cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Neuronal Death After Global Incomplete Ischemia in Dogs Is Accompanied by Changes in Phospholipase C Protein Expression

Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) increases intracellular Ca++ and may play a role in delayed neuronal death after ischemia. Because changes in intracellular Ca++ are believed to participate in ischemic neuronal injury, we tested the hypothesis that PLCβ protein levels are temporally altered in brain regions that undergo neurodegeneration after global incomplete ischemia. Dogs (n = 12) were subjected to 20 minutes of global incomplete ischemia followed by recovery of either 1 (n = 5) or 7 days (n = 7). Six sham-operated animals were used as nonischemic controls. In hematoxylin and eosinstained brain sections, neuronal density at 1 day after ischemia was unchanged relative to nonischemic controls in hippocampus CA1, caudate, and cerebellar cortex (anterior lobule). However, at 7 days after ischemia, neuronal densities were decreased to 56 ± 15% (mean ± SD) and 75 ± 17% of control in CA1 and caudate, respectively. At 1 and 7 days after ischemia, the percentage of neurons showing ischemic injury increased from 13 ± 10 to 40 ± 35% in CA1, 24 ± 25 to 59 ± 16% in cerebellum, and 4 ± 2 to 18 ± 12% in caudate. Densitometric analysis of immunocytochemically stained brain sections from controls (n = 3), 1 day after ischemia (n = 3), and 7 days after ischemia (n = 5) revealed that PLCβ immunoreactivity was increased in cerebellum at 1 day (0.274 ± 0.013 v 0.295 ± 0.005 optical density units [OD] in control and 1 day, respectively) and 7 days (0.108 ± 0.009 v 0.116 ± 0.005 O.D. in control and 7 days, respectively). PLCβ immunoreactivity was unchanged after ischemia in caudate and hippocampus. Western blot analysis of PLCβ immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex and hippocampus in the control (n = 3), 1 day (n = 2), and 7 days after ischemia (n = 2) groups showed that PLCβ levels were increased after ischemia in cerebellum 266% and 227% above control at 1 and 7 days, respectively, However, in hippocampus, PLC expression after ischemia was unchanged at 97% and 84% of control at 1 and 7 days, respectively. These results show that delayed neuronal degeneration after global incomplete ischemia is accompanied by regional abnormalities in PLC levels. Elevated PLC levels early may represent an aberrant signal transduction mechanism resulting in delayed cell damage, whereas decreased PLC levels later after ischemia may reflect ongoing neurodegeneration.
Biosynthesis of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid from methionine in Nicotiana tabacum

Abstract The administration of dl -methionine-[1 14 C] to Nicotia tabacum resulted in the formation of radioactive azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (isolated by dilution) which was specifically labelled on its carboxyl group. This result and other evidence strongly indicates that this imino acid is a normal component of tobacco.
Oxidation of monolayer graphite on Pt(111) by B2O3

Abstract We have used temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study the thermal chemistry of B2O3 deposited onto a graphite monolayer on the Pt(111) surface. The reaction produces CO which desorbs in the temperature range of 1050–1200 K. We also detected significant desorption of B2O2 although only for a narrow range of initial B2O3 coverages. XPS spectra of the B(1s) region recorded after annealing the B2O3/C layer to various temperatures indicate that B2O3 is not reduced prior to desorption. It was found that an initial B/C coverage ratio of at least 2 3 is required to completely remove the carbon layer indicating that B2O3 is reduced by carbon at temperatures above 1050 K according to the reaction: B2O3 + 3C → 2B + 3CO. Evidence for further reaction of B with excess B2O3 is presented to account for desorption of B2O2.
Ribosome-induced dissociation of RNA from an RNA polymerase-DNA-RNA complex

Abstract RNA, synthesized with RNA polymerase and T7 DNA as template, remains bound in a complex with enzyme and the DNA. The complex of RNA polymerase-T7 DNA-RNA, in contrast to one formed from enzyme and T7 DNA alone, is not dissociated in 0.5 m -NaCl but it is destroyed after denaturation of the enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate. If purified 70 s ribosomes are added to the enzyme-DNA-RNA complex, approximately 50 to 70% of the RNA in the complex is removed and sediments with or slightly faster than the 70 s ribosomes; little or none of the T7 DNA becomes associated with the fast-sedimenting ribosome-RNA entity.
Sex differences in occupational stress: A meta-analytic review.

Recherche meta-analytique examinant les differences selon le sexe degagees dans 15 etudes sur le theme du stress professionnel vecu et percu
Corrections in Taiwan (Republic of China)

This paper describes the correctional system in Taiwan. It includes the current policy, organizational structure, rehabilitation programs, and up-to-date crime and prison statistics. The focus is to highlight some of the differences between U.S. and Taiwanese correctional systems. For example, the administration of all prisons in Taiwan is under the centralized authority of the Ministry of Justice; prison guards do not carry fire arms while on duty, etc. The data are collected from government and professional publications and observations are made by the author who has visited several different types of prisons in Taiwan.
Ablative subduction: A two-sided alternative to the conventional subduction model

The plausibility of a two-sided fluid-based model of lithospheric subduction that is based upon current views of lithospheric structure is examined. In this model the viscous lower lithosphere flows downward, and the brittle upper lithosphere deforms in passive response. This process is potentially double-sided, since it is found that even a buoyant plate can be dragged downward by a dense descending neighbor. Thus an apparent overriding plate may be worn away by a process of viscous ablation, with the rate of ablation a function of plate buoyancy. This process, called 'ablative subduction,' makes it possible to simply interpret observations concerning slab profiles, interplate seismicity, back arc tectonics, and complex processes such as double subduction and subduction polarity reversal. When experiments modeling the evolution of simple fluid 'slabs' are performed, slab profile is found to be strongly influenced by ablation in the overriding plate. When ablation is weak, as when a buoyant continent borders the trench, deformable slabs adopt shallow Andean-style profiles.
Discrete choice with large choice sets

Abstract Modeling product demand with discrete choice models requires specifying how all competing products rate on various attributes, which becomes difficult when the choice set is large. As a result, this paper approximates the ratings for the various product offerings with a parameterized distribution. When applied to the mixed multinomial logit model with a Gaussian parameterized distribution, this leads to an easily estimable, ‘anti-ideal point’ choice model.
Competition potentials of environmentally applied bacteria with human fecal microbiota

One of the potential human health effects associated with the environmental release of microorganisms is colonization of the intestinal tract. This study uses serial transfer techniques to monitor the in vitro survival and competition with human fecal microbiota of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains BC16 and AC869. Strain BC16 was isolated from a commercial product for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degradation, and AC869 is a 3,5–dichlorobenzoate degrader. In addition, a mouse intestinal isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAMG, was studied as a positive control. Results were compared to previously published mouse fecal microbiota studies. Quantitative comparison of the fecal microbiota populations enumerated on selective media found human and mouse cultures to be nearly identical. Survival of the competitor strains was also similar in both the human and the mouse systems. By culture 5 of the human serial transfer experiments, strains AC869 and PAMG were present at significantly higher levels than strain BC16. In previous serial transfer experiments with mouse fecal flora, strain AC869 was present at a higher level than strains PAMG and BC16 by culture 5. No alterations of the microbiota populations due to the addition of a competitor strain were found. This system can be helpful in identifying environmental strains with a high potential for colonizing the intestinal tract.
Relation Between Renal Interstitial ATP Concentrations and Autoregulation-Mediated Changes in Renal Vascular Resistance

The present study was performed to examine the hypothesis that autoregulation-related changes in renal vascular resistance (RVR) are mediated by extracellular ATP. By use of a microdialysis method, renal interstitial concentrations of ATP and adenosine were measured at different renal arterial pressures (RAPs) within the autoregulatory range in anesthetized dogs (n=12). RAP was reduced in steps from the ambient pressure (131+/-4 mm Hg) to 105+/-3 mm Hg (step 1) and 80+/-2 mm Hg (step 2). Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate exhibited efficient autoregulation in response to these changes in RAP. RVR decreased by 22+/-2% in step 1 (P<0.01) and 38+/-3% in step 2 (P<0.01). The control renal interstitial concentration of ATP was 6.51+/-0.71 nmol/L and decreased to 4. 51+/-0.55 nmol/L in step 1 (P<0.01) and 2.77+/-0.47 nmol/L in step 2 (P<0.01). In contrast, the adenosine concentrations (117+/-6 nmol/L) were not altered significantly. Changes in ATP levels were highly correlated with changes in RVR (r=0.88, P<0.0001). Further studies demonstrated that stimulation of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism by increasing distal volume delivery elicited with acetazolamide also led to increases in renal interstitial ATP concentrations, whereas furosemide, which is known to block TGF responses, reduced renal interstitial fluid ATP concentrations. The data demonstrate a positive relation between renal interstitial fluid ATP concentrations and both autoregulation- and TGF-dependent changes in RVR and thus support the hypothesis that changes in extracellular ATP contribute to the RVR adjustments responsible for the mechanism of renal autoregulation.
Ascorbic acid prevents increased endothelial permeability caused by oxidized low density lipoprotein.

AbstractMildly oxidized low density lipoprotein (mLDL) acutely increases the permeability of the vascular endothelium to molecules that would not otherwise cross the barrier. This study has shown that ascorbic acid tightens the permeability barrier in the endothelial barrier in cells, so this work tested whether it might prevent the increase in endothelial permeability due to mLDL. Treatment of EA.hy926 endothelial cells with mLDL decreased intracellular GSH and activated the cells to further oxidize the mLDL. mLDL also increased endothelial permeability over 2 h to both inulin and ascorbate in cells cultured on semi-permeable filters. This effect was blocked by microtubule and microfilament inhibitors, but not by chelation of intracellular calcium. Intracellular ascorbate both prevented and reversed the mLDL-induced increase in endothelial permeability, an effect mimicked by other cell-penetrant antioxidants. These results suggest a role for endothelial cell ascorbate in ameliorating an important facet o...
The cause of superstoichiometric Ca2+ uptake and H+ ejection in L1210 mouse ascites tumor mitochondria.

Summary Mitochondria from L1210 mouse leukemia cells show superstoichiometric → H + /2e − ejection and → Ca 2+ /2e − uptake ratios in the absence of phosphate. Kinetic analysis of Ca 2+ -induced respiratory jumps shows a very rapid, early burst of H + ejection and Ca 2+ uptake dependent on energy-coupled electron transport but with extraordinarily high stoichiometry (→H + /2e − > 20; →Ca 2+ /2e − > 10), followed by a slower phase with normal stoichiometry (→H + /2e − =4–5; →Ca 2+ /2e − =4.0). The early burst of H + ejection, which has a higher K M for Ca 2+ than respiratory stimulation, accounts for the superstoichiometry phenomenon; it requires energization by state 4 respiration.
Mapping human somatosensory cortex with positron emission tomography

✓ Positron emission tomography measurements of regional cerebral blood flow were used to detect focal neuronal activation in the first somatosensory cortex (SI) of humans induced by cutaneous vibratory stimulation. Intravenously administered water labeled with oxygen-15 (H215O) was used as a blood flow tracer to obtain five stimulated-state and two resting-state blood flow images in each of eight normal volunteers. Three cutaneous surfaces were tested: lips, fingers, and toes. Intense, highly focal SI responses were seen during all 39 stimulated-state trials. The SI responses from the three stimulation sites were anatomically distinct and formed a medial-to-lateral homonculus in every subject. Response magnitudes (increase in local blood flow) and response locales (expressed as proportionately measured bicommissural stereotaxic coordinates) were highly consistent among subjects and on repeated trials for each subject. These findings suggest that eliciting cerebral blood flow responses by cutaneous vibrati...
Postpartum relapse to smoking: a prospective study

A substantial proportion of women who quit smoking during pregnancy will relapse in postpartum. In order to better understand the psychosocial factors which precipitate relapse to smoking we conducted a prospective study of postpartum smoking relapse among a cohort (N = 106) of women who quit smoking during pregnancy. Participants were surveyed by telephone after the 28th week of pregnancy, and at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Point prevalence estimates of smoking relapse indicated that at 6 weeks and 6 months follow-up, 24% (n = 26) and 40% (n = 42), respectively, of the women had returned to regular smoking. Spouse's smoking status, social support, decreases in self-efficacy, and the types of coping strategies used to resist smoking in pregnancy and postpartum predicted relapse to smoking in postpartum. Longitudinal data indicated that relapse occurred relatively gradually suggesting that early postpartum is not too late to encourage new mothers to remain abstinent.
Rate Constants for the Reactions of Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals with Ozone

Chain decomposition of ozone by hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals has been observed. The rate constant at 300 K for OH + O3 yielding HO2 + O2 is eight times ten to the -14th power cubic centimeters per second. The rate constant for HO2 + O3 yielding OH + 2O2 is three times ten to the -15th power cubic centimeters per second. These results have implications concerning stratospheric ozone.
BIOCHEMICAL CORRELATES IN RATS WITH PHENYLKETONURIA.

Abstract Growing rats made phenylketonuric by excess dietary phenylalanine show high plasma phenylalanine levels comparable to those found in phenylketonuric children, but the levels decrease with age. Brain serotonin is lower than normal and phenylketone excretion is high. The degree of these changes is correlated with an increase in blood phenylalanine. Phenylalanine hydroxylase decreases when phenylalanine is fed, but the extent of this change in experimental phenylketonuria 2 is not always related to the blood phenylalanine level. Liver phenylalanine-pyruvate transaminase activity is not affected by excess phenylalanine diets.
Reading disorders in primary progressive aphasia: A behavioral and neuroimaging study

Previous neuropsychological studies on acquired dyslexia revealed a double dissociation in reading impairments. Patients with phonological dyslexia have selective difficulty in reading pseudo-words, while those with surface dyslexia misread exception words. This double dissociation in reading abilities has often been reported in brain-damaged patients, but it has not been consistently shown in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated reading impairments and their anatomical correlates in various neurodegenerative diseases. First, we performed a behavioral analysis to characterize the reading of different word types in primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Then, we conducted a voxel-based morphometry neuroimaging study to map the brain areas in which gray matter volume correlated with the accurate reading of exception and pseudo-words. The results showed a differential pattern of exception and pseudo-word reading abilities in different clinical variants of PPA. Patients with semantic dementia, a disorder characterized by selective loss of semantic memory, revealed a pattern of surface dyslexia, while patients with logopenic/phonological progressive aphasia, defined by phonological loop deficits, showed phonological dyslexia. Neuroimaging results showed that exception word reading accuracy correlated with gray matter volume in the left anterior temporal structures, including the temporal pole, the anterior superior and middle temporal and fusiform gyri, while pseudo-word reading accuracy correlated with left temporoparietal regions, including the posterior superior and middle temporal and fusiform gyri, and the inferior parietal lobule. These results suggest that exception and pseudo-word reading not only rely upon different language mechanisms selectively damaged in PPA, but also that these processes are sustained by separate brain structures.
Theoretical constraints on multidimensional retiming design techniques

Image signal processing depends on computation intensive programs, which include the repetition of sequences of operations coded as nested loops. An effective technique in increasing the computing performance of such applications is the design and use of Application Specific Integrated Circuits using loop transformation techniques, and in particular, multi-dimensional (MD) retiming. The MD-retiming method improves the instruction-level parallelism of uniform loops. While many have written about the multi-dimensional retiming technique, no results have been published on the possible limitations of its application. This paper presents an analysis of that technique and its constraints when applied to nested loops with known index bounds, such as those found in two and three dimensional image processing.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evolution of sensory complexity recorded in a myxobacterial genome

Myxobacteria are single-celled, but social, eubacterial predators. Upon starvation they build multicellular fruiting bodies using a developmental program that progressively changes the pattern of cell movement and the repertoire of genes expressed. Development terminates with spore differentiation and is coordinated by both diffusible and cell-bound signals. The growth and development of Myxococcus xanthus is regulated by the integration of multiple signals from outside the cells with physiological signals from within. A collection of M. xanthus cells behaves, in many respects, like a multicellular organism. For these reasons M. xanthus offers unparalleled access to a regulatory network that controls development and that organizes cell movement on surfaces. The genome of M. xanthus is large (9.14 Mb), considerably larger than the other sequenced δ-proteobacteria. We suggest that gene duplication and divergence were major contributors to genomic expansion from its progenitor. More than 1,500 duplications specific to the myxobacterial lineage were identified, representing >15% of the total genes. Genes were not duplicated at random; rather, genes for cell–cell signaling, small molecule sensing, and integrative transcription control were amplified selectively. Families of genes encoding the production of secondary metabolites are overrepresented in the genome but may have been received by horizontal gene transfer and are likely to be important for predation.
Diurnal pattern of aphid feeding and its effect on cotton leaf physiology

Abstract Cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii G.) populations seemed to fluctuate over the past years in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) perhaps as a result of excessive use of insecticides for controlling more problematic pests. Contradictory plant responses have been observed depending upon the aphid/plant system, and it is unclear if cotton aphids, abiotic stress or both are responsible for cotton yield reduction in aphid-infested fields. Our objectives were to investigate the diurnal changes in the physiology of cotton leaves following aphid herbivory, and the diurnal pattern of aphid feeding. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber using the cotton cultivar ‘Stoneville 474’. Leaves of the same age and size were infested with wingless adults plus nymphs. Cotton aphids were allowed to increase in numbers without restriction for 9 days, after which the amounts of carbohydrates in aphid-honeydew, and the number of honeydew droplets excreted per aphid were measured. Photosynthetic rates, dark respiration rates and foliar non-structural carbohydrates were measured. The amount of individual carbohydrates found in the honeydew was significantly different with time. The total amount of carbohydrates excreted per aphid within a 24-h period averaged 2.5 μg. The number of honeydew droplets excreted per aphid varied significantly from time to time period. Cotton aphids did not significantly alter photosynthesis or respiration rates or non-structural carbohydrates on leaves. Aphid populations of approximately 300 per leaf on the 9th day of infestation did not appear to significantly alter the physiology of cotton leaves.
Insights on conducting research in low-resource settings: examples from Vietnam and Uganda

This commentary describes key observations and strategies, based on the author's experiences in Vietnam and Uganda, for tailoring evidence-based behavioral medicine research in low-resource settings.
Terminal Nerve Complex

Cranial nerve 0 or the terminal nerve (nervus terminahs: TN) refers to a nerve or in some cases possibly a complex of nerves that most likely derive from the olfactory placodes and relate the most ant
Expression of von Hippel Lindau (pVHL) Protein in Placentae from Normal Pregnant Women and Women with Preeclampsia

The hypoxia inducible transcription factors, HIF-1alpha and -2alpha proteins, are overexpressed in placentae from women with preeclampsia (Biol Reprod 2001;64:499-506; Biol Reprod 2001;64:1019-1020). Normally, these proteins are regulated in an oxygen-dependent manner being rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal pathway. Recent studies have shown that the tumor suppressor protein, von Hippel Lindau (VHL), targets HIF for ubiquitinylation under nonhypoxic conditions. The objectives of the present work were: (1) to investigate VHL protein expression in normal pregnant (NP), preeclamptic (PE), and preterm (without PE) placentae, (2) to test whether VHL protein is hypoxia inducible in term and first trimester placental villous explants, and (3) to analyze the ontogeny of VHL protein expression in the human placenta. To begin evaluating the potential contribution of VHL to HIF overexpression in preeclamptic placentae, we analyzed the levels of the VHL protein in both normal and preeclamptic placentae (n=7 each). We hypothesized a deficiency of VHL protein in preeclamptic placentae. Eight biopsy sites were tested in each placenta and protein extracts were made. Western analysis was performed using VHL specific antibodies. Human renal adenocarcinoma (ACHN) cell extracts and extracts from COS-7 cells transfected with a VHL expression vector were used as positive controls. In a total of 112 biopsy sites that were analyzed (56 each for normal and preeclamptic placentae), the composite densitometry ratios (PE/NP) for the long (28 kDa) and short (19 kDa) forms of VHL were 1.09+/-0.2 and 1.16+/-0.11, respectively (both p=NS vs 1.0). A ratio of 1.0 indicates equal expression by preeclamptic and normal placentae. The same placentae exhibited composite densitometry (PE/NP) ratios of 1.97+/-0.23 and 1.68+/-0.20 for HIF-1alpha and -2alpha proteins, respectively (both p<0.05 vs 1.0). In a separate analysis, the protein expression of the short form of VHL was also comparable among NP, PE and preterm (n=6) placentae. VHL immunoreactivity was localized to cells within the basal plate and the syncytiotrophoblast. Despite induction of HIF proteins by hypoxia in first and term villous explants, there was no significant upregulation of VHL proteins. Finally, the expression of both the short and long forms of VHL protein decreased with gestational age (both p<0.05 by ANOVA), and in villous tissue from first trimester placentae VHL immunoreactivity was predominantly localized to the cytotrophoblast. These results suggest that (1) deficiency of VHL protein does not account for HIF-alpha overexpression in preeclamptic placentae, (2) VHL protein is not regulated by hypoxia in either first trimester or term placental villous explants, and (3) VHL protein expression in the placenta decreases as a function of gestational age.
The p160 Coactivator PAS-B Motif Stabilizes Nuclear Receptor Binding and Contributes to Isoform-specific Regulation by Thyroid Hormone Receptors

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are hormone-regulated transcription factors that play multiple roles in vertebrate endocrinology and development. TRs are expressed as a series of distinct receptor isoforms that mediate different biological functions. The TRβ2 isoform is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus, pituitary, cochlea, and retina, and displays an enhanced response to hormone agonist relative to the other TR isoforms. We report here that the unusual transcriptional properties of TRβ2 parallel the ability of this isoform to bind p160 coactivators cooperatively through multiple contact surfaces; the more broadly expressed TRβ1 isoform, in contrast, utilizes a single contact mechanism. Intriguingly, the PAS-B domain in the p160 N terminus plays a previously unanticipated role in permitting TRβ2 to recruit coactivator at limiting triiodothyronine concentrations. The PAS-B sequences also play an important role in coactivator binding by estrogen receptor-α. We propose that the PAS-B domain of the p160 coactivators is an important modulator of coactivator recruitment for a specific subset of nuclear receptors, permitting stronger transcriptional activation at lower hormone concentrations than would otherwise occur, and allowing isoform-specific mRNA splicing to customize the hormone response in different tissues.
Specific inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by substituted alpha-pyrones.

Severala-pyrones have been synthesized and investigated for their in vitro inhibitory activity usinga-chymotrypsin (a-CT), porcine pancreatic elastase, (PPE) and human leukocyte elastase (HLE). 4-Hydroxy-6-undecyl-2H-pyran-2-one4, 4-Hydroxy-6-[(1-butyl)heptyl]-2H-pyran-2-one5 and 4-Methoxy-6-[(1-butyl)heptyl]-2H-pyran-2-one6 were found to be specific inhibitors of HLE. These compounds constitute a promising new class of HLE inhibitors.
USES AND MISINTERPRETATIONS OF GENETICS IN PSYCHOLOGY

An analysis is made of the frequently posed question in psychology of relative contribution of genotypes and environments to phenotypic variation. The illogic of the question, the inappropriateness of the methodology, the inadequacy of the data, and the misleading implications of assertions of proportionality as seen through a sampling of introductory psychology textbooks and referenced publications are outlined. To ask the question of proportionality (of the relative contribution of genotypes and environments in human populations) requires the questioner to make two major erroneous assumptions. The first error is to grant validity to heritability estimates for humans. The second is to conceptualize the genotype as having a range of potential outcomes. An examination is made of these false assumptions.
The politics of coercion: Advertising, media and state power in Central America

This article critically reviews the type of media controls used by various countries in Central America during a transition from decades of war to a period of democratization. In doing so, it traces the strong role of central governments in Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua in checking media which sought a more independent role. The article shows how advertising and other constraints of the market system have been used to restrict free speech and also have actually impeded the movement toward real democracy in each of these nations, despite trends elsewhere for more open media systems.
Reaction of magnesium hydride with pyridine: Formation of H3Mg2NC5H6, HMgNC5H6 and Mg(NC5H6)2

Abstract The reaction of magnesium hydride with excess pyridine at room temperature results in the formation of soluble bis( N -dihydropyridyl)magnesium which is shown by NMR spectra, to contain 1,2- and 1,4-dihydropyridine groups bound to magnesium. A similar reaction carried out at 60° C has been shown to form bis( N -diihydropyridyl)magnesium containing only 1,4-dihydropyridine groups. Formation of H 3 Mg 2 (NC 5 H 6 ) and HMg(NC 5 H 6 ) are also reported in the controlled reactions of pyridine with magnesium hydride.
Community-directed engagement and positive youth development: Developing positive and progressive pathways between youth and their communities in Reclaiming Futures

Abstract Reclaiming Futures is an innovative juvenile justice reform initiative focused on improving the quality, quantity, and effectiveness of alcohol and drug treatment interventions for juvenile offenders. An important element of the Reclaiming Futures strategy has been the consistent and intentional involvement of community members as part of the systemic reforms and interventions in a way that attempts to share access to power and build agency for authentic community-anchored solutions. The purpose of these efforts is to assist young people to build positive and enduring connections that they can rely upon as a strong recovery network for ongoing support after their formal engagement with justice and treatment services is concluded. This paper describes relevant literature on positive youth development and community-directed engagement, the underlying philosophy of the approach, examples of how the Reclaiming Futures initiative has incorporated these ideas, discussion of barriers and supports to effectiveness, and implications for others wishing to implement similar strategies.
Striatal Pleiotrophin Overexpression Provides Functional and Morphological Neuroprotection in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Model

Neurotrophic factors are integrally involved in the development of the nigrostriatal system and in combination with gene therapy, possess great therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease (PD). Pleiotrophin (PTN) is involved in the development, maintenance, and repair of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. The present study examined the ability of striatal PTN overexpression, delivered via psueudotyped recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2/1 (rAAV2/1), to provide neuroprotection and functional restoration from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Striatal PTN overexpression led to significant neuroprotection of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and THir neurite density in the striatum, with long-term PTN overexpression producing recovery from 6-OHDA-induced deficits in contralateral forelimb use. Transduced striatal PTN levels were increased threefold compared to adult striatal PTN expression and approximated peak endogenous developmental levels (P1). rAAV2/1 vector exclusively transduced neurons within the striatum and SNpc with approximately half the total striatal volume routinely transduced using our injection parameters. Our results indicate that striatal PTN overexpression can provide neuroprotection for the 6-OHDA lesioned nigrostriatal system based upon morphological and functional measures and that striatal PTN levels similar in magnitude to those expressed in the striatum during development are sufficient to provide neuroprotection from Parkinsonian insult.
Daughters of Odoro: Luo Women and Power Re-Examining Scripted Oral Traditions

A woman, surely, is the strength of a man Because a woman is the house And a woman is the home. Bless these sorghum grains So that tomorrow Owiny's house may also find a fire-lighter The potent fir...
Geometric structure determination of N694C lipoxygenase: a comparative near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure study.

The mononuclear non-heme iron active site of N694C soybean lipoxygenase (sLO1) has been investigated in the resting ferrous form using a combination of Fe K-pre-edge, near-edge (using MXAN full multiple-scattering approach) and EXAFS methods. The results indicate that the active site is six coordinate (6C) with a large perturbation in the first shell bond distances in comparison to the more ordered octahedral site in wild type sLO1. Upon mutation of the asparigine to cystiene, the short Fe-O interaction with asparigine is replaced by a weak Fe-(H2O) which leads to a distorted 6C site with an effective 5C ligand field. In addition, it is shown that near-edge multiple scattering analysis can give important three-dimensional structural information, which usually cannot be accessed using EXAFS analysis. It is further shown that relative to EXAFS, near-edge analysis is more sensitive to partial coordination numbers and can be potentially used as a tool for structure determination in a mixture of chemical species.
SLO surprises: What you see, what the patient sees and how rehabilitation can make a difference

Abstract Macular perimetry with the Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO) showed that there were discrepancies that existed between the physician's view and the patient's view out and that visual acuity is not a good predictor of functional vision. Rehabilitation strategies vary with the SLO findings.
The interactional dynamics of violence, Part II: Juvenile detention.

F IGHTS AND violent outbursts (or “going off “) among adolescent residents in a metropolitan area juvenile detention facility (JDF) are the source of much concern and attention in the setting. Probation staff response, motivated by a desire to maintain order and control, may further escalate the violent behavior, leading to the physical restraint or isolated confinement of an individual adolescent (“lock up”), or of an entire living unit (“lock down”). Nursing staff often experience negative fallout from these incidents when providing health care for the adolescents.
Guest Editorial: A practical approach to understanding - and applying! - the scholarship of application

As many as 80% of papers published by the IEEE Transactions on Education fall within an area known as the scholarship of application. Recently, the TRANSACTIONS established a new set of criteria to evaluate manuscripts submitted in this area. This guest editorial is intended to demystify these new criteria and to help writers avoid some common mistakes. The guidelines given here suggest systematic ways for researchers to design their studies and present their findings that will increase the likelihood of their papers being accepted by the IEEE Transactions on Education. Potential authors will want to be able to support and describe the many carefully researched decisions made in laying out a claim and attempting to prove it. Remember that, in some sense, the author is working as a detective who has made an important claim and is now trying to prove that claim using all the wit and intelligence at your disposal. This editorial is meant to guide these authors in their work.
MEASURES OF prototyping paybacks

As an organization's ability to innovate cost‐effectively becomes evermore important so too does its need to develop a provocative metrics culture that both complements and reinforces its prototyping culture. In this extract from Serious Play: How the world's best companies simulate to innovate — a book Tom Peters says he wishes he had written — Michael Schrage shows how prototypes are stimulating new thinking about and new practices in innovation metrics.
Effect of Radiation-Induced Xerostomia on Human Oral Microflora

A longitudinal study was performed to assess the effects of radiation-induced xerostomia on the human oral microflora. Pronounced microbial population shifts were found in each of five intraoral sites tested. Cariogenic microorganisms gained prominence at the expense of noncariogenic microorganisms in concert with the saliva shutdown. These changes occurred before the onset of clinical caries irrespective of whether or not a topical fluoride gel was used as a caries preventive.
The effect of local cooling on postfracture swelling. A controlled study

Abstract Observations on rabbit hindlimbs following tibial fracture suggest that no regimen of cooling lessens swelling. Temperatures of 5 degrees to 15 degrees led to significantly increased swelling when applied for 24 hours. Increased swelling is the product of the perfusion of vessels rendered hyperpermeable by cold induced ischemia, and indicates that controlled investigations are needed to establish the validity of local cooling in orthopedic management.
Solving stochastic heat transfer problems

Randomness in heat transfer problems is found in both the sources (input) and in the properties. In contrast to structural problems in which damping tends to be small or moderate, in heat transfer it is the dominant effect. As a consequence the resulting temperature fields are almost always random fields whose statistical properties vary strongly with time. The evolution of these properties is best determined through the polynomial chaos approach. However, the full solution is usually so computationally expensive that simpler and more approximate approaches are often used.
The precipitation of hydrated cobalt 1-nitroso-2-naphtholate from homogeneous solution

Abstract A method has been developed for determining cobalt by precipitating cobaltIII 1-nitroso-2-naphtholate from homogeneous solution. The reagent is synthesised within the reaction mixture by treating 2-naphthol with nitrous acid in the presence of cobaltII ion. Thus nitrous acid serves the dual role as oxidant for the cobaltII ion and also as a reactant in the synthesis of the reagent. Excess reagent precipitates after the cobalt nitroso-naphtholate has settled. A washing procedure has been developed to eliminate the excess reagent without affecting the cobalt nitroso-naphtholate. After washing to remove excess reagent and filtration, the precipitate is dried at 115° and weighed as Co(C10H6O2N)3·H2O. The presence offluoride prevents the interference of iron, tungsten and other elements which form strong fluoride complexes. The precision and accuracy is within 0-1 mg of cobalt at a 10-mg level and within 0-2 mg of cobalt at a 50-mg level.
Cerebrospinal fluid studies in the Rett syndrome: Biogenic amines and β-endorphins

The etiology of the Rett syndrome (RS) is unknown. Reduced function of biogenic amines has been described. Symptoms of central apnea, hyperventilation, hypothermia, peripheral analgesia, muscle rigidity, myoclonic jerks, hand stereotypy and seizures occur in RS and have been suggested as a result of elevated central β-endorphins. It was hypothesized that a dysfunctional modulation of endogenous opiate systems and biogenic amines may be present. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 12 girls with RS was studied for β-endorphin immunoreactivity, and biogenic amines. Lactates and pyruvate levels were measured. Eleven of the 12 girls had elevated β-endorphin immunoreactivity in CSF, 4 girls had reduced biogenic amines and 6 girls had elevated pyruvate and lactate levels. Whether the elevated β-endorphin immunoreactivity is a primary disorder or is a result of secondary feedback mechanisms is unknown. Naltrexone, an antiopioid drug, may reduce symptoms.
False memories for suggestions: The impact of conceptual elaboration

Relatively little attention has been paid to the potential role that reflecting on the meaning and implications of suggested events (i.e., conceptual elaboration) might play in promoting the creation of false memories. Two experiments assessed whether encouraging repeated conceptual elaboration, would, like perceptual elaboration, increase false memory for suggested events. Results showed that conceptual elaboration of suggested events more often resulted in high confidence false memories (Experiment 1) and false memories that were accompanied by the phenomenal experience of remembering them (Experiment 2) than did surface-level processing. Moreover, conceptual elaboration consistently led to higher rates of false memory than did perceptual elaboration. The false memory effects that resulted from conceptual elaboration were highly dependent on the organization of the postevent interview questions, such that conceptual elaboration only increased false memory beyond surface-level processing when participants evaluated both true and suggested information in relation to the same theme or dimension.
Reward schedule effects at a relatively long intertrial interval

Employing a minimum 20 min intertrial interval (ITI) and extended acquisition training, it was found that a single alternation schedule of partial reward produced less resistance to extinction than an irregular schedule. These results support the sequential hypothesis and appear incompatible with the frustration hypothesis.
Deposition, fate, and characteristics of derelict trawl web on an Alaskan beach

Abstract Derelict trawl web washed ashore on an 8 km beach near Yakutat, Alaska was counted, weighed, measured for mesh size, and tagged periodically from September 1985 to September 1987 to determine deposition rate, fate, and net characteristics. Approximately nine fragments of trawl web were deposited per km of beach per year. Significantly more fragments were washed ashore during the fall and winter than during the spring and summer. A total of 165 fragments of trawl web were tagged of which 72 (44%) were recovered during the last survey in September 1987; most (73%) fragments recovered remained near their original tagging location. Fragments not recovered probably were either washed inland or buried by sand during storms. The average weight of a fragment of trawl web was 4.0 kg and one-third of the fragments sampled had mesh sizes (≥ 15 cm) with the potential, while adrift at sea, to entangle northern fur seals.
Application of discrete element method to study mechanical behaviors of ceramic breeder pebble beds

In this paper, the discrete element method (DEM) approach has been applied to study mechanical behaviors of ceramic breeder pebble beds. Directly simulating the contact state of each individual particle by the physically based interaction laws, the DEM numerical program is capable of predicting the mechanical behaviors of non-standard packing structures. The program can also provide the data to trace the evolution of contact characteristics and forces as deformation proceeds, as well as the particle movement when the pebble bed is subjected to external loadings. Our numerical simulations focus on predicting the mechanical behaviors of ceramic breeder pebble beds, which include typical fusion breeder materials in solid breeder blankets. Current numerical results clearly show that the packing density and the bed geometry can have an impact on the mechanical stiffness of the pebble beds. Statistical data show that the contact forces are highly related to the contact status of the pebbles.
Quantum mechanical coupled-channel collision-induced dissociation calculations with hyperspherical coordinates

Abstract A time-independent coupled-channel method, using hyperspherical coordinates, has been developed for calculating quantum mechanical collision-induced dissociation probabilities for collinear atom-diatom systems in which the exchange reaction can also occur. The results for a model potential energy surface are compared with quasi-classical trajectory calculations and discussed.
Surface effects of ribbon heaters on critical heat flux in nanofluid pool boiling

Abstract This paper deals with a study of enhanced critical heat flux (CHF) and burnout heat flux (BHF) in pool boiling of water with suspended silica nanoparticles using Nichrome wires and ribbons. Previously the current authors and other researchers have reported three-digit percentage increase in critical heat flux in silica nanofluids. This study investigates the effect of various heater surface dimensions, cross-sectional shapes as well as surface modifications on pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and water-based nanofluids. Our data suggest that the CHF and BHF decrease as heater surface area increases. For concentrations from 0.1 vol% to 2 vol%, the deposition of the particles on the wire allows high heat transfer through inter-agglomerate pores, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in burnout heat flux at very low concentrations. The nanoparticle deposition plays a major role through variation in porosity. The CHF enhancement is non-monotonic with respect to concentration. As the concentration is increased, the CHF and BHF decrease prior to increasing again at higher concentrations. Results show a maximum of 270% CHF enhancement for ribbon-type heaters. The surface morphology of the heater was investigated using SEM and EDS analyses, and it was inferred that the 2 vol% concentration deposition coating had higher porosity and rate of deposition compared with 0.2 vol% case.
Evidence-based review of ultrasound imaging for regional anesthesia

Use of ultrasound guidance for regional anesthesia has grown in popularity recently. Advocates claim many benefits, including higher success rates, a decrease in block performance time, a decrease in onset time, a higher quality block, the ability to use less local anesthetic, and a longer duration of block. Many also believe that the ability to visualize critical structures decreases the rate of complications. This article reviews the current evidence for these claimed benefits. In addition, discussion of how clinical practice patterns are affected and how ultrasound can add to the knowledge base of regional anesthesia practice is presented.
Developing Local Leaders: Results of a Structured Learning Experience

This study reports on the outcomes of a leadership program designed to develop a cadre of local leaders in voluntary associations to be active in identifying and resolving local and regional issues. The analytical method selected was a preexperiment design using the one-group pretest-posttest procedure. Knowledge gains of participants showed statistically significant differences at the posttest. Gains in the capability to use knowledge and self-confidence as a leader were positive, but only a small number of the measures used were statistically significant. The outcomes show that members of voluntary associations gained in terms of their knowledge of leadership but evidenced limited improvement in their capability and self-confidence to use the skills in contexts within the community. The implications for community development practitioners are: (1) voluntary associations are an important means of recruiting and developing local leaders; and (2) extension home economics programs that focus on broad issues...
Effect of Particle Volume Fraction on the Gelation Behavior of the Temperature Induced Forming (TIF) Aqueous Alumina Suspensions

Stable aqueous Al2O3 suspensions that can be flocculated by increasing temperature were prepared using tri-ammonium citrate and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Effects of particle volume fraction on the rheological properties of Al2O3 suspensions were investigated. The modified Dougherty–Krieger equations were used to describe the volume fraction dependence of relative viscosity for both the PAA-addition and PAA-free suspensions. An equation using percolation model was proposed to analyze the temperature and volume fraction dependence of the relative viscosity of the suspensions. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental data.