cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of sol-gel dip coating

Abstract During sol-gel thin film formation via dipping, polymeric or particulate inorganic precursors are concentrated on the substrate surface by a complex process involving gravitational draining with concurrent drying and continued condensation reactions. The structure of films deposited from polymeric precursors depends on such factors as size and structure of the precursors, relative rates of condensation and evaporation, capillary pressure, and substrate withdrawal speed. Using polymeric silicate precursors, the porosity and refractive index of the deposited films may be varied as follows: volume percent porosity (0%–56%); pore radius (0–3.1 nm); surface area (1.2–263 m 2 g -1 ); refractive index (1.18–1.45). For repulsive, monosized particulate precursors, higher coating rates promote ordering of the particles as manifested by a reduction in porosity from 36% (random dense packing) to about 25% (f.c.c. or h.c.p.).
Neuronal organization of olfactory bulb circuits

Olfactory sensory neurons extend their axons solely to the olfactory bulb, which is dedicated to odor information processing. The olfactory bulb is divided into multiple layers, with different types of neurons found in each of the layers. Therefore, neurons in the olfactory bulb have conventionally been categorized based on the layers in which their cell bodies are found; namely, juxtaglomerular cells in the glomerular layer, tufted cells in the external plexiform layer, mitral cells in the mitral cell layer, and granule cells in the granule cell layer. More recently, numerous studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of each of these cell types, allowing them to be further divided into subclasses based on differences in morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological properties. In addition, technical developments and advances have resulted in an increasing number of studies regarding cell types other than the conventionally categorized ones described above, including short-axon cells and adult-generated interneurons. Thus, the expanding diversity of cells in the olfactory bulb is now being acknowledged. However, our current understanding of olfactory bulb neuronal circuits is mostly based on the conventional and simplest classification of cell types. Few studies have taken neuronal diversity into account for understanding the function of the neuronal circuits in this region of the brain. This oversight may contribute to the roadblocks in developing more precise and accurate models of olfactory neuronal networks. The purpose of this review is therefore to discuss the expanse of existing work on neuronal diversity in the olfactory bulb up to this point, so as to provide an overall picture of the olfactory bulb circuit.
Superactive and stereospecific catalysts. IV. Influence of structure of esters on MgCl2 supported olefin polymerization catalysts

CH-type catalysts were prepared by reacting MgCl2 · ROH, where ROH is 2-ethyl hexanol (EH), (R)-2-octanol (R-20), and (S)-2-octanol (S-20), with TiCl4 in the presence of di-i-butyl phthalate (BP), di-i-butyl terephthalate (BT), (-)-dimenthyl phthalate (MP), or (-)-dimenthyl terephthalate (MT). The MT catalysts were found to incorporate 8.9 to 13% Ti whereas the BP catalysts contain only 1.9 to 2.6% Ti. Comparison of the CH(EH, BP) and CH(EH, MT) catalysts showed that they have about equal number of isospecific active sites per gram of catalyst and the same rate constants of propagation for their nonspecific sites, however, the isospecific sites in the latter are less active by comparison. Consequently, the CH(EH, BP) catalysts is five times more active than the CH(EH, MT) catalysts and produces polypropylene which is 97% isotactic (reflux n-heptane insoluble) as compared to 84.7% for the latter. The catalysts derived from 2-octanols are much less active than the corresponding catalysts prepared with 2-ethyl hexanol due to lack of reactivity with phthalic anhydride which permits excessive incorporation of TiCl4 to form nonstereospecific catalytic sites as well as inactive Ti species.
Watershed and lake influences on the energetic base of coastal wetland food webs across the Great Lakes Basin

Abstract We examined factors that influence the energy base of Great Lakes coastal wetland food webs across a basin-wide gradient of landscape disturbance. Wetland nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with a principal components-based metric of agricultural practices. Hydraulic residence time influenced the energy base of wetland food webs, with high residence-time systems based mostly on plankton and low residence-time systems based mostly upon benthos. In systems with plankton, the importance of planktonic carbon to the resident fish community generally increased with residence time. A stronger relationship was apparent with an index of nutrient loading that combined residence time and nutrient concentration as the predictor (R 2 = 0.289, p = 0.026). Shifts toward plankton-based food webs occurred at relatively low levels of loading. In riverine wetlands without plankton, contributions of detrital carbon to fish communities decreased significantly in response to watershed disturbance that reflected nutrient loading. In a third class of wetlands the wetland-resident fish communities were not entirely supported by within-wetland carbon sources and were significantly subsidized by nearshore habitats, which provided 35 (± 22) to 73 (± 9) % of fish community carbon. When lake-run migrant fish were included in the analyses, nearshore subsidies to all 30 wetland food webs ranged from 3 (± 2) to 79 (± 12) %. We obtained similar ranges when examining nearshore contributions to a single wetland species, northern pike. These results illustrate the spatial scale and the degree to which the energetics of coastal wetland food webs are influenced by interactions with their watersheds and Great Lakes.
Sequence-specific recognition of RNA hairpins by bacteriophage antiterminators requires a conserved arginine-rich motif.

Abstract We have dissected the protein and nucleic acid determinants that direct a group of transcriptional antiterminators to their specific target operons. These antiterminators, the N gene products of phages λ, 21, and P22, function solely with their respective recognition sites, nut , to modify RNA polymerase to a termination-resistant form. We demonstrate that a unique hairpin sequence within each nut site, called boxB, confers genome specificity by interacting with a small amino-terminal domain of the cognate N protein. This interaction is dependent upon an argininerich subdomain, which is conserved not only among the N proteins but also in many RNA binding proteins from ribosomes and RNA virus capsids. Notably, this motif constitutes an essential domain of the HIV protein Tat whose function as a trans -activator requires a specific hairpin sequence.
A micromechanical model for cleavage-crack reinitiation

A crack-tip screening analysis of cleavage fracture of steel is developed. The analysis incorporates evidence that reinitiation of an arrested cleavage crack requires less stress intensity than cleavage initiation from a fatigue precrack. Fractographic evidence as well as metallographic sectioning of arrested cracks have previously shown that the mechanism of rapid crack propagation by cleavage is affected strongly by partial crack-plane deflection which leaves unbroken ligaments in its wake. The tearing of these ligaments by dimple rupture is the dominant energy-absorbing mechanism. Earlier etch-pit experiments using an Fe-Si alloy showed that the crack-tip stress intensity based on plastic zone size is extremely low. These observations are incorporated into a model in which cleavage crack reinitiation is analyzed using a sharp crack that is shielded by a distribution of pinching forces along its faces. During reloading of the arrested crack, the ligaments restrict crack-tip blunting, leading to higher local stresses. As a result, lower stress intensities are needed for reinitiation than for initiation from a fatigue precrack.
Unconventional model of neutrino masses

Abstract Gelmini and Roncadelli have proposed a model of neutrino masses in which B−L symmetry is spontaneously broken by a small vacuum expectation value of a Higgs triplet. We give an exegesis of this model. We show that the massive neutrinos in this model cannot be cosmologically relevant today and that conflicting analyses of double beta decay experiments can be reconciled.
Dynamics of sulfur dioxide absorption in excised porcine tracheae.

The absorption of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) into excised porcine tracheae was characterized by a step-response experiment in which SO 2 outlet concentration was monitored during the 30-min interval following introduction of inlet concentrations of 0.1–0.6 ppm at steady air flows of 2.7–11.0 liter/min. These data were analyzed with a diffusion-reaction theory incorporating three independent parameters—a gas phase mass transfer coefficient, k g , a tissue phase diffusivity × solubility product, D (α RT ) 2 , and a tissue phase reaction constant, k r . While single values of 17 sec −1 for k r and 0.28 m 2 /sec for D (α RT ) 2 were sufficient to simulate all the data, it was necessary to vary k g from 0.032 to 0.121 m/sec in direct proportion to the gas flow. Based on these parameter values, gas phase resistance accounts for about one-fourth of the total resistance to absorption in gas and tissue phases combined. All three parameters were independent of inlet concentration, implying that diffusion, solubility, and irreversible reaction of SO 2 in tissue are all linear processes.
Disease and injury from companion animals

The value of companion animals in our society for promoting physical, social, and psychological well-being is underscored by the fact that the majority of households in our country keep pets. Enthusiasm over the importance of the pet-human bond is dampened, however, by a growing awareness of the nature and extent of pet-associated illnesses. The thousands of cases of zoonoses and animal assaults reported each year constitute a major community health problem. In this article, the epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy related to some of the most common pet-associated diseases and injuries are examined. In addition to an overview of the patterns of transmission of pet-related health hazards, methods of treatment are also discussed. The article also describes a number of preventive measures aimed at safe animal care and control practices.
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Long View

Congenital heart defects are the most common birth defects. Many of them are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Of all congenital conditions, heart defects account for the highest resource utilization among pediatric hospitalizations in developed countries.1 The history of cardiac surgery now spans nearly 8 decades. In the earliest era of cardiac surgery, operations on children and young adults with congenital cardiac malformations accounted for the lion’s share of “heart operations.” Closure of patent ductus by Strieder and by Gross in Boston, MA (1937, 1938), repair of coarctation of the aorta by Craaford in Stockholm, Sweden (1944), and the “blue baby” shunt procedure by Blalock in Baltimore, MD (1944) were landmark achievements that signaled the birth of the medical and surgical subspecialties of pediatric cardiology and congenital heart surgery. What followed was a period of 7 decades marked by huge increases in the understanding of circulatory physiology and the abnormal morphology and functional consequences of structural congenital heart disease; burgeoning technology that may facilitate earlier, more precise, and more complete characterization of abnormally formed hearts; and therapeutic innovations that may save and prolong lives and ultimately contribute to the mission of maximizing longevity and optimizing the quality of life of individuals living with congenital heart disease. By the 1970s, primary repair of complex forms of congenital heart disease in neonates and young infants was becoming a more widely acknowledged reality. By the mid-1980s, virtually all common congenital cardiac anomalies had been moved to the “treatable” column on the tables expressing severity. The rapid progress in surgical therapy was just one element of a bigger picture that also encompassed the application of less invasive and more informative diagnostic modalities, the emergence of pediatric cardiac critical care, and the evolution of a true multidisciplinary approach to management of congenital heart …
Nano-TiO2 particles impair adhesion of airway epithelial cells to fibronectin

Abstract Titanium dioxide engineered nanoparticles (nano-TiO 2 ) are widely used in the manufacturing of a number of products. Due to their size ( 2 (6 nm in diameter) alters the ability of H441 cells to adhere to extracellular matrix. Our results show that 1 h post-incubation, there was a 3-fold increase of extracellular H 2 O 2 , increased intracellular oxidative stress as demonstrated by 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) oxidation, and a 5-fold increase of phosphor-ERK1/2 as measured by Western blotting. These changes were accompanied by a 25% decrease of H441 adherence to fibronectin ( p 2 appears to reduce adherence to fibronectin due to oxidative stress and activation of ERK1/2.
A microcontroller configured active analog phase shifter at 1.96GHz

Personal Communications Service (PCS) is one of the most popular digital mobile phone services standards in North America. Its downlink frequency band is centered at 1.96GHz with 60MHz bandwidth. This research presents a microcontroller configured active analog phase shifter at 1.96GHz with phase-shifting range of 90°. The Microcontroller (MCU) increases the flexibility of control circuits and provides additional flexibility to extend the application of the phase shifter to phased array antennas. Applying algorithm to compensate the amplifier's gain-versus-control-voltage non-linear characteristics results in a small RMS phase error of 1.3° with a constant gain (|S21|>1) and increases the transmission power efficiency.
Paved with good intentions

Giving takes work, and it is at its best when it is part of an attitude of gratitude. We give philanthropically because we need help in adequately showing that gratitude.
Muscling in on the ryanodine receptor

The ryanodine receptor (RyR), an ion channel regulating intracellular calcium release in excitable cells, has been challenging for structural analysis because of its colossal proportions compared to most other ion channels. Three independent groups have now used recent technological advancements in single-particle cryo-EM to make giant strides in solving the structure of this elusive protein complex.
AGA technical review on obesity

Abstract Obesity is a chronic and stigmatizing disease that has become a major health problem in most industrialized countries because of its high prevalence, causal relationship with serious medical illnesses, and economic impact. In the United States, it is estimated that obesity is responsible for approximately 300,000 deaths per year, 1 and that the direct (medical expenses) and indirect (value of lost productivity) costs of obesity exceed $100 billion per year. 2 Obesity has particular relevance for gastroenterologists because (1) obesity causes gastrointestinal diseases, including cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and liver disease; (2) patients who have had obesity surgery may need a gastroenterologist to evaluate and treat postoperative intestinal complications; and (3) the gastrointestinal tract is a viable target for current and future obesity therapies that affect nutrient absorption or gut hormones involved in appetite regulation. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:882-932
The effect of ipsilateral whole breast ultrasonography on the surgical management of breast carcinoma.

Abstract Background Patients can be selected for breast conservation therapy using mammography and physical examination. Whole breast ultrasonography has been shown to identify lesions not seen on mammography. This study sought to determine how often whole breast ultrasonography changes the surgical management of breast cancer. Methods All patients with stage 1 and 2 breast cancer undergoing whole breast ultrasonography were identified. A change in surgical management was defined as the identification by ultrasonography alone of foci of carcinoma greater than 1 cm from the primary tumor site or in another quadrant of the breast. Results There were 1,385 breast cancer patients; 31% had ultrasonography. Eighteen percent of patients had abnormalities identified by ultrasonography alone. Changes in management occurred in 2.8%. The additional lesions led to four wider resections and eight mastectomies. Patients with ultrasonography abnormalities were significantly younger, and more likely to have histologic grade 2 or 3 disease. Conclusions These findings do not support the routine use of ultrasonography in all breast cancer patients. Significant abnormalities were more commonly seen among younger patients with higher grade lesions.
Art Collecting as International Relations: Chinese Art and American Culture

In the course of the nineteenth century, a few Americans recognized the maturity and quality of Chinese and Japanese art and individual Americans and museums began collecting it. The collecting of East Asian art affected American perceptions of China and Japan, Ameri can taste, American conceptions of art, and American culture. Admi ration for Asian art, specifically Japanese art, was of political signifi cance as well. And, across the Pacific, the American response to Asian art had consequences for Chinese and Japanese culture as well. In short, art collecting proved to be a significant form of intercultural relations, an important component of international history.
On the eighteen degrees of freedom triangular element

Abstract One of the best available triangular elements is the eighteen degrees of freedom triangular element (EDOFTE). However, the use of this element has been difficult due to some drawbacks introduced since its development. In this paper, two major improvements are presented which appear to remove those drawbacks and made the use of this element economic and reliable. One improvement consists in making possible an explicit representation of the element matrix. This, of course, eliminates the need for inverting large matrices, with ensuing savings in computer time and increase in accuracy. The other improvement is of a more intrinsic nature since it provides a rational treatment of the boundary conditions. Previous treatments were found to be incomplete and a new approach was developed by introducing the correct interpretation and use of the essential boundary conditions. This led to the introduction of boundary relations which were properly taken into account. This has been done while keeping the matrix symmetric, a very important feature to be preserved. With these two improvements, the element should find now wider use and applications and provide accurate and reliable results.
Enhancing the metabolic substrate: PPAR-alpha agonists in heart failure

The prognosis for patients diagnosed with heart failure has significantly improved over the past three decades; however, the disease still confers a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Current treatments for chronic heart failure have focused primarily on blocking neurohormonal signaling and optimizing hemodynamic parameters. Although significant resources have been devoted toward the development of new pharmaceutical therapies for heart failure, few new drugs have been designed to target myocardial metabolic pathways despite growing evidence that on a fundamental level chronic heart failure can be characterized as an imbalance between myocardial energy demand and supply. Disruptions in myocardial energy pathways are evident as the myocardium is unable to generate sufficient amounts of ATP with advancing stages of heart failure. Down-regulation of fatty acid oxidation likely contributes to the phenotype of the "energy starved" heart. Fibrates are small molecule agonists of PPARα pathways that have been used to treat dyslipidemia. Although never used therapeutically in clinical heart failure, PPARα agonists have been shown to enhance fatty acid oxidation, improve endothelial cell function, and decrease myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy in animal models of heart failure. In light of their excellent clinical safety profile, PPARα agonists may improve outcomes in patients suffering from systolic heart failure by augmenting myocardial ATP production in addition to targeting maladaptive hypertrophic pathways.
Perceptions of friendly insult greetings in interpersonal relationships

This study investigated the effects of relationship development level and sexual composition within the relationship upon perceptions of the demand relevance (acceptability and frequency) of a devious communication demand (friendly insult greetings). Acceptability and frequency increased through stranger, acquaintance, and friend levels under same‐sex conditions and increased between acquaintance and friend levels under opposite‐sex conditions. No differences were indicated between friend and intimate friend conditions. Implications of these findings within a self‐disclosure theoretical framework as well as the “cooperative principle” are discussed.
Katzenstein's Legacy 25 Years After: Small States in World Markets

Katzenstein's contribution to European political theory continues to resonate – even though the shift in scholarly work has moved in new directions, and the capacity for ‘flexible adaptation’ is under duress. When questions of power in the global system arise, the approach can account for issue-areas unanticipated by the author when the theoretical framework was introduced. Small States in World Markets still maintains a position on our reading lists, as a baseline for theory integrating comparative and international politics.
Enlisted Service Members' Transition into the Civilian World of Work: A Cognitive Information Processing Approach.

For many enlisted service members in transition, securing new jobs or careers is among their top priorities (B. Litz & S. M. Orsillo, 2004; U.S. Army Garrison Vicenza, n.d.). The complexity of enlisted soldiers' transitions combined with the significant number of 1st-term enlisted soldiers returning to civilian life calls for career counselors to heighten their awareness of the specific needs of enlisted service members' entering or reentering the civilian sector. This article presents cognitive information processing theory as a foundation for working with enlisted military personnel who are transitioning into the civilian world of work.
Electromagnetic radiation from a vibrating, elastic sphere

Abstract When the contribution of the polarization gradient to the stored energy is taken into account, in the theory of elastic dielectrics, there is a small coupling between electromagnetic and elastic energies even in isotropic materials. It is found that the electromagnetic radiation from an isotropic, elastic, dielectric sphere vibrating in its fundamental rotatory mode, with a maximum shear strain of 10 −3 , is of the order of 10 −38 watts: independent of the radius of the sphere and proportional to the square of the strain.
Blue-green coalitions: fighting for the right to know.

The fight for information on the use, storage, and release of toxic substances in and from workplaces has been often referred to as the struggle for the right to know. The frustration of occupational safety-and-health activists in trying to obtain information on product names and potential risks closely mirrors that uphill struggle to access information from the state and industry faced by environmental activists. Given the similarities between the two situations, collaboration on the right to know produced a formidable alliance between the two movements—especially in New Jersey, where the dense population and the close proximity of industry to that population produced a powerful blend of anti-toxics and pro-union activism that redefined the relationship between blues and greens. This blue-green coalition, the New Jersey Work Environment Council, has existed since the 1980s and has continuously led the fight for safer workplaces and a cleaner environment by building bridges between labor groups and enviro...
The transformation of gastrodermal cells to neoblasts in regenerating Phagocata gracilis (leidy)

Vital dyes fed to the triclad flatworm, Phagocata gracilis, became concentrated and remained exclusively in the gastrodermal cells of the intact worm. The dye inclusions were identified by color under oil immersion. These inclusions were also found in the 4 day post amputation blastemas of dye fed decapitated worms, and in the parenchyma of dye fed decapitated animals. The number of inclusions increased in the parenchyma of these worms on the first to the third days after feeding but decreased after the fourth day. No inclusions were seen in worms fed undyed liver. Since the blastema contained only neoblast cells, the results of this experiment show that the gastrodermal cells dedifferentiate to neoblasts in regeneration. The subsequent appearance of inclusions in the parenchyma of the regenerate show that neoblasts originating from intestinal cells differentiated in new pathways.
Nietzsche on Philosophy, Interpretation and Truth

“Interpretation” according to Nietzsche, has always been the actual — if generally unacknowledged — activity of philosophers and other thinkers, at least to the extent that they have been more than mere philosophical and intellectual “laborers” content to work within and with the framework of interpretations developed by others. And it is his further contention that genuine philosophers — including the “new philosophers” he envisions and calls for — will not and should not abandon interpretation in favor of some more “exact” form of thinking and reasoning, but rather must engage more self-consciously and deliberately and less dogmatically in it. So he characterizes his own philosophical activity as interpretive, despite the fact that this would appear to place his own positions on a par with those he rejects and brands as “lies,” “errors,” and “fictions.” “Supposing that this also is only interpretation — and you will be eager enough to make this objection? — well, so much the better” (BGE 22).
Effects of Vertical Load and Hold-Down Anchors on the Cyclic Response of Wood Framed Shear Walls

Twenty one 2.4 m by 2.4 m ( 8 ft by 8 ft ) wood framed shear walls were tested to study the effect of vertical load and hold-down anchors on the cyclic behavior of the wall. Seven different configurations were investigated including walls without hold-down anchors and uniform vertical loads of 0, 6, 12, and 25 kN∕m (0, 425, 850, and 1,700 lb∕ft ) and walls with hold-down anchors and uniform vertical loads of 0, 12, and 25 kN∕m (0, 850, and 1,700 lb∕ft ). The walls were loaded cyclically according to the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering test protocol. Results show that the effects of vertical load on the cyclic response of wood frame shear walls are to: (1) increase the lateral stiffness and (2) increase the energy dissipation capacity. The lateral stiffness increased by up to 80% for walls with vertical loads of 25 kN∕m (1,700 lb∕ft) , over the full range of displacement amplitudes; energy dissipation increased by up to 100% for walls with vertical loads of 25 kN∕m (1,700 ...
A technique for non-invasive application-level checkpointing

One of the key elements required for writing self-healing applications for distributed and dynamic computing environments is checkpointing. Checkpointing is a mechanism by which an application is made resilient to failures by storing its state periodically to the disk. The main goal of this research is to enable non-invasive reengineering of existing applications to insert Application-Level Checkpointing (ALC) mechanism. The Domain-Specific Language (DSL) developed in this research serves as a perfect means towards this end and is used for obtaining the ALC-specifications from the end-users. These specifications are used for generating and inserting the actual checkpointing code into the existing application. The performance of the application having the generated checkpointing code is comparable to the performance of the application in which the checkpointing code was inserted manually. With slight modifications, the DSL developed in this research can be used for specifying the ALC mechanism in several base languages (e.g., C/C++, Java, and FORTRAN).
Mobility management for efficient data delivery in infrastructure-to-vehicle networks

Efficient and reliable communication between base stations and vehicles is becoming increasingly important for meeting the demands of many intelligent transportation applications. The key challenge here is to deal with constant topological changes in the underlying communication network resulting from vehicular mobility. In this paper, we propose a mobility management scheme MMDD that helps base stations track the location of vehicles registered to their services. Registered vehicles send their location updates to corresponding base stations by following either a distance-based or a time-based mechanism. The location information is subsequently leveraged in transmitting data packets in an efficient and reliable manner. We also propose a paging mechanism through which base stations can obtain the latest location information of any registered vehicle. Through a detailed simulation study, we demonstrate that our location management scheme outperforms a state-of-the-art approach RLSMP, both in terms of average packet delay and success percentage. We also show that the impact of control packets from location update and paging mechanisms on the overall performance is minimal.
A Dynamic Model and Measurement Technique for Studying Induction Air Swirl in an Engine Cylinder

A dynamic engine model and measurement technique have been developed to study induction air swirl in the cylinder of a 4-stroke-cycle engine. Fabrication of the cylinder and piston crown of the model from transparent plastic permitted flow visualization. Local mean flow directions were determined qualitatively using a tuft grid. Paddle wheels were used to determine the gross swirl characteristics of the flow. A single sensor hot wire anemometer placed in three orientations was used to measure the three orthogonal components of local mean velocity. An error analysis indicated that the technique gives results accurate within ±20 percent. The methods developed allow measurements under actual dynamic conditions of the gross swirl characteristics of different flows, as well as the detailed velocity fields at any time during the intake stroke. Sample results are presented to illustrate the application of the methods.
A semiempirical fracture analysis for small surface cracks

Semiempirical modification of Irwin fracture analysis for semielliptical surface crack in metal plate
Efficient method for the proteomic analysis of fixed and embedded tissues.

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues present a particular challenge for proteomic analysis. Yet, most of the archived tissues in hospitals and tissue banks worldwide are only available in this form. We have developed conditions for removal of the embedding medium and protein digestion, such that informative tryptic peptides are released from fixed proteins which are suitable for analysis by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC−MS). We demonstrate that the peptide identifications made by this approach compare favorably to those made from matched fresh frozen tissue. Moreover, we demonstrate that a high level of sequence coverage can be observed for proteins of interest. Keywords: proteomics • mass spectrometry • tissue • formaldehyde • paraffin • fixative • histochemistry • temporal bone
Dependence of electromigration rate on applied electric potential

Copper films, current stressed under in-situ, ultra-high vacuum (UHV), clean surface conditions, have an activation energy for electromigration that lies in the range of values obtained for surface diffusion. Recent field ion microscope studies of {001} fcc metal surfaces showed that an electric field applied to the surface can influence the rate of surface diffusion. In the present work, positive and negative potentials were applied to copper stripes undergoing electromigration damage under UHV, clean surface conditions. Activation energies were measured as a function of applied potential using an electrical resistance change method. The results show a strong dependence of the activation energy for electromigration on the sign and magnitude of the applied potentials. Positive potentials raise the activation energy while negative potentials lower it. These results are in agreement with what one would expect from field ion microscopy electric field effect experiments. They may also have practical implications in possibly controlling the rate of electromigration damage in passivated metal interconnects used in microelectronics where the damage mechanisms may involve volume, grain boundary, interfacial and surface diffusion processes.
Facile Synthesis of 4-Hydroxycinnamyl p-Coumarates

Coniferyl p-coumarate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamyl 4-hydroxycinnamate) and sinapyl p-coumarate (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamyl 4-hydroxycinnamate) were synthesized in high overall yield. In this i...
Calibrations of the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments on the Terra and Aqua spacecrafts

The CERES instruments obtain their measurements by three scanning thermistor bolometers: total channel which measures radiation in the 0.3 - 100 μm spectral region; window channel which measures radiations from 8 - 12 μm; and the shortwave channel which measures the reflected solar energy from 0.3 - 5.0 μm. The Aqua dedicated to advancing our understanding of Earth's water cycle and our environment was launched on May 4, 2002. The Aqua CERES Internal Calibration module follows similar operations as previous CERES instruments (FM1 and FM2) that were launched on the Terra spacecraft in December 1999. The Internal Calibration mechanism and the resulting data for Flight Model 3 (FM3) and Flight Model 4 (FM4) instruments are critical in determining the stability of both instruments as referenced to ground-based calibration. In this paper, the Internal Calibration procedure and the results will be presented. Both the FM3 and FM4 instruments were found stable within 0.3% since the launch date. Results for the FM1 and FM2 instruments will also be discussed.
Statistical multilot characterization of spatial thickness variations in LPCVD oxide, nitride, polysilicon, and thermal oxide films

This paper describes a method for the statistical characterization and modeling of spatial variations of thin film thickness across a wafer lot over multiple furnace runs. The method uses experimental thickness data to construct a simplified Karhunen-Loeve model that captures both deterministic and random nonuniformity variations. The model uses simple quadratic interpolation functions and a reduced number of random variables and permits calculations of distribution functions over different lot populations (wafer, die, point, etc.) The main advantage of this model is the retention ofspatial correlations that are essential for the accurate prediction ofparametric yield. The characterization method was applied to several thin films using a data set of 35,000 thickness measurements of LPCVD oxide, nitride, and polycrystalline silicon as well as thermal oxide. Run-to-run distributions for the random variables were estimated using three-year (1995-1997) historical rate data logged at the UM Solid State Electronics Laboratory (SSEL). Comparisons are presented depicting probability density functions (PDFs) extracted from the model and a Monte Carlo (MC) based estimator are in good agreement.
On an approximate likelihood for quantiles

Let Z 1 ,..., Z n be a random sample from F, an uncertain one-dimensional distribution function, and suppose that a prior distribution is available only for θ, a vector of quantiles of F. Bayesian inference is difficult because the likelihood function is not fully specified. This paper considers a method of approximating the likelihood function and shows that it provides conservative inferences
Cutaneous Community‐associated Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus among All Skin and Soft‐tissue Infections in Two Geographically Distant Pediatric Emergency Departments

Objectives To describe the culture results of cutaneous infections affecting otherwise healthy children presenting to two pediatric emergency departments (EDs) in the southeastern United States and southern California. Methods Medical records of 920 children who presented to the pediatric EDs with skin infections and abscesses (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 680.0–686.9) during 2003 were reviewed. Chronically ill children with previously described risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) were excluded. Data abstracted included the type of infection; the site of infection; and, if a culture was obtained, the organism grown, along with their corresponding sensitivities. Results Of the 270 children who had bacterial cultures obtained, 60 (22%) were CA-MRSA–positive cultures, most cultured from abscesses (80%). Of all abscesses cultured, CA-MRSA grew in more than half (53%). All CA-MRSA isolates tested were sensitive to vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, and gentamicin. One isolate at each center was resistant to clindamycin. The sensitivities at both institutions were similar. Conclusions The authors conclude that CA-MRSA is responsible for most abscesses and that the pattern of CA-MRSA infections in these geographically distant pediatric EDs is similar. These data suggest that optimal diagnostic and management strategies for CA-MRSA will likely be widely applicable if results from a larger, more collaborative study yield similar findings.
A rapid approach to the preliminary assessment of the physical stability of pharmaceutical hydrates.

Pharmaceutical hydrates have been used as clinical development candidates and in marketed products. The physical stability of hydrates can pose unique challenges to their development because of their particular sensitivity to the moisture levels in their surroundings. By conducting simple experiments early during the form selection phase of a drug candidate's development, a basic understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of a hydrate form's stability can be attained that can facilitate the successful navigation of these challenges. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermal and kinetic properties of a number of pharmaceutically relevant hydrates. The activation energy (Ea) of dehydration and dehydration onset temperature (Tonset) of survey compounds were compiled and analyzed. A significant number of compounds possessed both high Ea and high Tonset of dehydration, suggesting that these hydrate crystal forms were particularly stable. The results of these studies suggest that dehydration Ea and dehydration Tonset together can be used as early indicators of a crystalline hydrate's physical stability and can alert to potential challenges in developing hydrate crystal forms of drug candidates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:4013–4017, 2012
Excitation of an elastic half-space by a time-dependent dipole—I. The surface displacements due to a surface dipole

Abstract The surface displacements due to a surface, time-dependent dipole in an elastic half-space are treated. Closed-form expressions are given for an arbitrarily oriented dipole with a ramp time-dependence. These expressions are analyzed numerically for a special dipole orientation for several values of the ramp rise-time.
Flow behavior of polymerizable ceramic suspensions as function of ceramic volume fraction and temperature

Abstract The effect of volume fraction and temperature on flow behavior is reported for suspensions of coarse silica powders in two non-aqueous polymerizable solutions. The concentration dependence of the viscosity at temperatures 25–75 °C can be reduced to a single Krieger–Dougherty curve for all suspensions. The temperature dependence of viscosity for suspensions with 60 vol% silica could be fit to an Arrhenius equation. The suspensions had a larger apparent activation energy than the suspension medium. This could be explained in terms of thermal dilution, where the higher thermal expansion of the liquid reduces the solids loading for very concentrated suspensions.
Expression of cysteine proteases in extraembryonic tissues during mouse embryogenesis.

The expression of cathepsin B- and L-specific mRNAs as well as active forms of the enzymes was determined in mouse placenta and visceral yolk sac from 7.5 through 17.5 days postconception, a period marked by major anatomic transitions in the mouse conceptus. The level of specific mRNA was determined relative to the 28S ribosomal RNA in a series of multiprobe ribonuclease protection assays using high-specific-activity antisense cathepsin B and L riboprobes. The molecular forms of active cysteine proteases present in the tissues at the time of extraction were detected using a membrane-permeant radiolabeled active site-specific inhibitor, Fmoc-[(125)I(2)]Tyr-Ala-CHN(2). The results of this study show that the expression of active cathepsin L relative to active cathepsin B is significantly higher in visceral yolk sac than in placenta, consistent with a higher proteolytic requirement for the former tissue. Active cathepsin L was highest at Day 9.5 in visceral yolk sac, a stage at which it has been shown that proteolysis in this organ is required for production of amino acids for embryonic protein synthesis. Cathepsin L mRNA was also elevated in the Day 9.5 placenta, but paradoxically this did not result in an increase in cellular active enzyme. An unknown protein, termed p14, highly expressed in placenta, also reacted with the inhibitor. Expression of this protein was highest early during gestation in the ectoplacental cone, suggesting that p14 may be important in the implantation process.
Advances in PET/CT in pediatric oncology

Positron emission tomography (PET) has transformed nuclear medicine imaging technology. PET is an inherently tomographic technique that utilizes the simultaneous detection of 180-degree opposed 511 keV photons emitted by positron annihilation. Collimation can be eliminated, greatly improving sensitivity and spatial resolution. By placing PET and CT scanners on the same gantry, co-registered PET/CT images can be obtained, allowing normal and abnormal physiology to be accurately depicted in a high-resolution spatial context. The CT part of the PET/CTscanner can be used in any of three modes: as a diagnostic CT scanner at appropriate diagnostic settings for pediatric CT, at reduced non-diagnostic localization settings, and at extremely low non-imaging settings for attenuation correction only. PET/CT has improved the accuracy of PET imaging in 10–30% of patients in adult and pediatric studies. With precise localization of PET abnormalities on PET/CT images and the anatomical information obtained from the co-registered diagnostic or localization CT, interpretative errors are reduced in frequency.
Mild autosomal dominant hypophosphatasia: in utero presentation in two families.

We describe four pregnancies in two families in which mild hypophosphatasia, apparently transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, manifested in utero as severe long bone bowing. Postnatally, there was spontaneous improvement of the skeletal defects. Recognition of this presentation for hypophosphatasia by family investigation and assessment of the fetal skeleton for degree of ossification and chest size using ultrasonography is important. The prognosis for this condition is considerably better than for more severe forms of hypophosphatasia and for many other disorders that cause skeletal defects with long bone bowing in utero.
segmentation in Chinese lineages: a view through written genealogies1

Written genealogies are used as a means of ascertaining how members of Chinese lineages regard the growth and segmentation of their own social groups. The genealogies reveal a concern, not with corporate and joint estates—the basis of segmentation in Chinese lineages according to Maurice Freedman's model—but with change in residence resulting from the formation of new settlements. The significance of this fact for understanding the indigenous view of both lineage growth and the connection between common residence and common descent is discussed.
Complexity and Control: The New Design Paradigm

ABSTRACTIn this article, I outline a shift in certain design disciplines away from their particular historical identities to one of borrowing from and validating new design practices from research-based disciplines. While this move to “look outward” and engage with social contexts and disciplines is important, design practice and education often ignores the ongoing critiques of knowledge production that ultimately trace back to social “contexts” within and outside of the borrowed disciplines. Choosing a methodology based on its apparent efficacy without engaging a critical framework can easily exacerbate a “micro-physics of control” (Foucault), which is further extended through the design of large technical and economic branding and information systems that many designers are increasingly involved in. The article concludes with an expansion and suggested application of a critical framing based on “situated and contingent knowledges,” reinventing the idea of subject while reconciling empirical observation ...
European American Therapist Self-Disclosure in Cross-Cultural Counseling

Eleven European American psychotherapists' use of self-disclosure in cross-cultural counseling was studied using consensual qualitative research. As reasons for self-disclosing, therapists reported the intent to enhance the counseling relationship, acknowledge the role of racism/oppression in clients' lives, and acknowledge their own racist/oppressive attitudes. Results indicated that therapists typically shared their reactions to clients' experiences of racism or oppression and that these self-disclosures typically had positive effects in therapy, often improving the counseling relationship by helping clients feel understood and enabling clients to advance to other important issues.
Differential game models of advertising competition

Abstract Differential game methodology combines two attractive features that are critical to the study of advertising competition: dynamics and multi-competitor decision making. A focused review of two decades of differential game modeling of advertising competition indicates that insights gained to date, while valuable, are of a limited nature, and research in the area needs to extend beyond present limits. Four recent studies are offered as examples of possible directions to follow in continued research.
Iron metabolism of bullfrog tadpoles during metamorphosis.

Several systems reflecting ion metabolism have been studied in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles during metamorphosis. The total liver iron reaches its peak at the beginning of metamorphic climax (stage XX) followed by a 3-fold increase in ferritin reducing activity, an enzyme system which mobilizes liver iron. The appearance of immature erythroid cells was revealed by a dramatic increase in the uptake of iron from frog transferrin by red cells at stages XXIII and XXIV. Red cell and heme destruction reached its maximum rate at stages XXI–XXII as shown by the appearance of biliverdin in the gall bladder. The results are correlated with previous studies by Just and Atkinson (1972) on the appearance of larval and adult types of hemoglobins and other biosynthetic processes. It is proposed that hemoglobin transitions in the tadpole start with larval red cell destruction discernible at stages XVIII–XIX. As a result, iron accumulates in the liver followed by an increase in ferritin reducing activity, leading to the mobilization of iron.