cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis-Assisted Adaptive Test

This paper describes a method for improving the test quality of digital circuits on a per-design basis by: 1) monitoring the defect behaviors that occur through volume diagnosis; and 2) changing the test patterns to match the identified behaviors. To characterize the behavior of a defect (i.e., the conditions when a defect is activated), physically-aware diagnosis is employed to extract the set of signal lines relevant to defect activation. Then, based on the set of signal lines derived, the defect is attributed to one of several behavior categories. Our defect level model uses the behavior-attribution results of the current failing population to guide test-set customization to minimize defect level for a given constraint on test costs, or alternatively, ensure that defect level does not exceed some predetermined threshold. Circuit-level simulation involving various types of defects shows that defect level can be reduced by 30% using this method. Simulation experiment on actual chips also demonstrates quality improvement.
Environmental Stress and Aeromonas Liquefaciens in American and Threadfin Shad Mortalities

(1967). Environmental Stress and Aeromonas Liquefaciens in American and Threadfin Shad Mortalities. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 193-193.
Preliminary quantification of metal selenite solubility in aqueous solutions

Abstract Selenium solubilization can be a potential source of environmental contamination in natural systems. Currently no experimental data are available on the solubility of metal selenites in aqueous solutions. The objective of our study was to determine the solubility of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn selenites. A dissolution study was conducted for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 weeks with CaSeO 3 · H 2 O, MgSeO 3 , MnSeO 3 and ZnSeO 3 · H 2 O using different background solutions, including distilled deionized water (DI Water), 0.01 M NaCl, 0.03 M NaCl and 0.02 M Na 2 SeO 3 . For all solids, equilibrium was reached within 40 weeks. As compared to the theoretical values obtained from literature, the experimental p K 0 values for ZnSeO 3 · H 2 O were higher, whereas for MgSeO 3 the determined p K 0 values were lower; theoretical and experimental data for both CaSeO 3 · H 2 O and MnSeO 3 were comparable. A comparison of the p K 0 values also indicated that MgSeO 3 had the highest solubility in DI water, whereas in the three other solutions MnSeO 3 had the maximum solubility. The mean p K 0 values determined for CaSeO 3 · H 2 O, MgSeO 3 , MnSeO 3 and ZnSeO 3 · H 2 O in the above mentioned background solutions were 7.76, 7.56, 7.11, and 7.70, respectively, which indicated that the overall solubility order would be, Mn SeO 3 > MgSeO 3 > ZnSeO 3 · H 2 O > CaSeO 3 · H 2 O. The results of this study are fundamental for modifying existing Se thermodynamic databases and understanding selenite solid-water interactions in natural environments.
Scattering of atoms by solid surfaces. I

Abstract A quantum mechanical theory of the scattering of atoms by solid surfaces is presented. The theory is applied to a detailed discussion of elastic scattering (diffraction) processes, and the extension to inelastic scattering (phonon exchange) processes is discussed briefly. A great advantage of the theory is that scattering intensities of any size are easily handled; the moduli of the scattering matrix elements are not restricted to be small. If the results are expanded to lowest order in these moduli, then the “first order distorted wave Born approximation” is recovered. An example of the results obtained is that the intensity of the specularly scattered beam is by no means always larger than other diffracted intensities; this result is in agreement with experiments, and is a decided improvement over the usual first order treatments.
International Commodity Agreements

Since the adoption in 1976 of the Integrated Programme for Commodities, only four international commodity agreements have been concluded, of which only one, the International Natural Rubber Agreement (1979), was new. The others are the International Sugar Agreement (1978), the International Cocoa Agreement (1980) and the International Tin Agreement (1981). In view of the broad political support for international commodity agreements, the progress towards concluding such agreements is slow. Moreover, in some of them universality is lacking. Several countries which account for a substantial proportion of world production and consumption of, and trade in, the commodity subject to an international agreement, have not ratified or acceded to the relevant agreements. The duration of the negotiations has been exceedingly long in comparison with experience on negotiations of the previous agreements. This outcome, several years after the adoption of the Integrated Programme for Commodities, is disappointing and unexpected, especially since the basic purpose of that Programme and the setting up of the Common Fund in accordance with it was “to act as a catalyst for international commodity agreements”. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for this outcome.
Listener attitudes toward individuals with cerebral palsy who use speech supplementation strategies.

This study examined listener attitudes toward 7 speakers with dysarthria who implemented 3 speech supplementation strategies (topic cues, alphabet cues, and combined topic and alphabet cues) and a ...
Fraud Detection through Graph-Based User Behavior Modeling

How do anomalies, fraud, and spam effect our models of normal user behavior? How can we modify our models to catch fraudsters? In this tutorial we will answer these questions - connecting graph analysis tools for user behavior modeling to anomaly and fraud detection. In particular, we will focus on three data mining techniques: subgraph analysis, label propagation and latent factor models; and their application to static graphs, e.g. social networks, evolving graphs, e.g. "who-calls-whom" networks, and attributed graphs, e.g. the "who-reviews-what" graphs of Amazon and Yelp. For each of these techniques we will give an explanation of the algorithms and the intuition behind them. We will then give brief examples of recent research using the techniques to model, understand and predict normal behavior. With this intuition for how these methods are applied to graphs and user behavior, we will focus on state-of-the-art research showing how the outcomes of these methods are effected by fraud, and how they have been used to catch fraudsters.
Escherichia coli 83972 inhibits catheter adherence by a broad spectrum of uropathogens.

Objectives The presence of a nonpathogenic organism on the surface of a urinary catheter might impede catheter colonization by pathogens and thus prevent urinary tract infection. Previously, we reported that preinoculating urinary catheters with a nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (83972) significantly impeded catheter colonization in vitro by gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis). To explore this phenomenon further, we investigated in vitro whether E. coli 83972 could likewise inhibit catheter colonization by gram-negative and fungal uropathogens (Providencia stuartii, uropathogenic E. coli, and Candida albicans).
Golden Age collecting in America's Middle West Chester and Clara Congdon's Glensheen Historical Manor and Raymond Wyer's An Art Museum

In 1916, the director of the Hackley Art Gallery in Muskegon, Michigan, Raymond Wyer [Henniker-Heaton], published An Art Museum. Its Concept and Conduct, in which he described the value of a small, but stellar, collection of art. His vision of the role the museum could play in edifying the general public reflects the ideas of other theorists of the age and legitimized the collecting practice of Chester and Clara Congdon who had begun purchasing art and acquiring other objects around 1900. The items now decorate their home, Glensheen: the Historic Congdon Estate, in Duluth, Minnesota but are not, as often argued, simply an example of interior decoration. Instead the collection must be understood as a self-conscious celebration of their social status and a reflection of their personal values. All of the objects fashion the Congdons into disciplined, cultured, and well-travelled individuals who were purveyors of good taste.
The influence of the composition of the medium upon the sedimentation raet of proteins. II. Studies on influenza virus chacteristic particles

Abstract The sedimentation of PR8 influenza A virus characteristic particles in sucrose media of different densities has been reinvestigated by present-day refined techniques. The product of solution viscosity and sedimentation coefficient was found to be a linear function of solution density, described by the equation, ηs × 10 15 = 4482 − 3758 d . From this equation it follows that the virus particles fail to sediment in a medium with a density of 1.19 g./ml. and also that the value for s 20 w at infinite dilution is 728 Svedbergs. From the density corresponding to zero sedimentation rate and the partial specific volume, the value for the hydration of PR8 influenza A virus material was calculated to be 0.32 g. water/g. dry virus.
Observations of localized structures in nonlinear lattices: Domain walls and kinks.

Steady-state domain walls and kinks have been observed in one-dimensional nonlinear lattices that are damped and parametrically driven. These states are localized robust transition regions between two extended standing-wave domains of definite wave number. The observations are made in an experimental lattice of coupled pendulums and in simplified numerical models. A nonlinear Schr\"odinger theory is developed for kinks in the upper cutoff mode. There is currently no theory for the domain walls and noncutoff kinks, which are fundamentally new localized structures.
Molecular handedness and chiral strength determined by matter-wave circular dichroism

The goal of this study is to determine the strength of the dominant helical potential field, i.e., the chiral strength, of mirror-image molecules with a method which we call electron and positron circular dichroism, a matter-wave phenomenon postulated by many [P. S. Farago, J. Phys. B 13, L567 (1980); B. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. A 20, 1915 (1979); R. A. Harris and L. Stodolsky, J. Chem. Phys. 70, 2789 (1978); P. K. Kabir, G. Karl, and E. Obryk, Phys. Rev. D 10, 1471 (1974); V. G. Baryshevskii, Yad. Fiz. 4, 72 (1966) [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 4, 51 (1967)]]. Of five liquid chiral molecules, two were found to be left handed, and one was right handed and two poorly defined. The chiral strength varies between 48.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ and 6.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ eV.
Efficacy of BW759 (9-[[2-hydroxy-1(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]guanine) against herpes simplex virus type 1 keratitis in rabbits.

A promising new nucleoside analog, 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]-guanine (BW759), which is structurally similar to acyclovir, was tested against acute herpetic keratitis in the rabbit ocular model. Topical 1–0.1% BW759 given 3–5x per day gave beneficial results in that corneal epithelial involvement, conjunctivitis, iritis, and corneal clouding were reduced even when chemotherapy was initiated at 3 days postinoculation. Under the same conditions, topical BW759 therapy gave slighly better results than acyclovir, and both were better than Idoxurldine therapy. Mortality rate and colonization of the trigeminal ganglia by HSV-1 were unaffected by BW759 therapy. Duration of virus shed into the tear film was reduced by BW759.
UV photoresponse of single ZnO nanowires

ZnO nanowires grown by site-selected molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were contacted at both ends by Al/Pt/Au ohmic electrodes. The current–voltage (I–V) and photoresponse characteristics were obtained both in the dark and with ultraviolet (UV, 254 or 366 nm) illumination. The I–V characteristics are ohmic under all conditions, with nanowire conductivity under UV exposure of 0.2 Ω cm. The photoresponse showed only a minor component with long decay times (tens of seconds) thought to originate from surface states. The results show the high quality of material prepared by MBE and the promise of using ZnO nanowire structures for solar-blind UV detection.
Management of dabigatran-associated intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage: a case report.

Abstract Background Dabigatran is an oral, reversibly bound, direct thrombin inhibitor currently approved in the United States for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In the phase III trial leading to approval of the agent, the incidence of life-threatening bleeding was 1.80%/year in the dabigatran 150 mg twice daily arm. Because there is no direct antidote or reversal agent for this drug, the need to manage life-threatening hemorrhages with procoagulant products will arise. Objective To describe a case of dabigatran-associated intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage and subsequent management with activated prothrombin complex concentrate. Case Report An 85-year-old man currently taking dabigatran 150 mg twice daily presented to the Emergency Department for incoordination, expressive aphasia, and weakness. A computed tomography image of his head demonstrated an intracranial hemorrhage. The last dose of dabigatran was approximately 14 h prior to arrival, and conventional coagulation assays (thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time) confirmed the presence of dabigatran in the patient's serum. The patient received 27.5 units/kg of activated prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA®; Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL) after an initial intravenous fluid bolus. His activated partial thromboplastin time was not completely normalized by the use of FEIBA; however, the patient's neurological examination slightly improved and remained stable throughout his hospital course despite some intraventricular expansion of the hematoma. After discharge to physical rehabilitation, the patient developed an ischemic cerebrovascular accident and was discharged home on hospice. Conclusion Due to lack of an available antidote, activated prothrombin complex concentrate was utilized as a nonspecific procoagulant to stabilize an intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient on dabigatran.
Effect of photoperiod and temperature on ovarian development in Culex pipiens pipiens

Abstract Culex pipiens pipiens is one member of the C. pipiens complex which diapauses as an adult. Experiments show that photoperiod and temperature both affect the development of the ovarian follicles. Females reared at a 15 hr photophase and 22°C show an increase in follicle size over the first 8 days after emergence. Females reared at 10 hr and 22°C do not show an increase in follicle size. Follicle size does not gradually increase as photophase is lengthened. Rather, at photophases between 9 and 12 hr the follicles remain small and at photophases of 13 hr or more, the increase is seen. An increase in temperature tends to increase follicle size regardless of the photophase. However, a strong interaction between photophase and temperature is evident. No evidence exists for a single ‘critical stage’. Instead, the final follicle size is dependent, in a complex manner, upon the photophase experienced by all the stages. The final size is not a result of a cumulative effect. Photoperiod, independent of temperature, shows a marked effect on blood feeding. Females reared at 15 hr feed much more readily than those reared at 10 hr. Those 10 hr females that feed show no signs of gonotrophic dissociation.
From math drawings to algorithms: emergence of whole number operations in children

This paper provides a longitudinal account of the emergence of whole number operations in second- and third-grade students (ages 7–8 years) from the initial visual processing phase to the converted final phase in numeric form. Results of a notational documentation and analysis drawn from a series of classroom teaching experiments implemented over the course of two consecutive school years indicate successful conceptual progressions in participants’ epistemological and synoptical use of visual representations. Further, their developing symbolic competence in whole number operations underwent several phases from initially linking notations with their respective signifieds to developing, elaborating, and routinizing symbol manipulation rules. Progressive emergence in both use and competence operated within interacting cycles of abduction, induction, and deduction.
Intraindividual Variability in Development Within and Between Individuals

A focus on the study of development and other kinds of changes in the whole individual has been one of the hallmarks of research by Magnusson and his colleagues. A number of different approaches emphasize this individual focus in their respective ways. This presentation focuses on intraindividual variability stemming from Cattell's P-technique factor analytic proposals, making several refinements to make it more tractable from a research design standpoint and more appropriate from a statistical analysis perspective. The associated methods make it possible to study intraindividual variability both within and between individuals. An empirical example is used to illustrate the procedure.
The effects of videotaped modeling and self-confrontation on the drinking behavior of alcoholics.

Alcoholics were exposed to behavior counseling alone (N = 10), or behavior counseling with either videotape self-confrontation (N = 10) or role-modeling (N = 10), and compared to alcoholics receiving standard inpatient treatment (N = 10). Immediate alteration of drinking topographies and posttreatment follow-up drinking dispositions served as dependent variables. Subjects receiving videotape self-confrontation achieved greater positive changes in posttreatment drinking analysis sessions than did other treatment groups. Follow-up probes suggested superiority of the experimental treatments in general, and particularly videotape self-confrontation. Performance in the posttreatment analysis sessions was predictive of follow-up drinking status (p <.05).
Integrated regional econometric+input-output modeling: Issues and opportunities

Recent research on integrated econometric+input-output modeling for regional economies is reviewed. The motivations for and the alternative methodological approaches to this type of analysis are examined. Particular attention is given to the issues arising from multiregional linkages and spatial effects in the implementation of these frameworks at the sub-national scale. The linkages between integrated modeling and spatial econometrics are outlined. Directions for future research on integrated econometric and input-output modeling are identified.
DIRECT INHIBITION OF TESTICULAR ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS BY ARGININE-VASOPRESSIN: THROUGH PRESSOR-SELECTIVE TESTICULAR RECOGNITION SITES

We have observed that arginine vasopressin (AVP) and related neurohypophysial hormones exert direct inhibition of testicular androgen biosynthesis in vitro. In this report, the functional identity of the putative testicular recognition sites mediating the antigonadal activity of the neurohypophysial hormones was investigated. Pressor-selective (but not antidiuretic- or oxytocic-selective) agonists of neurohypophysial hormones exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of the hCG-stimulated accumulation of testosterone by cultured rat testicular cells. In addition, potent pressor (but not oxytocic) antagonists brought about a dose-dependent blockage of the AVP-induced inhibition of testicular androgen biosynthesis. Thus, the antigonadal activity of neurohypophysial hormones is mediated by specific testicular recognition sites similar to those mediating the pressor actions of these neuropeptides but distinct from those involved in their antidiuretic or oxytocic effects.
The Role of Explicit Instruction and Instructional Design in Promoting Phonemic Awareness Development and Transfer From Spanish to English

There is growing evidence of cross-language transfer in metalinguistic processes related to reading acquisition and development. In particular, phonological awareness is a requisite process that shares similarities across Spanish and English. Through explicit instruction and instructional design analyses, we propose principles to facilitate phonemic awareness development and transfer from Spanish to English for children at risk for early reading difficulties. In this article we (a) profile the early reading performance of English language learners, (b) highlight the role of phonemic awareness in learning to read in alphabetic languages, and (c) propose 4 instructional design principles to accelerate English language learners' acquisition and development of phonemic awareness.
The history of international police cooperation: a 150-year evolution in trends and approaches

This paper traces the history of international police cooperation through the development of collaborative initiatives that various police actors have introduced since the mid-nineteenth century to address transnational crime on a multilateral basis. The beginnings of international police cooperation efforts were largely rooted in anti-anarchist policies pursued by European governments in order to protect the status quo. Police collaboration largely halted during the world wars, but the second half of the twentieth century witnessed an explosion of international cooperation mechanisms in policing as most states came to recognise the importance of multilateral action against transnational crime. International policing now encompasses sophisticated, official and far-reaching channels of information exchange and joint policing strategies and operations. Police cooperation has gone through cycles, however: the political motivation that originally encouraged foreign police agencies to share information on alle...
Effect of ascorbate on the toxicity of morphine in mice

The effects of ascorbic acid on the toxicity of morphine in mice were investigated. An intraperitoneal dose of sodium ascorbate (1 G/kg) injected 10 min prior to morphine (500 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to provide significant protection against mortality due to respiratory depression, while having no effect on the lethality of the pentobarbital. Pretreatment with ascorbate had no effect on the distribution of morphine in brain tissue, nor did it alter the pH of the plasma. Administration of ascorbate in vivo also produced no inactivation of binding to opioid receptors. It is postulated that ascorbate antagonizes the lethality of morphine by selectively affecting neuronal activity.
Volatiles in basalts and andesites from the Galapagos Spreading Center, 85° to 86°W

Abstract Glasses from submarine lavas recovered by the ALVIN submersible from the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) near 86°W have been analyzed by electron microprobe for major elements and by high-temperature mass spectrometry for volatiles. The samples studied range in composition from basalt to andesite and are more evolved than typical MORBs. Previous studies indicate that they are related to normal MORB by extensive crystal fractionation in small, isolated magma chambers. The H 2 O, Cl and F contents of these lavas are substantially higher than any previously reported for MORBs. H 2 O, Cl and F abundances increase linearly with P 2 O 5 content, which is used as an indicator of the extent of crystal fractionation. The Fe 2 O 3 (FeO + Fe 2 O 3 ) ratios measured in the andesite glasses progressively decrease with increasing P 2 O 5 content and are probably related to fractionation of Fe-Tioxides. Reduced carbon gas species, principally CH 4 and CO, were discovered in these glasses. The presence of reduced carbon species in GSC glasses may be indicative of a more reduced oxidation state of the upper mantle than is commonly assumed.
Status of SLD Programs: Indications from a Teacher Survey.

The status of programs serving students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) was investigated via questionnaires completed by 144 SLD teachers in Virginia. Categories explored included: (1) teachers' knowledge and perceptions of LEA policies and administrative procedures, (2) time allocated to various job-related activities and instructional areas, (3) evaluation of program resources, (4) frequency of communications concerning student educational needs and progress, and (5) teacher recommendations for program improvement. Findings raise serious questions concerning instructional intensity and scope in addition to procedural issues related to compliance with federal and state regulations.
Information processing components of koppitz errors on the bender visual‐motor gestalt test

Correlated performance and latencies on the Bender, Matching Familiar Figures Test and Draw-a-Person along with the Slosson Intelligence Test for 39 male and 35 female middle-class black first graders. The results suggest that the Bender may owe much of its clinical validity to loadings across all stages of human information processing. General intelligence accounted for 9% of Bender variance. With the higher order variable intelligence partialed out, the preprocessing and central processing stages accounted for 16% and the response selection and response execution stages accounted for 6% of Bender variance. Kagan's hypothesis with regard to the involvement of conceptual tempo in Bender performance was not supported. However, Kagan's contention that impulsivity is measured only in situations with high response uncertainty did receive some support.
Mesotron Production in the Atmosphere

With Geiger-M\"uller tubes arranged for fourfold vertical coincidence, a Rossi-Hsiung type of experiment was performed in an aeroplane up to an altitude of 25,000 feet. A sheet of lead 8.1 cm thick placed between the counter tubes and another lead plate of 2.2 cm thickness was alternately changed from the position above all the tubes to a position between the second and third tubes. From the difference between the counting rates in the two cases, it was found that at an altitude of 25,000 feet an average of 2 ionizing penetrating particles (mesotrons) per minute were ejected in the forward direction from a lead plate (38 cm\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5.2 cm\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2.2 cm) by the action of non-ionizing rays (photons). This value aleads to a cross section for the production of mesotrons by photons which is in at least rough agreement with the theory.
The Neurobehavioral Nature of Fishes and the Question of Awareness and Pain

This review examines the neurobehavioral nature of fishes and addresses the question of whether fishes are capable of experiencing pain and suffering. The detrimental effects of anthropomorphic thinking and the importance of an evolutionary perspective for understanding the neurobehavioral differences between fishes and humans are discussed. The differences in central nervous system structure that underlie basic neurobehavioral differences between fishes and humans are described. The literature on the neural basis of consciousness and of pain is reviewed, showing that: (1) behavioral responses to noxious stimuli are separate from the psychological experience of pain, (2) awareness of pain in humans depends on functions of specific regions of cerebral cortex, and (3) fishes lack these essential brain regions or any functional equivalent, making it untenable that they can experience pain. Because the experience of fear, similar to pain, depends on cerebral cortical structures that are absent from fish brain...
Receptor-Recognized α2-Macroglobulin Binds to Cell Surface-Associated GRP78 and Activates mTORC1 and mTORC2 Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells

Objective Tetrameric α2-macroglobulin (α2M), a plasma panproteinase inhibitor, is activated upon interaction with a proteinase, and undergoes a major conformational change exposing a receptor recognition site in each of its subunits. Activated α2M (α2M*) binds to cancer cell surface GRP78 and triggers proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling. We have studied the role of α2M* in the regulation of mTORC1 and TORC2 signaling in the growth of human prostate cancer cells.
Global dynamics of newly constructed oligonucleosomes of conventional and variant H2A.Z histone.

Background Complexes of nucleosomes, which often occur in the gene promoter areas, are one of the fundamental levels of chromatin organization and thus are important for transcription regulation. Investigating the dynamic structure of a single nucleosome as well as nucleosome complexes is important for understanding transcription within chromatin. In a previous work, we highlighted the influence of histone variants on the functional dynamics of a single nucleosome using normal mode analysis developed by Bahar et al. The present work further analyzes the dynamics of nucleosome complexes (nucleosome oligomers or oligonucleosomes) such as dimer, trimer and tetramer (beads on a string model) with conventional core histones as well as with the H2A.Z histone variant using normal mode analysis.
Plasma Mast Cells

DURING a histopathological examination of three hundred canine mastocytomata fixed in formalin, cells were repeatedly observed which presented characteristics of both plasma cells and mast cells1. These cells were intermediate in size between mast cells and plasma cells and presented eccentric nuclei, paranuclear clear areas and a large amount of clumped nuclear chromatin, all of which are characteristic of plasma cells rather than mast cells (Figs. 1 and 2). Unlike normal plasma cells, however, these intermediate forms contained cytoplasmic granules which stained metachromatically with 0.1 per cent aqueous toluidine blue (Figs. 2 and 3) and thus possessed the single, most outstanding, characteristic of mast cells. Various stages were observed ranging from typically appearing plasma cells with a few metachromatic cytoplasmic granules (Fig. 3) to cells more nearly approximating mature mast cells but revealing such plasma cell features as paranuclear clear areas, eccentric nuclei and clumped nuclear chromatin (Fig. 2).
Healing difficult wounds: A primer for advanced practice registered nurses

There are a variety of factors that cause wounds to become chronic and non-healing, all of which can be categorized as either local or systemic. Local factors include ischemia, infection, edema and pressure while systemic factors include co-morbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and peripheral vascular failure, neurological compromise, immobility issues, and renal insufficiency/failure. This paper describes those factors from the standpoint of an actual clinical situation with a particular emphasis on the elderly and influences that make healing wounds difficult in this population. The tools available to heal chronic wounds are also described with emphasis on skills for the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), primarily the nurse practitioner and clinical nurse specialist. From comprehensive wound centers to sharp debridement, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and vacuum assisted closure, advanced wound therapies are described. Finally, competencies expected of APRNs working with this population including direct care, consultation and education of patients, family members and other wound care staff are also discussed.
Tissue engineering of cartilage using poly-ɛ-caprolactone nanofiber scaffolds seeded in vivo with periosteal cells

Summary Objective To determine the potential of periosteal cells to infiltrate poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds in vivo and subsequently produce cartilage in vitro. Design PCL nanofiber scaffolds, with or without chitosan-coating were implanted under periosteum in 6-month-old rabbits. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) or vehicle was injected into each implant site. After 1, 3, 5 or 7 days, scaffolds were removed, separated from the periosteum, and the scaffolds and periosteum were cultured separately for 6 weeks under chondrogenic conditions. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), type II collagen, DNA content, cartilage yield, and calcium deposition were then analyzed. Results Cell infiltration was observed in all scaffolds. Cartilage formation in the uncoated scaffolds increased with duration of implantation (maximum at 7 days). Cells in the uncoated scaffolds implanted for 7 days produced significantly higher levels of both GAG [560 (95% confidence interval (CI), 107–1013) vs 228 (95% CI, 177–278)μgGAG/μgDNA] and cartilage yield [9% (95% CI, 3–14%) vs 0.02% (95% CI, 0–0.22%)] compared to chitosan-coated scaffolds ( P =0.006 or less). There was no significant difference in GAG content or cartilage yield between the TGF-β1-injected and vehicle-injected scaffolds. However, significantly more mineral deposition was detected in TGF-β1-injected scaffolds compared to vehicle-injected scaffolds ( P P Conclusions This study demonstrates that it is possible to seed PCL nanofiber scaffolds with periosteal cells in vivo and subsequently produce engineered cartilage in vitro .
Interaction of central Ang II and NO on the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in dogs

Abstract The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the central angiotensin II (Ang II) and nitric oxide (NO) systems interact to modulate the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR). All dogs were anesthetized with α-chloralose (100 mg/kg, iv). They were sino-aortic baroreceptor denervated and vagotomized throughout the experiment renal sympathetic nerve activity responses to cardiac sympathetic afferent stimulation and the central gain of the CSAR were measured. Three protocols were performed: (1) intracerebroventricular injection (icv, 3 μg/h or 6 μg/h) of Ang II with and without N ω -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) (icv, 1 mg/kg), (2) l -NAME (icv) with and without Ang II (icv, 6 μg/h), and (3) administration of the specific neural NO synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, S -Methyl- l -thiocitrulline (MeTC) (icv, 0.1 or 1 mM, 0.5 ml in 5 min) with and without pretreatment with the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan (icv, 0.125 mg/kg). The primary findings were (1) Ang II alone did not significantly affect the central sensitivity of the CSAR. However, Ang II with l -NAME enhanced this reflex, (2) even though l -NAME alone augmented the CSAR, this excitatory effect was further potentiated in the presence of Ang II and (3) MeTC significantly enhanced the central sensitivity of the CSAR. However, this enhancement did not occur after pretreatment with losartan. These data suggest that Ang II interacts with NO in the brain to modulate the CSAR and that inhibition of NO is required for facilitation of the CSAR by Ang II.
Protein carboxymethylation during in vitro culture of human peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages

Abstract Protein carboxymethylase (PCM) activity was evaluated for long-term in vitro cultures of human peripheral blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Both cell types exhibited increases in endogenous (without addition of the exogenous substrate, gelatin) and total (with gelatin) enzyme activity with increased time in culture. Monocytes developed increased activity after a 5-day lag period; three- to four-fold increases over day 1 values in both total and endogenous specific activity occurred. In contrast, PCM activity increased for pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) without a detectable lag period. Although the increase in endogenous activity of 10–14-day PAM culture was similar to comparable age monocyte cultures, total enzyme activity increased only two-fold above day 1 values. The observation of changes in PCM endogenous specific activity in monocyte cultures may reflect alterations in enzyme activity and/or levels of endogenous methyl-acceptor proteins.
Energy levels of hydrogenic impurity states in GaAs-Ga1−xAlxAs quantum well structures

Abstract Binding energies of the ground state and of four excited states of a hydrogenic impurity in quantum well structures consisting of a single slab of GaAs sandwiched between two semi-infinite slabs of Ga1−xAlxAs are calculated using a variational approach. The ground-state binding energy is calculated as a function of the barrier potential for a given size of the GaAs quantum well and is found to be linearly dependent on the inverse of the square root of the barrier potential except for very small potentials. The variation of the binding energies of all five states as a function of the size of the GaAs quantum well are also calculated and their behavior is discussed.
Ultralow-Power and Robust Embedded Memory for Bioimplantable Microsystems

Bioimplantable microsystems, such as pacemaker and cochlear implant, interface with internal body parts to monitor and/or control their activity. These systems typically record biological signals, analyze them in real time, and then transmit them to outside world or take appropriate corrective action. They require ultralow-power miniaturized electronics for long-term reliable operation using on-board battery. Embedded memory used to temporarily store the recorded data, forms an integral and important part of these systems. In this paper, we explore the design space and propose an optimal design of embedded memory for implantable applications. First, we compare a conventional super-threshold implementation of memory with a sub-threshold design with respect to energy efficiency. Next, we propose a super-threshold static random access memory (SRAM) design operating at a frequency much higher than the sampling frequency. We show that it can achieve very low energy dissipation by taking advantage of extensive power gating. Moreover, compared to a sub-threshold memory, it provides significantly better area and higher robustness of operation, both of which are important requirements for implantable systems. As a case study, we consider a neural control system that records and analyzes neural spikes. Simulation results for 45nm CMOS process using pre-recorded neural data from sea-slug (Aplysia californica) show that the proposed design can lead to significant energy reduction, without compromising the robustness and performance, compared to its sub-threshold counterparts.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. IV. AMBROSIEAE

A B S T R A C T New chromosome observations are reported for 30 species and varieties from 4 genera of Ambrosieae: Ambrosia (including Franseria), Dicoria, Hymenoclea and Iva. Neither polyploidy nor aneuploidy is known in the genera Dicorea, Hymenoclea or Xanthium. Aneuploid reduction appears to have played a role in the genome evolution of several species of Iva and Ambrosia. Polyploid species occur in both Iva and Ambrosia and polyploid series exist for at least 5 species or species aggregates of the latter. All available evidence indicates that the primitive chromosome number for the tribe is x = 18, differentiation and speciation having occurred at this level, which is here termed diploid. The group, however, must ultimately have been of polyploid origin from forms with
Fathers' Narratives of Arranging and Planning: Implications for Understanding Paternal Responsibility

This study examines 40 fathers’ narratives of arranging and planning for young children from Midwest and Southwest U.S. samples. Arranging and planning is seen as an aspect of the responsibility component of Lamb, Pleck, Charnov, and Levine’s (1985) widely used three-part conceptualization of paternal involvement. Based on four themes observed, different types of paternal “responsibility identities” are distinguished: 1) deferred-responsibility identity, 2) conjoint-responsibility identity, 3) mixed deferred/conjoint-responsibility identity, and 4) contextualized solo-responsibility identity. The importance of understanding fathers’ responsibility identity and considerations for future research are discussed.
Diabetes mellitus and medicinal plants-a review

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders sharing the common underlying feature of hyperglycemia. Along with hyperglycemia, diabetes is associated with micro and macro-vascular complications, which are the major causes of morbidity and death in diabetic subjects. The currently available antidiabetic agents include sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha glucosidase inhibitors and are widely used to control the hyperglycemia. These drugs fail significantly to alter the course of diabetic complications. They have limited use because of undesirable pathological conditions and high rates of secondary failure. Thus, it is essential to look for more effective antidiabetic agents with fewer side effects. Traditional medicinal plants having antidiabetic properties can be a useful source for the development of safer and effective oral hypoglycemic agents. More than 350 traditional plants are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which have been recorded. Only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. However, plant remedies are the mainstream of treatment in underdeveloped regions. This review focuses on diabetes mellitus and the role of plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Comparison of auto emission measurement techniques

Abstract The Clark and Washoe Remote Sensing Study (CAWRSS) field season took place in September 1994. The study was designed to characterize the exhaust emissions of the on-road vehicle fleet in the two major urban centers of the State of Nevada. The air quality in Las Vegas (Clark County) and Reno (Washoe County) is significantly worse than the surrounding rural areas and vehicle emissions have been identified as one of the primary sources of the pollution. Inspection and maintenance programs, mandated by the federal government, have been implemented in both urban areas. The study compated the State-approved test, a no-load, two-speed idle test, to two other measurement techniques: remote sensing devices (RSDs) and the IM240 test, a loaded-mode test run on a dynamometer. Results were viewed from two different perspectives. Fleet-wide characteristics showed that concentrations of CO (%) measured with RSDs were higher than those obtained with the no-load idle tests. Characteristics of pollution distributions derived from the two techniques were similar in range and shape. Observations for individual vehicles were then compared. CAWRSS is in agreement with earlier studies in that high emitters in the idle test are also high emitters on-road.
Modeling and managing the evolutionary component of biological systems

Abstract While differential equations have been commonly used to model the population dynamics of biological systems, it is uncommon for such models to include the evolutionary potential of the species being modeled. As a consequence, the focus of such models has generally been directed toward ecological stability rather than on evolutionary stability. Here, an evolutionary game approach to modeling is presented that allows for a very clear distinction between ecological and evolutionary stability. Necessary conditions are given for each type of stability so that they may be studied separately. In order to include evolution into management models, we are faced with two fundamental questions: what is evolving, and where is it evolving to? In the evolutionary game theory presented here, the ‘what’ are parameters in the differential game model associated with characteristics of the species that are clearly adaptive (such as sunlight conversion efficiency for plants or body length in animals), which we call strategies. The ‘where’ is the evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) to which these parameters can evolve. These strategies can be determined using the ESS maximum principle presented here. The ESS maximum principle when used with appropriate models, has the capacity to predict the evolutionary response of biological systems subject to a wide range of inputs, including physiographic changes, harvesting, and the introduction or removal of new species and/or resources. Applications are discussed in terms of some typical managed ecosystems. A detailed example, illustrating use of the theory, is given in which the treatment of cancer with drugs is ‘simulated’.
Nonprofessional and professional help-agents' views of interventions with young maladapting school children.

The expectations of nonprofessional and professional help-agents about helping interventions with young children experiencing different types of school adjustment problems (i.e., aggressive-acting out, shy-anxious, and learning problems) were studied. The two groups responded similarly. Shy-anxious children were seen as most appropriate for the intervention, the easiest and most enjoyable group to work with, and as having the best prognoses. These four sets of judgments were relatively independent of each other. A connection was made between the current data and prior findings suggesting that shy-anxious children have more favorable treatment outcomes than other groups.
Late complications of radiation only for advanced breast cancer.

Abstract Between 1960 and 1972, 158 patients with American Joint Committee (AJC) Stages III and IV breast carcinoma were treated with high dose protracted radiation only using megavoltage equipment and five dose/week fractionation. The local-regional control rate was 72%. All patients had some fibrosis. Severe fibrosis and necrosis were used as end points for analysis of complications. When the complications were separated by length of patient survival, the rate of severe fibrosis and necrosis was independent of the length of survival. Complications continued to appear at an undiminished rate in patients surviving more than 10 years. There was a trend toward increasing complications for doses above 8,100 rad which was not statistically significant. For doses below 8,000 rad only one complication appeared after six years, whereas for higher doses, complications continued to appear after 10 years. There was no correlation between boost technique and complication. Although high dose protracted radiation is no longer used for breast carcinoma, this data provides a warning that late complications may develop many years after treatment in patients who had large volumes irradiated.
Blocking Gibbs sampling in very large probabilistic expert systems

Abstract We introduce a methodology for performing approximate computations in very complex probabilistic systems (e.g. huge pedigrees). Our approach, called blocking Gibbs, combines exact local computations with Gibbs sampling in a way that complements the strengths of both. The methodology is illustrated on a real-world problem involving a heavily inbred pedigreee containing 20 000 individuals. We present results showing that blocking-Gibbs sampling converges much faster than plain Gibbs sampling for very complex problems.
Perinatal management of congenital cystic lung lesions in the age of minimally invasive surgery.

Abstract Background Most congenital cystic lung lesions (CCLLs) do not require in utero or perinatal intervention. The management of asymptomatic lesions is controversial: the theoretical risk of infection and malignancy is offset by whether thoracotomy in asymptomatic children is justified. We examined our recent experience and the role of minimally invasive surgery. Methods We analyzed the pre-, peri-, and postnatal findings of all consecutive CCLLs diagnosed between 1997 and 2005. We reviewed records for pre-, and postnatal imaging, management, and outcome. Results Thirty-five CCLL were diagnosed prenatally. Since 2000, all asymptomatic lesions were removed endoscopically at 6 to 18 months (thoracoscopy for 6 extralobar sequestrations, 3 intralobar sequestrations/congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations, 5 bronchogenic cysts, and retroperitoneal laparoscopy for 2 intraabdominal sequestrations). Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation elements were present in more than 70%. Two abdominal lesions have regressed, and 2 patients are awaiting intervention. One symptomatic infant underwent thoracotomy for congenital lobar emphysema. Conclusions It has been argued that the risks associated with congenital lung lesions (infection and malignancy) justify intervention in the asymptomatic patient. In our experience, all these lesions could be safely removed using endosurgical techniques. Counseling of (future) parents should be updated to include minimally invasive surgery in the management algorithm.