cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing Fishery-Independent Indices of Larval and Juvenile Gag Abundance in the Southeastern United States

Abstract We developed an index describing the abundance of gags Mycteroperca microlepis at the planktonic postlarval stage, and we assessed the index's potential for use in stock assessment. Data on postlarval gags were collected weekly at the Pivers Island bridge near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, during the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's bridgenet program (ichthyoplankton sampling, November–May 1986–2008); additionally, ichthyoplankton were sampled nightly during spring in 2007 and 2008. Catch of juvenile gags was examined in relation to several factors to assist in developing and refining fishery-independent surveys; juveniles were sampled with a small trawl in seagrass beds at 15–20 randomly selected stations near Beaufort Inlet every 2 weeks during June–September 2007 and 2008. Catches of postlarval and juvenile gags were low in both gear types. From 1986 to 2008, weekly concentrations of postlarval gags were highest from mid-April to mid-May, and peak ingress coincided with new ...
The Psychological Best Interests of the Child

The "best interest of the child" is the central principle in legal disputes concerning the placement of children. Since the concept is invoked in both law and mental health, it is often viewed as meaning the same to both professions. This idea is false. Psychologically, the determination of best interest depends on the emotional life of the child, especially present and future intimate relationships. Legally, best interests include moral, financial, and multiple other factors in addition to psychological aspects. Moreover, mental health professionals tactly consider best interests as the ultimate principle in placement whereas the law considers other principles to be prior to best interest (e.g., equal protection of parents or society's needs). Opinion of mental health workers is limited to psychological considerations, which are not decisive in determining the legal best interests of the child.
Delayed Development of Brain Abscesses Following Stent-Graft Placement in a Head and Neck Cancer Patient Presenting with Carotid Blowout Syndrome

We describe the delayed development of intracranial abscesses following emergent treatment with a covered stent-graft for carotid blowout syndrome (CBS) in a patient with head and neck cancer. The patient presented with hemoptysis and frank arterial bleeding through the tracheostomy site. A self-expandable stent-graft was deployed across a small pseudoaneurysm arising from the right common carotid artery (RCCA) and resulted in immediate hemostasis. Three months later, the patient suffered a recurrent hemorrhage. CT of the neck demonstrated periluminal fluid around the caudal aspect of the stent-graft with intraluminal thrombus and a small pseudoaneurysm. Subsequently, the patient underwent a balloon test occlusion study and endovascular sacrifice of the RCCA and right internal carotid artery. MRI of the brain demonstrated at least four ring-enhancing lesions within the right cerebral hemisphere consistent with intracranial abscesses that resolved with broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage.
In Defense of Law and Order: Urban Space, Fear of Crime, and the Virtues of Social Control:

There is a long tradition in critical/cultural studies that views the raising of concerns about crime and disorder as an ideological gambit concealing a more sinister project of social control. This article offers a friendly critique and revision of this position, arguing that critical communication scholars should treat urban disorder and public fears of crime as serious policy problems, if only because pervasive fears of crime impose great harm on disadvantaged urban residents. To this end, this article reviews recent work in the fear-of-crime literature to examine both the causes of fear as well as the efficacy and ethics of specific fear-reduction strategies. Drawing on this review, the article argues that the most promising response to the fear of crime is not zero tolerance policing, but rather increasing the collective efficacy of—that is, the feeling of solidarity among—neighbors. The article concludes with a discussion of the role digital networking tools could play in building neighborhood colle...
Secretion of Calcium into Milk: Review

Milk calcium exists in bound and ionized forms. Bound calcium is associated both with casein micelles and complexed to citrate and phosphate. Ionized calcium in milk is 1 to 4 millimolar, at least 1000 times its postulated concentration in the mammary alveolar cell. For this reason active transport mechanisms are necessary for transfer of this nutrient to the lumen of the mammary alveolus. Evidence that the major active transport system is a calcium adenosine triphosphatase residing in the membrane of the Golgi secretory vesicle is summarized. This adenosine triphosphatase appears to be activated by calcium concentrations in the micromolar range, to require magnesium ions, and to operate by phosphorylation of a 100,000 dalton enzyme intermediate. Metabolic processes are required to maintain a low concentration of calcium within the cytosol of the mammary alveolar cell. Because no evidence for sodium/calcium exchange could be found in the mammary gland of the lactating mouse, we suggest that these processes operate through a calcium adenosine triphosphatase in the basolateral membrane of the cell. Decreased calcium in the alveolar lumina decreased the integrity of the barrier between blood and milk. It is postulated from observations in other secretory systems that an increase in cystolic activity calcium may play a role in lactogenesis.
The Relationship Between Unconscious Defensive Process and Conscious Cognitive Style in Psychopaths

The relationship between unconscious defensive process and conscious cognitive style in psychopaths was empirically investigated using cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic measures. In the stud...
Safety and efficacy of sedation with propofol for transoesophageal echocardiography in children in an outpatient setting

Background: Transoesophageal echocardiography has become a powerful tool in the diagnosis and management of children with congenital cardiac malformations. Unlike adults, children will not tolerate transoesophageal echocardiography under light sedation. This study was undertaken, therefore, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of deep sedation with propofol for transoesophageal echocardiography in children examined in an outpatient setting. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography with propofol given in bolus aliquots to achieve a level of sedation adequate to insert the transoesophageal echocardiographic probe and maintain sedation throughout the procedure. Results: We included a total of 118 patients, 57% being male, with a mean age of 12.9 years. Adequate sedation was achieved using a mean propofol dose of 8.3 milligrams per kilogram, with the dose per kilogram decreasing concomitant with increasing weight of the patient. Patients less than two years of age were intubated for the procedure. There were no clinically significant changes in cardiac function or haemodynamics. Non-intubated patients received supplemental oxygen prior to, or just after, the onset of sedation, with transient hypoxaemia observed in one-fifth. Complications were rare, with minor problems occurring in 7.6%, and major ones in 4%. Conclusions: Transoesophageal echocardiography can be performed on an outpatient basis in children with a wide spectrum of congenital cardiac malformations, and propofol is an ideal sedative agent in this setting. Although not common, preparations must be made for significant haemodynamic and respiratory complications. In our study, we intubated all the children under 2 years of age.
Training wideband acoustic models using mixed-bandwidth training data via feature bandwidth extension

One serious difficulty in the deployment of wideband speech recognition systems for new tasks is the expense in both time and cost of obtaining sufficient training data. A more economical approach is to collect telephone speech and then restrict the application to operate at the telephone bandwidth. However, this generally results in sub-optimal performance. We propose a new algorithm for training wideband acoustic models that requires only a small amount of wideband speech augmented by a larger amount of narrowband speech. The algorithm operates by first converting the narrowband features to wideband features through a process called feature bandwidth extension. The bandwidth-extended features are then combined with available wideband data to train the acoustic models using a modified version of the conventional forward-backward algorithm. Experiments performed using wideband speech and telephone speech demonstrate that the proposed mixed-bandwidth training algorithm results in significant improvements in recognition accuracy over conventional training strategies when the amount of wideband data is limited.
Failure to thrive.

We report a case of a "butterfly" nut removed successfully from the oesophagus of a 1-year-old baby. This foreign body was thought to have been present for three months. Continuous cough, feeding difficulty and weight loss were the predominant clinical features. The value of a chest X-ray is demonstrated.
The impact of financial reform on private savings in Bangladesh

Over the course of the last decade, Bangladesh has implemented a broad-based program of financial and market reforms, encompassing changes in the structure of the financial system, prudential and supervisory frameworks, and monetary management. This paper estimates a savings function to evaluate the impact of various determinants of private savings in Bangladesh—with special emphasis on the impact of financial reform. The results show that the level of income, real interest rates, and the share of agriculture in GDP have a positive impact on the savings rate. Dependency rate and public savings rate, on the other hand, have a negative impact on private savings. Interestingly, the financial reform index has a negative impact on private savings. Hence reforms that were initiated since the late 1980s had actually reduced savings.
Research on failure modes of BGA assemblies with lead-free solder on different PCB materials

Emerging environmental regulations worldwide, most notably in Europe and Japan, have targeted the elimination of Pb usage in electronic assemblies, due to the inherent toxicity of Pb. Similarly the toxicity of halogen based PCBs in landfills has also prompted the industry as well as various governments to work toward the introduction of halogen-free PCBs in electronics. So research on the reliability and failure mode of BGA assembly with lead-free on different PCB materials including traditional FR4 material and new environmental halogen-free materials are very important in order to speed up their application in electronic. In this paper, firstly the mechanical bend fatigue reliability was studied by the Mini-Mechanical Tester (MMT) system. Then the failure mode was studied by cross sectional method. The results show that two failure modes were found for lead-free and halogen-free assembly. One is crack through, halogen free material and the other is crack in lead-free solder. For lead-free and FR4 assembly, two failure modes were also found. One is crack in solder and the other is crack in the copper trace. Considering the mechanical bend fatigue reliability of these two assemblies, when crack initiate from solder materials, the reliability of assembly with lead-free solder on halogen-free shows higher than that of assembly with lead-free solder on FR4. For the assembly with lead-free on halogen-free, the obvious law was found that the halogen-free material failure was the main failure in short life and the lead-free solder failure is the main failure mode in long life area. However there is no obvious law for the assembly with lead-free on FR4.
Synthesis and activity of Helicobacter pylori urease and catalase at low pH.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori produces large amounts of urease presumably to be prepared for the rare event of a sudden acid exposure. The hypothesis that H pylori is acid sensitive and protein production is inhibited by low pH was examined. METHODS: H pylori or its soluble enzymes were incubated buffered or unbuffered at a pH ranging from 2-7 in the presence of 5 mM urea for 30 minutes. After exposure, urease and catalase activities of whole cells, supernatants, and soluble enzyme preparations were measured at pH 6.8. Newly synthesised enzyme was quantified by immunoprecipitation of [35S]-methionine labelled protein. RESULTS: Exposure to buffer below pH 4 resulted in loss of intracellular urease activity. In soluble enzyme preparations and supernatant, no urease activity was measurable after incubation at pH or = 3. Exposure below pH 5 inhibited synthesis of total protein including nascent urease and catalase. At pH 6 or 7, urease represented 10% of total protein, catalase 1.5%. Exposure of H pylori to unbuffered HCl (pH > 2) resulted in an immediate neutralisation; urease and catalase activities and synthesis were unchanged. CONCLUSION: Low surrounding pH reduces activity of urease and synthesis of nascent urease, catalase, and presumably of most other proteins. This suggests that H pylori is not acidophilic although it tolerates short-term exposure to low pH.
Design in Observational Research on the Discourse of Medicine: Toward Disciplined Interdisciplinarity

This article turns to the concept of interdisciplinarity as a framework for the design and development of observational studies investigating the discourse of medicine in language-based fields such as linguistics, rhetoric, composition, and professional communication. It argues that observational studies be designed as disciplined interdisciplinary studies, defined as research that makes an acknowledged contribution to both medicine and language studies. It proposes two guiding principles for the design of observational studies in medicine, both of which focus on issues of prospective design.
The Counselor as Prophet: Frank Parsons, 1854-1908.

This article summarizes the life and work of the political and economic reformer, Frank Parsons. The author gives special attention to his founding, shortly before he died, of the Vocation Bureau, often described as the origin of professional counseling in the United States. Through his work, he offered a challenging example for counselors today as both a social crusader and a pioneer in the systematic guidance of youth.
Approximate Expressions for the Elastic Constants of Cord-Rubber Laminates

Abstract The relatively simple equations given herein for the four independent elastic constants of a single ply of cord and rubber and for the three independent elastic constants of a cord-rubber angle-ply laminate can be used to assess with sufficient accuracy for many purposes the effect of changes in constituent material properties and/or ply geometry on the stiffness characteristics of unidirectional, filamentary composites used in pneumatic tires.
Re-Examining Firm Size and Exporting: An Empirical Analysis of South Carolina Firms

Mittlelstaedt, Harben, and Ward (2003) and Wolff and Pett (2000) offer contradictory evidence on the impact of firm size (by employment) and the propensity to export. Using a data set very similar to that of Mittelstaedt et al., we re-examine the issue. Although we find that firm size has a significant impact on export propensity, we fail to find a threshold at twenty employees, as Mittelsteadt, et al., did. Our findings are more supportive of Wolff and Pett, who argue very small firms are capable of exporting. This paper concludes by considering the implications for researchers and policymakers.
The Artist as Developer and Advocate Real Estate and Public Policy in SoHo, New York

Contemporary scholars have focused on creative placemaking and the role of the arts in urban development, but there is less of an academic understanding of how artists contribute to neighborhood re...
The Genesis and Progression of a Clinical Research Career

Clinical research careers are increasingly sought after thanks, in part, to a booming biotechnology industry. As pharmaceutical and device companies continue to bring new products to market, the vast array of positions to assist with these discoveries are in high demand. ![Figure][1] There
Administering the National Environmental Policy Act

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was created by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) which, by its terms, casts CEQ as an advisor to the president. President Nixon first ordered CEQ to create “guidelines” for federal agencies discharging their duties under NEPA in 1970. Those guidelines also influenced the courts that first interpreted NEPA in some obvious and some subtle ways. But in 1977, President Carter ordered that CEQ issue rules to bind all agencies, replacing informal guidelines with purportedly binding regulations implementing NEPA. Did that make CEQ NEPA’s “administering” agency? Can presidential action of the sort entitle CEQ’s interpretations of NEPA to Chevron deference? If so, what of the “agencies of the Federal Government” who are charged by the statute in terms with generating its “detailed statements” and pursuing its “national policy”? In practice CEQ’s rules have been regarded by courts and most action agencies as “law,” at least in a sense. Yet the CEQ rules cover only a tiny fraction of NEPA’s domain. They say virtually nothing about the priorities that decision-makers should set, the types of environmental damage we must strive to avoid, or the ways that environmental risks and benefits should be balanced. The Supreme Court has admonished the lower federal courts repeatedly that it is not the courts’ place to opine on any of that, having done so emphatically and often enough that virtually no one contends otherwise. This leaves NEPA’s “substance” virtually untouched by both CEQ’s interpretation(s) and those of reviewing courts. CEQ and its rules are more than a curiosity or some errant departure from prevailing doctrine, though. They demonstrate something fundamental about our president’s authority in the administrative state and perhaps even how our presidents exert their most enduring influences therein. If presidential administrations are to utilize NEPA to its fullest potential in setting the nation’s environmental agenda, they would do well to understand how NEPA has been administered to date.
A Mathematical Model of an Active Gyroscopic Roll Stabilizer Using the Moving Frame Method

Large offshore renewable energy investments require the use of maintenance boats to keep them in operable conditions. Unfortunately, due to rough seas in some of the project locations, the transferring of crew members from vessel to turbine or platform is no easy task. Thus, the research presented is focused at further looking into add on stability systems for marine vessels to further ease the process of offshore platform maintenance and crew member safety.The rolling and pitching of ships and boats induced by the ocean waves results in undesirable motion. In an effort to increase the stability of the deck/platform and human comfort and safety, various add-on stability systems have been developed. Of interest in the research presented are internal active systems, specifically the active gyroscopic stabilizer.Previous research and industrial use of active gyroscopic roll stabilizers has shown and proven the effectiveness of the system to reduce rolling motion. The research presented here is focused on developing a more detailed mathematical analysis of a marine vessel installed with active gyroscopic roll stabilizer(s). Through the use of the moving frame method developed by the second author, a novel approach has been developed to derive a mathematical model for two different cases: 1) a marine vessel with a single gyroscopic roll stabilizer and 2) a marine vessel with two gyroscopic roll stabilizers. The moving frame method allows for a systematic derivation despite the increase in complexity of the system as the number of stabilizers is increased. Lastly, the nonlinear equations of motion of a ship with a gyroscopic roll stabilizer are derived.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Farm Machinery in Relation to Insect Pest Control

Regular farm equipment used in plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting and special machinery employed in irrigating, leveling, and many other farming practices may contribute considerably in reducing and even in controlling certain insect pests which may be present on the plants, in the stems or stubble, in the seeds or tubers, and in the soil. Many attachments may also be used on such machinery for the express purpose of destroying insects.
Ornaments as socially valuable objects: Jewelry and identity in the Chaco and post-Chaco worlds

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between identity and demographic reorganization through an examination of the extent to which Chacoan identity and practice, as demonstrated by the social values attributed to ornaments at Pueblo Bonito during the cultural florescence at Chaco Canyon (A.D. 900–1130), were maintained or transformed by the post-Chaco period inhabitants of Aztec’s West Ruin (A.D. 1140–1290s). The study includes the analysis of the large ornament assemblages from both of these sites, with an emphasis on identifying socially significant dimensions of physical variation through a contextual approach. Utilizing the concepts of value gradations, inalienability, and structured deposition, both similarities and differences in the social use and potential meaning of ornaments at the two sites are identified. Based on similarities in the attributes of ornaments associated with structured ritual deposits and high-status interments, it appears that the residents of Aztec Ruin continued to participate in at least some elements of the Chacoan ritual-ideological complex. I suggest that the depositional practices associated with these socially valuable goods served as citations or references to Chacoan cosmology and the powerful leaders and/or ancestors connected to Pueblo Bonito. Local leaders at Aztec Ruin may have used these references to legitimize their authority by affirming real or reconstructed historical links to Chaco Canyon.
Intersectionality and women’s advancement in the discipline and across the academy

ABSTRACTIn this article I explore the experiences of women of color in the academy through the lens of intersectionality. I use three major lessons of intersectionality research to frame the experiences of women of color in the academy and in particular how identity matters for women of color’s experiences in fields such as political science where their numbers are quite small. Beyond offering an overview of their experiences, I follow with a critical conversation of the supports and intervention strategies necessary to have women of color not only survive to tenure but build sustainable careers. The strategies and interventions rely on a “both/and” strategy, using strategies that are common in the academy coupled with strategies that are uniquely situated for women of color. These strategies and interventions require department heads, deans, and other senior university leaders to act as allies supporting the career-sustaining decisions women of color make that may deviate from the norm. These allies are ...
Case 1: Absent Pubertal Development in a 17.5-year-old Girl

1. Madhia Shahid, MD* 2. Don McClellan, MD* 3. Chirag Kapadia, MD* 1. *Department of Endocrinology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ. A 17.5-year-old previously healthy girl presents with lack of breast development and menarche. She denies any abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, or vision changes. She also denies excessive exercise or dieting. She is not taking any medications. She has never been sexually active and denies any drug abuse. Her mother and older sister achieved menarche at age 12 years. The remainder of her medical history is unremarkable. On physical examination, the girl’s weight is 45 kg (5th percentile), height is 153.5 cm (7th percentile), and body mass index is 19 (20th percentile). Vital signs are normal, and she has no dysmorphic features. She is attentive, interactive, and cooperative during her examination. The thyroid gland is of normal size. Her skin evaluation yields normal results, with no abnormal hair distribution. She does not have any breast development (Sexual Maturity Rating 1). She does have dark, coarse pubic hair spreading sparsely over the junction of the pubes (Sexual Maturity Rating 3). She has no clitoromegaly or vaginal discharge. Her abdomen is soft, nontender, and nondistended without hepatosplenomegaly or palpable masses. There are no other findings of note on her physical examination. Results of her comprehensive metabolic panel, thyroid function tests, and …
Properties of Membranes and Their Evolution

This chapter discusses the structures and functions of biological membranes and the evolution of membrane structure and function. Structures of biological membranes discusses that membranes contain complex mixtures of lipids; that phospholipids spontaneously form ordered structures in water; that membranes have both integral and peripheral proteins; that integral membrane proteins contain transmembrane a helices; that proteins and lipids have considerable lateral mobility within membranes; that biological membranes are asymmetrical; newly synthesized lipid components are formed on preexisting membranes; and that locations and orientation of membrane proteins are determined by specific targeting mechanisms. Functions of biological membranes discusses that most solutes are transported across membranes by specific carriers; that some transporters facilitate diffusion of a solute down a concentration gradient; that active transport against a concentration gradient requires energy; that asymmetrical orientation of membrane transport proteins is the key to vectorial transport; and that signals can be transported without the actual flow of substance. Evolution of membrane structure and function discusses that macromolecules can be encapsulated in bilayer vesicles under simulated prebiotic conditions; that primary functions of the first membranes were to sequester the living systems and to give them greater mobility; that first membranes could have impeded the flow of substrates to the interior of the living cells; and that first transmembrane “proteins” probably functioned as simple permeases for facilitated transport. Biological membranes consist primarily of proteins and lipids whose relative amounts vary considerably. Membranes contain proteins that merely bind to their surface (peripheral proteins) and those that are embedded in the lipid matrix (integral proteins). Macromolecules can be encapsulated in bilayer vesicles under simulated prebiotic conditions.
Regulating the global infrastructure of film labor exploitation.

Confronted by media globalization, many governments have expressed concern about the productive capacity of domestic screen media institutions that are aiming to sustain the allegiances of resident populations. Policymakers are furthermore aware that creative labor is now widely perceived as a resource worth cultivating for its perceived benefits as a catalyst to economic innovation and productivity. In fear of being left behind, countries with even modest resources have fashioned a range of subsidies, tax breaks, and other enticements that have facilitated the emergence of a global production infrastructure that favors producers and media conglomerates at the expense of screen media workers. This mounting crisis of creative labor calls for a critical reassessment of the fundamental rationales behind these film policies and encourages speculation about new directions for cultural activism. Drawing inspiration from environmental studies, this essay advances the concept of stewardship as a geographically sc...
Transplacental passage of vancomycin.

Objective: To evaluate a larger number of patients receiving a vancomycin-dosing regimen of 20 mg/kg IV every 8 h for Group B streptococcus (GBS) chemoprophylaxis and analyze maternal and neonatal ...
Effective divisors on \overline{ℳ}_{ℊ}, curves on 3 surfaces, and the slope conjecture

In this paper we use the geometry of curves lying on K3 surfaces in order to obtain a number of results about effective divisors on the moduli space of stable curves Mg. We begin by showing two statements on the slopes of such divisors: first that the HarrisMorrison Slope Conjecture fails to hold on M10 and second, that in order to compute the slope of Mg for g ≤ 23, one only has to look at the coefficients of the classes λ and δ0 in the standard expansion in terms of the generators of the Picard group. The proofs are based on a general result providing inequalities between the first few coefficients of effective divisors on Mg. We then describe in detail the divisor K on M10 consisting of smooth sections of K3 surfaces, and its compactification K in the moduli space M10 (which is the counterexample to the conjecture mentioned above). As far as we know this is the first intersection theoretic analysis of a geometric subvariety on Mg which is not of classical Brill-Noether-Petri type, that is, a locus of curves carrying an exceptional linear series gd. Along the way, various other results on the Kodaira-Iitaka dimension of distinguished linear series on certain moduli spaces of (pointed) stable curves are obtained. We give the technical statements in what follows. 1
Thermodynamics on visible light-emitting diodes (Conference Presentation)

As the best performing light emitting diodes (LEDs) are approaching the conventional limit of unity efficiency, a unique heat-pump operating mode of the devices has been proposed to address this problem, in which case lattice heat is pumped from the phonon field of the device into the incoherent photon field of emission at the expense of consuming zero-entropy electrical power. To better understand the potential of visible LEDs for further efficiency improvement in this mode, we present a thermodynamic framework that allows us to estimate the Carnot limit for their wall-plug efficiency (WPE) at different operating conditions. We find that the theoretical efficiency limit drops at higher light intensities but can still be well above 100% even at 10 W/cm^2. Ideally, realizing such high efficiency at useful output powers requires the device to possess an external quantum efficiency (EQE) close to unity. Here we are able to introduce dissipation into the thermodynamic model and thus determine a minimum EQE required for an LED to achieve unity WPE. In addition, the thermodynamic study for visible LEDs yields one surprising result. The first observation of above-unity WPE was on a heated mid-infrared (2.2 um) LED, and the subsequent demonstration at room temperature necessarily required a longer-wavelength 3.4 um device in order to realize sufficient carrier injection for measurable optical output. On the contrary, this thermodynamic analysis indicates that at useful optical powers – and hence useful cooling powers – visible LEDs of shorter wavelength are expected to show higher cooling at a lower current density.
Science and nationality in the Habsburg Empire

Even though science strives to transcend national differences, scientists in the multinational, multi-lingual, multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire could hardly avoid being caught up in a web of competing ethnic, national, and imperial interests. Where should their identities and loyalties lie and where should they seek support for their work? At the level of the empire as a whole? One of its component kingdoms or principalities? Other institutions? What audience should they write for, and in what language? Or, from the point of view of their patrons, how could science be used to promote unity and develop culture and identity? This fine essay collection on The Nationalization of Scientific Knowledge in the Habsburg Empire, 1848–1918 explores a variety of solutions with which scientists and scientific institutions experimented. The editors’ introduction, by Mitchell Ash and Jan Surman, is most concerned with the historiography of nationalism, nation formation, center–periphery relations, and postcolonial perspectives. It provides a useful survey of the available approaches and finds that they tend to underestimate science as a formative element in national culture. Several of the contributors emphasize the ways in which national divisions can accentuate—or be accentuated by—contrasting national styles or approaches to science. Along these lines, Johannes Feichtinger reflects on competing conceptions of nation that either equate it with the state [Staatsnation] or take it to be a cultural/ ethnic/linguistic entity [Kulturnation]. He associates the nation-state concept with loyalty to the empire as a whole, objectivism in philosophy, and unifying approaches to scholarship, the cultural concept with subjectivism and political as well as scholarly fragmentation. Similarly, Gabor Pallo reflects on how science was used in the service of national politics—for example, Darwinism as a justification
The Matching Law: A Tutorial for Practitioners

The application of the matching law has historically been limited to use as a quantitative measurement tool in the experimental analysis of behavior to describe temporally extended patterns of behavior-environment relations. In recent years, however, applications of the matching law have been translated to clinical settings and populations to gain a better understanding of how naturally-occurring events affect socially important behaviors. This tutorial provides a brief background of the conceptual foundations of matching, an overview of the various matching equations that have been used in research, and a description of how to interpret the data derived from these equations in the context of numerous examples of matching analyses conducted with socially important behavior. An appendix of resources is provided to direct readers to primary sources, as well as useful articles and books on the topic.
One-step CRISPR/Cas9 method for the rapid generation of human antibody heavy chain knock-in mice.

Abstract Here, we describe a one‐step, in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease‐mediated strategy to generate knock‐in mice. We produced knock‐in (KI) mice wherein a 1.9‐kb DNA fragment bearing a pre‐arranged human B‐cell receptor heavy chain was recombined into the native murine immunoglobulin locus. Our methodology relies on Cas9 nuclease‐induced double‐stranded breaks directed by two sgRNAs to occur within the specific target locus of fertilized oocytes. These double‐stranded breaks are subsequently repaired via homology‐directed repair by a plasmid‐borne template containing the pre‐arranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain. To validate our knock‐in mouse model, we examined the expression of the KI immunoglobulin heavy chains by following B‐cell development and performing single B‐cell receptor sequencing. We optimized this strategy to generate immunoglobulin KI mice in a short amount of time with a high frequency of homologous recombination (30–50%). In the future, we envision that such knock‐in mice will provide much needed vaccination models to evaluate immunoresponses against immunogens specific for various infectious diseases.
Remnant Small Bowel Length in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome and the Correlation with Intestinal Dysbiosis and Linear Growth

Background Pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a malabsorptive state placing patients at risk for malnutrition, dehydration, and bacterial overgrowth. These patients are often dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) while intestinal adaptation is underway. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of remnant small bowel length on the gut microbiome. Further, we sought to examine the contribution of clinical and nutritional variables to the gut microbiota and anthropometric growth. Study Design Clinical data, anthropometrics, and fecal samples were collected from 14 SBS patients and 10 age- and sex-matched controls. Fecal bacterial DNA composition was analyzed using 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Statistical analysis was completed using the Mann-Whitney or Fisher's exact tests when applicable and linear mixed effect modeling. Results Distinct microbiota changes were found among those with the least remaining small bowel ( Conclusions Remnant small bowel length appears to be a predictor of stunting with diminished linear growth, parenteral nutrition dependency, and a greater relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the gut. These findings suggest an integrated adaptive response predicted by remnant intestinal length. Further research is necessary to examine the effects of intestinal dysbiosis on clinical outcomes.
A retrospective analysis of treatment and retention outcomes of pregnant and/or parenting women with opioid use disorder.

Abstract Aim To determine factors associated with positive outcomes of buprenorphine maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder among pregnant women and women with children under the age of five years. Methods This retrospective, de-identified electronic health record review of a cohort of 108 female patients at a suburban primary care outpatient clinic followed patients for one year of treatment at the clinic. Positive outcomes were defined as 1) treatment retention and 2) urine toxicology at 12 months free of all substances other than buprenorphine. This study also evaluated a variety of potential correlates of treatment retention and toxicology, including patient demographics, medical and social history, and clinical factors (i.e., participation in a women's group and assigned treatment provider). Results Patient retention was 73.2% at 12 months. Compared to those retained in treatment, patients not retained were more likely to have received past treatment for a psychiatric illness (65.4% vs. 38.2%; p Conclusions In this population, certain baseline characteristics were predictive of failure to be retained in treatment. As such, specific patients may need more intensive treatment. These findings have important public health and child welfare implications and may offer insight for providers to tailor treatment and refer for comprehensive services.
Seasonal Trends of Soiling on Photovoltaic Systems

This work investigates the seasonal variability of photovoltaic soiling losses over a 12-month period for 15 soiling stations deployed in the USA. We present a new parameter able to rank the sites according to the cumulative losses occurring over 3-and 6- month periods. The relations between soiling losses and particulate matter are briefly discussed, as well. Moving from long-term to shorter-term data increases the complexity of the analysis: monthly correlations are found to have lower accuracy than the longer-term ones presented in the literature.
The stability and persistence of blood and semen mRNA and miRNA targets for body fluid identification in environmentally challenged and laundered samples.

The identification of body fluids in evidentiary stains may provide investigators with probative information during an investigation. In this study, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were performed to detect the presence of mRNA and miRNA in fresh and environmentally challenged samples. Blood, semen, and reference markers were chosen for both mRNA/miRNA testing. Samples of blood and semen were exposed to heat, humidity, and sunlight, and controlled conditions (room temperature, low humidity, and darkness) for 6 months. All mRNA targets were observed through six months under controlled conditions, but were undetected after 30 days in experimental conditions. However, miRNA targets persisted under all test conditions for the duration of the study. Additionally, cotton stained with blood or semen was laundered using a liquid detergent in various washing and drying conditions. An unstained cutting was evaluated for potential transfer. Both miRNA targets were observed in all stained samples regardless of the wash protocol used. Of the mRNA markers, HBB was detected in all bloodstained samples and PRM1 persisted in all but one semen stained sample. The unstained samples showed transfer of at least one body fluid specific miRNA marker in all samples and at least one body fluid specific mRNA in approximately half of the samples. These results support that RNA markers can be used for body fluid identification in challenging samples, and that miRNA markers may be more persistent than mRNA for blood and semen stains. However, some caution is warranted with laundered items due to possible transfer.
Reconciling nursing's art and science dualism: Toward a processual logic of nursing

There is an enduring debate in nursing regarding the art-science dualism, involving an articulation of two distinct 'kinds' of disciplinary knowledge: objective/scientific and subjective/artistic. Nursing identifies both as necessary, yet unbridgeable, which creates problems in constructing a coherent disciplinary knowledge base. We describe how this problem arises based on an ontological assumption of two different kinds of 'stuff' in the world: that with essential determinate properties and that without essential properties. We experiment with a solution by ontologically understanding the world as made from a single kind: That the most irreducible element of the world is process, in that reality is a continuous construction whereby subject and object are products, not independent constituents, of reality. Process philosophy overcomes nursing's ontological bifurcation and enables nursing's art-science dualism to be re-conceptualized as a cohesive logic of skilled reality production. An unavoidable implication of a process turn in nursing philosophy is that the disciplinary goal no longer becomes a privileged 'body of knowledge' that authorizes, which has always been a defining challenge in nursing. Rather, and more productively perhaps, the aim is for greater sophistication and plurality in its ongoing commitment to attuning to reality in ways that shape disciplinary attainment.
Roles of Type 1, 2, and 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection In Vitro and In Vivo.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play important roles in host defense and inflammation. They are classified into three distinct groups based on their cytokine and chemokine secretion patterns and transcriptome profiles. Here, we show that ILCs isolated from mice can be infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) but that subsequent replication of the virus is compromised. After infection, type 2 ILCs expressed significantly higher levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-9, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL3, and CCL4 than infected type 1 or type 3 ILCs. Transcriptome-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the ILCs 24 h after HSV-1 infection revealed that 77 herpesvirus genes were detected in the infected type 3 ILCs, whereas only 11 herpesvirus genes were detected in infected type 1 ILCs and 27 in infected type 2 ILCs. Compared with uninfected cells, significant upregulation of over 4,000 genes was seen in the HSV-1-infected type 3 ILCs, whereas 414 were upregulated in the infected type 1 ILCs and 128 in the infected type 2 ILCs. In contrast, in all three cell types, only a limited number of genes were significantly downregulated. Type 1, type 2, and type 3 ILC-deficient mice were used to gain insights into the effects of the ILCs on the outcome of ocular HSV-1 infection. No significant differences were found on comparison with similarly infected wild-type mice or on comparison of the three strains of deficient mice in terms of virus replication in the eyes, levels of corneal scarring, latency-reactivation in the trigeminal ganglia, or T-cell exhaustion. Although there were no significant differences in the survival rates of infected ILC-deficient mice and wild-type mice, there was significantly reduced survival of the infected type 1 or type 3 ILC-deficient mice compared with type 2 ILC-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of wild-type T cells did not alter survival or any other parameters tested in the infected mice. Our results indicate that type 1, 2, and 3 ILCs respond differently to HSV-1 infection in vitro and that the absence of type 1 or type 3, but not type 2, ILCs affects the survival of ocularly infected mice. IMPORTANCE In this study, we investigated for the first time what roles, if any, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play in HSV-1 infection. Analysis of isolated ILCs in vitro revealed that all three subtypes could be infected with HSV-1 but that they were resistant to replication. The expression profiles of HSV-1-induced cytokines/chemokines and cellular and viral genes differed among the infected type 1, 2, and 3 ILCs in vitro. While ILCs play no role or a redundant role in the outcomes of latency-reactivation in infected mice, absence of type 1 and type 3, but not type 2, ILCs affects the survival of infected mice.
Hydrogel platform for in vitro three-dimensional assembly of human stem cell-derived β cells and endothelial cells

Differentiation of stem cells into functional replacement cells and tissues is a major goal of the regenerative medicine field. However, one limitation has been organization of differentiated cells into multi-cellular, three-dimensional assemblies. The islets of Langerhans contain many endocrine and non-endocrine cell types, such as insulin-producing {beta} cells and endothelial cells. Transplantation of exogenous islets into diabetic patients can serve as a cell replacement therapy, replacing the need for patients to inject themselves with insulin, but the number of available islets from cadaveric donors is low. We have developed a strategy of assembling human embryonic stem cell-derived {beta} cells with endothelial cells into three-dimensional aggregates on a hydrogel. The resulting islet organoids express {beta} cell markers and are functional, capable of undergoing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These results provide a platform for evaluating the effects of the islet tissue microenvironment on human embryonic stem cell-derived {beta} cells and other islet endocrine cells to develop tissue engineered islets.
Enhanced descending pain facilitation in acute traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Acute and persistent pain are recognized consequences of TBI that can enhance suffering and significantly impair rehabilitative efforts. Both experimental models and clinical studies suggest that TBI may result in an imbalance between descending pain facilitatory and inhibitory pathways. The aim of this study was to assess the role of enhanced descending serotonin-mediated pain facilitation in a rat TBI model using selective spinal serotonergic fiber depletion with 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT). We observed significant hindpaw allodynia in TBI rats that was reduced after DHT but not vehicle treatment. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated profound spinal serotonin depletion in DHT-treated rats. Furthermore, lumbar intrathecal administration of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron at 7 days post-injury (DPI), when hindpaw allodynia was maximal, also attenuated nociceptive sensitization. Additional immunohistochemical analyses of the lumbar spinal cord at 7 DPI revealed a robust bilateral microglial response in the superficial dorsal horns that was significantly reduced with DHT treatment. Furthermore, serotonin depletion also prevented the TBI-induced bilateral increase in c-Fos positive cells within the Rexed laminae I and II of the dorsal horns. These results indicate that in the weeks following TBI, pain may be responsive to 5-HT3 receptor antagonists or other measures which rebalance descending pain modulation.