cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phototherapy: Kids are not just little people

Phototherapy is the delivery of treatments in the form of visible or ultraviolet light for the therapeutic care of a patient. Usage of phototherapy in children is affected by limited data in the medical literature, the inability of some children to stand still during the delivery of therapy, parental concerns regarding risks of therapy, and scheduling difficulties. Despite the limitation of data, there are publications in support of usage of phototherapy, especially for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo in both children and adults. This contribution provides an overview of the utility of phototherapy in skin conditions with a specific focus on the differences that exist in the data on and the delivery of phototherapy for adults and children.
Kentucky Addresses a Landowner's Duty to Those Off the Premises: The Saga of Falling Trees

At common law, landowners had no duty to protect those off their premises from harm caused by natural vegetation on their land. Courts feared that without this rule a landowner might be ruined merely for leaving property in a state of nature. Gradually, some jurisdictions moved away from this position. The California Supreme Court completely abolished the old natural condition exemption from landowner liability. Other states took a more moderate approach, and upheld the traditional doctrine in cases of rural land while viewing trees alongside urban roadways differently. Kentucky had not addressed the subject until a recent case where a large dead tree on an urban lot fell onto an adjacent landowner's garage. The Kentucky Court of Appeals held that a landowner in an urban or heavily populated area has a duty to others outside of his or her land to exercise reasonable care to prevent an unreasonable risk of harm arising from defective or unsound trees on the premises. The Kentucky Supreme Court has granted discretionary review of this decision, so Kentucky's position on the off premises liability issue is ripe for final decision. The abstracted article suggests that at minimum Kentucky should hold urban landowners responsible for harm trees on their property cause when they fall off their land. The article concludes Kentucky should adopt the rule of the California Supreme Court that landowners always have a duty to protect those off their premises against natural conditions on their land.
Perspectives: The Importance of Asset Allocation

This article discusses the impact on performance of the long-term asset allocation policy relative to the impact of active management. Most of the variation in time-series returns for a typical fund comes from general market movement. The remaining variation comes about equally from asset allocation policy and active management.
Going Wild: Law and Literature and Sex

Abstract This paper explores four works of contemporary fiction to illuminate formal and informal regulation of sex. The paper’s co-authors frame analysis with the story of their creation of a transdisciplinary course, entitled “Regulating Sex: Historical and Cultural Encounters,” in which students mined literature for social critique, became immersed in the study of law and its limits, and developed increased sensitivity to power, its uses, and abuses. The paper demonstrates the value theoretically and pedagogically of third-wave feminisms, wild zones, and contact zones as analytic constructs and contends that including sex and sexualities in conversations transforms personal experience, education, society, and culture, including law.
Reproductive Senescence among Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

Data on the reproduction of the 28 Arashiyama West and Arashiyama B Japanese macaque females 18 years and older are surveyed. Analysis of the data suggest that, despite parturition by a 25-year-old female, the fertility of females usually ends after 22 years of age. However, the data also suggest that the decline in fertility is not due to menopause because the aging females continue to experience estrus similar to that of younger females, differing primarily in that the estrous periods of the aging females are shorter in duration than are those of the younger females. On the other hand, a close inspection of the birth rates of the Arashiyama West troop, which was transported from Japan to South Texas in 1972, indicates that the reproduction of the older females was affected less by the consequences of transportation than that of the younger females.
Sub-Tg Cross-Linking of a Polyimide Membrane for Enhanced CO2 Plasticization Resistance for Natural Gas Separation

Decarboxylation-induced thermal cross-linking occurs at elevated temperatures (∼15 °C above glass transition temperature) for 6FDA–DAM:DABA polyimides, which can stabilize membranes against swelling and plasticization in aggressive feed streams. Despite this advantage, such a high temperature might result in collapse of substructure and transition layers in the asymmetric structure of a hollow fibers based on such a material. In this work, the thermal cross-linking of the 6FDA–DAM:DABA at temperatures much below the glass transition temperature (∼387 °C by DSC) was demonstrated. This sub-Tg cross-linking capability enables extension to asymmetric structures useful for large scale membranes. The resulting polymer membranes were characterized by swelling in known solvents for the un-cross-linked materials, TGA analysis, and permeation tests of aggressive gas feed stream at higher pressure. The annealing temperature and time clearly influence the degree of cross-linking of the membranes, and results in a sli...
Abstract 1163: HYAL4 is a novel potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for bladder cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction and Objectives: The Hyaluronidase (HAase) family of enzymes is responsible for the degradation of hyaluronic acid (HA). There are 6 HAase genes in the human genome, clustered on chromosomes 3p21.3 (HYAL-1, -2, -3) and 7q31.3 (HYAL-4, PH20, HYALP1). Studies have shown that, while PH20 and HYAL-2 are basically testicular and lysosomal HAases, HYAL1 is the tumor-derived HAase, promoting tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis. Additionally, HYAL1 is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for bladder cancer (BCa). The expression of other HAases has not been investigated in either normal and/or tumor cells and tissues. In this study we examined the expression of all 6 HAases in bladder tissues, cells and urine. Methods: Real time RT-PCR was used to examine the mRNA levels of the 6 HAase genes in BCa cell lines, 59 bladder tissues (normal (NBL) = 22; tumor (TBL) = 37) and 160 urine specimens (BCa = 52; normal = 18; history of BCa = 30; benign conditions = 59). Transcript levels were normalized to β-actin. HYAL1 and HYAL4 were localized in bladder tissues by immunohistochemistry using anti-HYAL1 and anti-HYAL4 antibodies, respectively. The staining was graded for intensity (0 - 3) and area of staining. HYAL4 function was analyzed by siRNA transfection of HT1376 and HT5637 cell lines. Results: HYAL1, HYAL4 and HYALP1 mRNA levels were significantly (6-13-fold) elevated in TBL tissues (12.5 ± 2.7; 29.7 ± 21.9; 26.7 ± 21.9) when compared to NBL tissues (1.2 ± 0.6; 2.2 ± 2.4; 4.2 ± 6.6; P 0.05). cDNA cloning revealed that HYALP1 is a pseudo gene that encodes a non-functional truncated protein. HYAL1 and HYAL4 staining was significantly elevated in TBL tissues (188 ± 57; 232 ± 91) when compared to NBL tissues (68.5 ± 21.3; 93 ± 46; P < 0.001). The staining for both HAases was exclusively localized in tumor cells. When compared to HYAL3, PH20, HYAL2 mRNA levels, HYAL1, HYAL4 and HYALP1 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in BCa patients’ urine (P < 001). Urinary HYAL4 mRNA levels had higher sensitivity (78.9%) and specificity (86.2%) than HYAL1 mRNA levels (72.3%; 76.2%) to detect BCa. Both HAases detected high-grade BCa with 83% - 86% sensitivity. Down regulation of HYAL4 expression by siRNA decreased proliferation of HT1376 and HT5637 cells (2.3-fold) and induced apoptosis (2.6-fold). Conclusion: This is the first study showing that HYAL4, like HYAL1, is a tumor derived HAase that is exclusively expressed in BCa cells. HYAL4 may be a potentially accurate marker for BCa diagnosis and may promote BCa growth and progression. Support: Grant NCI/NIH R01 CA-72821-09; Bankhead Coley Cancer Research Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and CURED Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1163. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1163
Comprehensive evaluation of community health medical service satisfaction in Wuxi New District

Objective To investigate the satisfaction of the community health service centers( CHCs) in Wuxi New District,so as to provide reference for strategies of improving the operation management of the service centers. Methods TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the residents satisfaction of community health medical service from the following aspects: accessibility of health service,medical procedures,service attitude,medical environment,medical effect,service price and technical level. Simultaneously,in association with RSR methods,the results were divided into different levels. Results The overall satisfaction of community health service in Wuxi New District was 77. 27%,and the C value of the file level of satisfaction was classified as " good", " general", " poor" in community health service centers,accounted for 28. 57%,57. 14%,14. 29% respectively. Conclusion The satisfaction of community health medical service was at a general level,and many aspects need to be perfected and improved.
Origin of Interharmonic and Its Effects on Power System

Interharmonics are one kind of special harmonics, which widely exist in and have effects on power systems.Nowadays, the national standard "Power Quality, Interharmonics in Public Supply Network" (GB/T 24337-2009) is established.In order to understand the standard thoroughly, this paper briefly presents and analyses the origin of interharmonics and its effects on power systems.
Reviewing a Genre

If British and American critics could agree on one thing at the end of the eighteenth century, it was that the periodical essay stood apart as the century’s signal contribution to world literature. This might be surprising to generations of critics trained to read these essays mainly as passing lessons in the complacent morality undergirding an emergent liberal-bourgeois social order in England. Beginning in the 1790s, however, readers on both sides of the Atlantic were presented with ‘British classics’, multi-volume collections of periodical essays that asserted the genre’s anchoring role in a newly constituted literary canon. The British Classicks (1785), Select British Classics (1793) and British Essayists (1803) — each collecting over a dozen of the most popular eighteenth-century serials — established a canonical presence for these essays even before the English Poets (1810) and British Novelists (1810) officially cemented Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, Shakespeare, Richardson, Fielding, Burney and others as permanent fixtures in English literary culture.1 The latter collections make sense to us, given the continued centrality of those poets and novelists to the British literary canon. But who would now proclaim the timeless value of the World and Connoisseur, or the Mirror and Lounger? Who has even read them?
Alzheimer's Protective Cross-Interaction between Wild-Type and A2T Variants Alters Aβ42 Dimer Structure.

Whole genome sequencing has recently revealed the protective effect of a single A2T mutation in heterozygous carriers against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-related cognitive decline. The impact of the protective cross-interaction between the wild-type (WT) and A2T variants on the dimer structure is therefore of high interest, as the Aβ dimers are the smallest known neurotoxic species. Toward this goal, extensive atomistic replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated WT homo- and A2T hetero- Aβ1–42 dimers have been performed, resulting into a total of 51 μs of sampling for each system. Weakening of a set of transient, intrachain contacts formed between the central and C-terminal hydrophobic residues is observed in the heterodimeric system. The majority of the heterodimers with reduced interaction between central and C-terminal regions lack any significant secondary structure and display a weak interchain interface. Interestingly, the A2T N-terminus, particularly residue F4, is frequen...
Comunicación en medicina: una nueva y necesaria alternativa curricular

Antecedentes. La educacion medica debe poner enfasis en el arte de la comunicacion en todos sus espectros, pero especialmente en el grado. Objetivos. Presentar un esquema de ensenanza y aprendizaje de la comunicacion en medicina. Metodos. Revision bibliografica. Resultados. Se presenta un esquema de ensenanza y practica de la comunicacion en grado y posgrado. Conclusion. La comunicacion medica ocupa un breve espacio curricular. El mismo debe ser ampliado a fin de centralizar el papel de la misma.
Motion correction facilitates the automation of cardiac ASL perfusion imaging

Background Cardiac arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging requires subtraction of signals in tagged and control CMR images. In recent clinical studies, perfusion reserve mapping of a single short-axis slice has required laborious manual segmentation of the LV muscle [1]. Here we demonstrate that using free open source software for automatic motion correction reduces the required manual segmentation to just 4 images (2 rest, 2 stress). Methods Framework Images for rest and stress acquisition are processed similarly using the procedure in Figure 1. The control and tagged image pair that has the highest correlation to other image pairs is chosen as a “reference” (Cref, Tref), and is manually segmented to generate masks (MCref, MTref). Remaining control and tagged images are then registered to their respective reference images. The resulting displa-
Van Der Waals Hybrid Perovskite of High Optical Quality by Chemical Vapor Deposition

2D hybrid perovksite (RNH3)2PbX4 materials not only serve as ideal platforms to study fundamental physics such as polariton dynamics but also show promise for optoelectronic and electro-optic applications. However, for the preparation of high optical quality crystals, mechanical exfoliation has to be applied in the past. In this work, the vapor phase growth of single crystalline (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 flakes with high optical quality is reported. Individual single crystalline domains show lateral size about 5–10 µm with defined rectangular shape. Spectroscopic studies show room temperature photoluminescence full width at half maximum of 70 meV and decay lifetime of several nanoseconds, indicating comparably high quality with mechanically exfoliated counterparts. Exciton binding energy 279 ± 46 meV and electron–phonon coupling strength around 20 meV are revealed. This vacuum-based method may provide a solution for integrating layered perovskites into optoelectronic devices and systems.
Theta: Rapid installation and acceptance of an XC40 KNL system

Summary In order to provide a stepping stone from the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility's (ALCF) world class production 10 petaFLOP IBM BlueGene/Q system, Mira, to its next generation 200 petaFLOPS 3rd generation Intel Xeon Phi system, Aurora, ALCF worked with Intel and Cray to acquire an 8.6 petaFLOPS 2nd generation Intel Xeon Phi–based system named Theta. Theta was delivered, installed, integrated, and accepted on an aggressive schedule in just over 3 months. We will detail how we were able to successfully meet the aggressive deadline as well as lessons learned during the process.
Nietzsche and the rhetoric of dialectics

Despite Nietzsche’s frequent disavowals of Hegelianism, scholars have repeatedly stressed Nietzsche’s affinities with Hegelian dialectics. Other scholars have responded by denying such affinities. ...
Risk-Based Policy Optimization for Critical Infrastructure Resilience against a Pandemic Influenza Outbreak

AbstractDecisions regarding infrastructure resilience are made under uncertainty and involve trade-offs among competing objectives. An effective way of understanding how uncertainties propagate and...
A Sample Computation of Intersection Homology

In this example we compute the intersection homology of the Cartesian product of S1 with the suspension of the 3-torus. We use the notation X = (ΣT3) × S1. By choosing a basepoint {p} in S1 we can identify the following cycles in T3 : $$ \begin{gathered} {\text{T}}_a^1 {\text{ = S}}^{\text{1}} \times {\text{\{ p\} }} \times {\text{\{ p\} ; T}}_b^1 {\text{ = \{ p\} }} \times {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} \times {\text{\{ p\} ;T}}_c^1 {\text{ = \{ p\} }} \times {\text{\{ p\} }} \times {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} \hfill \\ {\text{T}}_a^2 {\text{ = \{ p\} }} \times {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} \times {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} {\text{; T}}_b^2 = {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} \times {\text{\{ p\} }} \times {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} ;{\text{T}}_c^2 {\text{ = S}}^{\text{1}} \times {\text{S}}^{\text{1}} \times {\text{\{ p\} }}{\text{.}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
Petrographic Classification and Glossary

There are three major types of sand: terrigenous, carbonate, and pyroclastic. Terrigenous sands are most abundant and are all ultimately derived from outside the basin of deposition by erosion of pre-existing crystalline, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks and, except for eolianites, are all deposited by water. Silicates predominate. Carbonate sands are virtually all deposited in marine waters and consist primarily of skeletal grains, oolites plus other coated grains, some locally derived detrital carbonate called intraclasts, and terrigenous carbonate. The latter is really a terrigenous sand, and not abundant except where there is very rapid erosion of thick carbonate sections in orogenic belts or in some glacial situations. Pyroclastic sands are those derived directly from volcanic explosion as, for example, ash, lapilli, and bombs. They may be deposited on either land or in water. Pyroclastic sands are less abundant than either terrigenous or carbonate sands. The term volcaniclastic is also applied to some sediments and refers to clastic materials rich in volcanic debris which may be either of pyroclastic origin or a normal terrigenous (epiclastic) sand derived from an older volcanic terrane.
Proximal Humerus Fracture

AP is a 67-year-old female who presents to the emergency department via EMS complaining of severe shoulder pain after a high-speed motor-vehicle accident in which she was a restrained passenger. She denies any loss of consciousness. On primary survey, she demonstrates a GCS of 15, a patent airway, and is hemodynamically stable. On secondary survey, she demonstrates severe pain with passive range of motion of the right shoulder. There is no motor or sensory deficit and skin is intact. The remaining physical exam as well as her past medical history is unremarkable.
Generation of natural killer cells from both Fc gamma RII/III+ and Fc gamma RII/III- murine fetal liver progenitors.

In vitro culture of day-15.5 murine fetal liver (FL) cells in the presence of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) results in the expansion of Fc gamma RII/III+ CD3-Ti-NK1.1+ cells displaying both natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) cytolytic activities. These FL-derived NK cells express Fc gamma RIII (CD16) in association with an Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimer on their surface. In contrast, in vitro expansion of FL cells in the absence of IL-2 generates noncytotoxic cells belonging to the myelomonocytic lineage (Mac1+Gr1+NK1.1-). Hence, IL-2 appears to be critical for the proliferation and differentiation of NK cells from FL progenitors. Experiments in which FL cells were fractionated by density gradient centrifugation before in vitro expansion showed that NK progenitors are contained within a cell population with a density of 1.04 1.08 g/mL (representing > or = 40% of FL cells) have no such NK progenitor activity. In addition, after intrathymic injection into Ly5 congenic host animals, day-15.5 CD4-CD8- FL cells mature into CD4+CD8+ thymocytes within 12 days. Interestingly, this T- cell progenitor activity is restricted to subpopulations of FL cells that also contain NK progenitors, but is absent in high-density (d > 1.08 g/mL) FL cells. Finally, fractionation of FL cells according to surface expression of Fc gamma RII/III complexes shows that NK (and T- lymphocyte) progenitors are found in both Fc gamma RII/III+ and Fc gamma RII/III-FL subpopulations.
Brain Computer Interfaces in Rehabilitation Medicine

One innovation currently influencing physical medicine and rehabilitation is brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. BCI systems used for motor control record neural activity associated with thoughts, perceptions, and motor intent; decode brain signals into commands for output devices; and perform the user's intended action through an output device. BCI systems used for sensory augmentation transduce environmental stimuli into neural signals interpretable by the central nervous system. Both types of systems have potential for reducing disability by facilitating a user's interaction with the environment. Investigational BCI systems are being used in the rehabilitation setting both as neuroprostheses to replace lost function and as potential plasticity-enhancing therapy tools aimed at accelerating neurorecovery. Populations benefitting from motor and somatosensory BCI systems include those with spinal cord injury, motor neuron disease, limb amputation, and stroke. This article discusses the basic components of BCI for rehabilitation, including recording systems and locations, signal processing and translation algorithms, and external devices controlled through BCI commands. An overview of applications in motor and sensory restoration is provided, along with ethical questions and user perspectives regarding BCI technology.
UNIT 5.7 Production of Antisera Using Fusion Proteins

This unit details the use of bacterially produced fusion proteins for the production of antisera, allowing for the large-scale generation of affinity-purified antibodies to specific, targeted epitopes. The use of pET vectors containing a polyhistidine (His) or glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag to construct bacterial expression plasmids are provided as prototypical examples of fusion protein methodology. The basic protocols provided in this unit describe: (1) transformation of E. coli for high-yield production of soluble fusion protein, (2) purification of soluble fusion proteins for use in immunization using chelated nickel or glutathione affinity chromatography (for His- and GST-tagged fusion proteins, respectively), (3) immunization of rabbits with purified fusion protein and collection of antisera, and (4) characterization of antisera for antibody specificity using immunoblotting techniques. Support protocols describe the purification of His-tagged insoluble fusion proteins for animal immunization and the construction and use of affinity columns for purifying antibodies using soluble fusion proteins. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 40:5.7.1-5.7.26. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: His6 tag; glutathione-S-transferase (GST); bacterial expression; soluble fusion protein; insoluble fusion protein; immunization; polyclonal antibody; affinity purification; antibody characterization
A test of psychological and electrodermal changes immediately after the delivery of 3 analgesic treatment messages.

Introduction Placebo analgesia often results when a pain reduction treatment message is delivered to a patient or research participant. Little information exists regarding the psychological changes that are immediately triggered by the delivery of a treatment message. Objectives This experiment tested the impact of 3 different analgesic treatment messages on the expectations, feelings, and electrodermal activity of participants anticipating a pain stimulus. Methods In laboratory sessions, healthy participants (N = 138) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions in a between-subject design. The design included a no treatment message control condition and 3 treatment message conditions: a standard analgesic message, an analgesic treatment with side-effect message, and a double-blind analgesic message. After the treatment message manipulation, measures were taken of: treatment efficacy expectations, pain experience expectations, pretask anxiety, positive affect, negative affect, and electrodermal activity. Results Overall, the dependent measures showed relatively few correlations. Furthermore, across all 3 message conditions, treatment-specific expectations were greatly increased compared with the control condition. Finally, participants in the double-blind message condition displayed elevated negative affect. Conclusion All 3 analgesic treatment messages produced a stronger immediate influence on treatment efficacy expectations than on the other dependent measures. Treatment messages can alter negative affect along with expectancies. The low correlations found between dependent measures suggest that different patterns of psychological responses may emerge from analgesic treatment messages depending on contextual factors.
Chapter 28 – Vulcanian Eruptions

Vulcanian eruptions, however, are more complex to classify. Vulcanian eruptions were first distinguished by Mercalli and Silvestri (1891) who noticed that the 1888–1890 eruption of Vulcano in the Aeolian Islands was somewhat different from eruptions of nearby Stromboli volcano. Both volcanoes produced small to moderate scale, short-lived intermittent explosions, but explosions of Vulcano were louder, perhaps due to shock waves, eruption clouds were darker in color (almost black due to the presence of abundant ash), and ejected material had lower temperatures (few or no glowing ejecta were visible during daytime). The morphology of the juvenile products indicated higher viscosity and lower vesicularitymagma at Vulcano; ballistics ranged from “bread-crust bombs” to dense, angular, glassy blocks. Mercalli thus suggested that Vulcanian activity is typical for magmas of intermediate composition.
Associations Between Musical Participation and Young Children’s Prosocial Behaviors:

Collective music making has been associated with the emergence of prosocial behaviors in children and adults. Yet, the associations between participation in early childhood music education programs...
Urban skateboarding, social enterprise groups, and community capacity-building in the San Francisco Bay area

Urban skateboarding’s current community includes a diverse range of participants and an ever-increasing array of “social enterprise” conglomerations involving city councils, private industries, and...
The behavior of a zirconia or metal abutment on the implant-abutment interface during cyclic loading.

Abstract Statement of problem The effect of different abutment materials on the misfit and stability of the implant-abutment assembly under cyclic loading is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the initial misfit, final misfit, and wear of external hexagon zirconia and metal implant abutments upon cyclic loading. Material and methods Forty 4.1-mm regular platform external connection implants were divided into 4 groups with 10 specimens in each group. The prosthetic abutments tested included Completely cast group (CC) (antirotational, castable burnout, custom abutment completely cast in nickel-chromium-titanium), Overcast group (OC) (Co-Cr premachined, antirotational, custom burnout abutment cast in nickel-chromium-titanium), Zirkonzahn group (Z) (antirotational castable, custom Y-TZP abutment produced; Zirkonzahn Prettau), and Neodent group (N) (antirotational castable, custom Y-TZP abutment; Neoshape). Abutments were fixed to the implants with 20-Ncm torque, and all specimens were cyclically loaded at 300 N with 9 Hz for 1 million cycles. The misfit on the implant-abutment interface was evaluated before and after cyclic loading by using an optical linear measuring microscope. Then, the wear of the external hexagon was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at a magnification of ×120. For a statistical analysis, a 1-way ANOVA was used for wear values. The data for the gaps were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA. Any significant differences were resolved by using the Tukey HSD test (α=.05). Results The CC (37 ±8 μm) and OC (35 ±5 μm) groups showed significantly larger initial misfit than the Z (4 ±5 μm) and the N (2 ±4 μm) groups (P Conclusions Different materials and fabrication techniques resulted in different levels of misfit at the implant-abutment interface. The mechanical cyclic loading aggravated the misfit, regardless of material or fabrication technique. In addition, the difference in the hardness of the abutment materials may lead to different levels of wear on the external hexagon. Zirconia abutments had increased wear and misfit. Premachined, antirotational, castable custom dental implant abutments had the least amount of change in misfit, which may indicate long-term stability at the implant-abutment interface.
Effects of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation on Clinical Pain Intensity and Experimental Pain Sensitivity Among Individuals with Central Post-Stroke Pain: A Systematic Review

Purpose Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a neuropathic disorder resulting in pain and disability. An emerging treatment for CPSP is non-invasive brain stimulation including direct current stimulation [tDCS] and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS]. This systematic review analyzes the efficacy and quality of non-invasive brain stimulation intervention studies for CPSP. Methods Studies were sought from three research databases published between 2007 and 2017. Studies were included if the sole intervention was non-invasive brain stimulation and the primary outcome either clinical or experimental pain intensity. Studies were qualitatively assessed for risk of bias. Results Of 1107 articles extracted, six met eligibility criteria. Five studies found a decrease in pain intensity (p<0.05) immediately and 3 weeks after rTMS or tDCS was delivered over the primary motor cortex. For experimental pain, one study found thermal pain thresholds improved for those receiving tDCS compared to sham (p<0.05), while another found normalization of the cold detection threshold only after rTMS (p<0.05). Qualitative assessment revealed only one study rated as "excellent/good" quality, while the other five were rated as "fair" or "poor". Conclusion Non-invasive brain stimulation may have a therapeutic effect on pain level for individuals with CPSP, as evidenced by significant decreases in clinical and experimental pain scores. However, despite the impact of CPSP and the promise of non-invasive brain stimulation, few rigorous studies have been performed in this area. Future studies should aim to standardize treatment parameters, measure both clinical and experimental pain, and include long-term follow-up.
A comprehensive analysis of #Enuresis conversation on Twitter

Introduction We sought to perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis of online Twitter discussion of enuresis using the hashtag #Enuresis. Methods Symplur, a fee-based Twitter analytics service, was employed to aggregate and analyze Twitter activity, users, and content for #Enuresis, the official Twitter hashtag for enuresis, between June 2016 and November 2018. Twitter activity was analyzed using average tweets and new users per month. Users were classified based on geographic location, occupation, and organizational affiliation. Content analysis was performed by retrieving information about Twitter engagement metrics, including retweets, links, media, mentions, replies, and frequently used words and hashtags. Results A total of 3133 tweets and 1555 users utilizing #Enuresis were identified between June 28, 2016 and November 28, 2018. The average ± standard deviation (SD) number of tweets using #Enuresis per month were not significantly different from 2016 through 2018 (p=0.292). The number of users increased from six to 1555 during the study period, but there was no statistically significant increase in number of new users per month (p=0.346). Physicians comprised 14% of the top 100 influencers, followed by medical device organizations (13%). Popular hashtags in #Enuresis tweets were #Bedwetting, #PisEnLaCama, #schoolnurses, #helpingkids, #ninos, and #salud. Hyperlinks used in #Enuresis tweets included advocacy, academic, commercial, and other social media websites. Conclusions Our analysis of #Enuresis demonstrates that the online Twitter discussion regarding enuresis is growing. These results indicate that enuresis has a global appeal and has especially gained traction in European countries, as well as in the U.S.
Nonsurgical Management of Infantile and Juvenile Cataract

While most childhood cataracts are surgically removed, some deserve to be followed. The physician uses a direct ophthalmoscope to assess size and obstruction of the visual axis and the retinoscope to determine the distortion of the red reflex. Anterior polar and lamellar cataracts are the forms of pediatric cataract that are commonly followed. Careful longitudinal monitoring along with amblyopia treatment and eyeglasses prescription are required, often for many years.
Antiferroelectric Tunnel Junctions as Energy-Efficient Coupled Oscillators: Modeling, Analysis, and Application to Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems

The majority of the combinatorial optimization problems are solved by searching a solution space that grows as an exponential function of the problem size. Such class of problems scales inefficiently on the Boolean von Neumann architecture. On the other hand, alternative computing techniques like coupled-oscillator networks are efficient in solving combinatorial optimization problems. In this article, we demonstrate the effectiveness of antiferroelectric tunnel junctions (AFTJs) in coupled-oscillator networks for solving combinatorial optimization problems such as graph coloring. AFTJs are tunnel junctions that show a high ON-/OFF-current ratio. The high ON-/OFF-current ratio of AFTJs allows a higher sense margin at low bias current. Consequently, AFTJ oscillators are more energy-efficient compared to VO2-, HfTaOx-, and TaOx-based oscillators. This article explains the origin of the large ON-/OFF-current ratio of AFTJs. A physics-based model is proposed to predict the AFTJ current. The proposed AFTJ model is compared to experimental results to show the ability of the model to predict AFTJ behavior. The proposed AFTJ model is implemented in Verilog-A and used in circuit simulations of the AFTJ-based coupled-oscillator network.
The prevalence of reduced visual acuity in children from an urban district in China from 2002 to 2018

BACKGROUND To investigate trends in the prevalence of reduced visual acuity (VA), a proxy measure for myopia, in an urban district in China. METHODS Data were extracted from the dataset of the 2002 and 2018 Annual Survey on Students' Constitution and Health from Yuhua District, Changsha City, China. Children aged 6-15 years were included in the study. VA was measured using a LogMAR tumbling E chart. The prevalence of reduced VA was calculated by age and gender. The chi-square test was used to compare the differences between groups. RESULTS The final VA analysis included 26217 children in 2002 and 45510 children in 2018. The overall prevalence of reduced VA increased from 28.3% in 2002 to 46.5% in 2018 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of reduced VA started to increase markedly from the age of 14 years in 2002, while in 2018 it started to increase markedly from the age of 9 years. The prevalence of severely reduced VA increased in all age groups from 2002 to 2018 and increased with age (all P < 0.001). In 2002, over 50% of children in all age groups had normal VA. By 2018, the prevalence of normal VA decreased from 61.4% in those aged 6 years to 31.9% in those aged 15 years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of reduced VA among children aged 6-15 years in Yuhua District has become more common with age, and there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of reduced VA from 2002 to 2018. The remarkable epidemic of reduced VA started 5 years earlier in 2018 than in 2002. Evidence from the present study suggests that interventions should be launched before the age of 9 years.
767 Interferon gamma reduces CAR-T exhaustion and toxicity without compromising therapeutic efficacy in hematologic malignancies

Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown remarkable efficacy in hematologic malignancies, ultimately leading to its FDA approval for relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia and large cell lymphomas in 2017. Despite the success of CAR T cells in the clinic, toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) can be severe. Attempts to mitigate these effects have primarily focused on the blockade of macrophage-derived cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1B. Herein, we show that the pharmaceutical blockade or genetic deletion of interferon gamma (IFNg, a CAR-T-derived cytokine that strongly correlates with CRS in the clinic, appears to be a viable target for the reduction of CAR-T-associated toxicities. Methods Pharmacologic (blocking antibody) and genetic (CRISPR/Cas9) approaches were used to block IFNg signaling and/or production by CAR T cells. In vitro CAR-T function and cytotoxicity was tested using ELISA, flow cytometry and short-/long-term killing assays prior to their assessment in vivo. NSG mice were injected with Nalm6 or JeKo-1 cancer cells prior to treatment with IFNg-modified CAR-T and tumor size and IFNg production were measured. To determine how the loss of IFNg might affect innate immune cells, CAR-T, macrophages and tumor cells were co-cultured and assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Luminex and RNA sequencing. Results IFNg could be blocked using an anti-IFNg antibody or CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the CAR T cells without affecting T cell activation, proliferation or cytokine production (IL-2, TNFa, GM-CSF). Successful blockade of the IFNg signaling pathway was confirmed by reduced phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK2 and STAT1, even in the presence of exogenous IFNg. Loss of IFNg did not reduce the cytotoxic potential or persistence of CAR-T against hematologic malignancies in vitro or in vivo. When cultured with macrophages and cancer cells, IFNg knockout (IFNgKO) CAR-T yielded decreased levels of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-13, MCP1 and CXCL10, indicating a reduction in macrophage activation induced by CAR-T in the absence of IFNg. Serum from tumor-bearing mice treated with IFNgKO CAR-T elicited lower activation of macrophages in vitro compared to those treated with IFNg-producing CAR-T cells. Furthermore, IFNgKO CAR T cells co-cultured with tumor cells and macrophages demonstrated less exhaustion as shown by reduced expression of PD1, Tim3 and Lag3 and increased IFNgKO CAR-T expansion. Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that IFNg is not required for the efficacy of CAR-T in hematologic malignancies and can potentially be targeted to reduce toxicity and enhance CAR-T efficacy and persistence in the clinic.
ESTS: Energy Stimulated Time Synchronization for Energy Harvesting Wireless Networks

In this paper, we develop a new time synchronization method, called the energy stimulated time sync (ESTS), for ultra-low-power wireless networks with energy harvesting ability. Compared with existing methods, ESTS does not rely on timestamp exchange between wireless nodes but uses short analog tones to synchronize the time across the network. ESTS can synchronize the time across the entire energy harvesting wireless network with much lower energy consumption than timestamp-based synchronization methods. We have implemented ESTS on Microchip ATmega256RFR2 system-on-chip (SoC) and Power-cast P1110B radio energy harvester. According to experiment results, ESTS achieves an average of 5 ms time precision with less than 20 $\mu$J of energy consumption.
Bureaucrat-Local Politician Linkages and Hierarchical Local Governance in Emerging Democracies: A Case Study of Tunisia

Despite implementing comprehensive decentralization laws, emerging democracies often achieve limited success in improving the inclusiveness of local governance. A potential factor limiting the inclusiveness is the lack of cooperation. What factors determine the inclination of mayors to cooperate, and what are their implications for transparency? I answer these questions through conductinga case study of Tunisia, where mass resignations paralyze the local governance following the implementation of the Code of Local Collectivesin 2018. I evaluate the mechanisms that produce divergent inclinations to cooperate based on a set of interview data recently collected among 39 municipalities in socio-economically divergent regionswithmayors, city council members, civil society members, and a governor. I examine their implications for transparency based on a Transparency Index developed by an independent organization for all 350 municipalities. The findings from interviews suggest that partisanship ties constitute the most substantive factor perpetuating hierarchical relations among the elected officials and the appointed bureaucrats, as they can enable mayors to focus on large scale projects at the expense of cooperative modes of governance. A mixed effect analysis on the Transparency Index of municipalities within governorates with identified partisanship ties (n=174) indicates that the transparency score is lower in instances where the mayors andthegovernorsbelong to the same ideological family.
Tracing the Roots of the Thirteenth Amendment

This article examines the origins of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which ended chattel slavery in the United States. The 1776 Report, released in the waning days of the Trump Administration, proclaims that “[t]he foundation of our Republic planted the seeds of the death of slavery in America,” and, further, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution “set the stage for abolition.” The report suggests that the Thirteenth Amendment sprang from a preordained Revolutionary seed and naturally came to fruition. The history of the Thirteenth Amendment tells a different story. The Thirteenth Amendment’s nationwide abolition of chattel slavery, under the authority of the federal government, required a radical reordering of fundamental Constitutional principles that did not proceed in a straight line from the Declaration of Independence to Emancipation. Part I of this article examines that history at the time of the Founding. Prior to ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, the word “slavery” did not appear in the Constitution, yet its influence reverberated throughout the document. Part II of the article examines the surprisingly dim prospects for nationwide emancipation in the antebellum period, as illustrated by the Dred Scott decision and the Corwin Amendment, which almost precluded any future Constitutional amendment ending slavery. The eventual adoption and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 was a monumental achievement, not a foregone conclusion.
Systematic review of 15 years of research on digital citizenship: 2004–2019

Though some reviews of subtopics of digital citizenship have been conducted, there is still a need for more research to systematically examine the corpus of literature on digital citizenship. To ad...
Myocardial Dysfunction and Heart Failure in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have almost twice the risk of heart failure (HF) of patients without RA, even when adjusting for presence of ischemic heart disease. Moreover, RA patients remain at two-fold higher risk of mortality from HF compared to non-RA patients. These observations suggest that RA specific inflammatory pathways are significant contributors to this increased risk of HF. We summarize the epidemiology of HF in RA patients, the differences in myocardial structure or function between RA vs non-RA patients without clinical signs of HF, and data on the role of systemic and local inflammation in RA HF pathophysiology. We also discuss the impact of subduing inflammation thorough the use of RA disease modifying therapies (DMARDs) on HF and myocardial structure and function, emphasizing gaps in literature and areas needing further research.
High-barrier Schottky contact on n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layer and studies of defect levels by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)

High barrier Schottky contact has been fabricated on 50 μm n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown on 350 μm thick substrate 8° off-cut towards the [1120] direction. The 4H-SiC epitaxial wafer was diced into 10 x 10 mm 2 samples. The metal-semiconductor junctions were fabricated by photolithography and dc sputtering with ruthenium (Ru). The junction properties were characterized through current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. Detectors were characterized by alpha spectroscopy measurements in terms of energy resolution and charge collection efficiency using a 0.1 μCi 241 Am radiation source. It was found that detectors fabricated from high work function rare transition metal Ru demonstrated very low leakage current and significant improvement of detector performance. Defect characterization of the epitaxial layers was conducted by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to thoroughly investigate the defect levels in the active region. The presence of a new defect level induced by this rare transition metal-semiconductor interface has been identified and characterized.
ROTATIONAL VELOCITY EVOLUTION OF YOUNG STARS

Nearly all of the rotational velocity data for stars less massive than the Sun and younger than the Hyades has been obtained in the past six years. The new data show that low mass T Tauri stars typically have rotational velocities of order 15 km-sec–1. These stars, however, apparently arrive on the main sequence as quite rapid rotators, with rotational velocities up to 200 km-sec–1. Once on the main sequence, winds rapidly decrease the rotational velocities to of order 10 km-sec–l in only a few times 107 years for G and K dwarfs, with the spindown timescale increasing with decreasing stellar mass. A model which predicts rotational velocity evolution for young stars that roughly matches the observations has been proposed by Endal and Sofia (1981). That model, however, predicts little spindown of the radiative core of solar mass stars, in apparent contradiction to current helioseismology results. New models for the rotational spindown of low mass stars fit the solar interior rotation well, but do not, as yet, provide a satisfactory fit to the surface rotational velocities of young stars (Sofia 1987).
A MODAL LOGIC FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE

ABSTRACT A modal logic which axiomatizes the modal concept of logical truth is presented. This modal logic is stronger than S5 modal logic and contains axioms allowing individual facts to be proven to be logically possible with respect to a body of knowledge. An extentional semantics is described and the soundness of the logic is proven.
Chapter 5 – The Exponential Distribution and the Poisson Process

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the exponential distribution and the Poisson process. A property of the exponential distribution that makes it easy to analyze is that it does not deteriorate with time. This means that if the lifetime of an item is exponentially distributed, an item that has been in use for 10, or any number of hours, is as good as a new item in regards to the amount of time remaining until the item fails. The chapter also illustrates the properties of the exponential distribution. The counting process {N(t), t ≥ 0} is said to be a Poisson process having rate λ, λ > 0 if it follows the following conditions: (1) N(0) = 0; (2) The process has independent increments; and (3) the number of events in any interval of length t is Poisson distributed with mean λt. The result that N(t) has a Poisson distribution is a consequence of the Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution. The assumption of stationary and independent increments is basically equivalent to asserting that at any point in time, the process probabilistically restarts itself.