cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designer lipids for drug delivery: From heads to tails

For four decades, liposomes composed of both naturally occurring and synthetic lipids have been investigated as delivery vehicles for low molecular weight and macromolecular drugs. These studies paved the way for the clinical and commercial success of a number of liposomal drugs, each of which required a tailored formulation; one liposome size does not fit all drugs! Instead, the physicochemical properties of the liposome must be matched to the pharmacology of the drug. An extensive biophysical literature demonstrates that varying lipid composition can influence the size, membrane stability, in vivo interactions, and drug release properties of a liposome. In this review we focus on recently described synthetic lipid headgroups, linkers and hydrophobic domains that can provide control over the intermolecular forces, phase preference, and macroscopic behavior of liposomes. These synthetic lipids further our understanding of lipid biophysics, promote targeted drug delivery and improve liposome stability. We further highlight the immune reactivity of novel synthetic headgroups as a key design consideration. For instance it was originally thought that synthetic PEGylated lipids were immunologically inert; however, it's been observed that under certain conditions PEGylated lipids induce humoral immunity. Such immune activation may be a limitation to the use of other engineered lipid headgroups for drug delivery. In addition to the potential immunogenicity of engineered lipids, future investigations on liposome drugs in vivo should pay particular attention to the location and dynamics of payload release.
Improved power supply noise control for pseudo functional test

Differences in power supply noise (PSN) between functional and structural delay testing can lead to differences in chip operating frequencies of 30% or more. High delay correlation between structural and functional test requires the paths under test to experience the worst-case realistic PSN. We present a PSN control method for pseudo functional test that combines random flipping and background patterns to efficiently fill don't care bits. Dynamic bit weighting permits intelligent selection of background patterns. Experimental results on benchmark circuits achieve worst-case realistic PSN in significantly less CPU time than prior techniques.
An Experimental Study of Pulsatile Flow in Canine Larynges

Pulsatile flow in an excised canine larynx was investigated with simultaneous recordings of air velocity, subglottal pressure, volume flow rate, and the signal from an electro-glottograph (EGG) for various conditions of phonation. Canine larynges were mounted on a pseudotrachea and sustained oscillations were established and maintained with sutures attached to cartilages to mimic the function of laryngeal muscles. The pitch and amplitude of the oscillations were controlled by varying the airflow, and by adjusting glottal adduction and vocal-fold elongation. Measurements with hot-wire probes suggest that subglottal inlet flow to the larynx is pulsatile but mostly laminar, while the exiting jet is non-uniform and turbulent. In the typical ranges of flow rate, subglottal pressure, and oscillation frequencies, the Reynolds number based on the mean glottal velocity and glottal hydraulic diameter varied between 1600 to 7000, the Strouhal number based on the same parameters varied between 0.002 and 0.032, and the Womersley number ranged from 2.6 to 15.9. These results help define the conditions required for computational models of laryngeal flow.
Effects of inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage.

Abstract The effects of microbial inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage were examined. Whole-plant corn was ensiled for 3, 21, and 90 d in 5- to 7-kg capacity polyethylene bags, and six treatments were compared: no additive, Pediococcus cerevisiae at 3×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage plus Lactobacillus plantarum at 1.5×10 4 cfu/g of fresh forage, Propionibacterium acidipropionici at 1×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage, Pd. cerevisiae at 1×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage plus Prop. acidipropionici at 1×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage, Pd. cerevisiae at 1×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage plus Prop. acidipropionici at 3×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage, and Prop. acidipropionici at 1 x 10 6 cfu/g of fresh forage. After each fermentation and storage period, silage was removed from each silo bag and analyzed for dry matter content, pH, water-soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, ethanol, total N, and ammonia N. The addition of propionibacteria either alone or with Pd. cerevisiae had little effect on pH or concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid, and volatile fatty acids of the silages. Ethanol was not affected by treatment except at 90 d postfilling, when silage from forage treated with Pd. cerevisiae plus L. plantarum at the time of ensiling had the highest concentration of ethanol. Aerobic stability of the silages was recorded upon opening the silo bags at 21 and 90 d postfilling. A 2°C increase in temperature generally required a longer time (about 2h) for the silage from forage treated with Prop. acidipropionici at 1×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage and in silage from forage treated with Pd. cerevisiae at 1×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage plus Prop. acidipropionici at 3×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage.
Relationship among stimulated whole, glandular salivary flow rates, and root caries prevalence in an elderly population: A preliminary study

A comparison of salivary flow rates was made between two groups of healthy, unmedicated, elderly, Caucasian men and women ranging in age from 60 to 90 years. One group was a control group, while the other group had both active and restored root caries. The control group consisted of 69 individuals with a mean age of 73 years. The root caries group consisted of 39 individuals with a mean age of 71 years. The groups were evaluated for unstimulated (UPAR) and stimulated parotid gland flow rates (SPAR), unstimulated (USUB) and stimulated submandibular/sublingual gland flow rates (SSUB), and stimulated whole saliva flow rates (SWhole). Parotid flow rates were determined with the use of a Carlson-Crittenden cup, while submandibular/sublingual flow rates were determined by means of the NIDR collector. A 2% citrate solution was used for stimulation in glandular collections. Subjects chewed a 1-cm3 cube of paraffin to stimulate whole saliva. The results showed that the control group had higher UPAR, SPAR, USUB, SSUB, and SWhole than the root caries group.
Separation results for multi-product inventory hedging problems

We analyze financial hedging tools for inventory management in a risk-averse corporation. We consider the problem of optimizing simultaneously over both the operational policy and the hedging policy of the corporation in a multi-product model. Our main contribution is a separation result such that for a corporation with multiple products and inventory departments, the inventory decisions of each department can be made independently of the other departments’ decisions. That is, no interaction needs to be considered among different products.
Microvillus membrane differentiation: quantitative difference in cholera toxin binding to the intestinal surface of newborn and adult rabbits.

Summary: Microvillus membranes (MVM) were isolated from newborn and adult New Zealand rabbit small intestine. The isolation procedure provided a mean enrichment of 25 ± 4 for sucrase activity in adult preparations and of 27 ± 3 for lactase activity in newborn preparations. These purified MVM were incubated with increasing concentrations of 125I-labeled cholera toxin (CT). 125I-CT binding to adult MVM reached saturation at 6.4 × 10−9 M; in contrast 125I-CT binding to newborn MVM did not reach saturation but instead continued to increase with increasing 125I-CT concentrations. Scatchard plot analysis of adult data supported the existence of a single binding site (Kd = 1.2 ± 0.2 × 10−9 M); analysis of newborn data, however, suggested the existence of additional binding sites, as 125I-CT binding to newborn MVM was inhibited by preincubation with unlabeled CT. These results show that CT binding to both preparations is quantitatively different and is higher in newborn preparations. This difference may be accounted for by the existence of additional binding sites in newborn MVM preparations in contrast to the presence of only the unique receptor previously reported in adult MVM preparations.
Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia associated with uterine leiomyomata.

ABSTRACT Objective We report a case of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) in a patient with large leiomyomata. Methods We present the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings of a diabetic patient who presented with recurrent hypoglycemia later linked to uterine leiomyomata. Results An 80-year-old woman with diabetes was admitted after falling at home. She reported dizziness and had recorded low capillary blood glucose despite discontinuing her diabetic medication prior to admission. Her physical examination was remarkable for nonorthostatic vital signs, normal cardiovascular and lung examination, and a pelvi-abdominal mass the size of a gravid uterus at 28 weeks of gestation. After receiving a 50% dextrose infusion, she became alert with no focal neurological deficit. Capillary blood glucose rose from 31 mg/ dL to 110 mg/dL. A pelvic sonogram confirmed fibromyomata. She was initially treated with steroids after a hormonal profile suggested NICTH (normal fasting insulin, C-peptide, cosyntropin and glucagon stimulation tests, and negative insulin antibodies). Insulinlike growth factor (IGF) levels were IGF-1, 69 ng/mL and IGF-2, 782 ng/mL, and the IGF-2/IGF-1 ratio was 10.8. The patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy. Pathology reported a 3-kg uterus with multiple, large cellular fibromyomas. After steroids were discontinued, she became hyperglycemic requiring insulin and oral diabetic agents. Repeat IGF-2 and IGF-1 measurements were 261 ng/mL and 36 ng/mL, respectively. She was discharged 2 weeks after surgery. Conclusion NICTH is a rare complication associated with large neoplasms. Leiomyomata should be included in the differential diagnoses of NICTH. Surgery is curative in such cases. (Endocr Pract. 2011;17:e109-e112)
Bomburodon, A New Name for the Paleocene Mammal Bomburia Van Valen, 1978

Van Valen (1978) provided the name Bomburia for an early Paleocene mammal (mioclaenid) from New Mexico. Christian F. Kammerer has kindly informed us that the name Bomburia Van Valen, 1978 (December), is the name of an extant hymenopteran, Bomburia Hedqvist, 1978 (July). We propose the new name Bomburodon (type species Ellipsodon priscus Matthew, 1937) as a replacement name for Bomburia . Bomburodon is named for Bombur, a fat dwarf in J. R. R. Tolkien's “The Hobbit” (1937) and “The Fellowship of the Ring” (1954–1955) and odon, tooth (Greek).
Gastric evacuation rates of white perch, Morone americana, determined from laboratory and field data

Gastric evacuation rates (R) of white perch,Morone americana, were determined in laboratory experiments and by using field data. The resulting relationship ofR and temperature (T) for white perch wasR = 0.028e0.106T (r2 = 0.98). The high r2 of the regression indicates good agreement of the combined laboratory and field data. Our rate compares well with those available for other species; and especially for Eurasian perch, which has a similar thermal existence to white perch in Lake Erie.
The only study investigating the rapid prompting method has serious methodological flaws but data suggest the most likely outcome is prompt dependency

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Chen, G. M., Yoder, K. J., Ganzel, B. L., Goodwin, M. S., & Belmonte, M. K. (2012). Harnessing repetitive behaviors to engage attention and learning in a novel therapy for autism: an exploratory analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–16Source of funding and disclosure of interest: The study was funded by Faculty Early Career Development Award from Cornell University, Department of Human Development, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, US National Science Foundation. No financial conflict of interest was reported.
The color of the fast oscillations of AH Herculis

The color of the fast coherent oscillations of AH Herculis is measured by comparing simultaneous records of the photon arrival rate in two wavelength bands, 355 + or - 30 nm and 795 + or - 80 nm. It is found that the color temperature of the coherent oscillation detected in these two wavelength bands is between 28,000 and 73,000 K. The color temperature of the nonoscillating luminosity is much lower. The arrival times of photons in these two bands have also been correlated, and it is found that the time interval between the long-wavelength coherent signal and the ultraviolet coherent signal is 0.26 + or - 0.5 sec. These results suggest that it is the surface of the white dwarf or the hot inner portion of the accretion disk which is emitting the coherent signal. The oscillations become detectably incoherent at the approach to minimum light after the outburst, as would be expected if the oscillating medium becomes more dissipative as it cools, or if there were increased modulation by clouds of obscuring material.
Accumulation, organic carbon and dry matter concentration of sediment in commercial channel catfish ponds

Abstract Sediment depth and organic carbon (OC) concentration were measured in sediment cores (n=675) collected from 45 commercial channel catfish ponds in northwest Mississippi from April to September in 1998 and 1999. Ponds had been in continuous catfish production from 14 days to 21 years. Sediment depth ranged from 1 to 95 cm and was heterogeneously distributed within ponds: least in the shallow end (26.3 cm) and greatest in deeper areas (33.7 cm). Mean sediment depth increased with pond age, although the rate of sediment accumulation was greatest in the first year (12.5 cm per year). Organic carbon concentration varied slightly within ponds ranging from 0.76 to 3.43% of dry matter (DM). Mean organic carbon concentration in the upper 2 cm of sediment (1.77%) was significantly greater than in the deeper sediment layer (1.55%). Mean dry matter content in the upper 2 cm of sediment averaged 24.2% of total wet weight. Mean dry matter for the lower sediment fraction was 37.8% of total wet weight. Despite large inputs of organic matter from feed and primary production, sediment organic carbon concentrations did not increase with pond age.
Cell-free synthesis of precursor forms of mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase enzymes of the bovine adrenal cortex.

Abstract Newly synthesized, [ 35 S]methionine-labeled cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P -450, 11β-hydroxylase cytochrome P -450, adrenodoxin, and adrenodoxin reductase were immunoisolated from radiolabeled bovine adrenocortical cells and from rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation systems programmed with bovine adrenocortical RNA. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P -450 immunoisolated from a reticulocyte lysate translation system had an apparent molecular weight of 54,500 whereas this cytochrome P -450 immunoisolated from radiolabeled bovine adrenocortical cells had an apparent molecular weight of 49,000, an apparent molecular weight identical to that of the purified protein. Similarly, newly synthesized, [ 35 S]methionine-labeled 11β-hydroxylase cytochrome P -450 immunoisolated from a reticulocyte lysate translation system had an apparent molecular weight 5500 daltons larger than that immunoisolated from radiolabeled adrenocortical cells (48,000) and the authentic cytochrome (48,000). The cell-free translation products of adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase were also several thousand daltons larger than the corresponding mitochondrial proteins. The apparent molecular weight of adrenodoxin immunoisolated from a reticulocyte lysate translation system was 19,000, while that of the authentic protein was 12,000. Adrenodoxin reductase immunoisolated from a lysate translation system had an apparent molecular weight of 53,400; an apparent molecular weight 2300 daltons larger than that of adrenodoxin reductase immunoisolated from radiolabeled adrenocortical cells or purified by conventional techniques. These results demonstrate that all of the components of the mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase systems of the bovine adrenal cortex are synthesized as precursor molecules of higher molecular weight. Presumably, the precursor proteins are post-translationally converted to the mature enzymes upon insertion into the mitochondrion by a process which includes the proteolytic cleavage of the precursor segments.
SU-D-BRB-02: Monte Carlo Modeling of the Gamma Knife Perfexion

Purpose: For dosimetric and research irradiation studies, we have implemented a Monte Carlo (MC)dose computation model based on the physical and radiological characteristics of the Gamma Knife Perfexion (GK PFX) using the Penelope MCdosimetry codes. GK dosimetric aspects examined include: 1) output factors (OF) for each of the three GK collimator sizes (4, 8, 16 mm), 2) OFs for each source row and collimator size, and 3) dose distribution profiles. Methods: Vendor proprietary information facilitated our modeling of the GK PFX irradiation geometry, which was mathematically defined within Penelope. MC simulations were carried out on a Linux cluster. 3D dose distributions were analyzed using Matlab. A 16 cm diameter dosimetry sphere was modeled with a virtual detector volume at its center. Detector volume varied from 33 to 590 mm3 to study detector volume effects. A single source per row was modeled for five rows for each collimator (15 beams modeled). Single‐source dose distributions were rotated about the z‐axis of the axially symmetric geometry and summed to simulate all 192 sources. Results: Good agreement is found for row‐ and total‐output factors (greatest deviation <2% for the 4 mm collimator) compared to reference values. Simulated and measured full‐width at half‐ max values of 3D dose distribution profiles show sub‐millimeter differences (0.4 mm, 4 and 8 mm collimators; 0.9 mm, 16 mm collimator). There is excellent agreement for integrated profile shapes. Conclusions: Detailed geometric representations (radiation source, device components) of the GK PFX are required for high fidelity MC simulations. Calculated GK PFX OF values are dependent on the simulated detector volume size (4 mm OF most dependent). Our model shows strong agreement for the GK PFX OFs and dose profile shapes compared to reference values. Acknowledgement: Non‐disclosure agreement for proprietary information with Elekta AB. No financial contribution.
The collocation method for bound solutions of the Schrödinger equation

Abstract The collocation method for obtaining the bound solutions of the Schrodinger equation is investigated. The technique does not require the evaluation of integrals and is very simple to implement. It is closely connected with other pointwise representations used recently, but has the advantage of requiring less effort to construct the algebraic eigenvalue equations. The method is tested on two Morse oscillator problems and found to give results which are as accurate as the conventional variational approach. In conjunction with a distributed Gaussian basis the collocation method is shown to be capable of describing highly excited states.
Proteolipid and bovine aorta calcification, in vitro

Proteolipid was examined for nucleation of bovine aorta calcification. Tissue homogenates were tested for in vitro calcifiability before and after lipid extraction followed by similar tests of the extract and its fractions. The tissue calcified before but not after lipid extraction. Of the lipid fractions, only proteolipid calcified. Within the constraints imposed, proteolipid is required for initiation of bovine aorta calcification, in vitro.
On the mechanism of the photoisomerization reaction of aryl substituted indenes

Abstract The mechanism of the phototransposition reaction of a number arylalkyl substituted indenes has been found to be markedly dependent on the nature and location of the substituent groups.
Heat transfer in laminar, oscillatory flow in cylindrical and conical tubes

Abstract In order to assess the effect of frequency on transport of a passive scalar contaminant in an oscillatory flow, a piston-driven pipe flow is established. Two pipe test section geometries are used: one straight, round and uniform and the other uniformly tapering (i.e. conical). Flow is driven at frequencies characteristic of human breathing, both resting, normal and high frequency. A screen of closely spaced, parallel, thin wires is placed perpendicular to the flow, in the test section and is heated so as to dissipate a constant power into the fluid. The subsequent time-average and instantaneous temperature fields are measured, as functions of position. The results are shown to be consistent with the consequences of transport of heat by a combination of convection and diffusion. Convective transport is found to increase with frequency, at constant amplitude, but the effective diffusivity does not obey the predictions of theories which are based on an assumption of constant average axial gradient of the scalar field.
What 200 years tell us about professional priorities in educational psychology 1

(1978). What 200 years tell us about professional priorities in educational psychology. Educational Psychologist: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 284-289.
Multicomponent assembly and diversification of novel heterocyclic scaffolds derived from 2-arylpiperidines.

A collection of structurally diverse, polyheterocyclic scaffolds comprising a 2-arylpiperidine subunit were synthesized using a Mannich-type multicomponent assembly process, followed by appropriately sequenced ring-forming reactions. An improved procedure for removal of N-4-pentenoyl groups was developed; one-pot sequences for tandem urea/thiourea formation and cyclization and tandem enolate arylation/alkylation were discovered. A novel entry to bridged tetrahydroquinoline scaffolds exploiting A1,3 strain was also invented. Derivatization of several scaffolds was achieved by cross-coupling and N-functionalization.
Excess 3 He and 4 He in Galapagos submarine hydrothermal waters

SINCE the discovery of excess 3He in Pacific deep waters1, it has been argued that the source of this anomaly is the mid-depth injection of primordial helium from seafloor spreading centres1,2. This hypothesis is consistent with the spatial distribution of excess 3He in the deep waters3–5, its presence in the glassy (rapidly quenched) margins of extruded ocean basalts6,7, and the detection of a large 3He excess in a ‘thermal plume’ (thermal anomaly ∼0.1 °C, sampled using a deep-tow sled) over the Galapagos Spreading Centre8–10. In this report, we summarise 37 measurements of excess helium in hydrothermal waters sampled using the Alvin deep submersible at the Galapagos Spreading Centre during February and March of 1977.
Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in spleen lymphocytes from MRL/lpr mice.

Background MRL/MpJ- Tnfrsf6 Ipr (MRL/ Ipr ) mice, a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have defective expression of Fas , substantially reducing signaling for apoptosis via this mechanism. However, it is known that MRL/ Ipr mice have increased spontaneous apoptosis of leukocytes. These conflicting observations have stimulated interest in apoptosis in this SLE model. MRL/ Ipr mice overproduce nitric oxide (NO) as autoimmune disease progresses. In vitro administration of NO may induce or decrease apoptosis depending on the cell type. Therefore, we hypothesized that NO induces MRL/ Ipr spleen lymphocyte apoptosis independent of Fas receptor engagement. Methods Percentages of apoptotic spleen lymphocytes from MRL/ Ipr and BALB/cJ mice were determined ex vivo after in vivo treatment with N G -monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. After culture in varying concentrations of a slow-acting NO donor, the following were determined in spleen lymphocytes: (1) levels of apoptosis, (2) the effect of phorbol myristate acid (PMA) on levels of NO-induced apoptosis, and (3) protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Results Spleen lymphocytes from MRL/ Ipr mice with active disease had increased levels of ex vivo apoptosis when compared with BALB/cJ controls. This increase was reduced by pharmacologic inhibition of NOS in MRL/ Ipr but not in BALB/cJ mice. Exogenous administration of NO in vitro reduced PKC activity and induced apoptosis in MRL/ Ipr spleen lymphocytes, an effect that could be reduced via coadministration of PMA in vitro. Conclusion These results suggest that NO plays a role in spleen lymphocyte apoptosis in MRL/ Ipr mice, possibly via inhibition of PKC, despite a Fas defect.
The Probability of a Correct Output from a Combinational Circuit

The paper discusses two methods to evaluate the signal reliability of the output of logical circuits. It is known that faults present in a circuit will not always cause the output of the circuit to be incorrect. Given the probability of faults occurring in the circuit and the probabilities of the input combinations, it is possible to determine the likelihood of the output being correct. The signal reliability of the output is thus defined as the probability that the circuit output is correct. The first method evaluates the contribution of each fault to the reliability of the circuit and requires the enumeration of the behavior of each fault in the entire fault set. The use of McCluskey and Clegg's characterization of faulty networks by evaluating the functional equivalence classes of the network is a way to reduce the amount of computation involved. Lower bounds can be obtained by considering a restricted fault set, for example, the single fault set. The second method uses a probabilistic model of logical circuits and consists of straightforward operations which can easily be automated. The method also yields the signal reliability and has the capability of very easily specifying the individual fault probabilities of all the circuit lines independently.
A New Genus and Species of Snapping Shrimp (Decapoda, Alpheidae) From the Southeastern United States

[Leptalpheus forceps, nouveau genre et nouvelle espece de la famille des Alpheidae, est decrit de la cote atlantique des Etats-Unis. Cette espece habite dans les tubes d'Upogebia affinis (Say), mais a ete egalement recueillie de nuit parmi le plancton, dans les estuaires. Une femelle ovigere a ete recueillie en aout dans un tube d'Upogebia., Leptalpheus forceps, nouveau genre et nouvelle espece de la famille des Alpheidae, est decrit de la cote atlantique des Etats-Unis. Cette espece habite dans les tubes d'Upogebia affinis (Say), mais a ete egalement recueillie de nuit parmi le plancton, dans les estuaires. Une femelle ovigere a ete recueillie en aout dans un tube d'Upogebia.]
VA-TX Investment Corporation: Credit Card Division

The subject matter in the VA-TX case is credit cards. Since almost everyone is familiar with credit cards, the instructor can focus on discussing the included management problems rather than being sidetracked by the intricacies of, say, widget production. The VA-TX case is used to jumpstart basic quantitative business analysis skills. The case uses simple calculations of profits, revenues, and costs. These calculations require an understanding of only simple probabilities and some notion of averages. It also touches on the ideas of a basic definition of risk, tradeoffs, and defining optimality. This case is written for business students and is flexible enough to fit either into an introductory quantitative modeling course, including operations management. The case has been used at both the senior undergraduate level and at the MBA level. The case is particularly useful as a group presentation device and the Teaching Note http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol4No2/KellerKros/index.php is addressed for instructor interaction with group presentations. Students report the case as challenging and “eye opening” to the concepts of “what if” analysis and the importance of modeling assumptions. A power point slide presentation of this case is provided here http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol4No2/KellerKros/VA-TXINFORMS.ppt . In addition, an Excel model http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol4No2/KellerKros/VA-TXSpread1.xls with a sample “Starter” http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol4No2/KellerKros/index.php#starter1 explanation in written form for that model, a writing guide http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol4No2/KellerKros/bizcomm.php for executive summary style writing, and a sample executive summary http://archive.ite.journal.informs.org/Vol4No2/KellerKros/index.php for the case are included.
Intestinal motility disorders and development of the enteric nervous system.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an independent nervous system. It contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, every class of neurotransmitter found in the CNS, and reflex arcs capable of functioning independently of CNS input. Whereas the majority of enteric neurons are not directly innervated by the brain or spinal cord, the ENS is in two-way communication with the CNS via parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. The ENS processes information regarding the state of the intestinal lumen and gut wall and modulates intestinal contractility, secretion, vascular supply, and inflammatory responses(1, 2).
A Hybrid Bioprinting Approach for Scale-Up Tissue Fabrication

Tissue engineering has been focused on the fabrication of vascularized 3D tissue for decades. Most recently, bioprinting, especially tissue and organ printing, has shown great potential to enable automated robotic-based fabrication of 3D vascularized tissues and organs that are readily available for in vitro studies or in vivo transplantation. Studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the tissue printing process through bioprinting of scaffold-free cellular constructs that are able to undergo self-assembly for tissue formation; however, they are still limited in size and thickness due to the lack of a vascular network. In this paper, we present a framework concept for bioprinting 3D large-scale tissues with a perfusable vascular system in vitro to preserve cell viability and tissue maturation. With the help of a customized Multi-Arm Bioprinter (MABP), we lay out a hybrid bioprinting system to fabricate scale-up tissues and organ models and demonstrated envision its promising application for in vitro tissue engineering and its potential for therapeutic purposes with our proof of concept study.
Misplaced marketing “Mine is the blue one on the left”: function and dysfunction of pharmaceutical brand names

Looks at the use of brand names in the pharmaceutical industry in comparison with generic versions. Gives a brief history of brand name development. Concludes that brand names for pharmaceutical drugs should be banned since this is open to abuse in the area of cost enhancement.
A New, Leaner and Meaner Bacterial Organelle

Bacteria sequester key metabolic steps into polyhedral protein compartments. A newly discovered nanocompartment reveals what it takes for its cargo protein to become encapsulated within a protein shell.
The Racial Triangulation of Space: The Case of Urban Renewal in San Francisco's Fillmore District

Geographers, planners, and urbanists have rarely focused on racialization as a relational process involving multiple groups, and most work to date adopts a black–white model of race relations. The case study of post-World War II urban renewal in San Francisco's Fillmore District permits geographers and other urbanists the opportunity to examine racial formation as a relational process that differentially positioned African Americans and Asian Americans with respect to each other in the redevelopment process. This positioning resulted in differential outcomes for these two communities, even though both had been segregated into this multiracial and multiethnic neighborhood up until the mid-twentieth century and, as a result, shared a common history and mutual geography. This article utilizes archival research, personal interviews, and theories of racialization from ethnic studies and critical race theory literature to examine, as political scientist Claire Kim put it, the “racial triangulation” or “position...
Free online government information: a resource guide

Due to recent changes in budgets and policies concerning how government information is published, any library with Internet capabilities can now freely access materials previously found only in the member libraries of the Federal Depository Library Program. Just as commercial publishers discovered the cost‐saving advantages of online publishing, the Federal Government via the Government Printing Office as well as many individual federal agencies have also chosen this cost‐saving method of distributing their publications. These changes mean that a wealth of legislative, regulatory, legal, consumer, statistical, and historic information is only a few clicks away from users. The sheer number of sites available can be bewildering; however, there are some excellent sites which offer well organized selections of resources that you can either use directly as links by themselves or as the basis for writing a government resource page in‐house.
The binding properties of the human receptor for the cellular uptake of vitamin B12.

Abstract Cellular uptake of vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) is mediated by a receptor expressed on the plasma membrane that binds transcobalamin (TC) saturated with Cbl and internalizes the TC–Cbl by endocytosis. A few reports have described the characterization of the receptor protein. However, many discrepancies have emerged in the functional and structural properties of the receptor and therefore, the identity and primary structure of this protein remains unconfirmed. In this report, we provide evidence of a 58 kDa monomeric protein as the likely receptor for the uptake of TC–Cbl and that the functional activity is not associated with a 72/144 kDa monomer/dimer with immunoglobulin Fc structural domain that has been purported to be the receptor in a number of publications.
Long-range spin-orbit potential, Gromes's consistency condition, Richardson's potential, and properties of heavy quarkonium systems.

The energies, fine-structure splittings, leptonic widths, and dipole electromagnetic transition rates are calculated for the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ and charmonium systems using a potential model based on Richardson's interpolating form for the running coupling constant. Using the definitions of the spin-dependent potentials of Eichten and Feinberg and arguments based on lattice pauge calculations, we have determined the long-range spin-orbit potential from Gromes's consistency condition. It is also shown that the sign difference between the long-range spin-orbit potential and the perturbative spin-orbit potential is important in explaining the measured values of the fine-structure ratio in both the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ and charmonium $P$ states. The question of whether the parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ of Richardson's potential is supposed to play the role of the universal QCD scale is addressed. It is argued that the agreement of the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ and charmonium leptonic widths with experiment is convincing support for Richardson's form for the running coupling constant since these numbers reflect directly the values of the various $S$ state wave functions at the origin. Certain problems with the magnitudes of the hyperfine splittings and dipole transition rates of charmonium are discussed.
Weak Solutions of a Generalized Boussinesq System

We study the convergence of homoclinic orbits and heteroclinic orbits in the dynamical system governing traveling wave solutions of a perturbed Boussinesq systems modeling two-directional propagation of water waves. Nonanalytic weak solutions are found to be limits of these orbits, including compactons, peakons, and rampons, as well as infinitely many mesaons occurring at the same fixed point in the dynamical system. Singularities of solitary wave solutions in the system are also studied to understand the important impact of both linear and nonlinear dispersion terms on the regularity of these solutions.
Bayesian Updating of Damage Size Probabilities for Aircraft Structural Life-Cycle Management

A statistical approach to estimating the probabilistic distribution of composite damage sizes using aircraft service inspection data has been investigated. Bayesian updating methods were implemented to revise baseline composite damage size distributions using damage size data from the Federal Aviation Administration's Service Difficulty Reporting System. Updating was performed on the Boeing 757 and 767 wing composite trailing-edge devices, elevators and rudders, with the results demonstrating that the assumed baseline damage size estimates are conservative in nearly all cases. Component failure probabilities were recalculated using the updated damage size distributions, and these results show an overall improvement in reliability for the damage mechanisms analyzed. The results of the analysis demonstrate that an inspection and maintenance program that reports damage characteristics can be used to monitor the reliability of damage tolerant structures on a quantitative statistical basis. Recommendations are also made for improving current inspection data reporting systems, which would enhance the ability to gather detailed information on the characteristics of each structural damage event.
Determination of optimal graft lengths for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction--a theoretical analysis.

Various graft materials have been used in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. However, it is unclear if these grafts can reproduce the structural behavior of the PCL. This paper analysed the effect of graft length on the structural behavior of the graft using a minimal deformation energy method. An analytical solution was obtained to determine the optimal effective graft length that can best reproduce the structural behavior of the PCL. This optimal graft length was determined as a function of the axial rigidity of the graft. Two typical grafts, bone-patella tendon-bone (BPTB) and Achilles tendon, were analyzed. The data demonstrated that in order to reproduce the PCL behavior, the effective length of a BPTB graft (10 mm width) should be 34 mm, while the Achilles tendon graft (with a cross sectional area of 55 mm 2 ) needs to be 48 mm in length. Longer grafts result in less resistance and shorter graft increased the graft resistance. An initial graft tension cannot help recreate the overall structural behavior of the PCL. These results suggest that graft length is an important surgical variable in PCL reconstruction. An optimal reconstruction of the PCL should reproduce the structural properties of the PCL by using a graft with an optimal length.
Autocrine inhibition of mitotic activity in cultured oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) precursor cells

During development, oligodendrocytes are generated from a bipotential glial stem cell, the oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte precursor (O-2A). O-2A cells are under the mitogenic influence of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) released from type-1 astrocytes. In vitro experiments have shown that O-2A cells stimulated by PDGF are limited to a set number of divisions and then differentiate to oligodendrocytes by becoming unresponsive to the growth factor. In the healthy adult central nervous system, oligodendrocyte proliferation remains generally quiescent and is possibly under negative growth control. The view that O-2A lineage cells are capable of negatively regulating their own proliferation is supported by the demonstration that conditioned medium obtained from O-2A cultures inhibits their DNA synthesis. In addition to O-2A cells, the newly established CG4 cell line, a derivative of O-2A cells, was found to inhibit O-2A lineage cell proliferation. The antiproliferative activity was present in the media conditioned by CG4 cells that were expanded as undifferentiated O-2A precursors, as well as by CG4 cells induced to differentiate to nonproliferating oligodendrocytes. Moreover, the inhibitory activity was produced by CG4 cells (source cells) propagated by various mitogens. The inhibition of mitotic activity was nearly complete, dose-dependent, fully reversible, and exhibited when CG4 cells (test cells) were stimulated to divide by various mitogens, such as PDGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, or medium conditioned by the neuronal B104 cell line. The inhibition of proliferation was accompanied by the conversion of the phenotype of CG4 cells, from A2B5+/O4− precursors to A2B5−/O4+ prooligodendrocytes. This change of antigenic phenotype, like the inhibition of proliferation, was reversible. These results suggest that O-2A cells secrete an autocrine inhibitory factor capable of reversibly withdrawing them from the cell cycle, which suggests that the commitment to the oligodendrocyte lineage might proceed through more than one discrete stage. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Important change in service for international Eos delivery

In direct response to member feedback about delays in delivery time and an overwhelming preference to read Eos online, print issues of Eos will no longer be mailed to members who have a delivery address outside the United States, effective with the 10 January 2012 issue. Our international members will continue to have access to the Eos electronic edition as well as recently introduced Web-only content. In addition, members who no longer receive a print copy ofEos will receive weekly e-alerts telling them when the newest issue is available online (several days before the cover date). Members with a mailing address in the United States also have the choice to opt out of the printed copy. Not only will this change allow us to better serve the needs of our international members, but also the cost savings will permit AGU to significantly increase investment in the other programs, products, and services that members value.
Design and Analysis of MEMS Based PVDF Ultrasonic Transducers for Vascular Imaging

Polyvinilidene fluoride (PVDF) single-element transducers for high-frequency (>30 MHz) ultrasound imaging applications have been developed using MEMS (Micro-electro-Mechanical Systems) compatible techniques. Performance of these transducers has been investigated by analyzing the sources and effects of on-chip parasitic capacitances on the insertion-loss of the transducers. Modeling and experimental studies showed that on-chip parasitic capacitances degraded the performance of the transducers and an improved method of fabrication was suggested and new devices were built. New devices developed with minimal parasitic effects were shown to improve the performance significantly. A 1-mm aperture PVDF device developed with minimal parasitic effects has resulted in a reduction of insertion loss of 21 dB compared with devices fabricated using a previous method.
Effect of BA, NAA, and 2,4-D on red maple callus growth

Established red maple (Acer rubrum L.) callus was cultured on media varying in auxin (NAA or 2,4-D) and cytokinin (BA) concentrations. Callus growth was positively affected by the presence of both an auxin and cytokinin in the medium. Optimal growth depended on the ratio of cytokinin/auxin as well as the total amount of plant growth regulators in the medium.
Human Thermal Modeling to Augment MWIR Image Analysis in Surveillance Applications

The interpretation of thermal imagery can be augmented with information derived from human thermal modeling to better infer human activity during, or prior to, data capture. This additional insight into human activity could prove useful in security and surveillance applications. We have implemented Tanabe’s 65 NM thermocomfort model to predict skin surface temperature under a wide variety of environmental, activity and body parameters. Here, humans are modeled as sixteen segments (head, chest, upper leg, etc.), wherein spherical geometry is assumed for the head and cylindrical geometry is assumed for all other segments. Each segment is comprised of four layers: core, muscle, fat, and skin. Clothing is modeled as an additional layer (or layers) of resistance. Users supply input parameters via our custom MATLAB graphical user interface that includes a robust clothing database based on McCullough’s A Database for Determining the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing, and then Tanabe’s bioheat equations are solved to predict skin temperatures of each body segment. As an initial step of model validation, we compared our computed thermal resistances with literature values. Our evaporative and dry resistance on a per segment basis agreed with literature values. The dry resistance of each segment varied no more than .03 [m2°C/W]. Model validation will be extended to compare the results of our human subject trials (known body parameters, clothing, environmental factors and activity levels) to model outputs. Agreement would further substantiate the propagation of model- predicted skin temperatures through the thermal imager’s transfer function to predict human heat signatures in thermal imagery.
The validity of perturbation theory for the O(N) non-linear sigma models☆

Abstract Recently it has been claimed that ordinary perturbation theory (OPT) gives incorrect weak coupling expansions for lattice O( N ) non-linear sigma models in the infinite volume limit, and in particular that the two-dimensional non-abelian models are not asymptotically free, contrary to previous findings. Here it is argued that the problem occurs only for one-dimensional infinite lattices, and that in general, OPT gives correct expansions if physical quantities are first computed on a finite lattice, and the infinite volume limit is taken at the end. In one dimension the expansion is sensitive to boundary conditions because of the severe infrared behavior, but this is not expected to happen in higher dimensions. It is concluded that spin configurations which are far from the perturbative vacuum have too small a measure in the path integral to invalidate OPT, even though they are energetically allowed for non-zero values of the coupling.
Regional association criteria and the standards for college libraries: The informal role of quantitative input measures for libraries in accreditation

Abstract Librarians use the Standards for College Libraries in accreditation reviews, and most accrediting bodies, while not formally adopting the Standards, deem them a credible auxiliary tool. A comparison reveals they address issues raised by accreditation criteria. Questions about them remain, however, and a demonstrable basis in research would increase their usefulness.
Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation.

THE quantitative yield of phosphate fixed during cellular oxidations deserves critical investigation, for it determines the efficiency with which utilizable energy may be derived from assimilated foodstuffs and it may influence metabolic regulatory mechanisms1. This problem has been the subject of many investigations (cf. Krebs et al. 2 andSlater and Holton3). In general, the observed yield has increased over a period of years as newer methods of measurement have been developed and particularly as more knowledge has been made available concerning the preparation of undamaged mitochondria which are free from interfering cellular components.