cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manala: A Flexible Flow Control Library for Asynchronous Task Communication

Tasks coupled in an in situ workflow may not process data at the same speed, potentially causing overflows in the communication channel between them. To prevent this problem, software infrastructures for in situ workflows usually impose a strict FIFO policy that has the side-effect of slowing down faster tasks to the speed of the slower ones. This may not be the desired behavior; for example, a scientist may prefer to drop older data in the communication channel in order to visualize the latest snapshot of a simulation. In this paper, we present Manala, a flexible flow control library designed to manage the flow of messages between a producer and a consumer in an in situ workflow. Manala intercepts messages from the producer, stores them, and selects the message to forward to the consumer depending on the flow control policy. The library is designed to ease the creation of new flow control policies and buffering mechanisms. We demonstrate with three examples how changing the flow control policy between tasks can influence the performance and results of scientific workflows. The first example focuses on materials science with LAMMPS and a synthetic diffraction analysis code. The second example is an interactive visualization scenario with Gromacs as the producer and Damaris/Viz as consumer. Our third example studies different strategies to perform an asynchronous checkpoint with Gromacs.
Continued Search for Therapies to Favorably Modify Phosphate and FGF23 Levels in CKD.

Over the last two decades, scientific developments have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD, and specific nontraditional risk factors have emerged. Elevated serum phosphate has been implicated in the development of vascular and valvular
Listing at Multiple Stages: Using Key Informants and Walking Probes to Generate Efficient and Accurate Lists during Larger Surveys

Free listing exercises are common and informative ways to explore shared bodies of knowledge and practice, and they can probe widely experienced phenomena in daily life. However, even with a representative sample, this method can suffer under common conditions in anthropological fieldwork: Respondents forget to list items, they fail to provide exhaustive lists, they become fatigued during the interview process, and their responses may not provide representative information. In this article, I suggest an iterative process that combines targeted free listing with key informants, walking probes, and a survey checklist. During an investigation of agricultural biodiversity in Telangana, India, this approach generated more comprehensive lists than free listing exercises alone. This process generates checklist surveys appropriate for larger research populations and can be used to assess widespread knowledge and practices quickly, accurately, and with minimal respondent fatigue.
Are neighbourhoods real

Critical realism needs to explain how neighbourhoods – a middle-level social structure that people really use in everyday life – can emerge as real, with the causal power to promote individual and ...
Adic Polynomials and Partial Fraction Decomposition of Proper Rational Functions over or

The partial fraction decomposition technique is very useful in many areas including mathematics and engineering. In this paper we present a new and simple method on the partial fraction decomposition of proper rational functions which have completely factored denominators over or . The method is based on a recursive computation of the -adic polynomial in commutative algebra which is a generalization of the Taylor polynomial. Since its computation requires only simple algebraic operations, it does not require a computer algebra system to be programmed.
Arts entrepreneurship: An essential sub-system of the Artist's Meta-Praxis

v LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER 1 EX NIHILO 1 1.1 THE NASCENCE OF ARTS ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 1.3 NEXT STEPS 15 CHAPTER 2 FORMALIZING AN ACADEMIC FIELD 17 2.1 TOWARDS ARTS ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION BECOMING A DISCIPLINE ......17 2.2 PROBLEMS OF PERCEPTION 18 2.3 ARTISTS’ ROLE IN SOCIETY 26 2.4 A HYBRID APPROACH 32 2.5 NEXT STEPS 34 CHAPTER 3 THE ARTIST’S META-PRAXIS 37 3.1 WHAT IS THE ARTIST’S META-PRAXIS? 39 3.2 THE VALUE OF THE META-PRAXIS 62 CHAPTER 4 GUITARISTS, MANAGERS, AND ENTREPRENEURS 64 4.1 WHY GUITARISTS NEED ENTREPRENEURIAL TRAINING 65 4.2 THE GUITAR AND DIVERGENT THINKING 65
Secrets of Successful Embedding, Sectioning, and Imaging

For those of us who have worked with resistant structures such as spores, embedding media have always been central to success in ultrathin sectioning. Development of an effective embedding protocol often meant success or failure of a research project. However, as microbiologists have gained more experience with a variety of embedding resins, it has become clear that we must address criteria beyond success or failure of penetration. Choice of embedding resin can affect image contrast, stability under the electron beam, image granularity, and size of cells and organelles. Furthermore, when postsectioning manipulations such as immunocytochemistry with colloidal gold are used, we have to consider such characteristics as hydrophobicity and charge on the sections when we select embedding protocols.
State Estimation of a Muscle-Driven Linkage

This paper addresses the problem of state estimation of a two-joint six-muscle linkage. It is assumed that noisy measurements of the joint angles are available. It is shown that the joint's velocities, tendon-muscle lengths and rates of tendon-muscle lengths can be estimated using a high-gain observer (HGO), sliding mode observer (SMO), and extended Kalman filter (EKF). The estimated states are passed to the controller of the system, which is a backstepping controller. The results verify the effectiveness of the observers for the state estimation of the two-joint six-muscle model. The standard deviations of the estimation errors are very small, on the order of $10^{-4}- 10^{-2}$ rad for joint angles, $10^{-3}-10^{-1}$ rad/s for joint velocities, $10^{-4}-10^{-3}$ m for muscle-tendon length, and $10^{-5}-10^{-3}$ m/s for muscle-tendon length rates. In general the HGO and EKF performed better than the SMO for this system and is less sensitive to measurement noise.
standardizing meteorological instrument testing

There presently exists a need for standardized testing techniques for meteorological instrument sensors and systems. It is suggested that representatives of the American Meteorological Society, the National Bureau of Standards, and the meteorological equipment manufacturers meet to determine these standard tests. It is further proposed that meteorological equipment companies who perform the standard tests on their own equipment be awarded an American Meteorological Society Seal of Approval.
Exploring the Experiences of Division III Athletes Drinking Alcohol With Their Teams: A Qualitative Study

Self-reported alcohol use is highest among Division III athletes, which represents the largest NCAA Division. Team- or sport-related social processes related to college athletes’ alcohol misuse have primarily been investigated quantitatively among Division I and II athletes. No studies have examined the experiences of the reciprocal relationship between college athletes and their teams concerning alcohol misuse. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to explore the essential meaning that Division III athletes use to characterize their experiences of drinking alcohol with their teams. Research questions addressed what athletes experienced when drinking with their teams and what influenced or affected these experiences. During interviews with 15 athletes, consisting of male (n = 5) and female (n = 10) athletes from eight intercollegiate sports teams, four themes emerged: acceptance, comradery, safety and protection, and a gateway to college social life. Athletes also described changes in their social identities which led to responsible changes in their alcohol use and associated behaviors. Findings indicated that the malleability of athletes’ social identities can change alcohol behaviors as college athletes navigate social life throughout their college years. Applying knowledge about team interpersonal dynamics and athletes’ individual self-identity development may aid practitioners, athletic administrators, and coaches as they seek to reduce athletes’ alcohol misuse.
Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Actin

Actin is one of the most abundant intracellular proteins, essential in every eukaryotic cell type. Actin plays key roles in tissue morphogenesis, cell adhesion, muscle contraction, and developmental reprogramming. Most actin studies have focused on its regulation at the protein level, either directly or through differential interactions with over a hundred intracellular binding partners. However, numerous studies emerging in recent years demonstrate specific types of nucleotide-level regulation that strongly affect non-muscle actins during cell migration and adhesion and are potentially applicable to other members of the actin family. This regulation involves zipcode-mediated actin mRNA targeting to the cell periphery, proposed to mediate local synthesis of actin at the cell leading edge, as well as the recently discovered N-terminal arginylation that specifically targets non-muscle β-actin via a nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Moreover, a study published this year suggests that actin's essential roles at the organismal level may be entirely nucleotide-dependent. This review summarizes the emerging data on actin's nucleotide-level regulation. Anat Rec, 301:1991-1998, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surgeons' expertise during critical event in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: An expert-novice comparison using protocol analysis.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to examine differences in thought processes between novice and experienced surgeons when they were presented with a critical situation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods A group of experienced and novice surgeons were shown a recording of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy with an intraoperative bleeding event. The think-aloud method was used to capture surgeons’ thought processes. Verbal reports were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using the protocol analysis method. Results Sixteen subjects (8 in each group) participated at two centers. Experienced surgeons demonstrated deeper comprehension of the operative field, richer mental image of future events and superior awareness of potentially dangerous situations. They also spent more time engaged in metacognitive activity. Conclusions This study highlights the differences and similarities between surgeons with different levels of experience during a challenging intraoperative encounter. The domains of cognition and mental image as well as metacognition appear to be key elements of surgical expertise.
Anion Exchange and the Quantum-Cutting Energy Threshold in Ytterbium-Doped CsPb(Cl1–xBrx)3 Perovskite Nanocrystals

Colloidal halide perovskite nanocrystals of CsPbCl3 doped with Yb3+ have demonstrated remarkably high sensitized photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), approaching 200%, attributed to a picosecond quantum-cutting process in which one photon absorbed by the nanocrystal generates two photons emitted by the Yb3+ dopants. This quantum-cutting process is thought to involve a charge-neutral defect cluster within the nanocrystal’s internal volume. We demonstrate that Yb3+-doped CsPbCl3 nanocrystals can be converted postsynthetically to Yb3+-doped CsPb(Cl1–xBrx)3 nanocrystals without compromising the desired high PLQYs. Nanocrystal energy gaps can be tuned continuously from Eg ≈ 3.06 eV (405 nm) in CsPbCl3 down to Eg ≈ 2.53 eV (∼490 nm) in CsPb(Cl0.25Br0.75)3 while retaining a constant PLQY above 100%. Reducing Eg further causes a rapid drop in PLQY, interpreted as reflecting an energy threshold for quantum cutting at approximately twice the energy of the Yb3+ 2F7/2 → 2F5/2 absorption threshold. These data dem...
Host Plant Relationships of Leptodictya plana (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

Abstract Leptodictya plana Heidemann is an emerging pest on ornamental grasses in the southern United States. Thirty-two selections of commercially available ornamental grasses and sedges and five ...
Participation in a Global Hearing Culture: Hearing Mothers’ Translations of Their Childrens’ Deafworlds

Learning a visual language gives hearing mothers the possibility of participating in their deaf children’s culture. Yet, mothers also grapple with the demands of an unmarked global hearing culture, especially as their children’s deafness becomes mediated by technology and medical intervention, under the guise of progress, social mobility, equity, and inclusion (Lane et al. 1996). Access to spoken English through technological aids supposedly ‘solves’ the perceived ‘problem’ of communication and cultural difference between mother and child. But what is at stake in this process of translation aided by new technologies? I take a critical discourse analytic approach to analyze videotaped interviews with six hearing mothers. Hearing mother interviewees displayed ambivalent shifts in footing, in particular, mode-switches, which, I argue, paralleled the ambiguous subject positions of their deaf children who they perceive as both deaf (without implants) and hearing (with implants). This study brings to light the complex role technology and ‘cochlear implant culture’ play in shaping an instrumentalized view of language with the objective of participating in local and global hearing culture.
The Health of a Nation: The Politics and Legacy of Health Care Reform

Leading up to the 2016 presidential election, the Republican controlled Congress had voted to amend or repeal the Affordable Care Act (ACA or “Obamacare”) more than 50 times. This was an issue on the campaign trail and both campaigns offered distinctive positions on the topic of health care in America. The ACA had become a highly politicized and polarizing issue by the time of the 2016 general election cycle. This chapter examines the campaign rhetoric surrounding the ACA and associated proposals to repeal and reform it. Analysis of voters’ candidate affect response toward Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton examines how it influenced appraisals of health care, its reform, and possible repeal.
Highly Loaded Fiber Filled Polymers for Material Extrusion: A Review of Current Understanding

Abstract This review documents the current state of the art of highly filled (HF) polymer composite systems used in additive manufacturing (AM), with a core focus on short and continuous fiber filled composites for use in material extrusion (MatEx) AM. Current state of the art composite materials systems have been succesfully incorporated into the MatEx process with loading percentages up to approximately 45 vol. %. Further increasing the loading percentage would afford significant mechanical improvements that could enable structural performance, however there are currently a number of limitations that need to be addressed. Viscosity limitations associated with MatEx processing of HF composites originate from the low processing pressure inherent to filament feed MatEx processes. Restrictive hot end nozzle geometries (high volume contractions) increase required processing pressure and potential for nozzle clogging failures. The increased viscosity of the HF composite reduces interlayer contact and adhesion during the printing process, resulting in increased void spacing. Mechanical limitations of HF composites processed using MatEx are also reviewed. Flow induced fiber orientation and its influence on viscosity and mechanical anisotropy are investigated. Fiber breakage as well as strain to break limitations are reviewed. Lastly, the geometric packing limitations of fibers within a circular bound nozzle are reviewed. This review takes an in-depth look at recent advances in addressing these challenges, and discusses opportunities for realizing MatEx processing of HF composite systems with significantly improved performance.
BLAzER: A versatile and efficient workflow for analyzing PET/MR neuroimaging data in Alzheimer's disease

583 Objectives: The semi-automated Biomarker Localization, Analysis, Visualization, Extraction, and Registration (BLAzER) workflow allows for rapid evaluation of MRI and amyloid- and tau-PET images, combining features well-suited for both clinical and research workflow. The purpose of the study was to assess BLAzER for regional brain PET/MR quantification using participants with different cognitive statuses from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Additionally, we determined whether different segmentation inputs, FreeSurfer and Neuroreader, can be used and provide similar results with our workflow. Methods: 127 amyloid-PET and 55 tau-PET studies along with corresponding volumetric MRI were selected from ADNI. Subjects were selected to represent the spectrum of ADNI participants in terms of cognitive status (cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)), and age (cohorts aged 55-59, 60-69, 70-79, and ≥80). The BLAzER workflow begins with segmentation of MR images by FreeSurfer v6.0.0 (Boston, MA) or Neuroreader (Horsens, Denmark). Segmented output files along with source MR and PET scans are then visualized and quantified using an automated workflow on FDA-approved software (MIM v6.6.13, Cleveland, OH), enabling quality control to ensure optimal registration (Figure 1). Results: For efficiency, Neuroreader was faster than FreeSurfer on a per case basis (15 min/case vs. 12 hours/case) yet slower for total processing time for batches of studies (45.5 vs. 12 hours) due to parallelizing on FreeSurfer. For reproducibility, all MRI volumes and amyloid- and tau-PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) measurements showed strong agreement between operators (ICC>0.97). For volumetric accuracy, BLAzER showed strong agreement with ADNI for frontal, temporal, cingulate, and parietal cortical regions (r>0.95, p 0.97, p<0.001, Figure 4). Finally, upon comparison, Neuroreader and FreeSurfer gave similar results (r=0.9841, p<0.001) despite systematic bias (4.0%) as cases showed similar dichotomization results after correcting with logistic regression (83 vs. 84 amyloid+ participants). Conclusions: BLAzER provides an efficient workflow for regional brain PET quantification. FDA approved components and the ability to visualize registration reduces barriers between research and clinical applications.
Privacy Preserving Data Provenance Model Based on PUF for Secure Internet of Things

Data provenance to maintain data integrity and authenticity is a significant challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Additionally, if the provenance metadata itself can be communicated in a privacy-preserving manner, it expands the usage of IoT systems to human societal domains where privacy is of paramount importance. In this paper, we present a scheme to combine data provenance and privacy-preserving solutions. Our scheme merges Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) technology with non-interactive zero-knowledge proof to provide trustworthy and dependable IoT systems. In this context, the IoT device can anonymously send data to the corresponding server associated with the proof of ownership. First, we propose a privacy-preserving data provenance protocol. This protocol was synthesized with Altera Quartus. It was implemented on an Altera Cyclone IV FPGA to demonstrate its practicality and feasibility. Most of the protocol steps take time of the order of 40u sec establishing its practicality.
Pollinator exposure to systemic insecticides and fungicides applied in the previous fall and pre-bloom period in apple orchards.

Abstract Pollinators provide a crucial ecosystem service by pollinating commercially cultivated crops, but they are frequently exposed to various agricultural chemicals used for pest management. In this study, we assessed the potential exposure of pollinators to various systemic insecticides and a fungicide used in apple orchards. Residue levels were determined for the whole flower as well as pollen and nectar separately for pre-bloom applications of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, sulfoxaflor, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, and myclobutanil. Very low pesticide residue levels (2–70 parts per billion, ppb) were found in the whole flower, pollen and nectar samples compared with pesticide concentrations of 60–200 parts per million (ppm) in applied foliarly only 5 days earlier. Insecticide residues from nectar and pollen samples were below the USA EPA classification of No Observable Effect Limit (NOEL) for acute toxicity to honey bees, suggesting that a single foraging visit to flowers may not cause toxicity to bees. However, cumulative acute exposure from multiple flower visits could potentially be harmful to bees, and needs to be studied further. We also examined apple flowers for residues of several systemic insecticides that were applied for brown marmorated stink bug control late in the fall of the previous season. None of the fall sprays that contained premixed insecticide active ingredients (viz., thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, and imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin), including multiple applications of individual active ingredients (viz., dinotefuran, clothianidin, and sulfoxaflor), persisted until the following spring. Based on these findings, fall applications of insecticides used for controlling invasive pests such as the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) and the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) could be considered safe to pollinator species foraging in apple orchards during the spring bloom the following season.
Chapter 16 – Reproductive Systems

Publisher Summary Virtually every organ system in the body contributes in some way to the processes of reproduction. This chapter focuses on the most direct and obvious structural and regulatory elements of reproduction, namely the male and female gonads, associated gonoducts, and hypothalamic and pituitary tissue. The typical teleostean testes are paired structures, bilaterally adjacent to the air bladder and extending nearly the full length of the peritoneal cavity. A testis is usually slightly flattened and has a whitish appearance resulting from the spermatozoa collected inside it. Spermatogenesis within the testes occurs in germinal epithelia organized into lobular divisions composed of blind-ended tubes or sacs. The teleostean ovary is generally a bilaterally paired, hollow structure attached to the dorsal peritoneum from which it arose. Oogenesis takes place within the germinal epithelia associated with the lamellar folds of the ovary. With a full complement of mature eggs, the ovaries may account for over 50% of the fish's body weight in some cases. Ovulated eggs reside in the ovarian lumen (ovocoel) until spawning. Most reproductive functions, from gametogenesis to behavior, are dependent upon the regulatory activity of the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds

Dissipative assembly has great potential for the creation of new adaptive chemical systems. However, while molecular assembly at equilibrium is routinely used to prepare complex architectures from polyfunctional monomers, species formed out of equilibrium have, to this point, been structurally very simple. In most examples the fuel simply effects the formation of a single short-lived covalent bond. Herein, we show that chemical fuels can assemble bifunctional components into macrocycles containing multiple transient bonds. Specifically, dicarboxylic acids give aqueous dianhydride macrocycles on treatment with a carbodiimide. The macrocycles are assembled efficiently as a consequence of both fuel-dependent and fuel-independent mechanisms; they undergo slower decomposition, building up as the fuel recycles the components, and are a favored product of the dynamic exchange of the anhydride bonds. These results create new possibilities for generating structurally sophisticated out-of-equilibrium species.
SP10 The Origin of Tumor-Specific Serum Peptidome Patterns

Recent studies have established distinctive serum peptide patterns through mass spectrometry that correlate with clinically relevant outcomes. Wider acceptance of these signatures as valid biomarkers for disease may follow sequence characterization of the components and elucidation of the mechanisms by which they are generated. Using an optimized peptide extraction and a MALDI-TOF MS–based approach, we show that a limited subset of serum peptides provides accurate class discrimination between patients with three types of solid tumors (prostate, breast, and bladder) and control individuals without cancer. Sequence analysis of these peptides reveals that they fall into several clusters, and that most are generated by exopeptidase activities that confer cancer-type-specific differences superimposed on the proteolytic events of the ex-vivo coagulation and complement degradation pathways. This small but robust set of surrogate marker peptides provides highly accurate class prediction for an external validation set of prostate cancer samples. As direct MALDI-TOF MS–based serum peptide profiling is in fact activity-based proteomics, i.e., monitoring proteome metabolomic products, it is particularly well suited for detection of cancer, as proteases are well-established components of cancer progression and invasiveness. We have developed quantitative blood protease assays to that end, using synthetic peptide substrates and non-degradable reference peptides.
Simultaneous confidence interval construction for many-to-one comparisons of proportion differences based on correlated paired data

In some medical researches such as ophthalmological, orthopaedic and otolaryngologic studies, it is often of interest to compare multiple groups with a control using data collected from paired orga...
Immunostimulatory biomaterials to boost tumor immunogenicity

Cancer immunotherapy is exhibiting great promise as a new therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. However, immunotherapies are limited by the inability of some tumors to provoke an immune response. These tumors with a 'cold' immunological phenotype are characterized by low numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, high numbers of immunosuppressive leukocytes (e.g. regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages), and high production of immune-dampening signals (e.g. IL-10, TGF-β, IDO-1). Strategies to boost the aptitude of tumors to initiate an immune response (i.e. boost tumor immunogenicity) will turn 'cold' tumors 'hot' and augment the anti-tumor efficacy of current immunotherapies. Approaches to boost tumor immunogenicity already show promise; however, multifaceted delivery and immunobiology challenges exist. For instance, systemic delivery of many immune-stimulating agents causes off-target toxicity and/or the development of autoimmunity, limiting the administrable dose below the threshold needed to achieve efficacy. Moreover, once administered in vivo, molecules such as the nucleic acid-based agonists for many pattern recognition receptors are either rapidly cleared or degraded, and don't efficiently traffic to the intracellular compartments where the receptors are located. Thus, these nucleic acid-based drugs are ineffective without a delivery system. Biomaterials-based approaches aim to enhance current strategies to boost tumor immunogenicity, enable novel strategies, and spare dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we review recent progress to improve cancer immunotherapies by boosting immunogenicity within tumors using immunostimulatory biomaterials.
The role of feedback from the auditory cortex in shaping responses to sounds in inferior colliculus

Abstract The extensive feedback from the auditory cortex (AC) to the inferior colliculus (IC) supports critical aspects of auditory learning, but has not been extensively characterized. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether and how intra-cortical processing of auditory information propagates to earlier stages in the auditory pathway. Previous studies demonstrated that responses of neurons in IC are altered by focal electrical stimulation and pharmacological inactivation of auditory cortex, but these methods lack the ability to selectively manipulate the activity of projection neurons. Combining viral technology with electrophysiological recordings, we measured the effects of selective optogenetic activation or suppression of cortico-collicular feedback projections on IC responses to sounds. Activation of cortico-collicular feedback generally increased spontaneous activity and decreased stimulus selectivity in IC, whereas suppression of the feedback did not affect collicular activity. To further understand how microcircuits in the auditory cortex may control collicular activity, we tested the effects of optogenetically modulating different cortical neuronal subtypes, specifically parvalbumin-positive (PV) and somatostatin-positive (SOM) inhibitory interneurons. We found that, despite strong effects on sound-evoked responses across the layers of AC, activating either type of interneuron did not affect IC sound-evoked activity. However, suppression of SOMs, but not PVs, weakly increased spontaneous activity in IC. These findings suggest that shaping of sound responses mediated by cortical inhibition does not affect sound processing in IC. Combined, our results identify that activation of excitatory projections, but not inhibitory-driven increases in cortical activity, affects collicular sound responses. Significance Statement Descending projections from the auditory cortex to the auditory midbrain, the inferior colliculus, have been shown to play a critical role in auditory learning and behavior. However, little is known about the details of how this direct feedback shapes neuronal responses to sounds in the inferior colliculus. We found that direct activation of cortico-collicular feedback increased spontaneous and modulated sound-evoked activity in the inferior colliculus. Interestingly, modulation of inhibitory interneuron activity, thereby increasing or decreasing excitatory neuronal activity in the auditory cortex, did not affect sound responses in the inferior colliculus. This work offers evidence that auditory cortex shapes sound responses in the inferior colliculus via direct feedback independently of the activity of cortical inhibitory interneurons.
An examination of how young adults manage verbal disclosure of their tattoo(s)

Using 25 interviews of young adults and Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) as a theoretical framework, this study examines what motivates young adults to verbally disclose or not disclos...
Fluchtgepäck: Eduard Berends Jean-Paul-Sammlung im Exil

Based on the expansive correspondence of the eminent philologist Eduard Berend (1883–1973), this essay reconstructs the multifaceted history of his exquisite Jean-Paul-collection, which, in 1957, became a cornerstone of the newly established Deutsches Literaturarchiv (DLA) in Marbach. Upon the invitation of the DLA, Berend, a refugee from Nazi Germany who had spent 17 years in exile in Geneva, was able to continue his work on the historical-critical edition of the works of Jean Paul (born Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, 1763–1825), one of Germany’s most prolific writers of the Classical-Romantic period. The Prussian Academy of Sciences had commissioned the critical edition in the Weimar era, and Berend had begun work on it in 1927. But, as a result of Nazi racial policy, he had been removed as the editor in 1938. The return of Berend and his Jean-Paul-Archiv mark the beginning of the DLA’s history as an exceptional research center not just for exile literature but also of and for exiled scholars.
An Examination of the Structure and Functions of the Bovine Vacuolar ATPase Using Antisense Oligonucleotides

The V-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multimeric proton pump responsible for the acidification of endosomes, the trans-Golgi network (TGN), lysosomes, and secretory granules (Forgac, 1989). This acidification is widely believed to be necessary for accurate intracellular trafficking. Disruption of several of the V-ATPase subunit genes in Saccharomyces is already known to result in conditional lethality (Nelson and Nelson, 1990) and causes constitutive secretion of normally soluble vacuolar proteins (Kane et al,1989). These proteins are believed to be sorted away from the secretory pathway at the TGN. We were curious to know what effects alteration of V-ATPase levels would have in mammalian cells. To this end, we have used antisense oligonucleotides specific to subunit B of the V-ATPase in Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells. A cDNA encoding subunit B of the bovine V-ATPase was cloned (Y.-X. Pan and G. E. Dean, unpublished) and, using the derived DNA sequence, 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were designed in both sense and anti-sense directions at the 5’-end. These oligomers were then added to culture dish wells into which cells had been plated.
MARINER II- PRELIMINARY REPORTS ON MEASUREMENTS OF VENUS. CHARGED PARTICLES

Results of a search for charged particles magnetically trapped near the planet venus obtained by mariner ii on dec. 14, 1962
CHAPTER 25 – Sex, Pregnancy, and Autoimmunity

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the role of sex steroids on immune function and the role such hormones have on the expression of human disease. Sex hormones have a major role in the manifestation of autoimmune disease. Sex steroids affect the phenotype of the individual and have a major role to play in biological development of the brain and the immune system. Androgens, estrogens, and gonadotropins have effects on antigen presentation, the synthesis of cytokines and chemokines, and, consequently, the function of various cell types within the immune system. This chapter further examines effect of sex steroids on diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sjogren syndrome, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Finally, it discusses the role of sex steroids in the pregnant patient with autoimmune disease. Both sex hormones and pregnancy greatly affect the immune system in many ways. The fundamental answers about why women predominate with diseases of the immune system are not known. However, much insight comes from both animal and clinical models of disease.
Mapping of monoclonal antibodies to human factor IX

We used recombinant DNA techniques to map a panel of six monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to regions of the human factor IX molecule. A-2 maps to 17 amino acids at the amino terminus of the heavy chain of IXa; 2D5, an inhibitor of clotting, is defined to 36 amino acids of the first EGF-like domain of human factor IX. A-4, A-5, C10D, and FXC008 all map to a region of the heavy chain containing amino acids 180 through 310, suggesting an immunodominant site. FXC008 has been reported to interfere with binding of factor IXa to factor VIII:Ca.
A remark on mappings of bounded symmetric domains into balls

Let F be a biholomorphic mapping of a n-dimensional bounded symmetric domain D (with rank l) into the unit ball of Cn. Then F(D) cannot contain a ball of radius greater than l−1/2 and this estimate is sharp. The above result provides a "quantitative" version of a well known result of H. Poincare.
Smart camera based on reconfigurable hardware enables diverse real-time applications

We demonstrate the use of a "smart camera " to accelerate two very different image processing applications. The smart camera consists of a high quality video camera and frame grabber connected directly to an FPGA processing board. The advantages of this setup include minimizing the movement of large datasets and minimizing the latency by starting to process data before a complete frame has been acquired. The two applications, one from the area of medical image processing and the other from computational fluid dynamics both exhibit speedups of more than 20 times over software implementations on a 1.5 GHz PC. This smart camera setup is enabling image processing implementations that have not, before now, been achievable in real time.
Angiotensin II AT1A Receptor mRNA Expression Is Induced by Estrogen–Progesterone in Dopaminergic Neurons of the Female Rat Arcuate Nucleus

Brain angiotensin II (Ang II) inhibits pituitary prolactin release by an indirect mechanism requiring stimulation of dopamine formation and release. We report that [125I]Sar1–Ang II binding to AT1 receptors and AT1A receptor mRNA expression increase selectively in the dorsomedial arcuate nucleus of 17β-estradiol-primed ovariectomized rats after treatment with progesterone. In hormone-treated rats, arcuate nucleus AT1Areceptor mRNA expression is associated with tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. No AT1A receptor mRNA was detected in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells of the arcuate nucleus of intact male rats. Conversely, in the anterior pituitary, where local or circulating Ang II stimulates prolactin release, [125I]Sar1–Ang II binding to AT1 receptors and AT1B receptor mRNA expression are decreased in 17β-estradiol/progesterone-treated ovariectomized rats. Thus, AT1A receptors in the dorsal arcuate nucleus and AT1B receptors in the anterior pituitary are regulated inversely by estrogen/progesterone treatment, supporting the hypothesis of a dual role for brain and pituitary Ang II on prolactin release. The colocalization of AT1A receptor mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase in neurons of the arcuate nucleus furthermore indicates that within this area central Ang II acts directly on dopaminergic neurons. These results support the hypothesis that central Ang II inhibits pituitary prolactin release indirectly via modulation of dopaminergic activity in the arcuate nucleus.
Listening and learning from the field: tales of policy implementation and situated practice

Why are policies not implemented as planned? Why are classroom practices so hard to change? The “implementation problem” was discovered in the early 1970’s as policy analysts took a look at the school level consequences of the Great Society’s sweeping education reforms. The 1965 passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), with its support for compensatory education, innovation, strengthened state departments of education, libraries and, subsequently, bilingual education, signaled the substantive involvement of the federal government in local educational activities. ESEA’s comprehensive intergovernmental initiatives meant that implementation no longer was just primarily a management problem, confined to relations between a boss and a subordinate, or an administrator and a teacher, or even to processes within a single institution. Implementation of the Great Society’s education policies stretched across levels of government — from Washington to state capitals to local districts and schools — and across agents of government-legislative, executive, administrative. As federal, state and local officials developed responses to these new education policies, implementation issues were revealed in all their complexity, intractability, and inevitability.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the 2-chloro-allyl radical

Summary form only given. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been employed to examine the substitution effects on the allyl radical. The 2-chloroallyl radical (CH/sub 2/CClCH/sub 2/) is detected with excitation from 220 nm to 245 nm. The Raman spectra can be analyzed to obtain information regarding both the ground state vibrational structure and the excited slate dynamics of the radical.
Thickness measurements of the thin film in spray evaporative cooling

With electronic circuits becoming increasingly powerful, the limiting factor in their design is frequently related to thermal management. Spray evaporative cooling (SEC) has the capability to remove very high heat fluxes with a low fluid flow rate and can be packaged in a compact design. In order to allow further development of SEC, fundamental mechanisms of heat removal must be understood. One important mechanism is conduction through the thin, two-phase film that develops on the surface. This paper presents measurements of the film thickness obtained using an optical method involving total internal reflection. Ethyl alcohol was dispensed using a full cone spray created by a pressure-swirl atomizer. Two spray nozzle designs were tested. Design 0 employed a single nozzle centrally located over each test die. Design 10 employed 5 nozzles arranged in an "X" pattern over each die. Transparent heaters dies were manufactured out of glass coated with a thin layer of metal. Average film thickness measurements for the dies were measured to be 221 /spl mu/m. The film thickness measurements were compared with a numerical model of the film based on the special distribution of mass and momentum associated with the spray nozzles.
Electrification by liquid dielectric flow

For lack of basic information and engineering guidelines, common practice in the design and operation of liquid-cooled power distribution equipment allows for applied electrical potentials, but not for those generated inadvertently by the flow of the semi-insulating coolant. The electric field generation initiated by the turbulent flow of semi-insulating liquids through insulating tubes is the subject of a recent study [1] because of its practical importance where the coolant must be conveyed between metallic elements constrained to different potentials. A limiting case from that study is summarized here to illustrate how to integrate into a self-consistent model the four basic processes of electrification: charge generation, transport, accumulation and leakage.
Ecological Images of Change: Limits and Possibilities

Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, was once a high quality food source as well as an important field site for studying evolutionary processes. Not any more. The Ugandan government decided to improve the fishery several decades ago by introducing hearty and cacheable perch from the Nile River.1 It turned out, however, that these fish can reach monstrous proportions (up to 6-1/2 feet and 175 pounds) with an appetite to match. About 10 years after these perch were introduced, they began showing up in increasing numbers in the nets of fisherman trying to catch any of the 300 varieties of smaller, more desirable fish in the lake. Soon, the perch wiped out almost two-thirds of the fishery and left a number of the individual species extinct.
Methodology is the future

With recent success in VLSI and CAD technologies more and more companies are looking into tradeoffs for the complete product specification, design and manufacturing in order to increase their market share or time-to-market for their products. This new emphasis moves the focus of design sciences into areas of market research, requirements capture and analysis, executable specification generation, system exploration with different architectures, technologies and libraries and software/hardware/mechanical codesign where the future productivity gain is the largest. With this new emphasis companies are trying to shorten the conceptualization, design and manufacturing time in order to introduce new models every year. In this paper we propose a design methodology that can shorten the design cycle significantly. This is achieved by specifying the design at the highest level of abstractions and using powerful tools to complete the rest of the design. We also reflect on a design example that was generated using this methodology.
Potent and Selective Human Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitors with Novel Equatorial Ring Topology: In Vivo Efficacy of the Polar Pyrimidopyridazine Bay-8040 in a Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Rat Model.

Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a key driver of inflammation in many cardiopulmonary and systemic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Overshooting high HNE activity is the consequence of a disrupted protease-antiprotease balance. Accordingly, there has been an intensive search for potent and selective HNE inhibitors with suitable pharmacokinetics that would allowing oral administration in patients. Based on the chemical probe BAY-678 and the clinical candidate BAY 85-8501 we explored further ring topologies along the equator of the parent pyrimidinone lead series. Novel ring systems were annulated in the east, yielding imidazolo-, triazolo-, and tetrazolopyrimidines in order to ensure additional inhibitor-HNE contacts beyond the S1 and the S2 pocket of HNE. The western annulation of pyridazines led to the polar pyrimidopyridazine BAY-8040, which combines excellent potency and selectivity with a promising pharmacokinetic profile. In vivo efficacy with regard to decreasing cardiac remodeling and amelioration of cardiac function was shown in a monocrotaline-induced rat model for pulmonary arterial hypertension. This demonstrated in vivo proof of concept in animals.
Electrically and chemically mediated increases in intracellular calcium in neuronal growth cones

In the present report we used the calcium indicator fura-2 to compare intracellular levels of free calcium in growth cones of isolated Helisoma neurons under a variety of experimental conditions. We tested whether 2 different signals that inhibit growth cone motility--action potentials and serotonin--changed calcium levels in growth cones. Electrical stimulation of the cell body caused a rise in calcium levels at the growth cone. After brief stimulation, calcium levels quickly recovered to normal values, whereas longer stimulation periods required longer recovery times. The application of serotonin to growth cones caused an increase in calcium levels that was selective for growth cones of neurons whose outgrowth was inhibited by serotonin, but not for neurons whose outgrowth was not affected. We also found that motile growth cones had higher free calcium levels than growth cones that had spontaneously stopped growing. Furthermore, the distribution of calcium in neurons that contained motile growth cones was heterogeneous; calcium levels were always higher in the growth cone than in the neurite or soma. These data indicate that calcium levels in growth cones vary in different states of outgrowth and that calcium levels can be modulated by both electrical and chemical signals.
Factors Associated with Word Memory Test Performance in Persons with Medically Documented Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives: (1) To examine the rate of poor performance validity in a large, multicenter, prospectively accrued cohort of community dwelling persons with medically documented traumatic brain injury (TBI), (2) to identify factors associated with Word Memory Test (WMT) performance in persons with TBI. Method: This was a prospective cohort, observational study of 491 persons with medically documented TBI. Participants were administered a battery of cognitive tests, questionnaires on emotional distress and post-concussive symptoms, and a performance validity test (WMT). Additional data were collected by interview and review of medical records. Results: One hundred and seventeen participants showed poor performance validity using the standard cutoff. Variable cluster analysis was conducted as a data reduction strategy. Findings revealed that the 10 cognitive tests and questionnaires could be summarized as 4 indices of emotional distress, speed of cognitive processing, verbal memory, and verbal fluency. Regress...