cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signs as Means for Discoveries

The paper aims to show how by elaborating the Peircean terms used in the title creativity in learning processes and in scientific discoveries can be explained within a semiotic framework. The essential idea is to emphasize both the role of external representations and of experimenting with those representations (“diagrammatic reasoning”), and to describe a process consisting of three steps: First, looking at diagrams “from a novel point of view” (“theoric transformation”) offers opportunities to synthesize elements of these diagrams which have never been perceived as connected before. Second, by forming those observed syntheses to “new objects” of thinking, and by signifying these objects through new signs (“hypostatic abstraction”), new means of thinking and acting are created (to be used for “theorematic deductions”). And finally, by applying these new means — in proofs, for instance — the “intelligibility” of new discoveries and their power to explain problematic facts must be tested.
Pharmacological and molecular characterization of glutamate receptors in the MIN6 pancreatic beta-cell line.

Abstract The MIN6 pancreatic beta-cell line responds to glutamate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or 1S,3R-trans-ACPD, with increases in [Ca2+]i. This correlates with MIN6 expression of AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4) but only weak expression of NMDA NR2 receptor subunits, as determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pharmacological characterization of the MIN6 AMPA receptors showed that AMPA-triggered [Ca2+]i responses were blocked by GYKI 52466, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and pentobarbital. AMPA-triggered [Ca2+]i responses were also blocked in Na(+)-free medium and by the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel antagonist La3+. Unlike cortical neuronal cultures, which show a loss of membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) activity and die in response to excitatory amino acid exposure, glutamate was not toxic to MIN6 cells and it did not decrease PKC activity. These studies indicate that MIN6 cells possess Ca(2+)-impermeable AMPA receptors that secondarily allow Ca2+ influx following AMPA-induced depolarization and that, despite elevating [Ca2+]i, AMPA is not toxic to these cells. The effects of glutamate and glutamate receptor antagonists on pancreatic cells needs to be better understood if these compounds are to be used as therapeutic agents to treat stroke.
False Positives, Outliers, and Other Considerations in Decisional Capacity Screening for Research Consent

Dear Reviewers, We would like to thank Dr. Rosen and Dr. Weitlauf for their thoughtful commentary on our paper and their timely insights about the importance of assessing capacity to provide informed consent to research participation among potential participants who may have variable levels of decisional capacity. In response to concerns about false positive results among study partners, we would like to emphasize that our study did not include administration of an established measure of capacity to consent (such as the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool – Clinical Research [MacCAT-CR]) [1]. Hence, we were unable to determine whether these individuals were indeed decisionally intact (truly false positive) or whether the tool was detecting an as yet unidentified question of decisional capacity in these study partners. Interestingly, Jeste et al. reported a significant number of false positives when cross validating the University of California, San Diego Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent (UBACC) with the MacCAT-CR using a cut score established in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study data [2].
Gap Winds and Wakes: SAR Observations and Numerical Simulations

The nature of terrain-induced gap winds and wakes in the atmosphere is examined using surface wind data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and the shallow water equations. The shallow water model is used to predict the types of wake‐jet wind patterns that might occur behind an idealized pair of bell-shaped hills with a gap between them. A regime diagram is constructed based on the width of the gap and the upstream Froude number. Specific predictions of the model are found to compare moderately well with SAR data from four examples of airflow near Unimak Island in the Aleutian Chain. The model predicts the observed wakes and jets, including jets that exceed the upstream speed. Theoretical analysis considers the relative importance of rising terrain and narrowing valley walls in the acceleration of gap winds. Wind speeds in the wake region are controlled by the Bernoulli function and regional pressure. Gap winds therefore are streams of air that have avoided Bernoulli loss over the terrain by passing through gaps. The speed of gap winds can exceed the upstream speed only in ridgelike situations when the regional leeside pressure is lower than the upstream pressure.
STM Studies of Ultra-Thin Overlayers of Cu on SrTiO3(001) Surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to study the initial stage of Cu growth on SrTi03(001) surfaces. Our STM results show that Cu grows initially into 3-D island-like structures. Two different morphologies were observed. In some areas loosely bound individual Cu islands appear preferentially attached to step edges. The islands were frequently relocated by the STM tip during the scanning as a result of tip-surface interaction. Other areas have higher densities of Cu islands that exhibit a narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 70 A and are homogeneously distributed on those areas. The driving force for the morphological evolution of Cu on the SrTiO3(001) surface is discussed in terms of surface free energy and interfacial interaction of metal on transition metal oxide surfaces.
False Confessions: From Colonial Salem, Through Central Park, and into the Twenty-First Century

The chapter provides an overview of the history of research in the area of false confessions. Picking up on the history of scholarly interest in confessions within psychology, four noteworthy areas are covered: (1) Miranda rights to silence and to counsel—a number of suspects lack the capacity to understand and apply the rights they are given; 560 different Miranda warning forms have been identified throughout the U.S. and they vary substantially in content, wording, and format; and innocence is a naive mental state that leads people to trust the system; (2) the social psychology of police interrogations—the taxonomy introduced by Kassin and Wrightsman (The psychology of evidence and trial procedure, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1985) that is universally used to distinguish three types of false confessions—voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized—is discussed; as well as a description of how the computer crash or ALT key experiment was developed, becoming the first experimental paradigm to be used in the study of false confessions; (3) the reformist movement in Great Britain—the acronym PEACE was used to describe the five distinct parts of the new interview approach (“Preparation and Planning,” “Engage and Explain,” “Account,” “Closure,” and “Evaluate”); and (4) the Innocence Project’s DNA exoneration cases—since 1989, more than 300 people in the United States have been exonerated by DNA evidence, and false confessions have been a contributing factor in over 25 % of these wrongful convictions.
Magnetic hyperthermia dosimetry by biomechanical properties revealed in magnetomotive optical coherence elastography (MM-OCE)(Conference Presentation)

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been utilized in magnetic hyperthermia to treat solid tumors. Under an appropriate AC magnetic field, energy can be transferred to the MNPs to heat up the intended tissue target while sparing non-targeted healthy tissue. However, a sensitive monitoring technique for the dose of MNP thermal therapy is desirable in order to prevent over-treatment and collateral injury. Typical hyperthermia dosimetry often relies on changes in imaging properties or temperature measurements based on the thermal distribution. Alternative dosimetric indicators can include the biomechanical properties of the tissue, reflecting the changes due to protein denaturation, coagulation, and tissue dehydration during hyperthermia treatments. Tissue stiffness can be probed by elastography modalities including MRI, ultrasound imaging, and optical coherence elastography (OCE), with OCE showing the highest displacement sensitivity (tens of nanometers). Magnetomotive optical coherence elastography (MM-OCE) is one type of OCE that utilizes MNPs as internal force transducers to probe the tissue stiffness. Therefore, we examined the feasibility of evaluating the hyperthermia dose based on the elasticity changes revealed by MM-OCE. Superparamagnetic MNPs were applied to ex vivo tissue specimens for both magnetic hyperthermia and MM-OCE experiments, where temperature and elastic modulus were obtained. A correlation between temperature rise and measured stiffness was observed. In addition, we found that with repetitive sequential treatments, tissue stiffness increased, while temperature rise remained relatively constant. These results potentially suggest that MM-OCE could indicate the irreversible changes the tissue undergoes during thermal therapy, which supports the idea for MM-OCE-based hyperthermia dosage control in future applications.
Electromechanical Transient Modeling and Simulation of Direct-Drive Wind Turbine System With Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

Based on vector decoupling control strategy,an electromechanical transient model of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) system,in which the structure of twin back-to-back converters is utilized and the most common space vector decoupling control scheme is adopted,is built.The built model is suitable for power system transient stability analysis.Two reasonable hypotheses for the built model are made: active power and reactive power are fully decoupled during the transient process and the measured electrical quantities are accurate and fully equal to actual ones.According to the hypotheses and based on real physical facility,the electromechanical transient model of direct drive PMSG is simplified,meanwhile dynamic process of PWM converter's DC voltage and the operating characteristic of low voltage ride through are taken into account.Simulation results show that dynamic response of the built model is basically consistent with that of electromagnetic transient model,thus owing to the reasonability and accuracy of the built model it can be used to analyze the impact of grid-connected large-scale direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) system on security and stability of power grid.
The APC tumor suppressor pathway

Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality among adults in the United States today (1). Colon cancer arises from a pathological transformation of the normal colonic epithelium to an adenomatous polyp, which can then progress to an invasive tumor. This progression is brought about by a number of genetic changes, which include the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of protooncogenes, the net result of which is to confer a proliferative advantage to the cancerous cell (2,3). These changes are best described in the colon cancer adenoma-carcinoma sequence model as outlined in Fig. 1 (4). This model of the genetic changes involved in the progression of colon cancer begins with the development of benign polyps. Inactivation of both copies (alleles) of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene located on chromosome 5 constitutes an early, and possibly the very first event in colorectal tumorigenesis (5). Consistent with this hypothesis, germline mutation of the APC gene causes the inherited familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP) (see below). Another early event in early colon carcinogenesis is the activation of the K-ras protooncogene through mutation of codon 12 or 13 (6–8). Interestingly, while APC and K-ras alterations are considered two of the earliest events in colon tumorigenesis, the order appears crucial. Indeed, while APC mutations were associated with early dysplasia, lesions exhibiting K-Ras mutations without APC alterations appeared mostly nondysplastic lesions with limited potential to progress to carcinoma (7). Next in the progression from adenoma to carcinoma is the loss of heterozygosity of the long arm of 18q, near the SMAD4 (DPC4) locus. DCC and SMAD2 are also candidate tumor suppressor genes in this region. Interestingly, germline mutation of SMAD4 was found to cause juvenile polyposis, implicating SMAD4 further in colorectal cancer (9). Mutation of p53 on chromosome 17p appears to be a late-stage event. This mutation is thought to allow the growing tumor with multiple genetic alterations to evade cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, or programmed cell death (4). However, it is almost certain that there are additional, undiscovered genetic events that occur along the way as indi-
History and Memory in the Phenomenology of Spirit

The first chapter of this study is dedicated to the connection between memory and history in the Phenomenology of Spirit, that is, in the early work at the time of which the later structure of the philosophical system is not yet in place. In developing this topic, I propose a reading of Hegel’s 1807 work as itself a “work of (philosophical) memory.” I shall proceed by analyzing the turning points of the Phenomenology in which the problem of history is channeled into the phenomenological development in a way that forces Hegel to re-think the entire structure of the process. I discuss, in turn, the preface to the entire work, the chapter (BB) Der Geist, the chapter (CC) Die Religion, and the conclusion of (DD) Das absolute Wissen. In all these turning points Hegel re-organizes the phenomenological process according to radically new criteria so that the entire course and plan of the book take on a different shape. I argue that these radical changes are produced by the intervention of (phenomenological) Erinnerung and by the interaction between memory and the issues posed by the concept of history The crucial question here regards the transformation of the phenomenological movement — the logical, diachronic succession of consciousness’s experiences — into a historical sequence. What is required, on the philosophical, conceptual, and systematic level, in order to stage a movement as specifically historical? What is history and who/what is its subject?
Chapter 3 – Dietary Fiber and Dietary Fiber Rich Foods

Dietary Fiber (DF), an essential part of a healthy diet, provides many health benefits that have been researched to a large extent. This chapter provides an overview of important oligosaccharides and polysaccharides that function as DF, explains their occurrence and structures, and their various physiological effects and health implications, and also describes the role high fiber ingredients play in food development, its role in human health, and its functionality in foods as a functional ingredient and/or food. Dietary fiber, also known as roughage or bulk, includes all parts of plant foods that a human body cannot digest or absorb. It exhibits one or more of laxation, blood cholesterol attenuation, and/or blood sugar regulation. It is classified into different types based on solubility, fermentability and the arrangement of monomeric units. The physiological benefit of various dietary fiber types depends on how they are metabolized in the body, which in turn depends on their physicochemical characteristics. Dietary fiber has been found to have an important role in preventing chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders, and also in improving mineral bioavailability. Oats have been popularly known as a functional food. The main component that makes oats a functional food is β-glucan, a soluble dietary fiber. Focusing on the physiological health aspect of dietary fiber and the types of fibers meeting a physiological definition will help to make the consumer understand the importance of fiber in their diets.
Sensitivity to Amount and Delay of Reinforcement: Effects of Different Types of Concurrent Variable-Interval Schedules

Pigeons’ sensitivity to amount and delay of reinforcement was examined using different types of concurrent variable-interval variable-interval (VI VI) schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1 the pigeons were exposed to a modified independent concurrent VIVI schedule, and in Experiment 2 they were exposed to a noninde-pendent concurrent VIVI schedule. In both experiments the pigeons were exposed to five conditions in which either reinforcer amount, or reinforcer delay, or neither, was varied. There was a consistent decrease in both sensitivity to reinforcer amount and sensitivity to reinforcer delay from the first to the second experiment. At the end of each experiment, the pigeons were exposed to two conditions in which reinforcer amount and delay were varied together. The pigeons tended to demonstrate self-control in these latter conditions. In other words, they tended to choose larger, more delayed reinforcers as opposed to smaller, less delayed reinforcers. None of these findings are predicted by either the original or the generalized matching law. However, they are consistent with previous findings suggesting that the schedule of reinforcement as well as past experience can affect sensitivity to reinforcement.
Expanded screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury: a bigger impact than anticipated

Abstract Background We implemented expanded screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVIs) in an attempt to capture the remaining 20% of patients not historically identified with earlier protocols. We hypothesized that these expanded criteria would capture the additional 20% of BCVI patients not previously identified. Methods Screening criteria for BCVI were expanded in 2011 after identifying new injury patterns. The study population included 4 years prior (2007 to 2010; classic) and following (2011 to 2014; expanded) implementation of expanded criteria. Results BCVIs were identified in 386 patients: 150 during the classic period (2.36% incidence) and 236 in the expanded period (2.99% incidence). In the expanded period, 155 patients were imaged based on classic screening criteria, 62 on expanded criteria (21 complex skull fractures, 20 upper rib fractures, 6 mandible fractures, 2 scalp degloving, 1 great vessel injury, and 12 combination), and 19 for other injuries and symptoms. Conclusions There was a significant increase in the identification of BCVI following the adoption of expanded screening criteria, resulting in a substantial reduction of missed injuries. Expanded criteria should be adopted when screening for BCVI.
Rule of Law Lineages: Heroes, Coffins, and Custom

What does rule of law look like from beyond an Anglo-American perspective? This Commentary excavates a subterranean strand of Singapore’s rule of law discourse – rule of law as the necessary subordination of ‘the people’ – to argue that colonial ideologies are inevitably perpetuated and revitalized when the postcolony adopts rule of law as a pillar of the nation-making project.
Bayesian Group Agents and Two Modes of Aggregation

Suppose we have a group of Bayesian agents, and suppose that theywould like for their group as a whole to be a Bayesian agent as well. Moreover, suppose that thoseagents want the probabilities and utilities attached to this group agent to be aggregated from theindividual probabilities and utilities in reasonable ways. Two ways of aggregating their individual data areavailable to them, viz., ex ante aggregation and ex post aggregation. The former aggregatesexpected utilities directly, whereas the latter aggregates probabilities and utilities separately.A number of recent formal results show that both approaches have problematic implications. This studydiscusses the philosophical issues arising from those results. In this process, I hope to convincethe reader that these results about Bayesian aggregation are highly significant to decision theorists, butalso of immense interest to theorists working in areas such as ethics and political philosophy.
A Comparative Two Cassava-Based Exclusive to the Female Gender in Oyo State, Nigeria

This studycomparedfufuprocessingandmarketinginIbadan. Oyo State. Thesample size for the study was 195 respondents divided into 75 processors and 120 marketers. Data, collected by means of questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary, z-test and multiple regression analyses Empirical analysis shows that the average family size was 6 for processors and 5 for marketers. Most of the marketers (60 0%) soldtheir fufuin the openin designatedmarkets while 25.0% soldit to operators of eateries. ProcessingreturnedN36 for every N100 investedwhilemarkefotirnegvyeireyldNe1d0N013. A significant difference existedbetween the income generatedby the two ventures. Multiple regression analysis revealed the factors that were significant and either positively or negatively impacted on income from the ventures. Since fufu processing was more stressful than marketing, it shouldbe a welcome development simple machineries can be fabricatedandsold to fufuprocessors at affordable costs to enable them carry out their activities with ease andcontributemoremeaningfully to economic development
In situ observation of defect growth beyond the irradiated region in yttria-stabilized zirconia induced by 400 keV xenon ion-beam at −90 and 30°C☆

Single crystals of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were irradiated with 400 keV Xe ion-beam at room temperature and −90°C. Defect growth was monitored in situ with Rutherford Backscattering and ion channeling (RBS/C) techniques using a 2 MeV He ion-beam. The irradiated YSZ was observed to consist of a 60 nm less-damaged or defect-denuded top layer, followed by a highly disordered layer. Ion channeling revealed that the degree of lattice disorder saturated at 70% of the random level in the bottom layer. At a dose of 3 × 1020 Xe/m2, this layer extended to a depth of 160 nm, well beyond the irradiated depth ( < 110 nm). Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations along with RBS measurements are interpreted as indicating the presence of small Xe precipitates with an average diameter of 3 nm, uniformly distributed over the 20–110 nm depth. The study demonstrated that point defects generated in the Xe-irradiated region diffused and produced stable extended structural defects at depths beyond the irradiated region.
The Future and Challenges of Surgical Technology Implementation and Patient Safety

Surgical practice is currently advancing at a rapid pace, driven by new advances in technology. Minimally invasive techniques, assisted by technologies such as the da Vinci robotic platform, per oral endoscopic myotomy, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), as well as modern operating suite technologies are now becoming a part of the practice of surgery as well as the training of resident surgeons. Telementoring is enabling the continued education of practicing surgeons in new techniques across previously insurmountable geographic barriers. Newly discovered immune-modulating therapies are changing the way malignancies are approached by the surgical community and redefining the role of the surgeon in modern cancer therapy. These technological advances are leading a new era of surgery which will continue to change and grow in the coming years.
Improving Entrepreneurs’ Access to Capital: Vital for Economic Growth

Capital formation improves economic growth, boosts productivity, and increases real wages. So does entrepreneurship — which also fosters discovery and innovation. Entrepreneurs engage in the creative destruction of existing technologies, economic institutions, and business production or management techniques by replacing them with new and better ones. Entrepreneurs bear a high degree of uncertainty and are the source of much of the dynamism in the U.S. economy. New, start-up businesses account for most of the net job creation. Entrepreneurs innovate, providing consumers with new or better products. By providing other businesses with innovative, lower-cost production methods, entrepreneurship is one of the key factors in productivity improvement and real income growth. To promote prosperity, Congress and the Securities and Exchange Commission need to systematically reduce or eliminate state and federal regulatory barriers hindering entrepreneurs’ access to capital. Due to the many regulatory provisions blocking entrepreneurs’ access to capital, a large number of policy changes are warranted.
A Decade of Spectacular Progress for M.I.T., Manipal-The First Self Financed Engineering College in India

When one talks about the progress and development of a self financing institution, one has naturally to recount the life and work of Dr. T. M. A. Pai, the great visionary, educationist, and doctor, who was responsible for ·the starting of several Educational Institutions in the district of South Canara.
What Makes Journal Club Effective?-A Survey of Orthopaedic Residents and Faculty.

Background Journal clubs play an important role in the education of orthopaedic surgery residents; however, there are sparse data available on the characteristics that make journal clubs effective. Objective The primary goal of this study was to determine the characteristics of effective journal clubs as identified by orthopaedic residents and faculty. We sought to compare the opinions of residents and faculty in order to identify areas that may benefit from future research and discussion. Design Orthopaedic surgery residents and faculty at residency programs around the country were surveyed anonymously. The survey was designed to determine the contribution of various journal club characteristics on the effectiveness of journal club. Nonparametric statistics were used to test for goodness-of-fit, and to compare responses between faculty and residents. Results A total of 204 individuals participated. The most important goals of journal clubs were teaching the skillset of evaluating scientific papers (2.0 ± 1.2 [mean rank ± standard deviation, on a scale of 6, with 1 being most important]), encouraging participants to read current orthopaedic literature, (2.4 ± 1.1), and instilling career-long habits of reading the orthopaedic literature among residents (3.1 ± 1.3). Mandatory attendance (71.8%), monthly journal clubs (80.9%), resident presentation of articles (86.7%), and discussion of 3 to 5 papers (78.7%) were thought to lead to more effective clubs. The most clinically relevant articles published within the last year (63.8%), and classic articles that have influenced practice (68.1%) were preferred. Participation and attendance (2.4 ± 1.5) and paper selection (2.6 ± 1.5) were the most important characteristics overall. Conclusions In orthopaedics, journal clubs fulfill the role of encouraging reading of the literature, as well as educating residents and faculty. There are many possible club formats, but some are clearly felt to be more effective. Particular attention should be paid to attendance, participation, and paper selection.
Foldamer hypothesis for the growth and sequence differentiation of prebiotic polymers

It is not known how life originated. It is thought that prebiotic processes were able to synthesize short random polymers. However, then, how do short-chain molecules spontaneously grow longer? Also, how would random chains grow more informational and become autocatalytic (i.e., increasing their own concentrations)? We study the folding and binding of random sequences of hydrophobic ([Formula: see text]) and polar ([Formula: see text]) monomers in a computational model. We find that even short hydrophobic polar (HP) chains can collapse into relatively compact structures, exposing hydrophobic surfaces. In this way, they act as primitive versions of today's protein catalysts, elongating other such HP polymers as ribosomes would now do. Such foldamer catalysts are shown to form an autocatalytic set, through which short chains grow into longer chains that have particular sequences. An attractive feature of this model is that it does not overconverge to a single solution; it gives ensembles that could further evolve under selection. This mechanism describes how specific sequences and conformations could contribute to the chemistry-to-biology (CTB) transition.
Infection patterns and molecular data reveal host and tissue specificity of Posthodiplostomum species in centrarchid hosts.

Posthodiplostomum minimum utilizes a three-host life cycle with multiple developmental stages. The metacercarial stage, commonly known as ‘white grub’, infects the visceral organs of many freshwater fishes and was historically considered a host generalist due to its limited morphological variation among a wide range of hosts. In this study, infection data and molecular techniques were used to evaluate the host and tissue specificity of Posthodiplostomum metacercariae in centrarchid fishes. Eleven centrarchid species from three genera were collected from the Illinois portion of the Ohio River drainage and necropsied. Posthodiplostomum infection levels differed significantly by host age, host genera and infection locality. Three Posthodiplostomum spp. were identified by DNA sequencing, two of which were relatively common within centrarchid hosts. Both common species were host specialists at the genus level, with one species restricted to Micropterus hosts and the other preferentially infecting Lepomis. Host specificity is likely dictated by physiological compatibility and deviations from Lepomis host specificity may be related to host hybridization. Posthodiplostomum species also differed in their utilization of host tissues. Neither common species displayed strong genetic structure over the scale of this study, likely due to their utilization of bird definitive hosts.
Transplant strategies in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma

The majority of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are cured with initial therapy. However, high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT) allows for the cure of an additional portion of patients with relapsed or primary refractory disease. Positron emission tomography-negative complete remission before AHCT is critical for long-term disease control. Several salvage options are available with comparable response rates, and the choice can be dependent of comorbidities and logistics. Radiation therapy can also improve the remission rate and is an important therapeutic option for selected patients. Brentuximab vedotin (BV) maintenance after AHCT is beneficial in patients at high risk for relapse, especially those with more than 1 risk factor, but can have the possibility of significant side effects, primarily neuropathy. Newer agents with novel mechanisms of action are under investigation to improve response rates for patients with subsequent relapse, although are not curative alone. BV and the checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab are very effective with limited side effects and can bridge patients to curative allogeneic transplants (allo-HCT). Consideration for immune-mediated toxicities, timing of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant based on response, and the potential for increased graft-versus-host disease remain important. Overall, prospective investigations continue to improve outcomes and minimize toxicity for relapsed or primary refractory HL patients.
Structural Localization, Allelic Exclusion, and Linkage Relationships of Rabbit Allotypes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structural localization, allelic exclusion, and linkage relationships of rabbit allotypes. It presents a minimal outline of known structural regions of rabbit's light and heavy chains. In addition to genes for the constant regions of the four major heavy chain classes, there may be additional cistrons representing subclasses of some of these. The allotypes of the a locus, al, a2, and a3, behave like Mendelian alleles but are found in association with all major heavy chain classes. Normally, 10–30% of rabbit IgG molecules lack demonstrable allotypic determinants associated with the a locus. This is designated a-negative and is probably another form of the variable region. This relatively minor component of normal rabbit IgG has been obtained in relatively pure form by (1) treating newborn homozygous rabbits with antiallotype antiserum and (2) purification of an anti-streptococcal antibody of restricted heterogeneity. The allotypic markers of the kappa-type light chains of rabbit's b4, b5, b6, and b9 also behave as simple Mendelian alleles. Chemically however, they appear to reflect multiple amino acid substitutions, which are probably within the constant region of the molecule.
Estimating the Change in Business Inventories in the U.S. National Accounts

This paper describes in some detail the procedures used by the Bureau of Economic Analysis to estimate the change in business inventories in the U.S. national accounts. The main underlying approach has not changed in several decades but relatively recent improvements in basic data, supplied chiefly by the Census Bureau, plus computerization, have made possible more refined estimates.
Calculus on Function Spaces

A necessary step in the application of von Mises’ method is to establish that a statistical functional is in some sense differentiable. To accomplish this, we present here the rudiments of a calculus for functionals defined on D[0,1], which will enable us to deal with the statistical functionals that we considered in the last chapter, as well as others that we shall introduce later.
Income Disparities and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Adolescents

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Socioeconomic disparities in cardiovascular health among adults have been documented, but disparities during adolescence are less understood. In this study, we examined secular trends in 7 cardiovascular risk factors and disparities among US adolescents. METHODS: We analyzed NHANES data from 1999 to 2014, including 11 557 (4854 fasting) participants aged 12 to 19 years. To examine trends in cardiovascular risk factors, adolescents were stratified into 3 groups on the basis of family poverty-income ratio: low income (poverty-income ratio, RESULTS: From 1999 to 2014, the prevalence of obesity increased (16.5%–21.0%, P = .001) but only among low- and middle-income adolescents, with significant disparities in prevalence by income (21.7% vs 14.6% among low- versus high-income adolescents, respectively, in 2011–2014). In addition, there were significant and persistent disparities in the prevalence of smoking (20.8% vs 7.4% among low- versus high-income adolescents, respectively, in 2011–2014), low-quality diet (67.8% vs 49.0%), and physical inactivity (25.6% vs 17.0%). No significant disparities were observed in the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia, although the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes increased among low-income adolescents (21.4%–28.0%, P = .01). Overall, the prevalence of adolescents with 2 or more risk factors declined (48.3% to 37.1%, P CONCLUSIONS: Recent improvements in cardiovascular health have not been equally shared by US adolescents of varying socioeconomic status.
Comparison of a novel card game and conventional case-based studying for learning urologic differential diagnoses in veterinary radiology

Introduction: Generation of appropriate lists of differential diagnoses for various radiographic findings can be challenging for veterinary students and practicing veterinarians. Methods: In this randomized, controlled, experimental trial, an educational card game was developed to help students learn differential diagnoses associated with different radiographic renal appearances. Third-year veterinary students in an imaging class took a pretest and were then randomly assigned to either play the card game or study conventional radiographic cases to learn differential diagnoses. Participants in both groups then took a posttest and a 1-week follow-up test to assess their learning. Test performance was compared between students who played the game and those who studied radiographic cases. Results: On the immediate posttest, students who played the game scored higher than those who studied by conventional means (8.1 vs. 5.5 out of 10 possible points, P
Qa-1-Restricted CD8+ T Cells Can Compensate for the Absence of Conventional T Cells during Viral Infection.

Summary The role of non-classical T cells during viral infection remains poorly understood. Using the well-established murine model of CMV infection (MCMV) and mice deficient in MHC class Ia molecules, we found that non-classical CD8+ T cells robustly expand after MCMV challenge, become highly activated effectors, and are capable of forming durable memory. Interestingly, although these cells are restricted by MHC class Ib molecules, they respond similarly to conventional T cells. Remarkably, when acting as the sole component of the adaptive immune response, non-classical CD8+ T cells are sufficient to protect against MCMV-induced lethality. We also demonstrate that the MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1 (encoded by H2-T23) restricts a large, and critical, portion of this population. These findings reveal a potential adaptation of the host immune response to compensate for viral evasion of classical T cell immunity.
Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Adolescent Sexual Minority Males.

Abstract Purpose Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been proven safe and effective in preventing HIV among adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM), but the cost-effectiveness of PrEP in ASMM remains unknown. Building on a recent epidemiological network modeling study of PrEP among ASMM, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of PrEP use in a high prevalence U.S. setting with significant disparities in HIV between black and white ASMM. Methods Based on the estimated number of infections averted and the number of ASMM on PrEP from the previous model and published estimates of PrEP costs, HIV treatment costs, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained per infection prevented, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of PrEP use in black and white ASMM over 10 years using a societal perspective and lifetime horizon. Effectiveness was measured as lifetime QALYs gained. Cost estimates included 10-year PrEP costs and lifetime HIV treatment costs saved. Cost-effectiveness was measured as cost/QALY gained. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed on key model input parameters and assumptions used. Results Under base-case assumptions, PrEP use yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $33,064 per QALY in black ASMM and $427,788 per QALY in white ASMM. In all sensitivity analyses, the cost-effectiveness ratio of PrEP use remained $100,000 per QALY in white ASMM. Conclusions We found favorable cost-effectiveness ratios for PrEP use among black ASMM or other ASMM in communities with high HIV burden at current PrEP costs. Clinicians providing services in high-prevalence communities, and particularly those serving high-prevalence communities of color, should consider including PrEP services.
Chapter 46 – Postinfectious Epilepsy

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are common risk factors for seizures and the development of epilepsy. Various infectious agents, including viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi are clinically associated with seizures and epilepsy. The detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathological and physiological changes in the brain due to acute infection are not clearly understood. Infection induces inflammation in the brain that could contribute to the process of epileptogenesis in which normal neuronal circuits transform into epileptic circuits that increase the probability of the development of epilepsy. A detailed understanding of epileptogenesis, following infection is of utmost importance for the development of advanced therapies to treat the seizures, as well as to prevent the progression of disease. Several infection-induced animal models of seizure and epilepsy have been described mainly using viral infection and parasitoses in rodents. This chapter describes several of them, including those models using herpes simplex virus-1, West Nile virus, neurocysticercosis, and Theiler’s virus. We will discuss the methods of seizure generation, pathological and physiological changes in the brain, clinical relevance, advantages, and limitations of the models.
Hypochlorous Acid: A Review.

The surgeon needs to have an inexpensive, available, nontoxic, and practical disinfectant that is effective in sanitizing against the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) virus. The purpose of this article was to review the evidence for using hypochlorous acid in the office setting on a daily basis. The method used to assemble recommendations was a review of the literature including evidence for this solution when used in different locations and industries other than the oral-maxillofacial clinic facility. The results indicate that this material can be used with a high predictability for disinfecting against the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) virus.
The asymmetrical effects of emotional loneliness vs. social loneliness on consumers’ food preferences

Abstract Loneliness, or perceived isolation, has been shown to engender unhealthy food consumption and obesity. In this research, we present loneliness as a multi-faceted phenomenon, comprised of social loneliness (stemming from deprivation of a broad social network or group membership) and emotional loneliness (stemming from lack of an intimate emotional attachment). Across four experiments conducted in online and lab settings, we find that different types of loneliness have asymmetrical effects on individuals' food attitudes and actual consumption, mediated by self-regulation. The research has significant implications to public health, consumer well-being, and social campaigns
Descriptive Analysis of an Advanced Cellular Model-System

Quantitative analysis of the first model-system (Fig. 1) yielded operational information in regard to major functional entities in the process of growth. It also revealed that the functional organization of the system was dependent not only on concentration levels, but also on concentration patterns of the functional entities. Excessive modification of these conditions could lead to the loss of a functional system.
Adjuvant Radiation Field Extent and Sites of Failure in Node Positive Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Purpose In patients with node-positive endometrial cancer, adjuvant radiation therapy with chemotherapy decreases local-regional recurrence compared with chemotherapy alone. However, the optimal radiation field borders and extent of nodal coverage have not been well studied. In a multi-institutional cohort, survival outcomes and sites of failure were analyzed for patients with International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIC endometrioid endometrial cancer treated with pelvic radiation therapy (PRT) versus extended-field radiation therapy (EFRT), which encompassed high para-aortic lymph nodes. Methods and Materials In a multi-institutional retrospective study, 143 patients with FIGO stage IIIC1 or IIIC2 endometrioid endometrial cancer treated with adjuvant radiation therapy from 2000 to 2016 were identified. Patient subgroups were classified by substage and radiation field extent: stage IIIC1 received EFRT, stage IIIC1 received PRT, and stage IIIC2 received EFRT. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and out-of-field recurrence were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Sites of failure were categorized as within or outside the radiation field. Results The median follow-up was 59 months; 87% of patients received chemotherapy. The 5-year RFS and OS rates were 73% and 87%, respectively. By subgroup, 5-year RFS rates were 79% for stage IIIC1 EFRT, 73% for stage IIIC1 PRT, and 69% for stage IIIC2 EFRT (P = .4). On multivariate analysis, the recurrence risk was highest for stage IIIC2 EFRT, although this result was not statistically significant (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.0; P = .4). In-field vaginal and nodal recurrences were observed in 2 patients (1%) and 4 patients (3%), respectively. Of 78 patients with stage IIIC1 cancer treated with PRT, 5 (6%) had isolated para-aortic nodal relapse outside the radiation field; 3 were long-term survivors (more than 6 years after salvage therapy). For patients with para-aortic recurrence, 86% had lymphovascular invasion, 71% had myometrial invasion of ≥50%, and 57% had grade 3 disease. Conclusions Adjuvant chemoradiation therapy resulted in excellent survival outcomes for patients with FIGO stage IIIC endometrioid endometrial cancer. For patients with positive pelvic nodes, isolated para-aortic relapse outside the PRT field was uncommon and amenable to salvage therapy.
Pythagorean fuzzy semi open sets

Our main aim is to define the concept of semi open sets in Pythagorean topological spaces which is one of the weakest forms of open sets. Along with their introduction their characterizations and properties have been investigated with examples. In addition to that the continuous functions have also been defined.
Surface-induced dissociation of protein complexes on a cyclic ion mobility spectrometer.

We describe the implementation of a simple three-electrode surface-induced dissociation (SID) cell on a cyclic ion mobility spectrometer (cIMS) and demonstrate the utility of multipass mobility separations for resolving multiple conformations of protein complexes generated during collision-induced and surface-induced unfolding (CIU & SIU) experiments. In addition to CIU and SIU, SID of protein complexes is readily accomplished within the native instrument software and with no additional external power supplies by entering a single SID collision energy, a simplification in user experience compared to prior implementations. A set of cyclic homomeric protein complexes and a heterohexamer with known CID and SID behavior were analyzed to investigate mass and mobility resolution improvements, the latter of which improved by 20–50% (median: 33%) compared to a linear travelling wave device. Multiple passes of intact complexes, or their SID fragments, increased the mobility resolution by an average of 15% per pass, with the racetrack effect being observed after ∼3 or 4 passes, depending on the drift time spread of the analytes. Even with modest improvements to apparent mobility resolving power, multipass experiments were particularly useful for separating conformations produced from CIU and SIU experiments. We illustrate several examples where either (1) multipass experiments revealed multiple overlapping conformations previously unobserved or obscured due to limited mobility resolution, or (2) CIU or SIU conformations that appeared ‘native’ in a single pass experiment were actually slightly compacted or expanded, with the change only being measurable through multipass experiments. The work conducted here, the first utilization of multipass cyclic ion mobility for CIU, SIU, and SID of protein assemblies and a demonstration of a wholly integrated SIU/SID workflow, paves the way for widespread adoption of SID technology for native mass spectrometry and also improves our understanding of gas-phase protein complex CIU and SIU conformationomes.