cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helicopter In-Flight Simulation Development and Use in Test Pilot Training

Abstract : The U. S. Naval Test Pilot School (USNTps) trains pilots, flight officers and engineers in the technical and managerial skills necessary to conduct aircraft and airborne systems test and evaluation. An integral part of this training is the use of ground and in-flight simulators to demonstrate the effects of varying aircraft flying qualities parameters. The USNTPS has developed specialized simulation facilities to meet the unique training requirements. This paper describes the development of a Variable Stability and Control (VSC) system installed in an SH-60B helicopter as a specialized training aid for use at the USNTPS. The development of the VSC system is traced from requirements through syllabus introduction.
Effects of InP barrier layer thicknesses and different ALD oxides on device performance of In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As MOSFETs

III–V materials are attractive for achieving enhanced device performance due to their high electron mobility. It has been reported that buried channel InGaAs MOSFETs with barrier layers1−3 can achieve much higher electron mobility than surface channel InGaAs MOSFETs4−5 and several orders lower gate leakage current than HEMTs6. However, the effects of barrier layer thicknesses and oxide/barrier interface quality on device performance have not been studied. In this paper, InP barrier was used instead of InAlAs barrier due to its better interface quality with gate oxides7. The effects of different InP barrier thicknesses on device performance were investigated. We have also deposited different ALD gate oxides (single Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 /HfO 2 bilayer) and studied the influence of various oxides on oxide/barrier interface and device characteristics. Equivalent oxide thicknesses (EOT) of In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As MOSFETs with InP barrier have been scaled to 1.2 nm using HfO 2 . Record high effective channel mobility μ eff of 4584 cm2/Vs and small subthreshold swing of 96 mV/dec have been achieved using 5 nm InP barrier and 4 nm Al 2 O 3 oxide. Ring-type In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As MOSFETs were fabricated on MBE 10nm undoped In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As channel with two different InP barrier thicknesses (3 nm & 5 nm) (fig.1). The n+ InGaAs contact layer was selectively removed at channel region. Various gate oxides (4 – 8 nm Al 2 O 3 , 5 nm HfO 2 and 1 nm Al 2 O 3 /4 nm HfO 2 bilayer) were deposited by ALD. After that, TaN was deposited for gate electrode and AuGe/Ni/Au for source and drain ohmic contact.
Evaluation of The Psychology Place: A Web-Based Instructional Tool for Psychology Courses.

This study examined the effectiveness of the commercial Web site, The Psychology Place (http://psychologyplace.com) in helping students learn course material in an introductory psychology course. This site consists of linked pages that contain tutorials, readings, and links to relevant sites. All participants in this study attended conventional course lecture. In addition, half of the participants completed assignments from this Web site. Students who completed assignments from The Psychology Place and attended lecture demonstrated better understanding and retention of course material than students who had only attended lecture. This finding is noteworthy for instructors because incorporating this site into a course was minimally time consuming.
Inhibition of thymine dimer excision by the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate.

Abstract The effect of the promoting agent, phorbol myristate acetate, on repair of UV-induced damage in HeLa cells was studied. The agent decreased survival and subsequent colony-forming ability of irradiated cells and inhibited removal of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers from DNA of irradiated cells.
Superordinate—subordinate structure in semantic memory: The roles of comprehension and retrieval processes

In the first of two experiments, third-grade, sixth-grade, and college-age subjects were asked either to generate passages to be recalled two weeks later (good comprehension condition), or to listen to recordings of passages generated by other subjects and recall them two weeks later (average comprehension condition). Both the initial passages and the recall protocols were analysed using the propositional representation developed in Kintsch's model of semantic memory. At each age higher-order propositions were recalled better than lower-order propositions, extending the generality of Kintsch's model across a wide range of ages. In addition, the comprehension manipulation failed to interact with recall across rank of proposition indicating that the differential recall phenomenon is not a product of subject-initiated comprehension strategies. In Experiment 2, the recall contingencies between superordinate and subordinate propositions were analysed. The results indicated that a proposition is more likely to be recalled when a proposition to which it is subordinate is also recalled. These results support an interpretation of differential recall across superordinate—subordinate structure which emphasizes the interaction of the structure of the representation of meaning in memory (as defined by Kintsch's model) and retrieval processes.
A new radioactive assay procedure of aromatic aminotransferase.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive assay of aromatic aminotransferase activity based on semimicro cation-exchange paper chromatography to separate 14 C- l -glutamic acid from 14 C-α-ketoglutaric acid is described. Its sensitivity, specificity, and broad flexibility constitute some of the principal advantages over the existing procedure. The stoichiometry of the reaction indicated a 1:1 relationship between the amount of phenylpyruvic and glutamic acid formed over a 2 hr interval.
A conceptual system for parallel solid voxelization using multi-processor pipelining

This paper proposes a new system for parallel solid voxelization using the multi-processor pipeline by slicing the program by forced interrupts. The proposed conceptual system provides a simple and effective solution to the on-the-fly parallel solid voxelization by relocating the portions of incoming data from processor to processor. It does not need conventional complicated parallel computing methods, such as load balancing, scheduling etc. This is exactly the advantage of this proposed system. Furthermore, the system only requires practically the same software as ordinary sequential solid voxelization algorithm.
β-Carotene 15,15′-Dioxygenase activity in human tissues and cells: evidence of an iron dependency

Abstract The two objectives of this study were to investigate β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity in human tissues and to determine the effect of desferrioxamine on the dioxygenase activity. Two human in vitro models were used: the TC7 clone of the intestinal cell line Caco-2 and small intestinal mucosa preparations. β-Carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity in the small intestinal mucosa was (mean ± SD) 97.4 ± 39.8 pmol/h.mg protein for five adults (44–89 y) and 20 pmol/h.mg for an infant (17 months). No activity was detected in adult stomach tissue. We report for the first time the dioxygenase activity in human liver: 62 pmol/h.mg for a normal adult liver and 7 pmol/h.mg for a liver exhibiting gross pathology. The maximum capacity of β-carotene cleavage in an adult was estimated to be 12 mg/day (one fifth by small intestine and four fifths by liver), assuming an optimal β-carotene/retinal cleavage ratio of 1:2. The dioxygenase activity was decreased up to 80% with increasing desferrioxamine concentrations in the two in vitro models. Desferrioxamine was characterized as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In TC7 cells, the inhibitory effect of desferrioxamine was reversed by iron addition, suggesting that this effect was related to the ability of desferrioxamine to chelate iron, purported to be an obligate cofactor of the enzyme. In conclusion, these data report the presence of β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase activity in human small intestine and liver and demonstrate that desferrioxamine efficiently inhibits intestinal β-carotene cleavage in human tissues and cells.
Strategy and structure in the human firm: Beyond hierarchy, toward flexibility and integration

Abstract In response to global competition and a rapidly changing business environment, corporate strategies and structures are becoming more flexible and integrated. This article develops a model of the flexible, integrated firm, a model that focuses on corporate strategy and organizational structure. The flexible-integrated (FI) firm's mode of operation represents tendencies present in high performance, global companies, particularly as these companies have been understood by leading managerial thinkers. The FI-Firm's operations are contrasted with the hierarchical (H) firm. The H-Firm incorporates strategy and structure in a very different way, which reflects the dominant operating mode of the large Western corporation during much of the second half of the twentieth century. Given the nature of today's competition, there are many reasons for believing that the FI-Firm is not only more flexible but also more efficient than the H-Firm.
Effect of physician profiling on utilization. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: An American Medical Association survey reported that more than half of physicians are subjects of either clinical or economic profiling. This multilevel meta-analysis was designed to assess the clinical effect of peer-comparison feedback intervention (profiles) in changing practice patterns.
Accelerator Technology in Tokamaks

This article is intended to present the similarities in the technology required for high energy accelerators and tokamak fusion devices. The tokamak devices and R & D programs described in the text represent only a fraction of the total fusion program. The technological barriers to producing successful, economical tokamak fusion power plants are as many as the plasma physics problems to be overcome. With the present emphasis on energy problems in this country and elsewhere, it is very likely that fusion technology related R & D programs will vigorously continue; and since high energy accelerator technology has so much in common with fusion technology, more scientists from the accelerator community are likely to be attracted to fusion problems.
Pasireotide in Acromegaly: An Overview of Current Mechanistic and Clinical Data

Background: Acromegaly is an insidious neuroendocrine disorder caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) by a somatotroph adenoma. Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) are recommended as first-line medical therapy in patients for whom surgery has failed or is contraindicated. There are 5 known somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTRs), 2 of which, i.e. SSTR2 and SSTR5, are expressed by a majority of somatotroph adenomas. The currently available SRLs, i.e. octreotide and lanreotide, primarily bind to SSTR2. Pasireotide (SOM230) is a new multireceptor-targeted SRL which has a broader binding profile and an increased affinity for SSTR1, 2, 3, and 5. Methods: PubMed searches were performed to identify all of the available published English language data on pasireotide with regard to the mechanism of action, in vitro effects, and clinical data. Results: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that pasireotide has a broader range of functional activity than octreotide. Recently, the efficacy of pasireotide in attenuating GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in patients with acromegaly has been evaluated in phase III clinical trials. Pasireotide demonstrated superiority over octreotide in achieving biochemical control (i.e. GH ≤2.5 µg/l and age- and sex-matched IGF-1 normalization) in patients with acromegaly, as well as significant efficacy in treating patients who were previously inadequately controlled on the maximum allowed doses of octreotide and lanreotide. Pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia was the most concerning adverse event but was reversible upon discontinuation of pasireotide. Conclusion: The clinical data support pasireotide as a promising new therapy for the treatment of acromegaly, and the long-acting formulation was recently approved in the US and Europe for the treatment of acromegaly.
Variations in Presentation Format: Effect on Interpersonal Evaluations of Assertive and Unassertive Behavior

The early assumption that assertive behavior produces positive interpersonal consequences has been empirically tested with mixed results. and the conclusions reported from different laboratories are often conflicting. These discrepancies may result from different stimulus presentation methods that have been used across studies. The present study evaluated whether different stimulus presentation formats (ty ped vignettes, audiotapes. or videotapes) produce differentials in obserx ers' perceptions of assertive and unassertive behaxvior. A total of 264 subjects completed the lnterpersonal Attraction Inventory after being exposed to assertive or unassertive models in commendatorv or ref'usal situations presented by typewritten signette, audiotape, or videotape. Results indicated different presentation formats produce significantly different interpersonal evaluations (p < 0.001). As expected. significant main effect differences were also revealed for situational context (p < 0.001) and behavioral style (p < 0....
Earth science: How the ocean exhales.

A record of biogenic opal production in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean fuels the theory that ocean circulation, rather than winds, drove the release of carbon dioxide from deep marine waters at the end of the last ice age. See Letter p.495 The Southern Ocean is thought to have an important role in driving glacial/interglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, but the mechanism responsible for carbon dioxide release upon deglaciation remains unclear. Based on a record of biogenic opal export that exhibits opal maxima during each glacial termination of the past 550,000 years, Nele Meckler et al. propose that deglacial reduction in glacial North Atlantic intermediate water led to downward mixing of warm, low-density surface water ultimately triggering Antarctic overturning and carbon dioxide release to the atmosphere.
Blood chemistry changes in the rat induced by high doses of nitronyl free radical spin traps.

For greatest efficacy, it is desirable to use spin trapping agents in the highest concentrations possible. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to explore the relative toxicity of four representative nitronyl spin traps at doses chosen on the basis of earlier lethality studies. Most studies were confined to the 3- to 6-h period following drug injection, because the behavioral signs of toxicity are most evident early after injection and because spin trapping studies would typically be performed within this time frame. Doses of spin trap were dissolved in a corn oil/buffer vehicle and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). Toxic signs were recorded periodically, and at the time of euthanasia or spontaneous death a blood sample was collected by cardiac puncture for clinical chemistry analysis and a necropsy was performed. Both gross pathology and histopathological examination of the major organs were essentially negative in all cases, with no obvious evidence of cellular damage being observed. Neither DMPO (232 mg/100 g b.wt.) nor PBN (100 mg/100 g b.wt.) were lethal in the present study, while both M4PO (20 and 40 mg/ 100 g b.wt.) and PyOBN (100 and 200 mg/100 g b.wt.) were lethal. Abnormal clinical chemistry findings were generally confined to those animals that died spontaneously or were euthanized early for humane reasons. In most cases, death was associated with marked seizure activity and impaired respiration, and deaths occurred within a few min to a few hours. The mechanism of toxicity was unclear due to the lack of histopathological evidence and the wide range of abnormal serum analytes in those rats killed by either M4PO or PyOBN. In conclusion, during the first 6 h after IP administration there is little indication of tissue damage by the nitrone spin traps until the dose is increased to a lethal level, at which point an acute, rapidly occurring, wide-spread disruption of tissue integrity seems to occur.
Optimal hybrid active/passive vibration control design

Hybrid active/passive control systems present unique, energy-efficient solutions to noise and vibration problems. In many applications, active systems offer the only feasible control of low-frequency, high intensity vibrations, while passive materials offer superior attenuation at higher frequencies. These two systems can be optimally coordinated for broad-band control. An energy balancing metric forms the basis of an optimization routine designed to minimize both the broad-band vibratory energy of the structure and the weight, volume, and energy use of the control system. The optimization routine also investigates placement, size, and orientation of the active and passive control system elements. Initial experimentation on two-dimensional panels confirms the advancements provided by the optimization scheme. Here, active piezoceramic patches partner with passive constrained layer damping treatment to present the notable achievement of a coordinated control system no longer confined to a particular frequency range.
Collaborative tactical behaviors for autonomous ground and air vehicles

Tactical behaviors for autonomous ground and air vehicles are an area of high interest to the Army. They are critical for the inclusion of robots in the Future Combat System (FCS). Tactical behaviors can be defined at multiple levels: at the Company, Platoon, Section, and Vehicle echelons. They are currently being defined by the Army for the FCS Unit of Action. At all of these echelons, unmanned ground vehicles, unmanned air vehicles, and unattended ground sensors must collaborate with each other and with manned systems. Research being conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and sponsored by the Army Research Lab is focused on defining the Four Dimensional Real-time Controls System (4D/RCS) reference model architecture for intelligent systems and developing a software engineering methodology for system design, integration, test and evaluation. This methodology generates detailed design requirements for perception, knowledge representation, decision making, and behavior generation processes that enable complex military tactics to be planned and executed by unmanned ground and air vehicles working in collaboration with manned systems.
Fast starting fuel processor for automotive fuel cell systems

Abstract A fuel processor was constructed which incorporated two burners with direct steam generation by water injection into the burner exhaust. These burners with direct water vaporization enabled rapid fuel processor start-up for automotive fuel cell systems. The fuel processor consisted of a conventional chain of reactors: auto-thermal reformer (ATR), water gas shift (WGS) reactor and preferential oxidation (PrOx) reactor. The criticality of steam to the fuel reforming process was illustrated. By utilizing direct vaporization of water, and hydrogen for catalyst light-off, excellent start performance was obtained with a start time of 20 s to 30% power and 140 s to full power.
Simple Equipment for the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

1 A simple temperature controlled growth facility for photosynthetic bacteria occupying 1 m2 of laboratory space is described. 2 Five types of growth vessels were compared in terms of cell doubling times and yields. The low form flask gave the best compromise for the large scale growth of photosynthetic bacteria. 3 Using six 3 21 low form flasks in this apparatus yielded 1 6 g dry wt 1-1/day or 155 g dry wt cells/work week.
Effects of Hexamethonium, Phenothiazines, Propranolol and Ephedrine on Acetylcholinesterase Carbamylation by Physostigmine, Aldicarb and Carbaryl: Interaction between the Active Site and the Functionally Distinct Peripheral Sites in Acetylcholinesterase

Physostigmine, aldicarb and carbaryl were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The physostigmine-inhibited AChE fluoresced at 300 nm excitation and 500 nm emission wavelengths, but the aldicarb and carbaryl inhibited enzyme did not. This suggests that the carbamylated active center is not the fluorescing site in AChE. The fluorescence intensity of physostigmine-inhibited AChE decreased with increasing the substrate (acetylthiocholine) concentration, thus indicating that physostigmine binding to the active site is essential for the development of fluorescence. Thus, the physostigmine-inhibited AChE fluoresces due to the binding of trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol (TMPI) moiety, formed by the hydrolysis of physostigmine, to a peripheral site in AChE. The fluorescence intensity of the physostigmine-inhibited enzyme decreased when the inhibited-enzyme was dialyzed for either 30 min that poorly reactivated the enzyme or 180 min that fully reactivated the enzyme. This suggests that dialysis dissociates the AChE-TMPI complex much faster than it reactivates the carbamylated AChE. Ephedrine, propranolol and phenothiazines including trifluoparazine (TPZ) caused non-competitive inhibition, while hexamethonium caused an uncompetitive inhibition of AChE activity. TPZ, upon binding with AChE, formed a fluorescent TPZ-enzyme complex. The fluorescence intensity of TPZ-AChE complex was effectively decreased by ephedrine, but not by propranolol or hexamethonium. This indicates that TPZ and ephedrine bind to the same site in AChE which is different from the site/or sites to which propranolol or hexamethonium bind. Hexamethonium protected AChE from inhibition by carbamates and decreased the fluorescence intensity of the physostigmine-inhibited AChE. Phenothiazines and ephedrine did not modulate the enzyme inhibition or the fluorescence intensity of the physostigmine-inhibited AChE. Propranolol and TPZ potentiated the enzyme inhibition and increased the fluorescence intensity in the presence of physostigmine. These compounds, however, did not affect the inhibition of AChE by carbaryl or aldicarb. Ephedrine blocked the effects of TPZ, but did not alter the effects of propranolol on physostigmine-inhibited AChE. AChE, therefore, contains multiple peripheral binding sites which, upon binding to specific ligands, transduce differential signals to the active center.
VI. Political Parties and Elections.

Even before the actual outbreak of the war in Europe, there were indications of uneasiness among our politicians over the approaching storm. The Democrats, in their platform of 1936, and in speeches and actions of President Roosevelt (especially his “quarantine” speech of October, 1937), showed themselves somewhat more aware than the Republicans that the United States might somehow be involved; but, in the end, both parties united on the neutrality policy designed to keep us isolated and therefore presumably safe from the aggressions already clearly under way. Before the national conventions of 1940, however, Dunkirk and the fall of France made seriously possible the conquest of England and the surrender of the British navy, and the consequent danger to the United States began to influence materially the course of American politics. Within the Democratic party the third-term tradition was forgotten and Mr. Roosevelt was renominated, largely because of the war situation and his experienced leadership in respect to the problems involved. The Democratic party not only continued to stand aggressively for the New Deal, but had somehow become a “war party,” in the sense of anticipating possible war for the United States and preparing for it both by increasing our own defenses and by aiding those countries already resisting aggression.
Effects of helpers on breeder survival in the red-cockaded woodpecker ( Picoides borealis )

Helpers can gain future indirect fitness benefits by increasing the survival of breeders that produce offspring related to the helper. Helping augments group size through the helper's presence and, in some cases, by increasing fledging success. Breeders may then experience enhanced survivorship because of the benefits of living in large groups. Helping may also reduce the workload of the breeder, which in turn may increase the likelihood that the breeder will survive to breed again. We used Cox's proportional hazards model to examine whether breeders' survival in two populations of the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) was enhanced when group size was increased in the presence of (1) the helper itself, or (2) "extra" fledglings (fledglings produced by the breeder because of helping behavior). We found that in the presence of helpers, the risk of a breeder dying declined by 21–42% for males and 0–14% for females. Our results suggest reduced breeder workload as one mechanism to explain reduced breeder mortality in the presence of helpers: breeders spent less time incubating and provisioning nestlings when assisted by helpers. The risk of a breeder dying declined by 16–42% in males and 26–43% in females in the presence of "extra" fledglings. We speculate on possible mechanisms by which fledglings might affect breeder survival. Our results support the hypothesis that helpers gain future indirect benefits by reducing breeder mortality.
Advanced detection, surveillance, and reconnaissance principles

The paper presents novel optical imaging techniques, based on all active, multispectral, multifusion dual-energy Muller matrix polarimetric principles, for efficient interrogation of targets surrounded by scattered media, for target detection, identification and classification. The novelty of the imaging principles consists in fusing dual-energy detection principles, with Mueller matrix polarimetric imaging principles. The experimental results indicate clearly that, high-contrast Mueller matrix polarimetric dual-energy backscattered light image differences, and also degree of linear polarization (DOLP) images, can be obtained from targets embedded in turbid media, or under harsh illumination conditions.
Program greatly improves production cost estimate

Abstract During the past few years, IBM San Jose has experienced increasing needs for better ways to model and estimate production costs of products such as magnetic heads, magnetic disks and circuit cards. More precise projections are needed to establish accurate pricing structure, evaluate manufacturing performance and provide an index for evaluating production improvements aimed at reducing costs. To answer such needs, a unique new process estimating program has been developed and applied successfully. This program represents a major step forward in cost and productivity estimating. It provides data useful in many areas—cost engineering, manufacturing engineering and finance—and is designed to “bridge” to additional systems in the future.
Retrieval of Snow and Rain From Combined X- and W-Band Airborne Radar Measurements

Two independent airborne dual-wavelength techniques, based on nadir measurements of radar reflectivity factors and Doppler velocities, respectively, are investigated with respect to their capability of estimating microphysical properties of hydrometeors. The data used to investigate the methods are taken from the ER-2 Doppler radar (X-band) and cloud radar system (W-band) airborne Doppler radars during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment campaign in 2002. Validity is assessed by the degree to which the methods produce consistent retrievals of the microphysics. For deriving snow parameters, the reflectivity-based technique has a clear advantage over the Doppler-velocity-based approach because of the large dynamic range in the dual- frequency ratio (DFR) with respect to the median diameter D0 and the fact that the difference in mean Doppler velocity at the two frequencies, i.e., the differential Doppler velocity (DDV), in snow is small relative to the measurement errors and is often not uniquely related to D0. The DFR and DDV can also be used to independently derive D0 in rain. At W-band, the DFR-based algorithms are highly sensitive to attenuation from rain, cloud water, and water vapor. Thus, the retrieval algorithms depend on various assumptions regarding these components, whereas the DDV-based approach is unaffected by attenuation. In view of the difficulties and ambiguities associated with the attenuation correction at W-band, the DDV approach in rain is more straightforward and potentially more accurate than the DFR method.
Single-shot depth-section imaging through chromatic slit-scan confocal microscopy

A chromatic confocal microscope constructed with a white-light source in combination with a diffractive lens provides wavelength-to-depth coding for profile measurements of a three-dimensional sample. We acquired depth-section images nonmechanically and in parallel by incorporating a slit-scan confocal technique into the system. A system using a 100x objective obtained a depth resolution of 0.023 mum comparable with surface profilometers that operate using conventional confocal microscopy. Experimental measurements of a four-phase-level diffractive element and of a machined, metal bearing are presented.
Congruence and temporal stability of multimiethod profiles: A new pair of personality variables

Congruence and temporal stability of multimethod profiles within the individual subject were studied as proposed new personality variables in a pool of seven small groups of graduate students in clinical psychology (N= 51) Sex differences were minimal A Stability Index was derived from (a) Q correlation stability coefficients obtained from the single method profiles of an inventory, self-ratings, and mean ratings by others, or (b) absolute difference scores between the composite profiles on occasion 1 and occasion 2 A Congruence Index was derived from (a) Q correlation coefficients obtained from each pair of profiles measured by the three methods for each subject, or (b) mean absolute difference scores obtained from each pair of method profiles These moderately correlated indices were used as dependent variables in stepwise multiple regression analyses, in which scores on a profile of 21 personality variables served as independent variables Although the difference score method was at least as effective as the correlational method in predicting congruence, the Q correlational method was superior in all other analyses conducted in this study Persons high in temporal stability seem to maintain an intellectually searching and interpersonally affiliative approach to the environment, showing little hostility and little tendency to seek change in current life circumstances The highly congruent individual seeks a positive nurturant interaction with other persons, gains pleasure from both sensory and interpersonal experiences, and shows little discontent with present life circumstances
A Bayesian network sensor manager for heterogeneous radar suites

In this paper, Bayesian networks are presented as an approach to reduce the decision uncertainty associated with selecting sensor operating parameters of a heterogeneous radar fusion system. In a dynamic real-time radar scenario, the situation can vary rapidly, and sensors fail. Particular actions must be taken quickly. Bayesian networks are well suited for these scenarios. The simulation results show that Bayesian networks can be used to adjust the required performance goals upon which sensor operating parameters are selected.
European integration and supranational governance

Abstract We argue that European integration is provoked and sustained by the development of causal connections between three factors: transnational exchange, supranational organization, and European Community (EC) rule-making. We explain the transition, in any given policy sector, from national to intergovernmental to supranational governance, in two ways. First cross-border transactions and communications generate a social demand for EC rules and regulation, which supranational organizations work to supply. We thus expect that Community competences will be unevenly constructed, both across policy sectors and over time, as a function of the intensity of these demands. Second, once EC rules are in place, a process of institutionalization ensues, and this process provokes further integration. Although we recognize the importance of intergovernmental bargaining in EC politics, our theory is not compatible with existing intergovernmental theorizing.
The soot that falls from chimneys.

Suggested citation for this article: Potter P. The soot that falls from chimneys. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Sep [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1609.AC1609
Apical Organelle Discharge by Cryptosporidium parvum Is Temperature, Cytoskeleton, and Intracellular Calcium Dependent and Required for Host Cell Invasion

The apical organelles in apicomplexan parasites are characteristic secretory vesicles containing complex mixtures of molecules. While apical organelle discharge has been demonstrated to be involved in the cellular invasion of some apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., the mechanisms of apical organelle discharge by Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and its role in host cell invasion are unclear. Here we show that the discharge of C. parvum apical organelles occurs in a temperature-dependent fashion. The inhibition of parasite actin and tubulin polymerization by cytochalasin D and colchicines, respectively, inhibited parasite apical organelle discharge. Chelation of the parasite's intracellular calcium also inhibited apical organelle discharge, and this process was partially reversed by raising the intracellular calcium concentration by use of the ionophore A23187. The inhibition of parasite cytoskeleton polymerization by cytochalasin D and colchicine and the depletion of intracellular calcium also decreased the gliding motility of C. parvum sporozoites. Importantly, the inhibition of apical organelle discharge by C. parvum sporozoites blocked parasite invasion of, but not attachment to, host cells (i.e., cultured human cholangiocytes). Moreover, the translocation of a parasite protein, CP2, to the host cell membrane at the region of the host cell-parasite interface was detected; an antibody to CP2 decreased the C. parvum invasion of cholangiocytes. These data demonstrate that the discharge of C. parvum sporozoite apical organelle contents occurs and that it is temperature, intracellular calcium, and cytoskeleton dependent and required for host cell invasion, confirming that apical organelles play a central role in C. parvum entry into host cells.
Gate leakage effects of annealing Lanthanum Oxide on Gallium Nitride

Gallium Nitride, a wide band gap semiconductor, is a strong candidate for next generation power electronic devices due to its high thermal conductivity and critical electric field. It is desirable to increase the switching speed and operating voltage of power transistors and diodes to decrease loss and increase efficiency. Junction temperatures and switching speeds desired for high power field-effect transistors are approaching the limit of silicon-based devices, therefore new alternatives must be examined [1, 2, 3]. Toyota has specifically stated that wide band gap semiconductor devices offer distinct and desirable advantages over silicon due to high electric field breakdown and thermal capacity [4]. A key performance benchmark of FETs is channel sheet charge, n s . Figure 1 details several reported values of sheet charge for recent GaN-based devices as compared to high-k on Silicon. Previous results for Lanthanum Oxide on Gallium Nitride yielded record breaking sheet charge, however several process integration challenges still exist.
The fate of larval chondrocytes during the metamorphosis of the epibranchial in the salamander, Eurycea bislineata

The metamorphosis of the epibranchial cartilage, a skeletal component of the hyobranchial apparatus, in the salamander Eurycea bislineata entails a combination of the reabsorption of a larval cartilaginous element with the simultaneous genesis of an adult cartilage in the same place. In this study we focus on the fate of the larval chondrocytes. Two hypotheses are considered: one, larval cells simply die off during metamorphosis, or, alternatively, they dedifferentiate and participate in the formation of the adult element. Thyroxine treatment and experimental tissue manipulation coupled with measurements of thyroxine levels using radioimmunoassay show that, within 24 h after T 4 treatment, larval chondrocytes in the epibranchials exhibit large autophagocytic vacuoles, disruption of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, abnormally shaped mitochondria, abundance of lysosomes and nuclear degeneration, all symptoms of the onset of cell death. In conclusion, evidence from light microscopy, TEM and SEM show that the larval chondrocytes in response to rising levels of thyroid hormones undergo a process of lysosomal autophagocytosis and do not participate in the formation of adult structures.
POTENTIAL, IMPEDANCE, AND RECTIFICATION IN MEMBRANES

Impedance and potential measurements have been made on a number of artificial membranes. Impedance changes were determined as functions of current and of the composition of the environmental solutions. It was shown that rectification is present in asymmetrical systems and that it increases with the membrane potential. The behavior in pairs of solutions of the same salt at different concentrations has formed the basis for the studies although a few experiments with different salts at the same concentrations gave results consistent with the conclusions drawn. A theoretical picture has been presented based on the use of the general kinetic equations for ion motion under the influence of diffusion and electrical forces and on a consideration of possible membrane structures. The equations have been solved for two very simple cases; one based on the assumption of microscopic electroneutrality, and the other on the assumption of a constant electric field. The latter was found to give better results than the former in interpreting the data on potentials and rectification, showing agreement, however, of the right order of magnitude only. Although the indications are that a careful treatment of boundary conditions may result in better agreement with experiment, no attempt has been made to carry this through since the data now available are not sufficiently complete or reproducible. Applications of the second theoretical case to the squid giant axon have been made showing qualitative agreement with the rectification properties and very good agreement with the membrane potential data.
USING STIMULUS VARIATION TO INCREASE REINFORCER EFFICACY OF LOW PREFERENCE STIMULI

Recent research findings suggest that low preference stimuli can be effective reinforcers. This study compared responding to high preference and low preference stimuli under continuous reinforcement. Results demonstrated that responding was greater when a high preference stimulus was presented. Other research findings suggest that stimulus variation increases the potency of reinforcers perceived to be of high preference. This study extended this line of research by evaluating whether stimulus variation would increase the potency of low preference stimuli. Results demonstrated that when three low preference stimuli were presented in a varied fashion, responding corresponded with the levels obtained when a high preference stimulus was presented. Furthermore, a varied reinforcer presentation of low preference stimuli was found to increase and maintain high percentages of correct responding and ontask behavior to levels equal to those obtained with a high preference stimulus during a discrete trial preparation. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Salary Structure of Sociology Departments.

Department chairs have recently expressed concerns over the phenomenon of salary compression, or the narrowing of the gap between the salaries of assistant professors and those of senior faculty. Such a compression is thought to lower senior faculty morale. The paper explores salary data organized by academic rank (professors, associate professors, and assistant professors) on a sample of 78 graduate departments drawn from the 1988 ASAGuide to Graduate Departments. Significant differences in the highest, lowest, and average salaries of assistant, associate, and full professors exist between public and private universities and between schools in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Few differences are found among regions of the country and between terminal M.A.- and Ph.D.-granting departments, the latter perhaps due to the shortfall in the supply of new assistant professors. Analysis of salary data reported over a fifty-year period by AAUP suggests that salary compression is not a recent problem in academia. Rather, it has typified academic salary structures for at least a half-century. Salary compression in sociology is somewhat less severe than in other fields, but effects of a lag in supply may eventually be felt in the 1990s.
Estimation of Lyapunov Spectra from a Time Series

Nonlinear dynamical systems can be identified by their sensitivity to initial conditions. This is captured by a set of invariant measures called Lyapunov exponents. For accurate estimation of these exponents from an observed time series, we need knowledge of the trajectory representing time evolution of the system attractor. In this paper we present an explanation of reconstructed phase spaces. We then build on the motivation behind Lyapunov exponents and present an algorithm for their estimation. Experiments were performed on two standard chaotic series and on a deterministic, periodic series. Results indicate that positive and zero exponents can be estimated reliably even in the presence of noise
Benchmarking of TASSER in the ab initio limit.

A significant number of protein sequences in a given proteome have no obvious evolutionarily related protein in the database of solved protein structures, the PDB. Under these conditions, ab initio or template-free modeling methods are the sole means of predicting protein structure. To assess its expected performance on proteomes, the TASSER structure prediction algo- rithm is benchmarked in the ab initio limit on a representative set of 1129 nonhomologous sequen- ces ranging from 40 to 200 residues that cover the PDB at 30% sequence identity and which adopt a, a 1 b, and b secondary structures. For sequences in the 40-100 (100-200) residue range, as assessed by their root mean square deviation from native, RMSD, the best of the top five ranked models of TASSER has a global fold that is significantly close to the native structure for 25% (16%) of the sequen- ces, and with a correct identification of the struc- ture of the protein core for 59% (36%). In the absence of a native structure, the structural simi- larity among the top five ranked models is a mod- erately reliable predictor of folding accuracy. If we classify the sequences according to their sec- ondary structure content, then 64% (36%) of a, 43% (24%) of a 1 b, and 20% (12%) of b sequences in the 40-100 (100-200) residue range have a significant TM-score (TM-score ‡0.4). TASSER performs best on helical proteins because there are less second- ary structural elements to arrange in a helical protein than in a beta protein of equal length, since the average length of a helix is longer than that of a strand. In addition, helical proteins have shorter loops and dangling tails. If we exclude these flexible fragments, then TASSER has similar accuracy for sequences containing the same num- ber of secondary structural elements, irrespective of whether they are helices and/or strands. Thus, it is the effective configurational entropy of the protein that dictates the average likelihood of cor- rectly arranging the secondary structure elements. Proteins 2007;68:48-56. V C 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Online learning by ellipsoid method

In this work, we extend the ellipsoid method, which was originally designed for convex optimization, for online learning. The key idea is to approximate by an ellipsoid the classification hypotheses that are consistent with all the training examples received so far. This is in contrast to most online learning algorithms where only a single classifier is maintained at each iteration. Efficient algorithms are presented for updating both the centroid and the positive definite matrix of ellipsoid given a misclassified example. In addition to the classical ellipsoid method, an improved version for online learning is also presented. Mistake bounds for both ellipsoid methods are derived. Evaluation with the USPS dataset and three UCI data-sets shows encouraging results when comparing the proposed online learning algorithm to two state-of-the-art online learners.
The Drosophila TGF alpha homolog Spitz acts in photoreceptor recruitment in the developing retina.

In vertebrates and Drosophila, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signal transduction pathway is important in the regulation of cellular development. EGFR is bound by several activating ligands including Transforming Growth Factor-alpha in vertebrates, and its homolog Spitz in Drosophila. It has been shown that Spitz and EGFR act in the development of the Drosophila central nervous system and compound eye. Here we show that spitz function is required in developing ommatidia for the first cell recruitment step, and that Spitz pro-protein is expressed in the retinal neurons as they begin to differentiate. We propose a ‘two-key’ model for additive signal transduction from EGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases, via the Ras pathway, in the developing eye.
Three Concerns about the Origins of Content

In this paper I will present three reservations about the claims made by Hutto and Satnet. First of all, though TNOC is presented as drawing on teleological theories of mental content for a conception of Ur-Intentionaltiy, what is separated out after objectionable claims are removed from teleological accounts may not retain enough to give us directed intelligence. This problem raises a question about what we need in a naturalistic basis for an account of the mental. Secondly, I think that the authors’ objections to cognitive science’s supposed notion of a mental representation in fact attack a philosophers’ invention, one that sprung into vibrant being in the mid-1970’s. It is not employed in cognitive neuroscience to any significant extent and it isn’t needed by other disciplines involved in cognitive science. Finally, I worry that the account of the origin of content – namely, explanatory narrative - presents us with a too limited view of human discourse, particularly as it is needed for a social theory of mind.