cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polysemy patterns in semi-lexical elements in Spanish and Catalan

Researchers investigating the Spanish word mismo and its Catalan congener mateix have traditionally focused exclusively on phonological issues, ignoring a number of worthy semantic topics. In this paper I explore the polysemy patterns of these forms in a cross-linguistic perspective. I argue that such examination of polysemy patterns in different languages will help us understand the nature of polysemy. I also claim that the evidence points to a three-way division of the lexicon into lexical, semi-lexical, and grammatical subparts.
Tooth Size Variation in Prehistoric India

Permanent dental crown dimensions are largely unknown for living and prehistoric populations ofSouth Asia. This paper describes permanent tooth crown measurements and indicesfor the Late Chalcolithic skeletal series from Inamgaon (1700-700 B.C.) in western India. These data are compared with tooth size datafor prehistoric populations in India and both living and prehistoric populations outside the South Asian subcontinent. In summed cross-sectional area, the Inamgaon (1,218 mm2) permanent teeth are most similar to prehistoric skeletal series from Mahurjhari, India, Non Nok Tha, Thailand, and Bellan Bandi Palassa, Sri Lanka. The Inamgaon total crown area is only 3.1% smaller than the figure reportedfor early Neolithic skeletonsfrom Mehrgarh, Pakistan, indicating the relatively large size of the Inamgaon dentition. Large tooth size at Inamgaon is interpreted as a biological adaptation to coarse dietary items, basic food preparation methods, and a mixed economy that included hunting wild game and collecting wildfruit. Dental indices of "ethnic" significance are perhaps better interpreted as indicators of masticatory stress and differential dental reduction. Maxillary and mandibular third molars show minimal reduction in crown size, but mandibular second molar teeth are distinctly reduced in size. The Incisor Breadth Index may indicate mixed genetic ancestry of the Inamgaon people or similar dietary stresses in genetically different populations. THIS REPORT IS A DESCRIPTIVE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of the permanent teeth from Inamgaon, a prehistoric farming village in western Maharashtra (Figure 1). It consists of three parts: (1) documentation of dental crown dimensions and indices, (2) comparative analysis of tooth crown size, and (3) a discussion of dental indices and ethnic affiliation. This analysis of the permanent teeth from Inamgaon interprets variations in tooth size and dental indices within the context of evolutionary biology. Valuable insights regarding the biological adaptations and genetic affinities of the people of Inamgaon can be derived from the dentition when studied from an evolutionary perspective.
Endogenous IL-22 Plays a Dual Role in Arthritis: Regulation of Established Arthritis via IFN-γ Responses

Objective IL-22 is elevated in patients with inflammatory arthritis and correlates with disease activity. IL-22 deficient mice have reduced incidence of arthritis. Recombinant IL-22 restrains progression of arthritis via increase in IL-10 responses when administered prior to onset of arthritis. These findings imply a possible dual role of IL-22 in inflammatory arthritis depending on the phase of arthritis. Experiments outlined here were designed to elucidate the contribution of endogenous IL-22 before and after the onset of arthritis. Methods Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in DBA1 or IFN-γ deficient mice following immunization with collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Anti-IL-22 antibody or isotype control were administered prior to or after onset of arthritis and disease progression assessed by clinical scoring and histopathology. IL-22, IL-17 and IFN-γ responses were measured by ELISA and flowcytometry. Anti-collagen antibody responses were analyzed by ELISA. Expression of IL-22R1 in CD4+ cells was elucidated by flowcytometry and real time PCR. Results Collagen specific IL-22 responses were expanded during arthritis and IL-22 producing cells were discrete from IL-17 or IFN-γ producing cells. Neutralization of IL-22 after onset of arthritis resulted in significant increase in Th1 responses and significantly reduced severity of arthritis. CD4+ cells from arthritic mice showed increased surface expression of IL-22R1. In vitro, CD4+T cells cultured with antigen presenting cells in the presence or absence of IL-22 suppressed or induced IFN-γ, respectively. The protective effect of anti-IL-22 was reversed in IFN-γ deficient mice. Moreover, administration of anti-IL-22 prior to onset of arthritis augmented arthritis severity. Conclusion We show for the first time that IL-22 plays a dual role: protective prior to the onset of arthritis and pathogenic after onset of arthritis. The pathogenic effect of IL-22 is dependent on suppression of IFN-γ responses. IL-17 responses remained unchanged with the administration of anti-IL22 antibody. IL-22R1 is upregulated on CD4+T cells during arthritis and regulates IFN-γ in T cells.
The Effect of Minocycline in Rat Models of Inflammatory Arthritis: Correlation of Arthritis Suppression with Enhanced T Cell Calcium Flux

Abstract Adjuvant and collagen arthritis in the rat are widely accepted T-cell-dependent counterparts of rheumatoid arthritis and were used to examine the antiinflammatory properties of minocycline. Administration of oral minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline, significantly decreased ( P In vivo exposure to minocycline also significantly increased the percentage of splenocytes exhibiting a rise in free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) following concanavalin A stimulation ( P P 2+ . Resting [Ca 2+ ] i levels were unaffected by minocycline and predominantly the CD4 + subset was involved. No changes were observed in weight, IgG antibodies to collagen, synoviocyte release of collagenase and prostaglandin E 2 , acute inflammation in an air-pouch system, or cell surface expression of activation markers (interleukin-2 and transferrin receptors) by splenocytes or lymph node cells. As a controlled [Ca 2+ ] i rise is a critical event in normal T cell activation, minocycline's antiarthritic profile in vivo may relate to perturbed Ca 2+ influx during T cell activation, an alteration that could promote the development of clinical tolerance to otherwise arthritogenic stimuli.
Remarks on Unified Field Structures, Spin Structures and Canonical Quantization$

Unified field structures are defined and reviewed. Under certain conditions these are shown to be dynamical systems. And quantizable dynamical systems are shown to be unified field structures with invariant Riemannian metric. Spin structure is reviewed and manifoldsM 8k+4 with spin structure are shown to be symplectic.
Large-Scale Atmospheric Moisture Transport as Evaluated in the NCEP/NCAR and the NASA/DAO Reanalyses

Abstract Large-scale aspects of the atmospheric moisture transport and the overall moisture budget we studied using data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. Our objective is to critically evaluate the usefulness of the reanalysis products for studies of the global hydrologic cycle. The study period is from January 1985 to December 1993. Monthly mean water vapor transport, evaporation, and precipitation are compared to the NASA Data Assimilation Office (DAO) reanalysis for roughly the same period and with satellite estimates and station observations. Comparisons of the moisture flux fields form the NCEP and the DAO reanalyses show general agreement in most aspects, but there are regional differences. Discrepancies in tropical moisture transport are largely due to uncertainties in the divergent winds. The DAO reanalysis shows a weaker Hadley circulation and weaker cross-equatorial flow, particularly during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Global patterns of evaporation f...
Bone marrow toxicity in vitro of chloramphenicol and its metabolites

Abstract The effect of chloramphenicol and several of its known and potential metabolites on DNA synthesis of rat and human bone marrow cells was investigated. The nitroso analog of chloramphenicol was the most potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis tested. Its inhibitory effect appeared to be irreversible, while that of chloramphenicol was reversible. The 14C label of the nitroso analog also bound irreversibly to viable rat bone marrow cells (9.2%) and to heat-inactivated cells (2.6%). In contrast, negligible amounts (0.02%) of the 14C label of chloramphenicol bound irreversibly to bone marrow cells. These results suggest that the bone marrow toxicity of the nitroso analog of chloramphenicol is related, at least in part, to its marked chemical reactivity.
The chlorine controversy.

Environmental groups have called for a phaseout of the use of chlorine in industrial chemistry on the grounds that such use inevitably leads to the production of persistent, bioaccumulative toxins. This policy prescription is based on an application of the Precautionary Principle which holds that industry should demonstrate that its products and processes are safe before allowing releases of product or waste into the environment. The chemical industry has rejected the call to phaseout chlorine, and claims that available data on either the environmental exposure pathways or the toxicology of chlorinated compounds are inadequate to support responsible decision-making. Industry leaders have called for environmental policy to be based on sound science, comparative risk assessment, and cost-benefit analysis. The controversy over chlorine shows that the U.S. environmental policy-making framework may no longer be capable of producing solutions to environmental problems that satisfy important constituencies within our society.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of nicotine-δ1′(5′)-iminium ion to cotinine by rabbit liver microsomes

Abstract Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine via the action of two sequential enzymatic reactions. Cytochrome P-450 oxidizes the 5′ position to yield the intermediate nicotine-Δ1′(5′)-iminium ion (1). Further oxidation of this compound to cotinine by cytosolic aldehyde oxidase has been described (2,3). The oxidation of tertiary amine xenoblotics to amides through an iminium ion intermediate is well documented as a general pathway of detoxication of this class of compounds (4). Since iminium ions are electrophiles with potentially deleterious effects, an understanding of their metabolism and disposition is important (5). During its metabolism, nicotine undergoes covalent binding to microsomal protein (6), while the iminium ion binds to sulfhydryl groups on macromolecules in the absence of enzymes (7). In this report, we demonstrate the existence of a second pathway of cotinine formation from nicotine-Δ1′(5′)-iminium ion (Fig. 1). This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal fraction and requires NAD. The enzyme involved is distinguished from aldehyde oxidase by its subcellular location, oxidant specificity, and sensitivity to different inhibitors. This pathway uses water as the source of the oxygen in the production of cotinine.
A study of heuristic learning methods for optimization tasks requiring a sequence of decisions

Learning is a broad term covering many different phenomena. It is convenient to segment learning into three different problems in induction: the collection and use of stochastic information on past performance in order to improve performance, the determination of which variables are relevant to the decisions being made, and the derivation of performance rules in the predicate calculus from the collected data. This study concentrates on the first problem.
D-glucose transport by membrane vesicles from quiescent, serum-stimulated, and SV40-transformed mouse 3T3 cells.

Abstract Mixed membrane vesicle preparations from mouse embryo fibroblasts (Swiss 3T3) exhibited a facilitated diffusion transport system for d -glucose that showed many of the characteristics of the d -glucose transport system of whole cells: stereospecificity, counterflow, Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent K m similar to that of whole cells, and sensitivity to inhibition by cytochalasin B. Comparison of the stereospecific d -glucose transport activities of membrane vesicles from quiescent, serum-stimulated, and SV40 virus-transformed 3T3 cells showed no significant differences in rates of d -glucose uptake or efflux. This is in contrast to whole cells; quiescent 3T3 cells transported 6-deoxy- d -glucose at a significantly lower rate than serum-stimulated or SV40-transformed cells. These results indicate that d -glucose transport in quiescent vs. actively growing cells is regulated by cellular factors that are not retained in membrane vesicle preparations.
Effect of humic acid on copper adsorption by Kaolin

Varying amounts of humic acid (Na-salt; 0 to 10 ppm) were first equilibrated with a dilute suspension of H+ -Kaolin and then with spiked (high activity radioactive 64Cu) water. After filtration, through a 0.45 µm Millipore membrane, the amount of radioactivity on the filter and the filtrate was measured separately using a Gamma ray well counter. Adsorption of Cu (expressed as distribution coefficient — K d ) was plotted against humic acid concentration. K d values decreased sharply upto 1 ppm humic acid concentration and thereafter remained constant up to 10 ppm.
Intergenerational transfer of douching information.

Abstract Study Objective To characterize the discussions on douching that female parents/guardians have with daughters. Design A questionnaire assessing personal douching history, beliefs on the practice of douching, and what they had discussed or intended to discuss about douching with their daughters was administered to women who were parenting females 11–21 years of age. Participants Fifty-seven women who had douched or currently douche completed the questionnaire. Results Fifty-six of the women had discussed or planned to discuss the subject with their daughters. The girls with whom they had had a discussion were significantly older (16.2 years) than those with whom they planned to have a discussion (14.1 years). Most (73%) of the women had encouraged or planned to encourage douching, while only 18% had or planned to discourage it. Mothers had or planned to have the conversation in the context of menses (76%), sexual activity (40%), or when their daughter instigated the conversation (44%). Over 40% of the mothers had not or did not intend to discuss any negatives about douching. Only ten of the women stated that a health care provider had spoken to them or their daughter about the subject. Conclusion Female parents/guardians are an important source of information about douching for their daughters. Health care providers need to educate girls as well as the women who parent them on the health risks associated with douching. Public campaigns aimed at decreasing douching should target this intergenerational transfer of information.
Instantaneous topology of the unsteady leading-edge vortex at high angle of attack

A new topological structure is defined for flow over a delta wing undergoing transient pitching maneuvers at high angle of attack. This instantaneous structure differs substantially from the traditional topology observed for stationary wings at low angle of attack. The leading edge vortex is found to exhibit an outward-spiraling motion corresponding to an unstable focus. In addition, the streamlines separating from the leading edge are not entrained into the vortex core in the instantaneous sense. The instantaneous topology is determined from highresolution measurements over the crossflow plane by locating and categorizing the critical points of the instantaneous sectional streamlines. The three-dimensional, instantaneous streamline pattern corresponding to this topological structure is constructed by phase referencing the velocity fields at various chordwise locations. This approach allows three-dimensional characterization of the unstable focus of the leading-edge vortex and its relation to the feeding sheet.
Consider This: A Comparison of Factors Contributing to Employees' Expressions of Dissent

In this study, full-time employees were surveyed to determine the degree to which different considerations factored into their decisions to express upward or lateral dissent. Employees rated considerations similarly when reportedly dissenting to either supervisors or coworkers, with organizational climate and organizational attachment considerations being comparatively stronger than concerns associated with being perceived as adversarial and experiencing retaliation. A comparison across types of dissent revealed that organizational climate, organizational attachment, and adversarial perception/retaliation were more important considerations when employees expressed upward versus lateral dissent. Additionally, results suggested no significant differences in the way management and non-management employees weighed considerations when expressing dissent.
Intermetallic Bond Coats: Systems Compatibility and Platinum-Group Metal Additions

Intermetallic interlayers are key to the performance of thermal barrier coating systems. The role of platinum group metal (PGM) additions to B2 bond coat interlayers has been investigated with emphasis on diffusional aspects of coating structure evolution and properties. Additions of Ru and Ir to NiAl reduce interdiffusion and the resultant thickness of the coating and interdiffusion zone. Relative to Pt and Pd, Ru and Ir exhibit slower interdiffusion coefficients. Ru additions to NiAl increase creep resistance but degrade oxidation kinetics.
On an improved algorithm for finding the median distributively [1]

In [1] Algorithm III is proposed as a solution to the problem of finding the median of a multiset distributed on two processes. In this note it is shown how this algorithm fails to find the median and how it can be corrected.
1195 CARNITINE METABOLISM IS ABNORMAL IN GENETICALLY OBESE (ob/ob) MICE

Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice have decreased Na+ K+ ATPase activity, an enzyme that transports carnltine and other small molecules accross cell membranes. Free carnitine levels In plasma of ob/ob mice was 33.0 ± 2.9 (± 1 S.D.) compared to 45.6 ± 2.7 In their non-obese littermates (p < .05). Plasma acylcarnitines were similar In the two groups of animals. Serum levels of carnitine were low because obese animals excrete more carnitine and acvlcarnitines in their urine than control animals. [14C]-carnitine uptake from peritoneal fluid was studied in plasma, brown and white adipose tissue and organs. Uptake in ob/ob animals was increased 2 hours after intraperitoneal injection, but depressed at 4 and 6 hours compared to control animals. 14C-carnitine uptake in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of obese animals was strikingly depressed compared to non-obese animals, but uptake was similar in white adipose tissue, liver and kidneys. Decreased plasma carnitine and almost no carnitine uptake in BAT explain the accumulation of neutral lipids in ob/ob mice, since less carnitine is available to metabolize long chain fatty acids. Altered carnitine metabolism appears to play a role in the obesity and decreased thermal response to stress observed in ob/ob mice.
Education-Career Planning and Middle School Counselors.

In this article, the authors emphasize a comprehensive and developmental view of education-career planning, with special emphasis on middle schools. Research findings that underscore the need for effective education-career planning are presented, followed by the variables and data that are salient for planning. The article includes a framework for education- career planning systems in middle schools.
A renormalization group approach for many-fermion problems

A renormalization group transformation (RGT) that permits us to analyze the stability of fermionic systems to various perturbations in any number of dimensions is developed. An RGT that leaves invariant the free fermion system (on or off a lattiice) is defined and interactions are classified as relevent, irrelevent or marginal. It is shown how the RGT automatically considers competing instabilities simultaneously, in contrast to mean field theory, which focuses on just one. It is shown that at weak coupling only the BCS coupling is relevent unless there is nesting. Both Landau theory and the Kohn-Luttinger argument are discussed in this context.
Making order from chaos: the misguided frontal lobe.

The brain continually attempts to extract patterns from environmental events. A new report suggests that this process depends on prefrontal cortex.
Selective expression and developmental regulation of the ancestral rat insulin II gene in fetal liver.

Previous studies have indicated that high levels of insulin synthesis occur in the yolk sac of fetal rats. Because the yolk sac is an early site for synthesis of several tissue-specific proteins synthesized by liver later in development, these studies were performed to determine whether insulin gene expression also occurs in fetal liver. To this purpose, liver RNA obtained on consecutive days of rat fetal development from embryo day (E) 13 to E21 was evaluated for the presence of insulin or insulin-like mRNA species using Northern hybridization with a uniformly labelled rat insulin II genomic antisense RNA probe. Two species were detected. The larger was approximately 2.4 kilobases in length, was very low in abundance, and was present only during the earliest days studied (E13–15). The second species was approximately 720 bases in length, increased in abundance between days E13–16, and decreased between days E16–21. Maximum abundance of this mRNA was 0.3 pg/µg total liver RNA, or 1/10th to 1/20th the abun...
The ethics of cultural representation: the Maghribi novel in English translation

Maghribi novels are literary productions coming from a complex cultural landscape in which multiple languages interact. Unfortunately, few translations of the Maghribi novel, be it from French or Arabic, seem to take these issues into consideration when producing their English language texts. In overlooking these cultural negotiations, the translations not only fail to represent much of the artistry and innovation of the original texts, but also skew, alter or misrepresent critical and subversive dialogues in which these works are engaged. This paper is a call for an ethics of representation in translation.
Gelation of sickle cell hemoglobin in mixtures with normal adult and fetal hemoglobins

Abstract We report the results of thermodynamic and kinetic studies on the gelation of mixtures of sickle cell (S) deoxyhemoglobin with normal human adult (A) and fetal (F) deoxyhemoglobins. The delay time of thermally induced gelation was monitored by the increase in turbidity. At the completion of gelation the solubility was determined by sedimenting the polymers and measuring the supernatant concentration spectrophotometrically. Addition of hemoglobins A or F, at mole fractions from 0 to 0.6, resulted in large increases in both the solubility and the delay time. For a 50:50 mixture of deoxyhemoglobin F with deoxyhemoglobin S, the solubility increased by a factor of 1.8 and the delay time by a factor of 10 7 relative to pure deoxyhemoglobin S at the same total concentration, while for a 50:50 mixture of deoxyhemoglobins A and S the solubility increased by a factor of 1.4 and the delay time by a factor of 10 4 . The relative delay times were independent of both temperature and total hemoglobin concentration. The data have been analyzed according to theoretical models which treat the effects of temperature, concentration, non-ideality and solution composition on the thermodynamics and kinetics of gelation. The increased solubility in mixtures with deoxyhemoglobin F is fully explained by a model in which only deoxyhemoglobin S molecules polymerize. The effect of fetal hemoglobin ( α 2 γ 2 ) and hybrid α 2 γβ S molecules is to increase the solution non-ideality through the contribution of their excluded volume. The smaller increase in the solubility observed in comparable mixtures with deoxyhemoglobin A requires that the hybrid α 2 β A β S molecules copolymerize with the deoxyhemoglobin S. The kinetic results for the mixtures can be quantitatively accounted for using a nucleation model in which the equilibrium properties of the polymer are used to describe the critical nucleus. The very large increases in delay time observed for the S F mixtures can be explained by assuming that only α 2 β 2 S molecules participate in the formation of a nucleus containing about 25 monomers. As in the thermodynamic analysis, the smaller effect of adding deoxyhemoglobin A can be attributed to the contribution of the hybrid molecules in forming the critical nucleus. Thus the difference between the polymerization properties of mixtures of deoxyhemoglobin S with deoxyhemoglobins A and F can be attributed solely to the copolymerization of the α 2 β A β S hybrid molecule and the absence of any significant copolymerization of the α 2 γβ S hybrid.
Characterization of the antinociceptive effect of oxycodone in male and female rats

A number of investigators have shown that sex plays an important role in the analgesic effects of opioids. Typically, the antinociceptive responsiveness to mu opioid agonists such as morphine is greater in male than in female rats. The effect of sex on kappa opioid analgesia is less known. The present study was conducted to examine sex-related differences in responsiveness to oxycodone (putative kappa/mu opioid agonist). This information is important since oxycodone is widely used clinically for treatment of pain. The present results indicated that oxycodone had a greater antinociceptive response in female rats compared to male rats. This sex specific responsiveness to oxycodone, however, was lost with chronic administration. The greater antinociception in female rats was even more prominent with U50,488H (selective kappa agonist). Further, low (subanalgesic) doses of oxycodone and U50,488H enhanced the sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia) to a greater extent in male than in female rats. This is in contrast to the previously shown greater hyperalgesic effect of subanalgesic doses of the mu opioid agonist, morphine, in female than in male rats. The present findings suggest that sexual dimorphism in the effect of opioids is related to the opioid receptors on which they predominately act.
The Steinernema carpocapsae intestinal vesicle contains a subcellular structure with which Xenorhabdus nematophila associates during colonization initiation

Steinernema carpocapsae infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes are intestinally colonized by mutualistic Xenorhabdus nematophila bacteria. During IJ development, a small number of ingested X. nematophila cells initiate colonization in an anterior region of the intestine termed the vesicle and subsequently multiply within this host niche. We hypothesize that efficient colonization of a high percentage of S. carpocapsae individuals (typically>85%) is facilitated by bacterial adherence to a site(s) in the nematode intestine. We provide evidence that the adherence site is a structure in the lumen of the IJ vesicle that we have termed the intravesicular structure (IVS). The IVS is an untethered cluster of anucleate spherical bodies that co-localizes with colonizing X. nematophila cells, but does not require X. nematophila for its formation. Colocalization with the IVS is readily apparent in IJs colonized by X. nematophila mutants that initiate intestinal colonization but fail to proliferate normally, suggesting that bacterial-IVS interaction occurs early in the colonization process. Treatment with insect haemolymph induces anal release of X. nematophila from colonized IJs and induces release of the IVS from uncolonized S. carpocapsae IJs. Released IVS were probed with several carbohydrate-specific lectins. One lectin, wheat-germ agglutinin, reacts strongly with a mucus-like substance that is present around individual spheres in the aggregate IVS. Potential roles for the IVS in mediating X. nematophila colonization of the nematode intestine are discussed.
Virulence and draft genome sequence overview of multiple strains of the swine pathogen Haemophilus parasuis.

Haemophilus parasuis is the cause of Glasser's disease in swine, which is characterized by systemic infection resulting in polyserositis, meningitis, and arthritis. Investigation of this animal disease is complicated by the enormous differences in the severity of disease caused by H. parasuis strains, ranging from lethal systemic disease to subclinical carriage. To identify differences in genotype that could account for virulence phenotypes, we established the virulence of, and performed whole genome sequence analysis on, 11 H. parasuis strains. Virulence was assessed by evaluating morbidity and mortality following intranasal challenge of Caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs. Genomic DNA from strains Nagasaki (serotype 5), 12939 (serotype 1), SW140 (serotype 2), 29755 (serotype 5), MN-H (serotype 13), 84-15995 (serotype 15), SW114 (serotype 3), H465 (serotype 11), D74 (serotype 9), and 174 (serotype 7) was used to generate Illumina paired-end libraries for genomic sequencing and de novo assembly. H. parasuis strains Nagasaki, 12939, SH0165 (serotype 5), SW140, 29755, and MN-H exhibited a high level of virulence. Despite minor differences in expression of disease among these groups, all pigs challenged with these strains developed clinical signs consistent with Glasser's disease between 1–7 days post-challenge. H. parasuis strains 84-15995 and SW114 were moderately virulent, in that approximately half of the pigs infected with each developed Glasser's disease. H. parasuis strains H465, D74, and 174 were minimally virulent or avirulent in the CDCD pig model. Comparative genomic analysis among strains identified several noteworthy differences in coding regions. These coding regions include predicted outer membrane, metabolism, and pilin or adhesin related genes, some of which likely contributed to the differences in virulence and systemic disease observed following challenge. These data will be useful for identifying H. parasuis virulence factors and vaccine targets.
Analysis of new Cu precursor wire array experiments on the 1-MA pulsed power generator at UNR

The experiments studied the variation in the precursor with different numbers of wires and wire array diameters. Preliminary results show a single X-ray pulse that resembles the shape, duration, and timing of the precursor observed on earlier shots. Therefore not only time-gated spatially-integrated (TGSI) but also time-integrated spatially resolved (TISR) X-ray spectra were generated by the precursor plasmas in shots when the main X-ray burst was negligible. Non-LTE kinetic models of Cu and Ni have been applied to account for the L-shell radiation from the Cu and Ni ions. The advantage of using Cu alloys with a small percentage of Ni for diagnostics of Cu wire arrays are illustrated. The resulting plasma parameters from modeling of TGSI and TISR spectra together with analysis of corresponding images allow for the study of precursor plasma formation in time and in space, respectively.
Poverty and income distribution in Brazil

This article refutes the contention that Brazil's development has not benefitted the poor and that rapid growth has had a polarizing effect on the distribution of income. Using the National Household Expenditure Survey of 1974-75, it concludes that the income levels of the poor have been underestimated in the past. The evidence also suggests that occupational and regional variables are powerful determinants of income stratification. Wage rate statistics convey information about long-term trends in income. The article notes considerable increases in rural wages during the 1970s as well as wage improvements in the urban informal sector. The article reviews statistical evidence bearing on distribution. The distribution of income in Brazil is undoubtedly very skewed. However, it is not possible to come to conclusions about changes that might have occurred in the degree of inequality over time. Finally, the article includes data on the distribution of education and the distribution of life expectancy and notes improvement over time in both. The Brazilian population census of 1980 is used to update some of the statistical material.
The effectiveness of tools used to evaluate successful critical decision making skills for applicants to healthcare graduate educational programs: a systematic review.

Review question/objective The objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of tools used to evaluate critical decision making skills for applicants to healthcare graduate educational programs. Review questions: Do unique tools to assess critical decision making skills evaluate the likelihood of student success in healthcare graduate educational programs? Do traditional Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores or grade point average (GPA) evaluate the likelihood of student success in healthcare graduate educational programs? Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies published in the English language that include applicants, students enrolled and/or recent graduates (within one year from completion) of healthcare graduate educational programs. Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest This review will consider studies that evaluate the utilization of unique tools (e.g. CCTST [California Critical Thinking Skills Test], CTOE [Arnett Critical Thinking Outcome Evaluation], HCTSR [Holistic Critical Thinking Scoring Rubric], WGCTA [Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal], Prevue, simulation-based evaluation, and others unknown),as well as standard tools such as the GRE or GPA, to evaluate critical decision making skills in graduate heath care program applicants. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: Successful quantitative evaluations based on specific field of study standards.
Prospects of emerging polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid-crystal displays

The prospects of emerging polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid-crystal displays, or more generally, Kerr-effect-induced isotropic-to-anisotropic transition, are analyzed with special emphases on the temperature effects. As the temperature increases, both the Kerr constant, induced birefrin- gence, and response time decrease but at different rates. The proposed physical models fit well with experimental results. Some remaining technical challenges associated with this promising display technology are discussed.
The Role of Hospitalists in the Acute Care of Stroke Patients

Stroke care has become progressively more complicated with advances in therapies necessitating timely intervention. There are multiple potential providers of stroke care, which traditionally has been the province of general neurologists and primary care physicians. These new players, be they vascular neurologists, neurohospitalists, internal medicine hospitalists, or neurocritical care physicians, at the bedside or at a distance, are poised to make a significant impact on our care of stroke patients. The collaborative model of care may be or become the most prevalent as physicians apply their distinct skill sets to the complex care of inpatients with cerebrovascular disease.
From the Ground, Looking Up: Report on the Video nas Aldeias Tour

ABSTRACT This report compares two recent media events centered on the iconography of Amazonian indigenous peoples to highlight the cultural activism of the collaborative video project, Video nas Aldeias. [Keywords: Amazonia, Video nas Aldeias, indigenous media, cultural activism]
Intergroup relations and health disparities: a social psychological perspective.

Objective: This article considers how the social psychology of intergroup processes helps to explain the presence and persistence of health disparities between members of socially advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Method: Social psychological theory and research on intergroup relations, including prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping, stigma, prejudice concerns, social identity threat, and the dynamics of intergroup interactions, is reviewed and applied to understand group disparities in health and health care. Potential directions for future research are considered. Results: Key features of group relations and dynamics, including social categorization, social hierarchy, and the structural positions of groups along dimensions of perceived warmth and competence, influence how members of high status groups perceive, feel about, and behave toward members of low status groups, how members of low status groups construe and cope with their situation, and how members of high and low status groups interact with each other. These intergroup processes, in turn, contribute to health disparities by leading to differential exposure to and experiences of chronic and acute stress, different health behaviors, and different quality of health care experienced by members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Within each of these pathways, social psychological theory and research identifies mediating mechanisms, moderating factors, and individual differences that can affect health. Conclusions: A social psychological perspective illuminates the intergroup, interpersonal, and intrapersonal processes by which structural circumstances which differ between groups for historical, political, and economic reasons can lead to group differences in health.
Noninvasive 3D pressure calculation from PC-MRI via non-iterative harmonics-based orthogonal projection: Constant flow experiment

Use of phase-contrast (PC) MRI in assessment of hemodynamics has significant clinical importance. In this paper we develop a novel approach to determination of hemodynamic pressures. 3D gradients of pressure obtained from avier-Stokes equation are expanded into a series of orthogonal basis functions, and are subsequently projected onto an integrable subspace. Before the projection step however, a scheme is devised to eliminate the discontinuity at the vessel and image boundaries. In terms of the computation time, the proposed approach significantly improves on previous iterative methods for pressure calculations.
Relationship of surface O3 to large‐scale circulation patterns during two recent winters

[1] We demonstrate a direct connection between large-scale circulation patterns and surface O 3 using atmospheric observations obtained during winters 2002 and 2003. Measurements at two rural sites in the northeastern U.S. revealed that median mixing ratios of O 3 in winter 2003 were increased by up to 80% compared to 2002, and greatly exceeded previous spring annual maximums. To explain this we propose that strong meridional flows in winter 2003 frequently transported O 3 -rich mid-tropospheric air masses from high latitudes to the northeastern U.S. while cooling regional climate 4.4°C below normal. Our measurements also show that an exceptionally elevated spring O 3 maximum occurred in 2003. The impact from this winter enhancement on the levels of O 3 and other species during the following months will be largely driven by actual climatic conditions.
What prosody tells infants to believe

We examined whether evidence for prosodic signals about shared belief can be quantitatively found within the acoustic signal of infant-directed speech. Two transcripts of infant-directed speech for infants aged 1;4 and 1;6 were labeled with distinct speaker intents to modify shared beliefs, based on Pierrehumbert and Hirschbergpsilas theory of the meaning of prosody [1]. Acoustic predictions were made from intent labels first within a simple single-tone model that reflected only whether the speaker intended to add a wordpsilas information to the discourse (high tone, H*) or not (low tone, L*). We also predicted pitch within a more complicated five-category model that added intents to suggest a word as one of several possible alternatives (L*+H), a contrasting alternative (L+H*), or something about which the listener should make an inference (H*+L). The acoustic signal was then manually segmented and automatically classified based solely on whether the pitches at the beginning, end, and peak intensity points of stressed syllables in salient words, were closer to the utterancepsilas pitch minimum or maximum on a log scale. Evidence supporting our intent-based pitch predictions was found for L*, H*, and L*+H accents, but not for L+H* or H*+L. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that infant-directed speech simplifies two-tone into single-tone pitch accents.
Exploring Alternatives to the Rule of Law Orthodoxy: Customary Justice in the Eastern DRC

Due to persistent corruption and impunity in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), building the rule of law continues to play an important role in international interventions by organizations such as the UN and the EU. But, what exactly is the rule of law? Can the orthodox interpretation of the rule of law be transplanted to all contexts? My paper is based on three months of field research in the eastern DRC. Through participant observation and 30 interviews, I collected data on a custom-based conflict resolution mechanism called baraza. I will argue that the rule of law orthodoxy, meaning technocratic, top-down, state-centric, Western-style legal reform is contextually inappropriate, and at times meaningless, in the towns where I conducted my research. I observed three fundamental problems associated with the rule of law orthodoxy in the eastern DRC. First, it does not reflect local norms. Second, people are not familiar with the state law and legal processes. Third, due to the high level of corruption, there exists a deep-rooted distrust for the state legal system. Based on my findings, I advance an argument favouring a re-evaluation of the rule of law in theory and in practice.
Biliäre Clearance und intrahepatische Verteilung von Sucrose und Natrium-Ferrocyanid bei Äthinylöstradiol-Cholestase

Die weitverbreitete Anwendung von Ȕstrogenen als Bestandteil oraler Antikonzeptiva hat zu ausgedehnten Untersuchungen ihrer biologischen Wirkung gefuhrt. Da Ȕstrogene bei einer Anzahl von Patienten wie auch bei bestimmten Schwangeren zu beeintrachtigter BSP-Ausscheidung und daruber hinaus zu intrahepatischer Cholestase fuhren konnen, haben Untersuchungen der Leberfunktion in diesem Zusammenhang besonderes Interesse gefunden [1, 2].
Investigation on AIDS Related KAP Among College Students

Objective To learn about the awareness about AIDS in college students,explore the effective method on health education about AIDS in college students. Method A random questionnaire survey was conducted among the students in a university in Chengdu. Results A total of 500 questionnaires were delivered and 499 were returned (99.8%). The rate of whom correctly answered all the questions about AIDS was 16.6%,which was higher in boy students than in girl students,the awareness rate on three transmission routes was ≥90%; some students showed fear and discrimination for the people living with HIV/AIDS,7.9% of students reported heterosexual contact,while 2.0% reported homosexual contact; 4.1% had drug use history,among them 0.7% were injecting heroin users; 12.3% used condoms at the latest sexual intercourse. The major channels from which the knowledge about AIDS was obtained were newspaper,TV and internet. More than 90% of the students were willing to receive and participate in publicizing about AIDS prevention. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the health education about AIDS among college students and publicize general population by the participation of the students.
AIDS laboratory tests investigation and analysis of health care

Objective:To detect HIV screening laboratories more standardized operation,monitoring the health of laboratory personnel to master the situation,the establishment of the region′s inspection staff health care files.Methods:14 laboratories Suqian 50 inspectors conducted a questionnaire survey and serological testing.Results:Suqian AIDS laboratory testing personnel to conduct health care each year for 42 people,not 8.Screening Center laboratory testing by the city,in which HIV antibody-negative 50,positive for 0.HBsAg-negative 50,positive for 0.HCV antibody-negative 50,positive for 0.Conclusion:Suqian AIDS laboratory tests on people′s health care information is missing,the laboratory staff of the serum at the end of the test items was incomplete,the management must step up efforts to strengthen the awareness of health care.
Growth rate and the paleoclimatic significance of stalagmites in Chongqing

Two stalagmites collected from Liangtianwan cave and Shuiming cave in Chongqing have been precisely dated by thermal ionization mass spectrometric uranium-series dating.Based on the comparison between the high resolution stable isotopic records and the average growth rate in each depositional phase,it is found that the more fast the growth rate is,the lighter the depositional color is,and the oxygen isotope decreased during the late last glaciation.However,the fast growth rate has not always related with warm-wet periods,just because the factors that affecting the growth rate of stalagmite are not only temperature and rainfall but also any other unknown controlling processes,such as the change in the routing of the cave water.The authors consider that there is a very complicated correlation between growth rate and oxygen isotope of stalagmite.So the growth rate used as an indictor of external paleoclimate should be prudent.
Computer systems in clinical microbiology

Mechanisms for the ordering of tests, entry and verification of results, and clear formatting of patient reports determine the acceptability of computer systems in clinical microbiology. A number of clinical microbiology systems have been developed to meet the unique needs of the microbiology laboratory.
Randomized Trial of Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorders: Efficacy as a Virtual Stand-Alone and Treatment Add-On Compared with Standard Outpatient Treatment.

Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUDs), yet is rarely implemented with high fidelity in clinical practice. Computer-based delivery of CBT offers the potential to address dissemination challenges, but to date there have been no evaluations of a web-based CBT program for alcohol use within a clinical sample. Methods This study randomized treatment-seeking individuals with a current AUD to 1 of 3 treatments at a community outpatient facility: (i) standard treatment as usual (TAU); (ii) TAU plus on-site access to a computerized CBT targeting alcohol use (TAU + CBT4CBT); or (iii) CBT4CBT plus brief weekly clinical monitoring (CBT4CBT + monitoring). Participant alcohol use was assessed weekly during an 8-week treatment period, as well as 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Results Sixty-eight individuals (65% male; 54% African American) were randomized (TAU = 22; TAU + CBT4CBT = 22; CBT4CBT + monitoring = 24). There were significantly higher rates of treatment completion among participants assigned to 1 of the CBT4CBT conditions compared to TAU (Wald = 6.86, p < 0.01). Significant reductions in alcohol use were found across all conditions within treatment, with participants assigned to TAU + CBT4CBT demonstrating greater increases in percentage of days abstinent (PDA) compared to TAU, t(536.4) = 2.68, p < 0.01, d = 0.71, 95% CI (0.60, 3.91), for the full sample. Preliminary findings suggest the estimated costs of all self-reported AUD-related services utilized by participants were considerably lower for those assigned to CBT4CBT conditions compared to TAU, both within treatment and during follow-up. Conclusions This trial demonstrated the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of web-based CBT4CBT targeting alcohol use. CBT4CBT was superior to TAU at increasing PDA when delivered as an add-on, and it was not significantly different from TAU or TAU + CBT4CBT when delivered with clinical monitoring only.