cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Pre-modern State Rulers Used Marriage to Reduce the Risk of Losing at War: A Comparison of Eight States

Approaching warfare in pre-modern states from the perspective of risk reduction, we see that royal marriage was one strategy rulers used to reduce the probability that they would lose a war. Judicious marriage exchanges intensified and prolonged patron-client relations between rulers or between rulers and societal elites. Clientelism could affect the size and composition of their armies. The more warriors and troops one could field, the greater the chance of not losing a war (Otterbein 2004; LeBlanc 2006). Examination of eight pre-modern states suggests that their rulers used the same patterns of wife exchange even though most states developed independently. Marriage secured long-term patron-client relationships, which they used to support their military efforts. When rulers married their kin or married them to rulers outside the system (“foreigners”), they did not gain military support. Analysis of these marriage-military patterns reveals several characteristics of pre-modern states. First, marriage alliances helped rulers form networks of support that helped them win wars. Therefore, marriage—and by extension, royal women—is a key component to the study of warfare and a critical mechanism of network formation, as Blanton et al. (1996) write. Second, alliances were based on a different organizing principle from Levi-Strauss’ tribal societies, for rulers selected main wives (for themselves or their kin) based on relative rank rather than particular kinship ties. Third, marriage alliance reveals an important difference between alliance and patron-client relationships, a distinction that is often blurred in the archaeological literature.
Pneumonia in Trauma Patients.

This article reviews the new definitions of pneumonia, discusses risk factors for pneumonia among trauma patients, presents the latest evidence for prevention strategies, discusses the best ways to make the diagnosis, and reviews the microbiology and treatment for trauma patients with pneumonia. Pneumonia can be prevented by decreasing the duration of mechanical ventilation using daily paired spontaneous awakening and breathing trials, but not with early tracheostomy placement. Other useful prevention strategies include semirecumbent positioning and oral care. Mini-BAL is a sensitive and specific means of securing the diagnosis of pneumonia that does not require a physician to be present and is therefore especially useful in busy trauma centers. Pneumonia is a frequent complication among trauma patients. Risk factors are largely unmodifiable. However, trauma centers can institute routine daily paired spontaneous awakening and breathing trials to decrease the duration of ventilation and incidence of pneumonia. Future research is needed to further characterize the microbiology of pneumonia among trauma patients.
Prader-Willi Syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic condition caused by a partial deletion of the 15th paternal chromosome. Persons with PWS have a broad range of signs and symptoms. The infant has problems feeding associated with hypotonia, but by 2–4 years of age there is the development of lifelong insatiable appetite often leading to morbid obesity if not strictly managed. Significant behavior problems with temper tantrums and stubbornness also begin around 2–4 year of age. Other features include short stature, characteristic facial features, under-developed genitalia, hypotonia, skin picking, difficulty with vomiting, and often mild intellectual disability. The intensity and range of signs and symptoms of PWS requires the help of a large variety of professionals, and is aided by a PWS interdisciplinary team where available. With careful management of weight and behaviors and with considerable effort, persons with PWS can live longer and healthier lives.
Identifying Time Periods of Minimal Thermal Gradient for Temperature-Driven Structural Health Monitoring.

Temperature changes play a large role in the day to day structural behavior of structures, but a smaller direct role in most contemporary Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) analyses. Temperature-Driven SHM will consider temperature as the principal driving force in SHM, relating a measurable input temperature to measurable output generalized strain (strain, curvature, etc.) and generalized displacement (deflection, rotation, etc.) to create three-dimensional signatures descriptive of the structural behavior. Identifying time periods of minimal thermal gradient provides the foundation for the formulation of the temperature–deformation–displacement model. Thermal gradients in a structure can cause curvature in multiple directions, as well as non-linear strain and stress distributions within the cross-sections, which significantly complicates data analysis and interpretation, distorts the signatures, and may lead to unreliable conclusions regarding structural behavior and condition. These adverse effects can be minimized if the signatures are evaluated at times when thermal gradients in the structure are minimal. This paper proposes two classes of methods based on the following two metrics: (i) the range of raw temperatures on the structure, and (ii) the distribution of the local thermal gradients, for identifying time periods of minimal thermal gradient on a structure with the ability to vary the tolerance of acceptable thermal gradients. The methods are tested and validated with data collected from the Streicker Bridge on campus at Princeton University.
Voltage transient measurement and extraction of power RF MOSFET thermal time constants

Thermal time constants have been measured for a high-power Si VDMOSFET using a transient setup measuring voltage across a small resistor placed in series with the drain of the device. A voltage step is applied to the gate of the transistor to step the device from threshold to possessing a significant DC power dissipation. Exponential models are fit to the transient results. The traditional one-pole fit is compared to a two-pole fit. It is discovered that the two-pole fit provides a slightly better prediction of the transient.
Sexual Orientation, Mental Health, Gender, and Spirituality: Prejudicial Attitudes and Social Influence in Faith Communities:

This study examined how the attitudes of conservative American Protestants attending Midwestern churches might vary as a function of religious beliefs, gender, and exposure to scenarios of people f...
The amniotic band syndrome as a cause of anencephaly: report of a case

The gross and microscopic features of a 28-week-old stillborn female infant with severe cranial, facial, and cerebral malformations due to amniotic bands are described. The structure of the cerebral remnant is similar to that found in dysraphic anencephaly, but collateral evidence of amniotic band can usually be found. It is important to differentiate between the two conditions, since unlike neural tube defects, anencephaly due to amniotic band does not imply a risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.
Hilbert Proof Systems Completeness of Classical Propositional Logic

The Hilbert proof systems are systems based on a language with implication and contain a Modus Ponens rule as a rule of inference. They are usually called Hilbert style formalizations. We will call them here Hilbert style proof systems, or Hilbert systems, for short.
Maternal choline supplementation ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology by reducing brain homocysteine levels across multiple generations.

The lack of effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is alarming, considering the number of people currently affected by this disorder and the projected increase over the next few decades. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels double the risk of developing AD. Choline, a primary dietary source of methyl groups, converts Hcy to methionine and reduces age-dependent cognitive decline. Here, we tested the transgenerational benefits of maternal choline supplementation (ChS; 5.0 g/kg choline chloride) in two generations (Gen) of APP/PS1 mice. We first exposed 2.5-month-old mice to the ChS diet and allowed them to breed with each other to generate Gen-1 mice. Gen-1 mice were exposed to the ChS diet only during gestation and lactation; once weaned at postnatal day 21, Gen-1 mice were then kept on the control diet for the remainder of their life. We also bred a subset of Gen-1 mice to each other and obtained Gen-2 mice; these mice were never exposed to ChS. We found that ChS reduced Aβ load and microglia activation, and improved cognitive deficits in old Gen-1 and Gen-2 APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistically, these changes were linked to a reduction in brain Hcy levels in both generations. Further, RNA-Seq data from APP/PS1 hippocampal tissue revealed that ChS significantly changed the expression of 27 genes. These genes were enriched for inflammation, histone modifications, and neuronal death functional classes. Our results are the first to demonstrate a transgenerational benefit of ChS and suggest that modifying the maternal diet with additional choline reduces AD pathology across multiple generations.
CT IVC venogram: normalized quantitative criteria for patency and thrombosis.

Establish normal attenuation ratios for vein to artery on CT IVC venogram and determine a vascular attenuation ratio diagnostic of thrombus. This retrospective, HIPAA-compliant study included 56 CT IVC venograms. Images were reviewed for the presence of femoral vein or IVC thrombus. Attenuation ratios for each vein and its corresponding artery were calculated by two observers and averaged in four venous stations (right and left femoral veins, and IVC at the confluence of the iliac veins and at the left renal vein). The reference standard for the absence of thrombus was clinical follow-up and for the presence of thrombus it was thrombectomy or catheter venogram. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed using ratios from one venous station and threshold for thrombus was determined using the Youden’s index. 36 of 56 CTs demonstrated no thrombus. 20 CTs demonstrated thrombus, confirmed in eight patients. For CTs with no thrombus, median ratios among the venous stations ranged from 0.89 (IQR 0.83–0.93) to 0.91 (IQR 0.86–0.94). ROC analysis of ratios from a single representative station (left femoral vein, n = 4 confirmed clots) demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.994 (p = 0.001) and a threshold of 0.67 for diagnosing thrombus [sensitivity 100% (95% CI 39.76–100%), specificity 97.5% (86.84–99.94%)]. The normal attenuation ratio of vein to artery in the absence of venous thrombus on a 3-min delay CT IVC venogram is approximately 0.91. A ratio less than 0.67 is highly suggestive of thrombus.
Personalizing the Past: A Review of Literature with Implications for Historical Interpretation.

The recent perspective known as meaning-making has advanced the belief that understanding interpretive site visitors’ frameworks and past experiences is critical to successful interpretation. How, ...
Instability in a relativistic magnetized plasma

We present a general relativistic linear growth rate formula of electromagnetic waves for any wave normal angle and a general distribution function in a uniform magnetized plasma with a dominant cold plasma component and a tenuous hot plasma component. Such a general linear growth rate formula can be applied to different plasma environments, such as the Jovian Magnetosphere and laboratory plasma. The relativistic resonant condition for different wave modes is discussed and summarized. Then, the formula is applied to a parametric study for local instability of Earth's plasmaspheric hiss. We study the effects of the electron temperature, electron temperature anisotropy, types of distribution functions, plasma density, background magnetic field, and wave normal angle on the relativistic linear growth rate of the whistler mode. We find that (1) the energetic electrons with larger energy resonate with the lower frequency wave. The relativistic effect becomes significant for the electron with energy >100 keV. (2) The anisotropy only increases the growth rate and expands the growth wave band. (3) The high density and low background magnetic field tend to decrease the wave frequency and increase the growth rate. (4) The field-aligned growth rate is larger than the oblique growth rate, and the lower frequency whistler waves are easier to propagate obliquely.
Estimating a Manifold from a Tangent Bundle Learner

Manifold hypotheses are typically used for tasks such as dimensionality reduction, interpolation, or improving classification performance. In the less common problem of manifold estimation, the task is to characterize the geometric structure of the manifold in the original ambient space from a sample. We focus on the role that tangent bundle learners (TBL) can play in estimating the underlying manifold from which data is assumed to be sampled. Since the unbounded tangent spaces natively represent a poor manifold estimate, the problem reduces to one of estimating regions in the tangent space where it acts as a relatively faithful linear approximator to the surface of the manifold. Local PCA methods, such as the Mixtures of Probabilistic Principal Component Analyzers method of Tipping and Bishop produce a subset of the tangent bundle of the manifold along with an assignment function that assigns points in the training data used by the TBL to elements of the estimated tangent bundle. We formulate three methods that use the data assigned to each tangent space to estimate the underlying bounded subspaces for which the tangent space is a faithful estimate of the manifold and offer thoughts on how this perspective is theoretically grounded in the manifold assumption. We seek to explore the conceptual and technical challenges that arise in trying to utilize simple TBL methods to arrive at reliable estimates of the underlying manifold.
Reiner, Erica (b. 1926)

As member of the editorial board and then editor-in-chief of the monumental Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, Reiner emerged as one of the leading Assyriologists, with a thorough and profound knowledge of the textual-philological underpinnings of the discipline. This was further corroborated by her masterly editions of texts, ranging from religious (Surpu) to astrological series (Inuma Anu Enlil). But alongside these major achievements, she embraced a theoretical interest in the interpretation of the data that would have been considered iconoclastic were it not for the position of strength from which she was proposing it. The year 1966 was a landmark date in this respect: that is when her Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian appeared in print.
Activity of Yttrium 90 (90Y) Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin®) in 22 Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL).

Abstract Background: The management of MCL is a significant therapeutic challenge, especially in patients with relapsed or refractory disease, who are generally refractory to salvage chemotherapy. Although recent studies have shown the clinical utility of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in relapsed and transformed indolent B-cell lymphoma, the clinical efficacy of this treatment modality in patients with MCL is unknown. We report the results of an ongoing phase II clinical trial of yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®) in patients with relapsed and refractory MCL. Patients and Methods: Patients with relapsed or refractory MCL with measurable disease, age ≥18 years, and performance status 5000/mm3. Patients with pretreatment platelet counts ≥150,000/mm3 received a dose of Zevalin at 0.4 mCi 90Y/kg (maximum dose 32 mCi), whereas those with platelet counts Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled and all qualified for evaluation of treatment response and toxicity. The median age was 67 years (range 51–77), and 18 patients were male. All patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 and had been previously treated with rituximab with or without other chemotherapy. The median number of prior regimens was 3 (range 1–6). Fourteen patients were previously treated with Hyper-CVAD alternating with MTX/Ara-C, 21 previously received rituximab, and 5 previously received bortezomib. Zevalin treatment was generally well tolerated, with the most common toxicities being hematologic. Objective responses were observed in 8 of 22 patients (36%), including 3 CR and 2 CRu. Seven of the eight responding patients were previously treated with 3 or less treatment regimens, and all responding patients did not have bulky disease, with the largest lesion measuring 3 cm or less. Median time to progression for CR/CRu patients was 6 months. Conclusion: The observed responses to Zevalin in heavily pretreated patients with MCL are promising, but the duration of responses has been short. Furtherinvestigation is warranted after first or second relapse, and in conjunction with front-line therapy.
Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal (TEP) Inguinal Hernia Repair

When performing a laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair, the preperitoneal space is entered. All of the dissection is performed in the preperitoneal space, as well as mesh placement. Lap TEP can be used for unilateral, bilateral and recurrent inguinal hernias. Lap TEP does not require closure of the peritoneum.
IoT Sensor Initiated Healthcare Data Security

While the Internet of Things (IoT) has been instrumental in healthcare data transmission, it also presents vulnerabilities and security risks to patients’ personalized health information for remote medical treatment. Currently most published security solutions available for healthcare data are not focused on data flow all the way from IoT sensor devices placed on a patient’s body through network routers to doctor’s offices. In this paper, we studied how the IoT network facilitates healthcare data transmission for remote medical treatment, explored security risks associated with unsecured data transmission, especially between IoT sensor devices and network routers, and then proposed an encrypted security solution initiated at IoT sensor devices. Our proposed solution provides a cryptography algorithm embedded into the sensor device such that the packets generated with patient’s health data are encrypted right at the sensor device before being transmitted. The proof of concept has been verified using a lab setup with two level encryption at the IoT sensor level and two level decryption at the receiving end at the doctor’s office. Test results are promising for an end-to-end security solution of healthcare data transmission in IoT. This paper also opens up further research avenues on IoT sensor driven security.
Speech Prosody Interventions for Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Purpose Persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may demonstrate abnormal prosodic patterns in conversational speech, which can negatively affect social interactions. The purpose of this systema...
A method for accelerating the destruction of aircraft wake vortices

The wake vortices shed by large aircraft and their associated hazard to following aircraft remain an important issue in commercial aviation. Extensive research into methods for alleviating this wake vortex hazard has been continuing for many years. This paper presents results from numerical simulations detailing a potentially useful mechanism for accelerating the destruction of the aircraft vortex wake and reducing the wake vortex hazard. The term destruction is used to refer to the progressive annihilation of the wake caused by mixing of vorticity of opposite sign and the associated elimination of large coherent structures. The emphasis here is on a description of the mechanism and its connection to previous work
Recognizing pioneering Black plant scientists in our schools and society

We highlight the achievements of four pioneering Black plant scientists to raise awareness of the importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion in science. Their stories come alive at Historically Black Colleges and Universities through exhibits of science and art and classroom activities (https://www.plantcellatlas.org/pca-art-exhibit.html).
The increasing happiness of US parents

Previous research suggests that parents may be less happy than non-parents. We critically assess the literature and examine parents’ and non-parents’ happiness-trends using the General Social Survey (N = 42,298) and DDB Lifestyle Survey (N = 75,237). We find that parents are becoming happier over time relative to non-parents, that non-parents’ happiness is declining absolutely, and that estimates of the parental happiness gap are sensitive to the time-period analyzed. These results are consistent across two datasets, most subgroups, and various specifications. Finally, we present evidence that suggests children appear to protect parents against social and economic forces that may be reducing happiness among non-parents.
Autoantibody biomarker profiling for mucinous ovarian cancers

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 4450 Mucinous epithelial ovarian cancers are clinically and morphologically distinct from the other histopathologic subtypes of ovarian cancer. Studies have suggested that patients with mucinous histologic subtypes of tumors respond poorly to standard platinum-taxane chemotherapy. Detection of autoantibody reactivity is useful in biomarker discovery and for explaining the role of important biochemical pathways in disease. In order to study if there are specific antibody biomarkers in the plasma samples of mucinous ovarian cancer patients, we have initiated a screen by employing a reverse capture autoantibody microarray platform that uses native host antigens derived from mucinous ovarian tissues as baits for the capture of differentially labeled patient and control autoantibodies. By clustering analysis of the microarray data we have identified significant autoantibody biomarkers whose titers were elevated in the plasma samples of mucinous cancer patients. Interestingly, many of the antigens recognized by these autoantibody biomarkers are involved in the signaling pathways that regulate cytoskeleton remodeling, cell migration, growth and survival, suggesting that these antigens might be overexpressed in mucinous ovarian tumors and react with plasma autoantibodies. Further studies are required to evaluate functional significance and the clinical utility of these autoantibody biomarkers in mucinous ovarian cancer.
Object color propagation in an unregistered distributed video sensor network

In this paper we address the use of object color characteristics as a predominant linking parameter between disjoint video scenes in unregistered distributed video sensor networks. In our approach we proceed by tracking objects in high-resolution video scenes using accumulated frame differencing and morphological techniques. We continue by minimizing shadow effects in object tracking through background detection, in order to obtain more accurate object color signatures. These signatures are then used to link trajectory fragments across disjoint video feeds in a sensor network. We present experimental results to demonstrate the performance of our approach, especially addressing the effect of resolution in tracking, and the role of color signatures as a key linking element when video scene registration is not possible.
Enhanced velocity diffusion in slow-growing 1-D langmuir turbulence

Numerical simulations show an enhancement of the 1-D velocity diffusion coefficient over the quasilinear value in the regime where the autocorrelation time is much smaller than the linear growth time or resonance broadening time. The diffusion enhancement occurs when the resonance broadening time is small compared with the linear growth time. These simulations are self consistent, use a hybrid PIC/spectral symplectic integration method, and have enough modes to be in the continuous spectrum limit. That is, even at the initial amplitudes the intermode spacing is sufficiently small that the resonance overlap parameter is large. A possible mechanism for the enhanced diffusion (spontaneous spectrum discretization) is discussed.
Flying, Peanuts, and Crying Babies

To the Editor.— Guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics for injury prevention state that "physicians caring for children should counsel parents in age-appropriate, season-appropriate, locality-appropriate strategies which reduce common serious injuries".1 In keeping with this philosophy, many pediatricians educate parents about foods that may be unsafe for their child at a given age. Yet, there seems to be a substantial number of caretakers whom we obviously have not reached, judging by my observations of travelers feeding peanuts to toddlers on airplanes.
The Psychological Foundations of Mathematics.

I would like to say to begin with that it is a pleasure to be here and to participate in this colloquium on models. For the topic of my own lecture today I am somewhat hesitant in view of the fact that Professor Piaget is sitting here and has been writing on this topic for many years. I wish that I had confidence that the kind of things I want to say will turn out to be the right things, the significant things to suggest in investigations on the psychological foundations of mathematics, but I have no such confidence. Secondly, it is perhaps paradoxical considering the subject of this colloquium and my own interests that I shall not have more to say of a direct sort about models, but it seems to me that the problems raised by the learning of mathematics provide an excellent touchstone for testing and evaluating models, particularly with respect to many of the issues we have already discussed. In the cognitive domain mathematics provides one of the clearest examples of complex learning, for the structure of the subject itself provides numerous constraints on the structure of any models that are to be considered adequate to mathematics learning. Therefore I hope to justify, in the context of the present colloquium, my own concern with the psychological foundations of mathematics by emphasizing the importance of the kind of learning found in mathematics for the development of complex models of learning. I would agree wholeheartedly with those two good cognitivists Frank Restie and Herbert Simon that simple stimulus models are certainly not adequate to give a very deep account of mathematics learning. On the other hand, I am equally skeptical of the cognitive models that have as yet been proposed with respect to the central problems of giving such an account, although I have a great deal of respect and appreciation for the kind of thing that Restle, Simon and their associates have been concerned with over the past few years.
Avoiding head of line blocking in directional antenna [MAC protocol]

In existing directional MAC protocols a single queue is used at the MAC layer; this is inherited from omnidirectional implementations. However, while there is a single channel state in omnidirectional transmission (either the channel is busy or not), the state of the channel varies with the desired direction of transmission in directional antennas. Thus, existing implementations which use a single FIFO queue potentially lead to head of line blocking if the medium is busy in the direction of the packet at the top of the queue but is available in other directions. We propose a new queuing organization which could take advantage of the channel more effectively using the underlying antenna system by eliminating head of line blocking. We also identify a problem with the directional virtual carrier sense implementation due to side-lobes and provide a solution to it. Our results indicate that by using a greedy approach, to schedule the packet which has the least wait time, increases the overall throughput and reduces end-to-end delay considerably, especially under heavy loads.
Smart antenna testbed for SDMA systems using STBC

This paper presents the experimental results of a testbed for a new SDMA system whose base stations employ multibeam antennas and space time block codes (STBC). New channel response estimation circuits are developed to estimate channel response with high accuracy at terminals and are implemented into the testbed. To evaluate the effectiveness of the system and the testbed, measurements are performed using the testbed in an anechoic chamber. The measurement results confirm that the proposed SDMA system can reduce the influence of the multipath fading effects and the new channel estimation circuit works well.
Assessment of Depression in Geriatric Medical Outpatients: The Validity of Two Screening Measures

The validity of two screening measures for depression was assessed in a geriatric medical outpatient population. Sixty-eight patients completed both questionnaires; 31 also completed a clinical interview allowing for accurate diagnosis. Both screening measures were found to accurately identify those who were depressed. Clinical and research applications are discussed, including the complementary use of these screening measures with the physician's diagnosis.
MARKET PERCEPTIONS OF FEDERAL RESERVE POLICY AND THE WEEKLY MONETARY ANNOUNCEMENTS

Abstract In October 1979 the Federal Reserve altered its operating procedures emphasizing control of the growth rate of the money stock. Was the Fed able to gain credibility in the market? The paper investigates this question by examining the reactions of spot and expected future exchange rates, foreign interest rates, and long-run domestic forward interest rates to the weekly Federal Reserve announcements of M-l , both before and after October 1979. The empirical evidence points out that the Fed did gain credibility, but was unable to establish full credibility. The market reactions are consistent with the hypothesis that market participants attached a positive probability to the event that the Fed may at some point in the future abandon its money stock targets.
Social–Emotional Needs of Latino Immigrant Adolescents: A Sociocultural Model for Development and Implementation of Culturally Specific Interventions

This article describes the social–emotional needs of Latino immigrant adolescents within an ecological framework. Most of the literature on Latino immigrants' mental health focuses on the pathology and emotional needs of adults, often neglecting the needs of adolescents. We argue that the needs of adolescent Latinos may differ dramatically from those of their adult counterparts. Our proposed model explains the role of sociocultural factors on the development and maintenance of resiliency and risk factors among Latino immigrant adolescents. This model is an adaptation of W. A. Vega and A. G. Gil's (1999) model for explaining substance use in this population. Implications for interventions that focus on the maintenance of resiliency factors are discussed.
Small states in the European Union: coping with structural disadvantages

Small states in the European Union: coping with structural disadvantages, by Diana Panke, Farnham, Ashgate, 2010, xiv + 243 pp., £60 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-4094-0528-3 Size is an important factor i...
On the Social Foundations for Crimmigration: Latino Threat and Support for Expanded Police Powers

Because of the merging of immigration control and criminal justice, or “crimmigration,” state and local police increasingly drive interior immigration enforcement through the routine policing of crime. At the same time, growing evidence indicates that immigration is an ethnicity-coded issue that allows for the veiled expression of broader anti-Latino sentiments. Yet little research has examined whether public perceptions of either immigrants or Latinos influence support for police policies and practices that, in the context of crimmigration, may significantly shape immigration enforcement and, more broadly, may contribute to the subordination of Latinos. The current study addresses this research question. The study draws on data from a recent nationally representative telephone survey and employs multivariate regression methods to evaluate whether perceptions of Latino economic and political threat are associated with support for granting police greater latitude in stopping, searching, and using force against suspects. This study provides the first evidence that, at least among Whites, perceived Latino threat is positively associated with support for expanding police investigative powers, especially the power to stop suspects based only on the way they look. The results suggest that by increasing public support for aggressive policing, or, at minimum, by reducing opposition to discriminatory social controls such as police profiling, Latino threat perceptions may increase the political attractiveness and viability of crimmigration as a “solution” to the “Latino problem.”
Smoothing Techniques for Computing Nash Equilibria of Sequential Games

We develop first-order smoothing techniques for saddle-point problems that arise in finding a Nash equilibrium of sequential games. The crux of our work is a construction of suitable prox-functions for a certain class of polytopes that encode the sequential nature of the game. We also introduce heuristics that significantly speed up the algorithm, and decomposed game representations that reduce the memory requirements, enabling the application of the techniques to drastically larger games. An implementation based on our smoothing techniques computes approximate Nash equilibria for games that are more than four orders of magnitude larger than what prior approaches can handle. Finally, we show near-linear further speedups from parallelization.
The Relationships Among Isokinetic Endurance, Initial Strength Level, and Fiber Type

Abstract Knee extension isokinetic peak torque was assessed at angular velocities of 0, 30, 180, and 240[ddot]/sec, and isokinetic endurance was assessed by 50 consecutive contractions at 180[ddot]/sec in eight college age men. Also, muscle fiber type of the vastus lateralis was determined and related to isokinetic strength and fatigability. To determine the influence of initial strength on isokinetic endurance the 50 serial isokinetic contractions were assessed after subjects performed two bicycle exercise regimens designed to affect initial strength levels. Neither isokinetic peak torques (made relative to MVC or per Kg of body weight) nor the amount of strength loss over the 50 contractions correlated with fiber type. The peak torques at 180[ddot]/sec at the start of the 50 contractions differed over the three conditions (unfatigued and after the two bicycle exercise regimens), however, the amount of of strength loss over the 50 trials was similar for the three conditions. Also, the patterns of the thr...
The effect of movement on the perceived brightness of chromatic afterimages

The present study explored the effects of adaptation to static and moving chromatic stimuli on the perceived brightness of afterimages projected on static and turning achromatic test stimuli The Ss were presented with two stimuli of the same color to which they adapted for 1 min. The Ss then reported the brightness of their afterimages when viewing achromatic stimuli. A rotating stimulus, viz, 16, 45, or 78 rpm. was compared with a stationary stimulus. Results indicate that (a) the introduction of movement detracts from the brightness of an afterimage, and (b) a speed of 45 rpm affects the afterimage more than 16 or 78 rpm.
Collision-induced dipole transitions and collisional broadening of quadrupole transitions

Collision-induced dipole transitions and collisional broadening in the wing of $\mathrm{Cs}(5D)$ due to mixing with $\mathrm{Cs}(7S)$ and $\mathrm{Cs}(6P)$ are studied using two-photon resonance ionization spectroscopy. From the structure of the line shape, we measured the van der Waals well of the ground state without performing a temperature study or using the calculated potential curves, and from the absolute yield we measured the induced-dipole oscillator strength as a function of the internuclear separations at large separations. The results are compared with theoretical calculations.
Channel complexity and nitrate concentrations drive denitrification rates in urban restored and unrestored streams

Abstract Stream restoration projects constructed in urbanizing watersheds provided an opportunistic setting to determine how channel bedform influenced nitrate removal by denitrification. We measured denitrification rates in streambed sediments seasonally at eight streams in North Carolina, USA to characterize the physicochemical drivers of nitrogen transformations in restored urban streams. Mean denitrification rates were highly variable (97 ± 58 to 585 ± 214 μmol m −2 h −1 ) and most significantly influenced by nitrate concentrations; baseflow nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 1.07 mg/L. A multiple linear regression approach also revealed the importance of channel complexity, water depth and temperature, which together with nitrate concentrations explained 60% of the variability among sites and seasons. Controlling for nutrient limitation, we observed significantly greater denitrification rates in more geomorphically complex streams, particularly near grade control structures and in deep pools. However, these trends were not consistently observed across all sites, which suggest the added influence of watershed scale drivers ( e.g ., urban hydrology) as well as reach scale drivers including the design, construction and age of the restoration project.
Pathogenesis of Drug-Resistant Hypertension

More is known about the epidemiology of drug-resistant hypertension than particular pathogenic factors and pathways. Several recurring themes, however, seem evident on using insight from epidemiology and general knowledge of the pathophysiology of hypertension. Specifically, 4 main pathways converge on drug resistance including sodium handling, sympathetic nervous system activation, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness. These factors, and the various pathways and elements contributing to them, are reviewed. In addition to describing how these factors exert their individual influences on resistant hypertension, several examples of how interactions between these factors, particularly in the case of chronic kidney disease, are included. At the conclusion of this review some thoughts are offered on additional mechanisms and areas for potential research.
Strategic behavior in acquiring and revealing costly private information

Abstract When an agent has the opportunity to access public information, whether or not to acquire costly private information is a strategic decision. In this case, to study the informativeness of the revealed information, it is essential to consider the processes of both information acquisition and revelation together. Using a model in which two agents sequentially forecast the true state of a forthcoming period, this paper studies an agent's strategic behavior in acquiring and revealing costly private information in the presence of the payoff externality due to their competition. If the penalty for an incorrect forecast is greater than the reward for being right, the forecast cannot be informative because there is no investment in private information. Otherwise, costly private information is acquired as long as the information quality is moderate. Hence, the payoff structure under which the reward is greater than the penalty is a necessary condition for the investment in costly private information. Moreover, the acquired information is always revealed truthfully without herding or anti-herding. That is, the introduction of endogenous costly information raises the issue of “free-riding” rather than the issue of “herding or anti-herding”.
On equivariant estimation of the location of elliptical distributions under Pitman closeness criterion

Abstract This paper presents Pitman closest equivariant estimators of the location of elliptically symmetric distributions. In the scalar parameter case the best estimator is the same for all loss functions that satisfy certain mild monotonicity conditions, which makes the estimator very useful when the exact loss function is difficult to ascertain. In the multiparameter case the Pitman closest estimator coincides with the minimum risk estimator.
Ascorbic acid enhances the cytotoxic effect of 6-hydroxydopamine for human neuroblastoma cell lines

Abstract Determination of LD 50 values showed 3 human neuroblastoma cell lines to be 2–8-fold more sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) than a mouse sarcoma cell line. Treatment of the cells with 6-OHDA and ascorbic acid decreased the cytotoxicity of 6-OHDA for the sarcoma cells and increased cytotoxicity for the 3 neuroblastoma cell lines.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a topically applied dose of O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate in hens

Abstract Investigations into the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a topically applied 50 mg/kg dose of 14C-labeled leptophos (O-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl O-methyl [14C]phenylphosphonothioate) on the comb of hens are reported. A total of 35.4% of the applied dose was absorbed through the skin during the 20-day experiment. Combined urinary-fecal excreta accounted for most of the radioactivity (24.3% of the applied dose). Significant amounts of the dose were deposited in egg albumen and yolk: 2.5 and 2.0%, respectively. Only 1.3% was excreted in expired CO2. Radioactivity in tissues reached a peak of 17.1% of the dose 12 hr after administration; radioactivity decreased to 5.0% after 20 days (29.4% of peak value). Highest 14C content was present in the muscle, followed by the skin, adipose tissue, and the liver. Central and peripheral nerve tissues were shown throughout the experiment to contain small constant amounts of 14C. The change in the 14C in the body with time showed a biphasic pattern. The half-life for the elimination of 14C from the bird's body was 17.0 days corresponding to a rate value β of 0.04 day−1. Most of the radioactive substances in the excreta and liver were identified as unchanged leptophos with minor amounts of polar metabolites. The fate of leptophos was rationalized on the basis of its physical properties, i.e., lipid solubility and tissue binding, and predominant biliary secretion and gastrointestinal excretion.
Nonlinear wave propagation in constrained solids subjected to thermal loads

Abstract The classical mathematical treatment governing nonlinear wave propagation in solids relies on finite strain theory. In this scenario, a system of nonlinear partial differential equations can be derived to mathematically describe nonlinear phenomena such as acoustoelasticity (wave speed dependency on quasi-static stress), wave interaction, wave distortion, and higher-harmonic generation. The present work expands the topic of nonlinear wave propagation to the case of a constrained solid subjected to thermal loads. The origin of nonlinear effects in this case is explained on the basis of the anharmonicity of interatomic potentials, and the absorption of the potential energy corresponding to the (prevented) thermal expansion. Such “residual” energy is, at least, cubic as a function of strain, hence leading to a nonlinear wave equation and higher-harmonic generation. Closed-form solutions are given for the longitudinal wave speed and the second-harmonic nonlinear parameter as a function of interatomic potential parameters and temperature increase. The model predicts a decrease in longitudinal wave speed and a corresponding increase in nonlinear parameter with increasing temperature, as a result of the thermal stresses caused by the prevented thermal expansion of the solid. Experimental measurements of the ultrasonic nonlinear parameter on a steel block under constrained thermal expansion confirm this trend. These results suggest the potential of a nonlinear ultrasonic measurement to quantify thermal stresses from prevented thermal expansion. This knowledge can be extremely useful to prevent thermal buckling of various structures, such as continuous-welded rails in hot weather.
Virtual model control for dynamic lateral balance

Motivated by an interest in human-like controllers for humanoids to increase their social acceptance, we investigate lateral balancing for artistic performances on challenging surfaces. Control design for lateral balancing in humanoids has primarily focused on optimal control techniques. While these techniques generate balancing controllers, it remains unclear whether humans use similar strategies. Here we propose that humans prefer intuitive task-space control for lateral balancing on simple as well as challenging surfaces. We develop a virtual model controller for this task and compare with simulations of a planar model, the resulting balancing behavior against human lateral balancing on flat ground and on a seesaw as an example of a challenging surface. We find that the proposed controller can be tuned to respond to balance disturbances on flat ground in a human-like way, and that it mimics human behavior on a seesaw including the failure to stabilize the board, even though an optimal LQR controller is capable of stabilizing it. The results support the hypothesis that humans prefer intuitive control in lateral balancing and suggest that state-of-the-art control approaches in robotics may go beyond what humans can accomplish. These limitations should be taken into account when designing human-like controllers for humanoids.
On perfect foresight and uncertainty in economic models: Two monetary examples

Abstract This paper uses twosimple monetary models to examine the issue of the bias that arises when assuming certainty even though the outcome turns out to be uncertain. Qualitatively, it is shown that a bias arises and that it depends on a set of specific assumptions within the particular model. Quantitatively, it is shown that the size of the bias is relevant only in the case where the Lucas critique is ignored.
A clinically useful social anxiety disorder outcome scale.

Increasingly, emphasis is being placed on measurement-based care to improve the quality of treatment. Although much of the focus has been on depression, measurement-based care may be particularly applicable to social anxiety disorder (SAD) given its high prevalence, high comorbidity with other disorders, and association with significant functional impairment. Many self-report scales for SAD currently exist, but these scales possess limitations related to length and/or accessibility that may serve as barriers to their use in monitoring outcome in routine clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop and validate the Clinically Useful Social Anxiety Disorder Outcome Scale (CUSADOS), a self-report measure of SAD. The CUSADOS was designed to be reliable, valid, sensitive to change, brief, easy to score, and easily accessible, to facilitate its use in routine clinical settings. The psychometric properties of the CUSADOS were examined in 2415 psychiatric outpatients who were presenting for treatment and had completed a semi-structured diagnostic interview. The CUSADOS demonstrated excellent internal consistency, and high item–total correlations and test–retest reliability. Within a sub-sample of 381 patients, the CUSADOS possessed good discriminant and convergent validity as it was more highly correlated with other measures of SAD than with other psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, scores were higher in outpatients with a current diagnosis of SAD compared to those without a SAD diagnosis. Preliminary support also was obtained for the sensitivity to change of the CUSADOS in a sample of 15 outpatients receiving treatment for comorbid SAD and depression. Results from this validation study in a large psychiatric sample show that the CUSADOS possesses good psychometric properties. Its brevity and ease of scoring also suggest that it is feasible to incorporate into routine clinical practice.