cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
744 SIALYLATION AND FUCOSYLATION OF LECTIN BINDING SITES IN RAT INTESTINAL MICROVILLUS MEMBRANES (MVM)

The MVM of rat small intestine undergoes progressive desialylation and fucosylation during postnatal development. In this study, we assessed the role of this process on the terminal reactivities of MVM glycans. Purified MVM of 3-21 day-old and weaned rats were delipidated and treated with 1 u of neuraminidase (Clostridium perfrigens) or 0.5 u of fucosidase (bovine epididymis). The delipidated-desialylated (DDSM) and delipidated-defucosylated (DDFM) membranes (4.0 μg protein) were incubated with 125I-labeled lectins (peanut, wheat germ, Ulex I), and the bound radioactivity measured by collecting the membranes on Millipore filters. Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 0.15 M specific sugars. From suckling to weaning periods: a) the binding of WGA to neuraminidase-sensitive sites decreased by 40% (p<0.01), while that of UEAI to fucosidase-sensitive sites increased by 13-fold (p<0.001); b) the binding of PNA to DDSM fell by 51% (p<0.02), while binding to DDFM rose by 3.7-fold (p<0.01). Next, the membrane preparations were treated with pronase (30 u), the supernates (30,000 g x 20′) applied to PNA or WGA affinity colums, and the bound proteins eluted with 0.2 M lactose or N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. By SDS-PAGE, the main protein fractions were in the MW region of the mucin-type glycoproteins (260-340 K). Thus, the lectin binding properties of O-glycans in mucins of rat MVM seem to be developmentally controlled through a shift from terminal sialylation to fucosylation.
Phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas : Distribution, dynamics, and environmental forcing

Time-series of remotely sensed distributions of phytoplankton, sea ice, surface temperature, albedo, and clouds were examined to evaluate the impact of the variability of environmental conditions and physical forcing on the phytoplankton distribution in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Large-scale distributions of these parameters were studied for the first time using weekly and monthly composites from April 1998 through September 2002. The basic data set used in this study are phytoplankton pigment concentration derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), ice concentration obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and surface temperature, cloud cover, and albedo derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Seasonal variations of the sea ice cover was observed to be the dominant environmental factor as the ice edge blooms followed the retreating marginal ice zones northward. Blooms were most prominent in the southwestern Chukchi Sea, and were especially persistent immediately north of the Bering Strait in nutrient- rich Anadyr water and in some fronts. Chlorophyll concentrations are shown to increase from a nominal value during onset of melt in April to a maximum value in mid-spring or summer depending on location. Large interannual variability of ice cover and phytoplankton distributions was observed with the year 1998 being uniquely associated with an early season occurrence of a massive bloom. This is postulated to be caused in part by a rapid response of phytoplankton to an early retreat of the sea ice cover in the Beaufort Sea region. Correlation analyses showed relatively high negative correlation between chlorophyll and ice concentration with the correlation being highest in May, the correlation coefficient being -0.45. 1998 was also the warmest among the five years globally and the sea ice cover was least extensive in the Beaufort-Khukchi Sea region, partly because of the 1997-98 El Nino. Strong correlations were noted between ice extent and surface temperature, the correlation coefficient being highest at - 0.79 in April, during the onset of the bloom period
Combined phenotypic assessment of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A, N-acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase with the "Cooperstown cocktail".

Background Simultaneous administration of several probes enhances the utility of phenotyping, but poor specificity, side effects, and use of drugs not approved by the Food and Drug Administration limit the usefulness of prior phenotyping cocktails. Objectives To evaluate potential drug-drug interactions associated with use of a cocktail of caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, and midazolam for simultaneous phenotyping of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A, N -acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase. Methods Twelve subjects received caffeine + dextromethorphan, omeprazole, and midazolam (each alone), and a cocktail of caffeine + dextromethorphan + omeprazole + midazolam. Blood samples were collected at 120 minutes for omeprazole and 5/-hydroxyomeprazole, and at 0, 5, 30, 60, 120, 240, 300, and 360 minutes for midazolam. Twelve-hour urine samples were collected for analysis of dextromethorphan, caffeine, and metabolites. Results The median CYP1A2 metabolic ratio after administration of caffeine + dextromethorphan was not significantly different from that obtained with the cocktail (P = .84). Likewise, the median N -acetyltransferase-2, xanthine oxidase, and CYP2D6 metabolic ratios were not significantly different after cocktail administration (P = .977 for each N -acetyltransferase-2; P = .795 for xanthine oxidase; P = .75 for CYP2D6). The median CYP2C19 metabolic ratio after cocktail administration was not significantly different from that obtained after omeprazole administered alone (P = 1.000). Also, midazolam plasma clearance was not significantly different after cocktail administration compared with that after administration of midazolam alone (P = .708). The only side effect was sedation, which was associated with intravenous midazolam and occurred to a similar extent after both individual and cocktail phenotyping. Conclusions These results indicate no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions that would limit the utility of this phenotyping cocktail for simultaneous measurement of the activity of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. (Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:375-83.) Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2000) 68, 375–383; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2000.109519
Negative DUV photoresist for 16Mb-DRAM production and future generations

This paper discusses a new negative tone aqueous base developable photoresist that has demonstrated excellent sub-half micron resolution with commercially available DUV (deep ultraviolet) exposure systems. This system which consists of a phenolic resin (pHOST), a glycoluril crosslinker (TMMGU), and a triflic acid generating material is currently in use for the manufacturing of 16 M b-DRAM and related CMOS logic technology. We provide supporting manufacturing data relating to our experiences with this program, along with the benefits realized by the implementation of a negative tone photoresist system.
What makes Simon Says so difficult for young children

Compared with conceptually similar response inhibition tasks, the game of Simon Says is particularly challenging for young children. However, possible reasons for this difference have not been systematically investigated. Here we tested the relative influence of two dissociable characteristics of the standard Simon Says task: receiving both inhibition and activation commands from the same experimenter and seeing the experimenter perform the movement along with the commands. A sample of 74 children (mean age = 55 months) were randomly assigned to complete one of five possible tasks. Four of the five tasks were variations of Simon Says involving combinations of one or two experimenters and the presence versus absence of the experimenter's movements. The fifth task was Bear-Dragon, a commonly used executive function task in which one experimenter employed two puppets to give action commands to children. Analyses revealed that children's performance was significantly worse on the one-person Simon Says tasks compared with the two-person tasks and the Bear-Dragon task. The presence of the experimenters' movements alongside their commands did not have a significant effect on children's performance. The requirement to respond to one person who is changing how different rules apply to similar actions appears to be an important determinant of the difficulty of Simon Says for young children. In terms of implications, inconsistency in how an adult applies rules to children's actions may be a detrimental social influence on the development of cognitive control during early childhood.
Beyond the Rhetoric: Noninterference in China’s African Policy

The following paper examines the historical origins and development of China’s advocacy of the principle of noninterference in its African foreign policy and suggests that in spite of its consistent rhetorical support for noninterference over the last fifty years, the relevance of the principle in shaping Beijing’s foreign policy decisions has varied as its pragmatic interests have shifted. China’s post-Maoist leadership, in the drive to win the African resources and markets needed to bolster its growing, export-driven economy, has utilized the practice of noninterference to win a foothold on the continent. As its level of investment in Africa and dependency on African energy resources and markets have expanded, however, Beijing has found limiting its actions vis-a-vis a policy of noninterference less tenable, and as recurrences of regional instability and anti-Chinese populism have threatened its interests, citizens, and assets on the continent, will likely take a more forceful role in its relations with partner states.
Bromine ion-beam-assisted etching of III-V semiconductors

Bromineion-beam-assisted etching produces smooth vertical sidewalls in GaAs, GaP, InP, AlSb, and GaSb as well as in the usual alloys formed from these materials. Care must be taken, however, during etching to match the specific material system with an appropriate substrate etch temperature. For example, vertical walls were obtained using substrate temperatures in the range of 150 to 200°C with InP, 80 to 140°C with GaAs and GaP, and below 30°C with AlSb and GaSb. GaN has also been etched with the technique. Our etching experience and the vapor pressure data for bromine with group III and group V elements lead us to believe that all of the various technologically important III-V binaries, ternaries, and quaternaries can be etched. Etch rates of most of the materials can be varied from several nm/min to 0.16 µm/min through the bromine flow rate, Ar+ ion beam density and energy, and the substrate temperature. Bromine ion-beam-assisted etching also appears to have an advantage over chlorine ion-beam-assisted etching in many situations, in that substrate temperature ranges can be found for which vertical sidewalls are maintained while etching through layered structures composed of various alloys of the materials. Here we present results obtained from etching a number of III-V binaries, alloys, and heterostructures.
Subcutaneous facial emphysema resulting from routine tooth preparation: A clinical report

S u b c u t a n e o u s emphysema is a complication tha t may occur subsequent to denta l extract ion procedures. 1-6 Emphysema of the head and neck may resul t from air-water coolant spray from high-speed air-driven handpieces used for tooth sectioning. 4 Sectioning of a tooth during an extract ion procedure should involve the use of a denta l handpiece in which the air s t ream under pressure is directed away from the field of operation. 2, 4, 5 This makes it possible to avoid the introduct ion of a i r under pressure into subcutaneous spaces of the head and neck during the course of tooth removal. The entry of air into the face is not l imited to tooth extractions, but may also occur through other portals of entry, which include endodontically t rea ted teeth, 1 the periodontium, 7 and lacerat ions of in t raora l soft t issues. 1 This clinical repor t i l lus t ra tes how the or ientat ion of a high-speed denta l handpiece used for a crown prepara t ion made it possible for a i r under pressure to be driven into a lacerat ion in a pat ient ' s buccal mucosa. The unique feature of this occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema is tha t the ent ry of a i r from the mouth into the face occurred as a result of a i r being forced under pressure away from, ins tead of toward the field of operation.
Expanding Coverage in the History Course by Toasting Significant but Often Overlooked Contributors

This teaching activity attempts to expand the range of contributions usually covered in a history of psychology course by incorporating the social custom of toasting.
Distribution and abundance of fishes in the San Francisco Bay estuary between 1980 and 1982

In 1980 a long-term study of the fishery resources of the San Francisco Bay estuary was initiated in an effort to delineate the importance of freshwater inflow to fish and invertebrate abundance and distribution in the bay. An analysis of the trawl data collected between January 1980 and December 1982 illustrates the influence of the timing and magnitude of freshwater inflows on fish distribution and abundance in this estuary from the perspective of monthly, seasonal and annual time scales. Normally found in the delta, Suisun Bay and San Pablo Bay during periods of increased salinity, pelagic species moved downstream after the two peak flows studied, while demersal species usually found in Central San Francisco Bay moved upstream. Such upstream movements may be due in part to transport by strong density-driven currents.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy of oncogene localization in rainbow trout cell lines derived from normal and tumor tissue.

We examined the localization and expression of the nuclear oncoprotein c-myc and the cytoplasmic membrane-associated oncoprotein c-ras in rainbow trout cell lines derived from both normal and tumor tissue in order to question whether c-myc and ras oncoprotein immunostaining was increased in cells derived from tumors compared to cells derived from normal tissue. Cell lines examined were derived from normal rainbow trout gonadal cells (RTG-2), a rainbow trout hepatoma (RTH-149), and a rainbow trout mesothelioma (RTM). Protein products of c-ras and c-myc were visualized in these 3 cell lines by employing fluorescein-labeled anti-mouse pan-ras and c-myc antibodies. The RTG-2 cells were used in this study as normal, control cells, and they exhibited little pan-ras and c-myc staining. The RTH-149 cell line (a tumorigenic cell line) exhibited positive pan-ras staining in regions of the membrane and cell cytoplasm. Localization of c-myc staining to perinuclear regions was punctate in RTH-149 cells. RTM cells (als...
The Changing Face of Teenage Drug Abuse — The Trend toward Prescription Drugs

Dr. Richard Friedman describes an emerging pattern in drug use by teenagers: illicit street drugs such as “ecstasy” and cocaine are decreasing in popularity, whereas the nonmedical use of certain prescription drugs is on the rise.
Amelanotic lentigo maligna: a report of three cases and review of the literature.

Background Amelanotic lentigo maligna is not clinically suspected and is often mistaken for a basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or dermatitis. Objective Our objective was to review previously reported cases of amelanotic lentigo maligna and compare them with our 3 cases. Methods The clinical presentation and histologic findings of 3 new cases are described and compared with those in the literature. Results The index of suspicion for amelanotic lentigo maligna is extremely low. No reported cases have been diagnosed clinically. None of our 3 cases was suspected. Limitations Only three cases were reviewed. Conclusion A high degree of clinical and histologic suspicion is required to make the diagnosis of this clinically nondescript neoplasm.
Nest-Building Behavior in Three Species of Deer Mice, Peromyscus

Nest-building behavior of Peromyscus floridanus, P. gossypinus, and P. leucopus was studied. The three species were compared on the basis of amount of cotton removed daily from a dispenser and the type of nest built, and floridanus and gossypinus were also tested for their tendency of shred paper strips. Floridanus removed less cotton and built poorer nests than the other species, which did not differ significantly in these measures. First generation laboratory conceived and reared subjects of floridanus and gossypinus performed more poorly and more variably in these tests than wild-caught individuals, although the relative differences between species persisted. Floridanus did less shredding than gossypinus. In contrast to the cotton-removal experiments, laboratory subjects of both species tended to do more shredding than field animals and had lower coefficients of variation. The differences between field and laboratory subjects in both kinds of tests are attributed mainly to non-genetic differences in activity or temperament produced by conditions of captivity. The poor nest-building behavior of floridanus apparently reflects evolution of burrow nesting habits, with consequent reduction in selection for nest-building behavior, under the influence of warm, xeric climatic conditions. The higher level of nest-building activity in gossypinus and leucopus correlates with their greater habitat and nest-site diversity. The differences in nest-building behavior of these three species are believed to provide at least a partial explanation of their present patterns of ecologic and geographic distribution. Intraspecific variation in nest-building activities was greater in two floridanus populations than in gossypinus from the same areas. The more pronounced difference in the floridanus stocks is correlated with their greater genetic isolation and ecological divergence and appears to be related to the types of burrows available in the two habitats. It is concluded that evolution of nest-building behavior of these three species, although influenced by gross climatic conditions, has been more closely associated with more proximate ecological factors such as habitat and nest site preferences which in turn help to determine the specific microclimates under which each species lives.
Human CD46 Enhances Nitric Oxide Production in Mouse Macrophages in Response to Measles Virus Infection in the Presence of Gamma Interferon: Dependence on the CD46 Cytoplasmic Domains

CD46 is a transmembrane complement regulatory protein widely expressed on nucleated human cells. Laboratory-adapted strains of measles virus (MV) bind to the extracellular domains of CD46 to enter human cells. The cytoplasmic portion of CD46 consists of a common juxtamembrane region and different distal sequences called Cyt1 and Cyt2. The biological functions of these cytoplasmic sequences are unknown. In this study, we show that expression of human CD46 with the Cyt1 cytoplasmic domain in mouse macrophages enhances production of nitric oxide (NO) in response to MV infection in the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Human CD46 does not increase the basal levels of NO production in mouse macrophages and does not augment NO production induced by double-stranded polyribonucleotides. Replacing the cytoplasmic domain of human CD46 with Cyt2 reduces MV and IFN-gamma-induced NO production in mouse macrophages. Deleting the entire cytoplasmic domains of human CD46 does not prevent MV infection but markedly attenuates NO production in response to MV and IFN-gamma. Mouse macrophages expressing a tailless human CD46 mutant are more susceptible to MV infection and produce 2 to 3 orders of magnitude more infectious virus than mouse macrophages expressing human CD46 with intact cytoplasmic domains. These results reveal a novel function of CD46 dependent on the cytoplasmic domains (especially Cyt1), which augments NO production in macrophages. These findings may have significant implications for roles of CD46 in innate immunity and MV pathogenesis.
Hearing a Still‐Ticking Bomb Argument: A Reply to Bufacchi and Arrigo

My aim in this paper is to demonstrate that the recent anti-Ticking Bomb argument offered by Bufacchi and Arrigo is unsuccessful. To adequately refute the Ticking Bomb strategy, I claim, requires carefully addressing both policy questions and questions involving exceptional conduct.
T cell–derived interleukin (IL)-21 promotes brain injury following stroke in mice

T lymphocytes are key contributors to the acute phase of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, but the relevant T cell–derived mediators of tissue injury remain unknown. Using a mouse model of transient focal brain ischemia, we report that IL-21 is highly up-regulated in the injured mouse brain after cerebral ischemia. IL-21–deficient mice have smaller infarcts, improved neurological function, and reduced lymphocyte accumulation in the brain within 24 h of reperfusion. Intracellular cytokine staining and adoptive transfer experiments revealed that brain-infiltrating CD4+ T cells are the predominant IL-21 source. Mice treated with decoy IL-21 receptor Fc fusion protein are protected from reperfusion injury. In postmortem human brain tissue, IL-21 localized to perivascular CD4+ T cells in the area surrounding acute stroke lesions, suggesting that IL-21–mediated brain injury may be relevant to human stroke.
IN REPLY TO PATRICK M. FLYNN AND COLLEAGUES

In their letter on our paper, ‘‘Nonresponse and selection bias in treatment follow-up studies’’ (1), Drs. Flynn, Simpson, Anglin, and Hubbard express concern that our comparison of response rates in four major drug use treatment outcome studies was based on inadequate information about one of the studies (DATOS) and therefore underestimated that study’s response rate. We hold the seminal work of our distinguished colleagues in high esteem. Nevertheless, we believe that in two respects their letter presents an incomplete picture of this matter. First, the DATOS investigators suggest that we did not have the same level of information about DATOS (cited as an RTI study) as we did about the other three (cited as NORC studies). However, virtually all of the methodological information used in our paper came from published sources for each of the four studies, on two of which (DATOS and NTIES) both organizations collected interview data (in one case serially, in the other case, in parallel)—as both did on an earlier study cited by Drs. Flynn and colleagues (2). We shared our paper in draft with members of the DATOS group, and we received no additional information or corrections, although we were advised that the DATOS investigators did not know the total number of patients that the field staff contacted and tried to recruit in the cooperating DATOS programs. Therefore we used an estimate for this
Protein decoy assembly using short fragments under geometric constraints

A small set of protein fragments can represent adequately all known local protein structure. This set of fragments, along with a construction scheme that assembles these fragments into structures, defines a discrete (relatively small) conformation space, which approximates protein structures accurately. We generate protein decoys by sampling geometrically valid structures from this conformation space, biased by the secondary structure prediction for the protein. Unlike other methods, secondary structure prediction is the only protein-specific information used for generating the decoys. Nevertheless, these decoys are qualitatively similar to those found by others. The method works well for all-alpha proteins, and shows promising results for alpha and beta proteins.
Mitotic regulation of fungal cell-to-cell connectivity through septal pores involves the NIMA kinase

Intercellular bridges are a conserved feature of multicellular organisms. In multi - cellular fungi, cells are connected directly via intercellular bridges called septal pores. Using Aspergillus nidulans, we demonstrate for the first time that septal pores are regulated to be opened during interphase but closed during mitosis. Septal pore-associated proteins display dynamic cell cycle-regulated locations at mature septa. Of importance, the mitotic NIMA ki - nase locates to forming septa and surprisingly then remains at septa throughout interphase. However, during mitosis, when NIMA transiently locates to nuclei to promote mitosis, its levels at septa drop. A model is proposed in which NIMA helps keep septal pores open dur - ing interphase and then closed when it is removed from them during mitosis. In support of this hypothesis, NIMA inactivation is shown to promote interphase septal pore closing. Be - cause NIMA triggers nuclear pore complex opening during mitosis, our findings suggest that common cell cycle regulatory mechanisms might control septal pores and nuclear pores such that they are opened and closed out of phase to each other during cell cycle progression. The study provides insights into how and why cytoplasmically connected Aspergillus cells main- tain mitotic autonomy.
Hermitian operators on complex Banach lattices and a problem of Garth Dales

Let E F be a direct sum decomposition of a complex Banach lattice X. Garth Dales asked recently if the equationkx +yk =kjxj_jyjk for all x2 E and y2 F implies that E and F are bands. We show that this is the case by using the theory of hermitian operators. We then show that the same result holds if we replace Dales’s condition bykx +yk =k(jxj p +jyj p ) 1=p k for any p6 2: To do this, we develop a general theory of hermitian operators on a complex Banach lattice, showing in particular that the operators of the form S +iT with S;T hermitian always form a subalgebra ofL(X) which is (by the Vidav{Palmer theorem) isometrically a C -algebra. A particular conclusion is that, if E F satises kx +yk =kx +e i yk for all x2 E, all y2 F , and all 2 [0; 2 ), then it also satises the equation kx +yk =k(jxj 2 +jyj 2 ) 1=2 k for all x2 E and y2 F .
Exploiting smart antennas in wireless mesh networks using contention access

Smart antennas can increase the capacity of mesh networks and reduce the susceptibility of individual nodes to interception and jamming, but creating the conditions that allow them to be effective is difficult. In this article we provide a broad review of antenna technologies and identify their capabilities and limitations. We review mechanisms used by medium access control schemes to arbitrate access. These reviews let us identify a small set of conditions that are necessary for smart antenna exploitation. We then review the most common MAC approaches, carrier sense multiple access, slotted aloha, and time-division multiple access, and evaluate their suitability for exploiting smart antennas. We demonstrate that they are not capable of creating the complete set of antenna exploitation conditions while retaining a contention nature. We follow with a discussion of the synchronous collision resolution (SCR) MAC scheme and describe how it creates all the exploitation conditions. We conclude that SCR provides the best support for smart antenna exploitation with the added benefits that there is no requirement for all nodes to be equipped with the same antenna technologies and that smart antennas can be combined with channelization technologies to provide even higher capacities
PELOX integrated PBL

Polysilicon buffered LOCOS (PBL) does not exhibit sufficient field oxide recess to support aggressive device scaling without the introduction of processes which are difficult to control. Recently, polysilicon encapsulated local oxidation (PELOX) has been proposed as an easily scaled isolation technique that exhibits LOCOS equivalent recess. The integration of PELOX into an existing PBL 1-Mb DRAM baseline process is described. PELOX-integrated PBL (PIPBL) is demonstrated to enhance final field oxide recess without increasing encroachment. The improved final field oxide recess is shown to provide increased process margin as evidenced by superior probe yield. >
Bank portfolio composition and macroeconomic activity

Abstract This paper examines the effects of bank portfolio composition by computing variance decompositions from a vector autoregressive model that comprises a portfolio composition variable (the ratio of commercial and industrial loans to total loans and security holdings), output, the price level, an interest rate, the money supply, and a supply shock variable. Using data from 1974:7–1989:12 and 1979:10–1989:12, bank portfolio composition is found to have significant effects on macro variables. Whether these effects should be interpreted as the result of monetary policy actions or the response to changes in loan demand is discussed.
THE INVESTIGATION OF COST VARIANCES: A FUZZY SET THEORY APPROACH*

In a standard costing system, deviations (variances) of actual cost from standard cost should be investigated in order to help management identify the causes of the variances and who is responsible for them before corrective actions are taken. In reality, however, actual cost rarely equals standard cost and so many variances occur that it is impractical and uneconomical to investigate all of them. These two conflicting factors—the necessity of investigating cost variances and the impracticality of investigating all the variances—present management with the problem of deciding which variances to investigate. In this paper a model, based on fuzzy set theory, for the cost-variance investigation is proposed and applied to an actual investigation problem faced by a manufacturing company.
Interpreting Radiation Treatment Planning Study Results: A Note of Caution

Email:dipkandel63@hotmail.com Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among males in the United States.1 The treatment of prostate cancer has several options, including external beam radiation therapy. The primary goal of radiation therapy is to control the tumor by delivering a maximum dose to the tumor site, yet minimizing the radiation dose to normal tissues. The development of advanced delivery techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) as well as more accurate treatment planning systems have improved tumor control in radiation therapy. Intensity modulated radiation therapy is a treatment technique that delivers the radiation beam in a static mode, whereas VMAT is considered to be a rotational IMRT that allows the beam to be delivered with the gantry of the machine rotating around the patient.2 Sophisticated treatment planning systems have also increased the accuracy of dose calculation and improved the work flow in the clinic. The results from different complex delivery techniques, however, may vary from one institution to another. The main purpose of this article is to provide a brief summary of the reasons that may have caused discrepancies among different treatment planning studies on prostate cancer. This study reviewed the most recent literature on prostate cancer treatment planning. The literature search was conducted using the terms “prostate cancer”, “IMRT”, and “VMAT” on Google Scholar. According to the review, the common agreement among different studies was the decreased treatment time and less number of monitor units (MUs) associated with VMAT when compared to IMRT.3-14 There were discrepancies in dosimetric results for organs at risk (OARs)among different authors.3-14 For example, Kjaer-Kristoffersen et al.3 reported that VMAT had the capability to produce better or equal sparing of OARs than IMRT. In contrast, Yoo et al.4 reported that IMRT was better in sparing OARs than VMAT. Zhang et al.5 showed that VMAT was better than IMRT in sparing the rectal wall. In a study by Tsai et al.,6 there
Legionella pneumophila Suppresses Interleukin-12 Production by Macrophages

In vitro infection of macrophages with Legionella pneumophila induced interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and MCP-3 but not IL-12. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of IL-12 was down-regulated by infection with virulent L. pneumophila, but other cytokines were not affected. In contrast, avirulent L. pneumophila or UV-killed, virulent L. pneumophila did not induce any suppression of IL-12. The IL-12 suppression occurred at the level of mRNA accumulation for IL-12 genes in response to LPS stimulation, but the infection induced a marked accumulation of mRNA for both MCP-1 and MCP-3, which are known to suppress IL-12 production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. However, pretreatment of macrophages with MCP-1 did not suppress LPS-induced IL-12 production at the concentrations induced by L. pneumophila infection. These results suggest that L. pneumophila selectively suppresses IL-12 production induced by LPS from macrophages in vitro by an MCP-independent mechanism.
Recommendations for Diagnosis, Referral for Liver Biopsy, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the primary cause of chronic liver disease in the United States, afflicting an estimated 80 to 100 million Americans. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of liver diseases composed of nonalcoholic fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although nonalcoholic fatty liver has a negligible risk of progression, patients with NASH often develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Although liver biopsy is required to diagnose NASH, only patients with a high risk of NASH or advanced fibrosis require this evaluation. Despite the high prevalence of NAFLD, well-defined screening recommendations are currently lacking. In this review, suggestions for screening, diagnosis, and initial work-up of NAFLD are given on the basis of established guidelines and recent publications. Proposed drug treatments of NASH are also discussed, highlighting the study outcomes, as well as proposed uses and limitations of these drugs. The literature was searched in PubMed using search terms nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, with filters of "English language." A date range of January 1, 2000, to May 1, 2015, was used for the search. The bibliographies of key references were also searched manually, and seminal publications before the year 2000 were included.
Experimental and theoretical study of two-dimensional ion flux uniformity at the wafer plane in inductively coupled plasmas

A two-dimensional array of planar Langmuir probes manufactured on a 200-mm-diameter silicon wafer was used to measure the spatial distribution of ion flux impinging on the wafer surface in various discharges of electropositive (Ar) and electronegative (SF/sub 6/ and Cl/sub 2/) gases maintained in an inductively coupled plasma etching reactor with a planar spiral coil. In conjunction with the experiments, a two-dimensional fluid model of the plasma was developed to capture the dependence of the ion flux uniformity on plasma operating parameters and reactor geometry through a set of dimensionless numbers which are the ratios of various time and length scales intrinsic to the discharge. These dimensionless ratios include reactor dimensions, the skin depth, the electron energy relaxation length, ion diffusion length, and ionization and attachment rates. The model provides a simple framework within which the spatial variation of ion flux in inductively coupled plasmas can be understood. The approach captures the dependence of ion flux uniformity on plasma operating variables such as pressure and feed gas composition.
Framing abuse : explaining the incidence, perpetuation, and intervention in elder abuse

The role of individual characteristics in incidences of elder abuse has long been highest on research and policy agendas. Now, it is timely to discuss factors that go beyond victim and perpetrator. Environmental factors also play an important role in elder abuse. In this paper, we address the framing of elder abuse as a social and health problem. Attention is paid to the factors that influence societal context and the Healthcare system, its organization, structure, and principles
Applying a Logic Model to the Evaluation of a Participatory Ergonomics Program

Date Presented 4/16/2015 This study evaluated the efficacy of a participatory ergonomics program led by occupational therapists for construction workers, with guidance by a logic model. Program evaluation using a logic model was an effective method that can be applied to a wide range of occupational therapy programs.
Potential energy surfaces for OsH2

We compute the potential energy surfaces of 12 electronic states of OsH2 (four quintet, four triplet, and four singlet) arising from5D ground state of the Os atom as well as triplet and singlet excited states using the complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field (CAS-MCSCF) followed by multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) and relativistic CI (RCI) calculation which include up to 430,000 configurations. We find that the5D ground state of Os atom does not insert into H2 while the excited3F state of Os does. The3B1 ground state of OsH2 (there are two other nearly degenerate states) in the absence of spin-orbit coupling was found to be 22 kcal/mol more stable than Os(5D)+H2. The spin-orbit mixing of3B1,3B2,3A2, and1A1 states was so strong that it induces significant change in bond angles (up to 10°) for OsH2.
"Keep It In The Head": Jazz Elements in Modern Black American Poetry

The subject of jazz music is reflected in the poetry of many Black American writers. Rhythm or imagery, and sometimes both, are often affected by this artistic concern. In defining the Black American identity, contemporary minority poetry has devoted itself to the ideas of freedom, protest, and cultural pride, and by dramatizing the importance of jazz as part of a proud, ongoing cultural tradition, Black writers continually remind us of the close connection between poetry and music. Though much has been written about the general connection between Black music and Black poetry, notably Stephen Henderson's introductory essay to his Understanding the New Black Poetry (1973) and his long essay in The Militant Black Writer (1969), I wish to concentrate specifically on the subject of jazz, and exclude references to other types of Black music like gospels, field songs, shouts, spirituals, or Black popular songs. In this paper I will briefly identify two general patterns1 by which jazz elements are manifested in contemporary Black American poetry: (1) the use of syncopated rhythms which hope to approximate the sounds and cadences of jazz (as in poems by Langston Hughes, Victor Hernandez Cruz, and to some extent, Gwendolyn Brooks), and (2) the focus on specifically named jazz musicians to enhance imagery or theme (as in works by Imamu Amiri Baraka, Calvin Hernton, and A. B. Spellman). The poems I will be discussing, with one exception, are not included in Henderson's anthology. My paper will conclude with an examination of the poetry of Al Young, a writer who, as much as or more than other Black poets, regularly and quite beautifully incorporates the subject of jazz into his work.
Design and Testing of the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Core Propulsion System

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) whose Core spacecraft will perform cutting-edge measurements of rainfall and snowfall worldwide and unify data gathered by a network of precipitation measurement satellites. Upon launch in early 2014, the Japanese H-IIA launch vehicle will place the Core observatory into its mission orbit, at which point the spacecraft’s propulsion system operates to maintain strict orbit requirements for the mission duration. This paper discusses the propulsion system design, assembly, and testing, with an emphasis on the challenges and lessons learned. GPM contains a blowdown monopropellant propulsion system with twelve thrusters, an aluminum-lined composite overwrapped propellant tank, and fluid control components, with a launch propellant load of 545 kg. One of the main technical drivers for the system design is end-of-life disposal, which led to the development of the first design-for-demise propellant tank. The propulsion system assembly was organized to accommodate late component deliveries, and included challenges posed by building an integral propulsion system without use of the spacecraft’s primary structures. This paper also includes a description of the testing performed to prove the design and workmanship of the propulsion system, including early benchtop testing, the full systemlevel functional test sequence, and propulsion verifications performed after integration into the observatory.
A Study on Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of Alfalfa Transformated with HBV Antigen Protein Gene in Rats

Objective To assess the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of alfalfa transformated with HBV antigen protein gene( ATHAPG) in rats and provide evidence for further study of its impact on human health and its acceptable daily intake( ADI). Methods Pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into five groups with 12 ~ 14 in each group. ATHAPG was fed at dietary concentrations of 40,200and 1000 mg / kg groups from day 7 to 16 of gestation. A comparison group received a diet with distilled water. The rats were killed on day20 and detected the fetal rat malformations. Results There was no significant difference among the three dose groups and the negative controls in the pregnancy rate,the weight of pregnant rats,fetal weight,fetal growth,fetal internal organs and fetal malformation rate.Conclusion There is no maternal toxicity,embryo toxicity and teratogenicity for rats when ATHAPG in the range 40-1000 mg /kg.
Survey of Anopheles anthropophagus in Nanbeigou Area of Wenchang city,Hainan Province

Objective To know the current situation of Anopheles anthropophagus in Nanbeigou Aera,Wenchang city.Methods Scoop sampling method and cow bait method were used for surveying habitat of Anopheles anthropophagus larvae,seasonal fluctuation and nocturnal activity patterns respectively. While human and cow bait method was used for observingblood-sucking habit of the mosquitoes. Results Anopheles anthropophaguswere captured in seepage water, cattle trace anddiscarded ponds. The proportion of sucking human blood meal and cow blood meal by Anopheles anthropophagus were 5.66%and 94.34%. Anopheles anthropophagus was active all year round, mainly in March to August, and there was a little peak inNovember. The nocturnal peak was in 19:00 – 20:00. Conclusions Larvae of An. anthropophagus mainly breeds inseepage water and cattle trace, where water were clean and vegetated. An. anthropophagus prefer for cow blood withoutseasonal peak and take blood meal at dusk
Subgaleal hematoma causing hypovolemic shock during delivery after failed vacuum extraction: a case report.

Subgaleal hematomas are potentially lethal intracranial bleedings, occurring most commonly in the neonate after difficult vacuum extraction. We report a case of hypovolemic shock occurring at birth after failed extraction and subgaleal bleeding. Subgaleal hematomas may form because of preexisting risk factors (e.g., coagulopathy), but vacuum extraction itself predisposes an infant toward subgaleal bleeding. Although the frequency of these bleedings has decreased with introduction of silicone extraction cups, the risk of subgaleal bleeding after vacuum extraction continues to be increased for primiparous women; severe dystocia, occiput lateral or posterior head presentations; and repeated, forceful, or prolonged use of vacuum suction. The presence of ballotable cranial fluid collections and signs of volume loss in a neonate raise the possibility of subgaleal bleeding. Treatment, if the subgaleal hematoma is symptomatic, requires restoration of blood volume and control of bleeding, inasmuch as these hematomas can be fatal if not treated. Prevention may require limitation of the frequency and duration of vacuum assistance in high-risk infants.
Relationships of niridazole metabolism to antiparasitic efficacy and host toxicity

The differential toxicity of certain antiparasitic drugs in parasite and host may have a metabolic basis. The metabolism of such compounds relates not only to their modes of antiparasitic action but also their side effects in the host. Knowledge of antiparasitic drug metabolism may also lead to the development of appropriate biochemical screens for antiparasitic efficacy and/or to the design of improved therapeutic agents.
Mendel: A Distributed Storage Framework for Similarity Searching over Sequencing Data

Rapid advances in genomic sequencing technology have resulted in a data deluge in biology and bioinformatics. This increase in data volumes has introduced computational challenges for frequently performed sequence analytics routines such as DNA and protein homology searches, these must also preferably be done in real-time. In this paper, we propose a scalable and similarity-aware distributed storage framework, Mendel, that enables retrieval of biologically significant DNA and protein alignments against a voluminous genomic sequence database. Mendel fragments the sequence data and generates an inverted-index, which is then dispersed over a distributed collection of machines using a locality aware distributed hash table. A novel distributed nearest neighbor search algorithm identifies sequence segments with high similarity and extending them to find an alignment. This paper includes an empirical evaluation of the performance, sensitivity, and scalability of the proposed system versus the National Center for Biotechnology Information's non-redundant protein dataset. Mendel demonstrates higher sensitivity and faster query evaluations when compared to other modern frameworks.
P055 Development of immune responses to tissue-restricted self-antigens in simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant recipients with acute rejection

Aim Simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation (SKP Tx) is a treatment option for patients with Type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage kidney disease, but acute and chronic rejection remain obstacles to long-term allograft function. This study aimed to determine the role of immune responses to mismatched donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and tissue-restricted self-antigens (kidney and pancreas) in allograft rejection after SKP Tx. Methods Sera were collected from 39 SKP Tx recipients. Preexisting and post-transplant de novo antibodies specific for kidney-associated self-antigens (KSAgs) (i.e., collagen-IV, fibronectin) and pancreas-associated self-antigens (PSAgs) (i.e., insulin, islet cell, glutamic acid decarboxylase, pancreas-associated protein-1) were measured by ELISA. The sample was considered positive if values exceeded mean + 2 standard deviations of healthy normal subjects samples. Donor-specific antibodies to HLA class I and II were determined using single antigen beads using Luminex assay. Results Acute rejection was confirmed on biopsy in 23/39 patients (59%). Of these, 6/23 (26.1%) had kidney and pancreas rejection, 8/23 (34.8%) had kidney-alone rejection and 9/23 (39.1%) had pancreas-alone rejection. De novo development of antibodies to KSAgs and PSAgs was significantly higher in combined kidney-pancreas rejection patients compared with stable SKP Tx patients (p Conclusions Development of antibodies to KSAgs and PSAgs is associated with combined kidney-pancreas rejection after SKP Tx. Kidney-alone rejection showed increased antibodies to KSAgs, and pancreas-alone rejection showed increased antibodies to PSAgs. This suggests that immune responses to tissue-specific antigens play a critical role in allograft rejection.
Prospects for Inertial Fusion Energy with a KrF Laser

Previous reactor studies indicate that a practical laser fusion power plant will require target gains of about 100. This level of energy gain appears possible with direct-drive targets now being de...