cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a [3H]muscimol photoaffinity substrate in the bovine gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor alpha subunit.

Abstract An amino acid which appears to be involved in an agonist binding site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor protein has been identified by photoaffinity labeling of affinity purified bovine receptor with [3H]muscimol and microsequencing of a chymotryptic fragment. Sequencing of a major purified labeled peptide gave the sequence Thr-Ile-Asp-Val-Phe with release of 3H label in the fifth cycle, corresponding to Phe. These 5 residues match the published sequence for the bovine alpha 1 subunit beginning at Thr61, following the chymotryptic substrate Tyr60. This sequence is found in the alpha 1-3 subunits of rat and cow and alpha 5 of rat, but not in any beta. Although previous evidence tentatively suggested that the beta subunit was the major [3H]muscimol-labeled subunit, homomeric expression studies have shown the potential for a functional gamma-aminobutyric acid binding site on all classes of subunits. The residue carrying the label, Phe65 on alpha 1, is conserved among all GABAA receptor alpha subunits, gamma 2, and delta. In addition, recent data indicated that a point mutation of Phe64-->Leu in rat alpha 1 subunit strongly decreased agonist and antagonist affinity when coexpressed with beta 2 and gamma 2 subunits in Xenopus oocytes (Sigel, E., Baur, R., Kellenberger; S., and Malherbe, P. (1992) EMBO J. 11, 2017-2023). The photolabeled Phe residue identified in this report is the bovine homolog to the Phe64 identified by the mutation studies of Sigel et al., to affect function in the rat GABAA receptor.
Disgust, Psychology of

Disgust appears to be a universal and basic emotion. On the output side, it is characterized by a withdrawal response, a physiological concomitant of nausea, and a distinct facial expression, focused around the nose and mouth. This output system seems to have been relatively constant across time and cultures. However, there has been a major elaboration of elicitors and meanings in cultural evolution, by a process of preadaptation. Disgust may have originated as a food rejection response in animals, based on taste or smell. However, in humans, the food rejection response is transformed into a rejection based upon the nature or origin of a food, rather than its sensory properties. Disgusting potential foods have contaminating properties; when they contact an acceptable food, they render that food unacceptable. The offensiveness of certain foods expands to the offensiveness of any reminders of the animal nature of humans, especially death and its odor of decay. Further expansions include interpersonal disgust; direct or indirect contact with undesirable people or simply strangers, and moral disgust, directed at certain types of moral violations. The elicitors and meanings of disgust vary across time and culture, with interpersonal and moral disgust expressed particularly prominently in Hindu India. Disgust has been transformed, in human cultural evolution, into an emotion that promotes withdrawal from a wide range of culturally unacceptable entities; it is a major force in socialization, and has become a guardian of the soul, as well as the body.
Hepatic and bile porphyrins in patients with protoporphyria and liver failure

Abstract The livers of patients who have protoporphyria and hepatic failure contain large amounts of pigment crystals. Two such patients underwent liver transplantation, providing the opportunity to identify the pigment crystals. Portions of liver were digested enzymically, sedimented through a sucrose gradient, treated with 1% sodium dodecylsulfate, and centrifuged to purify the crystals, Spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated them to be composed of protoporphyrin. Bile samples were obtained from the 2 patients, 4 other patients who did not have liver disease, and 10 control subjects. The porphyrin concentrations in bile from the 6 patients were significantly increased above controls (range 254–7884 μg/dl compared with 11–109 μg/dl). The ratio of protoporphyrin to bile acid in bile distinguished the 2 patients with advanced liver disease (3105 and 2756 μg/mmol) from the 4 patients without liver disease (range 61–926 μg/mmol). Thus, analysis of bile from patients with protoporphyria may help in evaluating their hepatobiliary status.
The probability of duplicate gene preservation by subfunctionalization.

It has often been argued that gene-duplication events are most commonly followed by a mutational event that silences one member of the pair, while on rare occasions both members of the pair are preserved as one acquires a mutation with a beneficial function and the other retains the original function. However, empirical evidence from genome duplication events suggests that gene duplicates are preserved in genomes far more commonly and for periods far in excess of the expectations under this model, and whereas some gene duplicates clearly evolve new functions, there is little evidence that this is the most common mechanism of duplicate-gene preservation. An alternative hypothesis is that gene duplicates are frequently preserved by subfunctionalization, whereby both members of a pair experience degenerative mutations that reduce their joint levels and patterns of activity to that of the single ancestral gene. We consider the ways in which the probability of duplicate-gene preservation by such complementary mutations is modified by aspects of gene structure, degree of linkage, mutation rates and effects, and population size. Even if most mutations cause complete loss-of-subfunction, the probability of duplicate-gene preservation can be appreciable if the long-term effective population size is on the order of 10 5 or smaller, especially if there are more than two independently mutable subfunctions per locus. Even a moderate incidence of partial loss-of-function mutations greatly elevates the probability of preservation. The model proposed herein leads to quantitative predictions that are consistent with observations on the frequency of long-term duplicate gene preservation and with observations that indicate that a common fate of the members of duplicate-gene pairs is the partitioning of tissue-specific patterns of expression of the ancestral gene.
Molecular analysis of the Haemophilus ducreyi groE heat shock operon.

Abstract Chancroid is a sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. Previously, we developed diagnostic DNA probes for H. ducreyi (L. M. Parsons, M. Shayegani, A. L. Waring, and L. H. Bopp, J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:1441-1445, 1989). In the present study, DNA sequencing of one of the diagnostic probes revealed two adjacent open reading frames (ORFs). These H. ducreyi ORFs and the encoded proteins show significant homology with the groE genes and GroES and GroEL heat shock proteins from several bacterial pathogens and with conserved eukaryotic 60-kDa heat shock proteins. The first H. ducreyi ORF (groES) is preceded by sequences similar to those of the Escherichia coli consensus heat shock promoters and is 288 nucleotides long and is capable of encoding a protein of 10.3 kDa. The second ORF (groEL) is 1,641 nucleotides long and is capable of encoding a protein of 57.8 kDa. Northern (RNA blot) analysis demonstrated the presence of a high level of groE mRNA in exponential-phase H. ducreyi grown in hemin broth at the organism's optimal growth temperature (33 degrees C), with increased levels seen following heat shock. Heat shock also increased the thermostability of the organisms, since stressed cells were more resistant to the lethal effects of rapid chilling. Electrophoretic analysis and immunoblots demonstrated that the predominant protein produced by exponential-phase H. ducreyi was a heat-inducible, immunoreactive protein of approximately 60 kDa (GroEL). Also, H. ducreyi groE mRNA and GroEL were expressed and inducible by heat in E. coli. This is the first report describing the cloning, sequencing, and expression of H. ducreyi protein-encoding genes.
Measurement of regional variation of GABA in the human brain by optimized point-resolved spectroscopy at 7 T in vivo.

The 1H resonances of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human brain in vivo are extensively overlapped with the neighboring abundant resonances of other metabolites and remain indiscernible in short-TE MRS at 7 T. Here we report that the GABA resonance at 2.28 ppm can be fully resolved by means of echo time optimization of a point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) scheme. Following numerical simulations and phantom validation, the subecho times of PRESS were optimized at (TE, TE2) = (31, 61) ms for detection of GABA, glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and glutathione (GSH). The in vivo feasibility of the method was tested in several brain regions in nine healthy subjects. Spectra were acquired from the medial prefrontal, left frontal, medial occipital, and left occipital brain and analyzed with LCModel. Following the gray and white matter (GM and WM) segmentation of T1-weighted images, linear regression of metabolite estimates was performed against the fractional GM contents. The GABA concentration was estimated to be about seven times higher in GM than in WM. GABA was overall higher in frontal than in occipital brain. Glu was about twice as high in GM as in WM in both frontal and occipital brain. Gln was significantly different between frontal GM and WM while being similar between occipital GM and WM. GSH did not show significant dependence on tissue content. The signals from N-acetylaspartylglutamate were clearly resolved, giving the concentration more than 10 times higher in WM than in GM. Our data indicate that the PRESS TE = 92 ms method provides an effective means for measuring GABA and several challenging J-coupled spin metabolites in human brain at 7 T. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrepreneurship as an Area of Research

In his recently published volume on American economic history, Chester W. Wright says, in substance, that whereas he can give some account of the vicissitudes experienced by the several distributive factors of land, labor, and capital, he will have to deal in a very cursory fashion with the entrepreneur and with entrepreneurial gains since so little is known about them. I, for one, welcomed this statement of so eminent a student of American economic history since it gave such forthright support to ideas which I was at the time presenting to the recently organized Committee on Research in Economic History (ideas by no means wholly or even chiefly my own) relative to the desirability of research in the history of American entrepreneurship.
Fluid-Deposited Graphitic Inclusions in Quartz: Comparison Between KTB (German Continental Deep-Drilling) Core Samples and Artificially Reequilibrated Natural Inclusions

Abstract We used Raman microsampling spectroscopy (RMS) to determine the degree of crystallinity of minute (2–15 μm) graphite inclusions in quartz in two sets of samples: experimentally reequilibrated fluid inclusions in a natural quartz grain and biotite-bearing paragneisses from the KTB deep drillhole in SE Germany. Our sequential reequilibration experiments at 725°C on initially pure CO2 inclusions in a quartz wafer and the J. Krautheim 1993 experiments at 900–1100°C on organic compounds heated in gold or platinum capsules suggest that, at a given temperature, (1) fluid-deposited graphite will have a lower crystallinity than metamorphosed organic matter and (2) that the crystallinity of fluid-deposited graphite is affected by the composition of the fluid from which it was deposited. We determined that the precipitation of more-crystalline graphite is favored by lower f H2 (higher f O2), and that the crystallinity of graphite is established by the conditions (including gas fugacities) that pertain as the fluid first reaches graphite saturation. Graphite inclusions within quartz grains in the KTB rocks show a wide range in crystallinity index, reflecting three episodes of carbon entrapment under different metamorphic conditions. Isolated graphite inclusions have the spectral properties of totally ordered, completely crystalline graphite. Such crystallinity suggests that the graphite was incorporated from the surrounding metasedimentary rocks, which underwent metamorphism at upper amphibolite-facies conditions. Much of the fluid-deposited graphite in fluid inclusions, however, shows some spectral disorder. The properties of that graphite resemble those of experimental precipitates at temperatures in excess of 700°C and at elevated pressures, suggesting that the inclusions represent precipitates from C-O-H fluids trapped under conditions near those of peak metamorphism at the KTB site. In contrast, graphite that is intimately associated with chlorite and other (presumably low-temperature) silicates in inclusions is highly disordered and spectrally resembles kerogens. This graphite probably was deposited during later greenschist-facies retrograde metamorphism at about 400–500°C. The degree of crystallinity of fluid-deposited graphite is shown to be a much more complex function of temperature than is the crystallinity of metamorphic graphite. To some extent, experiments can provide temperature-calibration of the crystallinity index. However, the difference in time scales between experimental runs and geologic processes makes it difficult to infer specific temperatures for naturally precipitated graphite.
Protection and in vivo selection of hematopoietic stem cells using temozolomide, O6-benzylguanine, and an alkyltransferase-expressing retroviral vector.

Transfer of drug resistance genes to hematopoietic stem cells offers the potential to protect cancer patients from drug-induced myelosuppression and to increase the number of gene-modified cells by in vivo selection. In this study, a retroviral vector expressing both a P140K variant of human O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and an EGFP reporter gene was evaluated for stem cell protection in a murine transplant model. Mice transplanted with vector-transduced cells showed significant resistance to the myelosuppressive effects of temozolomide (TMZ), an orally administered DNA-methylating drug, and O6-benzylguanine (BG), a drug that depletes cells of wild-type MGMT activity. Following drug treatment, increases in EGFP+ peripheral blood cells were seen in all peripheral blood lineages, and secondary transplant experiments proved that selection had occurred at the stem cell level. In a second set of experiments in which transduced cells were diluted with unmarked cells, efficient stem cell selection was noted together with progressive marrow protection with repeated treatment courses. Altogether, these results show that P140K MGMT gene transfer can protect stem cells against the toxic effects of TMZ and BG and that this vector/drug system may be useful for clinical myeloprotection and for in vivo selection of transduced stem cells.
Basement membrane abnormalities in melanotic tumor formation of Drosophila.

InTumorw-Mutanten vonDrosophila melanogaster kapseln Hamocyten den hinteren Teil des Fettkorpers ein und bilden melanotische Tumoren. Mit Hilfe des Rasterelektronenmikroskops wurde nachgewiesen, dass mit dem Beginn der Tumorbildung ein Zerfall der Basalmembran, und eine Auflosung des hinteren Fettkorpers in Einzelzellen gekoppelt sind.
Time-Domain Impedance Boundary Conditions for Computational Aeroacoustics

It is an accepted practice in aeroacoustics to characterize the properties of an acoustically treated surface by a quantity known as impedance. Impedance is a complex quantity. As such, it is designed primarily for frequency-domain analysis. Time-domain boundary conditions that are the equivalent of the frequency-domain impedance boundary condition are proposed. Both single frequency and model broadband time-domain impedance boundary conditions are provided. It is shown that the proposed boundary conditions, together with the linearized Euler equations, form well-posed initial boundary value problems. Unlike ill-posed problems, they are free from spurious instabilities that would render time-marching computational solutions impossible.
Controlled Release of a Digestive Enzyme from a Swellable Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN)

A novel interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylamide) was prepared and its potential for sorption and delivery of diastase, a digestive enzyme, was evaluated. The effects of experimental parameters such as varying chemical composition of the IPN, percent loading of diastase, pH and temperature of the release medium and molecular weight of PEG were investigated on the release dynamics of the diastase. On the basis of Fick's equation the diffusional exponent (n) and diffusion constants (D) were evaluated for different IPN compositions. From the kinetic parameters data, an attempt was made to explore the nature of the mechanism of the release process of diastase. The IPNs were characterized by IR analysis and examined for zero-order release behavior of loaded enzyme.
The long‐term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysms: II. Late morbidity and mortality

Three hundred sixty-four patients who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm at either the anterior (ACA) or posterior (PCA) communicating artery location and who were not surgically treated have been followed for up to 21 years in order to study the late morbidity and mortality. For patients surviving six months: (1) little improvement in morbidity was noted during the many years of subsequent follow-up; (2) in general, ACA patients fared better than PCA patients; (3) the neurological state on original admission was strongly correlated with the degree of morbidity; (4) other factors measured at time of original hemorrhage which adversely affected morbidity included the level of blood pressure or the presence of clot or spasm; (5) if deaths from late hemorrhage are excluded, cardiovascular causes account for the majority of subsequent deaths; and (6) the risk of dying from all causes is increased when compared to a population matched by age and sex.
Employee characteristics as predictors of turnover among female clerical employees in two organizations

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between employee characteristics and turnover in organizations. Female clerical employees (N = 314) in two regional offices of a large insurance company were administered Jackson's Personality Research Form ( Jackson, D. Personality research form manual. Goshen, New York: Research Psychologists Press, 1967 ) and a questionnaire that included measures of several demographic characteristics. Turnover data were collected up to 8 months following administration of the questionnaire. Relationships were found between employee characteristics and turnover in both samples. Compared with stayers, leavers in both offices were characterized by lower tenure in the company, a higher need for autonomy, and a lower need for harm avoidance. These results held up under double cross-validation. Several suggestions were made concerning the direction of future research on turnover.
Initial characterization of 17 viruses harboring mutant forms of the immediate-early gene of equine herpesvirus 1.

The sole immediate-early (IE) gene of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) encodes a major regulatory protein of 1487 amino acids (aa) capable of modulating gene expression from both early and late promoters and also of trans-repressing its own promoter. Using a specially designed recombination system and a library of IE linker-insertion, deletion, point, and nonsense mutant constructs that encode forms of the IE protein (IEP) harboring mutations within all five regions, 17 mutant viruses were generated and characterized. Ribonuclease protection analyses revealed that all 17 mutants synthesize the IE mRNA in RK-13 cells, whereas those that failed to replicate on non-complementing RK-13 cells displayed a defect in the transcription of either an important early gene (EICP0) and/or an essential late gene (glycoprotein D). Western blot analyses showed that the IEP was synthesized and detectable in cells infected with each mutant virus, including those mutants that failed to replicate on non-complementing RK-13 cells. Eleven of the 17 mutants were capable of growth on non-complementing RK-13 cells, whereas mutant viruses with deletions within the serine-rich tract (SRT), nucleus localization signal (NLS), or DNA-binding domain (DBD) were capable of growth only on the IEP-producing cell line (IE13.1). Lastly, temperature shift experiments revealed that mutant viruses containing deletions within the C-terminus (KyAn1029 and KyAn1411) or within the SRT (KyAΔSRT2) of the IEP exhibited a temperature-sensitive phenotype in that these viruses, in contrast to the parent KyA, failed to replicate at 39°C. Overall, these results indicate that the C-terminus of the IEP is not essential for IEP function in cell culture, but this region contains elements that enhance the function(s) of the IEP. The initial characterization of these 17 EHV-1 mutants has shown that sequences totaling at least 43% of the IEP are not essential for virus replication in cell culture.
The Flexural Strength of Aramid Fiber Composites

An analysis is presented for the strength in three-point flexural loading of a rectangular unidirectional composite beam reinforced with Keviar®1 49 aramid fibers. The material behavior is assumed to be linearly elastic in tension and elastic-perfectly plastic in compression. The statistical effects of volume and stress distribution on tensile strength are included in the model. The predicted strength agrees reasonably well with experimental data.
Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in the fat body of Phormia regina larvae.

Abstract The biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine from choline by the intact fat body of larval Phormia regina as well as by cell-free preparations from the fat body has been demonstrated. ATP and CTP stimulate this synthesis. O-phosphorylcholine and cytidine diphosphate choline are intermediates and time course studies indicate that the pathway proceeds in the following sequence: choline→O-phosphorylcholine→cytidine diphosphate choline→phosphatidycholine, as has been demonstrated in other animals. Studies with subcellular fractions indicate that choline kinase (ATP: choline phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.1.32) and phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase (CTP: choline phosphate cytidyltransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.14) are located in the 100,000 g supernatant whereas phosphorylcholine glyceride transferase (cytidine diphosphate choline: 1,2: diglyceride cholinephosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.8.2) appears in the particulate fraction.
Resolution of a paradox in the calculation of exchange forces for H + 2

Abstract Tang, Toennies and Yiu have shown that despite the inherent symmetry of H+2, wavefunctions obtained from a combination of the unsymmetrized polarization expansion and the 1βR expansion can be used in the Holstein—Herring formula to calculate for large internuclear distances R the leading O (e−R) terms in the exchange energy between the lowest pair of states. However, the associated claim by Tang and Toennies that the polarization expansion of the wavefunction converges not to the gerade molecular wavefunction, but to an asymmetric function localized about a single nucleus, conflicts with other numerical and analytical results. We show by a limiting procedure that use of the infinite polarization expansion for the wavefunction in the Holstein—Herring formula provides a result that is not equal to the exact exchange energy, although it has the correct leading O (e−R) behavior and is impressively close to the exact exchange energy for large R.
Comments on the relationship between the impact and the reliability of evidence

Abstract In some inference situations a report of an event must be distinguished from the event itself. Such a distinction is necessary whenever there is reason to question the reliability of the source which generates the report. A quantity called adjusted likelihood ratio (A) is defined which incorporates information about source reliability and information about the inferential impact (L) of the event being reported. A is shown to differ from L under several different conditions of source reliability. When source reliability is not contingent upon the truth of any hypothesis being considered, a small reduction in reliability drastically degrades very large values of L. When L is small to begin with the effects of reducing reliability are less drastic. When source reliability is contingent upon some hypothesis, then A can be greater than L for the event.
Structural insights into recognition of c-di-AMP by the ydaO riboswitch.

Bacterial second messenger cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is implicated in signaling DNA damage and cell wall stress through interactions with several protein receptors and a widespread ydaO-type riboswitch. We report the crystal structures of c-di-AMP riboswitches from Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus and Thermovirga lienii determined at ∼3.0-A resolution. In both species, the RNA adopts an unforeseen 'square'-shaped pseudosymmetrical architecture that features two three-way junctions, a turn and a pseudoknot, positioned in the square corners. Uncharacteristically for riboswitches, the structure is stapled by two ligand molecules that span the interior of the structure and employ similar noncanonical interactions for RNA recognition. Mutations in either ligand-binding site negatively affect c-di-AMP binding, suggesting that the riboswitch-triggered genetic response requires contribution of both ligands. Our data provide what are to our knowledge the first insights into specific sensing of c-di-AMP and a molecular mechanism underlying the common c-di-AMP-dependent control of essential cellular processes in bacteria.
Detection of multidimensional targets in visual search

Search performance for targets defined along multiple dimensions was investigated with an accuracy visual search task. Initially, threshold was measured for targets that differed from homogeneous distractors along a single dimension (e.g., a reddish target among achromatic distractors, or a right-tilted target among vertically oriented distractors). Threshold was then measured for a multidimensional target (a redundant target) that differed from homogeneous distractors along two dimensions (e.g., a reddish AND right-tilted target among achromatic, vertically oriented distractors). Search performance for multidimensional target combinations of chromaticity and luminance, chromaticity and orientation, and chromaticity and spatial frequency was tested. Measurements were evaluated within several summation models, allowing for a test of the mechanisms mediating the detection of multidimensional targets in search. Measurements were generally consistent with probability summation suggesting the particular combinations of stimulus dimensions tested were coded along independent, noisy, neural mechanisms.
Fast and Slow Optical Modulation of Refractive Index in a SiN Microring

We retrieve the thermal dissipation time of tt=0.25ms and investigate the power dependent absorption in a SiN microring resonator. We estimate n2=4.3t10-19m2/W based on clear 1 GHz optical modulation of the refractive index.
Floor Space Studies Using Slat Floor and Litter Floor for Laying Hens

Abstract THE optimum floor space allowance for laying hens is both an economic and environment-performance problem. Changes in types of laying houses, ventilation systems, mechanization, types of floors and higher density populations have focused attention on this problem. Factors such as temperature and humidity in a given area, breeding of the birds, disease and mortality problems, stresses due to crowding, housing costs, profit margins, capital availability, depreciation costs, and many other factors must be considered in the final analysis of this problem. Knowledge of the performance of laying hens under a wide variation of environmental conditions should provide a valuable basis in arriving at the most economical population density under a given price structure and set of environmental conditions. Considerable variation exists among the reports in scientific journals regarding the influence of floor space density on production traits. Bressler and Walton (1957) housed pullets in large pens with 1.9, 1.3, and …
Measurement of the Free-Energy Dependence of Interfacial Charge-Transfer Rate Constants using ZnO/H2O Semiconductor/Liquid Contacts

The dependence of electron-transfer rate constants on the driving force for interfacial charge transfer has been investigated using n-type ZnO electrodes in aqueous solutions. Differential capacitance versus potential and current density versus potential measurements were used to determine the energetics and kinetics, respectively, of the interfacial electron-transfer processes. A series of nonadsorbing, one-electron, outer-sphere redox couples with formal reduction potentials that spanned approximately 900 mV allowed evaluation of both the normal and Marcus inverted regions of interfacial electron-transfer processes. All rate processes were observed to be kinetically first-order in the concentration of surface electrons and first-order in the concentration of dissolved redox acceptors. The band-edge positions of the ZnO were essentially independent of the Nernstian potential of the solution over the range 0.106−1.001 V vs SCE. The rate constant at optimal exoergicity was observed to be approximately 10-1...
Archaeologists and the Military in Iraq, 2003–2008: Compromise or Contribution?

An offer to teach military units deploying to Iraq about history and culture of the region raised questions that are relevant to all archaeologists whose areas of study are subjected to armed conflict. Should we engage with the military at all, giving them the benefit of not only our archaeological knowledge, but our familiarity with local customs? Or could that knowledge be used against the local population that has welcomed us over the years or in some way lead to destruction of monuments, sites, and museums? I summarize my experience and compare this program with parallel efforts by other archaeologists working with the military since 2003.
Longitudinal Studies on the Rate of Decline in Renal Function with Age

Serial creatinine clearances (5 to 14 studies) were obtained for 446 normal volunteers in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging followed between 1958 and 1981. When those subjects with possible renal or urinary tract disease and subjects on diuretics and antihypertensives were removed from the study, leaving a group of 254 "normal" subjects, the mean decrease in creatinine clearance was 0.75 ml/min/year. The slopes of the creatinine clearance vs. time fell into a normal (Gaussian) distribution around this mean. One third of all subjects followed had no absolute decrease in renal function (positive slope of creatinine clearance vs. time) and there was a small group of patients who showed a statistically significant increase (P less than 0.05) in creatinine clearance with age.
The effect of a broken icefield on water waves

Methods of forecasting sea and swell in the open ocean have been given by Sverdrup and Munk and others. In this paper are presented principles from which techniques for forecasting sea and swell in a broken icefield may be developed. It is shown that water waves entering an icefield are damped exponentially with increasing ice thicknesses. It is further shown that selective damping occurs in the icefield, the shorter-period waves being more easily damped. Graphs are included which help to give a clearer picture of the results.
How to discard non-satiation and free-disposal with paper money

Abstract It is well known that a competitive equilibrium may fail to exist when preferences are possibly satiated. We show that this non-existence problem does not arise if one of the commodities is paper money. Moreover, and equilibrium is weakly Pareto efficient in the economy with money. This paper therefore gives an economic solution to the classical problem of non-existence of competitive equilibria caused by satiation.
TRIM28 regulates RNA polymerase II promoter-proximal pausing and pause release

Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a major checkpoint in transcription. An unbiased search for new human proteins that could regulate paused Pol II at the HSPA1B gene identified TRIM28. In vitro analyses indicated HSF1-dependent attenuation of Pol II pausing upon TRIM28 depletion, whereas in vivo data revealed de novo expression of HSPA1B and other known genes regulated by paused Pol II upon TRIM28 knockdown. These results were supported by genome-wide ChIP-sequencing analyses of Pol II occupancy that revealed a global role for TRIM28 in regulating Pol II pausing and pause release. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies suggest that transcription-coupled phosphorylation regulates Pol II pause release by TRIM28. Collectively, our findings identify TRIM28 as a new factor that modulates Pol II pausing and transcriptional elongation at a large number of mammalian genes.
Infrared attenuated total reflectance study of latex paint films exposed to aqueous sulfur dioxide

Fourier-transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance (FTIR–ATR) has been used to investigate the effects of acidic deposition on latex paint films with and without a calcium carbonate extender additive. Paint films approximately 5 mils thick were exposed to aqueous SO2(pH 2.0) for various times by simple immersion. Rapid and complete removal of CaCO3 from the paint film was found to occur, and the kinetics of the removal process were monitored using both weight loss and FTIR–ATR measurements. Both methods revealed Fickian diffusion, with an apparent diffusion coefficient D = 1.84 × 10−9 cm2/s. Good agreement was obtained between D measured via FTIR–ATR and from the weight lost data. The mechanism of removal of CaCO3 from the latex paint films appears to be controlled by the rate at which water and other components of the aqueous SO2 solution can diffuse into the film.
Electrochemical reduction of benzyl iodide, benzal bromide, and benzal chlorobromide at carbon cathodes in the presence of nitric oxide in acetonitrile

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled-potential electrolysis have been employed to investigate the electrochemical reductions of benzyl iodide, benzal bromide, and benzal chlorobromide at glassy carbon cathodes in the presence of nitric oxide (NO) in acetonitrile containing tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate. One irreversible cyclic voltammetric wave, due to cleavage of the carboniodine bond, is observed for the reduction of benzyl iodide, whereas cyclic voltammograms for the reductions of benzal bromide and benzal chlorobromide exhibit two cathodic waves, arising from sequential cleavage of carbonhalogen bonds. At appropriate potentials, bulk electrolyses of the three starting compounds involve, respectively, the generation of benzyl, bromophenylmethyl, and chlorophenylmethyl radicals which can couple with NO, and the products include benzaldehyde oxime, benzonitrile, and O-benzyl benzaldehyde oxime, as well as toluene, bibenzyl, and cis- and trans-stilbene. Mechanisms for the formation of the various products are discussed and, using CV, we have estimated the concentration of NO in acetonitrile under the extant experimental conditions.
EVIDENTIAL SUPPORT, RELIABILITY, AND HUME'S PROBLEM OF INDUCTION

Necessity holds that, if a proposition A supports another B, then it must support B. John Greco contends that one can resolve Hume's Problem of Induction only if she rejects Necessity in favor of reliabilism. If Greco's contention is correct, we would have good reason to reject Necessity and endorse reliabilism about inferential justification. Unfortunately, Greco's contention is mistaken. I argue that there is a plausible reply to Hume's Problem that both endorses Necessity and is at least as good as Greco's alternative. Hence, Greco provides a good reason for neither rejecting Necessity nor endorsing inferential reliabilism.
Involvement of specific caspases in motoneuron cell death in vivo and in vitro following trophic factor deprivation.

Abstract The caspases have been shown to be key components of programmed cell death (PCD) in various cell types, including neurons. Caspase-3 (CPP32) is the predominant caspase that appears to be involved in cell death in several systems. In embryonic motoneuron cultures, caspase-3 activity increases beginning at 20 h following deprivation of trophic support, as determined by the cleavage of its specific substrates. Inhibition of caspase-3 by peptide inhibitors prevents the PCD of motoneurons following trophic factor deprivationin vitro,as well asin vivo.We also investigated the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in motoneurons after trophic factor withdrawal. No PARP cleavage was detected in either viable or dying cells. These data suggest that some components of the cell death machinery such as the involvement of caspases may be conserved in different cell types undergoing PCD, whereas the activation and specific substrates of the caspases may differ from one cell type to another.
Dynamic Minkowski sums under scaling

In many common real-world and virtual environments, there are a significant number of repeated objects, primarily varying in size. Similarly, in many complex machines, there are a significant number of parts which also vary in size rather than shape. This repetition saves in both design and production costs. Recent research in robotics has also shown that exploiting workspace repetition can significantly increase efficiency. In this paper, we address the need to support computation reuse in fundamental operations. To this end, we propose an algorithm to reuse the computation of the Minkowski sum when an object is transformed by uniform scaling. The Minkowski sum is a fundamental operation in many areas of robotics, such as motion planning, computer vision, and mathematical morphology, and has been studied extensively over the last four decades. We present two methods for dynamically updating Minkowski sums under scaling, the first of which updates the sum under uniform scaling of arbitrary polygons and polyhedra, and the second of which updates the sum under non-uniform scaling of convex polyhedra. Ours are the first methods that study the Minkowski sum under this type of transformation. Our results show speed gains between one and two orders of magnitude over recomputing the Minkowski sum from scratch for each repeated object, and we discuss applications for motion planning, CAD, rapid prototyping, and shape decomposition.
Forward and inverse high-frequency electrocardiography.

The high-frequency electrocardiogram (e.c.g.) contains useful clinical information about the heart condition that is not recorded in the conventional e.c.g. With simulated notches introduced in the heat dipole components and in the surface e.c.g., the forward and inverse problems of electrocardiography to correlate the standard 12-lead e.c.g. with the heart dipole were solved. It was shown that considerable notching activity in the heart dipole may be masked in the QRS complex of the body surface e.c.g. by large slopes or by cancellation effects. Furthermore, notches and slurs in the surface e.c.g. are observable even if the source (heart dipole) is notch-free. From theoretical analysis, the conclusion was reached that analysis of amplitudes and locations of notches and slurs in the vectorcardiogram can potentially be used clinically to obtain more information about the heart condition than the conventional technique of counting notches and slurs in the surface e.c.g. leads. The causes of notches are discussed and the sensitivity of each lead to notches is evaluated. Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases are examined.
A Sensor System to Detect Positive and Negative Current-Temperature Dependences

We present a sensor system that determines if the circuit current-temperature (I - T) dependence is positive or negative. While prior temperature sensors can prevent overheating and temperature-induced timing failures in systems with negative I - T dependences, the proposed sensor system can prevent these issues in systems with negative or positive I - T dependences. This capability will become increasingly critical as technology scaling results in positive I - T dependences occurring at near-nominal operating voltages. The fabricated sensor system occupies <; 0.05 mm2, consuming 310 nJ per sample with 20- μs latency in 0.35-μm technology. A process variation compensation unit is presented for the calibration of the temperature sensor, which has a temperature nonlinearity of as low as 0.2%. Sensor functionality is verified over a temperature range of 5°C-80°C and a voltage range of 0.6-3.3 V. The system is shown to achieve this improved functionality while maintaining comparable area, energy, and accuracy with alternative temperature sensor designs.
A duality theorem for graph embeddings

A generalized type of graph covering, called a “Wrapped quasicovering” (wqc) is defined. If K, L are graphs dually embedded in an orientable surface S, then we may lift these embeddings to embeddings of dual graphs K,L in orientable surfaces S, such that S are branched covers of S and the restrictions of the branched coverings to K,L are wqc's of K, L. the theory is applied to obtain genus embeddings of composition graphs G[nK1] from embeddings of “quotient” graphs G.
Iron and copper effects on serum ceruloplasmin activity of rats with zinc-induced copper deficiency.

SummaryThe results of the two experiments conducted to determine the effects of high zinc diets on CPA were as follows: The CPA dropped precipitously in approximately 1 week. The i.p. administration of 100 μg of copper induced a significant rise in CPA. The administration of iron and copper brought about a significant rise in CPA over and above that when copper alone was administered in both control and zinc-fed groups. Copper alone had no effect on CPA of the control rats while iron alone had no effect on CPA level of the zinc-fed rats. However, iron alone increased the CPA of the control rats.
Quiet Sun Contribution to Variations in the Total Solar Irradiance

An analysis of spatially-resolved measurements of the intensity of the photospheric continuum by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on the SOHO spacecraft indicates that these data can be used to study variations of the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). Since the techniques employed depend upon ratios of intensities measured by MDI, they are independent of the absolute photometric calibration of the instrument. The results suggest that, while it is possible to account for short-term (weeks to months) variation in TSI by variations in the irradiance contributions of regions with enhanced magnetic fields (larger than ten G as measured by MDI), the longer-term variations are influenced significantly by variations in the brightness of the quiet Sun, defined here as regions with magnetic field magnitudes smaller than ten G. The latter regions cover a substantial fraction of the solar surface, ranging from approximately 90% of the Sun near solar minimum to 70% near solar maximum. The results provide evidence that a substantial fraction, 50% or more, of the longer term (≥one year) variation in TSI is due to changes in the brightness of the quiet Sun.
Critical issues in telemedicine.

Critical issues facing the development of telemedicine today are described and analyzed as dilemmas or paradoxes. The technological dilemma involves the difficult choice between using the latest te...
A Hyperplane Inequality for Measures of Convex Bodies in ℝ n , n ≤4

Let 2≤n≤4. We show that for an arbitrary measure μ with even continuous density in ℝ n and any origin-symmetric convex body K in ℝ n , $$\mu(K) \le\frac{n}{n-1}\frac{|B_2^n|^{\frac{n-1}{n}}}{|B_2^{n-1}|}\max_{\xi\in S^{n-1}} \mu\bigl(K\cap\xi^\bot\bigr)\operatorname{Vol}_n(K)^{1/n},$$ where ξ ⊥ is the central hyperplane in ℝ n perpendicular to ξ, and $|B_{2}^{n}|$ is the volume of the unit Euclidean ball in ℝ n . This inequality is sharp, and it generalizes the hyperplane inequality in dimensions up to four to the setting of arbitrary measures in place of volume. In order to prove this inequality, we first establish stability in the affirmative case of the Busemann–Petty problem for arbitrary measures in the following sense: if e>0, K and L are origin-symmetric convex bodies in ℝ n , n≤4, and $$\mu\bigl(K\cap\xi^\bot\bigr) \le\mu\bigl(L\cap\xi^\bot\bigr) +\varepsilon,\quad \forall\xi\in S^{n-1},$$ then $$\mu(K)\le\mu(L) + \frac{n}{n-1}\frac{|B_2^n|^{\frac {n-1}{n}}}{|B_2^{n-1}|} \operatorname{Vol}_n(K)^{1/n}\varepsilon.$$
Characterization of the threshold response of initiation of blood clotting to stimulus patch size.

This article demonstrates that the threshold response of initiation of blood clotting to the size of a patch of stimulus is a robust phenomenon under a wide range of conditions and follows a simple scaling relationship based on the Damkohler number. Human blood and plasma were exposed to surfaces patterned with patches presenting clotting stimuli using microfluidics. Perturbations of the complex network of hemostasis, including temperature, variations in the concentration of stimulus (tissue factor), and the absence or inhibition of individual components of the network (factor IIa, factor V, factor VIII, and thrombomodulin), did not affect the existence of this response. A scaling relationship between the threshold patch size and the timescale of reaction for clotting was supported in numerical simulations, a simple chemical model system, and experiments with human blood plasma. These results may be useful for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of other autocatalytic systems and emphasize the relevance of clustering of proteins and lipids in the regulation of signaling processes.
A method for assessing the reassembly of a multisubunit glycoprotein by western blotting.

Abstract The Western blot procedure has been adapted to detect the reassembly of a two-subunit glycoprotein, urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), directly on the nitrocellulose. This glycoprotein is composed of two nonidentical subunits, α and β. A simple procedure using immunoblotting has been developed to detect reassembly of the monomers to dimer. Three monoclonal antibodies were required for the development of this method: A109, which binds the α subunit or hCG; B105, which binds the β subunit or hCG; and B107, specific for the intact hCG dimer. The α subunit and β subunit of hCG were each electrophoresed and transferred to nitrocellulose, and the transfer was then incubated with the appropriate complementary subunit; reassembly of the dimer was determined by the binding of the monoclonal antibody B107. Evidence that the reassembly occurs directly on the nitrocellulose comes from the fact that B107 immunoreactivity is detected at the molecular weight position of the subunit and not at the dimer molecular weight. A genetically expressed recombinant form of the α subunit was also tested for its ability to recombine with the opposite subunit to produce the dimer. The recombinant α subunit was determined to have additional carbohydrate which interfered with the binding of the β subunit. N -Glycanase digestion of the recombinant α subunit produced a form which, when incubated with the β subunit, did recombine on the nitrocellulose and could be recognized by B107.