cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Ising spins on the triangular kagome lattice: Exact analytical method and Monte Carlo simulations

A new class of two-dimensional magnetic materials ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{9}{X}_{2}{(\mathrm{cpa})}_{6}\ensuremath{\cdot}x{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ($\mathrm{cpa}=2$-carboxypentonic acid; $X=\mathrm{F},\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br}$) was recently fabricated in which Cu sites form a triangular kagome lattice (TKL). As the simplest model of geometric frustration in such a system, we study the thermodynamics of Ising spins on the TKL using exact analytic method as well as Monte Carlo simulations. We present the free energy, internal energy, specific heat, entropy, sublattice magnetizations, and susceptibility. We describe the rich phase diagram of the model as a function of coupling constants, temperature, and applied magnetic field. For frustrated interactions in the absence of applied field, the ground state is a spin liquid phase with residual entropy per spin ${s}_{0}∕{k}_{B}=\frac{1}{9}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}72\ensuremath{\approx}0.4752\dots{}$ . In weak applied field, the system maps to the dimer model on a honeycomb lattice, with residual entropy 0.0359 per spin and quasi-long-range order with power-law spin-spin correlations that should be detectable by neutron scattering. The power-law correlations become exponential at finite temperatures, but the correlation length may still be long.
The pure rotational spectrum of H2Se in the far infrared spectral region

Abstract The pure rotational absorption spectrum of H 2 Se has been measured in the spectral region between 40 and 250 cm −1 . From an analysis of the data, all the rotational energy levels of the ground state through J = 10 have been determined, and some higher levels have been assigned. The reciprocals of inertia for the ground state are found to be a = 8.16, b = 7.71, and c = 3.91 cm −1 . These values yield effective molecular dimensions r (H-Se) = 1.46 A and apex angle 2 α = 91.0°.
Palaeontology: Modern life in ancient mats

Microbial communities seem to have inhabited tidal sediments 2.9 billion years ago much as they do today — but what organisms were involved, and how they made their living, remain intriguing questions.
The war between the quals and the quants: Is a lasting peace possible?

The historical roots and current sources of the conflict between quantitative and qualitative evaluation styles is explored in this chapter, and a proposal for reconciliation is advanced that marks out separate turfs for the contending parties.
Intranasal Sendai virus vaccine protects African green monkeys from infection with human parainfluenza virus-type one

Human parainfluenza virus-type I (hPIV-1) infections are a common cause of "group" and hospitalizations among young children. Here we address the possibility of using the xenotropic Sendai virus [a mouse parainfluenza virus (PIV)] as a vaccine for hPIV-1. Sendai virus was administered to six African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) by the intranasal (i.n.) route. A long lasting virus-specific antibody response was elicited, both in the serum and nasal cavity. Sendai virus caused no apparent clinical symptoms in the primates, but live virus was detected in the nasal cavity for several days after inoculation. No virus was detected after a second dose of Sendai virus was administered on day 126 after the initial priming. Animals were challenged with hPIV-1 i.n. on day 154. All six vaccinated animals were fully protected from infection while six of six control animals were infected with hPIV-1. The antibody responses induced by Sendai virus immunizations proved to be greater than those induced by hPIV-1. These results demonstrate that unmanipulated Sendai virus is an effective vaccine against hPIV-1 in a primate model and may constitute a practical vaccine for human use.
New Method to Measure High-Resolution Wind from a Decade of NASA Satellite Scatterometer Data for Offshore Wind Energy Development

A new method is developed to obtain a unique dataset of offshore wind climatology at 1-km posting from a decade of NASA QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer data. High-resolution scatterometer results, as close as 10-15 km to shore, are compared with model patterns of the National Renewable Laboratory (NREL) wind density classes to show potential areas for wind energy development in near-shore waters. High-resolution wind atlases can be made for various science studies and practical applications.
Tailoring optical and electrical properties of carbon nanotube networks for photovoltaic applications

Maximizing the electrical conductivity and optical transmittance of a carbon nanotube (CNT) network is critical for using CNTs as electrodes of solar cells. In this paper, the effect of CNT network morphology on its electrical and optical properties is investigated both experimentally and theoretically, indicating that a network consisting of loosely-percolated small long nanotube bundles or individual CNTs showed outstanding transparency and electrical conductivity. Further removal of surfactant absorbed onto the CNTs or treating them with nitric acid significantly increased the electrical conductivity of CNT films without sacrificing the transparency. The optimized CNT network demonstrated a surface resistivity of 205 ohm/square with 65% optical transmittance. These results will significantly facilitate the application of CNTs in solar cells and other electronic devices.
ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION OF TERNARY-FISSION DATA.

An analysis of semiconductor detector measurements of ternary-fission events indicates that scattering has probably not been effectively eliminated. An alternative interpretation of the observed results is given, which is consistent with the presence of scattered fission fragments. A mass or nuclear-charge identification for the third fragment in such experiments is suggested to establish unequivocal results.
Hypnosis in the Treatment of Warts in Immunodeficient Children

Abstract Three children with an immunologic deficit developed multiple warts which proved refractory to all therapy. The Verrucae Vulgaris disappeared in response to hypnosis in all three cases. There was no recurrence after eight months of follow-up.
An evaluation of VEGETATION-1 imagery for broad-scale landscape mapping of Russia: effects of resolution on landscape pattern

The problem of efficient use of multi-scale data for land-cover and landscape mapping has already attracted considerable attention in landscape ecology and some other disciplines. Over the last few decades, however, with the development of satellite remote sensing techniques, the questions of efficient planetary and macro-regional ecological mapping and modeling and integration of multi-scale data have become especially pertinent. The purpose of this study is to test the suitability of the coarse-resolution VEGETATION/SPOT imagery for landscape mapping. Effects of changing spatial resolution on land-cover proportion estimates were examined in 16 different landscapes using spatially degraded high-resolution imagery from the Russian satellite, RESURS-F. Comparison of simulated coarse-resolution data and original images and ancillary data for sites with different landscape patterns, showed strong scale dependence of the landscape characteristics (land-cover proportion, fragmentation, patchiness) in different case study areas, such as sub-boreal forest, sub-urban areas, and an agricultural region in the steppe zone.
Estimating the velocity of propagation along myelinated and unmyelinated fibers

Abstract Using the assumptions (i) that a variable of excitation measured at time t and point z along a fiber will be identical to the same variable measured at a corresponding point z + L and a corresponding time t + τ , and (ii) that the rise of the action potential is initially exponential, accurate analytic approximations are derived for the velocity of propagation along myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Using the formula for the myelinated fiber, it is shown that this fiber's morphology is such as to (i) provide reliable operation, (ii) maximize conduction velocity, and (iii) minimize, subject to the constraints above, energy consumption.
Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Metastable Thiolate-Ligated Manganese(III)–Alkylperoxo Species

Metastable Mn–peroxo species are proposed to form as key intermediates in biological oxidation reactions involving O2 and C–H bond activation. The majority of these have yet to be spectroscopically characterized, and their inherent instability, in most cases, precludes structural characterization. Cysteinate-ligated metal–peroxos have been shown to form as reactive intermediates in both heme and nonheme iron enzymes. Herein we report the only examples of isolable Mn(III)–alkylperoxo species, and the first two examples of structurally characterized synthetic thiolate-ligated metal–peroxos. Spectroscopic data, including electronic absorption and IR spectra, and ESI mass spectra for 16O vs 18O-labeled metastable Mn(III)–OOR (R = tBu, Cm) are discussed, as well as preliminary reactivity.
Alcohol involvement as a function of co-occurring alcohol use disorders and major depressive episode: Evidence from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Background Co-occurring alcohol use disorder and major depression (C-ALDP) is a major public health problem. Yet, the available evidence is mixed regarding the implications of C-ALDP for alcohol involvement. The purpose of this research was to examine the associations between past 12-month co-occurring AUDs (abuse and dependence) and major depressive episode (MDE) and alcohol involvement in a representative community sample.
Symmetry breaking and strong coupling in planar optical metamaterials

We demonstrate narrow transmission resonances at near-infrared wavelengths utilizing coupled asymmetric split-ring resonators (SRRs). By breaking the symmetry of the coupled SRR system, one can excite dark (subradiant) resonant modes that are not readily accessible to symmetric SRR structures. We also show that the quality factor of metamaterial resonant elements can be controlled by tailoring the degree of asymmetry. Changing the distance between asymmetric resonators changes the coupling strength and results in resonant frequency tuning due to resonance hybridization.
Synthetic studies on arene-olefin cycloadditions - V. total synthesis of (±)-isoiridomyrmecin.☆

Abstract An eight step synthesis of the iridoid isoiridomyrmecin is described, in which new methodology for the stereocontrolled elaboration of arene-olefin cycloadducts is delineated.
Teaching About the Historical Jesus: Scholarship, Context, and Balance

Abstract Many young college students in Florida tend to view the image of Jesus exclusively from a theological perspective. That image is produced by church services, religious study groups, or popular culture—all of which use the Bible as their primary source. The historical figure of Jesus is essentially unknown to most students. When the best scholars in the field of Jesus Studies are employed to interpret and complement theological sources, and to provide historical context for the world in which Jesus lived, those students are unexpectedly keen to engage in active discussion. The course described here employs the historical-critical approach to Jesus and early Christianity.
Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) chemical signals. III. An experimental ethogram of conspecific body licking

The loci and frequency of conspecific body licking actions of naturally breeding, adult western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus, were catalogued and analyzed in an experimental ethogram procedure. The purpose of the study was to begin to localize regions of the western fence lizard body that might exude or carry conspecific chemical signals, or pheromones, important in social encounters of close physical proximity. Among pairs of males, females, and males and females, male stimulus lizards were licked more than stimulus females on (1) the head and face and (2) the flank-back region, and this was exhibited equally by both male and female experimental lizards (each pair was composed of an experimental and stimulus lizard). Although male and female stimulus animals were licked equally on their legs, experimental females exhibited higher levels of this action than did experimental males. A few tail licks occurred, but no differences of any type were obtained. The results suggest the possibility that pheromones carried on, or exuded from, certain fence lizard body regions, such as the head and face, for example, may play a releasing or eliciting function in social encounters of close physical proximity. Such cues probably are detected by the tongue-vomeronasal system.
A model of vortex reconnection

A model is proposed to describe the breaking and rejoining of vortex lines which occurs when vortex filaments of equal and opposite strengths touch. It is based on the idea that viscosity cancels the vorticity where the filaments first touch. The weakening of the centrifugal force in the vortex core then leads to a local increase in the pressure which accelerates the fluid in the cores in the axial direction and convects the vorticity away from the initial contact and produces an apparent rejoining. Hyperbolic equations to describe the process are formulated and numerical solutions are obtained. Estimates of the timescales are made and compared with the experimental data of Schatzle (1987). Reasonable agreement is found.
DERMATITIS IN LEUKOPENIC GUINEA PIGS.

Recent studies in this laboratory have shown that an acute allergic contact dermatitis reaction can take place in sensitized, severely leukopenic guinea pigs (1, 2, 3). In studies reported here we turn our attention to the histopathological picture accompanying the clinical dermatitis in such leukopenic pigs. In addition, we have concomitantly studied the effect of profound leukopenia on the primary irritant reaction.
Single parameter scaling in one-dimensional localization revisited

The variance of the Lyapunov exponent is calculated exactly in the one-dimensional Anderson model with random site energies distributed according to the Cauchy distribution. We find a new significant scaling parameter in the system, and derive an exact analytical criterion for single parameter scaling which differs from the commonly used condition of phase randomization. The results obtained are applied to the Kronig-Penney model with the potential in the form of periodically positioned $\ensuremath{\delta}$ functions with random strength.
The measurement and model predictions of indoor ozone concentrations in museums

Eleven museums, art galleries, historical houses and a museum library were monitored for 38 days during the summers of 1984 and 1985 to determine whether high outdoor ozone concentrations are transferred to the indoor atmosphere of museums. Museums having conventional air conditioning systems show peak indoor ozone concentrations about 30–40% of those outdoors. Buildings with no air conditioning but a high rate of air exchange with the outdoors show peak indoor ozone levels 69–84% of the outdoor concentrations, while other buildings where slow air infiltration provides the only means of air exchange have indoor ozone levels typically 10–20% of those outdoors. Indoor ozone concentrations as high as 0.143 ppm were found in one museum that lacks a chemically protected air conditioning system. For purposes of comparison, the recommended ozone level in places where works of art and historical documents are stored ranges from 0.013 to 0.001 ppm depending on the authority cited. A mathematical model was used to study the ozone concentrations within these buildings to confirm that the differences in indoor ozone levels between buildings can be explained in terms of building and ventilation system design.
Sum‐frequency spectroscopy on bulk and surface phonons of noncentrosymmetric crystals

Infrared-visible sum-frequency spectroscopy is shown to be an effective tool to probe not only bulk phonons, but also microscopic surface phonons of noncentrosymmetric crystals. Results on α-quartz are presented as an example. The observed surface phonons of the (0001) surface agree well with the calculated surface structure.
THE EFFECTS OF ITEM ANALYSIS METHODS AND CONFIDENCE LEVELS UPON TEST VALIDITY AND CROSS-VALIDITY

The most popularly used methods of item analysis assess the direct relationship of the responses to each test item with a criterion or total test score. Several methods of item selection have been proposed for obtaining maximum test validity utilizing multiple regression procedures. While multiple regression would theoretically yield items for maximum test validity, the calculation time and effort is prohibitive for selecting the number of items generally required. A variation of the multiple regression procedure which reduces the time required for calculation was proposed by Horst (1939), and modified by Gleser and DuBois (1951). The modified approach is the ratio of item-discrimination to item-total relationship by the point-biserial method, (ric/rit). This method will be referred to as the ID-IT ratio. Richardson and Adkins (1938) proposed a method of item selection based upon the concept of the beta weight. Their method assigns item selection weights as a ratio of the item beta coefficient to the test score beta coefficient divided by the standard deviation of the item, i.e., (ric-ritrtc)/(rtc ricrit) oi.
Field evaluation of a fungal pathogen mixture for the control of seven weedy grasses

Abstract In citrus, weedy grasses compete for moisture, nutrients, and light and can inhibit the growth of young trees and delay fruit production. These weeds are difficult to control, either because of their tolerance to available herbicides or due to growth habits that enable them to resist other control practices. Control of seven such weedy grasses (southern sandbur, large crabgrass, crowfootgrass, guineagrass, Texas panicum, johnsongrass, and yellow foxtail) with a mixture of three fungal pathogens, termed the multiple-pathogen strategy, was field tested in 1996 and 1998. Three fungi indigenous to Florida, Drechslera gigantea, Exserohilum longirostratum, and E. rostratum, isolated from large crabgrass, crowfootgrass, and johnsongrass respectively, were used. Two separate field studies were conducted: one study with seven grasses transplanted and grown within each plot (grass mixture field trial) and another study on a population of guineagrass alone present in a naturally infested field (guineagrass ...
Malicious Circuitry Detection Using Thermal Conditioning

Gate-level characterization (GLC) is the process of quantifying physical and manifestational properties for each gate of an integrated circuit (IC). It is a key step in many IC applications that target cryptography, security, digital rights management, low power, and yield optimization. However, GLC is a challenging task due to the size and structure of modern circuits and insufficient controllability of a subset of gates in the circuit. We have developed a new approach for GLC that employs thermal conditioning to calculate the scaling factors of all the gates by solving a system of linear equations using linear programming (LP). Therefore, the procedure captures the complete impact of process variation (PV). In order to resolve the correlations in the system of linear equations, we expose different gates to different temperatures and thus change their corresponding linear coefficients in the linear equations. We further improve the accuracy of GLC by applying statistical methods in the LP formulation as well as the post-processing steps. In order to enable non-destructive hardware Trojan horse (HTH) detection, we generalize our generic GLC procedure by manipulating the constraint of each linear equation. Furthermore, we ensure the scalability of the approaches for GLC and HTH detection using iterative IC segmentation. We evaluate our approach on a set of ISCAS and ITC benchmarks.
Efficacy of a behavioral intervention for increasing safer sex behaviors in HIV-positive MSM methamphetamine users: results from the EDGE study.

Background: Methamphetamine use has been associated with rising STI/HIV transmission rates, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Interventions which successfully reduce risk for HIV transmission among this population are a public health priority. This study examined the efficacy of a behavioral intervention for increasing safer sex behaviors in the context of ongoing methamphetamine use in a sample of HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using MSM. Methods: Three-hundred and forty-one participants from San Diego, CA were randomly assigned to receive either a safer sex behavioral intervention (EDGE) or a time-equivalent diet-and-exercise attention-control condition. Random effects regression analyses were used to evaluate change in safer sex behaviors over a 12-month period. Results: Participants in the EDGE intervention engaged in significantly more protected sex acts at the 8-month (p = 0.034) and 12-month assessment (p = 0.007). By 12-months post-baseline, a greater percentage of protected sex acts was observed for EDGE (25.8%) vs. control participants (18.7%) (p = 0.038). There was a significant time-by-intervention interaction (p = 0.018) for self-efficacy for condom use, suggesting that EDGE participants’ self-efficacy demonstrated a greater increase over time compared to control participants. Conclusions: These results suggest that it is possible to reduce high risk sexual behaviors in the context of ongoing methamphetamine use among HIV-infected MSM. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Evolution of Clinical Functional Imaging during the Past 2 Decades and Its Current Impact on Neurosurgical Planning

BOLD fMRI has, during the past decade, made a major transition from a purely research imaging technique to a viable clinical technique used primarily for presurgical planning in patients with brain tumors and other resectable brain lesions. This review article briefly examines the history and evolution of clinical functional imaging, with particular emphasis on how the use of BOLD fMRI for neurosurgical planning has changed during the past 2 decades. Even more important, this article describes the many published studies during that same period that have examined the overall clinical impact that BOLD and DTI have made on surgical planning.
Cosmic evolution: the context for astrobiology and its cultural implications

Astrobiology must be seen in the context of cosmic evolution, the 13.7 billion-year master narrative of the universe. The idea of an evolving universe dates back only to the 19th century, and became a guiding principle for astronomical research only in the second half of the 20th century. The modern synthesis in evolutionary biology hastened the acceptance of the idea in its cosmic setting, as did the confirmation of the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe. NASA programmes such as Origins incorporated it as a guiding principle. Cosmic evolution encompasses physical, biological and cultural evolution, and may result in a physical, biological or postbiological universe, each with its own implications for long-term human destiny, and each imbuing the meaning of life with different values. It has the status of an increasingly accepted worldview that is beginning to have a profound effect not only in science but also in religion and philosophy.
Perception of three-dimensional shape from texture is based on patterns of oriented energy

This paper presents empirical support for a new observer model of inferring three-dimensional shape from monocular texture cues. By measuring observers' abilities to estimate the relative three-dimensional curvature along a textured surface from two-dimensional projected images, and concurrently examining the local spectral changes occurring in the projected image for various texture patterns, we have found that correlated changes in oriented energy along lines corresponding to the lines of maximum and minimum curvature of the surface are crucial for conveying the three-dimensional shape of the surface. Energy along these lines of maximum and minimum curvature can be used to compute the orientation of local surface patches. Texture patterns consisting of simple and complex sinusoidal gratings and plaids, and filtered noise were drawn onto a surface that was corrugated sinusoidally in depth about the horizontal axis and projected in perspective onto an image plane. The perceived relative surface curvature was reconstructed from measurements of local ordinal depth around a central fixation point at 12 different phases of the corrugation. Our results show that: (1) it is neither necessary nor sufficient to identify individual texture elements or texture gradients in order to extract the shape of the surface; (2) one-dimensional frequency modulation is insufficient for conveying complex three-dimensional shape. (3) Veridical ordinal depth is seen only when the projected pattern contains changes in oriented energy along lines corresponding to projected lines of maximum curvature of the surface. (4) For a surface corrugated in depth about the horizontal axis, this pattern of oriented energy arises from energy along the vertical direction in the global Fourier transform of the pre-corrugated pattern. (5) Local orientation changes across lines of minimum curvature can be also critical for conveying shape. (6) These correlated orientation changes along lines of maximum and minimum curvature are entirely lost in parallel projection. Hence texture is a useful cue for shape if the image is a perspective projection. (7) Only some natural textures will provide sufficient monocular cues to support veridical shape inferences, and this can be predicted from their global Fourier transforms.
Drug discovery in prostate cancer mouse models

Introduction: The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials.Areas covered: The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field.Expert opinion: With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher...
Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected 14C-Imidacloprid in Fraxinus trees

BACKGROUND:SincethediscoveryofAgrilusplanipennisFairmaire(emeraldashborer)in2002,researchershavetestedseveral methods of chemical control. Soil drench or trunk injection products containing imidacloprid are commonly used to control adults. However, efficacy can be highly variable and may be due to uneven translocation of systemic insecticides. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sectored xylem anatomy might influence imidacloprid distribution in tree crowns. RESULTS: Imidacloprid equivalent concentrations were higher in leaves from branches in the plane of the injection point (0 ◦ ) thaninleavesfrombranchesontheoppositesideoftheinjectionpoint(180 ◦ ).Leavesfrombranches90 ◦ totherightofinjection points had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than leaves from branches 90 ◦ to the left of injection points. Leaves and shoots had higher imidacloprid equivalent concentrations than roots and trunk cores, indicating that imidacloprid moves primarily through the xylem. CONCLUSION:Imidaclopridequivalentconcentrationinleavesvariedovertimeandinrelationtoinjectionpoints.Itisconcluded that ash trees have sectored ‘zigzag’ xylem architecture patterns consistent with sectored flow distribution. This could lead to variable distribution of imidacloprid in tree crowns and therefore to variable control of A.planipennis. c � 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The myth and reality of Gray's paradox: implication of dolphin drag reduction for technology

The inconsistency for the calculated high drag on an actively swimming dolphin and underestimated muscle power available resulted in what has been termed Gray's paradox. Although Gray's paradox was flawed, it has been the inspiration for a variety of drag reduction mechanisms. This review examines the present state of knowledge of drag reduction specific to dolphins. Streamlining and special behaviors provide the greatest drag reduction for dolphins. Mechanisms to control flow by maintaining a completely laminar boundary layer over the body have not been demonstrated for dolphins.
Strengthening the role of two key institutions in the prevention of adolescent substance abuse

Adolescent substance use and its resulting harms are major concerns of parents, youth-serving professionals, policymakers, private philanthropies, and public health officials. Numerous prevention initiatives have been launched, yet use rates for cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs have risen during the last decade [1]. This paper argues that current prevention approaches could be improved by enlisting and providing tools to institutions that regularly serve children and youth. The role of these institutions would be to systematically identify children at high risk and to provide them with, or refer them to, appropriate prevention services. Institutions selected for consideration in this discussion include primary health care facilities and schools. Early identification of at-risk youth is not a new concept, but it is one that has proven extraordinarily difficult to implement in institutional settings [2]. For scientists and practitioners, the goal of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) prevention is the avoidance of shortand long-term consequences related to substance abuse and addiction. To achieve this goal, programs can use a “universal” prevention approach, targeting the general population; a “selective” approach, targeting subgroups at risk; or an “indicated” approach, targeting persons who are already experimenting with drugs or who exhibit other risk-related behaviors [3–5]. Universal prevention approaches are most commonly used and include public awareness campaigns and school health curricula about substance abuse. This article, however, focuses on selective and indicated approaches to systematically identify and target more intensive ATOD prevention services for children and youth at highest risk of harm. Recent research provides detailed information about risk indicators and their use in identifying at-risk children and preventing future problems from ATOD use [6,7]. This review begins with evidence about specific risk factors that predict substance abuse and addiction and how these risks or behaviors might be detected by institutions. Next, we will review how each system currently participates in early identification and prevention activities, the barriers that have limited the development of effective substance abuse screening and prevention programs, and examples of promising and effective programs. Finally, the authors provide recommendations for strengthening the role of health care systems and schools in prevention.
Use of a convolution/superposition-based treatment planning system for dose calculations in the kilovoltage energy range

A number of procedures in diagnostic radiology and cardiology make use of long exposures to x-rays from fluoroscopy units. Although numerous studies have been performed to measure or calculate skindose from these procedures, there have only been a handful of studies to determine the dose to the other organs. This thesis was focused on devising a method to calculate the absorbed dose to underlying tissues and organs. The work was performed in several stages. First, a commercial convolution/superposition-based treatment planning system used in radiation oncology was modified and complemented to make it usable with the low energies of x-rays used in diagnostic radiology. This required generation of energy deposition kernels in the kilovoltage energy range. The kernels were generated using the EGS4 Monte Carlo system of codes and added to the treatment planning system. The treatment planning system was then evaluated for its accuracy of calculations at low energies within homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Next, the system was used to determine the dose distribution and lungdose in a humanoid phantom and to determine the lungdose from a sample cardiac procedure. The results were subsequently compared to other methods and studies. These dose distributions can also be used to create dose-volume histograms for internal organs irradiated by low energy beams. Using these data and the concept of normal tissue complication probability developed for radiation therapy, the risk of future complications in a particular organ can be estimated.
Load-managed problem formats: Scaffolding and modeling the translation task to improve transfer

Does the "expert blind spot", our "unconscious competence", lead us to undermine the effectiveness of our translation assignments? This study characterizes the translation task as schema-based, and thus prone to cognitive overload for the learner. Accordingly, schema acquisition tasks featuring reduced-goal specificity and goal-free problems for training the novice are reviewed. The argument is put forward that we need 1) to use more scaffolding to reduce cognitive load, 2) to vary task architecture for learning (including the use of planning pre-tasks), and 3) to provide diagnostic help for the student translator to attain context-independence for "high road transfer". Formats for expertise modeling are considered - reverse tasks, completion examples, and other whole-task models - as instructional designs for load-managed translation tasks that improve problem-solving, schema acquisition, process-orientation, and metacognitive monitoring.
A hierarchical protocol for increasing the stealthiness of steganographic methods

We present a new protocol that works in conjunction with information hiding algorithms to systematically improve their stealthiness. Our protocol is designed to work with many digital object types including natural language text, software, images, audio, or streaming data. It utilizes a tree-structured hierarchical view of the cover object and determines regions where changes to the object for embedding message data would be easily revealed by an attacker, and are thus to be avoided by the embedding process.The protocol requires the existence of a heuristic detectability metric which can be calculated over any region of the cover object and whose value correlates with the likelihood that a steganalysis algorithm would classify that region as one with embedded information. By judiciously spreading the effects of message-embedding over the whole object, the proposed protocol keeps the detectability of the cover object within allowable values at both fine and coarse scales of granularity. Our protocol provides a way to monitor and to control the effect of each operation on the object during message embedding.
Effects of disease and plant competition on yield in monocultures and mixtures of two wheat cultivars

Disease seventy and crop yield were compared in monocultures and mixtures of two wheat cultivars. one susceptible and one resistant to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Part of each plot was inoculated and part treated with fungicide. Rust seventy was inversely related to the proportion of resistant plants present. Weight of grain in 100 heads of the susceptible cultivar increased as the amount of rust decreased. The susceptible cultivar yielded less than the resistant cultivar in monoculture, but was a stronger competitor in mixtures. Competitive abilities of the cultivars were independent of severity of rust in the mixtures studied.
Destruction of lichen chemical defenses by a fungal pathogen

Lichen secondary metabolites are known to inhibit various animal consumers and pathogenic microorganisms. Nevertheless, many obligate fungal pathogens have evolved a tolerance to these inhibitory lichen compounds. We recently discovered a new lichen pathogen in the fungal genus Fusarium that is not only tolerant of lichen compounds but also able to degrade many of these compounds. This organism was discovered in field investigations of a different lichenicolous fungus, Marchandiomyces corallinus, which was found growing on lichens (Lasallia papulosa and L. pensylvanica) that normally inhibit its growth. Subsequent experiments established that M. corallinus is found on Lasallia species only when Fusarium is also present. We hypothesized that Fusarium altered the inhibitory chemistry of Lasallia spp. and permitted colonization by M. corallinus. A laboratory experiment to test this hypothesis demonstrated that sterilized tissues of Lasallia papulosa exposed to Fusarium for 30 d are readily degraded by M. corallinus; control tissues left in sterile water for 30 d continue to inhibit growth of M. corallinus. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) established that the lichen compound lecanoric acid, one of several lichen compounds that inhibit growth of M. corallinus, is degraded by extracellular enzymes produced by this newly discovered Fusarium. Taken together, our results demonstrate that enzymatic degradation of lichen compounds permits colonization of lichens by fungi that would otherwise be chemically excluded. The lichen-forming fungi produce antibiotic secondary metabolites that provide protection from most animals and pathogenic microorganisms (Vartia, 1973; Rundel,
Timing of Parturition and Lactation in Southern Mule Deer

Factors related to timing of fawning in southern mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus ) were studied in montane areas of San Diego Co., California, from June 1977 to January 1979. Mean date of birth was 27 June ( SD = 7.4 days). Rates of nursing were highest in June and declined thereafter. Forage available to females following fawning was dry and of low quality; deer increased their consumption of browse during this period. A resultant shortened period of maternal care may have contributed to mortality (50–74%) of fawns. Timing of parturition may be related to the requirements of the maternal female during the last third of gestation when favorable temperatures and adequate precipitation combine to produce abundant forage. Sex ratios (males:females) changed markedly from yearlings (3.1:1) to adults (0.2:1), presumably because rutting activities followed harsh summer conditions.
Object-oriented interactive mechanism design and analysis

We have developed a Ch Mechanism Toolkit for analysis and design of mechanisms. The toolkit was developed using Ch, an embeddable C/C++ interpreter with high-level extensions. The toolkit consists of animation program QuickAnimationTM and a collection of classes for design and analysis of commonly used mechanisms. The Ch Mechanism Toolkit allows users to write simple programs to solve complicated planar mechanism problems. The toolkit can handle mechanisms ranging from the simple fourbar linkage to various sixbar linkages. The Ch Mechanism Toolkit can also be used to design cam-follower systems. It is an effective tool for engineering practice as well as for teaching and learning mechanism design and analysis. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Ch Mechanism Toolkit and its applications.
Antecedent alluvial morphology and sea‐level controls on form‐process transition zones in the lower Trinity river, Texas

An important aspect of river science and management is the identification of key boundaries, transition zones and hinge points. Such critical areas are likely to be important foci or indicators of the effects of environmental change on river systems. While geological controls on such features are widely recognized in upland streams, inherited or antecedent forms may also be important controls of key transitional points or reaches in alluvial coastal plain rivers. The critical zone of the lower Trinity River, Texas marks an important transition in river channel and valley forms, dominant processes and resulting geomorphological, hydrological and ecological characteristics. Its location is not a transient result of upstream or downstream propagation of effects. Rather, the location marks the contemporary upstream extent of the effects of Holocene sea-level rise, which in turn coincides with the point at which the Pleistocene upper Deweyville alluvial terrace surface is encountered. A more rapid rate of change and relatively sudden upstream displacement of this zone is likely when the upper Deweyville surface is flooded. Antecedent fluvial and alluvial topography inherited from previous aggradation, degradation and lateral migration episodes is likely to be an important control over modern fluvial forms and processes in other alluvial coastal plain rivers as well. Identification and mapping of such features may be extremely useful in pinpointing critical transition zones for water resource managers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of a generalized born model for the analysis of protein conformational transitions: A comparative study with explicit solvent simulations for chemotaxis Y protein (CheY)

To investigate whether implicit solvent models are appropriate for mechanistic studies of conformational transition in proteins, a recently developed generalized Born model (GBSW) was applied to a small signaling protein, chemotaxis protein Y (CheY), with different combinations of the phosphorylation state and conformation of the system; the results were compared to explicit solvent simulations using a stochastic boundary condition. The subtle but distinct conformational transitions involved in CheY activation makes the system ideally suited for comparing implicit and explicit solvent models because these conformational transitions are potentially accessible in both types of simulations. The structural and dynamical properties analyzed include not only those localized to the active site region but also throughout the protein, such as sidechain methyl group order parameters, backbone hydrogen bonding lifetime and occupancy as well as principal components of the trajectories. Overall, many properties were well reproduced by the GBSW simulations when compared with the explicit solvent calculations, although a number of observations consistently point to the suggestion that the current parameterization of the GBSW model tends to overestimate hydrogen-bonding interactions involving both charged groups and (charge-neutral) backbone atoms. This deficiency led to overstabilization of certain secondary structural motifs and more importantly, qualitatively different behaviors for the active site groups (Thr 87, Ala 88, the β 4- α4 loop) in response to phosphorylation, when compared with explicit solvent simulations. The current study highlights the value of carrying out both explicit and implicit solvent simulations for complementary mechanistic insights in the analysis of conformational transition in biomolecules.
Intergenerational Continuity of Hostile Parenting and Its Consequences: The Moderating Influence of Children's Negative Emotional Reactivity.

The present study examined both the intergenerational transmission of hostile parenting as well as the moderating effects of child negative emotional reactivity on continuity across generations. The study also considered the link between hostile parenting in the second generation and problem behaviors in the third. Observational ratings of mothers’ hostile parenting in the first generation (G1) when the target participant was an adolescent (G2) predicted observational ratings of G2 hostile parenting toward their young child several years later (G3). G2 hostile parenting was positively related to behavior problems in the G3 sample. Moreover, intergenerational continuity in hostile parenting was evident only when G3 children were rated as highly reactive and emotionally negative during an observational arm restraint task, suggesting that child negative reactivity may condition intergenerational stability in parent hostility. Although the moderating effect was not significant statistically, a similar trend was evident for the link between G2 parenting and G3 problem behavior.
Dopant Enhanced Low-Temperature Epitaxial Growth by Rapid Thermal Processing Chemical Vapor Deposition

We have demonstrated, for the first time, that the epitaxial growth temperature can be lowered by dopant incorporation using rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (RTPCVD). Heavily arsenic-doped epitaxial layers with very abrupt dopant transition profiles and relative uniform carrier distribution have been achieved at 800°C. The defect formation is closely related to dopant concentration; the defect density as a function of carrier concentration shows a sharp transition at about 3×1018 cm−3.
Spectral Multiscale Coverage: A uniform coverage algorithm for mobile sensor networks

In this paper we propose centralized feedback control laws for mobile sensor networks so that sensor trajectories cover a given domain as uniformly as possible. The design of the feedback law is based on a measure for uniformity of the trajectories given as a distance between a certain delta-like distribution on the trajectories and a desired probability distribution. The design of control is of Lyapunov-type and we present control laws so that the agents move with constant speed or constant forcing (in the case of second-order dynamics).
3D nonholonomic source seeking without position measurement

We consider the three dimensional problem of directing a nonholonomic vehicle to seek the source of a scalar signal without the use of position information. If we assume the signal strength decays with distance from the source then we achieve convergence to the source by making use of the extremum seeking method. In the kinematic vehicle model we employ, the forward velocity is constrained to a constant and the control inputs are the yaw and pitch velocities. We present a control scheme which tunes these angular velocities and prove the local exponential convergence of this scheme. We also provide simulations which illustrate the behavior of the vehicle under different scenarios, such as static and moving sources, signal fields with spherical and elliptical level sets and parameter regimes not covered by theory.