cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Operational Ingredients-Based Methodology for Forecasting Midlatitude Winter Season Precipitation

Abstract An ingredients-based methodology (IM) for the operational analysis and prediction of midlatitude winter season precipitation is developed. Diagnostics for five fundamental physical ingredients involved in the production of precipitation—forcing for ascent, moisture, instability, precipitation efficiency, and temperature—are incorporated into the IM. The forcing ingredient is combined with the instability ingredient to form a new parameter, PVQ, that serves as an indicator of heavy precipitation potential by identifying regions where these two ingredients coexist. The diagnostics and PVQ are incorporated into ingredients maps that facilitate a systematic approach to forecasting the duration, intensity, and type of winter precipitation.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF AN EARLY IMPLANTATION STAGE, WITH A POSTULATED MECHANISM OF IMPLANTATION.

Abstract An early attachment stage of implantation in the armadillo has been found and studied with the electron microscope. The trophoblast cells were seen to indent the uterine epithelium. The trophoblast cells at the region of attachment were cytologically similar to the other trophoblast cells free of association with the uterine epithelium. The microvilli of the two types of cells were intermingled, and in some places the distance between the two cell types was less than the average length of microvilli of the trophoblast in free areas. At one place the epithelial cells in contact with two of the trophoblast cells were disrupted at their apical ends. The presence of granular cellular contents from the uterine cells in the intercellular space was taken as an indication that the cell rupture might not be an induced artifact of fixation. It is suggested that once attachment has taken place, mechanical disruption of the uterine epithelium, especially by growth of the trophoblast, is a possible mechanism of initial penetration of the endometrium in this species, and that such a mechanism might be widespread.
ANTICOAGULATION IN CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS

Prolonging the whole blood clotting time (WBCT) 2 to 3 times normal is said to provide a “safe” level of anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. To test this level of anticoagulation 9 monkeys were anticoagulated with heparin at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass so that WBCT's ranged from 201 sec to > 1000 sec (normal 91 sec). WBCT, platelet count (P), fibrinogen concentrations (F), and fibrin monomer concentrations (FM) were measured at 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes during bypass. Antithrombin III levels (AT3) were measured before and after bypass. Six monkeys developed increased FM indicating active coagulation beginning from 10 to 60 minutes on bypass. WBCT's were > 200 sec in all animals at the time of FM detection. P fell below 100,000/mm3 in the 6 animals with elevated FM, but remained above 100,000/mm3 in the other 3 animals. The mean value of AT3 decreased from 69% before, to 24.4% after bypass in the 6 animals with elevated FM, but was 61% after bypass in the others. F decreased from 167 mgm% to 80.5 mgm% in monkeys with elevated FM and to 117 mgm% in those with normal FM concentrations. Excessive bleeding did not occur in the animals without increased FM though WBCT's were in excess of 1000 sec. The results suggest that prolonging the WBCT 2 to 3 times normal is not sufficient anticoagulation to prevent activation of clotting during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Medicaid Spending Reductions and Developmental Disabilities

The federal-state Medicaid program provides significa,it and important services for persons with developmental disabilities in the United States. The research presented here is an empirical analysis of current congressional proposals to reduce Medicaid spending and a study of the impact of those reductions for persons with developmental disabilities. Compared to current law, the implementation of congressional proposals to reduce Medicaid spending would decrease the number of Medicaid long-term care recipients with developmental disabilities by approximately 56,000 individuals in the year 2002. The implications of Medicaid block grants and related enrollment restrictions are analyzed in the context of current trends in the provision of services to persons with developmental disabilities in the United States
Identification of regions of high acetylcholine receptor density in tannic acid-fixed postsynaptic membranes from electric tissue

Abstract Several distinct membrane specializations in electric tissue of the torpedine ray,Narcine brasiliensis, are rendered visible in thin section electron microscopy by the use of tannic acid during sample preparation. The acetylcholine receptor-containing regions of the postsynaptic membrane have a morphology shared by no other membrane in the tissue: a thick outer lamina, previously ascribed by others to the receptor protein itself, and a thick (∼8nm) inner lamina which is precisely co-extensive with the thick outer lamina. both of these features are found in biochemical preparations of the postsynaptic membrane upon fixation in the presence of tannic acid. Other membrane specializations having thick outer laminae can be distinguished from that due to the receptor. Thus, receptor-containing regions in isolated membrane fragments can be unambiguously identified by inspection. This provides an important practical tool for the study of these membranes. In addition, the data presented here and elsewhere suggest a model for the receptor-containing membrane in which material, presumably protein, is roughly symmetrically distributed on the two sides of the membrane.
Patterns in whitebark pine regeneration and their relationships to biophysical site characteristics in southwest Montana, central Idaho, and Oregon, USA

Declines of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) have occurred across much of the species’ range over the last 40 years due to mountain pine beetle outbreaks and white pine blister rust infection. Management efforts to stem these declines are increasing, yet the long-term success of whitebark pine depends on the species itself adapting to the modern environment. Natural regeneration will be a critical part of this process. We examined patterns in natural whitebark pine regeneration as related to the biophysical environment in sixty 0.1 ha plots in Montana, Idaho, and Oregon. Whitebark pine regeneration was present in 97% of our plots and varied widely in density from 0 to 17 000 seedlings/ha and 0 to 2680 saplings/ha. Using nonparametric correlation analysis and ordination techniques, we found whitebark pine regeneration abundance was unrelated to stand age but significantly related to several biophysical site characteristics, including positive relationships with elevation and canopy tree mortality ...
Glutathione peroxidase system and lysozyme in rats exposed to ozone or nitrogen dioxide

Abstract Exposure of rats to low concentrations of ozone (as low as 0.2 ppm) continuously for 8 days, or intermittently (8 hours/day) for 7 days, significantly increased the activities of the glutathione (GSH) peroxidase system in lung tissue. Linear regression analysis showed the increased enzymic activities to be a function of ozone concentration. Lysozyme activity was significantly increased in lung soluble and plasma, during continuous but not intermittent ozone exposure. The results indicated that lipid peroxidation damage occurred in lungs of rats exposed to relatively high levels of ozone. Rats were exposed to relatively higher levels of nitrogen dioxide for 4 days. The activities of GSH reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were significantly increased during exposure to 2.3 ppm and 6.2 ppm nitrogen dioxide, respectively. There was no significant increase in the activity of GSH peroxidase in lung soluble, or of lysozyme in the plasma, during exposure to nitrogen dioxide. The results suggest that the mechanism of action of nitrogen dioxide is different from that of ozone.
Operational Characteristics of the Camac Dataway

The basic purpose of CAMAC is to provide a standardized method for transferring data and control information between instrurrentation modules and a digital controller. CAMAC encompasses both a hardware standard for housing the modular components of a system and an electrical and logical standard for the control "language" used to effect the information transfer. The CAMAC specification contains the formally stated rules for hoth of these aspects of CAMAC. This paper concentrates on the control language and describes some of its features and uses in a less formal way than in the specification, and therefore may be useful as an introduction to the subject. Other papers in this series consider other aspects of CAMAC, including its place in the context of instrumentation systems, hardware aspects, signal standards, the Branch Highway, and coupling to computers and control systems. Here, the scope is limited to the process of information interchange within the CAMAC crate. This is a revised version of a paper previously publishled. Since the first version was published, a revised version of the CAMAC specification has been issued. This present paper is based only on the revised specification. Information on the differences between the original and revised CAMAC specifications is available.
Biophysical Aspects of Lipid Digestion in Human Breast Milk and Similac ™ Infant Formulas

Physico-chemical properties of human breast milk were compared to four Similac™ infant formulas, and correlated with in vitro free fatty acid bioaccessibility using a simulated gastrointestinal system (TIM-1). Viscoelastic measurements, as a function of pH (pH 6.5 to 3.0) and shear rate, showed lower viscosities in breast milk compared to infant formulas. Droplet size and distribution measurements showed distinct differences between the tested formulas and breast milk. During lipid digestion, a lag period was observed for only breast milk. The rate of lipolysis was found to be higher in breast milk compared to Similac™ formulas. The total bioaccessible free fatty acids for Advance infant formula and breast milk were not statistically different for the in vitro TIM-1 model and the shifted-logistical model using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) with a Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test. All other infant formulas had significantly lower free fatty acid bioaccessibilities at the end of the simulated digestion. A positive correlation between rate of lipolysis and droplet surface area per gram for the Similac™ infant formulas was found. However, breast milk did not follow that trend, suggesting the possible involvement of other factors in rate of lipolysis for breast milk.
Chiral separation of neutral species by capillary electrophoresis evaluation of a theoretical model

A theoretical model has been developed for the separation of enantiomers of neutral species by employing a combination of charged and neutral cyclodextrins. A neutral compound (LY213829), an ionizable cyclodextrin (sulfobutylether-cyclodextrin), and three neutral cyclodextrins (β-cyclodextrin, trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) were chosen to test the model. The model parameters were obtained by performing two specific sets of experiments. Resolution and selectivity can be readily obtained from these model parameters. The validity of the model has been demonstrated by resolving enantiomers of LY213829 and its four isomeric sulfoxide metabolites, and the model was very successful in predicting the migration times and resolution of the LY213829 enantiomers. Baseline separation was achieved for all the analytes.
Community evolution and change point detection in time-evolving graphs

How can we find communities in dynamic networks of social interactions, such as who calls whom, who emails whom, or who sells to whom? How do we store a large volume of IP network source–destination connection graphs, which grow over time? In this chapter, we study these two fundamental problems on time-evolving graphs and exploit the subtle connection between pattern mining and compression. We propose a pattern mining method, GraphScope, that automatically reveals the underlying communities in the graphs, as well as the change points in time. Our method needs no human intervention, and it is carefully designed to operate in a streaming fashion. Moreover, it is based on lossless compression principles. Therefore, in addition to revealing the fundamental structure of the graphs, the discovered patterns naturally lead to an excellent storage scheme for graph streams. Thus, our proposed GraphScope method unifies and solves both the mining and the compression problem (1) by producing meaningful time-evolving patterns agreeing with human intuition and (2) by identifying key change points in several real large time-evolving graphs. We demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness on real data sets from several domains.
Rodent models of Alzheimer's disease: Rat aβ infusion approaches to amyloid deposits

The development of rodent models for Alzheimer's disease is a critical step for both understanding the disease and developing therapeutic drugs. Transgenic and knockout mouse models will elucidate some important aspects of the etiology of the disease and the development of pharmaceutical treatments. Here, we will focus on the advantages of nontransgenic models. In nontransgenic rat models, intraventricular infusion of Aβ1-40 (alone) generally results in diffuse deposition of Aβ with very few focal plaque-like amyloid deposits after a 30-day intraventricular infusion. However, we have recently found that large numbers of scattered Aβ immunoreactive plaque-like deposits can be produced in retired female Sprague-Dawley rat breeders using intraventricular infusion of Aβ combined with neuropil injection of transforming growth factor β1(TGFβ). Aβ that was not associated with the large deposits was often immunolocalized with neurons and cell processes. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of Aβ in endosome/lysosomes of neuronal processes and glia and basal lamina. In some cases this labeling was clearly in lysosomes of degenerating neurites. This model allows one to introduce Aβ and other plaque-associated factors without overexpression of potentially confounding APP domains. We conclude that Aβ infusion models will be a useful complement to transgenic approaches to Alzheimer's pathology.
Investigations of a Self Sustained Vortex Flow System Inside a Confined Machinery Duct

A turbomachinery duct using turbine exhaust gas as a working fluid has been applied as a space launch vehicle component. Excessive duct vibrations were observed when the operation exceeded a certain power level. Investigations were conducted to identify the root cause of the observed vibrations. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is found that the annular exhaust gas exit condition combined with the duct bend in close proximity creates a complex vortex system that convects downstream in the duct. Similar to the von Karman vortex, the oscillating asymmetric vortices are generated by a non-swirling parallel upstream flow on a smooth surface. The vortex generation and the oscillatory dynamics are self sustained. Leaving the supersonic nozzle of the duct, the vortices induce unsteady fluctuating thrust forces that could generate structural vibrations. The main purpose of this paper is to report the investigations on the formation of this self sustained vortex system. Comparisons of the CFD results with those of ground tests and flight data of pressures, thrusts, and power spectral densities are also presented.
Chromium isotopic anomalies in the Allende meteorite

Isotopic anomalies in Ca are reported which were found in two Ca-Al-rich inclusions of the Allende meteorite. The corrected Ca data show nonlinear isotopic effects in Ca-48 of +13.5 per mil and in Ca-42 of +1.7 per mil for one sample. The second sample shows a Ca-48 depletion of -2.9 per mil, but all other isotopes are normal. Samples with large excesses in Mg-26 show no Ca anomalies. The effects demonstrate that isotopic anomalies exist for higher-atomic-number refractory elements in solar-system materials and do not appear to be readily explainable by a simple model. Observed anomalous Mg and Ca compositions for coexisting mineral phases are uniform within each inclusion and require initial isotopic homogeneity within an inclusion but the preservation of wide variations between inclusions. Assuming formation of these inclusions by condensation from a gaseous part of the solar nebula, this implies isotopic heterogeneity on a scale of 10 to 100 km within the nebula.
Concurrent ovarian and ipsilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies after a double embryo transfer: a case report

Ectopic pregnancies are one of the few conditions which constitute a gynecologic emergency, as it may result in a life threatening complication. The incidence in the general population is approximately 2 % [1]; however a significant increase has been reported after the use of In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF), ranging from 2.1 to 8.6 % [2, 3]. An ectopic pregnancy may implant in different places throughout the female pelvis; however, tubal pregnancies are by far the most common implantation site. Ovarian localization of an ectopic gestation accounts for no more than 3 % of all ectopic pregnancies [4]. The clinical signs and symptoms of an ovarian ectopic are the same as those seen with a tubal pregnancy, and the diagnosis is usually made by pathology, due to the fact that an ovarian ectopic pregnancy is often misdiagnosed during surgery as a hemorrhagic corpus luteum. Though of little clinical use today, there are specific diagnostic criteria for an ovarian ectopic described by Spiegelberg in 1878: (1) an intact ipsilateral tube, clearly separate from the ovary; (2) a gestational sac occupying the position of the ovary; (3) a gestational sac connected to the uterus by the ovarian ligament; and (4) ovarian tissue in the wall of the gestational sac [5]. The risk of ovarian pregnancy after assisted reproductive techniques is approximately 0.3 % and is likely to increase with widespread use of these procedures [6–8]. However, given the extremely low incidence of an ovarian ectopic pregnancy, even after ovulation induction and assisted reproduction, it still remains a very rare diagnosis. Ectopic pregnancies may also be seen in the presence of another coexisting simultaneous pregnancy. The diagnosis of co-existing pregnancies may be delayed, as the patient may present without symptoms and normally rising HCG levels, and usually with an intrauterine pregnancy. There are different proposed theories to explain the increased incidence of these pregnancies after assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Those include the high proportion of patients with tubal disease, high levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), and high numbers of transferred embryos or ovulated oocytes in this population [9–11]. This case report describes the rare occurrence of a tubal pregnancy with a concurrent ipsilateral ovarian ectopic pregnancy.
Increasing Sharing Tendency Without Reducing Satisfaction: Finding the Best Privacy-Settings User Interface for Social Networks

Privacy is a major concern of SNS (social networking site) users. Users’ profiles contain a large amount of personal information, and most users want to control who has access to this information. However, many SNS users report difficulties in managing their privacy settings. We conducted an online user experiment to systematically evaluate the behavioral and attitudinal effects of several design parameters of a SNS privacy settings interface. We show that the granularity of categories, the possibility to make exceptions, the default setting, and the order in which categories are being presented have strong effects on users’ evaluation of the system as well as their sharing behavior. Particularly, an interface that allows users to categorize their contacts into a small number of categories, that is set to shared-by-default, but that allows users to make exceptions for specific contacts results in the highest level of sharing and the highest user satisfaction.
Adult neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway in the absence of receptor neuron turnover in Libinia emarginata

Life-long neurogenesis is a characteristic feature of the olfactory pathways of a phylogenetically diverse array of animals. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, the life-long addition of olfactory interneurons in the brain occurs in parallel with the continuous proliferation of olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory organ. It has been proposed that these two processes are related functionally, with new olfactory interneurons being added to accommodate the new olfactory receptor neurons added in the periphery. While this has not been tested directly because the two processes are not readily separable, this question can be addressed in the olfactory pathway of the crab, Libinia emarginata. Unlike most decapod crustaceans, which moult and grow throughout life, L. emarginata has a terminal, maturational moult after which animals become anecdysic (stop moulting). Because the addition of new receptor neurons in crustaceans is associated with moulting, a comparison of neurogenesis in immature and mature L. emarginata provides an opportunity to examine the interdependence of central and peripheral neurogenesis in the olfactory pathway. This study demonstrates that the continuous addition of olfactory receptor neurons in L. emarginata ceases at the terminal moult but that proliferation and differentiation of olfactory interneurons in the brain continues in mature animals. Contrary to the general assumption, therefore, continuous neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of this species does not occur as part of a process involving the coregulation of central and peripheral neurogenesis. These findings suggest that peripheral neurogenesis is not a requirement for continuous neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway.
Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia for Procedures of the Upper Extremity

Anesthesia options for upper extremity surgery include general and regional anesthesia. Brachial plexus blockade has several advantages including decreased hemodynamic instability, avoidance of airway instrumentation, and intra-, as well as post-operative analgesia. Prior to the availability of ultrasound the risks of complications and failure of regional anesthesia made general anesthesia a more desirable option for anesthesiologists inexperienced in the practice of regional anesthesia. Ultrasonography has revolutionized the practice of regional anesthesia. By visualizing needle entry throughout the procedure, the relationship between the anatomical structures and the needle can reduce the incidence of complications. In addition, direct visualization of the spread of local anesthesia around the nerves provides instant feedback regarding the likely success of the block. This review article outlines how ultrasound has improved the safety and success of brachial plexus blocks. The advantages that ultrasound guidance provides are only as good as the experience of the anesthesiologist performing the block. For example, in experienced hands, with real time needle visualization, a supraclavicular brachial plexus block has changed from an approach with the highest risk of pneumothorax to a block with minimal risks making it the ideal choice for most upper extremity surgeries.
Can writing a new word detract from learning it? More negative effects of forced output during vocabulary learning

This study examined effects of word writing on second language vocabulary learning. In two experiments, English-speaking learners of Spanish attempted to learn 24 Spanish nouns while viewing word–picture pairs. The participants copied 12 target words and wrote nothing for the other 12 target words being studied. Productive vocabulary learning on immediate and delayed (2 days later) measures was higher in the no-writing condition. These findings suggest that this type of forced output without access to meaning can detract from word learning by exhausting processing resources needed to encode novel lexical forms.
Constraints on target chamber first wall and target designs that will enable NIF debris shields to survive

The NIF target chamber interior materials and target designs themselves have to be compatible with survival of the final- optics debris shields. To meet the planned maintenance and refinishing rate, the contamination of the debris shields cannot exceed about 1 nm equivalent thickness per shot of total material. This implies that he target mass must be limited to no more than 1 gram and the ablated mass released to the chamber from all other components must not exceed 3 grams. In addition, the targets themselves must either completely vaporize or send any minor amounts of shrapnel towards the chamber waist to prevent excessive catering of the debris shields. The constraints on the first-wall debris will remobilize at a rate fast enough to require cleaning every 3 weeks, about three times more frequent than possible with planned robotics. Furthermore, a comparison of ablatants from B4C and stainless-steel louvers suggest that remobilization of target debris by x-rays will be greater than that of the base material in both cases, thereby reducing the performance advantage of clean B4C over much cheaper stainless steel. Neutronics calculations indicate that activation of thin Ni-free stainless steel is not a significant source of maintenance personnel radiation dose. Consequently, the most attractive first wall design consists of stainless-steel louvers. Evaluation of various unconverted-light beam dump designs indicates that stainless steel louvers generate no more debris than other matrices, so one single design can serve as both first wall and beam dumps, eliminating beam steering restrictions caused by size and location of the beam dumps. One reservation is that the allowable contamination rate of the debris shield is not yet completely understood. Consequently, it is likely that either a protruding beam tube, a rapid post-shot gas purge of the final optics assembly, or thin polymeric pre-shield will be required to prevent low-velocity contamination from reaching the debris shield.
Nilotinib reverses loss of dopamine neurons and improves motor behavior via autophagic degradation of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease models

Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder characterized by death of dopaminergic substantia nigra (SN) neurons and brain accumulation of α-synuclein. The tyrosine kinase Abl is activated in neurodegeneration. Here, we show that lentiviral expression of α-synuclein in the mouse SN leads to Abl activation (phosphorylation) and lentiviral Abl expression increases α-synuclein levels, in agreement with Abl activation in PD brains. Administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib decreases Abl activity and ameliorates autophagic clearance of α-synuclein in transgenic and lentiviral gene transfer models. Subcellular fractionation shows accumulation of α-synuclein and hyper-phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) in autophagic vacuoles in α-synuclein expressing brains, but nilotinib enhances protein deposition into the lysosomes. Nilotinib is used for adult leukemia treatment and it enters the brain within US Food and Drug Administration approved doses, leading to autophagic degradation of α-synuclein, protection of SN neurons and amelioration of motor performance. These data suggest that nilotinib may be a therapeutic strategy to degrade α-synuclein in PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
Electrooptic Bragg-deflection modulators: theoretical and experimental studies.

We have studied the mechanism of Bragg diffraction in electrooptic thin-film lightguides and examined in effectiveness of interaction between the electric field and optical field. Expressions for the full detail the deflection voltage and the power per bandwidth are obtained and applied to various modulator structures using out-diffused, metal-diffused, epitaxial, and sputtered-film (electrooptic substrate) waveguides. An expression for minimum interaction length to ensure better than 30-dB extinction ratio is derived. The theoretical results are checked with experimental observations from an electrooptic substrate modulator we fabricated, and good agreement is obtained.
Future global warming scenarios.

In a study commissioned by the Pentagon, Peter Schwartz and Doug Randall ([1][1]) present a very alarming scenario regarding the short-term consequences of global warming. This scenario, which predicts a shutdown of the Atlantic Ocean's conveyor circulation in the next 10 to 15 years, is based on analogies to two large and abrupt climate changes, which occurred 12,700 and 8200 years ago. Both are thought to have been triggered by catastrophic releases of meltwater stored in lakes that formed along the southern margin of the retreating Canadian ice sheet. These floods appear to have squelched deep water formation in the North Atlantic and, by as yet unknown mechanisms, caused Earth's climate to plunge back toward its glacial condition. Clearly, if global warming were to cause a repeat of such an abrupt change, the consequences would be akin to those alluded to in the warning to the Pentagon, namely, a large cooling of northern Europe. But there is no reason to believe that the impacts could occur in a mere decade, nor would they be so awesome. As the one who first pointed out the link between the Atlantic's conveyor circulation and abrupt climate changes, I take serious issue with both the timing and the severity of changes proposed in the Pentagon scenario. Computer simulations do suggest that a greenhouse-induced warming would increase the delivery of precipitation and river runoff to the North Atlantic and, further, that given a large enough warming, this excess fresh water could cause the conveyor to sag and, in the extreme, shut down. However, the time required for this to happen is more likely a century, not a decade. Further, no full-fledged global model has yet reproduced the immense impacts coincident with the two meltwater floods. We suspect that the required amplifier involves sea ice formation in the North Atlantic. If indeed this is the case, then as the globe warms, amplification by this mechanism becomes ever less likely. Exaggerated scenarios serve only to intensify the existing polarization over global warming. What is needed is not more words but rather a means to shut down CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Although we are powerless to accomplish this by 2015, we certainly have the wherewithal to do it by 2075. 1. 1.[↵][2] 1. P. Schwartz, 2. D. Randall , “Abrupt climate change,” report prepared by Global Business Network (GBN) for the Department of Defense, available at [www.gbn.org/ArticleDisplayServlet.srv?aid=26231][3]. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [3]: http://www.gbn.org/ArticleDisplayServlet.srv?aid=26231
Multipartite Entanglement in Cavity QED

For an atom in a driven cavity with an external potential, we examine nonclassical correlations and entanglement. We consider entanglement by examining various bipartite splits.
Determinants of Underwriter Participation in Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock: An Empirical Study

This paper examines an optimal underwriter participation model and develops testable hypotheses regarding the influence of certain factors on the degree of underwriter participation in initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stock. The issue of underwriter participation is important primarily due to the tradeoff between foregone underwriter compensation and underwriting risk reduction. The results of this paper indicate that factors related to the issue, issuing firm, underwriter, and IPO market conditions all are important determinants of the participation decision. Interestingly, the results also show that the importance of these factors is not consistent across underwriter prestige groups. In particular, factors external to underwriters (e.g., the issuing firm and market characteristics) are more important for explaining nonprestigious underwriter participation, while factors related to underwriters themselves play a more important role for explaining prestigious underwriter participation.
Inducible expression of an aminoglycoside-acetylating enzyme in Providencia stuartii

Strains of Providencia stuartii were collected from a chronic-care geriatric ward of a large Veteran's Administration hospital. Two strains of P. stuartii, and one of Escherichia coli isolated from the same ward, were transferred five times in the presence of gentamicin or netilmicin. At the fifth transfer the MICs of both gentamicin and netilmicin for the two P. stuartii strains had increased at least ten-fold. The MICs for the E. coli remained essentially unchanged. Enzyme assay demonstrated increased activity of an aminoglycoside-2'-acetylating enzyme in P. stuartii during the period of the transfers. Five subsequent transfers in the absence of aminoglycosides resulted in return of enzyme activity to the initial level. Neither of the P. stuartii strains tested contained any detectable plasmid DNA. The 2'-acetylating enzyme in some strains of P. stuartii can be induced to high levels of activity by exposure to gentamicin or netilmicin.
A Security-Supportive Middleware Architecture for Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing systems are becoming widespread as the next generation of computing systems. Many middleware-based researches are proposed to provide services while vanishing the pervasive computing systems into the background environment. Security is of critical importance to protect system resources as well as user privacies. In this paper, we propose a security middleware architecture for heterogeneous pervasive devices to collaborate with high security confidence while ignoring the security details. We elaborate a trust management system in the infrastructure as one of the security middleware components. Our middleware architecture provides dynamic reconfiguration to fulfil security requirements of heterogeneous service providers and consumers
Nicotinic augmentation of anti-inflammatory GSK3b signaling

Background Glycogen synthesis kinase 3b (GSK3b) has been shown to be a critical mediator of the intensity and direction of the innate immune system responding to bacterial stimuli. Stimulation of the anti-cholinergic anti-inflammatory system by tobacco alkaloids (nicotine; cotinine) leads to phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3b and, subsequently, to immune suppression. This presentation will review the tobacco-induced dysregulation of GSK3b signaling and provide insight into the increased susceptibility of smokers to multiple bacterial diseases, including those caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Neisseria meningitidis. The extensive ongoing efforts to exploit GSK3b for its therapeutic potential in the control of infectious diseases will also be reviewed.
Seiberg–Witten Floer homology and symplectic forms on S1 × M3

where dt is a nowhere vanishing 1–form on S1 ,  is a section over S M of T M and  is a section over S M of ^2 T M. Let d denote the exterior derivative along M factor of S1 M. Since is a closed 2–form, one has @ @t  D d and d D 0. Thus,  is a closed form on M at any given t 2 S . Its cohomology class in H.MIR/ is denoted by Œ. As explained momentarily, the class Œ is nonzero. To see why this is the case, first use the Kunneth formula to write H2.S1 MIR/ as the direct sum Œdt[H1.MIR/ H2.MIR/ where Œdt denotes the cohomology class of the 1–form dt. Let Œ  denote the cohomology class of the symplectic form . This class appears in the Kunneth decomposition as Œdt[ ŒxC Œ where Œx is the pushforward from S1 M of the 2–form dt^  . This understood, neither Œx nor Œ are zero by virtue of the fact that Œ [ Œ  is nonzero.
Hessian-Based Model Reduction for Large-Scale Data Assimilation Problems

Assimilation of spatially- and temporally-distributed state observations into simulations of dynamical systems stemming from discretized PDEs leads to inverse problems with high-dimensional control spaces in the form of discretized initial conditions. Solution of such inverse problems in "real-time" is often intractable. This motivates the construction of reduced-order models that can be used as surrogates of the high-fidelity simulations during inverse solution. For the surrogates to be useful, they must be able to approximate the observable quantities over a wide range of initial conditions. Construction of the reduced models entails sampling the initial condition space to generate an appropriate training set, which is an intractable proposition for high dimensional initial condition spaces unless the problem structure can be exploited. Here, we present a method that extracts the dominant spectrum of the input-output map (i.e. the Hessian of the least squares optimization problem) at low cost, and uses the principal eigenvectors as sample points. We demonstrate the efficacy of the reduction methodology on a large-scale contaminant transport problem.
Tumor Immunogenicity—The Prime Determinant of the Nutritional Influence on the Host-Tumor Relationship

The influence which malnutrition plays on the host-tumor relationship is controversial because of the disparity of human and rodent tumors, a critical difference being the minimal immunogenicity of human tumors and the variable antigenicity of rodent tumors. The hypothesis we tested is that the influence of malnutrition on tumor growth is a result of the immunogenicity of the host's tumor. C-1300 neuroblastoma (NB) is an immunogenic tumor by in vivo and in vitro assessment while the histologically identical TBJ-NB clone is non-immunizing. Isogeneic A/J mice were malnourished with 2.5% protein chow and were inoculated with C-1300-NB or TBJ-NB; either serial tumor volumes were assessed by three-dimensional measurement or animals were serially killed and tumor weight/carcass weight ratios (TW/CW) were calculated. Non-immunogenic TBJ-NB grew more rapidly than C-1300-NB in both control and malnourished groups, but there was no difference in either tumor size or TW/CW ratios between the two TBJ-NB nutritional groups. Contrasting with these data were immunogenic C-1300-NB in that the tumor grew significantly better in malnourished mice (tumor volume p less than 0.05 day 12 and 14; TW/CW p less than 0.026 by day 21). Prior whole-body irradiation abrogated this difference. These data demonstrate that for tumors differing only in antigenicity the influence of malnutrition is on that tumor which induces an immunologic antitumor response.
Mycobacterium fortuitum–induced persistent parotitis: Successful therapy with clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin

Background. Parotitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria, a very rare disease entity, has never been reported to be caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum (M. fortui- tum) in the literature. Methods and Results. An 8-year-old girl was seen with pain- ful swelling of the right parotid gland despite antibiotic treatment of more than 1 month. Elevated serum amylase activity and dif- fuse contrast-enhanced CT of the parotid gland confirmed the diagnosis of parotitis. Histopathological study of specimens taken from the right parotid tail mass showed granulomatous inflammation with acid-fast positive bacilli; culture later con- firmed M. fortuitum. After administration of clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin for 9 consecutive months, the parotitis and parotid tail mass were completely resolved at follow-up examination. Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of parotitis caused by M. fortuitum and its successful medical treat- ment. V C 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 29: 1061- 1064, 2007
Misturasotoma, a new nearctic springtail genus (Collembola: Isotomidae)

Type specimens of Desoria brucealla (Wray), a western North American species, are transferred to Misturasotoma n.gen. The new genus differs from Desoria, Heteroisotoma, Isotoma, and Parisotoma by the following combination of characters: eyes absent, tibiotarsi with 11 setae in distal whorl, tenaculum with 9–15 setae, manubrium with apical spinelike setae, mucrones quadridentate, macrochaetae smooth, and sensilliform setae of abdominal segments IV and V short.
Central places in wikipedia

Central Place Theory explains the number and locations of cities, towns, and villages based on principles of market areas, transportation, and socio-political interactions between settlements. It assumes a hexagonal segmentation of space, where every central place is surrounded by six lower-order settlements in its range, to which it caters its goods and services. In reality, this ideal hexagonal model is often skewed based on varying population densities, locations of natural features and resources, and other factors. In this paper, we propose an approach that extracts the structure around a central place and its range from the link structure on the Web. Using a corpus of georeferenced documents from the English language edition of Wikipedia, we combine weighted links between places and semantic annotations to compute the convex hull of a central place, marking its range. We compare the results obtained to the structures predicted by Central Place Theory, demonstrating that the Web and its hyperlink structure can indeed be used to infer spatial structures in the real world. We demonstrate our approach for the four largest metropolitan areas in the United States, namely New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston.
DETERMINANTS OF SOVEREIGN INVESTMENT PROTECTIONISM: THE CASE OF BULGARIA'S NUCLEAR ENERGY SECTOR

Foreign direct investment (FDI) by entities controlled by foreign governments (especially state-owned enterprises) is a new global phenomenon that is most often linked to the rise of emerging markets such as China and Russia. Host governments have struggled to properly react to this type of investment activity especially in key strategic sectors and critical infrastructure that ultimately raise questions of national security. Academic research on sovereign investment as a factor contributing to the new global protectionist trend is very limited, and predominantly focused on sovereign investors from China. This study explores the specifics of Russian sovereign investment in the former Soviet Bloc countries, now members of the European Union, especially in strategic sectors such as energy. We use the case of Bulgaria’s nuclear energy sector and the involvement of Russia’s state-owned company Rosatom in the halted Belene nuclear power plant project to analyze the dynamics of policy and politics, political-economic ideologies and historical legacies in the formation of national stances towards Russia as a sovereign investor. Our research contributes to the emerging literature on FDI protectionism and sovereign investment by emphasizing the significance of political-ideological divides and the heritage of the past as determinants of sovereign investment protectionism.
Dielectric barrier discharge actuator for vehicle drag reduction at highway speeds

We propose and demonstrate reduction of aerodynamic drag for a realistic geometry at highway speeds using serpentine dielectric barrier discharge actuators. A comparable linear plasma actuator fails to reduce the drag at these speeds. Experimental data collected for linear and serpentine plasma actuators under quiescent operating conditions show that the serpentine design has profound effect on near wall flow structure and resulting drag. For certain actuator arrangement, the measured drag reduced by over 14% at 26.8 m/s (60 mph) and over 10% at 31.3 m/s (70 mph) opening up realistic possibility of reasonable energy savings for full scale ground vehicles. In addition, the power consumption data and drag reduction effectiveness for different input signals are also presented.
Cerebral Aneurysm Size before and after Rupture: Case Series and Literature Review.

Background The conclusions of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) demonstrating that anterior circulation aneurysms less than 7 mm in maximal diameter have a 0% risk of rupture continue to be widely cited despite discordance with the anecdotal observation that the majority of ruptured cerebral aneurysms are less than 7 mm. The leading hypothesis to reconcile this discrepancy is that cerebral aneurysms shrink after rupture. Our case series of 6 subjects adds to the scarce published literature that addresses our limited understanding of aneurysm size before and after rupture. Methods Our institutional database was evaluated for patients with brain vascular imaging before and after cerebral aneurysm rupture. We evaluated clinical and anatomic features as well as aneurysm dimensions using a submillimeter measurement tool with adjudication between 2 physicians. Results Among our 6 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, and even when combined with the 17 subjects published in the literature with similar information before rupture, no aneurysms decreased in size more than 2 mm. In total, 17 out of 23 aneurysms studied increased in size after rupture. Conclusions Our data add additional evidence that unruptured aneurysms do not shrink in size after rupture. The discrepancy between the ISUIA conclusion on aneurysm size and rupture risk and what is observed anecdotally remains an area in need of additional study.
On Visual Texture Preference: Can an Ecological Model Explain Why People Like Some Textures More Than Others?:

What visual textures do people like and why? Here, we test whether the ecological valence theory proposed for color preferences can also predict people's preferences for visual texture. According to the theory, people should like visual textures associated with positive objects or entities and dislike visual textures associated with negative objects or entities. We compare the results for the ecological model with a more traditional texture-preference model based on computational features and find that the ecological model performs reasonably well considering its lower complexity, explaining 63% of the variance in the human preference data.
Inhibition of Steroid Mediated Pyridine Nucleotide Transhydrogenase and 17 β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase by 2'Adenylic Acid.

Summary2'AMP inhibits placental 17 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and steroid mediated pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. This inhibition is due to the 2'structure and occurs in transhydrogenation which does not involve TPN.