cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clock Skew Scheduling in the Presence of Heavily Gated Clock Networks

Clock skew scheduling is a common and well known technique to improve the performance of sequential circuits by exploiting the mismatches in the data path delays. Existing clock skew scheduling techniques, however, cannot effectively consider heavily gated clock networks where a local clock tree exists between clock gating cells and registers. A methodology is proposed in this paper to efficiently achieve clock skew scheduling in circuits with gated clock networks. The methodology is implemented via both linear programming and constraint graph based approaches, and evaluated using the largest ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits with clock gating. The results demonstrate up to approximately 21% reduction in clock period while maintaining the power savings achieved by clock gating. A conventional design flow is used for the experiments, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed algorithms to automation.
Polariton scattering in potassium dihydrogen phosphate KDP

Raman scattering from polaritons of mixed ${B}_{2}\ensuremath{-}E$ symmetry has been observed in potassium dihydrogen phosphate at ambient temperatures. An extraordinary polariton branch has been measured at wave-number shifts from 940 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} of arc internal scattering angle to 1080 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} internal scattering angle. A formula is derived that relates scattering angle and propogation angle in anisotropic, uniaxial crystals. Experimentally measured frequencies are in good accord with theoretical calculations.
Microwave processed composite materials

Etude de la microstructure de composites d'oxydes renforces de trichites et fabriques a l'aide d'un chauffage par micro-onde
Low cost approach to Mars Pathfinder

Abstract Mars Pathfinder, launching in December '96 and landing in July '97, will demo a low cost delivery system to the surface of Mars. Historically, spacecraft that orbit or land on a distant body carry a large amount of fuel for braking. Mars Pathfinder, thrusting only for navigation, enters directly into the Martian atmosphere, aerobrakes with its aeroshell, deploys a parachute at 10 km above the surface and, within 100 m off the surface, ignites solid rockets for final braking prior to deployment of air bags which cushion touchdown. After landing, petals open to upright the lander, exposing solar panels to the sun. Even though the lander and rover are expected to last longer, the major objectives of Mars Pathfinder, demonstrating EDL (Entry, Descent, Landing) and lander-rover surface operations, will occur within the first few days, at which time panoramic images of the surface will be transmitted and the rover will be deployed to conduct both mobility tests and rock composition measurements. While Mars Pathfinder is primarily an engineering demo, it accomplishes a focused, exciting set of science investigations with a stereo, multi-color lander imager; atmospheric instrumentation, used as a weather station after landing; and the rover with cameras and the APXS (Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer). This paper features Mars Pathfinder's approach to innovative and cost effective mission accomplishment, under a development cost cap. Mars Pathfinder is pathfinding a new way of doing business at NASA and JPL for small, low cost, Discovery class missions.
Quantum mechanics of exponential-potential inflation.

A spatially flat cosmological scalar field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ model with an exponential scalar field potential $V(\ensuremath{\varphi})\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\varphi}}{\sqrt{p}})$, with $pg1$, has a time-dependent fixed-point solution which describes an inflating universe with the scale factor evolving as $a(t)\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{p}$. In the limit $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ this model reduces to the usual exponential expansion inflation model. In this paper we derive the inflationary epoch spectra of energy density and gravitational-wave irregularities by perturbatively solving the quantum-mechanical Dirac-Wheeler-DeWitt equations for this model. Our results agree with those found using an essentially classical analysis. We also show, by using two different orderings of factors in the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian, that operator-ordering ambiguities do not affect the spectrum of irregularities to the order to which we work; they do, however, affect the normalization of the wave function.
Simultaneous approximation to algebraic numbers by elements of a number field

A special case of the main result is as follows. Given a number fieldK a number ɛ>0 and real or complex algebraic numbers ξ1,...,ξn with 1, ξ1,...,ξn linearly independent overK, there are only finitely many α=(α1,...,αn) with components inK and with |ξ1,...,α1| whereH(α) is a suitably defined height.
A Review of the Biologic Effects, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety of Silicone Elastomer Sheeting for Hypertrophic and Keloid Scar Treatment and Management

Silicone elastomer sheeting is a medical device used to prevent the development of and improve the appearance and feel of hypertrophic and keloid scars. The precise mechanism of action of silicone elastomer sheeting has not been defined, but clinical trials report that this device is safe and effective for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic and keloid scars if worn over the scar for 12 to 24 hours per day for at least 2 to 3 months. Some of the silicone elastomer sheeting products currently on the market are durable and adhere well to the skin. These products are an attractive treatment option because of their ease of use and low risk of adverse effects compared to other treatments, such as surgical excision, intralesional corticosteroid injections, pressure therapy, radiation, laser treatment, and cryotherapy. Additional controlled clinical trials with large patient populations may provide further evidence for the efficacy of silicone elastomer sheeting in the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic and keloid scars. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on silicone elastomer sheeting products and to discuss their clinical application in the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic and keloid scars.
The Effects of Health Education Classes on Teaching Self-Efficacy in Preservice Teachers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teacher preparation and health teaching self-efficacy in elementary and secondary preservice teachers. As expected, students felt most comfortable teaching topics that were covered in the particular health class in which they were enrolled, and less comfortable teaching topics that represented material from another class. Students enrolled in either the Comprehensive School Health Education course or School Health Education course were more likely to believe that they had the ability to impact their students' subsequent behavior in 11 out of 14 different health areas than students in other classes. Health minors felt more prepared to teach most health topics than other majors/minors. What is disconcerting, however, was that elementary education majors and minors scored lower than other secondary education majors and minors in their perceived ability to teach health. The importance of health issues in the elementary school curriculu...
Receptor Imaging: Competitive or Complementary to Antibody Imaging?

Both radiolabeled ligands to specific receptors on cell surfaces and radiolabeled antibodies to specific cell surface epitopes provide new opportunities to scintigraphically identify tumors. Both radiolabeled ligands and antibodies are characterized by high orders of affinity for their respective binding sites and offer greater specificity over the agents previously used for tumor imaging including gallium 67, thallium 201, technetium 99m MIBI, and flourine-18-labeled deoxyglucose. The two classes of tumor-binding tracers differ primarily based on molecular weight although the nonspecific portion of the immunoglobulins are also antigenic. Increased molecular weight results in prolonged plasma survival, which increases the interval available for tumor permeation but also produces increased nonspecific background activity, which impairs image contrast. At the present time, encouraging clinical results have been obtained with both agent types, but further development is necessary. Receptor-ligand tracers provide better contrast than antibodies or antibody fragments. Receptor-ligand imaging technology awaits further developments in an understanding of the biology of receptor expression in normal tissue and tumors and improved radiochemical techniques and pharmacology to define the radioligands of choice. Radiolabeled antibodies will probably evolve in the direction of increased use of antibody fragments and possibly the identification and polymerization of epitope-recognition units in order to provide high-affinity, nonantigenic, small molecular weight tracers that will be more permeable in tumors and clear more rapidly from background tissue. Rather than compete or complement each other, the techniques will likely produce a hybrid technology, radiolabeled molecular recognition units, with the better features of both technologies including high binding affinity (low dissociation constant) for surface membrane epitopes, including receptor sites.
Novel Length Scales in Nanotube Devices

We calculate the properties of $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions, $n\ensuremath{-}i$ junctions, and Schottky barriers made on a single-wall carbon nanotube. In contrast to planar bulk junctions, the depletion width for nanotubes varies exponentially with inverse doping. In addition, there is a very long-range (logarithmic) tail in the charge distribution, extending over the entire tube. These effects can render traditional devices unworkable, while opening new possibilities for device design. Our general conclusions should apply to a broad class of nanotube heterojunctions, and to other quasi-one-dimensional ``molecular wire'' devices.
Steroidogenic enzyme activity after acute activation of protein kinase (PK) A and PKC in ovine small and large luteal cells

Intracellular effector systems which utilize PKA and PKC can be pharmacologically activated by forskolin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and appear to be important for regulation of steroidogenesis by cells of the corpus luteum. In this study the effect of pharmacologic activation of PKA (forskolin) or PKC (PMA) on the activity of adenylate cyclase, cholesterol esterase, P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage (P450scc) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5, delta 4 isomerase (3 beta HSD) was determined. Basal adenylate cyclase activity (as measured by intracellular and secreted cAMP) was extremely low in both large and small luteal cells. Forskolin stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in both large and small luteal cells but progesterone production was increased only in small cells. PMA inhibited progesterone production by large and forskolin-stimulated small cells without altering adenylate cyclase activity. Basal cholesterol esterase activity was greater in small than in large cells and was stimulated by forskolin only in small cells. PMA did not significantly alter cholesterol esterase activity in either cell type. Activity of P450scc or 3 beta HSD was measured by conversion of hydroxylated cholesterol derivatives (P450scc) or pregnenolone (3 beta HSD) to progesterone. Although basal progesterone production was 47 times greater in large than small cells, there was only 5.1 (P450scc) and 6.4 (3 beta HSD) times greater enzyme activity in large than in small luteal cells. Activation of PKA and/or PKC did not alter the activity of P450scc or 3 beta HSD in either cell type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Elementary Teachers' Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices

Abstract The authors investigated the assessment and grading practices of over 900 Grades 3-5 teachers representing urban, suburban, and rural schools. Teachers indicated the extent to which they used various factors to grade students, the types of assessments used, the cognitive level of assessments, and the grades awarded. Teachers appeared to conceptualize 6 major factors when they graded students; they placed the greatest weight on academic performance and academic-enabling behaviors, such as effort and improvement, and much less emphasis on homework, comparisons with other students, grade distributions of other teachers, and borderline cases. The teachers used 3 types of assessments—constructed-response, objective, and teacher-made major examinations; they differentiated between recall and higher level cognitive skills. However, there were few relationships between assessment and grade level, subject matter assessed, and grades awarded. Results are discussed in light of other research, indicating tha...
The differential diagnosis stimulator

A computer program, the differential diagnosis stimulator, based upon a logoscope (Nash), was programmed in Fortran IV for a time-share computer. The program prints out a list of diseases, consistent with the patient's presenting symptoms and signs, in order of decreasing probability. Ten of 12 physicians making use of the program felt that it stimulated them to include other diagnostic possibilities in their differential diagnosis and forced them to actively eliminate the computer generated possibilities. An assessment of program accuracy, by testing the program against selected cases, showed that the correct diagnosis, missed by the emergency physician, was included in the highest priority level of the computer's output 84% of the time.
Regulation of erythrocyte cation and water content in sickle cell anemia

The pathophysiological events in sickle cell disease are critically dependent on the intracellular concentration of hemoglobin S, which varies inversely with cell cation and water content. Erythrocytes of SS homozygotes exposed to oxygen or carbon monoxide decrease their potassium and water content through a pathway for potassium transport that is activated by both cell swelling and decrease in internal pH. This pathway is not inhibited by ouabain either with or without bumetanide. When SS erythrocytes were separated according to density, the pH- and volume-dependent potassium transport was greatest in the least dense fraction and was reduced in the densest cells. This pathway, which does not depend on polymerization of sickle hemoglobin, may be important in regulating the cation and water content of SS erythrocytes.
Predation by Fallfish (Semotilus corporalis) on Pacific Salmon Eggs in the Salmon River, New York

ABSTRACT Fallfish (Semotilus corporalis) are the largest native cyprinid in the northeastern United States and are the most abundant native species in the Salmon River, New York. The Salmon River is a high-quality spawning and nursery river for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) migrating from Lake Ontario. Because of the large number of Pacific salmon spawning in the river in the fall extensive redd superimposition occurs resulting in salmonid eggs being available on the substrate. We examined the fall diet of 647 fallfish in 2007 and 2008 to determine the extent of predation on Pacific salmon eggs. The contribution of eggs in the diet significantly increased once fallfish attained a size of 100 mm total length. The largest size category of fallfish examined (≥150 mm) had the highest proportion (86.1%) of salmon eggs in their diet. The contribution of Zooplankton and chironomids in the diet of fallfish decreased with fish size. Except for the two largest groups of fallfish examined (i.e., 100–149 mm and ...
A novel pattern-based approach for diagnostic controller performance monitoring

This paper details a novel method for monitoring the disturbance rejection performance of controllers by applying a second-order underdamped model as a pattern recognition tool. A controller performance index based on the second-order model parameters classifies the patterns into diagnostic categories of sluggish, well-behaved and overly aggressive. The autocorrelation function (ACF) has been used in numerous performance assessment capacities, and this work builds on these successes by applying the pattern recognition method to automate the ACF assessment across the full range of disturbance rejection performance. In addition to the performance diagnostic, a pattern-based visual tuning guide is presented for retuning PI controllers to regain desired performance. The performance assessment method has been tested on numerous control loops in a 25 MW cogeneration power plant and results of the application are presented.
Balm in Gilead: Racism, Religious Involvement, and Psychological Distress Among African‐American Adults

Although a long tradition of theoretical and sociohistorical analysis has suggested that religious practices and values help African Americans in coping with the distressing sequelae of racism and discrimination, few studies have examined this issue with systematic, quantitative, empirical data. Our work contributes to the literature by: (a) outlining a series of arguments regarding the potential significance of multiple aspects of religious involvement-attendance at services, church-based social support, and religious guidance in daily life¯in dealing with harmful psychosocial effects of recent experiences of discrimination; and (b) testing hypotheses derived from two alternative models of the racism-religion-distress relationship using longitudinal data from a nationwide survey. Results indicate that both religious guidance and religious attendance moderate the effects of racism on psychological distress, while congregational support has a direct (but not interactive) effect on distress, thereby partly, offsetting (hut not buffering) the negative effects of discrimination.
Fabric Thermal Resistance and Ensemble Thermal Resistances Are Two Different Concepts

The article published in your journal, entitled “Evaluation of Protective Ensemble Thermal Characteristics Through Sweating Hot Plate, Sweating Thermal Manikin, and Human Tests,” (1) is very intere...
QCM study of mineral surface crystallization on aromatic polyamide membrane surfaces

Abstract The mineral scaling propensity of aromatic polyamide membrane surfaces was evaluated for surfaces ranging in roughness from about 1 to 94 nm, surface feature heights ranging from a few nanometers to as high as 400–450 nm and average peak separation of ∼140 nm to 2 μm. The polyamide surfaces were interfacially polymerized onto quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors and silicon wafer substrates which were previously structured with a polyelectrolyte film formed by a layer-by-layer self-assembly method. Mineral scaling was quantified via QCM measurements of the time evolution of surface crystallization along with SEM and AFM surface characterization. Crystal surface mass density and rate of surface crystallization increased with increasing surface roughness. However, surface scaling propensity was also significantly impacted by the details of surface topography revealing fewer but larger crystals on rough surfaces that possessed large features with large separation distances. It is hypothesized that the separation distance between features and feature heights (dictating the geometry of surface “valleys”), for a given surface roughness, could affect the availability of surface nucleation sites as well as constrain growth of crystals within surface valleys.
Sex differentiation in the hagfish Eptatretus stouti

A detailed study was made of sex differentiation in three anteroposteriorly distributed body regions of the long gonadal fold in young Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) from 12.4 to 45 cm in length. In general, the posterior region, adjacent to the cloaca, remained undifferentiated, and only in specimens more than 28 cm long was there development of this region into a differentiated testis. On the other hand, the anterior gonadal region of all specimens under 20 cm developed continually and progressively through stages that included cystic nests of cells derived from the germinal epithelium, acquisition of follicular investments around these cells, growth of these young oocytes and break-up of their original follicular groupings, and, finally, in larger specimens, vitellogenesis. Although the earliest oocytes formed in cyst-like nests of cells, later oocytes were derived individually directly from the germinal epithelium. In larger specimens, in which testicular development occurred in the posterior part of the gonad, the anterior gonad involuted, leaving a thin structure that lacks germ cells. There were numerous exceptions to this general description of events, indicating a certain degree of lability of determination of a particular gonadal region to either male or female differentiation. Some earlier stages of female differentiation could occur in the posterior gonadal region of a few smaller animals. Some posteriorly located ovotestes (differentiated elements of both sexes) developed in a few specimens between 16 and 21 cm in length, but were not seen in larger animals. Some testicular follicles appeared in the anterior gonadal regions of three specimens between 20 and 25 cm in length, but not in specimens larger than that. Three hermaphroditic specimens between 29 and 33 cm in length were found in which there was a well-differentiated testis posteriorly and a well-differentiated ovary (vitellogenic eggs) anteriorly. Questions of hermaphroditism, lability of sex determination, and possible epigenetic influences on these phenomena are taken up in the discussion. Since this study provides the first correlation of stages of sex differentiation with animal length, it forms the basis for experimental approaches in E. stouti to analysis of mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation.
Zinc-lead skarn mineralization at Tin Creek, Alaska: Fluid inclusions and skarn-forming reactions☆

The Tin Creek Zn-Pb skarn in Farewell District, Alaska, is zoned from predominantly a garnet skarn with abundant chalcopyrite and stockwork quartz veining in the northern part (MW zone) to a pyroxene skarn dominated by sphalerite in the southern part (TC1 zone). Microthermometric analysis of primary, 2-phase (liquid + vapor), NaCl-H2O fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite from the skarn indicates a corresponding variation in homogenization temperature (Th) and fluid salinity: higher Th (mostly >280°C) and salinity (4.2–6.7 wt% NaCl equiv.) in the MW zone, and lower Th (mostly <320°C) and salinity (2.5–5.0 wt% NaCl equiv.) in the TC1 zone. The MW zone is interpreted as proximal to the heat source, probably a hidden igneous intrusive, and the TC1 zone as a relatively distal facies of the same skarn-forming event. Development of the skarn zonation likely resulted from thermal gradient, progressive fluid-rock reactions, and continuous interaction and dilution of hydrothermal fluids along fluid flow path. Numerical modeling of skarn-forming reactions, by titrating an impure limestone (90% calcite and 5% each of quartz and kaolinite) into an initial fluid composition constrained by fluid inclusion and mineralogie data, produces a final mineral assemblage comparable to that at Tin Creek. The calculation demonstrates that a complete sequence of skarn assemblages forms during progressive equilibration of a very small amount of limestone with the infiltrating fluid. The model also predicts an extremely small concentration of CO2 in the skarn-forming fluid, in agreement with the fluid inclusion data from Tin Creek and other skarn deposits. This suggests that CO2 escape is not a significant factor facilitating sulfide precipitation during skarn formation.
Air pollution control with fibre mist eliminators

Difficult air pollution problems caused by the emission of submicron mists have been solved with fibre mist eliminators. This new equipment is the result of extensive research and development at Monsanto. This paper describes some air pollution problems which have been solved successfully with fibre mist eliminators and suggests some new problems which should be solved in the future. Certains cas difficiles de pollution d'air causes par l'emission de brouillards de dimensions sousmicroniques ont ete resolus a l'aide de filtres de fibre. Cet equipment est le fruit de recherches et developpement de la Compagnie Monsanto. Cet article decrit certains problemes de pollution qui ont ete resolus avec succes a l'aide de cet equipement et suggere d'autres problemes qui devraient ětre resolus dans le futur.
Electron-optical microscopic study of incipient dental microdamage from experimental seed and bone crushing.

No living analogue exists for the hypothetical early hominid hard/tough-seed, coarse-root-eating, and bone-crushing masticatory adaptation. To investigate possible microdamage/microwear to dental enamel caused by such usage, puncture-crushing experiments were carried out on single human teeth, using an Instron compression apparatus on the following six test materials: Makapansgat Limeworks chert (e.g., taphonomy), fresh steer longbone, mongongo nuts, Grewia berries, Carob beans, and wild-onion bulbs. Pairs of extracted unworn third molars were utilized, with one tooth acting as the control. The teeth were mounted, ultrasonically cleaned, and two-stage replicas made with a vinyl polysiloxane elastomer and araldite epoxy resin. After Instron loading and materials failure (1.2-395.0 kg) the test items and the crowns were prepared for comparison with scanning electron microscopy and dispersive x-ray elemental analysis and mapping. The results revealed that although grit adhering to food item surfaces caused microscratches (0.1-1.0 micron wide) similar in appearance to those caused by opal phytoliths in grasses, the dicotyledonous seed coats per se were unable to score enamel. This suggests microscratch morphology alone may not provide a reliable indication of food type. In some cases puncture-crushing of bone and hard legumes produced a localized microfracture pattern (crazing with cracks less than or equal tomore » 0.1-1.0 micron wide) that was readily distinguishable from the simulated taphonomic damage caused by chert fragments, suggesting only analysis of enamel mistaphonomic damage caused by chart fragments, suggesting analysis of enamel microfracture patterns may provide clues as to early hominid dietary adaptations.« less
Gas body activation

A small body of gas which is stabilized against dissolution in a liquid by a supportive structure may oscillate in response to an ultrasonic field and this form of cavitation is termed gas body activation. Linear theory describes the response of gas-filled intercellular channels in plant tissue and of gas-filled micropores in thin sheets of plastic. Calculations from this theory yield good agreement with indirect observations of resonance frequencies and rough agreement with direct measures of aggregate response (transmission and reflection coefficients). Studies of gas body activation in biological systems should allow quantitative analysis of cavitation bioeffects for relatively low-intensity ultrasound applications.
Effective Inventory and Service Management Through Product and Process Redesign

One of the major challenges to operational managers is product proliferation. Product proliferation makes it difficult to forecast demands accurately, and consequently, leads to high inventory investment and poor customer service. Such proliferation is often a result of the global nature of the market place. Different markets may have different requirements for the product, due to differences in taste, language, geographical environment, or government regulations. Another reason for product proliferation is the expansion of the customer base. Different product versions are often developed for different market segments e.g., education, personal, business, or government users may have different needs of a product. To gain control of inventory and service, significant benefits can be obtained by properly exploring the opportunities in the design of the product or the process by which the product is made. Logistic issues like inventory and service are thus important dimensions that design engineers should consider, in addition to measures like functionality, performance, and manufacturability. This paper describes how some simple inventory models can be used to support the logistic dimensions of product/process design. Actual examples are used for illustration.
Antecedent water content effects on runoff and sediment yields from two Coastal Plain Ultisols

Abstract The highly weathered, low-carbon, intensively cropped, drought-prone Coastal Plain soils of Georgia are susceptible to runoff and soil loss, especially at certain times of the year when soil water contents are elevated. We quantified the effects of antecedent water content (AWC) on runoff ( R ) and sediment ( E ) losses from two loamy sands managed under conventional- (CT), strip- (ST), and/or no-till (NT) systems. Two AWC treatments were evaluated: field moist (FM) and pre-wet (PW), created with and without post pesticide application irrigations (∼12 mm of water added with the rainfall simulated over 30 min) for incorporation. Treatments (5) evaluated were: CT + FM, CT + PW, ST + FM, ST + PW, and NT + PW. Field plots, each 2-m × -3 m, were established on each treatment. Each 6-m 2 field plot received simulated rainfall at a variable rainfall intensity ( I v ) pattern for 70 min (site 1) or a constant rainfall intensity ( I c ) pattern for 60 min (site 2; I c = 50.8 mm h −1 ). Adding ∼12 mm of water as herbicide incorporation increased AWCs of the 0–2 (3–9-fold) and 2–15 (23–117%) cm soil depths of PW plots compared to existing field moist soil conditions. Increase in AWC increased R (as much as 60%) and maximum R rates (as much as 62%), and decreased E (at least 59%) and maximum E rates (as much as 2.1-fold) for corresponding tillage treatments. Compared to CT plots, ST and NT plots decreased R (at least 2.6-fold) and maximum R rates (as much as 3-fold), and decreased E (at least 2.7-fold) and maximum E rates (at least 3.2-fold). Runoff curves for pre-wetted CT and ST plots were always higher than corresponding FM curves, whereas E curves for field moist CT and ST plots were always higher than corresponding PW curves. Changes in AWC and tillage affected detachment and transport processes controlling runoff and sediment yields. A more accurate measure of rainfall partitioning and detachment and transport processes affecting R and E losses was obtained when commonly occurring field conditions (increased AWC with irrigation; I v pattern derived from natural rainfall; commonly used tillage systems) were created and evaluated.
Decreased collagen and increased matrix metalloproteinase-13 in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in males compared with females

Background This study examined differences in sex in collagen regulation during rodent experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Methods Infrarenal aortas of male and female rats were perfused with elastase or saline (control). Aortic diameters were measured at baseline (day 0) and on postoperative days 7 and 14. Transforming growth factor-beta 1, collagen subtypes I and III, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13; collagenase-3) expression and/or protein levels from aortic tissue were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Aortic tissue was stained for total collagen, neutrophils, and macrophages using immunohistochemistry on days 4 and 7. Results At 7 and 14 days after perfusion, aortic diameter increased in elastase-perfused males compared with females (P Conclusion This study documents a decrease in types I and III collagen with a concurrent increase in MMP-13 after elastase perfusion in males compared with females. These data suggest that alterations in extracellular matrix collagen turnover may be responsible for altered abdominal aortic aneurysm formation between sexes.
President-Elect gives Kisiel Lecture

On March 20, 1985, the Fourth Kisiel Memorial Lecture was given at the University of Arizona in Tucson. The lecturer was Peter S. Eagleson, AGU President-Elect, and the subject of the lecture was “The Emergence of Global-Scale Hydrology.”
Transform Modern Language Learning through Mobile Devices

College professors can transform their modern language classes through mobile devices. Their students' learning becomes more active, more personalized, more contextual, and more culturally authentic as illustrated through the author's modern language mobile learning classroom examples. In addition, their students engage in many diverse types of speaking when they use their mobile devices. The educators' use of mobile learning promotes language communication instead of discrete learning.
Kinetics of isomerization for the proline helical forms of two oligoproline redox arrays by circular dichroic spectropolarimetry

The kinetics of isomerization of the helical forms of three oligoprolines was determined by far-ultraviolet CD spectropolarimetry and kinetic analysis by singular value decomposition. ZRA (Pro3-X-Pro2-Y-Pro2-Z-Pro3) and ZRA2 (Pro7-X-Pro2-Y-Pro2-Z-Pro7) bear large redox-active substituents on proline residues X, Y, and Z, but P9 (Pro9) does not. All three peptides formed a stable proline-II helix in water. In acetonitrile, both ZRA2 and P9 were converted into a proline-I helical form but ZRA remained predominantly in the proline-II helical form. Evidently, in order to undergo substantial proline II→I isomerization, an oligoproline chain containing large substituents needs to have a segment of consecutive unsubstituted proline residues that is sufficiently long to form a stable proline helix. Biexponential kinetics (A→B, k1=∼3.3×10−4s−1; B→C, k2=∼0.8×10−4s−1) were observed for the proline II→I isomerization of ZRA2 and P9 in acetonitrile and for the proline I→II isomerization of ZRA2 in water, which provides evidence for the growth and decay of a major kinetic intermediate.
Fitness of American youth

Shortly after Dwight D. Eisenhower be­ came President of the United States, it was called to his attention that the youth of America had physical and other defi­ ciencies which should be corrected if the health o f present and future generations of the American people were to be main­ tained and enhanced wherever possible. This was strongly indicated because of the large number of rejections for physi­ cal defects during World War II and the failure o f American athletes in some phases o f the Olympic games. T o con­ sider this problem, the President called a Conference at the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., June 18-19, 1956. As a result of the findings of that Confer­ ence, he established by Executive Order under date of November 21, 1957, the President’s Council on Youth Fitness and the President’s Citizens Advisory Com­ mittee on the Fitness of American Youth. The reasons given for the issuance of the Executive Order were as follows:
Reflux and Allograft Dysfunction: Is There a Connection?

Despite improving outcomes following lung transplantation, chronic rejection continues to limit survival. The predominant form of chronic rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, has been associated with multiple etiologies including aspiration from gastroduodenal reflux. This article reviews the current literature with regards to the incidence of reflux following lung transplantation, the association of reflux with allograft dysfunction and survival, and the success of prevention and treatment of reflux in this patient population. Although antireflux surgery has been demonstrated to be safe in this population and leads to a stabilization of lung function in patients with reflux, there have not been definitive data that it improves survival.
VHDL-AMS modeling and simulation support for SoC design and implementation of AC motor drives

This paper details how the VHDL-AMS language can be used to support steps I through IV of a six step SoC (system on chip) design and synthesis methodology with high productivity gains. This is because about 80 to 90% of the VHDL code used for synthesis in phases V and VI is the same code developed in phases I through IV with the VHDL-AMS language. A case study involving the motor drive of a hybrid electric vehicle is used to demonstrate the details of the methodology. The SoC is a Spartan 3A FPGA of Xilinx. Detailed models, simulations, VHDL-AMS code and VHDL synthesis code is included.
Differential Response in Rural Counties: Path Differentiation, Service Receipt, and Case Disposition

This study examined differential response (DR) in 11 small, rural counties in northern California. Case file data for 90 families in Path 1 (community intervention only), Path 2 (joint Child Welfare Services and community intervention), and community-referred families were analyzed. Results indicate that the counties are differentially assigning families according to expected risk and demographic patterns. However, service delivery is less differentiated, as only in-home visitation and substance abuse/domestic violence services become more prevalent from community-referred to Path 2. While the low proportion of families with goals accomplished at disposition in Paths 1 and 2 is discouraging, goals are most likely to be achieved by those who received services. These findings suggest that greater service availability, plus effective client-engagement strategies, may yield the positive outcomes that DR was designed to deliver.
DAF-2/Insulin-Like Signaling in C. elegans Modifies Effects of Dietary Restriction and Nutrient Stress on Aging, Stress and Growth

BackgroundDietary restriction (DR) and reduced insulin/IGF-I-like signaling (IIS) are two regimens that promote longevity in a variety of organisms. Genetic analysis in C. elegans nematodes has shown that DR and IIS couple to distinct cellular signaling pathways. However, it is not known whether these pathways ultimately converge on overlapping or distinct targets to extend lifespan.Principal FindingsWe investigated this question by examining additional effects of DR in wildtype animals and in daf-2 mutants with either moderate or severe IIS deficits. Surprisingly, DR and IIS had opposing effects on these physiological processes. First, DR induced a stress-related change in intestinal vesicle trafficking, termed the FIRE response, which was suppressed in daf-2 mutants. Second, DR did not strongly affect expression of a daf-2- and stress-responsive transcriptional reporter. Finally, DR-related growth impairment was suppressed in daf-2 mutants.ConclusionsThese findings reveal that an important biological function of DAF-2/IIS is to enhance growth and survival under nutrient-limited conditions. However, we also discovered that levels of DAF-2 pathway activity modified the effects of DR on longevity. Thus, while DR and IIS clearly affect lifespan through independent targets, there may also be some prolongevity targets that are convergently regulated by these pathways.
Ecdysteroids and insect host/parasitoid interactions☆

Abstract Hemolymph concentrations of immunoreactive ecdysteroids were estimated by radioimmunoassay in healthy and parasitized larvae. There was a significantly (P
Media Influence on Courts: Evidence from Civil Case Adjudication

This paper quantitatively assesses media influence on civil case adjudication in U.S. state courts. It shows that media influence substantially mitigates disparity in damage awards across political orientation of districts. That is, in areas with frequent newspaper coverage of courts, there is little difference in damage awards between conservative and liberal districts. In contrast, in areas with little newspaper coverage, liberal districts tend to grant substantially larger damage awards than do conservative ones. This result suggests that the presence of active media coverage may enhance consistency in the civil justice system.
Differential hemodynamic effects of Hypaque-76 and Renografin-76 during coronary angiography: the role of calcium-binding additives

Hypaque-76 (H76) and Renografin-76 (R76) are nearly identical ionic contrast media, except that R76 binds more calcium than H76 because of the presence of sodium citrate and EDTA in R76. To determine whether the calcium-binding additives in ionic contrast media contribute to the hemodynamic effects of contrast media during coronary angiography, left coronary angiography was performed in anesthetized dogs. In nine closed-chest dogs, 10 cc of H76 and R76 were injected in each dog in a blinded, randomized fashion. The effect of H76 and R76 on left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP), on mean aortic pressure (MAP), and on left ventricular (LV) dp/dt was recorded. Compared with H76, R76 produced a greater decrease in the LVSP (77 +/- 25 mmHg vs 48 +/- 17 mmHg P less than .05), MAP (72 +/- 24 mmHg vs 38 +/- 18 mmHg P less than .01), and LV dp/dt (747 +/- 87 mmHg/sec vs 460 +/- 81 mmHg/sec P less than .01). In nine additional open-chest dogs, left coronary angiography was performed 1 hour after occlusion of the proximal LAD coronary artery. Seven cc R76 produced a 35 +/- 15 mmHg decrease in LVSP, compared with 20 +/- 9 mmHg with H76 (P less than .01). The LV dp/dt decreased 720 +/- 387 mmHg/sec with R76, compared with 462 +/- 222 mmHg/sec with H76 (P less than 0.05). Thus, R76 produces significantly greater hemodynamic abnormalities than H76. Contrast media lacking calcium-binding agents may be preferable for coronary angiography.
The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective

The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective. Edited by Lee Ann Banaszak. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 288p. $72.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. This pathbreaking edited volume combines a classic article with 10 original essays to present a comparative examination of the women's movement. As the title indicates, analyses largely revolve around the U.S. case, with comparison carried out over time or in relation to cases in other countries. In bringing together this group of prominent and emerging scholars of women's movements to place the United States in international perspective, this volume works to fill a large gap in the literature.
Quality assessment from an economic perspective. A taxonomy of approaches with applications to nursing home care.

Since people do not rank goods identically, there is no theoretically correct way for public agencies to assess the quality of goods or services. Yet, from a social perspective, it is often important to evaluate quality. The traditional categorization of quality assessment approaches in health care is by structure, process and outcome variables. A somewhat different taxonomy is presented here: (a) market variables; (b) questionnaire results; (c) output measures; and (d) input measures. The market approach is rare in the health carefield, but it is the approach most consonant with the economic way of thinking. All four approaches are examinedfrom an economic perspective. Studies of nursing home care are classified by this new taxonomy. While all approaches to quality assessment have limitations, and are not necessarily consistent within or among themselves, they can provide useful insights concerning levels of quality.
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Hispanics and non-Hispanics

ObjectivesTo compare differences in autism between Hispanic and non-Hispanics. We also examined the relationship between multiple language exposure and language function and scores of children.MethodsThe Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study is an ongoing population-based case-control study with children sampled (n=1061) from three strata: those with autism (AU) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD); developmental delay (DD); or the general population (GP).ResultsNon-Hispanic cases demonstrated higher cognitive composite scores for the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). There were significant associations between multiple language exposure and MSEL subscales for receptive language and expressive language, in both cases (AU/ASD) and TD controls, but not DD controls. Results of multivariate regression analyses suggest several predictors to be associated with lower Mullen expressive language scores including: diagnosis of ASD/AU, speaking to the child in a second language 2...
Chiral Self-Assembly of Nanotubules and Ribbons from Phospholipid Mixtures

Nanoscale structures have been found to self-assemble in a binary mixture of a long-chain, diacetylenic phospholipid and a short chain, saturated lipid. We observe unusual chiral-optical signatures of nanotubule, twisted ribbon, and microtubule morphologies that can be used to monitor their temporal and thermal stability. Circular dichroism results suggest that chiral packing of the lipids drives formation of these aggregates. The ease of formation, stability, and robust behavior of these lipid cylinders suggest that they have potential use in applications requiring high aspect ratio nanomaterials.
Predictive modeling of thermal effects in BJTs

The effects of self-heating on BJT (bipolar junction transistor) behavior are demonstrated through measurement and simulation. Most affected are the small-signal parameters Y/sub 22/ and Y/sub 12/. A frequency-domain solution to the heat-flow equation which applies to any rectangular emitter geometry is presented. This model, although simple enough for CAD, (computer-aided design) predicts thermal spreading impedance with good accuracy for a wide range of frequencies. The small-signal model has been implemented in SPICE. >
Response of Chicks and Turkey Poults to Aroclor 1242

Abstract Diets containing equal amounts of Aroclor 1242 contaminated fish meal were fed to chicks and poults from day-old to four weeks. Four levels from 0 to 10% of contaminated fish meal having 1500 p.p.m. PCB’s were used, supplying 0, 38, 75, and 150 p.p.m. PCB’s in the respective diets. Chicks performed as follows: controls gained 504 g. and had 4% mortality, 38 p.p.m. PCB gained 481 g. and had 2% mortality, 75 p.p.m. gained 432 g. and had 21% mortality, and 150 p.p.m. gained 338 g. and had 75% mortality. Chicks receiving 75 and 150 p.p.m. PCB were lighter in weight (P Poults receiving the same treatment gained 386 g., 386 g., 389 g., and 387 g. respectively. Mortality was heavy due to a possible bacterial infection early in the brooding. No mortality was attributed to PCB toxicity. Post mortem showed no edema, pericarditis, or other lesions due to PCB toxicity. Another trial was run on poults using the 0 and 150 p.p.m. levels. The growth results were almost identical. Mortality was very low. The 0 treatment gained 616 g. and the 150 p.p.m. treatment 613 g. There were no apparent PCB toxicity symptoms or lesions in these poults.
Flickerless Regeneration Rates for CRT Displays as a Function of Scan Order and Phosphor Persistence

The effects of two variables on the regeneration rates required to prevent flicker on CRT displays were investigated in this computer-automated experiment. The two variables were the sequential order in which the display was scanned (e.g., horizontal, vertical, or pseudo-random scanning) and the persistence of the phosphor on the display. Twenty-one different scan orders and two phosphors (P-12 and P-38) were used. Results showed that flickerless regeneration rates depended principally upon phosphor persistence; scan order had only a minor influence. The main effect of random and pseudorandom scanning was to reduce the disturbing effects of display flicker when it did occur, rather than to reduce significantly the regeneration rate at which flicker did not occur.
Light-Induced Tellurium Enrichment on CdZnTe Crystal Surfaces Detected by Raman Spectroscopy

CdZnTe (CZT) crystals can be grown under controlled conditions to produce high-quality crystals to be used as room-temperature radiation detectors. Even the best crystal growth methods result in defects, such as tellurium secondary phases, that affect the crystal's performance. In this study, CZT crystals were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The growth of Te rich areas on the surface was induced by low-power lasers. The growth was observed versus time with low-power Raman scattering and was observed immediately under higher-power conditions. The detector response was also measured after induced Te enrichment.