cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon dioxide sorption and dilation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)

Abstract Recently, CO 2 has been intensely studied as a promising fluid to process or modify biomaterials. The thermodynamic behavior of CO 2 –polymer mixtures plays an essential role in further progress of this field. In this study, CO 2 sorption isotherms and the induced polymer swelling were studied, respectively, by the pressure decay technique and a volumetric approach derived from the ADSA (Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis) method used for interfacial tension measurements. The polymer of interest in this work was Poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA), an important biomaterial already approved by the FDA. To the best of our knowledge, CO 2 sorption and dilation isotherms in PLGA are very limited in the literature. This work provides data for PLGA5050, PLGA7525 and PLA100DL over a useful range of processing conditions (temperatures of 30, 40 and 60 °C, and pressures up to 10 MPa). PLGA is shown to have a relatively high affinity for CO 2 and the resulting volumetric expansion upon CO 2 sorption is closely related to the percentage of the lactide component in the copolymer. The Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state (SLEOS) was applied to correlate the experimental data, and the nearly equivalent fitting quality employing various optimization routes verified that the SLEOS is a robust thermodynamic model to describe the CO 2 –polymer mixture. In addition, the combination of a group contribution method and the isobaric density data of the pure polymer obtained by the ADSA offers a simple way of estimating the characteristic parameters for the SLEOS model. The approach is verified by the satisfactory prediction of PMMA density, and then applied to PLGA copolymers.
Electron microscopy: Phase transition singled out.

Four-dimensional electron microscopy has been applied to the detailed characterization of metal–organic-framework nanoparticles undergoing an electronic transition. The transition characteristics of a single particle were found to differ from those of an ensemble, and also to vary from one nanoparticle to the next.
Electronic spectrum of polyisoprenyllithium in hydrocarbon solvents

Abstract The study of the concentration, temperature and solvent dependence of polyisoprenyllithium spectra in hydrocarbons shows that the two maxima observed correspond to two forms of association of polyisoprenyllithium. The dissociation constants for a tetramerdimer equilibrium are derived. The spectra of polybutadienyl- and polystyryl-lithium were found not to change on dilution.
Is China finally going to ban cigarette smoking

Article history: Received 26 May 2010 Accepted 26 May 2010 Available online 30 June 2010 farming and 13 million in retail trade. Tobacco taxes are source of revenue for the government and accounted for abo dollars in 1992, or about 10% of all revenue [4]. The tobacc is the biggest source of tax revenues in China. Thus the go that needs money to raise living standards in China is as a tobacco revenue as smokers are to nicotine. It is a dilemma
Anatomic considerations for C2 pedicle screw placement: the use of computerized tomography measurements

OBJETIVO: el conocimiento detallado de las caracteristicas anatomicas del pediculo de C2 es necesario para minimizar los riesgos relacionados con la colocacion de los tornillos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las medidas lineares y angulares del eje axial verdadero del pediculo de C2 utilizando la tomografia computadorizada. METODOS: fueron utilizadas tomografias computadorizadas axiales de 93 pacientes (47 del sexo masculino y 46 del sexo femenino) con promedio de edad de 48 anos. Las imagenes axiales del pediculo de C2 fueron seleccionadas para el estudio y los parametros estudiados fueron: Ancho del pediculo (diametro mediolateral del istmo del pediculo perpendicular al eje del pediculo) y el angulo transverso del pediculo (angulo entre el eje del pediculo y la linea media del cuerpo vertebral). RESULTADOS: el valor promedio del ancho pedicular fue de 5.8 1.2mm. En el sexo masculino el valor promedio del ancho del pediculo (6.0 1.3mm) fue mayor comparado con el sexo femenino (5.6 1.1mm), sin embargo no fue observada una diferencia estadistica. El valor promedio del angulo transverso del pediculo fue de 43.9 3.9 grados, siendo de 43.2 3.8 grados en el sexo masculino y 44.7 3.7 grados en el sexo femenino. CONCLUSION: la proyeccion y determinacion en el periodo preoperatorio de las dimensiones anatomicas del pediculo C2 son importantes para la determinacion de la trayectoria y dimensiones del local donde el implante sera colocado.
Searchers' selection of search keys: III. Searching styles

Individual searching style has a primary effect on searching behavior. The case study method provided data about elements of searching styles through: (1) observation of 47 professional searchers performing their job-related searches; and (2) analysis of verbal and search protocols. Statistical associations among a number of variables reveal three dimensions of searching behavior: level of interaction, preference for operational or conceptual moves, and preference for textwords or descriptors. The interactive searcher actively modifies search strategies and uses a relatively large number of search keys (or search terms). The operationalist searcher prefers to employ operational moves and is less concerned with recall than his conceptualist counterpart. The free-text searcher prefers to use textwords, has developed a habit of not consulting a thesaurus, and is more likely to regularly receive practical questions. Findings also indicate that searchers encountered difficulties in achieving satisfactory recall, regardless of their searching style. Future research should focus on mechanisms to improve recall and on factors that affect the development of searching styles. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial purification of two myosin heavy chain kinases from Dictyostelium discoideum.

Myosin heavy chain kinase activity was identified in the high speed supernate of lysedDictyostelium amoebae and was precipated by 30–50% ammonium sulphate. In low ionic strength buffer, the activity bound tightly to a Cibacron Blue Sepharose column and eluted as a single peak with 1.0m NaCl. Gel filtration chromatography resolved the kinase into two activities, each of which phosphorylated the tail portion of purifiedDictyostelium myosin. One of these activities phosphorylated both serine and threonine residues of the heavy chain, while the other activity only phosphorylated threonine residues. Peptide mapping studies indicated thatin vivo andin vitro phosphorylation sites were identical. The heavy chain kinases required Mg2+ for activity but were unaffected by Ca2+ or calmodulin. The heavy chain kinases did not phosphorylateDictyostelium light chain, and also did not phosphorylate myosins from striated, smooth, or other nonmuscle sources.
Minimum delay codes

Huffman’s algorithm finds a prefix-free binary code on a weighted alphabet which minimizes the expected length of the code string for a single symbol. A definition is given for the expected delay for a prefix-free binary code on a weighted alphabet: it is the expected time between a request to transmit the symbol and the completion of that transmission, assuming a channel with fixed capacity, where requests are queued. An $O(n^5 )$-time $O(n^3 )$-space convex hull algorithm is given that finds a code of minimal expected delay, where n is the size of the alphabet. It is conjectured that the algorithm has substantially lower time and space complexities in the worst case, and still lower in the average case.The heart of the proof of polynomial time complexity is the convex hull theorem, which states that under certain conditions a binary tree that minimizes one penalty measure can be changed to a binary tree that minimizes a second penalty measure in a carefully controlled sequence of changes called elementa...
Magnesium influence on calcium (45Ca2+) absorption by sorghum root tips

Abstract Influence of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ‐ 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 mM) on absorption of calcium as 45Ca2+ in 2‐hr exposures at pH 5.5 by 1‐cm root‐tips of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv SC574, SC283, GP‐10, and Funk G522DR was undertaken. Magnesium (0.01 mM) induced a significantly increased and 1.0 mM induced a significantly decreased 45Ca2+ uptake.
Transport effects in packed-bed oxidation reactors

Abstract Three gas-phase oxidation reactors are studied: the reaction of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, o -xylene to phthalic anhydride, and n-butane to maleic anhydride. Mathematical models are developed to account for the transport phenomena in packed-bed reactors. A software package, the Chemical Reactor Design Tool, is used to solve these models and assess the effect of transport phenomena. Phenomena studied include heat and mass transfer resistances around the catalyst particles; density, velocity, and pressure variations; radial dispersion; and axial dispersion. Criteria are developed and taken from the literature to estimate the importance of these phenomena a priori . These criteria are compared with the results of the computer simulations. In most cases, the criteria accurately predict which phenomena are important to a particular reactor design. When the estimate from the criterion is questionable or borderline, computer simulations can be used to investigate the phenomenon's significance.
The influence of serum proteins and pH on the effective amino acid concentration in tissue culture medium.

Abstract Amino acid binding by calf serum proteins in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium has been studied by an ultrafiltration method. For some of the amino acids studied, up to 20 % may be unavailable to the cell because of non-specific, reversible binding to serum proteins. The extent of binding varies over the pH range ordinarily encountered during cell growth. A method is presented by which the degree of binding may be determined. The greatest degree of binding is noted for tryptophan, arginine and lysine.
Short-time Fourier analysis of sampled speech

The theoretical basis for the representation of a speech signal by its short-time Fourier transform is developed. A time-frequency representation for linear time-varying systems is applied to the speech-production model to formulate a quasi-stationary representation for the speech waveform. Short-time Fourier analysis of the resulting representation yields the relationship between the short-time Fourier transform of the speech and the speech-production model.
Bootstrapping the latent roots of certain random matrices

Eigenvalues and functions of eigenvalues play an important role in the reduction of the dimensionality of data in multivariate analysis. However, even under the usual normal model context, the associated distributional theory is extremely complicated. In this paper, bootstrap algorithms for ap-proximating the distributions of functions of certain eigenvalues are given, with applications to confidence interval construction for population param-eters. Extensive Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate the small sample performance of the bootstrap simultaneous confidence sets
The expression of maternally-transmitted sex ratio condition (SR) in two strains of Drosophila melanogaster.

A study was made ofwillistoni-SR infections, transmitted for many generations through the maternal line, in two wild-type strains ofD. melanogaster. As in the species of origin, the SR agent is essentially lethal only to males. The twomelanogaster strains differ from each other in the time required for the effects of SR to be expressed, both in terms of the first appearance of SR broods and in the developmental stages at which death of males occurs. Host genotype within a species is thus an important factor in the expression of SR. Host age and breeding temperature are also of consequence in determining the degree to which SR is expressed. In any given instance, the specific expression of SR is determined by complex interactions between host, SR agent, and the environment.
A comparitive analysis of Army waveforms & commercial wireless protocols at the PHY/MAC layers

This paper will present a comparison of the basic resource definition in an OFDMA MAC/PHY layers for WiMAX and the TDMA/OFDM MAC/PHY. The majority of current radios in development for the US Army use TDMA/OFDM. This comparison will be conducted by defining and discussing the basic unit of system resource, e.g. the “slot”. Following the protocol comparison, some simulation results comparing the performance of both systems will be provided.
Downregulation of GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits reduces the dendritic arborization of developing spinal motoneurons.

AMPA receptors lacking the GluA2 subunit allow a significant influx of Ca2+ ions. Although Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are a familiar feature at early stages of development, the functional significance of these receptors during the maturation of the nervous system remains to be established. Chicken lumbar motoneurons express Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors at E6 but the Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors decreases ∼3-fold by E11. Considering that activity-dependent changes in intracellular Ca2+ regulates dendritic outgrowth, in this study we investigated whether downregulation of GluA2 expression during a critical period of development alters the dendritic arborization of spinal motoneurons in ovo. We use an avian replication-competent retroviral vector RCASBP (B) carrying the marker red fluorescent protein (RFP) and a GluA2 RNAi construct to downregulate GluA2 expression. Chicken embryos were infected at E2 with one of the following constructs: RCASBP(B)-RFP, RCASBP(B)-RFP-scrambled RNAi, or RCASBP(B)-RFP-GluA2 RNAi. Infection of chicken embryos at E2 resulted in widespread expression of RFP throughout the spinal cord with ≥60% of Islet1/2-positive motoneurons infected, resulting in a significant reduction in GluA2 protein expression. Downregulation of GluA2 expression had no effect on the dendritic arborization of E6 motoneurons. However, downregulation of GluA2 expression caused a significant reduction in the dendritic arborization of E11 motoneurons. Neither motoneuron survival nor maturation of network activity was affected by changes in GluA2 expression. These findings demonstrate that increased GluA2 expression and changes in the Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors regulate the dendritic arborization of spinal cord motoneurons during a critical period of development.
On axial and lateral buckling of end-loaded anisotropic cantilever beams

We obtain results for axial and lateral buckling loads in accordance with Euler and Michell-Prandtl for a cantilever acted upon by end bending moments, and by a combination of axial and transverse end forces. The non-conventional aspects of our solutions are that we assume anisotropy, in the sense that bending strains as well as twisting strains are taken to be linear combinations of bending and twisting moments acting over the cross section of the beam.
The Keratopathy of Crohn's Disease

A distinctive subepithelial keratopathy developed in four adult patients with Crohn's disease (granulomatous ileocolitis). Small, bilateral, symmetrical subepithelial, and anterior proliferative infiltrates and scarring were present 2 to 3 mm inside the entire corneoscleral limbus. Vision was not affected because the lesions spared the central cornea. The mechanism is not known and the lesion should be regarded as a distinct clinical sign of Crohn's disease.
Random number generators for MIMD parallel processors

Abstract We discuss and analyze issues related to the design of pseudorandom number generators (prn's) for MIMD (multiple instruction stream/multiple data stream) parallel processors, which are very well suited to Monte Carlo calculations. We are concerned with ensuring reproducibility of runs, providing very long sequences, and assuring an adequate degree of independence of the parallel streams. We consider the class of linear congruential generators x n+1,i ≡ ax n,1 + b i mod m and analyze the effect that different choices of bi have on the correlation properties between such streams. We derive a spectral test ντ for t parallel linear congruential generators, a modification of Knuth's Algorithm S. From this, we prove a good lower bound for v2 = minall pairs(i,j) ν2(i,j) for certain choices of bi's. The set of the largest r primes pi, i = 1, …, r, satisfying p i m 2 , where m is the period length of each generator, gives a lower bound O(m 1 2 ) to the correlation between a pair of corresponding elements in any two streams. An alternative choice, bi = di mod m for d = M 1 2 + 1 gives a bound O(m 1 2 (t − 1)) which will be satisfactory for small numbers of streams. Finally, we construct a spectral test for correlations between xn,i and xn+k,i+l, but derive no analytic prescriptions from it.
Human alpha and beta papillomaviruses use different synonymous codon profiles

Human papillomaviruses use rare codons relative to their hosts. It has been theorized that this is a mechanism to allow the virus to escape immune surveillance. In the present study, we examined the codings of four major genes of 21 human alpha (mucosatropic) viruses and 16 human beta (cutaneous-tropic) viruses. We compared the codon usage of different genes from a given papillomavirus and also the same genes from different papillomaviruses. Our data showed that codon usage was not always uniform between two genes of a given papillomavirus or between the same genes of papillomaviruses from different genera. We speculate as to why this might be and conclude that codon usage in the papillomaviruses may not only play a role in facilitating escape from immune surveillance but may also underlie some of the unanswered questions in the papillomavirus field.
Exemplar similarity and the development of automaticity.

Effects of exemplar similarity on the development of automaticity were investigated with a task in which participants judged the numerosity of random patterns of between 6 and 11 dots. After several days of training, response times were the same at all levels of numerosity, signaling the development of automaticity. In Experiment 1, response times to new patterns were a function of their similarity to old patterns. In Experiment 2, responses to patterns with high within-category similarity became automatized more quickly than responses to patterns with low within-category similarity. In Experiment 3, responses to patterns with high between-category similarity became automatized more slowly than responses to patterns with low between-category similarity. A new theory, the exemplar-based random walk (EBRW) model, was used to explain the results. Combining elements of G. D. Logan's (1988) instance theory of automaticity and R. M. Nosofsky's (1986) generalized context model of categorization, the theory embeds a dynamic similarity-based memory retrieval mechanism within a competitive random walk decision process. People often make perceptual and conceptual judgments about objects in the world quickly, with little thought or effort and without conscious intention. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the quantitative and qualitative changes that occur during the development of automaticity or the acquisition of cognitive skill, and in delineating the conditions under which it may be acquired (see Kahneman & Treisman, 1984; Logan, 1985; Schneider, Dumais, &
The Action of Serotonin on Calcium-45 Efflux from the Anterior Byssal Retractor Muscle of Mytilus edulis

45Ca efflux was studied in resting anterior byssal retractor muscle. The data are described by a three-compartment system. The most rapidly exchanging compartment, with an average time constant of 7 min, contains about 0.9 mM Ca/liter muscle, and probably represents extracellular space. A second compartment, with a time constant of 83 ± 5 min, contains 1.2 mM Ca/liter, and may represent a membrane calcium store. The presence of a third, or more, compartments, probably representing sarcoplasmic reticulum and contractile proteins, is indicated by the fact that the final time constant is 10 times the 83 min time constant of the second compartment. Serotonin (5HT), on initial application, increases 45Ca efflux from this third compartment(s). This effect has a typical dose-response relationship with a maximum response appearing at 10-7 M5HT. In addition, removal of 5HT causes a secondary increase in 45Ca efflux which has a maximum at a 5HT concentration of 10-7 M and declines at both higher and lower doses.
How has your science data grown? Digital curation and the human factor: a critical literature review

Focusing on North America and the United Kingdom, this critical literature review underscores the ways in which sharing, accessing, and reusing science data allow researchers and other stakeholders to address new imperatives in scientific research. Science data stakeholders should harness the principles and practices of digital curation, an overarching concept that encompasses data curation and that centers on adding value to digital data assets. This review first probes data sharing, access, and reuse in specific intellectual and institutional contexts. Next, it examines the ways in which science data sharing, access, and reuse benefits scholarship, primarily by encouraging new research questions and by allowing the reproduction of previous findings. Third, it addresses the infrastructure of science data curation, particularly the roles of cyberinfrastructure, research communities, collaboration, planning, policy, and standards and best practices. Fourth, it turns to the role of institutions—archives, research libraries, institutional repositories, and centers—in curating science data. Archival principles such as provenance, selection and appraisal, authenticity, metadata, risk management, and trust play a pivotal role in digital curation. Finally, it delineates avenues for further research such as sustainability, costing, planning and policy, training and education, researcher practices, and raising awareness.
Ring Resonator and Quasi-Waveguides as Integrated Optics Devices for Measurements

AbstractIn this paper we review the properties of two integrated optics devices which we havedeveloped for the purpose of making physical measurements. The first is an integratedoptics ring resonator fabricated by ion exchange in glass, and the second is quasi -waveguides, using their m -lines to measure refractive index and thickness of films ofrefractive index lower than the substrate. Ring Resonator The integrated optics ring resonator is being developed as a competitive technol-ogy to fiber coils for rotation sensing, as well as for other sensor applications.- A ring interferometer has been demonstrated previously in a photo -polymerized PMMA waveguide.2In this paper, we report the first results in a sensitive ring resonator 4 cm in dia-meter fabricated in glass by ion exchange from a KNO3 melt.The geometry we used is shown in Figure 1, and consists of a ring waveguide approxi-mately 20 pm wide with directional couplers onto and off of the ring. The mask used todefine the channel waveguides was fabricated in our laboratory by Laser Writing.3 Dif-ficulties in fabrication of the mask used for the ring reported here caused the width ofthe ring channel to vary from a minimum of 15 pm to a maximum of 25 pm. The directionalcouplers which couple light onto and off of the ring are shown in Figure 1, and are seen tohave a separation of 15 and 12 pm, measured from inner edge to inner edge, at the closestspacing. The varying width of the ring waveguide introduces mode mixing and will be cor-rected in the future using a better mask. The fact that the two waveguides in the direc-tional coupler are not identical is not
A simple interferometric MTF instrument

Abstract A simple laser interferometric technique for measuring the modulation transfer function of an optical system is described.
The Effect of the Size of Voting Blocs on Incumbents' Roll-Call Voting and the Asymmetric Polarization of Congress

Candidates face a trade-off in the general election between taking a moremoderate position that appeals to swing voters and a more-extreme position that appeals to voters in the party’s base. The threat of abstention by voters in the party’s base if their candidate takes a position too moderate for them moves candidates to take more-extreme positions. I discuss hypotheses regarding how this trade-off affects candidate positioning and describe my tests of those hypotheses using data on House members in the 107th Congress and Senate members for the period 1982–2004. I then present data on how the distribution of voters in the electorate has changed over the past three decades and discuss how, in light of my empirical findings, these changes might explain the observed pattern of asymmetric polarization in Congress in recent decades. During the middle of the twentieth century, centrist politics dominated Congress to the point that a committee of prominent political scientists dedicated a full report to proposing reforms to encourage the parties to take clear distinctive partisan stances (American Political Science Association 1950). The committee got its wish: the two political parties in Congress diverged from each other over the next several decades. An important feature of the increase in polarization since the early 1970s is that it has been driven largely by the movement of the Republicans in the conservative direction. Figure 1 plots the DWNOMINATE scores 1 of the party medians for the two parties from the 92d Congress (1973–74) to the 108th Congress (2003–04) for the House and Senate. Hacker and Pierson (2005) have argued that the increasing conservatism among Republican politicians is elite driven and occurred in spite of voter preferences (see also Frank 2004). The purpose of my study was to determine if there could also be a voter-based explanation for this observed asymmetric polarization. To be clear, I did not directly test Hacker and Pierson’s claim. Rather I explored what a voter-based
Of substance: the nature of language effects on entity construal.

Shown an entity (e.g., a plastic whisk) labeled by a novel noun in neutral syntax, speakers of Japanese, a classifier language, are more likely to assume the noun refers to the substance (plastic) than are speakers of English, a count/mass language, who are instead more likely to assume it refers to the object kind [whisk; Imai, M., & Gentner, D. (1997). A cross-linguistic study of early word meaning: Universal ontology and linguistic influence. Cognition, 62, 169–200]. Five experiments replicated this language type effect on entity construal, extended it to quite different stimuli from those studied before, and extended it to a comparison between Mandarin speakers and English speakers. A sixth experiment, which did not involve interpreting the meaning of a noun or a pronoun that stands for a noun, failed to find any effect of language type on entity construal. Thus, the overall pattern of findings supports a non-Whorfian, language on language account, according to which sensitivity to lexical statistics in a count/mass language leads adults to assign a novel noun in neutral syntax the status of a count noun, influencing construal of ambiguous entities. The experiments also document and explore cross-linguistically universal factors that influence entity construal, and favor Prasada’s [Prasada, S. (1999). Names for things and stuff: An Aristotelian perspective. In R. Jackendoff, P. Bloom, & K. Wynn (Eds.), Language, logic, and concepts (pp. 119–146). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press] hypothesis that features indicating non-accidentalness of an entity’s form lead participants to a construal of object kind rather than substance kind. Finally, the experiments document the age at which the language type effect emerges in lexical projection. The details of the developmental pattern are consistent with the lexical statistics hypothesis, along with a universal increase in sensitivity to material kind.
Generalized branch-and-cut framework for mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problems

Abstract Branch and bound (BB) is the primary deterministic approach that has been applied successfully to solve mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLPs) problems in which the participating functions are nonconvex. Recently, a decomposition algorithm was proposed to solve nonconvex MINLPs. In this work, a generalized branch and cut (GBC) algorithm is proposed and it is shown that both decomposition and BB algorithms are specific instances of the GBC algorithm with a certain set of heuristics. This provides a unified framework for comparing BB and decomposition algorithms. Finally, a set of heuristics which may be potentially more efficient computationally compared to all currently available deterministic algorithms is presented.
Human mammary epithelial cell transformation through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

Recent studies have demonstrated that introduction of hTERT in combination with SV40 large T antigen (LT), small t antigen (st), and H-rasV12 suffices to transform many primary human cells. In human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) expressing elevated c-Myc, activated H-Ras is dispensable for anchorage-independent growth. Using this system, we show that st activates the PI3K pathway and that constitutive PI3K signaling substitutes for st in transformation. Moreover, using constitutively active versions of Akt1 and Rac1, we show that these downstream pathways of PI3K synergize to achieve anchorage-independent growth. At lower levels of c-myc expression, activated PI3K also replaces st to complement H-rasV12 and LT and confers both soft agar growth and tumorigenicity. However, elevated c-myc expression cannot replace H-rasV12 for tumorigenesis. These observations begin to define the pathways perturbed during the transformation of HMECs.
Absorptive Capacity of Project Networks

Absorptive capacity is a firm’s ability to value, assimilate, and utilize new external knowledge and apply it to commercial ends. Much of the prior research on absorptive capacity focuses on characterizing the factors that influence absorptive capacity within organizations. However, the mechanism of how related factors affect absorptive capacity across interdependent organizations in project networks remains less explored. This paper extends a simulation model of project network learning to explore the absorptive capacity of project networks where periodic external innovations exist. This model is utilized in a series of simulation experiments to untangle the effects of varying types of innovation and degrees of relational instability in a project network. We establish a measure of project network absorptive capacity and develop an argument that relational instability moderates the project network’s absorptive capacity for different types of innovation. These findings have significant implications for ass...
The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process

The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Susan Berk-Seligson. Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 299 pp. $19.95 (paper)
A message from the Vioxx case

On August 19, 2005, a Texas jury in a civil trial against Merck, the manufacturer of Vioxx (rofecoxib), found for the plaintiff, awarding $253.5 million to the widow of a Vioxx user who is presumed to have died of cardiac arrhythmia.[1][1] The plaintiff, her attorney, and a jury member all indicated
Comparing the Sensory Characteristics of Doughnuts Made With Trans-Fat-Free Canola Shortening, Trans-Fat-Free Palm Shortening, and Trans-Fat Vegetable/Soybean Shortening

Because of the adverse health effects associated with consuming trans-fats, foodservice companies continue to reduce/eliminate the amount of trans-fats used to prepare doughnuts and other foods. People eat doughnuts because they like the taste, however, meaning companies must reduce/eliminate trans-fats in a manner that has minimal impact on consumer preference. This study evaluated the sensory characteristics of doughnuts fried in three shortenings—one trans-fat and two trans-fat-free. Overall, the doughnuts prepared with trans-fat-free shortening compared favorably to those made using trans-fat shortening—a significant accomplishment with enormous implications for consumers and the industry.
Allocare Patterns among Cercopithecines

Cercopithecines show two general patterns of allocare. Many guenons permit extensive contact with young infants, while most baboons and macaques restrict early contact. Here social, ecological and life history variables among cercopithecines are examined for evidence of relationships with allocare patterns. This analysis suggests that in this group early allocare is most extensive in species with relatively relaxed social relationships among females, marked seasonal breeding and rapid rates of reproduction.
PRESSURE EFFECTS ON MOLECULAR AND RELATED LUMINESCENCE

Abstract For condensed phases, the basic effect of compression is to increase interaction among the outer electrons of atoms, ions or molecules which constitute the phase. Since various types of orbitals have different spacial properties they are perturbed in different degrees by this increased interaction. This “pressure tuning spectroscopy” is very effective for characterizing the parameters which determine the energy and efficiency of luminescence and for testing theories concerning these phenomena. In this paper we discuss a series of examples taken largely from studies of molecular luminescence with one example of an ionic solid where the results are explained in terms of a theory due to Ferd Williams. Some of the examples include: 1. (1)|the balance between bond compression and Van der Waals interactions in influencing molecular fluorescence energy and efficiency, 2. (2)|the effect of solvent viscosity on luminescence efficiency, 3. (3)|the use of pressure tuning to enhance or inhibit energy transfer, 4. (4)|the use of pressure tuning to test theories of luminescence efficiency.
Novel methylenephosphophosphonate analogues of mycophenolic adenine dinucleotide. Inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase.

Novel methylenephosphophosphonate analogues of mycophenolic adenine dinucleotide (MAD) have been prepared as potential inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase. A coupling of the mycophenolic (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate 6 with the phosphitylated adenosine analogue 11 followed by oxidation and deprotection afforded the phosphophosphonate 8. A similar coupling between adenosine (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate 10 and phosphitylated mycophenolic alcohol 5 gave the corresponding phosphophosphonate 13. Both 8 and 13 (Ki = 20−87 nM) were found to be the most potent cofactor type inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase.
A Saint-Venant principle for a class of second-order elliptic boundary value problems

In the present paper we wish to describe a Saint-Venant principle for a special class of boundary value problems for second order elliptic equations in two independent variables. While the context thus presented is much simpler than that encountered in most problems arising in elasticity, the methods developed here may be of some relevance in more involved situations. Moreover, our estimates are directly applicable to certain problems of physical interest, as we shall point out below; they may therefore be of some interest in themselves.
Generation of Stratified Samples for B-Spline Pixel Filtering

B-spline filter kernels have proved useful in many pixel-sampling applications. A cubic B-spline filter kernel, having a width of four pixels, is particularly effective. In distribution ray tracing, pixel filters are evaluated implicitly by having the density of sampling proportional to the filter value. In this work we present a simple method to generate random samples having an underlying B-spline density function. To reduce error it is important to stratify the samples, akin to jittering for uniform sampling. We provide an algebraic and a numerical technique for doing this for B-spline kernels of degree 1, 2, and 3.
Structural aspects for evolution of beta-lactamases from penicillin-binding proteins.

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), biosynthetic enzymes of bacterial cell wall assembly, and beta-lactamases, resistance enzymes to beta-lactam antibiotics, are related to each other from an evolutionary point of view. Massova and Mobashery (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998, 42, 1-17) have proposed that for beta-lactamases to have become effective at their function as antibiotic resistance enzymes, they would have had to undergo structure alterations such that they would not interact with the peptidoglycan, which is the substrate for PBPs. A cephalosporin analogue, 7beta-[N-Acetyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-lysine]-3-acetoxymethyl-3-cephem-carboxylic acid (compound 6), was conceived and synthesized to test this notion. The X-ray structure of the complex of this cephalosporin bound to the active site of the deacylation-deficient Q120L/Y150E variant of the class C AmpC beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli was solved at 1.71 A resolution. This complex revealed that the surface for interaction with the strand of peptidoglycan that acylates the active site, which is present in PBPs, is absent in the -lactamase active site. Furthermore, insertion of a peptide in the beta-lactamase active site at a location where the second strand of peptidoglycan in some PBPs binds has effectively abolished the possibility for such interaction with the beta-lactamase. A 2.6 ns dynamics simulation was carried out for the complex, which revealed that the peptidoglycan surrogate (i.e., the active-site-bound ligand) undergoes substantial motion and is not stabilized for binding within the active site. These factors taken together disclose the set of structure modifications in the antibiotic resistance enzyme that prevent it from interacting with the peptidoglycan, en route to achieving catalytic proficiency for their intended function.
Data link layer: two impossibility results

Abstract : The data link layer in a layered communication network is designed to ensure reliable data transfer over a noisy physical channel. Formal specifications are given for physical channels and data links, in terms of I/O automata. Based on these specifications, two impossibility results are proved. First, no data link protocol can tolerate crashes of the host processors on which the protocol runs. Second, any data link protocol constructed to use an arbitrary non-FIFO physical channel requires unbounded headers. Keywords: Crashing; Volatile memory bounded headers; Communication protocols; Data link layer; Physical layer.
A Turbidimetric Assay for Quantitating Functional Fibrin(ogen) Using Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene Microparticles

A sensitive assay has been developed to quantitate fibrinogen in plasma or in other aqueous solutions. Microscopic latex particles, modified with a mixed monomolecular film of lecithin and fibrinogen, are used as a solid-phase reagent. These lecithin/fibrinogen-coated beads aggregate when stirred in the presence of thrombin and, when solution-phase fibrinogen is added, the increased rate of aggregation is proportional to the concentration of soluble fibrinogen. Using a sample volume of 200 microl, as little as 15 nM ( approximately 5 microg ml-1) fibrinogen can be measured. Fibrinogen determinations using the bead assay compared favorably with those derived from a standard clinical assay, with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9710 over a range of 2.5 to 28.0 microM. Analytic precision was comparable to available assays, with typical coefficients of variation of 12.7 and 7.1% for fibrinogen concentrations of 30 nM and 15.0 microM, respectively. The method has a dynamic range of 15 nM to over 3.0 microM and offers the advantage of being sensitive to 20-fold lower concentrations of fibrinogen compared to routine clot-based methods. Unlike immunological assays, e.g., ELISA, it measures only the functional protein. This bead method should prove to be of greatest use to investigators measuring low levels of functional fibrin(ogen).
The use of explicit goals for knowledge to guide inference and learning

Combinatorial explosion of inferences has always been a central problem in artificial intelligence. Although the inferences that can be drawn from a reasoner's knowledge and from available inputs is very large (potentially infinite), the inferential resources available to any reasoning system are limited. With limited inferential capacity and very many potential inferences, reasoners must somehow control the process of inference.
Algorithms and software for in-core factorization of sparse symmetric positive definite matrices

Abstract This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art in the solution by Gaussian elimination of sparse, symmetric, and positive definite systems of linear equations. The most important in-core implementations of LDLt factorization are described and compared based on the results of numerical experiments.
Hypothesis: Overdistention of the neural tube may cause anomalies of non-neural organs

This hypothesis is offered by a neurological surgeon interested in anomalies of the central nervous system. It is based on accumulating evidence indicating that some neural tube defects result not from failure of the tube to close but from its rupture after closure. The central nervous system, serving all organs, is the first to develop and its maldevelopment may cause damage to other emerging structures. The neural tube closes during the fourth week and is immediately distended by a proteinaceous neural tube fluid (NTF) secreted by its lining cells at a pressure four to five times that of the surrounding amniotic fluid. This NTF has been miscalled “cerebrospinal fluid.” The choroid plexus does not begin to secrete true cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) until 2 weeks later. If oversecretion of NTF should occur during this 2-week interval, the resulting overexpansion of the neural tube may spread apart the developing somites, eventuating in a combination of anterior and posterior spina bifida that constitutes bilateral hemivertebrae. If the distending neural tube ruptures beneath intact cutaneous ectoderm, the escaping NTF will infiltrate mesoderm. The resulting dislocation of cells and their possible injury by the extraneous protein may damage the as yet unidentifiable anlagen of mesodermal organs. If neural tube overdistention splits the underlying notochord and damages primitive gut, anomalies of entodermal organs may result. The neuroenteric cyst is one such anomaly that the neurosurgeon is called upon to treat. He finds it accompanied by hemivertebrae and hydromyelia. A preliminary report on this hypothesis has been published (Gardner and Breuer, '80).
Why Tour Guiding is Important for Ecotourism: Enhancing Guiding Quality with the Ecotourism Promotion Policy in Japan

The Ecotourism Promotion Policy in Japan requires tour guiding to be employed, although it provides little rationale for it. This paper reviews the literature to illustrate why tour guiding is important for achieving policy and ecotourism goals in order to support this requirement. An overview of ecotourism policy in Japan is provided, contributions of tour guiding to achieving the policy and ecotourism goals are described, and approaches to strengthening current practices along with the policy are discussed. It is suggested that non-profit organizations offer training to impart knowledge about guiding roles and interpretation at a national level and that ecotourism promotion councils teach knowledge about ecotour products and tourists at a regional level.
Engaging the world: music education and the big ideas

In this paper I address the distance between our practices as music educators and the democratic issues of equity, social justice and social consciousness. I first explore issues of elitism, identity politics, and our natural aversion to change. I then propose several approaches that we as university faculty may take through our curricula and classroom practices to bridge the gap between our democratic claims and our actual practices. These include macro-level, university-wide efforts, such as using the arts as a way to engage local communities in sustained reciprocal partnerships focused on societal issues, as well as micro-level approaches to democratizing classroom interactions by teaching students to examine their thinking using Paul and Elder's template for critical thinking.
Photomorphenesis: Seeing the light in plant development

COP1, a protein thought to repress plant photomorphogenesis in the dark, is nuclear in the dark and cytoplasmic in the light. It may lie on the light signal transduction pathway and may be inactivated intracellularly by light.
Point mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor cause variable obesity in mice.

Mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are associated with early-onset obesity in humans. Furthermore, a null Mc4r allele in mice leads to severe obesity due to hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure. As part of independent N-ethyl- N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screens, two obesity mutants, Fatboy and Southbeach, were isolated. Mapping revealed linkage to the melanocortin-4 receptor (Mc4r) and sequencing found single amino acid changes in Mc4r for each line. Expression of the mutant receptors in HEK 293 cells revealed defects in receptor signaling. The mutated Fatboy receptor (I194T) shows an increase in the effective concentration necessary for 50% of maximal signaling (EC50) when stimulated with α-MSH. Based on competitive binding, I194T is expressed on the cell surface at lower levels than the nonmutated receptor. In contrast, Southbeach (L300P) displays minimal receptor signaling when stimulated with the natural ligand α-MSH or the synthetic agonist NDP-α-MSH. Cell surface binding is absent, which usually indicates a lack of cell surface expression. However, antibody binding to Flag-tagged receptors by flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence demonstrates that L300P is translocated to the plasma membrane at a level comparable to the wild-type receptor. These results indicate a correlation with remaining receptor activity and the severity of the obesity in the mice homozygous for the mutations. Southbeach has less receptor activity and becomes more obese. These mutants will serve as good models for the variability in phenotype in humans carrying mutations in the MC4R gene.
Normal buffer lines for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood of the laying hen.

1. 1. The normal buffer line of oxygenated blood from laying hens is: [HCO3−] = 76·162−7·055 pH, that of deoxygenated blood [HCO3−] = 98·763−9·614 pH. 2. 2. The amount of base released from hemoglobin during deoxygenation (ΔX) decreases from 0·62 m-equiv. base/m-equiv. O2Hb at pH 7·24 to 0·46 at pH 7·75. 3. 3. The difference in slope between the two buffer lines is due, at least in part, to the influence of pH and pCO2 on ΔX. 4. 4. Avian blood seems to have a lower buffer value than mammalian blood. This is compensated, at least partially, by a greater release of base during deoxygenation. 5. 5. Egg shell formation causes an increase in the nonvolatile acid content of blood of 3·36 m-equiv/l.
The Possible Role of Fractal Geometry in Tribology

Fractal geometry, in which infinite numbers of fractional dimensions are permitted in contradistinction to the three integer dimensions in Euclidean geometry, has been applied to the study of surface roughness. A tentative conclusion is that fractal geometry offers yet another vehicle for the physical chemist to meet the mechanical engineer on solving problems in the boundary lubrication regime of tribology. Of course, fractals have been applied to the study of turbulence which is within the fluid film lubrication regime. Other potential applications might include all processes in tribology which are stochastic in nature. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, October 16–19, 1988