cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decentralizing the Mobile Phone: A Second ICT4D Revolution?

If we imagine Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle falling asleep in a devel-oping nation in 1998 and awakening today, it’s likely that he’d be fasci-nated with and surprised by mobile phones. When Rip went to sleep, onlya few hundred million people had access to mobile phones, and most ofthem lived in wealthy nations. A decade later, the ITU (Toure, 2008) sees4.1 billion mobile phone accounts, with two-thirds of them in the devel-oping world. The changes they’ve helped bring about are subtle andomnipresent—mobile phone numbers painted above shop doors allowmerchants to untether from their stalls; ads for carpenters scrawled onroad signs turn a craftsman with a phone into an independent, mobilebusiness; and money transferred securely from the city to the village paysa child’s school fees. Mobile phones are also emerging as powerful toolsfor political change—the People Power II movement that unseated Presi-dent Estrada in the Philippines was coordinated primarily via mobilephones.Development researchers are starting to back compelling anecdotes ofthe mobile phones’ impact on development with estimates of the eco-nomic impact of widespread voice and data communication. Jensen(2007) was able to document a small, but signiacant, increase inashermen’s incomes after mobile phone service came to communities inKerala, India, as well as positive health and educational impacts and lesswaste of resources. Waverman (2005) of the London Business School seesa strong correlation between mobile phone penetration and economicgrowth, suggesting that a developing nation with 20% teledensity wouldsee an annual GDP per capita growth rate 0.6% higher than a compara-ble nation with 10% teledensity.The rise of the mobile phone has challenged the predictions that manyinformation and communication technology for development (ICT4D) spe-cialists offered about information in the developing world. Instead ofembracing community solutions that offered shared access to information,many poor people have been willing to pay large sums (as Song [2009]and others have documented, sometimes more than 50% of their dispos-able income) for personal access to communication tools. Presented witha model that extends connectivity into many poor communities withoutgovernment subsidy, often turning a proat (and thus being sustainable),the development community is rightly looking for ways to build tools thatleverage these platforms to promote economic and communitydevelopment.The rise of mobile telephony in the developing world is the mostbelievable sort of revolution: one that pays for itself. Previous attempts toput communication tools in the hands of the poor, through communityradio stations and subsidized telecenters, required large, ongoing invest-ments by government or aid agencies simply to maintain operation.
Hydraulic evolution and total suspended solids capture of an infiltration trench

Stormwater best management practice (BMP) design must incorporate the expected long-term performance from both a water quantity and water quality perspective to sustainably mitigate hydrologic and water quality impacts of development. Infiltration trench structures are one of many infiltration BMPs that reduce runoff volume and capture pollutants. Research on the longevity of these structures is sparse, leading to concerns about their long-term value and impeding implementation. In the present study, an infiltration trench was monitored from its inception to determine its hydrologic performance over time and total suspended solids (TSS) capture efficiency. The infiltration trench was intentionally undersized to accelerate longevity-related processes. The infiltration trench provided a 36% TSS removal rate and displayed a distinct decrease in its ability to infiltrate stormwater runoff over the first three years of operation. Results indicate that infiltration through the bottom of the BMP became negligible, while infiltration through the sides of the BMP remained active over the 3-year study period. The results lead to recommendations for BMP design. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate: a supernormal stimulus of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] sex pheromone behavior.

Males discriminate between the single most important individual component of the sex pheromone of the female cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), and a mixture containing Z7-12:Ac and the other five putative components. The manifestation of discrimination is not an enhancement of captures by the mixture; rather, it is a reduction of captures in a paired trap baited with Z7-12:Ac by itself. Previous experiments showed that either or both of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac) were responsible for this discrimination. This report provides evidence that Z7-14:Ac is more active than Z9-14:Ac, which appears to have no demonstrable effect on behavior. The results are discussed with reference to the behavior that is effected by the above three components, the composition of the native sex pheromone, and whether or not Z7-12:Ac might be a supernormal releaser of behavior.
Embracing and Expanding the Margins of Adult Education.

This chapter discusses multiple challenges and pathways to address the margins of adult education and poses question for future consideration.
Behavioral Tests of a Prediction from a Cortical Network Simulation

Behavioral predictions arising from a simulation of olfactory paleocortex were examined using rats in an olfactory discrimination-learning task. The animals were tested to see whether, as predicted, they would recognize novel similar odors as members of a category, and whether they would nonetheless distinguish and recognize individual category members. The results were positive, providing the first evidence that rats learn perceptual clusters via unsupervised learning.
Proteus vulgaris and proteus morganii in diarrheal disease of infants

(1) Twelve cases of enteritis, colitis, or enterocolitis are presented. In 3 patients B. proteus was present in the feces; in 7 B. morganii type 1, and in 2 both B. proteus and B. morganii. (2) Three of the patients died; two from concurrent disease. (3) All of the patients were less than ten months old. (4) During the same period B. proteus and B. morganii were only rarely encountered in the feces of older children with diarrheal disease. (5) With one single exception no other pathogenic enteric organisms were recovered from the feces of these patients. (6) Although the strains of B. proteus and B. morganii, respectively, were biochemically identical, they differed in antigenic structure. (7) Strains isolated from one individual on several occasions showed antigenic differences in spite of the fact that they were biochemically identical. (8) In 8 of the cases the antibody response was followed. In no instance did agglutinins develop against the homologous microorganism (or microorganisms) in titer of 1:10 or above, even several weeks after the onset of the illness. (9) Two representative strains of B. proteus and B. morganii readily engendered agglutinins in rabbits. (10) Feeding of a strain of B. morganii to an infant resulted in the appearance of this microorganism in the feces. However, the strains recovered differed in antigenic structure from the parent strain; biochemically, they were identical. (11) The significance of these findings is discussed.
Funding Science that Links to Decisions: Case Studies Involving Coastal Land Use Planning Projects

Many reports have noted that a significant portion of coastal science that is funded to help society address resource management issues does not actually link to decisions. A few studies and reports have offered valuable but general advice on what the funders of this science can do to better link science with decisions; there are fewer still published empirical case studies assessing the impacts of innovative funder methods for getting more science used by intended audiences. Here, we report on three case studies involving new tools and science to help land use planners better protect coastal resources. Our qualitative analysis indicates that funder efforts to bring scientists and users into greater alignment did improve the extent to which science linked to decisions. However, these cases show that funders can and should do more if the paramount motivation behind the science is to address societal problems rather than generate new knowledge. Based on these findings, we assert that funders need to focus significantly more attention and resources on the user engagement aspect of science projects, making strong user engagement methods as important as strong biophysical science or social science methods.
Atlas of confounding factors in head and neck PET/CT imaging.

Purpose: Interpretation of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) studies in the head and neck region is challenging due to the complex anatomy and nonspecific physiologic and inflammatory FDG uptake. We present an atlas of common confounding factors encountered at our institution. Materials and Methods: We present whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT studies of 20 patients with various confounding factors in the head and neck. Most patients (15) had a history of head and neck cancer and some (5) of them presented with other primary tumors. Results: We describe these cases under the following categories: physiologic uptake (6), inflammatory uptake (5), unexpected benign tumors (2), unexpected malignant tumors (4), postradiation changes (2), postsurgical changes (2), and misregistration (1). Conclusions: Knowledge of common variants, pitfalls, and treatment effects is essential in accurate reading of PET/CT in the head and neck region.
Theta series of ternary quadratic forms

Abstract We establish the linear independence of the theta series arising from the classes of even positive definite ternary forms of discriminant 2p2 which have a nontrivial automorphism group. p is assumed to be an odd prime number. We also consider even positive ternary forms over Z [(1 + √p)/2] of discriminant 2. In the case p ≡ 5 (mod 8), we show that those forms that represent 2 have independent generalized theta series.
Actinfilin, a brain-specific actin-binding protein in postsynaptic density

The dynamic assembly and disassembly of actin-based cytoskeleton is closely linked to the changes in the postsynaptic density in both number and shape, which is thought to be important in forming long-term memory. Thus, regulation of actin filaments may play a critical role in contributing to the formation of long-term memory. Here, we report the cloning of actinfilin, a brain-specific Kelch protein, which interacts with F-actin. Actinfilin contains an amino-terminal POZ/BTB domain and carboxyl positioned six tandem Kelch repeats that presumably form six blades of β-propeller structure of the Kelch domain. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses showed that the amino-terminal POZ domain mediated actinfilin-actinfilin interaction. The recombinant Kelch domain alone was sufficient to mediate binding to F-actin. Immunohistochemistry studies of rat brain sections suggested that actinfilin is broadly expressed in neurons of most regions of the brain. The subcellular localization of actinfilin was studied by biochemical fractionation and immunogold labeling. The results showed the postsynaptic density distribution of actinfilin. Together, these results indicate that actinfilin may be a key player in the actin-based neuronal function.
The reaction of trihenylphosphine sulfde with alkyllithium reagents

Abstract The reaction of triphenylphosphine sulfide with methyl- and ethyl- lithium in ether-THF mixtures resulted in (C 6 H 5 ) 3 P(S)CH 2 Li and (C 6 H 5 ) 3 P(S)CH(CH 3 )Li respectively, which were characterized by hydrolysis, carbnation and reaction with triphenyltin chloride. Evidence is presented to show that the mechanism of formation of (α-lithioalkyl)diphenylphosphine sulfides by this route proceeds by an initial, very rapid exchange reaction which gives an alkyldiphenylphosphine sulfide and phenyllithium. The latter then metalates the alkyldiphenylphosphine sulfide to give the observed reagents in a subsequent slower step.
The molecular nature of photovoltage losses in organic solar cells

Since the inception of heterojunction organic photovoltaic research the organic/organic interface has been thought to play a crucial role in determining the magnitude of the open-circuit voltage. Yet, the task of defining the molecular properties dictating the photovoltage delivered by these devices, that employ mixed or neat layers of different organic molecules to convert incident photons to electricity, is still an active area of research. This will likely be a key step in designing the new materials required for improving future device efficiencies. With the intent to underscore the importance of considering both thermodynamic and kinetic factors, this article highlights recent progress in elucidating molecular characteristics dictating photovoltage losses in heterojunction organic photovoltaics.
ORIGIN OF ALLUVIAL FANS, WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA1

(1963). ORIGIN OF ALLUVIAL FANS, WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 516-535.
An STM study of the Si(0 0 1)(2×4)-Dy surface

Abstract Dy grows on the Si(0 0 1) surface in a Stranski–Krastanov mode, where silicide islands coexist with a reconstructed substrate surface. This paper examines the superstructure of a 2×4 reconstruction of the substrate. A proposed atomic model for the surface is related to the structure of the bulk Dy silicide, in which one deposited Dy atom replaces one Si dimer on the top layer and is located in a similar position to that of Dy atoms in the silicide. As a result, the 2D reconstruction is believed to be the first step to forming a silicide.
Material Requirements for a Boron Phosphide Thermal Neutron Counter

Electrical characterization (current versus voltage and capacitance versus voltage) of nonstoichiometric amorphous boron phosphide Schottky diodes for neutron detection is presented. These results are incorporated in a Monte Carlo model of detector response to determine material requirements for a boron phosphide neutron counter.
Dithiothreitol pretreatment and inducible repair in UV-irradiated Escherichia coli K12 cells.

SummaryThe UV radiation survival of several Escherichia coli K12 strains was measured after pretreatment of the cells with dithiothreitol (DTT). In DNA repair-competent cells (AB1157), UV survival was enhanced (ER = 1·2) after pretreating cells for 1·0 h using 10 mmol dm−3 DTT and then incubating the cells for 1·5 h in buffer before UV irradiation. Similar experiments using the excision repair mutant, AB1886uvrA6, or the recombination repair and SOS-deficient mutant, AB2462recA, strains did not show enhanced UV survival. None of the E. coli strains tested were protected against UV killing by simultaneous treatment with DTT (10 mmol dm−3). These results, and the fact that incubation in chloramphenicol removed the wild-type response in DTT-pretreated, UV-irradiated cells, suggest that the observed UV radioprotection was a result of inducible enzymatic repair processes such as recA-dependent repair. The proposed stimulus for inducible repair in these cells is DNA damage caused by intracellular hydroxyl radic...
Non-parametric analysis of covariance based on predicted medians

A common problem is comparing two independent treatment groups in terms of some random variable Y when there is some covariate X. Typically the comparison is made in terms of E(Y|X). However, highly skewed distributions occur in psychology (Micceri, 1989), and so a better method might be to compare the two groups in terms of the median of Y given X, say M(Y|X). For the jth group, assume that M(Y|X) = βjX + αj. The βs and αs can be estimated with the Brown-Mood procedure, but there are no results on how one might test H0:β1 = β2 or H0:α1 = α2. Let and be the estimates of α and β, respectively. One of the more obvious approaches is to use a jackknife estimate of the variance of and then assume that the resulting test statistics have a standard normal distribution. This approach was found to be unsatisfactory. Some alternative procedures were considered, some of which gave good results when testing H0:α1 = α2, but they were too conservative, in terms of Type I errors, when testing H0:β1 = β2. Still another procedure was considered and found to be substantially better than all others. The new procedure is based on a modification of the Brown-Mood procedure and a bootstrap estimate of the standard errors. Some limitations of the new method are noted.
The structure of the gauged N = 8 supergravity theories

Abstract The structure of the non-compact gaugings of N = 8 supergravity is analyzed. The SO(p,q) gaugings are shown to be related to the SO(8) model by a form of analytic continuation. This gives a method for calculating the scalar dependence of the potential and Yukawa interactions in terms of the corresponding quantities in the de Wit-Nicolai model. The truncations to N = 4 supergravity coupled to N = 4 Yang-Mills multiplets are given.
Dispersion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Stabilized with Poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The reaction parameters and progress of the dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) utilizing poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) [poly(FOA)] as a polymeric stabilizer in supercritical CO 2 were investigated. Spherical and relatively uniform polymer particles were formed. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) latex particles with diameters ranging from 1.55 to 2.86 μm were obtained with poly(FOA) stabilizer [M w = 1.0 (± 0.4) x 10 6 g/mol] concentration from 16 to 0.24 wt %. Investigations of the particle size and conversion as a function of reaction time indicate that a gel effect occurs between 1 and 2 h of reaction time. In addition, the particle diameter increases with an increase in monomer concentration, presumably due to an increase in the solvency of the reaction medium. Dispersion polymerizations of MMA carried out under different pressures (145-331 bar) produced latex particles with similar diameters, molecular weights, and yields, suggesting that the results are insensitive to the pressure under the reaction conditions investigated. In addition, the phase behaviors of poly-(FOA) were thoroughly investigated. Cloud point experiments indicate lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behavior for the poly(FOA)/CO 2 system with much higher polymer solubilities than for hydrocarbon polymers.
A Satellite View of the Radiative Impact of Clouds on Surface Downward Fluxes in the Tibetan Plateau

AbstractUsing 13 yr of satellite observations for the Tibetan Plateau, the sensitivities (or partial derivatives) of daytime surface downward shortwave and longwave fluxes with respect to changes in cloud cover and cloud optical thickness are investigated and quantified. Coincident cloud and surface flux retrievals from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System, respectively, as well as ground-based observations at 11 stations across the plateau are used to examine the spatial and seasonal variability of this sensitivity over the entire plateau. The downward shortwave flux is found to be modulated primarily by changes in cloud cover, but changes in optical thickness also have an impact, as revealed by a multiple regression fit. The coefficient of determination of the regression increases by more than 15% when optical thickness is added. There is significant seasonal and regional variability in the cloud radiative impact. On average, at all ...
Surveying expression level polymorphism and single-feature polymorphism in near-isogenic wheat lines differing for the Yr5 stripe rust resistance locus

DNA polymorphisms are valuable for several applications including genotyping, molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection. The 55 K Affymetrix Wheat GeneChip was used to survey expression level polymorphisms (ELPs) and single-feature polymorphisms (SFPs) between two near-isogenic wheat genotypes (BC7:F4) that differ for the Yr5 stripe rust resistance locus, with the objective of developing genetic markers linked to Yr5. Ninety-one probe sets showing ELPs and 118 SFP-containing probe sets were identified between isolines, of which just nine ELP probe sets also contained SFPs. The proportion of the transcriptome estimated to be variable between isolines from this analysis was 0.30% for the ELPs and 0.39% for the SFPs, which was highly similar to the theoretical genome difference between isolines of ~0.39%. Using wheat-rice synteny, both ELPs and SFPs mainly clustered on long arms of rice chromosomes four and seven, which are syntenous to wheat chromosomes 2L (Yr5 locus) and 2S, respectively. The strong physical correlation between the two types of polymorphism indicated that the ELPs may be regulated by cis-acting DNA polymorphisms. Twenty SFPs homologous to rice 4L were used to develop additional genetic markers for Yr5. Physical mapping of the probe sets containing SFPs to wheat chromosomes identified nine on the target chromosome 2BL, thus wheat-rice synteny greatly enhanced the selection of SFPs that were located on the desired wheat chromosome. Of these nine, four were converted into polymorphic cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers between Yr5 and yr5 isolines, and one was mapped within 5.3 cM of the Yr5 locus. This study represents the first array-based polymorphism survey in near-isogenic genotypes, and the results are applied to an agriculturally important trait.
Cerebral Aneurysms in a Child With Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome During Rapid Immune Reconstitution

A 12-year-old boy with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention class C3 disease presented with acute onset of confusion and a right-sided movement disorder 5 months after beginning a new antiretroviral regimen. His CD4 count had been below 50 cells/μL for 4 years but had abruptly risen to more than 250 cells/μL. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans showed cerebral aneurysms and new cerebral lesions consistent with ischemic strokes. The presentation during immune reconstitution suggests that cerebral aneurysms in pediatric patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome can result from an immune-mediated response to chronic vascular infection. (J Child Neurol 2002;17:457-460).
VARIATIONAL GROUND-STATE ENERGY OF A BOSE SYSTEM. II

The variational calculation using a pair-correlation-type trial function is examined for a Bose system interacting through two-body interactions which are sufficiently attractive to give a negative zero-energy scattering length for the two-body scattering. A simple proof is given that in this case the energy-density curve always has a minimum at a certain density with negative energy, and an upper bound on the variation energy is derived.
Application of multishot acquisition in Fourier transform mass spectrometry.

A new method of ion injection and trapping is discussed wherein ions are accumulated over several laser shots in the FT-ICR cell prior to detection. This allows accumulation of ion signal without accumulating noise so that the signal/noise ratio is much improved provided that the “space-charge” limit of the total number of ions in the cell is not exceeded. “In-cell” ion accumulation allows selected ion accumulation by simply sweeping unwanted ions out of the cell prior to subsequent ion trapping events and also allows shifted ion accumulations to correct for time-of-flight distortions in the ion abundance distributions.
Two dimensional simulation of high power laser-surface interaction

For laser intensities in the range of 10{sup 8}--10{sup 9} W/cm{sup 2}, and pulse lengths of order 10 {micro}sec or longer, the authors have modified the inertial confinement fusion code Lasnex to simulate gaseous and some dense material aspects of the laser-matter interaction. The unique aspect of their treatment consists of an ablation model which defines a dense material-vapor interface and then calculates the mass flow across this interface. The model treats the dense material as a rigid two-dimensional mass and heat reservoir suppressing all hydrodynamic motion in the dense material. The computer simulations and additional post-processors provide predictions for measurements including impulse given to the target, pressures at the target interface, electron temperatures and densities in the vapor-plasma plume region, and emission of radiation from the target. The authors will present an analysis of some relatively well diagnosed experiments which have been useful in developing their modeling. The simulations match experimentally obtained target impulses, pressures at the target surface inside the laser spot, and radiation emission from the target to within about 20%. Hence their simulational technique appears to form a useful basis for further investigation of laser-surface interaction in this intensity, pulse-width range. This work is useful in many technical areas such as materials processing.
Circadian rhythms in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus explants on multimicroelectrode plates

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus functions as a circadian pacemaker. This study used multimicroelectrode plates to measure extracellular action potential activity simultaneously from multiple sites within the cultured mouse SCN. Neurons within the isolated mouse SCN expressed a circadian rhythm in spontaneous firing rate for weeks in culture.
Evaluation of a phosphite fungicide to control pecan scab in the southeastern USA

Abstract The efficacy of phosphite, a potential elicitor of systemically acquired resistance (SAR) was compared to the protectant fungicide triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) to control pecan scab caused by Fusicladium effusum. Efficacy was evaluated in four field experiments over a two-year period involving biweekly foliar applications of both fungicides to trees of five susceptible cultivars of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and assessment of disease severity on foliage and fruit. Both phosphite and TPTH reduced scab severity on foliage equally well compared to the non-treated control, with the exception of one of the TPTH treatments in 2010. Both phosphite and TPTH provided equally good control of disease early in fruit development (Jul/Aug). However, by the final assessment (Sep/Oct), scab severity on phosphite-treated trees was most often greater than those receiving TPTH and in 2010, severity was equivalent to the non-treated control. Despite a suggested lack of late-season protection with phosphite, there was no difference in fruit volume between phosphite and TPTH-treated plots in 2009, and no difference in nut volume in 2010, although there were treatment differences in kernel weight and fruit weight in 2010. Phosphite-treated trees showed some symptoms of phytotoxicity. Regression analysis demonstrated the effect of scab on yield loss and confirmed the value of scab control on susceptible cultivars. In-vitro tests showed that phosphite is toxic to scab at rates applied in the field, thus implying direct fungitoxicity. Results indicate that phosphite provides useful control of pecan scab on both foliage and fruit early in the growing season, but might not provide prolonged late-season protection compared to an industry standard (i.e., TPTH).
Controlling the characteristics of the MPS rectifier by variation of area of Schottky region

A method of controlling the characteristics of the merged p-i-n Schottky (MPS) rectifier is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. It is based on varying the relative area of the p/sup +/-n junction and Schottky regions in the device. A curve for the tradeoff between the forward voltage drop and the switching characteristics can be obtained using this method, while maintaining a constant minority-carrier lifetime. It is shown that this curve is superior to that obtained for the p-i-n rectifier using lifetime control techniques. This method of performing the tradeoff has the advantage that it can be done at the design stage, avoiding the problems and additional processing associated with lifetime control. It is also demonstrated that the superior characteristics of the MPS rectifier is retained even when a thick high-resistivity epilayer is used for high blocking voltages up to 900 V. >
A study of thin water film flow down an inclined plate without and with countercurrent air flow

Characteristics of thin water film flow down an inclined plane surface without as well as with superposed countercurrent air flow were studied experimentally. Three different angles of inclination of the channel with horizontal were investigated. At each inclination angle, five film Reynolds numbers were studied. Experiments were performed beginning at zero air flow and then increasing the air flow rate in steps until water entrainment occurred. Visual observation of the film surface was carried out as were film thickness measurements by means of capacitance probes. Results presented include mean film thickness and distribution, frequency spectra and propagation velocities of interfacial disturbances, and the incipience condition for entrainment of water from the film into the air stream.
Recent progress of green laser diodes

Output powers of over 100mW and wall plug efficiencies as high as 8.9% in the wavelength range of 525-532 nm were demonstrated in InGaN based laser diodes on semipolar {2021} GaN substrates.
ECT and Acu-EST in the treatment of depression.

This paper presents three brief case histories from a three year study comparing electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) with acupuncture treatment in functional psychoses. Acupuncture effects were augmented by the simultaneous, non-painful electrical stimulation of eight acupuncture needles. The resulting treatment is called Acupuncture Electric Stimulation Therapy (Acu-EST). Each patient was utilized as her own control, treating exacerbations of depression alternately with ECT and Acu-EST, Acu-EST was found to be a panacea and did not enable the discountinuation of antidepressant and neuroleptic medication. Individual Acu-EST treatments were often less effective than individual ECT treatments. However, series of Acu-EST did assist in producing significant remissions in depressive symptomatology. Because it did not produce the temporary disabling memory defects which occurred with ECT, Acu-EST was more easily adaptable to outpatient treatment.
Artificial neural networks

A general neural network model is introduced. The authors begin with a discussion of models for both individual neurons and for networks of neurons. A common learning rule, i.e. backward error propagation, also known as backpropagation, is described briefly and applied to an example problem. >
Cold flow of glassy polymers. II: Ductility, impact resistance, and unoccupied volume

Abstract A definition of maximum fractional unoccupied volume, f = 1.0 – (da/dc), is presented for amorphous crystallizable polymers, f differs for various polymers at Tg, depending on the conformability of the polymer. It is large, at T, for sterically hindered or bulky polymers but low for flexible polymers. There is a reasonably good correlation between f and impact strength. In addition, one can explain the effect of “antiplasticizers.”
Thioesterase-Like Role for Fungal PKS-NRPS Hybrid Reductive Domains

Fungal reduced polyketides possess diverse structures exploring a broad region of chemical space despite their synthesis by very similar enzymes. Many fungal polyketides are capped by diverse amino acid-derived five-membered rings, the tetramic acids and related pyrrolidine-2-ones. The known tetramic acid synthetase enzymes in fungi contain C-terminal reductive (R) domains that were proposed to release reduced pyrrolidine-2-one intermediates en route to the tetramic acids. To determine the enzymatic basis of pyrrolidine-2-one diversity, we overexpressed equisetin synthetase (EqiS) R domains and analyzed their reactivity with synthetic substrate analogs. We show that the EqiS R domain does not perform a reducing function and does not bind reducing cofactors. Instead, the EqiS R catalyzes a Dieckmann condensation, with an estimated kcat approximately 15 s(-1). This role differs from the redox reactions normally catalyzed by short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily enzymes.
Chronic kidney disease, anemia, and the association between chronic kidney disease-related anemia and activities of daily living in older nursing home residents.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential association between anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the ability for older nursing home (NH) residents with these conditions to perform basic activities of daily living (ADL). Design This is a multicenter, retrospective, observational study utilizing data abstracted from medical charts, laboratory records, and Minimum Data Set (MDS) records from the 1-year period before the date of data abstraction. Setting 24 NHs in the United States. Participants Older (≥65 years of age) NH residents with CKD (not receiving dialysis) who were not comatose and were alive as of the day of data abstraction were included in this analysis. Measurements Resident demographics, hemoglobin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate records, and ADL items were abstracted from the medical charts, laboratory records, and MDS. The prevalence of CKD and anemia associated with CKD was evaluated from laboratory records. The relationship between CKD, anemia, and ADLs was assessed through a repeated resampling (bootstrap) analysis. Results CKD was present in 45.7% of the residents. Of these, 60.5% had anemia. Residents with CKD and anemia were more likely to require limited or extensive assistance in performing ADLs such as bed mobility, transfer, walk in room, walk in corridor, locomotion on unit, dressing, and toilet use. Conversely, a greater proportion of residents with CKD but without anemia required no or slight supervision in performing these ADLs. Conclusion CKD and anemia associated with CKD are common in older NH residents. The data suggest that older NH residents with CKD and anemia require greater assistance in performing ADLs than residents with CKD alone. These data support the importance of evaluating the older NH population for CKD and anemia. As with all retrospective analyses, study limitations must be considered in the interpretation of these results.
Quantitative Analysis of Methadone in Biological Fluids Using Deuterium-Labeled Methadone and GLC-Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Abstract The (+)-,(−) and (±)- 2 H 6 -methadones, which contained five deuterium atoms in one aromatic ring, were synthesized for use in clinical pharmacological studies and as internal standards. GLC-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine plasma and urinary methadone levels by an inverse isotope dilution assay. Plasma drug levels could be determined to 10 pmoles/ml, and urine levels could be measured to 5 pmoles/ml. Plasma methadone levels were examined in several patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. These levels generally ranged between 100 and 400 ng/ml (320–1300 pmoles/ml) after an average oral dose of 1 mg/kg/day. The methadone half-life was 28.8 ± 4.8 hr.
Domain Morphologies of Complex Phosphoinositide/Lipid Langmuir Films in the Presence of Bivalent Cations

Although phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphoinositides (PIPs) only comprise a small percentage of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, they mediate a large variety of signaling events. In previous studies, we have observed the absence of macroscopically discernible domains in mixtures of PI/PC and PI(4,5)P2/PC. The addition of cholesterol to these mixtures results in condensation of the monolayer and hence domain formation. To better mimic the ionic conditions and hydrogen bonding properties of the inner leaflet plasma membrane, we investigated in this study the effect of common inner leaflet plasma membrane lipids like phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and PI, on phosphoinositide domain behavior in the presence of cholesterol and/or bivalent cations. We find that the addition of varying concentrations of Ca2+ to PI(4,5)P2/cholesterol monolayer leads to a size reduction of the domains. We hypothesize that this is due to a penetration of the Ca2+ ions into the PI(4,5)P2 headgroup region, leading to a disruption of the hydrogen bond network formed by the PI(4,5)P2 headgroup and cholesterol. We find for PE/PI(4,5)P2 and PI/PI(4,5)P2 homogeneous mixing of the monolayer. The addition of cholesterol to PE/PI(4,5)P2 leads to the formation of small domains at low surface pressures that disappear at higher pressures. In addition to cholesterol, we also investigate in this study the effect of bivalent cations on these lipid mixtures.
Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Peripheral Macroemboli from Thoracic Aortic Pathology

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has improved the detection of thoracic aortic pathology and further elucidated its role as a source of peripheral arterial emboli. Since 1993 we have used TEE to evaluate the thoracic aorta in patients with peripheral emboli without identifiable cardiac sources. Five patients suffered a total of eight embolic events originating from thoracic aortic mural thrombus (TAMT). The four females and one male ranged in age from 56 to 82 years. Emboli occurred to the upper extremities in four instances, lower extremities in three instances, and the visceral vessels in a single instance. Thromboembolectomy was performed in each case except for a patient who initially underwent aortobifemoral bypass. He was discovered to have TAMT after a subsequent embolic event. All patients were anticoagulated after TAMT was identified but in one case anticoagulants were discontinued after an intraabdominal hemorrhage. All patients are alive without limb loss while one patient has experienced recurrent embolization despite anticoagulation. TEE is a sensitive and useful diagnostic modality in patients with "cryptogenic" arterial embolization. Whether surgical management or anticoagulation for the primary lesion is optimal therapy remains a question. However, anticoagulation appears effective in this small experience.
Taking the Slower Pathway

In this segment of the Teaching Rounds in Electrophysiology, Chen et al1 provide an instructive discussion taking us through one of the most difficult diagnostic differentiations in cardiac electrophysiology—AV nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT) versus junctional tachycardia.2,3 Often the highest educational value in the electrophysiology laboratory when teaching a rule is to recognize and analyze an exception. Chen et al1 induced a slower tachycardia with similar activation sequence as an originally induced AVNRT. After slow pathway ablation and the use of isoproterenol, they had to determine whether further ablation is necessary or could potentially be harmful (slower AVNRT versus junctional tachycardia), importantly they found an exceptional response to premature atrial contractions (PACs) that span the cycle length of the arrhythmia and, with their careful analysis and stepwise logical interpretation of the data, concluded correctly that further slow pathway ablation will eliminate the arrhythmia. See Article p 232 The slow pathway is usually anatomically defined as the myocardium anterior toward the ventricle to the Eustachian ridge and tendon of Todaro, behind the tricuspid annulus septally, and just cranial to the coronary sinus ostium.4 Although exceptions exist for any diagnostic maneuver in the electrophysiology laboratory, maneuvers related to the AV nodal slow pathway can be particularly difficult because there may be anatomic variants and decrement conduction delay within the circuit. Understanding common causes of difficulty with analyzing the results of maneuvers performed and appreciating the diagnostic effect of success and failure with anatomic slow pathway ablation can be important. ### Cycle Length Variation Cycle length stability before initiating a maneuver such as introduction premature atrial beats to perturb the circuit is a paramount for accurate diagnostic interpretation. Occasionally, even if the cycle length varies, the maneuver can be executed, as long as the variation is occurring in a predictable manner. For …
Intractable Seizures, Developmental Delay, and the Ketogenic Diet

Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome is a rare, treatable cause of developmental delay and seizures. It must be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants with intractable seizures. The finding of a low glucose level in the cerebrospinal fluid with normal level in the blood in the absence of pleocytosis or other cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities identifies the condition. Genetic analysis for confirmation is available. Treatment with antiepileptic medications often is unsuccessful, and the ketogenic diet is the favored treatment for seizure control. Early identification and initiation of treatment may prevent or lessen the severity of developmental delay.
Biology of senescent liver peroxisomes: role in hepatocellular aging and disease.

Despite rising interest in the health problems of the elderly, information on senescence-related alterations in essential metabolic pathways and their responses to various chemicals is scarce. Alth...
THE NEED TO KNOW: Cultured Ignorance and Jewish Resistance in the Ghettos of Warsaw, Vilna, and Łódź

This article explores the role of knowledge in collective action with an examination of resistance efforts in the Jewish ghettos of Nazi-occupied Warsaw, Vilna, and Łodź during World War II. Becaus...
Crystal growth of HgZnTe alloy by directional solidification in low gravity environment

An Hg(0.84)Zn(0.16)Te alloy crystal was back-melted and partially re-solidified during the first United States Microgravity Laboratory mission in the Marshall Space Flight Center's Crystal Growth Furnace. The experiment was inadvertently terminated at about 30% of planned completion. Nonetheless, it was successfully demonstrated that a HgZnTe alloy ingot partially grown and quenched on the ground can be back-melted and re-grown in space under nearly steady-state growth conditions. An identical "ground-truth" experiment was performed following the mission and a comparison between the properties of the crystals is described. The results indicate the importance of residual microgravity acceleration (less than or approx. equal to 0.4 micro-grams) even in the sub-microgravity range for the slow solidification velocities and large density gradients.
Virgil and Tacitus, Ann. 1.10

Among the insinuations that Tacitus bequeaths to posterity in the negative segment of his post mortem of Augustus (Ann. 1.10) is the emperor's putative role as machinator doli in the death of the consul Hirtius during the fighting at Mutina in the spring of 43. The historian is thinking of a focal moment in the Aeneid when Sinon releases his fellow Greeks from within the wooden horse. I quote Aen. 2.264–7. Among the heroes who descend from the animal's belly are Ulixes, Neoptolemus et Menelaus et ipse doli fabricator Epeos. invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam; caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnis accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia iungunt.
Applying Ranking and Selection Techniques to Determine the Length of a Mastery Test

A problem of considerable importance in certain educational settings is determining how many items to include on a mastery test. Applying ranking and selection procedures, a solution is given which includes as a special case all existing single-stage, non-Bayesian solutions based on a strong true-score model. Illustrations are given for the binomial and compound binomial distributions.
Brain development: memory enhancement in early childhood.

Regions of the brain's frontal lobe that are associated with memory retention and retrieval1,2 begin to mature during the last quarter of the first year in humans. This implies that infants younger than 8 or 9 months should have difficulty in registering an experience and retrieving it after a long delay3,4. Here we show that 13-month-old children are unable to recall a sequence of actions performed in front of them when they were 9 months old, whereas 21- and 28-month-olds are able to retrieve representations of the same acts when these were witnessed at 17 and 24 months. Our findings indicate that long-term retention increases during the second year and support the idea that maturation of the frontal lobe at the end of the first year contributes to memory enhancement during this period.
Detection probability in aerial surveys of feral horses

Observation bias pervades data collected during aerial surveys of large animals, and although some sources can be mitigated with informed planning, others must be addressed using valid sampling techniques that carefully model detection probability. Nonetheless, aerial surveys are frequently employed to count large mammals without applying such methods to account for heterogeneity in visibility of animal groups on the landscape. This often leaves managers and interest groups at odds over decisions that are not adequately informed. I analyzed detection of feral horse (Equus caballus) groups by dual independent observers from 24 fixed-wing and 16 helicopter flights using mixed-effect logistic regression models to investigate potential sources of observation bias. I accounted for observer skill, population location, and aircraft type in the model structure and analyzed the effects of group size, sun effect (position related to observer), vegetation type, topography, cloud cover, percent snow cover, and observer fatigue on detection of horse groups. The most important model-averaged effects for both fixed-wing and helicopter surveys included group size (fixed-wing: odds ratio ¼ 0.891, 95% CI ¼ 0.850-0.935; helicopter: odds ratio ¼ 0.640, 95% CI ¼ 0.587-0.698) and sun effect (fixed-wing: odds ratio ¼ 0.632, 95% CI ¼ 0.350-1.141; helicopter: odds ratio ¼ 0.194, 95% CI ¼ 0.080-0.470). Observer fatigue was also an important effect in the best model for helicopter surveys, with detection probability declining after 3 hr of survey time (odds ratio ¼ 0.278, 95% CI ¼ 0.144-0.537). Biases arising from sun effect and observer fatigue can be mitigated by pre-flight survey design. Other sources of bias, such as those arising from group size, topography, and vegetation can only be addressed by employing valid sampling techniques such as double sampling, mark-resight (batch-marked animals), mark-recapture (uniquely marked and identifiable ani- mals), sightability bias correction models, and line transect distance sampling; however, some of these techniques may still only partially correct for negative observation biases. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Formation and elasticity of layer networks

Layer network formation of poly(styrene-alt-n-octadecylmaleimide) in dodecane is investigated. It is shown that the polymer in the bulk exhibits lamellar structures of alternated alkane side-chain and main-chain layers. Adding dodecane into the polymer separates the polymer layers, increases the mean distance between the layers, and results in a less orderly layered structure. Crystallization of the alkane side chains introduces linkages to staple the layers together and builds up a layer network. Dimensional analysis predicts that the modulus (G) of the layer network is simply related to the long period (L) of the layer network through a cubic power law, i.e., G ∼ L -3 . This prediction is indeed observed experimentally.
Isotope Technics in Clinical Cardiology

Scans of the cardiac blood pool are of practical value and are being widely used. Simple methods of measuring cardiac output and blood volume are available, but they have not yet been exploited by clinicians. With the rapid advances in nuclear technology, practical and innocuous methods for measuring regional blood flow in the heart and other areas will probably become available in the near future. Such methods will undoubtedly be used by clinical investigators. Their widespread clinical application will depend on whether or not they provide a practical way of solving a recognized medical problem.