cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic Remote Sensing and Land Surface Data Assimilation.

Accurate, reliable and skillful forecasting of key environmental variables such as soil moisture and snow are of paramount importance due to their strong influence on many water resources applications including flood control, agricultural production and effective water resources management which collectively control the behavior of the climate system. Soil moisture is a key state variable in land surface–atmosphere interactions affecting surface energy fluxes, runoff and the radiation balance. Snow processes also have a large influence on land-atmosphere energy exchanges due to snow high albedo, low thermal conductivity and considerable spatial and temporal variability resulting in the dramatic change on surface and ground temperature. Measurement of these two variables is possible through variety of methods using ground-based and remote sensing procedures. Remote sensing, however, holds great promise for soil moisture and snow measurements which have considerable spatial and temporal variability. Merging these measurements with hydrologic model outputs in a systematic and effective way results in an improvement of land surface model prediction. Data Assimilation provides a mechanism to combine these two sources of estimation. Much success has been attained in recent years in using data from passive microwave sensors and assimilating them into the models. This paper provides an overview of the remote sensing measurement techniques for soil moisture and snow data and describes the advances in data assimilation techniques through the ensemble filtering, mainly Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and Particle filter (PF), for improving the model prediction and reducing the uncertainties involved in prediction process. It is believed that PF provides a complete representation of the probability distribution of state variables of interests (according to sequential Bayes law) and could be a strong alternative to EnKF which is subject to some limitations including the linear updating rule and assumption of jointly normal distribution of errors in state variables and observation.
This place is killing me: a comparison of counties where the incidence rates of AIDS increased the most and the least.

Background. The objective of this study was to identify the socioeconomic and health characteristics of communities with the largest proportional increases in incidence rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods. Reported AIDS cases (1981‐1990 and 1995‐1999) were used for a comparison between 20 US counties with the largest proportional increases in incidence rates of AIDS and 20 US counties with the smallest increases. Data were obtained from Community Health Status Indicators Reports of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) and from the US Census Bureau. Results. Counties with the largest increases in the incidence of AIDS had lower levels of income, education, and literacy; higher incidence rates of syphilis, age-adjusted mortality (all causes), and infant mortality; more lowbirth-weight infants; and higher levels on all 9 specific mortality measures in the HRSA reports. Conclusions. The incidence of AIDS increased the most in areas where many other health problems occurred. Research is needed to identify and address the root causes of ill health.
Parallel Algorithms for Unsupervised Tagging

We propose a new method for unsupervised tagging that finds minimal models which are then further improved by Expectation Maximization training. In contrast to previous approaches that rely on manually specified and multi-step heuristics for model minimization, our approach is a simple greedy approximation algorithm DMLC (D ISTRIBUTED -M INIMUM -L ABEL -C OVER ) that solves this objective in a single step. We extend the method and show how to efficiently parallelize the algorithm on modern parallel computing platforms while preserving approximation guarantees. The new method easily scales to large data and grammar sizes, overcoming the memory bottleneck in previous approaches. We demonstrate the power of the new algorithm by evaluating on various sequence labeling tasks: Part-of-Speech tagging for multiple languages (including low-resource languages), with complete and incomplete dictionaries, and supertagging, a complex sequence labeling task, where the grammar size alone can grow to millions of entries. Our results show that for all of these settings, our method achieves state-of-the-art scalable performance that yields high quality tagging outputs.
Genotyping concordance in DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) breast tumor and whole blood for pharmacogenetic analyses.

Abstract Background Cancer pharmacogenetic studies use archival tumor samples as a DNA source when germline DNA is unavailable. Genotyping DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumors (FFPE-T) may be inaccurate due to FFPE storage, genetic aberrations, and/or insufficient DNA extraction. Our objective was to assess the extent and source of genotyping inaccuracy from FFPE-T DNA and demonstrate analytical validity of FFPE-T genotyping of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for pharmacogenetic analyses. Methods Cancer pharmacogenetics SNPs were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAYs in DNA harvested from matched FFPE-T, FFPE lymph node (FFPE-LN), and whole blood leukocyte samples obtained from breast cancer patients. No- and discordant-call rates were calculated for each tissue type and SNP. Analytical validity was defined as any SNP with Results Matched samples from 114 patients were genotyped for 247 SNPs. No-call rate in FFPE-T was greater than FFPE-LN and blood (4.3% vs. 3.0% vs. 0.5%, p Conclusions No- and discordant-call rates were below concerning thresholds, confirming that most SNPs can be accurately genotyped from FFPE-T on our Sequenom platform. FFPE-T is a viable DNA source for prospective–retrospective pharmacogenetic analyses of clinical trial cohorts.
Transportation Concurrency: Florida's Example

The Florida Local Government Comprehensive Planning and Land Development Act of 1985 called for local communities to develop concurrency-management systems that ensure that public facilities and services, including transportation, whose purpose is to support development, shall be available "concurrent with the impacts of such development." Although most local communities have been implementing concurrency requirements since their comprehensive plans were approved in the early 1990s, little empirical research has been completed to document how the concurrency requirements have been implemented. Florida and Washington are the only states to require local governments to implement transportation concurrency as a form of adequate public-facilities requirements. The effectiveness of such policies for planners in other states and local municipalities throughout the United States is documented. The results of interviews with policymakers and planners in 25 metropolitan planning organizations in Florida are presen...
HIV-1 Vpr Induces Defects in Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Nuclear Structure, and Centrosomes

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr is a 15-kDa accessory protein that contributes to several steps in the viral replication cycle and promotes virus-associated pathology. Previous studies demonstrated that Vpr inhibits G2/M cell cycle progression in both human cells and in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we report that, upon induction of vpr expression, fission yeast exhibited numerous defects in the assembly and function of the mitotic spindle. In particular, two spindle pole body proteins, sad1p and the polo kinase plo1p, were delocalized in vpr-expressing yeast cells, suggesting that spindle pole body integrity was perturbed. In addition, nuclear envelope structure, contractile actin ring formation, and cytokinesis were also disrupted. Similar Vpr-induced defects in mitosis and cytokinesis were observed in human cells, including aberrant mitotic spindles, multiple centrosomes, and multinucleate cells. These defects in cell division and centrosomes might account for some of the pathological effects associated with HIV-1 infection.
The World of Tourmaline—The Gerhard Wagner Collection edited by Mary Fong/Walker, Gunther Neumeier, and Jim Walker with photography by Mark Mauthner. Dallas, TX: Ivy Press. 264 pages; 2015; $50 (plus shipping and handling) (hardbound).

This colorful book is the precursor to the auction sale catalogue of the Gerhard Wagner mineral collection, one that is particularly deep with respect to worldwide tourmalines (see review of the ca...
Poverty and The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity

I approach this panel presentation from the context of an Asian-American female biblical scholar writing on the creation of poverty in ancient Israel, with the hope of putting the bible in the service of the eight U.N. Millennium Development Goals to eradicate global poverty. These goals are: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Achieve Universal Primary Education Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Reduce Child Mortality Improve Maternal Health Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases Ensure Environmental Sustainability Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools

Theories of human behavior suggest that individuals attend to the behavior of certain people in their community to understand what is socially normative and adjust their own behavior in response. An experiment tested these theories by randomizing an anticonflict intervention across 56 schools with 24,191 students. After comprehensively measuring every school’s social network, randomly selected seed groups of 20–32 students from randomly selected schools were assigned to an intervention that encouraged their public stance against conflict at school. Compared with control schools, disciplinary reports of student conflict at treatment schools were reduced by 30% over 1 year. The effect was stronger when the seed group contained more “social referent” students who, as network measures reveal, attract more student attention. Network analyses of peer-to-peer influence show that social referents spread perceptions of conflict as less socially normative.
Robust H ∞ Control for Networked Switched Fuzzy Systems with Network-Induced Delays and Packet Dropout

A networked switched fuzzy system, as a special networked control system, is studied. Such a system with network-induced delays and packet dropout is represented as a switched fuzzy system with time-varying delays. For this system, we investigate a robust $$H_{\infty }$$ H ? control problem. The solvability for the $$H_{\infty }$$ H ? control problem of each fuzzy subsystem is not assumed. Based on the multiple Lyapunov functions method, a state feedback control law and a switching law are designed such that the robust $$H_{\infty }$$ H ? control problem of the closed-loop system is solvable. Meanwhile, Lyapunov---Krasovskii functionals and free-weighting matrices are taken to deal with the induced delay and packet dropout caused by network. Finally, an example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
What Is an Accident

Who has not heard or deployed the homely, everyday excuse “it was an accident”? How good an excuse is it, anyway? When do accidents get us partially off the hook for what we’ve done, and when do they extenuate our responsibility so fully that we are completely off the hook? Does the term “accidental” (“by accident,” “on accident,” “accidentally”) have point in law or just in life? If it does have point in law, what is its relation to other ascriptions of responsibility such as intentional, reasonable, foreseeable, foreseen, negligent, reckless (or their negations)? Even a casual attempt at research on point will uncover a vast literature on whether accidents should excuse us from responsibility. This literature, which identifies the differences between compensation and punishment - between civil and criminal law - riffs on whether accidentally caused harm should be responded to differently from intentionally caused harm. While this tort-crime distinction is interesting enough, it occupies me here not at all. It is my purpose not to explore who should pay or be held responsible for accidents, but to explore the grammar of such a plea. The controlling purpose of this Essay therefore is to examine the criteria of accidents. To my surprise, I have found a void in the legal literature, though I am not quite sure why. Is it because everyone already knows what an accident is and so discussing its conditions, criteria, or grammar is obvious - a waste of time? Perhaps, but it is my suspicion that a sustained attempt to decode the meaning and operation of the word “accident” will help us reach discovery or agreement on an important segment of human action. If I am at all successful here, we will have an improved understanding of what we mean when such a homely, everyday excuse is proffered.
Crosslinking of Unsaturated Polymers with Dimaleimides. II.

Abstract A study was made of the crosslinking of unsaturated polymers with dimaleimides representative of both the aliphatic and aromatic series. In the presence of catalytic amounts of dicumyl peroxide, dimaleimides functioned as highly effective cross-linking agents for natural rubber and SBR. Comparatively little crosslinking occurred in the absence of peroxide under thermal conditions. With peroxide as a promoter, monomaleimides and dimaleamic acids also crosslinked natural rubber, but to a lesser extent than did the dimaleimides. The chemistry of the crosslinking process is discussed, and correlations are drawn between the structure of the dimaleimide and vulcanizate properties.
Hemolysis Does Not Lead to Increased Discordance between Measured APTT and ANTI-XA Levels in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

s S97 Methods: From June 2014 to October 2015 LVAD patients were systematically screed for HITS in the LVAD outflow graft by transthoracic echocardiography. The occurrence of HITS was then correlated with pump thrombus formation (PT) and non-thrombotic outflow graft occlusion. Results: HITS were detected in the outflow graft of 18 LVAD patients (Thoratec Heartmate II n= 12, Heartware HVAD n= 6). HITS correlated with PT in 12 patients (Heartmate II n= 7, HVAD n= 5) and non-thrombotic outflow graft stenosis in 6 patients (Heartmate II n= 5, HVAD n= 1). Patients with PT either underwent thrombolysis (n= 5), pump exchange (n= 2), LVAD weaning (n= 1) or no treatment if no hard clinical treatment indication was present (n= 5). In PT patients HITS disappeared after successful thrombolysis or pump exchange. Of note, pump thrombus formation or non-thrombotic outflow graft stenosis could be macroscopically assured at the time of transplant in the remaining patients. Conclusion: HITS detection by transthoracic echocardiography identifies patients with pump thrombus formation and non-thrombotic outflow graft occlusion and might develop as a very sensitive screening tool for pump pathology and hypocoagulation monitoring.
Interval model of spot checking for equipment based on principle of delay time model

To solve the problem that spot checking interval decision making for equipment depends on the experience and lacks theory and models to support the decision making,the interval model of spot checking for equipment was presented.Based on the principle of delay time model,with the potential failure state and P-F interval,the interval model of spot checking for equipment was established that distinguished the first and the repeated interval of spot checking for equipment.The spot checking interval model was built to minimize the unit cost.The established model adapted to precise spot checking and divided spot checking for equipment.The illustration for the interval model was provided to show the effectiveness.
Carrying status of Salmonella in catering service employees of Liugang corporation area

[Objective]To understand the carrying status,distribution and resistance of Salmonella in catering service employees of Liugang corporation area,and provide evidence for infectious disease control.[Methods]The anal swab samples collected from catering service employees in Liugang corporation area during preventive health examination from 2009-2012 were used for Salmonella isolation and identification,typing,susceptibility testing and 2012 method improved comparison.[Results]The detection rate of Salmonella was 0.83%,0.67%,0.88% and 0.95%(1.68% of improved method),respectviely from 2009-2012.The isolated Salmonella strains belonged to 4 flora and 16 serotypes,with B group as major,followed by C group,E group and D group.[Conclusion]The Salmonella carrying rate is relatively high in catering service employees of this area.SBG enrichment broth and XLD agar medium helps to improve the detection rate of Salmonella.The distribution of the flora is closely related with the degree of market opening and the movement of persons,which indicates the health management of catering service employees should attach importance to reduce the risk of Salmonella infection and transmission so as to achive the goal of public health protection.
Lifestyle behaviors and ethnic identity among diverse women at high risk for type 2 diabetes

Abstract Background Diet and physical activity lifestyle behaviors are modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes and are shaped by culture, potentially influencing diabetes health disparities. Objectives We examined whether ethnic identity—the strength of attachment to one’s ethnic group, and a long-standing focus of psychological research—could help account for variations in lifestyle behaviors within a diverse population at high risk for chronic disease. Methods Using data from the Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms trial, this US-based cross-sectional study included 1463 pregnant women (74% from minority ethnic/racial groups; 46% born outside the US) with gestational diabetes (GDM), a common pregnancy complication conferring high risk for type 2 diabetes after delivery. Mixed linear regression models examined whether ethnic identity is associated with lifestyle behaviors after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and acculturative characteristics (e.g., nativity and length of residence in the US). Results In the overall sample, a one-unit increase in ethnic identity score was significantly associated with 3% greater fiber intake, 4% greater fruit/vegetable intake, 11% greater total activity, and 11% greater walking ( p values p values ≤ 0.03). Conclusion Results from this large study suggest that ethnic group attachment is associated with some lifestyle behaviors, independent of acculturation indicators, among young women with GDM who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes. Stronger ethnic identity may promote certain choices known to be associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Prospective research is needed to clarify the temporal nature of associations between ethnic identity and modifiable diabetes risk factors.
A juvenile animal model to study the growth potential of bowel segments in the urinary tract

Abstract A juvenile animal model has been developed to study the growth potential of ileum in the urinary tract. Patch ileocystoplasties of known surface area were constructed in dogs of Group 1. Nonrefluxing ileal nipple valves of known length were created to replace one ureter in dogs of Group 2. After the juvenile animals grew and at minimum doubled their weight, they were reoperated and augmentation surface areas were remeasured at various physiologic intravesical pressures. Nipple valve lengths were remeasured after cystograms ruled out reflux. Results show that the bowel augmentation and an identical control segment increased in surface area proportionate to animal growth and that hydrostatic dilation caused further surface area increase. Nipple valves did not grow and in fact shortened, but remained nonrefluxing. The conclusion is that in the pediatric population, consideration should be given to downscaling the size of bladder augmentations or diversions in anticipation of future bowel growth, but that one should not shorten the ileal nipple valves. ( J. Urol., 143: 377–380, 1990 )
Seeing cells in a new light: a renaissance of Brillouin spectroscopy

Over the years, light scattering from acoustic waves has grown to be increasingly important in the fields of biology and medicine. This type of scattering, known as Brillouin scattering, has already seen a plethora of applications in fields such as physics. However, the potential for Brillouin scattering for medical imaging and diagnostics has only recently been considered. In this work, we summarize most of the applications of Brillouin scattering in biology to date, and some current work in our lab showing how Brillouin scattering is a worthy prospect for many emerging problems in biology and medical diagnostics.
A CRIATURA E A CRIAÇÃO: FRANKENSTEIN E O DESPERTAR DE UMA ÉTICA PARA A SACRALIZAÇÃO DA VIDA HUMANA

O presente trabalho busca refletir sobre o modo como a escritora Mary Shelley evidencia em Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, alem dos temas goticos proprios de seu tempo, a valorizacao da vida humana, ou, nos termos de Luc Ferry, a sacralizacao do ser humano. Ao focarmos nos dois pilares da narrativa, Victor Frankenstein e a Criatura, destacamos como a figura do “monstro” e construida e de que maneira o processo de exclusao da Criatura pela comunidade humana auxilia na percepcao de uma etica que valoriza a vida e a diferenca, arquitetada pela autora do romance em foco.
Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid (EACA) Reduces Transfusion Requirements in Patients with Thrombocytopenic Hemorrhage.

EACA is an antifibrinolytic drug that has been used to control hemorrhage by stabilizing thrombus. It has been used in thrombocytopenic patients largely on an empiric basis, based on small case series reports with randomized trials lacking. Use of this drug has been limited secondary to concerns about the side effects. We reviewed our experience with EACA to help determine safety and efficacy. We conducted a computer database search of all patients who were prescribed EACA at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 1997 to 2003. We then analyzed patients older than 18 years with hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia of less than 75,000/μl. We excluded patients undergoing prophylactic EACA use during cardiac, urologic or orthopedic surgery. 75 patients were identified. Their median age was 55years (Range 23–84 years). There were 38 Males and 37 Females. Underlying diagnoses included Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (N=35), Myelodysplastic syndrome (N=9), Non Hodgkins Lymphoma (N=9), and others (N=22). 33 had hematopoietic stem cell transplants (24 Allogeneic of whom 19 had Graft Versus Host Disease and 9 Autologous). The source of bleeding included Mucosal membranes (N=30), Gastrointestinal (N=27), Genitourinary (N=5), Pulmonary (N=4), Uterine (N=3), Venous catheter associated (N=3) and Central Nervous System (N=3). Alloimmunization or refractoriness to platelet transfusion was identified in 32 (43%) patients. The median platelet count at the initiation of EACA was 6,000/μl (Range 1,000–62,000/μl), the median duration of EACA administration was 10 days (Range 1–216 days), the median average dose was 6 grams/day (Range 2–24 grams/day). Bleeding completely stopped in 50 patients (67%), decreased in 13 (17%) and did not stop in 12 (16%). Red blood cell transfusions were decreased in 46(61%) patients. Prior to EACA, patients were on an average receiving 1.6 +/− 0.7 platelet unit transfusions per day (Range 0–3 Units/day). Subsequent to EACA, patients received 1.0 +/− 0.7 transfusions per day for the duration of time they received EACA (Range 0–3 Units/day). The average decrease in daily transfusion needs was 0.5 +/− 0.6 units (median 0.5 units, range 0.2–3 unit decrease. p
Mimicking sniffing for improving machine olfaction

Sniffing is an important component in mammalian olfaction, serving to draw odors into the nose for detection. Reviewing past studies on animal olfaction, certain aspects such as the sniffing frequency have been found to be common among macrosmotic animals. We compared the airflow velocity, volumetric flow during inspiration, and the cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity for various mammals. We find that bigger animals sniff at a lower frequency and each sniff has a higher airflow velocity. Looking at these aspects of sniffing in more detail and understanding the significance of these common values in animal olfaction informs the design of a pre-concentrator to improve performance in machine olfaction.
Support groups for Alzheimer’s caregivers: Creating our own space in uncertain times

Older men are often excluded from family caregiving research despite the steady increase in the number of husbands assuming primary caregiving roles. We explored perceptions of older, male caregivers' experiences with caring for a wife with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and examined what aspects of the support group were beneficial. Our qualitative research methods invited six caregivers ranging in age from 74 to 85 years to narratively construct their perspectives on caring for their wives with Alzheimer's Disease and benefits of participation in an all-male support group. Thematic analyses revealed care-givers faced several transitions. "Losses related to their personal relationships with their wife, family, and self," captured as loss of golden years. The second area, benefits and improvements of support groups, were captured in the following theme: "creating our own space," which included two sub-themes: "releasing our frustration" and "developing coping strategies." There was also "Gendered experience of caregiving." This study revealed that male caregivers benefited from the support and company of other men in similar caregiving situations. Results from this study have implications for health care professionals for the development of psychosocial educational groups aimed at providing support to male caregivers.
Predictors and Outcomes of Sudden Gains and Sudden Regressions in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Youth Anxiety.

Abstract Sudden gains (SGs), referring to large, stable symptom improvement occurring between consecutive treatment sessions, have been associated with improved outcomes among adults with various psychological disorders. Little research exists on SGs or sudden symptom worsening (i.e., sudden regressions [SRs]) during treatment for youth disorders. The current study examined predictors and outcomes of SGs/SRs via multiple informants in youth anxiety treatment. Participants were 118 youth (age M = 11.6, SD = 2.5; 53.8% female) and their caregivers receiving a cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol for a principal anxiety disorder. Anxiety symptom severity was assessed weekly via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children–Trait–Child/Parent versions. SGs and SRs occurred in 45.8 and 31.3% of youth, respectively. SRs were more common among youth with comorbid mood or externalizing disorders, while SGs occurred more often among youth with greater pretreatment anxiety symptom severity. SGs were not associated with posttreatment outcomes, but SRs predicted significantly higher posttreatment internalizing symptoms based on child report (β = .23, p = .03) and externalizing symptoms based on child (β = .15, p = .04) and parent report (β = .16, p = .03), controlling for overall magnitude of symptom change. SRs among youth receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety are associated with pretreatment clinical complexity and poorer posttreatment outcomes and may serve as a warning sign to clinicians of possible treatment failure.
Why architecture and artificial intelligence

What do architecture and AI have to do with each other? Quite a bit, it turns out, and it is a history that goes back to the origins of AI.
GR and classical mechanics: Magic?

A new fundamental ingredient is introduced in the study of Asymptotically Flat Einstein–Maxwell Spacetimes, namely the change of coordinate systems from the standard ones constructed from the infinite number of possible Bondi null surfaces to those based on the four complex-parameter set, za, of Asymptotically Shear–Free (ASF) null surfaces. ASF coordinate systems are determined by “world-lines” in the parameter space, za = ξa(τ). Setting a Weyl tensor component, defined as the complex-mass-dipole, to zero, a unique complex center of mass/charge “world-line” is obtained. From this line and Bianchi identities, much of classical mechanics is directly obtained: spin, orbital angular momentum, kinematic momentum, angular momentum conservation, energy–momentum conservation, Newton’s second law with Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac radiation reaction, Rocket force and Dirac g-factor.
Statistically and Dynamically Downscaled, Calibrated, Probabilistic 10-m Wind Vector Forecasts Using Ensemble Model Output Statistics

AbstractA computationally efficient method is developed that performs gridded postprocessing of ensemble 10-m wind vector forecasts. An expansive set of idealized WRF Model simulations are generate...
Cancer risk and life-style: cancer among Mormons from 1967-1975.

Since 1950, the state of Utah has had the lowest cancer mortality of all the states (Mason and McKay 1974). The area now comprising Utah was settled, beginning in 1847 by a religious group that actively advocates certain behaviors which have been found to have a direct bearing on the risk of developing cancer. This religious group, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS), commonly called Mormons, has proscribed the use of alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea in all forms, for health reasons, for at least 80 years. Additional church teachings emphasize strong families (Spicer and Gustavus 1974), high educational attainment (Hard 1974), and strict sexual mores proscribing premarital and extramarital sexual intercourse for both men and women (Gardner and Lyon 1977).
Multiple Parietal Representations of Space

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multiple parietal representations of space. Posterior parietal cortex is divided into a number of separate areas. These parietal areas do not typically contain simple retinotopic maps and their borders cannot be defined with reference to ventral or horizontal meridian representations. Parietal areas have instead been initially identified on the basis of their connections with other cortical areas. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area are active in relation to both visual and oculomotor events. They discharge when a visual stimulus appears in the receptive field and, for about half the population, discharge again when a saccade to the location is executed cued by the stimulus. The failure to shift the LIP representation in conjunction with an attentional shift suggests that the function of remapping is to maintain an accurate alignment between the visual world and its internal representation. Visual responses of neurons in LIP are modulated both by overt movements of the eyes and by covert shifts of attention. Quite different purposes are served by sensitivity to intended eye movements and to attentional shifts. Response modulation by attentional state permits enhanced processing of images within the focus of attention.
Emergency Medical Services and Remote Medical Oversight in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 2011–2013

Introduction The University of California San Francisco Fresno Department of Emergency Medicine provides base hospital support for the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) emergency medical services (EMS) system. This descriptive epidemiologic study reports reasons the park EMS system is used and interventions provided, detailing the nature of patient encounters, type and frequency of injuries and interventions, reasons for base hospital contact, and patient dispositions. Methods Patient charts for all EMS encounters in SEKI from 2011 to 2013 were included, and relevant data were extracted by a single reviewer. Results Of the 704 charts reviewed, 570 (81%) were frontcountry patient encounters (within 1.6 km [1 mi] of a paved road); 100 (14%) were backcountry; and 34 (5%) occurred in undefined locations. Regarding sex and age, 58% of patients were men; 22% were younger than 18 y, and 15% were 65 y or older. More than 80% of calls occurred during the months of June through August. The most common complaints were extremity trauma (24%), torso trauma (13%), and lacerations (9%). Almost 50% of patients were transferred to a higher level of care. Medications were administered to 37% of patients, with oxygen being the most common. Procedures were performed 49% of the time, primarily intravenous access and splinting. Base hospital contact was made 38% of the time, most commonly (54%) for advice regarding disposition. Conclusions SEKI EMS providers encounter a wide variety of patients in various settings, including the backcountry. Resource allocation, training, and protocol development should be tailored to meet their needs.
Identification of complications in paediatric cerebral palsy treated with intrathecal baclofen pump: a descriptive analysis of 15 years at one institution.

Abstract Purpose Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) treatment is used with increasing frequency in the cerebral palsy population. We describe the complications of ITB treatment, the incidence of complicati...
Food Preference of Cavia magna (Rodentia: Caviidae) on a Subtropical Island in Southern Brazil

Abstract This study aimed to link the plants consumed by Cavia magna and their availability in the environment, (Ilha dos Marinheiros) determining its food preference. In the environment, 96 species were recorded. Twenty-four plant species were identified in the fecal samples. There wasn’t significant difference in the composition of plant species among seasons, although the variation was significant between the island’s northern and southern areas concerning the fecal samples. Mantel test’s results supported that the availability of vegetation has significant influence on the species consumed. Being that the most consumed species (present on the feces) were distant to their distribution areas, we propose that C. magna of Ilha dos Marinheiros actively search and select items to eat, showing food preference for some species.
[Laryngeal clefts: a review of current literature].

Laryngeal clefts as exceptionally rare congenital anomalies have been reported more and more recently. The clinical symptoms and presentations base on degree of clefts and variety of comorbidities. Mild types of clefts may have minimal clinical impact, whereas severe types may be life-threatening and even lead to death before diagnosis. With more attention of these anomalies and advances in endoscopy, the diagnosis, evaluation and surgery of laryngeal clefts have acquired great improvement, especially International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group(IPOG)have reported consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of type Ⅰ laryngeal clefts in 2017. This review of laryngeal clefts may be beneficial to decrease missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis and to achieve individual-based treatment. Key words: Congenital abnormalities; Pneumonia, aspiration; Laryngeal cleft; Endoscopy
Statins Limit Coenzyme Q Synthesis and Metabolically Synergize with MEK Inhibition in Pancreatic Tumors

Tumors frequently increase expression of enzymes in the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. Statins inhibit flux through this pathway, but if and how such treatments elicit a therapeutic benefit in cancer remains unclear. In this issue of Cancer Research, McGregor and colleagues perform in vivo metabolic tracing to demonstrate that mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors and human PDAC cell lines require this pathway for coenzyme Q (CoQ) synthesis and redox homeostasis. Simvastatin treatment reduces CoQ synthesis and promotes oxidative stress and apoptosis in tumors when administered in combination with a MEK inhibitor, providing a new mechanism through which statin treatment may impact PDAC growth.See related article by McGregor et al., p. 175.
Preoperative Cognitive Abnormality, Intraoperative Electroencephalogram Suppression, and Postoperative Delirium: A Mediation Analysis.

BACKGROUND Postoperative delirium is a common complication that hinders recovery after surgery. Intraoperative electroencephalogram suppression has been linked to postoperative delirium, but it is unknown if this relationship is causal or if electroencephalogram suppression is merely a marker of underlying cognitive abnormalities. The hypothesis of this study was that intraoperative electroencephalogram suppression mediates a nonzero portion of the effect between preoperative abnormal cognition and postoperative delirium. METHODS This is a prespecified secondary analysis of the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) randomized trial, which enrolled patients age 60 yr or older undergoing surgery with general anesthesia at a single academic medical center between January 2015 and May 2018. Patients were randomized to electroencephalogram-guided anesthesia or usual care. Preoperative abnormal cognition was defined as a composite of previous delirium, Short Blessed Test cognitive score greater than 4 points, or Eight Item Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia score greater than 1 point. Duration of intraoperative electroencephalogram suppression was defined as number of minutes with suppression ratio greater than 1%. Postoperative delirium was detected via Confusion Assessment Method or chart review on postoperative days 1 to 5. RESULTS Among 1,113 patients, 430 patients showed evidence of preoperative abnormal cognition. These patients had an increased incidence of postoperative delirium (151 of 430 [35%] vs.123 of 683 [18%], P < 0.001). Of this 17.2% total effect size (99.5% CI, 9.3 to 25.1%), an absolute 2.4% (99.5% CI, 0.6 to 4.8%) was an indirect effect mediated by electroencephalogram suppression, while an absolute 14.8% (99.5% CI, 7.2 to 22.5%) was a direct effect of preoperative abnormal cognition. Randomization to electroencephalogram-guided anesthesia did not change the mediated effect size (P = 0.078 for moderation). CONCLUSIONS A small portion of the total effect of preoperative abnormal cognition on postoperative delirium was mediated by electroencephalogram suppression. Study precision was too low to determine if the intervention changed the mediated effect.
Camp Organizational Support for Creativity Among New And Returning Camp Counselors

Creativity supports interest, imagination, empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and overall engagement. Satisfied employees, who are supported in their creativity, have increased performance, motivation, and commitment. Residential summer camp is a demanding 24-hour job in which camp counselors use creativity on a regular basis via lesson planning, teaching activities, resolving conflict, and living within close proximity to coworkers. The purpose of the current study was to explore organizational support for creativity among first-year and returning staff at the beginning and end of one season of employment. Camp counselors (n = 113) participated in the current study utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative analysis compared pretest data on creativity to posttest items using paired samples t-tests. First-year and returning counselors indicated significant decreases in perceptions of the camp organization valuing creativity. Counselors’ self-identification as a creative employee significantly decreased among returning employees. Qualitative data analysis produced 46 independent responses and 3 content areas describing barriers to creativity, including personal (intimidation, inexperience), structural (time/money), and camp traditions (status quo) barriers. Summer camps should prioritize support for creativity as a vital component needed for a positive work culture. Ultimately, a camp mission, culture, and training, which support creativity may empower counselors (of various experience levels) to create new ideas, camp traditions, and activities.
Prognostic Reliability of a New Classification System for Blount's Disease.

Objective We conducted this study to evaluate the reproducibility of a new classification system for Blount's disease and assess its correlation with established radiological measures used to evaluate the severity of this disorder. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective review of children with Blount's disease that were younger than 10 years of age. Recurrence was defined as the need for a second corrective surgery. Radiographs immediately pre-surgery and at final follow-up were used to measure mechanical axis (MA), tibial metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (TMDA), epiphyseal-metaphyseal angle (EMA), lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). Patients were stratified according to the new classification (Type A, B, or C). Results Sixty-five limbs from 16 males and 24 females met our inclusion criteria. The average follow-up was 4.2 years. Twelve patients (with 22 Type-A extremities) underwent bracing with a success rate of 54%. Thirty-four patients (53 extremities) underwent surgical correction. The recurrence rate was 35.8%. Group C had a recurrence rate of 62%, higher than that of Group B (33%), and Group A (23%) (P = 0.026). In addition, irrespective of reoperation, patients in Group C had the least change in the MA (62%, P = 0.046) and the most severe values of MPTA and TMDA initially and after the operation (P < 0.05). Conclusion The new classification system for Blount's disease holds validity for predicting recurrence. The severity of the grades is correlated with the TMDA, MPTA, and varus reversibility. This can aid physicians and families in making an informed decision and setting treatment goals.
Leader intention, misconduct and damaged relational follower identity: A moral decision making perspective

Abstract We demonstrate the value of a moral decision making paradigm for investigating the effects of intention and harm on followers' reactions to leaders' wrongdoing. We also introduce damaged relational identity as a mediator of these effects. Participants were assigned to one of four conditions in which intention to harm and harm were manipulated. The study was conducted using a stochastic, incentivized economic game that involved real monetary consequences for the followers. The results indicated that intention to harm was the primary determinant of followers' withdrawal behavior while actual harm had no effect on withdrawal. A desire to punish the offending leader was influenced by both intention and harm. Damaged relational identity mediated the effect of intention on withdrawal behavior and punishment. In contrast, harm's effect on punishment was direct. We hope that our study stimulates additional research on leader misconduct using intention and identification processes as linchpins.
The effects of ascent technique and the presence of leaves on loading of a tie-in point during climber ascents

Abstract The use of throwlines has made it easier for climbers on the ground to set a tie-in point (TIP) near the top of the tree. But doing so may increase the likelihood of TIP failure because smaller branches have less load-bearing capacity and close inspection of the TIP from the ground is difficult. We measured rope tension during climber ascents on stationary rope systems on ten TIPs from two species. The climber ascended using three techniques and we repeated trials when trees were in- and out-of-leaf. From the load time history of each trial, we computed the magnitude and frequency of loading, and we counted the number of peak loads. Ascending with two foot ascenders and a hand ascender induced greater loads than footlocking or using two foot ascenders and gripping the rope by hand, and there were distinct loading frequencies when using two foot ascenders but not footlocking. The presence of leaves was associated with more peak loads, but not when footlocking. The presence of leaves increased the maximum load induced when ascending on foot and hand ascenders, but decreased the maximum load when footlocking. Our results both align with and address important limitations of previous work.
Impact of ambient stable stratification on gravity currents propagating over a submerged canopy

The structure and propagation of lock-release bottom gravity currents in a linearly stratified ambient with the presence of a submerged canopy are investigated for the first time using large-eddy simulations. The canopy density (i.e. the solid volume fraction), the strength of ambient stratification and the canopy height are varied to study their respective effects on the gravity current. Both denser canopies and stronger ambient stratification tend to switch the horizontal boundary along which the current propagates from the channel bed towards the canopy top (i.e. the through-to-over flow transition). It is found that the dilution of the current density is enhanced by denser canopies but is weakened by stronger ambient stratification. The non-monotonic relationship between front velocity and canopy density proposed by Zhou et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 831, 2017, pp. 394–417) in homogeneous environments is also observed in stratified environments. However, as the ambient stratification is strengthened, the present study shows a shift of the turning point (beyond which increasing canopy density leads to faster current propagation) towards sparser canopies, accompanied by a more pronounced recovery of the front velocity. This is the combined action of three stratification-induced mechanisms: the promotion of through-to-over flow transition (less canopy drag), the upward displacement of current nose in a stably stratified water column (more buoyancy gain) and the weakening of current dilution (less buoyancy loss). Under stronger ambient stratification, the propagation of gravity currents shows a lower sensitivity to the retarding effect of the submerged canopy.
Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Severe Undiagnosed Hypothyroidism During Bronchoscopy

Thyroid hormones have an integral role in cardiac homeostasis, and hypothyroidism may be associated with impaired myocardial contractility, altered endothelial function, and blunted response to catecholamines. Herein, the case of a patient with undiagnosed severe hypothyroidism, who developed an acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest during sedation for bronchoscopy, is described. He required prolonged resuscitation, which included coronary catheterization and placement of an intra-aortic balloon pump. The resuscitation was noteworthy for blunted physiologic responses to large doses of epinephrine; in particular, persistent bradycardia without evidence of conduction abnormalities. On admission to the intensive care unit, he was hypothermic (31.4°C), bradycardic, and hypotensive. Laboratory investigations revealed profound hypothyroidism, and thyroid hormone replacement was initiated. Within hours of initiation of thyroid hormone replacement, the need for vasopressor support was reduced. He had a complete recovery and was discharged home neurologically intact. The authors of the present report believe that this favorable neurologic outcome could be attributed to efficient resuscitation, prompt coronary revascularization, and profound hypothermia likely related to a hypothyroidism-associated hypometabolic state.
Redox-active antibiotics enhance phosphorus bioavailability

Microbial production of antibiotics is common, but our understanding of their roles in the environment is limited. In this study, we explore long-standing observations that microbes increase the production of redox-active antibiotics under phosphorus limitation. The availability of phosphorus, a nutrient required by all life on Earth and essential for agriculture, can be controlled by adsorption to and release from iron minerals by means of redox cycling. Using phenazine antibiotic production by pseudomonads as a case study, we show that phenazines are regulated by phosphorus, solubilize phosphorus through reductive dissolution of iron oxides in the lab and field, and increase phosphorus-limited microbial growth. Phenazines are just one of many examples of phosphorus-regulated antibiotics. Our work suggests a widespread but previously unappreciated role for redox-active antibiotics in phosphorus acquisition and cycling.