cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite using surfactant template systems: Role of templates in controlling morphology

Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopowder was synthesized by reverse microemulsion technique using calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid as starting materials in aqueous phase. Cyclohexane, hexane, and isooctane were used as organic solvents, and Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT), dodecyl phosphate (DP), NP5 (poly(oxyethylene)5 nonylphenol ether), and NP12 (poly(oxyethylene)12 nonylphenol ether) as surfactants to make the emulsion. Effect of synthesis parameters, such as type of surfactant, aqueous to organic ratio (A/O), pH and temperature on powder characteristics were studied. It was found that the surfactant templates played a significant role in regulating the morphology of the nanoparticle. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle of different morphologies such as spherical, needle shape or rod-like were obtained by adjusting the conditions of the emulsion system. Synthesized powder was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phase pure HA nanopowder with highest surface area of 121 m2/g were prepared by this technique using NP5 as a surfactant. Densification studies showed that this nanoparticle can give about 98% of their theoretical density. In vitro bioactivity of the dense HA compacts was confirmed by excellent apatite layer formation after 21 days in SBF solution. Cell material interaction study showed good cell attachment and after 5 days cells were proliferated on HA compacts in OPC1 cell culture medium. The results imply this to be a versatile approach for making hydroxyapatite nanocrystals with controlled morphology and excellent biocompatibility.
Comparing Libraries of Public Historically Black Colleges and Universities with Their White Counterparts

As one element in the effort to desegregate public institutions of higher education, federal courts have mandated the upgrading of libraries at public historically Black colleges and universities. This preliminary study compares the libraries of public HBCUs with those of traditionally White public colleges across eighteen states, mostly in the Southeast. By analyzing number of volumes, staff, and salary totals, the study identifies states that have made efforts to upgrade their HBCU libraries and those that have not.
Regulatory mechanisms underlying T cell integrin receptor function

Adhesion molecules allow lymphocytes to interact with and respond to the extracellular environment. Since these interactions must be essentially transient in nature, the function of lymphocyte adhesion molecules must be precisely regulated. Studies of integrin receptors vividly illustrate the various mechanisms by which the function of these adhesion molecules can be regulated. These include: (1) activation-dependent changes in functional activity; (2) changes in levels of expression due to differentiation events; (3) cell-specific differences in integrin binding; and (4) differential binding to distinct ligands by the same integrin. These mechanisms provide highly precise and specific modes of regulating lymphocyte interactions with a wide variety of potential counter-receptors and ligands.
Auditory hallucinations in a cross-diagnostic sample of psychotic disorder patients: a descriptive, cross-sectional study.

Background Auditory hallucinations (AH) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. They are not disease specific, however, and can occur in other conditions, including affective psychoses.
Foundations of Wildlife protection attitudes

The history of ideas normally invoked by animal liberationists and their opponents cannot account for our basic wildlife protection attitudes, which actually developed out of the worldwide species‐classification project begun by Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. These attitudes, formed in terms of a pre‐evolutionary and pre‐ecological belief in fixed and immutable species, were weakened to some degree by the rise of evolutionary theory and ecological science, since evolution provides a mechanism for the replacement of extinct species and depicts extinction as natural, and ecology teaches that ecosystems naturally adjust when species are lost. Wildlife protection attitudes are preservationist in so far as they are concerned with the preservation of species and conservationist in so far as they are concerned with the lives of individual animals and populations. From all perspectives except that of animal liberation, wild animals are predominantly viewed in terms of instrumental value: as a means to the co...
Extrathymic Generation of Regulatory T Cells in Placental Mammals Mitigates Maternal-Fetal Conflict

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, whose differentiation and function are controlled by X chromosome-encoded transcription factor Foxp3, are generated in the thymus (tTreg) and extrathymically (peripheral, pTreg), and their deficiency results in fatal autoimmunity. Here, we demonstrate that a Foxp3 enhancer, conserved noncoding sequence 1 (CNS1), essential for pTreg but dispensable for tTreg cell generation, is present only in placental mammals. CNS1 is largely composed of mammalian-wide interspersed repeats (MIR) that have undergone retrotransposition during early mammalian radiation. During pregnancy, pTreg cells specific to a model paternal alloantigen were generated in a CNS1-dependent manner and accumulated in the placenta. Furthermore, when mated with allogeneic, but not syngeneic, males, CNS1-deficient females showed increased fetal resorption accompanied by increased immune cell infiltration and defective remodeling of spiral arteries. Our results suggest that, during evolution, a CNS1-dependent mechanism of extrathymic differentiation of Treg cells emerged in placental animals to enforce maternal-fetal tolerance.
Planning the data transition of a VLDB: a case study

This paper describes the technical and programmatic plans for moving and checking certain data from the IDentification Automated Services (IDAS) system to the new Interstate Identification Index/Federal Bureau of Investigation (III/FBI) Segment database--one of the three components of the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) being developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Transitioning IDAS to III/FBI includes putting the data into an entirely new target database structure (i.e. from IBM VSAM files to ORACLE7 RDBMS tables). Only four IDAS files were transitioned (CCN, CCR, CCA, and CRS), but their total estimated size is at 500 Gb of data. Transitioning of this Very Large Database is planned as two processes.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of spiroperidol on tonic immobility in domestic fowl

Six groups of 2.5-week-old chickens were injected with either distilled water, 1% lactic acid, or various dosages of spiroperidol (.02,.2, 2, and 20 mg/kg). The largest dose of this drug significantly reduced the general activity of the subjects. Spiroperidol also produced dose-dependent enhancement of tonic immobility durations, but had no apparent effect on the number of inductions required to elicit the immobility response. These results are discussed in terms of serotonergic and dopaminergic involvement with tonic immobility.
The clinical spectrum of congenital contractural arachnodactyly. A case with congenital heart disease.

A case of congenital contractural arachnodactyly with severe cardiovascular malformations is described. This case and two other reports of CCA with congenital heart disease from the literature indicate a wider spectrum of clinical manifestations in CCA than generally assumed. The pattern of abnormalities suggests that the underlying connective tissue abnormality in CCA is “spotty” and not generalized as in such disorders as the Marfan syndrome, Stickler syndrome and arthro-dento-osteo dysplasia.
Biophysical properties and biomass production of elephant grass under saline conditions

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is a new fast-growing alternative forage crop. However, salinity is a major concern for its production in the arid south-western United States. This study was conducted in the arid Imperial Valley of Southern California to evaluate salt tolerance of elephant grass. Salinity treatments were created in field plots irrigated with water possessing an electrical conductivity (ECiw) of 1·5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 dS m−1, respectively. Canopy spectral reflectance, temperature, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll-SPAD meter readings, and dry weights were measured over time. Results indicated that canopy reflectance in the near-infrared spectral region was reduced incrementally with increasing levels of salt stress. Canopy temperature increased with increasing salinity, especially at longer times after salinity treatment. Plant height and LAI were reduced with increasing salinity. Biomass accumulation was reduced incrementally with increasing salinity. About 50% yield reduction was found when ECiw increased from 5 to 25 dS m−1. The study shows that elephant grass is sensitive to salt stress, and relatively low salinity must be maintained to achieve a high rate of growth and biomass production.
Prevalence and characteristics of substance abuse treatment utilization by US adolescents: National data from 1987 to 2008

Abstract Objective Although many adolescents use and abuse illicit drugs, few of those who could benefit from substance abuse treatment ever receive these services. The present study examines the prevalence of utilization of substance abuse treatment in national samples of adolescents over the past 22 years and identifies characteristics associated with receipt of these services. Method Monitoring the Future data on lifetime utilization of substance abuse treatment was available for 12th grade students who reported any lifetime illicit drug use from 1987 to 2008 (N = 25,537). After describing the prevalence of treatment utilization over this time period, logistic regression was used to examine potential predictors of treatment utilization. Results The overall prevalence of treatment utilization has remained relatively unchanged over the past 22 years. In multivariable models, adolescents reporting a greater frequency of lifetime use of marijuana or cocaine were more likely to receive substance abuse treatment. Additionally, substance abuse treatment utilization was more likely in those who received other mental health services. Conclusion Despite increased evidence for the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment, utilization of these services by adolescents has remained low and relatively stable over the past 22 years. Attempts to increase utilization of substance abuse treatment services would likely benefit from building on existing connections with mental health treatment.
Sympathotomy Instead of Sympathectomy for Palmar Hyperhidrosis: Minimizing Postoperative Compensatory Hyperhidrosis

Objective To determine whether anatomical modification of sympathectomy diminishes severe postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis. Patients and Methods From January 1, 2000, to June 1, 2001, we prospectively studied 10 consecutive patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis, aged 14 to 42 years. Medical therapy had failed in all patients. A preoperative and postoperative evaluation and thermoregulatory sweat testing were conducted in all patients. All patients underwent sympathotomy (bilateral simple disconnection) of the second thoracic ganglion input into the brachial plexus, and no sympathetic ganglia were violated. Results In the 10 patients, all 20 upper extremities improved postoperatively: 11 (55%) had near-complete cessation of palmar sweating, 8 (40%) had marked reduction in sweating, and 1 (5%) had delayed onset but full sweating at the end of the thermoregulatory sweat test. No intraoperative complications of hemopneumothorax or Horner syndrome occurred. Importantly, there were no moderate or severe postoperative hyperhidrosis complications. Conclusion Sympathotomy to disconnect T2 ganglion input into the brachial plexus produces excellent results in the treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis and may lower the severity of postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis complications. Long-term durability of the procedure requires further follow-up.
A novel agar formulation for isolation and direct enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus from oyster tissue

Abstract A new selective and differential medium, Vibrio vulnificus X-Gal (VVX), was developed for direct enumeration of V. vulnificus (Vv) from oyster samples. This agar utilizes cellobiose and lactose as carbon sources, and the antibiotics colistin and polymyxin B as selective agents. Hydrolysis of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- beta- d -galactopyranoside (x-gal), used in the agar as a lactose analog, produces an insoluble blue dye that makes lactose positive colonies easily distinguishable from any non-lactose fermenting bacteria. Various bacterial species were spot plated onto thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS), and CHROMagar Vibrio, two vibrio-specific selective agars, non-selective agar, and VVX to compare selectivity of VVX to other widely used media. A V. vulnificus pure culture was serially diluted on VVX and non-selective agar to determine the VVX percent recovery. Water and oyster samples were spread plated on VVX agar and allowed to incubate for 16–18 h at 33 °C. Blue and white colonies from VVX agar were picked and screened by end point PCR for the Vv hemolysin vvhA . VVX agar showed a significant improvement over TCBS and CHROMagar at preventing non-target growth. There was an 87.5% recovery compared to non-selective plating and a 98% positivity rate of blue colonies picked from oyster tissue plating. The findings suggest that this new agar is a fast, distinctive, and accurate method for enumeration of V. vulnificus from the environment.
Molecular and biological characterization of a zonula occludens-1 homologue in Hydra vulgaris, named HZO-1.

Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is one of the earliest identified molecular components of tight junctions. Sequence analysis has placed ZO-1 into the broader membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family that contains such diverse members as postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor gene product (dlg-A), p55, and TamA. Studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates have established that the MAGUK family is involved in a wide variety of cellular functions. These functions involve the regulation of such cellular processes as: (1) tight junction formation, (2) cell proliferation, (3) cell differentiation, and (4) neuronal synapse transmission. Extending these studies, we report the presence of a ZO-1 homologue in Hydra vulgaris, a member of the Cnidaria, the second oldest phylum of the animal kingdom. Hydra ZO-1 (HZO-1) is encoded by a single messenger RNA (mRNA) of approximately 6.0 kb that contains an open reading frame of 5,085 bp. The 191 kDa predicted protein consists of a characteristic MAGUK domain structure, including three PSD-95/SAP90, discs-large, ZO-1 (PDZ) domains, a src homology (SH3) domain, and a guanylate kinase (GUK) domain. Western blot analysis using an antibody generated from a synthetic peptide designed from the HZO-1 sequence confirmed the presence of a Hydra protein of the appropriate mass. While whole mount in situ hybridization determined that HZO-1 mRNA was expressed along the entire longitudinal axis of Hydra, cross-sectional analysis established that HZO-1 mRNA expression was restricted to the ectoderm or outer cell layer of the organism’s epithelial bilayer. Consistent with this mRNA expression pattern, immunofluorescence studies localized HZO-1 protein to the apical plasma membrane of ectodermal cells. It is unclear what role HZ0-1 has in the cellular physiology of Hydra; however, immunolocalization studies indicate a conserved plasma membrane-associated function(s), as reported for its counterparts in other invertebrate and vertebrate species. These studies establish that the MAGUK family of proteins with a membrane-associated function arose early during metazoan evolution, even before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes.
An ultramicro fluorescent spray reagen for detection and quantification of cardiotonic steroids on thin-layer chromatograms

Abstract A spray reagent is described which permits detection of 0.01 μg amounts of digitoxin, digoxin, and their genins on thin-layer chromatograms. The fluorescent products formed by the reagent are reproducible and stable. They lend themselves
Market Value and the Choice of Technique

An interpretation of the concept of marketvalue is proposed which incorporates the choice of technique as an integral part of the problem. This is contrasted with various other interpretations. The socially necessary technique is equated with the profit maximizing technique, and it is argued that the labor associated with this technique creates market value. By doing this the results of the market process are not taken for granted and the relation between the spheres of production and exchange is clarified. There is also a discussion of causality, which is linked to the question of redundancy and to the interpretation of value and market value given.
Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda) Ii. Hoplolaimus Daday, 1905 and Aorolaimus N. Gen

The genus Hoplolaimus is diagnosed and four nominal species redescribed. H. proporicus, H. angustalatus, and H. kittenbergi are synonymized with H. pararobustus n. comb. Four new species of Hoplolaimus and three of Aorolaimus new genus are proposed.
Computer communication: Benefits, options, pitfalls

The author addresses the increased use of computer/electronic communication and its potential impact on the education system. Specifically, three areas of electronic communication are examined: electronic mail (email), electronic posting services such as bulletin boards, and real-time, interactive 'classroom' discussions. Some of the issues facing students and faculty as they bring these communication technologies into their specific learning environments are discussed. Results achieved using these systems on campus in introductory level through graduate level electrical engineering courses are presented. Potential applications for these communication services in the distant learning environment are also presented. >
Effect of High Temperature Deformation on Grain Boundary Defects in Yba2Cu3O7-X

The results of transmission electron microscopy studies on YBa2Cu3O7-x subjected to high temperature extrusion are presented. Particular emphasis is put on high temperature accommodation processes of lattice dislocations into sub-grain boundaries. It is suggested from the electron microscopy observations that stress induced climb mechanisms for dislocations are operative. Also presented is evidence of localized lattice distortions near twin boundaries due to isothermal high temperature deformation. Preliminary results on the structure of grain boundary facets and steps is described. The implications of these results for texture development in bulk ceramic superconductors is also discussed.
Benzoic Acid as an Absorbance Standard in Infrared Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Analyses

A solution of benzoic acid in chloroform measured at 5.91 μ was used to establish absorbance ratios for several drug substances. The ratios were used with daily measurements of benzoic acid as absorbance standards. The precision and accuracy of the technique was found to be equal to the customary method of using the drug substance as a reference standard.
The Top Management Triangle in Voluntary Hospitals (II)

Part I. Deals with a study on problems of organization in hospitals and the relationships among trustees, administrators and doctors. Approaches to the problems; Classifications of selected hospita...
Applying Hofstede’s National Culture Measures in Tourism Research: Illuminating Issues of Divergence and Convergence

Given the emerging evidence that national culture influences visitor behavior and that Hofstede’s concept (1980, 2001) has become the most accepted means to quantify dominant national cultural values, the focus of this study was to test the underlying assumptions of how these measures are applied in research. Drawing from a sample of tourists from eight countries who completed Hofstede’s original instruments, the results reveal little differences between Hofstede’s 2001 national cultural measures with the current study’s data. This finding provides strong support for Hofstede’s dimensions as a measure of central tendencies of visitors from different nations. Second, graphically contrasting respondents’ values along the five cultural dimensions reveals that the between-nation differences are relatively small when compared to the within-nation variability, indicating that subcultures do exist. This analysis also identifies international regions that cluster closely together, demonstrating that national cult...
The Globalization of Traditional Medicine in Northern Peru: From Shamanism to Molecules

Northern Peru represents the center of the Andean “health axis,” with roots going back to traditional practices of Cupisnique culture (1000 BC). For more than a decade of research, semistructured interviews were conducted with healers, collectors, and sellers of medicinal plants. In addition, bioassays were carried out to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of plants found. Most of the 510 species encountered were native to Peru (83%). Fifty percent of the plants used in colonial times have disappeared from the pharmacopoeia. Market vendors specialized either on common and exotic plants, plants for common ailments, and plants only used by healers or on plants with magical purposes. Over 974 preparations with up to 29 different ingredients were used to treat 164 health conditions. Almost 65% of the medicinal plants were applied in these mixtures. Antibacterial activity was confirmed in most plants used for infections. Twenty-four percent of the aqueous extracts and 76% of the ethanolic extracts showed toxicity. Traditional preparation methods take this into account when choosing the appropriate solvent for the preparation of a remedy. The increasing demand for medicinal species did not increase the cultivation of medicinal plants. Most species are wild collected, causing doubts about the sustainability of trade.
The Hispine Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) of the Caribbean Basin with a Key to the Species of Hispaniola

ABSTRACT A key to the 18 genera of hispine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) of the Caribbean Basin as well as a key to the seven genera and species of hispines known from Hispaniola are presented. Each species is briefly redescribed, known biological information is summarized, distributional information is listed, and a habitus photo of the adult of each Caribbean genus and all Hispaniola species is provided.
Prevalence and predictors of cable extrusion and loss of electrical integrity with the Riata defibrillator lead.

Prevalence and Predictors of Riata Cable Extrusion. Introduction: Recently, a medical advisory was issued regarding the Riata and Riata ST silicone endocardial defibrillator leads (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA, USA) addressing the issue of conductor cables extruding in an “inside-out” fashion from the main body of the lead. However, little data exist to guide our management of patients with these leads. Methods and Results: A retrospective analysis was performed of 84 patients with a Riata lead who underwent cine-fluoroscopy and electrical evaluation as part of a screening program to assess for cable extrusion. All leads screened were dual-coil except for one single-coil lead. Of 84 patients, 23 patients (27.4%) had fluoroscopic evidence of cable extrusion. Multivariate analysis showed that the duration of time since lead implant and the presence of multiple right ventricular leads were significantly associated with cable extrusion. All 23 patients had normal electrical parameters on routine device interrogation. Fifteen of these 23 patients (65%) with extruded cables had high-voltage shocks within 12 months of lead screening; only one patient demonstrated postshock electrical abnormalities. Conclusions: The prevalence of cable extrusion in dual-coil Riata leads is significantly higher at 27.4% than previously reported. The duration of time since implantation and the presence of multiple right ventricular leads are associated with cable extrusion. High-energy shocks did not reveal electrical abnormalities in most patients with cable extrusion. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1207–1212, November 2012)
Cancer Risk and Behavioral Factors, Comorbidities, and Functional Status in the US Elderly Population

About 80% of all cancers are diagnosed in the elderly and up to 75% of cancers are associated with behavioral factors. An approach to estimate the contribution of various measurable factors, including behavior/lifestyle, to cancer risk in the US elderly population is presented. The nationally representative National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) data were used for measuring functional status and behavioral factors in the US elderly population (65+), and Medicare Claims files linked to each person from the NLTCS were used for estimating cancer incidence. The associations (i.e., relative risks) of selected factors with risks of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancers were evaluated and discussed. Behavioral risk factors significantly affected cancer risks in the US elderly. The most influential of potentially preventable risk factors can be detected with this approach using NLTCS-Medicare linked dataset and for further deeper analyses employing other datasets with detailed risk factors description.
An analytic-geometric model of the effect of spherically distributed injection errors for Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft - The multi-stage problem

In previous work the problem of injecting the Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft from low earth orbit into their respective interplanetary trajectories has been discussed for the single stage (Centaur) vehicle. The central issue, in the event of spherically distributed injection errors, is what happens to the vehicle? The difficulties addressed in this paper involve the multi-stage problem since both Galileo and Ulysses will be utilizing the two-stage IUS system. Ulysses will also include a third stage: the PAM-S. The solution is expressed in terms of probabilities for total percentage of escape, orbit decay and reentry trajectories. Analytic solutions are found for Hill's Equations of Relative Motion (more recently called Clohessy-Wiltshire Equations) for multi-stage injections. These solutions are interpreted geometrically on the injection sphere. The analytic-geometric models compare well with numerical solutions, provide insight into the behavior of trajectories mapped on the injection sphere and simplify the numerical two-dimensional search for trajectory families.
Constructing an “Evil Genius”: news uses of mythic archetypes to make sense of bin Laden

Abstract Using rhetorical analysis, this study examines news depictions of Osama bin Laden from 1999 to 2002 and explores how he was constructed as an evil genius archetype with near mythic abilities, knowledge and power. Equally plausible depictions of bin Laden as insane, idiotic or lucky were practically non-existent. Motives for framing bin Laden as an evil genius include: constructing a worthy adversary for a superpower; making him more understandable to audiences familiar with the evil genius mythical archetype; helping audiences understand the failure to apprehend him; the habitual utilization of Orientalist stereotypes; and avoidance of uncomfortable questions that might threaten prevailing elite power.
Cyclic Low-Density MDS Array Codes

We construct two infinite families of low density MDS array codes which are also cyclic. One of these families includes the first such sub-family with redundancy parameter r > 2. The two constructions have different algebraic formulations, though they both have the same indirect structure. First MDS codes that are not cyclic are constructed and then by applying a certain mapping to their parity check matrices, non-equivalent cyclic codes with the same distance and density properties are obtained. Using the same proof techniques, a third infinite family of quasi-cyclic codes can be constructed.
Evolution and the argument from design

The old argument from design in Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of Natural Selection has been discovered. Charles Darwin
Social Justice Work: Purpose-Driven Social Science

In August 2010, we gathered for the sixtieth annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP). Ours is not a professional association per se, such that our mission or purpose is not to advance careers within the academy or in applied fields of the social sciences. We are different: Our purpose is to facilitate, communicate, and promote the work done by those who pursue social justice locally, nationally, and in the wider world. Thus, this article brings into focus social justice work by using illustrations of the different types of scholarship that characterize it. My intent is to plait three strands of inquiry. First, I identify and summarize the key features of social activist and social advocacy scholarship, that which is typically recognized as social justice work. Second, based on those features, I posit that critical community engagement work is a form of social justice work that SSSP can and should recognize and promote. Third, to examine some of the best social justice work, and to tie together advocacy and engagement work, I visit what SSSP has honored, since 1964, with the C. Wright Mills award. A number of the award winners are exemplars of critical community engagement scholarship. Before turning to the work of many SSSP members, I acknowledge that organizations, such as Project South, the Innocence Project, and the Center for the Study of Social Justice at the University of Tennessee, commit all their work to social justice. Further, I recognize the importance of what researchers do outside the boundaries of the social sciences. Natural and man-made disasters need responses, and better yet, preventive practices that depend on scholars and practitioners from every imaginable field of work. As do some of the most persistent social problems, such as war, inadequate food, and unclean water. The social sciences cannot claim exclusive ownership of social justice work. For example, at Purdue University, an agronomist named Gabisa Ejeta is the 2009 World Food Prize winner. His research develops sorghum that is resistant to a specific weed that kills the grain. He does this work because he is deeply committed to searching for solutions for one of the world’s most basic social problems, i.e., starvation. He calls his work “Purpose-Driven Science.” His mission is to reduce hunger throughout the world, especially in his native Ethiopia and other African nations, without making them dependent on the United States to produce grain seeds. With Ejeta’s approval, I use his terminology, “purpose driven,” throughout this article.
A Modular Structure for Plant Growth Simulation Models

There has been a tremendous increase in the use of tree models to examine forest dynamics over the past two decades (Dale et al. 1985). Models have been developed to assess the impact of a variety of disturbances and management practices on forest dynamics, including chronic air pollutant stress (West et al. 1980; Dale and Gardner, 1987) CO2. induced global climate change (Solomon. 1986), insect infestations (Byrne et al., 1984) chestnut blight (Shugart and West, 1977) and clear-cutting (Dale et al. 1986). The development and use of plant growth simulators, while a relatively new phenomenon in the agricultural and ecological sciences, is now firmly established in these disciplines (Reynolds and Acock, 1985 a; Whisler et al. 1986).
Numerical Solution of Multiphase Well Flow

A method is presented for numerically solving immiscible multiphase well flow considering three compressible fluids, two liquids, and one gas, and assuming isothermal conditions. Capillary and dissolution of gas in liquid are considered in the proposed mathematical model. Numerical difficulties arising from the nonlinearity of the equations and from the finite differencing in cylindrical coordinates are easily dealt with by using a modified Newton method to solve the fully implicit finite difference equations. Coning problems in the petroleum industry and unconfined flow problems in hydrology are typical applications.
“Can We Say the N-word?”: Exploring Psychological Safety During Race Talk

Classroom interactions that engender psychologically safe climates have rich developmental potential; these interactions often facilitate engagement in academic risk-taking and exploration (Cooper, 2013). On the contrary, classroom interactions that are threatening to adolescents’ identities send messages of devaluation and can negatively impact feelings of belonging and academic achievement, particularly for youth of color (Sherman et al., 2013). In efforts to help explicate the interrelations between racial-identity linked risks and threats and psychological safety in classroom learning contexts, this exploratory case study examined two 9th grade English Language Arts teachers’ negotiation of attunement, authenticity, and power sharing during race talk. Our in-depth analysis of these classrooms suggested the following teacher moves may be particularly important for psychological safety during race talk: teacher moves that (a) support or inhibit power sharing, (b) indicate high or low levels of teacher a...
Analysis of the Character Image of Nixi in Eileen Chang's Concatenate Traps

As an exploratory work of Eileen Chang,Concatenate Traps has given us a new angle of the relationships between man and woman-Cohabitation. Through her frosty and deep expression,we can see how Nixi-a girl from lower class struggled for making a living. Nixi led a helpless and defenseless life because of her abject origin and the cohabitation without any guarantee. Meanwhile,she showed unimagined vitality through her motherhood,will and toughness.From this image,we can see Eileen Chang's observation and representation on the women in the old days-their struggling and combating for a life. This work has much profound meaning in human nature than those new literary works which superficially regards poverty as an equivalence of kindness.
Occupational stress and influencing factors of textile workers in some large enterprise

[Objective]To understand the occupational stress level of textile workers,analyze the influencing factors of occupational stress.[Methods]Using stratified cluster sampling method,a team of textile workers was selected from each type of work of each workshop,meanwhile the security guard,firefighters,air conditioning workers and mechanic were selected from same enterprise as control group. The field investigation was conducted by Occupational Stress Inventory Revised( OSI-R) developed by Osipow et al.Statistical analysis methods including T test,variance analysis and logistic regression analysis.[Results]The scores of occupational role questionnaire and personal strain questionnaire in textile workers were higher than the norm,the score of personal resource questionnaire in textile workers was lower then the norm,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 01). The proportion of feeling moderate or above occupational stress,appearing moderate or above occupational stress reaction and moderate or above coping resource lack were 32. 2%,36. 4% and 31. 3%,respectively. The influencing factors of occupational stress in textile workers were gender,age,educational level and coping resources.[Conclusion]The development of vocational education and improving the professional skills and cultural quality of textile workers can improve the labor productivity. The occupational stress level of textile workers is higher,the enterprise managers should take intervention measures from organization and management measures and individual level to reduce the occupational stress level.
Molecular characteristics of noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou

Objective To study the molecular characteristics of Noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou.Methods From 2008 to 2010,total 119 fecal specimens collected from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were tcsted for Norovirus. Partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp) of the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR,then the PCR production were purified,sequenced and put into phylogenetic analysis. Results 50 of 119 specimens were positive for Norovirus by real-time RT-PCR.Out of those 50 Norovirus positive specimens,9 were Norovirus Genogroup Ⅰ (GI) positive,35 were Norovirus Genogroup Ⅱ (GⅡ)positive,6 was both Norovirus GⅠ and GⅡ positive.12 PCR products for RdRp were selected for further studies on sequencing.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 5 GⅠ norovirus isolates were belonged to genotype GⅠ/2 and GⅠ/3.Of the 7 GⅡ norovirus isolates,6 were belonged to genotype GⅡ/4,1 was belonged to genotype GⅡb.Conclusion Norovirus is a major cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou and the epidemic strains of norovirus isolated from Huzhou had a high degree of genetic diversity. Key words: Norovirus ; Diarrhea; Epidemiology, molecular; Sequence analysis
Abstract 6211: Low Social Support Predicts Non-Adherence to Diet at 1-Year in a Lifestyle Intervention Trial Among Family Members of Patients with CVD

Lack of social support has been linked to CVD, but the mechanism is not established. The relation between social support and diet has not been defined in well-controlled studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prospective relation between low social support and adherence to the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) and heart-healthy diets among family members of patients recently hospitalized with CVD. Participants in the randomized controlled NHLBI Family Intervention Trial for Heart Health (FIT Heart), who completed a 1-year follow-up (94%) were included in this analysis (n =458; 66% female, 35% non-white, mean age 50). Non-adherence to diet was assessed using the validated MEDFICTS tool (score ≥ 40 =non-adherent to TLC diet; ≥ 70 =non-adherent to heart-healthy diet). Social support was assessed using the validated ENRICHD Social Support Instrument (ESSI) (social support measured on a scale of 5–25; high =score ≥ 18). Demographics, depression, stage of change, and CVD risk factors were systematically evaluated as potential confounders of non-adherence to diet. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and group assignment. Significant univariate predictors (p
Conceptual Metaphor Theory

In a radical departure from theories based on digital, amodal accounts of cognition and language, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed an account of metaphor as fundamentally conceptual, arguing that familiar linguistic metaphors are but surface manifestations of underlying conceptual relationships. They claimed that most conceptual thought is metaphorical, and conceptual domains are instantiated and expressed in families of conceptual metaphors, such as ‘MORE IS U’, ‘EMOTIONALLYINTIMATE IS PHYSICALLY CLOSE’, ‘ARGUMENT IS WAR’, ‘LOVE IS A JOURNEY’, and ‘THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS’. These conceptual metaphors number in the hundreds (Gibbs, 1994b; Lakoff and Johnson, 1999), and they combine to serve as the foundation for new metaphors. For many of these families of metaphors Lakoff and Johnson trace the underlying metaphor to a literal concept based on embodied physical experience.
A control-theoretic approach to brain-computer interface design

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to restore motor abilities to paralyzed individuals. These systems act by reading motor intent signals directly from the brain and using them to control, for example, the movement of a cursor on a computer screen or the motion of a robotic limb. To construct a BCI, a mapping must be specified that dictates how neural activity will actuate the device. How should these mappings be constructed to maximize user performance? Most approaches have focused on this problem from an estimation standpoint, i.e., mappings are designed to implement the best estimate of motor intent possible, under various sets of assumptions about how the recorded neural signals represent motor intent. Here we forward an alternate approach to the BCI design problem, using ideas from optimal control theory. We first argue that the brain can be considered as an optimal controller. We then introduce a mathematical definition of BCI usability, and formulate the BCI design problem as a constrained optimization problem that maximizes this usability.
Weathering of Organic Carbon

Weathering of organic carbon is the process in the geochemical carbon cycle in which organic carbon in the rock reservoir is restored to surficial carbon reservoirs. Approximately half of this weathering occurs as oxidation, in which organic carbon is oxidized to CO 2 . Organic carbon weathering is, thus, an important control on the O 2 and CO 2 content of Earth's atmosphere over geologic time. The remainder of carbon weathering occurs through chemical and physical weathering of ancient rocks, and delivers aged fossil organic carbon to soils, rivers, and ultimately the oceans where it may be reburied in modern sediments. During weathering, a suite of chemical changes in organic matter abundance and composition are observed, some of which may be the result of biodegradation. Geochemical models provide one means of estimating annual fluxes of organic carbon weathering and their changes over geologic time. Other approaches examine chemical, mineralogical, and isotopic signatures of aged fossil carbon in river particulates and sediments.
Divalproex Sodium in Headache

An approach to treating migraine with the anticonvulsant, divalproex sodium, is reviewed from the Comprehensive Headache Center, Germantown Hospital, Philadelphia, PA.
On Joan Didion: An Introduction

Joan Didion is one of the most celebrated writers of our time. From her novels and reportage to her recent memoirs, Didion has honed a hallmark style and authorial persona, both of which have led t...
Technology For All: A Novel, Field-based Evaluation of Technology Integration Processes

This evaluation study investigated current satisfaction levels and barriers to the implementation of a school-wide technology integration plan. The authors administered a survey at twenty-three federally funded Title 1-technology campuses in South Texas. The school principal, technology advisor, and a sample of the instructional staff described their involvement and perceptions of technology implementation processes. The survey was supplemented with a follow-up telephone interview with each school principal and a school walk-through with each schoolâ€™s technology advisor. Respondents were satisfied with a number of teaching activities and classroom practices resulting from technology integration. Improvement was needed in the training of teachers and the extension of technology services to the entire student body. Technology initiatives were not benefiting bilingual and special education students to the fullest extent possible. Teachers also expressed need for more training how to integrate technology into the curricula. Resulting recommendations provide formative feedback on technology infusion processes in South Texas schools.
Cardi B: Love & Hip Hop’s unlikely feminist hero

In just a short time, Belcalis Almanzar has emerged as a feminist hero who is vocal about women’s rights and supporting women’s choices. But she is not often celebrated. She is often overlooked, di...
Foreword: A 'Coyote Warrior' and the 'Great Paradoxes,' the Scholarship of Professor Raymond Cross

This Foreword to the Public Land and Resources Law Review special issue republishing and celebrating the scholarship of Professor Raymond Cross provides a context and framework for understanding and appreciating the issue's articles. The Foreword reviews Professor Cross' legacy of work as a tribal attorney on behalf of the Three Affiliated Tribes (Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara) of the Fort Berthold Reservation and discusses the important contributions his scholarly work continue to make to the field of Federal Indian Law. As noted at the conclusion of the Foreword, "[i]t is a true honor to introduce and present some of his important work."
Electrodeposition of catalytically active mixed solid films of hexacyanoferrate and decavanadates

Novel solid films of a mixed polynuclear hexacyano iron(III) and decavanadates have been electrochemically prepared. The colour of these solid thin films ranged from yellow to blue depending on the thickness. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of these solid films indicate the involvement of both vanadium and iron redox centres in performing the electrochemical activities. Evidence of the catalytic activities of these films towards the reduction of some small oxoanions has been reported.
Host Immunity in the Development of Gastric Preneoplasia

Correa proposed a sequence of events that were associated with the development of gastric cancer that included gastritis as one of the earliest phases of a multistep process (Correa and Houghton 2007) (Figure 17.1). With the identification of Helicobacter pylori, it quickly became apparent that infection caused the gastritis that subsequently led to gastric preneoplasia and the development of gastric cancer in a subset of infected subjects. Several important issues have emanated from these observations including the role of the host response in the persistence of H. pylori infection and, given the chronic nature of the infection and inflammation, the role of immune and inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer itself. This chapter reviews the initial immunologic responses that lead to gastritis and explains the persistence of infection. The consequence of chronic inflammation on epithelial cell damage that may lead to gastric neoplasia is discussed in the context of animal models and translational studies that have shed light on our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases associated with H. pylori infection.
Alternative system for detection and mapping of activation domains.

The ZEBRA protein is a transcriptional activator that induces expression of viral lytic genes in cells harboring latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In this report it is shown that a derivative of ZEB...
Abstract P095: Temporal Associations Between Lifestyle Self-Efficacy and Adherence to Calorie Goal

Introduction: Research has shown self-efficacy (SE) to be positively associated with adherence to calorie goal when assessment is based on participants’ recall; however, when assessed in real-time,...
Worst-Case Latency Performance Of Load Balancing Through Distributed Waterfilling Algorithm

Intelligent-meshed mobile edge computing (IMMEC) network puts great emphasis on providing low latency services. This naturally requires using fast-timescale load balancing to avoid excessive delay resulted from overloading any particular network node. One natural candidate solution for such load balancing is distributed waterfilling algorithm. In this paper, we analyze its performance by comparing it against an ideal centralized version. It is shown that the worst-case average total latency difference between the two algorithms grows linearly with the size of the network and the propagation delay among different nodes.
IDDS for Movement Disorders

Advances in medical technology have made intrathecal baclofen therapy a suitable treatment option for patients suffering from a variety of disorders affecting movement, especially spasticity. These patients have typically exhausted conservative therapies, usually including oral baclofen therapy which has either failed to result in clinically significant reductions in spasticity, intolerable baclofen-related side effects (i.e., sedation), or both. Intrathecal drug delivery systems for movement disorders can provide continuous infusions of baclofen for improvement in rigidity and/or spasticity.