cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conceptual framework for examining HRD and NHRD linkages and outcomes: Review of TVET literature

Purpose – This paper aims to review technical vocational education and training (TVET) literature, identify different components of the TVET system and develop a conceptual framework that integrates human resource development (HRD) and national human resource development (NHRD) outcomes. The renewed focus on technical vocational education and training (TVET) is important for human resource development (HRD), as it expands current understanding of its role in economic development through workforce training. National human resource development (NHRD) perspectives recognize the role of TVET in linking regional and national economic development strategies. Furthermore, TVET’s focus on literacy education, poverty alleviation and inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable populations emphasizes social development outcomes that are critical for NHRD. Using this background, the integration of HRD and NHRD outcomes into one conceptual TVET framework for addressing workforce, economic and social development outcomes ...
Alternative Materials for 1.3 micron Fiber Optic Amplifiers

Early work on 1.3 micron fiber amplifiers was focused on Nd3+, Pr3+ and Dy3+-doped halide glasses such as ZBLAN which typically provided quantum efficiencies of only a few percent.
Capital Structure, Earnings Management, and Sarbanes-Oxley: Evidence from Canadian and U.S. Firms

SYNOPSIS: I examine Sarbanes-Oxley's (SOX) effect on capital structure. I find that SOX is associated with higher long-term debt ratios, as firms listed in the U.S. raise their long-term debt ratios by 2 to 3 percentage points. This finding is consistent with the idea that, although the reduction in information asymmetry associated with SOX could prompt managers to increase equity financing, debt is still safer and less costly than equity in the SOX era. Further analysis shows that the increase in debt occurs in the two quarters prior to SOX, suggesting that firms anticipate a higher cost of debt after SOX and acquire debt while it is relatively cheap. Also, firms that heavily (lightly) manage earnings prior to SOX use less (more) debt after SOX. This result is consistent with the view that firms that aggressively manage earnings before SOX reveal intrinsically weaker earnings after SOX, casting doubt on those firms' ability to repay debt and relegating those firms to issue equity for financing purposes. ...
Central CRF Receptor Antagonist α-Helical CRF9-41 Blocks Reinstatement of Extinguished Fear : The Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

The present experiments assessed the necessity of central CRF in reinstatement of extinguished fear. Using the fear-potentiated startle procedure, rats were given light-shock pairings (fear conditioning) followed by light-alone extinction training. Rats were then given unsignaled shocks to reinstate fear to the light conditioned stimulus (CS). Intracerebroventricular administration of the CRF antagonist α-Helical CRF9-41 prior to reinstatement training dose-dependently prevented reinstatement. Further, α-Helical CRF9-41 administration prior to reinstatement training or the test for reinstatement of fear to the extinguished CS prevented reinstatement at both treatment times, suggesting that CRF activity is critical for this type of return of fear to an extinguished CS. The abolition of reinstatement by drug administration was not due to state-dependent learning, as rats treated with the drug prior to both reinstatement training or testing also failed to show reinstatement of fear. Local administration of α-Helical CRF9-41 in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis suggested that this area is a site at which central CRF is involved in this form of relapse.
New technologies for the management of pregestational diabetes mellitus

Purpose of the review The purpose of this review is to understand new modalities available to treat and manage type 1 and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy. Recent findings The use of new insulin analogs and oral agents, as well as new technologies to deliver insulin and monitor glucose during pregnancy remains controversial. This review will outline the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the safety profiles of these new medications and therapeutic options. Summary There are many effective treatments for diabetes during pregnancy. New insulin analogs seem to be safe to use in pregnancy and offer the potential for better glycemic control compared with older agents. Oral hypoglycemic medications also seem to be safe and may be an option for a select group of pregnant patients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems may be beneficial in certain patients, but adequate data are not yet available in terms of outcomes and cost-effectiveness to support widespread use. Target audience Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning objectives After participating in this CME activity, physicians should be better able to revise glycemic goals for pregnant patients with pregestational diabetes to be in line with our current understanding of glycemic profiles in normal pregnant women. Use new insulin analogs to treat pregnant women with abnormalities in glucose homeostasis and choose which patients will benefit from advanced technologies for diabetes management, such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems.
Comparison of the Composition of Fossil and Recent Mollusk Shells

Unrecrystallized shells of five species of mollusks were collected from Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits and from a variety of Recent environments. The manganese, iron, magnesium, strontium and barium contents, and the mineralogy of these shells, were determined. The average magnesium and manganese contents of the aragonitic fossil shells are lower, and the strontium, barium, and iron contents higher than in Recent shells of the same species. The mean strontium and magnesium contents are lower in the fossil shells of the single calcitic species studied, whereas the remainder of the elements in the shells of this species do not differ statistically. The differences in composition of fossil and Recent shells are attributed to the effects of weathering and diagenesis. Since the trace-element content of both aragonite and calcite can change without recrystallization, geochemical and paleoecological studies based on assumptions of unchanging composition of carbonate skeletons should be used with caution.
Union wealth: The bargaining power implications

Conventional wisdom holds that U.S. unions are in crisis. Recently, however, unions have shown both boldness and initiative, remarkably in the proposed merger between the Auto Workers, Steelworkers, and Machinists. Regardless of whether labor is genuinely on the rebound, unions need money in order to retain clout and expand. I explore the financial wealth of the 28 largest U.S.-based unions during the period 1979–1993, and find that these unions, overall, maintained their wealth during a period of substantial membership decline even after adjusting for inflation. At the same time, however, unions vary widely in terms of both their wealth and related trends over the past decade and a half, but wealth has nonetheless remained substantially concentrated among a small set. Yet, several unions possess a seemingly robust financial capacity to sustain a strike, and the pursuit of additional union consolidations might reinforce this capacity. These consolidations may also have political implications.
Estimation of fecal Coliform removal from domestic sewage in two sand filter column systems

The objective of the present research is to compare fecal coliform removal from two different sand column systems treating septic tank effluent over a range of hydraulic loading rates. Drain time measurements were performed to compare the hydraulic characteristic of the column systems at different hydraulic loading rates. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH were also measured for the septic tank effluent. A removal of the order of 99% for fecal coliform, TSS, and BOD in column effluent was achieved using the sand filter columns. The ‘break‐in’ period for determining the effectiveness of the sand filter columns is also discussed.
Growth and yield responses of almond (Prunus amygdalus) to trickle irrigation

Growth and yield responses of developing almond trees (Prunus amygdalus, Ruby cultivar) to a range of trickle irrigation amounts were determined in 1985 through 1987 (the fifth through seventh year after planting) at the University of California's West Side Field Station in the semi-arid San Joaquin Valley. The treatments consisted of six levels of irrigation, ranging from 50 through 175% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), applied to a clean-cultivated orchard using a line source trickle irrigation system with 6 emitters per tree. ETc was estimated as grass reference evapotranspiration (ET0) times a crop coefficient with adjustments based upon shaded area of trees and period during the growing season. Differential irrigation experiments prior to 1984 on the trees used in this study significantly influenced the initial trunk cross-section area and canopy size in the 50% ETc treatment and 125% ETc treatment. In these cases, treatment effects must be identified as relative effects rather than absolute. The soil of the experimental field was a Panoche clay loam (nonacid, thermic, Typic Torriorthents). The mean increase in trunk cross-sectional area for the 3-year period was a positive linear function (r 2 = 0.98) of total amounts of applied water. With increases in water application above the 50% ETc treatment, nut retention with respect to flower and fertile nut counts after flowering, was increased approximately 10%. In 1985 and 1987, the nut meat yields and mean kernel weights increased significantly with increasing water application from 50% to 150% ETc. Particularly in the higher water application treatments, crop consumptive use was difficult to quantify due to uncertainty in estimates of deep percolation and soil water uptake. Maintenance of leaf water potentials higher than −2.3 MPa during early nut development (March through May) and greater than −2.5 MPa the remainder of the irrigation season (through August) were positively correlated with sustained higher vegetative growth rates and higher nut yields.
Teachers, Responsibility and Action Research

My purpose in writing this article is to examine the claim that ‘Teachers are responsible for what happens in their classrooms’ in relation to action research. Although the claim appears to be a fairly straightforward, it has multiple meanings that depend on the ideologies of those making the claim. I argue that an often‐overlooked way of thinking about how teachers are responsible for what happens in their classrooms is to see responsibility as one facet of teachers’ ways of being. Way of being is an existential concept that is related to the situatedness of teachers’ lives, their constructions of their selves, and the ways in which they experience and conceive of freedom. This existential perspective leads me to conclude that for teachers to be aware of and to act in ways that are responsible to themselves and to their students they must be aware of their existential freedom. I conclude the paper with an examination of the ways that teachers’ participation in collaborative action research can help them ...
A hybrid sequential niche algorithm for optimal engineering design with solution multiplicity

Abstract This paper introduces a new hybrid algorithm for locating all solutions in multimodal optimization problems. This algorithm combines an adaptive sequential niche technique with deterministic local optimization to detect all extrema efficiently and reliably. A genetic element of the hybrid algorithm performs a global search while the deterministic local optimizer computes the precise coordinates of the extremum. Once an extremum is precisely located, a niche demarcating the area of attraction around the local minimum is recorded. The sequential process proceeds to search for additional extrema. Our novel method overcomes challenges to distinguish multiple extrema in problem-specific terrain by an automatic niche radius adjustment. Several comparative simulation experiments with previous niche algorithms demonstrate the novel algorithm's performance and reliability. We also present a difficult case study for solution multiplicity in catalytic pellets. We determine multiple solutions for distributed inversion problems.
The effect of private and public goal setting on classroom on-task behavior of emotionally disturbed children

This study examined the effects of private and public goal-setting on classroom on-task behavior of emotionally disturbed children. Six children were sequentially exposed to private and public goal-setting conditions within a multiple baseline across subjects design. On-task behavior showed a nonsignificant, transient increase during the private goal-setting condition and goals did not closely correspond to on-task behavior. By contrast, on-task behavior increased significantly during public goal-setting and goals corresponded much more closely to on-task behavior. Results were consistent for all six subjects. It was noted that significant increases in on-task behavior were obtained without the use of tangible reinforcers, suggesting that public posting of goals may be a powerful and economical contingency management procedure.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANDIBULAR JOINT IN MICE.

The prenatal development of the mandibular joint in mice was studied in fetuses at 15 to 20 days insemination age. The ramus of the mandible can be delineated as early as the fifteenth day by distinct differences in the degree of condensation of mesenchyme at the site of the future joint. The future condylar process of the mandible can be recognized in its relationship to the external pterygoid muscle, inferior alveolar nerve, Meckel's cartilage, pre-cartilaginous alisphenoid process of the future basisphenoid bone, and the anlage of the squamosal bone with its zygomatic process. Differentiation is rapid through the twentieth day of gestation at which time the following major elements of the joint can be recognized: a fibrous intra-articular disc continuous with the tendon of the external pterygoid muscle; a vascular synovial mesenchyme with upper and lower synovial spaces; an ossified squamosal bone with a fibrous joint lining; and a well developed condylar process with good representation of differentiating cells in the zones of chondrification and ossification. Among the elements not yet evident, however, are (1) hemopoietic marrow in the condyle, (2) a constricted neck at the base of the condyle, and (3) a fibrous capsule or capsular ligament.
Critical thermal maxima of two species of estuarine fish

Critical thermal maxima (CTM) were determined for winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum) and scup (Stenotomus chrysops, L.), acclimated to ambient water temperature or constant increments above ambient. The acclimation regimes simulated a natural environment by tracking the temperature fluctuations in Point Judith Pond, a small Rhode Island estuary. An elevation in CTM from 30.2° to 35.6°C was observed for scup as the mean acclimation temperature increased from 14.8° to 22.2°C. CTM for flounder increased from 26.4° to 32.4°C over an acclimation range of 4.2° to 23.0°C. The use of CTM studies for predicting the effects of heated effluents is discussed.
Critical solution temperatures and isorefractive temperatures of organic compounds

Abstract Methods for the characterization of organic compounds in the isotropic liquid state offer advantages over techniques applicable to anisotropic crystals. Most liquid or liquefiable organic compounds can be conveniently characterized by determining their critical solution temperatures (CST values) with suitable test substances under a microscope. A series of test substances is described. These liquids can be examined for purity and standardized by determining their mutual CST values. The possibility of measuring isorefractive temperatures (IRT values) with standards on the same instrument offers an additional tool for characterizing organic compounds in their liquid state.
Interactions between isolated hepatocytes and kupffer cells in iron metabolism: A possible role for ferritin as an iron carrier protein

Like the rat peritoneal macrophage, the isolated Kupffer cell is capable of processing and releasing iron acquired by phagocytosis of immunosensitized homologous red blood cells. When erythrophagocytosis is restrained to levels which do not affect cell viability, about one red cell per macrophage, close to 50% of iron acquired from red cells is released within 24 hr in the form of ferritin. Immunoradiometric assay of the extracellular medium indicates that 160 ng ferritin are released by 10(6) Kupffer cells after 24-hr incubation at 37 degrees C. Iron release is temperature-dependent, the rate at 37 degrees C being nearly 5-fold greater than at 4 degrees C. As estimated by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation, ferritin released by the erythrophagocytosing Kupffer cell averages 2,400 iron atoms per molecule. When reincubated with isolated hepatocytes, this released ferritin is rapidly taken up by the cells. Via this process, hepatocytes may accumulate more than 160,000 iron atoms per cell per min. Such accumulation is not impeded by the presence of iron-loaded transferrin in the culture medium, but is markedly depressed by rat liver ferritin. In contrast to the conservation of transferrin during its interaction with hepatocytes, the protein shell of the ferritin molecule is rapidly degraded into trichloroacetic acid-soluble fragments. Ferritin-mediated transfer of iron from Kupffer cells to hepatocytes may help explain the resistance of the liver to iron deficiency as well as the liver's susceptibility to iron overload.
Occupational Hazards for the Pregnant Anesthesia Provider

In today’s operating rooms, almost 30% of anesthesiologists, 36% of anesthesiology residents, and 51% of certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) are women [1,2]. Many of these women are of childbearing age, and experience at least 1 pregnancy during their career. It is important for them, their colleagues, and their employers to be aware of the possible occupational hazards that exist for pregnant anesthesia providers. This review covers the occupational hazards of waste anesthetic gases, radiation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), medications and chemicals in the operating room, and infectious patients. Theoretic risks, animal evidence, and human evidence for risk are presented, and measures to minimize risk are discussed. First, we must have an understanding of the outcomes and the baseline risks that exist. The adverse pregnancy outcomes that are considered are spontaneous abortions, premature births, and birth defects. Spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is defined as the loss of a nonviable fetus, and most of these events occur in the first trimester. In the general population, 10% to 20% of women who know they are pregnant miscarry before 20 weeks of gestation [3]. For women more than 40 years old, the miscarriage rate increases to 35% to 50%, and for those using assisted reproductive technologies the number is even higher. A premature birth is one that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, and the overall premature birth rate is 12.3% in the United States [4] .A s for birth defects, these are congenital anomalies that can be chromosomal or nonchromosomal in origin. In the general population, there is a 3% to 4% background rate for birth defects, and the incidence increases with advanced maternal age and the use of assisted reproductive technologies [5]. Clearly there is risk associated with all pregnancies, and all adverse pregnancy outcomes in anesthesia providers cannot be attributed to occupational exposures. The goal of this review is to present information that helps women protect themselves in the workplace so they are not at any increased risk because of their profession.
Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical study of catalytic mechanism and role of key residues in methylation reactions catalyzed by dimethylxanthine methyltransferase in caffeine biosynthesis.

The caffeine biosynthetic pathway is of considerable importance for the beverage and pharmaceutical industries which produces two blockbuster products: theobromine and caffeine. The major biochemistry in caffeine biosynthesis starts from the initial substrate of xanthosine and ends with the final product caffeine, with theobromine serving as an intermediate. The key enzyme, S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) dependent 3,7-dimethyl-xanthine methyltransferase (DXMT), catalyzes two important methyl transfer steps in caffeine biosynthesis: (1) methylation of N3 of 7-methylxanthine (7mX) to form theobromine (Tb); (2) methylation of N1 of theobromine to form caffeine (Cf). Although DXMT has been structurally characterized recently, our understanding of the detailed catalytic mechanism and role of key catalytic residues is still lacking. In this work, the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) MD and free energy simulations are performed to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions ...
How locus of control influences compatibility with visualization style

Existing research suggests that individual personality differences are correlated with a user's speed and accuracy in solving problems with different types of complex visualization systems. In this paper, we extend this research by isolating factors in personality traits as well as in the visualizations that could have contributed to the observed correlation. We focus on a personality trait known as “locus of control,” which represents a person's tendency to see themselves as controlled by or in control of external events. To isolate variables of the visualization design, we control extraneous factors such as color, interaction, and labeling, and specifically focus on the overall layout style of the visualizations. We conduct a user study with four visualizations that gradually shift from an indentation metaphor to a containment metaphor and compare the participants' speed, accuracy, and preference with their locus of control. Our findings demonstrate that there is indeed a correlation between the two: participants with an internal locus of control perform more poorly with visualizations that employ a containment metaphor, while those with an external locus of control perform well with such visualizations. We discuss a possible explanation for this relationship based in cognitive psychology and propose that these results can be used to better understand how people use visualizations and how to adapt visual analytics design to an individual user's needs.
Long Memory in Foreign-Exchange Rates

Using the Geweke–Porter-Hudak test, we find evidence of long memory in exchange-rate data. This implies that the empirical evidence of unit roots in exchange rates may not be robust to long-memory alternatives. Fractionally integrated autoregressive moving average (ARFIMA) models are estimated by both the time-domain exact maximum likelihood (ML) method and the frequency-domain approximate ML method. Impulse-response functions and forecasts based on these estimated ARFIMA models are evaluated to gain insight into the long-memory characteristics of exchange rates. Some tentative explanations of the long memory found in the exchange rates are discussed.
Direct Imaging of Anisotropic Exciton Diffusion and Triplet Diffusion Length in Rubrene Single Crystals

We visualize exciton diffusion in rubrene single crystals using localized photoexcitation and spatially resolved detection of excitonic luminescence. We show that the exciton mobility in this material is strongly anisotropic with long-range diffusion by several micrometers associated only with the direction of molecular stacking in the crystal, along the b axis. We determine a triplet exciton diffusion length of 4.0 ± 0.4 μm from the spatial exponential decay of the photoluminescence that originates from singlet excitons formed by triplet-triplet fusion.
The transcriptional regulator, Arg82, is a hybrid kinase with both monophosphoinositol and diphosphoinositol polyphosphate synthase activity.

The Arg82 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a transcriptional regulator that phosphorylates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Saiardi et al. (1999) Curr. Biol. 9, 1323–1326]. However, some controversy has surrounded the nature of the reaction products. We now show that Arg82 phosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate to inositol pentakisphosphate, which is itself converted to two isomers of diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, one of which has never previously been identified. One of the diphosphoinositol phosphates was further phosphorylated by a yeast cell lysate. We propose that Arg82 is an ancestral precursor of two distinct and specific enzyme families: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate kinases and diphosphoinositol polyphosphate synthases.
Augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

Objective: Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) have been hypothesized to be beneficial in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This paper will review a biochemical rationale and will summarize the data regarding the effectiveness of AAPs in TRD. Method: Studies were identified using searches of Pubmed/Medline, EMBase and the Cochrane databases by cross-referencing the term ‘depression’ with each of the six AAPs. Results: After initial positive, short case reports and clinical trials, larger studies failed to show the effectiveness of AAPs combined with antidepressants for TRD. More recently, larger scale clinical trials have supported the effectiveness of at least some of these medications. While AAPs have gained in popularity for TRD, there are nagging concerns regarding risks such as metabolic syndrome and tardive dyskinesia. Conclusion: The existing research provides some support for the beneficial effects of AAPs when combined with SSRI’s in TRD. These medications pose significant risks that must be considered in their use.
Pulsed laser-deposited ilmenite–hematite films for application in high-temperature electronics

Abstract Members of the family of ilmenite–hematite (1−x)FeTiO3·xFe2O3 have been found to exhibit interesting semiconducting behavior over a wide range of temperatures. Low-voltage varistors were recently produced using ceramic specimens. The objective of this work was to grow and characterize epitaxial films of some members of the family that can be used for fabricating p–n junction devices. Epitaxial films of the (1−x)FeTiO3·xFe2O3 series (x=0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.27, 0.35, 0.45) were grown on (0001) sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. The films are c-axis-oriented and exhibit good epitaxy.
Isolation of stimulatory modulator from rat brain and its specific effect on guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from cerebellum and other tissues.

Abstract The stimulatory and the inhibitory activities of protein kinase modulator originally present in the crude modulator preparation obtained from rat brain was separated by Sephadex G-100 gel filteration. The isolated stimulatory modulator, as the crude modulator, augmented the activity of guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase from both the mammalian tissues (cerebellum, heart and lung) and the lobster tail muscle. The purified cGMP-dependent protein kinase was not activated by cGMP unless the stimulatory modulator, or the crude modulator, was added. The isolated inhibitory modulator, as the crude modulator, on the other hand, depressed the activity of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. It neither inhibited nor stimulated the activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.
Ethical issues in environmental health research

Environmental health research encompasses a wide range of investigational topics, study designs, and empirical methodologies. As that arm of public health research concerned with understanding the health effects of the many environments in which humans live and work, the field is intimately connected with social concerns about environmental quality and disparities of power and privilege that place differential burdens upon members of underserved communities. Environmental health researchers thus engage many ethical and social issues in the work they do. These issues relate to the choice of research topics to study, the methods employed to examine these topics, the communication of research findings to the public, and the involvement of scientific experts in the shaping of environmental policy and governmental regulation. These and other topics are reviewed in this article. These ethical, legal, and social issues are becoming increasingly more complex as new genetic and molecular techniques are used to study environmental toxicants and their potential influence on human and ecologic health.
The pharmaceutical industry at risk: how excessive government regulation stifles innovation.

In the fall of 2006,1 published a book, Overdose: How Excessive Government Regulation Stifles Pharmaceutical Innovation. The book goes against the conventional wisdom found in the academic and popular literature on the topic by offering a more sympathetic view of the pharmaceutical industry. My major purpose was to give a point-by-point response to a popular six-part indictment of the industry.
An adapted, four-week mind-body skills group for medical students: reducing stress, increasing mindfulness, and enhancing self-care

Objective Despite the well-known stress of medical school, including adverse consequences for mental and behavioral health, there is little consensus about how to best intervene in a way that accommodates students׳ intense training demands, interest in science, and desire to avoid being stigmatized. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and initial effectiveness of an adapted, four-week stress management and self-care workshop for medical students, which was based on the science and practice of mind–body medicine. Methods The current study used a prospective, observational, and mixed methods design, with pretest and posttest evaluations. Participants ( n = 44) included medical and physician-scientist (MD/PhD) students from a large, southeastern medical school. Feasibility was assessed by rates of workshop enrollment and completion. Acceptability was assessed using qualitative ratings and open-ended responses that queried perceived value of the workshop. Quantitative outcomes included students׳ ratings of stress and mindfulness using validated self-report surveys. Results Enrollment progressively increased from 6 to 15 to 23 students per workshop in 2007, 2009, and 2011, respectively. Of the 44 enrolled students, 36 (82%) completed the workshop, indicating that the four-session extracurricular format was feasible for most students. Students reported that the workshop was acceptable, stating that it helped them cope more skillfully with the stress and emotional challenges of medical school, and helped increase self-care behaviors, such as exercise, sleep, and engaging in social support. Students also reported a 32% decrease in perceived stress ( P d = 1.38) and a 16% increase in mindfulness ( P d = 0.92) following the workshop. Changes in stress and mindfulness were significantly correlated ( r = −0.42; P = .01). Conclusion Together, these findings suggest that a brief, voluntary mind–body skills workshop specifically adapted for medical students is feasible, acceptable, and effective for reducing stress, increasing mindfulness, and enhancing student self-care.
Anthropogenic δ13C changes in the North Pacific Ocean reconstructed using a multiparameter mixing approach (MIX)

A multiparameter mixing approach, ‘MIX’, for determining oceanic anthropogenic CO 2 was used to reconstruct the industrial-era change in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon ( δ 13 C of DIC) along the 1992 165°E WOCE P13N section in the North Pacific Ocean. The back-calculation approach was tested against a known anthropogenic tracer, chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), and also by reconstructing an ocean general circulation model's (OGCM) anthropogenic δ 13 C change. MIX proved accurate to ±10% against measured CFC-11, but only to ±∼25% reconstructing the OGCM's δ 13 C change from 1992 model output. The OGCM's CFC distribution was also poorly reconstructed using MIX, indicating that this test suffers from limitations in the OGCM's representation of water masses in the ocean. The MIX industrial-era near-surface (200 m) δ 13 C change reconstructed from the WOCE P13N data ranged from −0.8‰ in the subtropics (15–30°N), to −0.6‰ in the tropics (10°N), and −0.4 to −0.2‰ north of 40°N. Depth-integrated changes along 165°E were −400‰·m to −500‰·m at low latitudes, and were smaller (−200‰·m) north of 40°N. The MIX North Pacific δ 13 C change is consistent with the global anthropogenic CO 2 inventory of 118 ± 17 Pg from ΔC*. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00250.x
Identification of the kinetic mechanism of succinyl-CoA synthetase.

The kinetic mechanism of SCS [succinyl-CoA (coenzyme A) synthetase], which participates in the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, ketone body metabolism and haem biosynthesis, has not been fully characterized. Namely, a representative catalytic mechanism and associated kinetic parameters that can explain data on the enzyme-catalysed reaction kinetics have not been established. To determine an accurate model, a set of putative mechanisms of SCS, proposed by previous researchers, were tested against experimental data (from previous publication) on SCS derived from porcine myocardium. Based on comparisons between model simulation and the experimental data, an ordered ter–ter mechanism with dead-end product inhibition of succinate against succinyl-CoA is determined to be the best candidate mechanism. A thermodynamically constrained set of parameter values is identified for this candidate mechanism.
Synthetic approach to anthracyclinone C-glycosides

Abstract Stereospecific coupling of a pentadienyl chain to C.1 of daunosamine followed by Diels-Alder reactions with quinones gave a new synthesis of C-glycosides, including the first intermediates to anthracycline C-glycosyl isosteres.
Mobile objects and the hyoctane distributed hyperdocument server

Abstract Mobile objects are programs passed between distributed information servers for execution on remote sites within a limited environment. We describe the MHEG virtual machine specification which supports mobile code in a heterogeneous environment. MHEG VM is suitable for integration in many different distributed information systems, including the WWW. We briefly describe the possible integration of the MHEG VM with the HyOctane hypermedia system. We conclude this paper by discussing various issues associated with the design of robust mobile code systems.
The Imponderable Bloom: A Multimodal Social Semiotic Analysis of an Online Secondary English Course

The use of online learning and other software-powered technologies is on the rise in the United States, encouraged financially and politically by governmental and commercial entities. Specifically, online courses are gaining ground in K–12 public schools, schools which often purchase from third-party providers. After a decade in the New York City Department of Education as an English teacher and schools official responsible for a large-scale online learning programme, the author asks the question: How does the use of software-powered technologies like online learning affect the teaching of literature? In pursuit of this question, the author draws on concept from the field of software studies while adapting qualitative methods from multimodal studies to examine precisely how the nature of software (and the ideologies of those who create and sell it) are subtly influencing the teaching of literature.
Olfactory neuroblastoma metastatic to the eye

A case of olfactory neuroblastoma metastatic to the choroid is reported and described. Histologically, the tumor consisted of islands of small round cells, many of them surrounding blood vessels in a ‘pseudorosette’ pattern. Numerous mitotic figures were present. Transmission electron microscopy reveals neuritic processes containing neurosecretory granules and microtubules, features characteristic of olfactory neuroblastoma. This is the first published case of an olfactory neuroblastoma demonstrating intraocular metastasis.
Childhood psychopathology in families with multigenerational alcoholism.

Abstract The present study examined psychopathology in high-risk children (ages 8 to 18) from families with a multigenerational history of alcoholism and contrasted them with low-risk children from community control families. Similar rates of childhood disorders were found for the high- and low-risk groups whether or not the children lived with an alcoholic parent. These findings suggest that the increased psychopathology commonly reported for children of alcoholics arises from comorbidity within the extended family as a result of assortative mating. When comorbidity is reduced through the selection of families with only alcoholism, a different symptom picture emerges.
Using Hidden Markov Models to Determine Changes in Subject Data over Time, Studying the Immunoregulatory Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

A novel application of Hidden Markov Models is used to help research intended to test the immunuregulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells in a cynomolgus monkey model of islet transplantation. The Hidden Markov Model, an unsupervised learning data mining technique, is used to automatically determine the postoperative day (POD) corresponding to a decrease of graft function, a possible sign of transplant rejection, on nonhuman primates after isolated islet cell transplant. Currently, decrease of graft function is being determined solely on experts' judgment. Further, information gathered from the evaluation of constructed Hidden Markov Models is used as part of a clustering method to aggregate the nonhuman subjects into groups or clusters with the objective of finding similarities that could potentially help predict the health outcome of subjects undergoing postoperative care. Results on expert labelled data show the HMM to be accurate 60% of the time. Clusters based on the HMMs further suggest a possible correspondence between donor haplotypes matching and loss of function outcomes.
Enantioselective synthesis of structurally intricate and complementary polyoxygenated building blocks of Spongistatin 1 (Altohyrtin A)

Enantioselective approaches to the construction of four complex building blocks of the structurally intricate marine macrolide known as spongistatin 1 are presented. The first phase of the synthetic effort relies on a practical approach to a desymmetrized, enantiomerically pure spiroketal ring system incorporating rings A and B. Concurrently, the C17–C28 subunit, which houses one-fifth of the stereogenic centers of the target in the form of rings C and D, was assembled via a composite of stereocontrolled aldol condensations. Once arrival at the entire C1–C28 sector had been realized, routes were devised to provide two additional highly functionalized sectors consisting of C29–C44 and C38–C51. A series of subsequent transformations including cyclization of the E ring and hydroboration to afford the B -alkyl intermediate for the key Suzuki coupling to append the side chain took advantage of efficient stereocontrol. Ultimately, complete assembly and functionalization of the western EF sector of spongistatin was thwarted by an inoperative Suzuki coupling step intended to join the side chain to the C29–C44 sector, and later because of complications due to protecting groups, which precluded the complete elaboration of the late stage C29–C51 intermediate.
Sectoral Composition and Spatial Distribution of Department of Defense Services Procurement

The purpose of this research is to analyze the composition and distribution of Department of Defense (DOD) services procurement. The results indicate producer services comprise 53% of DOD services outlays. Defense expenditures for services are particularly important in the Washington, D.C., region and in states that either produce weapons or house defense-related R&D facilities. Defense expenditures are providing impetus to service sector growth in Virginia and, simultaneously, are providing the initial stimulus for development of producer services in states such as New Mexico.
HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein Increases Strand Transfer Recombination by Promoting Dimeric G-quartet Formation *

A preferred site for HIV-1 recombination was identified in vivo and in vitro surrounding the beginning of the HIV-1 gag gene. This G-rich gag hotspot for recombination contains three evenly spaced G-runs that stalled reverse transcriptase. Disruption of the G-runs suppressed both the associated pausing and strand transfer in vitro. Significantly, this same gag sequence was able to fold into a G-quartet monomer, dimer, and tetramer, depending on the cations employed. The pause band at the G-run (nucleotide (nt) 405–409), which was predicted to be involved in forming a G-quartet monomer, diminished with increased HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein. More NC induced stronger pauses at other G-runs (nt 363–367 and nt 382–384), a region that forms a G-quartet dimer, adhering the two RNA templates. We hypothesized that NC induces the unfolding of the monomeric G-quartet but stabilizes the dimeric interaction. We tested this by inserting a known G-quartet formation sequence, 5′-(UGGGGU)4-3′, into a relatively structure-free template from the HIV-1 pol gene. Strand transfer assays were performed with cations that either encourage (K+) or discourage (Li+) G-quartet formation with or without NC. Strikingly, a G-quartet monomer was observed without NC, whereas a G-quartet dimer was observed with NC, both only in the presence of K+. Moreover, the transfer efficiency of the dimerized template (with K+ and NC) reached about 90%, approximately 2.5-fold of that of the non-dimerized template. Evidently, template dimerization induced by NC creates a proximity effect, leading to the unique high peak of transfer at the gag recombination hotspot.
SVET method for characterizing anti-corrosion performance of metal-rich coatings

Abstract The galvanic interaction between a metal-rich coating and the underlying metal substrate was characterized by a new analysis method based on the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). The total anodic current at various immersion periods was evaluated by integrating the anodic current density on SVET maps. Zinc-rich paints (ZRPs) coated on a steel panel were used to demonstrate the experimental approach. The anti-corrosion performance of the ZRP was analyzed based on the integrated anodic current and the experimental E OC – i Int diagram. Closely correlative behaviour was found between the integrated anodic current and the open-circuit potential.
Radioprotectors in treatment therapy to reduce risk in secondary tumor induction.

Radiation and chemotherapy are two effective modalities in the arsenal of cancer therapy. Because of increased awareness by the general public and earlier detection and improved diagnosis, more and more patients are being effectively treated and cured of cancer. Unfortunately, most of these therapeutic agents are, for the most part, extremely mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. When multiple agents such as combined radiation and chemotherapy are used, the carcinogenic potential may rise sharply. For example, patients treated for Hodgkin's disease appear to exhibit a relatively high risk for therapy-induced acute myelogenous leukemia (Bartolucci et al . , 1983) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Jacquillat et al . , 1984). Thus, the risk of therapy-induced secondary tumors in patients having potentially curable disease is becoming a significant health problem (Rowley et al . , 1981; Penn, 1982; Chak et al . , 1984; Jacobs and Gale, 1984; Dorr and Coltman, 1985). Considerable effort has been devoted to developing treatment protocols that maximize therapeutic gain. Emphasis has been directed toward improving the ability of patients to withstand the acute deleterious effects of these therapeutic agents. The intent has been to attempt to enhance a sparing or differential protective effect to dose-limiting normal tissues. It is this rationale that has prompted considerable study of a class of chemical agents collectively referred to as radioprotectors. Specifically, the compound S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721, ethiofos) has been investigated because of its reported ability to differentially protect normal tissues compared with neoplastic tissues (Yuhas et al. , 1980; Phillips, 1980). Evaluation of this compound for use in radiation therapy is currently under way at a number of institutions. Recently, however, investigators have reported that WR-2721 can also significantly protect against the induction of tumors in rodents by ionizing radiation (Milas et al . , 1984). This observation is especially intriguing since it suggests that this class of agents might also be effective fi~r use in reducing the risk of late-effects damage such as the formation of therapy-induced secondary tumors.
Value Theory in the Prediction of Political Behavior: The Navajo Case1

THE writing of this paper was stimulated by an article by Evon Z. Vogt, "On Concepts of Structure and Process in Cultural Anthropology" (1960). The problem which interests him is the analysis of "crucial variables influencing directional processes in a society . . . the extent to which technological-environmental forms, social structural arrangements, or cultural beliefs and values are decisive in particular situations" (p. 25). He says, "I do not hypothesize that the value system generates or maintains the process of change, but that it may have a decisive effect upon the direction the processes will take" (p. 26). He then analyzes the line of development of Navajo ceremonialism which he traces to Navajo value-emphasis upon bodily health. He suggests that a similar analysis be made of other sub-systems. I have accepted the suggestion and turn my attention now to Navajo political behavior, the subject of my field research over a period of seven years. Three methods suggest themselves: first, to establish the fact of a specific change and then to analyze the relative weight of the factors which have contributed to the change. Second, to predict the advent of a certain change and then to wait patiently for 20 years in the hopes that the prediction will come true. (I have used both methods in my doctoral dissertation on Navajo political process.) I propose now to try a third method, that is, to note an event, and then to cut back in imagination for 20 years to see if this change could have been predicted or was predicted from an identification of the value system of the society.
Northern hemisphere nitrous oxide morphology during the 1989 AASE and the 1991–1992 AASE II campaigns

Nitrous oxide vertical profiles and latitudinal distributions for the 1989 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AASE) and 1992 AASE 2 northern polar winters are developed from the ATLAS N2O dataset, using both potential temperature and pressure as vertical coordinates. Morphologies show strong descent occuring poleward of the polar jet. The AASE 2 morphology shows a mid latitude 'surf zone', characterized by strong horizontal mixing, and a horizontal gradient south of 30 deg N due to the sub-tropical jet. These features are similar to those produced by two-dimensional photochemical models which include coupling between transport, radiation, and chemistry.