cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of proteins on Coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide gels based on spectrophotometric determination of electroeluted dye

A procedure for quantitating proteins on Coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide gels is presented. The method is based on the observations that the dye is rapidly eluted electrophoretically from stained protein bands or spots in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and that the eluted dye is nondialyzable. Protein may therefore be assayed indirectly by measuring the dye in electroeluents spectrophotometrically. Moreover, the stain elutes more rapidly than the protein, allowing separate recovery of the protein for further analysis. The assay is independent of band or spot size, and does not involve physical disruption of the gel piece or any chemical treatment harsher than the staining process itself. The technique has been applied to the contractile proteins myosin, actin, and commercially obtained standards resolved by one-dimensional electrophoresis, and to proteins in nuclear extracts of HeLa cells on two-dimensional gels.
Mutation in Cys662 ofEscherichia coliDNA Topoisomerase I Confers Temperature Sensitivity and Change in DNA Cleavage Selectivity

Abstract Cys662 is one of the 12 cysteine residues proposed to be co-ordination sites for binding of three Zn(II) in Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to convert Cys662 to either serine or histidine. The mutant enzymes were overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. Analysis of the purified enzymes demonstrated that the mutations resulted in loss of one tightly bound Zn(II). In vivo complementation tests and in vitro relaxation activity assays at different temperatures showed that the partial relaxation activities retained in the two mutant enzymes were temperature sensitive. Fluorescence measurements indicated that the wild-type and mutant enzymes have structural differences. When DNA cleavage specificity was examined, the mutant enzymes were found to have altered cleavage site preferences. The preferred cleavage sites of the wild-type enzyme all had a cytosine residue four nucleotides to the minus side of the break. The cleavage sites produced by the mutant enzymes did not show a preference for cytosine at that position. f2
Suppression of beating noise of narrow-linewidth erbium-doped fiber ring lasers by use of a semiconductor optical amplifier

Beating noise in narrow-linewidth erbium-doped fiber ring lasers puts severe limitations on applications of the lasers. We demonstrate the suppression of beating noise in fiber ring lasers by using a semiconductor optical amplifier in the laser cavity, which acts as a high-pass filter. Two different ring structures are presented as examples to demonstrate this beating noise suppression.
The relative salience of discrete and continuous quantity in young infants.

Whether human infants spontaneously represent number remains contentious. Clearfield & Mix (1999) and Feigenson, Carey & Spelke (2002) put forth evidence that when presented with small sets of 1–3 items infants may preferentially attend to continuous properties of stimuli rather than to number, and these results have been interpreted as evidence that infants may not have numerical competence. Here we present three experiments that test the hypothesis that infants prefer to represent continuous variables over number. In Experiment 1, we attempt to replicate the Clearfield & Mix study with a larger sample of infants. Although we replicated their finding that infants attend to changes in contour length, infants in our study attended to number and perimeter/area simultaneously. In Experiments 2 and 3, we pit number against continuous extent for exclusively large sets (Experiment 2) and for small and large sets combined (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, infants noticed the change in number, suggesting that representing discrete quantity is not a last resort for human infants. These results should temper the conclusion that infants find continuous properties more salient than number and instead suggest that number is spontaneously represented by young infants, even when other cues are available.
Early Advocates of Lasting World Peace: Utopians or Realists?

This article reexamines the works of Erasmus, the Abbe de Saint-Pierre, Kant, and other pacifists who have advocated collective societal efforts toward a lasting world peace. In contrast to Thucydides' (Realist) view of the inevitability of war due to intrinsic human nature, the author presents the early Christian arguments of pacifism grounded in morality and religion, including the “just-war” views of Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas, who believed that war fought for self-defense, or other “justifiable” purposes, was morally and religiously grounded in efforts to punish wrongdoings and “convert unbelievers.” Is the state of peace a natural one or one that must be achieved through practical steps within moral constraints by leaders of nations and their citizens? Realist thinkers who once rejected, on strictly normative grounds, the moral claims of the possibility of a lasting world peace now take the strategic position that the goal of attaining lasting world peace is clearly worth striving for, “however utopian it seemed when first advocated.”
A Chronicle for Our Time: Sergei Loznitsa's The Blockade (2006)

Blokada. Every Soviet citizen knew the true meaning of that unadorned word. It did not refer to any blockade, but the blockade, the siege of Leningrad. Soviet directors had tried to capture the siege's symbolic significance and emotional resonance in films ranging from Viktor Eisymont's touching 1944 melodrama Once There Was a Girl (Zhila-byla devochka) to Mikhail Ershov's four-part "Brezhnevian" epic The Blockade {Blokada, 1974-77). The artistic conundrum for directors who seek to capture unspeakable horrors on film is obvious; the cinematic lexicon seems wholly inadequate to express human tragedy on a large scale, whether the subject is the siege of Leningrad or the Holocaust; the slaughter of Armenians or the massacres in Rwanda. Reenactments?whether depicting the heartbreak of one, like that of little Nastia in Once There Was a Girl, or the heroicization of the many, as in Ershov's tale of the Hero-City?may be effective as entertainment or sometimes succeed as art. In the end, however, they never quite capture the horror, leaving filmmakers open to charges of trivialization, as was Steven Spielberg for Schindler s List.1 If greatness has eluded directors of fiction films about the siege, documentarists have fared no better. Conventional compilation documentaries, with their newsreel footage, still photographs, talking heads, portentous narration, and mood music, may seem more factual than their fictional counterparts, but they are not necessarily more authentic. The more pedantic and tendentious, the more likely such films are to lose the audience entirely. One recent exception to the relentless dullness of war documentaries is the television expose The Unknown Blockade (Neizvestnaia blokada, Maksim Ivannikov, 2004), which relies on exploiting the sensational aspects of the siege?the cannibalism, the government's purported plans to blow up the city?in ways that should make viewers a little queasy, even if they are riveted to the screen. Dziga Vertov's old dream of a new, truly revolutionary documentary cinema that would capture "life unaware" (zhizn' vrasplokh) has remained just that?a dream.
Out-of-plane (SH) soil-structure interaction: Semi-circular rigid foundation revisited

Abstract The model studied in this paper presents an extension of previous work for a shear wall on a semi-circular rigid foundation in an isotropic homogeneous and elastic half-space. The objective is to develop a soil-structure interaction model that can later be applied to the case of a flexible foundation. As shown in the Introduction below, Luco considered the case of a rigid foundation subjected to vertical incident plane SH waves, and Trifunac extended the solution for the same rigid foundation subjected to SH waves but for arbitrary angles of the incidence. In this paper, a new approach and model are presented for the same semi-circular rigid foundation with a tapered-shape (instead of rectangular) superstructure. The analytical expression for the deformation of the semi-circular rigid foundation below this tapered shear wall with soil-structure interaction in an isotropic homogeneous and elastic half-space is thus derived. Results are then compared with those of Trifunac discussed in the section below. This problem formulation can and will later be extended in the case of a flexible foundation that is semi-circular or arbitrarily shaped.
Originality in Postmodern Appropriation Art

(2007). Originality in Postmodern Appropriation Art. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 247-258.
On the decoder error probability for Reed - Solomon codes (Corresp.)

Upper bounds On the decoder error probability for Reed-Solomon codes are derived. By definition, "decoder error" occurs when the decoder finds a codeword other than the transitted codeword; this is in contrast to "decoder failure," which occurs when the decoder fails to find any codeword at all. These results imply, for example, that for a t error-correcting Reed-Solomon code of length q - 1 over GF (q) , if more than t errors occur, the probability of decoder error is less than 1/t! .
Aerosol Formation in the Cyclohexene-Ozone System

Atmospheric oxidation of certain volatile organic compounds can lead to products of sufficiently low vapor pressure that the products partition into the aerosol phase, producing what is termed secondary organic aerosol. Cyclohexene has long been known to produce aerosol upon photooxidation. In this study, we obtain molecular product information especially for those species that partition between the gas and particle phases. Compounds identified in the aerosol phase include hydroxyglutaric acid, adipic acid, and hydroxyadipic acid. In accord with previous studies, pentanal is found to be the predominant identified gas-phase products, at a molar yield of 17%. Possible explanations for the presence of relatively high vapor pressure compounds in the aerosol phase are advanced.
JID 1992–1997 and Beyond: Improving Form and Substance

When I took over the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (JID) from David Norris's stewardship in 1992, the Journal had been growing in several directions. The editorial board had been substantially expanded in 1987. More pages and more articles were being published yearly, and the speed of publication had increased. I viewed it as part of our job to continue that trend, widening readership and authorship, and to continue to modernize the Journal. Our work was considerably facilitated when the Society for Investigative Dermatology, under the auspices of David Bickers, the secretary-treasurer, negotiated a favorable contract with a new publisher, allowing us to further increase the number of pages and articles published, to publish a separate journal for supplement articles, to add a color cover, and to increase income to the Society from the Journal.
Fiber-based composite tissue engineering scaffolds for drug delivery

Drug delivery through tissue-engineered scaffolds provides a composite approach to address the regenerative limitations of simple material implantation, providing expanded avenues for therapeutic tissue-repair strategies in the clinic. Both nano- and microfibrous scaffolds generated by a variety of techniques have been investigated for their potential in drug-delivery applications. While nanofibers mimic the structure and organization of natural extracellular matrix, microfibers provide more sustained release of drugs, larger pores to facilitate cell infiltration, and improved mechanical support. Various methods exist to embed drugs within the fiber matrix to modulate the release kinetics specific to the tissue-engineering application. The current article reviews the established and emerging fabrication methods for drug-loaded fiber-based scaffolds and addresses how further combination into composite scaffolds can enhance drug delivery and tissue regeneration.
Retrograde nephrostomy in 100 patients

Retrograde nephrostomy is a new nephrostomy technique whereby the urologist passes a needle from inside the kidney to the flank to create the nephrostomy. The technique was successfully performed in 96 of 100 patients and provided intrarenal access for percutaneous calculus removal in 92 of 100 patients. Thirty-four complications resulted which included pneumothorax, renal hemorrhage, urinary extravasation and infection, collecting system perforation and ileus. The technique has been used by four staff and six training urologists, appears easy to learn and may provide an alternative to conventional antegrade nephrostomy techniques in the future.
Magnetic Microspheres: Synthesis of a Novel Parenteral Drug Carrier

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of a novel parenteral drug carrier capable of area specific localization by magnetic means are described. The carrier,(Consists of human serum albumin microspheres, average of 1 pm in diameter, in which a magnetizable material (magnetite) and a prototype drug (doxorubicin) are entrapped. Stabilization of the microsphere matrix by formaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, and heat conferred equal stability to the matrix but differentially affected the in vitro drug release rate. Released doxorubicin was chemically identical to the starting material.
Raman spectra of shallow acceptors in quantum-well structures.

We report resonant Raman spectra of the shallow acceptor Be in GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As quantum-well structures. Samples preferentially doped at the center and at the edge of the wells with well widths in the range 70--165 A\r{} were investigated. The data show transitions between acceptor levels derived from the bulk states 1${S}_{3/2}$[${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$] and 2${S}_{3/2}$[${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$]. Confinement-induced splittings of these levels have been observed. The results are in good agreement with recent calculations.
The inhibitory effects of müllerian-inhibiting substance on epidermal growth factor induced proliferation and progesterone production of human granulosa-luteal cells

This study was undertaken to determine if Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) could block basal and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced proliferation and progesterone production by cultured human granulosa-luteal cells. Cells from follicles of individual patients were pooled, counted, and aliquoted into Ham's F-10 medium containing 10% MIS-free female fetal calf serum at 37 C in 95% air and 5% CO2. After assessing viability, cells were counted on days 4, 8, 12, and 16 of culture. EGF was added every other day at 0.2, 2, and 20 ng/mL beginning on culture day 4. The greatest stimulatory effect of EGF on cell proliferation was observed at 20 ng/mL on days 12 and 16. EGF increased progesterone production per cell after 4 days exposure, but this effect was lost after 8 days. Granulosa-luteal cells were cultured with 0.2, 2, and 20 ng/mL immunoaffinity purified recombinant human MIS (rhMIS) or conditioned medium from Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the human MIS gene, beginning on culture day...
Mitigating Event Confidentiality Violations in Smart Grids: An Information Flow Security-Based Approach

Modern smart grids, by and large, merge physical interconnections and cyber controllers. Invariably, this tight coupling results in cyber commands manifesting in the physical layer as observable changes, leading to possible disclosure of sensitive system settings. Thus, cyber event confidentiality of the smart grid is violated. Attacks on confidentiality can ultimately lead to integrity and availability attacks; with adequate knowledge of the system topology, internal settings, and how the physical layer responds to cyber commands, a malicious adversary gains knowledge to attack the system. This work shows how to develop self-obfuscating systems based on information flow security properties that can mitigate event confidentiality violations in smart grids.
Wind/SWE observations of firehose constraint on solar wind proton temperature anisotropy

�2 , and the fitting parameters Sp � 1a ndap ’ 0.7. Observations from the Wind spacecraft are reported here. These measurements show for the first time with a comprehensive plasma and magnetic field data set that this constraint is statistically satisfied in the solar wind near 1 AU, with best-fit values of Sp = 1.21 ± 0.26 and ap = 0.76 ± 0.14. INDEX TERMS: 7871 Space Plasma Physics: Waves and instabilities; 7867 Space Plasma Physics: Wave/particle interactions; 2164 Interplanetary Physics: Solar wind plasma. Citation: Kasper, J. C., A. J. Lazarus, and S. P. Gary, Wind/SWE observations of firehose constraint on solar wind proton temperature anisotropy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 1839, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015128, 2002.
Net and gross productivity: weighing in with 14C

Data from the 14 C method, C assimilation time courses and single endpoint comparisons to O 2 fluxes, imply 2 different things. Time course (linear) experiments suggest that C assimilation measures gross production while the single endpoint comparisons with O 2 fluxes suggest that the 14 C method approximates net community production. Considering only phytoplankton metabolism, a way out of the paradox is to assume that all CO 2 respired by mitochondria is refixed in photosynthesis, meaning that photosynthesis uses more H 2 O than CO 2 from the ambient environment since the latter has an internal source. The 14 C method, therefore, would estimate net primary production relative to O 2 fluxes in the absence of heterotrophic interactions. The method can also be applied to the estimation of phytoplankton respiration from the nighttime loss of labeled organic matter. A summary of available data shows that C assimilation corrected for organic C lost is statistically equivalent to gross production measured independently using the 18 O method.
Intelligent system in patient monitoring and therapy management

Although today's advanced biomedical technology provides unsurpassed power in diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment, interpretation of vast streams of information generated by this technology often poses excessive demands on the cognitive skills of health-care personnel. In addition, storage, reduction, retrieval, processing, and presentation of information are significant challenges. These problems are most severe in critical care environments such as intensive care units (ICUs) and operating room (ORs) where many events are life-threatening and thus require immediate attention and the execution of definitive corrective actions. This article focuses on intelligent monitoring and control (IMC), or the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to alleviate some of the common information management problems encountered in health-care environments. This article presents the findings of a survey of over 30 IMC projects. A major finding of the survey is that although significant advances have been made in introducing AI technology in critical care, successful examples of fielded systems are still few and far between. Widespread acceptance of these systems in critical care environments depends on a number of factors, including fruitful collaborations between clinicians and computer scientists, emphasis on evaluation studies, and easy access to clinical information.
Three-dimensional mhd simulation of coronal mass ejections

Abstract A parallel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) scheme for solving the governing equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in three space dimensions is used herein to investigate the structure and evolution of a coronal mass ejection (CME) propagating from the solar surface at 1 R s out into the inner heliosphere to distances approaching 1 2 AU . The highly parallelized solution algorithm makes use of modern finite-volume numerical methodology to provide a combination of high solution accuracy and computational robustness. Numerical results are discussed for a CME driven by local plasma density enhancement with a simplified representation of the background solar wind. The latter approximates the interplanetary magnetic field and two-stream nature of the solar wind for conditions near solar minimum. The predicted evolution and structure of the CME are described. The results demonstrate the potential of the parallel adaptive MHD model for enhancing the understanding of coronal physics and solar wind plasma processes.
Update on Bone Forming Tumors of the Head and Neck

The production of bone by neoplastic cells that have an osteoblastic phenotype is the common trait of all bone forming neoplasms. The tumor bone can be lamellar or woven in architecture and may mimic cortical or cancellous elements. In benign tumors, the neoplastic bone usually consists of relatively well-formed trabeculae of woven bone, whereas in malignant bone forming tumors (osteosarcoma), it is usually deposited in a coarse lace-like pattern. Lamellar cortical-type neoplastic bone is generally only present in osteoma (and enostosis), however, it can rarely be a component of well-differentiated osteosarcoma. Osteoma Osteoma is a benign, slow growing bone forming tumor that consists primarily of well-differentiated mature, compact or cancellous bone. They usually arise on the surfaces of the cranial vault (outer table—exostotic and inner table—enostotic), jaw, paranasal sinuses, and orbit [17, 22, 42]. Cranial osteomas are named according to the bone from which they arise, whereas osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are designated in relation to the sinus which they invade [4]. In the paranasal sinuses, osteomas most frequently involve the frontal sinus, followed in descending order by the ethmoid sinus, maxillary antrum, and sphenoid sinus [11, 12, 30, 41]. Although rare in children, osteomas affect all age groups but are most commonly diagnosed in the fourth or fifth decades of life [12, 41]. Osteomas are often asymptomatic and are frequently an incidental finding on imaging studies performed for unrelated conditions. Osteomas when large or situated in a strategic location can cause a variety of signs and symptoms including painless swelling, facial asymmetry and symptoms secondary to nasal or paranasal sinus obstruction such as sinusitis, nasal discharge and mucocele formation [12, 13, 16, 45]. Orbital osteomas and paranasal sinus osteomas that protrude into the orbit can cause a variety of ocular abnormalities such as exophthalmos, proptosis, ptosis, diplopia, lid edema or swelling and amaurosis fugax [16, 46]. In extraordinary cases the tumor may grow intracranially and cause neurological complications [1]. Classically, osteomas manifest as a round well-circumscribed homogeneous radiodensity on radiographs; however, several different patterns of mineralization may be seen (Fig. 1) [11]. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Axial CT of skull showing round well defined osteoma attached to the outer table
MMP-2 and -9 Collocate With High Stresses Predicted Using Heterogeneous Mechanical Model of Arteries

Mechanical stimuli influence vascular cell functions related to remodeling. The effect of mechanical environment on cell functions has been studied at tissue and cell levels. Tissue level studies provide the distribution of biological responses of cells in their natural environment. Cell culture studies provide better control of mechanical stimuli applied to cells in an artificial environment. Since mechanical stress and strain cannot be measured in situ, mathematical models are necessary to interpret results from tissue level studies using relationships established in cell culture studies.© 2007 ASME
WLC06-4: A Lattice-Based MIMO Broadcast Precoder with Block Diagonalization for Multi-Stream Transmission

Preceding with block diagonalization is an attractive approach for approaching sum capacity in multiuser MIMO (multiple input multiple output) broadcast channels. This method though requires either global channel state information at every receiver or an additional training phase, which requires additional system planning. This paper proposes a lattice based multi-user precoder that uses block diagonalization combined with pre-equalization and perturbation for the multiuser MIMO broadcast channel. Achievable rates are computed and used to show that the proposed technique approaches the capacity with block diagonalization and water-filling but does not require the additional channel state information at the receiver. Monte Carlo simulations under the case of equal power allocation show that the proposed method provides better diversity and BER (bit error rate) performance than block diagonalization with a zero-forcing receiver.
Simultaneous control of a precision linear stage in multiple lubrication modes with the complex lag

Precision linear stages can exhibit two markedly different dynamic behaviors during a single move as the lubrication condition of the bearings changes from elastohydrodynamic lubrication to boundary lubrication. For robustness purposes it is desirable to design a single compensator which provides stable behavior for both dynamic modes and transitions between them. One approach is to design a compensator for the elastohydrodynamic lubrication dynamics and then to cascade a lag compensator with that controller to accommodate the boundary lubrication dynamics. The lag compensator trades off phase margin of the loop in the elastohydrodynamic mode for increased performance when operating in the boundary lubrication mode. This paper demonstrates the superior performance of the complex lag compensator compared with a real lag compensator for simultaneous control of the two operating modes.
The Changing Landscape of Type 1 Diabetes: Recent Developments and Future Frontiers

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) research has made great strides over the past decade with advances in understanding the pathogenesis, natural history, candidate environmental exposures, exposure triggering time, disease prediction, and diagnosis. Major monitoring efforts have provided baseline historical measures, leading to better epidemiological studies incorporating longitudinal biosamples (ie, biobanks), which have allowed for new technologies (‘omics’) to further expose the etiological agents responsible for the initiation, progression, and eventual clinical onset of T1D. These new frontiers have brought forth high-dimensionality data, which have furthered the evidence of the heterogeneous nature of T1D pathogenesis and allowed for a more mechanistic approach in understanding the etiology of T1D. This review will expand on the most recent advances in the quest for T1D determinants, drawing upon novel research tools that epidemiology, genetics, microbiology, and immunology have provided, linking them to the major hypotheses associated with T1D etiology, and discussing the future frontiers.
Collaborative organizational infrastructures to support open access journals

SUPPORTING OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS  Academic Values: Sustainable models of scholarly communication: Open dissemination of research.  Stakeholders + Peers : Academic libraries, faculty, editors, journal presses, students, and readers.  Strategies: Alliances, visibility, alignment, partnerships, values, intersections. FACULTY ACADEMIC LIBRARIES UNIVERSITY PRESSES Goals: Wide dissemination of research, want peers to read their work, citation impact is important STUDENTS Needs: Support of research cycle, metadata creation, database indexing, ISSNs, transition from print to electronic support, OA journal promotion Practices: some open access, article processing charges, print-on- demand, Creative Commons Licensing, altmetrics, use social media Needs: Hosting software knowledge + tool training, budget to support software, reduce purchasing research costs, economic viability, engage in and promote scholarly communication services Goals: a campus publishing partner, Index journals in the DOAJ and in traditional indexes for impact Practices: Uses Creative Commons Licensing, altmetrics, transition support from print to electronic, forges alliances with presses, faculty, and students Goals: relevance, efficiency, viability; key mission of a university Needs: software, a scholarly web presence, peer reviewers, impact factor Practices: altmetrics, uses journal indexing services, print-on- demand model, marketing Academic Libraries: Yes Faculty: Yes, No, Maybe University Presses: Yes, No, Maybe Students: Yes, No, Maybe Goals: want to be published, citation impact Important, engage w/student journals Needs: publish- ing and scholarly communication support Practices: co-publish with faculty, use social media
Modeling Residual Displacements of Concrete Bridge Columns under Earthquake Loads Using Fiber Elements

Nonlinear dynamic analysis with fiber-element models is now widely used to assess the seismic response of bridge structures. The ability of such models to accurately simulate response parameters for characterizing the postearthquake condition of bridges, namely residual displacements, is assessed by comparison of analyses of dynamically loaded reinforced concrete bridge columns to experimental data. The models are unable to capture residual displacements, and the cause of the inability to capture residual displacements is investigated through dynamic analysis of fiber-element and single-degree-of-freedom SDOF models. A certain type of pinching present in the numerical hysteretic response shape is found to lead to poor residual displacement simulation both in the SDOF models and in fiber-element models. When eliminating this pinching, improvements to residual displacement simulation are found. A modified concrete constitutive model representing damage accumulation from cyclic loading is implemented for the fiber-element analysis that incorporates changes to reloading behavior when moving from high tensile strain back to compression. Analysis using the modified concrete consti- tutive model leads to improvements in the ability of the fiber-element model to capture residual displacements.
ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology.

In this review, evidence is provided that apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype accounts for the majority of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and pathology. The three major human isoforms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, are encoded by different alleles (e2, e3, e4) and regulate lipid metabolism and redistribution. ApoE isoforms differ in their effects on AD risk and pathology. Clinical and epidemiological data have indicated that the e4 allele may account for 50% of AD in the United States. Further, the rarity of AD among carriers of the e2 allele suggests that allelic variations in the gene encoding this protein may account for over 95% of AD cases. ApoE4 disrupts memory function in rodents. Further studies have indicated that fragments of apoE may contribute to both plaque and tangle formation. Thus, the epidemiologic and basic science evidence suggest that apoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and pathology.
Negotiating the news Indonesian press culture and power during the political crises of 1997–8

Before 1998, journalists in Indonesia walked a tightrope stretched between a western ideological system that valued a free press and a system of rigid government controls. To maintain their balance, reporters and editors used strategies that were uniquely Indonesian to maintain a journalistic frame that was essentially western. This article examines those strategies in the context of the values and beliefs of print newspeople in the capital of Jakarta, focusing on news coverage of the political crises of 1997 and 1998 that culminated in the resignation of President Suharto and that unleashed a relatively free press. It contends that the contradictions and resultant conflicts between the government and newspeople in Jakarta represented a contest between western and Indonesian notions of the purposes and duties of the press.
Control of remote enoate geometry in the bryostatins with a tethered horner-wadsworth-emmons reagent

The stereochemistry of the exocyclic unsaturated ester at Cl3 of the bryostatins may be established with a tethered phosphonate reagent anchored to a proximal hydroxyl function at cl6 of an advanced intermediate en route to the total syntheses of the bryostatins. We have been engaged in activities directed towards the total synthesis of bryostatiu 1.2 This fungal metabolite, whose saucture was secured by X-ray crystallography, was isolated as a constituent of the bryozoan Bugula neretina and was found to possess activity against lymphocytic leukemia and ovarian carcinoma. Since the initial isolation work, eleven additional congeners have been extracted from Bugula neritina, and one, bryostatin 8, has been isolated from the bryozoan Amathia convulata.3 Among the various stereochemical challenges posed by this class of polyacetate&rived natural pr&cts is the synthesis of the exocyclic unsahzated esters in rings B and C. In our retrosynthetic analysis, disconnection at the Cl-0 acyl and the C&-C17 olefin bonds reveals two synthons of roughly equal complexity where the Cl-Cl6 portion consists of a Cl-acid and a Ctgahiehyde, and the Ct7-C27 portion consists of a Cl7 sulfone and a Cu carbinol. H
EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2a AND ITS ANALOGS ON PLASMA ESTRADIOL 17-B AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN DOE RABBITS

To assess the effect of prostaglandin F 2a and two of its analogs on plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone levels in the immediate post partum period, 19 primiparous New Zealand White does were injected on day 29 of pregnancy with prostaglandin F 2a (Lutalyse: ®Upjohn; 4 does), cloprostenol (Estrumate: ®Mobay Corp.; 5 does), fenprostalene (Bovilene: ®Syntex Animal Health; 4 does), or sterile saline as a control (6 does). Treatment with prostaglandin F 2a and the two analogs shortened the gestation period by more than one day when compared to the saline treated group (p<0.05) but there were no effects of treatment on the number of kits bom, number of kits bom alive or the mean birth weight of the kits. Treatment with prostaglandin F 2a and analogs lowered the plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone levels immediately following treatment. Afler kindling, the prostaglandin-treated does had a dramatic increase in plasma estradiol peaking at three days and retuming to post-treatment levels about day five. The treated does had low plasma progesterone levels with minor fluctuations until about six days post-partum when a slow rise began. lt is speculated that the elevated estradiol and lowered progesterone levels could might have beneficial effects on prolactin related activities in the immediate post-partum period.
Differential distribution of functional receptors for neuromodulators evoking short-term heterosynaptic plasticity in Aplysia sensory neurons.

Synaptic transmission and excitability in Aplysia sensory neurons (SNs) are bidirectionally modulated by 5-HT and FMRFamide. To explore the regional distribution of different functional receptors that modulate SN properties, we examined changes in synaptic efficacy and excitability with brief focal applications of the neuromodulators to different regions of SNs that have established connections with motor cell L7 in culture. Short-term changes in synaptic efficacy were evoked only when 5-HT or FMRFamide was applied to regions with SN varicosities along the surface of L7 axons. Applications to adjacent SN neurites with few varicosities in contact with L7 axons failed to evoke a significant change in synaptic efficacy. The distribution of functional receptors mediating changes in excitability differed for 5-HT and FMRFamide. Whereas excitability increases were evoked only when 5-HT was applied to SN cell bodies, excitability decreases in SNs were evoked only when FMRFamide was applied to regions along the L7 axon with SN varicosities. Without the target cell, cell bodies of SNs expressed both 5-HT and FMRFamide receptors that modulate excitability. These results indicate that functional G-protein-coupled receptors for two neuromodulators are distributed differentially along the surface of a presynaptic neuron that forms chemical connections in vitro . This differential distribution of receptors on the presynaptic neuron is regulated by a target and does not require the physical presence of neurons that release the neuromodulators.
Statistical significance and extremal ensemble of gapped local hybrid alignment

A “semi-probabilistic” alignment algorithm which combines ideas from Smith-Waterman and probabilistic alignment is proposed and studied in detail. It is predicted that the score statistics of this “hybrid” algorithm is of the universal Gumbel form, with the key Gumbel parameter λ taking on a fixed asymptotic value for a wide variety of scoring parameters.We have also characterized the “extremal ensemble”, i.e., the collection of sequence pairs exhibiting similarities that a given scoring system is most sensitive to. Based on this extremal ensemble, a simple recipe for the computation of the “relative entropy”, and from it the correction to λ due to finite sequence length is also given. This allows us to assign p-values to the alignment results for arbitrary scoring parameters and gap costs. The predictions compare well with direct numerical simulations for a broad range of sequence lengths with various choices of the substitution scores and affine gap parameters.
A nonfundamental theory of low-frequency noise in semiconductor devices

A general low-frequency noise theory based on the fluctuation in the number of carriers is presented. In this theory, the low-frequency noise is attributed to the traps within the bandgap of a semiconductor, which are the sources of the generation-recombination noise. The cumulative effect of the generation-recombination noise from each trap center generates a 1/f type noise. It is shown that in fact, 1/f noise may have any frequency dependence between 1/f/sup 0/-1/f/sup 2/. If not masked by thermal noise, the low-frequency noise generated from these traps becomes 1/f/sup 2/ at very high frequencies. Also, if the lifetime of the carriers in the semiconductor under nonequilibrium condition is finite, at very low frequencies, the noise spectral density reaches a plateau. While this theory can be applied to any semiconductor device, only heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) were considered in detail. Based on this theory, a model for low-frequency noise in the base of HBTs is derived. Frequency and current dependence of low-frequency noise are modeled. Results of the base noise measurements in AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs were found to agree with the noise theory presented here. This significant theory, for the first time, proves the possibility of the number fluctuation model as a general 1/f noise cause without a need for specific and nonrealistic carrier lifetime probability functions.
SPMNet: a formal methodology for software management

A formalism, Software Project Management Net (SPMNet), is proposed to model the development of a software project. SPMNet provides a formal modeling technique to capture the concurrent and iterative nature of software development. A tracking mechanism in the SPMNet is used to keep track of all the events through the software development life cycle. Based on the previous-event information, the manager can make queries on the development history. In our approach, an automatic technique based on genetic algorithms is introduced to determine the optimal resource allocation and calculate the total time and cost of a project. Based on the information generated from genetic algorithms, the software manager will be able to predict the future states of a project by pre-executing the SPMNet. >
Virtual Teaching And Strategies: Transitioning From Teaching Traditional Classes To Online Classes

As more technology has become available in many parts of the globe, a new type of student population has emerged. The traditional student image of higher learning has been somewhat limited in many countries, but given the impact of the Internet, this traditional “student body” has changed. Rather than being limited to regional demographics, the student body for educational institutions offering online courses has changed drastically. In fact, these online courses have started yet another chapter in the history of education, known as virtual learning communities. While online instructors may start out teaching students from local areas, this particular opportunity has been changing over the past decade. In fact, many online instructors have noted an increase in a more diversified student population in their classes. Further, they have realized the need to update their teaching skills, practices and strategies in order to accommodate the changing needs of the learners in the classroom, as well as updating their own teaching portfolio. This paper will provide a brief overview of current recruitment and hiring methods used in the traditional hiring versus online hiring of educators. Also, this paper will address the growing concerns of current traditional teachers as they approach the decision to transition over to online learning and how to obtain proper online instruction. Finally, this paper will overview how one online university has approached online teacher training for both experienced instructors, as well as new teaching recruits as they prepare to transition from traditional classrooms over to virtual classes.
An Improvement on the Standard Linear Uncertainty Quantification Using a Least-Squares Method

Linear uncertainty analysis based on a first order Taylor series expansion, described in ASME PTC (Performance Test Code) 19.1 “Test Uncertainty” and the ISO Guide for the “Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” has been the most widely technique used both in industry and academia. A common approach in linear uncertainty analysis is to use local derivative information as a measure of the sensitivity needed to calculate the uncertainty percentage contribution (UPC) and uncertainty magnification factors (UMF) due to each independent variable in the measurement/process being examined. The derivative information is typically obtained by either taking the symbolic partial derivative of an analytical expression or the numerical derivative based on central difference techniques. This paper demonstrates that linear multivariable regression is better suited to obtain sensitivity coefficients that are representative of the behavior of the data reduction equations over the region of interest. A main advantage of the proposed approach is the possibility of extending the range, within a fixed tolerance level, for which the linear approximation technique is valid. Three practical examples are presented in this paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed least-squares method.
A METHOD FOR COMPARISON OF RADIOCARPAL CARTILAGE T2 RELAXATION TIME MAPS AND CONTACT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN NORMAL AND INJURED WRISTS

Objective: The goal of this study was to demonstrate a methodology to observe the relationship between joint contact pressure and cartilage T2 relaxation times in three-dimensional space. Methods: One subject diagnosed with unilateral scapholunate dissociation had both injured and uninjured wrists scanned using a Siemens 3T Skyra magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Four time echo scans were performed with TE ranging 15–61ms with the hand relaxed. T2 maps were constructed using a custom Matlab code, and these maps were registered to anatomical images for the same subject. The anatomical images were used to construct surface contact models and calculate contact pressures for a simple grasp activity in a prior study. Contact pressures and T2 relaxation times were analyzed using regression analysis. Results and Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of comparing T2 relaxation times and contact pressure data. For this single demonstration subject, it is not surprising that no relationship was found between T2 relaxation times for the articular cartilage and contact pressures in the normal wrist, contact pressures in the wrist with injury, nor contact pressure changes due to injury. However, the method has been demonstrated and may be useful to evaluate the influence of joint injuries or other pathologies on T2 relaxation times in the context of changes in joint contact pressures with larger cohorts of subjects.
Natural Resource Management: The Next 100 Years

Conservation accomplishments of the last century and issues for the 21st century. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v27i3_towns
Exploring the features of OpenCL 2.0

The growth in demand for heterogeneous accelerators has stimulated the development of cutting-edge features in newer accelerators. The heterogeneous programming frameworks such as OpenCL have matured over the years and have introduced new software features for developers. We explore one of these programming frameworks, OpenCL 2.0. To drive our study, we consider a number new features in OpenCL 2.0 using four popular applications from a range of computing domains including signal processing, cybersecurity and machine learning. These applications include: 1) the AES-128 encryption standard, 2) Finite Impulse Response filtering, 3) Infinite Impulse Response filtering, and 4) Hidden Markov model. In this work, we introduce the latest runtime features enabled in OpenCL 2.0, and discuss how well our sample applications can benefit from some of these features.
Parathyroid hormone attenuates radiation-induced increases in collagen crosslink ratio at periosteal surfaces of mouse tibia

As part of our ongoing efforts to understand underlying mechanisms contributing to radiation-associated bone fragility and to identify possible treatments, we evaluated the longitudinal effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment on bone quality in a murine model of limited field irradiation. We hypothesized PTH would mitigate radiation-induced changes in the chemical composition and structure of bone, as measured by microscope-based Raman spectroscopy. We further hypothesized that collagen crosslinking would be especially responsive to PTH treatment. Raman spectroscopy was performed on retrieved tibiae (6-7/group/time point) to quantify metrics associated with bone quality, including: mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, mineral crystallinity, collagen crosslink (trivalent:divalent) ratio, and the mineral and matrix depolarization ratios. Irradiation disrupted the molecular structure and orientation of bone collagen, as evidenced by a higher collagen crosslink ratio and lower matrix depolarization ratio (vs. non-irradiated control bones), persisting until 12weeks post-irradiation. Radiation transiently affected the mineral phase, as evidenced by increased mineral crystallinity and mineral-to-matrix ratio at 4weeks compared to controls. Radiation decreased bone mineral depolarization ratios through 12weeks, indicating increased mineral alignment. PTH treatment partially attenuated radiation-induced increases in collagen crosslink ratio, but did not restore collagen or mineral alignment. These post-radiation matrix changes are consistent with our previous studies of radiation damage to bone, and suggest that the initial radiation damage to bone matrix has extensive effects on the quality of tissue deposited thereafter. In addition to maintaining bone quality, preventing initial radiation damage to the bone matrix (i.e. crosslink ratio, matrix orientation) may be critical to preventing late-onset fragility fractures.