cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kidney transplantation and waitlist mortality rates among candidates registered as willing to accept a hepatitis C infected kidney.

Background HCV-infected (HCV+) ESRD patients derive significant survival benefit from kidney transplantation (KT) over remaining on dialysis. Given high mortality rates on dialysis and the unique ability to accept HCV+ and HCV- donor kidneys, understanding their access to KT is essential. Methods Three thousand nine hundred and sixty-three adult kidney-only candidates reported as willing to accept an HCV+ kidney from 2008 to 2014 were identified and assumed to be HCV+. Time-at-risk began at date of listing. Cumulative incidence of transplant and waitlist mortality were assessed using competing risks, and separate mixed effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine waitlist mortality and transplantation rates. All models were adjusted for candidate demographic and clinical characteristics with a random effect for listing organ procurement organization with nested listing center. Results HCV+ candidates were commonly older (>50 years: 82.6%), African American (52.8%), and male (73.6%). Five years after listing, 35.5% of candidates were transplanted with an HCV+ donor kidney, 9.7% transplanted with an HCV- donor kidney, and 23.6% died on the waitlist. Overall transplant rates exceeded waitlist mortality rates (22.69 vs 11.45 per 100 person-years [PY]), largely driven by transplantation with HCV+ donor kidneys. Utilization of HCV+ donor kidneys was associated with increased transplantation rate (17.72 per 100 PY), while rate of transplant with HCV- donor kidneys was much lower (4.97 per 100 PY) than waitlist mortality (11.45 per 100 PY). Conclusion In light of effective HCV therapies, it may be prudent to institute strategies to decrease waiting time and waitlist mortality for HCV+ candidates by increasing utilization of HCV+ donor kidneys.
Normal Growth in PKU Patients Under Low-Protein Diet in a Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study.

Dietary phenylalanine restriction in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients is usually mandatory in order to prevent cognitive impairment. The influence of a low-protein diet on growth has raised concerns in families and caregivers. This paper aims to investigate the growth in PKU patients treated with a low-protein diet including supplementation of amino acids and other nutrients according to standard protocols.
A Study on the Impact of Social Media Usage on Student Academic Performance: University of Tabuk an Example

The use of social media has met a rapid growth among the few past decades. This growth make it very popular for the communication amongst university students especially Tabuk university students. In fact, these social websites can be a good manner to exchange the information between students and even with their teachers. However, excessive social media can affect the student academic performance and make this use in question. This research tries to investigate about the benefits and the drawbacks of the social media use on student academic performance by conducting a survey on university students in Saudi Arabia especially in Tabuk university. The survey also explored which social network is the most popular amongst Tabuk university students and which one is useful for their academic skills. The survey has received 270 responses and descriptive statistics shows the relationship between the numbers of hours spent exploring the social media sites and the academic performances for the student. The results of this paper can be useful to propose an effective plan to enhance the academic performance for the students by improving the use of the social media sites.
A rapid and efficient method for enriching mitochondrial DNA from plants.

AbstractCurrent mitochondrial purification techniques are tedious and protracted due to their emphasis on recovering physiologically active mitochondria. However, for studies that are exclusively i...
Sow wind turbines and reap the wind

ABSTRACT A 6-meter diameter wind turbine was designed and built by students under the supervision of Prof. Smith. It is like a bicycle wheel with thin air foils threaded over the spokes. This is a modification of the traditional multibladed farmer's windmill pump improved by Tom Chalk to 35% efficiency. An advantage is that the generator is at the bottom, with the power take off being a rubber tire on the rim of the wheel. No gears or belts are used. This 6-meter diameter turbine can deliver 10 KW in a 45 km/h. wind and 17 KW in a 60 km/h. wind. In a region with 25 km/h. average wind speed, it can deliver 51 KWH per day at a cost of 2,1 cents/KWH. In a region with 30 km/h. average wind speed, the turbine can deliver 105 KWH per day at a cost of only one cent per KWH. These windturbines can be manufactured for $5000 each in city slums and economically depressed areas by presently unemployed youth. Each farm which has a 100-ampere service should have two wind generators if the wind conditions are favorable. No changes need be made in the meter, fuses, service connection, transformers or distribution lines. The farmer's generators will reverse the power flow in the distribution lines, exporting energy to the cities. Both the generator and the windturbine are mounted on a low rotating tower. The complete system can be assembled by two people with ordinary wrenches. No crane, winch, tow cable or power tool is required. This reduces the cost of construction and maintenance. A rotating wind scoop made of sailcloth can increase the power output with minimum increased capital cost, but more maintenance. The design described herein has been improved over the first wheel that was built. Two of these improvements are the use of a low-cost mass-produced 2-speed squirrel-cage induction generator (or motor) instead of a synchronous generator, rectifier, and inverter, and the use of a wheel with a front and rear bearing, instead of a cantilevered shaft. Threaded spokes permit accurate alignment of the wheel, so that the rim lies in a plane. They also permit disassembly of the wheel for transporting to a different location. The use of a three-phase electrical contactor with a hold-in coil energized by the power system is a safety feature that disconnects the generator when the power system fails. This permits maintenance workers to make repairs on the power company distribution system without the danger of “feedback” or the energization of a line being serviced from an isolated battery and inverter, or from a wind-driven generator.
Joining AA7099 to Ni-Cr-Mo Steel Using Friction Stir Dovetailing

Friction stir dovetailing (FSD) was used to join 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) AA7099 to 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) Ni-Cr-Mo steel in a lap configuration. Two new FSD approaches are reported that significantly reduce zinc embrittlement of Fe–Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) which form during conventional friction stir welding (FSW). The first method uses the general FSD approach where a custom designed tool is employed to extrude the AA7099 into the pre-machined dovetail groove of underlying steel by forming mechanical interlocking and metallurgical bonding simultaneously. The second method uses a two-step approach where FSD of AA6061 is first used to form a silicon-rich Fe-Al IMC within the dovetail groove. AA7099 plate is then joined to the AA6061 within the dovetail using conventional FSW. A discussion of the new FSD technique, joint configurations, and process parameters are provided along with joint microstructural analyses and mechanical performance.
Does Exposure to Code-Switching Influence Language Performance in Bilingual Children?

This study investigated whether the effect of exposure to code-switching on bilingual children's language performance varied depending on verbal working memory (WM). A large sample of school-aged Spanish-English bilingual children (N = 174, Mage = 7.78) was recruited, and children were administered language measures in English and Spanish. The frequency with which the children were exposed to code-switching was gathered through parent report. For children with high verbal WM, greater exposure to code-switching was associated with higher levels of language ability. In contrast, for children with lower verbal WM, greater exposure to code-switching was associated with lower levels of language ability. These findings indicate that children's cognitive processing capacity dictates whether exposure to code-switching facilitates or hinders language skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Neurophysiology of Corporate Apologies: Why Do People Believe Insincere Apologies?:

CEOs typically offer apologies after transgressions are discovered whether mistakes were corrected or not. Seemingly insincere apologies, however, may damage the company by impugning its reputation...
Changes in coding of pneumonia and impact on the hospital readmission reduction program

Objective To evaluate whether changes in diagnosis assignment explain reductions in 30-day readmission for patients with pneumonia following the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP). Data sources 100 percent MedPAR, 2008-2015. Study design Retrospective cohort study of Medicare discharges in HRRP-eligible hospitals. Outcomes were 30-day readmission rates for pneumonia under a "narrow" definition (used for the HRRP until October 2015; n = 2 288 644) and a "broad" definition that included certain diagnoses of sepsis and aspiration pneumonia (used since October 2015; n = 3 618 215). We estimated changes in 30-day readmissions in the pre-HRRP period (January 2008-March 2010), the HRRP implementation period (April 2010-September 2012), and the HRRP penalty period (October 2012-June 2015). Principal findings Under the narrow definition, adjusted annual readmission rates changed by +0.07 percentage points (pp) during the pre-HRRP period (95% CI: -0.03 pp, +0.18 pp), -1.07 pp during HRRP implementation (95% CI: -1.15 pp, -0.99 pp), and -0.09 pp during the penalty period (95% CI: -0.18 pp, -0.00 pp). Under the broad definition, 30-day readmissions changed by +0.21 pp during the pre-HRRP period (95% CI: +0.12 pp, +0.30 pp), -1.28 pp during HRRP implementation (95% CI: -1.35 pp, -1.21 pp), and -0.09 pp during the penalty period (95% CI: -0.16 pp, -0.02 pp). Conclusions Changes in the coding of inpatient pneumonia admissions do not explain readmission reduction following the HRRP.
French-Language Books in a Minority Setting: A Report from Rural Saskatchewan

Public libraries are potential institutional spaces for maintaining the vitality of official language minority communities (OLMCs). This study establishes baseline data on the number and characteristics of French-language books in Saskatchewan’s minority Francophone communities, with a detailed look at six rural communities with the greatest proportion of Francophones. Data collection involved site visits to branch libraries and community centers during which more than 5,000 online catalogue library records of books intended for adult readers were reviewed. The results of the study show that a spatial mismatch exists between Francophone residents and French-language books held in Saskatchewan’s public libraries. It is recommended that OLMCs collaboratively revisit library collection policies, so that book acquisitions can better support Francophone identity and culture through lifelong learning and leisure.
Latent classes of partner-seeking venues and sexual risk among men who have sex with men in Paris, France:

In France, men who have sex with men (MSM) experience the highest HIV incidence. MSM who use multiple venues such as bars and smartphone apps to find sexual partners have greater HIV and sexually t...
Transcriptional profiling of Vibrio cholerae O1 following exposure to human anti- lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies.

Following an episode of cholera, a rapidly dehydrating, watery diarrhea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae O1, humans mount a robust anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody response that is associated with immunity to subsequent re-infection. In neonatal mouse and rabbit models of cholera, passively administered anti-LPS polyclonal and monoclonal (MAb) antibodies reduce V. cholerae colonization of the intestinal epithelia by inhibiting bacterial motility and promoting vibrio agglutination. Here we demonstrate that human anti-LPS IgG MAbs also arrest V. cholerae motility and induce bacterial paralysis. A subset of those MAbs also triggered V. cholerae to secrete an extracellular matrix (ECM). To identify changes in gene expression that accompany antibody exposure and that may account for motility arrest and ECM production, we subjected V. cholerae O1 El Tor to RNA-seq analysis after treatment with ZAC-3 IgG, a high affinity MAb directed against the core/lipid A region of LPS. We identified > 160 genes whose expression was altered following ZAC-3 IgG treatment, although canonical outer membrane stress regulons were not among them. ompS (VCA1028), a porin associated with virulence and indirectly regulated by ToxT, and norR (VCA0182), a σ54-dependent transcription factor involved in late stages of infection, were two upregulated genes worth noting.
Materials of Mind: Phrenology, Race, and the Global History of Science, 1815–1920

For those readers looking for an entirely new approach to the once-faddish pseudoscience of phrenology, James Poskett’s newest book, Materials of Mind: Phrenology, Race, and the Global History of S...
Evaluating the efficacy of removal treatments on wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus undulatifolius)

With the spread of a new invasive plant species, it is vital to determine the effectiveness of removal strategies as well as their advantages and disadvantages before attempting widespread removal. While thousands of dollars have been spent to curtail the spread of wavyleaf basketgrass [Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P. Beauv.], a relatively new invasive species, the lack of a cohesive management plan and funding has made controlling this species especially difficult. We assessed the efficacy of a variety of chemical control methods and hand weeding for this species and followed select methods over time. We also assessed the potential for ecosystem recovery following removal by measuring total and native species richness in response to treatments. Our pilot study revealed a wide breadth of responses to our eight herbicides, with fluazifop plus fenoxaprop, imazapic, quizalofop, and sulfometuron methyl being the least effective. In our follow-up experiments, hand weeding, glyphosate, and clethodim treatments were effective at reducing O. undulatifolius percent cover, density, and biomass, with an average reduction of at least 48% in the first year. However, we found substantial variation in the effectiveness of clethodim between our two experiments, which was likely driven by site differences. We also found that all three of these removal methods were effective at reducing the number of O. undulatifolius flowering stems and the height of those stems, which will likely reduce the spread of this species to new areas. Finally, we found that these methods have the potential to restore total and native species richness, but that glyphosate-treated plots did not fully recover until 2 yr after treatment.
Key Components Related to Pressure Injury Formation: An Initial Investigation Into Pressure Distribution and Blood Perfusion Responses in Wheelchair Users

Soft tissue around bony prominences in the buttocks and back are high-risk areas prone to the development of pressure injuries. From a clinical perspective, prevention of pressure injuries all together is the ideal situation. Unfortunately, prevalence rates still reach 47% with recurrence rates even higher. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of a series of wheelchair movements, some that currently exist in commercial wheelchairs and some new, on interface pressures and perfusion under the buttocks. Twenty-seven chair positions were obtained by varying back recline, seat pan tilt, and articulation of two supports along the back. Although back recline is commonly taught by therapists to be used as a pressure relieving posture, results indicated an increase in pressures under the ischial tuberosities and sacral areas in reclined positions. Articulation of the back supports produced changes in posture moving from an "erect" to "slouched" position. These movements successfully shifted pressures across back regions. Seat pan tilt was effective in shifting pressures off the ischial tuberosity regions. Additionally, in a portion of the participants, seat pan tilt consistently increased perfusion under the ischial tuberosity region. The findings of this research suggest that movements other than back recline should be considered to more effectively alter interface pressures, particularly in high-risk regions like the sacrum and ischial tuberosities.
“Global Dissident”: Georgi Markov as a Cold War Playwright and Exile

Georgi Markov (1929–1978) was a prominent Bulgarian writer and, after 1968, a dissident and political exile, who ultimately broadcasted some of the most insightful and incriminatory depictions of totalitarian communism on Radio Free Europe and radio Deutsche Welle. His compelling presence in the emigration media became the reason for his political assassination in London, widely known as the “Bulgarian umbrella murder.” This article examines Markov’s thrilling journey from being a part of the Bulgarian top intelligentsia in the 1960s to becoming the “heavy artillery” in the East European emigration behind the Iron Curtain. The case study presents, through a variety of documentary evidence as well as analyses of his most important plays, the writer’s internal and external exiles. Markov’s allegorical drama manifests his social skepticism as well as painful realization of the relativity of ideological propaganda and enforcement of political oppositions during the Cold War. Drawing on his personal experience in the totalitarian East as well as the egalitarian West, the playwright exhibits the moral engagement, integrity, and freewill of an existentialist and “global dissident” in the exilic space of his late dramatic works.
Origins and reduction of threading dislocations in GaN epitaxial layers

We examined, using AFM and TEM, GaN nucleation layers (NLs) and early stages of high temperature (HT) GaN overgrowth on annealed NLs and HT GaN layers grown for different durations. We demonstrate that threading dislocations (TDs) do not form at the coalescence of HT GaN growths. We identify two sources of TDs: highly defective regions in NLs and point defects present in HT GaN. We developed a novel approach for reducing TDs. We refer to it as in situ epitaxial layer overgrowth. This process entails depositing in situ a very thin silicon nitride layer on as-deposited NLs, followed by HT growth. The density of TDs is reduced to 2×108 cm−2. We ascertain the origin of the observed reduction.
The effect of PON1 enhancers on reducing acetylcholinesterase inhibition following organophosphate anticholinesterase exposure in rats.

Abstract Novel nucleophiles, a series of substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes, have been previously shown by our laboratories to enhance in vitro paraoxonase 1 (PON1)-mediated degradation of a sarin surrogate (nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate, NIMP) and a VX surrogate (nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate, NEMP). Five of the most efficacious of these nucleophiles were tested in rats for their ability to reduce the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in brain and peripheral tissues following exposure to NIMP or NEMP. Following simultaneous administration of a nucleophile plus surrogate (at 3 dosages yielding about 10–50% AChE inhibition in the brain at 15 min), all five nucleophiles reduced the AChE inhibition in the brain at all 3 dosages, and reduced peripheral AChE inhibition at the lowest dosage. Protective effects were seen for only a short period of time, i.e., 15 min. Even though these nucleophiles are oximes, they are not effective AChE reactivators so it is unlikely that the resultant decreases in AChE inhibition are from appreciable AChE reactivation. It is likely that the protective effects seen are, at least in part, the result of enhancement of PON1-mediated surrogate degradation, an unprecedented mechanism of therapy that has the potential to be developed into a nerve agent countermeasure.
Introducing Multilingualism: A Social Approach, by Weber, J.-J., & Horner, K.

Around the world, the forces of globalization are bringing together people, cultures, and ideas in ways that cause us to question conventional wisdom about languages and language policy. It is out ...
Muscular hyperplasia ("cirrhosis") of the lung complicated by pregnancy.

Abstract A case of muscular hyperplasia (“cirrhosis”) of the lung is presented. This may be the first report of this disease in a pregnant patient. Because of symptomatic and functional deterioration, the pregnancy was interrupted and sterilization performed. While the histologic pattern was typical of this condition, the physiologic changes were mixed, with both obstructive and restrictive ventilatory abnormalities. The patient died of pulmonary failure 6 years after lung biopsy (with the clinical diagnosis of a chronic lung disorder) and 9 years after the onset of pulmonary symptoms.
Coulomb versus nuclear breakup in Li-11 fragmentation

The cross section for two-neutron removal from a beam of relativistic $^{11}\mathrm{Li}$ is calculated in an eikonal approximation. We find a larger nuclear cross section in reactions with heavy nuclei than estimated by Kobayashi et al. This lowers the inferred Coulomb cross section for reactions on $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ from 890 to a range of 560--740 mb, depending on the assumed single-particle binding energy of the valence neutron.
A low-cost fabrication technique for direct sewing stretchable interconnetions for wearable electronics

Here, we present a facile method for rapid fabrication of low-cost, stretchable electrical interconnections for wearable electronics. Using a commercial sewing machine, thin metallic wires are sewn onto the wearable materials in a double-stitch zigzag pattern, with the second stitch being a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thread. The stretchable pattern is secured onto a clothing (e.g., a glove) with a stretchable elastomer coating followed by dissolution of the PVA thread in water. The interconnections maintain a constant electrical conductivity for strains up to 50 % and bending cycles over 15000. As a proof of concept implementation, we sewed interconnects and a soft capacitive force sensor onto a latex glove to create a wearable tactile sensor with a linear sensitivity of 96 fF/N.
Are we closer to understanding the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis

Cite this as: M. Ling and D. L. Hamilos, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 144–146.
Comparative combination cancer immunotherapy with vaccination, checkpoint inhibition and TNFRSF stimulation (VAC12P.1021)

Therapeutic tumor immunity requires the presence and activation of tumor antigen specific CD8+ T cells and migration of activated tumor-antigen specific CD8+ T cells into a tumor microenvironment where immunosuppressive barriers have been eliminated. Antibody mediated blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 is a clinically effective strategy to dampen tumor mediated immunosuppression in a minority of patients with advanced cancer, and this approach may be potentiated through vaccination to prime additional CTL clones and through direct stimulation of T cell costimulatory molecules of the TNF superfamily. Here we provide a systematic comparison of anti-tumor vaccination (3-MCA sarcoma and B16 melanoma) with either heat shock protein gp96-Ig or traditional peptide/adjuvant vaccines given alone or in combination with CTLA-4, LAG-3 or PD-1 blockade and direct T cell costimulation via OX40, 4-1BB and TNFRSF25. These studies demonstrate that both TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF25 independently and additively costimulate vaccine induced CD8+ T cell proliferation following both primary and secondary antigen challenge. When combined with checkpoint inhibition in therapeutic murine orthotopic tumor models, synergistic anti-tumor activity was observed. These studies highlight the complementary activity of vaccination, checkpoint inhibition and direct T cell costimulation, which may guide the application of combination immunotherapy for effective anti-tumor immunity.
On Analyzing the Degree of Coldness in Iowa, a North Central Region, United States: An XML Exploitation in Spatial Databases

State of Iowa is an agricultural rich state in north central region and is divided into 99 counties. NCRA in the United States maintains agricultural databases to facilitate crop and risk analysis, pest management and forecasting. NC94 is one such dataset which is intensively used and is available for public use through many sources to process and analyze to get future predictions about agriculture. In this work we calculate the cumulative degree of coldness in Iowa with spatial granularity as county in last 30 years. To demonstrate the degree of coldness, we choose blue as the base color and counties are rendered with different shades of blue color based on the degree of coldness. Higher intensity of the color reflects the higher coldness whereas the lower intensity corresponds to lower coldness. We expect that the results of this research provide direct benefits to farmers and will attract the attention of agricultural/ computational scientific community.
Rigid videosigmoidoscopy vs conventional sigmoidoscopy. A randomized controlled study.

Background: Not only is rigid sigmoidoscopy uncomfortable for patients, but visualisation of the rectosigmoid junction and sigmoid colon is successful in only 40–70% of examinations. A novel fine-bore rigid videosigmoidoscope is described and then compared with a rigid conventional sigmoidoscope for patient discomfort and length of insertion.
Acquiring Effective Search Control Rules: Explanation-Based Learning in the PRODIGY System

Abstract In order to solve problems more effectively with accumulating experience, a system must be able to learn and exploit search control knowledge. While previous research has demonstrated that explanation-based learning is a viable method for acquiring search control knowledge, in practice explanation-based techniques may not generate effective control knowledge. For control knowledge to be effective, the cumulative benefits of applying the knowledge must outweigh the cumulative costs of testing to see whether the knowledge is applicable. To produce effective control knowledge, an explanation-based learner must generate explanations that capture the key features relevant to control decisions, and represent this information so that it can be easily taken advantage of. This paper describes three mechanisms incorporated in the PRODIGY system for attacking this problem. First, PRODIGY is selective about what it learns from a particular example. Secondly, after generating an initial explanation, the system attempts to re-represent the explanation to reduce the cost of testing whether it is applicable. Finally, PRODIGY empirically evaluates the utility of the rules it learns. 1
Strategic management in information technology

Industry Notes. Competitive Strategy. Globalization and Government. Financial Marketing and Manufacturing Strategy. General Management.
Does experiencing homelessness affect women’s motivation to change alcohol or drug use??

Background and Objectives Homeless women are at high risk of drug and alcohol dependence and may receive less opportunity for treatment. Our objective was to examine the association between experiencing homelessness and motivation to change drug or alcohol use. Methods Women (n = 154) participants in a study of substance dependence at an urban medical center (69 with some homeless days in the last 90 days; 85 continuously housed at baseline) completed six items rating motivation to change alcohol or drug use (ie, importance, readiness, and confidence) at baseline and in 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up interviews. Unadjusted and longitudinal analyses controlling for covariates (eg, demographics, insurance status, substance use consequences, mental health status, and participation in treatment) were conducted. Results There were no significant differences between women experiencing homeless days versus continuously housed women in the odds of reporting high motivation to change alcohol or drug use, either in unadjusted baseline analyses or longitudinal analyses adjusted for covariates. Covariates that were significantly associated with high importance, readiness or confidence to change behavior were higher life time consequences of substance use, and participation in 12-step programs. Discussion and Conclusions The findings suggest that clinicians should not make assumptions that homeless women have low motivation to change their substance use. Scientific Significance and Future Directions The same opportunities for addiction treatment should be offered to homeless as to housed women. (Am J Addict 2014;23:76–83)
Voltaire's contribution to the spread of Newtonianism—II. Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton: The elements of the philosophy of sir Isaac Newton

Abstract Continuing from Part I [Int. J. Mech. Sci.32, 423, 1990] § , we mainly summarise the contents of, and make comments on, the 25 chapters of Voltaire's Elemen, published in 1738. Mme du Châtelet was the constant companion of Voltaire for 10 years and was very influential during the writing of the latter volume (worthy of being designated a co-author say some), so that space is given over to describing their life and work together during that period, mostly at Cirey, in Montjeu, Lorraine. We include an account of her writing of a translation of Newton's Principia, widely published in France in 1759, and of her early death. Voltaire (and Mme du Châtelet) expended very considerable efforts to spread Newton's philosophy through France. We also outline John Locke's Elements of 1720—hitherto undescribed we believe—Henry Pemberton's A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy of 1728, and we mention Algarotti's book of 1737. The latter two authors, Voltaire (and Mme du Châtelet) were the major popularisers of Newton's work in Europe though others, s'Gravesande and Keil, for instance, have been held to be more influential in doing so.
Pore size distribution functions for porous catalysts

Abstract A new expression is presented for the thickness of the adsorbed layer of nitrogen on a porous catalyst. Its use requires two commonly derived properties of porous catalysts, the average pore radius, r and the heat-of-adsorption constant c obtained from the B-E-T (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area equation. Using the new expression adsorption isotherms can be developed for analytical pore size distribution functions of any type. These may be compared with experimental adsorption data to ascertain the most suitable pore size distribution. It is advantageous to have an analytical function for the pore size distribution when additional calculations, for example of effectiveness factors, are to be made. Tables are presented for computed isotherms in terms of values of r from 10 to 200A and c from 50 to 400.
High-risk notification of chromate and bichromate production workers.

A high-risk notification program is in progress for 4,862 former chromate and bichromate production workers. A previous mortality study of this cohort found a 29-fold increase in mortality for respiratory cancer. The increase was greater in black than white workers (80-fold vs. 15-fold). The cohort was compiled from Social Security Administration records. Notification was performed mainly using addresses on file with the Internal Revenue Service. At this time, 68% of the cohort has either been determined to have died or has been contacted. A description of the various steps of notification is included. This project has demonstrated that it is possible to perform high-risk notification in an economical manner even in the absence of employer personnel records or current addresses. The methodology used in this project is generalizable to other cohorts. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality

It is broadly held that confidentiality may be breached when doing so can avert grave harm to a third party. This essay challenges the conventional wisdom. Neither legal duties, personal morality nor personal values are sufficient to ground professional obligations. A methodology is developed drawing on core professional values, the nature of professions, and the justification for distinct professional obligations. Though doctors have a professional obligation to prevent public peril, they do not honor it by breaching confidentiality. It is shown how the protective purpose to be furthered by reporting is defeated by the practice of reporting. Hence there is no conflict between confidentiality and the professional responsibility to protect endangered third parties.
AIERO: An Algorithm for Identifying Engineering Relationships in Ontologies

This paper introduces the development and application of semantic relatedness techniques towards improved knowledge management in product development processes through ontologies. As part of this work, several different semantic relatedness techniques are reviewed, including a meronomic technique recently introduced by the authors. An aggregate semantic relatedness measure, dubbed AIERO , is introduced to quantify underlying relationships between aspects of the product development process. To assess its applicability and accuracy, AIERO is tested using three separate, independently developed ontologies. The results indicate AIERO is capable of identifying and measuring relationships across a knowledge framework and can consistently produce results one would intuitively expect. Finally, a case study is presented to evaluate AIERO’s effectiveness in exposing underlying causal relationships across a product development platform. The results of this case study suggest that AIERO can uniquely quantify semantic relatedness between concepts, effectively enabling design engineers to systematically narrow the scope where causal relationships may exist between various domain concepts in the product development processes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Social vulnerability indices: a comparative assessment using uncertainty and sensitivity analysis

Social vulnerability indices have emerged over the past decade as quantitative measures of the social dimensions of natural hazards vulnerability. But how reliable are the index rankings? Validation of indices with external reference data has posed a persistent challenge in large part because social vulnerability is multidimensional and not directly observable. This article applies global sensitivity analyses to internally validate the methods used in the most common social vulnerability index designs: deductive, hierarchical, and inductive. Uncertainty analysis is performed to assess the robustness of index ranks when reasonable alternative index configurations are modeled. The hierarchical design was found to be the most accurate, while the inductive model was the most precise. Sensitivity analysis is employed to understand which decisions in the vulnerability index construction process have the greatest influence on the stability of output rankings. The deductive index ranks are found to be the most sensitive to the choice of transformation method, hierarchical models to the selection of weighting scheme, and inductive indices to the indicator set and scale of analysis. Specific recommendations for each stage of index construction are provided so that the next generation of social vulnerability indices can be developed with a greater degree of transparency, robustness, and reliability.
SOIL CARBON CHANGES AFTER 26 YEARS IN A CUMBERLAND PLATEAU HARDWOOD FOREST

Concerns about global warming and discussions of possible mitigation measures have generated a need for information on changes in soil C over time. The objective of this study was to determine if there was a change in soil C concentration in an aggrading oak forest over a 26-yr interval. Using permanently identified points on the Camp Branch Experimental Watershed, soil samples were first collected in July of 1976 and archived. During July of 2002, 11 points covering 6 of the 18 soil series present on the watershed were resampled. The series chosen represent a range in topographic positions and forest cover types. In both 1976 and 2002, a bucket auger was used to collect samples at depth intervals of 0 to 10, 10 to 30, and 30 to 50 cm. Both sample sets were analyzed in 2002 using a loss on combustion technique to determine organic C concentration. A bootstrapping data analysis indicated an increase (95% confidence interval) in the concentration of C in the 0- to 10-cm depth. No change in C concentration occurred in the 10- to 30- or 30- to 50-cm samples. Average soil C concentration in the 0- to 10-cm samples increased from a mean of 20.8 g kg -1 in 1976 to 35.9 g kg -1 in 2002. Among soil series, concentrations ranged from 9.5 to 28.9 g kg -1 in 1976 and 22.1 to 64.7 g kg -1 in 2002. Although the sample numbers are limited, results indicate that average soil C concentration in the top 10 cm of the mineral soil increased by 73% at this site over a 26-yr interval.
Environmental variation in physical and chemical cues used by the parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinus, for host recognition

O-caffeoyltyrosine is a host recognition kairomone for Aphytis melinus DeBach (Aphelinidae) found in the covers of its host, California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Diaspidae). This study tests the hypothesis that the concentration of O-caffeoyltyrosine and scale cover size are reliable indicators of scale body size, an important component of host quality for A. melinus, over a range of scale rearing conditions. Both scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were only qualitatively related to scale body size during the third instar, the scale life stage most suitable for A. melinus. Scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentrations were reduced, relative to scale body size, when scale were reared on bark and leaves compared to fruits. Scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentration were also relatively reduced when scales were reared in mid-summer compared to spring and fall, and when reared on orange cultivars compared to lemon cultivars in the field. Finally, scale cover area and O-caffeoyltyrosine concentration were reduced when scale were reared at 52% compared to 100% humidity in the laboratory. Scales appear to be chemically conspicuous to A. melinus for a short period of the time in which they are physiologically susceptible. Scales that minimize their cover size and maximize the incorporation rate of O-caffeoyltyrosine into covers may minimize their conspicuousness to A. melinus. Minimizing scale cover size, but not necessarily incorporation rates, may make scales more vulnerable to predators, however.
Preoperative Anxiolysis and Postoperative Recovery in Women Undergoing Abdominal Hysterectomy

BackgroundEvery year, millions of patients receive sedatives for reduction of anxiety before surgery, but there is little objective data on the effect of this treatment on postoperative outcomes. To address this issue, the effects of benzodiazepine administration were evaluated in women undergoing a
Insuring the Academic Library Collection.

Securing adequate insurance coverage is an important aspect of preserving library collections. Insurers determine rates, within an institution's limits of coverage, based on the library building's environment and the library's estimate of the collection's replacement cost. Methods of categorizing and projecting these costs are explored with reference to current practices.
Cytokinin activity in tRNAPhe

Abstract It has been found that tRNAPhe, which was thought not to have a cytokinin in the anticodon-adjacent position due to the presence of an alternate form of modification, does contain a cytokinin or cytokinin precursor.
Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/Deep Western Boundary Current Crossover. Part I: Entrainment and Recirculation

Abstract A regional primitive equation model is applied to the study of the interaction between the Gulf Stream and the deep western boundary current (DWBC) where they cross at Cape Hatteras. It is found that for a wide range of forcing parameters the upper core of the DWBC is split into two mean paths at the crossover, one flowing toward the south along the western boundary and the other flowing toward the cast under the Gulf Stream. The eastward branch is entrained Into the southern recirculation gyre and, after being diverted into the interior for up to 1500 km, eventually returns to the western boundary current and continues to flow southward. This recirculation and mixing is shown to have a significant impact on the separation point and mean path of the Gulf Stream, the basin-scale stratification, and the properties of the DWBC south of the crossover. For most configurations, the lower DWBC remains largely on the western boundary and interacts only weakly with the interior. The entrainment of the upp...
Octopamine stimulated rise of cAMP in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.

Abstract Ventral rudimentary eyes were assayed for cAMP content and adenylate cyclase activity. Octopamine stimulated an increase in cAMP content and potentiated the enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity by the poorly hydrolyzable GTP analog, guanylylimidodiphosphate. These findings support the notion that octopamine may control or modulate some photoreceptor function through cAMP as a second messenger.
Composition of main haematopoietic compartments in normal and bled channel catfish

Differential cell counts showed that the head and trunk kidney of control and bled channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus had myeloid characteristics. They contained lymphoid and granuloid cells, thrombocytes, erythroid and agranular cells in decreasing order of abundance (%). Among the blast and precursor cells, the most numerous erythroid ones were followed by granuloid, lymphoid and agranular ones. The main changes after blood withdrawal were the decrease of thrombocytes and the increase of precursor cells in both kidney parts. In the group examined 7 days after bleeding the head kidney had a higher percentage of erythroid cells and lymphocyte precursors than the trunk kidney while the latter had more granuloid cells and their precursors. Basophils were present (c. 1%) in both regions of the kidney of all groups. The spleen was predominantly a lymphatic organ. It contained c. 80% lymphoid cells, a higher incidence of granulated lymphocytes than in kidneys, 15% thrombocytes and 1.4% agranular cells. Blood withdrawal caused an increase of thrombocytes, a decrease of lymphoid cells and an increase of erythroid precursors in the spleen. The last probably stemmed from the circulation. While haematocrit values failed to indicate the anaemic state in the bled groups, the differential red blood cell count showed dramatic differences between the control and bled groups as well as between the two groups in different stages of recuperation from the blood loss.
Brittle compressive failure of ice: proportional straining vs proportional loading

Proportional straining experiments have been performed on columnar-grained S2 freshwater ice biaxially compressed across the columns at -10°C at a strain rate of (4.5 ± 1.5) x 10 -3 s -1 . The results are compared with those obtained earlier (Iliescu and Schulson, 2004) from the same kind of material deformed to terminal failure under the same conditions, but through proportional loading. The exercise shows that the biaxial strength is practically independent of the path taken, at least under low confinement where Coulombic shear faulting limits terminal failure. First-year sea ice is expected to exhibit the same behavior.
Recreation, intercultural friendship, and international students’ adaptation to college by region of origin

Abstract This study examined the extent to which recreation participation, intercultural friendship, and adaptation to college in the U.S. vary by an international student's region of origin. Researchers analyzed data from a quantitative cross-sectional survey instrument (n = 298) using measures from the Ethnicity and Public Recreation Participation (EPRP) Model and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). Results indicate constraints to active participation in recreation and leisure activities exist, and are a prominent aspect of intercultural friendship formation and adaptation to college. As expected, constraints to recreation were negatively associated with friendships with host national peers and all measures of student adaptation to college. Constraints to recreation existed for non-European international students, and Eastern/Southeastern Asia reported more constraints than students from Southern Asia and the Middle East/North Africa. Students from non-European countries reported more friendships with co-national peers and fewer friendships with host national peers. Students from non-European countries reported less social adaptation and attachment to college than students from European countries. Results affirm that an international student's region of origin may moderate access to the informal culture of an institution through recreation participation, thus affecting patterns of intercultural friendship formation and adaptation to college. Researchers discuss implications for further research and propose interventions to enhance international students’ social and academic adaptation to college.
Space multiplexing in multistage optical interconnection networks

In this work, we investigate various approaches to reduce the overall complexity of optical MINs. We focus on a volume Omega network which uses 2-D perfect shuffles for the fixed interconnection at each stage. In the 1-D perfect shuffle, the N channels (assuming N is even) are divided into two halves, which are then interleaved perfectly. In the 2-D separable shuffle, the rows and the columns are shuffled independently by a sequence of 1-D perfect shuffles. The 2-D folded shuffle is equivalent to performing a 1-D perfect shuffle on a 1-D array folded onto a 2-D plane. The rows and the columns of the input are obtained by folding (raster scanning) an n2 X 1 1-D input array onto an n X n 2-D input. A 1-D perfect shuffled version of the input can be obtained after unfolding the output plane of a properly shuffled 2-D output. This paper describes the architectural design of free space volume Omega networks using simplified hardware. Optics are used to perform the 2-D shuffles, and optoelectronic switch element arrays are used to perform the dynamic switching. Our main observation in this paper is that the regularity of the fixed link patterns at the stages allows us to use a single set of optics to perform 2-D shuffles for all the stages. We discuss two techniques for spatially multiplexing the channels so that all stages of shuffles can be performed by a single set of optics.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.