cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Effects of Computer-Based Instruction on Trial-Based Functional Analyses Procedures:

Children who engage in problem behavior are often educated in the public schools. A trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) is an experimental functional analysis whereby conditions are embedded int...
Perioperative Pain Management and Opioid Stewardship: A Practical Guide

Surgical procedures are key drivers of pain development and opioid utilization globally. Various organizations have generated guidance on postoperative pain management, enhanced recovery strategies, multimodal analgesic and anesthetic techniques, and postoperative opioid prescribing. Still, comprehensive integration of these recommendations into standard practice at the institutional level remains elusive, and persistent postoperative pain and opioid use pose significant societal burdens. The multitude of guidance publications, many different healthcare providers involved in executing them, evolution of surgical technique, and complexities of perioperative care transitions all represent challenges to process improvement. This review seeks to summarize and integrate key recommendations into a “roadmap” for institutional adoption of perioperative analgesic and opioid optimization strategies. We present a brief review of applicable statistics and definitions as impetus for prioritizing both analgesia and opioid exposure in surgical quality improvement. We then review recommended modalities at each phase of perioperative care. We showcase the value of interprofessional collaboration in implementing and sustaining perioperative performance measures related to pain management and analgesic exposure, including those from the patient perspective. Surgery centers across the globe should adopt an integrated, collaborative approach to the twin goals of optimal pain management and opioid stewardship across the care continuum.
Is weight stigma associated with physical activity? A systematic review.

Objective Weight stigma is associated with impaired health, attributed in part to reductions in health-promoting behaviors. This review analyzed evidence of the association between weight stigma and physical activity (PA) in adults and youth. Methods Three databases were searched for terms related to weight stigma and PA. Eligible studies reported the quantitative association between at least one measure of weight stigma and one behavioral measure of PA. Results A total of 38 studies met eligibility criteria. Of the 29 studies of adults, 3 used objective PA measures, and 79% used an observational, cross-sectional design. Findings of the relationship between weight stigma and PA were mixed. Everyday weight discrimination and internalizing weight stigma were associated with reduced PA in most studies. Several studies found indirect, and not direct, effects of weight stigma on PA when analyses included other individual-level factors. In the nine studies of youth, two used objective PA measures, all were observational, and only one study was longitudinal. Most youth studies found a relationship between weight-based teasing and reduced PA. Conclusions Weight teasing, everyday discrimination, and internalization were associated with reduced PA. However, associations were inconsistent and often indirect. Future studies should include objective PA measures with larger samples and longitudinal assessments.
An experimental investigation into judgment and behavioral implications of disability‐based stereotypes in simulated work decisions: Evidence of shifting standards

We investigated the explanatory relevance of the shifting standards model to the role of employee disability in two simulated organizational processes: (a) job performance appraisal and (b) resource allocation. Two experimental studies found evidence of the shifting standards effect—employees with and without a disability received similar ratings when subjective judgment standards were employed, but those without a disability received significantly higher performance ratings than their counterparts with a disability when rated with objective standards. Furthermore, the analysis of the ranking process on the dimension of deservingness of limited resources yielded evidence that disability-related stereotypes can differentially affect perceptions of deservingness through the allocation of organizational resources.
Evidence for differential ancient DNA survival in human and pig bones from the norse North Atlantic

Current models of DNA degradation and previous research on Icelandic human skeletons predict ancient DNA preservation in the Norse North Atlantic faunal remains to be excellent. In contrast, we found that DNA preservation in Viking-Age pig remains was poor. We posit that this discrepancy in DNA survival between human and faunal remains is due to differing taphonomies. Our results highlight that DNA degradation is strongly dictated by micro-environmental taphonomic processes even in regions where the climate is conducive to DNA survival. Due to these differences, DNA preservation in animal remains may not be suitable proxies for DNA preservation in associated human remains. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bringing Order to Chaos with Brochure Boss

Abstract Brochures and pamphlets are important formats in consumer health libraries. These publications provide medical information in a condensed, non-threatening, understandable manner. Ordering brochures and pamphlets is a complex operation that requires a periodic review of the inventory, estimating quantities needed, and contacting a large number of suppliers and publishers to order the publications. Librarians who responded to a survey complained that this is a tedious, time-consuming process, and their inventories suffer chronic shortages. The Patient Education Resource Center at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center created an automated system to streamline and simplify the brochure ordering process. The system helps the institution take advantage of bulk discounts and prevent inventory shortages.
The need for multispectral imaging in medicine and biology

Optical identification of tissue abnormalities requires techniques that can measure a change in cellular organization, such as alterations in light scattering or polarization. Identification of precancerous and cancerous lesions has been achieved using a combination of fluorescence and diffuse reflective spectroscopy.
Teacher Compensation and Teacher Teaming: Sketching the Terrain

Many recent educational reform and school improvement initiatives have asserted the importance of teachers working in groups. However, it is not clear what organizational redesign has occurred to support a shift to team- or group-based work. This article examines one such organizational shift, changes in teacher compensation, that might accompany organizational redesign arranged to support teacher work groups. The article describes a continuum of possible options for teacher compensation in teacher teaming arrangements. Three interrelated aspects of teaming and compensation are considered: the relationship of teaming to teachers' overall work, the investment a school or a district might make to accomplish the teaming in education, and the degree to which the team aims to increase employee self-management and self-governance (Hackman, 1986). Some implications of these options for personnel evaluation are also discussed.
Sequence analysis and characterization of the Porphyromonas gingivalis prtC gene, which expresses a novel collagenase activity.

Abstract In order to examine the potential role of bacterial collagenases in periodontal tissue destruction, we recently isolated a gene, prtC, from Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 53977, which expressed collagenase activity (N. Takahashi, T. Kato, and H. K. Kuramitsu, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 84:135-138, 1991). The nucleotide sequence of the gene has been determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence corresponds to a basic protein of 37.8 kDa. In addition, Southern blot analysis indicated that the prtC gene is conserved among the three major serotypes of P. gingivalis. The enzyme has been purified to near homogeneity from Escherichia coli clone NTS1 following Mono Q anion exchange and sequential gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be ca. 35 kDa, and the active enzyme behaved as a dimer following gel filtration chromatography. The collagenase degraded soluble and reconstituted fibrillar type I collagen, heat-denatured type I collagen, and azocoll but not gelatin or the synthetic collagenase substrate 4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg. Enzyme activity was enhanced by Ca2+ and inhibited by EDTA, sulfhydryl-blocking agents, and the salivary peptide histatin. Preliminary evidence for the existence of a second collagenase expressed by strain 53977 was also obtained.
Capital Structure: Lessons from Modigliani and Miller

Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller provided a theory of capital structure that provides a framework for the discussion of the factors most important in a company's capital structure decision: taxes, financial distress, and risk. Though this theory does not provide a prescription for capital structure decisions, it does offer a method of examining the role of these important factors that provides the financial manager with the basic decision-making tools in analyzing the capital structure decision. Within their theory, Modigliani and Miller demonstrate that without taxes and costs of financial distress, the capital structure decision is irrelevant to the value of the company. The capital structure decision becomes value-relevant when taxes are introduced into the situation, such that an interest tax shield from the tax deductibility of interest on debt obligations encourages the use of debt because this shield becomes a source of value. Financial distress becomes relevant because costs associated distress mitigate the benefits of debt in the capital structure, offsetting or partially offsetting the benefit from interest deductibility. Keywords: capital structure decision; Modigliani-Miller theory; interest tax shield; cost of financial distress; optimal capital structure; irrelevance proposition
Can a Young Person Write His Own Obituary

: A definition of an obituary—what it is and what it is not—is given. The criteria for a New York Times obituary are reported. From a sample of over 100 obituaries elicited from college students at Harvard in 1969 some typical examples and reactions are cited. In general, it is concluded that young people have difficulty objectifying themselves or seeing themselves as dead. “Only the young are immortal” is the main theme of this brief paper.
The handedness and origin of supernumerary limb structures following 180° rotation of the chick wing bud on its stump

The pattern of differentiated wing structures formed following 180° rotation of the undifferentiated wing bud tip on its base was examined in detail. These analyses were performed to determine the handedness and origin of the supernumerary structures which arise. In contrast to the variable classes of symmetric and/or asymmetric limb anatomies observed following the same operation with amphibian regeneration blastemas, wings of predictable handedness were observed. Both the graft and stump contributed cells to the supernumerary structures. These results are discussed in the light of two current models describing the developing chick limb and analysed diagrammatically within the framework of one of these models, the polar coordinate model.
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Spearman-Rho Ranked-Order Correlation Coefficient

This short column provides an overview of the Spearman-rho ranked-order correlation coefficient.
Health, Safety and Environmental Criteria for Siting of Laboratory Facilities

The development of applicable criteria for assessing the suitability of a site for construction of full and partial containment laboratories for the analysis of unknown and highly toxic chemicals is described. The criteria, based on considerations of health, safety and environmental factors, are used to define critical considerations in site selection to minimize the risk to non-laboratory personnel and the surrounding environment. Criteria are synthesized from several sources using the assumption of a worst-case chemical release. Mechanical failures, human failures, critical events and social/legal limitations are investigated, as are the characteristics of a site which may limit construction of such a facility. A detailed description is made of the various types of laboratories and the types of samples analyzed in them. The final recommendations are summarized for five typical laboratory settings; they are based primarily on the potential impacts on people, property and natural resources. A single occup...
Transmembrane Potential Properties at the Core of Functional Reentrant Wave Fronts in Isolated Canine Right Atria

Background—The characteristics of transmembrane potential (TMP) at the core of functional reentry in the atrium are not well understood. Methods and Results—In protocol 1 (11 dogs), isolated perfused canine right atria were mapped from the endocardial surface while simultaneous TMPs were recorded from the epicardial surface. Episodes of reentry (n=64) were induced in the presence of 1 to 5 μmol/L acetylcholine. Successful simultaneous TMP recordings and activation maps were made in 8 episodes. The TMP was “near the core” if it was within 3.2 mm of the core; otherwise, it was considered to be “in the periphery.” The mean cycle length of reentry was 110±35 ms. The TMP amplitude, duration (90% repolarization), and (dV/dt)max near the core (n=106) were 58±22 mV, 46±14 ms, and 33±20 V/s, respectively, significantly less than those in the periphery (n=241): 70±8 mV, 94±32 ms, and 55±10 V/s (P<0.001 for all). In 2 episodes of reentry, the cell at the core remained unexcited at its resting membrane potential. In ...
Equations for Two-Tone Analog Optical Phase Modulation With an Asymmetric Interferometer

Analytical research is presented for electro-optic phase modulation followed by an asymmetric interferometer that is used for phase-to-intensity conversion. The resulting closed-form equations quantify the performance for arbitrary interferometer bias and input radio-frequency power. Even-order distortions, very important for multi-octave applications, are analyzed. Measured data for a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) are demonstrated to agree well with the theoretical results. Photodiode-induced even-order distortion is identified as the limiting nonlinearity when the MZI is biased at quadrature.
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors depress norepinephrine constriction of rat abdominal, but not thoracic, aorta

Abstract Experiments were done on aortic rings (thoracic and abdominal) from young and retired breeder Lewis and Sprague-Dawley male rats. Constriction responses to norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and prostaglandin F 2α were done ± the cyclooxygenase blockers, indomethacin or mefenamic acid. Indomethacin significantly depressed norepinephrine constriction in abdominal (but not thoracic) aorta of all groups. In additional studies of abdominal aorta from Lewis retired breeders, indomethacin and mefenamic acid depressed norepinephrine (but not 5-HT or prostaglandin F 2α ) constriction. Furthermore, indomethacin depressed norepinephrine constriction in vessels denuded of endothelial cells. The thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ 29548 did not alter norepinephrine constriction. Thus, in rat abdominal aorta, norepinephrine constriction is mediated by a constrictor prostanoid of vascular smooth muscle origin that is not thromboxane A 2 .
Unified Constitutive Equations of Foam Materials

A unified constitutive equation with the effect of compression strain rate, tension strain, and shear strain for foam materials with very low Poisson's ratio has been developed. The mathematical derivation of the constitutive equation is described in detail. The effect of each parameter in the constitutive equation is studied. Numerical formula and procedure are also included in the paper. The test data of two types of energy absorbing foam materials are used for correlation study: polyurethane foam, which was tested at five compressive strain rates, and polypropylene foam, which was tested for quasi-static compression, tension, and shear. Good correlations have been concluded for both cases.
Identification and characterization of a novel angiotensin binding site in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells that is specific for the hexapeptide (3–8) fragment of angiotensin II, angiotensin IV

Abstract This study demonstrates the existence of a previously unrecognized class of angiotensin binding sites on vascular smooth muscle that exhibit high affinity and specificity for the hexapeptide (3–8) fragment of angiotensin II (AngIV). Binding of [ 125 I]AngIV is saturable, reversible and describes a pharmacologic profile that is distinct and separate from the classic AT 1 or AT 2 angiotensin receptors. Saturation binding studies utilizing cultured vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from bovine aorta (BVSM) revealed that [ 125 I]AngIV bound to a single high affinity site with an associated Hill coefficient of 0.99 ± 0.003, exhibiting a K D = 1.85 ± 0.45 nM and a corresponding B max = 960 ± 100 fmol mg −1 protein. Competition binding curves in BVSM demonstrated the following rank order effectiveness: AngIV > AngII(3–7) ⪢ AngIII > Sar 1 ,Ile 8 AngII > AngII > AngII(1–7) > AngII(4–8), DuP 753, PD123177. The presence of the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog GTPγS, had no effect on [ 125 I]AngIV binding affinity in BVSM. The presence of this novel angiotensin binding site on smooth muscle in high concentration suggests the possibility that this system may play an important, yet unrecognized role in vascular control.
Transport and deposition of particles near a building model

Abstract Particle transport, dispersion and deposition near a building model were studied. The stress transport model of FLUENT™ code was used for simulating the mean airflow. The instantaneous turbulence fluctuating velocity was simulated by a Gaussian-filtered white-noise model. A Lagrangian particle tracking computational procedure was developed and was used for simulating particle transport and deposition in the vicinity of the building model. The computational model accounted for the drag and lift forces acting on the particle, as well as the effect of Brownian force, in addition to the gravitational sedimentation effects. For particles in the size range of 0.01–10 μm, the corresponding deposition rates on various surfaces of the building model were evaluated.
Departure from quasi-homogeneity during laminar flame propagation in lean, compositionally stratified methane–air mixtures

Abstract Methane–air flame propagation was studied in compositionally stratified, lean mixtures with a particular emphasis on the determination of conditions for which the propagation does not proceed in a “quasi-homogeneous” manner, i.e. with the laminar flame speed corresponding to the local equivalence ratio in the unburnt mixture. Steady mixture stratification was established in an appropriately designed burner and flame speed was measured with high-speed visualization as a function of the equivalence ratio distribution in the unburnt mixture, which was measured with PLIF of acetone fuel tracer. It was established that significant deviations from “quasi-homogeneity” can occur for mixtures in the vicinity of the lean flammability limit. Back-supported by heat released during combustion with equivalence ratios close to stoichiometric, flames in the stratified medium can reach speeds up to a factor of two higher than the laminar flame speed corresponding to the local equivalence ratio. Also, a significant extension of the lean flammability was observed, since during stratified combustion flames propagated in subflammable mixtures, reaching under certain conditions areas where the equivalence ratio in the unburnt mixture was as low as 0.35. It was established experimentally that the local equivalence ratio gradient was not sufficient to characterize stratified combustion. The results were rationalized in terms of theoretical considerations showing that the heat input into the flame is sufficient to compensate for the decrease of equivalence ratio upstream the propagating flame, thus generating a flame that propagates faster than the one propagating in a homogeneous mixture. This phenomenon is particularly important for mixtures in the vicinity of the lean flammability limit. For propagation into mixtures that are sufficiently far from the flammability limit, “quasi-homogeneity” is a valid assumption.
Specific Heat of Nickel-Iron and Nickel-Cobalt Alloys between 600°K and 1500°K

The λ-specific heat anomalies of ferromagnetic fcc Ni-Co and Ni-Fe alloys were investigated near the Curie temperatures. The magnetic contribution to the specific heat was found to be logarithmically divergent [c M = log |T/T c- 1 |A] above the Curie temperature. The exponent A was composition dependent. Entropy and energy values associated with magnetic transitons were determined experimentally and compared with theoretical predictions of the Heisenberg and Ising localized electron models obtained from series expansion calculations.
Calcium chloride, temperature, preheat treatments and pH affect the rate of acid-induced aggregation of casein

Abstract Increasing calcium chloride from 0 to 50 mmol/dm3 decreased the maximum rate of casein aggregation by 94% and decreased the pH from 5.2 to 4.5 at which aggregation was initiated. Increasing the temperature from 25 to 47°C, increased the maximum rate of casein association 3.4-fold and increased the highest pH at which casein micelle coalescence began from 5.1 to 5.8. The lowest pH of association (pH 3.85) was relatively unaffected by temperature. Preheating milk (70–95°C, for 7 min), accelerated the maximum rate of aggregation 1.7-fold and increased the highest pH of incipient aggregation from 5.0 to 5.4, indicating that the more intensive heat treatment of diluted skim milk increased the tendency of casein to associate.
Analysis of cumulus solar irradiance reflectance (CSIR) events

Clouds are extremely important with regard to the transfer of solar radiation at the earth's surface. This study investigates Cumulus Solar Irradiance Reflection (CSIR) using ground-based pyranometers. CSIR events are short-term increases in solar radiation observed at the surface as a result of reflection off the sides of convective clouds. When sun-cloud observer geometry is favorable, these occurrences produce characteristic spikes in the pyranometer traces and solar irradiance values may exceed expected clear-sky values. Ultraviolet CSIR events were investigated during the summer of 1995 using Yankee Environmental Systems UVA-1 and UVB-1 pyranometers. Observed data were compared to clear-sky curves which were generated using a third degree polynomial best-fit line technique. Periods during which the observed data exceeded this clear-sky curve were identified as CSIR events. The magnitude of a CSIR event was determined by two different quantitative calculations. The MAC (magnitude above clear-sky) is an absolute measure of the difference between the observed and clear-sky irradiances. Maximum MAC values of 3.4 Wm(exp -2) and 0.069 Wm(exp -2) were observed at the UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, respectively. The second calculation determined the percentage above clear-sky (PAC) which indicated the relative magnitude of a CSIR event. Maximum UV-A and UV-B PAC magnitudes of 10.1% and 7.8%, respectively, were observed during the study. Also of interest was the duration of the CSIR events which is a function of sun-cloud-sensor geometry and the speed of cloud propagation over the measuring site. In both the UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, significant CSIR durations of up to 30 minutes were observed.
Extrapolation of optimum design based on sensitivity derivatives

In many applications, it is useful to have information regarding the effect of the perturbations of the design problem constants (parameters) on the optimum solution of the problem. Sobieszczanski-Sobieski et al. (1981) have, therefore, proposed to utilize an optimum sensitivity analysis as a structural design tool to assess the parameter perturbation effects by extrapolations based on optimum sensitivity derivatives. The present investigation is concerned with an example of optimum sensitivity analysis involving a composite panel. The case was selected in connection with the nonlinearity of the constraints and, the tendency for a set of active constraints to change when the parameters are disturbed. Under these adverse conditions, sensitivity derivatives are used in linear extrapolations to extend optimization information over a limited range of variation for a typical parameter.
OCT for glaucoma diagnosis, screening and detection of glaucoma progression

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a commonly used imaging modality in the evaluation of glaucomatous damage. The commercially available spectral domain (SD)-OCT offers benefits in glaucoma assessment over the earlier generation of time domain-OCT due to increased axial resolution, faster scanning speeds and has been reported to have improved reproducibility but similar diagnostic accuracy. The capabilities of SD-OCT are rapidly advancing with 3D imaging, reproducible registration, and advanced segmentation algorithms of macular and optic nerve head regions. A review of the evidence to date suggests that retinal nerve fibre layer remains the dominant parameter for glaucoma diagnosis and detection of progression while initial studies of macular and optic nerve head parameters have shown promising results. SD-OCT still currently lacks the diagnostic performance for glaucoma screening.
AN ADAPTIVE CHOICE MODEL OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS

Stage models have benefited global managers by seeing internationalization as an evolutionary and learning process that involved making careful and incremental changes. What the stage models lack, however, are specification of internal problems and hurdles that managers will face during this organizational change process. We attempted to fill this knowledge gap by exploring types of managerial dilemmas that organizations will confront as they internationalize. This adaptive choice process of internationalization was discussed in this paper through the case of a domestic company during its overseas expansion. Our research shows that the internationalization process often creates managerial dilemmas for organizations in terms of strategic, structural, and human resource changes. There are also strong interactions among these dilemmas such that the decision regarding one dilemma may often impact how other dilemmas can be resolved Firms that are able to resolve these dilemmas, while considering their interactions, can become more successful in their internationalization process. These findings were developed into propositions regarding how companies can manage the process of internationalization more successfully. We also addressed specifically how the adaptive choice model would complement the stage models and enrich our understanding of the corporate internationalization process.
Rapid Proliferation of Historecognition Alleles in Populations of a Colonial Ascidian

Previous work on the distribution of historecognition alleles in botrylloid ascidians has revealed extensive polymorphism at this locus, but has yielded little information on the distri- bution of alleles among populations and the rate of allele proliferation within populations. We first present preliminary data on the genetics of historecognition in Botrylloides diegense, a West Coast native that was introduced to the East Coast in 1972. We then compare the distribution of alleles in 2 populations of different size in a Maine estuary. Finally, we compare the alleles in those 2 popula- tions to the alleles in a population at Woods Hole, the site of the original introduction. Our results indicate that a small, peripheral population contains fewer alleles than a large population and sug- gest that alleles have proliferated rapidly since this species was introduced to the East Coast. The rapid proliferation of alleles reported here provides additional support for the hypothesis that historecognition systems are subject to frequency dependent selection in natural populations. 0 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Colonial marine invertebrates typically possess a genetically based historecognition system that regulates fusion among conspecifics, and these sys- tems are generally characterized by high allotype diversity (reviewed in Grosberg, '88a). Unfortu- nately, a lack of information on the genetics of historecognition in most of the subject species pre- vents direct interpretation of allele frequencies from allotype data. However, in the few species for which the genetic mechanism underlying historecognition is known (all botrylloid ascidians), high levels of allele polymorphism are common (Karakashian and Milkman, '67; Tanaka and Watanabe, '73; Mukai and Watanabe, '75a,b; Scofield et al., '82). Work to date has focused mainly on assaying the number of alleles in a given population. However, further progress on understanding the processes that generate these high levels of polymorphism requires consideration of patterns of allele distri- butions both within and among populations (Gros- berg, '88a). Of particular interest is information on the effects of population size and age on the level of polymorphism. This problem has received little empirical attention due to the difficulties inher- ent in obtaining historical information on allele distributions. We here explore patterns of historecognition allele distributions in the colonial ascidian Botryl- loides diegense Van Name. Botrylloides diegense is native to southern California (Van Name, '45) but
Modification of Sexual Development Through Stimulation in Infancy

Newborn rat pups were either handled for 3 min/day for the first 24 days of life or else they were not disturbed during this interval. After weaning at 25 days, females were raised either in groups or individually. Rupturing of the vaginal membrane and onset of estrus occurred significantly earlier for females which were handled in infancy and group-reared after weaning. Males were sacrificed at 35, 41 or 47 days; the testes, prostates and seminal vesicles were excised and weighed. The seminal vesicles and prostates of handled rats were found to be significantly heavier than those of unhandled controls. No differences were found for testes weight.
Effect of capsaicin pretreatment on capsaicin-evoked release of immunoreactive somatostatin and substance P from primary sensory neurons.

Release of immunoreactive somatostatin (I-SRIF) and immunoreactive substance P (I-SP) was studied from slices prepared from upper dorsal horn (UDH) and lower dorsal plus ventral horn (LDH-VH) of rat spinal cord. Superfusion with capsaicin (10 microM) led to release of I-SRIF and I-SP from UDH slices but not from LDH-VH slices. The capsaicin-evoked release of I-SP was 6 fold higher than that of I-SRIF. A pulse of 60 mM K+ applied after the capsaicin pulse caused release of I-SRIF and I-SP from UDH as well as LDH-VH slices. Pretreatment of rats with capsaicin (125 mg/kg, s.c.) led to a nearly 40% depletion of I-SP in slices from UDH only. Capsaicin-evoked release from these slices was reduced by 81% for I-SRIF and by 79% for I-SP. Release evoked by K+ remained unchanged. These results indicate that capsaicin causes release of both I-SRIF and-I-SP and that this release is most likely restricted to primary sensory neurons. The marked reduction of the release of I-SP after systemic capsaicin pretreatment may well represent one of the, or even the reason for the insensitivity of capsaicin pretreated rats towards chemogenic pain.
Design of kinetically coupled complex reaction systems

Abstract The reaction kinetics of multicomponent mixtures were explored through the mathematical and experimental analyses of binary pyrolysis systems. The mathematical model was of parallel Rice-Herzfeld chains that were coupled through hydrogen transfer and termination elementary steps. Analytical rate expressisons for the coupled systems led to criteria for the classification of binary interactions. This, in turn, provided rationale for “optimizing” the type of observed interaction. Experiments with the model compounds dibenzyl ether and phenethyl phenyl ether provided an experimental example of kinetically coupled Rice-Herzfeld pyrolysis chains.
A microinjection technique for targeting regions of embryonic and neonatal mouse brain in vivo

A simple pressure injection technique was developed to deliver substances into specific regions of the embryonic and neonatal mouse brain in vivo. The retrograde tracers Fluorogold and cholera toxin B subunit were used to test the validity of the technique. Injected animals survived the duration of transport (24-48 h) and then were sacrificed and perfused with fixative. Small injections (<or=50 nL) were contained within targeted structures of the perinatal brain and labeled distant cells of origin in several model neural pathways. Traced neural pathways in the perinatal mouse were further examined with immunohistochemical methods to test the feasibility of double labeling experiments during development. Several experimental situations in which this technique would be useful are discussed, for example, to label projection neurons in slice or culture preparations of mouse embryos and neonates. The administration of pharmacological or genetic vectors directly into specific neural targets during development should also be feasible. An examination of the form of neural pathways during early stages of life may lead to insights regarding the functional changes that occur during critical periods of development and provide an anatomic basis for some neurodevelopmental disorders.
Development of a Hybrid SQP-GRG Algorithm for Constrained Nonlinear Programming

The optimization of many engineering design problems requires a nonlinear programming algorithm that is robust, efficient, and feasible at intermediate iterations. Based on the strengths of the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithms, a hybrid SQP-GRG algorithm is developed. The hybrid algorithm uses the SQP search direction and a modified GRG line search. The resulting SQP-GRG algorithm is shown to be robust, feasible at intermediate iterations, and comparable in efficiency to Powell’s SQP algorithm on 26 test problems.
Aggregative patterns of pre-spawning Atlantic herring on Georges Bank from 1999-2010

Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus ) in the offshore regions of the Gulf of Maine migrate each fall from their feeding grounds to the northern portion of Georges Bank to spawn. The Northeast Fisheries Science Center’s (NEFSC) herring acoustic survey has taken advantage of this behavior by conducting systematic surveys of the pre-spawning fish each year since 1999. Multi-frequency acoustic and midwater trawl data were collected along transects oriented perpendicular to bathymetric contours. Acoustic backscatter was analyzed to describe the aggregative patterns (e.g., size, location in the water column, and spatial and temporal distribution) of Atlantic herring during these surveys and regression trees were used to examine the aggregation characteristics. The positional variables of distance to spawning grounds and vertical location in the water column were the primary characteristics for describing pre-spawning aggregations. Secondary to these were the temporal variables of diel and survey timing, and the morphological characteristic of aggregation area. Lower numbers of aggregations were observed close to the herring spawning grounds but with higher acoustic energy than larger numbers of aggregations observed further from the spawning grounds but smaller in size and lower in acoustic energy. Most aggregations were in the lower portion of the water column, but those that were in the upper portion of the water column had higher acoustic energy. Consistently throughout the decade, 90% or more of herring aggregations were located within 40 nautical miles of their spawning grounds. The regression tree method provided valuable insight to the data series where it highlighted spatial and temporal patterns and was an effective way to quantitatively summarize relationships.
Dirac-Fock Energies for Multiple K-Plus L-Shell Vacancy States of Ions with Z = 9 to 18

Abstract Total energies for multiple K plus L vacancy states of ions with empty M shells are presented along with the Kα x-ray energies of all dipole-allowed transitions. They were obtained by computing single-configuration Dirac-Fock average energies and adding the appropriate interaction energy deviations derived using the well-known L - S coupling methods of Slater. Tables which allow the estimation of Kα x-ray transition energies for ions having 1 to 8 M -shell electrons are also provided.
Alterations in cerebral energy metabolism induced by traumatic brain injury

AbstractEnergy metabolism of the brain is unique, possessing high aerobic metabolism with no significant capacity for anaerobic glycolysis and limited tissue stores of glucose. A steady supply of oxygen and glucose is essential in order to maintain cerebral function and integrity. Extensive research in experimental and human head injury has been conducted regarding the delivery of oxygen and outcome. This research has provided evidence which indicates that in addition to the availability of oxygen and glucose, other factors, such as perturbation of mitochondrial energy transducing processes which also follow head trauma, play significant roles. In this paper, the salient findings from biochemical studies of experimental and clinical brain injury are summarized and indicate that the mitochondrial respiratory chain-linked oxidative phosphorylation and calcium transport are compromised by trauma-induced brain injury and support the idea that oxidative stress and perturbation of cellular calcium homeostasis p...
Characterization and sinterability of nanophase titania particles processed in flame reactors

Abstract Flame aerosol reactors are a route for large scale processing of nanostructured materials. However, fundamentals about processing-structure-property relationships have not been extensively researched. This work utilized three different burners to obtain a wide range of flame processing conditions (different time-temperature histories) to study the formation of nanophase titania particles. At low precursor reaction temperatures of about 400 °C, amorphous titania was obtained. At intermediate temperatures of 900 ~ 1430 °C, mixtures of anatase and rutile phase titania were obtained. At high temperatures of 1500 ~ 1570 °C, spherical particles of 100% anatase titania were obtained. A qualitative explanation of the different phase formation has been provided. Transmission Electron Microscopy was used to study particle morphology, size and agglomeration. Sizes of the titania particles produced by the designed burners varied from 10 to 100 nm, depending on processing conditions. In situ light scattering measurements were made to examine the evolution of the particle sizes. Post-sintering experiments were carried out to illustrate superior sinterability of the nanophase titania powders.
Power measurements of exposure radiation using thin metal film sensors

An exposure radiation power measurement technique utilizing thin gold film thermal sensors has been presented. The sensory system of the power meter (or calorimeter) consists of three interlaced serpentine resistors covering an area of 6 cm by 0.4 cm, functioning as a thermal sensor, a heater and a shielding electrode. The measurement principle is based on recording the change in resistance of the sensor due to heating under radiation and internal calibration. The interlaced gold sensors were fabricated using optical lithography on a 100 mm diameter silicon wafer. The power measurements have been performed at CAMD/LSU 1.3 - 1.5 GeV synchrotron source, on a 'white light' beamline (E max approximately 4 keV). The measurement results agree with calculations within approximately 4%. The relaxation time of the calorimeter response was 90 seconds in vacuum (10 -4 Torr) and 18 seconds in 25 Torr helium. The power from a UV lamp of an ORIEL optical exposure station was measured using an interlaced thermal sensor and a commercial calorimeter. The results agree within 2%.
Structural aspects of protein–DNA interactions as revealed by conversion of the interacting protein into a sequence-specific cross-linking agent or a chemical nuclease

I thank David Sigman, Richard Ebright, Dirk Bussiere, Karnire Pai, Adhar Manna and Steven White for many useful discussions. Our research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health.
847 NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL HYPERCALCEMIA

An infant born to a mother with hypercalcemia secondary to metastatic breast cancer developed severe hypocalcemia during the first week of life. Maternal calcium and phosphorous levels ranged from 14-17 mg/dl and 2-2.5 mg/dl, respectively, prior to delivery, and the infant's calcium level was 15.0 mg/dl at birth. During the first 9 days of life the infant's serum Ca level decreased to 4.8 mg/dl and P rose to 8.4 mg/dl. The serum Mg decreased to 0.7 mg/dl. Administration of MgSO4 intramuscularly raised the serum Mg to normal levels, but hypophosphaturia and hypocalcemia persisted. Administration of PTH was followed by return of Ca to normal levels and an apparent increase in P excretion. When PTH was stopped, serum Ca and Mg again decreased, but the phosphaturia persisted. Ca and Mg levels returned to normal spontaneously by the fourth week of life. The hypocalcemia of this infant supports the hypothesis of transient neonatal hypoparathyroidism resulting from exposure to relatively high levels of maternal Ca in utero and contradicts the theory that it is related to Mg deficiency and end-organ unresponsiveness to PTH.
The Efficiency of Speculation in Urban Land

This paper analyzes the effect of speculation in land at the urban periphery on resource allocation. A simple dynamic model of residential location is developed and its properties are analyzed both qualitatively and numerically. One finding is that social costs in a typical city are increased by about three to seven per cent as a result of speculative increases in the value of idle land. Appropriate tax policies are studied.
Defect metrology challenges at the 11-nm node and beyond

Rapid, inline inspection of wafers and reticles for minimum pitch defects is expected to be a significant technical challenge at the 11nm node. With the possible future adoption of EUV lithography, increasingly exotic materials and complex device architectures, projecting end user requirements is a difficult feat 4 to 5 years out. The present work progresses through projections of these requirements and surveys the various options available to the industry, supported by microscopy simulations. The main conclusion is that the industry needs to support pathfinding projects to develop super-resolution techniques, wavelength scaling and highly multiplexed, high defect contrast ebeam inspection.
Long memory in the volatility of an emerging equity market: The case of Turkey

Abstract We use methods based on wavelets and aggregate series, which have gained growing acceptance in the finance literature, to test for long memory in the absolute value, squared, and log squared daily returns of the Istanbul Stock Exchange National 100 Index. Our results show that all three volatility series are characterized by long memory, indicating that shocks to the stock index volatility decay slowly and that distant observations of the series are associated with each other. There are several implications of our study for further research. First, models examining the volatility of the Turkish equity returns should include a long memory component in their parameter set. Second, tests should be conducted to assess whether such models result in an improvement in the volatility forecasts of the Turkish equity returns.
Comment: United Nations encourages sharing of information on disaster forecasting technologies

Natural disasters are on the rise and are of serious concern to the global community During this decade, the United Nations, through its International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and the Global Programme for the Integration of Public Administration and the Science of Disasters (UNGP-IPASD), has striven to raise global awareness about natural disasters and about the possible approaches communities can take to reduce the impact of such disasters. Noting the emergence of many techniques and methodologies for early warning and community preparation for disasters, as well as the rapid advances in information-sharing technology the United Nations seeks to facilitate exchange of information, data, and experiences, and to encourage the integration of applied natural sciences and public administration so as to strengthen the capacity of local communities to assess and mitigate their immediate risk from natural disasters.
What's sex got to do with it? Attachment, love schemas, and sexuality

This study measured the effects of adult attachment styles on sexual behavior using Hatfield and Rapson's unified love schema theory. According to this theory, there are six love schemas, or adult attachment types. Four types parallel other four-category adult attachment schemas, and two types not measured in previous research are uninterested in romantic relationships. Clear differences were found in sexual desires and behaviors of people possessing five of the love schemas. The results suggest the importance of pursuing the effects of attachment style on sexual behavior, as well as the utility of an attachment schema that allows individuals to classify themselves as disinterested in romantic relationships.
Effect of 0.1 at. pct Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation resistance of beta-NiAl

The effect of 0.1 at. pct Zr on the cyclic oxidation of hipped beta-NiAl was studied. Oxidation testing was performed in static air at 1100-1200 C, using 1-hr exposure cycles for test times up to 3000 hr. The weight change versus time data were modeled with the COSP computer program to analyze and predict cyclic-oxidation behavior. Zr additions significantly change the nature of the scale-spalling process during cooling, so that the oxide spalls near the oxide-air interface at a relatively low depth within the scale. Without Zr, the predominantly alpha-Al2O3 scale tends to spall randomly to bare metal at relatively high effective-scale-loss rates, particularly at 1150 C and 1200 C. This leads to higher rates of Al consumption for the Zr-free aluminide and much earlier depletion of Al, leading to eventual breakaway (i.e., failure).