cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viren der Pflanzen

Als Wirte unterscheiden sich Pflanzen von Tieren auf vielfache Weise, sodass ihre Viren besondere Eigenschaften besitzen. Tierische Zellen sind von Membranen umgeben, Pflanzenzellen hingegen besitzen Wande auserhalb ihrer Zellmembranen. Viele Viren der Tiere nutzen die Zellmembranen, um ihre Partikel zu umhullen, was ihnen das Eindringen in die Wirtszellen erleichtert. Pflanzenviren haben nur sehr selten eine Membranhulle, und die wenigen, die eine besitzen, sind wahrscheinlich Insektenviren, die sich auch in Pflanzen replizieren konnen. Pflanzenviren stehen jedoch vor der Herausforderung, wie sie pflanzliche Zellwande durchdringen sollen, zum einen bei der anfanglichen Infektion, zum anderen, wenn sie sich in der Pflanze bewegen. Haufig nutzen sie Insekten, um in Pflanzen einzudringen, aber es sind auch andere Lebewesen geeignet, etwa Gras fressende Tiere, Nematoden, die Pflanzenwurzeln besiedeln, und sogar Pilze. Alle dienen sie als Vektoren, die es den Viren ermoglichen, sich zwischen den Pflanzen zu bewegen, die mit Ausnahme ihrer Samen grostenteils unbeweglich sind. Auch andere Dinge kommen als Vektoren infrage, etwa Gartenscheren, Rasenmaher und die mechanische Handhabung von Pflanzenmaterial.
Accelerometer-based assessment of physical activity within the Fun For Wellness online behavioral intervention: protocol for a feasibility study

Fun For Wellness (FFW) is an online behavioral intervention designed to promote growth in well-being and physical activity by providing capability-enhancing learning opportunities to participants. The conceptual framework for the FFW intervention is guided by self-efficacy theory. Evidence has been provided for the efficacy of FFW to promote self-reported free-living physical well-being actions in adults who comply with the intervention. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the protocol for a feasibility study designed to address uncertainties regarding the inclusion of accelerometer-based assessment of free-living physical activity within the FFW online intervention among adults with obesity in the United States of America (USA). The study design is a prospective, double-blind, parallel group randomized pilot trial. Thirty participants will be randomly assigned to the FFW or usual care (UC) group to achieve a 1:1 group (i.e., FFW:UC) assignment. Recruitment of participants is scheduled to begin on 29 April 2019 at a local bariatric services center within a major healthcare organization in the Midwest of the USA. There are five eligibility criteria for participation in this study: (1) between 18 and 64 years old, (2) a body mass index ≥ 25.00 kg/m2, (3) ability to access the online intervention, (4) the absence of simultaneous enrollment in another intervention program promoting physical activity, and (5) willingness to comply with instructions for physical activity monitoring. Eligibility verification and data collection will be conducted online. Three waves of data will be collected over a 13-week period. Instruments designed to measure demographic information, anthropometric characteristics, acceptability and feasibility of accelerometer-based assessment of physical activity, self-efficacy, and well-being will be included in the study. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics (e.g., recruitment rates), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analyses, and inferential statistical models under both an intent to treat approach and a complier average causal effect approach. Results are intended to inform the preparation of a future definitive randomized controlled trial. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03906942 , registered 8 April 2019. The Erwin and Barbara Mautner Charitable Foundation and the Michigan State University College of Education.
The (Ir)relevance of Biography: The Case of Fichte

This essay takes up the challenge to philosophical biography thrown down by Collingwood, Rorty and others that biography is useful only for its “gossip value” and hence not for an understanding of a philosopher’s thought. The author, a well-known biographer of both Kant and Fichte, focuses in this essay on the case of the latter, considering how Fichte’s biography may offer some perspective on his famous claim that “what kind of philosophy someone chooses depends on the kind of person he is.”
Cell-Laden Particulate-Composite Hydrogels with TunableMechanical Properties Constructed with Gradient-Interface HydrogelParticles

Hydrogels have long been studied as cell encapsulants for engineered tissue, yet diffusive limitations, suboptimal mechanical properties, and poor cell distribution limit the use of single-phase hydrogels for complex tissues scaffolds. Here, a composite hydrogel structure is presented to overcome these limitations. It is shown that oxygen inhibition during chain-growth photopolymerization of microgel particles can be used to directly manipulate the interfacial bond strength between two hydrogel interfaces in the particulate-composite hydrogels. Using this principle, a cell-laden particulate-composite hydrogel is fabricated that overcomes the low cell viability of a single-phase hydrogel, while allowing the stiffness to be arbitrarily tuned.
Development and characterization of 3D, nano-confined multicellular constructs for advanced biohybrid devices.

This is the final report for the President Harry S. Truman Fellowship in National Security Science and Engineering (LDRD project 130813) awarded to Dr. Bryan Kaehr from 2008-2011. Biological chemistries, cells, and integrated systems (e.g., organisms, ecologies, etc.) offer important lessons for the design of synthetic strategies and materials. The desire to both understand and ultimately improve upon biological processes has been a driving force for considerable scientific efforts worldwide. However, to impart the useful properties of biological systems into modern devices and materials requires new ideas and technologies. The research herein addresses aspects of these issues through the development of (1) a rapid-prototyping methodology to build 3D bio-interfaces and catalytic architectures, (2) a quantitative method to measure cell/material mechanical interactions in situ and at the microscale, and (3) a breakthrough approach to generate functional biocomposites from bacteria and cultured cells.
Interfacility Transfers: A Process Ridden With Improvement Opportunities.

Most pediatric emergency department visits occur in hospitals that see <15 children per day1 and have insufficient pediatric resources.2 As a result, nearly 350 000 children are transferred from hospital to hospital each year, and this number has increased over time.3 Unfortunately, the process of transferring patients between hospitals is fraught with communication breakdowns, diagnosis discordance, and delays in care.4,5 Handoffs during transitions of care are the leading cause of serious medical errors,6 and interfacility transfers inherently impose heightened risk by involving handoffs across different hospitals. Moreover, transfers impose additional direct (eg, transport accidents) and indirect (eg, psychological distress, unwarranted testing) risk to patients. Among the population of transferred pediatric patients, children with ≥1 complex chronic condition (CCC) are a particularly vulnerable population at risk for harm. Their complex medical needs often necessitate complex interventions that pretransfer emergency departments might not be prepared to manage. The patient care handoff during the transfer also likely involves more complex information relative to handoffs of children without a CCC. Furthermore, children with a CCC have an increased likelihood of transfer relative to their nonmedically complex counterparts.7 Despite prioritized efforts to improve care for children with CCCs, we lack research focused on improving care for these children during the transfer process. In this issue of Hospital Pediatrics , White et al8 begin to address this important literature gap. They used the 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of pediatric hospitalizations to describe the characteristics …
Sustained Hypoxia Alters nTS Glutamatergic Signaling and Expression and Function of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters.

Abstract Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) and mediates chemoreflex function during periods of low oxygen (i.e. hypoxia). We have previously shown that nTS excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), specifically EAAT-2, located on glia modulate neuronal activity, cardiorespiratory and chemoreflex function under normal conditions via its tonic uptake of extracellular glutamate. Chronic sustained hypoxia (SH) elevates nTS synaptic transmission and chemoreflex function. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which glial EAAT-2 contributes to SH-induced nTS synaptic alterations. To do so, male Sprague-Dawley rats (4–7 weeks) were exposed to either 1, 3, or 7 days of SH (10% O2, 24 h/day) and compared to normoxic controls (21% O2, 24 h/day, i.e., 0 days SH). After which, the nTS was harvested for patch clamp electrophysiology, quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunoblots. SH induced time- and parameter-dependent increases in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). TS-evoked EPSC amplitude increased after 1D SH which returned at 3D and 7D SH. Spontaneous EPSC frequency increased only after 3D SH, which returned to normoxic levels at 7D SH. EPSC enhancement occurred primarily by presynaptic mechanisms. Inhibition of EAAT-2 with dihydrokainate (DHK, 300 µM) did not alter EPSCs following 1D SH but induced depolarizing inward currents (Ihold). After 3D SH, DHK decreased TS-EPSC amplitude yet its resulting Ihold was eliminated. EAAT-2 mRNA and protein increased after 3D and 7D SH, respectively. These data suggest that SH alters the expression and function of EAAT-2 which may have a neuroprotective effect.
Navy Metrology and Applications of Biosensors

The findings presented in this paper are a result of unclassified literature research of different types of biosensors within a larger context of biological warfare. This paper discusses different ...
Condensates from vapor made by impacts between metal-, silicate-rich bodies: Comparison with metal and chondrules in CB chondrites

Abstract The impact hypothesis for the origin of CB chondrites was tested by performing equilibrium condensation calculations in systems composed of vaporized mixtures of projectile and target materials. When one of the impacting bodies is composed of the metal from CR chondrites and the other is an H chondrite, good agreement can be found between calculated and observed compositions of unzoned metal grains in CB chondrites but the path of composition variation of the silicate condensate computed for the same conditions that reproduce the metal grain compositions does not pass through the measured compositions of barred olivine (BO) or cryptocrystalline (CC) chondrules in the CBs. The discrepancy between measured chondrule compositions and those of calculated silicates is not reduced when diogenite, eucrite or howardite compositions are substituted for H chondrite as the silicate-rich impacting body. If, however, a CR chondrite body is differentiated into core, a relatively CaO-, Al 2 O 3 -poor mantle and a CaO-, Al 2 O 3 -rich crust, and later accretes significant amounts of water, a collision between it and an identical body can produce the necessary chemical conditions for condensation of CB chondrules. If the resulting impact plume is spatially heterogeneous in its proportions of crust and mantle components, the composition paths calculated for silicate condensates at the same P tot , Ni/H and Si/H ratios and water abundance that produce good matches to the unzoned metal grain compositions pass through the fields of BO and CC chondrules, especially if high-temperature condensates are fractionated in the case of the CCs. While equilibrium evaporation of an alloy containing solar proportions of siderophiles into a dense impact plume is an equally plausible hypothesis for explaining the compositions of the unzoned metal grains, equilibrium evaporation can explain CB chondrule compositions only if an implausibly large number of starting compositions is postulated. Kinetic models applied to co-condensing metal grains and silicate droplets in a region of the plume with very similar composition, but with high cooling rate and sharply declining P tot during condensation, produce very good matches to the zoning profiles of Ir, Ni, Co and Cr concentrations and Fe and Ni isotopic compositions observed in the zoned metal grains in CB chondrites but produce very large positive δ 56 Fe in the cogenetic silicate, which are not found in the chondrules.
Numerical Study on The Structural Behavior of RC Beams after Exposure to Elevated Temperature

This paper presents a numerical simulation of the structural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under elevated temperature using the commercial finite element package ABAQUS. A numerical model is firstly suggested by selecting the appropriate geometrical and material properties of the RC beam model at elevated temperature. Thereafter, the suggested numerical model was validated against the experimental tests conducted in this study. The validation results in terms of temperatures- time histories; load-mid span deflection of the RC beams have confirmed the accuracy of the suggested numerical model. The validated numerical model was implemented in conducting a parametric study to investigate the effects of two important parameters on the behavior and failure of RC beams under elevated temperature. These parameters are the effect of the high ranges of elevated temperatures; and the effect of heating rate. The parametric study results have revealed that the failure load and the ductility of RC beams under elevated temperature are not considerably influenced by changing the heating rate. It has also been concluded that the ultimate load capacities of RC beams have considerably decreased by 55.49%, 74.72%, and 81.31% comparing with the control RC beam when they exposed to temperature values of 600 oC, 700 oC, and 800oC respectively. These conclusions may be used in the design of RC beams subjected to fire induced temperature. Numerical model
Food Advertising on Television Before and After a National Unhealthy Food Marketing Regulation in Chile, 2016-2017.

Objectives. To study changes in food advertising on television after Chile’s food marketing restriction was implemented in June 2016.Methods. Food advertisements shown between 6 am and 12 am on the...
Protein dynamics insights from 15 N- 1 H (TROSY) HSQC

Abstract. Protein dynamic information is customarily extracted from 15N NMR spin-relaxation experiments. These experiments can only be applied to (small) proteins that can be dissolved to high concentrations. However, most proteins of interest to the biochemical and biomedical community are large and relatively insoluble. These proteins often have functional conformational changes, and it is particularly regretful that these processes cannot be supplemented by dynamical information from NMR. We ask here whether (some) dynamic information can be obtained form the 1H line widths in 15N-1H HSQC spectra. Such spectra are widely available, also for larger proteins. We developed a computer program to predict amide proton line widths from (crystal) structures. As a calibration, we test our approach on BPTI. We find that we can predict most of the distribution of experimental amide proton line widths if we take the dipole-dipole interaction with at least 40 surrounding protons into account. When focusing our attention the outliers of the distribution, we find for BPTI a cluster of conformationally broadened 1HN resonances of residues in strands 10–15 and 36–40 of the beta sheet. Conformational exchange broadening of the 15NH resonances for these residues was previously reported using 15N relaxation measurements (Szyperski et al., J. Biomol. NMR 3, 151–164, 1993). There is little or no evidence for motional narrowing of the 1HN resonances, also in agreement with earlier data using 15N relaxation methods (Beeser et.al, J. Mol. Biol. 269, 154–164, 1997). We also apply our program to 42 kDa domain of the human Hsc70 protein. In this case, there is no previous 15N relaxation data to compare with, but we find, again from the outliers of the distribution, both exchange broadening and motional narrowing that appears to corroborate previous conformational insights for this domain.
Comparison of perioperative outcomes between non-obese and obese patients undergoing robotic inguinal hernia repair: a propensity score matching analysis.

Despite the limited research in support of robotic inguinal hernia repair (RIHR), it is an increasingly adopted technique in surgical practice. While a major risk factor for the development of ventral hernias and subsequent complications, obesity in RIHR has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of RIHR between obese and non-obese patients. Prospectively collected data surrounding RIHRs performed at a single center between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into non-obese (< 30 kg/m2) and obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) groups, and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were compared in unmatched and matched groups, derived using a 1:2 propensity score match (PSM). From a total of 547 patients, 414 were non-obese and 133 were obese. A PSM analysis, accounting for confounding preoperative variables and risk factors, stratified these into 262 patients for the non-obese group and 131 patients for the obese group. Although the obese group’s operative times were longer on average (57 min vs. 51 min; p = 0.007), this difference did not persist after matching. The only significant difference in operative variables was a higher rate of cord lipomas in the obese group. Postoperative variables, including wound complications, readmissions, and recurrence, were similar across unmatched and matched groups. In the first study to investigate the influence of obesity in RIHR, no differences in outcomes were found between obese and non-obese patients. This procedure can be safely performed in obese individuals, however, more studies comparing body mass index (BMI) classes are needed to establish whether a prohibitive BMI threshold exists for RIHR.
Synaptomys cooperi (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

This account represents a thorough update of Mammalian Species 210 on the subject species by A. V. Linzey, incorporating 102 relevant references published since 1983. Synaptomys cooperi Baird, 1857, the southern bog lemming, is an arvicoline rodent. This compact snub-nosed rodent has a thick grayish coat, small eyes and ears, gray or silver venter, and a stubby tail as long as the hind foot. It occurs from Canadian maritime provinces to southeastern Manitoba, southward to Arkansas and northeastern North Carolina. This cold-adapted species lives in mesic grasslands in the Great Plains states, in wet meadows in some eastern states, and often in wet coniferous and other forest types in the north. Its presence often can be detected by distinctive green droppings. One of two species in the genus, S. cooperi is sometimes difficult to capture and study, leading to its status of conservation concern in some states and provinces.
Requiring What’s Not Required: Circuit Courts Are Disregarding Supreme Court Precedent and Revisiting Officer Inadvertence in Cyberlaw Cases

As the age of technology has taken this country by surprise and left us with an inability to formally prepare our legal system to incorporate these advances, many courts are forced to adapt by applying pre-technology rules to new technological scenarios. One illustration is the plain view exception to the Fourth Amendment. Recently, the issue of officer inadvertence at the time of the search, a rule that the United States Supreme Court has specifically stated is not required in plain view inquiries, has been revisited in cyber law cases. It could be said that the courts interested in the existence of officer inadvertence, despite its lack of necessity, are properly doing so as a means of analysis for cyber cases to more suitably adjust to the searches of computers and related technology. The Tenth Circuit has knowingly disregarded Supreme Court precedent, and this continues its disagreement with the Fourth Circuit. This perpetuates a circuit split that should be resolved by the Supreme Court. In anticipation of a judicial resolution, this article was written to outline the problem and explain the positions of the circuits that have addressed this issue. Part II will provide an overview of the fourth amendment, focusing on the history of the plain view doctrine and the Supreme Court’s examination of officer inadvertence when analyzing plain view search cases. Part III shifts the focus into the modern era of cyber law cases and how those cases involving plain view searches have been analyzed. Particularly, this section explains and illustrates that various circuit courts of appeal have been explicitly choosing not to follow Supreme Court precedent when analyzing cyber law cases. Part IV examines the Supreme Court’s acknowledgement of differences between cases involving technology and cases that do not have a technology component. This article takes the position that the circuit courts that have deviated from prior Supreme Court precedent are consistent with what the Supreme Court would likely rule if the issue of officer inadvertence in plain view cyber-related searches arose before the Court today. Part V explains the need for guidance from the Supreme Court to resolve confusion faced by circuit courts deciding cases involving cyber-related searches subject to the plain view doctrine.
Excessive entry and investment in deregulated markets: Evidence from the electricity sector

Abstract The staggered and partial restructuring of state electricity markets beginning in 1996 is leveraged to identify the effect of entry deregulation on investment in generation capacity during the U.S. Gas Boom. Using synthetic control to construct the counterfactual outcome, this paper finds restructuring led to a 17 percent increase in capacity beyond the counterfactual in the seven years following restructuring. The overinvestment of the electricity industry is consistent with market coordination failure, contagion and low real interest rates, leading to an environmental welfare gain of $27.6 billion but overall net welfare loss of $18.85 billion.
Computing devices of the second and third generations.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of computers as pattern recognizing devices in the treatment of physiological data. The two principle fields in these developments are electrocardiography (EKG) and electroencephalography (EEG). There are major programs to develop pattern-recognizing techniques in the EKG for detection of changes with age, and in management of patients in intensive care. There is a requirement for rapid, accurate, and continuous assessment of physiological status in performing man, and in the sick patient. For this purpose, one may anticipate that a special purpose computer, simpler in its user interface than any available now, capable of carrying out complex but essential calculations, and with special weighting factors to cover particular parameters, will achieve a reliable classification of states. Verification of states might well involve continuing comparison with a much larger library of data.
Robert Boyle and the limits of reason

Introduction, Robert Boyle as lay theologian Part I: 1. Things above reason 2. The threat of Socinianism 3. Predestination 4. Theology and the limits of reason Part II: 5. Philosophies of nature and their theological implications 6. Sources of knowledge 7. The limits of reason and knowledge of nature 8. Boyle's voluntarism and the limits of reason Conclusion.
Beyond Inferred Initiatives and Faulty Safety Solutions: A Review of Safe By Accident?

Why do accidents occur, even in the most profitable, seemingly well-managed organizations? It seems today that every company has taken to creating their own slogans and catch phrases identifying th...
A 67-base-pair segment from the Ori-S region of herpes simplex virus type 1 encodes origin function

The Ori-S segment of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains a 45-base-pair-long imperfect palindrome with an AT segment at its center. We cloned Ori-S into a poisonless plasmid to investigate the role of the palindromic components in DNA replication. Neither a large insertion within the AT segment nor a deletion of the right side of the palindrome significantly inhibited DNA replication under our conditions of analysis. These findings argue against the necessity for a specific cruciform structure in the initiation of replication. We scanned the entire AT segment with triple tandem-base-pair substitutions to pinpoint essential functional sequences. Only the first 3 base pairs at the left end of the segment are absolutely essential for replication in the presence of the remaining AT sequences.
Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 3. Use of microspheres to estimate the transport potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts

[1] The vulnerability of a municipal well in the Northwest well field in southeastern Florida to potential contamination by Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was assessed in a large-scale, forced-gradient (convergent) injection and recovery test. The field study involved a simultaneous pulse introduction of a nonreactive tracer (SF6, an inert gas) and oocyst-sized (1.6, 2.9, and 4.9 μm diameter) carboxylated polystyrene microspheres into karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer characterized by a complex triple (matrix, touching-vug, and conduit) porosity. Fractional recoveries 97 m down gradient were inversely related to diameter and ranged from 2.9% for the 4.9 μm microspheres to 5.8% for 1.6 μm microspheres. Their centers of mass arrived at the pumping well approximately threefold earlier than that of the nonreactive tracer SF6 (gas), underscoring the need for use of colloid tracers and field-scale tracer tests for these kinds of evaluations. In a modified triaxial cell using near in situ chemical conditions, 2.9 and 4.9 μm microspheres underestimated by fourfold to sixfold the attachment potential of the less electronegative 2.9–4.1 μm oocysts in the matrix porosity of limestone core samples. The field and laboratory results collectively suggested that it may take 200–300 m of transport to ensure even a 1-log unit removal of oocysts, even though the limestone surfaces exhibited a substantive capability for their sorptive removal. The study further demonstrated the utility of microspheres as oocyst surrogates in field-scale assessments of well vulnerability in limestone, provided that differences in attachment behaviors between oocysts and microspheres are taken into account.
An enzyme histochemical study of the effect of various concentrations of formocresol on connective tissues

Abstract A histochemical profile of selected enzyme activities has been assessed in connective tissue cells of polyvinyl sponge implants in the absence or presence of various dilutions of formocresol. The effects of formocresol are more severe among cells receiving the higher concentrations. Little difference is noted between the full concentration of formocresol and a 1 5 dilution in terms of initial effects of tissue fixation. Thus, it is concluded that a 1 5 dilution may be as effective as the full concentration and, at the same time, may provide a faster recovery from the cytotoxic effects of formocresol.
GSAS-II: the genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package

The newly developed GSAS-II software is a general purpose package for data reduction, structure solution and structure refinement that can be used with both single-crystal and powder diffraction data from both neutron and X-ray sources, including laboratory and synchrotron sources, collected on both two- and one-dimensional detectors. It is intended that GSAS-II will eventually replace both the GSAS and the EXPGUI packages, as well as many other utilities. GSAS-II is open source and is written largely in object-oriented Python but offers speeds comparable to compiled code because of its reliance on the Python NumPy and SciPy packages for computation. It runs on all common computer platforms and offers highly integrated graphics, both for a user interface and for interpretation of parameters. The package can be applied to all stages of crystallographic analysis for constant-wavelength X-ray and neutron data. Plans for considerable additional development are discussed.
hBFT: Speculative Byzantine Fault Tolerance with Minimum Cost

We present hBFT, a hybrid, Byzantine fault-tolerant, replicated state machine protocol with optimal resilience. Under normal circumstances, hBFT uses speculation, i.e., replicas directly adopt the order from the primary and send replies to the clients. As in prior work such as Zyzzyva, when replicas are out of order, clients can detect the inconsistency and help replicas converge on the total ordering. However, we take a different approach than previous work that has four distinct benefits: it requires many fewer cryptographic operations, it moves critical jobs to the clients with no additional costs, faulty clients can be detected and identified, and performance in the presence of client participation will not degrade as long as the primary is correct. The correctness is guaranteed by a three-phase checkpoint subprotocol similar to PBFT, which is tailored to our needs. The protocol is triggered by the primary when a certain number of requests are executed or by clients when they detect an inconsistency.
Changes in nutrients and food groups intake following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).

Serial changes in dietary intake, including specific food groups and nutrients during the first year following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are of interest due to surgically induced alterations in meal size, food intolerances present after surgery, and potential nutrient deficiencies. To help improve the nutritional health of surgical patients, this study’s purpose was to examine changes in macro- and micronutrients, food groups, and selected foods during 12 months of follow-up in post-RYGB individuals. RYGB patients (n = 17) completed 4-day food records at baseline (prior to surgery) and then at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Mean daily intake was determined at each time for energy intake, macro- and micronutrients, food groups, and selected foods in targeted food groups. A dramatic decrease in mean (±SEM) daily energy intake occurred—2,150 ± 165 kcal at baseline vs. 649 ± 40 kcal at 3 weeks; energy intake continually increased to a high of 1,307 ± 129 kcal by 12 months. More than 50 % of patients had low intake of vitamins D, E, C, folate, and calcium, magnesium, and potassium at 12 months. Servings from vegetables, grains, fats, and sweetened beverages were lower, whereas, meats, dairy, fruits, and sweets showed only small, transient changes following surgery. The reduction in energy intake following RYGB is from selected food groups and not solely a reduction in portion sizes across the diet. The lower intake of micronutrients indicates potential risk for deficiencies unless supplements are used. These findings can help in the clinical management of surgical patients to improve nutritional health.
Early immobilization of mandibular fractures a retrospective study

This study reviews the treatment outcome of 204 fractures in 131 patients over a 33-month period. In the total group, an infection rate of 4.4% was experienced, which is comparable with other reports. However, in complaint patients immobilized within 72 hours of injury, there was a 0% incidence of bone infection in 111 fractures treated by closed reduction and a 2% (one case) incidence of bone infection in 50 fractures treated by open reduction. Thus, of the of 161 fractures treated by closed and/or open reduction with early immobilization in complaint patients, the incidence of posttreatment bone infection was 0.6%. It was not significant whether teeth in the line of fracture were retained or removed. This study supports the principle that compound fractures of the mandible should to be immobilized within 72 hours of the initial trauma.
Loop finder analysis for analog circuits

The loop finder (LF) analysis is a newly developed method for automatic loop identification and full chip stability analysis. It allows designers to find local and potentially problematic return loops in their analog circuits. Node impedance transfer functions in pole-residue format are utilized to generate second-order continuous-time systems that approximate the loops. This method was implemented in our in-house Spice-like simulator and has been very helpful identifying instability problems.
Computer science through the eyes of dead monkeys: learning styles and interaction in CS I

Our breadth-first introduction to Computer Science presents the fundamentals of the discipline by engaging students in active learning. In designing and teaching this course we established four goals. First, since problem solving is essential to Computer Science, students should learn to solve problems proficiently in several areas. Second, since Computer Science is best learned through intimate engagement with the material, students should learn in an active classroom environment. Third, students of all experience levels and majors should feel equally comfortable with the course material. And fourth, students should discover that Computer Science is interesting, relevant and fun.We encountered two major obstacles to achieving our goals. First, in an introductory course such as this, one regularly finds a range of experience among students: some have never used a computer, others have used it only for word processing, and still others have built their own computers. Therefore, designing an interesting and useful course that doesn't bore or intimidate any students is a significant challenge. Second, students have a wide variety of preferred learning styles which affect the way they gather and process information. Instructors also have a preferred learning style which affects the way they present the course material. Therefore, presenting the material in ways that engage all learning styles is another challenge.Despite these obstacles, our presentation strategies for this course have yielded promising results. After teaching the course for three semesters, we have observed the following. First, the course involves every student and is highly interactive. Second, as students learn the core material they ask more depth questions and achieve a higher overall level of knowledge than students in previous semesters of the course. Finally, students enjoy the class and report that they are highly satisfied with their learning; more CS I students are choosing to take additional Computer Science classes.
Dynamics of Low-Frequency Variability: Barotropic Mode

The dynamics of low-frequency variability is investigated in terms of sensitivity to the dependence of its relative zonal position of a single storm track in a simplified global circulation model. A streamfunction tendency equation is derived that explicitly distinguishes between barotropic and baroclinic components. One of the two low-frequency patterns located in the center of the storm track grows barotropically, and its decay is accomplished by low-frequency eddy vorticity fluxes and the baroclinic contribution to the divergence term. The growth and decay of the second pattern, located at the downstream end of the storm track, is dominated by nonlinear processes. This indicates that the dynamical processes leading to growth and decay of low-frequency patterns depend on the zonal position of the low-frequency pattern relative to a storm track.
Equal Rights: A Provable Moral Standard.

. Our time has been characterized by growing subjectivism— which is the view that there are no objectively provable moral standards and that each individual is the ultimate arbiter for himself of right and wrong. Alienation, purposelessness and violence are some of the manifestations that would seem to follow logically from such a view, and in fact they seem more prevalent now than ever. But subjectivism is invalid in that ethics (unlike aesthetics) is a rational process, and the standards of reason are therefore the standards of ethics. The ethical standard that is provable is equal rights: specifically, that every individual has a right to his life, liberty and property, limited only by the equal rights of others. This paper attempts to show that this follows directly from the true statement that we should treat things as they are.
Toward design patterns for dynamic analytical data visualization

This paper advocates the study and use of visualization design patterns to improve development productivity and usage effectiveness in dynamic, analytical data visualization. Nine visualization design patterns are presented formally using the current de facto pattern description language. Organized in three categories (data, structural, and behavioral), these patterns summarize many common practices and techniques used in the process of dynamic, analytical data visualization. A relationship diagram is also introduced to illustrate the common relationships and uses of the patterns. Driven by the study of design patterns, a simple, yet powerful, architecture design for a dynamic, analytical data visualization library is proposed. The fundamental characteristics of the design are component-based, data centric, and layout-aided.
Modulation of the Pasteur effect in retinal cells: implications for understanding compensatory metabolic mechanisms.

Abstract The purpose of the present experiments was to enhance understanding of the factors that are critical for the survival of retinal cells exposed to mitochondrial inhibition. Confluent cultures of Muller cells (rMC-1) and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (hRPE) were incubated in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium in the presence and absence of 1×10 −5 m Antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. To modulate the rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, cells were incubated in media containing varying concentrations of glucose and 1–100 μ m of iodoacetic acid (IAA), an inhibitor of glyceraldehdye-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). Measurements were made of G3PDH, lactic acid production, and cellular ATP levels, along with an examination of cellular morphology, the latter providing an index of cellular viability. Control rMC-1 and hRPE produced lactate aerobically, respectively, at 0·48 and 1·50 μmol hr −1 /10 6 cells. Anaerobically, lactate production increased 2-fold in rMC-1 and 3-fold in hRPE. Anaerobic ATP levels in both types of cells were maintained at control levels over 8 hr. Experimental conditions were sought that would modulate only the capacity of rMC-1 and hRPE to increase glycolysis following mitochondrial inhibition, i.e. alter their Pasteur effect. We used low concentrations of IAA to partially inhibit G3PDH. Incubation of rMC-1 with IAA for 6 hr caused a graded inhibition of G3PDH: 70% inhibition with 1 μ m , 90% with 5 μ m , 97% with 10 μ m , and 100% with 100 μ m . While the aerobic and anaerobic rates of lactic acid production were not altered by 1 μ m IAA, both were suppressed completely by 100 μ m IAA. However, incubation of rMC-1 with 5 μ m IAA caused a decrease of 30% in the rate of anaerobic lactic acid production but no change in the rate of aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, with 5 μ m IAA, rMC-1 incubated aerobically maintained ATP levels, but anaerobic ATP content decreased to a low level and cell morphology and viability were compromised. Essentially similar results were observed with hRPE. Both rMC-1 and hRPE are remarkably resistant to mitochondrial inhibition. This resistance is linked directly to the magnitude of the increase in the Pasteur effect. When the capacity of rMC-1 and hRPE to generate a Pasteur effect is selectively curtailed, these cells no longer are resistant to mitochondrial inhibition. It is suggested that in an intact tissue the ability of a cell to withstand a metabolic challenge will depend very much on the adequacy of the supply of glucose. Even a small limitation in the availability of this utilizable substrate and in the rate of the compensatory increase in the rate of anaerobic glycolysis could put the cell at greater risk during the challenge.
The pattern of somatic hypermutation of Ig genes is altered when p53 is inactivated

Mice with a deletion of the p53 gene have normal antibody titers against sheep red blood cells and normal switching to all Ig isotypes. In older mice (11 and 16 weeks old) the somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies are progressively reduced. In young mice (8 weeks old) with p53 deletion, the SHM frequencies are normal. However, the mutation pattern is changed in all p53-/- mice: mutations at A are increased. Surprisingly, deletion of the Ung2 gene in addition to the deletion of p53 corrected the A mutation frequencies to those of control mice. Known interactions of p53 protein with several proteins involved in error-prone BER during SHM may explain these findings. There is no indication that the absence of p53 affects the function of AID. Inactivation of p21 does not alter SHM, supporting the idea that the p53 protein is involved in SHM by its direct association with the SHM process. There is no significant change of mutations at T. Thus, the hypermutability at A is strand-biased (transcription? replication?). The translesion polymerase pol eta has so far been found to be the sole mutator at A and T in mice. However, the pattern in p53-/- mice is compatible with the possible inhibition by p53 of another translesion polymerase, pol iota, which in the absence of p53 may be recruited to error-prone repair of abasic sites in SHM.
The Spleen and Organized Lymph Nodes Are Not Essential for the Development of Gut-Induced Mucosal Immune Responses in Lymphotoxin-α Deficient Mice

Abstract Lymphotoxin knock-out (KO) mice generate specific immune responses to orally administered immunogens despite having neither gut-associated nor peripheral lymphoid tissues. The spleen, therefore, was expected to play a role in the generation of immune responses in these KO mice. KO and wild-type (wt) mice were splenectomized and orally immunized with Salmonella typhimurium. Splenectomy produced the most profound effects on serum and fecal IgA levels in KO mice. Total and antigen-specific serum and fecal IgA were increased in splenectomized wt mice but decreased in splenectomized KO mice. Antigen-specific serum IgG was decreased in both KO and wt splenectomized mice while total IgG increased in splenectomized wt mice. Both splenectomized wt and KO mice demonstrated a compensatory expansion of the lamina propria compartment characterized by a significant increase in the number of IgA spot-forming cells. KO mice demonstrated further compensation for the loss of the spleen in the accelerated development of ectopic lymphoid tissues. We conclude that the spleen plays a prominent role as a lymphoid organ in KO mice but its removal does not abolish immune responsiveness. Residual immune responsiveness in splenectomized KO mice following oral immunization appears to be due to expansion and/or development of alternate effector compartments.
Multimodally controlled intelligent telerobot for people with disabilities

This paper reports on the current status of the multimodal user supervised interface and intelligent control (MUSIIC) project, which is working towards the development of an intelligent assistive telemanipulative system for people with motor disabilities. Our MUSIIC strategy overcomes the limitations of previous approaches by integrating a multimodal RUI (robot user interface) and a semi-autonomous reactive planner that will allow users with severe motor disabilities to manipulate objects in an unstructured domain. The multimodal user interface is a speech and deictic (pointing) gesture based control that guides the operation of a semi-autonomous planner controlling the assistive telerobot. MUSIIC uses a vision system to determine the three-dimensional shape, pose and color of objects and surfaces which are in the environment, and as well as an object-oriented knowledge base and planning system which superimposes information about common objects in the three-dimensional world. This approach allows the users to identify objects and tasks via a multimodal user interface which interprets their deictic gestures and a restricted natural language like speech input. The multimodal interface eliminates the need for general purpose object recognition by binding the users speech and gesture input to a locus in the domain of interest. The underlying knowledge-driven planner, combines information obtained from the user, the stereo vision mechanism as well as the knowledge bases to adapt previously learned plans to perform new tasks and also to manipulate newly introduced objects into the workspace. Therefore, what we have is a flexible and intelligent telemanipulative system that functions as an assistive robot for people with motor disabilities.
Inhibitory effect of caloric restriction on tumorigenicity induced by 4-aminobiphenyl and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the CD1 newborn mouse bioassay

The tumorigenicity of 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) were studied in combination with caloric restriction in the male neonatal CD1 mouse bioassay. 4-ABP and PhIP exhibited moderate and weak tumorigenicity, respectively, in ad libitum fed mice; however, none of the caloric restricted mice developed tumors. These results indicate that caloric restriction, even when begun 3 months after the conclusion of compound treatment, markedly inhibited 4-ABP- and PhIP-induced tumors in the CD1 mouse.