cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Some Factors in the Butter Churning Process

Summary 1. A study of the distribution of casein between water and a mineral oil-water interface tends to confirm the conclusion of Wiegner with respect to the thickness of the interfacial film. 2. Results are described, obtained in churning certain modified creams. The relative electrical potential on the butter-fat globules, and the viscosity of the interglobular solutions were determined. These two factors appear to have very little, if any, effect on churning time. 3. It is suggested that churning is due to the setting free of butter fat from the less stable globules, followed by a cementing of the more stable protected globules into clumps, by the free butter fat. 4. In support of this view, we have been able to produce butter, without churning under conditions that favor a decrease in stability of the fat globules.
QCD at short distances

Abstract A number of topics relation to QCD at short distance are discussed. Topics included are the partonic spin content of the proton, small-x behavior and the Pomeron, J/ψ production in hadron-nucleus collisions, elastic nucleon-nucleon scattering and large terms in perturbation theory
Immediate Hemodynamic Response to Correction of Cardiac Valvular Lesions

Abstract The immediate hemodynamic response to prosthetic replacement of the aortic and mitral valves was evaluated in 50 patients by intraoperative measurement of cardiac output, intracardiac pressures, and other hemodynamic variables. Hemodynamics returned to near-normal immediately after correction of aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation. In contrast, little immediate hemodynamic improvement occurred after mitral valve replacement for mitral stenosis. This difference could not be explained by blood volume deficits, the presence of the prosthesis, or residual valvular lesions. The most likely explanation appears to be that pulmonary vascular resistance does not immediately decrease, while an increased mechanical load is placed on the chronically diseased right ventricle. Impairment of left ventricular function may also play a role in the altered hemodynamic state observed early after correction of long-standing mitral stenosis.
Al Qaeda's Uncertain Future

This article considers the current state of the Al Qaeda terrorist movement and its likely future trajectory. It considers the principle assumptions both today and in the past about Al Qaeda and how they affect our understanding of the movement and the threat that it poses; Al Qaeda's current capacity for violence; and its ability to plan strategically and implement terrorist operations. The article further identifies nine key change drivers that will likely determine Al Qaeda's fate in the years to come before concluding that, even while the core Al Qaeda group may be in decline, Al Qaeda-ism, the movement's ideology, continues to resonate and attract new adherents. In sum, it argues that Al Qaeda remains an appealing brand most recently and most especially to extremist groups in North and West Africa and the Levant.
Why should biconnected components be identified first

Abstract Most graph optimization problems are solved on each connected component of the graph separately. This requires the identification of the connected components of the graph. We show here that for several graph optimization problems, including the weighted vertex cover and the independent set problems, it suffices to know how to solve the problem on each biconnected component of the graph. The additional work required to give a solution on the whole graph takes a linear additive factor at most, whereas the potential savings in total running time are substantial. The same approach applies to approximation algorithms, and the approximation error bound is at most the maximum error bound among the biconnected components.
Effects of an added counter on keypecking maintained by a fixed-ratio schedule: Context effects

Under fixed-ratio reinforcement, an added counter weakened performance to a greater extent when the added counter alternated with an identical fixed-ratio schedule (without the counter) in a multiple schedule. The results were interpreted as indicating an increase in the discriminative control by the added counter, which was caused by the contrast with the interpolated ratio requirement without the counter. The results confirm and extend earlier reports that fixed-ratio performance is substantially weakened by amplification of the discriminative control of performance by response count.
Controlled ocular drug delivery with nanomicelles

Many vision threatening ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy may result in blindness. Ocular drug delivery specifically to the intraocular tissues remains a challenging task due to the presence of various physiological barriers. Nonetheless, recent advancements in the field of nanomicelle-based novel drug delivery system could fulfil these unmet needs. Nanomicelles consists of amphiphilic molecules that self-assemble in aqueous media to form organized supramolecular structures. Micelles can be prepared in various sizes (10–1000 nm) and shapes depending on the molecular weights of the core and corona forming blocks. Nanomicelles have been an attractive carrier for their potential to solubilize hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solution. In addition, small size in nanometer range and highly modifiable surface properties have been reported to be advantageous in ocular drug delivery. In this review, various factors influencing rationale design of nanomicelles formulation and disposition are discussed along with case studies. Despite the progress in the field, influence of various properties of nanomicelles such as size, shape, surface charge, rigidity of structure on ocular disposition need to be studied in further details to develop an efficient nanocarrier system. ©
Phylogenetic evaluation of Geomyces and allies reveals no close relatives of Pseudogymnoascus destructans , comb nov, in bat hibernacula of eastern North America

Abstract White-nose syndrome (WNS) of bats, caused by the fungus previously known as Geomyces destructans, has decimated populations of insectivorous bats in eastern North America. Recent work on fungi associated with bat hibernacula uncovered a large number of species of Geomyces and allies, far exceeding the number of described species. Communication about these species has been hindered by the lack of a modern taxonomic evaluation, and a phylogenetic framework of the group is needed to understand the origin of G. destructans and to target closely related species and their genomes for the purposes of understanding mechanisms of pathogenicity. We addressed these issues by generating DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA, MCM7, RPB2, and TEF1 from a diverse array of Geomyces and allies that included isolates recovered from bat hibernacula as well as those that represent important type species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate Geomyces and allies should be classified in the family Pseudeurotiaceae, and the genera Geomyces, Gymnostellatospora, and Pseudogymnoascus should be recognized as distinct. True Geomyces are restricted to a basal lineage based on phylogenetic placement of the type species, Geomyces auratus. Thus, G. destructans is placed in genus Pseudogymnoascus. The closest relatives of Pseudogymnoascus destructans are members of the Pseudogymnoascus roseus species complex, however, the isolated and long branch of P. destructans indicates that none of the species included in this study are closely related, thus providing further support to the hypothesis that this pathogen is non-native and invasive in eastern North America. Several conidia-producing isolates from bat hibernacula previously identified as members of Pseudeurotium are determined to belong to the genus Leuconeurospora, which is widespread, especially in colder regions. Teberdinia hygrophila is transferred to Pseudeurotium as Pseudeurotium hygrophilum, comb. nov., in accordance with the one name per fungus system of classification, and two additional combinations are made in Pseudogymnoascus including Pseudogymnoascus carnis and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum. Additional sampling from other regions of the world is needed to better understand the evolution and biogeography of this important and diverse group of fungi.
Developmental reversal in neuropeptide Y action on feeding in an amphibian

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is expressed in the hypothalamus where it exerts orexigenic actions within the feeding control circuit. While NPY stimulates feeding in juvenile and adult animals, it is not known whether NPY influences food intake at earlier life stages. We investigated a role for NPY in regulating feeding at two stages of the life cycle of an amphibian, the Western spadefoot toad Spea hammondii. We administered NPY by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection to juvenile toads or prometamorphic tadpoles, and monitored locomotion, feeding behavior and/or food intake. Injection of NPY (20 or 200 ng/g BW) into juvenile toads decreased the latency to, and increased the number of strikes at prey, and the number of crickets eaten compared to uninjected or vehicle-injected controls. By contrast, injection of NPY (0.02-20 ng/g BW) into prometamorphic tadpoles caused a dose-dependent decrease in time spent foraging compared to controls. Blocking NPY signaling in the prometamorphic tadpole brain by i.c.v. injection of a general NPY receptor antagonist increased foraging, and partly blocked the action of exogenous NPY on foraging. Taken together, our findings show a developmental reversal in NPY actions on feeding in an amphibian, with the peptide having a characteristic orexigenic action in the juvenile toad, but an inhibitory action on foraging in the prometamorphic tadpole. The anorexigenic action of NPY in the tadpole correlates with a decrease in feeding that occurs at metamorphic climax when the tadpole's gut and cranium remodels for the transition to a carnivorous diet.
Effects of MDL 72222, a serotonin3 antagonist, on operant responding for ethanol by alcohol-preferring P rats.

Background: Previous studies indicated that, under continuous access conditions, the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL 72222 (MDL) effectively reduced ethanol drinking of alcohol-preferring P rats. However, MDL was without effect when similar doses were tested under scheduled access conditions, unless the ethanol access period was randomly presented. This study examined the effects of MDL on operant responding for ethanol and water by adult male alcohol-preferring P rats. Methods: During the dark cycle, subjects in the first experiment were trained to respond concurrently for 15% ethanol and water on a fixed-ratio 5 (FR-5) and FR-1 schedule of reinforcement, respectively. Approximately 30 min before the 4-hr operant session, rats were injected subcutaneously (sc) with saline or MDL (1,3, or 5 mg/kg). A second experiment tested the effects of 1 mg/kg MDL on operant responding for 15% ethanol in 1-hr sessions when operant access was given at a fixed time each day (fixed scheduled access, FSA group) or at variable time periods throughout the dark cycle (variable scheduled access, VSA group). Results: In the first experiment, only the 5 mg/kg dose of MDL decreased responding for ethanol (approximately 20%) during the first 30 min of the 4-hr session. This dose also reduced total 4-hr responding for ethanol and water. In the second experiment, the 1 mg/kg dose of MDL had no effect on operant responding by the FSA group, but significantly reduced ethanol responding by the VSA group. Conclusions: These results suggest that 5-HT3 receptors may be involved in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol, and that temporal-environmental cues associated with the presentation of ethanol may be one factor involved in reducing the effectiveness of 5-HT3 antagonists to attenuate ethanol intake.
Ionizing radiation induces ATM-independent degradation of p21Cip1 in transformed cells.

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1 plays an important role in the cellular response to DNA damage. In normal cells, genotoxic stress activates the ATM-p53 pathway that up-regulates the expression of p21Cip1 leading to cell cycle arrest. However, we have found that in several neoplastic cell lines, ionizing radiation (IR) induces ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p21Cip1. This process is independent of the ATM pathway as it occurs in immortalized A-T fibroblasts. Knockdown of Skp2, an F-box protein capable of regulating the normal turnover of p21Cip1, does not prevent the IR-induced degradation. Instead, this process requires the Cul4-DDB1Cdt2 E3 ligase as knockdown of either DDB1 or Cdt2 rescues p21Cip1 degradation after IR. Mutating the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-binding site of p21Cip1 also prevents its IR-induced degradation suggesting that the p21Cip1-proliferating cell nuclear antigen interaction is critical for this event. Although ectopic expression of a nondegradable p21Cip1 did not by itself affect the clonogenic survival of HEK293 cells after IR, the degradation of p21Cip1 and other targets of the Cul4-DDB1Cdt2 E3 ligase may collectively contribute to the survival of neoplastic cells after ionizing radiation.
The minimum average correlation between equivalent sets of uncorrelated factors

A simplified proof of a lemma by Ledermann [1938], which lies at the core of the factor indeterminacy issue, is presented. It leads to a representation of an orthogonal matrixT, relating equivalent factor solutions, which is different from Ledermann's [1938] and Guttman's [1955].T is used to evaluate bounds on the average correlation between equivalent sets of uncorrelated factors. It is found that the minimum average correlation is independent of the data.
Periodicity in Saturn's magnetosphere: Plasma cam

[1] Plasma ion data from the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) are examined for all orbits from October 25, 2004 through Dec. 26, 2007. To eliminate effects of incomplete angular coverage, data are only used from the CAPS anode that is closest to viewing into the corotational flow and within 20° of that flow. The data are plotted in the SKR-based SLS3 longitude system. The result is a cam-shaped distribution in radial distance and SLS3 that has an outer lobe extending beyond 20 RS at SLS3 longitudes in the range ∼270° − 50°. The western edge of this outer lobe maps to the inner extent of a previously observed spiral pattern of periodic ion enhancements, which had the magnetic signature of plasmoids at distances >35 Rs. The plasma cam and the plasmoid spiral emanating from it are responsible for plasma periodicities observed at radial distances beyond ∼15 Rs in Saturn's magnetosphere.
Enhanced hydrolysis of wood in an acetone and acid aqueous system

Abstract The effect of acetone on the dilute acid hydrolysis of mixed hardwood cellulose was studied. By using acetone, glucose yields as high as 83·4% were obtained in a bench-scale percolation reactor. Without acetone, traditional glucose yields from wood cellulose in percolation reactors were limited to 65%. Under normal acid hydrolysis conditions when water was used, the main glucose decomposition product was hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF). When acetone was used, under mild conditions, the main decomposition product was 1,6-anhydroglucose which could be posthydrolyzed into glucose. This suggests that nearly quantitative yields of glucose can be obtained under proper reaction conditions when acetone, acid and water are used.
Update in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Advances in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have improved initial overall response (OR) rates, complete response (CR) rates and progression free survival (PFS). Despite these advances, CLL remains incurable with standard therapies. Thus, there remains a need for more effective therapies in both the upfront and relapsed setting, particularly for patients with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities such as del(11q22) and del(17p13). The 2008 American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting featured several presentations which highlighted the ongoing clinical advances in CLL. The benefit of adding rituximab to purine analog therapy in the upfront setting was demonstrated by a large randomized study which showed that the addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FCR) significantly improved OR, CR and PFS. The improvement in PFS directly resulted from an improved ability to eliminate minimal residual disease (MRD) in the peripheral blood, highlighting the importance of MRD eradication. However, a multi-center study suggested that the high CR rates to chemoimmunotherapy regimens such as FCR obtained in academic centers may not be reproducible when the same regimens are given in the community setting. The immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide is active in relapsed high-risk CLL, but two studies of lenalidomide in previously untreated CLL patients failed to achieve a CR and were associated with significant tumor lysis, tumor flare and hematologic toxicity. In the relapsed setting, a combination study of the bifunctional alkylator bendamustine and rituximab (BR) demonstrated a high OR rate in patients with del(11q22) and del(17p13), indicating that further studies to define's bendamustine activity are warranted in high-risk CLL. Similarly, the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol demonstrated significant clinical activity and durable remissions in heavily treated, refractory CLL patients with high-risk cytogenetic features and bulky lymphadenopathy. The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody ofatumumab appeared to be superior to rituximab in relapsed CLL patients with bulky nodal disease or high-risk cytogenetic features. Ongoing studies of these agents and other novel therapeutic agents in clinical development hold forth the promise that treatment options for CLL patients will continue to expand and improve.
Task constrained motion planning in robot joint space

We explore global randomized joint space path planning for articulated robots that are subject to task space constraints. This paper describes a representation of constrained motion for joint space planners and develops two simple and efficient methods for constrained sampling of joint configurations: Tangent Space Sampling (TS) and First-Order Retraction (FR). Constrained joint space planning is important for many real world problems involving redundant manipulators. On the one hand, tasks are designated in work space coordinates: rotating doors about fixed axes, sliding drawers along fixed trajectories or holding objects level during transport. On the other, joint space planning gives alternative paths that use redundant degrees of freedom to avoid obstacles or satisfy additional goals while performing a task. In simulation, we demonstrate that our methods are faster and significantly more invariant to problem/algorithm parameters than existing techniques.
Directed Graphs and Substitutions

A substitution naturally determines a directed graph with an order- ing of the edges incident at each vertex. We describe a simple method by which any primitive substitution can be modified (without materially changing the bi- infinite fixed points of the substitution) so that points in the substitution minimal shift are in bijective correspondence with one-sided infinite paths on its associated directed graph. Using this correspondence, we show that primitive substitutive se- quences in the substitution minimal shift are precisely those sequences represented by eventually periodic paths. We use directed graphs to show that all measures of cylinders in a substitution minimal shift lie in a finite union of geometric se- quences, confirming a conjecture of Boshernitzan. Our methods also yield sufficient conditions for a geometric realization of a primitive substitution to be "almost injective." Every substitution has an associated prefix automaton, a directed graph whose vertices are the letters of the substitution's alphabet and whose edges are labeled with the strict prefixes of the images of the letters under the substitution. In this paper we consider the directed graph obtained by reversing the directed edges in the prefix automaton. This graph is more natural from the point of view of iterated function systems.
Structural characterization of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Gúerin by multiple-stage quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. II. Monoacyl- and diacyl-PIMs.

We described a multiple-stage ion-trap mass spectrometric approach to characterize the structures of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl-myoinositol mannosides (PIMs) in a complex mixture isolated from Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin. The positions of the fatty acyl substituents of PIMs at the glycerol backbone can be easily assigned, based on the findings that the ions arising from losses of the fatty acid substituent at sn-2 as molecules of acid and of ketene, respectively (that is, the [M − H − R2CO2H]− and [M − H − R2CH=CO]− ions), are respectively more abundant than the ions arising from the analogous losses at sn-1 (that is, the [M − H − R1CO2H]− and [M − H − R1CH=CO]− ions) in the MS2 product-ion spectra of the [M − H]− ions desorbed by electrospray ionization (ESI). Further dissociation of the [M − H − R2CO2H]− and [M − H − R1CO2H]− ions gives rise to a pair of unique ions corresponding to losses of 74 and 56 Da (that is, [M − H − RxCO2H − 56]− and [M − H − RxCO2H − 74]− ions, x=1, 2), respectively, probably arising from various losses of the glycerol. The profile of the ion-pair in the MS3 spectrum of the [M − H − R2CO2H]− ion is readily distinguishable from that in the MS3 spectrum of the [M − H − R1CO2H]− ion and thus the assignment of the fatty acid substituents at the glycerol backbone can be confirmed. The product-ion spectra of the [M − H]− ions from 2-lyso-PIM and from 1-lyso-PIM are discernible and both spectra contain a unique ion that arises from primary loss of the fatty acid substituent at the glycerol backbone, followed by loss of a bicyclic glycerophosphate ester moiety of 136 Da. The combined structural information from the MS2 and MS3 product-ion spectra permit the complex structures of PIMs that consist of various isomers to be unveiled in detail.
Preparation of indium nitride micro- and nanostructures by ammonolysis of indium oxide

Indium nitride micro- and nanostructures have been prepared by the reaction of indium oxide and ammonia in the temperature range 600–730 °C. Depending on the reaction temperature, nanoparticles with a diameter of 50–100 nm, nanowires with a diameter of ∼100 nm and of varying length, hollow microtubes or two-dimensional microplates were formed, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The microscopy data are consistent with the transformation from one morphology to another by means of a vapor–solid transport mechanism. All crystals possess the wurtzite structure, independent of their morphology.
The future of Connected Health in preventive medicine

Over the last decade, Connected Health (CH) has shown great value in the management of chronic disease (CD), but has limited application in preventing these diseases that remain a huge burden to the society. Technological advances have made determination of genetic predisposition to disease possible and have gained wide use in oncology to develop more effective and individualized treatment strategies-Personalized Medicine. There is growing interest in the application of these genetic tests in predicting risk for complex genetic diseases; even, direct-to-consumer tests are increasingly becoming available and affordable. CH has shown great potential in collecting phenotypic data, which can be overlaid on genomic data to deliver a more precise and personalized preventive care that better engages patients. The goal of a CH program that uses genetic data would be to monitor individuals' risk factors and predict the onset of CD. This prediction would be coupled with coaching to delay or prevent the onset of disease. However, the challenge remains that many CDs are due to complex interaction between genes and modifiable environmental risk factors that are still under-studied.
Re-designing tasking structures of Ada programs for analysis: A case study

In previous publications the authors described a compositional (hierarchical) approach to reachability analysis of Ada tasking programs based on process algebra. The abstraction capabilities of process algebra provide an effective means to control state explosion in automated state-space analysis, but only if a design is carefully modularized to encapsulate details of behaviour. This paper reports experience modifying an existing design (a remote temperature sensor system described by Sanden) to make it more amenable to hierarchical analysis. Redesign for analysis was effective in improving the design in other ways as well: flaws uncovered in the analysis (and present in the original design) were easy to understand and correct because of the increased understandability of the revised design. This also suggests that these flaws might have been avoided, and the design generally improved, had ‘design for analysis’ been applied from the start.
Frustrations, appraisals, and aversively stimulated aggression

Ihe frustration-aKSression hypothesis advanced by Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, and Scars is briefly summarized and it is noted that 1) a frustration can be defined as the nonfulfillment of an expected gratification, and 2) the instigation to aggression produced by a frustration is an inclination to hostile (or angry) and not instrumental aggression. The objections to this thesis holding thai only arbitrary (or illegitimate) frustrations produce aggressive reactions and/or that only controllable and intentional misdeeds give rise to anger are then examined. Evidence is reported showing that frustrations can create an instigation to aggression even when they are not arbitrary or intentionally directed at the person. However, it is argned that the frustrationaggression hypothesis should be revised: Frustrations produce aggressive inclinations only to the extent that they are aversive and give rise to negative affect. Berkowitz's model of aversively stimulated aggression is summarized, and suppt»rting evidence is tited.
We Can Influence the Future

When we talk about things like the changing composition of the workforce, we are really dealing with future projections. In looking at higher education concerns for the 1990’s, one of the problems we have is that the same words mean very different things to different people. We really are not talking the same language, for instance, in terms of our definition of what change is and what composition of the workforce is. We have different definitions of what the workforce is, who is in it, who is out of it, how you prepare to get into it, when you are prepared, and when you are still in preparation. All of these definitions are there to confuse things. In addition, one of the reasons that higher education doesn’t change often times is because future predictions are too easily dismissed. Many people don’t believe we can study the future. I would argue that we can study the future as easily and as systematically as we can study the past.
Parametric yield maximization using gate sizing based on efficient statistical power and delay gradient computation

With the increased significance of leakage power and performance variability, the yield of a design is becoming constrained both by power and performance limits, thereby significantly complicating circuit optimization. In this paper, we propose a new optimization method for yield optimization under simultaneous leakage power and performance limits. The optimization approach uses a novel leakage power and performance analysis that is statistical in nature and considers the correlation between leakage power and performance to enable accurate computation of circuit yield under power and delay limits. We then propose a new heuristic approach to incrementally compute the gradient of yield with respect to gate sizes in the circuit with high efficiency and accuracy. We then show how this gradient information can be effectively used by a non-linear optimizer to perform yield optimization. We consider both inter-die and intra-die variations with correlated and random components. The proposed approach is implemented and tested and we demonstrate up to 40% yield improvement compared to a deterministically optimized circuit.
Strategies for Reducing Radiation Exposure From Multidetector Computed Tomography in the Acute Care Setting

Many tools and strategies exist to enable reduction of radiation exposure from computed tomography (CT). The common CT metrics of x-ray output, the volume CT dose index and the dose-length product, are explained and serve as the basis for monitoring radiation exposure from CT. Many strategies to dose-optimize CT protocols are explored that, in combination with available hardware and software tools, allow robust diagnostic quality CT to be performed with a radiation exposure appropriate for the clinical scenario and the size of the patient. Specific emergency department example protocols are used to demonstrate these techniques.
Collective Modes, Pseudogaps, and Pairing Polaron Effects in High-Temperature Superconducting Materials

Abstract The interpretation of the pseudogap observed in the normal phase photoemission spectra of Bi2212 is discussed in terms of a boson scattering model. Also, the nature of quasi-particle excitations in short coherence length superconductors is presented, illustrating the importance of chain-like structures.
New Technologies in Clinical Ultrasound

Ultrasound (US) is the imaging modality of choice for a wide variety of clinical indications because of its excellent image quality combined with lack of ionizing radiation, relative portability, and low cost. Numerous advances in US technology over the past fewdecades, such as color and power Doppler, speckle reduction, compound imaging, harmonic imaging, and 3-D imaging have become the standard of care, adding critical information to the US examination. More recently, innovations in US technology, such as elastography, US contrast media, and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), have been introduced into clinical practice; other new technologies, such as capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) and photoacoustic imaging, are in development and are nearly ready for clinical use. These new and emerging technologies are the subject of this review.
Predictors and Outcomes of Candiduria in Renal Transplant Recipients

which was recovered from 98 (51%) of 192 case patients, was the mostcommon pathogen identified. Most case patients were asymptomatic. Independent predictors of candiduria werefemale sex (odds ratio [OR], 12.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-23.0), intensive care unit admission (OR,8.8; 95% CI, 2.3-35-.0), antibiotic use during the month before candiduria (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7-8.3), presenceof an indwelling bladder catheter (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.1-9.4), diabetes (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.9), neurogenicbladder (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 2.1-27), and malnutrition (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4). Log-rank testing of Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that 60-day, 90-day, and cumulative survival rates were significantly different between caseand control patients; there was no difference in the survival rate during the first 30 days after transplantation. Avariety of regimens were used for treatment; 119 case patients (62%) underwent removal of the indwelling bladdercatheter within 1 week after diagnosis of candiduria. Candiduria cleared in 148 case patients (77%). Treatment ofcandiduria was not associated with an improved survival rate.
Husserl's Non‐Representational Theory of Mind

En depit de certaines similitudes apparentes, la theorie husserlienne de l'esprit et sa philosophie de la psychologie sont fondamentalement distinctes de la theorie representationnaliste de l'esprit
Information Management Related to Regional Sediment Management in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Currently, a number of organizations across the Gulf Coast are simultaneously collecting and distributing proprietary data. However, if Gulf Regional Sediment Management Master Plan (GRSMMP) users are to perform analysis efficiently and make effective, educated decisions to support various coastal projects, collaboration and data sharing at all levels of government and among the numerous shareholders must be established. One method of doing this is the implementation of an enterprise geographic information system (EGIS)—a geospatial technology infrastructure that delivers spatial information products, services, and standard data sets to all business elements and processes within and among organizations. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has developed and/or participated in a number of such enterprise GIS efforts, including the eCoastal, CE-Dredge, and Spatial Presentation Viewer programs. It is therefore proposed that the GRSMMP establish a firm data management plan and implement an organized, ent...
Reliability of Flip Chip Solder Bump Joints

Increasing complexities of the IC chips imply increasing demands on the chip packaging. Flip chip solder bump joints seem to provide the most logical solution for VLSI packaging. Thermal fatigue cycling studies of the joints were done and found to be extremely reliable with very low failure rates. Different factors affecting the fatigue lives were analyzed. Microstructural aspects of failure in the flip chip solder bump joints were studied using fracture surface and cross-sectional analyses. Formation and growth of Cu-Sn intermetallics and their effect on the failure of flip chip solder bump joints were studied.
Gemcitabine and ISIS-2503 for Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase II Trial

Purpose Gemcitabine remains the standard therapy for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (ACA), but has limited activity. ISIS-2503 is an antisense compound directed against H-ras with preclinical activity against pancreatic ACA in tumor models. The combination of ISIS-2503 and gemcitabine has been evaluated in a prior phase I study. Methods Patients with metastatic or locally advanced pancreatic ACA not amenable to surgery or local radiation received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 intravenously over 30 minutes on days 1 and 8 and ISIS-2503 6 mg/kg/d as a continuous intravenous infusion over 14 days of an every-3-weeks cycle. Responses were monitored by radiologic imaging every 6 weeks. Results Forty-eight eligible patients were enrolled, 43 with metastatic disease. Median follow-up was 12.6 months (range, 2.2 to 16.8 months) for living patients. A median of four cycles of treatment was given (range, 1 to 18 cycles). All patients were assessable for response and toxicity. The 6-month survival percentage was 57....
A MEASUREMENT OF THE RECOMBINATION RATE OF OXYGEN

The recombination rate of oxygen has been measured in a shock tube. The shock tube is unconventional in that airfoils have been inserted to expand the flow, and a constant-area channel placed behind the airfoils; thus the shock tube is effectively a low-expansion-ratio shock tunnel. The gas in the tube is first dissociated and set in motion by the shock wave, then flows through the expansion waves created by the airfoils and is cooled, and finally flows into the constant-area channel, where it recombines. Shock waves between M = 7.5 and M = 9.5 in mixtures of oxygen and argon at 2 cm Hg pressure are used, giving degrees of dissociation between 0.1 and 0.4. The temperature drop across the expansion is about 700 ° K. Measurement of the degree of dissociation downstream of the expansion leads to the recombination rate. The means of measurement is absorption of ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 2283 A. The rate constants for recombination are compared with those obtained by reflecting the known dissociation-rate constants through the equilibrium constant.
Scaling effect of flexoelectric (Ba,Sr)TiO3 microcantilevers

The flexoelectric microcantilever offers an alternative approach for the development of micro/nano-sensors. The transverse flexoelectric coefficients µ12 of barium strontium titanate microcantilevers were measured at room temperature, and found to keep the same value of 8.5 µC/m for microcantilevers with thickness ranging from 30 µm to 1.4 mm. The calculated effective piezoelectric coefficient and electrical energy density of flexoelectric cantilevers are superior to those of their piezoelectric counterparts, suggesting that the flexoelectricity-induced polarization can be significantly increased as structures are scaled down due to the scaling effect of strain gradient, holding promise for flexoelectric micro/nano cantilever sensing applications. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of Unpaired DNA Required For Efficient Silencing in Neurospora crassa

The presence of unpaired copies of a gene during meiosis triggers silencing of all copies of the gene in the diploid ascus cell of Neurospora. This phenomenon is called meiotic silencing and on the basis of genetic studies appears to be a p ost- t ranscriptional g ene s ilencing (PTGS) mechanism. Previously, meiotic silencing was defined to be induced by the presence of a DNA region lacking an identical segment in the homologous chromosome. However, the determinants of unpaired DNA remained a mystery. Using the As cospore m aturation- 1 ( Asm-1 ) gene, we defined what needs to be “unpaired” to silence a gene. For efficient silencing, an unpaired region of DNA needs to be of a sufficient size and contain homology to the reporter transcript. The greater the size of the loop and the larger the homology to the reporter transcript, the better the resulting meiotic silencing is. Conversely, regions not containing homology to the transcript, e.g. , intergenic regions, did not silence the reporter. Surprisingly, unpaired fragments lacking a canonical promoter silenced the reporter. Additionally, we detected the unpairing-dependent loss of a transcript during meiotic silencing. Our observations further support a PTGS mechanism for meiotic silencing and offer insight into the evolutionary consequences resulting from this novel meiotic checkpoint.
HIGH-FIDELITY PCR ASSAY DISCRIMINATES BETWEEN IMMATURE LIPOLEXIS OREGMAE AND LYSIPHLEBUS TESTACEIPES (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE) WITHIN THEIR APHID HOSTS

Abstract Species-specific molecular markers were developed to identify and distinguish between two parasitoids of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, in Florida. PCR primers were developed for Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson and Lipolexis oregmae Gahan (= scutellaris Mackauer) with DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region between the 5.8S and 28S nuclear rRNA genes. With High-fidelity PCR, the L. testaceipes-specific primer produced a 520-bp band while that of L. oregmae resulted in a 270-bp band. Eggs of both parasitoids within their aphid hosts could be detected by 6 h after oviposition, but 100% detection rates only occurred after 24 h. A sensitivity analysis indicated that a parasitoid egg within a single aphid could be detected 100% of the time when combined with DNA from up to 36 unparasitized aphids. A single first instar parasitoid could be detected by High-fidelity PCR when the parasitized aphid was combined with up to 500 unparasitized aphids, indicating ...
The Marketing of Mark Twain - An Entrepreneur of Intellectual Property

In addition to his journalism, travel writing, belletristic and expository prose written for publication as, essentially, a highly successful freelancer and lecturer working under the name "Mark Twain," Clemens also saw three of his inventions through to patent and bought a share in their inventions from the inventors of several more. Further, he created "brands" and trademarks, provided for the licensing of his stage persona as well that of his image and likeness through the mechanism of The Mark Twain Company, Inc. Arguably, he even had trade secrets he sought to protect; for example, the canvassing techniques he deployed in order to maximize sales of the General Grant Memoirs. Clemens' involvement in the development of copyright law is better known. What motivated him, a self-educated and decidedly non-technical individual of a humanistic, writerly bent, to so aggressively explore so many avenues of IP? Was his most critical motivator some animating spirit of Connecticut Yankee/Gilded Age entrepreneurship? Or a simple desire for additional wealth, prosperity and status; or can we discern some other drivers? In the following pages I highlight and discuss the basic outline of Clemens’ career across the spectrum of IP, suggest some areas of promising future research, and conclude with a suggestion which envisions a coherent approach lurking within these many initiatives.
AppSachet: Distributed App Delivery from the Edge Cloud

With total app installs touching 100 Billion in 2015, the increasing number of active devices that support apps are posed to result in 200 billion downloads by 2017. Data center based App stores offering users convenient app access, however, cause congestion in the last mile of the Internet, despite use of content delivery networks (CDNs) or ISP-based caching. This paper explores the new paradigm of eBoxes, situated in the ‘edge cloud’ tier beyond the last mile, which can be used to alleviate this congestion. With redesigned app caches – termed AppSachet – such edge cloud based distributed caching can achieve a hit ratio of up to 83 %, demonstrated on real-world Internet traffic. The redesign leverages proposed new caching policies, termed p-LRU and c-LRU, specifically targeted at eBoxes’ limited storage and for the traffic caused by app installs and updates. A cost benefit analysis shows that the additional cost required to deploy AppSachet on eBoxes can be recovered within the first three months of operation.
Incidence of Hip Fracture in U.S. Nursing Homes

Background Hip fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the nursing home. Our objective was to describe the incidence rate (IR) of hip fracture according to age, sex, and race in a nationwide sample of long-stay nursing home residents. Methods Using 2007-2010 Medicare claims data linked with the Minimum Data Set, we identified 892,837 long-stay residents (≥100 days in the same nursing facility) between May 1, 2007 and April 30, 2008. Hip fractures were defined using Part A diagnostic codes (ICD-9). Residents were followed from the date they became a long-stay resident until the first event of death, discharge, hip fracture, or 2 years of follow-up. Results Mean age was 84 years (range 65-113 years), and 74.5% were women. 83.9% were white and 12.0% were black. The overall IR of hip fracture was 2.3/100 person years. The IR was similar in men and women across age groups. The IR of hip fracture was highest in Native Americans aged 85 years or older (3.7/100 person years), in whites (2.6/100 person years), and during the first 100 days of institutionalization (2.7/100 person years). IRs of hip fracture were lowest in blacks (1.3/100 person years). Conclusions In nursing home residents surviving 100 days or more in a facility, the incidence of hip fracture is high, particularly among older white, Native American, and newly admitted residents. This is the first nationwide study to provide sex- and age-specific estimates among U.S. nursing home residents, and it underscores the magnitude of the problem.
Middle Miocene to recent exhumation of the Slate Range, eastern California, and implications for the timing of extension and the transition to transtension

New mapping combined with fault-slip and thermochronological data show that Middle Miocene to recent extension and exhumation of the Slate Range, eastern California, is produced by the active Searles Valley fault system and the Slate Range detachment, an older Middle Miocene low-angle normal fault. Offset Middle Miocene rocks record a combined ∼9 km of west-directed extension over the past ∼14 m.y. for the fault zones. (U-Th)/He apatite cooling ages of samples from the central and southern Slate Range indicate that footwall cooling began ca. 14 Ma; we interpret this as the age of initiation of motion on the Slate Range detachment. This timing is consistent with inferences made using stratigraphic and structural criteria. Data from the northern Slate Range show that rapid fault slip began along the Searles Valley fault ca. 4 Ma; data from the central and southern Slate Range can be interpreted as indicating cooling at 5–6 Ma. This timing correlates to the results of nearby studies, suggesting a strain transition in the surrounding area between ca. 6 and 3 Ma. The data collected are most consistent with a westward migration in the locus of transtensional deformation, and show that the initiation of that deformation commonly lags the timing predicted by plate reconstructions by a few million years.
Patient factors influencing return to work and cumulative financial claims after clavicle fractures in workers' compensation cases.

Background This study analyzed workers' compensation patients after surgical or nonoperative treatment of clavicle fractures to identify factors that influence the time for return to work and total health care reimbursement claims. We hypothesized that return to work for operative patients would be faster. Methods The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes and Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to retrospectively query the Workers' Compensation national database. The outcomes of interest were the number of days for return to full work after surgery and total reimbursement for health care–related claims. The primary independent variable was treatment modality. Results There were 169 claims for clavicle fractures within the database (surgical, n = 34; nonoperative, n = 135). The average health care claims reimbursed were $29,136 ± $26,998 for surgical management compared with $8366 ± $14,758 for nonoperative management ( P P = .06); however, there was high variability in both groups. Litigation was an independent predictor of prolonged return to work ( P = .007) and higher health care costs ( P = .003). Conclusion Workers' compensation patients treated for clavicle fractures return to work at roughly the same time whether they are treated surgically or nonoperatively, with surgery being roughly 3 times more expensive. There was a substantial amount of variability in return to work timing by subjects in both groups. Litigation was a predictor of longer return to work timing and higher health care costs.