cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Widespread Protein Assembly as a Stress Response

Eukaryotic cells subjected to environmental stress respond by remodeling translation and transcription, and assembling proteins and mRNA into dynamic bodies called stress granules. How these two major components of the cells' response to heat stress are achieved remains to be understood. Here we provide a proteome-scale portrait of heat-triggered protein assembly and disassembly in budding yeast. Using a hybrid centrifugation and isotope-labeled mass spectrometry approach, we quantify formation of pelletable particles at short timescales, expanding known heat-assemblers by 6-fold. Heat-assembling proteins include translation factors, tRNA synthetases, RNA helicases, and nucleolar components, including many proteins with disordered regions. Several proteins participate in stable complexes which pellet as a unit, including the ribosome-associated chaperone complex and the yeast multisynthetase complex. Metabolic pulse-labeling after heat shock reveals that granule-forming proteins are disassembled during re...
An Analysis of Volume Consumption, Consumer Interest and Perceptions of Sport Sponsorship as they Relate to the Super Bowl

The Consumer Perception Index (CPI) was utilized to measure consumer perceptions surrounding the 1998 and 2000 Super Bowls specific to volume consumption, and perceptions toward sponsorship, advertising, commercialization, and purchase behavior. Results of t-tests suggest a growing trend in consumer apathy toward sponsorship of the Super Bowl. Though consumer interest in the Super Bowl remains high, complexities surrounding growth and clutter continue to impact consumer differentiation of sponsorship and advertising.
On the (In)Feasibility of School Choice for Social Justice

Harry Brighouse, for one, advanced a countervailing view. In the nuanced examination of school choice policy he provided in his 2000 volume School Choice and Social Justice, Brighouse acknowledged that whether a policy of school choice can serve to promote social justice depends on empirical contingencies. However, he found the critics’ claim that school choice for social justice is infeasible to be unwarranted. He did not rule out this possibility, but required the critics to establish that the introduction of school choice made things worse vis-a-vis social justice than they otherwise would have been. Subsequently, in his “A Modest Defense of School Choice,” Brighouse challenged critics to show how choice could interfere with improving the education of disadvantaged students whose parents took advantage of it.
New Approaches to Studying Auditory Processing in Marine Mammals

Abstract : The long-term goals of the proposed effort are to enhance our understanding of the manner in which marine mammals process and respond to complex, real-world sounds by developing new experimental approaches to studying marine mammal auditory perception. The results of this study will provide new methodologies to enable the study of more complex features of auditory perception, such as subjective stimulus similarity/dissimilarity and auditory template matching. This specific study aimed to develop novel techniques, based upon previous studies with birds (Dooling and Okanoya, 1995), for studying auditory perceptual similarity in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). It was proposed that subject response time (RT) would provide a useful metric of perceptual similarity. The specific objectives were as follows: (1) train the subjects for a task in which a conditioned response was provided upon detection of a change in a repeated background stimulus (i.e., an auditory discrimination task), (2) use subject RTs measured in a pure tone discrimination task to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for describing perceptual categorization, and (3) demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for studying the discrimination of complex real-world sounds.
Investigation of the Component Reactions of Oxidative Sterol Demethylation ROLE OF AN ENDOGENOUS MICROSOMAL SOURCE OF REDUCING EQUIVALENTS

Abstract Incubation of 50 mg of rat liver microsomal protein with either 25 µg of crude snake venom (Crotalus adamanteus) or 1 µg of purified phospholipase A results in essentially complete loss of NAD+-dependent methyl sterol demethylase activity (R-CH3 → R-H + CO2). However, the snake venom-treated microsomes contain all of the known component enzymes of demethylase and microsomal electron carriers. Methyl sterol demethylase activity is restored either by the addition of supernatant fraction from snake venom treatment or by the addition of reduced pyridine nucleotides. Thus, the source of reducing equivalents for the multistep mixed function oxidase of demethylase has been examined extensively. Evidence for an endogenous, NAD+-dependent cytochrome b5-reducing system has been found in untreated rat liver microsomes. Snake venom treatment removes the endogenous reducing system from microsomes. Concomitant loss of the NAD+-dependent methyl sterol demethylase and the reducing system is observed. Each enzymic activity is restored by the addition of supernatant fraction, which is obtained from the snake venom treatment. The presence of the endogenous reducing system and the known dependence of the mixed function oxidase upon a source of reducing equivalents explains the paradox observed earlier that fully active methyl sterol demethylase of rat liver microsomes is observed in the absence of reduced pyridine nucleotide when NAD+ is the only added cofactor. The rate of generation of reducing equivalents by the endogenous NAD+-dependent system is slow, but the rate is substantially faster than the rate of methyl sterol oxidase, the mixed function oxidase of demethylase. The endogenous reducing system appears to obtain reducing equivalents via a microsomal alcohol dehydrogenase which is readily released by the snake venom treatment Both commercial horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and isolated rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase restore the NAD+-dependent methyl sterol demethylase activity that is lost upon snake venom treatment; the rat liver enzyme is approximately 10 times as efficacious.
The rapid restoration of respiratory control to uncoupled mitochondria.

Abstract A polarographic technique was used to demonstrate the rapid restoration by bovine serum albumin of respiratory control to rat liver mitochondria uncoupled with various reagents. Albumin also restored respiratory control to mitochondria isolated from animals treated by injection with an uncoupling reagent and to mitochondria incubated with the reagent prior to the polarographic assay. Albumin was effective with the nitro- and halo-substituted phenols, thyroxine, Dicumarol, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole. Albumin was ineffective in counteracting the inhibitory action of gramicidin, antimycin A, oligomycin, and rotenone. Although the addition of an amount of albumin equimolar to that of the uncoupling reagent present had a substantial effect, amounts of the protein at least twice equimolar were required for the rapid and essentially complete restoration of respiratory control with most of the reagents tested.
Chemical destruction of MTBE using Fenton's reagent: effect of ferrous iron/hydrogen peroxide ratio.

In previous laboratory experiments Fenton9s Reagent (FR) was successfully used as the source of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) for chemical treatment of low concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in water. Although under certain conditions MTBE degradation levels as high as 99.99% were achieved, none of these experiments resulted in complete MTBE mineralization. In all cases, these experiments applied FR as an equimolar concentration of ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The present study investigates the effect of H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ molar ratio on the extent of degradation of MTBE and intermediate products in water at pH = 3.0. The initial concentration of MTBE studied was 0.0227 mM (approximately 2 mg/L). Initially, the dose of Fe 2+ was kept constant at a Fe 2+ /MTBE molar ratio of 10:1 and the dose of H 2 O 2 was varied to achieve different H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ molar ratios. The results revealed that higher degradation efficiency was achieved when FR was used as an equimolar mixture (H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ molar ratio = 1.0). The extent of MTBE degradation decreased when the H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ molar ratio was changed to values higher or lower than 1.0. These results suggest that a stoichiometric relationship (1:1) between the FR components optimizes the degradation process for this reactant system. It is hypothesized that an excess of H 2 O 2 enhances the effect of reactions that scavenge OH•, while a decreased amount of H 2 O 2 would be a limiting factor for the Fenton Reaction.
Does Training and Coaching Matter? An 18-Month Evaluation of a Community Supervision Model

AbstractDuring the last decade, several formalized approaches have been developed to improve the effectiveness of probation and parole by implementing evidence-based research into community supervision practices. A key component of these new approaches are the use of officer coaching sessions, which are designed to improve officer fidelity in the core correctional skill areas. This study explores the impact of an initial training and monthly coaching sessions in the Effective Practices in Community Supervision (EPICS) model on probation and parole officer use of core correctional skills. The results examine the average quarterly officer use of skills over an 18-month follow-up period based on training status (i.e., trained versus untrained officers) in the EPICS model. This study adds to the understanding of the role training and coaching may play in improving officer use of core correctional skills. Policy implications and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
"Anti" up the aperture [antiguided VCSEL structures]

Coupled vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays are an attractive means to increase the coherent output power of VCSELs. Single-mode VCSELs, with output powers greater than 10 mW, would be useful as telecommunication transmitters /spl lambda/=1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m) or sources for optical interconnects. Commercially available single-mode VCSELs, even at shorter wavelengths /spl lambda/=0.85 /spl mu/m), are generally limited to a few milliwatts of output power. The conventional VCSEL structure incorporates a built-in positive-index waveguide, designed to support a single fundamental mode. Promising results in the 3-5 mW range (/spl lambda/=0.85 /spl mu/m) have been obtained from wet-oxidized, positive-index-guided VCSELs with small emission apertures (less than 3.5 /spl mu/m-dia). The small aperture size leads to a high electrical resistance and high current density, which can impact device reliability. By contrast, antiguided VCSEL structures have shown promise for achieving larger aperture single-mode operation. To obtain high single-mode powers with a larger emitting aperture, the use of a negative-index guide (antiguide) is beneficial. This paper discusses antiguided structures and some of their advantages when incorporated in 2-D VCSEL array structures.
Neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structures and dehydration behaviors of ramsdellite and “groutellite”

The crystal structure of ramsdellite, MnO 2 , was refined using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction data and the Rietveld method in order to assess the effects of reduction in cathodic battery materials. For the first time, we present a refined structure for “groutellite,” a heretofore poorly characterized phase with ideal formula \((Mn_{0.5}^{4{+}}Mn_{0.5}^{3{+}})\) O 1.5 (OH) 0.5 . “Groutellite” is generated synthetically as an intermediate compound during the reduction of ramsdellite to groutite (MnOOH), and it also occurs as an intergrowth in certain natural specimens of ramsdellite. The Jahn-Teller distortions in “groutellite” are confined to the a–c plane, and they result in a 6.8% unit-cell volume increase relative to ramsdellite. The Mn—O bond lengths refined for “groutellite” are consistent with the replacement of half of the Mn 4+ and O 2− in ramsdellite by Mn 3+ and (OH)−, respectively. In addition, the high-temperature behaviors of ramsdellite and “groutellite” were investigated by temperature-resolved synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction from 298 to 720 K. Rietveld refinements revealed a gradual thermal expansion of the groutellite structure to ∼450 K. At higher temperatures, the unit-cell volume gradually decreased, primarily as a result of a decrease in c .
Work-related quality of life of Ugandan healthcare workers

Aims To describe perceived work-related quality of life of Ugandan healthcare workers. A secondary aim was to seek participant input on ways to improve work environments. Background Poor patient outcomes, decreased employee motivation and decisions to leave the organization have been linked to poor work conditions. Interventions to correct healthcare worker shortage in developing countries require information about work quality of life. Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in health and educational settings in Uganda in July 2011. Participants completed the Biographical Information Scale demographic questionnaire and the validated 24-item Work-Related Quality of Life scale. Results Sample included 146 healthcare workers employed in various settings. Participants reported poorer quality of work life on the work conditions, control at work and home–work interface subscales. Participants perceived stress at work to be low and experienced higher job career satisfaction. There was a significant relationship between work-related quality of life, gender and hours worked. Participants' suggestions to improve work life ranged from simple no-cost suggestions to more complex system level interventions. Discussion Work-related quality of life was low in this convenience sample. Perceived stress at work was lower than expected, but may have been due to nurses' expectations of a normal work assignment. Predominantly women, the participants had significant caregiving responsibilities. Nursing implications Nurses must acquire a seat at the table where crucial decisions about nursing and its future are made. By advancing leadership skills, nurses can effectively advocate for organizational changes that address broad factors related to increasing job satisfaction, and retaining and attracting nurses. Conclusion Nurses can influence work quality of life individually and collectively by identifying workplace concerns, demanding safe work environments, fostering teamwork and enhancing professional growth.
Improved B0-distortion correction in diffusion MRI using interlaced q-space sampling and constrained reconstruction

Purpose To enable high-quality correction of susceptibility-induced geometric distortion artifacts in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images without increasing scan time. Theory and Methods A new method for distortion correction is proposed based on subsampling a generalized version of the state-of-the-art reversed-gradient distortion correction method. Rather than acquire each q-space sample multiple times with different distortions (as in the conventional reversed-gradient method), we sample each q-space point once with an interlaced sampling scheme that measures different distortions at different q-space locations. Distortion correction is achieved using a novel constrained reconstruction formulation that leverages the smoothness of diffusion data in q-space. Results The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with simulated and in vivo diffusion MRI data. The proposed method is substantially faster than the reversed-gradient method, and can also provide smaller intensity errors in the corrected images and smaller errors in derived quantitative diffusion parameters. Conclusion The proposed method enables state-of-the-art distortion correction performance without increasing data acquisition time. Magn Reson Med 72:1218–1232, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying quality indicators of surgical training: A national survey.

Objectives/Hypothesis Evidence shows a positive association between quality of surgical training received and patient outcomes. Traditionally, improved patient outcomes are linked with increased operative volume. However, generalizing this finding to surgeons in training is unclear. In addition, reduced exposure due to work-hour restrictions calls for alternative methods to determine the quality of training. The purpose of this study was to identify the indicators of high-quality training by surveying the trainees and trainers. Methods A questionnaire was developed based on input from faculty and previous studies. The survey was divided into three sections asking about the indicators of quality training, methods to measure them, and interventions for improvement. The questionnaire was administered to program directors (PDs) and senior residents of otolaryngology training programs nationwide. Results The strongest indicators of quality training that were agreed upon by both residents and PDs were having faculty development as an ideal trainer while having a balanced level of supervision and independence, logbooks for exposure to volume and variety of pathology, continuous evaluation and provision of feedback. However, structured teaching, simulation-based training, and trainee exam scores failed to reach an agreement as a metric of high-quality surgical training. Conclusion Measuring quality of a residency training program is imperative to produce competent surgeons and ensuring patient safety. The results of this study will help the residency programs to better train their residents and improve the quality of their teaching. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 2015
Expecting success against all odds

There is an early indication of a trend toward jobs returning to the US. There are many pros and cons of this possible trend, if indeed it is one. But a significant drawback, and one unlikely to be debated, is how mentally and emotionally unprepared the US workforce might be for these types of employment "opportunities". As examples illustrate, this lack of preparedness begins in high school. US high school students often predict they will turn in great performances in international mathematics competitions. Instead, they finish very much lower than their competitors, with scores that are average at best and often even below average.
THE EXTRACTION OF URANYL NITRATE FROM NITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS BY TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE

Abstract The effects of nitric acid concentration, uranyl nitrate concentration, and temperature were investigated in order to determine the optimum conditions for the extraction of uranyl nitrate from nitric acid solutions by TBP. It is apparent from the results that greater than 97 per cent extraction is obtained when uranyl nitrate solution of less than 10 g/l. concentration and containing 6 M HNO3 is extracted with 19 per cent TBP in kerosene at a temperature of less than 20°C.
Mechanisms of endothelial cell guidance and vascular patterning in the developing mouse retina

The appropriate guidance and patterning of vessels during vascular development is critical for proper tissue function. The loss of these guidance mechanisms can lead to abnormal vascularization and a number of pathological conditions. The molecular basis of endothelial cell guidance and subsequent tissue specific vascular patterning remains largely unknown in spite of its clinical relevance and biological importance. In this regard, retinal vascular development offers many advantages for studying endothelial cell guidance and the mechanisms by which characteristic vascular patterns are formed. In this review, we will provide an overview of the known mechanisms that mediate vascular patterning during mouse retinal development, synthesizing these data to formulate a model of how growth factors, cellular adhesion molecules, and vascular-associated cells mediate directed endothelial cell migration and appropriate vascular remodeling. Finally, we will discuss the many aspects of retinal vascular development that remain unknown and cite evidence that many of these gaps may be addressed by further studying the guidance cues shared by vascular and neuronal elements in the retina and other parts of the central nervous system.
Diagnosing Students' Errors from their Response Selections in Language Arts.

This set of studies examined the consistency of student response patterns on a test of language arts, as a first step toward designing a computerized adaptive test to diagnose errors. A diagnostic domain-referenced language arts test was designed so that the choice of response would immediately point to a specific misconception in pronoun usage. This direct correspondence between error and diagnosis was designed to facilitate classroom instruction and remediation. Analysis of students' response choices on matched items and analysis of students' rationales for selecting their responses showed that student behavior was not always consistent and could be used to diagnose some errors but not others.
Instructional computers: Past, present, and future

Abstract There are at least five major technological innovations in the past that are comparable to the current computer revolution: written records, libraries, printing, mass schooling, and testing. A brief examination of them can help develop an historical perspective on the future of computers. The current operational use of computer-assisted instruction also raises a number of issues of a broad educational and social nature: individualization of instruction, standardization of instructions, complexity of instruction, and freedom of education. Future and developments relate to: computers that talk, computers that listen, the use of knowledge, and the need for new or more empirical theories of learning and instruction. Through appropriate use of the new technologies of computers and television, structural changes can be expected in education, from elementary school to higher education.
America's greatest gift

The True History of Chocolate. By Sophie D. Coe andMichael D. Coe. Thames and Hudson: 1996. Pp. 280. £16.95, $27.50.
Revisit of rotational motion of axial poly-atomics by molecular dynamics simulation and group theory: liquid benzene at 298, 365, 432, 498, 562 K

The paper reports quantitative physical aspects of the overall rotational motion of axially symmetric poly-atomics on the example of liquid benzene at five temperatures between 298 and 562 K on the basis of the group-theoretical approach proposed by B. Keller and F. Kneubűhl in Helv. Phys. Acta 45,1127 (1972), with a database generated by molecular dynamics simulation of ensemble-averaged orientational fluctuations. It is shown that (i) benzene rotates by a Markov process around an average, in-frame moving rotation axis and (ii) that numerous reported orientational correlation results that claim to display the rotational motion of the molecule, are nevertheless now to be considered irrelevant to their promulgated aim because their analyses omitted to account for the simultaneous inclination motion, as well as its particular time scale, of the average direction of the singular average molecular rotation axis of a benzene molecule.
Information transfer at the immunological synapse

Antigen-specific activation of T lymphocytes requires the interaction of their clonally distributed T-cell receptors with plasma membrane ligands composed of foreign peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules. For proliferation and differentiation to ensue, a variety of other adhesive and accessory proteins must also interact with their counter-receptors on the antigen-presenting cell to facilitate and complement the T-cell receptor-antigen recognition event. Recent studies have revealed that these various proteins show an unexpected degree of spatial organization in the zone of cell-cell contact. This region of membrane approximation is now referred to as the "immunological synapse" because of its functional analogy to the site of intercellular information transfer between neurons. Here, we review the evidence for signaling-dependent control of the dynamic changes in protein distribution that gives rise to the synapse and try to relate the emerging spatio-temporal information on synapse formation to T-cell biology.
CYRL, a novel cytokine receptor-like protein expressed in testis, lung, and spleen.

The interleukin-3 receptor is composed of a ligand-specific alpha subunit (IL-3Ralpha) and a beta subunit (beta(c) or beta(IL3)). Here we report the cloning of a rat brain cDNA transcript with significant homology to IL-3Ralpha, which we have termed CYRL, for CYtokine Receptor-Like protein. A number of conserved motifs identify CYRL as a member of the alpha family of cytokine receptor subunits, but the extracellular domain was too divergent from the mouse IL-3Ralpha sequence to suggest that CYRL is the rat ortholog of IL-3Ralpha. CYRL mRNA expression by Northern blotting was highest in the testis, intermediate in the lung, and modest in spleen, brain, and heart. Antibodies generated against the extracellular domain of CYRL specifically labeled a broad immunoreactive band of M(r) approximately 50,000 in membrane fractions of testis, lung, and spleen. CYRL appears to be a novel cytokine receptor alpha-subunit of unknown function and with no defined ligands.
Modulation of RNase H activity by modified DNA probes: Major groove vs minor groove effects

Abstract We have previously prepared ribozyme mimics and chemical nucleases from modified DNA containing pendant bipyridine and terpyridine groups. The ability of these modified DNA probes to support RNase H cleavage of complementary RNA is described. DNA/RNA duplexes were formed using DNA probes designed to deliver metal complexes via either the major groove or the minor groove of the duplex. The duplexes were treated with Escherichia coli RNase H. Modifications in the major groove produced the same RNA cleavage pattern as unmodified DNA probes. However, minor groove substituents inhibited RNA cleavage over a four-base region. Comparison was made with a DNA probe containing a 2′-OMe modification. Our results support enzyme binding in the minor groove of a DNA/RNA duplex. We do not observe cleavage directly across from the modified nucleoside. The RNA cleavage efficiency effected by RNase H and a DNA probe decreases as follows: unmodified DNA ≥ C-5 modified DNA ⪢ C2′-modified DNA > C1'-modified DNA. Results with 28-mer RNA substrates roughly parallel those obtained with a 159-mer RNA target. The differences observed between low and high MW RNA substrates can be explained by a much higher enzyme-substrate binding constant for the high MW target.
Perinatal factors in the expression of Tourette's syndrome: an exploratory study.

ABSTRACT The search for nongenetic factors that mediate the expression of a genetic vulnerability to Tourette's syndrome (TS) is an important undertaking that may provide valuable clues concerning the pathophysiology of this disorder as well as potential treatment approaches. In a direct interview study, the perinatal experiences of 31 TS patients were compiled in an effort to identify risk factors associated with tic severity. Severity of maternal life stress during pregnancy, gender of the child, and severe nausea and/or vomiting during the first trimester were found to be significantly associated with current tic severity. Future longitudinal studies of “at-risk” children are needed to confirm these findings. Set in the context of a known chromosomal site for the TS diathesis, such studies will permit the identification and quantification of risk and protective factors in the expression of TS and further develop TS as a model neuropsychiatric disorder for the study of gene–environment interactions.
Effect of Rifampicin on the Development of Tumours induced by Adenovirus in Male Hamsters

INITIAL in vitro studies established that rifampicin, one of a group of rifamycin SV derivatives1,2, prohibits bacterial growth and phage replication by binding to a polypeptide component of the microbial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase3–7. The trachoma agent and related psittacosis-lymphogranuloma agents are also inhibited in vitro and in embryonated eggs by this drug8. Further studies have shown that rifampicin is active against a number of bacteria in vivo, both after parenteral and oral administration1,9,10. It also inhibits malaria in mice11 and trachoma in monkeys12,13 and is of special value in the treatment of human tuberculosis14–16. The low toxicity of the rifamycins in mammals17 has been attributed to the observed relative insensitivity of mammalian RNA polymerase to the rifamycins in vitro3,18.
Changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of atmospheric particulate monitored using fuzzified chromatograms

Abstract A simple rapid chromatographic technique for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which is poor at speciation has been used to obtain data on the presence of the class in air particulate. Matching of such chromatograms to a fuzzified reference from these data is illustrated as a practical way to obtain overviews of changes in species distributions summarized in few values. Such information is lost in more commonly used surrogate approaches to “class analyses”.
On-orbit radiometric calibrations of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) active-cavity radiometers on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)

Between November 1984 and July 2002, the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) nonscanning, active cavity radiometers (ACR) were used to measure incoming total solar irradiance, earth-reflected solar irradiance, and earth-emitted outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) irradiance. The ERBE shortwave wide field-of view (SWFOV) and toal wide field-of-view (TWFOV) ACR's measured irradiances from the entire earth disc in the shortwave (0.2-5.0 μm) and total (0.2-100 μm) broadband spectral regions. On-orbit, the ACR's observations of the incoming total solar irradiance, and of reference irradiance from on-board tungsten lamp and blackbodies were used to determine drifts and shifts in the ACR responses/gains. In the cases of the SWFOV ACR, its response/gain changed as much as 8.8% while the TWFOV response was stable at levels better than 0.1%. The precise measurements of gain and offset variations have permitted the generations of ERBE level 1 data products [earth-reflected solar (≈240 Wm -2 )and earth-emitted (≈100 Wm -2 ) irradiances] at the precision levels better than 0.3 Wm -2 . In this paper, the ACR radiometric on-orbit calibration approaches and systems are outlined.
Synthesis of Tropine-Labeled Atropine I: Micro Methods for the Synthesis of Tropine and for its Esterification with Tropic Acid

Yields for each step in the esterification of tropine and tropic acid have been determined with micro and semimicro quantities of reactants. In a similar way, the Robinson condensation has been studied. Data are compared with the findings of other investigators. In the esterification of micro quantities of tropine and tropic acid, 70–75 per cent of theoretical atropine yields are obtained routinely. Based on any intermediate in the Robinson condensation, micro quantities of reactants routinely produce 67–72 per cent of theoretical tropine yields. Predicted yields of 47–54 per cent atropine from Robinson intermediates were confirmed by synthesis of atropine from each of the Robinson reactants. The procedures are designed for the synthesis of labeled tropine and tropine-labeled atropine from labeled arabinose.
The Obesities: An Overview of Convergent and Divergent Paradigms

The study of obesity lends itself to difficulties not only due to our imprecise ability to measure body composition, food consumption, and physical activity but also, even more important, due to complexities involved in defining and conceptualizing obesity. For centuries, obesity has been considered a disease, although researchers and clinicians cannot agree on definitions of "disease" or, if it is one, whether obesity is a disease of metabolism, inflammation, brown fat, chronobiology, the blood-brain barrier, the right brain, or even of infectious origin. The concept of "obesity" as a disease remains controversial to some because not everyone who has excess adipose tissue has any evidence of disease. Obesity, though, has also been considered a sin, a crime against society, an aesthetic crime, a self-inflicted disability, an example of body diversity, a failure in the regulation of energy balance, an appropriate or even inappropriate adaptation to our increasingly obesogenic environment, a genetic disorder, and a psychological/behavioral disorder of overeating involving self-regulation or even addiction. Five major paradigms-medical, sociocultural, evolutionary, environmental, and psychological/behavioral, all with their own subcategorical models-have been identified. All 5 paradigms are required because we are dealing not with "obesity" but with a plurality, the "obesities."
The Problem of the Presbyterian Independents

PATTERNS sanctified by great historiographic traditions tend to become fixed. Frequently these patterns are neither logical nor coherent, but the sanction of use and wont behind them is so powerful that researchers tend to force new materials into the time-honored molds. In this way the Germanist tradition imposed itself on Bishop Stubbsi,' and the Whig interpretation of eighteenth century politics was not completely overthrown until Mr. Namier finally destroyed it through his patient work on the Newcastle papers.2 An even more famous case, perhaps, is that of Cromwell, rescued only after two centuries of nearly unanimous obloquy and set on a pedestal by the hero-worshiping Carlyle.3 The school of historians that followed Carlyle in the rehabilitation of Cromwell riveted an already venerable theory of Civil War politics onto the history of the Interregnum. That theory is somewhat as follows: In the beginning of the war the parliamentary party was united in its opposition to the autocratic pretensions of Charles I and the popish tendencies of the High Anglican faction in the church. As long as the royalists remained a threat, the factions in parliament held together. When royalist pressure slackened, parliament and its adherents split along religious lines. On one side, the Presbyterians tried to impose on England a tyrannical church uniformity on the Scottish pattern. On the other side, the Independents, a majority in the New Model army but a minority in parliament, set the doctrine of religious toleration against the persecuting aims of the Presbyterians. When in I647 the army leaders realized that the parliamentary majority was ready to sacrifice the gains of the Civil War in order to establish Presbyterianism, they impeached eleven Presbyterian commonersi and marched on London to save the revolution from intolerant reaction. In i648 the Scots invaded England, pledged to restore Charles I to his throne. While the
The Changing Nature of Interpersonal Relationships in a Women's Prison:

It is generally assumed that the subcultures experienced by men and women in prison are diametrically opposed. Previous research indicates that incarcerated women create more stable interpersonal r...
A novel approach for distribution fault analysis

This paper proposes to use four different measures: actual values, normalized values, relative values, and likelihood values for power systems' distribution faults analysis. This paper also discusses the general and local properties of distribution faults. The likelihood measure, based on the local region properties, provides important information for distribution fault cause identification when the fault cause is not known. Tree faults on the Duke Power System are used in this paper for illustration purposes. The proposed measures' analysis and discussion can be easily generalized for different types of distribution faults in other utility companies. >
Starch–lanthanum complexes

Abstract Starch–lanthanum complexes were produced by the reaction of soluble starch:lanthanum triisopropoxide [La(OPr- i ) 3 ] using the proportions 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The reactions were performed by either of the two methods: (i) 48 h of reflux in dry toluene under argon and (ii) by heating for 20–30 min in a microwave oven at high energy. Starch dextrinization resulted from the microwave-induced reaction of starch with lanthanum chloride. Depending on the reaction method and reagent proportions, different starch–lanthanum complexes were formed according to thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The latter method proved the chemical bonding of lanthanum to starch. A product with intermolecular O–La(OPr- i )–O bridges was synthesized by reacting toluene with a 1:1 reagent blend. A starch–lanthanum complex with intramolecular O–La(OPr- i )–O bridges formed upon microwave heating the same blend. Increased concentrations of the lanthanum reagent resulted in products simultaneously having intra- and inter-molecular oxygen–lanthanum bridges. Excess, unreacted lanthanum reagent remained in the final product in the case of the 1:3 starch:lanthanum reagent blends. Starch–lanthanum complexes readily hydrolyzed in open air.
Destruction of Thermoremanence in Nickel by Deformation

THE effect of deformation on thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) has significant bearing on palaeomagnetic investigations. One type of deformation is the preferential rotation, without strain, of ferromagnetic mineral grains which occurs during the fluid or plastic flow of rocks or during the deposition of sediments. This may change the direction of the remanence and may produce an anisotropy of susceptibility and remanence if the grains are not spherical1–4.
Cyclohexane oxidation catalyzed by manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves—Effect of acidity of the catalyst

Abstract Oxidation of cyclohexane is an important industrial process, its oxidation products, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone are raw materials for adipic acid and caprolactam synthesis. Acid exchanged cryptomelane type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (H-K-OMS-2) was used for liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexane with t -butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. The H + form of K-OMS-2 was synthesized by ion-exchange of K-OMS-2 with concentrated nitric acid. H-K-OMS-2 has been found to be an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of cyclohexane with a high conversion (∼60%). More than 90% selectivity for cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone was obtained. A turn over number (TON) of 73 was obtained in 24 h at 80 °C and if we consider only contributions of acidic manganese sites then the TON is 287. Effect of increase in number of acid sites of the K-OMS-2 was correlated with the increase in conversion. The reactions were carried out in a semi-batch reactor at 80 °C using acetonitrile as solvent. Effects of solvent, temperature, and amount of t -butyl hydroperoxide on conversion and selectivity were studied.
Nuclear‐induced excimer fluorescence

We consider a theoretical calculation of a proposed atomic iodine laser system excited by a nuclear‐powered photon source. Overall system efficiency of 1.6% is calculated for the KrF fluorescent system and 2.3% for the Ar2F system. Laser power output of about 30 kW is estimated for a laser tube 1.8 cm in diameter and 60 cm long when used with a fast burst reactor. Such systems should easily scale to very high power.
Implications and Management of Lobular Carcinoma in situ of the Breast (LCIS)

: Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) has gone from a rare form of mammary cancer to a marker of increased risk. Treatment options have undergone a corresponding change from ipsilateral mastectomy with axillary node dissection to observation once it became clear that the majority of patients did not progress to invasive cancer. However, recent events suggest a re-evaluation of LCIS management options. It is clear that even meticulous observation may fail to detect invasive cancer before systemic spread has taken place. This fact plus the identification of breast cancer genes have brought a renewed interest in prophylactic mastectomy. At the same time pathologists feel that it is possible to identify microscopic features of LCIS pointing to an increased likelihood of developing invasive cancer. As a result physicians are being asked to better quantitate risks for individual patients. Most patients with LCIS do not need bilateral mastectomies, but we are coming closer to identifying the minority that would be better served by prophylactic surgery.
Production of large carbon cluster ions by laser vaporization

The production of high-mass cluster ions of carbon is reported. Using laser vaporization of graphite and time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection, carbon cluster ions, C+n, with n as large as 110, are observed. The cluster ion distribution is similar to that observed for neutral carbon clusters entrained in a supersonic molecular beam and photoionized. Comparisons between the observed cluster ions and the neutral clusters that are generated directly from laser vaporization are made. Results of these experiments are compared with the cluster distributions measured using other methods.
Abstract 4513: Predicting response of non-small cell lung cancer to the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Telomerase is active in more than 80% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) but is not active in most somatic cells, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. Furthermore, telomerase is required for cancer stem cell maintenance so targeting telomerase could affect this chemo-resistant subpopulation. Imetelstat, a 13-mer N3’ P5′-thio-phosphoramidate, inhibits telomerase by binding to the RNA template component leading to shortened telomeres and associated cell death. Because imetelstat is currently in clinical trials for NSCLC, it is important to determine the spectrum of activity of imetelstat in a variety of NSCLCs. To accomplish this, we examined the in vitro effect of short-term imetelstat treatment in both the colony formation assay and a 5 day MTS assay using a panel of NSCLC cell lines. For the colony formation assay, cells were plated at clonal density, treated with 3 μM imetelstat 24 hours later, and allowed to grow into colonies for 2-4 weeks. The end point was determined by untreated control cells in colony formation and was dependent on inherent population doubling time. We found an array of responses ranging up to 96% inhibition of colony formation. The panel can be divided into 3 groups: responders (>70% inhibition), intermediate (20%-70% inhibition), and non-responders (<20% inhibition). These groups may be used to develop a biomarker signature predictive of which patients will be most sensitive to imetelstat. With the 5 day MTS assay, cells were treated with imetelstat concentrations ranging from 2.6 nM to 42.5 μM and allowed to incubate for 5 days. Cell viability was determined by a colorimetric readout using MTS. Because of expected delayed response time due to the mechanism of action of imetelstat, we were surprised to find a cell line sensitive to 1 μM imetelstat in the short-term assay. Only 50% of the cells remained after 5 days of treatment. Although this cell line is not sensitive to the imetelstat mismatch control, further studies are needed to determine if this effect is telomere specific. Our studies indicate a wide range of response of NSCLC to imetelstat emphasizing the importance of predicting which patients are most likely to respond to imetelstat therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4513. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4513
Rural adolescents' perceived personal risks for suicide

Rural adolescents' suicidal cognitions were assessed while conducting a larger project on risk perception. This allowed for a more indirect (less reactive) method of assessment than is typical in related research. High school students (n=455) rated on a 7-point scale their personal risks for 24 lethal events, including suicide. Over half the adolescents (56%) reported some risk for suicide, of which 12% reported that their subjective risk was quite likely. The rates are consistent with prevalence rates for suicidal ideations obtained from studies using more direct methods of assessment. Public high school students were significantly more likely to report serious suicide risks than parochial high school students. This finding is discussed in the context of Durkheim's proposition that religions deter self destructive impulses.
A Freeze-Fracture Study of Ruffle-ended Post-secretory Ameloblasts

The post-secretory portion of the rat incisor enamel organ was prepared for routine transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replication in order to define further the structural surface features of the ruffle-ended ameloblasts. Surface views of the distal plasma membrane of the ruffle-ended ameloblasts revealed a well-developed zonula occludens junction with from six to ten rows of tight junctional strands. Gap junctions were also observed just proximal to the tight junctional strands. The membranes of the ruffled border contained a rich supply of intramembrane particles (IMP). The IMPs were approximately 7 to 8 nm in diameter and preferentially located on the P-face profiles of the membrane. The density of IMPs on the membranes of the ruffled border was higher than that on the lateral borders of the cell.It is suggested that the IMPs of the ruffled border may represent enzymatic proteins in the basal cell membrane of absorptive ameloblasts. In addition, the large, highly-developed zonula occ...
High‐temperature aging of fluoropolymers

Fluoropolymers including those of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoropentene-1, and their copolymers with tetrafluoroethylene, were aged in air and in its absence at 225 and 305°C. Intrinsic viscosities were measured before and after aging. Polymers of high tetrafluoroethylene content are most stable. In air the presence of tertiary hydrogens is associated with lowered stability but the presence of tetrafluoroethylene greatly mitigates this effect. Stress-relaxation studies in air of a vulcanizate of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and tetrafluoroethylene cured by γ-rays indicate that the vulcanizate degrades much more rapidly than the untreated polymer.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Nonlinear Vibrations of Piezoelectrically-Driven Microcantilevers

The nonlinear vibrations of a piezoelectrically-driven microcantilever beam are experimentally and theoretically investigated. A part of the microcantilever beam surface is covered by a piezoelectric layer, which acts as an actuator. Practically, the first resonance of the beam is of interest, and hence, the microcantilever beam is modeled to obtain the natural frequency theoretically. The bending vibrations of the beam are studied considering the inextensibility condition and the coupling between electrical and mechanical properties in piezoelectric materials. The nonlinear term appears in the form of quadratic due to presence of piezoelectric layer, and cubic form due to geometry of the beam (mainly due to the beam's inextensibility). Galerkin approximation is utilized to discretize the equations of motion. The obtained equation is simulated to find the natural frequency of the system. In addition, method of multiple scales is applied to the equations of motion to arrive at the closed-form solution for natural frequency of the system. The experimental results verify the theoretical findings very closely. It is, therefore, concluded that the nonlinear approach could provide better dynamic representation of the microcantilever than previous linear models.Copyright © 2006 by ASME