cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vector representations of multi-word terms for semantic relatedness.

Abstract This paper presents a comparison between several multi-word term aggregation methods of distributional context vectors applied to the task of semantic similarity and relatedness in the biomedical domain. We compare the multi-word term aggregation methods of summation of component word vectors, mean of component word vectors, direct construction of compound term vectors using the compoundify tool, and direct construction of concept vectors using the MetaMap tool. Dimensionality reduction is critical when constructing high quality distributional context vectors, so these baseline co-occurrence vectors are compared against dimensionality reduced vectors created using singular value decomposition (SVD), and word2vec word embeddings using continuous bag of words (CBOW), and skip-gram models. We also find optimal vector dimensionalities for the vectors produced by these techniques. Our results show that none of the tested multi-word term aggregation methods is statistically significantly better than any other. This allows flexibility when choosing a multi-word term aggregation method, and means expensive corpora preprocessing may be avoided. Results are shown with several standard evaluation datasets, and state of the results are achieved.
A Finite-Element Model of Compressed Magnetic Field Current Generators

A computer code (SWL) has been developed to model the behavior of compressed magnetic field current generators. This code, based on a finiteelement representation of the device, yields predictions of performance in good agreement with experiment, is sufficiently flexible to accommodate a wide variety of design options, and makes economical use of computer time and storage.
Effect of surface hydroxyl groups on heat capacity of mesoporous silica

This paper quantifies the effect of surface hydroxyl groups on the effective specific and volumetric heat capacities of mesoporous silica. To achieve a wide range of structural diversity, mesoporous silica samples were synthesized by various methods, including (i) polymer-templated nanoparticle-based powders, (ii) polymer-templated sol-gel powders, and (iii) ambigel silica samples dried by solvent exchange at room temperature. Their effective specific heat capacity, specific surface area, and porosity were measured using differential scanning calorimetry and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The experimentally measured specific heat capacity was larger than the conventional weight-fraction-weighted specific heat capacity of the air and silica constituents. The difference was attributed to the presence of OH groups in the large internal surface area. A thermodynamic model was developed based on surface energy considerations to account for the effect of surface OH groups on the specific and volumetric heat capacity. The model predictions fell within the experimental uncertainty.This paper quantifies the effect of surface hydroxyl groups on the effective specific and volumetric heat capacities of mesoporous silica. To achieve a wide range of structural diversity, mesoporous silica samples were synthesized by various methods, including (i) polymer-templated nanoparticle-based powders, (ii) polymer-templated sol-gel powders, and (iii) ambigel silica samples dried by solvent exchange at room temperature. Their effective specific heat capacity, specific surface area, and porosity were measured using differential scanning calorimetry and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The experimentally measured specific heat capacity was larger than the conventional weight-fraction-weighted specific heat capacity of the air and silica constituents. The difference was attributed to the presence of OH groups in the large internal surface area. A thermodynamic model was developed based on surface energy considerations to account for the effect of surface OH groups on the sp...
Agriculture, Nutrient Management, and Water Quality

Agriculture in developed nations has dramatically increased the efficiency with which it can produce grain and protein for the world's growing population. In most cases, this increase has been achieved by crop and animal breeding and increased use of fertilizers, thus requiring less land clearing globally. With intensification of production systems, there has been a greater frequency and severity of water quality impairment associated with nonpoint discharge of nutrients from agriculture to surface and ground waters. This article will review the causes of these impacts on water quality and how future water quality problems could be mitigated.
Effects of Redshift Uncertainty on Cross-Correlations of CMB Lensing and Galaxy Surveys

We explore the effects of incorporating redshift uncertainty into measurements of galaxy clustering and cross-correlations of galaxy positions and cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing maps. We use a simple Gaussian model for a redshift distribution in a redshift bin with two parameters: the mean, ${z}_{0}$, and the width, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{z}}$. We vary these parameters, as well as a galaxy bias parameter, ${b}_{\mathrm{g}}$, and a matter fluctuations parameter, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}$, for each redshift bin, as well as the parameter ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathrm{m}}$, in a Fisher analysis across 12 redshift bins from $z=0--7$. We find that incorporating redshift uncertainties degrades constraints on ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}(z)$ in the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)/CMB-S4 era by about a factor of 10 compared to the case of perfect redshift knowledge. In our fiducial analysis of LSST/CMB-S4 including redshift uncertainties, we project constraints on ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}(z)$ for $zl3$ of less than 5%. Galaxy imaging surveys are expected to have priors on redshift parameters from photometric redshift algorithms and other methods. When adding priors with the expected precision for LSST redshift algorithms, the constraints on ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{8}(z)$ can be improved by a factor of 2--3 compared to the case of no prior information. We also find that ``self-calibrated'' constraints on the redshift parameters from just the autocorrelation and cross-correlation measurements (with no prior information) are competitive with photometric redshift techniques. In the LSST/CMB-S4 era, we find uncertainty on the redshift parameters (${z}_{0},{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{z}}$) to be below $0.004(1+\mathrm{z})$ at $zl1$. For all parameters, constraints improve significantly if smaller scales can be used. We also project constraints for nearer term survey combinations, Dark Energy Survey (DES)/SPT-SZ, DES/SPT-3G, and LSST/SPT-3G, and analyze how our constraints depend on a variety of parameter and model choices.
Human Intestinal Allografts Contain Functional Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells that Are Maintained by a Circulating Pool

Summary Human intestinal transplantation often results in long-term mixed chimerism of donor and recipient blood in transplant patients. We followed the phenotypes of chimeric peripheral blood cells in 21 patients receiving intestinal allografts over 5 years. Donor lymphocyte phenotypes suggested a contribution of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from the graft. Surprisingly, we detected donor-derived HSPCs in intestinal mucosa, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver. Human gut HSPCs are phenotypically similar to bone marrow HSPCs and have multilineage differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of circulating post-transplant donor T cells suggests that they undergo selection in recipient lymphoid organs to acquire immune tolerance. Our longitudinal study of human HSPCs carried in intestinal allografts demonstrates their turnover kinetics and gradual replacement of donor-derived HSPCs from a circulating pool. Thus, we have demonstrated the existence of functioning HSPCs in human intestines with implications for promoting tolerance in transplant recipients.
Guidance for assessment of erythroderma in neonates and infants for the pediatric immunologist

Neonatal and infantile erythroderma (NIE) represents the common clinical phenotype of heterogeneous diseases ranging from benign and transient skin conditions to fatal multiorgan disorders. NIE regularly demands a comprehensive diagnostic workup in a multiprofessional setting, especially if newborns and young infants with the disease develop a failure to thrive and concomitant infectious, neurologic, or metabolic complications. By obtaining a detailed medical history and performing a thorough clinical examination, targeted diagnostic steps can be scheduled for most affected children. If NIE occurs in the early neonatal period, lesional skin biopsy and histology are often indicated. Likewise, if monogenic skin or immunologic diseases are suspected, genetic testing with customized panels of potentially underlying genes is mandatory. Of note, if acute symptoms such as severe infections, metabolic acidosis, or seizures occur, rapid microbiologic and metabolic investigations are warranted to rule out immunodeficiency and inborn errors of metabolism.
Recovery of lethally irradiated dogs following infusion of autologous marrow stored at low temperature in dimethylsulphoxide.

Sixteen normal young dogs were exposed to 1200 r of Co60 radiation over their entire bodies continuously at 5 to 6 r per minute. They were then given intravenous infusions of 1 to 5 billion of their own nucleated marrow cells that had been previously aspirated and stored frozen at -80 C. in dimethyl-sulphoxide. Nine received samples stored in 10 per cent dimethyl-sulphoxide. All made prompt clinical and hematologic recoveries. Three dogs received samples stored in 5 per cent dimethyl-sulphoxide. One died. Three received samples stored in 15 per cent dimethyl-sulphoxide. Two died. No toxicity of dimethyl-sulphoxide was recognized in these experiments. A disagreeable odor emanated from the injected animals and persisted for a number of hours. Dimethyl-sulphoxide in 10 per cent concentration is suitable for the preservation of dog marrow at low temperature. Because the specimens preserved in it can be administered intravenously without prior dilution, this additive has an advantage over glycerol.
Meaning differentiates depression and grief among suicide survivors.

The present study examined the utility of meaning to differentiate between depression and grief in a sample of suicide survivors (N = 555). Three regression models were tested, each with a differen...
Genome-wide alterations of epigenomic landscape in plants by engineered nanomaterial toxicants

Abstract Epigenetic changes structure our life cycle through heritable and irreversible changes in DNA, histone proteins or non-coding miRNAs without alterations in the underlying DNA sequences. Environmental stimuli have been documented to impact the epigenomic landscape of living organisms in either positive or negative fashion. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being increasingly used in industries for their multitude of uses. Equipped with supramolecular surface reactivity, diminutive size and quantum properties, ENMs present with another unique challenge to the living organisms, since there have been limited or no selection pressure exists against these particles. However, the extent, ENM's influence on epigenetic defects have been studied in human cancers or genetic disorders, have not been explored in the plants in terms of epigenetic aberrations and responses. Herein, we aimed to summarize the intricacies in plant epigenetic mechanisms in response to the ENMs mediated stresses. We have emphasized plant-epigenetic responses to ENM-toxicity with suitable references and experimental evidences. This review is expected to appeal a broad range of readers, interested plant physiology, nanoparticles induced epigenetic stress responses, or nanotoxicology and will be equally appealing to the entrepreneurs of agro-medical industries.
Special Issue: Advances in Zintl Phases

Zintl phases have garnered a great deal of attention for many applications. The term “Zintl phase” recognizes the contributions of the German chemist Eduard Zintl to the field of solid-state chemistry. While Zintl phases were initially defined as a subgroup of intermetallic phases where cations and anions or polyanions in complex intermetallic structures are valence satisfied, the foundational idea of electron counting to understand complex solid-state structures has provided insight into bonding and a bridge between solid-state and molecular chemists. This Special Issue, “Advances in Zintl Phases”, provides a collage of research in the area, from solution to solid-state chemistry.
Comparing and Contrasting the Perspectives of Online Students and Faculty

In this qualitative case study, the researcher follows up on a previous study on community in an online program. Focusing on faculty perspectives, findings suggest that while online students’ sense of community was influenced by their interactions in class, in study groups, and at in-person social events, online faculty saw their role in cultivating community as limited to the classroom. Professional and personal obligations as well as the academic reward structure also limited faculty engagement in the online community. Findings have implications for developing distance programs that support both student and faculty needs.
Testicular Dislocation After Pelvic Ring Injury: A Report of 2 Cases.

Cases We present 2 cases of traumatic testicular dislocation associated with a pelvic ring injury after a motorcycle collision. Case 1 describes bilateral testicular dislocation discovered intraoperatively. Urology was consulted, and the testicles were manually reduced under general anesthesia. Case 2 describes unilateral testicular dislocation discovered at the 1-month follow-up after pelvic ring fixation. Concern for infarction prompted urology to take the patient for surgical reduction. Both cases resolved uneventfully without genitourinary complaints at the follow-up. Conclusions Testicular dislocation is rare but should be considered in the setting of pelvic injury due to a motorcycle collision. Detection warrants urgent urologic consultation.
Optical Determination of Young’s Modulus of Nanoscale Organic Semiconductor Thin Films for Flexible Devices

We present a nondestructive, noncontact optical approach to estimate the elastic modulus of an organic semiconductor thin film based on solid-state solvation effect. Self-strained silicon oxide mic...
A Comparison of Descriptive and Emotive Labels to Explain Human Perception of Gait Styles on a Compass Walker in Variable Contexts

The behavior and aesthetics of robots can impact perception by human viewers, and prior work has shown that context influences this judgement. This paper presents an experiment to better understand what sort of gait label can best explain human estimate of an internal state based on external changes, despite effects of variable context on the perception of gait. The study analyzes how a user’s perception of movement in a simple two degree-of-freedom mechanism changes through the use of varying environments via more emotive or more descriptive labels. Specifically, five bipedal gaits were overlaid onto illustrated backgrounds that were created to reflect various affective inclinations and given labels with and without emotive implications. Users were then asked to rate the accuracy of the descriptive or emotive labels of these videos, and the differences between their ratings were compared throughout the multiple backgrounds. It was found that while both sets of labels scored well, emotive labels were slightly preferred overall. However, although the addition of an environment positively affected the user perceptions in rating the suggested descriptive labels, it was more likely to negatively affect the ratings of emotive labels. The results of this analysis suggest that lay end-users prefer to make judgements about motion behavior in an emotive space but that descriptive labels may be more stable identifiers across various contexts for robot designers. These results highlight the emotional connection that humans make with motion and the role the context plays in helping to create this experience.
The Influence of Removing the Ten-Minute Bout Requirement on National Physical Activity Estimates

The updated Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (2nd edition) removes the requirement that physical activity should occur in bouts lasting 10 minutes or more to count toward the minimum aerobic guideline. Using self-reported data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 386,960), we examined differences in national physical activity estimates with and without this requirement. Overall, 1.9% of adults reported activities in short bouts (<10 minutes). When excluding short bouts, 29.9% were inactive, 20.7% were insufficiently active, and 49.4% were active. When including short bouts, 29.1% were inactive, 21.4% were insufficiently active, and 49.5% were active. Eliminating the 10-minute-bout requirement had little effect on physical activity estimates.
Traveler-facing technology in the tourism experience: a historical perspective

This study investigated how travelers use of technology changed the travel experience over time. To accomplish this, a qualitative thematic analysis of travel blogs from the past 46 years was condu...
Re-Animator: Versatile High-Fidelity Storage-System Tracing and Replaying

Modern applications use storage systems in complex and often surprising ways. Tracing system calls is a common approach to understanding applications' behavior, allowing offline analysis and enabling replay in other environments. But current system-call tracing tools have drawbacks: (1) they often omit some information---such as raw data buffers---needed for full analysis; (2) they have high overheads; (3) they often use non-portable trace formats; and (4) they may not offer useful and scalable analysis and replay tools. We have developed Re-Animator, a powerful system-call tracing tool that focuses on storage-related calls and collects maximal information, capturing complete data buffers and writing all traces in the standard DataSeries format. We also created a prototype replayer that focuses on calls related to file-system state. We evaluated our system on long-running server applications such as key-value stores and databases. Our tracer has an average overhead of only 1.8-2.3×, but the overhead can be as low as 5% for I/O-bound applications. Our replayer verifies that its actions are correct, and faithfully reproduces the logical file system state generated by the original application.
Convex Regression in Multidimensions: Suboptimality of Least Squares Estimators

The least squares estimator (LSE) is shown to be suboptimal in squared error loss in the usual nonparametric regression model with Gaussian errors for $d \geq 5$ for each of the following families of functions: (i) convex functions supported on a polytope (in fixed design), (ii) bounded convex functions supported on a polytope (in random design), and (iii) convex Lipschitz functions supported on any convex domain (in random design). For each of these families, the risk of the LSE is proved to be of the order $n^{-2/d}$ (up to logarithmic factors) while the minimax risk is $n^{-4/(d+4)}$, for $d \ge 5$. In addition, the first rate of convergence results (worst case and adaptive) for the full convex LSE are established for polytopal domains for all $d \geq 1$. Some new metric entropy results for convex functions are also proved which are of independent interest.
Evaluating cotton length uniformity through comprehensive length attributes measured by dual-beard fibrography

The quality of cotton yarn, such as evenness and strength, relies on not only the overall length of spun fibers but also fiber length uniformity. In the current cotton classification system (Cotton Incorporated in Classification of upland cotton, 2018; USDA in The classification of cotton, Agricultural Marketing Service, Washington, DC, 1995), length uniformity is measured by a single factor—uniformity index (UI), which does not explicitly include short fiber content (SFC) and neglects the interactive effects among length attributes. The goal of this study was to search for key length attributes and new classification methods for more comprehensive evaluations of cotton length uniformity. We firstly investigated the associations of length attributes measurable by the dual-beard fibrography (DBF) (Zhou et al. in Text Res J 90(1):37–48, 2020) to select a set of key features to reduce the dimensionality for consecutive statistical analysis. This set contains an overall length attribute (upper half mean length—UHML), SFC and UI that represent more realistic information about cotton quality. We then used the K-means clustering to determine the natural clusters of the length uniformity based on the data of 29 selected cotton samples that have a wide range of fiber length distributions. The clustering resulted in six optimal clusters, each representing a group of homogeneous length attributes. Thirdly, we adopted one support-vector-machine (SVM) classifier for cotton length uniformity prediction on unknown fibers. To verify the prediction accuracy, 25 new specimens were taken from the 29 samples used in the K-mean clustering to run the DBF test and the SVM classification. It was found that 92% of these specimens yielded the same cluster numbers as the ones resulted from the clustering. In summary, UHML, SFC and UI represent more comprehensive length attributes of cotton, and the six new clusters from the K-mean clustering offer more holistic evaluation on cotton length uniformity.
Teaching the Complexity of Dependence with the Triplet Game.

Students often struggle with the concept of dependence of events or random variables. We present a simple coin flipping game that yields surprising results due to the dependencies within the game. ...
Two-Stage Reimplantation of a Prosthetic Hip Infection: Systematic Review of Long-Term Reinfection and Pathogen Outcomes.

Abstract Background Although two-stage exchange for chronic periprosthetic hip infections remains an effective option for infection eradication, long-term outcome reporting remains scarce. Compiling outcomes data for this standard of care is necessary to characterize long-term reinfection risk and identify bacteria associated with reinfection. The purpose of our study was to perform a systematic review to determine the long-term risk of reinfection after two-stage reimplantation. The second purpose was to identify the proportion of reinfections caused by the same or different organism(s) relative to the index infection. Methods We performed a systematic review of two-stage reimplantation randomized control trials, cohort studies, and case series for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infections, yielding 320 unique citations for abstract review, of which 138 were reviewed in full. We collected reinfection data including the timing of reinfection after successful reimplantation and the bacteria identified at reinfection. Meeting inclusion criteria were 28 studies with 2047 patients and 2055 hips that completed both reimplantation stages with just seven studies having greater than 24 month follow-up. Results Studies with longer average follow-up reported significantly higher all-time reinfection rates (P = .042). Among studies with at least 5 years of follow-up, the risk of reinfection was 10.25% (8.21-12.47). Among studies with minimum follow-up of at least 24 months, the 24-month rate of reinfection was 4.58% (2.17-7.66), which increased to 7.34% (4.44-10.82) by final follow-up. Only 12 studies reported index and recurrent pathogen data. In those studies, 3.00% (1.19-5.38) of all hips which completed both reimplantation stages were reinfected by a new pathogen, and 1.70% (0.52-3.35) of patients became reinfected by recurrent pathogens. Conclusion While the majority of two stage reimplantation literature follows patients for two years, there is significant risk of reinfection into the long term. Further studies with detailed outcomes and long-term follow-up are needed to identify factors associated with late infections.
V-Learning -- A Simple, Efficient, Decentralized Algorithm for Multiagent RL

A major challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is the curse of multiagents, where the size of the joint action space scales exponentially with the number of agents. This remains to be a bottleneck for designing efficient MARL algorithms even in a basic scenario with finitely many states and actions. This paper resolves this challenge for the model of episodic Markov games. We design a new class of fully decentralized algorithms -- V-learning, which provably learns Nash equilibria (in the two-player zero-sum setting), correlated equilibria and coarse correlated equilibria (in the multiplayer general-sum setting) in a number of samples that only scales with $\max_{i\in[m]} A_i$, where $A_i$ is the number of actions for the $i^{\rm th}$ player. This is in sharp contrast to the size of the joint action space which is $\prod_{i=1}^m A_i$. V-learning (in its basic form) is a new class of single-agent RL algorithms that convert any adversarial bandit algorithm with suitable regret guarantees into a RL algorithm. Similar to the classical Q-learning algorithm, it performs incremental updates to the value functions. Different from Q-learning, it only maintains the estimates of V-values instead of Q-values. This key difference allows V-learning to achieve the claimed guarantees in the MARL setting by simply letting all agents run V-learning independently.
Ultrasound diagnosis of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis in a 9-month-old infant: a rare case report

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) is an aggressive infection of the flexor tendon sheath, requiring prompt intervention to minimize adverse outcomes. The diagnosis of pediatric PFT is often delayed due to the variable presence of Kanavel’s signs in children and communication difficulties. A 9-month-old male presented to the emergency department with one of four Kanavel signs. The diagnosis of PFT was delayed until ultrasound was used to identify a fluid collection within the flexor tendon sheath. He was successfully treated with surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy, achieving full recovery by 6-month follow-up. This represents the youngest reported case of PFT. Difficulties with communication and physical exam as well as the variability of Kanavel’s signs in young children can delay the diagnosis of pediatric PFT. Ultrasound can be a useful adjunct when clinical history and exam are equivocal, especially in children who present prior to language acquisition.
Presence of N-fixing neighbors increases leaf N and δ13C in Castilleja applegatei, a root hemiparasite

Parasitic plants are known for their high transpiration rates and low water use efficiency (WUE), which the N-parasitism hypothesis posits is driven by N limitation. Thus, availability of N-fixing hosts may affect parasite’s WUE and in turn impact the surrounding plant community. Here, I investigate how the availability of an N-fixing host affects the root hemiparasite, Castilleja applegatei, and examines host-mediated effects on community structure and soil moisture. I surveyed plant diversity and percent cover and measured soil moisture in 120 1 × 1 m plots within Sagehen Experimental Forest, CA. Fifty percent of the plots included C. applegatei. In a subset of plots, I measured leaf N, C/N, δ13C, and δ15N in C. applegatei and in one N-fixer (Ceanothus prostratus) and two non-N-fixing plants (Artemisia tridentata and Wyethia mollis). In C. applegatei availability of N-fixing hosts corresponded to a significant increase in leaf %N, a distinct δ15N signature, and an increase in δ13C (which typically signifies an increased WUE). The presence of parasites was associated with a marginally significant decrease in WUE in N-fixing neighbors, but had no effect on the two non-N-fixing species. The presence of parasites did not impact diversity, percent cover, or soil moisture. These results broadly support the N-parasitism hypothesis and indicate that host type can affect parasite’s physiology and therefore have the potential to mediate parasite’s effects in the community; however, community-level impacts were not found here.
READING NIETZSCHE IN JAMES JOYCE'S ULYSSES

James Joyce had not yet begun his most productive years of writing when he first became acquainted with the thought and work of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, a man whose deep skepticism about traditional perspectives on life and the world likely spoke to some of the young writer’s own concerns and experiences. By the time Joyce began writing his celebrated modernist epic, Ulysses, he possessed a well-developed and nuanced grasp of several fundamental components of Nietzsche’s thought: not only did he understand the concepts of the “death of God”, the Ubermensch, and eternal recurrence, but he also grasped the way that they fit together in Nietzsche’s philosophy, and their larger implications. It should not be surprising, then, that these ideas find their way into Joyce’s epic novel. In this paper I suggest the value of reading Ulysses through a Nietzschean interpretive frame, and explore the role that Nietzsche’s thought plays in the novel. Specifically, I discuss the ways in which Nietzsche’s ideas contribute to a new understanding of Ulysses' characters and artistic shape, and show how this understanding helps provide us with a better sense of James Joyce, both as an artist and as an individual.
Deregulation at the EEOC: Prospects and Implications:

This essay examines the prospects for deregulation at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in the 1980s. Enforcement reduction rather than target or standards deregulation seems most likely to surface. While this development may in part spring from EEOC deference to particular policy preferences dominant in the White House, the decline in or limited growth of the agency's resources will probably be more important. Specifically, austerity may well contribute to enforcement reduction by reinforcing the EEOC's propensity to emphasize complaint processing rather than self-initiated investigations into patterns of discrimination. Of particular relevance for students of public administration, enforcement reduction by the EEOC may well be more in evidence in the private as opposed to the public sector. The implications of these developments for compliance with equal employment opportunity laws receive attention.
Preferential use of the VH4 Ig gene family by diffuse large-cell lymphoma

Ig heavy chain variable region (VH) genes expressed by human diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLC) and follicular lymphoma (FL) were identified and analyzed with respect to germline gene families. In 67 cases of FL, VH region genes were expressed in a pattern similar to that of normal B cells, with a predominance of the large VH3 gene family being used. In contrast, of the 17 cases of DLC, there was an extremely biased use of VH genes. Of these DLC tumors, 88% expressed genes from the small VH4 gene family; and even among these tumors, there was a limited use of genes, with 11 cases producing Igs derived from the VH4.21 germline gene. Although most of the VH genes expressed by DLC tumor cells contained mutations with respect to their germline counterparts, almost all of these mutations occurred before the clonal expansion of the tumor. This contrasts with our previous findings of ongoing mutations in FL and represents a fundamental difference between these two malignancies. This preferential gene use implies an important role for the VH4 gene family, and specifically for VH4.21, in the genesis of DLC.
Circulation Dynamics in Mt. Hope Bay and the Lower Taunton River

A field study was conducted in Mt. Hope Bay and the lower Taunton River to describe the circulation in response to tide, wind and density induced forcing. Five current meter deployments were made from December 1985 to January 1987 with a typical duration of 60 days. Measurements were made at surface and bottom locations at three stations: Mt. Hope Bridge, Brightman St. Bridge and at the entrance to the Sakonnet River. Time series measurements of currents, conductivity and temperature were made at each of the stations. Tidal elevations were recorded at Mt. Hope Bridge, Steep Brook and Touisset. River flow data were obtained for the Taunton River from USGS and wind speed and direction from NOAA National Weather Station at Green Airport, Warwick, Rhode Island.
Effect of oxygen co-injected with carbon dioxide on Gothic shale caprock–CO2–brine interaction during geologic carbon sequestration

Abstract Co-injection of oxygen, a significant component in CO 2 streams produced by the oxyfuel combustion process, can cause a significant alteration of the redox state in deep geologic formations during geologic carbon sequestration. The potential impact of co-injected oxygen on the interaction between synthetic CO 2 –brine (0.1 M NaCl) and shale caprock (Gothic shale from the Aneth Unit in Utah) and mobilization of trace metals was investigated at ~ 10 MPa and ~ 75 °C. A range of relative volume percentages of O 2 to CO 2 (0, 1, 4 and 8%) were used in these experiments to address the effect of oxygen on shale–CO 2 –brine interaction under various conditions. Major mineral phases in Gothic shale are quartz, calcite, dolomite, montmorillonite, and pyrite. During Gothic shale–CO 2 –brine interaction in the presence of oxygen, pyrite oxidation occurred extensively and caused enhanced dissolution of calcite and dolomite. Pyrite oxidation and calcite dissolution subsequently resulted in the precipitation of Fe(III) oxides and gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O). In the presence of oxygen, dissolved Mn and Ni were elevated because of oxidative dissolution of pyrite. The mobility of dissolved Ba was controlled by barite (BaSO 4 ) precipitation in the presence of oxygen. Dissolved U in the experimental brines increased to ~ 8–14 μg/L, with concentrations being slightly higher in the absence of oxygen than in the presence of oxygen. Experimental and modeling results indicate the interaction between shale caprock and oxygen co-injected with CO 2 during geologic carbon sequestration can exert significant impacts on brine pH, solubility of carbonate minerals, stability of sulfide minerals, and mobility of trace metals. The major impact of oxygen is most likely to occur in the zone near CO 2 injection wells where impurity gases can accumulate. Oxygen in CO 2 –brine migrating away from the injection well will be continually consumed through the reactions with sulfide minerals in deep geologic formations.
Factors That Affect Proportional Glomerular Filtration Rate After Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy

Abstract Background and Purpose: Several factors have been shown to impact the overall glomerular filtration (GFR) rate after partial nephrectomy. Change in overall GFR, however, does not necessarily reflect the impact of these factors on the operated kidney. Using preoperative and postoperative renal scintigraphy, we sought to assess the impact of patient, tumor, and operative factors on GFR of the affected kidney (proportional GFR). Patients and Methods: We identified 73 patients who underwent minimally invasive partial nephrectomy with preoperative and postoperative renal scans from two institutions. Patient, tumor, and operative characteristics were recorded. We used multiple linear regression to determine the patient and clinical factors predictive of postoperative proportional GFR in the operated kidney. We tested for an interaction between preoperative proportional GFR and nephrometry score and ischemia. We further fitted two separate linear models to compare the proportion of variance (R2) explain...
Central peaks in lunar craters

Central peak features in 580 craters on the lunar near side were systematically studied, and detailed studies were made of several features of interest, in an attempt to define the mechanism of central peak formation. The peaks tend to be elongated along the preferred directions of the lunar grid. A weak correlation exists between peak size and crater size. Some peaks appear to have been formed or modified by volcanic processes, though strictly mechanical processes are known to produce central peaks on Earth. A more detailed knowledge of impact mechanics is required to account for the observations of the lunar central peaks.
Falls in older persons. Causes and interventions.

• Falls in older persons are an Important cause of injury, disability, and death. They are also Important as an indicator of decline in functional ability, requiring a careful assessment of contributing factors, in both the patient and the environment, with corrective intervention when possible. A fear of falls contributes to the problem by causing inactivity and deconditioning, further increasing the danger of falls. Identification of those at high risk and those who have begun to experience falls is important, followed by a systematic evaluation for underlying disease, medication effects, unsteady gait and balance, and environmental risk factors. Regular exercise and physical stress are also important in avoiding falls. ( Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2217-2222)
Hydrologic controls on the survival of Water Howellia (Howellia aquatilis) and implications of land management

Abstract Water Howellia ( Howellia aquatilis ) is a rare and endangered wetland plant listed as a threatened species under the Federal Endangered Species Act. 70% of the world population is found in the 1.7×10 5 ha Swan Valley, Montana, USA in wetlands of usually less than 1-ha. Survival of this aquatic species requires emergence during mid-summer, the drying out of occupied portions of the wetlands, a slight refilling of the wetlands in fall, and wetland re-establishment in the spring. This project was designed to establish the water source and seasonal controls on stage variation. Research approaches included water budgets derived from extensive micro-basin field measurements, including evaluation of ground water-surface water interaction, and standard geochemical analyses. Potential impacts to the wetland water balance from timber harvesting or stand replacement fires were evaluated using the WRNSHYD ® model. Results from two field seasons indicate that ground water inflow and plant transpiration control wetland stage. Snow survey recharge estimates, horizontal and vertical hydraulic gradient observations, seepage meter flux rates, wetland and ground water quality and the ground water inflow component of the water balance support the hypothesis that seasonal changes in the wetland are driven by a localized ground water flow system. Modeling predicts an increase in micro-basin water yield due to decreased plant transpirational water loss when watershed trees are removed by harvesting or a stand replacing fire. The duration of a potential increase in water yield is unknown.
Methylmercury accumulation in brains of pregnant, non-pregnant and fetal rats

Abstract Methylmercury hydroxide was administered subcutaneously to pregnant and non-pregnant female rats at doses of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg Hg/kg. Seven days later mercury concentrations in the brains of the adults and fetuses were measured. Mercury concentrations in the brain of the fetus were at least twice that of the pregnant rats. Increased brain concentrations of mercury in the fetus may explain reports of the greater susceptibility of the fetus to methylmercury poisoning.
Misrepresentation and responsibility in medical research.

Abstract Early in 1985, after being questioned about duplicate data in two of his papers, Robert A. Slutsky, M.D., resigned his appointments as a radiology resident (trainee) and nonsalaried associ...
On Birget's regular embedding

Abstract This paper gives another construction of ( S ) reg , and a different proof of the uniqueness of coded normal forms.
Computation reduction for motion estimation in MPEG-4 video encoder

In this paper, computation reduction algorithm of motion estimation is developed for MPEG4 video encoders. Our focus is on the computation reduction for block based integer and half pixel search. A method is proposed to reduce the search points and computation with little extra tradeoff and small quality downgrade. In MPEG4, the motion estimation is mainly composed of three major parts: 1) The Macroblock based integer pixel search. 2) The block based integer pixel search. 3) The half pixel search. The Macroblock based integer pixel search usually consumes the most computation power. Therefore many fast search algorithms are employed instead of the full search. In contrast, as to 2), 3), since the search range is quite small, usually the full search method is used. With many novel algorithms the computation requirements in 1) decrease greatly. Hence, the percentage of 2) and 3) are increasing and come to an important position for computation reduction. The method proposed in this paper jointly considered the ME, DCT and quantization. It takes advantage of the idea in both MB and block layer. The computation reduction is obvious from experiment. Because the full search algorithm is still in use, the quality downgrade is little compared to the old computation reduction algorithms.
Effect of reaction temperature on activity of Pt- and Ru-substituted lanthanum zirconate pyrochlores (La2Zr2O7) for dry (CO2) reforming of methane (DRM)

Abstract Dry (CO2) reforming of methane (DRM) is a highly endothermic reaction (ΔH = +59.1 kcal/mol) producing syngas (H2 and CO) with the H2/CO ratio of ~1. DRM requires reaction temperatures above ~800 °C for complete equilibrium conversion to CO and H2, and is inevitably accompanied by carbon deposition. Here we examine lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7) pyrochlores, with the larger trivalent cation La and a smaller tetravalent cation Zr occupying A and B sites, respectively. Three catalysts are tested: La2Zr2O7 [LZ] and two pyrochlores in which Zr in the B-site has been isomorphically partially substituted with (a) Ru (2.00 wt%) [LRuZ] and (b) Pt (3.78 wt%) [LPtZ]. The levels of substitution by weight correspond to identical atomic levels of substitution at the B-site. Here, activation energies are determined as a function of Ru or Pt substitution on the B-site. The results show that activation energies based on both CH4 and CO2 reaction rates are much lower for LRuZ than LPtZ. Conversion of CH4 ( X CH 4 ) and CO2 ( X CO 2 ) was greater for LRuZ compared to LPtZ at 525 °C, 575 °C, and 625 °C throughout an on-stream time of 600 min. After each 600-min run, temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) showed that total carbon formation decreased with increasing reaction temperature, although the stability of the deposited carbon increased with increasing reaction temperature.
PARENTING, SELF-CONTROL, AND DELINQUENCY: A TEST OF SELF-CONTROL THEORY*

Self-control theory has received extensive empirical attention in the past decade, but most studies have not tested its arguments about the effects of parenting on self-control and delinquency. Using data collected from a sample of urban high school students, this study addresses this void by examining two parenting-related hypotheses derived from the theory. For one of the hypotheses, the results with self-control theory are contrasted with those obtained with Baumrind's theory of authoritative parenting, a theory that also is concerned with the link between parenting and self-control. Results generally support self-control theory's two hypotheses, but also point to empirical limitations of the theory.
The Molecular Basis for Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Despite aggressive treatment and early screening strategies, the prognosis for patients with advanced disease remains poor. Extensive research examining familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), two common forms of inherited colorectal cancer, have provided invaluable insights into some of the molecular mechanisms underlying both familial, as well as nonfamilial, colorectal cancer. The molecules involved in these pathways may provide effective targets for prevention and/or treatment of colorectal cancer. These targets include cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-delta, PPAR-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II, epidermal growth factor receptor, and inducible-nitrous oxide synthase.
Dictatorships and highways

Abstract This paper identifies a puzzling fact: countries that are more democratic tend to have roads in worse conditions than less democratic countries. Using lagged values of a democracy index to instrument for democracy in 1980 yields higher estimates of the magnitude of this association. Instruments based on climate, population, and education yield similar results. Changes to a more democratic government are similarly associated with slower growth of the extension of the paved road network. I advance four non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that can explain the results. More saliently, dictatorships might find highways useful for military and repressive purposes.
Forebrain electrophysiological recording in larval zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 μl during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.
Apparent Stresses of Earthquakes on Ridges compared to Apparent Stresses of Earthquakes in Trenches

Summary The apparent strain (seismic efficiency times average strain) associated with an earthquake can be estimated by comparing the spectral amplitudes of seismic waves at high frequency to those at low frequency. This information allows one to compare the relative strength of material in different source regions. The apparent strains (stresses) associated with earthquakes on ridges do not differ in the average from those associated with shallow earthquakes in trenches, which may indicate that the strength of materials and the rupture mechanism in the two source regions are the same.