cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent concerns regarding paediatric obesity in community-based programmes serving children with developmental disabilities.

Background Previous studies show a higher prevalence of obesity among preschool-age children with developmental disabilities (DDs) versus children who are typically developing (TD). Little is known about parent concerns about obesity in young children with DD. The purpose of this study was to examine concerns regarding paediatric obesity among parents who had a preschool-age child with DD compared with parents with a child who is TD. Methods A cross-sectional analysis occurred at baseline entry into one of three community-based programmes. Parents of a child with DD (n = 815) or TD (n = 563) were asked obesity-related questions about their child and in general. Multinomial and logistic regression unadjusted and adjusted models were run to generate the odds of obesity concerns based on disability status. Results The average child age was 38 months. Parent concerns about paediatric obesity differed by disability status. Unadjusted odds of parents 'doing anything to control their child's weight' was 38% lower among parents of a child with DD versus TD (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.82). The adjusted odds of perceiving that their child was underweight was 83% higher among parents of a child with DD compared with parents of a child who is TD (aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.64). Parents of a child with DD were 179% more likely to believe that childhood obesity is a public health problem (aOR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.88, 3.96). The models were adjusted for age, sex and race/ethnicity. Conclusions Findings indicate that parents of preschool-age children with DD are more likely to acknowledge that obesity is a public health concern. Because some parents of children with DD are concerned about their child's weight, families of preschool-age children with DD may be receptive to the delivery of healthy weight strategies in community-based programs.
A Hybrid Learning Approach to Prognostics and Health Management Applied to Military Ground Vehicles Using Time-Series and Maintenance Event Data

Attempts to leverage operational time-series data in Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) approaches to optimize the life cycle management and Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) of military vehicles have encountered several obstacles over decades of data collection. These obstacles have beset similar approaches on civilian ground vehicles, as well as on aircraft and other complex systems. Analysis of operational data is critical because it represents a continuous recording of the state of the system. Applying rudimentary data analytics to operational data can provide insights like fuel usage patterns or observed reliability of one vehicle or even a fleet. Monitoring trends and analyzing patterns in this data over time, however, can provide insight into the health of a vehicle, a complex system, or a fleet, predicting mean time to failure or compiling logistic or life cycle needs. Such High-Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) on operational time-series datasets has been historically difficult due to the large amount of data gathered from vehicle sensors, the lack of association between clusters observed in the data and failures or unscheduled maintenance events, and the deficiency of unsupervised learning techniques for time-series data. We present an HPDA environment and a method of discovering patterns in vehicle operational data that determines models for predicting the likelihood of imminent failure, referred to as Parameter-Based Indicators (PBIs). Our method is a data-driven approach that uses both time-series and relational maintenance data. This hybrid approach combines both supervised and unsupervised machine learning and data analytic techniques to correlate labeled, relational maintenance event data with unlabeled operational time-series data utilizing the DoD High Performance Computing (HPC) capabilities at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. In leveraging both time-series and relational data, we demonstrate a means of fast, purely data-driven model creation that is more broadly applicable and requires less a priori information than physics informed, data-driven models. By blending these approaches, this system will be able to relate some lifecycle management goals through the workflow to generate specific PBIs that will predict failures or highlight appropriate areas of concern in individual or collective vehicle histories.
Brown rat demography reveals pre-commensal structure in eastern Asia prior to expansion into Southeast Asia

ABSTRACT Fossil evidence indicates that the globally-distributed brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) originated in northern China and Mongolia. Historical records report the human-mediated invasion of rats into Europe in the 1500s, followed by global spread due to European imperialist activity during the1600s-1800s. We analyzed 14 genomes representing seven previously identified evolutionary clusters and tested alternative demographic models to infer patterns of range expansion, divergence times, and changes in effective population (Ne) size for this globally important pest species. We observed three range expansions from the ancestral population that produced the Pacific (~4.8kya), eastern China (diverged ~0.55kya), and Southeast (SE) Asia (~0.53kya) lineages. Our model shows a rapid range expansion from SE Asia into the Middle East then continued expansion into central Europe 537 years ago (1478 AD). We observed declining Ne within all brown rat lineages from 150-1kya, reflecting population contractions during glacial cycles. Ne increased since 1kya in Asian and European, but not Pacific, evolutionary clusters. Our results support the hypothesis that northern Asia was the ancestral range for brown rats. We suggest that southward human migration across China between 800-1550s AD resulted in the introduction of rats to SE Asia, from which they rapidly expanded via existing maritime trade routes. Finally, we discovered that North America was colonized separately on both the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards, yet by evolutionary clusters of vastly different ages and genomic diversity levels. Our results should stimulate discussions among historians and zooarcheologists regarding the relationship between humans and rats.
Emilio Audissino, John Williams’s Film Music: Jaws, Star Wars, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and the Return of the Classical Hollywood Music Style

Emilio Audissino, John Williams’s Film Music: Jaws, Star Wars, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and the Return of the Classical Hollywood Music StyleMadison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2014. [xxvi, 317pp. ISBN: 9780299297343. $124.00 (hardback)]. Illustrations, musical examples, scores, bibliography, index.
Inverse Kinematics via a Network Ensemble and Learning Method

A difficult goal in robotics is solving the inverse kinematics for N degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic arms. Solving for the joint angles for a robot to follow a specified trajectory is a complex task as this requires solving for the solution of an end-effector with respect to its links and base coordinates. Depending on the number of DOFs, finding a closed form solution becomes impossible to find and computationally expensive. An alternative to this consists of function approximations in the form of neural networks (NN). Neural networks have the utility of mapping functions to inherently nonlinear processes such as solving for the trajectories of complicated manipulators through an iterative process of updating weight coefficients based on cost functions, error criteria, and optimization algorithms. In this paper, we propose a method that combines several different NN models along with a method for specifying different batches from the training set based on a set of error criteria with the ultimate goal of improving accuracy.
General T—Fraction Solutions to Riccati Differential Equations

We construct a general T-fraction solution to a Riccati differential equation. The general T-fraction corresponds to a formal power series solution of the Riccati equation at z = 0 and to a formal Laurent series solution at z = ∞. If the T-fraction converges uniformly in a neighborhood of z = 0, then it converges to the unique analytic solution of the Riccati equation that vanishes at z = 0. A similar result holds at z = ∞. Finally an example is given.
6 – Static Analysis of Constrained Multispan Beams

The chapter presents fundamental theories, formulas, solution methods, and a set (toolbox) of MATLAB functions for the static analysis of constrained, multispan Euler–Bernoulli beams. A beam structure is an assembly of N uniform Euler–Bernoulli beam elements or segments that are serially connected at N-1 points called nodes. At those nodes, there may be constrains, such as hinges and springs. The two ends of the beam structure are Nodes 0 and N. The transverse displacement (deflection) w ( x ) of the i th beam element is governed by the differential equation of Euler–Bernoulli beam model. At a node, two constraints, such as C2 and C3 or C1 and C3, can be simultaneously imposed, as long as the node has at least one degree of freedom. Constraints, C1 to C4, which exert reaction forces and moments to a beam structure, are also called supports. Displacements at the supports of a structure are often referred as the settlement of supports. Under support displacements, a beam structure may deform, resulting in a nonzero bending moment and a shear force. This is true for statically indeterminate structures.
Conformational flexibility of the Cys 697-Cys 707 segment of myosin subfragment-1. Distance distributions by frequency-domain fluorometry.

Abstract The separation between Cys 697 (SH 1 ) and Cys 707 (SH 2 ) of the heavy chain of myosin subfragment-1 was previously measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer with a donor linked to SH 1 and an acceptor to SH 2 . In the present study the distribution of the distances between the two thiols was recovered from frequency-domain fluorometry. In the native state and in the presence of ligands such as MgADP, pyrophosphate, orthovanadate (V i ) and actin, we found wide distributions of the separations between SH 1 and SH 2 (11–16 A) comparable to that found in the random-coil state (20 A). These results suggest that the SH 1 -SH 2 segment has a high degree of conformational flexibility even in native S1. The flexibility is not much affected by the physiological state of S1. However, the ligands MgADP, V i and MgADP + V i decrease significantly the mean SH 1 ±SH 2 distance from 27 to 17 A with the effect of MgADP + V i being the most pronounced. The anisotropy decay of donor-labeled S1 is biphasic with two rotational correlation times. The long component is decreased by these ligands from 289 to 93 ns, suggesting a more compact symmetric structure of S1 in the presence of the ligands. The complex S1 (MgADP)V i has been shown to be a stable analogue of S1(MgADP)P i , an unstable intermediate that is generated in the actomyosin ATPase cycle during muscle contraction. Since the power stroke of muscle is accompanied by release of P i from S1(MgADP)P i , the present results are consistent with a model in which force generation can be accompanied by transition of S1 from a highly symmetric or compact structure to a more extended structure.
A Glossary for the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure contain very few definitions for their many terms of art. Students seeking guidance from ordinary English dictionaries, or even Black’s Law Dictionary, are likely to find either no definitions or definitions drawn from other areas of law that sometimes use the terms differently. This glossary aims to assist civil procedure students by defining terms as they are used within the system created by the Rules. It does not attempt to define terms commonly understood (“trial”), complex terms that require knowledge of a full body of law (“jurisdiction”), or terms that are adequately defined by the Rules themselves (“initial disclosure” under Rule 26(a)(1)).
The prediction of stream reaeration rates

Abstract This paper presents the results of many field measurements of the actual rates at which river water low in dissolved oxygen (D.O.) but free of organic pollution, absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere. Using dimensional analysis and multiple-regression techniques, the observed reaeration rates have been related to the hydraulic properties of the river channels. The several reaeration formulas thus developed can be used to predict accurately the rate at which oxygen will be absorbed by water flowing in natural stream channels.
Designing pervasive brain-computer interfaces

The following paper reports on a prototype Brain-computer Interface designed for pervasive control by paralyzed users. Our study indicates that current control and communication devices for users with severe physical disabilities restrict control and independence, offer little articulation and communication capabilities. Integrating multiple devices and services, our application is based on the functional Near-Infrared Imaging technology. Based on the overarching Value-sensitive design framework, our solution is informed by the usage patterns of technology, living habits and daily activities of the disabled users. By designing the context-aware pervasive control solution, we create a venue for communication, environmental control, recreation, assistance and expression among physically disabled patients. The evaluations results of the prototype are also discussed.
Compensatory epithelial hyperplasia in human corneal disease.

Compensatory hyperplasia of the corneal epithelium (CEH) has been observed histopathologically in animal and human eyes after excimer laser photoablative keratectomy, and has been implicated as a cause of variable refractive results and refractive regression after this procedure. Retrospective histopathologic analysis of routine keratoplasty specimens revealed CEH in 85 of 130 (65%) corneas with keratoconus, 18 of 36 (50%) corneas with chronic herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis, and 14 of 25 (56%) corneas coded as nonspecific scars. Mild CEH occurred apically and/or peripherally in keratoconus
Physical activity of youth in non-urban parks: an observation-based assessment

Public parks play an important role in healthy, active living, but the extent to which parks influence the physical activity (PA) of diverse youth outside of urban areas has not been adequately explored. This study used systematic behavioural observations to examine demographic factors and environmental attributes associated with youth PA in non-urban state parks of Georgia, USA. Young park visitors (n = 9072) were observed in two zones: lakefront and trail/multi-use areas. A majority of youth (67.3%) were observed in a state of either moderate or vigorous physical activity. Demographic variables were associated with PA levels in each zone. In lakefront zones, males, younger children and African Americans were most likely to be active. Activity levels at trails and multi-use areas were highest for white youth and lowest for Latinos. As racial and ethnic diversity increases, efforts to encourage youth PA in park settings should account for distinct recreation preferences among different cultural groups.
Passing Loebner's Turing Test: A Case of Conflicting Discourse Functions1

This paper argues that the Turing test is based on a fixed and de-contextualized view of communicative competence. According to this view, a machine that passes the test will be able to communicate effectively in a variety of other situations. But the de-contextualized view ignores the relationship between language and social context, or, to put it another way, the extent to which speakers respond dynamically to variations in discourse function, formality level, social distance/solidarity among participants, and participants' relative degrees of power and status (Holmes, 1992). In the case of the Loebner Contest, a present day version of the Turing test, the social context of interaction can be interpreted in conflicting ways. For example, Loebner discourse is defined 1) as a friendly, casual conversation between two strangers of equal power, and 2) as a one-way transaction in which judges control the conversational floor in an attempt to expose contestants that are not human. This conflict in discourse function is irrelevant so long as the goal of the contest is to ensure that only thinking, human entities pass the test. But if the function of Loebner discourse is to encourage the production of software that can pass for human on the level of conversational ability, then the contest designers need to resolve this ambiguity in discourse function, and thus also come to terms with the kind of competence they are trying to measure.
Determinants of life insurance consumption across countries

The importance of life insurance companies as part of the financial sector has significantly increased over the past decades, both as provider of important financial services to consumers and as a major investor in the capital market. However, the authors still observe a large variance in life insurance consumption across countries, which raises the question of its determinants. The authors use a greatly expanded data set on life insurance consumption to examine the determinants of the demand and supply of life insurance products across countries and over time. Using a cross-sectional sample of 63 countries averaged over 1980-96, the authors find that educational attainment, banking sector development, and inflation are the most robust predictors of life insurance consumption, while income is only a weak predictor. The results on educational attainment and inflation are confirmed in a panel of 23 countries over the period 1960-96. The results strengthen the case for promoting price stability, financial sector reform, and an efficient education system if life insurance and its many benefits are to be fully realized in an economy.
Alkali/Akaline‐Earth Content Effects on Properties of High‐Alumina Nuclear Waste Glasses

A series of high alumina (>20 mass %) borosilicate glasses have been made and characterized based on the assumption that the primary modifier cation field strength plays a significant role in mediating glass structure of nuclear waste glasses. Any crystallization upon quenching or after heat treatment at 950 °C for 24 hours was identified and quantified by X-ray diffraction. Particular note was take of any aluminosilicates formed, such as those in the nepheline group (MAlSiO4 where M=K, Na, Li), as these remove multiple glass-formers from the network upon crystallization. The relative roles of potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium on glass structure and crystallization in high alumina glasses were explored using Raman and infrared vibrational spectroscopy. Strong evidence was found for the importance of 4 membered rings in glasses with 10 mol % alkaline earths (Ca, Mg).
Inclusión de los estándares internacionales sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en políticas bancarias y programas REDD

El presente ensayo analiza la inclusion de los derechos de los pueblos indigenas en el derecho y la politica internacional, en el marco del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. El objetivo de tal reflexion es determinar el grado de implementacion de los estandares internacionales sobre los derechos de los pueblos indigenas por parte de los Estados, en particular Guatemala, respecto a los programas y proyectos de desarrollo. Para lograr tal objetivo, en un primer momento, se refleja la evolucion del derecho internacional en torno al reconocimiento de los derechos de los pueblos indigenas. Posteriormente, se analiza la adecuacion del derecho interno de los Estados a los estandares internacionales y regionales en la materia a la luz de las obligaciones internacionales de derechos humanos correspondientes y, finalmente, se aborda la consideracion estatal de los derechos de los pueblos indigenas en programas y proyectos de desarrollo.
Pott Puffy Tumor: A Serious Occult Infection

Pott puffy tumor is a subperiosteal abscess of the frontal bone that appears as a localized swelling of the overlying region of the forehead. It is the result of frontal sinusitis and osteomyelitis that erode through the anterior mantle of the frontal bone. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy of patients with Pott puffy tumor are essential for optimal outcome, because these patients are at high risk for CNS complications such as abscess and empyema. We present two patients with Pott puffy tumor and review the literature on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, microbiology, treatment, and complications of Pott puffy tumor.
Offsetting operations in solid modelling

Abstract The range of operations on solids supported by current geometric modelling systems is very limited. Typically, solids represented in a modeller can be transformed by rigid motions and combined by Boolean operations. This paper introduces another family of transformations, called solid offsetting, which map solids into solids. Offset solids are expanded or contracted versions of an original object. Offsetting operations are potentially useful for tolerance analysis, clearance testing, design-rule checking in VLSI, modelling of etching and coating processes, cutter path generation for numerically-controlled machine tools, collision free path planning for robot motions, and for constant-radius rounding and filleting (‘blending’) of solids. This paper discusses mathematical properties of solid offsetting, associated representations and algorithms, support of offsetting operations in solid modellers, and applications. Results of an experimental implementation are presented.
Skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: emerging concepts and therapeutic implications.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disorder [1]. It is invariably fatal, and despite enormous research efforts, the therapeutic options remain limited. Muscle wasting (ie, amyotrophy) and weakness are the most prominent symptoms of ALS, yet its pathogenesis and its relation to motor neuron degeneration is only incompletely understood. Selective degeneration of the motor neurons in the prefrontal cortex, brainstem, and anterior horns of the spinal cord are the classic pathological hallmarks of the disease, but focal weakness and subtle, asymmetric muscle atrophy at the distal limbs or in the bulbar region are typically the earliest symptoms noted by patients [1–3]. In the advanced disease stages, ALS patients experience severe generalized muscle wasting and substantial weight loss of more than 15% [4–6]. The most incapacitating ALS symptomsdsuch as loss of mobility and increasing dependence on caregivers for activities of daily living, as well as terminal respiratory failuredare direct manifestations of muscle weakness. Traditionally, muscle weakness and wasting has been attributed to a combination of muscle denervation resulting from motor neuron degeneration and malnutrition due to dysphagia [7]. As a result, therapeutic strategies have focused on pharmacologic protection of the degenerating motor neurons on the one hand and assuring adequate caloric intake on the other hand. We summarize recent insights emerging from clinical studies and
Ethnic economies, affirmative action, and mining cultural capital

If the goal of affirmative action is to make the marketplace a more congenial place for women and minority persons to improve their economic situation, then its champions and detractors are bound to be disappointed. Only a comparatively small number of persons will ever benefit materially from such policies, and they are not likely to view their accomplishment as requiring them to give something back to the larger community or group in whose name the assistance was provided. An affirmative action plan organized around practices common to “ethnic economies,” on the other hand, would spread the benefit and the responsibility for an individual person's material success to a bigger and more inclusive community or ethnic group.
Frequency-chirp rates of harmonics driven by a few-cycle pulse

We present numerical calculations of the time-frequency characteristics of cutoff harmonics generated by few-cycle laser pulses. We find that for driving pulses as short as three optical cycles, the adiabatic prediction for the harmonic chirp rate is very accurate. This negative chirp is so large that the resulting bandwidth causes substantial overlap between neighboring harmonics, and the harmonic phase therefore appears to not vary in time or frequency. By adding a compensating positive chirp to the driving pulse, which reduces the harmonic bandwidth and allows for the appearance of the negative chirp, we can measure the harmonic chirp rates. We also find that the positive chirp on the driving pulse causes the harmonics to shift down in frequency. We show that this counterintuitive result is caused by the change in the strong field continuum dynamics introduced by the variation of the driving frequency with time.
Promoting Teachers of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Students as Change Agents: A Cultural Approach to Professional Learning

This article proposes a cultural approach to professional learning to empower pre- and in-service teachers to successfully address increasingly diverse student populations and become culturally responsive to students' diverse backgrounds. This cultural approach treats culture as a vital source for reshaping the politics of identity and difference. It emphasizes building teachers' ability to recognize their own cultural practices and relate to those of their students, as well as enhancing their performance and action in empowering their students to work against cultural hegemony. The article explicates the 3 stages of the approach, namely, the cultural reconciliation, the cultural translation, and the cultural transformation stage, and discusses how they can be applied in professional learning for teachers of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students.
Genome intermixing and sister chromatid exchange in newly-formed HeLa-3T3 Hybrid cells.

Abstract Mouse and human genomes occupy distinct regions within hybrid interphase nuclei following division of HeLa-3T3 heterokaryons. With subsequent cell division the proportion of interphase cells displaying separation of human and mouse genomes decreases. Examination of several hundred hybrid colonies revealed a linear relation between the log of the fraction of interphase cells with separated genomes and the log of clone size. This indicates that there is a constant probability that separated genomes will intermingle at each mitosis. Human and mouse chromosomes can also occupy distinct sectors in metaphase spreads derived from heterokaryons. Computer analysis of the distribution of chromosomes within 548 hybrid metaphases showed that mouse and human chromosomes are randomly intermixed within several divisions and before the onset of rapid chromosome loss. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates were also measured in mass populations of newly-formed HeLa-3T3 hybrid cells. For most hybrid metaphases there was no significant change in SCE rates within the human chromosome set. In a small minority of hybrid metaphases, characterized by asynchronous condensation of chromosome sets, there was a 50-fold increase in SCE. However, chromosomes are progressively lost from all hybrid cells. Thus, the two processes examined in the present studies, the distribution of human chromosomes at metaphase and SCE, are not implicated in the preferential loss of human chromosomes from HeLa-3T3 cells.
The Stealth Gerontology [TM] Program: Training Teachers to Infuse Aging and Age-Related Content into Public School Classrooms.

Preparing youngsters for an aging society requires teachers who keep pace with health science research. The Stealth GerontologyTM program educates teachers regarding aging-related issues. The design and assessment of the program are reported in this paper. Teachers attended sessions including direct instruction and hands-on participation (e.g., laboratories). Sound educational methods were modeled through interactions with university researchers and lessons from the Positively Aging® curriculum, while highlighting aging topics matched to educational standards. Participants showed significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) in eight of nine topics in multiple-choice pre- and posttests. Evaluations indicate a high degree of success.
Acid-dependent selectivity in the homogeneous hydrogenation of mono- and di-enes by acetatoriphenylphosphine complexes of ruthenium and rhodium

Abstract A study has been made of the hydrogenation of mono- and di-enes by catalysts derived from protonation of Ru(CO2Me)2(PPh3)2 and Rh(CO2Me)(PPh3)3 in methanolic solution with p-toluenesulphonic acid. The rate of hydrogenation is highly dependent on the acidity. Rapid highly selective reduction of cyclic dienes to monoenes occurs. This selectivity is attributed principally to the superior coordinating power of dienes compared with monoenes.
Impact-driven, frequency up-converting coupled vibration energy harvesting device for low frequency operation

This paper presents experiments and models of an energy harvesting device in which a low frequency resonator impacts a high frequency energy harvesting resonator, resulting in energy harvesting predominantly at the system's coupled vibration frequency. Analysis shows that a reduced mechanical damping ratio during coupled vibration enables increased electrical power generation as compared with conventional technology. Experiments demonstrate that the efficiency of electrical power transfer is significantly improved with the coupled vibration approach. An average power output of 0.43 mW is achieved under 0.4g acceleration at 8.2 Hz, corresponding to a power density of 25.5 µW cm − 3. The measured power and power density at the resonant frequency are respectively 4.8 times and 13 times the measured peak values for a conventional harvester created from a low frequency beam alone.
Flexural subsidence and basement tectonics of the Cretaceous Western Interior basin, United States

The flexural subsidence history recorded in Cenomanian to early Campanian (97 to 80 Ma) strata in the Cretaceous U.S. Western Interior basin was studied with two-dimensional flexural backstripping techniques. Results indicate that the flexural subsidence resulting from thrust loading was superimposed on epeirogenic subsidence in the foreland basin. The flexural component exhibits significant spatial and temporal variations along both the strike and dip relative to the Sevier thrust belt. The greatest cumulative subsidence occurred in southwestern Wyoming and northern Utah. Concurrent subsidence in northwestern Montana and southern Utah was insignificant. Temporal trends in subsidence also show a distinct regional pattern. From the Cenomanian to late Turonian (97 to 90 Ma), subsidence rates were high in Utah and much lower in Wyoming and Montana. In contrast, during the Coniacian and Santonian (90 to 85 Ma) subsidence accelerated rapidly in Wyoming, increased slightly in Montana, and decreased in Utah. We suggest that these spatially and temporally varying subsidence patterns reflect the interplay of several geodynamic factors, including: (1) temporal and spatial variation in emplacement of the thrust loads, (2) segmentation of the basement into adjacent blocks with different rheological properties, (3) reactivation of basement fault trends, and (4) regional dynamic topographic effects.
Clostridium perfringens: hazards in new generation foods

The retail increase in refrigerated ready-to-eat foods provides an exploitable environment suitable for an opportunistic pathogen such as Clostridium perfringens. The microorganism, in spite of a requirement for 13 essential amino acids, an optimal growth range of 43–45 °C, pH range 5–8, and a substrate water activity range of 0.93–0.97, can be found to be ubiquitously viable in food, water and air. Survival under extreme conditions is largely a factor of differentiation from metabolically active vegetative cells to highly resistant (100 °C for 60 min), dormant spores. It is the sporulation of large numbers of vegetative cells (106/g of food) and the associated release of enterotoxin in the human intestine that results in typical gastrointestinal symptoms of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea in conjunction with a loss of membrane ionic balance. As a consequence of the inevitable presence of C. perfringens in foods, the Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established performance standards for the pathogen in meat products. This review examines the current knowledge base of specific characteristics and attributes that make this microorganism a food safety concern. In addition, suggestions are made to reduce the likelihood of food-borne infection and transmission.
Pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a perinatal rodent model.

Abstract Exposure of immature rats to 8% oxygen after unilateral carotid artery ligation (UCL) causes metabolic, neurochemical and histopathological changes in the ipsilateral forebrain that resemble those in human perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Regional cerebral perfusion in this model was examined by visual analysis of India ink trapped in cerebral vessels and measurement of [ 14 C]iodoantipyrine ([ 14 C]IAP) and [ 3 H]flunitrazepam extraction into the brain. UCL alone reduced [ 14 C]IAP accumulation in the ipsilateral hemisphere by 20% and hypoxia superimposed on UCL progressively reduced ipsilateral hemisphere perfusion by 71% at 2 h. Hypoxia probably injures neurons in this model by causing a critical reduction in cerebral perfusion, an effect which also appears to be important in the human disorder.
Electrodeposition of ZnO nanorods in the presence of metal ions

We report on structural and optical changes induced by impurity incorporation in ZnO nanorods grown via electrodeposition. We find the lattice parameters of the hexagonal ZnO rods to be larger than in defect-free single-crystalline ZnO. SIMS measurements indicate impurity incorporation and doping in the bulk of the nanorods. The impurity content correlates with changes in the electroluminescence spectra. The maximum of the defect luminescence band around 600 nm shifts towards longer wavelengths with metal incorporation. Aluminum incorporation leads to a narrow luminescence band close by the bandgap of ZnO around 390 nm.
Thermoresistive instability in magnetar crusts

We investigate a thermoresistive instability in the outer crusts of magnetars wherein a perturbation in temperature increases ohmic heating. We show that magnetars of characteristic age τage∼ 104 yr are unstable over time-scales as short as days if strong current sheets are present in the outer crust. This instability could play an important role in the thermal and magnetic field evolution of magnetars, and may be related to bursting activity in magnetars.
Development and experimentation of LQR/APF guidance and control for autonomous proximity maneuvers of multiple spacecraft

This work introduces a novel control algorithm for close proximity multiple spacecraft autonomous maneuvers, based on hybrid linear quadratic regulator/artificial potential function (LQR/APF), for applications including autonomous docking, on-orbit assembly and spacecraft servicing. Both theoretical developments and experimental validation of the proposed approach are presented. Fuel consumption is sub-optimized in real-time through re-computation of the LQR at each sample time, while performing collision avoidance through the APF and a high level decisional logic. The underlying LQR/APF controller is integrated with a customized wall-following technique and a decisional logic, overcoming problems such as local minima. The algorithm is experimentally tested on a four spacecraft simulators test bed at the Spacecraft Robotics Laboratory of the Naval Postgraduate School. The metrics to evaluate the control algorithm are: autonomy of the system in making decisions, successful completion of the maneuver, required time, and propellant consumption.
Fluorescence Excitation and Emission Spectroscopy of the X̃1A′ → Ã1A′′ System of CHI and CDI†

We report on the first detailed studies of the spectroscopy of an iodocarbene, measuring fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the X1A′ → A1A′′ system of :CHI and the deuterated isotopomer :CDI. Due to similar bending and C−I stretching frequencies in the upper state, fluorescence excitation spectra of :CHI show polyads composed of members of the 20n−x30x progressions with x = 0−3. For :CDI, only progressions with x = 0, 1 are observed. Extrapolation of the 20n term energies for both isotopomers to a common origin places the electronic origin of the X1A′ → A1A′′ system near 10 500 cm−1, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Rotational analysis of the 16 observed bands for CHI and 13 observed bands for :CDI yields rotational constants for the upper and lower states that are also in good agreement with theory. To investigate the controversial issue of the ground state multiplicity of :CHI, we measured single vibronic level emission spectra from many A1A′′ levels. These spectra show con...
SGL: a scalable language for data-driven games

We propose to demonstrate SGL, a language and system for writing computer games using data management techniques. We will demonstrate a complete game built using the system, and show how complex game behavior can be expressed in a declarative scripting language. The demo will also illustrate the workflow necessary to modify a game and include a visualization of the relational operations that are executed as the game runs.
Turbulent roughness drag due to surface waviness at low roughness Reynolds numbers

The current investigation has the objective to provide data which will make it possible to obtain a better estimate regarding the roughness drag for surface waviness. The data employed for this investigation were acquired in connection with a wavy wall study which was conducted as part of an overall program to reduce the skin friction of turbulent boundary layers in external flows. The results of the present investigation show that the low-speed roughness drag of small-amplitude sinusoidal wave trains having wavelengths of the order of the boundary-layer thickness is not only a function of h/lambda (h = total wave height, lambda = wavelength), but, in addition, is also a function of the roughness Reynolds number.
PA and MD—Some parallels with clinical psychology and psychiatry

Abstract This paper compares the physician's associate (PA)-primary care physician (MD) relationship with that of the clinical psychologist (Ph.D.)-psychiatrist (MD) relationship. It explores the manifest and latent, explicit and implicit, instrumental and expressive, and conscious and unconscious issues which affect the division of labor within each of these professional pairs. The greater historical depth of the psychologist-psychiatrist relationship is explored to offer a perspective on the direction in which the professional identity of the PA is moving, and likewise that of the PA-MD relationship. In both cases, it is argued that the basis for the homeostasis of role complementarity is overdetermined by unconscious issues which role partners bring to the relationship.
Students’ Interest and Expectancy for Success While Engaged in Analysis- and Creative- Design Activities

Inasmuch as design is a central activity in K-12 engineering education, understanding the students’ motivation during engaging in engineering design activities will help educators to develop and evaluate strategies for engineering design challenges, and improve curriculum. The objective of this study is to better understand the relationship between students’ interest and expectancy for success while engaged in two design activities in grades 9–12. The primary difference between the two activities was the strategy used to solve the design problems from a predictive analysis and a creative approach. Constructs of motivation for students’ interest include task value (TV) and intrinsic goal orientation (IGO) and extrinsic goal orientation (EGO). Expectancy for success includes control of learning beliefs and self-efficacy for learning and performance. In this study, students (n = 31) from three high schools that implement the Project Lead the Way curriculum in three states in the US participated in the study. Immediately after completing their design projects, each student was asked to complete a modified version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire survey instrument which evaluates their interest and expectancy for success. The results show that students were more intrinsically motivated to engage in a design activity that involves a predictive analysis than a creative approach. No significant correlation was found between students’ expectancy for success and EGO in design tasks that utilized either predictive analysis or creative approach. The study also found that TV and IGO were good predictors for students’ expectancy for success. Demographic information associated with students’ motivation in the design activities is also presented.
IS 2. Using computational models in tDCS research and clinical trials

Computational models of tDCS link tDCS dose (electrode montage) with the resulting brain current flow. This presentation summarizes computational tools and approaches currently available to clinicians and researchers that can be leveraged in the optimization and customization of tDCS. Even as increasingly complex and advanced modeling techniques are developed by engineering groups, clinicians and cognitive neuroscience researchers require software that is readily accessible, and does not require specialized training or significant computational resources. Approaches developed by the CCNY group to provide clinicians and researchers with such a toolbox including reducing the burden automatic individual model creation, instant current calculation, and true montage optimization (eliminating the need for iterative search) are explained. Currently available software is summarized.
Nanoparticle formation by laser ablation in air and by spark discharges at atmospheric pressure

Recent promising methods of nanoparticle fabrication include laser ablation and spark discharge. Despite different experimental conditions, a striking similarity is often observed in the sizes of the obtained particles. To explain this result, we elucidate physical mechanisms involved in the formation of metallic nanoparticles. In particular, we compare supersaturation degree and sizes of critical nucleus obtained under laser ablation conditions with that obtained for spark discharge in air. For this, the dynamics of the expansion of either ablated or eroded products is described by using a three-dimensional blast wave model. Firstly, we consider nanosecond laser ablation in air. In the presence of a background gas, the plume expansion is limited by the gas pressure. Nanoparticles are mostly formed by nucleation and condensation taking place in the supersaturated vapor. Secondly, we investigate nanoparticles formation by spark discharge at atmospheric pressure. After efficient photoionization and streamer expansion, the cathode material suffers erosion and NPs appear. The calculation results allow us to examine the sizes of critical nuclei as function of the experimental parameters and to reveal the conditions favorable for the size reduction and for the increase in the nanoparticle yield.
Modulated Waves in a Semiclassical Continuum Limit of an Integrable NLS Chain

A one-dimensional integrable lattice system of ODEs for complex functions Qn(�) that exhibits dispersive phenomena in the phase is studied. We consider wave solutions of the local form Qn(�) ∼ qexp(i(kn+!� + c)), in which q, k, and ! modulate on long time and long space scales t = "� and x = "n. Such solutions arise from initial data of the form Qn(0) = q(n") exp(i�(n")/"), the phase derivative � ′ giving the local value of the phase difference k. Formal asymptotic analysis as " → 0 yields a first-order system of PDEs for q and � ′ as functions of x and t. A certain finite subchain of the discrete system is solvable by an inverse spectral transform. We propose formulae for the asymptotic spectral data and use them to study the limiting behavior of t he solution in the case of initial data |Qn| < 1, which yield hyperbolic PDEs in the formal limit. We show that the hyperbolic case is amenable to Lax-Levermore theory. The associated maximization problem in the spectral domain is solved by means of a scalar Riemann-Hilbert problem for a special class of data for all times before breaking of the formal PDEs. Under certain assumptions on asymptotic behaviors, the phase and amplitude modulation of the discrete systems is shown to be governed by the formal PDEs. Modulation equations after breaking time are not studied. Full details of the WKB theory and numerical results are left to a future exposition. c 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Does plate adaptation affect stability? A biomechanical comparison of locking and nonlocking plates.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the degree of plate adaptation and effects of locking influenced the mechanical behavior of the plate/screw/substrate system for 2.0-mm monocortical superior border plates and 2.4-mm reconstruction plates secured at the inferior border intended to stabilize simulated mandibular angle fractures. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 polyurethane synthetic mandible replicas (Synbone, Landquart, Switzerland) were used in this investigation. Five controls each, for incisal edge and molar loading, as well as 5 samples each for 2.4-mm locking and nonlocking reconstruction plates and 2.0-mm locking and nonlocking monocortical superior border plates, intimately adapted (0.0-mm offset), 1.0-mm offset and 2.0-mm offset were subjected to loading at the incisal edge and molar region with an Instron 1331 (Instron Corp, Canton, MA) servohydraulic mechanical testing unit. Load/displacement data were recorded, and yield load, yield displacement, and stiffness were determined. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated. Statistically significant differences were determined for the effects of locking and degree of plate adaptation using a 1-way analysis of variance (P <.05). For differences within categories and among groups, a Sheffe multiple-comparison test was performed. First-order polynomial best-fit curves were created for each group to further evaluate and compare the mechanical behavior. Results: There were no statistically significant differences (P <.05) for yield load, yield displacement, and stiffness within the 2.4 and the 2.0 locking categories for both molar and incisal edge loading. For the 2.4 nonlocking category, there were statistically significant differences for yield load, yield displacement, and stiffness between the 0.0-mm offset group and both the 1.0-mm and 2.0-mm offset groups for both molar and incisal edge loading but not between the 1.0-mm and 2.0-mm groups. For the 2.0 nonlocking category, there were statistically significant differences for yield load, yield displacement, and stiffness between both the 0.0-mm and 1.0-mm offset groups and the 2.0-mm offset group for both molar and incisal edge loading but not between the 0.0-mm and 1.0-mm groups. Conclusions: The degree of adaptation (amount of offset) affected the mechanical behavior of the nonlocking systems evaluated. It did not affect the locking systems. Failure occurred as an “all-or-nothing” pattern. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:1319-1326, 2002