cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The destruction of paleoclimatic isotopic signals in Pleistocene carbonate soil nodules of Western Australia

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses were conducted on small (<10 mm), spherical Pleistocene carbonate soil nodules from 53 different levels in a 9.15-m soil auger collected in northern Western Australia. The δ13C and δ18O values range from −4 to 0‰ and −9 to −6‰ (Pee Dee Belemnite standard), respectively. Comparison of these values to the δ13C values of coexisting soil organic matter (SOM) reveals marked differences between the two records. The SOM values record an enrichment of ∼16‰ through the section, whereas the carbonate values record only a 4‰ variability. Application of a diffusion–production model to the data indicates isotopic disequilibrium between the two carbon records. One possible interpretation of the apparent isotopic disequilibrium is that the nodules formed at depths of ∼1 cm, but this interpretation is not supported by field observations. An alternative is that the soil organic matter currently in the profile was emplaced after nodule formation. Such a scenario would have to have occurred numerous times during the Late Pleistocene as the nodules grew below different soil zones through time. A third explanation is that diagenetic alteration of the carbonates in the presence of dissolved inorganic groundwater carbon has occurred. This interpretation is consistent with the widely fluctuating regional groundwater table. It is also supported by petrographic fabrics and heterogeneous cathodoluminescence patterns indicative of initial pedogenic development of the nodules and then at least one dissolution event, multiple precipitation events, prolonged nodule growth by displacive spars and microspars, cementation, and recrystallization of some micrite. The results illustrate potential problems for (1) the use of some pedogenic carbonate isotopic records as proxies for environmental change, and (2) the use of ‘altered’ δ18O values and ‘unaltered’ δ13C values as screening tools for the presence or absence of diagenesis. The results highlight the necessity of understanding regional environmental conditions and diagenetic histories prior to using pedogenic carbonates in paleoreconstructions.
Manual drainage of the zebrafish embryonic brain ventricles.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a protein rich fluid contained within the brain ventricles. It is present during early vertebrate embryonic development and persists throughout life. Adult CSF is thought to cushion the brain, remove waste, and carry secreted molecules1,2. In the adult and older embryo, the majority of CSF is made by the choroid plexus, a series of highly vascularized secretory regions located adjacent to the brain ventricles3-5. In zebrafish, the choroid plexus is fully formed at 144 hours post fertilization (hpf)6. Prior to this, in both zebrafish and other vertebrate embryos including mouse, a significant amount of embryonic CSF (eCSF) is present . These data and studies in chick suggest that the neuroepithelium is secretory early in development and may be the major source of eCSF prior to choroid plexus development7. eCSF contains about three times more protein than adult CSF, suggesting that it may have an important role during development8,9. Studies in chick and mouse demonstrate that secreted factors in the eCSF, fluid pressure, or a combination of these, are important for neurogenesis, gene expression, cell proliferation, and cell survival in the neuroepithelium10-20. Proteomic analyses of human, rat, mouse, and chick eCSF have identified many proteins that may be necessary for CSF function. These include extracellular matrix components, apolipoproteins, osmotic pressure regulating proteins, and proteins involved in cell death and proliferation21-24. However, the complex functions of the eCSF are largely unknown. We have developed a method for removing eCSF from zebrafish brain ventricles, thus allowing for identification of eCSF components and for analysis of the eCSF requirement during development. Although more eCSF can be collected from other vertebrate systems with larger embryos, eCSF can be collected from the earliest stages of zebrafish development, and under genetic or environmental conditions that lead to abnormal brain ventricle volume or morphology. Removal and collection of eCSF allows for mass spectrometric analysis, investigation of eCSF function, and reintroduction of select factors into the ventricles to assay their function. Thus the accessibility of the early zebrafish embryo allows for detailed analysis of eCSF function during development.
The Urban Homeowner's Residential Location Decision in an Asset-Pricing Context

Homeowners determine the maximum site bid price for homeowner housing within a two-period expected-utility model. The bid price is a function of the expected cash flows to sites, the quantity of housing consumed and a relocation option. The bid price is derived in the general case as a function of the homeowner's portfolio risk, including the total risk to the site, and the market price of risk. The bid price is derived under a spatial measure as a function of distance from an arbitrary location. Specific results are obtained when the household experiences log-linear utility for housing and other goods. Use of the market price of risk simplifies analytical solutions to the bid price equation.
Permeation of water contaminative phenols through hairless mouse skin

As a means of determining the risk of absorption of water contaminative phenolic compounds through the skin, the permeation of a number of phenols, all on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's list of priority pollutants, through hairless mouse skin has been studied, usingin vitro diffusion cell methods. Experimentally determined permeability coefficients through intact skin and stratum corneum denuded skin and permeability coefficients derived therefrom for the viable tissue layer and the stratum corneum, which are the tissue's major contributing substrata, have been correlated with their log Koctanol/water partition coefficients. Permeability coefficients for the whole skin and the stratum corneum systematically increased with increasing phenol lipophilicity to limiting values of about 0.15 and 0.30 cm/hr, respectively. The values of the permeability coefficients for the viable tissue were roughly the same for all compounds (≈0.36 cm/hr). Because of the inductive effects of Cl and NO2 substituents on the aromatic ring, phenolic analogs containing these moieties are acidic and, consequently, their overall skin permeabilities were highly pH-dependent in the range of pH values seen for surface waters. High fluxes were noted for such phenols at low pH, where they exist essentially in a non-ionized state. Though low, fluxes of the compounds were measurable at pH's ≫ pKa's, indicating that phenolic anions also pass through the skin. With the exceptions of relatively polar phenol and the mono-nitro phenols, the free acid forms of all the phenols studied permeated skin with ease and at rates approaching those of denuded skin. The intact skin permeability coefficient of the free acid form of 4-nitro phenol was exceptionally low, which suggests that it might associate intermolecularly.
Atomic transition probabilities of Ce I from Fourier transform spectra

Atomic transition probabilities for 2874 lines of the first spectrum of cerium (Ce I) are reported. These data are from new branching fraction measurements on Fourier transform spectra normalized with previously reported radiative lifetimes from time-resolved laser-induced-fluorescence measurements (Den Hartog et al 2009 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 42 085006). The wavelength range of the data set is from 360 to 1500 nm. Comparisons are made to previous investigations which are less extensive. Accurate Ce i transition probabilities are needed for lighting research and development on metal halide high-intensity discharge lamps.
Fourier Self-Deconvolution: A Method for Resolving Intrinsically Overlapped Bands

The general theory of Fourier self-deconvolution, i.e., spectral deconvolution using Fourier transforms and the intrinsic line-shape, is developed. The method provides a way of computationally resolving overlapped lines that can not be instrumentally resolved due to their intrinsic linewidth. Examples of the application of the technique to synthetic and experimental infrared spectra are presented, and potential applications are discussed. It is shown that lines in spectra having moderate signal/noise ratios (∼1000) can readily be reduced in width by a factor of 3. The method is applicable to a variety of spectroscopic techniques.
Fuel for solar furnaces

Abstract A basically nontechnical discussion is presented of the similarities and differences between the solar source of energy for high temperature furnaces and conventional fuels. Certain basic physical considerations of the sun are pointed out, as well as the geometry of the earth-sun relationship. Data are presented showing the seasonal, geographical, and meteorological effects on the daily totals of solar energy incident on a horizontal surface.
Enhanced Tumor Visualization by γ-Scintigraphy with 111In-Labeled Polychelating-Polymer-Containing Immunoliposomes

Here, we have prepared long-circulating PEGylated liposomes heavily loaded with 111In via the liposome-incorporated polylysine-based (PLL-based) polychelating amphiphilic polymer (PAP) and additionally modified with the monoclonal antibody 2C5 (mAb 2C5) possessing the nucleosome-restricted (NS-restricted) specificity and capable of specific recognition of a broad variety of live cancer cells via the cancer cell surface bound NSs. These liposomes have been tested as a tumor-specific contrast agent for the γ-scintigraphic visualization of model tumors in mice. The tumor accumulation of mAb 2C5 modified liposomes prepared in this study was significantly (3-to-5-fold) higher than in the neighboring muscle tissue at all times after administration (6, 24, and 48 h) in mice bearing murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and human HT-29 tumors. The whole body direct γ-imaging of LLC tumor bearing mice at different times has demonstrated the superior in vivo tumor accumulation of the targeted mAb 2C5 modified PAP-conta...
US Foreign Policy and the International Criminal Court: Towards a Third Way of Strategic Accommodation

The United States has argued that its military personnel can and should be exempt from ICC investigation and prosecution, and that the ICC Statute should be revised accordingly. Advocates of the ICC have condemned this position by claiming that it undermines the morale of the ICC and is based on false legal and political pretenses. This article proposes a third way of strategic accommodation involving amendments to the ICC Statute that will serve as structured incentives to the U.S. to (re) sign and ratify the ICC Treaty. Such an arrangement will avert the need for special measures that would violate the integrity of the ICC Statute and build consensus within the Assembly of States Parties.
Evaluation of a Personal Data Logging Monitor for Carbon Monoxide

Abstract Personal data logging monitors provide real-time measurement of pollutants and have the ability to store data over an extended period of time. As such, they can be used to provide warning to workers that high concentrations are present, as well as allowing the assessment of long-term worker exposure. The performance characteristics of these monitors are fundamental to the determination of the accuracy of the warning and exposure measurement data. In this study, the performance characteristics of one type of personal carbon monoxide (CO) data logger (Draeger 190) were evaluated. The monitor displayed linear response over the concentration range 0 to 950 ppm. The 12-hour zero drift for the monitor was less than 1 ppm, and the 12-hour span drift was less than 2 percent at 100 ppm. The monitor showed less than 3 percent variation in response for CO concentrations of 20 ppm to 100 ppm when exposed to CO concentrations in a repeated cycle. The long-term response stability showed a coefficient of variat...
Fat Supplementation of Chick Starting Rations Containing Cottonseed Meal

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RINGROSE and Morgan (1938) studied the value of hydraulic cottonseed meal as a replacement for meat scrap in chick starting rations. Growth was not impaired when either one quarter, one half or three quarters of the meat scrap protein was replaced by a prime quality hydraulic cottonseed meal, provided that suitable adjustments in the calcium and phosphorus level of the ration were made. However, the feed consumption per unit of gain was increased when one half or more of the meat scrap was replaced with the cottonseed meal. Clark et al. (1949) have shown that combinations of solvent cottonseed meal and soybean oil meal produced gains in chicks similar to those produced by soybean oil meal alone. Solvent cottonseed meal was found to be slightly better than a hydraulic cottonseed meal. No feed consumption data were reported. Milligan and Bird (1951) studied the effect of processing on the nutritive . . .
Reversible microwave effects on the blood-brain barrier

Low level microwave exposure of Chinese hamsters resulted in reversible permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Lesions were grossly visible in random areas of the brain immediately following exposure, but were not as common following a 1 h recovery period and were absent after a 2 h recovery period. The apparent route of increased permeability was via endothelial vesicular transport, since reaction product was not seen passing through the endothelial tight junctions. In addition, endothelial flooding of HRP, platelet aggregation and perivascular edema were observed only in experimental animals. Possible mechanisms of the enhanced vesicular transport are discussed.
Turbulent boundary‐layer analysis using finite elements

The use of finite element methods for turbulent boundary-layer flow is relatively recent and of limited extent.1 In the present study, we extend the group variable approach of Fletcher and Fleer2,3 to treat turbulent boundary layer flows with heat transfer using a two-equation turbulence model. The main concepts in the formulations include a Dorodnitsyn-type transformation which uses a velocity component as the transverse variable, a ‘variational’ formulation for the transformed equations using special test functions and development of a two-equation turbulence model in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate as additional field variables. Several numerical test cases have been examined comparing the results with finite difference calculations and comparing the two-equation turbulence model with an algebraic turbulence model.
Beta-adrenergic receptor activation primes microglia cytokine production

Exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine production by primed microglia is thought to mediate pathology during stress, aging, and neurodegeneration. Recently, it was demonstrated that beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonism prevents priming of microglia in mice exposed to chronic stress. To determine if β-AR stimulation is sufficient to prime microglia, rats were intra-cerebroventricularly administered isoproterenol (β-AR agonist) or vehicle and 24 h later hippocampal microglia were placed in culture with media or LPS. Prior isoproterenol treatment significantly enhanced IL-1β and IL-6, but not TNF-α production following LPS stimulation. These data suggest that central β-AR stimulation is sufficient to prime microglia cytokine responses.
Numerical Simulation of Single- and Dual-Media Thermocline Tanks for Energy Storage in Concentrating Solar Power Plants

Abstract A single molten-salt thermocline tank is a low-cost alternative to conventional multiple-tank systems for concentrating solar power thermal energy storage. Thermocline tanks are typically composed of molten salt and a filler material that provides sensible heat capacity at reduced cost; such tanks are referred to as a dual-media thermocline (DMT). However, inclusion of quartzite rock filler introduces the potential for mechanical ratcheting of the tank wall during thermal cycling. To avoid this potential thermomechanical mode of failure, the tank can be operated solely with molten salt, as a single-medium thermocline (SMT) tank. In the absence of a filler material to suppress formation of tank-scale convection eddies, the SMT tank may exhibit undesirable internal fluid flows in the tank cross-section. The performance of DMT and SMT tanks is compared under cyclic operation, assuming adiabatic external wall boundary conditions. A computational fluid dynamics model is used to solve for the spatial temperature and velocity distributions within the tank. For the DMT tank, a two-temperature model is used to account for the non-thermal equilibrium between the molten salt and the filler material, and Forchheimer's extension of Darcy's Law is added to the porous-medium formulation of the laminar momentum equation. The governing equations are solved numerically using a finite volume approach. For adiabatic external boundaries, the SMT tank yields a percentage point increase in the first and second law efficiencies relative to the DMT tank. Future work is needed to compare the thermocline tank designs with respect to capital cost and storage performance under non-adiabatic wall boundaries.
Declining electoral competitiveness in the House of Representatives: The differential impact of improved transportation technology

This paper advances the hypothesis that improvements in the national transportation and communication infrastructure are responsible for the ‘vanishing marginals’ or the increased electoral security of U.S. Representatives. We assume that margin and security are directly affected by the amount of time a legislator, or a member of her staff, devotes to direct contact with constituents in the home district. Formally, we demonstrate that a decline in the time opportunity cost associated with travel to the district improves victory margins, where we proxy improvement in transportation technology by using a distance variable across three different historical samples: 1890, 1928, and 1970. This proposition offers a potentially more fundamental explanation of declining electoral competition than existing explanations focusing on professionalism, careerism, redistricting and bureaucratic casework. In fact, the technology/communication hypothesis may well encompass such explanations. The model specified here offers at best a crude test of the hypothesis that technology and communication are the cause of the vanishing marginals. A superior test would include the actual time required to travel to each district in each sample year, because a closer, but more inaccessible, location would be less electorally favorable, according to the logic underlying our model. While distance is therefore an imperfect proxy, we are encouraged by the results of the preliminary test. The next step for future research is to identify which technological innovations have had the greatest impact. In order to accomplish this, a more complete model of the link between legislators and constituents must be established.
An entry route into non-aqueous plutonyl coordination chemistry

The Pu(VI) molecular complex, [PuO2Cl2(thf)2]2, is prepared by addition of a HCl/Et2O solution to a suspension of PuO2CO3 in thf, yielding the first example of a precursor suitable for investigation of the non-aqueous chemistry of the plutonyl dioxo cation under inert atmospheric conditions.
474 MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE SECRETORY DIARRHEA SYNDROME

ASDS is a clinical syndrome characterized by frequent, watery stools, rapid onset of dehydration, and lack of response to dietary restriction. The stools are mainly yellowish water and are produced almost continuously. Stool electrolytes show sodium above 70 mEq/L, chloride above 60 mEq/L, and potassium below 30 mEq/L. Diarrhea responsive to dietary restriction usually has sodium, potassium and chloride under 40 mEq/L. Stool volumes in ASDA are over 60 cc/kg/day leading to rapid onset of dehydration, hyponatremia, and shock. Treatment with exclusively I.V. fluids for as long as 8 days has no effect on fecal losses in ASDS. In 1977, 28 cases of ASDS were recognized at Texas Children's Hospital. Oral colistin was of no value in ASDS. Parenteral aminoglycoside therapy was associated with recovery of normal stool patterns in 4 to 5 days. Oral gentamicin was associated with recovery of normal consistency, frequency, and electrolyte concentrations in 24 to 36 hours. Thus, ASDS is characterized by cholera-like stooling, dehydration during the first days of illness, and an elevated stool sodium. This syndrome responds rapidly to oral gentamicin therapy. Supported by Children's Clinical Research Center NIH RR-00188, Kelsey-Seybold Fellowship Fund and Venezuelan National Academy of Sciences.
On-line prediction of final part dimensions in blow molding : a neural network computing approach

Control over final part thickness distributions in extrusion blow molding would be very useful in resin optimization. An on-line measurement is essential for process monitoring and control of the part dimensions. Excessive resin usage results in material waste and increased cycle times because of increased cooling requirements. An inadequate thickness results in decreased mechanical strength, especially in regions along the part where large blow ratios or complex geometries exist. Neural networks are investigated as a method for the on-line prediction of the final part distribution from the parison dimensions. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility, for preliminary use, of neural networks for this application. The network inputs include the initial parison thickness and tempera-ture profiles, the bottle mold geometry and a rheological parameter representative of the material. Varying blow-up ratios are obtained from the bottle mold geome-try. The network accesses data from a pool of eighty data sets for the training sequence. The data sets are broadly distributed with regard to the operating conditions, so as to give the network a wide range of applicability. The simulations are performed on data sets not present in the access pool used for training.
Firm culture and performance: intensity's effects and limits

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to clarify distinct aspects of firm culture, delineate its effects on performance outcomes, and to examine culture intensity on theoretic grounds with attention to its effects and limits.Design/methodology/approach – The study analyzes a data set of 2,657 individual cases that are empirically aggregated into 302 organizational units. Its operationalization of culture intensity derives from distinct culture theory. Hypothesized relations are examined via structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis.Findings – Structural equation modeling results show culture relates positively to cooperation, coordination, and performance. Hierarchical regression analysis results show intensity influences cooperation and coordination directly and does not moderate culture's relations with those outcomes.Research limitations/implications – The large scale empirical study of a broad diversity of firms has advantages over smaller and more targeted studies of lesser gener...
A Comparative Study of Feedforward Tuning Methods for Wafer Scanning Systems

The use of feedforward control is beneficial for high-performance trajectory tracking in many motion control systems. Three methods of designing and tuning feedforward control signals (Iterative Learning Control, Iterative Controller Tuning, and Adaptive Feedforward Control) for a wafer scanner system are presented and compared. For this application, the main sources of tracking error are due to phase mismatch and nonlinear force ripple disturbance. The objective is to compare the performance of these three methods in compensating for error arising from these sources. The methods are compared based on a set of metrics. Comparison is followed by a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of each method including ability to reduce error during acceleration or scan phases of the trajectory, necessary assumptions, effect of inaccurate modeling, and effect of noise.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Epitome of Myocarditis

A 43-year-old woman developed flulike symptoms for 1 week and lightheadedness. She was found in ventricular tachycardia at a rate of ≈160 beats per minute. Echocardiography revealed moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction and no valvular abnormality. Coronary angiography …
Bacterial alkaloids mitigate seizure-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory deficits.

Studies of human patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and animal models of epilepsy have established relationships between seizures, excitotoxic hippocampal damage, and memory impairment. We report that bacterial alkaloids, recently shown to mimic actions of neurotrophic factors in cell culture, attenuate seizure-induced damage to hippocampal neurons and memory impairment in adult rats when administered subcutaneously. Intrahippocampal administration of convulsant doses of kainic acid (KA) to adult rats resulted in degeneration of neurons in CA3, CA1, and hilus. Rats administered KA exhibited (24 h later) deficits in performance on both goal latency and probe trial tasks in Morris water maze (MWM) tests of visuospatial memory. Seizure-induced damage to hippocampal neurons was significantly reduced, to varying extents, in rats administered the bacterial alkaloids K252a, K252b, or staurosporine (daily injections of 4 μg/kg body weight) prior to KA administration. The KA-induced deficits in MWM goal latency performance were abrogated in rats administered K252a or K252b, and K252a and staurosporine completely prevented seizure-induced impairment on the MWM probe trial. The alkaloids did not suppress electroencephalographic seizure activity, suggesting a dissociation between synchronization of activity and synaptically mediated excitotoxic injury to hippocampal neurons. Each alkaloid caused an increase in levels of protein tyrosine phosphorylation as determined by Western blot analysis of hippocampal tissue. Our data indicate that these bacterial alkaloids have potent antiexcitotoxic activities which may have clinical utility in epilepsy and other disorders that involve excitotoxic damage.
The Lindemann hypothesis and the size dependence of melting temperatures. II

Abstract The concept that melting occurs when the root-mean-square atomic vibrational amplitude is a particular fraction of the nearest–neighbour separation, and an expression for the effect of system size and geometry on the summed phonon spectrum, provide an explicit equation for size–dependent melting temperatures. Further, it is shown that for certain classes of solids the ratio of size–dependent to bulk melting temperatures can be described by one equation. For example, this approach holds for the four noble–gas solids Kr, Ar, Xe, Ne, yielding a size–dependent ' corresponding–states principle ' for this species. The results of these formal considerations are compared to those of two other theories for size–dependent melting temperatures: the thermodynamic treatment, and the Kosterlitz–Thouless–Feynman description of melting in two–dimensional solids. The first of these comparisons yields an equation for solid–liquid interfacial energies in terms of bulk properties; the second an equation for bulk mel...
Cantilever Beam Design for Projectile Internal Moving Mass Systems

Abstract : Internal masses that undergo controlled translation within a projectile have been shown to be effective control mechanisms for smart weapons. However, internal mass oscillation must occur at the projectile roll frequency to generate sufficient control force. This can lead to high power requirements and place a heavy burden on designers attempting to allocate volume within the projectile for internal mass actuators and power supplies. The work reported here outlines a conceptual design for an internal translating mass system using a cantilever beam and electromagnetic actuators. The cantilever beam acts as the moving mass, vibrating at the projectile roll frequency to generate control force. First, a dynamic model is developed to describe the system. Then, the natural frequency, damping ratio, and length of the beam are varied to study their effects on force required and total battery size. Trade studies also examine the effect on force required and total battery size of a roll-rate feedback system that actively changes beam elastic properties. Results show that with proper sizing and specifications, the cantilever beam control mechanism requires relatively small batteries and low actuator control forces, with minimum actuator complexity and space requirements.
Oscillation criteria for second-order matrix dynamic equations on a time scale

We obtain oscillation criteria for a second-order self-adjoint matrix differential equation on a measure chain in terms of the eigenvalues of the coefficient matrices and the graininess function. We illustrate our results with some nontrivial examples.
On Central Endomorphisms of a Group with Operators

Let G be a group with a set Ω of operators such that Z(G) is Ω-admissible. Central Ω-automorphisms occur in the Krull-Remak-Schmidt Theorem. We discuss the existence of a central Ω-endomorphism of G that is not an automorphism.
Fluorescence Properties of Calmodulin-Binding Peptides Reflect Alpha-Helical Periodicity

A basic amphiphilic alpha-helix is a structural feature common to many calmodulin-binding peptides and proteins. A set of fluorescent analogues of a very tight binding inhibitor (dissociation constant of 200 picomolar) of calmodulin has been synthesized. The fluorescent amino acid tryptophan has been systematically moved throughout the sequence of this peptide. The fluorescence properties for the peptides repeat every three to four residues and are consistent with the periodicity observed for an alpha-helix.
The share of southeastern black counties in the southern rural renaissance: were they bypassed by factory job gains, 1959-77?

Some authors have suggested that a leading problem associated with US factory employment for blacks may be that the nonfarm jobs--specifically manufacturing--have tended to go to heavily white counties rather than to the mainly black counties of the Deep South. This study is limited to the 1959-1977 period the time of the most vigorous nonmetropolitan employment growth. To test the hypothesis that factory jobs have bypassed heavily black counties a 100% sample of nonmetropolitan counties was used from 13 Southern states for the 2 time periods 1959-1969 and 1969-1977. Results show that the minority counties were not bypassed by Southern rural factory job growth either in the 1960s or the 1970s but their gains were not as sizeable as those of more heavily white counties. Both the neoclassical economics of discrimination--with its individualistic "taste for discrimination"--and the stinging critique by Marshall in 1974 that such analysis ignores the important role of institutionalized racism--can "explain the empirical conclusions of this article." Traditional "smokestack-chasing" methods are by no means hopeless. While co-ops and community development corporation strategies can be combined with traditional methods it is important that foundations government agencies anti-poverty programs and black leadership also focus on projects to competitively attract jobs in the traditional fashion.
A Privacy Preserving Intrusion Tolerant Voting Architecture

This paper describes an approach to provide intrusion tolerance and privacy to the replies from a state machine replication system. This new voting architecture provides three important functionalities. First, it filters out any incorrect replies from compromised servers. Second, it prevents leakage of replies to an adversary despite server or voter compromise. Third, it provides support for nondeterminism in the replies by matching semantically similar replies even when they are not identical. A prototype of the proposed architecture has been implemented and its performance has been measured using a microbenchmark. The result demonstrates its feasibility and practicality.
Burn prevention knowledge and education in the emergency department

Study objectives: Unintentional injuries are the number 1 cause of death in children, with burns and scalds being the most common. The objective of this study is to determine parents' baseline burn prevention knowledge and whether the emergency department (ED) might be an effective setting to provide burn prevention educational materials. Methods: The design was a presurvey educational intervention and postsurvey of a convenience sample of parents at a dedicated pediatric ED with volume of 35,000. Parents filled out a presurvey consisting of demographic and burn-related questions. They were then given an informational handout with 5 illustrated messages about how to prevent burn injuries related to smoke alarms, temperature of water heaters, locking dangerous items, electrical outlets, and cooking safety. No discussion about these messages was conducted. Postsurveys were performed by telephone 7 to 10 days later. The 15-question postsurvey assessed parents' recall of information listed in the handout, whether parents had made any changes according to the handout, and whether they thought that they had learned anything from the experience. Study protocol had been approved by the hospital's institutional review board. Results: One hundred thirty-seven parents participated; the telephone response rate was 64%. For baseline burn prevention knowledge, 29% knew to change smoke alarm batteries yearly, 54% knew to set the water heater to less than 120°F, and 45% knew to lock dangerous items. Seventy-one percent thought that they learned something from the handout. Eighty-five percent would want to receive more information about injury prevention in the ED. The area that seemed to have most impact was cooking safety. Before the survey, 41 (47.1%) parents knew to place pots on the back burners of the stove; after the survey, 66 (75.9%) knew this ( P Conclusion: Baseline burn prevention knowledge is inadequate. Distribution of illustrated educational handouts improved cooking safety practices but not other practices. The majority thought that they learned from the materials and would benefit from prevention information.
Trained Community Providers Conduct Fall Risk Screenings With Fidelity: An Effective Model for Expanding Reach

Reliable and valid tools are available for health care providers to screen older adults for fall risk. Proficient administration of these tools by lay or community providers (individuals without formal medical training) may be a viable channel to expand the reach of fall risk screenings. However, the ability of community providers to administer screens is not known. This project examines community providers’ ability to proficiently administer a fall risk screening following a standardized training. Forty community providers were trained and then performed community screenings. Knowledge and confidence were assessed with pre- and postsurveys. A standardized skills checklist assessed proficiency in fall risk screening administration immediate posttraining and at onsite community screenings. Knowledge and confidence surveys demonstrated improvements pre- and posttraining (p < .001). In all, 66% of participants demonstrated screening skill proficiency at their first onsite screening. With further coaching, 91...
Linking grassland plant diversity to species pools, sorting and plant traits

Summary 1. Variation in species pools can affect plant diversity, but it remains unclear whether the magnitude of the response varies because of resource availability, community invasibility or other environmental factors, and whether colonization along environmental gradients reflects niche-based species sorting or neutral processes. 2. We hypothesized that unimodal diversity–productivity patterns in grasslands are dependent on species pools, with peak richness occurring at intermediate productivity due to species sorting associated with species traits. We used a seed-addition experiment to test the influence of immigration on plant species richness across multiple grasslands (old fields), each of which encompassed a broad range in productivity. We then tested whether species sorting occurs during colonization, if this varies with site productivity, and whether sorting patterns are associated with species traits 1 and 4 years after seed addition. 3. Augmentation of species pools increased species richness across fields with the greatest increase in colonization in all fields at sites with intermediate productivity. The increased diversity following species pool augmentation during colonization (year 1) was associated with seed characteristics, seedling growth rates and allocation, and water use, suggesting that colonization and seedling establishment were the result of species sorting. 4. Although there were some changes in trait–environmental relationships between the first and fourth growing season, patterns that were observed in the first year were still apparent in the fourth year, highlighting the persistent importance of species sorting and traits that affect colonization on species distribution and diversity patterns in grasslands. 5. Synthesis. Our experimental results suggest that species richness and richness–productivity relationships in successional grasslands are at least partially determined by species sorting and trait–environmental relationships occurring during colonization.
HIV Screening Programs in US Emergency Departments: A Cross-Site Comparison of Structure, Process, and Outcomes

Objective We present findings from a multisite evaluation that systematically compares HIV screening programs in 6 emergency departments (EDs). Methods From 2007 to 2008, we collected previous-year data on structural factors, process attributes, testing outcomes, and cost-effectiveness from 6 ED HIV testing programs operating for 6 months or longer. We administered questionnaires to program directors, conducted site visits, and interviewed key informants. Results HIV care providers (n=3 sites), emergency physicians (n=2), or health departments (n=1) initiated the testing programs. ED leadership and providers helped design and implement the programs (n=5), and emergency physicians or administrators provided daily oversight (n=5). Testing strategies included targeted (patients selected from at-risk populations; n=2), nontargeted (patients selected without regard to risk or intention of testing all; n=3), and universal (all patients selected; n=1) screening. Testing was conducted by supplemental staff (n=4) and existing hospital staff (n=2). ED testing programs were funded by grants (n=3), city HIV prevention/care budgets (n=2), or the hospital (n=1). The median percentage of census tested was 4.7% (range 2.1% to 8.4%). The median rate of preliminary positive test results was 1.2% (range 1.0% to 7.3%). The median confirmed new HIV diagnosis rate was 0.9% (range 0.8% to 6.4%). The median linkage to care rate was 92.0% (range 50% to 100%). The median cost per patient receiving a new diagnosis and linked to care was $10,200 (range $3,400 to $12,300). Conclusion Although structure and process of screening programs varied across EDs, outcomes were similar, which suggests that with current ED environments, testing methods, and resources available, the capacity and structure to increase testing in EDs has limits. These ED HIV screening programs were cost-effective according to standard thresholds.
Synergistic activation of the androgen receptor by bombesin and low-dose androgen.

Purpose: Neuropeptide growth factors such as bombesinare implicated in progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC). We examined the impact of bombesin on androgen receptor (AR)-mediated gene expression. Experimental Design: The AR together with the AR-responsive probasin ARR 3 tk-luc or PSA-pPUE-ELB-luc promoter was cotransfected into Swiss 3T3 and PC-3 cells, both of which express high-affinity bombesin receptors; the cells were incubated with bombesin (0–50 nm) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 0–10 nm), and luciferase activities were measured. DHT increased transcription ∼40-fold at doses of 1 and 10 nm but had no effect at 10 pm. Bombesin alone, or with 1 or 10 nm DHT, did not further increase transcription. However, 5 nm bombesin and 10 pm DHT, doses that by themselves had no effect, resulted in a ∼20 fold increase in transcription ( P 32 P-labeled LNCaP cells revealed that 5 nm bombesin + 10 pm DHT induced AR phosphorylation comparable with 1 nm DHT, whereas bombesin or 10 pm DHT alone did not. Conclusions: These data indicate that bombesin can synergize with low (castrate) levels of DHT to induce AR-mediated transcription and suggest that neuropeptides promote AR-mediated signaling in androgen-independent prostate cancer.
On the size and structure of graphs with a constant number of 1-factors

We investigate the maximum number of edges in a graph with a prescribed number of 1-factors. We also examine the structure of such extremal graphs.
Heart rate variability is confounded by the presence of erratic sinus rhythm

Decreased heart rate variability (HRV) predicts adverse outcomes. HRV can be elevated by episodes of significant non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia (i.e., a highly erratic sinus rhythm with normal p-waves, ESR). This elevated HRV could confound risk stratification by increasing HRV in high-risk patients. HRV was determined from tapes recorded at baseline in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population study of older adults. Twenty-four hour time, frequency and non-linear domain HRV was compared between ESR+ and ESR$subjects, with (CVD+) and without (CVD-) cardiovascular disease. ESR+ was associated with higher HRV in the time and frequency domains and with decreased short-term fractal scaling exponent and increased ratios of the dimensions of the Poincare plot fitted ellipse. (ESR+ and CVD+) subjects with had the highest HRV for virtually all indices, while (ESR- and CVD+) had the lowest HRV. Since decreased HRV is associated with adverse outcomes, ESR is likely to dilute the predictive power of HRV.
Chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and defect-chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)3Se5 materials in photovoltaic PN junctions

Efficient photovoltaic action in polycrystalline solar cells based on Cu-In-Ga-Se materials is postulated to rely strongly on a chalcopyrite/defect-chalcopyrite interface. Growth and fundamental properties of such materials are discussed to understand better junction formation in such devices. A change in conductivity type (from n to p) has been observed for the defect chalcopyrite materials with increased Ga content. Specifically, we found that the p-n nature of the interface in uniform Ga content absorbers is only possible at low Ga contents ( < 30% relative to In). Furthermore, crystallographic data reveal significant differences in lattice size between both chalcopyrite materials as Ga is increased beyond 30% relative to In.
The Commodification of the Body and its Parts

▪ Abstract The human body—and its parts—has long been a target for commodification within myriad cultural settings. A discussion of commodification requires that one consider, first, the significance of the body within anthropology and, second, what defines a body “part.” After exploring these initial questions, this article outlines dominant theoretical approaches to commodification within anthropology, with Mauss and Marx figuring prominently. The discussion then turns to historically well-documented forms of body commodification: These include slavery and other oppressive labor practices; female reproduction; and the realms of sorcery and endocannibalism. An analysis here uncovers dominant established approaches that continue to drive current studies. The remainder of this article concerns emergent biotechnologies, whose application in clinical and other related scientific arenas marks a paradigmatic shift in anthropological understandings of the commodified, fragmented body. The following contexts are...
APPARENT CONTRADICTIONS IN OBSERVATIONS OF THE DISCHARGE OF TWO-PHASE MIXTURES THROUGH RESTRICTIONS

Abstract The discharge of single and two-phase mixtures of Freon-113 through an orifice and two restrictions, of length to diameter ratios of 4 and 10, has been investigated. The results obtained indicate a high degree of metastability and essentially no flashing at the test conditions. These data appear to be in conflict with some of the studies by earlier investigators. Reasons for the apparent discrepancy are proposed.
The Presence of Organizational Resources in Poor Urban Neighborhoods: An Analysis of Average and Contextual Effects

Wilson (1987) and others argue that poor neighborhoods lack important organizational resources the middle class takes for granted, such as childcare centers, grocery stores and pharmacies. However, this approach does not distinguish poor neighborhoods from segregated neighborhoods, ignores immigration and neglects city differences. Using Department of Commerce and 2000 Census data for zip codes in 331 MSA/PMSAs, we estimate HGLM models predicting the number of each of 10 organizational resources. We find that, (1) on average, as the poverty rate of a neighborhood increases, the number of establishments increases slightly; (2) as the proportion of blacks increases, the number of establishments decreases; (3) as the proportion of foreign-born increases, so does the number of establishments. Finally (4), metropolitan context matters: poor neighborhoods have more establishments in cities with low poverty rates, and in cities in the South and West, than in other parts of the country. Findings suggest reevaluating the de-institutionalized ghetto perspective as a theory of the effects of black segregation and depopulation, rather than poverty concentration, and approaching neighborhood poverty from a conditional perspective.
A Test of Theories Underlying the Japanese Lifetime Employment System

One of the unique features of Japanese management is the lifetime employment system found in large firms. In a study of two samples, Japanese executives and personnel directors, several theoretical models of the causes and effects of lifetime employment were tested. A control model received strong support. Lifetime employment is offered within a rhetorical context of loyalty and benevolence based on cultural values. Its impact, however, is to increase the control of Japanese employees by managers.
Evidence That Vesicles on the Synaptic Ribbon of Retinal Bipolar Neurons Can Be Rapidly Released

We relate the ultrastructure of the giant bipolar synapse in goldfish retina to the jump in capacitance that accompanies depolarization-evoked exocytosis. Mean vesicle diameter is 29 +/- 4 nm, giving 26.4 aF/vesicle, so the maximum evoked capacitance (150 fF within 200 ms) represents fusion of about 5700 vesicles. Two terminals contained, respectively, 45 and 65 ribbon-type synaptic outputs, and a fully loaded ribbon tethers about 110 vesicles. Thus, the tethered pool, about 6000 vesicles, corresponds to the rapidly released pool. Further, the difference between small and large terminals in number of tethered vesicles matches their difference in capacitance jump. This suggests, within a "fire and reload" model of exocytosis, that the ribbon translocates synaptic vesicles very rapidly to membrane docking sites, supporting a maximum release rate of 500 vesicles/active zone/s, until the population of tethered vesicles is exhausted.