cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining the distribution of arsenic species and plant nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from the root to the grain

Abstract The transport mechanisms of As from contaminated soil or irrigation water into roots and subsequently into grain, and the As species distribution—a toxicity determinant, is critical for assessing health risks imposed by As. However, the commonly-employed extraction of plant material with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has not proven successful in preserving inorganic As species. Synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques are useful for discerning elemental distributions and chemical speciation of elements in situ . Here, we both characterize the mineral phases of Fe coatings on rice roots, and quantify plant nutrients and As species in situ on roots and grain samples. Arsenic in rice grains was present in bran layers as oxidized As (69–88% as As(V) i and 12–31% as DMA) and in the germ as a mixture of As(V) i and As(III) i , but was non-detected from the endosperm, which is consistent with previous findings. The extent of Fe coatings on rice roots was variable and, when present, consisted of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), goethite (α-FeOOH) and ferrihydrite (Fe(OH) 3 · n H 2 O). Arsenic was co-located with root Fe coatings, but our findings indicate that Fe is not a direct interceptor of As uptake, and is rather a bulk scavenger mostly near the air-water interface. On whole root mounts with Fe plaque, arsenic was present as mixed species of As(V) i (44–66%) and As(III) i (34–56%). Within a root cross-section, oxidized As species were dominant in the xylem (86% as As(V) i and 14% as DMA) whereas mostly reduced species (71% as As(III) i , 29% as AsGlu 3 ) resided within a vacuole adjacent to the xylem. This finding contrasts the prevailing view that As(V) i is rapidly reduced in roots and transported to shoots as As(III) i , and points to the importance of interspecies differences in As-uptake dynamics.
Effect of apical preparation size and preparation taper on irrigant volume delivered by using negative pressure irrigation system.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect that apical preparation size and preparation taper had on the volume of irrigant delivered to the working length of a root canal preparation in a clinically relevant amount of time. Methods Forty intact human single-rooted teeth were randomly distributed into 2 separate phases. The first phase aimed to determine the smaller apical size that will allow more volume of irrigant at working length. All samples had the same taper and were sequentially instrumented to sizes of 30.06, 35.06, 40.06, and 45.06. The second phase aimed to determine the taper that will allow more volume of irrigant at working length. Teeth were sequentially instrumented to 40.02, 40.04, 40.06, and 40.08. All samples were irrigated by using the micro-cannula, and the volume of sodium hypochlorite suctioned at working length under negative pressure was measured during a period of 30 seconds by using a custom recovery device. Results An increase in size from ISO #35 to ISO #40 resulted in a percentage gain of approximately 44% in mean irrigant volume, whereas an increase in size from ISO #40 to ISO #45 resulted in a percentage gain of approximately 4%. An increase in taper from 0.02 through 0.08 resulted in percentage gains of approximately 74%, 5.4%, and 2.4% increase, respectively. Conclusions The data demonstrated that an increase in apical preparation size and taper resulted in a statistically significant increase in the volume of irrigant. In addition, an apical enlargement to ISO #40 with a 0.04 taper will allow for tooth structure preservation and maximum volume of irrigation at the apical third when using the apical negative pressure irrigation system.
Minimally invasive surgical implantation of the percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion device: initial experience in a canine model.

OBJECTIVE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant cause of thromboembolism and stroke. Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion is associated with a decreased risk of stroke in patients with AF. Percutaneous implantation of the percutaneous LAA transcatheter occlusion (PLAATO) device has shown reduction in stroke risk and decreased need for anticoagulation. A surgical method of PLAATO implantation is proposed for its utility and efficacy in cardiac surgical procedures, where LAA occlusion is indicated as a primary procedure or as an adjunct. We describe a surgical method for PLAATO deployment in an experimental model that simulates various operative scenarios including right minithoracotomy, right video-assisted thoracoscopic, or median sternotomy. METHODS The PLAATO LAA occlusion device was deployed into the LAA in six dogs using a right minithoracotomy incision and catheter deployment via direct left atrial access. Intracardiac echocardiography and left atrial angiography were used to size, position, and verify proper deployment of the device. RESULTS Successful PLAATO deployment was achieved in six of the six dogs. One dog required replacement of an undersized device. One dog required replacement of an oversized device. Four dogs required minor repositioning for optimal positioning. Complete flush occlusion of the LAA was achieved in three dogs; the other three dogs had trace leak by LAA angiography. CONCLUSIONS Experimental surgical implantation of the PLAATO device produces stable and complete occlusion of the LAA. Potential surgical indications for PLAATO implantation include patients with AF where a percutaneous approach to LAA occlusion is contraindicated or in patients with AF who require concurrent cardiac surgery.
Control applications of detailed dynamic turbine engine simulations

A plant model is required to design and develop a control system where the device to be controlled is a gas turbine engine. The desirable plant model is a wide-range, high-fidelity model which incorporates the fluid dynamic behavior of the engine internal flows. Such a model can predict the behavior of the engine in stable and unstable regimes; is easily altered to include design changes; and is suitable for the investigation of active controls for preventing instabilities and optimizing performace, especially in aircraft engines in connection with 'intelligent' engine concepts. Models of this kind are presently available and under continuing development. Both compression system and engine models may be constructed as one- or multi-dimensional flow simulations. When such models are linked with control models, a powerful analysis and development tool is produced. The usual control strategies for the stable, normal operating range may be investigated, as well as means to prevent and recover from unstable operation. The mathematical theory of detailed dynamic models is described and examples of specific simulations are given. The application of conventional and advanced control strategies to the simulation is shown by discussion and examples. The advantages of such model-controller combinations are illustrated.
Total Synthesis of Racemic and Optically Active Compounds Related to Physostigmine and Ring‐C Heteroanalogues from 3‐[2′‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐1,3‐dimethyl‐1H‐indo l‐2‐ol

Oxindole 11, obtained on 3-[2′-(dimethylamino)ethyl]alkylation of oxindole 12, yielded, on stereoselective reduction with sodium dihydridobis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminate, aminoalcohol 8 (Scheme 2). The quaternary methiodide 10, obtained from 8 with MeI, gave, in nucleophilic displacements concurring with a Hofmann elimination, (±)-esermethole 6, (±)-5-O-methylphysovenol (14), (±)-5-O-methyl-1-thiaphysovenol (15), and (±)-1-benzyl-1-demethylesermethole (16). Syntheses of (±)-1-benzyl-1-demethylphenserine (18), (±)-1-demethylphenserine (19), and (±)-phenserine (4) from 6 and 16 are described. Optically active 8a and 8b, obtained by chemical resolution, similarly gave the enantiomers 6a and 14a–16a of the (3aS)-series (prepared earlier from physostigmine (1a)) and their (3R)-enantiomers. The anticholinesterase activity of (±)-4, (±)-18, and (±)-19 was compared with that of their optically active enantiomers.
Kepler Equation solver

Kepler's Equation is solved over the entire range of elliptic motion by a fifth-order refinement of the solution of a cubic equation. This method is not iterative, and requires only four transcendental function evaluations: a square root, a cube root, and two trigonometric functions. The maximum relative error of the algorithm is less than one part in 1018, exceeding the capability of double-precision computer arithmetic. Roundoff errors in double-precision implementation of the algorithm are addressed, and procedures to avoid them are developed.
Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction

Dry mouth (xerostomia) is one of the most common complaints following radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancers. Notably, RT causes irreparable damage to salivary glands that increases the risk for severe and long-term oral and pharyngeal disorders. Several strategies in the treatment of head and neck cancers have been developed to prevent RT-induced salivary dysfunction while providing definitive oncologic therapy. These include salivary-sparing RT; cytoprotectants (such as amifostine); combination therapy of high-dose-rate intraoperative RT, external beam RT, plus a cytoprotectant; salivary gland surgical transfer; and gene therapy. Future research that incorporates biologic, pharmacologic, and technologic advancements that optimize therapeutic ratios and minimizes adverse oral sequelae is warranted.
On global stability of distributed parameter chemical reaction systems

Abstract The method of comparison theorems is employed to obtain domains of allowable perturbations for chemically reacting systems governed by sets of parabolic partial differential equations. The catalyst particle with uniform boundary conditions is treated in detail. For systems reducible to a single equation the criterion derived for global stability is the same as one of the conditions for uniqueness derived from the steady state equation. For the general case, proper rearrangement of the criteria yields conditions for global stability in terms of the reaction parameters.
Clinical estimation of fetal weight and the Hawthorne effect.

Abstract Objective The Hawthorne effect refers to improvement in performance solely due to the subject's knowledge that he or she is being studied. We sought to determine if an obstetrician's clinical estimation of fetal weight (EFW) is influenced by the Hawthorne effect seen in some clinical trials. Study design We compared obstetricians’ clinical EFW's obtained during a study period to those obtained prior to the study period in one institution. We included any patient presenting at ≥37 weeks gestation. We excluded multiple pregnancies and patients with a recent sonographic EFW. Results There was no difference in regards to the proportion of EFW's within 10% of the birthweight (67.9% vs. 68.5%, p = .91), the mean absolute difference of EFW-birthweight (282 ± 227 g vs. 285 ± 232 g, p = .88), or the mean absolute percent error (8.5 ± 7.4% vs. 8.6 ± 7.2%, p = .96). We also could not find any Hawthorne effect when we excluded resident physicians’ EFW's and when we analyzed the subgroup of newborns with a birth weight ≥4000 g. Conclusion An obstetrician's knowledge that he or she is being studied is unlikely to improve clinical EFW accuracy. Published clinical EFW accuracies are likely to be similar to those obtained in clinical practice.
For which future? Exploring the implicit futures of service‐learning

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a review of the history of the service‐learning movement, a description of the contemporary philosophical models of service‐learning, and an interpretation of which futures are implied in each model's learning objectives.Design/methodology/approach – A historical and philosophical review of service‐learning is conducted.Findings – Current service‐learning practice has a 40‐year history, evolving from a social movement to a more mainstream pedagogical method. Historical and contemporary versions of service‐learning show three separate models with different assumptions about the purpose of service‐learning. The models are the professional model, which focuses on career training with cognitive learning goals; the civic engagement model, which focuses on developing active and engaged citizens, with affective learning goals; and the social change model, which focuses on empowerment and social justice, also with affective learning goals. While the civic engagement...
Parameter estimation with correlated outputs using fidelity maps

Abstract This paper introduces a new approach for parameter estimation and model update based on the notion of fidelity maps. Fidelity maps refer to the regions of the parameter space within which the discrepancy between computational and experimental data is below a user-defined threshold. It is shown that fidelity maps provide an efficient and rigorous approach to approximate likelihoods in the context of Bayesian update or maximum likelihood estimation. Fidelity maps are constructed explicitly in terms of the parameters and aleatory uncertainties using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The approach has the advantage of handling numerous correlated responses, possibly discontinuous, without any assumption on the correlation structure. The construction of accurate fidelity map boundaries at a moderate computational cost is made possible through a dedicated adaptive sampling scheme. A simply supported plate with uncertainties in the boundary conditions is used to demonstrate the methodology. In this example, the construction of the fidelity map is based on several natural frequencies and mode shapes to be matched simultaneously. Various statistical estimators are derived from the map.
Microstructure Characterization and Creep Behavior of Pb-Free Sn-Rich Solder Alloys: Part I. Microstructure Characterization of Bulk Solder and Solder/Copper Joints

Solders are used as interconnect materials in microelectronic packaging. Traditionally, eutectic and near-eutectic Pb-Sn solder alloys have been used. Due to the toxic nature of lead, environmentally-benign Sn-rich (Pb-free) solders are being developed. In this two part series of articles, we have focused on elucidating the relationship between microstructure and creep behavior of Sn-rich alloys, both in bulk form and at the solder sphere joint level. Part I of our study focuses on a detailed quantitative analysis of the effect of controlled cooling rates on solder microstructures. Bulk solder microstructures from cast bars were compared to smaller solder joint microstructures, reflowed from single solder spheres about 1 mm in diameter. Faster cooling rates resulted in much finer secondary dendrite size and spacing, as well as a much finer distribution of Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 particles. The companion article, Part II, provides a unified mechanistic understanding of the creep behavior for the Sn-rich solder alloys, intimately linked to the microstructure characterization work reported in Part I.
Paired comparisons of efficacy of intravenous and oral procainamide in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Abstract Thirty-eight patients who had inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia during baseline programmed electrical stimulation underwent electrophysiologic testing after both intravenous and oral administration of procainamide. Each had presented clinically with documented sustained ventricular tachycardia or out of hospital cardiac arrest not associated with acute myocardial infarction. In 23 patients (61%) (Group I) the arrhythmia became noninducible during an intravenous infusion of procainamide. Oral procainamide was subsequently administered and retesting was carried out after dose titration to match plasma concentration at the end of the intravenous study. Among the 23 patients in Group I the mean (± SD) plasma procainamide level was 7.2 ± 2.8 μg/ml after intravenous dosing and 7.9 ± 2.5 μg/ml after oral dosing (p = 0.09). In 15 (65%) of the 23 patients, sustained ventricular arrhythmia was inducible on oral therapy with comparable plasma procainamide levels (intravenous = 6.3 ± 2.1 μg/ml, oral = 7.5 ± 2.1 μg/ml). The other eight patients (35%) had concordant responses to repeat testing with comparable intravenous (mean 9.0 ± 3.3 μg/ml) and oral (8.8 ± 3.1 μg/ml) plasma procainamide levels. In the additional 15 patients (Group II) sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia remained inducible on intravenous procainamide therapy and the patients were retested on oral therapy with similar plasma concentration (p = 0.05). In seven patients (47%) sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia was noninducible on treatment with oral procainamide (mean plasma level 7.6 ± 2.7 μg/ml) after failure of intravenous procainamide (mean plasma level 10.3 ± 2.3 μg/ml). In conclusion, in patients with inducible ventricular arrhythmia at baseline electrophysiologic study the response to intravenous procainamide does not predict the electrophysiologic effect of subsequent oral administration of procainamide in doses that yield similar or slightly higher plasma concentrations. Thus, there appears to be little advantage to electrophysiologic drug testing with intravenous procainamide.
Validation of CO2 Injection Simulations with Monitoring Well Data

The multiphase flow and solute transport simulator STOMP has been used to assess potential carbon dioxide (CO2) injection rates into saline formations at several sites for the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP). An injection test of approximately 10,000 metric tons into the Bass Islands Dolomite with CO2 injection rates from 250–500 tons per day, was performed in the test well at the MRCSP geologic field test site in Otsego County, Michigan, U.S.A. Reservoir simulations were performed to estimate injection parameters, such as bottomhole pressures and pressure response over time in the storage formation, and compared to measurements taken during the test.
Acute type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil enhances flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure.

Abstract OBJECTIVES To determine the acute effects of type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil on flow-mediated vasodilation in the brachial artery of patients with chronic heart failure. BACKGROUND Impaired endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with heart failure is partly attributable to hyporesponsiveness of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediated vasorelaxation effector mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle. The effect of inhibition of cGMP degradation with sildenafil, a specific type 5 cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on flow-mediated dilation in heart failure is unknown. METHODS Flow-mediated vasodilation after release of 1, 3 and 5 min of transient arterial occlusion was measured in the brachial artery with high resolution two-dimensional ultrasound imaging in 48 patients with chronic heart failure before and 1 h after randomized, double-blind assignment to a single oral dose of sildenafil 12.5, 25 or 50 mg or matching placebo. RESULTS In response to oral administration of a single dose of study drug, the change in flow-mediated vasodilation after release of 1, 3 and 5 min of arterial occlusion was significantly greater in patients receiving sildenafil 25 mg (3.3 ± 1.9, 3.8 ± 1.8 and 4.0 ± 1.8%, respectively, p CONCLUSIONS Acute type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil 25 and 50 mg increases endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure when compared with placebo.
First Host Records for the Nearctic Species Triraphis discoideus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae)

ABSTRACT: Limacodid larvae were collected from 2004 – 2007 on leaves of the following host plants in the District of Columbia and Maryland: Carya glabra, pignut hickory; Quercus alba, white oak; Quercus rubra, northern red oak; Nyssa sylvatica, black gum; Prunus serotina, black cherry; and Fagus grandifolia, American beech. Field-collected larvae were brought to the laboratory where they were kept in isolation for the purpose of rearing parasitoids. The rogadine braconid Triraphis discoideus (Cresson) was reared from the following host-host plant combinations: Acharia stimulea (Clemens), Adoneta spinuloides (Herrich-Schaffer), Lithacodes fasciola (Herrich-Schaffer), and Parasa chloris (Moore) on red oak; Euclea delphinii (Boisduval) on black gum and red oak; Isa textula (Herrich-Schaffer) on American beech, red oak, and white oak; Natada nasoni (Grote) on American beech, black gum, red oak, and white oak; Prolimacodes badia Hubner on black cherry and red oak; and an undetermined species of Tortricidia Pac...
RATES OF TRANSLOCATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN MIMOSA PUDICA L.

SUMMARY Following mechanical stimulation, the leaves of Mimosa close and their photosynthetic rate declines by 40%. The translocation rate remains constant during leaf closure suggesting that blockage of transport by rapid sieve plate callose formation is not occurring. The rates of photosynthesis and translocation do not appear to be closely coupled.
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Pi-Types in 965 COPD Patients

To study further the role of intermediate alpha 1 -antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), AAT Pi-types and serum-trypsin-inhibitory-capacity (STIC) were measured in 965 patients with COPD. Heterozygosity of the Z variant was the major cause of intermediate AAT deficiency (primarily the MZ phenotype), accounting for 8.0 percent of the patients compared to 2.9 percent of control subjects (p
Human Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Gene Delivery Reduces Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats

Chronic infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been shown to cause natriuresis, diuresis, and hypotension in rats and humans. We explored the effect of a continuous supply of ANP by somatic ANP delivery on genetically hypertensive rats. A DNA construct containing the human ANP gene fused to the Rous sarcoma virus 3'-long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR) was injected intravenously into spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) through the tail vein. Expression of human ANP in SHR was identified in the heart, lung, and kidney by radioimmunoassay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot analysis. A single injection of naked ANP plasmid DNA (12.3 kb) caused a significant reduction of systemic blood pressure in young SHR (4 weeks old), and the effect continued for 7 weeks. The differences were significant at 1 to 2 weeks (n = 6, P < .05) and 3 to 6 weeks after injection (n = 6, P < .01) A maximal blood pressure reduction of 21 mm Hg in young SHR was observed 5 weeks after injection with ANP DNA (159.4 +/- 3.02 mm Hg, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) compared with SHR injected with vector DNA alone (180.2 +/- 3.02 mm Hg, mean +/- SEM; n = 6; P < .01). Somatic gene delivery of human ANP DNA had no effect on the blood pressure of adult SHR (12 weeks old). After ANP gene delivery, there were significant increases in urinary volume and urinary potassium output (n = 6, P < .05) but not in body weight, heart rate, water intake, urinary sodium output, urinary creatine, and urinary protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differential effects of food deprivation on the fixed ratio behavior of normal rats and rats with septal lesions

Rats were given either a septal lesion or operated control treatment and trained to respond reliably on an FR 100 schedule of reinforcement for food reward. Response rates on FR 100 were recorded for both groups as body weight was systematically varied by food deprivation. The response rates of animals with septal lesions increased more rapidly than did those of control animals as a function of increasingly severe levels of deprivation. Results were interpreted in terms of response perseveration and altered metabolism following septal lesions.
Brain MR imaging findings in two patients with Alpers' syndrome

We describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in two patients with the clinical diagnosis of progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease (Alpers' syndrome). One patient showed atrophy of both occipital lobes, and one patient showed high signal intensity in deep gray matter nuclei and diffuse atrophy. Although the imaging findings were nonspecific, they correlated well with the patients' clinical findings.
Melatonin alters the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein in the neuroendocrine cell line PC12

The deposition of amyloid plaques in brain parenchyma is one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The amyloid in senile plaques is composed of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) of 39–43 amino acid residues derived from a larger β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP). Soluble derivatives of βAPP (sAPP) lacking the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane domain, and a small portion of the extracellular domain are generated proteolytically by “secretases.” Using cell cultures, the authors analyzed the level of sAPP in neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by immunoblotting samples from conditioned media and cell lysates. Normal levels of secretion of sAPP into conditioned media were severely inhibited by treating cells with melatonin (3–4 mM). The inhibitory effect of melatonin on the secretion of sAPP can be reversed. When the cells that were pretreated with melatonin for 10 h were washed, the normal level of secretion of sAPP was restored. Northern blot analyses indicated that the treatment of PC12 cells with melatonin resulted in a significant decrease in the level of mRNA encoding βAPP, β-actin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and that the treatment of a human neuroblastoma cell line with melatonin resulted in no change in levels of these messages. The secretion of sAPP into the conditioned medium was substantially reduced in the differentiated cells similar to reductions observed in melatonin-treated undifferentiated PC12 cells. Melatonin was found to potentiate the nerve growth factor-mediated differentiation in PC12 cells at 24 h. Taken together, these data suggest that melatonin regulates the metabolism of βAPP and other housekeeping genes in a cell-type specific manner, and that melatonin accelerates the early process of neuronal differentiation.
The effect of iron on the corrosion characteristics of 90-10 cupro nickel in quiescent 3·4%NaCl solution

Abstract The corrosion resistance of 90-10 cupro nickel is very much dependent on small amounts of added Fe. It has been found that in quiescent 3·4%NaCl solution, corrosion rate decreases with increasing Fe and that both solutionized and precipitated Fe are effective. The corrosion product films were essentially similar in all alloys tested being mainly Cu 2 O and Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl. A complex Fe phase was identified on a 1·5wt.%Fe alloy which had undergone heat treatment to precipitate most of the Fe. A modification of the defect structure of Cu 2 O increasing the electronic resistance of the corrosion product film is proposed as responsible for the increased corrosion resistance in cases where Fe is in solid solution. A complex Fe phase, which was found to have a high ionic resistance, was found responsible for the increased corrosion resistance of the precipitated alloy. The results are discussed with reference to current theories of corrosion product doping.
3. Regulation of the synthesis and release of decidual prolactin by placental and autocrine/paracrine factors☆☆☆

Abstract Human decidual tissue synthesizes and secretes a protein that is identical to pituitary prolactin in its chemical, biological and immunological properties. Nevertheless, the factors that regulate the synthesis and release of prolactin from the decidual tissues appear to be different to those regulating the synthesis and release of pituitary prolactin. Studies from our laboratory over the past few years indicate that the synthesis and release of decidual prolactin are regulated, at least in part, by factors released by placenta, fetal membranes and decidua. The placenta releases a 23.5 KM r protein [decidual prolactin-releasing factor (PRL-RF)] that stimulates a rapid release of prolactin within the first few minutes of exposure and a sustained, prolonged, increase in the synthesis and release of prolactin beginning 6–8 h after exposure. The acute release ofprolactin in response to PRL-RF is inhibited by decidual prolactin release-inhibitory factor (PRL-IF), a 35–45 K Mr protein that is released by the decidua. The secondary increase in the synthesis and release of prolactin in response to PRF-RF is blocked by lipocortin I, which is synthesized by both the placenta and decidua. IGF-I, insulin and relaxin also stimulate the synthesis and release of prolactin. However, the stimulation in response to these factors does not occur until 24–48 h after exposure. The cellular mechanisms involved in the release of decidual prolactin are as yet unknown. However, recent studies implicate activation of adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and phospholipase A 2 -mediated arachidonic acid release in the regulation of prolactin release. The finding that the synthesis and release of decidual prolactin are regulated, at least in part, by PRL-RF IGF-I, insulin, relaxin and lipocortin I strongly suggests that there is novel feedback regulation between the placenta, fetal membranes, and decidua in the regulation of the synthesis and release of decidual prolactin.
Force field development for actinyl ions via quantum mechanical calculations: an approach to account for many body solvation effects.

Advances in computational algorithms and methodologies make it possible to use highly accurate quantum mechanical calculations to develop force fields (pair-wise additive intermolecular potentials) for condensed phase simulations. Despite these advances, this approach faces numerous hurdles for the case of actinyl ions, AcO2n+ (high-oxidation-state actinide dioxo cations), mainly due to the complex electronic structure resulting from an interplay of s, p, d, and f valence orbitals. Traditional methods use a pair of molecules (“dimer”) to generate a potential energy surface (PES) for force field parametrization based on the assumption that many body polarization effects are negligible. We show that this is a poor approximation for aqueous phase uranyl ions and present an alternative approach for the development of actinyl ion force fields that includes important many body solvation effects. Force fields are developed for the UO22+ ion with the SPC/Fw, TIP3P, TIP4P, and TIP5P water models and are validated ...
Organizational Motivations in the Adoption of Innovations: The Case of E-Government

This article examines the organizational motivations underlying innovation. While attention to motivation played a role in early theorizing on organizational innovation, the phenomenon isunderstudied empirically. A clearer understanding of the relative importance of differing organizational motivations can illuminate why public organizations adopting innovative strategies and programs often fail to replicate the benefits of earlier implementations. We draw on organizational and political theory to identify varying organizational dynamics that may leadto adoption of new practices. Specifically, we theorize that organizational motivations may relate to efficiency concerns, to management of internal bureaucratic politics and external demands, or to the search for legitimacy vis-a-vis peer organizations. We test hypotheses based on each ofthese accounts employing data on the timing and breadth of e-government innovations by American municipalities between 1994 and 2003. Our findings suggest that externally orientedmotivations appear more influential than internal factors such as bureaucratic politics. This suggests that over the long run the evolution of e-governance may make local governments more responsive to external constituencies if barriers to change may be overcome.
Genitourinary Tuberculosis after Renal Transplantation: Report of 3 Cases and Review

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the genitourinary tract is an uncommon disease in renal transplant recipients and presentation is atypical. Genitourinary tuberculosis is associated with graft rejection, and this diagnosis should be considered for renal transplant recipients with unexplained fever and constitutional symptoms.
Ultraviolet visualization of inorganic ions by reversed-phase ion-interaction chromatography

Abstract A method that uses standard reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic columns and UV detectors to separate and quantitate low levels of poorly absorbing or UV-transparent inorganic anions is described. The anions are separated on a reverse phase column in an ion-interaction mode with UV-absorbing quaternary ammonium compounds as the ion-interaction reagents (IIR) and detection is completely non-specific. Present detection limits are of the order of 0.5 nmoles of anion directly injected. Some important parameters in terms of retention of the samples and the system peak such as buffer and IIR concentration and nature are also discussed.
4G wireless technology: When will it happen? What does it offer?

Fourth generation (4G) technology will offer many advancements to the wireless market, including downlink data rates well over 100 megabits per second (Mbps), low latency, very efficient spectrum use and low-cost implementations. With impressive network capabilities, 4G enhancements promise to bring the wireless experience to an entirely new level with impressive user applications, such as sophisticated graphical user interfaces, high-end gaming, high-definition video and high-performance imaging. This paper will explore what 4G technology is, as well as some of the key factors that must be addressed to fully comprehend the benefits and challenges of successfully implementing 4G. Silicon level technology issues will be addressed, such as next-generation applications processing, modem technology, power management and integration. Finally, the trends and predictions for 4G network deployment will be discussed.
Nicarbazin OvoControl G Bait Reduces Hatchability of Eggs Laid by Resident Canada Geese in Oregon

Abstract Expanding populations of resident Canada geese (Branta canadensis) are resulting in increased conflicts with humans. Nonlethal and humane means are needed for managing Canada goose flocks at a variety of sites, including golf courses, industrial parks, government sites, and city parks. Decreased egg production and hatching are side effects of nicarbazin, a veterinary drug used to treat coccidiosis in chickens. Capitalizing on these effects, we developed nicarbazin as a reproductive inhibitor for Canada geese and conducted a field efficacy study. We recruited study sites in 2002 and 2003. Following laboratory testing, we conducted a field efficacy trial of nicarbazin for reducing the hatchability of Canada goose eggs in spring 2004 in Oregon, USA. The study began in February 2004 at 10 sites in Oregon, with 2 control and 3 treated sites on each side of the Cascades. We fed bait daily to resident Canada geese for approximately 6 weeks. We located and monitored nests until hatching or ≥5 days beyond...
Kernel polynomial method for a nonorthogonal electronic-structure calculation of amorphous diamond

The Kernel polynomial method (KPM) has been successfully applied to tight-binding electronic-structure calculations as an O(N) method. Here we extend this method to nonorthogonal basis sets with a sparse overlap matrix {bold S} and a sparse Hamiltonian {bold H}. Since the KPM method utilizes matrix vector multiplications it is necessary to apply {bold S}{sup {minus}1}{bold H} onto a vector. The multiplication of {bold S}{sup {minus}1} is performed using a preconditioned conjugate-gradient method and does not involve the explicit inversion of {bold S}. Hence the method scales the same way as the original KPM method, i.e., O(N), although there is an overhead due to the additional conjugate-gradient part. We apply this method to a large scale electronic-structure calculation of amorphous diamond. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The influence of the interplanetary magnetic field on the entry of solar wind ions into the magnetosphere

[1] This study investigated the entry of solar wind ions into the magnetosphere by following particle orbits from the solar wind through the magnetopause boundary in time-dependent electric and magnetic fields obtained from a 3D global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the magnetosphere; five different orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) were considered. We found the region of the upstream solar wind that mapped to the magnetopause entry regions to be parallel to the y-z orientation of the IMF. However, significant asymmetries were caused by the history of the IMF, the orientation of the interplanetary electric field (IEF), the nonadiabatic acceleration of ions at the magnetopause reconnection region, and acceleration by the magnetopause electric fields. Ions generally entered the magnetosphere through extended dayside regions corresponding to the reconnection region for each IMF and were accelerated by that region's electric fields. Entry also occurred along high-latitude open field lines convecting into the magnetotail.
Effects of Water Temperature on the Mortality of Field-Collected Fish Marked with Fluorescent Pigment

Abstract -The cumulative effects of collection, handling, and marking with fluorescent pigment on the mortality of adult minnows, young-of-the-year centrarchids, and large centrarchids and percids was determined at five water temperatures (10-20.6°C) in field trials. There have been few field trials of this type. The mortality of centrarchids and percids was directly related to temperature and decreased noticeably when the temperature was below 19.5°C. The mortality of minnows decreased somewhat as river temperatures cooled but was always at least 50%. Variation was high in the temperature-related patterns of mortality in different taxa and sizes of fish. This variation complicates the accuracy and usefulness of pigment in marking field-collected fish for mark-recapture studies in warmwater systems.
Characterization of multilayer x-ray analyzers: models and measurements

A procedure is described for a detailed characterization of multilayer analyzers that can be effectively applied to their design, optimization, and application for absolute x-ray spectrometry in the 100 to 10,000 eV photon energy region. An accurate analytical model has been developed that is based upon a simple modification of the dynamical Darwin-Prins theory to extend its application to finite multilayer systems and to the low energy x-ray region. Its equivalence to the optical E&M solution of the Fresnel equations at each interface is demonstrated by detailed comparisons for the reflectivity of a multilayer throughout the angular range of incidence of 0° to 90°. A special spectrograph and an experimental method are described for the measurement of the absolute reflectivity characteristics of the multilayer. The experimental measurements at three photon energies in the 100 to 2000 eV region are fit by the analytical modified Darwin-Prins equation (MDP) for 1(0), generating a detailed characterization of two state-of-the-art multilayers: sputtered tungsten-carbon with 2d 70 A and a molecular lead stearate with 2d 100 A. The fitting parameters that are determined by this procedure are applied to help establish the structural characteristics of these multilayers.
The effect of mechanical load on degenerated soft tissue.

Summary Objective To present a form of therapeutic mechanical load, Graston Technique ® (GT)—an instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization method) in three case studies including supraspinatus tendinosis, Achilles tendinosis, and plantar fasciosis. Method In each case study, case history and functional testing confirmed the presence of a condition characterized by degenerated soft tissue. Each condition was treated according to the GT protocol. GT is a patented form of treatment using stainless steel instruments designed with a unique curvilinear treatment edge, contoured to fit various shapes of the body. Results The GT method of load deformation to soft tissue resulted in the elimination of pain and normalization of the positive functional tests that revealed the conditions of supraspinatus tendinosis, Achilles tendinosis, and plantar fasciosis. Conclusion This method of mechanical deformation load on soft tissue lesions is unique for its ability to both detect and treat areas of degenerated tissue. It deserves further consideration for basic research.
Do starting values really matter? Development of a genetic algorithm approach

Evaluating the impact of using different starting conditions in econometric models is increasingly critical. This study demonstrates implications of using alternative starting value conditions and how these implications vary with econometric model complexity. This piece also proposes a universal approach in developing appropriate starting values for use in subsequent model estimation.
Origin of graphite in the Pickering gneiss and the Franklin marble, Honey Brook Upland, Pennsylvania Piedmont

The graphite-bearing Pickering gneiss and intercalated Franklin marble are part of an aggregation of crystalline rocks in the Honey Brook Upland of the southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont Uplands that consists of a charnockitic basement overlain by a suite of volcanic rocks and intruded by the Honey Brook Anorthosite massif. Carbon isotopic analysis indicates that graphite formation in the Pickering gneiss and Franklin marble is related to metamorphism of organic-rich muds and carbonates accompanied by localized fluid flow associated with the development of anatectic pegmatites. Graphite in fine-grained Pickering gneisses of upper amphibolite and lower granulite facies has an average δ 13 C = -23.8 per mil relative to PDB and ranges in value from -17.4 to -29.6, indicating an organic source. Calcite from the Franklin marble and associated calcareous gneisses has an average δ 13 C = +0.4, as would be expected with a sedimentary carbonate protolith. Coarse-grained Pickering gneisses, termed "anatectic pegmatites" in this study, of amphibolite facies have an average δ 13 C = -18.7 and range in value from -14.0 to -26.9, whereas those of granulite facies have an average δ 13 C = -10.9 and range in value from -8.9 to -12.4. At the time of anatexis, metamorphic fluids may have facilitated exchange of high δ 13 C carbon from the carbonates with low δ 13 C carbon of the partially melted fine-grained gneisses, thus producing the intermediate values of δ 13 C of graphite in the anatectic pegmatites. Calcite-graphite isotope thermometry yields estimates of 680 ± 40 °C for upper amphibolite-facies and 748 ± 40 °C for granulite-facies metamorphism in the upland.
Fuzzy-logic-based virtual rumble strip for road departure warning systems

This paper provides a detailed investigation into two potential forms of onboard road departure warning systems. A method known as time-to-lane-crossing (TLC) is compared with rumble strips placed a fixed distance from the road edge, and is found to provide enhanced performance over such static rumble strips in terms of reduced false warnings and increased warning anticipation. A new approach, called the variable rumble strip (VRBS), is proposed, which is an onboard electronic implementation of the static rumble strip where the warning threshold is allowed to vary according to the risk of the vehicle departing the road. Performance of the fuzzy-logic-based VRBS system is similar to that of the TLC-based approach, but requires less sensor information, making it more feasible in a vehicle application. Performance is measured in terms of hits, misses, and false alarms based on a validation warning set comprised of either static rumble strip generated warnings or by a warning set generated by subjective interpretation of the road departure criticality. The algorithms are tested on 2-h driving simulator runs by 12 drivers. This paper also includes an extension to the VRBS system involving the use of an estimate of driver lane-keeping performance to alter the VRBS threshold adjustment.
Epistemological beliefs of third‐grade students in an investigation‐rich classroom

As part of becoming scientifically literate, students should come to appreciate epistemic aspects of science. Little research has been conducted on elementary students' epistemological beliefs specific to science education. This study offers insights into third-grade students' epistemological beliefs while paying attention to the intersection of epistemological beliefs with instructional context. To document epistemological beliefs, students were interviewed three times during the 5-month-long study. To document instructional context, class sessions associated with two science units (16 class sessions for each unit) were video/audio-taped. Students described investigation or testing as being central to science. Although they recognized investigation as a way to get information students tended not to distinguish the tests they did from ones they envisioned scientists doing. Furthermore, students suggested that particular tests are appropriate for particular purposes, a point that was reinforced by their own investigations. These findings suggest that it is important to consider what the activities in which students are engaged in the classroom communicate about the nature of scientific knowledge. To support epistemic understandings, researchers should consider how instructional contexts capitalize on elementary students' understandings of science and push them to develop increasingly sophisticated epistemological beliefs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:1026–1048, 2011
Effective damping of frequency and power oscillations in a multi-machine power system using power electronics

The authors show an application of a solid state static VAR compensator (SSSVC) to modulate the reactive power requirement in the system by controlling the voltage profile of the network. A centralized power system stabilizer application using the SSSVC is presented. The mathematical model for a multimachine system is established to clearly see the effectiveness of the concept. The location of the controller is decided based upon the eigenvalues obtained from the linearized model of the unregulated system. It is demonstrated that the steady state stability of a power system can be improved by effective modulation of the reactive power in the system. Voltages and power flows are locally measured at the SSSVC location and conditioned for proper utilization as control signals for the SSSVC to improve the damping of interties. >
Josephson-Junction driven submillimeter wave microstrip resonator

A microstrip resonator driven by a resistively shunted Josephson junction has been used for submillimeter-wave surface resistance measurements to about 400 GHz. A simple, analytical analysis of the resonator-induced structure in the junction's I-V characteristic gives the resonator surface resistance in the range of 2-160 m Omega with an accuracy of better than 30%. >
Cooperative Transmissions over Code Division Multiplexing Channels

We consider the problem of signature waveform design for code division multiplexing in wireless collaborative relay networks. In contract to conventional randomly chosen orthogonal codes, we develop an adaptive signature design strategy under the maximum predetection signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) criterion. We evaluate numerically and by simulations the bit error rate (BER) and outage probability of cooperative wireless transmissions over code division multiplexing channels. Two basic decode-and-forward relay network architectures are considered and state-of-the-art performance is demonstrated.