cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in membrane surfaces of collecting duct cells in potassium adaptation

Changes in membrane surfaces of collecting duct cells in potassium adaptation. Chronic potassium loading results in an increased capacity of the distal nephron to secrete potassium. The cellular mechanism for this adaptation has been correlated to an increase in the activity of sodium-potassium-ATPase. Because adaptation may be dependent on the greater availability of potassium pumps in the basolateral membrane, a stereo logic analysis of the membrane surface area was performed to determine whether the apparent increase in pump sites was due to an increase in cell membrane surface. With potassium adaptation, the number of microplicated cells in the outer medulla was reduced from 31 to 18%. There was a marked increase in the basolateral infolding of principal cells, and membrane surface increased by 32%. In papillary collecting duct cells, the basolateral membrane surface was unchanged but the surface density of the luminal membrane increased by 50%. These observations suggest that amplification of the basolateral cell membrane to increase the number of potassium pump sites per cell plays an important role in the mechanism of potassium adaptation in the outer medulla. A different mechanism involving the luminal membrane operates in the papillary collecting duct. Structural alterations in cell membrane surfaces are thus related to the regulation of the epithelial transport of electrolytes. Modifications des surfaces des membranes cellulaires du canal collecteur dans l'adaptation au potassium. La charge chronique de potassium a pour consequence une augmentation de la capacite du nephron distal de secreter du potassium. Le mecanisme cellulaire de cette adaptation a ete correle a une augmentation de l'activite de la sodium-potassium-ATPase. Puisque l'adaptation peut dependre d'une plus grande disponibilite des pompes a potassium dans la membrane baso-laterale, une analyse stereologique de la surface membranaire a ete realisee pour determiner si l'augmentation des sites de pompage est due a une augmentation de la surface de la membrane cellulaire. Avec l'adaptation au potassium, les cellules micropliees de la medullaire externe ont diminue de 31 a 18%. Il y avait une augmentation importante des invaginations basolaterales des cellules principales et al surface membranaire a augmente de 32%. Dans les cellules du canal collecteur papillaire la surface membranaire basolaterale etait inchangee mais la densite de surface de la membrane luminale etait augmentee de 50%. Ces observations suggerent que l'augmentation des membranes cellulaires basolaterales, qui augmente le nombre de sites de pompage par cellule, joue un role important dans le mecanisme d'adaptation au potassium dans la medullaire externe. Un mecanisme different, qui interesse la membrane luminale, opere dans le canal collecteur papillaire. Les modifications de structure des surfaces des membranes cellulaires sont ainsi liees a la regulation du transport epithelial des electrolytes.
Analytical prediction of two-dimensional potential flow due to fixed vortices in a rectangular domain

Abstract An analytical method is presented which solves 2-D potential flow in a rectangular domain containing multiple vortices fixed in space. A double infinite image system is used to satisfy the zero normal velocity boundary condition. Because of its accuracy and speed of calculation, the solution can serve as the building block for predicting wall-driven cavity flows at high Reynolds number using the random vortex method of Chorin. This communication outlines the derivation of the analytical method and presents tests performed to check its validity. Two limiting flow cases predicted from the analysis correspond respectively to: (a) the line vortex problem between parallel planes; and (b) the vortex pair problem in as infinite domain. The results obtained show excellent agreement with established exact solutions.
Radiation safety and protection in U.S. dental hygiene programs.

A survey of radiation safety and protection measures used by programs teaching dental hygiene indicated some areas for concern. No barriers or radiation shieldings were used between operator and patient in four programs. Radiation monitoring devices were not worn by faculty operators in 16% of the programs. Fewer than half of the programs used thyroid shields for patients on a routine basis. Insufficient filtration for the kilovolt peak employed was used by 14% of the programs, and for 19% more the filtration was unknown or unspecified. Three programs used closed cones. Rectangular collimation was not used at all by 63% of the programs, and only 20% used E speed film routinely. Quality assurance for equipment maintenance and for film processing were in place at only 54% and 49% of the programs, respectively.
Observations on the response of alveolar bone to orthodontic force

T issue response to mechanotherapy is an essential link in the chain of events which must be considered in tooth movement. Mechanical principles can be applied successfully to inanimate models of the dentition, and the most intricate manipulations of orthodontic appliances leading to precise alignment of teeth with optimal occlusal relationships are readily achieved in wax. Yet, when these seemingly infallible principles are applied to the living system, undesirable sequelae often emerge within the periodontium. Since the early 1900’s, descriptions of tissue changes associated with orthodontic force have continually appeared in the dental literature, and the classic histologic observations of Sandstedtl have been confirmed by subsequent investigations. Osteoclastic degradation of alveolar bone as a result of pressure and concomitant osteoblastic deposition in response to tension are consistent findings in histologic studies of tooth movement.2-4 More recently, various technical refinements in force magnitude and duration have altered the character of tissue response, with the earlier reported necrotic changes from heavy forces yielding to physiologic remodeling of the periodontium by more optimal force application. Although detailed histologic changes as a result of orthodontic force are well known and intensive studies are being conducted to ascertain the mode of action of various cells and structures involved in these histologic changes, the mediating mechanism by which pressure or tension is converted into a particular cellular response remains obscure. To state only that differentiation of osteoclasts and resorption are induced by pressure is an oversimplification. Similarly, the misconception that tension induces osteoblastic deposition of new bone simply due to distension of the collagenous periodontal fibers is often repeated. Attention must be directed to ascertain the conversion process which transduces extrinsic forces
Bots, bespoke, code and the materiality of software platforms

This article introduces and discusses the role of bespoke code in Wikipedia, which is code that runs alongside a platform or system, rather than being integrated into server-side codebases by individuals with privileged access to the server. Bespoke code complicates the common metaphors of platforms and sovereignty that we typically use to discuss the governance and regulation of software systems through code. Specifically, the work of automated software agents (bots) in the operation and administration of Wikipedia is examined, with a focus on the materiality of code. As bots extend and modify the functionality of sites like Wikipedia, but must be continuously operated on computers that are independent from the servers hosting the site, they involve alternative relations of power and code. Instead of taking for granted the pre-existing stability of Wikipedia as a platform, bots and other bespoke code require that we examine not only the software code itself, but also the concrete, historically contingent...
Excitatory action of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide on rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vivo and in vitro

Abstract In vivo and in vitro experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38) on rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). Intrathecal injection of PACAP-38 (0.1–1 nmol) via an implanted cannula to the T2-T3 segments of urethane-anesthetized adult rats caused a dose-dependent increase of mean arterial blood pressure from minutes to over 1 h. The pressor response was not antagonized by prior injection of the PACAP type II receptor antagonist PACAP 6-38 (0.5 nmol), but was significantly attenuated by prior intravenous administration of phentolamine (1 mg/kg). As a positive control, intrathecal injection of glutamate (1 μmol) and substance P (SP, 5 nmol) caused a short- and long-lasting pressor response. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP, 1 nmol) had no significant pressor effect. In the second series of experiments, whole-cell patch recordings were made from antidromically identified SPNs of immature (12–16-day-old) rat thoracolumbar spinal cord slices. Applied to the spinal cord slices by superfusion, PACAP-38 (10–30 nM) caused intense neuronal discharges with or without a long-lasting membrane depolarization. The depolarization was not prevented by superfusing the slices with tetrodotoxin (0.3 μM) or low Ca 2+ (0.25 mM) solution, indicating that PACAP-38 directly depolarized the SPNs. The depolarization was insensitive to the type II PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP 6-38 . Collectively, these results provide evidence that PACAP-38 exerts a potent and long-lasting excitatory effect on SPNs, leading to an increase of spinal sympathetic outflow and one of the consequences of which is an elevation of blood pressure.
Dewatering and extensional deformation of the Shikoku Basin hemipelagic sediments in the Nankai Trough

The Shikoku Basin hemipelagic sequence, which underlies the Nankai Trough wedge, S.W. Japan, thins by 50% between the outer edge of the trench wedge and DSDP Site 582, 14 km arcward. A sedimentation model, which incorporates changes in sedimentation rates with time and with distance from the trench wedge toe, indicates that 57% of the total thinning occurs as a result of temporally varying sedimentation rates and a time transgressive facies boundary between the trench wedge turbidites and the underlying hemipelagites. Burial-induced consolidation beneath the wedgeshaped turbiditic overburden, accounts for the remaining 43% of arcward thinning within the hemipelagic unit. Rapid dewatering, modeled as one-dimensional consolidation suggests that the excess pore water pressures are quite low during this progressive dewatering. Thus, high pore water pressures should not be assumed to occur universally in convergent margin settings. Normal faults and vein structures in the hemipelagites suggest near-horizontal extension in addition to vertical consolidation. The estimates of excess pore water pressures together with fault geometries and horizontal extensional strains, determined from the geometry of the subducting oceanic plate, can be used to constrain the stress conditions at failure. The expulsion of hot water from the rapidly dewatering sediments in the Nankai Trough may help to explain anomalously high heat flow in the central part of the trough.
Duality Theorems for Curves over P-adic Fields

from 1. H ~ (G, Pic o (X)) x H ~ (G, Pic o (X)) to Br (k). 2. Pico(X) x H 1 (G, Pie(X)) to Br(k). 3. Pie(X) x Br(X) to Br(k). We then show that if k is a p-adic field, so that Br(k) is canonically isomorphic to Q/7I, then these pairings induce isomorphisms of H 1 (G, Pic0(X) ) (resp. H 1 (G, Pie(X))), (resp. Br(X)), with the dual abelian groups of H~ Pico(X) ), (resp. Pic0(X) ), (resp. Pie(X)). We note that this last isomorphism can be stated in terms of 6tale cohomology as: H 2 (X, G,,) is isomorphic to the dual ofH x (X, G,,), and this has the natural generalization: Hi(X, Gin)| ~ is isomorphic to the dual of H a-i(X, Gin) z by means of natural pairings into Br(k)= Q/2g. This more general result is an easy consequence of the above duality. In the course of our proof of the duality theorems, we give a new proof of the following theorem of Roquette [8]" Theorem. Let X be a proper, smooth, geometrically connected curve over a p-adic field k. Let K be the function field of X. Then the order of the kernel of the map from Br(k) to Br(K) is equal to the index I of X, i.e., to the greatest common divisor of the degrees of divisors on X. We note that Roquette's proof of this theorem seems to be incomplete, since it makes use of a theorem of Tate (the vanishing of the first cohomology group of the id61e-class group of X) which was stated and proved by Tate in [10] only when the curve X contains a k-rational point. However, we are also able to show, as a corollary of Roquette's theorem, that this result is still valid for arbitrary X. We then give some applications of the duality theorems to periodindex questions on curves over p-adic fields. Let X be a proper, smooth, geometrically connected curve over a field k. Then the period P of X
Size-exclusion chromatography: smaller, faster, multi-detection, and multi-dimensions.

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as gelpermeation chromatography (GPC) or gel-filtration chromatography (GFC), is generally considered the premier method for determining the molar mass averages and distribution of polydisperse macromolecules. SEC is a liquid chromatography technique in which dissolved analyte is injected on to a column packed with porous, inert material. For samples with a distribution of analyte sizes the smaller analytes will be able to permeate the pores of the column packing more fully than larger analytes. The latter will therefore explore a smaller percentage of the pore volume and will elute from the column earlier than their smaller-sized counterparts. The process has been described as an inverse molecular sieving mechanism that depends on the size or hydrodynamic volume of a dissolved molecule with respect to the average pore size of the column packing material [1]. While for a homologous series of linear macromolecules size correlates directly with molar mass, M, this is not necessarily so when branching and/or copolymer structures are present. While still employed primarily to determine molar mass averages and distributions, during the last decade SEC has developed along four new fronts: 1. oligomeric SEC (“smaller”); 2. high-speed SEC (“faster”); 3. multi-detector SEC; and 4. SEC as part of multi-dimensional separations. In this article we shall briefly review each of these, individually.
Very long chain fatty acids in higher animals—A review

Fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms (very long chain fatty acids, VLCFA) are present in small amounts in most animal tissues. Saturated and monoenoic VLCFA are major components of brain, while the polyenoic VLCFA occur in significant amounts in certain specialized animal tissues such as retina and spermatozoa. Biosynthesis of VLCFA occurs by carbon chain elongation of shorter chain fatty acid precursors while beta-oxidation takes place almost exclusively in peroxisomes. Mitochondria are unable to oxidize VLCFA because they lack a specific VLCFA coenzyme A synthetase, the first enzyme in the beta-oxidation pathway. VLCFA accumulate in the tissues of patients with inherited abnormalities in peroxisomal assembly, and also in individuals with defects in enzymes catalyzing individual reactions along the beta-oxidation pathway. It is believed that the accumulation of VLCFA in patient tissues contributes to the severe pathological changes which are a feature of these conditions. However, little is known of the role of VLCFA in normal cellular processes, and of the molecular basis for their contribution to the disease process. The present review provides an outline of the current knowledge of VLCFA including their biosynthesis, degradation, possible function and involvement in human disease.
Cutaneous vascular responses in diabetics.

Abstract Cutaneous circulatory responses in the lower extremities of 26 diabetic patients were studied utilizing plethysmographic and isotope clearance techniques. The diabetic group demonstrated diminished capacity for vasodilatation to both direct and indirect stimuli. The data does not allow differentiation of neuropathic and angiopathic involvement. The diabetic group also demonstrated a significantly lower rate of 133-Xenon and 131-NaI clearance.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF CYTOSINE N‐METHYL ANALOGS IN ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION

— –The photochemical reactions of 1-methylcytosine (la), 1, N4-dimethylcytosine (Ib), and 1, N4. N4-trimethylcytosine (Ic) in isopropanol have been investigated. In all three reactions addition of isopropanol occurs across the 5,6-double bond of the pyrimidine ring. For example, in the case of Ir photo-reaction with isopropanol leads to formation of 5,6-dihydro-6–(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-l, N4, N4-trimethylcytosine (IIc). In all three reactions 5,6-dihydro-l-methyluracil (III) was also isolated as a product; in the case of Ic, 5,6-dihydro-1, N4, N4-trimethylcytosine (IV) was isolated as well. Evidence is presented that indicates cytosine, cytidine, and 2',3'-isopropylidene cytidine also form adducts with isopropanol. Photoinduced reaction of Ic with ethanol leads to formation of 5.6-dihydro-6–(l-hydroxy-l-ethyl)-l, N4. N4-trimethylcytosine (V). Both acetone sensitization and di-t-butyl peroxide initiated free radical reactions of Ib with isopropanol leads to formation of an adduct identical to that formed in the unsensitized photochemical reaction of Ib with isopropanol.
Acute activation of the spinal cord metabotropic glutamate subtype-5 receptor leads to cold hypersensitivity in the rat

Abstract Activation of spinal cord dorsal horn ionotropic glutamate receptors leads to pain-related behaviors. However, the role of spinal metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu), particularly the mGlu5 receptor subtype, in nociception has not been well characterized. A recently described subtype selective and potent mGluR5 antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) was used to evaluate the role of the mGlu5 receptor in cold sensitivity. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of group I (mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors) mGlu receptor-selective agonist (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) increased the hind paw frequency and duration of lifting of rats placed on a cold (4 °C) surface, a behavior similarly observed in rats with a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. In contrast, rats i.t. injected with DHPG did not display increased lifting when placed on a room temperature surface. I.t. injection of MPEP before i.t. injection of DHPG blocked DHPG-evoked cold hypersensitivity, suggesting that activation of spinal mGlu5 receptors induces this behavioral response. In contrast, i.t. injection of MPEP after i.t. injection of DHPG had no effect. In addition, i.t. injection of MPEP did not affect cold hypersensitivity in rats with a CCI. These data suggest that acute activation of spinal cord mGlu5 receptors results in increased sensitivity to cold, but ongoing cold hypersensitivity does not involve activation of the mGlu5 receptor.
Stimulus properties of conspecific behavior.

Two experiments identified the conditions in which the behavior of one bird acquired discriminative control of the behavior of a second bird. The schedule-controlled behaviors of the “stimulus” bird were differentially correlated with the components of a multiple schedule according to which the pecking of an “experimental” bird produced food. In Experiment 1, three pairs of pigeons acquired a successive discrimination and two reversals with the conspecific stimuli. Experiment 2 included a control condition in which no systematic relationship existed between the conspecific stimuli and the component schedules. While differential responding during the components of the multiple schedule was again found when the conspecific stimuli were available, differential responding did not occur in the control condition. Test conditions included in the experiments indicated that (a) the differential responding was not dependent on the discriminative properties of reinforcement, (b) the pecking of the stimulus and experimental birds was temporally interrelated, (c) the visual conspecific stimuli were critical to the maintenance of the discrimination, and (d) the observed stimulus control immediately generalized to an unfamiliar conspecific.
DSM-IV, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10 Alcohol and Drug Abuse/Harmful Use and Dependence, United States, 1992: A Nosological Comparison

This study assessed agreement between DSM-IV, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10 diagnoses of alcohol and drug use disorders using data from a large representative sample of the United States population. Agreement between the three diagnostic systems for dependence was good to excellent for past year, prior to the past year, and lifetime diagnoses, for both genders, each ethnic group, and younger and older respondents. Cross-system comparisons between DSM-IV and DSM-III-R abuse were good to excellent, but concordance was consistently poor when ICD-10 harmful use diagnoses were compared with DSM-IV and DSM-III-R abuse diagnoses. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of the degree to which future research findings could be integrated with one another and the results from earlier studies using older versions of the DSM, to advance scientific knowledge in the drug and alcohol fields.
Gas Sensor Based on Metal−Insulator Transition in VO2 Nanowire Thermistor

Using temperature driven sharp metal−insulator phase transition in single crystal VO2 nanowires, the realization of a novel gas sensing concept has been tested. Varying the temperature of the nanowire close to the transition edge, the conductance of the nanowire becomes extremely responsive to the tiny changes in molecular composition, pressure, and temperature of the ambient gas environment. This gas sensing analog of the transition edge sensor radiometry used in astrophysics opens new opportunities in gas sensorics.
A survey of emergency department psychiatric services

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the methods by which emergency departments (EDs) manage clients who present with psychiatric and substance abuse issues. Method A brief survey solicited information from the ED administrators of all nonfederal acute care hospitals in two states to determine the extent to which emergency department psychiatric emergency service (EDPES) structures vary and to identify factors that influence EDPES arrangement decisions. Results Findings confirm that significant structural variations exist, and they suggest that a hospital's decision on the management of ED psychiatric cases is associated with environmental and organizational characteristics, as well as with perceptions of the feasibility, affordability and quality of service. Conclusion Further research is needed to identify best-practice standards to enable EDPES to provide optimal patient and organizational outcomes.
Translation of the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA is mediated by a highly efficient internal ribosome entry site.

Abstract Activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) is closely involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The human AT 1 R (hAT 1 R) mRNA splice variants have long 5′-untranslated regions (5′-UTRs) ranging from 272 to 414 bp that have the potential to form stable secondary structures. In this study, we show that the 5′-UTR of hAT 1 R mRNAs contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) located within the first 40 bp of the proximal end of exon 1. Experiments utilizing the hAT 1 R 5′-UTR as a molecular decoy demonstrate a reduction in IRES activity of ∼50%. This inhibition is most efficient for the hAT 1 R IRES suggesting that a defined set of trans-factors are required to initiate translation through this cis-element. Translation initiation from the hAT 1 R IRES appears to be physiologically relevant since IRES activity was maintained during serum starvation, a cellular stress known to inhibit cap-dependent translation. These results suggest that cap-independent translation initiation by internal ribosome entry may represent an important mechanism for the regulation of hAT 1 R expression.
Block of human NaV1.5 sodium channels by novel α-hydroxyphenylamide analogues of phenytoin

Voltage-gated sodium (Na) channels are a critical component of electrically excitable cells. Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) is an established sodium channel blocker and is a useful anticonvulsant and class 1b antiarrhythmic, and has been effectively used in the treatment of neuropathic pain. In this study, we have synthesized novel alpha-hydroxyphenylamide analogues of diphenylhydantoin and examined their ability to inhibit human Na(V)1.5 sodium channels expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Phenyl ring substitutions were examined including para-methyl, para-fluoro, para-chloro, ortho-chloro and meta-chloro. We have found that phenyl ring substitutions with electron withdrawing properties resulted in compounds with greater activity. In comparison to diphenylhydantoin, the novel chloro-substituted alpha-hydroxyphenylamide compounds produced as much as a 20-fold greater tonic and frequency-dependent blockade of Na(V)1.5 channels with an IC(50) value of 14.5 microM. In addition, the chloro-substitutions have position specific state dependent blocking properties. The ortho-, meta- and para-chloro substitutions have an 8-, 13- and 3-fold increased affinity for the inactivated state, respectively. Molecular modeling suggests that these differences in affinity are due to a direct interaction with the receptor. Comparing models of diphenylhydantoin to the novel alpha-hydroxyphenlyamide compound suggests that the increased activity may be due to an optimized phenyl ring position and increased molecular volume. This information may be useful in the development of more potent sodium channel blockers.
Initiation of the human sperm acrosome reaction by thapsigargin.

Previous studies have established that the mammalian sperm acrosome reaction (AR) is dependent upon an influx of extracellular Ca2+, but the involvement of a mobilizable store of intracellular Ca2+ has not been shown. In many other cells, the endoplasmic reticulum is the site of such a Ca2+ -store. Here, we show that thapsigargin, a highly specific inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase Ca2+ -pump (and thus a mobilizer of intracellular Ca2+) in other cells, can initiate the AR in capacitated human sperm. Thapsigargin at concentrations from 50–500 nM significantly increased the AR to the same extent when incubated with capacitated sperm for 1 min (assayed by indirect immunofluorescence). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the occurrence of normal morphologyin the AR initiated by thapsigargin. Thapsigargin (200 nM) did not initiate the AR in noncapacitated sperm. Inititation of the AR by thapsigargin apparently requires an influx of Ca2+ since 1 min preincubation with the calcium channel blockers La3+ (250 μM) or Ni2+ (250 μM) prior to addition of thapsigargin completely inhibits AR-initiation. Mobilization of an intracellular Ca2+ -store by thapsigargin in capacitated human sperm may lead to an influx of extracellular Ca2+ and subsequently the AR. Putative sites for thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ -stores in human sperm include the cytoplasmic droplet, the sperm nucleus and the acrosome. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Petroclival meningiomas: predictive parameters for transpetrosal approaches.

Objective To determine parameters that influence the selection of the proper petrosal approach or combined approaches for the excision of petroclival meningiomas. Methods We dissected 15 cadaver heads, inspected the petroclival region in 50 dry human skulls, and performed a retrospective analysis of the cases of 35 patients with petroclival meningiomas who underwent surgery via transpetrosal approaches. Results The petroclival region was divided into three "zones" based on the extent of surgical exposure achieved via the petrosal approaches with microscopic dissection of 15 preserved and silicone-injected cadaveric heads and with the measurements of 50 dry skulls. Zone I, defined as the area from the dorsum sellae to the internal auditory canal, is accessible via the anterior petrosal approach. Zone II, defined as the area from the internal auditory canal to the upper border of the jugular tubercle, is easily accessible in its lateral portion via the posterior petrosal approach. The medial portion of Zone II, the "central clival depression," is accessible only with cochlear resection and posterior facial nerve transposition. Zone III, defined as the area from the upper border of the jugular tubercle to the lower edge of the foramen magnum, is accessible via a suboccipital/transcondylar approach. The retrospective analysis of the cases of 35 patients who underwent transpetrosal resection of petroclival meningiomas between 1991 and 1998 was used to determine the predictive value of these anatomic parameters. The degree of tumor resection was analyzed with a novel grading scale combining the percentage of resection and the percentage of brainstem reexpansion. Total excision was achieved in 37% of the patients and complete brainstem reexpansion was achieved in an additional 40%. Residual tumor was concentrated in the central clival depression in Zone II, as predicted by anatomic parameters, and around infiltrated neurovascular structures. New cranial nerve deficit occurred in 31% of the patients in the early postoperative period and improved to 17% at 6 months. Major morbidity occurred in 9% of the patients, and mortality was 0%. Early Karnofsky scores were reduced in 37% of the patients, but 6-month Karnofsky scores were equal to preoperative baseline scores or improved in 91%. Conclusion Anatomic parameters can predict the resectability of petroclival meningiomas. Judicious application of cytoreductive surgery in selected patients maintains an acceptable morbidity and achieves adequate brainstem reexpansion.
Clathrin and Cx43 gap junction plaque endoexocytosis

In earlier transmission electron microscopic studies, we have described pentilaminar gap junctional membrane invaginations and annular gap junction vesicles coated with short, electron-dense bristles. The similarity between these electron-dense bristles and the material surrounding clathrin-coated pits led us to suggest that the dense bristles associated with gap junction structures might be clathrin. To confirm that clathrin is indeed associated with annular gap junction vesicles and gap junction plaques, quantum dot immuno-electron microscopic techniques were used. We report here that clathrin associates with both connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junction plaques and pentilaminar gap junction vesicles. An important finding was the preferential localization of clathrin to the cytoplasmic surface of the annular or of the gap junction plaque membrane of one of the two contacting cells. This is consistent with the possibility that the direction of gap junction plaque internalization into one of two contacting cells is regulated by clathrin.
Some properties of light verbs in code-switching

This article addresses some puzzles regarding the properties of light verb constructions that have been amply documented in many code-switching pairs, with particular focus on some well-known asymmetries. This article should be viewed as an argument that generative analyses of code-switching are conceptually and empirically superior to the mainstream approach, referred to as the Matrix Language Frame Model.
Gallium(III) Triflate Catalyzed Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes

Direct hydroamination of aldehydes and ketones provides one-step entry into desired α-aminoalkane derivatives which are important synthons for many biologically active molecules. The reductive amination of aldehydes in the presence of silanes has been effectively promoted by Ga(OTf)3 as a catalyst. Mild conditions, easy work-up and high purity of products with excellent yields are the major advantages of this method.
How do price range shoppers differ from reference price point shoppers

Abstract Existing research demonstrates that reference price models can explain a significant amount of the variation in customers' price perceptions and purchase behaviors. This study extends the reference price literature by introducing the price range model, which proposes that price judgments are based on a comparison of the market price to the entire range of currently available prices. Our results demonstrate that the fit of a structural heterogeneity finite mixture model improves when the price range model is included along with internal and external reference price models and that the price range model explains a substantial proportion of customers' purchase histories in the toilet tissue category. Profile analysis indicates that internal reference price shoppers switch brands much less frequently than the other two segments and respond to feature promotions for their preferred brand(s). External reference price shoppers have an intermediate level of brand preference and respond significantly less than the other two segments to feature and display promotions. Price range shoppers have the lowest brand loyalty and respond most strongly to both feature and display promotions.
Management of cervical metastases in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa following radiotherapy.

Objective To assess the value of planned neck dissection in patients with a complete response to definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa with advanced nodal disease. Design Case series. Setting Academic tertiary care medical center. Patients A consecutive series of 36 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa with N2 or N3 nodal disease treated with primary radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy between January 1, 1992, and April 1, 2003, at the University of California, San Francisco, Comprehensive Cancer Center. Patients treated with primary surgery, those treated with palliative intent, or those with preexisting malignancies were excluded. Main Outcome Measures Regional control and overall survival. Results Of the study group, 15 patients (42%) achieved a complete response, 17 (47%) achieved a partial response, and 1 (3%) was a nonresponder. The response in 3 patients (8%) could not be assessed. Of the 15 patients with a complete response, only 2 (13%) later developed regional recurrences, 1 of which was an isolated recurrence in the neck. Regional control and overall survival at 3 years were 78% and 48%, respectively. Conclusions The rate of regional recurrence after a complete response to radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy for tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma with advanced cervical metastases is low. Our results support close surveillance of the neck in those who have achieved a complete response after radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy.
EROSION OF TREE DIVERSITY DURING 200 YEARS OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN BORNEAN RAIN FOREST

The long-term effect of shifting cultivation on tree diversity was examined in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ten sites formed a gradient of cultivation history: seven secondary forest fallows (9–12 years old) having experienced from one to 10 prior cycles of long-fallow shifting cultivation plus three adjacent primary forest stands. For trees >10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), stand-level species density was >70% lower in secondary forest recovering from the first cycle of shifting cultivation than in nearby primary forest. The species density of trees 5–10 cm dbh declined only 30%, and that of stems 1000 m away. The richness of seed rain also declined with distance ...
Coupled Field Analysis Needs in the Design of Submersible Electric Motors

The design optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motors has long been a topic of major interest due to the widespread industrial use of such machines. Although there are a number of commercially available design tools to aid in such a task, the application specific nature of submersible motors has prompted the current interest. A new design consideration, the air gap viscous drag loss, will be shown to have a significant impact on the fluid immersed motor's losses. The conflicting nature of this loss component with the machine's electromagnetic design was presented. Finite element (FE) analysis using computational fluid dynamics software will aid in the understanding of the concept. An electric motor design procedure that takes this loss component into consideration illustrates the need for coupled field analysis in the design of submersible motors. Experimental results were used to corroborate the presented theory and illustrate the initial motivation for this study.
New World Monkeys

New World monkeys are the living (nonhuman) primates of South and Central America. Keywords: primates; tropics; South America; mammals; evolution
Human periprosthetic tissues implanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice respond to gene transfer of a cytokine inhibitor.

Background: Periprosthetic tissue formation and local inflammation that are associated with wear debris contribute to the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening of a prosthesis. This study evaluated a retrovirus-mediated gene therapy with use of a novel xenograft-based animal model. Methods: Human periprosthetic tissues obtained from patients during revision arthroplasty performed because of aseptic loosening of a prosthetic joint were transplanted into the left quadriceps and paravertebral muscles of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The engrafted tissues were recovered seven, fifteen, or thirty days after implantation for histological and molecular analyses. The periprosthetic tissues were incubated with retroviruses encoding for human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (hIL-1Ra) or bacteria β-galactosidase (LacZ) at 37°C for three hours prior to implantation to evaluate their responses to gene modification. Results: The human periprosthetic tissues were well accepted in SCID mice for up to thirty days, with angiogenesis occurring in the majority of the implanted tissue sections. The histological appearance was consistent between the recovered graft tissue and the original donor tissue. Strong expression of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 was detected in the xenografts with use of immunohistochemical stains. Histological analysis revealed that interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene modification significantly decreased the total number of inflammatory cells (p < 0.01) in engrafted human tissue containing implant wear debris. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining showed declining expression levels of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor following interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene transfer in comparison with LacZ-transduced or virus-free controls. Conclusions: Human periprosthetic tissue can survive in the SCID mouse host for up to thirty days and responds to the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene transfer with the amelioration of inflammation. Clinical Relevance: The human periprosthetic tissue-SCID mouse chimera has been characterized in this study as a useful model to explore the properties of human periprosthetic tissue in vivo, laying the foundation for potential clinical application of gene therapy in aseptic loosening.
An Optimal Control Approach for Texture Metamorphosis

In this paper, we introduce a new texture metamorphosis approach for interpolating texture samples from a source texture into a target texture. We use a new energy optimization scheme derived from optimal control principles which exploits the structure of the metamorphosis optimality conditions. Our approach considers the change in pixel position and pixel appearance in a single framework. In contrast to previous techniques that compute a global warping based on feature masks of textures, our approach allows to transform one texture into another by considering both intensity values and structural features of textures simultaneously. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach for different textures, such as stochastic, semi-structural and regular textures, with different levels of complexities. Our method produces visually appealing transformation sequences with no user interaction.
Profiling risk: the emergence of coronary heart disease epidemiology in the United States (1947–70)

This historical study examines the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) research and its role in the evolution of post-1945 chronic disease epidemiology in the United States. To give the examination greater salience, it compares the pathway represented by CHD epidemiology with that of lung cancer. Historians have paid less attention to the differences between the two, which later merged into what we now call 'risk factor epidemiology'. This study assesses why CHD epidemiology in the post-war period almost uniformly began with cohort studies and primarily stressed clinical variables as putative aetiological factors. It describes how CHD epidemiologists sought to justify the creation of a non-infectious chronic disease epidemiology, a position reinforced by the relative swiftness with which they obtained important results. It also follows the emergence of 'risk factor thinking' within CHD epidemiology. CHD epidemiology critically differed from its lung cancer counterpart in that it identified multiple factors of risk, each producing relatively small effects, rather than a single factor producing a strong and evident outcome. Consequently, it was difficult for CHD epidemiologists to demonstrate causality and to confirm scientifically that reducing risk factors would lower CHD rates. This had significant consequences for primary prevention and public health policy.
The effect of cardioversion on maximal exercise capacity in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation

To evaluate the effect of cardioversion on exercise capacity, 11 male patients (59 +/- 8 years) with chronic atrial fibrillation underwent maximal exercise testing using gas exchange techniques before and after successful cardioversion to normal sinus rhythm. Testing was conducted 1 day prior to and a mean of 39 (range 10 to 95) days following cardioversion. Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory gas exchange responses were evaluated at rest, at a standard submaximal workload (3.0 mph/0% grade), at the gas exchange anaerobic threshold, and at maximal exertion. Cardioversion resulted in a mean decrease in resting heart rate of 37 beats/min (113 +/- 16 versus 76 +/- 10 beats/min, p less than 0.001). While mean heart rate was approximately 50 beats/min lower following cardioversion at both submaximal stages of exercise p less than 0.001), oxygen uptake was not different. At maximal exercise, heart rate was markedly reduced (192 +/- 24 to 144 +/- 21 beats/min, p less than 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake was higher (1.86 +/- 0.5 to 2.06 +/- 0.5 L/min, p less than 0.05) after cardioversion. In addition, an improved efficiency of ventilation was observed at exercise levels exceeding 60% of maximal oxygen uptake.
SOI (Silicon-on-insulator) for high speed ultra large scale integration

Bulk complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology scaling can not sustain the historical rate of speed increase. A realistic target for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) delay and power reductions in comparison to bulk technology are 40% and 30%, independent of scaling, mostly through capacitance reduction. Denser isolation allows more compact layout and easy integration of different high speed (E/D NMOS), low power (CMOS), analog (bipolar, grounded-body CMOS) and memory devices. Silicon device speed record (13 ps at 1.5 V, 300 K) has been set with SOI E/D NMOS. Leakage current due to steady state and transient floating-body induced threshold lowering (FITL) is a device issue which deserves more attention.
BOUNDS ON THE EFFECTIVE MODULI OF CRACKED MATERIALS

We find bounds on the effective elastic moduli of cracked materials in terms of the effective conductivity of such media. These represent the first non-trivial bounds on the effective properties of cracked media which are independent of the shapes and spatial distribution of the cracks. Different approximations for the elastic moduli of cracked media are tested against our bounds. The microgeometries of cracks that satisfy the bounds exactly are identified.
Cutting Edge: Serotonin Is a Chemotactic Factor for Eosinophils and Functions Additively with Eotaxin

Elevated levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are observed in the serum of asthmatics. Herein, we demonstrate that 5-HT functions independently as an eosinophil chemoattractant that acts additively with eotaxin. 5-HT2A receptor antagonists (including MDL-100907 and cyproheptadine (CYP)) were found to inhibit 5-HT-induced, but not eotaxin-induced migration. Intravital microscopy studies revealed that eosinophils roll in response to 5-HT in venules under conditions of physiological shear stress, which could be blocked by pretreating eosinophils with CYP. OVA-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in wild-type mice was significantly inhibited using CYP alone and maximally in combination with a CCR3 receptor antagonist. Interestingly, OVA-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in eotaxin-knockout (Eot-/-) mice was inhibited by treatment with the 5-HT2A but not CCR3 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that 5-HT is a potent eosinophil-active chemoattractant that can function additively with eotaxin and a dual CCR3/5-HT2A receptor antagonist may be more effective in blocking allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment.
Sensor recovery for robust multivariate condition monitoring

The ability to predict and prevent equipment failures is essential to various industrial processes and military operations. In recent years, Condition Monitoring (CM) has been recognized as an effective paradigm in this regard. CM can be performed via several sensor channels with broad coverage to enhance monitoring capabilities. However, loss of sensor readings due to malfunction of connectors and/or sensor abnormalities is the hurdle to reliable fault diagnosis and prognosis in multichannel CM systems. The problem becomes more challenging when the sensor channels are not synchronized because of different and/or time-varying sampling/transmission rates. This paper provides a new sensor recovery technique to improve the robustness of multichannel CM systems. Specifically, the associated sensor signals are modeled through Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA). Based on the FPCA results obtained from historical data, the relationships among the signals can be constructed. In on-line implementation, such relationships along with parameters updated by real-time CM data can be used to recover lost sensor signals. To this end, a two-stage approach is developed to estimate the Functional Principal Component (FPC) scores and construct a functional regression model. The flexibility of FPC based models furnishes them with substantial potential for sensor recovery in multichannel CM environments. A turbofan aircraft engine simulation study is used to demonstrate the sensor recovery technique.
Effects of Local Geographic Barriers and Latitude on Population Structure in Anopheles punctipennis (Diptera: Culicidae)

We sampled Anopheles punctipennis (Say) from 11 localities throughout Vermont to examine the effects of latitude and two local geographical boundaries, Lake Champlain and the Green Mountains, on the population genetic structure of this species. Thirty-five mitochondrial haplotypes were detected in 104 individuals using a variable region of the COI gene. When latitude was examined, we detected significant structure within localities and among localities within latitudinal regions. For geographic analysis, significant genetic structure was detected only within localities. Estimates of gene flow across geographic regions indicate that the Green Mountains, but not Lake Champlain, is a barrier to dispersal for this species. We found no correlation between genetic and geographic distances for An. punctipennis.