cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capsid structure and dynamics of a human rhinovirus probed by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry.

Viral capsids are dynamic protein assemblies surrounding viral genomes. Despite the high-resolution structures determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, their in-solution structure and dynamics can be probed by hydrogen exchange. We report here using hydrogen exchange combined with protein enzymatic fragmentation and mass spectrometry to determine the capsid structure and dynamics of a human rhinovirus, HRV14. Capsid proteins (VP1–4) were labeled with deuterium by incubating intact virus in D2O buffer at neutral pH. The labeled proteins were digested by immobilized pepsin to give peptides analyzed by capillary reverse-phase HPLC coupled with nano-electrospray mass spectrometry. Deuterium levels incorporated at amide linkages in peptic fragments were measured for different exchange times from 12 sec to 30 h to assess the amide hydrogen exchange rates along each of the four protein backbones. Exchange results generally agree with the crystal structure of VP1–4,with extended, flexible terminal and surface-loop regions in fast exchange and folded helical and sheet structures in slow exchange. In addition, three α-helices, one from each of VP1–3, exhibited very slow exchange, indicating high stability of the protomeric interface. The β-strands at VP3 N terminus also had very slow exchange, suggesting stable pentamer contacts. It was noted, however, that the interface around the fivefold axis had fast and intermediate exchange, indicating relatively more flexibility. Even faster exchange rates were found in the N terminus of VP1 and most segments of VP4, suggesting high flexibilities, which may correspond to their potential roles in virus uncoating.
Soft-landed ions: a route to ionic solution studies

Abstract Solvated ions in condensed phase can be studied with new directness, using a very low energy (≤ 1 eV) mass-selected ion source, to ‘soft-land’ ions on or within surface films. The very low energy allows almost any ion to be studied without impact damage. Results for hydronium ions deposited on water ice are presented, where the lack of hydronium diffusion up to 190 K is evident, and intriguing information on dielectric behavior is measured. Cs + ions moving in n-hexane and 3-methyl pentane are also discussed.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: loss of diagnostic accuracy with small tumors.

Eighty-three patients underwent CT-directed fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Five factors that might have influenced the diagnostic sensitivity of FNAB were analyzed: clinical history, the number of passes for each FNAB, and three radiologic criteria including tumor size, tumor location, and the presence or absence of suspected tumor necrosis by CT scan. Sixty-three patients had a diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma confirmed by FNAB (overall sensitivity = 76%). Tumor size was the only factor that correlated with the diagnostic sensitivity of FNAB. Of 12 patients whose FNAB was negative but suspicious for malignancy, 10 had a repeat FNAB and 4 were positive for carcinoma. We conclude that the diagnostic sensitivity of FNAB decreases significantly with decreasing tumor size and that a repeat FNAB for suspicious biopsies should be done to increase the diagnostic yield. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Taurine: A role in osmotic regulation of mammalian brain and possible clinical significance

Abstract Chronic hypernatremic dehydration induced in developing mice by water deprivation and salt loading for 4 days increased 16 of the 19 amino acids measured in brain. Taurine accounted for over one-half of the total increase. It is well known that during adaptation to increased environmental salinity, levels of amino acids in invertebrate and amphibian tissues increase to maintain osmotic equilibrium and to limit the loss of cell water. The findings in young mice support a similar function for amino acids, taurine in particular, in mammalian brain and suggest that the phenomenon may be causally related to the cerebral edema that develops during overly rapid rehydration of infants and children with chronic hypernatremic dehydration.
Phase curves of nine Trojan asteroids over a wide range of phase angles

Abstract We have observed well-sampled phase curves for nine Trojan asteroids in B -, V -, and I -bands. These were constructed from 778 magnitudes taken with the 1.3-m telescope on Cerro Tololo as operated by a service observer for the SMARTS consortium. Over our typical phase range of 0.2–10°, we find our phase curves to be adequately described by a linear model, for slopes of 0.04–0.09 mag/° with average uncertainty less than 0.02 mag/°. (The one exception, 51378 (2001 AT33), has a formally negative slope of −0.02 ± 0.01 mag/°.) These slopes are too steep for the opposition surge mechanism to be shadow-hiding (SH), so we conclude that the dominant surge mechanism must be coherent backscattering (CB). In a detailed comparison of surface properties (including surge slope, B – R color, and albedo), we find that the Trojans have surface properties similar to the P and C class asteroids prominent in the outer main belt, yet they have significantly different surge properties (at a confidence level of 99.90%). This provides an imperfect argument against the traditional idea that the Trojans were formed around Jupiter’s orbit. We also find no overlap in Trojan properties with either the main belt asteroids or with the small icy bodies in the outer Solar System. Importantly, we find that the Trojans are indistinguishable from other small bodies in the outer Solar System that have lost their surface ices (such as the gray Centaurs, gray Scattered Disk Objects, and dead comets). Thus, we find strong support for the idea that the Trojans originally formed as icy bodies in the outer Solar System, were captured into their current orbits during the migration of the gas giant planets, and subsequently lost all their surface ices.
Levels of sensorimotor representation

Abstract Problems of planning coordinated sensorimotor actions are examined within a cohesive framework based on seven levels of movement representation (conceptual, environmental spatial, effector, body spatial, joint motion, joint torque, and muscle) and the relationships existing among these levels. Emphasis is placed on discussions of the spatial motion, joint motion, and joint torque levels in the context of mathematical treatments of the degrees of freedom problem in motor control and the incorporation of environmentally supplied forces into movement planning procedures. Implications of this approach for understanding the nature of skilled actions are discussed, and applications of the mathematical treatments for simulation and experimental studies of coordinated movement are suggested.
A Screen for X-Linked Mutations Affecting Drosophila Photoreceptor Differentiation Identifies Casein Kinase 1α as an Essential Negative Regulator of Wingless Signaling

The Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways are essential for normal development and are misregulated in cancer. The casein kinase family of serine/threonine kinases regulates both pathways at multiple levels. However, it has been difficult to determine whether individual members of this family have distinct functions in vivo, due to their overlapping substrate specificities. In Drosophila melanogaster, photoreceptor differentiation is induced by Hedgehog and inhibited by Wingless, providing a sensitive system in which to identify regulators of each pathway. We used a mosaic genetic screen in the Drosophila eye to identify mutations in genes on the X chromosome required for signal transduction. We recovered mutations affecting the transcriptional regulator CREB binding protein, the small GTPase dynamin, the cytoskeletal regulator Actin-related protein 2, and the protein kinase Casein kinase 1α. Consistent with its reported function in the β-Catenin degradation complex, Casein Kinase 1α mutant cells accumulate β-Catenin and ectopically induce Wingless target genes. In contrast to previous studies based on RNA interference, we could not detect any effect of the same Casein Kinase 1α mutation on Hedgehog signaling. We thus propose that Casein kinase 1α is essential to allow β-Catenin degradation and prevent inappropriate Wingless signaling, but its effects on the Hedgehog pathway are redundant with other Casein kinase 1 family members.
Improving efficiencies of locus-specific DNA methylation assessment for bovine in vitro produced embryos.

Characterization of DNA methylation is one assessment of chromatin remodeling in early embryos. Unfortunately, evaluation at specific loci is hindered by their small cell numbers. Our objective was to determine if bisulfite sequencing could be optimized for preimplantation embryos, comparing conversion times, primer design, and DNA amplification methods. Methylation at three loci, SATI, OCT4, and IGF2, was investigated in bovine in vitro produced (IVP) embryos, somatic cells, and no template controls. Bisulfite treatment for 15–16 h gave higher quality DNA than treatment for 18 h. Three step primer design improved bisulfite primer specificity, yielding more PCR product than primers previously reported. Following optimization, methylation data were obtained from as few as 4 cell equivalents. Finally, DNA amplification efficiencies were evaluated using miniprep, TempliPhi, or 96-well glycerol stocks with automated TempliPhi. While TempliPhi was better than standard minipreps, the 96-well format proved most ...
VERTICAL MIXING, ENERGY, AND THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE OCEANS

▪ AbstractThe coexistence in the deep ocean of a finite, stable stratification, a strong meridional overturning circulation, and mesoscale eddies raises complex questions concerning the circulation energetics. In particular, small-scale mixing processes are necessary to resupply the potential energy removed in the interior by the overturning and eddy-generating process. A number of lines of evidence, none complete, suggest that the oceanic general circulation, far from being a heat engine, is almost wholly governed by the forcing of the wind field and secondarily by deep water tides. In detail however, the budget of mechanical energy input into the ocean is poorly constrained. The now inescapable conclusion that over most of the ocean significant “vertical” mixing is confined to topographically complex boundary areas implies a potentially radically different interior circulation than is possible with uniform mixing. Whether ocean circulation models, either simple box or full numerical ones, neither explic...
Absorption Spectra of Trapped Electrons in Nonpolar Glasses: Oscillator Strengths and Threshold Behaviors†

Trapped electrons were generated by photoionization of TMPD (N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylparaphenylenediamine) and the absorption spectra measured in 2-methylpentane (2MP), 3-methylpentane (3MP), cis-decalin (CD), methylcyclohexane (MCH), and deuterated methylcyclohexane(dMCH) glasses at 77 K. The low energy absorption fits the Wigner 3/2 power law for threshold photodetachment, consistent with a ground S state with binding energy of 0.48 ± 0.02 eV and a final continuum P state. For all solvents studied, the maximum absorption cross-section is located at ca. 0.7 eV with an extinction coefficient of 2.7 × 104 M-1 cm-1 (determined by comparison to TMPD cation). From the spectral distribution of the absorption (from 0.5 to 3.3 eV), experimental oscillator strengths were determined to be 0.65(2MP), 0.63(3MP), and 0.76(CD). Various local field corrections to these experimental oscillator strengths are discussed.
Agriculture in al-Hamdānī's Yemen: A Survey from Early Islamic Geographical Texts

The area of Yemen has been one of the most productive agricultural regions in the Arab World since the beginning of Islam. This article surveys the available knowledge from Arabic geographical and historical texts on the state of agriculture in Yemen during the early Islamic period up through the 10th century CE. The primary focus is on the work of Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī, including translation of a section on Yemeni agriculture from his Sifat jazīrat al-Arab. In addition to discussion of rain periods, water resources and agricultural methods, information on the known cultivated crops is provided. Depuis le commencement de l'ere islamique le Yemen constitue la region agricole la plus fertile du monde arabe. Cette contribution etudie l'agriculture au Yemen jusqu'au Xe siecle EC en exploitant les textes geographes et historiques arabes disponibles, tout d'abord les ecrits de Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī, y inclut la traduction de la section qui traite de l'agriculture yemenite de son Sifat jazīrat al-Arab.Des considerations sur les pluies saisonnieres, les ressources d'eau douce, et la methode de culture, l'etude nous revele en outre des details sur la nature des produits agricoles connus.
The Rheumatoid Factor Cross-Reactive Idiotype in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Role of the CD5-Positive B Cell

Abstract The major rheumatoid factor cross-reactive idiotype (RCRI), which was defined by prototypic monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia patient Wa, is present on 60% of all monoclonal IgM RF paraproteins. The RCRI is expressed in high frequency by pokeweed mitogen-derived plasma cells (PWM-PCs) and in high concentration in the sera from adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who express RF in their sera. Unlike adults with RA, most children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) are seronegative for RF as detected by classic IgG binding assays. In the experiments summarized herein, we demonstrated that approximately 2 3 of JRA patients who are seronegative for RF, express the RCRI in high concentration in their sera and in high frequency among their PWM-PCs. Expression of this idiotype could not be attributed to expression of hidden IgM RF, or IgA RF, and may be expressed on a parallel set of immunoglobulin molecules, related to RFs, but lacking the ability to bind to IgG. There is an increased number of circulating CD5+ B cells in patients with JRA but there was no significant relationship between CD5+ B cell numbers and serum RCRI concentration, suggesting that in this disease, RCRI bearing immunoglobulins may also be produced by non-CD5+ B cells or by a small subset of CD5+ B cells.
Fourier transform properties of acousto-optic lens☆

Abstract A rf pulse of 4 μs swept linearly over 10 MHz, about a center frequency of 100 MHz, has been compressed to 110 ns. Fourier and Mellin transforms property of the surface acousto-optic lens has been discussed.
Baclofen is antinociceptive in the spinal intrathecal space of animals.

Abstract Baclofen was administered via a chronic intrathecal catheter in the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space of awake rats. L-Baclofen was found to produce a dose-dependent, stereospecific, antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot plate which was not antagonized by naloxone. The effect was seen with a dose of 0.01 μg, and 0.1 μg with no apparent motor abnormalities. At 1 μg, approximately 30% of the animals tested had detectable motor impairment but all animals showed a significant degree of antinociception. In rats, at doses of 10 μg and higher, significant motor effects (flaccidity) prevented testing for analgesia. D-Baclofen was more than two orders less potent as an analgetic, but only one order less potent in ints motor effects. Similarly, in cats prepared with chronic spinal intrathecal catheters, L-Baclofen in doses of 4 and 20 μg produced a significant increase in the time required to show escape and agitation responses to a locally applied thermal probe. This effect was, as in the rat, independent of any debilition in voluntary motor function. Baclofen has therefore been clearly shown to exert an antinociceptive effect at the spinal level, in addition to its previously suggested supraspinal action. This may be compared with a similar dual site of action of morphine.
Aversion by fiat: The problem of “Face validity” in behavior therapy

A brief survey of punishment theory is presented, and the inadequacy of many aversion therapy experiments is outlined. The experimental demonstration of the alleged aversiveness of proposed stimuli is seen as basic to making correct judgments regarding the usefulness of aversion therapy. This has not generally been done and most experimenters have simply defined aversion by fiat. Typical studies from the area of modification of smoking behavior are considered and suggestions are made for implementation of appropriate control groups.
Transrectal ultrasound and prostate cancer risks. The “tailored” prostate biopsy

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) evaluation of the prostate gland should be reserved for men with a suspected result of digital rectal examination (DRE) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, we questioned the recent emphasis of linking suspected screening parameters with automatic biopsy of all patients without regard for TRUS diagnostic criteria. Beyond hypoechoic patterns of intraglandular tumor spread, TRUS assists in cancer risk evaluation through gland volume adjustments of moderate elevations in PSA. Gland volume has minimal longitudinal measurement variation (less than 5 cc) for men with prostate volume less than 50 cc, thereby producing less relative variability over time than PSA. The optimal decision level for PSA density (ng/ml/cc) is 0.12 ng/ml/cc and is a stronger risk parameter than the subjective results of DRE or TRUS. Therefore, a biopsy approach tailored to patients with positive predictive values greater than 10% was developed, and it included patients with PSA density greater than 0.12 ng/ml/cc or concurrently suspicious DRE and TRUS. Significant reductions in low-risk biopsy (that is, a positive predictive value less than 10%) thus can be achieved, even beyond those attainable using age-related criteria and with comparable sensitivity. The rationale for performing a modified sextant biopsy technique in the axial projection and possibilities for directed staging biopsies are presented. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1805-13.
The Diffraction of Sound Waves by Penetrable Disks

The exact solution of the diffraction of plane sound waves by an acoustically penetrable oblate spheroid is obtained. Results are given in terms of spheroidal functions. It is found that each expansion coefficient of the scattered or transmitted wave is coupled to all coefficients of the series expansion for the incident wave except when the spheroid degenerates to a sphere. Decoupling of the coefficients for certain special cases are discussed.
Applications oriented algorithms

Numerical analysis has become an integral part of practical engineering problem analysis. Thus current structural analysis techniques essentially consist of two distinct numerical procedures. Firstly the continuum is discretized by the finite element method, a variant of the well-known Ritz's process, yielding sets of simultaneous algebraic equations for equilibrium and eigenvalue problems or sets of simultaneous ordinary differential equations for the propagation problems. Second such equations are next solved by relevant numerical techniques.
A major in information systems

An information systems major is presented as a second offering by a computer science department. The rationale for the degree program is based upon the demands of industry for graduates skilled in database and information systems. Courses in COBOL, business data processing, database management, and systems analysis are included in the information systems curriculum to prepare the student for employment in the business systems area. The contents of the courses in the information systems core curriculum at Kansas State University are presented as an example of an implemented degree program. In addition, the information systems curriculum is analyzed in terms of its differences with the Curriculum 78 computer science curriculum and of the resources required for its implementation.
Introduction to the special issue on the world food crisis

This issue of Agricultural Economics contains articles on the causes and effects of rising food prices. All papers were subject to full, double-blind peer review on an accelerated basis, in an effort to publish the best new research as quickly as possible. We received more than 60 submissions; referees were given three weeks to respond, and authors of candidate papers had an additional week to revise their work before final acceptance. Articles published use descriptive, econometric, and simulation methods for both global overviews and case studies.
Parting Words: Trauma, Silence and Survival

Abstract This article examines an enigma at the heart of Freud's work on trauma: the surprising emergence, from within the theory of the death drive, of the drive to life, a form of survival that both witnesses and turns away from the trauma in which it originates. I analyse in particular the striking juxtaposition, in Freud's founding work Beyond the Pleasure Principle, of his two primary examples of trauma: the repetitive nightmares of battle suffered by the soldiers of World War I, and the game of the child, faced with the loss of its mother, who plays fort and da (there and here) with his spool. My own understanding of Freud's insight did not emerge, however, simply through a reading of his text but began, in fact, in my encounter with a real child in Atlanta, a child whose best friend was murdered in the street and who is interviewed by the friend's mother. I thus read together the language of the nightmare and the language of the child in Freud's text, and then attempt to understand how Freud's text...
A comparative analysis of monoaminergic involvement in the spinal antinociceptive action of DAMPGO and DPDPE.

The antinociceptive properties of intrathecally (i.t.) administered [D-Ala2, N-methyl-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMPGO) and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), selective opioid agonists for mu (mu) and delta (delta) sites, respectively, were compared in rats. DAMPGO and DPDPE elevated tail-flick latency (TFL) in a dose-dependent manner, and the spinal antinociceptive actions of both drugs were reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone. These findings suggest that both DAMPGO and DPDPE interact with spinal opiate receptors to elevate TFL. Another set of experiments was done to determine the involvement of local spinal serotonin (5-HT) or norepinephrine (NE) in DAMPGO and DPDPE-induced spinal analgesia. Both the alpha 1 noradrenergic receptor antagonist WB-4101 and the alpha 2 blocker yohimbine failed to alter the antinociceptive actions of DAMPGO and DPDPE. Similarly, the 5-HT receptor antagonists pindolol, ritanserin and ICS 205-930 (selective for 5-HT1, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 sites, respectively) failed to inhibit opioid-induced spinal analgesia. Thus, while DAMPGO and DPDPE produce antinociception via an interaction with spinal opioid receptors, apparently neither drug activates endogenous monoaminergic systems.
Safety Related Physical Phenomena for Coupled High-Temperature Reactors and Hydrogen Production Facilities

High-temperature reactors are a potential low-carbon source of high-temperature heat for chemical plants—including hydrogen production plants and refineries. Unlike electricity, high temperature heat can only be transported limited distances; thus, the reactor and chemical plants will be close to each other. A critical issue is to understand potential safety challenges to the reactor from the associated chemical plant events to assure nuclear plant safety. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) recently sponsored a Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table (PIRT) exercise to identify potential safety-related physical phenomena for high-temperature reactors coupled to a hydrogen production or similar chemical plant. The ranking process determines what types of chemical plant transients and accidents could present the greatest risks to the nuclear plant and thus the priorities for safety assessments. The assessment yielded four major observations. Because the safety philosophy for most chemical plants (dilution) is different than the safety philosophy for nuclear power plants (containment), this difference must be recognized and understood when considering safety challenges to a nuclear reactor from coupled chemical plants or refineries. Accidental releases of hydrogen from a hydrogen production facility are unlikely to be a major hazard for the nuclear plant assuming some minimum separation distances. Many chemical plants under accident conditions can produce heavy ground-hugging gases such as oxygen, corrosive gases, and toxic gases that can have major off-site consequences because of the ease of transport from the chemical plant to off-site locations. Oxygen presents a special concern because most proposed nuclear hydrogen processes convert water into hydrogen and oxygen; thus, oxygen is the primary byproduct. These types of potential accidents must be carefully accessed. Last, the potential consequences of the failure of the intermediate heat transport loop that moves heat from the reactor to the chemical plant must be carefully assessed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Removal of the fertilization membrane of sea urchin embryos employing aminotriazole.

Abstract A simple method is presented for removal of the fertilization membrane of sea urchin embryos. The procedure is based on the requirement for peroxidative activity in the membrane hardening process. The presence of a peroxidase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, at insemination effectively prevents hardening of the fertilization membrane and allows for its mechanical or enzymatic removal prior to hatching. Embryos suffer no physical damage from this procedure and do not clump when cultured in normal sea water. Embryonic development is unaffected by the inhibitor.
Polarization effects on the reversible and covalent DNA binding of bay- and K-region metabolites of benzo [a] pyrene and benz [a] anthracene

Ab initio SCF calculations with a 4–31G basis set have been employed to obtain polarization energies for the interaction of a positive point charge of 0.6 eu at various positions on planes 2.0 A above the aromatic rings of epoxide containing metabolites of benzo [a] pyrene (BP) and benz [a] anthracene (BA) that exhibit varying carcinogenic activities. The metabolites examined are the bay-region diolepoxides, (±)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BPDE) and (±)-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-anti-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-BA (BADE), and the K-region epoxides, BP-4,5-oxide (BPO) and BA-5,6-oxide (BAO). The average values of the polarization energies that are calculated when the charge is located above each of the aromatic carbon atoms of the π systems are 20.91, 20.55, 19.42, and 18.17 kcal/mol for BADE, BPDE, BPO, and BAO, respectively. These results are consistent with the finding that, for a given parent hydrocarbon, association constants for reversible binding to DNA are larger for bay-region metabolites than for K-region metabolites. The relationship between average polarization energies of bay- vs. K-region metabolites and DNA association constants is consistent with the conclusion that van der Waals forces strongly influence the reversible binding of these metabolites to DNA. For BPDE and BPO, polarization energy contour maps have been constructed by carrying out additional calculations that yielded polarization energies at a total of 484 grid points on planes 2.0 A above the aromatic rings of the metabolites. A comparison of the maps for BPDE and BPO demonstrates that, in the region near the benzylic C atom at the BPDE reaction center, contours of equal polarization energy are 1.0 to 2.0 kcal/mol greater than are contours at corresponding positions near benzylic C atoms at the BPO reaction center. The larger polarization energy contours at the BPDE reaction center, compared to the BPO reaction center, are consistent with the greater chemical reactivity of BPDE compared to BPO. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developing a Crystal Clear Future for the Serials Unit in an Electronic Environment: Results of a Workflow Analysis

Institutional growth at Old Dominion University and changes within its libraries over the past several years have left the Serials Unit feeling anything but crystal clear. In moving from a print to an electronic focus, the Serials Unit conducted a workflow analysis project. The analysis resulted in a report containing recommendations for reallocating responsibilities and documenting changes in staff skills and positions. This article, which grew out of a presentation at the 15th North Carolina Serials Conference “Crystal Clear? Today's Libraries, Tomorrow's Library Users,” describes the workflow analysis process and expands on how its recommendations have benefited the Serials Unit.
Evaluation of a single leg stance balance test in children

Balance is a major determinate of gait. In high functioning individuals without significant vestibular or vision impairments, a ceiling effect may be present when using a double limb support protocol to assess balance function. For these populations, a single leg stance protocol may be more suitable. 47 typically developing (TD) subjects and 10 patients with CEV performed a single leg stance test on a force plate. The center of pressure (COP) was determined and several COP derived variables were calculated. Included measurements were: standard deviation, maximum excursion, area, average radial displacement, path velocity and frequency of the COP. Directional components of suitable variables were used to analyze anterior/posterior and medial/lateral contributions. Correlations with age of TD subjects indicated that all balance variables except frequency were significantly correlated. Most parameters were highly inter-correlated. Age adjusted COP balance variables also correlated to the Bruininks-Oseretsky balance subtest. Highest correlations were determined by the maximum excursion and velocity of the COP in the anterior/posterior direction. Statistical comparisons between the CEV group and a 4-6 TD group indicated significant differences between groups for most COP balance parameters. These results indicated that a single limb balance assessment may be a useful assessment for determining balance impairments in higher functioning children with orthopedic impairments.
Preheating in an Expanding Universe: Analytic Results for the Massless Case

Analytic results are presented for preheating in both flat and open models of chaotic inflation, for the case of massless inflaton decay into further inflaton quanta. It is demonstrated that preheating in both these cases closely resembles that in Minkowski spacetime. Furthermore, quantitative differences between preheating in spatially-flat and open models of inflation remain of order $10^{-2}$ for the chaotic inflation initial conditions considered here.
Physical Geology of High‐Level Magmatic Systems

The title of this volume almost says it all. This book is a compilation of fifteen papers on upper crustal intrusions that were presented in a workshop on laccoliths and sills (types of magma bodies) in Freiburg, Germany, in October 2002. The papers can be divided into two categories: 10 detailed descriptions of shallow-level magmatic systems, mostly from eastern and southern Europe, and five shorter papers on modeling and seismic studies of sills, laccoliths, and dikes.
Perceptual Organization and Recognition of Indoor Scenes from RGB-D Images

We address the problems of contour detection, bottom-up grouping and semantic segmentation using RGB-D data. We focus on the challenging setting of cluttered indoor scenes, and evaluate our approach on the recently introduced NYU-Depth V2 (NYUD2) dataset [27]. We propose algorithms for object boundary detection and hierarchical segmentation that generalize the gPb-ucm approach of [2] by making effective use of depth information. We show that our system can label each contour with its type (depth, normal or albedo). We also propose a generic method for long-range amodal completion of surfaces and show its effectiveness in grouping. We then turn to the problem of semantic segmentation and propose a simple approach that classifies super pixels into the 40 dominant object categories in NYUD2. We use both generic and class-specific features to encode the appearance and geometry of objects. We also show how our approach can be used for scene classification, and how this contextual information in turn improves object recognition. In all of these tasks, we report significant improvements over the state-of-the-art.
Regulation of B‐type cyclin proteolysis by Cdc28–associated kinases in budding yeast

In budding yeast, stability of the mitotic B-type cyclin Clb2 is tightly cell cycle-regulated. B-type cyclin proteolysis is initiated during anaphase and persists throughout the G1 phase. Cln-Cdc28 kinase activity at START is required to repress B-type cyclin-specific proteolysis. Here, we show that Clb-dependent kinases, when expressed during G1, are also capable of repressing the B-type cyclin proteolysis machinery. Furthermore, we find that inactivation of Cln- and Clb-Cdc28 kinases is sufficient to trigger Clb2 proteolysis and sister-chromatid separation in G2/M phase-arrested cells, where the B-type cyclin-specific proteolysis machinery is normally inactive. Our results suggest that Cln- and Clb-dependent kinases are both capable of repressing B-type cyclin-specific proteolysis and that they are required to maintain the proteolysis machinery in an inactive state in S and G2/M phase-arrested cells. We propose that in yeast, as cells pass through START, Cln-Cdc28-dependent kinases inactivate B-type cyclin proteolysis. As Cln-Cdc28-dependent kinases decline during G2, Clb-Cdc28-dependent kinases take over this role, ensuring that B-type cyclin proteolysis is not activated during S phase and early mitosis.
An unusual group 2 LEA gene family in citrus responsive to low temperature

Six cDNAs representing unique cold-induced sequences have been cloned from the hardy citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata. Among these, pBCORc115 and pBCORc119 were found to belong to the same gene family. Sequencing data indicated that pBCORc115 and pBCORc119 each contained an open reading frame, coding for a 19.8 kDa protein (COR19) and a smaller 11.4 kDa protein (COR11) respectively. Inspection of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed three large repeats in COR19, but only one was present in the COR11. Two elements: a Q-clustered tract and a K-rich motif were identified in each repeat. The K-rich motifs were similar to those of cotton D-11 and Group 2 LEA proteins. A Serine-cluster, a common feature in many Group 2 LEA-like proteins, was also found in these proteins, but it was in an unusual position at the carboxy-terminus. A bipartite motif of basic residues, similar to known nuclear targeting sequences, was also present in COR19 and COR11, suggesting that members of this protein family may have a nuclear targeting function. The expression of COR19 mRNA in response to cold acclimation, drought, flooding, and salinization was examined. COR19 expression in leaf tissue was induced in response to cold acclimation, but repressed during drought and flooding stress.
Coping with disability. Nurse administrators' obligations under the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Many nurses who have disabilities view the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 as a piece of legislation that will have significant implications for nurse administrators and managers at all levels. This legislation becomes fully operational in July 1992, and little has been written in nursing literature about its implications. As a nurse administrator, are you ready to "cope with disability?"
Quality Is in the Eye of the Beholder

Quality has many defhtions. Perhaps the most pervasive view of quality is "performance to specifications." In this vein, McDonald's is a quality o ration. Another defition is of quality is K "superior value added." us, a five star restaurant would be considered high quality even though its operation would not be close to the same consistency as the average McDonald's franchise. Similarly, other defmitions of quality have contradictory anecdotes. This paper examines the many definitions and dimensions of perceived quality and attempt to reconciliate the views that employees, managers, and customers hold. We postulate that quality differs according to role and to ransaction type and therefore offer that it is indeed in the eye of the beholder. Some hypotheses are provided for further research and recommendations on how an enterprise can better satisfy its customers' appetite for quality.
In vivo analysis of heat-shock-protein-70 induction following pulsed laser irradiation in a transgenic reporter mouse.

Induction of heat shock protein Hsp expres- sion appears to correlate with a cytoprotective effect in cultured cells and with improved healing of damaged tis- sues in animal models and in humans. This family of pro- teins can also serve as indicators of thermal stress in cases of burn injury or surgical procedures that produce heat. Thus, a rapid in vivo readout for induction of Hsp tran- scription would facilitate studies of Hsp genes and their encoded proteins as mediators of therapeutic effects and as reporters of thermal damage to tissues. We created a transgenic reporter mouse where expression of luciferase is controlled by the regulatory region of the inducible 70 kDa Hsp, and assessed activation of Hsp70 transcrip- tion in live animals in response to rapid, high temperature stresses using in vivo bioluminescence imaging BLI. This model can be used to noninvasively reveal levels of Hsp70 transcription in living tissues, and has utility in studies of the predictive and protective effects of Hsp70 expression, and of various stress responses in tissues. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.2904665
A Disturbance Rejection Approach to Actuator and Sensor Placement

In this note, the use of Hankel singular value (HSV) formula as an actuator placement metric is extended to flexible structures in discrete time. A main novelty introduced is that the ambiguity in the weighting of the principal modes is addressed by incorporating the general disturbance rejection goal into the actuator and sensor placement formulation. Optimal actuator and sensor placement is considered for the purpose of designing control laws for the general disturbance rejection problem. This apparent restriction to disturbance rejection problem is not too restrictive since it is well known from modern multivariable control theory that stability and even robustness requirements can be transformed to this form with appropriate weighting. Simulation results demonstrates that the improvement in closed loop performance is independent of the type of controller used since open loop properties have been improved.
Computational Challenges for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: Framework and Current Research

It is arguable that the imaging and delivery hardware necessary for delivering real-time adaptive image-guided radiotherapy is available on high-end linear accelerators. Robust and computationally efficient software is the limiting factor in achieving highly accurate and precise radiotherapy to the constantly changing anatomy of a cancer patient. The limitations are not caused by the availability of algorithms but rather issues of reliability, integration, and calculation time. However, each of the software components is an active area of research and development at academic and commercial centers. This article describes the software solutions in 4 broad areas: deformable image registration, adaptive replanning, real-time image guidance, and dose calculation and accumulation. Given the pace of technological advancement, the integration of these software solutions to develop real-time adaptive image-guided radiotherapy and the associated challenges they bring will be implemented to varying degrees by all major manufacturers over the coming years.
Measurement of Absorption and Scattering With an Integrating Sphere Detector: Application to Microalgae

A spectrometer with an integrating sphere (IS) detector was used to measure the absorbance due to scattering and absorption. Analysis of the measurement process showed that two measurements of the absorbance, one with the cuvette placed in the normal spectrometer position, and the second with the cuvette placed next to the entrance aperture of the IS detector, provide enough information to separate the contributions from scattering and molecular absorption. Measurements were carried out with mixtures of microsphere and chromophore solutions. Two cases were examined: microspheres suspended in an aqueous fluorescein solution, and microspheres suspended in an aqueous holmium oxide solution. In both cases, the proposed measurement model gave results which were in good agreement with the expected response. Measurements on microalgae suspensions yielded a molecular absorption contribution and a scattering contribution. The scattering contribution had significant spectral structure which was inversely related to the molecular absorption contribution. The absorption and scattering contributions may provide independent information on the status of chlorophyll molecules and the structure of chloroplasts in microalgae.
MUTUAL HELP ORGANIZATIONS FOR RURAL OLDER WOMEN

The effects of older age, women's roles, and some aspects of rural life, singly or in combination, can jeopardize rural older women's well‐being. The disproportionate risks to well‐being experienced by rural older women are the motivation for and the focus of the development of a mutual help model. A mutual help organization cannot be a solution to all problems, but it can be conceived of as one element within the care continuum of rural older women. The purposes of this paper are: (1) to describe some of the problems and needs of rural older women, (2) to propose mutual help organizations as one way of meeting their needs, (3) to suggest factors and techniques for the development and evaluation of a mutual help model for rural older women, and (4) to identify the educational implications of this approach for working with the rural elderly.
Degradation of the acetylcholine receptor in cultured muscle cells: Selective inhibitors and the fate of undegraded receptors

Abstract To learn more about the pathway for degradation of an intrinsic membrane protein, we studied in cultured chick myotubes the effects of certain protease inhibitors and chloroquine (an inhibitor of lysosomal function) on degradation of the acetylcholine receptor measured with the specific ligand 125 I-α-bungarotoxin. Leupeptin, chymostatin, anti-pain and chloroquine decreased by 2–10 fold the rate of degradation of the acetylcholine receptor- 125 I-α-bungarotoxin complex to 125 I-tyrosine (p 125 I-α-bungarotoxin and then incubated with leupeptin or chloroquine contained more radioactive protein than control cells. This material co-electrophoresed with bungarotoxin on sodium dodecylsulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gels. Thus myotubes exposed to these inhibitors seemed to accumulate undegraded bungarotoxin. They did not, however, contain more acetylcholine receptors on their surface. Instead, the inhibitor-treated cells accumulate toxin and receptors at some internal site. Thus treatment with such inhibitors does not appear to be a useful approach to the therapy of myasthenia gravis. The additional 125 I-toxin found in cells incubated with leupeptin or chloroquine was less accessible to exogenous protease than the toxin bound to control cells and was more resistant to extraction by Triton X-100. Since internalization of the receptor continued in the presence of these inhibitors, this process must not be coupled tightly to subsequent proteolysis. Measurement of receptors within cells not exposed to 125 I-α-bungarotoxin showed that incubation of myotubes with leupeptin or chloroquine for 48 hr increased the number of internal bungarotoxin-binding sites 2–11 fold (p
Lightweight shared objects in a 64-bit operating system

Object-oriented models are a popular basis for supporting uniform sharing of data and services in operating systems, distributed programming systems, and database systems. We term systems that use objects for these purposes object sharing systems. Operating systems in common use have nonuniform addressing models, making the uniform object naming required by object sharing systems expensive and difficult to implement. We argue that emerging 64-bit architectures make it practical to support uniform naming at the virtual addressing level, eliminating a key implementation problem for object sharing systems. We describe facilities for object-based sharing of persistent data and services in Opal, an operating system we are developing for paged 64-bit architectures. The distinctive feature of Opal is that object sharing is supported in a runtime library, a,bove a single virtual address space that maps all primary and secondary storage in a local area network. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. CCR-8619663 and CCR8907666; by the Washington Technology Center; and by Digital Equipment Corporation through the Systems Research Center, DECwest Engineering, the External Research Program, and the Graduate Engineering Education Program. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notico is Siven that copving is bv permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise. or to republish, requires B fee and/or specific permission. o 1992 ACM 0-89791.539.9/92/0010/0397...$1.50
Effects of Interdisciplinary Training on MCH Professionals, Organizations and Systems

We studied the effects of the Interdisciplinary Leadership Development Program (ILDP) on MCH trainees from five MCHB-funded training programs at the UNC- Chapel Hill from the years 2001-2008. Specifically, we examined attitudes/beliefs about interdisciplinary practice and the frequency of use of interdisciplinary skills; identified effects of interdisciplinary training on career choices; and, examined the ways in which graduates used their interdis- ciplinary skills to effect change in MCH organizations and systems, up to 8 years after completion of training. Using a post-test design, participants in the ILDP were contacted to complete a web-based survey. Non-participating LEND and public health graduates were recruited for comparison. Guided by EvaluLEAD, we designed questions that asked graduates to rate the influence of their programs on their attitudes/beliefs and skills (on 5-point Likert scales), and to describe those influences in some detail in open-ended questions. The 208 respondents represented 59.6 % of the graduates from 2001 through 2008. Model-predicted mean levels of frequency of use of interdisciplinary skilIs was associated with ILDP participation (p = 0.008) and nearly so for interdisciplinary attitudes/beliefs (p = 0.067). There is an association between four domains of systems changes and frequency of skill use: develop/improve a program (3.24 vs. 2.74, p \ 0.0001); improve the way an organization works (3.31 vs. 2.88, p \ 0.0001); develop/improve a part- nership (3.22 vs. 2.83, p \ 0.0003); and, develop a policy (3.32 vs. 2.98, p \ 0.0013). Graduates used interdisciplinary training to improve outcomes for families and to effect change in MCH systems. MCH leaders should disseminate, more broadly, rigorous assessments of the training intended to develop leadership competencies that underpin effective interdisciplinary practice.