cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expressed sequence tags from normalized cDNA libraries prepared from gill and hypodermal tissues of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Abstract Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were produced from two normalized cDNA libraries from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus . The gill library represented pooled RNA from respiratory and transporting gills after acclimation to either high or low salinity. The hypodermis library was from arthrodial and dorsal tissue from both pre- and post-molt crabs. Random clones were single-pass sequenced from the 5′-ends, resulting in 11,761 high quality ESTs averaging 652 bases. All the ESTs were assembled using Paracel Transcript Assembler software, producing 2176 potential transcripts—883 contigs and 1293 singlets. Of these, 1235 (56.7%) were sequenced only from the gill library, while 578 (26.6%) were exclusively hypodermal. There were 363 contigs containing ESTs from both tissues (16.7% of the putative transcripts). All contigs and singlets were compared to the public protein database using BLASTx, and descriptions of the three most similar proteins for each were recorded. Additional annotations included an Interpro analysis of protein domains and a listing of Gene Ontology (GO) categories inferred from similar proteins in GO-annotated databases. All sequences are available on a web page ( http://firedev.bear.uncw.edu:8080/shaferlab/ ). The annotations can be searched, and BLAST alignment of user-inputted sequences against the putative transcripts is possible. In addition, the ESTs have been submitted to GenBank.
Patient-centered outcomes for frequent headaches.

Objective.—To identify clinical outcomes that headache sufferers consider meaningful. Background.—Several standardized instruments have been developed to assess the severity of headaches and the impact of headaches on an individual's quality of life. To our knowledge, however, little research has been conducted to determine which of these many clinical endpoints are considered by headache sufferers themselves to be most important. Methods.—We conducted 4 focus groups with patients with frequent headaches who had recently participated in a randomized clinical trial. Subjects were informed that the purpose of the focus groups was to help healthcare providers learn how to better recognize if their patients' headache conditions improved or worsened over time. Results.—Five salient topics emerged from the discussions: (1) severity of pain associated with headaches; (2) definition of meaningful symptom relief; (3) uncertainty regarding timing and severity of headaches; (4) devaluation of the impact of headaches on sufferers; and (5) assessments of pain. Participants stated unambiguously that headache pain is one of the most important aspects of their headache experience. Each of the 4 groups agreed that an increase in the number of pain-free days would be meaningful. Participants also reported that daily headache diaries are not overly burdensome to complete and that the diaries helped them identify useful trends over time. Conclusions.—Our findings suggest that severity and frequency of headache pain are important clinical outcomes from patients' perspective, and that headache diaries are a feasible and useful method of assessing meaningful clinical change over time. Although standardized questionnaires that assess functional status, disability, or health-related quality of life may help quantify patients' response to treatment for frequent headaches, participants in this study did not consider such questionnaires particularly informative. Further research is needed to validate headache diaries among patients with headache in the primary care setting.
Femtosecond transient absorption study of the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene

Abstract Deep ultraviolet femtosecond transient absorption measurements of the photoisomerization reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene to form cis-1,3,5-hexatriene demonstrate that the rate of the photochemical ring-opening reaction is ⩾ 1 ps −1 . The subsequent kinetics observed in picosecond resonance Raman and transient absorption measurements represents the time scales for vibrational and conformational relaxation of the photoproduct.
Parallel sorting algorithms for tightly coupled multiprocessors

Abstract We present three parallel sorting algorithms suitable for implementation on tightly coupled multiprocessors and compare their performance on the Denelcor HEP. Two of the algorithms implemented—parallel Shellsort and quickmerge—are new. Shellsort is amenable to parallelization; however, since Shellsort has higher complexity than quicksort, parallel Shellsort is inferior to parallel quicksort. A second new parallel algorithm, called quickmerge , is based upon both quicksort and mergesort. Our implementation of quickmerge achieves significantly higher speedup than occur implementation of parallel quicksort.
Erythrina alkaloids. XV. A colorimetric determination of beta-erythroidine

Abstract A colorimetric has been devised for the assay of β‐erythroidine. It involves the development of a purple color which is assayed by means of a photoelectric colorimeter. This assay is of interest in connection with the need for methods to determine 0‐erythroidine and similar substances in body fluids in the investigation of biological problems. Methods for determining the content of chemotherapeutic agents in body fluids are of increasing importance to clinical evaluation of new drugs. This assay is of further interest in regard to the identification and determination of β‐erythroidine in chemical problems.
Dental Lamination: Clinical Problems and Solutions

Although excellent esthetic results are achieved with dental laminates, some problems do occur. Solutions are discussed.
WE-E-AUD A-06: Image and Dose Processing for Image Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy and Outcome Research

Purpose: To develop a general image processing and dose computation procedure that allows for the accumulation of accurate dose distributions for purposes of both outcome research and IG‐ART (image guided adaptive radiation therapy). We applied the procedure to cone‐beam CT head‐neck cancertreatment cases, as well as Tomotherapy MVCT (mega‐voltage CT) GYN and prostate cancertreatment cases. Method and Materials: The image processing procedures include preprocessing, rigid and deformable registration, mesh‐ based structure contour propagation, and image volume composition for dose re‐computation. The dose processing includes dose recomputation on the daily CT or the composed CT volume, deforming and register the daily dose to the planning dose space, dose accumulation, evaluating of the accumulated dose against the planned dose. Accuracy of image registration is very important for the entire procedure because it determines the accuracy of all later subsequent steps. In order to improve the accuracy, we preprocessed the CTimages before the registration step by using various methods, including edge‐preserving smoothing, Gaussian lowpass smoothing, contrast enhancement, window‐level intensity transformation, and bowel gas pocket painting for abdominal regions. We used MI (mutual information) based algorithm for rigid image registration, and applied the Horn‐Schunck optical flow algorithm for deformable image registration. We used a mesh‐based algorithm for structure contour deformation, interpolation and smoothing. Results: By applying these preprocessing procedures we were able to achieve improved image registration results. The computed image deformation fields were then used to propagate the structure contours from the kVCT to the current daily CTimage, which could be used for dose deformation or re‐computation. Conclusion: We have developed a procedure of image processing and dose computation to support the accumulation of ‘true’ dose distributions. These methods could be used in both radiotherapy outcome research and adaptive radiotherapy applications. Partially supported by NIH R01 grant CA85181.
Effect of x-irradiation on purine-metabolizing enzymes of rat liver and spleen.

SummaryWhole-body X-irradiation (600 r) had no effect on the activities of rat liver adenosine deaminase and nucleoside phosphorylase studied at intervals over a 10-day period following exposure. The specific activity of spleen nucleoside phosphorylase increased, although the total organ enzyme activity was reduced as a result of the decrease in spleen size.
Comparison of Two-Dimensional Conformal Local Adiation Boundary Conditions

ABSTRACT Numerical solutions for openndash;region electromagnetic problems based on differential equations require some means of truncating the computational domain. A number of local Radiation Boundary Conditions (RBCs) for general boundary shapes have been proposed during the past decade. Many are generalizations of the Baylissndash;Turkel RBC for circular truncation boundaries. Tbis paper reviews several twondash;dimensional RBCs for general truncation boundaries. The RBCs are evaluated on the basis of their performance on two separate numerical tests: the annihilation of terms in the Hankel series and the comparison of nearndash;field and radar cross sections for finite element solutions to scattering problems. These tests suggest that the simpler RBCs can be very competitive with RBCs based on more sophisticated derivations.
Photoionization studies of atoms and molecules using synchrotron radiation

Abstract Photoionization studies of free atoms and molecules have undergone considerable development in the past decade, in large part due to the use of synchrotron radiation. The tunability of synchrotron radiation has permitted the study of photoionization processes near valence- and core-level ionization thresholds for atoms and molecules throughout the Periodic Table. A general illustration of these types of study will be presented, with emphasis on a few of the more promising new directions in atomic and molecular physics being pursued with synchrotron radiation.
The Evolution of Raindrop Spectra in Warm-Based Convective Storms as Observed and Numerically Modeled

Abstract Airborne optical spectrometer measurements of raindrop spectra were performed in Texas together with 10 and 3 cm radar observations. The observations reveal large drop spectra emanating from cloud base with low concentrations of small drops compared to the Marshall and Palmer (1948) distributions. Systematic patterns of exponential spectrum parameters (N0 and λ) are revealed to constitute a “parametric cycle” in time and space. Drop spectrum form is attributed principally to updraft sorting of smaller drops. Subsequent to updraft sorting, the importance of the collision breakup process with respect to spontaneous breakup appears to be greatly diminished. Recent theoretical studies by Srivastava (1971, 1978) partially support conclusions drawn with respect to the relative importance of spontaneous versus collisional breakup. A one-dimensional, time-dependent numerical model was employed for initial conditions simulating the observations. The resultant spectra emanating from the model were quantita...
Weekend schoolyard accessibility, physical activity, and obesity: the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls (TAAG) study.

Abstract Objectives To assess the accessibility and suitability of schools as recreational sites and to determine whether they are associated with young adolescent girls' weekend metabolic equivalent-weighted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and body mass index (BMI). Methods We drew a half-mile (0.805 km) radius around the residences of participants in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls ( n = 1556) in Maryland, South Carolina, Minnesota, Louisiana, California, and Arizona. We visited all schools and parks within the defined distance and documented their amenities and accessibility on Saturdays in Spring 2003. Staff gathered data on each girls' height and weight and used accelerometers to record weekend metabolic equivalent-weighted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results Schools represented 44% of potential neighborhood sites for physical activity. However, a third of schools were inaccessible on the Saturday we visited. Neighborhoods with locked schools were primarily non-white, older, more densely populated, and of lower socioeconomic status. Though there was no relationship between school accessibility on Saturdays and weekend metabolic equivalent-weighted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, the number of locked schools was associated with significantly higher body mass index. Conclusions The lack of relationship between metabolic equivalent-weighted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and school accessibility may imply that young adolescent girls do not identify schools as recreational resources. However, due to the association between body mass index and locked schools, efforts to stem the obesity epidemic should include making schools more accessible.
Organoboronium-functionalized polystyrenes as a new class of polycations

The facile preparation of organoboronium polymers via spontaneous reaction of bromoborylated polystyrene with 2,2'-bipyridine is reported; these novel polycations represent an interesting alternative to commonly used ammonium-based polycations.
Current and future uses of GDSS technology: report on a recent empirical study

This study looks at the actual ways in which group decision-support systems (GDSSs) are currently being utilized. The framework for the study was derived from G. DeSanctis and R.B. Gallupe's (1987) work, using a survey of 135 randomly selected Data Processing Management Association members as the sample base. Based on preliminary data analysis, it appears that GDSS are slowly being introduced and supported by information-systems departments and that this pattern will be the trend for the immediate future as well. Data analysis will be completed in the near future, but analytical procedures are delineated. These procedures take two primary forms: descriptive statistics based on the study data assess the extent to which organizations are increasing their commitment to GDSS and which current implementations are heaviest in each of the GDSS types. Factor analysis of respondent data is used to assess task-group usage of GDSS. >
Mechanisms of Hypoxia Responses in Renal Tissue

pO2 in the kidney is maintained at relatively stable levels by a unique and complex functional interplay between renal blood flow, GFR, O2 consumption, and arteriovenous O2 shunting. The fragility of this interplay makes the kidney susceptible to hypoxic injury. Cells inthe kidneyutilizevarious molecular pathways that allow them to respond and adapt to changes in renal oxygenation. This review provides an integrative perspective on the roleof molecular hypoxia responses in normal kidney physiology and pathophysiology, and discusses their therapeutic potential for the treatment of renal diseases.
Factorial validity and invariance of four psychosocial constructs of colorectal cancer screening: Does screening experience matter?

Background: Few studies have examined the psychometric properties and invariance of scales measuring constructs relevant to colorectal cancer screening (CRCS). We sought to: 1) evaluate the factorial validity of four core constructs associated with CRCS (benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and optimism); and 2) examine measurement invariance by screening status (currently screened, overdue, never screened). Methods: We used baseline survey data from a longitudinal behavioral intervention trial to increase CRCS among U.S. veterans. Respondents were classified as currently screened (n=3,498), overdue (n=418), and never screened (n=1,277). The measurement model was developed using a random half of the sample and then validated with the second half of the sample and the full baseline sample (n=5,193). Single- and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine measurement invariance by screening status. Results: The four-factor measurement model demonstrated good fit. Factor loadings, item intercepts, and residual item variance and covariance were invariant when comparing participants never screened and overdue for CRCS, indicating strict measurement invariance. All factor loadings were invariant among the currently screened and overdue groups. Only the benefits scale was invariant across current screeners and never screeners. Noninvariant items were primarily from the barriers scale. Conclusion: Our findings provide additional support for the construct validity of scales of CRCS benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and optimism. A greater understanding of the differences between current and never screeners may improve measurement invariance. Impact: Measures of benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and optimism may be used to specify intervention targets and effectively assess change pre- and post-intervention across screening groups.
Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Comprehensive Review

Promoting successful cognitive aging is a topic of major importance to individuals and the field of public health. This review presents a coherent framework not only for evaluating factors, protective activities, and enhancing agents that have already been proposed, but also ones that will be put forward in the future. The promotion of successful cognitive aging involves the dual goals of preventing loss of information processing capacity and cognitive reserve, and enhancing brain capacity and cognitive reserve. Four major lines of evidence are available for evaluating whether a proposed factor promotes successful cognitive aging: 1) epidemiologic/cohort studies; 2) animal/basic science studies; 3) human "proof-of-concept" studies; and 4) human intervention studies. Each line of evidence has advantages and limitations that will be discussed. Through illustrative examples, we trace the ways in which each method informs us about the potential value of several proposed factors. Currently, lines of converging evidence allow the strongest case to be made for physical and cognitively stimulating activities. Although epidemiological data seem to favor the use of statins to lower the risk of dementia, more definitive recommendations await further randomized controlled studies. There is presently no clear evidence that antioxidants or Ginkgo biloba promote successful cognitive aging. The impact of resveratrol, fish oil, and a long list of other proposed agents needs to be determined. Clinicians remain well-positioned to identify and aggressively treat vascular risk factors, diabetes, sleep disorders, and other conditions that may reduce brain capacity, and to encourage activities that can build cognitive reserve.
Experiential Professional Development A Model for Meaningful and Long-Lasting Change in Classrooms

An experiential approach to professional development (EPD) allowed Spanish teachers opportunities to improve their practice through demonstration, observation, collaboration, fieldwork, and reflect...
Developing Local Board of Health Guidelines to Promote Healthy Food Access — King County, Washington, 2010-2012

Policies that change environments are important tools for preventing chronic diseases, including obesity. Boards of health often have authority to adopt such policies, but few do so. This study assesses 1) how one local board of health developed a policy approach for healthy food access through vending machine guidelines (rather than regulations) and 2) the impact of the approach. Using a case study design guided by “three streams” policy theory and RE-AIM, we analyzed data from a focus group, interviews, and policy documents. The guidelines effectively supported institutional policy development in several settings. Recognition of the problem of chronic disease and the policy solution of vending machine guidelines created an opening for the board to influence nutrition environments. Institutions identified a need for support in adopting vending machine policies. Communities could benefit from the study board’s approach to using nonregulatory evidence-based guidelines as a policy tool.
Adherence to Oral and Topical Medications in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus is not Well Characterized

Introduction Treatment adherence plays a large role in chronic dermatologic diseases and may play an important role in the outcomes of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). We sought to gauge what is currently known about adherence to topical and oral medications in patients with CLE.
Where in the beef-cattle supply chain might DNA tests generate value?

DNA information has the potential to generate value for each sector of the beef-cattle industry. The value distribution among sectors (breeding, commercial, feedlot, processing) will differ depending on marketing. The more descendants an animal produces, the more valuable each unit of genetic improvement becomes. Therefore, the value of using DNA testing to increase the accuracy of selection and accelerate the rate of genetic gain is highest in the breeding sector, particularly for replacement stud animals. There is a lesser value associated with increasing the accuracy of yearling commercial bulls. The cost to DNA test commercial sires will likely be incurred by breeders before sale, and must be recouped through higher bull sale prices or increased market share. Commercial farmers could also use DNA tests to improve the accuracy of replacement female selection. This assumes the development of DNA tests that perform well for the low-heritability traits that directly affect maternal performance (e.g. days to calving) in commercial cattle populations. DNA tests may provide the sole source of information for traits that are not routinely measured on commercial farms. In that case, DNA test information will provide new selection criteria to allow for genetic improvement in those traits. As DNA test offerings mature to have improved accuracy for traits of great value to the feedlot (e.g. feed conversion, disease resistance) and processing (e.g. meat quality) sectors, the added value derived from DNA-enabled selection for these traits will need to be efficiently transferred up the beef production chain to incentivise continued investment. The widespread adoption of DNA testing to enhance the accuracy of selection will likely require an approach to share the value realised by downstream sectors of the beef-cattle industry with those upstream sectors incurring DNA collection and testing expenses.
The Influence of Motivation to Transfer, Action Planning, and Manager Support on the Transfer Process

This study investigated the influence of three variables (motivation to transfer, action planning as an intervention designed to promote transfer, and perception of manager support) on the transfer of skills taught in three interpersonal skills courses in a major corporation. The research was based on a reconceptualization of transfer as a process rather than an event or “product.” Transfer was assessed in terms of initiation of transfer, frequency of transfer, and overall transfer. Perception of manager support for the utilization of the skills exerted considerably more influence on the transfer process than did motivation. The influence of the action planning intervention was ambiguous. The findings suggest that designers and evaluators must take such influences—especially manager support-into account throughout the design, development, implementation and evaluation phases of training programs.
Mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs: From dopamine D2 receptor antagonism to glutamate NMDA facilitation

Abstract Background: The fundamental pathologic processes associated with schizophrenia remain uncertain. Objective: The goal of this article was to review imaging evidence suggesting that schizophrenia is associated with excessive stimulation of D 2 receptors, as well as imaging experiments supporting the hypothesis that this dysregulation might be secondary to N - methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) dysfunction. Conclusions: Recent imaging data support the association of schizophrenia with a dopamine endophenotype involving excessive subcortical dopamine function. Animal and imaging data are consistent with the idea that this abnormality might be secondary to a synaptic disconnectivity involving the prefrontal cortex, which is well modeled by NMDA antagonist administration. In turn, this dopamine dysregulation might worsen synaptic connectivity and NMDA function. Thus, both glutamate/dopamine and dopamine/glutamate interactions may be relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology and treatment. A deficit in glutamate transmission may lead to the dopamine endophenotype associated with this illness, and dopamine alterations in turn might exacerbate glutamate transmission deficits. The view that NMDA alterations are primary and dopamine alterations are secondary is probably oversimplistic, as both sets of abnormalities reinforce each other. A consequence of this general model is that direct intervention to support NMDA function might be beneficial as an augmentation strategy for the treatment of schizophrenia. Thus, it is proposed that schizophrenia is associated with strongly interconnected abnormalities of glutamate and dopamine transmission: NMDA hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex and its connections might generate a pattern of dysregulation of dopamine systems that, in turn, further weakens NMDA-mediated connectivity and plasticity.
Pathogenic principles in giant cell arteritis.

Abstract In giant cell arteritis, an immune insult in the vascular wall initiates a reaction in the artery that leads to structural changes, intimal hyperplasia, and luminal occlusion. The mechanisms triggering the immune stimulation are unknown; however, the process is strictly dependent on T cells that are found in the vicinity of the vasa vasorum in the adventitia and that produce interferon-γ. The major effector cells in the artery are macrophages and giant cells that are ultimately under T-cell control but assume different functions depending on their location in the arterial wall. The response of the artery to the injury is maladaptive and includes mobilization and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in conjunction with matrix production and neoangionesis, resulting in the formation of a lumen-obstructive neointima. Heterogeneity in the immune insult and the resulting arterial response patterns correlate with variations in clinical disease.
Demonstration of an optical-label switching router with multicast and contention resolution at mixed data rates

This letter experimentally demonstrates a scalable optical-label switching router architecture that supports a limited multicast function. A semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer wavelength converter performs multiwavelength conversion for multicast at 10 Gb/s by cross-phase modulation. With a 2.5-Gb/s unicast channel, the experiment also demonstrates contention resolution in the wavelength domain at mixed data rates.
Historic speciation and recent colonization of Eurasian monkey gobies (Neogobius fluviatilis and N. pallasi) revealed by DNA sequences, microsatellites, and morphology.

Aim Hidden diversity within an invasive ‘species’ can mask both invasion pathways and confound management goals. We assessed taxonomic status and population structure of the monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis across Eurasia, comparing genetic variation across its native and invasive ranges. Location Native populations were analysed within the Black and Caspian Sea basins, including major river drainages (Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, Don and Volga rivers), along with introduced locations within the upper Danube and Vistula river systems. Methods DNA sequences and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci were analysed to test genetic diversity and divergence patterns of native and introduced populations; phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b and nuclear RAG-1 sequences assessed taxonomic status of Black and Caspian Sea lineages. Multivariate analysis of morphology was used to corroborate phylogenetic patterns. Population genetic structure within each basin was evaluated with mtDNA and microsatellite data using FST analogues and Bayesian assignment tests. Results Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences discerned a pronounced genetic break between monkey gobies in the Black and Caspian Seas, indicating a long-term species-level separation dating to c. 3 million years. This pronounced separation further was confirmed from morphological and population genetic divergence. Bayesian inference showed congruent patterns of population structure within the Black Sea basin. Introduced populations in the Danube and Vistula River basins traced to north-west Black Sea origins, a genetic expansion pattern matching that of other introduced Ponto-Caspian gobiids. Main conclusions Both genetic and morphological data strongly supported two species of monkey gobies that were formerly identified as subspecies: N. fluviatilis in the Black Sea basin, Don and Volga Rivers, and the Kumo-Manych Depression, and Neogobius pallasi in the Caspian Sea and Volga River delta. Genetic origins of introduced N. fluviatilis populations indicated a common invasion pathway shared with other introduced Ponto-Caspian fishes and invertebrates.
Normalized Movement Quality Measures for Therapeutic Robots Strongly Correlate With Clinical Motor Impairment Measures

In this paper, we analyze the correlations between four clinical measures (Fugl-Meyer upper extremity scale, Motor Activity Log, Action Research Arm Test, and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test) and four robotic measures (smoothness of movement, trajectory error, average number of target hits per minute, and mean tangential speed), used to assess motor recovery. Data were gathered as part of a hybrid robotic and traditional upper extremity rehabilitation program for nine stroke patients. Smoothness of movement and trajectory error, temporally and spatially normalized measures of movement quality defined for point-to-point movements, were found to have significant moderate to strong correlations with all four of the clinical measures. The strong correlations suggest that smoothness of movement and trajectory error may be used to compare outcomes of different rehabilitation protocols and devices effectively, provide improved resolution for tracking patient progress compared to only pre- and post-treatment measurements, enable accurate adaptation of therapy based on patient progress, and deliver immediate and useful feedback to the patient and therapist.
Monitoring amphibian populations with incomplete survey information using a Bayesian probabilistic model

Bayesian networks (BNs) are a probabilistic modeling platform that connect variables through a series of conditional dependences. We demonstrate their utility for broad-scale conservation of amphibian populations where different types of information may be avail- able within the region. Wildlife conservation decisions for most species are made jointly with other objectives and are tightly constrained by finances. Bayesian networks allow the use of all available information in predictions, and can provide managers with the best available information for making decisions. Habitat models were developed as a hierar- chical Bayesian (HB) model for aquatic amphibian populations in the temperate Oregon Coast Range, USA. Predictions for new streams sections were made jointly using a Bayesian network to allow the inclusion of different types of available information. Missing habi- tat variables were modeled based on habitat survey information. Uncertainty in the true (but unknown) habitat variables were incorporated into the prediction intervals. Further, the probabilistic approach allowed us to incorporate survey information for co-occurring species to help make better predictions. Such species information was connected through the Bayesian network by the conditional dependence that arises from shared habitat vari- ables. The utility of Bayesian networks was shown for these populations for broad-scale risk management. In contrast to deterministic models, the probabilistic nature of Bayesian networks is a natural platform for incorporating uncertainty in predictions and inference.
The Economics of Product Variety: A Survey

Demand for variety may arise from a taste for diversity in individual consumption and/or from diversity in tastes even when each consumer chooses a single variant. The full degree of variety potentially demanded will not, in general, be supplied because scale economies even to a small degree mean that the potential welfare or revenue gain from greater variety must be balanced against the lower unit production costs with fewer variants. The economics of product variety consists essentially in analysing the effect of this balance in different situations, and comparing the degree of product variety for different market structures with each other and with the optimum. The survey commences with the work on market structures with single product firms generalized monopolistic competition, tracing modern developments in both the Chamberlinian and Hotelling traditions. The latter has been particularly fruitful, due to the expansion of the original locational ideas into virtual spaces in product characteristics. The emphasis in recent work on product variety has been on multiproduct firms in both monopolistic and oligopolistic structures, including strategic market preemption. Although most work has been in a full information context, there have been advances in product variety under imperfect information either by consumers to properties of the firms' products or firms as to consumers' demands.
Feminist With Benefits College Women’s Feminist Beliefs Buffer Sexual Well-Being Amid Hostile (Not Benevolent) Sexism

Perceived sexism has been linked to poorer sexual health among women. However, research has yet to examine whether protective factors, specifically liberal feminist beliefs (i.e., support for women’s empowerment and equity), moderate the relation between perceived sexism and precursors to risky sexual behavior. The present studies tested this possibility. In Study 1, 161 female undergraduates reported their liberal feminist beliefs, perceived sexism, and sexual self-efficacy. For women with weaker feminist beliefs, perceived sexism was related to lower sexual self-efficacy. For women with stronger feminist beliefs, perceived sexism was uncorrelated with sexual self-efficacy. In Study 2, 85 women with weaker or stronger liberal feminist beliefs were exposed to either hostile or benevolent sexism and subsequently reported their expectations to initiate condom use during sex. Participants with strong feminist beliefs reported greater anticipated condom use than those with weak feminist beliefs, but only in the hostile sexism condition; in the benevolent sexism condition, women with strong feminist beliefs reported condom use intentions that were similar to those reported by women with weak feminist beliefs. Results suggest women’s attitudes and social environment work together to shape sexual well-being and that liberal feminist beliefs may be a powerful tool women can employ to combat hostile, but not benevolent, sexism.
Hypoxia reduces potassium currents in cultured rat pulmonary but not mesenteric arterial myocytes

To explore possible mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, the effect of hypoxia on outward K+ current (Iout) was evaluated in primary cultured rat pulmonary (PA) and mes...
BESTIA – The next generation ultra-fast CO2 laser for advanced accelerator research

Over the last two decades, BNL’s ATF has pioneered the use of high-peak power CO2 lasers for research in advanced accelerators and radiation sources. In addition, our recent developments in ion acceleration, Compton scattering, and IFELs have further underscored the benefits from expanding the landscape of strong-field laser interactions deeper into the mid-infrared (MIR) range of wavelengths. This extension validates our ongoing efforts in advancing CO2 laser technology, which we report here. Our next-generation, multi-terawatt, femtosecond CO2 laser will open new opportunities for studying ultra-relativistic laser interactions with plasma in the MIR spectral domain, including new regimes in the particle acceleration of ions and electrons.
Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients.

Abstract The intestinal protozoan cryptosporidium is known to cause diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, but few cases have been reported in detail in immunocompetent persons. During a 12-month period, we identified cryptosporidium in the stools of 43 immunocompetent patients. The numbers of cases were increased in those under 4 years old and in those from 30 to 39 years old. Of 30 index cases, 23 (77 per cent) were diagnosed in the late summer or the fall. Fifteen of the 43 patients (35 per cent) had other gastrointestinal pathogens, of which only Giardia lamblia was statistically associated with cryptosporidium. In the 28 patients in whom other gastrointestinal pathogens were not identified, the clinical manifestations were predominantly watery, nonbloody diarrhea and, less commonly, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, fever, nausea, and weight loss. The infection was self-limited in all 43 patients. Clustering of cases occurred in a day-care center and in two families. These clinical observations confir...
Breeding and Application of New High-Yielding Hybrid Rice Combination Teyouhang No 2

‘ Hang No.2’ was cultivated with restorer line‘ Minghui86’ by spaceflight carrying.Teyouhang No 2 was developed from the cross of good quality three-line male sterile‘ Longtepu A’ with restorer line‘ Hang No.2’.In Regional test of Fujian province,the two-year average yield of Teyouhang No 2 was significantly higher than the control Shanyou 63 up to 10.27%.The hybrid rice combination had good characteristics,such as high and stable yield,wide ecological adaptation and so on.This hybrid rice combination was past by Fujian Province Variety examine and approve Committee in 2007.
Miocene relative sea level on the New Jersey shallow continental shelf and coastal plain derived from one-dimensional backstripping: A case for both eustasy and epeirogeny

Onshore drilling by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 150X and 174AX and offshore drilling by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 313 provides continuous cores and logs of seismically imaged Lower to ­Middle Miocene sequences. We input ages and paleodepths of these sequences into one-dimensional backstripping equations, progressively accounting for the effects of compaction, Airy loading, and thermal subsidence. The resulting difference between observed subsidence and theoretical thermal subsidence provide relative sea-level curves that reflect both global average sea level and non-thermal subsidence. In contrast with expectations, backstripping suggests that the relative sea-level maxima in proximal onshore sites were lower than correlative maxima on the shelf. This requires that the onshore New Jersey coastal plain has subsided relative to the shelf, which is consistent with models of relative epeirogeny due to subduction of the Farallon plate. These models predict subsidence of the coastal plain relative to the shelf. Although onshore and offshore sea-level estimates are offset by epeirogeny, the ampli­tude of million-year–scale Early to Middle Miocene sea-level changes seen at the New Jersey margin is generally 5–20 m and occasionally as great as 50 m. These events are interpreted to represent eustatic variations, because they occur on a shorter time frame than epeirogenic influences. Correction for epeiro­genic effects largely reconciles differences between onshore and offshore rela­tive sea-level estimates and suggests that backstripping provides a testable eustatic model for the Early to Middle Miocene.
Digit Position and Forces Covary during Anticipatory Control of Whole-Hand Manipulation.

Theoretical perspectives on anticipatory planning of object manipulation have traditionally been informed by studies that have investigated kinematics (hand shaping and digit position) and kinetics (forces) in isolation. This poses limitations on our understanding of the integration of such domains, which have recently been shown to be strongly interdependent. Specifically, recent studies revealed strong covariation of digit position and load force during the loading phase of two-digit grasping. Here we determined whether such digit force-position covariation is a general feature of grasping. We investigated the coordination of digit position and forces during five-digit whole-hand manipulation of an object with a variable mass distribution. Subjects were instructed to prevent object roll during the lift. As found in precision grasping, there was strong trial-to-trial covariation of digit position and force. This suggests that the natural variation of digit position that is compensated for by trial-to-trial variation in digit forces is a fundamental feature of grasp control, and not only specific to precision grasp. However, a main difference with precision grasping was that modulation of digit position to the object’s mass distribution was driven predominantly by the thumb, with little to no modulation of finger position. Modulation of thumb position rather than fingers is likely due to its greater range of motion and therefore adaptability to object properties. Our results underscore the flexibility of the central nervous system in implementing a range of solutions along the digit force-to-position continuum for dexterous manipulation.
Dynamics of Decay in Trees and Timber

Deterioration of wood is caused by a host of organisms including fungi, bacteria, insects, and marine organisms. The most common example of biodeterioration in the ecosphere is wood decay caused by fungi, the subject of this review. Decay is an interactive process of many steps leading to the structural degradation of wood and the nourishment of decay organisms and their ecological associates. Analytical techniques for understanding wood decay may be as dynamic as the decay process itself.
The Law of the Iterated Logarithm for m -Dependent Banach Space Valued Random Variables

A theorem on the law of the iterated logarithm is established for m-dependent B-valued random variables. The conditions in our theorem match their independent analogues and appear as necessary or minimal for the results. According to an example given in the paper, the situation we face is much different from the finite dimensional case and therefore, so is the way we solve the problems.
Mortality Benefits of Vitamin A Are Not Affected by Varying Frequency, Total Dose, or Duration of Supplementation.

Background:Although vitamin A supplementation reduces child mortality, it remains unclear whether dosing frequency, total dose, or duration modifies effectiveness.Objective:Determine whether mortal...
Association Between Neighborhood Supermarket Presence and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

We estimated associations between neighborhood supermarket gain or loss and glycemic control (assessed by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values) in patients from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry (n = 434,806 person-years; 2007-2010). Annual clinical measures were linked to metrics from a geographic information system for each patient's address of longest residence. We estimated the association between change in supermarket presence (gain, loss, or no change) and change in HbA1c value, adjusting for individual- and area-level attributes and according to baseline glycemic control (near normal, <6.5%; good, 6.5%-7.9%; moderate, 8.0%-8.9%; and poor, ≥9.0%). Supermarket loss was associated with worse HbA1c trajectories for those with good, moderate, and poor glycemic control at baseline, while supermarket gain was associated with marginally better HbA1c outcomes only among patients with near normal HbA1c values at baseline. Patients with the poorest baseline HbA1c values (≥9.0%) had the worst associated changes in glycemic control following either supermarket loss or gain. Differences were not clinically meaningful relative to no change in supermarket presence. For patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, gaining neighborhood supermarket presence did not benefit glycemic control in a substantive way. The significance of supermarket changes on health depends on a complex interaction of resident, neighborhood, and store characteristics.
The present and future of prostate cancer histopathology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review describes recent changes in the histologic grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma and emerging data suggesting areas for further grade optimization. RECENT FINDINGS The grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma has evolved over time, and optimization for active surveillance management has been one major driving force. Recent changes include adoption of the Grade Group system, which stratifies patients into one of five prognostic groups. Although it provides clearer labels for patient understanding and defines a more homogenous low-risk group (i.e. Grade Group 1 of 5), emerging data suggest that further prognostic stratification may be achieved by incorporating other histologic findings. The impact of 'cribriform histology' and intraductal carcinoma as aggressive features of prostate cancer has gained significant recognition. Furthermore, quantifying the fraction of each individual Gleason pattern component may also add prognostic stratification. In addition to Gleason score and Grade Group, some institutions now identify and report high-risk histologic patterns (e.g. 'cribriform histology') and the percentage of Gleason pattern 4 on biopsies. While early in adoption, these additional features are being used to further stratify patients beyond the Grade Group system, particularly for patients with Grade Group 2 carcinomas. These histologic findings will likely be incorporated into future modifications of the grading system to further optimize patient stratification and ensure reporting consistency. SUMMARY The histologic evaluation of prostatic adenocarcinoma provides strong prognostic information for clinical management. The recent Grade Group system offers many improvements, but further optimization based on specific histologic patterns may evolve.
Never be bored at a meeting again! Using Liberating Structures in academic libraries for increased productivity, employee engagement, and inclusion

How would you like to never be bored in a meeting or presentation? To be fully engaged, to know why you are there, and to have your ideas heard? There is a way for that to happen, a powerful and simple way to fully engage everyone present at a meeting, to unleash their creativity in solving problems, and to make all attendees feel their contributions are heard. The answer is “Liberating Structures,” a set of 33 activities designed by Henri Lipmanowicz and Keith McCandless. 1 Each of these activities, which range from taking fifteen minutes to three days, are designed to replace traditional meetings.
Design of Shine as a Method for Engagement

This chapter includes performance materials for various levels of youth-engagement for use by teachers, community organizers, or faith leaders. The “Notes from the Composer,” and the “Notes from the Choreographer” both have corresponding videos (links provided), of which these are a slightly adjusted written transcription. These video recordings are educational tools to prepare either the facilitator, student, or scholar to more deeply appreciate the music and the movement within this performance. Materials for building curriculum included in this chapter can be adapted or used as they are or be scaled to match the age of the youth participating. The sample exercises and games can be used to prepare youth for creative expression, to build community, to expand their expressive range, and for fun.
Research Planning: A Bargaining Process

(1968). Research Planning: A Bargaining Process. Research Management: Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 377-382.