cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Mutation Causing Derepression of Several Enzymes of Sulfur Metabolism in Neurospora crassa

A group of enzymes of sulfur metabolism (arylsulfatase, cholinesulfatase, and a number of others) are normally repressed in Neurospora crassa by an abundant supply of a "favored" sulfur source such as methionine or inorganic sulfate. A mutant called scon(c) was isolated in which the formation of each of these enzymes is largely or completely nonrepressible. The structural genes for three of these enzymes have been mapped; scon(c) is not linked to any of them. It is also not linked to cys-3, another gene which is involved in control of the same group of enzymes. Two alleles of the structural gene for arylsulfatase [ars(+) and ars(UFC-220)] produce electrophoretically distinguishable forms of arylsulfatase. Heterokaryons with the constitution scon(c) ars(+) + scon(+)ars(UFC-220) were prepared. These heterokaryons produce both forms of arylsulfatase under conditions of sulfur limitation, but produce only the wild-type (ars(+)) form under conditions of sulfur abundance. When the alleles of ars and scon are in the opposite relationship, only the ars(UFC-220) form of arylsulfatase can be detected under conditions of sulfur abundance. Thus the effect of the scon(c) mutation seems to be limited to its own nucleus. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Implicit Multigrid Computation of Unsteady Flows with Applications to Aeroelasticity

An implicit, multigrid scheme is extended to treat unsteady flows using the concept of temporal subiteration (or dual-time stepping, as it sometimes is called). The scheme is applied to compute the unsteady flow past fixed and moving circular cylinders at moderate Reynolds numbers. The observed pattern of periodic vortex shedding is computed for fixed cylinders, and the dimensionless frequency of this phenomenon (the Strouhal number) is compared with experimentally determined values. The efficiency of the subiterated, multigrid approach is discussed. Finally, solutions for the coupled problem in which the motion of the cylinder is determined by the aerodynamic forcing are computed and compared with the results of other researchers.
Elastic space containing a rigid ellipsoidal inclusion subjected to translation and rotation

Closed form expressions are derived for the full set of elastic fields generated by a rigid ellipsoidal inclusion embedded into an infinite elastic space and subjected to (arbitrarily oriented) translations and rotations. “Stiffness relations” that interrelate the displacements and rotations of the inclusion to the forces and moments applied to it are also given.
Estimating Densities with Non-Parametric Exponential Families

We propose a novel approach for density estimation with exponential families for the case when the true density may not fall within the chosen family. Our approach augments the sufficient statistics with features designed to accumulate probability mass in the neighborhood of the observed points, resulting in a non-parametric model similar to kernel density estimators. We show that under mild conditions, the resulting model uses only the sufficient statistics if the density is within the chosen exponential family, and asymptotically, it approximates densities outside of the chosen exponential family. Using the proposed approach, we modify the exponential random graph model, commonly used for modeling small-size graph distributions, to address the well-known issue of model degeneracy.
Examining the Holocaust through the Lives and Literary Works of Victims and Survivors: An Ideal Unit of Study for the English Classroom.

(1998). Examining the Holocaust Through the Lives and Literary Works of Victims and Survivors. The Reference Librarian: Vol. 29, No. 61-62, pp. 165-188.
Valuing Ecotourism in Madagascar

Abstract Travel cost analysis of foreign visitor is used to determine the value per visitor of tropical biological reserves in Madagascar. The value per visitor is estimated to be between $276 and $360.
Power injection of iodinated intravenous contrast material through acute and chronic hemodialysis catheters.

PURPOSE End-stage renal disease patients with hemodialysis catheters in need of contrast enhanced imaging studies often have limited peripheral venous access. In this study we aimed to determine pressures generated in hemodialysis catheters during power injection of computed tomography (CT) contrast media. METHODS Three different chronic hemodialysis catheters and two acute hemodialysis catheters were included in this study. All catheters were evaluated in vitro. A total volume of 120 cc of CT contrast material was injected at rate of 10 cc/s using a power injector. The catheters were connected to the power injector using a standard connecting tubing. Pressures were simultaneously measured in the power injector as well as in the hemodialysis catheters. RESULTS The maximal measured pressures during injection in the power injector averaged 338 PSI (SD ± 8.7 PSI). The maximal measured pressure in the dialysis catheters ranged between 9.17 and 21.2 PSI. Pressures averaged 14.02 PSI (SD ± 3.34 PSI). The average pressure in the power injector was over 23 times higher than the pressure recorded at the hemodialysis catheter. None of the catheters ruptured or deformed during testing. CONCLUSIONS Pressures measured in hemodialysis catheters during power injection are lower than currently believed and markedly lower than the pressures recorded in the power injector. Standard hemodialysis catheters are likely to be amenable to power contrast injection in hemodialysis patients who have limited venous access. In vivo studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
Persistence of Low HDL-C Levels After Weight Reduction in Older Men With Small LDL Particles

LDL subclass pattern B is characterized by a predominance of small LDL particles (LDL peak particle size or = 260 A). At baseline, men with LDL pattern B had higher TG and lower apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, HDL-C, and HDL2-C levels (P < .001) than men with LDL pattern A, while the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels and fasting and 2-hour postprandial glucose and insulin levels did not differ between groups. With weight loss (10.1 +/- 3.6 kg) there were significant decreases in 2-hour postprandial glucose and insulin levels in men with LDL patterns B and A (P < .05). However, the change in plasma TG, HDL-C, HDL2-C, and apoA-I levels with weight loss differed between groups. In men with LDL pattern A, plasma TG levels decreased by 15% (P < .001) compared with a 34% (P < .001) decrease in LDL pattern B (two-factor ANOVA, P < .01). Plasma HDL-C concentrations increased by 0.16 mmol/L (P < .001) in the men with LDL pattern A but by only 0.07 mmol/L in the men with LDL pattern B (two-factor ANOVA, P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cryogenic fluid management program at MSFC

Cryogenic fluid management (CFM) is an important aspect in the design and operation of spacecraft propellant systems. Consequently, it represents a key technology in the development of future vehicles for orbital transfer, lunar transit and manned interplanetary (i.e., Mars) missions. Because of Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC's) leading role in the definition of such vehicles, the center is currently managing and conducting a variety of tests to support development of this technology. The purpose of this paper is to summarize these activities and present their status within the context of CFM technology requirements. The first section reviews MSFC's role, identifies the major emphases and thrusts of its program, and presents the overall schedule. The final part comprises the bulk of the report, and describes at length the objectives, approach and status of each project.
Gauge field theories on a lattice

We begin a rigorous, nonperturbative investigation of quantum field theories with local internal symmetries. We discuss the lattice approximation of Yang-Mills fields and of fermion fields in the Euclidean setup and we verify physical positivity for the Schwinger functions of these approximations. This implies the existence of a positive self-adjoint transfer matrix. We then prove existence and analyticity of the infinite volume limit of strongly coupled Yang-Mills theories on the lattice and we verify Wilson's confinement bound. Finally we present a rigorous treatment of the Higgs mechanism in lattice gauge theories.
Transmit filter design methods for magnetic particle imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a new imaging modality that uses the nonlinear magnetization behavior of superparamagnetic particles. Due to the need to avoid contamination of particle signals with the simultaneous excitation signal, MPI transmit systems require different design considerations from those in MRI, where excitation and detection are temporally decoupled. Specifically, higher order harmonic distortion in the transmit spectrum can feed through to and contaminate the received signal spectrum. In a prototype MPI scanner, this distortion needs to be attenuated by 90 dB at all frequencies. In this paper, we describe two methods of filtering out harmonic distortion in the transmit spectrum. The first method uses a Butterworth topology while the second a cascaded Butterworth-elliptic topology. We show that whereas the Butterworth filter alone achieves around 16 and 32 dB attenuation at the second and third harmonics, the cascaded filter can achieve around 65 and 73 dB at these harmonics. Finally, we discuss how notch placement in the stopband can also be applied to design highpass filters for MPI detection systems.
Dielectric properties of moist CaCO3 filled polyethylene composites

The capacitance and the dielectric loss tangents of CaCO3 filled polyethylene composites were studied. Composite samples, prepared by polymerizing ethylene on the surfaces of fillers, pre-treated by polymerization catalysts, were compared to normal mechanical mixtures. Dielectric dispersion,e′, and loss, e″, proved to be sensitive to heating or vacuum treatment. Investigation of samples under conditions of different relative humidities showed that the dielectric dispersion is due to adsorbed water. Bothe′ and e″ increased with decreasing frequency and the ratio of loss and dispersion was nearly constant. Dielectric data measured at different relative humidities could be represented by a single Cole-Cole plot. Samples soaked in water for different periods yielded qualitatively similar but quantitatively different Cole-Cole plots. Composite samples showed higher losses at similar humidities. Possible interpretations in terms of a molecular relaxation model, an interfacial relaxation model, including a charged double layer mechanism, percolation theory and the universal response theory were examined, but none was able to fully explain the observed phenomena.
Primary Repair of Traumatic Aortic Disruption

Abstract From 1979 to 1985, 22 patients (18 male) underwent repair of acute traumatic rupture of the aorta. Ages ranged from 15 to 75 years (mean, 35 years). All patients sustained deceleration injuries in automobile accidents. The majority had injuries to multiple systems and evidence of mediastinal widening on routine chest roentgenograms. Aortography confirmed transection in the descending thoracic aorta near the ligamentum arteriosum in 20. Primary repair was achieved in 15 patients; it was performed in the last 10 consecutive patients. Seven patients had repair with a prosthetic graft. Survival was 82%. Postoperative morbidity usually was related to associated injuries. Primary repair of aortic transection can be accomplished in most patients without the use of prosthetic material.
Brugia malayi: patterns of expression of surface-associated antigens.

Abstract Patterns of expression of surface-associated antigens were analyzed in the filarial nematode Brugia malayi immediately prior, and during development in the vertebrate host. Two surface-associated protein molecules, i.e., accessible to surface radioiodination and soluble in aqueous buffers, were investigated: M r s 29–30,000 and 16,000, both of which are antigenic in infected animals. The M r 29–30,000 glycoprotein is expressed in a surface-associated manner by adult worms and by fourth-stage larvae, but is not detectable in preparasitic third-stage larvae. The 16,000 component, which appears not to be glycosylated, is surface-associated in adult worms and fourth-stage larvae. In contrast to the 29–30,000 glycoprotein, the 16,000 protein is also expressed both by pre- and postparasitic third-stage larvae. However, it becomes surface-associated only after infection. Thus, immediately prior, and during development within the vertebrate host, B. malayi displays at least two different patterns of expression of surface-associated antigens: (i) de novo , initiated either immediately after infection (phase specific) or during genesis of the fourth-stage larva (stage specific); (ii) continuous, but with phase-dependent surface exposure of previously cryptic antigens, during the transition from intermediate to definitive host.
Structure of density fluctuations near the sun deduced from Pioneer-6 spectral broadening measurements.

Spectral broadening of monochromatic radio waves by density fluctuations near the sun is analyzed using the parabolic equation method. Application of the analysis to the 1968 Pioneer-6 spectral broadening observations yields indirect measurements of the density spectrum within 14 solar radii of the sun. For spatial wavenumbers of at least 0.0084 inverse km, the three-dimensional density spectrum is found to be close to the Kolmogorov spectrum (power law with spectral index of 11/3) and is consistent with interplanetary-scintillation and in situ spacecraft measurements farther from the sun. The magnitude of the density spectrum increases, but its shape remains the same during 'solar events' marked by increases in bandwidth.
Hot electron and phonon dynamics of gold nanoparticles embedded in a gel matrix

Abstract Using pump-probe technique, the dynamics of the hot carriers in metallic nanodots induced by femtosecond laser pulses are investigated in gold nanoparticles embedded in hydrogel and in organic gel and compared to that in aqueous solution. We found that changing the surrounding matrix from aqueous solution to hydrogel and then to organic gel leads to a large increase in the relaxation time of both the electron–phonon (e–ph) and the phonon–phonon (ph–ph) coupling. Furthermore, the ph–ph relaxation time becomes sensitive to the type of the organic solvent trapped in the gel network. This indicates that the relaxation dynamics depend on the thermal conductivity, chemical structure and the molecular dynamics of the surrounding medium.
Microstimulation and architectonics of frontoparietal cortex in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

We investigated the organization of frontoparietal cortex in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by using intracortical microstimulation and an architectonic analysis. Primary motor cortex (M1) was identified as an area that evoked visible movements at low levels of electric current and had a full body representation of the contralateral musculature. Primary motor cortex represented the contralateral body from hindlimb to face in a mediolateral sequence, with individual movements such as jaw and wrist represented in multiple nearby locations. Primary motor cortex was coextensive with an agranular area of cortex marked by a distinct layer V of large pyramidal cells that gradually decreased in size toward the rostral portion of the area and was more homogenous in appearance than other New World primates. In addition to M1, stimulation also evoked movements from several other areas of frontoparietal cortex. Caudal to primary motor cortex, area 3a was identified as a thin strip of cortex where movements could be evoked at thresholds similar to those in M1. Rostral to primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex and premotor areas responded to higher stimulation currents and had smaller layer V pyramidal cells. Other areas evoking movements included primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b), two lateral somatosensory areas (areas PV and S2), and a caudal somatosensory area. Our results suggest that frontoparietal cortex in marmosets is organized in a similar fashion to that of other New World primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1151–1168, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
d-MDMA during vitamin E deficiency: effects on dopaminergic neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity

The mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (d-MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity may involve formation of toxic radical species. Endogenous defenses against toxic radical species include tissue stores of vitamin E, and thiols. We examined whether vitamin E deficiency could alter d-MDMA-induced neurotoxicity by administration of the drug to animals with diet induced vitamin E deficiency. Brain vitamin E levels in deficient mice were reduced 75% compared to sufficient animals. Animals received d-MDMA 5 or 10 mg/kg or saline (delivered every 2 hx4, s.c.). Diet slightly altered d-MDMA-induced temperature modulation. In brain, MDMA treatment reduced vitamin E, total antioxidant reserve and protein thiols 72 h after the first dose. In liver, MDMA treatment reduced glutathione and total antioxidant reserve at the same time point. The vitamin E-deficient group, treated with the low dose of d-MDMA, exhibited neurotoxic responses, including reduced striatal dopamine (47%) and elevated GFAP protein (3-fold): while the sufficient diet group was not altered. The higher d-MDMA dose caused neurotoxic responses in both diet groups. Liver toxicity was determined by histopathologic examination. d-MDMA caused hepatic necrosis that was more severe in vitamin E deficient than sufficient mice. These data indicate that (1) d-MDMA administration reduces antioxidant measures at a time coincident with d-MDMA-induced neuronal damage and (2) vitamin E deficiency increases susceptibility to d-MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and hepatic necrosis.
Quantum-chromodynamic potential model for light and heavy quarkonia

Our earlier treatment for the investigation of the cc-bar, bb-bar, and tt-bar spectra is extended to other p quarkonia with u, d, s, c, and b quarks. We find that it is possible to account fully for the observed ground-state hyperfine splittings of light as well as heavy quarkonia provided that the perturbative quantum-chromodynamic potential is supplemented not only by the nonperturbative confining potential but also by a nonperturbative annihilation potential which rapidly decreases with increase in the quark mass. We also give our predictions for the experimentally interesting bu-bar, bs-bar, and bc-bar systems with unknown mass splittings.
Lipid-gramicidin interactions using two-dimensional Fourier-transform electron spin resonance

The application of two-dimensional Fourier-transform electron-spin-resonance (2D-FT-ESR) to the study of lipid/gramicidin A (GA) interactions is reported. It is shown that 2D-FT-ESR spectra provide substantially enhanced spectral resolution to changes in the dynamics and ordering of the bulk lipids (as compared with cw-ESR spectra), that result from addition of GA to membrane vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in excess water containing 16-PC as the lipid spin label. The agreement between the theory of Lee, Budil, and Freed and experimental results is very good in the liquid crystalline phase. Both the rotational and translational diffusion rates of the bulk lipid are substantially decreased by addition of GA, whereas the ordering is only slightly increased, for a 1:5 ratio of GA to lipid. The slowing effect on the diffusive rates of adding GA in the gel phase is less pronounced. It is suggested that the spectral fits in this phase would be improved with a more detailed dynamic model. No significant evidence is found in the 2D-FT-ESR spectra for a second immobilized component upon addition of GA, which is in contrast to cw-ESR. It is shown from simulations of the observed 2D-FT-ESR spectra that the additional component seen in cw-ESR spectra, and usually attributed to "immobilized" lipid, is inconsistent with its being characterized by increased ordering, according to a model proposed by Ge and Freed, but it would be consistent with the more conventional model of a significantly reduced diffusional rate. This is because the 2D-FT-ESR spectra exhibit a selectivity, favoring components with longer homogeneous relaxation times, T2. The homogeneous linewidths of the 2D-FT-ESR autopeaks appear to broaden as a function of mixing time. This apparent broadening is very likely due to the process of cooperative order director fluctuations (ODF) of the lipids in the vesicle. This real-time observation of ODF is distinct from, but appears in reasonable agreement with, NMR results. It is found that addition of GA to give the 1:5 ratio has only a small effect on the ODF, but there is a significant temperature dependence.
Rates and mechanism of substitution reactions of dimanganesedecacarbonyl and some of its derivatives

Abstract The rates of substitution reactions of Mn2(CO)10 and some of its derivatives are reported. The rate of reaction of Mn2(CO)10 with various reagents is first-order in carbonyl and zero-order in reagent concentrations. For poor nucleophiles the rate of reaction is largely decreased with the addition of CO and the activation parameters for reaction are ΔH* = 37 kcal/mole and ΔS* = +20 e.u. These observations suggest that substitution reactions of Mn2(CO)10 in p-xylene solution take place by a CO dissociation mechanism. Similar results were obtained for the reaction of monosubstituted derivatives Mn2(CO)9L, but the kinetic behavior of Mn2(CO)8[P(C6H5)3]2 is different.
Conformation and dipole moment of tetrahydropyran-4-one by microwave spectroscopy

Abstract The microwave spectrum of tetrahydropyran-4-one has been studied in the frequency region 18 to 40 GHz. The rotational constants for the ground state and nine vibrationally excited states have been derived by fitting a -type R -branch transitions. The rotational constants for the ground state are (in MHz) A = 4566.882 ± 0.033, B = 2538.316 ± 0.003, C = 1805.878 ± 0.004. From information obtained from the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum and relative intensity measurements, these excited states are estimated to be ∼ 100 cm −1 above the ground state for the first excited state of the ring-bending and ∼ 185 cm −1 for the first excited state of the ring-twisting mode. Stark displacement measurements were made for several transitions and the dipole moment components determined by least-squares fitting of the displacements: (in Debye) | μ a | = 1.693 (0.001), | μ b | = 0.0, | μ c | = 0.300 (0.013) yielding a total dipole moment μ tot = 1.720 (0.003). A model calculation to reproduce the rotational parameters indicates that the data are consistent with the chair conformation.
Putting frames in perspective

This paper attempts to bridge the gap between FrameNet frames and inference. We describe a computational formalism that captures structural relationships among participants in a dynamic scenario. This representation is used to describe the internal structure of FrameNet frames in terms of parameters for event simulations. We apply our formalism to the commerce domain and show how it provides a flexible means of accounting for linguistic perspective and other inferential effects.
Participation of two human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene regions in transcriptional activation of adenovirus promoters

Abstract The participation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early genes in the activation of the expression of adenovirus genes in trans ( trans -activation) was examined. The initial strategy used was to determine the ability of HCMV genes to complement mutants of adenovirus El a, an immediate early gene which encodes a trans -activator. The HCMV immediate early gene regions IE1 and IE2 complemented E1a-deficient mutants in three separate assays. IE1 and IE2 substituted for E1 a in the synthesis of infectious adenovirus, late adenovirus RNA, and adenovirus DNA. Complementation by the IE2 gene region alone, but not by IE1 alone, was observed using the most discriminating assay, that for late adenovirus RNA synthesis. A role for both HCMV gene regions in positive transcriptional control was indicated by their ability to increase expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) mediated by the adenovirus E2a promoter. The IE2 region alone activated CAT synthesis but lE1 alone had no detectable activity. Moreover, the activity of both gene regions was about 10-fold higher than that of IE2 alone. These data indicate that efficient complementation of E1a-deficient mutants and trans -activation of adenovirus early promoters involved the participation of both HCMV immediate early gene regions.
Comparison of norethindrone and medroxyprogesterone acetate with natural progesterone and estradiol in stimulating prolactin production from cultured endometrial stromal cells

Progestins stimulate prolactin production from endometrial stromal cells in culture. We compared the potencies of the synthetic progestins norethindrone and medroxyprogesterone acetate to natural progesterone in inducing stromal prolactin production. Modifications of the culture system provided an increase in stromal cell yield, thus permitting multiple comparisons from the treatment of cells from a common endometrial sample. The effects of high-dose estradiol also were evaluated in this system. The findings suggest relative potencies of 50:1 for medroxyprogesterone acetate and progesterone. Norethindrone gave intermediate and more variable responses. Estradiol potentiated prolactin production from only submaximal progestins doses. The differences between the progestin effects, in large measure, were due to differential culture growth as reflected by culture mass. Compared to controls and estradiol alone, all the progestins induced much greater prolactin production. Thus during decidualization, progestins probably promote both stromal growth and intracellular prolactin production. High-dose estradiol may not interfere with these events.
Identification and Cloning of Localized Maternal RNAs From Xenopus Eggs

A central question in developmental biology is to explain how cells in different regions of an embryo acquire different developmental fates. We have begun to address this question by investigating whether specific RNAs are localized within a frog egg. Differential screening of a cDNA library shows that most maternal RNAs are uniformly distributed along the animal-vegetal axis. However, we find that a rare class of maternal RNAs is localized. cDNA clones of four localized RNAs have been characterized. Three of these cDNAs are derived from maternal RNAs that are concentrated in the animal hemisphere of unfertilized eggs and remain localized through the early blastula stage. One cDNA is derived from a maternal RNA found almost exclusively in the vegetal hemisphere at both stages. These studies show that some informational molecules, specifically RNAs, are localized in eggs and are inherited by particular blastomeres.
Weak Models, Nil Hypotheses, And Decorative Statistics: Is There Really No Hope?

Donald Green and Ian Shapiro contend that rational choice models have made negligible contributions to the empirical study of politics. Published tests systematically violate some basic research principles, they say, and they ascribe the problem to modelers' universalist aim of explaining all human behavior. This review critiques some of the authors' principles, which seem to derive from an extreme form of Popperianism combined with norms around null hypothesis testing. Their attribution of universalism is exaggerated; what they are seeing is actually a desire to unify different selected areas, a basic goal in theoretical explanation. One advantage of rational choice models is that they frequently make precise predictions. Models that can do this offer an escape from the uninformative ritual of null hypotheses tests.
A comparison of accommodative responsiveness and contrast sensitivity for sinusoidal gratings.

Abstract The accuracy of steady-state accommodation for high contrast sinusoidal gratings was compared with the observers' contrast sensitivities for the same gratings. Stimuli ranging in spatial frequency from 0.5 to 19 c/deg were presented at optical distances ranging from 0 to 5 diopters, and accommodative responses were measured with a laser optometer. Contrast thresholds were obtained by the method of constant stimuli. The results showed that optimal performance for both accommodation and contrast sensitivity was obtained for spatial frequencies of 3–5 c/deg. while progressively diminished performance was obtained for higher and lower spatial frequencies. The accuracy of accommodation for sinusoidal gratings of intermediate spatial frequencies was equivalent to that for a square-wave grating of 4 c/deg. These findings imply that sharp edges are not necessary for accurate accommodative responses, and they suggest that mechanisms underlying foveal contrast resolution are also involved in the control of steady-state accommodation.
Glassy transport phenomena in a phase-separated perovskite cobaltite

We demonstrate that single-crystal ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ in the semiconducting spin-glass phase $(xl0.18)$ displays a strong interplay between electronic conduction and spin-glass freezing. The resistivity exhibits a bifurcation of zero-field cooled and field-cooled temperature dependences, glassy response to application and removal of magnetic fields, and, most remarkably, a waiting time or ``aging'' effect directly in the resistivity. This behavior has its origin in the magnetoelectronic phase separation into nanoscopic ferromagnetic clusters embedded in a nonferromagnetic matrix, analogous to relaxor ferroelectrics.
Parametric studies on devolatilization of a subbituminous coal in a reactive gas environment

Abstract A laboratory scale fixed bed coal gasifier was set up to simulate the conditions existing in the devolatilization zone of an air-blown, fixed-bed coal gasifier. Devolatilization behaviour of a subbituminous coal was evaluated in the temperature range 350 °C to 550 °C and at pressures 30, 300 and 375 psig. Three feed coal particle sizes, (−2, +1), (−4, +3) and (−9, +6)mm, were studied. The gas feed was a synthetic mixture of composition similar to that leaving the gasification zone of a fixed bed gasifier and contained 30% by volume of steam. Devolatilization runs were conducted over coal residence times of 5, 10, 20 and 30 min durations. The gas evolution rates showed a peak around 5 min from the start of a run and most of the gas evolution tapered off just under 30 min. Thirty key components in the tars were quantified and these included aliphatic and aromatic homologues, as well as sulphur and nitrogen substituted structures. The molecular weights of the tar samples showed a maximum between 300 and 500. A first order kinetic model applied to the total weight loss data yielded activation energies in the range 4 to 11 kcal mol −1 . Differential equations for obtaining concentration profiles for tar and gas inside the coal particle were solved numerically. From these calculations it was concluded that the pressure buildup (due to evolution of tar and gas) inside the coal particle was higher for larger particles, at a given external pressure, but decreased with external pressure. The concentration of tar inside the particle did not appear to be sensitive to low pressures (around 1 atm), but increased in the higher range of pressure (above 20 atm) and also with particle size.
A simplified model to predict the total efficiency of gravity settlers and cyclones

Abstract The total efficiency of gravity settlers and cyclones is usually calculated by summing the product of the grade efficiency and the weight fraction of particles over a series of particle size intervals. The accuracy of this method strongly depends on the number of the particle size intervals and the width of the individual intervals. Moreover, the design of these devices is based on specifying a required efficiency for a given size of particles. However, since these collectors are usually used for precleaning the dust-laden gas so as to reduce the dust loading before the gas enters a subsequent high-efficiency collector, one needs to know what total efficiency must be achieved. Therefore, the present paper uses a simplified model to predict the total efficiency of these devices based on the assumption of a normal size distribution. It is further shown that the equations developed assuming a normal size distribution can be extended for other particle size distributions.
Does the Statistics Profession Have an Identity Crisis

The field of statistics has numerous areas of application and many positive attributes. Various companies and organizations around the world have chosen not only to adopt statistical tools, but also to integrate them into their associated work and ultimately into their decision making processes. Consequently, the value of statistics as a quantitative tool of importance to society appears to be continually increasing. In contrast, statisticians are less visible to society, and their importance and necessity is not always as evident. This is a result of many factors, some tied to the statistics profession itself and others due to external causes that are not easily controlled. This address presents some basic ideas for improving the recognition of statistics as a profession and of statisticians as the profession's core component. Included is a discussion of ways to promote the recognition of the value of statisticians to society.
Editing of mitochondrial atp9 transcripts from two sorghum lines.

Genomic and cDNA sequences of the ATP synthase complex subunit 9 (atp9) genes from two sorghum lines were determined. Sequences of cDNAs revealed eight C to U transcript editing events resulting in six amino acid changes and a new stop codon which eliminated 12 carboxy-terminal residues, compared to the genomic sequence. Sorghum atp9 has a unique five-residue amino-extension relative to other higher plants. The resulting predicted 79-residue gene product has a molecular weight of 8.179 kDa. The predicted phe-valphe carboxy-terminus is identical to that from cDNA sequences of wheat, Oenothera, and petunia. Partial editing of transcripts was detected in each sorghum line.
112. Overexpression of the Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) Gene Influences AAV2 Transduction in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Glaucoma is a chronic disease and the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), created by the resistance to aqueous humor flow exerted by the trabecular meshwork tissue, is the major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. A dysfunctional trabecular meshwork leads to an increased resistance and elevated IOP. Because of their long-term expression and low immune response, AAV vectors would be ideal to treat a chronic disease such as glaucoma. However, all attempts to transduce the trabecular meshwork tissue with AAV have failed. Previous studies showed that lack of AAV transduction to the trabecular meshwork was not due to failure of viral entry. Transduction was then obtained upon coinfection of rAAV2 with |[Delta]|E1/|[Delta]|E3 Adenoviruses. In the present study, we used this observation to study mechanisms for the lack of transduction of rAAV2 in the glaucoma-associated human trabecular meshwork cells.
Influence of Seasonal Nitrogen Nutrition Fluctuations in Orange and Lemon Trees on Population Dynamics of the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter ( Homalodisca coagulata )

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) is a xylem feeder that develops conspicuous, year-round populations in many citrus-producing regions of California. Field studies were conducted in a combined lemon and orange orchard to determine the influence of changing amino acid concentrations on relative densities of GWSS. Nineteen protein amino acids were detected in xylem fluid of both lemon and orange trees. Although annual profiles of total and essential amino acids were similar for each citrus species, mean concentrations were consistently higher in lemons than in oranges for most of the year, except for one critical period in late winter-early spring when concentrations were higher in oranges. Principal component analysis followed by factor analysis was performed individually on lemon and orange data sets to identify a reduced number of orthogonal factors composed of amino acids having similar seasonal profiles. Four factors were identified for each citrus species that accounted for 85% and 79% of the total variation in the orange and lemon analyses, respectively. These were then examined with respect to shifts in GWSS numbers that occurred asynchronously in lemons and oranges over the annual population cycle. Three distinctive number shifts were identified that included a peak in adult numbers in lemons during August 2001, significantly higher numbers in lemons relative to oranges during midwinter, and finally an increase in oranges of both adults and nymphs during spring 2002. Various groups of amino acids, i.e., factors, displayed peak annual or elevated levels during the intervals when shifts in GWSS numbers were occurring. Soluble protein levels in oranges and lemons did not correspond to shifting GWSS numbers as certain amino acids. However, soluble protein levels were higher in oranges during late winter/early spring when GWSS adults were sexually active. Potential roles of these amino acids and proteins in GWSS host selection are discussed.
Early use of decomposition for addition and its relation to base-10 knowledge

Abstract The early use of decomposition for addition has been linked to future mathematics achievement. The present study examined kindergartners' performance on addition problems, focusing on their use of the decomposition strategy and the factors related to the frequency with which they chose it. Single- and multi-digit addition problems were presented to kindergartners from US, Russia and Taiwan ( N = 182). As expected, kindergartners used a variety of strategies to solve the problems. They were more likely to use decomposition on complex problems involving carryover or multi-digit operations. Critically, their use of base-10 decomposition was related to their knowledge of base-10 number structure. These relations were similar across all three nations. Implications for understanding mathematical development and designing early mathematics instruction are discussed.
A simple multiple-cannula headpiece for the rat

Abstract The construction of a multiple-cannula headpiece, its implantation into the rat brain, and its use in intracranial injections is described. The headpiece is rapidly and cheaply produced from common hospital and laboratory supplies once several machined metal parts have been made, and its construction is easily adapted to changes in injection technique, e.g., infusion by osmotic minipump.
Copy number and stability of yeast 2μ-based plasmids carrying a transcription-conditional centromere

Abstract For certain yeast plasmids, the presence of a centromere segment (CEN) enhances mitotic stability and results in low copy number. Transcription from an inducible promoter adjacent to a CEN segment has been shown to alter centromere function. The rate of loss of a conditional CEN-ARS plasmid was examined and the results suggest that segregation control was immediately and effectively inactivated upon shift to inducing conditions. The effect of a conditional centromere on stability and copy number of hybrid CEN3-2μ plasmids was also examined. When transcription was repressed, copy number was low. Mitotic stability varied and was correlated with the presence of an intact 2μ recombination system. When transcription was induced, plasmid copy number increased. However, plasmids became highly unstable. These results indicate that while centromere function is affected by transcription from an adjacent promoter the centromere remains incompatible with the 2μ. maintenance system and may retain partial function.
Bias in ground-water data caused by well-bore flow in long-screen wells

The results of a field experiment comparing water-quality constitutents, specific conductance, geophysical measurements, and well-bore hydraulics in two long-screen wells and adjacent vertical clusters of short-screen wells show bias in ground-water data caused by well-bore flow in long-screen wells. The well screen acts as a conduit for vertical flow because it connects zones of different head and transmissivity, even in a relatively homogeneous, unconfined, sand and gravel aquifer where such zones are almost indistinguishable. Flow in the well bore redistributes water and solutes in the aquifer adjacent to the well, increasing the risk of bias in water-quality samples, failure of plume detection, and cross-contamination of the aquifer. At one site, downward flow from a contaminated zone redistributes solutes over the entire length of the long-screen well. At another site, downward flow from a contaminated zone redistributes solutes over the entire length of the long-screen well. At another site, upward flow from an uncontaminated zone masks the presence of a road salt plume. Borehole induction logs, conducted in a fully penetrating short-screen well, can provide a profile of solutes in the aquifer that is not attainable in long-screen wells. In this study, the induction-log profiles show close correlation with data frommore » analyses of water-quality samples from the short-screen wells; however, both of these data sets differ markedly from the biased water-quality samples from the long-screen wells. Therefore, use of induction logs in fully cased wells for plume detection and accurate placement of short-screen wells is a viable alternative to use of long screen wells for water-quality sampling.« less
Performance and Prediction for Varying Survival Time Scales

The Cox proportional hazards model is widely used for analyzing associations between risk factors and occurrences of events. One of the essential requirements of defining Cox proportional hazards model is the choice of a unique and well-defined time scale. Two time scales are generally used in epidemiological studies: time-on-study and chronological age. The former is the most frequently used time scale, both in clinical studies and longitudinal observation studies. However, there is no general consensus on which time scale is the most appropriate for a given question or study. In this article, we address the question of robustness of the results using one time scale when the other is actually the correct one. We use three criteria to measure the performances of these models through simulations: magnitude of the bias of the regression coefficients, mean square errors, and the measure of overall predictive discrimination of the models. We conclude that the time-on-study models are more robust to misspecifi...
Agriculture, mechanisation and land tenure

It is argued in this article that the meaning or bias of any particular package of new techniques is dependent upon the social structure within which the new technology is applied. Thus in certain structures high‐yielding technologies increase the demand for labour, provide additional income for small farmers, and lower relative food prices. In other social structures, the poverty‐reducing impact of such a technology is significantly blunted. Within this context, the theory of induced technical innovation seems to lose much of its meaning.
Reaction of concanavalin a with alkaline phosphatases extracted from various human tissue sources

Varying degrees of specific interaction between concanavalin A of jack bean and human alkaline phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.1.) extracted by n-butanol from various tissue sources was demonstrated by a simple electrophoretic retardation technique and con A-affinity chromatography.
"Seeing Too Much: Too Much In Sight, Too Little Insight? An Attention-Driven View of Productivity"

To enhance others’ performance in organizations, when should we observe others, and when should we not? To enhance our own performance, when should we be observed, and when should we not? Despite t...
Predicting First-Grade Math Achievement from Developmental Number Sense Trajectories

Number sense development was tracked from the beginning of kindergarten through the middle of first grade, over six time points. Children (n= 277) were then assessed on general math achievement at the end of first grade. Number sense performance in kindergarten, as well as number sense growth, accounted for 66 percent of the variance in first-grade math achievement. Background characteristics of income status, gender, age, and reading ability did not add explanatory variance over and above growth in number sense. Even at the beginning of kindergarten, number sense was highly correlated with end of first-grade math achievement (r= 0.70). Clarifying the observed slope effect, general growth mixture modeling showed that children who started kindergarten with low number sense but made moderate gains by the middle of kindergarten had higher first-grade math achievement than children who started out with similarly low number sense with flat growth. The majority of children in the low/flat growth class were from low-income families. The findings indicate that screening early number sense development is useful for identifying children who will face later math difficulties or disabilities.
Lung Cancer Screening: Adjuncts and Alternatives to Low-Dose CT Scans

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer related mortality in US. The National Lung Screening Trial has demonstrated a mortality benefit of using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in the screening of LC in high-risk individuals. The US Preventive Service Task Force has given screening for LC with LDCT a grade B recommendation; however, it recognizes gaps in generalizability to the population that would qualify for screening. There are a number of new tests in various stages of evaluation and development that hold promise as adjuncts or alternatives to LDCT. The following is a review of these novel diagnostic tests.
Discovery of MicroRNA169 Gene Copies in Genomes of Flowering Plants through Positional Information

Expansion and contraction of microRNA (miRNA) families can be studied in sequenced plant genomes through sequence alignments. Here, we focused on miR169 in sorghum because of its implications in drought tolerance and stem-sugar content. We were able to discover many miR169 copies that have escaped standard genome annotation methods. A new miR169 cluster was found on sorghum chromosome 1. This cluster is composed of the previously annotated sbi-MIR169o together with two newly found MIR169 copies, named sbi-MIR169t and sbi-MIR169u. We also found that a miR169 cluster on sorghum chr7 consisting of sbi-MIR169l, sbi-MIR169m, and sbi-MIR169n is contained within a chromosomal inversion of at least 500 kb that occurred in sorghum relative to Brachypodium, rice, foxtail millet, and maize. Surprisingly, synteny of chromosomal segments containing MIR169 copies with linked bHLH and CONSTANS-LIKE genes extended from Brachypodium to dictotyledonous species such as grapevine, soybean, and cassava, indicating a strong conservation of linkages of certain flowering and/or plant height genes and microRNAs, which may explain linkage drag of drought and flowering traits and would have consequences for breeding new varieties. Furthermore, alignment of rice and sorghum orthologous regions revealed the presence of two additional miR169 gene copies (miR169r and miR169s) on sorghum chr7 that formed an antisense miRNA gene pair. Both copies are expressed and target different set of genes. Synteny-based analysis of microRNAs among different plant species should lead to the discovery of new microRNAs in general and contribute to our understanding of their evolution.
Sensor Subsystem for the Next Generation Tide and Water Level Measurement System

The paper summarizes results of a study to recommend a new tide and water level measuring system to replace the existing equipment used by the National Ocean Survey. It focuses on the sensor subsystem, while companion papers address the recording subsystem and other aspects of the problem.