cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing Myanmar’s Public Private Telecommunications Partnerships

Myanmar has embarked on a rapid pace of political liberalization and market-oriented reforms after 60 years of conflict and isolation. Myanmar labeled one of the world’s most repressive, censored and underdeveloped telecommunications sectors, has adopted a host of reforms to rapidly improve the nation’s economy and quality of life of its citizens. A critical component of this objective is modernizing Myanmar’s information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure with its exceptionally low penetration rates given the size and the potential of the market. Myanmar’s selection of Ooredoo and Tenenor to expand the country’s limited mobile services network was transparent, fair and corruption free. Both international telecommunications corporations have extensive “telecommunications frontier” experience and have five-year plans to grow the mobile services penetration rate to 100%.This paper argues that establishing and sustaining public-private partnerships are pivotal for Myanmar’s telecommunications infrastructure to reach its full potential by buildingentrepreneurial and public policy solutions that contribute to socioeconomic development and entry into the global information environment. It then analyzes the opportunities that Multilateral Organizations, United States agencies and corporations have to influence Myanmar conclusively by instituting a modern regulatory framework, promoting market innovations and competition aimed at developing shared principles to usher private sector activities in a transitional economy. Lastly, the paper provides policy recommendations for Myanmar’s continued political and economic liberalization agenda. Keywords: Myanmar, Information, Telecommunications Infrastructure, Public-private partnership, World Bank, Ooredoo, Tenenor, Cisco Systems, USAID.
Game Theory Models in Accounting

Accounting from a game-theoretic view posits that accounting data affects, and is affected by, strategic interaction within and across firms. This view holds that the accounting process alters the strategic interaction among agents, by impinging on their incentives and on the contracts they make to constrain their behavior.
Comparison of medication adherence and associated health care costs after introduction of pioglitazone treatment in African Americans versus all other races in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective data analysis

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to compare treatment adherence and health care costs in African Americans versus all other races (All Others) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus starting treatment with pioglitazone. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the North Carolina Medicaid database was used (query dates: July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003). Using at least 1 code from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification for type 2 diabetes (250.xx) and 1 National Drug Code for antidiabetic medication, we identified a cohort of male and female patients aged ≥18 years with type 2 diabetes who maintained continuous Medicaid eligibility for the entire 36-month follow-up period. Race was categorized as African American and All Others (white, Asian, Native American, Pacific Islander, other) based on self-reported data collected at the time of Medicaid enrollment. Medication adherence was expressed as medication possession ratio (calculated as the number of days of antidiabetic prescription supply dispensed [eg, a 30-day supply] divided by the number of days between the first and last dispensation). Reimbursements made by Medicaid were used to calculate diabetes-related and total health care costs, which included medical and dental care, including costs for regular checkups, office visits, home health care, inpatient and outpatient care, long-term care facility care, and prescription drugs. To compare the differences in medication adherence and annual total and diabetes-related health care costs between African Americans and All Others, multivariate regression analysis was performed using only data from the year after (year 2) the year in which pioglitazone treatment was started (year 1). Results: Among the 1073 patients treated with pioglitazone (26.1% men; mean [SD] age, 49.5 [10.6] years; 50.2% African American; mean [SD] total health care costs in year 1, US $7906 [$12,256]; year 2, $9546 [$14,861]), African Americans had significantly higher adherence (62%) to pioglitazone treatment compared with All Others (57%) ( P P P Conclusions: On multivariate analysis, this study found no significant differences in treatment adherence between African Americans versus all other races in this population of diabetic patients enrolled in a Medicaid program (query dates: July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2003). A higher adherence rate was associated with significantly lower diabetes-related and total health care costs in this population.
Early radiometric validation results of the CERES Flight Model 1 and 2 instruments onboard NASA's Terra Spacecraft

Abstract The CERES Flight Model 1 and 2 instruments were launched aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra Spacecraft on December 18, 1999 into a 705 Km sun-synchronous orbit with a 10:30 a.m. equatorial crossing time. These instruments supplement measurements made by the CERES Proto Flight Model (PFM) instrument launched aboard NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft on November 27, 1997 into a 350 Km, 38-degree mid-inclined orbit. An important aspect of the EOS program is the rapid archival and dissemination of datasets measured by EOS instruments to the scientific community. On September 22, 2000 the CERES Science Team voted to archive the Edition 1 CERES/Terra Level 1b and Level 2 and 3 ERBE-Like data products. These products consist of instantaneous filtered and unfiltered radiances through temporally and spatially averaged TOA fluxes. CERES filtered radiance measurements cover three spectral bands including shortwave (0.3 to 5 μm), total (0.3 to μ m) and an atmospheric window channel (8 to 12 μm). The current work summarizes both the philosophy and results of validation efforts undertaken to quantify the quality of the Terra data products as well as the level of agreement between the Terra and TRMM datasets.
LEVINE ON THE MARXIAN TRADITION: From Idealist Roots to Nationalism and Internationalism

Donald N. Levine's treatment of Karl Marx in his Visions of the sociological tradition (1995) is an exemplary one by a non-Marxist scholar. In a careful reading, Levine places Marx inside the German idealist tradition. However, he overstates Marx's affinity to Ludwig Feuerbach and understates his continuing debt to G. W. F. Hegel. Levine also points to Marx's internationalism and cosmopolitanism, drawing on both biographical and theoretical material. In addition, he argues that Marx failed to grasp the importance of nationalism and ethnicity. Here, Levine has not considered sufficiently Marx's illuminating and substantial writings on nationalism, race, and ethnicity, particularly those on Poland, Ireland, and the United States. Nonetheless, some problematic features of Marx's writings on Jews and Judaism bear out part of Levine's critique
Microstructural Features of Freeze-Thaw Deterioration of Concrete

Microstructural features associated with freeze - thaw deterioration have been studied using scanning electron microscopy and mathematical modelling. Concrete subjected to freezeâ€”thaw cycles in the laboratory and concrete deteriorated in the field were examined in the SEM (BEI). The microcracks produced after a few freezeâ€”thaw cycles are largely vertical and extend deep (several millimeters) into the specimen. With additional cycles horizontal cracks are produced, connecting the vertical cracks to produce spalling. This crack development probably results from localized expansive stresses produced by hydraulic pressure, as described by Powers, plus localized shear stresses produced by differential volume changes.
T-type calcium channels facilitate insulin secretion by enhancing general excitability in the insulin-secreting beta-cell line, INS-1.

The present study addresses the function of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels in insulin-secreting cells. We used whole-cell voltage and current recordings, capacitance measurements, and RIA techniques to determine the contribution of T-type calcium channels in modulation of electrical activity and in stimulus-secretion coupling in a rat insulin secreting cell line, INS-1. By employing a double pulse protocol in the current-clamp mode, we found that activation of T-type calcium channels provided a low threshold depolarizing potential that decreased the latency of onset of action potentials and furthermore increased the frequency of action potentials, both of which are abolished by administration of nickel chloride (NiCl2), a selective T-type calcium channel blocker. Moreover application of high frequency stimulation, as compared with low frequency stimulation, caused a greater change in membrane capacitance (ΔCm), suggesting higher insulin secretion. We demonstrated that glucose stimulated insulin sec...
Men Who Seek Infertility Care May Not Represent the General U.S. Population: Data From the National Survey of Family Growth

Objective To examine the National Survey of Family Growth to identify differences in the characteristics of men who did and did not seek infertility care to determine whether such men are representative of the U.S. population. Methods We analyzed the data from the 2002 (cycle 6) National Survey of Family Growth. In-home interviews were conducted from March 2002 to February 2003. A total of 4928 men were surveyed, with underrepresented groups sampled at greater rates to provide an adequate sample size for meaningful statistical analyses. The use of infertility services was queried by a single question: “Have you been to a doctor to talk about ways to help have a baby together?” The demographic and socioeconomic variables, including age, marital status, number of children, race, religion, income, education, and insurance status were analyzed for the 2161 men surveyed who were aged 30-45 years. We performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the predictors of infertility service use. Results Marital status and education level were strongly associated with infertility care seeking. In the adjusted analysis, married men were 9 times (odds ratio 9.3, 95% confidence interval 4.1-20.9) more likely to seek care than unmarried men, and men with a college degree and those with an advanced degree were 3 times (odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4-5.0) and 5 times (odds ratio 4.7, 95% confidence interval 2.1-10.5) more likely to seek care, respectively. Conclusion Men seeking infertility care in the United States tend to be married, older, and more educated than those not seeking care. Given these findings, some results of male infertility studies from cohorts of men from infertility referral centers might not apply to the U.S. population.
Bravo capsule induction of esophageal hypercontractility and chest pain

The Bravo catheter-free pH monitoring system uses a capsule attached to the esophageal mucosa to detect acid exposure. Placement of the Bravo capsule is associated with intermittent chest pain in 50% of normal volunteers. The authors hypothesized that chest pain in this setting may be attributable to hypertensive esophageal contractions induced by the Bravo capsule. The study population consisted of 40 consecutive patients with reflux symptoms who had stationary esophageal manometry within 1 h after Bravo capsule placement. The control group consisted of 40 patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) from a population of patients with foregut symptoms who were computer matched to the study group for age, sex, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, LES length, and 24-h pH composite score. The patients in the control group had manometry before Bravo capsule placement. The occurrence of chest pain was assessed before and during the monitoring period by interview and review of the patient’s diary. Mean contraction amplitudes in the distal third of the esophagus after 10 wet swallows were averaged. The prevalence of patients with esophageal contraction amplitudes in the distal third that exceeded the 95th percentile of normal (180 mmHg) and the mean amplitude of distal third esophageal contractions in the study and control populations were compared. In the study group, the incidence of chest pain among the patients with hypercontractility of the esophagus was compared with the incidence among those without hypercontractility. The mean contraction amplitude was higher in the study group (144.7 vs 105.5 mmHg; p = 0.002). The number of patients with a mean distal esophageal contraction amplitude exceeding the 95th percentile of normal also was significantly higher in the study group (13/40 vs 5/40; p = 0.03). A total of 10 patients experienced new onset of chest pain with the Bravo capsule in place, and 6 patients experienced hypertensive esophageal contractions. The intraesophageal Bravo capsule can cause hypertensive esophageal contractions, which may lead to chest pain.
The Generation for Television of Horizontal Synchronizing Pulses from Vertical Pulses by Means of Impulse Excitation

Impulse excitation is employed to produce horizontal synchronizing pulses for television directly from the vertical pulses. The simple equipment to do this and to produce odd-line interlaced synchronizing are described.
Radioimmunoassay for ribosomes

Abstract A radioimmunoassay for quantitating ribosomes is presented. The assay allows for precise, efficient, and rapid estimation of ribosomes in small samples of tissue (50–100 mg).
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With t(2;14)(p16;q32) Involves the BCL11A and IgH Genes and Is Associated With Atypical Morphologic Features and Unmutated IgVH Genes

The t(2;14)(p16;q32) has been reported previously in only 12 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). The clinicopathologic features have been incompletely described. We describe 6 new cases of CLL/SLL with t(2;14)(p16;q32). All had marrow involvement, 4 had absolute lymphocytosis, 4 had lymphadenopathy, and 3 had hepatosplenomegaly. All showed atypical lymphocyte morphologic features with plasmacytoid differentiation and irregular nuclei; 3 had increased prolymphocytes. Flow cytometry demonstrated typical immunophenotypes in 5 and an atypical immunophenotype in 1. All expressed ZAP70; 5 assessed showed unmutated IgV H genes. Karyotyping identified t(2;14)(p16;q32) as the sole abnormality in 1, primary abnormality in 2, and part of a complex karyotype in 3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed BCL11A/IgH rearrangement in all. After chemotherapy, 3 patients died of disease and 3 were alive with disease (median follow-up, 80 months). We conclude that CLL/SLL with t(2;14) (p16;q32) and BCL11A/IgH rearrangement is characterized by atypical morphologic features and unmutated IgV H genes.
Fatigue crack growth in MAR-M200 single crystals

The effects of crystallographic orientation on the fatigue crack growth behavior of MAR-M200* single crystals were examined. Using compact-tension specimens tested at 20 Hz, fatigue crack growth rates were determined at ambient temperature at minimum stress to maximum stress ratios,R, of 0.1 and 0.5. In most cases, subcritical crack growth occurred either along a single {111} slip plane or a combination of {111} planes. The mode of cracking was generally mixed and contained mode I, II, and III components. Considerable crack deflection and branching were also observed. Some fracture surfaces were found to contain a significant amount of asperities and, in some specimens, black debris. Based on Auger spectroscopic analyses and the fracture surface appearance, it appears that the black debris represented oxides formed due to rubbing of the fracture surfaces. Using stress intensity solutions obtained based on the Boundary-Integral-Equation technique, an effective ΔK was successfully used for correlating the crack growth rate data. The results indicate that the effect of crystallographic orientation on crack growth rate can be explained on the basis of crack deflection, branching, and roughness-induced crack closure.
Kuratowski's and Wagner's theorems for matroids

Abstract In an earlier paper we proved the following theorem, which provides a strengthening of Tutte's well-known characterization of regular (totally unimodular) matroids: A binary matroid is regular if it does not have the Fano matroid or its dual as a series-minor (parallel-minor). In this paper we prove two theorems (Theorems 5.1 and 6.1) which provide the same kind of strengthening for Tutte's characterization of the graphic matroids (i.e., bond-matroids). One interesting aspect of these theorems is the introduction of the matroids of “type R”. It turns out that these matroids are, in at least two different senses, the smallest regular matroids which are neither graphic nor cographic (Theorems 6.2 and 6.3).
Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp. and Listeria innocua in the Chicken Breast Patties Processed in a Pilot‐Scale Air‐Convection Oven

ABSTRACT: Salmonella spp. or Listeria innocua containing chicken patties were processed via a pilot-scale air-convection oven to a final temperature of 55 to 80 8C. Thermal processing was conducted at an air temperature of149 8C, an air velocity of 7.1 to 12.7 m 3 /min, and a wet bulb temperature of 39 to 98 8C. The cooking time wascorrelated with cooking conditions using a standardized least square regression model. The models were developedto correlate cooking time and the thermal inactivation of Salmonella or Listeria with cooking conditions. Thethermal lethality of Salmonella and Listeria increased with increasing product temperature and wet bulb tempera-ture. This study bridged the gap between laboratory studies and commercial applications and will help commercialprocessors to evaluate and validate their thermal processes.Key Words: poultry, Salmonella , Listeria , lethality, convection cooking Introduction T HE MARKET FOR READY - TO - EAT POUL -try products has experienced tre-mendous growth in recent years, with avariety of patties, nuggets, strips,breasts, thighs, and wings being avail-able to the consumer through retailingand catering. This tremendous growthhas led to serious concerns over thesafety of the products due to the pres-ence of pathogens, and an emphasishas been placed on the thorough cook-ing of the meat products. The USDA-FSIS current regulations require thatthe processor provide the supportinginformation for the hazard analysis anddecision-making documents associatedwith the development of HACCP plans,critical limits, selection and frequencyof monitoring, and verification proce-dures (USDA-FSIS 1999). According tothe current regulation, there are nostandard operating procedures for sci-entific and/or correlation studies. It isthe processor’s responsibility to providethe in-plant data for the scientific sup-port and to demonstrate that the estab-lishment is able to meet the parametersoutlined in the HACCP plans for theiroperation. This study aimed at evaluat-ing commercial operating conditionsand supplying useful information tocommercial processors and regulatoryagencies for the pathogen lethality vali-dations of commercial thermal pro-cesses.Previous studies indicated that manyfactors affected the pathogen thermalinactivation. Pathogen thermal inactiva-tion kinetics was different between liq-uid medium and meat substrate (Mur-phy and others 2000b). It is known thatthe laboratory evaluation of thermal in-activation of pathogens is influenced bya number of factors including tempera-ture, the pathogen strain and its history,the meat species (or medium types)and its composition, and a number ofenvironmental factors such as pH, wa-ter activity, and chemical additives(Ghazala and others 1995; Heddlesonand others 1994; Huang and others1993; Kim and others 1995; Murphy andothers 1999; Patchett and others 1996;Veeramuthu and others 1998). Inactiva-tion kinetics have been obtained for
Finger force vectors in multi-finger prehension.

Abstract In a majority of studies on grasp, only normal forces were measured and only when a zero torque was exerted on a hand-held object. This study concerns finger force vectors during the torque production tasks. Subjects ( n =8) stabilized a handle with an attachment that allowed for change of external torque from −1.5 to 1.5 N m. Forces and moments exerted by the digit tips on the object were recorded. At the large (>−0.375 N m) supination torques the index/middle and ring/little pairs of fingers generated oppositely directed tangential forces. The index and middle finger produced forces in a downward direction and therefore did not support the load. At a zero torque and pronation torques, the middle, ring and little fingers produced forces along nearly the same direction. The vector of the index finger force was always directed differently from the vectors of other finger forces, the angles ranged from 19°30′ to 47°40′. The points of force application were systematically displaced with the torque, with the exception of the little finger. Tangential finger forces contributed substantially to the total torque exerted on the hand-held object.
AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS REPRESENTED BY A REVERSIBLE ONE

Chaotic maps on an interval are irreversible in the sense that trajectories of points cannot be reversed. Furthermore, even when one considers trajectories of probabilities or probability density functions (pdf) generated by the chaotic map, the processes are irreversible. In this note we consider the following question: let τ be a chaotic map which takes a pdf f0 to a pdf f1. Does there exist a reversible process that accomplishes the same thing. For example, can we construct a differential equation which takes f0 to f1 and then, on reversal of time, f1 to f0. We present an example which answers this question in the affirmative.
Anhydrous lithium perchlorate as an initiator of vinyl polymerization

Anhydrous lithium perchlorate is an effective catalyst for the polymerization of certain vinyl monomers. Evidence shows that it behaves more as a cationic catalyst than a radical type, but is much milder in action than the better known representatives of this type of catalyst. Other perchlorates and lithium compounds show only a fraction or none of the activity of anhydrous lithium perchlorate in initiating vinyl polymerization.
D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors in Caudate‐Putamen of Nonhuman Primates (Macaca fascicularis)

D1 and D2 dopamine receptors were characterized in the caudate-putamen region of nonhuman primate brains (Macaca fascicularis). D1 dopamine receptors were identified with [3H]SCH 23390 and D2 receptors with [3H]-spiperone. Scatchard analysis of [3H]SCH 23390 saturation data using washed membranes revealed a single high-affinity binding site (KD, 0.352 +/- 0.027 nM) with a density (Bmax) of 35.7 +/- 2.68 pmol/g original wet tissue weight (n = 10). The affinity of [3H]spiperone for the D2 site was 0.039 +/- 0.007 nM and the density was 25.7 +/- 1.97 pmol/g original wet tissue weight (n = 10). D1 and D2 receptors in nonhuman primates may be differentiated on the basis of drug affinities and stereoselectivity. In competition experiments, RS-SKF 38393 was the most selective D1 agonist, whereas (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine [(+)-PHNO] was the most selective D2 agonist. Apomorphine was essentially nonselective for D1 or D2 binding sites. Of the antagonists, R-SKF 83566 and SCH 23390 were the most selective for the D1 site, whereas YM-09151-2 was the most selective for the D2 site. cis-Flupentixol and (S)-butaclamol were the least selective dopamine antagonists. D1 receptors bound benzazepine antagonists (SCH 23390/SCH 23388, R-SKF 83692/RS-SKF 83692) stereoselectively whereas D2 receptors did not. Conversely D2 receptors bound (S)-sulpiride and (+)-PHNO more potently than their enantiomers whereas D1 receptors showed little stereoselectively for each of these isomeric pairs. These binding characteristics may be utilized for evaluation of individual receptor function in vivo.
Emergency department presentation, admission, and surgical intervention for colonic diverticulitis in the United States

Abstract Background Diverticulitis in admitted inpatients is well reported. This study examined colonic diverticulitis treated in the emergency department (ED). Methods The 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample was used to examine relationships among patient age and inpatient admission, surgical intervention, and in-hospital mortality among ED patients with a primary diagnosis of diverticulitis. Results Of 310,983 ED visits for primary diverticulitis, 53% resulted in hospitalization and 6% in surgical intervention. Most patients 65+ years old were female (69%), and most were hospitalized (63%). Seven percent of ED patients aged 65+ underwent surgery and .96% died in hospital. Patients aged less than 40 years (13% of all admissions) were mostly male (63%), 42% were hospitalized, 4% underwent surgery, and less than .01% died. Compared with patients aged less than 40 years, those 65+ demonstrated greater odds of admission (odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.43 to 1.64) and surgical intervention (odds ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.65). Conclusions Half of ED patients were hospitalized and 6% of ED visits resulted in colectomy. Fully 13% of ED patients were less than 40 years old. Future studies examining outpatient services may further illuminate the epidemiology of diverticulitis.
Results and Interpretation of the S-Band Occultation Experiments on Mars and Venus

Mariner S-band occultation experimental data compared with theory for accuracy of physical characteristics of Mars and Venus atmosphere, reviewing data reduction and error analysis
Periodic motions in a double-well Duffing oscillator under periodic excitation through discrete implicit mappings

In this paper, periodic motions of a periodically forced, damped, Duffing oscillator with double-well potential are analytically predicted through discrete implicit mappings. The discrete implicit maps are obtained from the differential equation of the Duffing oscillator. From mapping structures, bifurcation trees of periodic motions of the Duffing oscillator are predicted analytically, and the corresponding stability and bifurcation analysis of periodic motions are carried out through the eigenvalue analysis. Finally, from the analytical prediction, numerical results of periodic motions are performed by the numerical method of the differential equation to verify the semi-analytical prediction, and the corresponding harmonic amplitudes are computed through discrete Fourier series of the analytically predicted node points of periodic motions, and the complexity of periodic motions can be measured by the harmonic amplitude. The frame work presented in this paper can provide a semi-analytical method to find periodic motions and to determine routes of periodic motions to chaos rather than numerical simulation only in nonlinear dynamical systems, and the stable and unstable periodic motions and even chaos can be predicted analytically.
Turbulent mixing effects in models of thermal blooming

A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model incorporating turbulent mixing is derived by averaging the three-dimensional hydrodynamics equations over slabs of thickness L in the direction of propagation. The resulting equations are identical with those for two-dimensional, incompressibl flow with additional terms representing the average effect of velocity fluctuations within each slab. These equations depend only parametrically on the coordinate in the direction of propagation. The extra terms have a simple physical interpretation but must be modeled in order to close the equations. Correlation times of scintillations are computed from a numerical simulation of plane-wave blooming using this model. A comparison with the correlation times from simulations with only wind shear indicate that the effect of turbulent mixing is relatively small for typical values of the Kolmogorov inner scale.
CD8+ T regulatory cells use a novel genetic program that includes CD103 to suppress Th1 immunity in eye-derived tolerance.

PURPOSE. The peripheral tolerance that arises after injection of antigen into the anterior chamber (anterior chamber-associated immune deviation; ACAID) is associated in part with CD8 + T cells that suppress the expression of Th1 and Th2 immunity. The purpose of these studies was to determine the genes and molecules that are critical for CD8 + T regulatory cell (T reg) functions in ACAID. METHODS. Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8 + T cells from T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic OT-1 mice acquire efferent regulatory properties similar to in vivo- generated CD8 + T regs after stimulation with OVA-pulsed TGF-/32-treated APCs. Changes in the genetic program associated with acquisition of efferent regulatory function in OT-1 CD8 + T cells in vitro were determined by DNA microarray analyses and confirmed by RT-PCR analyses and biological assays. RESULTS. T regulatory OT-1 T cells acquired a novel transcriptional pattern indicative of their function. Genes for molecules associated with TGF-β function, resistance to TCR-triggered apoptosis, and localization of cells to antigen deposition in peripheral tissues were upregulated, and genes related to cytolytic function were downregulated. Further study showed that CD103, a cell-adhesion molecule that binds E-cadherin, was highly upregulated in in vivo- generated ACAID T regs and was necessary for their suppression of T-cell activation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS. OT-1 CD8 T cells modulated in vitro by exposure to antigen-pulsed, TGF-β2-treated APCs expressed genes related to immune suppression. Thus, the necessity for CD103 emerges in the efferent CD8 + T-cell regulatory mechanisms in eye-derived tolerance.
The Effects of Ultrapasteurization With and Without Homogenization on the Chemical, Physical, and Functional Properties of Aseptically Packaged Liquid Whole Egg

The effects of ultrapasteurization with and without homogenization on some chemical, physical, and functional properties of liquid whole egg were observed. Heat treatments of 64, 68, and 72 C each at 30, 60, and 95 s were conducted on liquid whole egg, unhomogenized and homogenized [10.34 mPa (1,500 psi)]. The viscosity of the egg increased with increased processing temperature, and unhomogenized egg was more viscous than homogenized egg. alpha-Amylase was inactivated at 68 C for 30 s. Although cake height was highly correlated to soluble protein content, this relationship did not hold for all time-temperature combinations. Due to homogenization effects on soluble protein results, soluble protein is not a reliable predictor of egg functionality when homogenization is used in the process. Homogenization had no effect on the population reduction of aerobic bacteria in all but three of the nine time-temperature combinations.
5-HT2a/2c receptor blockade by amesergide fully attenuates prolactin response to d-fenfluramine challenge in physically healthy human subjects.

Prolactin responses tod-fenfluramine (d-FEN) challenge (0.5 mg/kg PO) were examined after pre-treatment with and without the 5-HT2a/2c receptor antagonist amesergide in eight physically healthy male volunteers. Compared to pretreatment with placebo, pre-treatment with amesergide completely blocked the prolactin (PRL) response tod-FEN challenge in all subjects. These data are consistent with data demonstrating a complete blockade of the PRL response tod-FEN with the 5-HT2a/2c receptor antagonist ritanserin, and suggest that the PRL response tod-FEN challenge in humans may largely be due to activation of the 5-HT2a/2c receptor.
Fluid Shear Stress Regulates the Expression of TGF-β1 and Its Signaling Molecules in Mouse Embryo Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

Background Recently we reported that fluid shear stress promotes endothelial cell differentiation from a mouse embryo mesenchymal progenitor cell line C3H10T1/2. However, it is not clear whether the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) system is associated with shear-induced endothelial differentiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of shear stress on the expression of TGF-β1 and its signaling molecules in C3H10T1/2 cells. Methods Murine C3H10T1/2 cells were incubated on collagen Type 1-coated dishes, and subjected to a steady fluid shear stress of 15 dyn/cm2 for 6, 12, and 24 h. The mRNA levels for TGF-β1, TGF-β receptors (TGF-βR), and Smad molecules were determined with real-time PCR analysis and normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels. Results TGF-β1 mRNA expression was down-regulated by 60% and 66% in shear stress-treated cells at 12 and 24 h, respectively, compared with static control group (P Conclusions Fluid shear stress significantly suppresses TGF-β1 functions through down-regulation of TGF-β1, TGF-βR, positive signaling molecules Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and up-regulation of negative signaling molecule Smad7 in a mouse embryo mesenchymal progenitor cell line C3H10T1/2. This study suggests that the negative regulation of the TGF-β1 system may be involved in shear-induced endothelial cell differentiation in C3H10T1/2.
Polymer Blend Characterization By Fluorescence Detection Of Electronic Excitation Transport

The rate of incoherent electronic excitation transport among chromophores randomly tagged on flexible polymer chains has been related theoretically to their ensemble average rms radius of gyration ( 1/2). The rate of excitation transport is monitored by time-resolved fluorescence depolarization spectroscopy. Experiments which measure the rate of excitation transport among naphthyl chromophores in low concentration on iso-lated chains of poly-(2-vinylnaphthalene-co-methyl methacrylate) in poly(methyl methacry-late) (PMMA) host provide a quantitative determination of the copolymer 1/2. Measure-ments were made on copolymers of two different molecular weights and three different percentages of naphthyl containing monomers. In all cases, the measured 1/2 agree with determinations by other methods for PMMA in 6-solvents and are independent of 2-vinylnaphthalene concentration. The results demonstrate the utility of excitation trans-port techniques for quantitative investigation of polymer chain conformation in the solid state.
Confirmatory factor analysis of ordered categorical variables with large models

This simulation study examined the utility of a categorical variable methodology developed by Muthen (1984) for confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Multivariate normal data were generated according to four different factor models (4, 9, 15 and 22 parameters) for samples of 500 and 1000. Indicators were classified into Five categories so that manifest variables displayed negative, zero, positive or highly positive kurtosis. Each of the 32 design cells was replicated 100 times. Parameter estimates exhibited little or no bias under any condition. Standard errors were underestimated with respect to the standard deviation of the parameter estimates. This negative bias worsened as model size grew or as positive kurtosis increased; it was more severe for factor correlations than indicator loadings. Chi-square fit statistics rejected the true model more often than expected for nine-parameter and larger models. Although variables with high positive kurtosis led to the greatest misfit in large models, fit was poor even with variables of zero kurtosis. As expected, larger samples always yielded more accurate results.
Hand chemical burns

There is a vast and ever-expanding variety of potentially harmful chemicals in the military, industrial, and domestic landscape. Chemical burns make up a small proportion of all skin burns, yet they can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Additionally, the hand and upper extremity are the most frequently involved parts of the body in chemical burns, and therefore these injuries may lead to severe temporary or permanent loss of function. Despite this fact, discussion of the care of these injuries is sparse in the hand surgery literature. Although most chemical burns require only first response and wound care, some require the attention of a specialist for surgical debridement and, occasionally, skin coverage and reconstruction. Exposure to certain chemicals carries the risk of substantial systemic toxicity and even mortality. Understanding the difference between thermal and chemical burns, as well as special considerations for specific compounds, will improve patient treatment outcomes.
The relationship between 2 -microglobulin and immunoglobulin in cultured human lymphoid cell lines.

β2-microglobulin was detected on the cell surface and in the medium of human lymphoid cells established in long-term culture. The secretion of β2-microglobulin was relatively uniform when different cell lines were compared, whereas IgG production varied widely. κ- and µ-membrane antigens were modulated by specific antibody; β2-microglobulin was not modulated. Anti-κ and anti-µ antisera had no effect on the expression of membrane β2-microglobulin, nor had anti-β2-microglobulin antiserum any effect on the expression of κ- and µ-membrane antigens.
Effects of psychophysical lifting training on maximal repetitive lifting capacity.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of psychophysical lifting training on maximal repetitive lifting capacity. Maximal repetitive lifting capacity was defined as the maximum box mass that could be lifted for 1 hr to a height of 132 cm at a rate of 6 lifts/min. Eight male subjects participated in five psychophysical lifting training sessions each week for 4 weeks. During each session subjects were presented with one empty and one heavily loaded box and asked to adjust the box mass to the maximum load they felt capable of lifting for 1 hr. This load was lifted at a rate of 6 lifts/min to a height of 132 cm for two 15-min periods each session. Heart rate was recorded, and subjects were asked to provide a rating of their perceived exertion. At the end of 4 weeks of training, subjects did not select a heavier training load, exhibit a decreased training heart rate, or report a decreased rating of perceived exertion. The training program did produce a significant increase in 1-hr...
Accelerated reaction simulations: A virtual squeeze on chemistry.

Molecular simulations have the potential to give valuable insights into experimental results, but can be limited by the time- and length-scales they can simulate. Now, reactive chemistry can be driven through a novel simulation approach, which could have ramifications for many research areas, including astrobiology and the origins of life.
Definition and measurement of guilt: Implications for clinical research and practice

Research on the relation of guilt to psychopathology is highly inconsistent. Some studies suggest that guilt contributes to psychopathology; others suggest that guilt serves a protective role. This review of 23 theory-based definitions of guilt and 25 measures of guilt suggests that a lack of conceptual clarity may be to blame. Measures of guilt do not correspond well to the definitions from which they derive. Many definitions and measures reflect the intrusion of extraneous constructs that could confound guilt research. Furthermore, definitions and measures of guilt change with developmental level. Nevertheless, two broad conceptualizations of guilt emerge. Central to both is a focus on one's action or inactions involving real or imagined moral transgressions. Distinguishing the two conceptualizations is whether or not guilt is inherently adaptive construct, generating remorse, augmenting a sense of responsibility, and motivating reparation. Recommendations for the definition and measurement of guilt are discussed.
Integrating Network Cryptography into the Operating System

Cryptography libraries are inflexible and difficult for developers to integrate with their applications. These difficulties may be contributing to applications, like PGP, that are non-intuitive for end-users and are often used improperly or not at all. In this paper we argue that the best place for cryptography to be implemented is at the Operating System level rather than the current application-layer approach. We introduce and define a new general-purpose network cryptography library that integrates directly with the Operating System. This capability is flexible and easy to adopt because it can be used with the sockets interface, which developers are already familiar with, in addition to creating a general cryptography library that can be used in non-network situations. This technology will allow developers to focus on application usability rather than struggle with the learning curve required to properly use a specific cryptography library as required by current practices.
1487 PROLONGED HYPERCALCEMIA IN A NEONATE FOLLOWING RHABDOMYOLYSIS AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF)

1487 PROLONGED HYPERCALCEMIA IN A NEONATE FOLLOWING RHABDOMYOLYSIS AND ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF)
Specific capital and unemployment: Measuring the costs and consequences of job loss

Abstract This paper studies what happens to people who lose their jobs, drawing inferences for the private costs of unemployment an the importance of specific capital in employment relationships. I argue that specific capital is a central factor determining the size of earnings losses among displaced workers. Using panel data from two different sources, I find substantial and long-lasting effects of job loss on annual earnings and wages. In one data source these losses are strongly related to prior job tenure - suggesting the importance of specialization-but this finding does not occur in other data. Implications of these results for macroeconomic adjusments are discussed.
Multi-Institutional Experience of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ in Black vs White Patients Treated With Breast-Conserving Surgery and Whole Breast Radiation Therapy

Purpose Given the paucity of data on racial disparities in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the data from a multi-institutional cohort of DCIS patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole breast radiation therapy (RT) were analyzed to determine whether racial disparities or differences exist. Methods and Materials A total of 533 white and 76 black DCIS patients from 3 university-based cancer centers were uniformly treated with breast-conserving surgery and RT. All patient data were collected and analyzed as a function of race. Results The median follow-up was 5.2 years. No significant racial differences were seen in tumor size, age at diagnosis, estrogen receptor status, necrosis, or grade (all P >.05). Of the treatment parameters, the RT dose delivered, boost, positive margin rates, frequency of hormone receptor status assessment, and receipt of hormonal therapy for the 2 cohorts did not significantly differ (all P >.05). The local relapse-free survival was similar at 5 years (96.1% and 98.1%, P =.399) and 10 years (92.8% vs 95.8%, P =.360), with no significant overall survival difference at 10 years (94.0% vs 88.9%, P =.290) between the white and black patients, respectively. On multivariate analysis, race was not an independent predictor of local relapse-free survival or overall survival when accounting for age, grade, and margin status. Conclusion In our large cohort of DCIS patients uniformly treated at 3 institutions with breast conservation without any apparent differences in treatment delivery parameters, we demonstrated that the clinical and pathologic features and local survival outcomes did not differ as a function of race. Our results suggest that when black patients with DCIS are appropriately selected for breast conservation and receive adjuvant RT without racial disparities in the treatment parameters, differences in the outcomes as a function of race do not exist.
The Relationship of Various Crithidias as Determined by Serological Reactions

SYNOPSIS. As a part of an investigation of speciation in the Trypanosomatidae six species of crithidia were studied to determine their antigenic relationships. Antisera were prepared in chickens by means of three intravenous injections of several million crithidia and the titer and tests accomplished by using the agglutination technic. Titers against homologous protozoa averaged 1/640 with the highest titer recorded being 1/5120. Each antiserum was first tested against its homologous antigen then against each of the various crithidia. Results indicated the possibility that the crithidia isolated from hemiptera (C. acanthocephali, crithidia from Arilus cristatus and crithidia from Euryophthalmus davisi) were identical as far as our tests could determine. Those isolated from dipterons (C. fasciculata, C. luciliae) as well as C. (Strigomonas) oncopelti which was presumably isolated either from Oncopeltus fasciatus or the milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, were likewise identical. Each antiserum was adsorbed by each antigen and the serum tested against the homologous antigen. Again, with one possible exception, the close affinity between the dipteran flagellates (plus C. oncopelti) was established as was that between the flagellates of the hemipterons. Other than an occasional reaction, there were no cross reactions between the two groups of crithidia.
Hand function recovery in chronic stroke with HEXORR robotic training: A case series

After a stroke, many survivors have impaired motor function. Robotic rehabilitation techniques have emerged to provide a repetitive, activity-based therapy at potentially lower cost than conventional methods. Many patients exhibit intrinsic resistance to hand extension in the form of spasticity and/or hypertonia. We have developed a therapy program using the Hand Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot (HEXORR) that is capable of compensating for tone to assist patients in opening the paretic hand. The system can move the user's hand, assist movement, allow free movement, or restrict movement to allow static force production. These options combine with an interactive virtual reality game to enhance user motivation. Four chronic stroke subjects received 18 sessions of robot therapy as well as pre and post evaluation sessions. All subjects showed at least modest gains in active finger range of motion (ROM) measured in the robot, and all but one subject had gains in active thumb ROM. Most of these gains carried over to ROM gains outside of the robot. The clinical measures (Fugl-Meyer, Box-and-Blocks) showed clear improvements in two subjects and mixed results in two subjects. Overall, the robot therapy was well received by subjects and shows promising results. We conclude HEXORR therapy is best suited for patients with mild-moderate tone and at least minimal extension.
Journal impact factors, h indices, and citation analyses in toxicology.

Overall, toxicology journals have low impact factors compared to other scientific journals. As academic promotion boards increasingly use semiquantitative methods of determining academic productivity (such as the impact factor andh index of the journals in which a person has published), it could be expected that the toxicology journals in which many people in the fields of medical and clinical toxicology publish will see decreased submissions, as authors attempt to get their work published in journals with higher impact factors.