cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal feature selection for time-series prediction

We present a feature selection method for multivariate time-series prediction. It aims to use the best sliding window size and delay for each explanatory variable, which are usually fixed. The idea is to convert the original time-series into a set of cumulative sum with different length. The combinations of cumulative sum variables obtaining nonzero weights in sparse learning algorithms represent the optimal temporal effects from explanatory variables to the target variable. Experiments show that the method performs better than conventional methods in regression problems.
HIV/AIDS Stigmatizing Attitudes Among Young People in Swaziland: Individual and Environmental Factors

Abstract A major shortcoming to the understanding and development of HIV/AIDS programs to mitigate social stigma is the paucity of research pertaining to how young people in sub-Saharan African countries perceive those infected with HIV, and how these stigmatizing attitudes are formed, projected and reinforced. The purpose of this study was to examine stigmatizing attitudes toward people living with HIV/ AIDS among young people in Swaziland, southern Africa. A purposive convenience sampling provided urban and rural data for this cross-sectional survey. Participants included 941 secondary school students attending four co-educational public schools in Swaziland. Data were collected and analyzed on individual and environmental related factors with students' stigmatizing attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS as outcome variable. Findings from the study suggest that greater HIV/AIDS knowledge and increased peer influence were associated with lower stigmatizing attitudes. Perceived susceptibility was associate...
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates transcription of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, and is expressed specifically in neurons and neuroendocrine cells that release norepinephrine and epinephrine. In the present study, we used DBH-expressing human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2)C and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell lines to investigate the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in transcriptional regulation of the DBH gene. Coexpression of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAc) robustly stimulated the transcriptional activity of the DBH gene in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, coexpression of a specific inhibitor of PKA abrogated forskolin- and cAMP-mediated but not phorbol ester-mediated transcriptional induction of DBH. Deletion of the cAMP response element (CRE) dramatically reduced the stimulatory effect of PKA, indicating that the CRE mediates the induction of DBH by PKA. In DBH-nonexpressing HeLa and C6 glioma cell lines, coexpression of PKAc changed the transcriptional activity of the DBH promoter to a minimal degree, indicating that basal and PKA-mediated transcription of the DBH gene occur in a cell type-specific manner. Finally, both basal and cAMP-stimulated transcription of the DBH gene are diminished in three PKA-deficient PC12 cell lines, compared to wild-type cells. Based on these data, we conclude that PKA, via the CRE, plays an important role in basal and cAMP-inducible transcription, but is not required for phorbol ester-mediated induction, of the DBH gene in noradrenergic cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Healthcare costs associated with antiretroviral adherence among medicaid patients.

Background The relationship of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence to total healthcare expenditures for Medicaid-insured people living with HIV or AIDS (PLWHA) is not well understood, especially among asymptomatic HIV-positive patients.
Defect Structure of NiO‐CoO Solid Solutions

Measurements at high temperature of integrated intensities of Bragg peaks were used to examine the defect structure in two NiO-CoO solid solutions. The results indicate that the concentrations of vacant cation sites at 1100° to 1500°C are 4 to 10% and the tetrahedral occupations 2 to 5%. The concentration of these defects increases with temperature and partial pressure of O2. The mean-square displacements of oxygen ions and cations increase with temperature and CoO concentration.
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN : CLINICAL VERSUS PATHOLOGICAL STAGE

This is an exciting time for radiation oncologists who treat local prostate cancer. With the increasing use of the prostate specific antigen (PSA), we are rapidly obtaining new information about the underlying biology and treatment outcomes of prostate cancer. For example: (a) In addition to tumor grade and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy, the pretreatment PSA is an independent predictor of outcome in patients treated with external beam radiation therapy (3). In the Stanford University study, external beam (EB) patients with pretreatment PSA values of < 20 had an actuarial 4-5 year disease-free (NED) survival rate of 80% compared to an actuarial 5-year NED survival rate of less than 15% for EB patients with a pretreatment PSA of 50 or more (4). (b) The PSA value obtained at 612 months following EB is an excellent predictor of early clinical outcome. Zagars and von Eschenbach (7) found that the 4-year NED survival rate was 95% for patients with a stable PSA following EB compared to a 4-year NED survival rate of only 47% for patients with a rising PSA following EB. (c) Finally, long-term studies examining PSA profiles 10 years following EB suggest that we have overestimated the potential of traditional EB programs to cure prostate cancer. In a Yale University study, 30% of all T 1 -T3 EB patients who would have been scored as 1 O-year NED survivors by traditional clinical methods (physical examination, radiological studies) were actually found to have elevated PSA values (6). These elevated PSA values are highly predictive for eventual clinical relapse. In this issue of the International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology and Physics, Diaz et al. (1) attempt to extend the application of the PSA by using it to predict the probability of pathological involvement of the seminal vesicles in patients with clinical Stage T 1 -T3 tumors. The authors use an empirically derived formula called the seminal vesicle (SV) risk equation:
Risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis: A 7-year follow-up study of college students

Abstract Nine hundred three former college freshmen were followed 7 yr after entering college by means of a detailed allergy questionnaire. Original data collected from the students as freshmen, including a history of atopy and allergy skin test results, were evaluated in relation to the frequency of developing new allergies. During the 7-yr follow-up period, new cases of hay fever occurred in 12.6%, nonseasonal allergic rhinitis in 4.8%, and new asthma in 2.5% The risks of developing asthma and allergic rhinitis are both significantly associated with a prior positive allergy skin test. The risk of developing asthma, not hay fever, is significantly associated with a prior history of atopy. The association of positive allergy skin tests with the development of new cases of allergy remains significant throughout the 7-yr follow-up period. However, individuals who had all negative skin tests developed significantly fewer new cases of clinical allergy during the first 3 yr of follow-up; in the next 4 yr of the 7-yr follow-up, increased numbers of individuals with negative scratch tests developed new cases of allergy. Thus, negative skin tests proved of less prognostic value during the last 4-yr period of this 7-yr study, although significant differences still are apparent between the positive and negative reactor groups.
Agents, Availability Awareness, and Decision Making

Despite the importance of resource availability, the inclusion of availability awareness in current agent-based systems is limited, particularly in decision support settings. This article discusses issues related to availability awareness in agent-based systems and proposes that knowledge of resourcesâ€™ online status and readiness in these systems can improve decision outcomes. A conceptual model for incorporating availability and presence awareness in an agent-based system is presented, and an implementation framework operationalizing the conceptual model using JADE is proposed. Finally, the framework is developed as an agent-based decision support system (DSS) and evaluated in a decision making simulation.
NSF 1990 Plan

The National Science Foundation has released its Fiscal Year 1990 Current Plan, making expected cuts in some of the activities it supports. These cuts come on the heels of the reduction of grant and cooperative agreement increments by 2% from their originally committed amounts. NSF started with the budget request for FY 1990, subtracted the amounts cut by Congress, Gramm-Rudman-Hollings sequestration, and the across-the-board reductions for the war on drugs, and then calculated an overall funding increase of 8% over FY 1989. Funding for research and related activities was “particularly hard hit,” NSF said, and will increase by only 5%. The increase is 6% when the amount for academic research facilities is included. (That amount would have been lower had not money been reallocated into academic research facilities that was to have been used to build 10–12 new science and technology centers.)
Carcinoma of the major and minor salivary glands: analysis of treatment results and sites and causes of failures.

Treatment results of 100 cases of previously untreated malignant epithelial tumors of the major and minor salivary glands were analyzed with respect to stage, treatment modality and histology. For carcinoma of the parotid gland, the 5- and 10-year determinate survivals decreased from 88% and 83% for Stage I disease to 76% and 76% for Stage II, to 49% and 32% for Stage III and 0% for Stage IV disease. The 5- and 10-year determinate survivals were 96% and 96% for mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 80% and 80% for acinic cell carcinoma, 72% and 62% for adenocarcinoma, 57% and 57% for squamous cell carcinoma, 65% and 29% for adenoid cystic carcinoma and 44% and 22% for undifferentiated carcinoma. Postoperative radiotherapy improved the local control rates of adenoid cystic carcinoma and advanced local disease, its effectiveness related directly to the extent of tumor present. Radiotherapy was highly effective for microscopic disease and the incidence of local recurrence was 14% for patients who received postoperative radiotherapy and 54% for those who did not when there was known microscopic disease at or close to surgical margin. No significant difference in response to radiotherapy was seen between the different histological types. Most failures occurred at the primary tumor site or at the site of distant metastasis, whereas failure in regional lymph nodes was uncommon. When the cause of failure could be determined, it most often appeared to have been tumor remaining at the surgical margin with no postoperative radiotherapy given. Cancer 40:2882-2890, 1977.
Beyond Participation: The Association Between School Extracurricular Activities and Involvement in Violence Across Generations of Immigration

Participation in extracurricular activities is purported to protect the broad spectrum of youth from a host of behavioral risks. Yet, empirical research on the extent to which this assumption holds for involvement in violence by immigrant youth is limited. Thus, using data for 13,236 (51.8% female) adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study explores how the relationship between extracurricular activities and youth violence varies by type of extracurricular activity profile (sports alone, non-sports alone, and a combination of sports and non-sports) and by generations of immigration (first, second, and third-plus). The sample is composed of 9.3% (n = 1,233) first-generation youth, 15.7% (n = 2,080) second generation, and 74.9% (n = 9,923) third-plus generation. The results reveal that adolescents from the third-plus generation (i.e., non-immigrant youth) who participate in non-sports alone or sports plus non-sports have lower odds of involvement in violence than adolescents from the same generation who do not participate in extracurricular activities. However, for first- and second-generation adolescents, participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher rather than lower odds of violence compared to their non-participating counterparts. These findings challenge the viewpoint that participation in mainstream extracurricular activities as afforded by US schools is equally beneficial for all youth. They also call for additional research that explores why immigrant youth are less likely than non-immigrant youth to gain violence-reducing benefits when they participate in extracurricular activities.
Numerical observations on symmetric and asymmetric profiles in catalyst slabs

Abstract A numerical procedure is described for generating either symmetric or asymmetric steady-state mass and temperature profiles in a catalyst slab. Observations on the dynamic behavior of these catalyst slabs and the stability of the steady-state profiles are quoted. The validity of the frequently used assumption of symmetry or isothermality of a catalyst particle is also discussed.
Impedance-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Metal-Protective Coating Evaluation

Researchers have been focused on the influences of flowing fluid on the corrosion of bare metals, but there is little emphasis on the degradation of metal-protective coating. Evaluating the metal-protective coating usually uses the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS method. EIS is a technique used for evaluating coating permeability or barrier performance based on the electrical impedance of coating. This paper presents a new impedance-based wireless sensor network for metal-protective coating evaluation. This wireless sensor network consists of two parts: impedance-based wireless sensor nodes and a wireless data base that are equipped with a network analyzer AD5933 and a RF transceiver CC1111/CC1110. In the experiment, there are three coating panels immersed in flowing deionized water DI water and one coating panel immersed in stationary DI water. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed wireless sensor network is capable to evaluate the coating degrading.
Time-Domain Spectrometry of High Frequency Transistors Measured under Transient Bias Conditions

Time-Domain Spectrometry has been used to measure S-parameters of high frequency power transistors, bipolar and MOS, under pulsed bias conditions to reduce the mean dissipation and hence the rise in temperature of the active device. For the bipolar transistors, |S2l| shows a much slower decrease at high currents than conventional measurements made under steady bias. In the case of the MOS device, |S2l| approaches a constant value at high currents showing that the fall in magnitude normally observed is due entirely to the increase in device temperature. It is suggested that this method can be applied to measurements under other transient conditions provided that the system response does not change within the sampling window of 10 ns.
Development of a logical deductive fault diagnostic technique for real time application

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for the development of a logical and deductive fault diagnostic technique for a real time application. Fault Diagnosis, especially in a complex engineering system by maintenance engineers of any discipline demands a logical procedure backed by a sound deductive and analyutical technique. Many times, it is possible for experienced mechanics to diagnose faults based on personal expertise and heuristic, however this becomes increasingly difficult if the system under consideration is a complex engineering system needing expertise in various fields for its fault diagnosis. Unorganized and inexperienced approach in such a situation may result in time wastage before the actual fault localization, or it may even result in the actual fault going undetected. It is therefore very important to develop a logical and deductive diagnostic procedure that can be applied to any real time situation. The methodology demonstrated in this paper makes use of various tools, to enhance the system's reliability and maintainability. The Diagnostic Decision Diagram developed as a result of the technique provides a series of tests to be performed, in order (on the subsystem and components), to identify the malfunctioning systems or component, and to provide necessary repair instructions. The methodology for development of the logical and deductive fault diagnosis technique can be augmented for use in almost any complex engineering system to enhance its reliability and maintainability.
Hybrid Bayesian Solution to NASA Langley Research Center Multidisciplinary Uncertainty Quantification Challenge

This paper presents a hybrid Bayesian solution to the multidisciplinary uncertainty quantification challenge posed by NASA Langley Research Center. The hybrid approach builds probabilistic models o...
Infrared array camera (IRAC) design for the infrared imaging surveyor (IRIS)

The revised baseline mission concept of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) has assumed that the infrared array camera (IRAC), one of three focal plane instruments designed for SIRTF, will be removed from SIRTF and carried out collaboratively on the Japanese- launched Infrared Imaging Surveyor (IRIS) mission. The IRIS mission is an approved program scheduled for launch in 2001. In addition to IRAC, which will cover the 3 - 8 micron wavelength region, the proposed IRIS mission will also contain a mid-infrared array camera and a far-infrared scanner, consisting of three linear array detectors. We review the scientific requirements and design of IRAC required for incorporation into IRIS.
GABA receptors ameliorate Hcy-mediated integrin shedding and constrictive collagen remodeling in microvascular endothelial cells

Mammalian endothelial cells are deficient in cystathionine beta synthetase (CBS) activity, which is responsible for homocysteine (Hcy) clearance. This deficiency makes the endothelium the prime target for Hcy toxicity. Hcy induces integrin shedding in microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Hcy competes with inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor. We hypothesized that Hcy transduces MVEC remodeling by increasing metalloproteinase activity and shedding beta-1 integrin by inactivating the GABA-A/B receptors, thus behaving as an excitatory neurotransmitter. MVEC were isolated from mouse brain. The presence of GABA-A receptor was determined by immunolabeling. It was induced by muscimol, an agonist of GABA-A receptor as measured by Western blot analysis. Hcy induced MMP-2 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, measured by zymography. GABA-A/B receptors ameliorated the Hcymediated MMP-2 activation. Hcy selectively increased the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-3 but decreased the levels of TIMP-4. Treatment with muscimol decreased the levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 and increased the levels of TIMP-4 to control. Hcy caused a robust increase in the levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-12. In the medium of MVEC treated with Hcy, the levels of beta-1 integrin were significantly increased. Treatment with muscimol or baclofen (GABA-B receptor agonist) ameliorated the levels of beta-1 integrin in the medium. These results suggested that Hcy induced ADAM-12. Significantly, Hcy facilitated the beta-1 integrin shedding. Treatment of MVEC with muscimol or baclofen during Hcy administration ameliorated the expression of metalloproteinase, integrin-shedding, and constrictive collagen remodeling, suggesting a role of Hcy in GABA receptor-mediated cerebrovascular remodeling.
Antigen-specific human T-cell responses and T cell–dependent production of human antibodies in a humanized mouse model

Humanized mice with a functional human immune system would be very useful for in vivo studies of human immunobiology. We have previously shown that cotransplantation of human fetal thymus/liver tissues and CD34+ fetal liver cells into immunodeficient nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice leads to the development of multiple lineages of human lymphohematopoietic cells and formation of secondary lymphoid organs with normal architecture. Here, we evaluated the ability of these humanized mice to develop antigen-specific, T cell–dependent antibody responses after in vivo immunization with T-dependent antigen, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hapten-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP23-KLH). Human T cells from DNP23-KLH–immunized mice showed strong proliferation in response to KLH in vitro. Furthermore, T cell–dependent production of DNP-specific human antibodies (mainly IgG1 and IgG2) was detected in all immunized mice. These results confirm that a functional human immune system can be established in immunodeficient mice through cotransplantation of human fetal thymus/liver tissues and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.
Real-Time Use-Aware Adaptive RF Transceiver Systems for Energy Efficiency Under BER Constraints

Modern radio front ends are required to operate over diverse channel conditions requiring the incorporation of significant performance overheads into their design. This results in significantly higher power consumption over most of the operational period since the worst case channels are not statistically prevalent. Adaptive systems solve this problem by adapting the performance and power consumption depending on channel conditions. In this paper, it is demonstrated that depending upon the throughput requirements of the system multiple low-power adaptation modes can be designed. These modes ensure either highest throughput operation or lowest energy-per-bit operation. The operation of these modes is demonstrated in simulation using multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) receiver and transmitter front ends. Subsequently, the concepts are demonstrated in hardware for both MIMO and single-input-single-output front ends.
Physiology, structure, and regulation of the cloned organic anion transporters

1. The transport of negatively charged drugs, xenobiotics, and metabolites by epithelial tissues, particularly the kidney, plays critical roles in controlling their distribution, concentration, and retention in the body. Thus, organic anion transporters (OATs) impact both their therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicity. 2. This review summarizes current knowledge of the properties and functional roles of the cloned OATs, the relationships between transporter structure and function, and those factors that determine the efficacy of transport. Such factors include plasma protein binding of substrates, genetic polymorphisms among the transporters, and regulation of transporter expression. 3. Clearly, much progress has been made in the decade since the first OAT was cloned. However, unresolved questions remain. Several of these issues--drug-drug interactions, functional characterization of newly cloned OATs, tissue differences in expression and function, and details of the nature and consequences of transporter regulation at genomic and intracellular sites--are discussed in the concluding Perspectives section.
Ultrasonic investigations of the complexation between EuIII and NO−3 in aqueous methanol☆

Abstract Ultrasonic absorption measurements were carried out on 0.200 M Eu(NO3)3 solutions at 25 °C between 10 and 210 MHz. The absorption data are consistent with those obtained for ErIII and NdIII systems and indicate a change in coordination number in aqueous methanol.
The Antiarrhythmic Efficacy of Intravenous Therapy with Disopyramide Phosphate

Disopyramide phosphate was administered intravenously to 57 patients with 60 episodes of arrhythmia (21 supraventricular and 39 ventricular) as a 2 mg/kg bolus. Conversion to sinus rhythm was achieved in three (38 percent) of eight patients with atrial flutter, two (20 percent) of ten patients with atrial fibrillation, one (33 percent) of three patients with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and two (50 percent) of four patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia. In nine (75 percent) of 12 patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, suppression of the arrhythmia was accomplished following the intravenous bolus of disopyramide. In 18 (78 percent) of 23 patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions, greater than 50 percent suppression of the ventricular premature contractions was achieved. These effects were satisfactorily maintained in six (86 percent) of seven patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and in 14 (88 percent) of 16 patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions in whom therapy with disopyramide phosphate was continued as a 20 mg/hour intravenous drip infusion for up to 24 hours. Side effects were observed in only eight patients (14 percent) and were primarily anticholinergic in nature. Transient hypotension, not necessitating treatment with pressor agents, was observed in three patients (5 percent), in two of whom discontinuance of therapy with disopyramide was deemed necessary. Intravenous therapy with disopyramide in the dosage regimen employed appears to be moderately effective against supraventricular arrhythmia and particularly effective against ventricular arrhythmia with minimal toxicity. It appears to be a suitable alternative to intravenous therapy with lidocaine and has the additional advantage of availability for oral administration.
Protons from the Transmutation of Boron by Deuterons

The technique of studying proton groups produced by bombarding elements with deuterons from a cyclotron is described. Applied to the bombardment of boron by 3.1-Mev deuterons, the method shows the presence of four groups, three of which agree with those found by Cockcroft and Lewis while the fourth, a very prominent group of $Q$ value +2.39 Mev is new and is ascribed to a third excited state of ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$.
Multiresolution segmentation of range images based on Bayesian decision theory

This paper describes recent work on hierarchical segmentation of range images. The algorithm starts with an initial partition of small planar regions using a robust fitting method constrained by the detection of depth and orientation discontinuities. From this initial partition represented by an adjacency graph structure, we optimally group these regions into larger and larger regions until an approximation limit is reached. The algorithm uses Bayesian decision theory to determine the local optimal grouping and the geometrical complexity of the approximation surface. This algorithm produces a hierarchical structure that can be used to represent objects with a varying level of detail by scanning through the hierarchical structure generated. Experimental results are presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estrogen receptor translocation and replenishment by the antiestrogen tamoxifen.

The anti-estrogen tamoxifen binds cytoplasmic estrogen receptor and translocates it into the nucleus, provoking early estrogen responses; only later is normal estrogen action antagonized. We examined these effects in uteri of mature rats given 5 μg estradiol or 50 μg tamoxifen after ovariectomy- adrenalectomy, using ligand exchange assays developed in this laboratory for both cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen receptors. We show that both estrogen receptor translocation and uterine weight gain are slower with tamoxifen than with estrogen. Twenty-four to 48 h after estradiol or tamoxifen injections cytoplasmic estrogen receptor is replenished, contrary to the hypothesis that anti-estrogens antagonize subsequent estrogen action by failing to replenish cytoplasmic receptor. This new receptor appearing by 48 h after tamoxifen treatment is capable of being translocated by estradiol. Six daily doses of estradiol continue to increase uterine weight and soluble cytosol proteins. The same regimen of daily tamoxifen ...
Correlations between polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in soils from western Washington 1

Surface soils were sampled as part of an environmental monitoring program in the vicinity of a proposed rotary‐kiln municipal waste incinerator. Soils were collected at locations predicted to receive differing particle deposition from the incinerator. Soils collected prior to incinerator operation showed differences in absolute PCDD and PCDF concentrations. However, chemical patterns were quite similar. Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs were correlated at sampling sites. Data indicate a consistent source of PCDDs and PCDFs in the vicinity of the incinerator prior to initiation of waste burning. These data will allow assessment of incinerator impacts by monitoring chemical concentration and pattern changes at these sampling sites.
Petrowatch: petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic organic compounds, and heavy metals in mussels from the Monterey Bay area of central California

Abstract Mussel Watch techniques were used to measure the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, synthetic organic hydrocarbons, and trace metals in a preliminary study of the Monterey Bay area in central California. Resident mussels were found to have higher-than-expected petroleum hydrocarbon body burdens in Carmel Bay, an area thought to be relatively contaminant free. A ‘hot spot’ of PCB 1254 and pp′DDE was measured at Ano Nueuvo Island, a site previously recognized because of elevated levels of mercury in mussels. PCB 1254 concentrations at Ano Nuevo Island were high in relation to the remainder of coastal United States and Baja California, reflecting entrainment of this compound at a biologically active area. The Monterey Harbor Jetty location showed the highest contamination levels for zinc and lead. In fact, this location has the second highest lead concentrations in mussels for the California coast. Biological cycling of certain compounds (PCB, DDT and mercury) in remote locations such as Ano Nuevo Island, is hypothesized as a mechanism for these elevated concentrations in mussels. Levels of other synthetic organic hydrocarbons were generally low, with chlordanes showing higher concentrations in the more urbanized locations of the study area, i.e. the Monterey Harbor Jetty.
The Chimera of Entrepreneurial Opportunity

We examine recent literature on the concept of opportunity, notably Alvarez and Barney (2010) and Shane (2012). We consider the ongoing discourse about the nature of opportunities, including whether they are inherently objective or subjective, and whether there is clear and sufficient distinction between “discovery” and “creation” opportunities. Among our conclusions are that Alvarez and Barney do not make the case for distinct epistemologies for studying creation and discovery opportunities; they confound epistemology and metaphysics and they fail in their reasoning for the incommensurability of these two “theories”. Further, we argue that the discovery/creation dichotomy is based on a faulty reification of abstractions devised by Kirzner and Schumpeter to model market processes. The imprecision of the conceptual foundations for opportunity as an important construct in entrepreneurship research calls into question its value in fulfilling “the promise” identified by Shane and Venkataraman (2000).
The system K2Mg2(SO4)3 (langbeinite)-K2Ca2(SO4)3 (calcium-langbeinite)

Abstract The join between the compositions K 2 Mg 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 was studied by means of high-temperature equilibrium quenching techniques and by means of a heating stage mounted on an X-ray diffractometer. Complete solid solution exists in the system, but at 25°C members of the solid solution series are isometric only in the composition range 0–73·5 wt. per cent K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . At compositions richer in K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 than 73·5 wt. per cent, members of the series are optically biaxial. At higher temperatures members of the solid solution series are isometric at successively more calcium-rich compositions and pure K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is isometric above about 200 ± 2°C. The system is not binary, as mixtures richer in K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 than 42 wt. per cent decompose with the formation of liquid and CaSO 4 .
Interactions of Marijuana and Induced Stress: Forearm Blood Flow, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance

To examine the interaction of marijuana and an induced state of stress, on both subjective and physiological measures, two groups of 15 subjects each were given a mental arithmetic task to perform. The sequence of events was 10 min each of pre-stress, stress, post-stress, intoxication (about 20 min), pre-stress, stress, post-stress. In the intoxication phase, one group smoked marijuana containing 14 mg Δ9-THC while the other group smoked a placebo. The dependent variables were forearm blood flow (FBF), heart rate (HR). and skin conductance (SC), and a subjective measure of stress–the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (MAACL). The results revealed all physiological variables to be reactive to the stress task. In addition, marijuana intoxication produced reliable increases in both pre-stress HR and FBF, and yet the physiological response to the post-intoxication stress period showed no significant decrement when compared In the placebo group. Discussion of these results centered around marijuana's effects on tonic and phasic reactivity.
Relationship between Helicobacter pylori eradication and reduced duodenal and gastric ulcer recurrence: a review

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether the current literature supports the use of Helicobacter pylori cure as the primary efficacy end point in peptic ulcer clinical trials. This could potentially reduce the complexity of future trials. METHODS: Published articles containing information on both H. pylori eradication and ulcer recurrence were searched with MEDLINE. Abstracts were found by reviewing references from both primary and review articles. RESULTS: Fourteen duodenal ulcer and five gastric ulcer studies satisfied requisite inclusion criteria. Ulcer recurrence was significantly less common among H. pylori-cured patients vs. noncured patients (6% vs. 67% for patients with duodenal ulcers; 4% vs. 59% for patients with gastric ulcers). For H. pylori-cured patients, duodenal ulcer recurrence was higher in studies using two endoscopic tests compared with three tests (9% vs. 3%) and higher in abstracts compared with published articles (14% vs. 4%). Timing of H. pylori eradication (4 weeks vs.
Autoimmune Phenomenon in Mooren's Ulcer

Direct immunofluorescent techniques demonstrated immunoglobulins localized to the conjunctival epithelium in three cases of Mooren's ulcer. In addition, complement was found in association with the immunoglobulins in the two active cases. Circulating antibodies to the conjunctival and corneal epithelium were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent techniques in all three patients. Further immunological examinations of the three cases failed to demonstrate other significant immune alterations.
The other Side of the Lower Bound. A Note with a Correction

Abstract This note has as its primary purpose the correction of a statement made in a previous paper regarding the attainment of the variance of a proposed estimator of its lower bound. At the same time it seemed useful, as an expository function, to recapitulate a development of the lower bound which led this writer to a better understanding of it, and to the realization of the indicated error. Here the bound is developed ab initio from a simple identity, instead of secondarily from Schwartz's inequality, as is usual. It should be stated that, mathematically, there is nothing essentially new in this development; however, it yields, in addition to a clarification of the “why” of the bound, a necessary, condition for its attainment. The element of novelty in the statement of this condition is doubtless mathematically trivial, but may be of use in application. Also it is hoped that its direct derivation from the same elementary identity as the bound itself is derived, may make it understood by the nonmathem...
Localization of gurken RNA in Drosophila oogenesis requires elements in the 5' and 3' regions of the transcript.

During Drosophila oogenesis, signaling between the germline and the soma leads to the establishment of polarity in the egg and embryo. This process involves the interaction of gurken (grk), a TGFalpha-like protein, with torpedo (top), the Drosophila EGF receptor (Egfr). In early stage egg chambers, grk RNA is present predominantly along the posterior cortex of the oocyte, and in mid stage egg chambers, the grk transcript becomes tightly localized to the future dorsal anterior corner of the oocyte. This localization of grk RNA restricts the distribution of Gurken protein and is critical in defining both the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the egg. We have determined the genomic sequence of the grk gene. By testing the requirement of various fragments of grk RNA in the localization process, we find localization signals present in both the 5' and 3' regions of the gene. Sequences in the 5' noncoding region allow for accumulation of the transcript within the oocyte in early stage egg chambers, while signals in the coding region and the 3'UTR are necessary for localization in mid to late stage egg chambers. Active translation is not required for localization of the grk RNA. The mechanism of gurken RNA localization, therefore, differs from that of other localized RNAs studied to date.
Size versus polarizability in protein-ligand interactions: binding of noble gases within engineered cavities in phage T4 lysozyme.

To investigate the relative importance of size and polarizability in ligand binding within proteins, we have determined the crystal structures of pseudo wild-type and cavity-containing mutant phage T4 lysozymes in the presence of argon, krypton, and xenon. These proteins provide a representative sample of predominantly apolar cavities of varying size and shape. Even though the volumes of these cavities range up to the equivalent of five xenon atoms, the noble gases bind preferentially at highly localized sites that appear to be defined by constrictions in the walls of the cavities, coupled with the relatively large radii of the noble gases. The cavities within pseudo wild-type and L121A lysozymes each bind only a single atom of noble gas, while the cavities within mutants L133A and F153A have two independent binding sites, and the L99A cavity has three interacting sites. The binding of noble gases within two double mutants was studied to characterize the additivity of binding at such sites. In general, when a cavity in a protein is created by a "large-to-small" substitution, the surrounding residues relax somewhat to reduce the volume of the cavity. The binding of xenon and, to a lesser degree, krypton and argon, tend to expand the volume of the cavity and to return it closer to what it would have been had no relaxation occurred. In nearly all cases, the extent of binding of the noble gases follows the trend xenon>krypton>argon. Pressure titrations of the L99A mutant have confirmed that the crystallographic occupancies accurately reflect fractional saturation of the binding sites. The trend in noble gas affinity can be understood in terms of the effects of size and polarizability on the intermolecular potential. The plasticity of the protein matrix permits repulsion due to increased ligand size to be more than compensated for by attraction due to increased ligand polarizability. These results have implications for the mechanism of general anesthesia, the migration of small ligands within proteins, the detection of water molecules within apolar cavities and the determination of crystallographic phases.
A recursive algorithm for a summed multinomial density function

An algorithm for calculating the probabilities of a summed multinomial density function which is recursive with n (the number of trials) is presented. Having application in inspector error models for auditing and quality control problems with Cartesian product structures, the algorithm is discussed in the context of computing optimal economic sampling plans. Computational experience with the algorithm is presented.
Report on exploratory study of rain‐gage shields and enclosures at Coshocton, Ohio

Several types of shields and enclosures were installed on standard non-recording United States Weather Bureau type rain-and-snow gages near Cosnocton, Ohio, during the summer of 1937. The study as originally set up was entirely exploratory in nature, that is, to determine the relative feasibility, ease of operation, cost of installation, and maintenance of the various shields and enclosures, rather than to evaluate precisely their effects upon the catch of the rain-and-snow gage. It was hoped that the study would point out one type of shield or enclosure as being most suitable for installation on the large number of rain-gages located on the watersheds being studied by the Hydrologic Division of the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. A preliminary report concerning the first five months of record from experimental gages MA to MH, inclusive, and Met. R was presented in the Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Nineteenth Annual Meeting [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. Since that time, gages MI, MJ, and MK have been added to the group, and it is believed that sufficient information is now available to justify closing the exploratory study.
Changes in large particle size distribution due to dry deposition processes

Abstract A dry deposition model is described that can simulate variations in the size-resolved mass size distribution of large ( > 1 μ m diameter) atmospheric particles due to dry deposition processes. The model is unique because it is based on both gravitational and inertial effects in turbulent flow and includes deposition and suspension velocities for large, airborne particles. The model allows the integration of a large number of variables, covering a wide range of conditions (height of particle injection, meteorological conditions, and removal time). Changes in the size distributions that result from model simulations of deposition show the expected decrease in concentration with size since the deposition is greater for the larger particles. However, the size distribution does not decrease with size in a uniform manner as would be suggested by Stokes settling velocity due to the effect of inertial forces acting on the particles. Application of the model reveals a number of patterns, including the development of two peaks in the large particle mass size distribution, a persistent peak in the 1– 10 μ m size range, and a second peak in the 10– 40 μ m range that is strongly affected by meteorological conditions.
The Five-Factor Model Describes the Structure of Social Perceptions

My graduate school cohort was the first admitted into a newly merged social and personality psychology program. That merger, and the combination of perspectives that I was exposed to, turned out to...
In-situ irradiation studies on the effects of helium on the microstructural evolution of V-3.8Cr-3.9Ti

Role of He in microstructural evolution of V-3.8Cr-3.9Ti was investigated by in-situ TEM of as-prepared and He implanted (<10 appM) samples subjected to 200 keV He irradiation at RT. Quantitative analysis showed an increase in defect density and size with irradiation in both. The unimplanted sample showed a defect density consistent with electron irradiation experiments. The He preimplanted sample had slightly larger defects and a substantially greater increase in number density of defects. This is consistent with a mechanism of He trapping by formation of He-vacancy-X (X=C,N,O) complexes.
Incomplete achromatopsia in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract We report that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have a selective selective deficit in blue hue discrimination, as assessed with three clinical measures of color vision. The Farnsworth D-15 Test, the Lanthony New Color Test, and the City University Color Vision Test were administered to 32 patients with AD (ranging in dementia severity from mild to severe) and 32 age-matched normal control subjects (NCS). Of the AD patients, 11 who were representative of the larger group for age, education level, and dementia severity received a complete neuro-ophthalmological examination that ruled out obvious disorders of the anterior visual structures. AD patients made significantly more tritan (blue) errors than NCS on all three color vision tests but did not make more protan (red) or deutan (green) errors on two of the three tests. The results support the conclusion that there is a deficit in color discrimination in AD that is specific to blue hues, and oppose the hypothesis that AD does not deleteriously affect the color-opponent visual channel. In the absence of obvious damage to anterior visual structures, the likely substrates for the observed deficit are peristriate and inferotemporal visual cortices, which are subject to significant neuropathology in AD.
Fugitive reconciliation: The agonistics of respect, resentment and responsibility in post-conflict society

Traditionally, transitional justice has referred to that field of theoretical scholarship that proffers recuperative strategies for political societies divided by a history of violence. Through the establishment of truth commissions, public confessionals and reparative measures, transitional justice regimes have sought to establish restorative conditions that might help reconcile historical antagonists both to each other and to the trauma of their shared past. Because of some of the theoretical lapses in this scholarship some have turned recently to the field of radical democratic and ‘new pluralist’ thought – and especially to agonistic literature – to foreground a theory of post-conflict reconciliation based not on the principles of the sublimation of difference, but rather the perpetual deferral of accord. This essay works both to underscore that effort, as well as to (productively) problematize it. Through unorthodox readings of Giorgio Agamben, Jean Amery and Sheldon Wolin, the essay argues that an emphasis on messianicity as the temporal mode of political repair is ultimately less productive for what I call an agonistics of reconciliation than a more nuanced approach to what Wolin calls ‘fugitive democracy’. Where the former is allied with a problematic politics of mutual respect, the latter affirms a more germane politics of abiding resentment. In the end, a startling conclusion is drawn from reading agonistic reconciliation through Wolin: democracy may be a political experience reserved for scenes of transitional justice alone.
Cyclic GMP-AMP Containing Mixed Phosphodiester Linkages Is An Endogenous High-Affinity Ligand for STING.

Summary The presence of microbial or self DNA in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a danger signal detected by the DNA sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), which catalyzes the production of cGAMP that in turn serves as a second messenger to activate innate immune responses. Here we show that endogenous cGAMP in mammalian cells contains two distinct phosphodiester linkages, one between 2′-OH of GMP and 5′-phosphate of AMP, and the other between 3′-OH of AMP and 5′-phosphate of GMP. This molecule, termed 2′3′-cGAMP, is unique in that it binds to the adaptor protein STING with a much greater affinity than cGAMP molecules containing other combinations of phosphodiester linkages. The crystal structure of STING bound to 2′3′-cGAMP revealed the structural basis of this high-affinity binding and a ligand-induced conformational change in STING that may underlie its activation.