cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation Management During CTO PCI

Radiation injury can occur after chronic total occlusion (CTO) interventions, hence strategies to minimize radiation exposure are critical. The total air kerma radiation exposure should be carefully monitored throughout the case and the procedure should be stopped if 12 Gy are administered, or if crossing is not achieved after 7–10 Gy. Low frame rate (7.5 frames per second) and low magnification fluoroscopy should be used. Collimation should be employed whenever possible and the image intensifier should be rotated to minimize the exposure of each area of the skin. Additional shielding should be used to minimize radiation scatter. Patients who receive >5 Gy air kerma dose should be carefully followed up to detect any radiation skin injury.
The Coupling of SecA Expression to Secretion Efficiency by SecM-Mediated Translation Arrest

SecA is a major component of the bacterial Sec pathway that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to drive protein export through the SecYEG complex. In Escherichia coli, the expression of secA is tightly coupled to the secretion status of the cell, and the level of the protein increases dramatically when the function of the Sec pathway is compromised. SecA expression is controlled at the translational level by secM, a co-transcribed gene that encodes a presecretory protein. The detection of a SecM sequence motif inside the ribosome tunnel stalls translation and leads to a concomitant change in the secondary structure of the secM–secA mRNA that exposes the secA Shine–Dalgarno sequence. The efficiency of SecM export dictates the duration of the translation arrest and consequently the level of secA expression. In this chapter, I review the biochemical, genetic, and structural studies that have led to our current understanding of the mechanism of SecM-mediated translation arrest. I also describe evidence that the regulatory function of SecM requires the precise timing of its targeting to the SecYEG complex. Finally, I discuss the physiological significance of the regulation of secA expression in E. coli and the use of the SecM translation arrest motif as an experimental tool.
Cerebral bioenergetics and in vivo cytochrome c oxidase redox relationships.

Cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome a,a3) is almost completely oxidized in isolated mitochondria1 which essentially respire at a maximal rate. The reduction level of cytochrome a,a 3 measured in intact brain and other mammalian organs, however, is much higher2,3. The in vivo oxidation-reduction level of this enzyme is also greatly affected by variations in tissue oxygenation4. Cytochrome a,a 3 becomes progressively more reduced by pathophysiological conditions which decrease cellular oxygen availability5. Thus, in situ changes in the oxidation level of cytochrome a,a 3 should provide an early sensitive means for determining intracellular levels of oxygen insufficiency which adversely affect tissue bioenergetics. We test this possibility in the present study. The effect of acute oxygen insufficiency on in stu changes in the oxidation level of cytochrome a,a 3 in the parietal cortex of skull intact normal blood circulated rat brain was directly compared with in vitro measured changes in the concentration of metabolites known to reflect limitations in cellular energy production.
Islamic Globalization and Its Role in China’s Future

Islamic Globalization is a combination of religious, economic, political, and diplomatic advances that are transforming the Muslim world. Its building blocks are the hajj and religious travel, capi...
Compressive deformation of MoAlB up to 1100 °C

Abstract Quasi-static and cyclic compression tests at room and high temperatures were conducted on MoAlB, which has an atomically laminated structure that consists of a Mo-B sublattice interleaved by double layers of pure Al. The results show that MoAlB goes through a brittle-to-plastic transition (BPT) at around 800 °C. Below the BPT temperature, MoAlB behaves as a linear-elastic solid and fails in a brittle manner at stresses exceeding 2 GPa despite the fact that the grain size was 6 ± 1 μm. While post-testing microstructural observation showed only a few bends and kinks of individual grains, extensive microcracking was observed. Above the BPT temperature, the deformation was non-linear elastic with open stress-strain hysteresis loops and small irrecoverable strains after each loading-unloading cycle. This behavior was attributed predominantly to micocracks that appear to be constrained mostly within a shear band and coalesce into larger cracks.
23 Healthy Workplaces

Creating a healthy and safe work environment for employees is a major concern of organizations. This concern has also served as the basis for a great deal of research in a number of disciplines, including psychology. The purpose of this chapter is to review the psychologically based literature related to occupational health and safety, and perhaps more importantly explain how this is used to facilitate healthy and safe work in organizational settings. We do this by first describing the recent development of the field of occupational health psychology (OHP) as a framework for examining occupational health and safety. We then forge into the major topics in the chapter, which will include: (a) conditions within organizations which psychologists have shown to adversely impact employee health, (b) employee safety, (c) “at-risk” groups or those groups of individuals who might be most likely impacted by conditions which negative impact health and safety, and (d) interventions that are designed to improve employee health. The chapter will conclude with a number of suggestions for future research. Keywords: safety; role stress; workload; occupational health; workplace violence; job insecurity
Sinai’s Work on Markov Partitions and SRB Measures

Some principal contributions of Ya. Sinai to hyperbolic theory of dynamical systems, focusing mainly on constructions of Markov partitions and of Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measures, are discussed. Some further developments in these directions stemming from Sinai’s work, are described.
Diminished Return of Employment on Ever Smoking Among Hispanic Whites in Los Angeles.

Abstract Purpose: According to the Minorities' Diminished Return (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as employment status produce smaller tangible outcomes for racial and ethni...
Balancing Efficiency and Fairness in Liver Transplant Access: Tradeoff Curves for the Assessment of Organ Distribution Policies.

Background Current distribution policies have resulted in persistent geographic disparity in access to donated livers across the country for waitlisted candidates. Methods Using mathematical optimization, and subsequently the Liver Simulation Allocation Model, the following organ distribution concepts were assessed: (1) current policy, (2) proposed alternative models, and (3) a novel continuous distribution model. A number of different scenarios for each policy distribution concept were generated and analyzed through efficiency-fairness tradeoff curves. Results The continuous distribution concept allowed both for the greatest reduction in patient deaths and for the most equitable geographic distribution across comparable organ transportation burden. When applied with an Optimized Prediction of Mortality allocation scheme, continuous distribution allowed for a significant reduction in number of deaths-on the order of 500 lives saved annually (https://livervis.github.io/). Conclusions Tradeoff curves allow for a visualized understanding on the efficiency/fairness balance, and have demonstrated that liver candidates awaiting transplant would benefit from a model employing continuous distribution as this holds the greatest advantage for mortality reduction. Development and implementation of continuous distribution models for all solid organ transplants may allow for minimization of the geographic disparity in organ distribution, and allow for efficient and fair access to a limited national resource for all candidates.
A Nested-Loop Iterative Learning Control for Robot Manipulators

Abstract To improve the tracking performance of industrial robot manipulators, a nested-loop iterative learning control (ILC) structure is presented. It consists of an inner loop that deals with drive dynamics, and an outer loop which addresses impreciseness of kinematic parameters as well as joint static bias. A data-based frequency inversion technique with motion constraints is utilized for fast inner loop convergence. The outer loop measures the end effector deviation with a laser tracker and uses inverse Jacobian matrix for joint reference modification. Analysis of the algorithm is given, and is experimentally demonstrated on a six degree-of-freedom robot manipulator. It is shown that the proposed method mitigates the maximum dynamic tracking error by an order of magnitude, and is applicable to different payloads due to small system variation from torque shielding of gear reduction.
Traumatic brain injury and adverse psychological effects: Examining a potential pathway to aggressive offending.

Contemporary scholarship has demonstrated an association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) during adolescence and aggressive offending. Research, however, has yet to identify any mechanisms linking TBI to subsequent aggressive offending. Consequently, the current study hypothesized that adverse psychological effects is one such pathway. The current study used the Pathways to Desistance data set (n = 416) to examine the pathway of TBI to aggressive offending through adverse psychological effects. The findings of the structural equation model supported the hypothesized association. Specifically, increased exposure to TBI was indirectly associated with aggressive offending through adverse psychological effects. An additional supplemental analysis illustrated that a direct link between TBI and aggressive offending did not exist for the analytical sample. The findings suggested that the neurological disruptions commonly associated with TBI could result in direct increases in negative psychological outcomes and indirect increases in subsequent negative behavioral outcomes.
Identifying the mechanisms of cation inhibition of phenol oxidation by acid birnessite.

Many phenolic compounds found as contaminants in natural waters are susceptible to oxidation by manganese oxides. However, there is often variability between oxidation rates reported in pristine matrices and studies using more environmentally relevant conditions. For example, the presence of cations generally results in slower phenolic oxidation rates. However, the underlying mechanism of cation interference is not well understood. In this study, cation co‐solutes inhibit the transformation of four target phenols (i.e., bisphenol A, estrone, p‐cresol, and triclosan) by acid birnessite. Oxidation rates for these compounds by acid birnessite follow the same trend, Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+, when cations are present as co‐solutes. We further demonstrate that the same trend applies to these cations when they are absent from solution but pre‐exchanged with the mineral. We analyze valence state, surface area, crystallinity, and zeta potential to characterize changes in oxide structure. The findings of this study show that pre‐exchanged cations have a large effect on birnessite reactivity even in the absence of cation co‐solutes, indicating that the inhibition of phenolic compound oxidation is not due to competition for surface sites, as previously suggested. Instead, the reaction inhibition is attributed to changes in aggregation and the mineral microstructure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Organizational Correlates of Specialized Substance Abuse Treatment Provision to Seropositive Clients: A Political Economy Perspective

Abstract Data from the Alcohol and Drug Services Study, 1996–1999 (United States Department of Health and Human Services [USD-HHS], 2002), a nationally representative sample of 2,351 drug treatment programs were examined to identify organizational predictors of specialized substance abuse treatment provision to seropositive clients. The Political Economy Perspective developed by Wamsley and Zald (1976) was used to interpret results. A minority of facilities (22%, 517) provided specialized treatment. Among internal political economy measures, provision of mental health (p < 0.01), basic HIV services (p < 0.05), as well as methadone maintenance treatment (p < 0.05) were significantly and positively associated with specialized treatment provision. Among external political economy measures, managed care funding significantly decreased the likelihood of specialized treatment provision (p < 0.05), while parent organization control (p < 0.01) and number of clients (p < 0.01) significantly increased it. Specializ...
Learning English as a second language in the back-of-the-House: proficiency and employment from the perspective of hotel human resource directors

Researchers in hospitality and human resources collaborated with researchers in teaching English to speakers of other languages to uncover the language needs of back-of-the-house employees at 15 ho...
US Adults' Preferences for Public Allocation of a Vaccine for Coronavirus Disease 2019.

This survey study examines public perception of high priority groups for receipt of an eventual coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in case of shortage of supply.
Introduction to MDSplus using Docker

Abstract With increased use of MDSplus comes an influx of new users. With them comes a need for more and better ways to learn the suite of tools that is MDSplus. The MDSplus team continually evaluates new technologies to improve our software and user experience. To this end, we investigated Docker to determine if and how it could help new users understand MDSplus, make MDSplus easier to install, and allow us to easily test old/new versions. To achieve this, a set of Docker images and instructions have been developed. This paper will provide an overview of MDSplus, and detail the methods to create and use the Docker images. Additionally, we will explore the limitations of such an approach, and the recommended applications. The project where these Docker Images were built, along with the Demo is here: https://github.com/WhoBrokeTheBuild/DockerizedMDSplus https://hub.docker.com/r/whobrokethebuild/mdsplus The now official Docker Images are available here: https://github.com/MDSplus/Docker https://hub.docker.com/r/mdsplus/mdsplus
Covid Media Misguidance: A Case Report Highlighting the Influence of Media on Patient Medication Decision Making

Purpose This case report details the influence of media on patients and the responsibility of health care providers to educate their patients on proper use of medications, and to be aware of potential misadventures based on messages in popular media. Summary The sudden rise of the COVID19 pandemic has led to media outlets reporting science without necessary peer review and has resulted in preliminary data presented as factual evidence. It is difficult for patients without an extensive medical background in science to fully understand the uncertainty of information shared in popular media. This was demonstrated when preliminary data showed potential promise of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment/prevention of COVID19. This led to patients requesting hydroxychloroquine prescriptions from their providers, as well as stockpiling medication, which led to a shortage. In addition, patients began taking chloroquine containing substances not intended for human consumption. Popular media created a belief in the general public that all antimalarial drugs may work to prevent COVID19. This case report presents an elderly patient that presented to clinic with shortness of breath and lightheadedness. Upon interviewing the patient, it was discovered that he had been taking an old supply of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride. Physical exam, and laboratory examination were evaluated to rule out any other etiology with all tests and exams being unremarkable. Two weeks after stopping atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride, the patient's symptoms completely resolved. Conclusion The media provides a significant portion of the information that patients receive regarding rapidly changing treatment information in a pandemic. It is crucial for health care providers to know what information patients are exposed to, and to educate patients with evidence-based information. Pharmacists are the most accessible health care providers and have a key role in medication review and management. Educating patients on evidence-based use of medications may help avoid harm caused by misinformation from unreliable media sources.
Design of a one-dimensional underwater acoustic leaky wave antenna using an elastic metamaterial waveguide

Acoustic imaging in water traditionally relies on phased arrays of active electro-acoustic transducers to steer acoustic energy in specific directions. One potential alternative approach to steer acoustic beams is to use a single transducer attached to a dispersive antenna that radiates or receives acoustic energy from different directions as the frequency of operation changes. This is known as a leaky wave antenna (LWA). While LWAs have been proven effective in beam steering for electromagnetic and air-borne acoustic waves, the design of an analog device in water presents a unique challenge due to the low contrast in acoustic impedance between elastic solids and water, which necessitates the consideration of fluid-elastic coupling in the design of the elastic LWA. This work presents an approach to design an elastic metamaterial waveguide coupled to an external fluid domain as one means to create an acoustic LWA for underwater operation. Forward-to-backward radiation is achieved through the design of mass-in-cavity structures that produce simultaneous negative effective mass and modulus by considering fluid-elastic coupling. The design is presented through finite element analysis of individual unit cells and a water-loaded elastic LWA. A design example is presented that steers through backfire to endfire as a function of input frequency.
Extracellular Vesicles for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed by neurons and glia in the central nervous system carry a cargo of specific bioactive molecules, facilitating intercellular communication. However, in neurodegenerative disease conditions, EVs carry pathological miRNAs and/or proteins involved in spreading the disease. Such EVs are also found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the circulating blood, the characterization of which could identify biomarkers linked to specific neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, EVs secreted by various stem/progenitor cells carry therapeutic miRNAs and proteins, which have shown promise to alleviate symptoms and slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The ability of exogenously administered EVs to easily cross the blood-brain barrier with no risk for thrombosis and incorporate into neurons and glia has also opened up the possibility of using nano-sized EVs as carriers of therapeutic drugs or bioactive proteins. This review summarizes the role and function of EVs in alpha-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration and the spread of alpha-synuclein from neurons to glia, leading to the activation of the inflammatory response in Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, the promise of brain-derived EVs in the CSF and the circulating blood for biomarker discovery and the efficacy of stem/progenitor cell-derived EVs or EVs loaded with bioactive molecules such as dopamine, catalase, curcumin, and siRNAs, in alleviating Parkinsonian symptoms are discussed.
Introduction to Digital Audio

This chapter describes the most important and prevailing technologies and algorithms of audio coding and standards activities. The three papers on audio coding present excellent overviews on the state of the art in speech and audio coding, its brief history, current research directions, and standards activities. The paper on psychoacoustics foundations includes audio perception, masking, and perceptual coding, and a paper on immersive audio systems, which have wide applications in virtual reality systems and the Internet. New algorithms and standards for audio coding are being developed quickly to meet the growing needs of diverse applications. As the research focus moves toward rates of 2.4 Kbps and below, waveform coding with the best CELP algorithms will face difficulties in meeting the ever higher quality objectives. Consequently, interest in vocoder studies is resurging as researchers focus on lower bit rates. On the other hand, wideband audio coding activities have been dominated by the work developed for the MPEG/Audio standards. The chapter also presents a novel desktop audio system with integrated listener-tracking capability that circumvents several of the technological limitations faced by today's digital audio workstations.
The Fundamental Principles of Catalytic Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fundamental principles of catalytic activity. The field of catalysis represents one of the most intricate branches of chemistry. The typical catalyst is useful not merely because of the average or bulk properties of the material in it, but rather because of the combination of the bulk properties and the very specific form in which the particular catalytic specimen appears. The ultimate development of catalytic theory in quantitative form requires an understanding not only of the average valence characteristics of the atoms in it, but of the unusual arrangements and electronic structures that are possible; for example, of the unusual arrangements of atoms that are possible near the surface in a crystalline catalyst. The discussion of catalytic activity in the chapter can be viewed only as a preliminary attempt to describe the important features of the field in terms of the language that has arisen out of the development of atomic theory.
Synaptic remodeling, synaptic growth and the storage of long-term memory in Aplysia

Synaptic remodeling and synaptic growth accompany various forms of long-term memory. Storage of the long-term memory for sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia has been extensively studied in this respect and is associated with the growth of new synapses by the sensory neurons onto their postsynaptic target neurons. Recent time-lapse imaging studies of living sensory-to-motor neuron synapses in culture have monitored both functional and structural changes simultaneously so as to follow remodeling and growth at the same specific synaptic connections continuously over time and to examine the functional contribution of these learning-related structural changes to the different time-dependent phases of memory storage. Insights provided by these studies suggest the synaptic differentiation and growth induced by learning in the mature nervous system are highly dynamic and often rapid processes that can recruit both molecules and mechanisms used for de novo synapse formation during development.
Suprapubic transvesical operation for vesicovaginal fistula

Abstract I have collected from the literature 48 cases of fistula treated by the suprapubic transvesical operation, and to these, have added two more. It will be seen that 40, or 80 per cent of the cases have been cured. There are 2 classed as partial failures. It might be argued that these should be grouped with the failures since the suprapubic operation failed to close the fistula. It seems, however, that this procedure was indirectly responsible for the cure, since it so much improved the condition as to permit easy closure through the vagina. There were 5 failures. All of these occurred during the early history of the operation. In 3 of these the surgeon resorted to colpocleisis after one attempt, and in one the vaginal canal was closed after two attempts. In Sippel's patient a vaginal operation later was successful. There were 3 deaths. In 2 of these, the fistula was extensive; the surgeon failed to put catheters into the ureters and both were tied, death occurring from uremia in one, and following a second operation to relieve the ureteral obstruction in the other. The third death occurred on the eleventh day but the cause was not stated. Four cases developed vesical stone. In 3 instances a suprapubic operation was performed to remove the stone and in the other the stone was removed per urethram. A fistula between the urethra and the vagina complicated the vesicovaginal opening in 2 cases. Many of the patients had had several attempts to close the fistula through the vagina; in 1 there had been 11 such operations. A second suprapubic operation was needed in only 3 of the cured cases.
Human fetal oxygenation following paracervical block

Abstract To test the hypothesis that fetal heart rate (FHR) changes following paracervical block may be secondary to fetal hypoxia, human fetal oxygenation was measured continuously using a transcutaneous electrode. Following the bloc, each fetus demonstrated a decline in oxygen tension (tcPo 2 ) at 5 minutes, which reached its lowest value at a mean of 11.5 minutes and remained at this level for an average of 3 minutes. Following the block, FHR variability increased at 5.2 minutes, reaching its maximal level by a mean of 7.5 minutes. By 11 minutes, a decrease in FHR variability was noted, which lasted for approximately 17 minutes. Decreased variability was not uniformly associated with low tcPo 2 . On some occasions, fetal tcPo 2 declined even in the absence of increased uterine activity, which was noted at times following the block. The severity of the tcPo 2 decline appears related to the analgesic effectiveness of the block.
Molecular Characterization of the Human Transmembrane Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase δ EVIDENCE FOR TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF ALTERNATIVE HUMAN TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE δ ISOFORMS

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) play an essential role in the regulation of cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. A major subfamily of these enzymes is the transmembrane-type PTPases that contain extracellular regions comprised of Ig-like and fibronectin type III (FN-III)-like domains. Characterization of the human transmembrane PTPase delta (HPTP delta) revealed the existence of multiple HPTP delta isoforms that vary in their extracellular regions. The full-length HPTP delta isoform has an extracellular region containing three Ig-like and eight FN-III-like domains connected via a transmembrane peptide to an intracellular region with two PTPase domains, whereas another isoform lacks four of the eight FN-III like domains. Furthermore, other HPTP delta isoforms exist that lack 9 amino acids within the second Ig-like domain and 4 amino acids at the junction of the second and third Ig-like domains or 9 amino acids within the fifth FN-III-like domain. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that HPTP delta isoforms lacking these short peptides are expressed in kidney, whereas isoforms containing these peptides are expressed in the brain. Analysis of HPTP delta biosynthesis demonstrated that HPTP delta is expressed as a complex of two noncovalently associated subunits derived from a proprotein and that the HPTP delta ectodomain is shed from the cell surface. Mutational analysis of the HPTP delta proprotein cleavage site revealed the existence of two or three functional and overlapping furin-like endoprotease cleavage sites.
Chestnut (Castanea molissima) flour extrusion

Abstract Chestnut flour was adjusted to either 20 or 28% total moisture and extruded at dough temperatures of 60, 75, 85 or 105°C using a Brabender single screw model PL V500 extruder equipped with a 3:1 compression screw operating at 80 rpm with the resulting extrudates passing through a 5.7 mm die. The resulting extrudates were evaluated for color, expansion, density, hydratability, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and fatty acid composition. Overall color (L value) darkened with increasing extrusion temperature and formulations extruded at 28% moisture were darker in color at each extrusion temperature than products extruded with 20% moisture. Extrusion temperature and moisture content also influenced the degree of red and yellow in the resulting extrudates. Both colors tended to decrease more with 28% moisture and also decreased with increasing extrusion temperatures. Extrusion temperature did not influence extrudate expansion but the higher moisture formulation expanded less than the lower moisture formulation. Increasing extrusion temperatures tended to decrease extrudate density, increase hydratability, had little significant influence on WSI and tended to increase WAI. Extrusion decreased the relative proportion of oleic and linolenic fatty acids.
Racial Disparities in Pain Management of Children With Appendicitis in Emergency Departments

Importance Racial disparities in use of analgesia in emergency departments have been previously documented. Further work to understand the causes of these disparities must be undertaken, which can then help inform the development of interventions to reduce and eradicate racial disparities in health care provision. Objective To evaluate racial differences in analgesia administration, and particularly opioid administration, among children diagnosed as having appendicitis. Design, Setting, and Participants Repeated cross-sectional study of patients aged 21 years or younger evaluated in the emergency department who had an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis of appendicitis, using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2003 to 2010. We calculated the frequency of both opioid and nonopioid analgesia administration using complex survey weighting. We then performed multivariable logistic regression to examine racial differences in overall administration of analgesia, and specifically opioid analgesia, after adjusting for important demographic and visit covariates, including ethnicity and pain score. Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of analgesia administration (any and opioid) by race. Results An estimated 0.94 (95% CI, 0.78-1.10) million children were diagnosed as having appendicitis. Of those, 56.8% (95% CI, 49.8%-63.9%) received analgesia of any type; 41.3% (95% CI, 33.7%-48.9%) received opioid analgesia (20.7% [95% CI, 5.3%-36.0%] of black patients vs 43.1% [95% CI, 34.6%-51.4%] of white patients). When stratified by pain score and adjusted for ethnicity, black patients with moderate pain were less likely to receive any analgesia than white patients (adjusted odds ratio = 0.1 [95% CI, 0.02-0.8]). Among those with severe pain, black patients were less likely to receive opioids than white patients (adjusted odds ratio = 0.2 [95% CI, 0.06-0.9]). In a multivariable model, there were no significant differences in the overall rate of analgesia administration by race. However, black patients received opioid analgesia significantly less frequently than white patients (12.2% [95% CI, 0.1%-35.2%] vs 33.9% [95% CI, 0.6%-74.9%], respectively; adjusted odds ratio = 0.2 [95% CI, 0.06-0.8]). Conclusions and Relevance Appendicitis pain is undertreated in pediatrics, and racial disparities with respect to analgesia administration exist. Black children are less likely to receive any pain medication for moderate pain and less likely to receive opioids for severe pain, suggesting a different threshold for treatment.
A Detailed Analysis of GPS Live-Sky Signals Without a Dish

This paper explores a premise that, with appropriate application of digital signal processing techniques, much of the detailed signal analysis typically associated with a dish can instead be done with a standard low-gain GNSS antenna. To do so, the signals of the recently launched GPS IIF satellites are examined, with particular attention on the L5 signal. Notably, using a high-quality non-directional GNSS antenna, we demonstrate observations of: (1) signal bandpass and dispersive characteristics, (2) chip shape, (3) eye and constellation diagrams, and (4) millisecond-level transient events. Such observations are enabled by use of the computationally efficient GNSS Complex Ambiguity Function (GCAF) technique. The methods used to process the GCAF data to produce these results are discussed in detail, with careful attention to the limitations of the techniques. Qualitative comparisons are made to similar dish-based measurements found in open literature. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Navigation.
Italia – la terra promessa? Lampedusa and the immigrant crisis of the European Union

Using the award-winning film Terraferma as a cultural and political text in comparison with the media coverage of the nonfictional immigration crisis in the Mediterranean, the author of this research project exercises ideological criticism toward the European Union (EU). This essay examines how and why Italian state institutions and policies are unable to tackle the unfolding immigration crisis. It also addresses particularities and possibilities of communication dynamics between the local population on the island of Lampedusa and the incoming immigrant population from North Africa. Ultimately, this research project comparatively studies factual and fictional media representations of the African Other and their methodological and epistemological impact on the multicultural dynamics in the EU.
A Look at ASTP as Student and Teacher

T HE arguments for and against the intensive language method developed for the Army Specialized Training Program have filled not only pages and pages of our professional journals; they have also spread into the popular magazines. The interesting thing to me about all these articles is that I have not yet seen one written by a teacher who himself had studied a new language by the ASTP method. Perhaps my having studied two languages and taught two others according to ASTP principles may justify my throwing this additional fuel on the flames of ASTP controversy. In the spring of 1944 I was lent by one of the American voluntary relief agencies to UNRRA for a year's service as a relief worker in the UNRRA Balkan Mission. Before going overseas I studied both Modern Greek and Serbo-Croatian by the ASTP method for two months at the UNRRA Training Center, near Washington, where the texts for those two languages, since published by Henry Holt and Company, were written and first tried out. Each language was under the supervision of an American trained in linguistics; classes were limited to eight students each with a native speaker as a guide; and the classes met for two hours a day. After only twelve of the thirty lesson units that are included in the regular ASTP courses I left for Egypt, spending the next ten months in work among some 25,000 Yugoslav refugees in an UNRRA camp on the Egyptian desert. Proof of the value of those twelve lessons of Serbo-Croatian lies in the fact that after two months among the Yugoslavs I carried on all my daily business in Serbo-Croatian without an interpreter, and within another month I myself had begun to serve as an occasional interpreter for the British commandant of the camp in which I worked! Since returning to the United States last summer I have been using the original ASTP textbook in one Spanish class and a civilian adaptation of the method in first-year French. Now, what is so new or different about the ASTP method? To judge by the articles describing it in the popular magazines you would think nobody had ever taught foreign languages properly before the War Department took over. On the other hand, many of the articles in our professional journals give the impression that, apart from the greatly increased number of hours in class, the reduction in the size of classes, the rigid selection of students and a special wartime motivation, ASTP contained nothing that successful teachers had not been doing all along.
A light and electron microscopic study of the development of the Mauthner cell and vestibular nerve in the axolotl.

Vestibular axons form synapses on a restricted area of the lateral dendrite of the Mauthner cell, a large, identified brainstem neuron found in fish land amphibians. The differentiation of the vestibular nerve, medullary neuropil, and Mauthner cell of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) was studied to understand better the means by which this synaptic specificity arises. The Mauthner cell first extends a medial process and then a lateral dendrite. The latter initially elongates as a simple process and later sends out branches. As the lateral dendrite grows, vestibular axons enter the brainstem to form one of the earliest of several discrete axon fascicles that course longitudinally through the neuropil. The fascicles, many of which are identifiable on the basis of their location and axonal morphology, are the precursors of the longitudinal tracts of the mature salamander. The lateral dendrite grows dorsally over the orthogonally oriented fascicles, making contact with each at a characteristic time and place. The first afferents to form synapses do so on the soma and proximal lateral dendrite; subsequent afferent groups terminate more distally. Axons within a given fascicle form synapses with the Mauthner cell in a discrete and initially homogeneous domain. As dendritic branches form and the organization of the longitudinal fascicles becomes more complex, the homogeneity of axons terminating on a given region of the Mauthner cell surface is lost, but no major rearrangement or migration of terminals is apparent. These observations are consistent with both active recognition and passive spatiotemporal models of synaptic site specificity.
Low δ18O silicic volcanic rocks at the Calabozos caldera complex, southern Andes

Sr- and Pb-isotope data from the Calabozos center (87Sr/86Sr=∼ 0.7043, 206Pb/204Pb=18.64–18.66, 207Pb/204Pb=15.59–15.60, 208Pb/204Pb=38.52–38.55) fall within the range of values reported for the southern volcanic zone (33–42° S) of the Andean arc. The range of δ18O (5.0–6.3), however, includes unusually low values compared to volcanic rocks of similar bulk composition in the region. The Calabozos caldera complex lies at 35 °30′ S, where the continental crust under the Andes thins southward from >45 to ∼ 30 km. Three voluminous late Pleistocene ashflow tuffs, collectively called the Loma Seca Tuff, constitute the bulk of >1,000 km3 of eruptive products at the Calabozos caldera complex and are evidence for a major, longlived andesitic-to-rhyodacitic magma reservoir at shallow crustal levels. The δ18O values of the most evolved volcanic rocks from the Calabozos center are lower than predicted for rhyodacite produced by crystal fractionation from basalt typical of the region. Variation of δ18O independent of bulk composition and inferred magmatic water contents indicates that the 18O depletion is a late-stage, upper-crustal phenomenon that cannot simply be attributed to magmatic interaction with meteoric water. The data are interpreted to be the result of assimilation of 5–30% of roof and wall rocks previously depleted in 18O by isotopic exchange in a meteoric hydrothermal system overlying the magma reservoir. Combined assimilation and fractional crystallization calculations applied to Sr isotope data show that the isotopic contrast between the Calabozos magmas and the assimilated rocks is very small. Hydrothermally-altered volcanic and plutonic rocks from the Tertiary Andean arc complex and Mesozoic-to-Cenozoic volcaniclastic sediments typical of the local basement provide a geologically reasonable contaminant compatible with the Sr- and O-isotope data. Pb-isotope data from the Calabozos system lend no significant insight into upper crustal contamination.
Partial Characterization of Ia Antigens From Murine Lymphoid Cells

Congenic anti-Ia antisera were used to bind radiolabelled Ia antigens from cells of various strains of mice of knownH-2 haplotype. The results indicate that Ia antigens are proteins of molecular weight 30,000 to 35,000 daltons. The Ia antigens are distinct from known H-2 antigens as judged by independent immunoprecipitation as well as by molecular weight. Ia antigens are synthesized by, and are present on the surface of lymphoid cells as evidenced by incorporation studies using3H-leucine and enzymatic radioiodination of cells, respectively. Tissue distribution of cell surface Ia suggests that Ia antigens are on B cells. Ia antigens were detected in the incubation media of3H-leucine labeled splenocytes suggesting that antigens may be secreted.
Temperature Dependence of Paramagnetic Resonance Lines

Changes in the position and shape of paramagnetic absorption lines of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ in neodymium ethyl sulfate, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ in nickel fluosilicate, and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ in copper potassium sulfate have been observed at 30 kMc/sec in the temperature range from 0.4 to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The observed shifts are compared to first and second line moments calculated from spin-spin interactions when the average populations of the spin levels are weighted by the proper Boltzmann factors. In this manner it is possible to determine the magnitude and sign of the exchange interaction ${\mathcal{H}}_{\mathrm{ij}}=A{\mathrm{S}}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{S}}_{j}$ between spins. We find a ferromagnetic interaction $A=\ensuremath{-}(3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ erg between nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ ions in NiSi${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O with no evidence of anisotropic exchange. Nearest-neighbor spins at similar lattice positions in ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Cu${(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O appear to be coupled by an exchange interaction of approximately $A=\ensuremath{-}9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ erg, while the exchange between the two neighboring dissimilar ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ ions in the unit cell is $A=\ensuremath{-}1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ erg. Evidence for a weak anisotropic and antiferromagnetic coupling in Nd${({\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}9${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O is presented. We have observed magnetostatic modes in copper salts at low temperature, and this effect is briefly discussed in relation to the present type of experiment.
Cell death thresholds in Elodea for 0.45–10 MHz ultrasound compared to gas-body resonance theory

Abstract Leaves of the aquatic plant Elodea were sonicated continuously for 100 sec at ten frequencies in the range 0.45–10 MHz. Cell death thresholds were determined for three cell populations in the leaves for each frequency. The intensity thresholds were strongly dependent on frequency, and the minimum threshold for each population generally occurred near the expected resonance frequency of the gas bodies associated with each population. The thresholds were as low as 75 mW/cm 2 at 0.65 MHz and 180 mW/cm 2 at 5 MHz.
Agglutinability of red cells after long-term storage in the frozen state.

A description of a simple method for preservation of red cells modified by lactose-dextrose solution in the frozen state at —93 C. The agglutinability as measured by a titration of anti-sera vs. fresh and frozen cells was maintained after periods of storage of up to three years for the blood factors A, B, C, D, E, c, e, K, k, M, N, and Fya. S and s were also still reactive after freezing and thawing.
To the continuum and beyond: Structure of U nuclei

An experiment was performed at the 88-inch cyclotron at LBNL to investigate the structure of uranium isotopes and concurrently test the so-called surrogate ratio method. A 28 MeV proton beam was used to bombard 236U and 238U targets and the outgoing light ions were detected using the STARS silicon telescope allowing isotopic assignments and the excitation energy of the compound nucleus to be measured. A fission detector was placed at backward angles to give particle-fission coincidences, while the six clover germanium detectors of the LIBERACE array were used for particle-γ coincidences. The (p,d) reaction channels on 236U and 238U targets were used as a surrogate to measure the σ(234U(n,f))/σ(236U(n,f)) cross section ratio. The results give reasonable agreement with literature values over an equivalent neutron energy range between 0 MeV and 6 MeV. Structure results in 235U include a new (3/2−) level at 1035 keV, that is tentatively assigned as the 3/2−[501] Nilsson state. The analogue 3/2−[501] state in 237U may be associated with a previously observed level at 1201 keV, whose spin/parity is restricted to Jπ = 3/2− on the basis of newly observed decays to the ground band.
Design and Implementation of Parallel Dynamic Shortest Path Algorithms for Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications

The problem of computing shortest paths in time-dependent networks is considered. This computational problem is at the heart of solution methods to a variety of dynamic network models that arise in the context of intelligent transportation systems applications. The design, implementation, and computational testing are reported for parallel algorithms that exploit possibilities offered by low-cost, commonly available, parallel, and distributed computing platforms to solve many-to-many shortest path problems in time-dependent networks. Five shared-memory implementations and five message-passing implementations are developed. The parallel implementations adopt three decomposition strategies based on the sets of destination nodes, origin nodes, and departure times at origin nodes. The algorithms are coded with two types of parallel computing environments: a message-passing environment based on the parallel virtual machine library and a multithreading environment based on the Sun Microsystems Multi-Threads lib...
Multiplexed interferometric fiber-optic sensors with digital signal processing

A microcontroller-based digital signal processing system developed for use with fiber-optic sensors for measuring pressure in internal combustion engines is described. A single distributed feedback laser source provides optical power for four interferometric sensors. The laser current is repetitively modulated so that its optical frequency is nearly a linear function of time over most of a cycle. The interferometer phase shift is proportional to the elapsed time from the initiation of a sawtooth until the sensor output signal level crosses a threshold value proportional to the laser output power. This elapsed time, assumed to vary linearly with the combustion chamber pressure, is determined by the use of a digital timer–counter. The system has been used with fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer transducers for in-cylinder pressure measurement on a four-cylinder gasoline-powered engine.