cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-frequency ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar 1995 BoomSAR tests

The Army Research Laboratory has been investigating the potential of ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar (UWB SAR) technology to detect and classify targets embedded in foliage or in the ground. The UWB foliage penetration (FOPEN) radar program has been extended to include the evaluation of ground penetration (GPEN) radar technology. ARL is investigating these problems by collecting high quality, precision data to support phenomenological investigations of electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric media. Understanding the phenomenology of wave/target/clutter interactions supports the development of algorithms for automatic target recognition. The latest version of the radar developed by ARL is the UWB BoomSAR mounted on a 150-ft-high mobile boom lift. The BoomSAR is a mobile platform that can travel to various sites to collect target data in a variety of clutter scenarios. This paper provides a description of the boom radar system and imagery from data collections at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, and Yuma Proving Ground, AZ.
An Improved Analysis on the Loss Performance of Optical Bursts

In optical burst switching (OBS) networks, many packets are aggregated into larger bursts, which exhibit different traffic characteristics in the bufferless optical core networks compared to the packet-level traffic in the conventional electronic switching systems. However, many OBS studies often neglect this issue by assuming the inputs to be bursts when analyzing the system-level performance. This paper demonstrates that the loss performances of optical bursts are dramatically different when considering burst assembly process at the edge nodes and the connectivity of the core nodes. We develop some analytical models for the JET and JETseg networks, which can model the loss performance more accurately than the traditional methods. Our performance evaluation reveals that the connectivity and burst assembly process affect the loss performance significantly, particularly for a WDM network with a small node-degree and a large number of wavelength channels. Our model provides an in-depth understanding on the OBS scheme.
Mutator Gene of Escherichia coli B

An azaserine-resistant derivative of Escherichia coli B/UV, AZA/R1, was found to carry a mutator gene. This gene, designated mutS1, was mapped by means of conjugation and P1kc-mediated transduction. The mutS1 gene was cotransduced with argB at a frequency of 2.4%; the gene order in this region of the chromosome is thy argB mutS1. To determine whether a relationship commonly exists between azaserine resistance and the mutator property, 12 additional azaserine-resistant derivatives of B/UV were developed and tested for the mutator phenotype. None of the twelve was a mutator strain. The level of azaserine resistance was not increased over that of the recipient parent when mutS1 was transduced to an azaserine-susceptible strain. Reversion studies indicated that mutS1 induced adenosine-ribosylthymine to guanosine-cytidine and guanosine-cytidine to adenosine-ribosylthymine transitions. Because such mutational changes are suppressible with deoxynucleosides when induced by base analogues, an attempt was made to suppress the mutator activity of mutS1 by the addition of deoxyribonucleosides to the medium. No suppression was found. Recombinants were prepared containing mutS1 and the Treffers mutator gene of E. coli K-12. The effect of the mutator genes appears to be additive.
Kesar Singh's contributions to statistical methodology

Abstract A selection of Professor Kesar Singh’s contributions to statistical theory is discussed. The topics reviewed include: Bootstrap methodology, L -estimators, robust estimation, Edgeworth expansions, Data Depth and his ‘final’ contribution which appeared after he left us.
ATP-dependent activation of a new form of spinach leaf 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose2,6-bisphosphatase

Abstract A novel form of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase that possesses little 2-kinase or bisphosphatase activity as isolated has been partially purified from spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. However, the new form can be activated by pretreatment with Mg · ATP at room temperature. After ATP activation, the fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase activity has a Michaelis constant for fructose 2,6-bisphosphate of about 1 m m , and is inhibited by high substrate concentrations (greater than 2 m m ) and both end products. The kinase/phosphatase activity ratio of the new form was dependent on pH and varied from 0.3 at pH 7.0 to 5.0 at pH 8.2. In contrast, the previously characterized form of the enzyme (which is isolated in an active form and is unaffected by preincubation with Mg · ATP) had an activity ratio of about 2 that was insensitive to pH over the range tested. The ATP-dependent activation of the new enzyme form was stimulated by fructose 6-phosphate and inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. These results explain why activation is not observed during assay of this enzyme, and indicate that the activation process may be regulated by metabolites. Collectively, these data provide further evidence for the existence, in spinach leaves, of two molecular forms of the enzyme which exhibit different kinetic properties.
GPA and Attribute Framing Effects: Are Better Students More Sensitive or More Susceptible?

Data from 2 studies show students differ in terms of how attribute framing alters perceptions and reactions in a decision-making episode. Using student GPA as a moderator, results from a role-play–decision-making exercise (Experiment 1) show perceptions and intended actions of higher GPA students were more strongly affected by attribute framing manipulations than were participants with lower GPAs. A second experiment helped explain these findings. Results from Experiment 2 suggest students with higher GPAs responded to the inferred meaning of framed messages; that is, they looked beyond the literal message to find the message intended.
Al Jazeera’s Palestine Papers: Middle East media politics in the post-WikiLeaks era

Shortly after WikiLeaks published thousands of confidential US diplomatic cables, Al Jazeera released hundreds of classified documents pertaining to the Palestinian–Israeli negotiations. Known as the ‘Palestine Papers’, these documents are noteworthy not only because they provide insights into the stalled negotiations and rekindle the debate over the Middle East conflict, but also because they offer a glimpse into the complex interpenetration between media, geo-politics, and state interests in a conflict-ridden region in the post-WikiLeaks era.
Design considerations and topology selection for a 120 kW IGBT converter for EV fast charging

Fast charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is a very desirable feature, especially for long-distance travel. For an EV with a battery capacity of 30 kWh, a 15-min charge requires 120-kW charging power. Inductive charging offers a safe and convenient means to accomplish this task. This paper investigates the design criteria of the high-power converter for a 120-kW inductive battery charger. Since insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are the devices of choice at this power level, the impact of IGBT losses on the converter design and topology selection is investigated. A comparison between a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zero-current-switching (ZCS) series-resonant converter (SRC) is presented. Based on the comparison results, a ZCS SRC topology is selected for this application, and an experimental 120-kW/75-kHz unit was built and tested in the laboratory to verify the results.
A New Species of the Mud Shrimp Genus Axianassa (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gebiidea: Axianassidae) from Japan

A new species of mud shrimp, Axianassa japonica (Gebiidea: Axianassidae), is described and illustrated on the basis of a single male specimen from Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, collected at a depth of 15 m. It represents the first record of the genus from Japanese waters. Of the nine congeneric species it appears closest to A. heardi Anker, 2011, known from Queensland, Australia. The presence of two pairs of short longitudinal carinae on the anterior part of the carapace, the ventrally blunt pleuron of the first pleomere, and the presence of an incomplete suture on the uropodal endopod immediately distinguish the new species from A. heardi. The status of Axianassidae is briefly discussed, and an identification key to the species of Axianassa is provided.
Polarization properties of interferometrically interrogated fiber Bragg grating and tandem-interferometer strain sensors

Lead sensitivity in low-coherence interferometric fiber-optic sensors is a well-known problem. It can lead to a severe degradation in the sensor resolution and accuracy through its effect on the fringe visibility and interferometric phase. These sensitivities have been attributed to birefringence in the various components. In the current work, an analysis of the polarization properties of fiber Bragg grating and tandem-interferometer strain sensors, using Stokes calculus and the Poincare/spl acute/ sphere, is presented. The responses of these sensors as a function of the birefringence properties of the various components under different illuminating conditions are derived. The predicted responses demonstrate very good agreement with experimentally measured responses. These models provide a clear insight into the evolution of the polarization states through the sensor networks. Methods to overcome the lead sensitivity are discussed and demonstrated, which yield a differential strain measurement accuracy of 18 n/spl epsiv//spl middot/rms for a fiber Bragg grating sensor.
High-Stakes Testing and Latina/o Students: Creating a Hierarchy of College Readiness.

This article examines how high-stakes testing policies can constrain the way teachers at predominately Latina/o high schools teach literacy and subsequently influence the success of Latina/o studen...
Examining the Role of Gender in Video Game Usage, Preference, and Behavior

Since coming into mainstream culture in the 1970s, video games have become increasingly popular. While both men and women play video games, game companies have begun developing games specifically f...
Inhibition of Escherichia coli chemotaxis by omega-conotoxin, a calcium ion channel blocker.

Escherichia coli chemotaxis was inhibited by omega-conotoxin, a calcium ion channel blocker. With Tris-EDTA-permeabilized cells, nanomolar levels of omega-conotoxin inhibited chemotaxis without loss of motility. Cells treated with omega-conotoxin swam with a smooth bias, i.e., tumbling was inhibited.
The Structure and Reactivity of Oxide Thin Films Grown on Transition Metal Surfaces

Epitaxially grown oxide and sulfide films [FeOx and ZrO2 on Pt(111), V2O3 on Au(111), S on flat and vicinal Mo(100) and Re(0001)] and oxide islands (TiO2, ZrO2, FeO, V2O3 on Rh) were produced on transition metal surfaces. Their structure has been studied by LEED-surface crystallography and by scanning tunneling microscopy. The reactivity of the oxide films is probed by chemisorption and by carrying out catalytic reactions at high pressures using these oxide-metal systems. The ordered FeOx films are unreactive for chemisorption. The sulfur layers order into a large number of complex structures as a function of coverage, thereby inducing restructuring of the metal substrate. The periphery of the oxide islands deposited on metals proved to be very reactive for the hydrogenation of molecules with polar C-O bonds (CO, CO2 and acetone).
Clonal Aspects of Muscle Development and the Stability of the Differentiated State

The stability of the differentiated state has the kind of catchy sonority which leaves the impression that some natural law is being stated; when, in fact, the phrase more truthfully refers to a broad, ill-defined, and unresolved set of questions with different connotations for different investigators. The various connotations are, in turn, intimately linked to numerous and diverse experimental systems, which can be considered under several broad operational categories: (1) the ability of differentiated cells to retain their specialized characteristics when cultured in vitro ; (2) the ability of relatively undifferentiated cells to retain their capacity for differentiation after an extended proliferative or resting phase (as is the case for hemopoeitic stem cells); (3) the ability of cells to leave the differentiated state, undergo a proliferative phase, and then return to a differentiated state (as in the case of liver and amphibian limb regeneration) ; (4) the ability of nuclei from differentiated cells to function in foreign cytoplasmic environments.
Intake of Salt Cedar by Two Different Breeds of Sheep

Abstract Salt cedar ( Tamarix spp.) readily invades and dominates riparian areas and lake basins throughout the western United States. Traditional control efforts (chemical and mechanical control) are expensive and provide limited long-term control. The salt cedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata) provides a method of biological control through reduction in cover. However, population establishment of leaf beetles in some locations is often difficult because of environmental conditions. In previous research, goats readily consumed salt cedar, offering an alternative method of reducing salt cedar cover. For this study, we determined if sheep would consume salt cedar and consume a similar amount as goats. Twelve Rambouillet and 12 Suffolks lambs were fed salt cedar once daily (Trial 1) and three times daily (Trial 2). Intake of salt cedar by sheep was compared between breeds and with intake of salt cedar by goats ( n = 10). Salt cedar was fed once a day in Trial 1 for 30 min over 15 d. Intake was recorded daily for individual animals. In Trial 2, salt cedar was offered three times daily for 13 d with intake recorded. There were no differences ( P > 0.05) between breeds of sheep. In addition, sheep consumed more salt cedar than goats except on the last day of the study. When salt cedar was offered three times daily, both breeds of sheep increased intake and gained weight over the 13 d of feeding in Trial 2. By the end of the study, intake appeared to still be increasing. Collectively, these results illustrate that both Rambouillet and Suffolk sheep will consume a similar amount of salt cedar as goats and will provide another species of livestock that can be potentially used to reduce salt cedar cover.
Grounding Language with Points and Paths in Continuous Spaces

We present a model for generating pathvalued interpretations of natural language text. Our model encodes a map from natural language descriptions to paths, mediated by segmentation variables which break the language into a discrete set of events, and alignment variables which reorder those events. Within an event, lexical weights capture the contribution of each word to the aligned path segment. We demonstrate the applicability of our model on three diverse tasks: a new color description task, a new financial news task and an established direction-following task. On all three, the model outperforms strong baselines, and on a hard variant of the direction-following task it achieves results close to the state-of-the-art system described in Vogel and Jurafsky (2010).
The Expert Witness

Although human factors principles have become increasingly well accepted within the legal community, there are new human factors professionals who have little familiarity with the expert witnessing process. While there are other sources which address specific issues related to forensic psychology, this paper seeks to provide a broad overview of related topics. Among the topics discussed are ethical considerations, information regarding the legal process, and suggestions regarding courtroom presentation.
Real vs. Reciprocal Space Analysis of Electron Densities

X-ray scattering measurements give the squared scattering amplitudes, at discrete values of the scattering factor S, which are related to the electron density in real space ρ (r) by a simple Fourier transform relationship. Thus, X-ray scattering may be analyzed in either real or reciprocal space, the choice often being made on the basis of personal preference. Much early work in electron density analysis, done on high symmetric crystals with small unit cells, employed a small number of low order structure factors. The method is still being used in comparison of theory and experiment on structures such as silicon1 and vanadium.2 Reciprocal space analysis is also extremely well suited to leastsquares adjustment of a parametrized model because of the discrete nature of the Fourier transform of a periodic (though continuous) function.
A machine learning approach to predict episodic memory formation

Episodic memories constitute the essence of our recollections and are formed by autobiographical experiences and contextual knowledge. Memories are rich and detailed, yet at the same time they can be malleable and inaccurate. The contents that end up being remembered are the result of filtering incoming sensory inputs in the context of previous knowledge. Here we asked whether the quintessentially subjective process of memory construction could be predicted by a supervised machine learning approach based exclusively on content information. We considered audiovisual segments from a movie as a proxy for real-life memory formation and built a quantitative model to explain psychophysics data evaluating recognition memory. The inputs to the model included audiovisual information (e.g. presence of specific characters, objects, voices and sounds), scene information (e.g. location, presence or absence of action) and emotional valence information. The machine-learning model could predict memory formation in single trials both for group averages and individual subjects with an accuracy of up to 80% using solely stimulus content properties. These results provide a quantitative and predictive model that links sensory perception and emotional attributes to memory formation. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that a computational model can make sophisticated inferences about a cognitive process that involves selective filtering and subjective interpretation.
System Design and Experimental Study of CO_2 Heat Pump Water Heater

A performance testing experiment platform of heat pump water heater of CO2(carbon dioxide) trans-critical cycle has been designed and then constructed,whose evaporator and gas cooler are both sleeve type heat exchanger.When the refrigerant charge is 1.23kg,A preliminary study is conducted.in terms of the performance of the heat pump water heater The results show that:The system can provide hot water whose temperature is higher than 80℃.The COP(Coefficient Of Performance) of system,the outlet temperature and the exhaust pressure are mostly influenced by the water flow of the gas cooler.More efficient heat exchanger can improve the water temperature at the same exhaust temperature of compressor and get a higher COP when producing hot water
Advanced Methionine Positron-Emission Tomography Imaging for Brain Tumor Diagnosis, Surgical Planning, and Treatment

Brain tumors are a heterogeneous group, with the most common being meningiomas (35.5%) and gliomas (30%), with 54% of gliomas being highly malignant glioblastomas. The projected survival for a patient is based upon histologic grading, which may not accurately represent the actual pathology, given the frequent heterogeneity of gliomas and nonspecific guidance that comes from traditional anatomic imaging such as magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography. Molecular imaging, including glucose and amino acid transporters, is increasingly implemented in neuro-oncology since it provides additional metabolic and functional information about the tumor. Fully integrated within a comprehensive multidisciplinary clinical program, positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging with amino acid tracers, such as methionine, combined with traditional anatomic imaging information can be utilized to optimize the full course of patient care, including accurate initial diagnosis, fused PET/MR image-guided surgery, and evaluation of response to therapy as part of a patient-specific personalized treatment plan.
Microfluidic Cell Deformability Assay for Rapid and Efficient Kinase Screening with the CRISPR‐Cas9 System

Herein we report a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated loss-of-function kinase screen for cancer cell deformability and invasive potential in a high-throughput microfluidic chip. In this microfluidic cell separation platform, flexible cells with high deformability and metastatic propensity flowed out, while stiff cells remained trapped. Through deep sequencing, we found that loss of certain kinases resulted in cells becoming more deformable and invasive. High-ranking candidates identified included well-reported tumor suppressor kinases, such as chk2, IKK-α, p38 MAPKs, and DAPK2. A high-ranking candidate STK4 was chosen for functional validation and identified to play an important role in the regulation of cell deformability and tumor suppression. Collectively, we have demonstrated that CRISPR-based on-chip mechanical screening is a potentially powerful strategy to facilitate systematic genetic analyses.
Physiological cerebrovascular remodeling in response to chronic mild hypoxia: A role for activated protein C

Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease that promotes favorable changes in vascular barrier integrity and post-ischemic angiogenic remodeling in animal models of ischemic stroke, and its efficacy is currently being investigated in clinical ischemic stroke trials. Interestingly, application of sub-clinical chronic mild hypoxia (CMH) (8% O2) also promotes angiogenic remodeling and increased tight junction protein expression, suggestive of enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, though the role of APC in mediating the influence of CMH has not been investigated. To examine this potential link, we studied CMH-induced cerebrovascular remodeling after treating mice with two different reagents: (i) a function-blocking antibody that neutralizes APC activity, and (ii) exogenous recombinant murine APC. While CMH promoted endothelial proliferation, increased vascular density, and upregulated the angiogenic endothelial integrins α5β1 and αvβ3, these events were almost completely abolished by functional blockade of APC. Consistent with these findings, addition of exogenous recombinant APC enhanced CMH-induced endothelial proliferation, expansion of total vascular area and further enhanced the CMH-induced right-shift in vessel size distribution. Taken together, our findings support a key role for APC in mediating physiological remodeling of cerebral blood vessels in response to CMH.
Improving the Energy Order: The Role of Technology

Environmental quality in a context of high energy demand can be neither free nor perfect. Even assimilation of effluents by nature produces some local degradation while the waste is undergoing dispersal or breakdown. Often a permanent change in the ecosystem as a result of serai disturbance will have occurred. Nevertheless, attention to the potential of the energy order as a fuel- and effluent-control device, coupled at innumerable points to nature’s own supply and sink areas, suggests one path to a better environment at lower, properly distributed cost.
The influence of microbial-based inoculants on N2O emissions from soil planted with corn (Zea mays L.) under greenhouse conditions with different nitrogen fertilizer regimens.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are increasing at an unprecedented rate owing to the increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Thus, new innovative management tools are needed to reduce emissions. O...
Non-market strategies that affect industry conditions

This paper investigates how resources internal to the firm are used to influence the external political environment regarding the adoption of new technology. Drawing from the non-market strategies literature, this study investigates if lobbying efforts, through corporate political activities, are affective at changing legislation involving the approval of wind farms. Using the US wind industry as the context, empirical tests are performed to determine if campaign contributions lead to favourable policy changes which subsequently increase the probability of wind farm adoption. This study confirms extant research by empirically illustrating that corporate political activities do not directly lead to beneficial legislative policy creation but can hasten the innovation adoption cycle in renewable energy via other mechanisms.
Conservative and moderate grazing effects on Chihuahuan Desert wildlife sightings

Seasonal wildlife observations were made along transects on 2 pastures conservatively grazed (36% use of perennial grasses) and 2 pastures moderately grazed (47% use of perennial grasses) in south central New Mexico in non-drought (1997) and drought years (1998). Experimental pastures were similar in soils, terrain, spacing of watering points, and brush cover. Average ecological condition score for the conservatively grazed pastures was 60% compared with 64% for moderately grazed pastures. Throughout the study total standing vegetation understory herbage levels were higher ( P P > 0.05) between conservatively and moderately grazed pastures. Black-tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) sightings were higher ( P Antilocapra americana ), scaled quail ( Callipepla squamata ), mourning doves ( Zenaida macroura ), and desert cottontails ( Sylvilagus auduboni ) showed no differences ( P > 0.05) between conservatively and moderately grazed pastures. Dry conditions in 1998 depressed total wildlife sightings by > 50% compared to 1997. Both songbird and gamebird (particularly mourning dove) sightings were severely reduced in the dry compared to wet year ( P < 0.05). Our results are consistent with Nelson et al. (1997) that livestock grazing at intermediate levels had no effect on most Chihuahuan Desert upland wildlife species, and that drought years severely depress wildlife sightings.
Dysregulation of 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegenerative diseases with Lewy body or Alzheimer pathology.

Objective The highly conserved 14-3-3 proteins interact with key players involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. We recently demonstrated that 14-3-3 phosphorylation is increased in PD models and that increased 14-3-3 phosphorylation reduces the neuroprotective effects of 14-3-3 proteins. Here, we investigated whether 14-3-3 phosphorylation is altered in postmortem brains from control, PD, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Alzheimer's with Lewy Bodies (ADLB), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) subjects at three conserved sites: serine 58 (S58), serine 185 (S185), and serine 232 (S232). Methods S58, S185, and S232 phosphorylation was measured by western blot analysis of Triton X-100 soluble and insoluble fractions from postmortem temporal cortex. Results The ratio of soluble phospho-S232 to insoluble phospho-S232 was reduced by 32%, 60%, 37%, and 52% in PD, AD, ADLB, and DLB, respectively. S185 and S58 phosphorylation were mildly elevated in the soluble fraction in DLB. We also noted a dramatic reduction in soluble pan 14-3-3 levels by ~35% in AD, ADLB, and DLB. Lower ratios of soluble to insoluble S232 phosphorylation (pointing to higher insoluble pS232) correlated with lower soluble pan 14-3-3 levels, suggesting that S232 phosphorylation may promote insolubilization of 14-3-3s. The phospho-S232 ratio and soluble pan 14-3-3 levels correlated with clinical and pathological severity. Interpretation These data reveal dysregulation of 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegeneration associated with Lewy body or Alzheimer pathology. S232 phosphorylation may drive insolubilization of 14-3-3s and thus contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative disorders associated with Lewy body or Alzheimer pathology.
Antenna systems for 21 cm cosmology

Measurements of the fine scale spectral distortion in the radio background spectrum below 200 MHz due to redshifted 21 cm radiation of the cosmological neutral hydrogen (referred to as red-shifted 21 cm signal hereafter) has achieved extraordinary importance in present day cosmology. Detection of this spectral distortion at long wavelength can provide the first radio constraints on the astrophysics that directed the thermal history of the Universe. Amplitude of these spectral distortions are, however, at least five orders of magnitude smaller than the mean brightness of the radio background at these wavelengths. This poses the highest measurement challenges at long wavelength radio astronomy and provides the motivation for innovating unique antenna and radio telescope systems. We present a qualitative discussion on the antenna system requirements for detecting the redshifted 21 cm spectral distortions.
Bacterial Infertility in Domestic Animals

Bacterial infertilities of domestic animals have been economically serious enough to warrant extensive and intensive investigation of their cause, pathogenesis, and epizootiology so that effective control procedures could be developed. In many cases detailed investigation of the pathologic features of these diseases has been an afterthought and delayed until after a considerable body of knowledge had been developed in the other aspects of the disease. While generalized disease and localized nonspecific pyogenic infections may cause temporary or permanent infertility, the specific epizootic bacterial infections are of greatest interest. The extent of the literature precludes a thorough discussion of these diseases, but a superficial comparison of pathogenesis of some of these infections can be made within this brief summary.
Energy Diversity: Options and Stakeholders

Energy, climate, food, and economic development are intertwined at regional, national, and global levels. There are large international disparities in the availability of, and demand for, energy which will be exacerbated in the near future as world population increases and per capita demand grows. The traditional energy chains from fossil fuels to electricity, heat, and transportation are being diversified by increased reliance on renewable energy sources, as well as new technologies in varying stages of development. As fossil fuel reserves dwindle, thereby becoming more costly, and carbon and climate considerations grow, diversification to low carbon renewables becomes more attractive and cost-effective. Layers of stakeholders include owner–investors, workers, consumers, and regulators, each with different stakes in different energy chains. Issues of economic, ecologic and aesthetic consequences, footprint, emissions, and costs challenge stakeholders to agree on energy options. Often overlooked in stakeholder discussions, investors play a powerful role in the invention, design, demonstration, and implementation of new technologies. Often undervalued, workers facing health and safety hazards are stakeholders influencing the design, construction, and operation of energy chains. As energy dispersion (rather than large centralized power plants) becomes more popular or necessary, siting issues will confront larger numbers of neighbor stakeholders. Certain groups like the United Nations and the U.S. Department of Energy are positioned to facilitate stakeholder input on the international and national scale, achieving a diversity of energy chains.
Cancer treatment in rural areas.

The inability to deliver cancer prevention and treatment to the rural population poses a significant barrier in the national effort to reduce cancer mortality. Since 25 percent of the U.S. population lives in rural areas and few rural areas are readily accessible to cancer centers or Community Clinical Oncology Programs (CCOPs), the prospects for accomplishing the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Goals for the Year 2000 are limited unless substantive changes occur in rural cancer care delivery. This article reviews the problem of cancer risk and care in rural areas and describes one effort to deliver state-of-the-art cancer treatment to rural patients in Virginia. It describes the needs and barriers to access in rural Virginia, the structural elements of the Rural Cancer Outreach Program, and the health policy issues that result when subspecialty care is exported to disadvantaged areas.
The Trial of William 'Big Bill' Haywood

The struggle between the Western Federation of Miners and the Western Mine Owners' Association at the turn of the twentieth century might well be called a war. When the state of Idaho prosecuted William Big Bill Haywood in 1907 for ordering the assassination of former governor Frank Steunenberg, fifteen years of union bombings and murders, fifteen years of mine owner intimidation and greed, and fifteen years of government abuse of process and denials of liberties spilled into the national headlines. Featuring James McParland, America's most famous detective; Harry Orchard, America's most notorious mass murderer turned state's witness; Big Bill Haywood, America's most radical labor leader; and Clarence Darrow, America's most famous defense attorney, the Haywood trial ranks as one of the most fascinating criminal trials in history.
Structure of Cellular Membranes and Regulation of Their Lipid Composition

Two lipid class substitution groups have been defined. Members of a group can replace each other in membranes. Similar substitution groups are found for animal cells, fungi, and bacteria, although a lipid class that occurs in many organisms may be completely absent from others. Myelin is a membrane that has the maximum amount of lipid (fully packed) and essentially all of the protein appears to bind polar lipid. Other membranes contain less lipid and more protein, some of which does not appear to bind lipid. In membranes, lipid is postulated to lie upon the protein to which it is attached by apolar bonding of carbon chains as well as ionic and hydrogen bonds through polar groups. Lipid molecules lie close to each other and interact through their carbon chains (apolar bonding). In myelin, cholesterol probably binds to acidic lipids. The maximum cholesterol level is seen in myelin and the human red blood cell in which one-half the molar amount of cholesterol equals the amount of acidic lipid (acidic phospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, sulfatide, and ganglioside). It is thus postulated that two molecules of cholesterol can bind to one of acidic lipid. The cross section of the membrane is postulated to consist of four layers of lipid and two of protein in the sequence lipid-protein-lipid-lipid-protein-lipid. In myelin which is maximally packed with lipid, the four layers are completely filled. In other membranes with less lipid and lipid-binding protein, the lipid layers are incompletely filled. In the human red blood cell, lipid appears to cover only about one-third of the protein surface. Membrane permeability to many ionic substances appears to be related to the total amount of lipid, those membranes having the most lipid being the least permeable. It is suggested that the blood-brain barrier exists because plasma membranes of cells of the nervous system contain more lipid than those of other organs and are thus more slowly penetrated by some ionic substances. The different lipid compositions of subcellular particulates of the same cell type and from different organs is correlated with the relative proportions of the different types of membranes. It is postulated that, during differentiation, levels of each type of subcellular particulate are set and that thereafter lipid composition changes follow a similar course in all organs. Some changes in membrane lipids in abnormal states are discussed.
Phase Transitions, Goldstone Bosons and Topological Superselection Rules

A warning and a reflection: The material I propose to cover in these four lectures is quite large, and ideas from different fields in mathematical physics must be combined. Therefore not all the details will be explained. I have tried to select proofs for presentation according to their technical simplicity and elegance. This should not mislead you to believe that mathematical physics is a simple thing. Some of the most outstanding and admirable recent results of, say, constructive quantum field theory (e.g. [GJ1] [GRS] [GJS1] [OS]; see also [CQFT]) require an enormous amount of sophisticated and hard analysis. These results concern the existence of relativistic quantum fields and their detailed properties, e.g. their non-triviality, (in the sense that the scattering matrix is different from the identity [EEF, OSe]). The fact that the proofs of many of these results are very hard and intricate may seem or be unpleasant.
Towards integrating workflow and database provenance

While there has been substantial work on both database and workflow provenance, the two problems have only been examined in isolation. It is widely accepted that the existing models are incompatible. Database provenance is fine-grained and captures changes to tuples in a database. In contrast, workflow provenance is represented at a coarser level and reflects the functional model of workflow systems, which is stateless--each computational step derives a new artifact. In this paper, we propose a new approach to combine database and workflow provenance. We address the mismatch between the different kinds of provenance by using a temporal model which explicitly represents the database states as updates are applied. We discuss how, under this model, reproducibility is obtained for workflows that manipulate databases, and how different queries that straddle the two provenance traces can be evaluated. We also describe a proof-of-concept implementation that integrates a workflow system and a commercial relational database.
Prognostic Markers and the LAS for Lung Transplantation: Impact of New Revisions for Successful Outcome

This chapter reviews the history, development, and institution of the lung allocation score (LAS) in the United States. Lung transplantation can be a lifesaving therapy for patients suffering with end-stage lung diseases for which there are no remaining therapeutic options available. Unfortunately, there remains an imbalance between the number of patients in need of this therapy and the availability of suitable donor organs for transplantation. The LAS was developed in the spirit of the important ethical principles in transplantation of utility and justice. More specifically, the objective of the LAS is to decrease waitlist time (and thus risk for waitlist mortality) and to allocate organs based upon medical urgency so as to balance predicted urgency with predicted benefit. The institution of the LAS for the allocation of suitable donor lungs to appropriate candidates on May 4, 2005, literally changed the landscape of lung transplantation overnight. This chapter also explores the ongoing evolution of the LAS as advancements continue to be made in medical therapies and technologies available for the support and management of end-stage lung diseases.
Using Video Self-Evaluation to Enhance Performance in Competitive Dancers

This study used a multiple-baseline across-behaviors design to evaluate the use of video self-evaluation on the performance of 3 dance movements. The procedure improved all 3 dance moves for 3 adolescents on a competitive dance team. Video self-evaluation was shown to be an efficient, accessible, and socially valid procedure to increase the performance of competitive dance movements.
Structural and sedimentological connectivity on a rilled hillslope

Abstract Sedimentological connectivity describes the continuity of sediment transport across a topographically heterogenous landscape. Sedimentological connectivity reflects the changes in the balance between flow sediment load and transport capacity and is mainly influenced by the longitudinal (dis)continuity of channels that is associated with channel depressions and confluences. Past studies have focused on structural and sedimentological connectivity at the basin scale, with only a few examining this phenomenon at the hillslope scale. Important questions have yet to be answered, including “How do within-channel barriers and channel confluences affect the flow/sediment balance?” and “At what spatial extent do these influences take place?” This study investigated the structural and sedimentological connectivity within a rill network on a hillslope in Loudon, Tennessee, USA. We used the difference in a ground lidar generated time-series of seven digital elevation models (DEMs), the DEM of Difference (DoD or ΔDEM), to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of erosion and deposition on a hillslope for 6 periods from December 2014 to December 2016. We found that later periods had the greatest amount of erosion and net sediment loss (0.59 ± 17 m3). We compared the observed sediment redistribution patterns to a GIS-based index of connectivity (IC). In order to examine the influence of structural (dis) connectivity on sedimentological connectivity, we compared the time series of patterns to the occurrences of rill channel confluences and depressions. We found a spatially consistent relationship between the IC and the observed erosion/deposition pattern. However, sediment detachment can also be driven by gravitational sidewall failure, which is not well described by the IC. The scouring at rill confluences leads to higher erosion in both upslope and downslope sections of a rill channel; the ponding at rill depressions yields upslope deposition and downslope erosion.
Watching a Fun Artistic Video about Simpson’s Paradox

This study explores how university students respond to a brief artistic and humorous educational video covering a statistics topic. Major study activities included a background knowledge questionnaire, watching the video, completing a storyboard by identifying images from three scenes in the video, explaining the topic using the recalled images, and, finally, answering questions about the topic that were presented in a different context. The images shown to participants differed according to conceptual and detail accuracy. The results suggest that the details of the animation were more salient in participants’ memory than the concepts. This study introduces a novel way of probing recognition of instructional content via visual memory rather than through written statements. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.11.6
Interpreting Hypothesis Tests

1. The t-test is used to compare mean values between two different groups. 2. The Chi-square test is used to compare proportions between two different groups. 3. The ANOVA test is used to compare mean values across multiple groups. 4. A type I error occurs when a hypothesis test declares a result to be statistically significant when in fact no true effect or association exists in the population. 5. Replication of study findings is an effective method for addressing type I errors. 6. The Bonferroni correction addresses the problem of multiple comparisons by setting a more stringent p-value threshold for statistical significance. 7. A type II error occurs when a hypothesis test declares a result to be statistically insignificant when in fact a true effect or association exists in the population. 8. Power is the pre-specified probability that a particular study will not make a type II error. 9. Power increases with (a) A larger sample size (b) Decreased variability of measurements within individuals (c) A greater pre-specified effect or association
Macrophage Smad3 Protects the Infarcted Heart, Stimulating Phagocytosis and Regulating Inflammation.

Rationale: TGF (transforming growth factor)-β is critically involved in myocardial injury, repair, and fibrosis, activating both Smad (small mothers against decapentaplegic)-dependent and non-Smad ...
Genome-wide association study of important agronomic traits within a core collection of rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the staple food for over half of the world’s population. Thus, improvement of cultivated rice is important for the development of the world. It has been shown that abundant elite genes exist in rice landraces in previous studies. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed with EMMAX for 12 agronomic traits measured in both Guangzhou and Hangzhou was carried out using 150 accessions of Ting’s core collection selected based on 48 phenotypic traits from 2262 accessions of Ting’s collection, the GWAS included more than 3.8 million SNPs. Within Ting’s core collection, which has a simple population structure, low relatedness, and rapid linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay, we found 32 peaks located closely to previously cloned genes such as Hd1, SD1, Ghd7, GW8, and GL7 or mapped QTL, and these loci might be natural variations in the cloned genes or QTL which influence potentially agronomic traits. Furthermore, we also detected 32 regions where new genes might be located, and some peaks of these new candidate genes such as the signal on chromosome 11 for heading days were even higher than that of Hd1. Detailed annotation of these significant loci were shown in this study. Moreover, according to the estimated LD decay distance of 100 to 350 kb on the 12 chromosomes in this study, we found 13 identical significant regions in the two locations. This research provided important information for further mining these elite genes within Ting’s core collection and using them for rice breeding.
Connectivity, Attention and Risk

Ubiquitous connectivity, inspired by the Internet, has four meaningful effects in a STAR narrative: sharing, tsunami, attention and risk-taking. The first effect is captured by the sharing model, which is the creation and exchange of information, both personal and general. This contributes to the second effect, which is a content tsunami—an information overload. The third effect is an attention deficit and a loss of agency or cognitive apathy. Attention deficit arises from the content tsunami, while the loss of agency is fostered by abnegation of control to prediction machines. As a consequence, the fourth effect is mistrust, fear and diminished risk-taking, as scarcity of mind induces resistance to change and reluctance to adapt to rapid technological changes.
Effects of Normal Variation in the Rotational Position of the Aortic Root on Hemodynamics and Tissue Biomechanics of the Thoracic Aorta

Variation in the rotational position of the aortic root relative to the left ventricle is present in normal trileaflet aortic valves. Its impact on the resulting fluid mechanics of blood flow in the thoracic aorta and structural mechanics in the aortic wall are unknown. We aimed to determine the regional hemodynamic and biomechanical differences in different rotational positions of the normal aortic root (clockwise, central, and counterclockwise positions). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) data was acquired from a normal pediatric patient. These were used for reconstruction of the aortic valve and thoracic aorta 3D model. Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations were employed to study the influence of the root rotation with a central position as compared to observed extreme variations. Patient-specific phase-encoding CMR data were used to assess the validity of computed blood flow. The 3D FSI model was coupled with Windkessel boundary conditions that were tuned for physiological pressures. A grid velocity function was adopted for the valve motion during the systolic period. The largest wall shear stress level is detected in the clockwise positioned aortic root at the sinutubular junction. Two counter-rotating vortex cores are formed within the aortic root of both the central and extreme root configurations, however, in the clockwise root the vortex system becomes more symmetric. This also coincides with more entrainment of the valve jet and more turbulence production along the shear layer. A clockwise rotational position of the aortic root imparts an increased wall shear stress at the sinutubular junction and proximal ascending aorta in comparison to other root rotation positions. This may pose increased risk for dilation of the sinutubular junction and ascending aorta in the patient with a clockwise positioned aortic root compared to other normal positional configurations.