cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corticosteroids and Hippocampal Plasticity

The unexpected discovery in 1968 that the hippocampus takes up and retains adrenal steroids has leds to equally unanticipated findings regarding the actions of hormones on the brain and the ways in which the brain is capable of changing in response to the hormonal milieu. First were indications that adrenal steroids adversely affect pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and cause damage during aging and as a result of severe and prolonged stress. Atrophy of dendrites, particularly in the CA3 region, appears to be an early index of these effects. Second was evidence that the dentate gyrus undergoes atrophy and granule neuron death after adrenalectomy; perhaps as a result of this neuronal death, neurogenesis is stimulated in dentate gyrus of adult rats. Third are recent indications that excitability of hippocampal neurons, including the ability to generate long-term potentiation (LTP), is regulated biphasically by adrenal steroids. One important goal of current research is to understand the role of type I and type II receptors for adrenal steroids in hormonally-induced hippocampal plasticity. Type I receptors appear to play a role in containing programmed-cell death and the rate of neurogenesis; they also regulate key neurochemical features of dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn; and they facilitate LTP. Present information indicates that type II receptors inhibit LTP and may play a role in the degenerative changes in Ammon's horn.
Objective Maps of Near-Surface Flow States near Point Conception, California

Abstract Objective streamfunction and velocity potential maps of three commonly observed flow states near Point Conception, California, are derived from moored current-meter and drifter observations. The states are defined using current-meter data. Drifter data are sorted by flow state and averaged within spatial bins to resolve their spatial structures. Spatial correlations of drifter data show the along-shelf and cross-shelf decorrelation distances are approximately 45 and 25 km, respectively. This information is used to make the objective streamfunction and velocity potential maps. The total velocity is represented as the sum of the rotational, nondivergent streamfunction component and the irrotational, divergent velocity potential component. The velocity derived from the streamfunction is much stronger than that derived from the velocity potential. The streamfunction is sufficiently well resolved to make meaningful vorticity maps. The velocity potential indicates a source term in the western Santa Bar...
Simulation of time-of-flight spectra in direct recoil spectrometry for the study of recoil depth distributions and multiple scattering contributions

Abstract Intensity distributions of atoms ejected from model target surfaces due to ion impact in time-of-flight direct recoil spectrometry (TOF-DRS) have been simulated in order to investigate the depth of origin of recoils and the shape of the low-energy TOF tail. The MARLOWE computer code was used to calculate the trajectories of 2–4 keV Ar + /Ne + ions impinging on a diamond and an alkane polymer surface. The calculations were converted to actual TOF spectra, which allows comparison with experimental data. The simulation results confirm the high surface sensitivity of DRS and reveal the strong dependence of the sampling depth on the primary ion type and energy. A recoil's location in the TOF-intensity tail results from complex multiple-collision mechanisms and is not directly correlated to its depth of origin. In the case of H recoils, the Thomas–Fermi-type potential used to model atomic interactions appears to overestimate the differential recoiling cross-section, which may indicate a breakdown of fundamental assumptions in the interaction potential.
Primary productivity and spatial structure of phytolithic growth in streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee

The purpose of this study was to examine the primary production rates of phytolithic communities found in the major different habitats of streams and determine the effects of physical and chemical parameters associated with each habitat on periphyton community spatial structure. The project was designed to study natural, intact communities within stream systems.
Oxide removal and desorption of oxygen from partly oxidized thin films of copper at low pressures

Partly oxidized copper films were annealed in a controlled vacuum of 10−7 Pa at a temperature of 450° C. The changes discussed below were observed in situ with a specially designed high-resolution transmission electron microscope. The thin, (100)-oriented, single-crystal films of copper had been oxidized immediately prior to the annealing studies at the same temperature and at an oxygen partial pressure of 7×10 −1 Pa, until the desired fraction of the copper film was converted to oxide. It was observed that the oxide disappeared during annealing as long as some copper was left unoxidized. The disappearance of the oxide is explained as being due to dissociation of the oxide at the oxide-metal interface followed by diffusion of oxygen into the metal and desorption of oxygen from the surface of the unoxidized copper. The rate of disappearance of the oxide was found to be proportional to the surface area of unoxidized copper, i.e., the desorption was found to be the rate — limiting step. In the case of heavily oxidized films (>50%), holes were observed to develop in the oxide near the oxide-metal interface after an annealing period of 2–3 hr. Upon resumption of the oxidation, these holes first disappeared, and the normal oxidation behavior was then resumed. The formation of holes may be explained by vacancy clustering. When completely oxidized films were annealed, recrystallization of the oxide was observed.
Reversal of End-Stage Kidney Failure in Two Scleroderma Patients Treated With Anticoagulation

Two patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) developed renal failure which required thrice weekly hemodialysis. While recei ving hemodialysis treatments and warfarin, their renal function improved and it was possible to discontinue hemodialysis after 9 mo in Case 1 and after 3 mo in Case 2. The recovery of renal function in these patients suggests therapy with warfarin may playa role in the treatment of scleroderma renal failure.
Surface Structures and Phase Transitions at the Au(100)−Br Interface: pH and CO Effects

The surface reconstruction of Au(100) and the formation of an ordered commensurate c(√2 × 22√2)R45° adlayer of Br (Brad) have been studied by a combination of electrochemical (EC) and surface X-ray scattering (SXS) measurements. Emphasis is placed on linking the microscopic structural information concerning the Brad adlayer to the voltammetric and other macroscopic electrochemical responses, including using the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements for determining the surface coverage by Brad. It is found that the potential-induced hexagonal (“hex”) to (1 × 1) transition of the Au surface coincides with Br- adsorption and occurs faster in solutions containing Br- anions than in Br--free solutions. In agreement with previous SXS results, in acid solutions, Brad forms a c(√2 × 2√2)R45° structure at around 0.15 V. However, no ordered structures of Brad are observed in alkaline solution, although the cyclic voltammetry indicates that the order structure should be present at 0.12 V. Absence of an or...
A new solid-state microelectrode for measuring intra-cellular chloride activities

Abstract Solid-state microelectrodes for measuring intracellular Cl − activity ( a i Cl) were made by sealing the tips of tapered glass capillaries (tip diameter 0.3 μm), coating them under vacuum with a 0.2–0.3 μm thick layer of spectroscopic grade silver, and sealing them (except for the terminal 2–5 μm of the tip) inside tapered glass shields. 106 microelectrodes had an average slope of 55.0 ± 0.6 mV (S.E.) per decade change in α Cl . Tip resistance was (77.1 ± 3.1 × 10 9 ω ( n =30). Electrode response was rapid (10–20 s), was unaffected by HCO 3 − , H 2 PO 4 2− or protein, and remained essentially unchanged over a 24-h period. α i Cl in frog sartorius muscle fibers and epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestine was measured in vitro. In both tissues, α i Cl significantly exceeded the value corresponding to equilibrium distribution of Cl − across the cell membrane.
Experience and Recent Development with Gas Directly Cooled Rotors for Large Steam Turbine Generators

As recently as ten years ago, projections of ever increasing unit ratings spurred development efforts toward improved cooling systems for generator rotors. Today, however, the concern of the power generation industry is focused on reliability and efficiency rather than on rating growth. Consistent with these concerns, gas- cooled two-pole rotors with diagonal flow ventilation and gas- cooled four-pole rotors with radial flow ventilation have provided reliable and efficient performance. In addition, development programs set in motion in the early 70' s, prior to the reduction in projected unit ratings, have demonstrated that further improvements in efficiency, as well as rotor thermal capability, can be attained with gas-cooled rotors. This proven capability will provide for the needs of the power generation industry both today and in the foreseeable future.
NMSU: an electronic information system

The number of universities establishing electronic information systems attached to their campus networks is exploding. In fact many universities now offer several different types of systems on their network. These systems are merely a new way to present information that is also being distributed in more traditional ways (ex: verbal, printed, etc.).Individual departments within universities recognize this new medium as an effective and efficient way to provide information to their target audiences. There are a tremendous number of organizations and departments within New Mexico State University seeking better ways to provide information about their services. NMSU/INFO is one new type of electronic information system used to distribute information. This type of system is often referred to as an “Bulletin Board”. NMSU/INFO was developed as a pilot project. It was done jointly with some key organizations at NMSU who were anxious to try this new medium.This paper describes different types of information systems, evaluates the availability of public access systems, describes the objectives that guided the development NMSU's public access system (NMSU/INFO), speculate about NMSU/INFO's future directions, and finally discusses problems to be faced.
When to Stop CPR and When to Perform Rhythm Analysis: Potential Confusion Among ACLS Providers.

Background:Health care providers nationwide are routinely trained in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), an American Heart Association program that teaches cardiac arrest management. Recent chang...
A STUDY OF TRANSITION TEMPERATURE STANDARDS BY DTA

Thirteen reference standards (TherMetric melting point standards and NBS-ICTA standards) for temperature calibration of DTA in the range from 50 to 425° have been compared and found to be accurate to within ±0.5°. Most of these standards are shown to be usable to at least 100°/min heating rates.
Correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity among adults in a New England community

Abstract Background Promotion of transportation-related physical activity is consistent with current national recommendations. However, few studies have simultaneously examined correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity. Methods Surveys were mailed to 1002 adults residing in a Massachusetts suburb. The survey included measures of self-reported recreational and transportation-related physical activity and demographic, cognitive, interpersonal, and environmental variables potentially correlated with activity. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between environmental variables and the two outcomes. Results Respondents (n = 413) who averaged 51.2 ± 16.8 years of age reported 132.3 ± 140.5 min/week recreational physical activity and 142.1 ± 180.9 min/week transportation activity. Sidewalks (P = 0.02) and traffic (P = 0.01) were each associated with higher levels of recreational physical activity in unadjusted analyses, but in models that controlled for age, self-efficacy for physical activity and family social support for physical activity, these environmental variables were nonsignificant. Three perceived environmental variables (enjoyable scenery, sidewalks, traffic) and one objective environmental variable (distance from home to a community rail-trail) each showed associations (P ≤ 0.05) with transportation-related physical activity in models that controlled for age and self-efficacy. Conclusions Neighborhood physical environmental variables were associated with transportation physical activity, but not with recreational physical activity. Further research is needed to identify shared and unique correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity in urban, suburban, and rural settings.
In vivo-induced suppression of T cell proliferation: the relationship between the specificity of induction and control.

We have previously shown that sc immunization of C57BL/10 (H-2b) mice with the tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP) or with its tryptic peptide number 8, representing residues 93-112 of TMVP, induces T cells which proliferate in vitro in response to TMVP and to peptide 8. In contrast, immunization of B10.BR (H-2k) mice either with TMVP or with peptide 8 induces T cells which respond in vitro to the homologous but not the heterologous Ag. In the present article , we report that in the B10.BR (H-2k) strain, ip prepriming with (TMVP) 7 days prior to sc immunization with peptide 8 causes a drastic reduction in the in vitro proliferative response of peptide 8-specific T cells while no such effect is seen in the congenic C57BL/10 (H-2b) strain. This suppression of T cell responsiveness can be transferred with TMVP-primed spleen cells. Moreover, deleting T cells from the transferred spleen cells abrogates the suppressive effect. In both H-2 haplotypes, ip prepriming with peptide 8 causes suppression of the proliferative T cell response induced by subsequent immunization with peptide 8. This prepriming has no effect on the response to TMVP immunization of B10.BR mice but does effect the response of C57BL/10 mice. Using various synthetic peptides to analyze the specificity of the suppression, we have determined that (1) T cells involved in the suppression of the proliferative T cell response to a single peptide determinant do not suppress the proliferative T cell response to other determinants on the protein antigen and (2) these T cells with suppressor function, and proliferating T cells which are ultimately regulated, can exhibit specificity for the same epitope. These studies suggest that there may exist fundamental differences as to how T cells which participate in suppression an proliferating T cells (which include mainly T helper cells) recognize protein antigens.
Identification of bacteriophage K20 binding regions of OmpF and lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli K-12

Two classes of phage K20 resistant Escherichia coli K-12 mutants were obtained. One class of mutants possessed alterations within the ompF gene while the rfa gene cluster, which is responsible for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis, was affected in the second class of mutants. The OmpF mutants contained substitutions affecting residues localized within the surface-exposed loops 5, 6 or 7. A single deletion mutation resulted in the removal of eight residues of loop 5. These alterations prevented the binding of K20 to cell surface without affecting OmpF's channel activity. One LPS mutant characterized in detail contained an unusual aberration within the rfa gene cluster caused by an IS5 element. Its insertion mediated a deletion encompassing the rfaBIJ genes. Genetic complementation analysis revealed that the rfaB gene, whose product catalyzes the addition of a galactose residue to the first glucose molecule of the LPS core, is necessary to synthesize LPS able to serve as a co-receptor for phage K20.
Theoretical Studies of Carbocations in Ion Pairs. 4.1 The Interconversion of the 1-Propyl Cation and Protonated Cyclopropane

The structure of the 1-propyl cation in the ion pair with the model anion trihydrofluoroborate, proven in earlier work to be appropriate for such studies, was investigated by ab initio calculations at the level previously reported to give the definitive structure of carbocations. In previous work, it was shown that the carbocation structure does not change with the nature of the anion. The cation structure is determined, however, by the distance between the cation and anion, d, and their relative orientation. At infinite interionic distance the only stable chemical species (energy minimum) is the protonated cyclopropane, 1. As the ions move toward each other, the cyclopropane bond opposite to the anion becomes progressively longer and eventually it breaks up in the contact ion pair. Three domains of cation stability are identified as a function of d: at long distances, ion 1 is the only energy minimum; at intermediate distances 1 and the 1-propyl cation 2 are both energy minima; at short distances, ion 2...
Relation of Doppler-derived left ventricular filling parameters to age and radius/thickness ratio in normal and pathologic states.

Abstract Transmitral diastolic inflow velocities determined by Doppler echocardiography have been shown to reflect left ventricular (LV) filling rates, and are therefore dependent on ventricular compliance. Radius to wall thickness ratio is an index of cavity to wall volume ratio, an important determinant of LV compliance. Accordingly, Doppler measurements of mitral anulus peak early diastolic velocity, peak atrial velocity and atrial filling fraction were made in 25 normal control subjects, mean age 46 years (range 28 to 75), and 29 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or concentric LV hypertrophy, mean age 54 years (range 12 to 78). In addition, radius/thickness ratio was determined by 2-dimensionally guided M-mode recordings of the left ventricle. In the normal group, peak early velocity, the ratio of early to atrial velocity and atrial filling fraction correlated with age (r = −0.905, −0.823 and 0.810, respectively), but not with radius/thickness ratio. In the group with LV hypertrophy or dilatation, peak early velocity, ratio of early to atrial velocity and atrial filling fraction correlated with radius/thickness ratio (r = 0.625, 0.752 and −0.631, respectively), but not with age. Thus, with normal aging, early LV filling is reduced and atrial systole is augmented, probably reflecting instrinsic alterations in myocardial stiffness with age. In chronic LV disease, changes in radius/thickness ratio and, consequently, in chamber stiffness, influence early filling directly and atrial filling inversely, overriding the effects of age. Age-related standards are needed, however, to evaluate individual effects of a disease process on LV filling dynamics by Doppler.
Guest Editor's Note: Modern-Day Comfort Women

The article offers the editors reflections on the article "Modern-Day Comfort Women," which appears in the issue. The author finds this academic contribution to be important because it draws attention to the role that the U.S. military plays in the human trafficking industry. She references many studies that have been completed in an effort to raise awareness about the corrupt practices of the U.S. Armed Forces while occupying foreign territories. Instances of human trafficking in Korea, Bosnia and South Korea are discussed. Keywords: Human trafficking
Sulfur dynamics in decomposing forest litter: relationship to initial concentration, ambient sulfate and nitrogen.

Sulfur in decomposing forest litter was fractionated into soluble SO2−4, soluble C-bonded S, insoluble ester-S and insoluble C-bonded S. In a I yr litterbag study, initially high amounts of soluble SO2−4 and soluble C-bonded S in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] litter decreased to < 10% of initial mass in 4 months. Insoluble C-bonded S increased to 1.2 times its initial mass, similar to the dynamics of insoluble organic-N. Insoluble C-bonded S in red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) litter was initially three times higher than in Douglas-fir. It decreased to 84% of initial mass in 1 yr, and insoluble organic-N also decreased. In a second litterbag study, SO2−4 in solutions (0 or 4mg S 1−1) applied for 1 yr to decomposing Douglas-fir foliage had no effect on retention of insoluble C-bonded S, and initial concentration of insoluble C-bonded S had no effect on the amount remaining after 1 yr. In a laboratory experiment, NH4NO3 applied in solutions (28 or 112 mg N1−1) to Douglas-fir litter caused formation of both insoluble organic-N and insoluble C-bonded S. Sulfate application (32 mg S 1−1) enhanced the formation of insoluble C-bonded S only in the high-N treatment. These experiments demonstrated that leaching of initial soluble SO2−4 and soluble C-bonded S contributes significantly to S release from decomposing forest litter. Insoluble C-bonded S is the most abundant S fraction retained in decomposing litter ; it can be formed or released during decomposition and can be affected by N dynamics.
Constitutive and activation-inducible cyclooxygenase-2 expression enhances survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells.

Abstract We recently reported that activated normal human B lymphocytes express Cox-2. These findings prompted us to evaluate whether human B-CLL cells express Cox-2 and synthesize prostaglandins. In contrast to naive human B cells, B-CLL cells constitutively expressed Cox-2 protein and produced PGE2, PGF2α, and TXA2. Elevated Cox-2 expression was seen in a subgroup of B-CLL cells that exhibit poor prognostic factors, including unmutated variable heavy chain status and increased CD38 expression. Furthermore, stimulation of B-CLL cells with CD40 ligand plus TNFα increased Cox-2 levels. The role of Cox-2 in promoting B-CLL survival was investigated using nonselective and selective Cox-2 inhibitors. Significant reductions in B-CLL survival occurred following Cox-2 inhibition. These new findings support that constitutive Cox-2 expression in B-CLL cells promotes their survival and possibly their expansion in vivo. It will therefore be important to evaluate drugs that inhibit Cox-2 as potential therapeutic agents in B-CLL in vivo.
Mean distance test of Poisson distribution

A new goodness-of-fit test is developed for discrete distributions based on a characterization by mean distances. The corresponding test of Poisson distribution is a powerful competitor to existing tests and its computational complexity is optimal.
Editor’s Spotlight/Take 5: Conditional Survival Greater Than Overall Survival at Diagnosis for Ewing’s and Osteosarcoma

Cancer patients need all the good news we can give them. In the absence of a guarantee or cure (which often are absent), the next best thing is some hope that the disease will go away, and stay away, for a very long time. “What are the odds?” is the first question many patients ask when diagnosed with cancer. Depending on how we look at things, this question is surprisingly complicated. The odds of survival may be different for a patient at the time of diagnosis than they are 2 and 5 years later. This is the principle of “conditional survival,” and Dr. Benjamin J. Miller’s (Fig. 1) group explored it for patients with osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma. Happily, the news for our patients is good. Fig. 1 The study by Miller, shown here, and colleagues primarily focused on the risk of cancer mortality regardless of the details of treatment. The challenge was finding the best approach to enhance understanding of the reality and gravity of the situation ... In short, for each year a patient survives after the diagnosis, the likelihood of surviving 5 more years goes up; for a patient with osteosarcoma who has no metastases at the time of diagnosis, the odds of surviving 5 years was 75%. If that patient survives 5 years, the odds of surviving another 5 years increase to more than 91%. The numbers were similar for patients with Ewing’s sarcoma. Of course, numbers do not tell the entire story. A cancer “survivor” with whom I am very close has said to me that until she dies of something else, she will not know that she’s “cured” of cancer. The work of Dr. Miller’s group suggests that vigilance indeed is called for — the good news implied by these conditional survival data is, itself, conditional. Some patients will die of their disease 10 or even 20 years after they believed they beat the disease. Odds are not everything, and most cancer patients will take these kinds of reassurances with a large lump of salt anyway — 75% (or even 91%) may not be too reassuring for patients who find themselves on the short end of a 1:200,000 ratio (the approximate prevalence of osteosarcoma in patients younger than the age of 20). Even so, conditional survival is a useful statistic when counseling patients who receive diagnoses that carry existential threat. Hope is precious.
Introduction: The Indian Ocean and Other Middle Easts

Low’s essay introduces the five essays in this roundtable in volume 34, number 3, which explore theoretical and practical connections between the fields of Middle Eastern and Indian Ocean studies. At least part of the exercise suggested by this forum, Low writes, involves a slight decentering of India in order to contemplate a rebalanced Indian Ocean as narrated from the peninsular Middle East outward. As a result, the points of departure and return suggested here move along a more heterogeneous set of oceanic axes running from Mecca to Calcutta, Singapore to Jidda, Hadhramawt to Java, Zanzibar to Oman, Awadh to Karbala and Najaf, and the Zanj to Shiraz.
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy with giant cell reaction.

We report a case of intracerebral hemorrhages due to sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy in a 43-year-old male with a luxuriant giant cell reaction. The amyloid was resistant to potassium permanganate-sulfuric acid oxidation and reacted with an antiserum to synthetic β-protein. The distribution and histologic characteristics of the multinucleated giant cell reaction suggest that it represents a foreign-body reaction rather than giant cell arteritis.
Mechanisms of Healing in Coiled Intracranial Aneurysms: A Review of the Literature

Recanalization of intracranial aneurysms following endovascular coiling remains a frustratingly common occurrence. An understanding of the molecular and histopathologic mechanisms of aneurysm healing following coil embolization is essential to improving aneurysm occlusion rates. Histopathologic studies in coiled human and experimental aneurysms suggest that during the first month postcoiling, thrombus formation and active inflammation occur within the aneurysm dome. Several months following embolization, the aneurysm is excluded from the parent vessel by formation of a neointimal layer, which is often thin and discontinuous, across the aneurysm neck. Numerous coil modifications and systemic therapies have been tested in animals and humans in an attempt to improve the aneurysm-healing process; these modifications have met with variable levels of success. In this review, we summarize the histopathologic and molecular biology of aneurysm healing and discuss how these findings have been applied in an attempt to improve angiographic outcomes in patients with intracranial aneurysms.
Three-dimensional interferometric imaging at terahertz frequencies using three-dimensional spiral array

By using a 3D interferometric array to detect point sources of equal intensity, it is possible to detect a difference in distance much more accurately. Also by tuning the depth layout of the array to be log periodic it is possible to increase the resolution of the image. The concept can be extended to image 3D objects.
Clinical characterization of "visual snow" (Positive Persistent Visual Disturbance)

Results The survey-data of 120 patients with self-reported visual snow was reviewed to generate preliminary criteria. These were re-tested by interviewing 115 patients. The main criterion (black and white visual snow) was met by 57 patients. Additional visual symptoms were excessive floaters (84%), persistent after-images (83%), “hard time seeing at night” (65%), “little cells that travel on a wiggly path” (77%), photophobia (70%), “moving objects leave trails” (56%), “swirls, clouds or waves with eyes closed” (51%), and bright flashes (51%). Requiring at least one or three of these additional criteria reduced the sensitivity by 2% and 7%. No patient described the visual symptoms consistent with persistent visual aura in migraine. A history of migraine was seen in 54%, with 35% having typical migraine with aura. None of the patients noted intake of illicit drugs prior the onset of visual snow. All ophthalmology tests were non-contributory. Conclusions (i) Visual snow is a unique clinical syndrome. The main criterion (visual snow) is almost always associated with at least three additional criteria. (ii) The visual symptoms are distinct from migraine with aura. (iii) The high prevalence of history of migraine (with aura) points to a susceptibility for visual snow in patients with migraine. (iv) Intake of illicit drugs and ophthalmological diseases may not be of pathophysiological relevance.
Radiative acceleration of gas in quasars

Quasars can radiate up to a thousand times the energy of the entire Galaxy, yet this energy is generated in a small region approximately one light day across. (By comparison, the diameter of the Milky Way is about 100,000 light years.) Because of the high energy density in this region, it has often been suggested that radiation pressure might play an important dynamical role in quasars. Here we show that radiative acceleration can readily explain a prominent feature observed in the spectra of several broad-absorption-line (BAL) quasars. The broad absorption lines are themselves attributed to matter flowing towards the observer with velocities approaching one-tenth of the speed of light, and our results suggest that radiative acceleration is the dominant driving mechanism in these outflows. As most quasars are believed to have BAL outflows (although they are seen in only about 10% of them because of viewing angle), radiative acceleration is likely to be an important dynamical process in quasars in general.
Creative thinking as a predictor of school‐aged children's stress responses and coping abilities

Abstract: Sixty 9–12 year‐old children were administered the verbal and figural portions of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT; Form A) and the Stress Impact Scale. An observational rating scale of coping behavior, the Coping Inventory, was also completed for each child in the school setting by trained observers, and the Stress Response Scale was completed by mothers. Age and several TTCT figural indicators of creative thinking, including fluency, originality, elaboration, and resistance to premature closure, were strongly associated with coping abilities. Resistance to premature closure as measured on the figural portion of the TTCT was most predictive of coping abilities and fewer overall problematic responses to stress as reported by mothers.
Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computing in Full-Information Networks

In this paper, we use random-selection protocols in the full-information model to solve classical problems in distributed computing. Our main results are the following: --An O(log n)-round randomized Byzantine Agreement (BA) protocol in a synchronous fullinformation network tolerating t \le \frac{n} {{3 + \in }} faulty players (for any constant \in \ge 0). As such, our protocol is asymptotically optimal in terms of fault-tolerance. --An O(1)-round randomized BA protocol in a synchronous full-information network tolerating t = O( \frac{n} {{(\log n)^{1.58} }} ) faulty players. --A compiler that converts any randomized protocol \prod\nolimits_{in} designed to tolerate t fail-stop faults, where the source of randomness of \prod\nolimits_{in} is an SV-source, into a protocol \prod\nolimits_{out} that tolerates min(t, \frac{n} {3} ) Byzantine faults. If the round-complexity of \prod\nolimits_{in} is r, that of \prod\nolimits_{out} is O(r log* n). Central to our results is the development of a new tool, "audited protocols". Informally "auditing" is a transformation that converts any protocol that assumes builtin broadcast channels into one that achieves a slightly weaker guarantee, without assuming broadcast channels. We regard this as a tool of independent interest, which could potentially find applications in the design of simple and modular randomized distributed algorithms.
Trauma and conditional risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in two American Indian reservation communities.

Purpose To determine conditional risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in two culturally distinct American Indian reservation communities.
Deployment Rate Prediction of Elastic Memory Composites

Elastic Memory Composites (EMC) show promise as a structural material, which when subjected to a specific thermomechanical cycle, are capable of providing their own inherent deployment actuation. This actuation produces a shape memory effect similar to that of other shape memory materials. However, the mechanics of this process are significantly different. The thermoset epoxy matrix is a viscoelastic polymer, which softens significantly at elevated temperature. Large geometric strains of up to 5 % are accommodated by this material via microbuckling of the fibers within this softened thermoset epoxy matrix. These large strains may be preserved, for later deployment, by returning the temperature of this composite to room temperature. Subsequent heating will release the stored strain energy of these fibers as the matrix compliance increases with temperature and time. The goal of this work is the development of an analytical model to be used as a prediction tool for the deployment rate of this EMC material. The focus of this paper will be on the experimental deployment rate data acquisition, and the experimentally validated resin phase viscoelastic constitutive model.
Problem Gambling and Homelessness: Results from an Epidemiologic Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of gambling disorder and comorbid psychiatric disorders in a homeless population and identify features related to potential subtypes. At baseline, participants were administered a structured interview including socio-demographic sections of the National Comorbidity Study (NCS) interview; seven diagnostic sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS); the alcohol and drug abuse sections of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM); and the Homeless Supplement to the DIS. At nine months post-baseline assessment, participants were administered additional NCS family history questions and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Participants were an epidemiologic sample of 275 predominately African-American homeless individuals, grouped as lifetime non-gamblers (n = 60), recreational gamblers (n = 152), and problem gamblers (n = 63), recruited on the street and through homeless shelters. Results indicate that lifetime rates of sub-clinical problem (46.2%) and disordered (12.0%) gambling were significantly higher than in the general population. Problem gamblers were more likely than non-problem gamblers to meet diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and any psychiatric disorder, and more likely than non-gamblers to use illicit drugs or meet criteria for abuse/dependence for nicotine, alcohol, or any substance. This study provides evidence that problem gambling is a significant public health issue among the African-American homeless population. Homeless services should include assessment for problem gambling along with psychiatric disorders and referrals to resources and treatment programs. Future studies should explore the relationship of the onset and course of problem gambling and other psychiatric disorders with homelessness as well as racial differences in gambling patterns and problem severity over time.
Founding New Nonprofit Organizations: Syndrome or Symptom?

In this study, the authors explore how the dynamics associated with the founding of new nonprofit organizations, the characteristics of the founders, and the developmental life cycles of nonprofit organizations contribute to the seemingly fragmented landscape of the nonprofit sector. Based on data collected from interviews with 31 nonprofit organizations, we find that new nonprofits are being created by passionate, entrepreneurial individuals who hope to make a difference in the community. Although these organizations are typically small, with few staff members and small budgets, the extent to which they rely on volunteers and are connected to the broader community varies considerably. Moreover, many founders had little experience volunteering or working in the sector. The findings from this study have important implications for the professional development of nonprofit staff, leaders, and volunteers, and they shed new light on how we think about and describe the founders of nonprofit organizations.
THERMAL INFLUENCE ON METABOLIC RATES AND A BIOENERGETIC BUDGET FOR NOTOPHTHALMUS VIRIDESCENS FROM SOUTHWESTERN MASSACHUSETTS

Abstract Notophthalmus viridescens has been reported to overwinter on land in southwestern Massachusetts, whereas these newts hibernate in water in southwestern Ohio. Aquatic and terrestrial metabolic rates of newts from Massachusetts were measured at different exercise speeds and acclimation temperatures in order to better understand their seasonal energetic budgets. Oxygen uptake at 25°C increased with increased swimming and walking speeds and reached a plateau at speeds of 60 and 90 cm/min, whereas at 5°C, oxygen consumption linearly increased with swimming speeds. Aerobic transport costs of the newts thus decreased with increased locomotor speeds at 25°C but remained unchanged when the newts were exercised in water at 5°C. Anaerobic metabolic rates of the newts on land were little affected by acclimation temperature but also increased linearly with walking speeds at both 5°C and 25°C. Anaerobiosis contributed most of the energy for the locomotion of the newts. These newts stored an average of 12 mg lipd/g body mass, which could apparently support their survival at 5°C for 46 days without food on land but only for 18 days in water. These calculations, based on measured metabolic rates and energy reserves, support field observations of red-spotted newts hibernating on land in Massachusetts.
Characterizing New Genes Regulating Cell-Substrate Adhesion to Discover Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Cell Motility

The model organism Dictyostelium has greatly facilitated our understanding of the signal transduction and cytoskeletal pathways that govern cell motility. Cell-substrate adhesion is a target of many chemotaxis signaling events and it can be used to screen for cells that have defects in cell migration. In fact, cells lacking PTEN, a negative regulator of cellular extensions, is flatter and adheres strongly to the surface. This leads to reasoning that other regulators of migration would also effect adhesion, a screening method was devised and isolated overly adherent mutants from a pool of mutagenized cells. Restriction enzyme mediated insertion (REMI) mutagenized cells, comprising more than 50000 insertions, yielded about 100 mutated cell lines with the desired phenotypes. The mutation sites in 20 of the strains have been mapped and many of the phenotypes are similar to those of PTEN knockout cells. The extent of increased adhesion, cell motility, directed migration, cell shape, and new filamentous actin at the periphery are all parameters that have been examined in these new overly adhesive cell lines. The degree in which these parameters have been effected and the correlations between these changes is providing novel insights into the networks controlling cell motility. Many of these genes have human homologs with unknown functions. Therefore, the future study of this new group of regulators of adhesion and motility genes in Dictyostelium will not only advance the knowledge of cell migration in amoeboid cells but elucidate the functions of novel human genes with potential disease relevance.
The Economics of Household Air Pollution

Traditional energy technologies and consumer products contribute to household well-being in diverse ways but also often harm household air quality. We review the problem of household air pollution at a global scale, focusing particularly on the harmful effects of traditional cooking and heating. Drawing on the theory of household production, we illustrate the ambiguous relationship between household well-being and adoption of behaviors and technologies that reduce air pollution. We then review how the theory relates to the seemingly contradictory findings emerging from the literature on developing country household demand for clean fuels and stoves. In conclusion, we describe an economics research agenda to close the knowledge gaps so that policies and programs can be designed and evaluated to solve the global household air pollution problem.
Disentangling working memory processes during spatial span assessment: A modeling analysis of preferred eye movement strategies

The neurocognitive processes involved during classic spatial working memory (SWM) assessment were investigated by examining naturally preferred eye movement strategies. Cognitively healthy adult volunteers were tested in a computerized version of the Corsi Block-Tapping Task--a spatial span task requiring the short term maintenance of a series of locations presented in a specific order--coupled with eye tracking. Modeling analysis was developed to characterize eye-tracking patterns across all task phases, including encoding, retention, and recall. Results revealed a natural preference for local gaze maintenance during both encoding and retention, with fewer than 40% fixated targets. These findings contrasted with the stimulus retracing pattern expected during recall as a result of task demands, with 80% fixated targets. Along with participants' self-reported strategies of mentally "making shapes," these results suggest the involvement of covert attention shifts and higher order cognitive Gestalt processes during spatial span tasks, challenging instrument validity as a single measure of SWM storage capacity.
Cellular Nonlinear Network Grids - a new Grid Computing Approach

Throughout this paper a catenation between the universal paradigm of cellular nonlinear networks (CNN) and the innovative approach of grid computing is given. CNN are a massive parallel solution for solving non-linear problems, modelling complex phenomena in medicine, physics and data analysis as well as for powerful image processing and recognition systems. They usually are simulated on local computer systems or built as dedicated VLSI-implementations. However, the research of complex CNN structures and settings require massive computing power and thus can benefit from multi-system open architectures which can be provided by the grid approach. Propositions of two different realizations with grid architecture in mind are given by introducing an algorithm of implementing such methods in a CNN software simulator. First a brief introduction to CNN is given. Afterwards, problems for the current determination of such networks are discussed
Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland. Anniversary edition, revised and expanded

Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland. Anniversary edition, revised and expanded. Nancy Scheper-Hughes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 359 pp.
Women in Management

This article presents a review of the book “Women in Management,” by Laurie Larwood and Marion M. Wood.
Direct demonstration of a physiological role for carbon monoxide in olfactory receptor neurons

Recent evidence suggests that, like nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), another activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, may serve as an intercellular messenger in the brain. Heme oxygenase, which converts heme to biliverdin and CO, is abundantly expressed in the brain and is localized to discrete neuronal populations. However, evidence for the actual generation of CO by neurons is lacking. Heme oxygenase-2 immunoreactivity is abundantly present in olfactory receptor neurons where it essentially colocalizes with immunoreactivity to soluble guanylyl cyclase, the target of CO action. To examine the generation of CO by neurons, we measured CO production directly and determined its relationship to cyclic GMP levels in cultured rat olfactory receptor neurons. This system has the advantage of not having measurable NO production, which could confound results since NO is a more potent activator of guanylyl cyclase than CO. Metabolic labeling experiments permitted the direct measurement of 14CO production by neurons in vitro. CO release parallels endogenous cyclic GMP concentrations with its peak at the immature stage of neuronal differentiation in culture. Cyclic GMP production is inhibited by zinc protoporphyrin-9 and zinc deuteroporphyrin IX 2,4-bis glycol, inhibitors of heme oxygenase, indicating that CO is an endogenous regulator of soluble guanylyl cyclase activities in these cells. Transforming growth factor-beta 2, an olfactory neurogenic factor, specifically shows a negative effect on CO release in olfactory receptor neurons. These results indicate that CO may serve as a gaseous neuronal messenger linked to cyclic GMP production and suggests its involvement in developmental processes of the olfactory receptor neuron.
Completeness of the authentication tests

Protocol participants manipulate values, transforming the cryptographic contexts in which they occur. The rules of the protocol determine which transformations are permitted. We formalize these transformations, obtaining new versions of the two authentication tests from earlier strand space papers. We prove that the new versions are complete, in this sense: any collection of behaviors that satisfies those two authentication tests, when combined with some feasible adversary behavior, yields a possible execution. We illustrate the strengthened authentication tests with brief analyses of three protocols.