cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor lysate-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in multiple myeloma: promising effector cells for immunotherapy

The idiotype protein, secreted by myeloma plasma cells, is a tumor-specific but weak antigen. Idiotype-based immunotherapy has been explored in myeloma patients with disappointing results. It is conceivable that myeloma cells contain a multitude of tumor antigens that can more effectively stimulate antitumor T cells. To explore the possibility of using whole myeloma cells as a source of tumor antigens for immunotherapy, the current study was undertaken to generate and examine the function of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by using dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with myeloma cell lysates as stimulating cells. After repeated stimulation, specific CTL lines, containing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, were generated from myeloma patients. Our results show that these T cells not only recognized and lysed autologous myeloma protein-pulsed DCs, they also killed autologous primary myeloma cells. Occasionally, CTLs responded to autologous idiotype-pulsed DCs and to allogeneic primary myeloma cells. No cytolytic activity, however, was detected against autologous lymphocytes including B cells, suggesting that the T cells acted specifically against myeloma cells. Cytotoxicity against target cells was major histocompatibility complex class 1 and, to a lesser extent, class 2 restricted and was dependent mainly on the perforin-mediated pathway. CTLs secreted predominantly interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on antigenic stimulation, indicating a type 1 T-cell subset. These findings represent the first demonstration that tumor cell lysate-primed CTLs kill only myeloma cells, not autologous lymphocytes. This provides a rationale for myeloma cell-based immunotherapy in multiple myeloma.
Rent Capitalization and Transportation Infrastructure Development in Jakarta

Using Jakarta, Indonesia as a case study, we evaluate the degree to which proximity to freeway interchanges gets capitalized into office rents, controlling for factors like regional accessibility. The research shows strong capitalization effects, with rent premiums decaying exponentially with distances from freeway access points. It also shows that office rents are a stronger function of distance to Jakarta’s historical center, Monas, than a gravity-based measure of accessibility to upper-income households. Thus, a monocentric measure of location explained variation in office rents better than a polycentric measure of proximity to labor markets. While value capture principles are attractive in theory, implementation is particularly difficult in developing countries like Indonesia. Jakarta’s own betterment tax program has been plagued by poor administration and enforcement. We argue that shifting betterment tax financing away from a focus on residential properties to high-end office and commercial land uses would likely yield higher rates of return and be far easier to implement.
Correlates of cannabis initiation in a longitudinal sample of young women : The importance of peer influences

Abstract Objective Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in developed nations. In adolescent girls especially, rates of cannabis use have increased over the last decade, urging the need to characterize the potential correlates of onset of cannabis use during emerging adulthood. Method Using data from 1065 females (collected 1994–2005) who participated in both the baseline and follow-up wave of interviews of the Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study, we examined the associations between correlates from the peer, parental and individual domains and new onsets of cannabis use, using logistic regression. Results Univariate models revealed that initiation of cannabis use was associated with alcohol and cigarette use at baseline, peer attitude towards alcohol/cigarette/cannabis use, peer substance use and other aspects of impulse-disinhibited behavior. However, multivariate stepwise modeling retained only the significant influences of alcohol use at baseline and peer attitudes towards cannabis as correlates of cannabis initiation. Conclusion Having peers with favorable attitudes towards alcohol, cigarette and cannabis use is an important correlate of initiation of cannabis use in women. Prevention and intervention efforts need to take this into account when developing drug resistance training programs for adolescents.
Consultant strategies for the gastroenterologist

Effective communication skills and the ability to respond to the needs of referring physicians are critical for the maintenance and enhancement of a referral base. One challenge is to determine the reason for the consultation and to respond to the referring physician's interests. The consultation letter should be formatted effectively and the "turn-around time" should be as brief as possible, perhaps by fax as well as mail. Prioritizing the differential diagnosis and diagnostic studies can be helpful to the referring physician. Strategies should be developed to address procedural referrals you may believe are inappropriate. A decision should be made as to whether the consultant or the primary care physician informs the patient of a serious disease diagnosis. Referral guidelines should be developed to assist primary care physicians to determine when a patient should be referred to the gastroenterologist or other specialist. Receptionists should avoid turning away new patients because of a "full schedule" and must determine if other arrangements can be made. A proper response to "hallway consultations" by referring physicians is important. Consultants should make efforts to increase their visibility in the medical community, either by newsletter or lectures to the medical staff. Every effort should be made to avoid speaking disparagingly about other physicians. Consultant strategies should be taught to house staff and fellows in a formal lecture format, in the outpatient clinics, and on hospital rounds.
ROBERT MAGOCSI (ed.), A new Slavic language is born: The Rusyn literary language of Slovakia / Zrodil sa nový slovanský jazyk: Rusínsky spisovný jazyk na Slovensku . (East European monographs, 184; Classics of Carpatho-Rusyn scholarship, 8.) New York: Columbia University Press, New York, NY, 1996. Pp. xv, 1–79 in English; 16 pp. of illustrations (unnumbered); pp. xiv, 1–68 in Slovak. Hb $28.00.

This bilingual volume (in English and Slovak) opens with the text of the January 27, 1995 “Declaration on the occasion of the celebratory announcement of the codification of the Rusyn language in Slovakia” – printed in Rusyn, in Cyrillic, facing the English translation. Since the occasion had as much political as linguistic significance, a little background is in order. The Carpatho-Rusyns are ethnic East Slavs whose area of settlement since medieval times has been criss-crossed by shifting political boundaries. Until World War I, they lived in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire; today Rusyn populations are found mainly in western Ukraine (600,000 to 800,000) and in Slovakia (100,000), with smaller groups in Poland, Hungary, and Romania (much as the ethnic and linguistic community of Kurds straddles the national borders of Iran, Iraq, and Turkey). There is also a small Rusyn enclave in the former Yugoslavia, whose dialect is formally recognized as an official minority language (Backa Rusyn, or Vojvodinian-Srem Rusyn), and part of this population now finds itself in still another country: Croatia. The Rusyn subgroups, from the Backa Rusyns to the Lemkos of Polish Galicia or the Huculs who straddle the Romanian border, have distinct dialects, as well as their own religious and literary text traditions. After World War I, most Rusyns found themselves citizens of the new republic of Czechoslovakia; but after World War II, a large part of their area was ceded to the USSR, becoming the Transcarpathian Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR.
Host-parasite interactions in Staphylococcus aureus keratitis.

Ulcerative keratitis is among the leading ocular bacterial infections, and Streptococcus aureus accounts for approximately 25% of cases in some surveys. Although S. aureus expresses numerous virulence factors, many of which are under the control of staphylococcal global regulatory genes, their pathophysiologic roles in keratitis are largely unknown. Similarly, the nature of the host response during S. aureus keratitis is unclear. Following a review of previously published research on the pathophysiology of S. aureus ocular infection, we present the results of a study designed to assess the host-parasite relationship between S. aureus and human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) in vitro. In this model system, a wild-type S. aureus strain and its isogenic mutants harboring mutations in agr and sar global regulatory genes or fibronectin-binding proteins A and B (fnbAB) were tested for their ability to bind and invade confluent HCEC monolayers. The contribution of host cell factors was assessed by preincubatin...
GC/multiple collector-ICPMS method for chlorine stable isotope analysis of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Stable isotopic characterization of chlorine in chlorinated aliphatic pollution is potentially very valuable for risk assessment and monitoring remediation or natural attenuation. The approach has been underused because of the complexity of analysis and the time it takes. We have developed a new method that eliminates sample preparation. Gas chromatography produces individually eluted sample peaks for analysis. The He carrier gas is mixed with Ar and introduced directly into the torch of a multicollector ICPMS. The MC-ICPMS is run at a high mass resolution of ≥10 000 to eliminate interference of mass 37 ArH with Cl. The standardization approach is similar to that for continuous flow stable isotope analysis in which sample and reference materials are measured successively. We have measured PCE relative to a laboratory TCE standard mixed with the sample. Solvent samples of 200 nmol to 1.3 μmol (24−165 μg of Cl) were measured. The PCE gave the same value relative to the TCE as measured by the conventional me...
Fall soil sampling method for predicting spring infestation of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in corn and the benefits of clothianidin seed treatment in Virginia

Abstract Field studies were conducted in eastern Virginia from 2005 to 2008 to predict spring infestation levels of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the soil and the subsequent benefit of seed treatment insecticides on corn, Zea mays L., in those fields. The predominant annual white grubs found in this study were Popillia japonica Newman, Maladera castanea (Arrow), and Cyclocephala spp. Forty-eight fields (i.e. blocks) were sampled in fall and again in spring in several counties over three years. Sampling involved removing a standard volume of soil from multiple locations in each field and visually inspecting it for white grubs and other soil insect pests. In the first year, a 20.3 × 20.3 cm square × 15 cm deep soil sample (compact method) was evaluated for its potential to correlate to a larger 30 × 30 cm square × 15 cm deep soil sample (standard method). No significant differences in white grub numbers were detected between the two sampling methods after correcting for differences in sampling volume using a 2.25 weighting factor. Strong correlations ( r values >0.88) were observed between fall and spring sample densities of white grubs in each of the three years, indicating that fall sampling could be used to reliably predict spring infestations. Taylor's power law revealed among fall sampled fields that at least six and as many as 15 compact samples per field (95% confidence) were needed to be within 25 and 15% of the actual mean, respectively. Using the compact method, the action threshold was estimated to be ≥1.6 white grubs per soil sample in the fall and ≥1.04 white grubs per soil sample in the spring. In fields with above-threshold white grub densities, there was a significant effect of clothianidin seed treatment on stand in two of the three years, and a significant grain yield difference in 2006.
Realization of Coinductive Types

We give an explicit combinatorial construction of final coalgebras for a modest generalization of polynomial functors on Set. Type signatures are modeled as directed multigraphs instead of endofunctors. The final coalgebra for a type signature F involves the notion of Brzozowski derivative on sets of paths in F.
Do Theories of Implicit Race Bias Change Moral Judgments

Recent research in social psychology suggests that people harbor “implicit race biases,” biases which can be unconscious or uncontrollable. Because awareness and control have traditionally been deemed necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility, implicit biases present a unique challenge: do we pardon discrimination based on implicit biases because of its unintentional nature, or do we punish discrimination regardless of how it comes about? The present experiments investigated the impact such theories have upon moral judgments about racial discrimination. The results show that different theories differ in their impact on moral judgments: when implicit biases are defined as unconscious, people hold the biased agent less morally responsible than when these biases are defined as automatic (i.e., difficult to control), or when no theory of implicit bias is provided.
Space-efficient message routing in c -decomposable networks

The problem of routing messages along near-shortest paths in a distributed network without using complete routing tables is considered. It is assumed that the nodes of the network can be assigned suitable short names at the time the network is established. Two space-efficient near- shortest path routing schemes are given for any class of networks whose members can be decomposed recursively by a separator of size at most a constant c, where $c \geqslant 2$. For an n-node network, the first scheme uses a total of $O(cn \log n)$ items of routing information, each $O(\log n)$ bits long, and $O(\log n)$-bit names, generated from a separator-based decomposition of the network, to achieve routings that are at most three times longer than shortest routings in worst case.l The second scheme augments the node names with $O(c \log c \log n)$ additional bits and uses this to reduce the bound on the routings to $(2 / \alpha) + 1$, where $\alpha, 1 < \alpha \leq 2$, is the root of the equation $\alpha ^{\lceil (c+1) / ...
Parallel flows with Soret effect in tilted cylinders

Henry and Roux (1986, 1987, 1988) have conducted extensive numerical studies on the interaction of Soret separation with convection in cylindrical geometry. Many of their solutions exhibit parallel flow away from end walls. Their parallel flow results can be matched by closed-form solutions. Solutions are nonunique in some parameter regions. Disappearance of one branch of solutions correlates with a sudden transition of Henry and Roux's results from a separated to a well-mixed flow.
Assembly of GABAA receptor subunits determines sorting and localization in polarized cells.

THE GABAA receptor, the principal inhibitory receptor in the CNS, is distributed on cell bodies, dendrites, and in some cells at axon hillocks and presynaptic terminals1–6. The dendritic distribution is crucial for shunting of excitatory synaptic inputs7,8. Molecular cloning has revealed that the GABAA receptor can be formed by a diverse set of subunits and by separately encoded subunit isoforms9,10, the expression of each of which differs in distinct areas of the central nervous system11–13 and during development14,15. Why different genes exist to encode these isoforms is not clear, but may be linked to functional differences16–19. Here we show that assembly of specific isoforms also codes for sorting and localization of the receptor complex. Confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis of epithelial cells transfected with the complementary DNAs encoding the αl and β1 GABAA receptor subunits and probed with subunit isoform-specific antibodies show that the αl subunit is targeted to the basolateral surface, and that the β1 subunit is sorted to the apical membrane. In cells where αl and β1 isoforms are co-expressed,assembly of the β1 with the αl subunit isoform re-routes the αl subunit to the apical surface. The ability to assemble complexes of different isoform composition and to target these to specific regions of the cell surface would enable neurons to modulate GABAA receptor distribution and possibly alter the composition of its synapses in response to transcriptional levels of specific subunit isoforms.
The effect of hunger on the strength and duration of the antipredator behavioral response of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles

The activity level of prey reflects a trade-off between predation risk and foraging gain. A number of theoretical and empirical studies have shown that a prey's energetic state or the level of its resource should influence this trade-off (i.e., what the optimal activity level at a level of predation risk is). Here, I show that the energetic state of prey may also influence the duration of their antipredator behavioral response. Green frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans) reduced their activity level for a shorter time during exposure to the chemical cue of predatory larval dragonflies (Anax spp.) as their time since last feeding increased (i.e., as their energetic state decreased). Interestingly, the tad- poles strongly reduced their activity level upon cue exposure in all treatments. Thus, the relative activity level of tadpoles at different energetic states varied over time.
Epidote in Geothermal Systems

Early in the 20th Century epidote was readily recognized as a common rock-forming mineral of metamorphic and hydrothermal processes (Becke 1903; Grubenmann 1904; Van Hise 1904; Goldschmidt 1911; Eskola 1915). Its distribution is widespread in the Earth’s crust, including metamorphic environments of pumpellyite-prehnite, greenschist, epidote-amphibolite, and blueschist facies (Seki 1972; Liou 1993). In lower-pressure hydrothermal environments epidote is a common mineral in skarns, in propylitic altered volcanic rocks and in late-stage veins related to silicic intrusions (Lindgren 1933; Coats 1940; Nakovnik 1963). Within obducted segments of oceanic crust (ophiolites) and in large igneous provinces epidote is found in veins and replacement bodies (epidosites, cf. Dana 1875) associated with intrusion of dolerite dikes and gabbros (Coleman 1977). It was not until the 1960’s that epidote was first discovered in drill hole samples from active geothermal systems (Naboko and Piip 1961; Sigvaldason 1963; White et al. 1963; Steiner 1966; Keith et al. 1968; Marinelli 1969). Geothermal drill holes provided the first samples of epidote-altered rocks and coexisting hydrothermal fluids at measured temperatures and pressures (White and Sigvaldason 1963; Naboko 1964). Formation of epidote in such low-pressure geologic environments was initially questioned (Rusinov 1966), due in part to geologic observations (Korzhinskiy 1963) and to the sluggish nature of epidote synthesis at low pressures and temperatures (Fyfe et al. 1958; Coombs et al. 1959; Merrin 1960; Fyfe 1960). Epidote is now recognized as a key index mineral related to temperature, permeability, and fluid composition in geothermal systems worldwide (Browne 1978; Giggenbach 1981; Henley and Ellis 1983; Bird et al. 1984; Reyes 1990; Absar 1991; Reed 1994; Muramatsu and Doi 2000). In general, hydrothermal epidote exhibits a wide range in octahedral …
Cerebrospinal fluid organic acids in biotinidase deficiency.

Biotinidase deficiency (McKusick 253260) leads to a progressive deficiency of the vitamin biotin, an essential cofactor for the carboxylation reactions of pyruvate, propionyl-CoA, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. This disease usually presents with neurological symptoms such as hypotonia, convulsions and ataxia, while skin rash and alopecia usually appear later. If treatment is delayed, irreversible brain damage such as optic atrophy and neurosensory hearing loss may result. The neurological dysfunction appears to be more severe than that observed in holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency, propionic acidaemia or isolated 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) deficiency
Occupational radiation studies: status, problems, and prospects.

At least 350,000 workers at U.S. radiation facilities are being followed up to monitor their mortality experience, with particular reference to cancer. Although these studies are expensive, they are needed from the standpoint of public health and radiation protection; they also provide a useful check that the risk extrapolation models based on high dose data are not seriously out of line. Unfortunately, there are a number of problems in interpreting radiation worker studies that stem mainly from the fact that the expected magnitude of effects is small because of the low doses. Problems of falsely positive effects caused by chance or by study biases are difficult to distinguish from real effects. Dose-effect analyses and pooled analyses from several studies offer some improvements in assessing the risk from low doses but do not obviate all the problems. Future studies should explore whether there are biological markers of exposure, damage, or susceptibility that would improve our power to assess individual risk.
Microwave, infrared and Raman spectra of thiacyclopentane-α-d4

Abstract The microwave spectrum of thiacyclopentane-α-d 4 has been recorded in the region from 18.0 to 26.5 GHz and the a-type R-branches assigned. From these data it is shown that the molecule has C 2 symmetry. The infrared spectra (3500–50 cm −1 ) of gaseous and solid and the Raman spectra (3500–10 cm −1 of gaseous, liquid and solid thiacyclopentane-α-d 4 have been recorded and a complete vibrational assignment is proposed.
Overwintering of the Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in New York

A survey of overwintering thrips and the potential for Thrips tabaci Lindeman to overwinter in upstate New York were investigated during the winters of 1982–83 and 1983–84. Six species— T. tabaci, Anaphothrips obscurus (Muller), Chirothrips manicatus Haliday, Limothrips denticornis (Haliday), Frankltniella tenuicornis (Uzel), and Aptinothrips rufus (Gmelin)—were able to survive as adults in the vegetation sampled, but only Anaphothripini survived as larvae. T. tabaci adults overwinter within winter wheat, alfalfa, and weedy vegetation, and these overwintering females are capable of ovipositing on these plants during the spring. Winter wheat, oats, and alfalfa were the best oviposition and reproduction hosts we examined.
Diaries for Observation or Intervention of Health Behaviors: Factors that Predict Reactivity in a Sexual Diary Study of Men Who Have Sex with Men

Background Behavioral diaries for observation of health-related behaviors assume absence of reactivity (i.e., change in behavior resulting from observation), while self-monitoring diaries maximize reactivity for behavior change. Little is known about when and for whom behavioral diary studies become self-monitoring interventions.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia.

Abstract Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) plays a central role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) because it remains the only treatment with proven curative potential. For this reason, SCT has been more frequently performed in CML than in any other disease. The susceptibility of CML to the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect and our ability to monitor minimal residual disease are particular features that place this disease at the forefront of GVL research. This review describes the mechanism of cure of CML by SCT, current results of transplantation, factors determining outcome, management of relapsed or persistent disease, and recent treatment advances. Semin Hematol 40:59-71. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Serum Interleukin-6 as a Marker of Periprosthetic Shoulder Infection

Background: Infection after shoulder arthroplasty can be a devastating complication, and subacute and chronic low-grade infections have proven difficult to diagnose. Serum marker analyses commonly used to diagnose periprosthetic infection are often inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a marker of periprosthetic shoulder infection. Methods: A prospective cohort study of thirty-four patients who had previously undergone shoulder arthroplasty and required revision surgery was conducted. The serum levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the white blood-cell count (WBC) were measured. The definitive diagnosis of an infection was determined by growth of bacteria on culture of intraoperative specimens. Two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) tests were used to determine the presence of a significant difference in the ESR and WBC between patients with and those without infection, while the Fisher exact test was used to assess differences in IL-6 and CRP levels between those groups. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of each marker were also calculated. Results: There was no significant difference in the IL-6 level, WBC, ESR, or CRP level between patients with and those without infection. With a normal serum IL-6 level defined as <10 pg/mL, this test had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 0.14, 0.95, 0.67, 0.61, and 0.62, respectively. Conclusions: IL-6 analysis may have utility as a confirmatory test but is not an effective screening tool for periprosthetic shoulder infection. This finding is in contrast to the observation, in previous studies, that IL-6 is more sensitive than traditional serum markers for periprosthetic infection. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Infinite set of conserved charges in the Ising model

We find a transformation relating the one-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ spin chain and the one-dimensional quantum Ising model in a transverse magnetic field. This allows us to derive an infinite set of local conserved charges for the Ising model, which are exhibited explicitly.
Conductive and radiative heat transfer in cylindrical geometry without azimuthal symmetry

Abstract This study is concerned with azimuthally dependent conductive and radiative heat transfer in cylindrical geometry. The two-dimensional temperature and heat flux distributions resulting from circumferentially varying temperature or heat transfer coefficients on the bounding surfaces are analyzed. The radiative transfer equation is solved by the DOT-IV discrete ordinates transport code, which is coupled with a compatible control-volume based finite-difference code for temperature calculations. Numerical solutions are presented for various values of the conduction-radiation parameter, optical thickness and scattering albedo.
Visualization for Relevance Assessments

Visual data exploration is a well-known technique in the data mining toolbox for analyzing and understanding large amounts of data. In information retrieval, visualization is still perceived as a front-end or user facing feature while, at the same time, it can be very effective in the back-end for data analysis. Currently, the research community does not sufficiently analyze the reasons underlying the assessments they use for evaluation, which may lead to bias or error when reporting system performance. In this paper we examine the integration of information visualization techniques for visually exploring and analyzing relevance assessments. We argue that visual tools should be integrated as a core component of the infrastructure for relevance assessment and evaluation.
The ability of certain adrenal steroids to restore reproduction in adrenalectomized female rats.

MANY of the early experiments concerned with the relation of the adrenal gland to reproduction were complicated because the survival time of the adrenalectomized animals was too short to allow a systematic study of reproduction. They were further complicated by the presence of accessory cortical tissue in the animals that survived. Following adrenalectomy, Martin (1932) found prolonged estrous cycles or cessation of estrus in 87.2% of 121 rats. The survival time following adrenalectomy ranged from 7 to 27 days. He reported normal cycles in 12.8% of the rats following adrenalectomy, but none of these rats survived longer than nine days. The short survival time of these latter animals was inadequate to establish normality of the cycles. Deansley (1928) reported normal reproduction in adrenalectomized rats. Courrier, Baclesse and Marois (1953) reported a species difference with respect to the effect of cortisone on reproduction.
The Characterization of a Growth Inhibitor of Glandless Cottonseed

Abstract AS PART of a feeding test designed to evaluate the nutritional value of glandless cottonseed, which is essentially free of gossypol, the authors (1961) found that the nutritional value of the meals for the chick could be greatly improved by heating the flaked seed kernels in the presence of added water prior to extraction of the oil with commercial hexane or by extracting the oil from the seed with a homogenous mixed solvent composed of hexane, acetone, and water. These findings have since been confirmed by Hill (1964) with the chick and by Gyorgy (1963) using the rat as the experimental animal. Since these meals contained only traces of gossypol (0.00 percent free and 0.02 percent total), the likelihood that the observed change was due to reduced gossypol toxicity was very remote (Lyman et al., 1953; Heywang and Bird, 1955; and Couch et al, 1955). Associated with the increased growth…
Reduced Walking Speed and Distance as Harbingers of the Approaching Grim Reaper

Although treadmill exercise testing can provide an assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness, which serves as an independent prognostic indicator, numerous studies now suggest that usual gait speed, time, or distance covered during walk performance tests and weekly walking distance/time are powerful predictors of mortality and future cardiovascular events in selected patients. This review summarizes the relation between these variables and their association with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, with specific reference to potential underlying mechanisms and implications for the clinician. Contemporary health care providers have escalating opportunities to promote lifestyle physical activity using pedometers, accelerometers, and smartphone-based health and wellness applications. In conclusion, fitness and/or ambulatory indexes should be considered a "vital sign" in middle-aged and older adults.
Tumor marker trends in asymptomatic women at risk for ovarian cancer : relevance for ovarian cancer screening

The purpose of our study was to examine single and serial determinations of five biomarkers in asymptomatic women at risk for epithelial ovarian cancer to define median values and trends in a cancer-free cohort. Women were enrolled in the Gilda Radner Ovarian Cancer Detection program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California from July 1, 1991, to July 1, 1993. Biomarkers studied include CA-125, LASA, DM-70K, UGP, and HER-2. Biomarker values that were analyzed included those obtained on the first patient visit and in a subset of values evaluated at 6-month follow-ups. A total of 590 women were included in the study; 425 were premenopausal and 165 were postmenopausal. No one in this study group has developed ovarian cancer within a 12-month follow-up period. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower values for CA-125 (12 vs 19 U/ml, P = 0.0001) and higher values of LASA (16.6 vs 15.4 mg/dl, P = 0.0001), DM/70K (11 vs 0 U/ml, P 35 U/ml). Two women demonstrated an exponential rise in CA-125 between visits. Premenopausal women differ in median biomarker values compared to postmenopausal women. Elevations in single tumor markers, combinations of markers, and exponential increases of markers have all produced false-positive results for ovarian cancer within the 12-month follow-up period. Exponential increases produced the smallest false positive rate (n = 2), but further study and follow-up are needed to determine the efficacy of these tests in ovarian cancer screening.
Structure-toxicity relationships for unsaturated alcohols to Tetrahymena pyriformis: 3-alkyn-1-ols and 2-alken-1-ols.

The previous study of Schultz and Tichy (1993) evaluated the relative toxicity of selected unsaturated alcohols in the static Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth assay. They observed that 2-position unsaturated derivatives were more toxic than other isomers. Moreover, they found triple bond-containing alkyn-1ols to be more toxic than double bond-containing alken-l-ols. Using toxicity data for 34 basic aliphatic alcohols, Schultz and Tichy (1993) generated an 1octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow ) dependent quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) which they used to predict toxicity defined as the baseline, nonpolar narcosis, mechanism of acute toxic action (Schultz 1989). Using the concept of excess toxicity (Te) , defined as the ratio of predicted baseline toxicity to observed toxicity (Lipnick et al. 1987), Schultz and Tichy (1993) also examined in detail the relative toxicity of primary propargylic alcohols and observed T e for 2-alkyn-l-ols was inversely related to molecular size. A similar relationship was observed with the 96-hr Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) LC50 data from Veith et al. (1989). Moreover, Veith et al. (1989) noted that the primary homopropargylic alcohol 3-butyn-l-ol exhibited an T e of 321. A similar calculation for 2-propen-l-ol, allyl alcohol, using a log Kow value of-0.25 revealed its observed toxicity to fathead minnow, 0.32 mg/L (Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies University of WisconsinSuperior 1990), to be 17,500 greater than predicted by the baseline narcosis model of Veith et al. (1983). Similarly, Lipnick et al. (1987) reported an T e of 16,000 for allyl alcohol to goldfish. The above observations lead to the undertaking of this study, the purpose of which was to determine the biological response in the Tetrahymena population growth impairment assay of exposure to selected 3-alkyn-l-ols and 2-alken-l-ols, compare observed and predicted toxicities, and develop QSARs for these two classes of chemicals.
Nonaudit Fees, Auditor Independence, and Bond Ratings

Recent accounting scandals and perceived audit failures have resulted in excessive criticism of the accounting and auditing professions. The financial press has expressed disdain at the presumably substandard work that was completed on audit clients, ostensibly at the expense of the public good. Our research investigates one aspect of this situation by exploring the effects that nonaudit services performed by a firm's external auditors have on perceived auditor independence in the bond market. Specifically, we analyze the effects that the magnitude and relative degree of nonaudit services have on the bond rating process. Regression results indicate that the amount of nonaudit services provided by a firm's external auditors is negatively associated with that client's bond rating. However, results of classification accuracy analyses fail to demonstrate any improvement in performance as a consequence of adding nonaudit fees to a benchmark prediction model, indicating no economic effect on the actual bond rat...
Policy tools to encourage community-level defensible space in the United States: A tale of six communities

Within the wildlandeurban interface (WUI), wildfire risk contains both individual and collective components. The likelihood that a particular home will be threatened by wildfire in any given year is low, but at a broader scale the likelihood that a home somewhere in the WUI will be threatened is substantially higher. From a risk mitigation perspective, individuals may take a number of actions to reduce risk exposure, but their risk is lowered even further when neighboring properties also take mitigation measures. Collectively, risk mitigation on individual properties lowers both individual and communitylevel risk. Multiple factors contribute to whether or not an individual will take action to reduce their risk; when an individual opts to not implement risk mitigation measures that would be beneficial from a community standpoint, community leaders can use a variety of policy tools to encourage the individual to adopt an action or change their behavior. As proposed by Schneider and Ingram in 1990, these include passing rules or regulations, building capacity, providing incentives, and establishing community norms. As part of a larger longitudinal study on WUI communities in the western United States, we reviewed approaches used by six communities in Idaho, Oregon and Utah to mitigate interdependent wildfire risk at two points in time. Each community’s approach was different, being well suited to meet the community’s specific needs. The most consistent policy tool utilized across communities was capacitybuilding, primarily through raising awareness of fire hazards and potential mitigation behaviors and leveraging external resources. Another commonality was the involvement of a central group or individual that provided leadership by initiating and championing the mitigation effort and serving as a link to external resources. There are a number of other communities in the WUI that are also at risk for wildfire; these findings can be useful to community members and agency personnel who are seeking to engage residents to reduce individual and collective risk. Within our communities, several different approaches have been effective at encouraging homeowners to adopt and maintain mitigation activities ranging from collective efforts organized locally to others developed externally to provide incentives or potential punishments for not adopting treatments. Understanding the diversity of approaches and activities that have fostered mitigation can help managers identify what will work best for their specific communities.
Pre-radiotherapy feeding tube identifies a poor prognostic subset of postoperative p16 positive oropharyngeal carcinoma patients

This study explores variables associated with poor prognosis in postoperative p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Specifically, analysis was done related to timing of feeding tube insertion relative to radiotherapy. From 1997–2009, of 376 consecutive patients with OPSCC, 220 received adjuvant IMRT, and 97 were p16 positive and eligible. Of these, 23 had feeding tube placement before IMRT (B-FT), 32 during/after IMRT (DA-FT), and 42 had no feeding tube (NO-FT). Feeding tubes were not placed prophylactically. These three groups were analyzed for differential tumor, patient, treatment, and feeding tube characteristics, as well as differences in overall survival (OS), disease free survival (DFS), and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS). Pre-RT FT insertion was associated with higher tumor size and depth, T (but not N) and overall stage, comorbidities, presence of chemotherapy, and less use of transoral laser microsurgery/transoral bovie. Additionally, time from surgery to IMRT completion was also statistically longer in the B-FT group. The feeding tube was permanent in 52% of patients in the B-FT group versus 16% in the DA-FT group (p = 0.0075). The 5-year OS for the NO-FT, DA-FT, and B-FT groups was 90%, 86%, and 50%, respectively. The 5-year DFS for the NO-FT, DA-FT, and B-FT groups was 87.6%, 83.6%, and 42.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that for OS and DFS, feeding tube placement timing and smoking history were statistically significant. Due to the poor prognosis of early FT insertion, the presence of FTs at time of radiotherapy consultation can be used as an alternate marker to identify a subset of p16 positive OPSCC patients that have a poor prognosis.
Structural Studies of the Actions of Anesthetic Drugs on the γ- Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor

The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor is the major transmitter-gated inhibitory channel in the central nervous system. The receptor is a target for anesthetics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics and sedatives whose actions facilitate the flow of chloride ions through the channel and enhance the inhibitory tone in the brain. Both the kinetic and structural aspects of the actions of modulators of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor are of great importance to understanding the molecular mechanisms of general anesthesia. In this review, we describe the structural rearrangements that take place in the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor during channel activation and modulation, focusing on data obtained using voltage-clamp fluorometry. Voltage-clamp fluorometry entails the binding of an environmentally-sensitive fluorophore molecule to a site of interest in the receptor, and measurement of changes in the fluorescence signal resulting from activation- or modulation-elicited structural changes. Detailed investigations can provide a map of structural changes that underlie or accompany the functional effects of modulators.
Eastern and Western Business Tactics

(1997). Eastern and Western Business Tactics. Journal of East-West Business: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 45-65.
From a Boy Not Seeking a Wife to a Man Discussing Prophetic Women: A Male Fieldworker Among Diola Women in Senegal 1974–2005

In this article I reflect on thirty-years of conducting field research in the Diola communities of southwestern Senegal. Initially this work was a community religious and historical study, but it gradually shifted to a focus on the history of Diola prophetism, most notably women prophets in the twentieth century. During that time, I shifted from an unmarried youth of twenty-two to a middle-aged married man. This article examines the continual intersection of the shift from a community religious history, including women's fertility shrines, to a study of women prophets whose followers included men and women. Assumptions about my place within the communities gradually changed as people got to know me and as aging changed my social status. Complicating this picture is the dramatic erosion of Diola social norms since the 1970s, which have created far greater fluidity to gender relations in Diola townships and among Diola in urban areas.
Goodearl and Aldred versus Hughes aircraft: a whistle-blowing case study

Whistle-blowing is a core topic for any "ethics" or "professionalism" course offered for IS/CS/CE/EE majors. This paper documents a real whistle-blowing case that is ideal for use in teaching. The incident is set in the computing industry, specifically in the supply of micro-electronic chips for use in safety-critical systems. The incident is well documented, with decisions in both a criminal case and a civil case. It touches on all the major issues involved in whistle-blowing.
Nearly-fully-depleted (NFD), 0.15 mu m SOI CMOS in a CBiCMOS technology

Complementary 0.15 mu m MOSFETs and double-diffused lateral BJTs have been successfully integrated in a 10-mask CBiCMOS process, by utilizing the process simplifications that are unique to thin-film SOI. The CMOS devices are built in a SIMOX silicon layer of intermediate thickness (130 nm), leading to nearly-fully-depleted (NFD) characteristics. Excellent short-channel behavior is observed down to L/sub eff/=0.15 mu m. P+ gate, NFD-SOI PMOSFETs with t/sub ox/=5.5 nm exhibit record high performance, with g/sub msat/=274 mS/mm and 352 mS/mm at 300 K and 80 K, respectively. Propagation delays of 25 ps/stage and 17 ps/stage were measured on unloaded CMOS and NMOS ring oscillators, respectively, at V/sub dd/=3.3 V and room temperature. >
From diffusive motion to local aggregation: Effect of surface contamination in dipolophoresis

We investigate the effects of surface contamination, modeled as a thin dielectric coating, on the dynamics in suspensions of ideally polarizable spheres in an applied electric field using large-scale direct particle simulations. In the case of clean particles (no contamination), the suspensions are known to undergo dipolophoresis, or a combination of dielectrophoresis, which tends to cause particle chaining and aggregation, and induced-charge electrophoresis, which dominates the dynamics and drives transient pairings, chaotic motions, and hydrodynamic diffusion at long times. As surface contamination becomes significant, induced-charge electrophoresis is gradually suppressed, which results in the simulations in a transition from diffusive dynamics to local aggregation and chaining as a result of dielectrophoresis. This effect has a strong impact on the suspension microstructure, as well as on particle velocities, which are strongly reduced for contaminated particles. This transition is also visible in the particle mean-square displacements, which become sub-diffusive in the case of strong contamination. We explain this sub-diffusive regime as a consequence of the slow dynamics of the particles trapped inside clusters and chains, which result in non-integrable local waiting time distributions.
Real-time validation of receiver state information in optical space–time block code systems

Free space optical interconnect (FSOI) systems are a promising solution to interconnect bottlenecks in high-speed systems. To overcome some sources of diminished FSOI performance caused by close proximity of multiple optical channels, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems implementing encoding schemes such as space–time block coding (STBC) have been developed. These schemes utilize information pertaining to the optical channel to reconstruct transmitted data. The STBC system is dependent on accurate channel state information (CSI) for optimal system performance. As a result of dynamic changes in optical channels, a system in operation will need to have updated CSI. Therefore, validation of the CSI during operation is a necessary tool to ensure FSOI systems operate efficiently. In this Letter, we demonstrate a method of validating CSI, in real time, through the use of moving averages of the maximum likelihood decoder data, and its capacity to predict the bit error rate (BER) of the system.
Repeal of the Michigan helmet law: early clinical impacts

BACKGROUND: Michigan repealed a 35-year mandatory helmet law on April 13, 2012. We examined the early clinical impacts at a level 1 trauma center in West Michigan. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study comparing outcomes among motorcycle crash victims in a 7-month period before and after the helmet law repeal. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-two patients were included. After the repeal, nonhelmeted motorcyclists rose from 7% to 29% (P ,.01). There was no difference in mortality rate after admission; however, crash scene fatalities increased significantly. Intensive care unit length of stay, mechanical ventilation time, and cost of stay were also higher in the nonhelmeted cohort (P , .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the negative ramifications of repealing a mandatory helmet law. Motorcyclists not wearing helmets increased significantly in a short period of time. Nonhelmeted motorcyclists more frequently died on the scene, spent more time in the intensive care unit, required longer ventilator support, and had higher medical costs.