cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Untreated Symptoms of PTSD Among Cocaine-Dependent Individuals: Changes Over Time

Changes over time in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms during periods when individuals with substance use disorders remain abstinent has not received much attention. PTSD symptomatology over a 36-month period was studied in cocaine-dependent individuals (N = 34) who entered a pharmacologic trial targeting cocaine use and depression, but did not include any treatment for PTSD. All participants reported at least one PTSD Criterion A event, and 17.6% had current PTSD at baseline (Base PTSD+). Significant improvements in PTSD symptoms were observed on global measures of PTSD, but not on the Impact of Events Intrusion subscale. Significant improvement in drug use severity also was observed. Compared with participants who were negative for PTSD at baseline, Base PTSD+ participants were significantly more likely to: (a) meet criteria for current PTSD at follow-up and (b) have been re-victimized over the time period of the study. Careful evaluation of intrusive symptoms may be particularly important when diagnosing PTSD in individuals with SUDs, and repeated assessment of traumatic experiences may be necessary in longitudinal studies.
An evaluation of the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone on blood typing with anti-Rh serum: importance of albumin concentration.

Discussion and ConclusionsThe present work, in agreement with the results of others (14, 15), indicated that the titer can vary as a function of PVP concentration (Fig. 1). In addition, however, the present experiments showed the importance of the relationship between bovine albumin and PVP concentrations in systems utilizing both of these polymers. For example, the order of titers obtained with various levels of bovine albumin could be reversed (i.e., from 18.3% > 10% > 5% to 5% > 10% > 18.3%) simply by changing the concentration of K-90 PVP from 0 to 1% (Fig. 2).There is no specific requirement for the level of protein in commercial typing sera (12), and there is appreciable variation in the albumin content of such antisera. It is therefore apparent that if an investigator intends to use a system involving PVP and commercial anti-Rh serum, different levels of PVP may be necessary to achieve optimal results with different antisera. Furthermore, the possibility of false results in Rh typing in the presenc...
Frequency dependent flux dynamics: Flux creep hopping rate via AC susceptibility

Abstract A critical state model for granular superconductors is applied to model frequency dependence of ac susceptibility, at the grain boundaries of a bulk YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 superconductor. We obtain frequency dependent magnetic flux profiles and arrive at flux creep velocities and hopping rates as a function of temperature.
Layer-by-layer epitaxial growth of GaN at low temperatures

Abstract GaN films have been grown on (0001) Si SiC substrates from triethylgallium and ammonia sources using a self-terminating atomic layer epitaxy method, as well as a layer-by-layer technique and a novel reactor design employing hot filaments to decompose the ammonia. The material properties and growth process were strongly dependent on the temperature and exposure time. GaN grew in a self-terminatng fashion for temperatures below 120°C but the films were amorphous. Above this temperature, the films were deposited in a layer-by-layer process giving single-crystal material in the 250–350°C range. Characterization of the films was conducted using reflection high energy electron diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ellipsometry and high resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Transportation Practices in Community College Athletics.

Over 45,000 U.S. community college athletes were transported to events during 2005–2006. Transporting college athletes has been an overlooked risk management issue facing administrators. Team travel accidents have caused death, injury, liability claims, property loss, and grief. National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) member institutions' athletics administrators (N = 140) responded to questions related to their transportation practices, including 15-passenger van usage. This study identified transportation practices within community college athletics. Recommendations from athletics administrators and the National Transportation Safety Board are discussed to facilitate passenger safety and decrease institutional liability.
Isradipine Enhancement of Cerebral Blood Flow in Abstinent Cocaine Abusers with and without Chronic Perfusion Deficits

Nine cocaine abusers with cerebral blood flow (CBF) deficits (hypo-perfused areas) on HMPAO SPECT scans were compared to six without these deficits after six doses of isradipine (5 mg TID). When comparing the scan before isradipine to that after using SPM analysis, the ratio of hypo- to hyper-fusion showed a 16% increase in the maximum Z scores and 30% fewer areas of hypo-perfusion among those cocaine abusers with deficits. These deficits may represent segmental cerebral vasospasm that was reversed by this vasodilating agent in cocaine abusers with areas of hypo-perfusion (deficits) as baseline.
Ultrasonic biomicroscopy in ophthalmology and eye banking

Echography has become a valuable diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. Ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) in particular may be applied to the evaluation of small lesions of the anterior segment of the eye. Disease processes such as conjunctival and iris melanoma, other forms of neoplasia, intraocular cysts, narrow angle glaucoma, and intraocular foreign bodies can be diagnostically evaluated and followed longitudinally by UBM. Combining UBM with spectroscopy may become useful in determining cell type origins of a variety of tumors. Eye banking also has an increased need for UBM in corneal tissue banking. The recent development of the Laser In Situ Keratomileusis procedure has allowed corneal surgeries to create a partial thickness flap of tissue in the cornea, remove tissue from the base of the cornea with excimer laser ablation, and replace the hinged flap. This causes a substantial change in refractive error while thinning the cornea and leaving an interface within the corneal stroma. The ability to detect this type of surgery is essential in eye banking. Ultrasonic pachymetry to determine central thickness and biomicroscopy to detect the presence of an interface are essential in avoiding the use of these corneas for transplantation purposes. Determining the topography of the preserved corneas is another potential application for ultrasonography. Using this information to reduce optical aberration after transplant is crucial in improving visual performance post transplantation. A review of the anatomy of the eye, pathology of ocular diseases relevant to UBM, and principles of eye banking will be presented.
Arkansas Discovery Farms: documenting water quality benefits of on-farm conservation management and empowering farmers

Arkansas Discovery Farms (ADFs) are private farms that collaborate with on-farm research, verification, and demonstration of farming's impact on the environment. We have nine ADFs representing live...
Dual Credit Enrollment: A Multiyear Study of Gender and Ethnic Differences

In this investigation, we ascertained the extent to which differences were present in dual credit enrollment by gender and by ethnicity for students () enrolled in a Texas community college from the 2005-2006 through the 2011-2012 academic years. Statistical analyses revealed an increase in the numbers (i.e., from 3,069 to 3,664) and percentages (i.e., from 12.2% to 19.5%) of students who were enrolled in dual credit courses over the time period analyzed. Moreover, higher percentages of women (i.e., 20.8% in the most recent academic year) had enrolled in dual credit courses while in high school than men (i.e., 17.9% in the most recent academic year). Differences were also present as a function of ethnicity, with 33.1% Asian, 25.3% White, 17.4% Hispanic, and 7.5% Black students having been enrolled in dual credit in the most recent academic year. Differences were also revealed by gender for Hispanic and White students, but not for Asian and Black students. Implications of our findings are discussed.
Evidence for the stimulation of field-aligned electron density irregularities on a short time scale by ionospheric topside sounders

Abstract Ionospheric topside sounders can be considered to act as mobile ionospheric heating facilities. They stimulate a wide variety of plasma phenomena that suggests that significant plasma heating can be produced in the vicinity of the spacecraft following the short duration (0.1 ms) high-power (hundreds of watts) sounder pulse. Most of these phenomena are sensitive to the ambient plasma conditions, particularly to the ratio of the plasma frequency ƒ N to the gyro frequency ƒ H . Certain stimulated phenomena only occur, or are greatly enhanced, when ƒ N ƒ H ≅ n where n is an integer. One example is a diffuse signal return that appears at a frequency just above the Z mode wave cutoff frequency ƒ Z (the L = 0 condition in the notation of Stix). This signal, which is the subject of the present paper, is present only for moderately large near-integer values for ƒ N ƒ H (e.g., n > 3). It is a relatively short-duration echo—usually less than about 10 ms. These characteristics are quite different from the Z mode echoes often observed between ƒ H or ƒ N (whichever is greater) and the upper hybrid frequency ƒ T . These latter echoes occur for smaller values (not necessarily near-integer values) of ƒ N ƒ H and are received during the entire 30 ms listening time period following the sounder pulse. They have been attributed to the scattering of sounder Z mode signals from naturally occurring electron density fieldaligned irregularities (FAI). The short-duration echoes observed just above ƒ Z , on the other hand, are here attributed to the ducting of sounder-generated Z mode waves in sounder-stimulated (or sounderenhanced) FAI. These FAI are believed to be generated (or enhanced) on a very short time scale (⪡ 1 s) by the efficient absorption of sounder energy when the plasma/gyro frequency ratio is nearly an integer value significantly greater than one. The most likely generation process is the filamentation instability driven by the ponderomotive force due to the high-power sounder pulse.
A study of a microwave electromagnetic bandgap structure with waveguiding defect for potential use as a bandpass wireless interconnect

We have performed a computational and experimental study of a promising new wireless interconnect technology for high-speed digital circuits employing linear defects in electromagnetic bandgap structures. Our initial experimental results scaled to 10 GHz have verified the feasibility of achieving an approximately 80 % bandwidth with excellent stopband, gain flatness, and matching characteristics. When scaled to millimeter-wave center frequencies above 300 GHz (to leverage emerging silicon transistor technology), the wireless interconnects reported in this letter should be feasible of supporting data rates in the hundreds of gigabits per second, assuming the availability of suitable low-loss dielectrics.
Localized and precise boundary detection in 3-d wireless sensor networks

This research focuses on distributed and localized algorithms for precise boundary detection in 3-D wireless networks. Our objectives are twofold. First, we aim to identify the nodes on the boundaries of a 3-D network, which serve as a key attribute that characterizes the network, especially in such geographic exploration tasks as terrain and underwater reconnaissance. Second, we construct locally planarized 2-manifold surfaces for inner and outer boundaries in order to enable available graph theory tools to be applied on 3-D surfaces, such as embedding, localization, partition, and greedy routing among many others. To achieve the first objective, we propose a Unit Ball Fitting (UBF) algorithm that discovers a majority of boundary nodes, followed by a refinement algorithm, named Isolated Fragment Filtering (IFF), to remove isolated nodes that are misinterpreted as boundary nodes. Based on the identified boundary nodes, we develop an algorithm that constructs a locally planarized triangular mesh surface for each 3-D boundary. Our proposed scheme is localized, requiring information within 1-hop neighborhood only. We further extend the schemes for online boundary detection in mobile sensor networks aiming to achieve low overhead. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can effectively identify boundary nodes and surfaces, even under high measurement errors.
Developing an instrumental capacity model for industry

Discusses the difficulties of measuring, defining and managing capacity; and develops a model which splits it into two components (resource and ability) plus several sub‐components, and recognizes the interfaces between them. Illustrates and defines the sub‐components and identifies three states of capacity loading: resource‐loaded (over‐resourced), ability‐loaded (e.g. over‐qualified staff) and even‐capacity (i.e. resources compatible with ability). Asserts that the relative capacities of firms within an industry form a “capacity curve” with ability‐loaded small firms, medium firms at even capacity and large firms resource‐loaded. Analyses 1994‐1997 data for the US electronics and electrical equipment industry to plot its capacity curve, explains the methodology used, and shows how the regression model can be applied to individual firms within the industry to improve capacity management. Recognizes the limitations of the study.
McKusick Kaufman syndrome, complications arising at puberty.

Abstract Background McKusick Kaufman Syndrome (MKS), a rare genetic condition, presents in the neonatal period with a classic triad of postaxial polydactyly, congenital heart disease, and hydrometrocolpos. The diagnosis is typically clinical, based on the presence of polydactyly and hydrometrocolpos. Case We report the case of a 13-year-old female, who was diagnosed with MKS in infancy and underwent vaginal reconstructive surgery for a urogenital sinus. She was lost to follow-up thereafter. She presented to our institution at age 13 with pyometra, pyosalpinx, and tubo-ovarian abscess due to a stenotic cervix obstructing menstrual outflow. Summary and Conclusion Gynecologic follow-up is imperative in patients with history of vaginal reconstruction to monitor for hematometra from outflow obstruction to prevent life threatening secondary bacterial infections.
An ethnic bias in scientific citations.

Recent experimental findings of subtle forms of prejudice prompted this search for a similar phenomenon outside the laboratory. In Study 1, with a sample of more than 12 000 citations by North American social scientists, names of both citing and cited authors were classified as Jewish, non Jewish, or other Author's name category was associated with 41 per cent greater odds of citing an author from the same name category Study 2 included over 17 000 citations from a much narrower research domain (prejudice research), and found a similar (40 per cent) surplus in odds of citing an author of the author's own ethnic name category. Further analyses failed to support two hypotheses — differential assortment of researchers by ethnicity to research topics, and selective citation of acquaintances' works — that were plausible alternatives to the hypothesis that the observed citation discrimination revealed implicit (unconsciously operating) prejudicial attitudes. Given the sociopolitically liberal reputation of social scientists (and of prejudice researchers especially), it seems unlikely that the observed bias in citations reflected conscious prejudicial attitudes.
Genetic Vulnerability and Susceptibility to Substance Dependence

The development of substance dependence requires the initiation of substance use and the conversion from experimental use to established use before development of dependence. Numerous large twin studies have indicated a significant genetic contribution to this process. Genetic studies to date have been most successful at identifying genetic factors that influence the transition from regular use to dependence. The availability of large cohort samples for nicotine and alcohol dependence has resulted in significant progress being made in understanding at least some of the genetic contributions to these addictions. Fewer studies have replicated specific genetic contributions to illicit drug use, though it is clear that there is a strong genetic component involved here as well. Substance dependence can be thought of as a pharmacogenetic illness, and most likely hundreds and more probably thousands of genetic variants will be required to fully explain the genetic input to this disease.
The influence of basic fibroblast growth factor on cat corneal endothelial wound healing in vivo.

Using standardized freeze wounds in cat corneas, we tested the efficacy of basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) solubilized in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to promote endothelial healing when injected intraocularly at doses ranging from 0.01 µg to 10 µg. After 6 days, animals were humanely sacrificed and corneal tissues were fixed and stained for light microscopy and computation of remaining wound areas.A significant dose-response relationship was found between the dosages of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 4mUg of bFGF/eye and the stimulation of more completely healed endothelium six days after transcorneal freeze wounding. Significantly larger endothelial wounds were present six days after wounding when the eyes were treated with 10 µg of bFGF/eye compared with controls treated with PBS only.
Problems Faced by Mexican Asylum Seekers in the United States

Violence in Mexico rose sharply in response to President Felipe Calderon's military campaign against drug cartels which began in late 2006. As a consequence, the number of Mexicans who have sought ...
NMDA Receptor smFRET Studies Reveal Role of Dynamics of the Agonist-Binding Domain in Mediating Agonist Efficacy

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels which mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. This family is subdivided into three classes: the AMPA receptor, the kainate receptor, and the NMDA receptor. Extent of cleft closure of the agonist-binding domain is one mechanism by which the agonist mediates channel activity for a number of the glutamate receptor subtypes. However, only an open-cleft or a closed-cleft conformation has seen in crystal structures of the glycine-binding GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, and no partially-closed cleft states have been observed. Here, we have used single molecule FRET to examine the dynamics of the NMDA receptor specifically with respect to the cleft closure conformational change of the isolated agonist-binding domain of GluN1 when bound to ligands of varying efficacy. These studies reveal differences in the range of cleft closure states occupied by the agonist-binding domain with the antagonist DCKA-bound form and the full agonist glycine-bound form showing a large range of cleft closure states, while the partial agonists ACBC and L-alanine, as well as the full agonist D-serine, have a much narrower spread in their cleft closure states. Further analysis shows that the fractional occupancy of the isolated domain in cleft-closure states below a threshold does correlate with agonist efficacy, providing a link between agonist-binding domain dynamics, along with cleft closure, and channel activity.
Transcendent Ethnography Designing an Action Research Approach to Ethnographic Film within Cultures of Conflict

This article proposes an action research based approach to ethnographic filmmaking within the context of cultures of conflict. It explores the history and ethics of traditional ethnographic film an...
Multistage moisture transport into the interior of northern Mexico during the North American summer monsoon

[1] The summertime sources and transport pathways of water vapor into the interior of southwestern North America are examined in a high-resolution mesoscale model simulation. A complex multi-stage transport pathway is associated with a pronounced diurnal cycle of deep convection and low-level wind systems. Daytime thermal pumping of moisture from the Gulf of California towards the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) leads to widespread, deep convection. At night, land surface and atmospheric cooling generate drainage flows down both sides of the SMO. A nocturnal, low-level jet forms above the western foothills and transports moisture north into the Sonoran Desert. Moist air draining to the east mixes with onshore flow from Gulf of Mexico and flows into the northern Chihuahuan Desert. The diurnal flow of moisture up and down the SMO and the formation of nocturnal, low-level jets transport moisture into the core regions of the NA monsoon in NW Mexico.
Constrained Optimal Input Signal Design for Data-Centric Estimation Methods

This technical note examines the design of constrained input signals for data-centric estimation methods which systematically generate a local function approximation from a database of regressors at a current operating point. The proposed method addresses the optimal distribution of regressor vectors under constraints for a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. The resulting nonconvex optimization problems are solved using semidefinite relaxation methods. Numerical examples illustrate the benefits and usefulness of the proposed input signal design formulations.
THERMAL STRESSES AND EFFECTIVE THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF A FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT SPHERE

We present the exact solution to the problem of uniform heating of a spherical body whose elastic moduli and thermal expansion coefficient vary linearly with the radius. The Frobenius series method is used to find exact expressions for the displacements and stresses. Both the radial and hoop stresses are largest in magnitude at the center of the sphere. The radial stress decays to zero at the outer edge, whereas the hoop stresses always change sign at some intermediate value of the radius. We also find an exact expression for the effective thermal expansion coefficient. For the special case where the thermal expansion coefficient varies with the radius but the elastic moduli are uniform, the effective thermal expansion coefficient of the sphere is equal to the volumetric average of the local thermal expansion coefficient. In the more general case, where the moduli also vary, the moduli variations have very little influence on the effective thermal expansion coefficient.
Potential for Intra-Vehicle Wireless Automotive Sensor Networks

We propose using a wireless network to facilitate communications between sensors/switches and control units located within a vehicle. In a typical modern vehicle, the most demanding sensor will require a latency of approximately less than 1 msec with throughput of 12 kbps. Further, the network will need to support about 15 sensors with this requirement. The least demanding sensor will require a latency of approximately 50 msec with data throughput rate of 5 bps and will need to support about 20 of these types of devices. Initial part of this paper gives an overview of the issues spanning several layers of the protocol stack. Then, we focus on the Medium access control (MAC) layer and derive necessary design parameters based on given network requirements. We evaluate the IEEE 802.15.4 standard with respect to its suitability for use in a prospective intra-vehicle wireless sensor network.
Ventricular pacing threshold and refractoriness after defibrillation shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ventricular fibrillation and a subsequent defibrillation shock on ventricular excitability and refractoriness in human beings. We studied 16 consecutive patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators undergoing follow-up studies. The pre- and post-shock pacing threshold, ventricular effective refractory period, monophasic action potential duration, and serum catecholamine levels were measured. Compared with the baseline state, immediately after ventricular fibrillation, and a successful defibrillation shock: (1) the ventricular effective refractory period decreased from 251 ± 24 ms to 222 ± 30 ms ( p P P
Real-time raster projection for web maps

The virtual globe is the default visualization for Digital Earth applications, but it can only show one half of the Earth. This article introduces user-adjustable, on-the-fly projection of georeferenced raster images for web mapping and web GIS applications. This technique allows users to center a map on arbitrary locations, while still seeing the entire Earth surface. Modern web mapping libraries can apply map projection transformations to vector data in the browser, but they do not currently support the projection of raster images at interactive frame rates. We use the cross-platform WebGL (Web Graphics Library) graphics pipeline for hardware-accelerated projection of raster data in web browsers. Two algorithmic techniques – inverse per-fragment projection, and combined forward per-triangle and inverse per-fragment projection – for georeferenced raster imagery are documented. The resulting raster maps combine the ease of use and flexibility of interactive virtual globes with the ability to show the enti...
Cellular Inhomogeneity in Dog Red Cells As Revealed by Sodium Flux

Unidirectional 24Na fluxes across the dog red blood cell membrane were measured. The kinetics were incompatible with a single time constant but could be accounted for in terms of a two-series compartment cell model, with approximately 1% of cell Na in the outer compartment. Dog red blood cells are known to be inhomogeneous in their Na and K permeabilities. Theoretical analysis showed that such cellular inhomogeneity in the Na permeability coefficient might in principle account for the flux data. In order to evaluate the inhomogeneity effect, a technique based on the differential response of cells suspended in isosmolar high K buffers was devised to measure the variations in Na permeability in the cell population. A variation in the Na permeability coefficient of approximately 30% was found. This inhomogeneity is insufficient to account for the flux data.
An Efficient Timing Model for CMOS Combinational Logic Gates

A new general timing model for CMOS combinational logic gates is proposed. In this model, the linearized large-signal equivalent circuit of a gate is first constructed. Then applying the dominant-pole-dominant-zero (DPDZ) method, the dominant pole of the equivalent circuit is calculated. Using this pole, the signal timing can be explicitly expressed. Comparisons between calculation results and simulation results are made and error analyses are performed. The worst-case error in characteristic-waveform timing can be confined to be within 35 percent for CMOS inverters, multi-input NOR gates or multi-input NAND gates with different device dimensions, capacitive loads, and device parameters. Better accuracy can be obtained for logic gates with commonly-used channel dimension or large capacitive load. For internal waveforms not deviating much from the characteristic waveforms, the worst-case error in signal timing is not substantially increased. Applying the proposed timing model in an experimental timing simulator, the signal timing can be analyzed accurately and efficiently with reduced CPU time and memory.
Category grading and taxonomic relations: a mug is a sort of a cup

Gradations in the membership of objects in categories were elicited through hedged question frames (for example, is this “more or less a cup?”; is this “primarily a cup?”). These data are compared with relationships among categories elicited in a standard taxonomic interview (for example, “what are the different types of cups?”). Fuzzy set theory, which formalizes the idea of gradations in set membership, is used to relate category gradations to taxonomic structure. In certain cases, the definitions of fuzzy set theory do not correctly describe informant identifications of objects and require revision. With the necessary extensions, fuzzy set theory offers a means of capturing many aspects of folk classification that cannot otherwise be formally expressed.
Construction and characterization of beta-lactoglobulin chimeras.

At neutral pH, equine β-lactoglobulin (ELG) is monomeric, whereas bovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) exists as a dimer. To understand the difference in the oligomerization properties between ELG and BLG, three mutants of ELG (LP, I, and LPI) were constructed by substituting amino acids responsible for important interactions at the dimer interface of BLG into ELG. The mutant LP has an AB loop mutation (S34A/E35Q), the mutant I has an I strand mutation (G145M/R146H/V147I/Q148R/I149L/V150S/P151F/D152N/L153P) and the mutant LPI includes both the LP and I mutations. The far- and near-UV CD spectra of the three mutants are similar to that of the wild-type ELG, indicating that the secondary and the tertiary structures of ELG are not significantly affected by the mutations. Ultracentrifuge analysis shows that all three mutants are monomeric at neutral pH, suggesting that the protein sequences in the AB loop and I strand of BLG alone cannot support dimerization of ELG. Thus, structural differences must exist between ELG and BLG that prevent the ELG mutants from forming the same interactions as BLG at the dimer interface. Proteins 2002;49:297–301. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Copyright and the World's Most Popular Song

"Happy Birthday to You" is the best-known and most frequently sung song in the world. Many - including Justice Breyer in his dissent in Eldred v. Ashcroft - have portrayed it as an unoriginal work that is hardly worthy of copyright protection, but nonetheless remains under copyright. Yet close historical scrutiny reveals both of those assumptions to be false. The song that became "Happy Birthday to You," originally written with different lyrics as "Good Morning to All," was the product of intense creative labor, undertaken with copyright protection in mind. However, it is almost certainly no longer under copyright, due to a lack of evidence about who wrote the words; defective copyright notice; and a failure to file a proper renewal application.The falsity of the standard story about the song demonstrates the dangers of relying on anecdotes without thorough research and analysis. It also reveals collective action barriers to mounting challenges to copyright validity: the song generates an estimated $2 million per year, and yet no one has ever sought adjudication of the validity of its copyright. Finally, the true story of the song demonstrates that a long, unitary copyright term requires changes in copyright doctrine and administration. With such a term, copyright law needs a doctrine like adverse possession to clear title and protect expectations generated when, as with this song, putative owners do not challenge distribution of unauthorized copies for more than 20 years. And Copyright Office recordkeeping policy, which currently calls for discarding correspondence after 20 years and most registration denials and deposits after five years, must be improved to facilitate resolution of disputes involving older works.Over two hundred unpublished documents found in six archives across the United States have been made available on a website that will serve as an online appendix to this article.
Effects of fidelity of implementation on science achievement gains among english language learners

This study examined the effect of fidelity of implementation (FOI) on the science achievement gains of third grade students broadly and students with limited literacy in English specifically. The study was conducted in the context of a professional development intervention with elementary school teachers to promote science achievement of ELL students in urban schools. As the criterion for measuring FOI, we focused on the quality of instructional delivery in teaching science to ELL students. We measured FOI using both teachers' self-reports and classroom observations during the first year of the intervention. Science achievement was measured by a pretest and posttest over the school year. The results indicate that none of the measures of FOI using teachers' self-reports or classroom observations had significant effects on science achievement gains. The results are discussed in terms of issues about conceptualization and measurement of FOI in educational interventions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 836–859, 2009
Gallium scanning in sarcoidosis.

The uptake of gallium-67 by pulmonary sarcoidosis was noted by Langhammer et al. in 1972 and by McKusick et al. in 1973. Heshiki et al. studied the application of this procedure in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and concluded that although gallium-67 uptake in lungs and hilar regions correlated poorly with clinical activity, its measurement might prove useful in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and in the measurement of response to therapy. We have undertaken to evaluate further the clinical usefulness of this technique. Thirty-six patients, 27 of whom had sarcoidosis, were given intravenous injections of 3 ml of commercially obtained (/sup 67/Ga) citrate. None were receiving corticosteroid therapy at the time of the initial study. Three days later simultaneous anterior and posterior scans of the thorax and the upper abdomen were performed in the supine position. 1 table.
High content of proteins containing 21st and 22nd amino acids, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, in a symbiotic deltaproteobacterium of gutless worm Olavius algarvensis

Selenocysteine (Sec) and pyrrolysine (Pyl) are rare amino acids that are cotranslationally inserted into proteins and known as the 21st and 22nd amino acids in the genetic code. Sec and Pyl are encoded by UGA and UAG codons, respectively, which normally serve as stop signals. Herein, we report on unusually large selenoproteomes and pyrroproteomes in a symbiont metagenomic dataset of a marine gutless worm, Olavius algarvensis. We identified 99 selenoprotein genes that clustered into 30 families, including 17 new selenoprotein genes that belong to six families. In addition, several Pyl-containing proteins were identified in this dataset. Most selenoproteins and Pyl-containing proteins were present in a single deltaproteobacterium, delta1 symbiont, which contained the largest number of both selenoproteins and Pyl-containing proteins of any organism reported to date. Our data contrast with the previous observations that symbionts and host-associated bacteria either lose Sec utilization or possess a limited number of selenoproteins, and suggest that the environment in the gutless worm promotes Sec and Pyl utilization. Anaerobic conditions and consistent selenium supply might be the factors that support the use of amino acids that extend the genetic code.
Milking vacuum influencing indicators of udder health.

Abstract In 23 first-calf heifers we ascertained effects that milking vacuums of 34, 42.5, and 51 kPa had on udder health by percentage of quarter-samples positive for Staphylococcus aureus , total counts of bacteria on blood agar, teat end scores, California Mastitis Test, and direct microscopic somatic cell count. Measures were higher for 51 kPa than for 34 or 42.5 kPA. Samples from cows milked at 42.5 kPa had a lower percentage of samples positive for Staphylococcus aureus , lower total count, lower California Mastitis Test, and lower direct microscopic somatic cell count than samples from cows milked with 34 kPa. Teat end scores increased with increase in milking vacuum. Approximately 49% of the samples from cows milked with 51 kPa were positive for Staphylococcus aureus compared with 19.9 and 16.7% for 34 and 42.5 kPa. Milking vacuum of 51 kPa resulted in the highest percentage of cows with three (44.5%) and four (24.1%) quarters positive for Staphylococcus aureus . A milking vacuum of 51 kPa could increase mastitis in a herd having Staphylococcus aureus as the prevalent microorganism causing mastitis.
Human and mouse microglia express connexin36, and functional gap junctions are formed between rodent microglia and neurons

Microglia, the tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), intimately interact with neurons physically and through soluble factors that can affect microglial activation state and neuronal survival and physiology. We report here a new mechanism of interaction between these cells, provided by the formation of gap junctions composed of connexin (Cx) 36. Among eight Cxs tested, expression of Cx36 mRNA and protein was found in microglial cultures prepared from human and mouse, and Cx45 mRNA was found in mouse microglial cultures. Electrophysiological measurements found coupling between one-third of human or mouse microglial pairs that averaged below 30 pico-Siemens and displayed electrical properties consistent with Cx36 gap junctions. Importantly, similar frequency of low-strength electrical coupling was also obtained between microglia and neurons in cocultures prepared from neocortical or hippocampal rodent tissue. Lucifer yellow dye coupling between neurons and microglia was observed in 4% of pairs tested, consistent with the low strength and incidence of electrical coupling. Cx36 expression level and/or the degree of coupling between microglia did not significantly change in the presence of activating agents, including lipopolysaccharide, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, except for some reduction of Cx36 protein when exposed to the latter two agents. Our findings that intercellular coupling occurs between neuronal and microglial populations through Cx36 gap junctions have potentially important implications for normal neural physiology and microglial responses in neuronopathology in the mammalian CNS.
Flavivirus Infections in Humans

Flaviviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded ribonucleic acid viruses that are globally emerging and cause significant human disease in the form of encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever. The medically important flaviviruses are dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and West Nile viruses. Most flaviviruses are maintained in animal reservoirs in nature and are transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick. Human-to-human transmission can also occur through transfusion or transplantation of infected tissue. Vaccines are available for only yellow fever and Japanese and TBE; however, new vaccines for dengue and West Nile are in clinical trials in humans. Disease diagnosis can be difficult as all flaviviruses are antigenically and genetically closely related. There are no effective antiviral therapies that exist for any flavivirus so the main approach to disease control is through vaccination and vector control. Key Concepts: Flaviviruses are important global human pathogens that primarily cause encephalitis and haemorrhagic disease. Flaviviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses. Most human flaviviral infections are asymptomatic. Flaviviruses are primarily transmitted to man by the bite of an infected mosquito or tick and are maintained in nature in animal reservoirs. Flaviviruses can also be transmitted between humans by transfusion or transplantation of contaminated tissue. All flaviviruses are closely related so diagnosis of human disease can be difficult. Most flaviviral diseases are considered emerging infections. There are no effective drugs or treatments for flaviviral infections. Approved human flaviviral vaccines are available for Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever. Control of flavivirus outbreaks largely depend on vector-control measures. Keywords: virus; flavivirus; flaviviridae; encephalitic; haemorrhagic; phylogenetic; enhancement; persistent; chronic
PARALLEL MULTI-PROPOSAL AND MULTI-CHAIN MCMC FOR CALCULATING P-VALUE OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY

In this paper, by the novel idea of integrating multiple-proposal algorithm and multiple-chain algorithm by parallel computing, we develop a highly efficient sampler for approximating statistical distributions: parallel Multi-proposal and Multi-chain Markov Chain Monte Carlo (pMPMC3), and we illustrate the high performance of this sampler by calculating P-value (odds ratio significance) for Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). Computational results show that, by setting the convergence condition as the standard deviation of P-value is less than 10−3, pMPMC3 with 4 proposals and 4 chains obtains a convergent P-value within 106 iterations, while the conventional method Monte Carlo simulation does not obtain convergent P-values even in 107 iterations. We also test pMPMC3 by changing the number of chains, the number of proposals and the size of the dataset on a cluster with maximum 600 processes, the algorithm scales well.
Attached-algal abundance altered by individual and combined treatments of zinc and pH

Attached-algal communities were employed to test the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) guidelines for zinc (Zn) and pH. The EPA criterion for Zn is 0.047 mg/L, and the EPA effluent standard generally requires that discharge water fall between pH 6 and 9. The experiment was designed to determine whether algal community composition and abundance would be altered by (a) pH 6 or 9, (b) 0.05 mg/L Zn, or (c) the combination of pH 6 or 9 and 0.05 mg/L Zn. Stream mesocosms were continuously supplied with natural water from the New River, Virginia, USA. Established (12-d colonization) communities on artificial substrates were sampled on days 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 after treatment began on 9 July 1985. Total algal abundance increased in pH 6 treatment. Treatments of pH 6 and 0.05 mg/L Zn reduced abundance of species characteristic of control mesocosms. These species were replaced by species characteristic of 0.05 mg/L Zn and pH 6 mesocosms. These changes occurred even though these levels are considered “safe” by EPA. Community composition did not differ significantly between ambient (pH 8.5) and pH 9 treatments. Although further research is needed, one might speculate that this change in community composition may have potential ecosystem effects by reducing food quality from diatoms to green algae that may inhibit higher level consumers.
AN INTEGER GOAL PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR SOLVING THE CAPITAL ALLOCATION PROBLEM OF METROPOLITAN MASS TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES

Abstract In order to maintain an efficient public mass transportation system in an urban area large capital expenditures are generally required. However, due to changing attitudes and priorities on the part of local, state and federal governments, funding for such public transportation systems is being curtailed. As such, it is imperative that the funding that local transportation agencies do receive be allocated for capital expenditure items in the most efficient and satisfactory manner possible. In this paper, integer goal programming is demonstrated via a case example as a means for achieving a satisfactory allocation of funds for capital expenditures.
Surface tension and buoyancy-driven flow in a non-isothermal liquid bridge

The Navier-Stokes-Boussinesq equations governing the transport of momentum, mass and heat in a nonisothermal liquid bridge with a temperature-dependent surface tension are solved using a vorticity-stream-function formulation together with a nonorthogonal coordinate transformation. The equations are discretized using a pseudo-unsteady semi-implicit finite difference scheme and are solved by the ADI method. A Picard-type iteration is adopted which consists of inner and outer iterative processes. The outer iteration is used to update the shape of the free surface. Two schemes have been used for the outer iteration; both use the force balance normal to the free surface as the distinguished boundary condition. The first scheme involves successive approximation by the direct solution of the distinguished boundary condition. The second scheme uses the artificial force imbalance between the fluid pressure, viscous and capillary forces at the free surface which arises when the boundary condition for force balance normal to the surface is not satisfied. This artificial imbalance is then used to change the surface shape until the distinguished boundary condition is satisfied. These schemes have been used to examine a variety of model liquid bridge situations including purely thermocapillary-driven flow situations and mixed thermocapillary- and bouyancy-driven flow.
Spectral independent component analysis

Independent component analysis (ICA) of a mixed signal into a linear combination of its independent components, is one of the main problems in statistics, with wide range of applications. The un-mixing is usually performed by finding a rotation that optimizes a functional closely related to the differential entropy. In this paper we solve the linear ICA problem by analyzing the spectrum and eigenspaces of the graph Laplacian of the data. The spectral ICA algorithm is based on two observations. First, independence of random variables is equivalent to having the eigenfunctions of the limiting continuous operator of the graph Laplacian in a separation of variables form. Second, the first non-trivial Neumann function of any Sturm–Liouville operator is monotonic. Both the degenerate and non-degenerate spectrums corresponding to identical and non-identical sources are studied. We provide successful numerical experiments of the algorithm.
Violations of the Educational Rights of Disadvantaged Youth in the Global Age

In the postmodern age, the ubiquitous processes of globalization have exacerbated violations of the basic human right to an education among underprivileged youth around the world. Researchers and policymakers have not given serious consideration to the criticality of context when addressing wide differences in academic performance between mainstream and disenfranchised youth in the United States and other nations. Cultural capital, habitus (Bourdieu, 1977), and other contextual mitigating factors (CMFs) (Gallard M., et al., 2013) act as important mitigating cultural, economic, and political contextual factors affecting the learning of students, and leading to educational inequities. Yet, educational policymakers and stakeholders have failed to be explicit about the influence of such CMFs on global differences in educational delivery, as well as data on educational achievement and performance within and across countries. Further, such failures of recognition have led directly to violations of educational rights promulgated in the United Nations’ Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC). Only by making CMFs explicit and understand their impact on all education reform efforts can decision-makers help disadvantaged youth to attain an equitable education and find their place in the global age. Normal 0 false false false EN-AU X-NONE X-NONE