cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of labeled tomato lectin for imaging vasculature structures

Intravascular injections of fluorescent or biotinylated tomato lectin were tested to study labeling of vascular elements in laboratory mice. Injections of Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin (tomato lectin) (50-100 µg/100 µl) were made intravascularly, through the tail vein, through a cannula implanted in the jugular vein, or directly into the left ventricle of the heart. Tissues cut for thin 10- to 12-µm cryostat sections, or thick 50- to 100-µm vibratome sections, were examined using fluorescence microscopy. Tissue labeled by biotinylated lectin was examined by bright field microscopy or electron microscopy after tissue processing for biotin. Intravascular injections of tomato lectin led to labeling of vascular structures in a variety of tissues, including brain, kidney, liver, intestine, spleen, skin, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and experimental tumors. Analyses of fluorescence in serum indicated the lectin was cleared from circulating blood within 2 min. Capillary labeling was apparent in tissues collected from animals within 1 min of intravascular injections, remained robust for about 1 h, and then declined markedly until difficult to detect 12 h after injection. Light microscopic images suggest the lectin bound to the endothelial cells that form capillaries and endothelial cells that line some larger vessels. Electron microscopic studies confirmed the labeling of luminal surfaces of endothelial cells. Vascular labeling by tomato lectin is compatible with a variety of other morphological labeling techniques, including histochemistry and immunocytochemistry, and thus appears to be a sensitive and useful method to reveal vascular patterns in relationship to other aspects of parenchymal development, structure, and function.
Effect of Parallel First-Order Drug Loss from Site of Administration on Calculated Values for Absorption Rate Constants

Methods commonly employed to calculate absorption rate constants from the time course for drug in the blood are shown to yield “apparent” values, k, when the drug at the site of administration is simultaneously lost to an extravascular compartment(s). The value for k obtained by either Wagner-Nelson calculations for a drug distributed according to a one-compartment model or Loo-Riegelman calculations for a drug described by a two-compartment model is shown to be the sum of all individual rate constants for simultaneous first-order loss of drug from the absorption site. The parallel rate processes leading to this situation may be chemical or biological degradation of the drug at the absorption site, transfer to an extravascular compartment, or any other first-order process that decreases the concentration of drug in the depot as a function of time simultaneously with the absorption process. The true rate constant for absorption in such a case can be calculated by determining the fraction of the dose actually absorbed, f, provided that all of the initial dose can be accounted for by the simultaneous rate processes. The absorption constant, k1 is then calculated from the equation k1 = fk.
A “ PAC ” Algorithm for Making Feature Maps

Kohonen and others have devised network algorithms for computing so-called topological feature maps. We describe a new algorithm, called the CDF-Inversion (CDFI) Algorithm, that can be used to learn feature maps and, in the process, approximate an unknown probability distribution to within any specified accuracy. The primary advantages of the algorithm over previous feature-map algorithms are that it is simple enough to analyze mathematically for correctness and efficiency, and that it distributes the points of the map evenly, in a sense that can be made rigorous. Like other vector-quantization algorithms it is potentially useful for many applications, including monitoring and statistical modeling. While not a network algorithm, the CDFI algorithm is well-suited to implementation on parallel computers.
Effect of Phosphite on Tomato and Pepper Plants and on Susceptibility of Pepper to Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot in Hydroponic Culture

Tomato and pepper plants were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse using phosphate or technical and commercial formulations of phosphite as sources of phosphorus nutrition to determine the effects on plant development and susceptibility to Phytophthora root and crown rot. Phosphite-treated tomato and pepper plants were deficient of phosphate and developed phosphorus-deficiency symptoms. Growth of plants (leaf area and leaf, stem, and root dry weights) that were fertilized with phosphite was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with phosphate-fertilized plants. In Phytophthora capsici-inoculated pepper plants, incidence of Phytophthora crown rot was significantly reduced in phosphite-treated plants compared with no phosphorus or phosphate-treated plants. Incidence of crown rot in pepper plants treated with 1 mM phosphate plus 0.3 mM phosphite was intermediate between plants treated with only phosphite (1 mM or 0.1 mM) and plants treated with phosphate (1 mM).
Time resolved propagation of ultrashort laser pulses within turbid tissues

The time resolved propagation of femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses within turbid tissues is simulated by a Monte Carlo model. The internal distribution of irradiance for an impulse vs a 4-ps pulse is specified at different times for various scattering coefficients and scattering phase functions. Such simulations provide time resolved dosimetry for predicting the distribution of single- and two-photon chemical reactions in turbid tissues. For femtosecond pulses in highly scattering tissues, two-photon reactions are dominated by the initial primary (unscattered, unabsorbed) pulse, and single-photon reactions are dominated by the scattered diffuse irradiance. For picosecond pulses in highly scattering tissues, both single- and two-photon reactions are dominated by the scattered irradiance.
Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli. V. ilv+ Deletion mutants of F14.

Abstract The structure of a number of F′ilv episomes derived from F14 by bacteriophage P1-mediated transduction have been determined by the electron microscope heteroduplex method. F16, F25, F310 and F312 are all simple deletion mutants of F14. F316 is essentially the same but contains a small insertion (0.8 kilobase) of DNA of unknown origin within the F sequences at 78.6 F. The length of these plasmids are all about the same as that of phage P1 DNA itself. The sequences of F and the sequences of bacterial DNA that are present on the episomes are contiguous on the parental F14. Thus, their structures are consistent with the usual model for the mechanism of P1 transduction. The physical order of ilv genes is also consistent with previous genetic mapping. From this order one can determine the polarity of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosomal sequences on F14 and its F′ilv derivatives relative to the F sequences. This order is consistent with the known counterclockwise transfer order of the parental Hfr AB313. F′ilv episomes carry only one copy of the 2.8 to 8.5 F sequence, which is present as a direct duplication on F14. The F′ilv episomes are genetically stable, whereas F14 is unstable because of reciprocal recombination between the two duplicate sequences. The strain F316/AB2070 is different in several respects. All of the bacteria carry P1 phage DNA. As noted above, F316 itself carries a small insertion. Two transfer-defective deletion mutants, F316Δ(65.4-78.6) and F316Δ-(78.6-0.6) are also present in the population of F316/AB2070 cells. In each case, the deletion borders on one of the junctions of inserted DNA and F14 DNA in F316. Thus, these junctions appear to be hot spots for deletion formation.
Cloning the FnuDI, Nael, N coI and XbaI restriction-modification systems

Methyltransferase genes from the FnuDI, NaeI, NcoI, and XbaI restriction-modification systems have been isolated in Escherichia coli by 'shot-gun' cloning bacterial DNA fragments into plasmid vectors and selecting for protectively modified molecules that resist digestion by the corresponding restriction endonuclease.
The interaction of pyridoxal phosphate with aspartate apoaminotransferase.

Abstract The rate of binding of pyridoxal phosphate to the apoenzyme of pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase ( l -aspartate: 2-oxoglurate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) was measured by absorption spectroscopy and by formation of active enzyme. At pH 5.1 and 8.3 the binding of coenzyme follows saturation kinetics. The binding process thus involves at least two steps. The rate of pyridoxal phosphate binding to the apoenzyme is dependent on the anion present in the pH 8.3 triethanolamine buffer. Chloride activates somewhat at very low concentrations. Phosphate and its methyl, ethyl, and phenyl esters are very effective inhibitors of the recombination in that 0.2–0.4 mM inhibit the rate of coenzyme binding by 50%. This is below the physiological concentration of phosphate. Sulfate also inhibits the rate of binding, but nitrate and acetate have little effect.
Possible monocyte killing defect in familial atypical mycobacteriosis

INFECTIONS in children caused by atypical mycobacteria general!y affect either skin as swimming pool granu!oma or superficial lymph nodes as cervical adenitis. Lincoln and Gilbert' identified only 12 published cases of disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis in children. O~f these, nine were caused by organisms belonging to Runyon group III (Mycobacterium inlracellulare/avium complex group). Since that review, only one additional report of disseminated infection in a child has appeared, which was also caused by a MIAC strain5 There has been only one previous report of disseminated atypical mycobacteriosis in more than one member of a family. :~ Previous studies assessing host defense mechanisms in a few of these patients have suggested that a deficiency of cell-mediatedimm unity may be an important factor allowing dissemination of the organisms. ~-'~ In addition, patients with microbicidal defects of phagocytic cells may be at increased risk for disseminated mycobacterial disease. 7 In this report an extensive immunologic evaluation in one of two affected siblings suggests the presence of a defect i n monocyte killing. Disseminated atypical tuberculosis should then alert the physician to the possibility of an immune deficiency. CASI~ REPORTS Patient 1. This 25-month-old Mexican-American girl was admitted to the Los Angeles County/USC Medical Center in
Bioenergetics of the metal/sulfur-oxidizing extreme thermoacidophile, Metallosphaera sedula

Abstract Identification of more effective biocatalysts than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been of interest for the optimization of biological removal of inorganic sulfur from coal. The recently isolated thermoacidophile, Metallosphaera sedula , leaches metal sulfides at rapid rates and could be a feasible biocatalytic alternative for such use. The bioenergetic and biocatalytic features of M. sedula as they apply to metal leaching, with particular attention to coal pyrite oxidation, are currently being evaluated. The questions examined include 1. (1) how does M. sedula compare with other microorganisms with similar bioleaching capabilities, 2. (2) how do inorganic energy substrates factor into M. sedula's metabolic scheme, and 3. (3) how can higher metal leaching rates be achieved with M. sedula ? To answer these questions, the relation between the organism's metabolic energy sources (sulfur, iron pyrite, organic compounds) and intracellular energy-requiring reactions is being studied. It is hoped that this framework can be used to evaluate and improve the various microbial options for inorganic sulfur removal from coal.
Prostate-specific antigen doubling time as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer has a varied natural history. Men with similar serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, clinical stages, and histologic features in their tissue specimens can have markedly different outcomes. While prostate cancer is lethal in some patients, most men die with cancer rather than because of it. Moreover, histologically apparent cancer can be found in the prostate glands of approximately 42% of men over 50 years of age who die from other causes, but the lifetime risk that a man in the US will be diagnosed with prostate cancer is estimated to be 11% and the risk of dying from the disease is only 3.1%. Consequently, appropriate disease management requires risk assessment. How likely is it that a given man's cancer will progress or metastasize over his remaining lifetime? What is the probability of successful treatment? What are the risks of adverse effects and complications of each treatment? Physicians use a variety of clinical and pathologic parameters to assess the risk that a given cancer poses to an individual patient. In addition to the accepted parameters of serum PSA level, clinical staging, and pathologic grading and staging, PSA doubling time has emerged as an important factor in the evaluation of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer or prostate cancer that recurs after treatment. PSA doubling time can also be used as a surrogate marker for prostate cancer-specific death. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of PSA doubling time as a prognostic marker in men with prostate cancer.
Translocation in Calliarthron tuberculosum and its role in the light-enhancement of calcification

Calcium, inorganic carbon and compounds elaborated during photosynthesis are translocated from pigmented thallus to adjacent non-pigmented apical tip tissue in fronds of Calliarthron tuberculosum. Furthermore, light-enhanced calcification in the apical tips is shown to be dependent upon photosynthesis in adjacent pigmented thallus. By the nature of the experimental design, translocation is the only means by which photosynthesis might affect calcification at a remote site (i.e., the apical tips). Several possibilities are examined as mechanisms for the link between photosynthesis and calcification.
Quantitative Mössbauer analysis

Abstract The quantitative analysis of Mossbauer data, as in the measurement of Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ concentration, has not been possible because of the different mean square velocities 〈 x 2 〉 of Mossbauer nuclei at chemically different sites. A method is now described which, based on Mossbauer data at several temperatures, permits the comparison of absorption areas at 〈 x 2 〉=0.
Selective oxidation catalysts containing antimony for the conversion of 1-butene to butadiene: I. Preparation and characterization

Abstract FeSbO4 catalysts containing “excess” surface antimony are active for the selective oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-butene to butadiene. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of a series of MSbO4, with M = Fe, Al, Cr, and Rh, and CoSb2O6 catalysts are reported. Synthesis techniques included precipitation from slurry, solid-state reaction, and impregnation. Characterization of the catalysts has been performed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Evidence that Gal11 protein is a target of the Gal4 activation domain in the mediator.

The mediator is an approximately 20 protein complex that is essential for the transcription of most genes in yeast. It is contacted by a number of gene-specific activators, but the details of these interactions are not well understood in most cases. Here, evidence is presented that the mediator component Gal11 represents at least one target of the Gal4 activation domain (AD). Deletion of Gal11 is shown to decrease the affinity of the Gal4 AD for the mediator, and direct binding of an N-terminal domain of Gal11 with the Gal4 AD is demonstrated. Quantitative studies, however, indicate that the KD of the 1:1 Gal4 AD−Gal11 complex is modest. Combined with in vivo data showing that Δgal11 cells exhibit reduced, but still significant, Gal4-mediated gene expression, these results suggest that the dimeric activator might also contact another protein in the mediator in addition to Gal11.
Controlled release of dry reagents in porous media for tunable temporal and spatial distribution upon rehydration

Novel methods are demonstrated that enable controlled spatial and temporal rehydration of dried reagents in a porous matrix. These methods can be used in paper-based microfluidic assays to define reagent concentrations over time at zones downstream for improved performance, and can reduce costs by simplifying the manufacturing process with the use of a single porous substrate. First, the creation of uniform reagent pulses from patterned arrays of dried reagent is demonstrated. Second, reagents are stored dry in separate regions of the porous matrix so that they can be combined upon rehydration for immediate use in the device. Third, reagents are reconstituted sequentially from dry storage depots with tunable delivery times. Fourth, the total time for dissolution is varied to achieve a range of reagent delivery times to a downstream region. Finally, the utility of these control methods is demonstrated in the context of real-time reagent rehydration and mixing on a porous device.
Fluorescent ratiometric sensing of pyrophosphate via induced aggregation of a conjugated polyelectrolyte

Direct detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) in aqueous solution is demonstrated using a cationic poly(phenylene-ethynylene) with polyamine side chains. Pyrophosphate-induced polymer aggregation causes a significant spectroscopic change, which in turn allows quantification of dissolved PPi using ratiometric signals.
Projected performance of a large superfluid helium solar neutrino detector

Based upon experiments carried out using radioactive sources to investigate the particle detection properties of superfluid helium we project a configuration for and the response of a full scale detector for solar neutrinos employing the roton/quantum evaporation technique.
Effects of dihydrocapsiate on adaptive and diet-induced thermogenesis with a high protein very low calorie diet: a randomized control trial

Dihydrocapsiate (DCT) is a natural safe food ingredient which is structurally related to capsaicin from chili pepper and is found in the non-pungent pepper strain, CH-19 Sweet. It has been shown to elicit the thermogenic effects of capsaicin but without its gastrointestinal side effects. The present study was designed to examine the effects of DCT on both adaptive thermogenesis as the result of caloric restriction with a high protein very low calorie diet (VLCD) and to determine whether DCT would increase post-prandial energy expenditure (PPEE) in response to a 400 kcal/60 g protein liquid test meal. Thirty-three subjects completed an outpatient very low calorie diet (800 kcal/day providing 120 g/day protein) over 4 weeks and were randomly assigned to receive either DCT capsules three times per day (3 mg or 9 mg) or placebo. At baseline and 4 weeks, fasting basal metabolic rate and PPEE were measured in a metabolic hood and fat free mass (FFM) determined using displacement plethysmography (BOD POD). PPEE normalized to FFM was increased significantly in subjects receiving 9 mg/day DCT by comparison to placebo (p < 0.05), but decreases in resting metabolic rate were not affected. Respiratory quotient (RQ) increased by 0.04 in the placebo group (p < 0.05) at end of the 4 weeks, but did not change in groups receiving DCT. These data provide evidence for postprandial increases in thermogenesis and fat oxidation secondary to administration of dihydrocapsiate. clinicaltrial.govNCT01142687
Results of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) Evaluations of Critical Human Health Technologies for Space Exploration

National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) is an academic research consortium focused upon the development of countermeasures to ensure safe human exploration of space. In partnership with NASA, the Institute supports an integrated, outcomes-driven research portfolio that leads to the production of human health technology deliverables. These exploration-enabling technologies form the basis of a comprehensive research strategy that addresses key medical, physiological, and technical issues associated with maintenance of health during long-term occupation of space. I. Introduction SBRI is a nonprofit organization competitively selected by NASA in 1997. The mission of the Institute is to lead a national effort for accomplishing integrated, biomedical research to support long-term human presence, development, and exploration of space and to apply these research advances to enhance quality of life on Earth. The Institute engages, facilitates, and coordinates outstanding academic, government and industry researchers in a team-based approach to develop countermeasures to reduce and/or eliminate health risks associated with human space travel. This effort is combined with a strong educational and public outreach program for sharing discoveries in space life sciences, and facilitating the excitement of space research and exploration. These discoveries help ensure crew health and well-being by mitigating the adverse effects of the space and microgravity environment. NSBRI unites the expertise and resources of the broad biomedical research community with the operational capabilities of NASA, leading to the development of effective measures to reduce the risk to human health associated with space exploration. Team projects are leveraged extensively with resources from industry, as well as other private, state and federal sources to significantly augment research efforts and production of deliverables.
An automatic code generation tool for partitioned software in distributed systems

In distributed heterogeneous systems, the target application is partitioned and the partitions are executed in different computing units while satisfying the dependencies between the code partitions. Code generation is the process of converting the code partitions into individually executable code clusters and satisfying the code dependencies by adding communication primitives to send and receive data between dependent the code clusters. In this work, we describe a code generation tool that is applicable to procedural language based applications for distributed processing. The application programs along with the partition primitives are converted into independently executable concrete implementations. The process consists of two steps, first translating the primitives of the application program into equivalent code clusters, and then scheduling the implementations of these code clusters according to the inherent data dependencies. Further, the original source code needs to be reverse engineered in order to create a meta-data table describing the program elements and dependency trees. This data gathered, is used along with parallel virtual machine (PVM) primitives for enabling the communication between the partitioned programs in the distributed environment. The proposed code generation model has been implemented using C and tested for various application programs for functional verification.
Vocal performance influences female response to male bird song: an experimental test

Female songbirds are thought to assess males based on aspects of song, such as repertoire size or amount of singing, that could potentially provide information about male quality. A relatively unexplored aspect of song that also might serve as an assessment signal is a male’s ability to perform physically challenging songs. Trilled songs, such as those produced by swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana), present males with a performance challenge because trills require rapid and precise coordination of vocal tract movements, resulting in a trade-off between trill rate and frequency bandwidth. This trade-off defines a constraint on song production observed as a triangular distribution in acoustic space of trill rate by frequency bandwidth, with an upper boundary that represents a performance limit. Given this background on song production constraints, we are able to identify a priori which songs are performed with a higher degree of proficiency and, thus, which songs should be more attractive to females. We determined the performance limit for a population of swamp sparrows and measured how well individual males performed songs relative to this limit (‘‘vocal performance’’). We then compared female solicitation responses to high-performance versus lowperformance versions of the same song type produced by different males. Females displayed significantly more to highperformance songs than to low-performance songs, supporting the hypothesis that females use vocal performance to assess males. Key words: bird song, female choice, indicator mechanism, Melospiza georgiana, motor constraint, sexual selection, vocal performance. [Behav Ecol 15:163–168 (2004)]
Salinity acclimation modulates copper toxicity in the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus

The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) is able to withstand a wide range of salinities. Salinity acclimation involves physiological and biochemical changes, which may influence how organisms respond to a stressor. The present study investigated effects of salinity acclimation on subsequent Cu toxicity. In experiment 1, fish were acclimated to a hyposmotic, isosmotic, or hyperosmotic salinity for 14 d and then exposed at these salinities to 16.6 µM Cu(2+) for 12 h. Survival differed during this Cu challenge; fish acclimated to 2.5 ppt salinity were much more sensitive to Cu than those acclimated to 10.5 or 18.5 ppt seawater. In experiment 2, fish were exposed to 14.6 µM Cu(2+) for 6 h after the 14-d salinity acclimation. Whole-body Cu, whole-body Na, liver lipid peroxidation (LPO), liver catalase activity, and liver glucose levels were determined before and after Cu exposure. Prior to Cu exposure, the acclimation groups differed only for liver glucose levels, which were higher in the 2.5 ppt acclimated fish than in the others. These same 2.5 ppt acclimated fish were markedly affected by Cu, having increased whole-body Cu and liver LPO and decreased whole-body Na levels. Copper exposure had generally insignificant effects for the 10.5 ppt and the 18.5 ppt acclimated fish. This study showed that even in euryhaline fish, salinity acclimation can have a drastic effect on Cu toxicity.
Response to angiotensin inhibition in rats with sustained renovascular hypertension correlates with response to removing renal artery stenosis.

Abstract Purpose: Sustained (late-phase) renovascular hypertension is associated with lower plasma renin activity than is the early phase. It is not clear to what extent this reduced plasma renin activity reflects diminished influence of the renin-angiotensin system. It also is not clear whether this change in the character of the disease influences the effectiveness of surgical removal of the renal artery stenosis in reversing hypertension. Using an animal model of sustained (≥10 weeks after renal artery clipping) two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension, we hypothesized that the magnitude of the depressor response to selective angiotensin II receptor blockade with losartan would reflect the influence of the renin-angiotensin system on hypertension and enable us to predict the depressor response to subsequent surgical removal of the clip. Methods: The left renal arteries of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150 to 200 gm were fitted with a silver clip (0.23 mm internal diameter). Systolic blood pressure was measured by means of tail-cuff plethysmography for 10 weeks. Rats were then given losartan orally (30 mg/kg a day) for 1 week while blood pressure was monitored. After an additional week to allow recovery, 13 rats underwent surgical unclipping, and seven underwent sham repair. Blood pressure again was monitored over the final week. Results: All two-kidney one-clip rats had hypertension 10 weeks after clipping (mean systolic blood pressure 206 ± 10 mm Hg). Losartan decreased systolic blood pressure by 36 ± 6 mm Hg. The response was variable, ranging from 3 to 66 mm Hg, and overall blood pressure did not normalize (170 ± 8 mm Hg). Subsequent surgical unclipping decreased systolic blood pressure by 46 ± 9 mm Hg. Again the response was variable, ranging from 10 to 99 mm Hg, although overall blood pressure did not normalize (164 ± 7 mm Hg). The decrease in blood pressure after unclipping showed a high correlation with the blood pressure decrease after losartan administration ( r = 0.861, p Conclusions: In sustained two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension, the depressor response to angiotensin II receptor blockade is attenuated, suggesting that late-phase hypertension becomes increasingly angiotensin II-independent. In our model, the extent to which sustained renovascular hypertension becomes refractory to 7 days of angiotensin II blockade is highly predictive of the ultimate outcome of surgical repair of renal artery stenosis. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:167-77.)
Competition Among Mutual Funds

We examine the impact of the entry of new mutual funds on incumbents using the overlap in their portfolio holdings as a measure of competitive intensity. This simple metric delivers powerful economic results. Incumbents that have a high overlap with entrants subsequently engage in price competition by reducing management fees. Distribution fees, however, rise so that investors do not benefit as much from price competition. Funds with high overlap also experience quantity competition through lower investor flows, have lower alphas, and higher attrition rates. These effects only appear after the late 1990s, at which point there appears to be an endogenous structural shift in the competitive environment. We conclude that the mutual fund market has evolved into one that displays the hallmark features of a competitive market.
A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of High-Emitter Non-Compliance and Its Impact on Vehicular Tailpipe Emissions in Atlanta, 1997-2001

A quasi-experimental evaluation is employed to assess the compliance behavior of high emitters in response to Atlantas Inspection and Maintenance program between 1997 and 2001 and to predict the impact of compliance behavior on vehicular tailpipe emissions of ozone precursors, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide. Remote sensing data of a sample of approximately 0.8 million observations of on-road vehicles are matched with IM program data and vehicle registration data to identify the compliant and non-compliant high emitters. A mixed-pool time-series regression analysis is carried out to predict changes in the vehicular tailpipe emissions due to the compliance and non-compliance of the high emitters in the Atlanta airshed. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
And, Not But: Moving From Monologue to Dialogue in Introductory Psychology/English Writing Courses

We discuss the use of writing in connected introductory psychology and English courses to help students integrate the two fields. We describe the readings and themes that link our courses, and the sequence of paper topics that engages students in increasingly complicated intellectual tasks. A dialogic, inductive method of teaching and developing paper topics is detailed. Our approach supports students' movement from the personal and subjective toward autonomy and objectivity in their thinking and writing. to their paper topics, movement toward autonomy, and respect for individual differences.
Acute and subchronic toxicity of tetramethylcyclohexanes.

The acute oral toxicity in rats was estimated for seven isomers or isomeric ratios of tetramethylcyclohexane (TMCH). Lack of sufficient mortality at the highest dosage test (15.8 g/kg) precluded evaluation of an LD50 for mixed cis, trans-isomers of 1,2,3,4-TMCH, 1,2,3,5,-TMCH, 1,2,4,5-TMCH and 1,1,2,3-TMCH, for the separate cis- or trans-forms of 1,1,3,5-TMCH or a 1:1 mixture of c,t−1,1,3,5-TMCH and c,t−1,2,3,4-TMCH. Mixed (c,t-combined) isomeric TMCH was administered oraiiy to rats (30/group) and dogs (8/group) for 90 days at dietary levels of 0, 3000, 10 000 and 30 000 ppm TMCH and 0, 100, 300 and 1000 ppm TMCH, respectively. Administration of up to 30 000 TMCH to rats produced no discernible effects on survival, behavior, growth, food consumption, clinical blood picture or urine analysis. Absolute kidney weights of male but not female rats were elevated at all test levels. TMCH-related microscopic lesions were confined to the kidney of male rats in all treated groups. These histopathologic changes were characteristic of tubular nephrosis. No treatment-related effects were observed in groups of dogs fed up to 1000 ppm TMCH for 90 days.
Very efficient high-order hyperbolic schemes for time-dependent advection–diffusion problems: Third-, fourth-, and sixth-order

Abstract In this paper, we construct very efficient high-order schemes for general time-dependent advection–diffusion problems, based on the first-order hyperbolic system method. Extending the previous work on the second-order time-dependent hyperbolic advection–diffusion scheme (Mazaheri and Nishikawa, NASA/TM-2014-218175, 2014), we construct third-, fourth-, and sixth-order accurate schemes by modifying the source term discretization. In this paper, two techniques for the source term discretization are proposed; (1) reformulation of the source terms with their divergence forms and (2) correction to the trapezoidal rule for the source term discretization. We construct spatially third- and fourth-order schemes from the former technique. These schemes require computations of the gradients and second-derivatives of the source terms. From the latter technique, we construct spatially third-, fourth-, and sixth-order schemes by using the gradients and second-derivatives for the source terms, except the fourth-order scheme, which does not require the second derivatives of the source term and thus is even less computationally expensive than the third-order schemes. We then construct high-order time-accurate schemes by incorporating a high-order backward difference formula as a source term. These schemes are very efficient in that high-order accuracy is achieved for both the solution and the gradient only by the improved source term discretization. A very rapid Newton-type convergence is achieved by a compact second-order Jacobian formulation. The numerical results are presented for both steady and time-dependent linear and nonlinear advection–diffusion problems, demonstrating these powerful features.
A Review of: “Using SAS for Data Management, Statistical Analysis, and Graphics, by K. Kleinman and J. Horton, Boca Raton”

This book is a well-organized reference text that summarizes and illustrates SAS code and common SAS features most often used by statistical analysts and others engaged in research and data analysi...
Quantitation of Ketoconazole in Biological Fluids Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract □ A rapid, specific procedure is described for the quantitation of ketoconazole in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The procedure involves sample preparation using a reverse-phase C-18 cartridge prior to chromatography and quantitation using peak height ratios (UV absorbance detection, 231 nm) of ketoconazole to the internal standard, phenothiazine. A sensitivity of 0.2 μg/ml was achieved using a 0.5-ml sample. The mean recovery was 86.2%, and overall coefficient of variation of the procedure was 7.1%. This procedure has been used to determine ketoconazole levels in human serum, plasma, CSF, and synovial fluid. A comparison with a microbiological assay is presented, and adaptability of this procedure to quantitation by fluorescence to increase the sensitivity fivefold is discussed.
How SoTL-Active Faculty Members Can Be Cosmopolitan Assets to an Institution

Faculty members engaged in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning generate visible analyses of the learning taking place in their institutions, provide excellent models of practice for local colleagues, generate high-quality evidence for internal and external assessment, and offer accessible examples of quality education to prospective students. SoTL contributions of this kind should be nurtured by institutions as a basic expectation of high-quality instruction. I discuss these faculty contributions as assets derived from a cosmopolitan social role within their organizations, and I develop a recommendation for institutional strategy from that perspective.
A geometric approach to the quadratic reciprocity law

A geometric viewpoint of much broader potential yields a unified proof of the quadratic reciprocity law based on counting points on quadratic surfaces over finite prime fields.
The neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and implications for treatment.

Objective This article provides an overview of research on the neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and a selective review of treatment implications. Method Findings from a broad array of human and animal studies of early adversity were reviewed. Results Topics reviewed include neuroendocrine, neurotrophic, neuroimaging, and cognitive effects of adversity, as well as genetic and epigenetic influences. Effects of early-life stress on treatment outcome are considered, and development of treatments designed to address the neurobiological abnormalities is discussed. Conclusion Early adversity is associated with abnormalities of several neurobiological systems that are implicated in the development of psychopathology and other medical conditions. Early-life stress negatively impacts treatment outcome, and individuals may require treatments that are specific to this condition.
Picturing Casablanca: Portraits of Power in a Modern City

Picturing Casablanca: Portraits of Power in a Modern City. SUSAN OSSMAN. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. x + 246 pp., illustrations, glossary, notes, bibliography, index.
Genes and networks regulating root anatomy and architecture

The root is an excellent model for studying developmental processes that underlie plant anatomy and architecture. Its modular structure, the lack of cell movement and relative accessibility to microscopic visualization facilitate research in a number of areas of plant biology. In this review, we describe several examples that demonstrate how cell type-specific developmental mechanisms determine cell fate and the formation of defined tissues with unique characteristics. In the last 10 yr, advances in genome-wide technologies have led to the sequencing of thousands of plant genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. In parallel with the development of these high-throughput technologies, biologists have had to establish computational, statistical and bioinformatic tools that can deal with the wealth of data generated by them. These resources provide a foundation for posing more complex questions about molecular interactions, and have led to the discovery of new mechanisms that control phenotypic differences. Here we review several recent studies that shed new light on developmental processes, which are involved in establishing root anatomy and architecture. We highlight the power of combining large-scale experiments with classical techniques to uncover new pathways in root development.
An analysis of convergence delay in path vector routing protocols

Path vector routing protocols such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) are known to suffer from slow convergence following a change in the network topology or policy. Although a number of convergence enhancements have been proposed recently, there has been no general analytical framework to assess and compare the various proposed algorithms. In this paper we present such a general framework to analyze the upper bounds of path vector protocols' convergence delay under shortest path routing policy and single link failure. Our framework takes into account important factors such as network connectivity, failure location, and routing message processing delay. It can be used to analyze both standard BGP and all the proposed convergence improvement algorithms in the case of shortest path routing policy and single link failure. It enables us to obtain previously unavailable analytical results, including the delay bounds of path fail-over for standard BGP and its convergence enhancements. Our analysis shows that BGP fail-over delay bounds are mainly determined by two factors: (1) the distance between the failure location and the destination, and (2) the length of the longest alternate path to reach the destination after the failure. These two factors are captured formally by our analysis and can explain why existing convergence enhancements often provide only limited improvements in fail-over events. Moreover, explicitly modeling message processing delay reveals insights into the impacts of connectivity richness (i.e., node degree and total number of links in the network), and also the effectiveness of different enhancements. These new results enable one to better understand and compare the behavior of various path vector protocols under different topology structures, network sizes, and message delays.
Self-Assembled Monolayer of Short Carboxyl-Terminated Molecules Investigated with ex Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolated molecules have numerous potential applications and are ideal models for complex supramolecular systems. The structure of these two-dimensional crystals is not understood fully yet and deserves in-depth investigations. Here we show that a short carboxylic acid omega-terminated molecule (3-mercaptopropionic acid, MPA) forms highly ordered SAMs on Au(111) surfaces. Molecular resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images were taken at room temperature in air (ex situ). They showed a root 3 x root 3 unit cell that, when imaged at high set current, appears reconstructed as a c(4 x 2) superlattice. This structure is quantitatively the same as that of intermediate-length alkane thiols, but is different from the structure found previously for SAMs of the same molecule investigated with liquid-STM during the formation of the monolayer (in situ). This work highlights the possibility for a short omega-terminated molecule to form ordered monolayers over large areas with few defects.
Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Algebra Teachers and Changes in Both Types of Knowledge as a Result of Professional Development

In seeking to improve the mathematics education of all students, it is important to understand the connection between the content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of mathematics and how professionals can influence growth in both of these types of knowledge. We do not have an answer about the interplay of content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge in successful instructional practices in the mathematics classroom. This study involves assessing the content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of secondary teachers of Algebra I. In addition, how are these types of knowledge expressed in instructional practices? Last how do content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and instructional practices change as a result of professional development which gives attention to increasing both types of knowledge?
Detection of Leukemic Lymphoblasts in CSF Is Instrument-Dependent

Staging and monitoring of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) includes examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). At our institution, we noted an increased incidence of low-level leukemic blasts in CSF samples from patients with ALL. This increase coincided with a conversion from the Shandon CytoSpin 4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) to the Wescor Cytopro Rotor AC-060 (Wescor, Logan, UT). This study directly compared these 2 machines using patient samples and known concentrations of cultured leukemia cells. With patient samples, the Wescor Cytopro led to a 5- to 9-fold increase in the number of cells on a slide compared with the Shandon CytoSpin; furthermore, leukemic blasts were detected only with the Wescor Cytopro in 2 cases. Similar findings were observed using cultured leukemia cells. Thus, the detection of blasts in CSF is highly instrument-dependent. The newer, more sensitive cytocentrifuge machines identify blasts that were previously missed by older machines, but the clinical significance remains under investigation. The 5-year survival rate of pediatric patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has increased from 54.1% in the 1975-1977 period to 85.1% in the 1999-2005 period 1 because of numerous treatment advances. Despite this progress, approximately 1 in 5 patients will have a recurrence of ALL, including some as isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapses. High cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) blast count at initial diagnosis (CNS 3, cell count ≥5 WBCs/μL with blasts present) is correlated with a poorer prognosis. However, the prognostic significance of a lower blast count in the CSF (CNS 2a, cell count <5 WBCs/μL, <10 RBCs/μL, and blasts identifiable on cytocentrifuged samples) is unclear, with varying implications reported among different studies. 2-4 In either case, initial successful therapy includes the clearance of blasts from the CSF (CNS 1).
Phase II trial of combined irinotecan and oxaliplatin given every 3 weeks to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Both irinotecan and oxaliplatin are active agents in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, and there is a strong preclinical rationale for combining these 2 agents. Therefore, a Phase II trial was designed and conducted to determine the efficacy and tolerability of combined irinotecan and oxaliplatin given every 3 weeks to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS Patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer received irinotecan at a dose of 175 mg/m2 and oxaliplatin at a dose of 130 mg/m2, both given intravenously every 3 weeks. Objective responses were evaluated every 2 courses and were confirmed at least 4 weeks after the initial determination. RESULTS Fifty-five patients were enrolled and treated in the current trial. Of the 53 patients whose responses were evaluable, 18 (34%) achieved a partial response, 27 (51%) had stable disease, and 8 (15%) developed disease progression as their best response to the treatment. The intent-to-treat median survival for all patients was 16.4 months and the time to progression was 4.8 months. All 55 patients were available for toxicity analysis (according to version 2.0 of the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria). The most common Grade 3-4 toxic effect was neutropenia, which was reported to occur in 22 patients (40%). CONCLUSIONS The combination of irinotecan and oxaliplatin appears to be safe and active when used to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Treatment results with this regimen were similar to those reported for other combined frontline chemotherapy regimens for colorectal cancer. When this particular regimen wa used, neutropenia was found to be the predominant toxicity. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Correlation of FDG PET-CT with histologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas

10583 Background: Surrogate endpoints for survival are needed to allow rapid assessment of new therapies without doing lengthy studies using a survival endpoint. Non-invasive assessment of treatmen...