cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Structure of a Human Common Cold Virus (Rhinovirus 14) and its Functional Relations to Other Picornaviruses

Picornaviruses are associated with serious diseases in humans and other animals, and they comprise one of the largest families of viral pathogens. For example, the common cold, poliomyelitis, foot-and-mouth disease and hepatitis can be caused by these viruses. They are among the smallest RNA-containing animal viruses (1–3). Their molecular weight is a round 8.5 x 106 and they contain about 30% by weight RNA. Their external diameter is roughly 300 A and they form icosahedral shells. Picornaviridae have been subdivided into four genera on the basis of their buoyant density, pH stability and sedimentation coefficients: enterovirus (e . g . polio, hepatitis A and coxsackie viruses), cardiovirus (e .g . encephalomyocarditis and Mengo viruses), aphthovirus (e.g. foot-and-mouth disease virus) and rhinovirus . They differ also in the number of known serotypes. For instance there are three known serotypes for polioviruses, seven for foot-and- mouth disease viruses (FMDV) and at least 89 for human rhinoviruses (HRV). Accordingly, it has been possible to produce effective vaccines for poliomyelitis and, with greater difficulty , for foot-and-mouth disease, but not for the common cold.
PTH increases renal 25(OH)D3-1α-hydroxylase (CYP1α) mRNA but not renal 1,25(OH)2D3production in adult rats

The capacity of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] production declines with age in the rat. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether th...
Surface Characterization in Polymer/Metal Adhesion

Adhesion involves a detailed understanding of polymer synthesis and characterization, mechanics, and surfaces. This chapter reviews surface analysis and interphase analysis emphasizing polymer/metal systems. The interphase is a thin region between the bulk adherend and the bulk adhesive, as depicted in Figure 1. A surface oxide, either native or one produced by pre-treatment, is present on most metal adherends. A primer is often applied in a production process after pretreatment and before the application of an adhesive. Typical thicknesses for the oxide are 0.003–0.4 µm, for the primer 4 µm (0.16 mil), and for the adhesive 40 µm (1.6 mil). The interphase region is expected to have mechanical properties different from either the adherend or the adhesive. Measurement of these properties is important in understanding adhesion, for example, poorly durable bonds are often a consequence of poor interphase properties.(1,2) Thus, one of the frontier areas in adhesion science today is determining interphase properties.
PARTED BODIES, DEPARTED SOULS: THE BODY IN ANCIENT MEDICINE AND ANATOMY

It is common for persons in different disciplines to learn from one another. Though one may not have the necessary skills and resources for conducting proper scholarly inquiries in another’s discipline, one may yet uncover material of great interest there.1 So it is when the philosopher of medicine makes use of historical studies. It is always a hazardous matter when a philosopher transgresses disciplinary boundaries in this fashion. The hazard is doubled if he seeks to draw analogies between ancient and contemporary developments, given the radically different social and intellectual contexts in which these developments unfolded. Nonetheless, in a volume largely devoted to contemporary visions of the medical body — Cartesian, phenomenological, sociopolitical, and the like — I think there is some value to reflecting on the ancient roots of Western medicine, and noting that themes of currently hot debate have themselves had a long history. In the conflicts of the ancient schools we see questions raised which still are with us — the importance of generality and classification within medicine versus attention to the individuality of the patient; the bodily interior as the locus and cause of disease versus disease as arising in the interaction of self and world; the doctor’s experience as determinative of the medical encounter versus that of the patient, etc. I have tried neither to write an in-depth historical treatise, nor to develop fully the philosophical ramifications of these ancient debates. The former is beyond the scope of my training, the latter, beyond the scope of this work. Nevertheless, I hope what I here present will be suggestive to readers of this volume, and place some of its other articles in a broader context of cultural history. Given this limited aim, I am hopeful that my brief introduction to ancient medicine and its diverse views of the body will not unleash too harsh a critique from those more expert than I in the subtle, though always enchanting, entanglements of historical matters.2
Indirect Adaptive fuzzy Controller Design for a Rotational Inverted Pendulum

In this paper, an indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is introduced for controlling a nonlinear rotational inverted pendulum with time-varying parameters. In fact, choosing this type of controller is regarded as a wise choice since this particular system performance is highly sensitive to unavoidable unknown model changes. Hence, a conventional controller is firstly designed through feedback linearization method, and applied to the system. Feedback linearization method here is used for two purposes; to attain an approximation of necessary system dynamics and to assess the performance of the proposed adaptive fuzzy controller by comparing the results of both adaptive fuzzy and feedback linearization controllers. An indirect adaptive fuzzy controller, resistant to parameter variations is then proposed. The general structure of the adaptive controller is specified in the first stage. In the second stage, its parameters are regulated with the aid of two fuzzy systems. Parameters are regulated based on the Lyapunov stability theorem such that the closed loop system is stabilized and zero tracking error is attained. Finally, the results of the proposed and the conventional approaches are compared. Results proved that the adaptive fuzzy controller performed much more efficiently than the classical controller, especially against parameters variations.
Deployment trauma and seeking treatment for PTSD in US soldiers

Many service members in need of mental health treatment do not seek such treatment. This study investigated the frequency of Army soldiers’ exposure to specific types of deployment stressors and wh...
Coaching as Cornerstone: The Experience of Implementing a Leadership Development Plan

Billions of dollars are spent annually on programs to develop leadership in organizations, yet the effectiveness of these programs is poorly understood. Scholars advise that program value is enhanc...
Arming the Peace: Foreign Security Assistance and Human Rights Conditions in Post-Conflict Countries

What are the effects of foreign security assistance on the quality of the peace in post-conflict countries? Despite the stakes, and the tremendous amount of weaponry and other forms of foreign mili...
Transgender Athletes and the Queer Art of Athletic Failure

Fallon Fox became the first openly transgender fighter in professional mixed-martial arts (MMA) in 2013. Her outing elicited fervent responses from the MMA community, reflecting the barriers many t...
Low Genetic Diversity Suggests the Recent Introduction of Dogwood Powdery Mildew to North America.

Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) is a popular understory tree endemic to the eastern hardwood forests of the United States. In 1996, dogwood powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pulchra, an obligate...
Atmospheric Storage Tank Emission Estimates: Understanding the Calculation Basis and Effects of Uncertainty in Meteorological Inputs

AbstractEmissions from organic liquids stored in atmospheric tanks were estimated using semiempirical equations developed by the USEPA and implemented in Microsoft Excel® in order to study the effe...
Case 8: A Complication with the Use of the Intubating Fiberscope

A 40-year-old man (65 kg, 5 ft 8 in.) is scheduled for a transoral decompression and posterior fixation of an atlanto-axial dislocation. He is otherwise healthy and has no lung disease.
What Can Economists Do? Appreciative Theory, Market Design, and Open Systems

F.A. Hayek argues that the best that economics can hope for is “explanation of the principle” of complex economic systems, arguing against the feasibility of precise prediction and thus of successful economic planning. However, subsequent work in economics, often under the heading of Market Design, has claimed some ability to design the contours of action situations for success. This essay attempts to resolve this apparent contradiction. We argue that Hayek is essentially correct about the limits of knowledge about broad-scale economic systems, but that local conditions are often close enough to closure to allow for more specific predictions and thus control. The distinction between the open system level and the somewhat closed local level is roughly analogous to the distinction between general equilibrium and partial equilibrium. We then distinguish between economic knowledge that is useful for experts and that which is useful for citizens.
One‐Dimensional Birth‐Death Process and Delbrück‐Gillespie Theory of Mesoscopic Nonlinear Chemical Reactions

As a mathematical theory for the stochastic, nonlinear dynamics of individuals within a population, Delbruck-Gillespie process (DGP) is a birth–death system with state-dependent rates which contain the system size V as a natural parameter. For large V, it is intimately related to an autonomous, nonlinear ODE as well as a diffusion process. For nonlinear dynamical systems with multiple attractors, the quasi-stationary and stationary behavior of such a birth–death process can be understood in terms of a separation of time scales by a T*∼eαV (α > 0): a relatively fast, intra-basin diffusion for t≪T* and a much slower inter-basin Markov jump process for t≫T*. In this paper for one-dimensional systems, we study both stationary behavior (t=∞) in terms of invariant distribution , and finite time dynamics in terms of the mean first passsage time (MFPT) . We obtain an asymptotic expression of MFPT in terms of the “stochastic potential”. We show in general no continuous diffusion process can provide asymptotically accurate representations for both the MFPT and the for a DGP. When n1 and n2 belong to two different basins of attraction, the MFPT yields the T*(V) in terms of Φ (x, V) ≈φ0(x) + (1/V)φ1(x). For systems with saddle-node bifurcations and catastrophe, discontinuous “phase transition” emerges, which can be characterized by Φ (x, V) in the limit of . In terms of timescale separation, the relation between deterministic local nonlinear bifurcations, and stochastic global phase transition is discussed. The one-dimensional theory is a pedagogic first step toward a general theory of DGP.
Detecting Usable Planar Regions for Legged Robot Locomotion

Awareness of the environment is essential for mobile robots. Perception for legged robots requires high levels of reliability and accuracy in order to walk stably in the types of complex, cluttered environments we are interested in. In this paper, we present a usable environmental perception algorithm designed to detect steppable areas and obstacles for the autonomous generation of desired footholds for legged robots. To produce an efficient representation of the environment, the proposed perception algorithm is desired to cluster point cloud data to planar regions composed of convex polygons. We describe in this paper the end-to-end pipeline from data collection to generation of the regions, where we first compose an octree in order to create a more efficient data representation. We then group the leaves in the tree using a nearest neighbor search into a planar region, which is composed of the concave hull of points that is decomposed into convex polygons. We present a variety of environments, and illustrate the usability of this approach by the Atlas humanoid robots walking over rough terrain. We also discuss various challenges we faced and insights we gained in the development of this approach.
Electric field control of magnetism: multiferroics and magnetoelectrics

This article is written on behalf of a large number of colleagues, collaborators, and researchers in the field of complex oxides as well as current and former students and postdocs who continue to enable and undertake cutting-edge research in the field of multiferroics, magnetoelectrics, and the pursuit of electric-field control of magnetism. What we present is something that is extremely exciting from both a fundamental science and applications perspective and has the potential to revolutionize our world. Needless to say, to realize this potential will require numerous new innovations, both in the fundamental science arena as well as translating these scientific discoveries into real applications. Thus, this article will attempt to bridge the gap between fundamental condensed-matter physics and the actual manifestations of the physical concepts into real-life applications. We hope this article will help spur more translational research within the broad materials physics community.
Cecal retroflexion is infrequently performed in routine practice and the retroflexed view is of poor quality.

Background As right colon polyps are challenging to detect, a retroflexed view of right colon (RV) may be useful. However, cecal retroflexion (CR) without a RV to the hepatic flexure (HF) is inadequate. We aimed to determine the frequency of CR and quality of the RV in routine practice. Methods This prospective observational study performed at an academic medical center assessed colonoscopy inspection technique of endoscopists who had performed ≥ 100 annual screening colonoscopies. We video recorded ≥ 28 screening/surveillance colonoscopies per endoscopist and randomly evaluated 7 videos per endoscopist. Six gastroenterologists blindly reviewed the videos to determine if CR was performed and HF withdrawal time (cecum to HF time, excluding ileal/polypectomy time). Results Reviewers assessed 119 colonoscopies performed by 17 endoscopists. The median HF withdrawal time was 3 min and 46 s. CR was performed in 31% of colonoscopies. CR frequency varied between endoscopists with 9 never performing CR and 2 performing CR in all colonoscopies. When performed, nearly half (43%) of RVs did not extend to the HF with median RV duration of 16 s (IQR 9-30 s). Three polyps were identified in the RV (polyp detection rate of 8.1%), all identified prior to a forward view. Conclusions CR is performed infrequently in routine practice. When CR is performed, the RV is of low quality with a very short inspection duration and insufficient ascending colon examination. Further education is required to educate endoscopists in optimal technique to improve overall colonoscopy quality.
Growth parameters in northern largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides salmoides raised near their upper thermal tolerance for 28 days

Abstract This study assessed growth, feed conversion efficiency, and fatty acid composition of three size classes of northern largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides salmoides (80 g, 105 g, and 137 g) subjected to a 35 °C water temperature for 28 days. A completely randomized design was conducted, with ten fish per tank and treatments triplicated. The trial was conducted in 180-L tanks in a recirculating system. Fish were fed a commercial diet formulated for largemouth bass consisting of 48% protein and 18% lipid at approximately 0800 and 1500 h daily. The experimental period lasted for 28 days. Water temperature was a significant contributor to the feeding and growth results observed in this study. While the 137 g group did experience some growth, the observed growth was not biologically significant during this study. The percent body weight consumed by all treatment groups was less than 0.21% day −1. Feed conversion was best for the 137 g group at 4.0 ± 0.44 compared to 5.5 ± 2.57 and 5.8 ± 2.77 for the 80 g and 105 g groups, respectively. Fatty acid profiles of the groups remained similar except eicosapentaenoic acid, which was lower in the 80 g fish. This study was the first to examine the growth of northern largemouth bass at temperatures exceeding 32 °C and suggest extended periods of exposure to 35 °C or higher water temperatures resulted in thermal stress and the inability of these fish to grow at the rates necessary to make them profitable for commercial producers.
Assessment of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS): intra-rater and inter-rater reliability

Abstract The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is a framework for classifying and analyzing human factors associated with accidents and incidents. The purpose of the present study was to examine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the HFACS data classification process. Methods A total 125 safety professionals from a variety of industries were recruited from a series of two-day HFACS training workshops. Participants classified 95 real-world causal factors (five causal factors for each of the 19 HFACS categories) extracted from a variety of industrial accidents. Inter-rater reliability of the HFACS coding process was evaluated by comparing performance across participants immediately following training and intra-rater reliability was evaluated by having the same participants repeat the coding process following a two-week delay. Results Krippendorff’s Alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the coding process across the various HFACS levels and categories. Results revealed the HFACS taxonomy to be reliable in terms of inter- and intra-rater reliability, with the latter producing slightly higher Alpha values. Conclusion Results support the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the HFACS framework but also reveal additional opportunities for improving HFACS training and implementation.
A Review of: “From Urban Enclave to Ethnic Suburb: New Asian Communities in Pacific Rim Countries”

In the last several decades, Asian migration within the Pacific Rim has created new and complex cultural, economic, and political landscapes. From Urban Enclave to Ethnic Suburb focuses on these em...
Myofiber damage precedes macrophage infiltration after contraction-induced injury in dysferlin-null muscle (731.3)

Mutations in the DYSF gene that encodes the protein, dysferlin, lead to late-onset, human muscular dystrophies known as dysferlinopathies. The A/J mouse spontaneously develops a mild dysferlinopathy after 6 months of age and at younger ages models the subclinical phase of the human disease. We subjected 3-4 month old A/J mice to in vivo large-strain lengthening injury (LSI) from lengthening contractions and studied the role of inflammation in the onset of muscle damage and recovery thereafter. We show that post-LSI, myofiber damage in the tibialis anterior muscle occurs prior to inflammatory cell infiltration. Indeed, most edema and inflammation, monitored by T2-weighted MRI and by immunofluorescence labeling of neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, develops 24-72 hr after LSI, well after the appearance of damaged myofibers. The cytokines IL-1A, MCP-1, and MCSF are elevated several-fold at 72 hr after injury, consistent with extensive macrophage infiltration. Control A/WySnJ mice show much less myofi...
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE INHERENTLY INVOLVE FAMILY AND STAFF

Advance directives (ADs) have a pivotal role in the practice of clinical nephrology. The following discussion reviews our own viewpoint, drawing on the present literature and on many case anecdotes from our own practice. The review focuses on (1) the intrinsic value of ADs; (2) the impact of family and staff on clinical outcome in general; (3) family relationships and medical decision-making, especially in the area of ADs; (4) the importance of communication within families and between families and staff, as characterized in "family meetings"; and (5) the power of reconciliation when family members and staff "let go." In the final analysis, ADs present the opportunity for approaching medical decision making in a manner that can lessen the stress of making difficult decisions for the patient and even promote peace of mind for all concerned family and staff.
Information fusion for natural and man-made disasters

The Center for Multisource Information Fusion (CMIF) at the University at Buffalo is in the early stages of a multi-year research program addressing information fusion (IF) to support crisis-center decision-makers dealing with post-event situations for both earthquakes (a natural disaster) and chemical attacks (a man-made disaster). This paper describes the overall strategic approach to this research program, to include the need for: careful domain analysis, developing representative data sets, an effectiveness-oriented approach to the evaluation of the derived IF technology, and a strategy for assessing IF technique robustness. Examples are given, of the research in: techniques for data generation, data association techniques for highly-disparate and latent data, dynamic vehicle routing, modeling of hospital decision-making operations, and initial IF-based concepts for inferring the state of lifeline-infrastructure systems as "situational estimates". Plans for out-year research will also be discussed, as well as interactions with industrial partners.
Radial Solutions to a Dirichlet Problem Involving Critical Exponents when N=6

In this paper we show that, for each λ > 0, the set of radially symmetric solutions to the boundary value problem −∆u(x) = λu(x) + u(x)|u(x)|, x ∈ B := {x ∈ R : ‖x‖ < 1}, u(x) = 0, x ∈ ∂B, is bounded. Moreover, we establish geometric properties of the branches of solutions bifurcating from zero and from infinity.
Daughters Caring for Their Aging Mothers

This paper examines the developmental crisis for women at midlife of caring for an aging parent. It is based upon the authors' clinical experiences in outpatient settings. Developmental theory is used to explicate the clinical process. Parent caring is seen as an opportunity for grieving parental shortcomings and achieving a better adaptation.
Congenital heart disease in 49, XXXXY syndrome.

Since the initial report of the 49,XXXXY karyotype nearly 15 years ago, 86 cases have been reported in the world literature. The major features of the syndrome have been noted to be a triad of skeletal anomalies, hypogenitalism, and moderate-to-severe mental retardation. Among the less commonly associated abnormalities has been congenital heart disease, reported to have been seen in no more than 14 cases. The most frequently described lesion has been patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). We have recently seen two patients with the 49,XXXXY syndrome with associated congenital heart disease. This communication describes these two patients and reviews the literature to attempt to determine the actual frequency and types of congenital heart disease seen in this syndrome.
Earth dating by ion probe

The ion microprobe is an instrument that is finally coming into its own in isotope and trace-element analysis of particulate mineral samples. The idealized ion microprobe would be able to analyze sample volumes of less than one cubic micrometer. The analysis would include major-element bulk composition and the chemical formula of the mineral being analyzed. More essential, the analysis would also contain trace-element composition and isotopic abundances because the ion microprobe employs a mass spectrograph as its analytical device. Ideally then, an investigator would be able to obtain major-, minor-, and trace-element data and be able to date geologically a small portion of a mineral crystal instantaneously and simultaneously. That this ideal is being realized today is evident in the recent results of W. Compston and colleagues at the Australian National University. Compston et al. have dated zircon crystals from Mount Narrayer in western Australia at 4.2 billion years, the oldest date of a terrestrial sample (New Scientist May 19, 1983). How these dates will stand up vis a vis the oldest whole-rock dates (3.8 billion years for samples from West Greenland) remains to be seen. The Mount Narrayer date is for single grains extracted from a sedimentary rock. The Greenland whole-rock dates were obtained by more conventional, though nonetheless state-of-the-art, mass-spectrometry techniques.
Nonoverlapping Domain Decomposition with Second Order Transmission Condition for the Time-Harmonic Maxwell's Equations

Nonoverlapping domain decomposition methods have been shown to provide efficient iterative algorithms for the solution of the time-harmonic Maxwell's equations. Convergence of the algorithms depends strongly upon the nature of the transmission conditions that communicate information between adjacent subdomains. In this work, we introduce a new second order transmission condition that improves convergence. In contrast to previous high order interface conditions, the new condition uses two second order transverse derivatives to improve the convergence of evanescent modes without deteriorating the convergence of propagating modes. An analysis using a splitting of the field into traverse electric and magnetic components demonstrates the improved convergence provided by the transmission condition. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Cilansetron: A New Selective Serotonin Type 3 (5-HT3)-Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Males and Females:

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a significant problem that affects a large proportion of the US population. The past several years have seen advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology associated with IBS and the development of new therapies. Older therapies have few well-designed clinical studies to support their use. The older studies tended to evaluate the impact of therapy on only one symptom and were ineffective at improving the overall symptomology in this functional disorder. In addition, the older drugs tended to produce side effects that often led to discontinuation of the therapy. Newer therapies, such as the FDA approved serotonergic agents (eg, alosetron and tegaserod), target abnormalities in gut physiology seen in IBS and not just the symptomatic presentation of the disease. In women, these medications have shown to be effective treatments for IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) and IBS with constipation (IBS-C). Pending FDA approval, cilansetron represents the second 5-HT3 antagonist for t...
Identification and Inactivation of Three Group 2 Sigma Factor Genes in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

Three new Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 genes encoding group 2 alternative sigma factors have been cloned and characterized. Insertional inactivation of sigD, sigE, and sigF genes did not affect growth on nitrate under standard laboratory conditions but did transiently impair the abilities of sigD and sigE mutant strains to establish diazotrophic growth. A sigD sigE double mutant, though proficient in growth on nitrate and still able to differentiate into distinct proheterocysts, was unable to grow diazotrophically due to extensive fragmentation of filaments upon nitrogen deprivation. This double mutant could be complemented by wild-type copies of sigD or sigE, indicating some degree of functional redundancy that can partially mask phenotypes of single gene mutants. However, the sigE gene was required for lysogenic development of the temperate cyanophage A-4L. Several other combinations of double mutations, especially sigE sigF, caused a transient defect in establishing diazotrophic growth, manifested as a strong and prolonged bleaching response to nitrogen deprivation. We found no evidence for developmental regulation of the sigma factor genes. luxAB reporter fusions with sigD, sigE, and sigF all showed slightly reduced expression after induction of heterocyst development by nitrogen stepdown. Phylogenetic analysis of cyanobacterial group 2 sigma factor sequences revealed that they fall into several subgroups. Three morphologically and physiologically distant strains, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002, and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 each contain representatives of four subgroups. Unlike unicellular strains, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 has three additional group 2 sigma factors that cluster in subgroup 2.5b, which is perhaps specific for filamentous or heterocystous cyanobacteria.
Electrolyte and energy changes following parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic stimulation in submandibular salivary glands of rats treated with reserpine.

Abstract Rats treated with 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day of reserpine for 7 days and untreated controls were anaesthetized. Salivary secretion was elicited by intraperitoneal injections of pilocarpine, carbamylcholine, phenylephrine and isoproterenol. The submandibular glands were analysed for their total Na, K and Ca content or for their total ATP, ADP and AMP content. ( 3 H)-inulin was used to determine the intracellular and extracellular space in the glands from both groups of animals. Total glandular water content, the percentage of extracellular water and intracellular water, and the percentage of total glandular water in the extracellular space of both groups of animals were similar. Pre-treatment with reserpine resulted in ion changes and some minor energy changes in the glands following stimulation with either parasympathomimetic or sympathomimetic agonists.
Application of Manganese Fertilizer with Postemergence Soybean Herbicides

Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown on Mn deficient soils typically exhibits symptoms of Mn deficiency as interveinal chlorosis during early vegetative growth. Manganese sulfate is commonly applied as a foliar spray to correct the deficiency. The need for foliar applied Mn often coincides with the timing of postemergence herbicide application. The feasibility of tank mixing manganese sulfate with postemergence herbicides was evaluated on Mn-deficient Holmdel sandy loams (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic hapludult) near Adelphia, NJ, and Mn-sufficient Sassafras sandy loams (fine loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapuldult) near Bridgeton, NJ, to study crop nutrition and weed control interactions. Manganese sulfate was foliar applied at growth stage V3 at 0, 0.5, and 2.0 lb Mn/acre alone or tank mixed with the herbicides acifluofen, chlorimuron ethyl, imazethapyr, and bentazon. Maturity group IV cultivars Midstates 395 and Agripro 4100 were grown at Adelphia and Bridgeton, respectively. Application of manganese sulfate alone or tank-mixed with herbicides did not influence the effectiveness of manganese sulfate to correct Mn deficiency. The 2.0 lb Mn/acre rate generally increased plant tissue Mn more effectively and alleviated Mn deficiency more completely than the 0.5 Ib Mn rate. The addition of manganese sulfate to postemergence herbicides did not influence crop injury or weed control.
Validation of the Inventory of Teaching Challenges for Inclusive Physical Education: Autism Spectrum Disorders

The study developed and provided evidence of content validity, internal consistency, and factor structure of the Inventory of Teaching Challenges for Inclusive Physical Education (ITC-IPE) with children with autism spectrum disorders. Content validity of the ITC-IPE was established by seven content experts. A background questionnaire and the ITC-IPE were administered to two samples: a pilot sample of 220 certified physical educators and a validation sample of 253 certified physical educators. Teachers rated teaching challenges using a difficulty scale and a frequency scale. Findings revealed four factors (task-related challenges, social behavior challenges, environmental challenges, and challenges related to narrow interest and inflexibility), which explained 60% of the variance for both scales. Internal consistency ranged between .88 and .94. All factors were inter-correlated.
Is ‘second-look’ (re-staging) transurethral resection of bladder tumours a new standard of care?

Transurethral resection (TUR) is the essential surgical procedure used to diagnose, stage and treat nonmuscle-invasive (NMIBC) bladder tumours. TUR of bladder tumours is a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic operation. TUR aims to provide adequate specimen material to determine the histological type and grade of bladder tumours, to determine the presence and depth of tumour invasion, and to remove visible and microscopic superficial and invasive tumours. The findings are used to direct further therapy, dictate follow-up schedules, and indicate prognosis [1]. Although TUR is a common operation familiar to most urologists, it is a stochastic procedure subject to unquantifiable variables related to the surgeon, tumour and pathology; as a result, its diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are not always achieved. To overcome these limitations, a second-look, or re-resection 2–6 weeks after an initial TUR has been incorporated more frequently into clinical practice, especially for high-risk tumours. The European Association of Urology guidelines recommend a repeat TUR in all patients with stage T1 or high-grade tumours [2]. We believe a second-look TUR should be considered the new standard of care for high-risk NMIBC.
Fast food and neighborhood stroke risk

Objective: To investigate the association between the number of fast food restaurants and ischemic stroke in neighborhoods. Methods: This work was a prespecified part of the Brain Attack in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project. Ischemic stroke cases were prospectively ascertained in Nueces County, Texas. Home addresses were geocoded and used to establish the census tract for each stroke case. Census tracts were used as proxies for neighborhoods (n 64). Using a standard definition, fast food restaurants were identified from a commercial list. Poisson regression was used to study the association between the number of fast food restaurants in the neighborhood, using a 1-mile buffer around each census tract, and the risk of stroke in the neighborhood. Models were adjusted for demographics and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Results: There were 1,247 completed ischemic strokes from January 2000 through June 2003 and 262 fast food restaurants. The median number of fast food restaurants per census tract including buffer was 22 (interquartile range, 12–33). Adjusting for neighborhood demographics and SES, the association of fast food restaurants with stroke was significant ( p 0.02). The association suggested that the risk of stroke in a neighborhood increased by 1% for every fast food restaurant (relative risk, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 –1.01). The relative risk of stroke comparing neighborhoods in the 75th to the 25th percentile of the distribution of fast food restaurants was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.02–1.25). Interpretation: Controlling for demographic and SES factors, there was a significant association between fast food restaurants and stroke risk in neighborhoods in this community-based study.
Double pair comparison—A new method to determine how occupant characteristics affect fatality risk in traffic crashes

A new method to determine how occupant characteristics affect fatality risk in traffic crashes is developed. The method, which uses data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), focuses on two occupants, a "subject" occupant and an "other" occupant. The probabilities of a fatality to the subject occupant when that occupant has one of two characteristics are compared. The other occupant serves essentially a normalizing, or exposure estimating, role. The method uses only fatality frequency data--no external exposure information is required, and it is relatively free from uncertain assumptions. It has wide applicability; examples of potential applications include investigating car occupant fatality risk as a function of sex, age, alcohol use or motorcyclist fatality risk as a function of helmet use. The first application is to determining the effectiveness of safety belts in preventing car occupant fatalities, as described in the paper following this paper.
Confidence Intervals for Effect Sizes Confidence Intervals about Score Reliability Coefficients, Please: An EPM Guidelines Editorial

Confidence intervals for reliability coefficients can be estimated in various ways. The present article illustrates a variety of these applications. This guidelines editorial also promulgates a request that EPM authors report confidence intervals for reliability estimates whenever they report score reliabilities and note what interval estimation methods they have used. This will reinforce reader understanding that all statistical estimates, including those for score reliability, are affected by sampling error variance. And these requirements may also facilitate understanding that tests are not impregnated with invariant reliability as a routine part of printing.
Multivalent Viral Capsids with Internal Cargo for Fibrin Imaging

Thrombosis is the cause of many cardiovascular syndromes and is a significant contributor to life-threatening diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Thrombus targeted imaging agents have the capability to provide molecular information about pathological clots, potentially improving detection, risk stratification, and therapy of thrombosis-related diseases. Nanocarriers are a promising platform for the development of molecular imaging agents as they can be modified to have external targeting ligands and internal functional cargo. In this work, we report the synthesis and use of chemically functionalized bacteriophage MS2 capsids as biomolecule-based nanoparticles for fibrin imaging. The capsids were modified using an oxidative coupling reaction, conjugating ∼90 copies of a fibrin targeting peptide to the exterior of each protein shell. The ability of the multivalent, targeted capsids to bind fibrin was first demonstrated by determining the impact on thrombin-mediated clot formation. The modified capsids out-performed the free peptides and were shown to inhibit clot formation at effective concentrations over ten-fold lower than the monomeric peptide alone. The installation of near-infrared fluorophores on the interior surface of the capsids enabled optical detection of binding to fibrin clots. The targeted capsids bound to fibrin, exhibiting higher signal-to-background than control, non-targeted MS2-based nanoagents. The in vitro assessment of the capsids suggests that fibrin-targeted MS2 capsids could be used as delivery agents to thrombi for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
Unconfined fluid electrospun into high quality nanofibers from a plate edge

We demonstrate an easily-implemented, edge-plate geometry for electrospinning and produce high quality nanofibers from unconfined polymer fluids. We show that for electrospinning in general, the electric field gradient, not just the electric field amplitude, is a critical parameter for successful self-initiated jetting. Considering a single spinning site, the edge-plate configuration resulted in the same or a higher fabrication rate as traditional needle electrospinning, while producing nanofibers similar in quality (diameter, diameter distribution, and collected mat porosity); moreover, this novel configuration operates without the possibility of clogging and has high potential for scale-up. We analyze the fundamental physical processes which underlie edge-plate electrospinning, including electric field, working distance, and feed rate dependence and the resultant changes to the linear and whipping regions, and thus to the fiber diameter. We conclude that the edge-plate configuration functions in a remarkably similar manner to traditional needle electrospinning.
Sensitivity Analysis of Borehole TEM for Monitoring a Subsurface Carbon Dioxide Flood

A study has been conducted to determine the sensitivity of borehole transient electromagnetic measurements to a carbon dioxide flood. Current density and distribution, magnetic field sensitivities, and magnetic field amplitudes have been analyzed for a Bzz and coplanar Bxx transmitterreceiver configuration. Interpretation of the results indicates that borehole TEM is sensitive to a resistive CO2 injection into a conductive layer.
Isoperoxidases from tobacco tissue cultures

Abstract Two anodic isoperoxidases (A1 and A2) from tobacco tissue culture W-38 and two cathodic isoperoxidases (C3 and C4) from tobacco suspension culture WR-132 have been separated and characterized. Molecular weights for each of the isoperoxidases have been determined by two different methods. Only C4 contained a carbohydrate component. The substrate specificity and the pH optima for the four enzymes with each of five substrates were determined.
Large Field-of-View Interferometers for Environmental Sensing

The interferometer-spectrometer is an exceptionally powerful instrument for remotely sensing optical emission spectra associated with the environment. However, when a conventional Michelson interferometer is operated at high spectral resolution, a very narrow viewing field results. For the sensing of emissions which have a significant spatial distribution, which is often the case for environmental species, optical compensation can be employed to open up the field of view. The resulting reduction in observation time for the compensated relative to the uncompensated interferometer is R294/4. For a practical instrument using prism-type compensator elements, the viewing field can be extended to more than ten degrees full angle. Consequently, the observation time required to obtain a spectrum is reduced by more than two orders of magnitude.
Polyanion-mediated mineralization — assembly and reorganization of acidic polysaccharides in the Golgi system of a coccolithophorid alga during mineral deposition

Immunolocalization of two highly acidic polysaccharides (PS-1 and PS-2) in a calcifying algaPleurochrysis carterae is described throughout the mineralization process, from before crystal nucleation through the cessation of crystal growth. This unicellular coccolithophorid alga is a useful model for mineralization because it produces calcified scales known as coccoliths in homogeneous cell culture. PS-1 and PS-2 were localized in the crystal coats of mature coccoliths and in electron dense Golgi particles. The polyanions are synthesized in medial Golgi cisternae and co-aggregate with calcium ions into discrete 25 nm particles. Particle-laden vesicles bud from cisternal margins and fuse with a coccolith-forming saccule containing an organic oval-shaped scale which forms the base of the future coccolith. The particles are localized on the base before the onset of mineral deposition and are present in the coccolith saccule throughout the period of crystal (CaCO3) nucleation and growth. During the final phase of coccolith formation, the particles disappear, and the mature crystals acquire an amorphous coat containing PS-1 and PS-2 polysaccharides which remain with the mineral phase after the coccoliths are extruded from the cell. Postulated mechanisms of polyanion-mediated mineralization are reviewed and their relevance to the calcification of coccoliths is addressed.
X-Ray-Induced Photoconductivity in Dielectric Films

We have measured the conductivity induced in films of polyethylene, epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, and glass by x rays at dose rates between 109 and 1010 rad/sec (dose in air). The films were 0.05 to 1.25 mm thick. The x-ray spectrum peaked in the vicinity of 10 keV, and the x-ray pulse width was about 40 nsec FWHM. X-ray induced photocurrents were found to obey Ohm's law at low bias voltages (less than 1 kV). Above 1 kV, however, we observed that the peak photoconductivity signals from some of the 0.05-mm-thick materials began to increase at a slightly faster than linear rate with bias voltage. The glass samples exhibited no apparent delayed conductivity, while the other sample materials showed various amounts. The magnitude of the delayed conductivity in polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide depended on the electric field, an effect that is consistent with Poole-Frenkel field assisted carrier generation. We have qualitatively described the magnitude and time dependence of the conductivity signals by a simple trapping model, using reasonable values for mobility, trap density, capture cross sections and trap depths.
A New Packing Density Bound in 3-Space

It is shown that every compact convex set K which is centrally symmetric and has a non-empty interior admits a lattice packing of Euclidean 3-space with density greater than or equal to 0.53835.... This is an improvement of the result in [8], which achieved a bound of 0.46421.... Minkowski combinations and the Brunn-Minkowski inequality are used in conjunction with the construction in [8] to achieve a better result.
The modeling of overloaded elution band profiles in supercritical fluid chromatography

Three methods were used to analyze elution bands of methanol on silica, using pure CO2 as the eluent. The results of these analyses were applied to calculate overloaded elution band profiles in supercritical fluid chromatography. The results obtained are compared. To ensure that the mobile phase density varies widely along the column bed, high volumetric flow rates of the mobile phase (CO2) were applied to two columns packed with neat, porous silica. Then, even a slight error made in the determination of the isotherm parameters or during the numerical calculations should be magnified compared to those obtained with a low pressure drop along the column. During the determination of the isotherms of adsorption of methanol from liquid carbon dioxide onto silica, the inlet and outlet pressure of the column, the mass flow rate and the temperature were monitored continuously. Based on these parameters, overloaded elution bands were calculated numerically using three calculation methods. The results are compared with experimental ones.
Sugar-Driven Prebiotic Synthesis of Ammonia from Nitrite

Reaction of 3–5 carbon sugars, glycolaldehyde, and α-ketoaldehydes with nitrite under mild anaerobic aqueous conditions yielded ammonia, an essential substrate for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules during abiogenesis. Under the same conditions, ammonia synthesis was not driven by formaldehyde, glyoxylate, 2-deoxyribose, and glucose, a result indicating that the reduction process requires an organic reductant containing either an accessible α-hydroxycarbonyl group or an α-dicarbonyl group. Small amounts of aqueous Fe+3 catalyzed the sugar-driven synthesis of ammonia. The glyceraldehyde concentration dependence of ammonia synthesis, and control studies of ammonia’s reaction with glyceraldehyde, indicated that ammonia formation is accompanied by incorporation of part of the synthesized ammonia into sugar-derived organic products. The ability of sugars to drive the synthesis of ammonia is considered important to abiogenesis because it provides a way to generate photochemically unstable ammonia at sites of sugar-based origin-of-life processes from nitrite, a plausible prebiotic nitrogen species.
Dynamics of optical solitons with dispersion-management

Abstract The variational principle is employed to study chirped solitons that propagate through optical fibers and is governed by the dispersion-managed nonlinear Schrodinger's equation. Here, in this paper, we have considered both kinds of fibers namely polarization preserving and birefringent type. The study is extended to obtain the adiabatic evolution of the parameters of such solitons in presence of perturbation terms for both types of fibers.
An Interpretation of the Least Squares Regression Surface

Abstract A pedagogically useful interpretation of the least squares regression surface is offered. In particular, it is shown that the least squares hyperplane can be viewed as the weighted average of all of the possible hyperplanes that can be formed by observational set combinations. The appropriate weighting scheme is developed, and two examples are presented. Furthermore, the notions of robustness and influential observations are simply explained.