cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing phylogenies from allozyme data: comparing method performance with congruence

Abstract Allozyme data are widely used to infer the phylogenies of populations and closely-related species. Numerous parsimony, distance, and likelihood methods have been proposed for phylogenetic analysis of these data; the relative merits of these methods have been debated vigorously, but their accuracy has not been well explored. In this study, I compare the performance of 13 phylogenetic methods (six parsimony, six distance, and continuous maximum likelihood) by applying a congruence approach to eight allozyme data sets from the literature. Clades are identified that are supported by multiple data sets other than allozymes (e.g. morphology, DNA sequences), and the ability of different methods to recover these «known» clades is compared. The results suggest that (1) distance and likelihood methods generally outperform parsimony methods, (2) methods that utilize frequency data tend to perform well, and (3) continuous maximum likelihood is among the most accurate methods, and appears to be robust to violations of its assumptions. These results are in agreement with those from recent simulation studies, and help provide a basis for empirical workers to choose among the many methods available for analysing allozyme characters.
Renovating Pastures with Glyphosate Tolerant Soybeans

Pasture renovation is expensive because of lost production, costs for eliminating existing vegetation by tillage or herbicides, and direct replanting costs. Reducing costs, reducing risk of failure, and producing income from pasture land during renovation can significantly increase the profitability of improving pastures. Technology developed for soybean production can be used to renovate pasture. Roundup Ready (glyphosate-resistant) technology can be used to eliminate existing vegetation, produce income from soybeans during renovation, and prepare a good seedbed for replanting areas to forages. The goal of pasture renovation is to replace plants that do not fit your needs with forages better suited to your pasture needs. The first step is to eliminate undesirable plants with tillage or herbicides. Herbicides can significantly reduce producer’s energy input costs and soil erosion. Planting a glyphosate-tolerant soybean crop enables the use of glyphosate for weed control. This process maintains pasture residue on site, reduces soil erosion and desiccation, and produces income during renovation. Soybeans are preferable to corn because soybeans provide residual nitrogen, produce an excellent seedbed for no-till planting, and leave sufficient residue to protect the soil without interfering with seeding. We conduct grazing research and regularly use glyphosate-tolerant soybeans to replace research pastures and forage research fields. Based on our experience, we have developed some guidelines for successfully using glyphosate-tolerant soybeans for pasture renovation.
The Development of the Integument Spatial, Temporal, and Phylogenetic Factors

SYNOPSIS The development of hair teeth and feathers is leviewed in the context ot experimental manipulation of dermal epideimal interactions The inductive role of the del mis is described, and the consequences of altering the ages and sources of the interacting tissue components is demonstrated The importance of examining the developmental capibilities of these tissues after disruption of the dermal epidermal inteiface as well as in intact explants is discussed In addition the role of the basement membrane m establishing and stabilizing integumental denvatrves and the role of collagen synthesis and depositionis examined
Raising Response Rates: What Works?.

This chapter discusses the theoretical literature on why people choose to respond to a survey and reviews the latest empirical research on how survey administration and the characteristics of a survey affect response rates.
Counting the Costs of Drug-Related Adverse Events

Adverse drug events occur frequently and lead to a significant number of fatalities each year. It has been estimated that fatalities directly attributable to adverse drug reactions are the fourth to sixth leading cause of death in US hospitals, exceeding deaths caused by pneumonia and diabetes. The economic burden resulting from drug-related morbidity and mortality is equally significant and has been conservatively estimated at $US30 billion dollars annually, and could exceed $US130 billion in a worst-case scenario. Since many adverse drug events are considered preventable, increased efforts should be made to avoid classes of drugs that are problem-prone and to initiate diligent monitoring of drugs with predictable toxicities. Programmes should also be implemented that improve medication use practices within institutions. Although nearly all drugs are capable of producing an injury, certain drugs are more likely to do so. Prevention of drug-related morbidity and mortality has become an increasingly important requirement for reducing healthcare expenditures. This article will review studies that examine the economic implications of drug-related adverse events.
Towards modular integrated sensors: the development of artificial haircell sensors using efficient fabrication methods

We report the development of an artificial haircell (AHC) fabricated using two methods: (1) silicon bulk micromachining and (2) polymer surface micromachining. Both methods leverage efficient three dimensional assembly of microstructures. The AHC is modeled after biological hair cells, a common and versatile mechanoreceptor in biology. The design, fabrication process, along with testing results are discussed in the paper.
The rates of change of the stochastic trajectories of acceleration variability are a good predictor of normal aging and of the stage of Parkinson's disease.

The accelerometer data from mobile smart phones provide stochastic trajectories that change over time. This rate of change is unique to each person and can be well characterized by the continuous two-parameter family of Gamma probability distributions. Accordingly, on the Gamma plane each participant can be uniquely localized by the shape and the scale parameters of the Gamma probability distribution. The scatter of such points contains information that can unambiguously separate the normal controls (NC) from those patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) that are at a later stage of the disease. In general normal aging seems conducive of more predictable patterns of variation in the accelerometer data. Yet this trend breaks down in PD where the statistical signatures seem to be a more relevant predictor of the stage of the disease. Those patients at a later stage of the disease have more random and noisier patterns than those in the earlier stages, whose statistics resemble those of the older NC. Overall the peak rates of change of the stochastic trajectories of the accelerometer are a good predictor of the stage of PD and of the age of a ‘normally’ aging individual.
Methylation reactions at dopaminergic nerve endings, serving as biological off-switches in managing dopaminergic functions.

The mechanisms for the regulation of synaptic dopamine (DA) include its release from presynaptic vesicles, its interaction with post-synaptic and pre-synaptic DA receptors, the reuptake of DA, via dopamine transporter (DAT), the diffusion of DA and its metabolism by mono-amine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). DA controls complex and specialized functions including, movements, behavior, mood, perception, reward, and more recently, neurogenesis (Popolo et al., 2004; Reimer et al., 2013) and neuroregeneration (Hoglinger et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2008). These functions are varied and of high fidelity. Movement, as an example, requires regulatory mechanisms for initiating, stopping, slowing-down speeding-up, changing directions, for governing the relentless urges to move in the young and sedentariness in the old as well as in motor-freezing, catalepsy, tremor and stereotypy.
A Delay-Locked Loop using a Synthesizer-based Phase Shifter for 3.2 Gb/s Chip-to-Chip Communication

A delay-locked loop in 0.18-mum CMOS for chip-to-chip communication at 3.2 Gb/s is presented. By leveraging the fractional-N synthesizer technique, this architecture provides fine-resolution and infinite-range delay and is less sensitive to process, temperature, and voltage variations than that of conventional techniques using a phase interpolator. A key element of the proposed structure is a digital Sigma-Delta modulator architecture that allows a high clock rate with compact area and reasonable power dissipation. The custom prototype IC operates at a 1.8-V supply voltage with a current consumption of 55 mA. The phase resolution is 1.4deg and measured differential and single-ended rms clock jitter is 3.6 ps and 4.8 ps, respectively. The core circuits occupy 0.42 mm2
Test for the Presence of Asphalt Antistripping Additive

A small device available commercially uses litmus paper and a spectro-photometer to analyze vapors from hot liquid asphalt binders and mixtures to determine the percentage of antistripping additive present. Approximately 60 five-point additive content-color index count regressions were performed on binders and mixtures to determine how well the device measured additive content. The regressions basically fit the quadratic format used by the manufacturer in the recommended calibration process. The regressions were best when the litmus color index count was calculated by subtracting the initial count of the blank strip from the final count after exposure from the mixtures. Changes to the instrument software and testing temperature were necessary as the investigation progressed to accommodate different grades of binders. After the planned testing was completed, some retesting of the binders was performed with the use of modified equipment and procedures. The changes appeared to improve the consistency of the ...
Bootstrapping a multilingual part-of-speech tagger in one person-day

This paper presents a method for bootstrapping a fine-grained, broad-coverage part-of-speech (POS) tagger in a new language using only one person-day of data acquisition effort. It requires only three resources, which are currently readily available in 60-100 world languages: (1) an online or hard-copy pocket-sized bilingual dictionary, (2) a basic library reference grammar, and (3) access to an existing monolingual text corpus in the language. The algorithm begins by inducing initial lexical POS distributions from English translations in a bilingual dictionary without POS tags. It handles irregular, regular and semi-regular morphology through a robust generative model using weighted Levenshtein alignments. Unsupervised induction of grammatical gender is performed via global modeling of context-window feature agreement. Using a combination of these and other evidence sources, interactive training of context and lexical prior models are accomplished for fine-grained POS tag spaces. Experiments show high accuracy, fine-grained tag resolution with minimal new human effort.
''Stealing From Grandma'' or Generating Cultural Knowledge? Contestations and Effects of Cheating in a Tween Virtual World

Much research has described the various practices needed of gaining access and participation in multi-user game communities. Cheat sites are a continuation of game communities where players engage in knowledge building about game related challenges. In this paper we analyze the cheat sites created by players for a tween virtual world called Whyville.net, which encourages youth to participate in a range of social activities and play casual science games. Through analysis we created typologies for both the cheats and sites related to science content. Further, a case study of an exemplary cheat site elaborates on how some playergenerated sites work to build knowledge of Whyville. Finally, investigation of over a hundred player-written articles illuminates how Whyvillians contest different practices of cheating and how cheating affects the virtual world. Implications of these findings as cultural artifacts of the game community and as guides for designing informal online learning activities are discussed.
The longitudinal stability of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Mini-mental state scores at one- and two-year follow-ups in geriatric in-patients.

BACKGROUND Severe cognitive impairment affects many patients with schizophrenia, especially geriatric in-patients. Little is known about the course of this impairment, however. METHOD Two hundred and twenty-four geriatric schizophrenic in-patients were examined for changes in cognitive functioning over a one-year follow-up period, and 45 of them were assessed over a two-year period. In addition, the subset of 45 patients participated in a one-week and one-month test-retest reliability study of the instrument used to assess cognitive impairment, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS The average MMSE scores did not change over a one- or two-year follow-up period. The test-retest reliability of the scale was extremely good at both retest intervals. CONCLUSION Among the implications of these data are that cognitive changes in geriatric schizophrenic patients are very slow and are more consistent with a neurodevelopmental process than a neurodegenerative course.
Biochemical and mutagenic characterization of plant‐activated aromatic amines

Plant activation is the process by which promutagenic agents are activated into rautagens by plant systems. With the widespread use of agricultural chemicals on crop plants and with the global exposure of plants to pollutants, the possibility exists that plant-activated agents may be introduced into the human food chain. The plant cell/microbe coincubation assay uses cultured plant cell suspensions as the activating system and bacteria or yeast cells as the genetic indicator organism. After a treatment time, the microbes are plated on selective medium. In this way the activation system and the genetic system can be independently studied. In addition, the viability of the plant cells and the microbial cells can be independently determined so that the toxicity of a test agent can be evaluated. Using cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and peroxidase inhibitors, we are studying the biochemical mechanisms of plant activation of environmental contaminants, especially aromatic amines. We propose a working model for the activation of aromatic amines by cultured tobacco cells into stable frameshift mutagens.
Understanding diet and modeling changes in the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid composition of U.S. garrison foods for active duty personnel.

ABSTRACT Research indicates that dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important in reducing the risk of mental illness. We used the DoD Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel (HRBS) to assess current military dietary patterns and meal locations. We used the Lands Equation to model PUFAs in a sample Garrison diet and the nutritional impact of substitution of foods higher in omega-3 PUFAs and lower in omega-6 PUFAs on tissue composition. The military diet was very poor quality compared to 2010 Healthy People Guidelines. A representative Garrison diet does not meet our estimated healthy n-3 HUFA intake at 3.5 g/d, corresponding with a tissue composition of 60% n-3 in HUFA (i.e., 40% n-6 in HUFA). Substitution of n-3 rich eggs, poultry, pork and other food commodities, combined with use on low linoleic acid oils, may contribute significantly to attaining healthier n-6/n-3 proportions in the tissue.
Pricing in Kentucky Fertilizer Markets

This article analyzes the empirical results of a study of the relation of selected structural elements to price determination in eight Kentucky retail fertilizer markets. Multiple regression analysis indicated that at‐farm fertilizer price was significantly associated with buyer knowledge and deliberativeness, cooperative purchasing and number of seller firms; but not significantly associated with number of farms, size of purchases, number of purchases and distance. The results suggest that models analyzing prices at the farm level can be significantly improved by including relevant dimensions of buyer knowledge and farmer decision‐making processes as structural elements.
Race and HIV Clinical Trial Participation

Purpose This study was designed to examine at the role race/ethnicity plays in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical trial enrollment.
FilmArray Respiratory Panel Assay: Comparison of Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples

The FilmArray respiratory panel (FARP) reliably and rapidly identifies 17 viruses and 3 bacterial pathogens. A nasopharyngeal swab FARP (NP FARP) is performed for many patients with respiratory symptoms. For patients who are acutely ill or immunocompromised or fail to improve, a bronchoalveolar lavage sample FARP (BAL FARP) is performed in addition to the NP FARP. To date, no studies have compared the yield of a BAL FARP with that of an NP FARP. We retrospectively studied all patients who had a BAL FARP within 7 days after an NP FARP between June 2013 and May 2014. Demographic information, comorbidities, FARP results, and all microbiologic data from BAL fluid were collected. Eighty-six patients had a BAL FARP performed within 7 days (mean, 1.6; median, 1) after an NP FARP. Of these, 66 (77%) had concordant BAL and NP FARP results: 15 (23%) had the same pathogen identified from the NP and BAL FARPs, and 51 (77%) had concordant negative FARP results. In 18 of the 86 patients (21%), a pathogen was detected from the NP FARP; of these, 15 (83%) had a concordant match on a subsequent BAL FARP, and the remaining 3 had negative BAL FARPs. In 17 of the 86 patients (20%), pathogens were identified from the BAL FARPs that were not detected by the NP FARPs; of these, 16 (94%) had initial negative NP FARPs. The data suggest that once a pathogen is identified by an NP FARP, a subsequent BAL FARP is unlikely to add new microbiologic information. However, a BAL FARP may provide new, useful microbiologic information when performed within 7 days after a negative NP FARP.
Baked Egg and Milk Exposure as Immunotherapy in Food Allergy

Baked milk and egg have the potential to act as a form of oral immunotherapy (OIT). Clinical studies have shown that a majority of milk- and egg-allergic children can tolerate these allergens modified in baked form, and immunologic changes reported in subjects ingesting baked milk and egg mirror those seen in food allergy OIT trials. In addition, several studies have indicated that resolution of milk and egg allergies occur sooner in populations regularly ingesting baked milk and egg. Oral food challenges remain the best method for determining tolerability of baked milk and egg since baseline characteristics and diagnostic testing have not been reliable predictors. In this review, we explore the tolerability of baked milk and egg and their potential as OIT treatment for milk and egg allergy.
Acute haemolytic anaemia and myolysis due to G6PD deficiency

A 2-year-old African-American male patient with sickle cell trait developed cough, red coloured urine, pallor and fatigue. The patient was hospitalised. Diagnostic workup showed that he was glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient in erythrocytes. He also had chest X-ray findings of pneumonia. His urine examination showed the presence of haemoglobin and myoglobin. On repeated questioning it was found that he had a moth ball in his mouth a few days prior to this medical episode. This case illustrates a rarely described complication of myolysis in G6PD deficient persons on exposure to a strong oxidant. A review of the literature showed that most people with G6PD deficiency tolerate exercise well without untoward effect in muscles. However, assay of myoglobin in urine has not been routinely performed in these patients during acute haemolytic episode, and thus it is uncertain how frequent myoglobulinaemia occurs in a similar stress situation.
Geochemistry of Wellbore Integrity in CO2 Sequestration: Portland Cement-Steel-Brine-CO2 Interactions

### Geochemistry and wellbore integrity in CO2 sequestration Effective geologic sequestration of CO2 requires long-term storage with very low leak rates. Injection wells are an obvious leakage pathway for CO2 because they perforate the confining caprock. In addition, sequestration sites are likely to use monitoring wells to assess performance and, in the case of depleted oil and gas fields, may contain 10s to 1000s of older operating and abandoned wells. All wells may have leakage pathways due to faulty construction or other defects. However, it is the subject of this chapter to consider whether geochemical reactions induced by CO2 could result in damage to wells and the development of leaks. This concern is based on the thermodynamic incompatibility of CO2-saturated fluids with the Portland cement and steel used to prevent fluid migration to the surface. Portland cement is an alkaline substance with pH > 12.5 and is not in equilibrium with CO2-bearing fluids (pH < 6). Low-carbon steel used as well casing is subject to aggressive corrosion by carbonic acid. As a result, well integrity has been a central issue in risk analysis of sequestration sites (Gasda et al. 2004; IPCC 2005; Viswanathan et al. 2008; Nordbotten et al. 2009). At the outset, it is important to bear in mind that geochemical reactions alone do not yield insight into wellbore integrity, which is governed primarily by the effective permeability of the Portland cement seal and the mechanical integrity of the system. Thus the significance of chemical reactions must be considered with respect to their impact to changes in permeability or in strength. There is an unfortunate tendency in the literature to not distinguish between reaction and impact. Often CO2 reactions are described as “degradation of cement” or “corrosion of cement” without adequately defining what these terms …
Dichotomy Between Hypophyseal Content and Amount of Circulating Gonadotropins During Starvation.

SummaryDuring starvation circulating gonadotrophins fall precipitously whereas the content of hypophyseal gonadotrophin remains as high as under normal circumstances. This is in direct contrast to the usual situation in which pituitary gonadotrophin content accurately reflects the amount released into the circulation.
Depression of Colony Formation by Human Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes with Rifampin and Other Antimicrobial Agents

Colonies of human lymphocytes with thymus-derived (T) cell characteristics can be induced in phytohemagglutinin-P to grow in a semisolid medium. To expand the data base on the effects of antimicrobial agents on cell-mediated immunity, the effect of 30 antimicrobial agents on T-lymphocyte cloning was studied. All of the drugs were added to the cultures in concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 10(-14) M, and the results were compared with those in cultures without the drug. Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit in bacteria--in particular, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, and troleandomycin--suppressed colony formation. However, the most significantly immunosuppressive agent was rifampin; it suppressed colony formation at concentrations of up to 2.5 x 10(-9) M, a value significantly lower than that found in previous in vitro testing and well below therapeutic levels. Screening of drugs by lymphocyte cloning techniques for possible suppression of cell-mediated immunity appears to be a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive procedure.
Simulation and Prevention of Isolating Distance Breakdown in Busbar During Power Prequency Withstand Test for GIS

At present,in order to test the new GIS(gas insulated switchgear)before into operation,the most effective way is the on-site AC withstand voltage test.But for the double busbar substation,the living busbar and the tests interval is only isolated by the isolating switch.So during the AC withstand voltage test after the GIS expansion or maintenance,the voltage between the isolating switch of bus is the difference of testing voltage and operating voltage of the bus.In the case of the extreme condition which the difference of phase between the testing voltage and the running voltage up to 180 degrees,it is possible to occur the isolating switch breakdown and this will give a tremendous impact on the reliability of the power supply.To solve the above issues,in this paper,the EMTP-ATP is to be as a simulation tool to analyze the impact on the GIS equipment in the case of the above extreme condition.Meanwhile the measures to protect the over-voltage and the over-current protection,which will have practical references and engineering application to the on-site AC withstand voltage test without power cut of the GIS equipment after its expansion or maintenance.
Reality Editor

The Reality Editor is a tool for empowering a user to connect and manipulate the functionality of physical objects. As such, a user can point the camera of a smartphone at a prepared object and its invisible capabilities will become visible to be edited. By dragging a virtual line from one object to another a new relationship between these objects is created. The research presented in this video aims to enable a user to master the entire scope of connected objects using a simple interface. The contribution of this video is to show a proof of concept of our user interface research as well the use of our novel networking platform called openhybrid.org in a real life scenario. The presented technology enables the simple creation of decentralized augmented user interactions. The authors have made the Reality Editor and the openhybrid.org platform open source and freely available online for download.
Polymer flocculation and coagulation for sedimentation of copper flotation tailings

Employing a combination of two types of polyelectrolyte might become necessary to enhance both the settling rate of the flocs and the water clarity of a fine-particle suspension in a high-capacity thickening process. The sequence of addition, mixing, type and dosage of polymer all affect the overall performance and capacity of a thickening process. For the sedimentation of copper flotation tailings, the cylinder test results showed that two different techniques may be used to achieve the required performance, i.e., a high settling rate of the flocs and the deisired underflow density and overflow water clarity. The required performance can be acheived by either adjusting the pH prior to anionic polyelectrolyte flocculation or using a combination of polymer flocculant and coagulant (dual-polymer system). The dynamic thickening test results showed that only the approach using a dual-polymer system is capable of meeting the required performance. The effects of polyelectrolyte dosage, the sequence and numbers of polyelectrolyte addition, the feed concentration, the bed level and the rake speed on the settling rate, underflow percent solids and water clarity were studied in cylinder tests and in a laboratory dynamic thickening unit. The dynamic test is especially valuable in evaluating the addition and mixing of polymers. The results were evaluated quantitatively using total suspended solids in supernatant, underflow density and capacity per unit of settling area per unit of time. The objective of this study was to quantify and explain some of the parameters involved in the sedimentation of copper flotation tailings.
Comment on C. M. Clark, L. Lawlor-Savage, & V. M. Goghari

The reality of the Flynn effect is no longer a matter of active debate. As Clark et al. put it, “Flynn’s findings are quantitatively quite simple and relatively uncontroversial.” IQ appears to have...
Locally formed dopamine stimulates cAMP accumulation in LLC-PK1 cells via a DA1 dopamine receptor.

Proximal tubules have been shown to produce dopamine (DA) from (-)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-dopa) and to express DA1 dopamine (DA1) receptors linked to inhibition of sodium transport. T...
Price Discount and Gift Choice: The Interplay Between Economic and Social Value

Price discounts are a popular pricing strategy because discounts increase the perceived economic value of a purchase. Prices are used as referents to assess the economic value of a purchase (Blattberg and Neslin 1990; Grewal et al. 1998). Accordingly, price discounts are offered to increase consumers’ perceived economic product value and thus increase purchase intention (Dodds and Monroe 1985). However, social, rather than economic, value is the primary concern in gift choice. Accordingly, consumers are often willing to pay a premium for gifts with high social value. This social value of gifts is important because it helps societies maintain social norms (i.e., reciprocity) and reaffirm social values through symbolic social conventions (i.e., achievement) (Camerer 1988; Belk and Coon 1993). Interestingly, price discounts remain ubiquitous during gift-giving holidays.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Research on Bullying in Adolescence

Bullying is a significant public health problem in the United States that affects youth functioning in multiple domains. Much of the research on bullying to date has focused on children, however, leaving gaps in the literature with respect to understanding bullying among adolescents. In particular, less is known about how adolescents conceptualize bullying, what predicts and is associated with bullying involvement among adolescents, and how prevention programs might address the unique needs of middle and high school students. This special issue proposes that a multidisciplinary perspective might be particularly useful in better understanding bullying among adolescents and determining how to design more effective interventions and prevention programs for this age-group. The current article introduces the special issue by briefly discussing what is known about bullying in adolescence and considering three disciplines (computer science, big data, and virtual communities; media studies; anthropology) that are particularly well situated to move the field forward. Next, this article reviews teen pregnancy prevention efforts, as an example of another adolescent public health concern that has been addressed successfully using a multidisciplinary approach. The article concludes with an overview of the three manuscripts that are part of the special issue.
Exposing the Unique Connection between Metabolism and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Choby et al. (2016) use a small molecule inhibitor active against fermenting S. aureus to unravel a unique connection between virulence factor production and central metabolism. In so doing, the authors uncover Fe-S cluster assembly proteins as a novel antibacterial target, and deliver a first-in-class scaffold for optimization against anaerobically growing cells.
The Art of Teaching: Really, It is an Art

Standing up in front of a room of students is not easy. It is a performance. Online teaching does not remove the performative aspects. In this section, authors offer their advice on mentoring in the doctoral program, developing teaching strategies, seeking help, and embracing fear. Reflections on teaching as a minority drive home the many aspects of performing identities in academia.
Orthopedic Procedures for the Treatment of Pain in the Rehabilitation Patient

Modern advances in surgical techniques and instrumentation have allowed for successful and safe orthopedic surgical procedures for alleviating pain. Adult orthopedic surgery is a vast surgical specialty spanning seven major subspecialties: adult reconstruction, foot and ankle surgery, hand surgery, shoulder and elbow surgery, spine surgery, sport medicine, and orthopedic trauma. While complications are generally rare following orthopedic surgery, careful patient selection and surgical execution are necessary for optimizing patient outcome.
Dignity, Not Pity: Fundraising, Zakat, and Spiritual Exchange

This chapter focuses on how members of the UK-based global NGO Islamic Relief negotiate tensions surrounding the humanitarian principle of impartiality. While Muslim donors show preference for Muslim beneficiaries, staff and volunteers assert the organization’s commitment to impartiality. Distinguishing its ethical approach from a charity based on pity, Islamic Relief promotes an aid encounter that emphasizes the dignity of their beneficiaries. Maintaining that zakat is a “right” of the poor reverses received anthropological wisdom that the giver dominates the recipient. By documenting the hierarchical vision of zakat that underlies Islamic Relief’s endeavors, this chapter claims that while the poor have a claim on the rich, an emphasis on spiritual equality maintains systemic material inequality.
Diameters and Distances

For any set N, the diameter δ(N) is the l.u.b. (finite or infinite) of the aggregate of numbers [ρ(x, y)] for x, y ∊ N.
Lessons from single-cell transcriptome analysis of oxygen-sensing cells

The advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology has enabled transcriptome profiling of individual cells. Comprehensive gene expression analysis at the single-cell level has proven to be effective in characterizing the most fundamental aspects of cellular function and identity. This unbiased approach is revolutionary for small and/or heterogeneous tissues like oxygen-sensing cells in identifying key molecules. Here, we review the major methods of current single-cell RNA-Seq technology. We discuss how this technology has advanced the understanding of oxygen-sensing glomus cells in the carotid body and helped uncover novel oxygen-sensing cells and mechanisms in the mice olfactory system. We conclude by providing our perspective on future single-cell RNA-Seq research directed at oxygen-sensing cells.
A Hardware Assisted High Performance PHK Memory Manager.

Complex mechanisms for dynamic memory management and garbage collection are needed in modern imperative programming languages. Implementation of memory management functions efficiently both in terms of memory usage and execution performance becomes important for programs written in such languages. In this paper, we introduce a memory allocator that uses hardware assistance to improve the performance of a existing software allocator (PHK allocator). On average, our design reduces the execution time of memory management functions by 58.9%.
Synergistic effects of parental and embryonic exposure to predation risk on prey offspring size at emergence

Cues signaling predation risk can strongly influence prey phenotypes both within and between generations. Parental and embryonic effects have been shown to operate independently in response to predation risk, but how they interact to shape offspring life history traits remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted experiments to examine the synergistic impacts of parental and embryonic experiences with predation risk on offspring size at emergence in the snail, Nucella lapillus, which is an ecologically important intermediate consumer on rocky intertidal shores. We found that when embryos were exposed to predation risk, the offspring of risk-experienced parents emerged larger than those of parents that had no risk experience. This response was not the result of increased development time, greater resource availability, or fewer emerging offspring, but may have occurred because both parental and embryonic experiences with risk increased growth efficiency, perhaps by reducing embryonic respiration rates under risk. Our results highlight the potential for organisms to be influenced by a complex history of environmental signals with important consequences for individual fitness and predator-prey interactions.
DNA-crowded enzyme complexes with enhanced activities and stabilities

We present a robust and simple method to prepare DNA-crowded enzyme complexes by directly assembling long DNA duplexes on the enzyme surface. DNA-crowded enzyme complexes show boosted substrate turnover numbers, and increased stabilities against various storage conditions. They could be potentially scaled up for applications in biomaterials and biotechnology.
Dynamics and Interrelationships of In Vitro Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin

The dynamics as well as the magnitudes of the multiple phases of secretion of glucagon and insulin, studied in the perfused rat pancreas, failed to provide evidence for the existence of feedback relationships between the two pancreatic islet hormones. On the other hand, in response to common secretagogues, the release of glucagon, which consistently precedes that of insulin, may have a modifying influence on the function of the B cell.
Design strategies for LWR and VHTR test environments in a fast spectrum reactor

Abstract Prototypic neutronic parameters of thermal reactors were emulated in materials testing assemblies located in a 600 MWth metallic-fueled sodium fast reactor. Part of the outer reflector is composed of a moderating material such as graphite; all of the test assemblies were located in this designated thermalized region. Possible options for flux shaping assemblies and materials irradiation test assemblies are described. Both active and passive test assemblies are described. This paper focuses on PWR and VHTR in-core conditions. It is possible to modify the fast spectrum streaming from the driver to softer spectrum regions. In all configurations considered, the suggested options lead to significant neutron fluxes supporting accelerated neutron-induced damage studies.
An Analytic Approach to Time Averages and Chaotic Behavior in Quantum Mechanics

The time-averaged density matrix p in any basis is shown to be a rational analytic function of the Hamiltonian matrix. This quantity (p) is shown to be a limiting case for the steady state solution of a Bloch equation where relaxation terms describing a strong collision model have been appended to the Liouville equation. We use p to construct a new completely basis-independent measure of chaotic behavior in quantum mechanical systems and we discuss the relationship of this measure to recently proposed criteria for ergodicity.
Forecast Selection by Conditional Predictive Ability Tests: An Application to the Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate

This paper proposes a new method for forecast selection from a pool of many forecasts. The method has two features. The first is the use of the conditional predictive ability test proposed by Giacomini and White (2006). Second, the method is designed to rank many forecasts in the order of conditional forecast accuracy. Therefore, the method can be useful not only for selection of a single forecast but also for forecast combinations. I apply the method to the monthly yen/dollar exchange rate. First, I evaluate the performance of base-line forecasting models including a forecast survey of Japanese companies. Second, I show empirically that my method of switching forecasting models reduces forecast errors compared with a single model.
Paradise Lost: Mindfulness and Addictive Behavior

According to the stories of many cultures, the human beginning was a time of ease and wonder, free from hard labor, struggle, strife, and the alienation and fragmentation we know today. Sometimes this perfection is projected into the future—a New Jerusalem descending upon the earth, the city of God, or a heaven we enter after death. Sometimes it is viewed as the possible result of human effort, a tradition spanning from Plato’s Republic (ca. 360 B.C.E.; Hamilton and Cairns, 1969) and Thomas Moore’s Utopia (1516), to James Hilton’s Shangri-La, (1933) and B. F. Skinner’s Walden Two (1948), among many others. In a Buddhist context, paradise is always available, but it cannot be found in the future or in the past. It is only available in the present moment, in that brief moment of perception before we split the world into judgments of pleasure and pain, gain and loss, desire and aversion. With these comes the sense of I or ego, the feeling that “I like this and want more of that for myself,” or “I dislike that, and want to avoid that.” This sense of I is the flaming sword blocking our return to the garden. It is the sense that we are a separate, unchanging entity, cut off from everything and everyone else, a bit of flotsam and jetsam floating haphazardly in a meaningless universe. In Buddhism, paradise is found the moment we reverse this process. Paradise is found when we re-enter the present moment deeply and clearly, without being caught in either desire or aversion, without the narrow point of view of the separate and alienated self that wants and wants and wants, without our habitual mental patterns of judgment or blame. This kind of perception is called mindfulness. And with mindfulness, paradise is available here and now. Indeed, it can only be found here and now—not in the mythic past, not in the eschatological future, and not even as the result of human social engineering—important as such efforts may be for other reasons. This human tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain is neither wrong nor evil. It even has a certain necessity about it, a certain utility. Life requires such a capacity. Only, when coupled with our large brains, it becomes a capacity that can easily run amok. It is impossible that this endless process
The Strange Life and Death of the Fairness Doctrine: Tracing the Decline of Positive Freedoms in American Policy Discourse

The Fairness Doctrine, one of the most famous and controversial media policies ever enacted, suffered a final deathblow in August 2011 when the Federal Communications Commission permanently struck it from the books. However, the Doctrine continues to be invoked by proponents and detractors alike. Using mixed methods, this study historically contextualizes the Fairness Doctrine while drawing attention to how it figures within contemporary regulatory debates. By tracing over time the shifting ideologies and discourses surrounding the Fairness Doctrine, we can see how political conflict shapes the normative foundations of core media policies, especially those involving positive freedoms.
Growth of Grimmia mosses on volcanic tephra: Geoecological processes of biocrust development in Haleakalā crater (Maui, Hawai′i)

Abstract This research examines high-elevation biocrusts on volcanic tephra in Haleakalā Crater, Maui, Hawai′i; geomorphic, ecological, and pedological processes are discussed, in order to provide an integrated geoecological view of linkages that have influenced biocrust genesis. The study considers four spatial scales: (i) the landscape scale; (ii) the site scale; (iii) the miniature scale and, (iv) the microscopic scale. (i) Biocrusts grow at ~ 2335 m on a hydrologic basin circumscribed by four cinder cones which contributed tephra materials during eruptions between 11000 and 5000 BP, ~2700 BP, and 970 ± 50 BP. Basin landforms provide multiple clues about past geomorphic processes that have affected crust evolution, including intermittent runoff, which decreased the length of cryptobiosis periods, allowing poikilohydric mosses to gradually expand into dense biocrusts; and widespread frost activity, which caused tephra sorting and extensive slope creep on cinder cones. Ubiquitous signs of current frost disturbance are also found on basin soils. (ii) The study site, located amidst bare volcanic tephra—ash and lapilli—includes mainly two organisms: an acrocarpous moss, Grimmia torquata, and a foliose lichen, Peltigera rufescens. Biocrusts attained 40.23% groundcover;G. torquata was found on 64 undisturbed specimens, and showed 78.3% frequency on 46 sampling plots, whereas P. rufescens grew on 23.4% of specimens. Biocrusts also supported 13 vascular species. The most common were grasses, with 5.6% cover and 67.4% total frequency, including Trisetum glomeratum (47.8%) and Deschampsia nubigena (19.6%); other vascular plants reached just 0.85% combined cover. Tests show 72% of vascular-plant cover was statistically correlated with presence of biocrusts, suggesting these have beneficial—presumably pedological—effects on vascular plant growth. (iii) Biocrust microtopography was characterized by intermingling areas of rolling, 15–35 mm-high, protrusions, and 40–75 mm-high pinnacles. (iv) Soil micromorphology indicated crust growth was probably influenced by a host of genetic processes, including wind abrasion and erosion; aeolian dust deposition; soil desiccation during seasonal wet-dry cycles; rainwash and raindrop impact; diurnal temperature cycles; and bioturbation by burrowing fauna. The interactions among these agents are integrated into an idealized crust developmental sequence during the past few millennia.
Ewing's Sarcoma in a Patient with Crohn's Disease Treated with Ustekinumab: A Case Report

Biologic therapies have revolutionized the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. They are generally well tolerated; however, there are reports of malignancies associated with the use of these drugs. This case is of an adolescent with refractory Crohn's disease treated with ustekinumab, who subsequently developed Ewing's sarcoma. Patients treated with ustekinumab have reportedly developed B cell lymphoma, epithelioid sarcoma, as well as cancer of the lung, esophagus, ovary, testis, kidney, and thyroid. However, this is the first documented case of a patient treated with ustekinumab to develop Ewing sarcoma.
De-recognition of States: The Case of Kosovo

De-recognitions of statehood are by any account an exceptional phenomenon in international practice, which the doctrine of international law has never systemically discussed. By examining a rather extraordinary recent series of de-recognitions of Kosovo as a state, this article aims at filling the void. This article challenges the dominant doctrinal stance which considers that recognition is irrevocable, save in exceptional cases when statehood itself would objectively cease to exist. It argues that recognition of statehood is revocable under international law, and finds support for this position in the lack of international laws prohibiting de-recognitions, the state practice pertaining to Kosovo’s de-recognition, and the political nature of the act of recognition. At the same time, the article demonstrates that a de-recognition does not affect the existence of a de-recognized state, nor its enjoyment of rights that stem from statehood on the international plane. However, de-recognition can lead to it being denied future enjoyment of the rights within the domestic legal orders of de-recognizing states. The article also argues that the “consummation” of rights after recognition reduces the possibility of de-recognition, or, at least, offsets its adverse effects. Finally, the article suggests that viewing state recognition as revocable – primarily on the basis of the absence of any legal rule to the contrary – recognizes limits of international law in managing contested social realities, such as the statehood of Kosovo. In these cases, it seems prudent for international law to remain silent, while allowing its principles, processes and mechanisms to contribute to the solution, which ultimately must be reached within the political process.
Mental Health and University Students on the Autism Spectrum: a Literature Review

An increasing amount of evidence indicates that mental health conditions pose a significant challenge for post-secondary students on the autism spectrum. A review of the literature was conducted to bring greater awareness to the issue of mental health conditions of university students on the autism spectrum, to identify the impact of mental health conditions on university success, and to identify support services that can help students on the autism spectrum successfully complete their post-secondary education. Overall, 23 studies met inclusion criteria, spanning across the USA, Canada, UK, Australia, Belgium, China, and Japan. Data is reported according to three categories: the frequency and/or type of mental health condition experienced by students on the autism spectrum; the impact of mental health conditions on students; and effectiveness of supports for students with mental health conditions.