cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The BUDS Language for Distributed Bayesian Machine Learning

We describe BUDS, a declarative language for succinctly and simply specifying the implementation of large-scale machine learning algorithms on a distributed computing platform. The types supported in BUDS--vectors, arrays, etc.--are simply logical abstractions useful for programming, and do not correspond to the actual implementation. In fact, BUDS automatically chooses the physical realization of these abstractions in a distributed system, by taking into account the characteristics of the data. Likewise, there are many available implementations of the abstract operations offered by BUDS (matrix multiplies, transposes, Hadamard products, etc.). These are tightly coupled with the physical representation. In BUDS, these implementations are co-optimized along with the representation. All of this allows for the BUDS compiler to automatically perform deep optimizations of the user's program, and automatically generate efficient implementations.
Robust Transmission Expansion Planning Representing Long- and Short-Term Uncertainty

This paper addresses the transmission expansion planning problem under long- and short-term uncertainty. Long-term uncertainty pertains to changes across years (demand growth and future increase in production capacity), whereas short-term uncertainty pertains to changes within a year (demand and wind/solar power production variability, and equipment availability). This expansion problem is formulated as an adaptive robust optimization problem that provides protection against long-term uncertainty while carefully representing short-term uncertainty via scenarios. The problem is solved via a tailored implementation of the primal Benders’ decomposition algorithm that focuses on an efficient solution of the subproblem. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to identify robust expansion plans and its computational efficiency are illustrated through a realistic case study.
The electric current approach in the solar–terrestrial relationship

Abstract. The sequence of phenomena consisting of solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), auroral substorms, and geomagnetic storms is mostly a manifestation of electromagnetic energy dissipation. Thus, first of all, it is natural to consider each of them in terms of a sequence of power supply (dynamo), power transmission (electric currents/circuits), and dissipation (mostly observed phenomena), i.e., as an input–output process and the electric current line approach. Secondly, extending this concept, it is attempted in this paper to consider the whole solar–terrestrial relationship in terms of electric currents. This approach enables us to follow through not only the sequence in solar flares, auroral substorms, and geomagnetic storms but also to connect all phenomena naturally as a continuous flow of magnetic energy (V[B2∕8π]) from the sun across the magnetopause. This consideration gives some insight into all the processes involved equally well compared with the magnetic field line approach, which has been adopted almost exclusively in the past.
Exploring Interaction Design for Advanced Analytics and Simulation

Enterprise businesses are increasingly using analytics and simulation for improved decision making with diverse and large quantities of data. However, new challenges arise in understanding how to design and implement a user interaction paradigm that is appropriate for technical experts, business users, and other stakeholders. Technologies developed for sophisticated analyses pose a challenge for interaction and interface design research when the goal is to accommodate users with different types and levels of expertise. In this paper we discuss the results of a multi-phase research effort to explore expectations for interaction and user experience with a complex technology that is meant to provide scientists and business analysts with expert-level capability for advanced analytics and simulation. We find that while there are unique differences in software preferences of scientists and analysts, that a common interface is feasible for universal usability of these two user groups.
The fly and the cookie: alignment and unhingement in 21st-century capitalism

Author(s): Fourcade, M | Abstract: This SASE Presidential address given at UC Berkeley in 2016 discusses the entanglement between morality and capitalism. Moral sentiments-and especially what Adam Smith called the sense of propriety, the sense of merit and the sense of justice-play a productive role in organizing the extraction of economic value. Conversely, relative valuations in the economy (prices, for instance) can be thought of as moral engines that reward or sanction certain behaviors, and are presumed to index underlying moral differences. Economic value is produced both when individuals are morally aligned with the rational goals of capitalism, and when they perform unhinged deviations from the moral standard. I show how modern digital capitalism organizes profit extraction through these twin processes of alignment and unhingement, building new economic moralities in the process-moral sentiments that are the result of people's interactions with opaque but powerful forms of behavioral fine-tuning, surveillance and manipulation.
The New World of Lighting: SSL and Beyond

We review the tremendous progress that has been made in solid-state lighting for illumination, and the potential for future progress towards a new world of lighting that goes well beyond solid-state lighting for illumination.
Soft Templating of Water Aggregates Disrupts π–π Stacking in Crystalline Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

The π–π stacking robustness of the photoactive layer is key to maintaining efficiency of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). We show local disruption more than 2 A on average in the π–π stack of crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), one of the most common materials used in OPVs, through formation of a chainlike water structure with limited growth and mostly pentameric cluster ends. In contrast, a 3D aggregated water cluster with constant growth is observed in amorphous P3HT. Dynamics of water molecules that form the largest aggregates in crystalline P3HT show the effect of limited mobility, when compared to amorphous P3HT, due to dual confinement from both alkyl side groups and thiophene backbone. We term this dual confinement soft templating and quantify its effect on nature, size, and hydrogen bond participation of water aggregates in crystalline and amorphous P3HT using all-atom molecular dynamics with in-house developed potentials that were previously shown to represent the interfacial and wetting beha...
The Impact of Risk Management Legislation on Small Counties

With the growing concern for hazardous materials and the way they are processed, stored, transported, and disposed of, numerous states have passed legislation dealing with these materials. In California, this legislation is known as the Risk Management and Prevention Program (RMPP). This paper deals with the impact that this new legislation has on small counties and their ability to deal with the level of responsibility required. A survey was performed to assess the level of RMPP implementation in all counties in California.
A raiva e as emoções em Aristóteles: as estratégias do status

Esse artigo pretende examinar a concepcao aristotelica de raiva conforme exposta no segundo livro da Retorica. Isso feito, buscar-se-a determinar como o filosofo a situa no contexto geral de sua teoria das emocoes, levando em conta o enfoque atual da questao.
Reprint of: A scheduling perspective on the monetary value of improving process control

Abstract The goal of quantifying the monetary value of process control has been a target of much research since the inception of the field, and methods have been developed for quantifying the value of control in the case of predominantly steady-state processes. However, there has been no attempt to quantify the monetary value of control for predominantly transient processes. In this work, we utilize the general framework of integrated scheduling and control to develop novel performance functions that enable the quantification of the monetary value of control from a scheduling perspective for a predominantly transient process. Specifically, we posit that the transition time between one product and the next in a production sequence can be used as a performance metric over which the value of control can be quantified. We demonstrate the utility of the developed performance functions using a case study of the scheduling of a multi-product CSTR.
Image-Audio Encoding for Information Camouflage and Improving Malware Pattern Analysis

Safe handling of classified information is important in private and government organizations. Images are commonly used in military chores, such as, transmitting information of enemy terrain or army's secret base locations. Existing image encryption methods transform an original image into a texture or noise like image. However, an experienced hacker can notice small visual signs identifying an encrypted image and can cyber attack on victim's network. We propose an audio signal processing technique for image encoding. Our contributed approach hides an image by transforming it to an audio signal. Moreover, obtained data is invertible, has better interpretability, and easier to visualize. We provide empirical validation of our approach on a malware image data, well-known for unknown nonlinearity and similarity in layout and texture making it difficult to capture underlying regularities. We set out to understand the impact of malware audio melodies on suitable neighborhood size over which to consider pattern phenomena, if nonlinear methods capture pattern phenomena with increased efficacy, and how they improve clustering and malware identification. In real-life use cases, good clustering practice requires scientific and domain knowledge. As there is no rich domain history of malware audio data, we set out to explore different clustering methods. We developed an information theoretic method for measurement of malware audio melodies and found that nonlinear methods are better in capturing underlying data regularity and give statistically significant improvement in clustering results than linear methods. This is the first application of Manifold learning on malware image-audio encoding in the research literature.
Underreported injection drug use and its potential contribution to reported increase in sexual transmission of HIV in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

We conducted a cross-sectional integrated bio-behavioral survey among sex partners of persons who inject drugs (PWID) to explore reasons for reported increase in reporting of heterosexually transmitted HIV in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Sexual partners of PWID were recruited through PWID. Behavioral data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Dried blood spots were obtained and tested for HIV and hepatitis C virus antibodies (HCVAb). Descriptive univariate and bivariate analyses, and multivariate analyses using logistic regression modeling were performed to identify factors associated with HIV and HCV infections. Among 1982 sex partners of PWID, overall HIV prevalence was 6.4%; 5.1% and 12.9% among those reported never and ever injecting drugs, respectively (p < 0.001). Overall, HCVAb prevalence was 21.3%; 15.0% and 53.9% among those reported never and ever injecting drugs, respectively (p < 0.001). Of HCV-positive participants, 58% and 34% (p < 0.001) reported prior history of injecting drug use among men and women, respectively. HIV prevalence was lower among HCV-negative (4.2%) compared to HCV-positive participants (14.4%) (p < 0.001). HIV prevalence was 3.5% (95%CI = 2.4–4.6) in a subset of female participants with no reported prior injecting drug use history and who were HCVAb-negative and did not report having an HIV-positive sex partner. Participant sex and number of sex partners as well as use of condoms in the past 12 months were not associated with HIV seropositivity. High prevalence of HCV among sex partners of PWID who denied ever injecting drugs suggests underreporting of injecting practices. The increased attribution of HIV infection to sexual transmission based on self-report may be partly explained by underreporting of injection drug use due to stigmatization of this behavior.
Sizing Canted Flaws in Weldments Using Low-Frequency Emats

Techniques for detecting and sizing flaws with electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs), previously used successfully for normal planar flaws, were applied to canted flaws in steel plates. Comparisons were made between metallographic and ultrasonic measurements on specially prepared welds. Results indicated a high probability of detecting canted flaws (> 0.5-mm deep) with EMATs. The EMAT sizing was highly repeatable and, for the most part, very accurate. Some, as yet unexplained, inaccuracies did show up, however, in some weld sections. There is a possibility that the calibration curve may be more complex for canted flaws than for normal flaws.
Robotic and per-oral endoscopic myotomy have fewer technical complications compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy

Achalasia is an uncommon disease treated by decreasing the lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure. This study compared the safety and efficacy of esophago-gastric myotomy via laparoscopic, robotic, and per-oral endoscopic approaches. A retrospective review of data on patients with achalasia or other esophageal dysmotility disorder undergoing laparoscopic, robotically assisted, or per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedures between 2013 and 2017 was performed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, procedure details, length of stay, 30-day readmission rate, and combined technical complication (full-thickness injury, conversion to open, and delayed perforation) were compared. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which factors contributed to combined technical complication. There were 171 patients who underwent esophago-gastric myotomy with 161 (94.2%) having achalasia. There were 40 laparoscopic Heller myotomies with partial fundoplication, 44 robotic Heller myotomies with partial fundoplication, and 87 POEM procedures performed during the study period. Baseline statistical differences were found among the groups in regard to gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, arrhythmia, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy had significantly higher combined technical complications (7, 17.5%) compared to robotically assisted Heller myotomy (0, 0%) and POEM (1, 1.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that laparoscopic Heller myotomy (OR 32.22; 95% CI 2.66, 389.83; p = 0.01), myocardial infarction (OR 27.94; 95% CI 1.66, 471.10; p = 0.02), and history of smoking (OR 8.87; 95% CI 1.29, 61.15; p = 0.03) were risks for developing combined technical complications. Robotically assisted Heller myotomy and POEM are safe and efficacious treatments for achalasia with lower rates of technical complications compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy. With the advancements in endoscopic instruments and robotic surgery, POEM and robotically assisted Heller myotomy should be considered in the treatment of achalasia and esophageal dysmotility disorders.
Successful plasma exchange in a 34-year-old woman with diabetic ketoacidosis and a thrombotic microangiopathy.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare complication reported in the pediatric setting. We report a case of an adult patient with new-onset DM, DKA, and TMA who was treated successfully with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The patient underwent five procedures and experienced quick recovery in her platelet count and a near-normalization of her LDH. Within 3 days, ADAMTS13 activity was reported at 40.7% (>66.8%). After a protracted hospital course, mostly focused on treating the patient's bilateral hemorrhagic chemosis, the patient was discharged on hospital day 30. TMA is associated with a spectrum of diseases such as TTP and sepsis but, to our knowledge, it has not been reported in the setting of DKA in an adult patient. Evidence supports that metabolic alterations associated with DKA and its treatment disrupt basal hemostatic mechanisms and promote a thrombotic state. Although ADAMTS13 activity was only moderately decreased, our patient responded rapidly to TPE, with a striking increase and stabilization of her PLT count that was durable beyond discharge. As reported recently, patients who have TMA with ADAMTS13 activity levels >10% have a range of diagnoses, presentations, and outcomes. Although the underlying microangiopathic process is incompletely understood, these patients may respond well to TPE, as was seen in this case.
PyMaxEnt: A Python software for maximum entropy moment reconstruction

Abstract PyMaxEnt is a software that implements the principle of maximum entropy to reconstruct functional distributions given a finite number of known moments. The software supports both continuous and discrete reconstructions, and is very easy to use through a single function call. In this article, we set out to verify and validate the software against several tests ranging from the reconstruction of discrete probability distributions for biased dice all the way to multimodal Gaussian and beta distributions. Written in Python, PyMaxEnt provides a robust and easy-to-use implementation for the community.
Quantitative image analysis for CD8 score in lung small biopsies and cytology cell-blocks.

Introduction Immunotherapy has shown promising results in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for which tumour-infiltrating cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells play a critical role. We investigated the utility of image analysis (IA) to quantify CD8+ T cells in a series of matched small biopsies and resections of NSCLC. Methods CD8 immunohistochemistry was performed on cell-blocks (CB), core needle biopsies (CNB) and corresponding resections from primary NSCLCs. Slides were digitised using an Aperio AT2 scanner (Leica) and annotated by whole slide image (WSI) or fields of view occupied by tissue spots (TS). Quantitative IA was performed with a customised Aperio algorithm (Leica). CD8 scores (number of T cells with 1-3+ staining/total area) were then compared. Results Forty-four cases with CB or CNB material and a corresponding resection were analysed. Average CD8 score was determined in CB (7.67 WSI, 77.67 TS) and/or CNB (47.35 WSI, 325.67 TS), and corresponding resections (190.35 WSI, 336.58 TS). CD8 score concordance was highest (78.6%) for CNBs using WSI annotation. Overall, small biopsies (CB or CNB) correlated with the resection in 71.4% cases using WSI and 63.3% cases using TS annotation. IA performed better for low CD8 scores. Conclusions These findings show that CD8 density in NSCLC can be quantified by IA in small biopsies and cell blocks, achieving the best concordance using WSI scores. Discrepancies were attributed to values near the cut-off and background detection of staining. These data warrant future studies with more cases and follow-up data to further investigate the clinical utility of IA for CD8 analysis in NSCLC.
The increasing prevalence and adverse impact of morbid obesity in paediatric acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE Morbid obesity is proinflammatory has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes in acute pancreatitis (AP) among adults. Obesity is increasingly prevalent in children and hence, we sought to evaluate the impact of morbid obesity on the clinical outcomes of AP using a large paediatric population-based cohort. METHODS We analysed the US Kids' Inpatient Database between years 2003 and 2016 to include all patients (age ≤ 21 years) with a primary diagnosis of AP using specific ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes. We compared clinical outcomes between children without obesity (controls) and those with morbid obesity (cases). The primary outcome was severe AP (2012 revised Atlanta classification) and secondary outcomes included healthcare resource utilization (length of stay and hospital costs). RESULTS Among 36 698 paediatric AP hospitalizations, 1275 (3.5%) were found to have morbid obesity. From 2003 to 2016, the proportion of children with morbid obesity among AP patients increased from 1.3% to 5.5% (P < .001). More than half (54%) of the children with morbid obesity were presented with cholelithiasis as contributive aetiology. The prevalence of severe AP was significantly higher in morbid obesity (7.3% vs 3.8%, P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that morbid obesity was increasingly associated with severe AP (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.4, 2.26), prolonged hospitalization (by 0.41 days, P = .03), and higher hospital costs (by $1596, P < .001). CONCLUSION Unlike adult population, there is a lack of other confounding comorbidities in children and this national-level analysis shows that morbid obesity independently prognosticates adverse clinical outcomes in paediatric AP.
Clinical characteristics of misophonia and its relation to sensory processing sensitivity: A critical analysis

Abstract This chapter reviews psychological characteristics of misophonia (selective sound aversion). Included in this review is a model for etiology, associated emotional reactions, and psychological conditions. It is noted that the research on psychopathological features of misophonia is extremely limited, although principles of learning can effectively account for the manifestation of the condition, and the ways in which it may present with other established diagnostic conditions. Recommendations for a program of future research are provided at the conclusion.
A proposal for selective resuscitation of adult cardiac arrest patients in a pandemic.

Allocation of limited resources in pandemics begs for ethical guidance. The issue of ventilator allocation in pandemics has been reviewed by many medical ethicists, but as localities activate crisis standards of care, and health care workers are infected from patient exposure, the decision to pursue cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) must also be examined to better balance the increased risks to healthcare personnel with the very low resuscitation rates of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . A crisis standard of care that is equitable, transparent, and mindful of both human and physical resources will lessen the impact on society in this era of COVID-19. This paper builds on previous work of ventilator allocation in pandemic crises to propose a literature-based, justice-informed ethical framework for selecting treatment options for CPR. The pandemic affects regions differently over time, so these suggested guidelines may require adaptation to local practice variations.
12. Endothelial pump and barrier function

The mammalian cornea maintains its thickness and transparency primarily by the activity of a fluid pump located in the endothelial cell layer. The accepted concept, the "pump-leak" theory, holds that the active transport of solute from the stroma to the aqueous humor leads to a steady state osmotic pressure gradient across the endothelium that balances the imbibition pressure created by the hydrophilic proteoglycans in the stromal ground substance. The details of this process are controversial and some of the classical in vitro studies aimed to explore the fluid pump using low temperature to challenge the regulatory behavior cannot be duplicated in vivo. The activity of sensory or sympathetic innervation may play a role in this low temperature tolerance. Asymmetry in endothelial cell volume regulation could be the basis for the fluid pump.
Experimental feasibility of tailored porous media burners enabled via additive manufacturing

Abstract The advantages in performance and emissions from combustion within the voids of a porous material, as compared to those of conventional open-flame combustion, have motivated numerous studies to understand and harness the connection between the underlying porous structure topology and the desired system-level properties. The current study examines the feasibility and performance of additively manufactured complex ceramic structures with geometric functionalization to actualize novel porous media burner design concepts for enhanced performance. Smoothly graded porous structures are synthesized using triply periodic minimal surfaces and manufactured via lithography-based ceramic manufacturing. Experiments are performed on these structures to characterize flame stability, axial temperature profiles, and pressure drop for three different pore-scale topologies. These measurements are complimented by computational predictions from one-dimensional volume-averaged models. X-ray computed tomography was used to verify relevant geometric properties of the structures, as well as to examine the material after combustion. This work demonstrates the first smoothly graded burner, leveraging recent advancements in additive manufacturing to design, fabricate, and test the performance of burner concepts unattainable by traditional ceramic foam manufacturing techniques.
Design of a circumscribing polygon wide bandgap based integrated modular motor drive topology with thermally decoupled windings and power converters

In this paper, the design of an integrated modular motor drive topology based on the circumscribing polygon of the outer surface of the conventional cylindrical housing is introduced from the mechanical and the thermal point of view. The design of the shared machine and converter cooling system is optimized from the thermal point of view using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. A wide bandgap, specifically Gallium Nitride (GaN), based half-bridge converter module is designed and implemented for integration. For a case study of a machine of outer radius 75 mm, axial length 80 mm and six stator modules, the resulted surface area for each converter module is 80*87 mm2. The size of the converter module was reduced so as to exactly match the available surface around the machine. A method for the calculation of the maximum power per module is introduced resulting in 1032W per module for the case study considered in the paper. A method for the DC-link capacitor design is introduced and the influence of the stator phases connections on the DC-link current stress is explained. Experimental measurements are done on one segment of the proposed integration topology.
Antipredator behaviour affected by prey condition, food availability and pH-mediated info-disruption

Prey around the world experience the risk of predation, and most have evolved constitutive and phenotypically plastic defences in response. Phenotypically plastic defences often come with trade-offs related to foraging, such that the magnitude of defence is mediated by body condition and food availability. Such adaptive responses are beneficial to prey, and there is an increasing appreciation that they can be disrupted by chemical compounds resulting from human activities. We examined predator-induced behaviours in freshwater snails (Physa acuta) using 32 combinations of different concentrations of olfactory predator cues, body condition and food availability to understand how they respond to the trade-off between avoiding predators and obtaining food. Using a subset of these conditions (16 environments), we then examined how snail responses were altered by increases or decreases in pH. We found that snails responded to increased predator cue concentrations with a shape consistent with a saturating response curve and that low body condition and low food availability weakened these responses. When we increased pH (from 7.8 to 9.5), snails exhibited weaker predator avoidance responses, but only in the absence of food. When we decreased pH (from 7.8 to 6.0), snails exhibited stronger predator avoidance responses and stronger declines in foraging, but only in the presence of food. Collectively, these results suggest that changes in pH due to acid mine drainage, eutrophication and ocean acidification may substantially alter the adaptive responses of aquatic animals. Future work should determine whether such info-disruption is common in other taxa, determine the underlying mechanisms and quantify the consequences of info-disruption to predator–prey and prey–resource interactions.
Feature Selection of Photovoltaic System Data to Avoid Misclassification of Fault Conditions

Optimum and reliable photovoltaic (PV) plant performance requires accurate diagnostics of system losses and failures. Data-driven approaches can classify such losses however, the appropriate PV data features required for accurate classification remains unclear. To avoid misclassification, this study reviews the potential issues associated with inabilities to separate fault conditions that overlap using certain data features. Feature selection techniques that define each feature's importance and identify the set of features necessary for producing the most accurate results are also explored. The experiment quantified the amount of overlap using both maximum power point (MPP) and current and voltage ( $I$ -V) curve data sets. The $I$ -V data provided an overall increase in classification accuracy of 8% points above the case where only MPP was available.
Facial Pressure Injuries from Prone Positioning in the COVID-19 Era.

Objective/hypothesis This study aimed to determine the incidence of facial pressure injuries associated with prone positioning for COVID-19 patients as well as to characterize the location of injuries and treatments provided. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of 263 COVID-19 positive patients requiring intubation in the intensive care units at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and MedStar Washington Hospital Center between March 1st and July 26th, 2020. Information regarding proning status, duration of proning, presence, or absence of facial pressure injuries and interventions were collected. Paired two-tailed t-test was used to evaluate differences between proned patients who developed pressure injuries with those who did not. Results Overall, 143 COVID-19 positive patients required proning while intubated with the average duration of proning being 5.15 days. Of those proned, 68 (47.6%) developed a facial pressure injury. The most common site involved was the cheek with a total of 57 (84%) followed by ears (50%). The average duration of proning for patients who developed a pressure injury was significantly longer when compared to those who did not develop pressure injuries (6.79 days vs. 3.64 days, P Conclusions Facial pressure injuries occur with high incidence in patients with COVID-19 who undergo prone positioning. Longer duration of proning appears to confer greater risk for developing these pressure injuries. Hence, improved preventative measures and early interventions are needed. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2139-E2142, 2021.
Presentation and Outcomes of Peri-Prosthetic Joint Infection: A Comparison of Culture-Positive and Culture-Negative Disease

Background: Peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a debilitating and costly complication of joint replacement. Synovial fluid cultures are negative in up to 25% of PJI cases. The purpose of this...
Who Trusts the WHO? Heuristics and Americans’ Trust in the World Health Organization During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Why do some Americans trust the World Health Organization (WHO) during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but others do not? To date, there has been no examination of trust in the WHO Yet the global nature of the pandemic necessitates expanding our scholarship to international health organizations We test the effects of partisanship, ideology, the cooperative internationalist foreign policy orientation, and nationalism on trust in the WHO and subsequently examine how this trust relates to preventive health behavior Multivariate analysis of original survey data from a representative sample of Americans Democrats, liberals, and those with a strong cooperative internationalist foreign policy orientation are more likely to trust the WHO's competence and integrity in responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic while Republicans, conservatives, and nationalists are less likely Even though trust in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has the largest impact on preventive health behaviors, trust in the competence of the WHO is also an important factor These results remain robust after controlling for other covariates Pandemic politics in the United States is polarized along party and ideological lines However, our results show that a fuller understanding Americans’ political trust and health behaviors during COVID‐19 requires taking the international dimensions of the pandemic seriously [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Patient-Centered Clinical Trials Decision Support using Linked Open Data

Patients often want to participate in relevant clinical trials for new or more effective alternative treatments. The clinical search system made available by the NIH is a step forward to support the patient's decision making, but, it is difficult to use and requires the patient to sift through lengthy text descriptions for relevant information. In addition, patients deciding whether to pursue a given trial often want more information, such as drug information. The authors' overall aim is to develop an intelligent patient-centered clinical trial decision support system. Their approach is to integrate Open Data sources related to clinical trials using the Semantic Web's Linked Data framework. The linked data representation, in terms of RDF triples, allows the development of a clinical trial knowledge base that includes entities from different open data sources and relationships among entities. The authors consider Open Data sources such as clinical trials provided by NIH as well as the drug side effects dataset SIDER. The authors use UMLS Unified Medical Language System to provide consistent semantics and ontological knowledge for clinical trial related entities and terms. The authors' semantic approach is a step toward a cognitive system that provides not only patient-centered integrated data search but also allows automated reasoning in search, analysis and decision making using the semantic relationships embedded in the Linked data. The authors present their integrated clinical trial knowledge base development and a prototype, patient-centered Clinical Trial Decision Support System that include capabilities of semantic search and query with reasoning ability, and semantic-link browsing where an exploration of one concept leads to other concepts easily via links which can provide visual search for the end users.
The role of E-selectin in two murine models of acute inflammation

E-selectin, an endothelial ceil adhesion molecule, is expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells. Its role in neutrophil recruitment in acute murine inflammation, a previously undescribed entity, was the focus of this work. The interaction between P-selectin and E-seiectin in neutrophil extravasation was also investigated. Two murine models of acute inflammation were utilized in this work: acute pneumonitis induced by intranasal (IN) instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chemical peritonitis Induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of thioglycollate broth. Intranasal LPS, a novel model, resulted in a progressive influx of neutrophils into the lungs begining near airways and extending into distant alveoli 4-6 hours later. Intraperitoneal thioglycollate is a model commonly used to examine the role of adhesion molecules in acute inflammation. E-selectin expression, which peaked 4-6 hours post-treatment, was immunohistochemicaily detected on the endothelium of scattered vessels in the lungs of mice following IN instillation of LPS. P-selectin was detected in endothelial cells in control mouse lungs and increased post-treatment with IN LPS. Blocking with anti-E-selectin MAb did not decrease the neutrophil count in the peritoneal cavity following IP injection of thioglycollate. Nor did these antibodies decrease the neutrophil count in the bronchoalveolar lavage of mice 2 hours after IN instillation of LPS; whereas, by 6 hours post-treatment, there was a moderate decrease. However, when anti-P-selectin MAb were combined with the anti-E-selectin MAb, a significant increase in blocking was seen in the 6 hour group, demonstrating a redundancy in the function of these molecules. A
Cost Based Search Considered Harmful

Planning research has returned to the issue of optimizing costs (rather than sizes) of plans. A prevalent perception, at least among non-experts in search, is that graph search for optimizing the size of paths generalizes more or less trivially to optimizing the cost of paths. While this kind of generalization is usually straightforward for graph theorems, graph algorithms are a different story. In particular, implementing a search evaluation function by substituting cost for size is a Bad Idea. Though experts have stated as much, cutting-edge practitioners are still learning of the consequences the hard way; here we mount a forceful indictment on the inherent dangers of cost-based search.
Spectroscopic Studies of the Exposure of Tyrosine Residues in Proteins with Special Reference to the Subtilisins

The solvent perturbation behavior and acetylation characteristics of the tyrosine residues in the subtilisins have been examined. The availability of the phenolic side chains both to acetylation and solvent is high, in agreement with the proposed x-ray structure for subtilisin BPN'. Spectroscopic studies on N,O-diacetyltyrosine, N-acetyl-tyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine in water-dioxane mixtures show that the spectra of these compounds are very sensitive to solvent composition. Consequently, when determination of the degree of acetylation, or nitration, is performed spectrophotometrically on native proteins, significant errors may occur due to differences in the microenvironments of individual tyrosine side chains. Relevant data from the literature are discussed which indicate that phenolic groups in apolar locations undergo substitution preferentially, and that reactivity with N-acetylimidazole or tetranitromethane is an uncertain (and, in some cases, misleading) index of exposure of a phenolic side chain to the solvent. Circular dichroism studies on subtilisins Novo and Carlsberg indicate some differences in the arrangement of the aromatic residues in these two enzymes, and, possibly, small differences in the conformation of the polypeptide backbones as well.
Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition of Titanium Nitride and Process Diagnostics With Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

With gaseous precursors of TiCl4, H2, and N2, titanium nitride (TiN) films have been deposited on Ti-6A1-4V alloy substrates by a cw CO2 laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) process. Transient Ti atomic concentration above the substrate is measured by laser induced fluorescence (LEF) spectroscopy. Surface temperature during deposition is obtained by multi-wavelength pyrometry. Stylus profilometry and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) yield film growth rates and compositions. Relationships between the growth rate and TiCl4, H2, and N2 partial pressures are established, from which the rate-controlling reactions and activation energy are obtained.
Simulated optical imaging of orientation preference in a model of V1

Optical imaging studies have played an important role in mapping the orientation selectivity and ocular dominance of neurons across an extended area of primary visual cortex (V1). Such studies have produced images with a more or less smooth and regular spatial distribution of relevant neuronal response properties. This is in spite of the fact that results from electrophysiological recordings, though limited in their number and spatial distribution, show significant scatter/variability in the relevant response properties of nearby neurons. We present a simulation of the optical imaging experiments of ocular dominance and orientation selectivity using a computational model of the primary visual cortex. The simulations assume that the optical imaging signal is proportional to the averaged response of neighboring neurons. The model faithfully reproduces ocular dominance columns and orientation pinwheels in the presence of realistic scatter of single cell preferred responses. In addition,we find the simulated optical imaging of orientation pinwheels to be remarkably robust, with the pinwheel structure maintained up to an addition of /spl plusmn/60 degrees of random scatter in the orientation preference of single cells. Our results suggest that an optical imaging result does not necessarily, by itself, provide any obvious upper bound for the scatter of the underlying neuronal response properties on local scales.
Application of Laser Techniques to Geodesy and Geophysics

Publisher Summary The chapter describes two distinct types of laser employed. The first type is used in the distance-measuring devices that employ a modulated light beam and in the interferometric strain meters, has a continuous low power output and is usually a He-Ne gas laser. The other type, used for time-of-flight measurements, such as the Lunar Ranging Experiment, is a pulsed laser of extremely high power and short pulse length. The chapter discusses terrestrial laser ranging devices (LRD) including electro-optic light modulators, LRD instrumental description, LRD accuracy, two-color techniques and description of two-color LRD. The chapter also discusses extraterrestrial laser ranging devices, lunar laser ranging experiment and laser ranging to artificial satellite. The applications of laser technology to geophysical instrumentation over the past decade resulted in significant improvements in the instrumental capabilities. The data from geodetic surveys using LRDs contribute to the understanding of the workings of the Sen Andreas fault system in particular and to the understanding of tectonic processes in general. The data combined with the measurements will have great bearing on the problem of earthquake prediction provides an opportunity to check the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.
The Berlin Wall on the Therapist's Couch

This paper falls under the rubric of the sociology of knowledge, which bridges the gap between phenomenological philosophy and the human sciences (Berger et al., 1969). It presents an empirical investigation of the communicative construction of psychotherapeutic reality. I examine therapeutic talk and psychotherapists' reconstructions of the transition from state socialism in Germany in 1989. In both instances I show how psychotherapists' commonly shared interpretative conventions and rules of reasoning produce typical accounts. The first part of the paper shows how certain interpretative conventions and rules of reasoning organize therapeutic talk and interaction in general. The second part focuses on how the interpretative conventions typical of therapy also inform psychotherapists' interpretations of the transition from state socialism.
Depolymerization of fluoroalkyl methacrylate polymers as studied with thermogravimetry

Thermal behaviors of a few kinds of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylate) prepared by γ-or UV-ray polymerization were investigated by using thermogravimetric measurements with the intermittent analysis of the gaseous products. The degradation of fluoroalkyl methacrylate polymers, monomeric units of which were CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2(CF2CF2)nH, n = 1, 2, and 3, proceeded according to the depolymerization mechanism reproducing the pristine monomer exclusively, but the thermogram in inert atmosphere showed the features of a two-step reaction. Two species of polymer differing in the heat stability were supposed to exist in the polymeric substance produced by γ- or UV-ray irradiation, and the fraction of polymer having lower heat stability increased with the increasing length of the fluoroalkyl ester group. In air, however, the thermogram of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylate) showed no such a stepwise weight decrease as was observed in inert atomsphere with the elevating temperature, and the temperatures at which the depolymerization was introduced shifted to a much higher region. The results were ascribed to the reaction of initiating polymer radicals produced on polymer having lower stability with oxygen to form hydroperoxide, which once stabilized the polymer radicals and obstructed the initiaition of the unzipping reaction till higher temperature.
Numerical Simulations of Liquid Rocket Coaxial Injector Hydrodynamics

A series of unsteadyReynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations aremade for a range of conditions pertinent to coaxial rocket injectors used on large liquid rocket engines with the intent of investigating unsteadiness resulting from hydrodynamic instabilities within the confines of the injector and in the near field of the injection point in the chamber. Axisymmetric simulations are conducted using a real fluid treatment for liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen propellants. An in-depth look inside the injector recess region was performed in an effort to characterize the dynamic character of mass flow pulsations created from hydrodynamic instabilities. Wake instabilities downstream of the liquid oxygen post tip, the acoustic pulsations within the liquid oxygen tube, and the vortex shedding from the injector lip all contribute to natural pulsations, even in the event of purely steady upstream and downstream conditions. The effects of varying the oxidizer/fuel ratio, the liquid oxygen post thickness, the liquid oxygen post length, and the liquid oxygen post acoustic frequency on injector frequency response were investigated.
X-ray generation by the Smith-Purcell effect.

Smith-Purcell (S-P) radiation is produced when electrons graze the surface of a grating. Calculations based on the theory of diffraction radiation show that, given severe restrictions on ${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$-beam quality, S-P radiation is highly efficient. Efficient S-P x-ray generation requires relativistic ${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ beams having a transverse momentum and dimension whose product approaches the Heisenberg uncertainty limit.
Reducing the Readmission Burden of COPD: A Focused Review of Recent Interventions

The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the United States is high, especially with regard to readmission rates and annual cost of health care. However, to date, there is little consensus about which clinical interventions have the greatest impact on reducing COPD readmissions. We reviewed literature in PubMed/MEDLINE to identify interventions that have the greatest impact on COPD readmissions, stratified by four clinical domains: patient risk factors, longitudinal care, acute care, and post-discharge care. Patients with more severe disease and fewer social supports are most vulnerable to COPD readmission. Chronic treatment with combined inhaled corticosteroids-long-acting beta-agonists or tiotropium as well as early antibiotic treatment during acute hospitalization decrease readmission rates. After discharge, the greatest effect on readmission rates was seen with early pulmonary rehabilitation, outpatient follow-up within 30 days, and enrollment in an integrated care program. While the standard of care in reducing COPD readmission rates remains to be elucidated, a multi-faceted approach that targets high-risk populations is likely to be most effective.
Mechanical Behavior of a Laminar Ceramic/Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite

The mechanical properties of a noval laminar composite are investigated. The composite consists of dense alumina sheets bonded between sheets of a uniaxial carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy tape. The behavior of the composite in both flexural and tensile loading is characterized and the results are related to the properties of the constituents. The role of the interlaminar interface in composite behavior is also examined. Implications for the design of laminar composites with complex shapes are briefly discussed.