cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive performance assessment of building structural systems: research to practice

Abstract Contemporary analysis and design programs for engineering of building structures are heavily geared toward elastic analysis and specification formula-based, component-by-component design, with little direct assistance to the engineer in assessing overall system limit-states. To achieve the maximum potential benefits of modern computational power in design, improvements in and integration of sophisticated computational models of component behaviour are needed, and a complete rethinking of computeraided engineering approaches is necessary. New procedures need to be developed that allow the engineer to rapidly tune the system limit states behaviour based on measures of overall computed responses, as well as control detailed local component limit states. The engineer should be able to move easily and at will between detailed component and overall system considerations in developing a design. Meaningful graphical indices of the structure's performance should be available at all levels. This paper reviews a sample of the present technology for computational assessment of building structural performance, and offers a number of suggestions for further development and use of sophisticated analysis methods in design practice and research.
Lot's Wife and the Old Salt: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Attitudes Toward Salt in Relation to Diet

Although salt is a fundamental requirement in human biology, societies differ in the access they have to salt and in their attitudes toward it. This article uses the Human Relations Area Files to explore the relationships among diet (operationalized by a scoring system that identifies the customary diet as primarily derived from the plant kingdom [PK] or primarily derived from the animal kingdom [AK], or some variation thereof), use of salt, and positive and negative valuation of salt (operationalized by a scoring system applied to explicit or implicit statements about the value of salt).
Immigrant generation and physical activity among Mexican, Chinese & Filipino adults in the U.S

Migrant studies of physical activity (PA) can provide insight into the prevention of chronic disease. It is unclear, however, whether PA increases or decreases the longer migrants live in their host country. In the US, studies on immigrants' length of residence in the US and PA are inconclusive and many studies do not adequately consider the role of socioeconomic status (SES). Using California data, we examine relationships between immigrant generation and physical activity (PA) among Mexican, Chinese and Filipino adults, who represent the three largest immigrant groups in the US, and the extent to which the relationships are confounded by SES. Data from the 2000 US Census was linked with data on adults 18 years and older from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey. PA was measured in three different domains: leisure time (LTPA), non-leisure time (NLTPA) and any PA. Logistic regression was used to examine whether a wide range of SES factors, measured at the respondent and neighborhood levels, influenced the relationship between immigrant generation and PA in all domains and in different ethnic origin groups. Generation was significantly associated with LTPA among Mexican and Chinese adults and with NLTPA among all 3 ethnic origin groups; however the nature of the relationships varied. After adjusting for individual and neighborhood SES factors, a positive association between generation and LTPA remained among Mexican adults, and negative association between generation and NLTPA remained among Chinese and Filipino adults. These results underscore the importance of comparative studies of immigrant generation and PA and consideration of SES factors to identify pathways linking generation to PA. In the context of increasing rates of chronic disease, the study of transitions in PA among immigrants will continue to be critical to promoting the public health of diverse populations in countries such as the US.
Doped planar quantum antiferromagnets with striped phases.

We study the properties of the striped phases that have been proposed for the doped cuprate planar quantum antiferromagnets. We invoke an effective, spatially anisotropic, nonlinear sigma model in two space dimensions. Out theoretical predictions are in quantitative agreement with recent experiments. We focus on (i) the staggered magnetization at $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ and (ii) the N\'eel temperature as functions of doping; these have been measured recently in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ with $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.018$. Good agreement with experiment is obtained using parameters determined previously and independently for this system. These results support the proposal that the low doping (antiferromagnetic) phase of the cuprates has a striped configuration.
Generation of an Active Monomer of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis: The Effect of Quaternary Structure on Catalysis and Stability†

Cytosolic creatine kinase exists in native form as a dimer; however, the reasons for this quaternary structure are unclear, given that there is no evidence of active site communication and more primitive guanidino kinases are monomers. Three fully conserved residues found in one-half of the dimer interface of the rabbit muscle creatine kinase (rmCK) were selectively changed to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. Four mutants were prepared, overexpressed, and purified: R147A, R151A, D209A, and R147A/R151A. Both the R147A and R147A/R151A were confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation to be monomers, whereas R151A was dimeric and D209A appeared to be an equilibrium mixture of dimers and monomers. Kinetic analysis showed that the monomeric mutants, R147A and R147A/R151A, showed substantial enzymatic activity. Substrate binding affinity by R147A/R151A was reduced approximately 10-fold, although kcat was 60% of the wild-type enzyme. Unlike the R147A/R151A, the kinetic data...
Gender and ethnic changes in physical work capacity from childhood through adolescence

Abstract This study determined gender and ethnic differences in physical work capacity (PWC170) of 8–16-year-old American youth as they progress from elementary to high school. A multicohort group of 2,540 youth participated: 50.4% girls (21.4% African Americans, and 78.6% Caucasians). PWCI70 was predicted from cycle ergometer testing six times over a 7-year period. The absolute PWC 170 of girls stabilized in early adolescence, while boys increased with each trial. The PWC170 relative to body weight of girls decreased steadily, whereas the boys remained stable. African Americans had greater absolute PWC170 values than Caucasians (p =. 0001). The relative PWC 170 was lower for African American girls than Caucasian girls (p = . 0001), but there were no ethnic differences for boys (p > .05). Although correlations and grouping suggested moderate tracking, girls with high relative PWC170 tended to migrate to lower levels as they aged, where as high-performing boys maintained their PWC170 as they aged.
Penetration of lincomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline into serum and bone.

SummaryThe penetration of lincomycin into serum, femur, and mandible was compared with penicillin G and tetracycline following intramuscular injection. The concentrations were assayed by the serial tube dilution method using S. aureus. Lincomycin produced higher concentrations than penicillin in serum and bone. Although tetracycline gave higher serum levels than the other two antibiotics, a sufficient quantity could not be extracted from the bone by the method used to permit detection by the test organism. However, its presence was confirmed by the bacteriostatic effect of the bone powder upon inoculated broth cultures.
Clinical implications of attribution theory and research

Abstract Attribution work having implications for psychotherapy practice and theory is reviewed. The review focuses on: (1) the relatively extensive literature on misattribution research; (2) misattribution-like approaches; (3) attribution and behavior change; (4) the quickly expanding literature on depression and learned helplessness from an attributional perspective, including attribution retraining; and (5) attribution and relationship therapy. It is concluded that attributional ideas, broadly-construed, are pervasive in contemporary clinical practice and theory. This status of attribution work in clinical psychology today reflects the broadly-gauged influential conception of attributional processes first articulated by Heider. It is also concluded that work done to date is quite incomplete in specifying the particular role of attributional processes in such domains as misattribution therapy, the understanding of depression, and relationship therapy.
TCRV and TCRJ gene usage in MBP responding T cells from (B10.PL×PL/J)F1 mice is biased towards that of B10.PL mice

Abstract We analyzed myelin basic protein (MBP) specific T cell hybridoma clones from (B10.PL×PL/J)F1 mice. MBP-reacting T cell hybridomas from F1 mice preferentially expressed B10.PL TcraV2.3 (53%) and B10.PL TcraV4.2 (13%) with minor expression of TcraV4.4 (13%) gene segments. A dominant expression of TcrbV8.2 (73%) accompanying with TcrbV8.1 (20%) and TcrbV13 (7%) gene segments have been identified in these MBP-reacting T cell hybridomas from F1 mice. There was less restrictive but non-random usage of the TcraJ and TcrbJ gene segments. Overall, the MBP-reacting T cell hybridomas from (B10.PL×PL/J)F1 mice were dominated by the MBP-reacting T cell pattern seen in B10.PL mice.
Complexity in space plasmas - A brief review

Recent developments of the physics of complexity in space plasmas are briefly reviewed. The definition of dynamical complexity is provided. Concepts of probability distribution functions, wavelet transforms, intermittent turbulence, multifractal processes and extreme events are described. Future directions for this emerging field are discussed.
Evaluation of the critically ill child.

The goal of critical care for infants and children is to provide optimal surveillance and support to the developing organ systems of patients with life-threatening conditions. These processes begin in the field (prehospital stage) and continue in the emergency departments and intensive care units of the hospital. Surveillance of these critically ill or injured children is an important function of the trained senses of the experienced critical care team. Advances in technology have extended and amplified these senses, but .the active presence of skilled professionals is the cornerstone of successful monitoring. Prioritizing actions in the critically ill or injured child has been formalized by ACLS (Advanced Cardiac Life Support) practice. The airway is first priority, followed by breathing, circulation, and central nervous system. Optimal monitoring of the seriously ill child includes continual evaluations of each of these systems.
A simple two-dimensional model for particle segregation

Abstract A simple two-dimensional model for the segregation of particles of different sizes is described. In this model particles are added, one at a time, at the same lateral position to a growing heap of particles. Segregation occurs because large particles can roll more easily over small particles than small particles can roll over large ones. The dependence of the extent of segregation on particle size ratio and the fraction of small particles is explored for binary systems. The degree of segregation is found to increase rapidly as the fraction of large particles is increased and as the particle-size ratio deviates from 1.
Plasmon-enhanced light emission based on lattice resonances of silver nanocylinder arrays

Diffractive arrays of silver nanocylinders are used to increase the radiative efficiency of InGaN/GaN quantum wells emitting at near-green wavelengths. Large enhancements in luminescence intensity (up to a factor of nearly 5) are measured when the array period exceeds the emission wavelength in the semiconductor material. The experimental results and related numerical simulations indicate that the underlying mechanism is a strong resonant coupling between the light-emitting excitons in the quantum wells and the plasmonic lattice resonances of the arrays. These excitations are particularly well suited to light-emission-efficiency enhancement, compared to localized surface plasmon resonances at similar wavelengths, due to their larger scattering efficiency and larger spatial extension across the sample area.
Towards a formalization for COM part i: the primitive calculus

We introduce in this paper a typed calculus intended to capture the execution model of COM. The innovation of this calculus is to model very low-level aspects of the COM framework, specifically the notion of interface pointers. This is handled by specifying an allocation semantics for the calculus, thereby modeling heap allocation of interfaces explicitly. Having an explicit way of talking about interface pointers allows us to model in a reasonable way the notions of interface sharing and object identity. We introduce a type system that can be used to disambiguate between specification and implementation of interfaces. The type system moreover can capture a notion of COM conformance, that is, the legality of COM components. We discuss extensions of the calculus to handle subtyping of interfaces, dynamic interface negotiation and aggregation.
Growth kinetics and formation mechanisms of complex organics by sequential reactions of acetylene with ionized aromatics

Abstract In this work, we present direct experimental evidence for the formation of covalently-bonded organic ions by gas phase reactions of acetylene with the benzonitrile, phenylacetylene, and styrene radical cations, and compare these results with the previously studied acetylene reactions with the benzene, phenyl, pyridine, and pyrimidine cations. A very wide range of reaction rates has been found ranging from very slow reactions with energy barriers as in the case of benzene and styrene radical cations to reactions occurring at the collision rate as in the case of the pyrimidinium cation. In all cases, synthetic channels with increased numbers of carbon atoms are found in all the observed reactions. The resulting covalently-bonded precursor ions can undergo further growth to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ions including nitrogen-containing PAH ions. The observed chemistry under a wide range of experimental conditions, including extreme temperatures as high as 650 K, strongly implies a series of ion–molecule reactions that can lead from a simple molecule such as acetylene to polycyclic complex organic ions. The product ions resulting from the sequential reactions of acetylene can, in turn be neutralized by charge transfer or recombination, to produce large neutral PAHs. Therefore, ion–molecule reactions can contribute to the formation of higher hydrocarbons and PAHs in ionizing environments. The observed reactions could explain the possible formation of complex organics under a wide range of temperatures and pressures in astrochemical environments such as the nitrogen-rich Titan's atmosphere.
North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources

Purpose – This paper aims to describe and promote the interlibrary loan and document delivery services between North American and Japanese academic libraries. An overview of the overseeing bodies, the North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources and the Interlibrary Loan/Document Delivery Committee, is also described.Design/methodology/approach – A descriptive approach is taken to explain the library‐focused programs supported by the North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources.Findings – Access to Japanese language resources is increasingly higher in demand. The National Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources has fully supported libraries by providing interlibrary loan/document services between Japan and North America.Originality/value – This paper provides step‐by‐step instructions for interlibrary loan practitioners whose libraries participate in the Global ILL Framework (GIF) program.
Affirmative Reaction: Kennedy, Nixon, King, and the Evolution of Color-Blind Rhetoric

Abstract This essay blends critical race theory and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's sociological theory of color-blind racism to interrogate color-blind rhetoric. It uses the Kennedy–Nixon Presidential Debates as a site that, while illustrating the widely presumed duplicitous nature of political discourse, paradoxically romanticizes and concretizes the concepts of freedom and equality as race-neutral categories. Tracing the term “color blindness” to the Plessy Versus Ferguson case, the paper exposes the rhetorical and material limitations of legal language, from the Brown Versus the Board of Education decision to current controversies surrounding affirmative action, which advocate race neutrality rather than progressive color consciousness.
Increases in tumor response by pentoxifylline alone or in combination with nicotinamide.

Abstract Pentoxifylline (PENTO), a derivative of methylxanthine, has been reported to improve fluidity of red blood cells (RBC), and thus improve the flux of RBC through narrow capillaries. Additionally, PENTO increases 2,3-DPG levels in RBC, thereby increasing the O 2 release from RBC. Nicotinamide (NA) has been known to increase tumor blood flow, reducing the hypoxic cell fractions in the tumors. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PENTO alone or in combination with NA (PENTO + NA) on the oxygenation and radioresponse of FSaII murine fibrosarcomas of mice. We observed a significantly enhanced, radiation-induced growth delay of the FSaII tumors by the treatment of either single or multiple injections of PENTO. The combination of PENTO and NA further delayed the growth of tumors. The TCD 50 of control tumors was about 56.6 Gy, whereas that of PENTO+NA treated tumors was about 31.9 Gy. Thus, TCD 50 was modified by a factor of 1.8. PENTO+NA exerted no effect on the acute skin damage of OH mice after local irradiation and the gastrointestinal death after whole body irradiation. However, PENTO+NA slightly increased the bone marrow death as demonstrated by the decrease in LD 50(30) from 5.5 Gy to 5.2 Gy. The average p0 2 in the saline-treated control group of FSaII tumors was 8 mmHg and it significantly increased to 19 mmHg in the PENTO+NA treated group ( p
Who’s afraid of a world state? A global sovereign and the statist-cosmopolitan debate

Wary of quick statist dismissal of their proposals, cosmopolitans have been careful not to associate themselves with a world state. I argue that this caution is mistaken: cosmopolitans should see the vision of a world state as strategically valuable in exposing weaknesses in statist accounts, particularly of the Rawlsian variety. This strategic value follows if the only cogent arguments against a world state belong to non-ideal theory which assumes non-compliance, rather than to ideal theory with its core assumption of full compliance. If our only convincing reasons to reject a world state are non-ideal, then any liberal theory revolving around separate states must itself be considered a non-ideal theory. As a non-ideal theory, a statist law of peoples cannot be presented as an end-state, but is rather a transitional stage. Yet once seen as a transitional theory, the statist “realistic utopia” can no longer dodge the cosmopolitan charge that it is neither sufficiently realistic nor sufficiently utopian.
Simulations of quantum computation with a molecular ion

Abstract The capabilities of a new system for coherent control—intense terahertz light pulses acting on trapped, gas phase D 3 O + molecules—are investigated using realistic molecular and pulse parameters. Computer simulations show that a set of three shaped pulses can be used to perform four level (two qubit) quantum computational gates on the inversion–rotation energy levels and read-out the result using degenerate four-wave mixing. Two pulse shaping techniques are employed, one directly shaping a terahertz pulse, and another shaping a visible laser pulse that is rectified by a terahertz antenna. Both are found to be effective for control. Methods for initializing the inversion–rotation wavepacket, making the pulse robust against power variations, maximizing its fidelity to a unitary gate transformation and addressing limitations of energy level connectivity are discussed.
Effect of chelating agents on phytotoxicity of lead and lead transport

Abstract The major purpose of these experiments was to determine if Pb uptake by plants was significantly increased by chelating agents used in plant nutrition. The interaction of Pb with some other elements in barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) was studied in a glasshouse with different rates of Pb in solution culture and in amended (control, S, CaCO3, MgCO3) Yolo loam soil with and without the chelating agent DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid). In a solution culture experiment, 10‐3 M Pb significantly decreased bush bean yields in both control and DTPA treatments. The CaCO3 added to nutrient solution decreased the concentration of Pb in leaves, stems, and roots and prevented the toxicity of 10‐3 M Pb++. At high Pb levels, interactions between Pb and Mn and Pb and Fe were observed, except with CaCO3. In the soil experiment, the yields of barley and bush bean were influenced only slightly by Pb. The Pb concentration in ...
THE PERIODATE-GLYCOL REACTION. 4. ACTIVATION ENERGIES, EQUILIBRIA, AND A MECHANISM

The reaction of ethanediol with periodate ion has been investigated in detail at six temperatures, seven pH's, and multiple glycol concentrations. From these data, a quantitative determination of rate constants and activation energies as well as equilibrium constants and enthalpies for complex formation has been made as they vary with the applied conditions. The data have been interpreted as either first order with the complex serving as an intermediate or as second order with the complex serving as an inert entity. Additional equilibria that impact the reaction are hydration of IO4- in neutral conditions and the protonation of H5IO6 in acid solutions. In evaluating the data, the following generalization has been applied: Any condition that alters the ground-state energy of a reactant or reactants by an equilibrium process must in turn alter the activation energy by an equal amount. The conclusions that have been made are as follows: (1) IO4- is the primary reactant with ethanediol; H5IO6 is a secondary...
Transformation I: After 25 Years

The 25th anniversary of the publication of Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 brought to memory the wave of anxiety I felt on the eve of its publication. As if to torment me, Harvard University Press had inaugurated its first remainder sale just months before Transformation was scheduled to be published. Even though I already held low expectations that the book would be noticed, when I entered Memorial Hall, a football field lined with tables of remaindered books, my spirits sagged. As I noticed row on row of writings by world-class scholars, I was seized with despair. So it was with considerable surprise that I watched Transformation become the object of passionate criticism as well as praise. And to this day, I find the overheated reaction to the book both puzzling and in need of explanation. The first piece of information that might help to explain the reaction lies in the contrasting reviews of the book by lawyers and historians. The historians were, by and large, very enthusiastic, and the award of the Bancroft Prize to a book written by someone who teaches in a law school was, I think, unprecedented. Many of the reviews in law journals were, by contrast, heated and quite critical. While they often contested a particular interpretation in a subfield like contracts, torts, or commercial law, the most passionate critics were displeased either with the book's external perspective on legal change or with its various claims about the role of the judiciary in advancing various policies or interests. Much to my surprise at the time, it turned out that there was a significant difference between lawyers and historians over whether to adopt an internal versus external perspective. Historians usually seek to "explain" change with reference to the influence of factors outside the idea or institu-
Pediatrician Identification of Child Behavior Problems: The Roles of Parenting Factors and Cross-Practice Differences

While most primary care pediatricians acknowledge the importance of identifying child behavior problems, fewer than 2% of children with a diagnosable psychological disorder are referred for mental health care in any given year. The present study examined the potential role of parental characteristics (parental affect, parenting style, and parenting self-efficacy) in pediatrician identification of child behavior problems, and determined whether these relationships differed across practices. Parents of 831 children between 2 and 16 years completed questionnaires regarding demographic information, their child's behavior, their affect, their parenting style, and their parenting self-efficacy. Pediatricians completed a brief questionnaire following visits in four community-based primary care practices in the Midwest. Logistic regressions controlling for child behavior and demographic predictors of pediatrician identification found that an authoritarian parenting style, in which parents yell or strongly negatively react to problem behavior, was negatively associated with likelihood of identification in the overall sample. However, the variables that were predictive of pediatrician identification differed depending on the specific practice. Parental characteristics can aid in understanding which children are likely to be identified by their pediatrician as having behavioral problems. The finding that practices differed on which variables were associated with pediatrician identification suggests the need to potentially individualize interventions to certain physicians and practices to improve identification of child behavior problems in primary care.
Replacement of the “genetic program” program

Talk of a “genetic program” has become almost as common in cell and evolutionary biology as talk of “genetic information”. But what is a genetic program? I understand the claim that an organism’s genome contains a program to mean that its genes not only carry information about which proteins to make, but also about the conditions in which to make them. I argue that the program description, while accurate in some respects, is ultimately misleading and should be abandoned. After that, I sketch an alternative framework which is better suited to capturing the full informational nature of genes. This framework is centered on the notion of a signaling game, as originally developed by David Lewis, but expanded upon considerably by Brian Skyrms in more recent years. On the view I develop, genes turn out to be the producers and consumers of regulatory or developmental information, rather than entities encoding such information. This finding has consequences that link up with a broader debate in the philosophy of biology concerning inheritance systems. I take this to be one form of theoretical payoff that results from applying the signaling games framework to genes.
Three-Phase Gas/Oil/Brine Relative Permeabilities Measured Under CO2 Flooding Conditions

Steady-state three-phase gas/oil/brine relative permeabilities were measured in a carbonate core under CO 2 flooding conditions. Results show that the relative permeability of each phase depends only on the saturation of that phase instead of on two saturations, as many previous studies have concluded. All previously reported gas/oil/brine relative permeability studies have been conducted with low-pressure N 2 gas or air. In this work, CO 2 gas, oil, and brine were injected into a carbonate core at 71°C and 9.65 MPa so that the phase behavior and flow would be similar to reservoir conditions. Results show that significant differences exist between the three-phase gas/oil/brine relative permeabilities measured when the gas is CO 2 and those measured when the gas was N 2
Suitability of native and ornamental oak species in California for Agrilus auroguttatus.

Goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a new invasive species in southern California, USA. The extent of the host range of this insect is not known, but this knowledge will have a major impact on assessment of the risks that this pest poses to oaks [Quercus spp. (Fagaceae)]. We conducted laboratory tests to determine the potential suitability of native and ornamental oak species for larvae and adults of A. auroguttatus. We infested 179 cut logs (from 163 different trees) with eggs or larvae, measured neonate survival and, after 5 months, counted feeding galleries, and noted the proportion of galleries with late instars. Initial larval survival was generally high when larvae penetrated the phloem (range: 62-98% among oak species), and low by the time larvae began to feed at the phloem/xylem interface (range: 0-25% among oak species). The majority of larvae that established a visible feeding gallery survived to the fourth instar (total of 73% for all oak species). Larval galleries were established with greater frequency in red oaks (Section Lobatae) compared with other oaks (19 vs. 7 or 4%). All red oaks tested (Q. agrifolia Nee, Q. kelloggii , Newberry and Q. wislizeni A. DC.) were likely suitable hosts for larvae. Larvae were apparently able to feed on some of the other oaks (Q. chrysolepis Leibmann, Q. suber L., Q. lobata Nee, and Q. douglasii Hook & Arn), although it remains unclear whether these species would be preferred hosts under natural conditions. Adult longevity and fecundity varied little by species of oak foliage fed to adults. The host range of A. auroguttatus is likely limited by suitability of oak species for the larval rather than the adult life stage. Results support published field observations that red oaks are more suitable hosts than white oaks
Inexpensive three-dimensional dielectrophoretic microfluidic devices using milled copperclad substrates

Abstract This manuscript demonstrates an inexpensive method of fabricating 3D dielectrophoretic microfluidic devices using a milling machine equipped with a sub-millimeter end mill. Features were milled into a copperclad substrate, otherwise typically used for printed circuit boards. Milled electrodes themselves serve as walls of the microfluidic channel therefore delivering a stronger electric field throughout the depth of the microchannel compared to traditional, coplanar electrode designs. Dielectrophoretic particle trapping and concentration were demonstrated with 8 μm polystyrene beads at voltages no greater than 10 V. The method of fabrication will be discussed as well as advantages and challenges associated with this technique.
Relation Between Ischemic Threshold Measured During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and Known Indices of Poor Prognosis in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Background Stress echocardiography has become an accepted methodology for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. One potential advantage of dobutamine over other stressors used with echocardiography is the possibility of assessing the ischemic threshold. However, whether this measurement correlates with indices associated with adverse outcome has not been established. Methods and Results One hundred four patients (91 men and 13 women; age, 61±9 years) with coronary artery disease were studied with transesophageal echocardiography during infusion of dobutamine 2.5 to 40 μg/kg per minute. When regional dyssynergy developed, the dobutamine ischemic threshold (the dose of dobutamine at which induced regional wall motion abnormalities were first detected) was identified. The dobutamine stress echocardiogram was abnormal in 90 patients (sensitivity, 87%). The dobutamine ischemic threshold was 25.4±11.2 μg/kg per minute in patients with single-vessel disease, 14.4±7.9 in patients with two-vessel disease, and 9.1±7.9 in patients with three-vessel disease ( P <.0001). The dobutamine ischemic threshold correlated with the ejection fraction response to exercise measured by radionuclide angiography: Patients with low ischemic threshold had a mean fall in ejection fraction, and patients with high ischemic threshold or normal tests had a mean increase in ejection fraction. Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease, the ischemic threshold measured during dobutamine stress echocardiography correlates with both the number of stenosed vessels and the left ventricular ejection fraction response to exercise. Because these variables are associated with poor prognosis, these findings provide further support regarding the utility of dobutamine stress echocardiography in the clinical evaluation of patients with chronic coronary artery disease.
Dynamics for CH3F and CD3F isolated in rare gas solids

High resolution infrared spectra have been obtained for CH3F and CD3F in argon and krypton matrices from 3 to 39 K. Low‐temperature spectra show structure indicative of two stable monomer sites. As temperature is raised, the structure collapses to give symmetric peaks for each mode. The line shapes and their broadening with temperature show large dependence on the modes, isotope, and host matrix. On the basis of the absence of rovibrational structure and the very different line shapes for the various modes, we conclude that free or hindered rotation does not contribute to the absorption lines of methyl fluoride in argon or krypton matrices below 40 K. The mode dependent line broadening with increasing temperatures has been attributed to vibrational dephasing involving low energy site local phonon modes. Implications with regard to vibrational energy relaxation, which is currently thought to be dominated by a vibration to rotation energy transfer, are discussed.
Sensitive detection of superconductivity by changes in inductance and losses of a resonant bridge

THE method of Schawlow and Devlin I is at present the most commonly used for the detection of superconductivity. This method employs the change in selfinductance of a solenoid when a sample located inside the coil becomes superconducting. In order to increase the sensitivity, the solenoid is made a part of a parallel resonant circuit that controls the frequency of an oscillator, and changes in frequency corresponding to small changes in inductance are measured on a frequency counter. The method requires no physical connections to the sample, and irregularly shaped samples may be used. Frequency stability of the oscillator is a problem, however, and, when the solenoid is in a cryogenic bath being cooled by pumping, the oscillator frequency changes--probably because bubbling of the liquid affects the dielectric material surrounding the solenoid. In the method to be described, pumping effects are reduced considerably by a balanced-bridge technique. Also, sensitivity is increased by utilizing both the inductance change and the change in coil loss 2 making it possible to detect superconductivity in less than 1 mg quantities of material. While both of these effects have been noted in the literature, 1-4 they have not previously been used simultaneously for the detection of superconductivity.
Soluble amyloid precursor protein-α rescues age-linked decline in neural progenitor cell proliferation.

Neurogenesis is thought to play a role in cognitive function and hippocampal plasticity. Previous studies suggest that neurogenesis declines with aging. However, the onset and mechanism of declined neurogenesis are not fully elucidated. Here we show that the major decline in neurogenesis takes place during adulthood, before aging. Decline in neurogenesis takes place in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone, and is primarily due to a reduced number of fast-proliferating neural progenitor cells. Importantly, this decline can be rescued by intraventricular injection of recombinant soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα), which regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation in the adult brain. The counterpart, sAPPβ, a product of the amyloidogenic cleavage pathway of amyloid precursor protein, fails to exhibit a proliferative effect in vitro and in vivo, in equimolar concentrations to sAPPα. These observations suggest that adulthood is an appropriate time window for an intervention that upregulates neurogenesis, such as enhancement of sAPPα levels, for the prevention of declining brain plasticity and cognitive function.
Coarsening kinetics of γ′ precipitates in the Ni-Al-Mo system

The effect of Mo on the microstructure evolution and coarsening kinetics of c 0 precipitates in the Ni–Al–Mo system is studied using phase-field simulations with inputs from thermodynamic, kinetic and lattice parameter databases. For alloys of different compositions, the precipitate morphology and the statistical information of precipitate sizes are predicted as a function of annealing time. It is observed that increasing Mo content leads to a change of the precipitate morphology from being cuboidal to spherical as well as a reduction in the coarsening rate. Comparison between simulated results and existing experimental microstructure morphologies and coarsening rates shows good agreements.
Time Series Epenthesis: Clustering Time Series Streams Requires Ignoring Some Data

Given the pervasiveness of time series data in all human endeavors, and the ubiquity of clustering as a data mining application, it is somewhat surprising that the problem of time series clustering from a single stream remains largely unsolved. Most work on time series clustering considers the clustering of individual time series, e.g., gene expression profiles, individual heartbeats or individual gait cycles. The few attempts at clustering time series streams have been shown to be objectively incorrect in some cases, and in other cases shown to work only on the most contrived datasets by carefully adjusting a large set of parameters. In this work, we make two fundamental contributions. First, we show that the problem definition for time series clustering from streams currently used is inherently flawed, and a new definition is necessary. Second, we show that the Minimum Description Length (MDL) framework offers an efficient, effective and essentially parameter-free method for time series clustering. We show that our method produces objectively correct results on a wide variety of datasets from medicine, zoology and industrial process analyses.
Innovating: the importance of right brain skills for computer science graduates

This paper discusses the importance of teaching innovating skills in a computer science (CS) curriculum. The world is changing from a knowledge-based economy which depends upon the traditional left-brain skills to an innovation-based economy which relies more on right brain skills. The traditional skills taught in a CS curriculum remain very important to the success of its graduates. However, these skills now need to be augmented with innovating skills. The observations from teaching such a course and the plans for the future of the course are presented.
Early postnatal development of the monkey neostriatum: a Golgi and ultrastructural study.

Paired specimens of the neostriatum were taken from monkeys at zero (newborn), one, two, four, eight, and 16 weeks of age, and prepared for Golgi impregnations and electron microscopy. Light microscopy shows that in the first postnatal week, the structure contains the five neuronal types and four categories of afferent axons described in the adult, as well as some cells too undifferentiated to classify. Most neurons exhibit immature dendritic features, including local enlargements, terminal growth cones with filopodia, and filiform processes. In spiny type I cells, various levels of maturity may coexist in regions of a single dendrite, in different dendrites of the same neuron, and among individual cells. Spine density increases progressively with age, but the relative distribution of spine types remains about the same. Spiny type II neurons show some decline in spine density, and generally mature sooner than spiny type I cells. The long axons of spiny neurons have varicosities which disappear at about eight weeks. In younger animals (newborn and one week), the dendrites of aspiny neurons (types I, II, and III) may have a “spiny” appearance, exhibiting many spine-like and filiform processes. Concurrently, the short axons vary in degree of arborization from very immature to well developed. Electron microscopy corroborates the developmental features recognized in the Golgi material: dendritic and axonal growth cones, filopodia and varicosities, as well as various stages of maturation in somata and dendrites. Degenerating elements, mostly of an axonal nature, are seen up to eight weeks. The synapses which reach maturity at birth are of the asymmetric axospinous type, in which the axonal profile contains small round vesicles, and of the symmetric axodendritic class, with the presynaptic elements having pleomorphic vesicles. Some synapses are slower to mature and appear at one to eight postnatal weeks. These include those made by profiles with pleomorphic vesicles, forming either symmetric contacts with somata and axon initial segments, or asymmetric contacts with spines. The same applies to the asymmetric axodendritic synapses made by elements containing small round vesicles. Finally, profiles containing large round or flat vesicles are the latest to participate in mature synapses formation. Findings indicate that a considerable degree of qualitative and quantitative change takes place in the monkey neostriatal neuropil during early postnatal development, especially in the first eight-week period.
Millimeter-wave wireless power transfer technology for space applications

Technologies enabling the development of compact systems for wireless transfer of power through radio frequency waves (RF) continue to be important for future space based systems. For example, for lunar surface operation, wireless power transfer technology enables rapid on-demand transmission of power to loads (robotic systems, habitats, and others) and eliminates the need for establishing a traditional power grid. A typical wireless power receiver consists of an array of rectenna elements. Each rectenna element consists of an antenna together with a high speed diode and a storage capacitor configured in a highly tuned narrowband circuit for this purpose. The conversion of the microwave energy into DC in this fashion is almost instantaneous. Using a high power rectenna array in concert with a fast charging high performance battery can enable charging of the battery at very short time with a large power burst and discharge of it at a lower rate for an extended operation time for remote electronic assets. We have designed and fabricated a novel T-Slot antenna coupled rectenna array at 94 GHz for demonstrating efficient wireless power transfer in this frequency band. Assembly and testing of these devices are under progress now, and are showing great promise.
Insulin receptors and insulin effects on type II alveolar epithelial cells

Type II alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes) were isolated to purity from adult rabbits and analyzed for the presence of cell surface insulin receptors and for effects of insulin on cells. Assays were performed on cells cultured for 24 h in Eagle's minimum essential medium. Insulin binding to cells in culture approached a steady-state level by 180 min at 15 degrees C and remained constant for at least 1 h. Competition experiments using native insulin, proinsulin and desoctapeptide supported specificity of binding. Scatchard analysis of binding revealed a class of high-affinity receptors with Kd = 1.5 X 10(-10) M and a low-affinity component with Kd = 4 X 10(-9) M. The number of receptors was estimated at 2000-4000/cell. Insulin added to cell cultures of type II pneumocytes in concentrations from 5 X 10(-11) to 5 X 10(-8) M resulted in a dose-related increase in uptake of 2-deoxyglucose by cells. Insulin also stimulated the incorporation of choline and glucose into phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine.
Mycobacterium bovis in Coyotes from Michigan

During a survey for tuberculosis in wild carnivores and omnivores, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pooled lymph nodes of three adult female coyotes (Canis latrans) harvested by hunters in Michigan (USA). No gross or histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in these animals. One coyote was taken from Montmorency county and two coyotes from Alcona county located in the northeastern portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula where free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been found infected with bovine tuberculosis. It is thought that these coyotes became infected with M. bovis through the consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), raccoon (Procyonlotor), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), bobcat (Felis rufus), and badger (Taxidea taxus).
Cytonuclear Disequilibrium and Genetic Drift in a Natural Population of Ponderosa Pine

We measured the cytonuclear disequilibrium between 11 nuclear allozyme loci and both mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA haplotypes in a natural population of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa, Laws). Three allozyme loci showed significant associations with mtDNA variation, while two other loci showed significant association with cpDNA. However, the absolute number of individuals involved in any of the associations was small, such that in none of the nuclear-organellar combinations was the difference between observed and expected numbers >11 individuals. Patterns of association were not consistent across loci or organellar genomes, suggesting that they are not the result of mating patterns, which would act uniformly on all loci. This pattern of disequilibria is consistent with the action of genetic drift and with existing knowledge of the structure of this population and thus does not imply the action of other evolutionary processes. The overall magnitude (normalized disequilibrium) of associations was greater for maternally inherited mtDNA than for paternally inherited cpDNA, though this difference was neither large nor significant. Such significant disequilibria involving the paternally inherited organelle indicate that not only are there a limited number of seed parents, but the effective number of pollen parents is also limited.
L-Selectin Shedding Regulates Leukocyte Recruitment

The physiologic role of L-selectin shedding is unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of L-selectin shedding on firm adhesion and transmigration. In a tumor necrosis factor α–induced model of inflammation, inhibition of L-selectin shedding significantly increased firm adhesion and transmigration by a lymphocyte function–associated antigen (LFA)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1–dependent mechanism. We examined the quality of leukocyte rolling and L-selectin–mediated signaling. Blockade of L-selectin shedding significantly reduced the “jerkiness” of leukocyte rolling, defined as the variability of velocity over time. A low level of jerkiness was also observed in the rolling of microbeads conjugated with L-selectin, a model system lacking the mechanism for L-selectin shedding. Inhibition of L-selectin shedding potentiated activation of LFA-1 and Mac-1 induced by L-selectin cross-linking as shown by activation epitope expression and binding of ICAM-1–conjugated beads. We conclude that inhibition of L-selectin shedding increases leukocyte adhesion and transmigration by (a) increasing leukocyte exposure to the inflamed endothelium by decreasing jerkiness and (b) promoting leukocyte activation by outside-in signaling. These observations help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the minor contribution of L-selectin to rolling and the significant leukocyte recruitment defect in L-selectin knockout mice.