cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurohormonal receptors and cyclic AMP-binding proteins in rabbit tracheal mucosa-submucosa

Abstract Neurohormones and drugs that alter in vitro tracheal electrolyte transport and mucus glycoprotein secretion were examined for their ability to alter cyclic nucleotide accumulation in a smooth muscle-free preparation of rabbit tracheal mucosa-submucosa. cAMP levels were increased by β-adrenergic agonists, histamine, 2-Cl-adenosine and prostaglandin E 1 . cGMP levels were increased by carbachol. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine increased cAMP and cGMP levels and potentiated only the β-adrenergic effects. The β-adrenergic effects were blocked by (±)-propranolol and the effects of histamine by diphenhydramine, atropine and (±)-propranolol. Atropine blocked the carbachol effects. The isolated surface epithelium from rabbit trachea had higher basal cAMP levels and greater response to β-adrenergic agonists and isobutylmethylxanthine than the mucosa-submucosa. Two major cAMP-binding proteins in the tracheal mucosa-submucosa were identified with the photoaffinity label 8-N 3 -[ 32 P]cAMP. Agents that increased cAMP levels also decreased photoaffinity labelling, suggesting that these two cAMP-binding proteins were being occupied in the intact cell. The molecular weights of the proteins were 50 000 and 54 000 and correspond in electrophoretic mobility to the regulatory subunits of Type-I and Type-II cAMP-dependent protein kinases, respectively. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that epithelial functions in the airways are modulated by a number of agonists which increase cyclic nucleotide levels. The effects of β-adrenergic agonists is apparently mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase and subsequent activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
Generalizing From Controlled Treatment Outcome Studies

The gap between published research findings and clinical practice may be due in part to clinician concerns about generalizing from research to real treatment settings. The present study, conducted at a publicly funded, inner-city cocaine treatment program, compared 102 patients who volunteered for random assignment to treatment with 308 individuals who refused to volunteer. Volunteers and refusers received the same treatment provided by the same staff in the same setting. No differences were found in demographics, addiction severity, psychiatric functioning, or treatment retention. The data suggest that the results of research findings may therefore be more applicable to clinical settings than was previously thought.
Incidence of Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis among Hatchery Reared Salmonids of Oregon

A survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of viral erythrocytic necrosis (YEN) among hatchery reared salmonids in the state of Oregon. Thirty-five different stocks of fish were examined. Included were steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chum (O. keta), chinook (O. tshawytscha), and kokanee (O. nerka) salmon. Inclusion bodies typical of VEN were found in the red blood cells of fish from 9 of the 35 stocks examined. Chum salmon were most heavily infected, but inclusion bodies were also detected in blood from coho and chinook salmon and steelhead trout. Progeny of selected populations of VEN infected adults were examined and cytoplasmic inclusions were found in erythrocytes of chum and coho juveniles.
User control in hypermedia instructional applications: A literature review

This article examines research literature on educational hypermedia design and divides the literature into two groups, one advocating no author control of the user's path through the material, the other advocating varying degrees of control. The no control researchers’ work is determined to be lacking in audience and goals analyses as well as results evaluation while the researchers advocating control lack grounding in theory.
Long-lasting changes in small intestinal transport following the recovery from Trichinella spiralis infection.

Abstract Changes in intestinal motility and visceral sensitivity are found after resolution of acute enteric inflammation. The study investigates whether a transient nematode-induced intestinal inflammation may result in long-lasting remodelling of epithelial transport. Ferrets infected with Trichinella spiralis or sham-infected animals were euthanized on day 10, 30 or 60 postinfection (PI) and the jejunum was isolated. The net transport of electrolytes was measured electrophysiologically as transmucosal short-circuit current (Isc) and responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS: 1–32 Hz) or secretagogues were investigated. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of mucosal inflammation, was maximal during the enteric stage of T. spiralis infection (day 10 PI) and returned to normal on days 30 and 60 PI. Mucosal inflammation caused a reduction in basal Isc, increased electrical conductance (G) and decreased the maximal responses to EFS, carbachol or histamine. On days 30 and 60 PI the inflammation resolved and basal electrogenic transport appeared normal; however, the secretion induced by EFS, carbachol or histamine remained suppressed. Moreover, EFS-induced responses were shifted from predominantly cholinergic in controls to non-cholinergic in the infected animals. The results suggest that a transient small intestinal inflammation causes a long-term remodelling of epithelial function.
Resource patch size and flexible foraging in white-faced capuchins ( Cebus capucinus )

White-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, have a flexible foraging strategy. Typically, foraging party size is small and individuals feed dispersed from one another. When seasonal fruiting of large volume trees occurs, the majority of the group forages simultaneously. As C. capucinusdo not display a rigorous dominance structure and there are few indications that individuals or coalitions monopolize food patches,individuals are expected to display scramble strategies instead of high frequencies of contest competition. I recorded foraging party size (simultaneous foragers), the total number of animals to feed successively, and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of fruit trees used in two habituated troops. Individuals in each group spent a substantial amount of time — 65 and 48% of foraging time for each group — foraging in party sizes of one. Monkeys predominantly foraged alone in small trees (0- to 20- cm DBH), successively in medium trees (21- to 60- cm DBH), and simultaneously in large trees (>61- cm DBH). They used small trees more frequently than all other tree classes. In medium-sized trees, although fruit was plentiful, space was limited. In these trees Cebusforaged successively. In large-volume trees, space and fruit were abundant and several individuals fed together. As the DBH of fruiting trees increased, the average foraging party size increased exponentially. Cebus capucinusat Barro Colorado Island modify their foraging party size to adapt to the seasonal patterns of fruit production.
Sulfate in lakes of eastern Canada: Calculated yields compared with measured wet and dry deposition

Sulfate yields in eastern Canada, calculated as lake concentration times runoff, are presented on an approximately west to east axis, and are compared with wet deposition data from CANSAP (Canadian Network for Sampling Precipitation) and APN (Air Pollution Network) data on dry deposition. The agreement is very good, and shows clearly that dry deposition is greatest near the center of the continental pollution plume and is less important in remote areas. The good agreement also indicates that most of the sulfate in these lakes is from atmospheric deposition and that there is little retention of sulfate in their watersheds.
Short-term homogeneous group therapy for schizophrenic inpatients: A questionnaire evaluation

Traditional, insightoriented group therapy with a heterogeneous patient population has not been effective in the short-term inpatient setting. We have experimented with a homogeneous group therapy format where all of the patients have been acutely psychotic schizophrenics. Clinically, this approach has been found to be useful. Questionnaires filled out by the patients at the time of discharge have supported this conclusion. The patients valued the group more as a place to express their feelings and learn ways of interacting with others than as a place to test reality or receive advice on practical issues.
Glycerol catabolism in wild-type and mutant strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa

Glycerol uptake, glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) activities are specifically induced during growth ofPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO on either glycerol or glycerol-3-phosphate. Mutants of strain PAO unable to grow on both glycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate were isolated. Mutant PFB 121 was deficient in an inducible, membrane-bound, pyridine nucleotide-independent, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and PFB 82 was deficient in glycerol uptake and glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Each mutant spontaneously reverted to wild phenotype, which indicates that each contained a single genetic lesion. These results demonstrate that membrane-bound, inducible glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is required for catabolism of both glycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate and provide suggestive evidence for a single regulatory locus that controls the synthesis of glycerol uptake, glycerol kinase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inP. aeruginosa.
Providing Real-World Mechanism Design Experience Through the Early Intervention and Mechanical Engineering (EIME) Project

The Early Intervention and Mechanical Engineering (EIME) project provides real-world engineering design experience to undergraduate engineering students while significantly enhancing the services provided to children with special needs in the region surrounding Tennessee Technological University (Upper Cumberland region). These enhanced services are provided through a mutually beneficial collaboration between early intervention and engineering at Tennessee Tech. Engineering students engage in this project as part of a Design of Machinery Course. Student teams are matched with children with needs for novel applications of adaptive and assistive technology to facilitate transitioning of children from early intervention to preschool programs and inclusive environments. The projects are selected to emphasize motion control tasks. Examples include improved mobility, exercise, adaptations for feeding and everyday functioning, and interactive play. The project serves the engineering program by providing real-world design experiences as well as resources to develop and test projects. This paper will describe how the project is integrated into the design of machinery curriculum and present several examples of typical projects. Assessment of student outcomes relative to design and learning experience will be discussed. The paper will conclude with lessons learned and recommendations for future implementation of this project.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior.

Proponents of the model known as the "human revolution" claim that modern human behaviors arose suddenly, and nearly simultaneously, throughout the Old World ca. 40-50 ka. This fundamental behavioral shift is purported to signal a cognitive advance, a possible reorganization of the brain, and the origin of language. Because the earliest modern human fossils, Homo sapiens sensu stricto, are found in Africa and the adjacent region of the Levant at >100 ka, the "human revolution" model creates a time lag between the appearance of anatomical modernity and perceived behavioral modernity, and creates the impression that the earliest modern Africans were behaviorally primitive. This view of events stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record. In fact, many of the components of the "human revolution" claimed to appear at 40-50 ka are found in the African Middle Stone Age tens of thousands of years earlier. These features include blade and microlithic technology, bone tools, increased geographic range, specialized hunting, the use of aquatic resources, long distance trade, systematic processing and use of pigment, and art and decoration. These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the "human revolution" model, but at sites that are widely separated in space and time. This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa, and its later export to other regions of the Old World. The African Middle and early Late Pleistocene hominid fossil record is fairly continuous and in it can be recognized a number of probably distinct species that provide plausible ancestors for H. sapiens. The appearance of Middle Stone Age technology and the first signs of modern behavior coincide with the appearance of fossils that have been attributed to H. helmei, suggesting the behavior of H. helmei is distinct from that of earlier hominid species and quite similar to that of modern people. If on anatomical and behavioral grounds H. helmei is sunk into H. sapiens, the origin of our species is linked with the appearance of Middle Stone Age technology at 250-300 ka.
Factorial moments and short range correlation at relativistic energies

We present the results on cumulant moments obtained from horizontally and vertically averaged factorial moments for the shower particles, produced in32S-emulsion at 200 A GeV,16O-emulsion at 200 A GeV,16O-emulsion at 60 A GeV,28Si-emulsion at 14.5 A GeV and proton-emulsion at 800 GeV. Except the cumulants of order two, all other moments are consistent with zero within their statistical uncertainties. The strength of correlation length for each beam is higher than the previously observed values.
Open source software development and Lotka's law: bibliometric patterns in programming

This research applies Lotka's Law to metadata on open source software development. Lotka's Law predicts the proportion of authors at different levels of productivity. Open source software development harnesses the creativity of thousands of programmers worldwide, is important to the progress of the Internet and many other computing environments, and yet has not been widely researched. We examine metadata from the Linux Software Map (LSM), which documents many open source projects, and Sourceforge, one of the largest resources for open source developers. Authoring patterns found are comparable to prior studies of Lotka's Law for scientific and scholarly publishing. Lotka's Law was found to be effective in understanding software development productivity patterns, and offer promise in predicting aggregate behavior of open source developers.
Scale, Security, and Political Economy: Debating the Biopolitics of the Global War on Terror1

Critical scholarship in Political Science and International Relations (IR) theory is turning increasingly to Michel Foucault's writings on governmentality and biopolitics to explore the complex discursive interdependencies between transnational governance and the War on Terror. Marxist critics have assailed this effort recently, however, for its premature assumption that the practices of governmental power can simply be “scaled” without the interventions of specific state-imperial powers. Yet both sides in this “debate about biopolitics” seem to rest their arguments on readings of Foucault which ignore his views on the importance of developments in the discourses of political economy for the emergence of modern governmental relations. Inspired by Foucault's recently published lectures on importance of the concept of “economic man” for neoliberal governmentality in particular, this article suggests that Foucault attributed to governmentality an explicit impulse toward economic globalization. Moreover, base...
Neuron selection for decoding dexterous finger movements

Many brain machine interfaces (BMI) seek to use the activity from hundreds of simultaneously recorded neurons to reconstruct an individual's kinematics. However, many of these neurons are not task related since there is no way to surgically target those neurons. This causes model based decoding to suffer easily from over-fitting on noisy unrelated neurons. Previous methods, such as correlation analysis and sensitivity analysis, seek to select neurons based on which reduced order model best matches the ensemble model and thus does not worry about over fitting. To address this issue, this paper presents a new method, cross model validation, that ranks neuron importance on the neuron model's ability to generalize well to data from correct movements and poorly to data from incorrect movements. This method attempts to highlight the neurons that are able to distinguish between movements the best and decode accurately. Selecting neurons using cross model validation scores as opposed to randomly selecting them can increase decoding accuracy up to 2.5 times or by 44%. These results showcase the importance of neuron selection in decoding and the ability of cross model validation in discerning each neuron's utility in decoding.
Development of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and associated second messenger systems in fetal striatal transplants.

Abstract Stereotactic implantation of fetal brain regional anlage into adult host brain (“brain transplantation”) appears to be an increasingly viable strategy for therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. We have studied implantation of fetal striatum into adult striatum, previously lesioned by neurotoxic amino acid injection, as a model for transplantation therapy of Huntington's disease. The beginning of behavioral recovery to apomorphine is not apparent until 6.5 months after implantation. By 4 months after implantation cerebral blood flow through the implants appears equal to that in the intact contralateral striatum. At this time, cerebral glucose utilization is reduced in the implants but increases following apomorphine treatment. The development of D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors is markedly deficient in the striatal grafts at both 4 and 6.5 months after implantation. Very little D2 radioligand binding was observed in the grafts at either time point; D1 receptors appeared in a patchy fashion by 6.5 months at densities approaching normal striatum. In situ hybridization of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA demonstrated robust hybridization signal in normal striatum and accumbens but no signal in 6.5-month-old striatal grafts. Adenylate cyclase (AC) activity, examined with high-affinity [3H]forskolin binding, also appeared in patches similar to D1 receptors at 6.5 months. In contrast, protein kinase C activity, labeled with [3H]phorbol ester, was very apparent in the grafts at both time points. Higher and generally homogenous densities of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, assessed with [3H]QNB binding, develop in the grafts, but there appear to be few functioning cholinergic terminals, as measured by [3H]hemicholinium binding. Our data demonstrate that very few D1 or D2 DA receptors develop in fetal striatal neurons removed from E15–16 embryos and subsequently implanted into adult ibotenic acid-lesioned striata. The lack of D2 receptor development appears to derive from lack of transcription of the D2 receptor gene. By 6.5 months, D1 receptor sites and AC activity both appear in discrete patches, consistent with the known in vitro association of D1 receptors with stimulation of AC activity. In this model, the majority of graft protein kinase C activity, to the extent that it is labeled with [3H]phorbol ester, is not associated with DA receptors. DA receptor development in fetal striatal implants may require coimplantation of DA neurons.
Effects of pulsatile shear stress on signaling mechanisms controlling nitric oxide production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation, and expression in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells.

During gestation, placental blood flow, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression are elevated dramatically. Shear stress can induce flow-mediated vasodilation, endothelial NO production, and eNOS expression. Both the activity and expression of eNOS are closely regulated because it is the rate-limiting enzyme essential for NO synthesis. The authors adapted CELLMAX artificial capillary modules to study the effects of pulsatile flow/shear stress on ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial (OFPAE) cell NO production, eNOS expression, and eNOS phosphorylation. This model allows for the adaptation of endothelial cells to low physiological flow environments and thus prolonged shear stresses. The cells were grown to confluence at 3 dynes/cm2, then were exposed to 10, 15, or 25 dynes/cm2 for up to 24 h and NO production, eNOS mRNA, and eNOS protein expression were elevated by shear stress in a graded fashion (p < .05). Production of NO by OFPAE cells expo...
Preliminary observations on phytotaphonomic assemblages in a subtropical/temperate Holocene bayhead Delta: Mobile delta, Gulf Coastal Plain, Alabama

Abstract Studies conducted in the Holocene bayhead Mobile Delta, southeastern Gulf Coastal Plain, have begun to aid in elucidating the relationships between vegetational communities and macrodetrital litter recovered in various sedimentary environments. The bayhead delta is the result of the Mobile-Tensaw River progradation through a drowned Pleistocene river valley. Geomorphic sites sampled in the upper delta plain include channel forebank, levee, swamp, and abandoned channel (bayou). Channel forebanks are littered with parallel to subparallel oriented logs and branches, but subsurface accumulations of plant organs have not been identified, to date. Although levees are sites in which forest floor litter accumulates, bioturbation by rooting and fluctuating water conditions degrade plant parts. Alluvial and Deep Alluvial Swamps are sites in which prostrate logs and erect tree bases are more prone to being preserved by suspension load sedimentation. Forest floor litter beds of these swamps rarely may be preserved by event deposition (i.e. anomalous flooding). Recovered subsurface plant parts include fragmented woody detritus, bark, and seeds. The site most prone to preserving bedded leaf litter is the abandoned channel. Vegetation surrounding the bayou contributes canopy parts resulting in organic-rich muds. The lower delta plain is the area where passive and active sediment accumulation occurs in open water distributary bays and flanking subaerial levee/marshes. Marshes are inhabited by a herbaceous community in which rooting mats predominate the subsurface samples. Most aerial plant litters degrade or are consumed on the surface of the marsh. Root: shoot ratios have not been assessed, to date. Interdistributary bays infilled by passive sedimentation (flooding) preserve an extensively degraded assemblage of plant parts in a high-organic mud. Interdistributary bays infilled by active sedimentation (crevasse splay) preserve (1) bedded leaf litter horizons in distributary mouth bar sands and adjacent estuarine silty-muds and (2) transported detrital peats in shallows near crevasse channel distributary mouth bars. These litter horizons are composed of plant parts transported from distal Levee and Swamp communities of the transitional and upper delta. Proposed hypotheses to reconstruct plants (organic connection) through the repeated associations of parts found in clastic sedimentary environments must be reevaluated with respect to the taphonomic processes occurring in specific depositional environments.
Community Violence Exposure and Adolescents' School Engagement and Academic Achievement Over Time.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationships between community violence exposure and two related, but meaningfully distinct, academic outcomes: school engagement and academic achievement (grade point average, GPA). Psychological symptoms were investigated as mediators of these relationships. METHOD: One-hundred and eighteen youth reported on community violence exposure and school engagement twice during adolescence, and both parents and adolescents reported on psychological symptoms. Cumulative GPA was also acquired from participants. A path model and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess these relationships longitudinally. RESULTS: Earlier community violence exposure inversely predicted later school engagement, but earlier school engagement did not predict later community violence exposure. School engagement mediated the association between community violence exposure and school GPA. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms, but not posttraumatic stress symptoms, mediated the association between community violence and school engagement. CONCLUSIONS: When adolescents are exposed to community violence, they may become vulnerable to a cascade of events including psychological symptoms and decreased connectedness to school, which ultimately can lead to overall poor academic achievement. The more proximal, changeable experiences of school connectedness and psychological symptoms offer targets for interventions offsetting long-term adverse academic consequences in violence-exposed youth.
Antifungal drug susceptibility testing and resistance in Aspergillus

Abstract Aspergillus species are the most common causes of invasive mold infections in immunocompromised patients. The introduction of new antifungal agents, and recent reports of resistance emerging during treatment of aspergillus infections, have highlighted the need for standardized methods of antifungal drug susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi. This review describes the methods that are now being developed for the in vitro testing of Aspergillus species, and the results of attempts to correlate in vitro findings with in vivo outcome. The mechanisms and clinical importance of resistance to the different agents used in the treatment of human aspergillosis are discussed.
A novel 7,6,5‐ring system: Triazolobenzoxazepinone

A new ring system, a triazolobenzoxazepinone, has been synthesized in which the conformation of the 7-membered ring is rather rigidly imposed by the system. The conformation of the intermediates, nitro- and aminobenzoxazepinones, appear to be more sterically hindered than any precursors of the 7, 6-ring system. The formation of the 7,6- and 7,6,5-ring systems and the preceding transition states must therefore be sterically accelerated through regulation of rotational conformation.
Study of the High-Temperature Autoignition of n-Alkane/O/Ar Mixtures

Ignition time measurements of propane, n-butane, n-heptane, and n-decane have been studied behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range of 1300-1700 K and pressure range of 1-6 atm. The test mixture compositionvaried from approximately 2-20% O 2 , and the equivalence ratio ranged from 0.5 to 2.0. To determine more precisely the fuel mole fraction of the test mixture, a new technique has been employed in which a 3.39-μm HeNe laser and multiple-pass setup is utilized to measure the fuel in situ by absorption. Ignition delay times were measured at the shock tube endwall by a CH emission diagnostic (431 nm) that viewed the shock-heated mixture through a window in the endwall. This enabled the ignition time at the unperturbed endwall conditions to be determined accurately, thereby avoiding problems inherent in measuring ignition times from the shock tube sidewall. A parametric study of the experimental data reveals marked similarity of the ignition delay time characteristics among these four n-alkanes, and a unique correlation is presented in which the stoichiometric ignition time data for all four n-alkanes has been correlated into a single expression with an R 2 value of 0.992: Τ=9.4×10 - 1 2 P - 0 . 5 5 X O 2 - 0 . 6 3 C - 0 . 5 0 exp(46,550/RT) where the ignition time is in seconds, pressure in atmospheres, the activation energy in calories per mole, X O 2 is the mole fraction of oxygen in the test mixture, and C is the number of carbons atoms in the n-alkane. Comparisons to past ignition time studies and detailed kinetic mechanisms further validate the correlations presented here.
An alternative to fourier transform spectral analysis with improved resolution

On presente la methode LPQRD basee sur la prediction lineaire et la decomposition par triangulation d'Householder
Sonography of the iliopsoas tendon and injection of the iliopsoas bursa for diagnosis and management of the painful snapping hip.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare sonographic evaluations of patients referred with suspected snapping of their iliopsoas tendon with the pain relief achieved from anesthetic injection of the iliopsoas bursa, and with the subsequent surgical outcome. This study also assessed the effectiveness of Kenalog injection into the iliopsoas bursa for long-term pain relief.
Retention of C60 and C70 fullerenes on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic stationary phases

Abstract The separation of C 60 and C 70 fullerenes on four different polysiloxane stationary phases was examined. It was determined that polar solvents can be used as mobile phases effectively for the separation of fullerene molecules. Unlike previously published work, a polymeric octadecyl siloxane (ODS) stationary phase provided higher separation factors for C 70 /C 60 than did monomeric ODS stationary phases or phenyl substituted stationary phases. For example, for a methanoldiethyl ether (50:50, v/v) mobile phase and C 60 , k′ ≈ 5.0 separation factors, α = 3.3, were achieved with polymeric ODS compared to α = 2.2, with a monomeric ODS stationary phase. A linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) was used to model the importance of solvent interactions and stationary phase interaction to solute retention.
Impact of 1-Methylcyclopropene and Methyl Jasmonate on Apple Volatile Production

Climacteric Fuji apples were treated with 10 microL x L(-1) MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), 2 mmol x L(-1) MJ (methyl jasmonate), or a combination of 10 microL x L(-1) MCP and 2 mmol x L(-1) MJ. Fruit were kept at 20 degrees C for 15 days after treatment. Production of ethylene and other volatile compounds was measured prior to and 3, 7, 11, and 15 days after treatment. Ethylene production decreased 3 days following MJ treatment and then increased. MCP treatment alone or in combination with MJ inhibited ethylene production. MJ and MCP inhibited production of many volatile alcohols and esters. The production of individual alcohols and esters appears to be differentially inhibited by MJ or MCP. MJ and MCP inhibited not only production of alcohols but also formation of esters from alcohols.
Reversal of Diastereofacial Selectivity in Hydride Reductions of N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imines

A variety of N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines were reduced with NaBH4 in THF containing 2% water to provide the corresponding secondary sulfinamides in high yield and diastereoselectivity. By using the same sulfinyl imine starting materials and changing the reductant to L-Selectride, the stereoselectivity could be efficiently reversed to afford the opposite product diastereomer in high yield and selectivity.
Simultaneous Optimization of Multiple Responses Represented by Polynomial Regression Functions

An algorithm is developed for the simultaneous optimization of several response functions that depend on the same set of controllable variables and are adequately represented by polynomial regression models of the same degree. The data are first checked for linear dependencies among the responses. If such dependencies exist, a basic set of responses among which no linear functional relationships exist is chosen and used in developing a function that measures the distance of the vector of estimated responses from the estimated “ideal” optimum. This distance function permits the user to account for the variances and covariances of the estimated responses and for the random error variation associated with the estimated ideal optimum. Suitable operating conditions for the simultaneous optimization of the responses are specified by minimizing the prescribed distance function over the experimental region. An extension of the optimization procedure to mixture experiments is also given and the method is illustrat...
The Effects of Emotional Arousal and Valence on Television Viewers' Cognitive Capacity and Memory.

This study examines the combined effects of arousal and valence on viewers’ capacity allocation to and memory for television messages. Results show that when valence (how positive or negative a message is) is controlled, arousing messages are remembered better than calm messages. When arousal is controlled, positive messages are remembered better than negative messages. Reaction time results suggest that capacity allocation is a function of both valence and arousal. Viewers allocate the most capacity to positive arousing messages and the least capacity to negative arousing messages. The calm messages (both positive and negative) fall between these two.
Hydrogen permeation through thin supported SrZr0.2Ce0.8−xEuxO3−δ membranes

Abstract SrZr0.2Ce0.8−xEuxO3−δ (x = 0.1 and 0.15) membranes were investigated for their hydrogen permeation properties as a function of membrane thickness, from 17 to 50 μm. Membrane permeation flux was proportional to [ P H 2 ] 1 / 4 matching Norby and Larring's model when protons and electrons are the dominating defects. The observed inverse linear dependence of flux with membrane thickness indicates bulk diffusion is the rate-limiting factor for hydrogen permeation. After correcting for water formation, higher Eu doping in the membrane was confirmed to result in greater hydrogen flux, consistent with our previous conductivity studies. A H2 flux of 0.35 cc/min cm2 was achieved for 17 μm thickness SrZr0.2Ce0.7Eu0.1O3−δ membrane at 900 °C and 100% H2 in the feed gas. However, taking observed water vapor formation into consideration, a maximum H2 flux of 0.50 cc/min cm2 was achieved under the same conditions.
X-Ray crystal structures of five-coordinate (salen)MnN3 derivatives and their binding abilities towards epoxides: chemistry relevant to the epoxide-CO2 copolymerization process.

The synthesis of several (salen)MnN3 complexes in good yields and purities were achieved by the reaction of manganese(III) acetate and H2salen, followed by metathesis of the remaining acetate ligand with an aqueous solution of NaN3. The X-ray structures of two derivatives, where salen = N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine and N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexenediamine respectively, were determined. The complexes were shown to be monomeric 5-coordinate derivatives displaying a distorted square pyramidal geometry, and to be d4 high-spin derivatives by solution magnetic moment measurements using the Evans method. Binding studies of the (salen)MnN3 derivatives with added azide ions or cyclohexene oxide showed these complexes to have modest affinities for binding a sixth ligand. These observations are used to rationalize the low activity exhibited by manganese(III) complexes relative to their chromium(III) and cobalt(III) analogs for serving as catalysts for the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides.
FDTD analysis of dispersive periodic structures with skewed grids

An efficient finite-difference time- domain (FDTD) algorithm with a simple dispersive periodic boundary condition (DPBC) is developed to analyze dispersive periodic structures with skewed grids. The algorithm is easy to implement and is efficient in both memory usage and computational time. The validity of the approach is verified by comparing the results of a nanoplasmonic solar cell with results obtained from frequency domain solution and an axial FDTD/DPBC program.
The Cornucopia of “Pleiotropic” Actions of Statins: Myogenesis As a New Mechanism for Statin-Induced Benefits?

See related article, pages 255–264 Initially described in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, myocardial “hibernation” denotes a state of adaptive reduction in myocardial contractile function in response to limited energy supply caused by reduced blood flow.1,2 In this precarious equilibrium, the myocardium can remain viable for sustained periods of time (although not indefinitely) and slowly resumes contractile activity on restoration of perfusion.2,3 Hibernating myocardium resulting from a flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis is a common clinical entity that contributes to myocardial dysfunction in many patients with ischemic heart disease1,2; its clinical importance stems from the fact that is it is potentially reversible. The pathophysiological basis of this syndrome was proposed as a conceptual framework in 19924 and subsequently tested in various animal models5–8: it is likely to involve recurrent brief episodes of ischemia, which initially result in repetitive “stunning” with normal resting flow and eventually cause a persistent decrease in resting function and flow.2,4–6,8 Over time, these changes lead to myocyte loss resulting from degenerative changes and apoptosis.2,8 Because mechanical dysfunction is caused by a restriction in blood flow, revascularization has traditionally been the cornerstone of therapy for myocardial hibernation. Indeed, restoration of blood flow via CABG or percutaneous coronary interventions often improves the mechanical performance of hibernating myocardium.1–3,8,9 In those cases in which these procedures are not feasible, however, there is a need for alternative approaches. Direct transmyocardial laser revascularization10 and intramyocardial gene transfer of phVEGF16511 or fibroblast growth factor-57 have been reported to enhance perfusion and contractile reserve and improve regional function in experimental models of hibernation. Transplantation of circulating progenitor cells following revascularization has also been reported to attenuate hibernation (ie, to increase coronary flow reserve …
Radiation therapy simulation and optimization using kinetic polygon modeling

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a treatment for various cancers that involves applying a beam of radiation to diseased tumor cells. Although effective at destroying cancerous tissue, physicians must take care to avoid healthy tissues during the treatment plan as these may also be damaged. To improve treatment, computational methods are often employed to allow treatment planners to track the target tumor and apply radiation when it is less obstructed by healthy organs and tissues and thus more exposed to the beam, maximizing the damage to the diseased cells while minimizing the harm to healthy cells. Internal organs and tissues are rarely static, so this optimal time frame can be challenging to pinpoint. In this paper we develop a novel algorithm and accompanying data structure to determine the point in time at which the tumor target is most exposed. By modeling the organs and tumor as a set of moving polygons in the beam's eye view and using a kinetic data structure to track the level of exposure of the tumor as organs in the treatment area move, healthy tissue can be protected and the tumor can be targeted with greater effectiveness and precision, thus improving the overall quality of treatment.
Sex and species differences in spatial memory in food-storing kangaroo rats

Scatter-hoarding birds show superior performance in many spatial memory tasks and appear to relocate sites using different cues than nonscatter hoarders. However, there have not been similar studies of cue use and memory for locations by mammals that differ in their reliance on scatter hoards for survival. Here we report differences in spatial memory in two species of kangaroo rats that are predicted by foraging ecology. Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, a scatter hoarder that hoards intensively, showed accurate memory on a cache simulation task, which required the rat to find four predetermined locations after a 24-h delay. In contrast, the leaf-eating specialist Great Basin kangaroo rat, D. microps, which relies less on scatter hoarding, showed poorer accuracy under the same experimental conditions. The presence of local landmarks did not differentially affect recovery in the two species of kangaroo rats, unlike previous studies in birds. We did find a significant interaction between the presence of local landmarks and sex on target recovery. Female performance was significantly impaired by the absence of local landmarks, while male performance was unaltered. Spatial ecology predicted both species and sex differences in spatial memory in kangaroo rats.
Support for Performance‐Based Funding: The Role of Political Ideology, Performance, and Dysfunctional Information Environments

As performance-based mechanisms for accountability have become increasingly commonplace in the public sector, it is apparent that administrative reactions to these reforms are central in determining their effectiveness. Unfortunately, we know relatively little about the factors that drive acceptance of performance-based accountability by administrative actors. This article employs data collected from an original survey instrument to examine the perceptions of presidents at American public colleges and universities regarding performance funding. The author finds that acceptance of performance as a basis for funding is driven by a variety of factors, including the partisanship of the state legislature, organizational performance (measured by institutional graduation rates), dysfunction in the external information environment, and the political ideology of university presidents.
Tissue K+-stimulated ATPase and HCO−3-stimulated ATPase in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

The midgut and integument of Manduca sexta larvae actively transport K+ ions. The properties of the isolated tissue suggest that K+ transport may be accompanied by HCO3− transport. A K+-stimulated ATPase and a HCO3−-stimulated ATPase have been found in microsomal preparations from midgut and integument tissue of M. sexta larvae. The activity of the K+-stimulated enzyme from the midgut is about 100 nmol PO43−/hr per mg protein with a Km of 5 mM. The integument K+-stimulated enzyme activity is 325 nmol PO43−/hr per mg protein. Km = 7 mM. The HCO3−-stimulated enzyme from the midgut has an activity of about 125 nmol PO43−/hr per mg protein with a Km of 5.5 mM. Comparable values for the integument HCO3−-stimulated enzyme are 250 nmol PO43−/hr per mg protein and 6.3 mM. Specific enzyme markers and inhibitors have been used to differentiate the plasma membrane HCO3−-stimulated ATPase from mitochondrial enzyme.
Class action sexual harassment lawsuit: A study in crisis communication

Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing of America's (MMMA) response to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's lawsuit against it illustrates how management can manipulate and frighten employees. This study examines how outside constituencies and the media grew increasingly critical of MMMA and its relations with the employees during the first three months after the suit was filed.
Learning cross-document structural relationships using boosting

Multi-document discoure analysis has emerged with the potential of improving various information retrieval applications. Based on the newly proposed Cross-document Structure Theory (CST), this paper describes an empirical study that uses boosting to classify CST relationships between sentence pairs extracted from topically related documents. We show that the binary classifier for determining existence of structural relationships significantly outperforms the baseline. We also achieve promising results on the multi-class case in which the full taxonomy of relationships are considered.
Organizational Culture and Women's Leadership: A Study of Six Catholic Parishes

I report results from a study of women's leadership among six Catholic parishes. I asked how these parishes differed, if at all, in the congregational culture surrounding women's leadership and discovered distinct factors that characterized a progressive parish culture of women in leadership when compared to a more traditional culture. In progressive parishes priests actively encouraged women's leadership as part of a larger commitment to lay leadership, members viewed the priest shortage as an opportunity for more lay leadership, and female leaders talked about their agency to change the Church through their local parish. These findings expand the way researchers currently think about the role of women in the Church and provide models of mechanisms by which congregations might build and sustain cultures at odds with the institutions they inhabit.
Converters of the Parameters of Multicomponent Two-Terminal Networks with a Dc Short Circuit and a Break in the Circuit Between Poles

The features of algorithms and apparatus for determining the parameters of passive multicomponent two-terminal networks with a short circuit between the poles through an inductive component and a dc break in the circuit are considered. The measuring circuit is supplied with voltage pulses varying as a function of the nth power of time and n-fold differentiation of the signals at the input and output of the circuit. Generalized parameters of the transfer function are calculated in terms of the ratio of the signals in each differentiation channel.
Assembly of the γ-Secretase Complex Involves Early Formation of an Intermediate Subcomplex of Aph-1 and Nicastrin

The gamma-secretase complex is an unusual multimeric protease responsible for the intramembrane cleavage of a variety of type 1 transmembrane proteins, including the beta-amyloid precursor protein and Notch. Genetic and biochemical data have revealed that this protease consists of the presenilin heterodimer, a highly glycosylated form of nicastrin, and the recently identified gene products, Aph-1 and Pen-2. Whereas current evidence supports the notion that presenilin comprises the active site of the protease and that the other three components are members of the active complex required for proteolytic activity, the individual roles of the three co-factors remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Aph-1 interacts with an immature species of nicastrin, forming a stable intermediate early in the assembly of the gamma-secretase complex, prior to the addition of presenilin and Pen-2. Our data suggest 1) that Aph-1 is involved in the early stages of gamma-secretase assembly through the stabilization and perhaps glycosylation of nicastrin and by scaffolding nicastrin to the immature gamma-secretase complex, and 2) that presenilin, and later Pen-2, bind to this intermediate during the formation of the mature protease.
Pre-launch optical tests of MODIS and MISR

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instruments, currently in orbit, take radiometrically accurate pictures of the earth. These two instruments represent two types of earth observing cameras. MODIS is a cross track scanner while MISR is a pushbroom imager. An overview of the pre-launch ground optical testing equipment of MODIS and MISR is presented.
Optimization of partially coherent illumination in x-ray lithography (Poster Paper)

Based on the simplified yet accurate model we developed, a route to an optimized x-ray lithography system is defined. It predicts a large exposure window with a less coherent illumination than those currently used in most synchrotron radiation based exposure systems. Two different schemes of coherence reduction are proposed and their effects are simulated.