cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Spectropolarimetry of Quasi-stellar Objects Discovered by the Two-Micron All Sky Survey

Highly polarized QSOs discovered in the Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) have been observed to determine the source(s) of optical polarization in this near-infrared color-selected sample. Broad emission lines are observed in the polarized flux spectra of most objects, and the polarization of the lines is at about the same level and position angle as the continuum. Generally, the continuum is bluer and the broad-line Balmer decrement is smaller in polarized light than for the spectrum of total flux. Narrow emission lines are much less polarized than the broad lines and continuum for all polarized objects. These properties favor scattering by material close to a partially obscured and reddened active nucleus, but exterior to the regions producing the broad-line emission, as the source of polarized flux in 2MASS QSOs. The largely unpolarized narrow-line features require that the electrons or dust polarizing the light be located at distances from the nucleus not much greater than the extent of the narrow emission line region. The conclusion that the scattering material is located close to the nucleus is reinforced by the observation in four objects of changes in both the degree and position angle of polarization across the broad Hα emission-line profile, indicating that the broad emission line region (BLR) is at least partially resolved from distance of the scatterers. In addition to known high-polarization objects, four 2MASS QSOs with active galactic nucleus (AGN) spectral types of 1.9 and 2 were observed to search for hidden BLRs. Broad lines were detected in polarized light for two of these objects, and the polarizing mechanism appears to be the same for these objects as for the highly polarized QSOs in the sample that readily show broad emission lines in their spectra. The small observed sample of eight type 1 2MASS QSOs has weak [O III] emission in comparison to optically selected AGNs with similar near-infrared luminosity. The observations also show that starlight from the host galaxy contributes a significant amount of optical flux, especially for the narrow-line objects, and support the suggestion that many 2MASS QSOs are measured to have low polarization simply because of dilution of the polarized AGN light by the host galaxy.
Comparison of 1- Versus 2-Person Bag-Valve-Mask Techniques for Manikin Ventilation of Infants and Children

Study objective We compare the mean tidal volumes per weight and peak pressures generated by the 1- and 2-person techniques of bag-valve-mask ventilation in a pediatric model. Methods This was a prospective, descriptive study in which postgraduate year 1, postgraduate year 2, and postgraduate year 3 pediatric residents, postgraduate year 2 emergency medicine residents, pediatric emergency department nurses, transport personnel, and paramedics were asked to perform 1- and 2-person bag-valve-mask ventilation on infant and child manikins. Participants were randomly assigned a partner and performed both techniques. Tidal volume and peak pressure were recorded every 15 seconds for 3 minutes by a blinded assistant. Results Seventy participants, 10 in each group, completed the study. Overall, for the infant- and child-manikin groups, the 2-person technique generated higher mean tidal volume per weight than the 1-person technique (infant: 7.2 versus 5.9; child: 8.8 versus 6.1). Overall, the 2-person technique generated higher mean peak pressures than the 1-person technique (infant: 27.4 versus 22.0; child: 27.2 versus 21.8). Similar results were found among all provider groups. Paramedics were the only providers able to generate a recommended median tidal volume per weight of 10 mL/kg in the child manikin group when using either technique and were the only providers, when using the 2-person technique, to generate a mean tidal volume per weight of 10 mL/kg in the infant group. Conclusion Two-person bag-valve-mask ventilation provided greater mean tidal volumes per weight and peak pressures in the infant- and child-manikin model compared with the 1-person technique.
An investigation of tests for linearity and the accuracy of likelihood based inference using random fields

Summary We analyze the random field regression model approach recently suggested by Hamilton (2001, Econometrica, 69, 537-73). We show through extensive simulation studies that although the random field approach is indeed very closely related to the non-parametric spline smoother it seems to offer several advantages over the latter. First, tests for neglected nonlinearity based on Hamilton's random field approach seem to be more powerful than exist ing test statistics developed within the context of the multivariate spline smoother approach. Second, the convergence properties of the random field approach in limited samples appear to be significantly better than those of the multivariate spline smoother. Finally, when compared to the popular neural network approach the random field approach also performs very well. These results provide strong support for the view of Harvey and Koopman (2000, Econo metrics Journal, 3, 84-107) that model-based kernels or splines have a sounder statistical justification than those typically used in non-parametric work.
Stereoselectivity in the electrophile-mediated cyclization of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-dideoxy-d-arabino-hex-1-enitol. A stereocontrolled synthesis of 1-amino-2,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-deoxy-d-glucitol

Abstract Cyclization of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-dideoxy- d -arabino-hex-1-enitol (2) with mercuric acetate, mercuric trifluoroacetate, iodine, and N-bromosuccinimide gave preponderantly the allo isomer of the C-arabinofuranosyl structure. 1-Amino-2,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-deoxy- d -glucitol, which is a key intermediate in the synthesis of 3-(β- d -arabinofuranosyl)pyrazole[4,3-d]pyrimidine-5,7-dione (β- d -arabino epimer of oxoformycin B), was stereoselectively prepared in 48% overall yield from 2 in three steps. The stereochemical outcome of the cyclizations is also discussed.
Phosphine-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation: synthesis of cyclohexenes.

Phosphine-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulations of α-alkylallenoates with activated olefins allow the efficient syntheses of cyclohexenes. Hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPT)-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulations of α-alkylallenoates with arylidenemalononitriles provided highly functionalized 5,5-dicyano-4,6-disubstituted cyclohex-1-enecarboxylates in excellent yields (77−98%) and moderate to high diastereoselectivities (1:2−12:1). Remarkably, the corresponding triarylphosphine-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulations of α-methylallenoate with arylidenemalononitriles manifested a polarity inversion of the 1,4-dipole synthon, providing 4,4-dicyano-5-substituted cyclohex-1-enecarboxylates in excellent yields (80−93%). The polarity inversion of α-alkylallenoates from one 1,4-dipole to another under phosphine catalysis presumably resulted from a change in the balance of the equilibrium between the phosphonium dienolate and the vinylogous phosphonium ylide intermediate.
An algebraic version of a theorem of Kurihara

Let E/Q be an elliptic curve and let p be an odd supersingular prime for E. In this article, we study the simplest case of Iwasawa theory for elliptic curves, namely when E(Q) is finite, ш(E/Q) has no p-torsion and the Tamagawa factors for E are all prime to p. Under these hypotheses, we prove that E(Qn) is finite and make precise statements about the size and structure of the p-power part of ш(E/Qn). Here Qn is the n-th step in the cyclotomic Zp-extension of Q.
On the compensation of geoid anomalies due to subducting slabs

Candidate models of the forces that oppose the sinking of slabs are all constrained to produce results consistent with the following observation: relative geoid highs, which one assumes are due to slabs, characteristically occur over subduction zones. However, certain models of subduction-induced flow, such as one based on a Newtonian half-space mantle, yield surface depressions and concomitant geoid lows that more than fully compensate the geoid highs due to the slab alone. This study has extended a published model of viscous corner flow in subduction zones in order to demonstrate that it can—in certain cases—produce the requisite net geoid highs. Specifically, the relative geoid highs are produced if mantle flow is distinctly non-Newtonian (stress exponent n > 2). Results in the form of geoid slope or horizontal gravity disturbance profiles are computed for typical values of the slab parameters; they are compared with a representative profile of geoid slopes derived from SEASAT altimeter data in order to show qualitative similarities. It is concluded that the effect of non-Newtonian flow as opposed to Newtonian is to spread out the induced surface deformation, thereby stretching out the regional compensation to wavelengths (transverse to the trench) of many thousand kilometers.
Quoting the unspoken: An analysis of quotations in spoken discourse

In conversational speech, quotations are often used by speakers to portray events and stories that have happened in the past to their recipients. However, quotations can also be used to communicate thoughts or ideas that have never been spoken aloud before they were quoted. For instance, speakers can quote themselves by quoting inner thoughts that occurred to them during a particular situation; also, speakers can talk about future events and quote material that has never been (and most likely never will be) said in those particular situations. This paper explores these types of quotations to find their uses, possible prosodic cues, and recipient participation.
Phase I Trial of Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Methotrexate With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Leucovorin in Advanced Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Advanced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelial tract is usually fatal despite high response rates to platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) has demonstrated marked single-agent activity in TCC, and combinations of carboplatin and paclitaxel have been well tolerated in other solid tumors. Methotrexate is also active in TCC. Due to unexpectedly severe myelosuppression and mucositis when methotrexate and paclitaxel were combined, we undertook a phase I trial of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and escalating doses of methotrexate with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and leucovorin support in advanced TCC to determine the feasibility of this combination. Nineteen previously untreated patients with locally advanced or metastatic TCC were eligible. Median age was 62 years. In sequence, paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 (3-hour infusion), carboplatin dosed to an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 mg/mL x min, and methotrexate 10 mg/m2, increasing in 10-mg/m2 increments, were administered on day 1 every 21 days. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 300 microg/d or 480 microg/d (in patients 60 kg, respectively) was administered on days 2 through 11 and leucovorin 15 mg orally every 6 hours for 3 days. At this time, the methotrexate dose has been escalated to 50 mg/m2. There were no dose-limiting toxicities in cycle 1. Sixty-eight cycles have been administered (range, one to eight cycles; median, three cycles). Significant hematologic toxicity including neutropenic sepsis (two episodes) occurred in subsequent cycles, but was infrequent. The major nonhematologic toxicity was neuropathy. Sixteen patients are evaluable for response. One patient has achieved a complete response, seven are partial responders, seven have stable disease, and one progressed on therapy. The overall response rate is 50% (95% confidence interval, 25% to 75%). The combination of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and methotrexate holds promise to be well tolerated and active in advanced TCC.
Flavor physics and the triviality bound on the Higgs mass

Abstract The triviality of the scalar sector of the standard one-doublet Higgs model implies that this model is only an effective low-energy theory valid below some cut-off scale Λ. The underlying high-energy theory must include flavor dynamics at a scale of order Λ or greater in order to give rise to the different Yukawa couplings of the Higgs to ordinary fermions. This flavor dynamics will generically produce flavor-changing neutral currents and non-universal corrections to Z → b b . We show that the experimental constraints on the neutral D -meson mass difference imply that Λ must be greater than of order 21 TeV. We also discuss bounds on Λ from the constraints on extra contributions to the K L - K S mass difference and to the coupling of the Z boson to b -quarks. For theories defined about the infrared-stable Gaussian fixed-point, we estimate that this lower bound on Λ yields an upper bound of approximately 460 GeV on the Higgs boson's mass, independent of the regulator chosen to define the theory.
Cold, ultracold and Nariai black holes with quintessence

In this paper, we study the properties of the charged black hole surrounded by the quintessence. The solution space for the horizons for various values of the mass $$M$$ , charge $$Q$$ , and the quintessence parameter $$\alpha $$ are studied in detail. Special focus in given to the degenerate horizons: we obtain cold, ultracold and Nariai black holes which has similar topologies as for the Reissner–Nordstrom-de Sitter black holes. We also study the lukewarm black hole with the quintessence in this paper.
The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Residual Stress in LPCVD Polysilicon Films

Measurements of the residual stress in polysilicon films made by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) at different deposition pressures and temperatures are reported. The stress behavior of phosphorus (P)-ion implanted/annealed polysilicon films is also reported. Within the temperature range of deposition, 580 °C to 650 °C, the stress vs deposition temperature plot exhibits a transition region in which the stress of the film changes from highly compressive to highly tensile and back to highly compressive as the deposition temperature increases. This behavior was observed in films that were made by the LPCVD process at reduced pressures of 210 and 320 mTORR. At deposition temperatures below 590 °C the deposit is predominantly amorphous, and the film is highly compressive; at temperatures above 610 °C (110) oriented polycrystalline silicon is formed exhibiting high compressive residual stress.
The Welfare Effects of Public Expenditure Programs Reconsidered

A welfare-based measure is proposed to evaluate the distributive effects of public programs. The measure differs from traditional approaches in two ways: first, it is based on life-cycle considerations, since most public expenditure programs have an intertemporal objective; second, it takes into account market imperfections, which themselves give rise to many governmental interventions. The measure and its numerical illustrations suggest that, in general, the welfare effects from public programs whose aim is to eliminate market constraints are greater than those that can be achieved through interpersonal income distribution.
Constructing associative memories using neural networks

Abstract This paper proposes using a generalized Hopfield's model, also known as the McCulloch-Pitts model, as associative memories. The system always converges to the nearest stored words. This is not true for Hopfield's model. We also determine the information capacity of this generalized model. Our result is better than those in the literature.
The Reshoring Phenomenon: What Supply Chain Academics Ought to know and Should Do

The popular press has begun to pay attention to the phenomenon of “reshoring”. The task of supply chain management researchers with regard to this phenomenon should be to clarify what it is; to explore whether it is really a new phenomenon; and, paraphrasing (Simon, 1967; p. 1), to conduct research into the reshoring phenomenon so as to contribute not only to the science but also to the practice of reshoring. This essay is a starting point for our efforts in that direction. We make a number of informed assertions about reshoring—assertions that are juxtaposed in relevant literature and that aim to (a) define what reshoring is and is not; (b) explain why the reshoring phenomenon should not be examined in isolation but rather as a reversion of a prior offshoring decision; (c) describe how the reshoring phenomenon might evolve as societies, worldwide, place increasing emphasis on the environmental impact of business decisions; and (d) articulate a plausible scenario in which reshoring eventually hampers employment in Western nations. We hope these assertions will, in turn, jumpstart an intellectual discourse, through scientific research, into the what, how, when, where, and why of the reshoring phenomenon.
The system design for GALATEA, an interactive real-time computer graphics system for movie and video analysis

Abstract The extraction of information from movie film and videotape has always been a very tedious process. Yet the usefulness of these media in biomedical research, behavioral science, industrial testing, etc., is apparent. We are developing a system, GALATEA, for the rapid extraction of data from film or video using interactive graphics. The key aspects of GALATEA are: the user indicates what features are of interest using an x , y digitizing pen. These pen positions are the only data the system sees, so that full digital image encoding is avoided. The user can trace the features while the film runs (frame-by-frame analysis is not necessary). The user has constant feedback in the form of an animated, computer-generated movie ( Kinegram ), overlaid on the original film image and running synchronously with it. It is this kinetic feedback of the data entered that makes the system efficient. Structured programming, real-time programming techniques, data structures for time-dependent pictures and dynamical graphics ‘tools’ are covered. A detailed discussion is given of Slippage or soft degradation in real-time systems under fluctuating load conditions.
Magnesium-catalyzed hydroboration of esters: evidence for a new zwitterionic mechanism

A magnesium-catalyzed ester hydroboration reaction rapidly and efficiently (<0.5 mol% catalyst) provides alkoxy borane products via ester cleavage. Oxidized functional groups, such as cyano-, nitro-, cyclopropyl- and conjugated olefins, are unaffected by the ester reduction. Moreover, metal-catalyzed hydroboration reactions have been previously suggested to involve second-order interactions of hydroborane reagents and M–X (X = R and OR) for B–X bond formation. Catalytic kinetic studies rule out this traditional σ-bond metathesis mechanism for B–O bond formation, and instead a pathway involving a zwitterionic alkoxyborate is proposed.
The mirage of the H2 economy

In a recent paper (1) I analyzed the new ‘‘hydrogen economy’’ and explained why for most uses it makes no sense to convert fuels, electricity or any other form of energy to hydrogen, only to use the hydrogen as a fuel for fuel cells. Since H2 is not a resource but an inefficient energy carrier, it would appear that the H2 economy is just a mirage. If alternative energy sources are ever developed, an economy based on electricity would be cheaper (by a factor of three) and much easier to adopt than H2. Oddly, I had covered the same topic twenty years ago in a paper that analyzed the hydrogen economy of the 1970s (2). Then, the investment in H2 research was about 10 billion wasted dollars before it was phased out. In this column I will try to explain why the scientific establishment engages in such obviously futile behavior and why this mirage attracts so many followers. In the mid 1970s I became aware of a strange phenomenon. Many leading scientific journals were suddenly giving enormous coverage to hydrogen, the fuel of the future; a new term, hydrogen economy, was born. International meetings attracted thousands of participants and the U.S., Germany, and Japan funded the necessary development with vast resources. The central idea, put forward by the International Atomic Energy Research Center in Vienna, utilized a high temperature nuclear reactor as the heat source. In this reactor, pressurized helium was used as the coolant. To generate electricity, the hot helium was first expanded through a turbine and then used for steam generation before being fed back to the reactor. The ‘‘thermochemical cycle’’, the name applied to this new process, does not include a turbine, and the heat from cooling the hot helium is used to drive a set of closed-cycle chemical reactions; the net result is that water is split into hydrogen and oxygen. Following is a hypothetical example of such a reaction:
A simplified method for monomeric carbohydrate analysis of corn stover biomass

Constituent determination of biomass for theoretical ethanol yield (TEY) estimation requires the removal of nonstructural carbohydrates prior to analysis to prevent interference with the analytical procedure. According to the accepted US Department of Energy-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) method, biomass extractives in corn stover should be removed by a two-step extraction process. Alternatively, Neutral Detergent Fiber method (NDF) is a fast and cost-effective method used to determine structural carbohydrates of forage biomass. The objective of this study was to determine whether the NDF method can be used as an alternative to the NREL extraction procedure for corn (Zea mays L.) stover biomass. Arabinan content varied between the two methods. However, glucan, xylan, and TEYs were not statistically different. Furthermore, the average TEYs per unit of mass and unit of area varied by 2.0 and 1.9%, respectively. Additionally, the NDF extraction procedure was faster and less expensive than the NREL procedure.
Pomegranate Fruit Juice for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common invasive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among U.S. males, with a similar trend in many Western countries. One approach to control this malignancy is its prevention through the use of agents present in diet consumed by humans. Pomegranate from the tree Punica granatum possesses strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. We recently showed that pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) possesses remarkable antitumor-promoting effects in mouse skin. In this study, employing human prostate cancer cells, we evaluated the antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of PFE. PFE (10-100 μg/ml; 48 h) treatment of highly aggressive human prostate cancer PC3 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth/cell viability and induction of apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis revealed that PFE treatment of PC3 cells resulted in (i) induction of Bax and Bak (proapoptotic); (ii) down-regulation of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 (antiapoptotic); (iii) induction of WAF1/p21 and KIP1/p27; (iv) a decrease in cyclins D1, D2, and E; and (v) a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, cdk4, and cdk6 expression. These data establish the involvement of the cyclin kinase inhibitor-cyclin-cdk network during the antiproliferative effects of PFE. Oral administration of PFE (0.1% and 0.2%, wt/vol) to athymic nude mice implanted with androgen-sensitive CWR22Rν1 cells resulted in a significant inhibition in tumor growth concomitant with a significant decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen levels. We suggest that pomegranate juice may have cancer-chemopreventive as well as cancer-chemotherapeutic effects against prostate cancer in humans.
When knowledge is the critical resource, knowledge management is the critical task

The author argues that the increasing centrality of technology and other forms of knowledge to competitiveness induces long-run changes in both operations managementl and engineering management. Those emergent trends in practice are paralleled by changes in academia, in both teaching and research. The author further argues that in several domains of management practice, the 'public good' nature of knowledge undermines the effectiveness of both market and planning models of organization, reinforcing the role of cooperation as a third mode of coordination. It is concluded that researching the essential issues posed by such a change requires a paradigm shift from management science and operations research formulations to more qualitative, less analytical, and more inductive approaches. >
Indirect Optimization of Three-Dimensional Finite-Burning Interplanetary Transfers Including Spiral Dynamics

The indirect optimization problem for a three-dimensional transfer from low Earth orbit to low Mars orbit is solved. A step-by-step process developed for a two-dimensional model and techniques for accurately estimating the unknown costates for three-dimensional escape and capture spirals are used. Minimum-propellant trajectories for finite-burning engines are calculated. Solutions are considered with and without control limits on specific impulse and compared with previous research. Unlike other research, the entire trajectory, including the Martian capture sequence, is integrated in an Earth-referenced frame. Additionally, the capture sequence is not found by iteratively lowering the final targeted low Mars orbit, but the desired final orbit is directly targeted with no successive iterations of increasingly smaller low Mars orbits. As in the two-dimensional case, more fuel-efficient trajectories are found for the same mission objectives and constraints published in other research, emphasizing the importance of this technique. Whereas previous research only achieved final Martian orbits of 6 Mars radii DU M (20,382 km), the new approach finds solutions for final Martian circular orbits of 1.47―2.00 DU M (5000―6794 km).
Some Circumstances Where Extra Updates Can Delay Mixing

Peres and Winkler proved a ‘censoring' inequality for Glauber dynamics on monotone spins systems such as the Ising model. Specifically, if, starting from a constant-spin configuration, the spins are updated at some sequence of sites, then inserting another site into this sequence brings the resulting configuration closer in total variation to the stationary distribution. We show by means of simple counterexamples that the analogous statements fail for Glauber dynamics on proper colorings of a graph, and for lazy transpositions on permutations, answering two questions of Peres. It is not known whether the censoring property holds in other natural settings such as the Potts model.
Large Stroke Actuators for Adaptive Optics

In this paper we review the use of a 3- dimensional MEMS fabrication process to prototype long stroke (>10 mum) actuators as are required for use in future adaptive optics systems in astronomy and vision science. The electrochemical fabrication (EFABtrade) process that was used creates metal micro- structures by electroplating multiple, independently patterned layers. The process has the design freedom of rapid prototyping where multiple patterned layers are stacked to build structures with virtually any desired geometry, but in contrast has much greater precision, the capability for batch fabrication and provides parts in engineering materials such as nickel. The design freedom enabled by this process has been used to make both parallel plate and comb drive actuator deformable mirror designs that can have large vertical heights of up to 1 mm. As the thickness of the sacrificial layers used to release the actuator is specified by the designer, rather than by constraints of the fabrication process, the design of large- stroke actuators is straightforward and does not require any new process development. Since the number of material layers in the EFABtrade process is also specified by the designer it has been possible to gang multiple parallel plate actuators together to decrease the voltage required for long-stroke actuators.
Real Schubert calculus: polynomial systems and a conjecture of Shapiro and Shapiro

Boris and Michael Shapiro have a conjecture concerning the Schubert calculus and real enumerative geometry and which would give infinitely many families of zero-dimensional systems of real polynomials (including families of overdetermined systems)—all of whose solutions are real. It has connections to the pole placement problem in linear systemstheory and to totally positive matrices. We give compelling computational evidence for its validity, prove it for infinitely many families of enumerative problems, show how a simple version implies more general versions, and present a counterexample to a general version of their conjecture.
On the formation of interstitial-hydrogen clusters in iron

The results of a study of the interaction of H with C and N interstitial solutes in high purity Fe using the technique of magnetic disaccommodation are reported. This method, which is the magnetic analog of the better known internal friction methods, has the sensitivity to allow the study of these intersititial solutes at the ppm (atomic) concentration level. The Fe used in these experiments had a total impurity concentration of less than 100 ppm impurities (by spark source mass spectroscopic analysis) reduced by purification in wet and dry hydrogen atmospheres to less than one ppm as measured by the magnetic disaccommodation method. In these pure specimens, containing about 10 ppm H, only low temperature relaxations in the temperature range 4-40 K which were due to hydrogen clusters were observed. The addition of 50 ppm C solutes to these Fe-H specimens reduced the relaxation amplitudes of these H cluster relaxations and introduced a new low temperature relaxation which was identified as resulting from the tunneling of H around a C interstitial. The addition of 200 ppm of N interstitials to the solid solution completely removed the H cluster relaxations without introducing any new relaxations in the temperature range 4-300 K.more » These observations were interpreted as resulting from the trapping of H interstitials by C and N interstitaials.« less
Interference-based cell selection in heterogenous networks

Heterogeneous cellular networks provide significant improvements in terms of increased data rates and cell coverage, and offer reduced user rate starvation. However, there are important problems to be solved. In this paper, we identify that the cell selection criterion is an important factor determining the user rates especially in the uplink transmissions and apply cell breathing to determine the user and base station assignments. We observe that the proposed interference-based cell selection algorithm provides better load balancing among the base stations in the system to improve the uplink user rates. We present the implementation steps in a typical LTE network and demonstrate the performance improvements through simulations.
Synthesis of Stereodefined Z-vinyl Iodides from Carbohydrates as a Prelude to C/D Ring Assembly in Taxanes

Abstract D -Mannitol has been transformed into 10 and 14 , while D -glucose has served as precursor to 20 . In the latter example, key steps include stereocontrolled vinylation, oxidative fragmentation of the tetrahydrofuran-2,3-diol, oxetane ring closure, and highly stereoselective iodoolefination.
Dualities, twists, and gauge theories with non-constant non-commutativity

We study the world volume theory of D3-branes wrapping the Melvin universe supported by background NSNS B-field. In the appropriate decoupling limit, the open string dynamics is that of non-commutative guage field theory with non-constant non-commutativity. We identify this model as a simple Melvin twist of flat D3 branes. Along similar lines, one recognizes the model of Hashimoto and Sethi as being the Melvin null twist, and the model of Dolan and Nappi as being the null Melvin twist, of the flat D3-brane. This construction therefore offers a unified perspective on most of the known explicit constructions of non-commutative gauge theories as a decoupled theory of D-branes in a B-field background. We also describe the world volume theory on the D3-brane in a Melvin universe which is decaying via the nucleation of monopole anti-monopole pair.
Tissue and whole-body oxygen uptake in fed and fasted steers

The effect of feeding v. fasting, on tissue blood flow, oxygen uptake and proportional contributions of the portal drained viscera (PDV), liver (Expts 1 and 2) and hindquarters (HQ; Expt 2) to whole-body O2 uptake were studied in beef steers. The combined techniques of indirect calorimetry and net tissue flux, the latter being the product of arterio-venous concentration difference and blood flow, were used in the experiments. In response to fasting, whole-body O2 consumption decreased as did O2 uptake by all measured tissues except the liver (trend only in Expt 1). Blood flow to all measured tissues decreased during fasting and fractional uptake of O2 decreased in PDV and increased in liver and HQ (Expt 2). Proportional contribution of specific tissues to whole-body O2 uptake changed when animals were switched from the fed to the fasted state. The percentage consumed by PDV decreased from 25.4 to 19.9, by liver increased from 20.5 to 26.4 and by HQ was unchanged (9.6 and 10.5) in Expt 2. These significant responses in Expt 2 were observed as trends in Expt 1. The changes in proportional contribution of tissues to whole-animal O2 uptake reflect the changing metabolic role of specific tissues to lack of food supply. These findings emphasize the central role of the liver in metabolism and indicate that fasting (catabolic) measurements may not reflect the previous fed (anabolic) physiological state.
Neurofibromin-Deficient Myeloid Cells Are Critical Mediators of Aneurysm Formation In Vivo

Background—Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Neurofibromin, the protein product of NF1, functions as a negative regulator of Ras activity in circulating hematopoietic and vascular wall cells, which are critical for maintaining vessel wall homeostasis. NF1 patients have evidence of chronic inflammation resulting in the development of premature cardiovascular disease, including arterial aneurysms, which may manifest as sudden death. However, the molecular pathogenesis of NF1 aneurysm formation is unknown. Method and Results—With the use of an angiotensin II–induced aneurysm model, we demonstrate that heterozygous inactivation of Nf1 (Nf1+/–) enhanced aneurysm formation with myeloid cell infiltration and increased oxidative stress in the vessel wall. Using lineage-restricted transgenic mice, we show that loss of a single Nf1 allele in myeloid cells is sufficient to recapitulate the Nf1+/– aneurysm phenotype in vivo. Finally, oral a...
Synthesis and characterization of a complete series of [MM'(dppm)2(CH3CN)2](BF4)2 complexes (M, M' = Ni, Pd, Pt)

A complete series of homo- and heterobimetallic complexes of the type (MM'(dppm)/sub 2/(CH/sub 3/CN)/sub 2/)(BF/sub 4/)/sub 2/ (M, M' = Ni, Pd, Pt; dppm = Ph/sub 2/PCH/sub 2/PPh/sub 2/) have been prepared by comproportionation of appropriate M(0) and M'(II) complexes. These complexes have been characterized by /sup 1/H NMR and /sup 31/P NMR spectroscopy. NMR evidence shows that the acetonitrile ligands are labile for all complexes containing nickel and palladium. For certain heterobimetallic complexes, a second isomer is observed involving one bridging and one chelating dppm ligand while preserving the metal-metal bond. 33 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
Adsorption on low-energy surfaces: Hexane and octane adsorption on polytetrafluoroethylene

Abstract A Beebe-type adsorption calorimeter for which the thermal characteristics have been extensively studied was used in the determination of differential heats of adsorption in low interaction energy solid—vapor systems for which contact angle, immersion heats, and adsorption isotherms have been reported. Integral entropies of adsorption were calculated from the differential heat data and compared with those associated with localized and nonlocalized adsorption models. Hexane adsorption on polytetrafluoroethylene conforms closely to the localized model over the range 0.1 P P 0
Evolution of interdependent preferences in aggregative games

Abstract We study the evolution of preference interdependence in aggregative games which are symmetric with respect to material payoffs but asymmetric with respect to player objective functions. We identify a class of aggregative games whose equilibria have the property that the players with interdependent preferences (who care not only about their own material payoffs but also about their payoffs relative to others) earn strictly higher material payoffs than do the material payoff maximizers. Implications of this finding for the theory of preference evolution are discussed. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D62.
Spinel Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

This article gives a historical account of the development of spinel electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Research in the late 1970s and early 1980s on high-temperature Li/Fe3O4 cells led to the evaluation of lithium spinels Li[B2]X4 at room temperature (B = metal cation). This work highlighted the importance of the [B2]X4 spinel framework as a host electrode structure and the ability to tailor the cell voltage by selection of various B cations. Examples of lithium-ion cells that operate with spinel anode/spinel cathode couples are provided. Particular attention is given to spinels within the solid-solution system Li1+xMn2-xO4 (0 lessthan equal to x lessthan equal to 0.33).
Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3 by Using Mn, Cr, and Cu Oxides Supported on Hombikat TiO2

A Highly active, time stable, and water resistant, Hombikat TiO2 supported Mn catalyst has been developed for the selective reduction of NO by NH3 [Eq. (1)]. The analogous Cu and Cr supported catalysts also provide 100 % N2 selectivity at ≤120°C. Lewis acidity, redox properties, and a high surface metal oxide concentration are essential for good catalytic performance.
Constructing an Ethic for Business Practice Competing Effectively and Doing Good

This article argues for a new direction in business ethics research. A number of widely discussed concepts popular in the business world today appear to converge around a set of practices that imply a new ethic capable of linking the competitively effective with the morally good. Seizing this opportunity requires that ethicists redirect their attention away from a traditional focus on applying existing moral theories to business practice and adopt instead a "constructivist" focus that works backward from these best practices to construct a new ethic that supports them.
Quantifiers and approximation

We investigate the relationship between logical expressibility of NP optimization problems and their approximation properties. First such attempt was made by Papadimitrou and Yannakakis (1988), who defined the class of NPO problems MAX NP. We show that many important optimization problems do not belong to MAX NP and that, in fact, there are problems in P which are not in MAX NP. The problems that we consider fit naturally in a new complexity class that we call MAX Π1. We prove that several natural optimization problems are complete for MAX Π1 under approximation-preserving reductions. All these complete problems are not approximable unless P = NP. This motivates the definition of subclasses of MAX Π1 that only contain problems which are presumably eaiser with respect to approximation. In particular, the class that we call RMAX(2) contains approximable problems and problems like MAX CLIQUE that are not known to be nonapproximable. We prove the MAX CLIQUE and several other optimization problems are complete for RMAX(2). All the complete problems in RMAX(2) share the interesting property that they either are nonapproximable or are approximable to any degree of accuracy.
The Volume Inside a Black Hole

The horizon (the surface) of a black hole is a null surface, defined by those hypothetical “outgoing” light rays that just hover under the influence of the strong gravity at the surface. Because the light rays are orthogonal to the spatial two-dimensional surface at one instant of time, the surface area of the black hole is the same for all observers (i.e. the same for all coordinate definitions of “instant of time”). This value is 4π(2Gm/c 2)2 for nonspinning black holes, with G = Newton’s constant, c = speed of light, and m = mass of the black hole. The three-dimensional spatial volume inside a black hole, in contrast, depends explicitly on the definition of time, and can even be time dependent, or zero. We give examples of the volume found inside a standard, nonspinning spherical black hole, for several different standard time-coordinate definitions. Elucidating these results for the volume provides a new pedagogical resource of facts already known in principle to the relativity community, but rarely worked out.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some 3d transition metal gallides by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

The standard enthalpies of formation of some 3d transition metal gallides have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1373±2 K. The following results in kJ/mol of atoms are reported: Sc5Ga3 (−59.4±2.0); Ti2Ga (−39.0±1.4); V2Ga5 (−16.6±1.7); Cr3Ga (−11.8±1.8); FeGa3 (−24.8±2.1); CoGa3 (−29.4±2.2) and NiGa (−44.9±1.9). The results are compared with some earlier values obtained by solution calorimetry or derived from EMF measurements. They are also compared with predicted values from the semi-empirical model of de Boer et al. and with available enthalpies of formation for 3d transition metal aluminides and germanides.
Fine structure discussion of parity-nonconserving neutron scattering at epithermal energies

The large magnitude and the sign correlation effect in the parity non-conserving resonant scattering of epithermal neutrons from232Th is discussed in terms of a non-collective 2p 1h local doorway model. General conclusions are drawn as to the probability of finding large parity violation effects in other regions of the periodic table.
Chemical modification of n-GaAs photoanodes with group VIIIB metal ions : stability in contact with 1.0 M KOH(aq)-0.10 M K2Se(aq) solutions and I-V properties in contact with 1.0 M KOH(aq)-0.3 M K2Te(aq) electrolytes

A quantitative study has been performed on the stability of GaAs surfaces to photoanodic corrosion in contact with the 1.0 M KOH(aq)-0.10 M K[sub 2]Se(aq)-0.01 M K[sub 2]Se[sub 2](aq) electrolyte. In this electrolyte, chemically etched n-type GaAs electrodes displayed significant photocorrosion in competition with faradaic charge transfer to Se[sup 2[minus]](aq). Chemisorption of group VIIIB metal ions, including complexes of Co(III), Os(III), and Ru(III), onto the etched GaAs surface yielded improved current-voltage (I-V) behavior of the GaAs photoanode and also resulted in a significant reduction in photocorrosion. This behavior implies that the chemisorbed metal ions act to increase the rate of hole transfer to the Se[sup 2[minus]] donor species, as opposed to the passivation of nonradiative surface recombination. Related experiments on n-GaAs photoanodes in contact with the 1.0 M KOH(aq)-0.3 M Te[sup 2[minus]](aq)-0.01 M Te[sub 2][sup 2[minus]](aq) electrolyte have also been performed. The I-V properties of n-GaAs, p-GaAs, and Sn-doped In[sub 2]O[sub 3] electrodes have been investigated in this electrolyte, and these measurements have been used to elucidate common mechanistic features of charge-transfer reactions for the Se[sup 2[minus]](aq) and Te[sup 2[minus]](aq) redox systems.
Electronic structure of disordered CuPd alloys: A two-dimensional positron-annihilation study.

Two-dimensional--angular-correlation experiments using posi- tron-annihilation spectroscopy were performed on a series of disordered Cu-rich CuPd-alloy single crystals. The results are compared with theoretical calculations based on the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent-potential approximation. Our experiments confirm the theoretically predicted flattening of the alloy Fermi surface near (110) with increasing Pd concentration. The momentum densities and the two-dimensional--angular-correlation spectra around zero momentum exhibit a characteristic signature of the electronic states near the valence-band edge in the alloy.
Firmware sort processor with LSI components

With the latest achievements of the large scale integration (LSI) technology, a major qualitative breakthrough in the information processing art is expected. The consensus in the computer industry is that the next generation of computers will be constructed with LSI components.
WISE/NEOWISE observations of Active Bodies in the Main Belt

We report results based on mid-infrared photometry of five active main belt objects (AMBOs) detected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) spacecraft. Four of these bodies, P/2010 R2 (La Sagra), 133P/Elst-Pizarro, (596) Scheila, and 176P/LINEAR, showed no signs of activity at the time of the observations, allowing the WISE detections to place firm constraints on their diameters and albedos. Geometric albedos were in the range of a few percent, and on the order of other measured comet nuclei. P/2010 A2 was observed on 2010 April 2-3, three months after its peak activity. Photometry of the coma at 12 and 22 μm combined with ground-based visible-wavelength measurements provides constraints on the dust particle mass distribution (PMD), dlog n/dlog m, yielding power-law slope values of α = –0.5 ± 0.1. This PMD is considerably more shallow than that found for other comets, in particular inbound particle fluence during the Stardust encounter of comet 81P/Wild 2. It is similar to the PMD seen for 9P/Tempel 1 in the immediate aftermath of the Deep Impact experiment. Upper limits for CO_2 and CO production are also provided for each AMBO and compared with revised production numbers for WISE observations of 103P/Hartley 2.
Unit roots and the estimation of interest rate dynamics

Abstract This paper investigates the time series estimation of Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross's square-root, mean-reverting specification for interest rate dynamics. For a priori reasonable mean reversion, the stochastic behavior of interest rates is sufficiently close to a non-stationary process with a unit root so that least squares, the generalized method of moments, as well as maximum likelihood estimation provide upward biased estimates of the model's speed of adjustment coefficient. Corresponding bond yields, as a result, exhibit excessive mean reversion. In addition, estimates of the specification's long-term mean interest rate are seen to display erratic behavior when near a unit root. These conclusions are robust to assuming multiple state variable specifications, such as Brennan and Schwartz's two-factor model of interest rate dynamics. We also document conditions under which this unit root problem can be alleviated when the cross-sectional restrictions of the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross single factor term structure model are imposed.
Tax preferences for fringe benefits and workers’ eligibility for employer health insurance

Abstract In this paper, I estimate the effect of the tax preference for employer-provided health insurance on the probability that an employee will be eligible for health insurance at work. I instrument for marginal tax rates with state-level state income tax rates and I control for unobservable state effects that could be correlated with the state income tax instrument by comparing the estimated tax effect on employer-provided health insurance, to the tax effect on sick leave, a fringe benefit that does not enjoy any tax advantage. The size of the tax effect on health insurance eligibility is positive, as predicted, and is both statistically and economically significant.
Anion-Accelerated Palladium-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclizations: Synthesis of Benzofurans, Indoles, and a Benzopyran

Abstract Substituted benzo-fused heterocycles such as indoles, benzofurans, and a benzopyran were obtained using an intramolecular cross-coupling of vinyl halides with phenols. This transformation represents a new route to these heterocycles and is accomplished using a palladacyclic catalyst under anionic conditions. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.