cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximations to eigenvalues of modified general matrices

The reanalysis of non-self-adjoint dynamic models is computationally very expensive in design optimization applications. This paper describes several approximations that can be applied to eigenvalues of non-hermitian matrices to reduce that computational cost. Approximations based on eigenvalue derivatives, generalized Rayleigh quotient and the trace theorem are presented and their accuracy and computational cost are estimated. The accuracy and cost estimates are verified by applying the approximations to random matrices and matrices arising in flutter analysis of compressor blades. Recommendations are made for selection of the best approximation when the derivatives are available and when they are not. In particular, it is concluded that the quadratic approximation for eigenvalues should never be used as higher order approximations are always more accurate as well as more efficient.
Affirming, Transforming, or Neglecting Gender? Conceptualizing Gender in the Pension Reform Process

This article analyzes the gender visions adopted by policy actors in pension reform debates. Based on the work of Fraser (Fraser, N. 1994. "After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State." Political Theory 22 : 591–618; Fraser, N. 1995. "From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a 'Post- Socialist' Age." New Left Review 212:68–93), four gendered visions of public pensions are introduced and then applied to pension reforms in Belgium and Sweden. In line with international trends, both cases seek to integrate women within a pension system that treats men and women the same regardless of their nonmarket activities. However, in both cases, some compensation is introduced to acknowledge the caring functions performed mainly by women. Based on Fraser's typology, this arrangement leads to one of the worst-case scenarios since it legitimizes pension systems that are predominantly geared toward full-time contributors and penalizes those individuals most likely to spend sometimes away from the labor market. The Belgian case emphasizes the negative role of the EU in retrenching pension rights and benefits for women. The Swedish case is interesting because of the scope of its reform and the fact that women in the service sector end up supporting the principle of tying benefits to contributions.
On the Stellar Populations in Faint Red Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

We study the nature of faint red-selected galaxies at -->z ~ 2-3 using the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) and Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) photometry. Given the magnitude limit of the HST data, we detect candidate galaxies to -->HAB (J110 − H160)AB > 1.0 mag color selection, 16 of which have unblended [3.6 μm] and [4.5 μm] photometry from Spitzer. Using this multiwavelength data set, we derive photometric redshifts, masses, and stellar population parameters for these objects. We find that the selected objects span a diverse range of properties over a large range of redshifts, -->1 z 3.5. A substantial fraction (11/32) of the -->(J110 − H160)AB > 1.0 mag population appear to be lower redshift ( -->z 2.5), heavily obscured dusty galaxies or edge-on spiral galaxies, while others (12/32) appear to be galaxies at -->2 z 3.5 whose light at rest-frame optical wavelengths is dominated by evolved stellar populations. We argue that longer wavelength data (1 μm, rest frame) are essential for interpreting the properties of the stellar populations in red-selected galaxies at these redshifts. Interestingly, by including Spitzer data, many candidates for galaxies dominated by evolved stellar populations are rejected, and for only a subset of the sample (6/16) do the data favor this interpretation. These objects have a surface density of ~1 arcmin−2. We place an upper limit on the space density of candidate massive evolved galaxies with -->2.5 HAB 160 ≤ 26 mag of -->n = 6.6+ 2.0−3.0 × 10−4 Mpc−3, with a corresponding upper limit on the stellar mass density of -->ρ* = 5.6+ 4.4−2.8 × 107 M☉ Mpc−3. The -->z > 2.5 objects that are dominated by evolved stellar populations have a space density at most one-third that of -->z ~ 0 red early-type galaxies. Therefore, at least two-thirds of present-day early-type galaxies assemble or evolve into their current configuration at redshifts below 2.5. We find a dearth of candidates for low-mass ( -->2 × 1010 M☉) galaxies at -->1.5 < z 3 that are dominated by passively evolving stellar populations even though the data should be sensitive to them; thus, at these redshifts, galaxies whose light is dominated by evolved stellar populations are restricted to only those galaxies that have assembled high stellar mass.
Toxics Release Information: A Policy Tool for Environmental Protection

Abstract This study examines investor reactions to the repeated public disclosure of environmental information about firms in the chemical industry and the effectiveness of this information as a decentralized mechanism for deterring their pollution. By allowing investors to benchmark the performance of firms, repeated provision of the Toxics Release Inventory led firms to incur statistically significant negative stock market returns during the one-day period following the disclosure of that information in the years 1990–1994. These losses had a significant negative impact on subsequent on-site toxic releases and a significant positive impact on wastes transferred off site, but their impact on total toxic wastes generated by these firms is negligible.
In ISM Modeling, The Devil Is in the Details: You Show Me Your OVI and I’ll Show You Mine

The three sections of this paper illustrate the importance of rationalizing ISM theory and modeling with the observational Information.
The Impact of Public School Attributes on Home Sale Prices in California

The quality of public schools is often cited as an important attribute which distinguishes a community. Indeed, a recent public opinion poll conducted by the California Public Education Partnership indicates that residents rank improvements in public education higher than such high profile issues as environmental quality and crime reduction. In order to explore the role of educational quality in determining residential property values, a hedonic housing price model is used on a large sample of homes which sold within Fresno County in California over the period 1990-1994. After controlling for a wide range of housing characteristics and neighborhood features, the findings indicate that the school district does significantly influence the real sale price. Then the relative importance of inputs into the production of educational services is investigated as compared to output measures of productivity. These findings suggest that both input and output measures are important. However, elasticity estimates of input measures tend to be higher than those of output measures, with the average class size by far the strongest influence. There is some evidence to suggest that the benefits of additional teachers likely outweigh the costs. Finally, the findings suggest that attributes of schools are more highly valued by local residents than either crime or environmental quality measures within the community.
Discovery of the krypton isotopes

Thirty-two krypton isotopes have been observed so far and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
Sensorless Control of a Novel Linear Magnetostrictive Motor

In this paper, the sensorless control of a novel linear magnetostrictive motor is presented. We developed this low-power linear magnetostrictive motor with local three-phase excitation. In response to a traveling magnetic field inside the Terfenol-D active element, it moves in the opposite direction with a peristaltic motion. It is observed that there is a direct relationship between the active element's position and the coils' inductances. To detect the inductance change, the coil's current response to a pulse voltage input is monitored. Then, a fundamental relationship between the coils' current-response pulsewidths and the active element's position is experimentally developed. Eventually, the closed-loop sensorless control of the linear magnetostrictive motor was successfully performed. The sensorless control demonstrated the position-estimation capability with a ±1-mm maximum error.
Asymmetric synthesis of α,α-diaryl and α-aryl-α-heteroaryl alkylamines by organometallic additions to N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines

Abstract Organometallic addition to tert -butanesufinyl ketimines derived from diaryl and aryl-heteroaryl ketones provided the corresponding α,α-diaryl and α-aryl-α-heteroaryl alkylamines in good yield with high diastereoselectivity. In many cases, imine facial selectivity is reversed on changing the organometallic counterion.
Stereoscopic visualization in curved spacetime: seeing deep inside a black hole

Stereoscopic visualization adds an additional dimension to the viewer's experience, giving them a sense of distance. In a general relativistic visualization, distance can be measured in a variety of ways. We argue that the affine distance, which matches the usual notion of distance in flat spacetime, is a natural distance to use in curved spacetime. As an example, we apply affine distance to the visualization of the interior of a black hole. Affine distance is not the distance perceived with normal binocular vision in curved spacetime. However, the failure of binocular vision is simply a limitation of animals that have evolved in flat spacetime, not a fundamental obstacle to depth perception in curved spacetime. Trinocular vision would provide superior depth perception.
The Internal description of a causal set: What the universe looks like from the inside

We describe an algebraic way to code the causal information of a discrete spacetime. The causal set ? is transformed to a description in terms of the causal pasts of the events in ?. This is done by an evolving set, a functor which to each event of ? assigns its causal past. Evolving sets obey a Heyting algebra which is characterised by a non-standard notion of complement. Conclusions about the causal structure of the causal set can be drawn by calculating the complement of the evolving set. A causal quantum theory can be based on the quantum version of evolving sets, which we briefly discuss.
Next generation wireless technology WiMAX and its integration with EPON

Integration of next generation wireless technologies i.e., WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and or LTE (Long Term Evolution) with EPON is a brilliant concept that gives users the best of two worlds, wireless and wired. WiMAX gives users the convenience of mobility while integration with EPON gives theoretically unlimited bandwidth of fiber optic cable in backhaul. This paper investigates WiMAX and EPON technologies. At the end different scenarios of integration of EPON with WiMAX are discussed and optimal QOS mapping scheme is proposed for the integration of EPON and WiMAX.
Biomechanics of single cortical neurons

Abstract This study presents experimental results and computational analysis of the large strain dynamic behavior of single neurons in vitro with the objective of formulating a novel quantitative framework for the biomechanics of cortical neurons. Relying on the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, novel testing protocols are developed to enable the characterization of neural soma deformability over a range of indentation rates spanning three orders of magnitude, 10, 1, and 0.1 μm s−1. Modified spherical AFM probes were utilized to compress the cell bodies of neonatal rat cortical neurons in load, unload, reload and relaxation conditions. The cell response showed marked hysteretic features, strong non-linearities, and substantial time/rate dependencies. The rheological data were complemented with geometrical measurements of cell body morphology, i.e. cross-diameter and height estimates. A constitutive model, validated by the present experiments, is proposed to quantify the mechanical behavior of cortical neurons. The model aimed to correlate empirical findings with measurable degrees of (hyper)elastic resilience and viscosity at the cell level. The proposed formulation, predicated upon previous constitutive model developments undertaken at the cortical tissue level, was implemented in a three-dimensional finite element framework. The simulated cell response was calibrated to the experimental measurements under the selected test conditions, providing a novel single cell model that could form the basis for further refinements.
In vitro anticancer activity of cis-diammineplatinum(II) complexes with β-diketonate leaving group ligands.

Five cationic platinum(II) complexes of general formula, [Pt(NH3)2(β-diketonate)]X are reported, where X is a noncoordinating anion and β-diketonate = acetylacetonate (acac), 1,1,1,-trifluoroacetylacetonate (tfac), benzoylacetonate (bzac), 4,4,4-trifluorobenzoylacetonate (tfbz), or dibenzoylmethide (dbm), corresponding, respectively, to complexes 1–5. The log P values and the stabilities of 1–5 in aqueous solution were evaluated. The phenyl ring substituents of 3–5 increase the lipophilicity of the resulting complexes, whereas the trifluoromethyl groups of 2 and 4 decrease the stability of the complexes in aqueous solution. The uptake of 1–5 in HeLa cells increases as the lipophilicity of the investigated complex increases. Cancer cell cytotoxicity studies indicate that 1 and 3 are the least active complexes whereas 2, 4, and 5 are comparable in activity to cisplatin.
Anti-Markovnikov Hydroalkylation of Allylic Amine Derivatives via a Palladium–Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling Reaction

Palladium-catalyzed hydroalkylation of allylic amine derivatives by alkylzinc reagents is reported. This reductive cross-coupling reaction yields anti-Markovnikov products using a variety of allylic amine protecting groups. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a reversible β-hydride elimination/hydride insertion process furnishes the primary Pd-alkyl intermediate, which then undergoes transmetalation followed by reductive elimination to form a new sp3–sp3 carbon–carbon bond.
Application of the Boundary Element Method to Acoustic Cavity Response and Muffler Analysis

This paper is concerned with the application of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) to interior acoustics problems governed by the reduced wave (Helmholtz) differential equation. The development of an integral equation valid at the boundary of the interior region follows a similar formulation for exterior problems, except for interior problems the Sommerfeld radiation condition is not invoked. The boundary integral equation for interior problems does not suffer from the nonuniqueness difficulty associated with the boundary integral equation formulation for exterior problems. The boundary integral equation, once obtained, is solved for a specific geometry using quadratic isoparametric surface elements. A simplification for axisymmetric cavities and boundary conditions permits the solution to be obtained using line elements on the generator of the cavity. The present formulation includes the case where a node may be placed at a position on the boundary where there is not a unique tangent plane (e.g., at an edge or a corner point). The BEM capability is demonstrated for two types of classical interior axisymmetric problems: the acoustic response of a cavity and the transmission loss of a muffler. For the cavity response comparison data are provided by an analytical solution. For the muffler problem the BEM solution is compared to data obtained by a finite element method analysis.
Coin flipping by telephone a protocol for solving impossible problems

Alice and Bob want to flip a coin by telephone. (They have just divorced, live in different cities, want to decide who gets the car.) Bob would not like to tell Alice HEADS and hear Alice (at the other end of the line) say "Here goes . . . I'm flipping the coin. . . . You lost!"Coin-flipping in the SPECIAL way done here has a serious purpose. Indeed, it should prove an INDISPENSABLE TOOL of the protocol designer. Whenever a protocol requires one of two adversaries, say Alice, to pick a sequence of bits at random, and whenever it serves Alice's interests best NOT to pick her sequence of bits at random, then coin-flipping (Bob flipping coins to Alice) as defined here achieves the desired goal:1. It GUARANTEES to Bob that Alice will pick her sequence of bits at random. Her bit is 1 if Bob flips heads to her, O otherwise.2. It GUARANTEES to Alice that Bob will not know WHAT sequence of bits he flipped to her.Coin-flipping has already proved useful in solving a number of problems once thought impossible: mental poker, certified mail, and exchange of secrets. It will certainly prove a useful tool in solving other problems as well.
Choanal atresia: a twenty-year review of medical comorbidities and surgical outcomes.

Objective To review medical comorbid conditions and surgical outcomes for children treated for choanal atresia (CA). Study Design Retrospective review (1979–1998). Methods Participants included 78 children, aged newborn to 18 years, in the setting of an academic pediatric hospital. Main outcome measures were type and number of procedures and airway patency. Results Seventy-eight children (48 female and 30 male patients) were treated and followed for CA, with an average follow-up of 35 months. Thirty-five children (45%) had unilateral CA, and 43 children (55%) had bilateral CA. There was no statistically significant sex difference between unilateral and bilateral CA. Concomitant medical problems were common, mostly otitis media with effusion (32%), upper and lower airway diseases (32% and 23%, respectively), cardiac anomalies (19%), and gastrointestinal tract disorders (18%). Statistically significant correlations were found for bilateral CA and cardiac disorders (P = .04), CHARGE syndrome (P = .002), obstructive sleep apnea (P = .003), hematological problems (P = .001), and prematurity or failure to thrive (P = .006). Surgery was effective in establishing a patent airway in all cases. Average ages at first surgery were 25.2 months for unilateral and 2.4 months for bilateral CA. Unilateral CA required, on average, 2.7 total procedures, including dilation and removal of stents, compared with bilateral CA, which required 4.9 procedures. Nearly all children underwent correction by means of the transnasal approach. Conclusions To the knowledge of the authors, the present report encompasses the largest series of children treated for CA. The high incidence of comorbid conditions mandates thorough medical evaluation, particularly for otological, airway, cardiac, and gastrointestinal tract diseases.
From Land to Sea: The Role of Land Trusts in Marine Protection

Many policymakers conclude that marine conservation strategies are limited when compared to land protection tools. Limitations are described as resulting from institutional differences between land and sea resources such as the lack of private ownership in the sea, and differences in physical characteristics such as the fluid nature of marine resources. Despite these differences, some trends in land protection are relevant for marine protection, such as the increased role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This article examines how marine protection strategies develop from an NGO's terrestrial experience. I researched marine conservation tools used by three land trusts and point out limitations and opportunities related to their use. Tools these organizations have adapted from their land protection experience are management partnerships, acquisition, strategic planning, zoning, and database development. The extent to which these organizations use previous land experience for marine conservation may ...
Stereoselective construction of nitrile-substituted cyclopropanes

Nitrile-substituted cyclopropanes are readily synthesized in a stereocontrolled fashion from the intermolecular cyclopropanation between 2-diazo-2-phenylacetonitrile and electron-rich olefins, catalyzed by the chiral dirhodium complex, Rh2(S-PTAD)4.
Compact tunable Compton x-ray source from laser-plasma accelerator and plasma mirror

We present an in-depth experimental-computational study of the parameters necessary to optimize a tunable, quasi-monoenergetic, efficient, low-background Compton backscattering (CBS) x-ray source that is based on the self-aligned combination of a laser-plasma accelerator (LPA) and a plasma mirror (PM). The main findings are (1) an LPA driven in the blowout regime by 30 TW, 30 fs laser pulses produce not only a high-quality, tunable, quasi-monoenergetic electron beam, but also a high-quality, relativistically intense (a0 ∼ 1) spent drive pulse that remains stable in profile and intensity over the LPA tuning range. (2) A thin plastic film near the gas jet exit retro-reflects the spent drive pulse efficiently into oncoming electrons to produce CBS x-rays without detectable bremsstrahlung background. Meanwhile, anomalous far-field divergence of the retro-reflected light demonstrates relativistic “denting” of the PM. Exploiting these optimized LPA and PM conditions, we demonstrate quasi-monoenergetic (50% FWHM energy spread), tunable (75–200 KeV) CBS x-rays, characteristics previously achieved only on more powerful laser systems by CBS of a split-off, counter-propagating pulse. Moreover, laser-to-x-ray photon conversion efficiency (∼6 × 10−12) exceeds that of any previous LPA-based quasi-monoenergetic Compton source. Particle-in-cell simulations agree well with the measurements.
Ownership studies: The data source does matter

We examine the fit between the ownership data provided by four surrogate databases and the data collected from proxy statements. We discover an unambiguous pecking order among the surrogates relative to the benchmark ownership statistics of corporate proxy statements. Corporate Text is first, followed in descending order by Compact Disclosure, Value Line, and Spectrum. Further tests show that reporting discrepancies in the Value Line and Spectrum databases could affect economic inferences drawn from regressions using their ownership data. A field guide describing each data source's reporting conventions, formats, and strate? gies for data aggregation may be downloaded from the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis' web site (http.V/weber.u.washington.edu/~jfqa/hola7andeapdx.pdf).
Evaporative deposition in receding drops

We present a framework for calculating the surface density profile of a stain deposited by a drop with a receding contact line. Unlike a pinned drop, a receding drop pushes fluid towards its interior, continuously deposits mass across its substrate as it evaporates, and does not produce the usual “coffee ring.” For a thin, circular drop with a uniform evaporation rate, we find the surface density of the stain goes as η(r) ∝ ((r/a0)−1/2 − r/a0), where r is the radius from the drop center and a0 is the initial outer radius. Under these conditions, the deposited stain has a mountain-like morphology. Our framework can easily be extended to investigate new stain morphologies left by drying drops.
Separable subgroups of mapping class groups

We investigate separability questions for the mapping class group of a surface. While this group is not subgroup separable in general, we prove a large family of interesting subgroups are separable. This includes many classically studied subgroups such as solvable subgroups, Heegaard and Handlebody groups, geometric subgroups, and all the terms in the Johnson filtration.
Phenomenological model and phase behavior of saturated and unsaturated lipids and cholesterol.

We present a phenomenological theory for the phase behavior of ternary mixtures of cholesterol and saturated and unsaturated lipids, one that describes both liquid and gel phases. It leads to the following description of the mechanism of the phase behavior: In a binary system of the lipids, phase separation occurs when the saturated chains are well ordered, as in the gel phase, simply due to packing effects. In the liquid phase, the saturated ones are not sufficiently well ordered for separation to occur. The addition of cholesterol, however, increases the saturated lipid order to the point that phase separation is once again favorable. Our theory addresses this last mechanism—the means by which cholesterol-mediated ordering of membrane lipids leads to liquid-liquid immiscibility. It produces, for the system above the main chain transition of the saturated lipid, phase diagrams in which there can be liquid-liquid phase separation in the ternary system but not in any of the binary ones, while below that temperature it yields the more common phase diagram in which a gel phase, rich in saturated lipid, appears in addition to the two liquid phases.
Self-organized criticality due to a separation of energy scales

Abstract Certain systems with slow driving and avalanche-like dissipation events are naturally close to a critical point when the ratio of two energy scales is large. The first energy scale is the threshold above which an avalanche is triggered, the second scale is the threshold above which a site is affected by an avalanche. Results of computer simulations, and a mean-field theory are presented.
A way to reopen the window for electroweak baryogenesis

We reanalyse the sphaleron bound of electroweak baryogenesis when allowing deviations to the Friedmann equation. These modifications are well motivated in the context of brane cosmology where they appear without being in conflict with major experimental constraints on four-dimensional gravity. While suppressed at the time of nucleosynthesis, these corrections can dominate at the time of the electroweak phase transition and in certain cases provide the amount of expansion needed to freeze out the baryon asymmetry without requiring a strongly first order phase transition. The sphaleron bound is substantially weakened and can even disappear so that the constraints on the higgs and stop masses do not apply anymore. Such modification of cosmology at early times therefore reopens the parameter space allowing electroweak baryogenesis which had been reduced substantially given the new bound on the higgs mass imposed by LEP. In contrast with previous attempts to turn around the sphaleron bound using alternative cosmologies, we are still considering that the electroweak phase transition takes place in a radiation dominated universe. The universe is expanding fast because of the modification of the Friedmann equation itself without the need for a scalar field and therefore evading the problem of the decay of this scalarmore » field after the completion of the phase transition and the risk that its release of entropy dilutes the baryon asymmetry produced at the transition.« less
SCDA: SLA-Aware Cloud Datacenter Architecture for Efficient Content Storage and Retrieval

With the fast growth of (online) content and the need for high quality content services, cloud data centers are increasingly becoming the preferred places to store data and retrieve it from. With a highly variable network traffic and limited resources, efficient server selection and data transfer rate allocation mechanisms become necessary. However, current approaches rely on random server selection schemes and inefficient data transmission rate control mechanisms. In this paper we present SCDA, an efficient server selection, resource allocation and enforcement mechanism with many salient features. SCDA has prioritized rate allocation mechanism to satisfy different service level agreements (SLA)s on throughput and delays. The allocation scheme can achieve max/min fairness. SCDA has a mechanism to detect and hence mitigate SLA violation in realtime. We have implemented SCDA in the NS2 simulator. Extensive experimental results confirm some of the design goals of SCDA to obtain a lower content transfer time and a higher throughput. The design of SCDA can achieve a content transfer time which is about 50% lower than the existing schemes and a throughput which is higher than existing approaches by upto than 60%.
A Novel Capacitive Detection Scheme With Inherent Self-Calibration

This paper reports a novel capacitive detection method, called the sideband-ratio (SBR) detection, which is robust to variations of such critical parameters as the nominal capacitance, frequency, and amplitude of the probing voltage and gain of the transimpedance amplifier. The approach constructively utilizes the inherent nonlinearity of parallel-plate sense capacitors in order to measure the amplitude of sinusoidal motion. In the case of parallel-plate detection signal, multiple harmonics exist and each carry information about the amplitude of mechanical motion. The SBR method robustly extracts the amplitude of motion from the ratio of multiple sidebands. This paper presents theoretical background and analysis of this nonlinear measurement method. A real-time measurement algorithm is implemented in software and simulated. Feasibility of the developed approach is demonstrated experimentally.
Binary models for marginal independence

Summary. Log-linear models are a classical tool for the analysis of contingency tables. In particular, the subclass of graphical log-linear models provides a general framework for modelling conditional independences. However, with the exception of special structures, marginal independence hypotheses cannot be accommodated by these traditional models. Focusing on binary variables, we present a model class that provides a framework for modelling marginal independences in contingency tables. The approach that is taken is graphical and draws on analogies with multivariate Gaussian models for marginal independence. For the graphical model representation we use bidirected graphs, which are in the tradition of path diagrams. We show how the models can be parameterized in a simple fashion, and how maximum likelihood estimation can be performed by using a version of the iterated conditional fitting algorithm. Finally we consider combining these models with symmetry restrictions.
Probabilistic optimal tree hopping for RFID identification

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are widely used in various applications such as supply chain management, inventory control, and object tracking. Identifying RFID tags in a given tag population is the most fundamental operation in RFID systems. While the Tree Walking (TW) protocol has become the industrial standard for identifying RFID tags, little is known about the mathematical nature of this protocol, and only some ad hoc heuristics exist for optimizing it. In this paper, first we analytically model the TW protocol, and then using that model, propose the Tree Hopping (TH) protocol that optimizes TW both theoretically and practically. The key novelty of TH is to formulate tag identification as an optimization problem and find the optimal solution that ensures the minimal average number of queries or identification time as per the requirement. With this solid theoretical underpinning, for different tag population sizes ranging from 100 to 100 K tags, TH significantly outperforms the best prior tag identification protocols on the metrics of the total number of queries per tag, the total identification time per tag, and the average number of responses per tag by an average of 40%, 59%, and 67%, respectively, when tag IDs are nonuniformly distributed in the ID space, and of 50%, 10%, and 30%, respectively, when tag IDs are uniformly distributed.
MIDDLEMEN IN SEARCH EQUILIBRIUM

This article shows how allowing for goods to be divisible at the point of consumption and incorporating productive heterogeneity lead to the emergence of middlemen in an equilibrium search environment. In the baseline model, middlemen are welfare reducing and their number increases as market frictions are reduced. When the model is extended to allow for time taken in production and increasing returns to scale in the market meeting technology, middlemen can be beneficial to society by speeding up the meeting process.
Two new binary lanthanide polytellurides: Syntheses and crystal structures of CeTe1.90 and SmTe1.80

Abstract Single crystals of the new binaries CeTe1.90 and SmTe1.80 have been obtained. CeTe1.90 was synthesized at 1023 K from the reaction of Ce, TeO2, and Te with the use of a CsCl flux. It crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P42/n with 20 formula units in a cell of dimensions at 153 K of a = 10.0261 ( 5 ) , c = 18.1336 ( 12 ) A , V = 1822.84 ( 18 ) A 3 . It is isostructural with the LnSe1.9 polyselenides (Ln=La, Ce, Pr) and with SmS1.90. SmTe1.80 was synthesized at 1223 K from the reaction of Sm and Te in a KBr flux. SmTe1.80 crystallizes in a new structural type in the tetragonal space group P4/n with 20 formula units in a cell of dimensions at 153 K of a = 9.7026 ( 4 ) , c = 18.0072 ( 14 ) A , V = 1695.21 ( 14 ) A 3 . Both of these layered structures, which may be derived from the ZrSiS structure type, consist of double layers of [LnTe] polyhedra separated by planar Te nets that contain vacancies. In these nets the shortest Te–Te distances are 2.9194(5), 3.1204(5), and 3.3324(6) A in CeTe1.90 and 2.878(1), 2.9932(3), and 3.2114(7) A in SmTe1.80. Neither a simple delineation of the Te–Te bonding nor an assignment of individual formal oxidation states is possible in either of these compounds if one takes strict account of the Te–Te distances.
Almost ballistic transport for the weakly coupled Fibonacci Hamiltonian

We prove estimates for the transport exponents associated with the weakly coupled Fibonacci Hamiltonian. It follows in particular that the upper transport exponent \(\tilde \alpha _u^ \pm \) approaches the value one as the coupling goes to zero. Moreover, for sufficiently small coupling, \(\tilde \alpha _u^ \pm \) strictly exceeds the fractal dimension of the spectrum.
Randomized Shellsort: a simple oblivious sorting algorithm

In this paper, we describe a randomized Shellsort algorithm. This algorithm is a simple, randomized, data-oblivious version of the Shellsort algorithm that always runs in O(n log n) time and succeeds in sorting any given input permutation with very high probability. Taken together, these properties imply applications in the design of new efficient privacy-preserving computations based on the secure multi-party computation (SMC) paradigm. In addition, by a trivial conversion of this Monte Carlo algorithm to its Las Vegas equivalent, one gets the first version of Shellsort with a running time that is provably O(n log n) with very high probability.
Dichlorination of (hexadehydro-Diels-Alder generated) benzynes and a protocol for interrogating the kinetic order of bimolecular aryne trapping reactions.

The efficient dichlorination of benzynes prepared by the hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) reaction is reported. Cycloisomerization of a triyne substrate in the presence of dilithium tetrachlorocuprate is shown to provide dichlorinated products A by capture of the benzyne intermediate. A general strategy for discerning the kinetic order of an external aryne trapping agent is presented. It merely requires measurement of the competition between bimolecular vs unimolecular trapping events (here, dichlorination vs intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction to give A vs B, respectively) as a function of the concentration of the trapping agent.
Leading With Data: Evidence From the National Center on Scaling up Effective Schools

Through comparative case study, we seek to understand the ways in which actors in high schools use and think about performance data. In particular, we compare data use in higher and lower value-added schools. Data use is conceptualized here as having access to a host of available performance data on students, using them to guide instructional decisions, and building cultures in which data are seen as vehicles for improvements in practice. While our findings do not show consistent differences in the higher and lower value-added schools, they do allow us to set out an expanded conceptualization of school data use.
Navier-Stokes simulation of a close-coupled canard-wing-body configuration

The thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations are solved for the flow about a coplanar close-coupled canard-wing-body configuration at a transonic Mach number of 0.90 and at angles of attack ranging from 0 to 12 degrees. The influence of the canard on the wing flowfield, including canard-wing vortex interaction and wing vortex breakdown, is investigated. A study of canard downwash and canard leading-edge vortex effects, which are the primary mechanisms of the canard-wing interaction, is emphasized. Comparisons between the computations and experimental measurements of surface pressure coefficients, lift, drag and pitching moment data are favorable. A grid refinement study for configurations with and without canard shows that accurate results are obtained using a refined grid for angles of attack where vortex burst is present. At an angle of attack of approximately 12 deg, favorable canard-wing interaction which delays wing vortex breakdown is indicated by the computations and is in good agreement with experimental findings.
A bijection between certain non-crossing partitions and sequences

Abstract We present a bijection between non-crossing partitions of the set [ 2 n + 1 ] into n + 1 blocks such that no block contains two consecutive integers, and the set of sequences { s i } 1 n such that 1 ⩽ s i ⩽ i , and if s i = j , then s i - r ⩽ j - r for 1 ⩽ r ⩽ j - 1 .
GRAPE - A Balloon-Borne Gamma-Ray Polarimeter Experiment

This paper reviews the development status of GRAPE (the Gamma-Ray Polarimeter Experiment), a hard X-ray Compton Polarimeter. The purpose of GRAPE is to measure the polarization of hard X-rays in the 50–300 keV energy range. We are particularly interested in X-rays that are emitted from solar flares and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), although GRAPE could also be employed in the study of other astrophysical sources. Accurately measuring the polarization of the emitted radiation will lead to a better understating of both emission mechanisms and source geometries. The GRAPE design consists of an array of plastic scintillators surrounding a central high-z crystal scintillator. The azimuthal distribution of photon scatters from the plastic array into the central calorimeter provides a measure of the polarization fraction and polarization angle of the incident radiation. The design of the detector provides sensitivity over a large field-of-view (\pi$>>π steradian). The design facilitates the fabrication of large area arrays with minimal deadspace. This paper presents the latest design concept and the most recent results from laboratory tests of a GRAPE science model.
Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows in Pulsar-Wind Bubbles

We propose to identify pulsar-wind bubbles (PWBs) as the environment in which the afterglow emission in at least some gamma-ray burst (GRB) sources originates. Such bubbles could naturally account for both the high fraction of the internal energy residing in relativistic electrons and positrons (e) and the high magnetic-to-internal energy ratio (B) that have been inferred in a number of sources from an interpretation of the afterglow emission as synchrotron radiation. GRBs might occur within PWBs under a number of scenarios: in particular, in the supranova model of GRB formation a prolonged (months to years) period of intense pulsar-type wind from the GRB progenitor precedes the burst. Focusing on this scenario, we construct a simple model of the early-time structure of a plerionic supernova remnant (SNR), guided by recent results on the Crab and Vela SNRs. The model is based on the assumption of an "equipartition" upper bound on the electromagnetic-to-thermal pressure ratio in the bubble and takes into account synchrotron-radiation cooling. We argue that the effective upstream hydrogen number density for a relativistic shock propagating into the bubble is given by nH,equiv = [4p + (B' + ')2/4π]/mpc2, where B' and ' are, respectively, the comoving magnetic and electric fields, and p is the particle pressure. We show that, for plausible parameter values, nH,equiv spans the range inferred from spectral fits to GRB afterglows and that its radial profile varies within the bubble and may resemble a uniform interstellar medium, a stellar wind, or a molecular cloud. We consider how the standard expressions for the characteristic synchrotron spectral quantities are modified when the afterglow-emitting shock propagates inside a PWB instead of in a uniform interstellar medium and demonstrate that the predictions for the empirically inferred values of e and B are consistent with the observations. Finally, we outline a self-consistent interpretation of the X-ray emission features detected in sources such as GRB 991216 in the context of the supranova/PWB picture.
Turning Students On to Circuits

Today's students can be turned on to circuits if the first lab they take is exciting and motivating. We have outlined an approach to achieving this. In addition to illustrating the many concepts taught in theory courses, this approach couples experiments to applications, and encourages students to tinker and explore. We find that a proper mix of the modern and classical approaches produces excellent results. The most unambiguous indication of success for us has been seeing the students' faces light up when their designs work for the first time, and hearing them say that this lab made them realize that EE is for them. Motivating students in this way is especially important in view of the recent trend toward decreasing EE enrollments.
On the use of local diffusion models for path ensemble averaging in potential of mean force computations

We use a constant velocity steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation of the stretching of deca-alanine in vacuum to demonstrate a technique that can be used to create a surrogate processes approximation (SPA) using the time series that come out of SMD simulations. In this article, the surrogate processes are constructed by first estimating a sequence of local parametric diffusion models along a SMD trajectory and then a single global model is constructed by piecing the local models together through smoothing splines (estimation is made computationally feasible by likelihood function approximations). The SPAs are then “bootstrapped” in order to obtain a plausible range of work values associated with a particular SMD realization. This information is then used to assist in estimating a potential of mean force constructed by appealing to the Jarzynski equality. When this procedure is repeated for a small number of SMD paths, it is shown that the global models appear to come from a single family of closely r...
Borrowed reserves targeting and nominal income smoothing

Abstract This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the Federal Reserve's borrowed-reserves-targeting procedure. In the context of a model in which nonborrowed reserves are varied to achieve, on average, an intraperiod target level of borrowing that is consistent with an objective involving interperiod variability of nominal income, it is demonstrated that periodic adjustments of the borrowings target generally are optimal. In turn, the amount and direction of the target adjustment are conditioned to the deviation of actual borrowings from the borrowings target set in the previous period and depend upon the values of structural parameters and the sources and magnitudes of exogeneous disturbances. It is argued that actual Federal Reserve behavior is not inconsistent with these implications of the model.
The Technology Effect: How Perceptions of Technology Drive Excessive Optimism

We propose that constant exposure to advances in technology has resulted in an implicit association between technology and success that has conditioned decision makers to be overly optimistic about the potential for technology to drive successful outcomes. Three studies examine this phenomenon and explore the boundaries of this “technology effect.” In Study 1, participants (N = 147) made simulated investment decisions where the information about technology was systematically varied. In Study 2 (N = 143), participants made decisions in a resource dilemma where technology was implicated in determining the amount of a resource available for harvest. Study 3 (N = 53 and N = 60) used two implicit association tests to examine the assumption that people associate technology with success. Results supported our assumption about an implicit association between technology and success, as well as a “technology effect” bias in decision making. Signals of high performance trigger the effect, and the effect is more likely when the technology invoked is unfamiliar. Excessive optimism that technology will result in success can have negative consequences. Individual investment decisions, organizational decisions to invest in R&D, and societal decisions to explore energy and climate change solutions might all be impacted by biased beliefs about the promise of technology. We are the first to systematically examine the optimistic bias in the technology effect, its scope, and boundaries. This research raises decision makers’ awareness and initiates research examining how the abstract notion of technology can influence perceptions of technological advances.
The design of PLAIN: support for systematic programming

The successful construction of medium and large software systems requires the management of the complexity inherent in the problem being programmed. A well-disciplined approach to software development involves the production of a complete specification, a complete problem solution, and program design prior to the inception of actual coding. In practice, this requires the production of some form of program design representation [1] from the original specification, with the action of each module specified with a program design language [2]. Furthermore, data structures are specified and refined, in some cases to physical data structures, but more commonly to logical data structures.
Adaptive Optics Observations of B0128+437: A Low-mass, High-redshift Gravitational Lens

We use high-resolution adaptive optics (AO) imaging on the Keck II telescope to study the gravitational lens B0128+437 in unprecedented detail, allowing us to resolve individual lensed quasar components and, for the first time, detect and measure properties of the lensing galaxy. B0128+437 is a small-separation lens with known flux-ratio and astrometric anomalies. We discuss possible causes for these anomalies, including the presence of substructure in the lensing galaxy, propagation effects due to dust and a turbulent interstellar medium, and gravitational microlensing. This work demonstrates that AO will be an essential tool for studying the many new small-separation lenses expected from future surveys.
Regulation of tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase.

Abstract The synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and the dopamine is regulated by the initial amino acid hydroxylases. Little is known about the factors that regulate the level of tryptophan hydroxylase in tissue. However, the level of tyrosine hydroxylase is regulated by transsynaptic induction. Acute regulation of in vivo hydroxylase activity appears to be by substrate availability in the case of tryptophan hydroxylase and possibly by feedback inhibition with tyrosine hydroxylase. A newly described phenomenon which has been termed “receptor mediated feedback inhibition” involving neuronal feedback regulation of the activity of both tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase may also have an important role.
Vector-boson versus gluon fusion at hadron colliders

Abstract We use chiral perturbation theory to show that pseudo-Goldstone boson scattering and gluon fusion probe different aspects of electroweak symmetry breaking at hadron colliders. In particular, different physics may be responsible for unitarizing the lowest-order pseudo-Goldstone boson scattering amplitudes and the gluon fusion process. We first show this within the context of strict chiral perturbation theory, and then discuss it using the language of resonances.