cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracoscopic truncal vagotomy versus surgical revision of the gastrojejunal anastomosis for recalcitrant marginal ulcers.

Marginal ulcer is a common complication following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with incidence rates between 1 and 16%. Most marginal ulcers resolve with medical management and lifestyle changes, but in the rare case of a non-healing marginal ulcer there are few treatment options. Revision of the gastrojejunal (GJ) anastomosis carries significant morbidity with complication rates ranging from 10 to 50%. Thoracoscopic truncal vagotomy (TTV) may be a safer alternative with decreased operative times. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of TTV in comparison to GJ revision for treatment of recalcitrant marginal ulcers. A retrospective chart review of patients who required surgical intervention for non-healing marginal ulcers was performed from 1 September 2012 to 1 September 2017. All underwent medical therapy along with lifestyle changes prior to intervention and had preoperative EGD that demonstrated a recalcitrant marginal ulcer. Revision of the GJ anastomosis or TTV was performed. Data collected included operative time, ulcer recurrence, morbidity rate, and mortality rate. Twenty patients were identified who underwent either GJ revision (n = 13) or TTV (n = 7). There were no 30-day mortalities in either group. Mean operative time was significantly lower in the TTV group in comparison to GJ revision (95.7 ± 16 vs. 227.5 ± 89 min, respectively, p = 0.0022). Recurrence of ulcer was not significant between groups and occurred following two GJ revisions (15%) and one TTV (14%). Complication rates were not significantly different with 62% in the GJ revision group and 57% in the TTV group. Approximately 38% (5/13) of GJ revisions and 28% (2/7) of TTV patients experienced complications with Clavien–Dindo scores > 3. There was no difference in postoperative symptoms between both groups. Our results demonstrate that thoracoscopic vagotomy may be a better alternative with decreased operative times and similar effectiveness. However, further prospective observational studies with a larger patient population would be beneficial to evaluate complication rates and ulcer recurrence rates between groups.
Substrate Profile of the Phosphotriesterase Homology Protein from Escherichia coli.

The phosphotriesterase homology protein (PHP) from Escherichia coli is a member of a family of proteins that is related to phosphotriestrase (PTE), a bacterial enzyme from cog1735 with unusual substrate specificity toward the hydrolysis of synthetic organic phosphates and phosphonates. PHP was cloned, purified to homogeneity, and functionally characterized. The three-dimensional structure of PHP was determined at a resolution of 1.84 A with zinc and phosphate in the active site. The protein folds as a distorted (β/α)8-barrel and possesses a binuclear metal center in the active site. The catalytic function and substrate profile of PHP were investigated using a structure-guided approach that combined bioinformatics, computational docking, organic synthesis, and steady-state enzyme kinetics. PHP was found to catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphorylated glyceryl acetates. The best substrate was 1,2-diacetyl glycerol-3-phosphate with a kcat/Km of 4.9 × 103 M–1 s–1. The presence of a phosphate group in the substra...
Understanding the effects of emotional reactivity on depression and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: Moderating effects of childhood adversity and resilience.

Abstract Background Early adulthood is a period of increased risk for depression and suicide. Emotional reactivity (a tendency to react to stress with increases in negative affect and maladaptive interpretations of events) is an important risk factor for these outcomes that has been under-studied. We hypothesized that elevated emotional reactivity would be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Further, we hypothesized that experiences of childhood maltreatment would amplify this relationship, whereas the presence of resilience would act as a buffer. Methods 1703 young adults (Mean Age = 19.56 years), 71% female) completed well-validated self-report questionnaires at a single time point. Results Higher emotional reactivity was directly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Further, resilience levels significantly moderated the relationships between emotional reactivity and depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Finally, childhood trauma significantly moderated the relationship between emotional reactivity and suicidal thoughts and behaviors only. Limitations This study was cross-sectional in design and relied upon self-report measures only. Conclusions The current study demonstrates an association between emotional reactivity, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors during emerging adulthood. Whereas a history of childhood maltreatment may amplify the relationship between emotional reactivity, depression, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, certain qualities associated with resilience may buffer against the effects of emotional reactivity. Future studies can identify the resilience-promoting factors that are most protective and develop and test interventions that can potentially augment those factors.
Cutaneous Metastases: A Review and Diagnostic Approach to Tumors of Unknown Origin.

Context.— Cutaneous metastases from a distant malignancy are a diagnostic challenge for pathologists. Secondary involvement of the skin by a metastatic process portends a much worse clinical progno...
Voluntary wheel running reduces colon inflammation in female but not male mice fed a high-fat diet

The influence of diet and exercise on intestinal mucus and the spatial organisation of the microbiota is poorly understood. Though, it has been observed that the spatial organisation of the microbi...
Chemistry of the genus Sequoia—III

Abstract Recently isolated polyphenolic materials, the sequirins, were subjected to extensive chemical and spectral examination. The skeleton of the sequirins was determined, and subsequently a complete chemical structure of isosequirin was proposed.
On the Ideal Structure in Ultraproducts of Affine Near-Rings

Section 1 contains some general results about ideals in ultraproducts of Ω-groups. We shall obtain necessary and sufficient conditions such that an ultraproduct of Ω-groups has the ace or dcc on ideals and give an example to show that this situation does actually arise. In section II we then investigate the ideal structure in ultraproducts of endomorphism rings and affine near-rings.
Associating local microstructure with predicted thermally-induced stress hotspots using convolutional neural networks

Abstract Origins of failure are often driven by localizations in material response due to the applied stress/strain state. These stress “hot spots” intuitively represent regions that accumulate higher damage than their surroundings, serving as prime locations for crack nucleation. There are a number of microstructural factors that contribute to whether a given neighborhood is prone to forming a hot spot, including the morphology of local features, their relative crystallographic misorientations and elastic anisotropy, and their preferred orientations with respect to the load state. Given the large number of features that may influence the formation of stress hot spots, it is advantageous to develop techniques that attempt to predict their formation based solely on an image of the underlying microstructure. We describe such a method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN is trained by cutting local patches out of a synthetic microstructure, created in DREAM.3D, that had its elastic response modeled using a spectral technique based on fast Fourier transforms. The model microstructure system consists of discrete particles within a continuous matrix. The resulting trained CNN is able to predict which regions of a microstructure are susceptible to forming hot spots, based only on an image description.
Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect Analyst Forecast Accuracy

I investigate the dynamics of analyst forecast errors relative to economic policy uncertainty and find a significant positive relation between economic policy uncertainty and analyst forecast errors. A doubling of economic policy uncertainty is associated with a 4.29 percentage points increase in earnings (EPS) forecast errors, and the volatility and dispersion in analyst forecast errors are positively related to the economic policy uncertainty. Earnings forecast errors are higher for firms with higher sensitivity to the economic policy uncertainty, and the uncertainty factor retains its significance when compared to other risk factors. Additionally, firms with higher idiosyncratic risks show a higher sensitivity to the economic policy uncertainty.
Convergence of two obstructions for projective modules

Let $X=Spec{A}$ denote a regular affine scheme, over a field $k$, with $1/2\in k$ and $\dim X=d$. Let $P$ denote a projective $A$-module of rank $n\geq 2$. Let $\pi_0\left({\mathcal LO}(P)\right)$ denote the (Nori) Homotopy Obstruction set, and $\widetilde{CH}^n\left(X, \Lambda^nP\right)$ denote the Chow Witt group. In this article, we define a natural (set theoretic) map} $$ \Theta_P: \pi_0\left({\mathcal LO}(P)\right) \longrightarrow \widetilde{CH}^n\left(X, \Lambda^nP\right) $$
Improving Performance in Hadoop Cluster Over Cloud Computing Environment Using Hold & Release Mechanism

With the increasing use of cloud applications, data generation from the application is also increases which has become an important issue for the cloud that is known as a big data problem. So there is a need of technology to manage the big data on the cloud efficiently. Apache Hadoop is an efficient solution for handling big data because it is an open source technology that stores the big data in a distributed manner over the cluster of heterogeneous systems, which provides a reliable storage as well as processing to the big data over the cloud. In this paper to improve the performance of MapReduce in heterogeneous or shared environments, a data holding and releasing mechanism is proposed through which we can hold the map output at the block level and perform shuffling at the map end so the shuffle bytes has been reduced, which will improve the overall mapreduce performance over the cloud.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Drainage Versus Surgery First in Severe Pancreatitis.

BackgroundPercutaneous drainage as the initial procedure for severe pancreatitis (SP) may not always be optimal. Our aim was to identify the characteristics of patients who failed percutaneous drai...
Near-field models and simulations of pellet ablation in tokamaks

Detailed numerical studies of the ablation of a single neon pellet in the plasma disruption mitigation parameter space have been performed. Simulations were carried out using FronTier, a hydrodynamic/low magnetic Reynolds number MHD code with explicit tracking of material interfaces. FronTier's physics models resolve the pellet surface ablation and the formation of a dense, cold cloud of ablated material, the deposition of energy from hot plasma electrons, the expansion of the ablation cloud along magnetic field lines, and the radiation losses. A local thermodynamic equilibrium model based on Saha equations has been used to resolve atomic processes in the cloud and Redlich–Kwong corrections to the ideal gas equation of state for cold and dense gases, which have been used near the pellet surface. The FronTier pellet code is a next generation of the code described in [R. Samulyak et al., Nucl. Fusion 47, 103 (2007)]. It has been validated against the semi-analytic improved neutral gas shielding model in the 1D spherically symmetric approximation. Main results include quantification of the influence of atomic processes and Redlich–Kwong corrections on the pellet ablation in spherically symmetric approximation and verification of analytic scaling laws in a broad range of pellet and plasma parameters. Using axially symmetric MHD simulations, the properties of ablation channels and the reduction of pellet ablation rates in magnetic fields of increasing strength have been studied. While the main emphasis has been given to neon pellets for the plasma disruption mitigation, selected results on deuterium fueling pellets have also been presented.
Even Constrained Governments Take: The Domestic Politics of Transfer and Expropriation Risks

This article analyzes an understudied and contested form of government taking, transfer restriction, which has supplanted expropriation as the most ubiquitous and costly type of international prope...
CFD Modeling of Hydrodynamics in Circulating Fluid Bed

It is important to understand the complex gas-solids hydrodynamics behaviour of cylindrical Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). The objective of this research was to investigate the key hydrodynamics characteristics of CFB under two different operating conditions using 2.5 dimensional (2.5D) modeling method. Results showed that reasonable qualitative agreements between the experimental results and simulations of the axial solids holdup distributions was obtained using 2.5D modeling approach. The results indicate that the 2.5D modeling approach is capable of accurately predicting the typical overall flow characteristics and its heterogeneity of cylindrical CFB.
Scaling up Evidence-based Treatments in Youth Behavioral Healthcare: Social Work Licensing Influences on Task-shifting Opportunities

Youth behavioral healthcare workforce shortages have inhibited the scale-up of evidence-based treatments to address longstanding unmet needs and inequitable service coverage. Task-shifting is a str...
Interleukin-6: Important Mediator of Vasospasm following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

The correlation of neuroinflammation with the development of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage has been well documented in the literature; both clinical and pre-clinical. The exact mechanisms by which this process occurs, however, are poorly elucidated. Recent evidence indicates that interleukin-6 is not only an important prognostic biomarker for subarachnoid hemorrhage and subsequent vasospasm development but also an integral component in the progression of injury following initial insult. In this review, we briefly highlight other pathways under investigation and focus heavily on what has been discovered regarding the role of interleukin 6 and cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. A proposed mechanistic pathway is highlighted in written and graphical format. A discussion regarding the human correlative findings and initial pre-clinical mechanistic studies is addressed. Finally, in the future investigation section, innovative developments and a clear description of areas warranting further scientific inquiry are emphasized. This review will catalyze continued discovery in this area of emerging significance and aid in the quest for effective vasospasm treatment where limited clinical therapeutics currently exist.
Analysis of the deployment strategies of reinforcement learning controllers for complex dynamic systems

This paper benchmarks several strategies for deploying reinforcement learning (RL)-based controllers on heterogeneous hybrid systems. Sample inefficiency is often a significant cost for RL controllers because we need sufficient data to train them, and the controllers may take time to converge to an acceptable control policy. This can be doubly costly if system health is degrading, or if the network of such systems in turn cannot afford a gradually improving controller in its constituents. Learning speed improvement can be achieved via transfer learning across controllers trained on different tasks: simulations, data-driven models, or separate instances of similar systems. This paper discusses near- and far- transfers across tasks of varying similarities. These approaches are applied on a test-bed of models of cooling towers operating on office and residential buildings on a university campus.
Inferior Pedicle Techniques

The inferior pedicle reduction mammoplasty technique is a very reliable and versatile technique for the immediate reconstruction of lumpectomy defects. It is a common reduction technique that is easy to learn and can be applied in the oncoplastic reduction approach for a tumor defect in almost any location other than purely inferior. The complication rates are favorable, and aesthetic results are predictable in well-selected patients. The decision process, surgical technique, and appropriate postoperative protocols are all discussed.
Recurrence-free Survival Among Patients With ER+/PR+/HER2- Breast Cancers is Predicted by Expression of the Estrogen Response Signature

ER+/PR+/HER2- breast cancers are frequently associated with good outcomes, but some patients experience disease progression/recurrence. We examined gene expression patterns among ER+/PR+/HER2- brea...
What sociology can help us understand about religion and mental health

Publisher Summary This chapter describes what sociology can help one understand about religion and mental health. The earliest sociologists relied heavily on religion to help them formulate their thoughts about the very nature of society: Emile Durkheim and Max Weber were among those sociologists who viewed religion as critical to the sociohistorical changes taking place in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries that were shaping the modern world. They also saw religion as critical in explaining the behaviors, motives, and well-being of individuals. Religious groups are social organizations with their own structures, beliefs, and patterns of interaction. This chapter highlights that sociology has a great deal to offer in understanding the complicated relationship between religion and mental health. The sociological perspective directs the attention to the social conditions which provide the background to mental health problems and to the social responses such disorders evoke. While there is no single sociological explanation of mental illness, there are a variety of approaches which can illuminate a phenomenon which many would not consider to be in the social domain at all.
High performance electrically tunable RF phase shifter with application of PZT and nano-patterned permalloy thin films

RF and MMIC phase shifters are of importance in applications such as phase array antennas, beam forming networks, power dividers and other wireless communication systems [1]. To meet the requirements of compact size, low cost and low insertion loss across the required bandwidth, frequency-agile electrically tunable phase shifters are highly demanded to solve the technical challenges.
Inhibition of rat liver ribonucleic acid polymerase by the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide.

Abstract A single intraperitoneal injection of the carcinogenic arylhydroxamic acid N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide given to male rats inhibited the two RNA polymerase activities of isolated liver nuclei by as much as 80%. Low doses of the carcinogen inhibited the Mg2+-dependent polymerase activity preferentially; high doses inhibited the Mn2+ + (NH4)2SO4-dependent activity to a greater extent. Inhibition was detectable 15 min after injection of the compound and was maximal in 1 hour. Several related noncarcinogenic compounds and carcinogenic arylhydroxamic acids which were inactive toward the liver completely lacked the inhibitory effect shown by N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide. Female rats, which develop few liver tumors on administration of N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide, were refractory to the inhibition of liver RNA polymerase by this compound. The depression of RNA synthesis by N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide was not due to decreased permeability of the nuclear membrane to substrates, nor to increased hydrolysis of newly synthesized RNA. Similar types of RNA were made in the control and treated rats, and the template capacities of liver chromatin and DNA were not affected by the carcinogen. These data suggest that the inhibition of RNA synthesis by N-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide is due to inactivation of the RNA polymerases and not to decreased availability of DNA for transcription.
A Micro-Market Analysis of Tenure Choice Using The Logit Model

Empirical studies on housing tenure choice have generally uncovered a multiplicity of factors that influence households in their decision to own using mostly national aggregate or cross-metropolita...
The Coase Theorem and Transaction Costs

Using the case of Sturges vs. Bridgman,1 Ronald Coase made two points: (i) clearly defined private property rights are an essential requirement for resolving the conflict of interests among individuals via market exchange, and (ii) an efficient allocation of resources is independent of the initial assignment of property rights as long as transaction costs are insignificant. He wrote: [Individuals,] who are normally only interested in maximizing their own incomes, are not concerned with social cost and will only undertake an activity if the value of the product of the factors employed is greater that their private cost… But if private cost is equal to social cost, it follows that [individuals] will only engage in an activity if the value of the product of the factors employed is greater than the value which they would yield in their best alternative use. That is to say, with zero transaction costs, the value of production would be maximized.2
Law Enforcement Hiring Practices and Narrowing the Applicant Pool: A Case Study.

Abstract This article reports on a case study which compares a group of police officers hired by a large metropolitan police department during a recent five-year period (n = 190) with a group of all applicants (n = 1,545) for a recent recruit class. The study, examining age, gender, race, residence and military experience finds that many of the characteristics appear with nearly the same frequency in both groups. However, notably, there are differences in the frequencies in the populations of the two groups as to age, education, number of white females and numbers of black females.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Elderly Fallers Presenting to the Emergency Department without Focal Findings

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and associated characteristics of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in elderly fallers presenting to the emergency department (ED) without focal findings. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital ED. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older presenting with a fall to the ED and undergoing a head computed tomography (CT) scan. MEASUREMENTS: Electronic medical records and CT scans of 404 consecutive patients were reviewed. Characteristics of patients with and without ICH were compared using unadjusted analyses. Patients taking warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel alone or in combination were compared with those not taking these medications. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine variables independently associated with ICH. RESULTS: Forty-seven of 404 elderly fallers (11.6%) without focal findings had an ICH. Unadjusted analyses in these pilot data showed that warfarin was not significantly associated with ICH. Multivariate analyses indicated that elderly people living in at home were more likely to have ICH than those living in nursing homes or assisted living facilities (odds ratio (OR)=3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.30-8.13) and that those with head trauma were more likely to have ICH than those without (OR=3.9, 95% CI=1.25-7.80). Aspirin was found to be protective (OR=0.49, 95% CI=0.24-0.98). CONCLUSION: ICH is common in elderly fallers presenting to the ED without focal findings. Anticoagulation alone did not appear to increase the risk of ICH, and aspirin was found to be protective, but prospective studies are needed to better assess this relationship. Language: en
Relationships among goodness-of-example, category norms, and word frequency

The relationship between two indices of the internal structure of natural-language categories, goodness-of-example (as measured by subjects’ ratings), and item dominance (as assessed by category-norm data) was assessed by correlational analysis. For all eight categories examined, the two variables are significantly positively correlated. Item dominance also bears some positive relationship to word frequency, while goodness-of-example does not.
TWEAK signals through JAK-STAT to induce tumor cell apoptosis.

The TWEAK receptor Fn14 (TNFRSF12), a member of the TNF Receptor superfamily, can mediate many processes, including apoptosis. Fn14 agonists have therefore been the subject of interest as potential cancer therapeutics. In cell culture experiments, interferon gamma (IFNγ) is typically required for induction of apoptotic activity by either TWEAK or Fn14 agonistic antibodies in most cell lines. We have investigated the mechanism of IFNγ signaling and the role of JAK-STAT signaling in TWEAK/Fn14-mediated tumor cell killing. We found that IFNγ-mediated enhancement of tumor cell killing is JAK-STAT dependent, as JAK inhibitors block IFNγ-dependent TWEAK induced apoptosis. Exposure of tumor cells to IFNγ results in an increase in Fn14 expression on the cell surface, which may be a mechanism by which IFNγ induces sensitivity to TWEAK. In a reciprocal fashion, we observed that IFNγ receptor levels increase in response to TWEAK treatment in WiDr cells. Significantly, we found that TWEAK alone can induce STAT1 phosphorylation in WiDr tumor cells. Moreover, TWEAK induction of tumor cell apoptosis in WiDr cells in the absence of IFNγ is mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway. Correspondingly, we show that treatment of tumor bearing mice with mBIIB036, an Fn14 agonistic antibody, results in STAT1 phosphorylation in the tumors. Notably, the level of STAT1 phosphorylation appears to correlate with the degree of tumor growth inhibition by BIIB036 in vivo. Additionally, in WiDr cells, TWEAK induces a soluble factor, which we have identified as IFNβ, capable of independently inducing STAT1 phosphorylation when transferred to naive cells. Finally, either IFNα or IFNβ can partially substitute for IFNγ in sensitizing tumor cells to Fn14 agonists. In summary, we show that TWEAK/Fn14 can signal through the JAK-STAT pathway to induce IFNβ, and that the ability of TWEAK to induce tumor cell apoptosis is mediated by JAK-STAT signaling. We also demonstrate that IFNγ enhancement of TWEAK/FN14-mediated tumor cell death is JAK-dependent and may occur by IFNγ-dependent upregulation of Fn14 on tumor cells. These findings may have implications for the appropriately targeted clinical development of Fn14 agonists as anti-cancer therapy.
Free recall learning as related to variability of within-list meaningfulness

Performance in free-recall learning was compared between CVC lists in which the distribution of meaningfulness (A V) about the mean of 50.0% AV was leptokurtic, plat y kurtie, or bimodal Total list acquisition was not affected by differences in A V distribution, but the variability of groups’ performance was found to be associated with the range of within-list AV.
No going home for hospitalized Huntington's disease patients

Little is known as to what happens to people with Huntington's disease (HD) at the end of life. Exploratory analysis was performed for all admissions of people with HD in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, a 20% stratified sample of all US hospitalizations, from 1996 to 2002. Using the principal diagnosis and procedure, admission cohorts were determined. The common HD-associated reasons for admission were pneumonia (including aspiration, 22%), psychiatric (21.5%), debilitation (hypovolemia, nutritional deficiencies, and decubitus ulcers, 15.5%), trauma (5.7%), and nonpulmonary infections (urinary tract infections and sepsis, 11.%). Twenty-two percent were admitted for medical problems unrelated to HD. Emergency departments were the most frequent source of admission (60%), most had Medicare or Medicaid as the expected payer (80.6%), 54.4% of all admissions were discharged to long-term care facilities (LTCFs), and 3.7% died. The highest mortality was seen in the pneumonia (7.68%) and sepsis (7.39%) cohorts. Of the elective admissions, between 49.71% and 60.31% were discharged to LTCFs, representing new LTCF admissions. Based on this exploratory analysis, hospitalized HD patients are admitted late in the course of their illness, are severely disabled, and are commonly discharged to LTCFs. With 60.31% of the discharges representing new LTCF admissions, this finding shows that there is no going home from the hospital for people with HD. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid in the cochlear nucleus of the waltzing guinea pig

Abstract Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were measured in the cochlear nucleus of the genetically deaf waltzing guinea pig. Morphologically, degeneration of spiral ganglion cells and of primary auditory terminals in the cochlear nucleus occurs between 30 and 90 days of age9. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid decrease when primary auditory terminals degenerate. At 3, 10 and 30 days of age, glutamic acid and aspartic acid levels (nmoles per mg protein) in the cochlear nucleus of the waltzer do not differ significantly from those of the normal. Both amino acids are lower in the waltzer cochlear nucleus than in the normal at 60 and 90 days. At 90 days, glutamic acid and aspartic acid are, respectively, 11.2 and 17.0% lower in the cochlear nucleus of the waltzer than in the cochlear nucleus of the normal. The magnitude of decrease in glutamic acid and aspartic acid after auditory nerve lesion is greatly reduced in the 60- and 90-day waltzing guinea pig. In the 90-day waltzer, aspartic acid decreases only 5.3% compared to 30.4% in the normal and glutamic acid decreases 4.8% compared to 16.2% in the normal. Alanine, glutamate decar☐ylase and choline acetyltransferase levels in the cochlear nucleus of the waltzer do not differ significantly from those of the normal except at 3 days, when glutamate decar☐ylase is slightly elevated in the waltzer. Total protein content of the cochlear nucleus of the waltzer is consistently lower than that of the normal. These results suggest that glutamic acid and aspartic acid are closely associated with primary auditory terminals in the cochlear nucleus.
Energy Accounting in Canning Tomato Products

An energy accounting method was used to determine energy consumption in various unit operations in canning tomato juice, wholepeeled tomatoes, and tomato paste. Data on steam and electric consumption were obtained from a canning plant with the use of steam flow meters and electric transducers. Unit operations associated with the following equipment were investigated: crushers, hot-break heaters, pulpers, finishers, lye-bath peelers, evaporators, and retorts. The average thermal and electrical energy intensities of canning tomato products were 538 Btu and 0.0126 kWh per pound of tomatoes received, respectively. Energy intensive operations were identified as those associated with hot-break heaters, lye-bath peelers, evaporators, and retorts.
Determinants of HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses in HIV-infected pediatric patients and enhancement of HIV-gag-specific responses with exogenous IL-15.

Cellular immune responses play a central role in controlling HIV-1 infection. HIV-specific IFN-γ production by CD8 T cells was evaluated in 17 HLA-A2+ HIV-infected pediatric patients (age range 1 month to 16 years) in an ELISPOT assay. Most patients (15/17) exhibited responses to HIV-gag, followed by responses to envelope gp120, gp41, and V3 loop. Only 7 patients responded to all four antigenic peptides. Treatment-related immune reconstitution of CD4 T cells was associated with increase in gag-specific responses, but these declined with prolonged viral suppression. Exogenous IL-15 resulted in augmentation of HIV-gag-specific response in 71% of patients, while IL-2 and IL-7 had variable effects, augmenting responses in 25% patients. Thus, HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses are dependent on both CD4 T-cell help and antigenic stimulation. The cytokine IL-15 may be a useful modality as adjunctive therapy to augment HIV-specific memory CD8 T cells.
Reconstruction of Filtering Blebs with Free Conjunctival Autografts

Background: Situations arise in which the surgical repair or revision of filtering blebs is either technically impossible or inadequate, and total reconstruction becomes necessary. This is most frequently encountered in eyes that have undergone multiple procedures, resulting in significant bulbar conjunctival scarring and episcleral fibrosis. Methods: To preserve the pre-existing filtration site, the authors successfully treated five such patients in whom conjunctival scarring adjacent to and surrounding the blebs precluded local revision, by transplanting free conjunctival autografts. Two patients required grafting from the fellow eye. Specific modifications from previously reported conjunctival flap techniques were used to enhance graft healing and continued filtration. Results: Satisfactory intraocular pressure control was maintained in all patients receiving minimal to no anti-glaucomatous medications with an average follow-up of 42.6 months (range, 7–90 months). No patient had a significant decrease in visual acuity or surgical complications. Conclusion: Free conjunctival autografting techniques are a useful adjunct in the surgical revision of leaking, failed, or migrating filtration blebs.
Molecular theory of brownian motion in external fields

Abstract The molecular theory of brownian motion developed by Mazur and Oppenheim is generalized to include external forces. We consider three cases: 1. The brownian particle is subjected to a time-independent external force while the bath particles are free from external forces. 2. The bath particles are under the influence of time-independent external forces as well as the brownian particle. 3. The external force acting on the brownian particle is explicitly time-dependent while the bath particles are free from external force. The analysis is rigorous under the assumption that the correlation time of bath variables in the presence of the fixed brownian particle is short. In all cases the Langevin equation is obtained when the brownian particle is sufficiently heavy and the magnitude of the external force is not too large.
DETERMINING WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

The grammatical analysis of definite noun phrases shows that they contain, at some level of interpretation, restrictive adjuncts. These restrictives are presupposed by occurrence of the definite article in much the same way as antecedent reference is presupposed by occurrence of a definite pronoun. Even where the restrictive is not present in the surface structure of the definite noun phrase it is posited in the deep structure to interpret the meaning of the construction. In actual discourse, the restrictive may turn up as part of the situational context or elsewhere in the linguistic context–i.e., discourse related sentences. Conventions of unique and generic reference allow for the deletion of the restrictive. Practical applications for teaching the uses of the definite article to foreign learners of English follow from the analysis.
The glucose-glucose 6-phosphate exchange catalyzed by yeast hexokinase.

Abstract Yeast hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) catalyzes a glucose-glucose-6-P exchange which is independent of nucleotide. The exchange requires magnesium and a high ratio of glucose-6-P to glucose. A glucose-independent ADP-ATP exchange, reported earlier by Kaji and Colowick, is confirmed. Catalysis by the enzyme of these two partial reactions intimates the participation of an intermediate phosphoenzyme in the hexokinase reaction.
Asymptotics for transportation cost in high dimensions

LetX 1,...,X n ,Y 1,...,Y n be i.i.d. with the law μ on the cube [0, 1] d ,d⩾3. LetL n (μ)=infπΣ =1 ||X i −Y π(i)|| denote the optimal bipartite matching of theX andY points, where π ranges over all permutations of the integers 1, 2,...,n, and where ‖·‖ is a norm on ℝ d . If μ is Lebesgue measure it is shown that $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } L_n (\mu )/n^{(d - 1)/d} = \alpha {\text{a}}{\text{.s}}{\text{.}}$$ where α is a finite constant depending on ‖ ‖ andd only. More generally, for arbitrary μ it is shown that $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } L_n (\mu )/n^{(d - 1)/d} = \alpha \int {(f{\text{(}}x{\text{)}})^{(d - 1)/d} dxa.s.} $$ wheref is the density of the absolutely continuous part of μ. We also find the rate of convergence.
Granulomatous vasculitis associated with herpes virus: a persistent, painful, postherpetic papular eruption.

Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis manifesting as a postherpetic reaction pattern is uncommon and has previously been reported as a delayed complication of varicella-zoster virus infection. We describe three patients who had persistent, painful, postherpetic papules in a zosteriform distribution that histologically demonstrated a small vessel granulomatous vasculitis. Herpes simplex virus DNA detected by the polymerase chain reaction technique was demonstrated in two cases.
Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins without Cysteine Residues by Native Chemical Ligation Combined with Desulfurization

The highly chemoselective reaction between unprotected peptides bearing an N-terminal Cys residue and a C-terminal thioester enables the total and semi-synthesis of complex polypeptides. Here we extend the utility of this native chemical ligation approach to non-cysteine containing peptides. Since alanine is a common amino acid in proteins, ligation at this residue would be of great utility. To achieve this goal, a specific alanine residue in the parent protein is replaced with cysteine to facilitate synthesis by native chemical ligation. Following ligation, selective desulfurization of the resulting unprotected polypeptide product with H(2)/metal reagents converts the cysteine residue to alanine. This approach, which provides a general method to prepare alanyl proteins from their cysteinyl forms, can be used to chemically synthesize a variety of polypeptides, as demonstrated by the total chemical syntheses of the cyclic antibiotic microcin J25, the 56-amino acid streptococcal protein G B1 domain, and a variant of the 110-amino acid ribonuclease, barnase.
Increasing serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in breast-fed infants: Longitudinal studies of minerals in human milk and in sera of nursing mothers and their infants

Longitudinal calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus concentrations were measured in human milk and in the sera of 18 nursing mothers and their infants over a six-month period. During this time, progressive increases in serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were observed in breast-fed infants, in association with a decreasing phosphorus content of breast milk. Maternal serum calcium and magnesium concentrations also increased during this period. It is speculated that the physiologic rise in serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in exclusively breast-fed infants may be partly accounted for by a decrease in dietary phosphorus intake.
Characterization of General Esterases from Methyl Parathion-Resistant and -Susceptible Populations of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

A consistent correlation between elevated esterase activity and methyl parathion resistance among Nebraska western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, populations has previously been documented. Characterization of general esterase activity using naphtholic esters as model substrates indicated that differences between resistant and susceptible strains could be maximized by optimizing assay conditions. The optimal conditions identified here were similar to those reported for other insect species. The majority of general esterase activity was found in the cytosolic fractions of resistant populations, whereas the activity was more evenly distributed between cytosolic and mitochondrial/nuclear fractions in the susceptible population. General esterase activity was predominately located in the adult thorax and abdomen. Although there were significant differences in general esterase activities between resistant and susceptible populations, the differences exhibited in single beetle activity assays did not provide sufficient discrimination to identify resistant individuals. In contrast, single larva activity assays provided greater discrimination and could be considered as an alternative to traditional bioassay techniques.
Unexpected formation and structure elucidation of mer-[RuCl3(TMSO)(bpy)] derived from [H(TMSO)][trans-RuCl4(TMSO)2] under mild condition

Abstract Treatment of [H(TMSO)][ trans -RuCl 4 (TMSO) 2 ] ( 1 ) with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) in ethanol at room temperature resulted an unknown mer -[RuCl 3 (TMSO)(bpy)] ( 3 ) and a known cis -[RuCl 2 (TMSO) 4 ] ( 4 ) (TMSO = tetramethylene sulfoxide) complexes. The 3 was obtained by the substitution with bpy in mer -[RuCl 3 (TMSO) 3 ] ( 2 ), whereas 4 was obtained by one-electron reduction of 2, suggesting that 2 is a precursor for both 3 and 4 . The structure of 3 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction is a new synthetic procedure for 3 and/or 3 and 4 in mild reaction conditions from the anionic complex 1 . It involves simultaneous substitution and redox reaction. This is the first known example of precisely characterized Ru(III)-chloride–TMSO–bpy-complex derived from anionic [H(TMSO)][ trans -RuCl 4 (TMSO) 2 ] at room temperature.
"Tar" and Nicotine Content of Cigarette Smoke in Relation to Death Rates

Abstract Over 1,000,000 men and women who enrolled in an epidemiological study in 1959–1960 were (with few exceptions) traced for 12 years. They all answered questionnaires on cigarette smoking and various other factors at time of enrollment; and survivors answered repeat questionnaires on three later occasions. In this analysis, cigarette smokers were classified by the amount of tar and nicotine delivered by the brand they usually smoked at the start of each of two 6-year periods. Among subjects who smoked the same number of cigarettes a day, total death rates, death rates from coronary heart disease, and death rates from lung cancer were somewhat lower for those who smoked “low” tar-nicotine cigarettes than for those who smoked “high” tar-nicotine cigarettes. The death rates of subjects who smoked “low” tar-nicotine cigarettes were far higher than the death rates of subjects who never smoked regularly.
A Model for Probabilistic Assessment of Phytosanitary Risk Reduction Measures

Ideally, a phytosanitary performance standard would be defined as a probabilistic tolerance. For treatments such as solid wood pasteurization, this could be operationalized by stating with a specific degree of confidence that the treatment failure rate for a sentinel pest should be less than a defined level (e.g., X% confidence that the wood heat treatment failure rate for pest Y does not exceed Z%). This article illustrates a probabilistic approach to developing a phytosanitary performance standard, using heat treatment of the wood-inhabiting fungus Postia placenta as an example. The uncertainty about the proportion of wood blocks in which P. placenta survives after treatment is characterized by the Beta distribution, subject to the biological constraint that survival should decrease monotonically with increased time and temperature. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are then used to generate a probabilistic response surface relating proportion survival to treatment time and temperature. This modeling approach relaxes the parametric assumptions associated with traditional statistical methods for fitting response surfaces and is more flexible than conventional methods, resulting in a better fit to the observed data.
Molecular Line Emission from Massive Protostellar Disks: Predictions for ALMA and EVLA

We compute the molecular line emission of massive protostellar disks by solving the equation of radiative transfer through the cores and disks produced by the recent radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of Krumholz, Klein, & McKee. We find that in several representative lines the disks show brightness temperatures of hundreds of Kelvin over velocity channels {approx} 10 km s{sup -1} wide, extending over regions hundreds of AU in size. We process the computed intensities to model the performance of next-generation radio and submillimeter telescopes. Our calculations show that observations using facilities such as the EVLA and ALMA should be able to detect massive protostellar disks and measure their rotation curves, at least in the nearest massive star-forming regions. They should also detect significant sub-structure and non-axisymmetry in the disks, and in some cases may be able to detect star-disk velocity offsets of a few km s{sup -1}, both of which are the result of strong gravitational instability in massive disks. We use our simulations to explore the strengths and weaknesses of different observational techniques, and we also discuss how observations of massive protostellar disks may be used to distinguish between alternative models of massive star formation.
Dental care for patients receiving methadone

Unique factors contribute to the successful dental treatment of patients receiving methadone. The dental care program at the Patrick House Methadone Center in New Jersey, provided by the Fairleigh Dickinson School of Dentistry, is described. The number of persons In the United States reviving methadone has increased from less than 100 in 1965 to more than 50 000 at present. Because heroin addiction is growing and because methadone increasingly is being used as the preferred treatment, it is likely that more dentists will be treating persons of this group In the future. The relation of methadone therapy to dental care has received little attention to date Successful dental treatment depends on the dentists understanding of the pharmacologic limitations of analgesics, and also on the patient’s attitude toward dental treatment, his suspicion of the dentist, and his high rate of broken appointments
Suharto's Fall and Afterwards: Medititations Provoked by Four Recent Analyses

Books reviewed in this article: Edward Aspinall, et al, (eds) The last days of President Suharto Richard W. Baker, et al, (eds) Indonesia: The Challenge of Change Arief Budiman, et al, (eds) Reformasi: Crisis and change in Indonesia Geoff Forester, (ed) Post-Soeharto Indonesia: Renewal or Chaos?