cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family history and gender roles: Critical factors in practitioners' views of family interactions

This study examined practitioners' perceptions of family and individual family member functioning in relationship to family roles, gender of family leadership, beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment, and paternal division of responsibility in practitioner family of origin. Practicing counselors and mental health therapists rated two videotaped family interviews, one demonstrating a matriarchal style of family interaction and the second a patriarchal style. Findings indicated that practitioners were vulnerable to view a patriarchal style of family interaction as more healthy in comparison to a matriarchal style and that their perceptions of family members were related to personal beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment and to personal family history. These and other findings suggest that practitioners may be prone to errant perceptions and misguided intervention related to personal history and attitudes.
A new particle solution in aesthetic field theory

In present theories a particle is commonly associated with a singularity of the field. A more realistic picture would describe the particle by an intense but singularity-free field. We have found a new solution to the aesthetic field equations for which the field associated with the particle has a very large magnitude. The particle appears to be bounded despite the large numbers appearing in the solution. We prove that this present solution is not equivalent to theO(3)-invariant solution discussed in Muraskin (1973b). Since our present solution appears well-behaved, the suggestion is that we do not confine ourselves toO(3)-invariant data in future work. Owing to the large magnitude fields, we were unable to study trajectories of the particle in any detail. There is nothing wrong, in itself, with large numbers. The present solution, which we have now studied, is the first instance in our work on aesthetic field theory in which large numbers appear without the suggestion of unboundedness.
Comorbidity, smoking behavior and treatment outcome.

Background: A sizeable sector of the population continues to smoke cigarettes despite our efforts to prevent and treat this addiction. We explored the relationships between lifetime
A fast 3D-imaging technique for performing dynamic Gd-enhanced MRI of breast lesions

The characterization of breast lesions by their Gd-enhancement profiles has been proposed as a method for differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. The limitations of dynamic contrast enhanced 2D imaging of the breast are the low number of slices that can be acquired, and the need to know the location of the lesion a priori to correctly select the noncontiguous 2D slice locations. These problems are exacerbated when multi-focal disease is present but not anticipated. Standard fast 3D gradient-echo imaging has a variable delay between successive acquisitions. We have developed a fast 3D gradient-echo imaging technique for dynamic Gd-DTPA enhanced breast imaging which obtains multiple 3D image sets of 32 contiguous images at 44 s intervals without an interscan delay time. This rapid 3D imaging technique achieves good temporal resolution and reduces patient motion between pre- and postcontrast images while covering a much larger portion of the breast and eliminating the need for a priori knowledge concerning the location of the lesion(s) when performing Gd-enhanced dynamic MR imaging.
Analytic embedded-atom potentials for fcc metals : application to liquid and solid copper

A simple analytic embedded-atom model that includes more than nearest neighbors is presented. Parameters for Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt have been obtained. The model has been applied to study the thermodynamic properties of copper with molecular dynamics. The calculated fractional density change on melting, heat of fusion, linear coefficients of thermal expansion, and heat capacities above room temperature are in good agreement with experimental results.
Cloning of the rabbit uteroglobin structural gene.

Abstract The mRNA coding for uteroglobin, a progesterone-induced uterine protein, has been partially purified from 4-day pregnant rabbit uterus. Double-stranded DNA synthesized from the partially purified mRNA preparation was inserted into the Pst I site of pBR 322. Bacterial transformants containing uteroglobin DNA sequences were identified by their ability to enrich for uteroglobin mRNA on hybridization with total uterine poly A-RNA. The identity of one recombinant was confirmed unambiguously by matching its nucleotide sequence with the amino acid sequence of the uteroglobin polypeptide.
Direction-specific motion thresholds for abnormal image shifts during saccadic eye movement.

Eye movements were monitored and a target circle subtending an angle of 7o was made to move during and dependent on the eye movements. Thresholds of detection of the resulting abnormal image displacements were obtained. Thresholds were low when both the eyes and the target moved either horizontally or vertically. They were higher by a factor of two or more when the eye movements and the target motions were not in the same plane. In the latter conditions, two processes account for the detection of target motion. One is a compensation process where the extent of that component of the motion of the retinal image of the target which is parallel to the eye movement is compared with the extent of the eye movement. The other process detects an angle between the plane of the target image motion and the plane of the eye movement. Our results indicate that the higher thresholds occurred when detection of this angle was required.
Long-term survivors of pediatric heart transplantation: A multicenter report of sixty-eight children who have survived longer than five years

Abstract Objective: Short-term survival after pediatric heart transplantation is now excellent, but ultimately the efficacy of this procedure will depend on duration and quality of survival. We sought to evaluate the clinical course of long-term survivors of heart transplantation in childhood. Methods: Patients who had undergone heart transplantation at the university hospitals of Stanford, Columbia, and Pittsburgh between 1975 and 1989 and survived longer than 5 years from transplantation were identified and their clinical courses retrospectively reviewed. Results: Sixty eight children have survived more than 5 years from transplantation, and 60 (88%) are currently alive with a median follow-up of 6.8 years (5 to 17.9 years). Thirteen have survived more than 10 years from transplantation. Renal dysfunction caused by immunosuppressive agents was common, and two patients required late renal transplantation. Lymphoproliferative disease or other neoplasm occurred in 12 patients, but none resulted in death. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed in 13 patients (19%), leading to retransplantation in eight. Death after 5 years was related to acute or chronic rejection in 5 of 8 cases. Two of the deaths were directly related to noncompliance with immunosuppressive medication (Table). All survivors are in New York Heart Association class 1. Conclusions: Long-term survival with good quality of life can be achieved after heart transplantation in childhood, though complications of immunosuppression remain common. Posttransplantation coronary artery disease is emerging as the main factor limiting long term graft and patient survival. (J Pediatr 1997; 130:862-71)
Scaling applications to massively parallel machines using Projections performance analysis tool

Some of the most challenging applications to parallelize scalably are the ones that present a relatively small amount of computation per iteration. Multiple interacting performance challenges must be identified and solved to attain high parallel efficiency in such cases. We present case studies involving NAMD, a parallel classic molecular dynamics application for large biomolecular systems, and CPAIMD, Car-Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics application, and efforts to scale them to large number of processors. Both applications are implemented in Charm++, and the performance analysis was carried out using Projections, the performance visualization/analysis tool associated with Charm++. We showcase a series of optimizations facilitated by Projections. The resultant performance of NAMD led to a Gordon Bell award at SC 2002 with unprecedented speedup on 3000 processors with teraflops level peak performance. We also explore the techniques for applying the performance visualization/analysis tool on future generation extreme-scale parallel machines and discuss the scalability issues with Projections.
Species, age and sex differences in type and frequencies of injuries and impairments among four arboreal primate species in Kibale National Park, Uganda

Animals in the wild often have physical impairments that can affect their fitness. The aim of this study was to compare injuries and impairments of four different primate species (black-and-white colobus, red colobus, red-tailed monkeys, and grey-cheeked mangabeys) living in Kibale National Park (Uganda), and estimate the proportion of injured and impaired individuals among the sexes and age classes. The species differed in the proportion of individuals with injuries and impairments, with 16.7% in black-and-white colobus, 23.1% in red colobus, 16.2% in red-tailed monkey and 30.2% in grey-cheeked mangabeys. Species also differed in the types and location on the body of injuries. Adult animals had more injuries than immatures. Males had more injuries than females, in all but red-tailed monkeys. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on aggressive behavior, locomotion, and predation in these species.
Morphological character evolution in hepialid moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from New Zealand

Abstract Mapping morphological characters on a molecular-based phylogeny enabled examination of character evolution and an historical perspective into evolutionary processes, both of which are important aspects of systematic research and comparative biology. In this study, 63 morphological characters from hepialid moths in New Zealand were mapped on a phylogenetic tree reconstructed from mitochondrial DNA COI & II sequence data. Morphological characters hypothesized to be synapomorphies for the New Zealand « Oxycanus » lineages and « Oxycanus » lineage s.s. were confirmed to be homologous when mapped on the COI & II phylogeny. The direction of character state transformation was determined for five characters, with members of the Aenetus and Aoraia lineages exhibiting hypothesized ancestral states. Male genitalic characters were less homoplasious than other character partitions and covaried significantly with phylogeny.
High-speed real-time data classification and cell sorting using discriminant functions and probabilities of misclassification for stem cell enrichment and tumor purging

Data analysis and cell sorting are both fundamentally the same except in terms of the time available to make classification decisions. In the case of cell sorting the cell classification decisions must be made in real-time (in the case of cell sorting, real-time means in about 625 microseconds on this system). This dictates an approach to classification which can be implemented at memory speeds or in pre-programmed hardware. We have been developing new high-speed lookup table transformation methods, suitable for real-time data classification or cell sorting based on statistical classifiers. Multiparameter data mixtures of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human bone marrow were analyzed by discriminant function analysis. Cell identification tags, implemented as additional correlated listmode parameters not used for these analyses, were used to uniquely identify each cell type and to compare classifier results. The performance of classifier systems was also assessed using ROC ('receiver operating characteristics') analysis. The effectiveness of the classification system for cell sorting can be evaluated using molecular characterizations of sorted cells, either in small numbers or at single-cell level.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
“Functional Automaticity” in Children's Writing A Problem of Metacognitive Control

An argument is presented for distinguishing between fluency and automaticity of procedures in writing. Writers must develop a certain level of fluency in some of their writing subskills, but skilled writing necessitates that automaticity not be absolute, not be “modular” to use Fodor's (1983) terminology. Various empirical results are presented suggesting that a prominent difference between skilled and less skilled writing is the extent of metacognitive control over writing subprocesses. It is this metacognitive control, not increasing encapsulated automaticity, that enables the processes that characterize skilled writing, such as directed search, critical examination, and revision. Educational implications of this premise are explored.
Numerical analysis of crack-tip fields in functionally graded materials with a crack normal to the elastic gradient

The nature of the singular field around the crack in functionally graded material (FGM) is analyzed parametrically using finite element method. The numerical simulations are carried out by varying the location of the crack in the graded region for different material gradients. Using linear material property variation in the gradient zone, the influence of material gradient and the crack position on the fracture parameters such as complex stress intensity factor (SIF) and energy release rate are studied. The crack opening displacement profiles of FGM are compared with the homogeneous and bimaterial counterparts. The analysis shows that the fracture parameters of FGM approach that of the bimaterial as the material gradient is increased, regardless of the position of the crack in the graded region. The extent of applicability of the homogenous crack tip fields around the crack in FGM is analyzed, and the results show that the size of the homogeneous field reduces with the increase in material gradient. Static fracture experiments are conducted on epoxy based FGM to determine complex SIF with electrical strain gages, using the homogeneous field equations to convert the strains to SIF. The measured SIF values compare favorably with the numerical results providing a limited experimental validation of the computations and the use of homogeneous field for FGM.
Late Precambrian crustal accretion rates in northeast Africa and Arabia

Apparent late Precambrian growth rates for continental crust in the Arabian-Nubian craton are implausibly high for simple arcaccretion models. If correct, these rates imply that some special, non uniformitarian process occurred to rapidly produce continental crust. Assuming that the dominant mechanism for continental growth is by arc magmatism, roughly 100% of global island-arc production at current rates would have had to accrete in this region from 900 to 600 Ma. One solution to this paradox is that large amounts of preexisting sialic basement have so far gone undetected and should not be included in the estimate for crustal growth during late Precambrian time. Published radiometric data indicate that older continental material makes up the eastern and western margins of the exposed shield. We interpret these and other data to suggest that the larger part of the Arabian-Nubian craton, including the platform obscured by Phanerozoic cover east and west of the exposed shield, is older continental crust. In this case, a growth rate approximately 20% of the modern global rate is required, and nonuniformitarian crustal growth is not necessary to explain late Precambrian accretion of the Arabian-Nubian craton.
Differences in mental health service sector utilization among African American and Caucasian youth entering systems of care programs

Differences in unmet need and access to services between African American and Caucasian youth have been established; less is known about differences in specific mental health service sectors. This study examined differences in past year outpatient, school-based, day treatment and residential/inpatient service utilization among African American and Caucasian youth (n = 3,649) entering a federally funded system of care program. Random effect logistic regression models were implemented to examine the relationship between race and past year service utilization. Analyses revealed that African American youth were less likely than Caucasian youth to have utilized school-based and residential/inpatient mental health services in the past year. Findings suggest that racial disparities exist in service use for certain types of service sectors and highlight the importance of understanding and identifying individual, family, and community factors that contribute to disparities in service utilization.
Coordination-polymer films by reactive self-assembly

A novel self-assembly technique for the growth of insoluble and intractable thin organic films is presently reported. Bifunctional 8,8′-dihydroxy-5,5′-biquinoline (bisquinoline) is reactively self-assembled with diethyl zinc to form a linear coordination polymer. FTIR, UV/VIS spectroscopy, profilometry, and photoluminescence measurements were used to characterize these new multilayer films. The growth of these films on glass substrates was monitored by increasing absorbance at 396.6 nm using UV/VIS spectroscopy and by profilometry. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the self-assembled films are polymeric in nature. The reduction of end-group hydroxyls and a significant red-shift of the photoluminescence emission spectrum with respect to zinc bisquinoline powder was attributed to an increase in conjugation length.
Latent class marginal regression models for modelling youthful drug involvement and its suspected influences.

In longitudinal behavioural studies, it is common to have multiple categorical indicators for measuring a theoretical construct of interest. A latent class model is presented that accounts for the structure in a set of correlated, categorical variables measured at discrete time periods, drawing information from these variables to form a smaller number of latent classes. The dependence of the resulting latent class model parameters on suspected factors over time is simultaneously modelled using a baseline-category logistic regression model. Estimation of the model parameters is achieved using an estimating equations procedure. A motivating example is provided from a longitudinal study of suspected linkages between monitoring or supervision by parents and the occurrence of drug use behaviours in an epidemiologic sample of school-attending youths.
Predictors of Mild Cognitive Dysfunction in an Advanced Heart Failure Population

Purpose Heart failure (HF) is associated with cognitive impairment. Assessment of cognitive function is an important component for patient evaluation for mechanical circulatory support or cardiac transplantation. However, little is known about the mechanisms and risk factors for cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for mild cognitive dysfunction in patients with advanced heart failure. Methods and Materials Subjects were prospectively recruited from our advanced heart failure clinic. Baseline demographics, co-morbidities, laboratory findings, and functional assessment were collected. To assess for cognitive dysfunction, all subjects underwent the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) survey. A previously established cutoff score of less than 26 was used to categorize subjects with mild cognitive dysfunction. Hemodynamic data and cardiopulmonary stress test performance within 90 days of cognitive assessment were also collected. A 2-sided Fisher’s exact chi-square test was used to identify univariate clinical predictors of mild cognitive dysfunction. Logistic regression was used to evaluate clinical predictors in a multivariate model. Results A total of 183 subjects were recruited and completed the MoCA survey. Univariate predictors of mild cognitive dysfunction included hypertension (OR: 2.06, p = 0.02), ischemic cardiomyopathy (OR: 1.90, p = 0.05), non-Caucasian race (versus Caucasian, OR 3.24, p = 0.003), and age > 65 (OR 2.15, p = 0.04). Resting hemodynamics did not predict the presence of mild cognitive dysfunction. In multivariate analysis controlled for age and gender, hypertension (OR 4.10, p=0.034), non-Caucasian race (OR 10.67, p=0.022), and peak VO2 Conclusions Risk factors for mild cognitive dysfunction in heart failure include hypertension, race, and reduced peak VO2.
Rapid and sensitive detection of Giardia lamblia using a piezoelectric cantilever biosensor in finished and source waters.

The current method for detecting the waterborne parasite Giardia lamblia is tedious and requires a preconcentration step. We show for the first time a piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) biosensor immobilized with a monoclonal antibody against G. lamblia that exhibits selective and sensitive detection of G. lamblia cysts in several water matrixes (buffer, tap, and river water) at a detection limit of 1−10 cysts/mL without a preconcentration step. The PEMC sensor is a resonance-based device that functions at a high-order mode near 1 MHz. The antibody-immobilized sensor was exposed to 1−10,000 G. lamblia cysts/mL samples in a flow arrangement. When the cysts bind to the antibody on the sensor, the resonant frequency of the cantilever sensor decreases and is recorded continuously. Positive confirmation of sensor detection responses was obtained by environmental scanning electron microscope of sensor surface after detection experiments. Higher sample flow rates (0.5−5.0 mL/min) gave highe...
Systematics of fragment angular distributions in high-energy proton reactions.

Angular distributions of deep spallation and fragmentation products of the interaction of 800 GeV protons with lanthanum, terbium, and lutetium have been measured. The angular distributions can be characterized by two parameters, A/sub 1/ and A/sub 2/, which determine the asymmetry and the anisotropy, respectively. For products with Aapprox. >30, values of A/sub 1/ and A/sub 2/ derived from high-energy proton data for targets ranging from silver to uranium are found to scale with the mass difference between target and product.
Increasing North Atlantic climate variability recorded in a central Greenland ice core 1

Abstract Greenland ice‐core data show that the multiannual variability in North Atlantic climate has been increasing in the latter part of the Holocene. Statistically significant trends were established before the Industrial Revolution. A general inverse correlation exists between variability and temperature, and may be linked to North Atlantic oceanic heat transport.
Manipulation of the rate of hydrolysis of polymer-drug conjugates: The secondary structure of the polymer

Abstract The ability to manipulate the kinetics of hydrolysis of water soluble polymer-drug conjugates by programmed changes in their secondary structure was evaluated. A series of model copolymers with different proportions of N -acryloyl morpholine (AM) and p -nitrophenyl acrylate (PAC) was prepared by free radical polymerization or by reaction of morpholine with poly( p -nitrophenyl acrylate). The coil expansion coefficients of the hydrolyzed esters, poly( N -acryloyl morpholine-co-acrylic acid), were determined by viscosity measurements and shown to increase linearly with the acrylic acid content. The kinetics of solvolysis of the p -nitrophenyl group were measured at pH 9 or 10, 25°C. The copolymers exhibited an increasing divergence from first order kinetics as the coil expansion coefficient of the hydrolyzed product increased, consistent with increasing reactivity as the chain expanded. Copolymerization of ω-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylamide (PEGA) and PAC permitted incorporation of a higher proportion of hydrophobic PAC units without loss of water solubility. The kinetics of solvolysis of these copolymers with a higher PAC content reflected neighbouring group participation by carboxylate groups, and could be interpreted as the sum of solvolyses of PAC sequences of different block lengths.
Minireview: Receptor Dimerization in GH and Erythropoietin Action—It Takes Two to Tango, But How?

The receptors for GH and erythropoietin are members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. They are single membrane-spanning proteins that bind ligand in the extracellular domain and couple to cytosolic JAK tyrosine kinases to initiate signaling. The ligand-engaged GH receptor (GHR) and erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) extracellular domains are believed to exist in a dimerized configuration in which a single ligand molecule engages two receptor extracellular domains. The last several years have witnessed a rapid expansion in our knowledge of the structural and functional details of this dimerization process and have forced a reexamination of how the ligand-containing complexes achieve their conformation. For EpoR, there is good evidence that the unliganded receptor is already a preformed dimer that is activated by a ligand-induced change in the receptor conformation. Owing in some measure to the unavailability of the analogous crystal structure of the unliganded GHR extracellular domain, it is still unknown whether GHR adopts a similar preformed dimer/conformational change in response to GH as is found for EpoR. This review critically examines the state of our knowledge pertaining to GHR and EpoR dimerization, noting differences and similarities between the two.
Meta-analysis of molecular response of kidney to ischemia reperfusion injury for the identification of new candidate genes

Accumulated to-date microarray data on ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of kidney represent a powerful source for identifying new targets and mechanisms of kidney IRI. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of gene expression profiles of kidney IRI in human, pig, rat, and mouse models, using a new scoring method to correct for the bias of overrepresented species. The gene expression profiles were obtained from the public repositories for 24 different models. After filtering against inclusion criteria 21 experimental settings were selected for meta-analysis and were represented by 11 rat models, 6 mouse models, and 2 models each for pig and human, with a total of 150 samples. Meta-analysis was conducted using expression-based genome-wide association study (eGWAS). The eGWAS results were corrected for a rodent species bias using a new weighted scoring algorithm, which favors genes with unidirectional change in expression in all tested species. Our meta-analysis corrected for a species bias, identified 46 upregulated and 1 downregulated genes, of which 26 (55%) were known to be associated with kidney IRI or kidney transplantation, including LCN2, CCL2, CXCL1, HMOX1, ICAM1, ANXA1, and TIMP1, which justified our approach. Pathway analysis of our candidates identified “Acute renal failure panel” as the most implicated pathway, which further validates our new method. Among new IRI candidates were 10 novel (<5 published reports related to kidney IRI) and 11 new candidates (0 reports related to kidney IRI) including the most prominent candidates ANXA2, CLDN4, and TYROBP. The cross-species expression pattern of these genes allowed us to generate three workable hypotheses of kidney IRI, one of which was confirmed by an additional study. Our first in the field kidney IRI meta-analysis of 150 microarray samples, corrected for a species bias, identified 10 novel and 11 new candidate genes. Moreover, our new meta-analysis correction method improved gene candidate selection by identifying genes that are model and species independent, as a result, function of these genes can be directly extrapolated to the disease state in human and facilitate translation of potential diagnostic or therapeutic properties of these candidates to the bedside.
Psychosocial and physical outcomes of primary breast cancer therapy: Mastectomy vs excisional biopsy and irradiation

Thirty-eight patients treated for primary breast cancer as part of a prospective randomized clinical trial were questioned retrospectively as to their psychosocial adaptation to treatment. Twenty patients had received mastectomy and eighteen had received excisional biopsy plus radiation of the intact breast. Aside from body image concerns, there were no marked psychosocial differences detected between these groups. Previous studies emphasizing serious psychological problems in mastectomy patients and fewer such problems in nonmastectomy patients may be influenced by biases that are not present in a randomized study design.
A “dark side”; of communication avoidance: Indirect interpersonal aggressiveness

Although our understanding of direct forms of verbal aggressiveness has been greatly advanced over the past decade, indirect interpersonal aggressiveness has remained relatively understudied. In the present study, items designed to tap indirect forms of interpersonal aggressiveness were written, administered to participants, factor analyzed along with verbal aggressiveness items, and correlated with a criterion measure. Results produced an internally consistent set of item which: (1) loaded on a separate factor from verbal aggressiveness items, (2) contributed unique variance over that accounted for by verbal aggressiveness in the prediction of psychoticism, a theoretically appropriate criterion variable for validating aggression measures, and (3) loaded on the same factor with verbal aggressiveness and psychoticism when second‐order factor analysis was conducted.
Automating Parallelism of Regular Computations for Distributed-Memory Multicomputers in the Paradigm Compiler

Distributed-memory multicomputers such as Intel iPSC/860, the NCUBE/2. The Intel Paragon and Connection Machine CM-5 offers significant advantages over shared-memory multiprocessors in terms of costs and scalability.
Psychopathology before surgery in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-3 (LABS-3) Psychosocial Study

Abstract Background Current and previous psychopathology in bariatric surgery candidates is believed to be common. Accurate prevalence estimates, however, are difficult to obtain given that bariatric surgery candidates often wish to appear psychiatrically healthy when undergoing psychiatric evaluation for approval for surgery. Also, structured diagnostic assessments have been infrequently used. Methods The present report concerned 199 patients enrolled in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study, who also participated in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-3 psychopathology substudy. The setting was 3 university hospitals, 1 private not-for-profit research institute, and 1 community hospital. All the patients were interviewed independently of the usual preoperative psychosocial evaluation process. The patients were explicitly informed that the data would not be shared with the surgical team unless certain high-risk behaviors, such as suicidality, that could lead to adverse perioperative outcomes were reported. Results Most of the patients were women (82.9%) and white (nonwhite 7.6%, Hispanic 5.0%). The median age was 46.0 years, and the median body mass index was 44.9 kg/m2. Of the 199 patients, 33.7% had ≥1 current Axis I disorder, and 68.8% had ≥1 lifetime Axis I disorder. Also, 38.7% had a lifetime history of a major depressive disorder, and 33.2% had a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence. All these rates were much greater than the population-based prevalence rates obtained for this age group in the National Comorbidity Survey–Replication Study. Also, 13.1% had a lifetime diagnosis and 10.1% had a current diagnosis of a binge eating disorder. Conclusion The current and lifetime rates of psychopathology are high in bariatric surgery candidates, and the lifetime rates of affective disorder and alcohol use disorders are particularly prominent. Finally, binge eating disorder is present in approximately 1 in 10 bariatric surgery candidates.
The streaming potential and inadequacies of the Helmholtz equation

The Helmholtz expression is often used by experimental investigators to deduce the electrostatic potential or charge density at the slip plane between solid and fluid phases from measured values of the streaming potential. In this paper we demonstrate that this expression is grossly incorrect in many situations, particularly when the Debye length (λ) of the solution is comparable to the equivalent pore radius (a) of the porous medium. In fact, rigorous numerical solutions of the governing double layer (Poisson—Boltzmann) and transport (Nernst—Planck) equations for charged microcapillaries show that the streaming potential at first increases as the pore wall charge density increases in magnitude but then reaches a maximum and subsequently decreases with further increases in wall charge. Approximate analytical solutions of the governing equations in the limits of small and large wall potential are useful to compute the streaming potential for ranges of a/λ for which the Helmholtz expression is inappropriate, typically a/λ < 10. These approximate solutions, along with more precise numerical solutions, serve to relate streaming potentials to pore size and charge, and to solution properties such as ionic strength, over a broad range of conditions.
Comment on "Renormalized coupling constant for the three-dimensional ising model"

A comment on a recent Letter by Baker and Kawashima (Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 75}, 994 (1995)).
Nucleation energetics during homogeneous solidification in elemental metallic liquids

The solidification of a liquid by nucleation is an important first order phase transition process. It is known that in order for elemental liquids to solidify homogeneously, it is necessary to supercool the liquid to a characteristic temperature (TUC) below the thermodynamic melting point (TMP). Approximately 60 years ago Turnbull [J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1022 (1950)] established the empirical rule that ΔT∗=|TUC−TMP| is approximately given by 0.18 TMP for several elemental metallic liquids. We show here that the magnitude of ΔT∗ and TUC for the metals can be accurately predicted from classical nucleation theory (CNT) provided the excess volume resulting from the density difference between liquid and solid be accounted for. Specifically, the density change accompanying the formation of a microscopic nucleus of the solid from the liquid results in a volume change in the surrounding liquid. When this is included in the free energy calculations within CNT, the resulting predictions for ΔT∗ and TUC for several meta...
Evolving visual sonar: Depth from monocular images

To recover depth from images, the human visual system uses many monocular depth cues, which vision research has only begun to explore. Because a given image can have many possible interpretations, constraints are needed to eliminate ambiguity, and the most powerful constraints are domain specific. As an experiment in the automatic discovery and exploitation of constraints, genetic programming was used to find algorithms for obstacle detection. The algorithms are designed to be a replacement for sonar, returning the location of the nearest obstacle in a given direction. The evolved algorithms worked surprisingly well. Errors were largely transient. The algorithms generalized to both novel views of the office environment and to unseen obstacles. They were combined with a simple reactive wandering program originally written for sonar. The result exhibited good performance in an office environment, colliding only with obstacles outside the robot's field of view. Time to collision results and failure modes are presented. Code is available for download.
Role of choroid plexus epithelium in the removal of valproic acid from the central nervous system

Abstract Previous experiments suggest the primary route of valproic acid (VPA) removal from the rabbit central nervous system (CNS) is by probenecid-sensitive transporters at the blood-brain barrier but not at the choroid plexus. The purpose of this study was to determine if other transport mechanisms at the choroid plexus played a significant role in the removal of VPA from the CNS. In six rabbits, silicone oil was perfused into both cerebral ventricles and out through the cisterna magna to physically block exchange of VPA between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood and between brain and CSF. In six control rabbits, perfusion was performed with mock CSF. Both groups received a loading dose followed by continuous intravenous infusion of VPA for 2.10 min. Ventriculocisternal perfusion with silicone oil had no significant effect on the steady-state brain concentrations or brain-to-plasma concentration ratios of VPA, further confirming that efflux of VPA at the choroid plexus is negligible.
Amount of Organic Carbon in Natural Waters

Because dissolved organic carbon is the basic starting point for the study of organic geochemistry, the amount of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters is the major topic of this chapter. The natural waters discussed include: ground water, interstitial waters of soil and sediment, snow and glacial waters, rainfall, seawater, estuaries, streams and rivers, lakes, and wetlands. The chapter contains a discussion of terminology, a comprehensive review of the literature, and instructive diagrams that give basic information on dissolved organic carbon. This chapter will be especially useful to those needing information on the amount and distribution of organic carbon in natural waters.
Geographic Objectives in Foreign Policy, I.

The attempt to give international society a minimum of government and order through the establishment of a League of Nations has proved only moderately successful. It is true that states have begun to play politics in Geneva, but they have not ceased the older and grimmer struggle for power in the world at large. The state is still today, as far as its international relations are concerned, primarily a military organization. Its specific aims in its struggle for power may be many, but among them the geographic objectives, the attainment of which will increase the state's relative military strength, are the oldest and the most persistent.There are several types of geographic objectives, but in this analysis we shall concern ourselves with the strategic geographic objectives of foreign policy. Before we attempt to analyze these specific objectives, however, it is essential to consider briefly the phenomenon of expansion as such, which may be defined as a mere advancement of frontier in contrast to the conquest of a particular bit of territory for strategic reasons.
Inhibition of Growth in Chickens by Testosterone, 5α-Dihydrotestosterone, and 19-Nortestosterone

Abstract The growth response of poultry to androgens is ambiguous, with both increases and decreases being reported. This may reflect the use of pharmacological doses. The present study examined the effect of physiological concentrations of androgens on growth of intact male, intact female, and castrated chickens. Physiological concentrations of androgen were attained by subcutaneous silastic implants. In mammals, androgens have both androgenic effects on the reproductive organs and anabolic growth-promoting effects on body and muscle growth. Some androgens, for instance 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) have high androgenic activity (5α-DHT > testosterone) but others, e.g., 19-nortestosterone, have high anabolic activities (19-nortestosterone > testosterone > 5α-DHT). The relative effects of testosterone, 5α-DHT, and 19-nortestosterone on growth were compared in chickens. In young, intact male and female chicks, growth was suppressed by 1.0-cm silastic implants of testosterone and 5α-DHT (5α-DHT > testosterone). Castrated chicks were implanted with implants of various sizes (.3, 1.0, and 3.0 cm) containing testosterone, 5α-DHT, or 19-nortestosterone. The androgens inhibited body weight gain: 19-nortestosterone reducing body weight at all three doses, 5α-DHT reducing body weight at the intermediate and high doses, and testosterone tending to reduce body weight only at the high dose. Testosterone (3.0 cm), 5α-DHT (all doses), and 19-nortestosterone (all doses) reduces skeletal growth, as indicated by shank-toe length. In contrast to their growth-suppressing effect, all three steroids exerted an androgenic effect; stimulating comb and wattle development (19-nortestosterone > 5α-DHT > testosterone). It is concluded that androgens are androgenic but are not anabolic in chickens.
(18)F-FPPRGD2 PET/CT: pilot phase evaluation of breast cancer patients.

Fluorine 18–2-fluoropropionyl-labeled PEGylated dimeric arginine-glycine–aspartic acid peptide (PEG3-E[c{RGDyk}]2) in participants with breast cancer demonstrated high and specific uptake in the primary cancer, as well as in the metastatic lesions, with no safety issues reported or measured.
The Correlation Between Brain Development, Language Acquisition, and Cognition

There continues to be a debate whether educators should use brain research to their advantage in the classroom. This debate should not prevent educators from using their new found knowledge toward enhancing their students’ learning. By understanding how the brain learns, educators are able to determine what developmental level the child is physically, mentally, socially, and cognitively. The more knowledge an educator has and applies, the better the children will learn, and our future leaders will be better educated.
Sustained impact of short-term international medical mission trips: resident perspectives.

AbstractPurpose: To assess perspectives of residents: (1) who participated in short-term international medical mission trips (STIMMTs) as medical students regarding impact of the experiences on their professional development; and (2) who did not participate in STIMMTs regarding barriers to participation.Methods: Three hundred seventy-nine residents from 16 programs at two Florida institutions completed surveys requesting Participant and Trip Details and Impact of Participation (including items rating learning, cultural competency, and social responsibility).Results: One hundred thirty-one residents participated in at least one STIMMT. They identified improved adaptability to new healthcare settings, communication with patients and professionals from different backgrounds, and appreciation for the impact of culture on health as positive outcomes. Leading barriers to STIMMT participation included cost, timing, and lack of availability.Conclusions: Years after participation in STIMMTs, residents perceived su...
Analysis of Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions by Quantitative Affinity Chromatography

The establishment of affinity chromatography as a technique for measuring quantitative parameters of macromolecule-ligand interactions (1–3) has been a recent outgrowth of the initial widespread use of this method for purification (4). This analytical potential generally has been based on the competitive elution of a macromolecule from a ligand-affinity matrix with analogous soluble ligand under conditions wherein the macromolecule-insoluble ligand interaction is biospecific. In our own laboratory (1,5,6), we have observed that competitive elution of small zones of enzymes by soluble inhibitor or substrate allows the measurement of equilibrium constants for the binding of the enzymes with both soluble and matrixbound competitive inhibitors. In this paper the overall features and findings of our experiments are reviewed, along with an assessment of some prospective applications of quantitative affinity chromatography for both analysis and purification.
Tobacco advertising/promotions and adolescents' smoking risk in Northern Africa

Background Comprehensive tobacco advertising/promotion bans are effective against adolescent smoking but many developing countries have implemented only partial bans. This study examines the association between advertising/promotions exposure and adolescent cigarette smoking risk in North Africa, and possible mediation of this association by parent and peer smoking. Methods Adolescent data (n=12 329) from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed (Libya, 2007; Egypt, 2005; Morocco, 2006; Tunisia 2007; and Sudan, 2005). Current smoking (any cigarette use in the past 30 days) and never-smokers9 initiation susceptibility (composite of openness to accepting a cigarette from a friend and intention to start smoking in the next year) outcomes were examined. Advertising/promotion exposures included media and in-person contacts. Weighted univariate, bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. Results Current smoking prevalence ranged from 5.6% (Egypt) to 15.3% (Tunisia) among boys, and 1.1% (Libya and Egypt) to 2.0% (Morocco and Sudan) among girls. Initiation susceptibility ranged from 14.1% (Sudan) to 25.0% (Tunisia) among boys, and from 13.3% (Sudan) to 15.0% (Libya) among girls. Ninety-eight percent of adolescents reported exposure to at least one type of advertising/promotion. In multivariable analyses adjusting for demographics, each type of advertising/promotion was significantly and positively associated with boys9 current smoking status; most advertising/promotion exposure types were also positively associated with initiation susceptibility among boys and girls. Peer smoking only partially mediated these associations. Conclusions Tobacco advertising/promotion exposure was highly prevalent and associated with adolescents9 smoking risk in these countries. The comprehensiveness and enforcement of advertising/promotion bans needs to be enhanced.
IL-8 release and neutrophil activation by Clostridium difficile toxin-exposed human monocytes

Neutrophil infiltration is central to the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficiletoxin A-induced enterocolitis. This study examines whether monocyte activation by C. difficile toxins is instrumental ...
Opposing effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on neuron production and survival in the olfactory receptor neuron lineage

In olfactory epithelium (OE) cultures, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) can strongly inhibit neurogenesis. Here we provide evidence that BMPs also promote, and indeed are required, for OE neurogenesis. Addition of the BMP antagonist noggin inhibited neurogenesis in OE-stromal cell co-cultures. Bmp2, Bmp4 and Bmp7 were expressed by OE stroma, and low concentrations of BMP4 (below the threshold for inhibition of neurogenesis) stimulated neurogenesis; BMP7 did not exhibit a stimulatory effect at any concentration tested. Stromal cell conditioned medium also stimulated neurogenesis; part of this effect was due to the presence within it of a noggin-binding factor or factors. Studies of the pro-neurogenic effect of BMP4 indicated that it did not increase progenitor cell proliferation, but rather promoted survival of newly generated olfactory receptor neurons. These findings indicate that BMPs exert both positive and negative effects on neurogenesis, depending on ligand identity, ligand concentration and the particular cell in the lineage that is responding. In addition, they reveal the presence of a factor or factors, produced by OE stroma, that can synergize with BMP4 to stimulate OE neurogenesis.
Golden section: Preferred figural orientation

A hypothesis that the shape of the binocular visual field determines the supposed preference for rectangles possessing dimensions similar to those of the golden section was tested by havltlg Ss draw pleasing rectangles. The results iudicated that rectangles were oriented in correspondence with the shape of the visual field but there was, generally, a failure to obtain ratios approximating the golden section.