cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agile Development Methods for Space Operations

Main stream industry software development practice has gone from a traditional waterfall process to agile iterative development that allows for fast response to customer inputs and produces higher quality software at lower cost. How can we, the space ops community, adopt state of the art software development practice, achieve greater productivity at lower cost, and maintain safe and effective space flight operations? At NASA Ames, we are developing Mission Control Technologies Software, in collaboration with Johnson Space Center (JSC) and, more recently, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
Redistribution of Golgi Stacks and Other Organelles during Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

We have followed the redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosis and cytokinesis in living tobacco BY-2 suspension culture cells by means of a green fluorescent protein-tagged soybean alpha-1,2 mannosidase, and correlated the findings to cytoskeletal rearrangements and to the redistribution of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plastids. In preparation for cell division, when the general streaming of Golgi stacks stops, about one-third of the peripheral Golgi stacks redistributes to the perinuclear cytoplasm, the phragmosome, thereby reversing the ratio of interior to cortical Golgi from 2:3 to 3:2. During metaphase, approximately 20% of all Golgi stacks aggregate in the immediate vicinity of the mitotic spindle and a similar number becomes concentrated in an equatorial region under the plasma membrane. This latter localization, the "Golgi belt," accurately predicts the future site of cell division, and thus forms a novel marker for this region after the disassembly of the preprophase band. During telophase and cytokinesis, many Golgi stacks redistribute around the phragmoplast where the cell plate is formed. At the end of cytokinesis, the daughter cells have very similar Golgi stack densities. The sites of preferential Golgi stack localization are specific for this organelle and largely exclude mitochondria and plastids, although some mitochondria can approach the phragmoplast. This segregation of organelles is first observed in metaphase and persists until completion of cytokinesis. Maintenance of the distinct localizations does not depend on intact actin filaments or microtubules, although the mitotic spindle appears to play a major role in organizing the organelle distribution patterns. The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosis and cytokinesis is consistent with the hypothesis that Golgi stacks are repositioned to ensure equal partitioning between daughter cells as well as rapid cell plate assembly.
Effect of hyperoncotic solutions on electrolyte excretion in metabolic alkalosis.

Abstract Salt-poor hyperoncotic human serum albumin that contains virtually no chloride was injused into hypokalemic, alkalotic dogs. The infusion caused a significant increase in excretion rates of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and phosphate, but there was no measurable effect on chloride excretion. The infusion did not perceptibly alter glomerular filtration rate. Hyperoncotic infusion was also found to return the elevated serum bicarbonate to the normal range when infused into alkalotic dogs. The induction of a bicarbonate diuresis and the correction of alkalosis with the infusion of a chloride-free solution indicates that bicarbonate conservation during metabolic alkalosis is not related only to chloride depletion. Rather, the data suggest that the albumin corrected the alkalosis by repairing the depleted plasma volume.
Levels of methamphetamine use and addiction among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men

Methamphetamine (MA) and poly-drug use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) may be linked to risky sexual behaviors and the subsequent transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. The goal of this analysis was to examine, quantify, and describe lifetime use of MA as well as MA use in the past year in relation to other substances by means of a standardized diagnostic tool, and along key socio-demographic variables. Data for this analysis were gathered from the screening assessment of a larger cross-sectional study examining MA use and psychosocial states in a sample of 215 MSM in New York City. Based on criteria set forth by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory, clinical dependence to MA was shown in 78% of participants. Of this group, over 70% were codependent on other substances, including cocaine and Ecstasy. Further, 95% of Black MSM reported MA use in the past year, of which 97% were classified as dependent. These findings suggest that MA continues to be use...
Commentary on ACOG Committee Opinion Number 88, November 1990--"Ethical issues in surrogate motherhood".

A s the American College of Obstetr ic ians and Gynecologis ts (ACOG) surrogacy statement points out, there seems to be a growing sentiment in ethics, in law, and in actuality that there is more and more acknowledgment that consenting adults have wide latitude in accomplishing their goal of bearing or begetting children. It can be argued that uterine surrogacy can be justified under this rubric. However, the ACOG statement further points out that the right to procreate "can be constrained by moral obligations to avoid harming other affected partners, including any child that may result from the agreement." In view of the absence of peer review data regarding harm (or the contrary for that matter) to "affected parties," it would seem to follow that it is essential that such data be collected in order to validate any position on surrogacy, let alone that put forth by the ACOG statement. Unfortunately, no mechanism has been provided in the ACOG position to require the collection of such data. In the view of this commentator, the ACOG position would be infinitely more likely to promote the common good if it insisted that surrogacy leading to an ethically acceptable public policy be conducted as any other scientific experiment, ie, with a proper experimental design and p~oper data collection, followed by rigorous analysis and peer review. To be sure, the ACOG statement recommends that " . . . for the near future, surrogate parenting arrangements be overseen by private, nonprofit agencies with credentials similar to those of adoption agencies. Such agencies should seek to ensure that the interests of all involved parties are adequately protected. The agencies should conduct confidential counsel ing and screening of candidate surrogates and candidate commissioning parents. Their primary goal should be to promote the welfare of the future child, as well as the welfare of any existing children of the surrogate." Note that there is not one word about data collection or peer review. An experimental scientific approach to surrogacy is clearly required, because there is uncertainty as to which side of the scales will rise when ben© 1991 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/91/$3.50
The minimal Zn-symmetric graphs that are not Zn-spherical

Abstract Given a graph G equipped with faithful and fixed-point-free Γ -action ( Γ a finite group) we define an orbit minor H of G to be a minor of G for which the deletion and contraction sets are closed under the Γ -action. The orbit minor H inherits a Γ -symmetry from G , and when the contraction set is acyclic the action inherited by H remains faithful and fixed-point free. When G embeds in the sphere and the Γ -action on G extends to a Γ -action on the entire sphere, we say that G is Γ -spherical. In this paper we determine for every odd value of n ≥ 3 the orbit-minor-minimal graphs G with a faithful and free Z n -action that are not Z n -spherical. There are 11 infinite families of such graphs, each of the 11 having exactly one member for each n . For n = 3 , another such graph is K 3 , 3 . The remaining graphs are, essentially, the Cayley graphs for Z n aside from the cycle of length n . The result for n = 1 is exactly Wagner’s result from 1937 that the minor-minimal graphs that are not embeddable in the sphere are K 5 and K 3 , 3 .
The symbiosis between basic and applied research.

To illustrate the interdependence between the solution of practical problems and the search for fundamental mechanisms, their relationship within the contexts of the history of night myopia and the problem of nighttime traffic accidents is discussed. Night myopia, or nearsightedness at night, which has been a problem since the late 18th century, was shown to be the result of a recently discovered oculomotor mechanism, the intermediate resting position of accommodation. With this knowledge, the handicap of nearsightedness at night ( a major problem in nighttime viewing such as driving and military operations) is readily amenable to solution. Recent developments in our knowledge of the functional significance of the nervous system has led to an increased understanding of the cause and to amelioration of nighttime traffic accidents. These developments illustrate the symbiotic relationship between basic and applied research and the benefits to be gained by consideration of both objectives. Language: en
Thermophysics of the Interfacial Region and Its Impact on Instability and Rupture of Thin Free Liquid Films

Merging of adjacent bubbles is a particularly important process in nucleate boiling heat transfer, bubbly two-phase flow in small tubes, and the mechanisms that dictate the Leidenfrost transition. The merging process is ultimately associated with the rupture of the liquid film separating two bubbles, and the stability of the liquid film dictates whether coalescence is likely to occur. This paper examines two methods of exploring how the molecular-level features of the thin film and its interfaces affect the stability of the film and its subsequent impact on bubble merging. One method is an extended molecular capillarity model that has been developed for a free liquid film bounded by two liquid–vapor interfacial regions. This model predicts that as film thickness diminishes, a point is reached at which the mean centerline density in the film is between the spinodal limits for the fluid, implying that the film core lacks intrinsic stability. This suggests that loss of intrinsic stability may be the mechanis...
Sulfated Tin Oxide Nanoparticles as Supports for Molecule-Based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

Sulfated tin oxide particles with crystallite sizes of ∼5 nm were synthesized and used as effective supports for homogeneous zirconium hydrocarbyl olefin polymerization and arene hydrogenation catalysis.
21. EFFECT OF AGE AND SITE ON BASAL AND E.COLI ST-STIMULATED INTESTINAL GUANYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN

E.Coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) induces diarrhea through the stimulation of the guanylate cyclase (GC)-cGMP system. The effect of ST on the human intestine has not been investigated nor is any information available on the activity, distribution, or development of GC activity in the human intestine. We have characterized these aspects of GC activity by measuring its basal and ST-stimulated activity in intestinal specimens, obtained operatively from 35 infants and children of 1 day to 16 years of age. GC activity was linear with protein concentration and time. Basal activity was similar in small intestine and in colon. In the small intestine, however, basal GC activity varied with age. It was maximal in children 1 day of age, then decreased linearly with age up to 8 months and became quite variable thereafter. In colon, an age-related pattern was not found. E.Coli ST stimulated GC activity in a dose-related manner. The effect of ST was linear with protein concentration and with time. In the small intestine, ST-stimulation of GC was twice that found in colon. Age affected the response of small intestinal GC to ST. Maximal response to ST was observed in children of 1 day of age and ST stimulation was significantly greater in children less than 1 year of age than in older children. In the colon, the response of GC to ST did not rhange with age. The greater responsiveness of small intestinal GC to ST in younger children may explain the severity of diarrhea induced by ST at that age.
Resilient multicast routing in CRNs using a multilayer hyper-graph approach

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have a dynamic nature where channels availability changes over time. In this paper, we introduce a strategy to route multicast sessions in CRNs and to protect them against failures or disappearance of channels. We model the network as a Multilayer Hyper-Graph (MLHG), such that a group of Secondary Users (SUs) which have a common channel are modeled by a hyper-edge. Also, each layer in the MLHG represents a different channel. Primary paths from a source SU to destination SUs are selected by considering channels' switching delay, and transmission delay. To protect the multicast session, we select a backup path for primary path, if feasible, such that the primary and backup paths are Shared Risk Hyper-edge Groups (SRHEGs) disjoint. We develop an Integer Linear programming (ILP) model, in order to find the multicast primary paths and their backup paths, minimize the maximum path delay, and minimize the number of selected channel links. Our simulation results show that when the number of available channels increases, the number of primary and backup paths that can be routed in the CRN increases, and the maximum path delay decreases almost linearly.
RNA linked membrane associated DNA.

Membrane associated DNA was isolated from14C-uridine prelabeled, synchronized HeLa cells which had been pulse labeled for 2 minutes with3H-thymidine at the beginning of the S period. The majority of the membrane associated DNA eluted as single stranded DNA on hydroxylapatite chromatography. Virtually all of the14C-counts were associated with single stranded DNA. Treatment with RNase or alkali eliminated the radioactivity attributable to14C-uridine. Cs2SO4 isopynic centrifugation of heated denatured membrane associated DNA reveals two DNA peaks, one with a density slightly higher than that of the14C-HeLa DNA marker. Treatment with RNase results in a shift of density back to that of the marker. These findings suggest that RNA is linked to membrane associated DNA. Although experiments done in an attempt to establish the temporal relationship between synthesis of this RNA and DNA proved to be unsuccessful, they did suggest that RNA synthesis was necessary for the synthesis of membrane associated DNA.
Family history of mood disorder and characteristics of major depressive disorder: a STAR*D (sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression) study

Abstract Introduction Clinicians routinely ask patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) about their family history. It is unknown, however, if patients who report a positive family history differ from those who do not. This study compared the demographic and clinical features of a large cohort of treatment-seeking outpatients with non-psychotic MDD who reported that they did or did not have at least one first-degree relative who had either MDD or bipolar disorder. Methods Subjects were recruited for the STAR ∗ D multicenter trial. Differences in demographic and clinical features for patients with and without a family history of mood disorders were assessed after correcting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Results Patients with a family history of mood disorder ( n = 2265; 56.5%) were more frequently women and had an earlier age of onset of depression, as compared to those without such a history ( n = 1740; 43.5%). No meaningful differences were found in depressive symptoms, severity, recurrence, depressive subtype, or daily function. Conclusions Women were twice as likely as men to report a positive family history of mood disorder, and a positive family history was associated with younger age of onset of MDD in the proband. Consistent with prior research, early age of onset appears to define a familial and, by extension, genetic subtype of major depressive disorder.
Measuring the Immeasurables: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness, Compassion, Joy, and Equanimity

Multiple measures exist that examine the attentional aspects of meditation practice, but measurement of the compassion component is relatively understudied. This paper describes the development and initial validation of a scale designed to measure application of the four immeasurable qualities at the heart of Buddhist teachings: loving kindness, compassion, joy and acceptance toward both self and others. Our analyses suggest four distinct subscales: positive qualities toward self, positive qualities toward others, negative qualities toward self and negative qualities toward others. Initial examination of reliability and validity showed high internal consistency for the subscales as well as strong concurrent, discriminant, and construct validity. We believe the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) scale has broad utility for research on mindfulness, positive psychology, and social psychology.
A population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Utah: 1988-1994.

Objective To define the natural history of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and to determine the potential impact of fetal therapy. Methods This retrospective case series consisted of all fetuses and neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia born between 1988 and 1994 in the state of Utah that could be identified through genetic counseling referrals, delivery logs, and neonatal intensive care unit discharge diagnosis records. Maternal and neonatal hospital records were reviewed for antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum variables. Based on existing recommendations, fetuses who might have benefited from fetal therapy were identified. Results Ninety-six cases were identified, for a frequency of one case in 2710 live births per year. Five pregnancies were terminated before 21 weeks' gestation. The overall survival rate excluding these five cases was 58.2%. Among the remaining 91 cases, survival was significantly better for infants diagnosed in the neonatal period than for those diagnosed prenatally (78% versus 35%; P Conclusion The outcome of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is worse with preterm birth and if diagnosed prenatally. The survival rate we found was better than that reported in earlier studies, suggesting improved perinatal and neonatal management. Fetal therapy based on current eligibility criteria would have a minimal impact on survival of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Morbidity of adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy in the management of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver.

Abstract Background Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy in combination with surgical resection has been demonstrated in a recent study to improve disease-free and overall survival for patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Other reports, however, have indicated significant toxicity related to HAIP chemotherapy in the form of biliary sclerosis. Thus, the value of adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy following hepatic resection or ablation remains controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the survival and toxicity in a single institutional experience with adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy. Methods Review of a prospective hepatobiliary database was performed. HAIP were placed in the standard technique following resection and/or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of all liver metastases. Patients received floxuridine (FUDR) via the HAIP at standard doses. Complications were graded according to a standard 5-point grading scale. Statistical analysis was performed by χ 2 test. Results Thirty-four of 86 patients underwent placement of HAIP at the time of hepatic resection or ablation between January 1999 and November 2002. The HAIP group demonstrated a significantly greater ( P Conclusions Patients in the HAIP group had significantly worse overall predictors of outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer, yet the median overall survival in both groups was similar. However, adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy was associated with significantly greater morbidity. Given the availability of newer active systemic agents and regimens, the value of adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy remains controversial.
How Does—or Should?—Theology Influence Politics?

AbstractThe question discussed in this article is whether Christian theology should influence contemporary political debates. The topic is discussed through two practical case studies: (1) technological advances in genetic engineering and (2) the just war tradition and the use of force. In the first discussion, Dietrich Bonhoeffer's unfinished Ethics is employed to demonstrate the importance of substantial theological categories to resist a reductionist technological utilitarian discourse about the body. Intrinsic human dignity is essentially God-given. In the second, Aquinas and Augustine add theological complexity and substance to secular discussions of war and peace. Human caring is more than the protection of the sovereign state. A peace that is only the absence of war can disguise many harmful situations. In conclusion, theological discussion brings nuance, richness and depth to secular political debates so long as theologians go beyond simplistic contributions such as ‘God demands’ or ‘The Bible for...
High Rates of Ammonia Removal in Experimental Oxygen-Activated Nitrification Wetland Mesocosms

While constructed treatment wetlands are very efficient at polishing nitrate from secondary effluent, they are much less effective at removing ammonia. A key factor that limits ammonia oxidation via biological nitrification in vegetated wetlands is low levels of dissolved oxygen. This study evaluated the effectiveness of side-stream oxygenation to enhance ammonia removal in replicate surface-flow experimental mesocosms containing wetland sediment and plants (Typha spp.). Mesocosms had a water volume of 29.5 L, a hydraulic retention time of 5 days, and a hydraulic loading rate of 4.3 cm/d, and were loaded with synthetic secondary effluent contain 10 mg-N/L of ammonia. Relative to nonoxygenated controls, oxygenation increased ammonia removal rates by an order of magnitude. Areal removal rates increased from 40 mg-N/ m2 /d to 450 mg-N/ m2 /d , concentration removal efficiency increased from 10 to 95%, and area-based first-order removal rates increased from <2 m/year to 50–75 m/year. Ammonia removal rates in ...
The Properties of Boron Carbide/Silicon Heterojunction Diodes Fabricated by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

p-n heterojunction diodes have been fabricated from boron carbide (B1−x C x ) and n-type Si(111). Boron carbide thin films were deposited on Si(111) using Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) from nido-pentaborane (B5H9) and methane (CH4). Composition of boron carbide thin films was controlled by changing the relative partial pressure ratio between nido-pentaborane and methane. The properties of the diodes were strongly affected by the composition and thickness of boron carbide layer and operation temperatures. Boron carbide/silicon heterojunction diodes show rectifying properties at temperatures below 300° C. The temperature dependence of reverse current is strongly dependent upon the energy of the band gap of the boron carbide films.
How Fast and in what Sense(s) Does the Calderón Reproducing Formula Converge

We prove that a very general form of the Calderon reproducing formula converges in Lp(w), for all 1<p<∞, whenever w belongs to the Muckenhoupt class Ap. We show that the formula converges whether we interpret its defining integral, in very natural senses, as a limit of Lp(w)-valued Riemann or Lebesgue integrals. We give quantitative estimates on their rates of convergence (or, equivalently, on the speed at which the errors go to 0) in Lp(w).
Ipilimumab: A First-in-Class T-Cell Potentiator for Metastatic Melanoma.

Ipilimumab, a fully human anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 monoclonal antibody that potentiates antitumor T-cell responses, has demonstrated improved survival in previously treated and treatment-naive patients with unresectable stage III/IV melanoma. Survival benefit has also been shown in diverse patient populations, including those with brain metastases. In 2011, ipilimumab (3 mg/kg every 3 weeks for 4 doses) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Ipilimumab can induce novel response patterns for which immune-related response criteria have been proposed. irAEs are common but are usually low grade; higher grades can be severe and life-threatening. irAEs are usually manageable using established guidelines emphasizing vigilance and prompt intervention. This agent provides an additional therapeutic option in metastatic melanoma, and guidelines for management of adverse events facilitate clinical implementation of this new agent.
Phase separation of photogenerated carriers and photoinduced superconductivity in high-Tc materials.

The temperature dependences of the transient photoinduced conductivity at different light levels in single crystals of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ and ultrathin (\ensuremath{\sim}40-\AA{}) epitaxial films of ${\mathrm{DyBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ with fixed \ensuremath{\delta} are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those of the doping-induced conductivity in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ and ${\mathrm{DyBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ with different oxygen content \ensuremath{\delta}, indicative of ``photodoping'' over a wide range of resistivities. Signatures of the photoinduced transition to metallic behavior are observed at light intensities greater than ${10}^{15}$ photons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. At these high levels of photoexcitation, the thermal activation energy approaches zero and a minimum appears in the temperature dependence of the photoresistivity below 100 K. The resistivity minimum, reminiscent of the onset of superconductivity in inhomogeneous samples and in granular superconductors, is interpreted in terms of a phase separation of the photogenerated carriers and metallic-droplet formation subsequent to photoexcitation. A modest longitudinal magnetic field (\ensuremath{\le}0.5 T) reduces both the resistivity minimum and the superlinear contribution to the transient photoconductance. For oxygen levels close to the metal-insulator transition (\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.6), the lifetime of the photoexcited state is enhanced by nearly three orders of magnitude at high excitation levels, indicative of metastability.
Effect of Magnesium Administration Route on Plasma Minerals in Holstein Calves Receiving Either Adequate or Insufficient Magnesium in Their Diets

Abstract Rates of increase in plasma Mg following rectal or oral administration of solutions containing 30g MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O were compared in 10 Holstein bull calves receiving wheat straw (.07% Mg) and concentrates (.04 or .24% Mg) fed separately for ad libitum consumption. Treatments were administered in a sequence, which involved each calf with all combinations of MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O dosing routes and dietary Mg within a 6-wk period. Plasma Mg concentration averaged 1.95 mg/dl initially but fell below 1 mg/dl within 2 wk after supplemental Mg was omitted. Maximum increases in plasma Mg concentration following oral or rectal dosing were 16 or 47% when dietary Mg was adequate and 48 or 124% when Mg was deficient. Calves fed either diet responded maximally to rectal infusion within 10min, but plasma Mg of deficient calves increased throughout 160min after oral dosing. Plasma Mg of deficient calves responded quicker and reached higher concentrations after rectal infusion, but the response was sustained longer after oral administration.
Molecular dynamics studies of a model polymer-catalyst-carbon interface

Classical molecular dynamics simulations are performed to obtain insights into structural and dynamical behavior of water and O2 transport through a model polymer membrane, and at the interface of such hydrated polymer with graphite-supported nanocatalyst platinum particles. Water clustering is observed near the membrane hydrophilic sites constituted by sulfonic groups, which due to their affinity with platinum, are located near the metallic surface. It is found that the diffusion of water through the model hydrated polymer membrane depends strongly on the level of membrane hydration due to contribution from various mechanisms whose relative weights change with the degree of hydration. Possible scenarios for O2 diffusion are also analyzed.
Approximate performance modeling and decision making for manufacturing systems: A queueing network optimization framework

In this paper we discuss queueing network methodology as a framework to address issues that arise in the design and planning of discrete manufacturing systems. Our review focuses on three aspects: modeling of manufacturing facilities, performance evaluation and optimization with queueing networks. We describe both open and closed network models and present several examples from the literature illustrating applications of the methodology. We also provide a brief outline of outstanding research issues. The paper is directed towards the practitioner with operations research background and the operations management researcher with interest in this topic.
Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review.

Abstract Objective Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) is a clinically and pathologically distinct subtype of endometrial cancer. Although less common than its endometrioid carcinoma (EEC) counterpart, UPSC accounts for a disproportionate number of endometrial cancer related deaths. To date, limited prospective trials exist from which evidence-based management can be developed. This review summarizes the available literature concerning UPSC in an effort to provide the clinician with information pertinent to its management. Methods MEDLINE was searched for all research articles published in English between January 1, 1966 and May 1, 2009 in which the studied population included women diagnosed with UPSC. Although preference was given to prospective studies, studies were not limited by design or by numbers of subjects given the paucity of available reports. Results UPSC is morphologically and genetically different from EEC. Women often present with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, but may also present with abnormal cervical cytology, ascites, or a pelvic mass. In some cases, the diagnosis may be made with endometrial biopsy, while in other cases it is not made until the time of definitive surgery. Metastatic disease is common and best identified via comprehensive surgical staging. Local and distant recurrences occur frequently, with extra-pelvic relapses reported most commonly. Optimal cytoreduction and adjuvant platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy appear to improve survival, while adjuvant radiotherapy may contribute to loco-regional disease control. Conclusions Women diagnosed with UPSC should undergo comprehensive surgical staging and an attempt at optimal cytoreduction. Platinum/taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in the treatment of both early- and advanced-stage patients. Careful long-term surveillance is indicated as many of these women will recur. Prospective clinical trials of women with UPSC are necessary in order to delineate the optimal therapy for women with newly diagnosed and recurrent disease.
THE OPTICAL GAP IN TERNARY PHOSPHIDES

Some factors are described which influence the band gap in ternary phosphides with superstructures of the rocksalt, zincblende and perovskite arrangements. The gap is strongly controlled by cation size, since as these atoms become smaller the phosphorus sheets are pulled closer together with an increase in energy of the top of the valence band via P-P overlap. The electronegativity of the cations are also important since the bottom of the conduction band is largely composed of metal d orbitals in the case of a transition metal. It is shown how good estimates of observed band gaps in ZnSiP2 and ZnGeP2 may be obtained by the inclusion of d orbitals on the anions in the tight-binding calculations.
Parathyroid hormone-like peptide and parathyroid hormone are secreted from bovine parathyroid via different pathways

Parathyroid hormone-like peptide is a recently discovered protein which is thought to be responsible for the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Through the use of radioimmunoassay, Northern analysis and Western blot techniques this protein has been demonstrated to occur in a variety of tumor and normal cells. Its role in normal physiology is not established nor is there knowledge regarding its synthesis, secretion, and storage. We have investigated characteristics of the secretion of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in bovine parathyroid gland slices and cells to learn whether or not this protein is secreted in a manner similar to that of parathyroid hormone. We have used radioimmunoassays specific for PTH and PTH-rP to measure the secretion of each protein and have found that, unlike PTH, PTH-rP secretion was not influenced by the medium calcium concentration. Similarly, PTH-rP secretion was not influenced by other known PTH secretagogues such as c-AMP or isoproterenol. An examination of the subcellular distribution of PTH-rP revealed that 75-90% of it occurs in the soluble fraction of cell lysates. Analysis of isolated secretory granules demonstrated the presence of PTH while PTH-rP was undetectable in these organelles. We conclude that PTH-rP is not secreted from parathyroid cells via the regulated pathway utilizing PTH secretory granules.
Milk fat globule membrane isolated from buttermilk or whey cream and their lipid components inhibit infectivity of rotavirus in vitro

Milk fat is encapsulated in a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that contains bioactive glycoproteins and glycolipids. The MFGM inhibits infectivity of rotavirus (RV), activity that has been attributed to its glycoprotein and carbohydrate components. However, previous studies of proteins and oligosaccharides in the MGFM have not accounted for all the bioactivity associated with the complete MFGM. The lipid fraction of the MFGM accounts for half of its composition by weight, and we postulate that this fraction should be tested by itself to determine if it plays a role in antiviral activity. Herein, the anti-RV activity of an organic extract of MFGM was tested. Natural and whey buttermilk powders containing bovine MFGM enriched in polar lipids were prepared by microfiltration and supercritical fluid extraction treatment to reduce the triglyceride content of the powders. Lipid fractions were then extracted from the MFGM using both single- and dual-phase extraction methods. Whole MFGM and organic extracts were screened in MA-104 cells for anti-infective activity against a neuraminidase-sensitive rotavirus using a focus-forming unit assay. Dose-dependent inhibition was observed for whole buttermilk and cheese whey MFGM against the rotavirus. In general, buttermilk MFGM exhibited greater RV percentage inhibition than cheese whey MFGM. Organic-soluble anti-RV compounds were identified in bovine MFGM. The most active fraction, isolated by dual-phase extraction and iatrobead chromatography, was free of proteins and highly nonpolar. Further separation of this fraction in a less polar solvent (30:1 chloroform:methanol) resolved at least 5 lipid-containing compounds, which likely contribute to the anti-RV activity associated with bovine MFGM. In summary, lipid components associated with MFGM appear to contribute in large part to the anti-RV activity associated with the bovine MFGM.
Duodenal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Inflammatory Disorders of the Esophagus and Stomach

Background & Aims: Duodenal cluster designation 3 positive (CD3+) intraepithelial T lymphocytes (IELs) are increased in gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) and, because of the dispersed nature of the gut immune system, might also be increased in mucosa distant from the duodenum. Conversely, little is known about their frequency in the duodenum during inflammatory conditions of the stomach and esophagus. This study assessed whether CD3+ IELs are increased in duodenal biopsies in patients with esophagitis or gastritis relative to normal control subjects. Methods: Cases (n = 46) with concurrent mucosal biopsies of the duodenum, stomach, and esophagus were divided into 4 groups: I, no inflammation in any site; II, active esophagitis only; III, chronic active gastritis only, with Helicobacter pylori bacteria; IV, chronic gastritis only, without H pylori bacteria. Immunostains against CD3 were performed by using standard techniques, the number of CD3+ cells/100 enterocytes in 3 well-oriented villi was recorded, and the results for the groups were compared statistically. Results: The average number of CD3+ IELs/100 enterocytes for each group was I, 6.7; II, 11.8; III, 7.2; and IV, 9.1. The differences among the groups were not statistically significant. There was no correlation between the number of duodenal IELs and severity of inflammation, patient age or sex, or symptoms. Conclusions: Duodenal mucosal biopsies from patients with esophagitis and/or gastritis may have a slightly increased number of CD3+ IELs relative to normal control subjects. This finding may reflect an underlying mechanism of diffuse inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Separated projectile and targetK x-ray production in symmetric heavy ion collisions as a function of the target thickness

Cross sections for projectile and targetK x-ray emission have been measured as a function of the target thickness for the symmetric systems Ni-Ni, Cu-Cu, Nb-Nb, Ag-Ag at energies between 75 and 105 MeV. The projectileK x-rays were separated from the target ones by using the Doppler shift. Kα and Kβ energy shifts and Kβ to Kα intensity ratios were also determined and used to calculateM- andL-ionization and the correspondingK-fluorescence yield for both collision partners. At non vanishing small target thicknesses, the targetK-vacancy production cross section is generally larger than that of the projectile. By analysing the target thickness dependence of the cross sections with a two component model which takes also into account the evolution of the projectileM-,L- andK-shell population inside the solid, targetK-vacancy sharing and cross sections forKK electron capture in symmetric systems could be determined. These results are in good agreement with molecular orbital model predictions.
Cardiometabolic risk factors and fat distribution in children and adolescents.

Objectives To determine if cardiometabolic risk factors have differential associations with the proportion of fat distributed in the trunk, leg, and arm, in White and African American children and adolescents. Study design The sample included 391 White and African American 5- to 18 year-olds. Total and regional (trunk, leg, and arm) fat were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resting blood pressure and fasting triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein were measured in a clinical setting. Insulin resistance was determined with the homeostatic model of insulin resistance. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between each cardiometabolic risk factor and proportion of fat (trunk, leg, or arm fat divided by whole body fat), with whole body fat, age, sex, race, sexual maturity status, and self-reported physical activity as covariates. Results Higher odds of low HDL-C, high triglycerides, insulin resistance, and high C-reactive protein were associated with % trunk fat. Lower odds of low HDL-C, high triglycerides, and insulin resistance were associated with % leg fat. No cardiometabolic risk factor was associated with % arm fat. Conclusions Cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents were attenuated when a larger proportion of fat was distributed in the leg. The clinical assessment of children's fat distribution may be useful in determining cardiometabolic risk.
The transcephalic dc potential and disjunctive reaction time performance

The relationship between the transephalic dc potential (TCDC) and disjunctive reaction time (RT) in clinically normal male Ss was investigated in three experiments with visual and two experiments with auditory presentation of stimuli. In each experiment, comparisons of those Ss shifting in TCDC in a positive direction vs those shifting negatively and /or less positively were made. In every case, the group of Ss shifting in the relatively more positive direction showed a significant association between TCDC and a change toward slowing of RT performance.
Ultrasonically Assisted Production of Biodiesel from Crude Cottonseed Oil

Transesterification of crude cottonseed oil with methanol in the presence of base catalyst by means of low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature was investigated to evaluate the effects of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst type, and catalyst concentration on the biodiesel yield. All the catalysts exhibited better activity at 6/1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, among which potassium methoxide demonstrated the best activity. In addition, the effect of ultrasonic frequency on the biodiesel yield was also assessed. The high yield for the crude cottonseed oil biodiesel under the ultrasonic irradiation condition was attributed to the efficacy of cavitation, which could enhance the mass transfer between the methanol and crude cottonseed oil. The present results confirmed the high efficiency and feasibility of using ultrasonic energy to produce biodiesel.
Prisoners of Leadership

The article presents a review of the book “Prisoners of Leadership,” by Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries.
Illumination stimulates cAMP receptor protein-dependent transcriptional activation from regulatory regions containing class I and class II promoter elements in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

The cAMP receptor protein (Crp) is a global transcriptional regulator that binds sequence-specific promoter elements when associated with cAMP. In the motile cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, intracellular cAMP increases when dark-adapted cells are illuminated. Previous work has established that Crp binds proposed Crp target sites upstream of slr1351 (murF), sll1874 (chlAII ), sll1708 (narL), slr0442 and sll1268 in vitro, and that slr0442 is downregulated in a crp mutant during photoautotrophic growth. To identify additional Crp target genes in Synechocystis, 11 different Crp binding sites proposed during a previous computational survey were tested for in vitro sequence-specific binding and crp-dependent transcription. The results indicate that murF, chlAII and slr0442 can be added as ‘target genes of Sycrp1’ in Synechocystis. Promoter mapping of the targets revealed the same close association of RNA polymerase and Crp as that found in Escherichia coli class I and class II Crp-regulated promoters, thereby strongly suggesting similar mechanisms of transcriptional activation.
Identification of material parameters in yield functions and flow rules for weakly textured sheets of cubic metals

Abstract Man has recently proposed a family F s (s=2, 3, 4,…) of yield functions for weakly textured orthorhombic sheets of cubic metals. In this paper, using the predictions of the Taylor model as simulated data, we investigate whether the yield functions and their associated flow rules in the subfamilies F 2 and F 3 can describe both the anisotropy of the flow stress σ and of the contraction ratio q in uniaxial tensile tests. As far as possible, we determine the material parameters in the yield functions which would fit the simulated data in some precise sense.
Endotoxin-induced alterations of lipid and fatty acid compositions in rat liver peroxisomes.

The structure/function of peroxisomal lipids in rat liver treated with a sublethal dose of endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was investigated. Peroxisomes isolated from LPS-treated rat liver had remarkable alterations in lipid content compared with saline treated control liver peroxisomes. Cholesterol and phospholipids (PL) decreased significantly by 28.7% and 50.8%, respectively, leading to the change in the ratio of cholesterol/phospholipids (control 0.081 versus LPS 0.118, P C22:0) were also found increased in all classes of lipids in LPS-treated peroxisomes. Gadolinium chloride (GAD) mediated inactivation of Kupffer cells (KC) normalized cholesterol/PL ratio in LPS-treated peroxisomes. Collectively, the results indicate that the peroxisome metabolism of lipids and fatty acids is specifically altered in endotoxin-treated rat liver and at least part of the alterations may be mediated by factors released by KC.
Draft Genome of Janthinobacterium sp. RA13 Isolated from Lake Washington Sediment

Sequencing the genome of Janthinobacterium sp. RA13 from Lake Washington sediment is announced. From the genome content, a versatile life-style is predicted, but not bona fide methylotrophy. With the availability of its genomic sequence, Janthinobacterium sp. RA13 presents a prospective model for studying microbial communities in lake sediments.
On an estimation oriented routing protocol

Consider the problem of estimation of a linear time-invariant process across a communication channel such that the sensor data is delayed by a stochastic time-varying delay that can potentially be infinite. Thus, the data may arrive at the receiver delayed and out of order, or may simply be lost. There are two main contributions of this work. We show that performance of the estimator can not be characterized through a few moments of the delay distribution. Thus, conjectures such as a delay distribution with lesser mean or lesser maximum value always yields better estimation performance are incorrect. For a graph with each edge introducing a random delay to the sensor data, we also provide a routing algorithm that searches for the path that is optimal from an estimation theoretic perspective. A minor contribution of the work is to prove that even if the delay distribution has an infinite support and the delays are correlated across time with a finite memory, the necessary and sufficient condition for stability depends merely on the erasure probability.
Limitations on Position Coding Imposed by Undersampling and Univariance

Abstract Position judgments, which are exquisitely precise in the fovea, are markedly degraded in the periphery. In a recent article [ Hess and Field 1993 Vision Research, 33 , 2663–2670] argue that the poor representation of positional information in peripheral vision is a consequence of uncalibrated spatial disorder of cortical connections rather than due to undersampling of the retinal image. Specifically, Hess and Field argued that if positional uncertainty is due to undersampling, then because of univariance, there should be an associated contrast uncertainty. In this report we show that the univariance model is limited in its generality since: (1) the Hess and Field data in which contrast and position discrimination are decoupled do not preclude undersampling with large univariant filters; (2) aliasing can decouple position from contrast; (3) undersampling or noise at a second stage of processing can lead to selective losses of position information without any degradation of contrast information. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.