cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE POVERTY OF PHILOSOPHY: THE METAPHYSICS OF MCLAREN'S “REVOLUTIONARY CRITICAL PEDAGOGY”

In this essay, Scott Ellison examines a line of critical thought in educational theory that has unapologetically sought transcendence in the face contemporary social and political conditions. Under the banner of critical pedagogy, Peter McLaren sees this current period of globalization as representing a worldwide historical crisis requiring a revolutionary struggle that, in turn, is dependent upon a revitalization of critical pedagogy as the necessary tool for overcoming global relations of domination. Armed with Marxist theory and politics, McLaren seeks to use classrooms as social locations for fostering class struggle and global revolution. However, seeking to transcend today's globalized social processes and structures presents unique challenges that McLaren fails to overcome. He is a victim of the utopic turn. In this essay, Ellison offers a sympathetic reading and critique of McLaren's most recent theoretical work; undertakes a modest and preliminary recovery of Marxian theory and method; and concludes by briefly exploring the applicability and utility of this recovery for educational practices in this historical moment.
Stochastic radiative transfer in multilayer broken clouds. Part I: Markovian approach

A two-part paper describes the statistical treatment of solar radiative transfer in multilayer broken clouds. The proposed approach is a logical development of the statistical ones originally suggested for a single-layer broken clouds. This first part introduces a new statistically inhomogeneous Markovian model that allows one to properly account for different combinations of the random and maximum overlap of broken clouds at distinct vertical layers. The statistically inhomogeneous Markovian model and the stochastic radiative transfer equation have been used to derive equations for the mean radiance of solar radiation. It was demonstrated that in extreme cases the obtained equations agree with corresponding equations previously derived for (i) the statistically homogeneous broken clouds and (ii) the vertically inhomogeneous overcast clouds.
Characterization of D1Pas1, a mouse autosomal homologue of the human AZFa region DBY, as a nuclear protein in spermatogenic cells ☆

Abstract Objective: To gain insight into the function of D1Pas1 in spermatogenesis. Design: The cellular and subcellular distribution of D1Pas1 protein were examined. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Animals: Swiss Webster and C57B1/6J mice. Intervention(s): Antibodies were generated against a D1Pas1 fusion protein. Immunoblot analysis was performed on lysates of testicular cells separated into enriched populations of spermatogenic cells and fractionated into nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Immunohistochemistry was performed on histological sections of testis from adult and postnatal day 17 mice. Main Outcome Measure(s): D1Pas1 protein distribution. Result(s): D1Pas1 was expressed in germ cells, and its expression was developmentally regulated because it was detected specifically in the meiotic and postmeiotic haploid stages of spermatogenesis. D1Pas1 protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus, with weak cytoplasmic staining. Conclusion(s): Nuclear localization of D1Pas1 in the testis and its sequence homology to putative RNA helicases suggests a role of D1Pas1 in pre-mRNA processing during spermatogenesis. Germ cell expression of D1Pas1 and homology to the Y chromosome gene DBY, which is located in an area deleted in azoospermia, suggests a potential role for an autosomal gene in the regulation of spermatogenesis.
Comparison of the volatile compounds from several commercial plum cultivars

Volatile fractions were prepared from five ripe commercial plum cultivars and one breeding line by continuous vacuum steam distillation-hexane extraction and analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Thirty-six compounds were identified. The eight major compounds for most cultivars were hexenal, butyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenal, butyl butyrate, hexyl acetate, linalool, γ-decalactone, and γ-dodecalactone. Minor constituents included eleven esters, two alcohols, four lactones, two terpenes, two saturated hydrocarbons, palmitic acid, three phenyl compounds and nonanal.
Rapid minichromatography for purification of samples prior to radioimmunoassay.

A method is presented for the treatment of serum or other biological fluids to remove interfering substances prior to radioimmunoassay. Studies with radioimmunoassay systems for measuring serum levels of insulin revealed the presence of such interfering substances, which could be removed by utilizing small columns of Sephadex G-25 prepared in disposable pipet tips. The columns were centrifuged at low, and finally, higher speeds, to recover the sample volume with essentially no alteration in insulin activity. Validity of the technique was evaluated by both parallelism and recovery studies. This system offers considerable advantages over previous extraction and chromatography procedures in terms of simplicity, reproducibility, and recovery.
Observations on the reactivity of tris(tetramethylethylenedioxyboryl)methide ion

Abstract Treatment of tetrakis(tetramethylethylenedioxyboryl)methane, (Me4C2 - O2B)4C, in THF with butyllithium at −78° generates the tris(tetramethylethylenedioxyboryl)methide ion, (Me4C2O2B)3C−, which reacts with chlorotrimethylsilane at −78° to form trichlorosilyltris(tetramethylethylenedioxyboryl)-methane, (Me4C2O2B)3CSiMe3. The yield was low, but other attempts to form silyltriborylmethanes have failed altogether. The ion (Me4C2O2B)3C− reacts with tetraphenylcyclopentadienone at −78° to form the expected fulvene, 1,1-bis-(tetramethylethylenedioxyboryl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylfulvene. The red color of the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone is converted immediately to the brown of the fulvene product, indicating that the β-elimination of boron and oxygen occurs rapidly under basic conditions at −78°.
Failure in thin sheets stretched over rigid punches

Criteria for diffuse and local necking in sheet metals stretched over a hemispherical punch have been developed. During stretching, a peak develops in the distribution of strain across the dome. This peak is a ring of thinned material around the pole which moves outward radially with continued deformation. The present approach essentially focuses on the loading rate of the region bounded by this ring of maximum thinning referred to here as thecrown. While diffuse instability is identified with a vanishing rate of crown loading, local necking is associated with the onset of a rapid rate of thinning under falling crown load. The principal surface strains were measured from incremental stretching of several different materials and time dependent constitutive relations were used to predict the instability strains. Such predictions agree with experimentally observed forming limits defined by the onset of visible necking and provide an understanding of the failure of biaxially stretched sheets deformed by a rigid punch. Since no satisfactory plasticity analyses have been developed to predict the strain distribution during punch stretching, the empirical input to the present instability criterion is required.
Solubility of Ti with C in the Nd2Fe14B system and controlled carbide precipitation

Abstract An investigation has been launched to understand the unique solubility of titanium with carbon in the Nd 2 Fe 14 B system. In order to restrict grain growth effectively, a stable dispersion of many fine precipitates must be formed. In order to form an effective dispersion, the solubilities of the precipitating elements should be understood. This includes the liquid and solid solubilities as well as the equilibrium and non-equilibrium solubilities. Samples made by ingot casting and melt-spinning were examined. The solubility limit of titanium and carbon in the liquid phase was found to be between 4 and 6 at.% Ti + C. Once the solubility limit of the liquid is exceeded, primary TiC precipitates form in the liquid at high temperatures. The maximum solid solubility in the 2-14-1 phase depends on the existence of other phases and is found to be cooling-rate-dependent. For TiC, the solid solubility is found to equal the liquid solubility. The cooling-rate dependence indicates that the titanium and carbon exist in supersaturated solid solution. The equilibrium solubility in the 2-14-1 phase is found to be less than or equal to 0.06 wt.% Ti. Owing to its favorable solubility, TiC is found to be an exemplary alloying addition in the Nd 2 Fe 14 B system, and can be used to alter beneficially the extrinsic properties of the microstructure while maintaining the excellent intrinsic properties of the hard magnetic phase.
On the definition of a family of automata

In this note we discuss the definition of a family (~ of automata derived from the family a0 of the finite one-way one-tape automata (Rabin and Scott, 1959). In loose terms, the automata from (~ are among the machines characterized by the following restrictions: (a) Their output consists in the acceptance (or reieetion ) of input words belonging to the set F of all words in the letters of a finite alphabet X. (b) The automaton operates sequentially on the sueessive letters of the input word without the possibility of coming back on the previously read letters and, thus, all the information to be used in the further computations has to be stored in the internal memory. (c) The unbounded part of the memory, V~¢, is the finite dimensional vector space of the vectors with N integral coordinates; this part of the memory plays only a passive role and all the control of the automaton is performed by the finite part. (d) 0n ly elementary arithmetic operations are used and the amount of computation allowed for each input letter is bounded in terms of the total number of additions and subtractions. (e) The rule by which it is decided to accept or reject a given input word is submitted to the same type of requirements and it involves only the storage of a finite amount of information. Thus the family (~ is a very elementary modification of G0 and it is not
Social Context and College Completion in the United States: The Role of Congregational Biblical Literalism

Prior research has documented the influence of religion on a variety of stratification processes. Largely absent from this research, however, are explicit examinations of the role religious contexts play in educational outcomes. In this study, we focus on the congregation-level prevalence of a salient religious belief: biblical literalism. Using national multilevel data (U.S. Congregational Life Survey [USCLS]; N = 92,344), we examine whether individuals’ likelihood of completing college is dependent on the percentage of fellow congregation members who are biblical literalists. We find that college completion is tied to congregational literalism in important ways. Net of individual biblical literalism and other controls, congregational literalism decreases the likelihood of completing college. In addition, while congregational biblical literalism decreases the likelihood of college completion for both biblical literalists and non-literalists, the relationship is strongest for non-literalists such that in ...
Roles of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC in Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis.

Abstract To study the function of the PacC transcription factor in Wangiella dermatitidis, a black, polymorphic fungal pathogen of humans with yeast-phase predominance, the PACC gene was cloned, sequenced, disrupted and expressed. Three zinc finger DNA-binding motifs were found at the N-terminus, and a signaling protease cleavage site at the C-terminus. PACC was more expressed at neutral-alkaline pH than at acidic pH. Truncation at about 40 residues of the coding sequence upstream of the conserved protease processing cleavage site of PacC affected growth on a nutrient-rich medium, increased sensitivity to Na+ stress, decreased yeast growth at neutral-alkaline pH, and repressed hyphal growth on a nutrient-poor medium at 25 °C. Truncation at the coding sequence for the conserved signaling protease box of PacC impaired growth and reduced RNA expression of the class II chitin synthase gene at acidic pH. The results suggested that PacC is important not only for the adaptation of W. dermatitidis to different ambient pH conditions and Na+ stress conditions, but also for influencing yeast-hyphal transitions in this agent of phaeohyphomycosis.
The safety of open inguinal herniorraphy in patients on chronic warfarin therapy.

Abstract Background The perioperative management of warfarin therapy increases the complexity of open inguinal herniorraphy. Methods One thousand consecutive patients undergoing open inguinal herniorraphy were retrospectively reviewed. Patients on warfarin therapy were categorized into 3 groups: continued warfarin (CW), discontinued warfarin (DW), and discontinued warfarin with anticoagulation bridge (DWB). Results Eighty-eight patients were on chronic warfarin therapy. Warfarin was continued in 19 patients, discontinued in 54, and discontinued with bridge in 15 patients. Operative times were similar between the 3 groups. Length of stay was longest in the discontinued warfarin with bridge group (CW 0.74, DW 0.54, and DWB 3.33 days; P P = .14). Conclusions Continuation of warfarin may be a safe alternative to discontinuation of warfarin therapy in select patients undergoing open inguinal herniorraphy.
Phase-Equilibrium Controls on SiO2Metasomatism by Aqueous Fluid in Subduction Zones: Reaction at Constant Pressure and Temperature

The mineral-fluid equilibria that govern silica redistribution by aqueous fluids in subduction zones were evaluated at constant pressure and temperature in the model system MgO-SiO2-H2O (MSH). At <...
An insurance risk management framework for disaster relief and supply chain disruption inventory planning

Government agencies, not-for-profit organizations, and private corporations often assume leading roles in the delivery of supplies, equipment, and manpower to support initial response operations after a disaster strikes. These organizations are faced with challenging logistics decisions to ensure that the right supplies (including equipment and personnel) are in the right places, at the right times, and in the right quantities. Such logistics planning decisions are further complicated by the uncertainties associated with predicting whether or not a potential threat will materialize into an emergency situation. This paper introduces newsvendor variants that account for demand uncertainty as well as the uncertainty surrounding the occurrence of an extreme event. The optimal inventory level is determined and compared to the classic newsvendor solution and the difference is interpreted as the insurance premium associated with proactive disaster-relief planning. The insurance policy framework represents a practical approach for decision makers to quantify the risks and benefits associated with stocking decisions related to preparing for disaster relief efforts or supply chain disruptions.
Holographic interferometry temperature measurements in liquids for pool fires supported on water

This study provides detailed temperature and physical structure measurements for liquid pool fires supported on water within both the liquid fuel layer and the supporting water sublayer from ignition to the onset of the boiling water sublayer, WSB. Understanding the mechanism of WSB is important to predict the so-called [open quotes]boilover phenomenon[open quotes], which is associated with an intense spattering of water and fuel droplets. The in-depth physical structure and temperature profiles were obtained using a holographic interferometer for n-decane supported on water in rectangular Pyrex containers with large aspect ratios to provide two-dimensional conditions. The experiments demonstrated that: maximum temperature was achieved 0.1-0.15 cm below the fuel surface due to the combined effect of evaporation heat loss at the fuel surface and in-depth radiation absorption. As a result, Rayleigh convection was generated in the fuel near the fuel surface, and the total heat transfer rate to the fuel- water interface increased by approximately 30 percent. Hence, the water at the fuel-water interface was superheated, so that sporadic spattering of water and fuel droplets (boilover) resulted. To check the applicability of those results to a larger pool fire system and to different fuels, a rectangular container (10 cm long xmore » 5 cm wide x 9 cm high) was designed and eight different liquid hydrocarbon fuels were tested, for all fuels the occurrence of Rayleigh convection was confirmed using fine thermocouples and a streak shadowgraph technique. 14 refs., 5 figs.« less
Effects of dexamethasone, glucose infusion, adrenocorticotropin, and propylthiouracil on plasma leptin concentrations in horses.

Abstract In experiment 1, nine light horse geldings (three 3×3 Latin squares) received dexamethasone (DEX; 125μg/kg BW, i.m.), glucose (0.2g/kg BW, i.v.), or nothing (control) once per day for 4 days. DEX increased ( P P n =6) or vehicle ( n =6). DEX again increased ( P P P n -propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) at 6mg/kg BW for 60 days to induce hypothyroidism were compared to samples from control stallions. On day 52, stallions receiving PTU had lower concentrations of thyroxine ( P P P P
Algorithm for Ranked Assignments with Applications to Multiobject Tracking

A sequential algorithm is presented for obtaining a cost-ranked set of solutions to the assignment problem. Concurrently, a conservative bound can be calculated that indicates how many of the ranked set are better than other potential assignments that may have been missed. Applications to two important strategic defense initiative measurement-assignment problems, namely the cycle-to-cycle and the sensor-to-sensor problems, are demonstrated. The procedure is useful for initiating new object tracks as well as for assigning incoming measurements to established tracking filters. Knowledge of the ranked set of assignments, as opposed to a single optimum, is important because of measurement uncertainties. The prudent course may be to initiate several tentative tracks in certain close-call situations.
6Li MAS NMR and in situ X-ray studies of lithium nickel manganese oxides

Abstract In situ XRD and 6 Li MAS NMR spectroscopy have been carried out during the first charge process for the layered cathode material Li[Li1/9Ni3/9Mn5/9]O2. In situ XRD results showed that the c-parameters of the Li[Li1/9Ni3/9Mn5/9]O2 material increase only slightly at the end of charge. The Mn and Ni K-edge EXAFS results revealed that this compound contains localized clusters resembling the local environments found in Li2MnO3 and lithium nickel oxide. The 6 Li MAS NMR results showed the presence of Li in the Ni2+/Mn4+ layers, in addition to the expected sites for Li in the lithium layers. All the Li ions in the transition metal layers are removed on the first charge, leaving residual lithium ions in the lithium layers.
Vitritis as the primary manifestation of ocular syphilis in patients with HIV infection.

Purpose To describe dense vitritis as the primary manifestation of ocular syphilis in three human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients and to determine the response of these patients to the established regimen for neurosyphilis. Methods Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibody titers, tuberculin skin test, chest radiograph, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level were obtained because tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and toxoplasmosis were in the differential diagnosis. Two of the three patients were not known to have HIV infection at the time of initial examination and consented to HIV testing. Treponemal and nontreponemal tests were performed on serum and cerebrospinal fluid to establish a definitive diagnosis. Treatment for neurosyphilis was initiated, and daily ophthalmic examinations were performed, with careful attention to signs commonly associated with syphilitic eye disease. Results All three patients exhibited improvement in visual acuity and resolution of vitreous haze. There was no evidence of other signs of posterior uveitis. The one patient for whom there has been a 6-month follow-up showed no sequelae of his eye disease. Conclusions Human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with syphilis may present atypically dense vitritis. In these patients, vitritis may be the first manifestation of syphilis. The regimen for neurosyphilis provides effective therapy. Moreover, in some patients, syphilitic vitritis may be the initial manifestation of HIV disease.
Nitrogen Compound Distribution of Refined Middle Distillate Fuels

Three diverse middle distillate fuels from Mobile, Alabama, Jacksonville, Florida, and Kirachi, Pakistan were analyzed to quantify the organic nitrogen compound distribution in each. Organo-nitrogen compounds were isolated by a mild acid extraction followed by a silica-gel adsorption procedure. The extraction process yielded three extracts for each fuel: a basic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride, a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride, and a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methanol. The major compounds in each extract were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
6995 A novel method to reduce post-ercp pancreatitis in patients with sphincter of oddi dysfunction: botulinum toxin injection of the residual pancreatic sphincter.

Background: Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) patients has a high risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. It is hypothesized that this high complication rate is due to residual pancreatic sphincter hypertension. Aim: To decrease the pancreatitis rate of SOD patients after biliary sphincterotomy by injecting botulinum toxin into the residual pancreatic sphincter. This is technically simpler and involves less pancreatic manipulation than pancreatic stent placement. Methods: All patients undergoing ERCP with manometry for suspicion of biliary SOD where asked to participate in this study. Manometry was performed to obtain baseline biliary and pancreatic sphincter pressures with at least two pull-through recordings. Patients with normal basal pressures (less than 40 mmHg) were excluded. Those with elevated pressures were randomized to receive botulinum toxin vs. sham saline injection after the biliary sphincterotomy. Fifty units of botulinum toxin was delivered via sclerotherapy needle as two 25 U injections of 0.25cc each into the pancreatic sphincter in the botulinum toxin therapy group. For those in the sham arm, 0.50cc of saline was injected into the duodenal lumen via sclerotherapy needle. All patients were assessed 24 hours post-procedure for complications. Results: Between 2/12/99 and 11/30/99 a total of 57 patients were referred for ERCP with manometry for suspected SOD. Fifty-one consented to participate in the protocol. Thirteen had elevated baseline pressures and were randomized. Six received botulinum toxin injection and 7 were randomized to sham injection. A total of 4 (57%) patients in the sham group developed procedure-induced pancreatitis as compared to 2 (33%) in the botulinum toxin group (NS). No differences were observed in the severity of pancreatitis between the groups. Conclusions: In the small number of patients studied to date, no definite conclusion can be made about the effect of botulinum toxin injection on the pancreatitis rate of SOD patients following biliary sphincterotomy.
Comparison of ns and ps pulses for Si and glass micromachining applications

Demand for higher precision, clean laser based processes has driven the development of picosecond pulse width lasers that operate at high frequency with high average powers. Industries like microelectronics and LCD manufacturing are gearing up for the next generation of devices that demand tighter densities, better electrical efficiency, higher speed and better quality. We focus here on the differences between processing with nanosecond and picosecond pulses on Silicon and on alumino-borosilicate glass.
Meta-Analysis of Migraine Headache Treatments: Combining Information from Heterogeneous Designs

Abstract Migraine headache is a common condition in the United States for which a wide range of drug and nondrug treatments are available. There is wide disagreement about which treatments are most effective; meta-analysis of existing clinical trials can help to bring existing evidence to bear on this question. Conducting a meta-analysis is a challenging statistical problem because of the absence of a uniform accepted definition of headache syndromes, the diversity of treatments, and the heterogeneous and incomplete nature of published information. The results of studies are summarized in various ways; most studies report continuous treatment effects for each treatment, but some report only differences in effectiveness for pairs of treatments, and others report only 2 × 2 contingency tables for dichotomized responses. In this article we present a hierarchical Bayesian grouped random-effects model for synthesizing evidence from several clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of commonly recommended pro...
The inflammatory profile of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in postinjury multiple organ failure

Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and adhesion molecules have been implicated as mediators in neutrophil (PMN) and endothelial cell (EC) interactions leading to postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF). Our hypothesis was that circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) would discriminate patients at risk for postinjury MOF. Methods Serial plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, and sICAM-1 were measured in 27 high-risk trauma patients. Results The IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in MOF patients compared with non-MOF patients at 12 and 36 hours postinjury. The IL-6 level was also elevated at 84 and 132 hours, and IL-8 at 84 hours. The sICAM-1 level did not become elevated in MOF patients until 132 hours postinjury. Conclusion Interleukin-6 and IL-8 are elevated early after trauma and discriminate patients who will develop MOF. Late elevation of sICAM-1 likely results from PMN cytotoxicity leading to EC injury or inflammation.
Beer and bread to brains and beyond: can yeast cells teach us about neurodegenerative disease?

For millennia, humans have harnessed the astonishing power of yeast, producing such culinary masterpieces as bread, beer and wine. Therefore, in this new millennium, is it very farfetched to ask if we
Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus by Bovine Immunoglobulin Isotypes

The ability of specific bovine Ig isotypes to enhance phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear neutrophils was studied. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from the blood of 14 lactating Holstein cows. Antibodies against S. aureus M10 were produced by two Holstein cows immunized via intramuscular injections and injections in the area of the supramammary lymph node with M10 emulsified in dextran sulfate. The IgG1, IgG2, and IgM were prepared from immune sera. Fluorescein-labeled, formalin-killed S. aureus M10 were opsonized with the respective isotypes prior to incubation with polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils phagocytosing averaged 37.4, 1.1, 15.9, and 9.4% for immune sera, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM, using a M10: polymorphonuclear neutrophils ratio of 10:1; and 77.1, 1.8, 32.1, and 57.9 using a 40:1 ratio. When IgG1 was incubated with either IgG2 or IgM, phagocytosis was reduced to 10.0 and 5.0%, respectively, using the 10:1 ratio and 24.2 and 44.7%, respectively, using the 40:1 ratio. Significant variation occurred among cows in the ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to undergo phagocytosis independent of isotype and S. aureus M10: polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio. These data show that IgG2 and IgM are opsonic for bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and that IgG1 inhibits the activity of both. These results will be helpful to determine immunization protocols to solicit synthesis of bovine IgM and IgG2 specific for S. aureus.
BIOMECHANICAL CONSEQUENCE OF EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS TENDON RELOCATION

The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon is responsible for thumb extension and normally passes over Lister's tubercle which acts as a pulley. During procedures in which access to the radiocarpal joint is required through a dorsal approach, the EPL tendon must be relocated toward the radial side of the wrist. However, in the clinical setting, we have observed that some patients have limited thumb extension following relocation surgery. In order to better understand this effect, a rigid body mathematical model was developed to evaluate the effect of EPL tendon relocation on thumb extension. Simulated thumb extensions were performed for both the natural and relocated positions and the model was calibrated and verified with cadaveric experimental data. Relocating the EPL tendon increased the moment arm resulting in an improved mechanical advantage. However, it also shortened the path causing tendon slack and reduced muscle force generation. When these two effects were combined, thumb extension decreased with tendon relocation and the thumb extension force was reduced. These results support clinical studies and observations that suggest displacement of the EPL tendon would result in loss of function or deformity. These results are a first step toward developing a quantitative understanding of the effect of EPL relocation. Further studies including more advanced models and clinical trials are needed before definite conclusions can be made regarding the implications of this research.
Ginzburg-Landau model for a random magnet

A self-consistent Hartree approximation for the random Ginzburg-Landau model is used to calculate the susceptibility, the magnetic specific heat, and the critical dynamics of a random magnet. The effect of the quartic interaction on the above properties is studied in relation to the Gaussian approximation. The main features of the present calculation are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data on random magnets.
Determination of background serum density for lipoprotein ultracentrifugation

It is necessary to know the density of serum exclusive of its macromolecules (background density) prior to density adjustment with solid potassium bromide for ultra-centrifugal separation of lipoprotein fractions. To evaluate this, we compared the densities of the corresponding ultrafiltrates or dialysates of both human and equine sera produced by ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis methods for macromolecule removal. Excellent correlation is found between background densities determined following ultrafiltration or equilibrium dialysis. These data validate the use of ultrafiltration as a simple, direct method for determination of background serum densities but reveal equilibrium dialysis to be more time consuming and less precise. Using ultrafiltration, we find the background density for equine serum to be 1.004 g/ml, and initial investigation suggests this value may be altered by freezing, prolonged refrigeration (3 months), or heating to inactivate lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase.
Unraveling neuronal circuitry regulating energy homeostasis: Plasticity in feeding circuits

Homeostatic regulation is, by definition, a process that requires the ability to change to bring balance. In this review, we attempt to put forward the idea that plasticity in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic circuits involved in feeding is an essential component in the regulation of energy balance by peripheral signals, such as leptin and ghrelin.
Factors related to the reporting of childhood rape.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether there would be differences in reported versus unreported cases of childhood rape on incident characteristics including life threat, physical injury, identity of the perpetrator, frequency of assault(s), and rates of posttraumatic stress disorder or major depression. Method: In a telephone interview, a national probability sample of 4,008 (weighted) adult women was screened for a history of completed rape in childhood. Respondents were also assessed for DSM-III-R diagnoses of major depressive episode and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three hundred forty-one (8.5%) of these women were victims of at least one rape prior to the age of 18, for a total of 437 completed rapes. Of these 437 rape incidents, 52 (11.9%) were reported to the police or other authorities. Results: Significant differences were obtained between reported versus nonreported cases on incident characteristics, including life threat, physical injury, identity of the perpetrator. Reported cases were more likely to involve life threat and/or physical injury, and were more likely to have been committed by a stranger than nonreported cases. No significant differences between reported and nonreported cases were found concerning whether the rape involved a single incident versus series of events, or rates of PTSD or major depression. Conclusions: Findings suggest that different characteristics are associated with reported versus unreported cases of childhood rape. Since few cases of childhood rape are actually reported to the authorities, it appears that we may be missing valuable information. Implications for research and clinical intervention are discussed.
Dysthymia: clinical and external validity

This paper reviews current evidence in support of dysthymia as a subaffective disorder that precedes major affective episodes, often by more than a decade. In cases beginning in childhood or adolescence, dysthymia is associated with high familial rates of mood disorders, and a recurrent pattern of superimposed major depression. At least two trait-like markers, sleep electro-encephalographic and thyroid axis abnormalities — similar to those in major affective disorder — have been reported. These data indicate a common pathophysiological substrate for both dysthymia and major depressive illness. All classes of antidepressants — most recently the serotonin re-uptake and the reversible MAO inhibitors — have been shown to be effective. Dysthymia was fairly recently included in the US(DSM) and WHO(ICD) classifications of mental disorders, because it characterises a prevalent clinical presentation of depression in both psychiatric and general medical settings. Patients given this diagnosis, instead of presenting with acute or full-blown episodes, often complain of low-grade chronic affective malaise for as long as they remember, yet without clinically observable signs of depression. As a result, questions have been raised about its validity, but from fundamentally opposite positions: (i) Is dysthymia better conceptualised as a personality (or neurotic) rather than mood disorder? (ii) Can dysthymia be distinguished from major depressive illness? This paper examines these and related questions along both clinical and external validating strategies, and in particular, the more recent accumulated evidence in support of the utility of the concept of dysthymia.
Take-Home Mechatronics Control Labs: A Low-Cost Personal Solution and Educational Assessment

Control theory, once described as the “Physics of the 21st Century,” is pervading to almost all subjects of higher learning. However, it is a difficult topic for many students, especially when introduced at the undergraduate lower level. Providing hands-on experience is often a great aid for teaching difficult concepts, but for control theory forcing a hands-on component can distract from the learning if the students are unprepared. An effective control theory laboratory curriculum builds on the foundations of statics and dynamics, circuit theory, signal processing and programming course-work. However, undergraduate students have a limited educational experience and are typically lacking in one or more of those foundations. Coupled with the unfamiliarity of the common equipment found in teaching labs, students often find themselves overwhelmed and struggle with the setups, limiting their exposure to the topic of control theory. Some industry and education companies have introduced extensive control workstations to bring integrated control theory to a teaching laboratory; however these systems are expensive and specialized, limiting their reach and effectiveness. In this paper, a low-cost mechatronics control theory personal laboratory setup with a proposed curriculum is developed for undergraduate students that addresses their uncertain foundation and improves accessibility by introducing portability to maximize the learning outcomes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Plant regeneration from callus cultures of several soybean genotypes via embryogenesis and organogenesis

Using callus derived from immature embryos, regeneration of viable plants was obtained in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Depending on the composition of the medium, regeneration occurred via embryogenesis or via organogenesis. Embryogenesis resulted when embryos were plated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 43 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid. In work with the cultivar Williams 82, the addition of 5.0 μM thiamine HCl increased embryogenesis from 33% to 58% of the embryos plated. Addition of 30 μM nicotinic acid to the MS medium enhanced embryogenesis further to 76%. Organogenesis was obtained when medium containing 13.3 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.2 μM and α-naphthaleneacetic acid and four times the normal concentration of MS minor salts was used. Histological studies of these cultures confirmed the organogenic and embryogenic nature of the cultures, by demonstrating the formation of shoot buds and somatic embryos, respectively. Similar responses were obtained in all 54 genotypes tested in this manner. The cultures retained the ability to regenerate complete plants for at least 12 months and 12–15 subcultures. Seeds have been obtained from several regenerated plants and when grown in the field these produced normal-appearing fertile plants.
Solitons and singular solitons for a variety of Boussinesq-like equations

Abstract In this work we study a variety of Boussinesq-like equations. One soliton solution and another singular soliton solution are obtained for each equation. We employ independently two distinct approaches to formally derive standard and singular solitons.
Factor Structure of the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale for Studies of Youths with Externalizing Behavior Problems.

The assessment of children's perception of marital conflict is an important area of research related to family relations, children's cognitions about self, and the development of psychopathology. The leading instrument in this domain is the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC; J. H. Grych, M. Seid, & F. D. Fincham, 1992). It has 48 items organized into 9 conceptual designed subscales, with reports of 3-factor higher order structure to the 9 subscales. However, the 3-factor solution does not capture all 9 subscales well. Further, items have never been subjected to factor analysis to evaluate the best fitting factor structure at the item level. Doing so is particularly important when bringing the scale into new populations such as children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or disruptive behavior disorders. In the present study, 2 samples of children (total N = 1,190; ages 6-18 years) completed the CPIC. An exploratory factor analysis in Sample 1 (from a clinical study of ADHD and non-ADHD youths) yielded 4 interpretable factors. A confirmatory factor analysis in Sample 2 (a population sample of twins) confirmed the generalizability of the solution with an acceptable fit, although 1 item was dropped. The final solution used 38 of the 48 items. The 4-factor solution captured a Conflict Properties factor, two appraisal factors labeled Threat to Self and Self-Blame, and a Triangulation/Stability factor that included elements of appraisal and content. The authors concluded that the item-based 4-factor solution to the CPIC is preferable to the 9-factor or 3-factor formulation.
Development of an integrated reservoir characterization and simulation model for a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir, Arab-D reservoir, east flank of Ghawar field

Three dimensional geocellular and simulation models were developed for an area on the eastern flank of the Ghawar Field in the Arab-D carbonate reservoir that displays anomalous flood front advance and the potential for by-passed oil. Results were achieved through the integration of openhole log data, well performance data, production log data, well test and pressure build up data, core descriptions, 3-D seismic structure, and 3-D seismic influenced permeability distributions. The final products were simulation and geocellular models that were consistent with each other and with all of the available engineering and geologic data. This approach has constrained the resulting models towards a more unique solution that can now be used with greater confidence for reservoir management and the identification of areas of lagging flood front or bypassed oil. This study was built upon a previous study which showed considerable success through innovations in model layer selection, mapping of very high permeability areas, horizontal and vertical permeability distribution, grid size and relative permeability assignments. However, the incorporation of other data sets, particularly newly acquired 3-D seismic, demonstrated that the predicted distribution of by-passed oil is dependent upon an accurate description of structure, faults and related fractures as well as rock porosity and permeability. The fully integrated modeling approach utilized here was recognized as a superior way to develop a useful simulation model. This project was accomplished through a multi-disciplinary team approach. The team varied in size and membership as the project developed through its various phases. This project integrated the work of reservoir engineers, reservoir simulation engineers, petrographers, geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, and geocellular modelers.
Elbow extension and flexion-supination deformities in tetraplegia.

Abstract This paper demonstrates the flexion–supination and extension deformities of the elbows in complete tetraplegics and describes the outcome of simple treatments. The principal conclusion is that these two deformities are easily corrected by very simple methods. After treatment the patients could fully extend and flex their elbows and fully supinate and pronate their forearms. One of 11 patients, whose bilateral deformities kept recurring, was a failure.
Dynamics of a Three-Dimensional Oscillating Foil Near the Free Surface

We investigate the free-surface effects on an underwater three-dimensional foil undergoing constant translation and periodic oscillation using a hybrid computational method. In this approach, the fluid motion around the foil is modeled via boundary-integral formulation, and the shed vorticity is represented as a shear layer originated from the trailing edge, while the free-surface waves are resolved by a spectral algorithm. We apply this method to investigate the hydrodynamic forces and free-surface wave signatures of two canonical problems of oscillating foils with forward speed: a horizontal foil undergoing heaving motion and a vertical foil in sway motion. In the horizontal-foil case, we find that the solution has a strong dependence on the unsteady parameter. Near the critical value, the mean thrust and the propulsive efficiency of the foil are significantly reduced, and the free-surface wave field is dominated by the unsteady waves produced by the oscillatory motion rather than the steady Kelvin waves due to forward motion. The surface waves induced by the wake vortices appear as a sequence of ringlike patterns along the track. In contrast, for the swaying vertical foil, the hydrodynamic forces vary smoothly near τ c , while the wake-induced waves exhibit the characteristic meandering feature.
Relationship between proton motive force and potassium ion transport in Halobacterium halobium envelope vesicles.

The permeability of Halobacterium halobium vesicle membranes to potassium ions was investigated, and possible mechanisms for the regulation of the gradient of protons by the transmembrane movement of these ions were studied. The lack of a potassium ion diffusion potential in the absence of valinomycin, light-induced electrical potentials in excess of the chemical potential difference for potassium ions, and direct measurements of potassium ion influx during illumination show that the membranes are relatively impermeable to these ions. As a result of sodium ion extrusion during illumination, chlorine ions and water must be lost and the vesicles collapse. The light-induced collapse of vesicles is diminished only if the influx of potassium ions is increased.
Characterization of a family of IAA-amino acid conjugate hydrolases from Arabidopsis.

Abstract The mechanisms by which plants regulate levels of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are complex and not fully understood. One level of regulation appears to be the synthesis and hydrolysis of IAA conjugates, which function in both the permanent inactivation and temporary storage of auxin. Similar to free IAA, certain IAA-amino acid conjugates inhibit root elongation. We have tested the ability of 19 IAA-l-amino acid conjugates to inhibit Arabidopsis seedling root growth. We have also determined the ability of purified glutathioneS-transferase (GST) fusions of four ArabidopsisIAA-amino acid hydrolases (ILR1, IAR3, ILL1, and ILL2) to release free IAA by cleaving these conjugates. Each hydrolase cleaves a subset of IAA-amino acid conjugates in vitro, and GST-ILR1, GST-IAR3, and GST-ILL2 have K m values that suggest physiological relevance. In vivo inhibition of root elongation correlates with in vitro hydrolysis rates for each conjugate, suggesting that the identified hydrolases generate the bioactivity of the conjugates.
Synaptic localization of adrenergic disinhibition in the rat hippocampus.

Abstract Norepinephrine is an endogenous neurotransmitter that reduces synaptic inhibition onto pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus by an action at an α-adrenergic receptor. The physiological mechanism of this disinhibition was previously not known, except that it occurred at a site presynaptic to the inhibited pyramidal cell. In this paper we present evidence that adrenergic disinhibition is restricted to the early phase of the evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potential in area CA1 of the hippocampus. The locus of disinhibition does not appear to reside in the interneuronal terminal, axon, or cell body. Instead, adrenergic agonists appear to reduce evoked synaptic inhibition by depressing excitatory synapses that activate the interneuron.
Depressive Symptoms and All-Cause Mortality in Unstable Angina Pectoris (from the Coronary Psychosocial Evaluation Studies [COPES])

Although depression is clearly associated with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction, there is a paucity of data examining the impact of depression on patients with unstable angina (UA). We analyzed the relation between depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality in patients with UA who were enrolled in a prospective multicenter study of depression and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) within 1 week of the ACS event, and patients were selected for a BDI score 0 to 4 or ≥10. Our sample included 209 patients with UA, with 104 (50%) having a BDI score ≥10. Proportional hazards analyses adjusted for variables including left ventricular ejection fraction, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score, and Charlson co-morbidity index. In multivariable analyses, a BDI score ≥10 was associated with increased risk of 42-month all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 3.46, p = 0.008) compared to a BDI score 0 to 4. In conclusion, our results confirm and extend previous evidence linking depression to worse outcomes in UA and suggest that interventions that address depression may be worth examining across the spectrum of risk in ACS.