cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between motor and secretory behaviors in classical appetitive conditioning

Three hungry dogs received pairings of food with an accessible, illuminated panel. This resulted in the dogs’ approaching the lighted panel and salivating. Despite the similarity of these conditioning procedures to those used in a large body of research primarily with avians, however, the dogs did not physically contact the lighted stimulus panel. These results bear on several issues concerning the form and direction of classically conditioned behaviors.
Early mortality and the retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia: impact of leukocytosis, low-dose chemotherapy, PMN/RAR-alpha isoform, and CD13 expression in patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid

All-trans retinoic acid (RA) has proven a major advance in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, the proper management of patients who present with or develop leukocytosis during remission induction with all-trans RA is not established, nor is there a clear relation between leukocytosis and the development of the retinoic acid syndrome. We reviewed the course of our patients who underwent induction with all-trans RA to identify potential factors that might predict for the development of this syndrome and to identify which patients, if any, might specifically benefit from additional treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Seventy-eight courses of all-trans RA therapy were administered to patients with a molecular diagnosis of APL. Initial and peak leukocyte counts, their rate of rise, leukocyte count criteria developed in Europe, and cell surface marker expression were all analyzed relative to subsequent development of both the RA syndrome as well as all causes of early mortality. The outcome of patients who received specific treatment for retinoid-induced leukocytosis was also examined. No factor was found to consistently predict for the development of the RA syndrome. Although the occurrence of the syndrome was positively associated with the peak value of the peripheral blood leukocyte count (P = .001), neither the initial leukocyte count nor the rate of rise in leukocyte counts on days preceding onset of the syndrome were sufficiently well-correlated to be clinically useful (P = .21). The leukocyte count criteria developed in Europe had a sensitivity of 62%, a specificity of 69%, and a positive predictive value that ranged from only 44% to 72%. However, we unexpectedly found that basal expression of CD13 (aminopeptidase N), a cell surface enzyme previously linked to tumor cell invasion and an inferior outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, was highly associated with both development of the syndrome (P < .05) as well as an elevated leukocyte count (P = .006). Neither low-dose chemotherapy nor leukapheresis prevented development of the syndrome nor ameliorated its effects. In fact, 9 of 11 patients who received these interventions sustained fatal or near-fatal events, most of which were due to hemorrhage. However, early treatment with a short-course of high-dose corticosteroids halted progression of the syndrome in most cases. Finally, we found that expression of the type "A" isoform of PML/RAR-alpha (also known as bcr3 or "short") was associated with a significantly shorter duration of relapse-free and overall survival (P = .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Application of ultrasonics to detection of fatigue cracks

An ultrasonic system was developed and used to observe the formation of fatigue cracks in centernotched sheet specimens of unalloyed aluminum, two aluminum alloys, a mild steel, and a nickel-base alloy tested in axial tensile fatigue. S-N curves of life-to-initial detectable cracks as well as life-to-fracture were obtained. With the reflection technique, fatigue cracks that ranged in length from 0.0005 to 0.005 in. were detected while the test was in progress. Cracks were detected within approximately 1 to 3 percent of total specimen life for all of the materials considered over the range of stresses considered. The through-transmission technique was utilized to measure relatively long cracks.
A note on Fischer-Marsden’s conjecture

In this paper, we borrowed some ideas from general relativity and find a Robinson-type identity for the overdetermined system of partial differential equations in the Fischer-Marsden conjecture. We proved that if there is a nontrivial solution for such an overdetermined system on a 3-dimensional, closed manifold with positive scalar curvature, then the manifold contains a totally geodesic 2-sphere. Let M denote the set of smooth Riemannian metrics on an n-dimensional closed manifold M whose derivatives are L2-integrable. Then for any g E M, its scalar curvature Rg is an element in the space WV of C? functions. From the formula for Rg in local coordinates, we see that the scalar curvature map from M to WV defines a quasi-linear differential operator of second order. The derivative R' at g E M is given by (1) RI (h) =-A9 (tr9h) + 686g (h) -g(Ricg, h) where 6 is the divergence operator on the symmetric p-tensor on M, Ricg is the Ricci curvature tensor of g, A is the Laplacian, and 6* is the formal adjoint of 8. In the Riemannian case, if {ei}in=1 is a local orthonormal basis of vector fields, then
A high density pyrazolo-triazine explosive (PTX)

The fused-ring heterocycle 4-amino-3,7,8-trinitropyrazolo-[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine (PTX) has promising explosive properties. The Cheetah thermochemical code used its calculated standard enthalpy of formation and its measured crystal density of 1.946 g cm−3 to predict HMX-like explosive performance, while measurements of its thermal stability, sensitivity to impact, friction, and spark showed greater safety margins.
Aloha VSAT networks with data link controls

The author presents a throughput and delay analysis of unslotted ALOHA with variable length packets and its variants, selective-repeat ALOHA and go-back-N ALOHA. The analysis incorporates data link control protocols in the random synchronous time division multiplexing mode. Channel error defects are included in the analysis to reflect applications in satellite communications using very small aperture terminals (VSAT). >
Advances in Supportive Care for Multiple Myeloma

As patients with multiple myeloma live longer, helping them live better through improvements in supportive care is equally as vital. Intrinsic to the disease are bone-related complications at presentation and over the course of illness. Bisphosphonates have been an important therapy for ameliorating the risk of skeletal-related events, and work is ongoing to determine their optimal schedule. Patients with multiple myeloma also encounter several challenges related to their treatment, including peripheral neuropathy, thrombotic complications, and infections. These challenges are being addressed through a better understanding of the risk factors for developing these complications and by mitigating these risks through better dosing schemas and prophylaxis.
Structural Reform of Financial Regulation

This paper was first prepared to assist the Expert Panel on Securities Regulation in Canada in making recommendations to the Canadian Minister of Finance and the provincial and territorial ministers concerning reform of Canada's securities regulatory system. This paper and the panel's recommendations were made public by the Ministry of Finance on January 12, 2009. While the paper focuses on Canada, the analysis it contains is directly relevant to regulatory reform efforts in the United States and other jurisdictions. This paper breaks down the basic elements of an optimal financial regulatory system, identifying key regulatory objectives and systemic characteristics, relevant regulatory strategies, and optimal organizational approaches. The paper then compares the regulatory systems of Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, and The Netherlands to identify common themes and draw lessons for Canada's regulatory reform project. The paper concludes with a series of proposals for Canada. Among its recommendations, the paper advocates the application of objectives-based regulation and consolidation of regulatory authority in the hands of the national government. The paper also discusses the importance of (i) coordination and information sharing among regulatory agencies - noting that the achievement of such coordination and information sharing is more important than the structural question of a single regulator versus twin peaks system - (ii) active participation by the national regulator in multilateral and bilateral negotiations with foreign regulators, and (iii) additional resources for enforcement and supervision. Regulatory reform along the lines recommended in this paper should improve the attractiveness of the Canadian markets in the eyes of global financial institutions as well as enhance the effectiveness of the regulatory system in ensuring the safety and soundness of its markets.
Subnanometer scale study of segregation at grain boundaries in an Fe(Si) alloy

The Gibbsian interfacial excess of silicon ({Gamma}{sub Si}) was determined, on an atomic scale, for 14 grain boundaries (GBs) in a single-phase Fe-3 at.% Si alloy, using a unique combined atom-probe field-ion microscopy/transmission electron microscopy (APFIM/TEM) approach. The specimens were equilibrated at 823 K for 14.5 or 72.5 h before the analyses. TEM was first employed to determine the five geometric degrees of freedom (DOFs) of each GB: unit rotation axis, c, rotation angle, {theta}, and unit GB plane normal, n. APFIM analyses were then utilized to obtain integral profiles perpendicular to the GB planes and from these profiles {Gamma}{sub Si} was determined for each GB. The values of {Gamma}{sub Si} are displayed in three dimensions as a function of sin({theta}{sub dis}/2) and cos({angle}c,n); {theta}{sub dis} is the disorientation angle. This three-dimensional plot represents {Gamma}{sub Si} as a function of the five macroscopic DOFs and is a direct representation of GB phase space segregation data.
Lenslet-array-based Stokes vector imagery

We propose a novel Stokes vector imagery system that is capable of determining the full Stokes vector of each pixel in an image simultaneously without any movable parts or modulation. The proposed system creates four channels by utilizing a fixed and rugged lenslet array to produce an exact replica of the incident image through each channel. Analysis of the instrument matrix singularities is discussed. Since all Stokes vector images are determined simultaneously, the processing speed of such a system is high, makes it very attractive for several important applications. Furthermore, the proposed system is expected to reduce several errors associated with conventional imaging polarimeters that employ movable parts.
Magnetostrictively induced vibration of film-substrate plates

We present a method to predict the dynamic behavior of a magnetostrictive bimorph during free vibration as well as magnetically induced forced vibration. The cases considered are those in which the film and the substrate are mechanically and magnetically isotropic, the magnetization is confined to the plane of the film, and an alternating magnetic field is applied in a direction parallel to the plane of the plate. The calculation scheme proposed is based on a set of nonlinear constitutive laws used to calculate the strains observed in a magnetostrictive material in terms of the stress and the magnetic field applied. The constitutive laws are combined with the classical laminated plate theory to formulate the equations of motion of a magnetostrictive bimorph. In contrast with the expressions derived by previous authors, we consider the magnetic field as one of the independent variables. This feature allows us to calculate not only the natural frequencies of a bimorph but also the frequencies at which a specific magnetic field can be applied to induce resonance in a specimen. To illustrate and validate the method proposed, we consider a cantilever plate and a plate in which all four edges are free. The computations show that the dynamic deformation induced by an in-plane field can include twisting as well as bending deflections. We also show that the direction of application of a magnetic field can be used to tailor the dynamic response of a bimorph. Our calculations are seen to offer significant improvements over the ones obtained with previous models. One of the advantages of the method proposed is that it can be used regardless of the relative thickness of the substrate with respect to that of the film.
Quantitation of crystallinity in substantially amorphous pharmaceuticals and study of crystallization kinetics by X-ray powder diffractometry

The first object was to develop an X-ray diffractometric method for the detection and quantification of crystalline sucrose when it occurs as a mixture with amorphous sucrose. Standards consisting of amorphous sucrose physically mixed with 1 to 5 weight percent crystalline sucrose were prepared. The sum of the background subtracted integrated intensities of the 12.7°2θ (6.94 A) and 13.1°2θ (6.73 A) sucrose diffraction peaks were linearly related to the weight percent crystalline sucrose. The limits of detection and quantitation of crystalline sucrose were 0.9% and 1.8% w/w, respectively. The second object was to study the kinetics of crystallization of sucrose as a function of temperature (at 102, 105 and 110 °C under a water vapor pressure of 0 Torr) and water vapor pressure (17.4, 19.8 and 21.4 Torr at 27 °C). In all cases, the crystallization kinetics was best described by the Avrami-Erofe’ev model (three-dimensional nucleation).
The effects of sulfide on the anaerobic metabolism of two congeneric species of mudflat clams

Abstract 1. 1. Mudflat dwelling bivalves undergo intermittent periods of anoxia and elevated sulfide during tidal exposure. 2. 2. The sulfide uptake, tolerance and changes in anaerobic metabolite concentrations during sulfide exposure were investigated in two congeneric clam species Macoma secta and M. nasuta . 3. 3. Both species showed a lower tolerance to anoxia in the presence of sulfide. 4. 4. Both species had the ability to maintain an internal sulfide concentration below that of the environment. 5. 5. Anaerobiosis in the presence of sulfide did not affect the utilization of glucose, glycogen, and aspartate energy reserves in M. secta while M. nasuta showed a significantly higher overall glycogen reserve, and a lower utilization of glucose and aspartate. 6. 6. Octopine levels in both clams were elevated following anoxic incubation in the presence of sulfide. 7. 7. The results suggest that M. nasuta 's higher sulfide tolerance may be due to regulation of basal metabolic rate during anoxic sulfide exposure.
Internal initiation of translation mediated by the 5' leader of a cellular mRNA

A Robosome-scanning model has been proposed to explain the initiation of eukaryotic messenger RNAs in which binding of the 43S ternary ribosomal subunit near or at the 5' end of the mRNA is facilitated by an interaction between the methylated cap-structure at the end of the mRNA and the cap-binding protein complex eIF-4F. But picornaviral mRNAs do not have a 5' terminal cap structure and are translated by internal ribosome binding. A cellular mRNA, encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein, can be translated in poliovirus-infected cells at a time when cap-dependent translation of host cell mRNAs is inhibited. We report here that the 5' leader of the binding protein mRNA can directly confer internal ribosome binding to an mRNA in mammalian cells, indicating that translation initiation by an internal ribosome-binding mechanism is used by eukaryotic mRNAs.
What Drives Perceived Fairness of Performance Appraisal? Exploring the Effects of Psychological Contract Fulfillment on Employees’ Perceived Fairness of Performance Appraisal in U.S. Federal Agencies

While the recent literature acknowledges the importance of performance appraisal fairness in high-performing organizations, one of the major challenges facing human resource management (HRM) is establishing both an effective and a fair performance appraisal system; yet little is known about the key organizational and psychological factors that affect employees’ perception of performance appraisal fairness, especially in public organizations. In regards to employees’ perception of performance appraisal fairness, most studies have focused on the structural factors rather than the cognitive or psychological perspectives. Particularly, one of the key overlooked factors driving employees’ perceived fairness of performance appraisal is psychological contract fulfillment, which describes the expectations between an employee and the employer and what each gives and expects in return from the other. This study examines whether psychological contract fulfillments are associated with employees’ perceived fairness of...
A preliminary comparison of synchronous venues for distance learning: traditional videoconferencing vs. web-based conferencing

Synchronous venues are often preferred in distance learning settings as they most closely approximate the face-to-face experience. This paper examines two synchronous venues: videoconferencing and web-based conferencing. Both are compared, instructionally and administratively, to face-to-face venues, as well as to each other. A brief case is reviewed with respect to the use of both venues in a single environment and salient experiences with each. While the videoconferencing technology is more mature and tested, in many ways it is less adequate at approximating the instructional approaches typically common to face-to-face venues than the newer and emerging technology of web-based conferencing.
Overview: Techniques for the Analysis of Spectral and Orbital Congestion in Space Systems

Future growth in commercial and military space systems is constrained by technical problems associated with the frequency spectrum, by orbital congestion, and by costs stemming from proliferated terminals. The authors outline an Air Force sponsored research project to design and develop a capability for predicting and analyzing the spectrum/orbital geometry requirements of current/projected U.S. and international space-related systems. The two essential components of the project are a comprehensive space environment data base and a computer analysis program. In combination, they will provide a resource for evaluating engineering and architectural designs, identifying and analyzing the impact of intentional and unintentional electromagnetic interference, and predicting probable saturation conditions in spectrum usage and satellite/orbital positions. The projected capabilities could provide an essential national resource for management decisionmaking and architectural planning on space-related programs. The U.S. Air Force Space Division is establishing a continuing project to utilize these capabilities.
Functional optical coherence tomography of stimulated and spontaneous scattering changes in neural tissue

We demonstrate the use of functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT) for observing action potential propagation by detecting scattering changes in neural tissue. FOCT images of nerve fibers from the abdominal ganglion of the sea slug Aplysia californica were obtained before, during, and after electrical stimulation with monophasic as well as biphasic voltage pulses. A reversible localized increase in optical scattering was noted in the images obtained during stimulation compared to the images obtained before stimulation. In addition, M (motion)-mode images showed transient optical changes due to spontaneous electrical activity. To exclude local laser-induced temperature changes as a source for stimulation, we monitored the temperature effects of prolonged laser exposure with a thermistor and found that there was no substantial temperature increase. We conclude that OCT is sensitive to the optical changes induced in electrically stimulated nerve fibers, and that there is minimal tissue heating and no detectable damage caused by exposure to the laser.
Guided Analysis: An Experiment in Educational Technique

Everyone who takes a serious interest in undergraduate teaching is capable of reciting a list of comparatively recent innovations in educational technique. The terms individualized instruction, computer-assisted study, self-learning center, and self-contained learning module (to name a few) have been added to most of our vocabularies, if not to our actual teaching repertoire. Yet no single innovation has emerged as clearly superior to the others or to the conventional lecture format. After attending numerous seminars on these techniques, the author has drawn two conclusions. First, variety is essential. This means that no single innovation is likely to sweep all others aside. Second, by concentrating on the method of delivery, it is possible to break material into units so small that students lose the power to integrate its concepts. A new educational technique known as guided analysis is now evolving, which is consistent with both of the observations just cited. It promotes variety of delivery in the educational program, and it places heavy emphasis on concept integration. If one accepts Maslow's hierarchy of needs, then the highest level of intellectual activity is to become an independent decision maker.' This suggests that much of the advantage to be gained through higher education is in the ability to face a new problem area, to bring acquired knowledge to bear on unfamiliar ground, and to reach a workable decision by evaluating a variety of alternative solutions. This process is something more than the sum of individual building blocks of knowledge. One of the major difficulties facing educators is that the transition from skill acquisition to problem solving in an unstructured environment is not a simple one. In an on-the-job environment, problems are often so ill defined that merely recognizing the real nature of the problem takes considerable skill. Guided analysis is designed specifically to bridge the gap between skill acquisition and unstructured decision making. The objective of this paper is to describe the technique itself and to discuss its application in an experimental program at Oregon State University.2 Guided Analysis
Voluntary alcohol consumption alters stress-induced changes in dopamine-2 receptor binding in Wistar-Kyoto rat brain.

Abstract The Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat has been proposed as an animal model of depressive behavior and exhibits hyper-responsiveness to stressful stimulation when compared to other rat strains. We have demonstrated that WKY rats consume 200% more alcohol under naive conditions as compared to their outbred counterparts, Wistar (WIS) rats. The present study was designed to understand the influence of stress and alcohol consumption on central dopamine type-2 (D2) receptor sites in these two behaviorally distinct rat strains. The first part of this study examined the effects of chronic stress on alcohol consumption, while the second part examined the binding of [125I]-Iodosulpiride to D2 receptors in control, stressed or stress and alcohol co-treated WKY compared to WIS rats. Exposure to chronic stress led to an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed by both rat strains, with WKY rats consuming significantly more alcohol than WIS rats with or without stress exposure. Quantitative autoradiography experiments showed that chronic stress increased D2 receptor binding in the caudate putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAc), substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of WKY rats, and reduced receptor binding in the CPu and SN of WIS rats. Compared to the stressed animals, WKY rats co-treated with stress and alcohol demonstrated a reduction in D2 receptor sites in the cell body regions (SN and VTA), while WIS rats showed no changes in receptor binding. The observed changes in D2 receptor sites may indicate altered DA neurotransmission following stress and alcohol exposure. Since stressed WKY rats consumed more alcohol, it is possible that consumption of alcohol reverses the stress-induced D2 receptor alterations in the cell body regions, suggestive of a self medicating phenotype.
Forgive and Forget? Forgiveness, Personality, and Wellness Among Counselors‐in‐Training

Forgiveness as a method of addressing “wounds” has been linked to enduring aspects of personality and improved physical and mental health outcomes. The aim of this study was to understand the effects of forgiveness on counseling students’ overall wellness. Counseling students (N= 115) from 5 universities completed self-report measures of forgiveness, wellness, and personality. Results indicate that, when personality factors are controlled, forgiveness contributes a significant proportion (10%) of the variance in wellness for counseling students. Implications for counselor training and counseling are discussed.
White spots in tuberous sclerosis

Hypopigmented macules were present in 18 of 23 patients with tuberous sclerosis. The lesions, which averaged 1 to 3 cm. in diameter, were usually oval with irregular margins. One patient also had partial albinism, and 3 patients had hundreds of finely stippled hypopigmented spots on thir legs. Hypopigmented macules are usually present at birth or appear early in the newborn period and are probably the earliest detectable cutaneous sign of tuberous sclerosis. In a control study, none of 55 neurologically handicapped children had white spots. A single hypopigmented macule was found in 1 of 100 neurologically normal children also examined.
A Note on Regional Variation in Navajo Kinship Terminology1

Analysis of genealogies collected from ninety-four Navajo respondents living in two widely separated areas of their reservation revealed significant regional variation in kinship terminology. Considerable individual variability in the terminologies from one of these regions suggests that the kinship terminology in this region may be changing. The reasons for this possible change are unclear, but we note that the kinship terminology in this region resembles that of the nearby Hopi.
Thermodynamics of freezing and melting of4He in Vycor

Recently it was discovered that helium in confined geometries remains a liquid at pressures considerably above bulk melting. By combining a special technique for measuring pressures in small pores with thermal measurements, the phase diagram has been obtained for freezing and melting of4He in Vycor glass. The measurements cover the range of temperature from 0.8 to 2.5 K and extend to pressures of 6.0 MPa. At 1 K,4He is found to remain a liquid up to 4.2 MPa. The change in volume and latent heat on freezing are found and a complete analysis is given of the thermodynamics of freezing of helium in the Vycor.
Metal matrix composites produced from yttrium based or high yttrium content alloys

Abstract This paper surveys the author's production of metal matrix composite from yttrium or high yttrium content alloys. Composite materials have been produced by directional solidification and/or cooling in the yttrium—oxygen system. Additionally, metal—metal matrix composites were produced by deformation processing. These materials have been produced in the yttrium—titanium system and in the yttrium—niobium system are analogous to those formed in copper—niobium alloys. Here a precursor alloy is cold worked such that both phases co-deform. This produces a fine filamentary reinforcing phase within a continuous matrix phase. Both methods produce materials with interesting microstructures and possible new methods for the production of structural materials from yttrium, scandium or the other rare earth metals.
The epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder.

Abstract There are three reasons why a review of the existing data on the epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder may be indicated: (1) to summarize the general differences between unipolar and bipolar affective disorder; (2) to illustrate the similarities and differences in biopolar disease (especially mania) and chronic schizophrenia, and (3) to look more closely at the depression of bipolar and unipolar disease.
Mortality, Morbidity, and Cost-Accounting Related to Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in the Elderly

Abstract The purpose of this study was to document early mortality, perioperative complication rate, duration of hospitalization, and costs related to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the elderly. Arbitrarily, elderly patients were defined by age greater than or equal to 65 years; younger patients were less than or equal to 60 years old. A detailed list of specific perioperative complications was analyzed. Early (30-day) mortality was similar between groups, while 120-day mortality was higher among elderly compared with younger patients (7.6% versus 1.3%; p = 0.05). The number of elderly patients with 1 or more complications was also higher than among the younger patients (62% versus 43%; p = 0.05). When the incidences of atrial arrhythmias and transient psychoses were considered minor complications and excluded from consideration, the incidence of major complications was higher in the elderly: 41 major events among 76 younger surviving patients compared with 89 major complications in 61 older surviving patients ( p = 0.001). Time spent in the intensive care unit and the duration of postoperative hospitalization were also greater in the elderly ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.001, respectively). Finally, the elderly group incurred greater costs than the younger patients ( p = 0.03). The likelihood of increased perioperative morbidity in elderly patients is documented in this study. Also, it appears that the increased frequency of complications in elderly patients is associated with a longer hospital stay and greater financial expense. Consequently, the careful preoperative evaluation of these patients, including cautious patient selection, assumes greater importance. After CABG procedures, the highly symptomatic elderly patient may experience dramatic relief of symptoms. Another goal of such surgery should be to optimize the quality of life. If these aims can be achieved, the greater utilization of hospital resources and the expense associated with CABG in the elderly may be justified.
Intermolecular forces between low generation PAMAM dendrimer condensed DNA helices: role of cation architecture

In recent years, dendriplexes, complexes of cationic dendrimers with DNA, have become attractive DNA delivery vehicles due to their well-defined chemistries. To better understand the nature of the forces condensing dendriplexes, we studied low generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer–DNA complexes and compared them to comparably charged linear arginine peptides. Using osmotic stress coupled with X-ray scattering, we have investigated the effect of molecular chain architecture on DNA–DNA intermolecular forces that determine the net attraction and equilibrium interhelical distance within these polycation condensed DNA arrays. In order to compact DNA, linear cations are believed to bind in DNA grooves and to interact with the phosphate backbone of apposing helices. We have previously shown a length dependent attraction resulting in higher packaging densities with increasing charge for linear cations. Hyperbranched polycations, such as polycationic dendrimers, presumably would not be able to bind to DNA and correlate their charges in the same manner as linear cations. We show that attractive and repulsive force amplitudes in PAMAM–DNA assemblies display significantly different trends than comparably charged linear arginines resulting in lower DNA packaging densities with increasing PAMAM generation. The salt and pH dependencies of packaging in PAMAM dendrimer–DNA and linear arginine–DNA complexes were also investigated. Significant differences in the force curve behaviour and salt and pH sensitivities suggest that different binding modes may be present in DNA condensed by dendrimers when compared to linear polycations.
Ectopic expression of MYB46 identifies transcriptional regulatory genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

MYB46 functions as a transcriptional switch that turns on the genes necessary for secondary wall biosynthesis. Elucidating the transcriptional regulatory network immediately downstream of MYB46 is crucial to our understanding of the molecular and biochemical processes involved in the biosynthesis and deposition of secondary walls in plants. To gain insights into MYB46-mediated transcriptional regulation, we first established an inducible secondary wall thickening system in Arabidopsis by expressing MYB46 under the control of dexamethasone-inducible promoter. Then, we used an ATH1 GeneChip microarray and Illumina digital gene expression system to obtain a series of transcriptome profiles with regard to the induction of secondary wall development. These analyses allowed us to identify a group of transcription factors whose expression coincided with or preceded the induction of secondary wall biosynthetic genes. A transient transcriptional activation assay was used to confirm the hierarchical relationships among the transcription factors in the network. The in vivo assay showed that MYB46 transcriptionally activates downstream target transcription factors, three of which (AtC3H14, MYB52 and MYB63) were shown to be able to activate secondary wall biosynthesis genes. AtC3H14 activated the transcription of all of the secondary wall biosynthesis genes tested, suggesting that AtC3H14 may be another master regulator of secondary wall biosynthesis. The transcription factors identified here may include direct activators of secondary wall biosynthesis genes. The present study discovered novel hierarchical relationships among the transcription factors involved in the transcriptional regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis, and generated several testable hypotheses.
Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands

Post-agricultural ecosystems are increasingly prevalent in contemporary landscapes. Understanding the ecological impacts of agricultural legacies, which may last for decades to millennia following agricultural abandonment, is critical for interpreting contemporary patterns of biodiversity and for informing strategies for the restoration of post-agricultural ecosystems. However, the study of agricultural legacies is complicated by non-random land-use decisions: areas selected for agriculture commonly differ from non-agricultural areas in ways that may confound interpretation of agricultural legacies (e.g., agricultural areas may have more productive soils). We evaluated legacies of tillage agriculture in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woodlands of the Southeastern United States, using a paired-plot study design (n = 29 paired remnant and post-agricultural woodlands) to minimize the confounding influence of non-random past land-use decisions. Agricultural legacies were prevalent, but not due to differences in the types of sites selected for agriculture. Nearly 60 years after agricultural abandonment and afforestation, numerous soil attributes (i.e., N, P, organic matter, soil water holding capacity) remain altered in post-agricultural woodlands, relative to adjacent remnants. Overstory tree abundance and understory plant species richness were similar in remnant and post-agricultural woodlands, but we found a pronounced agricultural legacy on over- and understory plant community composition. Understory compositional differences were striking, particularly given the proximity of post-agricultural woodlands to immediately adjacent remnant source populations and the time (>50 years) for source populations to spread. This difference in understory community composition could be caused by the persistent environmental differences we observed or by dispersal limitation, as evidenced by greater species richness in post-agricultural sites with greater historical landscape connectivity. We suggest that future experimental work will further assist in a mechanistic understanding of how agricultural legacies impede understory plant recovery and that this understanding will benefit the formulation of strategies for the restoration of post-agricultural longleaf pine woodlands and other forested systems.
Individual differences in the allocation of attention to items in working memory: Evidence from pupillometry

We utilized pupillary responses as an online measure of attentional allocation and fluctuations in attention in order to better examine both how attention is allocated to items in working memory (WM) and individual differences therein. We found that the pupillary response during a delay was modulated by the number of items to be held in memory, reaching asymptote close to capacity limits. Furthermore, we found that during the delay, how individuals allocated attention to items in WM depended on the number of items to be held, as well as on an individual’s capacity. Finally, we found that pretrial pupil diameter distinguished correct and error responses and that individuals with more variability in pretrial pupil diameter had lower behavioral capacity estimates. These results suggest that individual differences in WM are due both to differences in the amount of attention that can be allocated to maintain items in WM and to differences in fluctuations in attention control across trials.
Development of the popliteomeniscal fasciculi in the fetal human knee joint

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to better understand the function of the popliteomeniscal fasciculi and their relationship to the popliteus tendon and the lateral meniscus by describing these structures during embryonic development. Type of Study: Anatomic dissection and histologic evaluation. Methods: Twelve fresh-frozen lower extremity specimens (6 paired limbs) from second and third trimester human fetuses were obtained from spontaneous abortions. Each specimen was fixed in formalin and decalcified in 9.0% nitric oxide. The specimens were prepared by removal of all skin and most of the soft tissues before dissection of the lateral meniscus, parts of the posterolateral joint capsule, and the popliteus tendon and muscle. The right-side specimens were sectioned in the transverse plane, and the left-side specimens in the coronal plane. Histologic sections were prepared with H&E and Masson's trichrome stains. Light microscopy was used to evaluate the lateral meniscal attachment, with detailed attention to the popliteomeniscal fasciculi. Results: The close interrelationship of lateral meniscus and popliteus tendon, especially during embryologic development, does give a better understanding how the fasciculi stabilize the lateral meniscus and allow the popliteus tendon to function as a retractor of the lateral meniscus. The fasciculi consist of 3 layers including a dense collagen layer, a vascular layer, and a synovial or capsular layer. Conclusions: During embryologic development, the fasciculi appeared to provide a vascular supply to the lateral meniscus adjacent to the popliteal hiatus where the meniscus is devoid of capsular attachments. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 1 (January), 2001: pp 14–18
The role of risk perceptions in the risk mitigation process: The case of wildfire in high risk communities

An important policy question receiving considerable attention concerns the risk perception–risk mitigation process that guides how individuals choose to address natural hazard risks. This question is considered in the context of wildfire. We analyze the factors that influence risk reduction behaviors by homeowners living in the wildland–urban interface. The factors considered are direct experience, knowledge of wildfire risk, locus of responsibility, fulltime/seasonal status, and self-efficacy. Survey data from three homeowner associations in the western U.S. are used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of this relationship. Our results indicate that the effects of knowledge and locus of responsibility are mediated by homeowners’ risk perceptions. We also find that beliefs of self-efficacy and fulltime/ seasonal status have a direct influence on risk reduction behaviors. Finally, we find, surprisingly, that direct experience with wildfire does not directly influence the risk perception–risk mitigation process.
Preparation and X-ray structures of 2-[(aryl)iodonio]benzenesulfonates: novel diaryliodonium betaines

Herein we present a concise preparation and characterization of 2-[(aryl)iodonio]benzenesulfonates. Determination of the X-ray crystal structure reveals a distorted trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry about iodine and a pseudo-square geometry within the unit cell. Initial experiments point to the promising application of these compounds for unique 2-sulfonyloxyarenes.
Kit preparation of radioiodinated o‐iodohippuran

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate a kit preparation for radioiodinated o -iodohippuran (I). All ingredients, excluding the radionuclide, were packaged in a ready-to-use kit for easy, quick formulation. Electrophoresis was utilized to evaluate the radiochemical purity of the labeled product and indicated that the radiolabeling technique provided a product with >95% radiochemical purity. Biodistribution studies in rats and rabbits provided an indication of the tissue distribution and localization of the radiopharmaceutical. Computer-generated renogram curves plotted from γ-camera images of rabbits showed the equivalency of the 131 I-labeled I and 123 I-labeled I to the commercially available radiopharmaceutical.
In situ High‐Field Dynamic Nuclear Polarization—Direct and Indirect Polarization of 13C nuclei

In a dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiment, the large Boltzmann polarization of a paramagnetic polarizing agent is transferred to surrounding nuclei by microwave irradiation at the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) frequency.[1] The initial DNP experiments were performed in the early 50’s [2], but until recently the approach was of limited applicability because it was constrained to low magnetic fields due to a dearth of high frequency microwave sources. However, high-frequency (130-660 GHz), high-power microwave sources are now available and improving, and as a result there have been substantial efforts to move DNP to magnetic fields used in contemporary NMR experiments (200–1000 MHz for 1H). Thus, in the last decade high-frequency DNP has emerged as a valuable method to overcome the intrinsic low sensitivity of liquid and solid-state NMR experiments.[3–5] In particular, with its increased signal intensities, DNP is of significant interest in applications ranging from particle physics [6] to structural biology [4,5] and clinical imaging.[7]
Effects of Helium Mixing on the Evolution of Globular Cluster Stars

New noncanonical sequences for the evolution of globular cluster stars have been computed in order to investigate the effects of mixing helium from the hydrogen shell into the envelope during the red giant branch (RGB) phase. The possible occurrence of such mixing, driven by internal rotation, is suggested by the observed abundance variations involving C, N, O, Na, and Al in globular cluster red giants. We find that helium mixing can substantially increase the envelope helium abundance. By increasing the RGB tip luminosity, helium mixing also leads to enhanced mass loss along the RGB. Both of these effects have a potentially large impact on the subsequent horizontal-branch (HB) evolution. In particular, helium mixing produces a bluer HB morphology, thereby making it easier to explain the hot HB population found in various stellar systems, as well as the difference in HB morphology between some second parameter pairs of globular clusters. Helium-mixed sequences show a larger RR Lyrae period shift and predict a smaller age for the metal-poor globular clusters. In addition, such sequences can reproduce the low gravities observed in blue HB stars.
Comparison of 1,25-, 25-, and 24,25-hydroxylated vitamin D3 binding in fetal rat calvariae and osteogenic sarcoma cells.

The hormonal metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], exerts its biological effects by binding to a cytosolic receptor protein. Such a protein has been demonstrated in vitamin D3 target organs including fetal rat calvariae and more recently in rat osteogenic sarcoma cells. In this study we have compared the binding of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in fetal rat calvariae and osteogenic sarcoma (OS) cells. Sucrose density sedimentation, DNA-cellulose chromatography, and intracellular uptake studies have been employed to evaluate these interactions. In cytosol preparations from calvariae, [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 bound to a 3.3S macromolecule and to a much greater extent to a 5.8S macromolecule while both [3H]25(OH)D3 and [3H]24,25(OH)2D3 bound to the 5.8S macromolecule. By incubating intact calvariae and OS cells with labeled metabolites and thus establishing binding intracellularly prior to cell disruption, we have found that the 3.3S protein which has high specificity for 1,25(OH)2D3 occurs inside the cells; the 5.8S protein, however, does not occur inside the cells but is generated after cell disruption. The [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3-receptor complex adsorbed to DNA-cellulose and was eluted from this affinity resin at 0.28M KCl. In contrast, [3H]25(OH)D3 and [3H]-24,25(OH)2D3 binding activity did not adsorb to DNA-cellulose. We conclude that, in contrast to the 3.3S protein, the 5.8S macromolecule does not fulfill receptor criteria but is rather generated by the experimental manipulation of the bone cells. Our data suggest that the vitamin D3 actions on bone are mediated only via the 3.3S receptor, and hence quantitative but not qualitative differences of the effects of the various metabolites are feasible.
Host-finding behavior of onion flies, Hylemya antiqua.

Host-finding behavior by the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), was observed in the field in response to sliced onions (the host plant), barnyard grass ( Echinochloa sp.), and a control treatment. More flies landed within 0.5 m of the onion bait than within 0.5 m of any of the other treatments. Flies which landed downwind of the onion bait flew directly or in a series of short flights toward the volatile source. These behaviors were not observed in the vicinity of the other treatments. Traps designed to assess flight direction with respect to the wind substantiated the observations of female and male upwind flight in response to distant host-plant odors. These results show that onion flies locate host plants as a result of positive taxes, of which anemotaxis plays a significant role.
VCAST: An Infrastructure-Less Vehicular Traffic Information Service with Distance-Sensitive Precision

In this paper, we describe VCAST, an algorithm for obtaining individual vehicle location as well as aggregate traffic information over an infrastructure-less multi-hop wireless vehicular network. VCAST can be used to improve safety against collisions, inform about approaching emergency vehicles and lane merging vehicles (that may even be beyond a single hop communication range) and to enable dynamic routing and navigation techniques by providing aggregate traffic information in an extended neighborhood. To ensure scalability in forwarding information over multiple hops, we exploit a notion of distance sensitivity in information propagation, by which traffic information is propagated at a rate that decreases linearly with distance from the source. By doing so, traffic information can be obtained with a staleness, which is a measure of error in the traffic information, that is bounded by O(d_h^2) where d_h is the communication hop distance from the source of the information. At the same time, the required communication rate per unit time at each node only depends on the radius of the region in terms of communication hops, and not on the vehicular density or the number of vehicles in the region. VCAST does not require any special hardware or modification to vehicular transmission standards; instead it can simply piggyback on basic Here I am communication for vehicular networks.