cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification by monoclonal antibodies of T-cell subpopulations activated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).

Abstract Two major T-cell subpopulations obtained from human peripheral blood were studied for their capacity to be activated by the tumor promoting agent, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The subpopulations were identified and separated from each other by their reactivity either to the monoclonal antibody, OKT4 or OKT8, followed by complement-dependent lysis. The fraction enriched in T8+ cells showed approximately a 1.2–2.0-fold greater proliferative response to TPA (20 ng/ml) than did the T4+ cell subset. Optimal activation required the presence of monocytes. Comparison of the mitotic activity showed that the sum of each T-cell subset was less than a mixture of the two. This indicates either a unilateral or cooperative interaction of mitogenesis in the presence of TPA.
Structural and functional properties distinguish two types of multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus.

We distinguish two types of large multipolar cells designated sustained (Cs) and onset (Oc) choppers in the anterior posteroventral cochlear nucleus (A-PVCN)/nerve root region on the basis of certain anatomical and physiological features. Cs axons head into the trapezoid body, while Oc axons use the intermediate acoustic stria of Held. At the electron microscopic (EM) level, collateral terminals of Oc axons contain pleomorphic vesicles; Cs terminals contain small round vesicles. Cs dendritic trees tend to be distributed in a stellate fashion while Oc dendritic trees tend to be elongated. At the EM level the sustained chopper somata are sparsely innervated while the proximal dendritic tree receives considerably more input. The Oc somata are highly innervated and this heavy innervation continues out onto the proximal dendrites. Distally the dendritic innervation falls off considerably for both categories. Physiologically, members of the Oc population have wider dynamic ranges at the characteristic frequency (CF), wider response areas that are typically not flanked by inhibitory sidebands, and responses to short tones that do not show the same form of regularity expressed by sustained choppers. Intracellularly the sustained choppers exhibit sustained depolarization to short tones for the duration of the stimulus with resultant regular spiking at a rate that is stimulus level dependent. The response to swept tone shows this same level-dependent regularity. In response to tones, the Oc cells also show a sustained depolarization whose amplitude is stimulus-level dependent but whose range is much greater and whose onset is initiated more abruptly. Although the onset component of the Oc spike output is reliably initiated by these levels of depolarization, regular firing to the sustained depolarization is not initiated at levels of depolarization that would surely generate regular firing in sustained choppers. This regularity is also absent in the swept tone response despite marked levels of excitation.
A model of selective processing of auditory-nerve inputs by stellate cells of the antero-ventral cochlear nucleus

Stellate cells in the cat antero-ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) maintain a robust rate-place representation of vowel spectra over a wide range of stimulus levels. This rate-place representation resembles that of low threshold, high spontaneous rate (SR) auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) at low stimulus levels, and that of high threshold, low-medium SR ANFs at high stimulus levels. One hypothesis accounting for this phenomenon is that AVCN stellate cells selectively process inputs from different SR population of ANFs in a level-dependent fashion. In this paper, we investigate a neural mechanism that can support selective processing of ANF inputs by stellate cells. We study a physiologically detailed compartmental model of stellate cells. The model reproduces PST histograms and rate-versus-level functions measured in real cells. These results indicate that simple and plausible distribution patterns of excitatory and inhibitory inputs within the stellate cell dendritic tree can support level dependent selective processing. Factors affecting selective processing are identified. This study thus represents a first step towards the development of a computational model of the AVCN stellate cell receptive field.
Preparation of 14C2-cis-1,2-dichloroethylene from 14C2-trichloroethylene using a cobalt porphyrin catalyst

A protocol for producing 14C2-cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (14C2-cis-DCE) from 14C2-trichloroethylene (14C2-TCE) was developed as an economical alternative to commercial, custom synthesis of 14C2-cis-DCE. The method uses 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin cobalt(II) as a catalyst in the presence of titanium(III) citrate to convert 14C2-TCE to 14C2-cis-DCE as shown in Figure 1. A purge-and-trap technique was used to isolate 14C2-cis-DCE to provide a methanolic stock solution of high purity (97% cis-DCE). The overall 14C2-cis-DCE yield of the process was approximately 53%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatially resolved dynamics of the TiO2(110) surface reconstruction

Abstract We use low-energy electron microscopy to image the reversible transformation of the TiO 2 (1 1 0) surface between a high-temperature 1 × 1 structure and a low-temperature 1 × 2 structure. The reconstruction dynamics are novel: 1 × 2 bands nucleated during cooling at the steps of the starting 1 × 1 surface and then grew laterally from the steps. The transformation kinetics are dominated by mass flow from the surface to the bulk, a process that facilitates converting the high-density 1 × 1 phase to the lower-density 1 × 2 phase. We have also imaged how the 1 × 1 surface reconstructs to 1 × 2 phase after sufficient oxygen is removed from the crystal’s bulk during vacuum annealing. 1 × 2 bands also nucleated and grew laterally from the initial 1 × 1-surface’s steps. However, because this isothermal 1 × 1-to-1 × 2 transition occurs largely by mass redistribution on the surface, the steps of the initial 1 × 1 surface and final 1 × 2 surface are offset. We propose models of mass redistribution during the 1 × 1/1 × 2 phase transition to explain this effect. We conclude that the phase transition is first-order because it always occurred by the nucleation and growth of discrete phases. Finally, we show that quenching can roughen TiO 2 ’s surface by forming pits and that changing temperature causes step motion on 1 × 2 surfaces.
Improvement of pharmacological properties of irreversible thyroid receptor coactivator binding inhibitors.

We have previously reported the discovery and preliminary structure activity relationships of a series of β-aminoketones that disrupt the binding of coactivators to TR. However, the most active compounds had moderate inhibitory potency and relatively high cytotoxicity, resulting in narrow therapeutic index. Additionally, preliminary evaluation of in vivo toxicology revealed a significant dose related cardiotoxicity. Here we describe the improvement of pharmacological properties of thyroid hormone receptor coactivator binding inhibitors. A comprehensive survey of the effects of substitutents in key areas of the molecule was carried out based on mechanistic insight from the earlier report. This study revealed that both electron withdrawing and hydrophobic substituents on the aromatic ring led to higher potency. On the other hand, moving from an alkyl to a sulfonyl alkyl side chain led to reduced cytotoxicity. Finally, utilization of amine moieties having low pKa’s resulted in lowered ion channel activity wi...
Echinococcal cyst (hydatid) of spleen and liver

Abstract 1. 1. Two cases of echinococcal cyst are reported, one originating in the left lobe of the liver and the other in the spleen with recurrence in the omentum and left subdiaphragmatic area and upper surface of the urinary bladder. 2. 2. One patient was a native Hungarian, while the other was born in Italy. 3. 3. Both had symptoms greatly simulating peptic ulcer following operation but the diagnosis of ulcer could not be verified by x-ray or at operation.
Mechanical behavior of shear bands and the effect of their relaxation in a rolled amorphous Al-based alloy

Abstract Using nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the effect of cold rolling and subsequent annealing on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of an amorphous Al–Ni–Y alloy has been investigated. Rolling moderates the serrated flow as compared with the as-spun alloy. Annealing recovers the serrated flow, and the rolled/annealed sample exhibits even more pronounced serrations than the as-spun sample. Rolling reduces the hardness, whereas annealing enhances it substantially. Combining HRTEM with frequency filtering, nanovoids at shear bands in the rolled and rolled/annealed samples were imaged. In the rolled sample, a great number of nanovoids are located in the interior of shear bands. Annealing does not change their distribution. The excess free volume has a more substantial impact on the plastic-deformation resistance of shear bands than do the nanovoids.
A methodology for control-relevant nonlinear system identification using restricted complexity models

Abstract A broadly-applicable, control-relevant system identification methodology for nonlinear restricted complexity models (RCMs) is presented. Control design based on RCMs often leads to controllers which are easy to interpret and implement in real-time. A control-relevant identification method is developed to minimize the degradation in closed-loop performance as a result of RCM approximation error. A two-stage identification procedure is presented. First, a nonlinear ARX model is estimated from plant data using an orthogonal least squares algorithm; a Volterra series model is then generated from the nonlinear ARX model. In the second stage, a RCM with the desired structure is estimated from the Volterra series model through a model reduction algorithm that takes into account closed-loop performance requirements. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using two chemical reactor examples.
The Extreme-ultraviolet Emission from Sun-grazing Comets

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory has observed two Sun-grazing comets as they passed through the solar atmosphere. Both passages resulted in a measurable enhancement of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) radiance in several of the AIA bandpasses. We explain this EUV emission by considering the evolution of the cometary atmosphere as it interacts with the ambient solar atmosphere. Molecules in the comet rapidly sublimate as it approaches the Sun. They are then photodissociated by the solar radiation field to create atomic species. Subsequent ionization of these atoms produces a higher abundance of ions than normally present in the corona and results in EUV emission in the wavelength ranges of the AIA telescope passbands.
The Mexican War, 1846-1848

"Much has been written about the Mexican war, but this ...is the best military history of that conflict...Leading personalities, civilian and military, Mexican and American, are given incisive and fair evaluations. The coming of war is seen as unavoidable, given American expansion and Mexican resistance to loss of territory, compounded by the fact that neither side understood the other. The events that led to war are described with reference to military strengths and weaknesses, and every military campaign and engagement is explained in clear detail and illustrated with good maps...Problems of large numbers of untrained volunteers, discipline and desertion, logistics, diseases and sanitation, relations with Mexican civilians in occupied territory, and Mexican guerrilla operations are all explained, as are the negotiations which led to war's end and the Mexican cession...This is an outstanding contribution to military history and a model of writing which will be admired and emulated." (Journal of American History). K. Jack Bauer was also the author of Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest (1985) and Other Works. Robert W. Johannsen, who introduces this Bison Books edition of The Mexican War, is a professor of history at the University of Illinois, Urbana, and the author of To the Halls of Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (1985).
Safety profile in a parturient with permanent pacemaker who underwent successive lower segment cesarean section under spinal anesthesia

We present an unusual case of a young parturient who was diagnosed to have a complete heart block during her first pregnancy and permanent pacemaker was implanted. She underwent an elective cesarean section under subarachnoid block without any complications. The same patient presented after 15 months for emergency cesarean section. The surgery was again performed successfully under spinal anesthesia. The maternal and fetal outcome was excellent.
The Evolutionary Stability of Auctions over Bargaining

This paper considers equilibrium in transaction mechanisms. In an environment with homogeneous buyers and sellers, which eliminates the advantage auctions possess of matching buyers and sellers, both auctions and bargaining are equilibria. However, only auctions are evolutionarily stable. This identifies a new advantage of auctions over bargaining, arising from the division of the gains from trade.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C78, C73, D44.
Plastocyanin: Structure and function.

The aim of this review is to analyze the current state of knowledge concerning the blue copper protein plastocyanin (PC) focusing on its interactions with its reaction partners cytochromef and P700. Plastocyanin is a 10 kD blue copper protein which is located in the lumen of the thylakoid where it functions as a mobileelectron carrier shuttling electrons from cytochromef to P700 in Photosystem I. PC is a typical β-barrel protein containing a single copper center which is ligated to two histidines, a methionine and a cysteine in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. PC has two potential binding sites for reaction partners. Site 1 consists of the H87 ligand to the copper and Site 2 consists of Y83 which is surrounded by two clusters of negative charges which are highly conserved in higher plant PCs.
The Rhetoric of Comprehension in the Gospel of Matthew

To date, narrative critics have only begun to address the familiar question of what the theology – or better, the ‘theological point of view’ – of the respective canonical Gospels is. To remind ourselves, the theological point of view of a Gospel is the peculiar understanding of faith and life that governs its narrative world. Typically, the implied authors of the Gospels do not ‘tell’ their readers or hearers what their theological points of view are; instead, they ‘show’ their readers what they are through their respective descriptions of the settings, characters, and events found within their Gospels.
Electrochemical and in situ optical characterization of single micrometer-size particles of spherical nickel oxide in alkaline aqueous electrolytes

A method is herein described for the micromanipulation and subsequent in situ, real-time optical and spectroscopic characterization of individual micrometer-size particles of electrochemically active materials under potential control. This novel approach relies on the use of a micropipette to capture, by suction, single particles, which are then attached to the surface of a glass-encased microelectrode placed inside an empty, shallow Petri dish, and held in position by a small glass rod in the form of truncated cone. This configuration allows for particles to be placed directly beneath the microscope objective enabling visual and spectroscopic monitoring during electrochemical measurements by simply filling the dish with sufficient electrolyte to completely cover the particle and make electrolytic contact with a reference and a counter electrode. Illustrations are provided for particles of spherical Ni hydroxide, S-Ni(OH) 2 , in alkaline solutions, which following activation at fairly positive potentials, yielded an electrochemical response characteristic of Ni(OH) 2 in more conventional electrode configurations. The much darker appearance of NiOOH compared to the virtually translucent character of virgin S-Ni(OH) 2 allowed for the spatial and temporal evolution of charge flow within the microparticle to be monitored in real time during the first scan in the positive direction using computer-controlled video imaging.
ISOCAM Molecular Hydrogen Images of the Cepheus E Outflow

The physical characteristics of the Cepheus E "embedded" outflow are analyzed using ISOCAM images in the v = 0–0 S(5) 6.91 μm and S(3) 9.66 μm molecular hydrogen lines. We find that the morphology of the Cep E outflow in the ground vibrational H2 lines is similar to that in the near-infrared v = 1–0 2.12 μm line. At these mid-infrared wavelengths, we detect neither the second H2 outflow that is almost perpendicular to the Cep E 2.12 μm flow nor traces of H2 emission along the second 12CO J = 2–1 outflow, at an angle of ~52°, down to a surface brightness of 12–46 μJy arcsec-2. We do detect at 6.91 μm the likely source of the main H2 and CO outflows, IRAS 23011+6126, and show that the source is easily seen in all IRAS bands using HIRES images. The source is not detected at 9.66 μm, but we think this agrees with the interstellar extinction curve, which has a minimum at ~7 μm but rises at ~9.7 μm as a result of the strong absorption silicate feature, enhanced in this case by a cocoon surrounding the Class 0 object. This idea is supported by our models of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the central object. The models assume that the main source of opacity is due to bare silicates, and our best fit for the SED yields a total envelope mass of 17 M⊙ and a dust temperature of 18 K.
Juxtahepatic structures causing false positive liver scintiscan

A 40-yr-old white male had a liver scan performed as a general workup for right upper quadrant pain. Figure 1 represents the anterior liver scan (99mTc-sulfur colloid) of this patient, and it shows defects along the lateral, medial, and inferior borders giving the appearance of a quadrilobular (so-called "clover leaf") liver. At laparotomy, the liver was found to be devoid of any disease, thereby concluding that the defects seen in scintiscan were all pseudodefects. These pseudodefects were caused by a number of factors, such as costal impression, Riedel's lobe, enlarged quadrate lobe, and notching of left lobe, resulting in the appearance of a clover leaf. There are reports in the literature of a false positive liver scan caused by normal variations in intrinsic liver anatomy (such as notches, fissures, falciform ligament, lobes, etc.) and by disease processes in adjacent organs and structures
Finite Element Implementation of a Planar Soft Tissue Structural Constitutive Model for Heart Valve Simulations

Constitutive modeling is critical for numerical simulation and analysis of soft biological tissues. The highly nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical behaviors of soft tissues are typically due to the interaction of tissue microstructure. By incorporating information of fiber orientation and distribution at tissue microscopic scale, the structural model avoids ambiguities in material characterization. Moreover, structural models produce much more information than just simple stress-strain results, but can provide much insight into how soft tissues internally reorganize to external loads by adjusting their internal microstructure. It is only through simulation of an entire organ system can such information be derived and provide insight into physiological function. However, accurate implementation and rigorous validation of these models remains very limited. In the present study we implemented a structural constitutive model into a commercial finite element package for planar soft tissues. The structural model was applied to simulate strip biaxial test for native bovine pericardium, and a single pulmonary valve leaflet deformation. In addition to prediction of the mechanical response, we demonstrate how a structural model can provide deeper insights into fiber deformation fiber reorientation and fiber recruitment.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Stress induced crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films were grown on to thermally oxidized silicon wafers by Radio Frequency magnetron sputtering, and SiN x and Al 2 O 3 capping layers were used to control the residual thermal stress. After annealing, a comparison of the silicon films with and without capping layers indicates that tensile stress induced by the capping layer enhances the crystallinity of the annealed amorphous silicon film. The stress is due to the mismatch between the coefficients of thermal expansion for the capping layer and amorphous silicon film. These results highlight the potential of thermal stress as a means to alter the crystallization in thin film architectures and suggest that even larger effects can be obtained with suitable choices of capping layer chemistry.
On the influence of γ-Irradiation upon catalytic selectivity: I. Oxidation of ethylene over supported silver

Abstract The yield of ethylene oxide in the oxidation of ethylene over a commercial (Engelhard) supported catalyst is significantly enhanced by preirradiation of said catalyst in a 60Co γ-source. The effect is reversible in that reduction in H2 and reoxidation restores normal behavior and reirradiation in air restores the enhancement. Electron spectroscopy chemical analysis studies reveal that irradiation prompts the appearance of Ca upon the surface which rediffuses into the bulk upon reduction and reappears upon reirradiation. The observed yield of ethylene oxide enhancement is attributed to chemisorbed superoxide (of Ca) formation upon the surface, a postulate in accord with the speculation that ethylene oxide is generated via surface O2− sites.
3D automatic Cartesian grid generation for Euler flows

We describe a Cartesian grid strategy for the study of three dimensional inviscid flows about arbitrary geometries that uses both conventional and CAD/CAM surface geometry databases. Initial applications of the technique are presented. The elimination of the body-fitted constraint allows the grid generation process to be automated, significantly reducing the time and effort required to develop suitable computational grids for inviscid flowfield simulations.
Propionibacterium acnes causes postoperative brain abscesses unassociated with foreign bodies: case reports

Propionibacterium acnes was isolated in pure culture from brain abscesses that occurred in two patients after intracranial surgery. Although such infections are usually associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunts and other foreign bodies, these cases clearly demonstrate the pathogenicity of this anaerobic diphtheroid in the absence of such. Progression of P. acnes infection in the central nervous system can be insidious. To treat such infections adequately, therapy cannot rely upon some standard antimicrobial agents. Metronidazole, which is useful against most anaerobic organisms, is not effective against P. acnes.
Analysis and control of time-delay systems using finite dimensional approximations

Abstract Analysis and control of time-delay systems governed by differential-difference equations are considered using finite dimensional approximations obtained from truncated Taylor series expansion of the delay terms. Through the use of simple examples a tutorial presentation is given of some of the problems in control and analysis caused by the finite dimensional models.
Classical sine-Gordon limit of massive-Thirring-model thermodynamics

It has been shown numerically by Chung that in the classical sine-Gordon limit the low-temperature thermodynamic properties of the massive Thirring model, as calculated using the Bethe ansatz, correspond to those of a free-phonon gas. We give an analytic derivation of this result and find simple expressions for the finite-temperature "excitation-spectrum" functions, and discuss their physical significance.
Pain comparison of unbuffered versus buffered lidocaine in local wound infiltration

The purpose of this study was to compare the pain of infiltration between unbuffered lidocaine and buffered lidocaine in a traumatic laceration. Solutions of unbuffered 1% lidocaine and buffered 1% lidocaine were randomly assigned to Site I or Site II of a single laceration for each subject, with the patient serving as self-control. Pain scores were recorded for each site, and an anesthetic preference was determined for each patient. It was found that buffered lidocaine had a preference ratio of 3.0 over unbuffered lidocaine (95% confidence interval, 1.86 to 4.84; P less than 0.0001). It was also found that Site I was preferred more often than Site II regardless of which medication was used. The conclusion is that buffered lidocaine is preferred over unbuffered lidocaine and that the order of injection is an important factor in trials that involve multiple sequential injections in the same patient.
A theorem concerning certain sign symmetric matrices whose inverses are Morishima

Abstract Suppose A is an invertible sign symmetric matrix whose associated digraph D(A) is a tree. Then A-1 will be Morishima iff a⩾⩾ ⩾ 0 for all interior points ⩾ in D(A). A-1 will be anti-Morishima iff a⩾⩾ ⩽ 0 for all interior points ⩾ in D(A).
Intra-arterial Air Thrombogenesis after Cerebral Air Embolism Complicating Lower Extremity Sclerotherapy

Background Cerebral arterial gas embolism is a potentially life-threatening event. Intraarterial air can occlude blood flow directly or cause thrombosis. Sclerotherapy is an extremely rare cause of cerebral arterial gas embolism.
Graph theory findings in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of adult epilepsy. Accumulating evidence has shown that TLE is a disorder of abnormal epileptogenic networks, rather than focal sources. Graph theory allows for a network-based representation of TLE brain networks, and has potential to illuminate characteristics of brain topology conducive to TLE pathophysiology, including seizure initiation and spread. We review basic concepts which we believe will prove helpful in interpreting results rapidly emerging from graph theory research in TLE. In addition, we summarize the current state of graph theory findings in TLE as they pertain its pathophysiology. Several common findings have emerged from the many modalities which have been used to study TLE using graph theory, including structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, surface EEG, intracranial EEG, magnetoencephalography, functional MRI, cell cultures, simulated models, and mouse models, involving increased regularity of the interictal network configuration, altered local segregation and global integration of the TLE network, and network reorganization of temporal lobe and limbic structures. As different modalities provide different views of the same phenomenon, future studies integrating data from multiple modalities are needed to clarify findings and contribute to the formation of a coherent theory on the pathophysiology of TLE.
Multiple Modes of Action of Asbestos and Related Mineral Fibers

“Asbestos” is a generic term that encompasses multiple fiber types but may mean different things, depending on the scientific discipline. This lack of consistency among asbestos research communities can lead to a disconnect when comparing studies in asbestos research. Differences in the interpretation of asbestos definitions between disciplines lead to discrepancies in the results and their interpretations from the research analyzed. A comparison of the health and environmental impacts of various asbestos fibers is not possible without consistency in how these fibers are defined. A grasp of these issues is important to fully understand the state of the science of asbestos research. A respirable environmental dust like asbestos may work through more than one mode of action (MOA), with multiple MOAs for various health outcomes following exposure to the same particulate (e.g., interstitial fibrosis versus lung cancer versus mesothelioma). A mode of action encompasses a sequence of key events and processes that begin with the interaction between fibers and cells that may result in both cancer and complex noncancer health effects. The complexities of fiber toxicity make it difficult to define one MOA for asbestos in general. Further, the potential overlap of multiple MOAs makes it feasible to assume
Research design issues in earnings management studies

Abstract This paper discusses trade-offs associated with three research designs commonly used in the earnings management literature: those based on aggregate accruals, those based on specific accruals and those based on the distribution of earnings after management. A key theme of the paper is that empirical procedures for aggregate accruals studies lag both our theories of incentives to manage accruals and our institutional knowledge of how accruals behave. Empirical findings suggest that aggregate accruals models that do not consider long-term earnings growth are potentially misspecified and can result in misleading inferences about earnings management behavior. It is suggested that future progress in the earnings management literature is more likely to come from application of specific accrual and distribution-based tests than from aggregate accruals tests.
Ethanol-acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor interactions: Inhibitor hydrophobicity and site specificity dependence

1. Depending on the hydrophobicity and the site specificity of an inhibitor, striking differences were found in ethanol-acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibitor interactions. 2. AChE used was from electric eel and was purified by affinity chromatography. 3. Ethanol at 10-200 mM reduced the inhibitory ability of tetrabutylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr). 4. The observed reduction might be a result of Bu4NBr inhibition being partially compensated for by an ethanol activation effect. 5. In contrast to Bu4NBr, propidium and edrophonium are not involved in hydrophobic interaction with AChE. 6. Their abilities to inhibit AChE activity were enhanced by ethanol. 7. Such an enhancement could not result from combining individual perturbations from ethanol and propidium or edrophonium, since ethanol itself increased the AChE activity. 8. In the presence of ethanol, propidium which binds to the peripheral site of the enzyme remained as an uncompetitive inhibitor, while edrophonium which binds to the active site was changed from a competitive inhibitor to a mixed one. 9. The effect of ethanol was therefore greater in the inhibitor which is involved with the active-site binding. 10. Fluorescence quenching studies of propidium-bound enzyme and edrophonium-bound enzyme revealed that ethanol in the concentration less than or equal to 400 mM did not cause significant conformational change at both the peripheral and the active sites of the enzyme.
Learning to control a complex multistable system

In this paper the control of a periodically kicked mechanical rotor without gravity in the presence of noise is investigated. In recent work it was demonstrated that this system possesses many competing attracting states and thus shows the characteristics of a complex multistable system. We demonstrate that it is possible to stabilize the system at a desired attracting state even in the presence of high noise level. The control method is based on a recently developed algorithm [S. Gadaleta and G. Dangelmayr, Chaos 9, 775 (1999)] for the control of chaotic systems and applies reinforcement learning to find a global optimal control policy directing the system from any initial state towards the desired state in a minimum number of iterations. Being data-based, the method does not require any information about governing dynamical equations.
Parallel labeling experiments validate Clostridium acetobutylicum metabolic network model for 13C metabolic flux analysis

Abstract In this work, we provide new insights into the metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 obtained using a systematic approach for quantifying fluxes based on parallel labeling experiments and 13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA). Here, cells were grown in parallel cultures with [1-13C]glucose and [U-13C]glucose as tracers and 13C-MFA was used to quantify intracellular metabolic fluxes. Several metabolic network models were compared: an initial model based on current knowledge, and extended network models that included additional reactions that improved the fits of experimental data. While the initial network model did not produce a statistically acceptable fit of 13C-labeling data, an extended network model with five additional reactions was able to fit all data with 292 redundant measurements. The model was subsequently trimmed to produce a minimal network model of C. acetobutylicum for 13C-MFA, which could still reproduce all of the experimental data. The flux results provided valuable new insights into the metabolism of C. acetobutylicum. First, we found that TCA cycle was effectively incomplete, as there was no measurable flux between α-ketoglutarate and succinyl-CoA, succinate and fumarate, and malate and oxaloacetate. Second, an active pathway was identified from pyruvate to fumarate via aspartate. Third, we found that isoleucine was produced exclusively through the citramalate synthase pathway in C. acetobutylicum and that CAC3174 was likely responsible for citramalate synthase activity. These model predictions were confirmed in several follow-up tracer experiments. The validated metabolic network model established in this study can be used in future investigations for unbiased 13C-flux measurements in C. acetobutylicum.
Crime and Penal Policy in the Socialist African Republic of Tanzania

Since its independence from Britain in 1961, the nation of Tanzania in East Africa has undergone tremendous sociocultural, political and economic transfornations, the most important of which was the introduction of African socialism or ujamaa, meaning economic self-reliance and sufficiency. It is against this background that this article examines the trends in crime and the penal responses to crime in this African nation. The study is based on official crime data for four offense categories covering the period 1960-1984. The study finds that increases have occurred in homicides, major thefts (robbery, burglary), and minor thefts, whereas arrests for fraudulent practices have decreased significantly. In response to rising crimes, the socialist government enacted the Minimum Sentence Act and required flogging and mandatory imprisonment for certain offenses. In general these penal measures have not had any significant impact on crime.
Macneil's Relational Norms and His Non-mirrored Ends Propositions

Macneil (1978, 1980, 1983) believed different norms would apply at the different ends of his exchange continuum. This article explores this proposition in an industrial market and tests two null hypotheses: one, that there is no difference in the norms shaping decisions at the ends of the discrete and relational exchange continuum and two, the hypothesis that the relevant norms at the ends of the spectrum are not mirror images of each other. Since Macneil's propositions have become the basis for research in law, management, and marketing, this study contributes to both theory development and measurement across a broad spectrum of research.
Importance of Hydrocarbon Fragment Diffusion in the Formation of Adsorbed Alkyls via EID of Multilayers on Pt(111)

The interactions of low-energy electrons with organic solids is of interest for a variety of processes. One particular application that we are interested in has to do with using low-energy electron induced dissociation (EID) of hydrocarbon multilayers to prepare monolayer coverages of adsorbed hydrocarbon intermediates on reactive metal surfaces under UHV conditions. To probe the mechanism of the formation of adsorbed alkyl species via EID of multilayer alkane films, we have investigated EID in a two-component, structured multilayer system on Pt(111) at 90 K. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) was mainly used to study the reaction products of EID of films comprised of cyclohexane-d12 and n-butane. On the basis of these results, we conclude that diffusion of the EID-produced alkyl fragments to the surface is the main channel for the formation of surface alkyl species in these types of systems. We exclude a dominant role for transfer of the alkyl fragment to the surface indirectly through abstraction o...
A study of dual polymer flocculation

Abstract Flocculation of alumina fines with combinations of the anionic form of a polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a high molecular weight cationic copolymer of acrylamide and quaternary acrylate salt (Percol) was investigated. Effects of PAA and Percol molecular weights as well as Percol charge density on the rate of flocculation were also investigated. In order to determine the role of the polymer conformation and changes in it due to the presence of another polymer, the fluorescence label method was employed to monitor PAA conformation at the alumina ∣ water interface under different polymer addition modes, such as the sequential addition of the two polymers vs. co-addition. Importantly, polymer size distribution was found to have a marked effect depending on the polymer type: in the case of PAA, a broader distribution yielded better flocculation; no such effect was observed with Percol. Based on the results, an overall mechanistic picture of dual polymer flocculation is proposed.
Inhibition of NF-κB Activation In Vivo Impairs Establishment of Gammaherpesvirus Latency

A critical determinant in chronic gammaherpesvirus infections is the ability of these viruses to establish latency in a lymphocyte reservoir. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcription factors represent key players in B-cell biology and are targeted by gammaherpesviruses to promote host cell survival, proliferation, and transformation. However, the role of NF-κB signaling in the establishment of latency in vivo has not been addressed. Here we report the generation and in vivo characterization of a recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) that expresses a constitutively active form of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBαM. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling upon infection with γHV68-IκBαM did not affect lytic replication in cell culture or in the lung following intranasal inoculation. However, there was a substantial decrease in the frequency of latently infected lymphocytes in the lung (90% reduction) and spleens (97% reduction) 16 d post intranasal inoculation. Importantly, the defect in establishment of latency in lung B cells could not be overcome by increasing the dose of virus 100-fold. The observed decrease in establishment of viral latency correlated with a loss of activated, CD69hi B cells in both the lungs and spleen at day 16 postinfection, which was not apparent by 6 wk postinfection. Constitutive expression of Bcl-2 in B cells did not rescue the defect in the establishment of latency observed with γHV68-IκBαM, indicating that NF-κB–mediated functions apart from Bcl-2–mediated B-cell survival are critical for the efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency in vivo. In contrast to the results obtained following intranasal inoculation, infection of mice with γHV68-IκBαM by the intraperitoneal route had only a modest impact on splenic latency, suggesting that route of inoculation may alter requirements for establishment of virus latency in B cells. Finally, analyses of the pathogenesis of γHV68-IκBαM provides evidence that NF-κB signaling plays an important role during multiple stages of γHV68 infection in vivo and, as such, represents a key host regulatory pathway that is likely manipulated by the virus to establish latency in B cells.
Isolation of electrophoretically pure β-caseins

Abstract Two distinct β-caseins, β slow and β fast , have been isolated by the combination of chemical fractionation with subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. That the two β-caseins are indeed separate entities is attested by their different chromatographic elution rates, starch gel-urea electrophoresis patterns, phosphorus contents and stabilities to calcium ion, and association-dissociation phenomena in the presence of 0.1 M KCl. β slow -Casein is the major component and β fast -casein is present in small amount.
Fundamental unit structures: A theory of ratio scalability☆

A theory of nonassociative measurement structures is developed which produces a natural generalization of associative measurement (i.e., extensive structures), and representation and uniqueness theorems are established for these generalized structures, and it is shown that in many cases these representations are ratio scales. The methods of proof strongly relate the structure of the automorphism group of the nonassociative structure to its underlying concatenation operation.
Chromosome doubling of the bioenergy crop, Miscanthus × giganteus.

The perennial grass, Miscanthus x giganteus is a sterile triploid, which due to its growth rate and biomass accumulation has significant economic potential as a new bioenergy crop. The sterility associated with the triploid genome of this accession requires labor-intensive vegetative, instead of seed propagation for potential commercial production. Chromosome doubling was used to produce hexaploid plants in an effort to restore fertility to M x giganteus. Tissue culture derived calli from immature inflorescences were treated with the antimitotic agents, colchicine and oryzalin in liquid and solid media. Calli survival rate decreased with increasing concentrations and durations of colchicine or oryzalin treatments and ranged from 0% to 100%. Nuclear DNA content, as determined by flow cytometry, indicated that the frequency of chromosome-doubled calli varied between compounds and concentrations with the greatest proportion of callus doubling observed using 2-day treatments of 15μM oryzalin (78%) or 939μM colchicine (67%). Liquid media treatments were more effective than solid gels for chromosome doubling. Although oryzalin was effective at chromosome doubling, it inhibited callus growth and plant regeneration frequency. Seven hexaploid plants with doubled DNA content were generated, which displayed increased stomata size (30.0 ± 0.2 μm) compared with regenerated triploid M. x giganteus plants (24.3 ± 1.0 μm). Following clonal replication these plants will be evaluated for growth rate, biomass accumulation, and pollen viability. Successful chromosome doubling and plant regeneration of M. x giganteus suggests that ploidy manipulation of this plant and its parental species (Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus) could be a means to access genetic variability for the improvement of Miscanthus as a biofuel/bioenergy crop.
A performance comparison between an APL interpreter and compiler

An analysis of the execution of several simple APL statements illustrates that interpretive overhead in the form of setup time is awesome, and is on the order of 100 times as much as the per-element time. Comparison with an experimental compiler for APL illustrates that the setup time can often be eliminated or reduced greatly, producing code fragments that are more than 300 times as fast in favorable cases. Further work on the compiler should make some compiled code fragments about 500 times as fast as interpreted programs in favorable cases. In less favorable cases, performance improvements of a factor of two are commonplace. Many opportunities remain to improve the performance in such cases. A production compiler based on this work might allow use of APL to solve problems that in the past have been prohibitively expensive for APL solution.
β-Hydroxylation of N-acetyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine and the influence of iproniazid on the demethylation of this compound in vivo in the rat

Abstract N -acetyl- β -hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine was found in the urine of rats after intraperitoneal administration of either 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine or N -acetyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine. Identification was made from Chromatographic, cocrystallization and mass spectral data. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor, iproniazid, was found to diminish the extent of demethylation of N -acetyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine in vivo by 17 per cent.
Effect of Conformation on the Rate of Deamidation of Vancomycin in Aqueous Solutions

The instability of vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, limits its shelf-life because the deamidation of its asparagine residue results in the formation of a zwitterion with limited aqueous solubility. Analysis of the pH-rate profile for vancomycin indicates that the deamidation reaction is notably sensitive to the ionic state of the molecule. This observation results in a hypothesis in which the ionic state of vancomycin may influence the conformation of the molecule and therefore affect its reactivity. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn (HOHAHA) and rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) information combined with molecular dynamic simulations were used to estimate the apparent conformation of vancomycin in aqueous solution at pH 4 and pH 9 where the molecule exists primarily as a monocation and monoanion, respectively. The apparent conformation for vancomycin at pH 4 is compact, and the proximity of the backbone amide nitrogen to the side chain carbonyl carbon of asparagine is favorable for the rapid formation of the cyclic imide intermediate, thus increasing its reactivity. The apparent conformation for vancomycin at pH 9, however, is expanded in comparison with the conformation at pH 4, and the increase in distance between the reacting atoms leads to slower cyclic imide formation and thus decreased intrinsic reactivity. That cyclic imide formation was rate limiting at both pH values was confirmed by cyclic imide isolation and stability estimation. It becomes apparent from the analysis of the pH-rate and conformational profiles of vancomycin that the deamidation rate of vancomycin is largely influenced by the ionization state of the N-methyl leucine nitrogen.
Geographic and Ecological Overlap of Parasitoid Wasps Associated with the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species Complex

ABSTRACT One of the fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology seeks to understand how new biodiversity is created and structured into communities. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model for rapid ecological speciation via host plant shifting for phytophagous insects, and its parasitoid community can offer insight into answering this and other related questions. Speciation of Rhagoletis also seems to be driving sequential speciation in a host specific parasitoid wasp Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, biological and geographic information regarding D. alloeum and other parasitoids attacking flies in the genus Rhagoletis is sorely lacking, a problem that complicates the study of their evolution. Here, we present a synthesis of the geographic ranges and extended host associations of Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoids and test whether parasitoids can overlap in host use. In particular, we ask whether 1) wasps that co-occur in sympatry at...