cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of Day/Night variation in fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in young healthy men

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine factor with an emerging role as a metabolic regulator. We previously reported the presence of a significant day/night variation of FGF-21 in energy-replete, healthy female subjects. However the day/night patterns of secretion in male subjects remain to be fully elucidated. To elucidate day/night pattern of FGF-21 levels in male subjects in the energy-replete state, its relationship to FFA and to investigate whether a sexual dimorphism exists in FGF-21 physiology. Eight healthy lean male subjects were studied for up to 5 days while on an isocaloric diet. Blood samples were obtained for measurement of FGF-21 and free fatty acids (FFA) hourly from 0800 AM on day 4 till 0800AM on day 5. FGF-21 did not exhibit any statistically significant day/night variation pattern of circulating FGF-21 levels during the isocaloric fed state in male subjects. FGF-21 levels in male subjects are closely cross-correlated with FFA levels, similar to female subjects. A sexual dimorphism exists in FGF-21 physiology; that as opposed to female subjects, no significant day/night variation exists in FGF-21 rhythm in male subjects in the energy-replete state. Circulating pattern of FGF-21, similar to the female subjects, was highly cross-correlated to the FFA levels in the male subjects, signifying that the sexual dimorphism in FGF-21 physiology may be related to the differing lipid metabolism in both the genders.
Comparison of rotational-echo double-resonance and double-cross-polarization NMR for detection of weak heteronuclear dipolar coupling in solids

Insect exoskeleton, multiply labeled with 13C and 15N, was examined by rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) and double-cross-polarization (DCP) magic-angle spinning 13C NMR. Low levels of incorporation of label make the analysis of these samples a practical test of the relative advantages of REDOR and DCP for the detection of weak, heteronuclear dipolar coupling between rare spins in solids. The sensitivity of REDOR for the detection of directly bonded 13C–15N pairs is an order of magnitude greater than that of DCP when neither label is involved in homonuclear dipolar coupling of strength comparable to the spinning frequency. However, if either of the 13C or 15N labels undergoes homonuclear spin flips, DCP gains in relative sensitivity and is easier to use for spin counting than REDOR.
Development of high-pulse energy Ho:Tm:YLF coherent transmitters

NASA Langley has developed a diode-pumped, room temperature Ho:Tm:YLF coherent pulsed transmitter for SPARCLE, a NASA approved space shuttle mission. The acronym stands for SPAce Readiness Coherent Lidar Experiment and is expected to fly in 2001. SPARCLE mission objective is to carry out first ever global wind measurement from space. The laser transmitter for SPARCLE is a Ho:Tm:YLF power oscillator operating at eye-safe wavelength of 2.05 micrometers . The Q- switched output energy is 125 mJ at six Hz, and it has a near-transform limited beam with a pulse width of 170 ns. The high power and high beam quality of this laser makes it well suited as a coherent wind lidar transmitter on a space platform. When the output of this power oscillator is amplified by using four diode-pumped Ho:Tm:YLF amplifiers, an output energy of 600 mJ at 10 Hz has been achieved. This is the highest energy ever produced at 10 Hz, and is at least an order of magnitude greater than previously achieved for 2-micrometers diode-pumped laser at room temperature.
Interception and retention of simulated cooling tower drift (100–1300 μm diameter) by vegetation

Abstract A key issue concerning environmental impacts from cooling tower operation is the interception of drift by vegetation and the efficiency of plants in retaining the residue scavenged from the atmosphere. Chromated drift water, typical of the cooling towers of the Department of Energy's uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, was prepared using radiolabelled chromium. A portable aerosol generator was used to produce a spectrum of droplets with diameters (100–1300 fan) characteristic of mechanical draft cooling towers using state-of-the-art drift eliminators. Efficiency of interception by foliage varied according to leaf morphology with yellow poplar seedlings intercepting 72% of the deposition mass in contrast to 45% by loblolly pine and 24% by fescue grass. Retention patterns of intercepted deposition consisted of a shorttime component (0–3 days) and a long-time component (3–63 days). Retention times, estimated from the regression equation of the long component, indicated that drift contamination from any deposition event may persist from between 8 and 12 weeks. In field situations adjacent to cooling towers, the average annual concentration of drift on vegetation at any distance remains relatively constant, with losses from weathering being compensated by chronic deposition.
Enzymic determination of aldehyde permeability in luminous bacteria. I. Effect of chain length on light emission and penetration

Abstract 1. 1. A mutant of Achromobacter fischeri which requires exogenous aldehyde for light emission has been used to study the rate of penetration of a series of aliphatic aldehydes (heptanal to tetradecanal) through the bacterial cell membrane. 2. 2. As the chain length is increased, penetration into the cell is slower, affinity for luciferase increases, and the maximum light intensity is greater. The properties of the isolated enzyme agree with those observed for the activity in the whole cell. 3. 3. No special transport mechanism for the movement of these aldehydes through the bacterial membrane was revealed by the use of a variety of metabolic inhibitors. 4. 4. It is concluded that for this series of aldehydes lipide solubility is of minor importance for penetration and that the major controlling factors are membrane pore size and molecular mass of the aldehyde molecules.
Heats of formation of bcc binary alloys.

The method of Bozzolo, Ferrante and Smith is applied for the calculation of alloy energies for bcc elements. The heat of formation of several alloys is computed with the help of the Connolly-Williams method within the tetrahedron approximation. The dependence of the results on the choice of different sets of ordered structures is discussed.
Field Test of the Sex Pheromone of Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

In field tests with the two component sex pheromone of Amorbia cuneana , (E.Z)-10,12- and (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates, optimum trap catches were obtained with an isomer content of 29 to 82% EZ (as a percentage of EE + EZ), and dosages of 0.06 to 1.7 mg per rubber septum (using a bait of 62% EZ). There were slightly larger catches for the bait with 53% EZ than for others in the 29 to 82% range. Individual native female A. cuneana moths contained an average of 54.8 ± 10.2% EZ (range = 33.7–69.6% EZ). Traps baited with synthetic pheromone caught as many males as traps baited with females. Catches were higher when rubber septa were used to dispense the pheromone than when polyethylene caps were used. A synthetic contaminant, (E)-/(Z)-10-dodecen-1-ol acetate, was found to be moderately inhibitory. Rubber septa baited with synthetic pheromone and aged in the field for 90 days were as effective as fresh baits. During the entire aging period of 120 days, the EZ isomer content changed from 62 to 33%.
Risk of subsequent malignancies in survivors of childhood leukemia

Purpose The diagnosis of childhood leukemia now carries a much improved overall survival. With this knowledge comes concern for late effects of therapy, especially the risk of secondary malignancy.
Intra-abdominal hypertension after life-threatening penetrating abdominal trauma: prophylaxis, incidence, and clinical relevance to gastric mucosal pH and abdominal compartment syndrome.

Objective: To define the incidence, prophylaxis, and treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and its relevance to gut mucosal pH (pHi), multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, and the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Methods: Seventy patients in the SICU at a Level I trauma center (1992-1996) with life threatening penetrating abdominal trauma had intra-abdominal pressure estimated by bladder pressure. pHi was measured by gastric tonometry every 4 to 6 hours. IAH (intra-abdominal pressure> 25 cm of H 2 O) was treated by bedside or operating room laparotomy. Results: Injury severity was comparable between patients who had mesh closure as prophylaxis for IAH (n = 45) and those who had fascial suture (n = 25). IAH was seen in 10 (22.2%) in the mesh group versus 13 (52%) in the fascial suture group (p = 0.012) for an overall incidence of 32.9%. Forty-two patients had pHi monitoring, and 11 of them had IAH. Of the 11patients, eight patients (72.7%) had acidotic pHi (7.10± 0.2) with IAH without exhibiting the classic signs of ACS. The pHi improved after abdominal decompression in six and none developed ACS. Only two patients with IAH and low pHi went on to develop ACS, despite abdominal decompression. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome points and death were less in patients without IAH than those with IAH and in patients who had mesh closure. Conclusions: IAH is frequent after major abdominal trauma. It may cause gut mucosal acidosis at lower bladder pressures, long before the onset of clinical ACS. Uncorrected, it may lead to splanchnic hypoperfusion, ACS, distant organ failure, and death. Prophylactic mesh closure of the abdomen may facilitate the prevention and bedside treatment of IAH and reduce these complications.
SOUND VELOCITY OF CARBON AT HIGH PRESSURES

We have measured the sound velocity in shock compressed graphite. The data are consistent with a model of solid diamond from 0.8 to 1.4 Mbar. 18 references.
The Influence of Early Life Course Religious Exposure on Young Adults’ Dispositions Toward Childbearing

Previous research about religion and childbearing focuses on childbearing behavior, yet is motivated by the idea that behavioral outcomes result from the influence of religion on individuals' childbearing dispositions. This article describes how early life religious exposure may influence young adults' childbearing attitudes and preferences as they transition to adulthood. Analyses of intergenerational panel data suggest that, compared with others, young adults with Catholic mothers, or mothers who frequently attend religious services, are more likely to object to voluntary childlessness, to feel the average American family should have more children, and to desire many children for themselves. The effect of having a Catholic mother appears to operate through the mother's own dispositions and behaviors. The effect of their mothers' religious service attendance operates through the young adults' own religious participation and the importance they place on religion. The consistent effects of early life religious exposure on subsequent child-bearing dispositions outweigh the effects of socioeconomic factors and point to religion as an influential institution in the formation of child-bearing preferences.
Making the Move: Supporting Faculty in the Transition to Blended or Online Courses

This paper is intended for new faculty and faculty who are new to using digital technologies and a learning management system in their instruction. As experienced faculty in the College of Education, the authors make a concerted effort to support faculty in their use of instructional technology. In this paper, the authors share their experiences with faculty who are taking early the early steps in the journey to integrate digital technologies into their instruction. The authors hope this article will help faculty on their journey by supporting them in teaching with technology. The authors focus on faculty development, adoption of new technologies into faculties' instructional practices, and introductory online teaching practices. The authors' ultimate goal is to support student learning by helping faculty encourage learning for the entire continuum of students: students who need to be supported as they develop digital literacy and those who come to us embracing technologies wholeheartedly.
Chemical mechanism for high temperature combustion of engine relevant fuels with emphasis on soot precursors

This article presents a chemical mechanism for the high temperature combustion of a wide range of hydrocarbon fuels ranging from methane to iso-octane. The emphasis is placed on developing an accurate model for the formation of soot precursors for realistic fuel surrogates for premixed and diffusion flames. Species like acetylene (C_2H_2), propyne (C_3H_4), propene (C_3H_6), and butadiene (C_4H_6) play a major role in the formation of soot as their decomposition leads to the production of radicals involved in the formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and the further growth of soot particles. A chemical kinetic mechanism is developed to represent the combustion of these molecules and is validated against a series of experimental data sets including laminar burning velocities and ignition delay times. To correctly predict the formation of soot precursors from the combustion of engine relevant fuels, additional species should be considered. One normal alkane (n-heptane), one ramified alkane (iso-octane), and two aromatics (benzene and toluene) were chosen as chemical species representative of the components typically found in these fuels. A sub-mechanism for the combustion of these four species has been added, and the full mechanism has been further validated. Finally, the mechanism is supplemented with a sub-mechanism for the formation of larger PAH molecules up to cyclo[cd]pyrene. Laminar premixed and counterflow diffusion flames are simulated to assess the ability of the mechanism to predict the formation of soot precursors in flames. The final mechanism contains 149 species and 1651 reactions (forward and backward reactions counted separately). The mechanism is available with thermodynamic and transport properties as supplemental material.
Confirmation of the anomalous behavior of energetic nuclear fragments

Cosmic-ray nuclei have been observed to produce 2072 secondary fragments in nuclear interactions detected in nuclear emulsions. These fragments produce 557 further interactions. Previous reports that these secondary nuclei show anomalously short mean free paths near their point of origin are confirmed. This effect can be interpreted as being due to all fragments having cross sections about twice normal for some 10 to the -10 sec after creation, or to a small fraction having cross sections an order of magnitude greater than normal.
Belowground Biomass of Phragmites australis in Coastal Marshes

Abstract The distribution of below ground biomass within monotypic stands of invasive Phragmites australis (Common Reed) was documented from a series of oligo-, meso-, and polyhaline coastal marshes in New Hampshire. Soil profiles were described, and live biomass was documented growing to a maximum depth of 95 cm for roots and 85 cm for rhizomes. Our data show that invasive P. australis utilizes a greater depth range than native graminoids (90% within the top 70 cm and top 20 cm, respectively). We corroborate prior anecdotal observations and provide further evidence illustrating the potential for this invasive plant to access resources (i.e., water and nutrients) at depths greater than the native species with which it competes.
A family of Nim-like arrays: The Locator Theorem

Abstract We study a property shared by some members of a certain family of Nim-like arrays. The arrays are recursively generated in a manner related to the operation of Nim-addition, and the property involves a kind of self-referential relationship between entries and their indices. We conclude with some numerical evidence that the property in fact holds for only a few members of the family.
Electron Beam Heating Temperature Profiles in Moderately Thick Cold Stage STEM/SEM Specimens

SUMMARY The analytic solution for the model of electron beam heating a moderately thick STEM/SEM specimen was used to calculate the steady state temperature profiles developed in the bulk of the specimen. For thin specimens one maximum in the temperature profile was found near the surface. The location of this maximum shifted away from the surface with increasing sample thickness. For specimens of thickness approaching the electron range two maxima were found: one close to the surface (as in thin samples) due to a ‘self-insulating’ effect, and another maximum near the sample-substrate interface—a result of very rapid increase in the energy loss by the electrons near their penetration range. These results are of particular interest for X-ray microanalysis where high beam currents are used, resulting in potentially large temperature rises in the bulk of the specimen.
Quantum optics: Exploring remote entanglement

The controlled 'catch and release' of individual quantum-information-carrying photons is an important ingredient for achieving scalable quantum networking. Recently, researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics succeeded in this task in two separate systems.
Site-selective cyclometalation of a metal–organic framework

Although porous materials, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), can be functionalized using heterogeneous reactions (solution–solid, gas–solid), there are no reports that modify chemically identical sites in a spatially selective, periodic fashion. Herein, the cyclometalation of two non-interpenetrated MOFs and an interpenetrated MOF in the solid state is reported using [Ir(COD)(OCH3)]2 and [Rh(COD)(Cl)]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene). Incredibly, the cyclometalation of the interpenetrated MOF occurs only on ligands that lie along, one crystallographic axis, providing an unprecedented example of site-selective postsynthetic modification (PSM). This represents a degree of control on the functionalization of a porous, material that has not been otherwise realized, and is achieved in part because of the crystalline, periodic nature of MOFs. Furthermore, it was found that the degree of cyclometalation, increases the sorption capacity of the interpenetrated MOF.
Is Narcissism Associated with Child Physical Abuse Risk

The present study was designed to clarify the associations between covert narcissism, overt narcissism, negative affect, and child physical abuse (CPA) risk. It was hypothesized that covert (but not overt narcissism) would be significantly associated with parental CPA risk and that negative affect would partially mediate this association. General population parents (N = 178; 33 % male) with varying degrees of CPA risk completed self-report measures of covert narcissism, overt narcissism, and negative affect. Results revealed that at the bivariate level, covert narcissism and two subscales of the overt narcissism measure (exploitativeness and entitlement) were significantly correlated with CPA risk. However, when covert narcissism and overt narcissism were considered simultaneously in a regression analysis, only covert narcissism emerged as a significant predictor of CPA risk. Results of a path analysis supported the prediction that negative affect partially mediated the association between covert narcissism and CPA risk. Findings from the present study illustrate the value of assessing both overt and covert narcissistic features in research investigating the role of narcissism in interpersonal violence. Moreover, the results revealed that covert narcissism was associated with CPA risk, even after accounting for their mutual associations with negative affect. Additional research is needed to explicate the other cognitive/affective mechanisms through which covert narcissism increases risk of aggressive parenting behavior.
Isolation of the Pichia pastoris glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene and regulation and use of its promoter.

Abstract We report the cloning and sequence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene ( GAP ) from the yeast Pichia pastoris . The gene is predicted to encode a 35.4-kDa protein with significant sequence similarity to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from other organisms. Promoter studies in P. pastoris using bacterial β-lactamase as a reporter showed that the GAP promoter ( P GAP ) is constitutively expressed, although its strength varies depending on the carbon source used for cell growth. Expression of β-lactamase under control of P GAP in glucose-grown cells was significantly higher than under control of the commonly employed alcohol oxidase 1 promoter ( P AOX1 ) in methanol-grown cells. As an example of the use of P GAP , we showed that β-lactamase synthesized under transcriptional control of P GAP is correctly targeted to peroxisomes by addition of either a carboxy-terminal or an amino-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal. P GAP has been successfully utilized for synthesis of heterologous proteins from bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian origins, and therefore is an attractive alternative to P AOX1 in P. pastoris .
The anesthetic activity of some amidines.

The anesthetic activity of some esters of p carboxybenzamidine and N-alkyl p-carboxy-benzamidine have been reported. Mention is also made of their bactericidal and antispasmodic activities.
Interface structural evolution of YBa2Cu3Ox from a randomly oriented silver alloy substrate

Abstract In our previous work we have obtained YBCO thick films on silver alloy substrate (SAS) via the peritectic solidification. To identify the underlying mechanism of YBCO grain growth at the substrate interface, extensive transmission electron microscopy experiments were carried out in this study. A thin “buffer” of 300 nm thickness was observed between the YBCO film and the SAS. This “buffer” was identified to be essentially the YBCO structure, however lacking of the superlattice. Initially randomly oriented, these small crystallites in the buffer gradually grow into a large grain of YBCO within the polycrystalline film. The underlying mechanism of crystal evolution on an unoriented substrate is discussed.
To Run a Constitution: The Legitimacy of the Administrative State

In 1887, the centennial year of the American Constitution, Woodrow Wilson wrote that "it is getting to be harder to run a constitution than to frame one." The context for Wilson's comment was an essay calling for sound principles of administration that would enable government officials to "run" a constitution well. Wilson and his fellow civil-service reformers had a profound influence on the development of American administrative institutions. Unfortunately, the reformers paid more attention to the exigencies of running a constitution than to the Constitution itself. They and their intellectual progeny developed a theory of administration that was at odds with the theory of the Constitution. As a result, we find ourselves living today in what we often call an "administrative state" a state seemingly bereft of legitimating principles grounded in the political thought of the framers of the Constitution. In "To Run a Constitution," John A. Rohr takes seriously two basic premises: d Tocqueville's belief that citizens are corrupted by ebeying powers they believe to be illegitimate, and the view that, despite present political sentiment, the administrative state is here to stay. The book focuses on the important question of whether the administrative state, an abiding presence in American politics, can be justified in terms of the American constitutional tradition. In addressing this question, Rohr goes beyond considerations of case law to examine the principles of the Constitution both at its founding and in its subsequent development. Reying on the normative character of political "foundings," Rohr analyzes three significant founding periods: 1) the founding of the Republic, 1787-1795; 2) the foundin of public administration, 1883-1899; and 3) the founding of the administrative state, 1933-1941. He judges the last two foundings by the first in developing his argument that the modern administrative state can be justified in terms of the kind of government the framers of the Constitution envisaged. On the eve of the bicentennial of the Constitution, Rohr's argument advances a new, normative theory of public administration that is intended to "support and defend the Constitution of the United States," in accordance with the oath of office taken by public administrators. It is critical reading for scholars in the fields of public administration, political science, and constitutional studies."
A-type horizontal cells of the superior edge of the linear visual streak of the rabbit retina have oriented, elongated dendritic trees

The horizontal cells of the rabbit retina have been studied by light microscopy of Golgi-impregnated whole-mount retinas. The two types of horizontal cell of the rabbit retina are similar to the horizontal cells of the cat retina in most respects. However, the majority of the A-type horizontal cells of the rabbit have asymmetrical dendritic fields compared to the circular, symmetrical dendritic fields of this cell type in the cat. The A-type horizontal cells of the superior edge of the linear visual streak in the rabbit retina are the most strikingly asymmetric and most of them are elongated and oriented in a direction approximately parallel to the linear visual streak. Like H1 axon terminals of the turtle retina the oriented, elongated A-type horizontal cells of the rabbit visual streak region may play a role in the neurocircuitry which underlies orientation sensitive ganglion cells.
Immunocytochemical evidence of heterogenous origin of α-fetoprotein in immature teratoma of the ovary

alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) has been found to be clinically important in the management of patients with gynecologic malignancies. Serum AFP levels are used as tumor markers for ovarian tumors, namely endodermal sinus tumors (EST) and embryonal tumors. In two cases of immature teratoma of the ovary without a yolk sac component, evidence for AFP production was found in a wide variety of cells of both endodermal and ectodermal origin suggesting a heterogeneous origin of AFP. To complement this finding, a summary of the ontology of AFP along with current and potential uses of an antigenically active tumor marker are presented.
IBM system z10 performance improvements with software and hardware synergy

This paper describes efforts to more fully exploit the synergy potential between hardware and software to improve performance on the IBM System z® platform. Although the IBM commitment to upward compatibility for System z mainframes prevents us from engaging in hardware generational tuning, software stack improvements aimed at one generation of hardware tend to increase in value for subsequent generations. This paper presents some of the software synergy efforts that were made to complement hardware design characteristics to improve performance and that will continue to be of benefit in future machine generations. Also presented is IBM z/OS® HiperDispatch management, which minimizes cache coherency penalties when dispatching work, and the new IBM System z10™ hardware instrumentation, the central processor measurement facility (CPMF), which supports software performance optimizations by providing counters and sampling and allowing the software to measure central processor activities to determine hotspots. The CPMF is nondisruptive, has low overhead, and can run in multiple logical partitions simultaneously.
Dissociative adsorption of water on Ge(100)-(2 × 1): First-principles theory

A first-principles study of the dissociative adsorption of water on Ge(100)-(2 x 1) is described, on the basis of density functional theory with a cluster model of the surface. Experiments have shown that water incident on the Ge(100)-(2 x 1) surface has a very small probability of dissociative adsorption, indicating the presence of an activation barrier. This is in contrast to the analogous reaction on Si(100)-(2 x 1), which is unactivated. This difference is reproduced in the calculations, demonstrating the predictive capability of the methods used, though some caveats about basis sets are necessary. A frontier orbital analysis is used to identify the interactions that determine the transition state energy and underlie the difference between reactivity on Si and Ge.
Developmental sources of variation in liability to adolescent substance use disorders

This review provides a synthesis of the literature on the complex sequence of maturational, psychosocial, and neuroadaptive processes that lead to substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescence. A brief overview introduces the concepts of liability to SUD and epigenesis. A theory is presented explaining how affective, cognitive, and behavioral dysregulation in late childhood is exacerbated during early and middle adolescence by family and peer factors, as well as puberty, leading to substance use. Continued exacerbation of the three components of dysregulation by drug and non-drug stressors during late adolescence is posited to result in neuroadaptations that increase the likelihood of developing SUD, particularly in high-risk individuals. Implications for etiologic research as well as clinical and preventive interventions are discussed.
Rotationally invariant quadratures for the sphere

We construct near-optimal quadratures for the sphere that are invariant under the icosahedral rotation group. These quadratures integrate all ( N +1) 2 linearly independent functions in a rotationally invariant subspace of maximal order and degree N . The nodes of these quadratures are nearly uniformly distributed, and the number of nodes is only marginally more than the optimal ( N +1) 2 /3 nodes. Using these quadratures, we discretize the reproducing kernel on a rotationally invariant subspace to construct an analogue of Lagrange interpolation on the sphere. This representation uses function values at the quadrature nodes. In addition, the representation yields an expansion that uses a single function centred and mostly concentrated at nodes of the quadrature, thus providing a much better localization than spherical harmonic expansions. We show that this representation may be localized even further. We also describe two algorithms of complexity for using these grids and representations. Finally, we note that our approach is also applicable to other discrete rotation groups.
Behavioral and neurodevelopmental precursors to binge-type eating disorders: support for the role of negative valence systems.

Background. Pediatric loss-of-control (LOC) eating is a robust behavioral precursor to binge-type eating disorders. Elucidating precursors to LOC eating and binge-type eating disorders may refine developmental risk models of eating disorders and inform interventions. Method. We review evidence within constructs of the Negative Valence Systems (NVS) domain, as specified by the Research Domain Criteria framework. Based on published studies, we propose an integrated NVS model of binge-type eating-disorder risk. Results. Data implicate altered corticolimbic functioning, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and self-reported negative affect as possible risk factors. However, neuroimaging and physiological data in children and adolescents are sparse, and most prospective studies are limited to self-report measures. Conclusions. We discuss a broad NVS framework for conceptualizing early risk for binge-type eating disorders. Future neural and behavioral research on the developmental trajectory of LOC and binge-type eating disorders is required.
Effects of captivity and testosterone on the volumes of four brain regions in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis).

This study investigates the effects of captivity and testosterone treatment on the volumes of brain regions involved in processing visual and spatial information in adult dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis). We treated captive and free-living male juncos with either testosterone-filled or empty implants. Captive juncos had a smaller hippocampal formation (HF) (both in absolute volume and relative to telencephalon) than free-living birds, regardless of hormone treatment. Tes- tosterone-treated males (both captive and free-living) had a smaller telencephalon and nucleus rotundus, but not a smaller HF or ectostriatum, than controls. We found that free-living testosterone-treated males had larger home ranges than free-living controls in agree- ment with earlier experiments, but we found no corre- sponding difference in HF volume. We discuss the im- plications of the effect of captivity on HF volume for past
Redox Switch of Hsp33 Has a Novel Zinc-binding Motif

Abstract The chaperone activity of the heat shock protein Hsp33 is regulated by reversible disulfide bond formation. Oxidized Hsp33 is active, and reduced Hsp33 is inactive. We show that zinc binding is essential for the function of this redox switch. Our results reveal that Hps33 contains a new, high affinity (K a> 1017 m − 1), zinc-binding motif in the form Cys-X-Cys-X 27–32-Cys-X-X-Cys. All four conserved cysteines within this motif act to coordinate a single zinc atom. Experiments where reduced wild type Hsp33 is reconstituted with cobalt or cadmium demonstrate that the metal-coordinating cysteines are present as highly reactive thiolate anions. This ionization may allow for the fast and successful activation of the chaperone function of Hsp33 upon incubation in oxidizing agents.
Magnetospheric wave power density from ground-based VLF transmitters

The 3D magnetospheric wave power density between adjoined conjugate regions associated with ground based VLF transmitters is deduced from paired measurements of wave field intensities acquired by the low-altitude DEMETER satellite within respective hemispheres.
Design of a High Frequency Array Based Photoacoustic Microscopy System for Micro-Vascular Imaging

The rapidly expanding field of photoacoustic imaging includes a technique called photoacoustic microscopy. Photoacoustic microscopy is a hybrid imaging modality with sub-millimeter resolution that possesses the contrast benefit of optical imaging and the resolution benefit of ultrasonic imaging. This technique can be used to image the structure and dynamics of microvessels involved in angiogenesis within biological tissue. In this paper we present results of a new high frequency array based photoacoustic microscopy system (PAM) using an Nd:YLF pumped tunable dye laser, a 30 MHz piezo composite linear array and a custom multi-channel receiver system. Using offline delay and sum beamforming and beamsteering, phantom images were obtained from a 6 mum carbon fiber in water at a depth of 8 mm. The measured axial and lateral spatial resolution of the system was 103 plusmn 5 mum and 45+5 mum, respectively. In vivo B-scans were obtained from vessels within a human hand as well as 3D photoacoustic images of vessels 3 mm below the skin surface in a Sprague Dawley Rat.
Methylated nucleosides in polyadenylate-containing yeast messenger ribonucleic acid.

Abstract Yeast messenger RNA was found to be methylated. A calculation of the specific methylation showed that the average yeast messenger RNA molecule contains only two methylated nucleosides which occur in one alkali stable oligonucleotide. Similar to other eukaryotic messengers, the 5′ terminus of yeast messenger RNA is blocked by 7-methylguanosine, linked through a di- or triphosphate bridge to a ribosemethylated nucleoside. Contrary to the messengers of higher eucaryotic organisms, no additional base methylated constituents were found.
The akaike information criterion will not choose the no common mechanism model.

This is an electronic version of an article published in Systematic Biology [Holder, Mark T., Paul O. Lewis, and David L. Swofford. The Akaike information criterion will not choose the no common mechanism model. Systematic Biology, 59(4):477{485, 2010. ] Systematic Biology is available online at informaworld http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq028.
Avalanche Models of Solar Flares and the Distribution of Active Regions

Avalanche models of solar flares successfully reproduce the power-law distribution of flare frequency as a function of energy. However, the model distributions have been produced for a single numerical grid, representing a single active region on the Sun. Here we convolve the distribution owing to an avalanche grid with each of two observationally determined active region size distributions. The resulting energy distributions are power laws (with index α ≈ 1.5) below about 1031 ergs, but they gradually steepen with energy. The resulting distributions are compared with a flare energy distribution derived from International Cometary Explorer satellite observations. Qualitative agreement is found between the model and observed distributions, although the observations favor a simple power-law model distribution with a somewhat steeper index (≈1.71).
TcdB from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile exhibits increased efficiency of autoprocessing

TcdB, an intracellular bacterial toxin that inactivates small GTPases, is a major Clostridium difficile virulence factor. Recent studies have found that TcdB produced by emerging/hypervirulent strains of C. difficile is more potent than TcdB from historical strains, and in the current work, studies were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms for this change in TcdB toxicity. Using a series of biochemical analyses we found that TcdB from a hypervirulent strain (TcdBHV) was more efficient at autoprocessing than TcdB from a historical strain (TcdBHIST). TcdBHV and TcdBHIST were activated by similar concentrations of IP6; however, the overall efficiency of processing was 20% higher for TcdBHV. Using an activity based fluorescent probe (AWP19) an intermediate, activated but uncleaved, form of TcdBHIST was identified, while only a processed form of TcdBHV could be detected under the same conditions. Using a much higher concentration (200 µM) of the probe revealed an activated uncleaved form of TcdBHV, indicating a preferential and more efficient engagement of intramolecular substrate than TcdBHIST. Futhermore, a peptide-based inhibitor (Ac-GSL-AOMK), was found to block the cytotoxicity of TcdBHIST at a lower concentration than required to inhibit TcdBHV. These findings suggest that TcdBHV may cause increased cytotoxicity due to more efficient autoprocessing.
The metabolism of tinidazole in the rat and dog.

Abstract1. [35S]Tinidazole was administered to dogs and rats by oral and intravenous routes. Methods for the determination of tinidazole and total nitroimidazoles are described.2. The main route for excretion of radioactivity was the urine in both species.3. In the dog the serum contained predominantly unchanged drug.4. In both species unchanged drug accounted for about half the urinary radioactivity; the remaining radioactivity was due to four metabolites.5. One metabolite is the product of hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group and another is its O-glucuronide. The other two metabolites have not been identified, but they do not appear to be simple nitroimidazoles.6. It is concluded that the metabolic fate of tinidazole is similar in dogs and rats.
Aircraft route optimization using adaptive simulated annealing

It is demonstrated that simulated annealing (SA) is a viable optimization method for use in route optimization for aircraft flying in tactical attack roles at low altitude deep in enemy territory. It is found that adaptive control of the temperature based on a heuristic measure of equilibrium greatly reduces the algorithm's sensitivity to the cooling rate while giving a 5- to 10-fold speed-up with no adverse impact on the quality of the solutions produced. These results scale nearly linearly with problem size. >
RECONFIGURING SEX, GENDER, AND THE LAW OF MARRIAGE1

This article brings together legal, historical, and social science research to analyze how couples allocate income-producing and domestic responsibilities. It develops a framework—what I call the marriage equation—that shows how sex-based classifications, (non-sex-specific) substantive marriage law, and gender norms interrelate to shape these choices. Constitutional decisions in the 1970s ended legal distinctions between the duties of husbands and wives but left largely in place both gender norms and substantive rights within marriage, tax, and benefits law that encourage specialization into breadwinning and caregiving roles. By permitting disaggregation of the marriage equation, the new reality of same-sex marriage can serve as a natural experiment that should inform both study design and policy reform. Key Points for the Family Court Community: • This article shows that although marriage law no longer explicitly requires wives to provide domestic support and husbands to provide economic support, non-sex-specific aspects of the substantive law continue to encourage couples to specialize into breadwinning and caregiving rules. • Same-sex marriage can serve as a natural experiment to expose the extent to which substantive marriage law—as opposed to gender norms—may encourage couples to specialize into breadwinning and caregiving roles. • Research on same-sex marriage can help inform how best to achieve equality within all marriages and what is fair compensation for a dependent spouse in the event of a divorce.
The New Welfare Trap Case Managers, College Education, and TANF Policy

After U.S. welfare was reformed in 1996, many states reduced their support of postsecondary education and instead emphasized work-first programs. This study uses in-depth interviews and participant observation to examine how case managers implement work-first policies when dealing with students desiring a college education. Case managers are expected to reconcile the goals of their clients with those of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program, while negotiating cultural definitions of “work” that frequently serve to reproduce gender, race, and class inequalities. In this context, overburdened case managers, many of whom support proffering educational solutions, nonetheless find themselves promoting work over education. As a result, many economically poor women are dissuaded from pursuing postsecondary degrees that have the potential of increasing their chances of achieving financial self-sufficiency.
Estimating the proportion of tuberculosis recent transmission via simulation

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that can progress rapidly after infection or enter a period of latency that can last many years before reactivation. Accurate estimation of the proportion of TB disease representing recent versus remote (long ago) transmission is critical to disease-control policymaking (e.g., high rates of recent transmission demand more aggressive diagnostics). Existing approaches to this problem through cluster analysis of TB strains in population-based studies of TB molecular epidemiology are crude and prone to bias. We propose an agent-based simulation of TB transmission in conjunction with molecular epidemiologic techniques that enables study of clustering dynamics in relation to disease incidence, diversity of circulating strains, sampling coverage, and study duration. We perform a sequence of simulation experiments with regard to different levels of each factor, and study the accuracy of estimates from the cluster-analysis method relative to the true proportion of incidence due to recent transmission.
Environmental Concerns in the Marcellus Shale

Hydraulic fracturing used to remove natural gas from the Marcellus Shale has raised environmental concerns in the region both in terms of air and water pollution. This article will examine those concerns and how the natural gas industry has responded to them. After discussing the issues related to groundwater contamination and air quality. I discuss industry responses and how the costs and harm associated with fracking could be reduced, with the knowledge that despite opposition from environmental groups, fracking will continue. The hope is that more drillers will begin to operate in a socially responsible manner that will allow companies to be profitable while limiting harm to the environment and to individuals living near drilling sites.
The Corporate Family Model of Leadership Development

This article introduces the concept of the “corporate family,” and discusses the use of family systems theory in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of workplace pathology and dysfunction. As a leadership development company started by Steve Wilke, Ph.D., LEADon Inc. has been working with organizations for nearly two decades to increase their productivity and profitability. In these consultations, traditional leadership development methods proved not to be as effective as anticipated in relieving workplace dysfunction. Utilizing the Corporate Family Model, which blends traditional leadership development interventions with family systems theory to treat workplace pathology, Dr. Wilke has been able to significantly improve organization’s relational functioning, enhance emotional intelligence, and increase the productivity and profitability of his clientele. Using the Corporate Family Model in leadership development training, along with the core principles of family systems theory, has led to fundamental change and improvement in the culture of many organizations. Further explanation of the Corporate Family Model, its blend of family systems theory and traditional leadership development, and how it can positively impact workplace culture are discussed in this article.
System Identification in Noisy Data Environments

This paper analyzes the systematic relationship between the stock market valuations, the nominal GDPs and the interest rates of six Asian countries, using not single equation regression, but an alternative methodology based on complete, multidirectional, least squares projections. We compare the results with the spectral analysis of the information matrices and determine the noise levels. The objective is to extract the multidimensional economic system structures from the noisy empirical observations. This complete methodology sharply contrasts with the incomplete methodology of Fama (1990), Schwert (1990), etc., who presume planal relations, fit them to the multidimensional data by only one prejudiced unidirectional projection, thereby ignoring between 75% - 92% of the available covariance information and not publishing all possibleadditional model projections. The results in this paper show that the analyzed countries are better analyzed using such complete multidirectional LS projections, even though the analysis is combinatorially much more complex. All six Asian financial-economic systems are high data noise environments, in which it is very difficult to separate the systematic signals from the noise. Because of these high noise levels, spectral analysis is very unreliable. We identify Taiwan's stock market, economy and financial market to be rationally coherent. In contrast, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Indonesia show only partially coherent systems, while no coherent system can be identified among Japan's data.
Effects of Aerially Applied Gypchek on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Populations in Maryland Woodlots

Moderate to high density gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., populations in eastern and northern Maryland were aerially treated with the nucleopolyhedrosis virus product, Gypchek. A tank mix containing Orzan LS (6% wt/vol) as a sunlight protectant, Pro Mo liquid supplement (12.5% by vol) as a feeding stimulant and humectant, and Rhoplex B60A (2% by vol) as a sticker was applied twice to nine woodlots at the rate of 18.7 liters and 1.25 × 1012 polyhedral inclusion bodies per ha per application. Compared with numbers in control woodlots, this rate reduced numbers of egg masses by 98% in eastern Maryland, and by 80% in northern Maryland. Differences in defoliation between sprayed and control woodlots in either area were not significant.