cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon dots for effective photodynamic inactivation of virus

The antiviral function of carbon dots (CDots) with visible light exposure was evaluated, for which the model bacteriophages MS2 as a surrogate of small RNA viruses were used. The results show clearly that the visible light-activated CDots are highly effective in diminishing the infectivity of MS2 in both low and high titer samples to the host E. coli cells, and the antiviral effects are dot concentration- and treatment time-dependent. The action of CDots apparently causes no significant damage to the structural integrity and morphology of the MS2 phage or the breakdown of the capsid proteins, but does result in the protein carbonylation (a commonly used indicator for protein oxidation) and the degradation of viral genomic RNA. Mechanistically the results may be understood in the framework of photodynamic effects that are associated with the unique excited state properties and processes of CDots. Opportunities for potentially broad applications of CDots coupled with visible/natural light in the prevention and control of viral transmission and spread are highlighted and discussed.
Predictive AI platform on thin film evaporation in hierarchical structures

Abstract The trend in miniaturization and enhanced functional performance of integrated circuits and power electronics and photonics has amplified the generated thermal energy in these devices making thermal management a bottleneck for further advancement in these fields. A range of geometries of hierarchical structures are developed and examined to address this challenge. However, the numerous form factors and dimension of hierarchical structures in addition to cost and time-consuming synthesis and test procedures make it unfeasible to explore bountiful variations of hierarchical geometries through experimental methods. Here, we introduce a general Artificial Intelligence (AI) platform to address this challenge and guide discovery of hierarchical structures for extreme thermal management of high-performance photonics/electronics. The AI platform is based on Random Forest (RF) algorithm, a robust AI method, and was trained using a large collected experimental data set corresponding to thin film evaporation in various forms of hierarchical structures. Four geometrical dimensions of the hierarchical structures and two dimensionless numbers governing heat transfer and fluid dynamics in these structures were used as independent variables to predict heat flux in these structures. The trained model's performance was analyzed using statistical metrics and showed an excellent prediction of heat flux for all the structures with various working fluids. The performance of predictive AI platform was further validated by two independent studies of different research groups. This predictive platform provides a foundation for rational discovery of hierarchical structures and working fluids to address the ongoing challenge of thermal management in broad spectrum of technologies including electronics, hypersonic aviation and electric vehicles.
Graph-based methods to detect hate speech diffusion on Twitter

In this paper, we investigate models to detect the spread of hate speech on Twitter based on its diffusion in the network graph. We experiment with a dataset of 10,000 tweets manually labelled as hate speech or not and show that classification based solely on the sharing graph yields strong F1 scores for our task and high hate speech detection precision. We also highlight the vulnerability of existing textual hate speech detection methods to adversarial attacks and demonstrate that while our methods do not outperform state-of-the-art text models, graph-based models provide robust detection mechanisms and are able to detect instances of hate speech that fool text classifiers. We find that graph convolutional networks produce the strongest hate speech F1 score of 0.58 and find other success with kernel methods. Finally, we also consider the effects of automated bots in the sharing of hate speech content and find they are insignificant in our experiments.
Dueling emergencies: Flood evacuation ridesharing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Volunteered sharing of resources is often observed in response to disaster events During evacuations the sharing of resources and vehicles is a crucial mechanism for expanding critical capacity and enabling inclusive disaster response This paper examines the complexity of rideshare decision-making in the wake of simultaneous emergencies Specifically, the need for physical distancing measures during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic complicates face-to-face resource sharing between strangers The ability of on-demand ridesharing to provide emergency transportation to individuals without access to alternatives calls for an understanding of how evacuees weigh risks of contagion against benefits of spontaneous resource sharing In this research, we examine both sociodemographic and situational factors that contribute to a willingness to share flood evacuation rides with strangers during the COVID-19 pandemic We hypothesize that the willingness to share is significantly correlated with traditional emergency resource sharing motivations and current COVID-19 risk factors To test these hypotheses, we distributed an online survey during the pandemic surge in July 2020 to 600 individuals in three midwestern and three southern states in the United States with high risk of flooding We estimate a random parameter multinomial logit model to determine the willingness to share a ride as a driver or passenger Our findings show that willingness to share evacuation rides is associated with individual sociodemographics (such as being female, under 36 years old, Black, or republican-identifying) and the social environment (such as households with children, social network proximity, and neighborly sharing attitudes) Moreover, our findings suggest higher levels of income, COVID-19 threat perception, evacuation fear, and household preparedness all correspond with a lower willingness to share rides We discuss the broader implications of emergency on-demand mobility during concurrent disasters to formulate strategies for transportation agencies and on-demand ridehailing providers
Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants as a risk factor of offspring metabolic syndrome development during childhood

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are exogenous, artificially made chemicals that can disrupt the biological system of individuals and animals. POPs encompass a variety of chemicals including, dioxins, organochlorines (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that contain a long half-life and highly resistant to biodegradation. These environmental pollutants accumulate over time in adipose tissues of living organisms and alter various insulin function-related genes. Childhood Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) consists of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, insulin function being one of them. Over the years, the incidence of the syndrome has increased dramatically. It is imperative to explore the role of persistent organic pollutants in the development of Childhood Metabolic Syndrome. Some epidemiological studies have reported an association between prenatal exposure to POPs and offspring MetS development throughout childhood. These findings have been replicated in animal studies in which these pollutants exercise negative health outcomes such as obesity and increased waist circumference. This review discusses the role of prenatal exposure to POPs among offspring who develop MetS in childhood, the latest research on the MetS concept, epidemiological and experimental findings on MetS, and the POPs modes of action. This literature review identified consistent research results on this topic. Even though the studies in this review had many strengths, one major weakness was the usage of different combinations of MetS criteria to measure the outcomes. These findings elucidate the urgent need to solidify the pediatric MetS definition. An accurate definition will permit scientists to measure the MetS as a health outcome properly and allow clinicians to diagnose pediatric MetS and provide individualized treatment appropriately.
Mandating COVID-19 Vaccination for Health Care Workers.

This commentary presents arguments for why health care employers should mandate COVID-19 vaccination for their employees. A joint statement signed by dozens of health care professional societies an...
CRIMES AND OFFENSES Controlled Substances: Provide for the Distribution of Forfeited Real Property; Authorize the Acquisition of Forfeited Real Property by Land Bank Authorities

The Act amends the Georgia Code by allowing courts to provide for the distribution of forfeited real property. The Act provides that forfeited real property be turned over to the state and allows courts to sell the property and distribute the proceeds or to hold the property for use by law enforcement agencies. The Act amends the Georgia Code to permit land bank authorities to accept forfeited real property.
High Speed Multibody Dynamic Simulation and Its Impact on Man-Machine Systems

Emerging recursive formulations for multibody dynamic simulation are outlined and shown to provide the basis for real-time dynamic simulation using parallel computers. Computer architecture considerations are examined and shown to be more suitable for implementation on shared-supercomputers. Advances in computer graphics and motion generation for operator-in-the-loop simulation, coming primarily from the field of flight simulation, are outlined. Finally, advanced ground vehicle driving simulator applications that are enabling a new class of human factors research and the emerging ability to tune the design of vehicles to the capability of the driver are summarized.
Computer Simulation of Human Movemfnts

While a great deal is known about the physiological aspects of the human neuro-musculo-skeletal system, the precise mechanisms whereby individual joint motions are coordinated by neural networks to achieve purposeful motions are rather poorly understood.1,2 That is, mathematical models capable of explaining the observed behavior of man and higher animals during locomotion and while manipulating objects are in a rather primitive state of development. The author feels that this lack of understanding is due to three primary factors as follows: 1. From a mathematical or engineering point of view, the human musculo-skeletal system involves great dynamical complexity, even when it is idealized to a system of rigid levers with simple torque generators acting at each joint.3,4 2. Even greatly simplified differential equation models for human motion are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved by analytic means. There was therefore little point in deriving such models prior to the introduction of efficient means for their numerical solution in the form of modern digital computers. 3. Although computers capable of solving very complicated equations of motion are now available, measurement techniques necessary for testing such models against physical observations have been inadequate. Instruments and recording systems capable of automatically determining limb segment motions with the necessary precision have begun to appear only very recently.5,6,7
Dangerous nutrition? Calcium, vitamin D, and shark cartilage nutritional supplements and cancer-related hypercalcemia

The use of nutritional supplements in the general population and in cancer patients has become very popular. These supplements are not perceived as medications and are presumed to be safe by cancer patients, who may however be at risk for hypercalcemia. We note that many of our patients who have developed symptomatic hypercalcemia were taking vitamin D, calcium, or shark cartilage supplements. We report eight cases of hypercalcemia in cancer patients seen at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in whom these nutritional supplements may have contributed to the prevalence or severity of hypercalcemia.
Advanced message passing and threading issues

Today the challenge of programming currentmachines on the Top500 is a well understood problem. The next generation of super-computers will include hundreds of thousands of processors, each one composed of by several semi-specialized cores. From a pure performance view point such architectures appear very promising, even if the most suitable programming methods from the users view point have yet to be discovered. Currently both message passing and threading techniques each have their own domain and occasionally they are used together. Future architectures will force users to always combine these programming paradigms until new languages or better compilers become available. The current trend in HPC area is toward clusters of multi-core processors exhibiting a deep hierarchical memory model. Simultaneously, some classes of application require a variable number of processors during their execution time. The latest version of the MPI standard introduces several advanced topics that fit well in these environments, this includes threading and process management which when combined allow for much better potential performance in future systems.
Gain enhancement in dielectric core filled multimode conical horn antenna

Dielectric core inserted multimode conical horns for optimizing the feed horn performance with low sidelobe and cross-polarization together with increased directivity and gain are investigated. Multiflare conical horns were designed at K/sub u/-band frequencies, and were studied experimentally with dielectric core inserts made of low-loss polyethylene and polystyrene. Radiation pattern measurements were for HE/sub 11/ mode excitation of the horn by a TE/sub 11/ mode in the input circular waveguide at frequencies of 10 to 18 GHz. It is observed that the performance of the horn is similar to that of the dielectric loaded multiflare conical horn studied by the author earlier (1992). But the distinctive difference is that in the present horn the gain performance is less sensitive to frequency compared to that with wall dielectric loading. >
The effect of codes of ethics and personal denial of responsibility on computer abuse judgements and intentions

This research asks whether codes of ethics affect computer abuse judgments and intentions of information systems (IS) employees. Codes of ethics examined include both company codes of ethics and those written specifically to deal with IS issues. In addition, since the intent of codes of ethics is to clarify responsibility and deter unethical behavior, both the psychological trait of responsibility denial and its moderating effect on codes was studied. While company codes did not affect the computer abuse judgments and intentions of all IS personnel, they did affect those IS personnel who tend to deny responsibility, thus suggesting that company codes may clarify responsibility and reduce rationalizations for some people. Unlike company codes, IS-specific codes of ethics had a direct effect on computer sabotage judgments and intentions, but had no differential effect on those high in responsibility denial. Finally, responsibility denial was directly related to all computer abuse judgments and intentions studied. Overall, codes had little effect on computer abuse judgments and intentions relative to the psychological trait of responsibility denial.
Temporal Variability of Iron Speciation in Coastal Rainwater

Iron occurs in rain as particulateand dissolved Fe and includes both Fe(II) and Fe(III)species. Model calculations and correlation analysisindicate Fe(II)(aq) occurs almost exclusively as thefree ion whereas Fe(III)(aq) occurs as both ironoxalate and Fe(OH)2 +(aq) with largevariations over the pH range from 4.0 to 5.0. Complexation with humic-like compounds may also beimportant for Fe(III)(aq); however, the concentrationand structural characteristics of these compounds haveyet to be determined. 112 rain samples were collectedfor iron analysis in Wilmington, North Carolina,between 1 July 1997, and 30 June 1999. Total iron,particulate iron and Fe(III)(aq) were higher inconcentration in summer and spring rain relative towinter and autumn rain. Fe(II)(aq) concentrations, incontrast, did not vary seasonally. Particulate iron,which was approximately half the total rainwater iron,was highest between noon and 6 p.m. (EST), probably dueto more intense regional convection including land-seabreezes during that time. The ratio ofFe(II)(aq)/Fe(III)(aq) was also highest in rainreceived between noon and 6 p.m., which most likelyreflects photochemical reduction of Fe(III)(aq)complexes to form Fe(II)(aq). A conceptual modeldepicting the interplay between iron species, lightintensity and organic ligands in rainwater ispresented.
Studies on human thyroxine-binding globulin

Abstract 1. 1.|The influence of environmental parameters on the conformation of the hormone-binding site of human thyroxine-binding globulin was studied by observing the fluorescence emission of the thyroxine-binding competitor 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS). 2. 2.|A conformational change affecting the binding site was demonstrated below pH 6.4 by increasing relative fluorescence of bound ANS; denaturation below pH 4.0 was shown by a bathochromic shift in the ANS emission maximum and a time-dependent increase in fluorescence. 3. 3.|A thermally-dependent transition of thyroxine-binding globulin structure was shown to occur by (a) a sharp decrease in the slope of the quenching curve above 40 °C, and (b) the irreversibility of the thermal fluorescence quenching curve when the temperature is lowered from 65 °C. 4. 4.|Ionic strengths above 0.15 influence neither the fluorescence of the bound dye nor the binding of thyroxine to thyroxine-binding globulin.
Reforming State Mental Health Parity Law

This Article is the final installment in a three-part project that presents a comprehensive challenge to lingering legal distinctions between physical and mental illness in the context of health insurance. The first installment in this series narrowly inquired as to whether the postpartum mood disorders should be classified as physical or mental illnesses in a range of health law contexts, including the context of health insurance. The second installment was broader in scope and challenged a number of federal provisions that allow publicly- and privately-funded health care programs and plans to provide mental health insurance benefits that are less comprehensive than their physical counterparts. The second installment also proposed comprehensive federal reforms, including the extension of federal mental health parity law to individuals who do not currently benefit from mental health parity law. This third and final Article undertakes an important correction of state mental health parity law. The first section of this Article examines in detail the mental health parity laws of four states: Idaho, Maryland, Nevada, and Vermont. I categorize these states’ divergent mental health parity laws by their breadth and depth of application, whether they mandate the option or inclusion of mental health and substance use disorder benefits, and the extent to which parity between physical and mental health benefits is required in all rates, terms, and conditions. The second section of this Article justifies and proposes amendments that would not only conform these and other state laws to minimum federal requirements, but would also expand state mental health parity law to all health plans subject to state insurance regulation, require inclusion of mental health and substance use disorder benefits in such plans, and eliminate artificial “biologically-based” and “severe mental illness” distinctions. The third section of this Article offers a uniform mental health parity law for consideration by state legislatures.
OCEAN DUMPING: INFORMATION AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE USA

This article examines the quantity, quality and value of the ocean dumping information that is gathered in the U.S. in connection with the legal requirements of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. It deals with three main issues: The first concerns the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the information compiled, using these qualities to measure how well the government has fulfilled its mandate. The second examines the utility of the information in determining trends, and the question of whether those trends are consistent with policy aims. Lastly, it looks at whether changes in policy have so affected the value of existing information that the government's information collection role should be redefined.
Baby boomers and seniors: A leisure value study

Baby boomers worldwide are influencing the aging of society in different ways and greatly are impacting recreation programs and facilities. The purpose of this study was to understand what tomorrow’s seniors (baby boomers born between 1946 and 1964) search for in terms of community leisure needs as perceived by their value structure. As a comparison, today’s senior citizens (born from 1925 to 1945) were also examined. Through a written survey, 52 respondents indicated their preferences regarding leisure values, programs, and facilities. Additional commonalities and differences regarding leisure were identified between baby boomers and seniors based on their survey responses. Findings provide the recreation professional with valuable insights into leisure values between these two cohorts.
Multiobjective optimization using an adaptive weighting scheme

A new Pareto front approximation method is proposed for multiobjective optimization problems MOPs with bound constraints. The method employs a hybrid optimization approach using two derivative-free direct search techniques, and intends to solve black box simulation-based MOPs where the analytical form of the objectives is not known and/or the evaluation of the objective functions is very expensive. A new adaptive weighting scheme is proposed to convert a multiobjective optimization problem to a single objective optimization problem. Another contribution of this paper is the generalization of the star discrepancy-based performance measure for problems with more than two objectives. The method is evaluated using five test problems from the literature, and a realistic engineering problem. Results show that the method achieves an arbitrarily close approximation to the Pareto front with a good collection of well-distributed nondominated points for all six test problems.
Upper-mantle dynamics revealed by helium isotope variations along the southeast Indian ridge

Helium isotope variations in igneous rocks are important for relating isotopic heterogeneity to convective mixing in the Earth's mantle. High 3He/4He ratios at many ocean islands, along with lower and relatively uniform values in mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs), are thought to result from a well mixed upper-mantle source for MORB and a distinct deeper-mantle source for ocean island basalts. At finer scales, 3He/4He variations along mid-ocean ridges have been related to underlying mantle heterogeneity, but relationships between the scales of geochemical segmentation and mantle convection remain enigmatic. Here we present helium isotope data for MORB glasses recovered along approximately 5,800 km of the southeast Indian ridge, and develop an approach to quantitatively relate spatial variations in geochemical and geophysical parameters at the Earth's surface. A point-to-point correlation analysis reveals structure in the helium isotope data at length scales of approximately 150 and approximately 400 km that appears to be related to secondary convection in the underlying mantle.
Caching management of mobile DBMS

Unlike a traditional client-server network, a mobile computing environment has a very limited bandwidth in a wireless link. Thus, one design goal of caching management in a mobile computing environment is to reduce the use of wireless links. This is the primary objective for this research. Quota data and private data mechanisms are used in our design so that an MU user is able to query and update data from the local DBMS without cache coherence problems. The effect of the two mechanisms is to increase the hit ratio. An agent on an MU along with a program on a base station are used to handle the caching management, including prefetching/hoarding, cache use, cache replacement, and cache-miss handling. The simulation results clearly indicate that our approaches are improvements to the previous research.
Optimized Droop Control Parameters for Effective Load Sharing and Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids

AbstractDroop control method is a widely used technique for achieving load sharing in DC microgrid applications. Virtual output impedance (or droop gain) and voltage reference are the main control parameters typically selected based on the power ratings of the sources for proper load sharing. The performance of droop controller is affected significantly by the voltage drops across the transmission line impedances, resulting in a load sharing error and voltage degradation across the microgrid. In this article, a new optimization procedure is proposed to find the optimal droop parameters such that the effect of the line impedances is minimized. An optimization problem along with the required constrains is formulated as the combination of current sharing errors as well as the voltage degradation for various loading conditions. Particle swarm-based technique is then used to provide a solution for this optimization problem. The performance of the droop controller with the optimal droop parameters is verified t...
High-speed analog-to-digital conversion with GaAs technology: prospects, trends and obstacles

The authors addresses the prospects for widespread use of GaAs technology for analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, the technological and design trends for improved A/D realizations, and the obstacles to the realization of higher speed and resolution. It is noted that GaAs MESFET and HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) technology promise an increase in sample rate and achievable resolution for A/D conversion compared to silicon technology, if a number of technological and design limitations can be overcome. GaAs MESFET technology is relatively mature, but currently suffers from poor threshold uniformity, 1/f noise, and hysteresis. GaAs HBT technology possesses few of the limitations of MESFET technology, but the achievable level of integration is still quite low. >
Hole Mobilities in a Photorefractive Polymer

We present measurements of the hole mobility in a photorefractive polymer composite as a function of temperature and applied electric field. The material is a composite, non-linear optical polymer bisphenol A 4-4'- nitroaminostilbene (bisA-NAS) mixed with 30 wt % of the hole transport agent diethylamino-benzaldehyde diphenyl hydrazone (DEH). The electric field and temperature dependencies of the hole mobility in the photorefractive polymer can be described at high fields by exp((beta) E1/2) and exp [-(T0/T)2] respectively, in agreement with the disorder theory of the well-known hopping model developed for charge-transport in molecularly doped polymers. The mobilities at all temperatures decrease ((beta) less than 0) with increasing fields up to a certain field, but increase again ((beta) greater than 0) at higher fields.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence for a completely inactive renin zymogen in the kidney by affinity chromatographic isolation

Summary A complete inactive renin was isolated from hog kidney extract by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose followed by affinity chromatography on pestatin-aminohexyl Sepharose. The inactive renin was activated by trypsin. It has a molecular weight of 53,000 ± 2,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The active renin generated from this inactive renin by trypsin treatment has the molecular weight of 41,000 ± 1,000. Treatments of the inactive renin with dithiothreitol, NaCl, SDS or an acidic buffer did not cause activation indicating that the inactive preparation is not a renin-inhibitor complex.
A man with four coronary arteries.

A 52-year-old Caucasian male presented with shortness of breath and exertional fatigue. A persatine cardiolyte stress test showed a large inferolateral wall reversible defect. Coronary angiography showed four coronary arteries, each arising from a separate ostium. The right coronary artery (RCA) and left circumflex (LCx) artery originated from the two separate ostia in the right coronary sinus (Panels A, C, and D). The left anterior descending (LAD) and ramus intermedius (RI) arteries originated from two separate ostia in the …
In-beam conversion electron spectrometer

Abstract An in-beam electron spectrometer, in use in this laboratory since 1970, is described with respect to its design, construction and performance. Its salient features are 4 ns time resolution, 2.5 keV energy resolution, unswept overall efficiency of 0.9×10 −2 approximating a Gaussian of width Δp / p =0.18 (fwhm), rejection of positrons (or electrons, by choice) by a factor >850, rejection of all heavy charged particles, rejection of X-rays and shielding against γ-rays, small volume for easily measuring angular distributions in vacuo, simple and smooth dependence of efficiency on energy, fast enough to average over accelerator fluctuations, low input power 2 kW for an energy range of 40–2000 keV, ≈ 1 Ω resistance to match solid state power supplies and extreme simplicity of construction at minimal cost. These constitute a versatile and powerful combination of qualifications for in-beam spectroscopy.
Large variations of sucrose in constant carbohydrate diets in type II diabetes

Several studies show that sucrose does not aggravate hyperglycemia in type II diabetes mellitus, but sucrose is still restricted in dietary recommendations. Since sucrose in high carbohydrate diets elevates fasting triglyceride levels, the effects of sucrose were evaluated in diets with fixed carbohydrate levels. Eighteen diabetic volunteers receiving no medication were given weight maintenance diets with 50 percent carbohydrate, 35 percent fat, 15 percent protein, and 120 g of sucrose for 10 days as inpatients. They were then randomly assigned diets of similar composition with either 220 g of sucrose (high sucrose diet) or less than 3 g of sucrose daily (complex carbohydrate [CHO] diet) for one additional month. There were no differences in fasting, one-, two-, and three-hour post-lunch serum glucose levels; 24-hour glycosuria; glycohemoglobin levels; fasting and postprandial serum triglyceride levels, or fasting high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Twelve patients with preexisting higher triglyceridemia had similar trends, but the postprandial triglyceride levels were lower in the high sucrose diet group of this subset (p less than 0.05 in the third week). Postprandial serum insulin levels declined in the second week on the complex CHO diet. More than 75-fold difference in sucrose intake with constant carbohydrate and fat did not affect glycemic or triglyceridemic control in type II diabetic patients. The reported high sucrose-carbohydrate-induced rise in fasting triglyceridemia was not present when a diet high in sucrose was given without changing total carbohydrate.
One-dimensional Boltzmann equation with a three-body collision term

It is shown that a linearized one-dimensional Boltzmann equation with a certain simple three-body collision term is trivially soluable.
Concurrent Aggregates (CA)

To program massively concurrent MIMD machines, programmers need tools for managing complexity that do not restrict concurrency. One important tool that has been used in sequential programs is hierarchies of abstractions. Unfortunately, most concurrent object-oriented languages construct hierarchical abstractions from objects that serialize the processing of requests, limiting the concurrency of abstractions. Concurrent Aggregates (CA) is an object-oriented language that provides tools for building abstractions with unrestricted concurrency, aggregates. Aggregates are collections of objects that have a single group name, allowing aggregates and objects to be used interchangeably, increasing program concurrency while preserving the program?s modularity structure. This paper describes and evaluates the use of aggregates in a programming langauge. Based on our programming experience, we evaluate basic support for aggregates (a one-to-one-of-many interface and intra-aggregate addressing). In many applications, the basic support for aggregates can be used to build multiaccess data abstractions that maintain program modularity and increase concurrency. The one-to-one-of-many interface and intra-aggregate naming are sufficient to build a wide variety of replication structures and distributed interfaces. We also evaluate language support in CA for composing multiaccess data abstractions (delegation, first-class messages, and first-class and user-defined continuations). Delegation was not useful because, in most cases, some coordination code was needed to glue abstractions together, and representation incompatibilities between aggregates make a traditional shared-state approach infeasible. First-class messages were extremely useful for implementing data-parallel operations and a variety of customized synchronization and scheduling structures. First-class continuations found widespread use in simple synchronization structures. User-defined continuations are useful for group, source-blind synchronization structures such as barriers, but the lack of identifying information in reply messages limits user-defined continuations? utility for more general fine-grained synchronization structures.
Regulation of enzyme activity in plants by reversible phosphorylation

This paper reviews the seven specific plant enzymes which have been shown or suggested, to date, to undergo reversible covalent modification by regulatory phosphorylation, including mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), chloroplastic pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1) and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39), cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (EC 2.7.1.105), microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl - CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34), and quinate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.24).
Apoptotic positive cells in Krabbe brain and induction of apoptosis in rat C6 glial cells by psychosine.

Abstract Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of infants, caused by deficient activity of cerebroside-β-galactosidase resulting in loss of myelin accompanied by loss of oligodendrocytes. The loss of oligodendrocyte population is accompanied by accumulation of psychosine, which is considered as the molecule responsible for the observed pathophysiology of GLD. We were able to detect apoptotic cells by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling assay and nuclear localization of p53 in postmortem brain tissue of Krabbe's disease patients, which were not detected in the control brain. To study the role of psychosine in cell death, we investigated the effect of psychosine on C6 glial cell survival by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Similar to ceramide (43.8% loss) the galactopsychosine and glucopsychosine treatment killed up to 46.3 and 48.75% of cells, respectively. On the other hand, sphingosine had no effect. DNA laddering assay confirmed these results. Moreover, psychosine-induced detection of annexin-V positive cells supports a role for psychosine in C6 glial cell death via the apoptotic pathway. These results indicate that psychosine may play a role in apoptotic cell loss observed in GLD brain.
Targeted comparative genome analysis and qualitative mapping of a major partial-resistance gene to the soybean cyst nematode.

A major partial-resistance locus to the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe; SCN) was identified on linkage group ‘G’ of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). This locus explained 51.4% (LOD=10.35) of the total phenotypic variation in disease response in soybean Plant Introduction (PI) 209332, 52.7% (LOD=15.58) in PI 90763, 40.0% (LOD=10.50) in PI 88788, and 28.1% (LOD=6.94) in ‘Peking’. Initially, the region around this major resistance locus was poorly populated with DNA markers. To increase marker density in this genomic region, first random, and later targeted, comparative mapping with RFLPs from mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz.] and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was performed, eventually leading to one RFLP marker every 2.6 centimorgans (cM). Even with this marker density, the inability to resolve SCN disease response into discrete Mendelian categories posed a major limitation to mapping. Thus, qualitative scoring of SCN disease response was carried out in an F5∶6 recombinant inbred population derived from ‘Evans’xPI 209332 using a 30% disease index cut-off for resistance. Using the computer program JoinMap, an integrated map of the region of interest was created, placing the SCN resistance locus 4.6 cM from RFLP marker B53 and 2.8 cM from Bng30. This study demonstrates how a combination of molecularmapping strategies, including comparative genome analysis, join mapping, and qualitative scoring of a quantitative trait, potentially provide the necessary tools for high-resolution mapping around a quantitative-trait locus.
Database requirements for PACS

PACS offers new capabilities, but presents some new limitations as well. We reviewed radiology practice at four medical centers. For interpretation of new images, most radiologists felt that the most recent examination for comparison would suffice, except for chest radiographs, for which three prior exams were frequently needed. All of the centers used alternators to review images, with from 5-14 separate reading areas. PACS capabilities should include organization and delivery of cases for interpretation and consultation to the appropriate area, pnoritization of cases, and rapid availability of inpatient and clinic patient data.
Initiation of DNA replication in chromosomes of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The initiation of DNA replication and the subsequent chain elongation were studied using Chinese hamster ovary cells synchronized at the beginning of S phase. The cells were synchronized by a combination of mitotic selection and treatment with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU). The use of this drug at a concentration of 10−5 M was found to effectively prevent the leakage of cells into S phase. Reversal of the FdU block by supplying thymidine resulted in the synchronous onset of initiation at multiple sites in each cell. The length of the nascent chains, as determined by autoradiography and velocity sedimentation in alkaline gradients, increased linearly with time during the first twenty minutes of S phase after release. — We applied these procedures to study the effects of the length of an FdU block on the number of functional origins per cell, the rate of chain growth, and the rate of DNA synthesis per cell following reversal of the block. Although no change was noted in the rate of DNA synthesis in cells held at the beginning of S phase from 10.5 to 24 h after division, the rate of chain growth decreased from 0.94 to 0.28 microns per min. This decrease indicated that the number of functional origins increased markedly with length of FdU block. The calculated number of utilized origins per cell increased from 1,900 to 5,700. We also presented arguments that 1,900 origins per cell represents the approximate number of origins utilized by any cell held at the beginning of S phase for less than 10.5 h after division.
Neuropeptide Y Is a Vasoconstrictor of Human Coronary Arteries

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid polypeptide which coexists with catecholamines in many adrenergic and noradrenergic neurons. It has been demonstrated to exert pressor effects in the perfused guinea pig heart and to constrict large cerebral and coronary blood vessels in animal studies. To determine if NPY might be a human coronary vasoconstrictor, the authors studied its effect on postmortem human coronary arteries. Proximal epicardial coronary rings were studied in a superfusion apparatus in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37° C, pH 7.4) presaturated with 95% O2–5% CO2. Concentration-response curves were obtained using NPY in 0.1% bovine serum albumin in buffer and the responses were compared to those obtained in the presence of alpha1, beta, and cyclooxygenase antagonists. A dose-related constrictor effect was obtained with NPY, which was significantly more potent than noradrenaline, constriction often being seen at 10-12 M concentration. A vasorelaxant effect was seen in nonatherosclerotic vessels at higher concentrations. The vasoconstriction produced by nor-adrenaline was potentiated by subthreshold concentrations of NPY. The vasoconstrictor effect of NPY was not inhibited by prazosin (10-6 M), and the vasodilatory effect was not inhibited by propranolol (10-5 M). Indomethacin (3 × 10-6M) did not alter either vasoconstriction or vasorelaxation. The authors conclude that NPY is a potent constrictor of the human coronary artery at concentrations that may be achievable in vivo; it may thus be a contributor to sympathetic enhancement of coronary artery tone.
Opportunities for neuroprotection in ALS using cell death mechanism rationales

Although cell death is fundamental to motor neuron (MN) diseases, the contributions of different forms of cell death to MN degeneration in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in transgenic mouse models of ALS are uncertain. Some studies report that apoptosis contributes to the neurodegeneration, but other studies reject these claims. This controversy needs resolution because it is therapeutically relevant. Clarification of MN death mechanisms will provide rational targets for new therapeutics for ALS.
Magnesium chloride supported high mileage catalyst for olefin polymerization. VI. Definitive evidence against diffusion limitation

There has been continuing interest in the possible role of insoluble polymer products forming a barrier reducing rate of diffusion of monomer to the active site to cause decrease in rate of polymerization and broadening of molecular weight distribution. This possibility is more acute the higher the catalytic activity. We have now shown that diffusion limitation is unimportant for the MgCl2 support high activity Ziegler–Natta catalyst by comparing its polymerization of propylene to isotactic insoluble polypropylene and of decene-1 to isotactic soluble polydecene. The rate constant of propagation is about eight times greater for propylene while the rate constants of termination, i.e, decay of Rp, are comparable for the two monomers.
PRISM: An Introduction

to the conservation company carrying In the past, p~ogr~s des~ned to mduce out the retrofits [2]) or shared-savings arenergy conservatIon m h~usmg have nearly rangements between building owner and all been c~sual about theIr measure~ent of energy service company, require the savings energy saVIngs. In many cases, saVIngs are estimates to be both accurate and unambigunashamedly a~erted without ~eing mea- uous. Finally, the homeowner, whether sured: the momtors keep score w~t~ a yard- participating in these programs or acting instick scaled by the number of partIcIpants or dependently, needs feedback on the effectivenumber of dollars spent rather than the actual ness of his or her conservation investments. amount of energy sa~ed, or t~ey rel~ on ~n- Companies which offer conservation gineering models w~lch, lackm~ calibratIon services invariably need help in informing to .real-world expene.nce, no.to?ousl~ over- the customer about how much energy -and e~tlffiat~ the .actual saVIngs. ~hlS IS partl~ularly money -his or her purchase is likely to save. dlstressmg gIven that the smgle most lffiP?r- With records of actual savings achieved, tant objecti~e ~f t~e~ programs,. ~he saVIng companies could understand, quantitatively, of energy, IS mtnnslcally quantIfiable and the value of what they sell. The resulting relatively. accessible by means of e~ergy picture could become one of satisfied, savvy consumptIon data reco~d~d systematIcally customers dealing with a company able to for another purpose -billing. Furthermore, convey accurately the value of its own serweather adjustments are easily made from vices. readily available temperature data, so that effects of conservation need not be obscured by differences in weather from one year to IT'S EASIER THAN IT MAY SEEM the next.
Reticulum cell sarcoma Unusual cause of ureteral obstruction

Abstract A case of reticulum cell sarcoma causing ureteral obstruction is presented. Clinical ureteral compression decreased with chemotherapy.
Microtubule-associated Protein 2c Reorganizes Both Microtubules and Microfilaments into Distinct Cytological Structures in an Actin-binding Protein-280–deficient Melanoma Cell Line

The emergence of processes from cells often involves interactions between microtubules and microfilaments. Interactions between these two cytoskeletal systems are particularly apparent in neuronal growth cones. The juvenile isoform of the neuronal microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2c) is present in growth cones, where we hypothesize it mediates interactions between microfilaments and microtubules. To approach this problem in vivo, we used the human melanoma cell, M2, which lacks actin-binding protein-280 (ABP-280) and forms membrane blebs, which are not seen in wild-type or ABP-transfected cells. The microinjection of tau or mature MAP2 rescued the blebbing phenotype; MAP2c not only caused cessation of blebbing but also induced the formation of two distinct cellular structures. These were actin-rich lamellae, which often included membrane ruffles, and microtubule-bearing processes. The lamellae collapsed after treatment with cytochalasin D, and the processes retracted after treatment with colchicine. MAP2c was immunocytochemically visualized in zones of the cell that were devoid of tubulin, such as regions within the lamellae and in association with membrane ruffles. In vitro rheometry confirmed that MAP2c is an efficient actin gelation protein capable of organizing actin filaments into an isotropic array at very low concentrations; tau and mature MAP2 do not share this rheologic property. These results suggest that MAP2c engages in functionally specific interactions not only with microtubules but also with microfilaments.
Quantitative evaluation of high-resolution features in images of negatively stained tobacco mosaic virus

Abstract This study investigates the causes of the apparent differences between the optical diffraction pattern of a micrograph of a Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) particle, the optical diffraction pattern of a ten-fold photographically averaged image, and the computed diffraction pattern of the original micrograph. Peak intensities along the layer lines in the transform of the averaged image appear to be quite unlike those in the diffraction pattern of the original micrograph, and the diffraction intensities for the averaged image extend to unexpectedly high resolution. A carefully controlled, quantitative comparison reveals, however, than the optical diffraction pattern of the original micrograph and that of the ten-fold averaged image are essentially equivalent. Using computer-based image processing, we discovered that the peak intensities on the 6th layer line have values very similar in magnitude to the neighboring noise, in contrast to what was expected from the optical diffraction pattern of the original micrograph. This discrepancy was resolved by recording a series of optical diffraction patterns when the original micrograph was immersed in oil. These patterns revealed the presence of a substantial phase grating effect, which exaggerated the peak intensities on the 6th layer line, causing an erroneous impression that the high resolution features possessed a good signal-to-noise ratio. This study thus reveals some pitfalls and misleading results that can be encountered when using optical diffraction patterns to evaluate image quality.