cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Psychology of Love and Hate in Intimate Relationships

This chapter discusses the importance of studying love and hate in intimate relationships, focusing on how unconventional aspects of intimate relationships: Non-monogamy, female orgasm, sadism, and hate are often overlooked and undervalued in the social sciences. Within this volume, several researchers from a variety of disciplines within psychology use empirical and theoretical evidence to demonstrate the importance of these underrepresented aspects of intimate relationships. By shedding more light on how love and hate can work in intimate relationships given the changes in technology, values, and time, it is hoped that satisfaction in intimate relationships and understanding of relationship processes will increase.
Secondary Release of Exosomes from Astrocytes Contributes to the Increase in Neural Plasticity and Improvement of Functional Recovery after Stroke in Rats Treated with Exosomes Harvested from MicroRNA 133b-Overexpressing Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells:

We previously demonstrated that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that overexpress microRNA 133b (miR-133b) significantly improve functional recovery in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) compared with naive MSCs and that exosomes generated from naive MSCs mediate the therapeutic benefits of MSC therapy for stroke. Here we investigated whether exosomes isolated from miR-133b-overexpressing MSCs (Ex-miR-133b+) exert amplified therapeutic effects. Rats subjected to 2 h of MCAO were intra-arterially injected with Ex-miR-133b+, exosomes from MSCs infected by blank vector (Ex-Con), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were sacrificed 28 days after MCAO. Compared with the PBS treatment, both exosome treatment groups exhibited significant improvement of functional recovery. Ex-miR-133b+ treatment significantly increased functional improvement and neurite remodeling/brain plasticity in the ischemic boundary area compared with the Ex-Con treatment. Treatment with Ex-miR-133b+ al...
Goodbye to cinema? Jean-Luc Godard’s Adieu au langage (2014) as 3D images at the edge of history

This article will analyse Jean-Luc Godard’s 3D feature film, Adieu au langage (2014), as a reflexive meditation on the changing technologies and aesthetics of cinema, in which the history and memor...
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Investigations of Protein Structure

It has been recognized since 1950 (Elliott and Ambrose, 1950) that infrared spectroscopy has the potential to provide information regarding protein secondary structure. Krimm lists nine protein-sensitive infrared active vibrations arising from the amide backbone linkage (Krimm and Bandekar, 1986). The majority of protein structural information, however, has been obtained from one absorbance originating primarily from the amide C=O stretching vibrations: the amide I band. The sensitivity to variations in both geometric arrangement of atoms and hydrogen bonding enables infrared spectroscopy to discriminate between the various secondary structures, i. e., helical, extended sheet, unordered, and turns, incorporated within the three-dimensional organization of peptides and proteins. Many studies have demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify specific secondary structures.
Rational Redesign of a Functional Protein Kinase-Substrate Interaction

Eukaryotic protein kinases typically phosphorylate substrates in the context of specific sequence motifs, contributing to specificity essential for accurate signal transmission. Protein kinases recognize their target sequences through complementary interactions within the active site cleft. As a step toward the construction of orthogonal kinase signaling systems, we have re-engineered the protein kinase Pim1 to alter its phosphorylation consensus sequence. Residues in the Pim1 catalytic domain interacting directly with a critical arginine residue in the substrate were substituted to produce a kinase mutant that instead accommodates a hydrophobic residue. We then introduced a compensating mutation into a Pim1 substrate, the pro-apoptotic protein BAD, to reconstitute phosphorylation both in vitro and in living cells. Coexpression of the redesigned kinase with its substrate in cells protected them from apoptosis. Such orthogonal kinase–substrate pairs provide tools to probe the functional consequences of spe...
Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Lateral Epicondylitis in the USA: Analysis of 85, 318 Patients:

BackgroundNational rates of lateral epicondylitis and surgical treatment are poorly defined. Disease burden of lateral epicondylitis (LE) continues to increase annually. Further study is necessary ...
Simple versus Complex Conduct Disorders: Identification and Phenomenology:

Children with conduct disorders are among the most frequent referrals for psychiatric or other mental health treatment; yet the diagnosis of conduct disorders is also frequently seen as a reason to exclude children or youth from special education and related mental health services. This article highlights the possibility that associated with conduct disorders or its symptoms may be a variety of other psychiatric disorders requiring very different interventions. Extrapolation of symptoms from classroom inattention or disruptive behavior and estimated prevalence are discussed.
BA-Induced Shoot Formation in Indian Hawthorn

Abstract A study was conducted to determine effects of multiple weekly applications of different concentrations of a synthetic cytokinin, benzyladenine (BA), on two Indian hawthorn [Rhaphiolepis Lindl. Cor. Poir. indica (L.) Lindl. (Crataegus indica L.)] cultivars, ‘Olivia’ and ‘Eleanor Taber’. In a greenhouse in winter 2000-2001, ‘Olivia’ Indian hawthorn received four weekly applications of 2500 ppm or 5000 ppm BA. At 45 days after last treatment (DALT) untreated plants had formed no new shoots, while plants treated with 2500 and 5000 ppm BA produced 6.8 and 5.4 new shoots, respectively. New leaves of plants treated with 5000 ppm BA were abnormally mottled, twisted, and cupped. In an outdoor nursery in summer 2001, ‘Olivia’ in 3.8 liter (#1) and 26.5 liter (#7) containers received three and two applications, respectively, at concentrations from 0 to 5000 ppm. Untreated plants in 26.5 liter (#7) containers formed 4.7 new shoots at 30 days after initial treatment (DAIT), and new shoots increased from 83 wi...
Sleep Disturbances, Quality of Life, and Ethnicity: The Sleep Heart Health Study

Study Objectives:To compare health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) across subgroups defined by sleep disturbances and ethnicity.Methods:Men (47%) and women (53%) Sleep Heart Health Study participa...
Nanoparticles for Immune Cytokine TRAIL-Based Cancer Therapy

The immune cytokine tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has received significant attention as a cancer therapeutic due to its ability to selectively trigger cancer cell apoptosis without causing toxicity in vivo. While TRAIL has demonstrated significant promise in preclinical studies in mice as a cancer therapeutic, challenges including poor circulation half-life, inefficient delivery to target sites, and TRAIL resistance have hindered clinical translation. Recent advances in drug delivery, materials science, and nanotechnology are now being exploited to develop next-generation nanoparticle platforms to overcome barriers to TRAIL therapeutic delivery. Here, we review the design and implementation of nanoparticles to enhance TRAIL-based cancer therapy. The platforms we discuss are diverse in their approaches to the delivery problem and provide valuable insight into guiding the design of future nanoparticle-based TRAIL cancer therapeutics to potentially enable future translation ...
Head waves in ocean acoustic ambient noise: Measurements and modeling.

Seismic interferometry recovers the Green's function between two receivers by cross-correlating the field measured from sources that surround the receivers. In the seismic literature, it has been widely reported that this processing can produce artifacts in the Green's function estimate called “spurious multiples” or the “virtual refracted wave.” The spurious multiples are attributed to the head wave and its multiples and travels in the seabed. The head wave phenomenon is shown to be observable from both controlled active sources and from ocean ambient noise and for both vertical and horizontal arrays. The processing used is a generalization of the passive fathometer to produce cross-beam correlations. This passive fathometer is equivalent to the seismic interferometry techniques for delay and sum beamforming but not for adaptive beamforming. Modeling and experimental data show the head wave is observed in ocean noise and can be used to estimate the seabed sound speed.
Empowerment Self-Defense

Abstract Empowerment self-defense (ESD), also known as feminist self-defense, is a distinctive approach to women’s sexual assault resistance education, rooted in the second-wave radical feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In this chapter, I review the defining qualities, theoretical grounding, and evidence base of ESD classes. ESD classes are comprehensive, evidence-based, hold perpetrators responsible, transform understandings of women’s bodies, place violence in a social context, advocate social change goals, and empower rather than restrict women’s lives. Recent empirical evaluations have found that ESD classes reduce women’s risk of sexual assault and harassment and increase their self-confidence. Despite these promising findings, much remains to be learned about the optimal structure and timing of ESD education and the mechanisms that produce these positive effects.
Online tutor for research writing

English is the most prominent second language used in educational programs throughout the world. Unfortunately, there is a limitation of time and skill to guide students with learning the language and for evaluating their writings. Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) tools would help in addressing this gap. AWE is a relatively new field which has been of interest to a lot of researchers. It is believed to have the potential to aid in teaching and learning of writing skills in English. Recent improvements in Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning and Natural Language Processing has also enabled researchers to try new approaches to improve the features and performance of AWE systems. Although AWE could be of great use to both students and teachers, research analyzing the usage of such systems in classroom environments has been insufficient. In this thesis, I document a contribution to the field of Automated Writing Evaluation in the form of a new AWE tool called the Research Writing Tutor (RWT). The system design, user interface design, and features of this tool are introduced first, and then the findings obtained from an user evaluation study are reported. RWT is a web-based tool that provides instantaneous feedback on students’ research writing using a machine-learning algorithm trained on an annotated collection of articles from 30 different academic fields. The system analyzes individual sections of the research article (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion/Conclusion) and categorizes each sentence as a particular rhetorical shift with a functional meaning. The goal of the RWT, as explained by Cotos et al. (2010) in a proposal for research funding, is to make the students think of their writing as a series of rhetorical strategies to convey a particular functional
A phase-field model for solid-state selective laser sintering of metallic materials

Abstract Selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) is an additive manufacturing process that uses laser energy to sinter/melt powder particles together to construct solid structures. Materials modeling of microstructure evolution during such processes can be of great importance, especially for process control and optimization. In literature, most modeling efforts have been focused on the microstructure evolution during SLM, while few attempts have been made to study the microstructure evolution as a result of SLS. In this study, a phase-field (PF) based SLS model is developed to predict the evolving of microstructure in the solid-state SLS process. The effects of laser power intensity and scanning speed on microstructure evolution are investigated. The feasibility and capability of modeling in a large scale are demonstrated. The modeling results are validated by experimental findings in terms of the neck size between adjacent particles. This PF based SLS model is found to be capable of predicting the neck growth for various metallic materials including 316 L stainless steel, titanium, and nickel.
Glioma and Alzheimer's Disease

Background Cancer mortality and Alzheimer's disease (AD) mortality increase with age, but some studies have shown an inverse relationship of the two diseases, that is, older persons with cancer have a reduced risk of AD and vice versa. However, other analyses suggest that AD and brain tumor might be positively correlated. Objective In the current study, we wished to determine the relationship of AD mortality to malignant brain tumor mortality in US states and counties. Methods Data and maps of malignant brain tumor mortality and Alzheimer's disease mortality (1999-2016) are from the CDC Wonder tool (https://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd10.html). Data on malignant brain tumor types and their frequencies are from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER, https://seer.cancer.gov). Data on the genetics of lower grade glioma are from the TCGA Lower Grade Glioma (LGG) dataset in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). Results SEER data indicate that astrocytomas make up 58.2% of malignant brain tumors in patients 65 and older; glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma make up 41.6%. We found a significant positive correlation between AD mortality rate and malignant brain tumor mortality rate 1999-2016 in persons age 65 and older in A) 1,101 US counties, p < 0.001 and B) 50 US states, p < 0.001. Conclusion Adult malignant brain tumors may share some environmental risks with AD. Malignant brain tumors and AD also have some genes in common: TREM2, SPI1, CD33, and INPP5D. The interaction of environment and genetics is complex and overlaps in malignant brain tumors and AD.
Cytotoxic therapy in acute myeloid leukemia: not quite dead yet

Given the recent approvals of new agents for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a clinical trial pipeline stocked with novel therapies, and the rapid integration of imaginative approaches in diseases like acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, it is reasonable to ask whether treatment of AML might finally depart from the classical cytotoxic induction therapy that has been employed since the 1970s. However, for better or worse, in 2018, cytotoxic induction regimens remain the standard of care for most patients. Indeed, the future likely lies in combinations of therapies that act with a spectrum of mechanisms. Using a case-based format, this review will outline current treatment expectations for patients according to karyotypic risk and familiarize readers with the basis for common induction choices. Relapsed/refractory disease may be especially amenable to interventions with novel agents or clinical trials; however, there are still some patients who most benefit from intensive chemotherapy. This review will outline risk systems that help the practitioner identify those with the best chances for response and survival. Finally, clinical tools, including geriatric assessments and comorbidity calculators, may help clinicians recognize patients for whom disease risk and comorbidity tip the balance against classical chemotherapy, a frequent challenge for those who treat this devastating disease.
Radiative thermal conduction of molten tin sulfide estimated from its optical emission spectrum

Abstract Molten semi-conductors have potential utility in thermoelectrics or heat-management at high temperature (900 °C and above), though their development requires further analysis of their thermal conduction mechanisms, in particular radiative heat-transfer. Using a container-less method based on the floating zone furnace, the optical emission properties of a pendant droplet of molten tin sulfide (SnS) are investigated in the UV–visible (200–850 nm) and near IR (900–2050 nm) ranges. The emissivity results suggest a low emissivity for molten SnS at the peak of radiation for the temperature range of 890–950 °C. Corresponding estimates of radiative thermal conductivity suggest its minor contribution to the overall thermal conduction of molten SnS.
Computing real time correlation functions on a hybrid classical/quantum computer

Abstract Quantum devices may overcome limitations of classical computers in studies of nuclear structure functions and parton Wigner distributions of protons and nuclei. In this talk, we discuss a worldline approach to compute nuclear structure functions in the high energy Regge limit of QCD using a hybrid quantum computer, by expressing the fermion determinant in the QCD path integral as a quantum mechanical path integral over 0 + 1-dimensional fermionic and bosonic world-lines in background gauge fields. Our simplest example of computing the well-known dipole model result for the structure function F2 in the high energy Regge limit is feasible with NISQ era technology using few qubits and shallow circuits. This example can be scaled up in complexity and extended in scope to compute structure functions, scattering amplitudes and other real-time correlation functions in QCD, relevant for example to describe non-equilibrium transport of quarks and gluons in a Quark-Gluon-Plasma.
A majoritarian basis for judicial countermajoritarianism

Judicial protection of disfavored minorities against oppressive legislation in majoritarian separation-of-power systems raises a puzzle: Why don’t legislative majorities enacting discriminatory leg...
Effect of escitalopram dose and treatment duration on CSF Aβ levels in healthy older adults: A controlled clinical trial

Objective To determine whether treatment with escitalopram compared with placebo would lower CSF β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) levels. Rationale Serotonin signaling suppresses Aβ42 in animal models of Alzheimer disease (AD) and young healthy humans. In a prospective study in older adults, we examined dose and treatment duration effects of escitalopram. Methods Using lumbar punctures to sample CSF levels before and after a course of escitalopram treatment, cognitively normal older adults (n = 114) were assigned to placebo, 20 mg escitalopram × 2 weeks, 20 mg escitalopram × 8 weeks, or 30 mg escitalopram × 8 weeks; CSF sampled pretreatment and posttreatment and within-subject percent change in Aβ42 was used as the primary outcome in subsequent analyses. Results An overall 9.4% greater reduction in CSF Aβ42 was found in escitalopram-treated compared with placebo-treated groups (p 250 pg/mL). Conclusions Short-term longitudinal doses of escitalopram decreased CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal older adults, the target group for AD prevention. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02161458. Classification of evidence This study provides Class II evidence that for cognitively normal older adults, escitalopram decreases CSF Aβ42.
Object Detection and Segmentation in Chest X-rays for Tuberculosis Screening

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease leading to the deaths of approximately 2 million people annually. Providing healthcare professionals with better information, at a faster pace, is essential for combating this disease, especially in Low and Middle Income Countries with resource-constrained health systems. In this paper we describe how using convolution neural networks (CNNs) with an object level annotated dataset of chest X-rays (CXRs) allows us to identify the location of pulmonary issues indicative of TB. We compare the performance of Faster R-CNN, Mask R-CNN, and Cascade versions of each, demonstrating reasonable results with a small dataset. We present a method to reduce the false positive rate by comparing the location of a detected object with the known location of areas where the detected class is likely to occur in the lung. Our results show that with a dataset of high-quality, object level annotations, object detection and segmentation of CXRs is possible and could be used as part of an automated TB screening process. This work has the potential to improve the speed of TB diagnosis, if implemented within the corresponding health care system and adapted to existing clinical worktlows.
Dimensionality analysis of forearm muscle activation for myoelectric control in transradial amputees

Establishing a natural communication interface between the user and the terminal device is one of the central challenges of hand neuroprosthetics research. Surface electromyography (EMG) is the most common source of neural signals for interpreting a user's intent in these interfaces. However, how the capacity of EMG generation is affected by various clinical parameters remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the EMG activity of forearm muscles recorded from 11 transradially amputated subjects who performed a wide range of movements. EMG recordings from 40 able-bodied subjects were also analyzed to provide comparative benchmarks. By using non-negative matrix factorization, we extracted the synergistic EMG patterns for each subject to estimate the dimensionality of muscle control, under the framework of motor synergies. We found that amputees exhibited less than four synergies (with substantial variability related to the length of remaining limb and age), whereas able-bodied subjects commonly demonstrate five or more synergies. The results of this study provide novel insight into the muscle synergy framework and the design of natural myoelectric control interfaces.
“Chapter 5” Diffusion theory

In many nuclear reactor physics texts (excluding Elmer Lewis’s recent text however), “Chapter 5” is dedicated to diffusion theory; hence, the title of this submission. Here, we will investigate analytical solutions to the most basic form of the monoenergetic 1D stationary diffusion equation. The intuitive approach taken radically departs from the usual method of solving the diffusion equation. In particular, we consider a general setting such that the method accommodates all solutions to the monoenergetic diffusion equations in 1D plane and curvilinear geometries. This is not your father’s diffusion theory and, for this reason, we anticipate it will eventually become the classroom standard.
Editorial: Better Stories Needed - How Meaningful Narratives Can Transform the World

The world is going through major upheaval and many people feel drawn to despair. As George Monbiot and others suggest our current problems, as intractable as they may seem, rather point to our lack of imagination. It looks like we are experiencing the phase preceding a major paradigm shift and all the crises that go along with it. The dominant paradigm cannot explain the social anomalies and it appears as if outside events such as terrorist attacks, extreme weather or political unrest force our mindsets to shift. As a typical reaction to such threats, people across the world turn to the old and more familiar paradigms hoping to find comfort. The elections of strongmen across the globe show that humanity’s tribal instincts have kicked into overdrive. Because we lack an alternative narrative that features a universal purpose in a world of globalization, many people seek solace in the soothing stories of a seemingly glorious tribal past. However, our human need for community and purpose will likely not be satisfied by these returns to tribalism in an increasingly interconnected world.
On the Economic Design of Stablecoins

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to trade at par with a reference asset, typically the U.S. Dollar. While they all share the same fundamental objective of maintaining stability against their reference assets, stablecoins differ substantially in terms of their economic design, quality of backing, stability assumptions and legal protections for coin holders. We surface two critical dimensions that underpin the economic design of every stablecoin: (1) the volatility of the reserve assets against the reference asset, which defines the risk profile of the stablecoin for coin holders; and (2) the degree to which the stablecoin is exposed to the risk of a death spiral. To address these risks, fiat-backed stablecoins must rely on reserves of high-quality, liquid assets and be subject to a framework that protects coin holders from credit risk, market risk, operational risk, as well as the insolvency or bankruptcy of the issuer. Although decentralized stablecoin designs eliminate the need to trust an intermediary, they are either exposed to death spirals, or highly capital inefficient, as they must be highly over-collateralized to account for the lack of an intermediary. While these trade-offs might be acceptable for narrow use cases within the cryptocurrency space, without a breakthrough in decentralized stablecoin design, they are likely to limit the usefulness of these coins for mainstream adoption.
Fast Spatial Sampling with Phase Controlled Resonant Scanner

Through phase controlling a 2D MEMS scanner, we achieve fast and flexible spatial information sampling for use in LiDAR systems. The scanning pattern is designed for desired operational characteristics, e.g. data collection frame time, actuation amplitude, sampling efficiency and Regions-of-Interest (RoI) focus. A hardware prototype with wideband phase control is also demonstrated. This system facilitates fast LiDAR operation at ~ 100Hz frame rate.
Properties of the Zeros of the Scale-Delay Equation and Its Time-Variant ODE Realization

An inverse realization problem is solved for a class of analytic functions: Given a function, find a regular differential polynomial that annihilates it. It is shown that the minimal annihilator has degree \(m+1\), where m is the highest multiplicity of the zeros of x belonging to a class of analytic functions. This generalizes the realization of Bohl functions as solutions to LTI-ODE’s. With it, the unit solution of the scale-delay equation (SDE) is approximated as the solution to a second-order time-variant ODE. Some new identities for the exact zeros of the SDE are proven.
Evidence-based teaching practices correlate with increased exam performance in biology.

Evidence-based teaching practices are associated with improved student academic performance. However, these practices encompass a wide range of activities and determining which type, intensity or duration of activity is effective at improving student exam performance has been elusive. To address this shortcoming, we used a previously validated classroom observation tool, Practical Observation Rubric to Assess Active Learning (PORTAAL) to measure the presence, intensity, and duration of evidence-based teaching practices in a retrospective study of upper and lower division biology courses. We determined the cognitive challenge of exams by categorizing all exam questions obtained from the courses using Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Domains. We used structural equation modeling to correlate the PORTAAL practices with exam performance while controlling for cognitive challenge of exams, students’ GPA at start of the term, and students’ demographic factors. Small group activities, randomly calling on students or groups to answer questions, explaining alternative answers, and total time students were thinking, working with others or answering questions had positive correlations with exam performance. On exams at higher Bloom’s levels, students explaining the reasoning underlying their answers, students working alone, and receiving positive feedback from the instructor also correlated with increased exam performance. Our study is the first to demonstrate a correlation between the intensity or duration of evidence-based PORTAAL practices and student exam performance while controlling for Bloom’s level of exams, as well as looking more specifically at which practices correlate with performance on exams at low and high Bloom’s levels. This level of detail will provide valuable insights for faculty as they prioritize changes to their teaching. As we found that multiple PORTAAL practices had a positive association with exam performance, it may be encouraging for instructors to realize that there are many ways to benefit students’ learning by incorporating these evidence-based teaching practices.
Using a dynamic systems approach to investigating postsecondary education and employment outcomes for transitioning students with disabilities

Successful postsecondary employment and furthering one's education are two areas important to students with disabil- ities as they exit the public education system. These outcomes represent the results of numerous, interacting variables in each student's life. For this reason, the study of these interacting variables merit using a more dynamic, systems-based perspective. This perspective allows for the examination of possible correlating characteristics as a system of interdependent variables. This study sought to understand how certain measured, interrelated characteristics of transition may be correlated to successful employment and/or postsecondary education outcomes for students with disabilities using this systems approach. The participants were high school graduates from a large mid-south school district who were receiving special education services. Results indicated that characteristics related to personal care and independent living, both correlated with successful participation in postsecondary edu- cation. No models in this study related to successful postsecondary employment. Differences between outcomes when variables are studied as dynamic entities versus when they are studied in isolation gives additional insight into the transition process and how best to prepare students for postsecondary success.
A Velocity Decomposition Approach for Solving the Immersed Interface Problem with Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

In a previous study, we presented a second-order accurate method for computing the coupled motion of a viscous fluid and an elastic material interface with zero thickness (Beale and Layton, J Comput Phys 228:3358–3367, 2009). The fluid flow was described by the Navier-Stokes equations with periodic boundary conditions, and the deformation of the moving interface exerts a singular force onto the fluid. In this study, we extend that method to Dirichlet boundary conditions. We decompose the velocity into three parts: a “Stokes” part, a “regular” part, and a “boundary correction” part. The “Stokes” part is determined by the Stokes equations and the singular interfacial force. The Stokes solution is obtained using the immersed interface method, which gives second-order accurate values by incorporating known jumps for the solution and its derivatives into a finite difference method. The regular part of the velocity is given by the Navier-Stokes equations with a body force resulting from the Stokes part, and with periodic boundary conditions. The regular velocity is obtained using a time-stepping method that combines the semi-Lagrangian method with the backward difference formula. Because the body force is continuous, jump conditions are not necessary. The boundary correction solution is described by the unforced Navier-Stokes equations, with Dirichet boundary conditions given by the difference between the Dirichlet boundary conditions of the overall Navier-Stokes solution, and the boundary values of the Stokes and regular velocities. Because the boundary correction solution is sufficiently smooth, jump conditions are also not necessary. Numerical results exhibit approximately second-order accuracy in time and space.
Dynamical effects and fluctuations of interaction-matrix elements for a ballistic quantum dot

We study matrix element fluctuations of the two-body screened Coulomb interaction and of the one-body surface charge potential in ballistic quantum dots, comparing behavior in actual chaotic billiards with analytic results previously obtained in a normalized random-wave model. We find that the matrix element variances in actual chaotic billiards typically exceed by a factor of 3 or 4 the predictions of the random-wave model, for dot sizes commonly used in experiments. We discuss dynamical effects that are responsible for this enhancement. These dynamical effects have an even more striking effect on the covariance, which changes sign when compared with random-wave predictions. In billiards that do not display hard chaos, an even larger enhancement of matrix element fluctuations is possible. These enhanced fluctuations have implications for peak spacing statistics and spectral scrambling for quantum dots in the Coulomb blockade regime.
Robust activity recognition using wearable IMU sensors

An orientation transformation (OT) algorithm is presented that increases the effectiveness of performing activity recognition using body sensor networks (BSNs). One of the main limitations of current recognition systems is the requirement of maintaining a known, or original, orientation of the sensor on the body. The proposed OT algorithm overcomes this limitation by transforming the sensor data into the original orientation framework such that orientation dependent recognition algorithms can still be used to perform activity recognition irrespective of sensor orientation on body. The approach is tested on an orientation dependent activity recognition system which is based on dynamic time warping (DTW). The DTW algorithm is used to detect the activities after the data is transformed by OT. The precision and recall for the activity recognition for five subjects and five movements was observed to range from 74% to 100% and from 83% to 100%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the transformed data and the data from the original orientation is above 0.94 on axis with well-defined patterns.
Genetic approaches for malaria control

The already unacceptable large burden of malaria continues to increase, indicating that the available means to fight the disease are insufficient. The genetic manipulation of the mosquito vectorial competence is a potential new promising weapon for the control of malaria. Considerable progress has been made in recent years towards this goal. It is now possible to introduce synthetic genes into the mosquito germ line, promoters have been identified that effectively drive gene expression in tissues and at times appropriate to target the parasite, and effector genes that impair parasite development in the mosquito have been identified. With these tools, proof-of-concept experiments have already demonstrated that it is possible to interfere genetically with the vectorial competence of the mosquito. At least some of the transgenic mosquito lines that have been created appear to be as fit as their wild-type counterparts. Presently, the major unresolved challenge is the development of methods to drive effector genes into mosquito populations in the field. While several approaches are under consideration, such as transposable elements, Wolbachia, meiotic drive and paratransgenesis, their relative feasibility remains to be demonstrated. Additional challenges are the resolution of safety concerns and satisfactorily addressing social, ethical and political considerations. Hopes remain high that the remaining challenges will be solved and that we shall be able to deploy this new genetic weapon in the foreseeable future
Social Security Reform: How Different Options Might Affect Future Funding

Social Security (technically called the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Program, or OASDI) is currently facing a long-term projected financial shortfall, due in large part to the changing demographics and aging of the U.S. population, and it has been in this position for a number of years (a significant worsening in the funding status was reported in 2009). This projected shortfall has been the center of discussion whenever advocates and policymakers have called for significant changes to the program to address the issues that are pushing it into financial trouble. Without changes to eliminate the shortfall, the program ultimately will be able to pay only about 75 percent of promised benefits called for under current law. This paper analyzes various potential reform provisions that have been widely discussed that would affect the benefit levels and program revenues of Social Security. This analysis also discusses the potential impact of these provisions on the financial status of the OASDI program. The provisions discussed are those that would: lower the scheduled increase in future benefit levels by changes to the benefit formula; change the contribution and benefit base (amount of earnings that are taxable and used for the calculation of benefits under OASDI) and the taxation of benefits; increase the retirement age. All of these approaches have been part of various comprehensive reform proposals over the last two decades. The degree to which any of the options analyzed in this paper would improve the actuarial balance of Social Security depends on how much emphasis policymakers might place on a specific provision. Consequently, a range of provisions is presented showing a variety of possible results. Each provision has certain drawbacks, but if the projected funding status of the program is to be improved, some compromises will have to be made: either benefits will need to be cut, or revenues raised, or some combination of these two options.
Heterojunction bipolar transistors: status and directions

A tutorial review is presented of heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) principles; the technological status and performance of Si-, GaAs-, and InP-based HBTs; and prospects for further advances in HBTs for digital, analog and microwave applications. Coherently strained structures and their advantages are discussed. The experimental achievement of f/sub t/ values above 150-GHz, f/sub max/ values above 200 GHz, and digital circuits clocked above 25 GHz is highlighted. >
Snow measurement by GPS interferometric reflectometry: An evaluation at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Snow is a critical storage component in the hydrologic cycle, but current measurement networks are sparse. In addition, the heterogeneity of snow requires surveying larger areas to measure the areal average. We presented snow measurements using GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR). GPS-IR measures a large area (~100 m2), and existing GPS installations around the world have the potential to expand existing snow measurement networks. GPS-IR uses a standard, geodetic GPS installation to measure the snow surface via the reflected component of the signal. We reported GPS-IR snow depth measurements made at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, from October 2009 through June 2010. This site is in a topographic saddle at 3500 m elevation with a peak snow depth of 1.7 m near the GPS antenna. GPS-IR measurements are compared with biweekly snow surveys, a continuously operating scanning laser system and an airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurement. The GPS-IR measurement of peak snowpack (1.36–1.76 m) matches manual measurements (0.95–1.7 m) and the scanning laser (1.16 m). GPS-IR has RMS error of 13 cm (bias = 10 cm) compared with the laser, although differences between the measurement locations make comparison imprecise. Over the melt season, when the snowpack is more homogenous, the difference between the GPS-IR and the laser is reduced (RMS = 9 cm, bias = 6 cm). In other locations, the GPS and the LIDAR agree on which areas have more or less snow, but the GPS estimates more snow on the ground on tracks to the west (1.58 m) than the LIDAR (1.14 m). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient linear scaling geometry optimization and transition-state search for direct wavefunction optimization schemes in density functional theory using a plane-wave basis

Abstract Two linear scaling schemes for the search of stationary points on the nuclear potential energy surface have been developed and implemented for density functional theory programs using plane waves: a geometry optimizer based on the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) method and a linear scaling method for transition-state search based on the microiterative scheme using the partitioned rational function optimizer (P-RFO) and L-BFGS. These optimizers are written with parallelized execution in mind. It is shown that the electronic wavefunction does not need to be fully optimized in the earlier stages of geometry optimization. The reasons for the robustness and good performance of the proposed schemes are identified. Test calculations are presented that use our implementation in the CPMD code.
Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 11. Effects of oral labetalol in patients with both angina pectoris and hypertension: a preliminary experience

Abstract The safety and efficacy of oral labetalol, an alpha-beta-adrenergic blocking drug, was assessed in six patients with both angina pectoris and essential hypertension. Patients received a placebo for 3 weeks which was followed by a 4 week titration of labetalol (100 to 400 mg. three times a day). The dose was then withdrawn over a 2 day period. With maximum doses of labetalol, exercise tolerance as measured by multistage treadmill testing increased significantly compared to placebo (p
Developing identity formation and self‐concept in preschool‐aged biracial children

Eleven mothers of biracial preschool‐aged children were interviewed regarding identity formation, self‐concept development, developmental issues and problems for their children. The racial attitude levels of their children were ascertained using PRAM II. Analysis includes the presentation of variables the mothers identified as a part of the child rearing practices to promote the dual heritages of their biracial children. Results indicate these mothers form two perspectives in promoting identity development. Self‐concept was viewed as a paramount issue for development. These findings have implications for practitioners.
Exploratory associations with tumor necrosis factor-α, disinhibition and suicidal endorsement after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Purpose To examine the relationship of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α to disinhibition and suicidal endorsement after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants Adults with moderate to severe TBI (acute serum levels: n = 48, n = 543 samples; acute CSF levels: n = 37, n = 389 samples; chronic serum levels: n = 48, n = 326 samples). Main measures TNFα levels (CSF, Serum) from time of injury to 12 months post-injury; Frontal Systems Behavior Scale – Disinhibition Subscale at 6 and 12 months post-injury; Patient Health Questionnaire at 6 and 12 months post-injury. Results Participants with TBI had significantly higher CSF and serum TNFα levels than healthy controls ( p p = 0.009, p = 0.029 respectively), and 6 month disinhibition was associated with suicidal endorsement at both 6 and 12 months ( p = 0.045, p = 0.033 respectively) and disinhibition at 12 months post-injury ( p Conclusion These preliminary data suggest a biological to behavioral pathway of suicidality after TBI, from TNFα to disinhibition to suicidal endorsement. Future investigation is warranted to validate these findings and clarify what biological mechanisms might underlie these relationships.
The effect of some factors on the inhibitory nervous systems of airway smooth muscle.

To understand better the physiological role of the inhibitory nervous systems (i.e. adrenergic and nonadrenergic) operating in airway smooth muscle, the roles of different physiological conditions were studied using segments of trachea isolated from male guinea pigs (300-400 g BW; Camm-Hartley strain). Laryngeal, cervical and thoracic segments of trachea were used from each animal. Platinum plate electrodes were employed to generate an optimal electrical field stimulation of 40 V, 1.5 msec, 40 PPS of 12 sec duration. Biphasic contractile response was reported as change in the isometric force (g). Adrenergic and nonadrenergic components of airway smooth muscle relaxation were assessed using D,L-propranolol (1 X 10(-6) M), a dose which did not influence the developed isometric force. We investigated the effect of the following experimental conditions on developed active relaxation: (a) different temperatures (29, 37 and 40 degrees C), (b) pH = 7.00, 7.38 and 7.56 (all +/- 0.05), and (c) moderate hypoxia (PO2 = 50 +/- 5 Torr). It was found that: (1) No significant differences were detected in the active relaxation in three regions of guinea pig trachea. In guinea pig trachea nonadrenergic inhibition was responsible for approximately 75-80% of total relaxation; (2) A decrease in temperature to 29 degrees C inhibited (P less than 0.05) and an increase in temperature to 40 degrees C potentiated (P less than 0.01) relaxation in both adrenergic and nonadrenergic components; (3) A low pH of 7.10 +/- 0.05 inhibited (P less than 0.05) and a high pH of 7.56 +/- 0.05 potentiated (P less than 0.05) relaxation as induced by electrical field stimulation; (4) Acute hypoxia, Po2 = 50 +/- 5 Torr, significantly inhibited (P less than 0.01) active relaxation of tracheal preparations. This inhibition, however, was reversible. These data suggest that in the condition of acidosis and hypoxia, such as is present in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease, the alteration of the inhibitory nervous systems of airway smooth muscle (both adrenergic and nonadrenergic) may contribute to the development of airway obstruction.
Bonding characteristics during very high power ultrasonic additive manufacturing of copper

Welding of copper foils (150 μm thick) achieved at room temperature by very high power ultrasonic additive manufacturing was seen to involve appreciable softening and enhanced plastic flow. The initial coarse-grained structure (25 μm) in the material changed into fine dynamically recrystallized grains (0.3–10 μm) at the foil interface within the order of a few milliseconds of processing. This phenomenon led to metallurgical bonding through grain boundary migration and allowed for successive welding of tapes to form a three-dimensional part.
A stable impairment in remote memory following electroconvulsive therapy.

Abstract Psychiatric patients receiving a course of electroconvulsive therapy for relief of depressive illness were given a test of remote memory for public events covering the years 1940–1969. An impairment in remote memory, covering nearly the entire time period sampled by the test, developed during the first five treatment. This impairment was present during the first hour after the fifth treatment and persisted unchanged for at least twenty-four hours thereafter. Electroconvulsive therapy did not affect performance on the verbal portion of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale. Apparently, the amnesia produced by electroconvulsive therapy can involve a large portion or perhaps all of remote memory, in addition to recent memory. The relevance of these results to the neural substrates underlying storage and recall is discussed.
Transoral inferior alveolar neurorrhaphy via a sagittally split mandible

Summary A surgical technique for transoral exposure and secondary repair of the inferior alveolar nerve via a sagittally split mandible is described. The use of this approach in certain individuals enables the maxillofacial surgeon to perform a minor resection and re-anastomosis or major resection and autogenous grafting. This procedure provides adequate exposure for re-anastomosis of minor inferior alveolar nerve injuries under minimal tension and without a facial scar. However, postoperative intermaxillary fixation is required for four to six weeks.