cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Intense Terminal Epoch of Widespread Fluvial Activity on Early Mars: 2. Increased Runoff and Paleolake Development

To explain the much higher denudation rates and valley network development on early Mars (more than approximately 3.6 Gyr ago), most investigators have invoked either steady state warm/wet (Earthlike) or cold/dry (modern Mars) end-member paleoclimates. Here we discuss evidence that highland gradation was prolonged, but generally slow and possibly ephemeral during the Noachian Period, and that the immature valley networks entrenched during a brief terminal epoch of more erosive fluvial activity in the late Noachian to early Hesperian. Observational support for this interpretation includes (1) late-stage breaching of some enclosed basins that had previously been extensively modified, but only by internal erosion and deposition; (2) deposition of pristine deltas and fans during a late stage of contributing valley entrenchment; (3) a brief, erosive response to base level decline (which was imparted as fretted terrain developed by a suite of processes unrelated to surface runoff) in fluvial valleys that crosscut the highland-lowland boundary scarp; and (4) width/contributing area relationships of interior channels within valley networks, which record significant late-stage runoff production with no evidence of recovery to lower-flow conditions. This erosion appears to have ended abruptly, as depositional landforms generally were not entrenched with declining base level in crater lakes. A possible planetwide synchronicity and common cause to the late-stage fluvial activity are possible but remain uncertain. This increased activity of valley networks is offered as a possible explanation for diverse features of highland drainage basins, which were previously cited to support competing warm, wet and cold, dry paleoclimate scenarios.
Correlation of mobilities of mutant hemoglobins in citrate agar electrophoresis with specific molecular locations of affected residues.

Abstract We have analyzed 140 hemoglobin variants in citrate agar electrophoresis and conclude that their separation from Hb A is greatly influenced by altered affinity of the anion binding site for citrate ions. We include the result of analysis in citrate agar electrophoresis of pyridoxylated Hbs A and S, both of which have the same mobility as Hb F.
Non-intrusive termination of noisy optimization

Significant savings can be gained from terminating the optimization of a computationally expensive function well before traditional criteria, such as a maximum budget of evaluations, are satisfied. Early termination is desirable especially for noisy functions, where a solver could potentially proceed indefinitely while seeing changes insignificant relative to the noise. In this paper, we consider general termination tests that can be used in conjunction with any solver's built-in termination criteria. We propose parameterized families of termination tests, analyse their properties, and illustrate how they can employ an estimate of the function's noise level. Using a set of benchmark problems with both stochastic and deterministic noise and a set of derivative-free solvers, we compare the tests and their sensitivities to parameters in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. Recommendations are made for using the proposed tests in practice.
Children's Perceptions of Medical and Psychological Disorders in Their Peers.

Abstract Investigating children's perceptions of medical and psychological disorders is important as it increases our understanding of how children view themselves and others, and also facilitates the development of effective intervention strategies with this population. The present investigation examined how children viewed imaginery peers who were described as suffering from various forms of medical or psychological disorders. Four written vignettes were employed, each describing imaginary children who varied on dimensions of type of disorder (Medical/Psychological) and severity of the problem (Mild/Severe). Thirty‐four boys and girls, aged 9–13 years, read the four vignettes and completed a written questionnaire assessing their evaluations of each character in terms of diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, effective treatment strategies, and desirability of the described peer as a friend. The results indicated that children can discriminate between medical and psychological disorders in terms of the above fa...
Psychotherapy in psychiatry.

The relationship between psychotherapy and psychiatry has become a beleagured one in recent years. The swing of the pendulum in the direction of biological psychiatry has led to a marginalization of psychotherapy within the discipline of psychiatry as a whole. However, psychotherapy continues to be a basic science of psychiatry with application in all clinical settings. It must be regarded as a biological treatment that works by changing the brain and is therefore just as important as pharmacotherapy in terms of overall treatment planning. The combined treatment of medication and psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment planning in current practice. Both the two-treater model and the single-treater model have a set of advantages and disadvantages that are explicated. Further research is needed to identify clinical situations in which psychotherapy is essential, whether alone or in combination with medication. Moreover, as greater insights are gained into the brain mechanisms ...
Women in Medical Education

Abstract Women now make up 37 percent of medical school applicants, 34 percent of medical students, 28 percent of residents, and 19 percent of full-time medical school faculty members. These propor...
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A SYNAPTIC RIBBON PROTEIN RECOGNIZED BY ANTIBODY B16

This study examines the immunolabelled structures in the mouse retina following incubation with a monoclonal antibody (B16) that recognizes a highly conserved antigen found in retinas from lizards, frogs, fish, birds, mice, rats, rabbits, cats, and monkeys. This paper focuses on observations in the murine retina. The B16 labelling pattern in the retina was compared with that of two synaptic vesicle antigens: SV2 and anti-synaptophysin in the outer plexiform layer were more diffuse and apparently filled the entire presynaptic terminal whereas B16 labelling was more restricted and labelled a discrete structure resembling a semi-ellipse or an arc with the ends pointing to the inner nuclear layer and the middle curve facing the outer nuclear layer (1–2 μm long by <0.05 μm in width). The structure labelled in the inner plexiform layer resembles a short bar (0.8 μm long by <0.05 μm in width) that is confined to the inner half the inner plexiform layer. Cryo-ultra microtomy was used to examine the ultrastructural distribution of the labelling, because the B16 epitope is sensitive to fixation and plastic embedding. The tissue was incubated with the B16 antibody and visualized with goat-anti-mouse 10 nm gold particles. In all cases label was found to be confined to the ribbon structure in the photoreceptor terminal. This is consistent with previous evidence linking B16 to an epitope associated with the synaptic ribbon. The labelling is confined to the ribbon structure and does not appear to be associated with synaptic vesicles.
A Quantitative Approach to Assessing Legal Outcomes in Reported Sport and Recreation Negligence Cases Involving Assumption of Risk

The purpose of this research was to study legal cases which utilised the assumption of risk defence in sport and recreation lawsuits employing a quantitative approach. Assumption of risk has traditionally been an important defence in sport and recreation cases. Generally, those who voluntarily accept a known and appreciated risk when injured while participating in a recreational activity will be held to have assumed the inherent risks associated with participation in the activity. This study sought to identify selected case factors and outcomes in sport and recreation cases where the assumption of risk defence was raised. Published court decisions were selected, and key factors coded and statistically analysed. Variables of interest were categorised as plaintiff characteristics, governing law and situational variables. The variables were analysed using frequencies and cross-tabulation. The results revealed that assumption of risk was a successful defence for sport and recreation providers in the majority (63.8 per cent) of cases. Defendants were especially successful where the defendant was an individual (81.3 per cent), where a statute specific to the risks assumed in a sport or recreation activity applied (77.8 per cent), where the incident occurred in an outdoor remote setting (75.0 per cent), where warnings were provided (72.5 per cent), and where there was no supervision (71.8 per cent). Further research, using regression analysis to determine the variables that best predict case outcomes and to develop a better understanding of assumption of risk for those involved with the management of sport and recreation activities, is recommended.
Is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Related Lung Disease a Contraindication to Lung Transplantation

Is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Related Lung Disease a Contraindication to Lung Transplantation? E.L. Bush ,1 H. Faust,2 J. Lee,2 J.P. Singer,1 S. Hays,2 L. Leard,2 M.E. Kleinhenz,2 G. Dincheva,1 M. Brzezinski,3 G. Wieselthaler,1 C.W. Hoopes,4 J.A. Golden,2 J. Kukreja.1 1Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Univ California, San Fran, San Francisco, CA; 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Univ California, San Fran, San Francisco, CA; 3Department of Anesthesia, Univ California, San Fran, San Francisco, CA; 4Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Use of created cattail ( Typha) wetlands in mitigation strategies

In order to balance pressures for land-use development with protection of wetland resources, artificial wetlands have been constructed in an effort to replace lost ecosystems. Despite its regulatory appeal and prominent role in current mitigation strategies, it is unclear whether or not created systems actually compensate for lost wetland resources. Mitigation predictions that rely on artificial wetlands must be analyzed critically in terms of their efficacy. Destruction of wetlands due to burial by coal fly ash at a municipal landfill in Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, provided an opportunity to compare resulting growth of created cattail (Typha) marshes with natural wetland areas. Once the appropriate cattail species was identified for growth under disturbed landfill conditions, two types of artificial wetlands were constructed. The two systems differed in their hydrologic attributes: while one had a surface water flow characteristic of most cattail wetlands, the second system mimicked soil and water conditions found in naturally occurring floating cattail marshes. Comparison of plant growth measurements for two years from the artificial systems with published values for natural cattail marshes revealed similar structure and growth patterns. Experiments are now in progress to investigate the ability of created cattail marshes to remove and accumulate heavy metals from polluted landfill leachate. Research of the type reported here must be pursued aggressively in order to document the performance of artificial wetlands in terms of plant structure and wetland functions. Such research should allow us to start to evaluate whether artificial systems actually compensate for lost wetlands by performing similar functions and providing the concomitant public benefits.
Changes in Crosslink Density of Structural Silicone Sealants Due to Ozone and Moisture

Abstract The changes in the crosslink density, elastically effective chains and entanglements in the network, and the molecular weights between crosslinks of three different commercially available structural silicone sealants used in glazing applications were monitored as a function of specific aging factors. The aging variables included simultaneous exposure to ozone and moisture in which the pH of the moisture was maintained at discrete levels in the acid and the alkaline range. The simultaneous effect of external loading on the performance of these sealants was also studied. Unexposed and unstressed test samples kept at ambient laboratory conditions were used as the control. Results of these weathering studies indicate that the crosslink density of the sealants will decrease during the initial period as a result of their exposure, and some surface cracking was observed. However, following this initial exposure period, the sealants showed an increase in the crosslinking activity. All three formulations ...
Measuring Instructional Differentiation in a Large-Scale Experiment:

This study operationalizes four measures of instructional differentiation: one for Grade 2 English language arts (ELA), one for Grade 2 mathematics, one for Grade 5 ELA, and one for Grade 5 mathematics. Our study evaluates their measurement properties of each measure in a large field experiment: the Indiana Diagnostic Assessment Tools Study, which included two consecutive cluster randomized trials (CRTs) of the effects of interim assessments on student achievement. Each log was designed to measure instructional practices as they were implemented for eight randomly selected students in the participating teachers’ classrooms. A total of 592 teachers from 127 schools took part in this study. Logs were administered 16 times in each experiment. Item responses to the logs were scaled using the Rasch model and reliability estimates for the differentiation measures were evaluated at the log level (observations within teachers), the teacher level, and the school level. Estimated reliability was above .70 for each of the log- and teacher-level measures. At the school level, reliability estimates were lower for Grade 5 ELA and mathematics. The variance between teachers and schools on the scaled differentiation measures was substantially less than within-teacher variation. These results provide preliminary evidence that teacher instructional logs may provide useful measures of instructional differentiation in elementary grades at multiple levels of aggregation.
The unified system of photometry applied to remote airfield lighting

A consortium of American universities was sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration to develop technical specifications for remote airfield lighting systems that would be used for nighttime operations by general (non-commercial) aircraft. The results from three psychophysical experiments are presented here dealing specifically with the effects of light source intensity, colour and flash frequency on both objective and subjective measures of behaviour under simulated flight conditions. Of special significance, this study showed for the first time that the unified system of photometry developed by Rea et al. (2004) to model the relative contributions of rods and cones for a given visual task could also be used to model the relative contributions of rods and cones for sequential visual tasks.
Modeling operational behavior of a disassembly line

In this paper we present a dynamic kanban (pull) system specifically developed for disassembly lines. This type of kanban system is much more complex than the traditional kanban system used in assembly lines. For instance, unlike the assembly line where the external demand occurs only at the last station, the demands in the disassembly case also occur at any of the intermittent stations. The reason is that as a product moves on the disassembly line, various parts are disassembled at every station and accumulated at that station. Therefore, there are as many demand sources as there are number of parts. We consider a case example involving the end-of-life products. Based on the precedence relationships and other criteria such as hazardous properties of the parts, we balance the disassembly line. The results of the disassembly line-balancing problem (DLBP) are used as input to the proposed dynamic kanban system for disassembly line (DKSDL). We compare the performance of the DKSDL to the modified kanban system for disassembly line (MKSDL), which was previously introduced by the authors. We show, via simulation, that the DKSDL is far superior to MKSDL considered.
Long-term efficacy and safety of raltegravir in the management of HIV infection

Raltegravir is an integrase strand-transfer inhibitor approved for the treatment of HIV infection. It was the first medication in a novel class of antiretroviral agents to be approved for use in the United States in 2007. Raltegravir exhibits potent activity against wild-type HIV-1, but resistance development has been noted through three different pathways. It is metabolized primarily through uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and has a single inactive glucuronide metabolite. Raltegravir is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of cytochrome P450 enzymes and exhibits low potential for drug–drug interactions; however, strong uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 inhibitors or inducers can alter the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir. It is well tolerated, and the most commonly reported adverse effects include headache, nausea, and diarrhea. Serious adverse effects with raltegravir are rare but include rhabdomyolysis and severe skin and hypersensitivity reactions. It has been approved for use in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients and is a preferred first-line agent in both United States and European HIV treatment guidelines. Although initial approval was granted on 48-week data, 5-year clinical data have recently been published. This article reviews the data supporting long-term efficacy and safety of raltegravir in the treatment of HIV infection.
Unraveling the defect chemistry and proton uptake of yttrium-doped barium zirconate

A review of the experimental literature documenting water uptake in yttrium-doped barium zirconate in combination with new results obtained here show that much of the observed scatter can be explained in terms of barium deficiency, which furthermore induces a lowering in cell volume. In addition, through a comparison of weight changes under regular and heavy water vapor pressure, strong evidence is found for bulk oxidation of the oxide by water simultaneous with hydration.
Possibility of SU(N) antisymmetric-tensor Higgs fields

The possibility of introducing SU(N) antisymmetric Higgs fields is raised, and a pattern of spontaneous symmetry breaking by an antisymmetric Higgs field is presented in terms of quartic coupling constants. A detailed application is given for breaking an SU(7) gauge symmetry to a realistic SU(3)/sub c/ x SU(2) x U(1) by two antisymmetric fields H/sup alphabeta/ and H/sup alphabetagamma/.
Head, Neck and Ophthalmologic Manifestations of HIV in the Emergency Department

Emergency medicine physicians are uniquely positioned to detect manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in the head and neck region. Awareness of the myriad of opportunistic infections and malignancies that involve the head, neck, and eyes is paramount to their diagnosis and treatment. On occasion some of these manifestations are a direct result of HIV and represent the initial signs of primary HIV infection. In some cases, prompt diagnosis and therapy will lead to preservation of function and prevention of significant morbidity.
US Metropolitan Spatial Structure and Labour Accessibility

Metropolitan areas vary widely in employment distribution and labour accessibility. Comparing four US metropolitan areas–Atlanta, Boston, Phoenix and Washington, DC—it is found that Atlanta and Washington, DC suffer from low labour accessibility compared with Boston and Phoenix. Moreover, large suburban employment centres in Atlanta and Washington, DC suffer from even lower accessibility than other employment centres within the same metropolitan areas or their counterparts in Boston and Phoenix. Their low labour accessibility is mainly explained by slower commuting speeds. Even though their residential and employment densities are modest, congestion in these employment centres is severe enough to undermine accessibility. The results raise questions about the effectiveness of creating large sub-centres in metropolitan areas, particularly creating auto-oriented edge-city-style employment centres at highway nodes.
The upright posture.

A breakdown of physical well-being is alarming; it turns our attention to functions which on good days we take for granted. A healthy person does not ponder about breathing, seeing, walking. Infirmities of breath, sight, or gait, startle us. Among the patients consulting a psychiatrist, there are some who can no longer master the seemingly banal arts of standing and walking. They are not paralyzed; but, under certain conditions, they cannot, or feel as if they cannot, keep themselves upright. They tremble and quiver. Incomprehensible terror takes away their strength. Sometimes a minute change in the physiognomy of the frightful situation may restore their strength. Obviously, upright posture is not confined to the technical problems of locomotion. It contains a psychological element. It is pregnant with a meaning not exhausted by the physiological tasks of meeting the forces of gravity and keeping the equilibrium.
Strong, low density, hexylene- and phenylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogel–polycyanoacrylate composites

Nanocomposite aerogels were prepared by chemical vapor deposition and polymerization of cyanoacrylate on the surface of bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels. Phenylene- and hexylene-bridged aerogels were prepared by sol–gel polymerizations and supercritical carbon dioxide drying. Hydrophobic organic bridging groups in the polysilsesquioxane aerogels reduced the amount of adsorbed water available for initiating polymerizations and led to higher molecular weight polycyanoacrylate than was observed with silica aerogels. Densities increased as much as 65% due to the addition of the organic polymer, but the nanocomposite aerogels remained highly porous with surface areas between 440 and 750 m2/g. Polycyanoacrylate–phenylene-bridged aerogel composites were the strongest with flexural strengths up to 780 kPa or 16-fold stronger than the untreated phenylene-bridged aerogels and fivefold stronger than a silica aerogel of the same density. The strongest polycyanoacrylate–hexylene-bridged aerogel composites had flexural strength of 285 kPa or ninefold stronger than the untreated hexylene-bridged aerogels and twice as strong as a silica aerogel of comparable density. The greater strength of the new composites is, in part, due to the greater strength of the bridged aerogels. However, higher molecular weight polycyanoacrylate, due to less surface water on the hydrophobic bridged aerogels, also contributes to the greater nanocomposite strengths.
The effect of grazing intensity on phosphorus spiralling in autotropic streams.

The effect of grazing on primary productivity and phosphorus cycling in autotrophic streams was studied using the snail Goniobasis clavaeformes. Snails were added to each of three replicate laboratory stream channels, receiving once-through flow of groundwater, in densities of 2.1, 3.0, and 4.2 g ash free dry mass (AFDM)/m2. A fourth channel received no snails and served as an ungrazed control.
Surface effects on metal/CdTe junctions and CdTe heterojunctions

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that four different surface compositions result for CdTe single crystals from five different treatments: cleaving (stoichiometric), bromine-in-methanol etch (Te-rich), chromate etch (Te-rich and TeO2), oxidation in air (TeO2), hydrogen heat treatment of etched surface (stoichiometric). Major differences of surface treatment are found on Schottky barriers subsequently formed by vacuum evaporation of the metal under practical laboratory conditions. The diode current J0 is reduced for an oxidised surface, and much increased for an etched surface, compared to that for a cleaved or heat-treated surface. The barrier height of metal/CdTe junctions formed on cleaved or heat-treated surfaces depends on the metal work-function, reaching 0.99 V for an Al/CdTe junction, but no dependence of barrier height on work-function is found for etched surfaces, all showing a barrier height of about 0.6 V. Secondary effects on J0 due to crystal orientation have also been observed. Effects of surface treatment were explored with ITO/CdTe and CdS/CdTe heterojunction structures, with the indium-tin oxide (ITO) and CdS being deposited by electron beam evaporation. The CdS/CdTe junctions show the same trends as the metal/CdTe junctions. The ITO/CdTe junctions require a low temperature heat treatment in air; the etched surfaces are more resistant to degradation under this heat treatment than the cleaved or heat-treated surfaces, and solar cells were prepared with Voc=0.81 V, Jsc=20 mA cm-2, and solar efficiency of 10.5%.
Transport of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in saturated sand: Effects of ionic strength, flow rate, and nanoparticle concentration

Abstract The effect of ionic strength (IS), flow rate, and nanoparticle concentration on the transport and deposition of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al 2 O 3 NPs) in saturated sand was investigated. Mobility of Al 2 O 3 NPs was influenced by IS, the highest mobility was observed in DI water (97% elution of the influent) and decreased with increasing ionic strength. Decreased mobility of the NPs was due to aggregation as the IS increased. Varying flow conditions did not have a significant effect on mobility. However, increased and faster elution was observed when the influent concentration was increased from 50 mg/L to 400 mg/L. The influent and effluent nanoparticle sizes were also measured using dynamic light scattering. For most conditions, the size was observed to be below 100 nm and there was no significant change to the influent and effluent particle sizes. Significant elution was observed although conditions were electrostatically favorable, which was attributed to the small, stable size (~ 82 nm) of the particles and blocking. DLVO theory was also applied to the data to better understand the mechanisms of mobility. It is necessary to consider these mechanisms for a reliable prediction of transport through the subsurface and potential removal methods such as filtration.
Superior vena cava filters: hindsight, insight and foresight

Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thromboses (UEDVT) are encountered with increasing frequency as the use of central lines and catheters increases. Previously disregarded as benign they are now established to contribute to Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and death. Superior vena cava filters (SVC filters) have been shown to be safe and efficacious for prevention of UEDVT in case anti-coagulation is contraindicated. Compared to Inferior Vena Cava Filters (IVC Filters), data are scarce however and long-term, randomized studies are lacking. SVC filter insertion presents unique indications, contraindications, complications and technical challenges different from their IVC counterparts.
Comparison of Purified and Practical Diets Supplemented with or without β‐Glucan and Selenium on Resistance of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ to Streptococcus iniae Infection

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of β-glucan and selenium supplements to the diet on increasing survival of hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis exposed to Streptococcus iniae. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was employed by including purified casein/gelatin-based diets and practical menhaden fish meal-based diets with supplement! of either β-glucan from barley at 0 and 0.1 % of diet or sodium selenite at 0 or 0.2 mg/kg diet or a combination of these supplements. All diets were formulated to meet the nutritional needs of hybrid striped bass with the exception of selenium. The purified and practical basal diets contained 0.03 and 1.03 mg Se/kg, respectively, and the diets supplemented with sodium selenite had an additional 0.07 mg Se/kg on average. Juvenile hybrid striped bass initially averaging 2.44 ± 0.17 g/fish were fed the eight experimental diets in triplicate 110-L recirculating aquaria for 6 wk, after which they were immersed in a bath of S. iniae at 6.2 × 106 CFU/mL for 2 h and monitored for 21 d. Weighi gain and feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by diet type and selenium supplementation, with fish fed practical diets and those supplemented with selenium having the greatest values. Supplementation of β-glucan to the purified or practical type diets did not significantly affect survival of fish after experimental infection. The most notable difference (P < 0.0001) was in the comparison of diet type; the survival rate of fish fed the practical diets was 75% compared to 35% for those fed the purified diets. Dietary supplementation of β-glucan did not enhance disease resistance in the present study. Fish fed menhaden fish meal-based diets were significantly more resistant to 5. iniae in comparison to the those fed the purified diets. Thus, nutritional influences on disease resistance of hybrid striped bass were evident in this study and warrant further investigation.
Mutations Associated with Centronuclear Myopathy (CNM) Enhance the Size and Stability of Dynamin 2 Clusters in Cells

Dynamin 2 (Dyn2), a ∼ 100 kDa, GTPase that self-assembles into rings around the necks of budding vesicles, has been implicated in generating force for endocytic vesicle scission from the plasma membrane. Self-association of Dyn2 at the site of membrane invagination, and subsequent catalysis of membrane scission, is tightly coupled to GTP binding and hydrolysis. Mutations that affect the stability of Dyn2 polymers have been linked to autosomal dominant forms of CNM, a congenital disorder characterized by muscle weakness and wasting. In vitro biochemical analysis revealed that CNM-causing Dyn2 mutants express enhanced GTPase activity relative to wild-type Dyn2, and form polymers that are more resistant to GTPase-dependent disassembly. We compared the physical properties of assembled wild-type and CNM-linked mutant forms of Dyn2 in the cytosol and plasma membrane of living cells using fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS). Our data indicate that unassembled wild-type Dyn2 is a tetramer in the cytosol, whereas CNM-associated R369W and A618T mutations induce the formation of higher order cytosolic oligomers (10- and 22-mers, respectively). FFS coupled with total internal reflection microscopy established that mutant forms of Dyn2 assemble into larger, more stable clathrin-containing structures on the plasma membrane than wild-type Dyn2. Based on these observations, a model to explain the defects in membrane trafficking in CNM muscle cells was developed.
Behavioral effects of D-amphetamine in developing cats

Abstract The development of the behavioral effects of amphetamine was assessed in kittens of 1–53 days of age. Amphetamine-induced increases in locomotion occurred when animals were beyond 35 days of age. Stereotypic behavior was induced at all ages tested but the predominant type of stereotypy was age-related. From 1 to 14 days amphetamine induced licking. Pendular head movements occurred when animals were under 35 days. At 14 days of age darting, a response consisting of rapid pacing and turning began to occur. Tracking, a series of horizontal and vertical head movements also began to occur after 14 days. The adult response of vertical and horizontal head movements became most prominent after 35 days.
Regional-scale fluid flow and element mobility in Barrow’s metamorphic zones, Stonehaven, Scotland

The geochemistry of metamorphic quartz vein formation in Barrow’s index mineral zones north of Stonehaven, Scotland, was investigated in order to assess regional fluid flow and mass transfer. Metamorphic grade in the Dalradian metasediments increases to the north–northwest away from the Highland Boundary Fault (HBF) and associated ophiolitic rocks of the Highland Border Complex (HBC), passing through the Chlorite (Chl), Biotite (Bt), Garnet (Grt), Chloritoid (Cld), and Staurolite (St) zones. Syn-metamorphic fluid infiltration at 462±8.8 Ma (Breeding et al. in Am Mineral 89:1067, 2004) produced considerable quartz veining. Vein abundance varies from about 5 to 15 volume percent of the outcrops; veins tend to be more abundant in metapelitic layers than in metapsammitic ones. Metamorphic veins are surrounded by centimeter- to decimeter-wide zones of chemical and mineralogical alteration (selvages). Porphyroblasts, particularly Bt, Grt, Cld, and St, are typically larger in selvages than in wallrocks distal to veins. The altered selvages underwent fluid-driven addition of Na, Ca, and Sr, and loss of K, Rb, and Ba. Alteration is most intense within ∼750 m of the HBF, but is still very significant at the northern end of the field area some 2 km away. Mg/FeT (FeT=total iron) was either unchanged or increased due to alteration. Silica was added at some Chl and Bt zone localities near the HBF. Pb mass transfer was variable although Pb was added at a number of locations. Rare Earth elements (REE) were generally immobile, but light REE and possibly heavy REE were lost at one field site. The gain of Na and Ca and loss of K promoted the growth of plagioclase at the expense of micas (particularly muscovite) in selvages and wallrock inclusions throughout the field area and, probably, some calcite and/or dolomite growth directly adjacent to the HBF. The Ca gains were also critical for epidote production in the Bt zone. Gains of Ca and increases in Mg/FeT helped to stabilize Grt at the expense of Cld and St in some selvages. Hornblende and cummingtonite were discovered in strongly altered metapelitic rocks at one Cld zone locality. The metasomatism puts important constraints on the processes of mass transfer and suggests two models for regional fluid flow. In the first model, fluid flow in a direction of increasing temperature downward along the HBF added Na and Ca, and removed K from the Dalradian. In the second model, fluid flow upward from the HBC transported Na and Ca into the overlying Dalradian and, at the same time, stripped out K. The latter model is favored because it can most readily account for silica addition near the HBF, but neither model can be ruled out at present. In either case, the veins represent fractures that transmitted very large time-integrated fluid fluxes of at least ∼104 m3 (fluid)/m2 (rock). Consequently, the veins were conduits for regional fluid flow that caused considerable open-system chemical and mineralogical alteration during metamorphism.
Mass spectrometric measurements of the negative ions formed in the thermionic ionization detector with nitrogen carrier gas

Abstract A specialized ion source for an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer was constructed so that ionizing conditions within it were identical to those existing within the nitrogen carrier gas mode of the thermionic ionization detector for gas chromatography. During the passage of several substituted nitrobenzenes through this ion source, an effort was made to identify the negative ions which are thought to be responsible for this detector's response. For all compounds studied no negative ions having masses within the 1–500 a.m.u. mass range of the mass spectrometer were detected. However, negative ions of unknown masses greater than 500 a.m.u. were detected in each case. This unexpected result provides additional basis for speculation concerning the mechanism of response of the thermionic ionization with nitrogen mode.
Cross-disciplinary detection and analysis of network motifs.

The detection of network motifs has recently become an important part of network analysis across all disciplines. In this work, we detected and analyzed network motifs from undirected and directed networks of several different disciplines, including biological network, social network, ecological network, as well as other networks such as airlines, power grid, and co-purchase of political books networks. Our analysis revealed that undirected networks are similar at the basic three and four nodes, while the analysis of directed networks revealed the distinction between networks of different disciplines. The study showed that larger motifs contained the three-node motif as a subgraph. Topological analysis revealed that similar networks have similar small motifs, but as the motif size increases, differences arise. Pearson correlation coefficient showed strong positive relationship between some undirected networks but inverse relationship between some directed networks. The study suggests that the three-node motif is a building block of larger motifs. It also suggests that undirected networks share similar low-level structures. Moreover, similar networks share similar small motifs, but larger motifs define the unique structure of individuals. Pearson correlation coefficient suggests that protein structure networks, dolphin social network, and co-authorships in network science belong to a superfamily. In addition, yeast protein–protein interaction network, primary school contact network, Zachary’s karate club network, and co-purchase of political books network can be classified into a superfamily.
Observational learning vs shaping: A replication

Shaping and observation learning were compared as methods for training albino rats to press a lever for milk reinforcement. The shaped group learned in fewer trials with the difference being significant at the.02 level. The observational group showed much greater variability in the acquisition of the response.
Congenitally missing mandibular second premolars: clinical options.

Introduction: Congenital absence of mandibular second premolars affects many orthodontic patients. The orthodontist must make the proper decision at the appropriate time regarding management of the edentulous space. These spaces can be closed or left open. Implications: If the space will be left open for an eventual restoration, the keys during orthodontic treatment are to create the correct amount of space and to leave the alveolar ridge in an ideal condition for a future restoration. If the space will be closed, the clinician must avoid any detrimental alterations to the occlusion and the facial profile. Significance: Some early decisions that the orthodontist makes for a patient whose mandibular second premolars are congenitally missing will affect his or her dental health for a lifetime. Therefore, the correct decision must be made at the appropriate time. Purpose: In this article, we present and discuss various treatment alternatives for managing orthodontic patients with at least 1 congenitally missing mandibular second premolar.
Production of Charged π-Mesons in H, D, C, Cu, and Pb by 381-Mev Protons

The differential cross section for the production of charged $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from a 381-Mev proton beam has been measured in H, D, C, Cu, and Pb. Nuclear emulsions, imbedded in a tapered copper absorber, placed 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} below the internal circulating proton beam of the Nevis cyclotron detected mesons of both signs, from 0 to 125 Mev. The beam was monitored by means of the ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ activity produced in the target to determine the absolute cross section. The hydrogen and deuterium results were obtained by subtracting the carbon cross section from polyethylene and deuterated paraffin, respectively. Assuming the reaction in H is $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+d$ with a ${cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ angular distribution, the total cross section for H at 381 Mev is calculated from the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} value to be (7.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}28}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The spectra for heavy nuclei are calculated with the assumptions that meson production occurs through nucleon-nucleon collisions and that the meson receives the maximum available energy in the c.m. system. Good agreement with the experimental results is found for matrix elements proportional to meson momentum. The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ production cross section increases with a dependence slower than ${A}^{\frac{2}{3}}$, whereas the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ increases approximately as ${A}^{\frac{2}{3}}$. This asymmetry is also found in the large $\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ratio of 10 in carbon and about 25 in deuterium.
Cerebral artery reactivity changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a role in eclampsia?

Eclampsia is thought to be similar to hypertensive encephalopathy, whereby acute elevations in intravascular pressure cause forced dilatation (FD) of intrinsic myogenic tone of cerebral arteries an...
Population viability analyses in plants: challenges and opportunities

This review of 95 plant population viability analyses (PVAs) reveals that most studies consider one species, only a few populations and are based on data collected for less than five years. Only five studies referred to themselves as PVAs. Plants offer numerous challenges, such as seed banks and periodic recruitment, but these can be answered with suitable data collection and modeling. New approaches, such as metapopulation models, inclusion of disturbance cycles, and integration of genetics and demography, are producing more realistic PVAs. Although exact solutions are fraught with limitations, plant PVAs can be useful in comparing management regimes, populations and microhabitats, and in using these results to guide conservation and management.
The Structural Imperatives of International Advocacy Associations

Recent decades have witnessed a significant increase in the number of voluntary, nonprofit associations established to address solutions to major international social problems such as threats to world peace, environmental pollution, illness and disease, social injustice, and poverty. Many of these associations are based in a single country, but others are international in scope. This paper is concerned with the latter. While rapid progress in communications and transportation technology has undoubtedly facilitated the development of these associations, such organizations still face formidable barriers to effective operation including those of language and cultural differences, political separation, interferences with free trade and interchange across national borders, and remaining costs and problems of long distance communication and travel. It is the thesis of this paper that international, voluntary associations which advocate for solutions to global issues are successful when they adopt particular org...
Attributes of the nitrogen uptake systems of maize (Zea mays L.): maximal suppression by exposure to both nitrate and ammonium

summary Higher plants arc commonly exposed to rapid changes in the amounts and proportions of ammonium and nitrate in their root environment. Some of the potential consequences of such changes have been determined by examining the suppressive effects of growing maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings with a high concentration (3 mM) of nitrogen on the subsequent uptake of nitrogen from a more dilute (0.2 mM) solution. To document the interactive role of nitrate and ammonium supply in suppression, ratios of these ions in the growth solution were maintained at 3:0, 2:1, 1:2 and 0:3. Rates of nitrate and ammonium uptake were then measured during initial (0–1 h) exposure to 0.2 mM KNO3 or NH4NO3 and hourly during a subsequent 7 h period of adaptation to the dilute solutions. Maximal suppression of nitrate uptake occurred only when both nitrate and ammonium were present (2: 1 and 1:2) during prior growth. Nitrate uptake rates increased two- to three-fold as the seedlings adapted to the dilute KNO3 solution, but the presence of ammonium with nitrate in the prior growth solution restricted the rate and extent of recovery from suppression. Recovery was further restricted when ambient ammonium was present during the adaptation period. Neither the magnitude of suppression nor the rate and extent of recovery was readily explained by (a) the proportion of nitrate and ammonium present during prior growth, (b) carbohydrate concentrations in root and shoot tissues, (c) concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in the root tissue, or (d) indirect effects of ammonium on potassium uptake. Total nitrate reduction by the entire plant in the 8 h adaptation period decreased as the proportion of ammonium in the prior growth solution increased. Ambient ammonium restricted nitrate reduction only in seedlings previously grown entirely with ammonium. Thus the effect of ambient ammonium on nitrate reduction by the whole plant differed substantially from that on nitrate uptake. Since nearly all the ammonium taken up by the roots was assimilated, as well as that generated by nitrate reduction, it appears that carbohydrate supply did not limit the observed uptake of ammonium and nitrate. The accumulation in roots of both nitrate and specific metabolites of ammonium serving as negative electors could account for most of the observations.
Characterization of individual ultrasound microbubble dynamics with a light-scattering system

Ultrasound microbubbles are contrast agents used for diagnostic ultrasound imaging and as carriers for noninvasive payload delivery. Understanding the acoustic properties of individual microbubble formulations is important for optimizing the ultrasound imaging parameters for improved image contrast and efficient payload delivery. We report here a practical and simple optical tool for direct real-time characterization of ultrasound contrast microbubble dynamics based on light scattering. Fourier transforms of raw linear and nonlinear acoustic oscillations, and microbubble cavitations are directly recorded. Further, the power of this tool is demonstrated by comparing clinically relevant microbubble cycle-to-cycle dynamics and their corresponding Fourier transforms.
Effect of sodium chloride on growth and nitrogenase activity in seedlings of Myrica cerifera L.

SUMMARY The actinorhizal shrub, Myrica cerifera L., is widespread in coastal areas where it may be exposed to variable saline conditions. In growth chamber studies, 5-month-old seedlings remained viable during exposure to 150 mm NaCl for 35 d, though concentrations above 50 mm significantly depressed plant and root nodule growth. Concentrations of NaCl above 50 mm also depressed stomatal conductance to water vapour diffusion and net photosynthetic rates. Relative to control plants, nitrogenase activity per g dry weight of nodules decreased for 21 d in plants subjected to a range of NaCl concentrations. By day 35, plants exposed to 25 and 50 mm NaCl had recovered some nitrogenase activity relative to the controls, whereas plants receiving 100 and 150 mm had not. At 35 d, plants treated with 150 mm NaCl had a rate of N2 fixation per g dry weight of nodule tissue 26 % of that in control plants. However, no mortality had occurred, and full recovery followed the conclusion of the experiment. Thus, although periodic natural increases in salinity from sea spray or storm overwash may not lead to plant mortality, growth and N2 fixation will be significantly decreased in M. cerifera.
Common Factors Regulating Patterning of the Nervous and Vascular Systems

The vascular and the nervous systems of vertebrates share many features with similar and often overlapping anatomy. The parallels between these two systems extend to the molecular level, where recent work has identified ever-increasing similarities between the molecular mechanisms employed in the specification, differentiation, and patterning of both systems. This review discusses some of the most recent literature on this subject, with particular emphasis on the roles that the Ephrin, Semaphorin, Netrin, and Slit signaling pathways play in vascular development.