cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Improved Mortality Following Ablation: Does Ablation Restore Beta-Blocker Benefit in Atrial Fibrillation/Heart Failure?

Observational trials have shown that atrial fibrillation ablation favorably impacts long-term outcomes in systolic heart failure. These outcomes have been confirmed by randomized prospective trials highlighting the favorable impact of ablation on left ventricular function and remodeling, risk of heart failure hospitalization, and mortality. Ablation along with established heart failure medications is new and supported conceptually by the value of restoring sinus rhythm, avoiding long-term antiarrhythmic drugs, and minimizing drug-drug interactions. Observational data suggest a potential long-term benefit of beta-blockers with ablation that becomes augmented as follow-up is extended from 1 to 5 years.
Relative sarcopenia and mortality and the modifying effects of chronic kidney disease and adiposity

BACKGROUND Conventional definitions of sarcopenia based on lean mass may fail to capture low lean mass relative to higher fat mass, that is, relative sarcopenia. The objective of this study is to determine the associations of sarcopenia and relative sarcopenia with mortality independent of co-morbidities, and whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) and adiposity alter these associations. METHODS Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived appendicular lean mass index (ALMI, kg/m2 ) and fat mass index (FMI, kg/m2 ) were assessed in 14 850 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants from 1999 to 2006 and were linked to death certificate data in the National Death Index with follow-up through 2011. Sarcopenia was defined using sex-specific and race/ethnicity-specific standard deviation scores compared with young adults (T-scores) as an ALMI T-score < -2 and relative sarcopenia as fat-adjusted ALMI (ALMIFMI ) T-score < -2. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using creatinine-based (eGFRCr ) and cystatin C-based (eGFRCys ) regression equations. RESULTS Three (3.0) per cent of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants met criteria for sarcopenia and 8.7% met criteria for relative sarcopenia. Sarcopenia and relative sarcopenia were independently associated with mortality (HR sarcopenia 2.20, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.86; HR relative sarcopenia 1.60, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.96). The corresponding population attributable risks were 5.2% (95% CI 3.4% to 6.4%) and 8.4% (95% CI 4.8% to 11.2%), respectively. Relative sarcopenia remained significantly associated with mortality (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.61) when limited to the subset who did not meet the criteria for sarcopenia. The risk of mortality associated with relative sarcopenia was attenuated among persons with higher FMI (P for interaction <0.01) and was not affected by CKD status for either sarcopenia or relative sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia and relative sarcopenia are significantly associated with mortality regardless of CKD status. Relative sarcopenia is nearly three-fold more prevalent amplifying its associated mortality risk at the population level. The association between relative sarcopenia and mortality is attenuated in persons with higher FMI.
Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants With Birth Weight Less Than 400 g.

Importance Birth weight (BW) is an important predictor of mortality and morbidity. At extremely early gestational ages (GAs), BW may influence decisions regarding initiation of resuscitation. Objective To characterize outcomes of liveborn infants with a BW less than 400 g. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective multicenter cohort study analyzed extremely preterm infants born between January 2008 and December 2016 within the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Infants with a BW less than 400 g and a GA of 22 to 26 weeks were included. Active treatment was defined as the provision of any potentially lifesaving intervention after birth. Survival was analyzed for the entire cohort; neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was examined for those born between January 2008 and December 2015 (birth years with outcomes available for analysis). Neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 26 months’ corrected age (CA) was defined as a Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, cognitive composite score less than 85, a motor composite score less than 85, moderate or severe cerebral palsy, gross motor function classification system score of 2 or greater, bilateral blindness, and/or hearing impairment. Data were analyzed from September 2017 to October 2018. Exposures Birth weight less than 400 g. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was survival to discharge among infants who received active treatment. Analysis of follow-up data was limited to infants born from 2008 to 2015 to ensure children had reached assessment age. Within this cohort, neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed for infants who survived to 18 to 26 months’ CA and returned for a comprehensive visit. Results Of the 205 included infants, 121 (59.0%) were female, 133 (64.9%) were singletons, and 178 (86.8%) were small for gestational age. Almost half (101 of 205 [49.3%]) received active treatment at birth. A total of 26 of 205 infants (12.7%; 95% CI, 8.5-18.9) overall survived to discharge, and 26 of 101 actively treated infants (25.7%; 95% CI, 17.6-35.4) survived to discharge. Within the subset of infants with a BW less than 400 g and a GA of 22 to 23 weeks, 6 of 36 actively treated infants (17%; 95% CI, 6-33) survived to discharge. Among infants born between 2008 and 2015, 23 of 90 actively treated infants (26%; 95% CI, 17-36) survived to discharge. Two infants died after discharge, and 2 were lost to follow-up. Thus, 19 of 90 actively treated infants (21%; 95% CI, 13-31) were evaluated at 18 to 26 months’ CA. Moderate or severe NDI occurred in 14 of 19 infants (74%). Conclusions and Relevance Infants born with a BW less than 400 g are at high risk of mortality and significant morbidity. Although 21% of infants survived to 18 to 26 months’ CA with active treatment, NDI was common among survivors.
The integration of unification-based syntax/semantics and memory-based pragmatics for real-time understanding of noisy continuous speech input

Real-time understanding of speech input is difficult especially because the input is often noisy and elliptic. Multiple morphophonemic and lexical hypotheses generated for a single input sentence cannot be resolved by local semantics alone. We have developed a system in which unification-based parsing of speech input is integrated with thematic memory-based spreading activation that supplies extra-sentential knowledge that can help to disambiguate noisy and elliptic real-time speaker-independent continuous speech input.
Tumor-induced peripheral immunosuppression promotes brain metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Brain metastases are a significant source of morbidity and mortality for patients with lung cancer. Lung cancer can induce local and systemic immunosuppression, promoting tumor growth and dissemination. One mechanism of immunosuppression is tumor-induced expansion of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressing myeloid cells. Here, we investigate peripheral blood immune phenotype in NSCLC patients with or without brain metastasis. Peripheral blood was collected from patients with lung metastatic brain tumors and pre-metastatic lung cancer. Immunosuppressive monocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were quantified through flow cytometry. T cell reactivity was analyzed via ELISpot. Brain metastasis conditioned media was collected from tumor-derived cell cultures and analyzed for cytokines by ELISA. Naive monocytes were stimulated with brain metastasis conditioned media to evaluate PD-L1 stimulation. Patients with brain metastatic lung carcinoma demonstrated increased peripheral monocyte PD-L1, MDSC abundance, and Treg percentage compared to early stage pre-metastatic patients and healthy controls. Patients with elevated peripheral monocyte PD-L1 had less reactive T cells and worse survival. Brain metastasis conditioned media stimulation increased monocyte PD-L1, and conditioned media IL-6 levels correlated with PD-L1 induction. Treatment with anti-IL-6 or anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies reduced PD-L1 expression. In summary, patients with lung cancer and brain metastases exhibit multiple markers of peripheral immunosuppression. The frequency of PD-L1+ myeloid cells correlated with the presence of brain metastases. Tumor-derived IL-6 was capable of inducing PD-L1+ myeloid cells in vitro, suggesting that monitoring of immunosuppressive factors in peripheral blood may identify new targets for therapeutic intervention in selected patients.
Ramping and State Uncertainty in the Dopamine Signal

Abstract Reinforcement learning models of the basal ganglia map the phasic dopamine signal to reward prediction errors (RPEs). Conventional models assert that, when a stimulus reliably predicts a reward with fixed delay, dopamine activity during the delay period and at reward time should converge to baseline through learning. However, recent studies have found that dopamine exhibits a gradual ramp before reward in certain conditions even after extensive learning, such as when animals are trained to run to obtain the reward, thus challenging the conventional RPE models. In this work, we begin with the limitation of temporal uncertainty (animals cannot perfectly estimate time to reward), and show that sensory feedback, which reduces this uncertainty, will cause an unbiased learner to produce RPE ramps. On the other hand, in the absence of feedback, RPEs will be flat after learning. These results reconcile the seemingly conflicting data on dopamine behaviors under the RPE hypothesis.
Specific heat of glassy carbon between 0.4° and 4.5°K—II☆

Abstract Glassy Carbon heat-treated to 3000°C (GC30), for which the specific heat follows from 5°K down to 0·4°K the relation C = γT + αT3, was neutron irradiated in the Western New York reactor to different doses (20, 50, 125, 300 and 1250 hr.). In the He4 range of temperature, the coefficient γ increases fast with the dose, with α decreasing at the same time. The combined effect results in a surprizing behavior above 2·5°K, where the specific heat decreases at first with dose and then increases after having passed through a minimum. In the lowest temperature range (below 2°K) a tail of a peak located below 0·4°K appears after irradiation with an increasing intensity. Presumably the peak is formed at about the same place as it is created in process of carbonization, the response of Glassy Carbon to irradiation being similar in this respect to the behavior of soft carbons. The relationship between the linear term γ, the height of the peak and the concentration of localized spins is discussed and problems and difficulties to be solved are indicated.
The depressed heart

Our appreciation and understanding of the interrelationships between disrupted metabolic function and depression have increased significantly over the last few decades. This review focuses still more specifically on the intersections between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). General pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in both diseases include inflammation, cytokine and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter disruptions, neuroplasticity, and the microbiome. Here, we explore these mechanistic overlaps of depression and CVD, including some discussion of related and frequently comorbid disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, and the closely related “metabolic syndrome.” Finally, we discuss integrated therapeutic strategies for treating MDD comorbid with CVD.
Capture of Phenylalanine and Phenylalanine-Terminated Peptides Using a Supramolecular Macrocycle for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection:

The cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) family of macrocycles are known to bind a variety of small molecules with high affinity. These motifs thus have promise in an ever-growing list of trace detection method...
Weakly robust periodic solutions of one-dimensional cellular automata with random rules

We study $2$-neighbor one-dimensional cellular automata with a large number $n$ of states and randomly selected rules. We focus on the rules with weakly robust periodic solutions (WRPS). WRPS are global configurations that exhibit spatial and temporal periodicity and advance into any environment with at least a fixed strictly positive velocity. Our main result quantifies how unlikely WRPS are: the probability of existence of a WRPS within a finite range of periods is asymptotically proportional to $1/n$, provided that a divisibility condition is satisfied. Our main tools come from random graph theory and the Chen-Stein method for Poisson approximation.
Partial Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex I Reduces Tau Pathology and Improves Energy Homeostasis and Synaptic Function in 3xTg-AD Mice

Background Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) protein is associated with synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously demonstrated that neuroprotection in familial mouse models of AD could be achieved by targeting mitochondria complex I (MCI) and activating the adaptive stress response. Efficacy of this strategy on pTau-related pathology remained unknown. Objective To investigate the effect of specific MCI inhibitor tricyclic pyrone compound CP2 on levels of human pTau, memory function, long term potentiation (LTP), and energy homeostasis in 18-month-old 3xTg-AD mice and explore the potential mechanisms. Methods CP2 was administered to male and female 3xTg-AD mice from 3.5-18 months of age. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze. Glucose metabolism was measured in periphery using a glucose tolerance test and in the brain using fluorodeoxyglucose F18 positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET). LTP was evaluated using electrophysiology in the hippocampus. The expression of key proteins associated with neuroprotective mechanisms were assessed by western blotting. Results Chronic CP2 treatment restored synaptic activity in female 3xTg-AD mice; cognitive function, levels of synaptic proteins, glucose metabolism, and energy homeostasis were improved in male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Significant reduction of human pTau in the brain was associated with increased activity of protein phosphatase of type 2A (PP2A), and reduced activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Conclusion CP2 treatment protected against synaptic dysfunction and memory impairment in symptomatic 3xTg-AD mice, and reduced levels of human pTau, indicating that targeting mitochondria with small molecule specific MCI inhibitors represents a promising strategy for treating AD.
Driving toward sustainable algal fuels: A harmonization of techno-economic and life cycle assessments

Abstract Research efforts have investigated a range of system designs for algae growth and conversion into biofuels. The economic feasibility and environmental impact of these systems are frequently evaluated through techno-economic analyses (TEA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA), which typically determine the levelized cost of fuel production in gallons of gasoline equivalent (MFSP, in $-gge−1), global warming potential (GWP, in g CO2-eq-MJfuel−1), and net energy ratio (NER, unitless). While the outputs from these models seem comparable, the results often conceal the impact of a large number of assumptions inherent to the modeling, limiting direct comparisons. As such, a direct comparison of the modeling results as published can be misleading due to differences in critical assumptions and/or foundational methodology. This work applies harmonization methodology to several sustainability assessment studies found in the literature with the goal of enhancing comparability through implementation of a standard set of assumptions. For the economic evaluation, two harmonization efforts were performed: the first focused on harmonizing productivity, economic assumptions, and cost year for the entire growth to product process; the second compared only downstream fuel conversion technologies by fixing the biomass cost, thereby removing the uncertainty of upstream-growth assumptions. For LCA, harmonization focused on productivity and system boundary. The results of these efforts show a decrease of 43% in the range of reported fuel prices and minimal redcution in the range of LCA results. Both TEA and LCA harmonization efforts then investigated the impact of productivity by simulating a range of biomass productivity values (12.5, 25, and 50 g-m−2 day−1). The work reveals limitations to both the economic and environmental benefits of productivity improvements past approximately 35 g-m−2 day−1. Results highlight the need to redirect research efforts not only to increase productivities, but also to other areas where investments can make a greater impact in terms of economic viability and environmental impact.
Lighting gel filters as an alternative for low-cost optical system design in point-of-care applications

Lighting gel filters have been used for over 100 years to modify the color of traditional light sources. Very few applications of gel filters have been recorded in scientific literature despite their potential in low-cost optical design . We propose that key factors that prevent wider adoption of gel filters in scientific applications are a lack of extensive optical characterization and comparison to commonly used dielectric and color glass filters. Here, we perform optical characterization of lighting gel filters and compare their transmission, auto-fluorescence, and photobleaching performance to dielectric and color glass filters. The results indicate that gel filters are a viable low-cost alternative with unique advantages that make them suitable for scientific applications including low-cost smartphone imaging systems and disposable lab-on-chip fluorescence tests.
Cardiac Amyloidosis Screening at Trigger Finger Release Surgery.

Cardiac amyloidosis is often preceded by orthopedic manifestations such as carpal tunnel syndrome, and 10% of patients who underwent idiopathic carpal tunnel release surgery will have biopsy-confirmed amyloid deposits in the tenosynovial sheath. Trigger finger is also commonly reported in patients with amyloidosis and involves the same tendon sheath as carpal tunnel syndrome, but the prevalence of amyloid deposition is unclear. This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 100 patients aged ≥50 years at the time of surgery for idiopathic trigger finger. Patients underwent release surgery, and a sample of the tenosynovium of the affected finger was excised, stained with Congo red, and subtyped with mass spectrometry if amyloid was demonstrated. Further cardiac evaluation was performed in patients with amyloid deposition. Of the 100 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 8.1 years) enrolled, only 2 demonstrated amyloid deposits on Congo red staining. One patient with previous proteinuric kidney disease had fibrinogen A α-chain amyloidosis, and the other patient had untyped amyloidosis. Neither patient had cardiac involvement. A total of 13 of the 100 patients underwent concomitant carpal tunnel release surgery, and 2 of these patients had amyloid deposits in the carpal tunnel with “false-negative” samples from the trigger finger tenosynovium. In conclusion, biopsy during trigger finger release surgery demonstrated a 2% yield for amyloidosis, which is significantly lower than the previously published yield of 10% during carpal tunnel release surgery. This observation has important implications for the development of diagnostic algorithms to screen patients for amyloidosis during orthopedic operations.
Informing therapeutic lymphadenectomy: Location of regional metastatic lymph nodes in adrenocortical carcinoma

Background The anatomic boundaries of lymphadenectomy for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) are not defined. Methods Adults undergoing resection of ACC were included. Locations were categorized based on positive LN locations on final pathology. Results Of 231 resected ACC, 6% had positive LN during initial resection. Positive LN in left ACC (n = 7) were: 2 para-aortic, 2 left renal-hilar, 1 para-aortic and left renal-hilar and 1 unknown, while for right ACC (n = 7): 2 para-caval, 1 para-caval and right renal-hilar, 1 inter-aortocaval, 1 celiac, 1 para-aortic, and 1 unknown. Of 55 resections for recurrent ACC, positive LN in left ACC (n = 2) were: 1 para-aortic, and 1 para-aortic with left renal-hilar, while LN for right ACC (n = 7): 2 inter-aortocaval, 2 right renal-hilar, 2 para-caval and one retrocrural. Conclusion The most common LN metastases are para-caval for right, and para-aortic and left renal-hilar for left ACC. Further studies are necessary to determine the boundaries of lymphadenectomy in ACC resection.
Are patient preferences for life-sustaining treatment really a barrier to hospice enrollment for older adults with serious illness?

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patient preferences are a barrier to hospice enrollment. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Fifteen ambulatory primary care and specialty clinics and three general medicine inpatient units. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred three seriously ill patients with cancer (n = 65, 32%), congestive heart failure (n = 77, 38%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 61, 30%) completed multiple interviews over a period of up to 24 months. MEASUREMENTS: Preferences for high- and low-burden life-sustaining treatment and site of death and concern about being kept alive by machines. RESULTS: Patients were more likely to enroll in hospice after interviews at which they said that they did not want low-burden treatment (3 patients enrolled/16 interviews at which patients did not want low-burden treatment vs 47 patients enrolled/841 interviews at which patients wanted low-burden treatment; relative risk (RR) = 3.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-9.66), as were interviews at which patients said they would not want high-burden treatment (5/28 vs 45/826; RR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.14-7.62), although most patients whose preferences were consistent with hospice did not enroll before the next interview. In multivariable Cox regression models, patients with non-cancer diagnoses who desired low-burden treatment (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.33-0.68) were less likely to enroll in hospice, and those who were concerned that they would be kept alive by machines were more likely to enroll (HR = 5.46, 95% CI = 1.86-15.88), although in patients with cancer, neither preferences nor concerns about receiving excessive treatment were associated with hospice enrollment. Preference for site of death was not associated with hospice enrollment. CONCLUSION: Overall, few patients had treatment preferences that would make them eligible for hospice, although even in patients whose preferences were consistent with hospice, few enrolled. Efforts to improve end-of-life care should offer alternatives to hospice that do not require patients to give up life-sustaining treatment, as well as interventions to improve communication about patients' preferences.
Nurse anesthetists' perceptions regarding utilization of anesthesia support personnel

NURSE ANESTHETISTS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING UTILIZATION OF ANESTHESIA SUPPORT PERSONNEL Mary Bryant Ford, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Henry T. Clark, Ph. D. Senior Associate Dean, School of Education Anesthesia support personnel (ASP) provide direct support to health care providers administering anesthesia (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists [CRNAs] and anesthesiologists). Because these anesthesia providers are caring for a patient whom they cannot legally or ethically leave unattended, ASP are employed to bring them extra supplies or equipment, prepare equipment for the case, maintain and clean equipment, and generally function as directed by the anesthesia provider. Given the limited literature and importance of ASP in maintaining equipment essential to safe practice, it is necessary to describe the population to understand who is functioning in this role to insure that these individuals are trained and capable of complying with safety standards. There are two studies in the literature describing this population. The first study presents a descriptive survey of ASP utilization in anesthesiology residency training programs revealing varied utilization and qualifications of ASP (McMahon & Thompson, 1987). The second study is a survey of a convenience sample of the membership of the professional organization of ASP, which offers voluntary certification (American Society of Anesthesiology Technologists and Technicians). This survey reveals variation in utilization and qualification of ASP as well. The present prospective descriptive survey of CRNAs working with ASP was conducted to describe this population in terms of their educational characteristics and training, specific job functions, and work environment. It further evaluated perceptions of practicing CRNAs regarding the utilization of ASP. The results of this study were consistent with that of previous work and indicated that ASP utilization varies by hospital but has a propensity for greater utilization at larger medical centers that have a level I or II trauma designation. Formal ASP supervision is limited, which restricted the results to CRNA reports of tasks ASP performed and perceptions of CRNAs regarding ASP. ASP tasks tended to be limited to more equipment cleaning and maintenance type tasks with a smaller portion of ASP performing tasks related to direct patient care. Overall, the description of ASP in the literature remains variable and further research is needed to adequately describe this population and begin to develop a common language to understand this practice group.
Approximation for hypersonic flow past an inclined cone.

An approximate analytical solution is obtained for hypersonic flow past an inclined circular cone. The governing equations are simplified by means of the constant-density approximation, and the ensuing quadrature solution is evaluated in closed form by approximations based on hypersonic small disturbance theory. This solution corresponds to the outer solution in a matched asymptotic expansion scheme and describes the region outside the thin vortical layer that lies adjacent to the surface of the cone. The results are in good agreement with tabulated numerical solutions and are also valid for values of the hypersonic similarity parameter that lie outside the range of the tabulated results. The present approximation is also applicable to much broader flow regimes than previous analytical descriptions, such as that of the Newtonian approximation. The results of this analysis are useful whenever analytical expressions are desired and can be coupled with one of the existing inner solutions for the vortical layer to form a composite uniformly-valid approximation to first order in angle of attack, valid for a wide range of hypersonic similarity parameters.
The Study of Ethnomusicology: Thirty-One Issues and Concepts

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Bruno Nettl Year: 2005 Pages: 440 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 0-252-03033-8 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models

Time varying correlations are often estimated with multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models that are linear in squares and cross products of the data. A new class of multivariate models called dynamic conditional correlation models is proposed. These have the flexibility of univariate GARCH models coupled with parsimonious parametric models for the correlations. They are not linear but can often be estimated very simply with univariate or two-step methods based on the likelihood function. It is shown that they perform well in a variety of situations and provide sensible empirical results.
The Human Embryoid Body Cystic Core Exhibits Architectural Complexity Revealed by use of High Throughput Polymer Microarrays

In pluripotent stem cell differentiation, embryoid bodies (EBs) provide a three-dimensional [3D] multicellular precursor in lineage specification. The internal structure of EBs is not well characterized yet is predicted to be an important parameter to differentiation. Here, we use custom SU-8 molds to generate transparent lithography-templated arrays of polydimethylsiloxane (LTA-PDMS) for high throughput analysis of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) EB formation and internal architecture. EBs formed in 200 and 500 μm diameter microarray wells by use of single cells, 2D clusters, or 3D early aggregates were compared. We observe that 200 μm EBs are monocystic versus 500 μm multicystic EBs that contain macro, meso and microsized cysts. In adherent differentiation of 500 μm EBs, the multicystic character impairs the 3D to 2D transition creating non-uniform monolayers. Our findings reveal that EB core structure has a size-dependent character that influences its architecture and cell population uniformity during early differentiation.
Cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors: translating pharmacology into clinical utility.

Anti-inflammatory agents have been used for centuries, but only in the last few decades has medical science gained insight into the complex biologic roles of the primary mediators of inflammation, the eicosanoids and their derivatives. Detailed understanding of the prostaglandins and leukotrienes provides a framework for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and fever with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but these agents have exacted a substantial side effect burden. The discovery of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has guided development of rationally designed therapeutic agents that have the benefits of older NSAIDs with reduced gastrointestinal toxicity. Elucidation of the structure of COX isoenzymes has been key in the development of coxibs, the COX-2–selective subset of NSAIDs. Methods to determine the degree of COX-2 selectivity have been refined and are indispensable for comparing the relative selectivity of these agents. This review summarizes some of the key aspects of COX biochemistry, structure, and function and the evolution of understanding the mechanism of action of COX-2–selective inhibitors. The clinical relevance of COX-1 compared with COX-2 inhibition is discussed to provide a framework upon which clinicians can better appreciate current and future therapeutic applications of coxibs.
Is there a relationship between periodontal disease and causes of death? A cross sectional study

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is any correlation between periodontal disease and mortality contributing factors, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in the elderly population. A dental evaluation was performed by a single examiner at Tufts University dental clinics for 284 patients. Periodontal assessments were performed by probing with a manual UNC-15 periodontal probe to measure pocket depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) at 6 sites. Causes of death abstracted from death certificate. Statistical analysis involved ANOVA, chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The demographics of the population sample indicated that, most were females (except for diabetes mellitus), white, married, completed 13 years of education and were 83 years old on average. CAL (continuous or dichotomous) and marital status attained statistical significance (p<0.05) in contingency table analysis (Chi-square for independence). Individuals with increased CAL were 2.16 times more likely (OR=2.16, 95% CI=1.47-3.17) to die due to CVD and this effect persisted even after control for age, marital status, gender, race, years of education (OR=2.03, 95% CI=1.35-3.03). CAL (continuous or dichotomous) was much higher among those who died due to diabetes mellitus or out of state of Massachusetts. However, these results were not statistically significant. The same pattern was observed with pocket depth (continuous or dichotomous), but these results were not statistically significant either. CAL seems to be more sensitive to chronic diseases than pocket depth. Among those conditions, cardiovascular disease has the strongest effect.
DUAL CONTRAST CARDIAC MRI FOR EVALUATION OF TELMISARTAN AND AMLODIPINE COMBINATION THERAPY IN THE DIABETIC MURINE MYOCARDIAL INJURY MODEL

Background Combination therapy has been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive, diabetic patients. Amlodipine demonstrates beneficial pleiotropic effects including improved endothelial function, enhanced angiogenesis, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Telmisartan exhibits similar beneficial cardiovascular effects in diabetic patients. Amlodipine in combination with telmisartan may provide a synergistic benefit. In this study, dual contrast CMR, using manganese (manganese-enhanced MRI; MEMRI) and gadolinium (delayed-enhanced MRI; DEMRI), will evaluate the viable myocardium and myocardial scar, respectively, to investigate the underlying mechanism of combined telmisartan and amlodipine therapy. Methods Acute myocardial injury (AMI) was created by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in db/db mice. The mice were allocated to two groups: (1) tap water (n = 17) and (2) addition of telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day) and amlodipine (10 mg/kg/day) in the tap water per os ad libitum following 1 week of convalescence after AMI (n = 23). Dual contrast CMR with manganese (MEMRI) and gadolinium (DEMRI) was performed weekly with treatment to obtain LVEF and assess viable myocardium and scar myocardium. After the 4-week follow up period, contractile function was assessed by pressure-volume (PV) loop analysis. Flow cytometry of venous blood was performed to determine the percentage of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Real-time PCR of the explanted myocardium was performed to evaluate the expression of collagen I and III, CTGF, TGFb, fibronectin and Akt. Results We demonstrate significantly improved left ventricular function at weeks 1, 2, and 4 following combined telmisartan and amlodipine therapy (32.0% ± 4.8%*, 31.8% ± 3.9%*, and 35.3% ± 2.3%*) compared to control (18.9% ± 1.5%, 21.8% ± 1.3%, and 15.7% ± 3.4%, *p < .05). PV loop analysis also demonstrates improved systolic and diastolic parameters with significantly increased maximum pressure and dp/dt max and significantly decreased LV end-diastolic pressure and Tau. MEMRI demonstrates significantly increased viable myocardial volumes in the treated mice (87.2% ± 0.92%*, 90.2% ± 1.3%*, and 91.4% ± 1.1%*) compared to control (80.5% ± 7.6%, 79.9% ± 3.1%, and 79.9% ± 3.1%, *p<0.05) throughout the study. DEMRI scar volumes initially show no difference but demonstrate a significantly decreased scar volume after 4 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, the measurement of endothelial progenitor cells demonstrate a dramatic increase in the treated compared to control mice (98.1% ± 0.25%* vs. 5.0% ± 2.6%, *p<0.05). However, no differential expression of fibrotic genes by PCR was observed. Conclusions
Optical Instrumentation For On-Line Analysis Of Chemical Processes

Optical diagnostics provide the capability for nonintrusive, on-line, real-time analysis of chemical process streams. Several laser-based methods for monitoring fossil energy processes have been evaluated. Among the instrumentation techniques which appear quite promising are coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and synchronous detection of laser-induced fluorescence (SDLIF). A CARS diagnostic was implemented on a coal gasifier and was successfully employed to measure species concentrations and temperatures within the process stream. The LIBS approach has been used to identify total trace impurities (e.g., Na, K, and S) within a gasifier. Recently, individual components in mixtures of aromatics hydrocarbons have been resolved via the synchronous detection of laser-induced fluorescence.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elliptic functions in network synthesis

Abstract Admittedly the Jacobian elliptic functions are not too familiar to the engineer, However, there are occasions when alternate technique are not as direct or as convenient to solve the approximation problem of network synthesis. The role of elliptic functions in providing a common thread for fundamental concepts involved in Cauer image parameter filters, filters on an insertion loss basis and wide band 90° phase-difference networks is shown. A “unified” design chart for these networks is also included. Additional tabular and graphical data are presented emphasizing extreme parameter values not found in the literature, that is, modular angle θ > 89°, to facilitate getting numerical results. An attempt has been made to provide a practical basis for engineering insight into the synthesis problem. It is also hoped that this paper may serve as an inducement to some of the engineers interested in network synthesis to acquire broader acquaintance with these topics via the references cited.
Human interphotoreceptor matrix contains serum albumin and retinol-binding protein.

It is usually assumed that IRBP (interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein) is the only protein present in the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) capable of shuttling visual-cycle retinoids between photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. However, this laboratory previously presented qualitative evidence (Western blots) that serum albumin is present in human IPM. Furthermore, Ong and coworkers (1994) found that cultured RPE cells synthesize serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and secrete it, mainly into the apical culture medium, which would correspond to the IPM in intact eyes. As both of these proteins can bind all- trans -retinol and 11- cis -retinal, it was of interest to quantify the amounts of albumin and RBP in human IPM. We used radial immunodiffusion to accomplish this. The average molar ratio of serum albumin to IRBP in these samples was 1.9; that of RBP to IRBP was 0.015. The presence of a high concentration of serum albumin in the IPM in situ was confirmed by the intense immunohistochemical staining seen in sections of fresh human eyes. The human case is not unique; various concentrations of albumin were found in the IPM of all vertebrate species examined (by gel electrophoresis). These results indicate that both serum albumin, because of its very high concentration in the IPM, and RBP, because of its comparatively tight binding to retinoids, need to be considered, along with IRBP, as proteins that may participate in visual-cycle transport. The accompanying paper addresses this concern.
Paradigm debates in nuclear cost forecasting

Abstract This article reviews the issues underlying current and past nuclear cost forecasting debates. The text and tables tally the history of forecasting errors and the range of current cost debate. The essay demonstrates that the positions of nuclear optimists and pessimists reflect different expectations of future development paths and are therefore relatively immune to falsification by existent empirical data. Drawing on recent trajectory models of technical change, the paper analogizes nuclear cost debates to paradigm debates over the fertility of different research agendas. The conclusion notes how viewing cost debates in paradigmatic terms potentially undermines technically deterministic theories of technical change.
Embeddable sensor monitoring strategies for the infrastructure

Sensors are now becoming available that can be embedded in concrete or asphalt, or attached to steel structures for monitoring structural performance over significant periods of time. For the most effective use of these sensors, a monitoring strategy has to be developed for each specific application, which can range from heavy impact detection to modal analysis to concrete shrinkage. Among the tradeoffs that must be considered is the type of sensor. Other factors include the frequency range, the number and location of the sensors and the duration of the data collection. Data collection, transmission and storage systems are also significant components of the overall system.
DECISION CRITERIA FOR THE CHEMICAL DISPERSION OF OIL SPILLS

ABSTRACT Chemical dispersion promises to play an increasing role in the control of oil spills in the United States. The question of when and how dispersants are best used to protect the environment is the subject of considerable controversy. This controversy is generated, on one hand, by insufficient understanding of real-world dispersant effectiveness and environmental implications, and on the other, by lack of guidelines by which all relevant factors can be considered together. With time, the first aspect will ultimately be resolved. This paper presents an approach to the second. While a certain degree of pre-planning and preliminary decisionmaking can be accomplished, ultimate decisions to conduct chemical dispersion should be made on a case-by-case basis. Criteria for determining the acceptability of chemically treating a specific incident include human risk, feasibility and adequacy of physical control and recovery, dispersibility of the oil, logistic considerations, and whether dispersion will achie...
Rutgers Labor Union Archives: A Recollection

On June 19,1947, the law establishing T h e Institute of Management and Labor Relations (IMLR) at Rutgers University became effective. Shortly thereafter the institute's structure was formed, composed of a director and four programs: Labor, Management, Public and Research. Initially, the IMLR Library functioned as a sub-unit within the Research Program. In the late 1950s it was designated as a separate program, initially under the director's office and later as one of the functioning units within the institute. In its formative era the entire IMLR was located on the upper floors of Winants Hall on College Avenue. T h e fledgling library occupied one large room on the top floor. Its holdings were extremely small, composed of a relatively few number of books, a pamphlet file and a growing collection of periodicals, most of which were gifts or donations from Rutgers faculty members. During this early period the IMLR was affiliated with the University Extension Division (UED), a non-degree granting entity which extended its educational services to labor, management, and the public throughout the state. Both the Research Program and the IMLR Library supported the U E D teaching programs with appropriate research and information services. Within this institutional structure the labor union archives at Rutgers had its beginning. One of the first efforts to develop a cohesive policy on preserving labor union records can be traced to the establishment of an ad Aoc Committee for the Preservation of Labor Reports in early 1959. T h e original committee had as its chairman, Robert W. Hill, Keeper of Manuscripts at the New York Public Library. Other members included: Edward DiRoma, Economics Division of the New York Public Library; Leone Eckert, Records Librarian at Cornell University's New York School of Industrial and Labor Relations; Louise Heinze, Librarian of the Tamiment Institute; and Dorothy Kuhn Oko, Head of Library Service to Labor Unions, the New York Public Library. Later, the IMLR librarian was added to the committee. This committee surveyed libraries throughout the country and devoted
U.S. Industry Activities on Inspection of CRDM Penetrations

The discovery of primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in control rod drive mechanisms (CRDM) penetrations in U.S. and European plants prompted the U.S. nuclear industry to focus considerable effort on development and implementation of effective inspection methods. In particular, cracking was discovered in butt welds connecting reactor vessel nozzles to main coolant piping and in control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) head penetration base material and attachment welds. The EPRI Materials Reliability Program (EPRI-MRP) formed an Inspection Committee to address development of industry guidance for inspection of these components, development of effective non-destructive examination (NDE) methods, and demonstration of inspection processes. This paper discusses the MRP activities pertaining to inspection of CRDM penetrations. Results of demonstrations and field inspections conducted will also be summarized.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Modeling the release of CO2 in the deep ocean

In order to better understand the mechanics of ocean disposal of CO2 captured from power plants, a comprehensive plume model was developed to simulate the dynamic, near-field behavior of CO2 released in the water column as either a buoyant liquid or vapor. The key design variables in the model that can be controlled are: (1) release depth, zo (2) number of diffuser ports, N, and (3) initial bubble or droplet radius, ro. For a CO2 stream from a 500 MW power plant with 100% capture and zo=500 m, N=10, and ro=1 cm, the model predicts that the plume will rise less than 100 m. This will result in CO2 enrichment at depths greater than 400 m. Detailed predictions of local CO2 concentrations near the plume are presented and discussed. The issue of the residence time of the captured CO2 in the ocean is also addressed. We estimate a typical residence time of less than 50 years for releases of CO2 less than 500 m deep and, for a release depth of 1000 m, a residence time from 200 to 300 years. These residence times may be increased by releasing in areas of downwelling or by forming solid CO2-hydrates, which can sink to the ocean floor.
Is religion therapeutically significant for hypertension

Epidemiologic studies of the effects of religion on blood pressure suggest that religious commitment is inversely associated with blood pressure and that several religious denominations or groups have relatively low rates of hypertension-related morbidity and mortality. In this review, we examine the implication that certain characteristics and functions of religion account for this association, and we posit 12 possible explanations for this finding. We propose that a salutary effect of religion on blood pressure can be explained by some combination of the following correlates or sequelae of religion: the promotion of health-related behavior; hereditary predispositions in particular groups; the healthful psychosocial effects of religious practice; and, the beneficial psychodynamics of belief systems, religious rites, and faith. Since past epidemiologic studies may have been methodologically limited or flawed, possible explanations for the findings of these studies also include epistemological confusion, measurement problems, and analytical errors. Finally, for the sake of completeness, two more speculative hypotheses are identified: superempirical and supernatural influences or pathways.