cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of reduced molybdenum oxides (MoO2MoO3) by a sol-gel method

Abstract Molybdenum oxides were prepared by a sol-gel method using molybdenum chloro-ethoxide as a precursor. MoCl 5 , ethanol and potassium metal were used as starting materials. KCl by-product was filtered out. All reactions proceeded in methane dichloride solvent at room temperature. Blue amorphous precipitates which look like “molybdenum blue” were obtained after evaporation of solvent. This product crystallized to MoO 3 on heating to 300 °C in air, to MoO 2 on heating in vacuum and to Mo 4 O 11 together with MoO 3 and MoO 2 when heated in He gas. The valence of molybdenum in the blue, as-prepared sample, ranges from 4 to 6 and could not be determined unambiguoulsy by IR and XPS spectra. The molybdenum oxide products incorporated 25–35 wt% of physically adsorbed solvent and/or reaction product (H 2 O, C 2 H 5 OH) and retained ethoxy and hydroxyl groups; the adsorbed species and retained ethoxy groups are lost on heating at ∼200 °C and at ∼400 °C, respectively. About 1–6 wt% of chlorine was also retained in the product, most of which was removed on heating to 160 °C in air.
Reproductive strategies and barriers to hybridization between Tellima grandiflora and Tolmeia menziesii (Saxifragaceae)

We examined the reproductive biology of Tolmeia menziesii and Tellima grandiflora (Saxifragaceae) and barriers to hybridization between these species. Crossing experiments and pollinator observations suggest that Tolmeia is completely self-incompatible, obligately outcrossing, and bumble bee pollinated, whereas Tellima is self-compatible, with a mixed mating system possibly facilitated by rove beetles. Hybrid crosses set seed only when Tellima was the pollen recipient. Observations of pollen-style interactions indicate that self-incompatibility in Tolmeia is late-acting and that pollen tube growth is comparable between reciprocal hybrid pollinations. Seven of 40 progeny from Tolmeia X Tellima crosses were isozymically and morphologically intermediate between Tolmeia and Tellima, and were identical to a naturally occurring hybrid. The remainder were identical to Tellima, the maternal parent in successful hybrid crosses, which we attribute to either intraspecific pollen contamination, or agamospermy. Barriers to hybridization between sympatric Tellima and Tolmeia consist of divergence in floral morphology, pollinator relationships, compatibility, and a series of postzygotic isolating mechanisms including hybrid sterility.
Evaluation of Weather Noise and Its Role in Climate Model Simulations

AbstractThe relationship between coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model simulations and uncoupled simulations made with specified SST and sea ice is investigated using the Community Climate System Model, version 3. Experiments are carried out in a perfect model framework. Two closely related questions are investigated: 1) whether the statistics of the atmospheric weather noise in the atmospheric model are the same as in the coupled model, and 2) whether the atmospheric model reproduces the SST-forced response of the coupled model.The weather noise in both the coupled and uncoupled simulations is found by removing the forced response, as determined from the uncoupled ensemble, from the atmospheric field. The weather-noise variance is generally not distinguishable between the coupled and uncoupled simulations. However, variances of the total fields differ between the coupled and uncoupled simulations, since there is constructive or destructive interference between the SST-forced response and wea...
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AND TISSUE COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE FOLLOWING THERMAL INJURY

Abstract Studies have shown that both animal tissue-fixed immune cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) functions are altered after burn injury. Additional studies suggest that the burn injury-induced alterations in these divergent cell populations from different species are similar. It remains unknown, however, whether the observed changes in animal tissue-fixed immune cell function following thermal injury also occurs to a similar extent in the PBMC population. The aim of our study was to compare PBMC and tissue-fixed immune cell functions from the same animal using a murine burn model. At 7 days post-burn, mice were more susceptible to sepsis and delayed type hypersensitivity responses were suppressed. Splenocytes isolated from injured mice displayed suppressed proliferation and increased IL-10 production. In contrast, PBMC from injured mice displayed suppressed proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-γ production. Splenic macrophage nitric oxide, PGE 2 , TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 production was enhanced post-burn and IL-12 production was suppressed. PBMC from such animals displayed enhanced PGE 2 production and suppressed IL-6 and IL-12 production. These results indicate that while an immunosuppressive Th 2 phenotype (increased IL-10 and/or suppressed IL-2, IFN-γ) was induced in both the splenic and PBMC compartments post-injury, differential expression and dimorphism in the response also exists. Thus, the assessment of only PBMC function in burn patients may not accurately reflect the patient's actual immune status at the tissue level.
Effects of coherency on diffusivity in multilayers

Abstract In coherent multilayers, the remote spacing of vacancy sources and sinks indicates that Darken’s equations no longer apply. Under these circumstances, after a transient, the diffusivity should drop to that of the slower diffusing component. The magnitude of this effect in comparison with other effects that can retard diffusivity such as sink efficiency and internal stress fields, is discussed.
Acute and maintenance treatment with mood stabilizers.

Treatment of bipolar disorder is complicated by the multiple phases of the illness, dimensional symptomatology that varies considerably across individuals, and a limited spectrum of activity for all mood stabilizers. Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled studies provide clear guidelines to the overall efficacy of treatments for mania. However, for secondary questions, such as the treatment to employ when lithium or valproate is inadequate as monotherapy, evidence is incomplete, and usually derived from both smaller and less well-designed studies. For mania, the spectrum of efficacy of valproate is broader than for other mood stabilizers. However, many patients obtain inadequate benefit from monotherapy regimens of all mood stabilizers. Recent studies indicate that for patients who develop mania while taking a mood stabilizer, combinations of an antipsychotic and a mood stabilizer yield greater improvement than does continuation of the mood stabilizer alone. Maintenance-treatment studies support the efficacy of lithium, valproate and lamotrigine, although with a different spectrum of benefits and limitations for each. Valproate and lithium provide greater benefits for prevention of manic relapses and control of manic symptomatology than for depression. Several studies indicate actual worsening in depressive aspects of bipolar disorder with lithium treatment. Lamotrigine appears effective in delaying relapse into a new episode, with most benefits limited to delaying time to depression. Lamotrigine has not shown anti-manic activity in placebo-controlled studies. In contrast to traditional antidepressant medications, lamotrigine has not been associated with induction of mania, or of rapid-cycling illness symptomatology. Recent studies reported that carbamazepine was inferior to valproate in acute mania, and inferior to lithium in maintenance treatment. Other putative mood stabilizers have to date yielded negative or inconclusive results in studies in mania. Systematic studies are needed to clarify treatment guidelines for youth with bipolar disorder, and for other special populations, e.g. pregnant women and the elderly.
Epitaxial Growth of MgO Single Crystal Thin Film in Oxygen Atmosphere

We have studied the epitaxial growth of MgO single crystal thin films by depositing Mg onto MgO substrates in an oxygen atmosphere. This method provides a simple way to dope Mg18O layers uniformly into Mg16O. The well controlled layer thicknesses are suitable for bulk diffusion studies both in the MgO epilayer and the MgO substrate. The MgO growth rate was measured and found to be proportional to the Mg flux and to the square root of oxygen pressure at a given temperature, obeying the law of mass action. High quality MgO single crystal thin films, as indicated by RHEED and x-ray diffraction, were found to grow over u wide temperature range, as in the earlier work1 using e-beam evaporation.
Readmission after shoulder arthroplasty

Background Health care payers, including the federal government, increasingly base reimbursement on quality. Payers consider readmission rates after total joint arthroplasty an indicator of quality. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act contains provisions that preclude payment of hospital cost associated with joint arthroplasty readmissions occurring within 30 days of discharge. This study evaluates the readmission rates and the incidence of "never events" after inpatient shoulder arthroplasty procedures. Methods A retrospective view of all shoulder arthroplasty was performed from 2005 to 2011, with specific emphasis on the readmission rate 30, 60, and 90 days after the procedure. The incidence of never events as defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services was also analyzed. Results During the study period, 680 shoulder arthroplasty procedures were performed. Overall readmission rate was 5.9%. For hemiarthroplasty (HA), total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), 90-day readmission rates were 8.8%, 4.5%, and 6.6%, respectively. Readmission rates within 30 days of admission were significantly more common for HA and RTSA compared with readmission rates after 30 days. There was a 1.0% incidence of never events, and the incidence associated with each of the 3 arthroplastic procedures did not differ significantly. Conclusion Readmission within the first 90 days after shoulder arthroplasty occurred in 5.9% of patients. There was a 1% incidence of never events. In addition, most readmissions after HA and RTSA occurred within 30 days of discharge. As health care expenditures become more closely scrutinized, readmission rates after shoulder arthroplasty will become increasingly important.
Recent breakthroughs in the molecular mechanism of capacitative calcium entry (with thoughts on how we got here).

Abstract Activation of phospholipase C by G-protein-coupled receptors results in release of intracellular Ca 2+ and activation of Ca 2+ channels in the plasma membrane. The intracellular release of Ca 2+ is signaled by the second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Ca 2+ entry involves signaling from depleted intracellular stores to plasma membrane Ca 2+ channels, a process referred to as capacitative calcium entry or store-operated calcium entry . The electrophysiological current associated with capacitative calcium entry is the calcium-release-activated calcium current, or I crac . In the 20 years since the inception of the concept of capacitative calcium entry, a variety of activation mechanisms have been proposed, and there has been considerable interest in the possibility of transient receptor potential channels functioning as store-operated channels. However, in the past 2 years, two major players in both the signaling and permeation mechanisms for store-operated channels have been discovered: Stim1 (and possibly Stim2) and the Orai proteins. Activation of store-operated channels involves an endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ sensor called Stim1. Stim1 acts by redistributing within a small component of the endoplasmic reticulum, approaching the plasma membrane, but does not appear to translocate into the plasma membrane. Stim1, either directly or indirectly, signals to plasma membrane Orai proteins which constitute pore-forming subunits of store-operated channels.
Low-frequency electromagnetic (Darwin) applications in plasma simulation

Abstract Plasma modelers have long sought to be free of the restrictive constraint on discretized time and space representations due to light waves. This constraint, commonly called the CFL condition, implies stability for explicit integration of Maxwell's hyperbolic partial differential equations as long as electromagnetic waves do not propagate more than the smallest grid spacing in a time step. The Darwin limit of Maxwell's equations eliminates these purely electromagnetic modes, making it an effective model for low-frequency phenomena because it retains fidelity for all physics resolved by the large time step that it permits. The early Darwin models suffered from numerical instabilities and non-intuitive boundary conditions. Nielson and Lewis first constructed numerically stable algorithms for the Darwin model but problems associated with vector decomposition remained. Decomposition is expensive and appears to be required in most facets of the electromagnetic calculation. Additionally, decompositions require boundary conditions that are beyond physical intuition. Over the last 15 years, both the physics model and the numerical problem have been significantly extended and restructured. These new formulations eliminate most, if not all, of the vector decomposition; the most demanding questions about boundary conditions do not arise. An overview is given of the most commonly used Darwin models, starting with a brief description of the underlying concept. Several variants of Darwin algorithms are presented; non-neutral and quasi-neutral finite-electron-mass, and quasi-neutral zero-electron-mass embodiments are included. Also discussed are new numerical methods that increase the range of parameters for which these models are practical. Finally a new Darwin variant is described that can follow the time dependence of surface and bulk currents in magnetically active materials (i.e. superconductors). Plasma need to be present-reflecting the new uses that are being found for traditional plasma algorithms.
Reexamining Racial Attitudes: The Conditional Relationship Between Diversity and Socioeconomic Environment

Social science research notes that racial context is related to attitudes toward social issues; however, surprisingly little research has examined how the impact of racial context on attitudes is activated. The aim of this article is to examine racial context “effects” for policy preferences, but to do so within a broader perspective. This article extends the literature on racial attitudes by considering a conditional relationship between racial and ethnic context and socioeconomic context and expanding racial context to include multiple racial and ethnic groups. The findings indicate that racial and ethnic contextual effects do emerge; however, these effects are conditional on the socioeconomic context in which an individual resides. Specifically, high socioeconomic contexts and highly diverse contexts are related to higher levels of support for racial social issues; however, contexts characterized by low socioeconomic context and high racial and ethnic diversity are associated with lower levels of support for such issues.
'My Cheefest Work': The Making of the Spiritual Autobiography of Elizabeth Isham

AbstractUntil recently, Elizabeth Isham, a never-married gentlewoman hailing from seventeenth-century Northamptonshire, was an obscure historical figure. Fortunately, the discovery of her 'My Book of Remembrance', a 60,000-word spiritual autobiography housed in the collections of Princeton University, has brought her into full scholarly view. Written around 1639, the autobiography covered the first thirty years of her life, and was the product of a number of interrelated influences and purposes. Largely an act of spiritual meditation, repentance and memory, Elizabeth's account was a testament of intense puritan self-examination, a practice shaped by her upbringing in the godly household of Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire. The autobiography also served as a defence of her marital status, allowed her to provide religious instruction to later generations of Isham women and was a memorial to her mother, Lady Isham. For its literary style and structure, the reading of devotional literature proved important, for...
Enynones in organic synthesis. II. An electron transfer mediated synthesis of methylenecyclopentenones

Abstract The electrocyclizaton of enynones to methylenecyclopentenones is markedly accelerated by phenols and catechols having a low oxidation potential.
The Quantum Radiative Transfer Equation: Quantum Damping, Kirchoffs Law, and the Approach to Equilibrium of Photons in a Quantum Plasma

Summary form only given. A method is presented based on the theory of quantum damping, for deriving a self-consistent but approximate form of the quantum transport for photons interacting with a fully ionized electron plasma. Specifically, we propose in this paper a technique for approximately including the effects of background plasma on a photon distribution function by replacing the influence of the plasma degrees of freedom with quantum fluctuation and damping terms in the radiation transport equation. We consider the Markov limit where the electron relaxation time scale is short compared to the photon relaxation time scale. The result is a quantum Langevin equation for the photon number operator; the quantum radiative transfer equation. A dissipation term appears which is the imaginary part of the dielectric function for an electron gas undergoing electron scattering due to emission and absorption of photons. It depends only on the initial state of the plasma. A quantum noise operator also appears as a result of spontaneous emission of photons from the electron plasma. The thermal expectation value of this noise operator yields the emissivity which is exactly of the form of the Kirchoff-Planck relation. This non-zero thermal expectation value is a direct consequence of a fluctuation-dissipation relation. The fluctuations of the quantum noise operator yield the deviations from the Kirchoff-Planck relation. Using the quantum radiative transfer equation, transient fluctuations in the photon number are computed
Nematospiroides dubius: Two H-2-linked genes influence levels of resistance to infection in mice

Abstract Strains of mice sharing common H-2 haplotypes but different genetic backgrounds, and H-2 congenic strains of mice differing only at H-2 genes were studied to assess the role of H-2 and non-H-2 genes in immunity to challenge infections with the nematode parasite Nematospiroides dubius . Strains of mice sharing the H -2 k haplotype were uniformly more susceptible to challenge than strains expressing H -2 q alleles, regardless of genetic background. However, in some cases strains of mice sharing the k or q haplotypes differed significantly in levels of resistance. Therefore, non-H-2 genes must influence the response observed. H-2 cogenic strains of mice differed markedly in their ability to resist challenge infections. Mice sharing the C57BL/10 background but expressing k alleles were very susceptible to challenge, while the H -2 q , H -2 f , and H -2 s , haplotypes were associated with resistance. Studies of H-2 congenic recombinant strains of mice suggested that two H-2 genes influence the antiparasite response. One of these genes maps to the left of Eα and the other to the D-end of the H-2 complex. It is concluded also that the unique configuration of H-2 genes in F1 hybrids contributes to increased resistance to challange.
Effects of nicotine on cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1 activities

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Smoking slows the metabolism of nicotine and accelerates the metabolism of chlorzoxazone. • Nicotine is a useful probe for phenotyping cytochrome P450 2A6 activity and chlorzoxazone is a frequently used probe for CYP2E1 activity. • The tobacco smoke constituents responsible for the reduced CYP2A6 and increased CYP2E1 activities are unknown. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS • This study demonstrates that CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 activities are not affected by nicotine dosing. • High-dose nicotine treatment has a low potential of interaction with CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 substrates. • The mechanisms of tobacco smoke-elicited changes in CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 activities are yet to be determined. AIMS Smoking slows the metabolism of nicotine and accelerates the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, which are probe reactions for cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) and CYP2E1 activities, respectively. We aimed to determine the role of nicotine in these metabolic effects of cigarette smoking. METHODS The study had a single-blind, randomized, crossover two-arm design. Twelve healthy smokers were given two transdermal patches with 42-mg nicotine a day or placebo patches, each for 10 days. The subjects abstained from smoking during the study arms. Oral chlorzoxazone was given on day 7 and deuterium-labelled nicotine-d2 and cotinine-d4 infusion on day 8. RESULTS There was no significant influence of transdermal nicotine administration on pharmacokinetic parameters of nicotine-d2 or on the formation of cotinine-d2. Nicotine decreased the volume of distribution (62.6 vs. 67.7 l, 95% confidence interval of the difference −9.7, −0.6, P= 0.047) of infused cotinine-d4. There were no significant differences in disposition kinetics of chlorzoxazone between the treatments. CONCLUSIONS CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 activities are not affected by nicotine. The tobacco smoke constituents responsible for the reduced CYP2A6 and increased CYP2E1 activities remain unknown.
Extension education strategy for minimizing aflatoxin impact on sub-Saharan African agriculture and food systems

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the most vulnerable region of the world to all aflatoxin-related problems including food insecurity, ill health and reduced foreign exchange earnings. Aflatoxin-contaminated maize, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum and other crops reduce human access to adequate calories from these staples; consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods results in severe health conditions, including liver cancer, that deny the region a significant amount of otherwise productive man-hours; while the reduction of grain quality below the international standards due to aflatoxin contamination drastically reduces income in foreign exchange earnings. Scientific knowledge of the causes of aflatoxins in agricultural systems and their mitigation abounds in research institutions in SSA and internationally, but most of this knowledge is unavailable to farmers, food consumers and policy makers in useful form due to poor extension education and ineffective extension services. A paradigm shift in the approach to ex...
An Empirical Characterization of Extended Cool Gas Around Galaxies Using Mg II Absorption Features

We report results from a survey of Mg II absorbers in the spectra of background QSOs that are within close angular distances to a foreground galaxy at z 0.6), 71 of which are in an ’isolated’ environment with no known companions and located at � . 120 h -1 kpc from the line of sight of a background QSO. The rest-frame absolute B-band magnitudes span a range from MB - 5 log h = -16.4 to MB - 5 log h = -21.4 and rest-frame BAB-RAB colors range from BAB - RAB � 0 to BAB - RAB � 1.5. Of these ’isolated’ galaxies, we find that 47 have correspo nding Mg II absorbers in the spectra of background QSOs and rest-frame absorption equivalent width Wr(2796) = 0.1 - 2.34 A, and 24 do not give rise to Mg II absorption to sensitive upper limits. Our analysis shows that (1) Wr(2796) declines with increasing distance from ’isolated’ galaxie s but shows no clear trend in ’group’ environments; (2) more luminous galaxies possess more extended Mg II absorbing halos with the gaseous radius scaled by B-band luminosity according to Rgas = 75� (LB/LB�) (0.35� 0.03) h -1 kpc; (3) there is little dependence between the observed absorber strength and galaxy intrinsic colors; and (4) within Rgas, we find a mean covering fraction of h�0.3i � 70% for absorbers of Wr(2796) � 0.3 A and h�0.1i � 80% for absorbers of Wr(2796)� 0.1 A. The results confirm that extended Mg II absorbing halos are a comm on and generic feature around ordinary galaxies and that the gaseous radius is a fixed fraction of the dark matt er halo radius. The lack of correlation between Wr(2796) strength and galaxy colors suggests a lack of physical connection between the origin of extended Mg II halos and recent star formation history of the galaxies. Finally, we discuss the total gas mass in galactic halos as traced by Mg II absorbers. We also compare our results with previous studies. Subject headings:cosmology: observations—intergalactic medium—quasars: absorption lines
Executive Dysfunction and Apathy Predict Functional Impairment in Alzheimer Disease

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which executive cognitive dysfunction and frontally-mediated behavioral disturbances are associated with functional impairment in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Patients with AD (N=45) completed the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and patients' caregivers completed the Frontal Systems Behavioral Inventory and a modified form of the Lawton and Brody Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Questionnaire. RESULTS Multiple-regression analyses revealed that executive cognitive dysfunction and apathy scores accounted for 44% of the variance in instrumental activities of daily living; executive cognitive dysfunction alone explained 17% of the variance in instrumental ADLs, and apathy scores explained an additional 27%. Executive dysfunction and frontal-behavioral impairment explained 28% of the variance in basic ADLs (BADLs), and, after accounting for executive dysfunction, apathy was the only symptom found to explain additional unique variance in BADLs. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that specific cognitive and behavioral symptoms are associated with functional impairment in patients with AD.
The structural organization of ribosomal DNA in drosophila melanogaster

The genes coding for the large rRNAs (rDNA) were purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by two different methods. Purified rDNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases and by electron microscopy. Each repeating unit of rDNA consists of a gene region that codes for a transcript which includes the 18S and 28S rRNA sequences plus a nontrascribed spacer. Analysis of rRNA/rDNA hybrids in the electron microscope reveals that two types of repeating units exist in the rDNA from this fly. One of these is characterized by insertions of various lengths within the 28S gene. Insertions range in size from about 0.5 kilo base pairs (kb) to 6.0 kb and occur in distinct size classes which are multiples of 0.5 kb. Figure 10 summarizes the structure of the rDNA repeating unit. Repeats with insertions constitute about two thirds, and repeats without insertions about one third of all repeating units in the sample studied where 86% of the rDNA is derived from the X chromosome nucleolus organizer. Statistical analysis of pairs of of nearest-neighbor repeats demonstrates that repeats with and without insertions are interspersed in the X chromosome nucleolus organizer, and that scrambling is close to that expected for random arrangement. Insertions are the major source of length heterogeneity in this rDNA. A minor length heterogeneity also exists in thie nontranscribed spacer of Drosophila rDNA as demonstrated by heteroduplex mapping of restriction fragments in the electron microscope.
Mesoscale modeling of mechanics of carbon nanotubes: Self-assembly, self-folding, and fracture

Using concepts of hierarchical multiscale modeling, we report development of a mesoscopic model for single-wall carbon nanotubes with parameters completely derived from full atomistic simulations. The parameters in the mesoscopic model are fit to reproduce elastic, fracture, and adhesion properties of carbon nanotubes, in this article demonstrated for (5,5) carbon nanotubes. The mesoscale model enables modeling of the dynamics of systems with hundreds of ultralong carbon nanotubes over time scales approaching microseconds. We apply our mesoscopic model to study self-assembly processes, including self-folding, bundle formation, as well as the response of bundles of carbon nanotubes to severe mechanical stimulation under compression, bending, and tension. Our results with mesoscale modeling corroborate earlier results, suggesting a novel self-folding mechanism, leading to creation of racket-shaped carbon nanotube structures, provided that the aspect ratio of the carbon nanotube is sufficiently large. We find that the persistence length of the (5,5) carbon nanotube is on the order of a few micrometers in the temperature regime from 300 to 1000 K.
Is early steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation feasible with tacrolimus monotherapy

Is early steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation feasible with tacrolimus monotherapy?
Some exact solutions for the flow of fluid through tubes with uniformly porous walls

This paper considers an incompressible fluid flowing through a straight, circular tube whose walls are uniformly porous. The flow is steady and one dimensional. The loss of fluid through the wall is proportional to the mean static pressure in the tube. Several formulations of the wall shear stress are considered; these formulations were motivated by the results from Hamel's radial flow problem, boundary layer flows/and boundary layer suction profiles. For each of these formulations exact solutions for the mean axial velocity and the mean static pressure of the fluid are obtained. Sample results are plotted on graphs. For the constant wall shear stress problem, the theoretical solutions compare favorably with some experimental results.
Cerebro-spinal fluid studies in alcoholics and violent offenders

Firstly, the contribution that cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) studies have made to our understanding of the pathophysiology of alcohol withdrawal is addressed. Secondly, the developing literature, from our own studies and those of others, on abnormal CSF measurements in alcoholics and violent offenders is reviewed, with particular regard to impulsive murderers and arsonists. It is concluded that there is CSF evidence for increased norepinephrine function in alcohol withdrawal and an underlying serotonin hypofunction in impulsive disorders including some forms of alcoholism. Finally we report that patients with Korsakoff's syndrome may have central serotonin dysfunction since they show memory improvements during treatment with the serotonin uptake blocker fluvoxamine. Furthermore, these improvements correlate with the magnitude of change that fluvoxamine produces in CSF concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA.
Sub-50-femtosecond high-peak-power pulses from a regeneratively initiated self-sustained continuous-wave mode-locked chromium-doped forsterite laser

Regeneratively-initiated, self-sustained, continuous-wave mode-locked operation of a chromium-doped forsterite laser operated at 3.5 degree(s)C is described. Without compensating for the positive group velocity dispersion of the cavity, regenerative, acousto-optic modulation produced pulses of between 41 and 6.5 psec (FWHM) at 1.23 micrometers with average output powers of between 280 and 380 mW, respectively. By employing intracavity negative group velocity dispersion compensation, nearly transform-limited femtosecond pulses of 48 fsec (FWHM) duration were generated with average TEM00 output powers of 380 mW at 1.23 micrometers . These represent the shortest and highest peak power pulses directly generated from this laser system to date.
Earthquakes: The lessons of Tohoku-Oki.

An exceptional data set documents surface deformation before, during and after the earthquake that struck northeastern Japan in March 2011. But models for assessing seismic and tsunami hazard remain inadequate.
Correction of anemia following hypophysectomy by administration of cobalt.

ConclusionsThe anemia of hypophysectomy was repaired by the administration of cobalt. The increase in red cell volume was of the same magnitude as that reported in normal rats. Apparently the pituitary is necessary for a normal erythropoietic response to hypoxia but is not necessary to obtain a normal erythropoietic response from cobalt. In this way the mechanisms responsible in each case appear to differ.
An examination of beliefs about older workers: Do stereotypes still exist?

This study examined individuals' beliefs about older workers. Of particular interest was the relationship between those beliefs and individuals' (a) interactions with older workers, (b) supervisory status, and (c) demographic variables. Findings indicated that although older workers hold more positive beliefs about older workers than younger workers hold, even younger workers tended to have generally positive beliefs. Chronological age was found to moderate two relationships. First, the number of younger workers' interactions with older workers significantly, positively affected younger workers' beliefs about older workers. Second, an examination of the interaction between supervisory status and age found that older supervisors hold more negative beliefs about older workers than younger supervisors.
Seeking context for the duty to rescue: contractualism and trust in research institutions.

Garrett's (2015) “collective approach” offers a helpful redirect of contemporary research ethics discourse regarding research results. In response, I provide a brief sketch of the research terrain ...
Tuning of Electronic Properties in Conducting Polymers

Structural and electronic transitions in poly(thiophenyleneiminophenylene), usually referred to as poly(phenylenesulfidephenyleneamine) (PPSA) upon electrochemical doping with LiClO4 have been investigated. The unusual electrochemical behavior of PPSA indicates that the dopant anions are bound in two energetically different sites. In the so-called "binding site", the ClO4- anion is Coulombically attracted to the positively charged S or N sites on one chain and simultaneously hydrogen-bonded with the N-H group on a neighboring polymer chain. This strong interaction causes a re-organization of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a networked structure linked together by these ClO4- Coulombic/hydrogen bonding "bridges". However, in the "non-binding site", the ClO4- anion is very weakly bound, involves only the electrostatic interaction and can be reversibly exchanged when the doped polymer is reduced. In the repeated cycling, the continuous and alternating influx and expulsion of ClO4- ions serves as a self-organizing process for such networked structures, giving rise to a diminishing number of available "non-binding" sites. The occurrence of these ordered structures has a major impact on the electrochemical activity and the morphology of the doped polymer. Also due to stabilization of the dopant ions, the doped polymer can be kept in a stable and desirable oxidation state, thus both work function and conductivity of the polymer can be electrochemically controlled.
The IBM application framework for e-business

As companies race to transform their businesses into e-businesses, they are discovering that the transformation process is not always straightforward. The IBM Application Framework for e-business (the Framework) is a means for achieving business transformation and a foundation framework for developing and extending e-business processes and applications. This paper describes the Framework, showing it is based on industry standards, including enterprise JavaTM technologies, and focuses on enabling complete e-business solutions. It further describes how the system model and application programming model of the Framework and the IBM products that contribute to the platform of the Framework combine to enable a cohesive, prescriptive approach to creating e-business solutions. The paper also shows that the Framework will evolve to support increasingly sophisticated e-business applications, and that IBM is dedicated to working closely with the industry to contribute new technologies to open standards.
Smart and structural thermosets from the cationic copolymerization of a vegetable oil

Copolymers based on tung oil (TO) and presenting a very wide range of properties were obtained. Depending on the chemical composition, materials fitted for structural or functional applications were prepared. The use of divinylbenzene (DVB) as a comonomer in the cationic polymerization of the triglyceride allowed us to obtain polymers with a high thermal stability in an ample temperature range and with a room-temperature modulus close to 1 GPa for percentages of TO up to 40 wt % styrene (St) as a partial replacement of DVB in a copolymer containing 50 wt % TO resulted in a material with shape-memory behavior with switch temperatures in the range 25–40°C. The mechanical properties and shape-memory behavior of copolymers with different chemical compositions were analyzed. It was observed that an increase in the DVB content increased the glass-transition temperature and modulus, which was associated with an increase in the crosslinking density and the contribution of the rigid aromatic structure of the comonomer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style

Architect Julia Morgan (1872-1957) cultivated a professional style that enabled her to exert authority in a male-dominated profession. This article focuses on three aspects of that style: her costume, her relationship to the media, and her downtown San Francisco offi ce. Rather than a shy woman who sought anonymity, Morgan was a savvy professional with a strong gender consciousness who actively sought success and shaped her own destiny. Her story provides insight into the history of women in the professions and the gendered landscape of the Progressive Era city. Since Julia Morgan left behind few words regarding her social views, professional intentions, or architectural philosophy, this article is also an interdisciplinary exercise that investigates the intersection of biography, material culture, gender, and the built environment.
Growth of Compositionally Graded BST by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

We report the growth of a compositionally stratified Ba_xSr1_(-x)TiO_3 (BST) thin film on MgO by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Real-time control of the precursor flux based on UV absorption spectroscopy was used to systematically vary the ratio of Ba:Sr during deposition. The composition of the film with depth was measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and x was found to decrease from 0.87 at the film-air interface to 0.43 near the film-MgO interface.
Application of the Focus Group Methodology to Educational Program Development

The emergence and growth of the HIV pandemic mandates the availability of nurses with the knowledge and skills to respond to the needs of infected persons. To develop relevant continuing education on HIV/AIDS for practicing nurses, the investigators applied focus group methods to assess the perceived learning needs of nurses caring for persons with HIV disease in a variety of settings. Findings of critical knowledge and skills in HIV nursing practice, plus suggested processes by which nurses prefer to acquire the knowledge and skills were used to construct a training program. This article describes the procedures used for focus group formation and moderation, data collection and analysis, and application of findings to program development. Data from training participants' evaluation of program content and process are discussed as a measure of the utility of this application of the focus group methodology.
Sex Differences, Dominance, and Physical Attractiveness in the Use of Nonverbal Emblems

40 male and 40 female subjects were selected according to high and low levels of dominance and physical attractiveness. Each subject was assigned to a male or female interviewer who verbally administered a 3-min. biographical questionnaire while an observer made a frequency count of the nonverbal emblems used by the subjects. In general, female subjects expressed more emblems than males and subjects of high dominance expressed more emblems than low dominant subjects. Findings were qualified by the following: highly attractive women used more emblems than did women of low attractiveness or men, use of emblems did not differ as a function of attractiveness for men, in same-sex dyads use of emblems did not differ as a function of dominance but in cross-sex dyads highly dominant men and women showed more use than did men and women low in dominance.
Introduction to: The Dynamics of Coupled Human and Natural Systems

This essay introduces a special section of this issue containing a set of papers on the dynamics of coupled human and natural systems. We frame this introduction by setting out some of the major issues confronting researchers who wish to incorporate both economic and biophysical dynamics in their analysis. We contrast the three papers contained in this section in terms of how they respond to these different issues. We conclude that these papers provide important new insights on both how to model and analyze dynamic coupled human and natural systems and how to define policies that will lead to improved human well being and environmental conditions.
Genetic Linkage and Cotransfer of a Novel,vanB-Containing Transposon (Tn5382) and a Low-Affinity Penicillin-Binding Protein 5 Gene in a Clinical Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolate

Mechanisms for the intercellular transfer of VanB-type vancomycin resistance determinants and for the almost universal association of these determinants with those for high-level ampicillin resistance remain poorly defined. We report the discovery of Tn5382, a ca. 27-kb putative transposon encoding VanB-type glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Open reading frames internal to the right end of Tn5382 and downstream of the vanXB dipeptidase gene exhibit significant homology to genes encoding the excisase and integrase of conjugative transposon Tn916. The ends of Tn5382 are also homologous to the ends of Tn916, especially in regions bound by the integrase enzyme. PCR amplification experiments indicate that Tn5382 excises to form a circular intermediate in E. faecium. Integration of Tn5382 in the chromosome of E. faecium C68 has occurred 113 bp downstream of the stop codon for the pbp5 gene, which encodes high-level ampicillin resistance in this clinical isolate. Transfer of vancomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline resistance from C68 to an E. faecium recipient strain occurs at low frequency in vitro and is associated with acquisition of a 130- to 160-kb segment of DNA that contains Tn5382, the pbp5 gene, and its putative repressor gene, psr. The interenterococcal transfer of this large chromosomal element appears to be the primary mechanism for vanB operon spread in northeast Ohio. These results expand the known family of Tn916-related transposons, suggest a mechanism for vanB operon entry into and dissemination among enterococci, and provide an explanation for the nearly universal association of vancomycin and high-level ampicillin resistance in clinical E. faecium strains.
Group aggregation for scalable anycast routing

We address the issues related to aggregation of anycast groups for scalable anycast routing. Anycast is a new network service that allows a sender to access anyone in a group that shares the same anycast address. Anycast has numerous potential applications. However, it also introduces new issues. One of the issues is that the size of the anycast routing tables is significantly increased The main goals of this study are to reduce the size of routing tables and to improve network end-to-end performance. Particularly, we propose three group-aggregation algorithms with different objectives: (1) group-aggregation for minimizing the routing table size, (2) group-aggregation for balancing interface load, and (3) integrated group-aggregation. These algorithms take full advantages of the anycast semantics. Our evaluation results show that our group-aggregation algorithms can efficiently reduce the size of routing tables by 90% while achieving high network performance in terms of the average end-to-end delay.
Predictive fatigue life equation for CBGA electronic packages based on design parameters

Finite-element simulations in combination with experimental data have been used extensively by researchers to predict the solder joint fatigue life in microelectronic packages. Such simulations often require good understanding of finite-element modeling, physics-based failure models, and time-, temperature-, and direction-dependent material constitutive behavior. Also, such simulations are computationally expensive and time-consuming. Microelectronic package designers do not have the time and the expertise to perform such simulations. Therefore, this work aims to develop predictive equations that are easy to use and are based on physics-based modeling. Using experimental data and finite-element simulations, this work has developed a polynomial predictive equation for solder fatigue life in a ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) package. The developed equation has been validated with other experimental data with good success. Efforts are underway to develop similar equations for other packages.
Early diagenesis in transitional sedimentary environments of the White Oak River Estuary, North Carolina 1

Changes in sedimentary diagenetic processes resulting from the transition from a terrestrial to a marine environment were studied through a series of riverbed cores collected from the White Oak River Estuary. Analyses of interstitial water and associated solid phases rcvcal systematic geochemical and mineralogical trends over an 18-km stretch of estuary and river channel related to the transition from a dominantly marinc to a dominantly terrestrial setting. The most striking of these trends involves the nature of the metabolic pathways by which bacterial decomposition of organic matter occurs and probable differences in the composition of organic matter. In the riverbed stretches under periodic marine influence, sulfate reduction is a major process, owing to the availability of seawater sulfate. Upstream, however, methane generation becomes more important. Consistent with this trend is a decrcasc in sedimentary pyrite in methane-rich sediments. Total inorganic carbon decreases by nearly an order of magnitlldc lIpstream, and pH is significantly lower in the terrestrial environment. Chemically reactive products of organic decomposition, such as ammonia and phosphate, are considerably less concentrated in the cores taken farthest from marine influence.
A proton relaxation enhancement investigation of the binding of fatty acid spin labels to human serum albumin

Proton relaxation enhancement (PRE) values for fatty acid spin labels bound to human serum albumin have been investigated using the inversion-recovery method at 24 MHz. At 0.1 mM protein concentration and a label-to-protein ratio of one-to-one, the PRE value for 12-Doxylstearate-albumin complex is 7.8 ± 2.3, whereas the PRE values for 5-Doxylstearate and 16-Doxylstearate-albumin complexes are 1.5 ± 0.6 and 1.7 ± 0.7, respectively. Addition of 10-fold excess of stearic acid reduced the PRE values nearly to 1, indicating that the strong enhancements arise from direct binding of fatty acid spin labels to human serum albumin. PRE values for all three labels exhibit maxima as a function of the label-to-protein ratio, suggesting multiple binding sites for fatty acid spin labels with labels in the tightest binding sites not resulting in the most effective relaxation. Based on the rates of reduction of ESR signal amplitudes by sodium ascorbate, the difference in PRE values for the three fatty acid spin labels bound to albumin is attributed to the difference in water accessibility of the nitroxide moieties at various positions along the acyl chain, being greater at the C-12 position than at C-5 or C-16 position. The PRE value of 8 for 12-Doxylstearate bound to human serum albumin indicates that this complex may be a suitable paramagnetic contrast agent for in vivo NMR imaging. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.