cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Art Form to Engineering Discipline? A History of US Military Software Development Standards, 1974&#x2013;1998

From the 1970s to 1990s, the US Department of Defense attempted to enforce software standards on its computer and aerospace contractors. Many software developers resented this and believed it encroached on their freedom to exercise professional judgment. Although the contractors oriented much of their software production toward military needs, the effort's ultimate failure showed the limits of the DoD's control.
Survey of cadaveric donors to a body donation program: 1978-1993.

Body donation files from the Department of Anatomy at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine were reviewed from the 569 donors used in our program from 1978–1993. The data were entered into a computerized database to evaluate the characteristics of people who have contributed to the body donation program for cadaveric dissection. The purpose of this review was to reveal a profile of the people who have contributed to our program and enable us to identify any deficiencies or disproportionate representation of donors which can be used when targeting future applicants. Donors to our program were predominantly male (58%), although there was a clear trend for increasing numbers of females over the latter period of the program. Donors were almost exclusively white (98%) with an average age at death of 73 years (range 18–98 years). The combination cardiovascular (46%), cancer (27%), and pulmonary dysfunction (16%) accounted for nearly all deaths of our donors. Approximately half of the donors (49%) were married and they completed an average of 12.5 years of education. The typical donor bequested at, or near, the time of death. From these data we conclude that certain characteristics of our donors can be primarily attributable to the population base of our sample. Other characteristics, for example, gender, age at death of females, and educational level, show marked departures from population values and suggest some unique attributes of our donors. Bequests to our body donation program do not appear to represent a long-term plan, but rather a decision made just prior to death. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Explaining the latitudinal gradient anomaly in ichneumonid species richness: evidence from butterflies

1. Despite the profusion of Lepidoptera and other potential hosts in the tropics, the Ichneumonidae are not more species-rich in the lowland tropics than in temperate communities. Alternate but partially complementary hypotheses emphasizing resource fragmentation, predation, or chemical defence have been proposed to explain this paradox. 2. Because different diversity gradients occur in the various subgroups of the Ichneumonidae, as well as among their hosts, general explanations are unlikely to account for this ‘anomalous diversity.’ Hypotheses of ecological causation are best tested at the taxonomic level where the pattern of interest applies. 3. Phylogenetic trends in the distribution, abundance, and palatability of butterflies (Papilionoidea), a group that increases dramatically in species richness towards the tropics, are presented as a case study for evaluating hypotheses of parasitoid species richness. Evidence is presented that supports the ‘nasty host hypothesis’ as an explanation for the lack of diversity of associated parasitoids. 4. An examination of hypotheses and the approaches used to test them suggests that the nasty-host hypothesis is best supported by the limited evidence available, while evidence in favour of other hypotheses is either lacking or ambiguous. In particular, use of the koinobiont/idiobiont dichotomy and parasitoid assemblage-size comparisons may result in contradictory conclusions.
The replication of human heterochromatin in serial culture.

The human C group chromosomes late to start replication in asynchronous and in FUdR synchronized cell lines are X chromosomes. These same chromosomes are also heterochromatic during interphase. During metaphase these allocyclic Xs cannot be identified simply by metaphase position or morphology and show a wide range of measurements for arm ratio, centromere index and total length. Replication starts in the short arm and extends over the entire chromosome during the 2nd and 3rd hr of S until by the 4th hr distinction from other C group chromosomes cannot be made by means of the labeling pattern. When the allocyclic X chromosomes start replication the pattern of H3TdR label over interphase sex chromatin and non-specific heterochromatin shifts from unlabeled to labeled in FUdR synchronized human cell lines. The overall time required for replication of the allocyclic X is less than that for the other chromosomes in both asynchronous and FUdR treated cells. A hypothesis is presented for a direct relation between the delay of onset of replication in heterochromatin and its degree of interphase condensation.
A comparative embryological study of two ornithischian dinosaurs

Embryonic dinosaur remains are extremely rare1,2 and with the exception of the specimens described here, are so fragmentary that they have yielded little or no information useful for palaeobiological interpretation. We report here the first well-documented association of dinosaur eggs containing embryos, juveniles and adults from the fossil record. The material, attributable to a new hypsilophodontid, Orodromeus makelai, n. gen., n. sp., and the hadrosaurid Maiasaura peeblesorum, comes from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of western Montana3. Osteo-logical and histological studies of these two animals indicate structural and morphological adaptations for their respective growth patterns and neonate behaviour.
Collaborative Institutions, Belief-Systems, and Perceived Policy Effectiveness:

In this article I combine two existing policy theories, institutional rational choice and the Advocacy Coalition Framework, to explain actor perceptions of the effectiveness of public policies targeting common-pool resource dilemmas in coastal watersheds. Survey data from estuaries with and without the USEPA’s National Estuary Program provides evidence for two main hypotheses. First, perceived policy effectiveness is a function of “collective-action beliefs”: beliefs about situational variables that determine the benefits and transaction costs of collective action within the estuary action arena. Second, the effects of policy-core beliefs and institutional structure on perceived policy effectiveness are interdependent. In particular, governance institutions have a favorable effect on perceived policy effectiveness among political actors whose policy-core beliefs are congruent with the structure of the institution.
Alcohol and GABA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Function

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)A is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. GABAA ergic synapse is also an important site of action for a variety of centrally acting drugs, including benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Several lines of electrophysiological, behavioral, and biochemical studies implicate GABAA ergic synapse in the actions of alcohol. In electrophysiological studies, alcohol has been reported to enhance GABA-mediated responses in cortical neurons, spinal cord and substantia nigra, albeit, negative results have also been reported. In behavioral studies, GABAmimetics enhance alcohol's effects on motor coordination, while GABA antagonists have the opposite effect. In drug-combination studies, subeffective doses of alcohol, in combination with subeffective doses of other GABAmimetics, potentiate each other's effect in several seizure models. In functional studies, alcohol has been reported to potentiate GABA receptor-mediated 36Cl-flux in microsacs, neurosynaptosomes, and cultured spinal cord neurons at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. The potentiating effect of alcohol is blocked by GABA antagonists and the inverse agonists of the benzodiazepine receptor site. Taken together, these studies indicate that some of the central effects of alcohol are mediated via facilitation of GABAAergic transmission.
Bulk GaAs crystal growth by liquid phase electroepitaxy

Abstract Bulk GaAs crystals (up to 4 mm thick and 20 mm in diameter) were grown by liquid phase electroepitaxy on melt-grown GaAs substrates. They were found to be of high quality (essentially dislocation-free) comparable to that of thin GaAs epitaxial layers; when undoped they exhibited a very high electron mobility (about 7000 cm 2 /V·s at room temperature) low carrier concentration ( 15 cm -3 ), and no measurable electron traps. The thickness of the crystals and maximum growth rate were found to be limited primarily by convection in the solution. In view of the limitations imposed by convection, the growth of commercial size bulk GaAs crystals of epitaxial quality is being designed under microgravity conditions.
Further considerations on adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals

Dear Sir,We read with great interest the recent editorial by Hesseet al. concerning adverse events (AEs) in nuclear medi-cine, in which the authors pointed out the clinical impli-cations for the nuclear medicine community [1]. Hesse etal. reported a prevalence of adverse reactions rangingfrom1.3to11per10
Dismutation of a Semiquinone Free Radical of Chlorpromazine

The dismutation in aqueous solution of a semiquinone free radical of chlorpromazine, R, was studied. Experimental second-order rate constants, kobs, were determined. In an HCl–KCl buffer system, the kobs increased with increasing ionic strength in accord with the Bronsted-Bjerrum relationship. However, in the presence of a potassium acid phthalate buffer no ionic strength effect was noted, though an increase in kobs was noted, apparently due to phthalate ion catalysis. Within the pH range of 0.45 to 3.75 in an HCl–KCl system, the dismutation apparently was independent of H+ concentration. At pH values considerably above and below this range, however, a marked increase and decrease, respectively, in kobs was noted. The addition of chlorpromazine (CPZ) to the reaction mixture resulted in a decrease in the kobs. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPO), under similar conditions, had no effect on the kobs Evidence for the formation of a dimer of CPZ was obtained; a K of dimerization was calculated to be 1.3 × 104.
Familial Follicular Cell Tumors: Classification and Morphological Characteristics

Familial follicular cell-derived well-differentiated thyroid cancer, papillary (PTC), and follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC), accounts for 95% of thyroid malignancies. The majority of are sporadic, and at least 5% of these patients will have familial disease. Familial thyroid syndromes are classified into familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), derived from calcitonin-producing C cells, and familial follicular cell tumors or non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (FNMTC), derived from follicular cells. Twenty-five percent of patients with medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) have a familial form; however, this accounts for only 1% of all patients with thyroid cancer. The familial follicular cell-derived lesions or familial non-medullary thyroid cancer can be divided into two clinical–pathological groups. The first group includes familial syndromes characterized by a predominance of non-thyroidal tumors, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome (Cowden disease; PHTS), Carney complex, Werner syndrome, and Pendred syndrome. The second group includes familial syndromes characterized by predominance of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), such as pure fPTC, fPTC associated with papillary renal cell carcinoma, and fPTC with multinodular goiter. Most of the progress in the genetics of familial thyroid cancer has been in patients with MTC. This is usually a component of multiple endocrine neoplasias IIA or IIB, or as pure familial medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome. The genetic events in the familial C-cell-derived tumors are known and genotype–phenotype correlations are well established. The mutations in patients with isolated NMFTC have not been as well defined as in MTC. In many cases, patients have a known familial syndrome that has defined risk for thyroid cancer. The clinician must be knowledgeable in recognizing the possibility of an underlying familial syndrome when a patient presents with thyroid cancer. Some characteristic thyroid morphologic findings should alert the pathologist of a possible familial cancer syndrome, which may lead to further molecular genetics evaluation.
Global zoom/pan estimation and compensation for video compression

An algorithm is presented for estimating and compensating camera zooms and pans. It models the global motion in each frame with just two parameters: a zoom factor and a two-dimensional pan vector both based on local displacement vectors found by conventional means (such as block matching). Since motion by objects in the scene obscures global motion, the algorithm can iterate to refine its estimate. Simulations suggest the algorithm is robust and accurate, and can significantly reduce both the energy of the motion compensated residual image as well as the zeroth-order entropy of the local displacement vector field. >
Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation

Colonization of the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the principal cause of mortality in CF populations1,2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections generally persist despite the use of long-term antibiotic therapy1,3. This has been explained by postulating that P. aeruginosa forms an antibiotic-resistant biofilm4,5 consisting of bacterial communities embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix. Alternatively, it has been proposed that resistant P. aeruginosa variants may be selected in the CF respiratory tract by antimicrobial therapy itself1,6. Here we report that both explanations are correct, and are interrelated. We found that antibiotic-resistant phenotypic variants of P. aeruginosa with enhanced ability to form biofilms arise at high frequency both in vitro and in the lungs of CF patients. We also identified a regulatory protein (PvrR) that controls the conversion between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible forms. Compounds that affect PvrR function could have an important role in the treatment of CF infections.
Integrated catalytic process for conversion of biomass to hydrogen

Catalytic steam and autothermal reforming of glucose, glycerol, and industrial wastewater was evaluated as a basis for the development of a process for the production of hydrogen from renewable fee...
Realization of a salt bridge-free microfluidic reference electrode.

We report on the design of a microfluidic electrochemical cell with a true Ag/AgCl reference electrode that does not rely on a physical barrier or salt bridge, but instead takes advantage of slow diffusion times in micro-channels. The device concept is demonstrated in PDMS using the Ir+IV/Ir+III redox couple as an example. A scaling analysis provides limits of operation for the device.
A Model of Survival Curves Having an‘Activation Shoulder’

: The ‘activation shoulder’ in the isothermal survival curves of B. stearothermophilus spores is probably an indication that the initial number is an undercount and that heat improves their recovery. The inactivation need not follow a first order kinetics. It is described by an empirical model, whose coefficients are determinded by the spores but not by any preconceived kinetic order. When the temperature‘profile ’ and the survival parameters’ temperature dependence are expressed algebraically, the slope of the corresponding non isothermal survival curve, which is initially positive, can be used to generate the survival ratios by numerical methods, as demonstrated with simulated stable and unstable heat treatments using published inactivation data.
Buffer effects in the desionoselective/ionoselective/duoselective separation selectivity model-assisted optimization of the capillary electrophoretic separation of enantiomers I. Low-pH phosphate buffers

Abstract The complexation of aromatic permanently charged anions by β-cyclodextrin in capillary electrophoresis has been studied using phosphate background electrolytes in which the pH was varied from 2.0 to 3.6. The complex formation constants and ionic mobilities proved independent of the pH, indicating that the electrophoretically determined parameters of the multiple equilibria-based separation selectivity model (DID model) are meaningful and should be suitable for the optimization of enantiomer separations. Therefore, the effective mobilities of the enantiomers of α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethyl phenylacetic acid, suspected to belong to the families of ionoselective or duoselective separations, were measured as a function of pH and β-cyclodextrin concentration in the 2
New START, Eyjafjallajökull, and Nuclear Winter

On 8 April 2010, U.S. president Barack Obama and Russian president Dmitry Medvedev signed the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, committing the United States and Russia to reducing their nuclear arsenals to levels less than 5% of the maximum during the height of the cold war in the 1980s. This treaty is called “New START,” as it is a follow-on to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START). On 14 April 2010 the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland began an explosive eruption phase that shut down air traffic in Europe for 6 days and continued to disrupt it for another month. What do these two events have in common? Nuclear weapons, when targeted at cities and industrial areas, would start fires, producing clouds of sooty smoke. Volcanic eruptions emit ash particles and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which forms sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere. Thus, both the use of nuclear weapons and volcanic eruptions produce particles that can be transported large distances from the source and can affect weather and climate.
Self-management in children labeled learning disabled

Access to recess was used as a reinforcer to study the development of elementary self-management skills (being quiet and staying in one’s seat) during a quiet period, without direct teacher supervision. A verbal report system confirmed by hidden observation was used to record the behavior of the children. Group, individual, and individual plus group contingencies of reinforcement were utilized. Individual and individual plus group reinforcement contingencies were found to be the most effective procedures. Data are presented that clearly show children will submit reports of their own behavior that deny them access to reinforcement as well as report accurately on the behaviors of other children (even under threat). The children that were found to be responsible for the class losing privileges under group reinforcement contingencies were successfully managed by a peer and when they served as class monitor (sat at teacher’s desk), they behaved appropriately.
Man the Unfinished

BERTRAND RUSSELL once suggested a new and impish form of conjugating common verbs. A few examples will suggest his idea: "I am firm, you are insistent, he is pigheaded"; or " I think, you cerebrate, he theorizes", or, finally, "I am open-minded, you are uncertain, he is positively schizoid." The nemesis of perspectives could hardly be better put. All derision aside I want to speak about perspectives and their bearing on the growth of social science. What I shall have to say is deliberately and intentionally one-sided; not only is there another side to the question, but the other side is more plausible, more systematic, and it packs a heavier artillery of imposing authorities. The issue will probably not be resolved by complete victory of either side; if we can settle for a truce, this might be the most satisfactory solution. In the past, scientific advance has followed more than one productive conflict of ideas. Our focus of attention is on that hoariest of problems-the nature of human nature. Even as I say this I realize that to put it in these terms seems to contradict the main purpose of my remarks. To a great many people, saying that anything has a nature implies that it is fixed, settled, and permanent. Sociologists and psychologists are, of course, more sophisticated than this. They are quite aware that a process is going on here, though they keep it in the background and obscure it by continual reference to the personality system. The history of human nature theory would have been quite different if semantic choice had fastened on "configuration" rather than "system," and no doubt this is precisely what Lewin was trying to do in his life work. The very connotation of the term "system," however, tends to make structure primary and process secondary, contained, boundaryorganized, whereas what we seem to find inductively is that
Accumulation and biological mixing of Peru margin sediments

Abstract Rates of sediment accumulation and biological particle mixing in eight cores from the Peru shelf have been estimated by application of uranium-series disequilibrium techniques and radiocarbon dating. Activities of 210Pb, 226Ra, 234Th and 238U have been determined in closely spaced intervals in each sediment core. Biological particle mixing coefficients were determined via a two-box advection-diffusion steady-state mixing model based on the distribution profiles of excess 210Pb and, in some cases, excess 234Th activities. The sedimentation rates estimated were in the order of a few millimeters/yr except for cores enriched in phosphatic components which displayed rates a few orders of magnitude slower. Bioturbation was significant in most cores studied with the exception of one core collected from within the middle of the oxygen-minimum zone. Estimated biological mixing coefficients were in the order of 100–101 cm2 yr−1 for the surface mixed layer and 10−1–100 cm2 yr−1 for the layer below. Sediment slumping appears to have affected the 210Pb distribution of two or three of our cores.
Argument schemes and the construction of social reality: John F. Kennedy's address to the Houston ministerial association

In his 1960 speech to the Houston Ministerial Association, John F. Kennedy convinced many voters that, as a Catholic president, he would act independently of the Catholic Church in such matters as federal aid to schools, human reproduction, and religious tolerance. Through detailed analysis of the schemes used by Kennedy in this address, this essay explains how he used arguments from division to distance himself from the Vatican, inclusion to align himself with the liberal American Catholic view, the rule of justice to urge equal treatment, and reciprocity to argue for religious tolerance. Because of its capacity to reveal a text's hidden agenda, the nature of its response to other texts, and the mechanisms by which it shapes audience perceptions, analysis of schemes offers an invaluable resource for rhetorical criticism.
Commentary: The Financial System and Economic Performance

Robert Merton’s article should be read by anyone who is interested in the past or future evolution of financial markets. Merton develops parts of finance theory and their implications for financial markets and financial policy in a clear, crisp, and informative way. It is an excellent piece, well worth a reader’s investment of time.
The Role of Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis

Infective endocarditis continues to be a significant diagnostic and therapeutic problem. During the last two decades, transthoracic echocardiography, and more recently, transesophageal echocardiography have been used in patients with the clinical syndrome of endocarditis to detect vegetations and assess the extent of valvular damage. Certain echocardiographic findings have important prognostic implications and can help determine the timing of surgical intervention. This paper will review the role of echocardiography in the evaluation and management of patients with infective endocarditis.
Gender comparisons in the private, collective, and allocentric selves.

Researchers (e.g., M. B. Brewer & W. Gardner, 1996; H. C. Triandis, D. K. S. Chan, D. P. S. Bhawuk, S. Iwao, & J. P. B. Sinha, 1995) have suggested expansion of the standard model of individualism-collectivism to include people's close personal relationships in addition to their identification with in-groups. There has been considerable discussion of the hypothesis that women are more collective, interdependent, relational, and allocentric than men (e.g., S. E. Cross & L. Madson, 1997; Y. Kashima et al., 1995). In the present study, the authors used the Twenty Statements Test (M. H. Kuhn & T. McPartland, 1954) to examine gender differences in the self-concept by assessing the accessibility of private, collective, and allocentric self-cognitions. The U.S. women described themselves with more allocentric and more collective self-cognitions than did the U.S. men. Discussion focuses on the implications of those data for interpretation of other gender differences as well as for traditional models of individualism-collectivism.
A highly stereoselective osmium tetroxide-catalyzed hydroxylation of γ-hydroxy α,β-usaturated esters

Abstract The hyroxylation of α,β-unsaturated esters catalyzed by osmium-tetroxide leads to 3,4-dihydroxy-lactones of predictable stereochemistry.
Education of physician assistants, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners for rural practice.

Physician assistants, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners have been described as a vital and unique solution to the problem of providing adequate access to high quality health care for many Americans. Each of these classifications of health care providers has been accepted as separate professions with their own standards and identities. Their curricula and educational pathways have developed into clearly distinguishable educational tracks that complement the larger disciplines of nursing and medicine. Physician assistants, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners have been singled out in federal legislation for their potential contribution to underserved rural communities (e.g., the Rural Health Clinics Services Act of 1977 and its subsequent amendments). This designation is partly due to the fact that certified nurse midwives, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants traditionally chose to practice in rural, underserved areas, and because their skills and practice structures were well matched to the needs and resources of rural areas. That pattern of practice, however, appears to have changed and the distribution of these practitioners has begun to resemble the distribution of physicians and other clinicians with heavy concentrations in urban areas and a growing shortage in rural and underserved areas.
Sorting Method to Expand the Dynamic Range of Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor

This talk proposes a simple and powerful algorithm to extend the dynamic range of Shack-Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor. In a conventional SH wavefront sensor, the dynamic range is limited by the f-number of lenslet which is also related to the slope of wavefront. A spot is required to stay inside a sub-aperture defined by original lenslet that creates the spot. If a wavefront varies so fast that a spot displacement goes beyond a sub-aperture, a spot can not be assigned to original lenslet. In this case, conventional SH sensor fails to reconstruct the wavefront.
Implications of Disaster Assistance Reform for Non-insured Crops

With recent crop insurance reform, disaster aid to producers of crops for which federal crop insurance was not available has changed significantly. A newly created Non-insured Assistance Program (NAP) is a standing disaster aid program for non-insured crops including most vegetables and some tree crops. To receive a payment, a farmer has to meet NAP's “area” triggered loss in addition to usual individual loss criteria. In this paper we examine the implications of these two-tiered criteria for NAP payments in the context of California agriculture. Our analysis indicates that the area loss requirement likely results in a sharp reduction in disaster payments for non-insured crops.
Extension of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation technology in developing countries

There is critical involvement of microbial activities in the management of nitrogen in tropical soils. One of the most important of these activities is the provision of nitrogen to the soil via symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation, mediated primarily by the rhizobia-legume association. This symbiotic system commonly produces a significant amount of the nitrogen required by plants growing in a nitrogen-deficient soil. The exploitation of this system is especially important for subsistence farmers in developing countries, who typically are relegated to exist on a few hectares of land of marginal potential for agricultural use. Nitrogen, the nutrient most frequently found limiting to crop growth, is generally not available, economically or logistically, in the form of chemical fertilizers in sufficient amounts to produce a crop. Legumes are utilized throughout the world as sources of food, forage, fuel and cover crops. The efficiency of their use in farming practice depends heavily on the nitrogen-fixing properties of the native rhizobia with which they form symbiotic nitrogen-fixing associations. Native rhizobia are often less effective in N-fixation than are selected strains isolated and screened specifically for high N-fixation. These latter strains are mass produced to form a seed-soil inoculum to be applied at planting, thus assuring a high rate of nodulation and N-fixation in the legume host. This legume inoculation is simple, inexpensive and an invaluable component of the farming systems of agriculture-based cultures throughout the world. This invaluable technology is largely unavailable to subsistence farmers, world-wide, who need it most. The absence or ineffectiveness of appropriate extension programs is discussed as a major contributing factor in this unrealized potential.
Mexican immigrant experiences with discrimination in southern Appalachia

Mexican immigrant populations have grown in many Appalachian communities due to increased job opportunities in the Christmas tree, textile, meatpacking and agricultural industries. Racially and ethnically homogeneous communities offer few public resources to support immigrants. On the basis of data collected through a community-based needs assessment, this study examines the experiences of discrimination for immigrants in western North Carolina. This study furthers research on how immigrants define discrimination and the specific experiences they have faced when accessing jobs, housing and public services. The results show how the power of structural discrimination and group threat shape the experiences of discrimination for immigrants.
That von Neumann Did Not Believe in a Physical Collapse

Many works intended to introduce interpretive issues in quantum mechanics present John von Neumann as having a view in which measurement produces a physical collapse in the system being measured. In this paper I argue that such a reading of von Neumann is inconsistent with what von Neumann actually says. I show that much of what he says makes no sense on the physical collapse reading, but falls into place if we assume he does not have such a view. I show that the physical collapse view is based on an understanding of 'state' which von Neumann does not share.
Light scattering by solutions of octyltrimethylammonium octanesulfonate and octyltrimethylammonium decanesulfonate

Abstract Molecular weights of micelles of octyltrimethylammonium octanesulfonate in water and octyltrimethylammonium decanesulfonate in water and in aqueous KCl solutions were determined by light scattering. Evidence is presented to show that the aggregates are not spherical.
Evidence for a shared mechanism used in multiple-object tracking and subitizing.

It has been proposed that the mechanism that supports the ability to keep track of multiple moving objects also supports subitizing—the ability to quickly and accurately enumerate a small set of objects. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects on subitizing when human observers were required to perform a multiple object tracking task and an enumeration task simultaneously. In three experiments, participants (Exp. 1, N = 24; Exp. 2, N = 11; Exp. 3, N = 37) enumerated sets of zero to nine squares that were flashed while they tracked zero, two, or four moving discs. The results indicated that the number of items participants could subitize decreased by one for each item they tracked. No such pattern was seen when the enumeration task was paired with an equally difficult, but nonvisual, working memory task. These results suggest that a shared visual mechanism supports multiple object tracking and subitizing.
Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Disordered Eating Among Adolescent Mexican American Males

Abstract The etiology of disordered eating is well researched among females. Observations of the phenomenon among adolescent males is limited. Our purpose was to investigate prevalence of disordered eating and body dissatisfaction and possible correlates among this group of Mexican American males. Measures of disordered eating (EAT-26), body dissatisfaction, acculturation, substance use/abuse, and childhood sexual abuse were collected from a stratified sample (n=142) of Mexican American males. Participants were recruited from five colleges in the Southwest United States. Two-thirds of the participants were between eighteen and twenty-one years of age. Among this non-clinical sample of adolescent Mexican American males, 15% reported a history of childhood sexual abuse, 18% met the criteria for disordered eating, and 35% reported binge drinking. Multivariate analyses indicated that depression was a significant predictor of disordered eating (p Mexican American males are an overlooked population thought not to experience disordered eating. These preliminary analyses indicate that models used to investigate disordered eating among females have limited usefulness; however, depression does appear to be a correlate. In this study, we observed co-morbidity of childhood sexual abuse, drinking, disordered eating and depression. The etiology underlying this pattern requires further investigation.
Mamillary-body lesions and visual recognition in monkeys

Cynomolgus monkeys with complete bilateral destruction of the medial mamillary nucleus exhibited little, if any, deficit in object recognition, although they did show evidence of impairment in spatial memory. The pattern of effects thus resembled that found previously after either hippocampal ablations or transections of the fornix and suggests that, like such damage, mamillary-body damage alone is insufficient to produce the global amnesia attributed to it in clinical cases.
191 Does Phenobarbital Improve the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy|[quest]|

Objective: To determine whether Phenobarbital (PB) given before therapeutic hypothermia to infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) augments the neuroprotective efficacy of hypothermia. Methods: Records of 68 asphyxiated infants of ≥ 36 weeks' gestation, who received hypothermia for moderate or severe HIE were reviewed. Some of these infants received PB prophylactically or for clinical seizures. All surviving infants had later brain MRI. The composite primary outcome of HIE-related neonatal death, and MRI abnormalities consistent with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, were compared between the infants who received PB before initiation of hypothermia (PB group, n= 36) and the infants who did not receive PB before or during hypothermia (no PB group, n= 32). Logistic regression analysis determined which of the pre-hypothermia clinical and laboratory variables predict the primary outcome. Results: The two groups were similar for severity of asphyxia as assessed by Apgar scores, initial blood pH and base deficit, early neurologic examination, and presence of an intrapartum sentinel event. The composite primary outcome was more frequent in infants from the PB group (PB 78% versus No PB 44%, p=0.006, OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6 12.8). Multivariate analysis identified only the PB receipt before initiation of hypothermia (p=0.002, OR 9.5, 95% CI 2.3 39.5), and placental abruption to be independently associated with a worse primary outcome. Conclusions: The combination of therapeutic hypothermia and PB may be associated with an increase in the composite outcome of HIE-related neonatal death and the brain MRI abnormalities, but the long term outcomes have not yet been evaluated.
Conformality of the Apollonian Metric

The Apollonian metric a D of a domain \(D\subset {\overline R}^{n}\) is rarely conformal. In fact, if it is conformal at one point then D is, up to a Mobius transformation, a complement of a convex body of constant width and if it is conformal at two points then D is a ball. We consider a quantity that measures the deviation of a D from being conformal. This quantity is essential in comparing the Apollonian metric to hyperbolic and quasihyperbolic metrics. We show that this quantity is invariant under Mobius transformations and compute it for some standard domains. We then use it to obtain sharp estimates between any two of the Apollonian, hyperbolic and quasihyperbolic metrics on such domains.
Spam detection in online classified advertisements

Online classified advertisements have become an essential part of the advertisement market. Popular online classified advertisement sites such as Craigslist, Ebay Classifieds, and Oodle have attracted a huge number of posts and visits. Due to its high commercial potential, the online classified advertisement domain is a target for spammers, and this has become one of the biggest issues hindering further development of online advertisement. Therefore, spam detection in online advertisement is a crucial problem. However, previous approaches for Web spam detection in other domains do not work well in the advertisement domain. We propose a novel spam detection approach that takes into account the particular characteristics of this domain. Specifically, we propose a novel set of features that could strongly discriminate between spam and legitimate advertisement posts. Our experiments on a dataset derived from Craigslist advertisements demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. In particular, the approach provides improvements of 55% in terms of F-1 score over a baseline that uses traditional features alone.
Race and the Moral Character of the Modern American Experience

The purpose of this study is two-fold. A central divide in the race-in-politics literature concerns whether people openly profess racially prejudiced statements or confine themselves to subtle racism. Our first objective is to examine this debate using new data from the 2008 election. Our second – and central – objective is to bring out the opposing forces in the politics of race. To this point, all the emphasis has been on the force of prejudice. We show that an opposing force of good will also exists, and that many Americans hold blacks in esteem. Using data collected after the 2008 election, we find that esteem dramatically increases the likelihood of supporting Obama for partisans who disagree with their party on ideological terms (e.g., conservative Democrats and liberal Republicans), but not for partisans who agree with their party ideologically (e.g., liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans).
PULSE SHAPE DISCRIMINATION WITH A COMPARATOR CIRCUIT.

Abstract The pulse shape discriminator described employs an integrated circuit differential comparator to measure the zero cross-over time of a bi-polar pulse relative to the start of the pulse. The comparator element operates over a dynamic range of 0.02 to 10 V with a time shift of less than 4 ns for DDL pulses with a rise time of 100 ns. The pulse shape discriminator includes pile-up rejection and dead-time circuitry to reduce count rate effects. The energy dependence of the pulse shape for NE 213 and stilbene is measured from 0.2 to 4 MeV electron equivalent energy. The low energy performance for a small stilbene scintillator is studied from 18 to 92 keV electron equivalent energy.
Transplanted human embryonic germ cell‐derived neural stem cells replace neurons and oligodendrocytes in the forebrain of neonatal mice with excitotoxic brain damage

Stem cell therapy is a hope for the treatment of some childhood neurological disorders. We examined whether human neural stem cells (hNSCs) replace lost cells in a newborn mouse model of brain damage. Excitotoxic lesions were made in neonatal mouse forebrain with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist quinolinic acid (QA). QA induced apoptosis in neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, white matter, and subventricular zone. This degeneration was associated with production of cleaved caspase-3. Cells immunopositive for inducible nitric oxide synthase were present in damaged white matter and subventricular zone. Three days after injury, mice received brain parenchymal or intraventricular injections of hNSCs derived from embryonic germ (EG) cells. Human cells were prelabeled in vitro with DiD for in vivo tracking. The locations of hNSCs within the mouse brain were determined through DiD fluorescence and immunodetection of human-specific nestin and nuclear antigen 7 days after transplantation. hNSCs survived transplantation into the lesioned mouse brain, as evidenced by human cell markers and DiD fluorescence. The cells migrated away from the injection site and were found at sites of injury within the striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, and white matter tracts and at remote locations in the brain. Subsets of grafted cells expressed neuronal and glial cell markers. hNSCs restored partially the complement of striatal neurons in brain-damaged mice. We conclude that human EG cell-derived NSCs can engraft successfully into injured newborn brain, where they can survive and disseminate into the lesioned areas, differentiate into neuronal and glial cells, and replace lost neurons. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of On-Wafer Diode Noise Sources

A set of wafer probeable diode noise source transfer standards are characterized using on-wafer noise temperature methods developed recently at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This paper reviews the methods for accurate on-wafer measurements of noise temperature and details the preliminary design and construction of the transfer standards. Measurements are presented of their noise temperatures at frequencies from 8 to 12 GHz. Such transfer standards could be used in interlaboratory comparisons or as a verification tool for checking on-wafer noise calibration accuracy.
Botulinum neurotoxin types A, B & E: pH induced difference spectra

The alkaline pH induced difference spectra (270–310 nm) of three antigenically distinct forms of the botulinum neurotoxin (NT) types A, B and E were examined. When isolated from the cultures of Clostridium botulinum, type A NT is a fully toxic dichain (nicked) protein, type E is a mildly toxic single chain (unnicked) protein, and type B NT is a mixture of single and dichain proteins and near fully toxic. Trypsin nicks the single chain protein to the dichain and increases its toxicity (up to about 100 fold in type E). A strong difference spectrum peak at ∼296 nm was found when types A, B or E NT were in the alkaline pH region. This peak was not observed at pH 4.0. For types A and B NT plots of difference absorptivity vs. pH were simple sigmoidal curves. The pK of phenolic moieties of tyrosine residues in both proteins were 10.9. Nearly all tyrosine residues in both proteins were ionized. The single chain type E, unlike type A and B NT, yielded a two step titration curve and pK values 11.3 and less than 7.5; about 60% of the total tyrosine residues present were ionized. The two step titration curve was not observed when the single chain protein was nicked with trypsin to the dichain type E NT. The titration curve of dichain type E NT, although complex, was more like those of type A and B NT.
Growth by CVT and characterization of Hg 1- x Cd x Te epitaxial layers

Single crystal epitaxial layers of Hg1-xCdxTe were grown on CdTe substrates employing the chemical vapor transport technique. Different growth temperatures, substrate orientations, and various pressures of Hgl2 as a transport agent were used while the source materials had a fixed composition ofx = 0.2. The epilayers are of nearly uniform composition to a depth of about one-half of the layer thickness. Chemical etching of the as-grown epilayers revealed low etch pit densities in the range of 103–104 cm−2. Rectangle-shaped etch pits are observed for the first time on the (100) oriented epilayers of this material. The growth temperature and Hgl2 pressure used for the growth experiments have significant effects on the layer morphology and composition.
A Comparative Study of Characteristics of Ferrogels Prepared using Coated and Uncoated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

This paper presents the results of our analysis of ferrogels prepared using uncoated and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) based hydrogel is used with 15-25 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles different concentrations in the range 1.25 -14%. These samples were analyzed using ultra small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Direct-Current Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (DC-SQUID) magnetometry. Samples prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated nanoparticles showed a better single particle distribution compared to uncoated samples. USAXS data indicated that the gels prepared using uncoated nanoparticles have a large two particle agglomerations. In both cases, the volume fraction of the particles in the gel is linearly proportional to the initial particle concentrations. The DC-SQUID magnetometry analysis indicated that the magnetic moment of the gel samples prepared with uncoated particles is ∼ 2emu/g compared to ∼1.5emu/g of those having coated particles.
The combined effects of phonon attenuation and impedance matching on Kapitza resistance

Abstract The Kapitza resistance for Cu-HeII has been calculated using an acoustic mismatch theory which includes the effects of transverse waves in the dense helium region at the liquid-solid interface and phonon attenuation in the copper. The impedance matching becomes significant above 0.1 K.
The biosynthesis of cell wall carbohydrates. III. Further studies on formation of cellulose and xylan from labeled monosaccharides in wheat plants.

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-2-C14, D-xylose-2-C14, D-xylose-5-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucitol-1-C14, D-mannitol-1-C14, D-arabitol-1-C14, and D-arabitol-5-C14 were admini...
Water flow and distribution around buried landmines

Soil properties make a significant impact in the observed responses of various sensors for mine detection. Soil moisture affects the performance of electromagnetic sensors through its effects on soil thermal and dielectric properties. We have initiated laboratory, field and numerical studies to advance our fundamental understanding of the properties and governing processes of moisture distribution and flow around buried landmines. The laboratory component features magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to map water distribution around a mine-like obstacle placed in a test soil sample. The field component investigates the moisture migration around landmines under realistic weather and soil conditions. We use anti-tank mines instrumented with moisture and temperature sensors to monitor the weather-driven processes. The numerical component investigates existing physics models underlying current simulations of moisture transport in soils. We use existing flow simulators to evaluate the completeness of process descriptions and to estimate the relative importance of individual processes on micro-scale moisture movement. These existing simulators include both continuum codes designed to work at scales much larger than the grain size and pore-scale models that discretize individual pores. We present the preliminary results of our investigations and discuss the potential impact of our findings on infrared and radar detection of buried landmines.