cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System-Level Networking

This chapter discusses some case studies that represents a significant departure from digital system design and looks exclusively at requirements analysis. The objective is to explore system requirements without consideration for implementation technologies. Regardless, the impacts of local design decisions are explored in the context of system requirements. The local design decisions explored in this case study are requirements placed on different network environments and components. The access control requirements can be varied; trust models can be altered or changed, and even models for establishing trust in the system can be changed. This case study demonstrates capability for modeling requirements sets before an implementation direction is chosen. System design folklore suggests that the cost of fixing an error increases by an order of magnitude for each design cycle entered prior to discovery of the error. The only thing questionable about this approximation is whether the cost should increase by only a single order of magnitude. Thus, the value of exploring requirements to detect errors and optimize requirements prior to system implementation cannot be overstated.
Raising the Bar: Aiming for Public Value

Striving to provide public good and maximize public value strike many as highly abstract and idealistic ideas. Written in the form of an interview, this article, written from the perspective of a practitioner, addresses some of the pragmatic issues that arise when trying to conceptualize approaches to museum offerings and demonstrate their effectiveness. The Holocaust Museum's evaluation of its Bringing the Lessons Home program provides an example of how rigorous attention to program conceptualization, design and evaluation can produce convincing evidence of social change and public value. Being able to demonstrate public value is not a matter of the impossibility of crafting programs and measuring their impact; it is more a matter of desire, will and investment. It is possible to strive for and demonstrate the public value of museums.
Structural Elements of the Mammalian Sperm Nucleus

During spermiogenesis the spherical nucleus of the germ cell condenses and assumes a configuration that is distinct for each mammalian species. This nuclear transformation, whether yielding a falciform, spatulate or discoid shape, serves to protect the haploid genome and to facilitate penetration of the ovum by the motile sperm cell. Remodeling of the nucleus is complex. The process involves the removal of histones, the selective elimination of most nonhistone chromosomal proteins, the deposition of protamines, and the insertion of novel nuclear proteins (Bellve, 1979; Bellve & O’Brien, 1982). A microtubular array, the manchette, exists transiently in association with the condensing nucleus, acting as an external scaffold rather than imposing a direct mechanical force (Myles & Hepler, 1982). Consequently, sperm nuclear shape may be defined intrinsically by nuclear proteins, as suggested previously by Fawcett et al. (1971).
Reexamining the Relationship Between Fiscal Stress and Outsourcing

The determinants of outsourcing in local government are widely studied from a variety of frameworks. One concept consistently used to explain local government outsourcing is fiscal condition, with ...
Conversion of pregnenolone and 4-androstene-3β,17β-diol to testosterone by mouse testes in vitro

Abstract The in vitro conversion of pregnenolone-7-H 3 to testosterone by a mouse testis mince preparation has been demonstrated. Human chorionic gonadotrophin administered in vitro had a stimulatory effect on the in vitro conversion. The addition to the incubation medium of SU-4885 at 10-3 M and 10 −4 M suppressed testosterone production. 4-Androstene-3β,17β-diol-4C 14 was converted primarily to testosterone and only minor amounts of 4-androstene-3,17-dione were formed.
A Survey of Family Therapy Practitioners

The growth of family therapy in social work practice is profiled through an examination of characteristic beliefs or assumptions, in-session therapeutic styles, and theoretical orientations of soci...
Conservative Management Following Complete Clinical Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Contemporary Outcomes of a Multi-Institutional Cohort Study.

Purpose: We report the outcomes in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer from 2 institutions who experienced a clinically complete response to neoadjuvant platinum based chemotherapy and ele...
One-Factors and One-Factorizations

If G is any graph, then a factor or spanning subgraph of G is a subgraph with vertex-set V (G). A factorization of G is a set of factors of G which are pairwise edge-disjoint — no two have a common edge —and whose union is all of G.
Absolute Amounts of Analytes: When Gravimetric Methods Are Insufficient

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)2, often combined with liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS), has emerged as an extremely versatile platform for quantification of analytes in complex biological samples. The method is rendered highly quantitative by use of a chemically identical but isotopically differentiated internal standard. Such an internal standard corrects for losses of analyte signal in the assay owing to sample handing or MS/MS signal loss because of suppression of analyte ionization in the electrospray source. At a minimum, the true concentration of the analyte in a stock solution should be known as accurately as possible. One can then inject an absolute number of moles of analyte into the instrument (the true moles), together with an aliquot of a solution of internal standard, and determine the ratio of analyte to internal standard MS/MS response (response ratio). It is not required that the true moles of internal standard in the stock solution be accurately known. Even if a truly equimole mixture of analyte and internal standard is analyzed, the response ratio may not be 1 because of biases in the tuning of the quadrupole mass filters and/or an isotope effect on the fragmentation of the parent ion to give the product ions (no isotope effect is expected if a bond to the heavy isotope does not break in the fragmentation reaction). Thus, the measured response ratio will reflect the true difference in absolute moles of analyte and internal standard analyzed, tuning bias, and any isotope effects on fragmentation. For example, if one injected truly 1 nmol of analyte and nominally 1 nmol of internal standard in the MS/MS instrument and observed a response ratio of 1.2, one can obtain the true moles of analyte in a new sample via the following equation: ![Formula][1] The above equation is valid even if the absolute moles … [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif
Progressive damage and failure analysis of single lap shear and double lap shear bolted joints

Abstract Intra-inter crack band model (I2CBM) is proposed for studying the progressive damage and failure of laminated composite bolted joints. The model combines Schapery theory for matrix microcrack modeling with crack band theory for lamina macroscopic failure modeling in a standard 3D finite element framework and is implemented as material laws at element integration points. Three different failure planes defined by material orthotropy are considered for the modeling of macroscopic failure using crack band theory. This procedure allows the model to be used either as an intraply element or as an interply element of finite thickness by an appropriate choice of the crack planes of interest. Localized bearing failure, observed in bolted joints, is modeled using a residual strength approach in the post-peak response of individual ply elements. Simulation results for single lap shear and double lap shear bolted joint problems are compared against experiments for model validation.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen Versus Intravenous Hydromorphone for the Treatment of Acute Pain in the Emergency Department.

Study objective As clinicians look to nonnarcotic analgesics in the emergency department (ED), it is essential to understand the effectiveness and adverse effects of nonopioid medications in comparison with existing opioid treatments. Studies of intravenous acetaminophen for acute pain in the ED demonstrate mixed results and suffer from small sample sizes and methodological limitations. This study compares intravenous hydromorphone with intravenous acetaminophen in adult ED patients presenting with acute pain. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, clinical trial comparing 1 g intravenous acetaminophen with 1 mg intravenous hydromorphone for treatment of adults with severe, acute pain in the ED. The primary outcome was between-group difference in change in numeric rating scale from baseline to 60 minutes postadministration of study medication. Secondary outcomes included the difference in proportion of patients in each group who declined additional analgesia at 60 minutes, received additional medication before 60 minutes, and developed nausea, vomiting, or pruritus. Results Of 220 subjects randomized, 103 patients in each arm had sufficient data for analysis. At 60 minutes, the mean decrease in numeric rating scale pain score was 5.3 in the hydromorphone arm and 3.3 in the acetaminophen arm, a difference of 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 2.7) favoring hydromorphone. A greater proportion of patients in the hydromorphone arm also declined additional analgesia at 60 minutes (65% versus 44%; difference 21%; (95% CI 8% to 35%). There was no difference in the proportion of patients receiving rescue analgesia before 60 minutes. Significantly more subjects in the hydromorphone group developed nausea (19% versus 3%; difference 16%; 95% CI 4% to 28%) and vomiting (14% versus 3%; difference 11%; 95% CI 0% to 23%). Conclusion Although both 1 mg intravenous hydromorphone and 1 g intravenous acetaminophen provided clinically meaningful reductions in pain scores, treatment with hydromorphone provided both clinically and statistically greater analgesia than acetaminophen, at the cost of a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting.
Allocating Interventions Based on Predicted Outcomes: A Case Study on Homelessness Services

Modern statistical and machine learning methods are increasingly capable of modeling individual or personalized treatment effects. These predictions could be used to allocate different interventions across populations based on individual characteristics. In many domains, like social services, the availability of different possible interventions can be severely resource limited. This paper considers possible improvements to the allocation of such services in the context of homelessness service provision in a major metropolitan area. Using data from the homeless system, we use a counterfactual approach to show potential for substantial benefits in terms of reducing the number of families who experience repeat episodes of homelessness by choosing optimal allocations (based on predicted outcomes) to a fixed number of beds in different types of homelessness service facilities. Such changes in the allocation mechanism would not be without tradeoffs, however; a significant fraction of households are predicted to have a higher probability of re-entry in the optimal allocation than in the original one. We discuss the efficiency, equity and fairness issues that arise and consider potential implications for policy.
Creative Approaches for Promoting Vulnerability in Supervision: A Relational-Cultural Approach

ABSTRACTSupervisors are responsible for protecting client welfare and for promoting counselor development. In order for counselor growth and development to occur, the supervisee must feel safe bein...
Health aid projects have both expanded and constrained the capacity of health facilities to deliver malaria services to under-five children in Malawi

Objective This article examines the potential pathways health aid may use to influence the availability of malaria services at a facility level and the utilisation of malaria services for children under five in Malawi. Methods This work is grounded in a health services research theoretical model and combines a subnational census of health services available at Malawi health facilities with individual-level data on health service utilisation and the Government of Malawi’s official source of data about health aid allocation at a child-level (n=2171). Logistic and multinomial logistic models were used to assess the relationship between health aid, malaria service readiness and malaria service utilisation. Models were adjusted for predisposing, enabling and need factors and accounted for the complex relationship using a mediation approach. Results The evidence presented suggests that health aid translates into increased diagnostic capacity, but not overall or training readiness. Results indicate that increasing aid projects in a region boost its facilities’ diagnostic readiness, increasing each facility’s relative likelihood of having a medium level of diagnostic readiness by 12% (relative risk (RR)=1.118; 95% CI 1.060 to 1.179) and its likelihood of having a high level of readiness by 23% (RR=1.230; 95% CI 1.161 to 1.303), but decreasing its readiness to provide training by 8% (RR=0.925; 95% CI 0.879 to 0.974). Conclusion The results of this research highlight the fact that health aid is working to increase malaria diagnostic capacity at a facility level, but that increasing facility readiness to implement the diagnostic tests has been neglected.
Abstract 430: Development of a Gut-microbe Targeted Non-lethal Therapeutic to Inhibit Thrombosis Potential Without Enhanced Bleeding

Recent clinical and animal studies show trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from trimethylamine (TMA)-containing nutrients abundant in a Western diet, both prom...
Low-dose Glucocorticoid Use Does Not Reduce Biologic Use in Early RA, Nor Do Biologics Reduce the Need for Glucocorticoids.

The persistent use of glucocorticoids (GC) has been associated with higher risks of osteoporosis, fractures, infection, and cardiovascular events. Although more costly, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) use could limit complications from prolonged exposures to GC in those patients at risk. The question arises as to whether this is occurring in settings of usual care. Patterns of bDMARD and GC use have rarely been studied in large populations, and factors that predict the initiation or persistent use of either or both are relevant to patients, providers, and payers. In this edition of The Journal , George, et al 1 examined predictors associated with time to first bDMARD use from the time methotrexate (MTX) was first initiated (index date). GC users were those who had started GC within 90 days of the index date, and used GC consistently over the 2-year study window. The study’s 17,415-person rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort of incident MTX users, classified as RA using diagnostic codes, was treated between 2005 and 2016. Patients were identified from 3 linked US Veterans Affairs (VA) national administrative databases, and recorded data were used from real-world settings for 2 years from the index date. Initiation … Address correspondence to Dr. V.P. Bykerk, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th St., New York, New York 10021, USA. E-mail: bykerkv{at}hss.edu
Flow Structures Associated with Upper Surface Blown Airfoils

Upper-surface blowing (USB) has been proposed as a means of increasing usable lift and thereby enhancing V/STOL capability at low speeds in landing configurations. At transonic Mach numbers, it has the further application of achieving low turn radii in dogfight scenarios. The attendant high accelerations are accomplished through elimination of separation by suppression of adverse pressure gradients in the viscous boundary layer, and also movement of shocks downstream of the trailing edge, thereby discouraging shock-induced separation and buffet at high maneuver incidences. Further applications of laminar-flow control through stabilization using tangential blowing to achieve favorable pressure gradients is of strong interest currently. In the application of this concept, the engine bleedoff, thrust, and structural penalties required to achieve the foregoing aerodynamic advantages is of importance to the designer. To obtain this relationship, a knowledge of the associated flow fields is required. Although attention has been given to the jet flap in theoretical investigations, relatively little analysis has been performed on upper-surface-blown configurations. For incompressible speeds, the work of Spence [4.217] represents the classical thin-airfoil treatment of the jet-flap problem. At transonic Mach numbers, a computational jet-flap solution based on small-disturbance theory was developed for airfoils, and generalized for three-dimensional wings by Malmuth and Murphy [4.218, 4.219].
Molecular Orbitals and Optical Spectra

Precise molecular orbital calculations on a system as large as an iron-porphyrin complex have so far been unattainable. The real molecular structure must be simplified and idealized in certain respects, and even then it is necessary to introduce a variety of approximations whose validity is often difficult to assess. Quantitative results should therefore be viewed with considerable caution. Despite such deficiencies, molecular orbital calculations provide us with useful conceptual tools for the interpretation of experimental findings.
Developmental and Molecular Changes Underlying the Vernalization-Induced Transition to Flowering in Aquilegia coerulea (James)

Reproductive success in plants is dependent on many factors but the precise timing of flowering is certainly among the most crucial. Perennial plants often have a vernalization or over-wintering requirement in order to successfully flower in the spring. The shoot apical meristem undergoes drastic developmental and molecular changes as it transitions into inflorescence meristem (IM) identity, which then gives rise to floral meristems (FMs). In this study, we have examined the developmental and gene expression changes underlying the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phases in the basal eudicot Aquilegia coerulea, which has evolved a vernalization response independently relative to other established model systems. Results from both our histology and scanning electron studies demonstrate that developmental changes in the meristem occur gradually during the third and fourth weeks of vernalization. Based on RNAseq data and cluster analysis, several known flowering time loci, including AqFT and AqFL1, exhibit dramatic changes in expression during the fourth week. Further consideration of candidate gene homologs as well as unexpected loci of interest creates a framework in which we can begin to explore the genetic basis of the flowering time transition in Aquilegia.
Economic analysis of a nuclear hybrid energy system in a stochastic environment including wind turbines in an electricity grid

Abstract The electricity market in the U.S. is moving toward an energy mix including more variable renewable energy (VRE) sources like wind and solar. This increasing VRE penetration is altering the profile of the net electricity demand. Traditionally, flexible generators (e.g. gas turbines) are used to absorb fluctuations in the electricity demand. Therefore, an increase in VRE also leads to an increase in installed capacity for such flexible generators which, in turn, may increase the price of electricity. Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems (N-R HES) are seen as a solution to this problem. The N-R HES contains a nuclear power plant electrically and/or thermally linked to an industrial process (IP). This paper demonstrates a new methodology and presents the corresponding RAVEN/Modelica-based software framework to evaluate the financial performance of N-R HES. The novelty of the method is that it explicitly incorporates the stochastic nature of N-R HES inputs such as electricity demand and wind speeds. The method is applied to a generic (rather than region-specific) N-R HES. The analysis shows that under the right market conditions, economic benefits can be achieved by adding a suitable IP to the base-load generator. In particular, there exists an optimal relationship between the IP capacity and the demand. Global trends also indicate VRE penetration raises the cost of electricity due to the added volatility, an issue only mitigated when operating with high profit margins for the IP.
Preliminary Efficacy of a Brief Mindfulness Intervention for Procedural Stress in Medical Intern Simulated Performance: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Objectives: Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) programs have been shown to be beneficial to improve procedural skill acquisition. However, simulated procedure performance can be affected by a...
CHAPTER XX – Rotor Aerodynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on rotor aerodynamics. Most rotors of low disc loading use blades that are universally hinged to the rotor hub to reduce blade bending moments. The blade is kept extended by centrifugal forces with the flapping and lags angles determined by the dynamic equilibrium between inertia and aerodynamic forces. This is the kind of rotor, for low disc-loading helicopter-like configurations, where the rotor remains approximately horizontal throughout the speed range and its thrust supports the vehicle. Motions of the blade with respect to the hub are of three kinds: flapping, lagging, and changing blade pitch. These motions occur cyclicly as the hub rotates, and they are logically represented analytically by Fourier series in the azimuth angle. The most important stability contributions by the rotor are associated with the reaction of rotor tip plane to changes in angle of attack, airspeed, control deflection, and angular velocity.
Founder ethnic composition, early internationalization, and new venture performance

This study empirically examines the role of founder ethnic composition in international new venture (INV) strategy choice and performance. We find that new ventures with more immigrant entrepreneurs on the founding team have an advantage of pursuing an INV strategy to generate higher revenues. Moreover, new ventures with an ethnically diversified founding team tend to achieve higher revenues and profits. Our findings suggest that immigrant entrepreneurs can align available immigrant resources with their new ventures’ international strategy to increase venture performance. This study contributes to both immigrant and international entrepreneurship literature. Managerial and policy implications are also discussed.
Responding to Political Hot Points in Real Time : A Twitter Thread

Professors have an obligation to respond in real time to politically charged events in society, whether they are in the news or in our students' lives on campus (or both). So how do we do that without replicating our own biases and/or confirming our students’ worst stereotypes of us as teachers? In a Twitter thread, with research h-based supporting materials, I discuss the reasons why we should engage our students in conversations about politically-charged events and some of the best practices that I have discovered for doing it. I apply my practices to four complex, controversial current events: national anthem protests at sporting events, the Indigenous Peoples' March confrontation, and a racist incident on my own campus.
Eigenmode operation of piezoelectric resonant gyroscopes.

The theory of eigenmode operation of Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes and its implementation on a thin-film piezoelectric gyroscope is presented. It is shown analytically that the modal alignment of resonant gyroscopes can be achieved by applying a rotation transformation to the actuation and sensing directions regardless of the transduction mechanism. This technique is especially suitable for mode matching of piezoelectric gyroscopes, obviating the need for narrow capacitive gaps or DC polarization voltages. It can also be applied for mode matching of devices that require sophisticated electrode arrangements for modal alignment, such as electrostatic pitch and roll gyroscopes with slanted electrodes utilized for out-of-plane quadrature cancellation. Gyroscopic operation of a 3.15 MHz AlN-on-Si annulus resonator that utilizes a pair of high-Q degenerate in-plane vibration modes is demonstrated. Modal alignment of the piezoelectric gyroscope is accomplished through virtual alignment of the excitation and readout electrodes to the natural direction of vibration mode shapes in the presence of fabrication nonidealities. Controlled displacement feedback of the gyroscope drive signal is implemented to achieve frequency matching of the two gyroscopic modes. The piezoelectric gyroscope shows a mode-matched operation bandwidth of ~250 Hz, which is one of the largest open-loop bandwidth values reported for a mode-matched MEMS gyroscope, a small motional resistance of ~1300 Ω owing to efficient piezoelectric transduction, and a scale factor of 1.57 nA/°/s for operation at atmospheric pressure, which greatly relaxes packaging requirements. Eigenmode operation results in an ~35 dB reduction in the quadrature error at the resonance frequency. The measured angle random walk of the device is 0.86°/√h with a bias instability of 125°/h limited by the excess noise of the discrete electronics. An alternative design and operation strategy for resonant gyroscopes delivers faster response while also achieving low levels of noise. These tiny devices measure an object’s rate of rotation, and are commonly used in consumer electronics as well as industrial and automotive applications. Resonant gyroscopes are currently limited by a tradeoff between bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio, but Mojtaba Hodjat-Shamami and Farrokh Ayazi at the Georgia Institute of Technology have devised a solution to this problem. They employed an eigenmode operation strategy with a thin film piezoelectric-on-silicon resonant gyroscope, and demonstrated that they could routinely achieve mode-matched bandwidths of a few hundred Hertz, with greatly reduced error. This approach could greatly bolster the utility of such piezoelectric devices, but the authors note that a similar eigenmode operation strategy could also broadly optimize performance for other resonant gyroscope designs as well.
Potosí: the silver city that changed the world: by Kris Lane, Oakland, University of California Press, 2019, 272 pp., US$ 32.95 (hardback), ISBN 9780520280847

In Potosi: The Silver City That Changed the World, Kris Lane presents a rich and lively longue duree history of the mining town of Potosi, from the discovery of silver in 1545 to the wars of indepe...
Brett Kavanaugh’s Self-Defense: A Case Study in Hyper-Partisan Apologia

Brett Kavanaugh’s confirmation battle challenges traditional rubrics for evaluating apologia. In cases of hyper-partisan apologia aimed at convincing a partisan audience, an alternative framework i...
Trends in Patch Testing by Health Care Providers Among US Medicare Beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND Although patch testing has historically been done by dermatologists, allergists are also patch testing. Little is known about the current utilization of patch testing by medical specialists. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine trends in utilization of patch testing in Medicare beneficiaries by various clinicians and demographics. METHODS Data from the 2012-2017 Medicare Public Use File were analyzed, including 82,241 total unique clinicians of whom 312 filed a patch testing claim. RESULTS Dermatologists had a steady share of patch tests (annual clinicians; annual patches) from 2012 (158; 258,735) to 2017 (199; 351,994), an increase of 25.9% and 36.0%, respectively. Allergists, however, had a marked increase in utilization of patch tests from 2012 (84; 62,498) to 2017 (187; 182,480), an increase of 122.6% and 192.0%, respectively. In multivariable logistic regression models, male dermatologists and allergists had increased odds of patch testing (P < 0.001 for both), as did clinicians in the Northeast and Southern United States (P ≤ 0.003 for both). LIMITATIONS Data are only available for Medicare Part B patients; changes in utilization may be different for individuals, private insurance, or Medicare Advantage Plans. CONCLUSIONS Relative to dermatologists, patch testing is increasing among allergists. Addressing barriers to patch testing may increase rates of patch testing by dermatologists.
Metabolic profiles of human brain parenchyma and glioma for rapid tissue diagnosis by targeted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is well suited for intraoperative tissue analysis since it requires little sample preparation and offers rapid and sensitive molecular diagnostics. Currently, intraoperative assessment of the tumor cell percentage of glioma biopsies can be made by measuring a single metabolite, N-acetylaspartate (NAA). The inclusion of additional biomarkers will likely improve the accuracy when distinguishing brain parenchyma from glioma by DESI-MS. To explore this possibility, mass spectra were recorded for extracts from 32 unmodified human brain samples with known pathology. Statistical analysis of data obtained from full-scan and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiles identified discriminatory metabolites, namely gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), creatine, glutamic acid, carnitine, and hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (abbreviated as hexol), as well as the established biomarker NAA. Brain parenchyma was readily differentiated from glioma based on these metabolites as measured both in full-scan mass spectra and by the intensities of their characteristic MRM transitions. New DESI-MS methods (5 min acquisition using full scans and MS/MS), developed to measure ion abundance ratios among these metabolites, were tested using smears of 29 brain samples. Ion abundance ratios based on signals for GABA, creatine, carnitine, and hexol all had sensitivities > 90%, specificities > 80%, and accuracies > 85%. Prospectively, the implementation of diagnostic ion abundance ratios should strengthen the discriminatory power of individual biomarkers and enhance method robustness against signal fluctuations, resulting in an improved DESI-MS method of glioma diagnosis.
Nitrogen Beams with a National Electrostatics Corporation Alphatross Source and a 5SDH Accelerator

Over the past 15 years, Hope College has been producing hydrogen and helium ion beams with an Alphatross® ion source and 5SDH Pelletron® tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The manufacturer stated the possibility of creating nitrogen ions from this source, but Hope College has not, up until now, attempted to do so. By mixing approximately 1% nitrogen into hydrogen source gas, imidogen (NH-) and amidogen (NH2-) ions are created and accelerated through the tandem accelerator. Oxygen and hydroxide beams are also present due to residual water vapor in the source after maintenance. Post acceleration, these ion beams were directed into a scattering chamber by a dipole bending magnet for identification. Alternate beams such as these open up new possibilities for future experiments such as nitrogen implantation.
Multi-dimensional systolic networks for DSP algorithms

The authors present a novel technique for transforming a class of digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms, and some arithmetic algorithms, to specific forms that can be directly mapped onto higher-dimensional systolic networks. The latency, as well as the order of complexity of computation time, can be significantly improved through implementing these algorithms on higher-dimensional systolic networks. At the same time, the order of area complexity is kept constant. The technique can be applied to problems such as 1-D convolution, k-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT), finite-impulse response (FIR) filters, and matrix-vector multiplication. The k-point DFT algorithm example is illustrated along with other examples. Implementation issues of high-dimensional systolic networks on 2-D or 3-D VLSI are discussed. >
Automatic correction of grammatical errors in non-native english text

Learning a foreign language requires much practice outside of the classroom. Computer-assisted language learning systems can help fill this need, and one desirable capability of such systems is the automatic correction of grammatical errors in texts written by non-native speakers. This dissertation concerns the correction of non-native grammatical errors in English text, and the closely related task of generating test items for language learning, using a combination of statistical and linguistic methods. We show that syntactic analysis enables extraction of more salient features. We address issues concerning robustness in feature extraction from non-native texts: and also design a framework for simultaneous correction of multiple error types. Our proposed methods are applied on some of the most common usage errors, including prepositions, verb forms, and articles. The methods are evaluated on sentences with synthetic and real errors, and in both restricted and open domains. A secondary theme of this dissertation is that of user customization. We perform a detailed analysis on a non-native corpus, illustrating the utility of an error model based on the mother tongue. We study the benefits of adjusting the correction models based on the quality of the input text; and also present novel methods to generate high-quality multiple-choice items that are tailored to the interests of the user. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Elements of the System Theory of Time

In the paper, elements of the system theory of time are presented, mathematical models for time are constructed, and various properties are deduced from the main principles of the system theory of time. This theory is a far-reaching development of the special relativity theory. One of the main principles of the special relativity theory is that two physical systems that are moving relative to each other have different times and it is necessary to use a correspondence between clocks in these systems to coordinate their times. Such correspondence is established by means of electromagnetic signals. In accordance with this principle, it is postulated in the system theory of time that each system has its own time. In some cases, two systems have the same time. In other cases, times of systems are coordinated or correlated. However, there are systems in which times are independent from one another.
Policy implications of new scientific knowledge.

Recent research findings have augmented the nutrition variable to a higher category of importance than previously appreciated. Inadequate nutrition can impair cognitive development and is associated with educational failure among impoverished children. This suggests that poor nutrition interferes with the formation of human capital, the cornerstone of a nation's social and economic development. Even temporary food shortages can produce adverse outcomes in developed as well as developing countries. The long-held concept of a critical period of brain development has been modified in light of the new understanding that developmental and morphological plasticity are far greater than previously recognized. This knowledge does not mean that there are no lasting adverse outcomes, but that from a policy perspective, intervention and rehabilitation can play crucial roles. This article highlights the relevance of this evidence to social and health programs and policies. J. Nutr. 125 : 2281S-2284S, 1995.
Development of the carapacial ridge: implications for the evolution of genetic networks in turtle shell development

Paleontologists and neontologists have long looked to development to understand the homologies of the dermal bones that form the "armor" of turtles, crocodiles, armadillos, and other vertebrates. This study shows molecular evidence supporting a dermomyotomal identity for the mesenchyme of the turtle carapacial ridge. The mesenchyme of the carapace primordium expresses Pax3, Twist1, Dermo1, En1, Sim1, and Gremlin at early stages and before overt ossification expresses Pax1. A hypothesis is proposed that this mesenchyme forms dermal bone in the turtle carapace. A comparison of regulatory gene expression in the primordia of the turtle carapace, the vertebrate limb, and the vertebral column implies the exaptation of key genetic networks in the development of the turtle shell. This work establishes a new role for this mesodermal compartment and highlights the importance of changes in genetic regulation in the evolution of morphology.
Matrix isolation study of the vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of methanol: The infrared spectrum of the CH2OH free radical

Abstract Infrared studies of the products of the 1470 A photolysis of normal and isotopically substituted methanol isolated in argon and nitrogen matrices at 14°K have provided evidence for the stabilization of a significant yield of CH2OH. Assuming a slightly nonplanar structure for the molecule, it has been possible to obtain an approximate valence-force potential field which provides a reasonable fit to virtually all of the data. The CO bond of CH2OH is slightly stronger than that of methanol, and the torsional barrier is significantly greater, in accord with previous electron spin resonance observations. There is no evidence for the production or stabilization of CH3O in the matrix. CH2OH undergoes photodecomposition upon exposure to radiation in the 2300–2800 A spectral region, leading to a growth in the HCO absorptions.
Antiferroelectric Behavior in Symmetric KNbO 3 / KTaO 3 Superlattices

Antiferroelectric behavior is observed in artificially layered KTaO (3)/KNbO (3) perovskite superlattices. While KTaO (3) and KNbO (3) are ferroelectric and paraelectric, respectively, the superlattice appears antiferroelectric based on an increase in the dielectric constant with applied dc bias. This dielectric behavior is inconsistent with the nonlinear response for either paraelectric or ferroelectric materials. However, an increase in the dielectric constant with applied electric field is consistent with antiferroelectric behavior. The antiferroelectric ordering appears to be induced by cation modulation imposed by the superlattice.
Development of special education in selected sub-Saharan African countries

African countries South of the Saharan Desert are predominately rural. A review of literature on current trends in special education in selected Sub-Saharan African countries indicates a changing a...
Measurement and analysis of vehicle influences on the radiation pattern of SDARS-antennas

Satellite digital audio radio service (SDARS) require omnidirectional antennas on vehicles, which are defined by given specifications. This paper clearly shows differences between the antenna performance as measured in an anechoic chamber and as measured on the final mounting position on the vehicle. The vehicle environment mainly determines the radiation of the antenna and often causes a severe degradation, of course dependent of the mounting location on the vehicle.
When global environmentalism meets local livelihoods: policy and management lessons

Creation of national parks often imposes immediate livelihood costs on local people, and tensions between park managers and local people are common. Park managers have tried different approaches to managing relationships with local people, but nearly all include efforts to promote environmental values and behaviors. These efforts have had uneven results, and there is a need to improve our understanding of how environmental values develop, change, and influence behavior. We investigated this question in a study of communities in and adjacent to national parks in Costa Rica and Honduras, using a mental and cultural model approach. We found local people to be fluent in global environmental values, but some common values had limited impact on behavior due to conflicts with livelihood needs. However, new environmental values that integrated conservation and livelihood needs had developed that had a more direct relationship to behavior. We propose a general model of how local environmental values develop in the context of global environmentalism that can be used to guide outreach programs with park neighbors.
Behavior of various ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides, nucleoside monophosphate kinases, and nucleoside diphosphokinase on Blue Sepharose affinity columns.

Abstract A rapid and effective separation and purification of cytidylate-deoxycytidylate-uridylate kinase, adenylate kinase, and nucleoside diphosphokinase has been achieved with Blue Sepharose CL6B chromatography. When crude extracts of human crythrocytes or acute myelocytic leukemia cells were applied to the column, adenylate kinase, cytidylate-deoxycytidylate-uridylate kinase, and nucleoside diphosphokinase were retarded while guanylate kinase, cytidine kinase, uridine kinase, and deoxycytidine kinase were unabsorbed. The buffers required to elute the retarded kinases depended on the amount of sample applied to the column.
HLA-DR-4-associated alloreactivity of an HLA-DR-3-restricted human tetanus toxoid-specific T cell clone: inhibition of both reactivities by an alloantiserum.

We present here the first report of a human helper/nducer T cell clone (F6) that specifically recognizes tetanus toxoid (IT) in the context of self-major histocompati- bility complex (MHC) determinant(s) (HLA-DR3), and in addition recognizes a specific but unrelated MHC determinant(s) in the absence of conventional antigen. Extensive subcloning insured that the cells were progeny of a single cell. Furthermore, removal of the cells proliferating to the alloantigen with bromodeoxyuridine and light removed cells responding to both TT plus self-MHC and to the stimulating alloantigen, again indicating that F6 was the progeny of a single cell. The alloantigen recognized by this TT-specific clone appears to be closely linked to HLA-DR4 since cells from 13 of 14 HLA-DR4+ donors stimulated F6. An antiserum which recognizes HLA-DR4, when added to cultures, blocked the alloreactivity of F6, and in addition blocked its proliferation to 'IT plus HLA-DR3. Absorption of this antiserum with HLA-DR4+ cells or with IT-pulsed HLA-DR3+ cells removed its capacity to inhibit the proliferation of F6. These results suggest that the antigen recognition unit on F6 is stimulated both by allodeterminants expressed on HLA-DR4 cells and by TT plus HLA-DR3. These moieties cross-react at the T cell recogni- tion level as well as at the antibody level.
The Relationship Between Sustained Success and Donations for an Athletic Department with a Premier Football Program

Anecdotal discussions regarding donor contributions to athletic departments have long placed considerable emphasis on the success of the departments’ athletic programs. Among the most visible sports is football. The purpose of this study was to explore one high profile athletic department’s level of financial gifts and donations related to the performance of the university’s prestigious football program. The following data were collected for each year over an 11 year period (1998 thru 2008): the football team’s winning percentage; total money raised from donors; number of donors making contributions; number of contributions; and average size of each contribution. The researchers found that the only linier relationship that existed with the team’s winning percentage was a negative relationship between winning and the average size of each contribution (p < .05; R 2 = .682).
An appraisal of the effect of biological treatment on the environmental quality of high-yield mechanical pulping effluents

Abstract Before biological treatment, the effluents from one CTMP (chemi-thermomechanical pulping) and three TMP (thermomechanical pulping) mills were acutely lethal to fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) and the water flea Ceriodaphnia with 48-h LC 50 values of 2.2 to > 50%. The effluents also caused chronic effects at concentrations of 0.01–5.3%. After biological treatment, effluents from the three TMP mills were not acutely lethal to either test species. Biotreated effluents from the CTMP mill were also not acutely lethal to minnows but were lethal to Ceriodaphnia (48-h LC 50 : 54–80%). The chronic effects of biotreated effluents occurred at concentrations of 47 to > 100% for fathead minnows and at 5–37% for Ceriodaphnia . Biological treatment also reduced the levels of BOD (>80%), COD (>60%) and wood extractives (>99%).
Genomic Instability Measured by Inter-(Simple Sequence Repeat) PCR and High-Resolution Microsatellite Instability are Prognostic of Colorectal Carcinoma Survival After Surgical Resection

Background During the multiyear progression to colorectal cancer, numerous genomic alterations arise in events ranging from single base mutations to gains or losses of entire chromosomes. A single genetic change might not stand out as an independent predictor of outcome. The goal of this study was to determine if more comprehensive measurements of genomic instability provide clinically relevant prognostic information.
Low dose Photofrin PDT for recurrent in-situ squamous cell tumors of the head and neck

Multifocal recurrence of in-situ squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and vocal cord following surgical failure can be a therapeutic dilemma. Salvage surgery or radiation may be an option but morbidity can be significant. We evaluated the potential role of low dose Photofrin (1.2mg/Kg) Photodynamic Therapy for this cohort of patients. A total of 25 patients with multifocal recurrent in-situ squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and vocal cord who had failed local resection, and where additional surgery or radiation therapy would likely result in permanent morbidity, were offered Photodynamic Therapy. PDT consisted of off label infusion of Photofrin (1.2mg/kg) followed 48 hours later by illumination at 630nm employing a light diffuser (300J) and/or microlens (150Jcm 2 ). All patients completed their prescribed PDT and no patient has been lost to follow up (minimum 1 year). No photosensitivity reactions were noted. No significant morbidity was seen. All patients were able to maintain oral nutrition. Procedure related pain was well controlled by one week of oral narcotics. At one month post PDT all patients were biopsy negative in the treatment region and no failures within the treatment region have been noted. No fibrosis or permanent PDT morbidity has been seen with follow up to three years. Vocal cord and voice function were excellent. Three patients developed new regions of in-situ disease outside the PDT fields, two underwent additional PDT and one had laser resection. Low dose Photofrin PDT offers excellent palliation and durable local control of recurrent in-situ squamous cell cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx and true cords. This is a well tolerated therapy. Low dose Photofrin appears to improve selectivity and minimize normal tissue injury. It should be tested in a larger patient population.
On the Variation of the Microturbulence Parameter with Chemical Composition

Stellar model atmosphere abundance analysis to correlate microturbulent velocity parameters with iron to hydrogen ratio for G dwarfs