cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory for many-electron systems with partitioning of configurations by orders of excitation

Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory for many-electron systems has been rederived by an extension of Lowin's partitioning method in which excited configurations are further partitioned by their orders (two equivalent definitions of the order of a configuration are given). The resulting equations show explicitly how first-, second-, and third-order configurations contribute to the first three orders of perturbative corrections to the ground-state wave function, and the first six orders of corrections to the energy. Because the partitioning is by orders of configurations (rather than level, i.e., single, double, etc., excitations) the formalism is unaffected by the applicability, or nonapplicability, of Brillouin's theorem.
Dissolution of cellulose in ethylene diamine/salt solvent systems

Investigation of the dissolution of cellulose in Ethylene Diamine (EDA)/Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) solutions by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis (DSC) indicated that changes to the solvent during freeze thaw cycling of mixtures was consistent with increased interaction between cellulose and solvent. Thermal transitions in the system, however, occurred at temperatures outside the range used in thermal cycling to promote dissolution. Further exploration of the dissolution and mixing process indicated that mixing was the limiting step in solution formation. The dissolution of two types of cellulose with different molecular weights (Degree of Polymerization (DP)=210 and >1000) was studied using EDA/KSCN solution as the solvent. The solubility and the dissolution rate of cellulose depended on both the solvent composition and cellulose molecular weight. Cellulose could dissolve faster in the solvent with lower salt concentration but the highest cellulose concentration was obtained in the solvent with 30~35% KSCN. Rheological measurements showed that cellulose solutions exhibited viscous solution behavior at low KSCN concentration but primarily elastic behavior at high salt concentration.
Nonlinear modeling of equilibrium sorption of selected anionic adsorbates from aqueous solutions on cellulosic substrates. Part 1: model development

A new nonlinear isothermal sorption model, incorporating Donnan equilibrium and electrical neutrality in the classical sorption model of direct dyes onto cellulosic substrates, as model adsorbates, is proposed. The nonlinear isothermal model was used to simulate equilibrium sorption of adsorbates containing ionic charges (z) of −2 to −4 on cellulose adsorbents at various temperature (T) and sodium chloride concentrations ([NaCl]). A detailed analysis of simulation results demonstrates that results based on the nonlinear sorption model highly agree with those based on the log-linear sorption model when the deviation in the concentration of sodium ions in the aqueous solution ([Na+] S ) relative to [NaCl] used in the sorption system is restricted to <5.0%. Compared to the log-linear model, the nonlinear model avoids using graphical techniques that are relatively insensitive for determining important sorption parameters such as the internal accessible volume (V) and the standard affinity associated with sorption (−Δμ°). The nonlinear sorption model was used to examine the correlation of fit for previously reported sorption data. The model parameters V and −Δμ° based on curve fits were used to estimate V for cellulose as well as −Δμ°. The values were found to match those based on the conventional log-linear model when deviations of [Na+] S relative to $$ \overline{{[{\text{Na}}^{ + } ]_{S} }} $$ were below 5%. The nonlinear model therefore provides a convenient and accurate technique to interpret the sorption of a range of anionic adsorbates on cellulosic substrates.
Vocal fundamental frequency characteristics of infant hunger cries: birth to 12 months

The vocal fundamental frequency (Fo) characteristics of four infants' hunger cries are reported. The infants were audio recorded at monthly intervals during the first year of life. In general, each infant's Fo increased across the one-year period. The increase in Fo was attributed to the transition from early reflexive crying to intentional vocalization behavior, rather than anatomical and physiological growth influences. Discussion focuses on the regulation of infant crying behavior across the first year of life, as well as the diagnostic implications of these findings.
3-D SPIN GLASSES AND ISING MODELS NEW METHODS ON NEW ARCHITECTURES

I describe work on 3-d Spin Glasses and the 3-d Ising Model done in collaboration with Michael Creutz at BNL and Jan Lacki at IAS Princeton. We have developed novel techniques to study these systems that make use of parallel architectures. For 3-d spin glasses, our results give strong indication that there is no phase transition in the thermodynamic limit whereas for the Ising model, we are able to extend the weak coupling expansion of the average free energy to 50 excited bonds.
On the combination of active and passive measurements in the study of clouds and precipitation

Presents an approach that combines millimetric radar measurements and radiometer measurements for deriving the water contents of clouds and precipitation and does so within the context of the CloudSat satellite mission.
A high-throughput screen of inactive X chromosome reactivation identifies the enhancement of DNA demethylation by 5-aza-2′-dC upon inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase

Background DNA methylation is important for the maintenance of the silent state of genes on the inactive X chromosome (Xi). Here, we screened for siRNAs and chemicals that reactivate an Xi-linked reporter in the presence of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-2′-dC), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase 1, at a concentration that, on its own, is not sufficient for Xi-reactivation.
In Vivo Protein Transduction: Delivery of a Biologically Active Protein into the Mouse

Delivery of therapeutic proteins into tissues and across the blood-brain barrier is severely limited by the size and biochemical properties of the proteins. Here it is shown that intraperitoneal injection of the 120-kilodalton β-galactosidase protein, fused to the protein transduction domain from the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein, results in delivery of the biologically active fusion protein to all tissues in mice, including the brain. These results open new possibilities for direct delivery of proteins into patients in the context of protein therapy, as well as for epigenetic experimentation with model organisms.
A meta-analysis of combined treatments for children diagnosed with ADHD.

Objective: Meta-analytic procedures are used to review the literature of combined treatments of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for children diagnosed with ADHD.Method: Eight combined treatment studies meet specific inclusion and exclusion criteria regarding the core and peripheral features of the disorder.Results: The results of this study highlight the individual and average effect sizes within the categories of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, social skills, and academics. These findings are compared with the effect sizes of meta-analytic findings previously reported in the pharmacological literature.Conclusion: The results reveal large effect sizes for the core features of the disorder and the peripheral feature of social skills. A small effect size is found for the peripheral feature of academics. Findings are discussed in light of the paucity of included studies focused on combined treatments for ADHD.
Distributed, scalable, and static parallel arc consistency algorithms on private memory machines

Several arc consistency algorithms for sequential and parallel processing computers are reviewed. Three distributed parallel arc consistency algorithms-DSPAC-1, DSPAC-2, and DSPAC-3-are introduced and compared with existing algorithms. Through actual machine experimentation the time required for the DSPAC algorithms was measured and compared with that for existing sequential algorithms. Results indicate that the parallel arc consistency algorithms are very effective and that scalability can be efficiently maintained. >
Iatrogenic operative injuries of abdominal and pelvic veins: a potentially lethal complication

Abstract Purpose Epidemiologic studies of vascular injuries are usually limited to those caused by trauma. The purpose of this study was to review the management and clinical outcome in patients with operative injuries to abdominal and pelvic veins. Methods Clinical data and outcome in all patients with iatrogenic venous injuries during abdominal and pelvic operations between 1985 and 2002 were reviewed. Results Forty patients (21 men, 19 women; mean age, 51 years [range, 27-87 years]) sustained 44 venous injuries. Injuries occurred during general (30%), colorectal (23%), orthopedic (20%), gynecologic (15%), and other (12%) operations. Factors leading to injury included oncologic resection (65%), difficult anatomic exposure (63%), previous operation (48%), recurrent tumor (28%), and radiation therapy (20%). All patients had substantial bleeding (mean, 3985 mL; range, 500-20,000 mL). Injuries were located in the inferior vena cava (n = 6), portal vein (n = 7), renal vein (n = 1), and iliac vein (n = 30). Repair was performed with venorrhaphy (64%), end-to-end anastomosis (14%), interposition graft (20%), and vessel ligation (2%). Seven patients (18%) died of injury-related causes, including multisystem organ failure (n = 4), uncontrollable bleeding (n = 2), and pulmonary embolism (n = 1). Thirteen patients (32.5%) had major injury-related complications, including repeat exploration because of bleeding (n = 6), multisystem organ failure (n = 6), and venous thrombosis (n = 4). In two patients (5%) unilateral lower extremity edema developed, with no evidence of thrombosis. There was no late graft or venous thrombosis. Variables associated with increased risk for death were massive bleeding, acidosis, hypotension, and hypothermia ( P Conclusion Operative injuries of abdominal and pelvic veins occur in patients undergoing oncologic resection and those with difficult anatomic exposure, owing to previous operation, recurrent tumor, or radiation therapy. Massive blood loss, acidosis, hypotension, and hypothermia are associated with increased risk for death. Repair of venous injuries offers durable results with low incidence of graft or venous thrombosis.
Understanding protein folding with energy landscape theory. Part I: Basic concepts.

1. Introduction 1112. Levinthal's paradox and energy landscapes 1152.1 Including randomness in the energy function 1212.2 Some effects of energetic correlations between structurally similar states 1263. Resolution of problems by funnel theory 1283.1 Physical origin of free-energy barriers 1334. Generic mechanisms in folding 1384.1 Collapse, generic and specific 1394.2 Helix formation 1394.3 Nematic ordering 1414.4 Microphase separation 1425. Signatures of a funneled energy landscape 1456. Statistical Hamiltonians and self-averaging 1527. Conclusions and future prospects 1568. Acknowledgments 1579. Appendix: Glossary of terms 15710. References 158The current explosion of research in molecular biology was made possible by the profound discovery that hereditary information is stored and passed on in the simple, one-dimensional (1D) sequence of DNA base pairs (Watson & Crick, 1953). The connection between heredity and biological function is made through the transmission of this 1D information, through RNA, to the protein sequence of amino acids. The information contained in this sequence is now known to be sufficient to completely determine a protein's geometrical 3D structure, at least for simpler proteins which are observed to reliably refold when denatured in vitro, i.e. without the aid of any cellular machinery such as chaperones or steric (geometrical) constraints due to the presence of a ribosomal surface (for example Anfinsen, 1973) (see Fig. 1). Folding to a specific structure is typically a prerequisite for a protein to function, and structural and functional probes are both often used in the laboratory to test for the in vitro yield of folded proteins in an experiment.
From ribbons to nanodot arrays: nanopattern design through reductive annealing

A new approach to the generation of nanoparticle arrays in periodic as well as non-periodic fashions has been discovered based on reduction of oxidized nanoscroll/nanoribbon precursors in the transmission electron microscope (carbothermal reduction) or by hydrogen annealing. Arrays consisting of nickel arsenide nanoparticles of size 3–4 nm have been generated.
The institutional economics of biodiversity, biological materials, and bioprospecting

Abstract This paper analyzes the fundamental economic and institutional issues connected with biodiversity, biological materials, and bioprospecting. The main findings are that biodiversity and biological materials are common pool goods and must be governed accordingly; research and development using biological materials is a dynamic, inter-temporal asset transformation process that has a mixed economic nature, which requires equally diverse and dynamic governance rules and processes; in general, bioprospecting is best governed by relationship contracting principals that are designed to fit specific economic and institutional conditions. However, there are no blueprints for access and benefit sharing: in addition to extensive consultations with a wide range of stakeholders, developing appropriate policy and regulatory solutions requires detailed empirical analyses of specific asset transformation processes in particular technological, cultural, and institutional settings.
Effects of a Defective Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation Pathway on the Stress Response, Virulence, and Antifungal Drug Susceptibility of the Mold Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus

Proteins that are destined for release outside the eukaryotic cell, insertion into the plasma membrane, or delivery to intracellular organelles are processed and folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An imbalance between the level of nascent proteins entering the ER and the organelle's ability to manage that load results in the accumulation of unfolded proteins. Terminally unfolded proteins are disposed of by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a pathway that transports the aberrant proteins across the ER membrane into the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. The ERAD pathway was targeted in the mold pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus by deleting the hrdA gene, encoding the A. fumigatus ortholog of Hrd1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase previously shown to contribute to ERAD in other species. Loss of HrdA was associated with impaired degradation of a folding-defective ERAD substrate, CPY*, as well as activation of the unfolded-protein response (UPR). The ΔhrdA mutant showed resistance to voriconazole and reduced thermotolerance but was otherwise unaffected by a variety of environmental stressors. A double-deletion mutant deficient in both HrdA and another component of the same ERAD complex, DerA, was defective in secretion and showed hypersensitivity to ER, thermal, and cell wall stress. However, the ΔhrdA ΔderA mutant remained virulent in mouse and insect infection models. These data demonstrate that HrdA and DerA support complementary ERAD functions that promote survival under conditions of ER stress but are dispensable for virulence in the host environment.
Genome Wide Association Identifies PPFIA1 as a Candidate Gene for Acute Lung Injury Risk Following Major Trauma

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a syndrome with high associated mortality characterized by severe hypoxemia and pulmonary infiltrates in patients with critical illness. We conducted the first investigation to use the genome wide association (GWA) approach to identify putative risk variants for ALI. Genome wide genotyping was performed using the Illumina Human Quad 610 BeadChip. We performed a two-stage GWA study followed by a third stage of functional characterization. In the discovery phase (Phase 1), we compared 600 European American trauma-associated ALI cases with 2266 European American population-based controls. We carried forward the top 1% of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at p<0.01 to a replication phase (Phase 2) comprised of a nested case-control design sample of 212 trauma-associated ALI cases and 283 at-risk trauma non-ALI controls from ongoing cohort studies. SNPs that replicated at the 0.05 level in Phase 2 were subject to functional validation (Phase 3) using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses in stimulated B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL) in family trios. 159 SNPs from the discovery phase replicated in Phase 2, including loci with prior evidence for a role in ALI pathogenesis. Functional evaluation of these replicated SNPs revealed rs471931 on 11q13.3 to exert a cis-regulatory effect on mRNA expression in the PPFIA1 gene (p = 0.0021). PPFIA1 encodes liprin alpha, a protein involved in cell adhesion, integrin expression, and cell-matrix interactions. This study supports the feasibility of future multi-center GWA investigations of ALI risk, and identifies PPFIA1 as a potential functional candidate ALI risk gene for future research.
Double cancellation receivers for asynchronous CDMA systems in multipath channels

Low complexity receiver structures for CDMA systems in multipath channels with a large possible number of channel coefficients are studied. The channel estimator employs a matching pursuit followed by cancellation (MPC) algorithm that consists of two steps. In the first step, a basic matching pursuit algorithm. that identifies the strongest channel taps and successively cancels them, is used. The second step of the algorithm uses the already estimated channel taps to remove interference from the received vector in order to estimate the channel coefficients more accurately. The data detector employs a partial parallel interference canceller (PIC). It is observed that a multipass structure consisting of an MP step and a C step followed by a single stage PIC performs nearly similar to a multipass structure where a multistage PIC is employed after the C step. Further, nonlinear clipped decisions, fed into both the channel estimator and PIC, are found to give good results.
Genetics Analysis Workshop 16 Problem 2: the Framingham Heart Study data

Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 (GAW16) Problem 2 presented data from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), an observational, prospective study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease begun in 1948. Data have been collected in three generations of family participants in the study and the data presented for GAW16 included phenotype data from all three generations, with four examinations of data collected repeatedly for the first two generations. The trait data consisted of information on blood pressure, hypertension treatment, lipid levels, diabetes and blood glucose, smoking, alcohol consumed, weight, and coronary heart disease incidence. Additionally, genotype data obtained through a genome-wide scan (FHS SHARe) of 550,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from Affymetrix chips were included with the GAW16 data. The genotype data were also used for GAW16 Problem 3, where simulated phenotypes were generated using the actual FHS genotypes. These data served to provide investigators with a rich resource to study the behavior of genome-wide scans with longitudinally collected family data and to develop and apply new procedures
Associative Processes in False Recall and False Recognition

Studying a list of words associated to a critical nonpresented word results in high rates of false recall and false recognition for that nonpresented item (Roediger & McDermott, 1995) Two experiments examined the effect of manipulating the number of associates presented on false recall and later false recognition of a nonpresented item In Experiment 1, associate lists of varying lengths were studied, in Experiment 2, list length was held constant and the number of associates within the list was manipulated In both experiments, the rate of critical intrusions in recall increased steadily with increasing number of associates studied Most notably, the filler words used in Experiment 2 to equate the list lengths did not affect the rate of critical intrusions, although they did depress recall of studied words False recall and false recognition appear to be tied to the total, not the mean, associative strength of items in the list
Developmental aspects of infant speech discrimination: the role of linguistic experience

Abstract The human infant, once thought to be endowed with very limited auditory perceptual capabilities, has lately been credited with innate, complex speech discrimination abilities. This article reviews and evaluates the evidence for innate speech discrimination processing and examines the role of specific language experience in moderating innate abilities.
Mercury Concentration in Two Estuarine Fish Populations across a Seasonal Salinity Gradient

Abstract Mercury (Hg) cycling in estuaries is complex, and little is known about the extent of Hg bioaccumulation in the ecologically diverse fishes that inhabit coastal areas. Using tissue analysis combined with otolith microchemistry, analysis of Hg concentration in common prey species, diet analysis, and age-and-growth analysis, we investigated seasonal and spatial trends of Hg accumulation in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma inhabiting the Mobile—Tensaw River Delta, Alabama. The Hg concentrations in largemouth bass (which are known to have high site fidelity) were lowest at downstream, low-salinity estuarine areas and highest at upstream freshwater areas. Conversely, southern flounder, which have a highly variable migratory life history across salinity gradients, had Hg concentrations that were similar across the study area and lower than those for largemouth bass. Both largemouth bass and southern flounder had negative relationships between individu...
Exploring Care Transitions From Patient, Caregiver, and Health-Care Provider Perspectives

Care transitions involve coordination of patient care across multiple care settings. Many problems occur during care transitions resulting in negative patient outcomes and unnecessary readmissions. The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of care transitions from patient, caregiver, and health-care provider perspectives in a single metropolitan Midwest city. A qualitative descriptive design was used to solicit patients’, caregivers’, and health-care providers’ perceptions of care transitions, their role within the process, barriers to effective care transitions, and strategies to overcome these barriers. Five themes emerged: preplanned admissions are ideal; lack of needed patient information upon admission; multiple services are needed in preparing patients for discharge; rushed or delayed discharges lead to patient misunderstanding; and difficulties in following aftercare instructions. Findings illustrated provider difficulty in meeting multiple care needs, and the need for patient-center...
Climatology of Sign Reversals of the Meridional Potential Vorticity Gradient over Africa and Australia

Abstract A 10-yr climatology (1986–95) was performed using ECMWF gridded analyses on isentropic surfaces to identify regions where the lower-tropospheric meridional potential vorticity (PV) gradient changes sign across Africa and Australia during their respective summer seasons. While an African sign reversal has been documented, no similar study has been performed for the Australian region, which also has desert on the poleward side of open ocean. In each hemisphere, a northward decrease of PV is sufficient to produce a sign reversal. It was found that PV decreases northward in the lower troposphere across northern Australia, with the maximum reversal on the 315-K surface. It had comparable magnitude but smaller zonal extent (∼3000 km) than that on the 320-K surface in Africa (∼5000 km). In each region the sign reversal was associated with cyclonic PV anomalies on the equatorward side and anticyclonic anomalies on the poleward side. OLR was used as a proxy for deep convective heating in order to evaluate...
Geohistory Models and Cenozoic Paleoenvironments of the Caribbean Region

Recent advances in understanding the tectonic and paleoenvironmental history of the Caribbean region allow formulation of biogeographic and evolution/speciation models within an improved physical context. Support is developing for a new 'maximist' model of geological history suggesting that the Greater Antilles originated as a submerged volcanic island arc in the present Isthmian region during the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian; -130 m.y. (million years ago)) and moved more than 1000 km to their present location. Geologic investigations are not always concerned with whether an arc is submerged or emergent, but the proto-Greater Antillean arc began colliding with the Bahamas Platform in the Paleocene/ earliest Eocene (-56 m.y.), and the principal period of emergence allowing terrestrial flora and fauna to colonize was in the middle Eocene (-49 m.y.). Early emergence was during the later phases of the hothouse interval of the Late Cretaceous through the early Eocene, which was followed by an intermediate period when climates fluctuated between non-glacial and (marginally) glacial conditions (middle Eocene through the early Miocene), and culminated in the icehouse interval of the late Tertiary and Quaternary Periods. The recent geological/paleoenvironmental models still constitute, however, a broad spectrum of possibilities for biogeographic-evolutionary-speciation events within which specialists must formulate the most probable pathway(s) for individual taxa. The biotic history of a region must ultimately be reconstructed within the context of a physical history provided by geologic/tectonic models, and paleocli- matic reconstructions now possible through a wide range of methodologies. The flexibility implied by the caveat, 'ultimately', is because no single model has been established for many parts of the Earth, and cer- tainly not for the Caribbean Basin. This opens the pos- sibility for poorly constrained geological data sets to misdirect biogeographic scenarios, and provides lee- way for selecting from the different versions of the physical history the one(s) that appear most compati- ble with the biogeographic evidence or that support a particular viewpoint. Considerable progress has been made within the last decade, however, and together with over 500 years of observations on geologically- related features of the Antilles, and over 200 years of more detailed study, there is emerging a model around which some consensus is developing. GEOLOGIC HISTORY
Study of Combustion Anomalies of H2-ICE With External Mixture Formation

Although hydrogen is considered one of the most promising future energy carriers, there are several challenges to achieving a “hydrogen economy,” including finding a practical, efficient, cost-effective end-use device. Using hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is seen as a bridging technology toward a large-scale hydrogen infrastructure. To facilitate high-efficiency, high-power-density use of hydrogen with near-zero emissions in an internal combustion engine, detailed analysis of the hydrogen combustion process is necessary. This paper presents thermodynamic results regarding engine performance and emissions behavior during investigations performed on a single-cylinder research engine fueled by pressurized gaseous hydrogen. Avoiding combustion anomalies is one of the necessary steps to further improve the hydrogen engine power output at high-load operation while, at the same time, reducing fuel consumption and emissions during part-load operation. The overall target of the investigations is an improved combustion concept especially designed for hydrogen-engine-powered vehicles. Future activities include performing optical imaging of hydrogen combustion by using an endoscope. We will also investigate supercharged external mixture formation, as well as hydrogen direct-injection operation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A BRIEF: Correlation of Estrogen Levels between Successive Pregnancies

To date, no study has attempted to correlate hormone levels between successive pregnancies in the same woman. Serum levels of total estradiol and total free estradiol have been measured between the eighth and the 17th weeks in the first and second full-term pregnancies of 34 white women participating in the Collaborative Perinatal Study, 1959-1965. Intraindividual interpregnancy Pearson's product moment correlations were calculated. Partial correlation coefficients (adjusted for gestational age) for log pregnancy total estradiol and total free estradiol were 0.78 and 0.73, respectively (p < 0.001). These findings provide evidence that levels of pregnancy estradiol are significantly and strongly correlated in successive pregnancies of the same woman. This phenomenon can provide an explanation for the higher concordance of breast cancer incidence between two sisters than between a mother and daughter in the familial pattern of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1995 ; 142 :625-8.
Decidability of shift equivalence

Shift equivalence is the relation between matrices A, B that matrices R, S exist with RA=BR, AS=SA, SR=An, RS=Bn, n∈Z. We prove decidability in all cases of shift equivalence over Z+ reducing it to congruences, inequalities, and determinant conditions on a C such that R0C is a desired Z shift equivalence, where R0 is a given shift equivalence over Q. Congruences are only modulo primes occurring to bounded powers in the determinant. We find generators for a group in which other primes are invertible, and for cosets of this group and reduce modulo some m.
A comparative study of potassium-induced relaxation in vascular smooth muscle of tiger salamanders and rats

This study compares potassium-induced relaxation in vascular tissue of an amphibian (Ambystoma tigrinum) and a mammal (rat). Aortas (salamanders) and tail arteries (rats) were cut into helical strips for isometric force recording. After norepinephrine-induced contraction in potassium-free solution, arteries relaxed in response to added potassium (1–20 mmol/l). Potassium-induced relaxation was greater in rat tail arteries than in salamander aortas. Half-maximal relaxation occurred at a potassium concentration of approximately 3 mmol/l in both species. Ouabain inhibited potassium-induced relaxation; salamanders were more sensitive to the glycoside than rats. Potassium-induced relaxation decreased as the temperature of the bathing medium was lowered; half-maximal inhibition occurred at 19 and 29 degrees C for salamander aortas and rat tail arteries, respectively. Potassium-induced relaxation also varied with the interval in potassium-free solution, the hydrogen ion concentration (rats only), and the magnitude of norepinephrine-induced contraction. It appears that the cellular mechanism causing potassium-induced relaxation is similar in blood vessels of salamanders and rats. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that stimulated electrogenic sodium transport produced membrane hyperpolarization and relaxation in vascular smooth muscle.
Sudden death and the tasks of mourning: a case report.

Trauma nurses are frequently without formal training in grief support or bereavement models. They may be unequal to the task of offering support to families who must cope with death from traumatic injury. Trauma nurses should consider the theoretical model of tasks to understand grief when dealing with sudden death. Through application of this model, we can develop specific nursing strategies that can help survivors of sudden death through this difficult time. Language: en
Relational Models of Organizational Inequalities Emerging Approaches and Conceptual Dilemmas

In recent years, theorists of social inequality have increasingly rejected analytic models using the individual as the unit of analysis, favoring “relational” models centered on the dynamic, group-level interactions that can account for disparities in the distribution of job rewards. In this article we scrutinize three distinct strands of relational thinking: categorical theories, analysis of symbolic boundaries, and theories of intersectionality. Our goals are twofold: first, to identify some of the major conceptual and methodological limitations in this field and, second, to begin the task of conjoining insights from each strand of thinking, fostering conceptually richer and more powerful theoretical formulations of organizational inequalities. The article sketches some potential avenues for empirical analysis that seem likely to advance relational models and highlight their advantages—advantages that provide rich sociological guideposts—compared to more individually centered or even aggregate descripti...
Effective Diffusivity of Carbon Dioxide and Iodine through “G” Tunnel Tuff

The effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide and iodine through “G” tunnel tuff were determined using a steady-state method and an unsteady-state method respectively. Results show that the effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide and iodine through dry tuff increased with temperature. The effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide decreased as the moisture content of the “G” tunnel tuff increased. An emprical correlation was obtained to estimate the effective diffusivity of carbon dioxide as a function temperature and the percent saturation. Specific surface area and pore volume of tuff was determined using a mercury porosimeter. A scanning electron microscope was utilized to further characterize the porous structure of the tuff samples.
Optical Properties of Colloidal CdSe/ZnS core/shell Nanocrystals Embedded in a UV Curable Resin

Optical absorption and photoluminescence techniques were used to investigate the band gap of colloidal CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals matrixed in a UV curable resin. The band gap was measured for several nanocrystals with size ranging between 1.9 and 4.0 nm. The band gap (Eg) was determined from the first exciton peaks observed in the optical absorption spectra. Both Debye and Einstein temperatures were estimated from fitting the energy band gap vs. temperature using two different empirical expressions.
Dynamics of Increasing IFN-γ Exposure on Murine MH-S Cell-Line Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Previous investigations have demonstrated that activation with the type II interferon, IFN-γ, downregulates alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. While these studies have shown clear effects at discrete time points, the kinetics of the macrophage response to IFN-γ over time, with respect to pneumococcal phagocytosis, have not been shown. Here, we describe these kinetics in the murine MH-S AM cell-line, a well-established model useful for investigations of AM phenotype and function. We measure binding and internalizing rates of S. pneumoniae following exposure to increasing durations of physiologic levels of IFN-γ. When MH-S murine alveolar macrophage (mAM) were exposed to IFN-γ for increasing durations of time, from 0 to 6 days before inoculation with the type II S. pneumoniae, D39, exposure for 6 h transiently reduced bacterial binding by 50%, which was temporarily restored at 2 and 3 days of exposure. Bacterial internalization was also reduced shortly following initial expos...
Estimation of Nasal Tip Support Using Computer-Aided Design and 3-Dimensional Printed Models

ImportancePalpation of the nasal tip is an essential component of the preoperative rhinoplasty examination. Measuring tip support is challenging, and the forces that correspond to ideal tip support...
Correction of Taussig-Bing malformation by intraventricular conduit.

Repair of double-outlet right ventricle with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (Taussig-Bing malformation) was accomplished with an intraventricular conduit The ventricular septal defect was brought into continuity with the aorta via a tubular Dacron prosthesis, which was situated anterior to the subpulmonary conus and ran transversely from the ventricular septal defect to the subaortic conus. The transverse right ventriculotomy was not closed directly, but was sutured to the external surface of the conduit
The Communicative Work of Organizations in Shaping Argumentative Realities

It is argued here that large-scale organization and networked computing enable new divisions of communicative work aimed at shaping the content, direction, and outcomes of societal conversations. The challenge for argumentation theory and practice lies in attending to these new divisions of communicative work in constituting contemporary argumentative realities. Goffman’s conceptualization of participation frameworks and production formats are applied to articulate the communicative work of organizations afforded by networked computing that invents and innovates argument in all of its senses—as product, process, and procedure. Communicative work, however, may be scaffolding argumentative contexts and practices that are quite different than what has constituted past argumentative realities. The computerization of argument happens as organizations invent and innovate argument practice relative to the demands and opportunities of interorganizational communication. The cases and examples examined here suggest that argument practice is evolving around the logic of conversation and the principle of personalization. The analysis challenges argumentation theory to seriously engage with the construction of communicative contexts and the realization of ideas about disagreement management in organizational practice and information infrastructures. Directions for integrating insights from a design perspective on argument with insights from organizational and information systems theory are proposed for coming to terms with an era of large-scale organization and computerization, in particular the evolution of argument practice, the inscription of argument in the built environment, and the absorption of socio-cultural argument practices by organizations and computation.
Gender in Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives by Barbara BurrellWhen Does Gender Matter? Women Candidates & Gender Stereotypes in American Elections by Kathleen Dolan

Conventional wisdom and compelling anecdotes aside, the electoral deck is not stacked against women candidates in the United States today. That is the primary conclusion of recent books by Barbara ...
“Something You Can Look Back On”: Teacher Candidates, Rap Music, and P-12 Social Studies

Although several studies highlight the integration of hip-hop-based education (HHBE) into teacher education workshops and coursework, little is known about the use of HHBE by the teachers and teach...
Flexible modeling of the hazard rate and treatment effects in long-term survival studies.

The effects of predictors on time to failure may be difficult to assess in cancer studies with longer follow-up, as the commonly used assumption of proportionality of hazards holding over an extend...
Flowering phenology shifts in response to biodiversity loss

Observational studies and experimental evidence agree that rising global temperatures have altered plant phenology-the timing of life events, such as flowering, germination, and leaf-out. Other large-scale global environmental changes, such as nitrogen deposition and altered precipitation regimes, have also been linked to changes in flowering times. Despite our increased understanding of how abiotic factors influence plant phenology, we know very little about how biotic interactions can affect flowering times, a significant knowledge gap given ongoing human-caused alteration of biodiversity and plant community structure at the global scale. We experimentally manipulated plant diversity in a California serpentine grassland and found that many plant species flowered earlier in response to reductions in diversity, with peak flowering date advancing an average of 0.6 days per species lost. These changes in phenology were mediated by the effects of plant diversity on soil surface temperature, available soil N, and soil moisture. Peak flowering dates were also more dispersed among species in high-diversity plots than expected based on monocultures. Our findings illustrate that shifts in plant species composition and diversity can alter the timing and distribution of flowering events, and that these changes to phenology are similar in magnitude to effects induced by climate change. Declining diversity could thus contribute to or exacerbate phenological changes attributed to rising global temperatures.
Killing for the greater good: Action aversion and the emotional inhibition of harm in moral dilemmas

Abstract Moral judgment is influenced by both automatic and deliberative processing systems, and moral conflict arises when these systems produce competing intuitions. We investigated the role of emotional arousal in inhibiting harmful action in a behavioral study of utilitarian tradeoffs in a 3D digital simulation of two classic "trolley" scenarios in which participants decided whether to harm one person in order to avert harm to five others. Physiological arousal was measured via skin conductance response in real time. Results showed that physiological arousal is increased in situations in which using personal harm is necessary to achieve a utilitarian outcome relative to when the same outcome can be achieved with impersonal harm, and is linked to a decreased likelihood of engaging in harmful action, though a test of mediation was not statistically significant. In addition, when the use of personal harm was required to save lives, arousal was higher pre -action relative to post -action. Overall, our findings suggest that physiological arousal may be part of an affective system that functions to inhibit harmful action against others.
Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior and Depression

Sickness behavior refers to a set of non-specific responses that develop in humans and animals during the course of an infection. Sickness symptoms possess motivational features and evolutionary values that favor survival of organisms during infection. The discovery that proinflammatory cytokines induce sickness behaviors forms a cornerstone for elucidating immune-to-brain communication systems. Cytokines produced in the periphery by leukocytes during infection and chronic inflammatory diseases serve as messengers that are sent to the brain via neural and humoral routes to activate a diffuse cytokine system that mirrors that in the periphery. The brain initiates a series of events that induce behavioral changes collectively known as sickness behaviors. Sickness behavior is now recognized to be part of a highly-organized host response to infection. However, prolonged activation of the innate immune system, as occurs during chronic infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases with inflammatory components, can lead to symptoms of depression in vulnerable individuals. Recent clinical findings have implicated the tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO), as a potential mediator of inflammation-associated depression. Experimental data obtained in animal studies have provided molecular support for such a relationship. Here we discuss the current evidence that favors the view that acute inflammation induces sickness behavior whereas chronic inflammation can lead to depressive-like behaviors that are mediated by IDO.
The Sandbox: Creating a Bottom-Up Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

Discussion of new model of Social Enterprise that applies the venture capital model to social enterprise.
Anti-Intellectualism and Natural Food: The Shared Language of Industry and Activists in America since 1830

This article uses the concept of “anti-intellectualism” to explain surprising overlaps in rhetoric between American food activists and the manufacturers they criticize. It shows anti-intellectual elements in the language of, in turn: Sylvester Graham, an influential lecturer during the 1830s; the Natural Food Company, maker of Shredded Wheat and an advocate for “natural food” in the early 1900s; and Michael Pollan, a leading figure in contemporary American food politics. These activists and manufacturers have spoken in an anti-intellectual style about nature and food, arguing that certain forms of knowledge and evidence are more natural than others. Each has favored similar ways of understanding nature, rejecting professionalized expertise for tradition, intuition, and the wisdom of more “natural” peoples. While disagreeing on the proper structure of food production and distribution, activists and manufacturers have both sought authority to tell people how to live by evoking similar visions of the American past. This shared ideal romanticizes a time in which women did more work at home, immigrants and indigenous people were even more marginalized, and custom and tradition more fully guided people’s food choices. With different politics and intentions, manufacturers and activists belong to the same lineage of food discourse and have both furthered an American tradition of anti-intellectualism.
Laser Techniques For The Production And Detection Of Reactive Species Of Importance In Combustion

The use of lasers as a means to generate populations of such transients as radicals, excited states and ions in the laboratory and as a probe of their concentration is discussed. The experimental arrangements for studies of the spectroscopy of radicals and ions, the excited state dynamics of radicals and reaction kinetics of these species are illustrated using examples from our laboratory and others. Specific results discussed include the reaction kinetics of the C 3 radical, spectroscopy and excited state dynamics of the cyclopentadienyl and NO 3 radicals and initial experiments on the dimethyldi-acetylene ion and the reaction system of C 4 H/C 4 H 2 .
DD43: Die Exekutionssucht (Juni 2007)

„Argert dich aber dein rechtes Auge, so reis es aus und wirf's von dir. Es ist dir besser, dass eins deiner Glieder verderbe, und nicht der ganze Leib in die Holle geworfen werde.“ Das klingt zu hart, nicht wahr? Heute wird dieses Wort aus dem Matthaus-Evangelium auf Unternehmen angewendet, die sich emsig alle Arme und Beine ausreisen, um in den Himmel zu kommen. Problem: „Mein Mann hat eine Bronchitis!“ – Losung: „Lass dich scheiden!“
The Curious Case of Non-Interactive Commitments --- On the Power of Black-Box vs. Non-Black-Box Use of Primitives

It is well-known that one-way permutations and even one-to-one one-way functions imply the existence of non-interactive commitments. Furthermore the construction is black-box i.e., the underlying one-way function is used as an oracle to implement the commitment scheme, and an adversary attacking the commitment scheme is used as an oracle in the proof of security. We rule out the possibility of black-box constructions of non-interactive commitments from general possibly not one-to-one one-way functions. As far as we know, this is the first result showing a natural cryptographic task that can be achieved in a black-box way from one-way permutations but not from one-way functions. We next extend our black-box separation to constructions of non-interactive commitments from a stronger notion of one-way functions, which we refer to as hitting one-way functions. Perhaps surprisingly, Barak, Ong, and Vadhan Siam JoC '07 showed that there does exist a non-black-box construction of non-interactive commitments from hitting one-way functions. As far as we know, this is the first result to establish a "separation" between the power of black-box and non-black-box use of a primitive to implement a natural cryptographic task. We finally show that unless the complexity class $$\mathsf {NP} $$ has program checkers, the above separations extend also to non-interactive instance-based commitments, and 3-message public-coin honest-verifier zero-knowledge protocols with $$O\log n$$-bit verifier messages. The well-known classical zero-knowledge proof for $$\mathsf {NP} $$ fall into this category.