cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling emergent border-crossing behaviors during pandemics

Modeling real-world scenarios is a challenge for traditional social science researchers, as it is often hard to capture the intricacies and dynamisms of real-world situations without making simplistic assumptions. This imposes severe limitations on the capabilities of such models and frameworks. Complex population dynamics during natural disasters such as pandemics is an area where computational social science can provide useful insights and explanations. In this paper, we employ a novel intent-driven modeling paradigm for such real-world scenarios by causally mapping beliefs, goals, and actions of individuals and groups to overall behavior using a probabilistic representation called Bayesian Knowledge Bases (BKBs). To validate our framework we examine emergent behavior occurring near a national border during pandemics, specifically the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in Mexico. The novelty of the work in this paper lies in representing the dynamism at multiple scales by including both coarse-grained (events at the national level) and finegrained (events at two separate border locations) information. This is especially useful for analysts in disaster management and first responder organizations who need to be able to understand both macro-level behavior and changes in the immediate vicinity, to help with planning, prevention, and mitigation. We demonstrate the capabilities of our framework in uncovering previously hidden connections and explanations by comparing independent models of the border locations with their fused model to identify emergent behaviors not found in either independent location models nor in a simple linear combination of those models.
Chondrosarcoma of the hand arising in a young patient with multiple hereditary exostoses.

An unusually large chondrosarcoma arising in the hand of a young patient with multiple hereditary exostoses is presented.
The radiative-equivalent water thickness of leaves

Abstract The spectral transmittance of pure liquid water was measured using reflectance spectroscopy to provide a physical standard of comparison for the spectral reflectance of leaves. The spectral reflectance of a white reference measured through a 356 μm ray pathlength of water compared favorably with values predicted for the same pathlength by the known absorption coefficients of water. Differences between predicted and measured reflectances were significant only near wavelengths of 1400 nm and in the 1965–2200 nm range. The maximum difference of 7% occurred at 1401 nm. Predicted reflectances indicated notable reflectance minima at wavelengths near 1450 nm, 1940 nm, and 2500 nm, even for a 5-μm ray pathlength. Predicted reflectances at wavelengths less than 900 nm remained approximately 100% for a 3160 μm pathlength. A method is provided by which leaf reflectance in the 1500–2500 nm range can be used to easily compute the radiative-equivalent water thickness (REWT) of leaves. The REWT is defined as the thickness (absorption pathlength) of pure liquid water that would be required to yield the same radiative properties as the leaf in the 1500–2500 nm range, and is a physical standard that may be used in the study of leaf infrared reflectance.
C-reactive protein (CRP) aptamer binds to monomeric but not pentameric form of CRP

Native C-reactive protein (CRP) is composed of five identical subunits arranged in a pentameric structure (pCRP). Binding of pCRP to damaged cell membranes produces a second isoform, modified CRP, which has similar antigenicity to isolated monomeric subunits of CRP (mCRP). Emerging evidence indicates that modified CRP plays a role in inflammation and atherosclerosis, however, there are very few techniques that can distinguish the different isoforms of CRP. Here we show that an RNA aptamer binds specifically to mCRP and not to pCRP. Using this aptamer, we describe a simple, fast, and sensitive assay to detect nanomolar concentrations of mCRP using fluorescence anisotropy. In addition, we show that this aptamer can be used to detect mCRP in polyacrylamide gels and bound to a surface using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The biological activity of the mCRP we prepared by heating pCRP with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate was confirmed by observing binding to the complement protein, C1q. This probe provides an important tool for CRP research and has the potential to improve clinical diagnostics that predict risk for cardiovascular disease.
Majorana spin liquids and projective realization of SU(2) spin symmetry

We revisit the fermionic parton approach to $S=1/2$ quantum spin liquids with $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ spin-rotation symmetry, and the associated projective symmetry group (PSG) classification. We point out that the existing PSG classification is incomplete; upon completing it, we find spin-liquid states with $S=1$ and $S=0$ Majorana fermion excitations coupled to a deconfined ${Z}_{2}$ gauge field. The crucial observation leading us to this result is that, like space group and time-reversal symmetries, spin rotations can act projectively on the fermionic partons; that is, a spin rotation may be realized by simultaneous $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ spin and gauge rotations. We show that there are only two realizations of spin rotations acting on fermionic partons: the familiar naive realization where spin rotation is not accompanied by any gauge transformation, and a single type of projective realization. We discuss the PSG classification for states with projective spin rotations. To illustrate these results, we show that there are four such PSGs on the two-dimensional square lattice. We study the properties of the corresponding states, finding that one\char22{}with gapless Fermi points\char22{}is a stable phase beyond mean-field theory. In this phase, depending on parameters, a small Zeeman magnetic field can open a partial gap for the Majorana fermion excitations. Moreover, there are nearby gapped phases supporting ${Z}_{2}$ vortex excitations obeying non-Abelian statistics. We conclude with a discussion of various open issues, including the challenging question of where such $S=1$ Majorana spin liquids may occur in models and in real systems.
Human teratoma cells share antigens with mouse teratoma cells.

Abstract The mouse teratocarcinoma cell line 402AX is known to express surface antigens[hereafter called teratoma-defined antigen(s)] shared with early mouse embryos and some other murine cell lines, as detected by an absorbed rabbit antiserum. As gauged by immunofluorescence, human teratocarcinoma cells (tera 2) following neuraminidase treatment display antigen(s) cross-reactive with mouse teratoma-defined antigens. On the human tumor cells the teratoma-defined antigen(s) is density dependent, being present on subconfluent cultures, but absent on confluent cultures. Neuraminidase-treated control subconfluent human fibroblasts are nonreactive with the antiserum. Sera from some human patients presenting with teratocarcinoma, absorbed on normal mouse tissue to remove the nonspecific hetero-anti-species antibodies, show anti-mouse teratoma reactivity by immunofluorescence and microcytotoxicity. Sera from age- and sex-matched individuals with nonteratoma tumors are nonreactive with the mouse teratoma cells. The antigenic determinant(s) detected by the human teratoma sera co-caps with H-2 antigens on the mouse mastocytoma line P815, as do the rabbit antiserum-defined teratoma antigens. These data suggest that human and mouse teratomas share common antigens, and that these antigens may be integrally related to the major histocompatibility antigens in both species.
Stabilization of polystyrene by Friedel-Crafts chemistry: effect of position of alcohol and the catalyst

Polystyrene has been copolymerized with 4-vinylbenzyl alcohol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)styrene, and 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)styrene and it has been shown that thermal cross-linking of these copolymers is dependent upon the alcohol content. When the alcohol content is low, no thermal cross-linking is observed. When various phosphate esters are present as catalysts with these low alcohol content copolymers, cross-linking is observed at temperatures of about 250°C but not at lower temperatures. Cross-linking enhances the thermal stability of the copolymers. Studies of the thermal stability of the copolymers and their blends with the catalysts have been performed using thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. There is little difference in the thermal stability of all three copolymers and their blends with the catalysts.
Nucleotide sequences at host–proviral junctions for mouse mammary tumour virus

Proviruses cloned from rat cells infected with mouse mammary tumour virus, a B-type retrovirus regulated by glucocorticoid hormones, show the structural features of transposable elements: short inverted repeats conclude long direct repeats at the ends of viral DNA, and short sequences of cellular DNA are duplicated during integration and flank each provirus. The integrative mechanism joins a precise site in viral DNA to non-homologous sites in host DNA.
When you know that you know and when you think that you know but you don't.

College students rated the likelihood of recall of individual words presented for free recall learning. Predictions were made using a 7-point scale immediately following an item’s presentation in the list. To-be-rated items included those presented one time, as well as items presented twice in either a massed (MP) or distributed (DP) manner. Twice-presented items were rated as more likely to be recalled than items presented once, and they were; MP items were judged more likely to be recalled than DP items, but they were not. The finding that subjects think that they know MP items when they do not suggests why processing may be less for massed than for distributed presentations. As such, these results provide support for the attenuation of attention hypothesis of the spacing effect in free recall.
Development of Ascaris suum larvae from the third to fourth stage, in vitro

Abstract Larvae of Ascaris suum recovered from the lungs of experimentally infected guinea pigs or rabbits, seven to ten days after infection, underwent the third moult in vitro to become fourth-stage larvae. Ecdysis was first observed on the first and second day of culture and was completed by the eighth day. The culture medium consisted of tissue culture Medium 199 supplemented with either guinea pig or porcine serum and glucose in a gaseous atmosphere of Nitrogen:Oxygen:Carbon dioxide (90:5:5). By the twelfth day in culture, early development of both the male and female reproductive systems was observed.
Determination of heroin metabolites in human urine using capillary zone electrophoresis with β-cyclodextrin and UV detection

A method has been developed for the detection of a mixture of morphine, codeine, 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM) and normorphine using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The method utilized urinary 6-AM as a diagnostic indicator of heroin abuse because it is not a product of either morphine or codeine metabolism. The electrophoretic separation was achieved using an uncoated (50 μm I.D.) fused-silica capillary, 77 cm long, containing the detector window 10.0 cm from the outlet end. The running buffer (pH 6.0) contained 50 mM sodium phosphate and 0.015 M β-cyclodextrins (β-CD). The samples were first extracted using a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure and then analyzed by CZE. The UV absorbance detection was monitored at 214 nm. It has been found that β-CDs can improve separation efficiency due to their hydrophobic cavity. The effect of the concentration of β-CD and pH was also evaluated. The application of electrokinetic injection with field amplified sample stacking results in low detection limits (40 ng/ml for each analyte) and the method has good reproducibility, precision, accuracy, and high recovery.
A note on the unbiased estimation of the intraclass correlation

The intraclass correlation,ρ, is a parameter featured in much psychological research. Two commonly used estimators ofρ, the maximum likelihood and least squares estimators, are known to be negatively biased. Olkin and Pratt (1958) derived the minimum variance unbiased estimator of the intraclass correlation, but use of this estimator has apparently been impeded by the lack of a closed form solution. This note briefly reviews the unbiased estimator and gives a FORTRAN 77 subroutine to calculate it.
The cystic renal lesion in tuberous sclerosis

A characteristic cystic renal lesion is described in three infants with tuberous sclerosis. Large cystic kidneys were present at birth in one child. The other two patients were discovered to have cystic kidneys and hypertension at 3 months of age. Developmental delay and seizures wre ultimately present in two infants; typical cutaneous lesions of tuberous sclerosis developed in only one child. The roentgenographic appearance of the kidneys in the two older children was similar to that of adult-type polycystic kidney disease. Cysts were lined by a distinctive, hyperplastic epithelium in each patient. The diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis may be determined by renal biopsy in infants presenting with cystic kidneys.
Intracellular Localization of Type III-delivered Pseudomonas ExoS with Endosome Vesicles

Abstract ExoS (453 amino acids) is a bi-functional type III cytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Residues 96-219 include the Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) domain, and residues 234-453 include the 14-3-3-dependent ADPribosyltransferase domain. Earlier studies also identified an N-terminal domain (termed the membrane localization domain) that comprises residues 51-77 and includes a novel leucine-rich motif that targets ExoS to the perinuclear region of cultured cells. There is limited information on how ExoS or other type III cytotoxins enter and target intracellular host proteins. Type III-delivered ExoS localized to both plasma membrane and perinuclear region, whereas ExoS(ΔMLD) was localized to the cytosol. Plasma membrane localization of ExoS was transient and had a half-life of ∼20 min. Type III-delivered ExoS co-immunoprecipitated 14-3-3 proteins and Rab9, Rab6, and Rab5. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that ExoS colocalized with Rab9, Rab6, and Rab5. Fluorescent energy transfer was detected between ExoS and 14-3-3 proteins but not between ExoS and Rabs proteins. Together, these results indicate that type III-delivered ExoS localizes on the host endosomes and utilizes multiple pathways to traffic from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear region of intoxicated host cells.
Differential susceptibility to human serum byAeromonas spp.

A total of 91 strains ofAeromonas (A. hydrophila, A. sobria, andA. caviae) of clinical origin were challenged in vitro against pooled human serum. A majority of the isolates ofA. hydrophila andA. sobria were resistant to the bactericidal activity of human serum, as opposed to the more serum-sensitiveA. caviae species. This difference in serum sensitivity may potentially explain the greater association of the former species with bacteremia and invasive disease.
An intact parathyroid hormone-based protocol for the prevention and treatment of symptomatic hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy.

Background Symptomatic (SX) hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy is a barrier to same day surgery and the cause of emergency room visits. A standard protocol of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, dependent on intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, can address this issue. How effective is it? When does it fail? Methods We performed a retrospective review of the prospective Thyroid database from January 2006 to December 2010. Six hundred twenty patients underwent completion thyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy and followed our postoperative protocol of calcium carbonate administration for iPTH levels ≥10 pg/mL and calcium carbonate and 0.25 μg calcitriol twice a day for iPTH <10 pg/mL. Calcium and iPTH values, pathology, and medication were compared to evaluate protocol efficacy. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Using the protocol, sixty-one (10.2%) patients were chemically hypocalcemic but never developed symptoms and 24 (3.9%) patients developed breakthrough SX hypocalcemia. The SX and asymptomatic groups were similar with regard to gender, cancer diagnosis, and preoperative calcium and iPTH. The SX group was significantly younger (39.6 ± 2.8 versus 49 ± 0.6 y, P = 0.01), with lower postoperative iPTH levels. Thirty-three percent (n = 8) of SX patients had an iPTH ≤5 pg/mL versus only 6% (n = 37) of ASX patients. Although the majority of patients with a iPTH ≤5 pg/mL were asymptomatic, 62.5% (n = 5) of SX patients with iPTH levels ≤5 pg/mL required an increase in calcitriol dose to achieve both biochemical correction and symptom relief. Conclusions Prophylactic calcium and vitamin D supplementation based on postoperative iPTH levels can minimize SX hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. An iPTH ≤5 pg/mL may warrant higher initial doses of calcitriol to prevent symptoms.
What's in a name? tension-type headache versus migraine.

For years clinicians and researchers have debated the nosology of headache generally and of “migraine” versus “tension-type headache” in particular, an exhaustive process that arguably has done little to improve patient management and clinical outcome. New research data now indicate that the migraine versus tension-type distinction indeed may possess some clinical use, because patients with migraine or “mixed” headache syndromes may respond differently to a specific therapeutic intervention than patients with “pure” tension-type headache. This variable response to treatment intervention would seem to imply that similarly distinctive biologies are generating the respective headache syndromes, but to date we have insufficient evidence to support that conclusion.
National Policy and Urban Development

The object of analysis is American urban policy, including both planning and welfare programs. The American urban crisis is described as a product of inequality and uneven development. The character of American urban policy is outlined and contrasted with that of Northern European capitalist societies. American differences are explained in terms of class structure, ideology and political organization.
Persistent reduction of cocaine seeking by pharmacological manipulation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors during extinction training in rats

Adenosine receptor stimulation and blockade have been shown to modulate a variety of cocaine-related behaviors. These studies identify the direct effects of adenosine receptor stimulation on cocaine seeking during extinction training and the persistent effects on subsequent reinstatement to cocaine seeking. Rats self-administered cocaine on a fixed ratio one schedule in daily sessions over 3 weeks. Following a 1-week withdrawal, the direct effects of adenosine receptor modulation were tested by administering the adenosine A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg), the adenosine A2A agonist, CGS 21680 (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg), the presynaptic adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, SCH 442416 (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), or vehicle prior to each of six daily extinction sessions. The persistent effects of adenosine receptor modulation during extinction training were subsequently tested on reinstatement to cocaine seeking induced by cues, cocaine, and the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole. All doses of CPA and CGS 21680 impaired initial extinction responding; however, only CPA treatment during extinction produced persistent impairment in subsequent cocaine- and quinpirole-induced seeking. Dissociating CPA treatment from extinction did not alter extinction responding or subsequent reinstatement. Administration of SCH 442416 had no direct effects on extinction responding but produced dose-dependent persistent impairment of cocaine- and quinpirole-induced seeking. These findings demonstrate that adenosine A1 or A2A receptor stimulation directly impair extinction responding. Interestingly, adenosine A1 receptor stimulation or presynaptic adenosine A2A receptor blockade during extinction produces lasting changes in relapse susceptibility.
Nasolabial cyst: report of case

The diagnosis and treatment of a nasolabial cyst in a 53-year-old woman are described; the origin of the cyst is discussed. A 53-year-old woman noticed elevation of the right ala of the nose and a fullness of the upper lip on the right side. A presumptive diagnosis of nasolabial cyst was made in the absence of evidence of dental disease or of significant bone resorption. After aspiration of fluid, the cyst was removed surgically. Healing has been complete and without complication. A discussion of the high incidence of the condition in women and of the origin of the cyst is included.
A Moller polarimeter for high-energy electron beams

A single arm Moller polarimeter used to measure the longitudinal beam polarization of the 48 GeV electron beam for SLAC fixed target experiment E-154 is described. The polarimeter utilizes an array of silicon strip detectors and a dipole magnetic spectrometer to detect Moller scattered electrons from magnetized FeCo alloy target foils. The details of the foil polarization measurements and analysis technique are discussed. The high statistical precision of the Moller data and the stability of the SLAC polarized source made precise studies of the systematic errors in the analysis possible. An overall systematic error of 2.7% is assigned to the beam polarization determination.
The Mechanism of Abrupt Transition between Theta and Hyper-Excitable Spiking Activity in Medial Entorhinal Cortex Layer II Stellate Cells

Recent studies have shown that stellate cells (SCs) of the medial entorhinal cortex become hyper-excitable in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. These studies have also demonstrated the existence of recurrent connections among SCs, reduced levels of recurrent inhibition in epileptic networks as compared to control ones, and comparable levels of recurrent excitation among SCs in both network types. In this work, we investigate the biophysical and dynamic mechanism of generation of the fast time scale corresponding to hyper-excitable firing and the transition between theta and fast firing frequency activity in SCs. We show that recurrently connected minimal networks of SCs exhibit abrupt, threshold-like transition between theta and hyper-excitable firing frequencies as the result of small changes in the maximal synaptic (AMPAergic) conductance. The threshold required for this transition is modulated by synaptic inhibition. Similar abrupt transition between firing frequency regimes can be observed in single, self-coupled SCs, which represent a network of recurrently coupled neurons synchronized in phase, but not in synaptically isolated SCs as the result of changes in the levels of the tonic drive. Using dynamical systems tools (phase-space analysis), we explain the dynamic mechanism underlying the genesis of the fast time scale and the abrupt transition between firing frequency regimes, their dependence on the intrinsic SC's currents and synaptic excitation. This abrupt transition is mechanistically different from others observed in similar networks with different cell types. Most notably, there is no bistability involved. ‘In vitro’ experiments using single SCs self-coupled with dynamic clamp show the abrupt transition between firing frequency regimes, and demonstrate that our theoretical predictions are not an artifact of the model. In addition, these experiments show that high-frequency firing is burst-like with a duration modulated by an M-current.
An alternative to young's module facility for Pascal

In an excellent paper1, Young describes a tool that aids the Pascal programmer by providing support for data abstractions. This paper compares Young's work to a similar tool for Pascal that has been designed and implemented by the authors. It demonstrates that parameterized module instantiations allow one to express some abstractions more naturally than does Young's method. The design goals and implementation details are discussed.
Results of a pilot study with extended fractionation in the treatment of lung cancer

Abstract An extended fractionation schedule delivering 6600 rad in 10 weeks was use in a pilot study on thirty patients with squamous carcinoma of the lung. Local tumor response and normal tissue reactions were assessed. Greater than 50% regression of tumor occurred in 27 30 (90%) of patients; seven of these had a complete response. Only three patients developed symptomatic pneumonitis. Compared with other published reports using conventional fractionation, the local response with this extended fractionation appears better; it is tolerated exceedingly well with few side effects.
Agreement between top management teams and expectations for post acquisition performance

This paper addresses theoretical gaps in the relationships among decision maker agreement, social context, and performance. Agreement is considered a multidimensional construct that is embedded in a social context of intergroup relationships. Four dimensions of agreement are specified: (1) perceived agreement, (2) actual agreement, (3) accuracy, and (4) agreement with one's own organization. Understood this way, agreement is associated with success expectations. Empirical tests of hypotheses derived from this view are based on data concerning agreement on acquisition goals by the top management teams from two hospitals in the year following an acquisition. Results support a multidimensional view of agreement, the importance of the intergroup context, and the association of agreement and expectations for success.
Liability regarding computerized axial tomography scans

Recently, this question has come up repeatedly: What is the orthodontist’s liability for misreading or not fully reading in-office cone-beam computed-tomography (CB-CT) scans? Today, more practitioners are purchasing cone-beam technology for their offices. These devices have fabulous potential and in certain cases can be of tremendous benefit; however, as with most new technology, when it comes out on the market, it is often ahead of both the learning curve and the potential liability exposure curve. I was asked to address this issue by our editor. I contacted several dual-degree people with the following backgrounds: general practice dentist-attorney (1), orthodontist-attorney (5), and periodontist-attorney (2). I received responses from 3 of the dually trained orthodontists and both dually trained periodontists. Although the composite answer is by no means meant to be legal advice, it shares with you their insight and thought processes concerning this issue. This issue will get bigger and more muddied before it is cleared up and resolved definitively. These doctors were asked the following.
Systems, systems of systems, and the education of engineers

The thesis presented here is that the result of engineering is the design, construction, or operation of systems or their subsystems and components and that the teaching of systems must be central to engineering education. It is maintained that current undergraduate engineering curricula do not give the student adequate appreciation of this major intellectual element of their profession. Five proposals for approaches to correct this deficiency are offered: opportunities for clinical practice throughout all the undergraduate years; the use of distributed interactive simulation technology in semester-long projects; courses or course material on the phenomenology and behavior of systems; use of project management tools in engineering clinics; and encouraging engineering faculty to spend some part of their sabbaticals engaged in system design or operation. Issues of implementation are addressed, including the scaling of these ideas to universities that must meet the needs of large numbers of students.
The nexus of simulation with command and control: what each community can offer the other

Summary form only given, as follows. Along with the expansion of core simulation technology over the past few years there has also been an expansion in both the number of people in nonsimulation-oriented communities that are "simulation-aware" and the ability of the this technology to support new fields of endeavor beyond the well-recognized ones of training and requirements analysis. During this same period, the command-and-control world has been exploring ways to address functionality requirements - such as automated decision support-for their next-generation systems. The situation we are in now is that both communities have people, technology and innovation that can be shared with the other. Unfortunately, the cultural phenomenon of organizational stovepiping, combined with the fact that-especially within the command and control world-the operational requirements are not well-understood, has made it difficult to merge the simulation and command-and-control communities. This paper addresses how each community could help the other achieve their respective next-generation operational goals with the hope of starting a common dialog that will allow the cross-fertilization of ideas.
An improvement on the modified gradient method for face localization

In this study, we improve the modified gradient method for face localization. In the modified gradient method (MGM) an approach similar to Roberts operator was used for detecting edges in face images. The Sobel edge detector is proposed for detecting edges of a face and generating the gradients for the face detection. Preliminary experimental results show that our proposed method can detect the face more accurately than that of the modified gradient method.
Nonparametric model-based prognostics

Equipment, process, and system prognostic techniques can be classified as belonging to one of three major classes of methods: 1) conventional reliability-based using failure times (Weibull), 2) population based with environmental considerations (e.g. proportional hazards modeling), and 3) individual based (e.g. general path model). A new individual-based prognostic algorithm, termed the path classification and estimation (PACE) model, has been developed and is based entirely on failure data. This model recasts the general path model (GPM), which is the foundation of the majority of the modern individual based prognosis algorithms, as a classification problem, where a current device's degradation path is classified according to a series of exemplar paths and the results of the classification are used to estimate the remaining useful life (RUL) of the device. The requirement of the existence of a failure threshold is removed, thereby enabling the PACE to be applied to ldquoreal worldrdquo systems, where a single failure threshold is not likely to occur. If the failure threshold is known, simple formatting may be applied to the degradation paths such that they can be easily used with the PACE. The newly proposed method was applied to data collected from the hydraulic steering system of a drill used for deep oil exploration with the objective of detecting, diagnosing, and prognosing faults. The PACE was used to predict the RUL for several failure modes using actual data. For this work, a three tiered architecture was implemented, where conventional reliability methods were used to estimate the population-based RUL, PACE population-based prognosers were trained to map the cause of a failure mode to the RUL, and PACE individual prognosers were trained to map the effects of a failure mode to the RUL. It was found that the population based prognoser produced RUL estimates with large errors (75 hours) and uncertainties (261 hours). The individual prognosers were found to significantly outperform the population based prognoser, with errors ranging from 1.2 to 11.4 hours with 95% confidence intervals ranging from 0.67 to 32.02 hours.
Detection of depression in cardiac inpatients: Feasibility and results of systematic screening

Background A recent American Heart Association (AHA) Prevention Committee report recommended depression screening of all coronary heart disease patients using 2- and 9-item instruments from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2 and PHQ-9) to identify patients who may need further assessment and treatment. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and results of such screening on inpatient cardiac units. Methods In September 2007, the PHQ-2 was added to the nursing interview dataset on 3 cardiac units in a general hospital; this screen was completed as part of routine clinical care. Rates and results of depression screening, reasons for patients not being screened, and results of a nursing satisfaction survey were tabulated, and differences in baseline characteristics between screened and unscreened patients were analyzed via χ 2 and independent-samples t tests. Results For a 12-month period, 4,783 patients were admitted to the cardiac units; 3,504 (73.3%) received PHQ-2 depression screening. Approximately 9% of screened patients had a PHQ-2 score ≥3 and were approached for further depression evaluation (PHQ-9) by a social worker; 74.1% of the positive-screen patients had a PHQ-9 score of ≥10, suggestive of major depression. Nurses (n = 66) reported high satisfaction with the screening process, and mean reported PHQ-2 screening time was 1.4 (±1.1) minutes. Conclusions Systematic depression screening of cardiac patients using methods outlined by the AHA Prevention Committee is feasible, well-accepted, and does not appear markedly resource-intensive. Future studies should link these methods to an efficient and effective program of depression management in this vulnerable population.
Transportability from Multiple Environments with Limited Experiments

This paper considers the problem of transferring experimental findings learned from multiple heterogeneous domains to a target domain, in which only limited experiments can be performed. We reduce questions of transportability from multiple domains and with limited scope to symbolic derivations in the causal calculus, thus extending the original setting of transportability introduced in [1], which assumes only one domain with full experimental information available. We further provide different graphical and algorithmic conditions for computing the transport formula in this setting, that is, a way of fusing the observational and experimental information scattered throughout different domains to synthesize a consistent estimate of the desired effects in the target domain. We also consider the issue of minimizing the variance of the produced estimand in order to increase power.
Instruction level and operating system profiling for energy exposed software

Energy conscious software design can significantly improve the energy efficiency of a portable system. A software energy estimation technique using instruction class profiling is presented. The technique is shown to have an estimation error of less than 3% with trivial runtime overhead, based on a set of application programs evaluated on the StrongARM SA-1100 and Hitachi SH-4 microprocessors. A technique to isolate the switching and leakage energy components of software is outlined. The energy overhead of a real-time operating system is also profiled. The overall impact of system-level software energy management is quantified using the MIT /spl mu/AMPS system as an application example.
Maternal discussions about pregnancy and adolescents, attitudes toward pregnancy.

Abstract Purpose To identify aspects of maternal-adolescent relationships that are associated with high ambivalence toward pregnancy. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 350 inner-city, African-American females between the ages of 14 and 17 years residing in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Adolescent females and their resident female caretaker (usually the biological mother) were both interviewed. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict adolescents’ pregnancy attitudes from maternal-adolescent discussions about pregnancy, perceived maternal disapproval of pregnancy, and relationship satisfaction. Results Greater levels of discussion about negative consequences of pregnancy, stronger levels of perceived maternal disapproval, and higher levels of satisfaction all were associated with more negative attitudes towards pregnancy on the part of the adolescent. Conclusions Maternal communication about the negative consequences of experiencing a pregnancy and the quality of the mother–daughter relationship more generally may impact on adolescent attitudes toward pregnancy.
THE MISSING FEMINIST REVOLUTION IN SOCIOLOGY

Feminists have made important contributions to sociology, but we have yet to transform the basic conceptual frameworks of the field. A comparison of sociology with anthropology, history, and literature–disciplines which have been more deeply transformed–suggests factors that may facilitate or inhibit feminist paradigm shifts. The traditional subject matter of sociology fell into a co-optable middle ground, neither as thoroughly male centered as in history or literature, nor as deeply gendered as in anthropology. In addition, feminist perspectives have been contained in sociology by functionalist conceptualizations of gender, by the inclusion of gender as a variable rather than as a theoretical category, and by being ghettoized, especially in Marxist sociology. Feminist rethinking is also affected by underlying epistemologies (proceeding more rapidly in fields based on interpretive rather than positivist understanding), and by the status and nature of theory within a discipline.
A 130nm canary SRAM for SRAM dynamic write V MIN tracking across voltage, frequency, and temperature variations

With device scaling in bulk technologies, process variation increases and SRAM V MIN scaling faces a bottleneck. Using peripheral assist techniques, we can lower the V MIN at the cost of energy and area. However, the SRAM V MIN is highly dependent on voltage, temperature, and operating frequency fluctuations, which are hard to determine in real time. Prior work shows theoretically that canary SRAMs using reverse assist can track SRAM dynamic write V MIN . In this paper, we show the first silicon results of a working 512b canary SRAM using bitline and wordline type reverse assists in a 130nm bulk technology. It has distinct canary failure trends across voltage, frequency, and temperature variations to track an 8Kb SRAM's dynamic write V MIN .
A Partial List of Extension Publications on Recognition, Prevention and Control of Fungal Attack of Wood Products

In the area of wood products protection one of the greatest challenges facing the pathologist is not the discovery of new knowledge but the dissemination of existing knowledge. The fact that billions of dollars are spent every year repairing or replacing wood damaged by fungi bears strong witness to this, particularly when relatively cheap and effective methods are available for preventing decay.
Contractual Valuation Mechanisms and Corporate Law

"Legal valuation" - the resolution of disputes over the value of legal entitlements - is an inevitable aspect of any legal system. Across time and place and doctrinal boundaries, the problem is the same: each side seeks to have a self-servingly high or low figure assigned to the entitlement in question, and a mechanism is needed to choose a conclusive value from a range of plausible outcomes. Usually the mechanism involves litigation of some sort, such as a trial before a judge, jury, or hearing officer. But not always. This Article analyzes a transactional alternative to valuation litigation that has become increasingly popular: the contractual valuation mechanisms ("CVs") that sophisticated firms use to resolve anticipated valuation disputes. Various CVMs recently adopted by public firms are introduced, and two contrasting approaches to CVM enforcement found in recent case law are evaluated. One of these enforcement approaches, developed by a federal court applying New Jersey law, involves intrusive judicial review of CVM-generated outcomes. The other approach, that of Delaware, defers to whatever value the CVM produces. Widespread adoption of the intrusive approach would undermine the viability of CVMs as transactional alternatives to valuation litigation. The deferential approach is therefore a better way for courts to handle CVM-enforcement litigation. So long as intrusive enforcement remains a transactional risk, parties drafting a CVM are well advised to choose a deferential jurisdiction such as Delaware as the exclusive forum and source of law for the CVM's enforcement. A further protection would be for parties drafting CVMs to specify in the CVM itself the extent of judicial review desired. Parties wishing to limit judicial review may do so in this way, even in an intrusive jurisdiction. But also selecting a deferential jurisdiction's law and forum is an even safer course. The dynamics affecting choice of law and forum for CVMs in many ways resemble the conditions that led to Delaware's triumph in the jurisdictional competition for corporate charters.
Half-Lives of Sc 46 , Co 60 , Zn 65 , Ag 1 1 0 m , Cs 134 , and Eu 1 5 2 , 1 5 4

The half-lives of six gamma-emitting nuclides were determined by comparison with radium standards, using a lead-shielded ionization chamber. The following results were obtained: ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{46}$: 83.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12 days; ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$: 5.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 years; ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{65}$: 243.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 days; ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{110m}:252.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ days; ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$: 2.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 years; ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{152,154}$: 12.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 years. The errors quoted are twice the standard deviation calculated from a least-squares analysis.
Understanding arrays

Papers on general arrays, arrays of arrays, nested arrays, etc. have been in the literature since the early seventies. Many of these papers give readers the feeling that the subject is intricate and requires a large number of functions. Much of the problem was the lack of a notation for talking about such arrays. This paper will discuss a notation for arrays that contain arrays as items and show that the concept of such arrays is easy to comprehend.
The Spatial Coordinates of Pain

While it is clear that a person can have a pain in his knee, it is not at all clear how we should construe this fact. Do pains literally have spatial coordinates of their own just as splinters and marbles do? And, if pains can be located in parts of our bodies, why couldn't they sometimes be located elsewhere, perhaps across the room from us in a coffee cup or in a piece of furniture? In the following, I first critically examine two attractive but misguided theories of pain location, the Spatial Coordinate view and the Association view. I then propose a new view of pain location which seems more faithful to the facts. And, finally, exploiting insights derived from the new view, I attempt to explain why it seems absurd to think we could imagine having a pain other than in a part of the body.
Structure and Lewis-base reactivity of bicyclic low-valent germanium and tin complexes bridged by bis(diisopropylphosphino)amine

Abstract Lithium bis(diisopropylphosphino)amide LiN[P(i-Pr)2]2 reacts with SnCl2 or GeCl2·dioxane in the presence of excess n-BuLi to produce the bicyclic compounds {MN[P(i-Pr)2]2}2 (M = Sn, Ge) which feature Sn22+ or Ge22+ units bridged by phosphorus. When paired with B(C6F5)3 in THF, the Lewis-basic M22+ complexes participate in a THF ring-opening reaction. Quite surprisingly, in the absence of THF one para-F atom from B(C6F5)3 is activated and displaced to B while a new M–C bond is formed. Each of these complexes, as well as Cl2Sn{N[P(i-Pr)2]2}2 and {ClSnN[P(i-Pr)2]2}2 were characterized by a combination of multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
SPE: Security and Privacy Enhancement Framework for Mobile Devices

In this paper, we present a security and privacy enhancement (SPE) framework for unmodified mobile operating systems. SPE introduces a new layer between the application and the operating system and does not require a device be jailbroken or utilize a custom operating system. We utilize an existing ontology designed for enforcing security and privacy policies on mobile devices to build a policy that is customizable. Based on this policy, SPE provides enhancements to native controls that currently exist on the platform for privacy and security sensitive components. SPE allows access to these components in a way that allows the framework to ensure the application is truthful in its declared intent and ensure that the user’s policy is enforced. In our evaluation we verify the correctness of the framework and the computing impact on the device. Additionally, we discovered security and privacy issues in several open source applications by utilizing the SPE Framework. From our findings, if SPE is adopted by mobile operating systems producers, it would provide consumers and businesses the additional privacy and security controls they demand and allow users to be more aware of security and privacy issues with applications on their devices.
Distributed Clustering Algorithm for Network Data Based on MapReduce

Due to the high time and space complexity and physical machines out of memory,traditional clustering algorithms usually can not effectively analyze and deal with large data network.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a distributed clustering algorithm for network data based on MapReduce model.It adopts the theory of MRC theory to design limited round number of MapReduce to control the time in shuffle stage,and utilizes the Map inner merging technology to control network flow.It proposes an idea that if merge the intermediate results,only merge clusters and do not consider the internal nodes,which can control memory overhead.It utilizes the data sets generated by simulation to do experiment.Experimental results show that when the data size and cluster scale increases,the CAMR algorithm has good speedup ratio and scalability.
Effect of media and growth promoters on in vitro cultivation of normal murine urinary bladder epithelium.

Abstract Growth potential of normal murine epithelium was investigated by means of 3 culture media: RPMI 1640 with fetal calf serum, Dulbecco’s with fetal calf serum and McCoy’s with horse serum. The effect of 3 growth promoters was tested separately with each of the 3 media. A total of 886 explants were cultured from 129 murine bladders and epithelial outgrowth was obtained in 35.2 per cent. The growth medium 1640 with 20 per cent fetal calf serum and epithelial growth factor produced the most abundant outgrowth of explants. McCoy’s medium containing 15 per cent horse serum produced significantly lower outgrowth compared to the medium containing fetal calf serum (p
Using the Variable-Nearest Neighbor Method To Identify P-Glycoprotein Substrates and Inhibitors

Permeability glycoprotein (Pgp) is an essential membrane-bound transporter that efficiently extracts compounds from a cell. As such, it is a critical determinant of the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Multidrug resistance in cancer is often associated with overexpression of Pgp, which increases the efflux of chemotherapeutic agents from the cell. This, in turn, may prevent an effective treatment by reducing the effective intracellular concentrations of such agents. Consequently, identifying compounds that can either be transported out of the cell by Pgp (substrates) or impair Pgp function (inhibitors) is of great interest. Herein, using publically available data, we developed quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models of Pgp substrates and inhibitors. These models employed a variable-nearest neighbor (v-NN) method that calculated the structural similarity between molecules and hence possessed an applicability domain, that is, they used all nearest neighbors that met a minimum similari...