cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultradian rhythm of plasma norepinephrine in rats.

This study examined the possibility that laboratory rats exhibit ultradian plasma catecholamine rhythms. Four rats were prepared with chronic venous cannulas. After recovery, blood was sampled every 15 min for 8 h. Spectrum analysis revealed ultradian norepinephrine rhythms with spectral peaks around 80–90 min and around 40 min. However, no reliable ultradian rhythms were found for epinephrine. Ultradian norepinephrine rhythms appeared to be synchronized across three of the four rats, suggesting that the rhythm can be synchronized by some environmental stimulus. Thus, rats exhibit ultradian norepinephrine rhythms similar to those found in humans and in rhesus monkeys, indicating (a) that laboratory rats can be used to study the biological mechanisms of ultradian rhythms and (b) that ultradian oscillations of sympathetic function are a common property of mammalian systems.
Pharmacists' Roles in Post-September 11th Disasters: A Content Analysis of Pharmacy Literature.

Purpose:To characterize the roles pharmacists have assumed in disasters and clarify the types of roles and disasters that may be less well-documented in the pharmacy literature.Methods:This research examines how balanced or equally proportioned role categories are in the pharmacy literature, whether pharmacy journals differ in the proportion of role categories reported, and whether journals significantly differ in the proportion of reported chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN), and natural disasters. Data coding was performed solely by the lead author using Concordance (Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts), a Web-based content analysis software, and Minitab® (version 15; Minitab, Inc; State College, Pennsylvania) for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Pharmacy journals publishing at least 2 articles about pharmacist disaster roles from September 11, 2001 to September 30, 2011 were used in the study and were available electronically.Results:Chi-square analyses reveal s...
THE WIDENING WORLD OF FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT: COMMENTS ON FOUR MANUALS AND BEYOND

An escalating number of materials have been published recently on the topic of functional assessment and assessment-based behavioral interventions. We review four manuals that purport to provide practical guidance for conducting functional assessment. An examination of these manuals yields encouraging evidence that the field of behavioral support has made notable progress in adopting a functional (behavior-analytic) approach to unwanted behaviors. The content of the manuals, considered in the context of emerging perspectives in behavioral support, suggests a number of important issues and directions that should be addressed by future functional assessment research and practice. DESCRIPTORS: functional assessment, functional analysis
Grouping of many species each consumed by two parallel first-order reactions

The behavioral features of a mixture containing many species each of which participates in two competing parallel first-order reactions may deviate significantly from those of the individual species. For example, the grouped selectivity may depend on the conversion and attain up to N-2 extremal values where N is the number of the reactants in the mixture. The kinetics of the grouped species depends on the composition of the feed and can be of an unconventional functional form. The use of empirical grouped kinetics may lead to unexpected pitfalls. For example, grouped rate expressions based on experiments carried out in one reactor may not be adequate for predicting the behavior in a reactor with a different residence time distribution.
Diagnostic Value of Ultrasonic and Computed Tomographic Imaging in Infants with Hypotonia

Infants with hypotonia may have a variety of CNS lesions in addition to many metabolic and peripheral nervous system causes. This article will focus on the CNS causes of hypotonia that can be diagnosed with ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) (Table 1). Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are being used to evaluate the infant9s spinal cord directly, but the clinical significance of these evaluations is only now being defined. CHOICE OF MODALITY Specific types of lesions can be studied best with either computed tomography or ultrasound and these will be discussed in detail. In general, if either modality can identify the expected abnormality, ultrasound would be the method of choice because it is portable and less expensive, and it requires no sedation. Computed tomography will be the best modality for studying posttraumatic lesions because they are commonly peripherally located, eg, subdural or epidural hemorrhage. The amount of radiation exposure for a CT scan is similar to that for a routine skull series so that this should not be a constraint unless a large number of scans are being done serially. In these cases, ultrasound may substitute in many situations as long as the anterior fontanel is open. Equipment Limitations Using CT scans, the entire brain and skull of an infant can be evaluated.
Conserving digital art for deep time

Displaying digital art in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries is already proving to be a challenge. Exhibiting this same art in the distant future will depend upon new thinking and practices developed today by artists, conservators, and curators. Established software engineering methods for dealing with aging systems can provide a new model for the conservation of digital art, and a foundation for the enhancement of art-historical scholarship. Artists with an interest in a more refined approach to the programming that underpins their work will also be interested in software engineering concepts.
The 'American supply trail': Archaeological notes on the remains of the Ziegler polar expedition in Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, 1903-1905

Between 1898 and 1905, three American expeditions attempted to reach the geographical North Pole from the archipelago of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land] and each went to extraordinary and expensive lengths to stage their work. The third of these, the Ziegler polar expedition (1903–1905), led by Anthony Fiala and funded by the American baking soda tycoon William Ziegler, set up numerous camps and caches of supplies along its various expedition routes through the islands. The papers of Anton Vedoe and Ernest Leffingwell at the Rauner Special Collections Library at Dartmouth College reveal both the locations and contents of the caches Fiala ordered to be established in spring 1905, as he made his second and final attempt to reach the pole. These caches extend from the expedition base camp (Camp Abruzzi) at Bukhta Teplitsa [Teplitz Bay] on Ostrov Rudol'fa [Rudolf Island] to the main base of the preceding 1901–1902 Baldwin-Ziegler expedition (Camp Ziegler) on Ostrov Aldzher [Alger Island]. Little is known of the condition of these sites, especially the main cache site of Kane Lodge on Ostrov Grili [Greely Island]. As such, they hold the potential to provide new sources of archaeological data to study American polar ambitions at the turn of the 20th century. While these sites remain unexplored, increasing tourism in the islands necessitates informed planning and field research to establish the nature and stability of these remains so that they may be preserved and the potential effects of tourism mitigated.
Aging in Early Industrial Society: Work, Family, and Social Policy in Nineteenth‐Century England

Jill Quadagno 1982 Aging in Early Industrial Society: Work .Family, and Social Policy in Nineteenth-Century England. New York: Academic Press.
Nutrient Intake, Peripheral Edema, and Weight Change in Elderly Recuperative Care Patients

BACKGROUND It is unclear whether serial measures of body weight are valid indicators of nutritional status in older patients recovering from illness. Objectives. Investigate the relative influence of nutrient intake and changes in peripheral edema on weight change. METHODS A prospective cohort study of 404 older men (mean age = 78.7±7.5 years) admitted to a transitional care unit of a Department of Veterans Affairs nursing home. Body weight and several indicators of lower extremity edema were measured at both unit admission and discharge. Complete nutrient intake assessments were performed daily. RESULTS Over a median length of stay of 23 days (interquartile range: 15-41 days), 216 (53%) participants gained or lost more than or equal to 2.5% of their body weight. Two hundred eighty-two (70%) participants had recognizable lower extremity pitting edema at admission and/or discharge. The amount of weight change was strongly and positively correlated with multiple indicators of both nutrient intake and the change in the amount of peripheral edema. By multivariable analysis, the strongest predictor of weight change was maximal calf circumference change (partial R (2) = .35, p < .0001), followed by average daily energy intake (partial R (2) = .14, p < .0001), and the interaction of energy intake by time (partial R (2) = .02, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Many older patients either gain or lose a significant amount of weight after admission to a transitional care unit. Because of the apparent high prevalence of co-occurring changes in total body water, the weight changes do not necessarily represent changes in nutritional status. Although repeat calf circumference measurements may provide some indication as to how much of the weight change is due to changes in body water, there is currently no viable alternative to monitoring the nutrient intake of older recuperative care patients in order to ensure that their nutrient needs are being met.
The dorsal axial musculature of certain primitive permian tetrapods

The development of the dorsal axial musculature is traced from Eryops, through Diadectes, to Dimetrodon. lguana, a modern form, is used for comparison. The axial muscles of a primitive form, such as Eryops, were thick, fleshy, and metameric; those of more advanced types, such as Dimetrodon, were light, highly tendinous, and largely unsegmented. Diadectes represents an intermediate stage. The changes in the muscles and related changes in the axial skeleton are closelyassociated with the development of active, terrestrial animals.
LIBERALISM, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, AND THE LIMITS OF MARKETS

This paper points to a lost and ignored strand of argument in the writings of liberalism's earliest defenders. These “classical” liberals recognized that market liberty was not always compatible with individual liberty. In particular, they argued that labor markets required intervention and regulation if workers were not to be wholly subjugated to the power of their employers. Functioning capitalist labor markets (along with functioning credit markets) are not “natural” outgrowths of exchange, but achievements hard won in the battle against feudalism. Further, and crucially, the existence of such markets required closing off other market choices.
Atmospheric models for over-ocean propagation loss

Humidity over the ocean tends to be higher than over land, and long-range links at frequencies above 10 GHz may experience large propagation loss due to atmospheric absorption. When high link reliability is required, the log-normal assumption used to estimate power margins from the loss mean and standard deviation is not accurate. To solve these problems, a set of atmospheric models has been developed from radiosonde profiles collected along the Atlantic coast of the US. The large quantity of radiosonde data available was used to identify radiosonde profiles that occur with specified probabilities at different times of year and locations. The result was used to estimate high-reliability SHF/EHF air-to-surface radio link performance in a maritime environment.
Efficient Data Model Verification with Many-Sorted Logic (T)

Misuse or loss of web application data can have catastrophic consequences in today's Internet oriented world. Hence, verification of web application data models is of paramount importance. We have developed a framework for verification of web application data models via translation to First Order Logic (FOL), followed by automated theorem proving. Due to the undecidability of FOL, this automated approach does not always produce a conclusive answer. In this paper, we investigate the use of many-sorted logic in data model verification in order to improve the effectiveness of this approach. Many-sorted logic allows us to specify type information explicitly, thus lightening the burden of reasoning about type information during theorem proving. Our experiments demonstrate that using many-sorted logic improves the verification performance significantly, and completely eliminates inconclusive results in all cases over 7 real world web applications, down from an 17% inconclusive rate.
Editors’ Comments: “What I Know Now That I Wish I Knew Then”—Teaching Theory and Theory Building

The article offers the authors' insight on the challenges face by doctoral students and junior faculty in management research, teaching theory and theory building, along with methods for reading and teaching theory and theory building. Topics discussed include a study on the use of syllabi in doctoral classes, the learning activities for theory and theory building, and exploring and evaluating theory
Cultural Practices Affect Root-Feeding White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Turfgrass

Cultural practices were manipulated before or during seasonal flights of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and masked chafers, Cyclocephala spp., to study effects on grub densities in tall fescue or Kentucky bluegrass turf. Masked chafer grubs were consistently smaller and less abundant in turf that had been treated with aluminum sulfate to reduce soil pH and in high-mown turf. High mowing or application of aluminum sulfate before beetle flights reduced total biomass of white grubs in tall fescue by as much as 55 and 77%, respectively. However, where spatial gradients in soil moisture occur, the positive response of grub populations to moisture may override effects of those treatments. Grub densities were not affected by spring applications of lime or urea or by aerification of plots before beetle flights. Plots that were irrigated during beetle flights incurred significantly higher densities of both P. japonica and Cyclocephala spp. grubs than did nonirrigated turf. The use of a 2,247- kg roller to compact the soil before beetle flights did not affect subsequent grub populations, and the roller was not effective for remedial control of 3rd instars in the fall. Application of organic fertilizers (composted cow manure or activated sewage sludge) resulted in significant increases in grubs of green June beetle, Cotinis nitida L., in 1 of 2 yr. Cultural practices may have general or species-specific effects on densities of white grubs. This study suggests that witllolding irrigation during peak flight of beetles, raising cutting height, and light application of aluminum sulfate in spring may help to reduce the severity of subsequent grub infestations.
STUDIES IN THE LICHEN FAMILY PHYSCIACEAE. VII. THE NEW GENUS PHYSCIELLA

Physciella, a new genus in the lichen family Physciaceae, is described and compared to its closest relatives. A combination of characters, including its prosoplectenchymatous, pale lower cortex, its lack of atranorin in the upper cortex, and its short, ellipsoid conidia, distinguish it from Physcia and Phaeophyscia. Four species, Ph. chloantha, Ph. denigrata, Ph. melanchra, and Ph. nepalensis are currently placed in the new genus.
Direct Synthesis of Trialk(ar)yl Phosphites and Trialk(ar)yl Trithiophosphites from Elemental Phosphorus.

In the presence of an excess of triethylamine title compounds such as (III) can be produced in good yields by treating elemental phosphorus (I) with alcohols or thiols (II) and CCl4 (in molar ratio 1:12:6) in dipolar-aprotic solvents.
A discrete component low-noise preamplifier readout for a linear (1×16) SiC photodiode array

Abstract A compact, low-noise and inexpensive preamplifier circuit has been designed and fabricated to optimally readout a common cathode (1×16) channel 4H-SiC Schottky photodiode array for use in ultraviolet experiments. The readout uses an operational amplifier with 10 pF capacitor in the feedback loop in parallel with a low leakage switch for each of the channels. This circuit configuration allows for reiterative sample, integrate and reset. A sampling technique is given to remove Johnson noise, enabling a femtoampere level readout noise performance. Commercial-off-the-shelf acquisition electronics are used to digitize the preamplifier analog signals. The data logging acquisition electronics has a different integration circuit, which allows the bandwidth and gain to be independently adjusted. Using this readout, photoresponse measurements across the array between spectral wavelengths 200 nm and 370 nm are made to establish the array pixels external quantum efficiency, current responsivity and noise equivalent power.
Perceived entrepreneurial munificence and entrepreneurial intentions: A social cognitive perspective:

Adopting a social cognitive theory perspective, this article examines the factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions through the interaction between cognitive factors and perceived environmental munificence. Specifically, it introduces and demonstrates that the effect of one’s perceived ability to become an entrepreneur on the intention to engage in such a behaviour is contingent upon the perception of an environment rich in entrepreneurial munificence, in this case, within an incubator setting. Perceived entrepreneurial munificence also helps strengthen the relationship between risk-taking propensity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Results and implications for future research on entrepreneurial intentions at the interface between cognitive and environmental factors are discussed.
Conscience and Civilization: Death and Alienation in Mark Twain

Few American writers have received both the critical and popular acclaim of Mark Twain. For many Twain is the ultimate American. He seems to personify American values, humor and consciousness. His heroes — Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, ‘Nigger’ Jim, Hank Morgan — are prototypical Americans. They are more than literary characters and figures; they have become national types, representatives of American culture and character. Yet, few writers better represent also the fragmentation, disunity and alienation at the heart of the American experience. Few novels more clearly manifest the dialog between desire and consensus than The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) in the form of a young boy’s abandonment and alienation, and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) in the attacks of the conscience upon the hope for peace and contentment. In both novels the unconscious runs rampant, as incorrigible and unpredictable as Twain himself.
What Men Say, What Women Hear: Finding Gender-Specific Meaning Shades

The authors examine the problem of gender discrimination and attempt to move beyond the typical surface-level text classification approach by identifying differences between genders in the ways they use the same words. They present several experiments using data from a large collection of blogs authored by men and women, and they report results for a new task of "gender-based word disambiguation" for a set of over 350 words.
Six-Minute Walk Test As a Measure of Functional Change after Chemotherapy in Cardiac AL Amyloidosis

Background: Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is characterized by tissue deposition of misfolded proteins that cause multisystem organ dysfunction. Current treatments, including chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT), target plasma cells producing pathogenic amyloid proteins. The development of amyloid protein targeted monoclonal antibody therapy has led to an increased need for objective measurements of clinical response. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) has been used for years as the primary outcome measure to monitor disease severity in clinical trials of heart failure (HF). For example, HF trials with cardiac devices MIRACLE (Abraham, 2002) and MUSTIC (Cazeau, 2001) demonstrated important therapeutic effects based on an improved 6MWT distance of 39 meters and a change of 23%, respectively. These findings, in conjunction with improvement in other markers of disease activity, lead to approval of cardiac resynchronization for the management of HF. Our primary objective was to determine the impact of chemotherapy on changes in 6MWT in patients with AL cardiac amyloid and correlate these changes with cardiac biomarkers. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of 22 AL amyloid patients with cardiac involvement. Subjects performed 6MWT at diagnosis and at the end of planned initial chemotherapy. All patients received bortezomib (B)-based chemotherapy. About half received chemotherapy alone (45%) and the others received B-based induction chemotherapy followed by AHCT (55%). To identify factors associated with changes in 6MWT, we analyzed cardiac response and changes in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, troponin I, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF). Cardiac response was defined as BNP decrease of 30% or NYHA class decrease ≥ 2 in subjects with baseline NYHA class 3 or 4 (adapted from Comenzo, 2012). Results: At baseline, 59% (n=13) of patients were modified AL amyloid cardiac stage I/II and 41% (n=9) stage III. The median percent change in 6MWT was an increase in 26.5% with a median change of 90 meters (range, -120 to 365), p By multivariate analysis, patients with a cardiac response had significantly better improvement in 6MWT disease compared with patients without cardiac response (p=0.02). A cardiac response was associated with a median increase of 170 meters of distance traveled by 6MWT when compared with patients having no cardiac response. All other variables tested were not statistically significant. Conclusion: In AL amyloid patients with cardiac involvement, the 6MWT can be used as an objective marker of functional improvement complementing biochemical and imaging parameters of response. Furthermore, treatment of cardiac amyloidosis with contemporary standard regimens has a major impact on the disease process by a number of objective parameters. Patients experiencing a cardiac response had substantial improvements in 6MWT. The 6MWT should be incorporated in trials of patients with cardiac amyloid. Disclosures Cornell: Prothena: Research Funding.
Establishment of Personalized Pain Goals in Oncology Patients to Improve Care and Decrease Costs

Purpose:Cancer-related pain is common, negatively affects quality of life and survival, and often requires treatment with opioid analgesics. Patient-reported data that describe the incidence and severity of pain, medication use, and patient satisfaction with care are lacking.Methods:We analyzed 18 months of outpatient oncology clinic encounters from the electronic medical record to obtain data on pain levels and opioid and nonopioid treatments. In June 2014, we instituted a pain intervention by creating a pain management information handout for patients, educating clinicians on opioid cost-effectiveness, and implementing a nursing protocol to document personalized pain goals (PPGs).Results:Moderate to severe pain was reported in nearly 15% of patient encounters. We observed an increase in the percentage of encounters with a documented PPG of 16% to 71% (P < .001). On average, PPG was achieved in 84% of patients. Rates of high-cost long-acting opioid prescriptions (oxycodone controlled release and fentanyl...
Is left atrial appendage isolation a pyrrhic victory in the effort to treat atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) in the majority of people is a chronic disorder that results in progressive scarring and fibrosis of the atrium (1). Since AF often reflects a long-term vascular disease state driven by obesity, sleep apnea, hypertension, and diabetes, drivers of progressive fibrosis often persistent even after starting rhythm control therapies (2).
Time series evaluation of landscape dynamics using annual Landsat imagery and spatial statistical modeling: Evidence from the Phoenix metropolitan region

Abstract Urbanization is a natural and social process involving simultaneous changes to the Earth’s land systems, energy flow, demographics, and the economy. Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization is increasingly important for policy formulation, decision making, and natural resource management. A combination of satellite remote sensing and patch-based models has been widely adopted to characterize landscape changes at various spatial and temporal scales. Nevertheless, the validity of this type of framework in identifying long-term changes, especially subtle or gradual land modifications is seriously challenged. In this paper, we integrate annual image time series, continuous spatial indices, and non-parametric trend analysis into a spatiotemporal study of landscape dynamics over the Phoenix metropolitan area from 1991 to 2010. We harness local indicators of spatial dependence and modified Mann-Kendall test to describe the monotonic trends in the quantity and spatial arrangement of two important land use land cover types: vegetation and built-up areas. Results suggest that declines in vegetation and increases in built-up areas are the two prevalent types of changes across the region. Vegetation increases mostly occur at the outskirts where new residential areas are developed from natural desert. A sizable proportion of vegetation declines and built-up increases are seen in the central and southeast part. Extensive land conversion from agricultural fields into urban land use is one important driver of vegetation declines. The xeriscaping practice also contributes to part of vegetation loss and an increasingly heterogeneous landscape. The quantitative framework proposed in this study provides a pathway to effective landscape mapping and change monitoring from a spatial statistical perspective.
A Narrative Review: Actigraphy as an Objective Assessment of Perioperative Sleep and Activity in Pediatric Patients

Sleep is an important component of pediatric health and is crucial for cognitive development. Actigraphy is a validated, objective tool to capture sleep and movement data that is increasingly being used in the perioperative context. The aim of this review is to present recent pediatric studies that utilized actigraphy in the perioperative period, highlight gaps in the literature, and provide recommendations for future research. A literature search was completed using OVID and PubMed databases and articles were selected for inclusion based on relevance to the topic. The literature search resulted in 13 papers that utilized actigraphic measures. Results of the review demonstrated that actigraphy has been used to identify predictors and risk factors for poor postoperative sleep, examine associations among perioperative pain and sleep patterns, and assess activity and energy expenditure in both inpatient and outpatient settings. We propose expansion of actigraphy research to include assessment of sleep via actigraphy to: predict functional recovery in pediatric populations, to study postoperative sleep in high-risk pediatric patients, to test the efficacy of perioperative interventions, and to assess outcomes in special populations for which self-report data on sleep and activity is difficult to obtain.
Rape by Any Other Name: Mapping the Feminist Legal Discourse Regarding Rape in Conflict Onto Transitional Justice in Cambodia

The Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia (ECCC), set up to prosecute crimes of the Khmer Rouge, has held that only rape in the context of forced marriage comes within the court’s jurisdiction, leaving the victims of all other instances of rape committed by Khmer Rouge forces without redress. Through the ECCC’s jurisprudence, women who suffered sexual violence under the Khmer Rouge have been dichotomized into two groups: women raped inside of forced marriages, and women raped outside of this context. This paper argues that this narrow construction of rape within the Court’s jurisdiction results, in part, from the problematic and highly politicized constructions of rape in international law in recent decades. Framed through the Cambodian case law and drawing on analysis of international jurisprudence, such as that of the ICTY and ICTR, this paper explores how feminist approaches to prosecuting rape in conflict have led to unintended consequences in international law. Despite progress being made so that rape can finally be recognized as a crime against humanity in and of itself, international tribunals often still choose to prosecute rape as another offence: as torture, as genocide, as sexual slavery – not rape qua rape. This necessitates further exploration of the role of gender within rape, and within international law, which this paper undertakes by analyzing existing divergent theories on the harms of rape. This paper argues for a revised conceptualization of rape: reconciliation between rape qua rape and rape as constitutive of crimes such as torture and genocide.
Solution-Processed Copper Arsenic Sulfide Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

The first copper arsenic sulfide (Cu3AsS4) thin films with densely-packed micron-sized grains are synthesized by heating nanoparticles in As2S5. XRD demonstrates conversion of tetragonal Cu3AsS4 nanoparticles to their orthorhombic polymorph, and Raman spectroscopy indicates the presence of an amorphous secondary phase. These films display promise for photovoltaic applications.
Resistivity of copper interconnects at 28 nm pitch and copper cross-sectional area below 100 nm 2

The resistivity of damascene Cu is measured at cross-sectional area as low as 95 nm2. The impact of aspect ratio and line edge roughness on resistivity is investigated. Kelvin resistance test structures are demonstrated with 28 nm pitch wires patterned by directed self-assembly of lamellar block copolymers. The effective resistivity of TaN/Ta/Cu wires is compared with alternative metals.
Relationship between Homocysteine and Muscle Strength Decline: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Background Decreased muscle strength is strongly associated with future mobility limitations in older adults. Homocysteine is a risk factor for vascular disease and may exacerbate muscle strength decline. The present study aimed to examine the association between homocysteine levels and muscle strength in adults aged 50 years or older. Methods Data were from 1,101 participants of The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging between December 2004 and March 2015. Muscle strength was measured using grip strength. Mixed effects linear regression was used to estimate the association between homocysteine and muscle strength in men and women, separately. Results Total mean follow-up time was 4.7 ± 3.1 years, range from 0 to 10.1 years. Baseline mean grip strength was 39.9 kg for men and 25.5 kg for women. Grip strength declined over the follow-up time for both men and women. Among women, there was a significant inverse relationship between homocysteine and grip strength, where grip strength declined as a function of increasing homocysteine over time (β = -0.05, p = .031). Among men, an increase of 1 μmol/L in homocysteine was associated with -0.10 kg decrease in grip strength, though not significantly. Conclusions In this study of healthy older adults aged 50 years or older, higher homocysteine was related to lower muscle strength in women. This is the first study to characterize the relationship over a long follow-up period. Future research should focus on assessing homocysteine as a marker of physical function decline and translating the relationship into clinical and public health practice.
Interpretations of Online Anonymity in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous

How do individuals in twelve-step fellowships like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) interpret and enact "anonymity?" In this paper, we answer this question through a mixed-methods investigation. Through secondary analysis of interview data from 26 participants and an online questionnaire (N=285) we found three major interpretations of anonymity among AA and NA members: "unidentifiability," "social contract," and "program over individual." While unidentifiability has been the focus of computing investigations, the other interpretations provide a significant and novel lens on anonymity. To understand how and when the unidentifiability interpretation was most likely to be enacted, we conducted a quantitative analysis of traces of activity in a large online recovery community. We observed that members were less likely to enact "unidentifiability" if they were more connected to the particular community and had more time in recovery. We provide implications for future research on context-specific anonymity and implications for design in online recovery spaces and similar sensitive contexts.
Optimizing Mastery Learning Environments: A New Approach to Deliberate Practice for Simulation‐based Learning

Background Deliberate practice (DP) is a method of mastery learning widely used in healthcare education. Investigations into improved mastery learning environments are important as we move to competency-based educational models. The objective of this pilot project is to create and test the feasibility of a simulation-based learning methodology based on close adherence to the tenants of DP for the acquisition of mastery knowledge. Methods We created a new methodology for simulation-based mastery learning modules after review of the tenants of DP. A module was constructed to highlight important aspects of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) management in accordance with current American Heart Association practice guidelines and underwent expert review. Ten emergency medicine interns completed the module as part of the pilot. The number of case attempts, critical actions completed, and time to cardioversion of unstable patients were recorded. Resident confidence was reported before and several months after the module via survey instrument. Results Six cases of patients presenting with SVT were created and critical actions were defined. Cases were ordered in increasing difficulty to form a module in which learners were placed immediately into more complex contexts to practice the skill of SVT management with feedback provided between each case attempt. Residents averaged 2.5 attempts to complete case one. All completed case six on first attempt. All residents completed the six cases within the 2-hour module. Time to cardioversion decreased significantly on repetitive practice. Increased resident confidence in several areas of SVT management was maintained several months postintervention. Conclusion The best methods for the use of DP to encourage mastery learning have not been well defined. Participation in our pilot case increased novice trainee performance and confidence in the management of SVT. Several challenges inherent in testing mastery knowledge acquisition were encountered and will inform future study of this new educational strategy.
The Contemporary American Jury

The contemporary American jury is more inclusive than ever before, although multiple obstacles continue to make racial and ethnic representation a work in progress. Drastic contraction has also occ...
An intriguing controversy over protein structural class prediction.

A recent report by Bahar et al. [(1997), Proteins 29, 172–185] indicates that the coupling effects among different amino acid components as originally formulated by K. C. Chou [(1995), Proteins 21, 319–344] are important for improving the prediction of protein structural classes. These authors have further proposed a compact lattice model to illuminate the physical insight contained in the component-coupled algorithm. However, a completely opposite result was concluded by Eisenhaber et al. [(1996), Proteins 25, 169–179], using a different dataset constructed according to their definition. To address such an intriguing controversy, tests were conducted by various approaches for the datasets from an objective database, the SCOP database [Murzin et al. (1995), J. Mol. Biol. 247, 536–540]. The results obtained by both self-consistency and jackknife tests indicate that the overall rates of correct prediction by the algorithm incorporating the coupling effect among different amino acid components are significantly higher than those by the algorithms without counting such an effect. This is fully consistent with the physical reality that the folding of a protein is the result of a collective interaction among its constituent amino acid residues, and hence the coupling effects of different amino acid components must be incorporated in order to improve the prediction quality. It was found by a revisiting the calculation procedures by Eisenhaber et al. that there was a conceptual mistake in constructing the structural class datasets and a systematic mistake in applying the component-coupled algorithm. These findings are informative for understanding and utilizing the component-coupled algorithm to study the structural classes of proteins.
Decision Making With Imaging in Asymptomatic Aortic Regurgitation.

AbstractThe authors review the optimal sequence of multimodality imaging studies in patients with chronic asymptomatic aortic regurgitation (AR). The initial questions in evaluating such patients a...
Kinetic Theory for Molecules

The Boltzmann equation discussed in Chap. 4 is the fundamental kinetic equation for the transport and reaction of atomic ions through atomic gases.
Contingency's Causality and Structural Diversity

What is the relationship between evolutionary contingency and diversity? The evolutionary contingency thesis emphasizes dependency relations and chance as the hallmarks of evolution. While contingency can be destructive of, for example, the fragile and complex dynamics in an ecosystem, I will mainly focus on the productive or causal aspect of contingency for a particular sort of diversity. There are many sorts of diversities: Gould is most famous for his diversity-to-decimation model, which includes disparate body plans distinguishing different phyla. However, structural diversity construed more broadly spans scales, such as organization in and among cells, structural arrangements and biomechanics on various scales, and even the profile of ancestor-descendent relationships or community structure of interactions within ecosystems. By focusing on stochastic processes in contingent evolution, I argue that contingency causes structural diversity. Specifically, I focus on the plurality of structural types of cells, genetic codes, and phyla diversity as case studies.
A phase I study of high-dose BCNU, etoposide and escalating-dose thiotepa (BTE) with hematopoietic progenitor cell support in adults with recurrent and high-risk brain tumors.

This phase I dose-escalation study was performed to determine the tolerability of three-drug combination high-dose BCNU (B) (450 mg/m2), escalating-dose thiotepa (500–800 mg/m2) and etoposide (1200 mg/m2) in divided doses over four days in 22 adults with malignant primary brain tumors. Patients received G-CSF and hematopoeitic support with peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) (n=18) or both PBPC and marrow (n=4). The maximum tolerated dose of thiotepa with acceptable toxicity was determined as 800 mg/m2. The 100-day mortality rate was 9% (2/22). Grade III/IV toxicities included mucositis (71%), diarrhea (29%), nausea/vomiting (19%), and hepatic toxicity (14%). Neurological toxicities occurred in 24% and included seizures (two patients) and encephalopathy (three patients). Encephalopathy was transient in two patients and progressive in one patient. All patients had neutropenic fever. Median time to engraftment with absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >0.5×109/l was 10 days (range 8–30 days). Platelet engraftment >20×109/l occurred after 11 days (range 9–65 days). In the eighteen patients supported solely with PBPC, there was a significant inverse correlation between CD34+ dose and days to ANC (rho=−0.78, p=0.001) and platelet engraftment (rho=−0.76, p=0.002). Overall, 11% of evaluable patients (2/18) had a complete response to BTE. Median time to tumor progression (TTP) was 9 months, with an overall median survival of 17 months. BCNU (450 mg/m2), thiotepa (800 mg/m2) and etoposide (1200 mg/m2) in divided doses over four days is a tolerable combination HDC regimen, the efficacy of which warrants further investigation in adults with optimally resected chemoresponsive brain tumors.
Penerapan Teori Belajar Van Hiele Berbantuan Geogebra untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Siswa

Teori belajar Van Hiele menjelaskan tingkatan berpikir anak dalam memahami konsep geometri. Penggunaan GeoGebra dalam penerapan teori belajar Van Hiele untuk membantu siswa dalam memahami konsep-konsep geometri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peningkatan kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa dengan menggunakan penerapan teori belajar Van Hiele berbantuan Geogebra.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian Pretest and Postest Group. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah siswa SMP kelas VIII di Kabupaten Cianjur. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran dengan penerapan teori belajar Van Hiele berbantuan Geogebra lebih baik daripada kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran ekspositori. Rata-rata peningkatan kemampuan penalaran matematis kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi daripada kelas kontrol. Sikap siswa positif terhadap penerapan teori belajar Van Hiele berbantuan Geogebra Kata Kunci: Penalaran Matematis, Teori Belajar Van Hiele, GeoGebra
Histomoniasis outbreaks in commercial turkeys in the southeastern United States: Proximity of broiler breeder farms as a potential risk factor in disease development

Summary Histomoniasis, an infectious disease of turkeys and other gallinaceous birds, has significant impacts on the health and welfare of infected turkey flocks. No preventatives or treatments for the disease are available. In the current study, the proximity of broiler breeder farms as a potential risk factor for histomoniasis in grow-out tom flocks was assessed using 2015 retrospective data provided by a commercial turkey integrator located in North and South Carolina. Company grow-out tom farms were grouped into potential “at risk” categories based on distance from broiler breeder farms. Presence of a broiler breeder flock within 1 mile of a grow-out tom farm placed that tom farm at a higher relative risk (RR) (RR = 3.45; 95% CI = 1.7519–6.8121; P-value = 0.0196) for occurrence of histomoniasis. There was no increased RR of histomoniasis at tom farms in distance categories beyond 1 mile from a broiler breeder flock. These results are consistent with variable transmission of Heterakis eggs harboring Histomonas from broiler breeder houses to susceptible turkey farms based on distance between farms.
A bitter brew: coffee and labor in Japanese Brazilian immigrant literature

Transoceanic passage brought nearly 189,000 immigrants from Japan to Brazil between 1908 and 1941. They were often geographically isolated in Japanese “colonies” as coffee plantation workers and thus able to maintain their Japanese linguistic and cultural identity. A new imagined community coalesced in the several Japanese-language immigrant newspapers that also published locally produced serial fiction. This paper reads two representative works by Sugi Takeo, pen name of Takei Makoto (1909-2011), who was a prolific contributor of original content to the Burajiru Jiho newspaper. In the short stories, “Kafe-en o uru” (Selling the coffee plantation, 1933) and “Tera Roshya” (Terra rossa, 1937), it is the moonshine sellers who see steady profits from every race and type of immigrant laborer while the Japanese newcomers who naively dream of riches by bringing coffee to market reap only a bitter brew of poverty for their efforts.
TCT-431 Socioeconomic disparities in access for Watchman device insertion in patients with atrial fibrillation and at elevated risk of bleeding.

Socioeconomic disparities exist in patient access to advanced cardiac therapies. We sought to investigate if there were any socioeconomic or racial disparities among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), at elevated thromboembolic risk, and with contraindication to anticoagulation who were
Elimination of Intravenous Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate Exposure Abrogates Most Neonatal Hypertension in Premature Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

(1) Background: The incidence of hypertension in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants in a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) dropped markedly during a 2-year period when the IV fluid (IVF) in both the antenatal unit and the NICU temporarily changed to a di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)-free formulation. The objective of the current report is to document this observation and demonstrate the changes in incidence of hypertension were not associated with the variation in risk factors for hypertension; (2) Methods: The charts of all VLBW infants born in a single NICU during a 7-year span were reviewed. This time includes 32 months of baseline, 20 months of DEHP-free IVF, 20 months of IVF DEHP re-exposure, and two 4-month washout intervals. The group of interest was limited to VLBW infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Chi-square analysis was used to compare incidence of hypertension among periods. Vermont Oxford NICU Registry data were examined for variation in maternal and neonatal risk factors for hypertension; Results: Incidence of hypertension in VLBW infants with BPD decreased from 7.7% (baseline) to 1.4% when IVF was DEHP-free, rising back to 10.1% when DEHP-containing IVF returned to use. Risk factors for neonatal hypertension were stable across the 3 study periods in the NICU’s group of VLBW infants; (3) Conclusions: Serendipitous removal of IVF containing DEHP resulted in near elimination of hypertension in one NICU—an effect entirely reversed after the same brand of DEHP-containing IVF returned to clinical use. These results suggest that DEHP exposure from IVF plays a major role in neonatal hypertension.
Understanding Latino Boys’ Motivation to Pursue STEM while Navigating School Inequalities

Latino boys’ motivational beliefs in STEM remain under-examined in the literature, especially during middle school when building a strong STEM trajectory is critical for future success in STEM. The...
Constructing disagreement space: Talk show host’s actions

Abstract The study is a single case analysis and explores how disagreement space is constructed in a dialogue that addresses language ideology and identity issues in Belarus. Disagreement space is understood as a set of the interactant’s commitments, beliefs, intentions that can be reconstructed from their actions and “called out” by another participant (Jackson 1992). The interactional data includes the video-recording of the debate that was devoted to the issue whether Belarusian should be the only official language of Belarus. While two opponents are dominating parties in this debate, the host also plays an important role in this argumentative activity. The current study examines the host’s actions to shape disagreement space and argues that the host should be viewed as a valid party in a multi-party argumentative activity.