cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Throughput Screening of Vapor Selectivity of Multisize CdSe Nanocrystal/Polymer Composite Films

We have achieved selective gas sensing based on different size semiconductor nanocrystals incorporated into rationally selected polymer matrices. From the high-throughput screening experiments, we have found that when CdSe nanocrystals of different size (2.8 and 5.6 nm diameter) were incorporated into different types of polymer films, the photoluminescence (PL) response patterns upon laser excitation at 407-nm and exposure to polar and nonpolar solvent vapors were dependent on the nature of polymer. We analyzed the spectral PL response from both sizes of CdSe nanocrystals using multivariate analysis tools. Results of this multivariate analysis demonstrate that a single film with different size CdSe nanocrystals serves as a selective sensor. The stability of PL response to vapors was evaluated upon 16 h of continuous exposure to laser excitation.
Implementation of a stationary Hadamard transform spectrometer with a DSP56001 digital signal processor

Stationary Hadamard transform (HT) spectrometry provides a means of measuring the intensity of light from multiple wavelengths using a single detector and a stationary electrooptic mask. A block diagram of a simple stationary HT spectrometer is presented and some of the associated problems are discussed. An implementation based on the Motorola DSP56001 digital signal processor is described and then compares to an earlier realization. The completion times of representative tasks (those completed each encodement cycle) are compared. The results show that the mask settling time is the dominant factor in the speed of the DSP-based system. >
Automated Measurement of Urinary Iodine

We describe a simplified, automated method for screening urinary iodine. Digestion with strong acid is avoided by dialyzing urine and then directly analyzing iodine in the dialysate with the ceric ion—arsenious acid system. This method is particularly useful for analyzing large numbers of samples without loss in precision. Urinary iodine excretions are reported for 1224 children 1 to 6 years of age.
A U.S. survey of patients with Parkinson's disease: Satisfaction with medical care and support groups†

Relatively little is known about patient satisfaction with Parkinson's disease (PD) care and the use of support groups in the United States. We surveyed members of the Muhammad Ali Parkinson's Disease Registry to assess satisfaction with medical care and to evaluate support group use. Satisfaction was measured on a 5-point Likert scale, with high satisfaction defined as a four or five. We used multiple logistic regression to identify factors associated with high satisfaction and support group use. The response rate was 38% (726 of 1923). Most (57%) expressed high satisfaction with PD care. Individuals were most satisfied with the time their provider spent with them (61%) and PD education (56%) but least satisfied with prognostic information (35%) and information about non-drug interventions (28%). Patients seeing a PD specialist were three times more satisfied with their care than those seeing a general neurologist (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.92-4.71; P < 0.0001). Support group use is common, and 61% of survey respondents had attended one at any point. Caucasian race (OR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.45-5.61), PD duration (OR = 1.05 per year, CI: 1.01-1.10), and PD specialist care (OR = 1.80, CI: 1.16-2.77) were associated with greater support group attendance. Overall, 49% reported high satisfaction with their support group. The greatest concerns were specific needs not being addressed (15%) and insufficient expertise within the group (14%). Most individuals with Parkinson's disease expressed high levels of satisfaction, especially with specialist care. Specialty care and improved education, in the clinic or through support groups, may enhance satisfaction and health care quality.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN RESPONSES OF NORTHERN ELEPHANT AND PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS NATURALLY INFECTED WITH OTOSTRONGYLUS CIRCUMLITUS

Immunoglobulin (Ig) binding patterns of Pacific harbor seals (PHS, Phoca vitulina richardsi) and northern elephant seals (NES, Mirounga angustirostris) to tissues of adult Otostrongylus circumlitus were examined by immunoblotting to investigate the role of age in the unusual response of juvenile NES to infection with O. circumlitus. Serum was taken from NES between March 1997 and March 2001 and from PHS between May 1996 and August 1999. The serum of seals infected with O. circumlitus contained antibodies that bound to all nematode tissues examined. Intensity of band staining on Western blots suggested that there were higher levels of antibody recognizing the excretory-secretory (ES) glands in the serum of NES that were 1 yr and older and in the majority of PHS compared with that in 2- to 9-mo-old NES. All juvenile NES infected with O. circumlitus and a proportion of the PHS and older NES infected with O. circumlitus contained Ig specific to a 28 kDa protein band that was dominant in the female reproductive tract of the nematode. The Ig binding patterns of NES and PHS to adult Parafilaroides sp., larval Pseudoterranova sp., and larval and adult Anisakis sp. differed sufficiently from that of O. circumlitus that immunoblotting for the 28 kDa protein could be useful for diagnosis of this parasite in juvenile NES. The banding patterns suggest that O. circumlitus nematodes die and disintegrate in PHS and NES and that NES of 1 yr and older and most PHS respond differently to the ES glands than 2- to 9-mo-old NES.
From Digits to Diagrams: Using Infographics to Inform Database Retention and Cancellation Decisions

This paper describes a poster presentation about how Ithaca College librarians used an infographic displaying the relationships among databases to make retention and cancellation decisions for the 2013–2014 fiscal year. The diagram, which was created to help selectors more easily understand how canceling one database would affect subscriptions to other databases, also shows the impact of the resources’ interconnectedness on cost. A modified sample of the illustration is reproduced in this report. Design considerations and the tools used to create the image will also be discussed.
Analysis of Ritodrine in Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

A sensitive and specific assay for ritodrine in serum was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Serum samples were alkalinized to pH 9.4 by the addition of a sodium carbonate buffer and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residues were reconstituted in the HPLC mobile phase and chromatographed on a octadecylsilane reverse-phase column. The detection of ritodrine was achieved by an electrochemical detector with a glassy carbon electrode. The sensitivity was 0.2 ng for on-column injection. The extraction efficiency was 80%.
Evaluation of the Resistance to Cyclic Fatigue among ProTaper Next, ProTaper Universal, and Vortex Blue Rotary Instruments

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance to cyclic fatigue of ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), ProTaper Universal (PTU, Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), and Vortex Blue (VB, Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties) rotary instruments. Methods Twenty instruments each of PTN X1–X5, PTU S1–F5, and VB 20/04–50/04 were rotated until fracture in a simulated canal of 90° and a 5-mm radius using a custom-made testing platform. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated. Weibull analysis was used to predict the maximum number of cycles when 99% of the instrument samples survive. Results VB 20/04–30/04 had significantly higher NCF than PTU S1–F5 and PTN X1–X5. VB 35/04–45/04 had significantly higher NCF than PTU S2–F5 and PTN X2–X5. PTN X1 had higher NCF than PTU S1–F5. PTN X2 had higher NCF than PTU F2–F5. The Weibull distribution predicted the highest number of cycles at which 99% of instruments survive to be 766 cycles for VB 25/04 and the lowest to be 50 cycles for PTU F2. Conclusions Under the limitations of this study, VB 20/04–45/04 were more resistant to cyclic fatigue than PTN X2–X5 and PTU S2–F5. PTN X1 and X2 were more resistant to cyclic fatigue than PTU F2–F5. The Weibull distribution appears to be a feasible and potentially clinically relevant model to predict resistance to cyclic fatigue.
Hyperprolactinemia in Patients With Renal Insufficiency and Chronic Renal Failure Requiring Hemodialysis or Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Hyperprolactinemia is common in patients with renal failure. Because radiographic contrast material given during a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the sella as part of the evaluation for prolactinoma worsens renal insufficiency, we attempted to define the point at which hyperprolactinemia becomes an expected finding in patients with renal insufficiency in this study. Of 59 patients with serum creatinine levels of 1.5 to 12 mg/dL, 16 (27.1%) were hyperprolactinemic. Of these 16, nine were not taking medications known to raise prolactin levels and their prolactin levels were less than 100 ng/mL. In the eight patients taking medications prolactin levels were much higher. In one patient the prolactin level fell from 2,210 to 100 ng/mL when methyldopa was discontinued. In patients with chronic renal failure prolactin levels were similar regardless of the method of dialysis. We conclude that in the absence of medications known to affect prolactin secretion, hyperprolactinemia occurs infrequently (18.3%) and, when it occurs, is mild (less than 100 ng/mL). Marked hyperprolactinemia may occur in patients taking such medications. These should be stopped and the prolactin level rechecked before a CT scan is performed.
Glycerol metabolism in untreated, cold-shocked, and frozen human spermatozoa.

Abstract Experiments are reported which were designed to examine glycerol metabolism in human spermatozoa subjected to temperature shock and to freezing at −196 °C. A major purpose of the investigation was to account for excess lactic acid production from these cells, compared to fructose consumed, as a possible consequence of glycerol utilization by sperm exposed to low temperatures. In the aerobic condition, glycerol is consumed by washed cells and by cells in whole semen which were temperature-shocked or frozen. In the anaerobic condition, however, glycerol accumulated in whole semen, and particularly in suspensions of washed cells. Human sperm cells which have no other substrate available can consume considerable amounts of glycerol, and these amounts increase as the cells are exposed to lower temperatures. The accumulation of glycerol which occurs when human spermatozoa are incubated under nitrogen has also been observed for ram sperm.
Directional blazing of waves guided by asymmetrical dielectric gratings

Abstract By properly shaping its periodic profile, a thin-film dielectric grating can concentrate the power from an incident surface wave into a beam that appears selectively either above or below the grating. This property, which is analogous to blazing in diffraction gratings, is examined rigorously for a dielectric waveguide with an asymmetric grating profile. The waves guided by such a structure may exhibit strong directional characteristics, which offer potential applications to integrated-optics devices.
On the hydration of DNA. II. Base composition dependence of the net hydration of DNA

The dependence of the net hydration of DNA on its base composition has been measured by density gradient ultracentrifugation of three DNA's in a series of cesium and lithium salt solutions of different water activities. Extrapolation to zero water activity showed the dependence of the partial specific volume on base composition to be very small for CsDNA and aero for LiDNA. At least 99% of the dependence of buoyant density on base composition can be accounted for on the basis of a differential hydration, with a mole of adenine–thymine pairs binding about 2 moles more water than a mole of guanine–cytosine pairs in CsCl.
Attenuated signaling by a phosphotyrosine-null Epo receptor form in primary erythroid progenitor cells

Signals provided by the erythropoieitin receptor (EpoR) are required for erythroid development beyond the erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-e) stage and are propagated via the EpoR-tethered Janus kinase, JAK2. JAK2 functions, in part, to phosphorylate 8 conserved EpoR phosphotyrosine (PY) sites for the binding of a diverse set of signaling factors. However, recent studies in transgenic and knock-in mice have demonstrated substantial bioactivity for PY-null EpoR forms. Presently, the activities of a PY-null EpoR-HM form in primary progenitor cells from knock-in mice were further assessed using optimized Epo dose-dependent proliferation, survival, and differentiation assays. As compared with the wild-type (wt)-EpoR, EpoR-HM activity was compromised several-fold in each context when Epo was limited to physiologic concentrations. Possible compensatory increases in serum growth factor levels also were investigated, and as assayed using embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived erythroid G1E2 cells, activities in serum from EpoR-HM mice were substantially elevated. In addition, when challenged with phenylhydrazine-induced anemia, EpoR-HM mice failed to respond with efficient splenic stress erythropoiesis. Thus, the function of this JAK2-coupled but minimal PY-null EpoR-HM form appears to be attenuated in several contexts and to be assisted in vivo by compensatory mechanisms. Roles normally played by EpoR PY sites and distal domains therefore should receive continued attention.
Computational study of pressure-drop hysteresis in fluidized beds

Abstract Cohesive forces are implemented in a discrete-particle fluidized bed simulation using both a square-well potential and a Hamaker model for van der Waals forces. This simulation is used as a tool to gain greater understanding of the hysteresis behavior that has been observed experimentally during fluidization–defluidization cycles. For the parameters investigated, the results show that cohesive forces are significant in the pressure overshoot observed during the fluidization process. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which the specific cohesive mechanisms causing the pressure overshoot are different depending on the cohesion model being used. Although both models indicate that particle–particle cohesion dominates the overshoot, the square-well model predicts that cohesive interactions between particles and distributor plate also play a role, while the Hamaker model for van der Waals forces predicts that particle–sidewall friction may be enhanced by the presence of cohesion. The results are in accordance with a one-dimensional force balance on the system, and provide alternative explanations for trends in existing datasets.
Performance Corrections for Steam Turbines With Multi-Pressure Condensers

An accurate correction methodology is essential when analyzing test data and trending performance. One of the most critical parameters for steam turbines, which can result in large corrections, is condenser back-pressure or exhaust pressure.Many large fossil and all nuclear steam turbines are configured with either two or three low pressure condensing exhaust hoods. All exhaust hoods may not operate with the same condenser pressure. Factors affecting condenser pressures between hoods could include the cooling water arrangement, uneven fouling, tube plugging, air removal effectiveness, etc. The biggest impact is likely due to the cooling water arrangement. In a parallel arrangement, the condenser cooling water splits between the shells with each shell receiving an equal amount of flow at the same inlet temperature. In a series arrangement, all cooling water enters and exits the first shell before entering the next shell. In this arrangement the cooling water temperature entering the second shell is higher than the temperature entering the first shell resulting in the condensers operating at different exhaust pressures.One common practice is to apply a single exhaust pressure correction factor based on the average exhaust pressure of all condenser shells. In cases where the differences in condenser pressure are small, this practice can provide accurate corrected turbine performance. As the difference in condenser pressures increases, the potential for introducing error in the corrected performance results also increases.This paper will discuss the mechanism of why multi-pressure operation can result in correction errors if not modelled correctly and will also quantify the potential impact of these errors on the corrected performance results. In addition, guidance will be given on how exhaust pressure correction curves should be created and applied to most accurately model the performance of the turbine cycle when multi-pressure operation exists.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
On a new computing technique in optimal control and its application to minimal time flight profile optimization

A new constructive approach to optimization problems for dynamic systems that avoids having to solve dynamic equations and has both computational and theoretical advantages is presented. On the theoretical level, it yields a simple direct method for the Hamiltonian and the maximum principle and a constructive derivation of the Lagrange parameters. The computational aspects are illustrated by results obtained for a minimal-time flight profile optimization problem.
1.3 kilobases of the lung type I cell T1α gene promoter mimics endogenous gene expression patterns during development but lacks sequences to enhance expression in perinatal and adult lung

The T1α gene is one of few markers for the type I cell phenotype in the adult mammalian lung. Type I cells form a large, thin epithelial layer that facilitates gas exchange and transport of fluids between the air spaces and capillaries. The T1α gene has a complex pattern of developmental expression in lung and brain; in vitro studies indicate that expression is regulated in part by thyroid transcription factor 1, forkhead proteins, and Sp1/Sp3 proteins. To explore the mechanisms that confine T1α expression in intact adult animals to alveolar type I and choroid plexus epithelial cells, we generated mice bearing a 1.3-kb T1α promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. In situ hybridization and RNase protection assays show that the 1.3-kb promoter confers a pattern of CAT expression that largely matches the endogenous T1α in embryos and mid-term fetuses in lung and central nervous system. However, the 1.3-kb promoter lacks elements important for perinatal up-regulation of T1α in the lung and maintenance of that expression in the adult lung and brain. The final adult pattern of T1α expression may be directed by elements outside the 1.3-kb fragment, perhaps those 5' to the 1.3-kb fragment as we show herein, or in 3' and intronic regions. Dev Dyn 1999;215:319–331. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been previously associated with atherosclerotic plaque disease and coronary events. Thus, identifying predictors of CAC progression may provide new insights for early risk-factor intervention and subsequent reduction of the rates of more severe atherosclerotic disease. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for CAC progression and evaluate whether risk-factor change was related to CAC progression in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Participants in the Pittsburgh EDC Study, a prospective investigation of childhood-onset type 1 DM, who underwent 2 electron beam tomographic screenings 4 years apart were selected for study (n = 222). CAC was calculated using the Agatston method of scoring, and progression was defined as an increase >2.5 in the square root-transformed CAC score. Adjusting for DM duration and initial CAC score, body mass index (BMI; odds ratio [OR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.26), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.03), and albumin excretion rate (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.63) were associated with CAC progression. When considering change in risk factors, an increase in BMI (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.72) was also associated with CAC progression after adjustment. In conclusion, in this cohort with type 1 DM, in addition to baseline BMI, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin excretion rate, and all known coronary artery disease risk factors, weight gain further added to the prediction of CAC progression. Thus, weight control, in addition to lipid and renal management, may help retard atherosclerosis progression in persons with type 1 DM.
Generalized Ellipsometry in Unusual Configurations

Most ellipsometry experiments are performed by shining polarized light onto a sample at a large angle of incidence, and the results are interpreted in terms of thin film thicknesses and isotropic optical functions of the film or substrate. However, it is possible to alter the geometrical arrangement, either by observing the sample in transmission or at normal-incidence reflection. In both cases, the experiment is fundamentally the same, but the interpretation of the results is considerably different. Both configurations can be used in conjunction with microscope optics, allowing for images to be made of the sample. The results of three examples of these different configurations using the two-modulator generalized ellipsometer (2-MGE) are reported: (1) spectroscopic birefringence measurements of ZnO, (2) electric field-induced birefringence (Pockels effect) in GaAs, and (3) normal-incidence reflection anisotropy of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation for Patients with Locally Unresectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Feasibility, Efficacy, and Survival

We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation for patients with locally unresectable pancreatic cancer. From October 2000 to August 2006, 245 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma underwent surgical exploration at our institution. Of these, 78 patients (32%) had undergone neoadjuvant therapy for initially unresectable disease, whereas the remaining patients (serving as the control group) were explored at presentation (n = 167). All neoadjuvant patients received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, often in conjunction with docetaxal and capecitabine in a regimen called GTX (81%). Seventy-five percent of neoadjuvant patients also received preoperative abdominal radiation (5,040 rad). Neoadjuvant patients were younger than control-group patients (60.8 vs 66.2 years, respectively, p < 0.002). Seventy-six percent of neoadjuvant patients were resected as compared to 83% of control patients (NS). Concomitant vascular resection was required in 76% of neoadjuvant patients but only 20% of NS (p < 0.01). Complications were more frequent in the neoadjuvant group (44.1 vs 30.9%, p < 0.05), and mortality was higher (10.2 vs 2.9%, p < 0.03). Among the neoadjuvant patients, all but one of the deaths were in patients that underwent arterial reconstruction. Mortality for patients undergoing a standard pancreatectomy without vascular resection was 0.8% in this series. Of patients resected, negative margins were achieved in 84.7% of neoadjuvant patients and 72.7% of NS. Within the cohort of neoadjuvant patients, radiation significantly increased the complication rate (13.3 vs 54.6%, p < 0.006), but did not affect median survival (512 vs 729 days, NS). Median survival for patients who received neoadjuvant therapy (503 days) was longer than NS that were found to be unresectable at surgery (192 days, p < 0.001) and equivalent to NS that were resected (498 days). Resection rate, margin status, and median survivals were equivalent when neoadjuvant patients were compared to patients considered resectable by traditional criteria, demonstrating equal efficacy. Surgical resection with venous reconstruction following neoadjuvant therapy for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality. This approach extended the boundaries of surgical resection and greatly increased median survival for the “inoperable” patient with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Adaptive Structures in Japan

A review of some of the research and development activities in Japan in the area of adaptive structures is given. The article is based on the authors' participation in the First and Second U.S./Japan and Japan/U.S. Joint Conferences on Adaptive Structures in Maui. Hawaii (November 1990) and Nagoya, Japan (November 1991), their review of the papers presented in these meetings, personal contacts with the researchers, and on-site visitation of the laboratories both in the industry and also in the universities. The review covers the period ending January 1992.
Trypanosoma duttoni: Oxygen uptake by cells grown in beige and albino mice

Abstract 1. 1. Metabolic parameters of comparative respiratory behaviour, metabolic capacity, and metabolic efficiency were examined for Trypanosoma duttoni grown in beige and albino mice. Oxygen uptake rates were manometrically determined endogenously and with glucose (0.13 g. per 100 ml.) and normal homologous mouse serum as substrates. 2. 2. Cells grown on beige mice respired 27 per cent faster endogenously, 43 per cent with glucose, and 27 per cent with mouse serum. 3. 3. Metabolic capacity of beige-grown cells was superior endogenously (119 vs. 93 per cent), with glucose (138 vs. 113per cent), and with mouse serum (122 vs. 83 per cent). 4. 4. Differences in metabolic efficiency were negligible. 5. 5. Metabolic superiority of T. duttoni from beige mouse hosts correlates well with the fact that this trypanosome develops greater populations in beige rather than in albino mice. 6. 6. T. duttoni is as a poikilothermic dependent cell whose vital activities are probably function Of its homeothermic environment.
A graphical first-order treatment of dispersive magnetic particle optics problems

Abstract A technique for obtaining graphical solutions to magnetic particle optics problems is described for the cases of: quadrupole magnets, uniform field and (special) nonuniform field bending magnets, including the effects of oblique entrance and exit angles. A method of including first-order momentum dispersion in the bending magnets is developed. The classical construction methods of the geometrical optics of thin lenses are employed. Application of the technique is shown for a few magnetic systems.
The interaction of RF energy with wall materials

The sense through the wall research community has depended upon a number of studies and a few key sets of measured data on large wall test samples for analysis, development, and design of critical hardware, software, and systems. New and improved testing technology has now been used to acquire, post process, and analyze measured data sets. The Intelligence & Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD) has made it a priority to realize the benefits of new technology to improve upon and add detail to existing data, while exploring completely new test methodologies. These factors have provided the basis for a new comprehensive test plan for the RF characterization of wall samples used in the past at the I2WD wall testing facility located at CACI Technologies in Eatontown, NJ. In addition, there will be future testing of new material composition samples will be characterized. Our first phase of testing investigates the permittivity of large scale wall samples. The wall samples used for our testing were constructed using "real world" type conventional construction techniques (see 1.1.1). This paper will cover the RF characterization of these wall materials (basic frequency response, permittivity). The initial round of testing has seen the benefits of highly advanced RF test equipment and calibration techniques. Following these baseline tests, a future publication will cover advanced testing, which will explore near field vs. far field effects, moisture variations, angles of incidence, and polarization effects. Lastly, waveform testing will be performed to determine the best waveform techniques and their effectiveness in through wall applications.
Virtual Worlds and the Implication for Accountants: The Case of Second Life

While real world economies may be shaky, economies in virtual worlds keep growing as sites such as Second Life become more and more mainstream. Research firm Gartner Media estimates that by 2011, 80% of Internet users worldwide will be using Second Life (Gartner, 2007). This growing popularity has real world financial implications. On a typical day, Second Life members spend close to $1.5 million on virtual items and virtual real estate transactions (Alter, 2008), and some residents generate six-figure incomes in real world dollars (Hemp, 2006).Second Life is still in an early stage of development, and there are many financial and legal regulatory issues to be resolved. But with these challenges come opportunities; Second Life may be the impetus for a new accounting platform that may bring different practices together and provide new growth opportunities that financial communities have been looking for in the virtual world.
Gate-tunable photocurrent in ZnO nanowires mediated by nanowire-substrate interface states

We report the observation of gate-tunable photocurrent in ZnO nanowires under optical excitation in the visible regime. Particularly, the photocurrent can be tuned by one order of magnitude with moderate changes in the backgate voltages (from −10 V to 10 V), and by more than two orders of magnitude within an extended range of the backgate voltage (several tens of volts). Using scanning photocurrent microscopy, single-nanowire photocurrent spectroscopy, and numerical calculations, we suggest that this gate tunability originates from the nanowire/substrate (Si3N4) interface states, where the electron occupation of these states and the excitation of electrons are controlled by the backgate voltage. This external gate tunability of the photocarrier generation facilitated by interface states provides an additional way to control photodetecting and photovoltaic properties, and this approach can also be extended to other nanostructures, such as two-dimensional semiconductors, where the surface effects are signif...
A VACUUM SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR WITH OPTIMAL CONCENTRATION

Space heat, hot water, air conditioning and process heat utilize more than 40% of U. S. energy consumption. These uses provide the greatest opportunity for solar energy to contribute significantly to the U. S. and world energy needs. In order to compete economically with other energy sources for these uses and also achieve the higher operating temperatures required for air conditioning and process heat (up to - 200°C), a solar collector must have low energy loss and low cost. Low loss requires vacuum to eliminate conduction and convection losses, and concentration onto a selective absorber to minimize radiation loss. Optimum concentration, or minimum ratio of absorbing surface area to collecting area, requires Winston concentration. The apparent motion of the sun indicates the use of cylindrical concentration with axis east-west. A series of arguments leading to optimum performance at near minimum cost indicate the collector should be of all glass tubular construction. A mirror coating on side and bottom inside surfaces provides concentration onto an internal glass tube coated with selective absorber. The window is only slightly convex to withstand atmospheric pressure while keeping reflection losses low. Heat transfer calculations, which are used to minimize losses help fix the collector length and width. Radiation collection calculations determine the acceptance angle and other parameters.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in diastolic stiffness and tone of the left ventricle during angina pectoris.

Reported elevations of left ventricular filling pressures during angina suggest increased myocardial stiffness. Both left ventricular beginning- and end-diastolic pressures and volumes were measured in seven patients before, during, and after angina induced by atrial pacing. During nine episodes of angina, mean end-diastolic pressure rose from 12 to 29 mm Hg and ejection fraction fell from 0.47 to 0.37. Logarithms of beginning and end-diastolic pressures were plotted against the corresponding volumes for each angiogram. During angina, there was a marked increase in beginning as well as end-diastolic stiffness of the ventricle. These changes, which were reversible with resolution of angina, may be due to sustained contraction or failure of relaxation of a portion of the left ventricular myocardium during angina pectoris.
Evidence against a spin-glass transition in three dimensions

We study the Ising spin-glass model in two and three dimensions on small lattices by exactly computing the partition function for a large number of bond configurations. An analysis of the zeros of these partition functions suggests that there is no nonanalyticity in the free energy of the spin glass in either two or three dimensions.
Integrating Research into design foundations Curriculum: Learning and Testing Theory

ISSUE Design students can integrate theoretical knowledge from foundation-level design courses into real-world applications through basic research exercises. GOAL Through the development of research questions, students gain experience in problem seeking, basic research methods, ond analytical skills. They learn first-hand that the seemingly abstract concepts taught in foundation classes can be tested and new knowledge gained. APPLICATION Introducing students to basic theory testing through the use of hypothesis development and application of basic research methods provides a link between design concepts and how those concepts function in the designed environment. Students utilize the course readings not as passive learners but as active challengers of concepts. They extend the concept from the visual to the cognitive thus enhancing integration of the knowledge and experience. DESCRIPTION Students collaboratively develop research questions based on course readings. They discuss the merits of each question and come to agreement on a question and suitable hypothesis. The class then establishes a method for testing the hypothesis and carries out the research. The collected data are analyzed, and the class works together to draw conclusions. CONCLUSION Students increase their ability to read critically and learn to develop meaningful research questions research questions. Active involvement in examining applications of design theory provides students with a greater understanding of the design concept being tested and helps them to make the cognitive link between theory and practice.
Specialized granitoids in the southeastern Arabian Shield—case history of a regional assessment

Abstract Twelve geochemically anomalous and/or muscovite-bearing granitoid plutons of Proterozoic age in the southeastern Arabian Shield were identified as prospecting targets as a result of reconnaissance surveys. Their mineral-resource potential has been evaluated by detailed geologic mapping, extensive geochemical sampling and petrologic studies. They are composed of highly evolved, weakly or almost peraluminous granite enriched in granitophile elements. Most are similar to metallogenetically specialized or precursor granites, which elsewhere are commonly associated with deposits of Sn, W, Mo and other rare metals. No mineral occurrences of economic significance have been found, but four of the plutons contain highly anomalous concentrations of Sn, W, or Mo, altered zones and/or numerous quartz veins.
Mechanism of electrocatalytic hydrogen production by a di-iron model of iron-iron hydrogenase: a density functional theory study of proton dissociation constants and electrode reduction potentials.

Simple dinuclear iron dithiolates such as (μ-SCH2CH2CH2S)[Fe(CO)3]2, (1) and (μ-SCH2CH2S)[Fe(CO)3]2 (2) are functional models for diiron-hydrogenases, [FeFe]-H2ases, that catalyze the reduction of protons to H2. The mechanism of H2 production with 2 as the catalyst and with both toluenesulfonic (HOTs) and acetic (HOAc) acids as the H+ source in CH3CN solvent has been examined by density functional theory (DFT). Proton dissociation constants (pKa) and electrode reduction potentials (E°) are directly computed and compared to the measured pKa of HOTs and HOAc acids and the experimental reduction potentials. Computations show that when the strong acid, HOTs, is used as a proton source the one-electron reduced species 2− can be protonated to form a bridging hydride complex as the most stable structure. Then, this species can be reduced and protonated to form dihydrogen and regenerate 2. This cycle produces H2via an ECEC process at an applied potential of −1.8 V vs. Fc/Fc+. A second faster process opens for this system when the species produced at the ECEC step above is further reduced and H2 release returns the system to 2− rather than 2, an E[CECE] process. On the other hand, when the weak acid, HOAc, is the proton source a more negative applied reduction potential (−2.2 V vs. Fc/Fc+) is necessary. At this potential two one-electron reductions yield the dianion 22− before the first protonation, which in this case occurs on the thiolate. Subsequent reduction and protonation form dihydrogen and regenerate 2− through an E[ECEC] process.
Improved Aerosol Collection by Combined Impaction and Centrifugal Motion

ABSTRACT A new principle for collecting airborne particles, including microorganisms, has been introduced by injecting the particles into a swirling airflow from where they are removed onto a collection surface. A dry surface, a surface coated with an adhesive substance or a surface wetted by a liquid swirled onto the collection surface from a reservoir below can be used in the new collection method. The swirling air motion and aerosol injection into it are achieved by drawing the airborne particles through nozzles that are directed at an angle toward the collection surface. This principle has been incorporated into a new sampler that has been named “Swirling Aerosol Collector” (SAC; commercially available as the “BioSampler” from SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA). The physical performance of the SAC has been evaluated against the widely used AGI-30 impinger by measuring the particle concentrations upstream and downstream of each sampler with an aerodynamic particle sizer. Tests with monodisperse polystyrene lat...
Tissue impedance and temperature measurements in relation to necrosis in experimental cryosurgery.

Abstract Tissue temperature and impedance were measured in dog skin during freezing in situ . The previously frozen skin was removed by punch biopsies 3 days later to permit microscopic evaluation of the extent of necrosis. The histologic observations were related to the temperature and impedance measurements in an effort to determine the usefulness of the monitoring techniques in clinical cryosurgery. Tissue temperature and impedance have a definite relationship in tissue freezing, but the range of temperatures about any impedance values causes some concern. The tissue biopsies showed that an impedance value of at least 10 Mohms is not always associated with tissue death. In these experiments, there was the usual range of temperatures in relation to tissue death, but tissue temperatures of −30 °C and colder were always associated with complete necrosis. It is concluded that tissue temperatures are the more accurate and useful monitoring technique to supplement clinical judgment. However, impedance techniques may also be used to monitor therapy, especially if used primarily to monitor depth of therapy, and if controlled by clinical judgment wary of the inaccuracy of the technique.
Utility of MRA and CTA in the Evaluation of Carotid Occlusive Disease

Cervical carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is an important cause of thromboembolic stroke. Noninvasive imaging techniques have become preferred in initial diagnostic workup. We review the current approach to carotid imaging, and the clinical utility and limitations of carotid computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Future directions of these modalities, including carotid plaque imaging, are also discussed.
Optimum design and analysis of the cooperative control, applied to the distributed generators control in smart grids

Recently cooperative control has been proposed as a dynamic and self organizing control mechanism for distributed generators (DGs) control in the smart grids. Cooperative control has the advantage that it can properly manage and coordinate a high penetration of DGs to satisfy multiple power objectives. In a smart grid, the communication topology is restricted by the geographical distribution of the system and the range of the communication devices. This paper provides the process to optimally design the cooperative control, utilizing an available communication network. The effect of the communication frequency and topology on the convergence rate and the dynamic performance of the system is also presented. Finally, the simulation results for a case of study are provided.
Parallel evolution of domesticated Caenorhabditis species targets pheromone receptor genes

If we could return the planet to ancestral conditions, asked the late Stephen Jay Gould, would we get a replay of the same evolutionary movie? Focusing on the simpler case of nematode domestication, McGrath et al. find that two Caenorhabditis elegans lines and Caenorhabditis briggsae, a species separated by some 20 million years from C. elegans, independently accumulated mutations in a conserved set of pheromone receptor genes, thus reducing the worms' natural trend to hibernate in overcrowded conditions. Such convergence in the adaptation process shows that evolution can indeed be quite reproducible, at least under some specific environmental constraints. Evolution can follow predictable genetic trajectories1, indicating that discrete environmental shifts can select for reproducible genetic changes2,3,4. Conspecific individuals are an important feature of an animal’s environment, and a potential source of selective pressures. Here we show that adaptation of two Caenorhabditis species to growth at high density, a feature common to domestic environments, occurs by reproducible genetic changes to pheromone receptor genes. Chemical communication through pheromones that accumulate during high-density growth causes young nematode larvae to enter the long-lived but non-reproductive dauer stage. Two strains of Caenorhabditis elegans grown at high density have independently acquired multigenic resistance to pheromone-induced dauer formation. In each strain, resistance to the pheromone ascaroside C3 results from a deletion that disrupts the adjacent chemoreceptor genes serpentine receptor class g (srg)-36 and -37. Through misexpression experiments, we show that these genes encode redundant G-protein-coupled receptors for ascaroside C3. Multigenic resistance to dauer formation has also arisen in high-density cultures of a different nematode species, Caenorhabditis briggsae, resulting in part from deletion of an srg gene paralogous to srg-36 and srg-37. These results demonstrate rapid remodelling of the chemoreceptor repertoire as an adaptation to specific environments, and indicate that parallel changes to a common genetic substrate can affect life-history traits across species.
Effects of ozone and relative humidity on fluorescence spectra of octapeptide bioaerosol particles

Abstract The effects of ozone and relative humidity (RH) at common atmospheric levels on the properties of single octapeptide bioaerosol particles were studied using an improved rotating reaction chamber, an aerosol generator, an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UVAPS), an improved single particle fluorescence spectrometer (SPFS), and equipments to generate, monitor and control the ozone and RH. Aerosol particles (mean diameter ~2 μm) were generated from a slurry of octapeptide in phosphate buffered saline, injected into the rotating chamber, and kept airborne for hours. Bioaerosols were sampled from the chamber hourly for the measurements of particle-size distribution, concentration, total fluorescence excited at 355-nm, and single particle fluorescence spectra excited at 266-nm and 351-nm under different controlled RH (20%, 50%, or 80%) and ozone concentration (0 or 150 ppb). The results show that: (1) Particle size, concentration, and the 263-nm-excited fluorescence intensity decrease at different rates under different combinations of the RH and ozone concentrations used. (2) The 263-nm-excited UV fluorescence (280–400 nm) decreased more rapidly than the 263-nm-excited visible fluorescence (400–560 nm), and decreased most rapidly when ozone is present and RH is high. (3) The UV fluorescence peak near 340 nm slightly shifts to the shorter wavelength (blue-shift), consistent with a more rapid oxidation of tryptophan than tyrosine. (4) The 351/355-nm-excited fluorescence (430–580 nm/380–700 nm) increases when ozone is present, especially when the RH is high. (5) The 351/355-nm-excited fluorescence increase that occurs as the tryptophan emission in the UV decreases, and the observation that these changes occur more rapidly at higher RH with the present of ozone, are consistent with the oxidation of tryptophan by ozone and the conversion of the resulting ozonides to N-formyl kynurenine and kynurenine.
Characterization of neutral isozymes and human α-glucosidase Differences in substrate specificity, molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility

We have previously defined two isozymes of neutral alpha-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20) on the basis of differences in electrophoretic mobility and designated these neutral alpha-glucosidase AB and alpha-glucosidase C (Swallow, D.M., Corney, G., Harris, H. and Hirschhorn, R. (1975) Ann. Hum. Gen. 38, 391-406). We now describe differences between the two isozymes with respect to molecular weight, solubility in (NH4)2SO4, glycosylation, isoelectric point and substrate specificities. Neutral alpha-glucosidase C is precipitable in 40-60% (NH4)2SO4, has a molecular weight of 92 000, an isoelectric point of 5.5 and releases glucose from glycogen as well as from low molecular weight artificial and natural substrates containing alpha 1-4 glucosidic linkages. Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB precipitates at 0-40% (NH4)2SO4, binds to concanavalin A, has a molecular weight of greater than 150 000, and does not utilize alpha 1-4 linked glucose substrates larger than a disaccharide. Neutral alpha-glucosidase AB migrates more rapidly to the anode than alpha-glucosidase C when agarose, Cellogel, acrylamide or starch are used as support media. Both isozymes are equally inhibited by Zn2+.
Finite strain heterogeneity and volume loss in slates of the Taconic Allochthon, Vermont, U.S.A.

Abstract Slates of the Taconic Allochthon have ellipsoidal reduction spots which have been used to determine the finite state of strain at seven sites. The strain is highly heterogeneous at all scales, ranging from several centimeters to many kilometers. Variations in X Y ratios is small but variations in Y Z ratios is large and this pattern is seen at all scales. The heterogeneity can be used to determine a strain path, which is nearly horizontal on a Flinn diagram. We propose that uniaxial flattening associated with late stage cleavage development was accommodated by volume loss, and that the most highly strained sites have experienced an average 55% volume loss, at a minimum. Explaining our results without volume loss requires a subhorizontal extension and creates strain compatibility problems. Consideration of the strain history of these rocks suggests that folding-related strains have been modified by later cleavage-related events, the last of which was uniaxial flattening accommodated by volume loss. The finite strains are reflective almost exclusively of the latest, cleavage producing strains.