cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and gambling

The majority of individuals gamble during their lifetime; however only a subset of these individuals develops problematic gambling. Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory may be relevant to understanding gambling problems. Differences in sensitivity to punishments and rewards can influence an individual's behavior and may be pertinent to the development of gambling problems. This study examined the functional associations between sensitivity to punishment (SP), sensitivity to reward (SR), and gambling problems in a sample of 2254 college students. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to predict gambling problems as well as the absence of gambling problems. Gambling problems were hypothesized to be positively associated with SR and inversely associated with SP. In addition, SP was hypothesized to moderate the association between SR and gambling problems, attenuating the strength of the association. As hypothesized, SR was positively associated with gambling problems. However, SP did not moderate the relationship between SR and gambling problems. SP did, however, moderate the relationship between SR and the likelihood of never experiencing gambling problems. The results demonstrate that individual differences in SP and SR are functionally associated with gambling problems.
Understanding Service Utilization Disparities and Depression in Latinos: The Role of Fatalismo

Research demonstrates a disparity between need and utilization of mental health services for Latinos. Cultural variations in perceptions of mental illness may be partially responsible for this discrepancy. Past research with Latinos has shown links between fatalismo, a cultural value similar to external locus of control, and both depression and lower service utilization in medical care, while links to psychiatric care have not been investigated. The current study therefore aimed to explore the associations between fatalismo, depression, and past year mental health service utilization by Latinos. A community sample of 83 Latino adults were recruited during local cultural events. Participants completed self-report measures of depression, fatalism, and past year service utilization. Analyses using structural equation modeling showed fatalismo was directly negatively related to past year medical service utilization (β = -.35). In contrast, the link between fatalismo and past year mental health service utilization was mediated by self-reported depressive symptoms (indirect β = .19, p < .001). We conclude that while fatalismo is associated with depression in Latinos, other barriers likely serve as more salient deterrents of service utilization.
The Role of Urodynamics in the Evaluation of Voiding Dysfunction in Men after Cerebrovascular Accident

AbstractPurpose: The etiology of voiding dysfunction was determined in men after a cerebrovascular accident who were at risk for obstructive uropathy to evaluate whether the cause of voiding dysfunction could be predicted by the type (obstructive or irritative) or onset of symptoms.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 38 men with complaints of voiding dysfunction following a cerebrovascular accident. All patients were of the age when bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia would otherwise be prevalent. After a comprehensive history and physical examination, all patients underwent multichannel urodynamic studies at a medium fill rate (20 to 50 ml. per minute). Findings were classified by the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram as obstruction, no obstruction or equivocal.Results: Mean patient age was 70 years (range 54 to 87). Patients were grouped according to the presenting voiding complaints (purely irritative in 42 percent, purely obstructive in 34 percent or mixed in 24 percent). In 3...
Design of a hybrid electric vehicle education program based on corporate needs

The needs of companies in the hybrid and electric vehicle business have been used to define a BS specialty in hybrid vehicles for electrical engineers at Kettering University. Two of the courses in this specialty are new courses whose development is sponsored by the US Department of Energy. Each course will be complemented by a laboratory that is also supported by the US Department of Energy. Both of the new courses will be developed into continuing education courses for delivery to company employees. The development of the new courses and laboratory will be completed at the end of 2011 and the continuing education versions will be available in 2012.
Characterisation of an optoelectronically pulsed equiangular spiral antenna

Equiangular spiral antennas are integrated with ultrafast photoconductive switches. A time domain investigation of their transient radiation properties is presented.
Variations in Maximal Oxygen Intake with Physical Activity in Middle-Aged Men

Data on maximal exercise performance are presented for normal middle-aged men free of cardiovascular disease. Maximal oxygen intake, oxygen pulse, heart rate, and lactate levels all decrease with increasing age. Physical activity defined by habitual running of any amount had a highly significant effect on maximal oxygen consumption. The enhanced effect of physical activity was found equivalent to nearly 10 years of age effect on maximal aerobic capacity. Multivariate analysis revealed significant association between maximal oxygen intake and several coronary risk factors; specifically, physical activity, vital capacity, cigarette smoking, and body weight. Notably lacking in significance were other known risk factors, serum cholesterol, and blood pressure. Data for maximal oxygen intake on healthy men aged 40 to 70 years are presented by age group and physical activity class; and regression equations are provided for estimation of maximal oxygen intake from age, physical activity status, and duration of th...
Open-Loop Stochastic Control of Grain Sorghum Irrigation Levels and Timing

Crop growth simulation models that consider the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum recently have become an important research tool. Examples of growth simulation models include those for corn (Curry and Chen), cotton (Baker, Hesketh, Duncan), alfalfa (Miles et al.), barley (Kallis and Tooming), wheat (Trenbath), and grain sorghum (Arkin, Vanderlip, Ritchie). This article investigates the utility of the grain-sorghum-growth simulation model of Arkin, Vanderlip, and Ritchie as an irrigation management tool on the Texas High Plains with economic criteria guiding decisions. Most water-use studies (e.g., Swanson and Thaxton; Jensen and Musick; Shipley, Regier, Wehrly) emphasize the need for coordinating irrigation with water requirements of the plant during critical stages of plant development. Yield response attributed to a specific irrigation depends upon several factors, including: (a) amount of soil moisture available at the time of irrigation; (b) stage of the plant development; and (c) interaction effect from previous or subsequent irrigations, or both, which reduce or eliminate moisture stress conditions. Normally, three or four irrigations are applied to grain sorghum in the Texas High Plains to meet water use requirements during the growing season. Applications may vary from only one preplant to as many as six postplant waterings (Shipley and Regier). Increasing concern for the declining groundwater supply and energy costs along with potential energy curtailments in the region emphasize the importance of improved irrigation planning and management. Potential fuel curtailments magnify the already existing degree of risk and uncertainty of farming in areas with low and unstable rainfall. This uncertainty results in production practices that depart from the optimal deterministic input-output combinations, even for risk-averse producers. Previous estimates of economically optimal irrigation water application rates, and estimates of the impact of rising energy costs were primarily based on the assumption that the producer knew in advance the state of the different future environments that would surround him (Casey, Jones and Lacewell; Lacewell; Condra and Lacewell). Climatic, institutional, and economic conditions throughout the production year were considered as known at the beginning of the year. To overcome these limitations, the computerized grain sorghum growth model was modified to consider stochastic situations in weather and/or institu-
Rubber Viscoelasticity Using the Physically Constrained System's Stretches as Internal Variables

Abstract The simulation of rubber viscoelasticity with the tube reptation model for topological interactions is investigated for large dynamic strains. The chemically crosslinked (CC) system of molecules acts as a constraint box per unit volume for the physically constrained (PC) system and carries the PC system during the deformation process. A stick—slip model is used to simulate the interaction between the CC and PC systems Stretch ratios describe the history of the PC system's energy. Rubber energy density functions for both the CC and time dependent PC systems are shown to model large strain viscoelastic deformations. In this approach the energy is split into two terms. The long term energy function for the CC molecules represents one part and a time dependent energy function for the PC molecules comprises the second part. The PC systems' stretches then appear as internal variables in the expression of the total energy. The relaxation of the PC molecules during a general deformation is determined by ...
Growth-stimulating effects of recombinant human growth hormone in children with end-stage renal disease.

Because patients with uremia have evidence for growth hormone resistance, we investigated whether this resistance can be overcome by administration of recombinant human growth hormone in supraphysiologic doses in children with severe uremia. Nine stunted children with end-stage renal disease (median age 5.8 years, median bone age 2.7 years) were treated with recombinant human growth hormone, 4 IU/m 2 /day subcutaneously, for a period of 1 year. Median height velocity was increased from 4.4 cm/yr before therapy to 8.0 cm/yr during treatment. Negative values for height velocity standard deviation scores for chronologic age were improved from a median of −2.6 to +1.5 without advancing bone age more than chronologic age. The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I resistance may be explained in part by the increased serum concentration of the high molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding protein despite normal insulin-like growth factor I serum concentration. Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone improved the ratio between the serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I and its binding protein, and normalized the somatomedin bioctivity in the growth cartilage bioassay.
Thermal interaction for molten tin dropped into water

Multiflash photography with extremely short duration exposure times per flash have been used to observe the interaction of molten tin dropped into a water bath. Detailed photographic evidence is presented which demonstrates that transition, or nucleate boiling, is a possible triggering mechanism for vapour explosions. It was also found that the thermal constraints required to produce vapour explosions could be relaxed by introducing a stable thermal stratification within the coolant. In the present work, the threshold value of the initial tin temperature required for vapour explosion was reduced from about 500 to 343 C.
Global Gravity Wave Variances from Aura MLS: Characteristics and Interpretation

The gravity wave (GW)-resolving capabilities of 118-GHz saturated thermal radiances acquired throughout the stratosphere by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite are investigated and initial results presented. Because the saturated (optically thick) radiances resolve GW perturbations from a given altitude at different horizontal locations, variances are evaluated at 12 pressure altitudes between 21 and 51 km using the 40 saturated radiances found at the bottom of each limb scan. Forward modeling simulations show that these variances are controlled mostly by GWs with vertical wavelengths z 5 km and horizontal along-track wavelengths of y 100-200 km. The tilted cigar-shaped three-dimensional weighting functions yield highly selective responses to GWs of high intrinsic frequency that propagate toward the instrument. The latter property is used to infer the net meridional component of GW propagation by differencing the variances acquired from ascending (A) and descending (D) orbits. Because of improved vertical resolution and sensitivity, Aura MLS GW variances are 5?8 times larger than those from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) MLS. Like UARS MLS variances, monthly-mean Aura MLS variances in January and July 2005 are enhanced when local background wind speeds are large, due largely to GW visibility effects. Zonal asymmetries in variance maps reveal enhanced GW activity at high latitudes due to forcing by flow over major mountain ranges and at tropical and subtropical latitudes due to enhanced deep convective generation as inferred from contemporaneous MLS cloud-ice data. At 21-28-km altitude (heights not measured by the UARS MLS), GW variance in the tropics is systematically enhanced and shows clear variations with the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation, in general agreement with GW temperature variances derived from radiosonde, rocketsonde, and limb-scan vertical profiles.
The role of microstructural dissimilitude in fatigue and fracture of small cracks

Abstract The use of the stress intensity factor, K , as the characteristic driving force parameter for crack extension requires that the conditions of small scale yielding and microstructural similitude be met. The specific effect of microstructural similitude, or its lack, on the crack driving force of both small and short, versus large, cracks is examined in this article. The concept of microstructural dissimilitude is introduced, and its relevance to small crack behavior illustrated by considering the dependence of the number of grains interrogated by the crack front on crack size, and the resulting yield strength variation within the crack tip process zone. It is demonstrated that microstructural dissimilitude can lead to characteristic small crack behavior (anomalous rapid growth) by altering (1) the intrinsic fracture toughness and cyclic crack growth resistance of the process zone, and (2) the local crack driving force. The latter effect is examined in detail by using a modified Barenblatt-Dugdale model to deduce the dissimilitude-induced local crack driving force. The proposed model is then applied for predicting the crack growth and fracture behavior of short and small cracks on the basis of large crack data for a number of alloys. It is shown that the approach may be relevant to subcritical crack growth and fracture in brittle materials like ceramics, as well as to fatigue crack growth in metals.
Idiopathic myelofibrosis in an infant

A case involving an infant with idiopathic myelofibrosis is presented, together with a brief review of the reported cases of this entity in the pediatric age group. This case presented the classical findings of fibrosis of the bone marrow, myeloid metaplasia of the liver and spleen, and presence of primitive myeloid cells in the peripheral blood.
Productive low morale

Abstract This paper models employment relationship as a repeated principal-agent problem with private evaluation. The efficient contracts exhibit correlated movements between lagged wage and current effort that are consistent with the positive feedback between pay and morale in practice. Low morale therefore is an integral part of a well-functioning relationship.
Immunohistologic responses within dermal metastatic melanoma lesions of patients treated with a synthetic peptide vaccine.

Three patients with dermal metastatic melanoma lesions responding to a synthetic peptide vaccine (g209-2M) derived from the sequence of gp100 melanoma-associated antigen, along with either IL-2 or granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor were studied to characterize the immunologic response occurring within and around the lesions during therapy. Standard immunocytochemical techniques were used to study the T-cell response (CD3, CD4, and CD8), the B-cell response (CD20), and the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (HLA-DR) antigens. Between 40 and 65 days after the initiation of vaccine therapy (more than 3 weeks after the second dose of vaccine), the gross tumor size decreased and the tumors from all three patients showed substantial histologic regression associated with increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and melanophages. The increased lesional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes consisted of CD3 + T cells and very few CD20 + B cells. In two of the three patients, the T-cell infiltrate occurring during the initial tumor regression consisted predominantly of CD8 + cells. The number of perivascular T cells surrounding small vessels adjacent to melanoma lesions also increased during the time of peak histologic tumor regression. Also during the course of vaccine therapy, the expression of HLA-DR by vascular endothelial cells of the small vessels adjacent to lesions increased in all three patients, and elevated endothelial expression of HLA-DR was maintained in two of the three patients. These results show that patients with metastatic melanoma, who responded to melanoma vaccine therapy, had a predominantly CD8 + T-cell infiltrate associated with a loss of tumor cells. As the tumor cells diminished, they were replaced by heavily pigmented melanophages.
Right ventricular hypertrophy and scarring in mutation positive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant cardiac disorder, characterized by primary left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which may result in sudden death secondary to ventricular arrhythmia particularly in the young or diastolic heart failure at any age. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows quantification of myocardial thickness, function, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and myocardial scarring. Right ventricular hypertrophy and scarring in HCM is not widely documented. A 37-year-old male, with known HCM, presented complaining of intermittent palpitations and occasional light headedness, without exertional symptoms. Electrocardiogram demonstrated LVH by voltage, ( Panel A ) confirmed by echocardiogram …
Is there a plant interferon

Plants appear to have a mechanism of acquired resistance to virus infection resembling the one which involves the interferon in mammals. In some virus-infected plants, anti-viral agents are produced which show similarities to animal interferon but it is not certain whether these are analogous to the anti-viral protein which is induced by interferon in animal cells. Acquired resistance to virus infection in plants also can be produced by a variety of non-viral agents—biotic and abiotic. In a few cases, interferon-like substances may mediate the resistance. Although many virus inhibitors of higher plant origin differ from the typical interferon because of their preformed (endogenous) character, some show other physico-chemical and biological similarities to the interferon. This is particularly true of a glycoprotein obtained fromPhytolacca spp. whose mechanism of virus inhibition closely resembles a mechanism postulated for the anti-viral protein induced by the interferon in animal cells. Many virus-plant combinations which produce local lesions and an acquired resistance to virus infection remain to be tested for their potential synthesis of induced anti-viral agents. These could be valuable in the therapy of plant and animal disease. The Caryophyllales (Centrospermae) are particularly promising in this regard.
Sumoylation of Corepressor SAFB1 – Mechanism of Action and Biological Relevance in Breast Cancer.

Aim: Immune suppression is clearly observed in cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals as well. The fact is that although cancers often elicit a vigorous immune response during the early part of their growth, the immune response is soon down-regulated, permitting progressive tumor growth. In general, tumor cells have a low level of MHC class I, co-stimulatory molecules, and weak antigens. They also produce immune suppressive factors that exert systemic effects on immune cell function. In this study, we investigated the effect of hyperthermia on immune suppressive factors such as IL-10, TGF-beta, VEGF, PGE (2), and regulatory T cell in subcutaneous tumor. Furthermore, we also investigated the effect of hyperthermia on dendritic cell maturation, production of immunosuppressive cytokines by using mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line (colon 26). Materials and Methods:In vivo study, mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Colon26) was inoculated subcutaneously to male BALB/c mice to establish subcutaneous tumor. The mice were treated with hyperthermia (43°C for 1h). After hyperthermic treatment, mice were sacrificed and tumors were extracted. Immune suppressive factors in tumor were evaluated by RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Regulatory T cells in tumor were stained by using anti-Foxp3 antibody. In vitro study, mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line (colon 26) was treated at 43oC for 1h. 24 h after heat treatment, supernatant and cancer cells were collected. Immune suppressive factors were measured by RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA. Mice dendritic cells were differentiated from the bone marrow mononuclear cells by using GM-CSF. The effects of supernatant on the functional maturation of dendritic cell were examined. Dendritic cell maturation was evaluated by flow cytometry, by measuring the presentation of CD40, 83, 86, and MHC-class I. Results: Hyperthermia reduced both the mRNA level and protein level of IL-10, TGF-beta and VEGF in tumor in vivo study. The levels of VEGF and IL-10 in mice blood were significantly decreased by hyperthermia. The number of regulatory T cells in tumor and Foxp3 in tumor also decreased 24 h after hyperthermia. Heat treatment reduced the protein level of TGF-beta, IL-10, VEGF, COX2 and the mRNA level of IL-10 in mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line (colon 26) in virto study. The supernatant of heat treated cancer cells decreased the functional maturation of dendritic cells from progenitors as compared with that of untreated cancer cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest new therapeutic strategies targeting the inhibitory effect of hyperthermia against for the escape of cancer immune in cancer-bearing host. Hyperthermia may be not only a cancer therapy by heat but also therapeutic blockade of tumor-associated immune suppression which may improve prospects for immunotherapy such as DC -based vaccine or activated lymphocyte transfer therapy. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4142.
Ferroelectric domains in nitrobenzene-nitromethane solutions measured by hyper-Rayleigh scattering

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) spectra were measured for liquid solutions of C6H5NO2 and CH3NO2 at T=300K. The depolarized HRS spectra at small frequency shift are dominated by two components due to reorientation of the nitrobenzene molecules. One is a Lorentzian with spectral width ν1=0.16−0.45cm−1 and corresponding orientation relaxation time τ=33–12ps. The second component is a narrow spike with spectral width 80ns, attributed to HRS from slowly relaxing ferroelectric domains. The dipole order parameter g0=0.053±0.005, saturation parameter p=0.9±0.1, and volume V=20±6nm3 for these domains in nitromethane were determined from measurements of the nitrobenzene-concentration dependence of the intensity ratio for these two spectral components. Orientation of the 230 nitromethane molecules within each domain is inhomogenous but highly ordered.
Frontal surface area measurements in national calibre swimmers

The purpose of this study was to measure frontal surface area of swimmers during the freestyle and to compare measured values to values obtained using different computational methods. Twenty-six National elite freestyle swimmers were the subjects of this study (15 men, 11 women). Subjects were video taped from the front in a 50 m pool as they swam a maximum 50 m freestyle sprint. A 5-m area was calibrated every metre, and a 3rd order polynomial was fitted to the data to enable calibration at any distance within that area. Frontal surface area during one complete stroke cycle was measured by digitizing the outline of the swimmer's trunk only (TRUNK) and secondly by digitizing the outline of the trunk, arms and legs (BODY). Frontal surface area was also calculated using the methods of previous workers (CLARYS, VOLUME2/3). For the women, all methods correlated well with each other except TRUNK, which did not correlate with any of the other methods. All methods correlated well with each other for the men (P < 0.05). A one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Scheffe revealed that, for the women, all methods were significantly different from each other except for TRUNK and CLARYS. For the men, all methods were significantly different from each other. These differences in frontal surface area could significantly alter calculations involving the active or passive drag force in swimming.
23Na NMR studies of sodium ion interactions: Phosphatidyl serine, phosphoserine, and phosphoethanolamine

Abstract 23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements of sodium ion solutions were studied as a function of pH. Results were obtained for aqueous solutions containing phosphate, phosphoethanolamine, and phosphoserine, and an aqueous dispersion of phosphatidyl serine. Changes in the relaxation rate ( T 1 −1 ) going from low pH to high pH exhibit the predominantly ionic nature of the associations. The change in relaxation rate correlates directly with the charge-to-radius ratio of the phosphate, phosphoserine, and phosphoethanolamine anions in that order. The results obtained with phosphatidyl serine dispersions suggest that there is only a weak association of sodium ion with phosphatidyl serine at physiological pH.
Interactions Between Yellow Perch Abundance, Walleye Predation, and Survival of Alternate Prey in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract Species of forage fish in stomachs of walleye and their abundance in trawl catches were compared in 1968–71. Young yellow perch were the predominant species in trawls and were consistently selected by walleyes. Consumption of young white perch and walleyes by older walleyes increased during periods of low yellow perch abundance which suggested that young yellow perch might act as a buffer controlling intensity of predation. This possibility was assessed by comparison of relative survival of white perch and walleye cohorts between the first and second year of life with indices of yellow perch density between 1959 and 1970. Close correlations between these variables support the conclusion that abundance of young perch governs intensity of predation on other forage size fish and indirectly controls the size of the walleye population by regulating cannibalism.
Preservice Teachers' Beliefs: A Focus for Teacher Education

(1993). Preservice Teachers' Beliefs: A Focus for Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 15, National Forces on Teaching and Teacher Education, pp. 45-54.
Young Children's Divergent Movement Ability:

To examine the relations of age, gender, movement experience, and gross motor development to young children's scores on divergent movement (i.e., ability to perform and modify fundamental movement patterns), 40 boys and girls ages 4, 6, and 8 years were tested. Ability to make divergent movements was evaluated by having subjects perform 3 different fundamental movement tasks. Movement experience was assessed by asking parents to complete a questionnaire. Ulrich's Test of Gross Motor Development was used to evaluate subjects' gross motor skill. Testing sessions were videotaped for analysis. Based on a forward stepwise regression analysis, experience and age accounted for 45% of the variance in children's gross motor skill.
A horn-fed reflector optimized with a genetic algorithm

Designing reflector antennas to minimize the effects of spillover and feed blockage requires optimization of accurate numerical models. A FEKO [2003] model of a horn-fed parabolic reflector is optimized for maximum directivity using a genetic algorithm (GA).
Analytical study of crosstalk propagation in all-optical networks using perturbation theory

The performance of current optical networks is inherently limited by the speed of electronic components and, in particular, by electronic switches. A new generation of optical networks, referred to as all-optical networks, overcomes this limitation by switching data entirely optically using all-optical crossconnects (OXCs). However, all-optical networks are prone to phenomena that are unknown to current optical networks with electrical regeneration: OXCs are subject to optical leaks, called crosstalk, resulting in unwanted components being added to transmitted signals, and this crosstalk is transmitted over very long paths without any signal regeneration. In this paper, we consider the interplay between fiber nonlinearity and crosstalk signals over long distances as the source of performance degradation, measured in terms of Q factor. We present an analytical crosstalk model for all-optical networks and give expressions for the performance degradation resulting from the joint propagation of a signal [using a continuous-wave (CW) assumption and perturbation theory] and crosstalk in large networks. Analytical calculations required by this model are shown to be much less computationally intensive than simulations. Simulations are carried out to validate our analytical model and good agreement is found between the analytical model and simulations for wide ranges of parameters.
Dehalogenation of the Herbicides Bromoxynil (3,5-Dibromo-4-Hydroxybenzonitrile) and Ioxynil (3,5-Diiodino-4-Hydroxybenzonitrile) by Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans

Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans has been shown to grow by coupling the oxidation of lactate to the metabolic reductive dehalogenation of ortho chlorines on polysubstituted phenols. Here, we examine the ability of D. chlororespirans to debrominate and deiodinate the polysubstituted herbicides bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), ioxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), and the bromoxynil metabolite 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoate (DBHB). Stoichiometric debromination of bromoxynil to 4-cyanophenol and DBHB to 4-hydroxybenzoate occurred. Further, bromoxynil (35 to 75 μM) and DBHB (250 to 260 μM) were used as electron acceptors for growth. Doubling times for growth (means ± standard deviations for triplicate cultures) on bromoxynil (18.4 ± 5.2 h) and DBHB (11.9 ± 1.4 h), determined by rate of [14C]lactate uptake into biomass, were similar to those previously reported for this microorganism during growth on pyruvate (15.4 h). In contrast, ioxynil was not deiodinated when added alone or when added with bromoxynil; however, ioxynil dehalogenation, with stoichiometric conversion to 4-cyanophenol, was observed when the culture was amended with 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate (a previously reported electron acceptor). To our knowledge, this is the first direct report of deiodination by a bacterium in the Desulfitobacterium genus and the first report of an anaerobic pure culture with the ability to transform bromoxynil or ioxynil. This research provides valuable insights into the substrate range of D. chlororespirans.
Prognosis after cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation associated with acute myocardial infarction (The MILIS study)

Previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions about whether cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is of long-term prognostic significance. The mortality rate in 849 patients with confirmed AMI was analyzed. The mortality rate during the initial hospitalization was higher for patients in whom VT/VF occurred (27% vs 7%, p less than 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate for patients with primary VT/VF, that is, VT/VF occurring in the absence of hypotension or heart failure, was similar to that of patients who did not have VT/VF (8% vs 7%, difference not significant), whereas the rate for patients with secondary VT/VF was significantly greater than that for patients with no VT/VF (51% vs 7%, p less than 0.001). The timing of occurrence of VT/VF also influenced mortality: Patients in whom VT/VF occurred more than 72 hours after admission had a higher in-hospital mortality rate than did patients in whom it occurred within 72 hours (57% vs 20%, p less than 0.05). All cases of primary VT/VF occurred within the first 72 hours of admission. The long-term mortality rate for hospital survivors was not significantly different for patients who had had VT/VF during acute infarction compared with those who had not (19% vs 21%) (mean follow-up 32 months). Thus, cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachyarrhythmia was associated with a higher in-hospital mortality rate but was not a prognostic factor among hospital survivors. Patients resuscitated from primary VT/VF, which characteristically occurs early after AMI, do not have an adverse prognosis.
Is Government Expenditure Volatility Harmful for Growth? A Cross-Country Analysis*

The aim of the paper is to analyse the relationship between government expenditure volatility and long-run growth. Using cross-country panel data from 1970 to 2000, the paper finds that countries with higher government expenditure business-cycle volatility have lower growth, even after controlling for other country-specific growth correlates such as investment, government expenditure, human capital, population growth and output volatility. This relation is robust to different measures of business cycles. Moreover, considering different subsamples, the paper finds that while government volatility significantly affects long-run growth for developing countries, it has a small effect for OECD countries.
Making sense of nonsense: the evolution of selenocysteine usage in proteins

A recent analysis of sequences derived from organisms in the Sargasso Sea has revealed a surprisingly different set of selenium-containing proteins than that previously found in sequenced genomes and suggests that selenocysteine utilization has been lost by many groups of organisms during evolution.
An island of stability in a sea of fingers: emergent global features of the viscous-flow instability

The displacement of a more viscous fluid by a less viscous one in a quasi-two dimensional geometry leads to the formation of complex fingering patterns. This fingering has been characterized by a most unstable wavelength, λc, which depends on the viscosity difference between two immiscible fluids and sets the characteristic width of the fingers. How the finger length grows after the instability occurs is an equally important, but previously overlooked, aspect that characterizes the global features of the patterns. Long after the instability onset, once the fingers are growing in a nearly steady-state regime, there is a stable inner region where the outer fluid is completely displaced. We show that the ratio of the finger length to the radius of this stable region depends only on the viscosity ratio of the fluids and is decoupled from λc.
Observation of antiferromagnetic domains in epitaxial thin films

Antiferromagnetic domains in an epitaxial thin film, LaFeO3 on SrTiO3(100), were observed using a high-spatial-resolution photoelectron emission microscope with contrast generated by the large x-ray magnetic linear dichroism effect at the multiplet-split L edge of Fe. The antiferromagnetic domains are linked to 90i twinned crystallographic regions in the film. The Ne «el temperature of the thin film is reduced by 70 kelvin relative to the bulk material, and this reduction is attributed to epitaxial strain. These studies open the door for a microscopic understanding of the magnetic coupling across antiferromagneticferromagnetic interfaces. The current interest in magnetism is largely based on atomically engineered thin film structures, owing to the interesting physics of these materials and their technological use in the
Embodied Cognition, Representationalism, and Mechanism: A Review and Analysis

Embodied cognition has attracted significant attention within cognitive science and related fields in recent years. It is most noteworthy for its emphasis on the inextricable connection between mental functioning and embodied activity and thus for its departure from standard cognitive science's implicit commitment to the unembodied mind. This article offers a review of embodied cognition's recent empirical and theoretical contributions and suggests how this movement has moved beyond standard cognitive science. The article then clarifies important respects in which embodied cognition has not departed fundamentally from the standard view. A shared commitment to representationalism, and ultimately, mechanism, suggest that the standard and embodied cognition movements are more closely related than is commonly acknowledged. Arguments against representationalism and mechanism are reviewed and an alternative position that does not entail these conceptual undergirdings is offered.
Urinary Frequency and Pelvic Pain

A 41-yr-old woman complains of urinary frequency and pelvic pain. Three years earlier, she began to have “recurrent urinary tract infections.” Cultures were always negative. Since then, she has developed significant urinary frequency and pelvic pain that seems to intensify when she needs to void. She also has significant dyspareunia and says this is ruining her life. She has had a normal office cystoscopy, normal pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and urodynamic studies that show early sensation of need to void but no detrusor overactivity or emptying problems. She has been on Elmiron, Atarax, multiple anticholinergics, amitriptylene, and occasionally narcotics for the pain—all without any significant improvement. On exam, she has no prolapse but does have diffuse tenderness throughout the vagina and appears to have a tense pelvic floor by palpation.
A comparison of the haemodynamic effects of propofol and isoflurane in pregnant ewes

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of inhaled isoflurane and a constant infusion of propofol on maternal haemodynamics and uterine arterial and umbilical venous flows in pregnant ewes. Late term pregnant ewes (n = 5) were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled isoflurane or an intravenous infusion of propofol for 1 h, each on separate occasions. Maternal systemic arterial, right atrial and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, stroke volume index, heart rate, and uterine arterial and umbilical venous flows were determined over the 1 h period of each treatment. Data were analysed using an univariate analysis of variance for repeated measures performed on the ranks of the data. Propofol anaesthetized ewes had significantly higher heart rate (P = 0.0040), mean arterial pressure (P = 0.0003) and cardiac index (P = 0.0475) compared to isoflurane anaesthetized ewes. There were no significant differences in uterine arterial flows, umbilical venous flows, or other measured variables. Continuous propofol infusions maintain maternal haemodynamics at significantly higher levels than does inhaled isoflurane, while uterine arterial and umbilical venous flows do not differ significantly.
The Right and the Good: Distributive Justice and Neural Encoding of Equity and Efficiency

Distributive justice concerns how individuals and societies distribute benefits and burdens in a just or moral manner. We combined distribution choices with functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the central problem of distributive justice: the trade-off between equity and efficiency. We found that the putamen responds to efficiency, whereas the insula encodes inequity, and the caudate/septal subgenual region encodes a unified measure of efficiency and inequity (utility). Notably, individual differences in inequity aversion correlate with activity in inequity and utility regions. Against utilitarianism, our results support the deontological intuition that a sense of fairness is fundamental to distributive justice but, as suggested by moral sentimentalists, is rooted in emotional processing. More generally, emotional responses related to norm violations may underlie individual differences in equity considerations and adherence to ethical rules.
Responding to the Socially Motivated Behaviors of Early Adolescents: Recommendations for Classroom Management.

Much of the literature on middle school teaching focuses upon the developmental stresses early adolescents typically experience. Yet the literature rarely offers teachers specific ways to respond to student behaviors which result from these developmental changes. This paper delineates the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional motivations behind typical early adolescent behaviors, and then offers middle school educators classroom-management approaches for responding to these student behaviors.
How is this Paper Philosophy

This paper answers a call made by Anita Allen to genuinely assess whether the field of philosophy has the capacity to sustain the work of diverse peoples. By identifying a pervasive culture of justification within professional philosophy, I gesture to the ways professional philosophy is not an attractive working environment for many diverse practitioners. As a result of the downsides of the culture of justification that pervades professional philosophy, I advocate that the discipline of professional philosophy be cast according to a culture of praxis. Finally, I provide a comparative exercise using Graham Priest's� definition� of� philosophy� and� Audre� Lorde's� observations� of� the� limitations� of� philosophical theorizing to show how these two disparate accounts can be understood as philosophical engagement with a shift to a culture of praxis perspective.
Active Vision in Parietal and Extrastriate Cortex

Vision is an active process. We do not see the world directly; rather, we construct a representation of it from sensory inputs in combination with internal, nonvisual signals. In the case of spatial perception, our representation of the visual scene must take into account our own movements. This allows us to perceive the world as stationary despite the constant eye movements that produce new images on the retina. How is this perceptual stability achieved? Our central hypothesis is that a corollary discharge of the eye movement command updates, or remaps, an internal representation when the eyes move. In support of this hypothesis, the authors review evidence that parietal cortex and extrastriate visual areas in both monkeys and humans participate in spatial updating. These findings shed new light on the neural circuitry involved in producing a stable and coherent perception of visual space.
On Indexing High Demensional Data with Uncertainty.

In this paper, we will examine the problem of distance function computation and indexing uncertain data in high dimensionality for nearest neighbor and range queries. Because of the inherent noise in uncertain data, traditional distance function measures such as the Lqmetric and their probabilistic variants are not qualitatively effective. This problem is further magnified by the sparsity issue in high dimensionality. In this paper, we examine methods of computing distance functions for high dimensional data which are qualitatively effective and friendly to the use of indexes. In this paper, we show how to construct an effective index structure in order to handle uncertain similarity and range queries in high dimensionality. Typical range queries in high dimensional space use only a subset of the ranges in order to resolve the queries. Furthermore, it is often desirable to run similarity queries with only a subset of the large number of dimensions. Such queries are difficult to resolve with traditional index structures which use the entire set of dimensions. We propose query-processing techniques which use effective search methods on the index in order to compute the final results. We discuss the experimental results on a number of real and synthetic data sets in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. We show that the proposed distance measures are not only more effective than traditional Lq-norms, but can also be computed more efficiently over our proposed index structure.
Time Synchronization of NASA Tracking Stations Via Loran-C

A report is presented of the results observed in comparison between LORAN-C and accurate portable clocks carried to the stations of NASA's world-wide space tracking and data network. It is believed that such information can provide a meaningful determination of the accuracy of the LORAN-C technique. The investigation shows the need for the employment of portable clocks during, or shortly after the installation of LORAN-C receivers.
Racial Cognition and the Ethics of Implicit Bias

We first describe recent empirical research on racial cognition, particularly work on implicit racial biases that suggests they are widespread, that they can coexist with explicitly avowed anti-racist and tolerant attitudes, and that they influence behavior in a variety of subtle but troubling ways. We then consider a cluster of questions that the existence and character of implicit racial biases raise for moral theory. First, is it morally condemnable to harbor an implicit racial bias? Second, ought each of us to suspect ourselves of racial bias, and therefore correct for it in ordinary activity, such as grading student papers?
Tuning the Voltage-Sensor Motion with a Single Residue

The Ciona intestinalis voltage-sensitive phosphatase (Ci-VSP) represents the first discovered member of enzymes regulated by a voltage-sensor domain (VSD) related to the VSD found in voltage-gated ion channels. Although the VSD operation in Ci-VSP exhibits original voltage dependence and kinetics compared to ion channels, it has been poorly investigated. Here, we show that the kinetics and voltage dependence of VSD movement in Ci-VSP can be tuned over 2 orders of magnitude and shifted over 120 mV, respectively, by the size of a conserved isoleucine (I126) in the S1 segment, thus indicating the importance of this residue in Ci-VSP activation. Mutations of the conserved Phe in the S2 segment (F161) do not significantly perturb the voltage dependence of the VSD movement, suggesting a unique voltage sensing mechanism in Ci-VSP.
Cognitive Compositional Semantics using Continuation Dependencies

This paper describes a graphical semantic representation based on bottom-up ‘continuation’ dependencies which has the important property that its vertices define a usable set of discourse referents in working memory even in contexts involving conjunction in the scope of quantifiers. An evaluation on an existing quantifier scope disambiguation task shows that non-local continuation dependencies can be as reliably learned from annotated data as representations used in a state-of-the-art quantifier scope resolver, suggesting that continuation dependencies may provide a natural representation for scope information.
Elliptic Operators on Manifolds

In these talks I shall give examples of some applications of elliptic operators on manifolds centering around the fixed point formula and the index theorem. In his lectures at this session, R. T. Seeley will review pseudo-differential operators on manifolds and the elementary properties of the index. This will allow me to assume much of the analytical facts concerning elliptic operators. Since the primary discipline of the majority of the participants is analysis, I will spend more time with the geometry and topology but motivate the proofs of the main theorems from the analytic viewpoint. By and large analysts find the geometrical and topological background needed here formidable. It is my hope that these expository talks will help orient the listener and allow him to read the relevant papers listed at the end more easily.