cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Force Probe and Quartz Crystal Microbalance for High-Speed Microtribology

We have developed a technique for measuring frictional forces and contact areas, over a wide range of applied loads, at microscopic contacts reaching high sliding speeds near 1 m/s. Our approach is based on integrating two stand-alone methods: nanoindentation and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Energy dissipation and lateral contact stiffness are monitored by a transverse shear quartz resonator, while a spherical indenter probe is loaded onto its surface. Variations in these two quantities as functions of shear amplitude, with the normal load held fixed, reveal a transition from partial to full slip at a critical amplitude. Average values of both the threshold force for full slip and the kinetic friction during sliding are determined from these trends, and the contact area is inferred from the lateral stiffness at low shear amplitudes. Measurements are performed at loads ranging from 5 µN to 8 mN using an electrostatically actuated indenter probe. For the materials chosen in this study, we find that the full slip threshold force is about a factor of two larger than kinetic friction. The forces increase sublinearly with load in close correspondence with the contact area, and the shear strengths are found to be relatively insensitive to pressure. The threshold shear amplitude scales in proportion to the contact radius. These results demonstrate that the probe–QCM technique is a versatile and full-featured platform for microtribology in the speed range relevant to practical applications.
A study of synthetic aperture focusing using plane waves to provide wider field of view ultrasound imaging without side-lobe artifacts due to the use of sampling angle in transmitting inclined plane waves

Synthetic aperture focusing based on planar waves also known as coherent plane wave compounding (CPWC) was introduced to reduce the diffraction spreading effect of ultrasound at depths (Song et al. US Patent 6736780, 2004). CPWC has been widely used in shear wave elasticity imaging due to its capability of ultrafast frame rate (Montaldo, et al. IEEE TUFFC, vol. 56, 2009). However, CPWC based on unfocused (plane waves) or defocused Tx beams has an inherent limitation in imaging wider field of view (FOV) due to the use of sampling angle in transmitting steered ultrasound wave. The sampling angle causes an unwanted side-lobe artifact if the sampling interval of angle is not small enough to cancel the artifact.
Looking back at twentieth-century revolutions

The works reviewed here provide insight into two of the more momentous revolutions of the twentieth century: the Russian and the Vietnamese. Sean McMeekin,1 professor of history at Bard College, dr...
Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Parasite Avoidance.

Predators often cause prey to adopt defensive strategies that reduce predation risk. The ‘ecology of fear’ examines these trait changes and their consequences. Similarly, parasites can cause hosts to adopt defensive strategies that reduce infection risk. However the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these behaviors (the ‘ecology of disgust’) are seldom considered. Here we identify direct and indirect effects of parasite avoidance on hosts and parasites, and examine differences between predators and parasites in terms of cost, detectability, and aggregation. We suggest that the nonconsumptive effects of parasites might overshadow their consumptive effects, as has been shown for predators. We emphasize the value of uniting predator–prey and parasite–host theory under a general consumer–resource framework.
Stratification of ovarian tumor pathology by expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand- 1 (PD-L1) in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is the major cause of death among gynecologic cancers with 75% of patients diagnosed with advanced disease, and only 20% of these patients having a survival duration of five years. Treatments blocking immune checkpoint molecules, programmed cell death (PD-1) or its ligand PD-ligand- I (PD-L1) have produced a beneficial and prolonged effect in a subgroup of these patients. However, there is debate in the literature concerning the prognostic value of the expression of these molecules in tumors, with immunotherapy responsiveness, and survival. We evaluated the immune landscape of the ovarian tumor microenvironment of patients, by measuring the impact of the expression of tumor PD-1, PD-L1 and infiltrating lymphocytes on stage and grade of tumors and survival, in a cohort of 55 patients with gynecologic malignancies. Most patients under study were diagnosed with advanced disease ovarian cancer. Our studies revealed that a low density of PD-1 and of PD-L1 expressing cells in tumor tissue were significantly associated with advanced disease (P = 0.028 and P = 0.033, respectively). Moreover, PD-L1 was expressed significantly more often in high grade tumors (41.5%) than in low grade tumors of patients (7.7%) (P = 0.040). The presence of CD3 or of FoxP3 infiltrating cells with PD-L1 in patient tumors did not impact the significance of the association of PD-L1 with high grade tumors (P = 0.040), and our analyses did not show an association between the presence of PD-1 or PD-L1 and survival. We conclude that a subgroup of advanced disease ovarian cancer patients with high grade tumors, expressing PD-L1, may be prime candidates for immunotherapy targeting PD-1 signaling.
Core Muscle Injuries

Over the past half century, people have used a number of terms to describe the musculoskeletal injuries that affect the abdomen, pelvis and thighs of athletes. The terms reflect the various specialty disciplines of those who use them and obscure cohesive insight into the nature of these problems. In this chapter, my radiologist partner and I advise new eyes and propose nomenclature to represent new insight into the various problems. We base our request on our own clinical findings extracted from a large personal experience, coupled with some anatomical studies as well as observations of others. With respect to these injuries, we strive for the reader to embrace the above-cited Marcel Proust observation.
Kernel Flows: From learning kernels from data into the abyss

Learning can be seen as approximating an unknown function by interpolating the training data. Although Kriging offers a solution to this problem, it requires the prior specification of a kernel and it is not scalable to large datasets. We explore a numerical approximation approach to kernel selection/construction based on the simple premise that a kernel must be good if the number of interpolation points can be halved without significant loss in accuracy (measured using the intrinsic RKHS norm ∥·∥ associated with the kernel). We first test and motivate this idea on a simple problem of recovering the Green's function of an elliptic PDE (with inhomogeneous coefficients) from the sparse observation of one of its solutions. Next we consider the problem of learning non-parametric families of deep kernels of the form K_1(F_n(x), F_n(x')) with F_(n+1) = (I_d + ϵG_(n+1)) ◦ F_n and G_(n+1) ∈ span{K_1(F_n(x_i), ·)}. With the proposed approach constructing the kernel becomes equivalent to integrating a stochastic data driven dynamical system, which allows for the training of very deep (bottomless) networks and the exploration of their properties. These networks learn by constructing flow maps in the kernel and input spaces via incremental data-dependent deformations/perturbations (appearing as the cooperative counterpart of adversarial examples) and, at profound depths, they (1) can achieve accurate classification from only one data point per class (2) appear to learn archetypes of each class (3) expand distances between points that are in different classes and contract distances between points in the same class. For kernels parameterized by the weights of Convolutional Neural Networks, minimizing approximation errors incurred by halving random subsets of interpolation points, appears to outperform training (the same CNN architecture) with relative entropy and dropout.
What does the general population think about chemotherapy shortages

6530Background: Chemotherapy shortages have been increasingly recognized, and most oncologists report their patients have been at least intermittently affected. Despite their potential impact, litt...
Optimal Design of Outer Rotor Switched Reluctance Machines for Direct Drive Rim Applications

This paper discusses the optimal design of external rotor switched reluctance (SR) machines for direct drive applications. The machines considered for this study include SR motors with a higher number of rotor poles than stator teeth; machines employing a larger number of stator teeth than rotor poles, as well as machines with segmented rotor constructions. Differential evolution is utilized for the optimization, and two objectives, of mass and loss are considered. A comprehensive comparison of the mass, loss, and inverter VA rating required to meet target torque for all three studied machine was performed, in which, hundreds of candidate designs were analyzed. The calculations are also benchmarked with results from a prototype motor.
Acupuncture Cardiovascular Regulation: Translational, Clinical Studies and Underlying Mechanisms

Mechanisms associated with the effects of acupuncture on cardiovascular health have been investigated in the recent decades. Although the precise mechanisms are yet unclear, a list of finding has been reported on acupuncture induced sympatho inhibition (Longhurst and Tjen-A-looi 2013) to support the promising effects of this therapy on cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases aggravated by hypertension. The common underlying mechanism, in part, relates to sympathoexcitation that occurs for instance with dietary sodium, physical and emotional stress and aberrant autonomic neuronal activity electroacupuncture (EA). We have observed that the acupuncture outcomes depend on well-defined specific EA treatment are influenced by responders and non-responders. Acupuncture may also modify ischemia in the heart and brain through angiogenesis and nerve fiber regeneration. Decreasing peak blood pressure with acupuncture could prevent these types of ischemia leading to myocardial ischemia and stroke. Alongside reduction in sympathoexcitation, acupuncture also decreases parasympathoexcitation during neurogenic syncope. Thus acupuncture has the capability to influence the cardiovascular function in patients with disease that are contributed by altered autonomic nervous system regulation, for example hypertension and hypotension.
Examining Assumptions in Science-Based Policy: Critical Health Communication, Stasis Theory, and Public Health Nutrition Guidance

Recent work in rhetoric of science, technology, health, and medicine argues for a shift away from critique, even as some health communication scholars call for critical engagement with the situated, ideological nature of scientific claims supporting public health messages. We suggest that critique of scientific claims remains important to rhetoricians of health and medicine, but that such critique must go further in examining interactions between science, values, and public health policy. We offer an adapted version of stasis theory as a framework for pursuing this end. Using the U.S. public health nutrition policy Dietary Guidelines for Americans as a case study, we engage this framework to explore how science-based nutrition policy provides a discursive lens that influences how subsequent scientific evidence is produced, interpreted, and employed.
Python Script for Homogeneous Aqueous Chemical Reaction Analysis and Associated Data Related to Radiolysis Simulations

Abstract A script was developed to perform homogenous radiolysis calculations. It was used specifically to calculate radiolysis products under various neutron and gamma flux environments [1] . The routine may be used to calculate a single radiolysis condition, multiple independent conditions, or multiple conditions computed in series (the final concentration set of run i is the initial concentration of run i+1). While designed for radiolysis of water, the routine is easily adapted to a variety of aqueous reaction systems and may even be altered with minimal effort for more general homogenous chemical analysis. In the present article, the Python routine is explained along with various outputs and inputs. It and the relevant input and output text files are included as supplementary materials. They are the raw data used for calculation of figures in the associated journal article.
Is photoshop with Qualitative Image Analysis a valid technique for measuring hair morphology? A test using wires of known dimensions

Three image analysis methods were compared to assess the most effective way to accurately measure the length and width of a series of wires, which represent mammalian hair. Five different wires of known length and width were mounted with straight wires (Layout A) or curvy wires (Layout B) each with different angles or curvature. Prepared cards were scanned on a flatbed scanner at maximum resolution (1200 dpi), and analysed using Qualitative Image Analysis 64 software (QIA-64). Method 1 utilized the default automatic thresholding algorithm to measure all generated features. Method 2 used manual selection of features. Method 3 also used manual feature selection, but used the Johannsen thresholding algorithm instead of automatic thresholding. QIA-64 could accurately measure the length of straight wires when features were selected manually (Methods 2 and 3), but could not accurately determine the length of curved wires. With respect to width measurements, the Inscribed Radius procedure measured width more accurately than Mean Fibre Width. QIA-64 has the potential for use in research but requires further refinement and validation before it can replace manual measurement of length and width using a microscope.
Decreasing Loneliness and Social Disconnectedness among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Potential of Information and Communication Technologies and Ride-Hailing Services

This study explores self-reports of 241 older adults (aged 63–95) regarding loneliness and social disconnectedness, and the potential for information and communication technologies (ICT) and ride-h...
Forb Cover Increases After Solarization and Winter Fire in a Grassland Invaded by Yellow Bluestem

Abstract Solarization (covering soil and vegetation with plastic) has long been used in agriculture to control undesirable plants, but solarization of invasive plants in rangelands has shown mixed and species-specific results. Yellow bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var. songarica (Rupr. ex Fisch & C.A. Mey) Celarier & Harlan), an invasive perennial C4 grass, is common throughout the southern Great Plains and is not controlled by winter prescribed fire. We tested whether solarization (tarping) with black plastic, combined with winter prescribed fire, could control yellow bluestem. We applied three treatments (with four replicates): solarization (August to November 2017) + fire (January 2018), trimming + fire, and fire only. Results after two growing seasons show that total yellow bluestem cover in solarized + fire plots was reduced to 54% ± 10% (mean ± standard error), lower than trimmed + fire (82% ± 5%, p
El monstruo desde la exterioridad y la virtualidad: prácticas digitales en César González

El present article analitza l'us de la marginalitat en la cultura audiovisual digital com un element monstruos necessari en la produccio i intensificacio de la subjectivitat i la realitat social. Es reflexiona a partir de les analisis de la pel·licula penjada a YouTube ?Que puede un cuerpo? (2014) de Cesar Gonzalez i de l'examen a l'escriptura i publicacions en el seu blog Camilo Blajaquis. En l'analisi s'estableix una articulacio entre les nocions d'exterioritat, virtualitat i «estetica de la politica» (Ranciere). Argumento que les practiques digitals de Gonzalez possibiliten altres llocs i altres estetiques des de les quals mirar i pensar els processos de marginacio en la cultura contemporania, aixi com problematitzar les subjectivitats historicament excloses en la seva lluita actual per nous canals de mobilitzacio afectiva.
Coherence-based beamforming improves the diagnostic certainty of breast ultrasound exams

Breast ultrasound is often used as a diagnostic tool to diagnose breast cancer, however the high false positive rate limits its use in screening. Coherence-based beamforming has been shown improve the distinction between solid and fluid breast masses, therefore the objective of this work is to both qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the clinical impact of coherence-based beamforming. Five board-certified breast radiologists were asked to read ultrasound images of twentysix masses and select the content (i.e., solid, fluid, mixed, or uncertain) and the clinical diagnosis (i.e., BI-RADS 2, 3, 4 or 5). The responses were compared with and without the inclusion of coherence-based beamforming to qualitatively assess the impact of coherence-based beamforming. In addition, coherence-based metrics including lag-one coherence (LOC) and coherence length (CL) were used to quantitatively distinguish solid from fluid-filled masses. When including coherence-based beamforming, the mean reader sensitivity for detection of fluid-filled masses was improved from 57% with B-mode alone to 86% with the addition of coherence-based images. Using LOC as a quantitative metric, with an optimal threshold of 0.3, the sensitivity for detection of fluid-filled masses was further improved to 100% with a specificity of 94%. These results are promising for the inclusion of coherence-based features in the breast clinic in order to improve diagnostic certainty, particularly when distinguishing between solid and fluid-filled breast masses.
TEMPORAL AND FRACTAL BEHAVIOR OF THE CENTER OF PRESSURE IN PARKINSONIAN AND HEALTHY ELDERLY COHORTS DURING QUIET STANDING

This study investigated the quantitative scaling properties of the center of pressure (COP) as well as the spatial-temporal properties of the COP to elucidate the postural control behavior of healt...
Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Attenuates Social Recognition Deficits and Increases Prefrontal Cortex Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents following Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in heightened risk for social deficits that can emerge during adolescence and adulthood. A moderate TBI in male and female rats on postnatal day 11 (equivalent to children below the age of 4) resulted in impairments in social novelty recognition, defined as the preference for interacting with a novel rat compared with a familiar rat, but not sociability, defined as the preference for interacting with a rat compared with an object in the three-chamber test when tested at four weeks (adolescence) and eight weeks (adulthood) postinjury. The deficits in social recognition were not accompanied by deficits in novel object recognition memory and were associated with a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded from pyramidal neurons within Layer II/III of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Whereas TBI did not affect the expression of oxytocin (OXT) or the OXT receptor (OXTR) mRNAs in the hypothalamus and mPFC, respectively, intranasal administration of OXT before behavioral testing was found to reduce impairments in social novelty recognition and increase IPSC frequency in the mPFC in brain-injured animals. These results suggest that TBI-induced deficits in social behavior may be linked to increased excitability of neurons in the mPFC and suggests that the regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in this region as a potential mechanism underlying these deficits.
In Utero Gene Therapy: Progress and Challenges

In utero gene therapy has the potential to treat lethal and morbid perinatal diseases before birth. Small fetal size, a tolerogenic immune system, and dosing efficiency make the fetus a compelling patient. Numerous clinical, social, and institutional factors must be considered to achieve the promise of genetic treatment before birth.
Liability Insurance: A Reply to Professor Utz

In this article, I continue my debate with Professor Stephen Utz over the tax treatment of liability insurance, arguing that there are policy justifications for the current tax treatment of liability insurance payments.
Isolated perinephric lymphoma: A distinct presentation of primary lymphoma.

Abstract Isolated perinephric lymphoma is a rare presentation of primary lymphoma. We report a case of a 77-year-old male who was incidentally found to have isolated left perinephric lymphoma. We outline the diagnostic work up and subsequent diagnosis of lymphoma as well as the considerations that guided management. Ultimately, bone marrow biopsy and PET-CT were used as diagnostic tools to assess for systemic disease and the patient was managed with observation and interval follow-up imaging.
Avian leukosis-sarcoma virus gene expression. Noncoordinate control of group-specific antigens in virus-negative avian cells.

Abstract Cell-free extracts obtained from chicken embryos of inbred lines were used in double-antibody competition radioimmunoassays for the detection of avian leukosis-sarcoma virus polypeptides of molecular weight 27,000, 19,000, and 15,000 (p27, p19, and p15). Antigens were detectable at concentrations as low as 0.5–1 ng/mg of cell protein. Cells from line 100, which produces endogenous, Rous-associated virus, type O (RAV-O), competed for 125I-labelled p27, p19, and p15 purified from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), whereas extracts from group-specific antigen-negative line 15 cells did not compete significantly for any of the three antigens tested. Extracts from the virusnegative line 6, which expressed group-specific antigen activity and chick-helper factor, competed with p27 and p19, but there was no detectable viral p15 in these cells. Analysis of viral polypeptides expressed in line 15× (line 6 × line 15)F1 backcross embryos demonstrated the segregation of a dominant host gene for gs antigen reactivity, which was associated with the expression of both p27 and p19 in the absence of detectable p15. In contrast, two mammalian cell lines nonproductively transformed by Rous sarcoma virus expressed all three antigens at relative levels similar to those in intact virus.
The D2 antagonist spiperone mimics the effects of olfactory deprivation on mitral/tufted cell odor response patterns

Wistar rats had a single nare occluded on postnatal day 30, depriving the ipsilateral olfactory bulb of odor stimulation. The deprivation lasted for either 1–2 months (short-term) or 12 months (long-term). As previously reported, deprivation greatly reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (the rate limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis) in the glomerular layer of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. The nare was then reopened and odor response patterns of mitral/tufted cells were examined. The proportion of mitral/tufted cell single-units responding to a single odor was enhanced by deprivation. Furthermore, the proportion of mitral/tufted cells responding to more than one odor was increased by deprivation, suggesting a decrease in discrimination. Finally, in undeprived bulbs, the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist spiperone mimicked the effects of deprivation on mitral/tufted cell odor response patterns. The results are interpreted as an activity- dependent dopamine modulation of lateral and feedback inhibition in the olfactory bulb, and are compared with similar events in the dark- adapted retina.
Does the Model Matter? Comparing Video Self-Modeling and Video Adult Modeling for Task Acquisition and Maintenance by Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of learning and maintaining vocational chain tasks using video self-modeling and video adult modeling instruction. Four ado...
Regulation of the Fanconi Anemia/BRCA pathway

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 SY28-2 Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. There are eleven complementation groups of FA (A, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, L, I, J), and nine FA genes have been cloned. The FANCD2 gene is identical to the BRCA2 gene. The nine cloned FA proteins cooperate in a novel cellular DNA damage response pathway (the FA/BRCA pathway). This pathway is activated during the S phase of the cell cycle. Specifically, in S phase, when a replication fork encounters an interstrand crosslink, the FA complex (consisting of FA proteins A, B, C, E, F, G, L) becomes an active monoubiquitin ligase. This complex monoubiquitinates the downstream FANCD2 protein, leading to its targeting to DNA repair foci containing FANCD1/BRCA2. Disruption of this pathway leads to a failure to repair DNA crosslinks. We have recently identified other regulatory proteins which control the cell cycle specific activation of the FA/BRCA pathway. The ATR kinase, for example, is required for the S phase specific phosphorylation of FANCD2 (Andreassen PR, D’Andrea AD, Taniguchi T. ATR couples FANCD2 monoubiquitination to the DNA-damage response. Genes & Development 18: 1958-1963, 2004). In addition, we have identified a novel deubiquitinating enzyme (USP1) which cleaves FANCD2-Ub (Nijman et al, 2004, submitted). FANCD2-Ub is localized to the chromatin, has DNA binding activity, and appears to be required to prevent collapse of the replication fork. USP1 cleavage of FANCD2-Ub at the end of S phase, results in exit of FANCD2 from the chromatin fraction and a completion of DNA replication. While the precise role of FANCD2 monoubiquitination during S phase is unknown, it may function as a mechanism to (a) turn on homologous recombination (HR) repair and/or (b) switch on DNA translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases. The precise role of the USP1 protease in regulation the of the FA/BRCA pathway will be discussed.
Fluid-faulting interactions: Fracture-mesh and fault-valve behavior in the February 2014 Mammoth Mountain, California, earthquake swarm

Faulting and fluid transport in the subsurface are highly coupled processes, which may manifest seismically as earthquake swarms. A swarm in February 2014 beneath densely monitored Mammoth Mountain, California, provides an opportunity to witness these interactions in high resolution. Toward this goal, we employ massive waveform-correlation-based event detection and relative relocation, which quadruples the swarm catalog to more than 6000 earthquakes and produces high-precision locations even for very small events. The swarm's main seismic zone forms a distributed fracture mesh, with individual faults activated in short earthquake bursts. The largest event of the sequence, M 3.1, apparently acted as a fault valve and was followed by a distinct wave of earthquakes propagating ~1 km westward from the updip edge of rupture, 1–2 h later. Late in the swarm, multiple small, shallower subsidiary faults activated with pronounced hypocenter migration, suggesting that a broader fluid pressure pulse propagated through the subsurface.
Time Course of Perceptual Adaptation Differs among Odorants

Perceptual adaptation, a fundamental property of all sensory systems, functions to attenuate neural and perceptual responses to sustained or redundant stimulation as a means of limiting neural saturation and of enhancing the detection of new transient stimuli. While our understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms underlying adaptation has grown in recent years, how these processes are affected by individual odorant properties remains unclear. Recent data from our laboratory demonstrate that the onset time course of perceptual odor adaptation can be estimated by use of a simultaneous-odorant-stimulus paradigm, where the delay from the onset of a relatively long-duration adapting odorant to the onset of a brief target odorant is varied. Adaptation was observed as an increase in threshold with increasing adapting-to-target-odorant onset delay. Using this technique, we compared the estimated onset time course for four common odorants (vanilla extract, coconut extract, vinegar and propanol). Thresholds were estimated for a brief target odorant presented during a simultaneous adapting odorant in a group of college-aged student volunteers (n = 124; 88 females). Onset of adaptation for the vanilla and coconut mixtures was more rapid than for vinegar and propanol, though the asymptotic levels (approximately 400 ms) of adaptation were similar for coconut extract, vanilla extract and vinegar. In contrast, propanol did not reach asymptotic levels within the 1,000-ms timeframe. Considering propanol is a pure alcohol, relative differences in trigeminal reactivity may partially explain this variance in adaptation contours. Practical Applications A method for capturing rapid changes in response to odor adaptation is described. The automated method can be reliably used to compare both the magnitude and time course for a wide range of stimuli. The technique may be reproduced to evaluate how individual olfactory sensitivity changes in response to prolonged stimulation. Importantly, this procedure can be used to assess shifts in odor perception on rapid timescales – in the 50–100-ms range, rather than seconds or minutes.
A performance evaluation of autoregressive clutter mitigation methods for over-the-horizon radar

Wide-area surveillance over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) requires minimizing the dwell time in each search region without compromising Doppler resolution of targets from clutter. Low-order autoregressive (AR) modeling of the clutter spectrum has been proposed to unmask targets from clutter using shorter coherent integration times (CITs). We compare the performance of three methods using AR parameters to maximize signal-to-clutter-to-noise ratio (SCNR) with shorter CITs. In particular, we consider AR-based data extrapolation (DATEX), minimum variance clutter pre-whitening (MV-CPW), and a method called HOPPLER, which consists of pre-whitening, conventional Doppler processing, and re-insertion of the clutter spectrum. We compare the methods using real data from a mid-latitude OTHR with a target beacon embedded in sea-clutter.
Analytic Bound on Accuracy of Battery State and Parameter Estimation

Methods for battery state and parameter estimation have been widely investigated, while the achievable accuracy of the estimation remains a critical but somehow overlooked topic. In this paper, the analytic bounds on the accuracy of battery state and parameter estimation accounting for voltage measurement noises are derived based on the Fisher information matrix and Cramer-Rao bound analysis. The state and parameters under discussion include the state of charge, capacity and (ohmic) resistance. The estimation accuracy is influenced by the information contained in the data set used for estimation. It is found that the main contributing factors to the accuracy of SOC estimation are the slope of the OCV curve and number of data points, while the accuracy of capacity estimation is affected by both OCV slope and SOC variation, and that of resistance estimation depends heavily on the current magnitude. The analytic bounds are derived for both standalone estimation, where only one state/parameter is estimated, and combined estimation where they are estimated together. The loss of accuracy in combined estimation compared to standalone estimation is usually expected. However, when the current excitation satisfies certain patterns, such loss can be avoided. The conclusions can be used as guidelines for offline experiment design as well as online evaluation of the accuracy of adaptive state and parameter estimation. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0791509jes] All rights reserved.
Asymptotic Approximation of Marginal Likelihood Integrals

The accurate asymptotic evaluation of marginal likelihood integrals is a fundamental problem in Bayesian statistics. Following the approach introduced by Watanabe, we translate this into a problem of computational algebraic geometry, namely, to determine the real log canonical threshold of a polynomial ideal, and we present effective methods for solving this problem. Our results are based on resolution of singularities, and they apply to all statistical models for discrete data that admit a parametrization by real analytic functions.
Pathophysiology of Calcium Absorptive Disorders

Calcium is the most abundant cation and fifth most common inorganic element of the human body. It not only serves as the principal component of the skeleton, imparting to it the structural integrity essential to support the increasing body size of the individual during growth, but also plays a vital role in a variety of essential physiological and biochemical processes. Thus, maintenance of circulating Ca2 + within a narrow range is critical for the animal’s survival. The homeostasis of Ca2 + in blood and extracellular fluid represents one of the most exquisite biological control systems in man and is achieved by the interaction of a variety of hormones on the skeleton, kidneys, and intestine. It is evident that the availability of dietary Ca2 + is an important determinant of Ca2 + homeostasis. In this chapter we shall review the normal physiological regulation of Ca2 + absorption in man and the alterations in intestinal Ca2 + absorption which characterize a variety of clinical disorders.
Twists and turns in ubiquitin‐like protein conjugation cascades

Post-translational modification by ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) is a predominant eukaryotic regulatory mechanism. The vast reach of this form of regulation extends to virtually all eukaryotic processes that involve proteins. UBL modifications play critical roles in controlling the cell cycle, transcription, DNA repair, stress responses, signaling, immunity, plant growth, embryogenesis, circadian rhythms, and a plethora of other pathways. UBLs dynamically modulate target protein properties including enzymatic activity, conformation, half-life, subcellular localization, and intermolecular interactions. Moreover, the enzymatic process of UBL ligation to proteins is itself dynamic, with the UBL moving between multiple enzyme active sites and ultimately to a target. This review highlights our work on how the dynamic conformations of selected enzymes catalyzing UBL ligation help mediate this fascinating form of protein regulation.
Three-Dimensional Unsteady Simulation of Cavitating Flows in Injector Passages

Fully 3-D, unsteady, viscous simulations are performed on a plain-orifice pressure atomizer being fed by a manifold with a crossflow. This geometry replicates features present in both liquid rocket and diesel engine injectors. Both noncavitating and cavitating conditions are considered to determine the role of cavitation on the orifice discharge characteristics. The presence of cavitation is shown to affect both the mean and unsteady components of the orifice discharge coefficient. The presence of a significant cavitation zone can inhibit vorticity transport causing nearly all the fluid to be ejected through a crescent-shaped sector of the orifice exit plane
User Acceptance of Peer Appraisals in an Industrial Setting

A survey of 218 industrial employees who had used a peer evaluation system for over a year found a higher degree of user acceptance than that reported in previous research. Users were significantly more favorable in their attitudes toward peer appraisals when the appraisals were used for developmental rather than evaluative purposes. Favorable user reactions were positively associated with the satisfaction that employees expressed with prior peer ratings and with the amount of leniency perceived in the peer rating process. User reactions were negatively associated with perceived friendship bias and years of company experience. No relationship was found between peer or self-ratings of performance and reactions to the peer appraisal process.
Encouraging Sun Safety for Children and Adolescents.

The rise in the number of cases of skin cancers, both melanomas and nonmelanomas, has prompted increased awareness and educational efforts to limit sun exposure. Because 80% of lifetime sun exposure occurs before the age of 18, educating parents and adolescents to incorporate sun-protective behaviors into daily routines is particularly important. Education of parents is essential to establishing healthy behavior patterns in children. Educational interventions are recommended that encourage the following: using sunscreen, wearing hats with wide brims and clothing that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet rays, using sunglasses that block ultraviolet radiation, and seeking shade. Continued efforts are important through adolescence to maintain the established behaviors. School nurses are in a position to affect the health education curriculum, as well as school policies that promote sun safety behaviors.
Inflammatory myofibrohistiocytic proliferation simulating sarcoma in children

The term "inflammatory myofibrohistiocytic proliferation" (IMP) has been proposed to replace the conventional designations of plasma cell granuloma and inflammatory pseudotumor. Three cases of extrapulmonary IMP in children are reported, including an intracerebral lesion which has been formerly undescribed. In children, IMP may be associated with microcytic hypochromic anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In this clinical setting, differentiation of a rapidly growing but benign IMP from a bona fide sarcoma is of paramount importance.
Evidence of physiological decoupling from grassland ecosystem drivers by an encroaching woody shrub.

Shrub encroachment of grasslands is a transformative ecological process by which native woody species increase in cover and frequency and replace the herbaceous community. Mechanisms of encroachment are typically assessed using temporal data or experimental manipulations, with few large spatial assessments of shrub physiology. In a mesic grassland in North America, we measured inter- and intra-annual variability in leaf δ13C in Cornus drummondii across a grassland landscape with varying fire frequency, presence of large grazers and topographic variability. This assessment of changes in individual shrub physiology is the largest spatial and temporal assessment recorded to date. Despite a doubling of annual rainfall (in 2008 versus 2011), leaf δ13C was statistically similar among and within years from 2008-11 (range of −28 to −27‰). A topography*grazing interaction was present, with higher leaf δ13C in locations that typically have more bare soil and higher sensible heat in the growing season (upland topographic positions and grazed grasslands). Leaf δ13C from slopes varied among grazing contrasts, with upland and slope leaf δ13C more similar in ungrazed locations, while slopes and lowlands were more similar in grazed locations. In 2011, canopy greenness (normalized difference vegetation index – NDVI) was assessed at the centroid of individual shrubs using high-resolution hyperspectral imagery. Canopy greenness was highest mid-summer, likely reflecting temporal periods when C assimilation rates were highest. Similar to patterns seen in leaf δ13C, NDVI was highest in locations that typically experience lowest sensible heat (lowlands and ungrazed). The ability of Cornus drummondii to decouple leaf physiological responses from climate variability and fire frequency is a likely contributor to the increase in cover and frequency of this shrub species in mesic grassland and may be generalizable to other grasslands undergoing woody encroachment.
Testosterone Replacement Increases Fat-Free Mass and Muscle Size in Hypogonadal Men

This open-label nonrandomized study evaluated the effect of intramuscular testosterone enanthate administration on body composition, protein dynamics, and serum hormone concentrations in seven healthy hypogonadal adults 19 to 47 years old. The subjects had been previously treated with androgen replacement therapy (testosterone or gonadotropins) but underwent a 12-week washout period off all androgenic therapy prior to study. During the 10-week treatment period, testosterone enanthate (100 mg IM) was administered weekly in the Clinical Research Center. Subjects were instructed to refrain from moderate to heavy exercise for 4 weeks before study and during the treatment period. All were instructed to consume a standardized daily diet of 36 kcal/kg/d and 1.5 g/ kg/d protein and 100% of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamins.Study endpoints were determined before and after testosterone therapy. The primary outcome measure was fat-free mass determined by underwater weighing. Body composition (fat-free m...
Scalable semidefinite manifold learning

Maximum variance unfolding (MVU) is among the state of the art manifold learning (ML) algorithms and experimentally proven to be the best method to unfold a manifold to its intrinsic dimension. Unfortunately it doesnpsilat scale for more than a few hundred points. A non convex formulation of MVU made it possible to scale up to a few thousand points with the risk of getting trapped in local minima. In this paper we demonstrate techniques based on the dual-tree algorithm and L-BFGS that allow MVU to scale up to 100,000 points. We also present a new variant called maximum furthest neighbor unfolding (MFNU) which performs even better than MVU in terms of avoiding local minima.
Demodex-Associated Folliculitis

Examination of 388 follicles in 24 large resections of skin for the presence of histologic folliculitis and Demodex mites uncovered a nonrandom association between these two phenomena. Demodex mites were found in 42% of follicles with inflammation, but in just 10% of the follicles without inflammation. Eighty-three percent of follicles with Demodex showed inflammation. The probability that this result could occur by random chance alone was < 0.001, thus suggesting that Demodex is associated with histologic folliculitis, even minor folliculitis. The results do not, however, decide whether Demodex is causative, whether it preferentially selects follicles with histologic inflammation, or whether some of both processes operate.
Methane distribution and cycling in Tomales Bay, California

Cycling of methane (CH4) in Tomales Bay, a 28-km2 temperature estuary in northern California with relatively low inputs of organic carbon, was studied over a 1-yr period. Water column CH4 concentrations showed spatial and temporal variability (range=8–100 nM), and were supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere by a factor of 2–37. Rates of net water column CH4 production-oxidation were determined by in situ experiments, and were not found to be significantly different from zero. Fluxes across the sediment-water interface, determined by direct measurement using benthic chambers, varied from −0.1 μmol m−2 d−1 to +16 μmol m−2 d−1 (positive fluxes into water). Methane concentrations in the two perennial creeks feeding the bay varied annually (140–950 nM); these creeks were a significant CH4 source to the bay during winter. In addition, mass-balance calculations indicate a significant additional inter CH4 source, which is hypothesized to result from storm-related runoff from dairy farms adjacent to the bay. Systemwide CH4 budgets of the 16-km2 inner bay indicate benthic production (110 mol d−1) and atmospheric evasion (110 mol d−1) dominated during summer, while atmospheric evasion (160 mol d−1) and runoff from dairy farms (90 mol d−1) dominated during winter.
Improved direct-acting electric recording instruments

WITH the electrical industry's increase in size and importance throughout the United States, a corresponding increase occurs in applications for electric direct-acting recording instruments. As power levels become larger, it becomes increasingly important to improve their control and application. Recording instruments possess the valuable feature of showing in permanent form the history of a given circuit. From this history, the future performance of the circuit can be predicted.
Overview of laboratory data tools available in a single electronic medical record.

Background: Laboratory data account for the bulk of data stored in any given electronic medical record (EMR). To best serve the user, electronic laboratory data needs to be flexible and customizable. Our aim was to determine the various ways in which laboratory data get utilized by clinicians in our health system's EMR. Method: All electronic menus, tabs, flowsheets, notes and subsections within the EMR (Millennium v2007.13, Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, MO, US) were explored to determine how clinicians utilize discrete laboratory data. Results: Laboratory data in the EMR were utilized by clinicians in five distinct ways: within flowsheets, their personal inbox (EMR messaging), with decision support tools, in the health maintenance tool, and when incorporating laboratory data into their clinical notes and letters. Conclusions : Flexible electronic laboratory data in the EMR hava many advantages. Users can view, sort, pool, and appropriately route laboratory information to better support trend analyses, clinical decision making, and clinical charting. Laboratory data in the EMR can also be utilized to develop clinical decision support tools. Pathologists need to participate in the creation of these EMR tools in order to better support the appropriate utilization of laboratory information in the EMR.
On the process of host-controlled modification of bacteriophage.

Abstract The modification of restricted phage T1 (rT1) to the unrestricted form (uT1), and the analogous modification of phage P2 (rP2 to uP2) can be brought about by the presence in the same nonlysogenic host cell, of the vegetative phase of the phage P1. In P1-lysogenic host cells, joint infection with P1 and rT1 increases only slightly the yield of uT1 as compared to infection with rT1 alone. It is postulated that the rare event that causes P1-lysogenic hosts to become yielders when infected with rT1 or rP2, is prophage activation and that a subsequent interaction between vegetative P1 and the restricted phage causes some of the latter to become modified.
Multiculturalism in collegiate management education

Notes that one common response by management textbook writers and publishers to the need for multiculturalism in collegiate management education is to add chapters to standard management textbooks. Argues that management educators can better prepare students to communicate and work with diverse employees and customers by creating learning experiences that challenge how students make sense of events around them. To integrate cultural diversity means transforming the instructional focus to include information literacy assignments to allow students to appreciate and understand fully the multitude of interpretations of diversity, and the manifestation of such issues in the workplace. Feels that any diversity‐related information assignments should provide a basis for co‐operation and group work among the students, integrate both written and oral outcomes, and respect differing ways of learning and achieving. What is relevant is how diversity‐related information is processed and integrated by management students to solve problems and enhance understanding.
NEW PHYSICS WITH 1020 eV NEUTRINOS AND ADVANTAGES OF SPACE-BASED OBSERVATION

Nature accelerates cosmic particles to energies as high as 1020 eV. The rates for neutrino-initiated quasi-horizontal air showers (HASs) and upgoing air showers (UASs) have different dependences on σν N. Therefore, a measurement of HAS and UAS rates would allow an inference of σν N at energies far beyond what is conceivable with terrestrial accelerators. At a minimum, such a measurement provides a microscope/telescope for QCD evolution. More ambitiously, such a measurement may reveal energy thresholds of completely new physics. The feasibility of this measurement is examined. Favorable conclusions result, especially for proposed space-based observatories. The latter benefit from a larger field of view and from a UAS rate enhanced by over oceans compared to over land.