cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plane Meaning and Thought: Real-World Semantics and Fictions of Originalism

This article explores how meaning and thought work in the real-world of human experience. In doing so, it explores five basic planes or levels of such meaning and thought: references, issues, rules, applications of rules, and conclusions. It also explores framing, metaphor, and narrative in constructing such planes or levels of meaning and thought, as well as some basic resulting forms of thought. Additionally, it examines original meaning as a cautionary negative example of how real-world meaning and thought do not and cannot work. Given the flexibility of framing involved in the multiple levels of real-world meaning and thought, originalism cannot sustain its claims of greater objectivity when compared to other interpretive approaches.
Emergency Room Utilization After Medically Complicated Pregnancies: A Medicaid Claims Analysis.

Abstract Background: Women with pregnancy complications benefit from closer monitoring postpartum and beyond. Increased postpartum emergency room (ER) use may indicate unmet need for outpatient obstetrics and primary care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether women with pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes [GDM], gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia) have increased ER use in the first 6 months postpartum, compared with women without these complications. Methods: We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using a 2003–2010 Maryland Medicaid managed care claims data set, linked with U.S. Census data. Data included claims for outpatient and ER visits for women aged 12–45 years who were continuously enrolled in Medicaid for at least 100 days of pregnancy and 90 days postpartum. We used logistic regression to calculate the association between pregnancy complications and having ≥1 ER visit in the 6 months postpartum. Results: We identified 26,074 pregnancies, of which...
Comments on “Bedrock Intensity Attenuation and Site Factors from San Fernando Earthquake Records” by K. W. Campbell and C. Martin Duke

In the paper "Bedrock Intensity Attenuation and Site Factors from San Fernando Earthquake Records," by K. W. Campbell and C. Martin Duke, which appeared in the February, 1974 issue of the Bulletin, a correlation is made between a measure of intensity of recorded ground accelerations and four categories of soil, classified by increasing softness. The authors present different numerical site factors for each category and conclude that their results are sufficiently reliable to justify their use for purposes of zoning. The site factors and the conclusion are based mainly on the data presented in their Figure 5 and the lines of specified slope fitted by least squares to the data points. The set of lines in their Figure 6 present the authors' idealized relation between intensity, softness of ground, and distance from the source. The upper four lines in Figure 6 are taken from Figure 5.
Molecular tunneling in heme proteins

At low temperatures the rebinding of carbon monoxide to heme proteins, after photodissociation by a laser flash, occurs via quantum-mechanical tunneling. Quantum-mechanical tunneling and the classical over-the-barrier process, which dominates at higher temperatures, are both described by an energy spectrum. The barrier widths can be determined from the energy dependence of the tunneling rates. Rebinding of carbon monoxide to the beta chain of hemoglobin is treated in detail, and we find that in this case the barrier width d(E) depends on the barrier height and is given by d(E) = 0.05 nm ×(E/Epeak)1.5, with Epeak = 4.0 kj/mole, Epeak being the peak of the energy spectrum. Data on rebinding of carbon monoxide to the octapeptide formed by proteolytic digestion of cytochrome c are presented. In this system an additional fast component to the rebinding process is observed. The absorption spectrum and the approximately temperature independent behavior of this fast component suggest quantum-mechanical tunneling from an excited state.
EFFECTS OF LANTHANUM MODIFICATION ON RHOMBOHEDRAL PB(ZR1-XTIX)O3 CERAMICS : PART I. TRANSFORMATION FROM NORMAL TO RELAXOR FERROELECTRIC BEHAVIORS

The interruption of long-range polar order in rhombohedral ferroelectricPb(Zr1−xTix)O3 (PZT) ceramics has been systematically studied by incorporating La onto the A-site of the perovskite (ABO3) structure for Zr/Ti ratios of 65/35 and 80/20 and various La contents. Studies have been performed by hot-stage transmission electron microscopy, dielectric spectroscopy, and Sawyer–Tower polarization (P-E) techniques. The evolution of a polar nanodomain state from a normal micron-sized domain state with increasing La content was observed. The emergence of this polar cluster state was characterized by the onset of strong frequency dispersion in the dielectric response, indicative of relaxor behavior. The La content that drives the structure into the relaxor state was found to be related to the lattice distortion of the undoped base composition.
Interruption of early pregnancy with a silastic device containing (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2α methyl ester: Efficacy and mode of action

Abstract The efficacy of an intravaginally placed silastic device containing (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2α methyl ester (15-Me-PGF2α) in inducing abortion was evaluated in 20 pregnant women who were no more than 50 days beyond the first day of their last normal menstrual period. Eighteen pregnancies were interrupted successfully. In 1 woman in whom an intrauterine pressure gauge had been inserted, abortion failed to occur; in another woman who failed to abort, an ectopic pregnancy was later discovered. All women who aborted developed gastrointestinal symptoms; most had severe abdominal cramping pain necessitating narcotic analgesia. Following insertion of the prostaglandin-containing device, the levels of serum hCG fell rapidly, reaching about one-fourth the baseline level within 24 hours. The fall in plasma progesterone and estradiol levels was less pronounced; plasma 17α-hydroxy-progesterone levels—although quite variable—increased during the first 2 hours but by 24 hours had fallen to an average value of 27.4% of the baseline level. Plasma levels of 15-Me-PGF2α, measured in 6 patients, varied greatly.
Rethinking the Role of Ideology in Mass Atrocities

There is a widespread sense amongst theorists of genocide and other violent atrocities that ideology matters. But in spite of this agreement all is not well with actual efforts to theorise ideology's role. Theoretical and empirical coverage has been uneven, and there has been little if any effort to incorporate theories and research from the actual specialist field of contemporary ideology studies. As a result, overarching theoretical accounts of the role ideology plays in violent atrocities remain limited and problematic. This article aims to encourage theorists to think about ideology in a more systematic and productive fashion by analysing four questions: (a) what do we mean by ideology?; (b) who, in cases of atrocity, might be relevantly affected by ideology?; (c) how do these people come to be influenced by atrocity-justifying ideologies?; and (d) how might ideology encourage these people to commit, or permit, mass violence? In discussing these four questions, I aim to clear up a number of misconcept...
BIN1 is a novel MYC-interacting protein with features of a tumour suppressor.

BIN1 is a novel protein that interacts with the functionally critical Myc box regions at the N terminus of the MYC oncoprotein. BIN1 is structurally related to amphiphysin, a breast cancer–associated autoimmune antigen, and RVS167, a negative regulator of the yeast cell cycle, suggesting roles in malignancy and cell cycle control. Consistent with this likelihood, BIN1 inhibited malignant cell transformation by MYC. Although BIN1 is expressed in many normal cells, its levels were greatly reduced or undetectable in 14/27 carcinoma cell lines and 3/6 primary breast tumours. Deficits were functionally significant because ectopic expression of BIN1 inhibited the growth of tumour cells lacking endogenous message. We conclude that BIN1 is an MYC–interacting protein with features of a tumour suppressor.
Defects in the Yeast High Affinity Iron Transport System Result in Increased Metal Sensitivity because of the Increased Expression of Transporters with a Broad Transition Metal Specificity

Yeast with defects in vacuolar pH show increased sensitivity to high concentrations of transition metals. This sensitivity has been presumed to result from defective metal storage. We demonstrate that mutations that result in a defective high affinity iron transport system, such as a deletion in the surface ferroxidase FET3, also result in increased metal sensitivity independent of vacuolar function. Multiple copies of transition metal transporter resistance genes, such as COT1 or ZRC1, do not reduce the metal sensitivity of fet3 mutations. Increased metal sensitivity is because of an increased cellular accumulation of transition metals resulting from the increased activity of low affinity iron transporters, such as FET4, that mediates the transport of other transition metals. In cells lacking a high affinity iron transport system, the increased transition metal uptake can be prevented by increased extracellular iron. These results suggest that vacuolar function may not be required for transition metal sequestration.
Pore-lining phases and capillary breakthrough pressure of mudstone caprocks: Sealing efficiency of geologic CO2 storage sites

Subsurface containment of CO2 is predicated on effective caprock sealing. Many previous studies have relied on macroscopic measurements of capillary breakthrough pressure and other petrophysical properties without direct examination of solid phases that line pore networks and directly contact fluids. However, pore-lining phases strongly contribute to sealing behavior through interfacial interactions among CO2, brine, and the mineral or non-mineral phases. Our high resolution (i.e., sub-micron) examination of the composition of pore-lining phases of several continental and marine mudstones indicates that sealing efficiency (i.e., breakthrough pressure) is governed by pore shapes and pore-lining phases that are not identifiable except through direct characterization of pores. Bulk X-ray diffraction data does not indicate which phases line the pores and may be especially lacking for mudstones with organic material. Organics can line pores and may represent once-mobile phases that modify the wettability of an originally clay-lined pore network. For shallow formations (i.e., < {approx}800 m depth), interfacial tension and contact angles result in breakthrough pressures that may be as high as those needed to fracture the rock - thus, in the absence of fractures, capillary sealing efficiency is indicated. Deeper seals have poorer capillary sealing if mica-like wetting dominates the wettability. We thank themore » U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, and the Southeast and Southwest Carbon Sequestration Partnerships for supporting this work.« less
W∗-algebras and nonabelian harmonic analysis

Abstract The Fourier-Stieltjes algebra of an arbitrary locally compact group G is the set of all finite, complex-linear combinations of continuous, positive definite functions on G, where addition and multiplication are defined pointwise and a Banach algebra norm (unique up to equivalence) can be specified. Thus, B(G) is a commutative, semisimple Banach algebra with unit. The main result is that B(G1) and B(G2) are isometrically isomorphic as Banach algebras if and only if G1 and G2 are topologically isomorphic as groups. The spectrum of B(G) is characterized as a ∗-semigroup of operators on Hilbert space, and its subgroup of invertible elements (being precisely those unitary elements which “preserve tensor products”) is topologically isomorphic to G. The Fourier algebra A(G) is also shown to characterize G. (A(G) can be defined as the closure in B(G) of the functions in B(G) with compact support.) The representation theory of the lattice of subgroups of G is also studied. The main techniques of investigation come from the theory of C ∗ and W∗-algebras.
Spatially Resolved Derivatization of Solid-Phase-Synthesis Beads with Fluorescent Dendrimers: Creation of Localized Microdomains

Second and third generation Newkome-type trifurcated dendrimers, containing either a coumarin or dansyl fluorescent probe at the dendrimer core, have been synthesized and attached to ArgoGel ® solid-phase-synthesis beads. Subsequent reaction with rhodamine dye shows that the dye can penetrate throughout the beads to acylate the remaining sites. Thus, it is possible to achieve a spatially resolved microdomain for library formation at the core of the dendrimer, primarily on the bead's periphery, and a second microdomain suitable for derivatization by other reagents such as encoding tags and fluorescent sensors.
Fertility Preservation Preferences and Perspectives Among Adult Male Survivors of Pediatric Cancer and Their Parents

Purpose: In this study, we set out to determine the preferences, concerns, and attitudes toward fertility preservation of adult male survivors of pediatric cancer and their parents. Methods: We conducted 3 focus groups with a total of 15 male survivors of pediatric cancer (age at diagnosis: mean=14, range: 10-20; age at study: mean=35, range: 25-47) and 2 groups with a total of 7 parents of survivors. Grounded theory methodology was used for the identification and analysis of recurrent themes expressed by survivors and their parents in the course of focus group discussions. Results: Themes most frequently expressed by survivors included concern regarding long-term treatment effects and a retrospective desire for fertility impairment to have been discussed when they were originally diagnosed with cancer. Parental themes included the same hindsight desire, as well as reliance upon the treating oncologist for direction in selecting the course of treatment, and an acknowledgment that input from a specialist in fertility preservation would have been beneficial. Conclusions: Although future reproductive potential was not consistently reported as a source of apprehension when diagnosed with cancer, both survivors and their parents noted it to be a paramount concern later in life. Parents and survivors both reported that fertility preservation discussions should be routinely incorporated in the clinical context of a pediatric cancer diagnosis.
The effect of the detoxification of domestic gas in Switzerland on the suicide rate

An examination of suicide rates in Switzerland during the period when domestic gas was detoxified indicated that, not only did the use of domestic gas for suicide decline, but so did the overall suicide rate, indicating that people did not switch to alternative methods for suicide, contrary to a claim made by the late Erwin Stengel.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVII. Banding studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).

Chromosomes were studied in the bone marrow and/or blood cells from 38 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The initial analysis with conventional Giemsa staining revealed that 16 of the 38 patients with AML studied had chromosomal abnormalities. The cells of these 38 patients (16 with abnormal karyotypes and 22 with normal karyotypes) were re-examined with Q- and G-banding techniques. Twenty-two patients with conventionally stained normal karyotypes did not show any abnormalities, even with banding techniques. Three cases had a common translocation between the long arm of No. 8 and No. 21, i.e., [t(8;21)(q22;q22)], the so-called prototypic karyotype. Two cases had a 45, XX,-21 karyotype; and three cases had trisomy of the long arm of chromosome No. 1. The banding patterns revealed that in two of the three latter cases, the presence of the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 apparently occurred late in the disease. Therefore, it is possible that the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 might bear a relationship to selective growth advantage of the leukemic cells in some cases with AML. The presence of extra No. 8 and No. 9 chromosomes and deletion of the long arm of No. 7, frequently reported in several leukemic disorders, were also found in the present cases, but with other chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes No. 6,No. 15,No. 19,No. 20, and X were not involved in any structural and/or numerical changes. The present data suggest that some chromosomal changes are nonrandom in AML and that further chromosomal studies may lead to a division of AML patients into subgroups on the basis of their karyotypes.
Oyster sources and their prehistoric use on the Georgia Coast

Abstract American oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) on the Atlantic coast of south-eastern North America occupy distinctive habitats which are associated with communities that share common variation in the shape of their shells. Oysters from archaeological contexts are analysed and their variation compared to that represented in each modern community type. Source types for archaeological oysters are successfully identified (0·05 level of significance) for 12 of the 14 archaeological contexts by applying a simple analysis of variance procedure. The results indicate that much of the prehistoric oyster gathering may have been carried out by women and children, and that the recurrent harvesting of oysters from one of the community types had positive effects on subsequent yields.
Demo: Bluetooth TouchPoint

A new technology breakthrough which allows any standard Bluetooth mobile phone to access information services using the same selective and deliberate gesture envisioned for NFC. This technology is called Bluetooth Touchpoint, and it consists of reconfigurable coverage that combines NFC-like, close-proximity communications with the long-range, roaming solution of today's Bluetooth devices. Phase shifting technology combined with a unique antenna configuration makes this realization possible. Therefore, as the world moves toward contactless, wireless communication links, it is believed that the near ubiquity of Bluetooth in mobile devices makes this technology an excellent choice for delivering the benefits of NFC today without the wait, effort and cost associated with adopting NFC globally.The main technology contribution is a new Bluetooth antenna design. This device is shown in Fig. 1. Instead of a single antenna, an array of antennas is integrated into the radio module. By carefully choosing the phase of radio signals sent at each antenna, constructive interference is created in certain special regions and cancel out the signals in other regions. Combining directionality with power control, the same antenna can be used to achieve three kinds of selectivity in device pairing, tapping, pointing, and approaching. Each is briefly explained below.Tapping - With tapping, the user explicitly place one device against another to make the connection. The key advantage of tapping is the deliberateness. The user knows explicitly which counterpart she is interacting with. Examples include tapping a phone at a sales terminal for payment and scanning a bar code for object identification.Pointing - In this mode of operation, the user points remotely to another device. The experience is best captured by remote control of home appliances. Unlike tapping, the users enjoy a better flexibility and range of the interaction range, without losing the deliberateness.Approaching - Two devices can be paired as long as they are in the proximity of each other. This mode gives users the best mobility as long as it is within the communication range of another device. However, it also loses deliberateness. When multiple target devices are in the same space, users typically need to resolve them manually. For example, with WiFi links, a mobile device can see multiple access points, and the user must select which one to use.
Managed Care Incentives and Inpatient Complications

Managed care organizations control costs through restrictions on patient access to specialized services, oversight of treatment protocols, and financial incentives for providers. We investigate possible effects of such practices on the care patients receive by studying frequencies of in-hospital complications. We find significant differences in complication rates between managed care and fee-for-service patients. We investigate the sources of this variation by comparing probabilities of complications among patients with different types of managed care coverage and patients treated in different hospitals. For several patient categories, the differences in outcomes we find appear to arise not from differential treatment of patients within hospitals or from heterogeneity in patients, but from variations in care across hospitals that tend to treat patients with different insurance types.
Factors affecting processing mode in visual search

Visual search was studied under a variety of conditions to clarify some differences among the results of previous investigations and to provide a testing ground for models of visual information processing. Display configuration, target and field composition, exposure duration, and display size (up to 16 elements) were among the parameters investigated. In some conditions, mean reaction time was essentially invariant with display size, while in other conditions it increased substantially and linearly with display size. Current models of visual information processing were evaluated in the light of these and previous findings; all were found wanting. The data seem to demand a system subject to flexible cognitive control processes.
Seizure semiology and EEG findings in mitochondrial diseases.

SummaryObjective Seizures constitute a frequent yet under-described manifestation of mitochondrial disorders (MDs). The aim of this study was to describe electroencephalography (EEG) findings and clinical seizure types in a population of children and adults with mitochondrial disease. Methods Retrospective chart review of 165 records of children and adults with mitochondrial disease seen in the University of Texas Houston Mitochondrial Center between 2007 and 2012 was performed; all subjects were diagnosed with confirmed mitochondrial disease. EEG findings and clinical data, including seizure semiology and response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), were analyzed and categorized. Results Sixty-six percent (109/165) of subjects had a routine EEG performed. Sixty-one percent (67/109) of EEG studies were abnormal and 85% (56/67) had epileptiform discharges. The most common EEG finding was generalized slowing (40/67, 60%). The most frequent category of epileptiform activity seen was multifocal discharges (41%), followed by focal (39%) and generalized (39%) discharges. Clinical seizures were seen in 55% of subjects and the most common types of seizures observed were complex partial (37%) and generalized tonic–clonic (GTC; 37%). The most common seizure type in patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) was GTC (33%), with generalized or focal discharges seen on EEG. In Leigh syndrome GTC (11%) and complex partial (11%) seizures were the most frequent types. Of 60 subjects with clinical seizures, 28% were intractable to medical treatment. Significance Mitochondrial disorder should be included in the list of differential diagnosis in any child that presents with encephalopathy, seizures, and a fluctuating clinical course. Given the relatively high prevalence of EEG abnormalities in patients with MD, EEG should be performed during initial evaluation in all patients with MD, not only upon clinical suspicion of epilepsy. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
The population effects of the global cardiovascular risk model in United States adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Surveys, 2005-2006.

Background The Framingham Global Cardiovascular Disease (FRS-CVD) risk assessment is a proposed alternative for the assessment of hard coronary heart disease (FRS-CHD) event risk. Beyond heart attack and death, FRS-CVD risk adds the end points of cerebrovascular disease, angina, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Objective We sought to estimate the population impact of using FRS-CVD instead of FRS-CHD risk prediction on U.S. adults. Methods We analyzed FRS-CHD and FRS-CVD risk in men age 45–74 and women age 55–74 without cardiovascular disease or diabetes, using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. We stratified the population into 10-year risk categories: low: Results We analyzed 1020 subjects who statistically represent approximately 50 million U.S. adults. When the FRS-CVD was used, we found that 63% of men and 74% of women increase at least one risk category compared with when the FRS-CHD is used. Overall, the low-risk population decreases from 52% to 16% and the high-risk group increases from 4% to 20%. Of the subjects changing risk categories, 30% will now fail to meet their new corresponding lipid goals. Conclusions FRS-CVD end points are more comprehensive, yet the population implications of such a change may be profound. The use of a FRS-CVD risk model significantly increases the intermediate and high-risk groups, thus increasing the number of individuals eligible for novel risk assessment tools such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, coronary calcium scoring, and more frequent use of pharmacotherapy.
Subunit structure of thyrotropin receptors expressed on the cell surface.

We studied cell surface thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) by biotinylating proteins on the surface of metabolically labeled, intact cells. In addition to TSHR cleaved into A and B subunits, mature single-chain receptors with complex carbohydrate were also present on the cell surface. A low A/B subunit ratio indicated partial shedding of extracellular A subunits from transmembrane B subunits. TSHR cleavage at upstream site 1 (within amino acid residues 305–316) would generate a B subunit of 51–52 kDa. However, only smaller B subunits (40–46 kDa) were detected, corresponding to N termini from residues ∼370 (site 2) extending downstream to the region of B subunit insertion into the plasma membrane. The intervening C peptide region between sites 1 and 2 could not be purified from TSHR epitope-tagged (c-myc) within this region. However, the small proportion of B subunits recovered with a c-myc antibody were larger (45–52 kDa) than the majority of B subunits recovered with a C-terminal antibody. In conclusion, our study provides the first characterization of cell surface TSHR including their A and B subunits. Single-chain, mature TSHR do exist on the cell surface. The C peptide lost during intramolecular cleavage disintegrates rapidly following cleavage at upstream site 1 of the single-chain TSHR into A and B subunits. N-terminal disintegration of the B subunit pauses at site 2, but then progresses downstream to the vicinity of the plasma membrane, revealing a novel mechanism for A subunit shedding.
Über die Herstellung von Estern der Mono‐alkylol‐phosphine und Mono‐alkylol‐phosphinoxyde

Methylolphosphine, Propylol-(3)-phosphine und die entsprechenden Phosphinoxyde lassen sich mit freien Carbonsauren nicht befriedigend verestern. Erfolgreich ist die Umesterung von Carbonsaureestern mit den Alkylol-Phosphorverbindungen. Die besten Ausbeuten an Ester ergibt jedoch die Reaktion der Alkylol-Phosphroverbindungen mit Carbonsaurechloriden.
A prospective double-blind study of nasal sumatriptan versus IV ketorolac in migraine

We conducted a study to compare the efficacy in migraine headache of nasal sumatriptan and intravenous ketorolac. The study was a prospective, double-blind study done with a convenience sample of 29 patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute migraine. Patients received either 20 mg of nasal sumatriptan or 30 mg of intravenous ketorolac. Patients scored the severity of their headache on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) of pain prior to medication, and again 1 hour after medication. Differences between initial and 1-hour scores were analyzed. Before treatment, no difference existed between the groups in the intensity of headache. One hour after medication, the sumatriptan group had a decrease in pain score of 22.937 mm and the ketorolac group a decrease of 71.462 mm on the VAS. The decrease in pain score with ketorolac was significantly greater than that with sumatriptan (P < 0.001). The study therefore showed that both sumatriptan and ketorolac effectively reduced the pain associated with acute migraine headache, but that intravenous ketorolac produced a greater reduction in pain than did nasal sumatriptan.
Incorporating Manufacturing Process Variation Awareness in Fast Design Optimization of Nanoscale CMOS VCOs

This paper proposes a novel fast and unified mixed-signal design methodology by incorporating manufacturing process variation awareness in power, performance, and parasitic optimization. The design of a process variation aware voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) at nano-CMOS technologies is demonstrated as a case study. Through accurate simulations it is shown that process variations have a drastic effect on performance metrics such as the center frequency of the VCO. In the presence of worst-case process variation, performance optimization of the VCO is applied, along with a dual-oxide technique for power minimization. The final product of the proposed process-variation aware methodology is an optimal physical design. The proposed methodology achieves 25% power reduction (including leakage) with only 1% degradation in center frequency compared to the target, in the presence of worst-case process variation and parasitics, with a 41% area penalty.
Examining Technological Disparities and Instructional Practices in English Language Arts Classroom: Implications for School Leadership and Teacher Training

A considerable amount of research has been conducted about technological disparity within various classroom instructional practices; yet educators have concerned about the chronic underachievement of students in urban school settings. In order for technology to have its greatest impact on our educational system, teachers and student must not only access to technology, but access to technology in a contextual matter that is culturally relevant, responsive and meaningful to their educational practice. Results of this study revealed that socioeconomic status of the school still plays an important role in how well teacher are trained and their ability to integrate technology in the classroom. This study provides a platform for discussion on technology and instructional practices within urban school and to offer recommendations as we begin to rethink technological disparities and the intentional and unintentional affects on instructional practices.
Infrared filters for cryogenic millimeterwave receivers

Filters are required to block infrared radiation from the low temperature regions of cryogenic receivers to reduce thermal loading and temperature gradients. The design and analysis of PTFE filters mounted on the radiation shield of a closed-cycle Joule-Thompson 4 K refrigerator is described. Calculations of the thennal transmission and emission of the filters are compared with measurements. It was found that the filters were not as effective as expected since the heat sinking of the material to the radiation shield was poor, but the overall heat load was less than anticipated since a thermal gradient developed across the polystyrene foam vacuum window, reducing its infrared emission.
Effects of litter size on sympathetic activity in young adult rats.

Rearing animals in small litters induces a permanent increase in body weight and body fat. To determine whether changes in sympathoadrenal activity contribute to this effect, litter size was adjusted the day after birth and maintained until weaning at 21 days. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was measured in adult animals using [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE) turnover in peripheral tissues. Although litter size was without effect on [3H]NE turnover in chow-fed animals, acceleration of [3H]NE turnover by dietary sucrose was completely abolished in heart and attenuated in interscapular brown adipose tissue and kidney of rats reared in small litters. Body and epididymal fat-pad weights were heavier in rats reared in small litters; however, weight gain in response to dietary enrichment with sucrose did not differ as a function of litter size. Thus litter size alters dietary activation of the SNS, and this effect presumably reflects changes in central nervous system regulation.
Toulmin on Ideals of Natural Order

In this paper I criticize Toulmin's concept of ‘Ideals of Natural Order’ and his account of the role these ‘Ideals’ play in scientific explanation as given in his book, Foresight and Understanding. I argue that Toulmin's account of ‘Ideals of Natural Order’ as those theories taken to be self evident by scientists at a given time introduces an undesirable subjectivism into his account of scientific explanation. I argue also that the history of science, especially the recent history of microphysics, does not support Toulmin's contentions about the supposed self-evidence of the basic explanatory theories in science.
Social anxiety and social cognition: the influence of sex.

Abstract Current theoretical models predict a negative relationship between social anxiety and performance on measures of social cognition, yet there appears to be relatively little research that directly examines this relationship and the potential interaction of sex. Two samples of undergraduates self-reporting either a high ( n =27; 59% female) or low ( n =29; 62% female) level of social anxiety on the abbreviated Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory completed two social cognition measures: the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Eyes Test) and The Awareness of Social Inference Test—Parts 2 and 3). A multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant group by sex interaction on overall social cognition performance. Follow-up analyses indicated that males with high and low levels of social anxiety did not differ on any of the social cognition measures. In contrast, females with high social anxiety performed significantly better on the Eyes Test and the TASIT—Part 3 than females with low social anxiety. Contrary to expectations, results of this study suggest that females with high social anxiety may exhibit better-developed social cognition abilities than those with low social anxiety. These preliminary results have clinical implications in the treatment of individuals with social phobia.
Factor Structure of Locus of Control in Children.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the factor structure of the Children's Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control scale. To this end, the responses of Ss at the elementary (n = 449), junior high (n = 388) and high school (n = 389) were subjected to factor analysis procedures. Both general and specific factors were found. It was suggested that locus of control scales be prepared so as to yield a general as well as specific, score to allow the investigator to choose the appropriate measure of locus of control for his purposes.
Program Evaluation and Counseling: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

Spawned by intensified demands for accountability, expanding counselor roles and functions, and increased counselor attention both in the counseling literature and in counseling practice, program evaluation has emerged as a vital aspect of counselor functioning in recent years. This article highlights the differences between program evaluation and research, a long-standing source of confusion; presents major issues in the practice of counseling program evaluation; and identifies current trends in program evaluation.
The Stirling Polynomial of a Simplicial Complex

We introduce a new encoding of the face numbers of a simplicial complex, its Stirling polynomial, that has a simple expression obtained by multiplying each face number with an appropriate generalized binomial coefficient. We prove that the face numbers of the barycentric subdivision of the free join of two CW-complexes may be found by multiplying the Stirling polynomials of the barycentric subdivisions of the original complexes. We show that the Stirling polynomial of the order complex of any simplicial poset and of certain graded planar posets has non-negative coefficients. By calculating the Stirling polynomial of the order complex of the r-cubical lattice of rank n + 1 in two ways, we provide a combinatorial proof for the following identity of Bernoulli polynomials: $$ 1+r^{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{\binom{n}{k-1}}{k}\cdot\left(B_{k}\left(x+\frac{1}{r}\right)-B_{k}\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)\right)=(rx+1)^{n}. $$ Finally we observe that the Stirling polynomials of simplicial complexes associated to the cladistic characters defined by McMorris and Zaslavsky [21] are equal, up to a shift, to the Stirling polynomials defined by Gessel and Stanley [14].
Response of lipid, lipoprotein-cholesterol, and electrophoretic characteristics of lipoproteins following a single bout of aerobic exercise in women

The effects of a single session of moderate intensity (65% VO2max) aerobic exercise expending 500 kcal of energy on serum lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and the electrophoretic characteristics of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were determined in 11 sedentary, eumenorrheic, premenopausal women immediately prior to, and 24 and 48 h following exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant reductions in triglyceride (25.0%), HDL-cholesterol (10.9%), and HDL3-cholesterol (11.9%) concentrations at 48 h post-exercise. Despite these changes in lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, no significant changes were observed in peak LDL or HDL particle sizes or in the distribution of cholesterol within the LDL and HDL subfractions. Accordingly, it appears that a single session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise expending 500 kcal (2,092 kJ) of energy promotes reductions in triglyceride, HDL-C, and HDL3-C concentrations without concomitantly affecting the electrophoretic characteristics of LDL and HDL particles in this sample of women.
A Five Segment Brookhaven FASTBUS System

A Brookhaven Fastbus system with 3 crate segments and 2 cable segments will be described. A general view of the system and a description of its use in E749, an experiment to better understand CP violation in K-Zero decays, at the AGS will be discussed.
Solving elliptic partial differential equations on the hypercube multiprocessor

Abstract We discuss the implementation of several classical methods for solving elliptic partial differential equations on the hypercube multiprocessor. The methods considered are the alternating directions implicit (ADI) algorithm, a direct banded Gaussian elimination method and multigrid methods. The complexity analysis of these algorithms shows that high efficiencies can be achieved by carefully assigning the data to the processors and (sometimes) resorting to more parallellizable methods. The binary reflected Gray code plays an important role for both the multigrid and the ADI algorithms.
Algorithm 422: minimal spanning tree [H]

This algorithm generates a spanning tree of minimal total edge length for an undirected graph specified by an array of inter-node edge lengths using a technique suggested by Dijkstra [1]. Execution time is proportional to the square of the number of nodes of the graph; a minimal spanning tree for a graph of 50 nodes is generated in 0.1 seconds on an IBM System 360/67. Previous algorithms [2, 3, 4, 5] require an amount of computation which depends on the graph topology and edge lengths and are best suited to graphs with few edges.
Sulfate requirement for heterotrophic growth of "Ferroplasma acidarmanus" strain fer1.

Abstract Growth of the acidophilic archaeon, “Ferroplasma acidarmanus” strain fer1, in a laboratory medium (primary constituents, FeSO4 72 mM and 0.02% yeast extract) is minimal. A survey of the annotated genome revealed metabolic transporters for Ni2+, sugars, and amino acids. Accordingly, the concentration of yeast extract was increased to 0.1% and the addition of 2 mM Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 significantly enhanced the cultivation of strain fer1. The maximum optical density in the modified fer1 medium (mfer) was OD 492 = 0.27 with 1010 viable cells / ml as determined by a most-probable-number method, which exceeds previously reported viable cells / ml by >100-fold. Strain fer1 displayed chemolithotrophic growth with Fe2+ in mfer containing 100 mM FeSO4 or FeCl2. In the absence of Fe2+, heterotrophic growth occurred with one of the following salts (100 mM): ZnSO4, MnSO4, MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4, or Fe2(SO4)3, and did not occur with (100 mM): ZnCl2, MnCl2, MgCl2, NH4Cl, or FeCl3. Escaping headspace gas from strain fer1 cultures formed a precipitate in a zinc acetate trap. Sulfide was absent in the precipitate but zinc and sulfur were detected. These data demonstrate that SO4 is required for heterotrophic growth of strain fer1 and may have a role in the global sulfur cycle.
Evaluating and reporting data quality in eye movement research

In order to judge the degree of confidence one should have in the results of an experiment using eye movement records as data, it is necessary to have information about the quality of the eye movement data themselves. Suggestions are made for ways of assessing and reporting this information. The paper deals with three areas: characteristics of the eye movement signal, algorithms used in reducing the data, and accuracy of the eye position data. It is suggested that all studies involving eye movement data should report such information. Appendices include linear interpolation algorithms for mapping from the eye movement signal to stimulus space and a way of obtaining an index of accuracy for each data point.
Examination of Numerical Results from Tangent Linear and Adjoint of Discontinuous Nonlinear Models

Abstract The forward model solution and its functional (e.g., the cost function in 4DVAR) are discontinuous with respect to the model's control variables if the model contains discontinuous physical processes that occur during the assimilation window. In such a case, the tangent linear model (the first-order approximation of a finite perturbation) is unable to represent the sharp jumps of the nonlinear model solution. Also, the first-order approximation provided by the adjoint model is unable to represent a finite perturbation of the cost function when the introduced perturbation in the control variables crosses discontinuous points. Using an idealized simple model and the Arakawa–Schubert cumulus parameterization scheme, the authors examined the behavior of a cost function and its gradient obtained by the adjoint model with discontinuous model physics. Numerical results show that a cost function involving discontinuous physical processes is zeroth-order discontinuous, but piecewise differentiable. The ma...
p-i-n photodiodes made in laser-recrystallized silicon-on-insulator

Lateral p-i-n photodiodes made in laser-recrystallized silicon-on-insulator are investigated. Dark reverse currents of 0.1 pA/µm are obtained (5-V reverse voltage), as well as an efficiency of more than 5 percent in the green part of the visible spectrum. The influence of a back gate (the mechanical substrate) on the intrinsic zone of the diode is discussed. The carrier lifetime is found to be approximately 8 µs in the intrinsic zone, and the photogenerated current is proportional to incident light power over more than 5 decades.
Outflow facility in mice with a targeted type I collagen mutation.

PURPOSE Transgenic Col1a1(r/r) mice develop elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) with an open angle and progressive optic nerve axon loss. The present study was undertaken to evaluate aqueous outflow facility and its age dependence in these mice. METHODS Homozygous B6;129S4-Col1a1(tm1Jae) mice and corresponding wild-type Col1a1(+/+) mice from 12 to 56 weeks of age were anesthetized, and IOP was measured with a microneedle. Outflow facility was determined by a two-level, constant-pressure infusion METHOD Type I collagen, subunit alpha1 was assessed in sclera and choroid by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The mean IOP in 12- to 36-week-old transgenic Col1a1(r/r) mice was 25.1% higher than in control Col1a1(+/+) mice (P < 0.01), whereas the mean outflow facility was 25.4% lower than in control mice (P < 0.01). After this period, the mean IOP in 42- to 56-week-old transgenic mice returned to normal levels, whereas outflow facility increased by 36.0%. Over the 12- to 56-week study period, IOP and outflow facility in the transgenic mice were inversely correlated (r(2) = -0.702, P < 0.01). Collagen I alpha1 content was greater in 37- and 43-week-old transgenic mice than in age-matched wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS Outflow facility is reduced in transgenic Col1a1(r/r) mice with IOP elevation. The inverse correlation of IOP elevation to facility reduction indicates that increased resistance in the aqueous outflow pathway contributes to ocular hypertension in Col1a1(r/r) mice. These mice may be useful as a model for open-angle glaucoma, as well as for assessing the relationship between collagen type I metabolism and aqueous outflow.
A Review and Assessment of Social Entrepreneurship Textbooks

The emergence of social entrepreneurship courses has bestowed faculty around the globe with the responsibilities of gathering resources for pedagogical use and structuring a series of lessons. For ...
Tectonic Implications of Paleomagnetism of Paleogene Volcanic Rocks on the Alaska Peninsula: ABSTRACT

Paleontologic and paleomagnetic data demonstrate that the Alaska Peninsula lay far south of its present location relative to North America in the early Mesozoic. Paleomagnetic studies of Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary volcanic rocks inboard of the Alaska Peninsula indicate no major northward displacement. Outboard of the peninsular terrane, End_Page 680------------------------------ however, rocks of comparable age retain a paleomagnetic record of much lower paleolatitude. Geologic evidence bearing on the arrival time of the peninsular terrane are inconclusive and the implicated Tertiary tectonic boundary between indigenous and exotic components of Alaska is not known. The paleomagnetism of a sequence of 30 Paleocene basalt flows just inboard of the peninsular terrane suggests a small amount of northward displacement and about 55° of counterclockwise rotation. Results from a nearby 44 Ma sequence suggest no displacement and no rotation. Collectively, our paleomagnetic data from seven volcanic sequences 30-40 Ma (about 70 flows), on the inboard part of the peninsular terrane, indicate that this region was in its present position with respect to North America when the lavas were extruded. The age of the unrotated localities indicates that the counterclockwise rotation of southern Alaska recorded by Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary rocks was completed about 44 Ma. On the outboard side of the Alaska Peninsula, preliminary results from one sequence of Eocene or Oligocene volcanic rocks on the Kupreanof Peninsula also suggest no major latitudinal displacement or rotation. If this volcanic sequence adequately averages secular variation and if the Tertiary tectonic history of this region is representative of the rest of the outboard Alaska Peninsula, these paleomagnetic data preclude post-Eocene northward displacement of exotic southern Alaska along faults within the Alaska Peninsula. Additional data from other volcanic sequences in this region will test this hypothesis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 681------------