cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arsenic(III) Fluoride

[7784-35-2] AsF3 (MW 131.92) InChI = 1S/AsF3/c2-1(3)4 InChIKey = JCMGUODNZMETBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (arsenating agent;2 fluorinating agent3) Alternate Name: arsenic trifluoride. Physical Data: mp −5.95 °C (−8.5 °C); bp 57.8 °C (63 °C); d15 2.73 g cm−3. Solubility: sol ether, THF, C6H6, hydrocarbons, alcohols; hydrolyzes in H2O. Form Supplied in: colorless, mobile liquid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 19F NMR, Raman spectrum.4 Preparative Methods: several methods exist for the preparation of arsenic trifluoride.5 Purification: the reagent can be purified by distillation at atmospheric pressure in an all-glass or iron system.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: when heated, AsF3 decomposes to highly toxic fumes containing As0.6 Additionally, it will fume in air and is readily hydrolyzed. Contact with skin results in burns similar to those caused by HF.5a Since AsF3 reacts with glass over time, it should be stored in polyethylene or iron containers.5 This reagent should be handled in a fume hood.
A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF DISAGGREGATE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN TRAVEL MODE-CHOICE BEHAVIOR.

Understanding the process of decision?making by which an individual chooses a travel mode is important for transportation researchers in constructing disaggregate travel behavior models and estimating aggregate travel demand. In order to determine if a common decision process applies to the mode?choice behavior of the majority travellers, the data of a transportation attitudinal survey was examined in a cluster analysis. Four basic decision models were tested: the linear additive model, the conjunctive?maximin model, the lexicographic model, and the lexicographic?conjunctive model. The cluster analysis identified three homogeneous groups, based on their distinctive patterns of decision?making. This suggests that different processes of decision?making exist in travel mode?choice behavior. Comparisons between different clustering criteria indicate that decision rules are more effective than travel attributes in differentiating travellers? mode?choice behavior.
Considerations in Single and Multiple Stress Accelerated Life Testing

Some of the important aspects of accelerated-stress life testing such as extrapolation distance and sample size determination are considered. Also addressed are the advantages of applying more than one accelerated stress to induce failure...
Bionomies comparées de deux souches (Marocaine et Américaine) d’Ooencyrtus kuvanae [Hym.: Encyrtidae], parasite oophage deLymantria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae]

Des adultes d’Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) sortis d’œufs deLymantria dispar (L.) recoltes au Maroc et aux Etats-Unis ont ete eleves separement mais simultanement dans les memes conditions abiotiques. On a evalue chez ces adultes des caracteristiques bionomiques telles que la longevite, la proportion de ♀ fecondes, la fecondite reelle moyenne, la duree de la periode de ponte et le pourcentage d’œufs viables developpes par parthenogenese. Chez la progeniture, on a evalue la survie des larves et la proportion de ♀.
Effect of Flower Bud Removal on Carbon Dioxide Exchange Rates of Cotton

Numerous fruit removal studies have demonstrated that reproductive sink removal enhances cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) vegetative growth and development. Few studies, however, have examined changes in CO2 exchange rates accompanying fruit removal. The objective of this study was to establish the effect of early season flower bud removal on whole plant CO2 exchange rates of cotton. The effect of flower bud removal on the CO2 exchange rates of cotton was investigated in a 31-day study conducted in a controlled environment. Differences in net photosynthesis, dark respiration, daily carbon gain, and carbon use efficiency were not observed in this study with flower bud removal. However, the rate of increase (or decrease in dark respiration) for these parameters was greater with flower bud removal with their maxima occurring later in the study period. All selected photosynthetic parameters also increased steadily with time for both treatments.
SERMs and SERMs with estrogen for postmenopausal osteoporosis

Bone loss with aging places postmenopausal women at a higher risk for osteoporosis and its consequences such as fractures, pain, disability, and increased morbidity and mortality. Approximately 200 million patients worldwide are affected. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) estimated that up to 18% of US women aged 50 and older have osteoporosis and up to 50% have osteopenia. Greater than 2 million osteoporotic related fractures occurred in the United States with direct healthcare costs exceeding $17 billion. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) was a popular option for postmenopausal women before the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Several agents are available in the U.S., including bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene. There are concerns about long term safety and compliance. Therefore, other agents are under investigation. SERMs are a diverse group of agents that bind to the estrogen receptor and each SERM appears to have a unique set of clinical responses, which are not always consistent with the typical responses seen with other SERMs. This article will discuss the SERMs approved in the United States, tamoxifene and raloxifene, and investigational SERMs. The ideal SERM would include the beneficial effects of estrogen in bone, heart and the central nervous system, with neutral or antagonistic effects in tissues where estrogen effects are undesirable(breast and endometrium). A new target in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis is the tissue estrogen complex or the pairing of a SERM with a conjugated estrogen known as a tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC). This novel approach is currently being evaluated with bazodoxifene which could yield the beneficial effects of estrogens and SERMS, while potentially being more tolerable and safer than either therapy alone.
Failure of glucagon-like peptide-1 to induce panic attacks or anxiety in patients with panic disorder

Abstract The insulin secretogogue glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), as well as agents which enhance GLP-1 signaling, are being studied as potential treatments for diabetes. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that these agents may have neuropsychiatric side effects; however, there have been no investigations or reports of these effects in humans. We evaluated possible anxiogenic and panicogenic properties of GLP-1 in 9 healthy subjects (age 47 ± 8 years) and 7 patients with panic disorder (age 38 ± 17 years) using a single-blinded intravenous GLP-1 challenge (2 pmol/kg/min over 60 min). We assessed the occurrence of panic attacks during and after GLP-1 infusion and the emergence of anxiety or panic symptoms using the Acute Panic Inventory (API). No patient or healthy subject experienced any panic attacks at any point during this study. Moreover, there were no significant changes in API scores following the infusion in either group. These data suggest that in humans, intraveneously administered GLP-1 does not appear to have anxiogenic or panicogenic properties, even in patients at highest risk for such reactions.
Targeted and Cytotoxic Therapy in Coordinated Sequence (TACTICS): Erlotinib, Bevacizumab, and Standard Chemotherapy for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer, A Phase II Trial

Abstract Background This trial focused on optimally combining existing targeted therapies and cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of unselected patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients with previously untreated advanced-stage nonsquamous NSCLC were eligible for this trial. In module A, patients received up to 4 cycles of erlotinib 150 mg daily and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Patients then received carboplatin (AUC = 6), paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg for 4 cycles in module B. Patients who did not have progressive disease in module A received maintenance erlotinib 150 mg daily and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks in module C. Results Forty-eight patients were enrolled in this multicenter phase II trial. Most patients were male (62.5%) and white (77.1%) with stage IV disease (93.8%) and adenocarcinoma histologic type (66.7%). The overall response rate in module A was 10.4%, in module B it was 15.1%, and in module C it was 5.5%. The study achieved its primary endpoint, with a nonprogression rate of 45.8% in module A. The median overall survival (OS) was 12.6 months. Conclusion The novel systemic therapy regimen is feasible in patients with advanced NSCLC. However there is no further role for developing this regimen in unselected patients with NSCLC.
Failure of Rapid Prototype Molds during Injection Molding

Abstract Stereolithography rapid tooling materials (typically epoxy-based photopolymers) show great promise for injection molding of limited numbers of parts, greatly reducing the time to product. Yet, they present challenges to designers because of their strength, thermal characteristics, and shorter lifetimes as compared to other mold materials. This paper presents models of the forces generated during the injection molding cycle so as to evaluate the suitability of rapid tools. The models comprise thermal and mechanical loading during injection, cooling shrinkage, and ejection. The effects of process conditions on material properties are studied. Experimental results are presented.
Multiple collision solution of the linearized vlasov equation

Abstract The multiple collision or Neumann series solution technique is applied to the linearized Vlasov equation describing collisionless electron motion. A solution in direct rather than in transformed variables is obtained.
Biosynthesis of 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid in Streptomyces murayamaensis: incorporation of [4-13C]oxalacetate

Abstract The biosynthesis of 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-AHBA), a precursor to several Streptomyces secondary metabolites, requires the condensation of a three-carbon compound with a four-carbon unit derived from the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Using the ferrous chelate of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrosobenzamide, a metabolite of S. murayamaensis , as a model system, the exact nature of the four-carbon unit was explored. Incorporation experiments with [1- 13 C]methionine, [1- 13 C]homoserine, and [4- 13 C]oxalacetate revealed that only oxalacetate is a precursor to 3,4-AHBA.
Impact of Anthropogenic Changes on Liquefaction along the Tone River during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

AbstractThe March 11, 2011, Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake caused widespread liquefaction, lateral spreading, and dynamically induced settlement in the Kanto plains north of Tokyo, Japan. In April 2011, the authors conducted postearthquake engineering field reconnaissance of the mesoseismal region as part of an ASCE-sponsored investigation of the earthquake. The field investigation revealed that numerous levees, roads, and structures built in proximity of the Tone River and its tributaries were damaged severely by the Tohoku earthquake owing to the liquefaction and associated lateral spreading. More importantly, the investigation revealed that much of the liquefaction and lateral spread damage was directly related to anthropogenic (man-made) land use changes rather than natural conditions. These historical changes generally were related to major fluvial transportation improvements made along the Tone River that started in the seventeenth century and have continued into the present era. These findings have impli...
Electric Field‐Directed Convective Assembly of Ellipsoidal Colloidal Particles to Create Optically and Mechanically Anisotropic Thin Films

A method of simultaneous field- and flow-directed assembly of anisotropic titania (TiO2) nanoparticle films from a colloidal suspension is presented. Titania particles are oriented by an alternating (ac) electric field as they simultaneously advect towards a drying front due to evaporation of the solvent. At high field frequencies (ν > ∼25 kHz) and field strengths (E > 300 V cm−1), the particles orient with their major axis along the field direction. As the front recedes, a uniform film with thicknesses of 1–10 µm is deposited on the substrate. The films exhibit a large birefringence (Δn ≈ 0.15) and high packing fraction (ϕ = 0.75 ± 0.08), due to the orientation of the particles. When the frequency is lowered, the particle orientation undergoes a parallel–random–perpendicular transition with respect to the field direction. The orientation dependence on field frequency and strength is explained by the polarizability of ellipsoidal particles using an interfacial polarization model. Particle orientation in the films also leads to anisotropic mechanical properties, which are manifested in their cracking patterns. In all, it is demonstrated that the field-directed assembly of anisotropic particles provides a powerful means for tailoring nanoparticle film properties in situ during the deposition process.
Interactions with the Abelson Tyrosine Kinase Reveal Compartmentalization of Eyes Absent Function between Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Eyes absent (Eya), named for its role in Drosophila eye development but broadly conserved in metazoa, possesses dual functions as a transcriptional coactivator and protein tyrosine phosphatase. Although Eya's transcriptional activity has been extensively characterized, the physiological requirements for its phosphatase activity remain obscure. In this study, we provide insight into Eya's participation in phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling networks by demonstrating cooperative interactions between Eya and the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase during development of the Drosophila larval visual system. Mechanistically, Abl-mediated phosphorylation recruits Eya to the cytoplasm, where in vivo studies reveal a requirement for its phosphatase function. Thus, we propose a model in which, in addition to its role as a transcription factor, Eya functions as a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase.
Connecting the dots: discovering what's important for creature motion

We present an experiment designed to reveal some of the key features necessary for conveying creature motion. The ultimate goal is to find the minimal representation necessary to communicate recognizable locomotion or traits that may be communicated to the viewer through motion such as size and attitude. Motion and form are separable for digital characters and each contributes to viewer comprehension of action and intent. Advances in motion capture techniques have increased the amount and fidelity of data available to recreate performances digitally. However, even minimal information contained in point light displays can be sufficient for human gait perception [Johansson 1973]. Manipulating this minimal information can even affect the perceived gender of point light movement. For example, exaggerating the movement of points representing hips or shoulders can bias gender recognition [Cutting et al. 1978]. Minimal representation of animal motion could benefit animators in a number of ways. Creature animators often use animal motion video as visual reference. However, video does not disclose precise anatomical detail, especially when compared to motion capture data. For wild animals MoCap is generally not a viable option. Therefore, such motion must be created through manual key-framing. Even with a well-built rig, this is not efficient or intuitive for defining motion. To build a better system, we need to determine what level of detail of motion information from reference video is required for recognition and, conversely, what details can be safely ignored. To develop a new way of creating and managing animation and animation controls, a better understanding of how we perceive motion itself is necessary. This work takes a first step toward improving our understanding of animal motion and how it can be mapped to controlling creature motion.
Hemorrhage in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: From Annoying Observation to Major Challenge

Treatment strategies for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) involve the use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet therapies, and invasive risk stratification in high-risk patients.1 While this combination has led to a steady decline in adverse outcomes, bleeding complications remain an important risk.2 Bleeding in patients with ACS or those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has taken on significance because of studies indicating a relationship between hemorrhagic complications and medication noncompliance, recurrent ischemic events, and mortality.3 The purpose of this article is to review the incidence of bleeding complications in patients with ACS and those undergoing PCI, review the relationship between bleeding and adverse outcomes, summarize the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship, and provide recommendations on reducing bleeding risk.
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON ALTITUDE TOLERANCE OF RATS

IT IS well known that exposure to atmospheric conditions producing anoxia causes enlargement of the adrenal cortex. That this process serves a useful compensatory function is indicated by observations recently made in this laboratory by Lewis, Davis, Thorn and Jones (unpublished data). In their experiments two doses of adrenal cortical extract were given to normal rats 12 hours and 2 hours, respectively, before exposure. These consisted of 0.5 cc. of a concentrate in sesame oil, representing 10 cc. of Kendall's aqueous adrenal cortical extract per cc, or 750 gm. of adrenal cortical tissue. As judged by survivals in single exposures this treatment produced an increase in the tolerance of rats towards atmospheric pressure so lowered as to cause anoxia. The beneficial effect was equivalent to an increase of altitude tolerance of about 2000 to 3000 feet. Since desoxycorticosterone did not exert this effect in identical experiments, it was considered probable that the benefit depends on the carbohydrate regula...
Language Birth and Death

▪ Abstract Since the late 1980s, language endangerment and death have been discussed as if the phenomena had no connection at all with language birth. More recently the phenomena have been associated almost exclusively with the intense and pervasive economic globalization of same period, a process that some authors have reduced too easily to the McDonaldization phenomenon. Moreover, the relation of globalization to different forms of colonization has been poorly articulated. As a matter of fact, little of the longer history of population movements and contacts since the dawn of agriculture has been invoked in the literature on language endangerment to give some broader perspective on the mechanisms of language birth and death and on the ecological factors that bear on how they proceed. This review aims to remedy these shortcomings in our scholarship.
The selection and consequences of job comparisons

Abstract This study focused on two related research problems: first, the extent to which employees compare and contrast the complexity of their jobs to the job complexity of referents; and second, the consequences of this comparison for employees' job satisfaction, motivation, and performance effectiveness. Results showed that more than 75% of the employees who participated in the research used referents for job comparison purposes, and that more than 60% of these individuals selected referent jobs that were more complex than their own. Employees who compared their jobs to referent jobs that contained similar amounts of challenge and complexity tended to be more highly internally motivated than employees who used referent jobs that were either more or less complex than their own. Finally, the most productive employees in the study compared their jobs to the jobs of self- (or internal) referents rather than to the jobs of other individuals. Implications of the findings for the practice of work redesign are discussed.
C Noise In Recursive Algorithms

A number of on-line signal processing algorithms are being proposed for digital image processing. Some of these require recursive iterations in the arithmetic computations. For example, 2-D recursive filters are being used to transform and/or filter digital images in microprocessors. Inherent to microprocessors is the extremely short wordlength (8-16 bits) and, as a result, arithmetic operations are no longer precise and "C" noise is evident. These machines are being further proposed for adaptive filtering operations which aggravates the truncation/rounding effects since computations are now nested and errors are no longer statistically independent. In this paper the effects of truncation/rounding are depicted in the above setting by simulation examples.
An economic analysis of income and expenditures by heroin-using research volunteers.

At a Detroit research program from 2004 to 2005, out-of-treatment chronic daily heroin users (N = 100) were interviewed to evaluate relationships between past 30-day income and factors influencing heroin price, expenditures, and consumption. Weekly heroin purchasing frequency was positively related to income and number of suppliers, and negatively related to time cost (min) from primary supplier. Daily heroin consumption was positively related to income and injection heroin use, and negatively related to unit cost of heroin. Implications and limitations are noted. Simulations are underway to assess within-subject changes in drug demand. Supported by NIH/NIDA R01 DA15462 and Joe Young, Sr. Funds (State of Michigan).
Probing the three-vector-boson vertex at hadron colliders

Deviations of the ZWW vertex from the gauge theory prediction lead to an enhanced production of WZ boson pairs at large invariant masses at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). The most general deviations observable in qq-bar annihilation are parametrized in terms of seven form factors, whose high-energy behavior is severely restricted by unitarity. Even when taking these unitarity constraints into account, W/sup +- /Z production at the LHC and SSC is up to 10 times more sensitive to anomalous ZWW couplings than W/sup +/W/sup -/ production in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation at the CERN e/sup +/e/sup -/ collider LEP II.
An experimental and theoretical investigation of the dilution, pressure and flow-field effects on the extinction condition of methane-air-nitrogen diffusion flames

Velocity fields, and extinction conditions for methane-air diffusion flames are measured for an opposed-flow nozzle-type burner system and calculated by a numerical-integration, routine for pressures from 0.25 to 2.5 atm and for dilutions having fixed stoichiometric mixture fractions with oxidizer-stream oxygen mass fractions from 0.233 to 0.190. Imposition of boundary conditions ranging from potential flow to plug flow reveals that changes on the order of a factor of two in the oxidizer-side strain rate at extinction can be produced by changes in opposed-flow burner design. It is shown that the maximum velocity gradient, however which occurs on the fuel side of the main reaction zone, achieves a value at extinction that is relatively insensitive to the boundary conditions of the flow. The results explain differences found by different investigators on influences of dilution on extinction strain rates and show that most counterflow burners are closer to the plug-flow limit than to the potential-flow limit. Strain rates at extinction without dilution are shown to increase with increasing pressure over the above-stated range, countrary to previously observed behaviors with dilution or at very high pressures. This behavior is explained as a consequence of decreasing peak radical concentration with increasing pressure.
Workplace stratification in higher education administration: Proposing and testing a structural model

Although stratification in the workplace has received considerable attention in the literature on organizations, there is little systematic understanding about how individual and structural characteristics act to produce a stratified workplace. This study focuses on understanding the dynamics of workplace attainment by examining stratification within higher education administration. The purpose of the study is twofold—(a) to propose and test a model concerning how organizational and individual variables affect workplace attainment and (b) to demonstrate the application of structural equation modeling in estimating and testing this model. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical significance and practical implications.
The possible role of bacterial superantigens in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders

The ability of superantigens (SAgs) to activate the immune system suggests that they may play a role in the course of autoimmune disorders. Here, Joel Schiffenbauer and colleagues review evidence from animal models of autoimmunity, as well as human data that support this hypothesis, and propose a model for SAg involvement in autoimmune disorders.
Hybrid local Born/Rytov Fourier migration method

Two efficient Fourier migration methods termed the extended local Born Fourier (ELBF) method and the extended Rytov Fourier (ELRF) method have been developed recently for imaging complex 3D structures. They are recursive methods based on local applications of Born and Rytov approximations within each extrapolation interval. The ELBF method becomes unreliable when the lateral slowness variations are large and/or the frequency is high, while the ELRF method is reliable for such cases. However, the ELRF method is approximately 30-40% slower than the ELBF method because the ELRF method requires one more computational step where exponentials of complex numbers are calculated than the ELBF method and propose an implementation scheme using variable extrapolation intervals to make the ELBF method reliable for all lateral slowness variations and frequencies. The size of the extrapolation interval depends on the lateral slowness variations within a given extrapolation region and the frequency, and consequently, the computational time of the ELBF method with variable extrapolation intervals increases with the lateral slowness variation and frequency. To take advantage of the faster computational speed of the ELBF method compared to the ELRF method and the better stability of the ELRF method compared to the ELBF method, we propose a hybrid local Born/Rytov Fourier migration method. In the hybrid method, the ELBF method is used for regions with small lateral slowness variations and/or low frequencies, otherwise, the ELRF method is used. Migrations of two synthetic datasets for complex structures using the ELBF method with variable extrapolation intervals and the hybrid method demonstrate that the quality of images obtained using these two methods is comparable to that of images obtained using the ELRF method. Comparison of computational times for migrations using different methods shows that the ELBF method with variable extrapolation intervals takes much more computational time than the ELRF method but the hybrid method saves more than 10% of the computational time required by the ELRF method.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitation of dopamine transporter mrna in the rat brain: Mapping, effects of “binge” cocaine administration and withdrawal

Dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA from selected brain regions of individual male Fischer rats was quantitated utilizing a sensitive solution hybridization assay in which the levels of RNase-protected 32P-labeled mRNA:cRNA hybrids were measured. DAT mRNA was detected in whole brain regions known to contain abundant DAT mRNA (mean picogram of DAT mRNA/microgram of total RNA ± SEM): substantia nigra, 7.17 ± 0.47; ventral tegmentum, 4.71 ± 0.38. In regions known to contain low levels of DAT mRNA, these levels were detected: central grey, 0.39 ± 0.06; hypothalamus, 0.14 ± 0.03. In addition, DAT mRNA was detected in areas where it had not previously been identified: amygdala, 0.19 ± 0.03; caudate-putamen, 0.15 ± 0.03; nucleus accumbens, 0.13 ± 0.01; pons/medulla, 0.12 ± 0.02; globus pallidus, 0.09 ± 0.04; pituitary, 0.07 ± 0.01; frontal cortex, 0.05 ± 0.01. No DAT mRNA was detected in 150 μg of rat liver RNA. As cocaine binds to and inhibits the activity of the dopamine transporter, we sought to determine if there were differences in dopamine transporter mRNA levels between saline- and cocaine-injected rats or rats withdrawn from a chronic “binge” pattern (15 mg/kg per dose i.p.; three doses at 1 h intervals each day) cocaine injection. Using trichloroacetic acid precipitation of mRNA:cRNA hybrids from RNA extracted from whole brain regions, we found no significant differences in the substantia nigra or the ventral tegmentum following subacute (3 days) binge, chronic (14 days) binge or 10 days withdrawal from a chronic binge pattern cocaine or saline administration. Synapse 26:55–61, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tests on General Electric Oil Circuit Breakers at Baltimore

DURING the year 1920 an invitation was received by the General Electric Company from the Consolidated Gas Electric Light and Power Company of Baltimore, Maryland and the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company to submit oil circuit breakers for test on their system in Baltimore. The object of the test was to develop a breaker which would satisfactorily handle a short circuit on the 13,200-volt, 25-cycle system as it then existed, and show an apparent factor of safety at that load (20,000 to 25,000 r. m. s. amperes) which would be fairly conclusive to them that the breaker would also handle a short circuit on the system of at least 40,000 amperes. r. m. s. when the generating capacity had been increased by a proposed new generating station.
Apolipoprotein A-1 predicts coronary heart disease only at low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an epidemiological study of Japanese-Americans.

Conventional epidemiological and clinical studies of apolipoprotein A-1 and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol have demonstrated, when examined jointly, that high-density lipoprotein is a better predictor of coronary heart disease. This strategy does not take into account known lipid metabolic relationships. A statistical approach that takes into account apolipoprotein A-1 being a constituent of the high-density lipoprotein particle is more appropriate. Among 1,177 Japanese-American men of the Honolulu Heart Program cohort free of disease at baseline (1980-1982), 182 new coronary heart disease cases developed over a 12-year follow-up period. After removing the linear relationship with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, a relative measure of apoliprotein A-1 concentration was derived. Based on joint conditions of "low" and "high" relative apoliprotein A-1 concentration and 40 mg/dl for the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol distribution, four groupings were created. Among relative joint groupings of high/ 40, and low/>40, respectively, the 12-year coronary heart disease incidence varied from 28.6, 18.2, 8.3, to 11.7 cases per 1,000 person-years. A test of statistical interaction was significant (P=0.028). Additional analyses revealed coronary heart disease cases were more likely among men with triglycerides > 190 mg/dl. Observed patterns of relationships among relative apoliprotein A-1 level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides with incident coronary heart disease are consistent with patterns noted in clinical, laboratory, and transgenic animal research more capable of elucidating mechanisms of disease causation. This epidemiological study suggests similar mechanisms may be operating at a population level, and may contribute to the public health burden of coronary heart disease.
Detection of minimal disease in hematopoietic malignancies of the B-cell lineage by using third-complementarity-determining region (CDR-III)-specific probes

Abstract Approximately 80% of hematopoietic malignancies of the B-cell lineage carry only one or two immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements indicating their clonal origin. These rearrangements due to the recombination of various variable, diversity, and joining regions of the heavy-chain gene segments during B-cell commitment result in a region called complementarity-determining region III (CDR-III). This region, which encompasses the diversity region of the heavy-chain segment, because of extensive somatic mutations, provides a DNA-encoded signature specific for each B-cell clone. CDR-III sequences were obtained from DNA of pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by using suitable primers and the polymerase chain reaction. The sequences were used to generate diagnostic probes that hybridized only to the amplified CDR-III of leukemic cells from which the sequences were derived. With these probes, leukemic cells could be detected when diluted 1:10,000 with other cells. By cloning the amplified CDR-III into recombinant libraries residual leukemic cells were accurately quantitated in bone-marrow samples from repeated relapses and remissions in one case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. During a clinical remission lasting greater than 7 mo, malignant cells were present in marrow at greater than 1 per 1000 cells. These findings indicate that custom-made diagnostic probes will be useful in accurate quantitation of malignant cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in clinical remission and will allow investigation of the biological significance of low or high numbers of residual leukemic cells in evolution of that disease.
Microdebrider Versus CO2 Laser Removal of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomas: A Prospective Analysis

Objective: To compare postoperative patient discomfort, voice quality, and procedure time and cost for removal of recurrent respiratory papillomas using the microdebrider versus the CO 2 laser. Study Design: A randomized prospective study comparing children undergoing excision of recurrent respiratory papillomas by CO 2 laser versus excision by microdebrider. Methods: For the 6-month study, patients for whom removal of recurrent respiratory papillomas was indicated were randomly assigned by birth year to microdebrider or CO 2 laser therapy. Disease severity was scored as the sum of ratings of 1+ (minimal), 2+ (moderate), or 3+ (severe) for involvement of 27 areas of the aerodigestive tract by direct microlaryngoscopy immediately before treatment. Parents scored patient discomfort and improvement in voice quality 24 hours after surgery, using a 5-point (0 = no pain; 4 = worst pain) and a 10-point (1 = minimal change; 10 = significant improvement) scale, respectively. Results: Nineteen patients ranging in age from 2.5 to 20 years underwent 32 procedures in all. Groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, or severity of disease. For disease of equivalent severity, microdebrider treatment was associated with equivalent 24-hour-postoperative pain scores, greater improvement in voice quality, shorter procedure times, and lower overall procedure cost. Conclusions: Immediate postoperative results indicate that the microdebrider may be as safe as and, at some institutions, might be more cost-effective than the CO 2 laser for removal of recurrent respiratory papillomas.
Joining the Ranks: Opportunities and Obstacles in Obtaining Principal Positions

This study examines the application and acquisition process of individuals completing a principal licensure program to obtain school administrative positions over a period of five years. While relatively low compensation and high-pressure accountability demands were viewed as deterrents by those deciding not to seek principalships, the majority of the study participants actively sought and obtained schoool administrative positions. Gender differences were examined in the areas ofapplying for positions, interviewing, and number of job offers. Reasons for not applying for principal and assistant principal positions were also examined.
A recombination gradient in bacteriophage T4 gene 34.

Abstract On the genetic map of bacteriophage T4, gene 34 appears anomalously large, while on the map of T2, gene 34 is of a size consistent with the molecular weight of its gene product. To investigate this difference between T2 and T4, we have constructed physical maps of T2 and T4 genes 34 by determining the molecular weights of amber peptide fragments, and compared these physical maps with the recombinational maps of these genes. We find that throughout T2 gene 34 there is a low and nearly constant amount of recombination for a given physical distance (R1000 = % recombination per 1000 molecular weight of protein = 0.1−0.2). In T4 gene 34 over 80% of the physical length of the gene also has a low value (R1000 = 0.2). However, in the 20% of gene 34 nearest gene 35, the value of R1000 increases rapidly until it reaches 1.7 at the end of the gene. A mechanism that might generate such a recombination gradient is discussed.
Neuroactive kynurenines in Lyme borreliasis

Although neurologic dysfunction occurs frequently in patients with Lyme borreliosis, it is rarely possible to demonstrate the causative organism within the neuraxis. This discordance could arise if neurologic symptoms were actually due to soluble neuromodulators produced in response to infection. Since immune stimulation is associated with the production of quinolinic acid (QUIN), an excitotoxin and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonist, we measured levels of CSF and serum QUIN, and lymphokines. Samples were obtained from 16 patients with CNS Borrelia burgdorferi infection, eight patients with Lyme encephalopathy (confusion without intra-CNS inflammation), and 45 controls. CSF QUIN was substantially elevated in patients with CNS Lyme and correlated strongly with CSF leukocytosis. In patients with encephalopathy, serum QUIN was elevated with corresponding increments in CSF QUIN. Lymphokine concentrations were not consistently elevated. We conclude that CSF QUIN is significantly elevated in B burgdorferi infection--dramatically in patients with CNS inflammation, less in encephalopathy. The presence of this known agonist of NMDA synaptic function--a receptor involved in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity--may contribute to the neurologic and cognitive deficits seen in many Lyme disease patients.
Compact upconverting phosphor detection system for wick assays

We describe an integrated detection system based on upconverting phosphor particles bound to capture sites on the inside surfaces of rectangular wick capillaries. This deice can be used with either antibody or nucleic acid to detect specific micro-organisms. The system uses a high- power, 980 nm, semiconductor diode laser to illuminate 200 X 300 X 20 micrometers capture surfaces. The rectangular capillary wicks are held in a tray that is inserted into the detection system, positioning the capture surface at the object plane of the optical system. Phosphorescent light emitted from the capture surface is collected by a high numerical aperture microscope objective and directed through a series of filters onto either a CCD camera or a photomultiplier. A combination of band-reject filters attenuates the 980 nm laser excitation light and its harmonic at 490 nm, and a tunable liquid crystal filter provides for rapid scanning from 400 to 750 nm. The data acquisition and control is controlled by a laptop PC with a custom GUI interface developed using LabWindows/CVI. The system can detect a single phosphor particle bound to a capture surface.
Selective Cleavage of D-Ala-D-Lac by Small Molecules: Re-Sensitizing Resistant Bacteria to Vancomycin

Pathogenic enterococci are becoming resistant to currently available antibiotics, including vancomycin, the drug of last resort for Gram-positive infections. Enterococci pose a significant public health threat, not least because of the risk of transferring vancomycin resistance to the ubiquitous Staphylococcus aureus. Vancomycin resistance is manifested by cell wall peptidoglycan precursors with altered termini that cannot bind the antibiotic. Small molecules with well-oriented nucleophile-electrophile assembly and complementary chirality to the peptidoglycan termini were identified as catalytic and selective cleavers of the peptidoglycan precursor depsipeptide. These molecules were tested in combination with vancomycin and were found to re-sensitize vancomycin-resistant bacteria to the antibiotic.
The importance of oligohaline estuarine wetland habitats to fisheries resources

Oligohaline estuarine wetlands are found at the upper reaches of most estuaries. These wetlands are composed of several habitat types including tidal marshes, tidal creeks, and open-water areas. Twenty-five species of fish representing 11 families and three species of invertebrates were identified as economically important and abundant in oligohaline habitats along the northern Gulf and southeastern Atlantic coasts. These include anadromous and catadromous species which use low salinity habitats as migratory corridors and freshwater, estuarine and marine organisms which use these habitats as nursery and feeding areas. The few comparative data available suggest that some oligohaline wetland habitats may be of equal importance to higher salinity marshes for at least two important estuarine species (spot and Atlantic menhaden). Until detailed studies are available for specific estuaries, oligohaline habitats should be considered as valuable as salt marsh habitats. The value of these habitats as nursery areas should be considered by managers and regulatory agencies when reviewing proposals to modify them.
Susceptibility Contrast in High Field MRI of Human Brain as a Function of Tissue Iron Content

Magnetic susceptibility provides an important contrast mechanism for MRI. Increasingly, susceptibility-based contrast is being exploited to investigate brain tissue microstructure and to detect abnormal levels of brain iron as these have been implicated in a variety of neuro-degenerative diseases. However, it remains unclear to what extent magnetic susceptibility-related contrast at high field relates to actual brain iron concentrations. In this study, we performed susceptibility weighted imaging as a function of field strength on healthy brains in vivo and post-mortem brain tissues at 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T. Iron histology was performed on the tissue samples for comparison. The calculated susceptibility-related parameters R(2)(*) and signal frequency shift in four iron-rich regions (putamen, globus pallidus, caudate, and thalamus) showed an almost linear dependence (r>or=0.90 for R(2)(*); r>or=0.83 for phase, p<0.01) on field strength, suggesting that potential ferritin saturation effects are not relevant to susceptibility-weighted contrast for field strengths up to 7 T. The R(2)(*) dependence on the putative (literature-based) iron concentration was 0.048 Hz/T/ppm. The histological data from brain samples confirmed the linear dependence of R(2)(*) on field strength and showed a slope against iron concentration of 0.0099 Hz/T/ppm dry-weight, which is equivalent to 0.05 Hz/T/ppm wet-weight and closely matched the calculated value in vivo. These results confirm the validity of using susceptibility-weighted contrast as an indicator of iron content in iron-rich brain regions. The absence of saturation effects opens the way to exploit the benefits of MRI at high field strengths for the detection of iron distributions with high sensitivity and resolution.
An analysis of imaging studies and liver function tests to detect hepatic neoplasia.

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of scintigraphy, ultrasound, and CT scanning in conjunction with biochemical tests in the detection of liver neoplasia. Sixty-three patients with metastatic liver disease and 45 patients with nonmalignant liver disease received a total of 46 liver/spleen scan, 61 ultrasounds, and 49 CT scans. The sensitivities of liver/spleen scan, ultrasound, and CT scan were 72, 73, and 81%, respectively; the specificities were 86, 94, and 83%, respectively; and, the accuracies were 78, 84, and 82%, respectively. No statistically significant difference in specificity, sensitivity, or accuracy was seen between the three imaging studies. The serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly more accurate than total bilirubin and SGOT in detecting liver metastasis. However, 19 and 13% of the malignant and nonmalignant groups, respectively, had normal biochemical tests. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the imaging studies in the presence of an abnormal alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, or total bilirubin were not significantly different than in the presence of normal biochemical tests. These results suggest that other factors such as cost, reproducibility, and availability of skilled interpreters should be considered in the selection of imaging studies for the detection of neoplastic liver disease.
A novel packet switching framework with binary information in demand side management

Inspired by the success of packet switched data transfer that improves the fairness and efficiency in communication networks, this paper proposes a novel concept of packetized energy that is capable of improving the performance of the smart grid in providing demand response. Here the term packetized refers to a temporal quantization into fixed length intervals of energy authorization based on binary information - energy is either requested by an appliance if it wishes to consume or withdrawn if the desired consumption level is reached. We model the energy request and withdrawal process as a queuing system with multiple servers and probabilistic returns. We derive an analytical expression for the mean waiting time (MWT) per authorization as a function of the packet length. We show that with short packet duration the MWT of the packet switching framework is smaller than the system without packet switching, and that the total waiting time (TWT) to complete the service remains the same. Consequently, the packet switched framework guarantees fairness in energy delivery when limited resources are available. We also provide a sensitivity analysis of the MWT and the TWT in terms of the packet length. Results show that the TWT is more robust to the change of packet length than the MWT. Simulations are provided to verify theoretical results.
Defective glia in the Drosophila brain degeneration mutant drop-dead

To understand better the cellular basis of late-onset neuronal degeneration, we have examined the brain of the drop-dead mutant of Drosophila. This mutant carries an X-chromosomal recessive mutation that causes severe behavioral defects and brain degeneration, manifested a few days after emergence of the adult. Analysis of genetically mosaic flies has indicated that the focus of the drop-dead mutant phenotype is in the brain and that the gene product is non-cell autonomous. We examined the adult drop-dead mutant brain prior to onset of symptoms and found that many glial cells have stunted processes, whereas neuronal morphology is essentially normal. Adult mutant glial cells resemble immature gila found at an earlier stage of normal brain development. These observations suggest that defective glia in the drop-dead brain may disrupt adult nervous system function, contributing to progressive brain degeneration and death. The normal drop-dead gene product may prevent brain degeneration by providing a necessary glial function.
A method for estimating the performance of photovoltaic systems

Abstract A method is presented for predicting the long-term average performance of photovoltaic systems having storage batteries and subject to any diurnal load profile. The monthly-average fraction of the load met by the system is estimated from array parameters and monthly-average meteorological data. The method is based on radiation statistics, and utilizability, and can account for variability in the electrical demand as well as for the variability in solar radiation.