cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High pressure micro plasma discharge: Effect of conjugate heat transfer

In recent years there has been growing interest in high pressure non-thermal micro plasma discharge utilizing the Paschen's `pd' scaling law. At high pressures these plasma discharges were found to be sufficiently “warmer” than the classical non-thermal discharge even though they maintain non-equilibrium characteristics, making it critical to resolve the neutral gas heating in the system. In this current work high pressure micro plasma discharge were simulated using a one dimensional hybrid multi-physics model. The model included charged and neutral species conservation with detailed gas phase chemistry, self-consistent solution of the electric field, electron and neutral gas temperature as well as an external circuit model. In addition, conjugate heat transfer in the electrode was also considered. Simulations were carried out for a DC micro plasma discharge over a broad range of pressure, inter-electrode separation and electrode material for a He-N2 feed gas. Special attention was given on the conjugate heat transfer aspect and its effect on the gas temperature and the plasma characteristics predictions (i.e. electron density, voltage-current characteristics). Unlike the conventional and widely accepted isothermal wall boundary conditions, predictions with the conjugate heat transfer model indicated significantly different gas temperature and plasma characteristics. The gas temperature prediction from the conjugate heat transfer model was found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements.
A corundum-rich inclusion in the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite

Although thermodynamic calculations predict corundum to be the first condensate from a cooling gas of solar composition, a corundum-hibonite inclusion, BB-5, has for the first time been found in the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite. Ion microprobe measurements of Mg isotopic compositions yield the result, unexpected in such an early condensate, that Mg-26 excesses are small despite large Al-27/Mg-24 ratios. The extreme temperature required to melt this inclusion makes a liquid origin unlikely, except by the hypervelocity impact of refractory bodies. Alternatively, B-5 is a direct gas-solid condensate, and its uniform Mg-26 enrichment must be a characteristic of the reservoir from which it condensed. Nebular heterogeneity in magnesium isotopic composition is the preferred explanation for the formation of such a reservoir.
Improved polyethylene intracerebroventricular cannulas for rats.

Abstract Modifications of a previously published technique are described permitting simplified construction and use of polyethylene cannulas for injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat. The new techniques allow either single or repeated injections to be given without handling unanesthetized animals.
Artificial selection on larval growth curves in Tribolium: correlated responses and constraints

Body size is often constrained from evolving. Although artificial selection on body size in insects frequently results in a sizable response, these responses usually bear fitness costs. Further, these experiments tend to select only on size at one landmark age, rather than selecting for patterns of growth over the whole larval life stage. To address whether constraints may be caused by larval growth patterns rather than final size, we implemented a function-valued (FV) trait method of selection, in which entire larval growth curves from Tribolium were artificially selected. The selection gradient function used was previously predicted to give the maximal response and was implemented using a novel selection index in the FV framework. Results indicated a significant response after one generation of selection, but no response in subsequent generations. Correlated responses included increased mortality, increased critical weight, and decreased development time (DT). The lack of response in size and development time after the first generation was likely caused by increased mortality suffered in selected lines; we demonstrated that the selection criterion caused both increased body size and increased mortality. We conclude that artificial selection on continuous traits using FV methods is very efficient and that the constraint of body size evolution is likely caused by a suite of trade-offs with other traits.
Stable Photonic Links for Frequency and Time Transfer in the Deep-Space Network and Antenna Arrays

For more than two decades, NASA deep space network (DSN) frequency and timing metrology has been a driving application for remote transfer of stable radio-frequency signals over fiber-optic cables. Precise, accurate, and stable signals are essential for deep-space communication and tracking, and syntonized and synchronized reference signals from atomic clocks calibrated to coordinated universal time must often be distributed over large distances. Fiber-optic technologies developed at the jet propulsion laboratory have resulted in several operational signal transport capabilities that enable precise spacecraft navigation and sensitive radio science experiments. These techniques are now finding further applicability in metrology applications to remotely compare ultra stable microwave and optical atomic clocks and for antenna array X- and Ka-band signal transport applications where temporal phase stability and alignment are critical. The pioneering DSN photonic link developments and capabilities are summarized, and a stabilized multiphotonic link architecture for ultrastable signal transport in antenna arrays is described.
NEW RECORDS OF PARASITIC THALASSOMYCES SPECIES (ELLOBIOPSIDAE) FROM OPLOPHORID SHRIMPS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC

Deux especes de parasites de la famille des Ellobiopsidae, Thalassomyces racemosus (Coutiere) et T. umbellatus (Boschma), ont ete identifiees sur trois especes de crevettes appartenant a la famille des Oplophoridae recoltees dans le Pacifique Sud par le USNS "Eltanin" au cours d'une croisiere faisant partie du programme americain de recherches dans l'Antarctique. Les Thalassomyces ont ete observes precedemment sur deux de ces especes de crevettes, Oplophorus novaezeelandiae de Man et Hymenodora glacialis (Buchholz), alors que la troisieme espece, Acanthephyra pelagica, n'a jamais ete signalee comme etant l'hote de ces parasites. Ces specimens de Thalassomyces sont les premiers qui ont fait l'objet d'un rapport mentionnant qu'ils ont ete trouves sur des crevettes de la famille des Oplophoridae dans le Pacifique Sud depuis l'unique parasite non identifie signale par Bate (1888: 766) sur un specimen de Oplophorus gracilirostris A. Milne-Edwards des Iles Fidji mais identifie ensuite comme etant un Thalassomyces umbellatus par Boschma (1959).
p53 in endometrial cancer and its putative precursors: Evidence for diverse pathways of tumorigenesis

Abstract To elucidate the role of p53 abnormalities in endometrial tumorigenesis, a diverse group of endometrial neoplasms and their putative precursors, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) were studied using a conventional immunohistochemical technique. Immunostaining for p53 protein was detected in 24 (86%) of 28 serous carcinomas compared with nine (20%) of 45 endometrioid carcinomas ( P
Effects of task feedback and stringency of external pacing on mental load and work performance

Sixteen subjects were used to study the effects of two levels of pacing constraint and four performance feedbacks on the performance and menial load associated with a manual task. The following main conclusions emerged: (1) performance feedback reduces the mental load of the task only when the pacing constraint is low and (2) feedback improves task performance when the pacing constraint is low since operators are able to meet work requirements more closely. Feedback, however, does not improve the performance or reduce the mental load of a highly paced task
Mechanisms of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in diabetes and heart failure

Programmed cell elimination is an important pathological mediator of disease. Multiple pathways to programmed cell death have been delineated, including apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. Cross-talk between the signaling pathways mediating each process has made it difficult to define specific mechanisms of in vivo programmed cell death. For this reason, many “apoptotic” diseases may involve other death signaling pathways. Recent advances in genetic complementation using mouse knockout models are helping to dissect apoptotic and necrotic cell death in different pathological states. The current state of research in this area is reviewed, focusing upon new findings describing the role of programmed necrosis induced by the mitochondrial permeability transition in mouse models of heart failure and diabetes.
Broadband, tunable super-lenses in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum with metallodielectric stacks (MDS)

We compare two designs of metallodielectric stacks (MDS) based on Ag/GaP and Au/GaP, and calculate their superresolving bandwidths. The super-resolving bandwidth of the Ag/GaP design is (520nm-560nm), while that of Au/GaP is (630nm-660nm). We evaluate these two designs in their ability to resolve two 20nm wide apertures separated by a center-to-center distance of 80nm. We also compare two numerical techniques used to study these systems, namely the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the finite element method (FEM). The TMM is simpler than more numerically demanding FEM technique but FEM is more robust for determining super-resolution in most cases. Finally we discuss the practical limitations of our super-resolving imaging devices in resolving objects that are much smaller than the incident wavelength.
Attributed reasons for support of the feminist movement as a function of attractiveness.

Male and female subjects were shown photographs of attractive and unattractive women. They were asked to indicate, for each photograph, the main reason why they thought the woman in the photograph was a feminist. Subjects attributed more positive, flattering reasons to the attractive women than to the unattractive women. In addition, it was found that subjects who did this task after having done a filler task made a greater distinction between the attractive and unattractive women than did subjects who did this task first. Interpretations and limitations of the results are discussed.
Rapid Androgenic Stimulation of α2u-Globulin Synthesis in the Perfused Rat Liver*

Hepatic synthesis of α2u-globulin and its mRNA in the male rat is dependent on androgen, glucocorticoid, T4, insulin, and GH. Some of these hormones may act directly on the liver, while others may influence a∧-globulin synthesis through indirect physiological changes. In the present study the specific role of androgen in the synthesis of α2u-globulin was examined in an in vitro liver perfusion system. The addition of 5a-dihydrotestosterone to the medium perfused through livers from castrated rats resulted in a rapid increase (-10-fold over the vehicle control within 120 min) in the circulating level of a∧ globulin. Labeling with [35S]-methionine showed that the androgen- mediated increase in the circulating level of α2u-globulin is due to release of the newly synthesized protein. Quantification of α2u-globulin mRNA in the perfused livers with and without androgen supplementation indicated that the increased mRNA level can only partially account for the elevation of the circulating level of this protein. F...
Hyperspectral imaging and analysis of mixed algae species in liquid media

In this paper, a laboratory-based hyperspectral imaging system is used to acquire hyperspectral data cubes from different algae samples of known mixtures. The data are obtained under controlled and repeatable conditions. Hyperspectral image processing is complicated by the size of the corresponding datasets so hyperspectral image pre-processing techniques such as dimensionality reduction are necessary before spectral analysis. We assessed hyperspectral response of mixed algal cultures containing two algae types to characterize the laboratory-based hyperspectral imaging system. Changes in the hyper spectral imaging system's response to variations in volume and combinations of algae concentrations were tested. Preliminary results demonstrate the system's capability to differentiate algal species, concentrations and sample volumes.
Dynamo: design, implementation, and evaluation of cooperative persistent object management in a local area network

In light of advances in processor and networking technology, especially the emergence of network attached disks, the traditional client-server architecture of persistent storage systems has become suboptimal for many computation/data intensive applications. In this paper, we introduce a revised architecture for persistent object management employing network attached storage: the dynamic object server environment (Dynamo). Dynamo introduces two main architectural innovations: (1) to provide high scalability, the object management functions are mainly performed cooperatively by the clients in the system. Furthermore, data is transferred directly to the client's cache from network-attached disks, thus avoiding copies from a disk to the server buffer and then over the network to the client. Other systems have an a priori assignment of ‘object management’ functions to specific nodes; (2) Dynamo uses a cooperative cache management which employs a decentralized lottery-based page replacement strategy with a novel technique which attempts to put a page replaced from one node into the cache of another node which is likely to access the page in the near future. We show via performance benchmarks run on the Dynamo system and simulation results how this architecture increases the system's adaptability, scalability and cost performance. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate has been used for over 50 years for everything from predicting disease severity to assessing general sickness index. Its perceived utility has been based on medical myths and its use too often based only on a consultant's demand or a shotgun approach to diagnosis. This article focuses on examining the specific utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the emergency department as a tool for predicting both disease likelihood and severity.
A change in publishers

This issue marks the initiation of a significant change in the production and publishing of Fertility and Sterility@. For over two decades, Fertility and Sterility@ has been published by its sponsoring Society, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) (formerly The American Fertility Society). Fertility and Sterility@, which originated in 1950, changed publishers twice before the Society assumed the full production and publishing of the journal. At that time, the leaders of the Society believed that profitability could be increased and that overall quality of the publication could be enhanced by becoming its own publisher. The decision proved to be wise. Through the subsequent years, the journal not only established its scientific leadership position internationally among related medical-scientific journals, but also became a highly profitable branch of the Society. Once again, the leaders of our Society have recommended a change in publishers. They realize that as medical publishing quickly moves into the electronic format, it will be necessary to become affiliated with a leading publisher that has the expertise to stay on the cutting edge of electronic publishing. Our Society has entered into an agreement with Elsevier Science, Inc., an internationally recognized publisher, to produce and publish Fertility and Sterility@. However, the ASRM will continue to hold the exclusive ownership and copyright to Fertility and Sterility@. Although Fertility and Sterility@ now has full-text online availability through OVID, and much of its Table of
Resource availability effects on cost optimization for battery storage systems

With continued demand for “smart” technologies, implementation of hardware such as batteries and renewable energy sources (i.e. solar panels) has become a huge economic undertaking. In order to better utilize these resources and thus maximize the lifetime of the elements, control schemes looking to both maximize the economic/financial gains while also preventing over usage have become even more important. Past work from the authors examined best case scenarios and financial gains possible as a result. Continuing from a software perspective, less favorable situations are considered and what that means for the cost savings for the consumer in addition to the utilization of the equipment. Studies in this paper focus on varying the availability of solar or battery power to the system. These sets can be broken into the following three main categories: no renewable energy input, no battery/storage input, and variable input of either storage and/or renewables. While mixing these conditions, it will be possible to examine optimizing the sizing of these resources within the overall system. Work discussed here will eventually be applied within the alternative source lab setup within Drexel's Center for Electric Power Engineering (CEPE).
Modelling of capillary optics as a focussing hard X-ray concentrator

The development of glass microcapillary arrays by Kumakhov and co-workers in the Soviet Union suggests that it is possible to construct novel devices for concentrating and focussing X-ray beams. Hypothetical focussing concentrators made up of capillary arrays have been configured to operate over a broad range of X-ray energy and its characteristics have been studied with a Monte Carlo ray tracing code. These modeling results indicate that the concentrators would have significant effective area up to 100 keV while their dimensions are similar to conventional grazing incidence telescopes that operate in the soft X-ray band.
A Legendre-pseudospectral method for computing travelling waves with corners (slope discontinuities) in one space dimension with application to Whitham's equation family

If the dispersion in a nonlinear hyperbolic wave equation is weak in the sense that the frequency ω(k) of cos(kx) is bounded as k → ∞, it is common that (i) travelling waves exist up to a limiting amplitude with wave-breaking for higher amplitudes, and (ii) the limiting wave has a corner, that is, a discontinuity in slope. Because "corner" waves are not smooth, standard numerical methods converge poorly as the number of grid points is increased. However, the corner wave is important because, at least in some systems, it is the attractor for all large amplitude initial conditions. Here we devise a Legendre-pseudospectral method which is uncorrupted by the singularity. The symmetric (u(X) = u(-X)) wave can be computed on an interval spanning only half the spatial period; since u is smooth on this domain which does not include the corner except as an endpoint, all numerical difficulties are avoided. A key step is to derive an extra boundary condition which uniquely identifies the corner wave. With both the grid point values of u(x) and phase speed c as unknowns, the discretized equations, imposing three boundary conditions on a second order differential equation, are solved by a Newton-Raphson iteration. Although our method is illustrated by the so-called "Whitham's equation", ut + uux = ∫ Du dx' where D is a very general linear operator, the ideas are widely applicable.
Light absorption by phytoplankton, non-algal particles and dissolved organic matter at the Patagonia shelf-break in spring and summer

Abstract Satellite image studies and recent in situ sampling have identified conspicuous phytoplankton blooms during spring and summer along the Patagonia shelf-break front. The magnitudes and spectral characteristics of light absorption by total particulate matter (phytoplankton and detritus) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have been determined by spectrophotometry in that region for spring 2006 and late summer 2007 seasons. In spring, phytoplankton absorption was the dominant optical component of light absorption (60–85%), and CDOM showed variable and important contributions in summer (10–90%). However, there was a lack of correlation between phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a concentration or [chl a]) and the non-algal compartment in both periods. A statistically significant difference was found between the two periods with respect to the CDOM spectral shape parameter (Scdom), with means of 0.015 (spring) and 0.012 nm−1 (summer). Nonetheless, the mean Scdm values, which describe the slope of detritus plus CDOM spectra, did not differ between the periods (average of 0.013 nm−1). Phytoplankton absorption values in this work showed deviations from mean parameterizations in previous studies, with respect to [chl a], as well as between the two study periods. In spring, despite the microplankton dominance, high specific absorption values and large dispersion were found (a*ph(440)=0.04±0.03 m2 mg [chl a]−1), which could be attributed to an important influence of photo-protector accessory pigments. In summer, deviations from general trends, with values of a*ph(440) even higher (0.09±0.02 m2 mg [chl a]−1), were due to the dominance of small cell sizes and also to accessory pigments. These results highlight the difficulty in deriving robust relationships between chlorophyll concentration and phytoplankton absorption coefficients regardless of the season period. The validity of a size parameter (Sf) derived from the absorption spectra has been demonstrated and was shown to describe the size structure of phytoplankton populations, independently of pigment concentration, with mean values of 0.41 in spring and 0.72 in summer. Our results emphasize the need for specific parameterization for the study region and seasonal sampling approach in order to model the inherent optical properties from water reflectance signatures.
A Phase III Study of Conventional Radiation Therapy Plus Thalidomide Versus Conventional Radiation Therapy for Multiple Brain Metastases (RTOG 0118)

Purpose To compare whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) with WBRT combined with thalidomide for patients with brain metastases not amenable to resection or radiosurgery. Patients and Methods Patients with Zubrod performance status 0–1, MRI-documented multiple (>3), large (>4 cm), or midbrain brain metastases arising from a histopathologically confirmed extracranial primary tumor, and an anticipated survival of >8 weeks were randomized to receive WBRT to a dose of 37.5 Gy in 15 fractions with or without thalidomide during and after WBRT. Prerandomization stratification used Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA) Class and whether post-WBRT chemotherapy was planned. Endpoints included overall survival, progression-free survival, time to neurocognitive progression, the cause of death, toxicities, and quality of life. A protocol-planned interim analysis documented that the trial had an extremely low probability of ever showing a significant difference favoring the thalidomide arm given the results at the time of the analysis, and it was therefore closed on the basis of predefined statistical guidelines. Results Enrolled in the study were 332 patients. Of 183 accrued patients, 93 were randomized to receive WBRT alone and 90 to WBRT and thalidomide. Median survival was 3.9 months for both arms. No novel toxicities were seen, but thalidomide was not well tolerated in this population. Forty-eight percent of patients discontinued thalidomide because of side effects. Conclusion Thalidomide provided no survival benefit for patients with multiple, large, or midbrain metastases when combined with WBRT; nearly half the patients discontinued thalidomide due to side effects.
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Organizational Consulting: Transference and Counter-Transference

There is a plethora of publications offering methodologies and styles of consultation for the hundreds of thousands of people who engage in organizational and management consulting work. Yet we know little about the psychodynamics of the consultation process, how the consultant influences this process and is, in turn, influenced by it. This is where a psychoanalytic perspective on the process can be especially valuable. In this article, we explore the challenges and complexities associated with a psychoanalytic orientation to the consulting process. In particular, we explore the transference and counter-transference issues that a consultant typically faces when engaging in this work. We establish the analysis of transference as a key to diagnosis and intervention and then offer a methodology for this form of consulting.
Hybrid Reynolds-averaged and large-eddy simulation of supersonic fuel injection scaling

This paper considers supersonic injection of non-reacting ethylene into air at Mach 2 for the purposes of investigating scaling effects of injectors of varying diameter. The sim-ulations are compared to experimental Raman scattering data of mean fuel concentration from Lin et al.1 We also consider additional flow quantities that are not easily measured experimentally; these quantities include resolved turbulent kinetic energy and measures of instantaneous mixing. We show that for the two larger injectors, mean fuel concentration profiles, plume height and structure, as well as the resolved turbulent kinetic energy, scale well. The smallest injector, however, does not exhibit this characteristic. We believe that the main cause of this is near-wall boundary layer effects.
A conceptual neural model of idea generation

Understanding the neural mechanisms of the idea generation process has implications for research in brainstorming, creativity and innovation. In this paper we present a conceptual neural model for generating ideas. The model extends the associative memory model of Brown et al. (1998) by explicitly representing categories as networks of concepts and ideas as conceptual combinations. Simulation results are compared with experimental results on effects of priming on low, versus high accessibility categories.
A transport model for the blood-brain barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has unique structures in order to protect the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to the tight junction of the brain blood microvessel, there is a uniform and narrow matrix-like basement membrane layer (30-40 nm) sandwiched between the vessel wall and the astrocyte processes ensheathing the cerebral microvessel. To understand the mechanism by which these structural components modulate permeability of the BBB, we developed a new mathematical model for water and solute transport across BBB. The flows in the cleft of the tight junction and in the slit between astrocyte process end feet were approximated by a Hele-Shaw channel flow while the fiber matrix layer at the luminal surface of the vessel was modeled as a Darcy medium and that in the basal lamina as a Brinkman medium. The solute transport through the BBB region was considered as a pure diffusion process. The predicted hydraulic conductivitv (Lp) is 7.2 times 10-9cm/s/cmH2O and the predicted solute permeability (P) for sodium fluorescein (NaF, MW = 376) is 6.3 times 10-6 cm Is for the BBB in the pia mater at the surface of the CNS. The resistance from the basement membrane and astrocytes accounts for ~7 folds and ~4 folds of those from the vessel wall components for Lp and PNaF, respectively. Our results suggest that they are components modulate permeability of the BBB to water and solutes through mathematical modeling. significant contributors permeability.
Electronic Band Structure and Wannier Exciton States in Solid Krypton

The electronic band structure of solid krypton has been calculated by a combined tight-binding and orthogonalized plane wave approach first introduced by Knox and Bassani. The crystal potential, constructed as a sum of quasiatomic potentials, contains an exchange potential which has been made to approximate closely the crystal Slater exchange potential. Spin-orbit splittings have been computed, and effective masses have been obtained at points of high symmetry in the Brillouin zone. The smallest computed gap between valence and conduction bands is "direct," is located at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\mathrm{k}=0)$, and has a magnitude of 11.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 eV, in agreement with the direct gap of 11.8 eV inferred by Baldini on the basis of optical absorption data. Computed Wannier exciton absorption lines at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ are also in agreement with Baldini's results.
A hydrodynamic simulation for the circulation and transport in coastal watersheds

Abstract A depth-averaged equation set is solved to simulate two Gulf of Mexico Coastal water-system circulations, Calcasieu Lake (Louisiana) and Mobile Bay (Alabama). A semi-implicit algorithm with an alternating-direction-implicit technique is employed to perform numerical computations on a staggered Cartesian grid mesh that covers the targeted areas. The simulation results include effects from the major rivers around the water systems. Time histories of simulated water-surface elevations are compared to the measurement data and the good agreements prove the accuracy of the results. Flow patterns and elevation contours are compared during flood and ebb tides. Velocity vectors and particle tracers are used to indicate the flow patterns and related transport of the circulations. The results also show the effects of geometry on flow and flow-related transport.
Structure and thermodynamics of polar interaction site fluids

We present results for the structure and thermodynamics of the dipolar hard dumbbell fluid obtained from a recently developed theory which is based on an extension of cluster perturbation theory (CPT) for atomic fluids to the interaction site formalism. The calculations are for the lowest order result in the theory which we denote as the optimized random phase approximation in the interaction site formalism (ISF-ORPA). This method does not include unallowed diagrammatic contributions to the structure and thermodynamics, in contrast to previous CPTs in the interaction site formalism. We compare the results to computer simulation data and find that the theory gives a realistic representation of the effect of the electrostatic interactions on the structure of the fluid.
On the SAR and field inhomogeneity of birdcage coils loaded with the human head

Birdcage coils are widely used as a radiofrequency (RF) resonator in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of their capability to produce a highly homogeneous B1 field over a large volume within the coil. When they are employed for high-frequency MRI, the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the object to be imaged deteriorates the B1-field homogeneity and increases the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the object. To investigate this problem, a finite-element method (FEM) is developed to analyze the SAR and the B1 field in a two-dimensional (2D) model of a birdcage coil loaded with a 2D model of a human head. The electric field, magnetic field, and SAR distributions are shown, and a comprehensive study is carried out for both linear and quadrature birdcage coils at 64, 128, 171, and 256 MHz. It is shown that to generate the same value of the B1 field, the SAR is increased significantly with the frequency, and for the same imaging method the SAR produced by a quadrature coil is significantly lower than that of a linear coil. It is also shown that the B1-field inhomogeneity is increased significantly with the frequency.
Direct Measurements of Self-Sputtering, Swelling, and Deposition Effects of N-Type Low-Energy Ion Implantations

Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method was used to study self-sputtering effects of different n-type low-energy doping techniques, including conventional monoatomic 75As and 31P beam-line ion implants and AsH3 plasma doping (PLAD). It has been found that the self-sputtering effects of the beam-line implants correlate with the mass of ion species. As beam-line implant shows more serious self-sputtering effect than monoatomic P and B beam-line implants. Very low energy P implants show surface-swelling phenomena. PLAD process using AsH3 gas species has no sputtering effects but has slight deposition under current process condition.
The Changing Face of the Australian Teaching Profession: New generations and new ways of working and learning

Today's workforce is characterised by an increasing mix of people with varying career aspirations, work motivators and job satisfiers. This paper discusses the intergenerational nature of today's workforce, which is currently dominated by the age groups commonly referred to as Baby Boomers and Generation X. The Baby Boomers defined and redefined work during the last quarter of the twentieth century, but as they track towards retirement, GenXers' valued work patterns and their career and life aspirations are increasingly dominating. This paper draws on a body of literature about a younger generation of workers and the current world of work in today's knowledge society, and discusses possible implications for the teaching profession, particularly for attracting and retaining young people as teachers.
Machine visualization, understanding and interpretation of polyhedral line-drawings in document analysis

The author deals with high level visualization, understanding, and interpretation of three-dimensional (3-D) polyhedral objects from two-dimensional (2-D) line-drawing images for document analysis. A new scheme is presented, which is aimed at learning, representing and recognizing 3-D objects with only very few learning samples. It can strengthen advantages of some current key methods while overcome their drawbacks. Further, it will be able to distinguish objects with very similar patterns and is more accurate than other existing methods. Several illustrations are given. Future research topics are discussed. >
Evolution of the ejecta sheet from the impact of a drop with a deep pool

We used optical and X-ray imaging to observe the formation of jets from the impact of a single drop with a deep layer of the same liquid. For high Reynolds number there are two distinct jets: the thin, fast and early-emerging ejecta; and the slow, thick and late-emerging lamella. For low Reynolds number the two jets merge into a single continuous jet, the structure of which is determined by the distinct contributions of the lamella and the ejecta. We measured the emergence time, position and speed of the ejecta sheet, and find that these scale as power laws with the impact speed and the viscosity. We identified the origin of secondary droplets with the breakup of the lamella and the ejecta jets, and show that the size of the droplets is not a good indicator of their origin.
Head-disk interface considerations at 10-nm flying height

As magnetic recording density increases toward hundreds of Gb/in/sup 2/, both the magnetic spacing and head-disk clearance decrease to <10 nm. By one estimate, the magnetic spacing for 1 Tb/in/sup 2/ is about 6 nm and the read width is /spl sim/30 nm. There are at least two different approaches to achieving this. The first is an extension of the traditional flying interface and the second is contact recording. In the former case, one needs to be concerned about maintaining adequate clearance both at sea level and at higher elevation, whereas in the latter case wear and corrosion of the heads and disks may pose major challenges. An example of how head-disk interference takes place in a disk drive is given for an experimental 10-nm flying slider. The effects of radial flying height profile, takeoff height of the disk, and disk curvature on mechanical spacing are presented. The results of changes occurring on the air bearing surface and the disks after long-term flyability tests are discussed.
The |[sigma]|70 subunit of RNA polymerase mediates a promoter-proximal pause at the lac promoter

The σ 70 subunit of RNA polymerase mediates a promoter-proximal pause at the lac promoter
Parameters controlling transcriptional activation during early drosophila development

We studied transcription during the first 14 mitotic cycles of Drosophila development, by gel electrophoresis of RNA pulse-labeled in vivo. Synthesis of rRNA, tRNAs, 5S RNAs, snRNAs, poly(A)+ RNAs, and histone mRNAs is first detectable during cycle 11 or 12. Histone genes are transcribed during S phases, and reach maximal activation in cycle 12, whereas nonhistone genes are transcribed only in G2 periods, and reach maximal activation during late cycle 14. The high transcriptional activity characteristic of cycle 14 can be precociously induced by extending interphase with cycloheximide as early as, but not before, cycle 10. We conclude that all classes of genes become competent for activation during cycle 10, and that subsequent activation is differentially suppressed by functions associated with nuclear division.
The Sensitivity of Lavage Analysis by Light and Analytical Electron Microscopy in Correlating the Types of Asbestos from a Known Exposure Setting

Lavage material was collected from 12 individuals whose work history included working in a cement manufacturing facility. The manufacturing processes of the facility included the use of crocidolite and chrysotile asbestos. Lavage material was prepared via digestion procedure and then analyzed for the presence of ferruginous bodies by light microscopy and for uncoated asbestos fibers by analytical transmission electron microscopy. A comparison was made as to the sensitivity between two analytical methods for linking a past exposure to a specific type of asbestos. The use of analytical transmission electron microscopy for identification of core material in the ferruginous bodies as well as for quantification of the uncoated asbestos fibers increased the sensitivity of the information obtained from lavage samples as necessary for confirming exposure in the past to specific types of asbestos.
The course and correlates of mental health care received by young children: Descriptive data from a longitudinal urban high-risk sample

Abstract As part of a larger longitudinal study, a sample of 269 predominantly low-income and minority caregiver–child dyads were recruited when the children were infants, and received annual interviews from ages 2 to 7. Almost two-thirds of the sample had been reported as maltreated. Over the course of the study, 49.4% of the children were reported by their parents as needing services at some point in time and most of these eventually received services; the probability of needing and receiving services increased with child age. Far fewer children received services for internalizing (6.7%) and life stress (5.6%) problems than for externalizing (22.3%) or other psychosocial problems (23.4%). Maltreatment did not predict receipt of services, nor did most demographic factors. However, girls and African American children had reduced likelihood of receiving services, especially for externalizing problems. Girls were less likely than boys to be perceived as needing mental health treatment, but there was no discrepancy in perceived need between African American and white children. Child gender and ethnicity are associated with parent-identified child mental health needs and with the receipt of mental health services.
Applying Distributed Artificial Intelligence to Flexible Manufacturing

The information system for flexible manufacturing has become increasingly intelligent and distributed, primarily due to the technological advancements in the areas of artificial intelligence and computer networking. This paper presents a framework applying a distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) method for flexible manufacturing, where a manufacturing cell is treated as a problem solving agent. We will show the application of this DAI approach to the dynamic scheduling and configuring/reconfiguring of the manufacturing system.
A Diet Model with Protein Quality Variable

Malnutrition is a serious obstacle to development in many countries. To deal with it effectively we must know how to provide adequate nutrition in an economical way. Linear programming will determine the most economical set of foods or production activities if the set of nutrients needed can be specified in absolute amounts or as fixed ratios, but this will not suffice for one of the most pressing nutritional problems---the protein problem. It is impossible to specify the quantity of protein required in this way. That quantity depends upon the concentration of protein in the diet and the “quality” of the protein its amino acid composition. The greater the concentration, the less efficiently the protein is used; the better the quality, the more efficiently. For a least-cost diet, quality and quantity must be determined simultaneously, but the relationships are nonlinear. This paper presents a model, with one nonlinear restraint, that determines a least-cost diet in which the quality and the quantity of the protein are jointly and optimally determined.
Multispectral skin color modeling

The automated detection of humans in computer vision as well as the realistic rendering of people in computer graphics necessitates improved modeling of the human skin color. We describe the acquisition and modeling of skin reflectance data densely sampled over the entire visible spectrum. The data collected through a spectrograph allows us to explain skin color (and its variations) and to discriminate between human skin and dyes designed to mimic human skin. We study the approximation of these data using several sets of basis functions. Our study shows that skin reflectance data can best be approximated by a linear combination of Gaussians or their first derivatives. This result has a significant practical impact on optical acquisition devices: the entire visible spectrum of skin reflectance can now be captured with a few filters of optimally chosen central wavelengths and bandwidth.
A modified Pohlhausen velocity profile for MHD boundary-layer problems.

We denote the right hand side of Eq. (1) by J(x), and this can be obtained from flow quantities available from our experiment and is shown on Fig. 5. However, Q" (0, x) will not be calculated from our test results in view of the numerical errors inherent in the double differentiation of data. Estimates of Q"(0, x) can be made by assuming a theoretical model, and its value will depend on the model chosen. By assuming Kleinstein's expression for the fully developed region, one obtains
Particle-Tracking Microrheology of Living Cells: Principles and Applications

A multitude of cellular and subcellular processes depend critically on the mechanical deformability of the cytoplasm. We have recently introduced the method of particle-tracking microrheology, which measures the viscoelastic properties of the cytoplasm locally and with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here we establish the basic principles of particle-tracking microrheology, describing the advantages of this approach over more conventional approaches to cell mechanics. We present basic concepts of molecular mechanics and polymer physics relevant to the microrheological response of cells. Particle-tracking microrheology can probe the mechanical properties of live cells in experimentally difficult, yet more physiological, environments, including cells embedded inside a 3D matrix, adherent cells subjected to shear flows, and cells inside a developing embryo. Particle-tracking microrheology can readily reveal the lost ability of diseased cells to resist shear forces.
Role of the Baroreceptor Reflex in Daily Control of Arterial Blood Pressure and Other Variables in Dogs

Normal and sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated dogs were monitored continuously (24 hours a day) to quantify the role of the baroreceptors in determining the average level and the variability of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. The frequency of occurrence over 24-hour periods was obtained for each variable using a fiber optic curve-scanning system to read the variables from continuously recorded charts and a digital computer system to plot curves. The results indicate that the degree of hypertension previously reported for this preparation has been highly exaggerated, presumably due to the methods of study. The average 24-hour mean arterial blood pressure was 101.6 mm Hg in normal dogs and only 112.7 mm Hg in baroreceptor-denervated dogs. The normal dogs exhibited narrowly distributed 24-hour frequency distribution curves for blood pressure; in contrast the denervated dogs exhibited curves with twice the 24-hour standard deviation. Similar analysis indicated that the baroreceptors exerted less influence on the daily stabilization of heart rate than they did on arterial blood pressure and that they had very little if any influence on the daily stabilization of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Hemodynamic variables during postural changes were studied along with diurnal rhythms. We concluded that the primary function of the baroreceptor reflex is not to set the chronic level of arterial blood pressure but, instead, to minimize variations in systemic arterial blood pressure, whether these variations are caused by postural changes of the animal, excitement, diurnal rhythm, or even spontaneous fluctuations of unknown origin.
Impact of interval from breast conserving surgery to radiotherapy on local recurrence in older women with breast cancer: retrospective cohort analysis

Objectives To determine if the length of interval between breast conserving surgery and start of radiotherapy affects local recurrence and to identify factors that might be associated with delay in older women with breast cancer. Design Retrospective cohort analysis with Cox proportional hazards models to study the association between time to radiotherapy and local recurrence, and propensity score and instrumental variable analyses to confirm findings. Logistic regression investigated factors associated with later start of radiotherapy. Setting Linked database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program-Medicare) in the United States Participants 18 050 women aged over 65 with stage 0-II breast cancer diagnosed in 1991-2002 who received breast conserving surgery and radiotherapy but not chemotherapy. Main outcome measure Local recurrence. Results Median time from surgery to start of radiotherapy was 34 days, with 29.9% (n=5389) of women starting radiotherapy after six weeks. Just over 4% (n=734) of the cohort experienced a local recurrence. After adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic factors, intervals over six weeks were associated with increased likelihood of local recurrence (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.39, P=0.033). When the interval was modelled continuously (assessing accumulation of risk by day), the effect was statistically stronger (hazard ratio 1.005 per day, 1.002 to 1.008, P=0.004). Propensity score and instrumental variable analysis confirmed these findings. Instrumental variable analysis showed that intervals over six weeks were associated with a 0.96% increase in recurrence at five years (P=0.026). In multivariable analysis, starting radiotherapy after six weeks was significantly associated with positive nodes, comorbidity, history of low income, Hispanic ethnicity, non-white race, later year of diagnosis, and residence outside the southern states of the US. Conclusions There is a continuous relation between the interval from breast conserving surgery to radiotherapy and local recurrence in older women with breast cancer, suggesting that starting radiotherapy as soon as possible could minimise the risk of local recurrence. There are considerable disparities in time to starting radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery. Regions of the US known to have increased rates of breast conserving surgery had longer intervals before radiotherapy, suggesting limitations in capacity. Given the known negative impact of local recurrence on survival, mechanisms to ameliorate disparities and policies regarding waiting times for treatment might be warranted.