cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated convergence of the steepest descent method for magnetohydrodynamic equilibria

Iterative schemes based on the method of steepest descent have recently been used to obtain magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibria. Such schemes generate asymptotic geometric vector sequences whose convergence rate can be improved through the use of the epsilon-algorithm. The application of this nonlinear recursive technique to stiff systems is discussed. In principle, the epsilon-algorithm is capable of yielding quadratic convergence and therefore represents an attractive alternative to other quadratic convergence schemes requiring Jacobian matrix inversion. Because the damped MHD equations have eigenvalues with negative real parts (in the neighborhood of a stable equilibrium), the epsilon-algorithm will generally be stable. Concern for residual monotonic sequences leads to consideration of alternative methods for implementing the algorithm.
Destruction of a metastable string by particle collisions

We calculate the probability of destruction of a metastable string by collisions of the Goldstone bosons, corresponding to the transverse waves on the string. We find a general formula that allows to determine the probability of the string breakup by a collision of arbitrary number of the bosons. We find that the destruction of a metastable string takes place only in collisions of even number of the bosons, and we explicitly calculate the energy dependence of such process in a two-particle collision for an arbitrary relation between the energy and the largest infrared scale in the problem, the length of the critical gap in the string.
Efficacy and Estrangement: Effects of Voting

This study examined changes in political efficacy and feelings of estrangement as a function of voting behavior in the 2008 presidential election in the U.S. Participants (n = 224), recruited from an online marketing company's representative panel of U.S. adults, completed a survey 4-6 weeks before the election and again 2-4 weeks after the election. Changes in internal and external political efficacy and feelings of estrangement were examined for three groups of voters (McCain voters, Obama voters, and non-voters) as well as by party affiliation. Internal political efficacy was and remained relatively high among Obama and McCain voters pre-election to post-election, but decreased for non-voters. Among Democrats, there was a significant increase in internal political efficacy, among Republicans, there was no change, and among those with no or a different party affiliation, there was a significant decrease. External political efficacy significantly increased pre-election to post-election among Obama voters and non-voters, but decreased for McCain voters. Additionally, post-election cultural estrangement was significantly higher among non-voters than voters. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for understanding the potential impact of different forms of political participation. Several of the specific and distinctive aspects of the 2008 election and President Obama's campaign are also highlighted as they relate to voting behavior and potential changes in the American electorate.
Rate equations for Coulomb blockade with ferromagnetic leads

We present a density-matrix rate-equation approach to sequential tunneling through a metal particle weakly coupled to ferromagnetic leads. The density-matrix description is able to deal with correlations between degenerate many-electron states that the standard rate equation formalism in terms of occupation probabilities cannot describe. Our formalism is valid for an arbitrary number of electrons on the dot, for an arbitrary angle between the polarization directions of the leads, and with or without spin-orbit scattering on the metal particle. Interestingly, we find that the density-matrix description may be necessary even for metal particles with unpolarized leads if three or more single-electron levels contribute to the transport current and electron-electron interactions in the metal particle are described by the ``universal interaction Hamiltonian.''
De Rham cohomology of the supermanifolds and superstring BRST cohomology

Abstract We show that the BRST operator of Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond superstring is closely related to de Rham differential on the moduli space of decorated super-Riemann surfaces P . We develop formalism where superstring amplitudes are computed via integration of some differential forms over a section of P over the super moduli space M . We show that the result of integration does not depend on the choice of section when all the states are BRST physical. Our approach is based on the geometrical theory of integration on supermanifolds of which we give a short review.
Fano manifolds of index n-1 and the cone conjecture

The Morrison-Kawamata cone conjecture predicts that the actions of the automorphism group on the effective nef cone and the pseudo-automorphism group on the effective movable cone of a klt Calabi-Yau pair (X,Δ) have finite, rational polyhedral fundamental domains. Let Z be an n-dimensional Fano manifold of index n-1 such that -KZ=(n-1)H for an ample divisor H. Let Γ be the base locus of a general (n-1)-dimensional linear system V ⊂/H/. In this paper, we verify the Morrison-Kawamata cone conjecture for the blowup of Z along Γ. © 2013 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Toward sensor-based coverage with robot teams

We introduce a new algorithm to cover an unknown space with a homogenous team of circular mobile robots. Our approach uses a previous single robot coverage algorithm that divides the target space into cells, each of which can be covered with simple back and forth motions. The advantage of our method is that we plan in a two dimensional configuration space for a team of n robots, bypassing the 2n dimensional configuration space. The approach used is semi-decentralized - robot teams cover the space independent of each other, but, robots within a team communicate state and share information. An implementation of the algorithm, in simulation, is also detailed.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structural shape optimization — a survey

Abstract This paper is a survey of structural shape optimization with an emphasis on techniques dealing with shape optimization of the boundaries of two- and three-dimensional bodies. Attention is focused on the special problems of structural shape optimization which are due to a finite element model which must change during the optimization process. These problems include the requirement for sophisticated automated mesh generation techniques and careful choice of design variables. They also include special problems in obtaining sufficiently accurate sensitivity derivatives.
Convenient synthesis of bis(benzo)-fused BEDT-TTF and higher homologues — new electron donor molecules for organic charge transfer salts and “molecular rulers”

A convenient synthesis of bis(benzo)- and bis(naphtho)-fused bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) derivatives, employing the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of oligo(1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-trithione) with appropriate alkenes as a key step, is presented.
Synthesis of novel 1H‐imidazo[5,1‐B][3]benzazepine‐1,3(2H)‐dione and pyrimido[6,1‐B][3]benzazepine‐1,3,4(2H)‐trione

Two novel tricyclic ring systems derived from 3-benzazepines were synthesized; the first, a 6,7,5-ring, 1H-imidazo[5,1-b][3]benzazepine-1,3(2H)-dione was obtained using an unusual Stiles reaction while the second, an analogous 6,7,6-ring, pyrimido[6,1-b][3]benzazepine-1,3,4(2H)-trione was prepared with base and oxalyl chloride.
Monotone games with positive spillovers

Abstract A monotone game comprises the infinitely repeated play of an n -person stage game, subject to the constraint that players' actions be monotonically nondecreasing over time. These games represent a variety of strategic situations in which players are able to make (partial) commitments. If the stage games have positive spillovers and satisfy certain other conditions, then the limit points of the subgame perfect equilibria are precisely the approachable action profiles. This characterization is applied to voluntary contribution games, market games, and coordination games. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C7.
Enecarboxylation with diethyl oxomalonate as an enophilic equivalent of carbon dioxide: a synthesis of allylcarboxylic acids

On prepare une serie d'acides carboxyliques allyliques a partir des olefines correspondantes par un processus en deux etapes equivalent a: 1) une reaction ene avec l'oxomalonate de diethyle conduisant a l'ester α-hydroxymalonique; 2) une bisdecarboxylation oxydante de ce dernier
HIGH-RESOLUTION X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY OF THE MULTIPHASE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM TOWARD Cyg X-2

High-resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool for probing chemical and physical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) at various phases. We present detections of K transition absorption lines from the low-ionization ions of O I, O II, Ne I, Ne II, and Ne III, and the high-ionization ones of O VI, O VII, O VIII, Ne IX, and Mg XI, as well as details of neutral absorption edges from Mg, Ne, and O in an unprecedented high-quality spectrum of the low-mass X-ray binary Cyg X-2. These absorption features trace the intervening ISM which is indicated by the unshifted line centroids with respect to the rest-frame wavelengths of the corresponding atomic transitions. We have measured the column densities of each ion. We complement these measurements with the radio H I and optical Hα observations toward the same sight line and estimate the mean abundances of Ne, O, and Mg in the cool phase to Ne/H = 0.84+0.13 –0.10 × 10–4, O/H = 3.83+0.48 –0.43 × 10–4, and Mg/H = 0.35+0.09 –0.11 × 10–4, and O and Mg in the hot phase to O/H = 5.81+1.30 –1.34 × 10–4 and Mg/H = 0.33+0.09 –0.09 × 10–4, respectively. These results indicate a mild depletion of oxygen into dust grains in the cool phase and little or no depletion of magnesium. We also find that absorption from highly ionized ions in the hot Galactic disk gas can account for most of the absorption observed toward the extragalactic sight lines like Mrk 421. The bulk of the observed O VI likely originates from the conductive interfaces between the cool and hot gases, from which a significant amount of N V and C IV emission is predicted.
Determining the Hubble constant from the gravitational lens PG-1115+080

For the quadruple gravitational lens PG 1115+080, we combine recent measurements of the time delays with new lens models to determine the Hubble constant H_0. We explore the effects of systematic uncertainties in the lens models on the estimates of H_0, and we discuss how the uncertainties can be reduced by future observations. We find that the lens cannot be fit by an isolated lens galaxy, but that it can be well fit by including a perturbation from the nearby group of galaxies. To understand the full range of systematic uncertainties it is crucial to use an ellipsoidal galaxy and to let the group position vary. In this case, the existing constraints cannot break degeneracies in the models with respect to the profiles of the galaxy and group and to the position of the group. Combining the known time delays with a range of lens models incorporating most of the plausible systematic effects yields H_0 = 51_{-13}^{+14} km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}. The constraints on the lens models, and hence on H_0, can be improved by reducing the standard errors in the lens galaxy position from 50 mas to \sim10 mas, reducing the uncertainties in the time delays to \sim0.5 days, and constraining the lens mass distribution using HST photometry and the fundamental plane. In particular, the time delay ratio r_{ABC} = \Delta\tau_{AC} / \Delta\tau_{BA} may provide the best constraint on the mass profile of the galaxy.
Tribological Effects of BN and MoS2 Nanoparticles Added to Polyalphaolefin Oil in Piston Skirt/Cylinder Liner Tests

We report in this article the friction and wear results of polyalphaolefin (PAO 10) base oil with the addition of 3 wt% boron nitride (BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles with nominal size of 70 and 50 nm, respectively. The formulations were tested using cast iron cylinder liner segments reciprocating against aluminum alloy piston skirt segments at 20, 40, and 100 °C. The results showed that, at a load of 250 N and a reciprocating frequency of 2 Hz, BN did not lower friction whereas MoS2 nanoparticles were very effective at reducing both friction and wear, compared with the base oil. The viscosities of both formulations were similar to the base oil, which allowed for a direct comparison between them. Raman spectroscopy showed the formation of an aligned MoS2 layer on the cast iron liner surface, which most likely functions as a tribofilm. In the case of the cast iron liner tested with BN nanolubricant, no traces of BN were found. The effect of surfactants was also studied, and it was found that some surfactants were not only beneficial in dispersing the nanoparticles in oil, but also in producing some reduction in friction and wear, even when used as stand-alone additives in PAO 10.
A highly reliable multi-path routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks

This paper presents a new routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks that provides fresh routing information along active routes with affordable cost. The proposed routing mechanism, called proactive route maintenance (PRM), is used to replace the naive route mechanism in existing reactive (on-demand) routing protocols to enhance route reliability and reduce the frequency of expensive route discoveries. The assumption behind PRM is the communication locality in ad hoc wireless networks. That is, most data packets are transported along a few active routes. Data packets are forwarded via multiple optimal paths to meet certain QoS requirements, such as fault tolerance and load balance. Routing information is disseminated along active routes and advertised only by active nodes that forward data packets. Alternative paths are dynamically discovered and maintained by active nodes and their 1-hop neighbors (called passive nodes). The routing overhead in passive nodes is light. PRM maintains reliable end-to-end ...
Intramolecular conjugate addition reactions of amines and carbamates to 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ones: Stereoselective synthesis of perhydroindoles

Abstract Intramolecular conjugate addition reactions of 4,4-disubstituted-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ones are described within the context of possible approaches to manzamine A. Amine 4 provided tricycle 6, with improper relative stereochemistry for use in an approach to manzamine A. Carbamates 25 and 38 gave perhydroindoles 26 and 28b under conditions of thermodynamic control, respectively, with the proper relative stereochemistry required for manzamine A. Carbamate 25 gave diastereomeric perhydroindole 27 under conditions of thermodynamic control.
Stratification and Ethnic Groups

Ethnic stratification is compared with other forms of stratification, particularly those based on economic class. Using “ethnic” in its broadest sense, it is clear that such groups are most likely to move toward creation of their own separate nation-state. As a consequence, there are certain outcomes of ethnic stratification that cannot be accounted for in a general theory of stratification or one based solely on economic dimensions. An ethnic stratification system will also affect other forms of stratification in the society. For example, class alliances will be weaker if a given economic level is occupied by different ethnic strata. The added proliferation of statuses in a society with ethnic stratification compounds the political process. Other ways are also considered in which the presence of an ethnic hierarchy in the nation interacts with and affects age, sex, and economic stratification.
Analytical and Computational Study of Wall Temperature Jumps in Supersonic Flow

The local viscous ‐inviscid interaction e eld generated by a wall temperature jump on a e at plate in supersonic e ow is studied in detail by the use of both a Navier ‐Stokes numerical code and an analytical triple-deck model. Treatment oftherapid heat transferchangesboth upstream and downstream ofthejump isincluded. Closed-form relationships for the pressure and heating variations, including upstream ine uence, are derived from the tripledeck theory and are found to be in good agreement with the numerical solution of the compressible Navier ‐Stokes equations. Such relationships not only clarify the interactive physics involved, but also are useful in preliminary design of thermal protection systems and as an insertable module to improve computational e uid dynamics code efe ciency when applied to such small-scale interaction problems. Further examined is the connection between the triple-deck solution and the classical boundary-layer theory treatment of the wall temperature jump problem; the latter is shown to be similar to the far wake limit of the inner interactive behavior astride the jump.
On the Order Dimension of Convex Geometries

We study the order dimension of the lattice of closed sets for a convex geometry. We show that the lattice of closed subsets of the planar point set of Erdős and Szekeres from 1961, which is a set of 2n − 2 points and contains no vertex set of a convex n-gon, has order dimension n − 1 and any larger set of points has order dimension at least n.
SHOCK FORMATION IN THE COMPRESSIBLE EULER EQUATIONS AND RELATED SYSTEMS

We prove shock formation results for the compressible Euler equations and related systems of conservation laws in one space dimension, or three dimensions with spherical symmetry. We establish an L∞ bound for C1 solutions of the one-dimensional (1D) Euler equations, and use this to improve recent shock formation results of the authors. We prove analogous shock formation results for 1D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with orthogonal magnetic field, and for compressible flow in a variable area duct, which has as a special case spherically symmetric three-dimensional (3D) flow on the exterior of a ball.
Effect of multilayer structure and laser pulse width on the reversible cycling of phase change optical storage media

The static cycling behavior of chalcogenide phase change optical recording media was investigated. Thin‐film multilayer structure and laser pulse conditions were both varied to determine optimum conditions for good cycling behavior. For all structures, cyclability was always best for short pulses. An aluminum overcoat layer was found to substantially increase the performance. The effect of the temperature excursion experienced during writing on cycling was determined. At the shortest pulses it was demonstrated that the thermal excursions did not depend upon the presence of an aluminum overcoat, suggesting that mechanical strength was important for enhancing cyclability. For longer pulses the aluminum changed the thermal characteristics of the stack. These differences between various samples are compared to try to elucidate modes of failure in optical data storage structures.
Sulfur, Chlorine, and Argon Abundances in Planetary Nebulae. IV. Synthesis and the Sulfur Anomaly

We have compiled a large sample of O, Ne, S, Cl, and Ar abundances that have been determined for 85 Galactic planetary nebulae in a consistent and homogeneous manner using spectra extending from 3600 to 9600 A. Sulfur abundances have been computed using the near-IR lines of [S III] λλ9069, 9532 along with [S III] temperatures. We find average values, expressed logarithmically with a standard deviation, of log(S/O) = -1.91 ± 0.24, log(Cl/O) = -3.52 ± 0.16, and log(Ar/O) = -2.29 ± 0.18, numbers consistent with previous studies of both planetary nebulae and H II regions. We also find a strong correlation between [O III] and [S III] temperatures among planetary nebulae. In analyzing abundances of Ne, S, Cl, and Ar with respect to O, we find a tight correlation for Ne-O, and loose correlations for Cl-O and Ar-O. All three trends appear to be colinear with observed correlations for H II regions. S and O also show a correlation, but there is a definite offset from the behavior exhibited by H II regions and stars. We suggest that this S anomaly is most easily explained by the existence of S+3, whose abundance must be inferred indirectly when only optical spectra are available, in amounts in excess of what is predicted by model-derived ionization correction factors in PNe. Finally for the disk PNe, abundances of O, Ne, S, Cl, and Ar all show gradients when plotted against Galactocentric distance. The slopes are statistically indistinguishable from one another, a result which is consistent with the notion that the cosmic abundances of these elements evolve in lockstep.
Focusing light in a curved-space

We use transformation optics to demonstrate focusing of light. The lenses are designed and fabricated on silicon with dimensions ranging from 20µm × 20 µm to 5.0 µm × 5.0 µm. The numerical and experimental results show the focusing of light over a broad wavelength range, from 1.15 µm to 1.60 µm.
A LOGIC MODEL APPROACH TO CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A SCIENTIFIC/INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

We demonstrate how the use of logic models and approximate reasoning can lead to more effective conceptual design of a large-scale scientific/industrial complex. A deductive model is used to describe the relationships between the mission of a complex, the tasks that are the concrete expressions of the mission, and the capabilities and resources that allow the mission to be carried out. This deductive logic model provides the formal basis for integrating these relationships into a conceptual design and provides a framework to express design options that are an essential part of the description of the complex. A decision model for choosing among the design options is constructed using approximate reasoning. This AR model uses forward-chaining inference models to emulate the types of reasoning used by experts. This approach allows the analyst to use both numerical data when available and the qualitative knowledge that forms much of the information base used in conceptual designs of new and innovative complexes.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Syntactic integration carried out mechanically

A faithful translation cannot be achieved even when carried on by the most knowledgeable and competent human being. The situation becomes even more desperate when one tries to enlist the aid of the present-day electronic processors for this task. These machines are magnificent tools when called upon to simulate a formal, systematic mental process, of whose nature the programmer is completely aware. One has to delve very patiently and deeply into one's own brain to discover even a single mechanizable process underlying human speech. Correct parsing involves the resolution of all morphological and syntactic ambiguities, and only rarely that of semantic ambiguities. To achieve mechanically the quality of human translation, it would therefore be necessary to feed into the machine, in addition to a dictionary, all that extra store of knowledge that is contained in the capacious human mind.
Effect of Strain-Induced Crystallization on the Elastomeric Properties of cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Networks

Abstract Polymer networks, when studied at very high elongations, frequency show anomalous stress-strain isotherms in that they exhibit values of the modulus or “reduced force” [ƒ*] which increase markedly with increasing elongation. Such isotherms depart appreciably from the form predicted by the molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity and from the Mooney—Rivlin representation adopted from phenomenological arguments as well. For this reason, the interpretation of the increase in [ƒ*] at high elongations has been of great interest for a considerable period of time. For several decades now, this behavior has generally been attributed to the limited extensibility of the network chains. Critical examination of various published results pertinent to this question, in conjunction with more definitive experimental studies reported recently, however, support the alternative suggestion that such atypical isotherms are due to strain-induced crystallization. One experiment particularly relevant to this issue is...
Chow's theorem and universal holonomic quantum computation

A theorem from control theory relating the Lie algebra generated by vector fields on a manifold to the controllability of the dynamical system is shown to apply to holonomic quantum computation. Conditions for deriving the holonomy algebra are presented by taking covariant derivatives of the curvature associated with a non-Abelian gauge connection. When applied to the optical holonomic computer, these conditions determine that the holonomy group of the two-qubit interaction model contains SU(2) ? SU(2). In particular, a universal two-qubit logic gate is attainable for this model.
Stereoselective synthesis of N-heterocycles through amine addition to nitroalkenes

An efficient route for the preparation of substituted N-heterocycles was developed through the amine addition to nitroalkenes. The reaction tolerates a large substrate scope with good to excellent yields (up to 95%) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to 99 : 1 dr).
A probabilistic model of location choice with neighborhood effects

Abstract This paper tries to develop a probabilistic model of location choice by many types of individuals who interact among themselves in the presence of neighborhood effects. Equilibrium is defined as an allocation of individuals among locations such that for every type of individuals the selection probability for each location is equal to the proportion of individuals actually choosing the location in question. The existence of equilibrium is proved under usual continuity assumptions. The equilibrium is shown to be unique and stable in the presence of neighborhood effects, if the degree of externality is sufficiently small.
Deploying model-based systems engineering with IBM® rational® solutions for systems and software engineering

Prerequisites — to be provided by Customer █ Provide overview of present workflow — not process. █ Provide requirements associated to the project (e.g. project objective and definition, functional requirements) that will be the basis of the 6 weeks MbSE engagement. █ Identify “core team” that will be assigned to the project for the next 6 weeks
On special unipotent orbits and Fourier coefficients for automorphic forms on symplectic groups

Abstract Fourier coefficients of automorphic representations π of Sp 2 n ( A ) are attached to unipotent adjoint orbits in Sp 2 n ( F ) , where F is a number field and A is the ring of adeles of F. We prove that for a given π, all maximal unipotent orbits that give nonzero Fourier coefficients of π are special, and prove, under a well-acceptable assumption, that if π is cuspidal, then the stabilizer attached to each of those maximal unipotent orbits is F-anisotropic as algebraic group over F. These results strengthen, refine and extend the earlier work of Ginzburg, Rallis and Soudry on the subject. As a consequence, we obtain constraints on those maximal unipotent orbits if F is totally imaginary, further applications of which to the discrete spectrum with the Arthur classification will be considered in our future work.
Bott periodicity for fibred cusp operators

The author was partially supported by Le Fonds Quebecois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Titanium-Water Loop Heat Pipe Operating Characteristics Under Standard and Elevated Acceleration Fields

An experiment has been developed to examine the behavior of a titanium-water loop heat pipe under standard and elevated acceleration fields. The loop heat pipe was mounted on a 2.44 meter-diameter centrifuge table on edge with heat applied to the evaporator via a mica heater and heat rejected using a high-temperature polyalphaolefin oil coolant loop. The loop heat pipe was tested under the following parametric ranges: heat load at the evaporator 100 ≤ Q in ≤ 600 W, heat load at the compensation chamber 0 ≤ Q cc ≤ 50 W, radial acceleration 0 ≤ a r ≤ 10 g. For stationary operation, the evaporative heat transfer coefficient decreased monotonically with heat load whereas the thermal resistance decreased to a minimum then increased. Heat input to the compensation chamber was found to increase the evaporative heat transfer coefficient and decrease the thermal resistance for Q in = 500 W. Transient periodic flow reversal in the loop heat pipe was found for some cases, which was likely due to vapor bubble formation in the primary wick. Operation in an elevated acceleration environment revealed that dry out was dependent on both Q in and a r , and the ability for the loop heat pipe to reprime after an acceleration event that induced dry out was influenced by the evaporator temperature. The evaporative heat transfer coefficient and thermal resistance were found not to be significantly dependent on radial acceleration. However, the evaporator wall superheat was found to increase slightly with radial acceleration at high heat loads.
Tidal Evolution of Close-in Extra-Solar Planets

The distribution of eccentricities e of extra-solar planets with semi-major axes a > 0.2 AU is very uniform, and values for e are generally large. For a < 0.2 AU, eccentricities are much smaller (most e < 0.2), a characteristic widely attributed to damping by tides after the planets formed and the protoplanetary gas disk dissipated. We have integrated the classical coupled tidal evolution equations for e and a backward in time over the estimated age of each planet, and confirmed that the distribution of initial e values of close-in planets matches that of the general population for reasonable tidal dissipation values Q, with the best fits for stellar and planetary Q being ∼ 105.5 and ∼ 106.5, respectively. The current small values of a were only reached gradually due to tides over the lifetimes of the planets, i.e., the earlier gas disk migration did not bring all planets to their current orbits. As the orbits tidally evolved, there was substantial tidal heating within the planets. The past tidal heating of each planet may have contributed significantly to the thermal budget that governed the planet's physical properties, including its radius, which in many cases may be measured by observing transit events. Here we also compute the plausible heating histories for a few planets with anomalously large measured radii, including HD 209458 b. We show that they may have undergone substantial tidal heating during the past billion years, perhaps enough to explain their large radii. Theoretical models of exoplanet interiors and the corresponding radii should include the role of large and time-variable tidal heating. Our results may have important implications for planet formation models, physical models of “hot Jupiters”, and the success of transit surveys.
Strain-Free Mounting Techniques For Metal Mirrors

The ability to produce strain free mounts for metal mirrors is shown to be feasible by the application of four principles: o Mounting strain isolated from mirror surface o Mirror stiffer than mount o Mirror figured in "as mounted" strain condition o Mount tolerances equal to surface tolerances The application of precision diamond machining is shown to be advantageous in applying these principles. Several real mirrors are shown as examples.
Are there errors in glycogen biosynthesis and is laforin a repair enzyme

Glycogen, a branched polymer of glucose, is well known as a cellular reserve of metabolic energy and/or biosynthetic precursors. Besides glucose, however, glycogen contains small amounts of covalent phosphate, present as C2 and C3 phosphomonoesters. Current evidence suggests that the phosphate is introduced by the biosynthetic enzyme glycogen synthase as a rare alternative to its normal catalytic addition of glucose units. The phosphate can be removed by the laforin phosphatase, whose mutation causes a fatal myoclonus epilepsy called Lafora disease. The hypothesis is that glycogen phosphorylation can be considered a catalytic error and laforin a repair enzyme.
A DNA-based memory with in vitro learning and associative recall

A DNA-based memory was implemented with in vitro learning and associative recall.The learning protocol stored the sequences to which it was exposed, and memories were recalled by sequence content through DNA-to-DNA template annealing reactions. Experiments demonstrated that biological DNA could be learned, that sequences similar to the training DNA were recalled correctly, and that unlike sequences were differentiated. Theoretically, the memory has a pattern separation capability that is very large, and can learn long DNA sequences. The learning and recall protocols are massively parallel, as well as simple, inexpensive, and quick. The memory has several potential applications in detection and classification of biological sequences, as well as a massive storage capacity for non-biological data.
Capitalists, workers, and managers: Wage inequality and effective demand

a b s t r a c t We present a simple three-class model in the Kaleckian tradition to investigate the implications of a dominant managerial class for the dynamics of demand and distribution. Managers play a peculiar role in the economy, both because of their supervisory function – which results in surplus extraction and wage inequality – and because of their saving behavior. The adjustment of capacity utilization to accommodate goods market disequilibrium produces two distinct regimes with respect to the responsiveness of investment demand to profitability: a low investment-response regime, where effective demand appears to be both wage-led and inequality-led; and a high investment-response regime, where demand looks profit-led. In accordance with recent empirical evidence for the US, we introduce distributional dynamics that hinge on inequality squeezing workers’ wage growth. We find that the low investment-responsiveness regime produces a stable demanddistribution equilibrium only if the wage squeeze effect is relatively small. On the other hand, the equilibrium in the high investment-response regime is saddle-path stable. The main distributional implication of the wage squeeze and inequality is that the effect of redistribution toward workers in both the low investment response regime and the high investment response regime leads to declining inequality and capacity utilization. Hence, in both regimes, the inequality-led features of the equilibrium dominate the wage-led or profit-led nature of effective demand. These findings imply that distributive dynamics lead to a stronger basis for cohesion in the interests of managers and capitalists compared to workers and managers.
Elliptic flow and initial eccentricity in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at RHIC

We present a systematic study of elliptic flow as a function of centrality, pseudorapidity, transverse momentum and energy for Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions from the PHOBOS experiment. New data on elliptic flow in Cu+Cu collisions at √SNN = 22.4 GeV are shown. Elliptic flow scaled by participant eccentricity is found to be similar for both systems when collisions with the same number of participants or the same average area density are compared. This similarity is observed over a wide range in pseudorapidity and transverse momentum, indicating that participant eccentricity is the relevant quantity for generating the azimuthal asymmetry leading to the observed elliptic flow.
English for the computer

What about English as a programming language? Few would question that this is a desirable goal. On the other hand, I dare say every one of us has rather deep reservations both about its feasibility and about a number of problems that it entails. This paper presents a point of view which gives some clarity to the relationship between English and programming languages. This point of view has found substance in an experimental system called DEACON. The second paper in this session will describe the specific DEACON system and its capabilities.
Nursing home spending, staffing, and turnover.

Background Recent work on nursing home staffing and turnover has stressed the importance of ownership and resources. However, few studies have examined spending behaviors, which might also influence staffing levels and staff turnover rates. Purpose This study investigates whether spending behaviors measured by financial ratios are associated with staffing levels and staff turnover in nursing homes. Methodology We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1,014 Texas homes. Data were from the 2002 Texas Nursing Facility Medicaid Cost Report and the 2003 Area Resource File. First, we examined differences in financial ratios by ownership type. Next, the effect of 10 financial ratios on staffing levels and turnover rates for registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and certified nursing assistants was examined using robust regression models. Findings Descriptive data indicated that expense ratios related to resident care activities and staff development were significantly higher among not-for-profit than for-profit homes. Higher profits were associated with lower staffing levels, but not higher turnover rates. Administrative expenses (a measure of management capacity) had a negative impact both on staffing levels and staff turnover for licensed vocational nurses and certified nursing assistants, but they did not affect registered nurse staffing. Employee benefit expenses exhibited a positive impact on registered nurse and licensed vocational nurse staffing levels. The addition of information on financial ratios to models predicting staffing indicators reduced the effect of ownership on these indicators. Practice implications Solutions to the staffing and turnover problem should focus on more effective management practices. Certain levels of administrative and staff benefit expenses may be necessary to improve professional staff recruitment and reduce both staffing and turnover costs. Differences in these financial ratios may partially explain the role played by ownership in determining staffing levels and turnover.
Cover times, blanket times, and majorizing measures

We exhibit a strong connection between cover times of graphs, Gaussian processes, and Talagrand’s theory of majorizing measures. In particular, we show that the cover time of any graph G is equivalent, up to universal constants, to the square of the expected maximum of the Gaussian free field on G, scaled by the number of edges in G. This allows us to resolve a number of open questions. We give a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm that computes the cover time to within an O(1) factor for any graph, answering a question of Aldous and Fill (1994). We also positively resolve the blanket time conjectures of Winkler and Zuckerman (1996), showing that for any graph, the blanket and cover times are within an O(1) factor. The best previous approximation factor for both these problems was O((loglogn)2) for n-vertex graphs, due to Kahn, Kim, Lovasz, and Vu (2000).
Milgrom Relation Models for Spiral Galaxies from Two-dimensional Velocity Maps

Using two-dimensional velocity maps and I-band photometry, we have created mass models of 40 spiral galaxies using the Milgrom relation (the basis of modified Newtonian dynamics) to complement previous work. A Bayesian technique is employed to compare several different dark matter halo models to Milgrom and Newtonian models. Pseudo-isothermal dark matter halos provide the best statistical fits to the data in a majority of cases, while the Milgrom relation generally provides good fits as well. We also find that Milgrom models give mass-to-light ratios that roughly correlate with galaxy color, as predicted by stellar population models. A subsample of galaxies in the Hydra cluster follows a tight relation between mass-to-light ratio and color, but one that is significantly different from relations found in previous studies. Ruling out the Milgrom relation with rotational kinematics is difficult due to systematic uncertainties in the observations, as well as underlying model assumptions. We discuss in detail two galaxies for which the Milgrom relation appears to fail and find that relaxing the assumption of constant stellar mass-to-light ratio can maintain Milgrom models' viability.
An Analysis of the Effects of Torque, Engine Geometry, and Speed on Choosing an Engine Inertia Model to Minimize Prediction Errors

Constant inertia engine models have been used for years by control engineers to attain real-time engine simulations. The accuracy of the estimation largely depends on the selection of the constant engine inertia value used in these engine models. A methodology that uses the least squares method to calculate the engine inertia value for constant inertia engine model is developed. This methodology enables the constant inertia engine model simulations to have minimum acceleration estimation errors. The effects of net external torque, engine geometry, and speed on the inertia value computation are also investigated. Since most of the constant inertia engine models use the averaged engine inertia as the constant inertia value, comparisons of these two inertia values in engine operation simulations are presented. Discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are also included. Precautions and restrictions of using the methodology are discussed as well.
A high-fluence fusion neutron source

Abstract A conceptual design of a D—T fusion facility for the continuous production of 14 MeV neutron wall loading from 5 to 10 MW/m 2 at the plasma surface is presented. In this design, D—T neutrons are produced in a linear, two-component plasma formed by neutral beam irradiation of a fully ionized warm plasma target. The beam energy, which is deposited in the center, is transferred to the warm plasma mainly by electron drag and is conducted along the target plasma column to end regions where it is absorbed in neutral gas at high pressure. The target plasma is operated in a regime where electron thermal conduction along the column is the controlling energy-loss process. The loss rate is minimized by adjusting the diameter and length of the plasma column. A substantial gradient in T e along the column results in recombination of the plasma to gas in the end regions before impact on the end walls. The resultant hot gas is cooled by contact with large-area heat exchangers. In this way, the large steady-state heat load from the injected neutral beams is diffused and removed at tolerable heat flux levels. The reacting plasma is essentially an extrapolation of the 2XIIB high-β plasma to higher magnetic field, ion energy, and density.
Construction of central elements in the affine Hecke algebra via nearby cycles

0.1. Overview. Let G be a connected reductive group over a finite field Fq and let G(K) be the corresponding group over the local field K = Fq((t)). Let G(O) ⊂ G(K) be a maximal compact subgroup of G(K) (here O = Fq[[t]]) and let Hsph denote the Hecke algebra of G(K) with respect to G(O). In other words, Hsph as a vector space consists of compactly supported bi–G(O)–invariant functions G(K) → Q and the product is defined by
The Political Economy of Motor-Fuel Taxation

This paper examines the political and economic underpinnings of gasoline tax policy. The theoretical model extends the earlier work of Hettich and Winer (1988) to flush out the effect of a change in the pre-tax price of a taxable activity on the politically optimal tax rate. Using a large cross-sectional sample of US states over 1960--94, the empirical model tests the predictions of the theoretical model within the context of the state tax policy on gasoline. While simultaneously controlling for other politico-economic influences, the authors find that the influence of changes in gas prices on tax rates is negative. To their knowledge, this is the first study to include a fully developed theoretical model and its empirical application to the gasoline market for a test of the vote-maximizing model of tax policy.
Shot noise in ferromagnet-normal metal systems

A semiclassical theory of the low frequency shot noise in ferromagnet\char21{}normal metal systems is formulated. Noncollinear magnetization directions of the ferromagnetic leads, arbitrary junctions and the elastic and inelastic scattering regimes are considered. The shot noise is governed by a set of mesoscopic parameters that are expressed in terms of the microscopic details of the junctions in the circuit. Explicit results in the case of ballistic, tunnel, and diffusive junctions are evaluated. The shot noise, the current and the Fano factor are calculated for a double barrier ferromagnet\char21{}normal metal\char21{}ferromagnet system. It is demonstrated that the shot noise can have a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of the relative angle between the magnetizations of the ferromagnetic reservoirs.
Noncommutative dipole field theories and unitarity

We extend the argument of Gomis and Mehen for violation of unitarity in field theories with space-time noncommutativity to dipole field theories. In dipole field theories with a timelike dipole vector, we present 1-loop amplitudes that violate the optical theorem. A quantum mechanical system with nonlocal potential of finite extent in time also shows violation of unitarity.
ESTERASE MEDIATED REGIOSELECTIVE DEACETYLATION OF ULOSONIC ACID

The regioselective deacetylation of peracetylated derivatives of N-acetylneuraminic acid and KDN was achieved by hydrolysis with esterase isolated from Rhodosporidium toruloides.
Color blind is not color neutral: testing differences and affirmative action

Employers or universities determine the qualifications of applicants based on the results of a test. Members of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups tend to score less well than equally qualified members of other groups. As a result, color blind practices discriminate against disadvantaged groups. This discrimination may persist even if rational firms realize that the test is (statistically) biased. Furthermore, test bias against a group is consistent with the test overpredicting group members' performance. An affirmative action program may be needed to achieve color-neutral results. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
Highly stereoselective hydrocarbation of terminal alkynes via Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation/Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.

The formal addition of an aryl-H or alkenyl-H bond across a terminal alkyne has been accomplished by the combination of platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation followed by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling. The use of the t-Bu3P−Pt(DVDS) catalyst in combination with tetramethyldisiloxane gave excellent regio- and stereoselectivity with a number of alkyne substrates. Subsequent, fluoride-promoted cross-coupling proceeded in high yield and stereospecificity for a variety of aryl halides.
Triply-graded link homology and Hochschild homology of Soergel bimodules

We consider a class of bimodules over polynomial algebras which were originally introduced by Soergel in relation to the Kazhdan–Lusztig theory, and which describe a direct summand of the category of Harish–Chandra modules for sl(n). Rouquier used Soergel bimodules to construct a braid group action on the homotopy category of complexes of modules over a polynomial algebra. We apply Hochschild homology to Rouquier's complexes and produce triply-graded homology groups associated to a braid. These groups turn out to be isomorphic to the groups previously defined by Lev Rozansky and the author, which depend, up to isomorphism and overall shift, only on the closure of the braid. Consequently, our construction produces a homology theory for links.