cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The organization of the retinal projection to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in pigmented and albino rats.

The retina maps over the dorsolateral and posterior surfaces of the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of albino and pigmented rats, such that the upper retina projects posteriorly and the lower retina projects over the dorsolateral surface. Nasal retina projects ventrolaterally and temporal retina dorsomedially. From the surface, lines of projection (demonstrated after either localised retinal or visual cortical lesions) tend to run deep and anteriorly within the nucleus. The area covered by the uncrossed optic pathway differs between pigmented and albino rats. In the pigmented animals it extends no more than 60° from the edge of the visual field represented in the crossed projection, while in albino animals it extends as far as 100° or more. The uncrossed projection in the albino strains tends to be deficient posteriorly (upper retinal representation) and dorsomedially, and the overall density is less than that found in the pigmented animals. Small lesions localised in the extreme peripheral temporal retina of both albino and pigmented rats have always produced degeneration in the contralateral as well as ipsilateral geniculate, even though some of the lesions map only as far as, or within the peripheral 20° on the contralateral colliculus. Most of these lesions in the albino rats give two patches of uncrossed degeneration in the geniculate with at least one focus of degeneration in the contralateral geniculate. Those made in the lower temporal retina of the albino rat give in addition to the uncrossed patches, two areas of crossed degeneration in the geniculate separated by about 50° in terms of visual field projection. These double projection aberrations do not occur in pigmented animals. The suggestion is offered that in albino rats the retina of each eye maps totally on the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus. However, the vertical midline of the visual field is represented at about 40–50° from the medial edge of the nucleus. A normal (but sparse) uncrossed pathway maps lateral to this position, but also maps in duplicate medial to it. In addition, it appears that some crossed axons may also be abnormal in their termination, and project to both sides of the vertical meridian. If the above interpretation is correct, the anomalies of the albino rat may derive from a confusion of attempting both field and retinotopic maps on the same nucleus. The possibility exists that a comparable total crossed retinogeniculate projection exists in pigmented animals but that the retina temporal to the vertical midline projection is restricted in its connection to a small band on the medial border of the contralateral nucleus.
Efficient cis-element discovery method using multiple sequence comparisons based on evolutionary relationships

A method is described for efficiently searching non-coding DNA for known control elements. Short conserved DNA sequences can be identified among 3 or more species by selecting DNA sequences from species having a total genetic distance larger than one substitution per site at a neutrally evolving region and calculating the total substitutions using pair-wise genetic distances, with the pairs for comparison selected based on phylogenetic relationships.
Series expansions of analytic functions

Abstract Many of the classical polynomial expansions of analytic functions share a common property: the space of “expandable” functions is a Banach space isometrically isomorphic to the space of complex sequences with limit 0. Under the isometries, these polynomial expansions all correspond to essentially the same biorthogonal expansion in this sequence space. Sufficient conditions for such an isometry to exist are obtained, and convergence properties of the expansions are studied. The results obtained also apply to expansions other than polynomial expansions.
Dietary fat intake and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer by tumour histology

Studies of fat intake and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk have reported inconsistent findings, hence we hypothesised that associations may vary by histologic subtype. We evaluated fat intake in a New England case–control study including 1872 cases and 1978 population-based controls (1992–2008). Epithelial ovarian cancer risk factors and diet were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at enrolment. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between fat intake and EOC risk and polytomous logistic regression was used to test whether associations varied by histologic subtype. We observed a decreased risk of EOC when comparing the highest vs lowest quartiles of intake of omega-3 (odds ratio (OR)=0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.96, P-trend=0.01) and omega-6 (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.64–0.94, P-trend=0.02) and an increased risk with high consumption of trans fat (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.08–1.57, P-trend=0.002). There was no significant heterogeneity by tumour histologic subtype; however, we observed a strong decreased risk for endometrioid invasive tumours with high intake of omega-3 (quartile (Q) 4 vs Q1, OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.41–0.82, P-trend=0.003). These findings suggest that higher intake of omega-3 may be protective for EOC overall and endometrioid tumours in particular, whereas greater consumption of trans fat may increase risk of EOC overall.
Too Little, Too Late: Ineffective Regulation of Dietary Supplements in the United States

Millions of people in the United States consume dietary supplements hoping to maintain or improve their health; however, extensive research has failed to demonstrate the efficacy of numerous supplements in disease prevention. In addition, concerns about the safety of routine and high-dose supplementation have been raised.The Food and Drug Administration regulates dietary supplement quality, safety, and labeling, and the Federal Trade Commission monitors advertisements and marketing; still, vast enforcement challenges remain, and optimal governmental oversight has not been achieved. If the composition and quality of ingredients cannot be reliably ensured, the validity of research on dietary supplements is questionable. Moreover, the health of the US public is put at risk.
Labeling of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes with indium-111: a new method for the quantitation of in-vivo accumulation of PMNLs in rabbit skin.

A precise method for quantitation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) accumulation in skin in vivo, has been developed so that the proinflammatory effects of various agents can be compared. This method can also be used to evaluate the effect of therapeutic agents on PMNL accumulation in vivo. Rabbit PMNLs were purified from heparinized blood by dextran sedimentation, hypotonic lysis, and separation on Ficoll-Hypaque. The PMNLs were labeled with 3–5 μCi per 10 6 cells of 111 In oxine and reinfused coincidentally with different concentrations of different chemotactic and proinflammatory materials injected intradermally into the back. In some experiments, varying concentrations of acetic acid were applied topically. Four to 18 hours later, the rabbits were sacrificed. Eight-millimeter punch biopsies were obtained from the injection sites and counted in a gamma counter. The number of PMNLs infiltrating the dermis was also quantitated in histologic sections. A significant correlation was found between the percent increase in radioactivity and the percent increase in PMNL accumulation morphologically. Dose-response curves were generated using such proinflammatory materials as formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, lipopolysaccharide, activated serum, trypsin, glycogen, and acetic acid. These curves were highly reproducible from animal to animal. Using this assay, we found that as little as 1 μg of trypsin induced detectable PMNL accumulation. This is 2–3 logs more sensitive than injecting mice intraperitoneally with trypsin. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate-inactivation of trypsin inhibited PMNL accumulation. This sensitive and quantitative bioassay of PMNL accumulation permits evaluation of multiple agents in the same animal, which decreases animal to animal variation.
The operational response to temporal changes in the gain of the ACIS instrument on the Chandra X-ray Observatory

The gain of the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) instrument has changed over time since the Chandra X-ray Observatory launch in July 1999. The calibration and data analysis teams have addressed this issue, but it has only been recently that the operations team has examined how the commanding of the instrument could be altered to partially compensate for these changes. This paper will address the changes in the gain, the impact on science data and the changes the operations team has considered to improve the science return. We also discuss the restrictions imposed by the commanding software on our response.
A system for measuring electrophysiological multiple unit activity and extracellular dopamine concentration at single electrodes.

Abstract A technique is described for measuring electrophysiological multiple-unit activity and extracellular dopamine concentration with in vivo voltammetry at an array of 8 electrodes. In addition, new procedures in the construction of the voltammetric electrode that reduce the effects of capacitance and improve sensitivity are outlined. A system of relays controlling the connections of the electrode and associated systems is also detailed. Both in vitro and in vivo voltammetric selectivity tests indicate an almost exclusive response to dopamine. A large increase in extracellular dopamine concentration was detected in response to 2.5 mg/kg d -amphetamine. Both prestimulus and cortical stimulation evoked increases in striatal multiple-unit activity were measured.
Effect of cold work and alloying additions on the kinetics of dissolution of copper in aqueous cupric ammonium carbonate solutions

The effects of prior cold work and solute (or impurity) content on the dissolution rate of Cu in aqueous cupric ammonium carbonate solutions has been studied. Prior cold work increased the dissolution rate, while solute additions of < 0.15 wt pct decreased the rate. Beyond 0.15 wt pct solute the dissolution rate increased with Ag additions, but it decreased further for an alloy of Cu-Cr-Zr. Observations with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that a solute build-up that occurs at the surface during dissolution is of primary importance in controlling the dissolution rate.
Snapshot: A Self-Calibration Protocol for Camera Sensor Networks

A camera sensor network is a wireless network of cameras designed for ad-hoc deployment. The camera sensors in such a network need to be properly calibrated by determining their location, orientation, and range. This paper presents Snapshot, an automated calibration protocol that is explicitly designed and optimized for camera sensor networks. Snapshot uses the inherent imaging abilities of the cameras themselves for calibration and can determine the location and orientation of a camera sensor using only four reference points. Our techniques draw upon principles from computer vision, optics, and geometry and are designed to work with low-fidelity, low-power camera sensors that are typical in sensor networks. An experimental evaluation of our prototype implementation shows that Snapshot yields an error of 1-2.5 degrees when determining the camera orientation and 5-10cm when determining the camera location. We show that this is a tolerable error in practice since a Snapshot-calibrated sensor network can track moving objects to within 11cm of their actual locations. Finally, our measurements indicate that Snapshot can calibrate a camera sensor within 20 seconds, enabling it to calibrate a sensor network containing tens of cameras within minutes.
Toward a theory of user-based relevance: a call for a new paradigm of inquiry

The concept of relevance has played a major role in the evaluation of information retrieval and its research without much consideration of users. While methodological deficiencies have been noted and criticized, the study of relevance is still suffering from much discussion of alternative methods. This article discusses the need to develop the concept of user-based relevance for the benefit of users and for the meaningful development of future research in information retrieval. Some of the characteristics of users' criteria of relevance are examined from the literature. The use of a qualitative research approach is suggested as an alternative methodology for studying user-based relevance along with a discussion of the essential characteristics and the core philosophical assumptions underlying the inquiry paradigm. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frequency measurement of the solitary ethyl alcohol laser line

We measured the frequency, the relative polarization and the pump frequency offset of the single FIR laser line obtained by optically pumping ethyl alcohol C2H5OH with a cw CO2 laser.
Regulation of Nrf2- and AP-1-mediated gene expression by epigallocatechin-3-gallate and sulforaphane in prostate of Nrf2-knockout or C57BL/6J mice and PC-3 AP-1 human prostate cancer cells.

Aim: To examine the regulatory crosstalk between the transcription factors Nrf2 and AP-1 in prostate cancer (PCa) by dietary cancer chemopreventive compounds (−)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and sulforaphane (SFN) from cruciferous vegetables. Methods: We performed (i) in vitro studies including luciferase reporter gene assays, MTS cell viability assays, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in PC-3 AP-1 human PCa cells, (ii) in vivo temporal (3 h and 12 h) microarray studies in the prostate of Nrf2-deficient mice that was validated by qRT-PCR, and (iii) in silico bioinformatic analyses to delineate conserved Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBS) in the promoter regions of Nrf2 and AP-1, as well as coregulated genes including ATF-2 and ELK-1. Results: Our study shows that AP-1 activation was attenuated by the combinations of SFN (25 μmol/L) and EGCG (20 or 100 μmol/L) in PC-3 cells. Several key Nrf2-dependent genes were down-regulated (3-fold to 35-fold) after in vivo administration of the combination of EGCG (100 mg/kg) and SFN (45 mg/kg). Conserved TFBS signatures were identified in the promoter regions of Nrf2, AP-1, ATF2, and ELK-1 suggesting a potential regulatory mechanism of crosstalk between them. Conclusion: Taken together, our present study of transcriptome profiling the gene expression changes induced by dietary phytochemicals SFN and EGCG in Nrf2-deficient mice and in PC-3 cells in vitro demonstrates that the effects of SFN+EGCG could be mediated via concerted modulation of Nrf2 and AP-1 pathways in the prostate.
A full dimensional, nine-degree-of-freedom, time-dependent quantum dynamics study for the H2+C2H reaction.

A full dimensional, nine-degree-of-freedom (9DOF), time-dependent quantum dynamics wave packet approach is presented for the study of the H2+C2H→H+C2H2 reaction system. This is the first full dimensional quantum dynamics study for a diatom-triatom reaction system. The effects of the initial vibrational and rotational excitations of the reactants on the reactivity of this reaction are investigated. This study shows that vibrational excitations of H2 enhance the reactivity; whereas, the vibrational excitations of C2H only have a small effect on the reaction probability. In addition, the bending excitations of C2H, compared to the ground state reaction probability, hinder the reactivity. Comparison of the ground state reaction probabilities of the 9DOF and 8DOF shows the reaction probability from the full dimensional calculation is larger, with more prominent resonance features.
Follow the small? Information-revealing adoption bandwagons when observers expect larger firms to benefit more from adoption

We extend understanding of information-revealing bandwagons by considering a common condition under which adoption of a practice by small organizations, rather than large ones, has a disproportionate influence on future adoption propensities. We hypothesize that when the value of adoption increases with organizational size, smaller adopters have such disproportionate influence because they allow observers better to infer that adoption will be profitable for their own organization. We elaborate the theory by predicting that alternative information sources moderate the influence of smaller adopters. Empirically, we test our theory with longitudinal data on the adoption of the ISO 9000 quality management standard. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron diffraction study of the molecular structure of trifluoromethyl hypofluorite

Abstract The following structural parameters and estimated standard deviations were found for trifluoromethyl hypofluorite: r g (C-F) = 1.319 ± 0.003 A, r g (C-O) = 1.395 ± 0.006 A, r g (O-F) = 1.421 ± 0.006 A, ∡(F-C-F) = 109.4 ± 1°. ∡(C-O-F) = 104.8 ± O.6°, assuming a C 3v symmetry for the CF 3 group, and a staggered conformation. Diffracted intensities indicate a bending of 4.1 ± O.8° of the C-O bond from the three-fold axis of the trifluoromethyl group and a torsional oscillation about the C-O bond corresponding to a potential barrier of 2.5 ± O.5 kcal/mole.
Detection of microRNAs in patients with sepsis

Abstract Objective To externally validate the diagnostic and prognostic value of three previously identified microRNAs in emergency department patients with sepsis. Methods Patients meeting consensus criteria for sepsis and septic shock were compared to controls. Three microRNAs (miR-150, miR-146a, and miR-223) were measured using real-time quantitative PCR, and levels of miRNAs were compared among the three cohorts. The association between miRNAs and both inflammatory markers and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were compared. To assess the prognostic value of each miRNA, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were constructed using in-hospital mortality as the dependent variable. Results Ninety-three patients were enrolled; 24 controls, 29 with sepsis, and 40 with septic shock. We found no difference in serum plasma miR-146a or miR-223 between cohorts, and found no association among these microRNAs and either inflammatory markers or SOFA score. miR-150 demonstrated a significant correlation with SOFA score ( P = 0.31, P =0.01) and IL-10 ( P =0.37, P =0.001), but no IL-6 or TNF-α ( P =0.046, P =0.59). Logistic regression demonstrated miR-150 to be independently associated with mortality, even after adjusting for SOFA score ( P =0.003) or initial lactate ( P =0.01). Conclusions miR-146a and miR-223 demonstrated no significantly diagnostic or prognostic ability in this cohort. miR-150 was associated with inflammation, severity of illness, and mortality. Given the independent predictive value of miR-150, additional research regarding its role in sepsis is warranted.
Conjugation length dependent transport in conducting polymers from a resistor network model

The effect of conjugation length (L) upon electronic conductivity components of conducting polymers is derived using a generalized resistor network model. Results are obtained for polymers which contain a statistical distribution of defects which limit conjugation, as well as for regular copolymers which have a fixed phase relationship between interruptions in conjugation on neighboring chains. The short‐conjugation‐length limits of the derived equations are identical with those previously obtained by evaluating molecular aspects of charge transfer. More specifically, when interchain transport fully limits both chain‐direction conductivity (σ1) and an orthogonal conductivity (σ2), the calculated electrical anisotropy is σ1/σ2=L2/6d2F, where d is the interchain separation in a hopping direction, and the product d2F is the mean square average projection of the interchain vector on the electric field direction. The present analysis extends predictive capabilities over the entire range from short conjugation ...
THE PUBLICATION PATTERNS OF THE ELITE ECONOMICS DEPARTMENTS: 1995-2000

In response to the changing landscape of economics journals, particularly the proliferation of new field journals, we propose a departmental journal ranking based on both the number of publications and the percentage of journal pages from authors affiliated with the best institutions. The purpose of this article is to inform faculty, administrators, and graduate students of the relative prominence of economics research journals. Despite some well-known limitations, 2 most prior studies use citations data to rank academic journals. A departmental measure of journal quality provides an alternative to citations-based rankings because it avoids many of the problems confronting citations data, such as excessive self-citations and ritual citations to display knowledge of the field. Moore, Newman, and Turnbull [2001] find that career citations, total publications, and “quality” publications are significant determinants of earnings for tenured economics faculty. 3 Hansen, Weisbrod, and Strauss [1978] report that an additional publication yields nearly an 8 percent increase in annual earnings for academic economists; however, the earnings effect diminishes at an increasing rate with the number of publications. Because economics departments appear to value both citations and publications, exploring alternatives to citations-based measures of journal quality may be informative. We contend that the best journals contain the largest number of articles and the highest proportion of content from the top seven departments (Harvard, MIT, Stanford, Princeton, UC-Berkeley, Yale, and Chicago). Economists will rationally choose the best possible journal to disseminate their findings. Reciprocally, if the leading theoretical and empirical work comes from these departments then the journals that publish the work of these faculty are in fact the top journals in economics.
Systems biology of skeletal muscle: Fiber type as an organizing principle

Skeletal muscle force generation and contraction are fundamental to countless aspects of human life. The complexity of skeletal muscle physiology is simplified by fiber type classification where differences are observed from neuromuscular transmission to release of intracellular Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the resulting recruitment and cycling of cross-bridges. This review uses fiber type classification as an organizing and simplifying principle to explore the complex interactions between the major proteins involved in muscle force generation and contraction.
Carrier-removal rate and mobility degradation in heterojunction field-effect transistor structures

In this paper, we report experimental results and theoretical investigations of neutron irradiation-induced carrier-removal rate and mobility degradation in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction field-effect transistor structures. The measured two-dimensional (2-D) carrier removal rate of /spl sim/6.0 /spl times/ 10/sup -3/ is found to be consistent with a net (volume) introduction rate of /spl sim/20 cm/sup -1/ acceptor-like defects in the GaAs layer. Radiation-induced acceptors in the GaAs layer have the most significant effect on the 2-D electron concentration, whereas the acceptors in AlGaAs layer have negligible effect for neutron fluence up to 5 /spl times/ 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -2/. The measured 77-K mobility degradation, which is very sensitive to ionized impurity scattering, however, suggests that the introduction rate of the combined donor-like and acceptor-like defects is almost an order of magnitude higher (200 cm/sup -1/). The 300-K mobility, which is dominated by polar-optic phonon scattering, shows only marginal degradation.
Learning From Noisy Examples

The basic question addressed in this paper is: how can a learning algorithm cope with incorrect training examples? Specifically, how can algorithms that produce an “approximately correct” identification with “high probability” for reliable data be adapted to handle noisy data? We show that when the teacher may make independent random errors in classifying the example data, the strategy of selecting the most consistent rule for the sample is sufficient, and usually requires a feasibly small number of examples, provided noise affects less than half the examples on average. In this setting we are able to estimate the rate of noise using only the knowledge that the rate is less than one half. The basic ideas extend to other types of random noise as well. We also show that the search problem associated with this strategy is intractable in general. However, for particular classes of rules the target rule may be efficiently identified if we use techniques specific to that class. For an important class of formulas – the k-CNF formulas studied by Valiant – we present a polynomial-time algorithm that identifies concepts in this form when the rate of classification errors is less than one half.
Immunoglobulin E and Eosinophil-Dependent Protective Immunity to Larval Onchocerca volvulus in Mice Immunized with Irradiated Larvae

Mice immunized with irradiated Onchocerca volvulus third-stage larvae developed protective immunity. Eosinophil levels were elevated in the parasite microenvironment at the time of larval killing, and measurements of total serum antibody levels revealed an increase in the immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in immunized mice. The goal of the present study was to identify the role of granulocytes and antibodies in the protective immune response to the larval stages of O. volvulus in mice immunized with irradiated larvae. Immunity did not develop in mice if granulocytes, including both neutrophils and eosinophils, were eliminated, nor did it develop if only eosinophils were eliminated. Moreover, larvae were killed in naive interleukin-5 transgenic mice, and the killing coincided with an increase in the number of eosinophils and the eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) level in the animals. To determine if EPO was required for protective immunity, mice that were genetically deficient in EPO were immunized, and there were no differences in the rates of parasite recovery in EPO-deficient mice and wild-type mice. Two mouse strains were used to study B-cell function; μMT mice lacked all mature B cells, and Xid mice had deficiencies in the B-1 cell population. Immunity did not develop in the μMT mice but did develop in the Xid mice. Finally, protective immunity was abolished in mice treated to eliminate IgE from the blood. We therefore concluded that IgE and eosinophils are required for adaptive protective immunity to larval O. volvulus in mice.
The Subjective Well-Being of Parents

Using a national sample of Americans, this study compares the effects of marital and parental statuses on three domains of well-being (marital quality, parental satisfaction, and global life satisfaction) by examining three types of parents: first-married biological parents, remarried biological parents, and stepparents. The results of a multiple classification analysis show that first-married biological parents report greater satisfaction with parenting than do the other two groups. On the other hand, the three types of parents reported similar levels of marital and global life satisfaction. These results are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
Vif and Apobec3G in the innate immune response to HIV: a tale of two proteins.

It is now 26 years after the first published report on HIV, and the global epidemic continues unabated, with estimates of over 33 million people currently infected, worldwide. Development of targeted therapies aimed at perturbing the HIV life cycle can be achieved only with a detailed comprehension of the dynamics of virus–host interactions within the cell. One such critical virus–host interaction is the recently elucidated interplay between the viral Vif protein and the innate immune defense molecule Apobec3G. Apobec3G potently suppresses HIV replication, but Vif can alleviate this inhibition, rescuing viral infectivity. Early work describing the characterization of Vif and the cloning and identification of Apobec3G as an antiviral are discussed. Recent advances detailing the mechanisms of the Vif–Apobec3G regulatory circuit and our nascent understanding of Apobec3G endogenous function are also presented. Collectively, these studies have shed light on potential novel therapeutic strategies aimed at explo...
Interfering with Theories of Sleep and Memory: Sleep, Declarative Memory, and Associative Interference

Mounting behavioral evidence in humans supports the claim that sleep leads to improvements in recently acquired, nondeclarative memories. Examples include motor-sequence learning; visual-discrimination learning; and perceptual learning of a synthetic language. In contrast, there are limited human data supporting a benefit of sleep for declarative (hippocampus-mediated) memory in humans (for review, see). This is particularly surprising given that animal models (e.g.,) and neuroimaging studies (e.g.,) predict that sleep facilitates hippocampus-based memory consolidation. We hypothesized that we could unmask the benefits of sleep by challenging the declarative memory system with competing information (interference). This is the first study to demonstrate that sleep protects declarative memories from subsequent associative interference, and it has important implications for understanding the neurobiology of memory consolidation.
Current controversies in the initial post-surgical radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer: a narrative review.

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy and the fifth most common cancer in women. DTC therapy requires a multimodal approach, including surgery, which is beyond the scope of this paper. However, for over 50 years, the post-operative management of the DTC post-thyroidectomy patient has included radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation and/or therapy. Before 2000, a typical RAI post-operative dose recommendation was 100 mCi for remnant ablation, 150 mCi for locoregional nodal disease, and 175-200 mCi for distant metastases. Recent recommendations have been made to decrease the dose in order to limit the perceived adverse effects of RAI including salivary gland dysfunction and inducing secondary primary malignancies. A significant controversy has thus arisen regarding the use of RAI, particularly in the management of the low-risk DTC patient. This debate includes the definition of the low-risk patient, RAI dose selection, and whether or not RAI is needed in all patients. To allow the reader to form an opinion regarding post-operative RAI therapy in DTC, a literature review of the risks and benefits is presented.
Threats to Hope and Motivated Reasoning of Product Information

Three studies find that when hope is threatened consumers engage in motivated reasoning related to products that purport to enable goal attainment. Specifically, they (a) selectively search for information from a product-favorable information source, (b) regard this information as more credible, and (c) are less discriminating of low credibility message arguments. They also (d) require more negative information before they feel that they can evaluate a product's effectiveness, and (e) are more likely to judge the product as effective at helping them attain what they hope for. Motivated reasoning appears to act as a coping mechanism for restoring confidence that what consumers hope for is possible. The implications of this research for theory on motivated reasoning, hope, confidence, self-efficacy, consumer vulnerability to sham products and scams, and public policy are discussed.
A Command Language for Multiple Robot Arm Coordination

A high-level robot command language has been developed as an extension to the C programming language and the UNIXTM operating system. It provides a common interface for programming three robot arms made by two different manufacturers and sharing a common work space. This command language allows task description in Cartesian coordinates and it makes concurrency of the movements of the arms transparent to the user. Simultaneous movement of the three arms is obtained by creating different background processes running in parallel under the UNIX system. Synchronization commands are included in the language to allow coordination of the movements of all three arms. The language can be used either in a compiled mode where a task can be described by a sequence of commands, or in an interpreted mode with each command executed immediately. It is convenient to use for both teaching and research, and it can be easily integrated with a vision system. It is also easily transferable to other Unix systems and it can be expanded to include other robot arms.
Changes in the regulation of heat shock gene expression in neuronal cell differentiation

Neuronal differentiation of the NG108-15 neuroblastoma–glioma hybrid cells is accompanied by a marked attenuation in the heat shock induction of the Hsp70-firefly luciferase reporter gene activity. Analysis of the amount and activation of heat shock factor 1, induction of mRNAhsp, and the synthesis and accumulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the undifferentiated and differentiated cells suggest a transcriptional mechanism for this attenuation. Concomitant with a decreased induction of the 72-kDa Hsp70 protein in the differentiated cells, there is an increased abundance of the constitutive 73-kDa Hsc70, a protein known to function in vesicle trafficking. Assessment of sensitivity of the undifferentiated and differentiated cells against stress-induced cell death reveals a significantly greater vulnerability of the differentiated cells toward the cytotoxic effects of arsenite and glutamate/glycine. This study shows that changes in regulation of the HSP and HSC proteins are components of the neuronal cell differentiation program and that the attenuated induction of HSPs likely contributes to neuronal vulnerability whereas the increased expression of Hsc70 likely has a role in neural-specific functions.
Analytic nonlinear methods for beam optics

In recent years there have been major advances in the computation and use of high-order maps for the design, optimization and operation of beamlines. We will describe five practical examples for both linear and circular colliders.
Hypoxia-induced bacterial translocation in the puppy.

Abstract Because hypoxia is one of the most common major stresses to which a neonate is exposed, we postulated that it alone might be the cause of intestinal bacterial translocation, which could be the underlying etiology of neonatal sepsis. An animal model, in which hypoxia is the sole stress, was developed in our laboratory and tested in 18 puppies to determine the effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation on intestinal bacterial translocation. In group I (n = 8), following laparotomy and cannulation of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), the FIO 2 was decreased from 21% to 9% for 90 minutes followed by reoxygenation at 21% for 120 minutes. The abdomen was closed and the animals were allowed to recover. After 24 hours the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen, and liver were harvested for bacterial determination and the ileum and jejunum for histological evaluation. Group II (n = 7) was treated the same as group I with the FIO 2 maintained at 21%. Group III (n = 3) animals were killed, without intervention, for bacterial analysis. In group I, the systemic PO 2 decreased by 75%, SMV PO 2 decreased by 64%, and oxygen delivery to the small bowel decreased by 80% in comparison with group II. The mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were not significantly different between group I and group II; however, the mucosal blood flow was decreased by 60% ( P P P
Structure and stability of hexa-aqua V(III) cations in vanadium redox flow battery electrolytes

The vanadium(III) cation structure in mixed acid based electrolyte solution from vanadium redox flow batteries is studied by 17O and 35/37Cl nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) based computational modelling. Both computational and experimental results reveal that the V(III) species can complex with counter anions (sulfate/chlorine) depending on the composition of its solvation sphere. By analyzing the powder precipitate it was found that the formation of sulfate complexed V(III) species is the crucial process in the precipitation reaction. The precipitation occurs through nucleation of neutral species formed through deprotonation and ion-pair formation process. However, the powder precipitate shows a multiphase nature which warrants multiple reaction pathways for precipitation reaction.
BIDIRECTIONAL PIGMENT GRANULE MIGRATION IN ISOLATED RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL CELLS REQUIRES ACTIN BUT NOT MICROTUBULES

In the teleost retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), melanin pigment granules disperse into long apical projections in the light and reaggregate into the cell body in the dark. To investigate the cytoskeletal mechanisms responsible for these movements, we have examined the effects of cytoskeletal inhibitors on pigment granule transport in cultured, dissociated RPE cells using time-lapse video microscopy. The kinetics of pigment granule transport during normal aggregation and dispersion are quite distinct: during aggregation, all pigment granules undergo simultaneous, nonsaltatory centripetal movement (mean velocity 3.6 microm/min); during dispersion, individual granules undergo independent, bidirectional saltatations (mean velocities 3.7 microm/min centrifugal; 1.1 microm/min centripetal). Nocodazole disruption of microtubules within the RPE apical projections had little effect on the kinetics of pigment granule movement, and essentially no effect on extent of pigment granule aggregation or dispersion, or on maintenance of the fully aggregated or fully dispersed states. In contrast, cytochalasin D (CD) treatment blocked net aggregation and dispersion of pigment granules, and compromised maintenance of the fully aggregated and dispersed states. These observations suggest that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in both centripetal and centrifugal transport of pigment granules in teleost RPE cells.
The Minos and the Socratic Examination of Law

The Minos is said to initiate the natural law tradition because it claims that an unjust law is not truly a law. But the dialogue also shows that reason cannot recognize that a given statute, as such, is a law. Along with this criticism of law, the Minos shows why the Socratic inquiry into law must consider whether divine law is based on a kind of knowledge through which law can be recognized as authoritative. Thanks to the Minos, we see that Plato's Laws begins by examining the kind of knowledge that underlies divine law and that throughout the dialogue the Athenian Stranger is testing whether human reason can know and establish divine law. In the end, the Minos and Laws establish a once influential but now neglected Socratic tradition of inquiry into law.
Efficient computation of communicator variables for programs with unstructured parallelism

We present an algorithm to determine communicator variables in parallel programs. If communicator variables are accessed in program order and accesses to other shared variables are not reordered with respect to communicators, then program executions are sequentially consistent. Computing communicators is an efficient and effective alternative to delay set computation. The algorithm does not require a thread and whole-program control-flow model and tolerates the typical approximations that static program analyses make for threads and data. These properties make the algorithm suitable to handle multi-threaded object-oriented programs with unstructured parallelism. We demonstrate on several multi-threaded Java programs that the algorithm is effective in reducing the number of fences at memory access statements compared to a naive fence insertion algorithm (the reduction is on average 28%) and report the runtime overhead caused by the fences (between 0% and 231%, average 81%).
A method of lean air-fuel ratio control using combustion pressure measurement

In this paper a method for control of air–fuel ratio (AFR) in cold or lean-burning spark-ignited engines is investigated. The technique uses combustion pressure as measured by a cylinder-mounted sensor, and is based on the phenomenon of increasing cycle-to-cycle combustion pressure variation as the air–fuel mixture approaches the limits of flammability. The cylinder pressure is measured from one engine cycle to the next, and large drops in mean effective pressure (IMEP) are used as an indicator of poor combustion. In response, the airflow or fuel flow to the engine can be manipulated. In a series of experiments, the air and fuel are alternately investigated as control inputs, and performance compared. The resulting control system is a high-bandwidth AFR control strategy that can be used under cold or lean conditions when conventional exhaust gas oxygen sensor cannot be used. Moreover, the method is directly tied to the combustion process and the relevant performance measure — combustion stability — that is perceptible to the driver as a rough-running engine.
Flow of glucose carbon into brain lipids in adult rats following food deprivation.

— Rates of flow of glucose carbon in vivo into brain cholesterol, phospholipids, cerebrosides and gangliosides and concentrations of these lipids in the brain, were determined in adult rats after various periods of food deprivation. The rates were calculated from two measurements, the curve representing the decrease of plasma [14C]glucose specific activity with time and the specific activity of the brain lipid 180 min after intravenous injection of a tracer dose of d-[U-14C]glucose. Specific activities of brain lipids in rats deprived of food for 72h were significantly higher than in postabsorptive rats which were treated with the same dose of [14C]glucose. These higher specific activities were interpreted as a result of more labelled glucose available to lipid synthesis in the brain of fasted rats due to the substantial decrease in the rate of irreversible disposal of glucose by the whole body, commonly observed in fasted animals. The possibility that the higher specific activity values resulted from enhanced synthesis of brain lipids from glucose was ruled out since no changes were observed in the rate of flow of glucose carbon into brain lipids after food deprivation. The rate of flow of glucose carbon into gangliosides (15.4 ng C/min/mg C) was more than twice as fast as into either phospholipids or cerebrosides and about 4 times as fast as into cholesterol. The rates of carbon flow were used to calculate half lives of glucose carbon in the different classes of brain lipids. These half life values were 31 days for gangliosides, 72 days for phospholipids, 82 days for cerebrosides and 133 days for cholesterol. The results suggest that the synthesis of brain lipids from glucose is not affected by prolonged starvation in the adult rat.
Flame-Made CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst for Methanol Steam Reforming

In the present study, a catalyst produced by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was evaluated for its ability to produce hydrogen-rich gas mixtures. Catalyst particles fabricated by a novel flame spray pyrolysis method resulting in a highly active catalyst with high surface-to-volume ratio were compared to a commercially produced catalyst (BASF F3-01). Both catalysts consisted of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 of identical composition (CuO 40wt%, ZnO 40wt%, Al2O3 20wt%). Reaction temperatures between 220 and 295 °C, methanol-water inlet flow rates between 2 and 50 μl/min, and reactor masses between 25 and 100 mg were tested for their effect on methanol conversion and the production of undesired carbon monoxide. 100% methanol conversion can be easily achieved within the operational conditions mentioned for this flame-made catalyst — at reactor temperatures of 255 °C (achievable with non-concentrating solar collectors) more than 80% methanol conversion can be reached for methanol-water inlet flow rates as high as 10 μl/min. The FSP catalyst demonstrates similar catalytic abilities as the BASF, produces a consistent gas composition and produces lower overall CO production. Furthermore, the FSP catalyst demonstrates a better suitability to fuel cell use through its higher resistance to degradation and smaller production of carbon monoxide over long-term use.In the present study, the merits of using flame spray pyrolysis to produce CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol steam reforming catalysts are examined, and directly compared to catalysts that are commercially produced in bulk pellet form, and then ground and sieved. The comparison is performed from several different perspectives: catalytic activity and CO production at various temperatures and fuel inlet flow rates; surface and structure characteristics are determined via scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy; surface area characteristics are determined via BET tests.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Learning from Endangered Species Recovery Programs: A Case Study Using U.S. Endangered Species Act Recovery Scores

Threatened and endangered species recovery programs consume increasing resources. Even so, there is increased concern about actual and projected biodiversity losses and in the success of recovery programs in reversing these trends. In this paper, we use a panel data set and ordered probit econometric methods to statistically examine the determinants of the 1990-2002 biennial U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) recovery scores for up to 225 vertebrate species listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. We find that species-specific spending is a significant determinant of species' recovery scores and that increased spending reduces the probability that FWS will classify a species as extinct or declining. The evidence does not support the hypothesis that increased spending increases the probability that a species is stable or improving. Other FWS' actions have significant and substantive influences on improved recovery scores. These include progress on or completion of a recovery plan and achievement of stated recovery objectives. We find evidence that species achieve better recovery scores if FWS considers them to have high recovery potential and that species whose recovery is judged by FWS to be in conflict with economic activity are more likely to be classified as extinct. Our evidence does not support the conclusion that critical habitat designation promotes species' recoveries or prevents species' declines. We also report a new finding that recovery success varies across FWS administrative regions.