cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variegated privileges of whiteness: lived experiences of Polish nurses in Norway

The recent eastward enlargement of the European Union in 2004 and in 2007 has increased the cultural diversity within the borders of the union, and these expansions have spurred a rethinking about who belongs in Europe and how this belonging is defined. This study examines the ambivalent and partial incorporation of Polish nurses into the Norwegian nation. The analysis is based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews and participant observation during twelve months of fieldwork research in Oslo and Baerum and three months in Warsaw, as well as an analysis of Norwegian migration policies, statistics, and nurse recruitment documents. This article argues that whiteness studies, whose history is based in the USA and Britain, needs to take more thorough and specific account of the national and ethnic specificities on which its general claims have been based. The findings suggest that notions of variegated whiteness can be a valuable tool to investigate differential inclusion into the nation, and that Europeanne...
Variable Inclusion and Shrinkage Algorithms

The Lasso is a popular and computationally efficient procedure for automatically performing both variable selection and coefficient shrinkage on linear regression models. One limitation of the Lasso is that the same tuning parameter is used for both variable selection and shrinkage. As a result, it typically ends up selecting a model with too many variables to prevent overshrinkage of the regression coefficients. We suggest an improved class of methods called variable inclusion and shrinkage algorithms (VISA). Our approach is capable of selecting sparse models while avoiding overshrinkage problems and uses a path algorithm, and so also is computationally efficient. We show through extensive simulations that VISA significantly outperforms the Lasso and also provides improvements over more recent procedures, such as the Dantzig selector, relaxed Lasso, and adaptive Lasso. In addition, we provide theoretical justification for VISA in terms of nonasymptotic bounds on the estimation error that suggest it shoul...
Barley Yields as Related to Use of Seed Treatments in Eastern Oregon

(...) Seed treatments were evaluated on spring- and fall-planted barley in 13 experiments performed over 2 yr at four sites in eastern Oregon. Seed treatments in the 13 experiments conducted seldom caused significant differences in plant growth, development, or grain yield, or in the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot [R. solani (Kuhn) and R. oryzae (Ryker & Gooch)] or take-all [Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx & Olivier var. tritici J. Walker]. When yields averaged over all test sites and years it became clear that several fungicides tended to increase yields of spring barley, and all except one mixture reduced yields of fall-planted barley
Gemcitabine-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) of human pancreatic carcinoma is determined by Bcl-2 content.

Background: Gemcitabine is a new nucleoside analogue that produces a clinical response in 30% of patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. The cytotoxic effects of many chemotherapeutic agents occur through induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis), which is controlled by the bcl-2 gene family. We determined whether induction of apoptosis by gemcitabine in pancreatic carcinoma is associated with cellular Bcl-2 content. Methods: Four pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (MIA-PaCa-2, AsPC-1, Panc-1, and Panc-48) were screened by Western blotting for Bcl-2 protein expression. Dose-response relationships for the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine were determined using methylthiotetrazole assays, and induction of apoptosis was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. MIA-PaCa-2 cells transfected with human bcl-2 were also analyzed for gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. Results: Pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed varying amounts of Bcl-2, and the 50% lethal dose for gemcitabine-induced apoptosis was correlated with Bcl-2 content. Furthermore, Bcl-2 overexpression was associated with a significant increase in the 50% lethal dose for gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. Conclusions: Cellular Bcl-2 content was directly correlated with the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in pancreatic carcinoma. Therefore, routine immunohistochemical analyses may be useful in predicting gemcitabine efficacy, and patients who would likely not benefit could be spared gemcitabine administration. Furthermore, the effectiveness of gemcitabine and other chemotherapeutic agents may be increased by gene therapy-mediated alteration of bcl-2 gene family members.
Temperature Dependence of Raman Scattering in Silicon

We have measured the linewidth and the frequency of the q=0 optical phonon in silicon over the temperature range of 20-770\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependence of the linewidth has been interpreted as arising from the decay of the optical phonon to two LA phonons at half the optical frequency. From the observed temperature variation, we deduce an absolute half-width $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ of 2.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This value is considerably smaller than that obtained theoretically by Cowley on the basis of numerical calculations which include decay to phonons throughout the Brillouin zone. His numerical calculations also predict a temperature dependence of the linewidth which does not agree with experiment. However, the observed change in frequency with temperature correlates very well with Cowley's theory. We have also studied the relative intensities of Stokes and anti-Stokes components of Raman spectra. The observed temperature dependence of the relative intensities is compared with that predicted on the basis of the Bose-Einstein population factor for the optical phonon.
Lawsonite Lu-Hf geochronology: A new geochronometer for subduction zone processes

We present a new method for Lu-Hf geochronology using lawsonite, an index mineral of high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism. The method uses common cation exchange chromatography to purify Lu and Hf from the sample and analysis by multicollector inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Lawsonite 176 Lu/ 177 Hf ratios are elevated and are similar to other minerals commonly used in Lu-Hf geochronology such as garnet or apatite. We obtain an age of 145.5 ± 2.4 Ma for lawsonite-blueschist facies metamorphism at Ring Mountain within the Franciscan Complex, California, the lawsonite type locality. The age agrees well with published geochronology and thermochronology for the Franciscan Complex. The new method provides a powerful tool to investigate processes and time scales of blueschist to eclogite facies metamorphism, crust-mantle recycling via subduction, and the geodynamics of convergent margins.
Graphene nano-objects tailored by interference lithography

We propose a facile approach to fabricate graphene nano-objects (GNOs) using interference lithography (IL) and direct self-assembly of nanoparticles. Uniformly spaced parallel photoresist (PR) lines and periodic hole arrays are proposed as an etch mask for producing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and graphene nanomesh (GNM), respectively. In a different experiment, the PR line arrays are transferred to uniform oxide channels, and silica nanoparticle dispersions with an average size of 10 nm are spun on the patterned surface, leaving a monolayer uniform nanoparticle assembly on the graphene. Following the particle deposition, the graphene is removed in the narrow spacing between the particles, using the O2 plasma etch, leaving ordered graphene quantum dot (GQD) arrays. The IL technique and etch process enables tuning the GNOs dimensions.
Relationships of BMI to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Differ by Ethnicity

The burden of cardiovascular risk associated with obesity disproportionately affects African Americans and little is known about ethnic/racial differences in the relationship of obesity to cardiometabolic risk. This report assesses whether obesity is similarly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in African Americans and whites of European ancestry. Cross-sectional observational data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) were compared. This analysis uses participants aged 35–74 years with BMI >18.5 kg/m2, and free of prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), from the initial JHS clinical examination (2000–2004) and the FHS Offspring (1998–2001) and Third Generation (2002–2005) cohorts. Participants were evaluated for the presence of lipid abnormalities, hypertension, and diabetes. Overall, 4,030 JHS (mean age 54 years, 64% women) and 5,245 FHS (mean age 51 years, 54% women) participants were available for analysis. The prevalence of all risk factors except high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was substantially higher in JHS (all P < 0.001) and BMI was associated with increasing prevalence of most CVD risk factors within each race. For diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and low HDL, steeper relationships to BMI were observed in FHS than in JHS (P values <0.001–0.016). There were larger proportional increases in risk factor prevalence with increasing BMI in whites than in African Americans. The higher prevalence rates of cardiometabolic risk factors at nearly all levels of BMI in African Americans, however, suggest that additional factors contribute to the burden of CVD risk in African Americans.
Determining exempt and non‐exempt status in the fast food industry

The Fair Labour Standards Act is a law that determines whether an employee is considered exempt or non‐exempt. Non‐exempt employees are eligible for overtime pay (time and a half) versus exempt employees, which are not eligible for overtime pay. The Fair Labour Standards Act status is based upon job duties rather than job title. An employee is considered exempt if he/she falls into either the professional, administrative, or executive exempt categories meeting all criteria. Many positions in the fast food industry are paid the minimum wage, or close to it, due to the intense competition and low profit margins in the industry (Reynolds, 2002). In addition, many of the employees are nonexempt employees and must punch in and out on a time clock. The positions available in the fast food restaurants themselves do not meet the criteria to be exempt due to the highly routine work they perform, with the exception of some management positions.
Residual influences on fecundity in drosophilid species.

A residual influence of males and females on oviposition has been examined in 7 drosophilids. There was evidence for oviposition deterrence inDrosophila funebris, with males as well as females producing the inhibitory effect. In contrast, male residues stimulated oviposition inZaprionus tuberculatus. Male residues also stimulated oviposition and appeared to serve as an aggregation cue inD. melanogaster.
Mass Spectrometer Analyses Using a Viscous Leak

Suitable dimensions of capillaries have been given which will provide continuous sampling of gas streams at 100-1000 mm(Hg). Methods of calibration of these capillaries (viscous leaks) for mass spectrometer analyses are presented.
Optical Matched Filter Correlator Memory Techniques And Storage Capacity

The techniques used for storing matched filters in image processing units of the optical matched filter image correlator (OMFIC) type determine to a large extent the capacity and discrimination of the complete system. Coherent and non-coherent addition of images for overlayed matched filter recording are investigated and reported upon. Results are related by performance in the areas of diffraction efficiency and signal-to-clutter measurements. Dichromated gelatins are used as matched filter recording media and the results compared with silver salt photographic materials. Finally, a formula is derived for matched filter capacity and the analysis extended to the case where the medium sets the resolution for matched filter recording.
Low energy ion assisted atomic assembly of metallic superlattices

Metallic superlattices with planar, unalloyed (unmixed) interfacial structures are difficult to fabricate by all conventional vapor deposition methods. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to explore the ways in which inert gas ions can be used to control the atomic assembly of a model Cu/Co metallic super lattice system. High energy, high atomic weight ions are shown to smooth rough interfaces but introduce undesirable intermixing at interfaces. Light ions with very low energies fail to flatten the rough surfaces that are naturally created during deposition at ambient temperature where surface atom mobility is kinetically constrained. The optimum energies for achieving the lowest combination of interfacial roughness and interlayer mixing have been found for each inert gas ion species and the key mechanisms of surface structure reorganization activated by ion impacts have been identified over the range of ion masses and energies studied. Optimum ion energies that maximize the interface structural perfection have been identified.
A soybean cyst nematode resistance gene points to a new mechanism of plant resistance to pathogens

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop that provides a sustainable source of protein and oil worldwide. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a microscopic roundworm that feeds on the roots of soybean and is a major constraint to soybean production. This nematode causes more than US$1 billion in yield losses annually in the United States alone, making it the most economically important pathogen on soybean. Although planting of resistant cultivars forms the core management strategy for this pathogen, nothing is known about the nature of resistance. Moreover, the increase in virulent populations of this parasite on most known resistance sources necessitates the development of novel approaches for control. Here we report the map-based cloning of a gene at the Rhg4 (for resistance to Heterodera glycines 4) locus, a major quantitative trait locus contributing to resistance to this pathogen. Mutation analysis, gene silencing and transgenic complementation confirm that the gene confers resistance. The gene encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase, an enzyme that is ubiquitous in nature and structurally conserved across kingdoms. The enzyme is responsible for interconversion of serine and glycine and is essential for cellular one-carbon metabolism. Alleles of Rhg4 conferring resistance or susceptibility differ by two genetic polymorphisms that alter a key regulatory property of the enzyme. Our discovery reveals an unprecedented plant resistance mechanism against a pathogen. The mechanistic knowledge of the resistance gene can be readily exploited to improve nematode resistance of soybean, an increasingly important global crop.
Selection schemes for dynamically microcoding fortran programs

The objective of the present study has been to investigate possible methods to reduce a program's execution time by detecting and converting automatically the more frequently executed program parts, mostly inner loops, into microcode. The methods proposed were static loading of inner loops, selective loading of inner loops, over-lay of inner loops, and user-aided scheme. Using Fortran programs as the test programs, a simulation program was written to measure the gain achieved by each method. A final gain between 1.587 and 4.76 was achieved by the proposed methods for memory speed ratios between 3 and 8. It was found that 90% of the final gain of the test programs could be obtained with writable control memory requirements that were less than 40% of the final requirement.
Infinitesimal study of a factorization of the Prym map

The Prym map \(\mathcal{R}_{g} \rightarrow\mathcal{A}_{g-1}\) factors through a space Φ={X} of intrinsically polarized varieties, namely \((\tilde{C}/C) \mapsto{X} \mapsto(P,\Xi)\), where \(\pi: \tilde{C} \rightarrow{C}\) is a connected etale double cover of a smooth curve C of genus g, \(X \subset\tilde{C}^{(2g-2)}\) consists of the set of even precanonical effective divisors on \(\tilde{C}\), and (P,Ξ) is the principally polarized Prym variety associated to π. X is a connected, reduced local complete intersection of (pure) dimension g-1, and when C is non hyperelliptic X is normal and irreducible. By analogy with the proofs of the classical Torelli theorem for curves by Andreotti and by Andreotti-Mayer and Green, which factor the Jacobi map through a symmetric product of the curve, the present factorization may be used to attack the Torelli problem for Prym varieties. In [19] we have shown that X determines the Prym variety (P,Ξ), as the Albanese variety of X, and that X also determines the double cover \(\tilde{C}/C\), at least when C is non hyperelliptic and the codimension of singΞ in P is at least 5. The next challenge in this approach to the Torelli problem is to analyze the infinitesimal structure of these maps.
Three-dimensional computer vision for micro air vehicles

Results are described of an ongoing project whose goal is to provide advanced Computer Vision for small low flying autonomous aircraft. The work consists of two parts; range-based vision for object recognition and pose estimation, and monocular vision for navigation and collision avoidance. A wide variety of range imaging methods were considered for the former, and it was found that a promising approach is multi-ocular stereo with a pseudo-random texture projected with a xenon flash. This provides high range resolution despite motion, and can be small and light. The resulting range images, taken at a few meters range, would support the use of Tripod Operators, an efficient and general method for recognizing and localizing surface shapes in 6 DOF. This would provide the ability to recognize immediately upon encounter many kinds of targets. The monocular navigation system is based on finding corresponding features in successive images, and deducing from these the relative pose of the aircraft. Two methods are under development, based on horizon registration and point correspondences, respectively. The first can serve as a preprocessor for the second. This approach aims to continuously and accurately estimate the net motion of the vehicle.
Colorimetry for the stain technologist. IV. Analysis of the components of color difference.

Total color differences have been calculated for various pairs of stained microscopic substrates. The latter include azure B/eosin stained blood cells and Papanicolsou stained cells from the uterine cervix. Both the CIE Luv and Lab color spaces have been used. Total color differences have been analyzed in terms of lightness, hue and chroma components. Various discrepancies have been noted among these components, especially the chroma difference, for the two spaces. It is concluded that current color-difference formulae are less than perfect, although they can provide much useful information.
Does Real-Time Reporting Deter Strategic Disclosures by Management? The Impact of Real-Time Reporting and Event Controllability on Disclosure Bunching

ABSTRACT: The SEC is moving toward requiring real-time reporting. Proponents have predicted that disclosing a news event immediately after it arises could reduce information aggregation and disclosure bunching. But evidence from the theoretical literature suggests that the effect depends on whether managers can time the underlying required reporting event. Managers, for example, can time regular poison pill adoptions, but have limited ability to time in-play pill adoptions. Thus, I test whether real-time reporting deters disclosure bunching around the disclosures of regular and in-play poison pill adoptions to examine whether managers' ability to time events affects whether real-time reporting deters strategic disclosure. I find that real-time reporting does not deter disclosure bunching for regular poison pills, but does deter it for in-play pills. These results suggest that real-time reporting will reduce disclosure bunching only if managers cannot time the underlying event. JEL Classifications: M40; M...
A total-variation surface energy model for thin films of martensitic crystals

We rigorously derive a thin film limit for martensitic crystals that utilizes the total variation of the deformation gradient to model the energy on surfaces separating regions of different variants. We find that the deformation for an infinitesimally thin film minimizes a two-dimensional energy.
Luminescent metal-ligand complexes as probes of macromolecular interactions and biopolymer dynamics

The knowledge of microsecond dynamics is important for an understanding of the mechanism and function of biological systems. Fluorescent techniques are well established in biophysical studies, but their applicability to probe microsecond timescale processes is limited. Luminescent metal-ligand complexes (MLCs) have created interest mainly due to their unique luminescent properties, such as the exceptionally long decay times and large fundamental anisotropy values, allowing examination of microsecond dynamics by fluorescence methods. MLC properties also greatly simplify instrumentation requirements and enable the use of light emitting diode excitation for time-resolved measurements. Recent literature illustrates how MLC labels take full advantage of well developed fluorescence techniques and how those methods can be extended to timescales not easily accessible with nanosecond probes. MLCs are now commercially available as reactive labels which give researchers access to methods that previously required more complex approaches. The present paper gives an overview of the applications of MLC probes to studies of molecular dynamics and interactions of proteins, membranes and nucleic acids.
The Stress-Strain Behavior of Concentric Composite Cylinders:

An analytical model was developed for the elastic-ideally plastic behavior of concentric cylindrical composites under uniaxial tension. The model predicted the creation of transverse stresses in the composite during axial loading. The existence of these stresses was experimentally verified in a 4140 steel core-18% Ni maraging steel case composite system by examining the effects of the trans verse stresses on the composite axial stress-strain curve and the composite tangential surface strain ratio curve.
Collectins and pulmonary innate immunity.

Summary: The surfactant-associated proteins SP-A and SP-D are members of a family of host defense lectins, designated collectins. There is increasing evidence that these pulmonary, epithelial-derived proteins are important components of the innate immune response to microbial challenge and participate in other aspects of immune and inflammatory regulation within the lung. Both proteins bind to glycoconjugates and/or lipid moieties expressed by a wide variety of microorganisms, and to certain organic particles, such as pollens. SP-A and SP-D have the capacity to modulate leukocyte function and, in some circumstances, to opsonize and enhance the killing of microorganisms. The biologic activity of cell wall components, such as Gram-negative bacterial polysaccharides, or viral glycoproteins, such as the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses, may be altered by interactions with collectins. In addition, complementary or cooperative interactions between SP-A, SP-D and other host defense lectins could contribute to the efficiency of this defense system. Collectins could play particularly important roles in settings of inadequate or impaired specific immunity, and acquired alterations in the levels of active collectins within the airspaces and distal airways may increase susceptibility to infection.
Prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse in men who have sex with men recruited online versus offline: a meta-analysis

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a high risk population for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Our study aims to find whether MSM who were recruited online had a higher prevalence of self-reported unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) than those who were recruited offline. A meta-analysis was conducted from the results of published studies. The analysis was stratified by the participants’ geographic location, the sample size and the date of the last reported UAI. Based on fourteen studies, MSM who were recruited online (online-based group) reported that 33.9% (5,961/17,580) of them had UAI versus 24.9% (2,700/10,853) of MSM who were recruited offline (offline-based group). The results showed that it is more likely for an online-based MSM group to have UAI with male partners than an offline-based MSM group [odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.13-1.62, P < 0.01]. The subgroup analysis results also showed that the prevalence of UAI was higher in the European subsample (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.17-1.63, P < 0.01) and in sample sizes of more than 500 individuals (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.09-1.61, P < 0.01) in the online group compared to the offline group. The prevalence of UAI was also significantly higher when the time of the last UAI was during the last 3 or more months (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.13-1.74, P < 0.05) in the online group compared to the offline group. A sensitivity analysis was used to test the reliability of the results, and it reported that the results remained unchanged and had the same estimates after deleting any one of the included studies. A substantial percentage of MSM were recruited online, and they were more inclined to engage in UAI than MSM who were recruited offline. Targeted interventions of HIV prevention programs or services are recommended when designing preventive interventions to be delivered via the Internet.
Constituent-quark description of nonleptonic hyperon decays.

An elementary framework is presented in which both S-wave and P-wave nonleptonic hyperon decays can be described satisfactorily from a constituent-quark standpoint. The picture is likely to be of use in future discussions of kaon, hyperon radiative, or heavy-quark decays.
Investigative change detection: identifying new topics using lexicon-based search

In law enforcement there is much textual data which needs to be searched in order to detect new threats. A new methodology which can be applied to this need is the automatic searching of the contents of documents from known sources to construct a lexicon of words used by that source. When analyzing future documents, the occurrence of words which have not been lexiconized are indicative of the introduction of a new topic into the source's lexicon which should be examined in its context by an analyst. A system analogous to this has been built and used to detect Fads and Categories on web sites. Fad refers to the first appearance of a word not in the lexicon; Category refers to the repeated appearance of a Fad word and the exceeding of some frequency or spatial occurrence metric indicating a permanence to the Category.
A component-based approach for integrating mobile agents into the existing Web infrastructure

Mobile agents provide a new abstraction for deploying functionality over the existing Internet infrastructure. In the MA (mobile agents) framework there are no agent platforms. Instead applications become agent-enabled by using simple JavaBeans components. In this paper we present an architecture that allows currently available Web servers to become capable of sending and receiving agents in an easy way. By using this approach, existing Web infrastructure can be maintained, while gaining a whole new potential by being able to make use of agent technology. Our approach involves wrapping the components inside a Java Servlet that can be included in any Web server supporting the Servlet specification. This Servlet enables the servers to receive and send agents that can query local information, and also enables the agents to behave as Servlets themselves. We currently have used the framework with several existing commercial Web servers, inclusively having the security mechanisms of the framework correctly running and integrated with the security architecture of the server.
Molecular mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in the kidney

More effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) are needed to improve the high morbidity and mortality associated with this frequently encountered clinical condition. Ischemic and/or hypoxic preconditioning attenuates susceptibility to ischemic injury, which results from both oxygen and nutrient deprivation and accounts for most cases of AKI. While multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in renoprotection, this review will focus on oxygen-regulated cellular and molecular responses that enhance the kidney's tolerance to ischemia and promote renal repair. Central mediators of cellular adaptation to hypoxia are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs play a crucial role in ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning through the reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism, and by coordinating adenosine and nitric oxide signaling with antiapoptotic, oxidative stress, and immune responses. The therapeutic potential of HIF activation for the treatment and prevention of ischemic injuries will be critically examined in this review.
Production of cutinolytic esterase by filamentous bacteria.

Thirty-eight strains of filamentous bacteria, many of which are thermophilic or thermotolerant and commonly found in composts and mouldy fodders, were examined for their ability to produce cutinolytic esterase (cutinase) in culture media supplemented with cutin, suberin or cutin-containing agricultural by-products. Initially, the ability of culture supernatants to hydrolyse the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate was determined by spectrophotometric assays. Only one bacterium, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris NRRL B-16117, exhibited cutinolytic esterase production. The enzyme was highly inducible, was repressed by the presence of glucose in the medium and hydrolysed both apple and tomato cutins. Inducers included apple cutin, apple pomace, tomato peel, potato suberin and commercial cork. Unlike similar fungal enzymes, the T. vulgaris cutinolytic esterase was not inducible by cutin hydrolysate. The cutinolytic esterase exhibited a half-life of over 60 min at 70 °C and a pH optimum of ≥ 11·0. This study indicates that thermophylic filamentous bacteria may be excellent commercial sources of heat-stable cutin-degrading enzymes that can be produced by fermentation of low cost feedstocks.
The Origins of Dependency Analysis

It is widely recognised that dependency analysis developed out of two traditions of economic thought, Marxism and Latin American structuralism, associated with the UN Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA). Although structuralism is acknowledged as a progenitor, Marxism is usually viewed, implicitly or explicitly, as the primary tradition from which dependency arose. This is perhaps because dependency per se is so widely perceived as having begun with two books for which Marxist antecedents were claimed. Dependencia y desarrollo en America Latina (1969), by Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, and Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (1967), by Andre Gunder Frank, ‘stood out as the leading theoretical and systematic efforts to construct a dependency perspective for Latin America’, and remain ‘the landmarks to which assessment of dependency perspectives inevitably return’.1
Sexual Assault Perpetrators’ Tactics: Associations With Their Personal Characteristics and Aspects of the Incident

Past theory and empirical research have consistently associated a number of risk factors with sexual assault perpetration. This study extends past research by considering if the tactics which perpetrators use to obtain sex are associated with these risk factors or with characteristics of the sexual assault. Audio computer-assisted self-interviews were completed with a community sample of young, single men. Few participants reported using physical force as a tactic to obtain sex, thus this article focuses on 457 participants who used verbal coercion ( n = 152) or the victim's impairment (n = 39) to obtain sex or who were nonperpetrators (n = 266). Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 70% of participants. As hypothesized, analysis of covariance indicated that both groups of perpetrators scored higher than nonperpetrators on measures of negative attitudes toward women, positive attitudes about casual sex, personality traits associated with nonclinical levels of psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and alcohol problems. As compared to nonperpetrators describing their worst date, perpetrators knew the woman longer, used more isolating and controlling behaviors, misperceived her sexual intentions for a longer period of time, and engaged in more consensual sexual activities with the woman. Perpetrators who used impairment tactics did not usually consume more alcohol than other participants; however, they consumed much more alcohol during the incident. Although verbal coercion and taking advantage of an impaired victim are sometimes viewed as less serious tactics than the use of force, these findings demonstrate that perpetrators who use these strategies have personality, attitude, and experience profiles that distinguish them from nonperpetrators.
Molecular Characterization of Two Point Mutants in the Chloroplast atpB Gene of the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Defective in Assembly of the ATP Synthase Complex

Abstract Two point mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, previously found by recombination and complementation analysis to map in the chloroplast atpB gene encoding the beta subunit of the CF1/CF0 ATP synthase, are here shown to be missense alterations near the 5' end of that gene. One mutant (ac-u-c-2-9) has a change at amino acid position 47 of the beta subunit from leucine (CTA) to arginine (CGA). In the second mutant (ac-u-c-2-29), the codon AAA (lysine) is changed to AAC (asparagine) at position 154. Spontaneous revertants of each mutant were isolated that restore the original wild type base pair. Northern analysis of total RNA and in vivo pulse labeling followed by immunoprecipitation reveals that both mutant atpB genes are transcribed and translated normally. However, immunoblots show that the amount of beta subunit associated with mutant thylakoids is only approximately 3% of that seen in wild type and that the CF1 alpha and gamma subunits are missing entirely. The disruption of ATP synthase complex assembly in these mutants is much more severe than in Escherichia coli beta subunit gene point mutants, which retain significant amounts of alpha and beta subunits on their membranes (Noumi, T., Oka, N., Kanazawa, H., and Futai, M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7070-7075). These results support the hypothesis that there are differences in assembly of the ATP synthase between E. coli and chloroplasts. In particular they indicate that beta must be present for assembly of the alpha and gamma subunits of CF1 onto chloroplast membranes.
Study of relationship between 300 mm Si wafer surface and annealing temperatures for advanced semiconductor-based applications

Surface morphology dependence on annealing conditions is one of the most important parameters that is being monitored in current manufacturing environments. Understanding the science behind surface properties and anneal temperatures is of high interest. This paper explores this phenomenon in more detail and its practical applications for manufacturing environments.
Dense non-aqueous phase liquids at former manufactured gas plants: Challenges to modeling and remediation

The remediation of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in porous media continues to be one of the most challenging problems facing environmental scientists and engineers. Of all the environmentally relevant DNAPLs, tars in the subsurface at former manufactured gas plants (FMGPs) pose one of the biggest challenges due to their complex chemical composition and tendency to alter wettability. To further our understanding of these complex materials, we consulted historic documentation to evaluate the impact of gas manufacturing on the composition and physicochemical nature of the resulting tars. In the recent literature, most work to date has been focused in a relatively narrow portion of the expected range of tar materials, which has yielded a bias toward samples of relatively low viscosity and density. In this work, we consider the dissolution and movement of tars in the subsurface, models used to predict these phenomena, and approaches used for remediation. We also explore the open issues and detail important gaps in our fundamental understanding of these extraordinarily complex systems that must be resolved to reach a mature level of understanding.
WDM-subcarrier FDMA lightwave networks: optical beat note interference

It is shown that the introduction of subcarrier frequency-division multiaccess (SFDMA) into a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) network provides an increase in throughput which is limited significantly by beat-note-interference-induced channel outage. The reduction of throughput prevents the network capacity from growing unabated as more subcarrier channels are added. The analysis is useful for studying the tradeoffs associated with adding subcarrier channels to a WDM network, specifically in terms of key parameters such as laser modulation format and optical and subcarrier channel bandwidths. It is found that for a WD/SFDMA network with N optical channels each having M subcarrier channel, i.e., NM concurrently accessible channels, using a slotted-Aloha-like protocol, there is a maximum throughput corresponding to an optimum offered load, and these values decrease as more subcarrier channels are offered. >
Comments on “Parameterization of the Autoconversion Process. Part I: Analytical Formulation of the Kessler-Type Parameterizations”

In a recent paper, Liu and Daum (2004, hereafter LD04) derive analytical expressions for the rate of autoconversion of cloud droplets to embryonic raindrops for a range of assumptions about the dependence of the collection kernel upon cloud droplet size. Their analytical derivations are used to provide a physical formalism for some of the autoconversion parameterizations that are widely used in a broad range of numerical models (e.g., Kessler 1969; Tripoli and Cotton 1980; Baker 1993; Boucher et al. 1995). The basis for LD04 is the integral [their Eq. (3)], here written in mass terms
Behavioral Responses of Family Members during Critical Illness

This articles describes the behavioral responses of adult family members to critical illness and how these responses change over the course of the hospitalization. A convenience sample of 52 family members of patients in intensive units completed the Iowa ICU Family Scale, a self-report tool measuring sleep, eating, activity, family role, and support behaviors. Scales were completed by family members each day during the first week and then weekly throughout the patient's ICU stay. Family members reported sleeping less with a poorer quality of sleep, less nutritional intake, an increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and over-the-counter and prescription medications, and spending more time talking, visiting the patient, and waiting. Stress was highest at the time of the ICU admission, began to plateau at Day 6, and then dropped considerably by Day 28. These findings suggest that crisis intervention is important during the early phase of caring for critically ill patients and their family members.
An efficient and flexible mechanism for constructing membership functions

Abstract This paper introduces a Bezier curve-based mechanism for constructing membership functions of convex normal fuzzy sets. The mechanism can fit any given data set with a minimum level of discrepancy. In the absence of data, the mechanism can be intuitively manipulated by the user to construct membership functions with the desired shape. Some numerical experiments are included to compare the performance of the proposed mechanism with conventional methods.
A Two-Systems Approach to the Treatment of a Disturbed Adolescent

Abstract This article is based upon die rich conceptual and technical framework for understanding and treating sadomasochistic psycho-pathology presented by the Novicks (this volume). Specifically, the Novicks' “two-systems” approach to self-regulation is applied to the treatment of a disturbed adolescent boy. Examples of “open” and “closed” functioning are presented as well as the role of underlying defensive omnipotent beliefs and fantasies. The clinical utility of this model, the pivotal role of the therapeutic alliance, and the significance of clinical work with the family through all stages of the treatment process are illustrated.
GIST: A web tool for collecting gene information.

Halushka, Marc K., Debra J. Mathews, Jeffrey A. Bailey, and Aravinda Chakravarti. GIST: A web tool for collecting gene information. Physiol. Genomics 1: 75–81, 1999.—As the human genome is sequence...
Spinal-Fluid Protein Determination for the Differentiation of Neurologic Disorders

A simple chemical test previously described for the determination of total protein and -globulin was applied to the analysis of spinal fluid specimens (CSF) from non-neurologic and a variety of neurologic disorders. On the basis of the chemical findings, the pathologic specimens analyzed were divided into three groups: (a) nonneurologic and some neurologic conditions with a normal CSF total protein and -globulin concentration; (b) demyelinating disorders with a normal total protein and elevated b.gamma;-globulin concentration; and (c) degenerative and infectious with an elevated total protein and -globulin. A good correlation between chemical findings and clinical observation was obtained.
Adoptive immunotherapy in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: preliminary results of using autologous whole-tumor vaccine plus granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor and adoptive transfer of anti-CD3–activated lymphocytes

Object. This trial was designed to determine the ability of autologous whole‐tumor cell vaccines to induce cellmediated immune responses in patients with recurrent malignant glioma, as well as to determine whether combining such vaccination with adoptive transfer of in vitro activated T lymphocytes prolongs patient survival. Methods. Nineteen patients with recurrent malignant glioma, in whom previous external beam radiotherapy and at least one course of chemotherapy had failed were vaccinated twice with irradiated autologous whole tumor cells by using granulocyte-marcrophage colony‐stimulating factor as an adjuvant. Patients then underwent leukapheresis followed by adoptive transfer of peripheral blood lymphocytes activated in vitro with anti-CD3 and interleukin-2. In vivo immune response, radiological response, clinical outcome, and survival were monitored. Seventeen patients developed a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to vaccination that appeared to be directed against the autologous tumor. In eight patients there was radiological evidence of a response and in five there was evidence of clinical improvement. Median survival was 12 months (range 6‐28 months), and both the presence of a DTH response and the radiological response correlated with survival (p , 0.02 and p , 0.04, respectively). Conclusions. These preliminary results suggest that autologous whole‐tumor cell vaccines induce a cell-mediated immune response, which appears to be tumor specific in most patients. Furthermore, vaccination combined with adoptive immunotherapy with in vitro activated cells may induce a radiologically demonstrated tumor response and improved survival despite a condition of advanced disease and immunosuppression resulting from previous treatment or tumor burden. Further studies of immunotherapy are warranted. +
Harness Mechanisms for Full-Body Motions in Virtual Environments

Natural motions such as twisting, turning, jogging in place, dropping to the knees or moving to a prone position are permitted by the virtual reality harness mechanisms presented in this poster. They constrain an immersed user within the field of view of a virtual locomotion sensing system. Unwanted rotational inertial loads felt by die user are minimized while compliant constraints provide natural feedback forces. These ergonomic forces enhance the experience of virtual motion by partially substituting for The missing real-world dynamic loads encountered in locomotion. They also aid the user in remaining centered in the field of view of the camera system by providing subtle, natural cues to the immersed user. Unlike some other virtual locomotion systems these passive harness devices have a stationary floor and are relatively low-cost, easy and natural to use. This makes them minimally intrusive on the process of learning the simulated task
Context to Make You More Aware

The goal of our work is to help users make more informed choices about what physical activities they undertake. One example is to provide relevant information to help someone choose whether to wait at the closest bus stop, or walk a few minutes to the next stop, without missing the bus. In this paper, we report on our development of a platform which collects relevant context information for five different scenarios, processes this data, and presents relevant information to the user at the right time, in an unobtrusive way. The personal area network we use consists of a sensor platform with wireless capabilities, a Bluetooth-enabled wristwatch, and a mobile phone. We are also able to communicate with the user's PCs and various web services through multiple wireless channels. In future work, we will integrate the scenarios into a customizable set of applications, and evaluate the complete system.
Sensitivity to Constitutive Modeling in Fiber-Based Discretization of Reinforced Concrete Members for Performance-Based Seismic Evaluation:

Accurate constitutive models of the constituent materials in a reinforced concrete (RC) section, namely, unconfined concrete, confined concrete and reinforcing steel are necessary in fiber-based discretization of RC components for use in nonlinear analysis of RC structures. This paper examines the sensitivity to different constitutive models in predicting the inelastic seismic behavior of RC frame structures. In particular, the importance of incorporating confinement effects in modeling concrete behavior and including degrading effects in modeling the behavior of reinforcing steel bars so as to predict the monotonic, cyclic and seismic response of RC columns and frames is investigated. At the component level, it is shown that the inelastic response is controlled predominantly by the behavior of reinforcing steel. At the system level, the response of non-ductile structures is less sensitive to confined concrete models while the modeling of reinforcing steel is shown to influence the inelastic response of b...
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Is a Family Affair

In this issue of the Journal, Dr. Sir-Petermann and her colleagues (1) report an interesting cross-sectional study of 80 sons of patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 20 identified in infancy, 31 in childhood, and 29 in adulthood. Using a control population of 56 sons of healthy women, these investigators concluded that the sons of PCOS patients demonstrated early-onset overweightness, observable even in infancy, with the expected hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, adult sons were significantly more hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant than predicted by body mass index (BMI), suggesting that these offspring demonstrate a further defect in insulin action above and beyond that determined by their degree of obesity. This important study clearly demonstrates the heritable aspects of both overweightness and insulin resistance in PCOS and points to the early manifestations of the disorder, namely weight gain, even in infancy and even in the male progeny of PCOS patients.