cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Expanded Hemodialysis with the Theranova 400 Dialyzer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and objectives Expanded hemodialysis therapy enabled by medium cut-off membranes may promote greater clearance of larger middle molecules that comprise putative uremic solutes than conventional high-flux dialysis. This randomized trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of hemodialysis treatment with a medium cut-off dialyzer. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Clinically stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomized to receive dialysis with either a medium cut-off dialyzer (Theranova 400) or a high-flux dialyzer (Elisio-17H) over 24 weeks of treatment. The primary safety end point was the predialysis serum albumin level after 24 weeks of treatment. The primary efficacy end point was the reduction ratio of free λ light chains at 24 weeks of treatment. Results Among 172 patients on maintenance hemodialysis, mean age was 59±13 years, 61% were men, 40% were Black, and mean dialysis vintage was 5±4 years. Of the 86 patients randomized to each dialyzer, 65 completed the trial in each group. The reduction ratio for the removal of free λ light chains was significantly higher in the Theranova 400 group compared with the Elisio-17H group after 4 weeks (39% versus 20%) and 24 weeks (33% versus 17%; both P Conclusions Hemodialysis therapy with the Theranova 400 dialyzer provides superior removal of larger middle molecules, as exemplified by free λ light chains, compared with a similar size high-flux dialyzer, while maintaining serum albumin level. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number A Multi-Center, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label, Parallel Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Theranova 400 Dialyzer in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients, NCT03257410.
Assessing Changes in Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety During Four Weeks of Cannabis Abstinence Among Adolescents

Background: Cannabis use is prevalent among adolescents, and many report using in attempts to alleviate negative mood and anxiety. Abstinence from substances such as alcohol and tobacco has been reported to improve symptoms of anxiety and depression. Few studies have examined the effect of cannabis abstinence on symptoms of anxiety and depression. Objective: To test the effect of four weeks of continuous cannabis abstinence on depressive and anxious symptoms. Methods: Healthy, non-treatment seeking adolescents who used cannabis at least weekly (n = 183) were randomized to either four weeks of cannabis abstinence achieved through a contingency management paradigm (CB-Abst) or cannabis use monitoring without an abstinence requirement (CB-Mon). Abstinence was assessed by self-report verified with quantitative assay of urine for cannabinoids. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed weekly with the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Results: Symptoms of depression and anxiety decreased throughout the study for all participants (MASQ-AA: stnd beta = -0.08, p = 0.01, MASQ-GDA: stnd beta = -0.11, p = 0.003, MASQ-GDD: stnd beta = -0.08, p = 0.02) and did not differ significantly between randomization groups (p’s > 0.46). Exploratory analyses revealed a trend that abstinence may be associated with greater improvement in symptoms of anxiety and depression among those using cannabis to cope with negative affect and those with potentially hazardous levels of cannabis use. Conclusions: Among adolescents who use cannabis at least weekly, four weeks of cannabis abstinence was not associated with a significant change in anxiety or depressive symptoms compared to continued uses. For recreational cannabis users who may be concerned about reducing their use for fear of increased symptoms of anxiety and depression, findings suggest that significant symptom worsening may not occur within the first four weeks of abstinence. Further studies are needed in clinical populations where anxiety and depression symptoms are measured more frequently and for a longer period of abstinence. Future studies are also needed to determine whether there are subgroups of adolescents who are uniquely impacted by sustained cannabis abstinence.
Thermal conductivity of α-U with point defects

We develop a theoretical model for thermal conductivity of α-U that combines density functional theory calculations and the coupled electron–phonon Boltzmann transport equation. The model incorporates both electron and phonon contributions to thermal conductivity and achieves good agreement with experimental data over a wide temperature range. The dominant scattering mechanism governing thermal transport in α-U at different temperatures is examined. By including phonon–defect and electron–defect scatterings in the model, we study the effect of point defects including U-vacancy, U-interstitial, and Zr-substitution on the thermal conductivity of α-U. The degradation of anisotropic thermal conductivity due to point defects as a function of defect concentration, defect type, and temperature is reported. This model provides insights into the impact of defects on both phonon and electron thermal transport. It will promote the fundamental understanding of thermal transport in α-U and provide a ground for investigation of coupled electron–phonon transport in metallic materials.
Assessing Drivers’ Tailgating Behavior and the Effect of Advisory Signs in Mitigating Tailgating

A human factors study was carried out to assess drivers' tailgating behavior and the effect of advisory signs in mitigating tailgating. Tailgating is a dangerous driving behavior and a leading cause of most rear-end crashes. Through a prior study, serious tailgating was identified on urban Rhode Island highways. It is critical to many urban traffic management authorities to understand tailgating and to explore means to mitigate drivers’ tailgating behavior, especially on urban highways with high-speed and high-volume traffic. Properly designed advisory signs could reduce tailgating and related motor crashes. To assess drivers' behavior with regards to tailgating, a questionnaire survey was developed and given to a number of subjects with daily highway driving experience. The survey is designed to identify causes of tailgating and drivers’ perceptions and engagements on tailgating behavior. Drivers' driving behaviors were further assessed through driving simulation under different traffic conditions. To help mitigate tailgating behavior, advisory signs and an educational video were developed. The effectiveness of these proposed counter-tailgating measures was assessed in the driving simulation. Subjects’ real driving behaviors were further studied in a follow-up field study. Study results found that the majority had an incorrect sense regarding safe following distance and were tailgating while driving on highways. Heavy traffic was identified as the top tailgating cause. The simulation results confirmed the tailgating phenomenon observed on urban Rhode Island highways. The proposed advisory signs were found effective in mitigating tailgating behavior.
Factors Associated with Place of Death for Elderly Japanese-American Men: The Honolulu Heart Program and Honolulu-Asia Aging Study

Place of death is an indicator of health service utilization at the end of life and differs according to cause of death. Asian Americans may have a higher percentage of hospital deaths than Caucasian Americans, yet reasons for this finding are unclear. This study examined distribution of place of death and the associations between place and cause of death in elderly Japanese-American men in a longitudinal cohort: the Honolulu Heart Program and Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Data collected between 1991 and 1999 on 1,352 men aged 73 to 99 at death were analyzed for associations between cause-of-death characteristics and hospital, home, or nursing home location of death. Fifty-nine percent of men died in hospitals, 23% died at home, and 18% died in nursing homes. Of the dementia-related deaths, 43% occurred in hospitals (vs 16% in a national study), 37% occurred in nursing homes (vs 67% in a national study), and 20% occurred at home. Of the stroke deaths, 53% occurred in hospitals, 40% were in nursing homes, and 7% occurred at home. Of the cancer deaths, 53% occurred in hospitals, 34% occurred at home, and 13% were in nursing homes. Traditional family obligation to care for elderly people at home and inability to access care for dementia may account for the greater rate of hospital death and lower rate of nursing home deaths in this cohort. Attitudes of elderly Japanese Americans and their families regarding place of care at the end of life, particularly in the setting of dementia, merit future study.
What is the philosophical basis of intuitionistic mathematics

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the philosophical basis of intuitionistic mathematics. There are insights in intuitionism that are found nowhere else in the philosophy of mathematics; insights that ought to be preserved, clarified, and extended. Chief among these is the idea that a proof is a mental construction. The idea that a proof is a mental construction already distinguishes intuitionism from other philosophical views of mathematics such as Platonism, nominalism, and formalism. There are also many philosophical problems that can be raised for intuitionism and are discussed in the chapter. Some views on the question that are found in the literature on intuitionism are considered. The chapter also provides the key philosophical insights of intuitionism. For Brouwer, the philosophical basis of intuitionist mathematics was to be found in the concept of intuition. In particular, Brouwer portrayed intuitionism as abandoning Kant's apriority of space, but adhering all the more resolutely to Kant's idea of time as a priori form of intuition. The certainty that is supposed to be guaranteed by founding intuitionism on intuition is certainty for the ideal mathematician only.
Infection at the Subcellular Level I. Localization of Intravenously Injected Brucellae in the Vacuolar Apparatus of Cells of Guinea Pig Liver

The distribution of Brucella melitensis in various tissues and in subcellular fractions obtained from liver was investigated to evaluate the initial phases of brucellosis in the guinea pig. Fifty minutes after intravenous infection, brucellae were found principally in the blood and liver, with a substantial number recovered from spleen. Fractionation of liver established that most bacteria were found in the mitochondrial plus lysosomal (M + L) fraction; a significant number, however, sedimented in the nuclear (N) fraction. With time, there was a progressive shift of bacteria from the M + L to the N fraction, accompanied by a similar shift in acid phosphatase activities. Isopycnic centrifugation of mixtures of M + L fractions and brucellae permitted complete separation of acid phosphatase-bearing particles from bacteria. Similar experiments with fractions from infected animals showed that viable bacteria were found in both the acid phosphatase and free brucellae regions of the gradient. At 10 min postinfection, 52% of the recovered organisms were in the acid phosphatase region; at 30 min, 65%; at 60 min, 85%; and at 315 min, 79%. Detergent plus sonic treatment of an M + L fraction from the liver of an animal killed 50 min after infection caused most of the bacteria in the acid phosphatase region to shift to the region where free bacteria were found. These data suggested that brucellae sequestered in the liver were located primarily in the vacuolar apparatus of the cells which phagocytized them.
Transmitting Vector Geospatial Data across the Internet

Transmitting geospatial data via the Internet has become commonplace, and relies upon a raster data model that proves efficient for imagery, orthophotography, and satellite data products. Internet transmission of vector geospatial data remains a challenge. The content and geometry of vector data change with resolution, and this aspect of scale-dependence must be accounted for in transmitting vector data across the Internet. Progressive transmission of vector data can be accomplished using sound principles of existing cartographic theory, such that a less detailed representation can be amplified with finer levels of detail. Amplification must transmit actual data, as originally compiled, rather than adding detail that is interpolated or derived. The paper presents design and implementation of an algorithm that transmits vector coordinates at progressive levels of resolution, preserving geometric and topologic properties. The transmission is intended to serve subsequent data processing in a GIS environment, with online display as a secondary goal.
Remote Sensing Information Processing

One unique feature in the remote sensing problems is that a significant amount of data are available, from which desired information must be extracted. Progress in computer science and engineering has contributed significantly to the major advances on information processing in remote sensing. Areas of information processing include, but are not limited to, image processing and segmentation, pattern recognition and neural networks, knoweldge-based method and data or information fusion, image compression, image mining, and so on. Many of the techniques can be lumped into the topic of transform method or component analysis In this article, we will provide an overview of the topics listed above and then some discussion of the independent component analysis along with some computer results. Keywords: information processing; remote sensing; transform methods; image processing; segmentation
Pitfalls in predicting tumor lysis syndrome.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that includes hyperuricemia, azotemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia (Figure 1) [1]. It is common in pat...
Effect of cellulose in the diet on the recovery of dietary plant sterols from the feces

In one normal subject, J.S., fed several formula diets in a sterol balance study, only 25-58% of the ingested plant sterols were recovered from the stool. The dietary plant sterols were completely recovered from the stools of five other men. Plant sterol recovery was complete in all men when a diet of mixed general foods was consumed. Since the chief differences in composition of the formula and the diet of mixed general foods were related to the different contents of cellulose and lactose, these components were added to the formula diet of J.S., and plant sterol balance studies were then carried out. The addition of fresh celery or pulverized cellulose to the formula diet partially corrected the usual fecal loss of plant sterols (80% being recovered). Lactose in the formula was only slightly corrective. However, the addition of both cellulose and lactose led to complete recovery of the ingested plant sterols in the feces. Bacterial cultures of stools were incubated with added cholester01-4-'~C, and a linear relationship between losses of sterol during balance studies and in vitro incubations was observed; that is, a considerable loss of the labeled cholesterol from cultures after the formula diet, but not after the diet of mixed general foods. This in vitro loss was also corrected by the addition of cellulose and lactose to the formula diet. The loss of the sterol nucleus in the intestinal tract may occur at times because of the lack of certain dietary con- stituents. It is hypothesized that the metabolism of intestinal tract bacteria is altered when certain constituents are not present in the diet, and that these bacteria may then degrade the sterol nucleus.
Response to tamoxifen in estrogen receptor‐poor metastatic breast cancer

While hormone receptor values are extremely valuable in breast cancer management, many variables leading to falsely negative receptor results should be considered before clinical decision making in the setting of metastatic disease. At the Papanicolaou Comprehensive Cancer Center in Miami, Florida 271 patients with metastatic breast cancer received tamoxifen over a 4-year period. Only 40 of the 204 patients (19.6%) with available estrogen receptor assay information had pretreatment receptor values classically considered receptor-poor. While four patients had inevaluable tamoxifen trials and 12 patients had "compassionate" use in end-stage situations, 24 patients received tamoxifen therapy in the face of receptor-poor values because of clinical or histopathological correlates suggesting the possibility of false negative assay results. Six of 36 evaluable patients (16.6%), including those treated on "compassionate grounds," responded to tamoxifen, while 6 of 24 more highly selected patients (25%) responded. Response durations in these six patients were 11, 12, 28, 28+, 49, and 51 months, respectively; two of these six also had significant, objective tamoxifen withdrawal responses of 9 and 14 months. Based on these results, it is urged that receptor values are studied and integrated with classical clinical and histopathologic variables before making a clinical decision so that patients with receptor-poor assay results are not prematurely labeled hormonally unresponsive.
Inconclusive results of a systematic review of efficacy of antidepressants on orofacial pain disorders.

Inconclusive results of a systematic review of efficacy of antidepressants on orofacial pain disorders
Pontine hemorrhage following a recently implanted intrathecal drug delivery system.

Background: This report describes a pontine hemorrhage in a patient following implantation of an intrathecal drug delivery system. Case report: A 70-year-old old female patient with metastatic breast carcinoma underwent placement of an implantable intrathecal drug delivery system. Before implant she was neurologically intact with only mild memory deficiencies attributed to narcotics and malignancy. No recent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was on record. On post-implant day 2 after the initiation of intrathecal hydromorphone 0.45 mg/day and bupivacaine 2.7 mg/day, she developed dizziness, lethargy, and mild gait instability. Despite decreasing drug dosages, these symptoms progressed over the ensuing days, and subsequently the patient developed upper extremity numbness and tinnitus. The device was turned off on post-implant day 9 with the patient showing no signs of improvement. She underwent computerized tomography scan of the head, which identified an acute pontine hemorrhage. A follow-up MRI scan confirmed the hemorrhage and revealed a previously undiagnosed underlying metastatic lesion with surrounding vasogenic edema. She was treated with supportive measures in hospice and expired 20 days after implantation. Conclusions: This case emphasizes several important points. First, changes in neurologic and mental status after initiating intrathecal drug therapy may be related to new or pre-existing pathology and not due to intrathecal medications. Second, consideration should be given to central nervous system imaging before intrathecal pump insertion in patients with widely metastatic malignancies. Finally, cerebral spinal fluid hypotension from dural puncture may have contributed to the timing of the hemorrhage in this patient.
Modifiable risk factors for incidence of pain in older adults

Pain symptoms in aging populations have significant public health impact. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for the incidence of pain in older adults, focusing on those factors that can be modified. Secondary analyses were performed of survey data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study of US adults older than 50 years. Generalized estimating equations logistic regressions were used to evaluate the effect of selected variables on the incidence of pain using biennial (1992 through 2006) data, determining the relationship between the incidence of pain and the potential risk factors. Of the 18,439 survey respondents in 2006, 34.1% (95% CI: 33.2%, 35.0%) reported that they were often troubled by pain; 24.3% reported having moderate to severe pain; and 22.3% reported that their daily life was affected by pain. Between 1992 and 2006, 7967 individuals reported new onset of pain in 169,762 person-years of follow-up, an incidence of 4.69 (4.59, 4.80) per 100 person-years. Depression and being overweight were independent predictors associated with an increased likelihood of incident pain. Current smoking increased the likelihood of incident pain only in those subjects who also reported depression. In conclusion, pain is a common symptom in older adults. Depression, smoking, and overweight are potentially modifiable risk factors and could be considered in the prevention and management of pain in older adults.
Useful formulas for multidimensional arrays

Previous work focused on developing a complete yet concise calculus for programming multidimensional arrays that is based mainly on the essential mathematical properties of computations, that permits the expression of mathematical algorithms as in APL, and that balances abstraction and application. Primitives are defined in an architecture-independent way using algebraic notions, mainly constructors, as in the theory of lists, instead of freely defining operations as in APL. Multidimensional arrays are defined so that they possess a single type, which is a primitive concept independent of other data types or an implementation. Traditional notation for arrays is sometimes more of an obstacle than an aid. We review useful formulas and identities that lack many of the indices typically required. We show how the new notation helps to simplify some of the definitions and proofs. We give a couple examples starting from the specification of a problem.
Interaction among diet, genes, and exercise affects athletic performance and risk for chronic disease

Purpose – The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary, for both experts and non‐experts, of new findings on interactions among diet, genes, and exercise in determining the risk for chronic disease.Design/methodology/approach – The present review focuses on the key role of exercise in modulating the ratio of muscle fiber types and the resulting effects on overall health.Findings – Exercise and a diet rich in omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids modulate human gene expression and lower the risk for chronic disease. Emerging evidence, synthesized here, shows that a family of gene regulatory proteins, the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor) transcription factor family, regulates the synthesis of human muscle fibers and thereby affects glucose metabolism and the risk for obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Dietary fatty acids, in particular n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, act on PPAR family members, and thereby enhance the synthesis of specific muscle fiber types. Human muscle fibers...
Next-generation sequencing of cancer genomes: back to the future

The systematic karyotyping of bone marrow cells was the first genomic approach used to personalize therapy for patients with leukemia. The paradigm established by cytogenetic studies in leukemia (from gene discovery to therapeutic intervention) now has the potential to be rapidly extended with the use of whole-genome sequencing approaches for cancer, which are now possible. We are now entering a period of exponential growth in cancer gene discovery that will provide many novel therapeutic targets for a large number of cancer types. Establishing the pathogenetic relevance of individual mutations is a major challenge that must be solved. However, after thousands of cancer genomes have been sequenced, the genetic rules of cancer will become known and new approaches for diagnosis, risk stratification and individualized treatment of cancer patients will surely follow.
Accuracy and Precision of Estimates of Back-Calculated Channel Catfish Lengths and Growth Increments Using Pectoral Spines and Otoliths

Abstract Back-calculation of lengths at previous ages using measurements of growth increments on the bony structures of fish is a common practice, yet studies validating this procedure are few. Our objective was to determine the accuracy and precision of back-calculated lengths and the last growth increment for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus using pectoral spines and otoliths. In recent studies, the last growth increment has been related to the length of the fish at the start of the growing season to determine size-specific growth. Growth increments on basal sections of pectoral spines were measured along three radii—posterior (SP), anterior (SA), and lateral (SL)—and otoliths were measured along the ventral radius by three independent readers. Back-calculated lengths derived from eight models (biological intercept, body-proportional hypothesis [BPH] linear, BPH nonlinear, Dahl–Lee, Fraser–Lee, Morita–Matsuishi, scale-proportional hypothesis [SPH] linear, and SPH nonlinear) for each bony structure ra...
Omnidirectional free-space optical (FSO) receivers

Free-space optics (FSO) is a technology that utilizes modulated light beam to transmit information through the atmosphere. Line-of-sight connection between both FSO transceivers is a necessary condition to maintain continuous exchange of voice, video, and data information. To date, the primary concentration of mobile FSO research and development has been toward the accurate aligning between two transceivers. This study introduces an advanced FSO receiver that provides wider receiving angle compared with that of conventional FSO systems. We present data from measurements of optical power, which were very promising, and indicated that these advanced FSO receivers are suitable for FSO alignment applications and perform favorably with similar FSO receivers.
Atmospheric Powers, Global Injustice, and Moral Incompetence: Challenges to Doing Social Ethics from Below

Problems that overwhelm moral agency challenge methods of ethics that prioritize social practices. This essay explains how climate change exceeds moral competencies, criticizes climate ethics for eliding the difficulties, and the attempts to vindicate a practice-based approach by arguing for the possibility of doing ethics from incompetent projects. However, because incompetence easily becomes the excuse of injustice, I illustrate the argument with an indigenous peoples’ climate justice project that both exemplifies the creativity my approach needs and bears a strong critique of its method.
Molecular and developmental analyses of the protein encoded by the Drosophila gene ectodermal.

The Drosophila gene ectodermal (ect, located at 67D8-10 on chromosome 3) is expressed for a short period at mid-embryogenesis in all ectodermally derived tissues except the nervous system. During this stage the tissues involved form tubular structures by a process of invagination followed by cell fusion. Here we report the sequence of the ect protein as deduced from the longest ORF (280 codons) of an ect cDNA. The principal molecular features of the ect protein are: (1) a consensus leader sequence for targeting to the rough ER; (2) a central domain containing a remarkably high density of acidic residues arranged in large clusters separated by smaller clusters of hydrophobic residues; (3) a consensus nuclear-targeting sequence near the C-terminus; (4) a single tyrosine residue located at a potential tyrosine-sulfation site. The antibody staining pattern of the ect protein corresponds to the in situ hybridization pattern of the transcript. A possible role for the ect protein in the complex process of fubular formation that occurs in embryonic ectodermal tissues is discussed.
The effects of justice and cooperation on team effectiveness

This study investigates the relation between two distributive justice rules (equity and equality) and team effectiveness, and the relation between procedural justice (PJ) and team effectiveness. The extent to which cooperation mediates these relations is examined. Results from 132 teams working on an interdependent task indicate that teams operating under equality rules were more cooperative, which led to fewer errors and better quality. Results also indicate that teams exposed to higher PJ were more cooperative. The increased cooperation in teams exposed to higher PJ led to better quality and higher ratings of team viability; these effects occurred regardless of whether an equity rule or an equality rule was used to allocate rewards. Areas for future research and implications for team rewards are discussed.
BREEDING BIRDS OF RESEARCH NATURAL AREAS IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA

Abstract The Tongass National Forest encompasses a large expanse of temperate rainforest in southeastern Alaska and contains 12 designated Research Natural Areas (RNAs). Existing in as near a natural condition as possible, RNAs receive minimal commercial and recreational use. Because few bird studies have been conducted on RNAs, we used point counts and area searches to determine the occurrence and abundance of breeding landbirds present in vegetation communities of RNAs. Of 49 species of small landbirds detected during area searches, the most widely distributed birds among RNAs were rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufa), chestnut-backed chickadee (Poecile rufescens), winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus), hermit thrush (C. guttatus), varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius), and Townsend's warbler (Dendroica townsendi). The 8 most abundant species recorded on 187 point counts (>0.5 birds/point) were Pacific-slope flycatcher (Empidon...
23Na NMR studies of sodium ion interactions: Cysteine, aspartic acid, and citric acid

23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of aqueous sodium ion solutions containing cysteine, aspartic acid, and citric acid have been studied as a function of pH. Results indicate there is only a very weak interaction of cysteine and aspartic acid with sodium ion. Results with citric acid show that a sodium ion complex is formed with the citrate anion.
A new discrepancy principle

The aim of this note is to prove a new discrepancy principle. The advantage of the new discrepancy principle compared with the known one consists of solving a minimization problem approximately, rather than exactly, and in the proof of a stability result.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy experiment for Mariner Mars 1971

Scanning UV spectrometer for Mariner Mars 1971 orbital mission, investigating atmospheric composition for biological activity
Childbearing adolescents and problem behavior theory.

ABSTRACT Understanding problem behavior among adolescent mothers is critical, as their behaviors affect not only their own lives but the lives of their children. Using confirmatory factor analysis with an ethnically diverse sample of 233 pregnant adolescents, we test a hypothesis derived from problem behavior theory that diverse problem behaviors are manifestations of a single underlying construct Three measurement models of problem behaviors are compared; a single factor model, a four factor model, and a second order factor model in which a single higher order factor is posited to account for the covariation among the four factors. The results show support for the higher order factor model, suggesting a constellation of related problem behaviors in this population.
PROCESSING AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF SINTERED FIBER REINFORCED CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

ABSTRACT The paper discusses the processing and the resulting mechanical properties of sintered fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites. In situ observations of the sintering process revealed that stresses which develop due to the differential shrinkage between the fibers and the matrix initiate already during the heating cycle and are of sufficient magnitude and duration that crack like damage forms. Successful methods were employed for reducing and avoiding these stresses during the sintering process. Coarse grained alumina coatings deposited onto the fibers with a coating thickness of up to 10 µm delayed and reduced the stress development. Polymer coated fibers produced fully dense composites on which fracture toughness measurements were performed. Crack propagation and crack/fiber interaction was observed in situ inside a scanning electron microscope. The importance of studying both the crack front and the crack wake phenomena in fiber reinforced composites is illustrated. In specimens where the cr...
Studies on coronary occlusion

Abstract 1. 1. Ouabain was administered to seventeen cats before, immediately after, and two to three weeks after, coronary ligation. 2. 2. The ouabain further increased the RS-T segment deviation which was induced by the ligation. 3. 3. Pitressin, administered one week after coronary ligation, resulted in an exaggeration of the RS-T segment deviation. 4. 4. Anoxemia, induced after coronary ligation, increased the RS-T segment deviation resulting from the ouabain, but decreased that produced by pitressin. 5. 5. The minimal lethal dose of ouabain was less in cats with experimental coronary occlusion than in the controls, but increased somewhat when a week was allowed to elapse after the operation. 6. 6. From the experiments detailed above, it is concluded that the digitalis bodies cause constriction of the coronary arteries of the cat. However, the constriction is not sufficiently great to increase significantly the toxicity of ouabain in cats with ligated arteries. 7. 7. Our results do not indicate that digitalis is an especially dangerous drug to use after coronary occlusion in man.
Polarization of 1.0-MeV neutrons scattered from deuterium

Abstract Neutron polarization produced in the scattering of 1-MeV neutrons by deuterons has been measured. Asymmetry measurements were performed for c.m. scattering angles of 70°, 110° and 140° using the method of Levintov, Miller, and Shamshev. The polarization was found to be small and opposite in sign to that predicted by Delves and Brown. An asymmetry measurement was also carried out at a c.m. scattering angle of 110° for 2-MeV neutrons.
Foraging Strategies for Starving and Feeding Amoeba

Do individual cells have a search strategy when their target is outside their range of detection? Does this strategy change when a high density of targets is encountered?To answer these questions, we observed single, well-isolated cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium as they forage for bacteria on a flat surface. Time-lapse movies of this predator-prey system were recorded and analyzed. By varying the concentration of the food source over several orders of magnitude the dynamics of the amoebae as they responded to their environment could be studied.At low bacterial density the amoebae scooped up the bacteria as they passed over them without any detectable change in motion. At higher bacterial density the amoebae slowed down, picking up essentially all bacteria encountered, and were found to change their long-timescale behavior from an unbiased random walk to a self-avoiding random walk. This way the amoebae avoids searching for food in already depleted regions. A single amoeba typically ingested 250 bacteria before pausing for 15 min to divide.
Cesium ion-beam neutralization with energetic electrons

The neutralization of the positive space charge of cesium ion beams of energies up to 2500 ev by means of energetic electrons (of the order of 100 ev) is investigated experimentally. It is found that neutralization occurs provided that electrons are supplied at the same rate as the ions. The results are independent of any other parameter of the electron beam. An attempt is made to justify the observed experimental results by means of a two-stream collective scattering interaction between the energetic electrons and the ion-beam plasma. The onedimensional dispersion relation for this interaction indicates the existence of growing longitudinal oscillations under the conditions prevailing in the experiments. These oscillations may be the mechanism by which the electron drift energy is thermalized, thus leading to the observed neutralization. The results of this work suggest that neutralizing electrons can be introduced into the ion beam of an ion-propelled spaceship by means of an electron gun instead of being made available by placing a hot electron source in the vicinity of the ion beam. Through use of an electron gun, the electron current can be controlled continuously, and the electron emitter can be well protected.
A semi-Markov process model for migration of marine shrimp

Abstract This paper develops a semi-Markov process model for describing ecological data, and demonstrates the utility of the model by fitting it to data on the migration of a marked population of shrimp. Gamma transit time distributions are selected for the model by reason of the qualitative properties of their transfer rate functions. Occupancy probabilities, mean residence times and other related parameters are estimated from the data for the assumed semi-Markov process model. These results are compared to those for a corresponding Markov process model which is widely used and was previously fitted to the same data. The semi-Markov process model provides a better fit for the data with substantial increases in the precision of corresponding parameter estimates. Further generalizations of this compartmental modeling approach to other semi-Markov process models are also discussed.
The core extraction axiom for combinatorial geometries

Abstract Let D be a dependent set in a combinatorial geometry G ( S ). The core of D is the set { x ∈ D : D x is independent}. An order filter F of subsets of S is the set of dependent sets of a geometry iff for all D ∈ F , either core D is empty or core D ∈ F . This new cryptomorphism is particularly useful in the study of extensions and strong maps.
Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship : an update

Abstract The structure-reactivity approach proposed by Atkinson (1986, Chem. Rev. 86 , 69-201) and extended by Atkinson (1987, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 19 , 799-828) for the calculation of rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with organic compounds has been re-investigated using the presently available database. Substituent group factors for several new groups are derived, including those for fluorinated eithers. Using a large fraction of the available database to derive the parameters needed to calculate the OH radical reaction rate constants, the 298 K rate constants of ∼90% of approximately 485 organic compounds are predicted to within a factor of 2 of the experimental values. Disagreements between calculated and experimental rate constants most commonly occur for halogen-containing compounds, and in particular for haloalkanes, haloalkenes and halogenated ethers. Disagreements also arise for ethers, especially for polyethers and cycloethers. The present estimation technique is reasonably reliable when used within the database used in its derivation, but extrapolation to organic compounds outside of this database results in a lack of assurance of its reliability, and its use for organic compounds which belong to classes other than those used in its development is discouraged.
Orthognathic Surgeries in Patients With Congenital Craniofacial Anomalies: Profile and Hospitalization Outcomes.

Objective: To examine the occurrence of complications in patients with congenital facial anomalies who underwent orthognathic surgeries and to identify the role of patient-related factors in occurrence of complications. Design: Retrospective analysis of hospital discharge database. Setting: Nationwide inpatient sample for the years 2004 to 2010. All patients with a diagnosis of cleft lip and/or palate or congenital craniofacial anomalies and who had an orthognathic surgery were selected. Interventions: Orthognathic surgery. Main Outcome Measures: Occurrence of complications. Results: During the study period, a total of 8340 patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies underwent orthognathic surgeries. The overall complication rate was 9.1%. Six different complications (bacterial infections, hemorrhage, postoperative pneumonia, iatrogenic-induced complications such as accidental punctures/lacerations or pneumothorax, other infections, and respiratory complications) occurred in at least 1% of all patient...
New insights regarding the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Free radical-initiated autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been implicated in numerous human diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. This review covers the free radical mechanisms of lipid oxidation and recent developments of analytical techniques to analyze the lipid oxidation products. Autoxidation of PUFAs generates hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products, and further oxidation leads to cyclic peroxides as secondary oxidation products. Characterization of these oxidation products is accomplished by several mass spectrometric techniques. Ag+ coordination ion spray mass spectrometry has proven to be a powerful tool to analyze the intact lipid peroxides. Monocyclic peroxides, bicyclic endoperoxides, serial cyclic peroxides, and a novel class of endoperoxides (dioxolane-isoprostane peroxides) have been identified from the oxidation of arachidonate. Electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been applied to study lipid oxidation products ...
Regulation of cell function by rho family GTPases

Rho GTPases act as molecular switches to control many basic cellular activities that are also critical to the specialized functions of phagocytic leukocytes. Our laboratory has studied the regulation of Rho GTPase function, how these GTPases interact with specific effectors to modulate cell function, and how these events are coordinated in the stimulated cell. Areas of major interest include NADPH oxidase regulation by Rac2, Rac- and Cdc42-mediated control of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton via p21-activated kinase (PAK), and modulation of the apoptotic program by Rho GTPases and PAK.
Effect of water stress on the epicuticular wax composition and ultrastructure of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf, bract, and boll

Abstract The epicuticular waxes (EW) of leaves, bracts, and bolls of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied with respect to total accumulation, chemical composition, and their ultrastructure under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Leaf, bract, and boll accumulated 91.71 μg cm −2 , 74.18 μg cm −2 , and 152.58 μg cm −2 of wax, respectively, under well-watered conditions, while water stress increased the wax concentration to 154.60 μg cm −2 , 108.91 μg cm −2 , and 158.53 μg cm −2 in the leaf, bract, and boll, respectively. Water stress increased the number and levels of long-chain, higher molecular weight alkanes in the leaf and bract wax, whereas the water-stressed boll wax contained only the long-chain alkanes. Among the long-chain alkanes, n -octacosane (2.70%), n -nonacosane (1.76%), n -triacontane (2.10%), dotracontane (4.60%), and n -tetratriacontane (24.50%) were the chief constituents of the water-stressed leaf wax. The bract wax contained n -octacosane (3.30%) and n -triacontane (38%). n -Octacosane (21.70%), n -nonacosane (8.60%), and n -triacontane (27.90%) were the long-chain alkane constituents of the boll wax. Alkanes constituted 65.94%, 51.00%, and 58.20% of the total wax in the water-stressed leaf, bract, and the boll, respectively, whereas wax from well-watered leaf, bract, and boll contained 10.53%, 25.70%, and 91.30% alkanes, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf and bract, and the boll exterior surface had analogous wax morphology under both water-stressed and well-watered conditions. The results suggested that water stress increased the levels of long-chain alkanes in the epicuticular wax in which n -tetratriacontane was the major wax constituent of the water-stressed leaf, whereas the water-stressed bract and boll contained n -triacontane as the major wax component.
Seed Borne Late Blight of Potato

Abstract Planting of potato seed pieces infected with Phytophthora infestans can lead to the introduction of late blight within a planting. When infected seed pieces are planted, there are three re...
Modeling and prediction of ionospheric scintillation

Scintillation modeling performed thus far is based on the theory of diffraction by a weakly modulating phase screen developed by Briggs and Parkin (1963). Shortcomings of the existing empirical model for the scintillation index are discussed together with questions of channel modeling, giving attention to the needs of the communication engineers. It is pointed out that much improved scintillation index models may be available in a matter of a year or so.
The perichromosomal layer

In addition to genetic information, mitotic chromosomes transmit essential components for nuclear assembly and function in a new cell cycle. A specialized chromosome domain, called the perichromosomal layer, perichromosomal sheath, chromosomal coat, or chromosome surface domain, contains proteins required for a variety of cellular processes, including the synthesis of messenger RNA, assembly of ribosomes, repair of DNA double-strand breaks, telomere maintenance, and apoptosis regulation. The layer also contains many proteins of unknown function and is a major target in autoimmune disease. Perichromosomal proteins are found along the entire length of chromosomes, excluding centromeres, where sister chromatids are paired and spindle microtubules attach. Targeting of proteins to the perichromosomal layer occurs primarily during prophase, and they generally remain associated until telophase. During interphase, perichromosomal proteins localize to nucleoli, the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, heterochromatin, centromeres, telomeres, and/or the cytoplasm. It has been suggested that the perichromosomal layer may contribute to chromosome structure, as several of the associated proteins have functions in chromatin remodeling during interphase. We review the identified proteins associated with this chromosome domain and briefly discuss their known functions during interphase and mitosis.
3-D Model of a Total Hip Replacement In Vivo Providing Hydrodynamic Pressure and Film Thickness for Walking and Bicycling

Formulation of a 3-D lubrication simulation of a total hip replacement in vivo is presented using a finite difference approach. The goal is to determine if hydrodynamic lubrication is taking place, how thick the joint fluid film is and over what percentage of two gait cycles, (walking and bicycling), the hydrodynamic lubricating action is occurring, if at all. The assumption of rigid surfaces is made, which is conservative in the sense that pure hydrodynamic lubrication is well known to predict thinner films than elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) for the same loading. The simulation method includes addressing the angular velocity direction changes and accurate geometry configuration for the acetabular cup and femoral head components and provides a range of results for material combinations of CoCrMo-on-UHMWPE, CoCrMo-on-CoCrMo, and alumina-on-alumina components. Results are in the form of the joint fluid film pressure distributions, load components and film thicknesses of the joint fluid, for the gait cycles of walking and bicycling. Results show hydrodynamic action occurs in only about 10% of a walking gait cycle and throughout nearly 90% of a bicycling gait. During the 10% of the walking cycle that develops hydrodynamic lubrication, the minimum fluid film thicknesses are determined to be between 0.05 micron and 1.1 microns, while the range of film thicknesses for bicycling is between 0.1 micron and 1.4 microns, and occurs over 90% of the bicycling gait. Pressure distributions for these same periods are in the range of 2 MPa to 870 MPa for walking and 1 MPa to 24 MPa for bicycling.
What happens during high school chemistry laboratory sessions? A descriptive case study of the behaviors exhibited by three teachers and their students

(1994). What happens during high school chemistry laboratory sessions? A descriptive case study of the behaviors exhibited by three teachers and their students. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 37-47.