cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of male urethra: management of locally advanced disease with combined chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and penile-preserving surgery.

Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra is a rare urologic malignancy. In spite of aggressive management with radical and often times disfiguring surgery and/or radiation therapy, prognosis remains poor. Initial success in treating squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and anal canal has been reported with a combined radiation and chemotherapy protocol. In hopes for improving the treatment outcome for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the urethra, we have applied the new combination chemotherapy/radiation therapy protocol. Herein, we report the successful downstaging (clinical Stage C to pathologic Stage T0) and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of tile anterior urethra with combination chemotherapy/radiation therapy. This was followed with penile-preserving surgery to document local control of disease and to avoid the morbidity of a radical disfiguring operation.
Tobacco industry co-optation of culture? Converging culturally specific and mainstream tobacco products in India

Snus is a moist tobacco product containing finely chopped tobacco in a tea bag-like pouch, which is placed under the lip for consumption.1 Snus proponents claim that it is a less harmful option than smoking cigarettes and is lower in carcinogens than traditional smokeless tobacco products.1 2 However, concerns have been raised about the addictive potential of snus and the potential for increasing dual use of smoked and smokeless products. Snus has been heavily marketed in its native Sweden, as well as Norway, Canada and the USA.2 However, other than test marketing in Japan, the popularity and marketing of snus seems to be …
Mechanism design goes to war: peaceful outcomes with interdependent and correlated types

In this paper, we consider the possibility of identifying peaceful mechanisms such as bargaining protocols, international institutions, or norms that can enable countries to settle disputes in the absence of binding contracts. In particular, we are interested in the existence of mechanisms with zero probability of war. Here, we focus on situations where the countries’ payoffs to war are interdependent or correlated and where efficient settlements are not required but subsidies are unavailable. Most importantly, countries can choose to go to war at any time and can use information learned from the negotiation process in making this choice. We characterize the conditions under which no peaceful mechanisms exist and discuss how weakening our war consistency condition can change this result.
Distributed computation on graphs: shortest path algorithms

We use the paradigm of diffusing computation, introduced by Dijkstra and Scholten, to solve a class of graph problems. We present a detailed solution to the problem of computing shortest paths from a single vertex to all other vertices, in the presence of negative cycles.
Design implications of memristor-based RRAM cross-point structures

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies are getting mature in recent years. These emerging NVM technologies have demonstrated great potentials for the universal memory hierarchy design. Among all the technology candidates, resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is considered to be the most promising as it operates faster than phase-change memory (PCRAM), and it has simpler and smaller cell structure than magnetic memory (MRAM or STT-RAM). In contrast to a conventional MOS-accessed memory cell, memristor-based RRAM has the potential of forming a cross-point structure without using access devices, achieving ultra high density. The cross-point structure, however, brings extra challenges to the peripheral circuitry design. In this work, we study the memristor-based RRAM array design and focus on the choices of different peripherals to achieve the best trade-off among performance, energy, and area. In addition, a system-level model is built to estimate the performance, energy, and area values1.
Mutational analysis of the subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus putative fusion peptide domain.

Short hydrophobic regions referred to as fusion peptide domains (FPDs) at or near the amino terminus of the membrane-anchoring subunit of viral glycoproteins are believed to insert into the host membrane during the initial stage of enveloped viral entry. Avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses (ASLV) are unusual among retroviruses in that the region in the envelope glycoprotein (EnvA) proposed to be the FPD is internal and contains a centrally located proline residue. To begin analyzing the function of this region of EnvA, 20 substitution mutations were introduced into the putative FPD. The mutant envelope glycoproteins were evaluated for effects on virion incorporation, receptor binding, and infection. Interestingly, most of the single-substitution mutations had little effect on any of these processes. In contrast, a bulky hydrophobic substitution for the central proline reduced viral titers 15-fold without affecting virion incorporation or receptor binding, whereas substitution of glycine for the proline had only a nominal effect on EnvA function. Similar to other viral FPDs, the putative ASLV FPD has been modeled as an amphipathic helix where most of the bulky hydrophobic residues form a patch on one face of the helix. A series of alanine insertion mutations designed to interrupt the hydrophobic patch on the helix had differential effects on infectivity, and the results of that analysis together with the results observed with the substitution mutations suggest no correlation between maintenance of the hydrophobic patch and glycoprotein function. The glycoproteins of enveloped viruses facilitate entry into the target cell by binding to a cell surface receptor and mediating fusion of the viral and target cell membranes. The envelope glycoprotein of the subgroup A avian sarcoma and leu
Condensation polyimides: Synthesis, solution behavior, and imidization characteristics

Polyimides, in particular those derived from fully aromatic monomers, represent the most important class of high temperature polymers. In part, this is a direct result of their excellent combination of physical properties in addition to their outstanding thermo-oxidative stability. As a result, this class of polymers has seen relatively good success in a variety of diverse commercial applications. Although polyimides were initially intended for applications such as wire coatings and free standing films, their potential use as dielectric insulators and passivation layers in microelectronic applications has spurred a renewed interest in thse materials. In light of the new data generated by these research efforts, it is the objective of this review to tie together some of the early reports with the more recent literature data concerning the synthetic aspects of condensation polyimides, their solution behavior, and imidization characteristics. Its aim is to provide an up-to-date picture of the important factors involved in polyimide preparation and leave more detailed information to be gathered by the readers from the many key references cited if they desire. This will hopefully provide the readers with a more complete as well as correct picture of the rudiments of polyimide chemistry in addition to hopefully stimulating research interests in those areas which are less completely understood.
Introduction to the proceedings of the Turtle Creek Consensus Conference on Prehospital Care.

ing programs and the introduction of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), improving survival of patients who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest continues to be a challenge for the emergency medical services (EMS) provider.’ Experts in the field of prehospital emergency care* met in Dallas, Texas, February 25-27,1999, at the ”Turtle Creek Conference,” to discuss issues related to survival of victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Six current topics were considered: public access to defibrillation, management of difficult airways in the field, biphasic defibrillation, confirmation of airway placement, the use of intravenous (IV) amiodarone for shock refractory VF, and the all-advanced life support (ALS) vs tiered-response systems. Each session began with a presentation by experts in the respective subject, after which the attendees separated into small discussion groups for that topic. Each group, led by a team leader, formulated a consensus statement, which was presented to the entire group for further discussion and for approval as reflecting the thoughts of the group as a whole. The proceedings of the Turtle Creek Conference, as published in this issue of Prehospita1 Emergency Care, represent the presentations given by the experts and the consensus statements that evolved.
Delay-Based BPSK for Pulsed-UWB Communication

This paper proposes a practical and effective modulation technique applicable to pulsed-UWB systems that mimics the desirable, continuous spectrum of a BPSK signal without requiring an inversion in the signal path. This technique can be used for scrambling the spectrum of a PPM signal, or as a replacement for BPSK signaling. It has been implemented in an all-digital, delay line based UWB transmitter in 90 nm CMOS. An analysis of the spectral characteristics of the modulation technique is given, as well as simulation and measured results.
VIRUSES IN LABORATORY-REARED CACTUS MOTH, CACTOBLASTIS CACTORUM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae), is a non-native species threatening a variety of native cacti, particularly endangered species of Opuntia (Zimmerman et al. 2001), on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Cactoblastis cactorum populations have expanded from Florida northward along the Atlantic coast as far as Charleston, SC, and westward along the Gulf of Mexico to Dauphin Island, south of Mobile, AL. It is feared that further movement to the west will allow C. cactorum to enter the US desert Southwest and Mexico, particularly the latter. Numerous cactus species, especially those of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea, are native to the U.S. and Mexico. Local economies based on agricultural and horticultural uses of cacti could be devastated by C. cactorum (Vigueras and Portillo 2001). A bi-national control program between the US and Mexico is being developed, utilizing the sterile insect technique (SIT). In the SIT program, newly emerged moths are irradiated with a {sup 60}Co source and released to mate with wild individuals. The radiation dose completely sterilizes the females and partially sterilizes the males. When irradiated males mate with wild females, the F1 progeny of these matings are sterile. In order for the SIT programmore » to succeed, large numbers of moths must be reared from egg to adult on artificial diet in a quarantined rearing facility (Carpenter et al. 2001). Irradiated insects must then be released in large numbers at the leading edge of the invasive population and at times which coincide with the presence of wild individuals available for mating. Mortality from disease in the rearing colony disrupts the SIT program by reducing the numbers of insects available for release.« less
Comparison of high energy neutron-nucleus total cross sections with theory

A recent paper by Julius purports to show that previous estimates of the effect of inelastic screening on neutron-nucleus total cross sections are much too large. However, we show that most of this discrepancy is due to his using cross sections for diffractwe N* productton which are much too small. The rest may be due to the assumptions in h]s model. We also emphasize that expertmental support for the inelastic screening corrections does not rely on a specific choice of nuclear radii
The design of linearly polarized slotted waveguide feeds for spherical reflectors

A procedure for the design of linearly polarized slotted waveguide line feeds for spherical reflector antennas is described. The necessary equations for determining the complex propagation constant \alpha + j\beta in a line source are given in terms of reflector parameters. Guide and slot dimensions that will yield the desired \alpha and \beta are then found by making use of experimental data, presented herein. These data consist of measured values of \alpha and \beta as functions of slot length for a number of slotted waveguide test sections of various widths. The technique is applicable over a wide range of frequencies and reflector sizes. An example is given in which a feed is designed at 1420 MHz to illuminate 700 ft of aperture in the Arecibo spherical reflector.
Commercial Ku-band SATCOM on-the-move using a hybrid tracking scheme

The US Army has a requirement for long range communications to lower echelon tactical operations centers (TOCs) on-the-move (OTM). Current terrestrial radios are severely range-limited. The MITRE mission oriented investigation and experimentation (MOIE) project calls for the design and prototyping of an affordable satellite communications (SATCOM) terminal. The platform stabilization subsystem is a key component of the MITRE program. We propose a new hybrid-tracking scheme for antenna stabilization for line-of-sight (LOS) communications to a commercial satellite operating at Ku-band. Harsh terminal platform dynamic conditions while communicating with the satellite necessitate the use of tracking antennas and stabilized platform pedestals. The hybrid tracking system design includes open loop tracking with periodic closed loop updates to correct for drifting of the inertial system. It combines the use of fiber optic gyroscopic (FOG) sensors with RF-based conical gimbal/step scan feedback. While the gyros compensate for the fast vehicle motion, the lower bandwidth RF tracking loop corrects for the low rate/DC drift errors. The novelty in our approach consists of combining these two tracking loops to minimize the tracking scan-loss. The low-cost aspect of our platform stabilization design is credited to the use of FOG sensors. The hybrid design relies heavily on the use of high quality FOGs to track in a "selective-open loop (RF-wise) pointing mode".
Rural Manufacturing on the Crest of the Wave: A Count Data Analysis of Technology Use

This study compares the extent of technology use by rural and urban manufacturing plants. Count data regression models explain technology use as a function of rural-urban indicator variables, plant characteristics, and location characteristics. The results show no difference in technology use due to rural-urban location. Characteristics of nonmetro plants, including size, prevalency of branch plants, and nature of production process, tend to raise nonmetro manufacturing technology use. Lower nonmetro schooling levels, an older labor force, and mix of industries with low technology use tend to reduce technology use in nonmetro areas.
The Use of Game Dynamics to Enhance Curriculum and Instruction: What Teachers Can Learn from the Design of Video Games

Video games have received an increased amount of attention from educational institutions due to their widespread use and their ability to engage and sustain players in difficult learning tasks for extended amounts of time. While many studies have been done on digital games' potential to impact learning, only recently has educational research begun to analyze the game dynamics embedded in video games used to immerse students in difficult problem-solving and to support their learning. This article examines the need for public school educators to adapt a game design mentality when designing secondary level curriculum and instruction. Game design is presented as a tool for improving student learning and suggestions are offered for how educators can incorporate game dynamics such as narrative context, explicit interconnectedness, well-ordered problems, control, choice, customization, and co-design.
Single high dose-large field irradiation in drug resistant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Single high dose-large field irradiation (SHD-LFI), also described as half-body irradiation (HBI), has previously been reported as an effective modality for the palliation of symptoms in a number of solid tumors. This report concerns the ability of SHD-LFI to produce palliation of symptoms and/or objective response in patients with drug resistant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). From 1981 to 1984, 34 patients with advanced drug resistant NHL were treated with SHD-LFI either to the whole abdomen (24 patients) or to the upper half body (10 patients). Overall, 19 of 23 patients achieved symptomatic improvement, while objective response was noted in 23 of 30 patients. We noted subjective and objective response in all histologies, and duration of response was not significantly different. Our results suggest a beneficial role for the early and judicious use of SHD-LFI in NHL.
The effect of wrist force sensor stiffness on the control of robot manipulators

This paper analyzes the effects of the mechanical stiffness of end effector force sensors on the control of robot manipulators. Modeling of the general manipulator-sensor system is presented, along with a detailed investigation of a single joint case. Analytical and experimental results indicate that the use of a mechanically compliant sensor permits a more responsive force controlled system to be realized. In addition, an active compensator for sensor deflections was developed to recover the static positional stiffness of the manipulator.
Homoepitaxial n-core: p-shell gallium nitride nanowires: HVPE overgrowth on MBE nanowires.

We present the homoepitaxial growth of p-type, magnesium doped gallium nitride shells by use of halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on n-type gallium nitride nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Scanning electron microscopy shows clear dopant contrast between the core and shell of the nanowire. The growth of magnesium doped nanowire shells shows little or no effect on the lattice parameters of the underlying nanowires, as measured by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Photoluminescence measurements of the nanowires show the appearance of sub-bandgap features in the blue and the ultraviolet, indicating the presence of acceptors. Finally, electrical measurements confirm the presence of electrically active holes in the nanowires. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Women's Political Discourse: A 21st Century Perspective

Women's Political Discourse: A 21st Century Perspective. By Molly Mayhead and Brenda Devoe Marshall. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 2005. 304 pp. 26.00 paper.Political discourse has proven a worthy source of material for scholarly investigation into power, politics, and policymaking. Policy scholars have frequently used discourse to explore issue framing, media content, and policy decisions (e.g., Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics, 1993; Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda Building, 1983; Deborah Stone, Policy Paradox, 1997; Nayda Terkildsen, Frauke I. Schnell, and Cristina Ling, “Interest Groups, the Media, and Policy Debate Formation: An Analysis of Message Structure, Rhetoric, and Source Cues,” Political Communication 15 [1998]: 45–61). As a tool for investigating abortion debates (e.g., Myra Marx Ferree, William Anthony Gamson, Jurgen Gerhards, and Dieter Rucht, Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the U.S., 2002) or sex education (e.g., Janice M. Irvine, Talk about Sex: The Battles over Sex Education in the U.S., 2002), discourse also reveals the gendered dimensions of contemporary American politics. At the same time, this insight is not lost on advocates and opinion leaders: “Words are … bullets” in the culture wars, says James Dobson, founder of the conservative evangelical group Focus on the Family (quoted in Irvine 2002, 73).
Linguistic Obfuscation in Fraudulent Science

The rise of scientific fraud has drawn significant attention to research misconduct across disciplines. Documented cases of fraud provide an opportunity to examine whether scientists write differen...
Nonparametric methods for analyzing recurrent gap time data with application to infections after hematopoietic cell transplant

Infection is one of the most common complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Many patients experience infectious complications repeatedly after transplant. Existing statistical methods for recurrent gap time data typically assume that patients are enrolled due to the occurrence of an event of interest, and subsequently experience recurrent events of the same type; moreover, for one-sample estimation, the gap times between consecutive events are usually assumed to be identically distributed. Applying these methods to analyze the post-transplant infection data will inevitably lead to incorrect inferential results because the time from transplant to the first infection has a different biological meaning than the gap times between consecutive recurrent infections. Some unbiased yet inefficient methods include univariate survival analysis methods based on data from the first infection or bivariate serial event data methods based on the first and second infections. In this article, we propose a nonparametric estimator of the joint distribution of time from transplant to the first infection and the gap times between consecutive infections. The proposed estimator takes into account the potentially different distributions of the two types of gap times and better uses the recurrent infection data. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are established.
Propagating dendritic action potential mediates synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal cells in situ

1. The events leading to the Schaffer collateral-induced discharge of CA1 pyramidal neurons were investigated in the hippocampus of anesthetized rats by current source-density (CSD) analysis. 2. The earliest evoked currents detected shortly after a stimulus were a sink in the zone where synapses are known to be located (300-350 microns ventral to the somatic layer) flanked by two smaller sources in the distal portion of the apical dendrites and in the somatic layer. This synaptic sink (SyS) extended over 75-100 microns; it lasted for 15-20 ms, and it reached its maximum amplitude some milliseconds after the population spike (PS) and remained in the same location. Stimuli submaximal and supramaximal for evoking a PS yielded the same pattern of current distribution for the SyS. Presynaptic fiber volleys were not detected in these recordings. 3. During the rising phase of the SyS a second sink appeared in a more proximal portion of the apical dendrites. This late dendritic sink (LS) extended over 50-75 microns and was centered 100-150 microns ventral to the somatic layer. This proximal dendritic sink was of amplitude comparable with the SyS; it outlasted the latter and was not necessarily followed by a somatic PS. The LS was extinguished with the appearance of a PS, whereas the SyS persisted regardless of the presence of a PS. 4. After maximal stimuli the LS grew until it exceeded a threshold amplitude, and then, it started to move somatopetally as a continuously propagating sink (PrS). The average speed of propagation was approximately 0.2 m/s. In 0.5-0.7 ms the PrS reached the cell-body layer displacing the passive source that moved into the basal dendrites. The PrS then became the intensive sink corresponding to the main (negative) phase of the somatic PS. This was followed by the development of an active source in the soma layer, probably corresponding to the repolarization phase of the PS. 5. From these observations it appears that the LS and PrS are active dendritic responses. It may be inferred that, shortly after the synaptic currents enter the dendrites, depolarization of adjacent membranes causes the opening of low-threshold, voltage-dependent, slowly inactivating channels that generate the LS. If the depolarization resulting from the LS current is intense enough, another population of channels open that are also voltage-dependent but of higher threshold and faster inactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abstract 20452: Microrna-200b Induces Endothelial Progenitor Cell Apoptosis and Senescence by Targeting Cjun Expression

Introduction: Lineage negative bone marrow cells (Lin - BMCs) mediate vascular repair. Aging-associated apoptosis and senescence result in reduced number and impair Lin - BMCs’s pro-repair capacity. Molecular mechanisms underlying lin - BMCs apoptosis and senescence remain poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate many important biological processes. The identification of miRNA-mRNA networks that modulate the health and functionality of lin - BMCs is a critical step in understanding the process of vascular repair. Hypothesis: miR-200b-cJun network plays a vital role in regulating Lin - BMCs apoptosis, senescence and self renewal in angiogenesis. Methods: Lin - BMCs were isolated from young (3-week-old) wild type (WT), young apoE -/- , aged WT (29-month-old) and aged apoE -/- (12 month-old) C57BL/6 mice. Global miRNA and gene expression profiling were analyzed. Results: Transcriptome analysis in Lin - BMCs isolated from young and aged WT and apoE -/- mice showed a significant aging-associated increase in miR-200b expression. We found that C-Jun was predicted to be a miR-200b target and c-Jun expression was reversely correlated with miR-200b levels. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed c-Jun as a direct target of miR-200b. MiR-200b overexpression in young lin-BMCs inhibited c-Jun expression, resulting in increased senescence and apoptosis in vitro and impaired angiogenic capacity in vivo . In contrast, suppression of miR-200b or overexpression of c-Jun in aged lin - BMCs increased c-Jun expression rejuvenated Lin - BMCs with decreased senescence and apoptosis, leading to improved angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo . Conclusions: Using genomic and functional studies, we discovered that miR-200b regulates apoptosis and senescence of age-associated lin - BMCs by suppressing c-Jun expression, thus negatively affecting vascular repair capacity of those cells in atherogenesis. Modulation of miR-200b and/or its target c-Jun may suggest a potential therapeutic intervention to improve Lin - BMCs-mediated angiogenesis and vascular repair.
Layer 1 Virtual Private Network Service in a Heterogeneous Network Element Environment

The performance of Layer 1 Virtual Private Network services remotely provisioned among three distinct networks, composed of heterogeneous network elements, with the physical and management networks located in two geographically diverse laboratories is described.
Incorporating Forecast Uncertainty in Utility Control Center

To improve the system control performance characteristics, maintain system reliability, and minimize expenses related to the system balancing functions, it becomes necessary to incorporate the uncertainty information into the scheduling, load following, and, to some extent, into the regulation processes. It is also important to address this problem comprehensively by considering all sources of uncertainty. This chapter considers sources of uncertainty and variability, overall system uncertainty model, a possible plan for transition from deterministic to probabilistic methods in planning and operations, and one example of uncertainty-based tools for grid operations. This chapter is based on work conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).
Flyby Characterization of Lower-Degree Spherical Harmonics Around Small Bodies

Interest in studying small bodies has grown significantly in the last two decades, and there are a number of past, present, and future missions. These small body missions challenge navigators with significantly different kinds of problems than the planets and moons do. The small bodies' shape is often irregular and their gravitational field significantly weak, which make the designing of a stable orbit a complex dynamical problem. In the initial phase of spacecraft rendezvous with a small body, the determination of the gravitational parameter and lower-degree spherical harmonics are of crucial importance for safe navigation purposes. This motivates studying how well one can determine the total mass and lower-degree spherical harmonics in a relatively short time in the initial phase of the spacecraft rendezvous via flybys. A quick turnaround for the gravity data is of high value since it will facilitate the subsequent mission design of the main scientific observation campaign. We will present how one can approach the problem to determine a desirable flyby geometry for a general small body. We will work in the non-dimensional formulation since it will generalize our results across different size/mass bodies and the rotation rate for a specific combination of gravitational coefficients.
Military Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) Propulsion Systems Design

This paper deals with the parameters that must be considered in the selection and design of propulsion systems for military VTOL aircraft. Some of these parameters, for instance lightweight, are applicable to engines for all types of aircraft. For the VTOL aircraft, special emphasis must be placed on many of these parameters since aircraft takeoff gross weight determines engine size. Other significant considerations in the selection of the propulsion system include: (a) the ratio of subsonic cruise thrust to maximum thrust; and, (b) exhaust downwash characteristics. Consideration (a) is important because, in the case where no auxiliary lift engines or devices are used, subsonic cruise thrust is about 25 to 30 percent maximum, and at this low power setting, specific fuel consumption is increasing rapidly. Exhaust downwash characteristics are significant because of the variety of landing and takeoff sites likely to be encountered (i.e., shipboard or unprepared fields).© 1972 ASME
Researchs of etiological surveillance of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wuhua County

Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics and variation of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)in Wuhua county.Methods The stool samples of HFMD cases in sentinel surveillance hospitals were collected in Wuhua county from 2010 to 2012.The total EV,EV71 and CoxA16 nucleic acid were examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Results The 125 stool samples were collected,115 cases were positive for EV with the positive rate of75.66%.The difference of EV positive rates between different year were not statistically significant(P0.05).The positive rates of EV71,CoxA16 and other enterovirus were 23.03%,18.42% and 34.21%,respectively,showing statistically significant difference(P0.01).The epidemic strain was EV71 in 2010,and other enterovirus was epidemic in 2011 and 2012,there were not statistically significant difference between different gender and different age(P 0.05).EV71,CoxA16 and other enteroviruses alternately change throughout the year.Conclusion The epidemic strain of HFMD had dynamically changed in Wuhua county.The etiological surveillance of HFMD be strengthened,for grasping the prevalent rule of strain and making control and preventive measures.
In vitro effects of Danhong injection on electrocardiogram and proarrhythmias in the rabbit left ventricular wedge preparation

Objective To investigate the effects of Danhong injection on electrical activity of rabbit heart.Methods The arterially perfused rabbits left ventricular preparations were used in the experiments.The preparations were stimulated at basic cycle lengths(BCL) of 1000 ms for 1 h before the experiment started.The Danhong injection was set in trial group.Captopril was set as a negative control group and sparfloxacin as a positive control group.The transmural ECG was recorded and QRS duration,QT interval,Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio were measured.Results Donghong injection had no significant effect on QRS duration in the concentration ranges tested.At concentrations of 20 mL·L-1 and 60 mL·L-1,Danhong injection could produce a small but statistically significant QT prolongation.However,this effect is comparable to the negative control drug captopril.Both Danhong injection and captopril had no significant effect on Tp-e and Tp-e/QT ratio,also,which did not cause any proarrhythmic events in any preparation at any concentration.Conclusion Danghong injection possesses no significant risk of TdP and other proarrhythmias like ventricular tachycardia in the concentration less than or on the verge of 30 times of free therapeutic plasma Cmax.
Study on the immunoisolation effect of TiO_2/porous Ti composite membranes

A composite TiO2 membrane supported on porous Ti planar was prepared by sol-gel technique with tetrabutyl titanate in order to resolve the disadvantages of common immunoisolated membranes,such as low mechanical strangth swelling after exposure to body fluid and weak resistance to organic solvents.The caulking method was used to prepare TiO2/Ti composite membrane for preventing membrane cracking,which resulted from the different thermal expansion coefficients between the two kinds of materials. The immunoisolated effects of the composite membranes were examined by permeation experiment.The results showed that the TiO2/porous Ti composite membranes,which were dip-coated more than three times,could be inhibited the passage of immunoglobulin and immune cells.At the same time,the small molecule substances(for example,glucose) were able to pass freely through the composite membrane by diffusion.These results indicated that the composite membranes could be applied to immunoisolation,and have a good immunoisolation effect.
Survey on a Food Poisoning Incident Caused by Misuse or Human Poisoning of Clenbuterol

Objective To investigate the causes leading to a human food poisoning in a town of Changsha,and provide a basis for making the targeted prevention and control measures. Methods Uniform case definition and questionnaires were used for field case studies. Suspicious meals,suspicious food and other risk factors were initially identified by the on- site survey and the suspicious production process of suspicious food was also investigated detailedly. The surplus food,and the vomit and blood of the cases were further tested with laboratory detection. With comprehensive consideration of the epidemiological history,clinical signs and symptoms,and the results of laboratory test,the causes of the food poisoning were determined. Results Ninety- one cases were involved in the incident,with the attack rate of 4. 50%( 91 /2, 020). The cases mainly got with vomiting,nausea,palpitations, dizziness,hands and feet jitter,fatigue,and headache. The shortest incubation period was a few minutes,and the longest reached to three hours,with a median of 40 minutes. Results of the investigation showed that having dinner and having dinner with the meat chowder on April 23rd were the suspicious meals and food resulted in the incident. Clenbuterol hydrochloride was detected in the vomit and blood of the cases and the specimens of the meat chowder,but it was not detected in the other specimens. Conclusions The food poisoning incident was caused by a dinner included with clenbuterol hydrochloride,and the meat chowder provided in the dinner on April 23rd was identified as the poisoning food.
Compliance risk analysis of schistosomiasis control of the disease controlling areas in Hubei province

Objective To analyse the risk factors for compliance of schistosomiasis transmission control in the disease control areas in Hubei province, 2011. Methods Risk factors including resident, livestock and infected snails of schistosomiasis were evaluated by using the method of retrospective survey, radar chart method and multiple factor analysis in the disease control areas in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2011. Results The number of infected snails and the number of villages with infection rate for residents and cattle more than or equal to 1% showed a declining trend in disease control areas from 2009 to2011. To the end of 2011, the resident infection rate of schistosomiasis was the most important risk factors. The percentages of villages of high risk, moderate risk and low risk were 1.01%, 13.70% and 26.97%, respectively, among the whole 3 459 endemic villages in the disease control areas. Conclusion The current risk for compliance of schistosomiasis transmission control in the disease control areas in Hubei province was high. So, we should focus on the implementation of "one village,one policy" program in 1 442 endemic villages in the disease control areas to ensure to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis transmission control in whole province in 2013.
Polyps and Cancer of the Colon

This chapter discusses the pathology of polyps and cancer of the colon. It also discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of polyps and cancer of the colon. Any mucosal protuberance that juts into the lumen of the intestine may justifiably be called a polyp. There is a considerable variety of types of polyp that are of clinical importance. The most important of these types are the inflammatory, the hamartomatous, the metaplastic, and the adenomatous. Of these, only adenomatous polyps are true neoplasms and, thus, are of the greatest clinical interest because of the frequency with which they undergo malignant change. Neoplastic polyps are of three types: (1) tubular adenomata that consist of branching epithelial tubules surrounded by lamina propria, (2) villous adenomata that are long, frond-like processes of lamina propria covered by crowded neoplastic epithelium, and (3) tubulovillous adenomata that contain features of both of the other types. The chapter discusses the close relationship of colonic adenomata to cancer of the colon that is supported by many observations. While these observations are quite disparate, they collectively build a strong case of circumstantial evidence supporting the adenoma-cancer connection. Surgical resection is the only satisfactory definitive treatment for colorectal carcinomas. Even when distant metastases to the liver or lungs are known to be present, there is merit in removing the primary tumor to prevent later obstruction of the colon and hemorrhage, and to reduce the tumor burden prior to chemotherapy. The presence of a large rectal cancer usually requires proctocolectomy with permanent descending colostomy, but smaller exophytic rectal tumors may be successfully managed at times with extensive fulguration followed by radiation therapy.
Omission Training Results in More Resurgence than Alternative Reinforcement

Resurgence refers to the reemergence of a previously reinforced response following the extinction of a more recently reinforced response. In a published study, resurgence occurred to a lesser extent following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) than differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) with pigeons, but this effect has not been replicated with humans. We conducted a within-subject comparison of resurgence following DRA and DRO, using a human-operant preparation. Six college students earned points by clicking a mouse button across two-component multiple schedules. During both baseline components, points were delivered for the first click to a black circle after 2 s. Responding on the black circle decreased during the second phase, using a DRA in one component and a DRO in the other component. We tested for resurgence by terminating point deliveries (extinction) during both components in the third phase. For three of the participants, more resurgence occurred in the component previously associated with DRO than the component previously associated with DRA. The other three participants showed more resurgence in the first component experienced during extinction, regardless of whether that component was associated with DRA or DRO. However, resurgence was exacerbated when the first component during extinction was DRO rather than DRA. Although sequence influenced resurgence, DRA may be preferable to DRO as an intervention when resurgence is a concern.
Perception versus reality: How perceived competition influences product innovation

Drawing on search and organizational learning theory, this study examines how managers’ perceptions of competition influence innovation. Controlling for objective competitors and using the Microsof...
Grounding Cardio-Oncology in Basic and Clinical Science.

The development of cardio-oncology as a clinical field has been driven by improved therapeutics resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of cancer survivors (≈15 500 000 in the United States alone) many of whom experience cardiovascular complications related to their cancer treatments.1 Both traditional and targeted therapies can affect the cardiovascular system, resulting in hypertension, heart failure, myocarditis, arrhythmias, vascular disease, and thrombosis. Although recurrence of cancer is the eventual cause of death in many cancer survivors, cardiovascular disease is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in this population. Thus, effective means of mitigating cardiovascular complications of cancer therapies would have substantial impact on health. Unfortunately, definitive strategies to predict, prevent, monitor, and treat chemotherapy-induced cardiovascular syndromes are currently lacking for several reasons. First, mechanistically distinct cancer therapies can cause heterogeneous cardiovascular sequelae. Second, molecular mechanisms that mediate these syndromes are poorly understood. Last, evidence-based knowledge pertaining to some of the most important clinical questions is not yet available. Because of this situation, most clinical guidelines are based on consensus statements. To illustrate how gaps in basic and clinical knowledge may combine to produce suboptimal disease models on which to base diagnosis and treatment strategies, consider the concept of type I versus type II cardiomyopathy.2 This paradigm was introduced in 2005 to contrast heart failure syndromes resulting from doxorubicin and trastuzumab. …
Impact of treated wastewater for irrigation on soil microbial communities

The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation has been suggested as an alternative to use of fresh water because of the increasing scarcity of fresh water in arid and semiarid regions of the world. However, significant barriers exist to widespread adoption due to some potential contaminants that may have adverse effects on soil quality and or public health. In this study, we investigated the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities and the presence of potential pathogenic bacterial sequences in TWW in comparison to synthetic fresh water (SFW) using pyrosequencing. The results were analyzed using UniFrac coupled with principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) to compare diversity and abundance of different bacterial groups in TWW irrigated soils to soils treated with SFW. Shannon diversity index values (H') suggest that microbial diversity was not significantly different (P<0.086) between soils with TWW and SFW. Pyrosequencing detected sequences of 17 bacterial phyla with Proteobacteria (32.1%) followed by Firmicutes (26.5%) and Actinobacteria (14.3%). Most of the sequences associated with nitrifying bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, carbon degraders, denitrifying bacteria, potential pathogens, and fecal indicator bacteria were more abundant in TWW than in SFW. Therefore, TWW effluent may contain bacterial that may be very active in many soil functions as well as some potential pathogens.
Recent Experiments in Memory Transfer

UNGAR and his colleagues have recently identified and synthesized a polypeptide that appears to cause avoidance of a dark chamber when injected into mice in doses of 0.5 micrograms. UNGAR has called this substance “scotophobin”, and has provided samples for testing in our laboratory. Our initial attempts to replicate UNGAR’s work yielded success, but only when we injected our mice with 3 to 6 times as much scotophobin as UNGAR found most effective. When we controlled for possible degradation of the material, however, we obtained results similar to those from UNGAR’s laboratory. Additional research suggests that the effect is highly specific to the experimental situation in which scotophobin was originally obtained and that scotophobin does not merely cause an increase in general emotionality or a generalized “fear of the dark”. New behavioral measures of the strength of the effect have proved at least as sensitive as the older way of merely counting the number of seconds that injected animals spent in dark or white chambers.
Estimation of Nonlinear Models in a Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Framework with Spatial Data

In this paper, I study the estimation of nonlinear models of spatial processes. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are applied to cross section data with spatial correlations. I use a partial quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (PQMLE) in the …rst step and use a GEE approach in the second step. Given some regularity conditions and assumptions, the asymptotic distribution of the two-step estimator is derived in the framework of M-estimation. I use a probit model and a count data model to demonstrate the GEE procedure. Monte Carlo
Compatibility and Practical Properties of Polymer Blends

The rubber, coatings, adhesives, and thermoset plastics industries have a long history of blending polymers to optimize the balance of properties for specific applications (1–3). The thermoplastics industry approached the concept much more cautiously and pessimistically over the past four decades. The need for improved balance of properties,and the potential ability of polymer blends to satisfy this need, converged in the successful commercial development of high-impact polystyrene, ABS, rigid polyvinyl chloride, high-impact polypropylene, modified polyphenylene oxide, and four families of thermoplastic elastomers, during the 1940’s to the 1960’s. More recently, with growing activity in theoretical analysis and practical applications, polymer blending has become a major area for vigorous growth in the past several years (4–9). Properties of plastics which have most often been improved by polymer blending include processability, strength, ductility, impact strength, tack/lubricity, abrasion resistance, heat deflection temperature, low-temperature impact/flexibility, flame retardance, permeability, environmental stress-crack resistance, UV/biodegradability, and price.
A Theory of Local Common Law

The common law in the United States is conventionally understood as a primarily state-level phenomenon, with slivers of federal common law. Yet local courts — city and county courts as well as lower state courts — articulate common law doctrine and procedural norms that vary at the sub-state level, often markedly. Local courts provide the forum to which most Americans turn to resolve their conflicts, yet scholarship on local courts, and local law, remains remarkably thin. This Article begins to fill this gap, showing for the first time that local courts are actively engaged in constructing “local common law.” This activity, in fact, fits well within the courts’ expertise in creating state common law, which itself demonstrates localist tendencies. The local judicial independence that local common law represents is normatively justifiable on many grounds — it is efficient, respects local norms, and increases flexibility — but it also raises significant concerns. Local common law correlates with disparate treatment of similarly situated individuals on the basis of where they live or their financial means. Local common law also provides inadequate notice, given the thousands of local jurisdictions and the informational burdens of identifying local substantive and procedural common law. And local common law threatens to infringe on state interests. As the burgeoning scholarship on local governance has shown, local autonomy should be heralded — and also should inspire caution. This Article develops a theory of local common law, demonstrating the conditions under which this localist jurisprudence is most likely to develop and highlighting the phenomenon’s normative and practical consequences. This framework not only sheds light on an intriguing and little-studied aspect of local legal practice but also can be extended to a host of other scales at which one might find “common law.”