cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithium Upregulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Brain Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes

Background and Purpose— We recently reported that delayed lithium therapy can improve stroke recovery in rats by augmenting neurovascular remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that lithium can promote the expression of growth factors in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes. Methods— Human brain microvascular endothelial cells and primary rat cortical astrocytes were exposed to lithium chloride in serum-free medium. We examined 2 representative growth factors: brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Cell lysates were collected for Western blot analysis. Conditioned media was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SB-216763 and LY294002 were used to assess the roles of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and PI3-K signaling in the lithium-induced responses. Results— No consistent responses were observed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. However, lithium (0.2 to 20 mmol/L) increased the phosphorylation of GSK-3β and promoted VEGF secretion in a co...
The phytoplankton composition and population enrichment in gelatinous “macroaggregates” in the northern Adriatic during the summer of 1989

Abstract “Macroaggregates” and samples of the surrounding seawater were collected at 10-m depths on a transect along a trophic gradient in the northern Adriatic. Autotrophic micro-, nano- and picoplankton were enumerated by epifluorescence microscopy. Phytoplankton cell densities in the gelatinous “macroaggregates” were up to four orders of magnitude higher than in the surrounding seawater. Microplankton exhibited the highest enrichment factors relative to nano- and picoplankton (20- and 12-fold, respectively). The degree of enrichment was higher at the less eutrophic eastern side, because the organism abundances in the seawater were lower and because the populations in the “macroaggregates” were more abundant. “Macroaggregates” exhibited a temporal succession of species similar to the surrounding seawater, with an indication of a time-lag for the dominants in the surrounding seawater, to attain dominance in the “macroaggregates”. However the diatoms Nitzschia longissima and Nitzschia closterium maintained a prominent contribution to the “macroaggregate” microplankton throughout the study, irrespective of their density in the surrounding seawater, suggesting that they were embedded in the gelatinous matrix earlier in the succession and protected from grazers maintained their growth within the “macroaggregate”. Significant correlations between enrichment factors and “macroaggregate” microplankton cell densities, combined with poor correlations with seawater cell densities, suggest that once organisms are embedded they become less dependent on contemporary processes in the surrounding seawater.
Time course of a perceptual enhancement effect for noise-masked speech in reverberant environments

Speech intelligibility has been shown to improve with prior exposure to a reverberant room environment [Brandewie and Zahorik (2010). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, 291–299] with a spatially separated noise masker. Here, this speech enhancement effect was examined in multiple room environments using carrier phrases of varying lengths in order to control the amount of exposure. Speech intelligibility enhancement of between 5% and 18% was observed with as little as 850 ms of exposure, although the effect's time course varied considerably with reverberation and signal-to-noise ratio. In agreement with previous work, greater speech enhancement was found for reverberant environments compared to anechoic space.
Symmetrical erosive peripheral polyarthritis in the Late Archaic Period of Alabama

Rheumatoid arthritis was first described unambiguously in 1800, but its etiology and historical origins are still obscure. Definite rheumatoid arthritis has not been demonstrated in pre-19th century Old World skeletal remains. Six individuals who lived 3000 to 5000 years ago in northwestern Alabama and present erosive polyarthritis characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis are described. The diagnosis raises the possibility that rheumatoid arthritis can be associated with a New World pathogen or allergen.
Pulmonary Function in Normal Subjects and Patients with Sarcoidosis after Bronchoalveolar Lavage

To determine if fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with bronchoalveolar lavage impairs pulmonary function in normal subjects or those with sarcoidosis, we measured flow-volume loops, thoracic gas volume, and single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity before, one half hour and 24 hours after lavage. We studied 12 normal subjects; six underwent a large volume lavage (approximately 500 ml saline instilled), and six underwent a small volume lavage (approximately 175 ml). Five subjects with sarcoidosis also had a small volume lavage. Six control subjects underwent FOB without lavage. The FOB alone produced no significant changes in pulmonary function one half hour after the procedure. Small volume lavage in normal subjects produced no change except for a 16.3 ±5.1 percent (mean± SEM) decline in peak expiratory flow rate (p
Future directions for immunotherapeutic intervention against sarcomas.

Purpose of reviewTo discuss advances in immunotherapy as pertaining to systemic therapy for sarcomas.Recent findingsDevelopments in immunology will have direct relevance to studies in sarcomas and other cancers in the near future. Vaccines employing peptides are the backbone of many studies today du
The effects of phosphonates on experimental osteoporosis.

The effect of a diphosphonate, EHDP, was studied in two experimental models in the rat: local immobilization osteoporosis and systemic cortisone-induced osteoporosis. EHDP was able to prevent the local bone loss brought about by surgical immobilization of the left hind limb, but was ineffective in preventing the systemic bone loss produced by cortisone administration. The most prevalent action of EHDP is the production of large amounts of osteoid; it seems to have little effect on bone resorption. The lack of consistent findings in both models suggests that systemic bone-losing disorders cannot be extrapolated from local bone atrophy.
Non-Maximally Decimated Analysis/Synthesis Filter Banks: Applications in Wideband Digital Filtering

We present a new class of highly effective and low complexity digital filters for processing very wideband signals. Digital filtering for wideband signals is often limited by the number of arithmetic operations that has to be performed per input sampling interval. We will show the new architecture permits filtering to be performed on partitioned spectral segments of the input signal at significantly reduced sample rate. The digital filtering will be shown to include various tasks such as linear/non-linear phase finite impulse response (FIR) filtering, fractional delay filter among others. The proposed technique utilizes the framework of non-maximally decimated filter banks (NMDFBs) with perfect reconstruction (PR) property, which makes the filter bank design simpler and more flexible. Compact representation for the generalized DFT based NMDFBs as well as its efficient polyphase implementation will be provided. The digital filtering is made possible by incorporating the desired intermediate processing elements in between the analysis and synthesis filter banks. We will show this embedded intermediate processing elements can achieve spectral shaping/signal manipulation task, which is a generalization of the concept of manipulating a digital filter in the frequency domain. We also analyze both analytically and experimentally, the spectral shaping accuracy based on different design strategies.
The ontogenesis of intelligence: evaluating the Piaget theory.

T HE COMPLEXITY and the far-reaching implications of Jean Piaget’s theory of the ontogenesis of intelligence have been evaluated in a variety of ways by different investigators. Piaget’*3 has postulated 4 stages in normal intellectual development: sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); preoperational (2 to 7 years); concrete operational (7 to 11 years); and formal operational (above 1 I years). Crucial to an understanding of these 4 stages is Piaget’s concept of conservation (sameness, invariation) applied to matter and quantity. Conservation refers to the idea that the mass of an object remains the same no matter how much the form changes. Prior to the attainment of this concept, during the sensorimotor stage, the child’s thought is dominated by his perceptions. He cannot cancel out the effects of change in order to focus on elements of an experience which remain unchanged. During the preoperational stage, the child begins the development of language and recalls his repertoire of actions and responses to objects he encounters; it is “preoperational” because his thought processes are not yet reversible. He may be struck by similarities in the properties of objects, but he does not by his own actions arrange and disarrange them so that objects are ordered and related. During the third stage of concrete operations, reversibility of the thought process relating to a manipulation of an object is present, but the child’s thinking is still bound to direct experience. Piaget postulates that this reversibility of thought is essential before classification and seriation can occur. After entering the final stage of formal operations, the person can construct theories and make logical deductions without the necessity for direct experience. The experiments which Piaget utilized in deriving his theory of development of logical thought have been repeated by various investigators. The first replication study by Estes4 did not establish the stages postulated by Piaget. However, in general, later and more technically rigorous studies have supported his findings regarding the sequence of stages in terms of conservation of number and quantity.5-7 However most of the replication studies suggested that the stages are not as clearcut as proposed by Piaget and the development in a given child may be uneven (i.e., he may attain conservation in one task and not reveal it in another).8*g The replication studies have the common defect that each studies different groups of children over time to observe development. Goodnow studied Chinese school boys and found that there is gross similarity in performance on Piaget’s conservation tasks among boys of different nationality and education. Piaget also maintained that the attainment of the concept of conservation of
Editorial: Changing the Change Agents through Palliative Care Education for Psycho-Oncology Professionals

This special issue of OMEGA celebrates the institutional change efforts of 28 selected psychologists, social workers, and spiritual care professionals who participated in the ACE Project, a transdisciplinary palliative care education program funded through the National Cancer Institute (2006-2012). Participants reflect the three disciplines targeted by this educational grant and report on the institutional change efforts that emerged from their ACE Project activities. An article describing the ACE Project is followed by articles that address the participants’ work to enhance collaborative palliative practice, address the concerns of diverse populations, integrate spiritual and existential care into palliative care, and their efforts to improve the delivery of end-of-life and bereavement support services within their institutions. The articles that follow are authored by 28 ACE Project participants who responded to an invitation to share their work through this special issue. Many of these authors are being published for the first time and each reported that the experience of being a part of the ACE Project inspired them to more formally disseminate their work through additional venues.
JSIM database: a web-based database application using XML

This paper presents an approach of enabling object-relational databases with XML by introducing a three-tier Web-based database application using an XML-SQL utility. We hope to identify some problems arising from managing XML documents as well as the benefits of this new technology. Our purpose is to contribute to a better understanding of this promising technology among the database community and to introduce one practical approach to applying XML to databases. We are fully aware that our approach represents only one partial solution to the problem of how to bridge the two worlds of XML and databases. In fact, this is still an unsolved problem. Currently, research work on XML Schema and XML Query languages are being actively carried out by the World Wide Web Consortium and some research labs from the academia and industry.
Synthesis of Magnesium Aluminate Spinels from Bauxites and Magnesias

The synthesis of refractory Mg-Al spinel aggregates from bauxites and magnesias was addressed by applying the alumina–magnesia–silica ternary equilibrium phase diagram as the fundamental basis. Four different alumina sources (bauxites) and four different magnesia sources were investigated. These were fired in air through 1700°C and their reactions were monitored using X-ray diffraction. Evolution of their microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Initially, the periclase reacts with the free corundum of the bauxite to produce Mg-Al spinel. The periclase then reacts with the mullite in the bauxites to yield additional spinel and also some forsterite. Spinels were produced for all sixteen different raw-material combinations.
Intra-arterial thrombolysis of a distal internal carotid artery occlusion in an adolescent.

Introduction: This article describes the first reported case of an adolescent being treated with intra-arterial urokinase for a distal internal carotid artery occlusion. Methods: A 15-year-old male presenting with an acute ischemic stroke caused by a distal internal carotid artery occlusion was treated with intra-arterial urokinase at 5 hours and 45 minutes after symptom onset. Results: The artery completely recanalized, and the patient improved significantly from an admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 28 to a NIHSS score of 8 at a 2.5-month follow-up, despite an asymptomatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Conclusion: This article reviews the only two reported cases of intravenous thrombolysis and three cases of intra-arterial thrombolysis in children with ischemic stroke and suggests that thrombolytic therapy should be considered a treatment option in selected pediatric patients with stroke, especially in adolescents who are generally treated as young adults.
Rate Constant Determination for the Reaction of Hydroxyl and Glutathione Thiyl Radicals with Glutathione in Aqueous Solution

The techniques of pulse radiolysis, laser photolysis, and absorption spectroscopy have been used to investigate the glutathione disulfide radical anion formation over the pH range 7.0−13.0 in aqueous solution. Photolysis of the disulfide anion formed from the one-electron oxidation of reduced glutathione perturbs the disulfide anion/thiyl radical equilibrium, allowing the rate constant for thiyl radical reaction with glutathione to be uniquely determined from the transient absorption bleach and subsequent pseudo-first-order recovery. These pH-dependent values were combined with measured disulfide equilibrium constants to calculate glutathione radical anion dissociation rate constants. From computer modeling of established mechanisms of the observed disulfide radical anion growths, pH-dependent rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with glutathione to produce the thiyl radical were obtained. Utilizing literature ionization constants, values for hydroxyl and thiyl radical reactions with indiv...
Pharmacological Stimulation of Locus Coeruleus Reveals a New Antipsychotic-Responsive Pathway for Deficient Sensorimotor Gating

Surprisingly little is known about the modulation of core endophenotypes of psychiatric disease by discrete noradrenergic (NE) circuits. Prepulse inhibition (PPI), the diminution of startle responses when weak prestimuli precede the startling event, is a widely validated translational paradigm for information-processing deficits observed in several mental disorders including schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite putative NE disturbances in these illnesses, NE regulation of PPI remains poorly understood. In these studies, regulation of PPI by the locus coeruleus (LC), the primary source of NE to forebrain, was evaluated in rats using well-established protocols to pharmacologically activate/inactivate this nucleus. The ability of drugs that treat deficient PPI in these illnesses to reverse LC-mediated PPI deficits was also tested. Stimulation of LC receptors produced an anatomically and behaviorally specific deficit in PPI that was blocked by clonidine (Cataprese, an α2 receptor agonist that reduces LC neuronal firing after peri-LC delivery), a postsynaptic α1 NE receptor antagonist (prazosin), and second-generation antipsychotics (olanzapine, seroquel), but not by drugs that antagonized dopamine-1 (SCH23390), dopamine-2 (the first-generation antipsychotic Haloperidol), or serotonin-2 receptors (ritanserin). These results indicate a novel substrate in the regulation of PPI and reveal a novel functional role for the LC. Hence, a hyperactive LC–NE system might underlie a deficient sensorimotor gating endophenotype in a subset of patients suffering from psychiatric illnesses including schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, and PTSD, and the ability to normalize LC–NE transmission could contribute to the clinical efficacy of certain drugs (Cataprese, prazosin, and second-generation antipsychotics) in these conditions.
Scalable Visual Queries for Data Exploration on Large, High-Resolution 3D Displays

As the scale and complexity of data continue to grow at unprecedented rates, scientists are increasingly relying on Large, High-Resolution Displays to visualize and analyze scientific datasets. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these displays in supporting cognitively demanding data analysis and sensemaking tasks. While there has been an abundance of research on rendering algorithms for large, high-resolution displays, far less effort has gone into designing interactive visual analytic interfaces to effectively leverage these displays in visual exploration and sensemaking scenarios involving large collections of data. In this paper, we present an interactive visual analytics application for the exploration of large trajectory datasets. Our application utilizes large, high-resolution 3D display environments to simultaneously visualize and juxtapose a large number of trajectories. It also integrates a scalable visual query technique, which can be used to quickly formulate and verify hypotheses, encouraging scientists to contemplate multiple competing theories before drawing conclusions. We evaluate our design within the context of a behavioral ecology case study. We also share our observations from a pilot user study to provide insights on how scientists might utilize large display environments in visual exploration and sensemaking scenarios.
Roles of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatases in Stat1α-mediated Cell Signaling

Different Stat proteins are activated through phosphorylation of unique tyrosine residues in response to different cytokines and growth factors. Interferon-γ activates Stat1 molecules that form homodimers and bind cognate DNA elements. Here we show that treatment of permeabilized cells with 200-500 μM peroxo-derivatives of vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten results in the accumulation of constitutively phosphorylated Stat1α molecules. In contrast, treatment of permeabilized cells with orthovanadate, vanadyl sulfate, molybdate, and tungstate at the same range of concentrations does not result in the accumulation of activated Stat1α molecules in the absence of ligand. However, these compounds inhibit the inactivation of interferon-γ-induced DNA-binding activity of Stat1α. A 4-6-h exposure of the permeabilized cells to orthovanadate, molybdate, and tungstate, but not vanadyl sulfate, results in a ligand-independent activation of Stat1α, which is blocked by the inhibition or depletion of NADPH oxidase activity in the cells, indicating that NADPH oxidase-catalyzed superoxide formation is required for the bioconversion of these metal oxides to the corresponding peroxo-compounds. Interestingly, ligand-independent Stat1α activation by peroxo-derivatives of these transition metals does not require Jak1, Jak2, or Tyk2 kinase activity, suggesting that other kinases can phosphorylate Stat1α on tyrosine 701.
Ranitidine controls nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough on omeprazole: A controlled study in normal subjects

Abstract Background & Aims: Proton pump inhibitors administered twice daily do not provide complete nocturnal acid suppression. Acid breakthrough, or decrease in intragastric pH to Methods: Twelve volunteers underwent overnight intragastric pH monitoring after 7 days of treatment with omeprazole, 20 mg twice daily, followed by different treatment supplements at bedtime: placebo; additional omeprazole, 20 mg; ranitidine, 150 mg; and ranitidine, 300 mg. Results: Additional omeprazole at bedtime reduced the percentage of time with intragastric pH of P P P = NS); 4 with ranitidine, 150 mg at bedtime; and 3 with ranitidine, 300 mg at bedtime ( P Conclusions: Bedtime ranitidine is more effective than bedtime omeprazole on residual nocturnal acid secretion in patients receiving omeprazole twice daily. This finding suggests that fasting breakthrough nocturnal acid secretion in patients receiving omeprazole twice daily is most likely histamine related. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:1335-1339
The Raxel Imaging Model and Ray-Based Calibration

An imaging model provides a mathematical description of correspondence between points in a scene and in an image. The dominant imaging model, perspective projection, has long been used to describe traditional cameras as well as the human eye. We propose an imaging model which is flexible enough to represent an arbitrary imaging system. For example using this model we can describe systems using fisheye lenses or compound insect eyes, which violate the assumptions of perspective projection. By relaxing the requirements of perspective projection, we give imaging system designers greater freedom to explore systems which meet other requirements such as compact size and wide field of view. We formulate our model by noting that all imaging systems perform a mapping from incoming scene rays to photosensitive elements on the image detector. This mapping can be conveniently described using a set of virtual sensing elements called raxels. Raxels include geometric, radiometric and optical properties. We present a novel ray based calibration method that uses structured light patterns to extract the raxel parameters of an arbitrary imaging system. Experimental results for perspective as well as non-perspective imaging systems are included.
Myocardial imaging for mitochondrial membrane potential.

The editorial by Strauss and Schoder ([1][1]) indicates that all useful myocardial perfusion tracers, regardless of chemical structure, mechanism of uptake, and retention, follow the Sapirstein principle, even when, save perhaps for 15O-water, they actually fail to conform to the essential
Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Results to date have established general ranges of such paometers of ecosystems as total biomass, total surface area of leaves and of stems and branches, rates of decay of organic matter in soils, rates of production of roots, and rates of photosynthesis and respiration under clifferent environmental conditions. In the Brookhaven forest net primary production is 1124 dry g/m2/yr (with an energy equivalent of 492 cal/cm2/yr), and gross production is about 2550 dry g/m2/yr; the producers or green plants thus respire 56% of their gross production. Net ecosystem pro? duction is 422 dry g/m2/yr in this young forest. The ratio of total respiration to gross produc? tion is a convenient expression of successional status; a value of 0.82 for the Brookhaven forest indicates that this is a late successional community, but not in steady-state or climax condition (1.0). A leaf surface area of 3.8 m2 per m2 of ground surface intercepts sunlight energy, and the ratio of net primary production to incident visible sunlight energy gives a net efficiency of pri? mary production of 0.0088. These and other functional characteristics of ecosystems are currendy important topics of research?involving understanding of communities as biological systems, evaluation of the potential of environments to support life and man's harvest; and understanding of the fundamental meaning and consequences of man's alteration, exploitation, and pollution of ecosystems.
Neonatal ureteral obstruction stimulates recruitment of renin-secreting renal cortical cells.

Neonatal ureteral obstruction stimulates recruitment of renin-secreting renal cortical cells. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in the neonate increases ipsilateral renal renin gene expression, an effect which is mediated by renal nerves. To determine whether neonatal UUO alters the number of renal cortical cells secreting renin and whether this change is modulated by renal nerve activity, newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to left UUO, right uninephrectomy, or sham operation and studied four weeks thereafter. To evaluate the importance of renal nerves in this response, an additional group of animals underwent chemical sympathectomy with guanethidine. Ureteral obstruction was associated with marked reduction in renal mass in the obstructed kidney and contralateral compensatory hypertrophy, changes which were not altered by sympathectomy. Renin messenger RNA and renal renin content were elevated in the obstructed kidney. The number of cells secreting renin, measured by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay, was markedly increased in the obstructed kidney (45 ± 18 plaques/slide vs. 11 ± 1 plaques/slide in sham animals), but not in the opposite kidney or following uninephrectomy. This effect was not significantly altered by sympathectomy. There was no change in the amount of renin secreted per cell or in the secretory response to Ca++. These results show that UUO results in recruitment of cells not previously secreting renin by a mechanism independent of renal nerve activity. This recruitment occurs without alteration of the quantity of renin secreted per cell or in the normal regulatory effect of Ca++ on renin secretion. An increase in the number of renin-secreting cells may contribute to the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and thus to the vasoconstriction observed following ureteral obstruction.
The effect of RKKY interactions on the magnetization of dilute magnetic alloys with hcp hosts

The magnetization due to the presence of magnetic impurities dissolved dilutely in nonmagnetic H.C.P. host metals has been calculated assuming a fine structure splitting by an axially symmetric crystal field and an RKKY interaction between the impurities. To compute the RKKY contribution, the interaction between the impurities is described by a randomly oriented effective internal exchange field H with a probability distribution P(H↘) = Δ/π2(Δ2+H2)2. Comparison of the calculated magnetization with the measured magnetization of a 5 ppm single crystal of MgMn and several polycrystalline ZnMn samples of varying concentration, over the temperature range 2K to 10mK, yields estimates for Δ, the most probable value of the magnitude of the effective exchange field, as well as the dependence of Δ on impurity concentration.
Marine Turtle Management in Seychelles: A Case-study

Successful management of marine turtles in Seychelles will depend on the solution of a variety of general problems as follows: 1 Availability of information—basic biological data, particularly on the status and distribution of the two common species, must be gathered, so that up-to-date information is available for decision-makers and Government. It is essential that the information gathering programme be recurrent , in order to monitor changes in the populations and their habitats. The Republic of Seychelles has neither the finances nor the expertise to execute such programmes, so that international support is essential.
Effect of inaccurate pathological diagnosis on survival statistics for melanoma. Survey of cases in the Connecticut Tumor Registry.

The effect of inaccurate pathologic diagnoses upon the survival statistics of cases of melanoma in the Connecticut Tumor Registry was evaluated. Of 247 cases of long-term survivors with adequate material, 62 (25.1%) were not melanoma. The exclusion of these inaccurate diagnoses led to an over-all decrease in the crude 5—year survival rate for 1935 to 1954 from 40.8% to 36.1%. Although the change is sizable, this correction does not, by itself, explain the much better survival rates for melanoma patients reported by central registries than by treatment centers (large individual institutions). The main reason for this difference appears to be that melanoma patients with less favorable prognostic characteristics tend to accumulate in treatment centers. Other findings found in the study of Connecticut material were: 1. the lesions most often misinterpreted as melanoma were blue nevi and cellular but otherwise typical nevi; 2. no true change in diagnostic accuracy could be demonstrated for the study period; 3. pathologists in smaller hospitals showed less of a tendency to overdiagnose “melanomas” than pathologists in larger hospitals; 4. individual pathologists vary greatly in their tendency to overdiagnose “melanomas”.
Separate digits tests: a brief history, a literature review, and a reexamination of the factor structure of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL)

Following a brief history of Digit Span, a review of 27 articles, selected from 76, addresses the question of whether to scale Digits Forward and Backward separately. The review begins with studies involving Digits Forward, followed in turn by studies of Digits Backward and of both subtests. Finally, the loadings of four TOMAL subtests, Digits Forward and Backward and Letters Forward and Backward, undergo examination in the context of two, three, and four factor promax solutions, with corresponding varimax solutions provided for comparison. The analysis leads to several conclusions. Though Digits Forward and Backward show similarities, they load differently in the three and four factor solutions; Digits Backward also displays a spatial element, and perhaps a transformative element, not apparent in Digits Forward. Moreover, the differences between the two measures have important neurologic and diagnostic implications.
Obtaining sequential efficiency for concurrent object-oriented languages

Concurrent object-oriented programming (COOP) languages focus the abstraction and encapsulation power of abstract data types on the problem of concurrency control. In particular, pure fine-grained concurrent object-oriented languages (as opposed to hybrid or data parallel) provides the programmer with a simple, uniform, and flexible model while exposing maximum concurrency. While such languages promise to greatly reduce the complexity of large-scale concurrent programming, the popularity of these languages has been hampered by efficiency which is often many orders of magnitude less than that of comparable sequential code. We present a sufficiency set of techniques which enables the efficiency of fine-grained concurrent object-oriented languages to equal that of traditional sequential languages (like C) when the required data is available. These techniques are empirically validated by the application to a COOP implementation of the Livermore Loops.
Growth morphology and defects in plasma-deposited a-Si:H films

Abstract Structural studies of plasma-deposited a-Si:H are presented that show that a major class of defect is an anisotropic density fluctuation. Studies of the hydrogen environment suggest that an inhomogeneous hydrogen distribution is associated with these fluctuations. From considerations of the deposition chemistry and nucleation theory a model is proposed to describe the film growth process and its relationship to defects.
Murdock as Bridge: From Sumner to HRAF to SCCR

George Peter Murdock began his anthropological career when the concerns of the cultural evolutionary and cultural historical schools both required the creation of large ethnographic databases and systematic comparative or cross-cultural research. Other kinds of newly emerging questions in behavioral, social, and cultural theory also required such research. Murdock led the way in undertaking the creation of the badly needed databases with the creation of the Cross-Cultural Survey and later with Human Relations Area Files. His pioneering use of these databases was a powerful stimulus to the growth of cross-cultural research and its methodology, culmi nating in the founding of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research.
A cohort study of cyclin D1 expression and prognosis in 602 colon cancer cases

Purpose: Cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are commonly activated in colorectal cancer. The activity of cyclin D1 can be blocked by CDK inhibitors, including p27 ( CDKN1B ) and p21 ( CDKN1A , which is induced by p53). However, prognostic significance of tumoral cyclin D1 remains uncertain, and no previous study has considered potential confounding effect of p53, p21, p27, and related molecular events [microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype, and LINE-1 hypomethylation]. Experimental Design: Among 602 colon cancer patients (stage I-IV) in two prospective cohort studies, cyclin D1 overexpression was detected in 330 (55%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazard models computed hazard ratios (HR) of colon cancer–specific and overall mortalities, adjusted for patient characteristics and tumoral molecular features, including p53, p21, p27, cyclooxygenase-2, fatty acid synthase, LINE-1 methylation, CpG island methylator phenotype, MSI, BMI, KRAS , and BRAF . Results: Cyclin D1 overexpression was associated with a low cancer-specific mortality in Kaplan-Meier analysis ( P = 0.006), and in both univariate Cox regression [unadjusted HR, 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0063] and multivariate analyses (adjusted HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39-0.84; P = 0.0048). Similar findings were observed for an overall mortality (adjusted HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.98; P = 0.036). Notably, the effect of cyclin D1 on survival might differ by MSI status ( P interaction = 0.008). Compared with tumors that were both cyclin D1–negative and MSI-low/microsatellite stable, the presence of either cyclin D1 or MSI-high or both seemed to confer better clinical outcome (adjusted HR point estimates, 0.10-0.65). Conclusions: Cyclin D1 overexpression is associated with longer survival in colon cancer.
Interrelations among Na and K content, cell volume, and buoyant density in human red blood cell populations

This study establishes a method for determining the concentration of Na and K in single red blood cells from electron probe microanalysis of a cell's Na and K content. To this end, red blood cells were separated into subpopulations according to their buoyant density by means of bovine serum density gradient centrifugation. Cell water and Na + K contents were then determined in each fraction by conventional analytic methods with cell volume estimated from measurements of hematocrits and cell number. It was found that an inverse relationship obtains between the mean cell volume and buoyant cell density since cells increased in size as density decreased. Although the amount of hemoglobin per cell was found to slightly increase as cell density decreased, hemoglobin concentration showed the inverse relationship, indicating that buoyant cell density differences are primarily the result of differences in hemoglobin concentration. In confirmation of Funder and Wieth (Funder, J., Wieth, J.O. 1966. Scand. J. Lab. Invest. 18:167-180) cell water and cell volume was found to vary directly with the summed content of Na + K. Finally, by means of electron probe microanalysis of single cells, the cellular concentration of hemoglobin was found to vary inversely with the Na + K content, providing a quantitative basis for directly estimating cell volume, and thus ionic concentration, with this technique.
Anion-related variations in the phonon behavior of cubic Ga1−xAlxY semiconductors and (GaY)m/(Ga1−xAlxY, Y = As, N)n superlattices

Abstract We have reported a comprehensive theoretical study of anion-related variations in the phonon behavior of cubic Ga1−xAlxY semiconductors and (GaY)m/(Ga1−xAlxY,Y=As, N)n superlattices (SLs) using a microscopic rigid-ion model (RIM). The short range forces for the bulk GaAs and AIAs in the RIM are optimized by incorporating values of elastic constants, and phonons at critical points from the inelastic neutron scattering and/or Raman data. The force constants for cubic GaN, AlN are obtained from the transformed Raman scattering data of phonons for the wurtzite materials and the existing elastic constants. The long-range Coulomb forces are evaluated exactly via Ewald summation. To treat the alloying of barrier layers and disorder at the interfaces in (GaY)m/(Ga1−xAlxY)n SLs, we considered a generalized random-element iso-displacement model. For short period SLs, the dependence of phonons on wavevectors both parallel and perpendicular to the growth direction [0 0 1] is investigated. An interesting variation in the phonon behavior found in the two systems is explained in terms of the differences in the anion masses and effective ionic-charges.
Generic Cartan invariants for Frobenius kernels and Chevalley groups

Chastkofsky [2] described the generic behavior of the composition factor multiplicities (Cartan invariants) of indecomposable projective modules for finite groups of Lie type in the defining characteristic. More recently Ye [lo] provided a different approach, along with interesting refinements. In each case the reason for the existence of generic Cartan invariants is somewhat hidden behind the complicated character manipulations involved. Here we offer a more conceptual treatment, emphasizing the much simpler picture for the group schemes G,, T associated with the Frobenius kernels G, in the ambient algebraic group. This is closer in spirit to [lo] than to [2], but avoids the messy explicit calculations found in both papers.
Multiple Use Benefits on Public Rangelands: An Incentive-Based Fee System

A grazing fee system is developed which induces multiple-use compliance by present-value-maximizing permittees with stewardship responsibilities. The fee system increases grazing fees per animal stocked when needed to induce permittees to supply increased vegetation for nongrazing uses competing with livestock. The negative impact of increased fees on permittee wealth is offset by compensatory transfer payments. Taken together, grazing fees and compensation payments induce the multiple-use required by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act and protect against the economic disruption of the western livestock industry as required by the Taylor Grazing Act.
Rapid STAT Phosphorylation via the B Cell Receptor MODULATORY ROLE OF CD19

Engagement of the B cell receptor (BCR) initiates multiple signaling cascades which mediate different biological responses, depending on the stage of B cell differentiation, antigen binding affinity, and duration of stimulation. Aggregation of co-receptors such as CD19 with the antigen receptor has been suggested to modulate the signals necessary for the development and functioning of the humoral immune system. In this study, we demonstrate that engagement of the antigen receptor on peripheral blood B cells, but not naive splenic B lymphocytes, leads to rapid phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) on Tyr-701 and Ser-727. Interestingly, phosphorylation on tyrosine diminished with increased stimulation, whereas serine phosphorylation correlated directly with the level of BCR cross-linking. In contrast, phosphorylation of STAT3 occurs exclusively on serine and is sensitive to inhibitors of the PI3-kinase and the ERK1/2 pathways. Finally, we show that co-ligation of CD19 with the BCR results in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 relative to BCR cross-linking alone, establishing CD19 as a positive modulator of BCR-mediated STAT activation.
An electron microscope study on the oocyte, test cells and follicular envelope of the tunicate, Molgula manhattensis.

Both inner follicle cells and test cells in the tunicate ovary appear to engage in active synthesis and secretion during growth of the oocyte. Both cell types contain prominent Golgi systems, numerous vesicles and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, and typical mitochondria. Two types of special inclusions develop in the inner follicle cells. The first is a homogeneous inclusion of low density which persists until the end of oogenesis. The second is a heterogeneous inclusion containing dense spheres in a less dense matrix. The Golgi material may synthesize the dense bodies but the matrix, at least in part, is probably contributed by endoplasmic reticulum. The heterogeneous inclusions degenerate and large vacuoles appear in the inner follicle cell late in oogenesis. Alignment of vesicles along the plasma membrane of follicle cells and formation of caveolae from the surface of oocytes suggest that pinocytosis may contribute to the transport of nutrients from follicle cells to oocyte. A distinctive feature in test cells is the differentiation of the nucleus into inner-dense and outer-light zones. The outer zone contains dense spots which give it a porous appearance. Positive reaction with the periodic acid—Schiff technique and metachromasia with toluidine blue suggest that the outer nuclear zone of the test cells may contain polysaccharide. The test cells appear to degenerate late in the development of the oocyte. The outer layer of follicle cells remains thin throught oogenesis and does not appear active in synthesis and secretion. Changes occurring in the cytoplasm of the oocyte during oogenesis are also discussed.
Cyborgization: Deaf Education for Young Children in the Cochlear Implantation Era.

The author, who was raised oral deaf himself, recounts a visit to a school for young deaf children and discovers that young d/Deaf children and their rights are subverted by the cochlear implantation empire. The hypercapitalist, techno-manic times of cochlear implantation has wreaked havoc to the lives of not only young children with deafness but also the parents themselves are indoctrinated into a system that first strips them of their competency through the diagnosing ritual to finally stripping the parents of their own rights to make fully informed choices for their children. The genre of this expose is DeafCrit, drawing on journalistic traditions of muckraking and the methods of new journalism to report on, deconstruct, and critique the involvement of audist/ableist medical, business, welfare, and education stakeholders in the rise of cochlear implants in young children and how this operation is altering the landscape of deaf education.
Refinement of wavelength calibrations of hyperspectral imaging data using a spectrum-matching technique

The concept of imaging spectrometry, or hyperspectral imaging, is becoming increasingly popular in scientific communities in recent years. Hyperspectral imaging data covering the spectral region between 0.4 and 2.5 μm and collected from aircraft and satellite platforms have been used in the study of the earth's atmosphere, land surface, and ocean color properties, as well as on planetary missions. In order to make such quantitative studies, accurate radiometric and spectral calibrations of hyperspectral imaging data are necessary. Calibration coefficients for all detectors in an imaging spectrometer obtained in a laboratory may need to be adjusted when applied to data obtained from an aircraft or a satellite platform. Shifts in channel center wavelengths and changes in spectral resolution may occur when an instrument is airborne or spaceborne due to vibrations, and to changes in instrument temperature and pressure. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for refining spectral calibrations of imaging spectrometer data using observed features in the data itself. The algorithm is based on spectrum-matching of atmospheric water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide bands, and solar Fraunhofer lines. It has been applied to real data sets acquired with airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers.
Physics of the Primitive Solar Accretion Disk

The theory of viscous accretion disks developed by Lynden-Bell and Pringle (1974) has been applied to the evolution of the primitive solar nebula. The additional physical input needed to determine the structure of the disk is described. A series of calculations was carried out using a steady flow approximation to explore the effects on the disk properties of variations in such parameters as the angular momentum and accretion rate of the infalling material from a collapsing interstellar cloud fragment. The more detailed evolutionary calculations involved five cases with various combinations of parameters. It was concluded that the late stages of evolution of the disks would be dominated by the effects of mass loss from the expansion of a hot disk corona into space, and the effects of this were included in the evolutionary calculations. A new theory of comet formation is formulated upon these results. The most important result is the conclusion that the primitive solar accretion disk was repeatedly unstable against axisymmetric perturbations, in which rings would form and collapse upon themselves, with the subsequent formation of giant gaseous protoplanets.
Race/ethnicity and perceptions of the police: a comparison of White, Black, Asian and Hispanic Americans

This study extends the dominant Black–White paradigm in assessing public perceptions of the police by including Hispanic and Asian Americans. Relying on a large random sample of Seattle residents, this study examines: (1) perceptions of police problem-solving, hassling, racial profiling and bias among Hispanic, Asian, Black and White Americans and (2) factors that influence police perceptions. Results reveal both majority–minority and inter-minority variations in attitudes towards police, suggesting that a single vertical scale or gradation of attitudes cannot adequately describe the complexity of different racial/ethnic groups' perceptions of multiple aspects of policing. A range of individual demographic, police- and crime-related, and neighbourhood structural and cultural factors influence public perceptions of the police. Some interesting findings include that educational attainment and employment have negative effects on public satisfaction with the police, police visibility is associated with greate...