cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic Polypharmacy among Children and Young Adults in Office-Based or Hospital Outpatient Department Settings

The purpose of the study was three-fold: (1) to estimate the national trends in antipsychotic (AP) polypharmacy among 6- to 24-year-old patients in the U.S.; (2) to identify frequently used AP agents and mental disorder diagnoses related to AP polypharmacy; and (3) to assess the strength of association between AP polypharmacy and patient/provider characteristics. We used publicly available ambulatory health care datasets to evaluate AP polypharmacy in office-based or hospital outpatient department settings to conduct a cross-sectional study. First, national visit rates between 2007 and 2011 were estimated using sampling weights. Second, common diagnoses and drugs used in AP polypharmacy were identified. Third, a multivariate logistic regression model was developed to assess the strength of association between AP polypharmacy and patient and provider characteristics. Between 2007 and 2011, approximately 2% of office-based or hospital outpatient department visits made by 6- to 24-year-old patients included one or more AP prescriptions. Of these visits, 5% were classified as AP polypharmacy. The most common combination of AP polypharmacy was to use two or more second-generation APs. Also, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia were the two most frequent primary mental disorder diagnoses among AP polypharmacy visits. The factors associated with AP polypharmacy were: older age (young adults), black, having one or more non-AP prescriptions, and having schizophrenia or ADHD.
Aging and separation from children: The health implications of adult migration for elderly parents in rural China.

BACKGROUND Massive rural-to-urban migration in China has profoundly altered the family life of rural older adults, as adult children remain the primary caretakers of their elderly parents. And yet little is known about the health and well-being of the parents of adult migrants in rural China whose main source of support has been displaced. OBJECTIVE This study takes a comprehensive view and compares the trajectories of self-rated health among the rural elderly and examines how these health trajectories are associated with adult children's migration. METHODS We analyze older adults aged 55 years and over in rural China, using four waves of data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997, 2000, 2004, 2006) and multilevel growth curve models. RESULTS The results show that parents of migrants persistently scored worse self-rated health across ages than their counterparts whose children had not migrated. Long-term migration of adults takes a heavier toll on the health of their elderly parents than short-term migration. However, these associations with children's migration are driven by the migration of sons. The migration of daughters and of children of both genders may have disparate effects on the health trajectories of elderly men and women. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the interplay of gendered family dynamics and migration processes affects the health outcomes of older adults. CONTRIBUTION The findings contribute to current debates on the health and well-being of family members left behind by migrants and call for further study of the relationship between migration and family processes in the well-being of migrant families.
3D visualization of genetic networks using diverse art materials

There has been growing interest in using artistic approaches to communicate scientific data. Most of this work has also taken advantage of new technology by incorporating digital and interactive media to convey complex or abstract concepts. In our work, we use these tools, data analysis and 3D printing, to explore means of representing genetic information using traditional art materials. From variations in DNA, we generate 3D models and used them as a basis for creating both a bronze sculpture and a low cost, tactilely-interactive piece. Looking forward, we are interested in understanding how viewers interpret data displays differently based on the type of materials used to construct the visualizations.
Neuromodulation in Inflammatory Skin Disease

Inflammatory skin diseases are difficult to treat because of a lack of available treatment options for severe disease. However, recent advances have shown that vagus nerve stimulation can be used to decrease inflammation and reduce disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Changes in cytokine profiles observed in these studies are similar to those seen with use of biologics in inflammatory skin disease, suggesting that they act along similar pathways to disrupt chronic inflammation and treat inflammatory disease. This commentary explores the existing evidence demonstrating the efficacy of neuromodulation in inflammatory disease, and outlines reasons why these findings could translate to the dermatology setting to treat inflammatory skin disease.
PTG, a new antineoplastic epipodophyllotoxin

The pharmacology of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-0-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) PTG, a new anticancer drug, is reported. Six patients with advanced cancer were treated with PTG (67 mg/m2 of body surface area intravenously) specifically labeled with tritium as the first dose of a weekly x 6 course. Recovery of drug in the urine was 44.49 +/- 8.2% of the administered dose in 72 hr, of which 78.7 +/- 5.1% was metabolite. Recovery in the feces was 0 to 10.05% in 4 patients. Plasma decay fitted the equation Cp = Ae(-alphat) + Be(-betat) + Ce(-gammat) by nonlinear least-squares regression. Mean values for the parameters (after infusion) were A 14.3 +/- 5.5, B 9.66 +/- 3.98, C 2.44 +/- 1.33 mug/ml; alpha 2.05 +/- 1.25, beta 0.26 +/- 0.15, gamma 0.038 +/- 0.016 hr(-1). Levels of drug in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were less than 1% of plasma levels in 3 patients at 24 hr after treatment and 27% in 1 patient who had had brain surgery and brain radiotherapy. Four of 4 patients considered evaluable for toxicity (greater than 2 consecutive weekly doses) developed leukopenia (WBC les than 5,000/mm3). Mean nadir of WBC was 3,600/mm3. The most marked leukopenia (WBC, 2,300/mm3) was seen in the patient with the longest terminal phase plasma half-life (38.5 hr). Two of 5 patients evaluable for response received clinical benefit (1 laryngeal carcinoma, 1 histiocytic lymphoma). It is concluded that PTG has a long terminal phase half-life (11-38.5 hr), is largely metabolized, and does not penetrate the normal blood-brain barrier.
A Timing Analysis and Optimization System for Level-Clocked Circuitry

This thesis investigates timing analysis and optimization problems that arise in synchronous circuitry. We first describe algorithms for optimizing edge-triggered circuitry. Our work in this area focuses on optimization by retiming, an architectural transformation that speeds up circuitry by relocating its storage elements. A highlight of our research is an $O(V\sp{1/2}E$ lg V)-time algorithm for retiming unit-delay circuitry for maximum speed. We then move on to investigate a general class of level-clocked circuitry. We first describe algorithms that analyze the timing of level-clocked circuitry. Specifically, we give algorithms that verify the proper timing of a circuit by a given clocking scheme and analyze the sensitivity of its timing to changes in the propagation delays of its components. We also investigate clock tuning, an optimization that speeds up level-clocked circuitry by adjusting the parameters of its clocking scheme. We extend retiming to encompass level-clocked circuitry, and we describe efficient algorithms that perform retiming and tuning. We also present a retiming algorithm that minimizes the number of storage elements in level-clocked circuitry without degrading its performance. Major results of our research in this area are an O(V E + $V\sp2$lg V)-time algorithm for retiming with symmetric clocking schemes and an O(V E + $V\sp2$ lg V)-time algorithm for analyzing the sensitivity of a circuit's timing. Based on the optimization algorithms that we developed, we implemented T scIM, a versatile and efficient design automation tool for two-phase, level-clocked circuitry. The system has been implemented using the C programming language, and runs on a workstation under the UNIX environment, and it is available over the Internet. Using T scIM, we performed an empirical comparison of edge-triggered and level-clocked implementations of synchronous circuitry in terms of speed and number of storage elements. Our results show that although two-phase, level-clocked circuitry has the theoretical potential to operate faster than conventional edge-triggered circuitry, edge-triggered circuitry can often perform just as well. These empirical results indicate the special circumstances, however, in which level clocking has an advantage. Moreover, our empirical results also indicate another advantage of optimized level-clocked designs: they contain substantially fewer storage elements than edge-triggered designs that operate at the same speed. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Unary Probabilistic Semantics

Writers in Popper’s debt generally use binary probability functions when doing probabilistic semantics. I recount here results lately obtained when unary functions are used instead. I first describe the formal language (call it L) that I work with, provide a probabilistic semantics for it, and attend to such matters as strong soundness and strong completeness. This done I consider the relationship between unary probability functions and truth-value ones, and I demonstrate that and why unary probability theory is but a generalization of truth-value-theory. Lastly I study what Charles G. Morgan and I call assumption sets, here the assumption sets of unary probability functions. The unary probability functions in this text are in good standing: they are the probability functions in Chapter I of Kolmogorov (1933), with statements substituting for sets and provision made for the probabilities of quantifications.
Rosiglitazone reduced type 2 diabetes but increased heart failure in patients with impaired glycemic control.

Source Citation Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised cont...
II. Cultural Myopia

The controversy resulting from the Jensen Report is viewed in terms of the questionable usefulness and applicability of standardized tests in measuring personality attributes of minority group subj...
Vibration analysis of rotating rods based on the nonlocal elasticity theory and coupled displacement field

Free longitudinal vibration analysis of a rotating rod based on the Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity is studied in this paper. Rod is supposed to rotate around a fixed axis with a constant angular velocity. To capture the effect of the rotational motion into analysis of the continuous system, a linear proportional relation is introduced between axial and angular velocities. For the first time the mentioned relation is presented based on the internal motions of the infinitesimal element. This novelty makes the rotational displacement as a dependent function of axial displacement playing a significant role through the analysis. Variational approach is adopted to derive the equations of motion for clamped–clamped and clamped-free boundary conditions. For verification of the results obtained from the Galerkin approach, comparison with technical literature is reported. Finally current results illustrate the dependency of the dynamic-vibration analysis of the presented system on the nonlocality and the rotational velocity parameter. This dependency shows the decrement of the frequency with increment in both the angular velocity and the nonlocal parameter. As a result, the mentioned parameters are key factors in the design and analysis of such systems.
Stronger women, better men? Family bargaining and public policy in contemporary Russia

The paper investigates the effects of Russia’s 2007 ‘Maternal Capital Law’, a non-cash subsidy awarded to mothers with the birth of their second or higher order child, on men’s consumption of alcohol. It uses introduction of the Law as a natural experiment to track the effects of increased women’s power due to their greater contribution to familial resources on male private consumption. The fixed effects difference-in-difference model, which groups families by their likelihood of having an eligible child, uses 2003–2012 data from Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE). Consistent with the family bargaining theories, the findings indicate that introduction of the Law contributed to the decline in male alcohol consumption.
End-to-End Drive By-Wire PID Lateral Control of an Autonomous Vehicle

The number of autonomous vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems have been increasing multi-fold. These technologies have reduced the work of the driver and have increased the safety of roads. Though a lot work has been done on development of autonomous vehicles, not much attention has been given to the millions of existing cars without these features. In this paper, we propose a method to implement level 2 autonomy in vehicles without Advanced Driver assistance systems. In this work, steering control of vehicles using voltage spoofing (can be extended to throttle and braking modules), development of PID controllers for the modules, and implementation of end-to-end driving to enable autonomous applications have been discussed. By searching for the stabilizing set to find the controller parameters \(K_p\), \(K_i\), and \(K_d\), the system response has been improved and by implementing transfer learning, training data required has been reduced, and thus end-to-end driving with comparable results have been obtained.
Photoionization cross sections for atomic oxygen

Abstract Photoionization cross sections for ground state atomic oxygen are presented for wavelengths longer than 25 A. Multi-channel expressions, in the dipole approximation, are used to calculate cross sections for the ejection of an outer subshell electron. The effect of coupling between final state channels is to bring the dipole velocity and dipole length forms of the cross sections into closer agreement with each other. Single-channel expressions, in the dipole approximation, are used to calculate cross sections for the ejection of an inner subshell electron. For wavelengths shorter than 665 A, total cross sections, calculated in the dipole length approximation, agree with experiment. Photoionization cross sections, for ejection of an outer subshell electron from atomic-oxygen in states 1D and 1S, are presented for wavelengths longer than 150 A.
Development of Continuous Filtration in a Novel Continuous Filtration Carousel Integrated with Continuous Crystallization

Pharmaceutical manufacturing has been largely carried out in batch mode, which has disadvantages such as batch-to-batch variations and difficult scale-up. As a result, the pharmaceutical industry i...
Venous thrombosis after nitrous oxide abuse, a case report.

Nitrous oxide is a commonly abused inhalant by adolescents and young adults. There is limited data describing the adverse effects of nitrous oxide abuse, known colloquially as “whippets”. We present a 21-year-old female with no medical history who presented to the emergency department for confusion, hallucinations, weakness, and falls. She was accompanied by her roommates, who endorsed significant nitrous oxide abuse. Imaging revealed a large cerebral sinus venous thrombus with extension into the transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein. She had no prior history of venous or arterial thrombosis. Hypercoagulability workup demonstrated an elevated homocysteine level, elevated methylmalonic acid level, and normal cobalamin and folate levels. Additionally, she was found to be 11 weeks pregnant, with no prior spontaneous abortions. Genetic testing was significant for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms. She was managed with enoxaparin, cobalamin and folate supplementation. Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels normalized after cessation of nitrous oxide use, with no recurrence of venous thrombosis. This case represents the first reported patient with a venous thrombus associated with nitrous oxide abuse.
Automatic estimation of knee joint space narrowing by deep learning segmentation algorithms

Evaluating the severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA) accounts for significant plain film workload and is a crucial component of knee radiograph interpretation, which informs surgical decision-making for costly and invasive procedures such as knee replacement. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading scale systematically and quantitatively assesses the severity of knee OA but is associated with notable inter-reader variability. In this study, we propose a deep learning method for the assessment of joint space narrowing (JSN) in the knee, which is an essential part of determining the KL grade. To determine the extent of JSN, we analyzed 99 knee radiographs to calculate the distance between the femur and tibia. Our algorithm's measurements of JSN and KL grade correlated well other radiologists' assessments. The average distance (in pixels) between the femur and tibia bones as measured by our algorithm was 9.60 for KL=0, 7.60 for KL=1, 6.89 for KL=2, 3.75 for KL=3, 1.25 for KL=4. Additionally, we used 100 manually annotated knee radiographs to train the algorithm to segment the femur and tibia bones. When evaluated on an independent set of 20 knee radiographs, the algorithm demonstrated a Dice coefficient of 96.59%. An algorithm for measurement of JSN and KL grades may play a significant role in automatically, reliably, and passively evaluating knee OA severity and influence and surgical decision-making and treatment pathways.
Summary perioperative risk metrics within the electronic medical record predict patient-level cost variation in pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Abstract Background Automated data extraction from the electronic medical record is fast, scalable, and inexpensive compared with manual abstraction. However, concerns regarding data quality and control for underlying patient variation when performing retrospective analyses exist. This study assesses the ability of summary electronic medical record metrics to control for patient-level variation in cost outcomes in pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods Patients that underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2014 to 2018 at a single institution were identified within the electronic medical record and linked with the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Variables in both data sets were compared using interrater reliability. Logistic and linear regression modelling of complications and costs were performed using combinations of comorbidities/summary metrics. Models were compared using the adjusted R2 and Akaike information criterion. Results A total of 117 patients populated the final data set. A total of 31 (26.5%) patients experienced a complication identified by the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. The median direct variable cost for the encounter was US$14,314. Agreement between variables present in the electronic medical record and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was excellent. Stepwise linear regression models of costs, using only electronic medical record–extractable variables, were non-inferior to those created with manually abstracted individual comorbidities (R2 = 0.67 vs 0.30, Akaike information criterion 2,095 vs 2,216). Model performance statistics were minimally impacted by the addition of comorbidities to models containing electronic medical record summary metrics (R2 = 0.67 vs 0.70, Akaike information criterion 2,095 vs 2,088). Conclusion Summary electronic medical record perioperative risk metrics predict patient-level cost variation as effectively as individual comorbidities in the pancreaticoduodenectomy population. Automated electronic medical record data extraction can expand the patient population available for retrospective analysis without the associated increase in human and fiscal resources that manual data abstraction requires.
Navigating Barriers as Special Education Teacher Educators

Special education teacher educators face multiple systemic, institutional, and social barriers in preparing teacher candidates to provide students with significant disabilities access to the genera...
Epidemic status of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever and its counter measures in Taizhou

Objective To learn and analyse the epidemiologic and pathogentic characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever,and explore counter measures for diseases prevention and control.Method A descriptive epidemiologieal and experimental analysis Was made on the data of epidemic situation monitoring for typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in the whole distriets of Taizhou.Results The incidence of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever increased from 22.83/100 000 in 2001 to 61.55/100 000 in 2004, but decreased to 9.02/100 000 from 2005 to 2007.Salmonella paratyphi A become dominant strains prevailed over Salmonella typhi from 2001,and dominated by X2 genotype in later years.The season of disease onset was in advance and its regional distribution of diseases was still shown to be wide, but relatively localized.The clinical features were not typical.The age distribution was also shown wide,however,90.34%pational distribution was mainly in the group of peasants,migrant workers and students.The main causation was the unsanitary drinking water and shellfish taking.Conclusions Comprehensive measures for the epidemic situation and etiology are urgently needed,such as improvement management and disinfections of drinking water,health education and promotion,and construction of domestic flushing toilet system.
A single-cell transcriptional atlas identifies extensive heterogeneity in the cellular composition of tendons

Tendon is a dense, hypocellular connective tissue that transmits forces between muscles and bones. Cellular heterogeneity is increasingly recognized as an important factor in the biological basis of tissue homeostasis and disease, but little is known about the diversity of cells that populate tendon. Our objective was to explore the heterogeneity of cells in mouse Achilles tendons using single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified 13 unique cell types in tendons, including 4 previously undescribed populations of fibroblasts. Using pseudotime trajectory machine learning analysis, we provide additional support for the notion that pericytes serve as a progenitor cell population for the fibroblasts that compose adult tendons. These findings identify notable heterogeneity between and within tendon cell populations. This heterogeneity may have important implications for our understanding of how the tendon extracellular matrix is assembled and maintained, and for the design of therapies to treat tendinopathies.
Resting Blood Pressure in Collegiate Swimmers During a Competitive Season: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe and examine differences in resting blood pressure (BP) during an eight-week time frame in the course of the competitive season among collegiate swimmers of varied sexes. Methods A prospective observational study using a sample of convenience of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 female and male swimmers from one university were invited to participate. Blood pressure was measured using standardized methodology at six encounters spaced over eight weeks. Descriptive statistics analyzed demographics, mean BP, and BP classifications. A pairwise t-test analyzed differences in the mean BP and BP classification by sex. The Bonferroni correction was applied given the multiple variables included in the analysis with statistical significance determined to be p≤0.002. Results Thirty-eight swimmers (15 males and 23 females) met the inclusion criteria. Differences between sexes were identified with a higher mean diastolic BP observed in males at the third encounter (p=0.0004) and a higher mean systolic BP observed in males at the sixth encounter (p=0.0002). Four males and four females were identified with a BP classified as stage 1 or 2 hypertension at the first encounter; however, six males and no females met this criterion at the last encounter which was statistically significant (p=0.0004). Conclusions Increased BP from baseline measured for systole, diastole, and BP classifications was significant in male compared to female swimmers. Specifically, divergence in BP by sex first appeared in the diastolic measures at three weeks and in the systolic measures and BP classifications by eight weeks.
Does the Preferred Walk-Run Transition Speed on Steep Inclines Minimize Energetic Cost, Heart Rate or Neither?

Humans prefer to walk at slow speeds and to run at fast speeds. In between, there is a speed at which people choose to transition between gaits, the Preferred Transition Speed (PTS). At slow speeds, it is energetically cheaper to walk and at faster speeds, it is cheaper to run. Thus, there is an intermediate speed, the Energetically Optimal Transition Speed (EOTS). Our goals were to determine: 1) how PTS and EOTS compare across a wide range of inclines and 2) if the EOTS can be predicted by the heart rate optimal transition speed (HROTS). Ten healthy, high-caliber, male trail/mountain runners participated. On day 1, subjects completed 0° and 15° trials and on day 2, 5° and 10°. We calculated PTS as the average of the walk-to-run transition speed (WRTS) and the run-to-walk transition speed (RWTS) determined with an incremental protocol. We calculated EOTS and HROTS from energetic cost and heart rate data for walking and running near the expected EOTS for each incline. The intersection of the walking and running linear regression equations defined EOTS and HROTS. We found that PTS, EOTS, and HROTS all were slower on steeper inclines. PTS was slower than EOTS at 0°, 5°, and 10°, but the two converged at 15°. Across all inclines, PTS and EOTS were only moderately correlated. Although EOTS correlated with HROTS, EOTS was not predicted accurately by heart rate on an individual basis.
Scalable Open-Source System-on-Chip Design: (Invited Talk - Extended Abstract)

The system-on-chip is the dominant architecture in the age of heterogeneous computing, but its energy-efficient performance comes at the cost of higher design complexity. The open-source hardware movement responds to this challenge by promoting design reuse and collaboration. ESP is an open-source research platform for heterogeneous SoC design that combines a scalable tile-based architecture and a flexible system-level design methodology. Conceived as a heterogeneous integration platform, ESP is naturally suited to foster collaborative engineering of SoC designs across the open-source community.
Abstinence-related motivational engagement for smoking cessation: Longitudinal patterns and predictive validity.

The Abstinence-Related Motivational Engagement (ARME) scale was developed to assess motivation to remain abstinent after a smoking cessation attempt. The ARME demonstrated reliability and validity among a small sample of ex-smokers. This study expands the psychometric evaluation of the ARME and tests the ARME as a predictor of smoking status among a sample of participants quitting smoking. The parent trial tested the efficacy of a self-help smoking cessation intervention (N = 1874), with assessments every 6 months. Internal consistency and factor structure of the ARME was evaluated at each assessment to confirm use of the measure as designed. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the ARME to the Situation-specific Abstinence Self-Efficacy (SSE) scale via inter-correlations and prediction of future smoking status. Finally, the trajectories of both the ARME and SSE were compared among continuous abstainers and continuous smokers. A single-factor structure was observed at each assessment. Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.88-0.91 for the total sample. Correlations between the ARME and the SSE ranged from 0.38-0.47 (ps 0.05) among abstainers. Among current smokers, the ARME and SSE were independent positive predictors of subsequent abstinence (AORs 1.28-2.29, ps <0.001). For those currently abstinent, only the SSE predicted subsequent abstinence (AORs 1.69-2.60, ps <0.05). GEE analyses showed different trajectories for the two measures, as well as between abstainers and smokers. In conclusion, the ARME is a reliable, valid measure with unique predictive utility for current smokers and a distinct trajectory among those who have successfully quit.
The Impact of Market Demand and Entry Costs on Market Structure

Our study contributes to the literature on industry and firm dynamics. We focus on the question why the number of firms in the semiconductor market follows an inverse U-shaped pattern throughout different product generations. We pay special attention to the fact that the number of firms declined after the mid 1990’s. We disentangle the impact of changes in market demand and changes in entry costs on the number of firms in the market. We estimate a dynamic model in which firms make production, entry and exit decisions applying the two-step estimator developed by Bajari, Benkard and Levin (2007). A counterfactual experiment provides evidence that increasing entry costs (rather than diminishing growth in demand) is the main reason why the semiconductor industry experience a shake out in mid 1990’s.
Tax Policy under a Hybrid Income-Consumption Tax

The U.S. federal tax system is undoubtedly a hybrid income-consumption tax system, but scholars have yet to map out the normative aspirations of the system. This Article does just that, demonstrating that the U.S. tax system embodies normative desires to advance individual welfare, macroeconomic welfare, and general equity. Moreover, although income and consumption tax extremes are appealing, a hybrid income-consumption system effects the most favorable net impact. After using efficiency, merit-good, and equity justifications to analyze different savings categories—life cycle, precautionary, and bequest savings—this Article suggests three variations of hybrid systems, along with avenues for further exploration.
Growth and behavioral differences in a C57BL/6J mouse model of prenatal alcohol exposure.

Abstract Background. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can produce behavioral deficits in the presence or absence of growth and morphological deficits. Here, we describe a murine PAE model having parallels to the clinical diagnosis of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental deficit (ARND). Methods. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were gavaged with alcohol (ALC, 3 g/kg) or maltodextrin daily on embryonic days (E) E8.5 through E17.5. Blood alcohol levels were 211 ± 14 mg/dL at 30 min post-gavage. Offspring behavior was tested at adolescence. Results. ALC dams gained less weight during the alcohol exposure period (p = 0.035). ALC male and female pups weighed more than controls at P15 (p ≤ 0.001) and P22 (p ≤ 0.001), but not at P37, perhaps because their dams were pair-housed. During the training session for accelerating rotarod, control offspring trended to stay longer on the rotarod than did ALC offspring [F(1,54) = 2.892, p = 0.095]. In the Y-maze, ALC offspring had a higher percent alternation than did controls [F(1,54) = 16.577, p
One- and two-dimensional Stirling machine simulation using experimentally generated flow turbulence models

Investigations of one- and two-dimensional (1- or 2-D) simulations of Stirling machines centered around experimental data generated by the U. of Minnesota Mechanical Engineering Test Rig (METR) are covered. This rig was used to investigate oscillating flows about a zero mean with emphasis on laminar/turbulent flow transitions in tubes. The Space Power Demonstrator Engine (SPDE) and in particular, its heater, were the subjects of the simulations. The heater was treated as a 1- or 2-D entity in an otherwise 1-D system. The 2-D flow effects impacted the transient flow predictions in the heater itself but did not have a major impact on overall system performance. Information propagation effects may be a significant issue in the simulation (if not the performance) of high-frequency, high-pressure Stirling machines. This was investigated further by comparing a simulation against an experimentally validated analytic solution for the fluid dynamics of a transmission line. The applicability of the pressure-linking algorithm for compressible flows may be limited by characteristic number (defined as flow path information traverses per cycle); this warrants further study. Lastly the METR was simulated in 1- and 2-D. A two-parameter k-w foldback function turbulence model was developed and tested against a limited set of METR experimental data.
Fuel property effects on radiation intensities in a gas turbine combustor

The effect of fuel properties on primary zone radiation intensities in gas turbine combustors is examined. This study concludes that there is a strong empirical relationship between the primary zone radiation intensity and two fuel properties—percent hydrogen and percent polycyclic aromaticity. These two properties are combined in a single parameter called "effective hydrogen content," which is then used to correlate radiation intensities from seven different fuels burning under a variety of operating conditions. The explanation for the empirical relationship is that effective hydrogen content is a measure of the soot-forming tendency of a fuel.
Influence of edentulism on human orbit and zygomatic arch shape.

Edentulism, or tooth loss, seriously alters the appearance of the lower facial skeleton. The aim of this study was to determine if complete maxillary edentulism also impacts the curvature shape of the orbits and zygomatic arches in elderly adults. The study was conducted on 80 crania comprising two cross-sectional populations of elderly African- and European-Americans (60–80 years old). Forty of the crania possessed intact dentition; the remaining 40 exhibited complete edentulism with tooth socket resorption. Three-dimensional semilandmarks representing the curvature of the orbits and zygomatic arches were collected using a hand-held digitizer. Each craniofacial region's semilandmarks were aligned into a common coordinate system via generalized Procrustes superimposition. Regional variation in shape was explored via principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, discriminant function analysis, cross-validation, and vector plots. Shape differences between the edentulous and dentate groups were detected in both the orbits (P = 0.0022) and zygomatic arches (P = 0.0026). Ancestry and sex differences were also identified in both regions. Orbit data correctly classified dentate crania 65% of the time and edentulous crania 72.5% of the time. Zygomatic arch data correctly classified 75% dentate and 60% of edentulous crania. The individual curves constituting each region also exhibited shape alteration with tooth loss, with the exception of the inferior zygomatic curve. Vector plots revealed patterns of superoinferior expansion, and medial and lateral recession depending on the region examined. These results suggest a relationship exists between maxillary edentulism and changes in the surrounding craniofacial structures. Clin. Anat. 27:408–416, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low-Coordinate Chromium Siloxides: The “Box” [Cr(μ-Cl)(μ-OSitBu3)]4, Distorted Trigonal [(tBu3SiO)3Cr][Na(benzene)] and [(tBu3SiO)3Cr][Na(dibenzo-18-c-6)], and Trigonal (tBu3SiO)3Cr

Treatment of CrCl2(THF)2 with NaOSitBu3 afforded the tetrameric “box” [Cr(μ-Cl)(μ-OSitBu3)]4 (1, X-ray). THF cleaved 1 to provide trans-(silox)ClCr(THF)2 (2), whereas degradation of 1 with 4-picoline caused disproportionation and the generation of trans-Cl2Cr(4-pic)2 and trans-(silox)2Cr(4-pic)x (n = 2, 3; 3, 3-4-pic). Chromous centers in 1 were antiferromagnetically coupled, and density functional calculations on the high-spin (multiplicity = 17) model [Cr(μ-Cl)(μ-OH)]4 (1‘) revealed that its singly occupied 3d orbitals spanned an energy range of ∼2 eV. The addition of 8 equiv of Na(silox) to 1 yielded [(tBu3SiO)Cr(μ-OSitBu3)2]Na·C6H6 (4, Y shaped, ∠OCrO(Na) = 91.28(7)°), and treatment of 4 with dibenzo-18-crown-6 produced [(silox)3Cr][Na(dibenzo-18-crown-6)] (5, ∠OCrO = ∼120°, (120 + α)°, (120 − α)°). Calculations of [(tBu3SiO)Cr(μ-OSitBu3)2]Na (4‘) and Cr(silox)3- (5‘) provided reasonable matches with the experimental geometries (X-ray). The trigonal chromic derivative (silox)3Cr (6) was synthesized fr...
Effects of intraperitoneal administration of propranolol on the mouse heart. Histochemical and electron microscopic observations.

Abstract In an earlier investigation, ultrastructural and histochemical abnormalities were reported in the hearts of mice receiving the beta adrenergic blocking agent propranolol. Because of the increasing use of this drug to treat human cardiac disorders, we repeated this investigation. Our findings do not confirm that cardiac lesions are produced by propranolol: No structural or histochemical abnormalities could be related to administration of the drug. We conclude that there is no presently acceptable histologic evidence that propranolol causes myocardial damage.
Some Requirements and Approaches for Natural Language in a Believable Agent

The goal of creating resource-bounded believable agents that use language and action raises interesting issues for the various components of the agent. In this paper we explore these issues, focusing particularly on their relation to natural language understanding in such agents. The specific issues we address are: responsiveness and interruptability; pursuing multiple independent goals concurrently; designing and managing groups of goals to execute concurrently for specific effects (for example, pointing and talking or understanding such gesture and language combinations); understanding incomplete or ungrammatical language or behaviors; the effects of failure in a larger agent; and consistency between the components of the agent. For each of these issues we argue why it is important for our goals, describe how it relates to natural language, describe our approaches to it, and describe the experience we are drawing on in making our conclusions.
Sports Medicine: A Functional Definition

(1981). Sports Medicine: A Functional Definition. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 22-23.
Reliability of the BTE Dynatrac isotonic dynamometer

The BTE Dynatrac is an isotonic dynamometer in where the preset resistance determines the effort and the limb must overcome the resistance to accelerate through the ROM. Previous reliability studies of isokinetic devices do not apply to this type of dynamometer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the BTE Dynatrac Isotonic Dynamometer using average work and power to determine whether the Dynatrac can produce consistent results under different preset loads and between exercise sessions. Twenty-nine (M = 19; F = 10) recreationally active college students underwent identical testing on three occasions. On a day before testing, peak torque was measured from a 6 s maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at 70° of knee flexion. This value determined the preset loads used for the three isotonic testing sessions. During the isotonic sessions each subject performed six repetitions of maximal knee extensions at preset loads (20%, 40%, and 60% of MVIC) through the 90° ROM. The order of testing on each of the three nonconsecutive days was determined by using a balanced Latin Square. Average work and power were recorded and analyzed. The reliability of average power measurement was excellent regardless of the preset load (20% MVIC = 0.82; 40% MVIC = 0.83; and 60% MVIC = 0.90). The reliability of average work measurement was excellent at 60% MVIC(0.86) and 40% MVIC(0.80), but only fair at 20% MVIC(0.57). We conclude that clinicians can be confident in comparing average power measurements between sessions regardless of the preset load and for average work at the moderate to higher preset loads.
Memory in Narrative

“Memory” and “narrative” are terms describing how individuals and groups represent past events in the present. Children must learn what events are narratable; this is also training in what kinds of events should be remembered. Adults also must learn what stories are appropriate when they join new institutions, or convert to a new religion or ideology. Individuals' narratives change through the life course, altered by new events and new understandings of past events. Groups also represent their past in narrative. Collective memory is studied in anthropology, business, cognitive science, computer science, folklore, oral history, linguistics, literary studies, management studies, and sociology. The study of collective memory must distinguish between resources for memory, such as files, databases, archives, and so forth, and acts of remembering. New developments include uses of the Internet: archives, as well as social networking sites, blogs, computer games, personal and shared websites, and many other forms whose social conventions are still developing. Keywords: Internet studies; identity; language and social interaction; narrative; organizational communication; interpersonal communication; self
Clinical Results and Functional Outcomes in Adult Patients After Revision Surgery for Spinal Deformity Correction: Patients Younger than 65 Years Versus 65 Years and Older

Abstract Study Design Retrospective comparison. Objective To compare complications and radiographic and functional outcomes of patients undergoing revision spinal deformity surgery, who were 40–64 years of age and 65 years of age or older. Summary of Background Data The effect of age on radiographic and functional outcomes has not been well established in the literature for patients undergoing revision adult deformity surgery. The hypothesis was that the complications and radiographic and functional outcomes of younger and older adult patients would be comparable. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data on 109 consecutive patients (84 women and 25 men) undergoing revision spinal deformity surgery who were 40 years of age or older. All surgeries were performed at 1 institution by the senior author. Patients were divided into groups based on age: younger than 65 years of age (70 patients) or 65 years of age or older (39 patients), and complications and radiographic and functional outcomes were compared. All patients had at least 2 years' clinical follow-up. Hotelling's t 2 test and the χ 2 test were used to compare differences; statistical significance was set at p Results There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in major complications (p = .62), minor complications (p = .34), or reoperation rate (p = .08). Major correction was achieved in the coronal and sagittal planes in both groups after surgery. By final follow-up, patients in both groups had significant improvements from baseline in Oswestry disability index (p .05). Conclusions Older adult patients undergoing revision deformity correction surgery achieved functional outcome benefits comparable to those in younger adults without significantly more complications. Surgeons should be aware of these factors when counseling patients regarding revision surgery for deformity correction.
Mass and heat balances in the Santa Barbara Channel: estimation, description and forcing

Abstract Current meter, temperature and wind observations from the 1984 MMS experiment are used to estimate the mass and heat budgets in the Santa Barbara Channel. The mass transports estimated at the western, eastern and southern boundaries of the channel are characterized by fluctuations whose energy is concentrated around three different periods: 5, 14 and 2.8 days respectively. These three transports fluctuate along with the dominant EOF modes obtained at those 3 entrances respectively. The mean transport passing through the channel from east to west is about 0.28 Sv. There are two frequency bands where winds and mass transports are coherent: 2.5–3.0 and 4.7–5.2 day bands. Winds on the northern shelf lead the transports in both bands by about 1.0 day. At the western half of the channel there is a recirculating (counterclockwise) mean transport of about 0.30 Sv. The time dependent part of the recirculating transport is coherent with the wind in the 4.7–5.2 day band where it also shows an absolute maximum of variance. The recirculating transport lags the local downwelling-favorable winds by about 1.5 day and seems to be the channel response to wind relaxations with respect to its most persistent upwelling-favorable state. The main mean balance in the channel-integrated heat equation is between the heat transport passing through the western mouth, which cools off the channel, and the heat transport caused by the mass transport (the transport heat flux), which warms up the channel. This latter transport results from the advection of the temperature difference between the channel boundaries (mainly east and west) by the mass transport. There are no two terms that dominate the heat equation for the time dependent heat transports, but it can be simplified by balancing the along channel heat divergence (heat transport passing through the mouth plus transport heat flux), the vertical heat flux and the local change of heat. A clear thermal-wind balance at the eastern and western ends of the channel is found, in agreement with the work of Brink and Muench (1986) [ Journal of Geophysical Research , 91 , 877–895] and with the recent ADCP–CTD comparisons done by Richards (personal communication). All the terms in the heat equation show a variance peak in the 2–4 day band. It is found that when upwelling favorable winds blow on the northern shelf of the channel there is first a decrease or even a reversal, with respect to its mean, in the amplitude of the transport heat flux. Next, a cooling of the Santa Barbara Channel is observed, followed by a loss of heat through the western mouth first and through the eastern mouth later. This whole process takes about 24 h to complete.
Involvement of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae in adherence to Streptococcus gordonii

Adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to early plaque bacteria, such as Streptococcus gordonii, is considered an important colonization mechanism. The molecules that mediate this interspecies binding have not been determined. Fimbriae were prepared from P. gingivalis 33277 by mild agitation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. In a nitrocellulose blot adherence assay, purified fimbriae inhibited S. gordonii G9B-P. gingivalis 33277 binding by up to 54%. In addition, fimbriae bound to S. gordonii cells in a dot-blot assay. Incubation of fimbriae with S. gordonii cells followed by washing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), electroblotting and probing with P. gingivalis antibodies also revealed that the fimbriae bind to S. gordonii. In contrast, S. gordonii did not interact with fimbriae that were first subjected to SDS-PAGE and electroblotting or deposited on a nitrocellulose membrane, suggesting that conformational determinants of the fimbriae may be important in binding. The results indicate that binding between P. gingivalis and S. gordonii is mediated, at least in part, by the porphyromonads' fimbriae.