cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of longitudinal changes in aerobic fitness in older endurance athletes and sedentary men.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the longitudinal changes in maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) in healthy middle aged and older athletes and sedentary men. DESIGN: A cohort study with mean follow-up of 8.7 years (range 4.0-12.8). SETTING: Outpatient research at a tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two healthy, middle aged, and older athletes (initial age 64 ± 1 year) and 47 healthy sedentary men of comparable age recruited for research studies. MEASUREMENTS: VO 2 max during a maximal treadmill test. RESULTS: At baseline, the cross-sectional rates of decline in VO 2 max with age (slope) were virtually identical in the athletes and sedentary men (-0.42 versus -0.43 mL.kg -1 . min -1 .year -1 ). At follow-up, the VO 2 max had declined by 11.9 ± 1.1 mL.kg -1 .min -1 (22%) in the athletes, a crude average rate of -1.4 ± 0.14 mL.kg -1 .min -1 .year -1 . By comparison, the VO 2 max declined by 4.4 ± 0.6 mL.kg -1 . min (14%) in the sedentary men, a crude average rate of change of -0.48 ± 0.07 mL.kg -1 .min -1 .year -1 . Therefore, the observed absolute rate of longitudinal decline in VO 2 max in the athletes was triple that of the sedentary men (P =.001) and significantly greater than the decline predicted by their baseline cross-sectional data (P =.001). Post hoc analyses of the longitudinal data in the athletes based on the training regimens over the follow-up period demonstrated that the seven individuals who continued to train vigorously (high training) had no significant decline in VO 2 max (0.28% change in VO 2 max per year). By contrast, the VO 2 max declined by 2.6% per year in the moderate training group (N = 21), 4.6% per year in the low training group (N = 13), and 4.7% per year in the two individuals who developed cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: The longitudinal decline in VO 2 max in older male endurance athletes is highly dependent upon the continued magnitude of the training stimulus. The majority of the athletes reduced their training levels over time, resulting in longitudinal reductions in VO 2 max two to three times as large as those predicted by cross-sectional analyses or those observed longitudinally in their sedentary peers. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:1657-1664, 2001.
Evaluation of hybrid fusion 2+ approach for providing air-to-air situational awareness and threat assessment

Modern combat aircraft pilots increasingly rely on high-level fusion models (JDL Levels 2/3) to provide real-time engagement support in hostile situations. These models provide both Situational Awareness (SA) and Threat Assessment (TA) based on data and the relationships between the data. This information represents two distinct classes of uncertainty: vagueness and ambiguity. To address the needs associated with modeling both of these types of data uncertainty, an innovative hybrid approach was recently introduced, combining probability theory and possibility theory into a unified computational framework. The goal of this research is to qualitatively and quantitatively address the advantages and disadvantages of adopting this hybrid framework as well as identifying instances in which the combined model outperforms or is more appropriate than more classical inference approaches. To accomplish this task, domain specific models will be developed using different theoretical approaches and conventions, and then evaluated in comparison to situational ground truth to determine their accuracy and fidelity. Additionally, the performance tradeoff between accuracy and complexity will be examined in terms of computational cost to determine both the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Big data and test

Big data is now a ubiquitous part of life — both in test and in many other areas. This talk discusses some of the big problems facing us in test and looks at analogous problems outside of the test domain. It aims to both step back and abstract test-specific problems into general problems and point out similarities and contrasts between test and non-test problems. It also highlights interesting aspects of applying some test-like techniques in non-test settings such as cognitive computing.
THE EFFECT OF IODINE AND IODOTHYRINE ON THE LARVAE OF SALAMANDERS. I. THE EFFECT OF IODOTHYRINE AND IODINE ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF AMBYSTOMA MACULATUM

In 1918 I made some preliminary experiments on the effect of iodine upon the metamorphosis of salamander larvae; these were entirely unsuccessful and the intention of making further experiments on this problem was given up. Soon after this, however, Swingle (1) published his first experiments on the acceleration, by inorganic iodine, of the metamorphosis of tadpoles and the correctness of my own observations became doubtful. Therefore, I have repeated, following- closely the method employed by Swingle, my former experiments on the larvae of salamanders. These experiments confirmed in every respect the observations made during my first experiments and revealed the astonishing fact that exactly the same treatment, i. e., the administration of inorganic iodine, which produces precocious metamorphosis in tadpoles, has not the slightest effect on the metamorphosis of salamander larvae, although iodothyrine causes prompt metamorphosis in the salamander larvae just as it does in tadpoles.
Urologic aspects of andropause.

Increasingly, physicians will seeelderly people in their everyday practice.Aging-related health problems, including thegradual decrease in gonadal function in men aftermiddle age (“andropause”), have gained interest inthe medical community. The term “andropause” isphysiologically incorrect, because, unlike women,men do not experience universal absolute gonadalfailure. Some investigators have therefore sug-gested more appropriate names, such as androgendecline in the aging male
Identifying patterns in temporal variation of functional connectivity using resting state FMRI

Estimating functional brain networks from fMRI data has been the focus of much research in recent years. Low sample sizes (time-points) and high dimensionality of fMRI has restricted estimation to a temporally averaged connectivity matrix per subject, due to which the dynamics of functional connectivity is largely unknown. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on constrained matrix factorization that addresses two major issues. Firstly, it finds a set of basis networks that are the semantic parts of the time-varying whole-brain functional networks. The whole-brain network at any point in time, for any subject, is a non-negative combination of these basis networks. Secondly, significant dimensionality reduction is achieved by projecting the data onto this basis, facilitating subsequent analysis of temporal dynamics. Results on simulated fMRI data show that our method can effectively recover underlying basis networks. We apply this method on a normative dataset of resting state fMRI scans. Results indicate that the functional connectivity of a subject at any point during the scan is composed of combinations of overlapping task-positive/negative pairs of sub-networks.
Relation of stimulus-size to pattern discrimination training for the hooded rat.

Two experiments were performed to determine the relation of pattern area, background area, and pattern-background ratio to discrimination learning in the hooded rat. In Exp. 1 (triangle-circle discrimination) and Exp. 2 (diamond-square discrimination) a 1-sq. in. pattern placed on a 4-sq. in. background resulted in faster learning and a higher level of performance than three other pattern-background combinations. It was concluded that (a) supraliminal variation in stimulus-size is related to efficiency of discrimination learning, and (b) a unique combination of an optimal pattern and background area may be more critical than pattern area, background area, or pattern-background ratio per se.
Monitoring mountain snowpack evolution using near-surface optical and thermal properties

We developed a near-surface moisture index (NSMI) that models relative moisture using visible and thermal spectra. The NSMI tracks the evolution of spring snowmelt and has potential MODIS applications. An analytical radiative transfer model for computing directional hemispherical reflectance and emissivity derived from the delta-Eddington approximation to the radiative transfer equation was used to produce the NSMI. Modelled reflectance and emissivity, as a function of grain size, were used to produce the NMSI feature space, constructed from the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) on the abscissa and brightness temperature (Tb) on the ordinate. As grain size increases, the dynamic range (sensitivity) of NDSI decreases, saturating around 400-450 μm grain radius. Tb values for various grain sizes at fixed kinetic temperatures between 245 and 273 K and the NDSI were used to construct a simulated NSMI. Field measurements of surface wetness, surface/near-surface grain size, average pack temperature and surface temperature for late February and March were validated in Fraser, Colorado, against measured NSMI using a scene from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Ground-based measurements indicate significant changes in snow surface properties, representing a warming pack across three Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) intensive study areas (ISAs) from February to March. Surface and average pack temperatures in March were warmer for all three sites. ASTER-measured reflectance and Tb were sampled from each CLPX ISA and used to construct the NMSI. The lower elevation ISA (i.e. St Louis Creek) demonstrated higher mean Tb and lower mean NDSI, and the higher elevation ISA (i.e. Alpine) showed higher mean NDSI and lower mean Tb. ASTER-derived NSMI demonstrated behaviour consistent for simulations with deviations due to topography, vegetation, and regional heterogeneity.
Two confined phases of argon adsorbed inside open single walled carbon nanotubes.

Isothermal adsorption of Ar on single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been studied at 77 and 87 K. The SWNTs have been grown by laser vaporization of a graphite pellet containing 0.6% (atomic) Ni/Co catalyst. The nanotubes have been prepared for argon adsorption measurements by prolonged outgassing of as-grown material in a vacuum at room temperature (295 K), at elevated temperatures of up to 475 K, and by oxidization for 2 h in dry air at 470 K. Formation of two condensed phases of Ar in the interior of SWNTs has been observed at 77 K. The low-density phase is formed at 155(5) μTorr, while the high-density phase, at 120(5) μTorr. At 87 K, only a single phase has been observed at 185(5) μTorr. Condensation at both 77 and 87 K appears to be the first-order phase transition. Onset of the quasi-one-dimensional linear (one-channel) phase and the quasi-two-dimensional monolayer (six-channel) phase formation on the external surface of bundles has been observed at 77 K near 0.0017 and 0.8 Torr, respectively,...
Tunneling In The Reverse Dark Current Characteristic Of Be-Implanted GaAlAsSb Avalanche Photodetectors

Tunneling current has been identified in the reverse I-V characteristics of Be-implanted Ga0.8A10.2AsySb1-y avalanche photodiodes. The tunneling energy is considerably less than the bandgap energy. This identifies the tunneling mechanism as defect assisted tunneling rather than a band-to-band process. It is also shown with the proper structure that the defect assisted tunneling can virtually be eliminated, resulting in extremely low dark current GaAlAsSb photodiodes.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons from obese Zucker rats are hyperexcitable

Release of serotonin (5-HT) from dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons projecting to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) has a modulatory effect on the neural pathway involved in feeding, hunger, and satiety. The obese Zucker rat, an animal model of genetic obesity, exhibits differences in serotonin signaling as well as a mutated leptin receptor. To evaluate possible mechanisms underlying this difference in serotonin signaling, we have compared electrophysiological responses of DRN neurons from 14- to 25-day-old male lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats using the whole-cell patch clamp technique on cells in brain slices from these animals. We found that the resting properties of these neurons are not different, but the DRN neurons from obese rats are hyperexcitable in response to current injection. This hyperexcitability is not accompanied by an increase in the depolarization caused by current injection or by changes in the threshold for spiking. However, the hyperexcitability is accompanied by reduction in the size and time course of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) following an action potential. DRN neurons of obese rats recover from the AHP faster due to a smaller amplitude AHP and a faster time constant (tau) of decay of the AHP. These deficits are not due to changes in the spike waveform, as the spike amplitude and duration do not differ between lean and obese animals. In summary, we provide evidence that serotonergic DRN neurons from obese Zucker rats are intrinsically hyperexcitable compared with those from lean rats. These results suggest a potential mechanism for the reported increase in 5-HT release at the VMH of obese rats during feeding, and provide the first direct evidence of changes in the intrinsic activity of serotonergic neurons, which are crucial regulators of feeding behavior, in a genetic model of obesity.
Reevaluation of the biological status of Juniperus deppeana var. sperryi Correll

Foliage and bark samples were collected from the tree that provided the type specimen forJuniperus deppeana var.sperryi Correll, as well as from trees from populations ofJ. pinchotii Sudw.,J. flacida Schl., andJ. deppeana Steud. var.deppeana. These four taxa were compared using terpenoid and morphological characters. The terpenoid data suggest thatJ. deppeana var.sperryi is most closely related toJ. deppeana var.deppeana; no evidence of relict or present hybridization withJ. flaccida was detected. The morphological data showedJ. deppeana var.sperryi to be intermediate in several characters betweenJ. deppeana var.deppeana andJ. flacdda. The probability of a hybrid origin for this taxon is discussed. Due to the scattered occurrence of trees referable toJ. deppeana var.sperryi, it is proposed that this taxon be reduced in rank toJ. deppeana formasperryi.
Distribution equilibrium between a bulk phase and small pores

The pore-bulk distribution coefficient K for a solute species is calculated by modelling the solute molecules as hard spheres. K is expanded in a virial-type series in powers of the bulk-phase concentration. The leading term is the Henry's law constant. The next two coefficients are reported for three pore shapes.
Minimal supersymmetric Higgs boson decay rate in O(αs2) perturbative QCD

Abstract A short presentation of the results of the analytical evaluation of the O ( α s 2 ) QCD contributions in the fermionic decay rates of a CP -odd pseudoscalar Higgs boson (such as is found in the minimal supersymmetric model) is made. The corrections due to the nonvanishing quark masses are included. The results are presented both in terms of running and pole quark masses.
Formation and stability of a vinyl carbanion at the active site of orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase: pKa of the C-6 proton of enzyme-bound UMP.

We report that orotidine 5‘-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) catalyzes exchange of the C-6 proton of uridine 5‘-monophosphate (UMP) for deuterium from solvent in D2O at 25 °C and pD 7.0−9.3. Kinetic analysis of deuterium exchange gives pKa ≤ 22 for carbon deprotonation of enzyme-bound UMP, which is at least 10 units lower than that for deprotonation of an analogue of UMP in water. The observation of enzyme-catalyzed deuterium exchange via a stabilized carbanion provides convincing evidence for the decarboxylation of orotidine 5‘-monophosphate (OMP) by OMPDC to give the same carbanion intermediate. The data show that yeast OMPDC stabilizes the bound vinyl carbanion by at least 14 kcal/mol. We conclude that OMPDC also provides substantial stabilization of the late carbanion-like transition state for the decarboxylation of OMP, and that this transition state stabilization constitutes a large fraction, but probably not all, of the enormous 1017-fold enzymatic rate acceleration.
A 96-hour sediment bioassay of Duluth and Superior Harbor basins (Minnesota) using Hexagenia limbata, Asellus communis, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas as test organisms.

The environmental effects of sediments upon water quality and the aquatic ecosystem are currently being investigated by bulk sediment analysis or elutriate procedures, with neither procedure being totally adequate. Using a sediment bioassay procedure developed at the Central Regional Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Region V by Prater and Anderson (1977), sediment bioassays were conducted on eight sediments collected from Duluth and Superior Harbors in July of 1976. The stations were chosen to reflect areas that were suspected to be heavily polluted, moderately polluted, and nonpolluted. In addition, a correlation was drawn between the percent mortality of biological test organisms and the bulk sediment chemistry data collected by Bowden (1976).
Glycomic Analysis of Sialic Acid Linkages in Glycans Derived from Blood Serum Glycoproteins

A number of alterations to the normal glycomic profile have been previously described for a number of diseases and disorders, thus underscoring the medical importance of studying the glycans associated with proteins present in biological samples. An important alteration in cancer progression is an increased level of α2,6-sialylation, which aids in increasing the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Here we report a glycomic method that selectively amidates α2,6-linked sialic acids, while those that are α2,3-linked undergo spontaneous lactonization. Following subsequent permethylation, MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that many sialylated glycans present on glycoproteins found in blood serum featured increased levels of α2,6-sialylation in breast cancer samples. On the basis of the altered ratios of α2,3-linked to α2,6-linked sialic acids, many of these glycans became diagnostically relevant when they did not act as such indicators when based on traditional glycomic profiling alone.
The 27-kDa Heat Shock Protein Facilitates Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Release from Endothelial Cells

Basic fibroblast growth factor is an important mitogenic and angiogenic factor that stimulates endothelial cell growth and migration. This hormone is not secreted via the classical vesicular pathway, and the identification of intracellular proteins that facilitate its release remains lacking. Transfection and expression of the 27-kDa human heat shock protein in bovine arterial endothelial cells doubles the rate of estrogen-induced basic fibroblast growth factor secretion, preferentially inducing the release of high molecular weight forms of the hormone. The secreted basic fibroblast growth factor is mitogenic to breast adenocarcinoma cells cultured in the conditioned medium obtained from the transfected endothelial cells. In contrast, decreasing the level of the endogenous heat shock protein homolog with an antisense vector markedly decreases basic fibroblast growth factor release. Anti-heat shock protein or anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies co-precipitate both proteins from endothelial cell extracts, demonstrating a direct association between the two proteins. This interaction is likely to be an important step in the mechanism of basic fibroblast growth factor secretion.
Some inhomogeneous motions and deformations within the context of a non-linear elastic solid

Abstract We study inhomogeneous shearing deformations and motions of slabs and solid cylinders of generalized neo-Hookean solids. We find that solutions which have a boundary layer structure are possible, in that the deformation is highly inhomogeneous near the boundary and essentially homogeneous in a core region. We also study the inhomogeneous twisting of a slab of a generalized neo-Hookean material about distinct axes, allowing for discontinuous deformation gradients. For certain values of parameters, we find that the equations admit solutions for which the locus of the centers of rotation is piecewise continuously differentiable.
Vibrational spectra of molecules and atoms on surfaces. II. Optical calculations, cell designs, and results

The classical theory of metallic reflection is applied to the problem of absorption of ir radiation by thin films near the surface of metallic substrates. Amplitudes at the surface are calculated as functions of the incidence angle at 5.0 μ and 500.0 μ. The resultant amplitude near the surface is found to be an appreciable fraction of the incident amplitude, increasing as the wavelength increases. The implications of this result are discussed in the light of earlier work. These calculations are used in determining an experimental cell design. The techniques used in obtaining high-quality spectra with the resulting configuration are discussed. Preliminary spectra are presented.
Gene transfer for hemophilia and viral infection

The goal of our work has been to establish an experimental basis for gene transfer as a method of treating hemophilia, an inherited bleeding disorder that results from the absence of functional Factor VIII or Factor IX. We have carried out pre-clinical and clinical studies of AAV-mediated gene transfer of the Factor IX gene in animal models and in human subjects with severe hemophilia B. Target tissues in humans have included both skeletal muscle (via direct intramuscular injection) and liver (via hepatic artery infusion). Our preclinical efficacy studies have demonstrated a life-long correction of the bleeding diathesis in hemophilia B in mice, and long-term therapeutic reconstitution of canine factor IX in deficient dogs after AAV-mediated gene transfer into the liver. To date, hemophilia B dogs have been followed for over 4 years and still maintain their initial levels of factor IX following the administration of AAV-2. As a result, a number of preclinical studies of AAV into the liver of various species were performed to generate the appropriate safety data to support a Phase I liver-based clinical trial. The comparative results from the two clinical trials, the correlative results of the preclinical studies from the animal models, and the potential advantages/disadvantages of the two approaches will be discussed. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem world-wide. We have recently evaluated different gene transfer approaches for targeted disruption of the viral life cycle. RNA interference (RNAi) is a recently discovered RNA surveillance mechanism used in lower animals and plants to silence specific genes. We have recently demonstrated that RNAi can function in adult mammals. By adapting this to a gene transfer strategy, we have established selective suppression of a HCV-reporter chimeric gene in mouse liver. RNAi has potential for use as a gene therapeutic to treat HCV infection as well as a large number of other acquired and genetic disorders.
USE OF SMALL QUICK‐ACTING KILNS FOR INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH1

Considerable experience with small, quick-acting kilns in the laboratory, both for instruction and research, has indicated the distinct advantages of this type of kiln. By the use of an insulating refractory the mass of the kiln can be reduced to less than one-tenth of that usually employed, which makes rapid heating possible without great expenditure of fuel. Two types of kilns are described which have given good service for a considerable length of time. Temperatures as high as 2600°F can be obtained with atmospheric burners and temperatures up to 3000°F with blast burners.
Rapid Reactivation of Extralymphoid CD4 T Cells during Secondary Infection

After infection, extralymphoid tissues are enriched with effector and memory T cells of a highly activated phenotype. The capacity for rapid effector cytokine response from extralymphoid tissue-memory T cells suggests these cells may perform a ‘sentinel’ function in the tissue. While it has been demonstrated that extralymphoid CD4+ T cells can directly respond to secondary infection, little is known about how rapidly this response is initiated, and how early activation of T cells in the tissue may affect the innate response to infection. Here we use a mouse model of secondary heterosubtypic influenza infection to show that CD4+ T cells in the lung airways are reactivated within 24 hours of secondary challenge. Airway CD4+ T cells initiate an inflammatory cytokine and chemokine program that both alters the composition of the early innate response and contributes to the reduction of viral titers in the lung. These results show that, unlike a primary infection, extralymphoid tissue-memory CD4+ T cells respond alongside the innate response during secondary infection, thereby shaping the overall immune profile in the airways. These data provide new insights into the role of extralymphoid CD4+ T cells during secondary immune responses.
Kinetics of manganese(III) acetate in acetic acid: generation of Mn(III) with Co(III), Ce(IV), and dibromide radicals; reactions of Mn(III) with Mn(II), Co(II), hydrogen bromide, and alkali bromides

The reaction of cobalt(III) acetate with excess manganese(II) acetate in acetic acid occurs in two stages, since the two forms Co(IIIc) and Co(IIIs) are not rapidly equilibrated and thus react independently. The rate constants at 24.5 degrees C are kc = 37.1 +/- 0.6 L mol-1 s-1 and ks = 6.8 +/- 0.2 L mol-1 s-1 at 24.5 degrees C in glacial acetic acid. The Mn(III) produced forms a dinuclear complex with the excess of Mn(II). This was studied independently and is characterized by the rate constant (3.43 +/- 0.01) x 10(2) L mol-1 s-1 at 24.5 degrees C. A similar interaction between Mn(III) and Co(II) is substantially slower, with k = (3.73 +/- 0.05) x 10(-1) L mol-1 s-1 at 24.5 degrees C. Mn(II) is also oxidized by Ce(IV), according to the rate law -d[Ce(IV)]/dt = k[Mn(II)]2[Ce(IV)], where k = (6.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) L2 mol-2 s-1. The reaction between Mn(II) and HBr2., believed to be involved in the mechanism by which Mn(III) oxidizes HBr, was studied by laser photolysis; the rate constant is (1.48 +/- 0.04) x 10(8) L mol-1 s-1 at approximately 23 degrees C in HOAc. Oxidation of Co(II) by HBr2. has the rate constant (3.0 +/- 0.1) x 10(7) L mol-1 s-1. The oxidation of HBr by Mn(III) is second order with respect to [HBr]; k = (4.10 +/- 0.08) x 10(5) L2 mol-2 s-1 at 4.5 degrees C in 10% aqueous HOAc. Similar reactions with alkali metal bromides were studied; their rate constants are 17-23 times smaller. This noncomplementary reaction is believed to follow that rate law so that HBr2. and not Br. (higher in Gibbs energy by 0.3 V) can serve as the intermediate. The analysis of the reaction steps then requires that the oxidation of HBr2. to Br2 by Mn(III) be diffusion controlled, which is consistent with the driving force and seemingly minor reorganization.
Structure and process: agreement models for friendship formation

Abstract In this paper we study the relationship between certain fundamental social microphenomena and the micro- and macrostructures they generate in a social group or network. The microphenomena of interest concern the effect of agreement or disagreement between members of the group on the friendship, respectively, nonfriendship between them and vice versa. We examine various versions of this type of microprocess and focus our attention on five which, at equilibrium, are in close structural relation to the five affect models arising in the Davis—Leinhardt set of empirical sociomatrices. Each version determines a micromodel consisting of the sets of triads which are permitted and forbidden in the group, and each of these in turn determines a macromodel of typical macrostructures of the group in which all of the permitted triads appear but none of the forbidden ones. We derive these micro- and macromodels and determine their structural relations to the five empirical affect models. One of these process models corresponds to a modification of Newcomb's “positive balance”, for which the corresponding micro- and macromodels define the “direct positive influence” model of Johnsen and McCann. Because of the structural closeness of two of these process models to the empirical affect models, we see that in groups presumed to be moderately close to social equilibrium, processes by which friendship induces agreement (or disagreement induces nonfriendship) much more nearly account for these affect structures than do processes by which agreement induces friendship (or nonfriendship induced disagreement). In fact, it appears that the empirical macrostructures for affect in social groups which arise in the Davis—Leinhardt data may be accounted for to a considerable extent by the inducement of agreement by friendship (or nonfriendship by disagreement), and this is also true for the last week's data in the second year of Newcomb's well known study of the acquaintance process. These two models appear fundamental in that both contain Heider's “balance” and Davis' “clustering” as special submodels, that sandwiched between them is Holland and Leinhardts' “transitivity” model, that the less restrictive of the two also contains Davis and Leinhardts' “ranked clusters of cliques” as a submodel, and that the more restrictive of the two, the modified “positive balance” or “direct positive influence” model, is also a submodel of Johnsen's “hierarchical cliques”. The theoretical results of this paper, together with substantive results from earlier empirical and experimental studies, are used to construct a broad description, with some detail, of how friendship structure can emerge and decline in social groups for which other persons, issues and values are important to the members.
The photosynthetic induction response in wheat leaves: net CO2 uptake, enzyme activation, and leaf metabolites

The photosynthetic induction response was studied in whole leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following 5-min, 30-min and 10-h dark periods. After the 5-min dark treatment there was a rapid burst in the rate of photosynthesis upon illumination (half of maximum after 30s), followed by a slight decrease after 1.5 more min and then a gradual rise to the maximum rate. During this initial burst in photosynthesis, there was a rapid rise in the level of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) and a high PGA/triose-phosphate (triose-P) ratio was obtained. In addition, after the 5-min dark treatment, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39), ribulose-5-phosphate kinase (EC 2.7.1.19) and chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) maintained a relatively high state of activation, and maximum activation occurred within 1 min of illumination. The results indicate there is a high capacity for CO2 fixation in the cycle upon illumination but attaining maximum rates requires an increase in the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) pool (adjustment in triose-P utilization for carbohydrate synthesis versus RuBP synthesis). With both the 30-min and 10-h dark pretreatments there was only a slight rise in photosynthesis upon illumination, followed by a lag, then a gradual increase to steady-state (half-maximum rate after 6 min). In contrast to the 5-min dark treatment, the level of PGA was low and actually decreased initially, whereas the level of RuBP increased and was high during induction, indicating that Rubisco is limiting. This regulation via the carboxylase was not reflected in the initial extractable activity, which reached a maximum by 1 min after illumination. The light activation of chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in leaves darkened for 30 min and 10 h prior to illumination was relatively slow (reaching a maximum after 8 min). However, this was not considered to limit carbon flux through the carbon-fixation cycle during induction since RuBP was not limiting. When photosynthesis approached the maximum steady-state rate, a high PGA/triose-P ratio and a high PGA/RuBP ratio were obtained. This may allow a high rate of photosynthesis by producing a favorable mass-action ratio for the reductive phase (the conversion of PGA to triose phosphate) while stimulating starch and sucrose synthesis.
THE ALKALINE ISOPOTENTIAL POINT OF THE BACTERIAL CELL

Irregularities in migration velocity of bacterial cells in the highly alkaline solutions are due to the buffering effect of the cells upon the immediately adjacent zone of menstruum. Consistent results can be obtained by shaking the suspension thoroughly before placing it in the electrophoretic cell. When observed in this way both Bacillus cereus and Bacterium coli show an isopotential point near pH 13.5, that for Bacillus cereus being slightly below, and that for Bacterium coli slightly above this point. At more alkaline reactions the cells acquire a positive charge which increases with further increase in pH to very high values.
The Effects of Restraint Using Self-Locking Stanchions on Dairy Cows in Relation to Behavior, Feed Intake, Physiological Parameters, Health, and Milk Yield,

Holstein cows (n = 64) ranging from peak to end lactation were restrained in self-locking stanchions (i.e., head locks) for approximately 4 h/d for four periods in a modified switchback design. Milk yield, milk fat percentage, somatic cell count, and dry matter intake and dry matter intake were unaffected by restraint. Milk protein percentage was significantly lower for cows that were restrained. Plasma cortisol concentrations and the ratio of neutrophils to mononuclear cells were not significantly different between restrained and unrestrained (control) cows. No difference in the incidence of mastitis or other health concerns was noted. Behaviorally, cows that were locked in the stanchions spent significantly more time lying after release from restraint. For cows that were locked up, eating frequency over 24 h was significantly reduced, but dry matter intake was not affected. Total rumination frequency over 24 h was not significantly different for cows that were restraubed; however, cows that were restrained ruminated less during the day following release. Grooming was considered to be a behavioral need and was significantly increased during all times when cows were not locked up. Grooming was also one of the first behaviors performed following release. Acts of aggression were elevated during all periods following restraint, but oral behaviors, such as tongue playing and chewing on objects, drinking behavior, and resting postures were not affected. The use of self-locking stanchions did not appear to affect substantially the overall well-being of the cow.
Mechanical Properties, Water Vapor Permeabilities and Solubilities of Highly Carboxymethylated Starch-Based Edible Films

Tensile strength (TS), elongation (E), water vapor permeabilities (WVP) and solubilities were determined for highly carboxymethylated starch (HCMS)-based edible films plasticized with sorbitol (S), xylitol (X), mannitol (M) and glycerol (G). TS and E of HCMS-based film increased as the concentration of plasticizer S, M or X increased. TS of the HCMS-based film containing combined plasticizers were higher than those of films containing single plasticizer. The WVP of HCMS-based films seemed to decreased as the concentration of M, X or G plasticizer increased. Increasing plasticizer concentrations in HCMS-based film resulted in decreasing solubility of the films. Les proprietes mecaniques, elastiques et de barriere ainsi que la solubilite de films comestibles a base d'amidon modifie plastifies avec du sorbitol, du xylitol, du mannitol ou du glycerol sont etudiees et comparees avec les proprietes des films de pullulane.La solubilite diminue quand la concentration de plastifiant augmente. La permeabilite a la vapeur diminue quand les plastifiants augmentent. La combinaison des plastifiants donne un film aux proprietes elastiques superieures.
Spatio-temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts in the Southern Appalachians

Abstract Soft mast is an important resource for many wild populations in the Southern Appalachians, yet the way clear-cutting affects availability of soft mast though time is not fully understood. We tested a theoretical model of temporal availability of soft mast in clearcuts using empirical data on percent cover and berry production of Gaylussacia, Vaccinium, and Rubus spp. plants in 100 stands that were clearcut (0–122 years old) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. We modeled the relationship between soft mast availability and stand age, evaluated the effects of topography and forest type on soft mast, developed statistical models for predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of soft mast, and tested the hypothesis that percent cover of berry plants and berry production provided similar information about soft mast availability. We found temporal dynamics explained berry production better than it predicted percent plant cover, whereas topographic variables influenced percent plant cover more than they influenced berry production. Berry production and percent plant cover were highest in ∼2–9-year-old stands. Percent plant cover was lowest in 10–69-year-old stands and intermediate in 70+-year-old stands. Three of our spatio-temporal models performed well during model testing and they were not biased by the training data, indicating the inferences about spatio-temporal availability of soft mast extended beyond our sample data. The methods we used to estimate the distribution of soft mast may be useful for modeling distributions of other resources.
Attention, memory, and cigarette smoking

Four experiments tested the effects of smoking one cigarette on verbal memory and attention. In Experiment I, 18 men were tested under three conditions in a repeated-measures design (pretrial smoking, posttrial smoking, no smoking). Recall of a 50-word list was tested immediately and after intervals of 10 and 45 min. Pretrial smoking resulted in improved recall 10 and 45 min after learning, but not immediately. Posttrial smoking was ineffectual. In Experiment II, three posttrial smoking intervals (1, 5, and 30 min after presentation of a 20-word list) were compared with pretrial smoking and no smoking using a between-subjects design. The 76 light, moderate, and heavy smokers in Experiment II smoked a 1.38 mg nicotine cigarette and were tested 24 h later. Improved recall occurred for pretrial smoking, but not for any posttrial smoking interval and for light and moderate smokers only. Experiment III compared a low (0.40 mg) and high (1.38 mg) level of nicotine cigarette in light and heavy smokers using pretrial smoking. The high-nicotine cigarette resulted in improved recall for both immediate- and delayed-recall tests. The low-nicotine cigarette was less effective. Light and heavy smokers differed in effect of smoking on heart rate, but not in effect of smoking on recall. Experiment IV found no effect of smoking on depth of processing. The possible mechanisms by which nicotine affects recall are discussed.
Alfentanil suppresses coughing and agitation during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of alfentanil in suppressing coughing and agitation during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting: Operating rooms at a university medical center. Patients: 34 healthy ASA physical status I and II adult patients scheduled to undergo oral surgical procedures. Interventions: During emergence from anesthesia, patients received either alfentanil 15 μg/kg (in 10 ml) or saline (10 ml) when the end-tidal isoflurane concentration reached 0.3%. Measurements and Main Results: Hemodynamic variables were measured at one-minute intervals following administration of the study medication. A blinded observer recorded the time for patients to spontaneously open their eyes and to follow commands after discontinuing the isoflurane. The occurrence of coughing and agitation prior to extubation was noted. Patients in the alfentanil treatment group exhibited a reduced incidence of coughing prior to extubation (6% vs. 83%, respectively) and a longer time interval until the onset of spontaneous movements (21.1 ± 2.6 min vs. 14.6 ± 1.7 min, respectively). The interval between the onset of movement and orientation was shorter in the alfentanil-treated patients, resulting in similar extubation times for both groups. Alfentanil administration was also associated with lower heart rate, systolic diastolic, and mean arterial pressure values during the emergence period. Conclusion: Alfentanil decreased coughing, agitation, and cardiovascular stimulation during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia without prolonging the time to extubation.
Dislocation filtering: why it works, when it doesn't

Dislocation filtering, or the removal of threading dislocations using a superlattice structure, has much potential for fabrication of high-quality semiconductor heterostructures for which buffer layers or low-quality substrate material must be used. An accurate and predictive model for the filtering phenomenon, however, has not yet been identified, leading to erratic results when attempts to design dislocation filters are made. Filtering has traditionally been treated in terms of various quasi-equilibrium models, which are often found to be lacking when applied to real systems. These mechanisms are examined with a view toward understanding their limitations in the real world. A fundamentally new mechanism for dislocation filtering, based on metastable freezing of non-equilibrium configurations encountered during crystal growth, is proposed. This non-equilibrium mechanism overcomes many of the limitations presented by the conventional filtering models.
Providing Occupational Therapy in an Intensive Care Unit

This paper includes information required for establishing and conducting an occupational therapy program in an intensive care unit. Three common problems in the intensive care unit are immobility and prolonged bed rest, sensory deprivation and stress, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. The resolution of these rehabilitation problems through occupational therapy intervention is addressed.
Influence of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) on biodegradation of phenanthrene

A series of batch reactor experiments was carried out to examine the effect of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) on the biodegradation of a hydrophobic solute. A mathematical program model that describes physical processes of solute solubilization and partitioning between the NAPL and aqueous phases as well as microbial degradation and oxygen utilization was used to analyze the test data. The model calculates the cumulative changes in concentration of substrate, cell mass, carbon dioxide, and dissolved oxygen as a function of time. The equations incorporate the effects of solute solubilization, partitioning, biodegradation, as well as oxygen availability. Hexadecane was used as the model NAPL and was not biodegraded in the timeframe of the experiments performed. The model solute was the polyaromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene. In agreement with several previous studies, experimental measurements showed that hexadecane increased rates of mineralization of 15 mg phenanthrene when present at low mass but decreased rates at high mass. Model results suggest that partitioning of the phenanthrene into the hexadecane phase limits bioavailability at high NAPL mass. Further the model suggests that mineralization rates were higher with the low NAPL mass because aqueous phenanthrene concentrations were higher in those treatments from ca. 20 to 40 h than in other treatments. Finally, experiments showed that the presence of hexadecane, at all masses tested, resulted in a lower cell yield, effectively increasing the amount of CO2 produced during the experiment. Model results suggest that this is due to changes in phenanthrene metabolism that are induced by the presence of the hexadecane phase. Model studies aimed at increasing rates of biodegradation by modifying operating conditions are described along with practical approaches to implementing these modifications.
Linking Morphogen and Chromatin in the Hair Follicle

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Xiong et al. (2013) identify a critical role for the chromatin remodeler Brg1 in hair follicle stem cell maintenance and epidermal repair. Brg1 interacts with the Shh signaling pathway to create a positive feedback loop that fuels hair follicle growth.
Structural, transport and magnetic properties of Ru1-xMxSr2GdCu2O8 (M = Ti and Rh for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2)

Abstract We report on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Ru 1− x M x Sr 2 GdCu 2 O 8 , with M=Ti and Rh for 0⩽ x ⩽0.2. The polycrystalline samples were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. There are no significant structural changes on partially substituting Ru by Ti or Rh within the studied level of doping. Both ferromagnetic (FM) and superconducting (SC) transition temperatures are reduced upon increasing doping concentration. In the Ti-doped compounds, the corresponding SC and FM transition temperatures decrease significantly faster than in Rh-doped samples. The superconductivity becomes fully suppressed at x =0.1 for Ti and x =0.2 for Rh, respectively. The presented results are compared with published work on different substitutional defects and a generalized phase diagram is established.
Birth of a holstein freemartin calf co-twinned to a schistosomus reflexus fetus

An unusual case of a live Holstein freemartin calf co-twinned with schistosomus reflexus fetus is presented here. Delivery of the schistosomus reflexus was achieved by fetotomy 24 h after manual delivery of a live heifer calf. The dam subsequently experienced concurrent metritis and left displacement of the abomasum; however, she conceived following insemination 85 d post partum. Cytogenetic examination of the live heifer using lymphocyte culture and cutaneous fibroblast cell culture failed to demonstrate chromosomal chimerism, whereas polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the presence of the bovine Y-chromosome marker BRY-1. Low concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone at 3, 6, 24 and 48 h after administration of hCG were detected in the serum of the freemartin heifer. Genetic, hormonal, histological and clinical findings established the live female co-twin calf was a freemartin, an abnormality of phenotypic sex. Failure to detect any significant peripheral concentrations of androgen supports the hypothesis that masculinization of the freemartin reproductive tract arises from diffusion of androgen and possibly other substances from the male co-twin rather than from endogenous production of androgen within the freemartin. This report documents that the freemartin condition can be induced by a male fetus with severe developmental abnormalities.