cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are the eating and exercise habits of successful weight losers changing

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the diet and exercise behaviors of successful weight losers entering the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) have changed between 1995 and 2003. Research Method and Procedures: Participants (N = 2708) were members of the NWCR who enrolled in intermittent years since 1995. Participants had lost an average of 33.1 kg and maintained a 13.6-kg loss for 5.8 years before enrollment. Evaluations of diet and physical activity were conducted at entry into the NWCR and prospectively over 1 year. Results: From 1995 to 2003, the daily percentage of calories from fat increased from 23.8% to 29.4%, saturated fat intake increased from 12.3 to 154.0 g/d, and calories from carbohydrate decreased from 56.0% to 49.3% (p < 0.0001). The proportion consuming <90 grams of carbohydrate (considered a low-carbohydrate diet) increased from 5.9% to 17.1% (p = 0.0001). Physical activity was elevated in 1995 (mean = 3316 kcal/wk) but comparable in all other years (mean = 2620 kcal/wk). Stepwise regression collapsing across cohorts indicated that weight regain over 1 year was related to higher levels of caloric intake, fast food consumption, and fat intake and lower levels of physical activity (p < 0.03). Discussion: The macronutrient composition of the diet of NWCR members has shifted over the past decade. Still, only a minority consumes a low-carbohydrate diet. Despite changes in the diet over time, the variables associated with long-term maintenance of weight loss were the same: continued consumption of a low-calorie diet with moderate fat intake, limited fast food, and high levels of physical activity.
Declining Cholesterol and Mortality in a Sample of Older Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between declining serum cholesterol and mortality in a sample of older nursing home residents. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A 203-bed nursing home. PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 65 and older, resident in the nursing home on January 1, 1988, or admitted through December 31, 1989, were eligible (n = 185) for the study. Follow-up for mortality was conducted until June 30, 1991. Fifty-five survivors with two or more cholesterol levels recorded before January 1, 1990, and the 76 decedents with two or more recorded cholesterol levels constituted the analytic sample (71% of eligible subjects). OUTCOME MEASURE: Mortality of the nursing home residents. RESULTS: Cholesterol declined 31.1 mg/dL/yr (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.7 to 42.6) among decedents, versus 4.2 mg/dL/yr (95% CI, −4.9 to 13.2) among survivors. The association between cholesterol decline (absolute or relative rates) and mortality was examined using logistic regression controlling for age, sex, and tube feeding. Compared with a referrent group with no change or increase, declining cholesterol greater than 45 mg/dL/yr was accompanied by an adjusted relative odds for death of 6.2 (95% CI, 2.1 to 18.4); declining cholesterol greater than 20% per year was accompanied by an adjusted relative odds for death of 7.3 (95% CI, 2.4 to 22.2). Extreme declines greater than 20% per year occurred in 47% of decedents but in only 15% of survivors. CONCLUSION: Precipitously declining cholesterol appeared to be a marker for mortality in the sample and may help explain the low cholesterol-mortality association in older nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:31–36, 1996.
Gram-negative bacillary infections: Pathogenic and pathophysiologic correlates

Abstract Gram-negative bacillary infections continue to be extremely important. Escherichia coli is the single most frequently encountered pathogen, followed by organisms belonging to the tribe KlebsiellaEnterobacter-Serratia and Proteus-Providencia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although it receives considerable (perhaps excessive) attention, is found relatively less frequently, occurring principally in the hospitalized patient who is immunocompromised. Many factors, both host and microbial, are responsible for invasiveness, virulence, and pathogenicity of gram-negative bacilli, but their relative roles, importance, and the pathophysiologic reactions they trigger are yet to be precisely defined. Certain aspects of many (but certainly not all) of the pathogenic correlates considered important in gram-negative bacillary infections, such as microbial flora, local barriers, surface and serum antibodies, complement, cell-mediated immunity, slime production, capsules, pili, endotoxin, cell wall components, extracellular products, and inoculum size are discussed herein. Points at which preventive or therapeutic strategies might be developed are offered. The benefits of antibiotics in managing susceptible gram-negative bacillary infections appear to be plateauing. If further advances are to be made in the therapy of these infections, new approaches to rapidly identifying the responsible etiologic agent and a better understanding of the factors responsible for invasiveness, virulence, and pathogenicity are needed.
Controlled Potential Coulometric Analysis of Amine-Oxides of Pharmaceutical Interest

Controlled potential coulometry was shown to be a valuable technique for the quantitative determination of certain amine-oxides. From 98 to 100% of chlordiazepoxide and the N-oxides of atropine, brucine, 3-bromopyridine, scopolamine, and strychnine was recovered.
Controlled release of amylase from a thermal and pH-sensitive, macroporous hydrogel

Abstract A heterogeneous hydrogel containing silicone rubber domains has been synthesized from a thermal and pH sensitive polymer containing N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm), acrylic acid (AAc), a divinyl silicone rubber plus a small amount of crosslinker. These gels are unswollen at 37°C and pH 1.4 and swell at pH 7.4 where they form large aqueous pores. Therefore, they could be useful for pH-controlled enteric delivery of proteins. Amylase has been loaded and released from such gels under conditions simulating gastrointestinal transport in the study reported here.
Increased enzymatic O-GlcNAcylation of mitochondrial proteins impairs mitochondrial function in cardiac myocytes exposed to high glucose.

Increased nuclear protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) mediated by high glucose treatment or the hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus contributes to cardiac myocyte dysfunction. However, whether mitochondrial proteins in cardiac myocytes are also submitted to O-GlcNAcylation or excessive O-GlcNAcylation alters mitochondrial function is unknown. In this study, we determined if mitochondrial proteins are O-GlcNAcylated and explored if increased O-GlcNAcylation is linked to high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. By immunoprecipitation, we found that several mitochondrial proteins, which are members of complexes of the respiratory chain, like subunit NDUFA9 of complex I, subunits core 1 and core 2 of complex III, and the mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunit I of complex IV (COX I) are O-GlcNAcylated. By mass spectrometry, we identified that serine 156 on NDUFA9 is O-GlcNAcylated. High glucose treatment (30 mm glucose) increases mitochondrial protein O-GlcNAcylation, including those of COX I and NDUFA9 which are reduced by expression of O-GlcNAcase (GCA). Increased mitochondrial O-GlcNAcylation is associated with impaired activity of complex I, III, and IV in addition to lower mitochondrial calcium and cellular ATP content. When the excessive O-GlcNAc modification is reduced by GCA expression, mitochondrial function improves; the activity of complex I, III, and IV increases to normal and mitochondrial calcium and cellular ATP content are returned to control levels. From these results we conclude that specific mitochondrial proteins of cardiac myocytes are O-GlcNAcylated and that exposure to high glucose increases mitochondrial protein O-GlcNAcylation, which in turn contributes to impaired mitochondrial function.
Review of Tolvaptan in the Treatment of Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is a very common electrolyte disorder and is a significant independent predictor of medical prognosis and costs. Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor antagonist developed for the treatment of hyponatremia. It has its principal application in the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Its major role is in the treatment of heart failure (HF), cirrhosis and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). While at present tolvaptan has not demonstrated long term survival benefit with its use, it clearly has proven short term efficacy in the management of hyponatremia by demonstrating improvement in serum sodium levels at an acceptable rate without evidence of over-correction.
Pheromones in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

Abstract Black-tailed deer in captivity and in the field were observed for 3000 hr. The various contexts in which pheromones play a role were determined. For short-range sex, age and individual recognition, the tarsal scent is most important. Gas chromatograms show differences related to sex, age and individuals. Metatarsal scent is discharged in ‘fear-inducing’ situations. Female urine attracts males. Rub-urinating serves as a distress signal in fawns, but as a threat in adult males and females. The home range of deer is marked by rubbing the forehead against dry branch tips. Bioassays were developed for testing fractions of tarsal and metartarsal scents. The active components are being more narrowly defined in both scents.
Who are parish nurses

ABSTRACT This article introduces parish nursing by describing seven areas, including: the varied professional background of nurses, their educational background, the nurse as a unique person, resources to which interdisciplinary professionals and parish nurses can turn, limitations of the practice, a brief history of the profession, and types of practices.
Exact and approximate solutions to the multisource weber problem

The problem considered is the choice of locations form sources so as to minimize the sum of weighted distances betweenn fixed sinks and the source closest to each sink. The weights represent the amounts to be shipped between the sinks and their respective sources; the allowable source locations are free of restriction. An algorithm for the approximate solution of the problem, and computational experience with it, are discussed first. A branch-and-bound algorithm for exact solution of the problem is then developed, and computational experience with it is described.
Interactions between native and non-native cichlid species in a Costa Rican river

The convict cichlid, Amatitlania siquia, is a serially monogamous, bi-parental cichlid species native to Costa Rican rivers. Numerous field studies conducted in the Rio Cabuyo (Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica) have provided a wealth of information regarding the behavioral ecology of this species. Recently a cichlid species that was previously not found in the Rio Cabuyo was identified as Hypsophrys nematopus. This influx of this non-native species provides an interesting ability to study the interactions of this potentially invasive species and to monitor the changes made by the native cichlid species. Over the course of several field seasons, I investigated the interactions between the native convict cichlid and the non-native cichlid. I surveyed the distribution of breeding pairs of both species and conducted behavioral tests to examine the interactions between the native and non-native species. I found an overall decline breeding pairs of both species over the course of the study. I found that both species were more aggressive to conspecific intruders and that female convict cichlids were aggressive to juveniles but males were not. These results provide important information concerning how native species interact with non-native species. It appears that the A. siquia population may experience a change in its reproductive behaviors due to the influx of H. nematopus.
3-D velocity structure of the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California—I. P waves

SUMMARY Seismic arrival times from microearthquakes (ML < 4) on the San Jacinto fault near Anza, California, are used to find spatial variations in the seismic velocity that are related to the crustal structure of the fault zone. Preliminary modelling of the 1-D P-wave velocity structure of the upper 25 km of crust reveals that most of the variation in velocity is lateral rather than depth dependent. The traveltime anomalies due to lateral structure can be partially compensated for by applying station corrections, however the variance of the traveltime residuals is still 2.25 times larger than the variance of the picking error. The spatially correlated residuals show that this variance is due to localized velocity anomalies and that the data require further modelling using a 3-D velocity structure. Because the 3-D inverse problem is non-unique, smoothness constraints are applied to find the model that has the minimum structure required to fit the data to the picking error, where a smooth model is defined such that the gradient of the velocity perturbation from the original 1-D model is small. With small non-zero station corrections, a 3-D velocity model can be found that fits the data well. The structure is well resolved from 3 to 9 km depth where lateral perturbations of up to 7 per cent are determined independently of the trade-off between station corrections and poorly resolved near surface structure. The model shows a horizontal gradient with overall faster velocities in the north-east side of the fault zone. At 3–6 km depth, the signature of the fault zone is evident in the lower velocities beneath the surface trace of the fault. However, at 9 km depth. higher seismic velocities are found extending into the fault zone from the north-east block. This higher velocity region occurs where there is a distinct lack of seismicity on the fault. There is also a localized feature in the south-west of the modelled region that is more than 10 km from the main trace of the fault with velocities 3 per cent slower than average.
Assessing the Impact of the Inner Belt MIT, Highways, and Housing in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Between 1948 and 1971, the Massachusetts Department of Public Works released plans to build a freeway through Cambridge. One route would carve up a working-class neighborhood while another would ru...
Estrogen receptors (ERα versus ERβ): friends or foes in human biology?

AbstractMost of the biological effects of estrogens are mediated via the estrogen receptors (ERs) at the level of gene regulation. Recently, new information regarding the role of ERs in physiology, pathology and the mechanisms through which estrogens bring about these functions has emerged. The physiological effects of estrogen are manifested through two ER isoforms – ERα and ERβ – which display distinct regions of sequence homology. The crystal structures of these receptors bound to their specific ligands (e.g. agonists or antagonists) have revealed much about how ligand binding alters receptor structure/conformation and the interaction with coactivators or corepressors as well as how it determines the cellular response to a ligand. ERs are involved in the variety of physiological and pathological activities and different cells and tissues have shown divergent responses to these two receptor isoforms. The discovery of sub-isoforms of ER alpha and beta has further complicated our understanding of how the ...
Phospholipid metabolism of hypothermically stored rat hepatocytes.

Isolated rat hepatocytes were suspended and stored in either Liebovitz-15 medium (37 degrees C or 4 degrees C) or University of Wisconsin (UW) solution (4 degrees C) containing [(3)H] arachidonic acid (AA). At varying times, membrane phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography. AA labeled phospholipids similarly at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Analysis of the ratios of [(3)H] AA and [(14)C] glycerol incorporated into phosphatidic acid or other phospholipids in dual-labeled cells indicated that the deacylation/reacylation cycle was the major route of AA incorporation at hypothermia. This was supported by showing that blocking phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity by trifluoperazine suppressed AA incorporation into phospholipids. PLA(2) activity, measured by determining the release of AA, was slow during 48-hour cold storage, but increased significantly when ATP was depleted by inhibition of mitochondria and glycolysis. In the whole rat liver, there was no significant loss of phospholipids during 48-hour storage (total phospholipids [micromol phosphorus/L/mg] : 0.197 +/-. 001 at 0 hours) unless energy blockers were used (0.155 +/-.005 at 48 hours) or glycogen depleted by fasting the rat (0.167 +/-.001 at 48 hours). This study shows that a net PLA(2) stimulated hydrolysis of phospholipids is seen only when ATP is depleted and its generation from anaerobic glycolysis inhibited. Thus, PLA(2) hydrolysis of phospholipids is not a significant cause of liver cell injury during cold storage when livers are obtained in optimal condition. However, conditions affecting the generation of ATP during cold storage could alter PLA(2) leading to membrane damage.
Triple-tissue sampling at ERCP in malignant biliary obstruction.

Abstract Background: Procurement of cytologic samples by brushing is common practice at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) but has low sensitivity for cancer detection. Limited data are available on other techniques, including endoluminal fine-needle aspiration and forceps biopsy. This series reviews the yield of these three stricture sampling methods. Methods: In this prospective study, patients with biliary obstruction with a clinical suspicion of malignancy underwent triple-tissue sampling at one ERCP session. Final cancer diagnosis was based on all sampling methods plus surgery, autopsy, and clinical follow-up. Tissue specimens were reported as normal, atypia, or malignant. Results: A total of 133 patients were evaluated: 104 had cancer and 29 had benign strictures. Tissue sampling sensitivity varied according to the type of cancer; the highest yield was seen in ampullary cancers (62% to 85%). The cumulative sensitivity of triple-tissue sampling in the cancer patients was as follows: sensitivity was 52% if atypia was considered benign and 77% if it was considered malignant. The addition of a second or third technique increased sensitivity rates in most instances. No serious complications occurred from the tissue sampling methods. Conclusions: Tissue sampling sensitivity varied according to the type of cancer. Combining a second or third method increased sensitivity; general use of at least two sampling methods is therefore recommended. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:383-90.)
Control concepts for tillage systems

Prescribed tillage to meet agronomic needs will be important to future goals of productivity, energy efficiency, and resource conservation. Control systems will be an important feature of the tillage systems that are developed to implement prescribed tillage. A control concept for tillage systems is described.
Modelling of multiple coupled concentric open and closed microstrip ring structure

The characteristics of multiple concentric open and closed ring microstrip structures are computed in terms of the distributed self and mutual capacitances and inductances. The spectral domain technique is used to compute these quasistatic capacitances and inductances of the multiple coupled concentric rings. The coupled ring structures are modelled as asymmetric and multiple coupled line circuits which are used to evaluate resonance frequencies and other multiport characteristics of these structures.
Barriers to Increased Engineering Graduate Enrollments: Counterforces and Their Implementation

This paper highlights the role of the faculty member in recruiting students currently enrolled in B.S. programs in engineering and the sciences into full-time pursuit of a graduate-level engineering degree. The faculty member is demonstrated to be in a unique position to influence such students, providing strong counterforces to a confluence of attitudes and pressures experienced during the B.S. experience which effectively create a barrier to full-time engineering graduate study. We analyze this barrier via the method of force field analysis, and demonstrate that effective recruitment into full-time graduate study must be based on a four-fold strategy of education, expectations, improved B.S. experience and better control of the B.S. environment. Approaches to implement these strategies are discussed.
Phenomenology in End-of-Life Care: Implications for Philosophy and Clinical Practice

Care of the terminally ill and dying in the hospice setting is a growing practice field for social workers. Support to family, as well as the patient, is implicit in hospice care, adding to the reach and impact of the hospice social worker’s role. As people age and approach the end of life, they may encounter changes in their experience of time, space and of the material world. They often have to redefine the role of hope in their day to day lives. Based on these changing experiences and perceptions, phenomenology, with its focus on a patient’s subjective, lived experience, has implications for end-of-life care. The role of empathy and compassion are also explored in relation to existential experiences of the terminally ill through the lens of phenomenology and Eastern philosophy. To complement the Western biomedical model of care for the dying, insight from Eastern philosophical traditions, which view living and dying on the same continuum, and provide an expanded view of suffering bring comfort and understanding to how living and dying are processed within the phenomenology of patient experience and the hospice model of care. Case vignettes demonstrate social work theory and practice at the intersection of various interrelated phenomena when caring for those facing the end of life.
Trade-offs among anti-herbivore resistance traits: insights from Gossypieae (Malvaceae)

Plant defense theories commonly predict negative correlations among anti-herbivore resistance traits. Although this prediction has been widely accepted, the majority of empirical studies have failed to account for similarities among species due to common ancestry, thus risking pseudoreplication. Wild cotton plants possess traits conferring both direct resistance (toxic leaf glands and trichomes) and indirect resistance (extrafloral nectaries that reward enemies of herbivores). The evidence for negative phenotypic correlations among these resistance traits was examined at two levels: within Gossypium thurberi (wild cotton) and across species in the cotton clade (Gossypieae). A phylogenetic analysis controlled for shared ancestry among species. Across the Gossypieae, a strong negative correlation emerged between the direct resistance traits, leaf gland and trichomes. This correlation may reflect costs of these traits, a negative genetic correlation, or redundancy in their actions against herbivores. In contrast, the direct resistance traits (glands and trichomes) were not correlated with the indirect resistance trait of extrafloral nectar, either within or across species. The robust lack of correlation suggests that these direct and indirect resistance mechanisms evolve independently over evolutionary time scales. This conclusion conflicts with both predictions of plant defense theory and the majority of prior comparisons of direct and indirect resistance traits and may reflect the facultative nature of indirect resistance in Gossypieae.
Extension and rotation of crustal blocks in northern Central America and effect on the volcanic arc

Sinistral displacements across the North American–Caribbean plate boundary in northern Central America are distributed among major arcuate faults that have been active in Neogene time. South of the Jocotan and Motagua faults in Guatemala, extensional tectonics has accompanied rotation of the trailing edge of the Caribbean plate around these faults. Segmentation of the volcanic arc in northern Central America, hitherto attributed to transverse breaks in the subducting Cocos plate, may instead be a result of this block rotation. Accompanying changes along the arc are observed in seismicity, gravity anomaly patterns, volume and composition of volcanic products, and topography. Therefore, the complex volcano-tectonic geology south of the main boundary faults may be explained by interaction and rotation of crustal blocks in the overriding Caribbean plate above the magma production zone along the downgoing Cocos slab.
Five years' experience in a (really) rural teleradiology practice. Was it worth it? The successes and the failures

During the past 5 years (1992 - 1997) the Department of Radiology of the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center has developed an active teleradiology program. Contracts are in place to provide both routine and emergency image interpretations 24 hours per day, every day of the year. Several rural hospitals are served as well as the Navajo Indian Health Service. Areas of success: include significantly improved radiologic service to the rural sites, specialty consultations to general radiologists, successful teaching of teleradiology practice to radiology residents and staff, good diagnostic quality images, a small but real profit, improved quality assurance for the rural sites, and no significant medical-legal problems. Failures include: significant telecommunications problems, lack of acceptance and utilization by some of the rural sites, poor QA compliance by some sites, a long period of disappointing technical support by equipment vendors, and slow acceptance of DICOM by equipment manufacturers. The successes outweigh the failures. We would do it again -- but somewhat differently. We offer advice to institutions developing a new rural teleradiology operation.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Monetary Analysis of Food Price Determination

Erratic food price movements during the 1970s have received much attention in recent literature. Salathe and Boehm found that movements in retail food prices since 1970 have been substantially more volatile than in earlier periods, and that the food component of the consumer price index (CPI) has often displayed an annual rate of change different from that of the total CPI. Such changes in agricultural prices reflect low price elasticities for food products and the difficulty of predicting weather patterns and their effects on farm output. Research interest stems from relatively larger recent price changes caused by persistent general inflation and unexpected supply disruptions. Several recent studies of retail food prices are based on cost-push theories. These models posit that as input costs faced by food manufacturers rise, the increases are "passed through" to consumers in the form of higher product prices. To model cost-push behavior, changes in components of the marketing bill-such as processing, packaging, and transportation costs-are measured and related to subsequent changes in retail product prices. Examples of such empirical studies are those by Lamm, Heien, and Lamm and Westcott. However, these models represent only one perspective of the pricing process. This paper suggests the use of a family of alternative models. In particular, by making a clear distinction between changes in nominal and real values, a different set of variables is selected to measure each component of overall price change. It is argued that not all models can explain behavior of both real and nominal price changes.
Transverse instability of a bunched beam with space charge and wakefield

Transverse instability of a bunch in a ring accelerator is considered with space charge and wakefield taken into account. It is assumed that space charge tune shift significantly exceeds the synchrotron tune. Bunch spectrum, instability growth rate, and effects of chromaticity are studied with different bunch and wake forms. Fast instability caused by coupling of transverse modes is studied in detail. It is shown that, for monotonic wakes, the transverse mode coupling instability is possible only with a certain sign of the wake. Its threshold and growth rate are calculated precisely over a wide range of parameters.
Useful Foils: Lessons Learned From Jews in John Wyclif's Call for Church Reform

As an ardent advocate for Church reform in the late fourteenth century, John Wyclif found in Jewish history and practices a wealth of material upon which to draw when chastising the present Christian clerical class. Wyclif likens modern friars and prelates to the Jews of the Bible, and concludes that in their avarice and zeal for unscriptural human traditions they have in fact have proven themselves even greater enemies of Christ than the Jews themselves. Though Jews are consistently used as foils, they are not the recipients of gratuitous epithets. Noteworthy is the fact that Wyclif most often employs the term perfidia when speaking of Christian clerics rather than Jews. When he does speak of avarice, treachery, and murder on the part of the Jews those occasions are largely limited to the clerical class, and then in an effort to admonish the Christian clergy of his own day. As Wyclif read the New Testament accounts of Christ and the apostles, thereby forming his vision of an ideal Church, so he read of their adversaries and accepts them as the model for all who oppose his idealized Church.
Detection of hydrothermal plumes on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from optical measurements

Abstract Several water column surveys conducted on the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge have been instrumental in the discovery of three new hydrothermal venting sites, and seven other active segments. Hydrothermal sources have yet to be pinpointed in six of these segments. In this study, the observed frequency of high-temperature venting from 23°N to 41°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), a distance of approximately 1900 km, is one venting system per 150 km of ridge. Combining these data with those of other investigators for the region from 12°N to 41°N leads to an approximate venting frequency of one site per 90 km of ridge, although venting frequencies on sections of the MAR within this region are as high as one site per 25 km. To support this frequency of venting, and considering the larger dimensions of the MAR rift valley, the ratio of axial to off-axis heat loss must be higher on the MAR than on faster spreading ridges.
A simple classification approach to build a bathtub

The notional bathtub curve is often cited to describe how a device's failure rate may change with age. Modeling the bathtub curve or other undulating function to capture the reliability-centric phases of life can be accomplished using the mixed-Weibull distribution. Unfortunately, fitting failure data directly to the mixed-Weibull distribution typically requires an assumption of the number of subpopulations within the distribution and difficult computations that often end in the utilization of complex algorithms. The fitting approach described in this paper provides a tactic that can perform the fit without assuming a set number of subpopulations and can be implemented in a basic spreadsheet. This paper begins with a brief examination of a common mixed-Weibull form. It is observed that the likelihood function of this form implicitly handles the data in aggregate - ironically not a mixture. This can be addressed with a modest adjustment but at the cost of greatly increasing the number of parameters that must be considered to fit the distribution. Two separate derivations of the introduced approach are outlined. The first originates within an Artificial-Life framework used for constructing reliability models. Processes within this framework are taken to a conceptual limit. Addressing computational time issues that result yields the presented approach. Because the Artificial-Life Framework tactic is still largely unproven a second derivation based on the well established k-means clustering algorithm is provided as an alternate. Because k-means clustering algorithms are well known, their behavior provides predictions into the behavior of the approach being introduced. The mechanics of the approach are outlined and detailed using sample data. One simple sample set demonstrates the mechanics while a second, more contextually rich set of data illustrates a more realistic application and behavior of the approach. In each, individual reliability data are classified and subpopulations emerge to quickly estimate parameters for a mixed-Weibull distribution. Performance characteristics are noted to be very similar to the k-means algorithm. Termination requires little iteration so even very complex mixtures can be assessed quickly. As predicted by its k-means derivation the approach is mildly chaotic so multiple trials may yield better solutions. Fortunately speed and ease of implementation accommodates for this shortcoming. Additionally, repeated application of the method on a set of data is shown to yield a discrete probabilistic estimate of the number of subpopulations contained within a dataset. The approach is found to be a convenient addition to the reliability analyst's toolbox.
Wittgenstein on sensation and ‘seeing-as’

Although Wittgenstein's philosophy of mind has given rise to a vast body of critical literature, his discussion of sensation has so far received only piecemeal treatjnent. In fact, the focus of commentators has been so much on the private-language argument that it may appear as if Wittgenstein had little else to say relevant to the topic of sensation. Although I shaU of course pay heed to that argument, my main concern is to sketch an overview of Wittgenstein's approach to sensation. One special virtue I should like to claim for it is that it provides some important thematic continuity between the two parts of the Philosophi cal Investigations.2 Another feature is that it avoids imputing to Wittgenstein various traditional philosophical doctrines which some of his critics, as well as some of his followers, claim to find in the later writings. I have just suggested that Wittgenstein's account of sensation is significantly different from what may be found in traditional philoso phical theories. Nevertheless, some writers have viewed Wittgenstein as adopting a behavioristic analysis of mental phenomena; others have credited him with preserving private, inner mental process, and intro ducing 'criteria' to bridge the gap between mind and behavior. If what I have to say in the first part of this essay is correct, it follows that both of these interpretations are fundamentally in error, and that both errors have a common source.
Intraepithelial neoplasia mimicking microinvasive squamous‐cell carcinoma in endocervical brushings

The interpretation of endocervical brush specimens requires familiarity with the various benign, atypical, dysplastic, and invasive neoplastic changes in cells located in the endocervical canal. There are several pitfalls in the cytologic evaluation of brush specimens that may result in diagnostic difficulty and error. We report seven cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions that were sampled by endocervical brushing and confirmed by cone biopsy or hysterectomy in which the cytologic changes in the Papanicolaou smears mimicked those of microinvasive squamous-cell carcinoma. The cells in the smears were compared with those in the tissue sections to determine their sites of origin. Results of this study indicate that cells with features fulfilling the criteria for microinvasive carcinoma were found primarily in brushing smears and corresponded with the features of cells involving the endocervical glands rather than those in the surface epithelium. We conclude that the criteria that have been promulgated for the cytologic diagnosis of microinvasive squamous-cell carcinoma have limited value in the examination of endocervical brush specimens.
Effect of airfoil (trailing-edge) thickness on the numerical solution of panel methods based on the Dirichlet boundary condition

The practical limit of airfoil thickness ratio for which acceptable engineering results are obtainable with the Dirichlet boundary-condition-based numerical methods is investigated. This is done by studying the effect of thickness on the calculated pressure distribution near the trailing edge and by comparing the aerodynamic coefficients with available exact solutions. The first objective of this study, owing to the wide use of such computational methods, is to demonstrate the numerical symptoms that occur when the body or wing thickness approaches zero and to increase the awareness of potential users of these methods. Additionally, an effort is made to obtain the practical limits of the trailing-edge thickness where such problems will appear in the flow solution, and to propose some possible cures for very thin airfoils or those with cusped trailing edges.
Deoxygenated Disaccharide Analogs as Specific Inhibitors of β1–4-Galactosyltransferase 1 and Selectin-mediated Tumor Metastasis

The disaccharide peracetylated GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ-O-naphthalenemethanol (disaccharide 1) diminishes the formation of the glycan sialyl Lewis X (Neu5Acα2–3Galβ1–4(Fucα1–3) GlcNAc; sLeX) in tumor cells. Previous studies showed that the mechanism of action of disaccharide 1 involves three steps: (i) deacetylation by carboxyesterases, (ii) action as a biosynthetic intermediate for downstream enzymes involved in sLeX assembly, and (iii) generation of several glycans related to sLeX. In this report, we show that GlcNAcβ1–3Galβ-O-naphthalenemethanol binds to the acceptor site of human β1–4-galactosyltransferase much like the acceptor trisaccharide, GlcNAcβ1–2Manβ1–6Man, which is present on N-linked glycans. The 4′-deoxy analog, in which the acceptor hydroxyl group was replaced by -H, did not act as a substrate but instead acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. The acetylated form of this compound inhibited sLeX formation in U937 monocytic leukemia cells, suggesting that it had inhibitory activity in vivo as well. A series of synthetic acetylated analogs of 1 containing -H, -F, -N3, -NH2, or -OCH3 instead of the hydroxyl groups at C-3′- and C-4′-positions of the terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue also blocked sLeX formation in cells. The reduction of sLeX by the 4′-deoxy analog also diminished experimental tumor metastasis by Lewis lung carcinoma in vivo. These data suggest that nonsubstrate disaccharides have therapeutic potential through their ability to bind to glycosyltransferases in vivo and to alter glycan-dependent pathologic processes.
Fibrinogen Aa Chain Leu 554: an African-American kindred with late onset renal amyloidosis

An African-American kindred with renal amyloidosis is described. Four members in two generations developed nephropathy in the sixth to eighth decade of life. Kidney biopsy and subcutaneous fat aspirate biopsy of one patient revealed amyloid deposits. DNA analysis showed that patients were heterozygous for a mutation in the fibrinogen Aa chain gene with a guanine to thymine transversion at the second base of codon 554, predicting a leucinefor arginine substitution. Peptide sequence analysis 05 isolated plasma fibrinogen showed normal peptide as well as variant peptide with leucine replacing arginine at position 554, as predicted by the DNA sequence. The ratio between normal and variant peptides was approximately 1:1 in one patient and 3:2 in another. Although this African-American kindred has the exact same mutation as a previously described Peruvian-Mexican kindred, the onset age in this kindred is much later than in the Peruvian-Mexican kindred. This finding may indicate the existence of additional facto...
Thermal Decomposition of Metal Dialkyldithiophosphate Oil Blends

Thermal decomposition temperatures of oil blends of the sine, nickel, and cadmium salts of the same dialkyldithiophosphoric acid were determined by the use of the isoteniscope. It was observed that the ease of decomposition and the order of stability of these metal dialkyldilhiophosphales were affected by: (a) the nature of the base oil used for the blends, (b) the presence of basic barium sulfonate in the blends, (c) the presence of air in the isoteniscope, and (d) the pressure in the isoteniscope. The relationship of the experimental results to performance studies of the metal dialkyldilhiophosphates is discussed, and a critical evaluation of the decomposition mechanisms proposed to date is presented. It is concluded that the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of the metal organodilhiophosphates is not known, and that the relationship between thermal stability and anti-scuff performance is not completely understood. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication C...
Chattering cells: superficial pyramidal neurons contributing to the generation of synchronous oscillations in the visual cortex.

In response to visual stimulation, a subset of neurons in the striate and prestriate cortex displays synchronous rhythmic firing in the gamma frequency band (20 to 70 hertz). This finding has raised two fundamental questions: What is the functional significance of synchronous gamma-band activity and how is it generated? This report addresses the second of these two questions. By means of intracellular recording and staining of single cells in the cat striate cortex in vivo, a biophysically distinct class of pyramidal neuron termed “chattering cells” is described. These neurons are located in the superficial layers of the cortex, intrinsically generate 20- to 70-hertz repetitive burst firing in response to suprathreshold depolarizing current injection, and exhibit pronounced oscillations in membrane potential during visual stimulation that are largely absent during periods of spontaneous activity. These properties suggest that chattering cells may make a substantial intracortical contribution to the generation of synchronous cortical oscillations and thus participate in the recruitment of large populations of cells into synchronously firing assemblies.
Effects of feeding, starvation, and refeeding on the fatty acid composition of channel catfish, ICtalurus punctatus, tissues

1. 1. The effects of feeding, food deprivation (14 and 28 days) and refeeding (starved 14 then fed 14 days) on the fatty acid composition of white muscle, liver and brain of pond-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were investigated. 2. 2. Levels of n-3 fatty acids were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in white muscle of fish starved 28 days (10.7%) than in fish fed throughout the study (8.0%), due primarily to an increase in 22:6(n-3) docosahexaenoic acid or DHA. 3. 3. Significantly higher levels of 20:5(n-3) (eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA) were found in livers offish starved 28 days (P < 0.05) compared to fish fed throughout the study. 4. 4. Results suggest that the fatty acid compositions of channel catfish white muscle and liver are subject to only limited perturbation during periods of starvation and refeeding and that the brain is extremely well protected.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS/PHOTON FLUX DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG COMPONENTS OF CORAL REEF ALGAL TURFS1

Photosynthesis/photon flux density (PFD) relationships were compared among some of the major components of sparse algal turfs (green endoliths, red crusts, red filaments, Crouania, Sphacelaria)/ from Tague Bay forereef St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Algal turfs grazed by the sea urchin Diadema antillarum were 2–10 times more productive per unit chl a than when not grazed by sea urchins. The maximum rate of net photosynthesis (Pnetmax) and saturation PFDs, but not the slope of the light-limited portion of the curve (α), differed significantly among the algal turf components examined. The hypothesis that increased biomass-specific primary productivity results from shifts in algal community structure was not supported because the maximum difference in photosynthesis between algal components was only a factor of two, and the less productive components were relatively more abundant under grazing. In the understory, green endoliths exhibited higher α and lower Pnetmax, suggesting shade adaptation. Photon flux density measurements taken with a fiber optic microprobe within the algal turfs indicated that photosynthesis of basal portions of algal filaments and red crusts are light-limited in ungrazed algal turfs. As self-shading changes with grazer-mediated canopy removal, algal sublayers will contribute differentially to whole turf primary productivity.
Delaying the initiation of intact breast irradiation for patients with lymph node positive breast cancer increases the risk of local recurrence.

Background. The impact of delaying irradiation to the intact breast for patients receiving chemotherapy for lymph node positive breast cancer is controversial. Methods. From 1974 to 1989, 474 patients underwent lumpectomy and intact breast irradiation for early stage invasive breast cancer. Chemotherapy was administered to 84 patients (1 patient with bilateral breast cancer) because of positive axillary lymph nodes. Time from definitive breast surgery (lumpectomy or reexcision) to the initiation of breast irradiation was 21–314 days, with a median of 124 days. Forty-two patients began receiving radiation therapy before 120 days (early) and 42 more than 120 days after surgery (delayed). In the early group, cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF) was administered to 32 patients, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (AC or CAF) to 6 patients, and other regimens to 4 patients; in the delayed group, CMF was given to 29 patients, CAF to 12 patients, and L-PAM/5-fluorouracil to 1 patient. Results. Median follow-up was 62 months. There was one breast recurrence in the early group, compared with six in the patients receiving delayed irradiation. The actuarial relapse rates for these groups at 5 years were 2% and 14%, respectively (P = 0.05). Survival and distant disease free survival were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions. Delays in the initiation of irradiation are associated with increased risk of relapse in the breast. When possible, the interval between definitive breast surgery (lumpectomy or reexcision) and the initiation of radiation therapy should be fewer than 120 days.
On-line characterization and reconfiguration for single event upset variations

The amount of physical variation among electronic components on a die is increasing rapidly. There is a need for a better understanding of variations in transient fault susceptibility, and for methods of on-line adaptation to such variations. We address three key research questions in this area. First, we investigate accelerated characterization of individual latch susceptibilities. We find that on the order of 10 upsets per latch must be observed for variations to be adequately characterized. Second, we propose a method of on-line hardware reconfiguration using incremental place-and-route on FPGAs. Surprisingly, we find that highly localized place-and-route changes (e.g. restricted to groups of 8 flip-flops) are sufficient for realizing most of the possible benefits. Lastly, we quantify potential improvements in system-level soft error rates via Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The study highlights both what is required for and what can be gained by on-line adaptation.