cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early and late outcomes of coronary stent graft: A 15-year experience from a single center

The study reviewed the outcomes of patients treated with covered stent for coronary artery perforation (CAP). CAP is an infrequent and life threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. It can result in abrupt vessel closure, acute iatrogenic pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade and death if not recognized and managed promptly. Placement of coronary stent graft is the cornerstone of management of CAP. Coronary stent graft is a humanitarian device, authorized by federal law for use in the treatment of perforation in a vessel ≥ 2.75 mm in diameter causing free contrast extravasation into the pericardium. The use of this device is associated with a risk of acute and subacute thrombosis. We report five cases of CAP that were effectively treated with either coronary stent grafts or prolonged balloon inflation with two of them subsequently developing stent graft thrombosis and literature review on efficacy and safety of stent grafts.
Boredom and Classroom Design: The Affective Economies of School Engagement

Educators have long been rightly concerned about the risk that schools themselves can produce profoundly unsettling and potentially ‘unproductive’ emotional and physical states among children and youth. This chapter examines two moments in the attentive regimes and engagement paradigms that have been manifest in the material design of schools and classrooms in the United States in the twentieth century. The first part looks at a temporary classroom constructed as part of a demonstration of Montessori pedagogy at the 1915 World’s Fair in San Francisco, California. The second section examines the classrooms the Crow Island School built in 1940 in Winnetka, Illinois, a wealthy Chicago suburb renowned for its progressive schools. In both these instances, architects and educators linked design with affect and connected design to strategies for managing boredom. Drawing on scholarship from architectural history and the history of emotions, I treat the ascription of affective effect to school design and architecture as itself a shifting historical artifact worthy of examination. The chapter argues that the confluence of emotional modulation, classroom design, and engagement/boredom management forms an important site in the governing of individuals.
Native American Stepfamilies: Children’s Expectations Concerning Their Residential Stepparents’ Behavior

This study examined how a Native American stepchild’s expectations for their stepparents’ behavior associated with the stepfamily quality. The responses of Native Americans and multiracial Native A...
Macroinvertebrate Foraging on Larval Ambystoma maculatum across Ontogeny

Understanding community interactions, such as predator–prey dynamics, is vital for determining species viability. Outside of larger macroinvertebrate predators, such as crayfish and dragonfly larva...
Dynamics of the HIV Gag Lattice Detected by Localization Correlation Analysis and Time-Lapse iPALM.

Abstract Immature human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virions have a lattice of Gag and Gag-Pol proteins anchored to the lumen of their envelope. Using electron microscopy, we demonstrate that HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled by the viral protein Gag and tagged at its C-terminus with the fluorescent protein Dendra2 have the same morphology and size as the VLPs assembled using only HIV Gag. We characterize the photophysical properties of Dendra2 and demonstrate that 60% of Dendra2 molecules can be photoswitched and reliably counted in our interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy (iPALM) setup. We further perform iPALM imaging on immobilized HIV Gag-Dendra2 VLPs and demonstrate that we can localize and count 900–1600 Dendra2 molecules within each immobilized VLP with a single-molecule localization precision better than (10 nm)3. Our molecular counts correspond to 1400–2400 Gag-Dendra2 proteins incorporated within each VLP. We further calculate temporal correlation functions of localization data, which we present as localization correlation analysis, and show dynamics within the lattice of immobilized VLPs in the timescale of 10–100 s. We further use our localization data to reconstruct time-lapse iPALM images of the Gag-Dendra2 lattice within the lumen of immobilized VLPs. The iPALM time-lapse images show significant lattice dynamics within the lumen of VLPs. Addition of disuccinimidyl suberate to the VLPs completely abrogated these dynamics as observed in both localization correlation analysis and time-lapse iPALM. In a complementary approach, we utilized HaXS8 cross-linking reactions between Halo and SNAP proteins and verified lattice dynamics in purified VLPs incorporating 10% Gag-SNAP, 10% Gag-Halo, and 80% Gag proteins. The HIV Gag lattice, along with the structural lattice of other enveloped viruses, has been mostly considered static. Our study provides an important tool to investigate the dynamics within these enveloped viruses.
A comparison of prolonged nonoperative management strategies in cervical stenosis patients: Successes versus failures.

Abstract A paucity of evidence exists regarding the optimal composition of conservative therapies to best treat patients diagnosed with cervical stenosis prior to consideration of surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the nonoperative therapy utilization strategies in cervical stenosis patients successfully managed with conservative treatments versus those that failed medical management and opted for an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery. Medical records from adult patients with a diagnosis of cervical stenosis from 2007 to 2017 were collected retrospectively from a large insurance database. Patients were divided into two cohorts: patients treated successfully with nonoperative therapies and patients that failed conservative management and opted for ACDF surgery. Nonoperative therapies utilized by the two cohorts were collected over a 2-year surveillance window. A total of 90,037 adult patients with cervical stenosis comprised the base population. There were 83,384 patients (92.6%) successfully treated with nonoperative therapies alone, while 6,653 patients (7.4%) ultimately failed conservative management and received an ACDF. Failure rates of non-operative therapies were higher in smokers (11.2%), patients receiving cervical epidural steroid injections (11.2%), and male patients (8.1%). A greater percentage of patients who failed conservative management utilized opioid medications (p
Abstract CT022: A first-of-its-kind prospective study of a multi-cancer blood test to screen and manage 10,000 women with no history of cancer

One of the most compelling approaches to reduce cancer-specific morbidity and mortality is earlier detection. Minimally-invasive screening tests, such as liquid biopsies, hold much promise in this regard. However, prospective clinical studies of these new methods are required to ensure that the anticipated benefits outweigh the potential risks. We describe an interim analysis of a study that enrolled 10,006 women 65 to 75 years of age who had no prior history of cancer, in a population with a high degree of compliance with standard-of-care screening. Enrollment occurred between September 2017 and May 2019. The study evaluated the prospective implementation of a multi-cancer, multi-analyte screening blood test (DETECT-A blood test) incorporating DNA and protein markers. Participants with positive DETECT-A blood test results were followed by an imaging test (generally PET-CT) to localize the putative cancer. The DETECT-A blood test combined with standard-of-care screening doubled the number of cancers detected by screening. The DETECT-A blood test effectively identified subjects with multiple types of cancer, with a positive predictive value higher than existing non-invasive screening tests for individual cancers. The DETECT-A blood test identified ten different cancer types, including seven types for which there is currently no screening test available. No serious adverse events were observed in any participants enrolled in the study. 65% of the cancers detected by the blood test were classified as local or regional disease. Somatic mutations in TP53, BRAF, KRAS, or PIK3CA were the most common alterations identified in plasma; in all cases where tumor tissue was available, the mutations detected in plasma were confirmed to be present in the primary tumor. These results are the first to demonstrate that a minimally-invasive multi-cancer blood test can be safely incorporated into routine clinical care. Moreover, this is the first study to show that it can be used to guide patient management in real-time, leading to surgery with intent to cure in asymptomatic individuals. Citation Format: Nickolas Papadopoulos. A first-of-its-kind prospective study of a multi-cancer blood test to screen and manage 10,000 women with no history of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT022.
Deep-learning based climate downscaling using the super-resolution method: a case study over the western US

Abstract. Demand for high-resolution climate information is growing rapidly to fulfill the needs of both scientists and stakeholders. However, deriving high-quality fine-resolution information is still challenging due to either the complexity of a dynamical climate model or the uncertainty of an empirical statistical model. In this work, a new downscaling framework is developed using the deep-learning based super-resolution method to generate very high-resolution output from coarse-resolution input. The modeling framework has been trained, tested, and validated for generating high-resolution (here, 4 km) climate data focusing on temperature and precipitation at daily scale from the year 1981 to 2010. This newly designed downscaling framework is composed of multiple convolutional layers involving batch normalization, rectification-linear unit, and skip connection strategies, with different loss functions explored. The overall logic for this modeling framework is to learn optimal parameters from the training data for later-on prediction applications. This new method and framework is found to largely reduce the time and computation cost (~ 23 milliseconds for one-day inference) for climate downscaling compared to current downscaling strategies. The strength and limitation of this deep-learning based downscaling have been investigated and evaluated using both fine-scale gridded observations and dynamical downscaling data from regional climate models. The performance of this deep-learning framework is found to be competitive in either generating the spatial details or maintaining the temporal evolutions at a very fine grid-scale. It is promising that this deep-learning based downscaling method can be a powerful and effective way to retrieve fine-scale climate information from other coarse-resolution climate data. When seeking an efficient and affordable way for intensive climate downscaling, an optimized convolution neural network framework like the one explored here could be an alternative option and applied to a broad relevant application.
Supersymmetry and Representation Theory in Low Dimensions

Beginning from a discussion of the known most fundamental dynamical structures of the Standard Model of physics, extended into the realms of mathematics and theory by the concept of "supersymmetry" or "SUSY," an introduction to efforts to develop a complete representation theory is given. Techniques drawing from graph theory, coding theory, Coxeter Groups, Riemann surfaces, and computational approaches to the study of algebraic varieties are briefly highlighted as pathways for future exploration and progress.
Taking charge of your preceptorship: Strategies to optimize orientation

ABSTRACT Despite plans and processes designed to create a seamless transition from orientation to practice for new RNs, nurses may still struggle with this process. With a focus on preceptorship, this article discusses the transition process for newly licensed nurses during onboarding and nursing orientation. It identifies challenges and communication strategies to enhance the learning experience throughout preceptorship.
Maternal feeding style and child weight status among Hispanic families with low-income levels: a longitudinal study of the direction of effects.

The home environment is a central and modifiable influence on the development of childhood obesity. Evidence supports the central role of parents in shaping problematic child eating behaviors and excess weight. Most studies of feeding emphasize parent-driven influences without taking into account the child’s role in eating interactions. Few studies have addressed the bi-directional nature of feeding dynamics in studies of young children. The goals of this study were: 1) to examine if parental feeding styles during preschool (4–5 years) predict child weight status at 7–9 years, and 2) to examine the direction of effects between parental feeding styles and child weight status over time. Participants were part of a larger longitudinal study of Hispanic Head Start families living in the West South Central United States. Data from mother/child dyads were collected at three time points: Time 1 (ages 4–5), Time 2 (ages 5 ½-6 ½), and at Time 3 (ages 7–9). Only data from the Times 1 and 3 were used in the current analyses. A total of 128 mothers and their children had data on all variables needed for the analyses. Assessments included parent-reported feeding styles, feeding practices, acculturation, child eating behaviors, and child height and weight. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the first aim; a cross-lagged panel analysis examined the second aim. An indulgent parental feeding style at ages 4–5 was associated with increased child BMI z-score at ages 7–9. Indulgent feeding significantly contributed to child BMI z-score beyond demographics, baseline child BMI z-score, parental acculturation, and child eating behaviors. Regarding the direction of effects in parental feeding interactions, the cross-lagged analyses showed that both indulgent feeding style and authoritative feeding style at Time 1 positively predicted child BMI z-scores at Time 3. Child effects were significant as well. Child BMI z-score at Time 1 positively predicted indulgent feeding and negatively predicted authoritarian feeding at Time 3. Indulgent feeding should be addressed in future family-focused childhood obesity initiatives focused on young children and their parents.
Sub-1nm EOT WS 2 -FET with I DS > 600μA/μm at V DS =1V and SS G =40nm

Ultra-scaled WS 2 field-effect transistors (FETs) with excellent on-state and off-state performance are reported. A record high on-state current (I ON ) and ultra-low contact resistance (R C ) were achieved in a double-gated FET at a much scaled overdrive voltage (V OV =V GS -V TH ), reaching > 600 (μA/μm) at V DS =1V and V OV =2V with a contact resistance of R C ~ 500 (Ω*μm). We report statistics of more than 50 FETs with varying channel lengths, showing excellent off-state behaviors with small threshold voltage (V TH ) variations, near-ideal subthreshold slope (SS), and small drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). Various channel thicknesses (T CH ) ranging from 2.1nm to 7nm were carefully evaluated in terms of short channel effects (SCEs) and on-state current, and a WS 2 body thickness of 2.1nm (3 layers, the thinnest in our statistics) shows the best performance in both on-state and off-state.
Identification of a Risk Profile for New-Onset Diabetes After Acute Pancreatitis.

Objectives There is a paucity of studies evaluating predictors of new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) after acute pancreatitis (AP-related DM). We used a population-based database to evaluate predictors of AP-related DM. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database (2010-2014) was used to identify all nondiabetic adults with an index primary diagnosis of AP. Multiple exclusions were applied to identify cohorts with and without AP-related DM. A case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for developing AP-related DM within the calendar year. Results We identified 2510 subjects with AP-related DM and 40,308 controls with AP who did not develop DM. Multivariable analysis revealed that increasing age [50-64 years; adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-1.60], male sex (aOR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40), lowest income quartile (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.18-1.84), Elixhauser comorbidity index of 3 or higher (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.23-1.75), components of metabolic syndrome (aOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.21-3.70), severe AP (aOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.34-1.90), and recurrent AP (aOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24-1.72) were independently associated with increased risk of AP-related DM. Conclusions These population-level variables predictive of developing AP-related DM can potentially identify patients who may benefit from closer follow-up, intensive education, and implementation of preventative strategies.
Confronting microaggressions: Developing innovative strategies to challenge and prevent harm

Abstract Psychological research has consistently found that microaggressions are associated with a multiplicity of harmful outcomes on the psychological and physical health of culturally diverse people. Thus, there is a need for interventions and strategies to confront, minimize, prevent, and mitigate the harms caused by microaggression experiences. This special issue presents a number of novel contributions that extend microaggression theory, including proposing an interactional model of how microaggression theory intersects with imposter syndrome and stereotype threat (Nadal et al., this issue), and the proposal of macrointervention (Awad et al., this issue) and microaffirmation frameworks (Solorzano et al., this issue) to promote cultural resilience and help drive transformative organizational change. Additional contributions include the development of a tool to measure allyship behaviors that confront microaggressions (Williams and Sharif, this issue), and qualitative investigations to understand how people of color engage in self-protective strategies to build resilience in the face of microaggression experiences (DeLapp & Williams, this issue; Houshmand & Spanierman, this issue). Finally, this issue includes several contributions that focus on the promise of organizational-level interventions to interrupt and prevent microaggressions in order to work towards a vision of organizational and workplace settings that are free of microaggression experiences (Metinyurt et al., this issue; Bryant et al., this issue, Haynes-Baratz et al., this issue). These papers highlight knowledge and tools that may be used to confront and address microaggressions in educational, therapeutic, and organizational settings to prevent harm and promote the wellbeing and resilience of culturally diverse people.
Software CompanionThe MEXAR2 Support to Space Mission Planners

This paper describes a fielded AI system in daily use at the European Space Agency (ESA-ESOC) since February 2005. The tool, named MEXAR2, provides continuous support to human mission planners in synthesizing plans for downlinking on-board memory data from the MARS EXPRESS spacecraft to Earth. The introduction of the tool in the mission planning workflow significantly decreased the time spent in producing plans. Moreover MEXAR2 improves the quality of the produced plans thus guaranteeing a strong reliability in data return enabling a more intensive science activity on board. The introduction of MEXAR2 has modified the role of the human mission planners who can now evaluate and compare different solutions rather than dedicating their time exclusively to computing single solutions (a tedious and repetitive task which does not capitalize on the mission planners' decision-making expertise). These characteristics have effectively made MEXAR2 a fundamental work companion for the human mission planners.
Toward sofware synthesis for distributed applications

This paper describes Sage, a software environment supporting software development, synthesis, and testing for distributed computing applications. While the principal domain of interest is applications that must be fault-tolerant (i.e., be able to withstand the failure of some of the participants) Sage is not limited to this; it can be extended to distributed applications with no criticality requirements and to those with security requirements. Sage mechanically applies specialized knowledge-theoretic analyses to a distributed application's high-level specification to automatically derive the necessary communication between the participants in the computation. In particular, Sage implements the results of Chandy and Misra [2] and mimics the analyses of others [9, 10, 12, 15] which have previously only been performed theoretically. Sage applies these results to strategies commonly used by programmers of distributed applications, and commonly provided by packaged subsystems for distributed computing (also called "middleware"), to derive and synthesize correct, efficient solutions.
New Quality Metrics for Web Search Results

Web search results enjoy an increasing importance in our daily lives. But what can be said about their quality, especially when querying a controversial issue? The traditional information retrieval metrics of precision and recall do not provide much insight in the case of web information retrieval. In this paper we examine new ways of evaluating quality in search results: coverage and independence. We give examples on how these new metrics can be calculated and what their values reveal regarding the two major search engines, Google and Yahoo. We have found evidence of low coverage for commercial and medical controversial queries, and high coverage for a political query that is highly contested. Given the fact that search engines are unwilling to tune their search results manually, except in a few cases that have become the source of bad publicity, low coverage and independence reveal the efforts of dedicated groups to manipulate the search results.
Genome scanning with array CGH delineates regional alterations in mouse islet carcinomas

Carcinomas that develop in the pancreatic islets of transgenic mice expressing the SV40 T-antigens (Tag) under transcriptional control of the rat insulin II promoter (RIP) progress through well-characterized stages that are similar to aspects of human tumor progression, including hyperplastic growth, increased angiogenesis and reduced apoptosis1. The latter two stages have been associated with recurrent loss of heterozygosity (LOH)2 and reduced genome copy number3 on chromosomes 9 (LOH9) and 16 (LOH16), aberrations which we believe contribute to these phenotypes. Earlier analyses localized LOH9 to approximately 3 Mb and LOH16 to approximately 30 Mb (both syntenic with human 3q21–q25) but were limited by low throughput and a lack of informative polymorphic markers. Here we show that comparative genomic hybridization to DNA microarrays (array CGH)4,5,6,7 overcomes these limitations by allowing efficient, genome-wide analyses of relative genome copy number. The CGH arrays used in these experiments carried BACs distributed at 2–20-MB intervals across the mouse genome and at higher density in regions of interest. Using array CGH, we further narrowed the loci for LOH9 and LOH16 and defined new or previously unappreciated recurrent regions of copy-number decrease on chromosomes 6, 8 and 14 (syntenic with human chromosomes 12p11–p13, 16q24.3 and 13q11–q32, respectively) and regions of copy-number increase on chromosomes 2 and 4 (syntenic to human chromosomes 20q13.2 and 1p32–p36, respectively). Our analyses of human genome sequences syntenic to these regions suggest that CYP24, PFDN4, STMN1, CDKN1B, PPP2R3 and FSTL1 are candidate oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes. We also show that irradiation and genetic background influence the spectrum of aberrations present in these tumors.
Antibodies to adeno-associated satellite virus and herpes simplex in sera from cancer patients and normal adults☆

The ecologic aspects of the distribution of adeno-associated satellite virus (ASV) in the human population are of great interest because of its unconditional defectiveness and dependence on adenovirus for full and herpesvirus for partial complementation. Adenoviruses and herpesviruses are extremely common and persistent infections in man. We have developed immunofluorescent procedures for detecting the presence of satellite virus antibodies in human sera. The percentage of sera with antibodies to the ASV 2-3 complex was significantly higher in the normal group than in the cancer patients whereas there were no significant differences in herpes antibodies between the groups. The low incidence of satellite antibodies was particularly striking in patients with genital malignancies. The role of ASV's in human disease is not known. Their role in possible abrogation of oncogenesis mediated through adenoviruses or herpesviruses is worthy of further investigation.
Studies on the Control of Fatty Acid Metabolism II. THE INHIBITION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM BY EXOGENOUS FATTY ACID

Abstract When Lactobacillus plantarum is cultured in a medium containing certain fatty acids, the synthesis of fatty acid by the organism is reduced. Of the fatty acids tested, oleic and cis-vaccenic acids exert the most pronounced inhibition, but significant inhibition is also produced by palmitoleic, lactobacillic, elaidic, linoleic, and eicosenoic acids. Linolenic acid, petroselenic acid, and the saturated fatty acids, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, have little or no such effect. The exogenous fatty acids are incorporated into the cellular lipids, thus altering the fatty acid composition. Experimental evidence suggests that the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis is a consequence of repression of enzyme synthesis. There is no evidence to suggest feedback inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. The activities of both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase are considerably reduced. When L. plantarum is grown in the presence of oleic acid, the activity of the fatty acid synthetase drops below one-twentieth of its normal level. The level of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase also decreases, but to what precise extent remains undetermined because of the low activity of this enzyme in crude extracts. Several of the component enzymes of the fatty acid synthetase (the malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase, the acetyl, malonyl-ACP condensing enzyme, the β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, the β-hydroxybutyryl-ACP dehydrase, the β-hydroxyoctanoyl-ACP dehydrase, and the enoyl-ACP reductase) are reduced by 5 to 6 times when cells are grown in the presence of oleic acid—which suggests that the synthesis of these enzymes is under some form of coordinate control. The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid is repressed more than the synthesis of saturated fatty acid, suggesting that the enzyme(s) required solely for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid is under a different level of control. The amount of the acyl carrier protein is also regulated since cells grown in the presence of oleic acid contain reduced levels of acyl carrier protein.
Silicon nanofabrication and chemical modification by UHV-STM

Patterning on the 10 A size scale has been achieved with a UHV-STM for Si(100)-2×1:H surfaces. Hydrogen passivation serves as a monolayer resist which the STM locally desorbs, exposing clean Si(100)-2×1 for selective chemistry. Two mechanisms have been identified for hydrogen removal by STM electrons: in the field emission regime direct electron stimulated desorption of hydrogen occurs whereas, in the lower energy tunneling regime, hydrogen desorption results from vibrational excitation of the Si-H bond at high tunneling currents. Furthermore, we find that atomic hydrogen is liberated in contrast to molecular hydrogen evolved during thermal desorption. Selective oxidation and nitridation of the STM-patterned areas has been achieved.
Distinct functional MRI activations in the medial temporal lobe during encoding and retrieval of memories

Distinct functional MRI activations in the medial temporal lobe during encoding and retrieval of memories
Appealing Appeals: Constructing Moral Worthiness, 1912–1917

We read the 1912–1917 New York Time's “One Hundred Neediest Cases” charity campaigns in three ways. First, we examine campaigns as they formed an image of the “morally worthy” poor person who was t...
FAK phosphorylation sites mapped by mass spectrometry

The protein tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a central regulator of integrin-mediated signaling ([Mitra et al., 2005][1]; [Parsons, 2003][2]; [Schlaepfer and Mitra, 2004][3]). FAK is present in focal adhesions, adhesive structures that mediate attachment of cells to the extracellular
Spectrum of acetylene: 1650–1950 Å☆

Abstract A discontinuity in 13 C-isotope shifts is used to fix the location of a diffuse 00 of gaseous 12 C 2 H 2 at 54 116 cm −1 . The shifts and analogy with a known band system of HCN suggest the assignment B 1 B u - X 1 Σ + g for the new electronic transition.
Characterization of a novel iodinated sigma-2 receptor ligand as a cell proliferation marker.

Abstract Overexpression of sigma-2 receptors in human tumors, such as melanoma, breast cancer, small cell lung carcinoma and prostate cancer, has been reported. Furthermore, the expression of sigma-2 receptors parallels the proliferative status of breast tumors implanted in nude mice. Thus, radiolabeled probes with a high affinity and high selectivity targeting sigma-2 receptors may be useful as tumor imaging agents. A conformationally flexible benzamide derivative, 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy- N -[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H -isoquinolin-2-yl)-butyl]-benzamide, displayed greater than 1000-fold selectivity for sigma-2 receptors ( K i =8.2 and 12,900 nM for sigma-2 and sigma-1, respectively). The corresponding radioiodinated ligand, 5-iodo-2,3-dimethoxy- N -[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H -isoquinolin-2-yl)-butyl]-benzamide ([ 125 I]/[ 123 I] I ), was successfully prepared via an iododestannylation reaction. Binding studies carried out in membrane homogenates prepared from the mouse mammary tumor cell line (EMT6) with [ 125 I] I showed the desired high binding affinity and high capacity ( K d =0.68±0.06 nM, B max =1005±46 fmol/mg protein). The sigma-2-like pharmacological profile of [ 125 I] I binding sites was confirmed by competition studies. Similar binding parameters were also found in EMT6 xenografts (Day 10 and Day 19 implants) from BALB/c mice ( K d =0.43–1.1 nM, B max =2025–4528 fmol/mg protein). It was determined by dissection and microSPECT imaging that [ 125 I]/[ 123 ] I accumulated in EMT6 tumors established in BALB/c mice (Day 10 implants). Two hours after the tracer injection, the dissection ratio of EMT6 tumor to background (muscle) reached 6–7. However, microSPECT imaging could not clearly delineate the tumors, while the specific localization could be confirmed by ex vivo autoradiography. In summary, the novel iodinated ligand with high affinity and considerable selectivity for sigma-2 receptors may provide a useful tool to characterize sigma-2 receptors in vitro. Further modification of the ligand and the imaging parameters will be needed to improve the signal for in vivo detection.
Continuing Education, the University, and the Development Process

Continuing higher education has the potential to make a major contribution to the development process, for there is a great and growing need in both the more and less economically developed countries to provide older adults with opportunities for degree study as well as professional and technical training. Yet in most universities, faculty members tend to view continuing education as a low prestige, marginal activity.
Trends in Incidence and Management of Lobular Carcinoma In Situ: A Population-Based Analysis

Purpose Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a marker of increased risk of breast cancer. Current guidelines do not recommend mastectomy as a strategy for risk reduction for most patients with LCIS. We conducted a population-based study to evaluate national trends in incidence and management of LCIS.
Studies on intestinal fluid transport. II. The location of fluid accumulated in the wall of rat jejunum during incubation in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. The quantity of fluid accumulated in the wall of jejunal sacs incubated in vitro was directly proportional to the rate of fluid transport. 2. 2. The uptake of fluid was not reflected in an expansion of the serosal PEG 4000 space, but did expand the urea space. 3. 3. The uptake of fluid could not be accounted for as an expansion of an extracellular space which could be demonstrated structurally, either as the development of sub-epithelial lakes, or as the distension of the lateral channels of the epithelial cells. 4. 4. The dimensions of epithelial cells were shown to vary linearly with the gut fluid uptake. 5. 5. It is suggested that the swelling of the epithelial cells indicates a specialized mechanism of fluid transport at the luminal cell border.
Bahadur Slope of the T-Statistic for a Contaminated Normal.

Abstract In this paper we derive the exact Bahadur slope of the t -statistic based on a random sample from a contaminated normal distribution, using some results in large deviation theory. We also present a table of exact Bahadur slopes at various alternatives at several levels of contamination.
Predicting and Controlling Solute Release From a Bioactive Degradable Interference Screw for ACL Reconstruction

The progressive replacement of metallic implants by polymeric implants, although advantageous in many ways, is posing new medical challenges. In the case of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, polymeric interference screws take a really long time to fully degrade, occasionally up to 3 years. Furthermore, they leave voids at the site of insertion after they degrade between the ligament and the surrounding bone tissue [2].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Approach for incorporating aerosol scattering in wave optics propagation simulation

The effects of aerosol scattering and attenuation on optical propagation through the atmosphere are typically studied for a homogenous medium and in a time-averaged sense. Scattering simulation codes based on Monte Carlo approaches have also been developed for the detailed study of scattering processes. It has been shown that the forward scattered component of atmospheric aerosols can be modeled with a Gaussian function in such a way that scattering outside of the region of interest (the FOV of receiver) and absorption are modeled with an extinction factor. An approach for including the effects of aerosol scatter in the wave optics simulation format is described. The effect of aerosol scattering for a homogenous propagation medium is included by a simple convolution of the aerosol forward-scatter point spread function (PSF) with the irradiance pattern at the observation plane. The aerosol scattering PSF is translated into a collection of phase screens realizations. The modified wave optics simulation approach allows the modeling of aerosols that are distributed in a non homogeneous manner with varying scatter phase functions. Several examples of the propagation of a Gaussian beam through a particulate medium are illustrated and the achieved results are consistent with the analytical description.
The pattern of trabecular bone microarchitecture in the distal femur of typically developing children and its effect on processing of magnetic resonance images.

Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to assess trabecular bone microarchitecture in humans; however, image processing can be labor intensive and time consuming. One aim of this study was to determine the pattern of trabecular bone microarchitecture in the distal femur of typically developing children. A second aim was to determine the proportion and location of magnetic resonance images that need to be processed to yield representative estimates of trabecular bone microarchitecture.
Expression of focal adhesion kinase in normal and pathologic human prostate tissues.

BACKGROUND Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates multiple cellular processes including growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and apoptosis. In tumor cells, including prostate adenocarcinoma, FAK overexpression has been linked to cancer progression. METHODS By using immunohistochemistry, FAK expression was investigated in human prostate specimens. RESULTS FAK was expressed predominantly in the basal layer of normal prostate epithelium but not in secretory epithelium. FAK was expressed at similar levels in all stages of prostate tumorigenesis, including preinvasive carcinoma and metastatic disease. Elevated FAK expression was observed at the earliest stages of transformation and expression continued during cancer progression. CONCLUSION Given the established role for FAK in the regulation of integrin signaling, we suggest that the sustained elevated levels of FAK expression during prostate tumor cell progression is consistent with a role for FAK in the development and maintenance of prostate carcinoma. Prostate 53: 124–132, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Creating poloidal flux in a tokamak plasma with low frequency

Using a fully toroidal, collisionless, low frequency model, we show that low amplitude, circularly polarized waves can, depending on antenna geometry (i) drive the toroidal EMF necessary to sustain a tokamak reactor, or (ii) shift the internal current profile. Measurements on a small tokamak to test (ii) agree with the model predictions.
Treatment of visceral tumor with BCG-tumor cell vaccine

A vaccine containing irradiated tumor cells and BCG, previously shown to be effective against a contralateral, intradermal (ID) tumor inoculum, was also effective in suppressing or curing tumor deposited in the subcutaneous (SC) space or injected intravenously (IV).
An optical manometer-on-a-chip

The rapid development of microfluidic devices in recent years has led to a huge number of applications in chemistry, biology and interdisciplinary areas. This is because they act as miniaturized platforms in which sorting, mixing, reaction and measurement can be achieved in a precise and rapid manner. Being able to both understand and measure the pressure of fluids inside these devices is very important, especially in the cases where multiphase flows are involved. For example, certain advanced micromixing technologies demand accurate evaluations of bubble-induced extra pressure, since the pressure contribution from one bubble is likely to impact the velocity and residence time of others, affecting the mixing efficiency and quality in a complicated manner. Similarly, in some microfluidics-based biochemical analysis, extra pressure brought about by droplets is a critical factor in the design of on-chip pumping, as high throughput experiments involving continuous supply of large numbers of droplets often require a considerable enhancement in the pumping pressure necessary to maintain the droplet flow3. Last, state-of-the-art microfluidic logic devices rely heavily on the pressure distribution inside the channels, which automatically controls the paths of each droplet in the microfluidic network and as a result determines the "on" and "off" of each switch. A few techniques to measure pressure change or pressure drop in microfluidic channels have been developed. Examples include connecting the device to commercially available pressure sensors and comparing pressures of different areas by analyzing the position of fluid-fluid interface. However, all of those methods have intrinsic drawbacks in one or more aspects that considerably limit their applications. A significant one is that they are primarily aiming at measuring or comparing pressures over relatively long channels (~10 mm), and are hence only designed to work in the highpressure range, i.e. to detect a pressure change on the order of tens or hundreds of Pascals. Moreover, the long channels make it rather challenging to look into the detailed dynamics of pressure variations caused by inhomogeneous emulsions, since such a long section invariably contains multiple elements, for instance droplets, of the emulsion flow, and the measurements average out the behavior of one single element. Consequently, to further reveal the characteristics of flows in microfluidics, it is highly desirable for a pressure measurement device to work in the low-pressure range, and to resolve pressure changes "locally", i.e. within small spatial regions.
Promiscuous expression of myosin in myotonic dystrophy

The pathologic changes in myotonic dystrophy (DM) skeletal muscle biopsies have been analyzed at both the histochemical and molecular level. A histochemical stain for pretyping single fibers in conjunction with sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed biochemical differences to be pinpointed in specific histochemical fiber types. These biochemical differences can be related to histochemical changes in fiber type observed in cross-section of the DM biopsies. Such changes included specific fiber type atrophy, hypertrophy, and disproportion. The pathogenesis of DM appears to be characterized by a large increase in the number of promiscuous fibers, that is, those fibers that express both fast and slow myosins. This promiscuity, which is rare in control muscle (less than 2%), is also prevalent at high levels in some family members at risk for DM. The observed promiscuity, although probably not a primary effect of DM, appears to be linked to the histochemical changes in fiber type observed in the DM biopsies.
The Ross operation: a 12-year experience.

Abstract Background . The Ross operation, originally introduced as a scalloped subcoronary implant with an 80% survival and 85% freedom from reoperation, has recently been modified to a root replacement which is now the most utilized implant technique. The mid and late results of this operative technique and comparison of intra-aortic implants and root replacement in a single institution are reported. Methods . The records of 328 patients who had a Ross operation at the University of Oklahoma (August 1986 to July 1998) were reviewed to assess operative technique and patient-related factors on survival, autograft valve function, homograft valve function, valve-related complications, and need for reoperation. Results . Operative survival was 95.4% with an actuarial survival of 89% ± 5% at 8 years. Freedom from replacement of the pulmonary autograft was 94% ± 3% at 8 years, freedom from reoperation on the pulmonary homograft was 90% ± 4% at 8 years, and freedom from autograft valve reoperation or dysfunction (3+ autograft valve insufficiency) was 83% ± 6% at 9 years. The incidence of autograft valve reoperation and late autograft valve dysfunction was decreased by root replacement. Annulus reduction and fixation improved early results in patients with aortic insufficiency and annulus dilatation. Conclusions . Early results have been excellent, as the development of late autograft valve dysfunction or dilatation has been rare. The excellent hemodynamic results with a limited incidence of reoperation and replacement of the autograft valve justify its continued use.
Stability experiments in rotating-disk flow

An experimental study of the transitional flow on a flat disk, rotating in still air, has been conducted. Using digitized hot-wire data, the axes of the stationary spiral vortices, which are the primary instability mechanism for the disk flow, have been mapped-out in terms of both spatial coordinates and velocity fluctuations. Data are presented for a clean disk and for a disk with a single, isolated roughness element. The data show that the disk vortices are generated at discrete roughness disturbance sites on the disk and that they propagate and grow as wave packets. The familiar vortex pattern of 30 or so vortices results only when these wave packets have merged and filled the entire circumference. The appearance of stationary, secondary vortices prior to turbulent breakdown has also been observed. Comparisons with linear stability theory show reasonable agreement with measured growth rate data.
Metastable cosmic strings in realistic models.

The stability of the electroweak Z-string is investigated at high temperatures. The results show that, while finite temperature corrections can improve the stability of the Z-string, their effect is not strong enough to stabilize the Z-string in the standard electroweak model. Consequently, the Z-string will be unstable even under the conditions present during the electroweak phase transition. Phenomenologically viable models based on the gauge group SU(2)[sub L] [times] SU(2) [sub R] [times] U(1)[sub B-L] are then considered, and it is shown that metastable strings exist and are stable to small perturbations for a large region of the parameter space for these models. It is also shown that these strings are superconducting with bosonic charge carriers. The string superconductivity may be able to stabilize segments and loops against dynamical contraction. Possible implications of these strings for cosmology are discussed.
Spontaneous rupture of the thoracic aorta

Spontaneous rupture of the aorta without previous history of trauma, hypertension, or apparent aortic pathology is exceedingly rare. Delayed or nonoperative repair of this condition is usually lethal. Survival after spontaneous mid arch aortic rupture requires a high index of suspicion, rapid and appropriate diagnostic tests, and early operative repair. Clinical presentation, clues to diagnosis, and optimal management of this entity are discussed.
ZINC ANTAGONIZING EFFECTS OF FISH MEAL, WHEAT BRAN AND A CORN-SOYBEAN MEAL MIXTURE WHEN ADDED TO A PHYTATE- AND FIBER-FREE CASEIN-DEXTROSE DIET

Abstract Two levels of dietary zinc (Zn), 68 and 318 mg/kg, were fed to young chicks in the presence or absence of 10% dietary additions of fish meal (FM), wheat bran (WB) or a corn-soybean meal mixture (C-SBM). As determined by Zn deposition in pancreas, bone and liver, Zn utilization was severely depressed by addition of FM, WB or C-SBM to the phytate-and fiber-free casein-dextrose basal diet. The increase in pancreatic Zn concentration upon supplementing the basal diet (68 mg/kg Zn) with 250 mg/kg Zn from ZnCO 3 was only 1.7% (C-SBM), 4.8% (FM) and 2.0% (WB) of that which resulted when the same quantity of Zn was added to the phytate-and fiber-free basal diet. Tibia and liver uptakes of Zn were also markedly depressed by feed ingrediet supplementation. Liver Zn concentration double when 250 mg/kg Zn was added to the basal diet, but C-SBM, FM or WB addition totally prevented the increase in liver Zn resulting from Zn supplementation. With 318 mg/kg dietary Zn, chicks fed the diet with no feed ingredient supplementation had three times more Zn in bone than in liver and over twice as much Zn in pancreas as bone. In the presence of any one of the supplemental feed ingredients, however, Zn concentration in bone actually exceeded that present in pancreatic tissue. The data support the conclusion that phytate-and/or fiber-furnishing feed ingredients markedly reduce Zn utilization, but not all tissue storage sites of Zn are affected similarly.