cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Governor partisanship explains the adoption of statewide mandates to wear face coverings

Abstract Public mask use has emerged as a key tool in response to COVID-19. We develop and document a classification of statewide mask mandates that reveals variation in their scope and timing. Some U.S. states quickly mandated the wearing of face coverings in most public spaces, whereas others issued narrow mandates or no mandate at all. We consider how differences in COVID-19 epidemiological indicators, state capacity, and partisan politics affect when states adopted broad mask mandates. The most important predictor is whether a state is led by a Republican governor. These states were much slower to adopt mandates, if they did so at all. COVID-19 indicators such as confirmed cases or deaths per million are much less important predictors of statewide mask mandates. This finding highlights a key challenge to public efforts to increase mask-wearing, widely believed to be one of the most effective tools for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 while restoring economic activity.
Enhancement of thrombolysis by external ultrasound

The purpose of our study was to assess the efficacy of external ultrasound to enhance in vitro thrombolysis with urokinase or streptokinase. One-hour-, 1-day-, 4-day-, and 6-day-old human blood thrombi (n = 366) were incubated in normal saline solution with three different concentrations of streptokinase (50, 250, and 2000 mu/ml) or urokinase (200, 2000, and 5000 mu/ml). Thrombi were exposed to pulsed ultrasound of 1 MHz at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.2 W/cm2 at different exposure times. The combination of ultrasound (2.2 W/cm2, 30 min) and urokinase or streptokinase enhanced lysis rate by an average of 25% compared with lysis with thrombolytic agents alone (p 1.5 W/cm2 > 1.0 W/cm2). At higher-power outputs there was no increase of temperature in the solution containing the thrombus. The extent of lysis was higher with longer ultrasound exposure time and with fresh thrombi. These data suggest that use of external ultrasound has the potential to increase both efficacy and rate of thrombolysis.
Conspecific leaf litter induces negative feedbacks in Asteraceae seedlings

The plant soil feedback (PSF) framework has been instrumental in understanding the impacts of soil microbes on plant fitness and species coexistence. PSFs develop when soil microbial communities are altered due to the identity and density of a particular plant species, which can then enhance or inhibit the local survival and growth of that plant species as well as different plant species. The recent extension of the PSF framework to aboveground microbiota, termed here as plant phyllosphere feedbacks (PPFs), can also help to determine the impact of aboveground microbes on plant fitness and species interactions. However, experimental tests of PPFs during early plant growth are nascent and the prevalence of PPFs across diverse plant species remains unknown. Additionally, it is unclear whether plant host characteristics, such as functional traits or phylogenetic distance, may help to predict the strength and direction of PPFs. To test for the prevalence of litter-mediated PPFs, recently senesced plant litter from 10 native Asteraceae species spanning a range of life history strategies was used to inoculate seedlings of both conspecific and heterospecific species. We found that exposure to conspecific litter significantly reduced the growth of four species relative to exposure to heterospecific litter (i.e., significant negative PPFs), three species experienced marginally significant negative PPFs, and the PPF estimates for all 10 species were negative. However, neither plant functional traits, nor phylogenetic distance were predictive of litter feedbacks across plant species pairs, suggesting that other mechanisms or traits not measured may be driving conspecific negative PPFs. Our results indicate that negative, litter-mediated PPFs are common among native Asteraceae species and that they may have substantial impacts on plant growth and plant species interactions, particularly during early plant growth.
Direct and size-mediated effects of temperature and ration-dependent growth rates on energy reserves in juvenile anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus).

Growth rate and energy reserves are important determinants of fitness and are governed by endogenous and exogenous factors. Thus, examining the influence of individual and multiple stressors on growth and energy reserves can help estimate population health under current and future conditions. In young anadromous fishes, freshwater habitat quality determines physiological state and fitness of juveniles emigrating to marine habitats. In this study, the authors tested how temperature and food availability affect survival, growth and energy reserves in juvenile anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), a forage fish distributed along the eastern North American continent. Field-collected juvenile anadromous A. pseudoharengus were exposed for 21 days to one of two temperatures (21°C and 25°C) and one of two levels of food rations (1% or 2% tank biomass daily) and compared for differences in final size, fat mass-at-length, lean mass-at-length and energy density. Increased temperature and reduced ration both led to lower growth rates, and the effect of reduced ration was greater at higher temperature. Fat mass-at-length decreased with dry mass, and energy density increased with total length, suggesting size-based endogenous influences on energy reserves. Lower ration also directly decreased fat mass-at-length, lean mass-at-length and energy density. Given the fitness implications of size and energy reserves, temperature and food availability should be considered important indicators of nursery habitat quality and incorporated in A. pseudoharengus life-history models to improve forecasting of population health under climate change.
A Historical Review and Analysis of Impact Factors Across School Psychology Journals from 1977 to 2019

School psychology journals yield hundreds of articles each year. As these journals are often evaluated based on the impact factors they produce, the aim of this study was to provide a historically ...
The Myth of the Democratic Advantage

Existing research points to a democratic advantage in public good provision. Compared to their authoritarian counterparts, democratically elected leaders face more political competition and must please a larger portion of the population to stay in office. This paper provides an impartial reevaluation of the empirical record using the techniques of global sensitivity analysis. Democracy proves to have no systematic association with a range of health and education outcomes, despite an abundance of published empirical and theoretical findings to the contrary.
Attitude Testing Examining Certain Psychological Correlates of Physical Activity

Abstract This research concerned instrument improvement and validation of the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) constructed to contain 2 scores: Estimation of one's physical ability and Attraction to vigorous physical activity. An item pool of 155 attitude statements was administered to 710 males, grades 9–12. Factor analysis revealed 7 factors including 1 massive factor composed almost entirely of Attraction statements. Further item analyses produced a final inventory of 89 items. Preferred responses (N = 187) were summed to obtain scores for Estimation, Attraction, and the 7 factors. Internal reliability coefficients (KR–20) of scales ranged from .70 to .90. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between scales composed of Estimation items and measures of height, athletic experience, self-acceptance (IAV), and physical fitness (Fleishman Basic Fitness Test). Within experimental limitations the rationale of the PEAS appeared to be substantiated.
Caring, social policy, and homelessness.

Care theory offers a way to overcome a weaknessof liberalism – its reluctance to intervene inthe private lives of adults. In caring for thehomeless, we must sometimes use a limited formof coercion, but our intervention is alwaysinteractive, and the process of finding asolution is one of negotiation between theneeds expressed by the homeless and the needswe infer for them.
It's ‘a good thing’: The commodification of femininity, affluence, and whiteness in the Martha Stewart phenomenon

ABSTRACT IT’S ‘A GOOD THING’: THE COMMODIFICATION OF FEMININITY, AFFLUENCE, AND WHITENESS IN THE MARTHA STEWART PHENOMENON FEBRUARY 2009MELISSA A. CLICK, B.B.A., JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITYM.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERSTPh.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERSTDirected by: Carolyn AndersonThis study examines the ideologies of gender, race, and class present in Martha Stewart’s unprecedented popularity, beginning with the publication of Stewart’s firstmagazine in 1990 and ending in September 2004, after Stewart’s conviction for her involvement in the ImClone scandal. My approach is built on the intersection of American mass communication research, British cultural studies, and feminist theory, and utilizes Hall’s Encoding/Decoding model to examine how social, cultural and political discourses circulate in and through a mediated text and how those meanings are interpreted by those who receive them. Drawing from textual and ideological analysis of over thirteen years of Martha Stewart Living
The Very Unusual Ultraviolet Spectra of R Arae

The high resolution ultraviolet spectra of the 4.4-day period binary R Arae, observed in 1980 with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), show that its continuum flux level varied outside of eclipse by more than a factor of two in ten days, and by over 50 percent within a same orbital cycle. The flux level varied non-monotonically at different wavelengths. The resonance lines of Mg II and Si IV exhibited shortward-shifted absorption components near phase 0.4, indicating the presence of a gas stream toward the observer at a velocity of some −450 to −500 km S−. Our observations of R Arae with the Einstein satellite show it to be an X-ray source.
Rapid purification of synthetic bombesin by countercurrent chromatography on the multi-layer coil planet centrifuge

Abstract A temperature-controlled multi-layer coil planet centrifuge rapidly yields highly efficient preparative separations of polar compounds. Capability of the method was demonstrated on a one-step purification of crude synthetic bombesin with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol/dichloroacetic acid/water (100:1:100). Under an elevated temperature at 45°C to 50°C, the bombesin peak was eluted within two hours. Reversed phase HPLC analysis of the bombesin fractions showed over 98% purity. The method may be applicable to many other peptides and polar compounds.
Effects of dietary copper deficiency on male offspring of heterozygous brindled mice.

Female C57BL mice heterozygous for the brindled gene were mated to normal males and fed on a purified diet low in copper throughout gestation and lactation with (+ Cu) or without (−Cu) Cu-supplemented drinking water. Male offspring of two genotypes (control, + /y and brindled, Mobr/y) were compared when 10–12 d old. Brindled mice from dams on the – Cu treatment were smaller and had lower packed cell volumes than brindled mice from dams on the + Cu treatment. The −Cu brindled mice were smaller than their littermate brothers (+/y) but had equivalent biochemical features consistent with severe Cu deficiency. Compared with control mice from dams on the +Cu treatment, caeruloplasmin (EC 1.16.3.1) activity was lower in offspring of all three other groups including Mobr/y mice who were not anaemic. Iron levels were similar in organs and bone marrow from all four groups of offspring. When dietary Cu is limiting in brindled mice a more severe Cu deficiency ensues. Thus, appropriate Cu nutriture is important to the management of Menkes' disease in humans, a genetic analogue of the brindled mouse.
Radio Frequency Radiation from Cygnus Y

DURING mapping observations of radio source HB21 at 600 Mc/s using the new 260-ft. radio telescope1 here, a highly complex region of radio radiation was revealed between declination −49° and +51° extending from right ascension 20 h 30 m to 21 h 50 m. The region is situated about 8° north-east of the well-known radio source2 Cygnus X. The new region, like Cygnus X, contains an unusual number of separate discrete radio sources of various sizes, and will be referred to as Cygnus Y.
Identification of iron reductase isozymes in soybeans 1

Abstract Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of iron reductase expression in thirteen soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivare revealed the existence of several electrophoretically distinguishable proteins with iron reducing activity. Iron‐deficiency stress may induce expression of proteins with iron reductase activity having Rf values of 0.18 and 0.23 in two iron‐efficient cultivars, A7 and Anoka T, respectively. Variation of iron reductase isozyme expression among cultivars was present, but did not correlate with the iron reducing potential of the cultivars or with field chlorosis resistance ratings. Observation of isozyme expression over time in iron‐efficient A7 and iron‐inefficient T203 revealed expression in A7 of two iron reducing bands absent in T203. However, staining intensity and time of initiation indicate that these bands are not associated with the enhanced iron reduction induced by iron deficiency. Iron reductase isozyme expression cannot account for enhanced iron reduction ...
Digital Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging: 3-D Motility Assays of the Effect of Anticancer Drugs

Digital off-axis holography with coherence-domain depth gating is a sensitive probe of living tissue, able to measure sub-cellular motion inside tumors responding to cytoskeletal anti-cancer drugs.
Multiple-Independent Detector System

The Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) facility has several neutron diffraction and scattering instruments which use arrays of 3He-filled proportional counters to detect thermal and epithermal neutrons and to measure time of flight. A Multiple-Independent Detector System (MIDS) has been developed with emphasis on high speed, low cost, modularity, and simplicity. Dead time for one detector channel is 400 ns, and system throughput may be 6 MHz. Cost is $200 per detector, including amplifiers, multiplexers, and time analysis. Modules include individual shaping preamps for each detector, a 32-channel discriminator/multiplexer, a family of second-level multiplexers incorporating line drivers, an 8-bit optoisolated latch, and a time-of-flight clock which concatenates time and detector information and interfaces through CAMAC to a data-acquisition system. Four systems are now in operation, with 25 to 100 detectors each.
Biochemical properties and level of expression of alcohol dehydrogenases in the allotetraploid plant Tragopogon miscellus and its diploid progenitors.

This study demonstrates that homoeologous genes in two diploid plant species that specify different amounts of an enzyme maintain the same relative level of expression in an allotetraploid derivative. The three predominant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes (DD, DP, PP) in seeds of the recently evolved allotetraploid plant Tragopogon miscellus (Compositae) are dimers specified by Adh3-D and Adh3-P genes derived from its diploid progenitors T. dubius and T. pratensis. Seeds of T. pratensis contain twice as much ADH activity as those of T. dubius, while T. miscellus is intermediate. The three isozymes were similar in a number of catalytic properties; the densitometric ratio of the isozymes purified from T. miscellus was 1 DD:4DP:4PP for both ADH activity and protein; and dissociation-reassociation of the DP enzyme gave a 1:2:1 ratio of the three isozymes. Therefore, the enzymes were similar in specific activity, but twice as many P as D subunits were present in active enzymes in T. miscellus, precisely the difference in activity between the parents. In T. miscellus, the specific activity of ADH and its activity per mg tissue are intermediate to those of the diploids, because relative expression of the Adh gene in each genome is not influenced by the presence of the other genome.
The role of U.S. Nuclear weapons after September 11

U.S. nuclear posture still reflects decisions made during the Cold War. This survey reviews the literature available on the role of U.S. nuclear weapons in the post‐September 11 security environment, concluding that a renewed debate and contemporary research is needed.
Good Samaritan acts.

Good Samaritan Acts are those in which aid is rendered to a needy victim of injury or sudden illness. No antecedent relationship exists with the good samaritan, and no remuneration is anticipated. Emergency physicians have an ethical obligation beyond that of other citizens to provide aid in such situations of medical need; professional and legal standards support that obligation.
Grain sorting and decay of sand ripples under oscillatory flow and turbulence

The results of laboratory experiments on formation and dynamics of sand ripples under oscillatory flow as well as ripples decay under weak oscillatory flow and turbulence are reported. Two series o...
Titles and abstracts: mathematical symbolic manipulation on the computer

This is a brief outline of recently developed algorithms capable of computing in matrix groups of very large order. Among others, we will discuss the computation of order, derived series, intersection of subgroups, centralizers, Sylow subgroups, and conjugacy classes of elements. The algorithms have been incorporated into CAYLEY, a group-theoretical system.
Double-strand breaks at an initiation site for meiotic gene conversion

It has been proposed that the initiation of meiotic recombination involves either single-strand or double-strand breaks in DNA. It is difficult to distinguish between these on the basis of genetic evidence because they give rise to similar predictions. All models invoke initiation at specific sites to explain polarity, which is a gradient in gene conversion frequency from one end of a gene to the other. In the accompanying paper we describe the localization of an initiation site for gene conversion to the promoter region of the ARG4 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that a double-strand break appears at the ARG4 recombination initiation site at the time of recombination, and that the broken DNA molecules end in long single-stranded tails.
Mental and Physical Health Status and Alcohol and Drug Use Following Return From Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan

Objectives. We examined (1) mental and physical health symptoms and functioning in US veterans within 1 year of returning from deployment, and (2) differences by gender, service component (Active, National Guard, other Reserve), service branch (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines), and deployment operation (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OEF/OIF]).Methods. We surveyed a national sample of 596 OEF/OIF veterans, oversampling women to make up 50% of the total, and National Guard and Reserve components to each make up 25%. Weights were applied to account for stratification and nonresponse bias.Results. Mental health functioning was significantly worse compared with the general population; 13.9% screened positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder, 39% for probable alcohol abuse, and 3% for probable drug abuse. Men reported more alcohol and drug use than did women, but there were no gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder or other mental health domains. OIF veterans reported...
Attenuation of HIV-1 infection by other microbial agents.

Although potentiation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been known to occur in coinfection with a variety of pathogens and types of vaccination, there are emerging data on specific infectious agents that may attenuate HIV-1 infection. New literature suggests that certain pathogens are capable of inhibiting HIV -1 replication. These include GB virus C, measles virus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, and human T lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2. In addition, there are conflicting data on the effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the replication of HIV- 1, with some suggesting that this organism may inhibit HIV-1 replication. Also remaining controversial are the possible protective effects of HIV type 2 against HIV-1 infection. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the body of emerging literature concerning infections that may have the ability to attenuate HIV-1 infection.
Psychological effects of resistive weight training: implications for cardiac patients.

ABSTRACTEWART, C. K. Psychological effects of resistive weight training: implications for cardiac patients. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 683–688, 1989. Cardiac patients' perceptions of their physical capabilities (“self-efficacy”) often exert greater influence over their return to no
Assimilation of achromatic color cannot explain the brightness effects in the achromatic neon effect.

If the mouths of the pacmen of a Kanizsa square are colored, for example red, then an illusory red transparent square is seen. In many visual theories such ‘neon color spreading’ is explained by assimilation of chromatic and achromatic color. In this paper the achromatic case was investigated. In a two-alternative forced-choice task thirty observers judged the brightness of achromatic neon figures. The results suggest that assimilation of achromatic color inside and/or outside of the illusory figures cannot explain the brightness effects seen in achromatic neon color spreading. Although these displays may produce assimilation, it appears that contrast (perhaps acting nonlocally) is a stronger influence on their perceived brightness.
Emotional distress and medication use in two acute pain populations: jaw and low back.

: The present study was undertaken to compare emotional distress and functional ability between two common pain populations—acute jaw pain (JAW; n = 135) and acute low back pain (LB; n = 71). Patient groups were evaluated and compared on a variety of biopsychosocial measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), Characteristic Pain Intensity (CPI), and Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Specific diagnoses were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV)—I and II, and rates of Axis I and II diagnoses in these groups were further compared to base rates in the general population. Additionally, medication usage was evaluated to determine group differences. Results revealed that JAW patients had lower BDI and CPI scores, as well as a higher level of functioning on the Global Assessment of Functioning assessed by the DSM-IV. Both acute pain groups also had significantly more Axis I and II disorders than the general population. Additionally, it was found that the JAW group used more benzodiazepines, while the LB group used more schedule II narcotics. A logistic regression model created from these variables found a six-factor model, composed of the CPI, MPI coping style anomalous, Ways of Coping problem-solving, Global Assessment of Functioning, anxiety disorders, and Cluster C personality disorder diagnoses, that differentiated the JAW from the LB group. Overall, these findings suggest that the differences identified between these two groups should be considered in developing tailored treatments for individuals with acute low back and jaw pain.
Human Milk for the Premature Infant

Premature infants are at risk for growth failure, developmental delays, necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis. Human milk from women delivering prematurely has more protein and higher levels of bioactive molecules. Human milk must be fortified for premature infants to achieve adequate growth. Mother's own milk improves growth and neurodevelopment, decreases the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis, and should be the primary enteral diet for premature infants. Donor milk is a resource for premature infants whose mothers are unable to provide an adequate supply of milk. Challenges include the need for pasteurization, nutritional and biochemical deficiencies, and limited supply.
Correlation between the energy and structure of grain boundaries in b.c.c. metals. II. Symmetrical tilt boundaries

Abstract The correlation between the structure and zero-temperature energy of symmetrical tilt grain boundaries (STGBs) in b.c.c. metals is investigated using a many-body potential of the Finnis-Sinclair type for Mo and Johnson's pair potential spline-fitted for α-Fe. As in free surfaces, the misorientation phase space associated with these simple planar defects consists of only two macroscopic degrees of freedom, namely those defining the grain-boundary (GB) plane normal. In a novel approach, the two-dimensional phase space is investigated in terms of a stereographic triangle and not in terms of the usual three parameters associated with the boundary misorientation. A comparison with similar calculations for free surfaces demonstrates the importance of the translational (microscopic) degrees of freedom in grain boundaries, while the comparison with STGBs in f.c.c. metals elucidates the important role played by the GB plane.
Job characteristic relationships: individual and structural moderators.

Abstract This research investigated the question of how characteristics of the individual moderated the relationships between perceptions of job characteristics and employee expectancies, satisfaction, and performance. The results generally confirmed the previous conclusions of Hackman and Lawler (1971) that individuals who have higher self-actualization need strength are potentially better candidates for job enrichment. In addition, this research found that locus of control ( Rotter, 1966 ) generally did not moderate the job characteristic and satisfaction/performance relationships. Also, the influence of occupational level was investigated as a moderator of the job characteristic relationships. The lower occupational levels generally indicated lower levels of the job characteristic measures and a stronger relationship between variety and satisfaction. The highest occupational level indicated higher role ambiguity, and weaker relationships between variety and satisfaction, but stronger relationships between feedback and satisfaction. The nature of task requirements at different occupational levels and the influence on job characteristic relationships were discussed.
Adaptations of the Endothelin System After Exercise Training in a Porcine Model of Ischemic Heart Disease

Objective To the test the hypothesis that exercise training would increase endothelin-mediated vasoconstriction in collateral-dependent arteries via enhanced contribution of ETA. Methods An ameroid constrictor was surgically placed around the proximal LCX artery to induce gradual occlusion in Yucatan miniature swine. Eight weeks postoperatively, pigs were randomized into sedentary or exercise-training (treadmill; 5 days/week; 14 weeks) groups. Subsequently, arteries (~150 μm diameter) were isolated from collateral-dependent and nonoccluded myocardial regions and studied. Results Following exercise training, ET-1-mediated contraction was significantly enhanced in collateral-dependent arteries. Exercise training induced a disproportionate increase in the ETA contribution to the ET-1 contractile response in collateral-dependent arteries, with negligible contributions by ETB. In collateral-dependent arteries of sedentary pigs, inhibition of ETA or ETB did not significantly alter ET-1 contractile responses in collateral-dependent arteries, suggesting compensation by the functionally active receptor. These adaptations occurred without significant changes in ETA, ETB, or ECE mRNA levels but with significant exercise-training-induced elevations in endothelin levels in both nonoccluded and collateral-dependent myocardial regions Conclusions Taken together, these data reveal differential adaptive responses in collateral-dependent arteries based upon physical activity level. ETA and ETB appear to compensate for one another to maintain contraction in sedentary pigs, whereas exercise-training favors enhanced contribution of ETA.
Selective accumulation of T cells according to T-cell receptor Vβ gene usage in skin cancer

Abstract To investigate whether specific T-cell populations are overrepresented in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in skin cancer, we determined the T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity in biopsy specimens of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunostaining of tissue sections indicated that the majority of T cells expressed αβTCRs. To assess diversity of the TCR β chain, RNA was isolated directly from the tumor specimens and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the same patient, cDNA was synthesized, and variable (V) β chain gene usage was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In each basal cell (n = 11) and squamous cell (n = 7) carcinoma studied, several Vβ families were overrepresented in TIL versus PBMC, in that they accounted for greater than 5% of the repertoire in TIL and were at least 2% higher in TIL than in PBMC. The predominant Vβ gene segments overrepresented in TIL generally differed from individual to individual. Simultaneous comparison of the Vβ repertoire of TIL to that of uninvolved skin and PBMC from the same individual revealed preferential expression of Vβ families within the TIL in three of five basal cell and four of four squamous cell carcinomas. Again, the predominant Vβs differed from individual to individual. Comparison of the TCR repertoire in uninvolved skin versus PBMC did indicate that some Vβ families were overexpressed in the resident T-cell compartment in skin, although the overrepresented families were not constant from individual to individual. These data indicate the selective concentration of T cells bearing specific αβ TCRs in the local immune response to basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.
Conservation of energy in the urban passenger sector: A general principle and some proposals

Abstract We are faced by a large number of competing proposals for energy conservation, and this paper proposes a straightforward principle for choosing among them: “The Law of Large Proportions.” The Law is a simple one—The Biggest Components Matter Most—but it has been largely ignored by much of the government-formulated energy policy so far. The paper applies the Law to the urban transportation sector, and concludes that the major hope for conserving transportation energy is to drop our preoccupation with public transit and, instead, to concentrate on the goal of “civilizing” the automobile. The paper, then, proposes three ideas that might accomplish this: two different ways of promoting the sale of fuel-efficient vehicles, and one way of improving the efficiency of the existing vehicle fleet.
The effects of repeated morphine exposure on mu opioid receptor number and affinity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice.

C57BL/6J (B6) mice self-administer substantial quantities of morphine compared to DBA/2J (D2) mice, and most of the genetic component of this strain difference has been attributed to a locus on chromosome 10 in the vicinity of the mu opioid receptor gene. To compare binding characteristics of mu opioid receptor populations between the two strains, mice were given single daily injections of a long-acting preparation of morphine sulfate (80 mg/kg, sc) or saline for a period of seven days, and euthanatized six hours after the last injection. Brains were removed and dissected into specific regions. Receptor binding studies were performed on frontal cortex and striatum. Data were analyzed using non-linear regression, and Kd and Bmax comparisons made between strains and treatments. Specific [3H]DAMGO binding in striatum indicates that the density of mu opioid receptors in saline-treated B6 mice and saline-treated D2 mice does not differ significantly. After repeated morphine injection, B6 mice exhibited a decrease in striatal [3H]DAMGO binding, indicating a downregulation of receptor density by approximately 45% (p = .0003 vs saline-treated B6), a phenomenon not observed in D2 mice. In frontal cortex, no differences in [3H]DAMGO binding were observed between strains or treatment groups. These results demonstrate a significant difference between mu opioid receptor regulation in B6 and D2 mice, and may underlie well documented strain differences in specific opioid-related behaviors.
The Interrelationships of Psychopathology Symptoms on Social Skills in Adults with Autism or PDD-NOS and Intellectual Disability

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are debilitating, life long conditions which are known to co-occur with intellectual disability (ID) and comorbid psychopathology. All of these are risk factors, yet little has been done to explore the degree that these variables alone and in combination impact the well being of such persons. Three-hundred and two adults with severe or profound ID were studied. From the total sample, 137 evinced ASD (either autism or PDD-NOS). The Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II) was used to assess psychopathology symptoms. Social behaviors were assessed using the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with sEvere Retardation (MESSIER). For participants with ASD, psychopathology symptoms, particularly impulse and mania, were associated with negative social behaviors (i.e., nonverbal, verbal, and general) as well as positive verbal and nonverbal social skills. For participants with ID only, impulse symptoms, as well as symptoms of mania, PDD/autism, anxiety, organic, and stereotypy were associated with negative social behaviors, but not positive social skills as was found for participants with ASD.
ON THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF PROTEINS IN MICROSOMAL MEMBRANES FROM RAT LIVER

Rat liver rough microsomes were labeled enzymatically with 125 I using lactoperoxidase and glucose oxidase. In intact microsomes only proteins exposed on the outside face of the microsomal membrane were iodinated. Low concentrations of detergent (0.049% deoxycholate) were used to allow entrance of the iodination system into the vesicles without disassembling the membranes. This led to iodination of the soluble content proteins and to an increased labeling of the membrane proteins. The distribution of radioactivity in microsomal proteins was analyzed after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most membrane proteins were labeled when intact microsomes were iodinated. No major membrane proteins were exclusively labeled in the presence of low detergent concentrations or after complete membrane disassembly. Therefore it is unlikely that there are major membrane proteins, other than glycoproteins, present only on the inner membrane face or completely embedded within the microsomal membrane. Microsomal proteins were also labeled by incubating rough microsomes with [ 3 H]-NaBH 4 after reaction with pyridoxal phosphate. Microsomal membranes were permeable to these small molecular weight reagents as shown by the fact that proteins in the vesicular cavity as well as membrane proteins were labeled with this system.
Specimen Preparation and Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy of BSCCO-2212 Superconductors

Field ion specimens of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 0 x (BSCCO) high temperature superconductor (HTS) materials have been prepared using a combination of three different preparation techniques: the method of sharp shards, electropolishing and ion milling. Field ion microscopy (FIM) has demonstrated that samples which exhibit the striped-image contrast characteristic of HTS materials can be successfully fabricated using this combination. FIM images have been obtained which show the striped-image contrast much clearer than any previously published images of Pb-free BSCCO. Preliminary atom probe (AP) chemical analysis of the material was also performed. Analytical electron microscopy was used to confirm the existence of both the correct crystallographic structure and nominal composition in the near-apex region of the specimen after preparation and FIM.
Intraoperative margin assessment reduces reexcision rates in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with breast-conserving surgery.

Background: Reported rates of reexcision for margin control after breast-conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) range from 48% to 59%. The optimal technique for intraoperative margin assessment in patients with DCIS has yet to be defined. We sought to determine whether intraoperative multidisciplinary evaluation using gross tissue assessment and sectioned-specimen radiography reduces the need for reoperation for margin control in DCIS. Methods: A prospectively compiled database was used to identify patients who had DCIS diagnosed by core needle biopsy and were treated with breast-conserving surgery at our institution between July 1999 and July 2002. All patients had intraoperative gross margin assessment and specimen radiography of both the whole and sliced specimen for calcifications. Results: Four hundred two patients with DCIS were evaluated at our institution during the study period. Of these, 160 had excisional biopsy for diagnosis prior to referral, 92 had mastectomy as their initial procedure, 40 were seen for a second opinion only, and 1 patient refused surgery. The remaining 109 patients formed the study population. The median age was 55 years (range 34 to 81). The median pathologic size of DCIS was 1.2 cm (range 0.2 to 8.0 cm). Fifty-nine patients had positive (less than 1 mm) or close (less than 5 mm) margins on intraoperative assessment. Final pathology agreed with intraoperative assessment of a positive or close margin in 43 of the 59 patients (P = 0.00005). Seventy-five percent of those thought to have a positive or close margin at the time of surgery (n = 44) underwent intraoperative reexcision. Of the total 109 patients, 31 (34%) had an intraoperative reexcision that resulted in a change in margin status from positive on intraoperative evaluation to negative on final pathologic evaluation (P < 0.00001). A second procedure for margin control was necessary in only 24 patients (22%). The decision to excise additional tissue at the first surgery on the basis of intraoperative assessment resulted in significantly fewer second procedures for margin control (P = 0.029). Conclusions: In patients with DCIS, intraoperative margin assessment by gross pathological examination and sliced specimen radiography significantly affects intraoperative decision making, and excision of further tissue on the basis of intraoperative assessment results in a substantial decrease in second procedures for margin control.
Inhibition of Hsp70 ATPase Activity and Protein Renaturation by a Novel Hsp70-binding Protein

Abstract A cDNA that codes for an Hsp70-interacting protein (HspBP1) was isolated from a human heart cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid system. The derived amino acid sequence is unique and therefore represents a new regulator of Hsp70. Northern blots of RNA from human tissues indicate that HspBP1 mRNA has a size of approximately 1.7 kilobase pairs and is present in all tissues analyzed but is most abundant in heart and skeletal muscle. Western blot analysis revealed a protein of approximately 40 kilodaltons detected in cell extracts. The ATPase domain of Hsp70 demonstrated binding to HspBP1. Further experiments showed binding of HspBP1 to Hsp70 and Hsc70 in a total heart extract. HspBP1 (8 μm) inhibited approximately 90% of the Hsp40-activated Hsp70 ATPase activity. HspBP1 prevented ATP binding to Hsp70, and therefore this is the likely mechanism of inhibition. Hsp40-activated ATPase activity is essential for the renaturation activity of Hsp70; therefore, the effects of HspBP1 on renaturation of luciferase in a reticulocyte lysate and a defined system were examined. HspBP1 inhibited renaturation with half-maximal inhibition at 2 μm. These data indicate that we have identified a novel Hsp70-interacting protein that inhibits Hsp70 chaperone activity.
Abstract LB-112:Ex vivolung cancer nodule model shows efficacy of nanoparticle delivery

Nanoparticles have the potential of being used for treatment of lung cancer. However, it is difficult to determine how nanoparticles target cancer cells in a poorly vascularized tumor nodule. In our study, we hypothesize that we can develop an ex vivo human lung cancer nodule model with a perfusable vascular bed that can be used to test distribution of nanoparticles. To create this ex vivo human lung cancer nodule model, we isolated the rat heart-lung block from a 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rat. We then removed the native rat cells from the lung using sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton-X-100 in a customized decelluarization chamber. We then placed human lung cancer cell lines H460 and H1299 through the trachea of the acellular rat lung scaffold in a bioreactor. After three days of growth in the bioreactor, we placed 700 million nanoparticles into the scaffold through the circulation labeled with fluorescent tags. We performed lobectomy 1 and 3 days following placement of the nanoparticles. We examined the distribution of the nanoparticles in the nodules using hematoxylin and eosin (HE 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-112. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-112
Psychological Protective Factors Across the Lifespan: Implications for Psychiatry

Although there are many challenges in operationally defining and measuring positive psychological constructs, there is accumulating evidence that optimism, resilience, positive attitudes toward aging, and spirituality are related to reduced risk for morbidity and mortality in older age. This article reviews the definition, measurement, associations, and putative mechanisms of selected positive psychological constructs on subjective and objective indicators of health with a focus on the latter half of the lifespan.
Variations in pore structure of reaction-bonded silicon nitride /RBSN/

A discussion is presented relating the observed pore structures (sizes) to the reaction mechanisms in reaction-bonded silicon nitride (alpha- and beta-Si3N4) on the basis of information available from the literature. While the techniques for reducing the residual macroporosity are quite well-developed for reaction-bonded Si3N4 (RBSN), it is important to be aware of three other orders of magnitude for porosity present in RBSN as a result of the nitriding process itself, and how these types of nitridation-induced porosity can be controlled. For ease of description, these types of nitridation-induced porosity are called micropores, nanopores, and picopores in order of their decreasing size. A scanning electron micrograph is presented, showing nanopores isolated in the unreacted Si and picopores in the alpha-matte Si3N4. The assumption that an alpha-matte growth mechanism is active explains the occurrence of nanopores and their partial filling with alpha-Si3N4, leaving behind very fine-grained alpha-matte and picopores.
Io Volcano Observer (IVO): Budget travel to the outer Solar System

Abstract The IVO mission would make multiple close encounters with Io while orbiting Jupiter in an inclined elliptical orbit. The payload includes narrow-angle and wide-angle cameras (NAC and WAC), dual fluxgate magnetometers (FGM), a thermal mapper (ThM), dual ion and neutral mass spectrometers (INMS), and dual plasma ion analyzers (PIA). The mission is designed to answer key outstanding questions about Io, especially the nature of the intense active volcanism and internal processes that drive the volcanism. IVO can collect and return 20 Gb of compressed science data per Io encounter, 100 times the total Io data return from the 8yr Galileo tour.
Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in cancer defined by novel translocations and mutations

The four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) within the family of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) are critical for normal development but also play an enormous role in oncogenesis. Mutations and/or abnormal expression often lead to constitutive dimerization and kinase activation of FGFRs, and represent the primary mechanism for aberrant signaling. Sequencing of human tumors has revealed a plethora of somatic mutations in FGFRs that are frequently identical to germline mutations in developmental syndromes, and has also identified novel FGFR fusion proteins arising from chromosomal rearrangements that contribute to malignancy. This review details approximately 200 specific point mutations in FGFRs and 40 different fusion proteins created by translocations involving FGFRs that have been identified in human cancer. This review discusses the effects of these genetic alterations on downstream signaling cascades, and the challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment with antagonists of FGFRs.
Tree-ring-based reconstructions of North American glacier mass balance through the Little Ice Age — Contemporary warming transition

Glacier mass-balance reconstructions provide a means of placing relatively short observational records into a longer-term context. In western North America, mass-balance records span four to five decades and capture a relatively narrow window of glacial behavior over an interval that was dominated by warming and ablation. We use temperature- and moisture-sensitive tree-ring series to reconstruct annual mass balance for six glaciers in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Mass-balance models rely on the climatic sensitivity of tree-ring chronologies and teleconnection patterns in the North Pacific. The reconstructions extend through the mid to latter portions of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and explore the role of climate variability in forcing mass balance across multiple environmental gradients. Synchronous positive mass-balance intervals coincide with regional moraine building and solar minima, whereas differences in LIA glacier behavior are related to synoptic climate forcing. Secular warming in the late 19th century to present corresponds with the only multi-decadal intervals of negative mass balance in all glacier reconstructions. This suggests that contemporary retreat in western North America is unique with respect to the last several centuries and that regional patterns of glacier variability are now dominated by global climate forcing.
Marsh Elevation Response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Effect of Altered Nutrient Regimes

Abstract Our scientific understanding of the marshes along the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, is limited in terms of the processes required to sustain them and how to best manage them in the face of predicted rising sea levels. Subject to localized subsidence and urban development, these marshes may also be affected by increased nutrient loading in the future from proposed Mississippi River diversions and continued urbanization. This study presents data on marsh surface elevation change across a series of experimental plots located in Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, that were subject to varying additions of phosphorus and nitrogen as well as a lethal herbicide treatment. These plots were also affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. The rate of marsh elevation change prior to the storm suggests these marshes were maintaining elevation in the face of sea-level rise. A dramatic increase in elevation occurred following the storms but was followed by a proportional...