cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics in Clinical Oncology

This is the first book to provide a thorough grounding in the applications of genetics to cancer medicine, enabling the clinician to convey to patients and their families an understanding of the genetic nature of cancer, and to provide them with accurate advice. The two parts cover cancer genetic fundamentals - revealing the nature of the disease and heritable factors that predispose to human cancer - and the applications in clinical medicine.
Stability Considerations for Existing Conventional Autopilots on Modern Ship Types

The directional stability of three modern ship types with conventional nonadaptive autopilots is examined. It is shown that while attempting to improve the coursekeeping ability of these ships, the potential exists for the operator to unknowingly cause a loss of directional stability with the controls available to him. Stable controller settings are established to prevent such an occurrence. The results of a design method allowing optimization of the autopilot to achieve a desired degree of stability/controllability versus steering-induced added resistance is also presented.
Effect of entropy on the dynamics of supercooled liquids: new results from high pressure data

We show that for arbitrary thermodynamic conditions, master curves of the entropy are obtained by expressing S(T, V) as a function of TV γ G , where T is temperature, V specific volume and γG the thermodynamic Gruneisen parameter. A similar scaling is known for structural relaxation times, τ = ℑ (TV γ); however, we find γG < γ. We show herein that this inequality reflects contributions to S(T, V) from processes, such as vibrations and secondary relaxations, that do not directly influence the supercooled dynamics. An approximate method is proposed to remove these contributions, S 0, yielding the relationship τ = ℑ1(S − S 0).
Can Poorly Informed Regulators Hinder Competition

This paper considers an entry-deterrence game in which environmental policy is set without perfectly observing the incumbent firm’s costs. We investigate if regulators, who can have an informational advantage relative to the potential entrant, support entry-deterring practices. The paper demonstrates that, while entry-deterring equilibria only emerge under restrictive conditions when the regulator is perfectly informed, these equilibria arise under larger settings as he becomes uninformed. Furthermore, we show that the regulator is willing to support the incumbent’s entry-deterring practices regardless of his degree of information if entry costs are sufficiently high. However, when entry costs are lower, the regulator only sustains this type of practices if he is poorly informed.
(Benzotriazol-1-yl)methoxymethyl Anion: A Novel Methylal Anion Equivalent

Abstract The title anion readily reacts with a variety of electrophiles to give adducts which, upon treatment with methanol in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid, afford the corresponding α-functionalized dimethyl acetals.
Dynamic Modeling and Design of a Bulk-Loaded Liquid Monopropellant Powered Rifle

This paper presents a dynamic model of the interior ballistics of an experimental liquid propellant powered rifle. The liquid propellant powered rifle described utilizes a mixture of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate and hydrocarbon fuel to replace gunpowder typically used in such firearms. The motivation for such a development is to discard the need for a shell casing whereby carrying only propellant and bullets will reduce both the mass and volume per shot carried by the soldier. A first-principles dynamic model of the interior ballistics is derived as a compressible fluid power problem with the chemical liberation of heat within the chamber modeled via a condensed-phase reaction rate law. The model is used to predict the overall performance in terms of ballistic kinetic energy as well as draw design insight regarding the role of friction, chamber geometry, and the profile of chamber pressure with respect to time. Simulation results are presented as well as preliminary experimental results from a proof-of-concept device. DOI: 10.1115/1.2977464
Optimal Design of Process Variables in Multi-Pass Wire Drawing by Genetic Algorithms

This paper describes a new method for design optimization of process variables in multi-pass wire drawing processes. An adaptive Micro Genetic Algorithm (μGA) has been implemented for minimizing the difference between maximum and minimum effective plastic strains in the end product and also for minimizing the total deformation energy in a multi-pass wire drawing process. The chosen design variables are die angles, area reduction ratios, and the total number of passes. Significant improvements in the simulated product quality and reduction in the number of passes have been observed as a result of the Genetic Algorithm based optimization process. The choice of annealing passes for further reduction of the total deformation energy and residual stresses has also been studied.
A MOS for all seasons

Abstract From a systems perspective, this paper examines the challenges of a single system to support multiple Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) space exploration missions and the need for unitary responsibility for the system. The focus is a Mission Operations System (MOS), which is effectively a mission management organization with direct authority over data system operations, command sequencing, flight operations control, data management, trajectory determination, telemetry and data acquisition, and spacecraft analysis. Stratagems for training and the approach to processes, procedures, and interfaces to facilitate the transition from the present situation to a truly multimission operational environment are developed. The outcome is a paradigm for a MOS that is achievable, that can effectively support multiple projects, and that can take advantage of technological changes without perturbing the entire system.
Not the enolate Claisen rearrangement: a surprising route to the right-wing of indanomycin (X-14547A)

Abstract A synthesis of the “right-wing” equivalent 22 of the ionophore antibiotic indanomycin is described, wherein an unexpected retro hetero Diels-Alder/intramolecular Diels-Alder pathway gives the desired product of the planned Claisen [3,3]-shift.
Assessing the Soil Carbon, Biomass Production, and Nitrous Oxide Emission Impact of Corn Stover Management for Bioenergy Feedstock Production Using DAYCENT

Harvesting crop residue needs to be managed to protect agroecosystem health and productivity. DAYCENT, a process-based modeling tool, may be suited to accommodate region-specific factors and provide regional predictions for a broad array of agroecosystem impacts associated with corn stover harvest. Grain yield, soil C, and N2O emission data collected at Corn Stover Regional Partnership experimental sites were used to test DAYCENT performance modeling the impacts of corn stover removal. DAYCENT estimations of stover yields were correlated and reasonably accurate (adjusted r2 = 0.53, slope = 1.18, p 3-kg N2O-N ha−1 year−1. Overall, DAYCENT performed well at simulating stover yields and low N2O emission rates, reasonably well when simulating the effects of management practices on average grain yields and SOC change, and poorly when estimating high N2O emissions. These biases should be considered when DAYCENT is used as a decision support tool for recommending sustainable corn stover removal practices to advance bioenergy industry based on corn stover feedstock material.
Effect of order-parameter suppression on scattering by isolated impurities in asymmetric bands

The single-impurity problem in d-wave superconductors with asymmetric bands is discussed. The effect of local order parameter suppression near the impurity is to shift the quasiparticle resonance. Contrary to previous work [A. Shnirman et al., Phys. Rev. B 60, 7517 (1999)] we find that the direction of the shift is not universally towards the strong scattering limit.
Nonlinearities in Capital–Skill Complementarity

This paper uses a novel dataset to test the capital–skill complementarity hypothesis in a cross-section of countries. It is shown that for the full sample there exists evidence in favor of the hypothesis. When we arbitrarily split the full sample into OECD and non-OECD countries, we find no evidence in favor of the hypothesis for the OECD subsample, but strong evidence for the non-OECD subsample. When we use Hansen’s [Econometrica 68 (2000) P. 576] endogenous threshold methodology we find that initial literacy rates and initial per capita output are threshold variables that can cluster countries into three distinct regimes that obey different statistical models. In particular, the regime with moderate initial per capita income but low initial education exhibits substantially higher capital–skill complementarity than the regime with low income and low education and the regime with high education. This cross-country nonlinearity in capital–skill complementarity is consistent with the time-series nonlinearity found by Goldin and Katz [Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (1998) 693] using U.S. manufacturing data, and promotes the view that the phenomenon maybe a transitory one.
A cometary mechanism for the formation of tektites

Abstract Passage of the Earth through a comet must occur on average once every million years approximately and last for a time of a few hours. A proportion of short-period comets will have had sufficiently small eccentricity (less than about 0.6) for accretion of cometary material to occur during such passages and produce a narrow jet of material projected vertically downwards through the atmosphere. The orbits of these comets are such that the jet would be most likely to fall within lower latitude, as is found for tektite-fields. The temperature within the accretion-stream would be sufficiently great to vaporize most materials, and the tektites are regarded as forming from the most refractory substances within the stream, so that they are not characteristic of cometary compositions. The speeds of entry into the atmosphere are high enough for ablation to occur, and the dimensions of the resulting fields (arising chiefly owing to the rotation of the Earth during the passage) and their total masses agree in general order of magnitude with those estimated for actual fields.
PRODUCTION OF MILKY-WAY STRUCTURE BY THE MAGELLANIC-CLOUDS

Previous attempts at disturbing the Galactic disk by the Magellanic Clouds relied on direct tidal forcing. However, by allowing the halo to respond actively rather than remain a rigid contributor to the rotation curve, the Clouds may produce a wake in the halo which then distorts the disk. Recent work reported here suggests that the Magellanic Clouds use this mechanism to produce disk distortions sufficient to account for the location, position angle, and sign of the H I warp and the observed anomalies in stellar kinematics toward the Galactic anticenter and LSR motion. More generally, the observed response depends on the gravitational potential and therefore provides a diagnostic for the structure of the halo and its extent.
Keck Spectroscopy of Young and Old Star Clusters in NGC 1023

We present Keck/LRIS spectra for 11 old globular clusters in the S0-type galaxy NGC 1023 and two young blue clusters in the nearby companion NGC 1023A. Analysis of the spectra of seven old clusters with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio shows generally good agreement between spectroscopic and previous photometric metallicity estimates, but the integrated colors of two clusters are too blue for their spectroscopic metallicities. Although the cluster ages are not well constrained, they are most likely similar to those of Milky Way globular clusters and certainly older than ~5 Gyr. The brightest globular cluster in the sample shows enhanced cyanogen, possibly indicating an abundance anomaly similar to that observed in some M31 globular clusters. For the two blue clusters in NGC 1023A we estimate ages between 125 and 500 Myr on the basis of their strong Balmer lines. The total masses are about 8 × 104 M⊙ and 6 × 104 M⊙ for a Miller-Scalo initial mass function and Z = 0.004, making these objects similar to the young populous clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It is suggested that the two young clusters might have formed during a period of enhanced star formation activity in NGC 1023A, stimulated by a close encounter with NGC 1023.
Electromagnetic measurements of multi-year sea ice using impulse radar

Abstract Sounding of multi-year sea ice, using impulse radar operating in the 80- to 500-MHz frequency band, has revealed that the bottom of this ice cannot always be detected. This paper discusses a field program aimed at finding out why this is so, and at determining the electromagnetic (EM) properties of multi-year sea ice. It was found that the bottom of the ice could not be detected when the ice structure had a high brine content. Because of brine's high conductivity, brine volume dominates the loss mechanism in first-year sea ice, and the same was found true for multi-year ice. A two-phase dielectric mixing formula, used by the authors to describe the EM properties of first-year sea ice, was modified to include the effects of the gas pockets found in the multi-year ice. This three-phase mixture model was found to estimate the EM properties of the multi-year ice studied over the frequency band of interest. The latter values were determined by: (1) vertical sounding to a subsurface target of known depth, where the two-way travel time of the EM wavelet in the ice is measured; (2) cross-borehole transmission, where the transit time of the EM wavelet is measured through a known thickness of sea ice; and (3) a wide-angle or common-depth-point reflection method. Preliminary findings also indicate that a representative value for the apparent bulk dielectric constant of multi-year sea ice over 2 1 2 m thick is 3.5. This represents an effective EM wavelet velocity of 0.16 m/ns, which may be used to estimate multi-year sea ice thickness in cases where the ice bottom is detected in ice profile data.
Synthesis of (±)-Nosyberkol (Isotuberculosinol, Revised Structure of Edaxadiene) and (±)-Tuberculosinol

Me2AlCl-catalyzed Diels−Alder reaction of N-tigloyloxazolidinone with 6,6-dimethyl-1-vinylcyclohexene selectively provided the exo adduct, which was converted to nosyberkol (isotuberculosinol) and tuberculosinol. The spectral data for nosyberkol are identical with those reported for edaxadiene, whose structure is revised accordingly.
Pretreatment and activation of a vanadium phosphate catalyst for butane oxidation to maleic anhydride

Abstract A vanadium phosphate catalyst precursor (P/V = 1.2) was prepared using an organic medium. The precursor was calcined at 400°C and portions were subjected to further treatments before being placed under reaction conditions (430°C, 1.2% butane/air feed) for 72–95 h. The changes in activity and selectivity with time on stream were monitored, and catalysts were characterized before and after reaction by XRD, IR, B.E.T. surface area, and redox titrometry. No general correlation between solid state properties and reactivity was found. None of the pretreatments caused catalyst performance to stabilize before 48 h on stream. Severely reducing (butane, 480°C) or oxidizing (air, 480°C) treatments were particularly deleterious to selectivity. The treatments leading to the best catalytic performance were to simply run under reaction conditions or to wash the catalyst in boiling methanol. The washing appeared to remove an inert surface phase.
A new algorithm for standard cell global routing

Abstract In this paper, we present a new algorithm for standard cell global routing. The algorithm considers all of the interconnection nets simultaneously; this produces superior results since information about all of the nets is available throughout the global routing process. We formulate the global routing problem as one of finding the optimal spanning forest on a graph that contains all of the interconnection information. The results of an important theorems allow us to prune many non-optimal connections before the global routing process begins. This approach successfully solves the net ordering and congestion prediction problems which other approaches suffer. The new algorithm was implemented as part of the DATools system at Xerox PARC. The benchmarks from the Physical Design Workshop are used as part of the comparison suite. The new algorithm achieves up to 11% area reduction compared to the previous global routing package used in the DATools system and obtains up to 17% reduction in the total channel density compared to the Timberwolf 4.2 package.
Tandem [3+2]-cycloaddition [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction of allenyl sulfoxides with nitrones

Abstract The cycloaddition reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfinylpropadiene with several nitrones has been investigated. The initial 3+2-cycloadduct readily undergoes a subsequent 2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement.
Long-term survival after traumatic brain injury: a population-based analysis controlled for nonhead trauma.

OBJECTIVE:: To examine the contribution of cooccurring nonhead injuries to hazard of death after traumatic brain injury (TBI). PARTICIPANTS:: A random sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with confirmed TBI from 1987 through 1999 was identified. DESIGN:: Each case was assigned an age- and sex-matched, non-TBI "regular control" from the population. For "special cases" with accompanying nonhead injuries, 2 matched "special controls" with nonhead injuries of similar severity were assigned. MEASURES:: Vital status was followed from baseline (ie, injury date for cases, comparable dates for controls) through 2008. Cases were compared first with regular controls and second with regular or special controls, depending on case type. RESULTS:: In total, 1257 cases were identified (including 221 special cases). For both cases versus regular controls and cases versus regular or special controls, the hazard ratio was increased from baseline to 6 months (10.82 [2.86-40.89] and 7.13 [3.10-16.39], respectively) and from baseline through study end (2.92 [1.74-4.91] and 1.48 [1.09-2.02], respectively). Among 6-month survivors, the hazard ratio was increased for cases versus regular controls (1.43 [1.06-2.15]) but not for cases versus regular or special controls (1.05 [0.80-1.38]). CONCLUSIONS:: Among 6-month survivors, accounting for nonhead injuries resulted in a nonsignificant effect of TBI on long-term mortality. Language: en
Theoretical Status of Pentaquarks

We review the current status of the theoretical pentaquark search from the direct QCD calculation. The works from the QCD sum rule and the lattice QCD in the literature are carefully examined. The importance of the framework which can distinguish the exotic pentaquark state (if any) from the NK scattering state is emphasized.
Gaussian quadrature applied to experimental /γ-ray yields

We investigate the application of Gaussian quadrature to experimentally measured γ-ray yields (as a function of detector angle) to determine total γ-ray emission probabilities. For a fixed number of detectors, the detector angles can be chosen to optimize the accuracy of the integration. In many cases the integration can be made exact, if information about the γ-ray emitting system is known. Applications to specific cases will be discussed.
Attentional Priority Determines Working Memory Precision

Visual working memory is a system used to hold information actively in mind for a limited time. The number of items and the precision with which we can store information has limits that define its capacity. How much control do we have over the precision with which we store information when faced with these severe capacity limitations? Here, we tested the hypothesis that rank-ordered attentional priority determines the precision of multiple working memory representations. We conducted two psychophysical experiments that manipulated the priority of multiple items in a two-alternative forced choice task (2AFC) with distance discrimination. In Experiment 1, we varied the probabilities with which memorized items were likely to be tested. To generalize the effects of priority beyond simple cueing, in Experiment 2, we manipulated priority by varying monetary incentives contingent upon successful memory for items tested. Moreover, we illustrate our hypothesis using a simple model that distributed attentional resources across items with rank-ordered priorities. Indeed, we found evidence in both experiments that priority affects the precision of working memory in a monotonic fashion. Our results demonstrate that representations of priority may provide a mechanism by which resources can be allocated to increase the precision with which we encode and briefly store information.
Synthesis of components for supramolecules incorporating cycloheptatriene building blocks

Molecular threads I–III incorporating 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene units have been synthesized by three methods. Bridges were designed as ether (9, 14, 18 and 22), ester (4 and 14) and amino functions (25), respectively, The attachment of a second aryl residue at the seven-membered ring by nucleophilic attack of activated aromatic compounds such as anilines on tropylium salts resulted in the formation of two regioisomers (26 and 27). The macrocycles 28 were formed under high dilution conditions in good yields.
Concentration of Random Determinants and Permanent Estimators

We show that the absolute value of the determinant of a matrix with random independent (but not necessarily i.i.d.) entries is strongly concentrated around its mean. As an application, we show that Godsil-Gutman and Barvinok estimators for the permanent of a strictly positive matrix give subexponential approximation ratios with high probability. A positive answer to the main conjecture of the paper would lead to polynomial approximation ratios in the above problem.
Joint optimization of overlapping phases in MapReduce

MapReduce is a scalable parallel computing framework for big data processing. It exhibits multiple processing phases, and thus an efficient job scheduling mechanism is crucial for ensuring efficient resource utilization. This work studies the scheduling challenge that results from the overlapping of the "map" and "shuffle" phases in MapReduce. We propose a new, general model for this scheduling problem. Further, we prove that scheduling to minimize average response time in this model is strongly NP-hard in the offline case and that no online algorithm can be constant-competitive in the online case. However, we provide two online algorithms that match the performance of the offline optimal when given a slightly faster service rate.
Spectral line profiles for a planetary corona

The Lyman and Balmer emission of a planetary corona depend on the exospheric temperature, the integrated column density of solar-illuminated hydrogen, and the region of phase space occupied by particles. Measurements of the intensity alone are incapable of defining the exosphere unambiguously. Line profiles, with high spectral resolution, can show whether a nonthermal component of the escaping hydrogen is present, and can indicate at what altitude satellite orbits of hydrogen atoms are depleted.
High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Interstellar Medium: Structure at the Oxygen Absorption Edge

We present high-resolution spectroscopy of the oxygen K-shell interstellar absorption edge in seven X-ray binaries using the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) onboard the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Using the brightest sources as templates, we found a best-fit model of two absorption edges and five Gaussian absorption lines. All of these features can be explained by the recent predictions of K-shell absorption from neutral and ionized atomic oxygen. We identify the Kα and Kβ absorption lines from neutral oxygen, as well as the S = 3/2 absorption edge. The expected S = 1/2 edge is not detected in these data because of overlap with instrumental features. We also identify the Kα absorption lines from singly and doubly ionized oxygen. The O I Kα absorption line is used as a benchmark with which to adjust the absolute wavelength scale for theoretical predictions of the absorption cross sections. We find that shifts of 30-50 mA are required, consistent with differences previously noticed from comparisons of the theory with laboratory measurements. Significant oxygen features from dust or molecular components, as suggested in previous studies, are not required by our HETGS spectra. With these spectra, we can begin to measure the large-scale properties of the interstellar medium (ISM). We place a limit on the velocity dispersion of the neutral lines of 200 km s-1, consistent with measurements at other wavelengths. We also make the first measurement of the oxygen ionization fractions in the ISM. We constrain the interstellar ratio of O II/O I to ≈0.1 and the ratio of O III/O I to 0.1. This work demonstrates the utility of X-ray spectroscopy for studies of the ISM. Future work will provide measurements of the relative abundances and ionization fractions for elements from carbon to iron.
Phase diagram of the Bose-Hubbard Model

The first reliable analytic calculation of the phase diagram of the Bose gas on a d-dimensional lattice with on-site repulsion is presented. In one dimension, the analytic calculation is in excellent agreement with the numerical Monte Carlo results. In higher dimensions, the deviations from the Monte Carlo calculations are larger, but the correct shape of the Mott-insulator lobes is still obtained. Explicit expressions for the energy of the Mott and the defect phase are given in a strong-coupling expansion.
Cad Overexpression in Mammalian Cells

Hamster CAD is a multifunctional protein which catalyzes the first three enzymatic steps of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis.1'2 The major catalytic domains of CAD are car-bamyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) (EC 6.3.5.5), dihydroorotase (DHOase) (EC 3.5.2.3), and aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) (EC 2.1.3.2). The first enzyme of the pathway, carbamyl phosphate synthetase, is regulated by UTP, PRPP and phosphorylation.3,4,5,6 While the monomeric size of CAD is 243 KDa,7 the native protein exists as an oligomer of identical subunits (mostly hexamers but also, trimers and larger oligomers).1,7,8
Radiotherapy for Prostate Carcinoma

The charts of 96 patients who received radiotherapy at The M. S. Hershey Medical Center for their prostatic carcinoma were reviewed. The 4-year NED (no evidence of disease) survival rates for patients receiving between 6,500 and 7,000 rad of external beam radiation (EBR) were 92, 78, 56, and 50% for stages A, B, C, and D1, respectively. The 4-year NED survival rate for stage B patients was 90% for those receiving approximately 6,500 rad of EBR, 75% for those receiving approximately 7,000 rad of EBR, and 71% for those receiving interstitial implants. Bowel or urinary complications occurred in 27% (21% grade I, 3% grade II, and 3% grade III) of those receiving approximately 6,500 rad of EBR, 40% (25% grade I, 10% grade II, and 5% grade III) of those receiving 7,000 rad of EBR, and 0% of those receiving interstitial implants. The effects of stage, grade, and treatment type on NED survival and complications are discussed.
Minimum energy source coding for asymmetric modulation with application to RFID

Minimum energy (ME) source coding is an effective technique for efficient communication with energy-constrained devices, such as sensor network nodes. In this paper, the principles of generalized ME source coding is developed that is broadly applicable. Two scenarios - fixed and variable length codewords - are analyzed. The application of this technique to RFID systems where ME source coding is particularly advantageous due to the asymmetric nature of data communications is demonstrated, a first to the best of our knowledge.
A jury of none: an essay on the last acceptable form of civic banishment

Though many socio-legal scholars have criticized those measures that deny convicted felons the right to vote, few have challenged the statutes that withhold a convicted felon’s opportunity to sit on a jury. A majority of US jurisdictions bar felons from jury service permanently, creating a class of citizens defined and punished by the criminal justice system but unable to impact its function. This essay considers the invisibility of felon jury exclusion, notes its unlikely supporters, and asserts that by preventing convicted felons from taking part in civic processes, authorities work against reentry initiatives.
Protein farnesyltransferase: Flexible docking studies on inhibitors using computational modeling

Using MacroModel, peptide, peptidomimetic and non-peptidomimetic inhibitors of the zinc metalloenzyme, farnesyltransferase (FTase), were docked into the enzyme binding site. Inhibitor flexibility, farnesyl pyrophosphate substrate flexibility, and partial protein flexibility were taken into account in these docking studies. In addition to CVFM and CVIM, as well as our own inhibitors FTI-276 and FTI-2148, we have docked other farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) including Zarnestra, which presently is in advanced clinical trials. The AMBER* force field was employed, augmented with parameters that were derived for zinc. A single binding site model that was derived from the crystal structure of CVFM complexed with farnesyltransferase and farnesylpyrophosphate was used for these studies. The docking results using the lowest energy structure from the simulation, or one of the lowest energy structures, were generally in excellent agreement with the X-ray structures. One of the most important findings of this study is that numerous alternative conformations for the methionine side chain can be accommodated by the enzyme suggesting that the methionine pocket can tolerate groups larger than methionine at the C-terminus of the tetrapeptide and suggesting alternative locations for the placement of side chains that may improve potency.
Physical interpretation of cyclic voltammetry for measuring electric double layer capacitances

Abstract This paper aims to develop a model for simulating the electric double layer dynamics in CV measurements while simultaneously accounting for transport phenomena in both the electrode and the electrolyte. It also aims (i) to identify the dimensionless parameters that govern the CV measurements, (ii) to provide a physical interpretation of the shape of CV curves, and (iii) to investigate the effect of the electrode electrical conductivity on the predicted double layer capacitance. The transient double layer dynamics was simulated using the modified Poisson–Nernst–Planck (MPNP) model with a Stern layer and accounting for the presence of the electrode. A dimensional analysis was performed and four dimensionless numbers governing the CV measurements were identified. This study established that the hump in CV curves for electrodes with large radius of curvature was due to the saturation of ion concentration near the electrode surface before reaching the maximum potential. It also demonstrates that CV curves became symmetric for large ion diffusion coefficient due to rapid ion transport. This study confirmed that the EDL capacitance retrieved from CV measurements is constant for low scan rates and corresponds to the capacitance under equilibrium conditions. Larger ion diffusion coefficient and electrode electrical conductivity led to larger EDL capacitance at large scan rates corresponding to better charging performance.
Parametric analysis for ungapped Markov models of evolution

Efficient sensitivity analysis algorithms are presented for two problems arising in the study of Markov models of sequence evolution: ancestral reconstruction in evolutionary trees and local ungapped alignment under log-odds scoring. The algorithms generate complete descriptions of the optimum solutions for all possible values of the evolutionary distance. The running time for the parametric ancestral reconstruction problem under the Kimura 2-parameter model is O(kn + kn2/3 log k), where n is the number of sequences and k is their length, assuming all edges have the same length. For the parametric gapless alignment problem under the Jukes-Cantor model, the running time is O(mn + mn2/3 log m), where m and n are the sequence lengths and n ≤ m.
A first synthesis of thiophene dendrimers.

Thiophene dendrons and dendrimers were designed and synthesized using a convergent approach. Metal-mediated coupling reactions were used in the synthesis. A rational approach allowed the formation of αα, ββ, and αβ linkages between the dendrons and thiophene units.
STABILIZING HIGH-PERIOD ORBITS IN A CHAOTIC SYSTEM: THE DIODE RESONATOR

The chaotic dynamics found in the diode resonator has been converted into stable orbits with periods up to 23 drive cycles long. The method used is a modification of that of Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1196 (1990)]. In addition to stabilizing existing low-period orbits, the method allows making small alterations in the attractor permitting previously nonexistent periodic orbits to be stabilized. It is an analog technique and therefore can be very fast, making it applicable to a wide variety of systems.
Generalized displacement correlation method for estimating stress intensity factors

Abstract Conventional displacement-based methods for estimating stress intensity factors require special quarter-point finite elements in the first layer of elements around the fracture tip and substantial near-tip region mesh refinement. This paper presents a generalized form of the displacement correlation method (the GDC method), which can use any linear or quadratic finite element type with homogeneous meshing without local refinement. These two features are critical for modeling dynamic fracture propagation problems where locations of fractures are not known a priori . Because regular finite elements’ shape functions do not include the square-root terms, which are required for accurately representing the near-tip displacement field, the GDC method is enriched via a correction multiplier term. This paper develops the formulation of the GDC method and includes a number of numerical examples, especially those consisting of multiple interacting fractures. We find that the proposed method using quadratic elements is accurate for mode-I and mode-II fracturing, including for very coarse meshes. An alternative formulation using linear elements is also demonstrated to be accurate for mode-I fracturing, and acceptable mode-II results for most engineering applications can be obtained with appropriate mesh resolution, which remains considerably less than that required by most other methods for estimating stress intensities.
On optimal estimates for the Laplace-Leray commutator in planar domains with corners

For smooth domains, Liu et al. (Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 60: 1443-1487, 2007) used optimal estimates for the commutator of the Laplacian and the Leray projection operator to establish well-posedness of an extended Navier-Stokes dynamics. In their work, the pressure is not determined by incompressibility, but rather by a certain formula involving the Laplace-Leray commutator. A key estimate of Liu et al. controls the commutator strictly by the Laplacian in L 2 norm at leading order. In this paper we show that this strict control fails in a large family of bounded planar domains with corners. However, when the domain is an infinite cone, we find that strict control may be recovered in certain power-law weighted norms.
A Mild, Large-Scale Synthesis of 1,3-Cyclooctanedione: Expanding Access to Difluorinated Cyclooctyne for Copper-Free Click Chemistry.

We report the large-scale synthesis of 1,3-cyclooctanedione in five steps with 29% yield. This molecule is a synthetic precursor to difluorinated cyclooctyne, which participates in a bioorthogonal copper-free click reaction with azides. The final step demonstrates the first successful application of the Wacker–Tsuji oxidation to form a cyclic 1,3-dione.
Iridium-Catalyzed, Intermolecular Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes with Indoles

The addition of an N–H bond to an olefin is the most direct route for the synthesis of alkylamines. Currently, intermolecular hydroamination is limited to reactions of a narrow range of reagents containing N–H bonds or activated alkenes, and all the examples of additions to unactivated alkenes require large excesses of alkene. We report intermolecular hydroamination reactions of indoles with unactivated olefins. The reactions occur with as few as 1.5 equiv of olefin to form N-alkylindoles exclusively and in good yield. Characterizations of the catalyst resting state, kinetic data, labeling studies, and computational data imply that the addition occurs by olefin insertion into the Ir–N bond of an N-indolyl complex and that this insertion reaction is faster than insertion of olefin into the Ir–C bond of the isomeric C-2-indolyl complex.
The UK research assessment exercise and the narrowing of UK economics

The aim of this paper is to delineate an empirically grounded, structure-causal going concern recursive model of UK economics that, in the context of the RAE and local department decision-making, explains the progressive elimination of heterodox economics, the progressive homogenization of mainstream economics from 1992 to the present, and the continued rise to dominance of a select group of departments, and indicates whether these ‘regularities’ will continue under the Research Excellence Framework selectivity exercise in 2014.
Current density functional theory for one‐dimensional fermions

The frequency-dependent response of a one-dimensional fermion system is investigated using Current Density Functional Theory (CDFT) within the local approximation (LDA). DFT-LDA, and in particular CDFT-LDA, reproduces very well the dispersion of the collective excitations. Unsurprisingly, however, the approximation fails for details of the dynamic response for large wayevectors. In particular, we introduce CDFT for the one-dimensional spin-less fermion model with nearest-neighbor interaction, and use CDFT-LDA plus exact (Bethe ansatz) results for the ground-state energy as function of particle density and boundary phase to determine the linear response. The successes and failures of this approach are discussed in detail.
Flow excursion time scales in the advanced neutron source reactor

Flow excursion transients give rise to a key thermal limit for the proposed advanced neutron source (ANS) reactor because its core involves many parallel flow channels with a common pressure drop. Since one can envision certain accident scenarios in which the thermal limits set by flow excursion correlations might be exceeded for brief intervals, a key objective is to determine how long a flow excursion would take to bring about a system failure that could lead to fuel damage. The anticipated time scale for flow excursions has been examined by subdividing the process into its component phenomena: bubble formation, flow deceleration, and fuel plate heat-up. Models were developed to estimate the time required for each individual stage. Accident scenarios involving sudden reduction in core flow or core exit pressure have been examined, and the models compared with RELAP5 output for the ANS geometry. For a high-performance reactor such as the ANS, flow excursion time scales were predicted to be in the millisecond range, so that even very brief transients might lead to fuel damage. These results have been useful for determining the significance of momentary flow excursion events calculated for accident situations in the ANS reactor. In addition, the methods presented are applicable for evaluating the timing of flow excursion transients in other facilities as well.
Adaptive piezoelectric shell structures: theory and experiments

Abstract Active "smart" space and mechanical structures with adaptive dynamic characteristics have long been interested in a variety of high-performance systems, e.g. flexible space structures, flexible robots, "smart" machines etc. In this paper, an active adaptive structure made of piezoelectric materials is proposed and evaluated. Electromechanical equations of motion and generalised boundary conditions of a generic piezoelectric shell subjected to mechanical and electrical excitations are derived using Hamilton's principle and the linear piezoelectric theory. The structural adaptivity is achieved by a voltage feedback (open or closed loops) utilising the converse piezoelectric effect. Applications of the theory is demonstrated in a bimorph beam case and a cylindrical shell case. Frequency manipulation of the bimorph beam is studied theoretically and experimentally. Damping control of the cylindrical shell via in-plane membrane forces is also investigated.
A proposed vision for psychiatry at the turn of the century

Abstract Throughout the 20th century, a series of rapidly changing emphases have been prominent within psychiatry, each one dominating a period spanning two or more decades. This pattern, along with other historical trends, has contributed to both a diffusion and a confusion about what psychiatry is and what it stands for, affecting the credibility of the profession. As psychiatry approaches the turn of the century, it is critical that psychiatrists and organized psychiatry define and agree upon a coherent vision that will serve as a foundation for a shared understanding with others regarding what the profession represents. Five principal themes are discussed here, emanating from both past and recent history, that can provide this definition to all concerned. The adoption of a biopsychosocial model by all psychiatrists regardless of personal areas of interest or emphasis is the first building block and needs to be coupled with strong support for the continuing evolution of a scientific base and the scientists who are pursuing it. Healthcare reform and the pressures from other nonmedical professions that have reshaped psychiatry's “marketplace” require that a third theme revolve around a reshaping of psychiatry's relationship with the rest of medicine and psychiatrists' interactions with their medical colleagues. Finally, a new set of liaisons with our patients must be built through a redefinition of professional values and an enhanced emphasis on patient rights and responsibilities that will empower our patients to act as our strongest supporters.
Science and technology of biocompatible thin films for implantable biomedical devices

This presentation focuses on reviewing research to develop two critical biocompatible film technologies to enable implantable biomedical devices, namely: 1) development of bioinert/biocompatible coatings for encapsulation of Si chips implantable in the human body (e.g., retinal prosthesis implantable in the human eye)-the coating involves a novel ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) film or hybrid biocompatible oxide/UNCD layered films; and 2) development of biocompatible films with high-dielectric constant and microfabrication process to produce energy storage super-capacitors embedded in the microchip to achieve full miniaturization for implantation into the human bodynovel Al2O3/TiO2 nanolaminates exhibit abnormally high dielectric constant to enable super-capacitors with very high-capacitance.
Geometric Crystals and Set-Theoretical Solutions to the Quantum Yang-Baxter Equation

Abstract We study the birational action of S n ×S m on the space of matrices defined by Braverman and Kazhdan using geometric crystals, from the viewpoint of the theory of set-theoretical solutions of the quantum Yang-Baxter equations. In particular, we obtain a direct proof of the well-definedness of this action, which does not use the theory of geometric crystals.
Alfven waves and induction drag on long cylindrical satellites.

Induction drag of long cylindrical satellites and Alfven waves emitted from them, determining potential and current distribution and effect on energy loss
Piezomagnetic Quantum Dots

We study the influence of deformations on magnetic ordering in quantum dots doped with magnetic impurities. The reduction of symmetry and the associated deformation from circular to elliptical quantum confinement lead to the formation of piezomagnetic quantum dots. The strength of elliptical deformation can be controlled by the gate voltage to change the magnitude of magnetization, at a fixed number of carriers and in the absence of an applied magnetic field. We reveal a reentrant magnetic ordering with the increase of elliptical deformation and suggest that the piezomagnetic quantum dots can be used as nanoscale magnetic switches.
Dynamics of Hollow Nanofiber Formation During Solidification Subjected to Solvent Evaporation

To mimic the emergence of gradient morphology in polymer nanofibers, a new theoretical approach has been developed in the context of Cahn-Hilliard time evolution equation, alternatively known as time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation (Model B) involving concentration order parameter. The effects of solvent evaporation on the morphology evolution of the nanofibers have been demonstrated. The numerical simulation showed that the formation of skin layers is governed by the competition between solvent evaporation rate and mutual diffusion rate. That is to say the skin layers are formed in the nanotube whenever the rate of evaporation exceeds a critical value; otherwise, a solid fiber is formed. In hollow nanofibers, the layer can grow to a substantial fraction of the fiber diameter, allowing it to remain intact, albeit often in a collapsed form.
Seth Carlo Chandler, Jr.: Discoveries in polar motion

On January 1, 1988, the new International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) will become operational. IERS will encompass the services provided by the International Latitude Service (ILS), the International Polar Motion Service (IPMS), and the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) for nearly a century and will provide improved services that will be particularly useful to scientific researchers. For example, the IERS will establish and maintain a conventional celestial reference frame defined by a selected set of extragalactic radio sources, establish and maintain a conventional terrestrial reference frame defined by a set of globally distributed stations marked by monuments, determine improved constants of precession and nutation, and collect and distribute ancillary data important to understanding earth rotation, such as atmospheric angular momentum time series.
Do unemployment insurance recipients actively seek work? Evidence from randomized trials in four U.S. States

In this paper, we report the results of the only field test of which we are aware that uses randomized trials to measure whether stricter enforcement and verification of work search behavior alone decreases unemployment claims and benefits paid in the U.S. unemployment insurance (UI) program. These experiments, which were implemented in four U.S. sites in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Virginia and Tennessee, were designed to explicitly test claims based on nonexperimental data, summarized in Burgess and Kingston (An Incentives Approach to Improving the Unemployment Compensation System, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1987), that a prime cause of overpayments is the failure of claimants to actively seek work. Our results provide no support for the view that the failure to actively search for work has been a cause of overpayment in the UI system.