cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of inductive electronic effects on the metrical parameters and reactivity of a series of ferrous complexes

Abstract Reported are four iron(II) complexes with N-benzyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (LH) and three electronically modified derivatives: N-(4-methoxy)benzyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (LOMe), N-(4-chloro)benzyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (LCl), and N-(4-nitro)benzyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine ( L NO 2 ). The four ligands react with FeCl2 to form a series of mononuclear species with the general formula [Fe(LR)Cl2]. The cis-α conformation of the ligand places the amine N-donors trans to the Fe–Cl bonds. The identity of the 4-benzyl substituent has profound influences on the lengths of the iron-ligand bonds, the optical spectra, and the redox activities of the [Fe(LR)Cl2] compounds.
Peripheral-blood-based PCR assay to identify patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis

Abstract Summary Background There is a need for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. We have previously used a PCR to detect circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in blood samples from patients (mostly HIV-infected) with pulmonary tuberculosis. We have now prospectively investigated the role of this blood-based PCR assay for diagnosis of this disease in a clinical setting. Methods Our PCR assay is specific for the IS6110 insertion element of the M tuberculosis complex of organisms. We used it to test peripheral blood from 88 consecutive patients admitted to a chest ward with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Personnel who carried out the assay did not know the results of any clinical investigations and ultimate diagnosis, and clinicians did not know the PCR results. Results of the PCR assay were compared with the final clinical diagnosis. A subgroup of 15 patients had blood samples assayed serially to track the PCR signal over time. Findings 41 patients had a final clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis, and the cases were typical of those seen at our hospital: HIV infection was common, and most cases were not sputum-smear positive for acid-fast bacilli. The PCR assay correctly identified 39 of 41 patients with proven pulmonary tuberculosis, 26 (63%) of whom were sputum-smear negative. There were five patients in whom a positive PCR result did not accord with the final clinical diagnosis, and two of the 44 negative PCR results were classified as false negatives. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay for a diagnosis of tuberculosis was 95% and 89%, respectively. In 15 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and a positive blood assay, the PCR result remained positive after 1 month of therapy, but had reverted to negative in 13 of the 15 by 4 months of therapy. Interpretation We conclude that peripheral-blood-based PCR detection for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is a technically feasible approach that has a potentially important role in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Adenosine is a modulator of hair cell-afferent neurotransmission.

Abstract Adenosine has been implicated in neuromodulation in the central nervous system [(1985) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 103–124]. Its mechanism of action is thought to be a receptor-mediated inhibition of transmitter release. To assess adenosme's role as a neuromodulator in the vestibular periphery, spontaneous activity of the afferent fibers in the ampullar nerve of the semicircular canal, in vitro, was used as the dependent variable. Afferent firing has been previously shown to depend on transmitter release by the hair cells [(1985) Brain Res. 330, 1–9]. Adenosine was shown to inhibit firing rate; the adenosine antagonist theophylline was shown to increase firing rate; the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which catabolizes adenosine to inosine. was shown to increase firing rate; the adenosine uptake inhibitor dipyridamole was shown to decrease firing rate; and adenosine was shown to be released from the isolated semicircular canal by electrical stimulation. All these findings are internally consistent and unreservedly support the hypothesis that adenosine has a neuromodulatory role in neurotransmission in the semicircular canal.
Kinesin Chimera Protein Fused with Calmodulin as a Molecular Shuttle

Recently attention is focused on the application of molecular shuttles based on the motor protein kinesin and microtubule to drug delivery system (DDS) and lab-on-a-chip. In vivo, kinesin carries cargoes of biomolecular e.g., organelle which attach to the tail domain of kinesin. However, the molecular mechanism of the attaching and detaching of cargo is still obscure. Therefore, artificial binding systems have to be introduced on the molecular shuttle. Previously biotin-avidin and antigen-antibody reaction system have been used to attach kinesin to target cargoes. Although the systems are highly specific and tight, these are flawed as irreversible binding. In this study, we employed reversible cargo loading system using calmodulin (CaM) and M13 peptide for the molecular shuttle. We have designed kinesin K560 chimera protein fused with CaM at the C-terminal tail region of kinesin (K560-CaM). K560-CaM was successfully expressed by E. coli. expression system and purified. And M13 peptide fused with yellow fluorescent protein (M13-YFP) was also prepared as a target cargo. The ATPase activity and the microtubules gliding activity of K560-CaM were almost in the normal range of the kinesin wild type. The Ca2+ dependent reversible binding of K560-CaM and M13-YFP was observed with HPLC using size-exclusion column.
Challenging Chomskyan Linguistics: The Case of Pirahã

Chomsky’s theory of language is an accomplishment of the highest order, by any standards. A set of ideas that can excite and occupy some of the brightest minds in the world for over 5 decades, and give them all a sense of communality and feeling that they are engaged in an asymptotic approximation to the Truth, over this entire period of time, must be taken very seriously. What are the components of this theory? There are 2 fundamental ideas: (1) there are components of the form of grammars that are arbitrary from the perspective of meaning and computation (in some senses), but which form a regular and elegant subsystem that underlies the interpretation and physical manifestation of language, and (2) these components are part of our genetic endowment as Homo sapiens with no real explanation in standard Darwinian theory. Also important to Chomsky’s theory in principle and in practice is the idea that communication and the sociocultural milieu from which language might be argued to have emerged really have very little, perhaps nothing, to do with the core components of these genetically carried grammatical principles, labelled Universal Grammar (UG). In recent years, Chomsky has referred to UG as simply whatever the true theory is about the biological capabilities of humans for language. But this is neither a good summary of the praxis of Chomskyan theory, nor of Chomsky’s own writings on UG. Certainly it is not a useful indication of what his followers have been doing for years. UG in most studies is a set of highly specific grammatical constraints, principles, and parameters that ultimately determine how all human grammars will be for adult speakers, and how these grammars will be acquired as the first grammars of children learning them. In a heavily cited article from Science, Chomsky and his co-authors, Marc Hauser and Tecumseh Fitch, have suggested a single, greater feature of form that could underlie all the various principles of UG. This essential feature, they claim, is recursion . Although in that paper they neither define recursion nor say what predictions a recursive versus a nonrecursive grammar of a language might make, their paper has sparked a huge debate.
South Asian Religions in the Americas: An Annotated Bibliography of Immigrant Religious Traditions

Foreword by G. E. Gorman Preface The Study of South Asian Immigrant Religious Traditions Bibliographical Sources United States Prior to 1960 General Studies Newspapers Hindus Muslims Ismailis Sikhs Christians Jews Zoroastrians Buddhists Other Religious Traditions Canada Prior to 1960 General Studies Newspapers Hindus Ismailis Sikhs Jains Christians Jews Zoroastrians Central and South America Prior to 1960 General Studies Newspapers Hindus Muslims Christians Author Index Title Index Subject Index
Factors in oxygen delivery to tissue

An animal model for evaluating oxygen delivery to tissue is based upon the determination of the intracellular oxygen tension by surface fluorometry of NADH under conditions where the inspired oxygen is reduced through the critical value for the particular organ. This procedure allows the evaluation of the overall efficiency of the pulmonocardiac tissue in delivering oxygen to tissue, and can be useful in new, quantitative measurements of the effect of various factors occurring between the inspired air and the final tissue oxygen tension.
Spin glass transition in a diluted frustrated lattice: Cd1−xMnxTe, Hg1−xMnxTe, and Hg1−xMnxSe

Magnetic phase diagrams are presented for the ternary semiconductor compounds Cd1−xMnxTe, Hg1−xMnxTe, and Hg1−xMnxSe as a function of temperature and composition. Transition to the spin glass phase is observed in all three compounds as a consequence of frustration inherent in the fcc lattice.
Uncoupling the effects of phosphorus and precipitation on arbuscular mycorrhizas in the Serengeti

Background and aims The Serengeti grassland is characterized by antiparallel gradients of soil phosphorus (P) and precipitation. We hypothesized that grasses associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to ameliorate water stress and improve nutrient acquisition; and, that geographic patterns in AM fungal abundance relate to nutrient and water limitation of host plants.
α2β1 integrin, GPVI receptor, and common FcRγ chain on mouse platelets mediate distinct responses to collagen in models of thrombosis

Objective Platelets express the α2β1 integrin and the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/FcRγ complex, both collagen receptors. Understanding platelet-collagen receptor function has been enhanced through use of genetically modified mouse models. Previous studies of GPVI/FcRγ-mediated collagen-induced platelet activation were perfomed with mice in which the FcRγ subunit was genetically deleted (FcRγ−/−) or the complex was depleted. The development of α2β1−/− and GPVI−/− mice permits side-by-side comparison to address contributions of these collagen receptors in vivo and in vitro. Approach and Results To understand the different roles played by the α2β1 integrin, the GPVI receptor or FcRγ subunit in collagen-stimulated hemostasis and thrombosis, we compared α2β1−/−, FcRγ−/−, and GPVI−/− mice in models of endothelial injury and intravascular thrombosis in vivo and their platelets in collagen-stimulated activation in vitro. We demonstrate that both the α2β1 integrin and the GPVI receptor, but not the FcRγ subunit influence carotid artery occlusion in vivo. In contrast, the GPVI receptor and the FcRγ chain, but not the α2β1 integrin, play similar roles in intravascular thrombosis in response to soluble Type I collagen. FcRγ−/− platelets showed less attenuation of tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins including RhoGDI when compared to GPVI−/− and wild type platelets. The difference between FcRγ−/− and GPVI−/− platelet phosphotyrosine levels correlated with the in vivo thrombosis findings. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that genetic deletion of GPVI receptor, FcRγ chain, or the α2β1 integrin changes the thrombotic potentials of these platelets to collagen dependent on the stimulus mechanism. The data suggest that the FcRγ chain may provide a dominant negative effect through modulating signaling pathways in platelets involving several tyrosine phosphorylated proteins such as RhoGDI. In addition, these findings suggest a more complex signaling network downstream of the platelet collagen receptors than previously appreciated.
Effects of environmental pH on ammonia excretion, blood pH, and oxygen uptake in fresh water crustaceans

Abstract 1. In Procambarus clarki and Procambarus fallax , ammonia excretion increases in response to low ambient water pH. These findings do not differentiate between the alternative hypotheses that the reduction in ambient water pH (a) stimulates the passive diffusion of ammonia, and/or (b) inhibits Na + /NH 4 + ATPase activity. 2. The ammonia excretory rate of Orconectes rusticus remains constant with changes in water pH. 3. In normoxic water, oxygen uptake in P. clarki and O. rusticus is maintained in response to changes of ambient water pH.
Instrumentation for cryogenic microwave cavity resonance measurements

We describe instrumentation and measurement procedures for performing microwave measurements on small metallic samples at dilution refrigerator temperatures using the microwave cavity perturbation technique. The quality factor Q of the lead-plated cavity was of order of 105 at temperatures below the superconducting transition temperature of lead. Microwaves were coupled into and out of the resonator through two room-temperature positionable semirigid coaxial lines, each terminated in a small-loop antenna. We describe in detail the arrangement of the apparatus used to tune to, and lock onto, a cavity resonance and the strategy used to categorize various resonance modes. One of the main features of this microwave spectrometer is the application of the FM detection method to measure changes in both the frequency and the quality factor of the sample-loaded cavity. The procedures for converting these quantities to the real and imaginary components of the surface impedance are described. As an application of th...
Risk of Late-Onset Adhesions and Incisional Hernia Repairs after Surgery

Background Long-term adhesion-related complications and incisional hernias after abdominal surgery are common and costly. There are few data on the risk of these complications after different abdominal operations. Study Design We identified Medicare beneficiaries who underwent endovascular repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm from 2001–2008 who presumably are not at risk for laparotomy-related complications. We identified all laparoscopic and open operations involving the abdomen, pelvis, or retroperitoneum and categorized them into 5 groups according to invasiveness. We then identified laparotomy-related complications for up to 5 years after the index operation and compared these with the baseline rate of complications in a control group of patients who did not undergo an abdominal operation. Results We studied 85,663 patients, 7,513 (8.8%) of which underwent a laparotomy, including 2,783 major abdominal operations, 709 minor abdominal operations, 963 ventral hernia repairs, 493 retroperitoneal/pelvic operations, and 2,565 laparoscopic operations. Mean age was 76.7 years and 82.0% were male. Major abdominal operations carried the highest risk for adhesion-related complications (14.3% and 25.0% at 2 and 5 years compared with 4.0% and 7.8% for the control group; p Conclusions Late-onset laparotomy-related complications are frequent and their risk extends through 5 years beyond the perioperative period. With the advancement and expansion of laparoscopic techniques and its attendant lower risk for long-term complications, these results can alter the risk-to-benefit profile of various types of abdominal operations and can also strengthen the rationale for additional development of laparoscopic approaches to abdominal operations.
Event Triggers in Linear Covariance Analysis with Applications to Orbital Rendezvous

The analytic expressions for a generic event trigger for a linear covariance analysis are developed. The event triggers are applied to the analysis of a common orbital rendezvous problem. Some unexpected results are observed anda flawinanequationthatiscommonlyusedinstandardlinearcovarianceanalysisapplicationsisuncoveredand remedied. A quantitative analysis of the effect of elevation-angle triggers for various rendezvous scenarios is presented.
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Predicts Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Pediatric Outpatients With Chronic Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Background— Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are elevated in adults with heart failure and correlate with functional classification and prognosis. The range and predictive power of BNP concentrations in children with chronic heart failure, however, are not known. Methods and Results— Whole blood BNP concentrations were measured in 53 consecutive patients with chronic left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (biventricular hearts, ejection fraction 3 months since diagnosis). Children who had been hospitalized within 3 months before potential enrollment and those 21 years of age were excluded. BNP concentrations were measured with the Triage assay (Biosite Diagnostics, Inc, San Diego, Calif). Echocardiographers and clinicians were blinded to BNP levels. An adverse cardiovascular event was defined as cardiac death, cardiac-related hospitalization, or listing for cardiac transplantation. The median age of patients with LV dysfunction was 9.3 years (interquartile range [IQR...
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF MCTs UNDER INDUCTIVE LOAD CONDITIONS

PMOS-controlled thyristors (PMCTs) were tested in a single-switch configuration under inductive-load hard-switching conditions. The transient current and voltage waveforms during the turn-on and turn-off transitions were observed for 50 A/1000 V devices. The experimental waveforms are given for the anode current, the inductor current, the anode-to-cathode voltage, and the gate-to-anode drive voltage. These waveforms were obtained for periodic gate drive voltage at 6.5 kHz. The test circuit was operated at power levels of up to 370 W. The measured turn-on time was 0.255 μs at an anode-to-cathode voltage of 270 V and the measured turn-off time was 1.6 μs at an anode current of 16 A. The measured storage time was 1 μs. The measured input capacitance of the MCT was 13.5 nF and the output capacitance was 66.7 nF. It was found that the input and output capacitances of PMCTs are approximately linear.
On mental events, disciplinary boundaries, and reductionism: A reply to Plaud

Plaud's (2001) radical behavioral manifesto suggests that a psychological science based exclusively upon the study of environment-behavior functional contingencies would yield a discipline unencumbered by mentalism, vaguely delineated disciplinary boundaries, or inappropriate reductionism. In reply, we note that: (a) mental events-e.g., thoughts and feelings-are increasingly accessible to objective investigation, and provide an observable proximal causal mechanism for the environmental selection of behavior; (b) the call for pristine disciplinary boundaries is anachronistic, inasmuch as progress in the natural sciences has engendered disciplinary boundaries that are increasingly porous; (c) cognitive neuroscience facilitates a comprehensive understanding of complex human behavior by mapping out the relationship between such behavior and underlying brain events, thereby engaging in an appropriate form of reductionism (constitutive reductionism) that has become a hallmark of the natural sciences; and (d) ironically, it is radical behaviorism, in its disavowal of the informational level of complexity instantiated in brain events, that engages in inappropriate eliminative reductionism (i.e., reducing neural information to "nothing but" its underlying bring states).
Architecture and Planning of Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, 1912-1936: Transforming Tradition

Fascinated by change, architectural historians of the modernist generation generally filled their studies with accounts of new developments and innovations. In her book, Sally A. Kitt Chappell focuses instead on the subtler but more pervasive change that took place in the mainstream of American architecture in the period. Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, one of the leading American firms of the turn of the century, transformed traditional canons and made creative adaptations of standard forms to solve some of the largest architectural problems of their times--in railroad stations, civic monuments, banks, offices, and department stores. Chappell's study shows how this firm exemplified the changing urban hierarchy of the American city in the early twentieth century. Their work emerges here as both an index and a reflection of the changing urban values of the twentieth century. Interpreting buildings as cultural artifacts as well as architectural monuments, Chappell illuminates broader aspects of American history, such as the role of public-private collaboration in city making, the image of women reflected in the specially created feminine world of the department store, the emergence of the idea of an urban group in the heyday of soaringly individual skyscrapers, and the new importance of electricity in the social order. It is Chappell's contention that what people cherish and preserve says more about them than what they discard in favor of the new. Working from this premise, she considers the values conserved by architects under the pressures of ever changing demands. Her work enlarges the scope of inquiry to include ordinary buildings as well as major monuments, thus offering aview of American architecture of the period at once more intimate and more substantial than any seen until now. Richly illustrated with photographs and plans, this volume also includes handsome details of such first-rate works as the Thirtieth Street Station in Philadelphia, the Cleveland Terminal Group, and the Wrigley Building in Chicago.
Adaptation to 23 1/2-Hour Food Deprivation under Crf Conditions: A Sex Comparison

(1971). Adaptation to 23 1/2-Hour Food Deprivation under Crf Conditions: A Sex Comparison. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 131-135.
Spatio-temporal trends in the food habits of age-0 lake whitefish

ABSTRACT We compared diets of juvenile lake whitefish among six sites in Lake Michigan and one in Lake Superior during 2005 and 2006 to assess spatial and temporal patterns in food habits and evaluate if ontogenetic diet shifts occur that may influence growth and survival. A total of 262 and 496 juveniles were captured in 2005 and 2006, the majority of which were captured during June and July. Sites in southern Lake Michigan tended to have larger juveniles, and the smallest juveniles were observed at Naubinway, northern Lake Michigan, and Whitefish Point, Lake Superior. The mean number of prey items per stomach differed among sampling sites and years. Copepods were the most prevalent prey item, and were present in greater than 70% of juvenile stomachs from most sites. However, the percent by number of copepods decreased during July as chironomids and other benthic macroinvertebrates increased in number. There was a significant positive relationship between percent of benthic prey items and mean length of ...
Cloning, expression, purification and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of yeast Hsp40 Sis1 complexed with Hsp70 Ssa1 C-terminal lid domain.

Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) plays essential roles in a number of cellular processes such as protein folding, assembly and translocation. Heat-shock protein 40 (Hsp40) transiently interacts with Hsp70 and facilitates Hsp70 functions in these processes within cells. Hsp40 recognizes and binds non-native polypeptide and delivers it to Hsp70. Hsp40 can then stimulate the ATPase activity of Hsp70 to refold the polypeptide. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which Hsp40 interacts with Hsp70 to transport the non-native polypeptide, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp40 Sis1 C-terminal peptide-binding fragment complexed with Hsp70 Ssa1 C-terminal lid domain has been produced and crystallized. The complex crystals diffract to 3.3 A and belong to the space group P41212 or P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = 112.17, c = 171.31 A. Structure determination by the MAD method is under way.
Chemical reaction engineering, environmental protection and sustainable development

This paper is based on the lecture delivered at the First South East European Congress of Chemical Engineering (SEECCHE1) held on September 25-28, 2005 in Beograd, Serbia. Time constraints did not permit me to publish it in the proceedings of the conference, and since the topic considered is very much pertinent to the current developments in our profession, it seems appropriate to present it in this special issue of the same journal that carried the papers from that conference. In addition, the paper represents a small tribute to my brother Aleksandar for his dedicated work in emphasizing the importance of fundamentals in chemical engineering education. In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate to the younger generations of chemical and process engineers the importance of reaction engineering and its relevance to societal needs globally. The slides and comments of the talk given at SEECCRE1 are made available on a web site indicated at the end of the paper.
Severe sensory ataxia and demyelinating polyneuropathy with IgM anti-GM2 and GalNAc-GD1A antibodies

Several polyneuropathy syndromes have been described with polyclonal serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) binding to gangliosides GM2 and GalNAc-GD1a that contain the terminal trisaccharide moiety GalNAc(β1-4)Gal(α2-3)NeuAc. We describe the clinical and electrodiagnostic features in two patients with serum IgM monoclonal anti-GM2 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies. These patients had slowly progressive, panmodal sensory loss with severe sensory ataxia. Electrodiagnostic testing showed demyelinating features. Prominent improvement in gait ataxia occurred after treatment with human immune globulin but not after other immunomodulating therapies. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography demonstrate that the patient's serum monoclonal IgM bound to gangliosides GM2 and GalNac-GD1a but not to gangliosides without the GalNAc(β1-4)Gal(α2-3)NeuAc moiety. This neuropathy differs from previously reported neuropathy syndromes associated with polyclonal GM2 and GalNAc-GD1a antibodies and from other chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies. We conclude that a distinct syndrome of chronic demyelinating neuropathy with sensory ataxia, unresponsive to corticosteroids, is associated with monoclonal IgM binding to gangliosides with a terminal GalNAc(β1-4)Gal(α2-3)NeuAc trisaccharide moiety. Diagnosis of this syndrome is important to direct appropriate treatment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Totalsynthese von Everninomicin 13,384‐1 – Teil 2: Synthese des FGHA2‐Fragments

Das hochwirksame Antibiotikum Everninomicin 13,384-1 (Ziracin) 1 ist erstmals durch Totalsynthese hergestellt worden. Dabei wurden neuartige Methoden fur den Aufbau der anspruchsvollen 1→1′-Disaccharideinheit sowie von zwei Orthoester-Verknupfungen im Molekul dieser Zielverbindung entwickelt, die die Verwendung eines Zinnacetals und die 1,2-Wanderung einer Phenylselanylgruppe beinhalten. Die Reaktionssequenz umfaste zudem stereoselektive Glycosidierungen und sorgfaltig abgestimmte Schutzgruppentechniken. Neben den neuen Synthesemethoden lieferte diese Totalsynthese Ansatze fur die Herstellung kombinatorischer Bibliotheken von semisynthetischen Analoga dieses vielversprechenden Antibiotikums, die in biologischen Screenings eingesetzt werden konnen.
The Effect of UK114542-27, a Novel cGMP Phosphodiesterase (PDE5) Inhibitor, in Newborn Lambs with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension

The Effect of UK114542-27, a Novel cGMP Phosphodiesterase (PDE5) Inhibitor, in Newborn Lambs with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
Synthesis of potential antidipsotropic isoflavones: inhibitors of the mitochondrial monoamine oxidase-aldehyde dehydrogenase pathway.

Recently we have shown that daidzin, the major active principle of an ancient herbal treatment for "alcohol addiction", suppresses ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring laboratory animals. Further, we have identified the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) pathway of the mitochondria as the potential site of action of daidzin. Daidzin analogues that potently inhibit ALDH-2 but have no or little effect on MAO are most antidipsotropic, whereas those that also inhibit MAO exhibit little, if any, antidipsotropic activity. Therefore, in the design and synthesis of more potent antidipsotropic analogues, structural features important for the inhibition of both ALDH-2 and MAO must be taken into consideration. To gain further information on the structure-activity relationships at the inhibitor binding sites of ALDH-2 and MAO, we prepared 44 analogues of daidzin and determined their potencies for ALDH-2 and MAO inhibition. Results indicate that a sufficient set of criteria for a potent antidipsotropic analogue is an isoflavone with a free 4'-OH function and a straight-chain alkyl substituent at the 7 position that has a terminal polar function such as -OH, -COOH, or -NH(2). The preferable chain lengths for the 7-O-omega-hydroxy, 7-O-omega-carboxy, and 7-O-omega-amino subsitutents are 2 or = 4, respectively. Analogues that meet these criteria have increased potency for ALDH-2 inhibition and/or decreased potency for MAO inhibition and therefore are likely to be potent antidipsotropic agents.
Chlorophenol profile throughout development of the american dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say)

Abstract A trichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol are reported in nymphs and males of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) for the first time. Their absence in larvae suggests that production occurs sometime during or after the moult from blood ingested by a previous developmental stage, presumably as a mechanism of desalination.
Abnormal parathyroid function in the X-linked hypophosphatemic mouse.

Employing a cytochemical bioassay, we compared parathyroid function in normal and X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice. Under basal conditionsHyp mice manifested hypocalcemia and, in accord, had a plasma bioactive parathyroid hormone concentration (3.04±0.14 pg/ml) significantly greater than that of normals (2.16±0.14 pg/ml). We confirmed the validity of the bioassay by demonstrating that the plasma collected from both mouse models diluted parallel to the assay standard curve. Moreover, after parathyroidectomy, normal andHyp mice had plasma bioactive parathyroid hormone levels approximately 90% less than those obtained under basal conditions and indistinguishable from one another. In further studies we observed that dietary calcium and/or vitamin D deprivation in both animal models resulted in a comparable decline of the plasma calcium concentration. However, the concordant increase of the circulating bioactive parathyroid hormone level was greater in the normal mice. thus, the bioactive parathyroid hormone concentration obtained in response to a low calcium challenge in normals was significantly greater than that inHyp mice In contrast, in response to dietary calcium loading, the plasma bioactive parathyroid hormone levels did not decrease significantly from basal values in either animal model. These data illustrate that the bioactive parathyroid hormone concentration in both normal andHyp mice is inversely correlated with the plasma calcium. However, while theHyp mice maintain an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentration under basal conditions (in response to a decreased plasma calcium), the parathyroid activity of the mutants after a more severe hypocalcemic challenge is attenuated, resulting in a significantly different model of linear correlation. Thus, these data indicate thatHyp mice manifest abnormal regulation of parathyroid function.
Comparing the intensity of exchange market intervention with Frenkel and Aizenman's index of managed float

Abstract The large literature on the optimum intensity of foreign exchange market intervention contains two different characterizations of the central bank's policy choice variable. Most of the literature focuses on the central bank's intensity of intervention in the foreign exchange market and its implications for the domestic money supply. An important contribution by Frenkel and Aizenman (1982), however, carries out its analysis in terms of a so-called index of managed float. This note clarifies the relation between these policy measures by deriving the Frenkel-Aizenman index from a standard specification of financial market equilibrium.
Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity and role in pattern vision

Using the photopigment melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) respond directly to light to drive circadian clock resetting and pupillary constriction. We now report that ipRGCs are more abundant and diverse than previously appreciated, project more widely within the brain, and can support spatial visual perception. A Cre-based melanopsin reporter mouse line revealed at least five subtypes of ipRGCs with distinct morphological and physiological characteristics. Collectively, these cells project beyond the known brain targets of ipRGCs to heavily innervate the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, retinotopically organized nuclei mediating object localization and discrimination. Mice lacking classical rod-cone photoreception, and thus entirely dependent on melanopsin for light detection, were able to discriminate grating stimuli from equiluminant gray and had measurable visual acuity. Thus, nonclassical retinal photoreception occurs within diverse cell types and influences circuits and functions encompassing luminance as well as spatial information.
MCT4 Defines a Glycolytic Subtype of Pancreatic Cancer with Poor Prognosis and Unique Metabolic Dependencies

KRAS mutation, which occurs in ∼ 95% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), has been shown to program tumor metabolism. MCT4 is highly upregulated in a subset of PDA with a glycolytic gene expression program and poor survival. Models with high levels of MCT4 preferentially employ glycolytic metabolism. Selectively in such "addicted" models, MCT4 attenuation compromised glycolytic flux with compensatory induction of oxidative phosphorylation and scavenging of metabolites by macropinocytosis and autophagy. In spite of these adaptations, MCT4 depletion induced cell death characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species and metabolic crisis. Cell death induced by MCT4-depletion was augmented by inhibition of compensatory pathways. In xenograft models, MCT4 had a significant impact on tumor metabolism and was required for rapid tumor growth. Together, these findings illustrate the metabolic diversity of PDA described by MCT4, delineate pathways through which this lactate transporter supports cancer growth, and demonstrate that PDA can be rationally targeted based on metabolic addictions.
Increases in \dot{V} O2max with “live high–train low” altitude training: role of ventilatory acclimatization

The purpose of this study was to estimate the percentage of the increase in whole body maximal oxygen consumption ( $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max) that is accounted for by increased respiratory muscle oxygen uptake after altitude training. Six elite male distance runners ( $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max = 70.6 ± 4.5 ml kg−1 min−1) and one elite female distance runner ( $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max = 64.7 ml kg−1 min−1) completed a 28-day “live high–train low” training intervention (living elevation, 2,150 m). Before and after altitude training, subjects ran at three submaximal speeds, and during a separate session, performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion. A regression equation derived from published data was used to estimate respiratory muscle $$ \dot{V} $$ O2 ( $$ \dot{V} $$ O2RM) using our ventilation ( $$ \dot{V} $$ E) values. $$ \dot{V} $$ O2RM was also estimated retrospectively from a larger group of distance runners (n = 22). $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max significantly (p < 0.05) increased from pre- to post-altitude (196 ± 59 ml min−1), while $$ \dot{V} $$ E at $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max also significantly (p < 0.05) increased (13.3 ± 5.3 l min−1). The estimated $$ \dot{V} $$ O2RM contributed 37 % of Δ $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max. The retrospective group also saw a significant increase in $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max from pre- to post-altitude (201 ± 36 ml min−1), along with a 10.8 ± 2.1 l min−1 increase in $$ \dot{V} $$ E, thus requiring an estimated 27 % of Δ $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max. Our data suggest that a substantial portion of the improvement in $$ \dot{V} $$ O2max with chronic altitude training goes to fuel the respiratory muscles as opposed to the musculature which directly contributes to locomotion. Consequently, the time-course of decay in ventilatory acclimatization following return to sea-level may have an impact on competitive performance.
Caregiver expressed emotion and depression in Alzheimer's disease

Expressed Emotion (EE) has been a useful construct for understanding the relationship between family interactions and depression in patients with psychiatric disorders. It has not, however, been well studied in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their caregivers despite its potential utility in clarifying patient-caregiver interactions and how such interactions may affect patient function, and caregiver burden, mood and quality of care. This study investigated the rate of EE in caregivers of patients with AD and depression. It also investigated the relationship of caregiver EE to patient status and caregiver burden and depression. Fifty-seven AD patient-caregiver dyads were studied in a cross-sectional design. Caregiver measures included the EE Speech Sample, Burden Inventory, and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. Patient measures included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Record of Independent Living, and Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist. Twenty-three (40%) car...
Female Self-Sexualization in MySpace.com Personal Profile Photographs

This article reports the results of a content analysis of female self-sexualization in personal profile pictures on MySpace.com (N = 24,000). Photographs were analyzed according to three measures: ritualization of subordination, body display, and objectification. Trained evaluators coded the photographs for each measure by race/ethnicity, body type, sexual orientation, and education level. Findings reveal that rates of ritualization of subordination were significantly higher for Hispanics, average body types, and bisexuals. Body display and objectification were both significantly higher for Blacks and Hispanics, bisexuals, and women with higher education levels. Body display and objectification rates were significantly lower for larger body types while body display alone was significantly lower for lesbians. Overall self-sexualizing behavior in this study sample is low based upon study measures. Images presented on MySpace.com do reveal, however, an acceptance of constrained and stereotypical notions regarding both gender and sex roles.
Osteosarcoma Cells Differentiate into Phenotypes from all Three Dermal Layers

Background Osteosarcomas are the most common solid malignant bone tumors, but little is known of their origin. The embryonal rest hypothesis views cancer cells as arising from committed progenitor stem cells in each tissue. Adult tissue contains primitive stem cells that retain the ability to differentiate across dermal lines, raising the possibility that the stem cell of origin of cancers may be from a more primitive stem cell than a progenitor.
A Topological Analysis of Goldfish Kainate Receptors Predicts Three Transmembrane Segments

Glutamate receptors are the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in vertebrate brain. We have previously cloned cDNAs encoding two homologous kainate receptors (GFKAR alpha, 45 kDa, and GFKAR beta, 41 kDa) from goldfish brain and proposed a topology with three transmembrane domains (Wo, Z. G., and Oswald, R. E. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 7154-7158). These studies have been extended using an in vitro translation/translocation system in conjunction with site-specific antibodies and point and deletion mutations. We report here that the entire region between the previously proposed third and fourth transmembrane segments is translocated and likely to be extracellular in mature receptors. This was based on the following results. 1) The entire segment was protected from Proteinase K and trypsin digestion and could be immunoprecipitated by a site-specific antibody. 2) Functional sites for N-glycosylation are present in the C-terminal half of the segment, and 3) a mutation, constructed with an additional consensus site for N-glycosylation in the N-terminal half of the segment, was found to be glycosylated at that site. Given the fact that the N terminus of the protein is likely to be extracellular, this would place an even number of transmembrane segments between the extracellular N terminus and the glycosylated segment. In addition, results of N-glycosylation and proteolysis protection assays of GFKAR alpha mutations indicated that the previously proposed second transmembrane segment is not a true transmembrane domain. These results provide further evidence in support of a topology with three transmembrane domains that has important implications for the relationship of structure to function in ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Spanish and English Interventions for First-Grade English Language Learners at Risk for Reading Problems

Abstract We provide data 3 to 4 years postintervention for four samples of English language learners from two sequential Grade 1 cohorts who received supplemental Grade 1 reading interventions in Spanish or English and for whom the language of instruction for intervention was matched with language of core reading instruction. Participants were 300 students at risk for reading difficulties who were randomly assigned to intervention or comparison groups; there were 186 students from the four samples assessed in both languages (Spanish, English) 3 or 4 years after intervention completion (Spring Grade 4 or 5). Findings from the Spanish study revealed few statistically significant differences in favor of intervention students on Spanish measures, although effect sizes generally favored this group (median d = +0.33). Findings from the English study also revealed few statistically significant differences in favor of intervention students, though again, effect sizes were positive (median d = +0.23). Transfer eff...
Structures and Conductivities of the Quaternary A/Bi/Cu/S Phases KBi2CuS4 and A3Bi5Cu2S10 (A=Rb, Cs)

Abstract The compounds KBi 2 CuS 4 , Cs 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 , and Rb 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 were prepared by stoichiometric reactions of the corresponding alkali-metal sulfides with Bi, Cu, and S at 1123 K. KBi 2 CuS 4 crystallizes as a racemic twin in space group Cmc 2 1 of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a =4.0273(8), b =13.770(3), c =14.259(3) A at 153 K; A 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 ( A =Cs or Rb) are isostructural and crystallize in a new structure type in space group Pnnm with two formula units in cells of dimensions a =14.571(3), b =17.819(4), c =4.0686(8) A for Rb 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 and a =15.041(3), b =17.994(3), c =4.0973(8) A for Cs 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 at 153 K. These are channel structures with the alkali-metal cations located in channels formed by edge sharing of distorted Bi octahedra and distorted Cu tetrahedra. Electrical conductivity measurements on KBi 2 CuS 4 and Rb 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 indicate that both materials are semiconducting. The conductivity of KBi 2 CuS 4 is two orders of magnitude higher than that of Rb 3 Bi 5 Cu 2 S 10 at room temperature. KBi 2 CuS 4 undergoes a transition from an n - to a p -type semiconductor at 210 K as determined by thermopower measurements.
Stereological correction of linear grade distributions for mineral liberation

Abstract Accurate measurement of the distribution of particle composition by image analysis requires a reliable method for the calculation of the stereological correction that must be applied to the composition distribution that is measured using linear and areal section measurements. Linear or areal measurements are usually obtained from SEM images of polished sections through a representative sample of the particle population. A stereological correction based on the solution fv of the inverse problem Kfv = F0 is developed in this paper. The kernel matrix was accurately measured using a sample of dolomite-sphalerite ore which was carefully fractionated using a batch magnetic-fluid separation technique. The solution of the inverse problem is obtained based on the minimization of fv − F1f + λΣjfvj In fvj subject to the constraints fvj ≥ 0 and Σjfvj = 1. A method is presented for selecting the most appropriate kernel to suit the mineralogical texture of the ore. The stereological correction is shown to be accurate by comparison against real laboratory data measured using magnetic-fluid fractionation techniques. The method is convenient and is suitable for routine use in image analysis systems.
International trends in forest products consumption: is there convergence?

SUMMARY International data from 1961 to 2005 showed that the coefficient of variation of consumption per capita across countries had tended to decrease over time for all forest products except sawnwood. This convergence of per-capita consumption was confirmed by the trends in Theil's inequality coefficients: the distribution of forest products consumption across countries had become more similar to the distribution of population. The rate of convergence had tended to accelerate during the last 10 years of observation: countries had become more similar in their use of all forest products except sawnwood. The rate of convergence was most rapid for fiberboard, veneer and plywood, and paper and paper board excluding newsprint and other printing and writing paper. The convergence of per-capita consumption of forest products stemmed in large part from lower rates of growth of consumption at higher levels of per-capita consumption, and not from a convergence of per-capita income.
The transformation of pro-violence norms: an integrative review of the literature

Abstract A significant body of research argues that social structural arrangements influence the development of norms and behavioral scripts governing the use of interpersonal violence. Most of this research focuses on violence that is ‘expressive’, honor based, or used to resolve interpersonal disputes. What is not well understood is how social structural arrangements influence the evolution of pro-violence norms and behavioral scripts related to violence that is more instrumental or predatory in nature. In this analysis, we provide an integrative review of extant literature which suggests that over time, community-level structural deterioration compromises the ability of age-linked institutions of social control to supply people with pro-social strategies of action. Subsequently, norms and behavioral scripts governing the use of interpersonal violence may be ‘contextually transferred’ from honor-based conflict situations to situational contexts involving more instrumental and predatory forms of violence. This interpretation is more consistent with the cultural attenuation thesis than the cultural heterogeneity thesis, but takes a much different view of culture than either approach.
Never Pick a Fight with an Ugly Person, They’ve Got Nothing to Lose

In the 1970s, social psychologists conducted numerous studies analyzing physical appearance as a social variable. More recent studies in the social sciences appear to have abandoned this topic as unimportant; in any case, very few social scientific studies have been found that incorporate a measure of attractiveness into their analyses. The present study seeks to revive the emphasis on physical attractiveness as a social variable by testing the relationship between crime severity and physical attractiveness, i.e., by presenting evidence to suggest that physically unattractive men commit more serious offenses.