cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Membrane Morphogenesis in Bacteriophage

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the advantage of bacteriophages in understanding the control of membrane morphogenesis. With their genomes of relatively small size, the search for a morphological agent is restricted to roughly a dozen gene products. Candidate proteins are identified for PM2 and Φ 6. The membranes of PM2 and the PR4 group of bacteriophages are morphologically similar. The lipid bilayer is sandwiched between the DNA and an external coat of protein—the capsid. Evidence suggests that the membrane is assembled before the DNA is packaged and before the capsid is formed. This fact requires that the size, shape, and lipid composition of the membrane be determined by the physicochemical properties of the membrane components. The membrane of PM2 appears to be derived directly from the cytoplasmic membrane of the host. A model of membrane morphogenesis is considered in which a differentiation of the host membrane is stimulated by a morphogenic protein. The morphogenesis of Φ 6 is very different from that of PM2. In Φ 6, the genetic-morphological evidence clearly indicates preassembly of the nucleocapsid followed by envelopment. There is no capsid. Thus, control of membrane size and shape is determined by the nucleocapsid.
Considering Ethics of Media, but not Media Ethics

Couldry, N., Madianou, M., & Pinchevski, A. (Eds.). (2013). Ethics of media. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. 298 pp. (Pbk).In their introduction, the editors of this collection declare that be...
Neurocognitive performance in unmedicated patients with hoarding disorder.

OBJECTIVE Hoarding disorder (HD) is an often incapacitating psychiatric illness associated with a wide range of neurocognitive abnormalities. Some prior neuropsychological studies have found executive dysfunction in HD, but no clear pattern has emerged. One potential reason for discrepant results in previous studies might be the inclusion of patients on psychotropic and other medications that can affect neurocognitive performance. Therefore, we examined neurocognitive functioning in medication-free HD patients. We also added a novel investigation of implicit learning, which has been found to be abnormal in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. METHOD Twenty-six participants meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) diagnostic criteria for HD and 23 normal controls were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests and symptom rating scales. All participants were free of psychotropic medications for at least 6 weeks prior to the study. RESULTS HD participants showed no significant differences from normal controls on measures of verbal memory, attention, or executive functioning, including response inhibition, planning, organization, and decision making. However, HD participants demonstrated a trend toward less implicit learning and greater use of explicit learning strategies during perceptual categorization compared to normal controls. HD participants who used an implicit strategy performed significantly worse than controls who used an implicit strategy. Hoarding symptom severity was not associated with neurocognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS HD patients may have a tendency to use explicit rather than implicit learning strategies for perceptual categorization but perform as well as normal controls on many other neurocognitive measures. Future studies should assess unmedicated participants and examine test strategies, not just outcomes.
Dynamic pressure-volume loops as predictors of long-timescale derecruitment in the lung

The tendency of the injured lung to derecruit with time is reflected in its increases in elastance during a few minutes of mechanical ventilation immediately following a recruitment maneuver. This procedure is inconvenient for clinical use, however, so we investigated whether the dynamic pressure-volume (PV) loop obtained during a single large breath can be used to estimate lung derecruitability. Anesthetized, paralyzed, tracheostomized BALB/c mice were subjected, at zero end-expiratory pressure, to 16.5 min periods of over-ventilation (tidal volume, Vt = 1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3 ml) during which PV loops were recorded every 5.5 min. Lung derecruitability (Vt = 0.25ml) was assessed for 4.5 min between each over-ventilation epoch. The mice were exposed to alternating derecruitability tests and over-ventilation epochs for up to 4 hrs. Each derecruitability test provided an initial value of lung elastance ( H 1 ) and a subsequent mean rate of change of elastance ( D Rate ). Each dynamic PV loop provided a measure of lung elastance ( H 0.2 m l ) at the 0.2 ml point during inspiration. Both H 1 (Fig. 1a) and D Rate (Fig. 1b) exhibited strongly correlated sigmoidal relationships with H 0.2 m l . This suggests that the long timescale derecruitability of the lung, encapsulated in H 1 and D Rate , is also reflected in the shape of the dynamic PV relationship, quantified by H 0.20 m l . The latter may thus be a clinically useful measure of derecruitability.
A review of large area monitoring of land cover change using Landsat data

Abstract Landsat data constitute the longest record of global-scale medium spatial resolution earth observation data. As a result, the current methods for large area monitoring of land cover change using medium spatial resolution imagery (10–50 m) typically employ Landsat data. Most large area products quantify forest cover change. Forests are a comparatively easy cover type to map as well as a current focus of environmental monitoring concerning the global carbon cycle and biodiversity loss. Among existing change products, supervised or knowledge-based characterization methods predominate. Radiometric correction methods vary significantly, largely as a function of geographic/algorithmic scale. For instance, products created by mosaicking per scene characterizations do not require radiometric normalization. On the other hand, methods that employ a single index or classification model over an entire study area do require radiometric normalization. Temporal updating of cover change varies between existing products as a function of regional acquisition frequency, cloud cover and seasonality. With the Landsat archive opened for free access to terrain-corrected data, future product generation will be more data intensive. Per scene, interactive analyses will no longer be viable. Coupling free and open access to large data volumes with improved processing power will result in automated image pre-processing and land cover characterization methods. Such methods will need to leverage high-performance computing capabilities in advancing the land cover monitoring discipline. Robust validation efforts will be required to quantify product accuracies in determining the optimal change characterization methodologies.
Long-term persistence and cytokinetics of human tumor cells in vitro following high-dose alkylating agent exposure☆

Abstract Relapse after high-dose alkylating agent therapy continues to be an important clinical issue. To begin to understand the characteristics of cells surviving alkylating agent exposure human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells were exposed to a range of concentrations of melphalan or cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and cell survival determined by colony formation over a time course of 4 weeks. When antitumor alkylating agent exposure killed 3–4 logs of cells as determined by surviving fraction after 1 week of colony formation a progressive increase in surviving fraction was evident over the 4-week course of the experiment. Many attached single cells with abnormal morphology were evident in these dishes; however, the colonies which arose over the 4-week observation time were made up of cells morphologically indistinguishable from the control cells. Cell cycle patterns in the cultures exposed to high concentrations of the antitumor alkylating agents indicated a block in G 2 M but by 4 weeks post-drug exposure most had returned to a normal exponential growth pattern. When MCF-7 cells or human SW2 small cell lung cancer cells were exposed to a concentration of melphalan or cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) that killed 1–2 logs of cells followed by exposure to a concentration range of the same drug for 24 h or 7 days later resistance to the second drug exposure was evident in both cell lines. Using [ 14 C]melphalan the uptake of the drug into MCF-7 cells pre-treated with melphalan or not pretreated was compared. Decreased drug uptake did not appear to be a factor in resistance to melphalan observed upon re-exposure to the drug. The potential clinical implications of these findings is discussed.
A SHORT COMMENT ON THE JUPITER TIME-DELAY CONTROVERSIES

The observation of Shapiro time delay of quasar light passing near Jupiter1 generated considerable excitement, but also considerable controversy. The disagreements involve two distinct issues: (i) Is there a vJ/c term in the time delay that is large enough to detect? (ii) If so, is the factor of c in the delay the "speed of gravity" cg or the "speed of light" c? I will comment briefly on each.
On an unbiased and consistent estimator for mutation rates

Spontaneous mutations are stochastic events. The mutation rate, defined as mutations per genome per replication, is generally very low, and it is widely accepted that spontaneous mutations occur at defined, but different, rates in bacteriophage and in bacterial, insect, and mammalian cells. The calculation of mutation rates has proved to be a significant problem. Mutation rates can be calculated by following mutant accumulation during growth or from the distribution of mutants obtained in parallel cultures. As Luria and Delbruck described in 1943, the number of mutants in parallel populations of bacterial cells varies widely depending on when a spontaneous mutation occurs during growth of the culture. Since 1943, many mathematical refinements to estimating rates, called estimators, have been described to facilitate determination of the mutation rate from the distribution or frequency of mutants detected following growth of parallel cultures. We present a rigorous mathematical solution to the mutation rate problem using an unbiased and consistent estimator. Using this estimator we demonstrate experimentally that mutation rates can be easily calculated by determining mutant accumulation, that is, from the number of mutants measured in two successive generations. Moreover, to verify the consistency of our estimator we conduct a series of simulation trials that show a surprisingly rapid convergence to the targeted mutation rate (reached between 25th and 30th generations).
59 PETINATAL CHARACTERISTICS & INFANT DEVELOPMENT: TWO YEAR FOLLOW-UP

The increase in birthrate among adolescents raises concern about dysparenting & infant developmental disorders. Maternal, socioenvironmental (SEV) & perinatal variables were studied as related to mother-infant transaction & infant development at 6, 12, & 24 mos. Measures included the Hobel Scale of perinatal risk, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (MDI & PDI), & Beckwith's record of transaction. SEV data were obtained by interview. MANCOVA analyses indicated higher 6 mos. MDIs associated with increased mother's age, absence of prenatal complications, & “special” perinatal care. PDIs were related to special care, & “responsive vocalization” during transaction. Young & “of age” mothers were comparable in their transactions with their infants. At 12 & 24 mos., more optimal MDIs were associated with increased mother's age & availability of resources, but younger mothers engaged in less facilitating transactions with their toddlers. The data suggest that infants of adolescents continue to be at risk regarding the quality of caregiving & problematic development. Risk is compounded when the young mother has fewer resources & less support. The data indicated that multidisciplinary perinatal care contributes to infant competence, but that a continuation of these special services is needed to enhance longterm development of infants born to multirisk families.
Comparison of MBPT and coupled-cluster methods with full CI. Importance of triplet excitation and infinite summations☆

Abstract Results from full fourth-order perturbation theory [SDTQ MBPT(4)], and the coupled-cluster single- and double-excitation model (CCSD). are compared with recent full CI results for BH, HF, NH3, and H2O. For H2O, studies include large symmetric displacements of the OH bonds, which offer a severe test for any single-reference MBPT/CC method. In every case. CCSD plus fourth-order triple-excitation terms provide agreement with the full CI to
Jaccard-Spline index of structural proximity in contact networks

Abstract Network analysts are increasingly being called upon to apply their expertise to groups for which the only available or reliable data is a contact network. With no opportunity to gather additional data, the merits of such applications depend on empirical studies that validate the employment of structural constructs based on contact networks. Fortunately, we possess such studies in abundance. One of the strongest research traditions in social network analysis is the development of formal constructs that may be employed in analyses of networks. I suggest that greater insight into predictive success of network constructs may be acquired by addressing the following question: what features of the contact network in which a dyad is situated allow the prediction of other relations with an accuracy that validates the imputation of the latter given data on the former? In this article, I present findings on the structural contexts of dyads in contact networks and the relationship of these contexts with two fundamental forms of cohesive cognitive relations—accorded interpersonal influence and perceived interpersonal agreement. Based on these findings, I formalize a measure of structural proximity in contact networks with values that correspond to the conditional probabilities of these two forms of cohesive cognitive relations. The substantive settings of this analysis are policy groups with members who are embedded in contact structures based on regular interpersonal communication on policy issues and cognitive structures based on perceived interpersonal agreement and accorded interpersonal influence.
Subjecthood and Subject Positions

The notion of “subject” is fundamental in Aristotelian logic and in almost all Western traditions of thinking about philology and grammar.* It is also fundamental to certain strands of thought within the broad tradition of generative grammar – notably Relational Grammar and Lexical Functional Grammar. However, in the tradition which extends from the “Standard Theory” through the “Extended Standard Theory” to “Principles and Parameters Theory” and then to the “Minimalist Program”, the notion of subject plays no formal role at all. Not only is “subject” not a primitive term in these theories, but in their most recent instantiations it is not even clear that there is any derived or defined notion which captures the traditional intuition of what a subject is (as there was, for instance, in the theory of Chomsky 1965). What we have seen, in a sense, is a progressive deconstruction of the traditional category “subject” so that the properties which are supposed to define it are distributed across a range of distinct (but derivationally linked) syntactic entities and positions. This theoretical eccentricity may turn out to have been foolish or wise, but it is certainly grounded in some of the deeper methodological instincts of generative grammar. My purpose in this contribution is to consider some recent proposals about the syntax of subject” nod, to try to place those proposals in a broader theoretical and historical perspective, and to evaluate their plausibility at least in a tentative way.
Surgical management of intestinal malrotation in adults: comparative results for open and laparoscopic Ladd procedures

This study aimed to characterize the clinical; features of intestinal malrotation in adults, and to compare the results for the open and laparoscopic Ladd procedures. Between 1984 and 2003, 21 adult patients with a mean age of 36 years (range, 14–89 years) were surgically treated for intestinal malrotation. The clinical data collected included age, gender, presenting symptoms, diagnostic tests, type of operation, operative time, narcotic requirement, time to oral intake, length of hospital stay, and outcome. The groups (open vs laparoscopic) were comparatively analyzed using two-sample t-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The two groups were similar in terms of age, clinical presentation, and diagnostic tests performed. The most common presenting symptoms were chronic abdominal pain, nausea, and repeated vomiting. Upper gastrointestinal barium studies (UGI/SBFT) were diagnostic for all patients with malrotation as compared with computed tomography (CT) scanning, which was falsely negative in 25% of patients. A total of 21 patients underwent the Ladd procedure, either open (n = 10) or laparoscopic (n = 11). Three laparoscopic procedures were converted to open. Overall, the laparoscopic group resumed oral intake earlier than the open group (1.8 vs 2.7 days; p = 0.092), had a shorter hospital stay (4.0 vs. 6.1 days; p = 0.050), and required less intravenous narcotics on postoperative day 1 (4.9 vs 48.5 mg; p = 0.002). The laparoscopic group underwent a longer operation (194 vs 143 min; p = 0.053). Sixteen of eighteen patients available for follow-up reported complete resolution of symptoms, 2 felt greatly improved. No patient required a second operation related to volvulus or recurrent symptoms. The laparoscopic Ladd procedure is feasible, safe, and as effective as the standard open Ladd procedure for the treatment of adults who have intestinal malrotation without midgut volvulus. Patients also benefit from this minimally invasive approach, as manifested by an earlier oral intake, a decreased need for intravenous narcotics, and an earlier discharge from the hospital.
Clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and vasodilator testing of pulmonary hypertension.

Clinicians should be cognizant of the symptoms and risk factors associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). While known PH poses significant therapeutic challenges, occult PH carries the added potential for unanticipated complications when treating concurrent medical illnesses. PH may occur with underlying medical conditions and risk factors or may occur de novo as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Symptoms of PH are frequently attributed to more common conditions, and their nonspecific nature and insidious onset may lead to delay in presentation, evaluation, and diagnosis. Initial symptoms are dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations. Lower extremity edema, presyncope, and syncope are symptoms of more advanced disease. Thorough evaluation of symptoms and identification of patients with risk factors for PH are critical in making a timely diagnosis. History and physical examination can identify patients with suspected PH. Further testing is necessary for definitive diagnosis, classi...
Effect of blur and overlap on brightness matching.

The effects of blur and overlap on heterochromatic brightness matching with a bipartite field have been investigated. In particular, attention has been paid to the role of chromatic aberration of the eye in producing blur and separation or overlap. The effect of blur is relatively small, but this source of error can be eliminated by using an achromatizing lens to compensate for axial chromatic aberration and by using separate aperture stops for the two beams. Overlap and separation can be avoided when a bipartite field is used by controlling the position of the eye so that the two beams both pass through the center of the pupil. A more important question, however, is whether the deliberate use of a black bar to separate the two halves of a bipartite field can improve the validity of the measurement.
A developing framework for processing experiences and events in group work

Abstract A grid to assist group leaders and members with processing experiences and events is presented and discussed. It combines content, process, and levels of interaction.
Analytical evaluation of the energy derivative of the S matrix in the time-independent wavepacket approach to quantum scattering

Abstract We consider the evaluation of energy derivatives of the S matrix, d S ( E )/d E , using our recently developed time-independent wavepacket (TIW) theory of quantum scattering. This approach, combined with a polynomial representation of the full time-independent Green function, results in analytical expressions for the energy dependence of S ( E ), and d S ( E )/d E )/d E . Specific expressions are based on Chebychev polynomials, but the approach is general, for any choice of orthogonal polynomials. Analytical expressions for S ( E ) and d S ( E )/d E make possible simultaneous evaluation of the lifetime or time-delay matrix and the S -matrix for any energies desired.
Hydration of small peptides

The results for the sequential hydration of small peptides (<15 residues) obtained in our group are reviewed and put in perspective with other work published in the literature where appropriate. Our findings are based on hydration equilibrium measurements in a high-pressure drift cell inserted into an electrospray mass spectrometer and on calculations employing molecular mechanics and density functional theory methods. It is found that the ionic functional groups typically present in peptides, the ammonium, guanidinium, and carboxylate groups, are the primary target of water molecules binding to peptides. Whereas the water–guanidinium binding energy is fairly constant at 9 ± 1 kcal/mol, the water binding energy of an ammonium group ranges from 7 to 15 kcal/mol depending on how exposed the ammonium group is. A five-residue peptide containing an ammonium group is in favorable cases large enough to fully self-solvate the charge, but a pentapeptide containing a guanidinium group is too small to efficiently shield the charge of this much larger ionic group. The water–carboxylate interaction amounts to 13 kcal/mol with smaller values for a shielded carboxylate group. Both water bound to water in a second solvation shell and charge remote water molecules on the surface of the peptide are bound by 7–8 kcal/mol. The presence of several ionic groups in multiply charged peptides increases the number of favorable hydration sites, but does not enhance the water–peptide binding energy significantly. Water binding energies measured for the first four water molecules bound to protonated bradykinin do not show the declining trend typically observed for other peptides but are constant at 10 kcal/mol, a result consistent with a molecule containing a salt bridge with several good hydration sites. Questions regarding peptide structural changes as a function of number of solvating water molecules are discussed. Not much is known at present about the effect of individual water molecules on the conformation of peptides and on the stability of peptide zwitterions.
Enhanced performance of surface modified InAs quantum dots solar cell by a sol–gel grown tantalum pentoxide antireflection coating

Abstract The power conversion efficiency enhancement of InAs quantum dots solar cell is investigated by using sol–gel grown tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) single layer antireflection coatings. A sol–gel synthesis method is developed to grow Ta 2 O 5 films with a refractive index of 1.9. A power conversion efficiency enhancement of 41% is obtained by using a single Ta 2 O 5 layer, while the enhancement in the external quantum efficiency is nearly 60%. The substantial improvement in the device performance is attributed to the increase in the generated photocurrent without degrading the open circuit voltage. The enhancement in the device performance is due to the significant reduction in the reflection of the incident photons. Furthermore, the enhancement is found to depend on the Ta 2 O 5 film thickness.
Embolus to the right atrium simulating myxoma

Summary: A space-occupying mass of the right atrium was found by two-dimensional echocardiography and angiography in a 68-year-old woman whose clinical diagnosis indicated multiple pulmonary emboli. Since right heart myxomas frequently cause pulmonary thromboembolism, the patient was initially diagnosed by noninvasive and invasive techniques as having a right atrial myxoma. Surgery, however, revealed the pathologic findings of large thrombi of the right atrium, femoral and iliac veins, and pulmonary arteries. This case vividly demonstrates that deep venous thrombosis may embolize and lodge in the right atrial cavity simulating a right atrial myxoma.
Immunologic and hematopoietic alterations by 2,450-MHz electromagnetic radiation

A biphasic modulation of responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to mitogens was observed in mice exposed to 2,450-MHz radiation at power densities of 5-15 mW/cm2 over various periods ranging between one and 17 days. This modulated phenomenon may be explained on the basis of 1) suppression of lymphocyte response to microwave-activated macrophages which persists throughout the entire course of radiation, and 2) concurrent progressive direct stimulation of lymphocytes which culminates around day 9 of exposure. Tumor cytotoxicity of killer lymphocytes from mice exposed to five or nine days of radiation did not appear different from sham controls. The highly proliferative hematopoietic marrow cells were sensitive to microwave radiation. Nine days of exposure to radiation (15 mW/cm2) reduced the colony-forming units of myeloid and erythroid series by 50%. This observation may offer a new and more sensitive assay for studying biological effects of electromagnetic radiation.
Short latency mechanically evoked somatosensory potentials in humans

Somatosensory potentials evoked by mechanical stimulation were recorded by surface electrodes over (1) the digital nerves in the index finger, (2) the median nerve at the wrist, (3) the median nerve near the axilla, (4) the brachial plexus, (5) the cervical cord at CII, (6) the scalp overlying the somatosensory cortex. Nerve conduction velocities varied inversely with age and ranged from 43 to 68 m/sec. Mechanically evoked potentials recorded from the electrodes overlying the digital nerves were an artifact of the finger movement. All other electrode configurations recorded potentials comparable to those evoked by electrical stimulation of nerves. These mechanically evoked potentials could prove useful in the assessment of clinical disorders of somatosensory function from receptor to cortex in man.
Dynamics of Growth of Silica Particles from Ammonia-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Tetra-ethyl-orthosilicate

The NH3-catalyzed formation of colloidal silica particles from tetra-ethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS) in methanol and ethanol is studied by means of light scattering and Raman spectroscopy. We find that the growth is characterized by an incubation period after which no significant nucleation takes place. The particles have uniform, non-fractal structure and show low polydispersity. In the presence of excess water, the rate-limiting step is the hydrolysis, which is a first-order process in the orthosilicate concentration. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
The effect of cross reactivity on immunological reaction matrices

Abstract Antigen and antibody compounds playing a role in immunological reactions for a given experiment are modeled by a bipartite graph. Reduced graphs are defined so as to be the smallest graphs needed to account for a given reaction matrix for all phenotypes immunized in certain maximal ways consistent with cross reactivity. A procedure is given for determining a reduced graph from a given reaction matrix. A one to one correspondence between isomorphism classes of reduced graphs and isomorphism classes of finite lattices is given.
Abstract 4814: Molecular interrogation of the androgen receptor in circulating tumor cells to identify therapeutic resistance to androgen targeting therapies

There is a critical need to evaluate and target mechanisms of resistance to Androgen Receptor (AR) targeting agents, such as Enzalutamide and Abiraterone Acetate. Preclinical models have identified resistance mechanisms that include AR gene mutations and rearrangements, expression of AR splice variants and AR overexpression. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a potential source of tumor samples for further molecular interrogation into resistance mechanisms of AR directed therapy. Here we present, an integrated CTC capture and analysis technology known as VERSA (Vertical Exclusion-based Rare Sample Analysis) to allow evaluation of the AR at the protein, DNA and mRNA level. Using the VERSA platform we have captured EpCAM+ CTCs from castrate-resistance prostate cancer patients and quantified nuclear localization of the AR in CTCs as a potential predictive therapeutic protein biomarker. Using quantitative immunocytochemistry, results have shown patients that are responding to various AR-targeting and chemotherapy treatments have lower percentages of AR nuclear localization (38.3±7.4%) as compared to patients that have progressed on AR-targeting therapies (60.4±4.9%). We have also identified significant heterogeneity in both AR localization and total AR protein expression that correlated with treatment history. Furthermore, CTCs have been identified in having 100 % AR nuclear localization in patients undergoing AR targeted therapies, indicating a possible subpopulation of CTCs that exhibit resistance phenotypes. mRNA was also extracted from CTCs of men with CRPC for analysis of AR splice variant expression. Results showed various levels of splice variant expression from men previously on AR targeting therapies. These studies indicate that a comprehensive, real-time analysis of the AR can be serially assessed for early signs of tumor resistance to AR targeting agents. Citation Format: Lindsay N. Strotman, Jamie Sperger, Benjamin Casavant, Stephanie Theide, David Beebe, Joshua Lang. Molecular interrogation of the androgen receptor in circulating tumor cells to identify therapeutic resistance to androgen targeting therapies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4814. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4814
Superfluid properties of double-layer quantum Hall ferromagnets

Abstract Because of the degeneracy of 2D electron system Landau levels, quantum Hall systems exhibit a wide variety of non-trivial electron–electron interaction effects. Double-layer systems with small layer separations have broken symmetry ground states that can be regarded either as easy-plane ferromagnets or as excitonic superfluids. In this contribution we discuss the superfluid properties of quantum Hall ferromagnets.
Rare earth element distributions among minerals in a granodiorite and their petrogenetic implications

A study of the distribution of lanthanide rare earths in a granodiorite from the eastern Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California, reveals that a large fraction of the REE in this rock resides in the accessory phases sphene and allanite. The minerals plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite, epidote and apatite each contribute approximately 1% or less of each REE to the whole rock, with the exception of Eu for which plagioclase contributes 7%. Sphene and allanite together contain 80% to 95% of each REE. Each of these phases is zoned in REE concentration with substantial decreases from core to margin. Textural observations argue for relatively early saturation and precipitation of sphene and allanite in the magma. REE zoning trends in sphene and allanite, and unexpectedly low REE concentrations in largely later crystallizing minerals such as feldspar, indicate that the precipitation of sphene and allanite significantly reduced REE concentrations in residual melts. These results illustrate the potential that sphene and allanite have for controlling the behavior of REE in granitic magmas. Available information collectively suggest that the sampled granodiorite existed as a complete melt, that the REE contained in the assemblage of phases were derived by direct crystallization from the melt, and that the melt behaved essentially as a closed system once crystallization of the phases now present began. Close correspondences between the major and trace element chemistries of the granodiorite and phenocryst-poor lavas from similar tectonic settings support these conclusions. The REE pattern of the granodiorite melt appears to have originated at depth and is characteristic of its source regions and derivation mechanism. The high liquidus temperature of a granodiorite melt (~ 1000°C) indicates the importance of mantle-derived components within the sources of batholithic magmas in the Peninsular Ranges.
Instrumentation for surface studies: XPS angular distributions

Abstract The application of XPS angular distribution measurements to surface studies is discussed. The basic principles behind the measurement and interpretatio
Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood

Childhood poverty has pervasive negative physical and psychological health sequelae in adulthood. Exposure to chronic stressors may be one underlying mechanism for childhood poverty−health relations by influencing emotion regulatory systems. Animal work and human cross-sectional studies both suggest that chronic stressor exposure is associated with amygdala and prefrontal cortex regions important for emotion regulation. In this longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study of 49 participants, we examined associations between childhood poverty at age 9 and adult neural circuitry activation during emotion regulation at age 24. To test developmental timing, concurrent, adult income was included as a covariate. Adults with lower family income at age 9 exhibited reduced ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity and failure to suppress amygdala activation during effortful regulation of negative emotion at age 24. In contrast to childhood income, concurrent adult income was not associated with neural activity during emotion regulation. Furthermore, chronic stressor exposure across childhood (at age 9, 13, and 17) mediated the relations between family income at age 9 and ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity at age 24. The findings demonstrate the significance of childhood chronic stress exposures in predicting neural outcomes during emotion regulation in adults who grew up in poverty.
The ER translocon and retrotranslocation: is the shift into reverse manual or automatic?

As noted above, the molecular mechanisms involved in many important aspects of retrotranslocation and the nature of the involvement of the translocon are largely unknown. The concerted efforts of many, using a variety of experimental approaches, will be required to elucidate these unknowns. Perhaps the highest priority is a well-defined and purified in vitro retrotranslocation system that would allow systematic identification of the roles of individual proteins in the process. The use of proteoliposomes reconstituted with various combinations of translocon components and/or substrates will further clarify the involvement of the translocon in retrotranslocation. Introduction of retrotranslocation substrates into microsomes by reconstitution would yield samples with known and homogeneous substrate species, and would eliminate the current complexity of proteins moving in both directions as microsomes are loaded with substrate by translocation from the cytoplasm. Another goal is to devise a mechanism for generating intermediates at different stages of retrotranslocation. Such intermediates could be analyzed using biophysical approaches to characterize the environment and interactions of the polypeptide undergoing retrotranslocation, as well as to monitor changes in translocon structure. Although future experiments to identify the mechanisms and regulation of retrotranslocation and the role of the translocon will be challenging, the high probability of exciting and unpredictable discoveries will drive continued interest in this important research area.‡To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail: aejohnson@tamu.edu).
Isaac Laughing: Caravaggio, non‐traditional imagery and traditional identification

From the time it was completed nearly four hundred years ago, Caravaggio's painting of a nude boy embracing a ram (today in the Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome) has confounded viewers as to its subject, which has been variously called 'Pastor friso', Saint John the Baptist, Corydon, Paris, and 'nude youth with a ram'. This essay argues that none of these titles accounts for what we see in the painting and, no less importantly, what we do not. Using a range of modes of analysis, we propose a new reading of the painting as a variant on the theme of the Sacrifice of Isaac, one that has fascinating implications for Caravaggio's conception of the viewer-subject relationship and which contributes to a deepening of our understanding of one of early modern Europe's most innovative and provocative painters. © Association of Art Historians 2001.
Remote sensing of aerosols over the oceans using AVHRR data Theory, practice and applications

Abstract The basic features of single- and dual-channel aerosol retrieval algorithms based on matching radiances measured in AVHRR channels -1 (∼0.58-0.68 μm) and -2( ∼0.73-1.10μm) with model computations will be described. The use of the NOAA/NESDIS single-channel algorithm will be illustrated with examples of detection and mapping of enhanced atmospheric turbidity over the oceans. The effects of variations in the physical and radiative properties of atmospheric aerosols, and in atmospheric ozone and water vapour, will be briefly discussed in the light of model sensitivity analyses.
Human eyelid conditioning at detection threshold

Six Ss were run in a combined signal detection-eyelid conditioning procedure for 15 days each. Performance at asymptote was markedly affected by CS intensities near the detection threshold. The verbal responses and conditioned responses were related in such a way that conditioned responses appeared to be contingent upon Ss’ subsequent verbal responses.
Can religion be understood philosophically

The question whether religion can be understood philosophically might seem to deserve as an answer a self-evident Yes. And that, for two reasons. First, it is in the nature of philosophical concepts, unlike the concepts of the physical or human sciences, that they can be applied to any entity whatsoever; they are not regional. Concepts that do not have that universal range of applicability are not philosophical concepts. Second, there already exists a discipline called philosophy of religion which, in more recent developments, is clearly distinguishable from philosophical theology. Nonetheless, the question is worth raising because religious phenomena are different enough from the other ones that philosophy studies to suggest the possibility that they may present special difficulties. The phenomena of the physical world and human society, including the historical and sociological as well as the individual aspects of them, are all in one way or another subsumable under the ideas of the self and the world. They all fit in one way or another under the overarching ideas of freedom and causality. Religious phenomena are different. While they have human and cosmic dimensions to them, involving aspects of the human self as well as the appearances of the world, their intention is not exhausted by these human and cosmic aspects. In the end, they cannot be fully understood by reference just to the ideas of the self and the world, in whatever combination of freedom and causality, but must be referred as well to the idea of God or to the idea of the unconditioned, that which both is and is not anything or nothing. But is it possible to make anything intelligible under the idea of God instead of under the ideas of the self and the world? Can a philosophy of religion find concepts that do not refer matters to subjectivity in its freedom or to objectivity in its causal ordering but to a third idea which is neither of the two?
What Lies Beneath

Since Archimedes shouted “Eureka!” more than 2200 years ago, Eurasia and North America have moved ∼55 m further away from each other as the sea floor has spread at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The slow but steady process of sea-floor spreading takes hot young lithosphere at the ridge axis and gradually moves it away as it cools, thickens, and sinks. Archimedes' principle of buoyancy rules much of these plate tectonic processes. On page 83 of this issue, Adam and Vidal ( 1 ) remind us that it is not just what sits atop that matters, but also what lies beneath. They show that mantle flow beneath the oceanic crust influences the depth of the Pacific Ocean. Taking advantage of new, easily accessible global geophysical data sets, the authors offer a new explanation for a long-standing mystery in the variation of sea-floor depth with crustal age.
Delirium with phenytoin and disulfiram administration

The case of a 54-year-old man with delirium secondary to phenytoin and disulfiram administration is presented. The pharmacology, interaction, and resulting toxicity of these two drugs are explored. The patient made an uneventful recovery when the medications were withheld.
A prospective outcome study of rehabilitation programs and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We evaluated the outcome of and compared two rehabilitation programs (clinic-based versus home) after a mid-third patellar autograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Thirty-seven patients (28 male, 9 female; average age, 24.1 years) completed the study. Fifteen of these patients received clinic-based rehabilitation (three visits per week for 6 weeks prescribed), and 22 patients received home-based physical therapy (number of visits determined by patient response). Knee ROM, Lysholm, Visual Analogy Scale, (VAS) pain rating, hop test, KT-1000, and Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. All patients reported good satisfaction with the function of their knee at average follow-up of 21.6 months (range, 12 to 48). Patients managed by home rehabilitation averaged 2.85 visits as compared with 14.2 for clinic-centered patient (P < .05). There were no differences in functional or subjective outcomes in the different postoperative rehabilitation regimens, with both groups reporting high satisfaction and improved quality of life. Cost savings in the home rehabilitation group were significant.
Racial and ethnic variations in knowledge and attitudes about genetic testing.

This study was designed to shed light on whether differences in utilization of genetic testing by African-Americans, Latinos, and non-Hispanic Whites are due primarily to different preferences, or ...
Ex-vivo analysis of the bone microenvironment in bone metastatic breast cancer

In humans, breast cancer has a predilection to metastasize to the skeleton. While the mechanism for preferential metastasis is unknown, the bone microenvironment likely provides a fertile soil for metastatic breast cancer cells. In order to examine the bone microenvironment ex-vivo following the formation of breast cancer metastases, several techniques may be employed: fluorescence stereomicroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microCT (μCT), immunohistochemistry, and cytokine arrays, to name a few. These methods allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the bone microenvironment during bone metastatic breast cancer. By identifying alterations in the bone niche caused by metastatic breast cancer cells, it may be possible to block or disrupt these factors through the use of targeted drugs. Appropriate therapeutic treatment would allow for an improved quality of life and longer survival time for individuals with bone metastatic breast cancer.
I Plead the Fourth

Civil liberties are involved when video surveillance is brought up, and furthermore when the cameras are placed in public areas. Video surveillance cameras are directly linked to avoiding lawsuits, vandalism reduction, and when used in an interrogation, they will cause the offender to confess more easily than without video surveillance. On the contrary, video surveillance footage can be abused and can target certain groups of people on the basis of their race, religion, or sexual orientation. There are also limits of control and freedom of movement.
Polymer nanoparticles encapsulating siRNA for treatment of HSV-2 genital infection.

Abstract Effective, low-cost, and safe treatments for sexually transmitted viral infections are urgently needed. Here, we show for the first time that intravaginal administration with nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulating short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules is effective for prevention of genital HSV-2 infections in mice. PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) were designed to interfere with HSV-2 infection by siRNA-mediated knockdown of nectin, a host cell protein. NPs were characterized in vitro to determine the optimal formulation based on siRNA loading, controlled release profile, and mRNA knockdown. Mice inoculated intravaginally with a lethal dose of HSV-2, and treated with PLGA NPs, showed increased survival from ~ 9 days (in untreated mice) to > 28 days (in PLGA NP treated mice) — the longest survival ever observed with siRNA treatment in this mouse model. This work provides proof-of-concept that topical administration of NPs containing siRNA against a pathologically relevant host cell target can knockdown the gene in tissue and improve survival after HSV-2 infection. Furthermore, this system provides a safe delivery platform that employs materials that are already approved by the FDA and can be modified to enhance delivery of other microbicides.
Climatology of Strong Intermountain Cold Fronts

Abstract Motivated by the intensity and severity of winds and temperature falls that frequently accompany rapidly developing cold fronts in northern Utah, this paper presents a 25-yr climatology of strong cold frontal passages over the Intermountain West and adjoining western United States. Using conventional surface observations and the North American Regional Reanalysis, strong cold frontal passages are identified based on a temperature fall of 7°C or greater in a 2–3-h period, a concurrent pressure rise of 3 hPa or greater, and the presence of a large-scale 700-hPa temperature gradient of at least 6°C (500 km)−1. The number of strong cold frontal passages exhibits a strong continental signature with very few events (<10) along the Pacific coast and more than 200 events east of the Continental Divide. The number of events increases dramatically from the Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada to northern Utah, indicating that the Intermountain West is a frequent cold front breeding ground. A composite of th...
Effects of Mean Winds and Horizontal Temperature Gradients on Solar and Lunar Semidiurnal Tides in the Atmosphere

A description is given of specifications of mean seasonal zonal winds and temperatures. Equations for tidal perturbations of the basic states are discussed along with a numerical scheme which is, essentially, the scheme described by Lindzen and Kuo (1969). Results for the solar semidiurnal tide are considered along with an investigation of the lunar semidiurnal tide.
Diagnosis of Mediastinal Mycobacterial Lymphadenopathy by Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

A 35-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) presented with a multitude of constitutional symptoms, fever, and marked intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Results of initial diagnostic examination were unrevealing, and bronchoscopy with fine-gauge flexible transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) of subcarinal lymph nodes was performed. Two aspirates were obtained, one for cytologic study and the other for acid-fast smear. Despite obtaining acid-fast smears from numerous sites, only TBNA provided evidence of acid-fast organisms and prompted early antimycobacterial therapy. We believe this is the first report of mycobacterial intrathoracic lymphadenopathy diagnosed by TBNA.