cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification of CT pulmonary angiography reports by presence, chronicity, and location of pulmonary embolism with natural language processing

Display Omitted We use NLP to classify CTPA reports by presence, chronicity, and location of PE.New NLP technology allows proximal extension of PE to be extracted accurately.Our program tremendously surpasses conventional text mining technology in accuracy. In this paper we describe an efficient tool based on natural language processing for classifying the detail state of pulmonary embolism (PE) recorded in CT pulmonary angiography reports. The classification tasks include: PE present vs. absent, acute PE vs. others, central PE vs. others, and subsegmental PE vs. others. Statistical learning algorithms were trained with features extracted using the NLP tool and gold standard labels obtained via chart review from two radiologists. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for the four tasks were 0.998, 0.945, 0.987, and 0.986, respectively. We compared our classifiers with bag-of-words Naive Bayes classifiers, a standard text mining technology, which gave AUC 0.942, 0.765, 0.766, and 0.712, respectively.
Relationship of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade to mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs

Background—Although improved epicardial blood flow (as assessed with either TIMI flow grades or TIMI frame count) has been related to reduced mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs, the relationship of myocardial perfusion (as assessed on the coronary arteriogram) to mortality has not been examined. Methods and Results—A new, simple angiographic method, the TIMI myocardial perfusion (TMP) grade, was used to assess the filling and clearance of contrast in the myocardium in 762 patients in the TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) 10B trial, and its relationship to mortality was examined. TMP grade 0 was defined as no apparent tissue-level perfusion (no ground-glass appearance of blush or opacification of the myocardium) in the distribution of the culprit artery; TMP grade 1 indicates presence of myocardial blush but no clearance from the microvasculature (blush or a stain was present on the next injection); TMP grade 2 blush clears slowly (blush is strongly persistent and diminishes mi...
New method for high-accuracy measurements of the internal transmittance in the deep-ultraviolet spectral region using prism-shaped samples

A method capable of measuring the internal transmittance Ti of fused silica @193 nm with a precision better than 0.01 %/cm (3σ) is presented. The basic idea is to vary the optical pathlength during the measurement within one and the same prism-shaped sample by moving the latter through the optical test beam. In comparison to the standard multiple-sample experiment this greatly relaxes the requirements for the repeatability of surface preparation. Lack of any standards makes it currently impossible to determine the absolute accuracy experimentally. However, calculations indicate that it is very likely within 0.02 %/cm (3σ). The application to materials and wavelengths other than what were chosen here for demonstration is straightforward.
Three questions about leptin and immunity

Leptin is a protein produced by adipocytes (and other cell types) that acts in the brain to regulate appetite and energy expenditure according to the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue. Leptin also exerts a variety of other functions, including important roles as a regulator of immune and inflammatory reactions. The present article is not meant to be a comprehensive review on leptin and immunity, but rather highlights a few controversial issues about leptin's place in the complex network of mediators regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Three issues are discussed: (1) Where am I going, or What is the cellular target of leptin for modulation of immune responses?; (2) Where am I coming from, or Is the cellular source important in determining leptin's effects on immune responses? and (3) What am I doing, or What are leptin's effects on immune and inflammatory responses?
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF THE SERUM GLOBULINS IN VESICAL AND PROSTATIC CANCER1

SUMMARY 1 A comparison has been made of the serum globulins of vesical and prostatic cancer with those of normal serum by filter-paper electrophoresis. 2 The changes found in bladder carcinoma were an increase in alpha-l globulin with a corresponding decrease in gamma-globulin. 3 In prostatic cancer the changes are mainly in alpha-l and beta globulin.
Active-site-directed inhibition of carnitine acetyltransferase

Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide has been used as an active-site-directed inhibitor of carnitine acetyltransferase. Stoichiometric addition of methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide to carnitine acetyltransferase showed the modification of one sulfhydryl group with concomitant loss of about 80% enzyme activity. The rate of modification of this sulfhydryl group is an order of magnitude faster than that of the remaining sulfhydryl groups in the enzyme. Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide inactivation is biphasic: k1 = 1.09 X 10(2) M-1 S-1, k2 = 1.1 X 10(1) M-1 S-1. This modification, Enz-SS-CoA is covalent; it can be reversed with either dithioerythritol or thiocholine. Acetyl-carnitine and acetyl-CoA protected the enzyme against methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide inactivation; however, carnitine did not. These results indicate the presence of a sulfhydryl group in carnitine acetyltransferase at the site of acetyl group transfer. Titration of carnitine acetyltransferase with nonspecific sulfhydryl reagents, DTNB, and rho-nitrophenoxycarbonyl methyl disulfide, revealed that four sulfhydryl groups were preferentially modified by these reagents. The results also show that seven other sulfhydryl groups are available for modification.
General probability density function of packet service times for computer networks

The letter presents derivations of a generalised probability density and distribution functions of packet service times for computer communication networks. Included in the derivation are the effects of message segmentation into packets and the effects of control traffic. We also present the first and the second moments of the packet service times. These expressions can be used in modelling and analysis of computer networks by assigning appropriate values to various parameters.
Artificial Fever as a Contraceptive.

SummaryThese data indicate that during the first half of the 12-hour period between insemination and fertilization in the rabbit one or both gametes can be fatally injured by 20-minute exposure of the adult female to temperatures of 109°-110°F, involving elevation of general body temperature of 5°-6°F. During the second half of the same period like treatment has no observed effect, but, as previously reported1 another period of susceptibility to heat is experienced on the 3rd day after mating.
Müllerian inhibiting substance in sex-reversed dogs.

In normal males, MUllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS), produced by testes during an embryonic critical period, is thought to induce regression of the MUllerian duct system, including the oviducts and uterus. In XX sex-reversed dogs, an apparent contradiction has been reported: The uterus persists in the presence of testes or ovotestes. The objective of this study is to determine whether testes of XX male and ovotestes of true hermaphrodite dogs produce MIS, and to examine the anatomy of M#{252}llerian duct derivatives of affected dogs for evidence of regression. Gonadal samples were tested for MIS activity in a bioassay. The mean MIS activity score of XX males was similar to that of normal XY males and significantly greater than that of normal XX females. The mean MIS activity score of XX true hermaphrodites was intermediate between normal XX females and XY males. Within the true hermaphrodite group, ovotestes in which the proportion of testicular tissue was >1/2 had higher MIS scores than those in which the proportion of testicular tissue was 1/2 of the adjacent ovotestis was testicular, and MIS activity in that gonad was high. A few ovotestes with intermediate levels of MIS activity had both an oviduct and an epididymis. Regression of the oviductal portion of the Mullerian duct system was positively correlated to the amount of testicular tissue and the MIS activity of the gonad, as would be predicted by Jost ‘s original hypothesis. However, in all sex-reversed dogs, regardless of the amount of testicular tissue or level of MIS activity, the uterus was present in its entirety and was of normal size. This finding suggests that the uterine and oviductal portions of the MUllerian duct system may differ in their sensitivity to MIS or that regression of the uterine portion is not strictly dependent upon the concentration of MIS.
Do you really know the thermal conductivity of your boards

Thermal engineers, tasked with ensuring reliable operating temperature of devices, routinely have to estimate or more likely guesstimate the bulk thermal conductivity of the board using the limited industry-published data or resort to outdated and unproven closed form correlations for use in simulation tools. This can have an adverse effect on the projected operating temperature of sensitive devices, the accuracy and eventually the reliability.
Skin sores after spinal cord injury : relationship to life adjustment

Study design: A field study of the relationship between skin sores and life adjustment after spinal cord injury (SCI) was conducted by surveying a sample of more than 1000 participants with SCI. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the number of skin sores and days adversely impacted by skin sores with multiple indicators of life adjustment after SCI. Summary of background data: Most existing research on skin sores after SCI has been epidemiologic in nature, with limited investigation of the relationship between problems with skin sores and psychosocial adjustment. Methods: A total of 1017 participants completed the Life Situation Questionnaire-revised (LSQ-R), a measure of multiple long-term outcomes after SCI. Results: Just less than half of all respondents (46%) reported having at least one skin sore during the 2 year period prior to the study, but only 27% reported having to reduce their sitting time by at least 1 day during the same time period due to skin sores. Although biographic characteristics were generally unrelated to skin sores (eg, gender, race), both the number of skin sores and days adversely impacted by sores were correlated with poorer adjustment in nearly every area of life studied. Conclusions: Although the results are correlational and cannot be taken as evidence for causation, it is clear that prevention of skin sores is critical for people with SCI. There is a need for research to identify psychological and behavioral risk factors for skin problems after SCI.
Information and control strategy to solve the degrees-of-freedom problem for nested locomotion-to-reach.

Locomoting-to-reach to a target is a common visuomotor approach behavior that consists of two nested component actions: locomotion and reaching. The information and control strategies that guide locomotion and reaching in isolation are well studied, but their interaction during locomoting-to-reach behavior has received little attention. We investigated the role of proportional rate control in unifying these components into one action. Individuals use this control strategy with hand-centric disparity-based τ information to guide seated reaching (Anderson and Bingham in Exp Brain Res 205:291–306. doi: 10.1007/s00221-010-2361-9 , 2010) and use it with sequential information to perform targeted locomotion to bring an outstretched arm and hand to a target; first with eye-centric τ information and then hand-centric τ information near the target (Anderson and Bingham in Exp Brain Res 214:631–644. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2865-y , 2011). In the current study, participants performed two tasks: locomoting to bring a rigidly outstretched arm and hand to a target (handout), and locomoting to initiate and guide a reach to a target (locomoting-to-reach). Movement trajectories were analyzed. Results show that participants used proportional rate control throughout both tasks, in the sequential manner that was found by Anderson and Bingham (Exp Brain Res 214:631–644. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2865-y , 2011). Individual differences were found in the moment at which this information switch occurred in the locomoting-to-reach task. Some participants appeared to switch to proportional rate control with hand-τ once the hand came into view and others switched once the reaching component was complete and the arm was fully outstretched. In the locomoting-to-reach task, participants consistently initiated reaches when eye-τ specified a time-to-contact of 1.0 s. Proportional rate control provides a solution to the degrees-of-freedom problem in the classic manner, by making multiple things one.
Reading Brandom Reading Heidegger

While brilliance and originality surely top the list of qualities shared by Brandom and Heidegger, another commonality is a tendency to treat their predecessors as partial and sometimes confused versions of themselves. Heidegger, therefore, could hardly be indignant on principle if Brandom finds a fair bit of Making it Explicit in the first division of Being and Time. Nevertheless, some details may deserve a closer look. Here I will concentrate on the more recent of the Heidegger essays reprinted in Tales of the Mighty Dead: ‘Dasein, the Being that Thematizes’. The basic premise of the essay is that ‘Being and Time can be understood as propounding a normative pragmatism’ (Brandom 2002: 324). That, in turn, is cashed out as comprising two distinctive commitments. First, that the normative is to be understood as conceptually and explanatorially prior to the factual; and second, that the norms implicit in social practice are similarly prior to those made explicit as rules. While these two commitments will certainly be familiar to any reader of Making it Explicit, extracting them from Being and Time is a more delicate matter. ‘Norm’ is not one of Heidegger’s words, nor particularly is ‘practice’ (though each does occur a few times). That doesn’t mean, of course, that normative pragmatism cannot be read into the text. Indeed, as Brandom justly notes, I was myself, some years ago, one of the originators of such a reading. But, while I still think there’s something to that, it no longer seems to me to shed much light on what Heidegger himself is really up to. In particular, it scarcely connects at all with the principal aim of the work, which is to reawaken the question of the sense of being; nor does it make more than incidental contact with important topics like anxiety, care, truth, death, conscience, authenticity, resoluteness, historicity, and time. Thus, much that is central to Heidegger’s own purposes is entirely missed by this exegetical strategy. Arguably, however, these larger and later issues are irrelevant to the more focussed concerns of ‘Dasein, the Being that Thematizes’. Yet, before turning to specifics, we might be puzzled by that title itself. The most important distinction in early Heidegger is that between being (Sein) and entities (Seienden)—soon to be called ‘the ontological difference’. Macquarrie and Robinson (the translators Brandom mostly relies on) are quite scrupulous in marking this distinction with the above contrasting terms. Yet, in the present conspicuous instance (the title is actually lifted from the text—Heidegger 1927: 363), Brandom departs from their consistent practice, and renders ‘Seiende’ with ‘being’. 1 Why?
Expansion and Lack Thereof in Randomly Perturbed Graphs

This paper studies the expansion properties of randomly perturbed graphs. These graphs are formed by, for example, adding a random $1{\text{-out}}$ or very sparse Erdős-Renyi graph to an arbitrary connected graph. The central results show that there exists a constant ?such that when any connected n-vertex base graph $\bar{G}$ is perturbed by adding a random 1-out then, with high probability, the resulting graph has $e(S,\bar S) \geq \delta |S|$ for all S? Vwith $|S| \leq \frac34 n$. When $\bar{G}$ is perturbed by adding a random Erdős-Renyi graph, $\mathbb{G}_{n,\epsilon/n}$, the expansion of the perturbed graph depends on the structure of the base graph. A necessary condition for the base graph is given under which the resulting graph is an expander with high probability. The proof techniques are also applied to study rapid mixing in the small worlds graphs described by Watts and Strogatz in [Nature 292(1998), 440---442] and by Kleinberg in [Proc. of 32nd ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing(2000), 163---170]. Analysis of Kleinberg's model shows that the graph stops being an expander exactly at the point where a decentralized algorithm is effective in constructing a short path. The proofs of expansion rely on a way of summing over subsets of vertices which allows an argument based on the First Moment Method to succeed.
Bld10/Cep135 stabilizes basal bodies to resist cilia-generated forces

Basal bodies nucleate, anchor, and organize cilia. As the anchor for motile cilia, basal bodies must be resistant to the forces directed toward the cell as a consequence of ciliary beating. The molecules and generalized mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of basal bodies remain to be discovered. Bld10/Cep135 is a basal body outer cartwheel domain protein that has established roles in the assembly of nascent basal bodies. We find that Bld10 protein first incorporates stably at basal bodies early during new assembly. Bld10 protein continues to accumulate at basal bodies after assembly, and we hypothesize that the full complement of Bld10 is required to stabilize basal bodies. We identify a novel mechanism for Bld10/Cep135 in basal body maintenance so that basal bodies can withstand the forces produced by motile cilia. Bld10 stabilizes basal bodies by promoting the stability of the A- and C-tubules of the basal body triplet microtubules and by properly positioning the triplet microtubule blades. The forces generated by ciliary beating promote basal body disassembly in bld10Δ cells. Thus Bld10/Cep135 acts to maintain the structural integrity of basal bodies against the forces of ciliary beating in addition to its separable role in basal body assembly.
Procalcitonin Identifies Cell Injury, Not Bacterial Infection, in Acute Liver Failure.

Background Because acute liver failure (ALF) patients share many clinical features with severe sepsis and septic shock, identifying bacterial infection clinically in ALF patients is challenging. Procalcitonin (PCT) has proven to be a useful marker in detecting bacterial infection. We sought to determine whether PCT discriminated between presence and absence of infection in patients with ALF. Method Retrospective analysis of data and samples of 115 ALF patients from the United States Acute Liver Failure Study Group randomly selected from 1863 patients were classified for disease severity and ALF etiology. Twenty uninfected chronic liver disease (CLD) subjects served as controls. Results Procalcitonin concentrations in most samples were elevated, with median values for all ALF groups near or above a 2.0 ng/mL cut-off that generally indicates severe sepsis. While PCT concentrations increased somewhat with apparent liver injury severity, there were no differences in PCT levels between the pre-defined severity groups–non-SIRS and SIRS groups with no documented infections and Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock groups with documented infections, (p = 0.169). PCT values from CLD patients differed from all ALF groups (median CLD PCT value 0.104 ng/mL, (p ≤0.001)). Subjects with acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity, many without evidence of infection, demonstrated median PCT >2.0 ng/mL, regardless of SIRS features, while some culture positive subjects had PCT values <2.0 ng/mL. Summary/Conclusions While PCT appears to be a robust assay for detecting bacterial infection in the general population, there was poor discrimination between ALF patients with or without bacterial infection presumably because of the massive inflammation observed. Severe hepatocyte necrosis with inflammation results in elevated PCT levels, rendering this biomarker unreliable in the ALF setting.
Frequency-dependent facilitation of synaptic throughput via postsynaptic NMDA receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract

Hindbrain NMDA receptors play important roles in reflexive and behavioural responses to vagal activation. NMDA receptors have also been shown to contribute to the synaptic responses of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), but their exact role remains unclear. In this study we used whole cell patch-clamping techniques in rat horizontal brain slice to investigate the role of NMDA receptors in the fidelity of transmission across solitary tract afferent-NTS neuron synapses. Results show that NMDA receptors contribute up to 70% of the charge transferred across the synapse at high (>5 Hz) firing rates, but have little contribution at lower firing frequencies. Results also show that NMDA receptors critically contribute to the fidelity of transmission across these synapses during high frequency (>5 Hz) afferent discharge rates. This novel role of NMDA receptors may explain in part how primary visceral afferents, including vagal afferents, can maintain fidelity of transmission across a broad range of firing frequencies. Neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) receive vagal afferent innervations that initiate gastrointestinal and cardiovascular reflexes. Glutamate is the fast excitatory neurotransmitter released in the NTS by vagal afferents, which arrive there via the solitary tract (ST). ST stimulation elicits excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in NTS neurons mediated by both AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors (-Rs). Vagal afferents exhibit a high probability of vesicle release and exhibit robust frequency-dependent depression due to presynaptic vesicle depletion. Nonetheless, synaptic throughput is maintained even at high frequencies of afferent activation. Here we test the hypothesis that postsynaptic NMDA-Rs are essential in maintaining throughput across ST-NTS synapses. Using patch clamp electrophysiology in horizontal brainstem slices, we found that NMDA-Rs, including NR2B subtypes, carry up to 70% of the charge transferred across the synapse during high frequency stimulations (>5 Hz). In contrast, their relative contribution to the ST-EPSC is much less during low (<2 Hz) frequency stimulations. Afferent-driven activation of NMDA-Rs produces a sustained depolarization during high, but not low, frequencies of stimulation as a result of relatively slow decay kinetics. Hence, NMDA-Rs are critical for maintaining action potential generation at high firing rates. These results demonstrate a novel role for NMDA-Rs enabling a high probability of release synapse to maintain the fidelity of synaptic transmission during high frequency firing when glutamate release and AMPA-R responses are reduced. They also suggest why NMDA-Rs are critical for responses that may depend on high rates of afferent discharge.
Patterns of streamwater acidity in Lye Brook Wilderness, Vermont, USA

Under the United States Clean Air Act Amend- ments of 1977, a class I designation safeguards wilderness areas from the negative effects of new sources of air pollution. We monitored streamwater chemistry in the class I Lye Brook Wilderness in southwestern Vermont from May 1994 through August 1995. Stream samples were collected biweekly at nine sampling locations throughout the wilderness and were ana- lyzed for major cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Eight of nine sites sampled had mean annual acid neutralizing capacity values below zero. During the study period, decreases in streamwater acid neu- tralizing capacity values were caused primarily by SO4 2 .A t some sites, however, NO3 and naturally occurring, weak or- ganic acids were seasonally important. During high discharge, the low pH and high concentrations of inorganic monomeric Al were at levels that are toxic to acid-sensitive aquatic species. Watershed mass balances were calculated to determine an- nual gains or losses for measured ions. These budgets indi- cate that S inputs and outputs were nearly equal, there was a net loss of base cations, and a net gain in N. How long these watersheds can continue to assimilate additional N inputs is unknown.
American Puritanism and the Defense of Mourning: Religion, Grief, and Ethnology in Mary White Rowlandson's Captivity Narrative

Mary White Rowlandwon, a New England Congregationalist minister's wife, was held captive by the Algonquin Indians during King Philip's War in 1676. Several years after she was ransomed and living among the British again she wrote a narrative of the captivity chronicling her experience in grief, love, resentment, and ethnic trauma. Breitwieser argues that this narrative undercuts the Puritan values Rowlandson attempted to uphold. He reveals where and how Rowlandson breaks with Puritan conventions. He points out that in American Puritan religious practice, real experiences were seen as siogns or emblems of moral abstractions. "American Puritanism and the Defense of Mourning" will be essential reading for all who study early American literature and culture.
pH-induced mechanistic changeover from hydroxyl radicals to iron(IV) in the Fenton reaction

A major pathway in the reaction between Fe(II) and H2O2 at pH 6–7 in non-coordinating buffers exhibits inverse kinetic dependence on [H+] and leads to oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2). This step regenerates Fe(II) and makes the oxidation of DMSO catalytic, a finding that strongly supports Fe(IV) as a Fenton intermediate at near-neutral pH. This Fe(IV) is a less efficient oxidant for DMSO at pH 6–7 than is (H2O)5FeO2+, generated by ozone oxidation of Fe(H2O)62+, in acidic solutions. Large concentrations of DMSO are needed to achieve significant turnover numbers at pH ≥ 6 owing to the rapid competing reaction between Fe(II) and Fe(IV) that leads to irreversible loss of the catalyst. At pH 6 and ≤0.02 mM Fe(II), the ratio of apparent rate constants for the reactions of Fe(IV) with DMSO and with Fe(II) is ∼104. The results at pH 6–7 stand in stark contrast with those reported previously in acidic solutions where the Fenton reaction generates hydroxyl radicals. Under those conditions, DMSO is oxidized stoichiometrically to methylsulfinic acid and ethane. This path still plays a role (1–10%) at pH 6–7.
Plant and root endophyte assembly history: interactive effects on native and exotic plants

Differences in the arrival timing of plants and soil biota may result in different plant communities through priority effects, potentially affecting the success of native vs. exotic plants, but experimental evidence is largely lacking. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate whether the assembly history of plants and fungal root endophytes could interact to influence plant emergence and biomass. We introduced a grass species and eight fungal species from one of three land-use types (undisturbed, disturbed, or pasture sites in a Florida scrubland) in factorial combinations. We then introduced all plants and fungi from the other land-use types 2 weeks later. Plant emergence was monitored for 6 months, and final plant biomass and fungal species composition assessed. The emergence and growth of the exotic Melinis repens and the native Schizacharyium niveum were affected negatively when introduced early with their "home" fungi, but early introduction of a different plant species or fungi from a different site type eliminated these negative effects, providing evidence for interactive priority effects. Interactive effects of plant and fungal arrival history may be an overlooked determinant of plant community structure and may provide an effective management tool to inhibit biological invasion and aid ecosystem restoration.
Botanical medicines for the treatment of cancer: rationale, overview of current data, and methodological considerations for phase I and II trials.

There appears to be exceptional and growing public enthusiasm for botanical, or "herbal", medicines, especially amongst cancer patients. This has recently begun to be matched by increasing scientific attention. Whilst it is known that plant extracts are active against cancer, the standard approach has been to isolate, synthesize and administer the single chemical compound thought responsible for this effect. However, different components in a botanical may have synergistic activities. There is also some evidence that the presence of multiple compounds in a botanical extract can buffer the toxic effects of a single constituent. Though many of the botanicals popular among patients are probably not of benefit (e.g. Mistletoe, Pau D'arco), several botanicals have shown promise in Phase III (Sho-saiko-to, PSK) or Phase II (PC-SPES) trial. Quality control of botanicals poses significant challenges: small differences in genetics, soil, temperature, moisture and time of harvesting can lead to significant differences in the concentration of important constituents. Phase I and II methodology is also problematic: botanicals have low toxicity and are unlikely to cause rapid tumor regression. There is currently minimal regulation of botanical medicines.
Pharmaceutical Role Expansion and Developments in Pharmacist-Physician Communication

Expanded clinical pharmacist professional roles in the team-based patient-centered medical home (PCMH) primary care environment require cooperative and collaborative relationships among pharmacists and primary care physicians (PCPs), but many PCPs have not previously worked in such a direct fashion with pharmacists. Additional roles, including formulary control, add further elements of complexity to the clinical pharmacist-PCP relationship that are not well described. Our objective was to characterize the nature of clinical pharmacist-PCP interprofessional collaboration across seven federally funded hospitals and associated primary care clinics, following pharmacist placement in primary care clinics and incorporation of expanded pharmacist roles. In-depth and semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 practicing clinical pharmacists and 17 PCPs. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed three major themes: (1) the complexities of electronic communication (particularly electronic nonformulary requests) as contributing to interprofessional tensions or misunderstandings for both groups, (2) the navigation of new roles and traditional hierarchy, with pharmacists using indirect communication to prevent PCP defensiveness to recommendations, and (3) a preference for onsite colocation for enhanced communication and professional relationships. Clinical pharmacists' indirect communication practices may hold important implications for patient safety in the context of medication use, and it is important to foster effective communication skills and an environment where all team members across hierarchies can feel comfortable speaking up to reduce error when problems are suspected. Also, the lack of institutional communication about managing drug formulary issues and related electronic nonformulary request processes was apparent in this study and merits further attention for both researchers and practitioners.
On the existence of minimal Seifert manifolds

For ?i ^ 3, an n-knot K has a minimal Seifert manifold if and only if its group is isomorphic to an HNN-extension with finitely presented base. In this case, any Seifert manifold for K can be converted to a minimal Seifert manifold for K by some finite sequence of ambient 0- and 1-surgeries.
Differential Prey Selectivity of Largemouth Bass Functional Feeding Groups in Twin Lakes, Washington

Abstract Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) can be top-down regulators in a fish community. It is important for fisheries biologists who manage predator-prey populations to understand when bass become piscivorous. We examined the stomach contents of 622 largemouth bass in watershield (Brasenia schreberi) beds in North and South Twin Lakes, Washington. Bass displayed temporal and ontogenetic diet variation within and between lakes. Bass <100 mm fed principally on zooplankton and scuds in June and September and on benthic invertebrates, especially midge and damselfly larvae, during July and August. Damselflies, midges and scuds were major diet constituents for bass 100–199 mm. Bass 200–299 mm consumed large numbers of macroinvertebrates but also fed on crawfish and golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucus). Overall, the importance of large prey items like golden shiners and crawfish increased while macroinvertebrate importance to bass diets decreased as the fish grew larger. Bass piscivory was focused on...
The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Trust in Government

Objectives. ToexploretheimpactHurricaneKatrinaoncitizens’trustingovernment. Of primary interest is the relationship between poor governmental performance in the aftermath of the storm and low levels of political trust. In addition, levels of trust are related to respondents’ predictions regarding the time it will take their communities to recover. Methods. Relationships are investigated through an analysis of data from a survey of residents in the Katrina-affected areas of Louisiana and Mississippi. For this initial exploration, bivariate analysis is used to elaborate relationships between measures of trust in government and the experiences and attitudes of survey respondents. Results. Analyses reveal interesting and significant relationships among the variables. Negative experiences during and after Hurricane Katrina are correlated with low levels of political trust. Also, low levels of trust are associated with pessimistic predictions of the time it will take communities to recover from the storm. Conclusion. Given the importance of political trust for the long-term health of the political system, it is critical that governments at all levels enhance their effectiveness in dealing with such disasters. Trust in government, as a topic of empirical research, has a long tradition in the literature of social science. Primary research questions have involved definition and measurement issues, levels of political trust in the mass public, determinants of trust and distrust, 1 and the impact of trust on public perceptions and political behavior. This article contributes to the literature with an examination of the impact of the Hurricane Katrina experience on the political trust of affected citizens. While the causes and consequences of political trust have been approached fromawidevarietyoftheoreticalandempiricalperspectives,theimportanceof
Pliocene Potassic Magmas from the Kings River Region, Sierra Nevada, California: Evidence for Melting of a Subduction- Modified Mantle

During the Late Pliocene, absarokite and minette magmas (43–57 INTRODUCTION wt % SiO2) erupted along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, A genetic relationship between potassic magmas and California, within the Kings River drainage. The absarokites contain subduction zones has long been recognized (e.g. Johnson phenocrysts of olivine ± augite, whereas the minettes contain et al., 1978; Peccerillo, 1985; Rogers & Hawkesworth, phlogopite + augite ± olivine; both are distinguished by a lack 1985). Trace element enrichments in large ion lithophile of feldspar phenocrysts. Pre-eruptive magmatic temperatures and elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE) pressures for a felsic and mafic minette are 1138 and 1144 combined with relative depletions in the high field (±50)°C, and 12 and 16 (±4) kbar, respectively. These magmas strength elements (HFSE) are common to arc lavas (e.g. are characterized by extreme enrichments in the large ion lithophile Gill, 1981). The eruption of potassic and ultrapotassic elements (e.g. 1·9–8·1 wt % K2O, 1380–3719 ppm Ba), magmas with an extreme arc trace element signature depletions in high field strength elements (Ba/NbPM of 7–33), and often post-dates active subduction and occurs synhigh oxygen fugacities (1–3 log units above the Ni–NiO buffer). chronously with uplift, extension or strike-slip motion (e.g. Trace element ratios (e.g. Ba/Rb 20–100) are distinct from those Sloman, 1989). This relationship indicates that chemical observed for mid-ocean ridge basalt and ocean island basalt. heterogeneities, produced in the mantle during subVariations in K and Ba with respect to other incompatible elements duction via modal (the formation of new minerals) and/ require that phlogopite ± potassic amphibole was an important or cryptic (enrichment of pre-existing minerals in inresidual phase during magma generation. The buoyant ascent of compatible elements) metasomatism, can exist for subthe Kings River magmas through ~40 km of sialic crust requires stantial periods of time after subduction has ceased; pre-eruptive volatile concentrations (H2O and F) >2 wt %. subsequent tectonic or thermal events may then trigger Volcanism probably was triggered as part of the regional response further magma generation ( Johnson et al., 1978; Roden, to Basin and Range extension, which resulted in asthenospheric 1981; Rogers et al., 1987; Mauger, 1988; Sloman, 1989). upwelling and therefore higher heat flow to the subduction-modified On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, small lithosphere. volume eruptions of potassic and ultrapotassic lavas have
Remembering with Rephotography: A Social Practice for the Inventions of Memories

This article explores the articulations of photography, memory, and digital imaging technologies to better understand the shifting nature of photography and its place within contemporary visual and digital culture. Examining a particular form and practice of photography called rephotography, this study shows how rephotography fits within a shift in the visual aesthetics influenced by digital imaging technologies, a shift that favors the aesthetics of everyday life. As such, rephotography becomes a social practice for remembering, a particular orientation to memory, and thus a way of being in the world. Rephotography, rather than a representation of memory, suggests a practice of actively constructing and inhabiting memories and their times and places while also incorporating them into the present as active forces.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in Hispanic adolescents.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the associations of overweight with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Hispanic adolescents. Methods A total of 100 adolescents (50 overweight, 50 nonoverweight) aged 12 to 16 years were included. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin sensitivity (IS), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG), LDL, HDL, and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated as risk factors for T2DM and CVD. IS was determined using the HOMA calculator. Abnormal levels were: FPG ≥100 and 0.5), high BP, high TG, low HDL, and IFG. Results Overweight adolescents had higher TC, TG, and LDL, and lower IS, p s p s Conclusions Overweight Hispanic adolescents are at increased risk of developing T2DM or CVD. Preventive programs targeting Hispanic adolescents are needed to manage the overweight epidemic and its consequences.
Variation in alternative splicing across human tissues

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) is widely used by higher eukaryotes to generate different protein isoforms in specific cell or tissue types. To compare AS events across human tissues, we analyzed the splicing patterns of genomically aligned expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from libraries of cDNAs from different tissues. Controlling for differences in EST coverage among tissues, we found that the brain and testis had the highest levels of exon skipping. The most pronounced differences between tissues were seen for the frequencies of alternative 3' splice site and alternative 5' splice site usage, which were about 50 to 100% higher in the liver than in any other human tissue studied. Quantifying differences in splice junction usage, the brain, pancreas, liver and the peripheral nervous system had the most distinctive patterns of AS. Analysis of available microarray expression data showed that the liver had the most divergent pattern of expression of serine-arginine protein and heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein genes compared to the other human tissues studied, possibly contributing to the unusually high frequency of alternative splice site usage seen in liver. Sequence motifs enriched in alternative exons in genes expressed in the brain, testis and liver suggest specific splicing factors that may be important in AS regulation in these tissues. This study distinguishes the human brain, testis and liver as having unusually high levels of AS, highlights differences in the types of AS occurring commonly in different tissues, and identifies candidate cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors likely to have important roles in tissue-specific AS in human cells.
Interdependencies between Energy and Transportation Systems for National Long Term Planning

The most significant energy consuming infrastructures and the greatest contributors to greenhouse gases for any nation today are electric and freight/passenger transportation systems. Technological alternatives for producing, transporting, and converting energy for electric and transportation systems are numerous. Addressing costs, sustainability, and resiliency of electric and transportation needs requires long-term assessment since these capital-intensive infrastructures take years to build with lifetimes approaching a century. Yet, the advent of electrically driven transportation, including cars, trucks, and trains, creates potential interdependencies between the two infrastructures that may be both problematic and beneficial. We are developing modeling capability to perform long-term electric and transportation infrastructure design at a national level, accounting for their interdependencies. The approach combines network flow modeling with a multiobjective solution method. We describe and compare it to the state-of-the-art in energy planning models. An example is presented to illustrate important features of this new approach.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a prognostic measure in pediatric melanoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB)-based management has been shown to improve disease-free survival in adult melanoma, but there is scant evidence regarding the utility of SLNB in pediatric melanoma. Methods The 2004–2011 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients with primary cutaneous melanoma of Breslow depth>0.75mm and clinically negative nodes. Pediatric patients, defined as less than 20years of age, were grouped by whether they underwent SLNB or not. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to compare melanoma-specific survival (MSS) in propensity-matched groups. Results 310 pediatric patients met study criteria: 261 (84%) underwent SLNB, while 49 (16%) did not. There was no difference in MSS between matched children who received SLNB and those who did not (p=0.36). Among children who received SLNB, a positive SLNB was associated with worse MSS compared to a negative SLNB (89% vs. 100% at 84months, p=0.04). However, children with a positive SLNB had more favorable survival compared to patients >20years of age (88% vs. 66% at 84months, p=0.02). Conclusions SLNB does not confer a survival benefit to children with melanoma, but it provides valuable prognostic information regarding MSS.
A taxonomy of data types and data collection methods for building energy monitoring and performance simulation

Buildings contribute a major component of the world's total energy consumption. During the design phase, building energy simulation models can be used to predict building performance and design energy-efficient buildings that consume an optimal amount of energy, if operated and maintained within the confines of energy model assumptions. Similarly, Dynamic Data-Driven Simulation and Analysis (DDDSA) methods can be used during the operation and maintenance phase of buildings. Such methods allow models to be seeded periodically with real-time data that influences the simulation system for better analysis and prediction of system performance. In order to optimize energy consumption in buildings and subsequently improve their energy efficiency, buildings need to be monitored and various forms of copious data need to be collected to support DDDSA. The primary objective of this paper is to classify different data types that affect the energy consumption in buildings, and provide a comprehensive review of the exi...
The Russian Past and the Socialist Future in the Thought of Peter Lavrov

The major ideological challenge faced by Russian revolutionists in the half century prior to 1917 was to find a way to adapt the principal tenets of West European socialism to Russia. The difficulty of answering this challenge lay in Russia's unique historical development and the consequent differences between Russia and the West. The proper adaptation of socialism required an understanding of these differences and their significance.
Being Human: Kierkegaard's 1847 Discourses on the Lilies of the Field and the Birds of the Air

This article is a reading of Kierkegaard's 1847 discourses on "The lilies of the field and the birds of the air." In these discourses, I argue, Kierkegaard pursues the problem of the being of the human being—that is, engages a critique of the fundamental structures of human reality. I show, in particular, how Kierkegaard elaborates a critique of care or concern. The lily and the bird exist without concern. Without collapsing the difference between the being of the lily or bird and the human being, Kierkegaard elaborates a possibility of human existence that is not organized around the project—which is to say in terms of "care." Taking the lily of the field and the bird of the air as emblems of affirmation, he expresses human existence attuned to the superfluous or "whyless" character of reality.
Studies on the Nucleo-Plasmic Ratio. II

1) The nucleo-plasmic ratio in Noctiluca can be expressed by the hyperbolic formula, and its magnitude is larger in small cells and smaller in large cells.2) The ratio is in the order of 10-4 in the cells kept in the ordinary, as well as in 50% sea water, though it is somewhat smaller in the latter owing to the swelling of the cell.3) The voluminal ratio of the nucleus to the cytoplasm proper is in the order of 10-2 which is the value characteristic to all animal cells observed so far (cf. Nozawa 1943a).4) The small value of the nucleo-plasmic ratio obtained in this material is entirely due to the abundant cell sap. This finding throws some light to the question as to why the ratio in plant cells is smaller than in animal cells (cf. Nozawa 1943a).5) The exponent of the nucleo-plasmic ratio in Noctiluca is about-2: this suggests the absence of any active metabolism in the cell, and conforms with the actual mode of life of the organism.6) The case where the exponent of the nucleo-plasmic ratio is -3 has been considered: it apparently implies that the nuclear volume undergoes no change regardless of the development of the cell. Such a state seems only pathological and hardly realized in actual cells.