cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degrees of Freedom of Two-Hop Wireless Networks: Everyone Gets the Entire Cake

We show that fully connected two-hop wireless networks with K sources, K relays, and K destinations have K degrees of freedom both in the case of time-varying channel coefficients and constant channel coefficients (in which case the result holds for almost all values of constant channel coefficients). Our main contribution is a new achievability scheme which we call Aligned Network Diagonalization. This scheme allows the data streams transmitted by the sources to undergo a diagonal linear transformation from the sources to the destinations, thus being received free of interference by their intended destination. In addition, we extend our scheme to multihop networks with fully connected hops, and multihop networks with MIMO nodes, for which the degrees of freedom are also fully characterized.
Intubating Ebola Patients: Technical Limitations of Extensive Personal Protective Equipment.

As hospitals across the nation were preparing for the possibility of Ebola or Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) cases, healthcare workers underwent intricate training in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). An Ebola or MERS-CoV patient requiring intubation places a healthcare worker at risk for exposure to bodily secretions. The procedure must be performed only after appropriate PPE is donned.1 Intubating while wearing PPE is yet another challenge identified in caring for these patients. Manual dexterity and free movement decreases when wearing PPE, and may increase length of time to successful intubation. We elicited the opinion of subjects performing direct laryngoscopy versus video-assisted laryngoscopy on manikins while wearing PPE. Additionally, we recorded multiple intubation attempts by these clinicians using Google Glass. Two PPE-donned clinicians both agreed that intubation was not technically different between direct versus video-assisted techniques. However, the subjects felt that direct laryngoscopy was noticeably more labor intensive than the video-assisted technique. Subjects also felt more temperature-related discomfort during direct laryngoscopy. For one subject, contamination was more common during direct laryngoscopy, when the PPE hood contacted the patient’s face or endotracheal tube. From this simulation experience, we recommend video laryngoscopy as a preferred method of intubating a patient while donning PPE. Video Ebola intubation video.
CLEARING THE PATH

This essay is part of a longer project that examines ways in which Indigenous choreographers are using contemporary dance practices to articulate Indigenous histories and ways of knowing. Here, I focus on Evening in Paris, a dance piece in which Tr'ondek Hwech'in (Han) First Nations choreographer Michelle Olson, from Canada's west coast, investigates the lives and careers of Penobscot cabaret dancer Molly Spotted Elk, of herself, and of her aunt and grandmother. The piece asserts the validity of knowledge accessed in (and through) kinetic impulses followed in a dance studio, using contemporary dance-making practices as part of an Indigenous methodology engaged to admit ways of knowing that have been muted through colonization. The essay argues that Evening in Paris articulates multiple connectivities: between Indigenous dancers over generations and locations, between various dance forms, and between knowing held and accessed in and through bodies and writing. Importantly, writing is expressed not as separ...
Reduction in C-reactive protein indicates successful targeting of the IL-1/IL-6 axis resulting in improved survival in early stage multiple myeloma.

We report the long-term follow-up results of a phase II trial of IL-1 receptor antagonist and low-dose dexamethasone for early stage multiple myeloma (MM). Patients were eligible if they had smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) or indolent multiple myeloma (IMM) without the need for immediate therapy. Forty seven patients were enrolled and subsequently treated with IL-1Ra; in 25/47 low-dose dexamethasone (20 mg weekly) was added. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). In the clinical trial, three patients achieved a minor response (MR) to IL-1Ra alone; five patients a partial response (PR) and four patients an MR after addition of dexamethasone. Seven patients showed a decrease in the plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) which paralleled a decrease in the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The median PFS for the 47 patients was 1116 days (37.2 months). The median PFS for patients without (n = 22) and with (n = 25) a decrease in their baseline hs-CRP was 326 days (11 months) vs. 3139 days (104 months) respectively (P <0.0001). The median overall survival (OS) for the 47 patients was 3482 days (9.5 years). The median OS for patients without and with a decrease in their baseline hs-CRP was 2885 days (7.9 years) vs. median not reached, respectively (P = 0.001). In SMM/IMM patients at risk for progression to active myeloma, reduction in the hs-CRP indicates successful targeting of the IL-1/IL-6 axis resulting in improved PFS and OS. (Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT00635154) Am. J. Hematol. 91:571-574, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gestational Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in a Predominantly Puerto Rican Population.

Objectives To prospectively evaluate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG), prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy using the revised Institute of Medicine (IOM) Guidelines. Methods We examined these associations among 1359 participants in Proyecto Buena Salud, a prospective cohort study conducted from 2006 to 2011 among women from the Caribbean Islands. Information on prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and incident diagnoses of hypertension in pregnancy were based on medical record abstraction. Results Four percent (n = 54) of women were diagnosed with hypertension in pregnancy, including 2.6 % (n = 36) with preeclampsia. As compared to women who gained within IOM GWG guidelines (22.8 %), those who gained above guidelines (52.5 %) had an odds ratio of 3.82 for hypertensive disorders (95 % CI 1.46-10.00; ptrend = 0.003) and an odds ratio of 2.94 for preeclampsia (95 % CI 1.00-8.71, ptrend = 0.03) after adjusting for important risk factors. Each one standard deviation (0.45 lbs/week) increase in rate of GWG was associated with a 1.74 odds of total hypertensive disorders (95 % CI 1.34-2.27) and 1.86 odds of preeclampsia (95 % CI 1.37-2.52). Conclusions for Practice Findings from this prospective study suggest that excessive GWG is associated with hypertension in pregnancy and could be a potentially modifiable risk factor in this high-risk ethnic group.
Consensus Development Conference on Endoscopy Other Diagnostic Approaches to Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Utility of Contrast Radiology

Only the DC upper gastrointestinal examination can demonstrate SRH and therefore positively relate a lesion to a bleeding episode. No barium examination should be undertaken in patients in whom subsequent vascular radiology may be needed. Such patients are those bleeding severely or those in whom bleeding complicates portal hypertension. With moderate or mild blood loss the DC upper gastrointestinal exam can be an alternative or supplement to endoscopy (9, 10). Although it is possible to demonstrate SRH in such patients by means of barium, endoscopy is likely to be the best initial method of diagnosis, with the DC upper gastrointestinal study to follow if endoscopy has failed or has been inconclusive. In patients whose bleeding has stopped, the DC upper gastrointestinal exam is a valuable alternative to endoscopy. The choice of modality depends on the availability of special techniques at local level, including that of the DC examination. DC upper gastrointestinal radiology should be available for routine use as it does not require unusual skills and does not increase the examination time to any significant extent.
Redbanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Thermal Requirements for Development and Simulation of Within-Season Phenology in North Carolina

Developmental rates and survival of nondiapausing redbanded leafroller (RBLR), Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), eggs, larvae, and pupae were determined at eight constant temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C under a regime of 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Mean duration for each of five larval stadia by sex was determined at 25°C and protandry was shown. There was no survival at 5 and 35°C. Survival of eggs and larvae increased to 96.5 and 98.8%, respectively, at temperatures up to 20°C and fell at higher temperatures while pupal survival was highest at 25°C (92.1%). Temperature versus developmental-rate data were incorporated into linear and nonlinear models of temperature-dependent development to simulate adult emergence at variable temperatures. Lower developmental thresholds, degree day (DD) requirements, and percent of total developmental time for all stages individually and combined for six- (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 32°C) and four- (10, 15, 20, and 25°C) temperature linear models are given. Completion of one generation with the six-temperature linear model required 909 DD over a lower developmental threshold of 5.5°C, while the linear portion of the temperature-developmental rate relationship (four-temperature model) required 676 DD over 8.0°C. Parameters for a nonlinear model were established at all temperatures for each stage and for the combination of all stages. Simulations based on the nonlinear and the four-temperature linear model were validated by comparison with observed within-season male flight peaks using pheromone trap catch data from eight apple orchards. Linear models ran 0–4 d faster than nonlinear models. Of 18 actual flight peaks simulated, linear models simulated 11 and nonlinear models simulated nine within ±7 d of observed orchard flight peaks. Only one simulation predicted adult emergence early, all other inaccurate simulations predicted adult emergence 8–17 d late. Analysis of seasonal flight catch in each orchard and results of the model simulations suggest the presence of four generations of RBLR annually in North Carolina.
A closed form solution for the limit moment in the plastic torsion of an elliptical cylinder

A compact, closed form solution is obtained for the limiting torque of a perfectly plastic elliptical cylinder.
Host Preferences of Stator in Nonhost Seeds

Stator chihuahua, S. limbatus, S. pruininus, S. pygidialis, S. sordidus , and S. vachelliae are all continuously breeding, noneconomic species. To determine reasons for their host preferences, these species were cultured in the laboratory, then presented with nonhost seeds, most of which were hosts for other species of Stator used in the study. S. limbatus, S. pruininus , and S. sordidus oviposited on a wide range of hosts, but S. vachelliae was very selective in the quality of seeds that it oviposited upon, and it completed development in only two nonhosts. S. limbatus, S. pruininus and S. sordidus completed their development in 3, 9, and 20 nonhost seeds, respectively. S. sordidus , which has only three natural hosts, is unique in being able to survive in so many non host seeds. The seed coats of Cercidium floridum, Parkinsonia aculeata , and some other plants are formidable barriers to the entry of Stator spp. Possible reasons for host preferences in Stator are given.
A Borophagine canid (Carnivora: Canidae: Borophaginae) from the middle Miocene Chesapeake Group of eastern North America

A tooth recovered from the middle Miocene Choptank Formation (Chesapeake Group) of Maryland is identified as a new cynarctin borophagine (Canidae: Borophaginae: Cynarctina), here called Cynarctus wangi n. sp. The tooth, identified as a right upper second molar, represents the first carnivoran material reported from the Choptank Formation and part of a limited record of borophagine canids from eastern North America. As ?Cynarctus marylandica (Berry, 1938), another cynarctin borophagine from the older Calvert Formation, is known only from lower dentition, its generic affinities are uncertain. However, features of this new material are compared to features of ?C. marylandica through occlusal relationships, allowing for referral to a distinct species. Even so, the Choptank Formation material still offers two possible scenarios regarding its identification. In one, its geographic and stratigraphic provenance could imply that it belongs to ?C. marylandica. If this were correct, then the generic placement of ?C. marylandica would be correct and the taxon would be more derived than some other Cynarctus species in regard to hypocarnivory, and less derived than others. The second possibility, and the one believed to be most probable, is that a distinct cynarctin borophagine is present in the Chesapeake Group in strata younger than the type specimen of ?C. marylandica. This new borophagine canid expands the sparse fossil record of this group in northeastern North America and furthers our knowledge of the fossil record of terrestrial taxa in this region.
Analysis of the Collective Food Poisoning Events in Shanghai from 1990 to 2000

Objective To study the distribution,causes and tendency of the collective food poisoning events(the sufferers of each event≥10)in Shanghai from 1990 to 2000,and to lay the foundation of prevention for the collective food poisoning Methods Statistics and epidemiology methods were used to analyze the data of the collective food poisoning events reported by the departments of hygiene supervision of the districts and counties in Shanghai. Results The incidence rates of the collective food poisoning events in Shanghai from 1990 to 2000 were kept in a low level.There were only 356 events and 13925 total sufferers during that period,and about 32.3 events and 1265.9 sufferers per year in average.Of all the events,68.8%were caused by microbiologic pathogens and 23.9% were caused by chemical factors, while only 7.3% were caused by other factors.Of all the bacterial food poisoning evevts,the 63.7% events were caused by the vibrio parahaemolyticus,which was the first common pathogen.Of all the chemical food poisoning events,84.7% events were caused by the vegetables contaminated by pesticide organophosphorus,which was the first chemical cause.In recent years meat products with Clenbntrol Hydrochloride residue have become another main cause in chemical food poisoning. Conclusion Surveillance on food hygiene should be enhanced,and the method of food safety risk analysis should be applied.The management measures of HACCP(the hazard analysis of control points)system should also be generalized in food industries.
BODY AND SERUM POTASSIUM IN LIVER DISEASE. II. RELATIONSHIPS TO ARTERIAL AMMONIA, BLOOD PH, AND HEPATIC COMA.

Summary The hepatic coma syndrome is significantly associated with elevation of arterial ammonia and an alkaline extracellular pH, which were also related. By contrast, depletion of body potassium was not related to the presence of neuropsychiatric changes, nor could it be related to the presence of extracellular alkalosis. In sequential studies, improvement or deterioration in the electroencephalographic findings, arterial ammonia concentrations, and body stores of potassium usually coincided; these changes probably reflected nonspecific alterations in hepatic function, since no significant relationship in the degree of change was demonstrated. Changes in serum potassium were unrelated to those in the electroencephalogram and in body potassium. The administration of chlorothiazide by vein to patients with hepatic disease resulted in reduction in the urinary excretion and concentration of ammonia, with a simultaneous increase in arterial ammonia concentration, despite relatively trivial changes in urinary excretion of potassium. No change in fasting arterial ammonia concentrations was found when chlorothiazide was given by mouth in the f asting state, but higher arterial ammonium concentrations followed an ammonium chloride load when chlorothiazide was given simultaneously. This was consistent with additional ammonia entering the circulation as a result of administration of chlorothiazide, rather than with impairment of the peripheral utilization of ammonia. It is concluded that, in the majority of patients we studied, depletion of potassium had relatively little influence on clinical and biochemical changes in hepatic coma.
900 mg daily of gabapentin was effective for hot flashes in women with breast cancer.

Source Citation Pandya KJ, Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, et al. Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:818-24. 16139656
Reconsidering the Metaphysics of Science from the Inside Out

Material reductionism – the prevailing metaphysical view that reality can be understood entirely in terms of non-conscious physical stuff – is at odds with the existence of experience, the flow of time, and the privileged present. We propose an alternative scientifically-grounded metaphysical perspective that posits: (1) Consciousness represents a fundamental aspect of reality such that all material things enjoy some varying degree of consciousness (panpsychism); (2) nervous systems entail a nested hierarchy of distinct conscious observers; (3) both experience and the flow of time suggest the reality of a subjective realm of existence; (4) the flow of time suggests a process by which all observers collectively sample segments of continuous space/time at different rates, creating a composite of experienced moments of varying thickness; (5) the possibility that consciousness can influence the duration and selection of experienced moments affords a possible opportunity for genuine free will. Although speculative, these conjectures illustrate the type of alternative metaphysics that may be able to accommodate scientific observations without abandoning the self-evident facts that experience exists and time flows.
Resistance to Respiratory Infection in the Immunocompetent Host

The lung is a remarkably versatile organ in terms of its normal function and its potential in the clearance of particulates and microorganisms. It has been estimated that the surface area of adult human lungs is about 90 m2. In spite of its constant exposure to the environment, the lower respiratory tract is normally sterile, which attests to a highly efficient defense system against airborne microorganisms as well as normal flora.
Studying information behavior of image users: An overview of research methodology in LIS literature, 2004–2015

•Thus study surveys methodology used in research on image seeking, searching, and use.•Research on information behavior of image users focuses on image searching, primarily using quantitative approaches.•Experiments and surveys are widely used research strategies.•Questionnaires and transaction logs are common data collection techniques.•The less frequent qualitative studies investigate the use of images in academic, professional, and personal activities.
Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids: using principles of developmental biology to grow human tissues in a dish.

ABSTRACT Pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived organoids are miniature, three-dimensional human tissues generated by the application of developmental biological principles to PSCs in vitro . The approach to generate organoids uses a combination of directed differentiation, morphogenetic processes, and the intrinsically driven self-assembly of cells that mimics organogenesis in the developing embryo. The resulting organoids have remarkable cell type complexity, architecture and function similar to their in vivo counterparts. In the past five years, human PSC-derived organoids with components of all three germ layers have been generated, resulting in the establishment of a new human model system. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of how principles of developmental biology have been essential for generating human organoids in vitro , and how organoids are now being used as a primary research tool to investigate human developmental biology.
High throughput in vivo analysis of plant leaf chemical properties using hyperspectral imaging

Image-based high-throughput plant phenotyping in greenhouse has the potential to relieve the bottleneck currently presented by phenotypic scoring which limits the throughput of gene discovery and crop improvement efforts. Numerous studies have employed automated RGB imaging to characterize biomass and growth of agronomically important crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of hyperspectral imaging for quantifying chemical properties of maize and soybean plants in vivo. These properties included leaf water content, as well as concentrations of macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), and micronutrients sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Hyperspectral images were collected from 60 maize and 60 soybean plants, each subjected to varying levels of either water deficit or nutrient limitation stress with the goal of creating a wide range of variation in the chemical properties of plant leaves. Plants were imaged on an automated conveyor belt system using a hyperspectral imager with a spectral range from 550 to 1700 nm. Images were processed to extract reflectance spectrum from each plant and partial least squares regression models were developed to correlate spectral data with chemical data. Among all the chemical properties investigated, water content was predicted with the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.93 and RPD (Ratio of Performance to Deviation) = 3.8). All macronutrients were also quantified satisfactorily (R2 from 0.69 to 0.92, RPD from 1.62 to 3.62), with N predicted best followed by P, K and S. The micronutrients group showed lower prediction accuracy (R2 from 0.19 to 0.86, RPD from 1.09 to 2.69) than the macronutrient groups. Cu and Zn were best predicted, followed by Fe and Mn. Na and B were the only two properties that hyperspectral imaging was not able to quantify satisfactorily (R2 < 0.3 and RPD < 1.2). This study suggested the potential usefulness of hyperspectral imaging as a high-throughput phenotyping technology for plant chemical traits. Future research is needed to test the method more thoroughly by designing experiments to vary plant nutrients individually and cover more plant species, genotypes, and growth stages.
Tetraselmis as a challenge organism for validation of ballast water UV systems

Abstract Transport and release of waterborne organisms as a result of ballasting and de-ballasting operations is widely acknowledged to represent an important mechanism for invasions by non-indigenous species. Regulatory requirements have been implemented globally to require treatment of ballast water before its release to the environment as a means of minimizing risks of invasion. UV-based processes represent an option for ballast water treatment; however, their use will require development of appropriate methods for reactor validation. To address this need, Tetraselmis was examined as challenge organism using a most probable number (MPN) assay for quantification of the concentration of viable (reproductively active) cells in suspension. A low pressure collimated-beam reactor was used to investigate UV254 dose-response behavior of Tetraselmis. Based on the experimental conditions applied, Tetraselmis indicated 4.5–5 log10 units of inactivation for UV254 doses of approximately 120 mJ/cm2, with no apparent change of resistance resulting from repeated exposure. A medium pressure UV collimated-beam reactor equipped with a series of narrow bandpass optical filters was used to investigate the action spectrum of Tetraselmis for wavelengths ranging from 228 nm–297 nm. Radiation with wavelengths in the range 254–280 nm was observed to be most efficient for inactivation of Tetraselmis. Additionally, DNA was extracted from Tetraselmis to allow measurement of its absorption spectrum. These results indicated strong absorbance from 254 nm to 280 nm, thereby suggesting that damage to DNA plays an important role in the inactivation of Tetraselmis sp. However, deviations of the action spectrum shape from the shape of the DNA absorption spectrum suggest that UV-induced damage to biomolecules other than DNA may contribute to Tetraselmis inactivation at some wavelengths in the UVC range.
Boards of Directors in Small Corporations: An Untapped Resource:

Small business corporations face many problems. Some are inherent because of their size alone while others are due to government regulations and practices. To cope successfully with such problems, ...
Ru(III)–TMSO complexes containing azole-based ligands: synthesis and cytotoxicity study

The reaction of mer-[RuCl3(S-TMSO)2(O-TMSO)] (TMSO = tetramethylene sulfoxide) with azoles (pyrazole = pzH and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole = dmpzH) in dichloromethane produced the complexes mer-[RuCl3(S-TMSO)(pzH)2] 1, mer-[RuCl3(S-TMSO)(O-TMSO)(pzH)] 2, mer-[RuCl3(S-TMSO)(dmpzH)2] 3, and mer-[RuCl3(S-TMSO)(O-TMSO)(dmpzH)] 4. These complexes were characterized using analytical, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Cytotoxicity assays on NB-Nu-39, a human neuroblastoma cell line, revealed that compounds 3 and 4, bearing methyl groups at the 3- and 5-positions of the pyrazole ring, exhibited significant cytotoxic activity towards neuroblastoma cells with IC50 values of 14.5 μM and 12.9 μM, respectively. The IC50 value of NAMI-A was 12.4 μM, which is very close to that of 4. In contrast, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited no appreciable cytotoxic activity towards neuroblastoma cells (IC50 ≫ 100 μM). The lipophilicity of complexes 1–4 was measured by the shake-flask method to obtain the partition coefficient. These studies reveal that lipophilicity may be a determining factor in the anticancer activity and pharmacological behavior of these Ru(III) complexes.
Empirical Evaluation and Enhancement of Enterprise Storage System Request Scheduling

Since little has been reported in the literature concerning enterprise storage system file-level request scheduling, we do not have enough knowledge about how various scheduling factors affect performance. Moreover, we are in lack of a good understanding on how to enhance request scheduling to adapt to the changing characteristics of workloads and hardware resources. To answer these questions, we first build a request scheduler prototype based on WAFL®, a mainstream file system running on numerous enterprise storage systems worldwide. Next, we use the prototype to quantitatively measure the impact of various scheduling configurations on performance on a NetApp®'s enterprise-class storage system. Several observations have been made. For example, we discover that in order to improve performance, the priority of write requests and non-preempted restarted requests should be boosted in some workloads. Inspired by these observations, we further propose two scheduling enhancement heuristics called SORD (size-oriented request dispatching) and QATS (queue-depth aware time slicing). Finally, we evaluate them by conducting a wide range of experiments using workloads generated by SPC-1 and SFS2014 on both HDD-based and all-flash platforms. Experimental results show that the combination of the two can noticeably reduce average request latency under some workloads.
Effect of Primary Stability and Soft- and Hard-Tissue Thickness on Marginal Bone Loss: A Prospective Pilot Study.

Objective:To compare prospectively the effect of different insertion torques (ITs) on marginal bone stability and study the effect of soft-tissue and buccal bone thickness as confounding factors while using a 3-dimensional radiographic evaluation.Materials and Methods:Thirty-nine implants were place
Medical Education Manager: A Title Worthy of the Description.

At a national meeting, an informal conversation took place between a group of medical education coordinators/administrators who reviewed and identified requisite skills needed for their vocation. Upon conclusion, it became evident that the profession was undervalued. It was also determined that retention and sustainability in this position is becoming transitory and that the need to raise awareness and construct a professional identity is crucial. A nation-wide review of 30 institutions, literature searches, and national surveys revealed the need to construct a professional identity and tools for career growth. A focus group of medical education coordinators/administrators were tasked with the goal of creating a publication to encourage recognition and validity of this profession. The growth potential within the position needs to be elevated to a higher level with greater advantage for medical education coordinators/administrators. There are certifications available for both undergraduate medical education (UME) and graduate medical education (GME); however, results in achieving these qualifications are shown to be more of a personal satisfaction rather than enhancing career growth. Due to this insufficiency, medical education coordinators/administrators will look for other employment opportunities to advance their careers. In order to retain talented coordinators/administrators, there needs to be an element of growth opportunity in place for them to advance. Other careers provide growth opportunities to retain their valuable assets. Thus, it would appear logical that the same opportunities are made available to medical education coordinators/administrators. The job responsibilities of program coordinators/administrators are determined to be diverse in nature. Therefore, it is apparent that the role is important to the success of any medical education program and identifies as a true “profession”. Research shows the identity of the medical education coordinators/administrators is moving from “administrator-coordinator” towards academic managers, which more accurately depicts their role. The administrative role of managing medical education programs has evolved tremendously with the need for a multilateral approach to develop a new job title and description. It is essential that institutions recognize administrators for the integral management positions they hold within a training program to help make it successful.
Presynaptic loss of dynamin-related protein 1 impairs synaptic vesicle release and recycling at the mouse calyx of Held

Key points This study characterizes the mechanisms underlying defects in synaptic transmission when dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is genetically eliminated. Viral-mediated knockout of DRP1 from the presynaptic terminal at the mouse calyx of Held increased initial release probability, reduced the size of the synaptic vesicle recycling pool and impaired synaptic vesicle recycling. Transmission defects could be partially restored by increasing the intracellular calcium buffering capacity with EGTA-AM, implying close coupling of Ca2+ channels to synaptic vesicles was compromised. Acute restoration of ATP to physiological levels in the presynaptic terminal did not reverse the synaptic defects. Loss of DRP1 impairs mitochondrial morphology in the presynaptic terminal, which in turn seems to arrest synaptic maturation. Abstract Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and function is implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, and likely affects synaptic neurotransmission prior to cellular loss. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is essential for mitochondrial fission and is disrupted in neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we used the mouse calyx of Held synapse as a model to investigate the impact of presynaptic DRP1 loss on synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling and sustained neurotransmission. In vivo viral expression of Cre recombinase in ventral cochlear neurons of floxed-DRP1 mice generated a presynaptic-specific DRP1 knockout (DRP1-preKO), where the innervated postsynaptic cell was unperturbed. Confocal reconstruction of the calyx terminal suggested SV clusters and mitochondrial content were disrupted, and presynaptic terminal volume was decreased. Using postsynaptic voltage-clamp recordings, we found that DRP1-preKO synapses had larger evoked responses at low frequency stimulation. DRP1-preKO synapses also had profoundly altered short-term plasticity, due to defects in SV recycling. Readily releasable pool size, estimated with high-frequency trains, was dramatically reduced in DRP1-preKO synapses, suggesting an important role for DRP1 in maintenance of release-competent SVs at the presynaptic terminal. Presynaptic Ca2+ accumulation in the terminal was also enhanced in DRP1-preKO synapses. Synaptic transmission defects could be partially rescued with EGTA-AM, indicating close coupling of Ca2+ channels to SV distance normally found in mature terminals may be compromised by DRP1-preKO. Using paired recordings of the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments, recycling defects could not be reversed by acute dialysis of ATP into the calyx terminals. Taken together, our results implicate a requirement for mitochondrial fission to coordinate postnatal synapse maturation.
Advances in the management of craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngioma is a curable benign tumor, but owing to its intimate relationship to critical structures in the central brain—such as the optic apparatus, pituitary, hypothalamus, intracranial vasculature, brain stem, and temporal lobes—its management introduces the risk of long-term treatment morbidity. Today, the most common treatment approach is conservative subtotal resection followed by radiotherapy, and the goal is to limit long-term toxicity. Many recent advances in the treatment of craniopharyngioma are attributable to improved surgical techniques and radiotherapy technologies.
When it rains: Stormwater management, redevelopment, and chronologies of infrastructure

Abstract Across the United States, a number of older cities face the immediate challenges of aging and inadequate water systems. Given the fragilities of water systems, municipalities have begun to manage the effects of flooding and reduce the impact of disruptive weather events using a range of stormwater management strategies. This article offers an ethnographic account of flooding and stormwater management in the city of Newark, New Jersey, examining stormwater management, urban redevelopment, and their entanglements in a postindustrial landscape. It discusses the implications of stormwater management strategies in a city that is reinventing itself with an eye to a history of economic decline and deindustrialization and another to chronic flooding and increasingly vulnerable infrastructures. First I analyze public contestation surrounding redevelopment and displacement to argue that a focus on infrastructure burdens as it pertains to flooding helps us to understand urban transformation as it is experienced through the body. Then I focus on the use of open space gardens for stormwater management, revealing the ways in which flood resilience is built into the landscape and the lives of residents. Juxtaposing increased density and vacancy in different parts of the city, this article reveals how concurrent measures of time, progress, and development emerge through stormwater management in the process of building flood resilience.
Tumor genetics and their outcomes on surgery and survival

Abstract The current field of neurooncology has discovered many genetic markers found in intracranial gliomas. Studies have genetically characterized gliomas and subsequently compared outcomes and response to treatments. The gliomas assessed in this chapter are grouped into grade II and III astrocytomas, grade II and III oligodendrogliomas, grade IV astrocytomas (glioblastomas), and midline gliomas. While the associated outcomes of many genes are outlined in this chapter, the IDH1/2 mutations in grade II/III astrocytomas are currently the only genetic evidence of better outcomes after surgical resection. Glioblastomas can be divided into four subtypes: classical, proneural, mesenchymal, and neural. Each subtype has its own fairly distinct genetic signature with similar outcomes. Lastly, genetic markers of midline gliomas are now being elucidated, although prognosis remains poor in these tumors. While the search for genetic markers in glioma will continue to progress neurooncology, it is important to assess and utilize our current information.
Metagenomic analysis of the fecal microbiomes from Escherichia coli O157:H7-shedding and non-shedding cows on a single dairy farm

Abstract Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157:H7) is a major zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe and sometimes fatal infections in humans. Cattle are the primary reservoir of O157:H7, although other animal species are also known carriers. Fecal shedding of this pathogen can potentially lead to contamination of pre-pasteurized milk, meat, water, produce, wildlife, and the environment. Understanding the relationships between O157:H7 carriage and the structure of the ruminant intestinal microbiome may inform development of mitigation strategies. To assess the compositional differences in the fecal microbiota of O157:H7-shedding and non-shedding cows, 14 fecal samples from lactating cows in the same dairy herd were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results indicated that the microbial community, resistome, and virulome structures did not differ based on shedding status, but several unique taxa were identified in the fecal metagenomes in at-least 50% of the samples from the O157:H7-shedding cows. Further, differential relative abundance of 20 taxa belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, were observed in the fecal samples between the two groups. The results of this study indicate that subtle differences in the fecal metagenomes of lactating dairy cows may be associated with E. coli O157:H7 shedding.
TelePain: A Community of Practice for Pain Management

Introduction: Comprehensive pain management services are primarily located in urban areas, limiting specialist consultation opportunities for community healthcare providers. A community of practice (CoP) for pain management could create opportunities for consultation by establishing professional relationships between community healthcare providers and pain management specialists. A CoP is a group of people with a common concern, set of problems, or a passion for something they do. Members of a CoP for pain management increase their knowledge of evidence- based pain management strategies in a way that is meaningful and relevant. In this article, we provide evidence that TelePain, an interdisciplinary, case-based pain management teleconference consultation program through the University of Washington, qualifies as a CoP and present preliminary evidence of TelePain's effectiveness as a CoP for pain management. Methods: Specific behaviors and conversations gathered through participant observation during TelePain sessions were analyzed based on the 14 indicators Wegner developed to evaluate the presence of a CoP. To demonstrate preliminary effectiveness of TelePain as a CoP for pain management, descriptive statistics were used to summarize TelePain evaluation forms. Results: TelePain is an example of a successful CoP for pain management as demonstrated by the presence of Wegner's 14 indicators. Additionally, evaluation forms showed that TelePain enhanced community healthcare providers' knowledge of pain management strategies and that continued participation in TelePain lead to community healthcare providers' increased confidence in their ability to provide pain management. Conclusion: TelePain, a CoP for pain management, facilitates multidisciplinary collaboration and allows members to develop interdisciplinary care plans for complex pain patients through case study discussions. Evidence-based pain management strategies gained through CoP membership could be disseminated to other healthcare providers in members' clinics, which has the potential of improving the care of chronic pain patients.
Reply: Oral Surgeons as Cosmetic Surgeons and Their Scope of Practice.

Background:In recent years, the practice of cosmetic surgery has expanded to include oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The groundwork for this scope-of-practice expansion was laid in part by the American Dental Association’s definition change of the practice of dentistry. This change modified the sco
Examining the effect of witness-offender and witness–victim relationship on crime-reporting behavior

This study examines the effect of witness-offender and witness–victim relationship on the willingness to report crime to authorities. The first objective of this study is to examine the difference ...
Reassessing enigmatic mussel declines in the United States

Freshwater mussels have disappeared from many U.S. streams since the 1960s. These declines are enigmatic: there are no clear causes and other components of aquatic communities appear unaffected. I review the characteristics, spatial occurrence, timing, and potential causes of enigmatic mussel declines. They share some or all of the following characteristics: (1) fauna-wide collapse, affecting all species; (2) recruitment failure, leading to a senescent fauna; (3) no well-documented impact sufficient to affect all species rapidly; (4) specific to mussels; (5) recent occurrence, since the 1960s; (6) rapid action, often leading to faunal collapse within 10 yr; and (7) upstream progression in some cases. Enigmatic declines are largely restricted to upland regions south of maximum Pleistocene glaciation and north or west of the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains, and they appear restricted to small- to medium-sized streams. In contrast, mussel declines with different characteristics are reported nationwide. Their consistent characteristics, restricted spatial occurrence, and similar timing suggest that enigmatic declines represent a distinct, diagnosable phenomenon. Many commonly invoked factors are not plausible explanations for enigmatic declines, and others are vague or poorly supported. Other factors are plausible in some cases (e.g., agricultural effects) but cannot explain declines across the affected area. I identified only two factors that could broadly explain enigmatic declines: disease and introduction of Corbicula fluminea , but these factors are poorly understood. The occurrence of enigmatic declines overlies the region with the highest mussel species richness on Earth, but I believe their severity and importance are underappreciated. Streams affected by enigmatic declines are vital research and management opportunities, deserving of increased attention; I propose ways that research can be focused to rigorously evaluate the specific mechanisms for these declines. Until we understand the causes of enigmatic declines, mussel conservation in affected areas is substantially hamstrung.
Personalized Driver Workload Estimation Using Deep Neural Network Learning From Physiological and Vehicle Signals

Drivers often engage in secondary in-vehicle activities that can be functional and/or to relieve monotony. Drivers believe they can safely do so when their perceived workload is low. However, driving requires concurrent execution of cognitive, physical, perceptual and motor tasks. Over allocation of a driver’s attention to secondary tasks may impair the driver’s control of the vehicle and attention to the surrounding traffic. Accurate assessment of a driver’s workload is an important, but challenging, research topic with many applications in intelligent vehicle systems related to driving safety and enhance driving experience. In this article, we present our research on driver workload detection based on driver’s physiological, vehicle signals as well as traffic contexts such as congestion level and traffic events. We obtained a collection of data from real driving scenarios. Twenty participants were recruited, whose workload was scaled to “low” as a base level, and “elevated” as a higher level. We developed two convolutional neural networks for multivariate temporal series (MTS-CNN). Extensive experiments were conducted in two scopes: within driver and cross-driver. The within-driver scope concentrates on experiments using data from a single driver, while in the cross-driver scope, transfer learning is leveraged and discussed. The experimental results demonstrate that one of the proposed models, i.e., MTS-CNN2, which combines features captured by the convolutional layers at all levels, is capable of learning well from the combined temporal physiological and vehicle signals and obtains the best performance.
A nonparametric empirical Bayes approach to covariance matrix estimation

We propose an empirical Bayes method to estimate high-dimensional covariance matrices. Our procedure centers on vectorizing the covariance matrix and treating matrix estimation as a vector estimation problem. Drawing from the compound decision theory literature, we introduce a new class of decision rules that generalizes several existing procedures. We then use a nonparametric empirical Bayes g-modeling approach to estimate the oracle optimal rule in that class. This allows us to let the data itself determine how best to shrink the estimator, rather than shrinking in a pre-determined direction such as toward a diagonal matrix. Simulation results and a gene expression network analysis shows that our approach can outperform a number of state-of-the-art proposals in a wide range of settings, sometimes substantially.
Investigating the within-person relationships between activity levels and sleep duration using Fitbit data

The advancement of wearable technologies provides opportunities to continuously track individuals' daily activity levels and sleep patterns over extended periods of time. These data are useful in examining the reciprocal relationships between physical activity and sleep at the intrapersonal level. The purpose of this study is to test the bidirectional relationships between daily activity levels and sleep duration. The current study analyzed activity and sleep data collected from a Fitbit device as part of a 6 month employer-sponsored weight loss program. A total of 105 overweight/obese adults were included (92% female, 70% obese, and 44% Hispanic). Multilevel models were used to examine (a) whether daily active and sedentary minutes predicted that night's sleep duration and (b) whether sleep duration predicted active and sedentary minutes the following day. Potential extended effects were explored by using a 2 day average of the activity minutes/sleep duration as the predictor. No significant relationships between active minutes and sleep duration were found on a daily basis. However, having less sleep over two nights than one's usual level was associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in some physical activity the following day. There was a significant bidirectional negative association between sedentary minutes and sleep duration for both the daily and 2 day models. Data from wearable trackers, such as Fitbit, can be used to investigate the daily within-person relationship between activity levels and sleep duration. Future studies should investigate other sleep metrics that may be obtained from wearable trackers, as well as potential moderators and mediators of daily activity levels and sleep.