cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absolute total cross sections for electron-stimulated desorption of hydrogen and deuterium from silicon(111) measured by second harmonic generation

Using second harmonic generation (SHG) as a sensitive measure of the amount of hydrogen or deuterium remaining on a silicon(111) surface, we have measured absolute total cross sections for electron stimulated desorption (ESD) over a range of incident energies from 50 to 300 eV. The measured cross sections for hydrogen are approximately a factor of 10 smaller than those found by Fuse [T. Fuse et al., Surf. Sci. 420, 81 (1999)] on the Si(100) surface and a factor of 10 greater than found for deuterium on the Si(111) surface by Matsunami [N. Matsunami et al., Surf. Sci. 192, 27 (1987)]. The measured cross sections for deuterium are consistent with the measurements of Matsunami et al. on the Si(111) surface. This indicates that while there is a significant isotope effect, the choice of surface also plays an important role. The details of the desorption spectrum are consistent with the multihole desorption model. Comparison to calculated ionization cross sections suggests that the $2s$ core hole excitation is more likely to lead to desorption than the $2p$ core hole excitation.
Mixed modules over ZG, G cyclic of prime order, and over related Dedekind pullbacks☆

The structure of all finitely generated ZG modules is determined, with emphasis on those modules whose additive group is partly torsion and partly torsion free. The method is to first find all finitely generated R-modules, where R is a pullback of two Dedekind domains over a field; then to specialize to R = ZG, and to other familiar rings.
Submolecular motion in poly-4-vinylbiphenyl

Abstract A number of solid vinyl aromatic polymers have been studied by NMR. The observed differences in line widths at different temperatures permit an interpretation of these differences in terms of motion within the structural monomeric unit. In particular, a detailed temperature dependence of poly-4-vinylbiphenyl is interpreted in terms of two kinds of motion, viz., that of the biphenyl as a whole with respect to the aliphatic chain and that of the bonded phenyl rings with respect to one another. An analysis of the second moments along with the results on several other vinyl-aromatic polymers lends support to the interpretation. An activation energy obtained from an empirical correlation analysis of the poly-4-vinylbiphenyl data is discussed in terms of a recent theoretical treatment of the nonbonded HH potential function in biphenyl itself.
Finite deflections of thin cambered elastic plates

Abstract A theory is presented for computing the finite deflections of thin cambered elastic plates subjected to simultaneous bending and twisting moments. The relations between deflections and applied moments are nonlinear and are characterized by instabilities which arise as a result of chordwise deformation. Experiments are described which corroborate the theoretical trends.
ORGANIC ACIDS OF BRYOPHYLLUM CALYCINUM THE ISOLATION OF MONOPOTASSIUM ISOCITRIC LACTONE

A method is described for the isolation from dried Bryophyllum calycinum leaf tissue of threo-Ds-isocitric acid as the monopotassium salt of the lactone. Overall yields of 49 to 62% of the isocitri...
Habitat Suitability Modeling to Evaluate Conservation and Enhancement Efforts for Gulf‐Strain Striped Bass in Mississippi Coastal Rivers

Abstract Conservation of native populations such as Gulf-strain striped bass Morone saxatilis is a priority for preserving historic fisheries and maintaining biodiversity. Habitat alteration is thought to be the primary driver of native striped bass decline in Mississippi coastal rivers, so it is a priority to understand current habitat suitability as part of a comprehensive restoration plan. A bioenergetics model is a useful tool to examine habitat suitability by using growth rate potential as an indicator of habitat quality. The purpose of this study was to develop a habitat suitability model for Gulf-strain striped bass that incorporates seasonal and spatial variability in temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in an index river system along the Gulf of Mexico coast, Mississippi. Environmental data collected with a stratified-random survey during fall, winter, spring, and summer of 2008–2009 were incorporated into a spatially explicit bioenergetics model. Model-predicted growth rates were analyzed...
Epigenetic changes in colorectal cancer.

Epigenetic silencing is now recognized as a ‘third pathway’ in Knudson's model of tumor-suppressor gene inactivation in cancer and can affect gene function without genetic changes. DNA methylation within gene promoters and alterations in histone modifications appear to be primary mediators of epigenetic inheritance in cancer cells. For selected genes, epigenetic changes are tightly related to neoplastic transformation in colorectal cancers (CRCs). In the colon, aberrant DNA methylation arises very early, initially in normal appearing mucosa, and may be part of the age-related field defect observed in sporadic CRCs. Aberrant methylation also contributes to later stages of colon cancer formation and progression through a hypermethylator phenotype termed CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP), which appears to be a defining event in about half of all sporadic tumors. CIMP+ CRCs are distinctly characterized by pathology, clinical and molecular genetic features. Histone modifications, recently recognized as a ‘histone code’ that affects chromatin structure and gene expression also play an important role in the establishment of gene silencing during tumorigenesis. DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine 9 hypoacetylation and methylation appear to form a mutually reinforcing silencing loop that contributes to tumor-suppressor gene inactivation in CRCs. Understanding epigenetic alterations as a driving force in neoplasia opens new fields of research in epidemiology, risk assessment, and treatment in CRCs.
The C-5 hydrogen isotope-effect in myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase as evidence for the myo-inositol oxidation-pathway

Abstract The hydrogen isotope-effect that occurs in vitro during myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase-catalyzed conversion of d -[5-3H]glucose 6-phosphate into myo-[2-3H]inositol 1-phosphate has been used to compare the functional role of the nucleotide sugar oxidation-pathway with that of the myo-inositol oxidation-pathway in germinating lily pollen. Results reveal a significant difference between the 3H/14C ratios of glucosyl and galactosyluronic residues from pectinase-amyloglucosidase hydrolyzates of the 70 % ethanol-insoluble fraction of d -[5-3H, 1-14-C]glucose-labeled, germinating lily pollen. This isotope effect at C-5 of d -glucose that occurred during its conversion into d -galactosyluronic residues of pectic substance is not explained by loss of 3H when UDP- d -[5-3H, 1-14C]glucose is oxidized by UDP- d -glucose dehydrogenase from germinating lily pollen. The evidence obtained from this study favors a functional role for the myo-inositol oxidation pathway during in vivo conversion of glucose into galactosyluronic residues of pectin in germinating lily pollen.
"Urbanism as a Way of Life" A Review and an Agenda

Louis Wirth's classic description of the social and psychological effects of urbanism is organized into a model for the purpose of reviewing relevant theory and empirical research. Evidence on predicted structural effects (differentiation, formal integration and anomie) and individual effects (sensory overload, role mobility, isolation and deviance) is, at most, mixed. The best-supported predictions are of differentiation and deviance. Alternative models of urban life are explored, and, in the process of the review, research directions are suggested.
All optical binary delta-sigma modulator

This paper describes a novel A/D converter called "Binary Delta-Sigma Modulator" (BDSM) which operates only with nonnegative signal with positive feedback and binary threshold. This important modification to the conventional delta-sigma modulator makes the high-speed (>100GHz) all-optical implementation possible. It has also the capability to modify its own sampling frequency as well as its input dynamic range. This adaptive feature helps designers to optimize the system performance under highly noisy environment and also manage the power consumption of the A/D converters.
The Importance of Hotel/Motel Products and Services as Perceived by Older Consumers

SUMMARY Consumer satisfaction, an important concept in consumer behavior theory, is directly influenced by the availability of quality service which has become an increasingly important objective of hotel/motel managers. The purpose of this study was to investigate hotel/motel products and services valued most by older consumers-a substantial and growing market segment with special concerns. The sample for this study consisted of consumers age 55 and older in the state of Texas. Results indicate value and security were considered highly important, and suggest lodging operators should concentrate their efforts on providing and marketing value and security features in order to attract and satisfy older consumers.
Introduction to the Symposium on Rights-Based Fisheries Management

AbstractIncreasing levels of fisheries collapse are now widely believed to be the consequence of ineffective centralized management of the common pool. In theory, realigning incentives for ecologic...
A diagnoser algorithm for anomaly detection in DEDS under partial and unreliable observations: characterization and inclusion in sensor configuration optimization

Complex engineering systems have to be carefully monitored to meet demanding performance requirements, including detecting anomalies in their operations. There are two major monitoring challenges for these systems. The first challenge is that information collected from the monitored system is often partial and/or unreliable, in the sense that some occurred events may not be reported and/or may be reported incorrectly (e.g., reported as another event). The second is that anomalies often consist of sequences of event patterns separated in space and time. This paper introduces and analyzes a diagnoser algorithm that meets these challenges for detecting and counting occurrences of anomalies in engineering systems. The proposed diagnoser algorithm assumes that models are available for characterizing plant operations (via stochastic automata) and sensors (via probabilistic mappings) used for reporting partial and unreliable information. Methods for analyzing the effects of model uncertainties on the diagnoser performance are also discussed. In order to select configurations that reduce sensor costs, while satisfying diagnoser performance requirements, a sensor configuration selection algorithm developed in previous work is then extended for the proposed diagnoser algorithm. The proposed algorithms and methods are then applied to a multi-unit-operation system, which is derived from an actual facility application. Results show that the proposed diagnoser algorithm is able to detect and count occurrences of anomalies accurately and that its performance is robust to model uncertainties. Furthermore, the sensor configuration selection algorithm is able to suggest optimal sensor configurations with significantly reduced costs, while still yielding acceptable performance for counting the occurrences of anomalies.
166 THE USE OF A NEW STATISTICAL METHOD TO DEVELOP HIGH MORTALITY ENTRY CRITERIA FOR NEW THERAPIES SUCH AS J.W EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION(ECMO)

High mortality entry criteria for new therapies such as ECMO require the use of retrospective data often with small numbers of patients. A new computer-generated statistical method called “Bootstrapping” has made this possible. We conducted a 2 year retrospective study of term infants(n=30) with respiratory distress admitted to our NICU to determine criteria that wouldpredict an 80% mortality for future pts. These criteria would permit an informed decision as to when to advance from conventional therapy to ECMO. Variables considered were: pH, pCO2, pO2, BE, MAP, FIO2, IMV, PIP, PEEP, AaDO2. At the time of maximal conventional therapy, all parameters were analyzed comparing survivors to nonsurvivors. Maximum, minimum, median, and quartile values for each variable were compared. To quantify the differences in the distributions, we compared an overlapping statistic for each variable which showed AaDO2 andPL predictive of survival. Graphing these result revealed an AaDO2 ≥605 with a PL ≥38 to predict 84% mortality. To confirm this Bootstrapping was applied. This method permits resampling with replacement of the original data base(X100) with recomputation of the mortality predicted by the variables of interest. With this method we determined that 75 out of 100 cycles would produce 91% mortality with the median 84.6%. Bootstrapping allows small pop. to be analyzed with confidence.
Possible feeds of the HIS antenna without dipole on top

High impedance surfaces (HIS) as substrates are studied as an efficient way of designing low profile antennas. HIS of printed dogbone elements on a grounded substrate was previously used for improving the radiation performance of a printed folded dipole on top of it. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the HIS comprising dogbones can also be used as an antenna itself, thanks to the leaky waves it supports. Hence the third metallic layer for a dipole on top is eliminated. In this article we analyze two ways of feeding the HIS antenna without a third layer (the dipole on top), and discuss on the matching possibilities by preserving the desired radiation pattern.
NONLINEAR PREDICTIVE CONTROL USING MULTI-RATE SAMPLING

A nonlinear predictive control (NLPC) strategy based on a nonlinear, lumped parameter model of the process is developed in this paper. A constrained optimization approach is used to estimate unmeasured state variables and load disturbances. Additional model/process mismatch is handled by using an additive output term which is equivalent to the Internal Model Control approach. Similar to linear predictive control methods, an optimal sequence of future control moves is determined in order to minimize an objective function based on a desired output trajectory, subject to manipulated variable constraints (absolute and velocity). Deadtime is explicitly included in the model formulation, giving NLPC the same deadtime compensation feature of linear model-predictive techniques. The multi-rate sampling nature of most chemical processes is also used to improve estimates of process disturbances. Infrequent composition measurements in conjunction with frequent temperature measurements are used to improve the “inferential” control of the composition in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR). On a mis au point une strategie de regulation predictive non-lineaire (NLPC) basee sur un modele non lineaire parametrique global. On a utilise une approche par optimisation contrainte pour estimer les variables d'etat non mesurees et les perturbations de charge. La disparite supplementaire modele-procede est traitee a l'aide d'un terme de sortie additionnel, ce qui est equivalent a une approche de type regulation a modele interne. On determine la sequence optimale de commandes de regulation futures de maniere semblable aux methodes de regulation predictive lineaire afin de minimiser un objectif base sur une trajectoire de sortie desiree et sujet a des contraintes sur la variable manipulee (absolue et vitesse). Le delai est inclus de maniere explicite dans la formulation du modele, ce qui donne au NLPC la meme capacite de compensation du delai que les techniques predictives lineaires. La nature de l'echantillonnage multi-vitesse de la plupart des procedes chimiques est aussi utilisee pour ameliorer les estimes de perturbations de procedes. Les rares mesures de composition reliees a des mesures frequentes de temperature sont utilisees pour la regulation “inferen-tielle” de la composition dans un reacteur agite a ecoulement continu.
Two-step postsynthetic modifications of a dinuclear Zn(II) coordination compound: Investigating the stability of the coordination chromophore

Abstract Attempted two-step postsynthetic modifications (Click reaction and recrystallization) of a dinuclear Zn(II) coordination compound Zn 2 (OOC–C 6 H 4 –N 3 ) 4 (quinoline) 2 lead to the formation of a mononuclear Zn(II) compound – Zn(OOC–C 6 H 4 –C 2 HN 3 –COOCH 3 ) 2 (quinoline)·DMSO. In this feasibility study, the relatively low stability of the coordination chromophore around Zn(II) in the starting material is evidenced by Hirshfeld surface analysis and results in the transformation of coordination chromophore during the postsynthetic reaction. Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy NMR experiments confirmed that the intermediate complex Zn(OOC–C 6 H 4 –C 2 HN 3 –COOCH 3 ) 2 formed by Click reaction exists in the coordinated form in the solution phase despite the loss of the neutral ligand-quinoline. The final product Zn(OOC–C 6 H 4 –C 2 HN 3 –COOCH 3 ) 2 ·(quinoline)·DMSO with a mononuclear crystal structure was formed by recrystallizing the intermediate with presence of quinoline.
Laptops in computer science: Creating the “Learning Studio”

Laptops helped two faculty members adapt a highly challenging, critical computer science course to increasing enrollment. Among the course enhancements the technology made possible were daily quizzes, animation-based demonstrations and exercises, and more authentic assessment.
How mistakes are made

Accuracy in Molecular Processes: Its Control and Relevance to Living Systems. Edited by T. B. L. Kirkwood, R. F. Rosenberger and D. J. Galas. Chapman & Hall: 1986. Pp. 398. 48.50, 110.
Circular dichroism tensor of a triarylmethyl propeller in sodium chlorate crystals.

In 1919, Perucca reported anomalous optical rotatory dispersion from chiral NaClO3 crystals that were colored by having been grown from a solution containing an equilibrium racemic mixture of a triarylmethane dye (Perucca, E. Nuovo Cimento 1919, 18, 112−154). Perucca’s chiroptical observations are apparently consistent with a resolution of the propeller-shaped dye molecules by NaClO3 crystals. This implies that Perucca achieved the first enantioselective adsorption of a racemic mixture on an inorganic crystal, providing evidence of the resolution of a triarylmethyl propeller compound lacking bulky ortho substituents. Following the earlier report, NaClO3 crystals dyed with aniline blue are described herein. The rich linear optical properties of (001), (110), and (111) sections of these mixed crystals are described via their absorbance spectra in polarized light as well as images related to linear dichroism, linear birefringence, circular dichroism, and anomalous circular extinction. The linear dichroism fi...
Hostility differentially predicts cardiovascular risk factors in African American and White young adults.

Abstract Objective Hostility may influence racial disparities in cardiovascular disease through differential associations with cardiovascular risk factors. This study explored racial variations in relations between hostility and selected cardiovascular risk factors. Methods Cook–Medley Hostility (Ho) scores and 11 risk factors were examined among 66 healthy, White and African American young adults. Results Controlling for age, gender, and body mass index, the interaction of hostility and race yielded significant (or marginal) associations with resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), cardiac index (CI; i.e. cardiac output adjusted for body size), total peripheral resistance (TPR), insulin (INS), triglycerides (TG) and percent body fat (PBF). Contributing substantial variance, hostility was positively associated with SBP, DBP, TPR, TG and INS, and negatively associated with CI among African Americans. Conversely, hostility was negatively associated with TPR and PBF among Whites. Conclusion Hostility may confer greater cardiovascular risk among young African Americans than Whites.
Petrology of marble and peridotite in the Seiad ultramafic complex, northern California, USA

Peridotite and infolded marble of the Seiad ultramafic complex were recrystallized in the upper amphibolite facies as part of the regional progressive metamorphism of the Rattlesnake Creek terrane. Field relations, including the occurrence of metarodingites, and metasomatic zones between dissimilar rock types, demonstrate that the metasediments and serpentinized ultramafic rocks were juxtaposed prior to regional, barrovian metamorphism. Temperatures are estimated to have reached 760–800°C at pressures of 7–8 kbar during the peak of metamorphism. Four low-variance parageneses have been identified within a small (3 km2) area of the complex, which may reasonably be assumed to have formed under the same P and T conditions. Isobaric T-Xco2 diagrams of appropriate equilibria are presented for three different internally consistent sets of thermodynamic data. Despite the seemingly small numerical differences between the standard state thermodynamic properties of the data sets, only one diagram allows the four observed assemblages to coexist within a reasonable temperature range. All three phase diagrams require differences in fluid composition on the scale of a thin section; strong evidence for effective control of pore fluid composition by local mineral reactions during metamorphism.
Unconditionally Stable Finite Difference Scheme and Iterative Solution of 2D Microscale Heat Transport Equation

Abstract A two-dimensional time-dependent heat transport equation at the microscale is derived. A second order finite difference scheme in both time and space is introduced and the unconditional stability of the finite difference scheme is proved. A computational procedure is designed to solve the discretized linear system at each time step by using a preconditioned conjugate gradient method. Numerical results are presented to validate the accuracy of the finite difference scheme and the efficiency of the proposed computational procedure.
Characterization of the Epstein–Barr virus glycoprotein BMRF-2

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMRF-2 protein interaction with the beta1 family of integrins plays an important role in EBV infection of polarized oral epithelial cells. In this work, we characterized BMRF-2 protein expression in EBV-infected B lymphoblastoid and polarized oral epithelial cells, and in hairy leukoplakia (HL) epithelium. BMRF-2 expression in B cells and polarized oral epithelial cells was associated with the EBV lytic infection. In these cells, BMRF-2 is efficiently transported to the cell membrane and its integrin binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif is exposed on the cell surface. BMRF-2 is highly expressed in HL epithelium and accumulates at the lateral border of oral keratinocytes. In EBV-infected polarized oral epithelial cells, this protein is transported to the basolateral membranes and co-localized with beta1 integrin. These data suggest that BMRF-2 may play an important role in cell-to-cell spread of EBV within the oral epithelium. BMRF-2 is glycosylated through O-linked oligosaccharides; it forms oligomers and is associated with the virion envelope. Its C-terminal tail is localized in the cytoplasm. We found that beta1, alpha5, and alpha3 integrins are present in purified EBV virions. We show that BMRF-2 is a ligand for beta1, alpha5, alpha3, and alphav integrins and our data are consistent with a role for BMRF-2 in viral lytic infection.
Behavioral ecology: Contingency management of consumer energy use

Monetary incentives were made contingent on reduced energy (electricity and natural gas) use by residential consumers (N = 16) given information on reduction procedures. Reductions in electricity use were significantly greater during a 4-week period by these consumers than by a matched group who received only the information on how to reduce use (N = 15). The two groups did not differ in level of natural gas reduction. Differences between groups in electricity use tended to be maintained at 2-week and 8-week follow-up assessments. The results are discussed in terms of a behavioral ecology framework which specifies functions that behavioral scientists can perform in the area of environmental protection. 24 references, 1 figure.
Protected realizations of quantum information

There are two complementary approaches to realizing quantum information so that it is protected from a given set of error operators. Both involve encoding information by means of subsystems. One is initialization-based error protection, which involves a quantum operation that is applied before error events occur. The other is operator quantum error correction, which uses a recovery operation applied after the errors have occurred. Together, the two approaches make it clear how quantum information can be stored at all stages of a process involving alternating error and quantum operations. In particular, there is always a subsystem that faithfully represents the desired quantum information. We give a definition of faithful realization of quantum information and show that it always involves subsystems. This supports the ``subsystems principle'' for realizing quantum information. In the presence of errors, one can make use of noiseless, (initialization) protectable, or error-correcting subsystems. We give an explicit algorithm for finding optimal noiseless subsystems. Finding optimal protectable or error-correcting subsystems is in general difficult. Verifying that a subsystem is error correcting is known to involve only linear algebra. We discuss the verification problem for protectable subsystems and reduce it to a simpler version of the problem of finding error-detecting codes.
Forecasting and assessing the impact of urban sprawl in coastal watersheds along eastern Lake Michigan

The Land Transformation Model (LTM), which has been developed to forecast urban-use changes in a grid-based geographical information system, was used to explore the consequences of future urban changes to the years 2020 and 2040 using non-urban sprawl and urban-sprawl trends. The model was executed over a large area containing nine of the major coastal watersheds of eastern Lake Michigan. We found that the Black-Macatawa and Lower Grand watersheds will experience the most urban change in the next 20–40 years. These changes will likely impact the hydrological budget, might reduce the amount of nitrogen exported to these watersheds, result in a significant loss of prime agricultural land and reduce the amount of forest cover along the streams in many of these watersheds. The results of this work have significant implications to the Lake Michigan Lake Area Management Plan (LaMP) that was recently developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Physiological Cost Index as a proxy measure for the oxygen cost of gait in stroke patients

Background. Stroke survivors can exhibit abnormally elevated oxygen consumption during walking. Therapeutic interventions can improve gait deficits and oxygen consumption. A practical measure of oxygen cost is not available. This study tested the usefulness of an indirect index of oxygen cost, the Physiological Cost Index, and the ability of this index to discriminate between healthy adults and stroke survivors. Methods. The authors studied 17 subjects with stroke and 10 healthy control participants. Participants walked 10 minutes at their chosen comfortable speed on a treadmill. Oxygen consumption and heart rate data were collected. Primary measures were oxygen cost and the Physiological Cost Index. Secondary measures were age and gait speed. Results. The Physiological Cost Index and oxygen cost had a good to excellent correlation (r = .83, P < .001) for subjects with stroke. Both oxygen cost and the Physiological Cost Index were comparable in detecting a significantly abnormal elevation for stroke survivors versus healthy adults (P = .003 and .002, respectively). Age was not correlated with oxygen cost, the Physiological Cost Index, or chosen gait speed. A moderate correlation of gait speed to both the Physiological Cost Index and oxygen cost was found. Conclusions. The Physiological Cost Index can be used as a proxy index for the oxygen cost of walking in subjects after stroke because it is correlated with oxygen cost and is comparable to oxygen cost in its capability to discriminate between healthy controls and subjects with stroke. The Physiological Cost Index can be performed inexpensively on a routine basis in a clinical environment.
Transient Response of Drift Transistors

The short-circuit transient response of a drift transistor is found for a step of input current. The one-dimensional partial differential equation for minority carriers in the base is solved by a Laplace transform technique yielding the rise, storage, and fall times in the common-emitter and common-base configurations. The improvement in rise time due to the built-in field in a drift transistor is found to be less in the common-emitter than in the common-base configuration, which in turn is found to be less than the improvement previously predicted. The built-in field is shown to lengthen storage time, but other effects of the field such as low ?1 tend to cancel this out in a practical transistor.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction with β-amyloid:molecular, cellular, and physiological consequences

Elevated amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) stand prominently in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the discovery of an Aβ - nAChR interaction, much effort has been expended to characterize the consequences of high versus low concentrations of Aβ on nAChRs. This review will discuss current knowledge on the subject at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels with particular emphasis on understanding how Aβ - nAChR interaction may contribute to normal physiological processes as well as the etiology of AD. ©2010 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
The Influence of Anger on Ethical Decision Making: Comparison of a Primary and Secondary Appraisal

Higher order cognitive processes, including ethical decision making (EDM), are influenced by the experiencing of discrete emotions. Recent research highlights the negative influence one such emotion, anger, has on EDM and its underlying processes. The mechanism, however, by which anger disrupts the EDM has not been investigated. The current study sought to discover whether cognitive appraisals of an emotion-evoking event are the driving mechanisms behind the influence of anger on EDM. One primary (goal obstacle) and one secondary (certainty) appraisal of anger were examined. Study results suggest that appraisals of certainty are the driving mechanism behind the negative relationship between anger and EDM. Certainty appraisals led to less application of EDM-promoting strategies and more unethical social motives. Findings further highlight the value of investigating appraisals of emotional events, given their cognitive nature, for their potential effects on cognitive operations, such as EDM. Future directio...
Intensive evaluation of referred unclassified neuropathies yields improved diagnosis

Intensive evaluation of 205 cases of undiagnosed neuropathy in a center with special approaches and facilities permitted classification of 76% of the patients. Inherited disorders accounted for 42% of the series, 21% of the patients were shown to have inflammatory-demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, and 13% had neuropathies associated with other disorders. A considerable improvement in diagnosis was possible from evaluation of the kin of the patients with undiagnosed neuropathy. Analysis of the frequency and type of various sensory symptoms also was helpful in distinguishing between acquired and inherited neuropathies.
Damage Detection in Water Distribution Pipe Network Using Bayesian Framework and System Reliability Analysis

When a natural or man-made hazard occurs, it is essential to detect damaged components in lifeline networks to enable rapid recovery of the utility service in the impacted areas. However, inspections of individual network components such as buried pipes are often impractical due to exceedingly large costs and time. This paper presents a new system reliability method using a Bayesian method developed for identifying network components with higher conditional probabilities of damage given post-disaster network flow monitoring data. This method achieves an optimal matrix-based representation of the problem for efficient damage detection. The developed method is demonstrated by a water pipeline network consisting of 15 pipelines. The conditional probabilities of damage in 15 pipelines given post-disaster network flow observations are obtained by a Bayesian method for damage detection purpose. The results of the post-disaster damage detection by the proposed system reliability method are compared to those by Monte Carlo simulations and by the matrix-based system reliability method without selective expansion scheme in order to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency.
The Quality of Work and Youth Mental Health.

According to one prominent perspective, part-time work places adolescents at risk because it confronts them with stressors for which they are unprepared and limits participation in more developmentally beneficial activities. However, if working signifies progress in moving toward adulthood, it could promote psychological well-being. Although the controversy surrounding teenage work is focused on employment status and intensity, research on adults indicates that it is the quality of work experience that matters for psychological functioning. This research examines key features of work experience and adolescents' depressive affect and well-being, including both selection and socialization processes. Based on data from the St. Paul Youth Development Study, the analysis indicates that the quality of high school work experience does have significant contemporaneous consequences for the mental states of young people but has little effect on their long-term mental health.
Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy

With its origins in modern Theosophy, Rudolf Steiner9s Anthroposophy is built around a racial view of human nature arranged in a hierarchical framework. This article examines the details of the Anthroposophical theory of cosmic and individual redemption and draws out the characteristic assumptions about racial and ethnic difference that underlie it. Particular attention is given to textual sources unavailable in English, which reveal the specific features of Steiner9s account of "race evolution" and "soul evolution." Placing Steiner9s worldview in its historical and ideological context, the article highlights the contours of racial thinking within a prominent alternative spiritual movement and delineates the central role of a racially configured conception of evolution within Anthroposophy past and present.
Improving FSMD design assurance

Assurance is a critical factor in the application of EDA tools to ASIC design. An experimental environment for high-assurance rapid prototyping using an application specific language, formal verification, and circuit synthesis for the design of communicating FSMDs has been successfully demonstrated. Digital design paradigms that consider both the digital and verification domains can integrate symbolic model verification with synthesis to improve and shorten the design cycle. >
Reinforcement Learning for Partially Observable Dynamic Processes: Adaptive Dynamic Programming Using Measured Output Data

Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) is a class of reinforcement learning methods that have shown their importance in a variety of applications, including feedback control of dynamical systems. ADP generally requires full information about the system internal states, which is usually not available in practical situations. In this paper, we show how to implement ADP methods using only measured input/output data from the system. Linear dynamical systems with deterministic behavior are considered herein, which are systems of great interest in the control system community. In control system theory, these types of methods are referred to as output feedback (OPFB). The stochastic equivalent of the systems dealt with in this paper is a class of partially observable Markov decision processes. We develop both policy iteration and value iteration algorithms that converge to an optimal controller that requires only OPFB. It is shown that, similar to Q-learning, the new methods have the important advantage that knowledge of the system dynamics is not needed for the implementation of these learning algorithms or for the OPFB control. Only the order of the system, as well as an upper bound on its "observability index," must be known. The learned OPFB controller is in the form of a polynomial autoregressive moving-average controller that has equivalent performance with the optimal state variable feedback gain.
Biogenic U(IV) oxidation by dissolved oxygen and nitrate in sediment after prolonged U(VI)/Fe(III)/SO42− reduction

Sediment column experiments were performed to quantify the effect of biogenic iron sulfide precipitates on the stability of bioreduced uranium during and after a simulated bioremediation scenario. In particular, this study examined the effect of different oxidants (dissolved oxygen and nitrate) on biogenic U(IV) oxidation in sediment that experienced significant sulfate reduction in addition to Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction. The experimental set-up included five replicate columns (each 5 cm in diameter, 15 cm long and packed with background sediment from a site contaminated with uranium) that were bioreduced for 70 days by injecting a nutrient media containing 3 mM acetate and 6 mM sulfate prior to oxidation. Upon oxidation, iron sulfide precipitates formed during bioreduction acted as a buffer to partially prevent biogenic U(IV) oxidation. The iron sulfides were more effective at protecting biogenic U(IV) from oxidation when dissolved oxygen was the oxidant compared to nitrate. A constant supply of 0.25 mM and 1.6 mM nitrate over a 50 day period resulted in uranium resolubilization of 11% and 60%, respectively, while less than 1% of the uranium was resolubilized in the column supplied 0.27 mM dissolved oxygen during the same time period. Over time, oxidation increased pore water channeling, which was more pronounced during oxidation with nitrate. Increased channeling with time of oxidation could affect the transport of an oxidant through the previously reduced zone, and hence the oxidation dynamics of the reduced species.
Alternaria peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Sir: Alternaria, a saprophytic fungus, is seldom involved in human infection. We report a case of peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who received prophylactic, systemic antibiotics. A 55-year-old white male with end-stage renal dis ease secondary to diabetes mellitus had been on CAPD 6 months prior to admission. He had difficulty with compliancy and developed S. epidermidis peritonitis 1 month prior to admission. He was treated with intraperitoneal vancomycin and oral rifampin and the infection resolved. His last dose of antibiotics was given 17 days prior to admission. Hemodialysis was felt to be indicated because of the difficulties he had with CAPD. He was admitted for arteriovenous fis tula placement and was given 1 g of vancomycin prophylactically the evening prior to surgery. On the day of his scheduled surgery, the patient noted his dialysate bag was cloudy, although he was without symptoms or fever. The peritoneal fluid showed 1500 white blood cells with 54% segmented neutrophils and 1 % eosinophils. During the next 2 days there was no resolution of the peritonitis with dialysate white blood cell counts of 646 and 503, respectively. Bacterial cultures were negative, however, Alternaria species grew on 3 consecutive days from the dialysate cultures. Indium scanning failed to show a focal source of infection. He was treated with 1 9 of intravenous Amphotericin B. His peritoneal catheter was removed and hemodialysis was initiated. The patient remained afebrile, asymptomatic and without evidence of recurrence at 9 months. Recent case reports have documented infections with Alternaria (1). Alternaria peritonitis associated with CAPD has only been reported once previously (2). Our experience would suggest prompt catheter removal and IV amphotericin may result in a successful outcome. Risk factors for fungal peritonitis include receiving systemic or intraperitoneal antibiotics within a month of developing the fungal peritonitis and recent bacterial peritonitis (3). Although our patient had received antibiotic therapy for his bacterial peritonitis one month previously, he also received prophylactic antibiotics prior to surg ery. While the prior antibiotic treatment may have altered his flora, the temporal relationship between the antibiotic prophylaxis and the development of the fungal peritonitis suggests the prophylaxis as the cause. Antibiotic prophylaxis, while frequently used, has not been proven to be efficacious in CAPD patients. In antibiotic prophylaxis, the potential risks may be greater than generally appreciated, hence, until the data on the risks and benefits is available, each patient must be individually assessed.
FALSIFICATION OF MATCHING THEORY'S ACCOUNT OF SINGLE-ALTERNATIVE RESPONDING: HERRNSTEIN'S K VARIES WITH SUCROSE CONCENTRATION

Eight rats pressed levers for varying concentrations of sucrose in water under eight variable-interval schedules that specified a wide range of reinforcement rate. Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbolic equation described the relation between reinforcement and responding well. Although the y asymptote, k, of the hyperbola appeared roughly constant over conditions that approximated conditions used by Heyman and Monaghan (1994), k varied when lower concentration solutions were included. Advances in matching theory that reflect asymmetries between response alternatives and insensitive responding were incorporated into Herrnstein's equation. After fitting the modified equation to the data, Herrnstein's k also increased. The results suggest that variation in k can be detected under a sufficiently wide range of reinforcer magnitudes, and they also suggest that matching theory's account of response strength is false. The results support qualitative predictions made by linear system theory.
HUMAN SELECTION AND DOMESTICATION OF CHIA (SALVIA HISPANICAL.)

ABSTRACT The plant species Salvia hispanica L. has a long history of plant-human interaction. This study defines the human-selected morphological characters associated with domestication of S. hispanica and presents a review of ethnobotanical and historical information pertaining to the human selection forces that resulted in changes in morphology. The compiled ethnobotanical information for S. hispanica is applied to the framework of the hypothetical ecological-evolutionary continuum of plant-human interactions, highlighting the contributions of ethnobotanical data to our understanding of plant domestication processes.
Evaluation, Investigations and Management of Late Effects of Childhood Cancer

The most common late effects of childhood cancer are neurocognitive, psychological, cardiopulmonary, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and second malignancies. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery may all cause late effects involving any organ system. The three most common treatment-related causes of death are the development of a secondary cancer, cardiac toxicity, and pulmonary complications. Some late effects of therapy are identified during childhood and adolescence and resolved without consequence. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combined use of both has the potential to cause cardiac complications. Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause acute and chronic lung injury. Younger children are at more risk than adolescents or adults for the development of chronic respiratory damage. Pathogenesis of central nervous system is done by radiation, chemotherapy, leukoencephalopathy, and mineralizing microangiopathy. The management of endocrine system, genitourinary system, gastrointestinal system, immunologic system, and obesity is described.
Weak elastic anisotropy in global seismology

It has been known for over 50 years that seismic anisotropy must be included in a realistic analysis of most seismic data. The evidence for this consists of the observed dependency in many contexts (reviewed briefly here) of seismic velocity upon angle of propagation and upon angle of S-wave polarization. Despite this well-established understanding, many current investigations continue to employ less realistic isotropic assumptions. One result is the appearance of artifacts which can be interpreted in terms of details of Earth structure rather than of the restrictive assumptions in the analysis. The reason for this neglect of anisotropy is presumably the greater algebraic complexity and the larger number of free parameters of anisotropic seismics. However, the seismic anisotropy in the Earth is usually weak, and the equations for weak anisotropy are only marginally more complex than for isotropy. Further, the ­additional parameters are commonly required to describe the data. Moreover, the parameters of weak anisotropy defined below (combinations of the anisotropic elastic moduli) are less subject to compounding of uncertainty and to spatial resolution issues than are the individual anisotropic moduli themselves. Hence inversions should seek to fit data with these parameters, rather than with those individual moduli. We briefly review the theory for weak anisotropy and present new equations for the weakly anisotropic velocities of surface waves. The analysis offers new insights on some well-known results found by previous investigations, for example the “Rayleigh wave–Love wave inconsistency”, including the facts that Raleigh wave velocities depend not only on the horizontal SV velocity but also on the anisotropy, and Love wave velocities depend not only on the horizontal SH velocity but also on the anisotropy.
Correlates of Sleep Complaints in Adults: The ARIC study

STUDY OBJECTIVES We investigated the prevalence and correlates of sleep complaints in a large well-characterized population. DESIGN The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is a prospective population-based study of cardiovascular disease. Using this well-characterized cohort, we undertook a cross-sectional epidemiologic analysis of correlates of 3 sleep complaints that are commonly included in insomnia definitions. We hypothesized that different sleep complaints included under the rubric of "insomnia" would have different correlates. Using multivariate regression analysis we predicted the likelihood of endorsing the symptoms of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and nonrestorative sleep by age, sex, alcohol intake, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, menopausal status, hypnotic use, hypertension, depression, education level, income, body mass index, respiratory symptoms, and pulmonary function. SETTING North American communities. PARTICIPANTS 13,563 participants aged 47 to 69 years. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The prevalences of sleep complaints were 22%, 39%, and 35% for difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and nonrestorative sleep, respectively. In contrast to previous reports, we found that Black race was associated with reduced risk of sleep complaints. We also found that increasing age was associated with difficulty staying asleep but not with difficulty falling asleep or nonrestorative sleep. Medical illness, depression, lower socioeconomic status, and unhealthy behaviors were associated with increased risk of sleep complaints, which varied by risk factor. CONCLUSIONS In a well-characterized population-based study, specific sleep complaints have differing covariates. It is likely that difficulty falling asleep and difficulty staying asleep have different causes and outcomes. Sleep difficulties do not appear to be associated with black race per se.