cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the Personality Inventory for Children as an Aid in Differentiating Children With Mania From Children With Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity

Abstract The present study used the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) to explore whether a carefully selected group of 20 children with mania could be distinguished from 20 children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. The groups were matched on the basis of age, sex, IQ, and socioeconomic level. The group with mania all had a significant family history of affective disorder. A discriminant function analysis using the PIC Clinical and selected Supplementary scales showed that the PIC correctly identified 100% of the subjects with mania, whereas 20% of the subjects with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity were incorrectly classified as manic-depressive. The findings shed greater light on many previous issues in the literature concerning the differential diagnosis of mania during childhood.
CEO Cash and Stock‐Based Compensation Changes, Layoff Decisions, and Shareholder Value

The chief executive officers (CEOs) of firms announcing layoffs receive 22.8% more total pay in the subsequent year than other CEOs. The pay increases result almost entirely from increases in stock-based compensation and are found to persist. In addition, layoff announcements are accompanied by shareholder value increases averaging $40 million to $95 million. One-time labor cost savings from layoffs average $65 million. We conclude that CEOs receive pay increases following layoffs as rewards for past decisions and to motivate value-enhancing decisions in the future.
Politics and business cycles in industrial democracies

Politics Alberto Alesina Influences from political competition on macroeconomic policy are often thought to be a source of economic fluctuations. Politicians are described as being driven by two, not mutually exclusive, main motivations: they want to be reelected and they harbour political, or ideological, biases. When such theories are confronted with actual cycles in a number of industrial countries, the pattern of inflation, unemployment, output, and budget deficits indicates that partisan policy making is a fairly widespread phenomenon, with more limited evidence that electoral preoccupations result in major fluctuations. The combination of partisanship and electoral cycles may easily result in socially undesirable outcomes. In particular the degree of politico-institutional stability and the independence of the Central Bank have a bearing on macroeconomic outcomes. These observations raise a number of important questions about the design of political institutions.
Effects of invasive species on plant communities: an example using submersed aquatic plants at the regional scale.

Submersed aquatic plants have a key role in maintaining functioning aquatic ecosystems through their effects on the hydrological regime, sedimentation, nutrient cycling and habitat of associated fauna. Modifications of aquatic plant communities, for example through the introduction of invasive species, can alter these functions. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, a major invasive submersed plant, Brazilian waterweed Egeria densa, has become widespread and greatly affected the functionality of the submersed aquatic plant community. Rapid assessments of the distribution and abundance of this species are therefore crucial to direct management actions early in the season. Given the E. densa bimodal growth pattern (late spring and fall growth peaks), summer assessments of this species may indicate which and where other submersed species may occur and fall assessments may indicate where this and other species may occur in the following spring, primarily because the Delta’s winter water temperatures are usually insufficient to kill submersed aquatic plant species. We assessed community composition and distribution in the fall of 2007 and summer of 2008 using geostatistical analysis; and measured summer biomass, temperature, pH, salinity, and turbidity. In the fall of 2007, submersed aquatic plants covered a much higher proportion of the waterways (60.7%) than in the summer of 2008 (37.4%), with a significant overlap between the seasonal distribution of native and non-native species. Most patches were monospecific, and multispecies patches had significantly higher dominance by E. densa, co-occurring especially with Ceratophyllum demersum. As species richness of non-natives increased there was a significant decrease in richness of natives, and of native biomass. Sustained E. densa summer biomass negatively affected the likelihood of presence of Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, and Elodea canadensis but not their biomass within patches. Depth, temperature and salinity were associated with biomass; however, the direction of the effect was species specific. Our results suggest that despite native and invasive non-native submersed plant species sharing available niches in the Delta, E. densa affects aquatic plant community structure and composition by facilitating persistence of some species and reducing the likelihood of establishment of other species. Successful management of this species may therefore facilitate shifts in existing non-native or native plant species.
Carbonaceous grating techniques for AFM moiré and SEM moiré

A careful study of carbonaceous grating based on contamination in SEM chamber and testing specimen is presented. The new technique is more convenient than that based on electron beam lithography. Good agreements between experimental results and theoretical calculations have verified the feasibility of using the carbonaceous grating for AFM moire and SEM moire.
Observations on the electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal changes accompanying the activation of chymotrypsinogen.

Abstract Electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal measurements of chymotrypsinogen, of rapid and slow activation mixtures, and of crystalline chymotrypsins are described. Whereas chymotrypsinogen and rapid activation mixtures show a relatively high degree of electrophoretic homogeneity, the electrophoretic patterns become more complex and heterogeneous as the time of activation increases and the rate decreases. The DIP derivatives of crystalline, α-, β-, and γ-chymotrypsins are among the most heterogeneous products of this series of proteins. All of these proteins exist as a monomer at pH 3, within the concentration range of 2–20 mg./ml. In contrast to chymotrypsinogen, which is monomeric over the entire pH range studied, DIP-π- and -δ-chymotrypsins at pH 7.5 exist in concentration-dependent monomer-dimer equilibrium. The pH dependence of dimerization of the crystalline enzymes differs markedly from those of the above proteins.
Dietary Approaches to Prevent Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure arises from a combination of environmental and genetic factors and the interactions of these factors. A substantial body of evidence from animal studies, epidemiologic studies, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials has demonstrated that certain dietary patterns and individual dietary elements play a prominent role in the development of hypertension. Changes in diet can lower blood pressure, prevent the development of hypertension, and reduce the risk of hypertension-related complications. Dietary strategies for the prevention of hypertension include reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing potassium intake, and adopting an overall dietary pattern such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet or a Mediterranean diet. In order to reduce the burden of blood pressure-related complications, efforts that focus on environmental and individual behavioral changes that encourage and promote healthier food choices are warranted.
Business Participation in Economic Development Programs Lessons from Six Ohio Cities

Using data from surveys of businesses in Ohio metropolitan areas, the author investigates the limited impact of economic development programs. She identifies the similarities and differences between businesses that participated in these programs and those that had not received government assistance. Nonparticipants lacked information about types of assistance available, were concerned about procedural problems, and expressed negative attitudes toward government. She suggests that decreased reliance on requests for service and an emphasis on retention of existing firms will enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of economic development programs.
Numerical simulation of turbulent two-phase flows

Abstract A two-equation turbulent model for steady incompressible two-phase flows was developed to predict multiphase flow phenomenon from the Navier-Stokes equations. Turbulent two-phase bubbly noncondensing jet flows and pipe flows were investigated. The numerical computations used an Eulerian system to describe the continuous (liquid) phase and a Lagrangian approach for simulating the effects of the dispersed (gaseous) phase. Source terms were used to couple the two approaches. A deterministic separated flow model was used to predict the bubbly jets, whereas a stochastic separated flow model was developed to describe the bubbly flow in vertical pipes. The deterministic model allows for bubble interactions with the liquid mean properties, whereas the stochastic model takes into account the instantaneous transport properties of the bubbles and the liquid. The addition of even small amounts of air increases flow turbulence levels noticeably. At higher void fractions, the effects of the second phase were large, justifying the need for a detailed model of the energy production and dissipation mechanisms to predict the two-phase flow. These effects were included in the k-ϵ model of turbulence used here and required introduction of two additional constants for closure. The additional constants were evaluated using the limited experimental data available. The model's two-phase flow computations yielded very good predictions of flow details. Predictions of the radial distributions of mean velocity and turbulence intensity compared well with the experimental data available in the literature.
Classical conditioning of excitement anticipatory to food reward: Partial reinforcement

Rats were trained with a tone followed by food delivered independently of their behavior on 50% of the trials. Although activity increased during the CS there was no evidence for inhibition of delay as with 100% reward, supporting a conditioned excitement theory of instrumental learning.
Multiple instabilities and modes of glacial rhythmicity in the plio-Pleistocene: a general theory of late Cenozoic climatic change

It has been noted that several distinct modes of glacial oscillation have existed during the past few million years, ranging from low-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations in the early Pliocene, through relatively high amplitude, predominantly near-40 ky period, oscillations in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, to the major near-100 ky period oscillations of the late Pleistocene. In addition to other plausible mechanisms suggested previously to explain aspects of this multirhythmic phenomenon, we now illustrate another possible contributor to this type of behavior based on the hypothesis that the slow-response climatic system is bistable and that two kinds of internal instability may be operative along with externally imposed forcing due to earth-orbital (Milankovitch) radiation changes and slow, tectonically-induced changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. These two instabilities have been discussed previously: one is due to positive feedback in the global carbon cycle leading to near-100 ky free oscillations of the ice sheets, and the other is due to the potential for ice-calving catastrophes associated with bedrock variations that can lead to oscillations of a period near 40 ky, independent of obliquity forcing. Within the framework of a dynamical model containing the possibility for these two instabilities, as well as for stable modes, we show (1) how Milankovitch radiative changes or stochastic forcing influencing ice sheets can induce aperiodic (chaotic) transitions between the possible stable and unstable modes, and more significantly, (2) how progressive, long-term, tectonically-induced, changes in carbon dioxide, acting in concert with earth-orbital radiative variations in high Northern Hemisphere latitudes, can force systematic transitions between the modes. Such systematic changes can result in an ice mass chronology for the past 5 My that is qualitatively similar to the observed record of global ice mass. In essence, we have constructed a minimum dynamical model of the late Cenozoic climatic changes, containing what are believed to be the main physical factors determining these changes: ice mass, bedrock depression, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, deep ocean thermohaline state, Milankovitch radiation forcing, and slow tectonically-induced carbon dioxide forcing. This model forms the basis for a coherent theory for the complex climatic events of this long period.
Characterization of hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) in dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating rat urinary bladder

Afferent pathways innervating the urinary bladder consist of myelinated Adelta-fibers and unmyelinated C-fibers. Normal voiding is dependent on mechanoceptive Adelta-fiber bladder afferents that respond to bladder distention. However, the mechanisms for controlling the excitability of Adelta-fiber bladder afferents are not fully understood. We therefore used whole cell patch-clamp techniques to investigate the properties of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) currents (I(h)) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the urinary bladder of rats. The neurons were identified by axonal tracing with a fluorescent dye, Fast Blue, injected into the bladder wall. Hyperpolarizing voltage step pulses from -40 to -130 mV produced voltage- and time-dependent inward I(h) currents in bladder afferent neurons. The amplitude and current density of I(h) at a holding potential of -130 mV was significantly larger in medium-sized bladder afferent neurons (diameter: 37.8 +/- 0.3 microm), a small portion (19%) of which were sensitive to capsaicin (1 microM), than in uniformly capsaicin-sensitive small-sized (27.6 +/- 0.5 microm) bladder neurons. In medium-sized bladder neurons, a selective HCN channel inhibitor, ZD7288, dose-dependently inhibited I(h) currents. ZD7288 (10 microM) also increased the time constant of the slow depolarization phase of spike after-hyperpolarization from 91.8 to 233.0 ms. These results indicate that I(h) currents are predominantly expressed in medium-sized bladder afferent neurons innervating the bladder and that inhibition of I(h) currents delayed recovery from the spike after-hyperpolarization. Thus, it is assumed that I(h) currents could control excitability of mechanoceptive Adelta-fiber bladder afferent neurons, which are usually capsaicin-insensitive and larger in size than capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber bladder afferent neurons.
An alternate binding site for PPARγ ligands

PPARγ is a target for insulin-sensitizing drugs such as glitazones, which improve plasma glucose maintenance in patients with diabetes. Synthetic ligands have been designed to mimic endogenous ligand binding to a canonical ligand-binding pocket to hyperactivate PPARγ. Here we reveal that synthetic PPARγ ligands also bind to an alternate site, leading to unique receptor conformational changes that impact coregulator binding, transactivation and target gene expression. Using structure-function studies we show that alternate site binding occurs at pharmacologically relevant ligand concentrations, and is neither blocked by covalently bound synthetic antagonists nor by endogenous ligands indicating non-overlapping binding with the canonical pocket. Alternate site binding likely contributes to PPARγ hyperactivation in vivo, perhaps explaining why PPARγ full and partial or weak agonists display similar adverse effects. These findings expand our understanding of PPARγ activation by ligands and suggest that allosteric modulators could be designed to fine tune PPARγ activity without competing with endogenous ligands.
The Role of Cultural Dissimilarity Factors on Child Adjustment Following Foster Placement

Understanding the cultural factors associated with children's experiences in foster care is important because they may contribute to child psychological adjustment to foster placement. Despite considerable public policy debate of the role of ethnicity on foster placement decisions, there are virtually no empirical studies about the contribution of cultural dissimilarity factors on child psychological adjustment such as internalizing and externalizing problems shortly after children enter non-kinship placement. Using a sample of N =106 ethnic minority children (clustered in 62 families), we hypothesized that the number (ranging from 0 to 5) and types (i.e., ethnic status, country of birth, and spoken language) of cultural dissimilarity factors between biological and foster families contribute to child internalizing symptoms (CDI depression and LSD loneliness) and externalizing problems (ECBI conduct) after considering family and agency clustering and adjusting for confound variables (child age, gender, and severity of child maltreatment). Results showed that a higher number of dissimilar types and certain types contributed to lower scores in child psychological adjustment. Dissimilar ethnic status between caregivers contributes to CDI depression and LSD loneliness symptoms while dissimilar spoken language between caregivers contributed to ECBI conduct problems in the foster home. These results inform the public policy debate of transethnic placements for children involved in the foster care system.
Observations of the screening of solar cosmic rays by the outer magnetosphere.

Spatial variations in particle intensity near and inside magnetosphere during September 1966 solar cosmic ray events, noting magnetosphere screening effectiveness
Programmable Lenses using Photonic Non-Crystals

We design lenses with minimal aberrations and arbitrary focal length by iteratively solving Hamilton’s equations for a slowly-varying photonic non-crystal material.
Youth Bulges, Civic Knowledge, and Political Upheaval

Hart, Atkins, Markey, and Youniss (2004) reported an investi-gation of the ‘‘youth-bulge’’ phenomenon: the historical linkbetween communities highly saturated with children and polit-ical upheaval. In Studies 1 and 2, they analyzed U.S. nationalsurvey data and found that neighborhoods with relatively highproportionsofchildrentoadultstendtocontain(a)relativelyhighnumbers of youththat have low levels of civic knowledge and(b)relatively high numbers of youth that volunteer for civic service.The authors asserted that these results demonstrate that theapparent heightened political activism of youth brought up incommunities with large populations of children is a result ofsocialization processes that produce youth prone to both lowlevels of civic knowledge and high levels of civic participation.The authors argued that
Embryonic heart mesenchymal cell migration in laminin

Laminin, a large glycoprotein and major component of basement membranes, influences cell adhesion, migration, morphology, and differentiation. A peptide sequence, YIGSR, from the B1 chain of laminin has been found to correspond to an active site for cell adhesion. We report here that cardiac mesenchymal cells migrate vigorously within three-dimensional gels of laminin and that the YIGSR peptide will completely abolish this migratory activity. In contrast, migration of the mesenchymal cells into three-dimensional gels composed of collagen or collagen + laminin is not effected by YIGSR or other peptides (GRGDS, GRGDTP) reported to mediate cellular adhesion.
Comparison of image processing algorithms and neural networks in machine vision inspection

Abstract Automated vision inspection has become a vital part of the computer integrated manufacturing systems. This paper compares the development and performance of two methodologies for a machine vision inspection system. The first method is developed through conventional image processing algorithms and the second method is based on the neural networks. A case study was conducted to benchmark these two methods. The results showed that the conventional image processing algorithms required less development time than the neural networks. A considerable amount of time was spend on training the neural networks. However, the neural networks performed better than the conventional image processing algorithms in terms of accuracy.
An efficient algorithm for the knight's tour problem

A knight’s tour is a series of moves made by a knight visiting every square of an n x n chessboard exactly once. The knight’s tour problem is the problem of constructing such a tour, given n. A knight’s tour is called closed if the last square visited is also reachable from the first square by a knight’s move, and open otherwise. Define the knight’s graph for an n x n chessboard to be the graph G = (V,E), where V={(i,j) ( 1 d i,j Gn}, and E={((i,j),(k,Q) ( {Ii-kl,Ijt[} = {1,2}}. That is, there is a vertex for every square of the board and an edge between two vertices exactly when there is a knight’s move from one to the other. Then, more formally, an open knight’s tour is defined to be a Hamiltonian path, and a closed knight’s tour is defined to be a Hamiltonian cycle on a knight’s graph. A knight’s graph has n2 vertices and 4n2 12n + 8 edges. The formal study of the knight’s tour problem is said to have begun with Euler [lo] in 1759, who considered the standard 8 x 8 chessboard. Rouse Ball and Coxeter [l] give an interesting bibliography of the history of the problem from this point. Dudeney [8, 91 contains a description of exactly which rectangular chessboards have knight’s tours; in particular, an n x n chessboard has a closed knight’s tour iff n Z 6 is even, ’ and an open knight’s tour iff n 3 5. It is not clear who first proved this fact, but it appears to be part of the folklore of the subject (see, for example, [2]). There exist several independently conceived linear time (i.e. O(n2)) algorithms for constructing knight’s tours (see, for example, [5, 191). Takemji and Lee [22, 231 recently proposed a neural network solution to the knight’s tour problem, although it appears to be of little use in practice (see [ 17, 181). We will describe in this paper a new, simple, and fast algorithm for constructing knight’s tours on square boards.
Fluorescence emission from photosystem I at room temperature in the red alga Porphyra perforata

Abstract The marine red alga, Porphyra perforata, has a long wavelength fluorescence emission band at 730 nm at room temperature that is produced upon excitation of photosystem I (PS I) of photosynthesis. The differences between the kinetics of the fluorescence at 730 nm and at 685 nm as well as the excitation spectrum for the 730 nm fluorescence band also suggest that PS I is responsible for this band. The appearance of a PS I fluorescence band at room temperature is useful since it allows measurements of photosynthesis at physiological temperatures using fluorescence techniques (Butler, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 29 (1978) 345).
Serial Studies of Pulmonary Function in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: A Prospective Study

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) produces a nearly continuous state of iatrogenic ascites which may interfere with respiratory excursions of the diaphragm and compromise ventilatory function. Sitting and supine studies of pulmonary function and arterial blood gas analyses done serially in 13 patients undergoing CAPD showed a significant decline in pulmonary volumes immediately after the institution of CAPD; however, the decline was not accompanied by abnormalities in gas transfer. Pulmonary volumes returned to baseline values within two weeks in all patients, including those with preexisting mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is concluded that CAPD does not compromise pulmonary function in patients with normal pulmonary function or in those with mild COPD.
3D In Vivo Bone Dynamic Imaging of PTH’s Anabolic Action

Aging shifts bone remodeling toward a negative balance between bone formation and resorption, causing bone loss and increased fracture risk. Anti-resorptive agents are commonly used to inhibit bone resorption and stabilize bone mass. While they are effective to prevent further bone loss, there is also a great need for anabolic agents which can reverse bone deterioration and regain lost skeletal integrity. Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment is the only FDA-approved anabolic treatment for osteoporosis, which greatly stimulates bone formation. Combined therapy of anti-resorptive drugs, such as alendronate (ALN), and PTH have been proposed and are expected to further stimulate bone formation. However, studies show conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of combined treatments: some have reported the addition of ALN to impair PTH function [1, 2], while others suggest an improvement over PTH monotherapy [3, 4]. The first objective of this study is to document the immediate changes of individual trabecular structures due to PTH and combined therapy within 12 days using in vivo micro computed tomography (μCT). As PTH is typically prescribed for 1 to 3 years to osteoporotic patients, a treatment of 12 days for rats (approximately equivalent to one year of human life) may be more clinically relevant than long-term treatment studies on rats. The secondary purpose of this study was to gain insight into the mechanism of combined versus PTH treatments through a bone dynamic imaging strategy to track events over an individual remodeling site. We hypothesized that PTH and combined treatments would immediately enhance bone formation on the trabecular surface.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Fast glucocorticoid feedback favors ‘the munchies’

In a recent paper, Tasker and colleagues show that glucocorticoids (GCs) act rapidly, probably through membrane receptors, on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing cells to release endocannabinoids. These act locally at presynaptic axons via cannabinoid CB-1 receptors to reduce excitatory glutaminergic input, and therefore induce fast feedback inhibition of CRF by GCs. Similar findings in other hypothalamic neurons suggest that this action of GCs might be common in the brain, and could, in part, explain rapid GC effects on food intake.
Harnessing the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine

The discovery of methods to convert somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through expression of a small combination of transcription factors has raised the possibility of producing custom-tailored cells for the study and treatment of numerous diseases. Indeed, iPSCs have already been derived from patients suffering from a large variety of disorders. Here we review recent progress that has been made in establishing iPSC-based disease models, discuss associated technical and biological challenges, and highlight possible solutions to overcome these barriers. We believe that a better understanding of the molecular basis of pluripotency, cellular reprogramming and lineage-specific differentiation of iPSCs is necessary for progress in regenerative medicine.
Evolution of the team approach in breast cancer.

Dr. Wendell G. Scott hailed mammography as the first significant contribution to the control of breast cancer since Halsted described the radical mastectomy in 1903. Mammography has engendered new approaches and has supplied new concepts of breast cancer. Through the tenacity of a few physicians convinced something could be done for the breast cancer patient, the team against this dread disease has gradually, but solidly, been built and continues to grow.
A study of polyesters synthesized from an arylsilane and its carbon analog

Bis(4,4′-benzoyl chloride) dimethylsilane (SiCO) and 2,2-bis(4,4′-benzoyl chloride) propane (CCO) were synthesized and polymerized with butanediol, resorcinol, or hydroquinone. The polymers of SiCO–hydroquinone (SiCO–Hyd) and SiCO–resorcinol (SiCO–Res) possess glass transition temperatures 25°C lower than their carbon analogs but the less aromatic SiCO–butanediol (SiCO–BDO) and CCO–butanediol (CCO–BDO) polymers have similar glass transitions. Silicon containing polymers are superior to their carbon counterparts in thermal stability. Furthermore, polyarylates of excellent thermal stability and solubility were synthesized from SiCO/terephthaloyl chloride and hydroquinone. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imagine that: self-imagination improves prospective memory in memory-impaired individuals with neurological damage.

Recent research has demonstrated that “self-imagination” – a mnemonic strategy developed by Grilli and Glisky (2010) – enhances episodic memory in memory-impaired individuals with neurological damage more than traditional cognitive strategies, including semantic elaboration and visual imagery. The present study investigated the effect of self-imagination on prospective memory in individuals with neurologically based memory deficits. In two separate sessions, 12 patients with memory impairment took part in a computerised general knowledge test that required them to answer multiple choice questions (i.e., ongoing task) and press the “1” key when a target word appeared in a question (i.e., prospective memory task). Prior to the start of the general knowledge test in each session, participants attempted to encode the prospective memory task with one of two strategies: self-imagination or rote-rehearsal. The findings revealed a “self-imagination effect (SIE)” in prospective memory as self-imagining resulted in...
Performance evaluation of a software cluster

The paper discusses performance evaluation of SCO UnixWare NonStop Clusters, which is an extension of UnixWare operating system. The performance evaluation aims at outlining the set of features typical to a good clustering software implementation: availability and failover on one side, and manageability with particular stress on load-balancing and process migration on the other side.
Situational Cues and Crime Reporting: Do Signs Make a Difference?1

Two field studies were conducted to assess the effect of signs describing how to report a shoplifting on bystander intervention to a staged theft. In the first study, signs providing directions and one of three rationales for reporting had a small effect on attitudes toward reporting and no effect on intervention. In the second study, a definition of the situation as a shoplifting by a confederate had a strong influence on subjects reporting, but presence or absence of signs describing how to report had no impact. Differences between interpersonal and nonpersonal influences are described, and implications for informational campaigns to increase crime reporting are discussed.
Bullying Explains Only Part of LGBTQ–Heterosexual Risk Disparities: Implications for Policy and Practice

Students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) experience higher rates of victimization by bullying than do their heterosexual-identified peers. In this article, we investigate the extent to which this difference in rates of victimization can explain LGBTQ youths’ greater rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and unexcused absences from school. Our sample consisted of 11,337 students in Grades 7 through 12 from 30 schools in Dane County, Wisconsin. Using both multilevel covariate-adjusted models and propensity-score-matching models, we found that although victimization does explain a portion of the LGBTQ–heterosexual risk disparities, substantial differences persist even when the differences in victimization are taken into account. For example, LGBTQ-identified students were 3.3 times as likely to think about suicide (p < .0001), 3.0 times as likely to attempt suicide (p = .007), and 1.4 times as likely to skip school (p = .047) as propensity-score-matched he...
Neonatal methamphetamine administration induces region-specific long-term neuronal morphological changes in the rat hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and parietal cortex

Previous studies have demonstrated that rats exposed to methamphetamine (MA) during the neonatal period display deficits in spatial learning and memory. The underlying correlates are unknown; therefore, this study was devised to determine whether neuronal changes occur in the dentate gyrus (DG), nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and cortex of adult rats exposed to 10 mg/kg MA administered four times daily from P11-20 using Golgi-Cox staining [Gibb, R. & Kolb, B. (1998) J. Neurosci. Meth., 79, 1-4]. The DG and NAcc demonstrated a decrease in the number of spines per neuron and the NAcc showed an associated decrease in dendritic length. Selective changes in cortex were observed because increased dendritic length in the parietal cortex occurred with no change in the number of spines, and no differences were noted for either dendritic length or spines in the medial frontal cortex. The data suggest a potential cause for the learning and memory deficits induced by neonatal MA exposure; however, the underlying mechanism that produces these neuronal changes is unknown.
Influence of a non-magnetic underlayer on the magnetic anisotropy of ultra-thin Co sandwiches

We have used in situ polar Kerr effect measurements to study the magnetic anisotropy of MBE-grown Cu/Au/Co/Au sandwich structures. We reported earlier that the magnitude of the Au/Co/Au perpendicular anisotropy is strongly peaked at /spl sim/1 atomic layer Au overlayer coverage. We report here extensions of this work to investigate the influence on anisotropy of a confined ultra-thin non-magnetic underlayer placed at one of the Co interfaces. Sandwich structures were deposited in a stepped-wedge geometry providing multiple underlayer thicknesses for each sample. For the case of an underlayer wedge of Au, e.g. Cu/Au(x)/Co/Au, we find a sharp minimum in the perpendicular anisotropy at /spl sim/1 atomic layer of Au. This anisotropy behavior is opposite to that of a Au overlayer deposited on a Co film.
Sparse multitask regression for identifying common mechanism of response to therapeutic targets

Motivation: Molecular association of phenotypic responses is an important step in hypothesis generation and for initiating design of new experiments. Current practices for associating gene expression data with multidimensional phenotypic data are typically (i) performed one-to-one, i.e. each gene is examined independently with a phenotypic index and (ii) tested with one stress condition at a time, i.e. different perturbations are analyzed separately. As a result, the complex coordination among the genes responsible for a phenotypic profile is potentially lost. More importantly, univariate analysis can potentially hide new insights into common mechanism of response. Results: In this article, we propose a sparse, multitask regression model together with co-clustering analysis to explore the intrinsic grouping in associating the gene expression with phenotypic signatures. The global structure of association is captured by learning an intrinsic template that is shared among experimental conditions, with local perturbations introduced to integrate effects of therapeutic agents. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on both synthetic and experimental data. Synthetic data reveal that the multi-task regression has a superior reduction in the regression error when compared with traditional L1-and L2-regularized regression. On the other hand, experiments with cell cycle inhibitors over a panel of 14 breast cancer cell lines demonstrate the relevance of the computed molecular predictors with the cell cycle machinery, as well as the identification of hidden variables that are not captured by the baseline regression analysis. Accordingly, the system has identified CLCA2 as a hidden transcript and as a common mechanism of response for two therapeutic agents of CI-1040 and Iressa, which are currently in clinical use. Contact: b_parvin@lbl.gov
Brain Lateralization of Emotional Processing: Historical Roots and a Future Incorporating "Dominance"

This article provides a review of research on the hemispheric specialization in emotional processing during the past 40 years and the theoretical models derived from the conceptual analysis of these results. The publications reviewed here were collected to better appreciate the cortical lateralization of emotional perception (visual and auditory), expression (facial and prosodic), and experience. Four major models of emotional processing are discussed--the Right Hemisphere, Valence, Approach-Withdrawal, and Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Activation System models. Observing the relative merits and limitations of these models, a new direction for exploration is offered. Specifically, to better appreciate the strength and direction (i.e., approach versus withdrawal) of experienced emotions, it is recommended that state "dominance" be evaluated in the context of asymmetrical activation of left-frontal (dominance) versus right-frontal (submission) brain regions.
Practical Microwave Meter for Sensing Moisture and Density of Granular Materials

A low-cost microwave sensor for rapid and nondestructive sensing of bulk density and moisture content in granular and particulate materials has been built and tested. The sensor was made with inexpensive, off-the-shelf components and operates at 5.8 GHz. Three permittivity-based algorithms were used to determine simultaneously bulk density and moisture content from dielectric properties measurement. Results obtained for wheat indicate the bulk density can be determined with less than 2% relative error and that moisture content can be determined with a standard error of calibration of 0.5%.
Synthesis of a Family of Spirocyclic Scaffolds; Building Blocks for the Exploration of Chemical Space

This report describes the preparation of a series of 17 novel racemic spirocyclic scaffolds that are intended for the creation of compound libraries by parallel synthesis for biological screening. Each scaffold features two points of orthogonal diversification. The scaffolds are related to each other in four ways: (1) through stepwise changes in the size of the nitrogen-bearing ring; (2) through the oxidation state of the carbon-centered point of diversification; (3) through the relative stereochemical orientation of the two diversification sites in those members that are stereogenic; and (4) through the provision of both saturated and unsaturated versions of the furan ring in the scaffold series derived from 3-piperidone. The scaffolds provide incremental changes in the relative orientation of the diversity components that would be introduced onto them. The scaffolds feature high sp(3) carbon content which is essential for the three-dimensional exploration of chemical space. This characteristic is particularly evident in those members of this family that bear two stereocenters, i.e., the two series derived from 3-piperidone and 3-pyrrolidinone. In the series derived from 3-piperidone we were able to "split the difference" between the two diastereomers by preparation of their corresponding unsaturated version.
Survey on information appliances

Information appliances take computing off the desk-top and into our everyday world. The article reviews current applications and predicts where they will lead in the near future. It classifies the use of information appliances into the following four categories: home use; office use; mobile professionals; specialist occupations. Common to all these categories is the importance of wireless communication. The real value of an information appliance is the ability to connect to the global flow of information, which currently means the Internet and the World Wide Web. Information appliances serve as filtering mechanisms for the presentation of a narrow range of data. This is the equivalent of the specialist information tool in our traditional thinking about appliances. The following list provides some good examples of both typical information appliances and systems that use them. The article discusses these types of information appliances in more detail: electronic books; portable global positioning devices; Internet-enabled cellular phones; WebTV and home entertainment; PDAs enabled with wireless connectivity; embedded Web servers; smart rooms; and wearable computers.
High incidence of malformation syndromes in a series of 1,073 children with cancer

Constitutional molecular defects are known to play a role in oncogenesis, as shown by the increased incidence of embryonic cancers in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) or of leukemia in children with Down syndrome. To establish the incidence and spectrum of malformation syndromes associated with childhood cancer we performed a clinical morphological examination on a series of 1,073 children with cancer. We diagnosed a syndrome in 42 patients (3.9%) and suspected the presence of a syndrome in another 35 patients (3.3%), for a total of 7.2%. This incidence of patients with a proven or suspected syndrome is high, and points to a possible association. We describe new syndrome-tumor associations in several entities: cleidocranial dysostosis (Wilms tumor), Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), Kabuki syndrome (neuroblastoma), LEOPARD syndrome (neuroblastoma), Poland anomaly (osteosarcoma; Hodgkin disease), and blepharophimosis epicanthus inversus syndrome (Burkitt lymphoma). Twenty of the 42 syndrome diagnoses were not recognized in the patients prior to this study, indicating that these diagnoses are commonly missed. We propose that all children with a malignancy should be examined by a clinical geneticist or a pediatrician skilled in clinical morphology to determine if the patients have a malformation syndrome.
The loquacious user: a document-independent source of terms for query expansion

In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of a document-independent technique for eliciting feedback from users about their information problems. We propose that such a technique can be used to elicit terms from users for use in query expansion and as a follow-up when ambiguous queries are initially posed by users. We design a feedback form to obtain additional information from users, administer the form to users after initial querying, and create a series of experimental runs based on the information that we obtained from the form. Results demonstrate that the form was successful at eliciting more information from users and that this additional information significantly improved retrieval performance. Our results further demonstrate a strong relationship between query length and performance.
Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen Can Specifically Unwind the Central Palindrome at the Origin of DNA Replication

The hydrophilic channels between helicase domains of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen play a critical role in DNA replication. Previous mutagenesis of residues in the channels identified one class of mutants (class A: D429A, N449S, and N515S) with normal DNA binding and ATPase and helicase activities but with a severely reduced ability to unwind origin DNA and to support SV40 DNA replication in vitro. Here, we further studied these mutants to gain insights into how T antigen unwinds the origin. We found that the mutants were compromised in melting the imperfect palindrome (EP) but normal in untwisting the AT-rich track. However, the mutants' defect in EP melting was not the major reason they failed to unwind the origin because supplying an EP region as a mismatched bubble, or deleting the EP region altogether, did not rescue their unwinding deficiency. These results suggested that specific separation of the central palindrome of the origin (site II) is an essential step in unwinding origin DNA by T antigen. In support of this, wild-type T antigen was able to specifically unwind a 31-bp DNA containing only site II in an ATPase-dependent reaction, whereas D429A and N515S failed to do so. By performing a systematic mutagenesis of 31-bp site II DNA, we identified discrete regions in each pentanucleotide necessary for normal origin unwinding. These data indicate that T antigen has a mechanism to specifically unwind the central palindrome. Various models are proposed to illustrate how T antigen could separate the central origin.
Intraoperative endoscopy to identify lesions

Abstract Intraoperative endoscopy is an important adjunct to surgical therapeutics. Endoscopy can improve the efficiency of operative interventions by localizing lesions and defining the extent of pathology. Different techniques can be employed to facilitate intraoperative endoscopy including sterile scope and nonsterile scope methods. Lesion marking can be accomplished using endoscopic or endoscopically guided surgical means. Air insufflation can often be utilized for easily accessible regions of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, rectum, and distal sigmoid colon). Carbon dioxide insufflation is most useful for extended procedures and accessing more difficult locations of the gastrointestinal tract. Commonly lesions identified endoscopically for surgical resection include gastric ulcers and tumors, small bowel lesions, and colon pathology.
Remarks on Variational Bounds for Waveguide Scattering

Utilization of variational techniques has facilitated the solution of scattering problems. A variational principle which gives a bound on the scattering elements in waveguide problems is presented. The formalism is applicable to scalar and tensor type problems for single and multimode scattering. A variation-iteration method can be used to avoid the need for explicitly evaluating a Green's function that appears in the formalism. Also, an alternative variational bound principle is outlined.
An Experimental Twenty-Inch Segmented Active Mirror

Segmented active optics is a new design concept for making a lightweight optically stable primary reflector for large optical telescopes and especially for space telescopes. The concept applied to a threesegment 20-inch primary mirror has been proven feasible in laboratory experiments. Test results showed diffraction-limited performance with automatic optical figure control to better than L/50 rms.
Effect of image capture device on the accuracy of black-box printer models

In the process of electrophotograpic (EP) printing, the deposition of toner to the printer-addressable pixel is greatly influenced by the neighboring pixels of the digital halftone. To account for these effects, printer models can either be embedded in the halftoning algorithm, or used to predict the printed halftone image at the input to an algorithm that is used to assess print quality. Most recently,1 we developed a series of six new models to accurately account for local neighborhood effects and the influence of a 45 x 45 neighborhood of pixels on the central printer-addressable pixel. We refer to all these models as black-box models, since they are based solely on measuring what is on the printed page, and do not incorporate any information about the marking process itself. In this paper, we will compare black-box models developed with three different capture devices: an Epson Expression 10000XL (Epson America, Inc., Long Beach, CA, USA) flatbed scanner operated at 2400 dpi with an active field of view of 309.88 mm x 436.88 mm, a QEA PIAS-II (QEA, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) camera with resolution 7663.4 dpi and a field of view of 2.4 mm x 3.2 mm, and Dr. CID, a 1:1 magnification 3.35 micron true resolution Dyson Relay lens-based 3 Mpixel USB CMOS imaging device2 with resolution 7946.8 dpi and a field of view of 4.91 mm 6.55 mm developed at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories { Bristol. Our target printer is an HP Indigo 5000 Digital Press (HP Indigo, Ness Ziona, Israel). In this paper, we will compare the accuracy of the black-box model predictions of print microstructure using models trained from images captured with these three devices.