cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of dietary elaidic acid in subcellular particles of rat liver

Abstract 1. 1. Male rats divided into four groups were fed a 20 per cent partially hydrogenated soybean fat, this diet supplemented with 2 per cent corn oil, a fat-free diet, and a regular diet. 2. 2. The fatty acid composition of each lipid class and phospholipid subclass from microsomes, mitochondria, supernatant, fluffy layer, and whole liver was determined. 3. 3. Elaidate incorporated to varying proportions in each of the lipid classes. Triglyceride and cholesterol esters were the richest fractions in elaidate, whereas cardiolipin contained very little of this acid. 4. 4. The fatty acid patterns displayed by triglycerides and phospholipids were the same in all subcellular fractions and in whole liver, whereas cholesterol esters exhibited different fatty acid patterns. 5. 5. Inclusion of dietary linoleic acid into the hydrogenated fat diet facilitated incorporation of elaidic acid in adipose tissue and liver neutral lipids. Its absence from that diet augmented the accumulation of eicosadienoic acids in microsomal and mitochondrial lipids.
Nonlinear seismic response analysis of earth dams

Abstract The objective of this paper is to propose a general and efficient numerical procedure for analysing the dynamic response of geotechnical structures, which are considered as both nonlinear and two phase systems. In Section 2, the appropriate coupled dynamic field equations for the response of a two-phase soil system are briefly reviewed. The finite element spatial discretization of the field equations is described and time integration for the resulting nonlinear semi-discrete finite element equations is discussed. In Section 3, iterative techniques are examined for the solution of the global nonlinear system of finite element equations. A large amount of computational effort is expended in the iterative phase of the solution and so the iterative procedure used must be both reliable and efficient. The performance of three iterative procedure is examined: Newton Raphson, Modified Newton Raphson and Quasi-Newton methods, including BGFS and Broyden updates. Finally, in Section 4, the elasto-plastic earthquake response analysis of a two phase nonhomogeneous earth dam is presented. Extensive documentation exists1 for the particular problem selected including recorded earthquake motions at the base and crest of the dam. The results of the numerical calculations are compared to the recorded response of the dam.
Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in multilayer fluids with surface tension

Surface tension modifies the evolution of the Rayleigh-Taylor and the Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities in fluids undergoing a constant acceleration or a shock, respectively. We analyze the general case of N fluids with arbitrary densities and surface tensions and derive the eigenvalue equation determining the growth rate of the perturbations. For N=2 we recover the classical case of two semi-infinite fluids and extend it to the case of two finite-thickness fluids between fixed boundaries. The N=3 case is studied in detail; we find universal modes that are independent of the thickness of the intermediate fluid, and we find how surface tension modifies Taylor's modes for a single fluid with free boundaries. We also analyze in detail recent and future two- or three-fluid experiments. Representing a shock as an impulsive acceleration we find that post-shock oscillations have frequencies and amplitudes that depend on the wave number k, leading to a nontrivial evolution for the spectrum of perturbations. Finally, we study turbulence at the interface between two fluids with surface tension and present specific predictions for the turbulent energy ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{turbulent}}$ as function of the surface tension ${\mathit{T}}^{(\mathit{s})}$. We propose new experiments, physical and/or numerical, to test our predictions.
ON FINDING TOPOLOGICALLY VALID MATCHINGS IN RESTRICTION-FRAGMENT MAPS

We examine a problem that arises in physical DNA mapping, namely determining what common DNA is represented in two maps. We present an example illustrating the properties of DNA mapping, and motivate our approach. We present a new graph structure, called the Ƶ-graph, that takes advantage of structure that develops during the mapping process, thus catalyzing the discovery of all relevant fragment matchings. We describe an algorithm based on this structure and present experimental data supporting its improved performance as compared with a naive approach.
Development through civic service: the Peace Corps and national service programmes in Ghana

This study expands the limited academic literature on development through civic service in Africa by examining national service programmes in Ghana. Peace Corps publications, volunteer memoirs and archival research were used to examine intra-organizational learning in Ghana's national service programmes and the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps and Ghana's National Service Scheme have generally met educational, cross-cultural understanding and self-development objectives, but, due to overriding organizational concerns with public image, have rarely enhanced patriotism or Ghanaian national development, despite abundant comments from individual volunteers. Improved organizational learning could enhance programme assessment and the effectiveness of development assistance at the national level.
Endothelial cell expression of hemoglobin a regulates nitric oxide signaling

Models of unregulated nitric oxide (NO) diffusion do not consistently account for the biochemistry of NO synthase (NOS)-dependent signaling in many cell systems. For example, endothelial NOS (eNOS) controls blood pressure, blood flow and oxygen delivery through its effect on vascular smooth muscle tone, but the regulation of these processes is not adequately explained by simple NO diffusion between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Here, we report for the first time that hemoglobin (Hb) α is expressed in arteriolar endothelial cells, where it is in complex with eNOS. Moreover, we demonstrate that endothelial Hb α is enriched at the myoendothelial junction (MEJ), where it regulates the effect of eNOS on vascular reactivity. Surprisingly, this function is unique to Hb α and abrogated by its genetic depletion. Mechanistically, Hb α heme iron in the Fe3+ state permits active signaling across the MEJ, and this signaling is shut off when Hb α is reduced to the Fe 2+ state by endothelial cytochrome B5 reductase 3 (CytB5R3). Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of CytB5R3 increases NO bioavailability and decreases the reactivity of resistance vessels. These data reveal a novel paradigm by which the regulation of intracellular Hb oxidation controls NOS signaling in non-erythroid cells. This paradigm may be relevant to a broad range of somatic cells discovered to express Hb and known also to express NOS isoforms.
Absorption and Fluorescence Studies of Acridine in Subcritical and Supercritical Water

The isobaric acid/base equilibrium between acridine and the acridinium cation was measured from ambient temperature to 380 °C (above the critical temperature of water, Tc = 374 °C) using absorption spectroscopy. At 3500 psia, the isobaric protonation of acridine is shown to be exothermic up to approximately 315 °C. Above 315 °C, protonation becomes endothermic due to changes in the dielectric constant of water with temperature, which has a profound influence on the solvation of ions. The results are interpreted using a modified Born equation to account for the temperature-dependent changes in acridinium cation and proton solvation. The absorption and fluorescence spectra and the fluorescence lifetime of acridine are sensitive to changes in solvent−solute hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding between acridine and water is observed to decrease from ambient temperature to the critical temperature. A relatively rapid change in hydrogen bonding occurs between 100 and 200 °C.
An evaluation of health care providers’ sexual violence screening practices

Objective To evaluate whether health care providers (HCPs) screen women and provide them with information about sexual violence and how women receive this information. Study Design A multiethnic sample of 945 low-income women recruited from family planning clinics responded to an anonymous survey regarding their discussions with HCPs about sexual violence. Results Forty-eight percent of women reported that they had been screened or given information about sexual violence by a HCP. Only 6% of women expressed discomfort with being screened, and more than 95% found the information given to them by HCPs to be helpful. Latina, less educated, and monolingual Spanish-speaking women were less likely to have been screened or provided information. Conclusion Women find discussions of sexual violence by their HCPs to be helpful and nonintrusive. Educational, linguistic, and cultural factors appear to affect the likelihood that HCPs discuss sexual violence with their patients.
Pushing at the Boundaries of the Book: Humor, Mediation, and Distance in Carroll, Thackeray, and Stevenson

N/A Was: Pushing at the Boundaries of the Book: Mediation and Distance in Carroll, Thackeray, and Stevenson Was: “Knocking on the Window: Humor and Literary Sociability in W.M. Thackeray’s The Rose and the Ring and Robert Louis Stevenson’s A Child’s Garden of Verses”
Advances in capillary electrochromatography

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a hybrid between capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that has gained popularity in recent years. CEC uses an electrically driven flow to transport the solutes through the chromatographic column. Separation can be achieved by differential partition between two phases, differential electromigration, or a combination of these two. Herein, the main features of CEC are presented, including basic principles and a literature overview on different practical approaches used.
Socio-emotional Programme Promotes Positive Behaviour in Preschoolers

This study evaluated an early childhood socio-emotional programme aimed at promoting preschooler's social skills and reducing behaviour problems. The Peace Education Foundation (PEF) socio-emotional development programme was provided in English and Spanish to preschool teachers, parents and children in Miami, Florida. The programme instructs teachers and parents how to use activities and “I-Care Rules and Language” to encourage empathy and fair play, express feelings, avoid conflict, manage anger and interact more positively with others. Teachers and parents of preschoolers participated in PEF's “Creating Caring Children” and “Peacemaking Skills for Little Kids” training. The Preschool and Kindergarten Behaviour Scale (PKBS-2) was used to assess 246 preschoolers' behaviour changes over time at preschools participating in the PEF programme, compared with 50 children from a matched group that did not receive the programme. Children's PKBS-2 scores showed increased social cooperation, more positive interacti...
Addition of the Iminium Salt [Me2NCMe2][BF4] to the Reductively Activated Benzene in [Cr(η4-C6H6)(CO)3]2-

The iminium salt [Me2NCMe2][BF4] (4BF4) adds to the reductively activated η4-benzene ligand in [Cr(η4-C6H6)(CO)3]2- (22-) to give the aminoalkyl-substituted η5-cyclohexadienide Cr(0) complex [Cr(η5-C6H6)(CMe2NMe2)(CO)3]- (5-). The unusual upfield chemical shift in NMR spectra of the methyl protons and carbons, which are positioned right above the cyclohexadienide ligand by an exo-addition, suggests a magnetic shielding effect indicative of a modest ring current despite the open conjugation of the cyclohexadienyl ligand. The analogous Mn(1) complex [Mn(η5-C6H6)(CMe2NMe2)(CO)3] (6) has been crystallographically characterized.
A role for aromatizable androgens in female rat puberty.

The function that aromatizable androgens may have in female puberty is unclear. The present experiments were undertaken to examine, using a quantitative approach, the role that physiological levels of these androgens may play in determining the timing of vaginal opening and first ovulation in female rats. Serum androstenedione (i�4) levels increased markedly between Postnatal Days 4 and 8, remained elevated through Day 16, and declined thereafter to remain at about 100 pg/ml throughout juvenile development (Days 20-32). Serum testosterone (T) also increased, though less prominently after Postnatal Day 4. Maximal values were found at Day 12 (about 150 pg/mI); thereafter, T levels decreased to intermediate values (about 100 pg/mi), which were maintained during juvenile days. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) remained undetectable throughout prepubertal
Forest plantations of the world: their extent, ecological attributes, and carbon storage

Abstract Forest plantations in the world total approximately 130 X 106 ha, and annual rates of establishment are about 10.5 X 106 ha. A total of 124 countries throughout the high, middle, and low latitudes of the world establish new plantations each year. In addition to supplying an array of goods and services, plantations contribute to carbon (C) storage. This analysis integrates information across latitudes to evaluate the potential of forest plantations to achieve these goals. For example, mean carbon storage (MCS) in above- and below-ground phytomass of artificially established plantations generally increases from high to low latitudes ranging from 47 to 81 t C ha−1. Over a 50-year period, harvests from these plantations are credited with storing C at 10, 34, 15, and 37 t C ha−1 in wood products in the high, middle, low-dry, and low-moist latitudes, respectively. Using today's distribution of plantations among the four zones of latitude and C storage values from this analysis, the world's plantations can be credited with storing an area-weighted average of 91 t C ha−1 including MCS and durable-wood products. Based upon these estimates, the world total C storage in forest plantations today is approximately 11.8 Pg C with an annual increase of 0.178 Pg C year−1.
U.S. emergency department admissions for nontraumatic dental conditions for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Abstract The authors hypothesized that individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are more likely to have an emergency department (ED) admission for nontraumatic dental conditions (NTDCs). The authors analyzed 2009 U.S. National Emergency Department Sample data and ran logistic regression models for children ages 3–17 years and adults age 18 years or older. The prevalence of NTDC-related ED admissions was 0.8% for children and 2.0% for adults. Children with IDDs were at increased odds of NTDC-related ED admission, but this difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.91, 1.23). Adults with IDDs had significantly lower odds of an ED admission for NTDCs (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.54). Children with IDDs are not at increased odds of NTDC-related ED admissions, whereas adults with IDDs are at significantly reduced odds.
A comparison between cholecalciferol and 25-OH-cholecalciferol on performance and eggshell quality of hens fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the presence of 25-OH-cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) as compared to vitamin D3 produces any beneficial effect on shell quality of laying hens. Experiment 1 consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments with four determined Ca levels (3.34, 4.3, 4.73, and 4.94%) and two sources of vitamin D (vitamin D3 and 25-OH-D3, which were used at 69 microg/kg diet or 2,760 IU/kg diet). Experiment 2 consisted of a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments with three determined levels of nonphytate P (NPP) (0.11, 0.21, and 0.41%), two levels of phytase (0 and 300 U/kg diet), and two sources of vitamin D (vitamin D3 and 25-OH-D3, which were used at 69 microg/kg diet, the equivalent of 2,760 IU/kg diet). Substitution of vitamin D3 with 25-OH-D3 in neither of the experiments produced any beneficial effect on shell quality. A Ca level of 3.34%, which provided the birds with 3.63 g Ca/hen per d, was adequate for performance and eggshell quality. The NPP level of 0.11% was not sufficient to support performance. However, a NPP level of 0.21% was adequate and resulted in performance that was comparable to that of birds fed the 0.41% NPP diet. The presence of phytase did not have an effect on performance but reduced several indices of the shell quality. In conclusion, under the conditions of the current experiments, the use of 25-OH-D3 did not provide any advantage for shell quality or production performance.
Evaluation of mass spectrometric methods applicable to the direct analysis of non-peptide bead-bound combinatorial libraries.

Electrospray, matrix-assisted laser desorption, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry have been explored as possible methods for the identification of active members of molecular combi...
Activation of tyrosine 3-mono-oxygenase in pheochromocytoma cells by lasalocid.

Abstract Tyrosine 3-mono-oxygenase (TH) activity was measured in extracts of cells prepared from a transplantable rat phenochromocytoma. Incubation of the cells with the ionophore lasalocid (X-537A) results in an increase in TH activity. The activation of TH by lasalocid is associated with an increase in the Vmax of the enzyme, but is not accompanied by a change in the apparent Km of the enzyme for its pteridine cofactor or for tyrosine. In these respects, the activation of TH by lasalocid resembles that produced by incubation of the cells in media containing 56 mM K+. This effect of lasalocid is not dependent upon the presence of extracellular Ca2+. It is proposed that the activation of TH by lasalocid may be mediated by the ionophore-induced release of Ca2+ from some intracellular store.
On the measurement of hospital case mix.

This article discusses a number of issues related to the measurement of hospital diagnostic case mix. We initially examine a number of previous attempts to measure case mix based on surrogate measures (e.g., facilities and services) and information from predetermined discharge-classification systems. Since a number of researchers have attempted to reduce diagnostic classification data into a single-valued (i.e., scalar) case mix index, we then discuss a number of concepts and assumptions implicit in the construction of such indices. Among these assumptions is the property of functional homogeneity; this property and a methodology baed on Q-type factor analysis for testing for the presence of this property are defined. In order to illustrate the use of the methodology, it is applied to data from 153 hospitals in downstate New York.
Ion/molecule reactions leading to WFn+ (n = 1-5): implications for the mechanisms of ion/surface reactions

Abstract Reactions between W(CO)6 and perfluorohexane (C6F14) in a chemical ionization source yield the complex ion [W(CO)6.C6F13]+. When this ion is selected in an MS-MS experiment and dissociated using 195eV collisions upon argon, products WFn+ (n = 1−5) are generated. By simultaneously mass-selecting all the isotopic forms of the parent ion, the tungsten-containing fragment ions WFn+ (n = 1−5) are easily identified through their characteristic isotopic pattern in the product ion spectrum. These collisional activation data suggest that WFn+ (n = 1−5) can be formed in a single collision of W(CO)6+ with a fluorocarbon molecule; this process may be operative in collisions of tngsten-containing ions with fluorinated self-assembled monolayer surfaces.
Hospital costs and resource characteristics for cardiothoracic surgical hospital deaths

No major changes in the federal Medicare diagnostic-related group (DRG) prospective hospital payment system have been implemented by the United States Congress. We analyzed hospital resource consumption for 1,567 cardiothoracic surgical patients by outcome (ie, survivors versus nonsurvivors). The 76 patients who died had a much greater intensity of hospital resource utilization and represented a substantial financial risk under DRG pricing schemes compared with the 1,491 survivors. Only patients who died within 1 week of admission to the hospital generated a financial surplus under DRGs. A long hospital stay for nonsurvivors produced a substantial deficit (patients with a stay greater than 60 days generated a $154,433 loss per patient). The cardiothoracic patients admitted on an emergency basis who died tended to have a shorter length of stay and represented a lower financial risk under DRGs compared with patients admitted on a nonemergency basis who died. Among nonsurvivors, patients referred for cardiothoracic surgical procedures from other clinical services had lower resource utilization and financial risk under DRGs compared with nonreferrals. These data suggest significant inequities in the current DRG prospective payment system vis-a-vis cardiothoracic surgical patients who die. Variables predictive of greater hospital resource utilization by outcome included a longer hospital stay, nonemergency admission, and admission directly to the cardiothoracic surgical service. Methods to improve the equity of DRG payment vis-a-vis cardiothoracic surgical nonsurvivors should be implemented in the future.
THE EFFECT OF SALT (Na) INTAKE ON BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN OBESITY

To study the role of Na intake on hypertension in obesity, 33 obese adolescents (ads) and 15 non-obese ads received, in a random sequence, 2 wks of high Na intake (>250 meq/day) and 2 wks of low Na intake ( 10 mmHg. Comparing the 23 obese ads whose BP's changed by >10 mmHg with the 10 obese ads whose BP did not change, we observed that the salt-sensitive ads also experienced the largest changes in PV (1048 ± 119 vs 398 ± 108 ml p<0.05) and CO (3.1 ± 0.4 vs 1.5 ± 1.3 L/min p<0.05) and had the highest INS (30.0 ± 2.9 vs 21.1 ± 3.5 uU/ml p<0.05) and aldo (16.3 ± 1.2 vs 11.2 ± 2.4 ng/dl p<0.05 (high Na) 27.2 ± 2.5 vs 21.2 ± 3.2 ng/dl p<0.05 (low Na)). Thus unlike non-obese ads, obese ads' BP is very dependent on Na intake. It appears that the elevated INS and aldos that occur in many obese ads maybe responsible for the fluid retention and elevated BP associated with a high sodium intake.
Polaris and Polycystin-2 in dorsal forerunner cells and Kupffer's vesicle are required for specification of the zebrafish left–right axis

Abstract Recently, it has become clear that motile cilia play a central role in initiating a left-sided signaling cascade important in establishing the LR axis during mouse and zebrafish embryogenesis. Two genes proposed to be important in this cilia-mediated signaling cascade are polaris and polycystin-2 (pkd2). Polaris is involved in ciliary assembly, while Pkd2 is proposed to function as a Ca2+-permeable cation channel. We have cloned zebrafish homologues of polaris and pkd2. Both genes are expressed in dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) from gastrulation to early somite stages when these cells form a ciliated Kupffer's vesicle (KV). Morpholino-mediated knockdown of Polaris or Pkd2 in zebrafish results in misexpression of left-side-specific genes, including southpaw, lefty1 and lefty2, and randomization of heart and gut looping. By targeting morpholinos to DFCs/KV, we show that polaris and pkd2 are required in DFCs/KV for normal LR development. Polaris morphants have defects in KV cilia, suggesting that the laterality phenotype is due to problems in cilia function per se. We further show that expression of polaris and pkd2 is dependent on the T-box transcription factors no tail and spadetail, respectively, suggesting that these genes have a previously unrecognized role in regulating ciliary structure and function. Our data suggest that the functions of polaris and pkd2 in LR patterning are conserved between zebrafish and mice and that Kupffer's vesicle functions as a ciliated organ of asymmetry.
Removal of carbofuran residues from strawberries by various washes and jam production

Everbearer strawberries containing carbofuran residues were subjected to chemical and physical aqueous washes to determine the removal of the chemical residues. The washed berries were processed into jam and a taste panel evaluated the effects of the treatments on the appearance, flavor and odor of the jam. The loss of total residues as determined by gas chromatographic analyses ranged from 63.1% on unwashed berries to as much as 100.0% on specifically processed samples. The chemical and physical treatments did not adversely affect the appearance, odor or flavor of the strawberry jam.
Karl Popper as a point of departure for a philosophy of theology

The above title leads quite naturally to two sets of questions: (1) What is philosophy of theology? Is it the same as philosophy of religion? Is it the same as philosophical theology? Philosophy of theology is not the same as either philosophy of religion or philosophical theology. Rather, philosophy of theology is a branch of philosophy of science in general, just as philosophy of physics, philosophy of biology or philosophy of psychology. (2) If philosophy of theology is a branch of philosophy of science in general, then how can Karl Popper's work in the philosophy of science prove fruitful for the development of a philosophy of theology? Does not Popper maintain that scientific assertions must be falsifiable by experience? How can one maintain, within a Popperian perspective, that philosophy of theology is a branch of philosophy of science in general? The view that Popper's use of falsifiability as a criterion for demarcating the realm of science excludes theology from among the sciences rests on a common but mistaken reading of Popper. Rather Popper's criterion of demarcation merely excludes theology from among the empirical sciences. This exclusion, far from being alarming to the theologians view their discipline, accords well with it. In Theology and the Philosophy of Science,1 Wolfhart Pannenberg provides us with one approach to philosophy of theology (although he does not use that term). In that work, Pannenberg shows an uncommon familiarity with a broad range of traditions in the philosophy of science. (He does, however, misinterpret Popper in the all too common manner.) Pannenberg develops his philosophy of theology in terms of the hermeneutical tradition of philosophy of science as developed through philosophers such as Jurgen Habermas and Hans Georg Gadamer. In the present paper I want to argue that one can also develop a philosophy of theology (to my mind, a more fruitful philosophy of theology than that developed by Pannenberg) from the general approach to philosophy of science which is found in Popper's works. The present paper is divided into three parts. Part 1 will attempt to clear up the misinterpretation of Popper's general philosophy of science which, while it is not exactly rare among philosophers, is notoriously common among theologians. Part 2 will lay out the task of philosophy of theology, distinguishing it from philosophy
Mono-ubiquitination Drives Nuclear Export of the Human DCN1-like Protein hDCNL1

Conjugation of Nedd8 to a cullin protein, termed neddylation, is an evolutionarily conserved process that functions to activate the cullin-RING family E3 ubiquitin ligases, leading to increased proteasomal degradation of a wide range of substrate proteins. Recent emerging evidence demonstrates that cellular neddylation requires the action of Dcn1, which, in humans, consists of five homologues designated as hDCNL1–5. Here we revealed a previously unknown mechanism that regulates hDCNL1. In cultured mammalian cells ectopically expressed hDCNL1 was mono-ubiquitinated predominantly at K143, K149, and K171. Using a classical chromatographic purification strategy, we identified Nedd4-1 as an E3 ligase that can catalyze mono-ubiquitination of hDCNL1 in a reconstituted ubiquitination system. In addition, the hDCNL1 N-terminal ubiquitin-binding domain is necessary and sufficient to mediate mono-ubiquitination. Finally, fluorescence microscopic and subcellular fractionation analyses revealed a role for mono-ubiquitination in driving nuclear export of hDCNL1. Taken together, these results suggest a mono-ubiquitination-mediated mechanism that governs nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of hDCNL1, thereby regulating hDCNL1-dependent activation of the cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases in selected cellular compartments.
Refrigeration system performance using liquid-suction heat exchangers

Abstract Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance while in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three ways. First, this paper identifies a new dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include new refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shown that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the low pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717.
An Aeration Tower for Aquaculture

Abstract Construction details are provided for an aeration tower successfully used since 1978 to increase dissolved oxygen in pumped groundwater from 0 to about 80–85% of saturation at 65–72°F. The steel and polyvinyl chloride components are commonly available. Construction requires skills and tools available in any large steel fabrication shop. The tower requires a pressurized water supply of 200–600 gal!min to operate the aspirator and delivers aerated water at a constant 23 ft of water pressure when operated with a slight overflow.
A review of antibiotics in dermatology.

Background Since the early 1930s when antibiotics were first introduced, they have revolutionized the way physicians treat infections. Skin conditions from acne to leprosy, which were once shunned by society, are now easily treated with oral antibiotics.
Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of Adrenocortical Tumors Uncovered by DNA Microarray Analysis

Comprehensive expression profiling of tumors using DNA microarrays has been used recently for molecular classification and biomarker discovery, as well as a tool to identify and investigate genes involved in tumorigenesis. Application of this approach to a cohort of benign and malignant adrenocortical tissues would be potentially informative in all of these aspects. In this study, we generated transcriptional profiles of 11 adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), 4 adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), 3 normal adrenal cortices (NCs), and 1 macronodular hyperplasia (MNH) using Affymetrix HGU95Av2 oligonucleotide arrays representing 10,500 unique genes. The expression data set was used for unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis as well as principal component analysis to visually represent the expression data. An analysis of variance on the three classes (NC, ACA plus MNH, and ACC) revealed 91 genes that displayed at least threefold differential expression between the ACC cohort and both the NC and ACA cohorts at a significance level of P < 0.01. Included in these 91 genes were those known to be up-regulated in adrenocortical tumors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF2), as well as novel differentially expressed genes such as osteopontin (SPP) and serine threonine kinase 15 (STK15). Increased expression of IGF2 was identified in 10 of 11 ACCs (90.9%) and was verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Select proliferation-related genes (TOP2A and Ki-67) were validated at the protein level using immunohistochemistry and adrenocortical tissue microarrays. Our results demonstrated significant and consistent gene expression changes in ACCs compared to benign adrenocortical lesions. Moreover, we identified several genes that represent potential diagnostic markers and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ACC. (Am J Pathol 2003, 162:521–531) Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but highly lethal cancer with an annual incidence of 0.5 to 2 patients
Data transmission with mean-square partial response

The authors investigate the use of mean-square-partial response (MSPR) channel signaling for symbol-by-symbol detection of a channel with controlled intersymbol interference. They show that, by filtering the received channel output with what they call a mean-square whitened matched filter, the overall detection SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) for symbol-by-symbol detection is as high as possible. In some cases, an uncoded improvement of 0.5-4.0 dB is possible with respect to existing partial response methods, referred to as zero-forcing partial response. A Tomlinson predecoder in concatenation with good trellis codes is used to combine the gain of the MSPR and trellis coding. It is shown that, with the MSPR system, optimization of the transmit filter leads to a system that is as close to its capacity as transmission on the flat AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel is to its capacity. The authors also show that, when such a coded system has optimized transmit bandwidth, the cutoff rate is achievable with existing (most powerful) codes at an error rate 10/sup -6/. A modified duobinary channel is used to illustrate the potential gains. >
A pH-dependent Molten Globule Transition Is Required for Activity of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, StAR

The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) simulates steroid biosynthesis by increasing the flow of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) to the inner membrane. StAR acts exclusively on the OMM, and only StAR's carboxyl-terminal α-helix (C-helix) interacts with membranes. Biophysical studies have shown that StAR becomes a molten globule at acidic pH, but a physiologic role for this structural transition has been controversial. Molecular modeling shows that the C-helix, which forms the floor of the sterol-binding pocket, is stabilized by hydrogen bonding to adjacent loops. Molecular dynamics simulations show that protonation of the C-helix and adjacent loops facilitates opening and closing the sterol-binding pocket. Two disulfide mutants, S100C/S261C (SS) and D106C/A268C (DA), designed to limit the mobility of the C-helix but not disrupt overall conformation, were prepared in bacteria, and their correct folding and positioning of the disulfide bonds was confirmed. The SS mutant lost half, and the DA mutant lost all cholesterol binding capacity and steroidogenic activity with isolated mitochondria in vitro, but full binding and activity was restored to each mutant by disrupting the disulfide bonds with dithiothreitol. These data strongly support the model that StAR activity requires a pH-dependent molten globule transition on the OMM.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Csm1 is a 3′–5′ exonuclease

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) offer an adaptive immune system that protects bacteria and archaea from nucleic acid invaders through an RNA-mediated nucleic acid cleavage mechanism. Our knowledge of nucleic acid cleavage mechanisms is limited to three examples of widely different ribonucleoprotein particles that target either DNA or RNA. Staphylococcus epidermidis belongs to the Type III-A CRISPR system and has been shown to interfere with invading DNA in vivo. The Type III-A CRISPR system is characterized by the presence of Csm1, a member of Cas10 family of proteins, that has a permuted histidine–aspartate domain and a nucleotidyl cyclase-like domain, both of which contain sequence features characteristic of nucleases. In this work, we show in vitro that a recombinant S. epidermidis Csm1 cleaves single-stranded DNA and RNA exonucleolytically in the 3′–5′ direction. We further showed that both cleavage activities are divalent-metal-dependent and reside in the GGDD motif of the cyclase-like domain. Our data suggest that Csm1 may work in the context of an effector complex to degrade invading DNA and participate in CRISPR RNA maturation.
The Ag−V (Silver-Vanadium) system

The composite evidence indicates that the V-Ag system exhibits immiscibility in both solid and liquid states, and the terminal solubilities are likely to be small to negligible in both solid and liquid states to temperatures of 2500/sup 0/C or more.
Conserved functional organization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and visna virus Rev proteins.

Abstract Visna virus encodes a posttranscriptional regulatory protein that is functionally analogous to the Rev trans activator of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Here, we demonstrate that the known functional organization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev trans activator is shared by the distantly related visna virus Rev protein. In particular, both Rev proteins contain an N-terminal domain marked by a highly basic core motif that determines RNA sequence specificity, as well as a second C-terminal domain containing an essential leucine-rich motif that functions as an activation domain. Chimeric proteins consisting of the binding domain of one Rev protein fused to the activation domain of the other were fully functional in the viral sequence context cognate for the binding domain. We also describe derivatives of visna virus Rev bearing a defective activation domain that displayed a trans-dominant negative phenotype in transfected cells. These visna virus Rev mutants may prove useful in the derivation of transgenic animals resistant to this agriculturally important retroviral pathogen.
Synaptic organization of monosynaptic connections from mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus neurons to hypoglossal motoneurons in the rat.

Synaptological characteristics of synapses between axonal boutons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) neurons and the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) motoneurons (MNs) were studied using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) anterograde labeling combined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport in the rat. BDA was initially iontophoresed into Vme unilaterally and 7 days later HRP was injected into the anterior two-thirds of the ipsilateral tongue. After histochemical reactions, BDA anterogradely labeled boutons were seen to appose closely to somata and dendrites of HRP retrogradely labeled MNs in XII by light microscopy. A total of 212 BDA-labeled Vme boutons were examined ultrastructurally, which had an average diameter of 1.3 ± 0.4 μm and contain small clear spherical vesicles. Eighty-eight percent of Vme boutons (187/212) synapsed on dendrites of HRP-labeled XII MNs. Twenty-five Vme boutons (25/212, 12%) made synapses with somata of HRP-labeled XII MNs. Thirty-five percent (74/212) of BDA-labeled Vme boutons were also contacted by unlabeled P-type terminals. Presynaptic P-type terminals contained spherical (47%, 35/74), pleomorphic (43%, 32/74), and flattened (10%, 7/74) synaptic vesicles. Thus, P-type terminals (as a presynaptic element), BDA-labeled Vme boutons, and XII MNs constitute axoaxodendritic and axoaxosomatic synaptic triads. There are four types of synaptic microcircuits in XII neuropil: synaptic convergence, synaptic divergence, presynaptic inhibition synaptic circuits, and feedforward regulation circuits. This detailed ultrastructure examination of the synaptic organization between Vme neurons and XII MNs provides insights into the synaptic mechanisms of the trigeminal proprioceptive afferents involved in the jaw–tongue reflex and coordination during oral motor behaviors. Synapse 49:157–169, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Snail protein family regulates neuroblast expression of inscuteable and string, genes involved in asymmetry and cell division in Drosophila

Delaminated neuroblasts in Drosophila function as stem cells during embryonic central nervous system development. They go through repeated asymmetric divisions to generate multiple ganglion mother cells, which divide only once more to produce postmitotic neurons. Snail, a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor, is a pan-neural protein, based on its extensive expression in neuroblasts. Previous results have demonstrated that Snail and related proteins, Worniu and Escargot, have redundant and essential functions in the nervous system. We show that the Snail family of proteins control central nervous system development by regulating genes involved in asymmetry and cell division of neuroblasts. In mutant embryos that have the three genes deleted, the expression of inscuteable is significantly lowered, while the expression of other genes that participate in asymmetric division, including miranda, staufen and prospero, appears normal. The deletion mutants also have much reduced expression of string, suggesting that a key component that drives neuroblast cell division is abnormal. Consistent with the gene expression defects, the mutant embryos lose the asymmetric localization of prospero RNA in neuroblasts and lose the staining of Prospero protein that is normally present in ganglion mother cells. Simultaneous expression of inscuteable and string in the snail family deletion mutant efficiently restores Prospero expression in ganglion mother cells, demonstrating that the two genes are key targets of Snail in neuroblasts. Mutation of the dCtBP co-repressor interaction motifs in the Snail protein leads to reduction of the Snail function in central nervous system. These results suggest that the Snail family of proteins control both asymmetry and cell division of neuroblasts by activating, probably indirectly, the expression of inscuteable and string.
Doxycycline, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, reduces vascular remodeling and damage after cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of zinc peptidases involved in extracellular matrix turnover. There is evidence that increased MMP activity is involved in remodeling of resistance vessels in chronic hypertension. Thus we hypothesized that inhibition of MMP activity with doxycycline (DOX) would attenuate vascular remodeling. Six-week-old male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were treated with DOX (50 mg·kg−1·day−1 in the drinking water) for 6 wk. Untreated SHRSP were controls. Blood pressure was measured by telemetry during the last week. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) and mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) passive structures were assessed by pressure myography. MMP-2 expression in aortas was measured by Western blot. All results are means ± SE. DOX caused a small increase in mean arterial pressure (SHRSP, 154 ± 1; SHRSP + DOX, 159 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.001). Active MMP-2 expression was reduced in aorta from SHRSP + DOX (0.21 ± 0.06 vs. 0.49 ± 0.13 arbitrary units; P < 0.05). In the MCA, at 80 mmHg, DOX treatment increased the lumen (273.2 ± 4.7 vs. 238.3 ± 6.3 μm; P < 0.05) and the outer diameter (321 ± 5.3 vs. 290 ± 7.6 μm; P < 0.05) and reduced the wall-to-lumen ratio (0.09 ± 0.002 vs. 0.11 ± 0.003; P < 0.05). Damage after transient cerebral ischemia (transient MCA occlusion) was reduced in SHRSP + DOX (20.7 ± 4 vs. 45.5 ± 5% of hemisphere infarcted; P < 0.05). In the MRA, at 90 mmHg DOX, reduced wall thickness (29 ± 1 vs. 22 ± 1 μm; P < 0.001) and wall-to-lumen ratio (0.08 ± 0.004 vs. 0.11 ± 0.008; P < 0.05) without changing lumen diameter. These results suggest that MMPs are involved in hypertensive vascular remodeling in both the peripheral and cerebral vasculature and that DOX reduced brain damage after cerebral ischemia.
Plastic Transmissive Infrared Electrochromic Devices

Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) was used to build a thin-layer, electrically switchable infrared shutter. Electrochromic materials are typically studied in the visible, whereas we focused on P3HT electrochromic behavior in the infrared where morphology changes may have greater impact. Devices were fabricated on ITO-coated silicon and germanium and their performance was characterized in the mid infrared (2―6 μm). Thicker polymer films increased device switching time and did not improve optical contrast. Choice of salt in the electrolyte significantly affects switching dynamics and salt concentrations affect maximum optical contrast. These results are potentially important for the integration of polymer technology into infrared imaging and detection applications.
Correction of transverse coupling in a storage ring

At the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), a technique has been developed for local measurement and correction of the transverse betatron coupling. This is compared to the standard global coupling correction that minimizes the closest approach of the two normal mode frequencies as observed on a spectrum analyzer. In the proposed local coupling technique, the coupling of the transverse betatron modes is measured and corrected at about 90 different points in the machine. The measurements consist of experimental values for the normalized aspect ratio of the beam, the square root of the vertical to the horizontal emittance. DIMAT, a single-beam simulation program, has been modified to calculate coupling as a function of skew quadrupole strengths. A least squares fitting routine finds values of skew quadrupole strengths which reproduce the measured coupling data. These results are used to change the strengths of about 12 of the skew quadrupoles in CESR and so reduce the coupling. After two iterations, the normalized aspect ratio can be reduced to about 0.015. >
Editorial Special Issue on Wind Applications–Part 2

The topics of interest for this Special Issue include: wind energy harvesting, modeling and simulation of wind power converters, power electronic converter topologies for wind turbine generator systems, control of power electronic converters for wind turbine generators, condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, and protection for power electronic converters and machines in wind turbine generator systems, power electronics and control for small wind turbine systems in residential applications, synchrophasor applications in wind power generation, wind power grid connection issues, offshore wind power generation, FACTS applications for wind power, power electronics and control for energy storage in wind applications. This Special Issue is organized into two parts. Part 1 was published in the December 2013 issue. Part 2 is in this March 2014 issue.
TECHNIQUES AND PERSONS: HABERMASIAN REFLECTIONS ON MEDICAL ETHICS

In a recent article in Human Studies, Richard M. Zaner (1984:71-90) has argued that the tasks of medical ethics have failed to achieve clear definition despite the generous quantity of contributions to the field. This failure has prompted several individuals who are directly acquainted with medical ethics to wonder if it really serves any useful purpose at all. Zaner (1984:77) refers to knowledgeable doctors who "are deeply skeptical about the supposed fruits of the two-decade-long attempt at serious flirtation between medicine and philosophy". While remaining fully aware of these frustrations, Zaner (1984: 80-85) then proceeds to sketch some "significant 'clues' " for a "clinical ethics" in medicine. We would like to follow a few of these "clues" to medical ethics by situating them within a more comprehensive framework. We develop this framework out of some ideas of J?rgen Habermas (1970) and Karl Jaspers (1963a and 1963b). This framework, once erected, will permit us to return to Zaner's more specific recommendations and evaluate their relevance and importance.