cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of calcium in serine transport into tobacco cells.

The transport of serine into tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi) cells grown in liquid medium was studied. Serine transport was maximal below pH 4.0. A time-dependent stimulation of transport was observed when cells were incubated in medium containing 0.5 mm Ca 2+ . Maximum transport rates were achieved after 6 hours preincubation in Ca 2+ . The following three distinct roles of Ca 2+ in serine transport were demonstrated: time-dependent stimulation of transport rate, maintenance of high transport rates, and retention of transported material. Stimulation occurred in the presence of either Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ and was inhibited by either La 3+ or K + . Removal of Ca 2+ from the transport medium caused a rapid decline in the rate of serine uptake. This decline was prevented by addition of La 3+ after Ca 2+ removal. Cells transferred to medium lacking Ca 2+ lost substantial amounts of transported serine, this loss was significantly reduced by either La 3+ or K + . Cells placed in 45 Ca 2+ rapidly bound more than 3 micromoles of Ca 2+ /gram fresh weight, which was exchangeable within 10 minutes with medium Ca 2+ . Seventy-five per cent of the 45 Ca 2+ transported into the cells in 4 hours could be exchanged with medium Ca 2+ in the same period. The amount of net Ca 2+ transport into tobacco cells is insignificant relative to the total exchangeable Ca 2+ . It is proposed that serine transport into tobacco cells involves H + cotransport and that the stimulation by Ca 2+ is due to an increase in the proton-motive force.
SEX‐DIFFERENCES IN WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT: A TEST OF THE SPECIFIC CAPITAL HYPOTHESIS

This paper investigates the effect of sex-differences in turnover on the wages and employment of women relative to men. Using data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity, it is estimated that at least two-thirds of the relative wage differential between men and women within occupations is accounted for by sex-differences in turnover and training. In addition, the relative number of women employed in an occupation varies inversely with the amount of on-the-job training, as measured by the rate of wage growth experienced by white males in the occupation. No attempt is made to compute possible biases arising from the interaction between market discrimination and sex-differences in labor force behavior.
Reading between the Code: The Teaching of HTML and the Displacement of Writing Instruction.

The introduction of hypertext markup language (HTML) into the composition classroom often complicates traditional text-bound assignments. The process of incorporating HTML codes into writing can be frustrating because HTML is difficult to learn. More time spent learning coding skills may mean less time spent learning other writing skills. In many ways, learning HTML is like learning a second language. Unlike other pedagogical tools, though, HTML seems to blur the lines of our discipline. It turns the traditional composition course into a hybrid language/ writing/computer course. This reshaping displaces traditional writing activities with technology-based instruction, thus challenging the notion of what constitutes appropriate curricular content within the composition classroom. This curricular change necessitates political action on the part of technology-focused teachers, for instance the establishment of new types of teaching collaboratives and the rethinking of departmental policies.
Approximate solutions of integral and operator equations

Abstract : The classical method of replacing an integral equation with an algebraic system is considered by means of numerical integration. This is equivalent to replacing the integral operator K with a degenerate operator K sub n acting in the same space. The important properties are that K sub n f approaches Kf for each f, K is compact, and the K sub n are compact in aggregate. (Author)
Salivating, and Thinking in Different Languages

(1935). Salivating, and Thinking in Different Languages. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 145-151.
Oncologic imaging: interactions of nuclear medicine with CT and MRI using the bone scan as a model.

There are many radionuclides currently used in oncologic imaging including technetium 99m diphosphonates, gallium 67, thallium 201, technetium 99m sestamibi, and others. The specific interactions of each of these agents with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are extensive. The radionuclide bone scan using 99m Tc diphosphonate is the most frequently performed nuclear medicine examination in oncologic imaging. The bone scan can be used as a model to generalize the interactions of nuclear medicine with CT and MRI. The applications for the bone scan and many other nuclear medicine procedures in oncologic imaging include evaluating for metastases, assessing the response to therapy, and guiding radiation therapy planning. Bone scan findings that are equivolcal for metastases can be evaluated with other imaging modalities. Areas of abnormal uptake in the axial skeleton can be evaluated with CT or MRI, whereas those in the appendicular skeleton can be evaluated with plain radiographs, followed by CT or MRI if necessary. The bone scan is valuable in oncologic imaging because of its high sensitivity for lesion detection, its ease in whole body imaging, and its low cost. The major disadvantage of the bone scan is that it lacks fine anatomic detail, which is of particular importance in the cancer patient with local back pain, radiculopathy, or myelopathy. Because local back pain with or without radiculopathy is the earliest symptom of spinal cord compression in 90% of patients, an MRI is the study of choice because of its exquisite depiction of anatomy. A myelogram followed by a postmyelogram CT can be performed if there are contraindications to an MRI. The basic principle of high sensitivity for lesion detection and ease in whole body imaging provided by nuclear medicine and fine anatomic detail provided by CT and MRI can be applied also to the use of other radionuclides in oncologic imaging.
The behavioral and affective consequences of performance-relevant situational variables☆

Abstract Results of two studies are reported. Four of the situational variables identified as relevant to performance settings in Study I were experimentally manipulated in order to create facilitating and inhibiting treatment conditions in Study II. Results indicated that performance, affective responses, and the relationship between these two variables tended to be affected by performance-relevant situational characteristics. Implications for this neglected research area are discussed.
Effect of sliding friction forces on the strength of brittle materials

A model is developed for the strength degradation of brittle surfaces in sliding contact with spherical indenters. The loss of strength is associated with the propagation of partial cone cracks in the wake of the indenter. Detailed fracture mechanics calculations are circumvented by working in the limit of ideal point-load contacts, with the key proposition that the crack dimensions remain insensitive to rotations of the cone axis relative to the specimen free surface. In this way the simple Roesler solution for classical, well-developed cone cracks may be retained as a convenient “reference state” for a more general theoretical description, whereby the superposition of a tangential friction force onto the normal loading is accommodated via a straightforward coordinate transformation operation. The major predictions of the model are tested by measuring the strengths of glass surfaces after contact with a sliding steel sphere. In particular, the degraded strengths are not strongly influenced by the coefficient of friction, contrary to expectations from some earlier indentation analyses.
Insight into the Radical Mechanism of Phycocyanobilin−Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase (PcyA) Revealed by X-ray Crystallography and Biochemical Measurements†

The X-ray crystal structure of the substrate-free form of phycocyanobilin (PCB)−ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA; EC 1.3.7.5) from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC7120 has been solved at 2.5 A resolution. A comparative analysis of this structure with those recently reported for substrate-bound and substrate-free forms of PcyA from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Hagiwara et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 27−32; Hagiwara et al. (2006) FEBS Lett. 580, 3823−3828) provides a compelling picture of substrate-induced changes in the PcyA enzyme and the chemical basis of PcyA's catalytic activity. On the basis of these structures and the biochemical analysis of site-directed mutants of Nostoc PcyA, including mutants reported in recent studies (Tu et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 3127−3136) as well as mutants described in this study, a revised mechanism for the PcyA-mediated four-electron reduction of biliverdin IXα to 3E/3Z-phycocyanobilin via enzyme-bound bilin radical intermediates ...
Boundary layer characteristics of the Miley airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

An experimental study of the effect of boundary-layer transition on the performance of the Miley airfoil at Reynolds numbers below 6xl0 was conducted. Lift and drag measurements were taken using a twocomponent strain gage force balance over a range of Reynolds numbers from 7 x 10 to 3 x 10. Static pressure distributions on the surface of the airfoil were measured for Reynolds numbers up to 6xl0 5 . Smoke flow visualization was used at Reynolds numbers between 7 x 1Q and 5 x 10 in order to obtain a qualitative picture of boundary-layer transition and flow separation. Initial studies showed a large region of hysteresis in both lift and drag performance between Reynolds numbers of 7 x 10 and 1.5 x 10. The hysteresis loop varied in size but typically occurred between 10and 18-deg angle of attack and resulted in up to a 15% difference in lift coefficient and up to a 60% difference in drag coefficient. Stability of the hysteresis loop was found to be dependent on several factors, most important of which were freestream turbulence, acoustic excitation, and boundary-layer trips. The test section environment was documented to explain changes in boundary-layer performance under normal operating conditions. Finally, quantitative analysis of the boundary-layer performance was conducted with a hot-wire anemometer at 0-, 7-, and 13-deg angle of attack for a Reynolds number of 1.5X 10. Comparison of the data obtained during the different experimental phases provides a consistent picture of the boundary-layer performance and subsequent hysteresis loop. Changes in the testing environment were found to be the critical factors in variations of the experimental results. Documentation of the test environment is a prerequisite to the analysis of any test results at low Reynolds numbers.
A Checklist-Based Intervention to Improve Surgical Outcomes in Michigan: Evaluation of the Keystone Surgery Program

Importance Previous studies of checklist-based quality improvement interventions have reported mixed results. Objective To evaluate whether implementation of a checklist-based quality improvement intervention—Keystone Surgery—was associated with improved outcomes in patients in a large statewide population undergoing general surgery. Design, Setting, and Exposures A retrospective longitudinal study examined surgical outcomes in 64 891 Michigan patients in 29 hospitals using Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative clinical registry data from 2006 through 2010. Multivariable logistic regression and difference-in-differences analytic approaches were used to evaluate whether Keystone Surgery program implementation was associated with improved surgical outcomes following general surgery procedures, apart from existing temporal trends toward improved outcomes during the study period. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk-adjusted rates of superficial surgical site infection, wound complication, any complication, and 30-day mortality. Results Implementation of Keystone Surgery in 14 participating centers was not associated with improvements in surgical outcomes during the study period. Adjusted rates of superficial surgical site infection (3.2% vs 3.2%, P = .91), wound complication (5.9% vs 6.5%, P = .30), any complication (12.4% vs 13.2%, P = .26), and 30-day mortality (2.1% vs 1.9%, P = .32) at participating hospitals were similar before and after implementation. Difference-in-differences analysis accounting for trends in 15 nonparticipating centers and sensitivity analysis excluding patients receiving surgery in the first 6 or 12 months after program implementation yielded similar results. Conclusions and Relevance Implementation of a checklist-based quality improvement intervention did not affect rates of adverse surgical outcomes among patients undergoing general surgery in participating Michigan hospitals. Additional research is needed to understand why this program was not successful prior to further dissemination and implementation of this model to other populations.
Pax8 modulates the expression of Wnt4 that is necessary for the maintenance of the epithelial phenotype of thyroid cells

Background The transcription factor Pax8 is expressed during thyroid development and is involved in the morphogenesis of the thyroid gland and maintenance of the differentiated phenotype. In particular, Pax8 has been shown to regulate genes that are considered markers of thyroid differentiation. Recently, the analysis of the gene expression profile of FRTL-5 differentiated thyroid cells after the silencing of Pax8 identified Wnt4 as a novel target. Like the other members of the Wnt family, Wnt4 has been implicated in several developmental processes including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis. To date, the only evidence on Wnt4 in thyroid concerns its down-regulation necessary for the progression of thyroid epithelial tumors.
Spectral Measures and Jacobi Matrices Related to Laguerre-Type Systems of Orthogonal Polynomials

This paper considers systems of Laguerre-type orthogonal polynomials for which the corresponding Jacobi matrices represent unbounded self-adjoint operators which are bounded above or below. Under appropriate assumptions on the coefficient sequences in the recursion formula, results are obtained on the uniform boundedness of the polynomials on bounded intervals, the absence of eigenvalues for the corresponding operator, and the absolute continuity of the measure of orthogonality.
Bibliography on the Measurement of Electrical Parameters of Layered Lunar/Earth Surfaces

A complete and an up to date bibliography on the measurement of electrical parameters of layered lunar and terrain surfaces, by electromagnetic sounding technique is presented.
Sinovenous thrombosis associated with skull fracture in the setting of blunt head trauma

Emerging literature suggests that closed head injuries may be an important etiology of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Fractures over the dural sinuses, in particular, may predispose such patients to this secondary complication. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and characteristics of CVST resulting from skull fractures overlying cerebral venous sinuses at a single tertiary care center. A retrospective review of consecutive patients presenting to our institution with skull fractures from blunt head trauma between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2011 who underwent either a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) venogram. Patient demographics, associated intracranial injuries, admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), presence of CVST, and post-hospital disposition were recorded. Overall, 908 patients with skull fractures presented to the institution. Of those, 63 had fractures over a sinus and a venogram satisfying inclusion criteria. Twenty-two (34.9 %) patients demonstrated a thrombus in at least one sinus. There was no statistical difference in patient demographics, presenting GCS, length of stay (LOS), or outcome between patients with or without a thrombus. Pediatric patients had significantly shorter LOS (11 vs. 4 days, p < 0.01) compared to adults. Adults had a greater incidence of total sinus occlusions while children had more non-occlusive thrombus formations; both were statistically significant (p = 0.035 and p = 0.037, respectively). This report suggests that over 10 % of skull fractures involve cerebral venous sinuses, thus emphasizing the need to rule out CVST in patients suffering blunt head trauma. We propose including a venogram as part of the initial trauma work-up for these patients. Moreover, our data suggest that pediatric patients may be predisposed to less severe injuries than their adult counterparts.
Genotoxic activity of nitrosated coal dust extract in mammalian systems.

The genotoxicity of coal dust extract nitrosated by NaNO2 was investigated because of an elevated incidence of gastric cancer in coal miners. Human peripheral lymphocytes were used to determine the frequency of sister chromatic exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were also used to measure SCEs. The mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay comprised the final in vitro system, while the micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow cells was used as an in vivo assay. The SCE frequency in human lymphocytes increased from 9.2 per cell in untreated cultures to 31.6 per cell in cultures treated with 10.0 microliter/ml of nitrosated coal dust extract (NCDE) (P less than .0001). Chromosome aberrations were tested during two phases of the cell cycle; the results indicate that NCDE causes an increase in aberrations in each cell phase tested. The SCE frequency in the CHO system increased from 9.0 per cell in untreated cultures to 18.0 per cell in cultures treated with 3.3 microliter NCDE per ml of medium (P less than .001). In the mouse lymphoma system, the background mutation frequency was tripled at 2.0 microliter NCDE per ml of medium. NCDE was not found to be active in the murine micronucleus assay. No consistent increase in genetic activity was observed with nonnitrosated coal dust extract alone or with NaNO2 alone. Metabolic activation greatly reduced or eliminated genetic activity. These results indicate that nitrosated coal dust extract is genetically active in in vitro mammalian systems without metabolic activation. These findings suggest that the nitrosation of ingested coal dust may be responsible for the elevated incidence of gastric cancer in coal miners.
A Kantian Response to Jean Porter

Jean Porter’s natural law theory and my divine command theory differ less than one might expect. Two differences that remain are that, with respect to deductivism, the view that we can deduce our moral obligations from human nature, we agree that human nature is insufficiently specific, but she does not acknowledge the place of revealed divine law in later scholasticism or the role for what Scotus calls ‘dispensations’. With respect to eudaimonism, the view that our choices are for the sake of happiness, I do not agree that life presents itself to us integrated under the conception of a single way of life. Even in Aquinas there is a tension between his eudaimonism and his view that the love of God for God’s own sake is the distinctive mark of charity, and that charity toward the neighbor requires us to promote the neighbor’s good for the neighbor’s sake and not our own.
Exploring Strategies for Gizzard Shad Removal That Account for Compensatory Density Dependence and Uncertainty

Abstract Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum have been the target of removal efforts in eastern North American lakes due to their omnivorous feeding, which may increase nutrient cycling and contribute to high phytoplankton abundance. We used a simulation model to evaluate the efficacy of a gizzard shad removal program at the Harris Chain of Lakes (HCL), Florida, by testing the effects of the exploitation rate, gill-net mesh size, and harvest interval on the total population biomass and spawning potential ratio (SPR). The analysis accounted for compensatory density dependence of the gizzard shad population and uncertainty in life history parameters. The reductions in gizzard shad biomass and SPR were less than 50% for the two largest mesh sizes (89 and 102 mm) at realistic annual exploitation rates of 0.6–0.8. However, the use of smaller mesh sizes (51 and 64 mm) produced biomass and SPR reductions that exceeded 75% at comparable harvest rates. Current removal efforts at the HCL, which employ a minimum gill-n...
Analysis of Diazepam and Chlordiazepoxide and Their Related Compounds Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Abstract The analysis of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and their by- and degradation products using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was investigated. The separations were carried out using a capillary SB-cyanopropyl-50 column with carbon dioxide as mobile phase and flame ionization detection. Typical analysis time was in the range of 20-23 min. Accuracy and precision of the SFC method were both in the 1–4% range. The SFC method was then applied to dosage forms containing diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. The data obtained using the SFC methods was compared with HPLC methods.
Serials replacement orders: A closer look

In most libraries streamlined procedures exist for placing subscriptions and standing orders for periodicals and serials. Every aspect of these orders, including searching and verification, inputting, printing purchase orders, receiving, and claiming, follows a well-established routine, whether on a manual or automated system. But there is another category of orders whose procedures may not be as well established. These are serials replacement orders (hereafter referred to as "replacement orders" and more fully defined in the next section). Special procedures must be followed to handle the idiosyncracies of replacement orders since they are more like monographic firm orders than subscriptions or standing orders. Yet replacement issues must be checked in and processed like any other serials, and in many cases they must be prepaid like subscriptions. Adjustments to the standard serials acquisition process for subscriptions and standing orders must be made if a library is to be successful in acquiring replacements. As Osborn states, "Acquisition...routines should be streamlined to permit essential ordering of this kind to be carried on in a routine fashion. ,,1 However, although a library already may have well-established replacement routines, automation of serials control, or the necessity of changing from one automated system to another, may render these procedures obsolete and necessitate the formulation of new policies and procedures to fit the new circumstances.
Audits and case studies: Contrasting styles of investigation

Salient features of a modified evaluation audit and a case study evaluation are presented to illustrate two different approaches to investigation.
The practical management practices of independent HPT consultants

When independent human performance technology (HPT) consultants need practical guidance managing their own firms, they are thrust into a complex, confusing, and uncompassionate network of guides. This article focuses on the practical side of managing an independent HPT consulting practice. Several aspects are considered, including physical setting, legal structure, financial concerns, sales and marketing, pricing, and affiliations or alliances. In addition to a review of relevant literature, a survey of 150 independent consultants was reviewed and several interviews of independent consultants were conducted.
Progressive Inhibition of T-Cell Function Preceding Clinical Signs of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Mice

Groups of mice that received a predominantly lethal or a nonlethal dose of murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) were studied prospectively to correlate clinical observations with detection of virus in spleen cells and with the response of spleen cells to the thymus-derived (T-) cell mitogen concanavalin A (con A). In both groups of mice, virus was virtually cleared from spleen cells by day 8 after infection. Depression of the spleen cell response to con A preceded clinical signs of infection, was more severe in the lethally infected group, and improved as clinical signs cleared in the few surviving mice. Serum from infected mice depressed the response of uninfected spleen cells to con A. These findings support the hypothesis that clinical illness and death from CMV infection of mice are a consequence of events that follow the depression of T-cell function by CMV. This depression is at least partially mediated by a humoral mechanism.
Control of TANK-binding Kinase 1-mediated Signaling by the γ134.5 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a key component of Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. In response to microbial components, TBK1 activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and cytokine expression. Here we show that TBK1 is a novel target of the γ134.5 protein, a virulence factor whose expression is regulated in a temporal fashion. Remarkably, the γ134.5 protein is required to inhibit IRF3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and the induction of antiviral genes in infected cells. When expressed in mammalian cells, the γ134.5 protein forms complexes with TBK1 and disrupts the interaction of TBK1 and IRF3, which prevents the induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated gene promoters. Down-regulation of TBK1 requires the amino-terminal domain. In addition, unlike wild type virus, a herpes simplex virus mutant lacking γ134.5 replicates efficiently in TBK1-/- cells but not in TBK1+/+ cells. Addition of exogenous interferon restores the antiviral activity in both TBK1-/- and TBK+/+ cells. Hence, control of TBK1-mediated cell signaling by the γ134.5 protein contributes to herpes simplex virus infection. These results reveal that TBK1 plays a pivotal role in limiting replication of a DNA virus.
Use of intraoperative fluorescein sodium fluorescence to improve the accuracy of tissue diagnosis during stereotactic needle biopsy of high-grade gliomas

Stereotactic needle biopsy is valuable for tissue diagnosis of suspected high-grade gliomas, but limited by a sampling error that can lead to inappropriate grading of the tumor or failure to provide diagnosis. Increasing the number of biopsy attempts can increase morbidity. The authors designed a protocol to increase safety and efficiency of the procedure. Six consecutive patients with suspected high-grade gliomas who were not candidates for cytoreductive surgery underwent fluorescein-guided stereotactic needle biopsy. All received an injection of 3 mg/kg fluorescein sodium during anesthesia induction. Samples were obtained and observed under a microscope-integrated fluorescent module. If the initial specimens were fluorescent, the procedure was complete if the pathologist confirmed diagnostic tissue. Additional specimens were obtained only at the pathologist’s request. An independent neuropathologist later analyzed and graded samples for diagnostic value, tumor, and necrosis. This information was correlated to the degree of intraoperative fluorescent signal in biopsy samples. During six biopsy procedures, 26 specimens were obtained: 15 (58 %) fluorescent and 11 (42 %) nonfluorescent. All fluorescent specimens contained diagnostic tissue appropriate for tumor grading. Of 11 nonfluorescent specimens, four (36 %) did not contain tumor, three (27 %) contained minor hypercellularity or gliosis, and four (36 %) contained tumor with a high proportion of necrosis. All six tumors were diagnosed as glioblastoma multiforme. The sensitivity and specificity for fluorescein fluorescence was 79 % and 100 %, respectively. Fluorescein fluorescence may improve diagnostic accuracy and expedite stereotactic biopsy procedures.
Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America

R. A. Farina, S. F. Vizcaino, and G. D. Iuliis. 2013. Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 448 pp. ISBN 978-0-253-00230-3, price (cloth), $65.
William Dock, Willie Sutton and Sutton's Law.

A recent article on Milton, Sutton and Mutton [1] prompted me to write this editorial. Although many know that it was William Dock who originated the term “Sutton's Law” in medicine, few know the circumstances under which this term came about. It might be timely to recapitulate what I wrote in 1999 [2]. Around 1960, a medical student at Yale toiled relentlessly to document the presence of schistosomes in the liver of a young female Puerto Rican patient. Dock, a visiting professor at the time, had suspected the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in this patient and said, just off the top of his head, “Why don't you apply Sutton's Law?” The derivation of the term is as follows: when Willie Sutton, a hold-up man, was being interviewed by newsmen, he was asked why he always robbed banks. Sutton, with some surprise, replied, “Why, that's where themoney is.” [3]. The diagnosis of schistosomiasiswas, indeed, proven by a positive liver biopsy done by the student [4]. That would have been the end of the story except that there had been two Yale physicians on that teaching round, Robert Petersdorf and Paul Beeson, who were working on a phenomenon called FUO, or fever of unknown origin, which had the whole medical profession baffled. A year later, they published their paper on “Fever of Unexplained Origin,” [3] in which Sutton's Law was recounted in a footnote near the end of the article, “We are indebted to Dr. William Dock for the term Sutton's Law. It recommends proceeding immediately to the diagnostic test most likely to provide a diagnosis, and deplores the tendency to carry out a battery of ‘routine’ examinations in conventional sequence....”. Although Dock was the inventor of “Sutton's law,” Sutton himself denied ever saying that [5]. Nevertheless, it remains a useful instrument for teaching medicine. Dock has often been called Osler of the modern day, because of his immense wisdom, independent thought, inquisitive perception, and a sense of humor [2]. As can be seen from one of his postcards to me while visiting the home town of Wenckebach (Fig. 1), he thought nobodywould remember Sutton's Law or its inventor very long. Fred's
Anisotropy of Grain Growth in Alumina

Grain growth in theoretically dense undoped and MgO-doped polycrystalline Al2O3 was studied, and average grain-boundary migration rates were compared with those of a-plane and c-plane sapphire during migration into the same undoped and MgO-doped materials. The results are discussed in terms of a grain-size-dependent grain-boundary mobility-grain-boundary energy product, Mbγb. The grainsize dependencies of the Mbγb products for seed and matrix grains differ. Seed orientation appears to affect the nature of solute-boundary interactions. The importance of grain-boundary structure on migration characteristics is also indicated by a demonstration of twin-formation-enhanced grain growth.
Airborne LIDAR elastic scattering, fluorescent scattering, and differential absorption observations

Airborne lidar measurements have been conducted for a variety of research applications over the past 10 years. These efforts have demonstrated the value of operating laser-based remote- sensing instrumentation from airborne platforms for mapping of atmospheric distributions of particulate and gaseous constituents over regional areas with high spatial and temporal resolution. While most of the investigations have been directed to the observation of effluents injected into the atmosphere from industrial sources or of tracer material released into the atmosphere for evaluation of transport and diffusion processes, the techniques used may have applications to detection and surveillance for law-enforcement purposes. Data examples are presented that illustrate airborne lidar elastic scattering, fluorescent scattering, and differential absorption measurements of atmospheric targets.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification of a monogenic locus (jams1) causing juvenile audiogenic seizures in mice.

Epilepsy is a debilitating disease with a strong genetic component. Positional cloning has identified a few genes for rare monogenic epilepsy syndromes; however, the genetics of common human epilepsies are too complex to be analyzed easily by current techniques. Mouse models of epilepsy can further this analysis by eliminating genetic background heterogeneity and enabling the production of sufficient numbers of offspring. Here, we report that Black Swiss mice have a heretofore unrecognized specific susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. These seizures are characterized by wild running, loss of righting reflex, and tonic flexion and extension, and are followed by a postictal period. The susceptibility to these seizures is developmentally regulated, peaking at 21 d of age and nearly disappearing by adulthood. Interestingly, both the susceptibility to seizures and their developmental regulation appear unrelated to hearing thresholds in the Black Swiss strain and backcrossed progeny. Genetic mapping and linkage analysis of hybrid mice localize the seizure gene, jams1 (juvenile audiogenic monogenic seizures), to a 1.6 ± 0.5 centimorgan (cM) region on mouse chromosome 10, delimited by the gene basigin ( Bsg ) and marker D10Mit140 . Interestingly, the majority of the critical region is syntenic to a region on human chromosome 19p13.3 implicated in a familial form of juvenile febrile convulsions. Cloning the gene for audiogenic seizures in these mice may provide important insight into the fundamental mechanisms for developmentally regulated human epilepsy syndromes.
Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with the Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Older Women

Experimental studies have suggested different effects of various fats on blood pressure. However, epidemiologic evidence of these relations remains limited and inconsistent. We therefore assessed the association of fatty acid (FA) composition in erythrocyte membranes with the risk of hypertension. We selected 516 cases of incident hypertension and 516 matched controls during 12.9 y of follow-up in the Women’s Health Study. Erythrocyte FA was measured in baseline bloods using GC. After controlling matching factors and lifestyle factors, erythrocyte SFA showed a positive association, whereas total cis PUFA, cis (n-3) PUFA, and the ratio of PUFA:SFA (PS ratio) showed an inverse association with the risk of hypertension. The multivariable RR of hypertension across the increasing quartiles of erythrocyte FA subtypes were 1.00, 1.19, 1.44, and 1.76 for total SFA; 1.00, 0.84, 0.88, and 0.56 for total cis PUFA; 1.00, 0.87, 0.66, and 0.65 for cis (n-3) PUFA; and 1.00, 0.99, 0.70, and 0.51 for the PS ratio. After further adjusting for obesity-related metabolic factors, these associations were attenuated and remained significant only for the PS ratio. cis MUFA, cis (n-6) PUFA, and trans unsaturated FA in erythrocyte membranes were not associated with the risk of hypertension. Our study showed that FA composition in erythrocyte membranes is associated with the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. However, after controlling for obesity-related metabolic factors, the associations remained significant only for the PS ratio.
Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: effects of concurrent statin therapy.

Background Recent studies provide conflicting evidence about the association of statin use and decreased efficacy of intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for bladder cancer. Because statin drugs have immunomodulatory properties that could reduce the effectiveness of BCG, we investigated whether concurrent use of statin drugs was associated with worsened clinical outcomes in patients undergoing BCG treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Study Design We retrospectively analyzed records of 120 patients undergoing BCG treatment during 1997 through 2007 at a single Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Tumor-progression events, total recurrences, disease-specific and overall mortality were the outcomes relative to statin use. Fisher's exact, Student's t -tests, and logistic regression were used to compare the groups. Results Among the 90 evaluable patients, there were no significant differences between groups with regard to tumor grade and stage distribution or smoking status. Statins were used during BCG therapy by 47.8% of patients. Comparing patients with no use versus use of statins, 8.5% versus 11.6% had local tumor progression (p = 0.44); 10.6% versus 9.3% underwent cystectomy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy (p = 0.56); and metastatic disease developed in 6.7% versus 11.6% (p = 0.33). Of the 27 patients who died of any cause, 12.5% (2 of 16) versus 27.3% (3 of 11) in the nonstatin versus statin groups, respectively, died of disease (p = 0.32). Conclusions Concurrent statin use was not associated with adverse outcomes for patients undergoing BCG treatment for bladder cancer. While statins have a plausible biologic mechanism to reduce BCG efficacy, no differences were seen in this small pilot study.
Promoter cross-talk via a shared enhancer explains paternally biased expression of Nctc1 at the Igf2/H19/Nctc1 imprinted locus

Developmentally regulated transcription often depends on physical interactions between distal enhancers and their cognate promoters. Recent genomic analyses suggest that promoter-promoter interactions might play a similarly critical role in organizing the genome and establishing cell-type-specific gene expression. The Igf2/H19 locus has been a valuable model for clarifying the role of long-range interactions between cis-regulatory elements. Imprinted expression of the linked, reciprocally imprinted genes is explained by parent-of-origin-specific chromosomal loop structures between the paternal Igf2 or maternal H19 promoters and their shared tissue-specific enhancer elements. Here, we further analyze these loop structures for their composition and their impact on expression of the linked long non-coding RNA, Nctc1. We show that Nctc1 is co-regulated with Igf2 and H19 and physically interacts with the shared muscle enhancer. In fact, all three co-regulated genes have the potential to interact not only with the shared enhancer but also with each other via their enhancer interactions. Furthermore, developmental and genetic analyses indicate functional significance for these promoter-promoter interactions. Altogether, we present a novel mechanism to explain developmental specific imprinting of Nctc1 and provide new information about enhancer mechanisms and about the role of chromatin domains in establishing gene expression patterns.
Comparative Analysis of Evolutionary Mechanisms of the Hemagglutinin and Three Internal Protein Genes of Influenza B Virus: Multiple Cocirculating Lineages and Frequent Reassortment of the NP, M, and NS Genes

Phylogenetic profiles of the genes coding for the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, nucleoprotein (NP), matrix (M) protein, and nonstructural (NS) proteins of influenza B viruses isolated from 1940 to 1998 were analyzed in a parallel manner in order to understand the evolutionary mechanisms of these viruses. Unlike human influenza A (H3N2) viruses, the evolutionary pathways of all four genes of recent influenza B viruses revealed similar patterns of genetic divergence into two major lineages. Although evolutionary rates of the HA, NP, M, and NS genes of influenza B viruses were estimated to be generally lower than those of human influenza A viruses, genes of influenza B viruses demonstrated complex phylogenetic patterns, indicating alternative mechanisms for generation of virus variability. Topologies of the evolutionary trees of each gene were determined to be quite distinct from one another, showing that these genes were evolving in an independent manner. Furthermore, variable topologies were apparently the result of frequent genetic exchange among cocirculating epidemic viruses. Evolutionary analysis done in the present study provided further evidence for cocirculation of multiple lineages as well as sequestering and reemergence of phylogenetic lineages of the internal genes. In addition, comparison of deduced amino acid sequences revealed a novel amino acid deletion in the HA1 domain of the HA protein of recent isolates from 1998 belonging to the B/Yamagata/16/88-like lineage. It thus became apparent that, despite lower evolutionary rates, influenza B viruses were able to generate genetic diversity among circulating viruses through a combination of evolutionary mechanisms involving cocirculating lineages and genetic reassortment by which new variants with distinct gene constellations emerged.
Racial Resentment and White Opposition to Race‐Conscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice?

White racial resentment is associated with opposition to a broad range of racial policies but it is unclear whether it derives from racial prejudice or stems from ideological principles. To resolve this ambiguity, we examined the impact of racial resentment on support for a college-scholarship program in which program beneficiaries’ race and socio-economic class was experimentally varied. The analyses yield a potentially troubling finding: racial resentment means different things to white liberals and conservatives. Among liberals, racial resentment conveys the political effects of racial prejudice, by predicting program support for black but not white students, and is better predicted by overt measures of racial prejudice than among conservatives. Among conservatives, racial resentment appears more ideological. It is closely tied to opposition to race-conscious programs regardless of recipient race and is only weakly tied to measures of overt prejudice. Racial resentment, therefore, is not a clear-cut measure of racial prejudice for all Americans. I sw hite opposition to racial policies driven by racial prejudice or is it grounded in race-blind ideological principles? This has been the subject of a prolonged debate among researchers of American race relations. The controversy has been most heated over race-conscious policies such as affirmative action which are opposed by a majority of white Americans. Pervasive opposition to affirmative action has lead some researchers to question whether opposition really stems from racism or is based instead on a principled objection to the nature of the programs themselves. This “principled” approach has been developed most forcefully by Sniderman and colleagues (Sniderman and Carmines 1997; Sniderman, Crosby, and Howell 2000), who argue that race-conscious policies violate individualism, equal treatment, and other basic tenets of American culture and are opposed by many whites on ideological grounds. They present further evidence that principled opposition to affirmative action is most pronounced among conservatives (Sniderman and Carmines 1997; Sniderman et al. 1996). From this perspective, white program opposition, especially conservative white opposition, represents a reasonable response to a flawed set of policies.
Lattice QCD at finite temperature

I discuss recent developments in finite temperature lattice QCD, including the calculation of the transition temperature, equation of state, color screening and meson spectral functions.
Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits

Impaired performance of skilled gestures, referred to as dyspraxia, is consistently reported in children with autism; however, its neurological basis is not well understood. Basic motor skill deficits are also observed in children with autism and it is unclear whether dyspraxia observed in children with autism can be accounted for by problems with motor skills. Forty-seven high-functioning children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), autism, or Asperger syndrome (43 males, four females; mean age 10y 7m [SD 1y 10m], mean Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) 99.4 [SD 15.9]), and 47 typically developing (TD) controls (41 males, six females; mean age 10y 6m [SD 1y 5m], mean FSIQ 113.8 [SD 12.3], age range 8–4y) completed: (1) the Physical and Neurological Assessment of Subtle Signs, an examination of basic motor skills standardized for children, and (2) a praxis examination that included gestures to command, to imitation, and with tool-use. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the association between basic motor skill performance (i.e. times to complete repetitive limb movements) and praxis performance (total praxis errors). After controlling for age and IQ, basic motor skill was a significant predictor of performance on praxis examination. Nevertheless, the ASD group continued to show significantly poorer praxis than controls after accounting for basic motor skill. Furthermore, praxis performance was a strong predictor of the defining features of autism, measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and this correlation remained significant after accounting for basic motor skill. Results indicate that dyspraxia in autism cannot be entirely accounted for by impairments in basic motor skills, suggesting the presence of additional contributory factors. Furthermore, praxis in children with autism is strongly correlated with the social, communicative, and behavioral impairments that define the disorder, suggesting that dyspraxia may be a core feature of autism or a marker of the neurological abnormalities underlying the disorder.
Mixed-severity fire in lodgepole pine dominated forests: are historical regimes sustainable on Oregon's Pumice Plateau, USA?

In parts of central Oregon, coarse-textured pumice substrates limit forest composition to low-density lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) with scattered ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) and a shrub understory dominated by antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.). We reconstructed the historical fire regime from tree rings and simulated fire behavior over 783 ha of this forest type. For centuries (1650-1900), extensive mixed-severity fires occurred every 26 to 82 years, creating a multi-aged forest and shrub mosaic. Simulation modeling suggests that the historical mix of surface and passive crown fire were primarily driven by shrub biomass and wind speed. However, a century of fire exclusion has reduced the potential for the high-severity patches of fire that were common histori- cally, likely by reducing bitterbrush cover, the primary ladder fuel. This reduced shrub cover is likely to persist until fire or insects create new canopy gaps. Crown fire potential may increase even with current fuel loadings if the climate predicted for midcentury lowers fuel moistures, but only under rare extreme winds. This study expands our emerging understanding of complexity in the disturbance dynamics of lodgepole pine across its broad North American range.