cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasolines by flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

Abstract Valve based/flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC × GC–FID) was used for quantification of C 6 through C 12 aromatic hydrocarbons by carbon number in gasolines. A 0.53 mm i.d. non-polar first dimension column was coupled to a 0.53 mm i.d. polar second dimension column through a double loop eight port valve modulator. Depending on the sample type, normalized percent and internal standard (I.S.) quantification was performed. For normalized percent quantification, a one-point calibration performed with one aromatic compound per carbon number/class provided an average % accuracy of 2.1% and a short-term n − 1 relative standard deviation of 1.0%. For total aromatic compounds good agreement with the more complex conventional multidimensional GC technique was obtained. However, GC × GC has certain advantages over most other methods, mainly increased selectivity for total and carbon number aromatic content. The identification of the aromatic hydrocarbons was confirmed by GC × GC–MS.
Determination of the blood oxygenation in the brain by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy: contribution of vascular absorption and tissue background absorption

Near infrared light has been used for the determination of blood oxygenation in the brain but little attention has been paid to the fact that the states of blood oxygenation in arteries, veins, and capillaries differ substantially. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations for a heterogeneous system were conducted, and near infrared time-resolved reflectance measurements were performed on a heterogeneous tissue phantom model. The model was made of a solid polyester resin, which simulates the tissue background. A network of tubes was distributed uniformly through the resin to simulate the blood vessels. The time-resolved reflectance spectra were taken with different absorbing solutions filled in the network. Based on the simulation and experimental results, we investigated the dependence of the absorption coefficient obtained from the heterogeneous system on the absorption of the actual absorbing solution filled in the tubes. We show that light absorption by the brain should result from the combination of blood and blood-free tissue background.
Gay Male Fantasies and Realities

The sexual fantasies of 47 gay men were studied using an open-ended questionnaire to determine the influences of fantasy on developing a gay identity and lifestyle. Early fantasies, occurring around age 12, preceded interpersonal sexual experience by an average of four years. They functioned as a source of self-knowledge about respondents' affectional preference and influenced early homosexual experiences. Current affectional and sexual fantasy themes were related to respondents' lifestyles or desire for a male affectional relationship.
Skin-derived precursors generate enteric-type neurons in aganglionic jejunum

Abstract Purpose Skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) may regenerate the enteric nervous system in Hirschsprung's disease. SKPs migrate and differentiate into myenteric ganglia in aganglionic intestine. We sought to characterize the time-course of SKP gangliogenesis and enteric neurotransmitter synthesis in vivo . Methods Adult Lewis rat jejunal segments were isolated and denervated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Denervation was evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) stains for markers of mature neuronal and glial cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing neonatal rat SKPs were cultured in neuroglial-selective medium. SKPs were transplanted into aganglionic segments 65–85days after BAC treatment. IHC was performed to identify glia, neurons, and neurotransmitter synthesis in GFP+cells between post-transplant days 1 and 28. Results Aganglionosis was confirmed by IHC. On post-transplant days 1 and 2, GFP+cells were detected near injection sites within the muscularis propria. GFP+cell clusters were evident only between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers at post-transplant days 14, 21, and 28. These structures co-expressed markers of mature neurons and gliocytes. Several markers of neurotransmitter synthesis were detected in GFP+clusters at days 21 and 28. Conclusion SKPs are capable of enteric neuroglial differentiation in vivo . SKPs migrate to the intermuscular layer of aganglionic intestine within days of transplantation. Our observations suggest that SKPs are capable of generating enteric ganglia in aganglionic intestine.
Use of Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Methods in Predicting Activated Carbon Adsorption Isotherms for Hazardous Air Pollutants

Abstract A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) approach is presented to predict gas phase activated carbon adsorption capacities and isotherms for several organic chemicals and their binary mixtures. F,x peri menial adsorption data reported in the literature for various binary mixtures on two di ercnt carbons were used to validate this predictive approach. The QSAR-predicted and experimental adsorption capacities for di erent chemical mixtures of small apolar hydrocarbons at di erent temperatures on two di erent carbons under a range of total pressures and gas phase compositions agreed well with r2 = 0.85 for a total of 338 data points.
SHELL-MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR N = 30 NUCLEI.

The results of shell-model calculations on $N=30$ nuclei with $20\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}27$ are reported. An inert $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ core is assumed, protons are restricted to the $1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ shell, and the two active neutrons can occupy the $2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $1{f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ orbits. A Hamiltonian is used which leads to a good fit to selected experimental data in this same mass region. For all nuclei treated here except $^{57}\mathrm{Co}$, the agreement of the calculated spectra with experimental spectra for states below an excitation energy of about 2.5 MeV is satisfactory. The shell-model wave functions are used to calculate spectroscopic factors for one- and two-nucleon transfer reactions which involve $^{54}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{55}\mathrm{Mn}$, and $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$. The qualitative results for the one-nucleon transfer reactions are in satisfactory agreement with the factors extracted from experimental data. The predicted relative strengths for strong transitions in these reactions are not in good agreement with the extracted numbers. The quantitative agreement between the predicted strengths and the strengths extracted from experiment for the $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}(t, p)^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ reaction is good.
Savings estimates for the Energy Star® voluntary labeling program

Abstract E nergy S tar ® is a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products. Operated jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the US Department of Energy (DOE), E nergy S tar labels exist for more than 20 products, spanning office equipment, residential heating and cooling equipment, new homes, commercial and residential lighting, home electronics, and major appliances. We present estimates of the energy, dollar and carbon savings already achieved by the program and provide savings forecasts for several market penetration scenarios for the period 2001–2010. The target market penetration forecast represents our best estimate of future E nergy S tar savings. It is based on realistic market penetration goals for each of the products. We also provide a forecast under the assumption of 100% market penetration; that is, we assume that all purchasers buy E nergy S tar -compliant products instead of standard efficiency products throughout the analysis period. Finally, we assess the sensitivity of our target penetration case forecasts to greater or lesser marketing success by EPA and DOE, lower-than-expected future energy prices, and higher or lower rates of carbon emissions by electricity generators.
Adaptation to the dominance tube

Two groups of rats inexperienced in dominance tube competition opposed respectively an established group of dominant and submissive Ss. Results were negligible between dominant and naive Ss but submissive animals performed below chance against naive opponents, after displaying transitory ascendance during early dominance contests. A fifth group of rats was used to demonstrate the reliability of tube dominance over an extended period of time.
Feasibility of a Telephone Intervention for HIV Patients and Their Informal Caregivers

Objectives: To assess the feasibility of a telephone intervention for HIV-positive patients and their caregivers. Methods: HIV-positive participants, some co-enrolled with their informal caregiver, enrolled in this randomized study. Intervention-arm participants (124 patients and 76 caregivers; dyads assigned to same arm) received up to 12 scheduled calls from an interventionist over 6 months. Results: An average of 7.6 (SD = 3.0) calls to each participant was completed; 66.5% received at least 6 calls; 43.0% received more than 75% of the intervention (defined as ‘study adherent’). Having a higher T-cell count was associated with call adherence (p = .014); cocaine use was associated with reduced call adherence for both patients (p = .019) and caregivers (p = .083). Common telephone themes included problems with mood, relationships, finances, housing, and work; interventions (e.g., referral for mental health care) were initiated in response to these. Participant satisfaction was high, and many reported benefits from the intervention. Conclusions: Using a telephone intervention with HIV-positive patients and their caregivers is a feasible and potentially beneficial intervention.
River-bend curvature and migration: How are they related?

The asymmetric velocity distribution that characterizes the flow field in river bends" "originates with acceleration induced by bend curvature. This influence of curvature is" "cumulative in the sense that the asymmetry, reflected by cross-channel displacement of the" "filament of high velocity, starts to develop at the bend entrance and increases downstream as" "far as the curvature of the bend is sustained. Local rates of bend migration measured normal" "to the channel centerline are then proportional to the local flow asymmetry. The average" "migration rate for a bend can be related to its average curvature by integrating" "the effects of curvature and associated bed forms over bend length. Published data for bends" "of the Beatton River, Canada, confirm that average migration rates increase monotonically" "with average curvature if bend length is taken into account.
Advances in opioid therapy and formulations

Newly developed opioid analgesics and drug delivery systems may provide pain relief for patients intolerant of morphine. Long-acting oral opioids supply satisfactory analgesia at more convenient dosing intervals. Implantable pumps can provide full analgesic doses of opioids both subcutaneously and intrathecally over extended time periods. Optimal opioid use should rely on individualized dose-finding approaches to enhance pain relief while limiting drug-related side effects and avoiding the common problems associated with opioid prescription in clinical practice.
Amorphous silica nanowires grown by the vapor–solid mechanism

Abstract Silica nanowires were synthesized by using silica nanoparticles as a growth catalyst using a gas composed of CH 4 and H 2 at 1050 °C. Silica nanoparticles provide silicon and oxygen atoms for the formation of the nanowires, as well acting as a growth site. The nanowires nucleated on graphitic carbon layers formed around the seed particles, indicating that the nanowires grow by the vapor–solid mechanism. Photoluminescence spectra of the nanowires normally showed strong blue emission peaked at 3.1 and 2.8 eV under 3.8 eV laser excitation. Post-hydrogen annealing resulted in the appearance of longer wavelength photoluminescence band.
Shift in vivo in the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme distribution pattern in rat epididymal adipose tissue

Abstract 1. 1. Five isozymic forms of lactate dehydrogenase ( l -lactate: DPN oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) have been observed in rat epididymal adipose tissue. In untreated animals the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase activity among the five isozymes was such that LDH I (H 4 ) (electrophoretically the most anodal) was present in the least activity with the activity in the isozyme spectrum increasing toward LDHV (M 4 ). 2. 2. Upon fasting for periods of 48–120 h, the distribution of lactate dehydrogenase in the adipose tissue shifted toward LDH I. This increase in LDH I was due to a significant increase in the percentage of H subunits in the fasted adipose tissue. 3. 3. Refeeding fasted rats for varying periods of time resulted in a gradual return of the percentage of H subunits to the control level. Complete recovery was seen only in those animals which had been refed for a period of time equal to that of the fasting period. 4. 4. Treatment of fasting rats with actinomycin D, puromycin, ethionine, or methionine resulted in inhibiting or abolishing the relative increase in the H subunits that occurs during fasting.
Labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose analogs. 18F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose and 14C-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose

A convenient method for the synthesis of 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (4) and 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose (8) by the direct fluorination of 3,4,6-tri-0-acetyl-D-glucal with 18F-F2 is described. 14C-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose has been synthesized from 14C-3,4,6-tri-0-acetyl-D-glucal (from D-[14c(U)]-glucose) by fluorination with F2 (Method 1) and CF3OF (Method 2). These labeled analogs of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were required for the study of local cerebral glucose metabolism.
Determination of phosphorus in steels by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

The viability of radiochemical neutron activation analysis as a method for certification of phosphorus in steels was tested by analysis of SRM low alloy steels. Preliminary results are generally in agreement with certified values. The limit of detection, as defined by Currie1, was determined to be 5 μg/kg.
Caenorhabditus elegans Arrestin Regulates Neural G Protein Signaling and Olfactory Adaptation and Recovery

Although regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by receptor kinases and arrestins is a well established biochemical process, the physiological significance of such regulation remains poorly understood. To better understand the in vivo consequences of arrestin function, we have examined the function of the sole arrestin in Caenorhabditis elegans (ARR-1). ARR-1 is primarily expressed in the nervous system, including the HSN neuron and various chemosensory neurons involved in detecting soluble and volatile odorants. arr-1 null mutants exhibit normal chemotaxis but have significant defects in olfactory adaptation and recovery to volatile odorants. In contrast, adaptation is enhanced in animals overexpressing ARR-1. Both the adaptation and recovery defects of arr-1 mutants are rescued by transgenic expression of wild-type ARR-1, whereas expression of a C-terminally truncated ARR-1 effectively rescues only the adaptation defect. A potential mechanistic basis for these findings is revealed by in vitro studies demonstrating that wild-type ARR-1 binds proteins of the endocytic machinery and promotes receptor endocytosis, whereas C-terminally truncated ARR-1 does not. These results demonstrate that ARR-1 functions to regulate chemosensory signaling, enabling organisms to adapt to a variety of environmental cues, and provide an in vivo link between arrestin, receptor endocytosis, and temporal recovery from adaptation.
Medical negligence yesterday and today

The review explores developments in medical litigation over the last 50 years. Most notable have been erosion of the independent contractor status of hospital-based practitioners, transfer of financial responsibility for claims to autonomous Trusts, creation of the NHS Litigation Authority and Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts and, most recently, introduction of a pre-action protocol and opportunity for early offers to settle as a means of avoiding litigation. Implications of a professional duty of disclosure are explored and considered against the background of a continuing desire for professional self-regulation.
Preparation of Alkylidene Indane and Related Scaffolds and Their Further Elaboration to Novel Chemotypes

Alkylidene indane and ring-expanded scaffolds have been prepared using an enantioselective crotylation/Heck cyclization sequence. Further diversification using consecutive cyclopropanation-Cope rearrangement affords novel chemotypes including spiroindane frameworks.
Radiation-induced esophagitis on FDG PET imaging.

Whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic (FDG PET) imaging is now being used for staging and restaging patients with a variety of cancers. Benign and inflammatory disorders have been reported to take up FDG, and it is important to recognize these on PET images for appropriate interpretation. The authors present a 76-year-old man who was treated with radiation for poorly differentiated nonsmall cell lung cancer and whose posttherapy PET images showed FDG uptake in the region of radiation-induced esophagitis.
Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) for the EOS SORCE mission

The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM), to be launched in 2002 on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE), will stare at the Sun for five years, and measure the absolute total solar irradiance (TSI). The TIM is an active cavity radiometer with a relative standard uncertainty 100 ppm and a fractional stability of ? 10 ppm/year. The estimated uncertainties are “type B” determined from the parametric uncertainties in a model of the instrument; and the dominant uncertainty will be in the effective aperture area. To obtain such low uncertainty, we: 1. Use metallic NiP as the cavity (diffuse) black. 2. Retrieve the irradiance in the frequency domain. 3. Use phase sensitive detection. 4. Use four separate, duty-cycled cavities. 5. Measure the aperture transmission integral over area. 6. Use diamond thermal/electrical nodes. 7. Use 400 seconds for each completely independent data point for low noise. 8. Use a pulse-width-modulated “standard digital watt” as the onboard standard. 9. Take advantage of the 1 ppm noise level to discover systematic effects. 10. Measure IR shutter radiation from in-flight measurements of dark space. We compare with other TSI measurements on orbit, and as separate shuttle experiments.
"Small" melanomas: relation of prognostic variables to diameter of primary superficial spreading melanomas.

In a consecutive series of 648 superficial spreading melanomas a significantly better 5-year disease-free survival rate was observed for patients whose primary tumors were 14 mm or less in diameter when compared with those 15 mm or larger in diameter. Other distinguishing features of the group of "smaller" superficial spreading melanomas were that they occurred in younger patients; were of shorter durations; were more common in women; occurred disproportionately on the lower limbs; were less elevated; tended to be round in shape; were thinner (Breslow); penetrated less deeply (Clark levels); showed less histologic regression; and developed fewer metastases. Based on these findings it is recommended that educational programs be undertaken for the medical profession and for the public to promote early diagnosis and prompt treatment of superficial spreading melanomas when they are small in diameter and more often curable. A color atlas of "small" melanomas is presented.
Writing Desire, or Being Seduced by Karmen MacKendrick

This essay explores the intimate relation between writing and desire in Karmen MacKendrick’s work. It uses this relation to connect MacKendrick’s work to work from Georges Bataille and Leo Bersani.
A first generation ecosystem model of the Des Plaines River experimental wetlands

Abstract A first generation wetland ecosystem model is developed from first-year field data for four constructed freshwater marshes at the Des Plaines River Wetland Demonstration Project in northeastern Illiois, USA. The model, which includes hydrology, sediment and phophorus algorithms common for all four wetlands, was used for the integration of data collected as part of the many different aspects of the demonstration project and for prediction of wetland function under varying hydrologic and chemical loadings. Stepwise calibration was completed on the model for the hydrology, sediment, productivity, and phosphorus submodels. Separate sedimentation coefficients were necessary for each wetland land and each season. Preliminary simulations investigate the role of changing flow conditions in the wetlands on phosphorus retention. As simulated inflow increased from 34 to 136 cm/wk, phosphorus retention increased from 1.5 to 3.3 g P m −2 yr −1 while retention efficiency decreased from 67 to 37%.
Attentional Bias to Drug- and Stress-Related Pictorial Cues in Cocaine Addiction Comorbid with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACT Introduction. Cocaine addiction places a specific burden on mental health services through its comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Treatment of patients with cocaine abuse is more complicated when addiction is co-occurring with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study used dense-array event-related potential (ERP) technique to investigate whether the patients with this form of dual diagnosis display excessive reactivity to both trauma and drug cues as compared to neutral cues. Cue reactivity refers to a phenomenon in which individuals with a history of drug dependence exhibit verbal, physiological, and behavioral responses to cues associated with their preferred substance of abuse. This study explores ERP differences associated with cue-related responses to both drug and trauma cues in a three-category oddball task using neutral, drug-related, and trauma-related pictorial stimuli. Methods. The study was conducted on 14 cocaine dependent participants, 11 participants with cocaine...
Dissolved oxygen transfer to sediments by sweep and eject motions in aquatic environments

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were quantified near the sediment-water interface to evaluate DO transfer to sediments in a laboratory recirculating flume and open channel under varying fluid-flow conditions. DO concentration fluctuations were observed within the diffusive sublayer, as defined by the time-averaged DO concentration gradient near the sediment-water interface. Evaluation of the DO concentration fluctuations along with detailed fluid-flow characterizations were used to quantify quasi-periodic sweep and eject motions (bursting events) near the sediments. Bursting events dominated the Reynolds shear stresses responsible for momentum and mass fluctuations near the sediment bed. Two independent methods for detecting bursting events using DO concentration and velocity data produced consistent results. The average time between bursting events was scaled with wall variables and was incorporated into a similarity model to describe the dimensionless mass transfer coefficient (Sherwood number, Sh) in terms of the Reynolds number, Re, and Schmidt number, Sc, which described transport in the flow. The scaling of bursting events was employed with the similarity model to quantify DO transfer to sediments and results showed a high degree of agreement with experimental data.
Effects of 2-D interleaving and low density parity check (LDPC) codes on burst errors

We highlight the importance of interleaver in holographic data storage (HDS) systems corrupted by burst errors. We use the Gilbert-Elliott channel model to generate pages with burst errors and investigate a toroidal interleaving scheme.
Strengthening effects of stiffeners on arbitrarily stiffened plates and regularly stiffened plates subject to biaxial stress

Abstract A hypothesis that when subject to biaxial stress, the strengthening effects of arbitrarily oriented stiffener can be approximated by those of regularly oriented stiffener is proved through several simulations and comparisons. It is also found that in an arbitrarily stiffened plate with multiple stiffeners, the orientation of the stiffeners does not apparently affect the plate's strength limit. Based on this find, any arbitrarily stiffened plate can be simplified as regularly stiffened plate, therefore can be analyzed through simplified semi-analytical models during buckling strength analysis. The proved hypothesis can also be explained from an existing analytical model for the arbitrarily oriented stiffener. Engineering simulation software ANSYS is used for modeling and analysis involved in this study.
Regulation of synthesis of acetylcholine receptors

Abstract Acquisition of increased sensitivity to acetylcholine in various systems is associated with de-novo synthesis of acetylcholine receptors (AChR). But at what level is this biosynthesis controlled? The advent and application of recombinant technology has begun to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved. Each of the four receptor subunits are translated on a separate mRNA and require post-translational modification for ‘ksconformational maturation'. Levels of AChR mRNA have been shown to increase as AChR levels rise, but it is not yet certain whether this is under transcriptional or post-transcriptional control. Another interesting possibility remains — AChR synthesis may be further controlled by regulation of subunit assembly.
RhythmSynthesis: visual music instrument

Originating as an investigation into the relationships between rhythm and technology, RhythmSynthesis applies color, shape, and sound to demonstrate how our understanding of visual music, computation, and tangible, audio-visual interactions can be applied as considerations in musical compositions. As an instrument, the final piece allows for experimentation, rewards for mastery, and is a vehicle for expression.By asking questions about how visual music can be used to perceive rhythm, what ways visual rhythms can be used for composition, and what ways composition can be intertwined with performance and experimental notation, this project illustrates that sound is a reliable and effective way to provide users feedback for making visual composition decisions, judgments, and actions. From amateur to professional musicians, the instrument allows for unique, personal interactions and expressive choice.
A comparison of experimental measurements and theoretical predictions regarding the behavior of a turbulent argon plasma jet discharging into air

Computed results are presented describing the temperature and concentration fields obtained when an argon plasma jet is being discharged into ambient air. A previously published mathematical model for turbulent plasma plumes is used for the calculations. These predictions are compared with recent), published experimental measurements by Brossa and Pfender, performed with an enthalpy probe. The theoretical predictions appear to agree reasonably well with the measurements of both the temperature and concentration profiles, with a maximum deviation in the 10–20% range.
Conductivity and magnetoconductance in iodine-doped polyacetylene

Abstract Disorder-induced localization plays a major role in the metal-insulator (M-I) transition of doped conducting polymers. Thus the quantification of disorder is important to understand the transport properties of conducting polymers. A plot of the logarithmic derivative of conductivity ( W = (Δ In σ/Δ In T )) versus temperature is a simple and sensitive technique to characterize the extent of disorder, and to identify the metallic (M), critical (C) and insulating (I) regimes. A typical example is shown in the case of I-(CH) x samples. Another important parameter that determines the M-I transition in conducting polymers is the inter-chain interaction. Pressure and magnetic field can tune the relative position of the mobility edge with respect to the Fermi level. The localization-interaction model is observed to be satisfactory in the metallic regime. A power-law behavior of the temperature dependence of conductivity is observed in the critical regime. The positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR), at low temperatures, in oriented I-(CH) x samples is sensitive to the direction of field with respect to the chain axis. The anisotropic magnetoconductance (MC) indicates the subtle interplay of weak localization and e-e interaction contributions, and the positive contribution to MC is less when the field is parallel to the chain axis. This indicates that the anisotropic MC probes the microscopic anisotropy in charge transport parameters. The temperature dependences of conductivity and magnetoresistance are important tools to study the M-I transition due to disorder, inter-chain interaction, etc., in conducting polymers.
The AAMD ABS-SE, Part Two: Criterion-related validity in a behavior-disordered sample

The purpose of this research was to determine the diagnostic validity of Part Two of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale-School Edition (ABS-SE) for the classification of behavior-disordered (BD) children. The sample consisted of 66 elementary school students ranging in age from 7-0 through 12-11. There were three groups of subjects: (a) children classified BD; (b) children referred for behavior problems, but not classified; and (c) children in regular classrooms, neither referred nor classified. Teachers completed Part Two of the ABS-SE for all subjects. Validity was investigated for both domain and factor scores, with discriminant analyses yielding significant classification results. Using the domain scores generated by the stepwise discriminant analysis, the overall rate of correct classification was 71.21%; using factor scores, the level of correct classification increased to 77.27%.
Increased potassium concentration inhibits stimulation of vascular smooth muscle proliferation by PDGF-BB and bFGF

The effects of changes in extracellular potassium concentration on the rate of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulated by cytokines and serum were analyzed in vitro. To analyze the DNA synthesis response, cells from swine coronary artery were grown in DMEM medium containing 3, 4, 5, or 6 mmol/L potassium together with 20 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), 25 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), with [methyl 3H] thymidine added, for 24 h. Proliferation responses were analyzed in cells grown in medium with potassium concentrations of 3, 4, 5, or 6 mmol/L, together with either 20 ng/mL PDGF-BB, 25 ng/mL bFGF, or 5% FBS, for 7 days, then harvested and counted. Highly significant inverse relationships were observed between potassium concentration and 3H-thymidine incorporation stimulated by each of the three agonists (P < .01 for each, ANOVA), and between potassium concentration and proliferation (all P < .01, ANOVA). Elevation of potassium concentration within the physiologic range inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis and proliferation.
Electromechanical coupling in a molluscan muscle, the radula protractor of Busycon canaliculatum.

The radula protractor can be made to be spontaneously rhythmic, although it is normally a quiescent, phasic muscle, with apparently multi-unit organization. Acetylcholine and potassium depolarize with contracture. Once a radula muscle has been put into a long-lasting contracture by acetylcholine, tryptamine can repolarize it with accompanying relaxation. In the continued presence of acetylcholine and tryptamine, the repolarization and relaxation gradually taper off while membrane oscillation accompanied by mechanical rhythmicity develops. Contrariwise, if a radula protractor is in a potassium contracture, tryptamine will potentiate the contracture without affecting the level of membrane depolarization. Potentiation of potassium contracture, without changing potential level, can also be effected by increased calcium concentrations or by caffeine. After a muscle has been soaked in artificial sea water lacking calcium, its twitch tension, tetanic tension, potassium contracture, and acetylcholine contracture become directly dependent on external calcium concentration.
In ovo administration of boron alters bone mineralization of the chicken embryo

It has been hypothesized that boron (B) is an essential element for animals, especially in bone metabolism. In this study, the influence of in ovo boron administration was assessed in the chicken. At 8 d of embryogenesis, carrier or B (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg) was injected on to the chorioallantoic membrane of fertile eggs. At hatching, body weights were recorded and tissue samples collected. Although boron failed to alter bone mineralization, it decreased (p less than 0.05) dried bone weight, suggesting a reduction in the bone organic matrix. Furthermore, 1 mg boron decreased (p less than 0.05) hatchability and increased (p less than 0.05) the height of the proliferative zone in the growth plate, indicating an unfavorable effect on bone elongation of the developing chick.
Alternatives to resolution IV screening designs in 16 runs

The resolution IV regular fractional factorial designs in 16 runs for six, seven, and eight factors are in standard use. They are economical and provide clear estimates of main effects when three-factor and higher-order interactions are negligible. However, because the two-factor interactions are completely confounded, experimenters are frequently required to augment the original fraction with new runs to resolve ambiguities in interpretation. We identify non-regular orthogonal fractions in 16 runs for these situations that have no complete confounding of two-factor interactions. These designs allow for the unambiguous estimation of models containing both main effects and a few two-factor interactions. We present the rationale behind the selection of these designs from the non-isomorphic 16-run fractions and illustrate how to use them with an example from the literature.
Exclusion of elderly persons from health-risk behavior clinical trials

Abstract Background. It has been found that the elderly population is underrepresented in clinical trials aimed at disease treatment. It is unknown to what extent this group is also excluded from clinical trials aimed at reducing health-risk behaviors. Method. We systematically reviewed clinical trials targeting the leading health-risk behaviors, as identified by Healthy People 2010: tobacco use, overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, substance abuse, and irresponsible sexual behavior. Using MEDLINE, we identified clinical trials published in the five most cited medical journals between January 1990 and May 2004. Results. The majority (53%) of the 198 health-risk behavior clinical trials excluded persons over the age of 65; the exclusion percentage increased to 72% for those over the age of 75. The exclusion of elderly persons in these five medical journals did not decline over the 14 years studied. This age exclusion pattern was not explained by the intervention's intrusiveness or whether illness was an exclusion criterion. The trials that included those over the age of 65 were more likely to report a significant finding in the predicted direction. Conclusions. Although elderly persons are most at risk for diseases linked to lifestyle behavior, such as heart disease, they were excluded from the majority of health-risk behavior clinical trials in five major medical journals.
Monitoring human exposure to lead: An assessment of current laboratory performance for the determination of blood lead

The performance of a small group (9–13) of experienced reference laboratories performing the determination of lead in blood is assessed by means of repeated analyses of lyophilized animal blood. Both interlaboratory precision and intralaboratory precision are reported for the reference laboratory group. Results indicate that at the new blood lead action level of 10 μg/100 ml, this group can achieve results that are accurate to within ±2 μg/100 ml. The capability of routine clinical laboratories participating in the New York State Department of Health's Proficiency Testing Program for Blood Lead from 1979 to 1991 is also examined. These data indicate a steady improvement in laboratory performance over the last 10 years. Analysis of the most recent data suggests that laboratories using anodic stripping voltammetry tend to underestimate the concentration of lead in blood at levels >40 μg/100 ml (1.93 μmole/L). The accuracy and precision of electrothermal atomization and Delves-cup atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of blood lead in one laboratory are compared and discussed.
A computational investigation of kinetoplastid trans-splicing

Trans-splicing is an unusual process in which two separate RNA strands are spliced together to yield a mature mRNA. We present a novel computational approach which has an overall accuracy of 82% and can predict 92% of known trans-splicing sites. We have applied our method to chromosomes 1 and 3 of Leishmania major, with high-confidence predictions for 85% and 88% of annotated genes respectively. We suggest some extensions of our method to other systems.
Frequency of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in patients with and without pancreas cancer.

Purpose: To determine the frequency of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in patients with and without invasive ductal adenocarcinoma (IDAC). Methods:
Adrenergic innervation of cat adrenal medulla

Cat adrenal medulla was studied to determine whether or not an adrenergic nerve supply was available to medullary cells. The techniques used were those of routine electron microscopy, injection and uptake of "false" transmitter substance (5-hydroxydopamine), injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, which selectively destroys postganglionic adrenergic elements and a specific cytochemical method using glutaraldehyde and heavy metal techniques for cytochemical localization of biogenic amines. Each method consistently demonstrated adrenergic fibers and terminals in the adrenal medulla; these adrenergic elements contain dense, large core and small core vesicles which are not of the "dense cored" cholinergic type. Localization of adrenergic fibers and terminals is deemed significant since the latter had the bouton en passage configuration immediately adjacent to norepinephrine cells; adrenergic elements were not seen in close relationship to epinephrine cells. Consistency of the findings from the three techniques point to the fact that the norepinephrine cells of the adrenal medulla have a dual innervation, both cholinergic and adrenergic. This type of innervation pattern is not unique for the autonomic nervous system, but it has not been reported previously for adrenal medullary cells. It is believed that such an innervation pattern has functional and pharmacologic significance.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of efavirenz and nelfinavir in HIV-infected children participating in an area-under-the-curve controlled trial.

Fifty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children participated in an area-under-the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC)-controlled trial of efavirenz and nelfinavir. Pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed at weeks 2, 6, and 56. Efavirenz and nelfinavir doses were adjusted to achieve AUC values of 60–120 and ⩾10 mg h/l, respectively. Thirty-seven (74%) children met the efavirenz target and 41 (82%) the nelfinavir by week 10. Children with AUC values for both drugs above the first quartile were more likely to reach <400 copies/ml of HIV RNA at week 8. Efavirenz and nelfinavir oral clearance increased 37 and 62% from weeks 2 to 56, respectively, in 34 children who continued on therapy at week 56. AUC values at week 56 were not different between children who did or did not have HIV RNA <400 copies/ml. Dose adjustment to achieve specific AUC values in these children reduced the risk of suboptimal exposure and achieved high rates of virologic suppression. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2008) doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100282
Silent Waves: Theory and Practice of Lymph Drainage Therapy, ed 2

Chikly B. Scottsdale, AZ 85262, IHH Publishing, 2004, hardcover, 457 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-9700530-2-9, $75. The focus of this book is to provide a comprehensive management approach to lymphedema, integrating lymphatic anatomy and physiology of the human body with drainage techniques and interventions. The book is organized into 6 parts. Some chapters are quite brief, whereas others are extensive. The book reflects the author's view of fluid movement within the human body, appreciating the successful effects of decongestion along available lymphatic channels or pathways. Part 1 begins with the history of the lymphatic system, continues with the embryological development of lymphatic organs and the structure of lymph pathways, and concludes with a segmental approach to lymphatic drainage therapy (LDT) for each region of the body. Detailed schematics, along with illustrations, describe pathways for lymph circulation (both deep and superficial) and nodal location. The schematics and illustrations, however, are not numbered, which …
REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTIC PARAMETERS BY ULTRASOUND- STIMULATED VIBRO-ACOUSTIC SPECTROGRAPHY

Estimation of the Young’s modulus of metals based on the resonance frequency of a given structure has been reported previously. In some of these methods, an electromagnetic or piezoelectric actuator has been used to induce resonance in the structure [1]. The resulting response could be measured by different means, for example by a piezoelectric device. In most cases either the excitation and/or detection require some form of contact with the structure. In many applications such a contact is not desirable, either because of its loading effect or limitation in accessing the object, especially when the object under test is too small for such measurements.
Evaluation of a resource selection mechanism for complex network services

Providing complex (resource-intensive) network services is challenging because the resources they need and the resources that are available can vary significantly from request to request. To address this issue, we have proposed a flexible mechanism, called active frames, that provides a basis for selecting a set of available distributed computing resources, and then mapping tasks onto those resources. As a proof of concept, we have used active frames to build a remote visualization service, called Dv, that allows users to visualize the contents of scientific datasets stored at remote locations. We evaluate the performance of active frames, in the context of Dv. In particular, we address the following two questions: (1) what performance penalty do we pay for the flexibility of the active frames mechanism? (2) can the throughput of a service based on active frames be predicted with reasonable accuracy from micro-benchmarks? The results of the evaluation suggest that the overhead imposed by active frames is reasonable (roughly 5%), and that simple models based on micro-benchmarks can conservatively predict measured throughput with reasonable accuracy (at most 20%).
Quasi-three-dimensional modeling of rip current systems

[1] The focus of the paper is the analysis of the flow in rip current systems generated by channels in longshore bars on a beach. The horizontal variations of rip current systems are described through the use of the quasi-three-dimensional nearshore circulation model SHORECIRC. Model predictions are compared to laboratory measurements of waves and current velocities throughout the entire rip current system and show reasonable agreement. The rips in the two channels are found to behave differently because of the depth variation across the basin. It is found that higher bottom stress leads to more stable flow where the rip current meanders less and fewer eddies are generated. The wave current interaction creates forcing which reduces the distance rip currents flow offshore and can lead to a slow pulsation of the rip current. This pulsation is in addition to the instabilities of a jet which can also be present in rip currents. The three dimensionality of the rip current system is found to have a significant effect on the overall circulation patterns. INDEX TERMS: 4255 Oceanography: General: Numerical modeling; 4512 Oceanography: Physical: Currents; 4546 Oceanography: Physical: Nearshore processes; KEYWORDS: rip currents, nearshore circulation, numerical modeling, waves
The effect of trabeculectomy on ocular hemodynamics.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of chronic reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) on ocular hemodynamics. Methods: Multisite, prospective evaluation of patients requiring trabeculectomy for treatment of glaucoma. Patients were recruited from the glaucoma service of 2 university hospitals. Patients were evaluated prior to surgery and at 3, 6, and 12 months after trabeculectomy. Color Doppler imaging was used to measure blood flow in the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, and short posterior ciliary arteries. Heidelberg retinal flowmetry was used to evaluate perfusion in the peripapillary and optic disc capillary beds. IOP was measured at baseline and at each study visit. Results: There were highly significant reductions in IOP from presurgical baseline measures. At 3 months, mean IOP reduction was 17.1 mm Hg (62.3%; P<.001). At the 6- and 12-month evaluations, the mean IOP reductions were 15.7 mm Hg (57.3%) and 15.5 mm Hg (56.5%), respectively, P<.001. Despite the significant reduction in IOP, there were no significant differences in any ocular blood flow parameters before and after trabeculectomy. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that chronic reduction of IOP does not alter ocular blood flow and that IOP may be an independent risk factor for progression of glaucoma. These findings also suggest that the eye has the ability to autoregulate to chronically increased IOP over time and that additional studies evaluating the long-term effects of IOP changes are needed to further define this relationship.
General approach to the synthesis of polyquinenes via the Weiss reaction. 6. Progress toward the synthesis of dicyclopentapentalenes

The synthesis of 6, 13 -dihydroxy -all-cis -tetracyclo[6.6.0.02 ,6.09,13]tetradecane 8a and 6,10-dihydroxy-all-cis-tetracyclo[6.6.0.02,6.010,14]tetradecane 12a has been accomplished via the Weiss reacteon. The samarium diiodide mediated bis-cyclization of 8 to provide 9, and 11 to furnish 12 respectively, represents the pivotal step in the sequence.
The Role of Next-Nearest Neighbors in The Neel Model of Surface Anisotropy for BCC Crystals

We have extended the Neel model of surface anisotropy in b.c.c. crystals to include next nearest neighbor interaction. Fitting the experimental data for Fe (001) and (110) surfaces leads to some pradoxes which cast doubt on the Neel surface anisotropy as the dominant source of surface anisotropy in thin films.
Basic Biological Sciences Retinoic Acid Stimulates Degradation of Interstitial Collagen Fibrils by Rat Mucosal Keratinocytes in vitro

A large body of evidence suggests that retinoids modulate the phenotypic expression of epithelial cells of skin and mucous membranes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of retinoic acid on keratinocyte-mediated collagen breakdown. Keratinocytes derived from the ventral surfaces of the tongues of 4-6-week-old male Wistar rats were established in culture under conditions which are restrictive to growth of fibroblasts, and they were eventually cloned by limiting dilution. The cells were seeded (100,000 cells/cm2) in dishes coated with 3H-labeled, reconstituted type I collagen fibrils and incubated in serum-free medium over a 3-5-day period. Dissolution of the collagen fibrils was monitored by the release of radioactivity to the culture medium. Unstimulated cells metabolized the collagen rather slowly, but addition of retinoic acid in concentrations from 10-6M to 10-8M resulted in marked acceleration of the degradative process, with complete solubilization of the collagen fibrils in four ...