cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor fusion for surgical applications

The CAMIS prototype surgical navigation system combines preoperative 3D imagery and intra-operative localization to register a patient with this imagery. While this is vastly superior to the exploratory surgery that it replaced, improving anatomical localization is one of the primary goals of the CAMIS project. This presentation discusses the fusion of preoperative and intraoperative ultrasound mensuration imagery. In particular, a PC based ultrasound system developed at Washington University was modified to add localization capabilities. Then using a unique single point calibration procedure, the projection of the ultrasound 2 dimensional coordinates into full 3 dimensional patient coordinates was developed. Thus the 3D coordinates of any point in the ultrasound image can be directly calculated from this mapping. The fusion of preoperative CT imagery with this calibrated real time ultrasound is currently being tested using a spinal phantom. A 3D CT image set of the phantom was acquired and is used as a 3D model for generating a synthetic ultrasound axial image slice. This synthetic ultrasound image was generated using the Ohio University Synthetic Ultrasound code developed under the CAMIS project. Then the spinal phantom was imaged while submerged in water and the acquisition geometry was manually aligned to get the best apparent match between the measured and synthetic ultrasound images. These two images were then computer matched by adjusting the synthetic acquisition parameters until a best match was obtained. A coordinate transformation is then shown that convert from CT coordinates to patient coordinates so that the patient and the CT image are geometrically registered through the intra-operative ultrasound image.
ICAM-1 as a molecular target for triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have a high mortality rate owing to aggressive proliferation and metastasis and a lack of effective therapeutic options. Herein, we describe the overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in human TNBC cell lines and tissues, and demonstrate that ICAM-1 is a potential molecular target and biomarker for TNBC therapy and diagnosis. We synthesized ICAM-1 antibody-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles (ICAM-IONPs) as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe to evaluate tumor targeting. Quantitative analysis of ICAM-1 surface expression predicted the targeting capability of ICAM-IONPs to TNBC cells. MRI of the TNBC xenograft tumor after systemic administration of ICAM-IONPs, coupled with iron quantification and histology, demonstrated a significant and sustained MRI contrast enhancement and probe accumulation in tumors with ICAM-1 overexpression relative to control. Identification of ICAM-1 as a TNBC target and biomarker may lead to the development of a new strategy and platform for addressing a critical gap in TNBC patient care.
People Skills: Ensuring Project Success---A Change Management Perspective

This is one in a series of articles about the most effective models, methods, and processes of organization development (OD), also known as change management, a discipline that offers much to professionals intent on solving real-world problems. Because it is based on a systemic view of organizations, OD includes the whole universe of fuzzy people issues that increasingly determine the success or failure of efforts to implement otherwise flawless technical solutions. This article examines project success rates, suggests reasons for project failure, and provides ideas for dramatically improving the odds of project success based on established change management principles and processes.
A Local Relaxation Approach for the Siting of Electrical Substations

The siting and sizing of electrical substations on a rectangular electrical grid can be formulated as an integer programming problem with a quadratic objective and linear constraints. We propose a novel approach that is based on solving a sequence of local relaxations of the problem for a given number of substations. Two methods are discussed for determining a new location from the solution of the relaxed problem. Each leads to a sequence of strictly improving feasible integer solutions. The number of substations is then modified to seek a further reduction in cost. Lower bounds for the solution are also provided by solving a sequence of mixed-integer linear programs. Results are provided for a variety of uniform and Gaussian load distributions as well as some real examples from an electric utility. The results of gams/dicopt, gams/sbb, gams/baron and cplex applied to these problems are also reported. Our algorithm shows slow growth in computational effort with the number of integer variables.
Nuclear spectroscopy of neutron-deficient La, Dy and Er activities

Abstract A large accumulation of conversion-electron data has made it feasible to study the properties of nuclear levels in the rare-earth region of neutron numbers 88 to 94. The first experimental level scheme for 153 Tb ( N = 88) is constructed; 84 transitions originate from 21 states excited below 1 MeV. The conversion spectrum of 155 Tb is augmented from 40 to 120 transitions below 1.1 MeV energy. Multipole orders are deduced for 55 of the 96 transitions placed between 28 levels in 155 Tb. Rotational parameters and γ-ray branching ratios are evaluated for 155 Tb. Levels in the 0.5 to 1 MeV region are interpreted as β- and γ-vibrations of the 3 2 + [411] state, and a single-particle 1 2 + [411] band. Our data on 158 Ho consists of 41 transitions, of which 30 are new, and almost all of the transition intensity is accounted for in the level spectrum. Neutron orbital 3 2 − [521] is found to be common to each of four low-lying intrinsic configurations in doubly odd 158 Ho. The order of odd-proton orbitals coupled to 3 2 − [521] corresponds to that of single-particle states observed in neighboring 159 Ho. Eighty conversion-electron transitions are observed below 1 MeV in 161 Ho, a six-fold increase over preceding studies. Using photon intensities from independent research, multipole orders are deduced for most of the transitions de-exciting 18 nuclear levels in 161 Ho. More evidence is presented on decay spectra of 131, 132m La, including transition multipolarity assignments.
Biological properties of soil and subsurface sediments under abandoned pasture and cropland

Abstract Little is known about the effects of most surface land-use practices on shallow subsurface microbial communities. We analyzed duplicate cores taken aseptically from up to 10 m depth from unconsolidated valley sediments (soils) beneath an abandoned pasture reverting to tall grass prairie and cropland. Both profiles had similar soil texture, with moderately higher silt under cropland and a slight decrease in clay with depth. Soluble organic C was about two times higher in the grassland site and dissolved O 2 was about 8% lower compared with the cropland site. Water content and C-to-N ratios were greatest at the grassland surface but were less in the grassland than the cropland site within 2 m depth. In general, numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and protozoa decreased with depth until the saturated zone (4.3 m in grassland and 5.3 m in the cropland site). Bacterial numbers as determined by plate counts were about 10-fold less at the groundwater interface than in the surface soils at both sites. Direct microscopic counts of total bacteria were approximately the same in the surface soil and the sediments at the top of the water table at both sites. The top of the water table generally did not exhibit elevated microbial biomass or activity relative to deeper sediments. There was no significant relationship between protozoan numbers and microbial thymidine uptake at the cropland site, but a negative relationship was observed at the grassland site. The data suggest that cultivation may affect microbial biomass and activity in the subsurface, as well as community interactions between protozoa and bacteria.
Extent of ossification at the amputation plane is correlated with the decline of blastema formation and regeneration in Xenopus laevis hindlimbs.

Xenopus laevis larvae gradually lose the ability to regenerate lost hindlimb structures as they progress through metamorphosis. Previous studies have suggested that this loss of regenerative capacity occurs in a proximal-to-distal fashion. We assessed the quality of overall regeneration and early bud blastema formation in order to evaluate previous explanations for this loss of regenerative ability in Xenopus. We further examined the extent to which epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, cartilage, bone, periosteum, and accumulated mesenchyme within the blastema are involved in the decline of regenerative abilities during mid-metamorphic stages of development. Each tissue was scored based on its contributions to the regeneration blastema, in accordance with previously reported blastemal descriptions. Tadpoles amputated at the ankle and tarsal-metatarsal joints scored objectively higher within the overall regeneration and blastema quality rating systems. Both joint sites met more criteria associated with regeneration-capable blastemas than tadpoles amputated through the middle of the tarsus, especially at later stages of metamorphosis. The three amputation sites studied began to vary in their ability to regenerate skeletal elements and to generate productive blastemas during the same stages at which we initially observed ossification of the tarsus. These results suggest that the decline of Xenopus hindlimb regeneration does not occur in a strictly proximal-to-distal fashion but rather is dependent at later stages on the state of ossification of the structure through which amputation occurs. Our morphological and cellular observations reveal specific times and places during Xenopus hindlimb development at which further investigations into tissue-specific molecular events during early regeneration should be focused.
The effect of streptomycin-bacitracin-polymyxin combination, polymyxin B, and streptomycin with glucuronolactone on the intestinal flora of man.

The effect of a combination of streptomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B on the intestinal flora is compared with polymyxin alone and with a mixture of streptomycin and glucuronolactone. The streptomycin-bacitracin-polymyxin rapidly eliminated the coliform bacteria and fecal streptococci. Streptomycin with glucuronolactone acted similarly. The polymyxin B was not as effective as the other two preparations. The streptomycin-bacitracin-polymyxin B combination was used with excellent results in the treatment of colitis and chronic diarrhea.
The Tachyon potential in string theory

Abstract We argue that the tachyon potential in string theory is exactly given by the unstable quadratic mass term calculated perturbatively around the critical string. The argument is given in terms of the sigma model formulation. The same result follows from the exact Wilson renormalization group equations. The discrepancy with previous calculations of the tachyon potential is explained by the fact that other authors worked near the tachyon mass shell where it is impossible to distinguish a potential from derivative terms in the effective action.
Cultural beliefs of Asian Americans associated with terminal illness and death.

Objectives : Cultural competence often focuses on the skills of the professional; whereas, this article focuses on the needs of the patient. Data Sources : Research studies, review articles, book chapters, and clinical practice. Conclusions : Patients benefit from health care professionals that are attuned and able to nurture patients in a process of identifying their needs regarding terminal illness and death. The health care professional's ability and sensitivity to be culturally aware, knowledgeable, and open directly influences the patient's quality of life and death. Implications for Nursing Practice : As the population becomes more diverse, health care professionals must develop cultural competence to add value to themselves, the profession of nursing, and health care in the future.
An investigation of the analytical capabilities of X-ray emission induced by high energy alpha particles

Abstract A beam of 50 MeV alpha particles has been used to induce X-ray emission in thin targets of Cu, Sn and Pb. A high resolution Si(Li) spectrometer system was used to measure the spectra of X-rays and a study of the variation of the photopeak to background ratio as a function of target thickness was carried out for the purpose of estimating the analytical sensitivity of the technique. The results indicate that uantitative analyses at a level of the order of 50 ppm are possible for elements from Z = 22 to Z = 50 and at a level of the order of 130 ppm for elements of Z > 50. Applications of the technique to the determination of thin film thicknesses and to the analysis of air filters are demonstrated.
Increased nutritional quality of plants for long-duration spaceflight missions through choice of plant variety and manipulation of growth conditions

Abstract Low levels of radiation during spaceflight increase the incidence of eye damage and consumption of certain carotenoids (especially zeaxanthin), via a whole-food-based diet (rather than from supplements), is recommended to protect human vision against radiation damage. Availability of fresh leafy produce has, furthermore, been identified as desirable for morale during long spaceflight missions. We report that only trace amounts of zeaxanthin are retained post-harvest in leaves grown under conditions conducive to rapid plant growth. We show that growth of plants under cool temperatures and very high light can trigger a greater retention of zeaxanthin, while, however, simultaneously retarding plant growth. We here introduce a novel growth condition—low growth light supplemented with several short daily light pulses of higher intensity—that also triggers zeaxanthin retention, but without causing any growth retardation. Moreover, two plant varieties with different hardiness exhibited a different propensity for zeaxanthin retention. These findings demonstrate that growth light environment and plant variety can be exploited to simultaneously optimize nutritional quality (with respect to zeaxanthin and two other carotenoids important for human vision, lutein and β-carotene) as well as biomass production of leafy greens suitable as bioregenerative systems for long-duration manned spaceflight missions.
Inhibition by lead of human erythrocyte (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase associated with binding of 210Pb to membrane fragments.

Fragmented human erythrocyte membranes were exposed to PbCl2 for 10–40 min at 23°C prior to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase assay. Inhibition increased with exposure time. Enzyme activity in 5 μg membrane protein was inhibited 50% after a 10-min exposure to 1.0 nmol PbCl2 (25 μM final concentration) and was inhibited 100% after 40 min. When membranes at various concentrations were exposed to PbCl2 for 40 min, inhibition was linear with the ratio of PbCl2 to protein. Inhibition of 100% was obtained at 0.2 nmol PbCl2/μg protein. A graph of activity vs. [protein] in the presence of PbCl2 intercepted the abscissa to the right of the origin, indicating that lead acts as an irreversible or very slowly reversible inhibitor. Addition of 1 mM 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, 1,3-dithiothreitol, dl-penicillamine or EDTA after 40 min exposure to 100 μM PbCl2 restored 45, 64, 81 and 92% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, respectively. These chelators, excluding EDTA, prevented inhibition when added before PbCl2. Two washings of the membrane fragments with water or 10 mM imidazole-HCl (pH 7.4) did not restore activity. 210Pb bound tightly to membrane fragments and beginning of saturation was observed at 0.19 nmol Pb2+ bound/μg protein. This corresponded to 200 μM final concentration of PbCl2 in the ATPase assay. At 0.2 nmol PbCl2/μg protein (100% inhibition of ATPase), from 0.10–0.17 nmol of lead was bound per μg protein. Under the same conditions, 1 mM dl-penicillamine removed 80% of the bound lead which correlated with its restoration of ATPase activity. Pb2+ does not appear to denature the enzyme. The irreversible kinetics may be related to sequestration of Pb2+ within vesicles that interfere with the accessibility of chelators to Pb2+ binding sites.
Occurrence, incidence and associations among fungal pathogens and Agrilus auroguttatus, and their roles in Quercus agrifolia decline in California

Summary Synchronous decline of oak (Quercus spp.) trees in woodlands has been described in Europe and eastern North America as a complex interaction of stressors that predispose, incite or contribute to tree death. This study presents a 2-year (2010–2011) assessment of the role of pathogens in coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) woodlands in southern California where oak mortality occurs in locations that are infested and uninfested by the goldspotted oak borer (GSOB, Agrilus auroguttatus). Cumulative coast live oak mortality was not significantly different between sites and was weakly correlated with Diplodia corticola and GSOB incidence and negatively correlated with annual relative humidity. Multiple logistic regression models explained the presence of individual fungi or GSOB at the tree level. Fisher's exact test analysis determined that the presence of D. corticola, Fusarium solani, Dothiorella iberica, Cryptosporiopsis querciphila and Diatrypella verrucaeformis were each related to origin of sample location on tree, and C. querciphila was additionally related to symptom type on the bole. Multiple linear regression models showed high correlation between environmental variables and plot-level incidence of both GSOB and D. corticola. Disease incidence (DI) for D. corticola was highest in GSOB-uninfested locations. Jaccard index of association (J) showed that D. corticola was negatively associated with the presence of GSOB, F. solani and C. querciphila. Results suggest that oak decline in California is an example of a complex syndrome involving strong regional differences in factors that are associated with the problem.
Automatic measurement of affective valence and arousal in speech

Methods are proposed for measuring affective valence and arousal in speech. The methods apply support vector regression to prosodic and text features to predict human valence and arousal ratings of three stimulus types: speech, delexicalized speech, and text transcripts. Text features are extracted from transcripts via a lookup table listing per-word valence and arousal values and computing per-utterance statistics from the per-word values. Prediction of arousal ratings of delexicalized speech and of speech from prosodic features was successful, with accuracy levels not far from limits set by the reliability of the human ratings. Prediction of valence for these stimulus types as well as prediction of both dimensions for text stimuli proved more difficult, even though the corresponding human ratings were as reliable. Text based features did add, however, to the accuracy of prediction of valence for speech stimuli. We conclude that arousal of speech can be measured reliably, but not valence, and that improving the latter requires better lexical features.
A Pin-on-Disk Experimental Study on a Green Particulate-Fluid Lubricant

The present investigation analyzes a green, petroleum-free lubricant that is produced by mixing two environmentally benign components—canola oil and boric acid powder. To study the influence of boric acid particle size and solid volume fraction on the proposed lubricant performance, pin-on-disk experiments were conducted with spherical copper pins (radius 6.5 mm) and aluminum disks (Ra = 1.35 μm). Friction coefficient measurements were taken at more than 20 distinct operating conditions while varying the lubrication condition (unlubricated, boric acid, canola oil, boric acid/canola oil mixture), boric acid volume fraction, and boric acid particle size. Based on the experiments, it was determined that a solid volume fraction of 7% with 350―700 μm particles was the optimum green particulate lubricant candidate for minimizing the friction at the conditions tested. This work also uncovered an inverse relationship between the friction coefficient and boric acid particle size (in canola oil at 7% solidfraction). Micrographs of the pin and disk wear track were analyzed to study this frictional behavior of the interface materials. Additionally, rheological tests were conducted to measure the viscosity of the canola oil and boric acid powder mixture as a function of particle size, and it was found that the viscosity increased with particle size over the size range tested. Finally, the results indicated that the boric acid-canola oil lubricant mixture demonstrated excellent potential for use as lubricants in industrial applications such as sheet metal forming.
Fluid Mechanics in the Next Century

We consider here the future of some of the physical sciences which are developed enough for problems to be well-posed mathematically even though, due to their complexity, analytical solutions are not possible. Such problems are typically approached through a combination of physical and numerical experiments, the latter increasing in scope and range as more computing power becomes available. Will they take over the former? Many areas in mechanics, and in particular fluid mechanics, appear to be at this stage. In a letter addressed to George G. Stokes dated 20 December 1857, William Thomson wrote "Now I think hydrodynamics is to be the root of all physical science, and is at present second to none in the beauty of its mathematics." Since we do not disagree with Lord Kelvin's assessment of the importance of fluid dynamics, we focus on this subject as a quintessential example for the rest of this perspective. As a teaching and research discipline, will fluid mechanics be around during the twentyfirst century and beyond? During the last century, theoretical hydrodynamics flourished but was totally disjoint from the empirical science of hydraulics. The twentieth century witnessed the development of boundary layer theory and the merging of hydraulics and hydrodynamics into a unified science. What will become of fluid mechanics research and teaching during the next century? As we approach the third millennium the art and science of fluid mechanics might be set for dramatic changes. In no small part, rapidly advancing computer technology would be responsible for those changes. Leaving aside for a moment less conventional, albeit just as important, problems in fluid mechanics such as those involving non-Newtonian fluids, multiphase flows, hypersonic flows
Marked behavioral and biochemical sensitivity to lesion size in the posterior cortex of the rat

Abstract Unilateral focal cortical suction lesions of varying diameter from 0.7 to 2.0 mm were made in the right posterior lateral cortex of rats. Only the 1.0 mm lesion size resulted in spontaneous postoperative hyperactivity. This increased activity was accompanied by significantly elevations in substantia nigra and caudate nucleus dopamine concentrations. Other lesion sizes did not effect behavior or brain biochemical concentrations in this fashion. These results suggest a functional organization in this area of posterior cortex which affects both neurochemistry and behavior.
Tritiated ethylene as precursor of a free vinyl cation.

Abstract A method for the partial hydrogenation of alkynes has been optimized for the synthesis of carrier-free politritiated ethylene. This molecule provides access to the chemistry of the free C2H3+ ion in both gaseous and condensed phase.
Subungual squamous cell carcinoma

Subungual squamous cell carcinoma is a rare phenomenon. Diagnosis of this condition is often delayed because of a resemblance to a variety of benign inflammatory conditions. Metastases are unusual, but involvement of underlying bone is common. Curative treatment is achieved by amputation of the involved digit. The index of suspicion for malignancy in the face of an inflammatory nail condition unresponsive to standard treatment should be high, and a biopsy should be performed.
Granulocyte transfusions: evaluation of factors influencing results and a comparison of filtration and intermittent centrifugation leukapheresis.

Summary The clinical factors influencing the results of granulocyte transfusion were evaluated, and the incidence of reactions following transfusion of granulocytes obtained by filtration and intermittent centrifugation leukapheresis was compared. Thirty-seven patients received 195 evaluable transfusions (99 filtration and 96 centrifugation) for 45 infectious episodes. The mean yields were 22.2 × 109 granulocytes for filtration and 8.3 × 109 granulocytes for centrifugation using non-stimulated donors. Prospectively, 58 transfusions (29 filtration and 29 centrifugation) were transfused to 17 matched donor—recipient pairs and 12 (40%) moderate or severe reactions occurred after filtration transfusions while two (7%) moderate reactions occurred after centrifugation transfusions. Overall 36% of filtration transfusions and 3 % of centrifugation transfusions were associated with reactions. Among 18 infectious episodes which improved, five patients improved only because of granulocyte transfusions. Among 11 episodes which stabilized, six stabilized only because of transfusions. Sixteen episodes progressed. The five patients who improved and the six who stabilized only because of transfusions, received more granulocytes than those who progressed. Responses were seen following transfusion of granulocytes collected by either filtration along or both methods. Only three patients clearly progressed and they received centrifugation granulocytes alone suggesting that the dose of granulocytes derived from intermittent centrifugation may have been suboptimal.
Cervical carcinoma antigen and the relationship to HSV-2

Abstract Two antigens associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have been demonstrated by immunological techniques. All tumors tested contained one antigen which appeared to be specific for cervical carcinoma. A second antigen which cross-reacted with ovarian and vulvar carcinoma was found in 80% of the tumors tested. Cervical carcinoma antigen (CCA) and its antibody were tested for cross-reactivity with Herpes Virus Simplex Type-1 and Type-2 and their antiserum utilizing immuno-diffusion, counter-immunoelectrophoresis and immuno-fluorescent techniques. CCA prepared by either saline or perchloric acid extraction from cervical carcinoma showed a line of identity with a Herpes Virus Simplex Type-2 antigen when reacted against anti-HSV-2. Extracts of normal cervical tissue, breast and ovarian tissue as well as extracts of breast and colon cancer did not form precipitin lines. However, anti-CCA did not show a precipitin reaction when reacted with HSV-2 preparations. The significance of the findings lies in the demonstration that a HSV-2 induced antigen has been shown to be immunologically identical to associated tumor antigen extracted from cervical carcinomas.
An Examination of Mathematics Professional Development Opportunities in Early Childhood Settings

This study investigates how and to what extent preservice and inservice early childhood educators are being prepared to develop mathematics skills and processes in young children, age birth to five, in one southeastern state in the United States. Utilizing a multi-phase mixed methods study and a follow-up survey central to the research question, findings from this study indicate that professional development in mathematics is inadequate. Few of the professional development opportunities focus on specific mathematical content areas or address the Common Core State Standards in Mathematics. In addition, the majority of the professional development opportunities are short, hourly sessions with little to no follow-up. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Localized Propagation Modes in Photonic Crystals Guided by Shear Discontinuities

We proposed shear discontinuities, new defect in photonic crystals, which can support guided modes. We analyzed their transmission efficiency, dependence on the shear shift and shear position, dispersion and the coupling between two shear discontinuities.
Toward Environmental Justice: Spatial Equity in Ohio and Cleveland

Abstract A growing body of research documents the inequitable impact of environmental hazards on poor and minority communities. This paper uses the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory for 1987–1990 and the 1990 Census of Population and Housing to analyze the spatial distribution of toxic industrial pollution and demographic groups in Ohio. In apparent support of the previous body of research, we report high correlations between racial variables and level of toxic release at the county level. The highest levels of toxic release in Ohio occur in the state's most urban counties, fourteen of which contain approximately 90 percent of the state's minority population. However, a census-tract examination of the most urban of these counties, Cuyahoga, reveals no relationships between race and toxicity. The tract-level data do provide some evidence of income-environment inequity, and these findings prompt several methodological advisories for further research. The principal concl...
Interpretation of forest characteristics from computer-generated images.

Abstract The need for effective communication in the management and planning of forested landscapes has led to a substantial increase in the use of visual information. Using forest plots from California, Oregon, and Washington, and a survey of 183 natural resource professionals in these states, we examined the use of computer-generated images to convey information about forest characteristics. Age and density (basal area (BA)) were underestimated for large, old, dense forest and overestimated for small, young, open forest. While accuracy of responses for density, tree size, and age of forest plot images was low, the ordering of such images by these attributes did correspond to the actual forest plot characteristics. Alterations to the standard image were made for three of the forest plots, including alterations for the area depicted, the incorporation of under-story vegetation and fallen trees, the addition of a truck, and regular and clumpy individual tree spacing. Image alterations did affect some mean responses for tree size, density, fire hazard, vertical stratification, and forest age. Results show managers and planners may need to exercise caution and supplement images with additional information to avoid miscommunication about the nature of current and projected forest landscapes.
Analysis of Diallel Table for Experiments in Block Designs

In this paper the analysis of genotypes obtained in diallel crossing system, including parents, one set of F1s and reciprocal F1's, is given. This analysis is presented for data obtained from the experiments laid out in block designs. The analysis of variance, estimator of reciprocal effects, estimators of general and specific combining abilities as well as statistics for testing of hypotheses concerning those parameters are given.
Can Hostility Interfere with the Health Benefits of Giving and Receiving Social Support? The Impact of Cynical Hostility on Cardiovascular Reactivity During Social Support Interactions Among Friends

Background Both social support and hostility have been reliably associated with important health outcomes including coronary heart disease (CHD). One potential pathway by which these variables may influence CHD is via their impact on cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). Although social support has been generally associated with beneficial effects on cardiovascular functioning, the cynicism and mistrust among hostile individuals may prevent them from benefiting from the support process during times of stress.
Sentence Familiarity as a Factor in Visual Speech Reception (Lipreading) of Deaf College Students

Deaf college students were used to determine quantitative sentence familiarity and lipreading values of the John Tracy Clinic Filmed Test of Lipreading (Taaffe, 1957). There was a low positive correlation between sentence familiarity and the lipreading values. The familiarity and lipreading values of the hearing-impaired subjects were compared with those previously obtained from normal-hearing college students (Lloyd, 1964; Taaffe, 1957).
The Mobilisation of the Intellectuals 1914–1915 and the Continuity of German Historical Consciousness

There is renewed historical interest in the role played by intellectuals in all belligerent countries in the period leading up to and during the First World War. Whereas prior to the war scholars from all countries engaged in civilised scientific discourse, immediately after the outbreak of war they appeared to re–discover their own fatherlands and became passionately patriotic, placing their expertise at the service of their respective countries for the prosecution of the war. On closer scrutiny, however, the case of the German intellectual elite appears significantly different from their counterparts in other belligerent countries. They perceived themselves, more than, say, the British academic community, and certainly earlier than these, as virtual prophets called to justify their nation’s war policies. This paper investigates the perceptions of German intellectuals, their explanation for the war and their various war–aims programs. It is suggested that the intellectuals/academics contributed in no small way to the formation of German political will.
Pressure-induced Conformational Changes in Poly-peptides and Protein Solutions Probed with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

Functional properties of proteins and cells are affected by an elevated pressure environment. Combining Raman microscopy with a micro-capillary high pressure cell enables structural sensitive studies of small amounts of biological material using vibrational signatures. The cell contains less than 50 nano-liter of sample, and Raman spectra can be acquired from atmospheric pressure to 4 kBar. The resolution of the setup is evaluated by measuring the Raman spectrum of standard solutions. We investigate pressure effects of the Raman spectrum of poly(L-glutamic acid) and proteins in solution. Spontaneous Raman spectra of poly(L-glutamic acid) in D2O buffer (pH5.4) solution were measured at variable pressure. A shift of the amide I band in poly(L-glutamic acid) to lower frequency with pressure may suggest significant change in secondary structure towards a-helical conformation.
Slip casting of sol–gel-synthesized barium strontium zirconium titanate ceramics

The sol–gel method was used to synthesize two different Ba0.75Sr0.25Ti0.95Zr0.05O3 powders: one of high purity and the other of low purity. These two sol–gel-synthesized powders show two distinct particle sizes and surface areas. The slip casting method was applied to these two sol–gel powders followed by a pressureless sintering, which shows large differences in sintered density and grain size for the pressureless sintered disks. Neutron powder diffraction shows a transition to the nonpolar cubic Pm–3m space group at higher temperatures for both materials. Pair distribution function analysis was used to examine the local displacements of the Ti4+ and Zr4+ cations. The dielectric constant, loss tangent, and bias were measured on these two materials.
Use of chemical modification and spectroscopic techniques to determine the binding and coordination of gadolinium(III) and neodymium(III) ions by alfalfa biomass.

Abstract Metal pollution in the aqueous environment has become an important issue in the past few decades leading to extensive research in the area of pollution remediation. Most of the recent research in this area has been in bioremediation including phytofiltration and phytoextraction. Although there has been a lot of research done in the field of metal interactions with plants, the actual mechanism(s) and ligands involved are not well understood. Through a series of batch experiments, including pH profiles, time dependency studies, and capacity experiments, we have investigated the binding of Gd(III) and Nd(III) to alfalfa biomass. Batch pH studies showed that the optimum binding was at pH 5.0 for both elements. The time dependency experiments showed that the binding occurs within the first 5 min of contact and remains constant for up to 60 min. In addition, chemical modifications to the alfalfa biomass were performed to indirectly determine the ligands on the biomass responsible for metal binding. For Gd(III) binding, it was shown that the carboxyl groups on the biomass play the most important role in metal ion binding. However, for Nd(III), not only was it found that the carboxyl groups play an important role in the binding, but in addition, the amino groups on the biomass also play an important role in the binding of the metal ions. Further studies using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed that the Gd(III) and Nd(III) ions were bound to the alfalfa biomass through oxygen (or nitrogen ligands), which were coordinated to carbon atoms. The lanthanide complexes within the biomass included some coordinated water molecules.
Remittances and Portfolio Values: An Inquiry using Immigrants from Africa, Europe, and the Americas

Summary Using a recent Spanish database, we show that remittances respond to cross-country differences in portfolio values, behavior consistent with immigrant’s access to trans-national networks. Responsiveness to portfolio variables is found to persist regardless of education level. There are, however, differences in the portfolio variables to which immigrants respond, as we would expect given migrants’ diverse backgrounds, region of origin, and motive for emigrating. Remitting patterns are found to change with the length of migration spells suggestive that remittances sent for portfolio motives become more likely as the immediate needs of home family are addressed and asset accumulation becomes more important.
Critical ELT in Action: Foundations, Promises, Praxis, by G. V. Crookes

Critical ELT in Action: Foundations, Promises, Praxis discusses theoretical and practical components of critical language pedagogy. It includes sample critical language teaching materials from acti...
The Home Schooling Movement: A Few Concluding Observations

In 1932, Willard Waller (The Sociology of Teaching) warned of the importance of distinguishing clearly between school and not-school. Otherwise, the special concerns of parents (vis-a-vis their own children), alongside community power inequities, would intrude heavily on the abilities of educators to be fully professional, to avoid favoritism and particularism, and to be effectively neutral. Waller likely would be much surprised today to learn that a successful buffering of school from not-school is now given some credit (e.g., by Apple, 2000/this issue) for fueling the home schooling movement (see also Sarason, 1995). A rather unresponsive and notoriously bureaucratized profession apparently has not yet learned how to be adequately user-friendly. Waller might be even more surprised to learn that the not-school, in very rapidly growing numbers (as noted by Ray, 2000a/this issue), is currently assuming the role of the school. What is the deep significance here? For parents to serve their children as pedagogues is not at all new, historically (see Carper, 2000/this issue); but the social and institutional implica-
Cognitive Restructuring-Assistance in the Clinical Extinction of Fear and Avoidance

Abstract Two case studies are presented in which the attempted extinction of negative reinforcement-maintained behavior was unsuccessful because clients were unable to completely stop avoiding the target situations. Clinical treatment was based on the hypothesis that a self-control deficit caused the problem behavior to be maintained because of partial negative reinforcement. In the first case, a male college student experienced considerable anxiety while urinating in public restrooms. He frequently avoided or escaped restrooms with people in them, thus causing a number of secondary problems. The second case was a college female who engaged in an obsessive-compulsive chain in which a catastro-phizing thought set the occasion for engaging in compulsive behavior. The compulsive behavior was taking up a large amount of her time. After unsuccessfully using therapeutic instructions designed to preclude avoidance, systematic cognitive restructuring was used as a way to increase the likelihood clients would foll...
Nature and Cities

The University of Texas, Austin28 February–1 March 2014The Nature and Cities symposium—a collaboration between the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, the University of Texas, and George Thompson Pub...
Negotiating the centre: towards an Asiacentric feminist communication theory

Abstract The present article explores an Asiacentric framework as an alternative for theorising and researching Asian women's rights and welfare. The article first problematises the hegemony of Eurocentric discourse in feminist movements around the world. It offers a critique of the individualist and rights bias in the Eurocentric conception of gender equality. The article then proposes an Asiacentric feminism that negotiates a centre for Asian women in conceiving a project for female flourishing and gender egalitarianism that is rooted in the experiences and the particularly cultural and historical situations of Asian women.
From Pariah State to Global Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights

Democratizing states began in the 1980s to hold individuals, including past heads of state, accountable for human rights violations. The 1984 Argentine truth commission report (Nunca Mas) and the 1985 trials of the juntas helped to initiate this trend. Argentina also developed other justice-seeking mechanisms, including the first groups of mothers and grandmothers of the disappeared, the first human rights forensic anthropology team, and the first truth trials. Argentines helped to define the very term forced disappearance and to develop regional and international instruments to end the practice. Argentina thus illustrates the potential for global human rights protagonism and diffusion of ideas from a country outside the wealthy North. This article surveys Argentina's innovations and proposes possible explanations, drawing on theoretical studies from transitional justice, social movements, and norms cascades in international relations.
New concepts in tissue specificity for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Of the hundreds of species of mammals, all of which have prostate glands, only humans and dogs are known to suffer from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma. In humans, prostate carcinoma is common, yet carcinomas of other sex accessory tissues are rare. In addition, different anatomic regions within the prostate gland have very different rates of BPH and carcinoma. In this article, we explore ideas and potential mechanisms relating to these paradoxical findings that may help explain the species, organ, and zone specificity of BPH and prostate cancer. We present an evolutionary argument that attempts to relate a high-fat diet, with its potential for generating oxidative DNA damage, to the species selectivity of prostate cancer. In addition, we outline an argument based on our preliminary studies indicating that chronic inflammation and the associated increase in cell turnover in the setting of increased oxidative stress may help to account for the organ selectivity of genitourinary carcinomas.
Colestipol and energy restriction as an approach to hasten removal of PBBs from chickens

Male White Leghorn chickens were fed either 0.1 or 1.0 ppm fireMaster® FF‐1 (FF‐1) for 21 d. During the withdrawal phase, the chickens were fed 0, 0.5, or 2.5% colestipol hydrochloride, and anion exchange resin. Also, calories were restricted to 80% of control intake within certain groups during the first 14 d in each of 2 consecutive 21‐d withdrawal periods. In the caloric‐restricted groups, colestipol was fed at 0, 0.625, or 3.125% to yield equal daily intake of colestipol to those fed 0, 0.5, or 2.5% concentrations. During the first 21 d of withdrawal, colestipol at 2.5–3.125%, but not 0.5–0.625%, hastened excretion of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) by 50%. During d 22–42 of withdrawal, a background level of PBBs contamination was detected, which tended to confound the results. Despite this, higher levels of colestipol lowered overall body burdens of PBBs by 80% in comparison to the overall level of residues in the other groups of chickens, and by 20% in comparison to their own levels 21 d earlier. Di...
Circumtrindene: A Geodesic Dome of Molecular Dimensions. Rational Synthesis of 60 of C601

The title compound (1), which had previously been available in only 0.2% yield by flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of decacyclene (2) at 1200−1300 °C, has now been prepared in 25−27% yield by FVP of 3,9,15-trichlorodecacyclene (5b) at 1100 °C. The propeller-shape 5b was synthesized by aldol cyclotrimerization of 8-chloro-1(2H)-acenaphthylenone (8b), which, in turn, was prepared by a simple four-step synthesis from 2-chloronaphthalene. The synthetic strategy demonstrated here, which has improved the yield of circumtrindene (1) by more than 2 orders of magnitude, should be applicable to the rational synthesis of larger geodesic polyarenes, both open (bowls, baskets, tubes, etc.) and closed (fullerenes).
The membership and equivalence problems for picture languages

Abstract The paper describes two principal results: (1) there is a nondeterministic polynomial-time algorithm to determine whether an arbitrary picture is a member of a context-free picture language and (2) the equivalence problem for regular picture languages is not decidable (not even partially decidable). This solves open questions described in earlier publications. Furthermore, these results are best possible. That is, the membership problem for context-free picture languages was earlier shown to be NP-hard and the complement of the equivalence problem for regular picture languages is easily seen to be partially decidable.
The Effect of Synthalin a on Blood Sugar in Dairy Cattle

Summary The effect of synthalin A (decamethylenediguanidine) upon blood glucose level in the bovine has been reported from studies with six dairy calves and a mature cow. In calves, dosages of 1.0 mg. per pound body weight given intramuscularly had little effect. A dosage of 1.3 mg. per pound resulted in an initial hyperglycemia followed by a marked hypoglycemia, but levels as low as those reported in cows with ketosis were not approached. At 1.5 mg. per pound dosages, or above, blood levels of glucose were lowered to less than 40 mg. % (some were near 10 mg. %). A dosage of 1.0 mg. per pound in the mature cow had an apparent hyperglycemic effect, but no hypoglycemia resulted. When 1.4 mg. per pound was injected, a pronounced initial hyperglycemia was followed by a marked hypoglycemia. The blood glucose levels of the mature and immature bovine are drastically affected by synthalin A.
Jeffrey-Hamel flow of Leslie-Ericksen nematic liquids

Abstract A similarity solution of the Leslie-Ericksen equations for nematic liquid crystals is obtained for flow between converging and diverging planar walls (Jeffrey-Hamel flow). There are three regions in the flow: extensional or compressional flow near the centerline, shear near the wall, and a wall boundary layer in which elastic stresses control the transition from the wall-induced orientation to the bulk behavior. The boundary layer thickness is obtained in closed form; the scaling with the Ericksen number depends on whether or not the boundary layer extends into the region of extensional flow. Imposition of a magnetic field with an azimuthal component in a converging flow can result in a Freedericksz-like transition from radial to transverse orientation at the center line at a critical field strength. This transition provides a new means to measure the irrotational viscosity λ 2 .