cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF CE-THERM-R1 AND REAL-TIME METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR THE PREDICTION OF NONSEASONAL MIXING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVENT-RELATED SAMPLING

ABSTRACT The CE-THERM-R1 model was used to simulate the depths of mixing and frequencies of short-term, non-seasonal hydrodynamic behaviors for a small (1.5 ha) pond in western South Carolina. Two years of data were used to calibrate the system coefficients and to assess the adequacy of the simulations. Mixing depths and frequencies were then used to assess the effects of nonseasonal allogenic forces on the planktonic succession and distribution. The results demonstrate that the intensities and frequencies of allogenic forces are directly related to the plankton periodicity and the development and persistence of accumulations of organisms and particulate material. The calibrated model is now being tested for predictions of system responses to real-time meteorological data collected from a local meteorological tower.
Callosal connections correlate preferentially with ipsilateral cortical domains in cat areas 17 and 18, and with contralateral domains in the 17/18 transition zone.

Previous studies have shown that the distribution of callosal connections in the 17/18 callosal zone of the cat is patchy at a small scale, but the mechanisms that determine this periodic pattern remain unclear. The present study investigated this issue by correlating the distribution of retrogradely labeled callosal cells with the underlying patterns of ocular dominance columns (ODCs) revealed transneuronally after intraocular injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. The density of labeled callosal cells was found to vary significantly between adjacent territories dominated by different eyes, indicating that the distribution of callosal cells is significantly biased toward domains that are eye specific. Moreover, callosal connections relate to the pattern of ODCs in a rather unique way: callosal cells correlate preferentially with contralateral ODCs within the 17/18 transition zone (TZ), and with ipsilateral ODCs in regions of areas 17 and 18 located outside the TZ. Similar results were obtained in cats raised with strabismus, indicating that the overlap between right and left ODCs present in normal cats does not influence the correlation between callosal neurons and ODCs. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that callosal linkages are stabilized during development by interhemispheric correlated activity driven by bilateral projections from temporal retina. It is proposed that developmental constraints imposed by both this retinally driven mechanism and the pattern of ODCs are likely to determine not only the association of callosal clusters with specific sets of ODCs, but also important aspects of the functional characteristics of the callosal pathway in cat striate cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:441–457, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Explaining U.S. Intervention in Third World Internal Wars, 1945-1989:

Few quantitative studies of U.S. intervention have focused specifically on interventions in Third World internal wars and few have taken account of the wide range of U.S. intervention behaviors. To provide empirical analyses of the causes of U.S. intervention in such wars, this study tested three groups of hypotheses emphasizing strategic and economic interests and domestic factors of foreign policy. Cases are Third World internal wars that occurred during the period from 1945 to 1989. Results show that half of the hypotheses concerning strategic interests received empirical support, whereas hypotheses stressing the importance of economic interests received little support. The hypotheses emphasizing domestic factors supported in the literature of war or use of force are not supported when they are tested in the context of U.S. interventions in Third World internal wars.
Characterization of redox processes in shallow groundwater of Owens Dry Lake, California.

Redox status of shallow groundwaters (1−3 m depths) at Owens Dry Lake was studied to help guide mitigation efforts for attenuating dust generation from the dry lakebed. Redox conditions were characterized by Eh, oxidative capacity (OXC), and terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs) as well as examining the energetics of TEAPs. Groundwater chemistry related to redox status was determined by major solute concentrations, dissolved gases (O2, H2, CH4), aqueous redox species (NO3-, Mn2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, SO42-/HS-, DOC), and major redox sensitive components in the solid phase (extractable Fe/Mn). All of these measures of redox status indicate that sulfate reduction is the major process regulating redox conditions in most shallow groundwaters of Owens Dry Lake. Dissolved sulfate concentrations were regulated primarily by evaporation resulting in increasing concentrations as water migrates from the shoreline (<1 mM) to the center (up to 417 mM) of the dry lakebed. Eh values were generally in the range of −240 to ...
Alive and Well: The State of Behavioral Gerontology in 2011

In this paper, the authors present a brief personal account of the senior author's 30 years of exploration in behavioral gerontology. The main thesis of the paper is that behavioral methods and interventions have found a home both in mainstream gerontology and at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). There are three sections: (a) a personal vignette discussing the problems inherent in using operant terminology in a nonoperant world; (b) a discussion, with examples from NIH sources, of the Institutes' views on behavior change; and (c) using Burgio and Burgio (1986) as a reference point, the authors show evidence of progress and vitality of behavioral gerontology in 2011.
Biomedical knowledge engineering tools based on experimental design: a case study based on neuroanatomical tract-tracing experiments

Curating information from the literature for storage in databases is a crucial task in biological research, and many groups assign a particular person or team to that process. We are developing a general-purpose approach to representing the design of a biomedical experiment and provide a manageable template for that experiment's data: "Knowledge Engineering from Experimental Design" (KEfED). The KEfED model allows us to impose a formal and well-grounded structure on the data contained in scientific articles, based on relationships between the dependent and independent variables that make up a scientific experiment. We use this structure to add value to the data contained in the articles by performing directed information retrieval, adding basic forms of reasoning using additional information such as anatomical atlases and taxonomies from external ontologies. We use a graphical interface for constructing KEfED models and a first-order logic reasoning system that performs inference over such models.
Radiocarbon Dating of Soil Organic Matter

Radiocarbon ages of soil organic matter are evaluated with a model which incorporates the dynamics of the14C content of soil organic matter. Measured14C ages of soil organic matter or its fractions are always younger than the true ages of soils due to continuous input of organic matter into soils. Differences in soil C dynamics due to climate or soil depth will result in significantly different14C signatures of soil organic matter for soils of the same age. As a result, the deviation of the measured14C age from the true age of soil formation could differ significantly among different soils or soil horizons. Our model calculations also suggest that14C ages of soil organic matter will eventually reach a steady state provided that no climatic or ecological perturbations occur. Once a soil or a soil horizon has reached a steady state,14C dating of soil organic matter will provide no useful information regarding the age of the soil. However, for soils in which steady state has not been reached, it is possible to estimate the age of soil formation by modeling the measured14C contents of soil organic matter. Radiocarbon dating of buried soils could, in general, overestimate the true age of the burial by as much as the steady-state age of the soil or soil horizon.
Development of a sub-picoampere scanning tunneling microscope for oxide surfaces

Abstract Capacitive feedback current amplification has been implemented in a scanning tunneling microscope in order to image surfaces in ultra-high vacuum at sub-picoampere current levels. Atomic steps on Si(1 1 1) have been resolved at 0.30 pA scanning at 100 nm/s. The surface of the native oxide of Si has been imaged with negative sample bias at 1 pA. The rms roughness of the oxide surface is 0.12 nm. I–V curves indicate a bandgap of ∼7–8 V. This bandgap appears to arise from the alignment of the tip Fermi level and electron states of the SiO2 surface.
SV40 VP2 and VP3 Insertion into ER Membranes Is Controlled by the Capsid Protein VP1: Implications for DNA Translocation out of the ER

Summary Nonenveloped viruses such as Simian Virus 40 (SV40) exploit established cellular pathways for internalization and transport to their site of penetration. By analyzing mutant SV40 genomes that do not express VP2 or VP3, we found that these structural proteins perform essential functions that are regulated by VP1. VP2 significantly enhanced SV40 particle association with the host cell, while VP3 functioned downstream. VP2 and VP3 both integrated posttranslationally into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Association with VP1 pentamers prevented their ER membrane integration, indicating that VP1 controls the function of VP2 and VP3 by directing their localization between the particle and the ER membrane. These findings suggest a model in which VP2 aids in cell binding. After capsid disassembly within the ER lumen, VP3, and perhaps VP2, oligomerizes and integrates into the ER membrane, potentially creating a viroporin that aids in viral DNA transport out of the ER.
Arabidopsis cytochrome P450s through the looking glass: a window on plant biochemistry

Annotation of the genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana has identified a diverse array of 245 full-length cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) genes whose known functions span the synthetic gamut from critical structural components (phenylpropanoids, fatty acids, sterols) to signaling molecules (oxylipins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid) and defense compounds (alkaloids, terpenes, coumarins). Numerous others in this collection mediate functions that are now being addressed using microarray and oligoarray technologies, molecular modeling, heterologous expression and insertional mutageneses. Profilings of their constitutive and inducible transcript levels have begun to cluster P450s that are likely to mediate tissue-specific and stress-specific monooxygenations. With proper appreciation of the high identities that exist among some of the most recently duplicated P450 sequences, these studies have begun to differentiate P450s with early response functions leading to production of stress signaling molecules and late response functions leading to the synthesis of protective compounds. Further functional analyses of these P450 sequences with perspectives on their response profiles rely on a variety of theoretical modeling and experimental approaches that can ultimately be tied to the transcriptional profiles and genetic mutants. This review surveys historical and evolutionary aspects of P450 studies, expression variations among Arabidopsis P450 loci, catalytic site regions critical for substrate recognition and, finally, genetic mutations/disruptions that can ultimately tie biochemical reactions to physiological functions in a manner not yet possible in most other organisms.
Effect of Probenecid on the Natriuresis and Renin Release Induced by Bumetanide in Man

: In a randomized crossover trial in six normal male subjects, the effect of pretreatment with probenecid on natriuresis and renin release in response to bumetanide was studied. The subjects received 120 mEq sodium and 80 mEq potassium per day. A single dose of 2 mg bumetanide was administered on the fourth morning after pretreatment with either placebo or probenecid. Creatinine and uric acid were measured in serum and urine, plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I, and plasma and urine concentrations of bumetanide were measured by a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay method. Probenecid reduced both natriuresis and hyperreninemia induced by bumetanide. This effect is postulated to be due not to a direct action on sodium excretion but is probably secondary to inhibition of renal tubular secretion of bumetanide. Consequently, these findings appear to support the concept that the quantity of bumetanide delivered to the tubular lumen is an important determinant of its diuretic effect.
The potato germplasm resource

The tuber-bearingSolanums are a unique and wonderful collection of interesting cultivated and wild species that span the mountainous regions from the southwestern United States to the southern tip of Chile. They grow from desert areas to cloud forests, from cultivated fields to stony mountain slopes. They have proven to be a useful source of genes for improvement and other investigative studies. The wealth of variability and usefulness they represent is reflected by their use in a variety of disciplines — breeding, biochemistry, cytogenetics, entomology, genetics, nematology, pathology, food science/processing, etc. Genes for resistance to pests such as aphids, leafhopper and flea beetles, golden and knotroot nematodes, late blight, potato viruses X and Y, and characters such as chipping direct from storage, high solids, frost resistance, tuber shape and color, 2n gamete production, endosperm viability, and enhanced yield are just a few of the characteristics contributed by this invaluable resource. To insure availability of this important resource, several national and international collection(s) of tuber-bearingSolanums have been established. Expeditions have been sent to collect in rural markets as well as in remote mountainous regions only accessible by foot or mule. Screening of the accessions is the key needed to expose the genetic treasure hidden within. The potato is a rich resource that we who work with greatly value. Equally unique are the collaborators who so unselfishly share their findings and materials with others. We work with a crop blessed with an overwhelmingly rich variability and a generous, unselfish community of users.
Voltage and Ca2+ Activation of Single Large-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels Described by a Two-Tiered Allosteric Gating Mechanism

The voltage- and Ca2+-dependent gating mechanism of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels from cultured rat skeletal muscle was studied using single-channel analysis. Channel open probability (Po) increased with depolarization, as determined by limiting slope measurements (11 mV per e-fold change in Po; effective gating charge, q(eff), of 2.3 +/- 0.6 e(o)). Estimates of q(eff) were little changed for intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+(i)) ranging from 0.0003 to 1,024 microM. Increasing Ca2+(i) from 0.03 to 1,024 microM shifted the voltage for half maximal activation (V(1/2)) 175 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction. V(1/2) was independent of Ca2+(i) for Ca2+(i) < or = 0.03 microM, indicating that the channel can be activated in the absence of Ca2+(i). Open and closed dwell-time distributions for data obtained at different Ca2+(i) and voltage, but at the same Po, were different, indicating that the major action of voltage is not through concentrating Ca2+ at the binding sites. The voltage dependence of Po arose from a decrease in the mean closing rate with depolarization (q(eff) = -0.5 e(o)) and an increase in the mean opening rate (q(eff) = 1.8 e(o)), consistent with voltage-dependent steps in both the activation and deactivation pathways. A 50-state two-tiered model with separate voltage- and Ca2+-dependent steps was consistent with the major features of the voltage and Ca2+ dependence of the single-channel kinetics over wide ranges of Ca2+(i) (approximately 0 through 1,024 microM), voltage (+80 to -80 mV), and Po (10(-4) to 0.96). In the model, the voltage dependence of the gating arises mainly from voltage-dependent transitions between closed (C-C) and open (O-O) states, with less voltage dependence for transitions between open and closed states (C-O), and with no voltage dependence for Ca2+-binding and unbinding. The two-tiered model can serve as a working hypothesis for the Ca2+- and voltage-dependent gating of the BK channel.
Fuzzy concepts, proxy data: why indicators would not track creative placemaking success

Policy and community organizing around creative placemaking has spread from initial European initiatives to formal US arts and cultural policy and variations in many other places, including Japan and South Korea. In the USA, an indicators approach has been mounted to evaluate funding outcomes at the National Endowment for the Arts and a nationwide philanthropic funding consortium, ArtPlace. But the effort is confounded by fuzzy concepts and a reliance on data external to the funded projects and the particularity of place. Various indicators are supposed to capture traits such as ‘vitality’, ‘vibrancy’ and ‘livability’ that mean different things to different people. A further problem is that most good secondary data series are not available at spatial scales corresponding to grantees’ target impact areas. Relying on ill-defined and poorly operationalized indicators could backfire politically. First, their use could be off-putting to grantees and would-be grantees, including mayors, arts organizations, comm...
Cloning and sequence analysis of a low temperature-induced gene from trifoliate orange with unusual pre-mRNA processing.

Exposure of cold-hardy Rubidoux trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L) Raf.] plants to temperatures from 28°C to −5°C enabled us to isolate and characterize a novel citrus low-temperature gene (CLT) with two transcripts, called CLTa and CLTb, from leaves and stems. CLTa was produced when plants were subjected to low temperatures (starting at 10°C), while CLTb was constitutively expressed. Both CLTa and CLTb have the same open reading frame (ORF) of 165 nucleotides and encode a small (54 deduced amino acid) protein. However, CLTa has an additional 98 nucleotides in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) that are absent in CLTb. Expression analysis using relative quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that CLTa is expressed exclusively at low temperatures, while CLTb is expressed constitutively (expression verified from 33°C to −5°C). A GenBank database search identified 61 nucleotides inside of the ORF that are highly similar to low-temperature-responsive genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum tuberosum. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed similarity with low-temperature-responsive proteins from A. thaliana, Oryza sativa, and S. tuberosum of 77%, 81%, and 73.9%, respectively. A genomic clone was isolated, and the genome organization revealed the presence of three exons and two introns, the second of which is in the 3′ UTR and participates in alternative 3′ splice site selection. One of the 3′ splice sites of the second intron was located immediately before the additional 98-bp non-coding fragment of CLTa, and the second at the very end of the 98-bp fragment. Additionally, the presence of the tetranucleotides TCTT and TTCT, which are involved in the regulation of transcript processing in animals and possibly also active in peach, was found in this intron. Competition for splicing sites on the pre-mRNA in the spliceosome, which is induced by low temperature, may be involved in the production of the two transcripts of the CLT gene.
Social Identity Complexity: Its Correlates and Antecedents:

Social identity complexity (Roccas & Brewer, 2002) refers to individual differences in perception of one's multiple ingroup memberships. More specifically, social identity complexity is represented...
The Computerization of Records Systems: A Study of Selected Businesses

This research seeks to determine the extent and direction of computerization of records systems in businesses with identifiable records departments. The data collection methodology was on‐site interviews and inspection of facilities in ten businesses selected from cities with populations of more than 100,000 in the western United States. The findings indicate that records managers are rapidly installing computer programs for tracking records. There was little evidence that traditional paper records were being moved to a digital format though the possibility was mentioned frequently. Records management and data processing departments cooperate, but no trend to integrate them is evident.
Excess enthalpies of n-dodecane + n-heptane, + n-octane, and + n-decane at 298.15 K☆

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies at 298.15 K are reported for n-dodecane + each of the three alkanes: n-heptane, n-octane, and n-dodecane. The results are compared with the predictions of a lattice model developed by Goates and co-workers.
New method for the measurement of SEM stage vibrations

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has implemented a high bandwidth laser interferometer measurement system in a specialized metrology microscope. The purpose of the system is the certification of SEM magnification calibration samples by moving the sample under a finely focused stationary electron beam in the metrology electron microscope. Using a laser interferometer with displacement measurements traceable to basic wavelength standards, the motion is measured while recording the secondary or backscattered electron output signal. The recent upgrade to the laser measurement system enables a measurement bandwidth of 300 kHz to be achieved in the sampling of the X-Y position of a test sample, along with measuring the intensity of the secondary electron beam output signal. This high bandwidth stage position measurement capability becomes a tool to measure the effects of environmental vibrations on SEM measurements. This paper outlines this ongoing research and presents the current results along with details of the measurement possibilities based on this new technique.
Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficients in a triple tube heat exchanger

In previous studies, calculation of overall heat transfer coefficients in a triple tube heat exchanger (TTHE) involved assumptions or approaches those are not valid in all cases. In this study a more generic way of calculating overall heat transfer coefficients in a TTHE has been developed. Consequently, temperature profiles of all streams in a TTHE in the axial direction were determined. An effective overall heat transfer coefficient that is related to the total resistance to heat transfer in the TTHE, was also determined to facilitate comparison of a TTHE to an equivalent double tube heat exchanger.
The Birthday-Deathday Effect: Fact or Artifact?.

The relationship between birthday and deathday has been called an artifact due to the continuous depletion of the population with age. However, while the population decreases with age, the death rate increases. These two influences cancel each other at ages seventy-five to eighty-four. The decreasing population dominates at older ages, but the situation is reversed at younger ages. The results account for no more than one-third of the size of the large-sample effects observed among the elderly. There is still a 33 percent excess of deaths resulting from heart disease among married people ages seventy-five and older in the three-day period centered at the birthday.
A patient with progressive myelopathy and antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

• A 52-year-old human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive bisexual black man was evaluated at UCLA because of the recent onset of progressive lowerextremity weakness. Initial neurologic examination showed that the patient's distal weakness was greater than his proximal weakness, with bilateral foot drop and electrophysiologic evidence of denervation in the distal lower extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord disclosed no abnormalities. Subsequent neurologic evaluation 8 months later showed a myelopathy, with progression of lower-extremity weakness, spasticity, and flexor spasms, and urinary incontinence, as well as the peripheral neuropathy noted previously. A second magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain showed patchy foci of increased signal intensity in white matter and cortex, with mild generalized cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and no lesions in the spinal cord. Specimens of the patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid contained antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Additionally, specimens of his serum and cerebrospinal fluid were tested for antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus type I by Western blotting and radioimmunoprecipitation, and found to be positive for human T-cell leukemia virus type I gag, env , and tax antibodies. The primary cause of severe myelopathy in this patient may be infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type I rather than with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Treatment with prednisolone resulted in improvement of the lower-extremity weakness, reduction in flexor spasms, and slower but significant improvement in urinary symptoms. Patients who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and have unusual motor findings should be tested for concomitant human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection.
Scaling, dimensionality crossover, surface and edge specific heats in confined 4He

We have studied the superfluid transition of 4He in situations where the growth of the correlation length is limited by a uniform spatial confinement. Under these conditions the critical behavior attained in the thermodynamic limit is greatly modified. One expects that data for similar confinement should scale with the correlation length. This is found to be true for the specific heat in planar confinement, 2D crossover, except in the region of the specific heat maximum and on the superfluid side. The modifications due to confinement depend on the details of the geometry. Studies of the specific heat with 1D and 0D crossover show the important role played by the lower dimension. Far from the transition the details of the confining geometry reveal contributions to the specific heat which can be attributed to surfaces and edges. Comparison of experimental resugts with theoretical calculations show agreement in some areas and disagreement in others.
Magnetic data over the arctic from aircraft and satellites

Abstract Extensive low-level aeromagnetic flights have covered almost half the Arctic ocean basin, while satellite missions have encompassed the entire region (except around the North Pole). These data sets reveal the age, nature and tectonic relations between the major physiographic features of the Arctic. The Alpha and Lomonosov ridges are continental, sea-floor spreading has occurred in the Amerasian, Makarov and Canada basins. These magnetic data set the framework for Arctic tectonics.
Regulation of Steady-state β-Amyloid Levels in the Brain by Neprilysin and Endothelin-converting Enzyme but Not Angiotensin-converting Enzyme

The deposition of beta-amyloid in the brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Normally, the accumulation of beta-amyloid is prevented in part by the activities of several degradative enzymes, including the endothelin-converting enzymes, neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and plasmin. Recent reports indicate that another metalloprotease, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), can degrade beta-amyloid in vitro and in cellular overexpression experiments. In addition, ACE gene variants are linked to AD risk in several populations. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, neprilysin and endothelin-converting enzyme function as vasopeptidases and are the targets of drugs designed to treat cardiovascular disorders, and ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed. We investigated the potential physiological role of ACE in regulating endogenous brain beta-amyloid levels for two reasons: first, to determine whether beta-amyloid degradation might be the mechanism by which ACE is associated with AD, and second, to determine whether ACE inhibitor drugs might block beta-amyloid degradation in the brain and potentially increase the risk for AD. We analyzed beta-amyloid accumulation in brains from ACE-deficient mice and in mice treated with ACE inhibitors and found that ACE deficiency did not alter steady-state beta-amyloid concentration. In contrast, beta-amyloid levels are significantly elevated in endothelin-converting enzyme and neprilysin knock-out mice, and inhibitors of these enzymes cause a rapid increase in beta-amyloid concentration in the brain. The results of these studies do not support a physiological role for ACE in the degradation of beta-amyloid in the brain but confirm roles for endothelin-converting enzyme and neprilysin and indicate that reductions in these enzymes result in additive increases in brain amyloid beta-peptide levels.
Experimental determination of stirring factors generated by straight and swirling jets in isothermal combustion-chamber models

Stirring factors generated by three different burners have been measured in isothermal models using the “cut-off tracer” technique in conjunction with internal sampling in the model. The three burners produced jets with swirl levels varying from zero (a straight jet) to a high level. The results based on about 2500 measurements showed that, in all cases, a clear physical demarkation could be identified inside the model separating a “stirred” region at the burner end of the model from a plug-flow region further downstream. The plug-flow region extended to the exit, with some modification due to exit-corner recirculation. The “stirred” region, however, showed up as one of two extreme types of backmix flow, or a mixture of both, interpreted in terms of a concept of “homogeneous” or “heterogeneous” backmix. An example of the latter is the classic corner-recirculation flow generated by an unswirled jet, with major differences in concentration and direction of flow across a radius. Homogeneous backmix resulted in a well-stirred reactor condition inside which was identified a measurable mixing-delay time that was constant throughout the well-stirred region. Using this in conjunction with the stirred-reactor time measured for the region, a stirring factor was calculated. The stirring factor could only be defined for highly swirled systems. For the three systems tested, the measured stirring factors were: 0.815 for a vane-swirled jet; 0.615 for a tangential entry jet; and 0.675 as the maximum for a countervortex system measured previously (Ref. 3). The mixing delay time is interpreted as being the consequence of finite time for travel in the backmix streams, or the difference in forward bulk and backmix velocity.
Hypercoagulability risks among adult living liver donors.

Abstract Background Review of the literature is limited with respect to thrombotic risk in the living liver donor. This study examines inherent coagulable changes that occur as a result of the surgery. Materials and Methods At our center, we have performed 353 orthotopic adult liver transplants in the past 4 years. Of these, 20 were adult-adult right lobe living donor transplants. All living donors are alive and doing well. Of these, eight living donors were followed preoperatively and postoperatively monitoring protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and factor VIII levels. Levels were checked at 48 hours postoperatively, as well as at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Results All eight patients had normal levels preoperatively, although significantly low levels were identified postoperatively of these coagulation markers: protein C decreased to as low as 0%, (range 0–29; normal 50–150) within 48 hours postoperatively; protein S decreased to 3% to 40% during the same time frame (normal 50–150), and antithrombin III levels decreased to 47% to 55% (normal range 50–150%). Factor VIII levels significantly increased to >200% (normal 50– 150). All coagulation levels returned to the normal range within 4 to 6 weeks. None of the patients developed a thromboembolic event. Conclusions We observed an imbalance of low protein C, S, and antithrombin III and elevated factor VIII levels, which have been documented as thrombotic risks in adults. Our findings suggest that the imbalance in the coagulation profile after surgery may be an independent risk factor for thrombosis beyond the surgical event, a phenomenon that requires further exploration.
Gas Turbine Industrial Fellowship Program

Under the Gas Turbine Industrial Fellowship Program, students in Bachelor’s, Master’s and Ph. D. programs studying gas turbine-related technology spend 10 to 12 weeks employed at the facilities of turbine manufacturers or users of gas turbine equipment. The program is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. This paper describes the Fellowship program, its relationship to the DOE Turbine Program, the University Turbine Systems Research (UTSR) program, and plans for future Fellowship development.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Peripheral intravenous catheter dwell times: a comparison of 3 securement methods for implementation of a 96-hour scheduled change protocol

A prospective, sequential clinical trial was undertaken to determine whether any of 3 methods of peripheral IV catheter (PIV) securement could extend the average survival time of such catheters sufficiently to allow the implementation of a 96-hour PIV change-protocol. Nonsterile tape, StatLock, and Hub-Guard were evaluated. The use of nonsterile tape securement resulted in an 8% PIV survival rate, HubGuard produced a 9% PIV survival rate, and Statlock produced a 52% PIV survival rate (P<.001). Although this study was not a randomized, controlled trial, it strongly suggests that a mechanical catheter securement device, as opposed to tape or die-cut tape, can render practicable the implementation of the 96-hour PIV change protocol that was sanctioned by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
One-dimensional micromechanical analysis of woven fabric composites

The upper and lower bounds of elastic stiffness and compliance constants of woven fabric composites are derived, based upon a mosaic-like model as well as the assumptions of constant stress and constant strain. An approximate analysis taking into account fiber undulation and continuity also is conducted. Fiber undulation leads to a slight softening of the in-plane stiffness and does not affect the stretching/bending coupling constants. A transverse shear deformation is adopted and modified to examine the one-dimensional bending response of fabric composites. The results of a two-dimensional finite element analysis are in good agreement with the predictions of the in-plane, coupling, and bending constants based upon the fiber undulation, mosaic, and transverse shear deformation theory, respectively. The effect of fiber undulation shape on the in-plane compliance also is investigated.
Higgs-boson production in higher-order electroweak processes at e+e- supercolliders.

We evaluate the production cross sections and some dynamical distributions for the processes ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{WWH}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}ZH,ZZH$, and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{eWH}$, $\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\mathrm{ZH}$, $\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\gamma}H$. For ${m}_{H}=25$ GeV the cross sections at $\sqrt{s}=0.3$ TeV are $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{WWH})=57\mathrm{fb}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma}ZH)=13\mathrm{fb}$; for ${m}_{H}=50$ GeV and $\sqrt{s}=2\mathrm{TeV}$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(e\ensuremath{\nu}WH)=20\mathrm{fb}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\gamma}H)=11\mathrm{fb}$. If ${m}_{H}={M}_{Z}$, these processes should be measurable at an ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ supercollider with 10 ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ annual luminosity.
Adaptive control and calibration of heliostats

A large field of heliostats (steerable mirrors) are oriented to reflect light to a central receiver in solar/electric energy conversion. To achieve high pointing accuracy, each heliostat is calibrated for errors in the heliostat drives and installation. The sun is used as a precision position reference and the heliostat pointing errors are estimated at periodic intervals. A least-squares algorithm is used to estimate the model parameters. Simulation results are given for a typical heliostat configuration with realistic errors. Effectiveness of the error model is analyzed for different mirror pedestal tilts, azimuth and elevation biases and drive wheel radius tolerances.
Langevin simulations of quantum systems

We explore the potential of the Langevin simulation of quantum systems. A generalized quantum sine-Gordon chain, a generalized Toda chain, and impenetrable bosons on a ring are treated specifically to estimate low-lying excitation energies from the long-time behavior of the Langevin process. In the sine-Gordon case, we investigated the dependence of the bound-state frequency on the coupling constant, while in the Toda chain the phonon dispersion curves are obtained for different coupling constants. Finally, for impenetrable bosons the estimated dynamic form factor for density fluctuations is compared with exact results.
Chronic rhinosinusitis, race, and ethnicity.

BackgroundLittle is known regarding the epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. This study was designed to comprehensively evaluate the cu...
Self-inactivation of an erythrocyte NAD glycohydrolase

NAD glycohydrolase activity was studied using bovine erythrocytes, erythrocyte ghosts and partially purified enzyme preparations. During catalysis the enzyme becomes irreversibly inactivated in a process related to substrate turnover. Self-inactivation was observed with intact cells, ghosts and solubilized enzyme and could be demonstrated with NAD, NADP and nicotinamide 1,N6 ethenoadenine dinucleotide as substrates. Thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and NADH, which are not substrates for the enzyme, do not inactivate but are reversible substrate-competitive inhibitors. Added thiols had no effect on enzyme self-inactivation. Of the reaction products, added nicotinamide partially protected the enzyme while added ADPR had no effect. Thermodynamic parameters calculated from Arrhenius plots for rate constants of self-inactivation indicate a large negative ΔS for transition state formation suggesting a process other than extensive denaturation. Erythrocyte ghost NADases from several other mammalian sources have been demonstrated to undergo a self-inactivation similar to that observed with the bovine enzyme.
Liquid target generation techniques in molecular dynamics studies of sputtering

Techniques of generating liquid targets for molecular dynamics studies of sputtering were investigated in systems consisting of 603 Cu atoms. The effects of different boundary conditions on sputtering yield, layer yield ratio, energy distribution, and polar angular distribution of ejected particles were found to be important. A box boundary condition and a semiperiodic boundary condition were considered. The box boundary conditions required the particles to experience pure reflection at the boundaries, while semiperodic boundary conditions demanded position and momentum periodicity in the two dimensions defined by the surface of the target. Sputtering from the target generated with a box boundary condition resulted in a 60% higher total yield, a slightly higher first layer yield ratio, a 60% lower surface binding energy, and a sharper polar angular distribution than from the target generated under a semiperodic boundary condition at the same temperature. Since the results obtained with the semiperiodic boundary conditions are in better agreement with experimental sputtering results, we have concluded that the semiperiodic boundary conditions produces a target that better represents the free surface of real liquid systems.
Microcomputer control applications in integrated flight/weapon control system

This paper discusses the integrated flight/weapon control system (IFWCS) of a fighter aircraft. The IFWCS enhances flight performance and accurate weapon delivery through an onboard microcomputer control system. With the IFWCS the pilot is able to perform the flight and attack roles with the aid of multi-function cockpit displays of numerous flight and tracking commands. The IFWCS reduces pilot workload and increases weapon delivery capabilities and aircraft survivability. In the IFWCS, the mission computer serves as the center of interaction between the flight control system and the weapon control system. It prescribes optimal trajectories to be followed automatically by the flight control computer. The trajectories include preparation path, intercept path, attack path, and escape path. The pilot acts as the flight/weapon mission manager. In designing the IFWCS, attention must be given to the limited cockpit space. Therefore, the use of microprocessors is essential in the building of the IFWCS. A pipelined multimicroprocessor computer system will enable the onboard computer to function much faster than real-time, thus increasing the effectiveness of the IFWCS. This microcomputer control application in the IFWCS will contribute to significant mission improvement. The specifications and review of the IFWCS software/hardware are also discussed including the implementation of the MIL-STD-1750A chip set. Also to be considered in the design of the IFWCS is the pilot's physiological capability.
Kepone, mirex, dieldrin, and aldrin: estrogenic activity and the induction of persistent vaginal estrus and anovulation in rats following neonatal treatment.

Abstract Several insecticides of the polycyclic hydrocarbon group known to have detrimental effects on reproductive function were tested for uterotrophic activity in weanling rats. Kepone produced significant uterine growth in animals 24 hr after an injection of 10 and 100 mg/kg body wt; the lowest dose, 1 mg, had no effect. Aldrin and dieldrin at doses up to 1000 mg/kg, and mirex at doses up to 100 mg/kg had no uterotrophic activity. Following neonatal treatment, only Kepone induced precocious vaginal opening, persistent vaginal estrus (PVE), and anovulation. The PVE required 6 months for its appearance in rats given 0.2 mg of Kepone, whereas the 1.0-mg dose of Kepone induced the syndrome by 4 months of age. Aldrin, dieldrin, and mirex failed to induce the PVE syndrome following neonatal treatment. It is concluded that the capacity of Kepone to induce PVE and anovulation is probably related to its estrogenic activity. Dieldrin, aldrin, and mirex failed to induce PVE because they do not possess estrogenic activity.
Right sided endocarditis following swan-ganz catheterization: detection by two-dimensional echocardiography

Two-dimensional echocardiography was found useful in detecting vegetations on both tricuspid and pulmonary valves in a patient who developed staphlococcus right sided endocarditis following Swan-Ganz catheterization.
Nutritional status of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a pilot study

Purpose Nutritional status may influence quality of life and prognosis among pancreatic cancer patients, yet few studies describe measures of nutritional status during treatment. We evaluated the nutritional status of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy who received baseline nutritional assessment and counseling.
Transport and Persistence of Tylosin-Resistant Enterococci, erm Genes, and Tylosin in Soil and Drainage Water from Fields Receiving Swine Manure

Land application of manure from tylosin-treated swine introduces tylosin, tylosin-resistant enterococci, and erythromycin resistant rRNA methylase (erm) genes, which confer resistance to tylosin. This study documents the persistence and transport of tylosinresistant enterococci, erm genes, and tylosin in tile-drained chisel plow and no-till agricultural fields treated with liquid swine manure in alternating years. Between 70 and 100% of the enterococci in manure were resistant to tylosin and ermB concentrations exceeded 10 8 copies g -1 manure, while the mean ermF concentrations exceeded 10 7 copies g -1 manure (ermT was not detected). The mean concentration of tylosin was 73 ng g -1 manure. Soil collected from the manure injection band closely following application contained >10 9 copies g -1 soil of both ermB and ermF in 2010 and >10 8 copies g -1 soil after the 2011 application compared to 3 × 10 3 to 3 × 10 5 copies g -1 soil in the no-manure control plots. Gene abundances declined over the subsequent 2-yr period to levels similar to those in the nomanure controls. Concentrations of enterococci in tile water were low, while tylosin-resistant enterococci were rarely detected. In approximately 75% of tile water samples, ermB was detected, and ermF was detected in 30% of tile water samples, but levels of these genes were not elevated due to manure application, and no difference was found between tillage practices. These results show that tylosin usage increased the short-term occurrence of tylosin-resistant enterococci, erm genes, and tylosin in soils but had minimal effect on tile drainage water quality in years of average to below average precipitation.
Rearrangements of Spiropentyl Cation

The structures of spiropentyl cation and its rearrangement products have been studied via ab initio geometry optimization at the MP2/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-311G* theoretical levels with additional calculations at the MP4/6-311G* level. The cation was calculated to be a transition state and underwent a cyclopropylcarbinyl to cyclobutyl cation rearrangement. This led to the products observed in the nitrous acid deamination of spiropentylamine. A closely related transition state, with the second cyclopropyl ring rotated 20° from the normal Cs geometry, was located. It led to a cyclopropyl cation type ring opening to an allyl cation, which formed the products observed in the solvolysis of spiropentyl chloride. The two transition states have essentially the same energy.
Electron-beam halo formation in periodic permanent magnet focusing klystron amplifiers

Electron beam halo formation is studied as a potential mechanism for electron beam losses in high-power periodic permanent magnet focusing klystron amplifiers. In particular, a 2D self-consistent electrostatic model is used to analyze equilibrium beam transport in a periodic magnetic focusing field in the absence of radio-frequency signal, and the behavior of a high-intensity electron beam under a current-oscillation-induced mismatch between the beam and the periodic magnetic focusing field. Detailed simulated results are presented for choices of system parameters corresponding to the 50 MW, 11.4 GHz periodic permanent magnet focusing klystron experiment performed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. It is found from the self-consistent simulations that sizable halos appear after the beam envelope undergoes several oscillations, and that the residual magnetic field at the cathode plays an important role in delaying the halo formation process. Finally, a confinement criterion is obtained for a highly bunched beam propagating through a perfectly conducting drift tube in a uniform magnetic field.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.