cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications.

ContextRecently approved drugs may be more likely to have unrecognized adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than established drugs, but no recent studies have examined how frequently postmarketing surveillance identifies important ADRs.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and timing of discovery of new ADRs described in black box warnings or necessitating withdrawal of the drug from the market.Design and SettingExamination of the Physicians' Desk Reference for all new chemical entities approved by the US Food and Drug Administration between 1975 and 1999, and all drugs withdrawn from the market between 1975 and 2000 (with or without a prior black box warning).Main Outcome MeasuresFrequency of and time to a new black box warning or drug withdrawal.ResultsA total of 548 new chemical entities were approved in 1975-1999; 56 (10.2%) acquired a new black box warning or were withdrawn. Forty-five drugs (8.2%) acquired 1 or more black box warnings and 16 (2.9%) were withdrawn from the market. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, the estimated probability of acquiring a new black box warning or being withdrawn from the market over 25 years was 20%. Eighty-one major changes to drug labeling in the Physicians' Desk Reference occurred including the addition of 1 or more black box warnings per drug, or drug withdrawal. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, half of these changes occurred within 7 years of drug introduction; half of the withdrawals occurred within 2 years.ConclusionsSerious ADRs commonly emerge after Food and Drug Administration approval. The safety of new agents cannot be known with certainty until a drug has been on the market for many years.
OODA of graph and tree-structured data.

This is a discussion of the paper: "Overview of object oriented data analysis" by J. Steve Marron and Andres M. Alonso.
The use of barbed suture for bladder and bowel repair.

Abstract Study Objective To describe the laparoscopic repair of bladder and bowel injuries using barbed suture and review postoperative outcomes. Design Retrospective medical chart review (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting Large academic medical institution. Patients Thirty-three women who underwent laparoscopic repair of the bladder and/or bowel wall using barbed suture between January 2009 and July 2013. Intervention Not applicable. Measurement and Main Results The patients underwent a total of 9 cystotomies (27.3%), 7 enterotomies (21.2%), 4 bladder seromuscular injuries (12.1%), 12 bowel seromuscular injuries (36.4%), and 1 bladder and bowel seromuscular injury (3.0%). Of the 33 injuries, 17 (51.5%) were intentional in the setting of bladder or bowel endometriosis nodule excision, whereas the other 16 (48.5%) were accidental and occurred at the time of lysis of adhesions. Thirteen of 14 bladder injuries (92.9%) were at the dome, and 1 injury (7.1%) was at the trigone. Fifteen of 20 bowel injuries (75%) were rectal, 3 (15%) were on the colon, and 2 (10%) were on the small intestine. Cystotomies ranged in length from 1 to 5 cm, and enterotomies ranged from 1.5 to 6 cm. All bladder and bowel seromuscular injuries were repaired using a single layer of barbed suture. Twelve full-thickness bladder or bowel wall defects (75%) were repaired using 2 layers of barbed suture, and 4 defects (25%) were repaired using a layer of barbed suture and a layer of a running or interrupted smooth delayed absorbable suture. Duration of follow-up ranged from 1 month to 15 months. There were no major complications. Only 1 patient who had undergone a large enterotomy repair developed constipation secondary to a mild rectal stricture diagnosed 3 months postoperatively. Symptoms of constipation since resolved spontaneously in that patient. Conclusion Barbed suture provides adequate tension-free bladder and bowel repair. No major complications have been encountered; therefore, the use of barbed suture for the repair of bladder or bowel defects seems feasible and safe.
Contextualizing Immigrant Labor Market Incorporation Legal, Demographic, and Economic Dimensions

This article provides the Work and Occupations readership with an overview of U.S. immigration trends, and it discusses some of the scholarly and public policy debates surrounding the particular labor market patterns of recent immigrants. The first section focuses on how the history of U.S. immigration policy has shaped the flow and composition of today’s foreign-born workers. The second section underscores some of the demographic and economic consequences of recent large-scale immigration. The third section draws on census data to profile contemporary immigrant workers. The remainder of the article highlights the major empirical and theoretical contributions that each article makes toward understanding how different immigrant groups become inserted into U.S. employment structures. Then, it discusses recent debates in the literature on immigration and labor markets with an eye toward the current and future role of immigration policy.
Relations among Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Comorbid Major Depression, and HPA Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) function. Research linking traumatic stress with HPA function in PTSD has been inconsistent, however, in part due to (a) the inclusion of trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD (TE) in control groups and (b) a failure to consider comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and moderating variables. This meta-analysis of 47 studies (123 effect sizes, N=6008 individuals) revealed that daily cortisol output was lower for PTSD (d=-.36, SE=.15, p=.008) and PTSD+MDD (d=-.65, SE=.25, p=.008) groups relative to no trauma controls (NTC); TE and NTC groups did not differ significantly from each other. Afternoon/evening cortisol was lower in TE (d=-.25, SE=.09, p=.007) and PTSD (d=-.27, SE=.12, p=.021) groups and higher in PTSD+MDD groups (d=.49, SE=.24, p=.041) relative to NTC. Post-DST cortisol levels were lower in PTSD (d=-.40, SE=.12, p<.001), PTSD+MDD (d=-.65, SE=.14, p<.001), and TE groups (d=-.53, SE=.14, p<.001) relative to NTC. HPA effect sizes were moderated by age, sex, time since index event, and developmental timing of trauma exposure. These findings suggest that enhanced HPA feedback function may be a marker of trauma-exposure rather than a specific mechanism of vulnerability for PTSD, whereas lower daily cortisol output may be associated with PTSD in particular.
Solidarity without “Sisterhood”? Feminism and the Ethics of Coalition Building

Many feminist theorists have embraced coalition building as the central model for feminist political mobilization. They have done so because they believe that coalitional solidarity resolves a long-standing impasse within feminism between the political claims of diversity among women and the political need for unity. In this essay, I argue that the turn to coalition politics within feminist theory is problematic: While coalitional solidarity honors the claims of diversity among women, it ignores the importance of acknowledging commonality. The tactical ties that it encompasses fail to enact the kind of mutual recognition on which feminism, as a movement for social justice, depends. I show that in order to address both the concern with diversity and the need for unity in a satisfying way, theorists of solidarity must supplement their appeal to coalition building with an account of the ethical and affective preconditions of inclusive political ties. Specifically, I argue that the cultivation of “enlarged sympathy” among feminist political actors is crucial to the establishment of political bonds that accommodate and affirm important differences among women.The author would like to thank the following individuals for helpful comments and discussions: Farid Abdel-Nour, Cheryl Hall, Kimberly Lau, Peregrine Schwartz-Shea, and the editors and anonymous reviewers at Politics & Gender. An earlier version of this article was presented as a paper in San Francisco at the American Political Science Association's annual meeting in 2001.
Conifer seedling response to northern temperate forest gaps

Abstract Studies of gap dynamics have contributed significantly to our understanding of the role of small-scale disturbance in forest ecosystems, but have been little used by foresters for predicting tree responses to partial cutting. Fifth year growth and survival of five commonly planted tree species were contrasted in canopy gaps (single-tree to 5000 m 2 ), in the forest understory and in the open conditions of a clear-cut. There were strong and consistent trends in growth response among the tree species as gap size increased. Growth of all the species increased rapidly from small single-tree gaps to about 1000 m 2 gaps, but thereafter, showed little change up to 5000 m 2 . Tree size and current growth rates for all species were highest in full open conditions. Performance of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ), the most light-demanding species, exceeded that of all other species in large gaps (1001–5000 m 2 ) and clearcuts. In large and medium gaps (301–1000 m 2 ), the largest trees of all species were found in the middle gap position and there was little difference between the sunny north and shady south positions, except for lodgepole pine which clearly grew poorly in the south position. Total size and growth rates of all species were nearly identical in small gaps (20–300 m 2 ) and again in the forest understory. The light advantage expected off the north end of high latitude gaps was not a benefit for tree growth, suggesting that below-ground effects of canopy edge trees have an important influence on seedling growth in these forests. Differences in mortality among the tree species were evident, with the most light demanding species having the greatest early mortality in shaded areas of medium gaps, in small gaps and in the forest understory. Careful matching of tree species to gap size and gap position can minimize early mortality and maximize growth rates. Opening sizes need not be very large (0.1–0.2 ha or larger) in order for most tree species to achieve growth rates similar to those found in the open conditions of clearcuts.
Key pre-distribution based secure backbone formation in wireless sensor networks

Security is a prime concern in large-scale wireless sensor networks used for collaborative mission critical applications. A backbone network in the form of a cluster tree can enhance upper layer functions such as routing, broadcasting, in-network query processing and network management. A secure backbone based on the cluster tree enables secure upper layer functions and dynamic distribution of cryptographic keys among different nodes and users of collaborative networks. A secure cluster tree formation algorithm is presented that is independent of key pre-distribution scheme, network topology, and does not require a-priori neighborhood information or location awareness. Simulation based results show that the algorithm retains most of the desirable cluster and cluster tree characteristics while building the secure cluster tree. Availability of neighborhood information further improves the performance. Our simulations also suggest that hierarchical networks are more vulnerable to node capture than non-hierarchical networks.
Threatened fishes of the world: Chirostoma aculeatum Barbour, 1973 (Atherinopsidae)

Chirostoma aculeatum is a rare silverside found only in central Mexico. Its conservation status is considered in addition to providing information regarding its ecology, life history, and distribution.
General Considerations for Dysphasia Rehabilitation

No matter which theoretical viewpoint of dysphasia the language clinician holds, or which resultant approach to treatment he chooses, there are some general considerations for improving the overall effectiveness of the rehabilitative process. In this section we will discuss some of these considerations.
Sex Differences in Exploration of a Familiar Locale

The time taken for deprived and satiated male and female rats to leave their home cages was noted. Females left the cages sooner when satiated than when deprived, whereas males left sooner when deprived.
Process monitoring using statistical stability metrics: Applications to biopharmaceutical processes

ABSTRACTIndustrial manufacturing commonly employs control charts to monitor process performance, where special-cause variation is identified with runs rules. While the sensitivity of a control chart to detect non-random variation is increased as the number of rules increases, the false positive rate also increases. Accordingly, there is no way to discern a false signal from a true shift by simply observing runs rule violations on a control chart alone. In this article, two stability metrics are utilized to identify underlying variation as “common cause” or “special cause,” when Nelson rule violations are observed in an XmR control chart in biopharmaceutical processes.
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN VIVO BY A CONVULSANT, METRAZOL.

SummaryPentamethylene tetrazol inhibited the incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into sterols in intact mice even after a single injection. Prolonged treatment of mice with very low, subconvulsive, doses of the drug resulted in a 20% decrease in plasma cholesterol level, as well as a pronounced decrease in the amount of radioactivity found in liver sterols synthesized from acetate-1-C14 or mevalonate-2-C14 but not from squalene-C14 or lanosterol-T. Metrazol treatment also resulted in almost complete absence of radioactivity in carbon dioxide exhaled by treated animals injected with mevalonate-2-C14. These findings indicate that the site of action of Metrazol along the acetate-cholesterol pathway lies between mevalonate and squalene.
Effect of Transition-Metal Substitution for Fe in Superconducting Lu2Fe3Si5

The effect of transition-metal substitution for Fe on the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, 'of compounds Lu2(Fe1-xTx)3Si5, where T=Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Ru, is reported. In every instance, Tc of the host compound Lu2Fe3Si5(Tc=6.11 K) is reduced by the addition of other transition metals. An analysis of the data within the framework of the theory due to Kaiser suggests the depression of Tc is due to the formation of a nonmagnetic resonance state.
Autoradiographic distributions of 3H-putrescine and 3H-uridine in a Xenopus liver cell line

The distributions of 3H-putrescine and 3H-uridine were studied autoradiographically in cultured Xenopus laevis liver cells. Biochemical assay showed that at 4 h 10%, and at 24 h 30 % of the putrescine label was recovered as spermidine. Grain counts per unit surface area in light microscopic autoradiographs indicate that the 3H-polyamines show a similar intranuclear accumulation as 3H-uridine with a definite association with the nucleolus. The time course is different, however since 3H-polyamines continue to accumulate in the nucleus, while 3H-uridine reaches a peak nuclear concentration within 30 min and drops to one-half after 24 h. No instance of grains overlying mitotic figures was observed. These findings indicate an association of 3H-polyamines with nuclear and nucleolar RNA.
Paramagnetic susceptibility of disordered N − methylphenazinium − tetracyanoquinodimethanide

The organic charge-transfer salt $N\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{methylphenazinium}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{tetracyanoquinodimethanide}$ (NMP-TCNQ) is described in terms of the one-dimensional disordered Hubbard model. For low temperatures this model reduces, via a perturbation expansion, to that of a disordered Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The magnetic susceptibility of the latter can be adequately described by the disordered classical Heisenberg model. Fitting of susceptibility data by the one-dimensional classical Heisenberg model provides us with values $t=0.055$ eV, ${U}_{\mathrm{eff}}=0.130$ eV, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}=0.136$ eV for the parameters of the original Hubbard Hamiltonian. The low-temperature heat capacity and strong-field magnetization are also analyzed.
When context matters: Negative emotions predict psychological health and adjustment

Functional theories of emotion argue for the adaptive function of negative emotions in response to specific contextual or environmental demands. However, data supporting these theories in community samples is limited and much research has suggested the opposite: negative emotions predict poor adjustment. To begin to address this discrepancy, we tested the functional association between negative emotion and psychological health and adjustment across three diverse samples: adults in intimate-partnerships, patients with chronic illness, and first-year college students. In each study we employed lab-based methods to elicit and index emotion as a multi-dimensional response system and considered contextual factors and the theorized or demonstrated function of negative emotions in that context and in relation to specific outcomes. Data analysis revealed that contextually sensitive negative emotion was adaptive, and associated with better relationship adjustment and related behaviors (Study 1), higher treatment adherence (Study 2), and adaptive responses to peer rejection (Study 3). Across samples, circumstances, and outcomes, negative emotions were positively associated with psychological health and adjustment.
Recent health policy initiatives in Nordic countries

Health care systems in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark are in the midst of substantial organizational reconfiguration. Although retaining their tax-based single source financing arrangements, they have begun experiments that introduce a limited measure of competitive behavior in the delivery of health services. The emphasis has been on restructuring public operated hospitals and health centers into various forms of public firms, rather than on the privatization of ownership of institutions. If successful, the reforms will enable these Nordic countries to combine their existing macroeconomic controls with enhanced microeconomic efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness to patients.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Require STAT5 for Survival.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family proteins play crucial roles in the cytokine signaling pathways which regulate survival and proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells. However, the role of STAT proteins in regulating survival in leukemia remains poorly defined. STAT3 and STAT5, for example, have been reported to be constitutively activated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, however the physiologic significance of this activation is unknown. In order to better understand the role of STAT3 and STAT5 in AML biology, we studied their expression, activation, and requirement for cell growth in several AML cell lines and primary AML cells collected from patients at the University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center. We first confirmed the activation of STAT3 and STAT5 in primary AML cells by western blotting. An analysis of AML patient samples revealed elevated levels of constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in 6 of 7 patient samples and constitutive STAT5 phosphorylation in 8 of 9 patient samples. In addition, 6 AML cell lines (K562, HL-60, MOLM-14, U937, KG-1, NB4) displayed constitutive STAT3 and STAT5 activation. In order to evaluate the functional significance of constitutive activation of STAT3 and STAT5 in AML cells, we designed and synthesized short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to silence the expression of these proteins. For initial characterization, the siRNAs were delivered to MOLM-14 cells using an AMAXA nucleofector device (AMAXA, Inc. Gaithersburg, MD)(Program O-17/Solution V). Nucleofected siRNA diminished STAT3 expression by 85% at 24 hour but had little effect on cell proliferation (13%±3% decrease at 24 hour, 8%±4% at 48 hour, 5%±1% at 72 hour) compared to control siRNA treated cells. In contrast, STAT5 siRNA decreased STAT5 expression 80% at 24 hour compared to control treated cells but inhibited cell proliferation by 19%±1% at 24 hour, 22%±1% at 48 hour, 16%±3% at 72 hour in comparison to control siRNA treated cells suggesting a more important role for STAT5 in regulating cell proliferation. To study the effect of these siRNA molecules in primary AML cells, we first determined our ability to nucleofect primary cells by examining delivery efficiency of fluorescein labeled siRNA. Four different patient samples were evaluated and the mean ± SD of cells successfully transfected was 52%±12. Transfection of multiple AML patient samples with STAT3 siRNA decreased STAT3 expression but led to only modest decrease (6–18% at 48 hour, 7–36% at 72 hour) in AML cell survival. However, transfection of cells with STAT5 siRNA, but not control siRNA, led to a consistent decrease (25–54% at 48 hour, 21–60% at 72 hour) in AML cell survival. The decrease in survival was proportional to the transfection efficiency in the different samples. These results provide the first evidence that STAT5 expression and activation is necessary for the survival of primary AML cells. In fact, the data suggests a greater role of STAT5 in survival of primary cells than in survival of AML cell lines. Accordingly, STAT5 appears to be a legitimate target for the treatment of AML.
Switching generic antiepileptic drug manufacturer not linked to seizures: A case-crossover study

Objective: With more antiepileptic drugs (AED) becoming available in generic form, we estimated the risk of seizure-related events associated with refilling generic AEDs and the effect of switching between different manufacturers of the same generic drug. Methods: We designed a population-based case-crossover study using the Medicaid Analytic eXtract and a US commercial health insurance database. We identified 83,001 generic AED users who experienced a seizure-related hospital admission or emergency room visit between 2000 and 2013 and assessed whether they received a refill of the same AED from the same manufacturer or a different manufacturer. Patients served as their own controls and conditional logistic regression was used to compare exposure to a refill during the hazard period, defined as days 2–36 preceding the seizure-related event, to exposure during the control period, defined as days 51–85 preceding the seizure-related event. Results: Generic AED refilling was associated with an 8% increase in the odds of seizure-related events (odds ratio [OR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.11). The OR following a switch to a different manufacturer of the same AED was 1.09 (95% CI 1.03–1.15); however, after adjusting for the process of refilling, there was no association between switching and seizure-related hospital visits (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.94–1.07). Conclusions: Among patients on a generic AED, refilling the same AED was associated with an elevated risk of seizure-related event; however, there was no additional risk from switching during that refill to a different manufacturer. Generic AEDs available to US patients, with Food and Drug Administration–validated bioequivalence, appear to be safe clinical choices.
Trade associations and labor organizations as intermediaries for disseminating workplace safety and health information.

Background There has not been a systematic study of the nature and extent to which business and professional trade associations and labor organizations obtain and communicate workplace safety and health information to their members. These organizations can serve as important intermediaries and play a central role in transferring this information to their members. Methods A sample of 2294 business and professional trade associations and labor organizations in eight industrial sectors identified by the National Occupational Research Agenda was surveyed via telephone. Results A small percent of these organizations (40.9% of labor organizations, 15.6% of business associations, and 9.6% of professional associations) were shown to distribute workplace safety and health information to their members. Large differences were also observed between industrial sectors with construction having the highest total percent of organizations disseminating workplace safety and health information. Conclusion There appears to be significant potential to utilize trade and labor organizations as intermediaries for transferring workplace safety and health information to their members. Government agencies have a unique opportunity to partner with these organizations and to utilize their existing communication channels to address high risk workplace safety and health concerns.
WITHDRAWN: Computer Studies of Energy Sharing and Ergodicity for Nonlinear Oscillator Systems

Weakly coupled systems of N oscillators are investigated using Hamiltonians of the form where the Aikl are constants and where α is chosen to be sufficiently small that the coupling energy never exceeds some small fraction of the total energy. Starting from selected initial conditions, a computer is used to provide exact solutions to the equations of motion for systems of 2, 3, 5, and 15 oscillators. Various perturbation schemes are used to predict, interpret, and extend these computer results. In particular, it is demonstrated that these systems can share energy only if the uncoupled frequencies ωk satisfy resonance conditions of the form for certain integers nk determined by the particular coupling. It is shown that these systems have N normal modes, where a normal mode is defined as motion for which each oscillator moves with essentially constant amplitude and at a given frequency or some harmonic of this frequency. These systems are shown to have, at least, one constant of the motion, analytic in q, p, and α, other than the total energy. Finally, it is demonstrated that the single-oscillator energy distribution density for a 5-oscillator linear and nonlinear system has the Boltzmann form predicted by statistical mechanics. Thus, these nonlinear systems are shown to have many features in common with linear systems. In particular, it is unlikely that they are ergodic. From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, it is argued that this lack of ergodicity may be a welcome feature.
The Current State of Radiology Call Assistant Triage Programs Among US Radiology Residency Programs.

Rationale and Objectives Given increasing volume and workflow interruptions in radiology, we sought to identify and characterize radiology call assistant triage (RCAT) programs among US radiology residency programs. Materials and Methods A survey was created using Qualtrics survey software and emailed to all members of the Association of Program Directors in Radiology listserv. A total of 296 active members belong to this listserv, including program directors and assistant program directors. The survey included questions about the existence and specifics of a call triage assistant program. Results Data were obtained from 88 active members of the Association of Program Directors in Radiology (30% response rate). Of those, 20 programs (23%) have an RCAT program. Triage assistant staffing includes nonmedical or clerical staff (60%), medical students (30%), first-year radiology residents (5%), and technologists (5%). All respondents with RCAT programs report satisfaction with their program and plan to continue. A significant majority (75%) have no plans to change, whereas the remaining 25% are considering program expansion and pay increases. Among residency programs without RCAT programs, none reported termination of their triage program. The most common reasons for not having triage assistants include cost, lack of awareness, differing opinions on utility, and the presence of 24/7 attending coverage. Conclusion Twenty US radiology residency programs report having an RCAT program. All report satisfaction with their program despite different staffing models. RCAT programs may represent an effective measure in limiting interruptions and potentially decreasing interpretative errors made by residents on call.
Tunable seat belt behavior in nanocomposite interfaces inspired from bacterial adhesion pili

A challenging problem in designing nanocomposites is to engineer nanoparticle interfaces that have tunable cohesive strength and rate-responsive behavior, for which inspiration can be taken from biological systems. An exemplary bio-interface is the Chaperone-Usher (CU) pili, such as type 1 expressed by bacteria Escherichia coli. The pili have unique biomechanical properties that enhance the ability of bacteria to sustain attachment to surfaces under large stresses, such as constant force extensibility, logarithmic velocity-uncoiling force dependence, and adhesive tips with catch bond behavior that exhibit longer bond life-times at greater force levels. Although biophysics of the pili under strain or stress is well-studied for anti-infective applications that aim to compromise pili adhesion, utilizing the biomechanical properties of the pili in material design applications is yet to be explored. In this work, we modeled the elongation of a single CU pilus with catch bond tip adhesin and examined its toughness response using Monte Carlo simulations. We showed that the pilus can act as a "molecular seat belt" that exhibits low toughness when pulled slowly and high toughness when pulled rapidly. Furthermore, we found that systematically varying the catch bond and shaft parameters leads to tunable seat belt behavior at the interface, where the sharpness of the transition from the low toughness to the high toughness regime and the velocity at the start of the transition can be dictated by molecular design parameters. Lastly, we tested the performance of CU pilus in slowing down a fast particle, and reveal that pili can effectively stop micron size projectiles with high initial velocities. The molecular seat belt mechanism presented here provides insight into how nanocomposite interfaces can be engineered to create molecular networks with linkers that switch on or off depending on strain rate.
Descriptive Trademarks and the First Amendment

The protection of exclusive rights in descriptive trademarks is an unconstitutional restriction of speech under the First Amendment. Trademark laws that prohibit a competitor from using trademarked descriptive words to sell a product fail to satisfy the Central Hudson test for evaluating the constitutionality of commercial speech regulations. The use of a descriptive term to accurately describe a product is not misleading expression regardless of whether another business claims trademark rights in that term. Although the government has a substantial interest in protecting the ability of consumers to identify and distinguish among the products of a business and its competitors, descriptive trademark laws do not directly advance this interest and are more extensive than necessary. Descriptive marks do not identify the source of a product as well as a mark that is fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive because descriptive marks retain their original descriptive meaning. As descriptive marks quickly and cheaply provide consumers with information regarding the attributes of a product, protecting exclusive rights in such marks does not directly and materially further trademark law's goal of helping consumers identify and distinguish among the products of competing manufacturers. Current trademark law also stifles the free flow of commercial information more than necessary when it protects exclusive rights both in inherently distinctive marks and descriptive marks. The consumer-oriented goals of trademark law are satisfied if the government grants and enforces trademark rights only in inherently distinctive marks.
Intravenous digital subtraction angiography of orbital and ocular circulation. A preliminary experimental study.

In serial experiments on cats, intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was utilized to observe orbital and ocular circulation. Images of the orbital arterial system as well as normal ocular vasculature were obtained, utilizing dosage of contrast material acceptable for human study. Images obtained after intraarterial DSA had no advantage over those obtained with intravenous DSA. After retrobulbar injection of 3 ml of saline, intravenous DSA demonstrated straightening of the external ophthalmic arteries showing the potential of this method for identifying orbital vascular pathology.
Clear Evidence of Cell Phone RF Radiation Cancer Risk [Health Matters]

During 26-28 March 2018, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Toxicology Program (NTP), a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, convened a three-day technical reports peer-review panel meeting in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, to review the NTP's draft reports on its carcinogenesis studies of cell-phone RF radiation in mice and rats [1].
How People Explain Action (and Autonomous Intelligent Systems Should Too).

To make Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS), such as virtual agents and embodied robots, “explainable” we need to understand how people respond to such systems and what expectations they have of them. Our thesis is that people will regard most AIS as intentional agents and apply the conceptual framework and psychological mechanisms of human behavior explanation to them. We present a well-supported theory of how people explain human behavior and sketch what it would take to implement the underlying framework of explanation in AIS. The benefits will be considerable: When an AIS is able to explain its behavior in ways that people find comprehensible, people are more likely to form correct mental models of such a system and calibrate their trust in the system.
Learning a mixture of microbial networks using minorization-maximization.

Motivation The interactions among the constituent members of a microbial community play a major role in determining the overall behavior of the community and the abundance levels of its members. These interactions can be modeled using a network whose nodes represent microbial taxa and edges represent pairwise interactions. A microbial network is typically constructed from a sample-taxa count matrix that is obtained by sequencing multiple biological samples and identifying taxa counts. From large-scale microbiome studies, it is evident that microbial community compositions and interactions are impacted by environmental and/or host factors. Thus, it is not unreasonable to expect that a sample-taxa matrix generated as part of a large study involving multiple environmental or clinical parameters can be associated with more than one microbial network. However, to our knowledge, microbial network inference methods proposed thus far assume that the sample-taxa matrix is associated with a single network. Results We present a mixture model framework to address the scenario when the sample-taxa matrix is associated with K microbial networks. This count matrix is modeled using a mixture of K Multivariate Poisson Log-Normal distributions and parameters are estimated using a maximum likelihood framework. Our parameter estimation algorithm is based on the minorization-maximization principle combined with gradient ascent and block updates. Synthetic datasets were generated to assess the performance of our approach on absolute count data, compositional data and normalized data. We also addressed the recovery of sparse networks based on an l1-penalty model. Availability and implementation MixMPLN is implemented in R and is freely available at https://github.com/sahatava/MixMPLN. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Estimating the Burden of Prematurity on Infant Mortality: A Comparison of Death Certificates and Child Fatality Review in Ohio, 2009–2013

Introduction Infant mortality is a key population health indicator, and accurate cause of death reporting is necessary to design infant mortality prevention strategies. Death certificates and child fatality review (CFR) both track leading infant causes of death in Ohio but produce different results. Our aim was to determine the frequency and characteristics of differences between the two systems to understand both cause of death ranking systems for Ohio. Methods We linked and analyzed data from death certificates and CFR records for all infant deaths (aged < 1 year) in Ohio during 2009–2013. Death certificate and CFR cause of death assignments were compared. Kappa statistic was used to measure concordance. Death certificate-CFR cause of death pairs were plotted to identify common concordant and discordant pairs. Results A total of 5030 infant deaths with death certificate and CFR records were analyzed. The most common discordant cause of death pair was other perinatal condition on the death certificate and prematurity by CFR (1119). Specific injury categories had higher concordance (kappa 0.71–1.00) than medical categories (kappa 0.00–0.78). Among 456 deaths categorized as sudden infant death syndrome on death certificates, approximately 50% (230) were categorized as missing, unknown, or undetermined by CFR. Discussion Linking death certificate and CFR causes of death provided a more robust understanding of infant causes of death in Ohio. Separately, each system serves distinct and valuable purposes that should be reviewed before selecting one system for ranking leading causes of infant mortality.
A Preliminary Study on the Vapor/Mist Phase Lubrication of a Spur Gearbox

Organophosphates have been the primary compounds used in vapor/mist phase lubrication studies involving ferrous bearing material. Experimental results have indicated that the initial formation of an iron phosphate film on a rubbing ferrous surface, followed by the growth (by cationic diffusion) of a lubricious pyrophosphate-type coating over the iron phosphate, is the reason organophosphates work well as vapor/mist phase lubricants. Recent work, however, has shown that this mechanism leads to the depletion of surface iron atoms and to eventual lubrication failure. A new organophosphate formulation was developed which circumvents surface iron depletion. This formulation was tested by generating an iron phosphate coating on an aluminum surface. The new formulation was then used to vapor/mist phase lubricate a spur gearbox in a preliminary study.
Dosimetric comparison of inverse and forward planning for Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery of brain metastases

Abstract The Leksell GammaPlan (LGP) with an inverse planning (IP) tool has been upgraded to version 11.1 since its launch in 2010. We evaluated its IP planning performance by re-planning 16 targets that had been planned using forward planning (FP). The FP and IP plans were compared. A planning guideline for IP process was developed aiming for an unbiased comparison. Sixteen brain metastases (BMs) without nearby critical structures were included in the study (size > 1 cm for all targets). All prior FP were re-planned in the LGP using IP and maintaining the same beam-on time and coverage. The dose to all the targets was scaled to 20 Gy in a single fraction at 50% isodose line (IDL) for FP and IP comparison purpose. The coverage and beam-on time were nearly the same for both the FP and IP plans. For all the IP plans, the mean selectivity was 0.85 ± 0.04 (vs 0.83 ± 0.04 in FP plans, p = 0.02), the mean GI was 2.92 ± 0.21 (vs 3.18 ± 0.60 in FP plans, p = 0.047), the mean V12Gy was 8.18 ± 8.57 cc (vs 9.09 ± 9.08 cc in FP plans, p = 0.001), the mean V8Gy was 14.63 ± 15.14 cc (vs 16.34 ± 16.17 cc in FP plans, p = 0.001), and the mean V5Gy was 29.01 ± 28.77 cc (vs 32.77 ± 31.41 cc in FP plans, p = 0.001). The number of shots was higher in IP plans (means of 16.69 ± 8.11 vs 10.81 ± 6.87 in FP plans, p = 0.001). We retrospectively re-planned 16 FP plans using the IP tool while meeting the quality limiting factors for the FP plans. The dosimetry parameters from the IP plans outperformed the treated FP plans and the IP tool should be preferred for tumors with size > 1 cm.
Doing Historical Research

Students preparing to become art teachers at Massachusetts College of Art enroll in a course that teaches them the techniques of historical research. Students' learning is organized around questions of their own choosing; their search for answers leads them to find physical evidence, real objects they may touch and examine closely. One student found part of a Chautauqua Industrial Art Desk, the researching of which opened up a multitude of possible directions for historical investigation. No longer should teachers consider historical research a dry pursuit; history explains where we are and is grounded in everyday life.
Tree Encroachment Varies by Plant Community in a Large Boreal Peatland Complex in the Boreal-Temperate Ecotone of Northeastern USA

Large peatland complexes at the boreal-temperate ecotone are essential habitats for boreal species at their southern range limits where they are threatened by tree encroachment accelerated by climate change and nitrogen deposition. To inform vascular plant and biodiversity conservation, we studied tree encroachment patterns in a large (> 400 ha) boreal peatland complex in the northeastern United States across vegetation types and environmental gradients. We characterized vascular plant composition, environmental drivers and tree demography on 50 plots (each 25 m2). We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) to identify two main drivers of vascular plant composition in the herbaceous layer—pH and tree canopy openness—that described three broad plant community types (open bog, forested bog, and fen). Tree demography suggested that woody encroachment (i.e., tree seedling recruitment) varied across these community types; open bog was colonized by Picea mariana seedlings, while forested bog and fen (dominated by evergreen conifers, Picea mariana and Thuja occidentalis, respectively) were colonized by deciduous tree species (Acer rubrum and Betula alleghaniensis). Our findings provide early warning signs of vegetation change in boreal peatlands near their southern range limits caused by the encroachment of temperate tree species into forested peatlands and expanding tree cover in open bogs.
Mindful Emotion Awareness Facilitates Engagement with Exposure Therapy: An Idiographic Exploration Using Single Case Experimental Design:

Exposure therapy works through inhibitory learning, whereby patients are exposed to stimuli that elicit anxiety in order to establish safety associations. Mindful emotion awareness, or nonjudgmenta...
Initial Evaluation of a Novel Cone-Beam CT-Based Semi-Automated Online Adaptive Radiotherapy System for Head and Neck Cancer Treatment - A Timing and Automation Quality Study.

Introduction A novel on-line adaptive radiotherapy (ART) system based on O-ring linear accelerator (LINAC) and cone-beam CT (CBCT) was evaluated for treatment and management of head & neck (HN 82% ≥4), though mandible was rated lower than others (p 0.05). In addition, a general decrease in accumulated OAR dose was observed with adaptation. Unsupervised adapted plans where contours were auto-generated without human review still spared OAR at a greater rate than the original plans, suggesting benefits of adaptation can be maintained even with some leniency in contour accuracy. Conclusion Feasibility of a novel, semi-automated on-line ART system for various head and neck (H&N) cancer sites was demonstrated in terms of treatment duration, dosimetric benefits, and automated contour accuracy in a remote emulator environment. Adaptive planning duration was clinically viable at 19 min and 34 sec, but further improvements in automated contour accuracy and performance improvements of plan auto-generation may reduce adaptive planning duration by up to 10 minutes.
Academic Emergency Medicine Faculty Experiences with Racial and Sexual Orientation Discrimination.

Introduction Despite the increasing diversity of individuals entering medicine, physicians from racial and sexual minority groups continue to experience bias and discrimination in the workplace. The objective of this study was to determine the current experiences and perceptions of discrimination on the basis of race and sexual orientation among academic emergency medicine (EM) faculty. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of EM faculty across six programs. Survey items included the Overt Gender Discrimination at Work (OGDW) Scale adapted for race and sexual orientation, and the frequency and source of experienced and observed discrimination. Group comparisons were made using t-tests or chi-square analyses, and relationships between race or sexual orientation, and we evaluated physicians' experiences using correlation analyses. Results A total of 141 out of 352 (40.1%) subjects completed at least a portion of the survey. Non-White physicians reported higher mean racial OGDW scores than their White counterparts (13.4 vs 8.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) for difference, -7.7 - -2.9). Non-White EM faculty were also more likely to report having experienced discriminatory treatment based on race than were White EM faculty (48.0% vs 12.6%; CI for difference, 16.6% - 54.2%), although both groups were equally likely to report having observed race-based discrimination of another physician. EM faculty who identified as sexual minorities reported higher mean sexual minority OGDW scores than their heterosexual counterparts (11.1 vs 7.1; 95% CI for difference, -7.3 - -0.6). There were no significant differences between sexual minority and heterosexual faculty in their reports of experiencing or observing discrimination based on sexual orientation. Conclusion EM faculty from racial and sexual minority groups perceived more discrimination based on race or sexual orientation in their workplace than their majority counterparts. EM faculty regardless of race or sexual orientation were similar in their observations of discriminatory treatment of another physician based on race or sexual orientation.
Association Between Midlife Physical Activity and Incident Kidney Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Rationale & Objective Physical activity is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension, which have shared risk factor profiles with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there are conflicting findings regarding the relationship between physical activity and CKD. The objective was to evaluate the association between physical activity and CKD development over long-term follow-up using the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting & Participants 14,537 participants aged 45 to 64 years. Predictors Baseline physical activity status was assessed using the modified Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire at visit 1 (1987-1989) and categorized according to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans to group participants as inactive, insufficiently active, active, and highly active. Outcomes Incident CKD defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Analytical Approach Cox proportional hazards regression. Results At baseline, 37.8%, 24.2%, 22.7%, and 15.3% of participants were classified as inactive, insufficiently active, active, and highly active, respectively. During a median follow-up of 24 years, 33.2% of participants developed CKD. After adjusting for age, sex, race-center, education, smoking status, diet quality, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, antihypertensive medication, body mass index, and baseline eGFR, higher categories of physical activity were associated with lower risk for CKD compared with the inactive group (HRs for insufficiently active, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.88-1.02]; active, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.86-1.01]; highly active, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.81-0.97]; P for trend = 0.007). Limitations Observational design and self-reported physical activity that was based on leisure time activity only. Due to low numbers, participants who were not Black or White were excluded. Conclusions Highly active participants had lower risk for developing CKD compared with inactive participants.