cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesizing a positive definite spatial stiffness matrix with a hybrid connection of simple compliances

Achieving adequate force control is an important problem in the application of robotics technology to manufacturing tasks. This is particularly true for assembly tasks that require constrained interaction between a robotic manipulator and a work-part. One approach to this problem is the use of passive compliance. This can be accomplished by realizing a given spatial stiffness or compliance matrix with a connection of simple compliances. Isotropic spatial stiffness matrices can be realized with a parallel connection of simple springs. Similarly, a serial connection of simple compliances can realize an isotropic compliance matrix. However, the family of isotropic stiffness and compliance matrices constitute a very small subset of the family of all stable stiffness/compliance matrices. In this article, we propose a method to realize any positive definite spatial stiffness/compliance matrix using a hybrid connection of simple compliances
Automating ECU Identification for Vehicle Security

The field of vehicular cybersecurity has received considerable media and research attention in the past few years. Given the increasingly connected aspect of consumer automobiles, along with the inherent danger of these machines, there has been a call for experienced security researchers to contribute towards the vehicle security domain. The proprietary nature of Controller Area Network (CAN) bus messages, however, creates a barrier of entry for those unfamiliar, due to the need to identify what the messages on a given vehicle's bus are broadcasting. This work aims to automate the process of correlating CAN bus messages with specific Electronic Control Unit (ECU) functions in a new vehicle, by creating a machine learning classifier that has been trained on a dataset of multiple vehicles from different manufacturers. The results show that accurate classification is possible, and that some ECUs that broadcast similar vehicle dynamics broadcast similar CAN messages.
CDEP: Continuous Delivery Educational Pipeline

Due to the desire to decrease the time to market of modern applications and software, a number of new agile processes have emerged. Continuous integration and continuous delivery which allow developers to easily push changes to software are common practices in industry, however in education there seems to be a lack of teaching in these practices. This is because of the complexity that these practices entail by having to create an automated software development pipeline that tests and deploys software. These pipelines are often difficult to understand and the setup, configuration, and instruction of such a pipeline is often difficult to include in a traditional software engineering course. A lightweight and portable pipeline for educational purposes is required. This pipeline needs to be simple enough for easy setup and detailed enough to teach various aspects of continuous integration and delivery. This paper introduces the design and implementation of such a pipeline as well as the proposed usage in academia.
Community attachment, beliefs and residents’ civic engagement in stormwater management

Abstract This study examines the drivers of civic engagement in water resource planning and management in diverse watersheds in the Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities) metropolitan area. Specifically, it investigates the direct and indirect influence of community attachment on perceived collective efficacy and environmental concern, and on civic engagement. Data were collected through a self-administered mail survey of 1000 residents from selected census tracts within three watersheds. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings suggest that residents’ attachment to their neighborhood through social ties and ties to the natural environment drives their engagement in water resource protection. Residents who are attached to their neighborhood through social ties are likely to be civically engaged in water resource protection. Further, residents’ perceived collective efficacy and their concern about stormwater are significant predictors of civic engagement in water. This study offers strategies for resource professionals and other local actors to best design programs aimed at increasing resident engagement in water resource conservation.
A quantified Kraljic Portfolio Matrix: Using decision analysis for strategic purchasing

Abstract Since its inception, the Kraljic Portfolio Matrix (KPM) has been widely used as a diagnostic and prescriptive purchasing tool. One of the primary weaknesses of the KPM is the qualitative nature of the model, which results in a subjective method for weighting and positioning suppliers or commodities in the various quadrants. In an effort to help overcome this widely cited weakness, this research proposes an objective, quantitative decision analysis approach to position products and services within the KPM. Single attribute value functions are used to quantify the strategic purchasing attributes of the KPM. A multi attribute value function is then used to quantify and rank-order products and services within the KPM based on the two strategic purchasing objectives. We empirically demonstrate this approach using data from an organization with a $10 billion purchasing portfolio. Furthermore, we illustrate how a cost-benefit view of the results help decision makers quickly and easily identify the products and services most conducive to the implementation of commercial best practice purchasing strategies. A sensitivity analysis advocates the robustness of our approach.
Sensitivity, specificity, reliability, and clinical validity of provider-reported symptoms: a comparison with self-reported symptoms. Outcomes Committee of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group.

BACKGROUND: If symptoms are to be recognized and effectively addressed in clinical research, they must be collected using sensitive, specific, reliable, and clinically meaningful methods. OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparison of self-administered symptom survey data with data from conventional provider-reports. DESIGN/METHODS: Secondary data analysis of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 081 (ACTG 081), a randomized trial taking place in 33 sites comparing three approaches to prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii-related pneumonia that found no difference among treatment arms. The study was performed on 842 subjects with advanced HIV infection. No intervention was undertaken as a result of this study. ACTG 081 included data on functional status, global quality of life and survival, and two methods of symptom measurement: an open-ended, provider-reported symptom assessment (provider-report) and a self-administered symptom survey (self-report). Agreement was measured using kappa scores. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using self-report as the standard. Reliability was measured by intersite variation and test-retest reliability (8 weeks later). Clinical validity was evaluated by testing expected associations with functional status, global quality of life, and survival. RESULTS: Symptom data were available for 808 patients (96%). Patient and provider agreement was poor (mean kappa, 0.14; range, 0.07-0.25). Compared with self-report, providers underreported the presence and severity of symptoms (mean symptom count, 5.2 versus 1.3; mean severity score, 1.3 versus 0.74). provider-report demonstrated greater variability by site (R2 associated with site, 0.02 versus 0.16) and poorer test-retest reliability (mean kappa, 0.34 versus 0.25). Provider-report severity scores were less strongly associated than were self-report with functional status (chi2, 252 versus 80), global quality of life (R2 for model, 0.57 versus 0.15), and survival (chi2, 38 versus 24). Self-reported symptom severity was strongly correlated to patientreported global quality of life (p, 0.75; p < .0001).CONCLUSIONS: Provider-reported symptoms as currently collected within the ACTG are less sensitive and reproducible than a self-administered symptom survey. Providerreported severity scores are also more weakly associated with functional status, global quality of life, and survival. A self-reported symptom survey may provide a better method of symptom measurement for HIV research.
Failure Detection and Isolation in Complex Process Plants a Survey

Abstract Techniques to detect and isolate failures in complex technological systems, such as sensor biases, leaks and equipment deterioration, are discussed. The surveyed methods are based on analytical redundancy afforded by a mathematical model of the system. The main components of such techniques are residual generation using the model, signature generation via statistical testing and signature analysis. Model-structural conditions for failure isolability are introduced together with transformation methods to attain them. Sensitivity and robustness considerations are presented and an artificial intelligence approach proposed based on model redundancy.
Quantum Smearing of Coulomb Blockade

The simplest system in which the phenomenon of Coulomb blockade can be observed consists of a small metallic grain connected to a large conductor via a tunnel junction and capacitively coupled to a gate electrode. At temperatures much lower than the charging energy of the grain the system prefers the values of the grain charge which are integer in the units of electron charge. A review of the effects of small but finite tunneling strength on the accuracy of charge quantization is presented. It turns out that this problem can be mapped onto the well known Kondo problem of electron scattering by a magnetic impurity in a metal. By exploring this analogy one can find the complete solution of the problem of grain charge in the case of weak tunneling.
Study of the Reaction $p p$ (Polarized) $\to p \pi^+ n$ With Polarized Beam From 3-{GeV}/$c$ to 12-{GeV}/$c$

We present density-matrix elements and single-spin correlations for the reaction ${p}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}$p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$n at 3, 4, 6, and 11.75 GeV/c, using both longitudinal and transverse beam polarizations. For small momentum transfers, the spin correlations are mainly due to off-shell ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$p elastic scattering, while for larger t there are large polarization effects associated with the production dynamics for ${p}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}$p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$n. Comparison of longitudinal and transverse polarization correlations suggests that the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$-production spin effects are due mainly to unnatural-parity exchanges. We present a model-dependent amplitude analysis, and extract the energy dependence of the natural- and unnatural-parity-exchange contributions.
Rapid Inspection of Composites Using Laser-Based Ultrasound

Current techniques for automated ultrasonic inspection of airframe structures can only be used to examine limited areas which have large radii of curvature. Manual inspection techniques are required in areas having small radii. Laser-based ultrasound (LBU) offers the potential to rapidly inspect large-area composite structures having contoured geometries, without restriction to large radii of curvature [1–4]. The key components that comprise an LBU rapid inspection system are the generation and detection lasers, a 2D scanner and a suitably fast data acquisition system. These must be integrated to provide an areal scan rate of at least 100 ft2/hr based on a 0.5″ × 0.5″ pixel size. In this paper results are presented of an investigation of the relative merits of using a CO2 laser versus a Nd:YAG laser for thermo-elastic ultrasonic generation in composite materials. In our previous studies, ultrasonic C-scan images of components were acquired with the LBU system by mechanically translating the test specimen in front of the stationary generation and detection laser beams [2–4]. If the scan is to be done rapidly, this technique becomes increasingly difficult and more expensive as the mass of the part increases. To fully realize the high speed scanning potential of a same side laser-in/laser-out inspection system, it is necessary to deflect the laser beams across the part surface. An implementation of angular scanning of the generation and probe laser beams across the part surface is described. A data acquisition scheme that has been used to demonstrate data acquisition rates of 33 waveforms/sec (for 200 point waveforms) is also described.
The Systematicity of Cognitive Representations

The structure of our discussion of the systematicity of cognitive representations argument will mirror the structure of our previous discussion of the systematicity of inference argument in Chapter 4. We will begin by describing, clarifying, and defending the putative explanandum, then review the Pure Atomist and Classical accounts of it indicating how neither Classicism nor Pure Atomism will explain the systematicity of cognitive representations up to the standard Fodor and Pylyshyn have in mind. The central problem for both theories will be their reliance upon hypotheses that are ad hoc in the sense we have seen in Chapters 2 and 4.
The Physician/Patient Encounter from a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Perspective

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) offers benefit in rehabilitation, particularly with pain problems. Its conceptual basis and certain of its techniques fit well with the type of occupational rehabilitation that encourages patient involvement and comprehensive attention to impediments to reaching functional goals. The physician-patient encounter remains a pivotal force from the onset of illness or injury through rehabilitation and resolution. Communications within these encounters have been studied and linked to patient attitudes, perceptions, and health- related outcomes. There appears to be potentially useful conjunction between CBT principles and parameters of interest in the physician-patient encounter. Scientific attention to this conjunction is largely lacking. However, suggestions are offered that may enable physicians and other health care providers to apply CBT early in the course of illness, interact more effectively in a multi disciplinary team using CBT, or make more fruitful referrals to CBT practitioners.
Effectiveness of Lung-RADS in Reducing False-Positive Results in a Diverse, Underserved, Urban Lung Cancer Screening Cohort.

Abstract Purpose The Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data SystemTM (Lung-RADSTM) was created to standardize lung cancer screening CT reporting and recommendations but has not been well validated prospectively in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lung cancer screening using Lung-RADS in a diverse, underserved, academic clinical screening program, focusing on whether Lung-RADS would successfully reduce the 23.3% false-positive rate found in the National Lung Screening Trial. Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained to study the clinical lung cancer screening cohort. Low-dose CT results were prospectively assigned a Lung-RADS or equivalent score. The proportion of examinations in each Lung-RADS category and the corresponding lung cancer rate, subsequent imaging, interventions, mortality, and compliance were tracked. The National Death Index was queried for follow-up losses. Results The cohort comprised 1,181 patients with 2,270 person-years of follow-up from December 2012 to December 2016. The mean age was 64 ± 16.2 years, with 51% women, 63% nonwhite, 71% current smokers, 69% overweight and obese, and multiple comorbidities. The Lung-RADS false-positive rate was 10.4% (95% confidence interval, 8.8%-12.3%). Baseline CT results were negative in 87% (n = 1,031): for Lung-RADS 1, the lung cancer rate was 0.2%, and for Lung-RADS 2, the cancer rate was 0.5%. Positive baseline examinations were Lung-RADS 3 in 10% (n = 119), 4a in 1.2% (n = 14), and 4b in 1.5% (n = 18). Corresponding cancer rates were 3.4%, 43%, and 83%, respectively. Lung cancer prevalence was 2.1%. Mortality was 40% in patients with lung cancer versus 2.5% in the remaining cohort (P Conclusions Lung cancer screening using Lung-RADS was effective in reducing the false-positive rate compared with the National Lung Screening Trial in a diverse and underserved urban population.
(347) A Myogenic Temporomandibular Disorder Enhances Migraine-Like Pain

Migraine is commonly reported among individuals with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), especially in the patients with myogenic TMDs. This relationship can potentially add to the significant burden already experienced by migraineurs. Despite the prevalence of this comorbidity, most of previous studies focus on its epidemiological statistics. To date, the pathophysiologic mechanisms related to the comorbidity of these two conditions remain elusive. To better address this issue, an animal model that represents the comorbidity of migraine-like pain and TMDs in a clinical population is needed. Thus, in the present study, we developed a new mouse model to study the comorbidity association between myogenic TMDs and migraine-like pain. We combined masseter muscle tendon ligation (MMTL) with systemic injection of nitroglycerin (NTG) in the new model, in which MMTL was carried out to produce a myogenic TMD and NTG was injected to induce migraine-like pain. We observed that a preexisting myogenic TMD not only prolongs NTG-induced migraine-like pain, but also enables a normally subthreshold dose of NTG to trigger migraine-like pain. Moreover, MMTL pretreatment significantly upregulated the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis after NTG injection. We further observed that topiramate, an antiepileptic drug frequently used for migraine prophylaxis, significantly inhibits the myogenic TMD-enhanced migraine-like pain. Topiramate delayed the onset of TMD-enhanced migraine-like pain and reduced the pain thereafter in a dose-dependent manner. Together, our results indicate that a preexisting TMD can enhance migraine-like pain. The mouse model we developed in this study mimics the comorbid migraine headache and TMDs found in the clinical population. This model can be used to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of this comorbidity, and thus help us identify new therapeutic targets for such association.
Urban Preschool Teachers' Nutrition Beliefs, Mealtime Practices, and Associations With Training.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine preschool teachers’ nutrition-related beliefs and practices and explore associations with Eat Well Play Hard in Child Care Settings (EWPHCCS) training. Design Causal-comparative study using a post-only, cross-sectional survey exploring teachers’ nutrition-related beliefs and mealtime practices. Setting New York City preschools serving low-income children. Participants Ethnically diverse preschool teachers (n = 660), 420 (response rate 90.4%) with EWPHCCS training and 240 (response rate 57.1%) without training. Main Outcome Measures Teachers’ beliefs about their preschool nutrition environments and compliance with recommended mealtime practices. Analysis Analysis of variance and hierarchical linear modeling. Results Overall, teachers reported generally favorable beliefs about their preschool nutrition environments and compliance with recommended mealtime practices. EWPHCCS teachers reported more favorable scores on beliefs and practices than nontrained teachers. Teachers who were not parents reported significantly lower scores on beliefs and practices than teachers who were parents. White teachers and the least experienced teachers reported the lowest scores on compliance with mealtime practices. Conclusions and Implications EWPHCCS training was associated with higher scores on both beliefs and practices. However, school-level policy and leadership may also be important. Providing specific training for preschool directors and addressing food quality may further improve teachers’ nutrition-related attitudes, beliefs, and practices.
Functional Diversity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: The Multitasking Hydra of Cancer

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature suppressive cells found in tumors and immunological niches. In this article, we highlight the ability of MDSCs to promote IL-17-producing T cells (Th17) and regulatory T cells in addition to suppressing cytotoxic T cells in different tumor models. These interactions between MDSCs and T cells support tumor growth because IL-17 is tumorigenic in many cancer types and regulatory T cells suppress antitumor T cells. Besides T cells, MDSCs promote regulatory B cells and suppress overall B cell function; however, tumor-evoked regulatory B cells also regulate MDSC function, suggesting cross-regulation between MDSCs and B cells. These multiple functions shed light on how MDSCs dysregulate several arms of host immune response. Moreover, MDSCs promote tumor cell survival and angiogenesis to support tumors. Therefore, the multifunctional feature of MDSCs make them attractive immunotherapeutic targets.
History of systemic lupus erythematosus with an emphasis on certain recent major issues

Abstract The clinical history of SLE is interesting and torturous. It can be divided into two periods: the age of dermatology with emphasis on skin manifestation and the period of transition to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The history of laboratory investigation with emphasis of the development of clinical laboratory tests is presented. Certain other interesting aspects of the history of SLE are presented. These include the histories of genetic, therapeutic interventions, and the clarification criteria of SLE.
Computational Barthel Index: an automated tool for assessing and predicting activities of daily living among nursing home patients

Assessment of functional ability, including activities of daily living (ADLs), is a manual process completed by skilled health professionals. In the presented research, an automated decision support tool, the Computational Barthel Index Tool (CBIT), was constructed that can automatically assess and predict probabilities of current and future ADLs based on patients’ medical history. The data used to construct the tool include the demographic information, inpatient and outpatient diagnosis codes, and reported disabilities of 181,213 residents of the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) Community Living Centers. Supervised machine learning methods were applied to construct the CBIT. Temporal information about times from the first and the most recent occurrence of diagnoses was encoded. Ten-fold cross-validation was used to tune hyperparameters, and independent test sets were used to evaluate models using AUC, accuracy, recall and precision. Random forest achieved the best model quality. Models were calibrated using isotonic regression. The unabridged version of CBIT uses 578 patient characteristics and achieved average AUC of 0.94 (0.93–0.95), accuracy of 0.90 (0.89–0.91), precision of 0.91 (0.89–0.92), and recall of 0.90 (0.84–0.95) when re-evaluating patients. CBIT is also capable of predicting ADLs up to one year ahead, with accuracy decreasing over time, giving average AUC of 0.77 (0.73–0.79), accuracy of 0.73 (0.69–0.80), precision of 0.74 (0.66–0.81), and recall of 0.69 (0.34–0.96). A simplified version of CBIT with 50 top patient characteristics reached performance that does not significantly differ from full CBIT. Discharge planners, disability application reviewers and clinicians evaluating comparative effectiveness of treatments can use CBIT to assess and predict information on functional status of patients.
Too Stressed to Help? The Effects of Stress on Noticing Partner Needs and Enacting Support.

Although couples’ support exchanges are especially important during times of stress, coping with stress often taxes individuals’ energy and resources and may render it more difficult for partners t...
Microcapillary Reactors via Coaxial Electrospinning: Fabrication of Small Poly(Acrylic Acid) Gel Beads and Thin Threads of Biological Cell Dimensions.

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) bulk gels and threads, typically derived via free-radical polymerization, are of interest as anionic polyelectrolyte mimics of cellular cytosol and as models for early protocells. The thread dimensions have been limited by the diameters of readily-available glass or plastic capillaries, and threads with diameters of less than 50 µm have been difficult to achieve. Here, we report a useful approach for achieving crosslinked, partially neutralized PAA, namely poly(acrylate), gel threads with diameters of a few microns when dry. This technique utilizes coaxial electrospinning to effectively produce capillaries (shells) of polystyrene loaded with a gel-forming precursor mixture composed of 3 M acrylic acid, methylene-bisacrylamide, potassium persulfate and 2.2 M NaOH in the core, followed by thermally-induced polymerization and then the removal of the polystyrene shell. Relatively long (up to 5 mm), continuous PAA threads with thicknesses of 5–15 µm are readily obtained, along with a multitude of PAA gel particles, which result from the occasional break-up of the fluid core prior to gel formation during the electrospinning process. The threads and beads are of the sizes of interest to model ancient protocells, certain functional aspects of excitable cells, such as myocytes and neurons, and various membraneless organelles.
Serum antigens of cattle. II. Immunogenetics of two immunoglobulin allotypes.

Two antisera detecting different allotypic specificities, A1 and B1, of cattle immunoglobulins were produced by isoimmunization with purified IgG in Freund9s complete adjuvant. The A1 marker was found to be restricted to the Fc portion of IgG2 heavy chains, whereas B1 was a marker of immunoglobulin light chains and was found on IgG, IgA and IgM molecules. Genetic analysis indicated that the alleles controlling A1 and B1, bva 1 and bvb 1 , respectively, were autosomal dominants and that they were inherited independently. The bva 1 allele was highly frequent in 11 breeds except Hereford, which showed a low frequency. In contrast, bvb 1 was infrequent or absent in all breeds.
Deep Venous Thrombosis with Pulmonary Embolism Related to IVIg Treatment: A Case Report and Literature Review.

IVIg therapy has potentially been related to arterial and venous therapy. We performed an Ovid review focusing on IVIg and thrombotic events. While a few case reports were reviewed case series and case control studies were particularly reviewed in relation to thrombotic events. Outcomes demonstrate a correlation between underlying cardiovascular risk factors with predominately arterial events which typically occurred within 4–24 hours of infusion. While venous events occurred less commonly they were associated with traditional risk factors and occurred later, typically, 1–7 days following infusion of IVIg. Potential causation of thrombotic events was discussed.
Collaborative Representations: Interpreting the Creation of a Sámi Ethnography and a Seto Epic

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Kristin Kuutma Year: 2006 Pages: 282 Publisher: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia ISBN: 951-41-0970-8 (soft cover). Prices: 27.00 Pounds(soft cover).
Radiation Therapy Simulator

Radiation therapy is a medical specialty for treatment of malignancies (tumors or neoplasms) with high doses of radiation using X rays, γ rays, electrons, protons, and neutrons. This field is rapidly evolving because of recent advances in the technology used for diagnosis, treatment planning, treatment delivery, and verification of patient treatments. One of the cornerstones of modern radiation therapy practice are volumetric patient image datasets from computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound (US). Devices that produce the primary images for use in radiation therapy treatment planning are called Radiation Therapy Simulators. Current devices include (1) Conventional Simulators (based on conventional X-ray radiography planar imaging); (2) CT-simulators (based on CT scanners); (3) PET/CT-simulators (based on PET/CT scanners); (4) MR-simulators (based on MR scanners). The radiation therapy simulator has been an integral component of the treatment planning process since the 1960s. Conventional simulators are designed to mimic the linear accelerator geometry while providing a diagnostic-quality X-ray beam for anatomic imaging. Because of the increased use of three-dimensional (3D) imaging for treatment planning, conventional simulators are less popular than in the past. Still, this technology continues to be developed and retains its presence in most radiation oncology departments. Shortly after the introduction of clinical CT scanners in the early 1970s, it was realized that this imaging modality had much to offer in a radiation oncology setting because they provided a volumetric view of the patient’s normal and tumor anatomy with excellent spatial accuracy. In response, CT simulators were developed during the 1980s, and 1990s and today CT simulator is the main imaging device in radiation therapy. The CT simulators have developed to a point where CT scanner manufacturers are designing scanners specifically for CT simulation purposes. PET imaging can also provide valuable information about tumors and PET–CT scanners have been implemented as radiation therapy simulators and can be found in many radiotherapy centers. Finally, MRI scanners have also been implemented and are used for treatment simulation in radiation therapy. The MRI scanners are less commonly found in radiotherapy departments, but because of the imaging advantages that MRI has to offer it is expected that the use of MRI scanner for radiotherapy simulation will experience significant growth. This article describes the radiation therapy simulation process, design and features of conventional, CT, PET–CT, and MRI simulators, and their use for treatment planning. Keywords: radiation therapy; radiotherapy; brachytherapy; simulators; CT; MRI; PET; X rays; cancer, imaging; image guidance
Fringe-dependent separation of dorsal and ventral cells in the Drosophila wing

The separation of cells into populations that do not intermix, termed compartments, is a fundamental organizing principle during development1,2,3,4,5. Dorsal–ventral compartmentalization of the Drosophila wing is regulated downstream of the apterous (ap) gene, which encodes a transcription factor that specifies dorsal wing fate6,7,8. fringe (fng) is normally expressed by dorsal cells downstream of ap9; here we show that fng plays a key role in dorsal–ventral compartmentalization. Loss of fng function causes dorsal cells to violate the compartment boundary, and ectopic expression of the Fng protein causes ventral cells to violate the compartment boundary. Fng modulates signalling through the Notch receptor10,11. Notch and its ligands are essential for formation of the dorsal–ventral compartment border, and repositioning the stripe of Notch activation that is normally established there appears to reposition the compartment border. However, activation of Notch does not itself confer either dorsal or ventral cell location, and fng can influence compartmentalization even within regions of ubiquitous Notch activation. Our results indicate that the primary mechanism by which fng establishes a compartment border is by positioning a stripe of Notch activation, but also that fng may exert additional influences on compartmentalization.
Numerically efficient steady-state finite element analysis of magnetically saturated electromechanical devices using a shooting-Newton/GMRES approach

A numerically efficient steady-state finite element solver for electromechanical devices incorporating magnetic saturation is presented. The magnetization of ferromagnetic materials is modelled as a field-dependent equivalent current density. A Lagrangian representation of continuum variables is used, thereby removing numerical instabilities due to the Peclet effect but precluding the use of standard harmonic balance methods. The shooting-Newton method is therefore used to calculate the steady-state behavior. A matrix-free Krylov-subspace linear solver, the generalized minimum residuals method (GMRES), is shown to significantly reduce the computational burden by eliminating the need to calculate the shooting-Newton Jacobian. Simulation results from a synchronous reluctance motor model with 10288 nodes and 4935 elements confirm that the proposed method dramatically reduces computation time compared to running transient analysis until convergence.
An Empirical Investigation of Internal Governance

Acharya, Myers, and Rajan (2011) theorize that CEO rent extraction is constrained by subordinate managers. This internal governance works best when the relative contributions of CEOs and managers to output are balanced. Consistent with the theory, we ﬁnd a hump-shaped relation between relative contributions and corporate investment, and between relative contributions and ﬁrm performance. These hump-shaped relations are stronger for ﬁrms with older CEOs, for ﬁrms more likely to promote insiders to CEO, for ﬁrms with non-founder CEOs, and for ﬁrms in growing industries. Other forms of governance do not diminish the importance of internal governance, and the results are robust to endogeneity concerns.
Soil transformation of 2(3H)-benzoxazolone of rye into phytotoxic 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one

Nonsterile soil transforms the rye metabolite 2(3H)-benzoxazolone (BOA) into 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one, which is an order of magnitude more toxic to barnyard grass than benzoxazolone. Benzoxazolone was recovered unchanged from sterile soil. However,o-aminophenol is converted to aminophenoxazinone by both sterile and nonsterile soil in the presence of air. Aminophenoxazinone is probably produced by microbial hydrolysis of benzoxazolone intoo-aminophenol, which is oxidized to aminophenoxazinone in both sterile and nonsterile soil. No 2,2′-oxo-1,1′-azobenzene was found in any incubations of soil with benzoxazolone,o-aminophenol, oro-azophenol.
Direct beam radiation: Projection onto tilted surfaces

Abstract The projection of direct beam radiation onto tilted surfaces is studied on a daily and monthly basis. Direct tilted values, calculated from hourly beam data, are compared to estimates made by multiplying daily and monthly average direct beam values by the average value of the cosine of the incident angle. The direct horizontal component calculated by this geometrical approximation is underestimated by 10 to 20% for locations in the Pacific Northwest. The reason for this discrepancy is that the average beam intensity changes over the day and thus gives different weights to the cosine of the incident angle. This weighting has been neglected in the geometrical approximation. Previously we introduced a clear day model to weight the cosine over the day. In this article, the fit to the data has been improved by introducing a dependency on beam intensity into the clear day model weighting procedure. This modified clear day model, called the atmospheric weighting model, removes the systematic deviations between the data and values obtained using the clear day model. Direct values calculated using the atmospheric weighting model are compared to data on various tilts and at several orientations. Sensitivity of the atmospheric weighting model to changes in the parameters is examined and the model is shown to be applicable over a wide range of climates with the parameters given in this article.
Schubert polynomials and Bott-Samelson varieties

Schubert polynomials generalize Schur polynomials, but it is not clear how to generalize several classical formulas: the Weyl character formula, the Demazure character formula, and the generating series of semistandard tableaux. We produce these missing formulas and obtain several surprising expressions for Schubert polynomials.¶The above results arise naturally from a new geometric model of Schubert polynomials in terms of Bott-Samelson varieties. Our analysis includes a new, explicit construction for a Bott-Samelson variety Z as the closure of a B-orbit in a product of flag varieties. This construction works for an arbitrary reductive group G, and for G = GL(n) it realizes Z as the representations of a certain partially ordered set.¶This poset unifies several well-known combinatorial structures: generalized Young diagrams with their associated Schur modules; reduced decompositions of permutations; and the chamber sets of Berenstein-Fomin-Zelevinsky, which are crucial in the combinatorics of canonical bases and matrix factorizations. On the other hand, our embedding of Z gives an elementary construction of its coordinate ring, and allows us to specify a basis indexed by tableaux.
A widened mediastinum in a patient with a left parasternal stab wound.

ournal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Vol 21, No 2 (April), 20 From the Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Cardiothoracic Surery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Clement J. Zablocki Veterans ffairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI. Address reprint requests to Paul S. Pagel, MD, PhD, FACC, FASE, edical College of Wisconsin, MEB-M4280, 8701 Watertown Plank oad, Milwaukee, WI 53226. E-mail: pspagel@mcw.edu © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/07/2102-0031$32.00/0 doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2006.06.002
Fuel effects on NOx emissions in partially premixed flames

Abstract The requirement to significantly reduce NOx and particulate emissions while maintaining combustor performance is one of the main drivers for internal combustion engine research. Partially premixing and using fuel blends represent two promising approaches for reducing both the NOx and the particulate emissions from flames. This paper reports on the results of a numerical investigation on the effects of using different fuels on NOx emissions in counterflow partially premixed flames. The fuels investigated include methane, n-heptane, and their blends with hydrogen. The methane flame is computed using the GRI-3.0 mechanism, while the n-heptane flame is computed by combining the Held et al. oxidation mechanism with the Li and Williams NOx mechanism. Results indicate that, with regard to their NOx characteristics, partially premixed flames can be grouped into two distinct regimes, namely a double-flame regime, characterized by high levels of partial premixing and/or low strain rates ( a s ) with two physically separated reaction zones, and a merged-flame regime, characterized by low levels of partial premixing and/or high a s with nearly merged reaction zones. In the first regime, NOx characteristics of both methane and n-heptane flames are strongly affected by changes in equivalence ratio (ϕ) and strain rate, while in the second regime, they exhibit a relatively weak dependence on ϕ and a s . In addition, the n-heptane and methane flames established under identical conditions exhibit widely different NOx emission behavior in the first regime but qualitatively similar behavior in the second regime. Major differences include (i) significantly higher NO level and NOx emission index, (ii) much wider double-flame regime with regard to ϕ and a s , (iii) dominance of the prompt mechanism over the thermal mechanism in the entire partially premixed regime, and (iv) noticeable reduction in NOx emission with hydrogen addition for n-heptane flames compared to methane flames. These differences are attributable to the different fuel pyrolysis/oxidation chemistry of the two fuels, as the consumption of n-heptane occurs mainly through the C2 path, while that of methane occurs mainly through the C1 path. As a result, the amounts of C2H2 and, consequently, of CH radicals formed in n-heptane flames are significantly higher than those in methane flames and are responsible for the observed differences in NOx characteristics of the two fuels.
Emergent Communication Strategies

Communication strategy is often defined as planned actions to achieve desired results; however, strategies emerge regardless of writer/speaker intent. This paper defines an emergent communication strategy as a communication construct derived from the interaction between reader/hearer response, situated context, and discursive patterns. The definition is based on the work of Mintzberg (1988) on emergent business strategies, Jeffrey Goldstein (1999) on emergence in organizational complexity theory, and other communication theorists (e.g., Boden, 1994; Taylor & Van Every, 2000), who take a constructionist view of organizations. Additionally, the paper draws from Burke (1945, 1955, 1968) to examine reader response, Burke (1955) and ethnography of communication (Carbaugh, 2008; Gumperz & Hymes, 1972; Hymes, 1962; Philipsen, 1992) to explicate situated context, and discourse analysis to derive discursive patterns. To illustrate emergent communication strategies, a sample analysis of a letter issued in response ...
A potential neuroanatomical dissociation of DARPP-32 in striatal ERK signaling.

Two main functions of the dopamine system involve reward and movement, and as such, dopamine modulation is central to the disorders of drug addiction and Parkinson's disease (PD). The striatum, a key target of dopamine pathways, plays an essential role in these functions. The dorsal striatum,
Antimicrobial Drugs Used in the Management of Anaerobic Infections in Children

Optimum antimicrobial therapy effective against anaerobes is required to rapidly resolve infections due to these organisms and to prevent serious complications. Selection of antimicrobial therapy should be based on clinical experience and presumptive evidence until culture and sensitivity tests are available. If an abscess should develop, surgical drainage (when possible) is of paramount importance. Antimicrobial therapy for anaerobic infections should usually be given for prolonged periods because of the tendency for relapse, and should include coverage for aerobic bacteria whenever they are present. Penicillin G remains the drug of choice for most anaerobic infections except those caused by beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides spp. such as B. fragilis and B. melaninogenicus, and some strains of Fusobacterium varium, which can be resistant. Other antimicrobials which are available for treatment of anaerobic infections in paediatric patients, and are generally active against B. fragilis, are carbenicillin, ticarcillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and cefoxitin. Experience in the use of metronidazole suggests that it could be a very valuable antimicrobial agent in the treatment of anaerobic infections. Experience with synergistic antimicrobial combinations in the treatment of anaerobic infections is limited; only experimental data are available suggesting synergism between penicillin and aminoglycosides against some Bacteroides spp. beta-Lactamase-producing anaerobic bacteria may protect other penicillin-susceptible bacteria in mixed infections. This phenomenon may explain penicillin failure in eradicating mixed infections.
The Interorganizational Politics of Legal Activity

This paper explores influences on the legal activity of attorneys in five federally funded legal services agencies. I examine the effect on legal activity of three sets of variables: lawyer characteristics, organizational features, and interorganizational en vironment. The data suggest that legal activity is influenced most directly by the nature of the interorganizational environment. The influence of personnel and organizational characteristics is indirect and situational, conditioned by the interorganizational context. The findings call into question many of the criticisms expressed by opponents of the Legal Services Corporation. They also suggest that constraints imposed by local organizations on legal services activities are at least as important as national attempts to modify the corporation's mission.
A risk marker analysis of assaulted wives.

In the wife assault literature, a number of risk markers have been identified. Using the data of the female respondents to the National Family Violence Survey (n = 699), a multivariate analysis was performed to examine which risk factors best differentiated between women involved in nonviolent relationships, verbally aggressive relationships, relationships exhibiting minor physical aggression and severely violent relationships. High levels of marital conflict and lower socioeconomic status emerged as the primary predictors of an increased likelihood of wife assault. Research implications are discussed.
A 2.65-kW Yb:YAG single-rod laser

We report a continuous-wave average output power of 2.65 kW from a single Yb:YAG laser rod pumped with 9000 W from 940 nm InGaAs laser diodes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest average output power ever reported from a single Yb:YAG gain element. The optical-to-optical efficiency (i.e., output power to raw laser diode optical power) was 28%. We also obtained 860 W with an M/sup 2/ of 2.1 when pumping with 6000 W, obtaining 14% optical-to-optical efficiency.
The McKendrick partial differential equation and its uses in epidemiology and population study

One way of modeling the evolution in time of an age-structured population is to set up the evolution process as a partial differential equation in which time and age are the independent variables. The resulting equation, known as the McKendrick equation, has received attention recently from mathematicians. Some advantages of the PDE are that it can easily be adapted to include more detail in the model, including explicit time-dependence in the coefficients and even some nonlinear effects. The initial-boundary conditions for the McKendrick equation, imposed by the population model, are not the standard side conditions one sees in PDE theory for an evolution equation. In the simplest case, the problem reduces to a well-known model in demography, the Lotka integral equation. In this paper, we explain the solution of the McKendrick model and compare the McKendrick equation with other common models for age-structured populations (the Leslie matrix and the difference equation, as well as the integral equation) in several ways. The approaches differ in their suitability for computation, their ease of generalization, and their adaptability to different demographic objectives and other biological applications. With small intervals of age and time all forms are identical, but if the intervals are finite, differences will appear in the numerical results. The structure of solutions of the partial differential equation contributes to better understanding and computation of population models.
Giant right coronary aneurysm: a case of mistaken identity.

A 64-year-old male presented for pre-operative assessment prior to orthopaedic surgery, with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, was a lifelong non-smoker, and reported no cardiac symptoms. Clinical examination was unremarkable; with electrocardiography demonstrating sinus rhythm with small, non-pathological inferior lead Q-waves. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular size and function, without regional …
Living Kidney Donor Decision Making and Communication

There is high demand for kidney donors in the United States, and it is widely accepted that living donation is optimal for individuals who need a kidney. Much research has focused on the potential recipient, but little has been studied about the communication and decision making of living kidney donors. Interviews assessed the communication and decision-making processes of 43 kidney donor volunteers. Almost all of the participants were not asked, but instead volunteered, to donate. The majority of donors reported having conversations with the recipient and speaking about their decisions with other individuals in their social networks besides the recipient. Some participants said that they stopped talking to others because of negative feedback. Future research should further examine the communication of donors with non-recipient others and potential methods of training recipients and donors to communicate effectively about the donation process.