cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized Trial of 3 Techniques of Perineal Skin Closure During Second-Degree Perineal Laceration Repair

Introduction Perineal lacerations during childbirth are common, and suturing the perineal skin during repair has been associated with increased postpartum pain. This study sought to test the hypothesis that no difference in postpartum perineal pain exists between 3 methods of skin closure for second-degree repair: suture, no suture, and surgical glue. Methods A single-blind randomized controlled trial of women after vaginal birth who had a second-degree perineal laceration was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital from August 2014 to April 2017. Women were randomized to perineal skin closure with suture, no suture, or surgical glue using a 1:1:1 allocation. Pain was assessed using the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), and Present Pain Index (PPI) at one day, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months postpartum. Wound healing was assessed at 6 weeks using the Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Drainage, Approximation (REEDA) scale. Pain scores were compared across groups using a chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, or analysis of variance where appropriate. Results A total of 35 women were randomized: 14 received suture, 11 had no suture, and 10 received surgical glue for perineal skin repair. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups. At 2 weeks postpartum, women with suture had higher median pain scores on the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (15.0 suture vs 2.0 glue vs 2.0 no suture, P = .03) and VAS (50.0 suture vs 3.0 glue vs 7.0 no suture, P = .02). Significant differences in pain were not seen on the PPI. At 3 months, women in the suture group had higher median pain scores on the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire compared with surgical glue (1.0 vs 0, P = .04). Wound healing was similar across groups (REEDA score: 0 suture vs 1.0 no suture, vs 0 surgical glue, P = .24). Discussion Compared with no suture and surgical glue, suturing the perineal skin was associated with the highest postpartum pain scores.
Pathway of Employment From Uncovering Barriers to Discovering Hope: Nontraditional, Student-Centered, Relationship-Based Approach:

This study explores the experiences and perspectives of service providers with regard to the process of psychological self-sufficiency (PSS) among students in the Health Profession Opportunity Gran...
International Lawyers As Disrupters of Corruption: Globalizing Influences and Lessons from Africa’s Most Populous Country – Nigeria

Be it bribery, embezzlement, or the abuse of public trust, corruption poses a major challenge to global security and democratic governance, along with undermining the rule of law, especially within the Global South. Key to this phenomenon is understanding how lawyers, in particular, are enabling but also disrupting this epidemic. Unfortunately, the literature on this subject is lacking. This study, therefore, offers a nuanced story of globalization and the complicated role that lawyers play in corruption, by relying on the ideal case study of Nigeria – a crucial Global South market that has the largest population on the African continent. While Nigeria has been able to remain a democracy since 1999 (albeit fragilely), private sector and government officials, including the current Nigerian president, concede that corruption is the country’s biggest problem. At the same time, as this study demonstrates, in Nigeria today there is a small but growing group of globally acute lawyers who are aggressively resisting the entrenched corruption that besieges this environment. By virtue of the opportunities provided by globalization, this cohort is not bound to the parochial interests that have long harmed Nigeria. Yet, these lawyers also work within a larger profession that is conservative, complicated, and at times itself corrupt; and so, to what extent do these factors affect the ability of these globally focused lawyers to enact change? The answer to this question is critical because it helps to unlock an enduring puzzle as to who are the agents best situated to lead a country out of its mired, corrupt history and onto the global stage as a respected power. For other nations, particularly in the Global South, which are also seeking to strengthen their rule of law regimes, the lessons from this study will be instructive in determining whether lawyers who value – and are part of – global networks are capable of curbing corruption within their own domestic contexts.
"Meta"-optical fiber enabled by metasurfaces and zero-index materials

In this talk, I will present our recent development on the “Meta”-optical fiber integrated with optical metasurfaces and epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials. I will present the development of ultrathin optical metalens cascaded on the facet of a photonic crystal optical fiber that enables light focusing in the telecommunication regime. I will also discuss the integration of ENZ materials with optical fiber for advanced light manipulation and optical modulation. The integration of an metalens/ENZ thin film and optical fiber will open the path to revolutionary ultracompact in-fiber optical devices for optical imaging, sensing, and fiber communication and laser applications.
The lens condition for factor price equalization

Abstract Deardorff (1994) provides a condition that is necessary for factor price equalization across countries. This is a generalization of the condition that “country endowments should lie in the diversification cone” from the standard 2×2×2 Heckscher–Ohlin model to the case of many goods, countries and factors. He also shows that this condition is sufficient in the case of two countries and conjectures that the sufficiency might hold in general. In this paper we establish the sufficiency in further cases. However, we show by a counterexample that the sufficiency does not hold in general.
High density fermentation of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 towards heparosan production, characterization, and modification

Heparosan is a naturally occurring non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Heparosan serves as the substrate for chemoenzymatic synthesis of biopharmaceutically important heparan sulfate and heparin. Heparosan is biologically inert molecule, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic and these qualities of heparosan make it an ideal drug delivery vehicle. The critical-to-quality (CTQ) attributes for heparosan applications include composition of heparosan, absence of any unnatural moieties, and heparosan molecular weight size and unimodal distribution. Probiotic bacteria E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a natural producer of heparosan. The current work explores production of EcN heparosan and process parameters that may impact the heparosan CTQ attributes. Results show that EcN could be grown to high cell densities (OD600 160-180) in a chemically defined media. The fermentation process is successfully scaled from 5-L to 100-L bioreactor. The chemical composition of heparosan from EcN was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Results demonstrate that heparosan molecular weight distribution may be influenced by fermentation and purification conditions. Size exclusion chromatography analysis shows that the heparosan purified from fermentation broth results in bimodal distribution, and cell-free supernatant results in unimodal distribution (average molecular weight 68,000 Da). The yield of EcN-derived heparosan was 3 g/L of cell free supernatant. We further evaluated the application of Nissle 1917 heparosan for chemical modification to prepare N-sulfo heparosan (NSH), the first intermediate precursor for heparin and heparan sulfate. KEY POINTS: • High cell density fermentation, using a chemically defined fermentation media for the growth of probiotic bacteria EcN (E. coli Nissle 1917, a natural producer of heparosan) is reported. • Process parameters towards the production of monodispersed heparosan using probiotic bacteria EcN (Nissle 1917) has been explored and discussed. • The media composition and the protocol (SOPs and batch records) have been successfully transferred to contract manufacturing facilities and industrial partners.
Hair Transplantation for the Reconstruction of the Hairline Following a Face-Lift

The satisfaction of the patient following a rhytidectomy is directly influenced by the correct treatment of skin laxity and facial volumization and the absence of any visible sign that an operation was performed. The young plastic surgeon is trained to avoid these untoward results, placing well-hidden incisions and avoiding excessive traction on the skin flaps. Widened and noticeable scars, dislocation, and interruption (i.e., step-off) of the hairline are considered stigmas of a face-lift and may require the attention of a hair restoration specialist. Follicular transplantation for the reconstruction of the hairline will be described in this chapter, and other techniques will also be discussed.
Whole Clinic Research Enrollment in Parkinson's Disease: The Molecular Integration in Neurological Diagnosis (MIND) Study.

Background Observational studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) have focused on relatively small numbers of research participants who are studied extensively. The Molecular Integration in Neurological Diagnosis Initiative at the University of Pennsylvania aims to characterize molecular and clinical features of PD in every patient in a large academic center. Objective To determine the feasibility and interest in a global-capture biomarker research protocol. Additionally, to describe the clinical characteristics and GBA and LRRK2 variant carrier status among participants. Methods All patients at UPenn with a clinical diagnosis of PD were eligible. Informed consent included options for access to the medical record, future recontact, and use of biosamples for additional studies. A blood sample and a completed questionnaire were obtained from participants. Targeted genotyping for four GBA and eight LRRK2 variants was performed, with plasma and DNA banked for future research. Results Between September 2018 and December 2019, 704 PD patients were approached for enrollment; 652 (92.6%) enrolled, 28 (3.97%) declined, and 24 (3.41%) did not meet eligibility criteria. Median age was 69 (IQR 63_75) years, disease duration was 5.41 (IQR 2.49_9.95) years, and 11.10%of the cohort was non-white. Disease risk-associated variants in GBA were identified in 39 participants (5.98%) and in LRRK2 in 16 participants (2.45%). Conclusions We report the clinical and genetic characteristics of PD patients in an all-comers, global capture protocol from an academic center. Patient interest in participation and yield for identification of GBA and LRRK2 mutation carriers is high, demonstrating feasibility of PD clinic-wide molecular characterization.
Problemas sexuais na mulher com cancro da mama e cancro ginecológico: revisão narrativa

Objetivos: Estima-se que mais metade das mulheres com cancro da mama ou cancro ginecologico apresentem problemas sexuais. Contudo, apenas uma minoria recebe aconselhamento medico nesse âmbito. A presente revisao narrativa tem como objetivo descrever os principais problemas sexuais das mulheres com esta tipologia de neoplasias, bem como identificar estrategias de abordagem e tratamento dos mesmos.Metodos: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa da literatura na base de dados PubMed, utilizando os termos MeSH: Sexuality, Neoplasms, Female e Women. Foram utilizados livros e artigos datados entre 1998 e 2020.Resultados: O cancro da mama afeta a vida sexual desde o diagnostico, associando-se a intenso sofrimento psicologico. A este acresce o impacto do tratamento. A cirurgia altera a autoimagem, sensibilidade mamaria e mobilidade. A radioterapia condiciona alteracoes tecidulares. A quimioterapia apresenta efeitos psicologicos e fisicos com impacto direto e indireto na sexualidade. A terapeutica hormonal condiciona atrofia urogenital e sintomas vasomotores. Por outro lado, tambem a maioria das mulheres com cancro ginecologico apresenta varios niveis de disfuncao sexual secundarios a terapeutica. Tratamentos mais recentes como a braquiterapia, tecnicas de nerve-sparing modificadas e cirurgia reconstrutiva tem contribuido para uma diminuicao da morbilidade associada ao tratamento. Verifica-se uma consciencializacao crescente da importância da saude sexual dos doentes oncologicos. Neste contexto, cabe ao medico abordar o assunto, informando as doentes acerca do possivel impacto da doenca e do respetivo tratamento na sexualidade. Existem questionarios validados e modelos estruturados facilitadores de comunicacao neste sentido. Cabe tambem aos clinicos o controlo dos sintomas de disfuncao sexual associados a terapeutica oncologica, privilegiando sempre que possivel farmacos com impacto neutro ou positivo na sexualidade. Conclusao: Qualquer medico deve estar sensibilizado para a disfuncao sexual associada a patologia oncologica e ao seu tratamento, sendo capaz de a rastrear e adaptar o plano terapeutico em conformidade, colocando em pratica o cancer care continuum.
Low Profile Optical Time Domain Fiber Sensors for Materials Evaluation

Low profile in-line partially reflecting splices have been developed to allow the nondestructive internal measurement of strain in advanced composite materials. The splices consist of stripped and cleaved fiber ends spaced a few tens of microns apart and rejacketed with fiber coating material. This paper reviews the use of optical time domain methods for internal materials evaluation, the development of such splices, and their system performance.
Infrared observations of SN 1987A : probing the ejecta and its surrounding medium.

IR observations of the ejecta from SN 1987A are reviewed. The structure lines of heavy elements in the ejectra are discussed, including the discovery of the presence of CO and SiO molecules in the supernova spectrum. Observations of the ambient medium are noted and the mass and distribution of dust in the circumstellar shell are examined. Also, consideration is given to the possible presence of IR arcs around SN 1987A.
Structure-function relationships in an antifreeze polypeptide : the effect of added bulky groups on activity

We have proposed that the antifreeze activity of an alanine-rich alpha-helical antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) is due in part to side-by-side hydrophobic interactions of AFP molecules bound on the ice surface (Wen, D., and Laursen, R. A. (1992b) Biophys. J. 63, 1659-1662). To test this hypothesis and to assess the importance of a hydrophobic surface on the outward facing (non-ice-binding) portions of the helix, we synthesized several AFP analogs with up to four Ala-->Gln or Ala-->Leu replacements and determined the effect of these changes on antifreeze activity and helix stability. Although Gln replacements caused some helix destabilization and resultant reduction of antifreeze activity, they were in general well tolerated, suggesting that the bulk hydrophobicity of the non-ice-binding faces of the AFP, per se, is probably not a major factor determining AFP activity. However, placement of either Gln or Leu in position 17 on one side of the helix completely abolished activity, demonstrating that the specific location of bulky groups can dramatically alter activity. We conclude from molecular modeling studies that the effect seen by placing bulky groups in position 17 is due to steric hindrance that prevents effective association or packing of AFP molecules on the ice surface, in support of our hypothesis.
Computational Analysis of Multilateral Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round and Doha Development Round

In this chapter, we first use the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade to simulate the economic effects of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations completed in 1993–94 on the major industrialized and developing countries/regions. We estimate that the Uruguay Round negotiations increased global economic welfare by $73.0 billion. The developed countries overall have an estimated welfare gain of $53.8 billion, and the developing countries an estimated welfare increase of $19.2 billion.
Superstitious Behavior and Response Stereotypy Prevent the Emergence of Efficient Rule-Governed Behavior in Humans

This study examined whether humans would learn to solve simple problems by applying an efficient rule, that is, concept teaming. Twenty-four college students were shown a series of five letter combinations created from the first three letters of the alphabet (A, B, and C), presented on a computer terminal (e.g., ACAAA). Pressing computer keyboard keys changed the letters of the alphabet. When all five letters were identical (e.g., AAAAA), the computer informed the subject that they were correct. The most efficient solution to each problem (the rule) was to change only letters that did not match the majority of the letters presented. Forty-five percent of the subjects failed to apply an efficient rule. During each of the 36 trials, regardless of the letters presented at trial onset, they made all the letters A (or B or C) and reported that their strategy was necessary in order to complete the problems. Two hundred and nineteen other students were employed in ten variations on the basic paradigm. Across conditions, between 20%–85% of the students failed to respond according to an efficient rule. The results are discussed in terms of response stereotypy and superstitious response chains that prevent the emergence of efficient concept learning. Some implications for animal research and educational philosophy are also addressed.
Evaluating the Quality of Supervision

Abstract This paper describes the features of five previously published instruments which can be used to assess the quality of supervision, from the perception of the supervisee or student. It is argued that an increased attention be given in social work field practica to the quality of supervision provided to MSW and to BSW students, and that the use of one or more of these supervision rating instruments is a step in such efforts. Further research is needed to demonstrate that supervision positively affects the processes of social work intervention, and enhances the likelihood of positive outcomes in the lives of clients.
Estrogen receptors in the human uterus. Cell-free studies with the use of human uterine cytosol from pregnant, postpartum, and nonpregnant patients, correlated with plasma estradiol-17 levels.

Abstract Good competitive binding of estradiol-17β was observed in the uterine cytosol, or 105,0000 g supernatant fraction, of nonpregnant uterine homogenates. The most efficacious binding is found in uteri exposed to low levels of endogenous estrogens; progressively less binding is observed in uteri exposed to estrogenic and progesterone-like compounds (oral contraceptives), in postpartum uteri, and in postmenopausal uteri. No competitive binding was observed in pregnant uteri except for one uterus which contained a missed abortion. The receptor appears to be a protein and bears resemblance to the rat uterus receptor that has been extensively investigated. There is definite competition for the receptor by similar concentrations of diethylstilbestrol, much less by estrone and estriol, and none by higher concentrations of progesterone and testosterone. It, therefore, seems that the receptor is more specific for estradiol than the other naturally occurring steroids tested. Estimations of numbers of receptors per picomole of cytosol and the dissociation constants for the varying uterine states are determined. A modified competitive-protein-binding radioassay for plasma estradiol with the use of a human uterine macromolecule is also described.
Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications

The History of Psychological Testing. Tests and the Testing Process. Norms and Reliability. Validity and Test Development. Intelligence Testing I: Theories and Preschool Assessment. Intelligence Testing II: Individual and Group Tests. Special Populations and Issues in Intelligence Testing. Aptitude, Achievement, and Learning Disability Tests. Neuropsychological and Geriatric Assessment. Industrial and Organizational Assessment. Vocational, Career, and Values Testing. Approaches to Environmental Assessment. Origins of Personality Testing. Structured Personality Assessment. Special Topics and Issues in Testing.
Several δ-opioid receptor ligands display no subtype selectivity to the human δ-opioid receptor

Pharmacological studies performed in vivo suggested that the δ-opioid receptor could exist as two distinct subtypes, δ1 and δ2, while in vitro studies are inconclusive. Therefore, we measured the binding and functional selectivity of several putative δ1- and δ2-opioid receptor-selective compounds in membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the human δ-opioid receptor. The compounds characterized were the agonists [d-Pen2,d-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE, δ1) and deltorphin II (δ2), and the antagonists 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX, δ1), naltriben (δ2), naltrindole 5′-isothiocyanate (δ2), and naltrindole (δ1 and δ2). In competition binding assays, all compounds tested showed no preference for the [3H]DPDPE, [3H]deltorphin II, or [3H]naltrindole binding sites. BNTX also showed no selectivity for the δ-opioid receptor over the μ-opioid receptor. In functional assays, the stimulation of [35S]GTPγS binding induced by either DPDPE or deltorphin II was potently inhibited by both δ1- and δ2-opioid receptor-selective antagonists. Together, these results indicate that these compounds are not selective for either the δ1- or δ2-opioid receptor binding sites in binding or functional assays.
Regulation of endogenous conductances in GnRH neurons by estrogens

17β-estradiol (E2) regulates the activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons through both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms, and this ovarian steroid hormone is essential for cyclical GnRH neuronal activity and secretion. E2 has significant actions to modulate the mRNA expression of numerous ion channels in GnRH neurons and/or to enhance (suppress) endogenous conductances (currents) including potassium (K(ATP), A-type) and calcium low voltage T-type and high voltage L-type currents. Also, it is well documented that E2 can alter the excitability of GnRH neurons via direct action, but the intracellular signaling cascades mediating these actions are not well understood. As an example, K(ATP) channels are critical ion channels needed for maintaining GnRH neurons in a hyperpolarized state for recruiting T-type calcium channels that are important for burst firing in GnRH neurons. E2 modulates the activity of K(ATP) channels via a membrane-initiated signaling pathway in GnRH neurons. Obviously there are other channels, including the small conductance activated K(+) (SK) channels, that maybe modulated by this signaling pathway, but the ensemble of mER-, ERα-, and ERβ-mediated effects both pre- and post-synaptic will ultimately dictate the excitability of GnRH neurons.
Quantifying Sodium in the Human Wrist in Vivo by Using MR Imaging

The authors quantified sodium content in the wrist joints of six healthy volunteers with no known history of arthritis or pain. Average sodium concentrations ranged from 115 to 150 mmol/L in noncartilaginous regions and from 200 to 210 mmol/L in cartilaginous regions. The feasibility of quantifying sodium in vivo was demonstrated. This method has potential applications in monitoring the integrity of cartilaginous tissue in vivo.
Complexity, Social Complexity, and Modeling

Social complexity has long been a subject of considerable interest and study among archaeologists; it is generally taken to refer to human societies consisting of large numbers of people, many social and economic roles, large permanent settlements, along with a variety of other marker criteria. When viewed from a more general complex systems perspective, however, all human societies are complex systems regardless of size or organizational structure. Complex adaptive systems (CAS) represent systems which are dynamic in space, time, organization, and membership and which are characterized by information transmission and processing that allow them to adjust to changing external and internal conditions. Complex systems approaches offer the potential for new insights into processes of social change, linkages between the actions of individual human agents and societal-level characteristics, interactions between societies and their environment, and allometric relationships between size and organizational complexity. While complex systems approaches have not yet coalesced into a comprehensive theoretical framework, they have identified important isomorphic properties of organization and behavior across diverse phenomena. However, it is difficult to operationalize complex systems concepts in archaeology using the descriptive/confirmatory statistics that dominate quantitative aspects of modern archaeological practice. These are not designed to deal with complex interactions and multilevel feedbacks that vary across space and time. Nor do narratives that simply state that societies are characterized by interacting agent/actors who share cultural knowledge, and whose interacting practices create emergent social-level phenomena add much to our understanding. New analytical tools are needed to make effective use of the conceptual tools of complex systems approaches to human social dynamics. Computational and systems dynamics modeling offer the first generation of such analytical protocols especially oriented towards the systematic study of CAS. A computational model of small-scale society with subsistence agriculture is used to illustrate the complexity of even “simple” societies and the potential for new modeling methods to assist archaeologists in their study.
The Significance of Surface Changes in Parakeratotic Horn

Scales from patients with psoriasis sehorrheic dermatitis, and pityriasis rubra pilaris characteristically have microvilli on their surface when examined by scanning electron microscopy. The experiments reported here were designed to investigate the relationships between the development of parakeratotic scale, the appearance of the scale with scanning electron microscopy, and the proliferative state of the epidermis producing the scale. The villous pattern appeared in scale taken from areas that had developed a high mitotic index and appeared to be related to the proliferative state of the epidermis as well as to the appearance of parakeratosis. A "ridge" pattern was found in some specimens examined and this was thought to represent an intermediary stage between the normal pattern and the villous pattern of the hyperproliferative epidermis.
Collaborative Frame Construction in Social Movement Campaigns: Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Scientist–Activist Mobilization

Previous research has explored the definitional features of the processes of scientific expert activism but has been less clear regarding the dynamics of this scientific activism. This paper addresses these gaps in understanding by using an exploration of the state-based efforts and mobilizations to regulate the chemical Bisphenol-A (BPA) to identify and analyze the dynamics of interactions between scientists and activists as they collaborate in pursuit of movement objectives. Drawing primarily from interview data and participant observation, I explore how scientific experts—through collaboration and work with activists—impact the processes of movement framing, and how, in turn, the collaborative dissemination of these frames may contribute to movement goals. I argue that the relationships and coordination that developed between BPA scientists and activists resulted in a collaboratively crafted set of frames that were both scientifically rigorous and highly resonant to a public audience.
Fault-Tolerant Distributed Publish/Subscribe Using Self-Stabilization

We propose a new fault-tolerant (self-stabilizing) distributed framework for the publish/subscribe scheme in a P2P network, where the participating nodes (peers) only need the state information of its immediate neighbors. The proposed system is guaranteed to recover from an unlimited number of transient faults (e.g., state corruption). We provide a complexity analysis of the recovery (stabilization) time of the system after arbitrary failures in the network. Also, we show that the system always remains alive and starvation free. Nodes can form multiple logical layers depending on the topics of interest, the framework provides flexibility to dynamically configure the layers to provide time space tradeoff.
Age changes in the pubic symphysis of Macaca mulatta

Age changes in the pubic symphyses of 142 Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (known age, sex and maternal genealogy) are described. Symphyseal development is sexually dimorphic. Males generate a ridge and furrow system which is gradually replaced by a solid ankylosis at the mid-sagittal plane. Female development parallels that of the male until puberty. With pregnancy and delivery, relaxation and reaggregation of pelvic ligaments binding the symphysis destroy the symphyseal face. Continued bearing of offspring inhibits mid-sagittal ankylosis. Limited estimates of skeletal age can be made by using symphyseal development as an indicator of senescence.
Underestimating the frequency, strength and cost of antipredator responses with data from GPS collars: an example with wolves and elk

Field studies that rely on fixes from GPS-collared predators to identify encounters with prey will often underestimate the frequency and strength of antipredator responses. These underestimation biases have several mechanistic causes. (1) Step bias: The distance between successive GPS fixes can be large, and encounters that occur during these intervals go undetected. This bias will generally be strongest for cursorial hunters that can rapidly cover large distances (e.g., wolves and African wild dogs) and when the interval between GPS fixes is long relative to the duration of a hunt. Step bias is amplified as the path travelled between successive GPS fixes deviates from a straight line. (2) Scatter bias: Only a small fraction of the predators in a population typically carry GPS collars, and prey encounters with uncollared predators go undetected unless a collared group-mate is present. This bias will generally be stronger for fission-fusion hunters (e.g., spotted hyenas, wolves, and lions) than for highly cohesive hunters (e.g., African wild dogs), particularly when their group sizes are large. Step bias and scatter bias both cause underestimation of the frequency of antipredator responses. (3) Strength bias: Observations of prey in the absence of GPS fix from a collared predator will generally include a mixture of cases in which predators were truly absent and cases in which predators were present but not detected, which causes underestimation of the strength of antipredator responses. We quantified these biases with data from wolves and African wild dogs and found that fixes from GPS collars at 3-h intervals underestimated the frequency and strength of antipredator responses by a factor >10. We reexamined the results of a recent study of the nonconsumptive effects of wolves on elk in light of these results and confirmed that predation risk has strong effects on elk dynamics by reducing the pregnancy rate.
Expression of Cytochrome P450 mRNAs in the Colon and the Rectum in Normal Human Subjects

The expression of mRNA for three isozymes of cytochrome P450, CYP1A1, 1A2 and 3A3, was examined in biopsied samples of colon and rectum from five healthy subjects. Using RT-PCR, it was possible to detect the three CYP mRNA species at both sites in all samples examined. The expression of each CYP mRNA was site-specific in that rectum had higher levels of CYP1A1 mRNA than colon, while colon had higher levels of CYP3A3 mRNA than in rectum. In contrast, there was no consistent trend in CYP1A2 mRNA expression between the two sites. Variability of alimentary CYP expression may contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to carcinogens and/or drugs.
Mentoring in Gerontology Doctoral Education: The Role of Elders in Mentoring Gerontologists

This study examined elder mentors' and students' roles, functions, and satisfaction with the Elder Mentorship program at the Graduate Center for Gerontology, University of Kentucky. The Elder Mentorship program matches gerontology doctoral students with older adults in the community. Parallel surveys were constructed to evaluate the program from the perspectives of elder mentors and student mentees. Data were analyzed using descriptive frequency analyses, with open-ended questions analyzed thematically. Results show that students and elder mentors were mostly satisfied with their experiences. Elder mentors perceived their participation more positively than did student mentees. Future programs utilizing the elder mentorship model may benefit from matching students and elder mentors in terms of shared interests.
Small-angle light scattering characteristics of pyran copolymer-divalent cation coacervates☆

Abstract Pyran copolymer is an antitumor and antiviral drug with immunostimulating activity. Its ability to form soluble complexes and coacervates with divalent cations is thought by us to be an important factor in the mechanism of these activities. The molecular weight (MW) of the polymer has been identified as a modifier of its biologic activities. This investigation focused upon the effect of MW on the autocomplex coacervation of Pyran and divalent cations. Two whole polymers and three fractions were studied. Turbidity onset, a measure of coacervation, was recorded as a function of pH, and was found to decrease with increasing MW of the fractions. The same order of MW dependence was determined from differential small-angle light scattering measurements of the coacervate suspensions, using Sloan plot analyses. The average diameter of the suspended particles was apparently independent of the MW of Pyran.
Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: causes and consequences of unequal care.

The purpose of our review is to evaluate critically the recent literature on racial and ethnic disparities in pain and to determine how far we have come toward reducing and eliminating dispar- ities in pain. We examined peer-reviewed research articles published between 1990 and early 2009 that focused on racial and ethnic disparities in pain in the United States. The databases used were PubMed, Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycInfo. The probable causes of minority group disparities in pain are discussed, along with suggested strategies for eliminating pain-related disparities. This review reveals the persistence of racial and ethnic disparities in acute, chronic, cancer, and palliative pain care across the lifespan and treatment settings, with minorities receiving lesser quality pain care than non-Hispanic whites. Although health and health care disparities attract local, state, and federal attention, disparities in pain care continue to be missing from publicized public health agendas and health care reform plans. Ensuring optimal pain care for all is critically important from a public health and policy perspective. A robust research program on disparities in pain is needed, and the results must be successfully translated into practices and policies specifically designed to reduce and elimi- nate disparities in care. Perspective: This review evaluates the recent literature on racial and ethnic disparities in pain and pain treatment. Racial and ethnic disparities in acute pain, chronic cancer pain, and palliative pain care continue to persist. Rigorous research is needed to develop interventions, practices, and policies for eliminating disparities in pain.
Random and systematic errors in thermophysical property measurements

General procedures are outlined for the simulation and propagation of random and systematic errors in thermophysical property experiments. Density second virial coefficients B(T) from sonic velocity and Joule-Thomson (J-T) experiments are examined for error propagation where the connecting thermodynamic identity is a differential equation with missing boundary conditions. A recent controversy is addressed concerning B(T) at subcritical temperatures for pure hydrocarbon gases from direct density measurements vs. new sonic velocity data. Sonic velocity results are more likely correct with adsorption errors causing the problem in the density measurements. Two new model consistency tests are developed for checking assumed temperature models in the reduction of sonic velocity and J-T data to B(T). Excellent values of B(T) are then obtained from either type of data when the original experiments are free of errors. Random errors propagate systematically when the connecting equation is a differential equation. Sonic data must be of high precision (± 10 ppm) to generate B(T) to ±1 cm3/mol due to complications in data reduction arising from the temperature model/random error interaction. Except perhaps for adsorption errors, systematic errors in the sonic velocities are unimportant to B(T). J-T data provide propagation factors near unity with errors in B(T) higher at higher temperature, unlike sonic velocities.
Exclusionary zoning and the provision of education: An effect of Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Township of Mount Laurel

Abstract Mt. Laurel put the housing needs of the poor ahead of the efficient provision of local public services by limiting the ability of towns to use exclusionary zoning. Consumer Surplus Analysis shows that the welfare loss from this change in Northeastern New Jersey is very small (on the order of one percent), and that the groups which benefit are those who have gained freedom of access to new jurisdictions.
THE BABY COCKEREL TEST FOR ANDROGENS1,2

THE INCREASE in weight of the comb of the White Leghorn chick during the first or second week of life as a result of the administration of androgens has been recommended by a number of workers as a reliable procedure for andro gen assays (1–5). The methods of administrations used have varied from intramuscu lar or subcutaneous injections to direct application in oil solution on the comb. A Fig. i. THE COMB-WEIGHT RESPONSE IN BABY CHICKS TO THE INTRAMUSCULAR AND SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONOF ANDROGENS. A, Average comb weights from ten I-day-dd chicks injected intramuscularly with 0.25 cc. olive oil solution of testosterone propionate daily, for 5 days. B, Duplicate of A. A1, The quotient from mg. comb weight divided by grams body weight, not eviscerated, for the A group. B1,The
Convergence of sibling risk among children of parents with serious mental disorders

We examined child psychiatric diagnoses, behavioral problems, overall symptom impairment, global psychological functioning, intellectual ability, and adaptive behavior in 83 sibling pairs whose mothers were diagnosed with a serious mental disorder. Sibling pairs were assessed for the extent to which they converged on the presence or absence of risk on each adverse outcome and then examined under conditions of high vs. low/moderate family stress. Consistent with the study hypotheses, we found that on each outcome assessed there was evidence for sibling convergence of risk. In addition, family stress was found to significantly moderate sibling risk convergence. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding sibling convergence of risk in these families and for clinical and preventive intervention.
Relationship of stratabound ores with tectonic cycles of the phanerozoic and proterozoic

Abstract Comparison and analysis of certain stratabound Phanerozoic metal-sulfide ore deposits reveal a consistent and predictable association in time with tectonic settings and lithological assemblages corresponding with events of the Wilson Cycle This “cycle” of ore deposits, correlative with the cycle of tectonics and times of rifting, opening, closing, and assembly of Pangea, is also mirrored in events in and of the Phanerozoic ocean. Similar if not identical styles of extension and compression related tectonics and associated ores are reported in the Proterozoic, allowing a comparison of the Wilson Cycle ores with Wilson-like “ore cycles” present in the interval about 2.2 Ga to about 1.7 Ga and again in the interval about 0.9 Ga to about 0.6 Ga, the younger time overlapping with onset of Phanerozoic Atlantic tectonics. The Middle Proterozoic time of 1.7 Ga to about 1.0 Ga is represented by ores characteristic of rifting and sedimentation during a protracted period of apparent crustal warming and extension.
Probability estimation for the Q-Coder

The Q-Coder is an important new development in binary arithmetic coding. It combines a simple but efficient arithmetic approximation for the multiply operation, a new formalism which yields optimally efficient hardware and software implementations, and a new technique for estimating symbol probabilities which matches the performance of any method known. This paper describes the probability-estimation technique. The probability changes are estimated solely from renormalizations in the coding process and require no additional counters. The estimation process can be implemented as a finite-state machine, and is simple enough to allow precise theoretical modeling of single-context coding. Approximate models have been developed for a more complex multi-rate version of the estimator and for mixed-context coding. Experimental studies verifying the modeling and showing the performance achieved for a variety of image-coding models are presented.
Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages: A Novel Strategy for Vascular Normalization and Antitumor Immunity

Vascular normalization is an emerging concept in cancer treatment. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Rolny et al. show that histidine-rich glycoprotein normalizes tumor vessels and promotes antitumor immunity by polarizing tumor-associated macrophages, leading to decreased tumor growth and metastasis. Placental Growth Factor deletion in macrophages phenocopies many of these effects.
The Credit Hour and Faculty Instructional Workload

This chapter focuses on the role of the credit hour as a measure of facultyworkload. Research was conducted through interviews with academicadministrators in public and private institutions, accompanied by a reviewof faculty workload policies available mainly through the Internet. The pri-mary focus of the analysis has been to learn the extent to which the metricof the credit hour, as embedded in faculty workload policies, is a barrier toinstitutional innovation. We have been particularly interested in ﬁnding evi-dence of innovations in faculty workload policies that recognize alternativecalibrations to the credit hour to accommodate distance-based learning,outcomes-based instruction, and other measures of faculty activity such asservice and research.The chapter begins with a general discussion of the metric of the credithour and faculty workload policies. It then turns to a review of the issue inprivate institutions, followed by a review of policies in public institutions.The chapter concludes with some examples of institutional experimentswith alternatives to the credit hour as a measure of faculty work.
Transmission of Solar Radiation Through a Random Medium of Water and Glass

Two models are presented for the prediction of solar radiation transmission through a random medium of glass and water. One model is based on two-dimensional radiation exchange through a rectangular lattice of glass and water. This model is also applicable for materials other than glass and water. The other model is a semiempirical equation which expresses the transmission as an exponential function. Both models predict transmittances within 5-10 percent of experimental data.
Willingness to pay for other species' well-being

Abstract Benefit-cost analysis of environmental policies typically focuses on benefits to human health and well-being. For other species, economists have attempted to measure human WTP for changes in the numbers of individuals for different types of wildlife, and to preserve biodiversity. When it comes to humans' WTP for improvements in the quality-of-life for other species, however, the evidence is limited. Morbidity and quality-of-life considerations may be particularly important to the task of valuing non-fatal harm to wildlife in the wake of an environmental disaster. We argue that the other species morbidity-reduction component of WTP should be calculated net of any “outrage” component associated with the cause of the harm. This net WTP is likely to be correlated with the premium that people are willing to pay for chicken products from birds for which the quality-of-life has been enhanced by improved animal welfare measures. This paper uses a conjoint choice stated preference survey to reveal the nature of systematic heterogeneity in preferences for “humanely raised” versus “conventionally raised” chicken. We also use latent class analysis to distinguish between two classes of people—those who are willing to pay a premium for humanely raised chicken, and those who are not.
Shame, guilt, and the medical learner: ignored connections and why we should care

Context Shame and guilt are subjective emotional responses that occur in response to negative events such as the making of mistakes or an experience of mistreatment, and have been studied extensively in the field of psychology. Despite their potentially damaging effects and ubiquitous presence in everyday life, very little has been written about the impact of shame and guilt in medical education. Methods The authors reference the psychology literature to define shame and guilt and then focus on one area in medical education in which they manifest: the response of the learner and teacher to medical errors. Evidence is provided from the psychology literature to show associations between shame and negative coping mechanisms, decreased empathy and impaired self-forgiveness following a transgression. The authors link this evidence to existing findings in the medical literature that may be related to unrecognised shame and guilt, and propose novel ways of thinking about a learner's ability to cope, remain empathetic and forgive him or herself following an error. Results The authors combine the discussion of shame, guilt and learner error with findings from the medical education literature and outline three specific ways in which teachers might lead learners to a shame-free response to errors: by acknowledging the presence of shame and guilt in the learner; by avoiding humiliation, and by leveraging effective feedback. Conclusions The authors conclude with recommendations for research on shame and guilt and their influence on the experience of the medical learner. This critical research plus enhanced recognition of shame and guilt will allow teachers and institutions to further cultivate the engaged, empathetic and shame-resilient learners they strive to create.
Reconstitution of an efficient calcium pump without detergents.

Summary A calcium pump has been reconstituted with purified phospholipids and an ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum by sonication without detergents. With the proper mixture of phospholipids and prolonged sonication vesicles were formed with low ATPase and efficient calcium transport activity. By increasing the ratio of protein to phospholipids the rate of calcium transport decreased but became responsive to stimulation by externally added oxalate. It has thus become possible to analyze by variations in reconstitution some of the characteristic features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.