cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DLDB2: A Scalable Multi-perspective Semantic Web Repository

A true semantic Web repository must scale both in terms of number of ontologies and quantity of data. It should also support reasoning using different points of view about the meanings and relationships of concepts and roles. Our DLDB2 system has these features. Our system is sound and complete on a sizable subset of description horn logic when answering extensional conjunctive queries, but more importantly also computes many entailments from OWL DL. By delegating TBox reasoning to a DL reasoner, we focus on the design of the table schema, database views, and algorithms that achieve essential ABox reasoning over an RDBMS. We evaluate the system using synthetic benchmarks as well as real-world data and queries.
Time-dependent processes in polyelectrolyte solutions

Most theoretical and experimental efforts in polyelectrolyte science have been aimed at understanding equilibrium properties. The purpose of this chapter is to call attention to the wide array of kinetic phenomena which occur in polyelectrolyte solutions on their way to equilibrium. Such time-dependent processes include dissolution of dry powders, phase separation, aggregation, gelation, and degradation. Because equilibration times in polyelectrolyte solutions can be quite long, polyelectrolyte solutions may often be used and studied, wittingly or not, in non-equilibrium states. After a brief review of some of the equilibrium properties of polyelectrolyte solutions, a few simple ideas and examples are given to illustrate non-equilibrium processes. A larger emphasis is given to the degradation problem, simply because it is the area of time-dependent phenomena where the author and co-workers have so far made the most quantitative headway.
Opportunistic spectrum access in self-similar primary traffic

We take a stochastic optimization approach to opportunity tracking and access in self-similar primary traffic. Based on a multiple time-scale hierarchical Markovian model, we formulate opportunity tracking and access in self-similar primary traffic as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process. We show that for independent and stochastically identical channels under certain conditions, the myopic sensing policy has a simple round-robin structure that obviates the need to know the channel parameters; thus it is robust to channel model mismatch and variations. Furthermore, the myopic policy achieves comparable performance as the optimal policy that requires exponential complexity and assumes full knowledge of the channel model.
High sensitivity, low operational temperature ITO nano gas sensor with integrated circuits

This paper presents the gas sensing characteristics of Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) nanofibers. ITO nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning process and integrated with microheater, micro temperature sensor and interdigitaded electrodes (IED). The morphology and crystal structure of ITO nanofibers were studied by SEM and XRD, respectively. The optimal working temperature and sensitivity of the ITO nanofiber gas sensors were investigated. The ITO nanofiber gas sensor exhibits a linear current-voltage relationship. The highest sensitivity of the sensor is about 34, which is obtained at a working temperature of 300°C; and this sensor can also work at room temperature, the sensitivity at room temperature is about 5.2. The detect limitation of this ITO nanofiber sensor is 10ppm. This sensor shows no response for H 2 . These results show that ITO nanofiber gas sensor exhibits significantly better sensitivity for NO 2 at lower temperature and good selectivity for NO 2 and H 2 .
Regulation of Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins in Hamster Intestine by Changes in Cholesterol Flux

A control chow diet or diets containing 1% cholesterol (cholesterol-enriched) or 4% cholestyramine and 0.15% lovastatin (cholesterol-depletion) were fed to hamsters for 2 weeks. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1a, SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase, and LDL receptor mRNA levels and SREBP-1 and -2 protein expression were estimated in villus cell populations from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. SREBP-1a was a minor transcript in hamster intestine, and its gene expression was not altered by changes in dietary cholesterol flux. In contrast, SREBP-1c gene expression was increased by dietary cholesterol and decreased by cholesterol depletion. mRNA levels for SREBP-2 and the other sterol-responsive genes were increased in intestines of animals on the cholesterol depletion diet but minimally suppressed if at all, by the diet enriched in cholesterol. In general, the amount of the precursor form of SREBP-1 was higher in cells of the upper villus and lower in cells of the lower villus. SREBP-2 precursor was higher in cells of the lower villus and lower in cells of the upper villus. Protein expression of precursor correlated with the location of gene expression for SREBPs. The amount of precursor mass of SREBP-2 was not altered by cholesterol feeding but was increased by cholesterol depletion. The mature form of SREBP-2 was in very low abundance and difficult to detect in intestines of animals fed control chow or cholesterol. It was readily detectable and increased in intestines of animals on the cholesterol-depletion diet. The diets did not significantly alter the amount of precursor or mature forms of SREBP-1. Cholesterol feeding had no effect on cholesterol or fatty acid synthesis, whereas synthesis of these lipids was increased in intestines of hamsters on the cholesterol-depleted diet. These results suggest that SREBP-1a has little or no role in regulating intestinal cholesterol synthesis. It is postulated that under basal conditions, SREBP-1c regulates intestinal fatty acid synthesis and SREBP-2 regulates cholesterol synthesis. Following marked changes in cholesterol flux across the intestine, SREBP-2 assumes the role of SREBP-1 and regulates both cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in intestine.
Electronic portal imaging devices: a review and historical perspective of contemporary technologies and research

A review of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) used in external beam, megavoltage radiation therapy is presented. The review consists of a brief introduction to the definition, role and clinical significance of portal imaging, along with a discussion of radiotherapy film systems and the motivations for EPIDs. This is followed by a summary of the challenges and constraints inherent to portal imaging along with a concise, historical review of the technologies that have been explored and developed. The paper then examines, in greater depth, the two first-generation technologies that have found widespread clinical use starting from the late 1980s. This is followed by a broad overview of the physics, operation, properties and advantages of active matrix, flat-panel, megavoltage imagers, presently being commercially introduced to clinical environments or expected to be introduced in the future. Finally, a survey of contemporary research efforts focused on improving portal imaging performance by addressing various weaknesses in existing commercial systems is presented.
Feasibility of a Short-Period Superconducting Undulator Using 2G HTS Tapes

This paper presents a design concept of a planar-type superconducting undulator (SCU) using YBCO high-temperature superconductor (HTS) tapes. The SCU has a period length of 15 mm, and the tape conductor has dimensions of 4-mm width and 0.1-mm thickness. It has been shown that the conductor transition from one coil groove to the one in the next period is possible by making a semi-circular concave loop of the tape for continuous winding in the same direction. Non-uniform current distribution in the tape may cause field quality degradation. Assuming a uniform current density in the tape, the engineering critical-current density of the HTS in the coil for the design and the corresponding achievable on-axis peak field at 4.2 K were calculated.
Type II settling data analysis

A method for Type II settling data analysis was modified for spreadsheet calculations. This method yields values comparable to those given by the traditional manual method. It allows a rapid and objective analysis of experimental data.
Androgens Accelerate Thymocyte Apoptosis

Mechanisms of androgen-induced thymic involution are largely undefined. We have found that significant decreases in thymic size occur 2-4 h after a dose of testosterone is administered to castrated male mice. This rapid rate of change suggests a role for androgen-induced apoptosis in modulating the size and composition of the thymus. Using thymic organ cultures to define these effects of androgens, we found that dihydrotestosterone treatment of thymus tissues from females or from castrated males results in enhancement of thymocyte apoptosis. Intact (androgen-replete) or testicular feminization, Tfm/Y (androgen-resistant) mice failed to show apoptotic change with androgen treatment, although the apoptotic response to glucocorticoids was present, suggesting a requirement for a functional androgen receptor. Acceleration of thymocyte apoptosis by androgens may mediate processes of thymocyte selection, with the potential to impart gender-specific characteristics on the peripheral T cell repertoire.
Use of Sucrose-based Epoxy ­Formulations and Cellulosic Fibers in ­the Design, Preparation, and Screening ­of New Composite Insulation Materials†

Non-woven composite insulation materials were generated from cotton, kenaf, jute, polyester, polypropylene, sucrose-based epoxy formulations, and aluminum foil. The needlepunched fiber batts were rendered flame resistant by use of inorganic reagents and urea. To discover suitable epoxy formulations to bind the cellulose fibers to themselves or to dissimilar surfaces and to make flexible composites, a comparison of the performance of the known epoxy allyl sucroses (EAS), epoxy crotyl sucroses (ECS), and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) was made. The epoxies were cured with commercial diethylenetriamine (DETA), and UNIREZs-2142 and 2355®, to discover a formulation with the following characteristics: (a) low cure temperature; (b) low Young's moduli and glass transition temperatures of cured thermosets for flexible composites; (c) ample bond strength between the fabric and the bonded surfaces; and (d) non-cytotoxicity and non-mutagenicity of the epoxies. Based on results following these criteria, EAS was selected, and the formulation comprising EAS and UNIREZ-2355® was deemed suitable to bind fiber batts to surfaces of any type and geometry. ASTM guidelines were used to construct a wooden frame cube (heat box) for the simultaneous rapid screening of cellulosic fiber batts and composites. The new materials were compared against R-19 fiberglass insulation for their ability to resist heat flow (denoted by relative R-values) and time taken to approach thermal equilibrium. Plain non-woven cellulosic fiber batts showed relative R-values of 4.0 °F ft2 hr/Btu per inch thickness (0.27 K m2/W per cm), and took about 2 hr to establish equilibrium heat flow. Commercial fiberglass batts showed relative R-values­of 2.2 per in (0.15 per cm) and took 1 hr to attain equilibrium heat flow. When 6.25 in (15.9 cm) thick batts of fiberglass were needle punched to a thickness of 1 in (2.54 cm), relative R-values and equilibrium heat flow times were 4.0 per in (0.27 per cm) and 2 hr, respectively. This denoted that the densities and thermal resistances of non-conducting materials are raised concurrently. Anisotropic heat flow behavior was observed in cellulosic fiber composites with aluminum foil (shiny side out) bonded on one side. It depended upon whether the aluminum foil side or the fibers side faced the heat source. In the latter orientation the aluminum acted as a heat sink, and in the former orientation the foil acted as a poor heat reflector. The poor performance of these insulation composites was related to the fact that aluminum was directly bonded to the fiber batts and was acting as a heat conductor. When cellulose fiber shims (spacers) were placed between the fiber batts and the aluminum foil, the R-values of the composites were comparable to those of plain batts but the times taken to approach thermal equilibrium increased to >3 hr, denoting that the foil was acting more as a reflector and less as a conductor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the stability of linear stochastic systems

Necessary and sufficient conditions for stability with probability 1 are developed for the class of linear stochastic systems. A simple technique for constructing quadratic stochastic Lyapunov functions is presented which entails the solution to an n \times n linear matrix equation.
Integrin αvβ6 and Mediators of Extracellular Matrix Deposition Are Up-Regulated in Experimental Biliary Atresia

Introduction Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive obliteration of the extrahepatic bile ducts resulting in hepatic fibrosis. The underlying mechanisms have not been defined. We used an animal model of BA to evaluate mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) processing to determine which factors may be involved. Methods Newborn BALB/c mice received an intraperitoneal injection with rhesus rotavirus or saline within 24 h of birth. Livers were harvested on days 7 and 14 for histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RNA expression was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Human liver from patients with BA and those having a resection for nonfibrosing diseases was also evaluated. Results In experimental mice, mRNA expression for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 was increased 18-fold and 69-fold, respectively on day 7, with further increases on day 14. On day 14, mRNA expression for plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 (38-fold), TIMP-4 (9.5-fold), and MMP-9 (5.5-fold) mRNA was also observed. Furthermore, integrin αv β6 mRNA expression was increased on days 7 (11-fold) and 14 (6-fold). Presence of integrin αv β6 protein was confirmed by IHC in both mouse and human specimens in the proliferating biliary epithelium. Conclusions Our data suggest experimental BA is associated with increased mRNA expression of ECM degradation inhibitors, TIMP-1, PAI-1, and TIMP-4. MMP-7 and MMP-9 expression is also elevated in this model. Furthermore, increased gene expression of integrin αvβ6 was demonstrated and IHC confirmed protein expression. Integrin αvβ6 or the inhibitors of ECM breakdown may be attractive targets for future treatment strategies.
Optimal Management of the Hepatitis C Patient: Review of the AASLD/IDSA Guidelines

Over the last few years, the treatment of hepatitis C has evolved dramatically with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals to the regimen. Now with the anticipated approval of multiple all-oral regimens, the use of interferon is likely to disappear in many countries. Already approved are simeprevir and sofosbuvir, and in the coming months, several additional drugs and regimens are expected to become part of clinical practice. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Disease Society of America are assisting health care professionals by providing a nonpharmaceutical sponsored web-based Guidance document for management issues ranging from testing to treatment of hepatitis C-infected individuals. The Guidance is expected to be constantly updated as new information becomes available. This article will review the currently published treatment recommendations in the Guidance.
Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Ru-Ta composite film as a Seed Layer for CVD Cu filling

In this paper, a novel Ru-Ta composite seed layer is shown to improve Cu-CVD filling capability for high-aspect (≫5) vias. Cu-CVD filling capability strongly depended on Ru/Ta atomic ratios of the films. Ru/Ta atomic ratio was controlled by plasma ALD cycle number of each precursor pulses. Ru-Ta composite layer can improve Cu filling capability more than a pure Ru seed layer, thus resulting in completely Cu filling of 70 nm vias without void and seam.
Instillation of normal saline during endotracheal suctioning: effects on mixed venous oxygen saturation

Background Instillation of normal saline before endotracheal suctioning is thought to facilitate removal of secretions and ultimately to improve the patient's oxygenation status. To date, no studies have used an in vivo measure of oxygenation such as mixed venous oxygen saturation to characterize the effects of instillation of normal saline. Objectives To describe the effects of instillation of normal saline into an endotracheal tube before suctioning on mixed venous oxygen saturation in critically ill adult patients. Methods In a descriptive, observational study, 35 patients were assigned to either of 2 groups after coronary artery bypass grafting. One group had 5 mL of normal saline instilled at the start of endotracheal tube suctioning; the other group had the same endotracheal tube suctioning procedure without the use of saline. Data on mixed venous oxygen saturation were recorded at 1-minute intervals for a 5-minute baseline period and then throughout the suctioning procedure until mixed venous oxygen saturation returned to baseline levels. Results The time required for mixed venous oxygen saturation to return to baseline values after suctioning was an average of 3.78 minutes longer when saline was used. Conclusions Instillation of normal saline before endotracheal suctioning has an adverse effect on oxygenation as indicated by mixed venous oxygen saturation. This finding contradicts the assumption that instillation of normal saline improves oxygenation status.
On regularity and identifiability of blind source separation under constant-modulus constraints

We investigate the information regularity and identifiability of the blind source separation problem with constant modulus constraints on the sources. We demonstrate that the information regularity (existence of a finite Cramer-Rao bound) is closely related to local identifiability. Sufficient and necessary conditions for local identifiability are derived. We also study the conditions under which unique (global) identifiability is guaranteed within the inherently unresolvable ambiguities on phase rotation and source permutation. Both sufficient and necessary conditions are obtained.
Characterization of Th carbonate solutions using XAS and implications for thermodynamic modeling

The chemical behavior of actinide elements in tank solutions, in soil, and in groundwater is dependent upon the chemical species that form when aqueous solutions come in contact with the actinide compounds. In particular the chemical speciation of the reduced actinide oxidation states (III and IV) are important, for example, to DOE waste tank processing and, more generally, to nuclear waste disposal issues. Predicting the solubility of the actinides in these solutions requires identification of the strong aqueous complexes, such as carbonates and organic chelating agents, that can form in aqueous solution. Previous speciation work has often relied on indirect techniques such as potentiometric titrations or solubility measurements. Recent XAS experiments determine directly the speciation of the Th carbonato species of seven solutions under a range of carbonate concentrations and pH conditions. The presence of the pentacarbonato complex is confirmed and the complex`s stability at low carbonate concentrations is determined. These experimental results support a proposed thermodynamic model that describes the solubility of Th(IV) hydrous oxide in the aqueous Na{sup +}-HCO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}-CO{sub 3}{sup 2{minus}}-OH{sup {minus}}-ClO{sub 4}{sup {minus}}-H{sub 2}O system extending to high concentrations at 25 C. This model is relatively simple in that only two aqueous species are includedmore » Th(OH){sub 3}CO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} and Th(CO{sub 3}){sub 5}{sup 6{minus}}.« less
Chronic endothelin-1 blockade reduces sympathetic nerve activity in rabbits with heart failure.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is elevated in chronic heart failure (CHF). In this study, we determined the effects of chronic ET-1 blockade on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in conscious rabbits wit...
Monitoring Respiratory Parameters as a Health Status Indicator

This paper describes an ongoing effort aimed at exploring the use of respiratory parameters to assess the condition of the lungs and heart. These parameters will be measured with a novel noninvasive technique, the Quick Obstruction Method. The method measures respiratory parameters by creating a short duration, partial obstruction of the respiratory airflow during normal breathing (inspiration), while recording flow and mouth pressure. The specific parameter expected to contain relevant information about heart function is respiratory inertance, a parameter indicative of inertivetype effects manifested when flow rate is quickly increased or decreased. These inertivetype effects are found in: a) air in the airways, and b) respiratory apparatus (lung tissues, abdomen, chest wall, etc.). A patient experiencing heart failure (indicated by low ejection fraction as measured with the echo cardiogram), is expected to have lungs that are partially filled with fluid. We expect that the excess of fluid will be correlated to an increased respiratory inertance.
Remembering the Beginnings

This paper wants to provide a personal view of the beginnings of fuzzy logic which was first introduced in the 1960’s by Lotfi Zadeh, when fuzzy sets were presented as models of any vague concept, making possible the computation with words.
Representing the Preferences of Donors, Partisans, and Voters in the US Senate

Who do legislators best represent? This paper addresses this question by investigating the degree of ideological congruence between senators and constituents on a unified scale. Specifically, I measure congruence between legislators and four constituent subsets—donors, co-partisans, supporters, and registered voters. To estimate the preferences of these groups, I use a large survey of voters and an original survey of campaign contributors that samples both in- and out-of-state contributors in the 2012 election cycle. I find that senators’ preferences reflect the preferences of the average donor better than any other group. Senators from both parties are slightly more ideologically extreme than the average co-partisan in their state and those who voted for them in 2012. Finally, senators’ preferences diverge dramatically from the preference of the average voter in their state. The degree of divergence is nearly as large as if voters were randomly assigned to a senator. These results show that in the case of the Senate, there is a dearth of congruence between constituents and senators—unless these constituents are those who write checks and attend fund-raisers.
Anticlastic Curvature of Elastically Bent Crystals for Sagittal Focusing

Finite element results are presented for the case of an elastically bent isotropic rectangular crystal with clamped boundary conditions. Results show that the anticlastic curvature can be eliminated in the center of the crystal provided the crystal length to width ratio fits a “golden aspect ratio” which is dependent on the Poisson coefficient v. For v=0.262 (appropriate for Si(111)), this ratio is approximately equal to 1.42.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Alkyl Thiols and Sulfides Separated on Open Tubular Columns

A good separation of C/sub 1/--C/sub 4/ saturated alkyl thiols and sulfides has been achieved by the use of an open tubular column. Saturated C/sub 1/--C/sub 5/ alkanes are all eluted prior to methanethiol. Plots of relative hydrogen flame detector response per mole give two distinct families of curves for thiols and sulfides. Each is nearly linear with carbon number.
A General Process Model of Sustainability

Sustainability is high on many research and policy agendas, and a number of specific models to measure sustainability have been developed. However, most models are based only on the first law of th...
Spinal astrocytic thrombospondin-4 induced by excitatory neuronal signaling mediates pain after facet capsule injury

Thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) is a synaptogenic molecule that is upregulated in the spinal cord after painful facet joint injury and may contribute to spinal hyperexcitability. However, the mechanisms leading to increased spinal TSP4 are unclear. Because primary afferent activity is critical in the development of spinal hyperexcitability after facet joint injury, this study evaluated the role of afferent firing in the increase of spinal TSP4 and excitatory synapses. Intra-articular bupivacaine was administered immediately or 4 days after painful facet joint injury in male Holtzman rats, and TSP4 and excitatory synapses were quantified in the spinal cord at day 7. Immediate, but not delayed bupivacaine treatment, prevents the injury-induced increase in TSP4 and excitatory synapses in the dorsal horn (p < 0.0001). Preliminary in vitro experiments suggest that the excitatory signaling molecules ATP and glutamate may stimulate astrocytic TSP4 expression (p ≤ 0.04). Collectively, these results suggest that afferent activity early after facet joint injury is critical for the induction of spinal TSP4. This study advances the understanding of the timing and role of afferent activity in TSP4 expression after injury, which is critical for the therapeutic targeting of TSP4 to treat persistent pain conditions.
Non ST Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Clinical Analysis

Objective To summary non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in clinical characteristics,in order to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of its workers.Methods Acute myocardial infarction were elected One hundred and twenty-six cases,including NSTEMI group(non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction) 66 cases,STEMI group(ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction),60 cases,clinical features of the two groups were compared.Results There were no significant differences was found(P0.05)in age,sex,hypertension,high cholesterol and smoking history.NSTEMI group of diabetes,high rate of recurrent angina in the STEMI group,by comparison were(P0.05).NSTEMI group CK,TNI of STEMI group were lower than the peak,by comparison were(P0.05).NSTEMI group of three,multi-vessel disease was higher than the STEMI group,by comparison with a significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion NSTEMI of creatine kinase(CK),troponin I(TNI)peak is lower than STEMI,coronary artery disease is higher than STEMI.
Optical Detection of Biological Activity, One Molecule at a Time

Molecular recognition is central to the design of therapeutics, chemical catalysis and sensor platforms, with the most common mechanisms involving biological structures such as protein antibodies. However, identifying and isolating an antibody for a particular biological molecule is often costly and time-consuming, and their use is limited to physiological conditions in which protein antibodies remain stable. Furthermore, most metabolites lack molecular recognition elements. Therefore, the biggest limitation to metabolite detection has been the selective and sensitive detection of biomolecules that have no naturally-occurring molecular detection counterpart. Nanomaterials are of a similar size to the molecular entities that govern life within cells, and are therefore well-suited to studying life at the sub-cellular scale.This work reports the development of a synthesis platform for the design of synthetic sensors, based on the principle of polymer corona phases surrounding near-infrared optically active nanoparticles. The design of such sensors is based on the adsorptive properties of engineered heteropolymers to carbon nanotubes, which create a unique corona with molecular recognition properties for a target analyte. This phenomenon is shown to be generic, with new recognition complexes demonstrated for riboflavin, l-thyroxine, and estradiol, and confirmed with single-molecule imaging of the nanotube and the corona phase. The immediate utility of this platform was confirmed in its application to discover the first optical sensor for neurotransmitter dopamine, and was applied to monitor vitamin trafficking in living macrophage cells for over an hour. Furthermore, this platform has most recently been used in the scope of “plant nanobionics”: the detection of molecular pollutants inside living plants. The analyte library for these sensors could be amplified to identify synthetic sensors for a variety of different molecules for which there currently exists no detection method.
The Need for a Certainty in the Succession

By the time Charles II took possession of the English throne there was reason to believe that the nation’s struggle for a rule of succession might be over. Not only had the monarchy been restored, the principle of indefeasible hereditary right had for the second time in the century been tested and confirmed. Fifty-seven years earlier, in 1603, James I had been vindicated in his insistence that England’s crown was his by right of birth. Henry VIII’s attempt to deprive the Stuarts of their place in the line of succession had proved futile, and any suggestion that James’s accession was dependent on his having been chosen by Elizabeth or the Council or that he was being admitted to the throne by the consent of a representative of the people had been quickly swept aside. Ignoring all other possibilities of claim, James’s first Act of parliament asserted simply and unequivocally that at Elizabeth’s death the king of Scots was king of England by right of descent, the ‘next and sole Heire of the Blood royall of this realme.’1 Now, in 1660, the same principle was being pointedly reaffirmed.
Real Coordinate Spaces

This chapter discusses real coordinate spaces. There are various approaches to linear algebra and different approaches emphasize different aspects of the subject such as matrices, applications, or computational methods. As presented in the chapter, linear algebra is in essence a study of vector spaces, and this study of vector spaces is primarily given to finite-dimensional vector spaces. The real coordinate spaces, in addition to being important in many applications, furnish excellent intuitive models of abstract finite dimensional vector spaces. The symbol R denotes the set of all real numbers. For each positive integer n , R n will denote the set of all ordered n -tuples ( u 1 , u 2 , …, u n ) of real numbers u i . Two n -tuples ( u 1 , u 2 , …, u n ) and ( v 1 , v 2 ,… v n ) are equal only if u i = v i for i = l,2,…, n . The set R n is referred to as an n -dimensional real coordinate space. The elements of R n are called n -dimensional real coordinate vectors or simply vectors.
Use of the Broselow Tape

To determine the equipment size and the medication doses during a pediatric resuscitation, without having to take the time to perform calculations
Dreaming and Doing at Georgia HBCUs: Continued Relevancy in ‘Post-Racial’ America:

Since their inception 150 years ago, Georgia’s historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have provided African American students with the best mechanism, and for some, the only opportunity to receive a collegiate education. Justifications for and against the continued relevance of HBCUs in Georgia have been raised and argued since the Brown decision in 1954 and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. More than 50 years after these monumental decisions Georgia’s HBCUs remain relatively segregated, with lower endowments, budgets, graduation rates and higher cohort default rates than the state’s Predominantly White Colleges and Universities (PWCU). In defiance of political tactics to close and merge them, and despite the confluence of lower average admission requirements, less funding for institutional scholarships, limited technological resources and smaller operating budgets, Georgia’s HBCUs have persevered in providing higher educational opportunities not only for African Americans, but for students of all races. This entry focuses on HBCUs in the State of Georgia and adds to the literature on their history, purpose, effectiveness and continued relevancy.
A scalable carboxylation route to furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid

Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a biomass-derived diacid that can be used to make polymers including polyethylene furandicarboxylate (PEF), a highly attractive substitute for petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Current FDCA syntheses require edible fructose as the feedstock, entail a difficult oxidation step that generates undesirable aldehyde impurities, and have moderate yields. As an alternative, carbonate-promoted C–H carboxylation enables the synthesis of FDCA from 2-furoic acid and CO2. This route is potentially advantageous because 2-furoic acid is made from furfural, a feedstock produced commercially from inedible lignocellulosic biomass, and it obviates late-stage oxidation. In the carboxylation reaction, salt mixtures composed of alkali furan-2-carboxylate (furoate) and alkali carbonate (M2CO3) are heated under CO2 in the absence of solvent or catalysts to form furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (FDCA2−), which is subsequently protonated to produce FDCA. Previously, high yields were achieved on small-scale reactions using caesium furoate and Cs2CO3. In this work, we investigate the carboxylation reaction using alkali furoate/M2CO3 salts containing cation blends and describe reaction conditions that provide high yields on a preparative scale. We show that the carboxylation proceeds efficiently with K+/Cs+ blends that have a high K+ content (up to 4 : 1 K+ : Cs+). Removing H2O, which is a by-product of the reaction, is important for suppressing decomposition pathways. The accumulation of the FDCA2− product inhibits the reaction. Integrating these lessons, we demonstrate the carboxylation of furoate on a 1 mol scale using a fixed-bed flow reactor with 89% isolated yield of pure FDCA upon protonation.
Classification of spatially resolved molecular fingerprints for machine learning applications and development of a codebase for their implementation

Direct mapping between material structures and properties for various classes of materials is often the ultimate goal of materials researchers. Recent progress in the field of machine learning has created a unique path to develop such mappings based on empirical data. This new opportunity warranted the need for the development of advanced structural representations suitable for use with current machine learning algorithms. A number of such representations termed “molecular fingerprints” or descriptors have been proposed over the years for this purpose. In this paper, we introduce a classification framework to better explain and interpret existing fingerprinting schemes in the literature, with a focus on those with spatial resolution. We then present the implementation of SEING, a new codebase to computing those fingerprints, and we demonstrate its capabilities by building k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) models for force prediction that achieve a generalization accuracy of 0.1 meV A−1 and an R2 score as high as 0.99 at testing. Our results indicate that simple and generally overlooked k-NN models could be very promising compared to approaches such as neural networks, Gaussian processes, and support vector machines, which are more commonly used for machine learning-based predictions in computational materials science.
Stock market undervaluation of resource redeployability

Research Summary: Stock market undervaluation of resources was often assumed to have strategic implications. Such undervaluation lets firms buy resources relatively cheaply, but it can also constrain resource deployment. This article shows that the option to redeploy a firm's resources to a new business can be undervalued in stock markets when investors face ambiguity about that option due to uniqueness of redeployment. The developed formal model derives conditions under which stock markets undervalue resources. Those conditions are summarized with an empirical operationalization that can be tested with a broad range of strategic implications. Besides, the model provides a more complete account of resource redeployability by demonstrating the redeployability paradox. The paradox highlights that some determinants of redeployability enhance undervaluation, while simultaneously increasing objective value of redeployable resources. Managerial Summary: Stock markets can systematically undervalue resources. On the one hand, such undervaluation creates a profitable opportunity for a firm that needs some resources for its growth and compares the option to buy stock in another firm, whose resource are undervalued, with the option to build those resources internally. On the other hand, such undervaluation poses limits to resource deployment strategies of the undervalued firm. When does such undervaluation occur? This study highlights one possible source for undervaluation, ambiguity that is faced by stock market investors about the option to redeploy a firm's resources to a new business. The study specifies conditions under which stock markets are more likely to undervalue resources. The understanding of those conditions can guide managers toward strategic opportunities.
Creating private network overlays for high performance scientific computing

In this paper we describe an approach in creating private network overlays in user-space to support the dynamic creation of personal clusters on-demand. These personal clusters are created by submitting job proxies to High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters. Job proxies contribute CPU resources back to the personal cluster when they eventually run, allowing application jobs to execute on them in a system call virtualized run-time environment. The virtualized run-time environment enables additional personal cluster-wide services to be interposed, including a private network overlay instantiated for each personal cluster created. The interposed private network overlay allows the personal clusters to tunnel IP traffic thorough gateway nodes at each contributing HPC cluster site in order to provision resources across private networks, survive transient network outages, support critical services like distributed filesystems, and in some cases, improve network transfer throughput across the wide-area network. This paper describes our design and implementation strategy, and concludes with some general guiding principles to aid other projects of a similar nature.
EURECA: Enhanced Understanding of Real Environments via Crowd Assistance.

Indoor robots hold the promise of automatically handling mundane daily tasks, helping to improve access for people with disabilities, and providing on-demand access to remote physical environments. Unfortunately, the ability to understand never-before-seen objects in scenes where new items may be added (e.g., purchased) or altered (e.g., damaged) on a regular basis remains an open challenge for robotics. In this paper, we introduce EURECA, a mixed-initiative system that leverages online crowds of human contributors to help robots robustly identify 3D point cloud segments corresponding to user-referenced objects in near real-time. EURECA allows robots to understand multi-object 3D scenes on-the-fly (in ~40 seconds) by providing groups of non-expert crowd workers with intelligent tools that can segment objects more quickly (~70% faster) and more accurately (6% higher F1 score) than individuals. More broadly, EURECA introduces the first real-time crowdsourcing tool that addresses the challenge of learning about new objects in real-world settings, creating a new source of data for training robots online, as well as a platform for studying mixed-initiative crowdsourcing workflows for understanding 3D scenes.
Intimate Partner Violence: Childhood Witnessing and Subsequent Experiences of College Undergraduates.

Previous work links witnessing adult violence in the home during childhood (“witnessing”) and adolescent relationship violence, but studies are limited to recent experiences with one or two outcome...
Teaching Quantitative Skills in Online Courses: Today’s Key Areas of Focus and Effective Learning Tools

At both the undergraduate and graduate level, an increasing number of students are completing their coursework online or in hybrid formats. As online learning grows and evolves, and new teaching to...
P-126 Implementation of a pathway to improve rates of corneal donation within a hospice setting: a QIP

Introduction Within the UK, there is a transplant shortage of approximately 500 corneas each year. Corneal transplant is a sight-saving procedure and corneal donation can be empowering for end-of-life patients who are otherwise unable to donate their organs. We set out to improve corneal donation rates within our organisation. Methods Prior to our intervention there was no formal guidance on the process of corneal donation or any records on organisation donation rates. We arranged specialist local training in collaboration with NHS Blood and Transplant to train and educate hospice staff on the process of corneal donation. Following this, guidelines were implemented to facilitate conversations with patients, including a guide for both staff and patients on the process of corneal donation. Staff were also afforded the opportunity to observe the corneal retrieval process to build confidence during discussions with patients and their relatives. Results Between November 2018 and June 2019, corneal donation was discussed with 75% of patients admitted to the inpatient unit, resulting in 30 successful corneal donations. In addition, all staff members consulted, including doctors, nursing staff and clinical support workers felt more empowered to discuss corneal donation with patients. Consistent documentation using a traffic-light system, where patients for corneal donation (green), considering corneal donation (yellow), or not for corneal donation (red) helped promote discussion and awareness. Daily patient reports emailed to key project members helped ensure all staff were kept updated with patient wishes. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that our intervention has been successful, resulting in 30 donations, which has the potential to restore the sight of over 300 people. Data will continue to be collected and future aims include expanding the project into hospice outpatient settings. To facilitate this, corneal donation champions have been nominated to raise the awareness of corneal donation across the organisation.
6.13 – Greenhouse Climates

This work reviews proxy records and modeling studies for the most recent greenhouse climate state and presents a broad overview of our evolving perspectives, including the primary agents forcing global climate and the feedbacks responsible for the observed temperature distributions. In this review, greenhouse climates are considered to be intervals too warm to sustain substantial continental glaciation.
Case reportResolution of nebivolol-induced coronary vasospasm by intracoronary nitroglycerin during a coronary angiogramNitroglicerina intracoronária para resolução de espasmo coronário induzido pelo nebivolol durante angiografia coronária

Nebivolol is a novel beta1-selective beta-blocker with vasodilator properties mediated through activation of the l-arginine–nitric oxide pathway. There is no published report of coronary artery spasm associated with nebivolol. We describe a 64-year-old female patient who developed unstable angina secondary to nebivolol-induced vasospastic angina which was also visible during coronary angiography.
Clinical Implications of Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Radiomics in Cardiac Imaging

Rapid advancements in technology and electronic medical record systems have given rise to massive amounts of cardiac imaging data with the potential to alter medical practices. The rise of machine learning (ML) and radiomics – the concept that images contain invaluable data regarding disease processes beyond what the eyes can see – promises increased precision and accuracy to the current standard of care. Recent advancements in major cardiac imaging modalities, such as echocardiography, cardiac CT and cardiac MRI, have uncovered promising diagnostic and prognostic information through the application of ML. In echocardiography, ML has been successfully applied to identify views, make right- and left-sided heart measurements, and detect certain diseases like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Application of ML in cardiac CT has seen success in quantifying coronary plaque burden, identifying significant coronary stenosis, and predicting mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD). In cardiac MRI, efforts have been made to automatize segmentation for chamber measurements and detecting fibrosis. For nuclear imaging, ML has been applied to not only make measurements like the left ventricular ejection fraction, but also to identify perfusion abnormalities and predict obstructive CAD. While there are many milestones still to be reached before ML can be widely integrated to current clinical practices, there is optimism for ML to advance the field of cardiovascular imaging through enhanced image analysis and improved efficiency.
Neoproterozoic marine chemostratigraphy, or eustatic sea level change?

Abstract Paleosols are characterized with new chemical and petrographic data from the Tonian (776–729 Ma) Chuar Group in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona. Paleosols have been discovered at 66 stratigraphic levels in a 1622 m sequence largely of marine shales and thin intertidal stromatolitic dolostones. A purple paleosol association includes gypsum “desert roses” in profiles like Gypsids of hyperarid climates. A red paleosol association includes calcareous nodules profiles like Calcids of semiarid climates. Degree of weathering and phosphorus depletion of the paleosols is evidence of microbial-earth communities gaining in productivity during the Tonian. The gypsic to calcic soil transition in the modern Atacama Desert of Chile corresponds with a transition from simple actinobacterial-cyanobacterial microbial earths to complex algal-fungal communities of markedly greater weathering effectiveness and carbon sequestration. A similar change in biological weathering may have induced Snowball Earth 12 Myrs after deposition of the Chuar Group. Paleosols are found only at levels of the Chuar Group where δ13C isotopic composition of both organic matter and of carbonate are below marine and mantle values. Although such inflections in isotopic time series have been considered chemostratigraphic markers of global oceanic composition, in this case we interpret them to reflect a change in sea level from shallow marine to terrestrial. A notable inflection at about 752 Ma in the Chuar Group corresponds with the recently recognized Konnarock Glaciation of Virginia, and may have been a time of global sea-level fall. Correlation of Precambrian marine sequences by wiggle matching isotopic time series may still be effective, but because of sea-level change rather than for the chemical oceanographic reasons originally envisaged.
An effective human uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor targets the open pre-catalytic active site conformation.

Abstract Human uracil DNA-glycosylase (UDG) is the prototypic and first identified DNA glycosylase with a vital role in removing deaminated cytosine and incorporated uracil and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from DNA. UDG depletion sensitizes cells to high APOBEC3B deaminase and to pemetrexed (PEM) and floxuridine (5-FdU), which are toxic to tumor cells through incorporation of uracil and 5-FU into DNA. To identify small-molecule UDG inhibitors for pre-clinical evaluation, we optimized biochemical screening of a selected diversity collection of >3,000 small-molecules. We found aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) as an inhibitor of purified UDG at an initial calculated IC50
Environmental Applications of Engineered Materials with Nanoconfinement

Engineered nanoporous materials have been extensively employed in the environmental field to take advantage of increased surface area and tunable size exclusion. Beyond those benefits, recent studi...