cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Custom-optimized multiplierless implementations of DSP algorithms

Linear DSP kernels such as transforms and filters are comprised exclusively of additions and multiplications by constants. These multiplications may be realized as networks of additions and wired shifts in hardware. The cost of such a "multiplierless" implementation is determined by the number of additions, which in turn depends on the value and precision of these constants. For a given transform or filter, the set of constants and their required precision is affected by algorithmic and implementation choices and hence provides a degree of freedom for optimization. In This work we present an automated method to generate, for a given linear transform, a minimum addition multiplierless implementation that satisfies a given quality constraint. The method combines automatic algorithm selection to improve numerical robustness and automatic search methods to minimize constant precisions in a chosen algorithm. We present experiments that show the trade-offs between cost and quality, including custom optimizations of the transforms used in JPEG image and MP3 audio decoders.
Thermal Death of Temperature-Sensitive Lysyl- and Tryptophanyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase Mutants of Bacillus subtilis: Effect of Culture Medium and Developmental Stage

The growth of thermosensitive Bacillus subtilis lysyl- and tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase mutants ( lysS1 and trypS1 ) (l-lysine:transfer ribonucleic acid [tRNA] ligase [AMP], EC 6.1.1.6; and l-tryptophan:tRNA ligase [AMP], EC 6.1.1.2) was terminated when exponential phase cells were shifted from 30 to 43 C in a rich medium. Under these conditions, the temperature-inhibited cells undergo thermal death; they rapidly lose their ability to form colonies at 30 C. Another lysyl-tRNA synthetase mutant ( lysS2 ) is refractory to thermal death even though its growth is inhibited at 43 C. The thermal death response of the lysS1 mutant is affected by the stage of cell development. At periods in spore outgrowth and sporogenesis these cells become refractory to thermal death. The refractory state does not result from the production of an inhibitor, or from the degradation of an activator of thermal death. However, culture medium composition does modify the thermal death response. Rich media enhance the effect, and no thermal death occurs in the lysS1 strain grown in a minimal medium. Temperature-sensitive cells can grow in a lysine- (0.25 mM) or tryptophan- (0.25 mM) supplemented minimal medium at 43 C, but amino acid concentrations of 25 mM only transiently protect trypS1 and lysS1 cells from thermal death in a rich medium. Osmotic agents such as sucrose (0.5 M) and NaCl (0.34 M) completely prevent thermal death in the lysS1 strain, although growth is still arrested. On solid media, sucrose stabilized lysS1 cells can form colonies at the restrictive temperature, but neither sucrose (0.5 M) nor NaCl (0.34 M) stabilized the lysS1 enzyme in vitro. Chloramiphenicol increased the rate of thermal death of the lysS1 strain but decreased the thermal death response of the trypS1 mutant. Considering the nature of the enzyme defect in the lysS1 strain, the common genetic origin of the spore and vegetative lysyl-tRNA synthetase, and the protective effects exerted by lysine and osmotic agents, it is tentatively concluded that thermal death results from irreversible inactivation of the mutant gene product. According to this hypothesis, either the lysS1 enzyme is altered during sporogenesis or some physiological or structural aspect of this developmental phase can stabilize the mutant phenotype and thereby rescue cells from thermal death.
Debris in the deep: Using a 22-year video annotation database to survey marine litter in Monterey Canyon, central California, USA

Anthropogenic marine debris is an increasing concern because of its potential negative impacts on marine ecosystems. This is a global problem that will have lasting effects for many reasons, including: (1) the input of debris into marine environments is likely to continue (commensurate with population increase and globalization), (2) accumulation, and possibly retention, of debris will occur in specific areas due to hydrography and geomorphology, and (3) the most common types of debris observed to date will likely persist for centuries. Due to the technical challenges and prohibitive costs of conducting research in the deep sea, little is known about the abundance, types, sources, and impacts of human refuse on this vast habitat, and the extreme depths to which this debris is penetrating has only recently been exposed. We reviewed 1149 video records of marine debris from 22 years of remotely operated vehicle deployments in Monterey Bay, covering depths from 25 m to 3971 m. We characterize debris by type, examine patterns of distribution, and discuss potential sources and dispersal mechanisms. Debris was most abundant within Monterey Canyon where aggregation and downslope transport of debris from the continental shelf are enhanced by natural canyon dynamics. The majority of debris was plastic (33%) and metal (23%). The highest relative frequencies of plastic and metal observations occurred below 2000 m, indicating that previous studies may greatly underestimate the extent of anthropogenic marine debris on the seafloor due to limitations in observing deeper regions. Our findings provide evidence that submarine canyons function to collect debris and act as conduits for debris transport from coastal to deep-sea habitats.
Determinants of maternal self-esteem in the neonatal period

The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal perceptions of infant health and behavior made a unique contribution in understanding maternal self-esteem beyond what could be achieved from objective measures. The Perception of Infant Health (POIH) questionnaire and the Bates ICQ captured the perception of infant health and temperament. Standard medical variables including the Hobel Medical Risk Summary measured the objective aspect of infant health. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment (NBAS) measured objective infant behavior. The Maternal Self-Report Inventory measured self-esteem. Eighty mother-infant dyads, which included healthy, middle socioeconomic class mothers of both full-term, neurologically normal and preterm infants with a range of medical problems were studied. Negative maternal perceptions of infant health and behavior as well as poorer objective health status were associated with decreased maternal self-esteem. Perceptual variables of temperament and health made a unique contribution to maternal self-esteem scores. Regression analysis indicated fussy/difficult, POIH, and NBAS autonomic scores explained a significant amount of variance in maternal self-esteem.
Kynostatin and 17β-estradiol prevent the apoptotic death of human neuroblastoma cells exposed to HIV-1 protease

A significant number of adult male patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome develop cerebral atrophy and progressive brain disorders such as dementia complex and neuropsychiatric problems. Upo
VIRTUAL REALITY INTERACTIVE DESIGN UTILIZING MESHLESS STRESS RE-ANALYSIS

Interactive design gives engineers the ability to modify the shape of a part and immediately see the changes in the part's stress state. Virtual reality techniques are utilized to make the process more intuitive and collaborative. The results of a meshless stress analysis are superimposed on the original design. As the engineer modifies the design using subdivision volume free-form deformation, the stress state for the modified design is computed using a Taylor series approximation. When the designer requests a more accurate analysis, a stress reanalysis technique based on the pre-conditioned conjugate gradient method is used with parallel processing to quickly compute an accurate approximation of the stresses for the new design.
Novel Heme-based Oxygen Sensor with a Revealing Evolutionary History

To monitor fluctuations in oxygen concentration, cells use sensory proteins often containing heme cofactors. Here, we identify a new class of heme-binding oxygen sensors, reveal their unusual phylogenetic origin, and propose a sensing mode of a member of this class. We show that heme is bound noncovalently to the central region of AppA, an oxygen and light sensor from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The addition of oxygen to ferrous AppA discoordinated the heme, and subsequent oxygen removal fully restored the heme coordination. In vitro, the extent of heme discoordination increased gradually with the rise in oxygen levels over a broad concentration range. This response correlated well with the gradual decrease in transcription of photosynthesis genes regulated by AppA and its partner repressor PpsR. We conclude that the AppA-PpsR regulatory system functions as an oxygen-dependent transcriptional rheostat. We identified a new domain embedded in the central region of AppA and designated it SCHIC for sensor containing heme instead of cobalamin. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that SCHIC domain proteins form a distinct cluster within a superfamily that includes vitamin B12-binding proteins and other proteins that may bind other kinds of tetrapyrroles.
NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT OF EMBRYONIC RADICLES AND CULTURED STATIONARY PHASE ROOT TIPS OF PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

Cells in mature embryos and stationary phase (SP) root meristems of pea arrest in Gl and G2 of the cell cycle. The patterns of distribution of G2 nuclei in radicles and SP meristems, with and without G2 factor, were compared by using cytophotometric analysis of the relative amount of DNA/nucleus in sectioned material. Radicles and SP meristems-were each divided into 5 zones and the ratio of G1 to G2 nuclei was determined for each zone. The G2 population in the radicle is restricted mainly to the embryonic cortex. A small part of the G2 population was located in the central cylinder and the root cap. In SP meristems without G2 factor, the pattern of distribution of G2 cells was similar to that in radicles. SP meristems with G2 factor contained G2 arrested nuclei in all regions of the root tip. In each region the percentage of G2 nuclei was higher than that in the same region of SP meristems without G2 factor. This indicates that the population of cells that responds to G2 factor is distributed throughout the root tip. AS THE EMBRYO in a seed matures and approaches dormancy, cells in the embryo stop proliferating and accumulate in the presynthetic (GI) and the premitotic (G2) periods of the cell cycle. Microspectrophotometric studies of the relative amount
When every finitely generated flat module is projective

We investigate the class of rings over which every finitely generated flat right module is projective.
Universal power law in the noise from a crumpled elastic sheet

Using high-resolution digital recordings, we study the crackling sound that is emitted from crumpled sheets of Mylar as they are strained. These sheets possess many of the qualitative features of traditional disordered systems, including frustration and discrete memory. The sound can be resolved into discrete clicks, which are emitted during rapid changes in the rough conformation of the sheet. Observed click energies range over six orders of magnitude. The measured energy autocorrelation function for the sound is consistent with a stretched exponential C(t)\ensuremath{\sim}exp(-${\mathit{ct}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$), with \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.35. The probability distribution of click energies has a power law regime p(E)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{E}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, where \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approxeq}1. We find the same power law for a variety of sheet sizes and materials, suggesting that this p(E) is universal. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Displacement measurement of a shaker in an accelerometer calibration system

The vibration displacement of a shaker in an accelerometer calibration system is detected by a Michelson type of a phase quadrature laser interferometer. The interferometric signals are stored in a digital storage scope and transferred to a computer for displacement calculation. Due to the high resolution, fast acquisition speed, and large memory capacity of the scope, this system demonstrates a measuring range from about 10 nm to 100 micrometers at the frequency range of DC to 20 kHz. A cyclical signal- preserving algorithm is developed to preserve the signal's phase and amplitude while reducing the drift and random noise level. The standard deviations of the measured displacements are 1.3% for 13 nm and rapidly lower to 0.04% for 500 nm or greater. The measured displacement in conjunction with the vibration frequency and the output voltage of the accelerometer then give its sensitivity. Preliminary results demonstrate that the sensitivities calibrated by both the direct displacement measuring method (our experiment) and the conventional fringe-disappearance method agree within 0.6%.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transforming growth factor β regulates cell–cell adhesion through extracellular matrix remodeling and activation of focal adhesion kinase in human colon carcinoma Moser cells

Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta is a potent regulator of cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions (collectively termed cellular adhesions). Cellular adhesions play crucial roles in controlling the differentiation of epithelial cells and in maintaining the integrity of the epithelium. Loss of TGF beta-responsiveness is thought to be an important early initiating event in the malignant progression of epithelial cancer. In the TGFbeta-responsive human colon adenocarcinoma Moser cells, TGFbeta promotes cellular adhesions and suppresses their malignant phenotype. TGFbeta promotes cell-matrix adhesion by inducing the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion molecules and the expression of integrin receptors for these molecules (termed ECM remodeling). TGFbeta promotes cell-cell adhesion through the induction of E-cadherin expression, an epithelial associated homotypic cell-cell adhesion molecule, which also functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. How TGFbeta regulates E-cadherin expression is not known. In this study, we showed that the induction of E-cadherin by TGFbeta was mediated through the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a major signaling molecule in focal adhesion contacts and that the activation of FAK was due to ECM remodeling and increased cell-matrix interactions. Thus, TGFbeta regulates cell-cell adhesion through its ability to remodel the ECM and to activate FAK through ECM remodeling.
Hurricane Katrina impacts the breeding bird community in a bottomland hardwood forest of the Pearl River basin, Louisiana

We monitored breeding bird communities and vegetation both before and after Hurricane Katrina category 2 winds severely damaged extensive bottomland hardwood forest of the Pearl River basin, south Louisiana. Many trees were felled by wind, most others were stripped of leaves and branches, and the canopy opened considerably (57%). Blackberry thickets sprouted and expanded to cover almost all of what was previously a patchily open forest understory. The bird community changed distinctively following the hurricane, driven primarily by increased density of species that prefer dense understory (regenerating) habitat. Individual species that increased significantly in density included one year-round resident, Carolina wren, and five breeding migrants, white-eyed vireo, Swainson's warbler, Kentucky warbler, hooded warbler, and yellow-breasted chat. These patterns were predictable responses to the opened canopy and increased density of understory vegetation. However, over three years following the storm, most species, especially canopy breeders, showed no distinct numerical response to the hurricane, which suggests that the initial bird community was resistant to hurricane disturbance. Only one species, Acadian flycatcher, declined significantly after the hurricane, presumably because of loss of its preferred open understory breeding and feeding habitat. Our results thus document and reinforce the important role hurricanes play along the Gulf coast in structuring forest bird communities by altering understory habitat. We expect habitat changes will continue as invasive plant species further change forest community structure, and as large storms increase in frequency in relation to global climate change. Thus, we also expect continued changes to the bird community, which may include additional future declines.
Novel pentablock copolymer (PLA–PCL–PEG–PCL–PLA)-based nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery: effect of copolymer compositions on the crystallinity of copolymers and in vitro drug release profile from nanoparticles

The purpose of this investigation was to design novel pentablock copolymers (polylatide-polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol- polycaprolactone-polylatide) (PLA-PCL-PEG-PCL-PLA) to prepare nanoparticle formulations which provide continuous delivery of steroids over a longer duration with minimal burst effect. Another purpose was to evaluate the effect of poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) or poly (D, L-lactide) (PDLLA) incorporation on crystallinity of pentablock copolymers and in vitro release profile of triamcinolone acetonide (selected as model drug) from nanoparticles. PLA-PCL-PEG-PCL-PLA copolymers with different block ratio of PCL/PLA segment were synthesized. Release of triamcinolone acetonide from nanoparticles was significantly affected by crystallinity of the copolymers. Burst release of triamcinolone acetonide from nanoparticles was significantly minimized with incorporation of proper ratio of PDLLA in the existing triblock (PCL-PEG-PCL) copolymer. Moreover, pentablock copolymer based nanoparticles exhibited continuous release of triamcinolone acetonide. Pentablock copolymer based nanoparticles can be utilized to achieve continuous near zero-order delivery of corticosteroids from nanoparticles without any burst effect.
Interaction of Alpha-Particles

The properties of the forces between alpha-particles are discussed on the basis of a Heitler-London analysis augmented by a "van der Waals" calculation. The results are in some respects unfavorable to the alpha-particle model of the nucleus inasmuch as they contradict the assumptions often made when this model is applied. Thus, for instance, it is pointed out that there are no attractive van der Waals forces beyond the range of the exchange forces, the range of the second-order forces being no greater than that of the first-order forces. The forces between alpha-particles are not additive. The range of the forces is approximately equal to that of the forces between elementary nuclear particles. The Heitler-London forces are repulsive if the usual choice of a symmetric Hamiltonian is made. The details of the forces are first worked out in connection with a simple fictitious example (\textsection{}1) in terms of which these various features are most easily discussed. Calculations for the alpha-particle, for which a $\ensuremath{\psi}$-function of the Gauss type is assumed, are made in \textsection{}\textsection{}2 and 3. Finally (\textsection{}4) the results are used in an examination of the problem of the scattering of alpha-particles in helium. It appears that the scattering of the $S$ waves can be explained only partially by means of the present interaction, its fault being the failure to produce resonance at the correct energy.
Prevalence of periodontal disease in patients with Sjögren's syndrome

The periodontal status of 25 patients with Sjogren's syndrome was compared with that of an age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy controls. Clinical evaluation included determination of number of teeth, decayed/missing/filled surfaces, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and measurement of alveolar bone level (examined with radiography). Results of the study suggest that patients with Sjogren's syndrome have a significantly higher plaque index score (p < 0.005), higher decayed/missing/filled surfaces scores (p < 0.05), increased alveolar bone loss (p < 0.05), deeper clinical attachment level (p < 0.05), and increased cementoenamel junction-alveolar bone crest distance (p < 0.005). Although no significant difference was found in the number of cases of "established periodontitis" between the Sjogren's syndrome and controls, odds ratio analysis suggests that patients with Sjogren's syndrome are at 2.2 times higher risk of having adult periodontitis than healthy controls.
Use of neoadjuvant and postoperative chemotherapy with surgical resection of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases

Hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer are common in patients presenting with an initial diagnosis of metastatic disease or at the time of recurrence. For many patients, the liver may be the only site of metastatic disease. Surgical resection of the metastases may provide long-term benefit, but their size, number, or location may limit the possibility of a resection. A growing body of literature from both retrospective patient series and prospective clinical trials suggests that preoperative therapy may enhance the chance for resection and improve outcome for initially unresectable or not optimally resectable metastases. In selected situations, neoadjuvant chemotherapy also may be beneficial for patients with potentially resectable metastases. Further trials are needed to refine the guidelines for preoperative and perioperative chemotherapy.
Composition control of batch copolymerization reactors

Abstract Composition control of free-radically initiated batch copolymerization reactor by temperature manipulation is investigated through a program of calcula and experiment. The work of Ray and Gall is extended to explicit calculation of temperature vs time policies which eliminate or minimize composition dr Both continuous and discrete, piecewise-constant policies have been computed. The former are disjoint policies which can be found simply by manipulatin monomer mass balances; the latter are found through application of the discrete version of the maximum principle. Calculations are compared to experime done on the system styrene-acrylonitrile. It is demonstrated that implementation of some of the computed policies is feasible and quite beneficial. The discrete policies with small numbers of stages (less than ∼six) perform much more poorly than the continuous policies indicating that the copolymeriz reactor is much more sensitive to deviations from optimality than batch reactors operating with other reaction schemes. Thus, effective implementatio tracking a continuous trajectory.
Summary of the white paper of DICOM WG24 'DICOM in Surgery'

Standards for creating and integrating information about patients, equipment, and procedures are vitally needed when planning for an efficient Operating Room (OR). The DICOM Working Group 24 (WG24) has been established to develop DICOM objects and services related to Image Guided Surgery (IGS). To determine these standards, it is important to define day-to-day, step-by-step surgical workflow practices and create surgery workflow models per procedures or per variable cases. A well-defined workflow and a high fidelity patient model will be the base of activities for both, radiation therapy and surgery. Considering the present and future requirements for surgical planning and intervention, such a patient model must be n-dimensional, were n may include the spatial and temporal dimensions as well as a number of functional variables. As the boundaries between radiation therapy, surgery and interventional radiology are becoming less well-defined, precise patient models will become the greatest common denominator for all therapeutic disciplines. In addition to imaging, the focus of WG24 should, therefore, also be to serve the therapeutic disciplines by enabling modelling technology to be based on standards.
Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of salivary gland regression in Chironomus tentans

The ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity in regressing salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans was studied with Gomori's lead method. In last instar intermolt larvae AcPase activity is restricted to Golgi vesicles, to small electrondense bodies of about 0.25 μ diameter, and to larger, more electron-lucid bodies which are considered to be lysosomes. The smaller bodies apparently arise from Golgi vesicles. The average frequency of lysosomes increases as development proceeds. Until the end of the pupal molt, only very few of them contain degenerating fragments of other cellular components.
Micro and mesoporous metal–organic frameworks for catalysis applications

Micro and mesoporous metal–organic frameworks were synthesized using a single tetrahedral building block and their catalytic properties towards alkylation of toluene and biphenyl showed high selectivity for the para oriented product using these porous materials.
New issues in gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach

Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) constitute the majority of mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The activating mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and PDFRA are key molecular changes in the pathogenesis of these tumors and their recognition has led to the development of targeted therapies. Approximately 10% of GISTs, referred to as wild-type, lack such mutations and respond poorly to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These GISTs are almost exclusive to the stomach and include primarily tumors that occur in children and tumors that are part of several tumor syndromes. Recent studies have shown that most wild-type GISTs are succinate dehydrogenase deficient. This review summarizes current advances in the molecular biology of GISTs and discusses the clinical and pathologic features associated with different genotypes.
Concepts useful in the graphical representation of the coulomb hole: Application to the description of the ground state of the four‐electron boron ion b+

The representable reference density matrices introduced in an earlier article are applied to the description of the Coulomb hole in a configuration interaction wave function for the ground state of the four-electron boron ion B+. It is found that a satisfactory picture of the Coulomb hole emerges only when the symmetry of the correlated wave function is recognized in the construction of the reference full density matrix. It is conjectured, but not yet fully established, that particle number symmetry is the most important symmetry to be recognized.
Growth inhibition and morphologic modulation of human fibroblastlike cells by erythromycin

In vitro exposures of mass cultures and clones of human diploid fibroblastlike cells to erythromycin, in concentrations of 50 to 400 μg/ml, result in increasing degrees of growth inhibition and augmented cell volume, with a shift toward larger proportions of cells of the epithelioid type and fewer of the fibroblast type. These alterations were reversed upon subculture in the absence of the antibiotic.
The effect of noggin interference in a rabbit posterolateral spinal fusion model

Noggin protein levels and spinal fusion rates were compared in a rabbit model after application of siRNA against BMP antagonist noggin in paraspinal muscle. To test whether endogenous BMPs are sufficient to form bone in the absence of their antagonists, using noggin siRNA to interrupt the negative feedback loop on endogenous BMP within the paraspinal muscles in rabbits. Unused Posterolateral lumbar fusion is a standard surgical treatment for many spinal disorders, yet even under ideal conditions the rate of non-fusion approaches 25 %. BMPs are effective in promoting bone formation, and are inhibited by antagonists such as noggin. We have previously shown that in this model, endogenous BMPs are present and endogenous BMP antagonist noggin is strongly increased during spinal fusion. Previous studies have found that noggin siRNA enhanced spinal fusion in combination with supra-physiological amounts of exogenous BMP; however, the effect of the siRNA alone remains unknown. A posterolateral intertransverse rabbit lumbar fusion was utilized, as established by Boden et al. SiRNA against noggin was electroporated into paraspinal muscle to determine its effect on fusion. Outcome measures included noggin protein expression, and assessment of spinal fusion at 6 weeks. SiRNAs were effective in reducing overexpressed noggin in vitro. Noggin protein was successfully knocked down in vivo for the initial 7 days in our rabbit model and returned to detectable levels by 4 weeks and to normal levels by 6 weeks. The overall fusion rate was not significantly enhanced compared to established controls from our earlier work (Tang et al.). Early noggin suppression does not appear to enhance the BMP activity sufficiently to significantly affect final fusion rates in our model.
Automated Image Analysis of Microstructure Changes in Metal Alloys

The ability to identify and quantify changes in the microstructure of metal alloys is valuable in metal cutting and shaping applications. For example, certain metals, after being cryogenically and electrically treated, have shown large increases in their tool life when used in manufacturing cutting and shaping processes. However, the mechanisms of microstructure changes in alloys under various treatments, which cause them to behave differently, are not yet fully understood. The changes are currently evaluated in a semi-quantitative manner by visual inspection of images of the microstructure. This research applies pattern recognition technology to quantitatively measure the changes in microstructure and to validate the initial assertion of increased tool life under certain treatments. Heterogeneous images of aluminum and tungsten carbide of various categories were analyzed using a process including background correction, adaptive thresholding, edge detection and other algorithms for automated analysis of microstructures. The algorithms are robust across a variety of operating conditions. This research not only facilitates better understanding of the effects of electric and cryogenic treatment of these materials, but also their impact on tooling and metal-cutting processes. Future work will focus on the application of statistical methods for analyzing images of more complex metal alloys.
Microcomputer Applications for Teaching Microeconomic Concepts: Some Old and New Approaches.

With the use of simple computer programs in BASIC, students can solve microeconomic problems involving demand and supply and profit maximization. The exercise is not mechanical but takes the student through the analytical process.
‘That Hamilton Woman’ (1941): propaganda, feminism and the production code

(1991). ‘That Hamilton Woman’ (1941): propaganda, feminism and the production code. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 3-19.
Numerical simulation for certain stochastic ordinary differential equations

A Monte Carlo simulation approach is presented for solving two problems based on stochastic ordinary differential equations, namely an initial-value problem for a nonlinear ordinary differential equation and a two-point boundary-value problem for a linear equation. The method consists of simulating on the computer several realizations of the random process which appears in the coefficients of the equations, and then computing the average over the corresponding solutions. Since these two problems are related to the same physical problem, we are able to compare the results. Several plots are given to illustrate the results and a discussion of the various kinds of errors which affect the method is presented. copyright 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Central α-adrenergic receptors and corticotropin releasing factor mediate hemodynamic responses to acute cold stress

Abstract Behavioral stress is likely to contribute to the development of hypertension in susceptible individuals. We reported that hemodynamic response patterns to acute startle vary and that those patterns predict the predisposition of rats to sustained stress-induced elevations in arterial pressure. Since considerable evidence suggests that central catecholamines and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) contribute to the regulation of arterial pressure and the development of hypertension, we investigated the role of central α-adrenergic receptors and CRF in mediating different hemodynamic response patterns to acute cold water stress in conscious rats. Rats were instrumented for arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output determination and for intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of selective antagonists. After acclimation to a water tight cage, ice water (1 cm deep) was rapidly added then drained 1 min later. Although the early startle response to cold water stress elicited a pressor response in all rats, the hemodynamic response pattern varied between rats. Vascular responders (n=19) had an initial considerable increase in systemic vascular resistance and a decrease in cardiac output. In contrast, mixed responders (n=11) had a smaller increase in vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output. Pretreatment with phentolamine (30 μg/5 μl, icv, n=8), prazosin (10 μg/5 μl, icv, n=12) or α-helical CRF9–41 (10 μg/5 μl, icv, n=9) prevented the decrease in cardiac output elicited by acute cold water stress in vascular responders without affecting mixed responders. Yohimbine (3 μg/5 μl, icv, n=8) pretreatment did not alter hemodynamic responses. Therefore, we conclude that central α1-adrenoceptors and CRF mediate the specific hemodynamic response patterns to acute startle and may be responsible for the predisposition to develop hypertension in vascular responders.
Role of nitric oxide in acute lung inflammation: lessons learned from the inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mouse.

Objective Acute lung inflammation is characterized by complex interactions among cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, leukocytes, and other mediators. Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the up-regulation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces large amounts of nitric oxide (NO). Conversely, in some systems, NO regulates the expression of cytokines to affect leukocyte recruitment. Thus, the role of NO both exogenously administered and endogenously produced by iNOS in acute lung inflammation has not been fully elucidated. The current studies suggest a proinflammatory role for inhaled NO in a compartmentalized model of lung injury, whereas blocking of iNOS afforded protection. These results and other previous investigations have been complicated by the use of nonselective blockers of the iNOS isoform. Measurements and main results In an attempt to circumvent this, we examined the response of the lung to direct endotoxin challenge in mice in which iNOS had been genetically deleted (iNOS-/-). We observed a significant decrease in the inflammatory response in the iNOS-/- mice compared with wild-type mice as characterized by decreases in neutrophil accumulation and cytokine expression. Additionally, the lung cytokine response in the iNOS-/- mice was characterized by a significant increase in interleukin-12 and an inability to up-regulate interleukin-10. Conclusions Induction of NO may be a key mediator in driving the cytokine response to endotoxin toward an increased type-2 (interleukin-10) response and a diminished type-1 (interleukin-12) response.
Suboptimal Choice by Pigeons: Evidence that the Value of the Conditioned Reinforcer Rather than its Frequency Determines Choice

In an analog of human gambling, pigeons prefer a suboptimal alternative that infrequently provides a signal that is reliably associated with reinforcement over the more optimal alternative that yields more reinforcement. We hypothesized that pigeons are sensitive to the conditioned reinforcement that accrues to the stimulus associated with the greatest probability of reinforcement, independent of the frequency of its occurrence. In the present experiment we tested that hypothesis in a between groups design. For Group 50/75, choice of the suboptimal alternative 50 % of the time resulted in presentation of a stimulus that was always associated with reinforcement. For Group 25/75, choice of the suboptimal alternative 25 % of the time resulted in presentation of a stimulus that was always associated with reinforcement. For both groups, choice of the optimal alternative always resulted in presentation of a stimulus associated with 75 % reinforcement. In support of our hypothesis, both groups chose suboptimally and at the same rate. These results suggest that the conditioned reinforcing properties of the signal for reinforcement are acquired through its reliability as a signal for reinforcement and the frequency of its occurrence is of little importance.
Urge overkill: protecting deidentified human subjects at what price?

Mark Rothstein's (2010) article in this issue of The American Journal of Bioethics deals explicitly with the narrow argument that additional protections should be accorded deidentified health infor...
Reciprocal entorhinal‐hippocampal connections established by human fetal midgestation

Little is known about the timing or sequence of genesis of connections between different areas of the developing human cerebral cortex. It has been shown that connections between areas V1 and V2 of the visual isocortex are established at about 37 weeks of gestation (Burkhalter [1993] Cerebr. Cortex 3:476-487), suggesting that cortico-cortical connections appear late in the 40-week human gestational period. However, there are indications from other studies that connections between subdivisions of the hippocampal formation may be established much earlier, by about 20 weeks of human gestation. To investigate this possibility, the lipophilic bidirectional tracer 1,1' dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to study connections between the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and temporal lobe neocortex in paraformaldehyde-fixed postmortem fetal tissue. The DiI transport revealed robust reciprocal connections between the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and subiculum, which were consistently present at 19 weeks of gestation (the earliest age studied), and which were anatomically similar to those in adult primates. Specifically, projections to the hippocampus and subiculum originated from neurons in the entorhinal cortex (EC) layers 2 and 3, whereas reciprocal projections to the EC originated from pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis region CA1 and the subiculum. In contrast, the perforant pathway projection from EC to the dentate gyrus, and all connections with the neocortex, reached only rudimentary stages of development by 22 weeks of gestation (the latest age studied). These findings suggest that hippocampal pathways develop prior to isocortical pathways, and that reciprocal entorhinal-hippocampal projections may be among the first cortico-cortical connections to be established in the human brain.
Abstract 2332: Oncogenic mutant KRAS modulates EZH2 expression through MEK-ERK signaling by remodeling gene expression in NSCLC

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Abstract: Background. EZH2 overexpression occurs in lung cancer and is associated with a poor outcome. The mechanisms driving EZH2 expression in lung cancer are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological disruption of signaling MEK-ERK pathway would affect EZH2 expression in a panel of NSCLC cell lines with and without KRAS mutation. Moreover, we analyzed the transcriptome expression following knockdown of EZH2 expression in NSCLC cell lines with different types of KRAS mutations. Methods. NSCLC cell lines were treated with different doses of MEK inhibitor AZD6244 (0, 0.5 and 1μM) and the expressions of EZH2, MEK and MAPK were determined by Western-blots. Cell lines were transfected with gene-specific EZH2 siRNA and control siRNA. Gene expression profiling was performed using the Illumina Human HT-12 v 4.0 platform. Functional pathway analysis was conducted using the software Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. Result. We found that pharmacological disruption of signaling MEK-ERK pathways with AZD6244 decreases the expression of MAPK p44/42 and phospho-MAPK p44/42 in all NSCLC cell lines analyzed wild-type and of KRAS mutant status. However, after AZD6244 treatment, EZH2 expression in NSCLC cell lines varied according to the KRAS mutation status: strong reduction only in NSCLC cell lines harboring GtoC mutation, a partial reduction in cells with GtoS and GtoR mutation, and no change in cell lines with GtoD or GtoV mutation and with wild-type KRAS. The gene expression analysis revealed that 3,235 genes were similarly regulated for mutant KRAS GtoC, GtoD and GtoV in NSCLC following EZH2 knockdown compared with KRAS wild-type (P < 0.05). Functional pathways analysis showed that EZH2 knockdown modulated differentially pathways commonly activated in cancer as growth factor signaling, molecular mechanism of cancer and cellular growth, proliferation and development, between cell lines that harbor mutant KRAS GtoC, GtoD or GtoV compared with KRAS wild-type. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that oncogenic mutant KRAS GtoC, GtoS and GtoR modulate EZH2 expression through MEK-ERK signaling contributing to changes of the expression of genes frequently altered in cancer (Grant support: 5 R01 CA155196 and P50CA70907) Citation Format: Erick M. Riquelme, Li Shen, Jing Wang, Carmen Behrens, John D. Minna, Ignacio I. Wistuba. Oncogenic mutant KRAS modulates EZH2 expression through MEK-ERK signaling by remodeling gene expression in NSCLC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2332. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2332
A Model of the Canine Stifle Joint With Representation of Medial Meniscus During Squat Motion

Subject specific anatomical models of the canine stifle can be extremely valuable in understanding the biomechanical risks and causes associated with cranial cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries. Such models would also be powerful in improving preventative and therapeutic strategies for canines [1]. The menisci play an important role in joint function by transmitting tibio-femoral loads and by reducing the pressure on the articular cartilage. Multibody modeling methods often ignore the menisci in order to simplify the representation of the joint structures.© 2011 ASME
Decision making — is bioremediation a viable option?

Abstract Bioremediation, as it pertains to hazardous wastes, is a process technology that uses microorganisms to degrade organic chemicals of interest. Often, the biodegradation can occur without transferring the contamination from one part of the environment to another, as is often the case with other remediation methods. Air stripping of contaminated ground water, incineration of contaminated material, and even carbon adsorption all contribute to cross-media pollution by producing hazardous residues, often more concentrated than the original form, that must be disposed. The diversity of bioremediation technologies ensures that one or more of them may be suitable for at least part of a remediation scheme. With our increased understanding of subsurface processes, we are shifting from the treatment of effects, i.e., treatment of contaminated ground water, to the treatment of contaminant sources.
Cassini Flybys Reveal Details About Titan Seas and Lakes

The Cassini spacecraft's flybys of Saturn's moon Titan reveal new details about the sizes, depths, and locations of the seas and lakes, whose liquid is mostly methane, that dot the moon's northern hemisphere, according to findings presented by scientists at a 12 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Techniques and complications of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus.

OBJECTIVETo describe our system of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus, detail its complications, and discuss changes made to that system with time.METHODSThis is a retrospective analysis of lumbar drainage in 233 consecutive patients with symptoms treated at the Brigham and W
Horizontal electromagnetic field sensor for detection and classification of metal targets

This paper describes a prototype electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor system designed specifically to measure the horizontal component of a metal target's eddy current time decay signature. Instead of creating a vertical magnetic field from a horizontal loop transmitter configuration used by most EMI metal detectors, the prototype transmitter geometry has been designed especially for creating a horizontal magneti field (HMF). One of the potential advantages of the HMF sensor is the relatively uniform magnetic field that is created over a large volume. A second potential advantage is that, compared to a conventional loop antenna, the magnetic field intensity falls off slowly with distance from the plane of the sensor. These two advantages potentially make the HMF sensor well suited for detection and classification of metal targets buried deeply in the ground (e.b., unexploded ordnance, UXO) or from a vehicle-mounted mine detector sensor. Preliminary modeling of the antenna and laboratory data from a time-domain version of the HMF sensor are presented.
An analytical framework for seismic fragility analysis of RC high-rise buildings

Abstract An analytical framework and sample application are presented for the seismic fragility assessment of reinforced-concrete high-rise buildings. Since no probabilistic fragility relationships exist for this class of structure, the work fills an important void in regional earthquake impact assessment. The key element of the presented framework is the methodology for the development of a simple lumped-parameter model representative of the complex high-rise building system. This model was created in the ZEUS–NL environment to enable computationally efficient dynamic response history analyses of high-rise structures that were previously not possible and that can accurately account for the complex behaviour and interactions predicted by more detailed analytical models. The parameters for this model were selected using genetic algorithms. The development of a simple lumped-parameter model is presented for an existing high-rise structure with dual core walls and a reinforced concrete frame. The accuracy of the individual components of this model is compared with the predictions of more detailed analytical models and sample fragility curves are presented. The proposed framework is generally applicable for developing fragility relationships for high-rise building structures with frames and cores or walls.