cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Roots of ASEAN: Regional Identities in the Strait of Melaka Region Circa 1500 C.E

Southeast Asian sources that report regional connection with the Majapahit and Angkor polities reflect upon a rapidly changing fourteenth and fifteenth century world order, the result of new trading opportunities as Europeans were becoming more direct participants in affairs beyond their Western home-lands. In the face of the individualistic and destructive tendencies of the wider global community circa 1500, in the Strait of Melaka region there was less dislocation and isolation than is supposed by many twentieth century scholars. Despite the number of political and religious transitions underway, in the Southeast Asian archipelago and mainland there was a sense of regional self-confidence and progress among societies who had enjoyed over two hundred years of widespread socio-economic success. These successes were the product of the functional international, regional, and local networks of communication, as well as a common heritage that had developed in the Strait of Melaka region during the pre-1500 era. This study not only addresses the role of Majapahit and Angkor in the shaping of regional inclusiveness circa 1500, but also explores the enduring (and often exclusive) legacy of these two early cultural centers among Southeast Asia's twentieth century polities.
Instability of jets of arbitrary geometry

This paper describes a calculation technique for determining the stability of jets of arbitrary cross section. In particular, elliptic and rectangular jets are considered. The numerical procedure involves both a conformal transformation between the computational domain and the physical plane and a solution of the transformed stability equation in the computational domain. Modern, efficient, conformal mappings are used for both simply and doubly connected domains. The numerical solution is based on a finite difference/pseudospectral discretization of the stability equation. The technique is verified by comparison with previous calculations for circular and elliptic jets. Calculations are performed for the stability of elliptic and rectangular jets of aspect ratio 2. Growth rates, phase velocities, and pressure eigenfunctions are calculated.
Wound-inducible pinene cyclase from grand fir: Purification, characterization, and renaturation after SDS-PAGE☆

Abstract The major wound-inducible monoterpene synthase (cyclase) of grand fir (Abies grandis) stems transforms geranyl pyrophosphate to both (−)-α-pinene (40%) and (−)-β-pinene (60%). The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by anion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, coupled to discontinuous native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at neutral pH and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (also at neutral pH) followed by renaturation in 1% Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). The renatured enzyme produced a mixture of isomeric pinenes from geranyl pyrophosphate identical to that generated by the native form. The protein exhibited a molecular weight of 63,000 by gel permeation chromatography and of 62,000 by denaturing gel electrophoresis, indicating that the monomer is active. The enzyme required Mn2+ (Km = 30 μM) for activity, exhibited a Km value of 6 μ m for the substrate geranyl pyrophosphate, showed a pH optimum at 7.8 and temperature optimum at 42 °C, and was inhibited by pyrophosphate (I50 = 0.17 mM), orthophosphate (I50 = 51 μM), and α-pinene, as well as by the histidine-directed reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (I50 = 0.64 mM) and the cysteine-directed reagent p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (I50 = 1.9 mM). Although similar in many respects to constitutive monoterpene cyclases of herbaceous species, this inducible cyclase, the first enzyme of this type to be purified to homogeneity from a conifer, is distinguished by the relatively high pH optimum, and the strict specificity and high affinity for the divalent metal ion cofactor.
Epidemiologic evidence for workplace ETS as a risk factor for lung cancer among nonsmokers: specific risk estimates.

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among individuals who have never smoked tobacco products has been well established as a risk factor for lung cancer. Most of the epidemiologic evidence...
A computer system for the intraoperative mapping of ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract A computer system has been developed to measure the electrical activation sequence of the heart during ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The system incorporates 32 channels of parallel analog-to-digital conversion, rapid generation of results, a high degree of user interaction, and ability to capture events occurring at essentially random times. The system has been used extensively in the animal laboratory as a prototype for a system to be used in the surgical treatment of ventricular tachycardia. It has been shown to be an effective and practical tool in the location of the site of early activation during cardiac arrhythmias.
MD Simulations Reveal Ultrafast Dielectric Compensation by Water of Large Stokes Shifts from Charged Groups in Staphylococcal Nuclease

We present intriguing new 40-ns MD simulations with quantum mechanical (ZINDO) treatment of the partially buried tryptophan (Trp) residue in Staphylococcal nuclease. Two lysine residues (K110 and K133) and a glutamate residue (E129) lie close to the Trp, each of which would produce a redshift in the fluorescence wavelength of tens of nm due to strong electrostatic interaction with the large excited state dipole. Remarkably, experiments have shown that individual mutations of these charged residues to alanine have at most a 1 nm effect on the fluorescence emission maximum. Earlier simulations from our group on the wild type (WT) protein showed that much of the large red shift expected from the charged groups was canceled by collective blue shifting interactions from water, so that the wavelength was predicted correctly. The much longer simulations reported here on WT and each of the mutants also predict the same average wavelength within 2 nm. For WT and E129A, the net collective electrostatic interaction from dozens of waters--extending out to 15 Angstroms--contribute a blue shift of ∼20 nm, which when added to the ∼60 nm red shift contributed by protein, correctly predicts the observed wavelength. For the other mutants, the red shift from protein residues is much smaller, and only a small red shift comes from water. Fast (10 fs), large-amplitude (40 nm) fluctuations of both the protein and water contributions are observed in all cases. The water and protein fluctuations are strongly anti-correlated in every case.
Vincristine hyperalgesia in the rat : A model of painful vincristine neuropathy in humans

To investigate the mechanism of vincristine-induced pain in humans undergoing chemotherapy we have established a model of vincristine-induced hyperalgesia in rat. Vincristine (100 micrograms/kg) was administered daily over a period of two weeks. An acute dose-dependent decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold and an increased response to non-noxious mechanical stimuli ("hyperalgesia") occurred after the second day of administration. Chronic lowered threshold and increased response to stimuli (determined 24 h after each injection) was first noted during the second week of vincristine administration. Responses gradually returned to baseline during the two weeks following discontinuation of treatment. Vincristine also increased sensitivity to heat stimulation. At a dose that produced hyperalgesia (100 micrograms/kg), vincristine did not cause a significant motor deficit. Peripheral administration of a mu-opioid agonist did not reduce vincristine-induced acute hyperalgesia. Hyperalgesia induced by vincristine in the rat provides a good model for the experimental study of painful peripheral neuropathies in human patients receiving vincristine as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Multiple regions of p45 NF-E2 are required for β-globin gene expression in erythroid cells

Regulated expression of genes in the beta-globin cluster depends upon sequences located between 5 and 20 kb upstream of the epsilon gene, known as the locus control region (LCR). beta-Globin expression in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells depends on NF-E2, a transcription factor which binds to enhancer sequences in the LCR. To gain insight into the mechanism of globin gene activation by NF-E2, an NF-E2 null MEL cell line was used to map regions of NF-E2 required for beta-globin expression. Within the transactivation domain, two discrete proline-rich regions were required for rescue of beta-globin expression. The first was located at the N-terminus of NF-E2, while the second was located N-terminal of the cap 'n collar (CNC) domain. Other proline-rich sequences were dispensable, indicating that proline content per se does not determine NF-E2 activity. Mutations within the conserved CNC domain markedly diminished rescue of beta-globin expression. This domain was required, in addition to the basic leucine zipper domain, for DNA binding activity. The requirement for discrete proline-rich sequences within the transactivation domain suggests that globin gene expression in MEL cells depends on specific interactions between NF-E2 and downstream effector molecules.
Alternate pathways of linolenic acid biosynthesis in growing cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum

Abstract Evidence was obtained that Penicillium chrysogenum can produce linolenate by two biosynthetic pathways, i.e., by elongation of a shorter trienoic acid as well as direct desaturation of 18-C acids. In oxygen deficient cultures, exogenous hexadecatrienoate stimulated [1- 14 C]acetate incorporation into labeled octadecatrienoate and [U- 14 C]hexadecatrienoate with nonlabeled acetate yielded linolenate that had relatively little label in the 1-C position. With [1- 14 C]acetate as the only added substrate, oxygen deficiency inhibited incorporation of label into monoenoic and dienoic acids but not into trienoic acids. Incorporation of the [U- 14 C]linoleate into linolenate also was inhibited. In aerated cultures, 1- 14 C-label from laurate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, and hexadecatrienoate was readily incorporated into linolenate. Decarboxylation and oxidation studies indicated that the longer acids were incorporated largely intact. [U- 14 C]Linoleate was incorporated into linolenate in which the fraction of label in 1-C was similar to that of the substrate. These data suggest that this mold has broader synthetic capabilities than do some chloroplast systems for the biosynthesis of linolenate.
Spatial annotation and social navigation support for electronic books

Modern efforts on digitizing electronic books focus on preserving authentic "spatial" representation of the original sources. The new format requires new tools to help users to access, process, and make sense of digital information. This paper presents an approach which assists users of these new "spatial" sources by giving them a combination of annotation and social navigation support. This approach is currently fully implemented and under evaluation in a classroom study.
Foxn1 promotes keratinocyte differentiation by regulating the activity of protein kinase C

The transcription factor Foxn1 (the product of the nude locus) promotes the terminal differentiation of epithelial cells in the epidermis and hair follicles. Activated early in terminal differentiation, Foxn1 can modulate the timing or order of trait acquisition, as it induces early features of epidermal differentiation while suppressing late features. Here, we identify protein kinase C (PKC) as a key target of Foxn1 in keratinocyte differentiation control. Foxn1 has broad negative effects on the PKC family, as the loss of Foxn1 function leads to higher levels of total, primed, and activated PKC. Phosphorylated PKC substrates (the mediators of PKC function) rise when Foxn1 is inactivated and fall when Foxn1 is overproduced, suggesting that Foxn1 antagonizes PKC's effects. When PKC inhibitors are applied to nude (Foxn1 null) keratinocytes, nude defects are normalized or suppressed, as the inhibitors prevent nude cells from underproducing early differentiation markers and overproducing late markers. Taken together, the results suggest that Foxn1 acts as a restraint or brake on PKC signaling and that without this brake PKC disrupts differentiation. The results further suggest that Foxn1 modulates stage-specific markers by modulating PKC activity, providing control over the timing of steps in the differentiation program.
Evaluation of Columbia, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Composite, Suffolk, and Texel rams as terminal sires in an extensive rangeland production system: VI. Measurements of live-lamb and carcass shape and their relationship to carcass yield and value.

Linear measurements on live lambs and carcasses can be used to characterize sheep breeds and may have value for prediction of carcass yield and value. This study used 512 crossbred lambs produced over 3 yr by mating Columbia, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) Composite, Suffolk, and Texel rams to adult Rambouillet ewes to assess sire-breed differences in live-animal and carcass shape and to evaluate the value of shape measurements as predictors of chilled carcass weight (CCW), weight of high-value cuts (rack, loin, leg, and sirloin; HVW), weight of trimmed high-value cuts (trimmed rack and loin and trimmed, boneless leg and sirloin; TrHVW), and estimated carcass value before (CVal) and after trimming of high-value cuts (TrCVal). Lambs were produced under extensive rangeland conditions, weaned at an average age of 132 d, fed a concentrate diet in a drylot, and harvested in each year in 3 groups at target mean BW of 54, 61, and 68 kg. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that over 93% of variation among sire breeds was accounted for by the contrast between tall, long, less-thickly muscled breeds with greater BW and CCW (i.e., the Columbia and Suffolk) compared with shorter, more thickly muscled breeds with smaller BW and CCW. After correcting for effects of year, harvest group, sire breed, and shipping BW, linear measurements on live lambs contributed little to prediction of CCW. Similarly, after accounting for effects of CCW, linear measurements on live animals further reduced residual SD (RSD) of dependent variables by 0.2 to 5.7%, with generally positive effects of increasing live leg width and generally negative effects of increasing heart girth. Carcass measurements were somewhat more valuable as predictors of carcass merit. After fitting effects of CCW, additional consideration of carcass shape reduced RSD by 2.1, 3.6, 9.5, and 2.2% for HVW, TrHVW, CVal, and TrCVal, respectively. Effects of increasing carcass leg width were positive for HVW, TrHVW, and TrCVal. We also observed positive effects of increasing carcass length on TrCVal and negative effects of increasing cannon bone length on HVW and CVal. Increasing shoulder width had positive effects on CVal but negative effects on TrHVW. Differences in lamb and carcass shape were significantly associated with carcass yield and value, but the additional accuracy associated with use of these measurements was modest relative to that achieved from use of only shipping BW or CCW.
3p 6 3d 8 –3p 5 3d 9 Transitions in ironlike Sb

Transitions of the type 3p6 3d8–3p5 3d9 in Sb25+ have been identified in the spectrum from a plasma produced by irradiating a planar foil target, using line-focused laser irradiation. The wavelengths in the range 44–62 A were determined with an uncertainty of ±0.007 A. Based on the 45 observed wavelength combinations, energy-level values were established for 9 levels of the 3p63d8 configuration and 12 levels of the 3p53d9 configuration with an uncertainty of 200 cm−1. The wavelengths and energy levels were compared with previously observed and predicted values.
The Müller-Lyer illusion among Navajos.

Summary The hypothesis was tested that people within the same culture who live in a noncarpentered environment would be less susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion than those in a carpentered environment. Ten Navajo Ss who had lived at least the first six years of their lives in a Hogan—the traditional Navajo round house—and 10 Ss who had lived all of their lives in a rectangular house were tested on a Muller-Lyer apparatus. A significant difference between means was found: those in the curvilinear group were less susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion.
Quantum theory for parametric interactions of light and hypersound

The problem of energy exchange between two electro-magnetic modes of different frequencies and an acoustic mode is formulated and solved. The results of the quantum mechanical analysis are also analyzed in classical terms and are found to be consistent with the theory for parametric interactions. Specific cases treated include: parametric amplification of light, stimulated Brillouin scattering, and frequency conversion.
Effect of Ammonium and Nitrate Nutrition on Protein Level and Exudate Composition

Research efforts of recent years on the protein metabolism of plants have been primarily directed toward clarification of the cellular mechanism of protein synthesis. Less attention has been devoted to the analysis of those factors that determine protein concentration levels in organs of whole plants. A review on this subject is included in the monograph of Webster (18). Past efforts of the present investigator in this area have been concerned with the influence of the ammonium: nitrate ratio of the culture solution on protein level in shoots of young wheat seedlings grown in darkness (19, 20). The shoot protein level of plants provided with a simultaneous supply of ammonium and nitrate was found to be greater than that of plants grown with either ammonium or nitrate alone. The present study concerns itself with the effect of ammoninum and nitrate on protein synthesis in young leaves of sunflower grown in the light. Preliminary experiments indicated that protein levels were again at a maximum under ammonium plus nitrate conditions. Among the factors that may play a role in the determination of leaf protein level, one is the nature of the nitrogenous substances transferred to the leaves from the root system. In an attempt to explain the decline in protein experienced by detached leaves, Chibnall (5) suggested that roots provide some factor or factors necessary for leaves to maintain their protein levels. This hypothesis is relevant to the problem of protein level in attached leaves under investigation in this laboratory. It is possible that the simultaneous presence of ammonium and nitrate in the culture solution may lead to the synthesis in the roots of a complex of nitrogenous compounds which, when transported to the leaves, permits the establishment of a high protein level. Accordingly, a study was made of the amino acids, amides, and inorganic nitrogen ions in the exudate of decapitated sunflower plants that had been grown under ammonium, ammonium plus nitrate, and nitrate conditions.
T2N0M0 esophageal cancer.

Objective The study objective was to develop a treatment algorithm for cT2N0M0 esophageal cancer by determining (1) errors in clinical staging and (2) consequences of overtreatment and undertreatment of incorrectly clinically staged patients. Methods Of 742 clinically staged patients, 61 (8.2%) had cT2N0M0 cancer; 45 underwent surgery alone; 8 underwent surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapy; and 8 underwent induction therapy, then surgery. As reference, 31 of 666 patients (4.7%) who underwent surgery first had pT2N0M0 cancer and a 5-year survival of 61% ± 9.3%. Referent values were calculated from 445 clinically staged patients who underwent surgery first. Unmatched and matched survival comparisons were made using the log-rank test. Results Only 7 of 53 cT2N0M0 cancers treated with surgery first were pT2N0M0 (13% positive predictive value). Of incorrectly staged cT2N0M0 cancers (46/53), 29 (63%) were overstaged and 17 (37%) were understaged. Most overstaged cancers were pT1 (11 [38%] T1a and 15 [52%] T1b), and most understaged cancers were pN1 (13 [76%]). Matched overstaged patients treated by surgery alone (25/28) had a 5-year survival similar to that of patients with pTNM (69% ± 9.8% vs 63% ± 13%, P = .8). Understaged patients did better at 5 years than patients with pTNM if they had postoperative adjuvant therapy, not surgery alone (43% ± 22% vs 10% ± 9.5%, P = . 17). Induction therapy decreased 5-year survival compared with all other treatment strategies (13% ± 12% vs 52% ± 7.4%, P = .05). Conclusions Patients with cT2N0M0 cancers should undergo surgery first with lymphadenectomy. Clinically understaged patients should receive postoperative adjuvant therapy. In the unlikely event that patients with cT2N0M0 cancers are found to have an uncommon pT2N0M0 cancer, they will have acceptable survival with surgery alone.
Bones of Contention Comparing Territorial, Maritime, and River Issues

Contentious issues are important sources of militarized conflict. This article advances an issue-based approach to world politics, focusing on disagreements over territory, maritime zones, and cros...
A cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus, Smithiavirus pectinophorae sp. n. of the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

Abstract A new species of cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus, Smithiavirus pectinophorae sp. n. is described from the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). The LD 50 was 2500 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/mm 2 of available diet surface. Feeding larvae on virus-treated diets significantly reduced pupal weight, pupation rate, adult emergence, and may possibly reduce adult longevity, fecundity, and egg viability. The virus was successfully transmitted to the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie); tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius); but not to the southern armyworm, Prodenia eridania (Carmer); European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner); lobster roach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Oliver); American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus); greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus); and the house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus.
Premedication of patients for prior urticarial reaction to iodinated contrast medium

The purpose of this study was to determine whether premedication of patients with a history of urticaria after low osmolality contrast media (LOCM) results in fewer subsequent reactions, and if a benefit is seen, to determine which premedication regimen results in the fewest reactions. The subsequent contrast enhanced studies of patients who experienced urticaria after intravenous LOCM between 2002 and 2009 were reviewed to determine whether an additional reaction occurred. Patients undergoing subsequent studies received either no premedication, or premedication with diphenhydramine alone, corticosteroid alone, or corticosteroid plus diphenhydramine. Reactions occurring without premedication were termed repeat reactions and reactions occurring after premedication were termed breakthrough reactions. Fifty patients with a history of urticaria after LOCM met the inclusion criteria and underwent 133 subsequent contrast enhanced studies. Repeat reactions occurred in 7.6% (5/66) of subsequent studies in patients receiving no premedication. Breakthrough reactions occurred in 8% (2/25), 46% (12/26), and 44% (7/16) of subsequent studies in patients receiving premedication with diphenhydramine, corticosteroid, and corticosteroid plus diphenhydramine, respectively. All subsequent reactions consisted of urticaria as the most severe manifestation; no hemodynamic instability or respiratory compromise occurred. In multivariate analysis, premedication with corticosteroid was significantly associated with higher rate of breakthrough reaction relative to no premedication (OR 14.3, 95% CI: 4.1–50.4), as was premedication with corticosteroid plus diphenhydramine (OR 8.3, 95% CI: 1.8–37.9). The results suggest that premedication of patients with a history of urticaria after LOCM may not be necessary.
Mechanisms of Aβ clearance and catabolism

Mutations that result in an increased generation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) account for less than 5% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Data suggesting that late onset AD risk factors play a role in Aβ turnover in the brain have shifted some of the research focus to the study of Aβ clearance and degradation and the impact of these processes on the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review will examine the data obtained from studies performed in knockout and transgenic mice on the proteases; the cells and the physiological mechanisms that play a part in the removal of Aβ from the brain.
Cooperative Interaction of Human XPA Stabilizes and Enhances Specific Binding of XPA to DNA Damage

Human xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) is an essential protein for nucleotide excision repair (NER). We have previously reported that XPA forms a homodimer in the absence of DNA. However, what oligomeric forms of XPA are involved in DNA damage recognition and how the interaction occurs in terms of biochemical understanding remain unclear. Using the homogeneous XPA protein purified from baculovirus-infected sf21 insect cells and the methods of gel mobility shift assays, gel filtration chromatography, and UV-cross-linking, we demonstrated that both monomeric and dimeric XPA bound to the DNA adduct of N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (AAF), while showing little affinity for nondamaged DNA. The binding occurred in a sequential and protein concentration-dependent manner. At relatively low-protein concentrations, XPA formed a complex with DNA adduct as a monomer, while at the higher concentrations, an XPA dimer was involved in the specific binding. Results from fluorescence spectroscopic and competitive binding analyses indicated that the specific binding of XPA to the adduct was significantly facilitated and stabilized by the presence of the second XPA in a positive cooperative manner. This cooperative binding exhibited a Hill coefficient of 1.9 and the step binding constants of K 1 = 1.4 x 10 6 M - 1 and K 2 = 1.8 x 10 7 M - 1 . When interaction of XPA and RPA with DNA was studied, even though binding of RPA-XPA complex to adducted DNA was observed, the presence of RPA had little effect on the overall binding efficiency. Our results suggest that the dominant form for XPA to efficiently bind to DNA damage is the XPA dimer. We hypothesized that the concentration-dependent formation of different types of XPA-damaged DNA complex may play a role in cellular regulation of XPA activity.
Automated dead-end ultrafiltration of large volume water samples to enable detection of low-level targets and reduce sample variability.

Aims A Portable Multi-use Automated Concentration System (PMACS) concentrates micro-organisms from large volumes of water through automated dead-end ultrafiltration and backflushing. The ability to detect microbial targets from ground, surface and cooling tower waters collected using standard methods was compared with samples from the PMACS in this study. Methods and Results PMACS (100 l) and standard grab samples (100–500 ml) were collected from sites in Florida and South Carolina, USA. Samples were analysed for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB; ground and surface water) or Legionella pneumophila (Lp; cooling tower water). FIB were enumerated by growth on selective media following membrane filtration or in IDEXX defined substrate media. Lp cells were detected by direct fluorescence immunoassay using FITC-labelled monoclonal antibodies targeting serogroups 1, 2, 4 and 6. FIB were found in PMACS samples from ground and surface waters when their concentrations were below detection limits in grab samples. The concentrations of Lp in cooling tower samples collected over 5 months were more consistent in PMACS samples than grab samples. Conclusions These data demonstrate that PMACS concentration is advantageous for water monitoring. FIB were detected in PMACS samples when their concentrations were below the detection limits of the standard methods used. PMACS processing provided more representative samples of cooling tower waters reducing sample variability during long-term monitoring. Significance and Impact of the Study This study highlights the utility of PMACS processing for enhanced monitoring of water for low-level microbial targets and for reducing sample variability in long-term monitoring programmes.
MTI system design and operations lessons learned

The Multispectral Thermal Imager Satellite (MTI), launched on March 12, 2000, has now surpassed its one-year mission requirement and its three-year mission goal. Primary and secondary program objectives regarding the development and evaluation of space-based multispectral and thermal imaging technology for nonproliferation treaty monitoring and other national security and civilian application have been met. Valuable lessons have also been learned, both from things that worked especially well and from shortcomings and anomalies encountered. This paper addresses lessons associated with the satellite, ground station and system operations, while companion papers address lessons associated with radiometric calibration, band-to-band registration and scientific processes and results. Things addressed in this paper that went especially well include overall satellite design, ground station design, system operations, and integration and test. Anomalies and other problems addressed herein include gyro and mass storage unit failures, battery under-voltage trips, a blown fuse, unexpected effects induced by communication link noise, ground station problems, and anomalies resulting from human error. In spite of MTI’s single-string design, the operations team has been successful in working around these problems, and the satellite continues to collect valuable mission data.
Air embolism from pneumopyelography.

A 63-year-old woman with diabetes and hypertension was scheduled to undergo right percutaneous nephrolithotomy for a 1.5 cm. stone in the right lower pole of the kidney associated with minimal hydronephrosis. The patient had previously undergone right extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with ureteral stent placement, which was unsuccessful in stone clearance. The patient was placed in the prone position, and an indwelling 7Fr ureteral stent was removed without difficulty, followed by atraumatic placement of a 5Fr open-ended ureteral catheter (Cook Urological, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana). Clear yellow urine effluxed from the placed ureteral catheter. A series of pneumopyelograms was performed with gentle injection of approximately 5 to 7 cc air incrementally, reaching a cumulative total of approximately 20 to 30 cc, to obtain better visualization of the pelvicaliceal system. Shortly after this maneuver and before percutaneous puncture of the kidney, the patient started to demonstrate oxygen desaturation to 88%, followed by a significant decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide to 10 mm. Hg. This respiratory event was associated with hypotension, with systolic pressure of 80 mm. Hg and diastolic pressure of 50 mm. Hg, as well as bradycardia of 40 beats per minute. The patient was immediately returned to the supine position, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was promptly initiated. Resuscitative efforts included intravenous fluid boluses with injections of epinephrine and atropine. Emergent intraoperative chest x-ray did not show evidence of pneumothorax, and continuous electrocardiographic monitoring did not demonstrate any sign of ischemia or myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters quickly returned to normal with the resuscitative maneuvers. The patient underwent computerized tomography of the chest with intravenous contrast material 2 hours after the intraoperative event, which failed to reveal air embolism. She was monitored in the intensive care unit for the next 2 days, during which she underwent extensive medical evaluation including cardiac catheterization, and cardiac enzyme and pulmonary function tests. All test results were unremarkable. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home. Negative evaluations in association with the chronology of the intraoperative events, including the sequence of the physiological changes, led to the conclusion that the patient had suffered an air embolism. DISCUSSION
Sensitisation of lymphocytes in vitro against human melanoma-associated antigens.

SENSITISATION of lymphocytes in vitro facilitates the study of cellular immune mechanisms under conditions in which the exact input of reactive cells and antigen is controlled. Such systems have been used to generate cytotoxic effector cells against alloantigens1–3, and more recently against tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in animal models4,5. Less work has been done on TAA induction of immune responses using human antigens and effector cells. Golub et al.6 demonstrated in vitro sensitisation against antigens present on autochthonous Burkitt lymphoma cells. Since such sensitised cells mediate tumour or allograft rejection reactions in vivo7,8, the in vitro ‘education’ of lymphocytes against TAA is an appealing potential modality for immunotherapy of human cancer. Several preliminary clinical trials have been reported in which ‘educated’ lymphoid cells were administered to cancer patients9,10, although the clinical benefits of this procedure remain uncertain. We describe here culture conditions that increase cytotoxic activity of melanoma patients' lymphocytes against melanoma-derived target cell lines.
A Dynamical, Self-Organized View of the Context for Linguistic Performance

Most everyone agrees that context is critical to the pragmatic interpretation of speakers’ utterances. But the enduring debate within cognitive science concerns when context has its influence in shaping people’s interpretations of what speakers imply by what they say. Some scholars maintain that context is only referred to after some initial linguistic analysis of an utterance has been performed, with other scholars arguing that context is present at all stages of immediate linguistic processing. Empirical research on this debate is, in my view, hopelessly deadlocked. My goal in this article is to advance a framework for thinking about the context for linguistic performance that conceives of human cognition and language use in terms of dynamical, self-organized processes. A self-organizational view of the context for linguistic performance demands that we acknowledge the multiple, interacting constraints which create, or soft-assemble, any specific moment of pragmatic experience. Pragmatic action and understanding is not producing or recovering a “meaning” but a continuously unfolding temporal process of the person adapting and orienting to the world. I discuss the implications of this view for the study of pragmatic meaning in discourse.
Nondestructive inspection of CFRP adhesively bonded joints using embedded FBG sensors

One challenging need for inspection capabilities is in adhesively bonded joints between composite components, a common location of premature failure in aerospace structures. In this work we demonstrate that dynamic, full spectral scanning of FBG sensors embedded in the adhesive bond can identify changes in bond quality through the measurement of non-linear dynamics of the joint. Eighteen lap joint specimens were fabricated with varying manufacturing quality. Ten samples also included fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in the adhesive bond for real-time inspection during a simulated flight condition of these single-lap joints. Prior to testing, pulse phase thermography imaging of the pristine specimens revealed defects such as air bubbles, adhesive thickness variations, and weak bonding surface between the laminate and adhesive. The lap joint specimens were then subjected to fatigue loading, with regular interrogation of the FBG sensors at selected load cycle intervals. The FBG data was collected during vibration loading of the lap joint to represent an in-flight environment. Changes in the lap joint dynamic response, including the transition to non-linear responses, were measured from both the full-spectral and peak wavelength FBG data. These changes were correlated to initial manufacturing defects and the progression of fatigue-induced damage independently measured with pulse phase imaging and visual inspections of the failure surfaces.
Stem‐Like Ovarian Cancer Cells Can Serve as Tumor Vascular Progenitors

Neovascularization is required for solid tumor maintenance, progression, and metastasis. The most described contribution of cancer cells in tumor neovascularization is the secretion of factors, which attract various cell types to establish a microenvironment that promote blood vessel formation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that tumors are composed of cells that may share the differentiation capacity of normal stem cells. Similar to normal stem cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the capacity to acquire different phenotypes. Thus, it is possible that CSCs have a bigger role in the process of tumor neovascularization. In this study, we show the capacity of a specific population of ovarian cancer cells with stem-like properties to give rise to xenograft tumors containing blood vessels, which are lined by human CD34+ cells. In addition, when cultured in high-density Matrigel, these cells mimic the behavior of normal endothelial cells and can form vessel-like structures in 24h. Microscopic analysis showed extensive branching and maturation of vessel-like structures in 7 days. Western blot and flow cytometry analysis showed that this process is accompanied by the acquisition of classical endothelial markers, CD34 and VE-cadherin. More importantly, we show that this process is VEGF-independent, but IKKβ-dependent. Our findings suggest that anti-angiogenic therapies should take into consideration the inherent capacity of these cells to serve as vascular progenitors.
Formalization of Evidence: A Comparative Study

This article analyzes and compares several approaches of formalizing the notion of evidence in the context of general-purpose reasoning system. In each of these approaches, the notion of evidence is dened, and the evidence-based degree of belief is represented by a binary value, a number (such as a probability), or two numbers (such as an interval). The binary approaches provide simple ways to represent conclusive evidence, but cannot properly handle inconclusive evidence. The one-number approaches naturally represent inconclusive evidence as a degree of belief, but lack the information needed to revise this degree. It is argued that for systems opening to new evidence, each belief should at least have two numbers attached to indicate its evidential support. A few such approaches are discussed, including the approach used in NARS, which is designed according to the considerations of general-purpose intelligent systems, and provides novel solutions to several traditional problems on evidence.
Mass media effects on AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior in Africa with special reference to Ghana

Shows, in detail, how many African countries have concentrated on prevention of HIV through changing their citizens sexual behaviours with Ghana being spotlighted. Posits that Ghana is at the mid‐stage of the epidemic and uses data to explain this. Uses tables to show the lack of knowledge, by the citizens of Ghana, to AIDS prevention. Concludes that this study has tried to resolve two major problems in AIDS prevention: 1, specific nature of items of knowledge and behaviour influenced by mass media; and 2, neglecting control for exposure to interpersonal communication channels, thereby playing an important part in AIDS information provision omission.
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Mapping of Human Chromosome 19: Cytogenetic Band Location of 540 Cosmids and 70 Genes or DNA Markers

We report here the band location of 540 cosmids mapped to chromosome 19. The cosmids were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) relative to chromosomal bands produced by DAPI/actinomycin staining. The cosmids are distributed throughout the chromosome, with a sampling bias for the q-arm. A detailed analysis of the distribution of three different subtelomeric and 22 pericentromeric chromosome 19 cosmids on other chromosomes is also reported. Colony hybridization identified 142 cosmids that contain sequences representing genes or DNA markers that map to chromosome 19. FISH mapping of these cosmids sublocalizes a total of 70 genes and DNA markers on chromosome 19, revises the previously published map assignments of 2 genes, and narrows the location of over 20 markers.
Changes in food consumption and blood glucose levels in the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, in response to the administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract 1. 1. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) at 250 and 750 mg/kg body weight significantly depressed food consumption. 2. 2. It is possible to detect 2DG in the blood of chickens up to 120 hr after a 330 mg/kg body weight i.p. injection; the peak concentration appears at about 2 hr post-injection. 3. 3. A hyperglycemic response similar to that seen in mammals can be demonstrated after 2DG administration; however, the response cannot be blocked by barbiturates as it can in mammals. 4. 4. The suggestion is made that food intake regulation in the chicken is not mediated via the glucostatic mechanism as is thought for mammals.
The effect of cholesterol on the intrinsic rate of lipid flip–flop as measured by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy

Cholesterol is a major constituent of biological membranes in mammalian cells. Experiments have shown that cholesterol influences the physical properties of the plasma membrane, such as lateral diffusion and phase equilibrium. In addition to controlling the 2-dimensional phase behaviour and mobility of lipids in membranes, cholesterol has also been implicated in the transbilayer diffusion of lipids across the bilayer. Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS) is used to measure the intrinsic rate of lipid flip–flop for 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) in the presence of cholesterol using planar supported lipid bilayer (PSLB) model membranes. Asymmetric PSLBs were prepared using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method by placing a perdeuterated lipid analogue in one leaflet of the PSLB. SFVS was used to directly measure the asymmetric distribution of DSPC within the membrane by measuring the decay in the CH3vs intensity at 2875 cm−1 with time and as a function of temperature. A complete kinetic analysis of DSPC flip–flop and the effect of cholesterol on the DSPC dynamics are presented. An analysis of the kinetic data in the framework of Eyring theory provides important insight into the transition state enthalpy (ΔH‡), entropy (ΔS‡) and free energy (ΔG‡) for this important biological process. In addition, the transmembrane migration of cholesterol molecules was also explored by SFVS. These combined studies are aimed at providing new insight in to the transbilayer migration of phospholipids and cholesterol in biological membranes and the effects cholesterol plays in membrane dynamics.
Leverage your Mac to support multiple OS environments

Would you like to use a single machine to support multiple platforms? Would you like a single point of support for Windows, Mac, Chrome OS, Android and more? This paper demonstrates how the VCU helpIT Center is leveraging Virtual Box to provide a single point of support through the iMac. In this paper we discuss how VCU sets up and uses Virtual Box to load various environments and discusses a use case of the system to provide support to an end user.
Deformation twinning in h.c.p. metals and alloys

Abstract The important role of deformation twinning in plastic deformation of h.c.p. metals and alloys is emphasized and the twin nucleation mechanisms are examined. A bifurcated homogeneous nucleation model is presented on the basis of the classical nucleation theory, the shape bifurcation theory and the elastic inclusion model. The activation energy for twin formation depends most sensitively on the twin-boundary energy. The structures and energies of (1122) and (1011) coherent twin boundaries are obtained by atomistic simulations using the Lennard-Jones potential for a model h.c.p. metal. The anisotropic coupling effect of normal stresses on twin disolocation mobility is determined over a wide temperature range (0-1200 K). The available experimental data on titanium and zirconium are consistent with the prediction from the proposed nucleation model and the temperature-dependent mobility of twin dislocations. Alloying effects on twinning and future research areas are discussed.
Super-resolution reconstruction of images captured from airborne unmanned vehicles

Super-resolution (SR) reconstruction refers to the process of combining a sequence of under-sampled and degraded low-resolution (LR) images in order to produce a single high-resolution (HR) image. The LR input images are assumed to have slightly different views of the same scene. In the broad sense, super-resolution techniques attempt to improve spatial resolution by incorporating into the final HR result the additional new details that are revealed in each LR image. This can be the case of the images captured from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These images must have sufficient overlap to produce an HR image. Additionally, information about the UAV altitude and attitude-rotational parameters yaw, pitch, and roll-that allows us to relate the different images to a common coordinate system is also needed. This extra information can be used to get an SR image of the overlapping area common to all these images. In this paper, we define a metric to determine if there is enough overlap between a set of frames that would allow SR reconstruction. When this overlap exists, we use the set of registered data to reconstruct an SR image.
Using InSAR to detect active deformation associated with faults in Suban field, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

Abstract Suban field in southern Sumatra, Indonesia, is a fractured carbonate/crystalline wet-gas reservoir in a tectonically active island-arc setting. Reservoir-scale right-oblique reverse faults and folds that have trapped the hydrocarbons have been related previously to deformation in the back-arc setting of Sumatra associated with oblique subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate at the Sunda trench. Increased well productivity in some parts of the field was inferred to correlate with completing wells in the damage zones of critically stressed faults. Satellite interferometry acquired in 2008 through 2011 involving specially stacked and filtered interferograms, following prior applications to heavy-oil fields and Arctic sea ice, reveals active deformation in Suban field. Several areas of localized subsidence potentially exceeding ∼5 mm/yr have been identified in the field. Horizontal movements of comparable magnitude were resolved above the major right-oblique, critically stressed fault zone in the sou...
GLC of cycloserine.

A GLC assay is described for cycloserine (D-4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone). The sample is dissolved in pyridine-water (2:1), an aliquot is evaporated, and the residue is treated with N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide and trimethylchlorosilane. After heating for a few minutes, chromatography is performed using a column containing methyl vinyl silicone, a relatively nonpolar liquid phase. Favorable quantitation is achieved by using hexamethylbenzene as the internal standard. The observed peak is the N,N′-bistri-methylsilyl derivative of cyloserine. The procedure eliminates interference from the cycloserine dimer, which does not chromatograph under these conditions.