cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
מחדל בפיקוח וחובת ההשגחה Director Oversight Duties

תקציר בעברית: חברה עסקית נתפסת מפרה את החוק, ומוטל עליה עיצום כספי משמעותי. האם ניתן להטיל אחריות על נושאי המשרה, בטענה שלא השגיחו כיאות על ההתנהלות בחברה? שאלה זו, כחלק מסוגיית חובות ההשגחה (oversight duties) של נושאי משרה וגבולות האחריות בגין מחדל בפיקוח, טרם זכתה למענה מסודר בדיני החברות הישראליים. מאמר זה בוחן את שאלת היקף חובת ההשגחה ממספר זוויות, ומייצר שלושה סוגי תובנות. ראשית, המאמר מנתח את הדין המצוי, בארץ ובעולם. המאמר מזהה קטגוריות צרות של מקרים שבהן כבר ניתן לחלץ הלכה ברורה (כשל מוחלט בפיקוח, מעורבות ישירה בהפרות חוק), וקטגוריה רחבה של מקרים שבה אמנם אין הלכה ברורה בארץ (השגחה על ציות לחוק), אך ניתן לשאוב תובנות מגוף פסיקה מפותח היטב במשפט המשווה. שנית, המאמר מצביע על הדין הרצוי: מתווה לאימוץ סטנדרט חובת השגחה נוסח ישראל. המאמר מציע לכייל את חובת ההשגחה ברוח הסטנדרט הנוהג בדלוור (חובות Caremark), אשר מקים אחריות רק כאשר ניתן להראות יסוד נפשי כלשהו (כגון עצימת עיניים). אך בקביעת סטנדרט מהותי לא די: אפקטיביות האכיפה הפרטית מוכתבת במידה רבה מהכרעות בסוגיות דיוניות לכאורה, כגון היקף גילוי המסמכים המקדים או המשקל שיינתן להמלצות "ועדת תביעות בלתי תלויה". כאן נכנסת תרומתו השלישית של המאמר: הפניית זרקור לדרך שבה ההקשר הפרטני של חובת ההשגחה מצדיק גישה שונה מזו הנוהגת בהקשר של תקיפת החלטות עסקיות קונקרטיות, כגון על ידי פרשנות ליברלית יותר למתן גילוי מסמכים מקדים, וחשדנית יותר לניסיונותיהם של הנתבעים לקחת לידיהם את השליטה בתביעה.
Fetal Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction Complicated by Bladder Perforation

A 33-year-old gravida 2, para 0-1-0-0 pregnant woman was referred to our fetal center at 23 weeks and 6 days of gestation with concern for fetal hydrops. Her obstetrical history was significant for a previous emergency cesarean section at 24 weeks’ gestation because of a placental abruption, with the infant’s death occurring at 6 months of age. The current infant had no genetic abnormalities or structural anomalies. Upon referral, fetal ultrasonography showed large ascites with skin edema and bilateral pleural effusions (Fig 1A), which was consistent with hydrops, and an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of 8 (Figs 1A and 1B). In addition, the bladder wall was observed to have thickened (Fig 1C), which suggested a lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO). A multidisciplinary team that included the fetal intervention team, neonatology, nephrology, and urology evaluated the woman for possible intrauterine intervention. Fetal echocardiography showed no structural abnormalities, mild tricuspid regurgitation, trivial pulmonary regurgitation, and normal chamber anatomy/systolic function. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bladder outlet obstruction with in utero bladder diverticulum formation and bladder perforation (Fig 2A), explaining the cause of the massive fetal urinary ascites (Fig 2B). In addition, MRI revealed possible pulmonary hypoplasia, duplex morphology of the left kidney with normal renal appearance, with an observed/expected total lung volume of 32%. Figure 1A. Fetal ultrasound scan at 23 weeks and 5 days of gestation showing fetal ascites (yellow arrow). Pleural effusions are visualized by the red arrow. Figure 1B. Fetal ultrasound scan at 23 weeks and 5 days of gestation showing fetal ascites (green arrow). Figure 1C. Fetal ultrasound scan at 23 weeks and 5 days of gestation showing a thickened bladder wall. Figure 2A. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging scan at 24 weeks' gestation showing the suspected bladder perforation (blue arrow). Figure 2B. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging scan performed at 24 weeks' gestation showing 1) fetal urinary ascites, …
Ciliary Extracellular Vesicles are Distinct from the Cytosolic Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane vesicles that are released into the extracellular space. EVs encapsulate key proteins and mediate intercellular signalling pathways. Recently, primary cilia have been shown to release EVs under fluid-shear flow, but many proteins encapsulated in these vesicles have never been identified. Primary cilia are ubiquitous mechanosensory organelles that protrude from the apical surface of almost all human cells. Primary cilia also serve as compartments for signalling pathways, and their defects have been associated with a wide range of human genetic diseases called ciliopathies. To better understand the mechanism of ciliopathies, it is imperative to know the distinctive protein profiles of the differently sourced EVs (cilia vs cytosol). Here, we isolated EVs from ciliated wild-type (WT) and non-ciliated IFT88 knockout (KO) mouse endothelial cells using fluid-shear flow followed by a conventional method of EV isolation. EVs isolated from WT and KO exhibited distinctive sizes. Differences in EV protein contents were studied using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and proteomic comparative analysis, which allowed us to classify proteins between ciliary EVs and cytosolic EVs derived from WT and KO, respectively. A total of 79 proteins were exclusively expressed in WT EVs, 145 solely in KO EVs, and 524 in both EVs. Our bioinformatics analyses revealed 29% distinct protein classes and 75% distinct signalling pathways between WT and KO EVs. Based on our statistical analyses and in vitro studies, we identified NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR), and CD166 antigen (CD166) as potential biomarkers for ciliary and cytosolic EVs, respectively. Our protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that POR, but not CD166, interacted with either established or strong ciliopathy gene candidates. This report shows the unique differences between EVs secreted from cilia and the cytosol. These results will be important in advancing our understanding of human genetic diseases.
Parental Views on the Role of Social Media in Pediatric Otolaryngology.

Objective:Social media is playing an increasingly important role in medicine as a tool for patients and their families to find information and connect with others. The goal of this study is to unde...
Privacy threat modeling framework for online social networks

Online social networks (OSNs) provide services for people to connect and share information. Social networking sites contain huge amount of personal information such as user profiles, user relations, and user activities. Most of the information is personal and sensitive in nature and hence disclosure of this information may cause harassment, financial loss, and even identity theft. Thus, protecting user privacy in online social networks is essential. Many threats and attacks have been found in social networks. However, there is lack of a threat model to study privacy issues in online social networks. This paper presents a privacy threat model for online social networks. The threat model includes four components, online social networking sites, third party service providers, genuine social network users, and malicious users. Threats and vulnerabilities are analyzed from six security aspects, i.e., hardware, operating systems, OSN privacy policies, user privacy settings, user relations, and user data. The paper further summarizes and analyzes the existing threats and attacks using the proposed model.
Crisis in the IS field? A critical reflection on the state of the discipline

This paper explores the issue of whether the field of IS is in crisis. To do so, the paper first starts by looking back on where the field has come from. Next, it assesses the status of the IS field by exploring where the field is now. That our current status remains a ‘fragmented adhocracy’ suggests the field may indeed be in crisis or headed for a crisis. This is compounded by the fact that there are two different views on the state of the IS field, each posing its own set of threats. One is the external view of the community (the view of IS from outside the academic field); the other is the internal view (the view from inside the IS community). By analyzing these two views, a better understanding of the problems the field faces emerges. In the next part of the paper, some thoughts are presented on where might the field go from here for overcoming its internal communication deficit. The paper proposes four different types of knowledge for structuring an IS Body of Knowledge (BoK) and following on from that, the value of creating a common BoK for the field. Lastly, the implications arising from the paper’s analysis are explored. More specifically, the paper considers various options that are available for overcoming the internal communications deficit the IS field faces. These include changing the way the field thinks about generalizations, changing the institutional publication practices, focusing more on understanding the field’s organizational stakeholders, and developing new knowledge creation and transformation networks. If IS as a field can overcome its internal communications deficits, it might ultimately contribute to the societal challenge of developing a deliberative cyber democracy and thereby help to address the social communication deficit which is a feature of modern mass societies.
Quality assurance of temporal variability of natural decay chain and neutron induced background for low-level NORM analysis

Twenty-one high purity germanium (HPGe) background spectra were collected over 2 years at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A quality assurance methodology was developed to monitor spectral background levels from thermal and fast neutron flux levels and naturally occurring radioactive material decay series radionuclides. 238U decay products above 222Rn demonstrated minimal temporal variability beyond that expected from counting statistics. 238U and 232Th progeny below Rn gas displayed at most twice the expected variability. Further, an analysis of the 139 keV 74Ge(n, γ) and 691 keV 72Ge(n, n′) spectral features demonstrated temporal stability for both thermal and fast neutron fluxes.
ABSTRACT MACHINES AND NEW SOCIAL SPACES

This essay elaborates a theoretical framework within which four examples of the virtual reality novel are examined. The framework draws on Pierre Levy's book, Becoming Virtual (1998), as well as philosophical discussions of the concept of the virtual in writings by Henri Bergson, and Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. In contrast to the opposition between the possible and the real, the dynamic of the virtual is understood as a potential power or agency actualized in a process that can change the basis of our current notions of reality. More specifically, the essay suggests that the material operations of today's computer technology are the source of this virtual power and that we can see how it is variously represented in the virtual reality novel. While each of the four novels depicts living or acting within virtual reality spaces, they differ markedly in how these experiences are integrated into larger narrative concerns, which include the decoding and recoding of the human body, cultural identity, sexu...
Automating the blind spot measurement of construction equipment

Abstract Equipment related fatalities account for about 25% of all construction fatalities in the United States. One leading indicator for equipment related incidents are blind spots that are prevalent around most construction equipment, inhibiting the operator's visibility of personnel and vital materials on jobsites. Incidents such as injuries and fatalities do occur because operators or ground personnel fail to identify that other objects can be in too close proximity to the work envelope they are operating in. This paper presents a new and unparalleled research approach to help identify the blind spots of equipment in order to quantify and protect the required safety zone(s) for such equipment. An automated blind spot detection tool is presented that determines the equipment blind spots rapidly and in 3D through analyzing the point cloud data from a laser scan inside the equipment cab. Terminology of planar and spatial blind spot measurements are defined and explained. Results to numerous vehicle types that were studied in the construction environment are presented and compared to existing manual and semi-automated methods for similarities. Future work and the applicability of automating the blind spot detection with alert technology in the construction industry are presented.
Presented by invitation at the Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Obstetrical and Gynecological Society Ojai, California, October 11-18, 1992.

Objectives: Our study was designed to evaluate the effects of routine elective amniotomy on the frequency and severity of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns and on the course of labor and the need for oxytocin augmentation. Study Design: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted at term in patients in active labor who were randomly selected to undergo elective amniotomy (amniotomy group) or left intact with amniotomy reserved for specific indications (intact group). Results: Four hundred fifty-nine patients were studied (235 in the amniotomy group vs 224 in the intact group). Average cervical dilatation at rupture was 5.5 cm in the amniotomy group and 8.1 cm in the intact group. Analysis of fetal heart rate revealed more mild and moderate variable decelerations in the active phase of labor in the amniotomy group but no difference in the frequency of more severe decelerations or operative deliveries. In the intact group the need for oxytocin was twice as common (76 in the intact group vs 36 in the amniotomy group, p = 0.000005), and the active phase of labor was considerably longer (5 hours 56 minutes in the intact group vs 4 hours 35 minutes in the amniotomy group). Neonatal outcome was similar in the two groups. Conclusions: Elective amniotomy appears to increase the likelihood of umbilical cord compression in the active phase of labor and results in more mild and moderate variable decelerations, but it does not result in more severe abnormal fetal heart rate patterns or more operative intervention. Elective amniotomy does, however, shorten the active phase of labor and decreases the need for oxytocin augmentation.
Evaluating Software: What Thoreau Said to the Designer.

Successful software development is often the result of collaboration among a variety of individuals with different skills and interests. For the past seven years, I have worked with such a group to produce a number of computer programs for use in college-level English classrooms. As a member of this group, I have always considered my primary contribution to be software design and programming. Although I am an active teacher and researcher in the field of rhetoric and computers, my direct technical experience tends to slant my thinking about educational software. I will rely on my colleagues to consider in greater detail specific pedagogical and rhetorical guidelines for evaluating educational software; the following suggestions focus primarily on interface and usability. In fact, some of these guidelines may appear to have relatively little to do with academics, but educational programs cannot be effective while ignoring the general principles of software design. Good educational software must first be good software.
Carboxamido Nitrogens Are Good Donors for Fe(III): Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Two Low-Spin Nonmacrocyclic Iron(III) Complexes with Tetracarboxamido-N Coordination

Two nonmacrocyclic ligands with pyridine and carboxamide nitrogens as donors readily form bis complexes of the type [FeIIIL2]+ in which the Fe(III) centers exhibit preference for coordination to carboxamido nitrogens over pyridine nitrogens. These Fe(III) complexes with deprotonated carboxamido nitrogens are very stable in water.
Comparison of Cobalt-60 and Electron Accelerators for Radiation Sterilization

Radiation sterilization by both electron accelerators and gamma sources is discussed. The fundamentals of radiation transport of electrons and gamma rays are compared. General design concepts of both 60Co and e-beam sterilization facilities are presented along with a brief discussion of sterility assurance. It is demonstrated that both radiation sources are viable commercially for industrial sterilization requirements and a choice depends primarily on the product line and specific process control requirements.
N-(1,4-Dioxo-1,4-dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl)benzamide.

The title compound, C17H11NO3, was an inter­mediate synthesized during bis­acyl­ation of 2-amino-1,4-naphtho­quinone with benzoyl chloride. A mixture of block- and needle-shaped crystals were obtained after column chromatography. The block-shaped crystals were identified as the imide and the needles were the title amide. The naphtho­quinone scaffold is roughly planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.047 A for the C atoms). The N—H and C=O bonds of the amide group are anti to each other. A dihedral angle between the naphtho­quinone ring system and the amide group of 3.56 (3)°, accompanied by a dihedral angle between the amide group and the phenyl group of 9.51 (3)°, makes the naphtho­quinone ring essentially coplanar with the phenyl ring [dihedral angle = 7.12 (1)°]. In the crystal, molecules are linked by a weak N—H⋯O hydrogen bond and by two weak C—H⋯O interactions leading to the formation of zigzag chains along [010].
TU‐A‐I‐617‐02: PET Scanner Performance: Quality Assurance and Acceptance Testing

Quality assurance of PETscanners must be performed on a regular basis to maintain and confirm proper scanner performance. These procedures should track system stability and be sensitive to changes in scanner operation. The quality control and calibration of a PETscanner includes detector and electronic characterizations such as adjustment of PMT gain, definition of crystal and energy maps and coincidence timing calibration. Briefly, the crystal map converts the analog position of the detected event to a specific crystal within the block detector, while the coincidence timing calibration adjusts for timing delays so events from each block are time stamped equivalently. These characterizations are applied to the PET data during acquisition. Daily quality assurance should determine whether the scanner is suitable for clinical use. A uniform cylinder of activity or rod sources are a good source of quality control data. These scans can be used to monitor system stability and to determine which crystals, blocks and modules (buckets) are more (or less) sensitive than the respective system average. The NEMA PET NU2‐2001 standard should be followed for acceptance testing. This standard uses a polyethylene phantom of 700mm axial length with a 3.2 mm line source to measure scatter fraction, count losses and randoms. This phantom approximates the out‐of‐field activity distributions of whole body scans. The measurement of sensitivity is conducted with a line source surrounded by known absorbers, and the sensitivity with no absorbers can be found by extrapolation. The intent of the image quality measurement is mimic a whole body scan using a torso phantom containing hot and cold spheres of various diameters (representing lesions) in a warm background. This presentation will focus on the calibrations and corrections required to maintain proper system performance. The presentation will also describe the rationale and methodology of the NEMA NU2‐2001 performance standards.
Hexahedral mesh development of free-formed geometry: The human femur exemplified

The objective of the present research is to develop a standard hexahedral Finite Element (FE) model of the human femur accounting for the material characteristics of cortical bone, cancellous bone and bone marrow. The anatomical data were acquired from the Visible Human Project. A detailed outline of the steps necessary in developing hexahedral FE meshes from computed tomography (CT) data is provided, along with a section on modelling strategies providing comprehensive suggestions on how to overcome meshing difficulties due to geometrical non-linearities. The stress and deformation results are discussed.
Reduced forebrain norepinephrine in rhesus monkeys made obese by hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Young adult male rhesus monkeys received bilateral lesions in the anteromedial lateral hypothalamus. During the year of observation following surgery the animals were hyperphagic and became markedly obese. The mean increase in body weight averaged 66% more for the experimental animals tor the controls. Analyses of catecholamine concentrations in 12 brain regions at the time of sacrifice revealed consistently lower concentrations of norepinephrine (averaging 41% of control) in the frontal cortex of the obese animals as well as a more variable decrease in norepinephrine in the caudate and striatum. There was no consistent effect of the lesions on dopamine in any of the regions studied. There was no obvious relationship between regional catecholamine levels and weight gain within the experimental group.
Eviction and the Reproduction of Urban Poverty

Combining statistical and ethnographic analyses, this article explores the prevalence and ramifications of eviction in the lives of the urban poor. A quantitative analysis of administrative and survey data finds that eviction is commonplace in inner-city black neighborhoods and that women from those neighborhoods are evicted at significantly higher rates than men. A qualitative analysis of ethnographic data based on fieldwork among evicted tenants and their landlords reveals multiple mechanisms propelling this discrepancy. In poor black neighborhoods, eviction is to women what incarceration is to men: a typical but severely consequential occurrence contributing to the reproduction of urban poverty.
A scheme to represent features, dimensions, and tolerances in geometric modeling

Abstract This paper presents a scheme for representing features, dimensions, and tolerances in geometric models. The scheme combines a modified CSG tree with a face-edge based B-rep data structure to represent high-level form features and low-level primitive features. Dimensions and tolerances are treated as constraints. The dimensional relations within a machine part are described by constraining operators from which the position and orientation of form features are derived automatically. The modification of geometry can be achieved by directly changing dimensions. The representation promises a new engineering tool for design and manufacturing engineers and provides an important foundation for supporting engineering applications such as tolerance analysis and dimensioning checking. The scheme has been implemented in a prototype system.
Stability of nonverbal immediacy behaviors

Abstract The stability of the immediacy behaviors of approach distance, eye contact, approach orientation, and body lean was examined across two interviews over a 25 min and a 1-week interval. Stability coefficients were similarly high between the sessions for each interval. General support was found for the presence of compensatory relationships between approach distance and eye contact and between approach distance and approach orientation. A bimodal distribution of approach distances, found in both studies, included a substantial intermediate range which was not used by any of the subjects. Evidence from personality data and self-ratings suggested that subjects who remained more distant were more anxious than those who approached closer.
Regulation of perithecium development and maturation in Pleospora herbarum by light and temperature

Exposure of growing colonies of Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenhorst (Imperfect stage = Stemphylium botryosum ) to UV radiation stimulated the formation of protoperithecia which matured only when subjected to long uninterrupted periods at low temperature (21 days at 5–10 °C). Equivalent periods of intermittent (diurnal) low temperature were not effective. Maturation was influenced by the temperature during near-UV induction, and protoperithecia formed at 24–27° were most likely to mature following cold treatment. The temperature following cold treatment also influenced maturation of protoperithecia: 10–15° was most favourable. Maturation was governed by an inverse relationship between the length of the cold treatment and of the terminal incubation. Light was essential for induction of protoperithecia but not for their subsequent maturation. Maturation once started by cold treatment was negated by relatively high temperatures (30°) Cold induction of protoperithecia in the dark, hitherto unrecorded, was observed when actively growing vegetative colonies were exposed to low temperatures (5–15°) for 1–35 days. An 8-day exposure to cold was necessary for maximum induction, although a few protoperithecia formed after a 24 h exposure. Maturation required another 35 days at low temperature (12–5°). The influence of low temperature on sexual reproduction of fungi is reviewed.
Structure and Dynamics of a Submonolayer Film Adsorbed on Solid Surfaces

The equilibrium configuration of a submonolayer film adsorbed on a solid surface is analyzed via a model classical Hamiltonian. In this model, the adsorbed atoms or molecules are represented by point particles interacting through connecting springs and the substrate is simulated by a two-dimensional periodic potential. The resulting structure of the film is found to be either commensurate or incommensurate with the periodic potential, depending on the force constant of the springs, the amplitude of the periodic potential, and the degree of mismatch between the length of the unstretched springs and the lattice parameter of the underlying periodic potential. Next, the lattice-vibration spectrum of the film is studied. It is found that when the film structure is incommensurate, the excitation spectrum starts from zero energy. In the commensurate structure the phonon spectrum always starts at a finite frequency. It is noted that this difference between commensurate and incommensurate behavior has an important influence on the thermodynamic properties of the film. Qualitative comparison with experimental data is made.
SO ( 10 ) grand unification in five dimensions: Proton decay and the μ problem

We construct a minimal supersymmetric $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ grand unified model in 5 dimensions. The extra dimension is compactified on an ${S}^{1}{/(Z}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ orbifold which has two inequivalent fixed points. These are flat 4-dimensional Minkowski spaces: the visible and the hidden branes. By orbifolding, the gauge symmetry on the hidden brane is reduced down to the Pati-Salam gauge symmetry $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{R}.$ On the visible brane the $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ is broken by the ordinary Higgs mechanism down to $\mathrm{SU}(5).$ The resulting 4-dimensional theory has the standard model gauge symmetry [the intersection of $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ and $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{R}]$ and the massless spectrum consists of the MSSM gauge fields and two Higgs doublets. The matter fields are assumed to live on the visible brane. We discuss gauge coupling unification in our 5-dimensional model in terms of corrections to the conventional 4-dimensional unification. Supersymmetry is broken on the hidden brane (where mass terms for gauginos and a \ensuremath{\mu} term are generated) and communicated to squarks and sleptons via gaugino mediation. We also discuss a possibility of linking the supersymmetry breaking on the hidden brane to the Higgs mechanism responsible for partial breaking of the gauge symmetry on the visible brane via the shining mechanism. Finally, there are no operators of dimension 5 leading to proton decay. Proton decay through dimension 6 operators is enhanced compared to conventional GUTs and can be seen in current or next generation proton decay experiments.
Phase volume effects in the sub- and super-CMC partitioning of nonionic surfactant mixtures between water and immiscible organic liquids

Abstract It is a widely held misconception that surfactant phenomena involving adsorption or partitioning between phases plateau at aqueous concentrations beyond the surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC). While this is generally true for single-component surfactants, it has been recognized for some time that mixed surfactants can deviate from this behavior, in some cases to dramatic extents. This paper examines the influence of phase volume ratios on both the sub- and super-CMC partitioning of a nonionic surfactant mixture between water and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Partitioning was measured in batch systems with phase volumes ratios of water ( w ) to PCE (organic liquid, o) ranging from Vw:Vo = 10:1 to 1:2. Results show a strong dependence of total surfactant partition coefficient (Kapparent) on phase volume, with more than a factor of four increase in Kapparent from the 1:2 system to the 10:1 system. All systems also show considerable increase in partitioning beyond the CMC of the mixture remaining in water (CMCmix), with continued partitioning increases observed to concentrations more than two orders of magnitude beyond CMCmix. Results also show continued change in surfactant composition in both phases with increasing concentration beyond CMCmix. Measured partitioning results were used to determine partition coefficients and pure component CMC values for all surfactant components in the mixture, and then these values were used to model mixed surfactant partitioning controlled by mixed micelle formation. Model results show that the mathematics of mixed surfactant partitioning quantitatively describes both the effect of phase volume on partitioning, and the continued increase in partitioning beyond CMCmix. From the model it is apparent that regardless of phase volume (and its effect on Kapparent), the high-concentration asymptotic partitioning plateau is independent of phase volume, although broadly distributed surfactant mixtures may not reach the plateau at physically possible concentrations. Equations are presented for calculating high and low-concentration asymptotic values for partitioning and EO averages. A novel method for simultaneous, direct measurement of γiCMCi (the product of the micellar activity coefficient and pure component CMC) for all surfactant components in a mixture is presented.
Flow of power-law fluids in simplex atomizers

This paper presents a computational analysis of flow of time-independent, purely-viscous, power-law fluids in simplex atomizers using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. Flow of shear-thinning (0.4 < n < 1), Newtonian (n = 1) and shear thickening fluids (1 < n < 1.2) has been considered. The effect of power-law index and atomizer geometry on the flow and atomizer performance has been investigated. Three geometry parameters have been considered, viz., the atomizer constant which is the ratio of inlet area to the product of swirl chamber diameter and the exit diameter, the ratio of swirl chamber diameter to exit orifice diameter, and the length-to-diameter ratio of the exit orifice. The dimensionless film thickness at exit, spray cone angle, and the discharge coefficient for different values power-law index as well as those with varying atomizer geometry are reported. The pressure drop across the atomizer has been kept constant in all simulations. A change in the power-law index significantly alters the flow field in the in the swirl chamber of the atomizer. The velocity magnitudes and liquid film thickness at the orifice exit change with the power-law index. With fixed atomizer geometry, the pseudoplastic fluids tend to produce thinner liquid sheet, larger spray cone angle, and have lower discharge coefficient compared to dilatant fluids. Changes in the atomizer geometry have a significant impact on the flow for all values of power-law index. The spray cone angle decreases and the discharge coefficient and the film thickness increase with increasing atomizer constant. With increasing Ds/do, the dimensionless film thickness at exit increases whereas the dimensional film thickness decreases monotonically. The discharge coefficient increases and the spray cone angle decreases with increasingDs/do. The discharge coefficient, the spray cone angle, and the film thickness decrease with increasing lo/do. A significant finding is that the variations of film thickness, spray cone angle, and discharge coefficient with a change in atomizer geometry are similar for different values of fluid power-law index, although the numerical values depend on the power-law index. This has important implications for atomizer design and industrial applications as most atomizers are designed for, and characterized with, Newtonian fluids.
Momentum and heat transfer characteristics of liquid-liquid dispersions in turbulent flow

The momentum and heat transfer characteristics of unstable, liquid-liquid dispersions flowing turbulently in a circular tube were investigated. Two mineral oils, a light oil with viscosity of 15 centipoise, and a heavy oil with viscosity of 200 centipoise were used as the dispersed phase while the continuous phase was tap water. At room temperature only, the relative fluidity of the dispersion follows the relation At Reynolds numbers above 60,000 the heat transfer coefficients of all dispersions studied follow the relation where the Prandtl number is that of the continuous phase and the Reynolds number is based upon the viscosity of the dispersion. All properties are evaluated at the film temperature. On a etudie le moment et les caracteristiques de transfert de la chaleur dans le cas de dispersions instables d'un liquide dans un liquide, qui produisent un ecoulement turbulent dans un tube circulaire, On a employe a cette fin deux huiles minerales (une legere et une lourde de viscosite respective de 15 et 200 centipoises) comme phase dispersee et de l'eau de robinet comme phase continue. A la temperature de la chambre seulement, la fluidite relative de la dispersion correspond au rapport suivant: Lorsqu'il s'agit de nombres de Reynolds depassant 60,000, les coefficients de transmission de la chaleur, pour toutes les dispersions etudiees, suivent l'equation suivante: ou le nombre de Prandtl est celui de la phase continue, tandis que le nombre de Reynolds est base sur la viscosite de la dispersion. On a evalue toutes les proprietes a la temperature de la pellicule.
Facile displacement of cyclohexadienide ligand from K[Cr(η5-C6H7)(CO)3] to give crystallographically characterized trans-[Cr(CO)4(PPh3)2]

Abstract Substitution of K[Cr(η5-C6H7)(CO)3] with triphenylphosphine resulted in cyclohexadienide loss and formation of an unexpected product, trans-[Cr(CO)4(PPh3)2]. The structure of this complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals contain two conformational isomers, differing mainly in the orientation of PPh3 ligands.
Landcover change over central Virginia: comparison of endmember fractions in hyperspectral data

A spectral mixture analysis (SMA) based change detection approach has been applied to hyperspectral image (HSI) data collected by the HyMap sensor. As a first step in extending this approach from multispectral to HSI data, an HSI change pair featuring a forested region in central Virginia in the fall of 1999 and 2000 was modeled via SMA as a linear combination of three main endmember materials: green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, and shade. The fractional abundance images resulting from the SMA are compared quantitatively to assess the level of detail with which change can be detected and understood from the HSI data. Alternatives to the simple three SMA endmember solution are discussed as well, including the use of additional endmembers to account for seasonal change or multiple vegetation species. The utility of SMA-based change detection for mapping subpixel changes in materials is demonstrated, as is the increased interpretability over traditional change detection approaches.
A Microarray Dataset of Genes Expressed by the R28 Retinal Precursor Cell Line

The R28 rat retinal progenitor cell line was developed from postnatal day six rat retina immortalized with the 12S E1A gene of adenovirus. R28 cells have been distributed to over 100 laboratories worldwide, with over 60 publications on topics that include in vitro toxicology, cellular physiology, gene expression analysis, and experimental transplantation. In this paper, we present a microarray dataset of R28 cells that describes the presence or absence of 8799 genes and ESTs that may be relevant to current and future studies of R28 retinal precursor cells.
Common threads, diverse solutions: Concluding commentary

Abstract In this concluding article, we summarize some of the major themes and highlight several unresolved issues. We focus first on the structure or representation of self. The major issues that emerged here were: (1) the existence and representation of a primitive, presymbolic self; (2) the existence, origins, and developmental course of multiple selves; (3) the role and representation of affect in early self. Several unifying propositions are offered both to integrate across commonalities and to demarcate theoretical differences. Next we consider functions of self, including both what self uniquely contributes to the organism and how its functions might change developmentally. We propose that the core function of self remains invariant; to define, locate, demarcate the world from a consistent perspective by organizing, integrating, and representing experiences from that vantage point. Inherent in this process, however, is the establishment of boundaries that define self with respect to the world and others. These boundaries may change with age as a function of the changing structure of self. The earliest boundaries may define for the infant the physical boundaries between self and world, followed by social and causal boundaries, then personal and psychological boundaries. In the final two sections we address issues of enactment of self in observable behavior: how do we know that the infant or young child has a self, and that the self looks like X? And we address the question of mechanisms of early self-development. Here we also suggest that insights gleaned from the study of nonnormative influences, whether biological or environmental, may shed light on our descriptions and explanations of the early self.
Pareto optimal linear classification

We consider the problem of choosing a linear classifier that minimizes misclassification probabilities in two-class classification, which is a bi-criterion problem, involving a trade-off between two objectives. We assume that the class-conditional distributions are Gaussian. This assumption makes it computationally tractable to find Pareto optimal linear classifiers whose classification capabilities are inferior to no other linear ones. The main purpose of this paper is to establish several robustness properties of those classifiers with respect to variations and uncertainties in the distributions. We also extend the results to kernel-based classification. Finally, we show how to carry out trade-off analysis empirically with a finite number of given labeled data.
Surgical relief of small bowel obstruction by migrated biliary stent: extraction without enterotomy.

Background: Distal stent migration is a well-known complication following insertion of biliary stents. Most such cases can be managed expectantly, because the stents pass through the gastrointestinal tract. However, small bowel obstruction as a result of the stent mandates surgical intervention. Methods: We report the case of a patient who had distal stent migration causing a small bowel obstruction. We successfully retrieved the stent without an enterotomy, by using a combination of laparoscopy, endoscopy, and fluoroscopy. Our unique technique greatly decreased the risk of bacterial peritonitis in this patient with decompensated cirrhosis and associated ascites, which in this patient population results in a high mortality. Results: Management of small bowel obstruction secondary to biliary stent migration necessitates operative intervention. Retrieval of a dislodged stent can be performed safely without subjecting the patient to an enterotomy or a small bowel resection. Postoperative morbidity should be significantly reduced by this approach. Conclusion: Retrieval of biliary stents in cases of small bowel obstruction without perforation may be successfully performed without enterotomy or bowel resection. A similar approach may be applied to other foreign bodies dislodged in the small bowel.
Oxidative damage to skeletal muscle following an acute bout of contractile claudication

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent and sources of oxidative stress within skeletal muscle following an acute bout of contractile claudication. Twenty-four hours after unilateral ligation of the femoral artery, rat hind limbs were stimulated in vivo for 30 min, and force production measured. One-hour post-stimulation, animals were sacrificed and soleus and gastrocnemius muscles removed. There was significant reduction in force in the control limb (sham ligated/stimulated (SS)), while force in the ligated limb (ligated/stimulated (LS)) was reduced by 72%. There was an increase in skeletal muscle lipid hydroperoxides (53 and 47%) and protein carbonyls (57 and 54%) in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, respectively, and the muscle wet/dry weight ratio was increased in the gastrocnemius muscles. Total glutathione (GHS) was reduced, while xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and neutrophil levels were increased, in LS compared to SS in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. These data suggest that an acute bout of contractile claudication causes significant oxidative damage and edema to skeletal muscle. This is associated with both an increase in the activity of the radical-producing enzyme xanthine oxidase and an increase in activated neutrophils.
An Analysis of Factors Determining the Circadian Pattern of Aldosterone Excretion

There is an apparent circadian rhythm in the secretion of aldosterone by normal active subjects which is reflected in the excretion of larger quantities of aldosterone in the forenoon than at other times of the day. The aldosterone rhythm is not abolished by the administration of dexamethasone in doses sufficient to suppress 17-hydroxycorticosteroids to negligible values. The aldosterone rhythm can be suppressed, however, by having the subjects remain recumbent at all times. When normal subjects assume the upright posture at 8 pm rather than at 8 am, their aldosterone values are higher at night than during the day. The increase in aldosterone excretion which occurs after assumption of upright posture at 8 am is followed by a decrease in aldosterone values in the afternoon, despite continued maintenance of upright posture. Under all these circumstances changes in plasma renin activity tend to parallel those in aldosterone excretion. It is concluded that posture is the dominant factor conferring apparent ci...
Dopamine receptors localised on cerebral cortical afferents to rat corpus striatum

STRIATAL dopamine receptors, monitored by dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity1,2 or binding of 3H-haloperidol3–5 apparently represent distinct entities because of differences in drug sensitivity and the pattern of their ontogenetic development6,7. Dopamine also elicits both excitatory and inhibitory effects on striatal neurones8,9. We have examined the effects of selective degeneration of striatal intrinsic neurones with the neurotoxin. kainic acid10–12, and elimination of cortico-striate afferents by cortical ablation13 on the dopamine receptors in rat striatum. We present evidence that a substantial portion of striatal 3H-haloperidol receptor sites are localised to axons of cerebral cortical afferents whereas dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase is confined to neurones intrinsic to the striatum.
Acute effects of ethanol on cardiac function and intracellular calcium in perfused rat heart.

Objective: The aim was to evaluate effects of ethanol on cardiac function and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in perfused rat hearts. Methods: A Langendorff perfused rat heart preparation was used. Changes in [Ca2+]i were evaluated by surface fluorometry in hearts loaded with Indo 1-AM. Results: Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (0.2 or 0.4% vol/vol) had no significant haemodynamic effects. High concentrations of ethanol (1, 2, 3, and 4% vol/vol) showed dose dependent decreases in developed pressure and the systolic peak and overall amplitude of the Indo 1 fluorescence transients (−[Ca2+]i), that were partially antagonised by high extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]O=4 mM). The ethanol concentrations that decreased developed pressure by 50% were 1.4 and 2.6% in the low (1.5 mM) and high [Ca2+]O, respectively. Four per cent ethanol decreased the amplitude of Indo 1 fluorescence transients to 54.5(SD 3.1) and 64.6(7.9)% of control values in the low and high [Ca2+]O, respectively. A relationship between the amplitude of Indo 1 fluorescence and developed pressure was fitted to a single sigmoid curve irrespective of [Ca2+]O. During ethanol washout, there was a dose dependent overshoot of the fluorescence ratio. Conclusions: Only high concentrations of ethanol depressed left ventricular function in a dose dependent manner by decreasing the amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients. High [Ca2+]O partially antagonised acute alcoholic cardiac depression by increasing the amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients. [Ca2+]i is a mediator of the acute cardiac effects of ethanol in perfused intact rat hearts. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :811-816
Age-related changes in responsiveness of various rat tissue lymphocytes to mitogens.

Abstract The effect of age on the mitogen responses of rat lymphoid tissues was investigated. Evaluation was based on using the in vitro proliferative response of lymphocytes from various tissues of Fischer-344 rats (2, 7, 13, 19 and 25 months) using concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Mycoplasma neurolyticum . The stimulation index (S. I.) for cervical, mesenteric, thymic and splenic lymphocytes treated with Con A and PHA-P was greatest for 2-month-old rats and lowest for 19-month-old rats; however, no age-related change was observed with either PWM or M. neurolyticum . The levels of mitogenic responses for lymph nodes in the two different anatomical sites paralleled one another, with the cervical lymphocytes showing a greater response. The splenic lymphocytes responded less than either lymph node lymphocyte population. When PHA-P treatment of splenic lymphocytes followed the removal of the plastic adherent population, the S. I. of the resulting non-adherent population was comparable to the S.I. of other tissue lymphocytes; however, an age-related decrease was still observed. The PHA-P proliferative response of either the 7- or 19-month non-adherent population was suppressed by the 7-month adherent population and not by the 19-month adherent population, i.e., adherent population interaction with non-adherent population decreases with age.
Taking advantage of disaster: misrepresentation of housing shortage for political gain

Purpose – The purpose of this paper aims to explore the reports of housing shortages in post‐Katrina New Orleans especially for low‐income residents in the face of a returning working poor population. Despite the availability of housing vouchers by the New Orleans Housing Authority to any previous residents of New Orleans housing projects, a political uproar has claimed no homes are available and that destroying the previously failing New Orleans housing projects would amount to “forced homelessness.”Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is done by reflecting on different commentary from persons claiming the housing projects must be preserved while also exploring the failed goals of the same public institutions. Further, a brief overview of the housing situation regarding availability of homes is conducted.Findings – The findings show that the poor of New Orleans are being misled about available housing, and there is a continuing process of decline in sovereignty of local public policy makers. Politi...
35th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics

The 35th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics was held in the glorious setting of Snowbird, Utah from 2–6 January 2005. The meeting began with a reception on Sunday, 2 January in...