cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro evaluation of adhesion and mechanical properties of oral thin films.

Abstract Oral drug delivery is often challenged with enzymatic degradation of drug molecules in the gastrointestinal tract and high first-pass metabolism, resulting in low bioavailability. Delivery of drug molecules via the oral cavity mucosa is considered a viable option to enhance bioavailability. One of the relatively new dosage forms for transmucosal drug delivery is the oral thin film (OTF) with mucoadhesive properties that offers several advantages over conventional dosage forms, including faster dissolution, higher patient compliance, and extended oral retention by reduced salivary washout. Mucoadhesive OTFs should have sufficient muco-adhesiveness as well as suitable mechanical properties for their best performance, thus such characterization is critical in the successful design and development of OTFs. However, there is currently no FDA or USP-recommended analytical procedure or standard available for evaluating adhesiveness and mechanical properties of mucoadhesive OTFs. Therefore, we aimed to develop a fast and reliable in vitro method capable of differentiating various OTFs in terms of their adhesive strengths using a texture analyzer. We found that an in vitro gel substrate composed of 4% w/v gellan gum and 2% w/v glycerin could be used to discriminate between the adhesive features of the tested film samples. Also, our studies show that the adhesion test parameters of 0.96 N target force, probe speed of 0.1 mm/s, holding time of 15 s, and conditioning medium volume of 200 μL while using the said substrate could successfully differentiate between the adhesion strength of the OTF samples. We further examined the film samples for their physicomechanical properties to obtain a tangible and practical range of mechanical values for pharmaceutical OTFs using the puncture test and folding endurance test. We found a breaking factor above 34.5 N/mm, elongation to puncture less than 5.55% and folding endurance of at least 50 folds can be used as a starting point when designing and manufacturing OTFs.
Anesthesia for the Pediatric Patient With Epilepsy and Minimally Invasive Surgery for Epilepsy

This review outlines a perioperative approach to the pediatric patient with a seizure disorder and anesthesia for minimally invasive epilepsy surgical treatment. Surgical interventions for epilepsy have undergone dramatic progression. Minimally invasive treatments and high-tech imaging, such as intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI), are recent advances. Many anesthetics have epileptogenic activity and must be adjusted for an effective anesthetic. The needs for imaging techniques, moving patients in and out of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) locations, require careful planning and management. Antiepileptic medications interact with anesthetic agents, and common anesthetics can precipitate or suppress seizure activity. Furthermore, neurosurgical interventions continue to evolve with iMRI, robotic, and minimally invasive techniques. The pediatric anesthesiologist will need to adapt and adjust anesthetic choices to enhance seizure foci localization and treatment.
The Effects of Risk on Decision Making

A fundamental assumption of classical decision theory is that an individual’s attitude toward the risks involved in choices among uncertain alternatives can be captured by the shape of his utility function u(x) (e.g., see Pratt (1964)). A measurable value function v(x) can also be defined for this same individual over the same criterion to measure his strength of preference for incremental changes in the level of the criterion. The shape of this measurable value function can be interpreted as revealing the marginal value of additional units of the criterion. In general, there is no compelling reason to assume that u(x) = v(x) for the same decision maker, as discussed by Sarin (1982). If u(x) and v(x) are not the same, we argue that exploring the relationship between them may be a fruitful means of gaining insights regarding how risks effect the preferences, and ultimately the choice behavior, of individuals.
Historia natural de la infección del cérvix uterino por el virus papiloma humano

The epidemiological association between HPV infection and cervical carcinoma fulfills all of the established epidemiological criteria for causality. The prevalence of HPV infection in young women has been estimated to range from 20-46% in various countries, but recent results from studies in the U.S. suggest that 60% of college-aged women are infected with HPV at some time; the long-term effects of the current high HPV exposure rates and carcinogenesis are unknown. Cervical cancer is regarded as a late consequence of persistent infection of the cervical epithelium by certain HPV types, due to either subtle defects in the host immune response or the ability of the virus to evade the immune system. On the other hand, cervical lesions in the vast majority of women infected with HPV regress suggesting an active cell mediated immune response. These women are also immune to reinfection with the same HPV type. Altogether more than 95% of cervical cancers have been shown to contain HPV sequences. The vast majority of these occur in the cervical transformation zone consisting of squamous metaplastic epithelium. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the most frequently encountered and occur in about 50-70% of invasive cervical cancer and their precursor lesions.
A Mixed-Methods Study of Cognitive and Affective Learning During a Sophomore Design Problem-based Service Learning Experience

Authentic, real-world problem solving is an integral part of the engineering profession. Yet, research suggests that engineering education is primarily focused on well-defined and well-structured problems, which do not provide students the real-world relevance, context, or experience in solving the types of problems required as a professional engineer. The addition of problem-based service learning (PBSL) to engineering curricula provides an opportunity to introduce students to a variety of real-world projects in a community-based context. Numerous studies have shown the importance and impacts of integrating service learning and problem-based learning into engineering education. Herein, the results of a mixed-methods, longitudinal study on cognitive and affective learning during a PBSL sophomore design experience are presented and discussed. The goals are to demonstrate how both qualitative and quantitative data can be used to measure student learning during a PBSL experience and to provide a framework for assessment of such experiences.
Uniparental Disomy in Cancer – A New Tool in Molecular Cancer

The cancer genome project has attempted to provide the complete landscape of existing mutations in tumours, but sequencing the whole genome for all tumour types is a challenging goal. Recently a novel form of abnormality in various cancers, acquired uniparental disomy (aUPD), has been revealed. aUPD regions may pinpoint the mutated genes for next generation sequencing. Therefore, identifying the aUPD regions can help to identify novel candidate genes for mutation analysis instead of randomly sequencing the genome, may help to distinguish driver genes from passenger, lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and provide important prognostic information, which may thus lead to important clinical applications. Key Concepts: Acquired uniparental disomy is a novel form of abnormality in cancer. The regions of acquired uniparental disomy pinpoint homozygously mutated or methylated genes. Homozygously mutated genes in aUPD regions may be tumour-suppressor or oncogenes. Homozygously mutated genes in aUPD regions may be involved in tumourigenesis. aUPD regions may correlate with outcome of disease, so can be of use as prognostic marker. Keywords: acquired uniparental disomy; genome; mutation; solid tumours; leukaemia; myeloproliferative neoplasia; lymphoma
Physical, Psychological and Ethical issues in Caring for Individuals with Genetic Skin Disease

Purpose: Some forms of genetic skin disease are highly prevalent and others are exceedingly rare, but collectively, genetic skin disorders (or genodermatoses) are often poorly understood. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to increase nurses’ awareness and understanding of some of the physical, psychological, social, and ethical issues facing patients with inherited skin disorders. Organizing Construct: This article offers an overview of genetic skin diseases; highlights the complexity and prevalence of the genodermatoses; describes inheritance patterns, genetics, and treatment for six genodermatoses; and reviews some of the ethical, privacy, technological, and resource issues nurses should consider when caring for patients with genetic skin disorders. Conclusions: Because genodermatoses are found in all age groups, across all populations, and within all healthcare settings, nurses are uniquely positioned to address the educational and healthcare needs of patients and families with inherited skin disorders. Clinical Relevance: Over the past two decades, genetics has evolved from a niche specialty into general practice. To ensure that patients and their families receive appropriate services and resources, nurses must have a working knowledge of genetic concepts. This article reinforces key genetic concepts while discussing many of the issues and concerns important to caring for patients with genetic skin disease.
Glucose Dose Response of Pancreatic β-Cells: Experimental and Theoretical Results

Islets of Langerhans are functional units of thousands of endocrine cells located within the pancreas. Approximately 85% of the cells within the islet are β-cells. β-cells secrete insulin, the hormone critical in the regulation of fuel metabolism. The major focus of insulin action is the maintenance of glucose homeostasis; however, insulin also regulates storage and breakdown of fats. Through complex interactions between the β-cells and target tissues of insulin action (liver, muscle, and fat cells), fuel homeostasis is closely regulated in both fasting and fed states.
Pre-Determined: The March 23, 2003 Constitutional Referendum in Chechnya and its Relationship to the Law of Self-Determination

A common debate among legal scholars focuses on the extent to which the international legal principle of self-determination remains relevant in the post-colonial period. Even those commentators who consider it still to be a signiacant, active concept in public international law disagree over its actual content. While many suggest that peoples entitled to the right of self-determination have a right to secede and form their own state, scholars disagree as to the circumstances under which the right develops. This Note examines the current status of the law of selfdetermination in the particular context of Chechnya. It describes how, though the law of self-determination would not allow Chechnya to secede from Russia unilaterally, Russian abuses associatied with the March 23, 2003 constitutional referendum in Chechnya violated Chechnya’s right to internal self-determination. Thus, the constitution is void under inter-
Significance analysis of clustering high throughput biological data

In the post-genomic era, the availability of complete genome sequences has given rise to high throughput systems such as gene chips and protein arrays. These techniques revolutionize our understanding of biology by simultaneously probing thousands of biological entities at any given time. Unsupervised classification and clustering have emerged as important methods of analysis, which can be used to group samples with a similar molecular profile and/or molecules with a similar expression profile. However, techniques like hierarchical clustering, k-means, and self organizing maps (SOM) have been extensively used with little attention to the significance of their results. We propose a general method utilizing bootstrap technique to assign confidence levels to clustering results of high throughput biological data. We apply the proposed method to real genomics and proteomics data regarding Renal Cell Cancer (RCC), which is the most common malignancy of the adult kidney. We utilize protein profiles from IL-2 treatment responders and non-responders among metastatic RCC patients using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI TOF-MS). We also use gene expression data using Affymetrix HG-U133A chips for primary RCC tumors, inquiring the Union International Contre le Cancer's (UICC) TNM classification
Functional capacity of marginated and bone marrow reserve granulocytes

Marginated and bone marrow reserve granulocytes were obtained from young healthy volunteers after subcutaneous administration of aqueous epinephrine (0.4 ml/m2) or intravenous administration of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (250 mg), respectively. These leukocytes were compared with circulating granulocytes for the ability to adhere to surfaces, migrate in a random fashion, respond to chemoattractants, interact with autologous serum opsonins, and phagocytize and kill five common bacterial pathogens. As contrasted with circulating neutrophils, marginated cells had enhanced phagocytic and killing capacity for some pathogens, whereas adherence, random migration, chemotaxis, and chemiluminescence for the two cell populations were equivalent. Bone marrow reserve cells demonstrated increased activity for three functional mechanisms; chemotaxis for these cells averaged 21% higher than that for circulating cells, and phagocytosis was 32% higher, with 6 to 17% greater killing of the five bacterial species studied. All of these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Random migration and interaction with serum opsonins were unchanged in bone marrow granulocytes. These enhanced functional properties of neutrophils which are outside of the circulating pool may represent important host defense mechanisms during episodes of bacterial infection.
Hepatitis B: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. In this review, I describe the virus, risk factors for infection, clinical features of infection, results of laboratory tests during infection, and standard and emerging treatment for chronic infection. Although 95% of adult patients recover completely from HBV infection, 90% of children < or = 4 years of age develop chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious.
Conformal Electromagnetic Particle in Cell: A Review

Conformal (or body-fitted) electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EM-PIC) numerical solution schemes are reviewed. Included is a chronological history of relevant particle physics algorithms often employed in these conformal simulations. Brief mathematical descriptions of particle-tracking algorithms and current weighting schemes are provided, along with a brief summary of major time-dependent electromagnetic solution methods. Several research areas are also highlighted for recommended future development of new conformal EM-PIC methods.
Block copolymer micelle solutions: 2. An intrinsic excimer fluorescence study

Abstract We have utilized photostationary and transient excimer fluorescence to extend our study of the concentration dependence of PSPEP in heptane, given in the previous paper. The concentration dependence of photostationary observables, namely the excimer-to-monomer intensity ratio I D I M , the excimer bandwidth Δv D , 1 2 and the excimer band maximum position vD, can be explained in terms of the variation of solvent content in the core. Using a three-dimensional energy migration lattice model developed previously by Gelles and Frank in 1983 for studying miscible blends of polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl methyl ether), we have estimated the volume fraction of PS in the core as a function of concentration. In addition, both photostationary and transient results indicate that the free chain-micelle equilibrium is changed in favour of more free chains above 0.5% for the heptane solution and above 0.25% for the dodecane solution. The amount of free chains in the dispersed phase could also be estimated from the lattice model by a lever-rule approach. The critical micelle temperature (c.m.t.) can be measured by monitoring the changes of the excimer bandwidth at elevated temperatures. At temperatures below the c.m.t., two different transitions, in the form of small increases in I D I M , were observed, and have been attributed to the solvation of the micelle core and the disordering of the core-corona interface.
Electrochemical annealing of nanoporous gold by application of cyclic potential sweeps

An electrochemical method for annealing the pore sizes of nanoporous gold (NPG) is reported. The pore sizes of NPG can be increased by electrochemical cycling with the upper potential limit being just at the onset of gold oxide formation. This study has been performed in electrolyte solutions including potassium chloride, sodium nitrate and sodium perchlorate. Scanning electron microscopy images have been used for ligament and pore size analysis. We examine the modifications of NPG due to annealing using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry and offer a comparison of the surface coverage using the gold oxide stripping method as well as the method in which electrochemically accessible surface area is determined by using a diffusing redox probe. The effect of additives adsorbed on the NPG surface when subjected to annealing in different electrolytes as well as the subsequent structural changes in NPG are also reported. The effect of the annealing process on the application of NPG as a substrate for glucose electro-oxidation is briefly examined.
A Proline Residue in the α-Helical Rod Domain of Type I Keratin 16 Destabilizes Keratin Heterotetramers

The type I keratins 14 (K14) and 16 (K16) are distinct in their assembly properties and their expression pattern despite a high degree of sequence identity. Understanding K16 function and regulation is of interest, given its strong induction in keratinocytes located at the wound edge after injury to stratified epithelia. We reported previously that, compared with K14, K16 forms unstable heterotetramers with either K5 or K6 as the type II keratin pairing partner (Paladini, R. D., Takahashi, K., Bravo, N. S., and Coulombe, P. A. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 381-397). We show here that yet another related type I keratin, K17, forms stable heterotetramers with a variety of type II keratins, further accentuating the unique nature of K16. Analysis of chimeric K14-K16 proteins in a heterotetramer formation assay indicated that the instability determinant resides in a 220-amino acid segment within the alpha-helical rod domain of K16. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Pro188, an amino acid residue located in subdomain 1B of the rod, accounts quantitatively for the instability of K16-containing heterotetramers under denaturing conditions. In vitro polymerization studies suggest that the presence of Pro188 correlates with a reduction in assembly efficiency. In addition to their implications for the stable conformation of the keratin heterotetramers, these findings suggest that the tetramer-forming properties of K16 may influence its partitioning between the soluble and polymer pools, and hence contribute to its regulation in epithelial cells under resting and wound repair conditions.
Anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in ob/ob mice.

Summary In this study, we evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of a polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in diabetic ob/ob mice. All animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of polysaccharides at 150 mg/kg body wt. (n = 5), polysaccharides at 50 mg/kg body wt. (n = 5), or vehicle (n = 5) for 10 consecutive days. On Day 5, as compared to the vehicle-treated mice (230.5 ± 13.5 mg/dl, mean ±S.E), mice from both treated groups showed significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels (187.4 ± 20.5 mg/dl and 187.4 ± 17.1 mg/dl), respectively (both P P P ob/ob mice treated with vehicle did not, however, show significant changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Data from the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed that, compared to Day 0, there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in animals who received the 50 and 150 mg/kg polysaccharide doses, and the area under the curve (AUC) decreased 15.5% ( P P ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract has a potential clinical utility in treating diabetic patients.
Activation of lamina I spinal cord neurons that express the substance P receptor in visceral nociception and hyperalgesia.

Abstract Spinal lamina I neurons expressing the substance P receptor (SPR) have been shown to play a role in the transmission of somatic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. To evaluate their involvement in visceral nociception in both the noninflamed and inflamed colon, we examined the expression and ligand-induced internalization of the SPR in the rat spinal cord after distention of the noninflamed colon and in rats with inflammation induced by intracolonic instillation of zymosan (3 hours). In the noninflamed animal, acute noxious but not non-noxious colorectal distention induced SPR internalization in lamina I neurons at the thoracolumbar (T13) and lumbosacral (S1) spinal levels, whereas SPR internalization was not detected in lamina I neurons at spinal lumbar segment L4. Although zymosan-induced colorectal inflammation alone did not induce SPR internalization in lamina I neurons, there was an increased number of SPR-expressing lamina I neurons showing SPR internalization in segments T12 through S2 of the spinal cord after colorectal distention. These results show that acute noxious visceral stimuli induce activation of spinal lamina I neurons expressing the SPR and, that after visceral inflammation, there is a marked increase in both the number and rostrocaudal extent of lamina I SPR neurons activated in response to both normally non-noxious and noxious distention of the colon. © 2002 by the American Pain Society
JPALS Visualization Tool

This paper describes a visualization system for the Joint Precision Aircraft Landing System (JPALS) that integrates remote sensor data with well-known databases of terrain imagery, elevation, and surveyed aviation locations. This visualization system allows teams of research engineers and managers to collaborate in real-time, during test flights, in a distributed fashion. Each user interacts with their own copy of the virtual world, updated constantly in real-time, to manipulate and investigate in a fashion that best accomplishes their own specific task. This allows the entire team to collaborate simultaneously, which mitigates the common latency associated with team members performing offline tasks, such as inspecting log files or verifying MatLab plots. Test flights utilizing our visualization system have shown that it enabled the research team to make decisions on the fly, such as changing the antenna type and placement, and also allowed post-flight analysis and prediction of desirable changes. It could, for instance, predict optimal antenna placement for a given flight path. This can save a project the large expense of performing additional test flights if analysis had been performed offline between flights. Since our system is GPS based, it can be used as an alternate truth system to validate traditional instrument approach and landing systems. The recording and playback features of our visualization can also be used as a teaching aid in flight training for both pilots and air traffic controllers.
Total synthesis of N-nornitidine

Abstract The benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid, N-nornitidine has been synthesized employing a benzyne-vinyl isocyanate cycloaddition as the key transformation.
Finite Element Analysis of Electromigration and Stress Induced Diffusion in Deformable Solids

With a view to analyzing failure mechanisms in interconnects, we have developed a finite element method that may be used to compute the effects of diffusion and deformation in an electrically conducting, deformable solid. The analysis accounts for large changes in the shape of the solid due to surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, and elastic or inelastic deformation within the grains. To illustrate the capabilities of the method, we have analyzed void migration and collapse due to current induced surface diffusion; the drift of a strip of conducting solid on a substrate; and have calculated intergranular stresses and plastic deformation induced by electromigration in a passivated, polycrystalline interconnect line.
Molecular mechanisms of resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant lung adenocarcinomas

The discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has allowed the identification of a subset of patients whose tumours are exquisitely sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Despite the efficacy and superiority of EGFR TKIs over chemotherapy as first-line therapy, all patients will ultimately develop progressive disease, with a median of 9-13 months progression-free survival. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to EGFR TKIs can help design new drugs and therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. This has been illustrated by the new generation TKIs that are effective on the T790M mutation, which is the most frequent mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. In this article, we will address the main molecular mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs in EGFR-mutant NSCLC.
Implementing Organizational Changes to Promote Healthful Diet and Physical Activity at School

Diet and physical activity patterns appear to be learned at early ages, suggesting the need for school-based intervention. The potential of schools to improve children's diet and physical activity has been offset by countervailing school environments. In the first year of the "Go For Health" health promotion project, organizational change innovations were implemented to facilitate changes in school lunch, physical educa tion, and classroom health education in support of healthful student diet and physical activity. At first follow-up after one year of intervention, the amount of sodium in selected foods served in school lunch was reduced from baseline (1985) to year one (1986) in the experimental schools by 29 and 33%, respectively, and fat was reduced by 28 and 42%, respectively. At first follow-up, students in the experimental schools participated in fitness activities 44.1 and 38.0% of the time, compared with 19.5 and 22.7% in the control schools.
Reliability of satellite data sets.

In their Report “Influence of satellite data uncertainties on the detection of externally forced climate change” (23 May, p. [1280][1]), B. D. Santer et al. compare climate model output of atmospheric-layer temperature changes since 1978 with satellite-based data sets from Remote Sensing Systems
Near-infrared lipophilic fluorophores for tracing tissue growth

Longitudinal monitoring of cell migration, division and differentiation is of paramount importance in cell-based medical treatment. However, currently available optical techniques for tracing cell growth and tissue development are limited in applications due to genetic modification, toxicity and inaccurate detection when utilizing the visible spectrum. We have developed lipophilic near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores with high optical properties and a low background signal that allows longitudinal monitoring of cell proliferation and differentiation. Intracellular labeling efficacy was highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of fluorophores such as lipophilicity, charge, polar surface area and rotational bonds. Among the series of NIR cyanine fluorophores, ESNF 13 showed high solubility in aqueous buffer, high membrane penetration, low cytotoxicity and a long-term signal maintainability with a high signal intensity. This study will guide tissue engineers in designing long-term cell trafficking agents with better physicochemical and optical properties.
Relationship of Age to Impulsivity and Decision Making: A Baseline Secondary Analysis of a Behavioral Treatment Study in Stimulant Use Disorders

Because stimulant use disorders remain prevalent across the lifespan, cognition is an important area of clinical care and research focus among aging adults with stimulant use disorders. This secondary analysis of a National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network study suggests that decision making, verbal learning/memory, executive function, and set shifting are important cognitive domains to screen clinically and treat in aging adults with stimulant use disorders. Some suggestions are made on how clinical treatment providers can practically use these results. An important direction for future research is the development of cognitively remediating treatments for impaired cognitive domains in aging adults with stimulant use disorders.
BOARDING SCHOOL LIFE AT THE KIOWA-COMANCHE AGENCY, 1893–1920

(1996). Boarding School Life at the Kiowa‐Comanche Agency, 1893–1920. The Historian: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 777-793.
THE KBM DERIVATIVE EXPANSION METHOD IS EQUIVALENT TO THE MULTIPLE-TIME-SCALES METHOD

Abstract Several perturbation methods are commonly used to predict the free and forced response of weakly non-linear oscillators. The Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky (KBM) and multiple-time-scales (MTS) methods use expansions of dependent variables, ordinary time derivatives, and some system parameters to convert the equations of motion into a set of first order differential equations. Each of these equations represents the slow time modulations of the amplitude and phase of the zeroth order solution(s). In this paper, a simple correspondence between the expansions of ordinary time derivatives employed in these two methods is used to show that, except for notation, these two methods are identical in the sense that to any order of approximation these two methods will provide identical results when they use the same parameter expansions and identical additional constraints. The KBM method attempts to reduce unneeded algebraic calculations by tailoring the derivative expansions to the simplest applicable form. This, however, requires some experience or a trial and error approach to establish the intermediate expansion variables and the implicit and explicit dependence of perturbation solutions on the different time scales. This relation depends not only on the problem at hand but also on the parameter expansions used in the solution procedure. By using the most general expansion for the time derivatives, the MTS method establishes this dependence as a part of the analysis. In this method, the algebraic details are hidden by using a compact derivative operator type notation. However, these operators do not commute in general.
Face Off: The Ironic, The Irenic and the Face Between

The formation of a school, whether feminist, critical, Marxist or other involves the establishment of a doctrine – literally a teaching – and a group of students or followers – the disciples who form the discipline. No doctrine without disciples has been the history of the schools and the formative principle of academic movements. They exist in the end to convert their students, old to young, male to female, female to male, or female to female, or any other possible combination of orientations. And conversion implies orthodoxy, institutionalization and hierarchy or at least a relation to hieros and hierarchy. This paper examines these themes in terms of the specific example of feminist legal studies and a curious recent discursive event, a polemical exchange on the identity of the movement, the face of feminist legal studies, as viewed through a eulogy and a challenge to that praise.
Understanding Ras: ‘it ain’t over ’til it’s over’

Since 1982, Ras has been the subject of intense research scrutiny, focused on determining the role of aberrant Ras function in human cancers and defining the mechanism by which Ras mediates its actions in normal and neoplastic cells. The long-term goal has been to develop antagonists of Ras as novel approaches for cancer treatment. Although impressive strides have been made in these endeavours, and our knowledge of Ras is quite extensive, it appears that we are at the beginning, rather than at the end, of fully understanding Ras function. This review highlights new issues that have further complicated our efforts to understand Ras.
Visual attention in preschool children prenatally exposed to cocaine: implications for behavioral regulation.

The presence of cocaine during the prenatal period disrupts the development of neural systems involved in mediating visual attention; therefore, it is possible that prenatal cocaine exposure results in impairments in visual attention in early childhood. In the current study we hypothesized that preschool children with prenatal cocaine exposure would exhibit difficulties in the disengagement operation of visual attention and in sustaining attention, particularly for targets presented in the right visual field. Fourteen cocaine-exposed children and 20 control children between 14 and 60 months of age were assessed on measures of visual attention, cognition, and behavior. Cocaine-exposed children had slower reaction times on disengagement trials in the second half of our attention task, supporting our hypotheses that impairments in disengagement and sustained attention are associated with prenatal cocaine exposure. There was a trend for slower reaction times to targets presented in the right visual field, but not to targets presented in the left visual field. Cocaine-exposed children also exhibited greater difficulties in behavioral regulation. Overall, our findings suggest that children with prenatal cocaine exposure demonstrate specific impairments in visual attention and behavioral regulation. ( JINS , 2002, 8 , 12–21.)
Low temperature seed germination of Lycopersicon species evaluated by survival analysis.

Low temperature germination responses were evaluated for 18 high altitude accessions representing five wild Lycopersicon species and 19 accessions of L. esculentum which have reputed ability to germinate in the cold. Survival analysis indicated that one accession of L. chilense germinates better at 10°C than PI 120256, the fastest-germinating L. esculentum genotype, and that PI 120256 germinates as well as PI 126435 (L. peruvianum). Additional wild ecotypes exhibiting rapid germination at 10°C were identified from L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum. These ecotypes may possess genetic potential for introgressing cold germination ability into L. esculentum cultivars.
Solvent–solute interactions by quantum-mechanical and statistical mechanical simulations

Abstract Quantum-mechanical computations are used to obtain the interaction potentials (two-body, three-body and many-body) between solute–solvent, and between solute–solute for multi-solute, one-solvent systems. Statistical mechanics simulations are used to obtain the structure and energy-related parameters of the solute–solvent system at a given temperature. This methodology is applied to a vast number of problems, like the structure of water around DNA, RNA and enzymes, ionic solutions, etc . The comparison between simulated and experimental data indicates the need to include temperature parameters, the reaction field, and many-body corrections in order to obtain realistic simulations of quantitative predictive value.
Committee on Solar and Space Physics

The Space Science Board (SSB) of the National Research Council was established in 1958 (just before the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)) to provide policy advice to the space agency on the conduct of space science. The board discharges this function through several committees composed of working scientists in each area of space science who work closely with NASA personnel to develop plans for future space research. One such committee is the Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP), whose purview ranges from the sun through the interplanetary medium and the magnetospheres, ionospheres, and upper atmospheres of the earth, the planets, and comets. I have had the privilege of serving as chairman of the CSSP from 1983 through 1986, and along with my 18 colleagues, I did my best to represent Solar and Space Physics and the concerns of the community to our colleagues in other disciplines, to NASA, to other agencies of the federal government, and to Congress.
Spherical agglomerates of water-insoluble drugs

Abstract Spherical pellets of poorly soluble drugs (micronized grise-ofulvin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, sulfadiazine, or tolbutamide) were prepared by dispersing each drug in solutions of the ionic polysaccharides chitosan or sodium alginate, and then dropping these dispersions into solutions of the respective counterions tripolyphosphate or calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ). The droplets instantaneously formed gelled spheres by ionotropic gelation. Strong spherical beads with a narrow particle size distribution and low friability could be prepared with high yield and a drug content approaching 98%. The flow properties of micronized or needle-like drug crystals were significantly improved by this agglomeration technique when compared with nonagglomerated drug crystals. The ionic character of the polymers resulted in pH-dependent disintegration of the beads. Chitosan beads disintegrated in 0.1M HCl, while calcium alginate beads stayed intact in 0.1 M HCl but rapidly disintegrated in simulated intestinal fluids. In addition to scanning electron microscopy, dissolution and disintegration tests were used to characterize the drug pellets.
Expanding the bactericidal action of the food color additive phloxine B to gram-negative bacteria

Phloxine B (D&C red no. 28) is a color additive for food, drugs, and cosmetics. It has been previously shown to have anti-Staphylococcus aureus activities. In this work, the effect of Phloxine B on various gram-negative bacteria and other gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus aureus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Shigella was studied, along with the mechanism of anti-microbial activity. In the presence of fluorescent light, the viable count for gram-positive bacteria, (Bacillus spp. and S. aureus) decreased in a dose and time dependent manner when incubated with Phloxine B. The viability of gram-positive bacteria was reduced by 99.99% in 40 min, while there was no effect on gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella choleraesuis, E. coli and Shigella flexneri). However, the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) expands the spectrum of activity for Phloxine B to include gram-negative bacteria. EDTA increased membrane-permeability by releasing lipopolysaccharide. Overall, in an Agar diffusion test the light-dependent bactericidal activity of 1 μg of Phloxine B had a potency of 0.64 units of chloramphenicol and 0.5 units of tetracycline when tested on B. cereus, and had a potency of 0.7 units of chloramphenicol and 0.2 units of tetracycline when tested on S. aureus. The data suggest that the dye may have some potential anti-microbial applications.
Meeting performance goals with the HP-UX workload manager

The HP-UX Workload Manager helps workloads meet user-specified performance goals by dynamically adjusting their access to resources such as CPU. We implemented this workload manager as a part of a feedback control system, using existing resource control and performance instrumentation infrastructure.
Ischemic response to sudden strenuous exercise in healthy men.

In ten healthy, asymptomatic men, intra-arterial pressure and electrocardiograms were recorded during various types of exercise. Potential subendocardial blood flow was estimated from a diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) and myocardial oxygen requirements estimated from the tension time index (TTI). The ratio DPTI/TTI provided an estimate of the supply/demand relationship With sudden vigorous exercise without warm-up, the DPTI/TTI was below 0.35 in three men who had ischemic electrocardiograms, below 0.44 in three men with minor ST abnormalities, and above 0.44 in four men with normal ST segments. With a prior warm-up exercise, sudden exercise caused no ischemic changes, but DPTI/TTI was below 0.44 in two subjects who had minor ST abnormalities. Maximum treadmill testing produced higher heart rates and TTI than did sudden exercise, but DPTI/TTI was above 0.44 in all cases and no ST abnormalities occurred. Abnormal electrocardiographic responses produced by sudden, vigorous exercise in normal men may rep...
Gender in the Formation of a Communist Body Politic

The founders of the Chinese Communist Party in the early 1920s were commritted to the revolutionary questioning of many aspects of their own culture, including male-female relations, the patriarchal family structure, and the social and legal status of women. However, at the same time that they formulated a radical program on gender transformation that challenged the dominant culture, they reproduced and reinscribed central aspects of the existing gender system from the larger society within their own revolutionary party organization. This contradiction was further mirrored in the radical egalitarian fashion in which male Communists conducted their personal lives, while at the same time replicating certain traditional aspects of gender hierarchy. As a result, during the 1920s a patriarchal gender system was constructed in the body politic of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that proved to be of an enduring nature. Consolidated during the course of the revolution, it became entrenched in the organs of political power of the Communist state after 1949, and is still in operation today. This article explores the process through which patriarchy was established in the institutional power structures of the CCP in its formative years.' Through an examination of the development of the Party's ideological position on women's issues, the politicalization of women, the processes through which leaders gained power and legit-
Growing Support for Gay and Lesbian Equality Since 1990

Since 1991, public acceptance of gays and lesbians has grown dramatically. We use two approaches to examine changing attitudes in U.S. survey data. First, we conduct cohort analyses showing that both generational replacement and period effects are having impacts. Since 1991, older, less accepting generations of Americans have been dying and being replaced by younger, more tolerant Americans, and all age groups have been becoming more tolerant. Second, we pool cross-sectional, time series survey data to show that there has been a broad, dramatic increase in virtually every group's acceptance of gays and lesbians over time.
Tuning System for Capacitively Loaded 1/4 Accelerating Cavity

The Brookhaven National Laboratory NSLS X-ray and VUV rings currently use capacitively loaded lambda/4 Rf accelerating cavities. These cavities are manufactured from copper clad plate steel and require a tuning system with a considerable range. Three separate tuning systems are provided, each having its own specific problems and interactions occur between the three systems. A single capactive tuning system is proposed which will vary the capacitance loading of the cavity directly. The system employs a vacuum balance mechanically driven diaphragm. The control system allows 6 mm of motion at a maximum slewing rate of 1.0 mm per sec. and yeilds a dynamic tuning range of 480 KHz. Design and fabrication details will be presented together with early testing and operating experience.
The Vast Majority Of Medicare Part D Beneficiaries Still Don’t Choose The Cheapest Plans That Meet Their Medication Needs

When the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit began in 2006, a primary concern for some policy makers was whether seniors would be able to make smart choices from among the dozens of competing plans. Using 2009 Part D data, we found that only 5.2 percent of beneficiaries chose the cheapest plan. Nationwide, beneficiaries on average spent $368 more annually than they would have spent had they purchased the cheapest plan available in their region, given their medication needs. More than a fifth of beneficiaries spent at least $500 a year more than they needed to. Beneficiaries often overprotected themselves by paying higher premiums for plan features that they did not need, such as generic drug coverage in the coverage gap. Our findings suggest that beneficiaries need more targeted assistance from the government to help them choose plans, such as customized communications about the most cost-effective plans that would cover their medication needs.
Determination of ammonium uptake and regeneration rates using the seawater dilution method

We have developed a method for the determination of ammonium uptake and regeneration rates applying the principle of the seawater dilution technique. The method is based on the separation of uptake and regeneration processes in the dilution series. A model is used to estimate ammonium uptake and regeneration rates simultaneously, in addition to phytoplankton growth and grazing rates. The method was applied to dilution experiments conducted during a two-year study of the upwelling region off Oregon, USA. Ammonium uptake and regeneration rates determined with our method ranged from 0.5 to 3 μmol l-1d-1 and from 0.2 to 2.9 μmol l-1d-1, respectively. These values agree well with those from other studies applying 15N tracer techniques in the same or similar environments. We found a close coupling between ammonium uptake and regeneration, and a strong relationship between ammonium regeneration and grazing rates. In addition, the nutritional status of the phytoplankton community could be assessed by comparing instantaneous ammonium uptake rates with the specific phytoplankton growth rates. Using the dilution technique to determine ammonium uptake and regeneration rates of the plankton community is a promising alternative to the application of tracer techniques conventionally used to determine these rates.
The interior-point revolution in optimization: History, recent developments, and lasting consequences

Interior methods are a pervasive feature of the optimization landscape today, but it was not always so. Although interior-point techniques, primarily in the form of barrier methods, were widely used during the 1960s for problems with nonlinear constraints, their use for the fundamental problem of linear programming was unthinkable because of the total dominance of the simplex method. During the 1970s, barrier methods were superseded, nearly to the point of oblivion, by newly emerging and seemingly more efficient alternatives such as augmented Lagrangian and sequential quadratic programming methods. By the early 1980s, barrier methods were almost universally regarded as a closed chapter in the history of optimization. This picture changed dramatically in 1984, when Narendra Karmarkar announced a fast polynomial-time interior method for linear programming; in 1985, a formal connection was established between his method and classical barrier methods. Since then, interior methods have continued to transform both the theory and practice of constrained optimization. We present a condensed, unavoidably incomplete look at classical material and recent research about interior methods.
Controlling dipole-dipole frequency shifts in a lattice-based optical atomic clock

Motivated by the ideas of using cold alkaline-earth atoms trapped in an optical lattice for realization of optical atomic clocks, we investigate theoretically the perturbative effects of atom-atom interactions on a clock transition frequency. These interactions are mediated by the dipole fields associated with the optically excited atoms. We predict resonancelike features in the frequency shifts when constructive interference among atomic dipoles occur. We theoretically demonstrate that by fine tuning the coherent dipole-dipole couplings in appropriately designed lattice geometries, the undesirable frequency shifts can be greatly suppressed.