cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conical Intersections in Solution: A QM/MM Study Using Floating Occupation Semiempirical Configuration Interaction Wave Functions

We describe a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method implemented in the context of floating-occupation molecular orbital semiempirical configuration interaction wave functions. The QM/MM approximation is compared to a fully QM treatment, emphasizing its accuracy with respect to features important to photochemical mechanisms such as conical intersection geometries and topography. The methodology we describe allows the location and characterization of solution-phase conical intersections for the first time. This is demonstrated explicitly by application to several biologically relevant chromophores solvated in clusters of up to 150 water molecules. The effect of solvation on the photochemical energy landscapes of these molecules is investigated, and we note a tendency for conical intersections to become absolute excited state minima upon hydration.
Bmx is a downstream Rap1 effector in VEGF-induced endothelial cell activation

We had previously shown that Rap1 mediates certain of the signaling pathways involved in VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration, although the downstream Rap1 effectors are not known. Towards the goal of identifying those effectors, we utilized a commercially available antibody array filter to identify proteins that either directly interact with Rap1 or interact indirectly through a multi-protein complex. The protocol identified 10 possible Rap1-interacting proteins, including the Bmx non-receptor tyrosine kinase. The conclusion that VEGF treatment leads to a Rap1/Bmx complex was confirmed by an experiment in which cell lysates from VEGF and control cells were immunoprecipitated with Bmx antibodies and Western blotting was done using anti-Rap1 antibodies. VEGF treatment led to the recruitment of Bmx to the CAS scaffolding protein, and inhibition of the Bmx kinase blocked VEGF-induced cell migration. Formation of a Rap1/Bmx complex was not observed in cells transfected with an expression vector for a dominant-negative Rap1, indicating that Bmx is a downstream Rap1 effector in VEGF-induced endothelial cell activation.
Sequential radionuclide angiographic assessment of left and right ventricular performance and quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy following acute myocardial infarction

Sequential changes in radionuclide angiographic measurement of left and right ventricular performance and quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy were studied in 20 patients sustaining their first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The studies were performed on the average 29.4 hours and 9.4 days after hospital admission. Anterior infarction had greater impairment of left ventricular (LV) performance in terms of ejection fraction and percentage of abnormal contraction area in addition to larger thallium-201 perfusion defects. At the time of the late study evidence of thallium-201 perfusion of infarcted area was seen in 14 of 20 patients, five of whom demonstrated improvement of regional wall motion. The remaining patients in the reperfused group and all of the patients in the nonperfused group failed to show evidence of LV functional improvement. This study indicates that reperfusion as measured by thallium-201 scintigraphy does occur spontaneously in 70% of patients with AMI and only in those patients with established reperfusion is there any potential for improvement in LV performance.
Biology and population dynamics of the intertidal isopod Cirolana harfordi

The distribution of Cirolana harfordi (Lockington) populations is determined largely by the availability of loose boulders on sandy beaches. The isopods swim out from under the rocks at high tide to feed. Their diet consists primarily of minute polychaetes and crustaceans. In addition, the isopods locate and utilize any available dead animal matter in the surf zone. Breeding occurs throughout most of the year, except for a brief lull in the fall. Females produce 1 or 2 broods of 18 to 68 young during their 2-year life-span. Marsupial incubation lasts 3 to 4 months. The population size and structure remained relatively constant from one year to the next. Mortality rates estimated for juveniles, males and females showed that newly emergent young and post-reproductive females suffer the greatest losses (up to 75% mortality per month).
Simultaneous Optimization of Supervisory Control and Gear Shift Logic for a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Refuse Truck Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming

The power management controller of a hybrid vehicle orchestrates the operation of onboard energy sources, namely engine and auxiliary power source with the goal of maximizing performance objectives such as the fuel economy. The paper focuses on optimization of the power management strategy of the refuse truck with parallel hydraulic hybrid powertrain. The high power density of hydraulic components and high charging/discharging efficiency of accumulator with no power constraint make hydraulic hybrid an excellent choice for heavy-duty stop and go application. Two power management strategies for a parallel hydraulic hybrid refuse truck are compared; heuristic and stochastic dynamic programming based optimal controller. For designing a SDP based controller, an infinite horizon problem is setup with power demand from driver modeled as random Markov process. The objective is to maximize system level efficiency by optimizing (i) the power split between engine and hydraulic propulsion unit, and (ii) gear shift schedule. This combines the optimization of powertrain parameters with power management design.© 2011 ASME
EFFECT OF BAKING ON THE FORMS OF IRON IN IRON‐ENRICHED FLOUR

The effects of baking processes on the chemical forms of iron were investigated. Various iron enrichment sources were shown to exist initially in distinct chemical forms. These sources were then added to flour and baked as biscuits, and the resulting distribution of iron forms, or “iron profile,” measured. The baking generated large amounts of insoluble iron, independent of the identity of the iron source added. Thus the large differences found between iron sources prior to baking had vanished in the final product. Similar iron profiles were shown to exist in commercial samples of flour and bread.
Physicochemical factors affecting β-adrenergic antagonist permeation across cultured hamster pouch buccal epithelium

Abstract Physicochemical factors affecting β-adrenergic antagonist permeation across an in vitro buccal epithelium model were characterized. The model consisted of primary cultures of hamster pouch buccal epithelium (CHPBE) grown on collagen-coated polycarbonate filters (3.0 μm) and placed in a side-by-side diffusion apparatus. The time, temperature, and pH dependence of the transepithelial flux of selected β-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol, alprenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and atenolol) was followed and quantitated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Results indicate that permeation of these substances across CHPBE is dependent on, and enhanced by, higher apparent octanol/buffer distribution coefficients. The influence of increasing buffer pH was observed as an enhancement of propranolol and atenolol permeation across the tissue. In contrast, increasing buffer pH did not substantially alter the permeation of a unionizable substance, sucrose, across CHPBE. In other experiments, the temperature dependence for alprenolol and atenolol permeation across the cultured epithelium was determined. Calculated activation energies were consistent with literature values for substances crossing biomembranes by a passive mechanism. The collective findings of this study were consistent with the reported permeability and absorption characteristics of β-adrenergic antagonists observed for buccal epithelium in vivo and in other tissues. This study provides a demonstration of the utility of primary cultures of hamster buccal epithelium as a useful in vitro model for characterizing physiochemical factors affecting drug delivery by the buccal route.
Rotational energy transfer and LIF temperature measurements

Abstract In a previous study, OH molecules in the burnt gases of a CH 4 /air flame were excited to a single v ′, J ′ level using a laser, and the resulting fluorescence spectra were measured. It was found that the electronically excited OH did not rotationally thermalize before radiating, and it was postulated that this could cause significant systematic errors in rotational temperatures deduced from excitation scans. We here report excitation scans showing quantitative agreement with the results of a model based on the independent information from those earlier rotational population distributions. Errors of several hundred degrees can result using a typical detector bandpass configuration.
Autonomous reovirus strain classification using filament-coupled antibodies.

We previously described a filament-based antibody recognition assay (FARA) that generates ELISA-like sandwich structures immobilized on a filament. FARA allows the coupling of antibodies to precise locations along a filament, on-line fluorescence detection of captured pathogen, and feedback-directed filament motion. These properties suggest that this approach might be useful as an automated means to rapidly classify unknown pathogens. In this report, we describe validation of the novel decision tree aspect of this technology using mammalian reovirus. Based on available antibodies, we developed a decision tree algorithm to detect virus with increasing specificity at each level of the tree. Using three strains of reovirus and a bacteriophage control, our system correctly classified the reovirus strains at a concentration of 2 × 1012 virions ml−1 and M13K07 phage at 3 × 1011 virions ml−1. Classification of reovirus strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) required three levels of testing: general reovirus classification in level 1, serotype 3 classification in level 2, and final T3D strain classification in level 3. Strain T3SA + also required three levels of testing before a final classification was returned in level 3. Classification of strain type 1 Lang (T1L) required two levels of testing. M13K07 phage detection required only one level of testing for classification. These results indicate that automated pathogen classification using FARA is feasible. Furthermore, the simplicity of the design could be exploited for development of more complex sub-classification networks with additional levels and branches.
Construct Validity of the Iowa Gambling Task

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was created to assess real-world decision making in a laboratory setting and has been applied to various clinical populations (i.e., substance abuse, schizophrenia, pathological gamblers) outside those with orbitofrontal cortex damage, for whom it was originally developed. The current review provides a critical examination of lesion, functional neuroimaging, developmental, and clinical studies in order to examine the construct validity of the IGT. The preponderance of evidence provides support for the use of the IGT to detect decision making deficits in clinical populations, in the context of a more comprehensive evaluation. The review includes a discussion of three critical issues affecting the validity of the IGT, as it has recently become available as a clinical instrument: the lack of a concise definition as to what aspect of decision making the IGT measures, the lack of data regarding reliability of the IGT, and the influence of personality and state mood on IGT performance.
Locating Longitudinal Respondents After a 50-Year Hiatus

Many longitudinal and follow-up studies face a common challenge: locating study participants. This study examines the extent to which a geographically dispersed subsample of participants can be relocated after 37 to 51 years of noncontact. Relying mostly on commercially available databases and administrative records, the 2011– 12 Project Talent Follow-up Pilot Study (PTPS12) located nearly 85 percent of the original sample members, many of whom had not participated in the study since 1960. This study uses data collected in the base year to examine which subpopulations were the hardest to find after this extended hiatus. The results indicate that females were located at significantly lower rates than males. As expected, sample members with lower cognitive abilities were among the hardest-to-reach subpopulations. We next evaluate the extent to which biases introduced during the tracking phase can be minimized by using the multivariate chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) technique to calculate tracking loss adjustments. Unlike a 1995 study that found that these adjustments reduced statistical biases among its sample of located females, our results suggest that statistical adjustments were not as effective in PTPS12, where many participants had not been contacted in nearly 50 years and the tracking rates varied so greatly across subgroups.
Another look at the gauged Wess-Zumino effective action☆

Abstract A compact form for the gauged Wess-Zumino effective action is found. The brevity of the result is due to the use of vector and axial fields, rather than left- and right-handed fields. The method used is in the spirit of Zumino's differential geometric approach.
Characterization of lipid oxidation products in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Abstract The oxidative stability of lipids in processed quinoa was investigated in this study. Ground quinoa was subjected to accelerated aging for 30 days at 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C. Three samples were removed from each temperature treatment every 3 days. Free fatty acids, conjugated diene hydroperoxides, and hexanal were used as indicators of lipid oxidation. Storage time and temperature had significant effects ( p ⩽ 0.05) on all three parameters, while the interaction between storage time and temperature was not significant for conjugated diene hydroperoxides produced. The results from these tests suggest that quinoa lipids are stable for the period of time studied. With vitamin E as a naturally antioxidant occurring abundantly in quinoa, the potential for quinoa to be a new oilseed could be enhanced. This study provided some preliminary information on the oxidative stability of quinoa.
Facing Ethics: Narrative and Recognition from George Eliot to Judith Butler

In The Burdens of Perfection, Andrew H. Miller suggests that we miss something very important about nineteenth-century fiction if we preemptively equate its ethical claims with a dusty moralism—as ...
Solitary metastasis of systemic malignant lymphoma to the cerebellopontine angle

Systemic malignant lymphoma rarely produces solitary metastasis to the brain. We report such a case in the cerebellopontine (CP) angle mimicking an acoustic neurinoma. CT scan showed a large, round mass in the CP angle which enhanced homogeneously following contrast infusion. The internal auditory meatus appeared to be eroded. The clinical, radiological, and pathological findings are presented.
Availability to peer group treatment in residential care as a function of relational ethics

Forty-five adolescent boys from abusive and depriving homes were not doing well in positive peer culture residential care. Despite their backgrounds, given a modified form of the Relational Ethics Scale, they indicated that their relational life with their families of origin was trustworthy, fair, and worthy of continued devotion. In contrast, on the Firo-B these same boys demonstrated distrust of others outside of their families and an unwillingness to get involved. These results support the inference from contextual family theory that peer group interventions cannot bypass identification and resolution of the injustices that took place in the family of origin.
Communication: Towards first principles theory of relaxation in supercooled liquids formulated in terms of cooperative motion.

A general theory of the long time, low temperature dynamics of glass-forming fluids remains elusive despite the almost 20 years since the famous pronouncement by the Nobel Laureate P. W. Anderson, “The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the theory of the nature of glass and the glass transition” [Science 267, 1615 (1995)]. While recent work indicates that Adam-Gibbs theory (AGT) provides a framework for computing the structural relaxation time of supercooled fluids and for analyzing the properties of the cooperatively rearranging dynamical strings observed in low temperature molecular dynamics simulations, the heuristic nature of AGT has impeded general acceptance due to the lack of a first principles derivation [G. Adam and J. H. Gibbs, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 139 (1965)]. This deficiency is rectified here by a statistical mechanical derivation of AGT that uses transition state theory and the assumption that the transition state is composed of elementary excitation...
Hypoxia: a window into Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency.

Summary Tuberculosis is a massive public health problem on a global scale and the success of Myco- bacterium tuberculosis is linked to its ability to persist within humans for long periods without causing any overt disease symptoms. Hypoxia is predicted to be a key host-induced stress limiting growth of the pathogen in vivo. However, multiple studies in vitro and in vivo indicate that M. tuber- culosis adapts to oxygen limitation by entering into a metabolically altered state, while awaiting the opportunity to reactivate. Molecular signa- tures of bacteria adapted to hypoxia in vitro are accumulating, although correlations to human disease are only now being established. Similarly, defining the mechanisms that control this adapta- tion is an active area of research. In this review we discuss the historical precedents linking hypoxia and latency, and the gathering knowledge of M. tuberculosis hypoxic responses. We also examine the role of these responses in tuber- culosis latency, and identify promising avenues for future studies. Few infectious diseases in history have had the intimate, long-term association with humans and the profound global impact of tuberculosis (TB). Paleological evidence suggesting TB infections dates back to the Neolithic Age, and reports of a disease very much like TB are found in the writings of the ancient Hindus and Greeks (Herzog, 1998). Hippocrates apparently went so far as to warn other physicians against treating advanced cases, lest the ensuing death of the patient mar the physician's reputa- tion (Herzog, 1998) and even a cursory glance at global health today makes clear that TB remains one of human- kind's most pernicious afflictions. At present, roughly four people in the world die of TB every minute. With about nine million new cases of active disease and 1.7 million deaths annually (Dye and Uplekar, 2008), TB is a global health emergency of massive proportions. The great brunt of the disease falls on the developing world. However, synergy with the AIDS epidemic (Corbett et al., 2003; Dye and Uplekar, 2008), emigration from TB-endemic coun- tries (Raviglione, 2003) and the recent surge of multidrug- resistant cases (Dye and Uplekar, 2008) insure that TB remains a top public health priority in the developed world as well. The need for improved understanding of TB and the factors that promote its survival and spread has never been more urgent.
POSTSYNAPTIC PKA CONTROLS QUANTAL SIZE AND REVEALS A RETROGRADE SIGNAL THAT REGULATES PRESYNAPTIC TRANSMITTER RELEASE IN DROSOPHILA

Two distinct mechanisms regulate synaptic efficacy at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ): a PKA-dependent modulation of quantal size and a retrograde regulation of presynaptic release. Postsynaptic expression of a constitutively active PKA catalytic subunit decreases quantal size, whereas overexpression of a mutant PKA regulatory subunit (inhibiting PKA activity) increases quantal size. Increased PKA activity also decreases the response to direct iontophoresis of glutamate onto postsynaptic receptors. The PKA-dependent modulation of quantal size requires the presence of the muscle-specific glutamate receptor DGluRIIA, since PKA-dependent modulation of quantal size is lost in homozygous viable DGluRIIA- mutants. Furthermore, elevated postsynaptic PKA reduces the quantal amplitude and the time constant of miniature excitatory junctional potential (mEJP) decay to values that are nearly identical to those observed in DGluRIIA mutants. The PKA-dependent reduction in quantal size is accompanied developmentally by an increase in presynaptic quantal content, indicating the presence of a retrograde signal that regulates presynaptic release.
Model and measurements of linear mixing in thermal IR ground leaving radiance spectra

Hyperspectral thermal IR remote sensing is an effective tool for the detection and identification of gas plumes and solid materials. Virtually all remotely sensed thermal IR pixels are mixtures of different materials and temperatures. As sensors improve and hyperspectral thermal IR remote sensing becomes more quantitative, the concept of homogeneous pixels becomes inadequate. The contributions of the constituents to the pixel spectral ground leaving radiance are weighted by their spectral emissivities and their temperature, or more correctly, temperature distributions, because real pixels are rarely thermally homogeneous. Planck's Law defines a relationship between temperature and radiance that is strongly wavelength dependent, even for blackbodies. Spectral ground leaving radiance (GLR) from mixed pixels is temperature and wavelength dependent and the relationship between observed radiance spectra from mixed pixels and library emissivity spectra of mixtures of 'pure' materials is indirect. A simple model of linear mixing of subpixel radiance as a function of material type, the temperature distribution of each material and the abundance of the material within a pixel is presented. The model indicates that, qualitatively and given normal environmental temperature variability, spectral features remain observable in mixtures as long as the material occupies more than roughly 10% of the pixel. Field measurements of known targets made on the ground and by an airborne sensor are presented here and serve as a reality check on the model. Target spectral GLR from mixtures as a function of temperature distribution and abundance within the pixel at day and night are presented and compare well qualitatively with model output.
Novel Circulating Fluidized-Bed Membrane Reformer Using Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

A novel circulating fluidized-bed membrane reactor employing a reactor−regenerator type of configuration is proposed for hydrogen production by the steam reforming of natural gas. The reactor section of this configuration is investigated. CO2 sequestration using the CO2−lime reaction is utilized to assist/replace the hydrogen permselective membranes for “breaking” the thermodynamic equilibrium of the reversible reforming reactions. Cases with and without CaO and hydrogen permselective membranes are considered and compared. A slip velocity factor is incorporated to investigate the effect of CaO particle size/residence time on the conversion of lime and the overall performance of the reformer.
The interaction of KOH with clean and oxidized carbon surfaces

Abstract The interaction of KOH with oxidized edge graphite and glassy carbon surfaces was studied with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These results are compared to those from pure KOH deposited on the oxygen free basal and edge surfaces of graphite. Submonolayer concentrations of a potassium-oxygen surface species, which are stable to 800 °C under vacuum, are formed from KOH on preoxidized edge graphite and glassy carbon surfaces. Similar properties are found on glassy carbon surfaces after potassium-catalyzed gasification in CO 2 . XPS from these surfaces show two O( ls ) peak envelopes centered near 531 and 533 eV. The higher binding energy peak is characteristic of oxygen strongly bound to carbon. Heating to 950 °C results in the loss of potassium and the lower binding energy oxygen peak associated with potassium. The presence of an oxidized carbon surface enables development of stable potassium-oxygen surface species from KOH. Pure KOH interacts reversibly with the oxygen-free edge graphite surface and does not produce a form of potassium which is stable above 500 °C under vacuum. Our results show the presence of strongly bound potassium surface intermediates in inert environments. As a consequence, a catalytic cycle can be postulated which does not involve bulk-like K 2 O or K 2 CO 3 .
Gender Equality and State Aggression: The Impact of Domestic Gender Equality on State First Use of Force

I examine the role of domestic gender equality in predicting whether or not a state is more aggressive in international disputes. This research adds to a growing body of feminist research in intern...
Diagenetic Controls on Reservoir Development and Quality, Smackover Formation of Southwest Alabama: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Smackover reservoirs in southwest Alabama are much more complex than those encountered in the central and western portions of the Gulf Coast basin. This heterogeneity is a product of a complex history of diagenetic modification. The diagenetic history can be divided into five separate stages: (1) Marine Stage - extensive grain micritization and precipitation of minor amounts of fibrous cement, (2) Meteoric Vadose Stage - extensive dissolution of aragonitic grains, (3) Meteoric Phreatic Stage - precipitation of granular and blocky cements, (4) Brine Reflux Stage - extensive dolomitization and sulfate emplacement associated with refluxing of Buckner brines, and (5) Burial Stage - grain to grain compaction of lithologies not stabilized by early cements, stylolitization, precipitation of poikilotopic calcite and dolomite cements, minor dissolution of calcite associated with the introduction into the formation of undersaturated fluids, hydrocarbon migration, and sulfate replacement and cementation. The diagenetic sequence varies dramatically over short distances in southwest Alabama reflecting variation in paleotopography. The products of this complex diagenetic history are heterogeneous reservoirs which consist of one or some combination of primary interparticulate, moldic, dolomitic intercrystalline, and vuggy porosity. Primary interparticulate porosity is less common in southwest Alabama than in the central and western portions of the Gulf Coast basin, largely because of extensive compaction or early cementation. Where present, however, interparticulate reservoirs are characterized by moderate to high porosity and good permeability. Moldic porosity is produced by early, fabric selective dissolution of aragonitic allochems and is associated with areas of subaerial exposure. Moldic reservoirs commonly have high porosity, but low permeability and are generally productive only when permeability is enhanced by other pore types. Dolomitic intercrystalline porosity is common in the Smackover of southwest Alabama. Intercrystalline porosity alone, however, is seldom of reservoir quality and hydrocarbon production from dolomitized lithologies is generally dependent upon the coexistence of moldic or vuggy porosity. Vuggy porosity is the product of late, non-fabric selective dissolution of calcite. Vuggy pores are produced by solution enlargement of earlier formed interparticulate, moldic, or intercrystalline pores. Vuggy reservoirs are by nature composite and are characterized by moderate to high porosity and good permeability.
Correlating the light scattering pattern of a biological cell to its mitochondrial properties using a Gabor filter technique

Traditional light scattering analysis of cells relies mostly on the one-dimensional distribution of the light scattering intensity, where only the cell size and some limited information regarding the internal structure can be obtained. More recent studies have attempted to analyze the two-dimensional diffraction images of cells using standard texture analysis techniques to extract additional intracellular information. We recently compared the effectiveness of several major methods that are often used in image texture analysis and found that the Gabor filter approach is more effective than most methods and is capable of providing information regarding the major structural features and mitochondrial properties of the cell. In this report we further our investigation by utilizing a Gabor filter technique to analyze light scattering patterns of cells and to correlate their changes to that of the mitochondrial properties of the cells. Numerical simulations of light scattering are performed using the discrete dipole approximation on analytically generated biological cell models with various mitochondrial characteristics. A set of two-dimensional scattering images is produced corresponding to systematic variations in the size, shape, and distribution of mitochondria and is processed with a bank of Gabor filters. Selected mean values of the Gabor-filtered images are displayed in scatter plots, providing a novel approach to grouping the cell models according to mitochondria size, shape, and distribution.
Hemoglobin A1c: need to standardize the term.

ABSTRACT Purpose To discuss studies that investigate the understanding of patients with diabetes and the information provided by physicians regarding the terminology and meaning of tests for glycated hemoglobin. Findings Patients with diabetes seldom know or remember the terminology for glycated hemoglobin assay techniques, even when they are participating in self-monitoring of blood glucose. Physicians use a variety of terms for the glycated hemoglobin test and are not consistent in their terminology. Conclusion One term for glycated hemoglobin assay should be used and promoted by all health-care professionals and patients. Because it is most readily remembered, “A1C” is the preferred lay term.
Signal transduction crosstalk in the endocrine system: pancreatic β-cells and the glucose competence concept

Abstract Crosstalk between intracellular signalling systems is recognized as the principal means by which a cell orchestrates coordinate responses to stimulation by neurotransmitters, hormones or growth factors. The functional consequences of crosstalk are evident at multiple levels within a given signalling cascade, including the regulation of receptor-ligand interactions, guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, enzyme activities, ion channel function and gene expression. Here we focus on the pancreatic β-cells of the islets of Langerhans to illustrate the important role crosstalk plays in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Recent studies indicating a synergistic interaction in β-cells between the glucose-regulated ATP-dependent signalling system and the hormonally regulated cAMP-dependent signalling system are emphasized. This interaction gives β-cells the ability to match the ambient concentration of glucose to an appropriate insulin secretory response, a process we refer to as the induction of glucose competence. The glucose competence concept may provide new insights into the etiology and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type II diabetes).
Review: Die Electrofischerei (Electrofishing)

Abstract H. W. Denzer Handbuch der Binnenfischerei Mitteleuropas. Band 5, Lieferung 3, 233 pp., 127 illus., 49 tables. E. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. 1956.
Adaptation to displaced vision: role of proprioception.

24 Ss denied sight of their hands during exposure to visual displacement induced by prism spectacles showed compensatory aftereffects if and only if a discordance between the visual and proprioceptive directions of targets existed during the exposure period.
Mechanism of emulsion polymerization of vinylidene chloride. III. Effects of stirring rate on kinetics

The effect of stirring speed on the rate of the persulfate-catalyzed polymerization of vinylidene chloride has been determined. It was found that the first-stage rate decreases with increasing stirring speed, that the second-stage rate increases with increasing stirring speed, and that the rate of the third stage is independent of stirring speed. These results, as well as those of an earlier paper, may be explained in the following manner. The second stage slow-down results from monomer starvation, caused by slow diffusion from coalesced droplets. Recovery is caused by transfer of monomer at the time of collision between a polymer particle and a monomer droplet. These collisions are allowed when the repulsive forces between monomer droplet and polymer particle are reduced because of surfactant deficiency.
Computation of viscous blast wave solutions with an upwind finite volume method

A fully conservative, viscous, implicit, upwind, finite-volume scheme for the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations is described with application to blast wave flow fields. In this scheme, shocks are captured without the oscillations typical of central differencing techniques and wave speeds are accurately predicted. The finite volume philosophy ensures conservation and since boundary conditions are also treated conservatively, accurate reflections of waves from surfaces are assured. Viscous terms in the governing equations are treated in a manner consistent with the finite volume philosophy, resulting in very accurate prediction of boundary layer quantities. Numerical results are presented for four viscous problems: a steady boundary layer, a shock-induced boundary layer, a blast wave/cylinder interaction and a blast wave/supersonic missile interaction. Comparisons of the results with an established boundary layer code, similarity solution, and experimental data show excellent agreement.
Collective charge density fluctuations and nonlinear optical responce of C60

Abstract The absolute magnitute of the optical susceptibility χ (3) for C 60 and its frequency dispersion are calculated using the Pariser—Parr—Popl (PPP) model by deriving equations of motion for the single electron density matrix and solving them using the time-dependent Hartree—Fock procedure. Collective charge density fluctuations induced by the radiation fields are shown to provide the mechanism for the linear and the nonlinear optical response. The insight provided by the present real space picture allows the direct comparison with linear conjugated polyenes.
Lyα Escape from z ~ 0.03 Star-forming Galaxies: The Dominant Role of Outflows

The usefulness of H I Ly? photons for characterizing star formation in the distant universe is limited by our understanding of the astrophysical processes that regulate their escape from galaxies. These processes can only be observed in detail out to a few ? 100?Mpc. Past nearby (z =0.03. The galaxies cover a broad range of luminosity, oxygen abundance, and reddening. In this paper, we characterize the observed Ly? lines and establish correlations with fundamental galaxy properties. We find seven emitters. These host young (?10?Myr) stellar populations have rest-frame equivalent widths in the range 1-12??, and have Ly? escape fractions within the COS aperture in the range 1%-12%. One emitter has a double-peaked Ly? with peaks 370?km s?1 apart and a stronger blue peak. Excluding this object, the emitters have Ly? and O I ?1302 offsets from H? in agreement with expanding-shell models and Lyman break galaxies observations. The absorbers have offsets that are almost consistent with a static medium. We find no one-to-one correspondence between Ly? emission and age, metallicity, or reddening. Thus, we confirm that Ly? is enhanced by outflows and is regulated by the dust and H I column density surrounding the hot stars.
Flow Boiling of R134a in Circular Microtubes—Part II: Study of Critical Heat Flux Condition

A detailed experimental study was carried out on the critical heat flux (CHF) condition for flow boiling of R134a in single circular microtubes. The test sections had inner diameters (ID) of 0.50 mm, 0.96 mm, and 1.60 mm. Experiments were conducted over a large range of mass flux, inlet subcooling, saturation pressure, and vapor quality. CHF occurred under saturated conditions at high qualities and increased with increasing mass fluxes, tube diameters, and inlet subcoolings. CHF generally, but not always, decreases with increasing saturation pressures and vapor qualities. The experimental data were mapped to the flow pattern maps developed by Hasan [2005, "Two-Phase Flow Regime Transitions in Microchannels: A Comparative Experimental Study," Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys. Eng., 9, pp. 165―182] and Revellin and Thome [2007, "A New Type of Diabatic Flow Pattern Map for Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels, " J. Micromech. Microeng., 17, pp. 788―796]. Based on these maps, CHF mainly occurred in the annular flow regime in the larger tubes. The flow pattern for the 0.50 mm ID tube was not conclusively identified. Four correlations—the Bowring correlation, the Katto-Ohno correlation, the Thome correlation, and the Zhang correlation—were used to predict the experimental data. The correlations predicted the correct experimental trend, but the mean absolute error (MAE) was high (>15%) A new correlation was developed to fit the experimental data with a MAE of 10%.
TU‐D‐J‐6C‐08: Enhancing 4D PET Through Retrospective Stacking

Purpose: Four‐dimensional (4D) PET presents challenges distinct from 4D CT owing to radiotracer dose limitations. A single‐bed field‐of‐view (FOV) PET scan typically requires several minutes to acquire adequate data for reconstruction, necessarily spanning several respiratory cycles and smearing the radiotracer signal within a given lesion over an increased volume. Although prospective or retrospective gating captures the PETimage at a single point in the respiratory cycle, restricting the data to events within the gating interval increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). We propose a method, coined “retrospective stacking” (RS), to combine the data from the entire respiratory cycle through deformable registration. In addition, we use the transformation maps to generate a 4D PET with statistics comparable to the single RS image.Method and Materials: A single FOV of a pancreatic cancer patient was acquired via the gated PET mode on a GE Discovery ST PET‐CT scanner. These gated images were registered using a mutual information / B‐splines registration algorithm, and superimposed. A 4D PET series spanning the full respiratory cycle was generated, and fused onto a 4D CT.Results: The SNR of the RS image showed an increase of 15% over a single gated reconstruction. Activity‐volume histograms of radiotracer activity surrounding the pancreatic lesion revealed that the ungated PET showed 33% greater tumor volume (using a 40%‐of‐maximum threshold) than the RS image. The reconstructed 4D PET fused well with the 4D CT, providing a clearer view of radiotracer distribution over the respiratory cycle than was possible using gated reconstructions.Conclusion: Retrospective stacking enabled better integration of temporally varying PET and CT series by reducing radiotracer smearing due to respiratory motion, while at the same time increasing the SNR beyond the poorer statistics inherent in gated PET acquisition. Noise‐reduced 4D PETimages could also be generated for fusion with 4D CT.1
Prognostic implications of BAX and TGFBRII mutations in colon cancers with microsatellite instability.

Microsatellite instability in sporadic colon cancer is associated with an improved prognosis. Recent studies, however, have suggested that microsatellite unstable cancers with mutations in the proapoptotic gene BAX have a relatively poor prognosis, whereas those with mutations in transforming growth factor-β receptor type II (TGFBRII) have a relatively good prognosis. Using instability in the non-coding mononucleotide repeat BAT-26 as a measure of generalized microsatellite instability, we evaluated the prognosis of unstable colon cancers with and without frameshift mutations in the coding mononucleotide repeats of BAX and TGFBRII in a population-based sample of 1,427 individuals. BAX mutations were identified in 39.0% (64/164) of unstable colon cancers, whereas TGFBRII mutations were identified in 79.3% (138/174) of unstable colon cancers. Unstable colon cancers with and without instability in BAX and TGFBRII were associated with very similar and statistically indistinguishable percentage 5-year survivals and Kaplan–Meier survival curves; stable colon cancers were associated with a significantly worse 5-year survival and Kaplan–Meier survival (P < 0.001 and P < 0.013, respectively, compared against BAT-26 unstable). The age- and stage-adjusted risk of death associated with BAX or TGFBRII mutations was not significantly different from that of unstable tumors without such mutations. We conclude that instability-induced mutations in BAX or TGFBRII do not have a significant impact on the good prognosis of colon cancers with microsatellite instability. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predicting application performance using supervised learning on communication features

Task mapping on torus networks has traditionally focused on either reducing the maximum dilation or average number of hops per byte for messages in an application. These metrics make simplified assumptions about the cause of network congestion, and do not provide accurate correlation with execution time. Hence, these metrics cannot be used to reasonably predict or compare application performance for different mappings. In this paper, we attempt to model the performance of an application using communication data, such as the communication graph and network hardware counters. We use supervised learning algorithms, such as randomized decision trees, to correlate performance with prior and new metrics. We propose new hybrid metrics that provide high correlation with application performance, and may be useful for accurate performance prediction. For three different communication patterns and a production application, we demonstrate a very strong correlation between the proposed metrics and the execution time of these codes.
The genetics of keratoconus

Isolated keratoconus with no associations is by far the most common keratoconus presentation seen by a practicing clinician. This article explores the genetics of this most common form of keratoconus.
Syntheses, structures and fluorescent properties of two novel coordination polymers in the U-Cu-H3pdc system.

Two novel coordination polymers, UO2(C5H2N2O4)(H2O) (1) and (UO2)Cu(C5H2N2O4)2(H2O)2 (2), have been prepared by the hydrothermal reaction of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate [(UO2(NO3)2·6H2O], 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid (H3pdc) and copper(II) nitrate hemipentahydrate (Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O) and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Compound 1 (monoclinic, P21/c, a = 6.9556(6) A, b = 11.302(1) A, c = 10.5288(9) A, β = 90.057(2)° and Z = 4) consists of a two-dimensional sheet containing uranyl hexagonal bipyramids. Compound 2 (triclinic, P-1, a = 5.1014(7) A, b = 7.6067(11) A, c = 10.2910(15) A, α = 72.380(3)°, β = 86.796(3)°, γ = 84.447(3)° and Z = 1) consists of two-dimensional sheets. Both structures contain the linear UO22+ moiety and have extended networks built up from the H3pdc ligand. Compound 1 exhibits the characteristic UO22+ emission spectra when it is excited at the ligand or uranium excitation wavelength. With the addition of the copper metal center in compound 2, the uranium emission is absent regardless of the excitation wavelength.
Shared gene expression profiles in developing heart valves and osteoblast progenitor cells

The atrioventricular (AV) valves of the heart develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal endocardial cushions, which later mature into stratified valves with diversified extracellular matrix (ECM). ...
Product sequences in azeotropic batch distillation

The formation of multicomponent azeotropes in waste-solvent streams often complicates separation and recovery of solvents. The implications of applying batch distillation to such a mixture can be studied in a residue curve map. Ahmad and Barton (1996) extend and generalize the theory for ternary residue curve maps applied to batch distillation to homogeneous systems with an arbitrary number of components. These theoretical results are used to develop an algorithm for elucidating the structure of the batch distillation composition simplex for a system with an arbitrary number of components. The batch distillation regions are identified by completing unstable boundary limit sets. The completed boundary limit sets accurately represent the topological structure of the composition simplex and make it possible to extract all product sequences achievable when applying batch distillation. The algorithm is demonstrated on the five-component system acetone, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and benzene, which exhibits nine azeotropes. Furthermore, the set of batch distillation product sequences predicted is validated using a commercial dynamic batch distillation column model. Although the problem does not closely approach the limiting conditions of the theory, the predictions agree excellently with the simulations.
Ovarian responses and embryo survival in recipient lactating Holstein cows treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin

The objectives of Experiment 1 were to determine a dose of eCG that would increase total luteal volume and plasma progesterone (P4) concentration on estrous cycle Day 7 in cows. The objectives of Experiment 2 were to determine the effects of treating embryo recipient lactating Holstein cows with eCG on pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET). In Experiment 1, lactating dairy cows at 63 ± 3 d postpartum (DIM) received no treatment (control, n = 10), or 600 (eCG6, n = 19), or 800 (eCG8, n = 19) IU of eCG 2 d after the start of the ovulation-synchronization protocol, Day -8 (Day -10 GnRH, Day -3 PGF(2α), Day 0 GnRH). Blood was sampled on Days -10, -8, -3, 0, 7, and 14 for P4 concentration. Ovaries were examined by ultrasound on Days -10, -3, 0, and 7. In Experiment 2, lactating dairy cows were paired according to parity and previous insemination (0 or > 1 insemination) and assigned to receive 800 IU of eCG (eCG8, n = 152) 2 d after the start of the ovulation-synchronization protocol (Day -10 GnRH, Day -3 PGF(2α), Day 0 GnRH) or to receive no treatment (control, n = 162). Blood was sampled on Days -10, -3, 0, 7, and 14 for determination of P4 concentration. Ovaries were examined by ultrasound on Days -10, -3, and 7, and cows with a CL > 20 mm in diameter on Day 7 received an embryo. In Experiment 1, P4 concentration on Day 7 was higher (P 10 mm on Day -3 compared with control primiparous cows (2.5 ± 0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.5 mm), but multiparous control and eCG8 cows did not differ. A larger (P = 0.03) percentage of control cows received an embryo (87.5 vs 79.1%) compared with eCG8 cows. Among cows that received an embryo, total luteal volume on Day 7 was affected (P = 0.05) by treatment (eCG8 = 8.3 ± 0.4 cm(3), control = 6.2 ± 0.4 cm(3)), but P4 concentration on Day 7 did not differ significantly between treatments. The percentage of cows pregnant 53 d after ET (overall, 24.2%) was not significantly different between control and eCG8 cows. In the current study, no differences in P/ET were observed between control and eCG8 cows and treatment with eCG increased the percentage of cows with asynchronous estrous cycle.