cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Identification of Constructed Systems: Collective Effort toward an Integrated Approach That Reduces Barriers to Adoption

Structural identification (St-Id) is a powerful tool that bridges the gap between constructed systems and themodels used in their design and assessment. Although St-Id has attracted the attention of numerous researchers worldwide over the last several decades, it unfortunately has not experienced widespread adoption in practice. The ASCE Structural Engineering Institute Structural Identification of Constructed Systems Committee is seeking to reverse this trend by enhancing advocacy toward and promoting implementation of St-Id within the public and private sectors. The committee’s first action on this front was the development of a comprehensive report that benchmarks the current state of the art in St-Id, with special attention to case studies of its successful implementation. To organize the diverse paradigm of St-Id, the committee adopted a six-step cycle that spansmodeling through experimentation and ultimately to decision support. This forum paper overviews the report with the first six chapters dedicated to this cycle, as well as the report’s closing two chapters dedicated to case studies that exemplify the implementation of St-Id to various buildings and bridges around the world.
Compliance strategies that work

OSHA's regulation 1910.119, Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, is having a significant impact on the affected industries. It's probably an understatement to say that industry has struggled to implement process safety management systems to comply with the regulation.
Task-specific visualization design: a case study in operational weather forecasting

Efforts to create highly generic visualizations, both content and interface, often when applied to non research oriented or operational activities are composed of several goals. Although these goals may appear to be related, they are often composed of distinct tasks. Generic solutions, even if domain-specific, may lack sufficient focus to be effective for such purposes. The design of different visualization tools matched to a set of tasks but built on top of a common framework with a similar approach to content is a promising alternative. This hypothesis is tested in detail by application to a demanding problem-operational weather forecasting.
Mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in Asian market fish: a response to results from mercury biomonitoring in New York City.

Abstract In 2004, the New York City (NYC) Health and Nutrition Examination Survey measured the highest blood mercury levels in Asian and foreign-born Chinese demographic groups. Fish consumption was the strongest predictor of exposure. The survey did not inquire about consumption of individual species, and subsequent visits to fish markets serving the Asian community suggested that many popular species lack contaminant data. Our objective was to supplement existing information on contaminants in commercial fish by collecting data on species present in markets serving the Asian community. We measured total mercury and the sum of 101 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 282 individual specimens of 19 species or products from retail fish markets in Chinese neighborhoods in NYC. Species were selected based on their volume in the market, and an absence or insufficiency of national data on mercury levels. PCBs were measured because they are also contaminants of concern. All measurements were made on a wet weight basis on whole fillets (with skin) or products (drained of liquid). Mean mercury levels ranged from below the limit of detection (0.004 μg/g) in tilapia to 0.229 μg/g in tilefish. The highest mercury level (1.150 μg/g) was measured in a tilefish specimen, and mercury levels in tilefish increased with the specimen size. Mean PCB levels ranged from 1 ng/g in red snapper to 98 ng/g in buffalo carp. The highest PCB levels were measured in a buffalo carp (469 ng/g) and a yellow croaker (495 ng/g). Species-specific differences in PCB levels accounted for only 6.3% of total variability, in contrast with 39.2% for mercury. Although we did not measure high mean mercury levels in the species we sampled, frequent consumption of fish with low to moderate levels can also elevate blood mercury. The data we collected can be used to guide fish consumption in Asian communities. However, risk-benefit trade-offs also need to be considered.
The Environmental-Endocrine Basis of Gynandromorphism (Intersex) in a Crustacean

Commensurate with the decline in many crustacean populations has been an accumulation in reports of sexually ambiguous individuals within these populations. The cause of gynandromorphism or intersex among crustaceans is unknown. We show that gynandromorphism in the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna is initiated by the sex-determining hormone methyl farnesoate when levels of the hormone are intermediate between low levels that stimulate the production of broods containing all female offspring and high levels that stimulate the production of broods of all male offspring. The incidence of hormonally-induced gynandromorphism was low (0.14% at the maximum stimulatory hormone concentrations) but was significantly increased (46-fold) when the animals were hormone-treated at 30 degrees C. Some environmental chemicals also can stimulate the gynandromorphic phenotype as we demonstrated with the insecticide pyriproxyfen. Gynandromorphism occurs due to inadequate signaling of male-sex determination since: a) gynandromorphs did not occur in a population that was producing only female offspring; and, b) conditions that stimulated gynandromorphism also reduced the incidence of male offspring. We suggest that male sex determination normally occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage. Elevated temperature may alter the timing of sex determination such that methyl farnesoate signaling occurs after the first embryonic cleavage and bilateral gynandromorphism occurs as a consequence of signaling to only one of the daughter cells. These results demonstrate that environmental factors can cause aberrant sex determination via perturbations in methyl farnesoate signaling.
Src-family kinases are activated in non-small cell lung cancer and promote the survival of epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent cell lines

The role of Src-family kinases (SFKs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been fully defined. Here we addressed this question by examining SFK phosphorylation in NSCLC biopsy samples and using genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit SFK expression and activity in cultured NSCLC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of NSCLC biopsy samples using a Tyr416 phosphorylation-specific, pan-SFK antibody revealed staining in 123 (33%) of 370 tumors. Because c-Src is known to be both an upstream activator and downstream mediator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we next investigated SFK phosphorylation in a panel of NSCLC cell lines, including ones that depend on EGFR for survival. The EGFR-dependent NSCLC cell lines HCC827 and H3255 had increased phosphorylation of SFKs, and treatment of these cells with an SFK inhibitor (PP1 or SKI-606) induced apoptosis. PP1 decreased phosphorylation of EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3 and strikingly enhanced apoptosis by gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor. HCC827 cells transfected with c-Src short hairpin RNA exhibited diminished phosphorylation of EGFR and ErbB2 and decreased sensitivity to apoptosis by PP1 or gefitinib. We conclude that SFKs are activated in NSCLC biopsy samples, promote the survival of EGFR-dependent NSCLC cells, and should be investigated as therapeutic targets in NSCLC patients.
Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Persons

Background: This study was undertaken to determine if alcohol use is associated with sexual risk taking among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected persons. Methods: Cross-sectional interviews of 262 HIV-infected patients in the Brown University AIDS Program were performed. Factors associated with any sexual activity, unsafe sexual activity, and a 4-fold typology of sexual risk were examined. Alcohol measures included drinking days, drinks per drinking day, binge drinking, and hazardous alcohol use. Results: The sample was 58% male and 40% white; 67% of patients were self-identified as heterosexual, and 48% drank alcohol. Nearly two thirds of patients reported sexual activity in the past 6 months, with 38% reporting unprotected sex during that period. All measures of alcohol use were significantly associated with any sexual activity and with unsafe sexual behavior. As an example, controlling for age, HIV transmission risk, marital status, and HIV clinical indicators, hazardous drinkers were 5.64 times more likely to report unprotected sex and have multiple partners (p 0.01) than were those not drinking at hazardous levels. Conclusions: A high proportion of HIV-infected persons were sexually active and having unsafe sex. Alcohol, at all levels of use, was associated with increased sexual risk taking.
Order and Creativity in Virtual Worlds

Economies are driven by dynamic creativity, but some sorts of creativity, especially if predatory, can destroy an economy. This tradeoff has been known for centuries to political philosophers who have analyzed physical space, but has not been addressed in virtual space. Like physical economies, virtual economies face the tradeoff of encouraging freedom to experiment, while discouraging experiments that damage society. Physical societies solve this problem both through encouraging competition and giving government the unique power to punish destructive activities. In virtual societies, this tradeoff has yet to be adequately assessed. Guided by the economic modeling of order and creativity, in this paper we discuss two types of behavior, constructive and destructive, to provide some guidelines, with references to experiences in physical economies, for establishing limitations on the freedom of action of virtual-economy participants.
The role of interfacial charge transfer-type interactions in the decay of plasmon excitations in metal nanoparticles

This perspective describes the influence of interfacial charge transfer-type interactions on the optical spectra and hot electron cooling processes in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), and ongoing work to optimize these interactions for charge extraction from the plasmon or hot electron state. The manuscript focuses on interfaces of metal NPs with organic molecules and with semiconductors. Charge extraction from multi-electron excited states has applications in photodetection, sensing, and conversion of solar energy to electricity and fuels.
Non-invasive assessment of bone quality and quantity using confocal acoustic scanning on ex-vivo trabeculae

Conclusive evidence indicates that osteopenia occurs due to a lack of physical activity in the skeleton such as in microgravity and long-term bed rest. Early diagnosis of these skeletal disorders (i.e., osteoporosis), leads to prompt treatment and could dramatically reduce the risk of complications. Using our newly developed scanning confocal acoustic diagnostic (SCAD) system, we evaluated the ability of quantitative ultrasound to non-invasively predict trabecular bone quantity and quality on 63 sheep bone samples. The structural and strength of bone were confirmed using /spl mu/CT and mechanical testing in three orthogonal directions. While there are fair correlations between broadband ultrasonic attenuation and /spl mu/CT determined parameters such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (R=0.68), as well as tissue bulk modulus (R=0.31), strong correlations exist between ultrasound velocity and bone strength and structural parameters such as bulk modulus (R=0.82), and BV/TV (R=0.93). The correlations between SCAD prediction and bone quantity and quality parameters were improved by using a parameter to combine BUA and UV in a linear regression analysis, yielding R=0.96 (BV/TV) and R=0.82 (bulk modulus). These results suggest that SCAD has the capability to non-invasively assess bone mass and strength.
Thyroxine secretion in rats exposed to cold.

THE importance of the thyroid hormone in the increased heat production necessary for survival in a cold environment has been established in the rat (1). Several indices, including histological changes (2, 3, 4), the effects of anti-thyroid substances (5, 6) and iodine metabolism (7, 8) indicate that thyroid activity increases shortly after exposure to cold and remains high for some time. However, whether a high level of thyroid activity continues throughout prolonged cold exposure has been questioned. In various studies, values obtained by several indirect indices of thyroid activity have returned to, or toward normal after about 30 or more days' cold exposure.
An Autonomous Ocean Turbulence Measurement Platform

Abstract The use of a small autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) as a platform for making in situ flow measurements in the ocean environment is described. Two high-wavenumber shear probes and a dynamic Pitot tube, housed in a pressure vessel mounted on the nose of the AUV, allow measurements, in the dissipation range, of all three components of velocity. Microstructure temperature and possible body vibrations are monitored using auxiliary local probes. A conductivity–temperature–depth package, an acoustic Doppler current profiler, and a Marsh–McBirney current meter on board allow measurement of mean background conditions. Gathered data are stored on an onboard computer. The AUV can survey 7–11-km regions at a speed of 1.5–2 m s−1, its motion being uncoupled from that of any surface mother ship. The vehicle has relatively low manufacture and operational costs and can potentially operate in stormy conditions. The small-scale measurements allow the determination of estimates of in situ energy dissipation rate...
Effects of Achilles tendon vibration, surface and visual conditions on lower leg electromyography in young adults with and without recurrent ankle sprains

Functional ankle instability is associated with decreased ankle muscle function. Compliant surfaces and eyes-closed training are commonly used for rehabilitation and prevention of ankle sprains. Brief Achilles tendon vibration is commonly used in the study of postural control. To test the level of activation of tibialis anterior (TIB) and fibularis longus (FIB), bilateral Achilles tendon vibration was applied for the middle 20 s in a series of 60-s trials, when 10 healthy young adults and 10 adults with history of repeated ankle sprains were standing bipedal: on floor, on memory foam, or on a Both Sides Up (BOSU) ball, with eyes open, and on floor and foam with eyes closed. Differences in Integrated surface electromyography (IEMG) of TIB and FIB were significant for both groups pre, during, and post vibration (Friedman Tests, p < 0.001 for all). In both groups, the highest IEMG for TIB was obtained during vibration when standing on foam with eyes closed, whereas the highest IEMG for FIB was obtained during vibration when standing on the BOSU. Bipedal stance on BOSU and brief Achilles tendon vibration may be a useful intervention when a session's goal is to facilitate lower leg muscles activation. Future research should explore training effects as well as the effect of FIB tendon vibration.
Leichte Neucodierung von Selenocystein in der Natur

Selenocystein (Sec oder U) wird durch Neuzuordnung des Stopp-Codons UGA durch einen Sec-spezifischen Elongationsfaktor und eine charakteristische RNA-Struktur codiert. Um mogliche Codonvariationen zu finden, analysierten wir 6.4 Billionen Basenpaare metagenomischer Daten sowie 24 903 mikrobielle Genome fur tRNASec-Spezies. UGA ist erwartungsgemas das vorherrschende Codon fur Sec, allerdings finden wir auch tRNASec-Spezies, die die Stopp-Codons UAG und UAA erkennen, sowie weitere zehn Sense-Codons. Die Synthese von Selenoproteinen durch UAG in Geodermatophilus und Blastococcus sowie durch das Cys-Codon UGA in Aeromonas salmonicida konnte durch metabolische Markierung mit 75Se oder Massenspektrometrie bestatigt werden. Weitere tRNASec-Spezies mit verschiedenen Anticodons ermoglichten es Escherichia coli, die aktive Form des Selenoproteins Formiatdehydrogenase H zu synthetisieren. Der genetische Code ist damit bedeutend flexibler, als bisher angenommen.
Uncertainty Mapping and Navigation Techniques for Crewed Missions in Libration Orbits

One of the main issues with uncertainty propagation for crewed vehicles is that of the stochastic accelerations experienced due to the crew movement and subsystems. A preliminary analysis for robotic missions in the Earth-Sun libration points have shown that acceleration levels well below that of a crewed mission can experience uncertainties on the order of 10’s of 100’s of kilometers in position with only ground based tracking. This work analyzes the time scales of uncertainty growth and nonlinearity for a libration point orbit mission. The uncertainty distributions relative to the unstable manifold of a typical libration point orbit using a Poisson white noise method for uncertainty propagation is also analyzed. A crew disturbance model is added to the libration point orbit dynamics and uncertainty to better represent the challenges of navigating a crewed mission in a libration point orbit. The results of this work have direct applications to navigation of crewed missions in libration point orbits, uncertainties for mission planning, and maneuver optimization under uncertainty.
Cerebral Necrosis After Radiotherapy and/or Intraarterial Chemotherapy for Brain Tumors: PET and Neuropathologic Studies

Cerebral necrosis after radiotherapy for brain tumors is being recognized as a problem more common than previously estimated. Distinction between this iatrogenic complication and tumor recurrence cannot be made by either CT or MR imaging. By using positron emission tomography (PET) with 18 F-deoxyglucose (FOG) we were able to reach a diagnosis of radiation necrosis, later verified, in 10 of 95 patients referred for the purpose of differentiating tumor recurrence from necrosis. The critical PET-FOG feature was focal hypometabolism in the area of necrosis, which contrasted with the hypermetabolism associated with the residual/recurrent tumor. In addition, four cases of cerebral necrosis after supraophthalmic, intraarterial chemotherapy (BCNU) were studied with the PET-FOG method. The area of chemotherapy damage was also characterized by marked hypometabolism. Histology revealed both similarities and differences between radio- and chemonecrosis.
Application and Development of Power User Electric Energy Data Acquisition System to Smart Grid

This paper,the structure of power user electric energy data acquisition system(hereinafter referred to as the acquisition system)are discussed.By analysis on existing acquisition system application situation and the situation to be faced,the development direction of deepening application of data acquisition system function are discussed.Proposals are put forward on how to improve the acquisition system,deepen the acquisition system use,play a good role in the system.
Analysis of Continuous Monitoring for the High-risk Food in The Star-rated Hotels

[Objective]To understand the hygienic status of self-made food in cold dishes room of star-rated hotels,and prevent food-borne diseases and food poisoning.[Methods] From May 2007 to April 2008,cold salad products in cold dishes room of 42 star-rated hotels were sampled and monitored every 2 months for 1 year.The test items were coliform bacteria,pathogenic bacteria(Salmonella,Staphylococcus aureus,Shigella,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Proteus,Listeria monocytogenes).[Results]Of 1258 samples of cold salad products,1040 were qualified,qualified rate was 82.67%,Salmonella,Shigella,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Listeria monocytogenes were not detected.The overall hygienic status obviously improved with the monitoring going on.[Conclusion]Although the hygienic quality of cold salad products has improved in star-rated hotels,it is important to carry out dynamic monitoring continuously,to strengthen health supervision,to carry out targeted training,and help the related units carry out authentification for high-quality food safety.
Relation between blood lactate level and PaO_2 in pediatric patients in ICU with sepsis

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the relation between blood lactate level and PaO2 in sepsis pediatric patients.Methods:The data of 383 sepsis patients in PICU of Hunan children's hospital were collected and observed during June 2010 to October 2010,including blood lactate level and PaO2 on admission and 6 hours later and the patients' prognosis.A total of 383 cases were divided into normal group,hyoxemia without respiratory failure group and respiratory failure group based on the PaO2.On the other hand,they were classified into low and high lactate clearance rate group,the prognosises between them were compared.Finally,they were divided into survival group and dead group,differences between them were analyzed.Results:The lactate level and the mortality was significantly higher in respiratory failure group than in normal group and non-respiratory failure group(P0.01).Between survival group and dead group,there were no differences in the lactate level of blood and the PaO2 on admission to PICU(P0.05);but after 6 hours in PICU,the lactate level in survival group was significantly lower and the PaO2 was significantly higher than that in dead group(P0.01).Conclusion:There is an obvious negative correlation between the lactate level of blood and the PaO2 in sepsis pediatric patients in PICU.Active correction of anoxia will improve the prognosis of sepsis pediatric patients.
Survey of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Children with Digestive Tract Symptom in Shenyang Area

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori(Hp) infection,distribution and related factors in the children with digestive tract symptom in Shenyang area.Methods:The status of Hp infection in 2 472 children with digestive tract symptom hospitalized in Outpatient Department of Shenyang Children's Hospital from May 2010 to April 2012 was detected by indirect solid phase immune chromatographic assay.The correlation between the detection rate of Hp and the influence of age,sex was analyzed.Results:The infection rate of Hp in the surveyed children was 13.7% on average.And the infection rate of boys was 13.1%,the infection rate of girls was 14.2%.The infection rate of girls was a little higher than that of boys.But there was no markedly differential in statistics.The infection rate of Hp showed an ascending tendency with the age increasing.There was a significant increase of Hp infection rate from 6 years old,and the infection rate was 18.9% at the school age.Conclusions:Hp infection rate in children with digestive tract symptom of Shenyang area is lower than the average level reported in China,but it is higher than that in developed country.There is no significant difference between the boys and girls with Hp infection.There are age differences in children with Hp infection.The infection rate of Hp is positively related to ages of the children.
A Bayesian Latent Mixture Approach to Modeling Individual Differences in Categorization Using General Recognition Theory

Decision-bound models of categorization like General Recognition Theory (GRT: Ashby & Townsend, 1986) assume that people divide a stimulus space into different response regions, associated with different categorization decisions. These models have traditionally been applied to empirical data using standard model-fitting methods like maximum likelihood estimation. We implement the GRT as a Bayesian latent mixture model to infer both qualitative individual differences in the types of decision bounds people use, and quantitative differences in where they place the bounds. We apply this approach to a previous data set with two category structures tested under different cognitive loads. Our results show that different participants categorize by applying diagonal, vertical, or horizontal decision bounds. Various types of contaminant behavior are also found, depending on the category structures and presence or absence of load. We argue that our Bayesian latent mixture framework offers a powerful approach to studying individual differences in categorization.
HEATS OF IMMERSION OF MICROPOROUS SOLIDS

Publisher Summary The heats of immersion are measured in a thermistor-type adiabatic calorimeter. The heat decreases to a plateau after approximately 25% of the micropore volume is filled. It decreases again after 80% micropore volume filling. The heat of immersion of carbosieve as a function of pre-coverage of 2-propanol gradually decreases up to 34% volume filling. The mechanism of adsorption of water, methanol, and 2-propanol is via the van der Walls forces between the propyl backbone and the polystyrene surface. Mechanism for 2-propanol adsorption is different from that of water and methanol, leading to a Type I isotherm. On the other hand, the mechanism of adsorption of both water and methanol is confirmed by the heat of immersion measurements and the resulting differential heats of adsorption. The ratio of energy of adsorption in the micropore to the energy of adsorption on the external surface is zero when the diameter ratio is 0.93:1. When this ratio is less than 0.93:1, the condition for micropore filling is no more favorable than for adsorption on the external surface.
Role of solar radio observations in Space Weather

The role of radio science in Space Weather ranges from use of radio techniques to measure plasma parameters at the Sun and in the heliosphere via remote-sensing, to direct impact of radio noise on wireless systems at Earth. This paper focuses on radio emission from the Sun, and summarizes the Space-Weather-relevant diagnostics available with a suite of new instruments capable of broadband radio imaging spectropolarimetry. We also discuss the potential for radio noise to directly interfere with Global Positioning System receivers, cellular telephone, and other wireless systems.
A Python Program for Solving Schrödinger’s Equation in Undergraduate Physical Chemistry

In undergraduate physical chemistry, Schrodinger’s equation is solved for a variety of cases. In doing so, the energies and wave functions of the system can be interpreted to provide connections with the physical system being studied. Solving this equation by hand for a one-dimensional system is a manageable task, but it becomes time-consuming once students aim to make various changes and investigate the impact of those changes on the results. To address this challenge, numerical methods, such as the shooting and linear finite-difference methods, have been utilized to quickly solve Schrodinger’s equation. In this technology report, we use the Python programming environment and the three-point finite-difference numerical method to find the solutions and plot the results (wave functions or probability densities) for a particle in an infinite, finite, double finite, harmonic, Morse, or Kronig–Penney finite potential energy well. We believe that this technology report will educate undergraduates on the basic ...
Split-winding type three limb core structured HF transformer for integrating PV and energy storage(ES)

The work presented in this paper focuses on the drawbacks of three limb three winding transformer for use in three port dc-dc converter and proposes a split-winding type transformer approach using three limb core for use in three port dc-dc converter. The three limb three winding type transformer has drawback due to limitation of power flow when one port is idle and also has a very limited ZVS operating region for phase shift control. The proposed split-winding type transformer has the equivalent circuit of single core based transformer, has no limitation of power flow when one of the three port is idle and has wide ZVS range. Detailed analysis for idle condition operation, equivalent circuit derivation and ZVS operating range analysis is carried out in this paper.
Automated segmentation and radiomic characterization of visceral fat on bowel MRIs for Crohn's disease

Crohn’s Disease is a relapsing and remitting disease involving chronic intestinal inflammation that is often characterized by hypertrophy of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). While an increased ratio of VAT to subcutaneous fat (SQF) has previously been identified as a predictor of worse outcomes in Crohn’s Disease, bowel-proximal fat regions have also been hypothesized to play a role in inflammatory response. However, there has been no detailed study of VAT and SQF regions on MRI to determine their potential utility in assessing Crohn’s Disease severity or guiding therapy. In this paper we present a fully-automated algorithm to segment and quantitatively characterize VAT and SQF via routinely acquired diagnostic bowel MRIs. Our automated segmentation scheme for VAT and SQF regions involved a combination of morphological processing and connected component analysis, and demonstrated DICE overlap scores of 0.86±0.05 and 0.91±0.04 respectively, when compared against expert annotations. Additionally, VAT regions proximal to the bowel wall (on diagnostic bowel MRIs) demonstrated a statistically significantly, higher expression of four unique radiomic features in pediatric patients with moderately active Crohn’s Disease. These features were also able to accurately cluster patients who required aggressive biologic therapy within a year of diagnosis from those who did not, with 87.5% accuracy. Our findings indicate that quantitative radiomic characterization of visceral fat regions on bowel MRIs may be highly relevant for guiding therapeutic interventions in Crohn’s Disease.
The development of new chemotherapeutics for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

Despite massive recent public attention for the development of new and improved vaccines for tuberculosis the development of new chemotherapeutic interventions has, by comparison, languished [1,2]. This is largely due to a lack of private sector interest in what is commonly perceived as a low profit potential market. The widely quoted figure that one-third of the population of the planet has already been infected with the bacillus that causes tuberculosis highlights the folly of a vaccine-only approach [3]. Counting on the private sector to undertake lead molecule identification and optimization, preclinical testing, and clinical evaluation of new antituberculars without significant public sector involvement and support is simply not a realistic option given the demographics of tuberculosis. Unfortunately, the emergence and spread of strains resistant to the front-line therapies of isoniazid and rifampicin is rapidly rendering the current arsenal of drugs obsolete and without new therapies there is a high likelihood of a return to pre-antibiotic mortality rates. Even directly observed therapy with existing antituberculosis drugs is ineffective in the face of existing levels of drug resistance [4,5].
33-OR: DIVERSIFY HLA-LIGANDS (HLA-L) FOR KILLER CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN-LIKE RECEPTOR (KIR) GENES IN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD UNITS (UCBU) COULD BENEFIT PATIENTS (PTS) IN NEED OF HEMATOPHOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSC) TRANSPLANT (Tx)

Aim Natural killer cells (NKC) express many different cell surface receptors including KIR. KIR genes recognize polymorphic HLA class I including HLA-A, B & C allotypes. The KIR genes after binding specific ligands may transmit inhibitory or activating signals. NKC sense & kill target cells lacking MHC class I molecules & release various cytokines on activation. UCB is an increasingly used source of HSC for pts without matched adult donor for Tx. The goal of the study was to attain frequencies (freq) of HLA-L in UCBU aimed at providing information (info) for finding UCB with NK benefit for HSC Tx pts. Methods Total of 21,002 UCBU from Cord Bank at MD Anderson was included. HLA typing of class I & II loci were obtained using PCR/probe based methods & sequence-based typing as needed. Freq of Bw4 alleles, C1 and C2 HLA-C alleles were obtained. Results KIR3DL1 recognizes allotypes with HLA-Bw4 serological motif; KIR2DL1 recognizes HLA-C allotypes with lysine at codon 80 (group 2 - C2); & KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3 recognize C alleles with asparagine at residue 80 (group 1 - C1). Among the 21,002 UCBU, 70.7% carry Bw4 alleles. UCB bearing C1/C2 heterozygous genotype (GT) accounted for 45.6%, C1/C1 homozygous GT for 39.6%, & C2/C2 GT for 14.7% only. Conclusions Incompatibility of KIR HLA-L between pt & donor has been shown to impact graft outcome (GO) in HSC Tx. NKC from the donor greatly contribute to eradication of leukemia blasts escaping the preparative regimen & to clearance of residual host dendritic cells & T lymphocytes thus preventing graft-versus-host disease & graft rejection. This study showed high freq of Bw4-bearing GT, increased freq of C1/C2, & C1/C1 but not C2/C2 GT in UCBU. These freq info could be useful for prediction of the possibility for HSC Tx pts, especially those with Bw6 or C2/C2 GT, to find suitable UCB donor(s) with beneficial NK reactivity, thereby improving GO. Further study of diversification of KIR HLA-ligands in pts would be warranted to assess the importance of these findings.
TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION INFECTED WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

ABSTRACT Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity fell during the acute phase of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), parallelling neuronal loss in immunocompetent mice and virus-induced cytopathology in immunosuppressed animals. Immunization prevented loss of TH activity.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXXII — Contempt Motions

This article, the 32nd in a series on drafting New York civil-litigation papers, begins a discussion of contempt motions, a discussion that will continue in later issues of the New York State Bar Association Journal.CPLR 5104 provides that if a judgment or court order, whether interlocutory or final, isn’t enforceable under CPLR’s Article 52 or CPLR 5102, you may enforce the judgment or order by moving for civil or criminal contempt. Article 52 discusses how to enforcemoney judgments. CPLR 5102 explains how to execute on a judgment of possession for real or personal property.
Immediate lymphatic reconstruction

Although surgical and medical treatment options are available for the treatment of chronic lymphedema, there is no cure. Recent advances in microsurgery have provided an opportunity to perform immediate lymphatic reconstruction after lymphadenectomy for disease prevention. In this review, we provide the historical background leading to a paradigm shift in performing this procedure. We will also discuss the current evidence for immediate lymphatic reconstruction, potential oncologic procedures amenable to this approach, and detail ongoing challenges.
SRP54 and a need for a new neutropenia nosology.

In this issue of Blood , Bellanne-Chantelot et al noted that mutations in signal recognition particle 54 ( SRP54 ) cause an inherited neutropenia in 23 individuals with features of both severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). 1
Cellular Consequences and Repair of Oxidised RNA

Maintaining the integrity of nucleic acids is an essential feature of all organisms. Unwanted modification of DNA, if left unrepaired, is deleterious to cellular homeostasis and could have far-reaching consequences that include genomic instability and accumulation of mutations. Similarly, accumulation of damaged RNA has been correlated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Given their inherent reactivity, nucleic acids are susceptible to damage from both endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alkylation agents. We have recently begun to address how some of these modifications on mRNA impact the function of the ribosome and in particular the decoding process. We find that most modifications severely change the speed and accuracy of translation. These observations revealed that oxidation of RNA is most likely to stall the ribosome and necessitates the presence of quality-control processes to handle damaged mRNA. To this end, we have uncovered a connection between the process of no-go decay (NGD), which degrades mRNAs that stall translation, and chemical insults. In the absence of key NGD factors in yeast, the levels of damaged mRNA significantly increase and cells are rendered sensitive to oxidizing and alkylation agents. Furthermore, these agents activate ribosome quality control (RQC) of nascent peptides. Deletion of the E3 ligase responsible for the ubiquitination of the nascent peptides resulted in the accumulation of protein aggregates in the presence of oxidizing and alkylating agents. These observations suggest that chemical damage stalls translation, activating NGD and RQC. Interestingly, the addition of nucleic-acids-damaging agents was also found to result in K63-linked ubiquitination of ribosomal proteins. This signaling-mode of ubiquitination precedes DNA-damage marks, indicating that cells respond to RNA damage due to stalled ribosomes before DNA damage. Collectively our data highlights the burden of chemically-damaged mRNA on cellular homeostasis and suggests that organisms evolved ribosome-based mRNA-surveillance processes to rapidly degrade it.
TNF-α inhibitor-induced psoriasis: A decade of experience at the Cleveland Clinic.

Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor (TNFI)-induced psoriasis remains poorly understood despite having been described 15 years ago. As TNFIs often provide life-changing patient benefits, understanding effective treatments for TNFI-induced psoriasis is important. Objective We characterized a cohort of patients with TNFI-induced psoriasis whose psoriasis was specifically diagnosed and managed or comanaged by dermatologists at a single tertiary care institution over a 10-year period. Methods Retrospective review of patients in whom TNFI-induced psoriasis was diagnosed between 2003 and 2013. Results A total of 102 patients with TNFI-induced psoriasis were identified. The mean age of onset was 40 years, and there was a female predominance (73.5%). Crohn's disease (in 48% of cases) and rheumatoid arthritis (in 24.5% of cases) were the most common primary conditions. Infliximab (in 52% of cases) was the most common inciting agent. The most common TNFI-induced psoriasis subtypes were plaque-type psoriasis (49.5%), scalp psoriasis (47.5%), and palmoplantar pustulosis (41%). Topical medications alone improved or resolved TNFI-induced psoriasis in 63.5% of patients, and cyclosporine and methotrexate (>10 mg weekly) were often effective if topicals failed. Discontinuation of the inciting TNFI with or without other interventions improved or resolved TNFI-induced psoriasis in 67% of refractory cases, whereas switching TNFIs resulted in persistence or recurrence in 64%. Limitations Retrospective nature of the study and the fact that some patients may have developed typical psoriasis unresponsive to TNFIs. Conclusion Our study cohort represents the largest single-institution cohort of patients with TNFI-induced psoriasis diagnosed and managed or comanaged by dermatologists to date. On the basis of our findings, we propose a treatment algorithm for TNFI-induced psoriasis.
Systemic treatment and radiotherapy, breast cancer subtypes, and survival after long-term clinical follow-up.

It remains unclear whether breast cancer subtypes are associated with clinical outcome in patients without any treatment including systemic and radiation therapy as an independent entity. Understanding the survival profiles among subtypes by treatment status could impact optimal selection of treatments. Patients were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from the community hospitals across four geographical regions of the United States. Expression of hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 in tumor specimens from 1169 patients was centrally determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ; breast cancer was classified into HR+/HER2−, HR+/HER2+, triple-negative, and HER2+ subtypes. Overall survival (OS) at a median follow-up of about 15 years among subtypes in untreated patients and those with systemic treatments and radiotherapy was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier method and multivariable analysis adjusting for age, tumor size and grade, number of positive nodes, stage and breast cancer subtypes. Without treatment, breast cancer subtypes were not associated with OS (P = 0.983) and remained insignificant for prognosis by multivariable analysis after adjusting for confounders. This contrasted with a significant survival difference across the subtypes in patients with conventional therapies (P < 0.0001). Compared with HR+/HER2− subtype, triple-negative subtype (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.11–2.04; P = 0.009) and HER2+ subtype (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.48–3.28; P = 0.0001) were significantly associated with worse survival by multivariable analyses. Breast cancer subtypes are not associated with survival in untreated patient population and, in contrast, significantly associated with prognosis in patients with conventional therapy. The data provide evidence of treatment-associated differential outcomes among breast cancer subtypes.
Conclusion: Going Beyond Ordinary

This concluding chapter starts by offering a brief summary of our main findings. We maintain that the artistic community that emerged within Philadelphia’s Fishtown/Kensington area constitutes a distinct subtype of bohemia, an artistic bohemian lifestyle community that maintains a bohemian lifestyle but eschews the anti-bourgeois antagonism that has been foundational to the bohemian tradition. This community helped launch and overlaps with a larger community of hipsters. Contrary to stereotypes of contemporary bohemian artists (i.e., as banal) and hipsters (i.e., as banal as well as superficial), we find that the area’s bohemian and hipster communities go beyond an ordinary creative class existence, and express substantive and progressive artistic, cultural, and political practices and values. These communities, however, have helped facilitate a gentrification process that is gradually displacing long-time working-class residents as well as struggling artists and hipsters themselves. This chapter then proceeds to discuss some policy implications of our main findings. We posit that various policy options may be more amenable to different artistic community types (i.e., artistic creative class, and artistic bohemian lifestyle communities).
Videoscope-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery (VMIS) for Bone Regeneration

The concept and relevant literature related to minimally invasive periodontal surgery is reviewed. The original MIS procedure for bone regeneration is described as well as the modification of MIS for the MIST and M-MIST procedure. The development and introduction of the videoscope for periodontal procedures are also reviewed. The videoscope’s ability to visualize and treat periodontal defect through much smaller surgical openings than the MIS or MIST techniques has led to the development of the videoscope-assisted minimally invasive surgery (VMIS) approach. The VMIS procedure is reviewed in detail. The results from long-term studies of the VMIS procedure are reported. A procedure for using the videoscope and applying the concepts of VMIS to the problem of regenerating bone in instances of peri-implantitis is also presented. The use of small incisions that produce minimal trauma and preserve most of the blood supply of the periodontal and peri-implant tissues results in improved regenerative results, minimal to no negative esthetic outcomes, and little or no patient discomfort. Minimally invasive procedures are a reliable method to regenerate periodontal tissues.
Modeling the effect of electrode thickness on the performance of lithium-ion batteries with experimental validation

Abstract Manufacturing process for composite electrodes in lithium-ion batteries generally results in non-uniform micro-structure geometrical distribution in the through-thickness direction of a porous electrode. Inhomogeneity of the porous electrode thus affects the lithium ions transport in the electrolyte and their diffusion in the active materials. Quantifying the relationship between mass transport-related parameters and the electrode thickness is very important for studying the effect of the electrode thickness on the performance of lithium-ion batteries. The objective of this work is to study how the L i x ( N i 1 / 3 M n 1 / 3 C o 1 / 3 ) O 2 (NMC111) electrode thickness affects the battery performance by developing an improved physics-based electrochemical model. In this model, the Bruggeman coefficient and the effective diffusion coefficient of NMC111 cathode with various thicknesses ranging from 31 μm to 130 μm are estimated by comparing simulation results with experimental data. The proposed electrochemical model is validated experimentally for cells with various electrode thicknesses. The simulation results indicate that increasing electrode thickness reduces the rate capabilities of lithium-ion batteries. The reason is discussed by analyzing the ohmic and diffusion limitation for cells will various electrode thicknesses under different discharge C-rates.
Multimodal Generative Models for Compositional Representation Learning.

As deep neural networks become more adept at traditional tasks, many of the most exciting new challenges concern multimodality---observations that combine diverse types, such as image and text. In this paper, we introduce a family of multimodal deep generative models derived from variational bounds on the evidence (data marginal likelihood). As part of our derivation we find that many previous multimodal variational autoencoders used objectives that do not correctly bound the joint marginal likelihood across modalities. We further generalize our objective to work with several types of deep generative model (VAE, GAN, and flow-based), and allow use of different model types for different modalities. We benchmark our models across many image, label, and text datasets, and find that our multimodal VAEs excel with and without weak supervision. Additional improvements come from use of GAN image models with VAE language models. Finally, we investigate the effect of language on learned image representations through a variety of downstream tasks, such as compositionally, bounding box prediction, and visual relation prediction. We find evidence that these image representations are more abstract and compositional than equivalent representations learned from only visual data.
Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate is a marker for postoperative complications following aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty

Revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) is increasingly performed but may carry a high rate of complication. This aim of the study was to determine if a decreased eGFR increases risks of postoperative complications following rTHA. A retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Program Database was conducted. Patients undergoing rTHA between 2007 and 2014 were identified and stratified by glomerular filtration rates (eGFR): eGFR > 125 mL/min, eGFR 90–125 mL/min, eGFR 60–90 mL/min, eGFR 30–60 mL/min, and eGFR 7 days, and unplanned return to the operating room, was assessed. The complication rates following rTHA were assessed with univariate and multivariate analysis with a significance set at p < 0.05. In total, 8898 revision THA procedures were included for analysis. 28.4% of patients that underwent rTHA developed a complication following surgery. Following adjustment, an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min independently increased the odds of any complication (OR 1.447; 95% C.I. 1.010–2.074; p = 0.044), cardiac complications (OR 3.344; 95% C.I. 1.040–10.752; p = 0.043), blood transfusion (O.R. 1.623; 95% C.I. 1.122–2.352; p = 0.010), and extended length of stay (O.R. 2.392; 95% C.I. 1.526–3.759; p < 0.001) when compared to normal renal function. Diminished eGFR of less than 30 mL/min increased the odds of total complications, cardiac complications, blood transfusions, and extended length of stay compared to normal renal function.