cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An arene-alkene photocycloaddition-radical cyclization cascade: The first syntheses of cis,cis,cis,trans-[5.5.5.5]-fenestranes

Abstract The first cis,cis,cis,trans -[5.5.5.5]-fenestranes have been synthesized in three steps using a novel arene-alkene photocycloaddition-radical cyclization cascade, which creates overall 5 new rings and 8 stereogenic centers. A lead tetraacetate mediated ring expansion of a 5,5-fused ring system, discovered in the course of exploring the chemistry of these new materials, is also described.
3D Face Hallucination from a Single Depth Frame

We present an algorithm that takes a single frame of a person's face from a depth camera, e.g., Kinect, and produces a high-resolution 3D mesh of the input face. We leverage a dataset of 3D face meshes of 1204 distinct individuals ranging from age 3 to 40, captured in a neutral expression. We divide the input depth frame into semantically significant regions (eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks) and search the database for the best matching shape per region. We further combine the input depth frame with the matched database shapes into a single mesh that results in a high resolution shape of the input person. Our system is fully automatic and uses only depth data for matching, making it invariant to imaging conditions. We evaluate our results using ground truth shapes, as well as compare to state-of the-art shape estimation methods. We demonstrate the robustness of our local matching approach with high-quality reconstruction of faces that fall outside of the dataset span, e.g., Faces older than 40 years old, facial expressions, and different ethnicities.
Geological provinces of the near side of the moon

Abstract Systematic geologic mapping of the near side of the Moon has provided the basis for defining and delineating the major geological provinces of the near side. From the nature of the provinces and their distribution patterns a general historical sequence evolves. Five main surface-shaping periods are recognized: (1) one of intense early impact cratering; (2) another, probably overlapping the first, during which the impact basins were formed; (3) a prolonged period of varied terra volcanism; (4) a short period of mare volcanism that resulted in filling of the multiring basins; and (5) a period of diminishing volcanic activity continuing up to the time of formation of the last ray craters.
Chiral Calcium VAPOL Phosphate Mediated Asymmetric Chlorination and Michael Reactions of 3-Substituted Oxindoles

We disclose a novel high yielding and highly enantioselective chiral calcium VAPOL phosphate-catalyzed chlorination of 3-substituted oxindoles with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS). The reaction conditions are also shown to be effective for the catalytic enantioselective Michael addition of 3-aryloxindoles to methyl vinyl ketone.
Catholicism and Nationalism in Latin America

Dans l'Amerique latine contemporaine, le catholicisme et le nationalisme semblent etre en correlation etroite et positive. Dans les pays ou l'edification et l'integration nationale sont les plus avancees, la force institutionnelle de l'Eglise est aussi a son point maximum. Une correlation statistique a ete etablie dans les differentes republiques latino-americaines entre la typologie du nationalisme construite par K.H. Silvert et la proportion de pretres par habitants. On a obtenu un coeffi cient de correlation .554, avec un niveau de signification de .05.Cette information statistique vient appuyer ce que l'on sait sur l'interpretation que donnent du nationalisme, a travers leurs interviews et leurs declarations, les ecclesiastiques latino americains. Les interviews et les lettres pastorales montrent que les autorites religieuses reconnaissent la force du natio nalisme et que, si certains associent les appels nationalistes a des invitations aux reformes, d'autres rejettent tout role poli tique ou claireme...
Radio wave loss deviation and shadow loss at 900 MHz

Radio wave propagation between base and mobile stations is normally described as being Rayleigh distributed due to multipath radio wave combining. When the number of radio wave paths are limited the variation in received signal amplitude frequently follows a more general case given by a Weibull distribution. A significant portion of the Weibull distribution is defined as the transmission loss deviation. Other definitions have been included with the object of standardizing methods of measuring and reporting propagation data. Data will be presented showing loss deviation between 3 and 30 dB. Shadow loss over hills and around buildings are usually assumed to be knife-edge or rounded knife-edge. Shadow loss based on these assumptions is generally found to be less than the true measured value. Data will be presented comparing calculated shadow loss with measured value.
Membrane separation processes for the benefit of the sulfur―iodine and hybrid sulfur thermochemical cycles

Abstract Thermochemical cycles have been proposed as processes for the manufacture of hydrogen from water in which the only other effluent is oxygen. In this paper, membrane-based technologies are described that have the promise of enabling the further development of thermochemical cycle processes. Membranes have been studied for the concentration of hydriodic acid (HI) and sulfuric acid using pervaporation. In this work, Nafion® and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes have effectively concentrated HI at temperatures as high as 134 °C (407 K) without any significant degradation of transport behavior. Additionally, sulfuric acid has been concentrated using Nafion® membranes at 100 °C (373 K). Measured fluxes of water and separation factors are commercially competitive and have been characterized with respect to acid concentration in the feed streams. Further, hydrogen permeability is discussed at 300 °C (573 K) with the goal of providing a method for the removal of the product gas from HI in the decomposition step, thus increasing the productivity of the equilibrium-limited reaction.
How Much Mass Do Supermassive Black Holes Eat in Their Old Age

We consider the distribution of local supermassive black hole Eddington ratios and accretion rates, accounting for the dependence of radiative efficiency and bolometric corrections on the accretion rate. We find that black hole mass growth, both of the integrated mass density and the masses of most individual objects, must be dominated by an earlier, radiatively efficient, high accretion rate stage, and not by the radiatively inefficient low accretion rate phase in which most local supermassive black holes are currently observed. This conclusion is particularly true of supermassive black holes in elliptical host galaxies, as expected if they have undergone merger activity in the past that would fuel quasar activity and rapid growth. We discuss models of the time evolution of accretion rates and show that they all predict significant mass growth in a prior radiatively efficient state. The only way to avoid this conclusion is through careful fine-tuning of the accretion/quasar timescale to a value that is inconsistent with observations. Our results agree with a wide range of observational inferences drawn from the quasar luminosity function and X-ray background synthesis models, but our approach has the virtue of being independent of the modeling of source populations. Models in which black holes spend the great majority of their time in low accretion rate phases are thus completely consistent both with observations implying mass gain in relatively short, high accretion rate phases and with the local distribution of accretion rates.
Hemophilia: Role of Organ Homografts

The concentration of factor VIII and partial thromboplastin times became normal and have remained normal for 140 days after orthotopic tranplantation of a normal liver to a hemophilic dog. Transplantation of a normal spleen into a hemophilic recipient did not result in a significant increase in factor VIII although the splenic graft was viable for at least 47 days. Transplantation of normal marrow to a lethally irradiated hemophilic dog did not result in an increase in factor VIII during 34 days of observation.
General relativistic effects in the core collapse supernova mechanism

We apply our recently developed code for spherically symmetric, fully general relativistic (GR) Lagrangian hydrodynamics and multigroup flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD) neutrino transport to examine the effects of GR on the hydrodynamics and transport during collapse, bounce, and the critical shock reheating phase of core collapse supernovae. GR effects were examined by performing core collapse simulations from several precollapse models in the Newtonian limit, in a hybrid limit consisting of GR hydrodynamics and Newtonian transport, and in the fully GR limit. Comparisons of models computed with GR versus Newtonian hydrodynamics show that collapse to bounce takes slightly less time in the GR limit and that the shock propagates slightly farther out in radius before receding. After a secondary quasi-static rise in the shock radius, the shock radius declines considerably more rapidly in the GR simulations than in the corresponding Newtonian simulations. During the shock reheating phase, core collapse computed with GR hydrodynamics results in a substantially more compact structure from the center out to the stagnated shock, the shock radius being reduced by a factor of 2 after 300 ms for a 25 M model and 600 ms for a 15 M model, times being measured from bounce. The inflow speedmore » of material behind the shock is also increased by about a factor of 2 throughout most of the evolution as a consequence of GR hydrodynamics. Regarding neutrino transport, comparisons show that the luminosity and rms energy of any neutrino flavor during the shock reheating phase increases when switching from Newtonian to GR hydrodynamics. This arises from the close coupling of the hydrodynamics and transport and the effect of GR hydrodynamics to produce more compact core structures, hotter neutrinospheres at smaller radii. On additionally switching from Newtonian to GR transport, gravitational time dilation and redshift effects decrease the luminosities and rms energies of all neutrino flavors. This decrease is less in magnitude than the increase in neutrino luminosities and rms energies that arise when switching from Newtonian to GR hydrodynamics, with the result that a fully GR simulation gives higher neutrino luminosities and harder neutrino spectra than a fully Newtonian simulation of the same precollapse model.« less
Surface Roughness Effects on Radiant Energy Interchange

Surface roughness effects on thermal radiant energy interchange between opaque interacting surfaces formulated for unequal temperature adjoint plates
Intelligent actor mobility in wireless sensor and actor networks

In wireless sensor and actor network research, the commonly used mobility models for a mobile actor are random walk model, random waypoint mobility model, or variants thereof. For a fully connected network, the choice of mobility model for the actor is not critical because, there is at least one assured path from the sensor nodes to the actor node. But, for a sparsely connected network where information cannot propagate beyond a cluster, random movement of the actor may not be the best choice to maximize event detection and subsequent action. This paper presents static and dynamic intelligent mobility models that are based on the inherent clusters' information of a sparsely connected network. Simulation results validate the idea behind the intelligent mobility models and provide insights into the applicability of these mobility models in different application scenarios.
A Symmetric Chain Decomposition of L(4, n)

L(m, n) is the set of integer m-tuples (a, ..., am) with 0 ⩽ a1 ⩽ ⋯ ⩽ am ⩽ n, ordered by a ¯ ≤ b ¯ when ai ⩽ bi for all i. R. Stanley conjectured that L(m, n) is a symmetric chain order for all (m, n). We verify this by construction for m = 4.
Ziracin, a Novel Oligosaccharide Antibiotic

Ziracin is produced by Micromonospora carbonacea1) and is highly active against Grampositive bacteria. In particular it is highly active against methicillin resistant staphylococci and vancomycin resistant enterococci. Ziracin, C70H97NO38Cl2, contains two orthoester linkages, a nitro sugar, a methylene dioxy group, two aromatic ester residues and thirty five centres of assymmetries. In this paper a brief description of the structural elucidation of ziracin is presented along with the chemical modification of the antibiotic which has led to the identification of several potent antibacterials.
Synthesis of Novel Indole Analogues of Mycophenolic Acid as Potential Antineoplastic Agents

The expedient synthesis of three novel indole analogues, 2a–c, of mycophenolic acid is described, which involved as the key steps both the Et2O·BF3 catalyzed amino-Claisen rearrangement of N-allylindoline to 7-allylindoline and the ortho ester Claisen rearrangement of the allylic alcohol 12 to the methyl ester 14. The installation of the substituents at the C-3 position in 2b and 2c was accomplished via Vilsmeier formylation and subsequent oxidation–aminolysis or oxidation–methoxylation. The synthetic approach described possesses general usefulness. The analogue 2b showed significant, reproducible antitumor activity.
Cyanocuprates Convert Carboxylic Acids Directly into Ketones

Carboxylic acids were converted directly in 56–99% yields into methyl, n-butyl, and isopropyl ketones using excess cyanocuprates R2CuLi·LiCN. A substrate with a stereocenter α to the carboxylic acid was converted into ketones with very little loss of enantiomeric purity. A variety of functional groups were tolerated including aryl bromides. This direct transformation of a carboxylic acid into ketone with minimal tertiary alcohol formation is proposed to involve a relatively stable copper ketal tetrahedral intermediate.
Quantitative recurrence and large deviations for Teichmüller geodesic flow

We prove quantitative recurrence and large deviations results for the Teichmuller geodesic flow on connected components of strata of the moduli space Qg of holomorphic unit-area quadratic differentials on a compact genus g ≥ 2 surface.
Design for local Area Freight Networks

Abstract Local area freight networks (LANs) are used to collect and distribute freight within metropolitan regions. This paper classifies LAN topologies, then shows how the optimal topology for a common carrier depends on demand characteristics. A link cost function is developed that incorporates a linear and an integer term, the latter representing excess cost due to incomplete utilization of vehicle capacity. Continuous space models are used to approximate transportation distance. In addition, the model accounts for sorting and fixed costs at terminals. The star topology is found to be most attractive when a large proportion of shipments are external (i.e. originate or are destined outside the region), when many pickup and delivery routes are needed to distribute freight and when shipments are small. The best examples of systems with these characteristics are postal services. The complete topology is most attractive when shipments are large and primarily internal, as in many less-than-truckload (LTL) trucking companies.
On primitive Dirichlet characters and the Riemann hypothesis

Abstract For every positive integer n, let X n ′ be the set of primitive Dirichlet characters modulo n. We show that if the Riemann hypothesis is true, then the inequality | X 2 n k ′ | ⩽ C 2 e − γ φ ( 2 n k ) / log log ( 2 n k ) holds for all k ⩾ 1 , where n k is the product of the first k primes, γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant, C 2 is the twin prime constant, and φ ( n ) is the Euler function. On the other hand, if the Riemann hypothesis is false, then there are infinitely many k for which the same inequality holds and infinitely many k for which it fails to hold.
An Atlas of Legendrian Knots

We present an atlas of Legendrian knots in standard contact three-space. This gives a conjectural Legendrian classification for all knots with arc index at most 9, including alternating knots through seven crossings and nonalternating knots through nine crossings. Our method involves a computer search of grid diagrams and applies to transverse knots as well. The atlas incorporates a number of new, small examples of phenomena such as transverse nonsimplicity and nonmaximal nondestabilizable Legendrian knots, and gives rise to new infinite families of transversely nonsimple knots.
Dust devils on Mars

Columnar, cone-shaped, and funnel-shaped clouds rising 1 to 6 kilometers above the surface of Mars have been identified in Viking Orbiter images. They are interpreted as dust devils, confirming predictions of their occurrence on Mars and giving evidence of a specific form of dust entrainment.
Analysis of the Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Polarization Spectrum Based on Temperature Maps of Orion*

We compile polarization data on Galactic molecular clouds from instruments spanning the wavelength range 60-1300 μm. The polarization spectrum in these clouds falls from 60 to 350 μm but rises from 350 to 1300 μm. To explain this spectrum, we require a model in which the emission arises from dust grains at multiple temperatures along the line of sight and in which the polarizing efficiency of these grains is correlated with their temperature. In order to test this hypothesis, we collect flux data from the literature and create spectral energy distributions (SEDs) in a region of the Orion A molecular cloud. Dust temperature distributions (DTDs) are estimated from these SEDs on a point-by-point basis within the cloud. We find cold, dense cores associated with submillimeter flux peaks and warm dust associated with the M42 H II region. The SEDs are well fitted by both one- and two-temperature components in the DTD. While the results are consistent with the multiple-temperature model, they do not provide a conclusive test. However, we show that this problem should be resolved with improved data.
Time-gated energy-selected cold neutron radiography

Abstract A technique is under development at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center (Lujan Center) for producing neutron radiography using only a narrow energy range of cold neutrons. The technique, referred to as time-gated energy-selected (TGES) neutron radiography, employs the pulsed neutron source at the Lujan Center with time of flight to obtain a neutron pulse having an energy distribution that is a function of the arrival time at the imager. The radiograph is formed on a short persistence scintillator and a gated, intensified, cooled CCD camera is employed to record the images, which are produced at the specific neutron energy range determined by the camera gate. The technique has been used to achieve a degree of material discrimination in radiographic images. For some materials, such as beryllium and carbon, at energies above the Bragg cutoff the neutron scattering cross section is relatively high while at energies below the Bragg cutoff the scattering cross section drops significantly. This difference in scattering characteristics can be recorded in the TGES radiography and, because the Bragg cutoff occurs at different energy levels for various materials, the approach can be used to differentiate among these materials. This paper outlines the TGES radiography technique and shows an example of radiography using the approach.
The Extractive Metallurgy of Old Scrap Recycle

The current status of old scrap recycling by extractive processing is reviewed and appraised. Current needs and ongoing research are identified. Further developments are projected, and the role of “urban” mines is forecast.
Armed/disarmed effects in the solvolysis of caged 1,6-anhydro pyranoses

Abstract A systematic study of the effect of ether and ester protecting groups upon the acetolysis of several caged 1,6-anhydro sugar derivatives reveals the profound effect that these protecting groups have upon the reactivities of such systems.
Expression of the platelet-activating factor receptor enhances benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in murine and human melanoma cells

Melanoma cells often express platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R), which has been demonstrated to increase metastatic behavior. However, the effect of PAF-R on the responsiveness of melanoma to naturally occurring cytotoxic agents remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the relative cytotoxicity and mechanism of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a component of cruciferous vegetables, in melanoma cells expressing PAF-R. To evaluate the importance of PAF-R signaling in melanoma cell growth, PAF-R-negative murine B16F10 cells were transduced with a retrovirus containing the cDNA for PAF-R to generate cells stably expressing PAF-R (B16-PAF-R) or an empty vector (MSCV) to generate PAF-R-deficient B16-MSCV control cells. Activation of PAF-R, using the PAF-R agonist, 1-hexadecyl-2-N-methylcarbamoyl-3-glycerophosphocholine, induced an increase in the proliferation of B16-PAF-R cells compared with the B16-MSCV cells. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of functional PAF-R in human melanoma SK23MEL cells, but not in SK5MEL cells. The present study investigated the effect of BITC treatments on the survival of murine and human melanoma cells, in the presence or absence of functional PAF-R. The results revealed that treatment with BITC decreased the survival rate of the PAF-R-positive and negative murine and human melanoma cells. However, the expression of PAF-R substantially augmented BITC-mediated cytotoxicity in the PAF-R-positive cells at lower concentrations compared with the PAF-R-negative cells. In order to determine the underlying mechanism, flow cytometric analysis was used, which demonstrated a significant increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the B16-PAF-R cells compared with the B16-MSCV cells, which enhanced apoptosis by BITC, as measured by increased caspase-3/7 luminescence. Notably, the BITC-mediated decreased cell survival rate, increased ROS and increased apoptosis in the B16-PAF-R cells were significantly attenuated by the antioxidant, vitamin C, indicating ROS involvement. Additionally, the WEB2086 PAF-R antagonist, inhibited the BITC-mediated enhancement of apoptosis in the B16-PAF-R cells, indicating a role for PAF-R-signaling in the BITC-mediated effects. These findings indicated that the selectivity of BITC towards PAF-R in melanoma offers a promising chemopreventive agent for PAF-R-positive melanoma treatment.
CHANGES IN MARKET PERCEPTION OF RISKINESS: THE CASE OF TOO-BIG-TO-FAIL

In 1984, the Comptroller of the Currency stated that the eleven largest banking firms were “too big to fail,” implying they would receive de facto 100 percent deposit insurance. The question is whether this announcement altered the market's perception of the riskiness of all banking organizations, not just those included in the Comptroller's statement. We address this question with two tests. First, through the examination of changes in institutional equity ownership from 1980 through 1988, we find that the announcement is associated with increases in institutional ownership at a time when a comparable set of nonfinancial firms saw reductions in institutional holdings. Second, through the examination of stock returns behavior of bank holding companies around announcements of dividend cuts and omissions from 1974 through 1991, we find that the Comptroller's 1984 announcement altered the market's reaction to dividend cuts and omissions by bank holding companies not specifically included in the Comptroller's statement.
Stoichiometry Driven Impurity Configurations in Compound Semiconductors

Precise stoichiometry and departures therefrom in the composition of the tetrahedrally coordinated compound semiconductors allow impurity incorporation in more than one configuration. Ultrahigh resolution infrared spectroscopy of CdTe:O at low temperatures reveals a unique sharp doublet associated with the local vibrational modes of OTe in a (OTe-VCd) complex with nearest neighbor Cd vacancy VCd and a single sharp line attributed to the local vibrational mode of OTe in a perfect CdTe. The uniaxial (C3v) symmetry of (OTe-VCd) transforms to Td symmetry at T* approximately 300 K, acquired due to an increasing rate of dynamic switching of the "OTe-VCd" dangling bond in which the vacancy and its three next nearest neighbor Cd cations exchange positions as temperature (T) approaches T*; for T>or=T*, the doublet thus transforms into a single, triply degenerate line.
Pattern formation and functionality in swarm models

Abstract We explore a simplified class of models we call swarms, which are inspired by the collective behavior of social insects. We perform a mean-field stability analysis and numerical simulations of the model. Several interesting types of behavior emerge in the vicinity of a second-order phase transition in the model, including the formation of stable lines of traffic flow, and memory reconstitution and bootstrapping. In addition to providing an understanding of certain classes of biological behavior, these models bear a generic resemblance to a number of pattern formation processes in the physical sciences.
Superoxide Oxidation of 1-nitropyrene-cis-dihydrodiols

Abstract KO2 oxidation of cis -4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-3-nitropyrene, 1 gives the known lactone, 3-nitro-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran-5-one, 2 . Similarly the analogous 4,5-dihydrodiol, 3 , gives the known lactone, 1-nitro-5H-phenanthro[4,5-bcd]pyran-5-one, 4 .While the yield of 2 is 80%, it is only 16% for 4 . A study of the latter oxidation, relying especially on the use of HPLC, led to a change in the conditions that increased the yield of 4 from 16 to 88%. The change was to quench the reaction with H2O2 shortly after it began instead of letting it proceed, as usual, for several hours before quenching with water.
Hollow and Solid Metallic Nanoparticles in Sensing and in Nanocatalysis

When the size of a material is reduced to the nanoscale, at or below the characteristic length scale that determines their properties, the material acquires completely new properties. On this length, its characteristics become sensitive to further changes in size, shape, or whether they are hollow or solid. In this perspective article, we first discuss the different experimental techniques used in the synthesis, assembly, and handling of colloidal solid or hollow nanoparticles with single and double shells. This is then followed by comparing the experimental and theoretical (DDA and FDTD) results for solid and hollow plasmonic nanoparticles as sensors using two different methods. The first method compares the plasmonic enhancement of the radiative properties of molecules or materials (e.g., in surface enhanced Raman scattering, SERS). The second one is based on the amount of the plasmon peak wavelength shift of the nanoparticle in media with different dielectric functions. In the last section of the persp...
Atmospheric Circulation and Composition of GJ1214b

The exoplanet GJ1214b presents an interesting example of compositional degeneracy for low-mass planets. Its atmosphere may be composed of water, super-solar or solar metallicity material. We present atmospheric circulation models of GJ1214b for these three compositions, with explicit gray radiative transfer and an optional treatment of MHD bottom drag. All models develop strong, superrotating zonal winds ({approx}1-2 km s{sup -1}). The degree of eastward heat advection, which can be inferred from secondary eclipse and thermal phase curve measurements, varies greatly between the models. These differences are understood as resulting from variations in the radiative times at the thermal photosphere, caused by separate molecular weight and opacity effects. Our GJ1214b models illustrate how atmospheric circulation can be used as a probe of composition for similar tidally locked exoplanets in the mini-Neptune/waterworld class.
What can be expected when radiation therapy becomes the only curative alternative for endometrial cancer

Fifty-four patients with endometrial carcinoma were treated by radiation alone between 1962 and 1977, because of severe associated medical problems that contraindicated surgery. The overall 5-year absolute and determinate survival rates were 46% and 54%, respectively. The majority of patients who presented with Stage I, grade I disease were treated with only intracavitary radiation; this yielded a 75% 5-year survival rate. However, the combination of external and intracavitary radiation achieved the best results in the overall group. The stage of the disease, grade, age at diagnosis, and treatment techniques correlated well with failure rates. However, only the tumor grade and treatment techniques influenced failure patterns. The length of the uterine cavity did not have any prognostic influence in these patients.
Optimization of waverider configurations generated from axisymmetricconical flows

Analytic results from inviscid hypersonic small-disturbance theory for axisymmetric conical flow are used to generate waverider configurations valid for all values of Kb ^A/^5, where d is the semi vertex angle of the basic cone. By means of the calculus of variations, those configurations are sought that yield the maximum lift-todrag ratio subject to suitable constraints, such as fixed lift, fixed volume, fixed base area, fixed planform area, and so on. The inviscid analysis accounts for wave drag only, but the effects of viscous drag are discussed. For the fixed-lift constraint, two types of optimized configurations are found: types with pointed noses, and types with round noses with sharp leading edges. The results are analytic in nature and particularly suitable for studying the various tradeoffs that are involved in missile design. Comparison of the results with other types of lifting bodies suggests that properly selected cone-derived waveriders are among the best producers of large liftto-drag ratios.
CHAINS AND FAMILIES OF TIGHTLY CLOSED IDEALS

We prove tight closure analogues of results of Watanabe about chains and families of integrally closed ideals.
The electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of sulfate complexes of iron porphyrins

The spectroscopy and electrochemistry of [Fe(TPP)]2SO4 and [Fe(OEP)]2SO4 in methylene chloride, dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide was examined. In methylene chloride, the reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) porphyrins occurs in two well-separated reduction waves. The first wave corresponds to the reduction of the sulfate-bridged dimer to Fe(P) and Fe(P)(SO4)−, where P=TPP or OEP. The second wave corresponds to the reduction of Fe(P)(SO4)− to Fe(P). The reduction of Fe(P) occurs at the normal potential for the iron(II)/iron(I) porphyrin reduction. These results were confirmed by visible spectroelectrochemistry, proton NMR and EPR spectroscopy. In coordinating solvents such as DMF or DMSO, the sulfate-bridged dimer dissociated and a single iron(III)/iron(II) wave was observed. The addition of sulfate to the sulfate-bridged complex in methylene chloride or chloroform lead to the dissociation of the complex into the sulfate monomer complexes. The NMR spectrum of Fe(TPP)(SO4)− was typical of a high-spin ferric porphyrin complex, and was almost indistinguishable from Fe(TPP)Cl. In the presence of excess sulfate, only one iron(III)/iron(II) wave was observed, and this wave occurred at the potential of the second wave for the sulfate-bridged dimer. As with the dimer itself, this wave was quite quasi-reversible, and the reduction wave occurred substantially negative of the iron(III)/iron(II) wave for Fe(TPP)Cl. The spectroelectrochemistry of the reduced product was consistent with a Fe(II)(TPP)(SO4)2− complex. The strong complex between sulfate and iron(II) is probably due to the poor solvation of sulfate in these organic solvents. In DMSO, the results were similar to methylene chloride, except that there was no evidence for complexation of sulfate with the ferrous species. In addition to the sulfate complex, the bisulfate complex of ferric OEP was also examined, as well as the reaction of bisulfate with Fe(TPP)(ClO4). The infrared, visible and NMR spectra for Fe(OEP)(HSO4) were obtained.
Some comments on multigrid methods for computing propagators

Abstract I make three conceptual points regarding multigrid methods for computing propagators in lattice gauge theory: (1) The class of operators handled by the algorithm must be stable under coarsening. (2) Problems related by symmetry should have solution methods related by symmetry. (3) It is crucial to distinguish the vector space V from its dual space V ∗ . All the existing algorithms violate one or more of these principles.
Cuprous Chloride Accelerated Stille Reactions. A General and Effective Coupling System for Sterically Congested Substrates and for Enantioselective Synthesis

A major limitation of Stille coupling reactions arises from steric screening, especially in the vinylstannane component. For example, with 1-substituted vinylstannanes and aryl perfluoroalkanesulfonates or halides negligible or low yields are generally observed, due to very slow reaction rates and competing cine substitution. This problem has been overcome in the present work through the discovery and application of cuprous chloride as an accelerant for coupling. Thus, using a protocol for coupling that involves the system Pd(PPh3)4/CuCl/LiCl under anaerobic conditions in dimethyl sulfoxide solution at 60 °C, a wide variety of Stille coupling reactions which otherwise fail can be effected in excellent yield (Table 1). The process has been applied to the enantioselective synthesis of the chiral 1-(arylethyl)alkylcarbinol 26, a model for the natural product nicandrenone. The acceleration of Stille coupling by cuprous chloride can be explained by the intervention of a vinylstannane → vinylcopper(I) transmeta...
Toric algebra of hypergraphs

The edges of any hypergraph parametrize a monomial algebra called the edge subring of the hypergraph. We study presentation ideals of these edge subrings, and describe their generators in terms of balanced walks on hypergraphs. Our results generalize those for the defining ideals of edge subrings of graphs, which are well-known in the commutative algebra community, and popular in the algebraic statistics community. One of the motivations for studying toric ideals of hypergraphs comes from algebraic statistics, where generators of the toric ideal give a basis for random walks on fibers of the statistical model specified by the hypergraph. Further, understanding the structure of the generators gives insight into the model geometry.
Probabilities of Failure for Quantum Error Correction

We investigate the performance of a quantum error-correcting code when pushed beyond its intended capacity to protect against errors, presenting formulae for the probability of failure when the errors affect more qudits than that specified by the code's minimum distance. Such formulae provide a means to rank different codes of the same minimum distance. We consider both error detection and error correction, treating explicit examples in the case of stabilizer codes constructed from qubits and encoding a single qubit
Performance of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter after three years of lhc operation and plans for a future upgrade

The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Liquid argon sampling calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry as well as hadronic calorimetry in the endcaps. After installation in 2004-2006, the calorimeters were extensively commissioned over the three-year period prior to first collisions in 2009, using cosmic rays and single LHC beams. Since then, approximately 27 fb-1 of data have been collected at an unprecedented center of mass energy. During all these stages, the calorimeter and its electronics have been operating almost optimally, with a performance very close to specifications. This paper covers all aspects of these first years of operation. The excellent performance achieved is especially presented in the context of the discovery of the elusive Higgs boson. The future plans to preserve this performance until the end of the LHC program are also presented.
On exact statistics and classification of ergodic systems of integer dimension

We describe classes of ergodic dynamical systems for which some statistical properties are known exactly. These systems have integer dimension, are not globally dissipative, and are defined by a probability density and a two-form. This definition generalizes the construction of Hamiltonian systems by a Hamiltonian and a symplectic form. Some low dimensional examples are given, as well as a discretized field theory with a large number of degrees of freedom and a local nearest neighbor interaction. We also evaluate unequal-time correlations of these systems without direct numerical simulation, by Pade approximants of a short-time expansion. We briefly speculate on the possibility of constructing chaotic dynamical systems with non-integer dimension and exactly known statistics. In this case there is no probability density, suggesting an alternative construction in terms of a Hopf characteristic function and a two-form.
Multimodal predictive modeling of individual treatment outcome in cocaine dependence with combined neuroimaging and behavioral predictors

Abstract Background Developing personalized treatments for cocaine dependence remains a significant clinical challenge. Positron emission tomography (PET) has shown that the [ 11 C]raclopride signal in the ventral striatum is associated with treatment success in a positively reinforced contingency management program. The present study investigates whether this signal can be used to predict treatment outcome at an individual level. Methods Predictive models were developed using PET signals from 5 regions of the striatum and follow-up data in 24 patients, and evaluated using cross-validation. Results The ventral striatal PET signal alone can predict individual treatment response with a substantial degree of accuracy (cross-validated correct rate = 82%). Incorporating information from other regions-of-interest (ROIs) in the striatum does not improve predictive performance, except for a small improvement with adding the posterior caudate. The addition of baseline demographic variables, including baseline severity measures, does not improve predictive performance. On the other hand, early treatment response and motivation, reflected by cumulative clinic attendance, performs as well as the PET signal (83%) by week 3 in the 24-week study. The combined model with both PET signals and cumulative clinic attendance demonstrates a significant improvement of performance, peaking at 96% during week 3 of the trial. Conclusions These results suggest that a multimodal model can predict treatment success in cocaine dependence at an individual level, and pose hypotheses for the underlying neural circuitry mechanisms responsible for individual variations in treatment outcome.
The Utilization of Engineers in Industry

Engineers time and intellectual utilization in industry dependence on local company attitudes, suggesting better management appreciation of motivation factor
Passive Protection of Gnotobiotic Calves Using Monoclonal Antibodies Directed at Different Epitopes on the Fusion Protein of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Two neutralizing, fusion-inhibiting bovine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; B4 and B13) directed at different epitopes on the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) protected the lungs of gnotobiotic calves from RSV infection. The MAbs were administered intratracheally 24 h before the calves were challenged with bovine RSV. A third, nonneutralizing, non-fusion-inhibiting but complement-fixing MAb, B1, provided no significant protection against infection, and the disease was not exacerbated. Pneumonic consolidation and mean virus titer in lung 7 days after challenge were significantly lower in calves given the fusion-inhibiting MAbs than in either control calves or those given MAb B1. The proliferative bronchiolitis with syncytial formation and widespread distribution of RSV antigen in the lower respiratory tract of the B1-treated and control calves were indistinguishable and typical of experimental bovine RSV infection. Syncytia were markedly absent, and little or no viral antigen was detected in either the B4- or B13-treated calves.
Kinetics of the reactions of OH with alkanes

The rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with ethane (k1), propane (k2), n-butane (k3), iso-butane (k4), and n-pentane (k5) have been measured over the temperature range 212–380 K using the pulsed photolysis-laser induced fluorescence (PP-LIF) technique. The 298 K values are (2.43±0.20) × 10−13, (1.11 ± 0.08) × 10−12, (2.46 ± 0.15) × 10−12, (2.06 ± 0.14) × 10−12, and (4.10 ± 0.26) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for k1, k2, k3, k4, and k5, respectively. The temperature dependence of k1 and k2 can be expressed in the Arrhenius form: k1 = (1.03 ± 0.07) × 10−11 exp[−(1110 ± 40)/T] and k2 = (1.01 ± 0.08) × 10−11 exp[−(660 ± 50)/T]. The Arrhenius plots for k3 – k5 were clearly curved and they were fit to three parameter expressions: k3 = (2.04 ± 0.05) × 10−17T2 exp[(85 ± 10)/T] k4 = (9.32 ± 0.26) × 10−18T2 exp[(275 ± 20)/T]; and k5 = (3.13 ± 0.25) × 10−17T2 exp[(115 ± 30)/T]. The units of all rate constants are cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and the quoted uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level and include estimated systematic errors. The present measurements are in excellent agreement with previous studies and the best values for atmospheric calculations are recommended. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spectroscopy of strontium Rydberg states using electromagnetically induced transparency

We report on the all-optical detection of Rydberg states in an effusive atomic beam of strontium atoms using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Using narrow-linewidth CW lasers we obtain an EIT linewidth of 5 MHz. To illustrate the high spectroscopic resolution offered by this method, we have measured isotope shifts of the 5s18d1D2 and 5s19s1S0 Rydberg states. This technique could be applied to high-resolution, non-destructive measurements of ultra-cold Rydberg gases and plasmas.
The seasonal footprinting mechanism in CFSv2: simulation and impact on ENSO prediction

The seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM) is thought to be a pre-cursor to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Fluctuations in the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) impact the ocean via surface heat fluxes during winter, leaving a sea-surface temperature (SST) “footprint” in the subtropics. This footprint persists through the spring, impacting the tropical Pacific atmosphere–ocean circulation throughout the following year. The simulation of the SFM in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2) is likely to have an impact on operational predictions of ENSO and potentially seasonal predictions in the United States associated with ENSO teleconnection patterns. The ability of the CFSv2 to simulate the SFM and the relationship between the SFM and ENSO prediction skill in the NCEP/CFSv2 are investigated. Results indicate that the CFSv2 is able to simulate the basic characteristics of the SFM and its relationship with ENSO, including extratropical sea level pressure anomalies associated with the NPO in the winter, corresponding wind and SST anomalies that impact the tropics, and the development of ENSO-related SST anomalies the following winter. Although the model is able to predict the correct sign of ENSO associated with the SFM in a composite sense, probabilistic predictions of ENSO following a positive or negative NPO event are generally less reliable than when the NPO is not active.
PREPARATION AND STORAGE OF (R)-2,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENEGLYCERALDEHYDE (D-GLYCERALDEHYDE ACETONIDE)

Abstract This is a report on the synthesis and on the storage of D-glyceraldehyde acetonide for as long as three years after initial preparation while retaining its enantiomeric purity.
Meteorological Forecast Model Applications to Aerodynamic Decelerators

The ability to deliver airdrop cargo loads precisely is vitally important to U.S. military operations. A critical factor affecting airdrop precision is the state of the atmosphere (winds and air density) through which theparachute descends. Instruments such as weather balloons and, more recently, "dropsondes" (parachute-borne devices that measure the winds near the cargo drops), provide detailed meteorological information for determining the required parachute release point. However, it might not be feasible to obtain atmospheric soundings using these instruments, either close enough to the intended target or during the time frame of the airdrop operations. In these cases, the use of a high-resolution meteorological computer model becomes extremely desirable. Such a model can predict the necessary atmospheric parameters at the location and time of interest. The evaluation of one such computer model in its application to airdrop operations is addressed. Model output is statistically evaluated against balloon and dropsonde soundings and also is incorporated into an airdrop simulator for comparison against actual parachute trajectories. Model comparisons against the in situ measurements showed very close correlation. Inputting the model predictions to the parachute simulator yielded less accurate, but still promising, results for the single case study that was available.
Halo Properties in Cosmological Simulations of Self-Interacting Cold Dark Matter

We present a comparison of halo properties in cosmological simulations of collisionless cold dark matter (CDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) for a range of dark matter cross sections. We find, in agreement with various authors, that CDM yields cuspy halos that are too centrally concentrated as compared to observations. Conversely, SIDM simulations using a Monte Carlo N-body technique produce halos with significantly reduced central densities and flatter cores. We introduce a concentration parameter based on enclosed mass that we expect will be straightforward to determine observationally and present predictions for SIDM and CDM. SIDM also produces more spherical halos than CDM, providing possibly the strongest observational constraint on SIDM. In our simulations with SIDM cross sections ?DM ? 10-23 to 10-25 cm2 GeV-1, collisions reduce the central density in galaxy halos, with larger cross sections producing lower densities. Simulations in the upper end of this range best match current observations of galaxy properties but are disfavored by cluster simulations of Yoshida and colleagues. This problem would be alleviated in models in which the cross section is velocity dependent.