cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burn pathophysiology in man I. Sequential hemodynamic alterations

LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT WITH MINIMAL HYPOTENSION in anesthethized dogs subjected to burns were reported by Johnson and Blalock [8] and subsequently by Moncrief [lo]. Cournand and Richards [4] observed low cardiac output during the early postburn period in four burn patients; the cardiac output rose after treatment. Similar findings were reported by Unger and Haynes [ 141. On the mother hand, we have observed normal or high cardiac output and reduced peripheral resistance, with one exception, in patients who had sustained major b,ody flame burns [13]. Pathophysiology mechanisms in burn shock are not completely understood, but fluid loss [2] myocardial injury [6], a myocardial “depressant factor” [l, 5, 7, 111 and cellular aggregation [3] have been implicated. The present study describes the sequential hemodynamic events in eight patients who sustained major body flame burns. Hemodynamic patterns were described in order to elucidate possible pathophysiologic mechanisms which underlie hemodynamic and clinical manifestations of burn shock. It is assumed that the earliest physiologic
Caregivers of persons with stroke: Their physical and emotional wellbeing

This descriptive study was undertaken as a pilot test for several questionnaires designed to examine the well-being of caregivers of persons with stroke. This predominantly female sample was found to have moderately few physical symptoms, but to be in considerable emotional distress. Nearly half the sample had anxiety and depression scores above the level identified as suspicious for clinically relevant distress as indexed by the Symptom Questionnaire.1 Anger was also a salient finding: 40% of those questioned scored above the cutoff level for hostility and several caregivers expressed anger verbally during data collection. The degree of psychological distress in these individuals is of importance to all health care professionals and deserves increased attention, both from the perspective of the researcher and from the perspective of the clinician.
Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. II. Animal models for human skin.

Abstract The percutaneous absorption of compounds through the skin of selected animal species was compared to that occurring with human skin, using in vitro diffusion cell techniques. The permeability of back skin of the following animals was examined: Hormel miniature pigs, Osborne-Mendel rats, NIH hairless mice, and Swiss mice. Benzoic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, and urea, dissolved in a petrolatum vehicle, were applied and permeability constants were determined. With the faster penetrating compounds, benzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, mouse skin and hairless mouse skin were similar and were the most permeable. Little difference was observed in acetylsalicylic acid absorption of human, pig, and rat skin. Pig skin and hairless mouse skin were the best animal models for the slower penetrating urea. The thicknesses of the stratum corneum, epidermis, and whole skin were determined from microtome sections prepared from frozen skin. In addition, the density of hair follicles in each type of skin was determined. In general terms, thickness of the stratum corneum was found to be important: the thickest stratum corneum was that of pig skin and the thinnest was that of the mouse. Often however, differences in permeability and stratum corneum thickness did not correlate on a 1:1 basis, which can be indicative of differences in structure of the different types of skin. The animal model of choice is dependent on the compound. For benzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid, the pig and rat are good models for human skin. In the case of slow absorbing compounds, such as urea, diffusion through appendages in the skin may make undesirable the use of skin of densely haired animals.
Vacuum switchgear for fusion experiments

Abstract Fusion experiments frequently have demanding switching requirements that cannot be satisfied by conventional switchgear. Two frequent requirements and specialized vacuum switches designed to meet them are presented. Experimental results from testing of prototype devices are discussed. A frequently encountered switch application is the interruption of a high level, pulsed, dc current followed by a fast rising recovery voltage. A 7-in. vacuum interrupter with an axial magnetic field has proven to be an effective switch for currents up to 25 kA. Beyond 25 kA, a parallel configuration becomes necessary. The influence of the axial magnetic field on the behavior of parallel vacuum interrupters and test results up to 50 kA are discussed. Also, test results on experimental devices with novel electrode geometries such as the rod-array vacuum interrupter and the Amsler contact interrupter are presented. Interrupters which can carry large dc currents on a continuous basis are frequently required in fusion applications. This requirement occurs in superconducting coil protection circuits and generally involves recovery voltages of 5 kV or less. A specially designed vacuum interrupter with water-cooled electrodes has been used to extend the continuous current rating of a commercial interrupter from 1200 A to 13 kA. Two second generation devices with special electrode materials are currently being developed for use with a special actuator and are intended to extend the continuous rating to 25 kA.
Studies on the structure of ribonucleic acids

Abstract The course of action of crystalline ribonuclease on the ribonucleic acids from yeast and from pig liver was studied with the use of chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures. The findings formed the basis for the development of a number of conceptions as to the structure of the macromolecular pentose nucleic acids. About 60 to 70 mole per cent of the nucleotides present in the initial substrates were liberated by enzymatic action as rapidly dialyzable nucleotides of low molecular weight. This fraction consisted of free cytidylic and uridylic acids (comprising a high proportion of the total pyrimidine nucleotides) and of combined purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. All nucleic acid preparations yielded a nondialyzable residue, resistant to enzymatic attack, which was found to consist to about two thirds of guanylic acid and of varying amounts of the other nucleotides. The exposure of pentose nucleic acids to weak alkali results ultimately, as is known, in their complete hydrolysis to mononucleotides. In the case of yeast ribonucleic acid, it could be shown that this rapid hydrolysis does not proceed at random, but that the several mononucleotides are released at widely differing rates, uridylic acid being the first and adenylic acid the last to be detached. The spectroscopic observations centered around a comparison of the ultraviolet extinctions of the intact nucleic acids with those of the enzymatic breakdown products and of the mononucleotide mixtures to which they gave rise on alkaline hydrolysis. At 260 mμ, the extinctions of the intact compounds and of their nondialyzable cores, produced by ribonuclease, were very considerably lower (25 to 37%) than those of the corresponding mononucleotide mixtures. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the fractions rendered dialyzable by the enzyme showed, however, no such extinction decrease. The implications of these findings for the problems of ribonuclease specificity and ribonucleic acid structure are discussed and possible patterns of nucleotide sequence in backbone and sidechains of a branched macromolecule are considered.
Beyond despair--sexual and reproductive health care in Haiti after the earthquake.

In just 35 seconds, on 12 January 2010, Haiti was devastated when an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale struck the most densely populated part of the country, about 25 km southwest of th...
The BB/NBD + 1 Model Applied to Rotation Policy

An early dismissal policy for unproductive recruiters is proposed. The policy is based on a bivariate stochastic model for productivity; this model considers both incidence of reporting a positive quantity of sales and the quantity per report. All recruiters are observed for a probational period; those who exceed minimum incidence and quantity requirements are allowed to continue to the end of a fixed maximum tenure while others are replaced with new recruiters after the probational period. We show that those who report less often must report a larger total quantity over the probational period in order to compensate for a larger chance variation. The univariate negative binomial distribution NBD model which considers quantity only is examined with respect to its robustness as an approximation in this context. It is found that the NBD leads to serious errors when the quantity reported is relatively homogeneous and reporting incidence is bimodal. Extensions to more conventional salesforces and to direct mail applications are indicated.
Aggression in the female golden hamster: effects of reproductive state and social isolation.

Abstract To gain information on possible hormonal correlates, the aggressive behavior of intact female hamsters towards males was observed at various times during the estrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, pregnancy, and lactation. For methodological information, estrous cycle females also were tested after varying periods of social isolation. It was found that pregnant and especially lactating hamsters were more aggressive than pseudopregnant or estrous cycling females. Comparisons of days within each reproductive condition showed that aggression tended to be higher on certain days: the day preceding behavioral estrus of the estrous cycle, Day 10 of pregnancy, and the first 5 days of lactation. Except for pseudopregnancy, sexual behavior unaccompanied by aggression occurred at some time during all reproductive conditions, and both sexual behavior and aggression were found to occur together on Day 10 of pregnancy and Day 1 of lactation. The changes in aggressive behavior associated with reproductive states were attributed to increased male interest, inhibition by ovarian hormones, and facilitation by prolactin. Increasing periods of social isolation also were found to be associated with increased aggression. It was suggested that this effect, too. might have been due to increased prolactin levels.
Computational modeling and comparison of three co-laminar microfluidic mixing techniques

This study compares three common microfluidic mixing techniques: electroosmosis with patterned zeta potential, hydrodynamic focusing and physical constrictions. All three techniques provide a higher degree of mixing than a comparable channel without a mixer, but at the cost of higher power requirements. Of the three techniques, the electroosmotic mixer requires the greatest amount of power to produce a high degree of mixing, unless the channels are much smaller than those typical for microfluidic devices. The power requirement of the physical constriction mixer may be lowered by using multiple constrictions, with only a small loss in mixing effectiveness. The physical constriction mixer is recommended, since it has power requirements similar to the hydrodynamic focusing mixer but only requires the use of a single pump. However, if the mixing liquids contain particulates, a hydrodynamic focusing mixer may be preferred, because the physical constriction mixer may clog, depending on the particulate size.
PEACE: Parallel Environment for Assembly and Clustering of Gene Expression

We present PEACE, a stand-alone tool for high-throughput ab initio clustering of transcript fragment sequences produced by Next Generation or Sanger Sequencing technologies. It is freely available from www.peace-tools.org. Installed and managed through a downloadable user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), PEACE can process large data sets of transcript fragments of length 50 bases or greater, grouping the fragments by gene associations with a sensitivity comparable to leading clustering tools. Once clustered, the user can employ the GUI's analysis functions, facilitating the easy collection of statistics and allowing them to single out specific clusters for more comprehensive study or assembly. Using a novel minimum spanning tree-based clustering method, PEACE is the equal of leading tools in the literature, with an interface making it accessible to any user. It produces results of quality virtually identical to those of the WCD tool when applied to Sanger sequences, significantly improved results over WCD and TGICL when applied to the products of Next Generation Sequencing Technology and significantly improved results over Cap3 in both cases. In short, PEACE provides an intuitive GUI and a feature-rich, parallel clustering engine that proves to be a valuable addition to the leading cDNA clustering tools.
Gabor function-based medical image compression

Compression methods based on Gabor functions are implemented for simulated nuclear medicine liver images with and without lesions. The performance of the compression schemes is assessed objectively by comparing the original images to the compressed/reconstructed images through calculation of the Hotelling trace, an index that has been shown to correlate well with performance for images from this imaging modality. For compression based on thresholding the complex Gabor coefficients, a better than 2:1 compression is obtained without appreciable reduction in image quality, which, when combined with gains expected from bit reduction schemes, corresponds to an overall approximate 8:1 compression.
Cocaine impairs maternal nest building in pregnant rats.

QUINONES-JENAB, V., P. BATEL, S. D. SCHLUSSMAN, A. HO AND M. J. KREEK. Cocaine impairs maternal nest building in pregnant rats. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 58(4) 1009–1013, 1997.—The present study investigated the onset of maternal nest building in pregnant Fischer rats following chronic repeated cocaine administration. Pregnant Fischer rats were injected with saline or cocaine, 15 mg/kg, three times daily at 1-h intervals for 10 days starting on gestation day 8. Cocaine-exposed females incorporated less material into their nests and built fewer fully completed circular nests than control animals. The overall quality of the nest in cocaine exposed dams was significantly lower than that of control animals. Furthermore, cocaine exposed dams gained less weight than control females. However, no difference in number of pups, weight, or length of pups was observed between groups. Thus, it seems that cocaine disrupts the interest and skill in nest building of pregnant rats.
A reusable plastic training model for teaching Papanicolaou smear technique

A reusable plastic Papanicolaou smear training model was developed to teach the techniques of the Papanicolaou smear. The model design allows immediate feedback and opportunity for skills practice, yet it is efficient and cost effective. Its use is recommended for instruction in the techniques of the Papanicolaou smear.
Comparative free-radical chemistry in the radiolytic deamination and dephosphorylation of bio-organic molecules. I. Oxygen-free solutions.

Abstract The radiolytic deamination and dephosphorylation of peptides and phosphate esters in oxygenated solutions are OH-induced and involve the formation and subsequent degradation of the peroxyl radicals RCONHC(Ȯ 2 )R 2 and £OC(Ȯ 2 )R 2 respectively. Reaction analogues in the degradation chemistry of these peroxyl intermediates from various peptides and phosphate esters including protein and DNA are evaluated in detail. The evidence is that the reaction mechanisms recently proposed for removal of £OC(Ȯ 2 )R 2 radicals in the radiolytic scission of the DNA strand are identical in form with the mechanisms identified in earlier studies of RCONHC(Ȯ 2 )R 2 radicals in the radiolytic cleavage of the peptide chain. The analogy includes the chemical forms of the final products and their specific yields.
THE CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF C‐REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) DETERMINATIONS IN BACTERIAL MENINGITIS AND SEPTICEMIA IN INFANCY

Abstract. Sabel, K.-G. and Hanson, L. A. (Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, and Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden). The clinical usefulness of C-reactive protein (CRP) determinations in bacterial meningitis and septicemia in infancy. Acta Paediatr Scand, 63: 381, 1974.–The possibility of using CRP for diagnosis and follow-up of infants with bacterial meningitksepticemia was investigated. CRP was quantitated with the single radial immunodiffusion technique. In 37 infants 0–12 months old with purulent meningitis and/or septicemia, CRP was increased in 32. The same proportion of increased CRP was found in the neonatal cases as in the older infants. Peak values to <50 µg/ml were found in 2/3 of all cases, E. coli infections showing the most uniform pattern of high CRP values. The period of increased CRP was closely related to risk of recurrence of the infection. After CRP had returned to normal levels no recurrence occurred. In cases of neonatal E. coli infections CRP was found to be the best single parameter indicating persistence of infection, and in a group of H. influenzae idfection CRP was as good as cultures of cerebrospinal fluid, white blood cell count and protein in cerebrospinal fluid. The findings show that CRP is a useful parameter to show the presence of meningitis and/or septicemia in infancy including the neonatal period. CRP is an easy test which can be used to direct antibiotic treatment since it rapidly detects persistence of infection or recurrences.
Treatment-seeking for depression by black and white Americans

This paper examines data from a psychiatric epidemiologic survey of 3004 households in St Louis to determine whether there are distinctions between black and white Americans in their propensities to seek treatment for episodes of depression and to discover those groups least likely to seek care. The process initiated by the experiencing of unusual or distressing signs or symptoms and completed by seeking treatment for those complaints is a complex one, involving several steps. Numerous factors may affect decisions regarding treatment-seeking including characteristics of the individuals themselves, characteristics of the symptoms, and attitudes and beliefs about the causes and proper treatment of psychiatric problems or mood. We, therefore, also examine the available epidemiologic data for some clues concerning those factors which may have contributed to the observed patterns of treatment-seeking. Significantly fewer blacks meeting psychiatric criteria for a diagnosis of depression had sought professional care. Moreover, severity of the problem was significantly related to treatment-seeking among blacks and it was among those with the least severe problems that the greatest differences were found. Whites did not significantly exceed blacks in seeking care when depressive episodes were long lasting, severe or frequent. Although there was some indication that blacks may be more tolerant of depressive symptoms, a considerable proportion of blacks who felt they had a troublesome problem had never sought professional care. There was little evidence to suggest that a fear of being stigmatized prevented blacks from seeking care. However, blacks were more likely to report that fear of treatment and of being hospitalized had prevented them from seeking care. A number of hypotheses generated by the epidemiologic data are presented. Once large-scale surveys such as this have delineated the patterns of health care utilization and identified those groups at high risk of not receiving care, anthropological concepts and problem-oriented field research may be extremely useful in testing hypotheses concerning those factors underlying the observed behavioral patterns.
Yield behavior of gelled waxy oil in water-in-oil emulsion at temperatures below ice formation

Paraffinic waxes precipitate from bulk oil when oil temperatures are lower than the oil wax appearance temperature. The oil can form a gel if the temperature goes below the pour point, especially under quiescent conditions. The strength of the gelled waxy oil increases as temperature decreases further. Application of a mechanical shear deforms and fractures the gel. It is shown that this strength reduction in the gel is irreversible under isothermal conditions. In subsequent cooling, the prior fractured gel even showed much less yield stress than the gel from the shear-free condition at measured temperature. This study explored the gel strength behavior in water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion state. Three different model oils, water-free oil, 10 wt.% w/o and 30 wt.% w/o, were used to determine the yield stress using vane method. Both emulsified oils showed less yield stress values at temperatures between the pour points and ice temperature. Compared to water-free oil at temperatures below ice formation, the higher yield stresses were observed in 10 wt.% w/o oil; however, the lower yield stresses in 30 wt.% w/o oil. Subsequent cooling option after prior gel breakage was also examined.
Paternal behavior increases testosterone levels in offspring of the California mouse

Paternal care during early development influences pup survivorship in the monogamous and biparental California mouse, Peromyscus californicus. Moreover, paternal pup retrievals impact development of adult offspring aggression and the neuropeptide vasopressin, yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms of these developmental changes. Because testosterone can increase arginine vasopressin and aggression, we hypothesized that paternal pup retrievals increase testosterone levels in prepubertal male P. californicus pups. Male pups were assigned to one of three groups: hormonal baseline, nonretrieval control, or retrieval. On postnatal days 18-21, all pups and the mother were removed from the cage, and the focal male pup was placed either outside of the nest to elicit paternal retrievals (retrieval group) or in the nest to discourage paternal retrievals (nonretrieval group). Testosterone was elevated at 45-min, but not 90-min, post-manipulation in retrieved compared to nonretrieved pups. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between pup retrievals and testosterone in the 45-min group. This rapid testosterone rise in response to paternal retrievals may facilitate an increase in aggression and vasopressin in adult offspring. Therefore, this period of development previously viewed as hormonally quiescent may be more active in response to paternal behavior than previously thought.
The chemical complexity of cellular microtubules: tubulin post-translational modification enzymes and their roles in tuning microtubule functions

Cellular microtubules are marked by abundant and evolutionarily conserved post-translational modifications that have the potential to tune their functions. This review focuses on the astonishing chemical complexity introduced in the tubulin heterodimer at the post-translational level and summarizes the recent advances in identifying the enzymes responsible for these modifications and deciphering the consequences of tubulin's chemical diversity on the function of molecular motors and microtubule associated proteins. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interval Type-2 fuzzy voter design for fault tolerant systems

A voting scheme constitutes an essential component of many fault tolerant systems. Two types of voters are commonly used in applications of real-valued systems: the inexact majority and the amalgamating voters. The inexact majority voter effectively isolates erroneous modules and is capable of reporting benign outputs when a significant disagreement is detected. However, an application specific voter threshold must be provided. On the other hand, amalgamating voter, such as the weighted average voter, reduces the influence of faulty modules by averaging the input values together. Unlike the majority voters, amalgamating voters are not capable of producing benign outputs. In the past, a Type-1 (T1) fuzzy voting scheme was introduced, allowing for both smooth amalgamation of voter inputs and effective signalization of benign outputs. The presented paper proposes an extension to the fuzzy voting scheme via incorporating Interval Type-2 (IT2) fuzzy logic. The IT2 fuzzy logic allows for an improved handling of uncertain assumptions about the distributions of noisy and erroneous inputs which are essential for correct design of the fuzzy voting scheme. The proposed voter design features robust performance when the uncertainty assumptions dynamically change over time. The IT2 fuzzy voter architecture was compared against the average voter, inexact majority voter, and the T1 fuzzy voter using a refined experimental harness. The reported results demonstrate improved availability, safety and reliability of the presented IT2 fuzzy voting scheme.
Review of Cultural Contingencies: Behavior Analytic Perspectives on Cultural Practices by Peter Lamal

In this essay, we review Peter Lamal's (1997) text, Cultural Contingencies: Behavior Analytic Perspectives on Cultural Practices, summarizing the chapters and appraising them against the goal of the text. We begin with some professional and disciplinary context, and then review and evaluate the chapters and the text overall. In conclusion we urge that this text, like all others, be evaluated in the context of its purposes, not independently of them.
Seeing the forest through the trees: uncovering phenomic complexity through interactive network visualization

Our aim was to uncover unrecognized phenomic relationships using force-based network visualization methods, based on observed electronic medical record data. A primary phenotype was defined from actual patient profiles in the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II database. Network visualizations depicting primary relationships were compared to those incorporating secondary adjacencies. Interactivity was enabled through a phenotype visualization software concept: the Phenomics Advisor. Subendocardial infarction with cardiac arrest was demonstrated as a sample phenotype; there were 332 primarily adjacent diagnoses, with 5423 relationships. Primary network visualization suggested a treatmentrelated complication phenotype and several rare diagnoses; re-clustering by secondary relationships revealed an emergent cluster of smokers with the metabolic syndrome. Network visualization reveals phenotypic patterns that may have remained occult in pairwise correlation analysis. Visualization of complex data, potentially offered as point-of-care tools on mobile devices, may allow clinicians and researchers to quickly generate hypotheses and gain deeper understanding of patient subpopulations.
Closed densely defined operators commuting with multiplications in a multiplier pair

For a multiplier pair (X,Y ) we study the closed densely defined operators T on X that commute with all of the multiplications by right multipliers in X. We apply our general results to special cases involving Hp, completions of L∞ [0, 1] with respect to certain norms, and the completion of a II1 factor von Neumann algebra with respect to a unitarily invariant norm, where we show that each such T is a “left multiplication”. However, we give an example of a closed densely defined operator on the Bergman space that commutes with all multiplications by H∞-functions but is not a multiplication operator.
N‐tert‐Butylthiophthalimide

[17796-75-7] C12H13NO2S (MW 235.30) InChI = 1S/C12H13NO2S/c1-12(2,3)16-13-10(14)8-6-4-5-7-9(8)11(13)15/h4-7H,1-3H3 InChIKey = GZTZFOMIGGCAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (the title reagent has been mainly employed as tert-butyl substituted electrophilic sulfur agent (‘tert-BuS⊕’: a sulfenium equivalent) which can undergo various reactions with nucleophiles such as amines, alkoxides, and thiocarboxylates) Physical Data: mp 130–132 °C.
Messenger RNA and Protein Expression Analysis of Betaglycan in the Pituitary and Ovary of the Domestic Hen

Betaglycan was originally characterized as the type III receptor for TGFb, yet recent research has indicated that betaglycan can serve as an accessory receptor for inhibin. To understand better the action of inhibin in avian follicular development, we have investigated the expression of betaglycan in the pituitary gland and ovary of the hen. In experiments 1 and 2, betaglycan mRNA was detected at 6 kilobases (kb) by Northern blot analysis (n 5 5) in chicken pituitary, granulosa, and theca layers and whole ovary. Expression of betaglycan was greatest in the pituitary gland in experiment 1 and greater in the granulosa layer of small yellow follicles (SYF) compared with the granulosa layer of larger follicles. In experiment 2, betaglycan mRNA was more abundantly expressed in the theca layer compared with the granulosa layer for all follicle sizes, although there was no significant difference in betaglycan expression in the theca layer among follicle sizes. In experiment 3, immunohistochemical analysis revealed betaglycan protein in the anterior pituitary as well as in the ovary (n 5 4) and SYF (n 5 4). Colocalization studies revealed a high abundance of cells within the anterior pituitary expressing both betaglycan and FSH (n 5 4). Betaglycan protein was found in the granulosa layer; however, markedly enhanced staining was observed in the theca layer of ovarian follicles. Our results provide evidence for expression of betaglycan mRNA and protein colocalization with FSH in the anterior pituitary, consistent with known inhibin effects. Ovarian localization of betaglycan, particularly in the theca layer, suggests a paracrine role for inhibin in the hen. female reproductive tract, granulosa cells, inhibin, ovary, pituitary, theca cells
Penetration eye injuries in the workplace. The National Eye Trauma System Registry.

• Occupational eye injuries are common and preventable. Between 1985 and 1991, there were 635 work-related penetrating eye injuries among the 2939 cases (22%) reported to the National Eye Trauma System Registry by 48 collaborating centers in 28 states and Washington, DC. The median age of the injured workers was 30 years; 75% were younger than 40 years; and 97% were male. The commonest causes of injuries were projectiles (457 cases), sharp objects (166 cases), blunt objects (60 cases), and blasts (22 cases); these terms are not mutually exclusive. Specific objects causing injuries included nails, wire, screwdrivers, and other hand tools. There was evidence of alcohol use by at least 2% of the injured workers. When they were injured, 6% of the workers were wearing safety glasses; 3% were wearing nonsafety eyewear. Posterior segment trauma, which occurred in 63% of the cases, included vitreous hemorrhage (42%), intraocular foreign bodies (35%), and retinal detachment (10%). Hyphema occurred in 35% and traumatic cataract in 32% of the cases. Initial visual acuity after injury was hand motion or worse in 43% of the cases. National Eye Trauma System Registry data are useful to identify strategies to prevent occupational eye injuries such as wider use of safety glasses and improvement in engineerina controls.
INNERVATION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS OF THE RABBIT AND RAT1

PHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE suggests that in some mammals certain hypophysial functions are under direct nervous control. An abundant literature clearly indicates the operation of such a factor in the secretion of an antidiuretic substance by the neurohypophysis of several species (1, 2, 3). Likewise there is evidence that in the rabbit and rat certain functions of the anterior lobe are subject to neural regulation (4, 5, 6). The anatomical basis for a functional innervation of the hypophysis has been reviewed recently by Rasmussen (7). The work described in this paper was undertaken to investigate more thoroughly the nerve fiber pattern in the pituitary gland of the rabbit and the rat. The hypothalamus with hypophysis attached was prepared by the pyridinesilver method and sectioned serially at 10 µ. With few exceptions, the ventral surface was protected by covering it before fixation with a thin layer of brain tissue.
Transcriptional co-expression and co-regulation of genes coding for components of the oxidative phosphorylation system

Background The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is critical for energy (ATP) production in eukaryotic cells. It was previously shown that genes coding for mitochondrial proteins involved in energy production co-express at the RNA level. Because the OXPHOS enzymes are multimeric complexes, we tested the hypothesis that genes coding for components of specific complexes are also co-regulated at the transcriptional level, and share common regulatory elements in their promoters.
Pulse-compression mechanism in a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator

We describe a mechanism for pulse compression in a length-detuned synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator. Our model shows that the compression is due to group-velocity walk-off combined with parametric gain depletion. We find excellent agreement between the results of our model and the experimentally observed behavior of our synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator, including the prediction and the observation of as much as 20-fold compression. Using our model as a basis, we describe the possibilities and the limitations of this technique for generating broadly tunable femtosecond pulses.
Classification of glacier zones in western Greenland using albedo and surface roughness from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)

The Greenland ice sheet has been the subject of mass balance and melt measurements over the past two decades and its margins have shown significant thinning in recent years. Surface characteristics of the ice sheet margins are strongly modified by the annual process of snow accumulation and melt. In this work, we explore spatial and temporal relationships between near-infrared albedo and surface roughness from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite. Our study area is a region in western Greenland in the vicinity of Jakobshavn Glacier and its upland drainage basin. We compute near-infrared albedo from MISR data using imagery over the April to September period for 2000 through 2005. Near-infrared albedo is inversely related to both snow age and melt intensity. We map surface roughness using the Normalized Difference Angular Index (NDAI) applied to MISR atmospherically corrected surface hemispherical-directional reflectance. In previous work, the NDAI has been correlated with surface roughness on the scale of about 70 m. We have further substantiated that relationship here. The NDAI and albedo images for each of the six years are used in an ISODATA unsupervised classification. Classification results for the individual years show year-to-year differences, which appear to depend on the number and temporal distribution of images with minimal cloud cover as well as interannual differences in ice sheet surface properties. The year 2003, which had the greatest number of images with minimal cloud cover, shows good correspondence with previously mapped glacier zones. However, we do not have an ISODATA class that corresponds to the dry-snow zone and we see greater differentiation between zones at lower elevations. Within each ISODATA class, distinct relationships between near-infrared albedo and surface roughness emerge and in all cases but one there is an inverse temporal relationship between albedo and roughness. The one class that shows a direct relationship between albedo and surface roughness is hypothesized to be the superimposed-ice zone. While still somewhat preliminary, these results suggest that concurrent measurements of near-infrared albedo and surface roughness have significant potential for ice sheet surface characterization as well as for ongoing monitoring.
On the Loss and Restoration of End User Acceptance

This paper identifies, through a case study, some of the specific factors contributing to the erosion of user acceptance during the redesign of an automated system and the specific steps taken to restore user acceptance. Among the factors contributing to a shift in user attitude are resistance to a new computer environment, a temporary emphasis during design on computer (vs user) issues, less frequent user reviews, and concerns about job security. Steps taken to restore user acceptance include increased contact with end users, familiarizing users with the computer environment, and clarification of system and user roles.
Rad1, rad10 and rad52 Mutations Reduce the Increase of Microhomology Length during Radiation-Induced Microhomology-Mediated Illegitimate Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Illegitimate recombination can repair DNA double-strand breaks in one of two ways, either without sequence homology or by using a few base pairs of homology at the junctions. The second process is known as microhomology-mediated recombination. Previous studies showed that ionizing radiation and restriction enzymes increase the frequency of microhomology-mediated recombination in trans during rejoining of unirradiated plasmids or during integration of plasmids into the genome. Here we show that radiation-induced microhomology-mediated recombination is reduced by deletion of RAD52, RAD1 and RAD10 but is not affected by deletion of RAD51 and RAD2. The rad52 mutant did not change the frequency of radiation-induced microhomology-mediated recombination but rather reduced the length of microhomology required to undergo repair during radiation-induced recombination. The rad1 and rad10 mutants exhibited a smaller increase in the frequency of radiation-induced microhomology-mediated recombination, and the radiation-induced integration junctions from these mutants did not show more than 4 bp of microhomology. These results suggest that Rad52 facilitates annealing of short homologous sequences during integration and that Rad1/Rad10 endonuclease mediates removal of the displaced 3′ single-stranded DNA ends after base-pairing of microhomology sequences, when more than 4 bp of microhomology are used. Taken together, these results suggest that radiation-induced microhomology-mediated recombination is under the same genetic control as the single-strand annealing apparatus that requires the RAD52, RAD1 and RAD10 genes.
Tunable delay of entangled images

We show that non-degenerate four-wave mixing in an atomic vapor can be used as a quantum delay line for multi-spatial-mode twin beams. This makes it possible to delay continuous variable entangled images without significant degradation.
The Optimal Controller Delay for Myoelectric Prostheses

A tradeoff exists when considering the delay created by multifunctional prosthesis controllers. Large controller delays maximize the amount of time available for EMG signal collection and analysis (and thus maximize classification accuracy); however, large delays also degrade prosthesis performance by decreasing the responsiveness of the prosthesis. To elucidate an "optimal controller delay" twenty able-bodied subjects performed the Box and Block Test using a device called PHABS (prosthetic hand for able bodied subjects). Tests were conducted with seven different levels of controller delay ranging from nearly 0-300 ms and with two different artificial hand speeds. Based on repeted measures ANOVA analysis and a linear mixed effects model, the optimal controller delay was found to range between approximately 100 ms for fast prehensors and 125 ms for slower prehensors. Furthermore, the linear mixed effects model shows that there is a linear degradation in performance with increasing delay
A Steady-State Impedance Model for a PEMFC Cathode

A model for the simulation of the steady-state impedance response of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode is presented. The catalyst layer of the electrode is assumed to consist of many flooded spherical agglomerate particles surrounded by a small volume fraction of gas pores. Stefan-Maxwell equations are used to describe the multicomponent gas-phase transport occurring in both the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer of the electrode. Liquid-phase diffusion of O 2 is assumed to take place in the flooded agglomerate particles. Newman's porous electrode theory is applied to determine over-potential distributions.
Development and Validation of Habitat Models for the Threatened Blackside Dace, Chrosomus cumberlandensis, at Two Spatial Scales

Abstract Chrosomus cumberlandensis (Blackside Dace) is a small-bodied, freshwater fish endemic to the upper Cumberland River system in southeastern Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee. A detailed study of its habitat requirements using presence-absence data has not been published to date. Identification of important habitat variables at multiple spatial scales would facilitate proactive management and recovery of this federally listed species. Using logistic regression, we developed and validated habitat models of Blackside Dace presence as a function of environmental variables measured at two spatial scales (i.e., stream and reach). For model development, map-produced and field-collected variables were gathered for 91 waterways at the stream scale and 72 localities at the 200-m reach scale during summer. Our initial models predicted the likelihood of Blackside Dace presence to be optimized in streams with crude gradient between 1% and 6%, and in reaches with a turbidity ≤10 NTU, dissolved oxygen >8.5 mg/...
Energy-Filtered High-Resolution Electron Microscopy for Quantitative Solid State Structure Determination

Energy-filtered (or selected) electron imaging is one of the future directions of highresolution electron microscopy (HREM). In this paper, the characteristics and applications of energy-selected electron imaging at high-resolution for structure determinations are illustrated. It is shown that image contrast can be dramatically improved with the use of an energy filter. High-resolution chemical-sensitive imaging using ionization-loss electrons is demonstrated in studies of Ni/Ti and Al/Ti multilayer thin films. It is also shown that the spatial resolution of energy-selected ionization edge electron images is dominated by the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental parameters which may be selected to improve the signal-to-noise ratio are discussed.
Women's and Men's Constructions of Perceptions of Housework Fairness

Much work on the perceived fairness of the division of housework focuses on what we consider pragmatic approaches (i.e., resources, time availability, and power), but nascent research articulates a more symbolic approach, examining relational meanings of house-work. We examine both perspectives simultaneously. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, we investigate how perceptions of housework fairness for men and women in heterosexual couples are affected by gender, time availability and the division of labor, individual resources and interdependence within the couple, gender and family attitudes, perceptions of the qualities of household labor, and partners' social interactions. Three critical findings suggest revisions for fairness perception studies. First, perceived housework qualities are as important for predicting fairness perceptions as any other factors. Second, perceived housework qualities are a stronger determinant of women's fairness perceptions than men's fairness perceptions. ...
Distributed computing solutions to the all-pairs shortest path problem

This paper proposes two distributed solutions to the all-pairs shortest path problem, and reports the results of experiments conducted on a network of IBM RISC System/6000s, containing up to seven such workstations. It discusses the issues that become critical in a distributed environment as opposed to a parallel environment, and the results obtained underline the importance of reducing communication between the loosely coupled subtasks in a distributed environment. The results demonstrate that properly designed distributed algorithms, which take into account the limitations (in terms of a slower communication medium and/or the non-dedicated mode of machines) of a distributed computing environment, can yield significant performance benefits. >
Information System Training, Usage, and Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study of the Hospitality Industry

This study used a mail survey to explore the extent to which the hospitality industry employs various information technologies, including computer-mediated communication systems. In addition, we examined the relationships between users' perceptions of computer training and their reported satisfaction and usage of specific computerized information systems. The results indicate that: (1) hotel/motel size and chain-affiliation are related to information system complexity; (2) chain-affiliated hotels/motels provide less computer training, and less “in-house” training, than independents; (3) more training is reportedly provided for electronic cash registers than personal computers; (4) information system complexity is positively related to user satisfaction; (5) computer training is associated with higher levels of system usage and user satisfaction; and (6) user expertise is strongly related to system usage. Finally, we consider directions for future research and the implications of these findings for manager...
Ocular Penetration of Subconjunctival Oxacillin, Methicillin, and Cefazolin in Rabbits with Staphylococcal Endophthalmitis

The concentrations of oxacillin, methicillin, and cefazolin were examined in the infected eyes of pigmented rabbits with Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis after a subconjunctival dose of 100 mg. The three drugs had fairly similar ocular pharmacokinetics. The tissue concentration usually peaked within 30 min. Levels in the aqueous humor rose more slowly; the respective maximal concentrations of methicillin, oxacillin, and cefazolin were 72, 1,180, and 111 micrograms/ml. Oxacillin also produced the highest levels in the cornea. Penetration of the vitreous humor was poor with all three drugs, apparently owing to a diffusional barrier in the choroid-retina tissue complex. The respective median vitreous levels of methicillin, oxacillin, and cefazolin were 0.7, 0.6, and less than 0.8 micrograms/ml. These values are close to the concentrations usually required to inhibit S. aureus in vitro. Our results suggest that subconjunctival oxacillin achieves higher concentrations in anterior ocular tissues than do the other two drugs, but more aggressive approaches are necessary in treating endophthalmitis.
Endoscopically Assisted Annular Ligament Release in Horses

An endoscopically assisted technique for internally dividing the palmar or plantar annular ligament was developed in six cadaver limb specimens and two anesthetized horses. Under arthroscopic view, a slotted cannula was inserted into the digital sheath through a stab wound proximal to the annular ligament and advanced through the fetlock canal superficial to the flexor tendons with the slot oriented toward the fibers of the annular ligament. Division of the annular ligament by 90-degree tipped open and guarded blades was observed and verified by direct arthroscopic view. At necropsy, complete division of the annular ligament without iatrogenic damage to the neurovascular structures was confirmed by dissection. Annular ligament division was performed in seven horses with complex tenosynovitis conditions. Tenoscopic examination and removal of tendon and digital sheath adhesions, masses, and bands was followed by endoscopically assisted annular ligament transection. At follow-up, five horses were sound athletes without recurrent digital sheath problems, one horse had residual lameness, and one horse was still convalescing.