cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem of Poverty in Agriculture

There are two predominant complexes of problems in American agriculture. One has to do with commercial, scientific agriculture. It relates to income, prices, and balance between commercial agriculture and industry in an exchange national economy. The second complex of problems is related to that part of the agricultural population which has not advanced very far in the national commercial economy. Poverty is not a good symbol for this wide group of people, because those in poverty can range from the poor who are practically destitute to those whose income, economic situation and pattern of living do not measure up to a certain arbitrary set of standards. If your interest is primarily in commercial farming you designate the first complex of problems as Number One in agriculture. If your interest is in the low-income group, you designate their troubles as the Number One problem, and the troubles of commercial farming as Number Two. But as we look into the future, and think in terms of the future of democracy, of the kind of rural life that our social philosophy sanctions and of the complexities and difficulties involved, low-income farming becomes our Number One agricultural problem. Rural poverty in the United States is not solely the outgrowth of the post-war depression. The lot of the pioneer farmer on the frontier was poor in comparison with present-day living standards. Before the great depression most of you, however, like I myself, thought of rural poverty either in terms of the county poor farm or of the shiftless people who lived across the tracks. Those of us in agricultural colleges and experiment stations who sought to work out systems of farming which would yield satisfactory farm incomes did not bother much about people whose circumstances were such that they could not get into the good income group. Thus, in most cases, agricultural institutions of research and education were practically unaware of the extent and nature of poverty in rural
The Effects of Psychobiological Motivational Traits on Memory of In‐Game Advertising Messages

This study examined the influence of psychobiological motivational traits related to individual approach and avoidance tendencies on cognitive processing of in-game advertising. Participants played a custom-built video game containing billboard advertisements. After playing the game, participants’ approach, positivity offset (PO), and avoidance, negativity bias (NB), traits were measured using the motivation activation measure (MAM). Recognition and recall memory were greater for high PO and low NB trait individuals. The findings of this study imply that advertising in first-person-shooter (FPS) video games may be most effective when targeting individuals with simultaneously high PO and low NB, risk takers, but least effective for those with low PO and high NB, risk avoiders.
The US and Global Security 'Governance': Networks, Goals, and Power

How to think about the US role is crucial to debates about the characterization of contemporary global politics. Prominent arguments in realist and liberal camps see the US as a hegemon, a singular major power among a sea of lesser powers – the “indispensable nation." Other, often critical, analysts suggest the US can be better thought of as an Empire. Among global governance arguments, the US is seen as part of a complex array of state and non-state actors that produce “global public goods." Using insights from network and governance analyses I propose that the US plays different roles in different issue areas. When the US acts as a hegemon, other states and state based international organizations take center stage with one set of authority claims and powers. When the US acts as a quasi-imperial manager, it invokes a different set of actors with different authority claims and powers. The latter role is often more useful when the US is interested in generating regulatory solutions on new issues. Ironically, this relationship also allows intermediaries to influence US goals and global behavior. I illustrate this claim looking at the US role in efforts to coordinate the regulation of small arms versus those to coordinate the regulation of military and security services.
Experimental Study of HCl Capture Using CaO Sorbents: Activation, Deactivation, Reactivation, and Ionic Transfer Mechanism

Experimental study of dry HCl removal from synthesis gas or flue gas using CaO sorbents, in the context of CaO-based chemical looping processes, is reported. The study was first conducted in a TGA and a fixed-bed reactor to test the effects of chloridation temperature, sorbent particle size, HCl concentration, and space velocity on the HCl capture capacity. The chloridation reactivity deterioration of CaO sorbents with multicyclic carbonation−calcination reaction (CCR) and/or at high calcination temperatures, which are of notable relevance to the CaO-based chemical looping processes, was also investigated. In addition, precipitation (activation) and hydration (reactivation) were used to enhance initial sorbent reactivity and to reactivate the deactivated sorbents, respectively. The effects of deactivation, activation, and reactivation were explained by the morphological property change of the sorbents. To further elucidate the solid phase reaction mechanism of CaO and HCl, ionic transfer behavior during c...
Sonic Boom Minimization Using Improved Linearized Tools and Probabilistic Propagation

Sonic boom modelling is multidisciplinary involving aerodynamic and aero-acoustics analyses. The near eld pressure signature is rst obtained using either linearized or non-linear methods. This is then converted into a F-function, which is then propagated to the ground using aero-acoustic routines. Existing linearized methods operate on simple approximations of true geometry. Using improved linearized tools that operate on unstructured water-tight geometries, the accuracy and ecacy of shape optimization can be greatly improved. The sonic boom minimization technique is reformulated as an optimization problem and boom propagation is carried out in a probabilistic fashion. A bi-level reverse optimization is conducted to design aircraft to meet low sonic boom requirements under atmospheric uncertainty.
Cordyceps variabilis and the genus Syngliocladium

Cordyceps variabilis has long been erroneously reported to be a pathogen of beetle larvae; studies of newly collected and herbarium specimens revealed that C. variabilis attacks fly larvae, particu...
Analysis of 52 maternal deaths caused by pregnancy-induced hypertension

Objective To investigate the influencing factors and countermeasures of pregnancy-induced hypertension.Methods Using the retrospective research method,52 maternal deaths caused by pregnancyinduced hypertension in Guizhou Province were analyzed.Results Pregnancy-induced hypertension took the second place among the causes of maternal death,of which low educational level,small number of times of prenatal examination and poor awareness of care were the main reasons.Conclusion Emphasis on cultural quality education,enhancement of health education propaganda,enhancement of peri-pregnant and perinatal care and management,enhancement of early intervention of pregnancy-induced hypertension,enhancement of pregnancy-induced hypertension management,enhancement of technological levels of the obstetric departments in all medical institutions and mastery of referral opportunities can effectively reduce the maternal death caused by pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Sensor signal calibration system with AT89C58 and PGA309

In order to solve the non-linear and temperature drift of the bridge type pressure sensor in pressure measure ment system,a sensor signal calibration system based on the AT89C58 and PGA309 was designed.PGA309 as a programmable chip,was mainly used for bridge type pressure sensor,which could amplify and calibrate sensor signal.The structure of system and function of PGA309 are introduced.According to the theoretical mathematical model of the sensor,the compensation algo rithm of non-linear and temperature drift is analyzed in detail.AT89C58 as the controller can implement register setting and cali bration of PGA309 by using the software language programming and peripheral equipments.
Response of isolated adult canine cardiac myocytes to prolonged hypoxia and reoxygenation

Isolated adult canine ventricular myocytes incubated in the absence of glucose with the respiratory inhibitor rotenone retained 67% of ATP (control, 26.0 +/- 0.9 nmol/mg protein) during 3-h incubation, yet phosphocreatine fell to 23% of initial content. Lactate production proceeded at a constant rate of 5 nmol.mg-1.min-1 in rotenone-treated glucose-free myocytes. A 36% decline in rod-shaped cells and an increase in percent 22Na permeation from 37% in aerobic cells (approximately 13 mM intracellular sodium) to 68% in rotenone-treated glucose-free myocytes paralleled the loss of ATP. Total exchangeable calcium was maintained at control aerobic levels. Exposure of canine cells to 3-h hypoxia in the absence of glucose followed by 5-min reoxygenation resulted in a 73% decrease in ATP, a rise in calcium from 3.3 +/- 0.2 to 6.6 +/- 1.6 nmol/mg, and an increase in 22Na permeation to 111%. Under these conditions the number of rod-shaped myocytes declined by 77%, with corresponding increases in viable contracted and hypercontracted myocytes. The response of canine myocytes to severe hypoxia and reaeration contrasts greatly to earlier studies using adult rat cardiac myocytes [see Hohl et al. Am. J. Physiol. 242 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 11): H1022-H1030, 1982]. Species differences with respect to basal metabolism, rates of ATP production and degradation, and regulation of cation movements are most likely responsible for the observed differences.
Das Prinzip vom Maximum

Die Werte, die eine analytische Funktion in den verschiedenen Teilen ihres Existenzbereiches annimmt, sind miteinander solidarisch: sie verstandigen sich durch analytische Fortsetzung und man kann den Wertverlauf nicht in einem Teil modifizieren, ohne eine Anderung des ganzen Wertverlaufes hervorzurufen. Deshalb kann eine analytische Funktion einem Organismus verglichen werden, dessen hervorstechendes Merkmal eben dies ist: Einwirkung auf irgendeinen Teil ruft eine solidarische Reaktion des Ganzen hervor. Man kann z. B. die Fortpflanzung der Konvergenz [251-258] der Ausbreitung einer Infektion vergleichen usw. Herr Borel hat sich uber ahnliche Vergleiche in geistreichen Betrachtungen des langeren ausgelassen). Wir wollen jetzt zusehen, auf welche Art die Betrage der Werte, die die Funktion in verschiedenen Distrikten annimmt, sich solidarisch erweisen, d. h. sich gegenseitig bedingen.
Negotiating for a Center Director

This case reviews the basic concepts of negotiating, particularly positional and issue-oriented styles. It also focuses on selection and the common mistakes made when picking a candidate. It considers how to reorient a discussion when it is going only in a positional direction and how to turn it into an issue-oriented discussion. It underlines the importance of focusing on interests.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF WIRES

Wires are used in a digital system to communicate signals from one place to another and to distribute power and clock. In these capacities wires dominate a modern digital system in terms of speed, power, and cost. The time required to drive wires and for signals to propagate over wires is often the largest factor in determining cycle time. The bulk of the power in many systems is dissipated driving wires, on-chip and off. The amount of wiring, not the number of transistors or gates, usually determines the amount of area required by a function on a chip. The number of terminals required is a major factor in the area and cost of chips, packages, and circuit boards. Economically achievable wire density is a major influence on the architecture of a system. One can envision many organizations that simply cannot be wired economically. Despite the importance of wires in a digital system, they are usually all but ignored in most courses on digital electronics. Too often such courses, and real designers, treat wires as ideal equipotential regions that present no load to the driver and change value instantaneously at all points along their length. Real wires are not ideal but rather have parasitic capacitance, resistance, and inductance. If not handled properly, these parasitic circuit elements will add delay, degrade signal quality, and even cause oscillations. With proper engineering techniques, however, they are easily tamed.
Imaging Surveillance After Proximal Aortic Operations: Is it Necessary?

Background Current guidelines for imaging surveillance after proximal aortic repair are not evidence based. This study sought to characterize the incidence and causes of reintervention after proximal aortic operations to provide data to guide the frequency and duration of postoperative surveillance. Methods Data on all patients undergoing proximal aortic operations (ascending, with or without root, with or without aortic valve replacement, or with or without arch) during a 9-year period (n = 869) at a single institution were prospectively collected. Patients who required reintervention on the proximal or distal aorta were identified and causes for reintervention determined. Planned two-stage repairs and index procedures done at other hospitals were excluded. The primary end point was the time to the first reintervention, and competing-risk Cox regression was used to model reintervention risk. Results Reinterventions occurred in 4.3% of patients (n = 37), with 48.6% (n = 18) involving the proximal aorta and 51.4% (n = 19) the distal. Median time to reintervention was 2.8 years (interquartile range, 1.5 to 3.6 years). For index aneurysm cases, reintervention for aneurysm of the descending/thoracoabdominal aorta and root were most common. Of the 6 root aneurysms/pseudoaneurysms, 5 (83%) were due to degeneration of a stentless porcine aortic root. For index type A dissections, reintervention for aneurysm of the descending/thoracoabdominal aorta and arch were most common. The mean duration of follow up was 4.2 ± 2.5 years. The 9-year actuarial freedom from reintervention was 92.9%. Cox regression showed index type A dissection was a significant predictor of time to aortic reintervention (hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 3.9; p = 0.038). Conclusions Reinterventions after proximal aortic operations are uncommon; most occur within 3 years of the index operation and involve the proximal and distal aorta nearly equally. Patients with type A dissection or stentless porcine roots require aggressive surveillance, whereas a more liberal approach is suitable for patients without such risk factors. This strategy may reduce the lifetime radiation burden and health care costs.
Papillary Lesions of the Breast: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis

Papillary lesions of the breast span the spectrum of benign, atypical, and malignant. Subclassification of these lesions may be diagnostically challenging, especially with limited sampling via core biopsy. This review outlines the features of papillary lesions of the breast and provides a practical approach to distinguishing diagnostically challenging lesions by using key morphologic features and, when helpful, immunohistochemical studies.
Intracellular organelle networks: Understanding their organization and communication through systems-level modeling and analysis

Membrane-bound intracellular organelles are biochemically distinct compartments used by eukaryotic cells for serving specialized physiological functions and organizing their internal environment. Recent studies revealed surprisingly extensive communication between these organelles and highlighted the network nature of their organization and communication. Since organization and communication of the organelles are carried out at the systems level through their networks, systems-level studies are essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms. We reviewed recent studies that used systems-level quantitative modeling and analysis to understand organization and communication of intracellular organelle networks. We first review modeling and analysis studies on how fusion/fission and degradation/biogenesis, two essential and closely related classes of activities of individual organelles, collectively mediate the dynamic organization of their networks. We then turn to another important aspect of the dynamic organization of the organelle networks, namely how organelles are physically connected within their networks, a property referred to as the topology of the networks in mathematics, and summarize some of their distinct properties. Lastly, we briefly review modeling and analysis studies that aim to understand communication between different organelle networks, focusing on cellular calcium homeostasis as an example. We conclude with a brief discussion of future directions for research in this area. Together, the reviewed studies provide critical insights into how diverse activities of individual organelles collectively mediate the organization and communication of their networks. They demonstrate the essential role of systemslevel modeling and analysis in understanding complex behavior of such networks.
Neurometabolic Conditions May Coexist with Symptoms of Autism

The patient was born at term to consanguineous parents. He showed signs of global developmental delay in the first few years of life. He did not sit alone until 15 months and walked aged 2 years. He did not have single words until 4 years. Communication skills were limited, and he was described as a quiet boy who preferred his own company. The boy developed obsessional play, repetitive behavior, and echolalia and was formally diagnosed by the community pediatric team with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 5 years. The assessments done included interviews and using standardized tools with an Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).
How in Myanmar “National Races” Came to Surpass Citizenship and Exclude Rohingya

The idea of “national races” or taingyintha has animated brutal conflict in Myanmar over who or what is “Rohingya.” But because the term is translated from Burmese inconsistently, and because its u...
‘Be War Be My Wo’: Gaynour and Her Mother in The Awntyrs off Arthure

Most well-known Arthurian narratives make little to no mention of Guinevere’s mother. In the fourteenth-century, romance The Awntyrs off Arthure, however, the mother of Gaynour (Guinevere) works from beyond the grave to operate in and influence the network of power driven by her daughter. However, their interaction is more than a simple representation of the responsibilities that medieval women had to their dead family members. Gaynour’s mother provides her daughter with advice on her spiritual and political responsibilities as queen. Gaynour’s mother reminds her of her duty to have masses said in her mother’s name, emphasizing her current state of torment, and cautions Gaynour to remember her own mortality. Gaynour and her mother exchange memory for prophecy, as her mother offers advice and predicts the future in return for memorialization that will alter her current circumstances through masses and prayers. Consequently, Gaynour is able to make decisions that are not only spiritually wise but also politically savvy because of the assessments of Arthur’s court that her mother makes at her request. A consideration of Gaynour’s actions in the context of this relationship offers a new perspective on the text that emphasizes the importance of each of her ‘awntyrs’ (adventures) in the text to the other.
Selection of Overwintering Sites by Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) during Fall Shoot Departure

Selection of overwintering sites at the base of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L., trees by Tomicus piniperda (L.) adults was monitored in northwestern IN. We monitored adult movement five times dur...
Introduction to Probability

Reprint of entire volume Discrete probability distributions (Chapter 1) Continuous probability densities (Chapter 2) Combinatorics (Chapter 3) Conditional probability (Chapter 4) Important distributions and densities (Chapter 5) Expected value and variance (Chapter 6) Sums of independent random variables (Chapter 7) Law of large numbers (Chapter 8) Central limit theorem (Chapter 9) Generating functions (Chapter 10) Markov chains (Chapter 11) Random walks (Chapter 12) Appendices Index.
Optothermally controllable multiple high-order harmonics generation by Ge2Sb2Te5-mediated Fano clusters

Abstract Substantial enhancement of nonlinear high-order harmonics generation based on Fano-resonant nanostructures has received growing interest due to their promising potential for developing integrated and advanced next-generation nanophotonic devices. In this study, going beyond conventional subwavelength structures, we propose an optothermally functional hetero-metallodielectric asymmetric eight-member octamer cluster composed of a central silicon nanodisk and peripheral disks with a phase-change material (Ge2Sb2Te5). Using full electromagnetic calculations, we show that in the amorphous phase of the surrounding nanoparticles, the oligomer acts as an all-dielectric cluster, while in the crystalline regime, the octamer turns into a hybrid metallodielectric assembly. Exploiting the exquisite ability of supporting distinct Fano lineshapes at different wavelengths depending on the phase of Ge2Sb2Te5, we showed the generation of both second and third harmonics at amorphous and crystalline phases of GST nanodisks, respectively with the produced harmonic wavelengths of 425 nm and 317 nm, respectively. Our calculations for the corresponding conversion efficiencies revealed significant enhancements as ηSHG = 0.0081% and ηTHG = 0.012% for SHG and THG, respectively. Such an exquisite feature of multiresonant optothermally tunable cluster allows generation of several harmonics with substantial intensities using a single system for future photonics applications.
Cancer of the Lip and Oral Cavity

This chapter will discuss the epidemiology, workup, and management of oral cavity cancer, with an emphasis on radiation therapy technique (including brachytherapy) and randomized trial evidence.
DNA Methylation Profiles of Female Steroid Hormone-Driven Human Malignancies

Tumor DNA contains valuable clues about the origin and pathogenesis of human cancers. Alterations in DNA methylation can lead to silencing of genes associated with distinct tumorigenic pathways. These pathway-specific DNA methylation changes help define tumor-specific DNA methylation profiles that can be used to further our understanding of tumor development, as well as provide tools for molecular diagnosis and early detection of cancer. Female sex hormones have been implicated in the etiology of several of the women’s cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, and proximal colon cancers. We have reviewed the DNA methylation profiles of these cancers to determine whether the hormonal regulation of these cancers results in specific DNA methylation alterations. Although subsets of tumors in each of these four types of cancers were found to share some DNA methylation alterations, we did not find evidence for global hormone-specific DNA methylation alterations, suggesting that female sex hormones may participate in different tumorigenic pathways that are associated with distinct DNA methylation-based molecular signatures. One such pathway may include MLH1 methylation in the context of the CpG island methylator phenotype.
Functional Anatomy and Physiology of the Basal Ganglia: Motor Functions

During the last few years, our understanding of basal ganglia anatomy and function has undergone major changes. It is now recognized that the basal ganglia participate in larger circuits that also involve regions of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem. These circuits subserve motor and non-motor functions, and occupy separate territories within the basal ganglia. Specific abnormalities in the function of motor-related basal ganglia areas are thought to contribute to the signs and symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia, while abnormalities in non-motor circuits may be relevant for the pathophysiology of some of the neuropsychiatric disorders.
Clinical Evaluation of Neurobehavioral Effects of Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents and Lead

With increasing frequency clinicians are called upon to assess the neurobehavioral effects of acute or chronic exposure to a variety of neurotoxic agents found in the workplace and the general environment. These evaluations are particularly difficult in view of the limited understanding of the effects of neurotoxic chemicals on central nervous system (CNS) function and the difficulty in characterizing exposure intensity among people exposed in their communities or in their jobs. As a result of recent epidemiologic studies, summarized elsewhere in this volume (see the article by Landrigan), some information has been acquired regarding the relationship between impaired neurobehavioral function and absorption of neurotoxic agents. Since these studies deal with groups of people, statistical analyses are used to explore the relationship between exposure and effect and to attempt to clarify issues of mechanism, differential vulnerability, and reversibility. Epidemiologic studies are useful not only for setting standards for environmental exposure but also in guiding the evaluation of patients exposed to harmful agents. There are, however, many neurotoxic agents for which there are no reliable epidemiologic data that can be used when evaluating individual patients clinically. Moreover, statistical differences observed in group comparisons between exposed and
AO Industrial and Business Impact

Parallel to the conquest and dominance of the internal fixation techniques propagated by the AO Foundation was the creation of an entire industry to supply the elements that made up the AO Instrumentation. The path of these businesses from the very beginning to the consolidation into one single supplier has been delineated already. However, an important part of the complete picture is the totality of the enterprises that make up the entire industrial sector.
Thymidylate synthase as a predictor of response.

It has been hypothesized that intratumoral thymidylate synthase (TS) gene expression might be used to select therapy for patients with disseminated colorectal cancer. We recently
Hemifacial Spasm Due to Bony Stenosis of the Internal Auditory Meatus: Look Beyond the Loop.

Background Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a neuromuscular disorder resulting from cranial nerve VII compression at the root entry zone, characterized by brief, involuntary, progressive spasms of muscles on one side of face. The cisternal part of cranial nerve VII myelinated by Schwann cells is considered relatively resistant to compression. Rarely, direct compression over this segment without coexistent root entry zone compression may also result in HFS. An aberrant vessel posterior inferior cerebellar artery/anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop remains the leading cause of compression at this location. Cerebellopontine angle tumors or cysts may affect cranial nerve VII distally. However, bony meatal stenosis with pure distal facial nerve compression leading to HFS in the absence of other clinical symptoms has not been reported. Case Description A 53-year-old woman presented with worsening left HFS for 9 years despite multiple trials of medical therapy, which severely impeded her social life and occupation. Temporal bone computed tomography revealed severe stenosis of the left internal auditory meatus (2.36 mm) compared with the right side (4.67 mm). Under three-dimensional exoscope guidance, a left retrosigmoid suboccipital craniotomy was performed, the posterior bony wall of the internal auditory canal was drilled to decompress the canal, and durotomy was performed to release the contents. Her symptoms resolved without developing facial weakness or hearing deficits. Conclusions An aberrant anterior inferior cerebellar artery vascular loop is usually the most frequent lesion causing compression of the distal cisternal part of the facial nerve. However, other purely distal or coexistent lesions must be actively sought for both in preoperative radiologic images and during surgery.
Light-induced magnetism in plasmonic gold nanoparticles

Strategies for the ultrafast optical control of magnetism have been a topic of intense research for several decades because of the potential impact in technologies such as magnetic memory1, spintronics2 and quantum computation, as well as the opportunities for nonlinear optical control and modulation3 in applications such as optical isolation and non-reciprocity4. Here we report experimental quantification of optically induced magnetization in plasmonic gold nanoparticles due to the inverse Faraday effect. The induced magnetic moment is large under typical ultrafast pulse excitation (<1014 W m−2 peak intensity), with magnetization and demagnetization kinetics that are instantaneous within the subpicosecond time resolution of our study. Our results support a mechanism of coherent transfer of angular momentum from the optical field to the electron gas, and open the door to all-optical subwavelength strategies for optical isolation that do not require externally applied magnetic fields. Optically induced magnetization is experimentally demonstrated using gold nanoparticles. The inverse-Faraday-effect-enabled magnetization may lead to new types of compact optical isolator.
Circuit mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy in a mouse model of focal cortical malformation

How aberrant neural circuits contribute to chronic epilepsy remains unclear. Using a mouse model of focal cortical malformation with spontaneous seizures, we dissected the circuit mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis. Spontaneous and optogenetically induced hyperexcitable bursts in vivo were present in a cortical region distal to (> 1mm) freeze-lesion induced microgyrus, instead of a region near it. ChR2-assisted circuit mapping revealed ectopic interlaminar excitatory inputs from infragranular layers to layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons as a key component of the hyperexcitable circuitry. This disrupted balance between excitation and inhibition was prominent in the cortical region distal to the microgyrus. Consistently, the synapses of both parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV) and somatostatin-positive interneurons (SOM) to pyramidal neurons were maladaptive in a layer- and site-specific fashion. Finally, closed-loop optogenetic stimulation of SOM, but not PV, terminated spontaneous spike-wave discharges. Together, these results demonstrate highly site- and cell-type specific synaptic reorganizations underlying chronic cortical epilepsy and provide insights into potential treatment strategies for this devastating neurological disorder.
Humans induce differential access to prey for large African carnivores

Abstract Wildlife adaptively respond to human presence by adjusting their temporal niche, possibly modifying encounter rates among species and trophic dynamics that structure communities. Here we show that these human-induced modifications to behaviours are prolific among species and alter apex predators’ access to prey resources. We assessed human-induced changes to wildlife diel activity and consequential changes in predator-prey overlap using 11,954 detections of three apex predators and 13 ungulates across 21,430 trap-nights in West Africa. Over two-thirds of species altered their diel use in response to human presence, and ungulate nocturnal activity increased by 6.8%. Rather than traditional pairwise predator-prey comparisons, we considered spatiotemporally explicit predator access to a suite of prey resources to evaluate community-level trophic responses to human presence. Although leopard prey access was not affected, lion and hyena access to 3 prey species significantly increased when prey increased their nocturnal temporal niche to avoid humans. Ultimately, humans considerably altered the composition of available prey, with implications for prey selection, demonstrating how humans perturb ecological processes via behavioural modifications.
Interview 4 Ezra F. Vogel

Ezra F. Vogel is the Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard. He was born to a Jewish family in 1930 in Delaware, Ohio. He graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1950 and joined the army for two years before he received his Ph.D
On MHD jet production in the collapsing and rotating envelope

We present results from axisymmetric, time-dependent hydrodynamical (HD) and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of a gaseous envelope collapsing onto a black hole (BH). We consider gas with so small angular momentum that after an initial transient, the flow in the HD case, accretes directly onto a BH without forming a rotationally support torus. However, in the MHD case even with a very weak initial magnetic field, the flow settles into a configuration with four components: (i) an equatorial inflow, (ii) a bipolar outflow, (iii) polar funnel outflow, and (iv) polar funnel inflow. We focus our analysis on the second flow component of the MHD flow which represents a simple yet robust example of a well-organized inflow/outflow solution to the problem of MHD jet formation. The jet is heavy, highly magnetized, and driven by magnetic and centrifugal forces. A significant fraction of the total energy in the jet is carried out by a large scale magnetic field. We review previous simulations, where specific angular momentum was higher than that assumed here, and conclude that our bipolar outflow develops for a wide range of the properties of the flow near the equator and near the poles. Future work on such a simple inflow/outflow solution will help to pinpoint the key elements of real jets/outflows as well as help to interpret much more complex simulations aimed at studying jet formation and collapse of magnetized envelopes.
Improving inorganic nitrogen in soil and nutrient density of edamame bean in three consecutive summers by utilizing a locally sourced bio-inocula

Soil microbial communities are key players in the development of sustainable food production systems. These soil microbes are responsible for macronutrient and micronutrient mineralization and solubilization in soil. Local effective microorganisms (LEM) are a locally sourced bio-inoculate, made from a fermented mixture of actively decomposing forest litter and a nutrient rich growing media containing carbohydrate, milk, and water. It can be made on farm and have a suite of bacterial communities that includes phototrophic bacteria, phosphorous-solubilizers, ammonia-oxidizers, nitrogen fixers, and actinomycetes. The goal of our research was to (a) investigate microbial diversity in LEM and F-LEM bio-inocula; (b) identify bacterial and archaeal communities in soil after bio-inoculation with LEM, F-LEM, or Control; (c) assess inorganic nitrogen in the soil; and (d) evaluate Ca, Mg, K, and Zn nutrient density in edamame bean (Glycine max) grown with composted broiler litter inoculated with LEM, F-LEM, or Water (Control). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications on twelve, 18 m2 organically managed plots. Results of microbial characterization indicated greater biodiversity of functional groups in the LEM inoculum. Inorganic N was significantly greater in LEM plots compared to Control in second (2016) and third (2017) years of the study. Biofortification of calcium, magnesium, and zinc density of LEM grown edamame was significantly greater compared to both Control and False-LEM grown edamame (*P < 0.05).
Observations of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope: Early Results on Mrk 1014, Mrk 463, and UGC 5101

We present spectra taken with the Infrared Spectrograph on Spitzer covering the 5-38micron region of three Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs): Mrk 1014 (z=0.163), and Mrk 463 (z=0.051), and UGC 5101 (z=0.039). The continua of UGC 5101 and Mrk 463 show strong silicate absorption suggesting significant optical depths to the nuclei at 10microns. UGC 5101 also shows the clear presence of water ice in absorption. PAH emission features are seen in both Mrk 1014 and UGC 5101, including the 16.4micron line in UGC 5101. The fine structure lines are consistent with dominant AGN power sources in both Mrk 1014 and Mrk 463. In UGC 5101 we detect the [NeV] 14.3micron emission line providing the first direct evidence for a buried AGN in the mid-infrared. The detection of the 9.66micron and 17.03micron H$_{2}$ emission lines in both UGC 5101 and Mrk 463 suggest that the warm molecular gas accounts for 22% and 48% of the total molecular gas masses in these galaxies.
TypeShift: A User Interface for Visualizing the Typing Production Process.

TypeShift is a tool for visualizing linguistic patterns in the timing of typing production. Language production is a complex process which draws on linguistic, cognitive and motor skills. By visualizing holistic trends in the typing process, TypeShift aims to elucidate the often noisy information signals that are used to represent typing patterns, both at the word-level and character-level. It accomplishes this by enabling a researcher to compare and contrast specific linguistic phenomena, and compare an individual typing session to multiple group averages. Finally, although TypeShift was originally designed for typing data, it can easy be adapted to accommodate speech data, as well. A web demo is available at this https URL. The source code can be accessed at this https URL.
Exploring individual and organizational mechanisms of implementation of evidence-based practices for the inclusion of elementary students with autism: Study protocol

Abstract The increased prevalence of autism in the United States (1 in 54 youth) requires educators to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs). However, it is unclear which EBPs, if any, general and special education teachers and paraeducators are commonly trained to use or whether they consistently use those EBPs to support the inclusion of students with autism. The purpose of this protocol is to understand EBP use in inclusive settings and examine the malleable individual and organizational factors that promote teachers’ and paraeducators’ use of EBPs to meaningfully include and retain children with autism in general education settings and how this use relates to children’s outcomes. These data will support the identification of targeted implementation strategies for successful EBP use.
Training a deep neural network coping with diversities in abdominal and pelvic images of children and young adults for CBCT-based adaptive proton therapy.

Abstract Purpose To train a deep neural network for correcting abdominal and pelvic cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of children and young adults in the presence of diverse patient size, anatomic extent, and scan parameters. Materials and Methods Pretreatment CBCT and planning/repeat CT image pairs from 64 children and young adults treated with proton therapy (aged 1–23 years) were analyzed. To evaluate the impact of anatomic extent in CBCT and data size in the training data, we compared the performance of three cycle-consistent generative adversarial network models that were separately trained by three datasets comprising abdominal (n = 21), pelvic (n = 29), and combined abdominal-pelvic image pairs (n = 50), respectively. The maximum body width of each patient was normalized to a fixed width before training and model application to reduce the impact of variations in body size. The corrected CBCT images by the three models were comparatively evaluated against the repeat CT closest in time to the CBCT (median gap, 0 days; range, 0–6 days) in HU accuracy, estimated dose distribution, and proton range. Results The network model trained by the combined dataset significantly outperformed the abdomen and pelvis models in mean absolute HU error of the corrected CBCT from 14 testing patients (47 ± 7 HU versus 51 ± 8 HU; paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P Conclusion Combining data from adjacent anatomic sites and normalizing age-dependent body sizes in children and young adults were beneficial in training a neural network to accurately estimate proton dose from CBCT despite limited training data size and anatomic diversities.
Morphometric effects of various weathered and virgin/pure microplastics on sac fry zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Microplastics (5 mm to1 nm) and plasticizers are ubiquitous worldwide in waterways, beaches, sediments, and biota. Ingestion of microplastics by various marine species and bioaccumulation of plasticizers continues to be of concern. Additionally, microplastics act as a carrier for the transport of persistent organic pollutants and some harmful microorganisms, increasing the hazard to aquatic species. Microplastics vary in composition based on their monomeric component and the specific plasticizer(s). There is a large data gap in our understanding of the biological toxicity of the different plastic polymers. The results presented here examine gross morphological alterations in sac fry zebrafish as a result of exposure to weathered microplastics and virgin/pure plastic polymers. Embryos were exposed from 3 hours post fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf with samples of weathered microplastics from estuaries in Newark Bay, NJ, as well as commercially available virgin/pure plastics at concentrations of 1 µg/mL or 10 µg/mL. The Newark Bay microplastics were chemically identified using pyrolysis GC-MS. The three field samples were composed primarily of polyethylene (FPE), polypropylene (FPP) and polyvinyl chloride vinyl acetate mixture (FVA). Significant morphometric changes ( P
Selective (Un)Telling of Difficult Knowledge of U.S. Wars in Children’s Literature: The Korean War as a Case Study

This article discusses how the Korean War is portrayed in the children’s literature published in the United States over 70 years since the war. Seven children’s books were identified and analyzed w...
Events in the Developing Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two developmental mechanisms that play an important role in neurogenesis: migration and massive degeneration of large cell populations. Both processes take place during the early differentiation of the central nervous system and of the sensory ganglia. The capacity of differentiating nerve cells to migrate during the early stages of their differentiation has been known for a long time. However, little has been known about the extent and magnitude of these processes and the role they play in molding nerve centers and wiring them together. The chapter describes one of the most striking instances of massive degenerative processes that take place in the developing spinal cord. It investigates under normal and experimental conditions in the chick embryo that provides a most favorable material for such analysis. The significance of these mechanisms is discussed on the basis of experimentally produced migration and degeneration of nerve cell populations.
A Network-Centric Approach to Embedded Software for Tiny Devices

The ability to incorporate low-power, wireless communication into embedded devices gives rise to a newgenre of embedded software that is distributed, dynamic, and adaptive. This paper describes the network-centric approach to designing software for highly constrained devices embodied in TinyOS. It develops a tiny Active Message communication model and shows how it is used to build non-blocking applications and higher level networking capabilities, such as multihop ad hoc routing. It shows how the TinyOS event-driven approach is used to tackle challenges in implementing the communication model with very limited storage and the radio channel modulated directly in software in an energy efficient manner. The open, component-based design allows many novel relationships between system and application.
The Colonial and Geographic Origins of Comparative Development

While the direct impact of geographic endowments on prosperity is present in all countries, in former colonies, geography has also affected colonization policies and institutional outcomes. Thus, one can disentangle the partial effects of endowments and institutions on income by utilizing the interaction of geography and colonial experience. I first document that climate and disease did affect institutional development in the group of former colonies while this is not the case in the rest of the world. Second, I develop an empirical strategy that identifies the relation between institutions and income but that also accounts for the direct effect of endowments. I find that institutions are the main determinant of development and that endowments also have a sizeable direct impact on development. Third, I highlight the importance of disease environment for both colonization policies and income directly.
A Deep Survey of H I-selected Galaxies: The H I Mass Function

We analyze the distribution of galaxy H I masses detected in a large, deep H I survey conducted at the Arecibo Observatory, and we find possible evidence of a faint-end steepening of the mass function similar to what has been found optically. This is the first H I survey with enough dynamic range to see this steepening; the results of an earlier survey are found to be consistent when the detection statistics are reexamined. We demonstrate a technique for testing and correcting source count completeness in H I surveys based on the /max${r max}$ -->$t SUBgt {r max}t/SUBgt $ --> test and the large-scale structure in the regions surveyed.
Functional interactivity in fMRI using multiple seeds'correlation analyses - novel methods and comparisons

This paper presents novel statistical methods for estimating brain networks from fMRI data. Functional interactions are detected by simultaneously examining multi-seed correlations via multiple correlation coefficients. Spatially structured noise in fMRI is also taken into account during the identification of functional interconnection networks through non-central F hypothesis tests. Furthermore, partial multiple correlations are introduced and formulated to measure any additional task-induced but not stimulus-locked relation over brain regions so that we can take the analysis of functional connectivity closer to the characterization of direct functional interactions of the brain. Evaluation for accuracy and advantages of the new approaches and comparison with the existing single-seed method were performed extensively using both simulated data and real fMRI data.
Search Engine-Crawler Symbiosis: Adapting to Community Interests

Web crawlers have been used for nearly a decade as a search engine component to create and update large collections of documents. Typically the crawler and the rest of the search engine are not closely integrated. If the purpose of a search engine is to have as large a collection as possible to serve the general Web community, a close integration may not be necessary. However, if the search engine caters to a specific community with shared focused interests, it can take advantage of such an integration. In this paper we investigate a tightly coupled system in which the crawler and the search engine engage in a symbiotic relationship. The crawler feeds the search engine and the search engine in turn helps the crawler to better its performance. We show that the symbiosis can help the system learn about a community’s interests and serve such a community with better focus.