cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient supercritical droplet evaporation with emphasis on the effects of equation of state

Abstract This paper reports a numerical investigation of droplet evaporation in a supercritical environment. A comprehensive physical–numerical model is developed to simulate the transcritical and supercritical droplet vaporization phenomena. The model is based on the time-dependent conservation equations for both liquid and gas phases, pressure-dependent variable thermophysical properties, and a detailed treatment of liquid–vapor phase equilibrium at the droplet surface. The numerical solution of the two-phase equations employs an arbitrary Eulerian–Lagrangian, explicit–implicit method with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The first part of the study examines the capability of different equations of state (EOS) for predicting the phase equilibrium and transcritical droplet vaporization behavior. Predictions using the Redlich–Kwong (RK) EOS are shown to be markedly different from those using the Peng–Robinson (PR) and Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) EOS. Results for the phase-equilibrium of a n-heptane–nitrogen system indicate that compared to PR- and SRK-EOS, the RK-EOS predicts higher fuel vapor concentration, higher liquid-phase solubility of nitrogen, lower critical-mixing-state temperature, and lower enthalpy of vaporization. As a consequence, it significantly overpredicts droplet vaporization rates and, thus, underpredicts droplet lifetimes compared to those predicted by PR- and SRK-EOS, as well as compared to experimental data. Furthermore, using RK-EOS, attainment of the critical mixing state at the droplet surface is predicted earlier in droplet lifetime compared with that using the other two EOS. In contrast, predictions using the PR-EOS show excellent agreement with experimental data over a wide range of ambient conditions. The PR-EOS is then used for a detailed investigation of the transcritical droplet vaporization phenomena. Results indicate that at low to moderate ambient temperatures, the droplet lifetime first increases and then decreases as the ambient pressure is increased, while at high ambient temperatures, the droplet lifetime decreases monotonically with pressure. This behavior is in accord with the published experimental results. The numerical model is also used to obtain the minimum pressure required for the attainment of critical mixing state at the droplet surface for a given ambient temperature.
Surface and subsurface compositional modifications in Ni-Ge alloys measured by ion scattering spectroscopy

Surface and subsurface compositions of a Ni-10at%Ge alloy at temperatures between 25 and 700°C were investigated using ion scattering spectroscopy. Upon heating the alloy, Ge atoms segregated to the surface. The entropy and enthalpy of Gibbsian adsorption were determined to be 1.13k and −0.022 eV, respectively, in the temperature range 550–1100°C. The time evolution of the surface composition during 3 keV Ne+ sputtering and the corresponding steady-state subsurface compositional profiles were measured as a function of temperature. From the steady-state concentration profiles, the effective altered-layer thicknesses and the coefficients for radiation-enhanced diffusion of Ge in the bombarded alloy were deduced. The steady-state composition at the alloy surface during sputtering was found to be temperature dependent above ~ 400° C. By comparing model calculations of surface compositional changes in the alloy using the Lam-Wiedersich model with the experimental observations, (i) this dependence was attributed to significant contributions (~ 45%) from the second atom layer to the sputtered-atom flux, and (ii) useful information about the defect properties in Ni-Ge alloys was derived.
The effect of troglitazone on plasma homocysteine, hepatic and red blood cell S-adenosyl methionine, and S-adenosyl homocysteine and enzymes in homocysteine metabolism in Zucker rats.

We studied the effect of troglitazone on the plasma concentrations of homocysteine (tHcy), the erythrocyte and hepatic concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and the hepatic activities of cystathionine-beta-synthase (C beta S) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in lean and fatty Zucker rats (a model of insulin resistance). Four groups of female Zucker rats were studied. Troglitazone (200 mg/kg) was administered by gavage daily for 3 weeks to lean and fatty Zucker rats. The other 2 groups served as controls. The blood parameters were determined at days 0, 10, and 21. The hepatic SAM and SAH concentrations and MTHFR and C beta S were measured in the 3-week liver samples. Plasma homocysteine fell significantly in all troglitazone-treated animals from a mean +/- SD of 7.6 +/- 1.5 micromol/L to 4.5 +/- 1.1 micromol/L (P <.02) but not in control animals (5.7 +/-1.8 micromol/L to 5.9 +/- 1.8 micromol/L). The decreases induced by troglitazone in homocysteine were seen in both the lean and the fatty Zucker rats. This was accompanied by significant rises in the hepatic concentrations of SAH and SAM + SAH. In addition, a significant decline in the hepatic SAM/SAH ratio was observed. The mean +/- SD hepatic C beta S (expressed as nmol of cystathionine formed at 37 degrees C) in the troglitazone-treated rats was 1,226 +/- 47 nmol/h/mg protein, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (964 +/- 64 nmol/h/mg protein; P =.03). We conclude that troglitazone lowers plasma homocysteine in insulin-resistant animals. The homocysteine-lowering effects of troglitazone may be mediated in part by a shift in the concentrations of tHcy and its related metabolites from the blood to the liver as well as by an upregulation of hepatic C beta S activity. These data support the hypothesis that insulin may regulate homocysteine metabolism through regulation of hepatic C beta S activity, although activity of other hepatic enzymes not studied here may also contribute to these observations.
Further evidence of the SA gene as a candidate gene contributing to the hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract We have recently reported that the allele of the SA gene of the Spontaneously hypertensive rat ( SHR ) has a capacity to influence blood pressure in a F2 rat population prepared from SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rat. In the present study, we have undertaken a similar genetic co-segregation analysis of the F2 rat population prepared from SHR and Lewis rat. The result indicated that, although overall effects of the SA gene genotypes on blood pressurewere not significant, a correlation of the genotypes of the SA gene with blood pressure was significantly observed in the female rats of this population. The present results further strengthen our hypothesis that the SA gene, or a gene closely linked to this gene, has a capacity to influence blood pressure.
Shelling Redux: How Sociology Fails to Make Progress in Building and Empirically Testing Complex Causal Models Regarding Race 1 and Residence

1These comments are emerge from several decades of work with segregation, discrimination, fair housing enforcement, and racial preference data as an academic researcher and as manager of research on fair housing issues at the research office of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Residential energy conservation: the effects of education and perceived behavioral control

This study examines the effects of values, norms, perceived behavioral control, and education on intentions to save energy and actual energy-saving behaviors among residential energy customers (N = 329). A linear regression with ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates showed that environmental values, energy-saving norms, and perceived behavioral control did not have uniform effects on energy behaviors and the intention to conserve was not significantly correlated with energy-using behaviors. However, there is a link between perceived behavioral control and energy-saving behaviors. Respondents with higher educational attainment had greater intentions to conserve energy and an increased likelihood of engaging in energy-conscious behavior like turning off the television more frequently. Further exploration revealed that a considerable portion of the effect of education was due to the mediating effect of perceived behavioral control and not due to increased pro-environmental values or norms.
A paradox of sport management and physical activity interventions

Managers of sports programs, facilities, and organizations can have a role in promoting health through physical activity participation. From the perspective of a leisure scientist who has examined ...
Identification of lysine350 of yeast deoxyhypusine synthase as the site of enzyme intermediate formation.

The posttranslational formation of deoxyhypusine in the precursor of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is catalysed by deoxyhypusine synthase. This NAD-dependent reaction involves transfer of the 4-aminobutyl moiety of spermidine to a single lysine residue in the eIF5A precursor. The present study shows evidence for the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate between a specific lysine residue (Lys350 ) of yeast deoxyhypusine synthase and the 4-aminobutyl moiety from spermidine. Substitution of this lysine residue with Arg or Ala totally prevented the formation of the enzyme intermediate and consequently precluded deoxyhypusine synthesis in the eIF5A precursor, leading to the conclusion that the enzyme intermediate formed at Lys350 is critical for deoxyhypusine synthesis activity. The results provide a rational basis for the inability of the mutated deoxyhypusine synthase gene encoding arginine in place of Lys350 to support growth in yeast (Park et al ., 1998). The demonstration of the formation of an enzyme–imine intermediate in yeast deoxyhypusine synthase analogous to that of the human enzyme strongly suggests that the enzyme mechanism is conserved in diverse eukaryotes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint Probability Distribution and Correlation Analysis of Wind and Solar Power Forecast Errors in the Western Interconnection

AbstractWind and solar power generation differ from conventional power generation because of the variable and uncertain nature of their power output. This can have significant impacts on grid operations. Short-term forecasting of wind and solar power generation is uniquely helpful for planning the balance of supply and demand in the electric power system because it allows for a reduction in the uncertainty associated with their output. As a step toward assessing the simultaneous integration of large amounts of wind and solar power, this article investigates the spatial and temporal correlation between wind and solar power forecast errors. The forecast and actual data analyzed are obtained from one of the world’s largest regional variable generation integration studies to date. Multiple spatial and temporal scales (day ahead, 4 h ahead, and 1 h ahead) of forecast errors for the Western Interconnection in the United States are analyzed. A joint probability distribution of wind and solar power forecast error...
Developmental structure-function insights from Tbx5del/+ mouse model of Holt-Oram syndrome

in this issue of the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Zhou et al. ([32][1]) describe impaired diastolic ventricular function measured by high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound and evidence for atrial septal defect (ASD) based on in vivo ultrasound and postmortem magnetic
Response to Gilks et al

To the Editor: The crux of this letter is a disagreement with the term ‘high-grade endometrioid carcinoma’. First, the authors point out that the diagnosis is not easily reproduced between pathologists. Second, they state that the molecular data indicate very little difference between high-grade endometrioid and high-grade serous carcinomas.1 Third, they perceive that continued use of the term ‘high-grade endometrioid’ will create confusion that will be detrimental to patient care. Fourth, they imply that the differences in the frequencies of two parameters—tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and dominant ovarian mass—in cases of high-grade serous and endometrioid carcinomas are insufficient reason to separate them.
Determination of silver with polymer-modified electrodes

Abstract Electrodes modified with quaternized polyvinylpyridine into which [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− , [Mo(CN) 8 ] 4− or [Ir(Cl) 6 ] 3− was incorporated by ion exchange, have been employed in the determination of silver ions from aqueous solutions. Silver ions are preconcentrated at open circuit at the electrode surface by formation of the silver complex of the polyanionic metal species, depicted for ferrocyanide as [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− + 4Ag + → Ag 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] (1) The electrochemical response associated with the immobilized species is used as the analytical signal. Either the reduction of the silver ions to metallic silver or the stripping of metallic silver, after initial reduction, could be employed as the analytical signal. However, consistently superior results were obtained in the stripping mode. The signal was much sharper and charge propagation appeared much more rapid as compared with that for the reduction process. In the stripping mode, the redox process occurs as a very sharp and easily quantifiable peak at about + 0.10 V and is essentially independent of the identity of the polyanionic metal complex employed. Using the surface immobilized ferrocyanide, silver determinations down to 6 × 10 −10 M have been carried out with an r.s.d. of ±7%. Excellent reproducibility is obtained for electrodes modified prior to each determination.
Applications of ultraviolet resonance raman spectroscopy to proteins

Abstract Recent developments in instrumentation for ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy and its application to proteins are reviewed. With excitation near the ∼ 195 nm amide π-π* transition strong enhancement is seen of the amide vibrational modes, particularly amide II, whose intensity is sensitive to secondary structure. With measurements at 200 and 192 nm one can calculate the fractions of α-helix, β sheet and unordered segments from the known cross sections of these structures. The proline imide II band at ∼ 1460 cm −1 is strongly enhanced with 218 nm excitation and its frequency can be used to monitor cis-trans isomerization. Aromatic residues give rise to strong UVRR bands. Phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) show scattering patterns typical of substituted benzenes: enhancement of vibronic modes, especially ν 8a and ν 8b in resonance with the quasi-forbidden L a transition (∼ 205 and ∼ 223 nm for Phe and Tyr), and of breathing modes in resonance with the allowed B a,b transitions (∼ 188 and ∼ 193 nm for Phe and Tyr). Tyrosine, and especially tyrosinate, also show strong enhancement of ν 8a and ν 8b in the B a,b -resonant region, behavior attributed to electronic mixing of L a with B a via the OH (or O − ) substituent. In proteins the Tyr ν 8a and ν 8b bands are most readily observed with 229 nm excitation, where the Phe contributions are minimal. The ν 8b frequency is sensitive to Tyr H-bonding and has been calibrated in terms of the H-bond strength. The Tyr 830/850 cm −1 Fermi doublet intensity ratio, which can be monitored at 200 nm is sensitive to H-bonding, but also to other environmental influences. With 218 nm excitation protein spectra are dominated by tryptophan (Trp) contributions. The 1340/1360 cm −1 Trp Fermi doublet is sensitive to solvent exposure, while the ∼ 880 cm −1 band frequency is sensitive to H-bonding. Histidine (His) excitation profiles show π-π* resonances at ∼ 218 and ∼ 204 nm. The UVRR bands are sensitive to protonation, but the enhancement is relatively weak, and the His bands are obscured in protein UVRR spectra by the other aromatic contributions. Applications of the UVRR technique to the filamentous virus fd are described.
DNA Methylation of the First Exon Is Tightly Linked to Transcriptional Silencing

Tissue specific patterns of methylated cytosine residues vary with age, can be altered by environmental factors, and are often abnormal in human disease yet the cellular consequences of DNA methylation are incompletely understood. Although the bodies of highly expressed genes are often extensively methylated in plants, the relationship between intragenic methylation and expression is less clear in mammalian cells. We performed genome-wide analyses of DNA methylation and gene expression to determine how the pattern of intragenic methylation correlates with transcription and to assess the relationship between methylation of exonic and intronic portions of the gene body. We found that dense exonic methylation is far more common than previously recognized or expected statistically, yet first exons are relatively spared compared to more downstream exons and introns. Dense methylation surrounding the transcription start site (TSS) is uncoupled from methylation within more downstream regions suggesting that there are at least two classes of intragenic methylation. Whereas methylation surrounding the TSS is tightly linked to transcriptional silencing, methylation of more downstream regions is unassociated with the magnitude of gene expression. Notably, we found that DNA methylation downstream of the TSS, in the region of the first exon, is much more tightly linked to transcriptional silencing than is methylation in the upstream promoter region. These data provide direct evidence that DNA methylation is interpreted dissimilarly in different regions of the gene body and suggest that first exon methylation blocks transcript initiation, or vice versa. Our data also show that once initiated, downstream methylation is not a significant impediment to polymerase extension. Thus, the consequences of most intragenic DNA methylation must extend beyond the modulation of transcription magnitude. Sequencing data and gene expression microarray data have been submitted to the GEO online database (accession number SRA012081.1). Supporting information including expanded methods and ten additional figures in support of the manuscript is provided.
Effects of Sub-ångstrom (pico-scale) Structure of Surfaces on Adhesion, Friction, and Bulk Mechanical Properties

We review experimental results—over the past 10–15 years and more recent theoretical modeling and computer simulations—on the effects of surface subnanoscale texture on adhesion and friction and the implications for certain mechanical properties of materials such as Mode I and Mode II failure. Examples and comparisons include surfaces that are adhesive or nonadhesive, rough or smooth, hard or soft (e.g., viscoelastic polymers), dry (unlubricated) or lubricated. One important conclusion is that the ultrafine picoscale details of a surface lattice or its roughness (“texture”) can be the most important factor in determining its friction and Mode II fracture, whereas such effects are less important for determining adhesion forces and Mode I fracture processes. Such studies are also clarifying the molecular and atomic basis of many well-established adhesion and tribological laws and empirical observations and are revealing new fundamental insights and relationships between nanoscale (molecular) and macroscale processes.
Kinetics of electron transfer between the primary and the secondary electron acceptor in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Abstract Photoreduction of the two ubiquinone molecules, UQ 1 and UQ 2 , bound to purified reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides induces different absorption band shifts of bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin molecules depending on which ubiquinone is photoreduced. This allows us to study electron transfer between UQ 1 and UQ 2 directly by absorption spectrometry. The results support a model in which electrons are transferred one by one from UQ 1 to UQ 2 with a half-time of 200 μs, and two by two from fully reduced UQ 2 to the secondary acceptor pool.
Reliability and motor memory.

The generalizability framework was employed to estimate variance components and reliability of performance in a positioning task. The subjects (n =70) performed 16 trials at each of three target lengths of 25 cm, 45 cm, and 65 cm. The data were analyzed using a subjects x targets x trials repeated measures ANOVA. Two reliability coefficients were estimated. The first (R) provided an estimate of performance reliability generalized over targets and trials. The second (R’) treated targets as a source of true-score variance and hence was generalized over trials alone. Both reliability coefficients were higher for algebraic error than for absolute error, and R’ provided higher reliability estimates than R for both dependent variables. Increasing the number of positioning trials from 2 to 16 at each target length did not appreciably alter either reliability coefficient. The overall low reliability of R appears to compound the dependent variables and statistical power problems associated with short-term motor-me...
Mediated versus cumulative environmental damage and the International Law Association's legal principles on climate change

The content of international climate change law is being subjected to investigation and critical analysis after twenty years of international policy on climate change. The ila’s Legal Principles Relating to Climate Change are a contribution to this discussion. The ila has put forth a ‘principle of prevention’ as being not just relevant to, but at the very foundation of, climate change law—in particular mitigation law. In their article in this issue of the journal, Schwarte and Frank focus on the ila’s reliance on the prevention principle, endorsing the ila’s approach in this respect. However, as I argue in this comment, the principle of prevention is neither applicable nor of relevance to the problem of climate change, and thus cannot be an element of climate change mitigation law. I also question the ila’s utilization of another legal principle—the precautionary principle—as a basis for the development of an international law of adaptation.
BLACK‐WHITE DIFFERENCES IN MOTHER‐TO‐DAUGHTER TRANSMISSION OF SEX‐ROLE ATTITUDES

We construct a model of sex-role transmission from mothers to daughters using three survey years from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experiences of Mature Women and Young Women. ...
Fluid Dynamics of Heart Development

The morphology, muscle mechanics, fluid dynamics, conduction properties, and molecular biology of the developing embryonic heart have received much attention in recent years due to the importance of both fluid and elastic forces in shaping the heart as well as the striking relationship between the heart’s evolution and development. Although few studies have directly addressed the connection between fluid dynamics and heart development, a number of studies suggest that fluids may play a key role in morphogenic signaling. For example, fluid shear stress may trigger biochemical cascades within the endothelial cells of the developing heart that regulate chamber and valve morphogenesis. Myocardial activity generates forces on the intracardiac blood, creating pressure gradients across the cardiac wall. These pressures may also serve as epigenetic signals. In this article, the fluid dynamics of the early stages of heart development is reviewed. The relevant work in cardiac morphology, muscle mechanics, regulatory networks, and electrophysiology is also reviewed in the context of intracardial fluid dynamics.
Performance of Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH) Systems and Their Impacts on Electric Utility Loads

This work involves measurements, analyses, and evaluation of performance of air-source heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), and their impacts on electric utility loads. Two add-on, heat pumps (HPs) rated at 7000 BTU/h (2.051 kW) and 12,000 BTU/h (3.517 kW) were utilized. The HPs were retrofitted to two 50 gal (189.3 l) electric water heaters (EWHs) with their electric heating elements removed. A third standard EWH was used for comparison. The testing setups were fully instrumented for measurements of all pertinent parameters, including inlet and outlet water temperatures, inlet and outlet air temperatures of the HPs, temperature and humidity of the surrounding air, volume of water drawn out of the storage tanks, as well as the electric energy consumptions of the systems. Performance measures evaluated included the coefficient of performance, the energy factor (EF), and the,first hour rating (FHR). The HPWH systems gave EFs ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 and corresponding energy savings (and reductions in utility peak loads) ranging from 49.0% to 63.0%, approximately. The values obtained in the summer months were, as expected, somewhat higher than those obtained in the winter ones. The average values of the EFs and energy savings (and reductions in utility peak loads) were about 2.1 and 56.0%, respectively. FHR results were much lower for the HPWHs compared with those for the standard EWH. These results show that HPWHs are much more efficient compared with standard EWHs. While the average value of the EF for the EWH was about 0.92, the HPWHs yielded EFs averaging more than 2.00, resulting in annual energy savings averaging more than 50%. The results also show that HPWHs are effective at reducing utility peak loads, in addition to providing substantial cost savings to consumers.
Heliospheric tomography: an algorithm for the reconstruction of the 3D solar wind from remote sensing observations

Over the past years we have developed a tomographic technique for using heliospheric remote sensing observations (i.e. interplanetary scintillation and Thomson scattering data) for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional solar wind density and velocity in the inner heliosphere. We describe the basic algorithm on which our technique is based. To highlight the details of the reconstruction algorithm we specifically emphasize the implementation of corotating tomography using IPS g-level and IPS velocity observations as proxies for the solar wind density and velocity, respectively. We provide some insight into the modifications required to expand the technique into a fully time-dependent tomography, and to use Thomson scattering brightness (instead of g-level) as a proxy for the solar wind density.
A distributed exact algorithm for the multiple resource constrained sequencing problem

Sequencing problems arise in the context of process scheduling both in isolation and as subproblems for general scenarios. Such sequencing problems can often be posed as an extension of the Traveling Salesman Problem. We present an exact parallel branch and bound algorithm for solving the Multiple Resource Constrained Traveling Salesman Problem (MRCTSP), which provides a platform for addressing a variety of process sequencing problems. The algorithm is based on a linear programming relaxation that incorporates two families of inequalities via cutting plane techniques. Computational results show that the lower bounds provided by this method are strong for the types of problem generators that we considered as well as for some industrially derived sequencing instances. The branch and bound algorithm is parallelized using the processor workshop model on a network of workstations connected via Ethernet. Results are presented for instances with up to 75 cities, 3 resource constraints, and 8 workstations.
Family structure and child anemia in Mexico

Abstract Utilizing longitudinal data from the nationally-representative Mexico Family Life Survey, this study assesses the association between family structure and iron-deficient anemia among children ages 3–12 in Mexico. The longitudinal models (n = 4649), which control for baseline anemia status and allow for consideration of family structure transitions, suggest that children living in stable-cohabiting and single-mother families and those who have recently experienced a parental union dissolution have higher odds of anemia than those in stable-married, father-present family structures. Interaction effects indicate that unmarried family contexts have stronger associations with anemia in older children (over age five); and, that the negative effects of parental union dissolution are exacerbated in poorer households. Resident maternal grandparents have a significant beneficial effect on child anemia independent of parental family structure. These results highlight the importance of family structure for child micronutrient deficiencies and suggest that understanding social processes within households may be critical to preventing child anemia in Mexico.
Adsorption and activation of CO coadsorbed with K on Fe(100) surface: A plane-wave DFT study

Abstract The adsorption and diffusion properties of K atoms together with the coadsorption effects induced upon CO activation on Fe(100) surface have been studied using spin-polarized plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the generalized gradient approximation. Preferential adsorption of K atoms takes place at surface hollow sites and diffusion among these sites has a small activation energy of only 0.7 kcal/mol. Substitutional adsorption of K at a surface Fe site is also possible but only at high temperatures required to overcome a barrier of about 36.0 kcal/mol. A systematic analysis of the modifications of binding properties for molecular (CO) and atomic (C,O) species upon interaction with K has been performed both as function of the relative separations as well as coverage using a series of (4 × 4), (3 × 3) and (2 × 2) supercell models. The presence of K leads to stabilization of both C and O species but in the last case significant variations were observed only when O is bonded at a bridge site. For CO molecule a relatively large range of stabilization energies can be induced by coadsorbed K depending on the relative CO–K separation and K coverage. The largest stabilization effects are observed at small separations, when K is located at a hollow site adjacent to CO binding site. In such cases the increase in binding takes place with important red shifts of CO vibrational frequency and with relatively large bond elongations, independent of CO binding mode on the surface. Relative to the bare surface, the presence of K was also found to reduce CO activation energies by as much as 6.2–7.8 kcal/mol, i.e. 25–31%, function of the relative separation and molecular coverage. Such effects have been correlated with the charge transfer from K to Fe surface and to CO molecule leading to an increased stabilization primarily of O and somewhat less of C species in the transition state and to reduction of the bond competition between CO and the surface atoms.
Indexing of interdisciplinary literature on crime, violence, and mental disorder

Recent growth in interdisciplinary research on crime, vio lence, and mental disorder has encouraged the development of computerized techniques for organizing literature from a variety of sources and many different fields. This paper describes a detailed, pre-tested format for classifying systematically re search references on factors such as: sample selection and sample characteristics, test instruments and methodology, de sign, and major findings and conclusions. Special efforts were made to address those problems frequently encountered by interdisciplinary researchers, such as differences in terminology and orientation across disciplines. It is intended that this format will facilitate links across disciplines and thus promote comprehensive approaches to research, medical diagnosis, and policy development.
Effect of photoperiod on milk production and prolactin of Holstein dairy cows

Milk yield and composition were measured in 74 Holstein cows and first-calf heifers in two experiments comparing varying lengths of photoperiod. High pressure sodium vapor lamps provided light intensity at cow eye level of 254 +/- 26 lx during the day and 132 +/- 9 lx at night in a free stall barn open on two sides. The first experiment compared continuous light with 18 h light for 16 wk during the winter in animals previously exposed to continuous light. Photoperiod had no effect on milk yield or basal concentration of serum prolactin in either age group. Peak concentration of prolactin after injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone was not affected by photoperiod in heifers but was higher in cows exposed to 18 h light. The second experiment compared natural photoperiod (9 to 12 h light) with 18 h light for 9 wk during the winter in animals previously exposed to a natural photoperiod. Photoperiod had no effect on 4% fat-corrected milk in heifers whereas there was a significant interaction of photoperiod by week for 4% fat-corrected milk in cows. Basal concentration of serum prolactin was lower in cows than in heifers although there were no differences due to age or photoperiod after injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone. We conclude that multipara Holstein cows produce about 7% more 4% fat-corrected milk during winter months when exposed to 18 h light providing they were previously in a natural photoperiod environment. For reasons not understood, 18 h light failed to enhance milk yield of cows previously in a continuous light environment. Milk yield and composition in heifers were not affected by 18 h or continuous light.
Distribution of human papillomavirus type 16 variants in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive and -negative women.

The prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 variant lineages was characterized in a cross-sectional study of 24 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-positive and 33 HIV-negative women in New Orleans. The European prototype was the predominant variant in the HIV-negative women (39·4 %), while in the HIV-positive women the European 350G variant was predominant (29·1 %). In exact logistic regression models, HIV-positive women were significantly more likely to harbour any variant with a nucleotide G-350 mutation compared with HIV-negative women [58·3 % vs 21·1 %; adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=6·28, 95 % confidence interval (CI)=1·19–46·54]. Models also revealed a trend towards increased prevalence of Asian–American lineage in HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women (25·0 % vs 6·0 %; AOR=6·35, 95 % CI=0·77–84·97). No association was observed between any variant and cytology or CD4 cell counts or HIV-1 viral loads. These observations reflect a difference in the distribution of HPV-16 variants among HIV-positive and -negative women, indicating that HIV-positive status may lead to increased prevalence of a subset of variants.
A confocal Raman imaging study of an optically transparent boron-doped diamond electrode

Confocal micro-Raman imaging was used to investigate the structural and, to some extent, the chemical inhomogeneities that exist in a high-quality, free-standing, polished, optically transparent boron-doped chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) diamond disk. A number of boron-related Raman lines centered at about 610, 925, 1045, 1375, and 1470 cm-1 were evidenced and found to vary from one region of the disk to another. These lines have previously been reported in the literature for other boron-doped crystals or films obtained using completely different growth conditions. Even if their origin is still somewhat uncertain, their presence enabled the construction of spatial maps of the boron signal intensity over the surface. It was confirmed that boron is incorporated into CVD diamond with significant inhomogeneities. In most cases, the boron signal intensity tracked the structure of the grains. The high quality of the disk also allowed a detailed analysis of the grain boundaries to be made. However, a unique des...
The Pedagogy of Self-Fashioning: A Foucaultian Study of Montaigne's ''On Educating Children''

In this paper I interpret Montaigne’s essay, “On Educating Children”, as a pedagogical text through its performance of a distinct epistolary function, one that addresses the letter-recipient for the purpose of shaping the ideas, actions, and beliefs of that individual. At the same time, I also read “On Educating Children” within the context of the wider project of Montaigne’s Essays, which, as I suggest, is an ethical-aesthetic project of self-fashioning and self-cultivation. The net result is an interpretation of teaching as an ethical-aesthetic practice of the self, one that is in concert with the interpretation of Montaigne’s writing of the Essays as a similar practice of the self. In order to build this case, I employ Michel Foucault’s fourfold schema of ethical subjectivity, mapping that schema onto “On Educating Children”, so as to reveal a unique pedagogy of self-formation—a pedagogy that works as much upon the self of the teacher as it does the self of the student.
The effects of monetary policy using structural factor analysis

The traditional Vector Autoregression (VAR) method is widely used to trace out the effects of monetary policy innovations on the economy. However, this method suffers from the curse of dimensionality, so that in practice VARs are estimated on a limited number of variables, leading to a potential missing information problem. In this article we use the method of structural factor analysis to evaluate the effects of monetary policy on key macroeconomic variables in a data rich environment. This methodology allows us to extract information on monetary policy and its impact on the economy from a much larger data set than is possible with the traditional VAR method. We propose two structural factor models. One is the Structural Factor Augmented Vector Autoregressive (SFAVAR) model and the other is the Structural Factor Vector Autoregressive (SFVAR) model. Compared to the traditional VAR, both models incorporate information from hundreds of data series, series that can be and are monitored by the central bank in...
Current Treatment Practices for Children and Adults with Trichotillomania: Consensus among Experts.

Abstract Very little is known regarding the efficacy of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for children and adults with trichotillomania (TTM). Given this dearth of information, the present investigation sought to examine the treatment practices of members of the nationally recognized Trichotillomania Learning Center–Scientific Advisory Board (TLC-SAB) and practitioners known by members of the TLC-SAB to possess extensive experience working with this population. The responses of 67 practitioners to an Internet-based survey were examined. Our results clearly indicate that cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) is the treatment of choice for both children and adults with TTM. In particular, several components of CBT (i.e., awareness training, self-monitoring, competing response training, habit reversal training, and stimulus control) are implemented most often. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, e.g., citalopram, fluoxetine) and serotonin-norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs, e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine) were prescribed most frequently; however, these results are preliminary given our small sample of prescribing practitioners (n = 11). Taken together, these findings are a critical starting point to advancing the understanding of efficacious interventions for the treatment of individuals with TTM. Clinical and research implications, future areas of research, and study limitations are discussed.
Orthogonal lithography for organic electronics

Organic electronics has recently gained attention as a new field promising cheaper, flexible, and large-scale devices. Although photolithography has proven to be a high-resolution and high-throughput patterning method with excellent registration capabilities, the emerging field of organic electronics has been largely unsuccessful in adapting this well-established method as a viable approach to patterning. Chemical compatibility issues between organic materials and the processing solvents and chemicals required by photolithography have been the main problem. This challenge has led us to identify a set of non-damaging processing solvents and to develop alternative imaging materials in order to extend photolithographic patterning methods to organic electronics. We have identified supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrofluoroether (HFE) solvents as chemically benign to organic electronic materials and which are also suitable as processing solvents. We refer to these solvents as orthogonal in that they do not substantially interact with traditional aqueous and organic solvents. Multi-layered devices are easily realized by exploiting this orthogonality property; subsequent layers are deposited and patterned without damaging or otherwise adversely affecting previously deposited underlying layers. We have designed and synthesized novel photoresists, which are processible in these benign solvents.
Human resource issues in cellular manufacturing: A sociotechnical analysis

Abstract Most research on cellular manufacturing (CM) has focused on the technical issues involved in converting functionally segregated operations into integrated multifunctional cells. Examples of these technical issues include classification methods, physical arrangements, methods for reducing set-up time, and design of work flow sequence. By comparison, research on the human or social side of CM has been notably lacking. With the exception of anecdotal descriptions of CM concerns (Fazakerley (1974, 1976)), only two empirical studies have attempted to systematically pinpoint the nature of human resource issues in these settings (Brown and Mitchell (1991); Huber and Hyer (1985)). Consequently, the social system factors that support CM success are not well understood. Based on sociotechnical systems (STS) theories, it is suggested that a complementary match between technical and social systems is needed to ensure optimization of CM implementations. One avenue for effecting social system change in response to technical innovations is through an organization's human resource system. Planning, job analysis, selection, training, reward structures, and employee relations practices may make a difference in the relative success of a CM conversion, and also may influence employee attitudes and quality of work life. These human resource practices provide support for attaining Cherns' (1978) nine STS principles—compatibility, minimal critical specification, the sociotechnical criterion, information flow, multifunctioning, boundary location, support congruence, human values, and incompletion. The integration of human resource management practices and STS theories provides implementation guidelines and also helps to reveal areas where research is needed. Longitudinal and cross-sectional field studies will be the methodologies of choice for assessing human resource issues in CM settings. For example, descriptive studies may assess job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, job content, or perceptions of performance obstacles. Of equal importance will be research which tests the effectiveness of various human resource practices (e.g., realistic job previews, training. team incentive systems) in CM settings. Dependent variables for these studies may include economic measures such as throughput time, quality, inventory levels, and employee turnover rates, as well as measures of employee attitudes and the time required for full CM implementation. Field research will improve our understanding of the human resource practices which are most likely to enhance CM implementations, and also will further our understanding of STS relationships.
Branched-chain amino acid substitutions in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic actinomycin.

Abstract Actinomycins normally contain N-methyl-l-valine and either d-valine, d-alloisoleucine or both amino acids in the molecule. During antibiotic formation in a medium supplemented with one of the four isoleucine stereoisomers, Streptomyces parvulus and S. chrysomallus form complex actinomycin mixtures (C1, C2, C3, E1, and E2-like compounds). Although chromatographic techniques suggested that single homogeneous components had been isolated, subsequent studies indicated that such chromatographic fractions probably consisted of multiple isomers of actinomycin. Amino acid analyses revealed the presence of N-methylvaline and/or N-methylalloisoleucine and, in addition, d-isoleucine, d-valine, and d-alloisoleucine were frequently found in a given fraction.
A cytogenetic approach for detecting the selective toxicity of drugs in avian embryonic B and T lymphocytes.

Abstract The developing immune system of late stage embryos and neonates may be particularly susceptible to the toxicity of drugs and environmental contaminants due to high rates of cell proliferation and ongoing processes of differentiation. We have developed a cytogenetic assay to study the mechanisms of the selective targeting of cyclophosphamide (CP) to B lymphocytes compared to T lymphocytes in chicken embryos at days 18–19 of incubation. 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 3 mg/200 μl PBS; two doses; 3-h interval) was pipetted onto the inner shell membrane in order to label DNA of replicating lymphoid cells. CP (1.25–40 mg/kg) was injected 1 h after the initial BrdU dose, and the embryos were exposed to colcemid (10 μg/100 μl H 2 O) at hour 17. Three hours later, the bursa and thymus were removed, and the lymphocytes were swollen in hypotonic solution, fixed, and processed through a fluorescence-plus-Giemsa technique to differentiate sister chromatids. Based on reductions in mitotic indices, B cells were ∼ 213 times more susceptible than T cells to the cytotoxicity of CP. Because the mitotic indices of B and T cells were comparable (21.3 ± 3.7%, vs. 25.5 ± 6.9%), the differential toxicity cannot be ascribed to greater numbers of B cells being in mitosis. CP induced a dose-related increase in the sister-chromatid exchange frequency in B cells of up to 10.4-fold above controls, representing one of the most sensitive vertebrate systems for detecting the genotoxicity of CP. The average generation time was slowed from 9.8 ± 0.3 h in control B cells to 19.4 ± 0.9 h in embryos exposed to 10 mg CP/kg. Furthermore, an analysis of control SCE data from 56 embryos indicated that there was a significant overdispersion of B cells exhibiting relatively high SCE frequencies compared to a Poisson distribution. Our data indicate that the chicken embryo in the late developmental stage is a good model for detecting the presence and selective toxicity of drugs and environmental toxins in differentiating B and T lymphocytes in vivo.
Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation

Recent in vivo structural imaging studies have shown spatial and temporal patterns of brain maturation between childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood that are generally consistent with postmortem studies of cellular maturational events such as increased myelination and synaptic pruning. In this study, we conducted detailed spatial and temporal analyses of growth and gray matter density at the cortical surface of the brain in a group of 35 normally developing children, adolescents, and young adults. To accomplish this, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and novel computational image analysis techniques. For the first time, in this report we have mapped the continued postadolescent brain growth that occurs primarily in the dorsal aspects of the frontal lobe bilaterally and in the posterior temporo-occipital junction bilaterally. Notably, maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent cortical gray matter density reduction are highly consistent with maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent brain growth, showing an inverse relationship between cortical gray matter density reduction and brain growth primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive cognitive functioning. Inverse relationships are not as robust in the posterior temporo-occipital junction where gray matter density reduction is much less prominent despite late brain growth in these regions between adolescence and adulthood. Overall brain growth is not significant between childhood and adolescence, but close spatial relationships between gray matter density reduction and brain growth are observed in the dorsal parietal and frontal cortex. These results suggest that progressive cellular maturational events, such as increased myelination, may play as prominent a role during the postadolescent years as regressive events, such as synaptic pruning, in determining the ultimate density of mature frontal lobe cortical gray matter.