cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embryonic ‘binge’ cocaine exposure alters neural-immune and neural-endocrine interactions in young chickens: involvement of serotonin2 receptors

Abstract As part of our characterization of the developmental consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure, cocaine was injected into eggs containing viable chicken embryos on embryonic day (E) 18 and the fever response to the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were assessed postnatally. E18 cocaine exposure did not affect basal body temperature. LPS induced a fever in the chicks at 4 h post-injection on post-hatch day (D) 4 and 2 h post-injection on D24. E18 cocaine exposure suppressed the peak LPS-induced fever by 50% at both ages. E18 cocaine exposure also suppressed the hypersensitivity reaction to an intradermal injection of PHA on D17, while having no effect on the response to a saline injection. To determine the importance of serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptors in the developmental toxicity of cocaine, varying doses of the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin were injected on E17 followed by cocaine on E18. Ritanserin, like cocaine, did not alter basal temperature, but it dose-relatedly attenuated or blocked cocaine’s effect on LPS-induced fever on both D4 and D24. Ritanserin pretreatment was also able to block the blunted isolation stress response seen in D16 chicks following E18 cocaine exposure. Thus, late prenatal cocaine exposure significantly alters adaptive fever and hypersensitivity responses, and embryonic 5-HT2 receptors played a mediating role in the fever effect.
Fracture properties of multiphase alloy MP35N

Abstract This paper addresses the fracture properties of commercially cold-drawn (53%) MP35N (35% Co, 35% Ni, 20% Cr, and 10% Mo) in both the cold-worked and the cold-worked and aged conditions. MP35N is a superalloy that exhibits a remarkable combination of high strength (about 2 GPa) and high fracture toughness (about 100 MPa m ). The fracture toughness of MP35N was investigated systematically, with particular attention to the influence of the post deformation aging heat treatment, the sample thickness, the orientation of crack plane and the direction of crack propagation with respect to the drawing direction in the sample. These measurements yielded the following important results: (1) The plane strain fracture toughness of the commercially cold-drawn MP35N is about 120 MPa m , and is about 110 MPa m in the cold-drawn and aged condition. (2) The plane stress fracture toughness values for the cold-drawn MP35N were significantly lower than the corresponding values for the cold-drawn and aged material, in spite of the fact that the later had a higher strength value. (3) The direction of the crack propagation did influence the fracture toughness, reducing its value significantly in T–L direction, as compared with values in T–T and L–T directions.
Choices of organizational structures in religious organizations: a game theoretic approach

Abstract This study has extended the work done by Allen [Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27 (1995) 97] and others who attempted to show a relationship between a denomination’s doctrine and its organizational structure. While Allen’s work resulted in a one-to-one mapping between doctrinal beliefs and organizational structure, this study has argued that there exists a continuum of structures that are consistent with a particular church’s doctrine. The church’s ultimate organizational structure is a game theoretic outcome resulting when churches attempt to maximize membership subject to the constraints imposed by their doctrines. We examine how churches’ organizational structures depend on the extent to which members are willing to sacrifice their structural preferences to hold on to their doctrines. Consistent with Allen’s outcome, our result indicates the further apart are the doctrines held by two churches, the greater the variation in their structural organization. This paper also examines the relationship between churches’ organizational structures and the degree of the majority church’s majority.
Comparison of ActiGraph activity monitors in persons with multiple sclerosis and controls.

Purpose: The current study compared output from the vertical axis of two models of ActiGraph accelerometers under free-living and laboratory conditions in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and matched controls. Method: The sample included 41 cases of MS and 41 controls matched by age, sex, height and weight. Participants concurrently wore 7164 and GT3X accelerometers for 6 days under free-living conditions, and undertook up to five, 6-minute periods of walking at five speeds on a motor-driven treadmill. Results: Under free-living conditions, there was substantial, but not absolute, agreement (Intraclass correlation = 0.983) between devices and the output from the model 7164 accelerometer was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than that of the GT3X, resulting in a 7.0% difference between devices. The treadmill-walking conditions indicated that this difference in output between accelerometers was based on slow-walking speeds where there was a statistically significant (p < 0.01) and 30.3% discrepancy. Conc...
Influence of the earthquake cycle and lithospheric rheology on the dynamics of the Eastern California shear zone

The Eastern California Shear Zone is bounded by the high heat flow region of the Basin and Range province and the low heat flow region of the Sierra Nevada block. This difference in thermal state influences the rheology of the lower crust/upper mantle, resulting in a viscosity contrast between the two regions. We analyze the effect of such a contrast on the kinematics and dynamics of the shear zone with numerical models. This viscosity contrast drives asymmetric strain accumulation in the upper crust, producing an asymmetric surface velocity field. An additional consequence of this strain pattern is the potential for asymmetric co-seismic displacement during an earthquake.
Estimates of Reliabilities for the Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire

The Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire was developed to assess the attitudes and beliefs of 110 teachers regarding inclusion of students with disabilities in regular education settings. For teachers in physical education (n = 56) and music education (n = 54), Cronbach alpha was .92 for both samples, suggesting the scale's reliability in making such evaluations.
Soluble antigens of Plasmodium gallinaceum.

Abstract Antigens were isolated from plasma and serum of chickens acutely infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum . These antigens were allowed to react, in a gel precipitation test, with convalescent homologous sera and sera of human beings, monkeys and rats recovering from infections with P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi and P. berghei , respectively. A reaction occurred between these antigens and all sera tested. Antigens isolated from erythrocytes of infected chickens, however, reacted only with homologous sera in the above test. No non-specific precipitation reactions could be elicited in tests on a variety of sera. The tests included sera from persons infected with Treponema pallidum or (in one case) Babesia bovis , from cattle infected with Leptospira pomona , and from normal human, murine, avian, simian and bovine sera. Further studies with plasma or serum antigens from P. gallinaceum infections, for diagnosis of malaria, appear desirable.
Examination of pretreatment predictors of attrition in a VLCD and behavior therapy weight-loss program.

Abstract Seventeen pretreatment predictors of attrition in a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) and behavior therapy combined weight-loss program (Optifast) were examined. A multiple discriminant function analysis was conducted on historical data in an attempt to distinguish early dropouts (weeks 2–14) from late dropouts (weeks 15–26) from completers. The following seven predictor variables contributed to the significant discriminant function equation: the number of past diets, past emotional difficulties, past physical or emotional difficulties while dieting, expected stress over the next 6 months, the number of close friends, the number of people who annoy the dieter about his or her weight, and the expectation of insurance coverage. In addition, it was found that completers reported a significantly greater number of previous diets than early dropouts.
Conceptualization of readiness and the content of early learning standards: The intersection of policy and research?

Abstract A content analysis of 46 early learning standards documents developed by state-level organizations and available for review in January 2005 was conducted to determine the specific areas of development addressed within the standards documents. The authors contend that this type of analysis is important because early learning standards that define expectations for children's learning and development prior to kindergarten entry are, in essence, a reflection of how states are conceptualizing children's readiness for school. Results suggest that early learning standards have emphasized the language and cognitive domains, and that specific areas within domains of learning and development, such as physical fitness, relationships and reading comprehension have been addressed relatively less often. Standards developed under the leadership of the state departments of education emphasized social–emotional and approaches toward learning domains less than standards developed under the leadership of other agencies. The authors suggest that the content of the early learning standards reflects a number of different factors, such as the views of persons involved in developing the standards, and in some cases may not be consistent with the research literature on children's early learning and development. Implications for the standards development process and for future research are discussed.
Determination of r-7,t-8,9,c-10-Tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in Human Urine by Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry

r-7,t-8,9,c-10-Tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (trans-anti-BaP-tetraol) is the major hydrolysis product of r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE), the principal ultimate carcinogen of the environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). As part of a program to establish activation/detoxification profiles of urinary metabolites of BaP in humans, we developed a method for quantifying trans-anti-BaP-tetraol. Urine was collected from three groups of individuals exposed to BaP: psoriasis patients treated with a coal tar-containing ointment, steel workers, and smokers. [2H12]-trans-anti-BaP-tetraol was added to the urine as an internal standard. The urine was treated with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase, and then the BaP-tetraols were enriched by reverse-phase and phenylboronic acid solid-phase extraction. The resulting fraction was treated with sodium hydride and methylmethane sulfonate to convert BaP-tetraols to the corresponding tetramethyl ethers (BaP-TME). T...
Determination of magnesium and zinc in human brain tissue by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract A rapid, interference-free method is presented for the determination of magnesium and zinc in human brain tissue by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Several experimental parameters were investigated, and interference studies were run on each of the analysis elements. A wet oxidation method of lipoid rich brain tissue is described which is rapid and effective. The analyses of many different brain samples, including various sections of individual brain samples, are indicated showing both dry and wet weights. The elemental sensitivity is 0.04 p.p.m. for zinc and 0.01 p.p.m. for magnesium.
Thermally actuated shape-memory polymers: Experiments, theory, and numerical simulations

Abstract With the aim of developing a thermo-mechanically coupled large-deformation constitutive theory and a numerical-simulation capability for modeling the response of thermally actuated shape-memory polymers, we have (i) conducted large strain compression experiments on a representative shape-memory polymer to strains of approximately unity at strain rates of 10 −3 and 10 −1 s −1 , and at temperatures ranging from room temperature to approximately 30 °C above the glass transition temperature of the polymer; (ii) formulated a thermo-mechanically coupled large-deformation constitutive theory; (iii) calibrated the material parameters appearing in the theory using the stress–strain data from the compression experiments; (iv) numerically implemented the theory by writing a user-material subroutine for a widely used finite element program; and (v) conducted representative experiments to validate the predictive capability of our theory and its numerical implementation in complex three-dimensional geometries. By comparing the numerically predicted response in these validation simulations against measurements from corresponding experiments, we show that our theory is capable of reasonably accurately reproducing the experimental results. As a demonstration of the robustness of the three-dimensional numerical capability, we also show results from a simulation of the shape-recovery response of a stent made from the polymer when it is inserted in an artery modeled as a compliant elastomeric tube.
Synthesis and characterization of tricalcium phosphate with Zn and Mg based dopants.

The purpose of this study is to prepare tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramic by dual dopants of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn), and investigate the influence of dopants on the physical, mechanical and biological properties of TCP. TCP were synthesized with 1 wt% Mg, 0.3 wt% Zn and dual dopants using the precipitation process. Phase composition and microstructures were characterized. Mechanical properties and dissolution behavior in vitro were investigated. Human osteoblast cell culture was used to determine the influence of dopants on cell-materials interactions. XRD analysis indicated that Mg delayed phase transformation from β to α-TCP and pure β-TCP phase was obtained for Mg-doped TCP after sintered at 1250°C. Addition of Mg improved densification behavior of TCP. Compression strength also increased from 24.0 MPa to 77.2 MPa after doping with Mg and Zn. Furthermore, Mg additive reduced the solubility of TCP in vitro. Osteoblast culture studies indicated that the presence of Mg stabilized the cell-material interface and thus improved cell attachment and growth. Zn-doped TCP exhibited good bioactivity, which enhanced cell differentiation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. The highest cell proliferation and ALP expression were found on dual Mg and Zn doped TCP. The results indicate that Mg and Zn dopants play a significant role towards improving mechanical properties and cell-materials interactions of TCP. This work also demonstrates the potential for dual Mg and Zn doped TCP to be used in orthopedics and dentistry, which displays high mechanical strength, low resorption and improved cell-material interaction.
No association found between Alzheimer's disease and a mitochondrial tRNA glutamine gene variant ☆

Abstract We have screened a large sample of patients with sporadic late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and age-matched controls for a mitochondrial tRNAGln variant previously reported to be associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The frequency of an Ava II site gain was determined by restriction analysis of a PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA product. One of 155 DAT cases and four of 105 age-matched controls carried the variant. Both the affected and control frequencies are statistically different from those previously reported. The mitochondrial lineage of those individuals harboring the variant was determined by sequencing a short region of the hypervariable mitochondrial D-loop. The affected individual and three of the four controls carrying the Ava II variant belong to the same mitochondrial lineage previously reported to be associated with AD.
Endoscopic placement of direct percutaneous jejunostomy tubes in patients with complications after esophagectomy.

Background: Complications after esophagectomy may prevent oral intake, lead to dependence on total parenteral nutrition, and lengthen hospital stay. Direct percutaneous endoscopic placement of a jejunostomy tube allows enteral feeding in the presence of postoperative complications and eliminates the need for total parenteral nutrition. Methods: A total parenteral nutrition database was used to identify patients who received total parenteral nutrition because of complications after esophagectomy. Records of all patients subsequently referred for percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy placement were reviewed. Results: Twenty-five patients with postesophagectomy complications were referred for percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy placement. A percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy was successfully placed in 21 patients (84%), all of whom were weaned off total parenteral nutrition. Six patients (29%) in whom percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy placement was successful died during hospitalization at a mean of 20 days (range 5–40 days) after the procedure for reasons unrelated to percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube insertion. The remaining 15 patients were discharged while receiving nutrition by means of the percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy. Ten of them had subsequent removal of the percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy at a mean of 131 days (range 20–281 days). There were no major percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy-related complications. Minor complications occurred in 4 patients (19%). Conclusion: Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy placement may be considered in patients with complications after esophagectomy. In these patients, percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy placement avoids the need for total parenteral nutrition.
HuR and other turnover- and translation-regulatory RNA-binding proteins: implications for the kidney

The posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression occurs through cis RNA regulatory elements by the action of trans factors, which are represented by noncoding RNAs (especially microRNAs) and turnover- and translation-regulatory (TTR) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). These multifactorial proteins are a group of heterogeneous RBPs primarily implicated in controlling the decay and translation rates of target mRNAs. TTR-RBPs usually shuttle between cellular compartments (the nucleus and cytoplasm) in response to various stimuli and undergo posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation or methylation to ensure their proper subcellular localization and function. TTR-RBPs are emerging as key regulators of a wide variety of genes influencing kidney physiology and pathology. This review summarizes the current knowledge of TTR-RBPs that influence renal metabolism. We will discuss the role of TTR-RBPs as regulators of kidney ischemia, fibrosis and matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, membrane transport, immunity, vascular tone, hypertension, and acid-base balance as well as anemia, bone mineral disease, and vascular calcification.
Immunization practices in childhood nephrotic syndrome: a survey of North American pediatric nephrologists

The indications for immunizing children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome are a subject of some controversy, since it has been reported that immunization may not be effective or may serve as an immunogenic stimulus that precipitates an episode of relapse. To determine the current recommendations of practicing pediatric nephrologists, a questionnaire was sent to the members of the American Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Over half responded, and the results of the survey indicated that a consensus for approaching immunization does not exist. Further, little data are available to support any particular immunization practice. Several potential means to accumulate such data are outlined.
Does improved exposure information for PM2.5 constituents explain differing results among epidemiological studies

Contrary findings are often found among epidemiological studies examining associations of different types of airborne particulates against the same health endpoints. Some studies of heart rate variability (HRV) in humans find associations with either regional particulate material 2.5 microns or smaller (PM2.5) and/or with "sulfate" while some do not; some find associations with more local emissions such as black carbon (BC), while others do not. We explore if there might there be a consistent methodological explanation for inconsistent findings among HRV studies. To do this, we identify studies of HRV changes in humans examining associations with ambient PM2.5 and sulfate, ambient PM2.5 and BC, or all three; we briefly review findings and methodologies, including exposure issues; then we explore why studies may come to different conclusions. We tentatively conclude that differences in accuracy of subject exposure information for health-relevant emissions such as BC, which vary spatially over short distances in urban areas, may explain conflicting study results. HRV studies with accurate exposure information for BC or urban/industrial PM2.5 generally find large, significant associations with BC or urban/industrial PM2.5, but rarely with secondary sulfate or regional emissions generally. However, absent accurate exposure information for BC, studies appear more likely to find associations with less spatially variable secondary sulfate or PM2.5, and less likely to find strong associations with BC. However, research on this subject is limited, as are the number of studies evaluated here. Added research is necessary to confirm these findings (or otherwise), and to explore whether exposure misclassification might cause other health effects results to consistently vary.
The effect of autocorrelation on the ewma maxmin tolerance limits

Amin et al. (1999) developed an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart, based on the smallest and largest observations in each sample. The resulting plot of the extremes suggests that the MaxMin EWMA may also be viewed as smoothed tolerance limits. Tolerance limits are limits that include a specific proportion of the population at a given confidence level. In the context of process control, they are used to make sure that production will not be outside specifications. Amin and Li (2000) provided the coverages of the MaxMin EWMA tolerance limits for independent data. In this article, it is shown how autocorrelation affects the confidence level of MaxMin tolerance limits, for a specified level of coverage of the population, and modified smoothed tolerance limits are suggested for autocorrelated processes.
Clay-modified electrodes: a review

Clay-modified electrode research indicates that adsorbed complexes are electroactive if the adsorption sites are clay edges. Interlayer adsorbed complexes may be electroactive ifa charge shuttle is added or if interlayer swelling is large. Conductivity of the film towards anionic species depends upon the swelling of the clay, which depends on the electrolyte concentration and speciation. The diffusion coefficients measured by electrochemical experiments agree well with alternative measurements.
Variable bit rate adaptive predictive coder

An adaptive predictive coder providing almost toll quality at 16 kb/s and minimal degradation when the bit rate is lowered to 9.6 kb/s is described. The coder can operate at intermediate bit rates and can also change bit rate on a packet-by-packet basis. Variable bit rate operation is achieved through the use of switched quantization, thus eliminating the need for buffering of the output. A noise shaping filter provides flexible control of the output noise spectrum. The filter, in conjunction with an enhanced way to adapt the quantizer step size, which tries to accommodate the quantization noise feedback, accounts for the toll quality. By quantizing the residue with more than one quantizer, the effective number of bits per sample can be controlled in a deterministic way regardless of the entropy residue. The lower limit of operation is at 9.6 kb/s. Performance of the coder under random bit errors is also presented. It has been found that only at error rates of 10/sup -2/ and higher does the degradation becomes objectionable. >
Plant Macrofossils from Kirchner Marsh, Minnesota—A Paleoecological Study

Seeds and other plant macrofossils were extracted from cores used previously for pollen analysis, and the results are presented in the style of pollen diagrams. The Zone A macroflora is characterized by abundant Picea (spruce) and Larix (tamarack) needles. The remaining species are widely distributed on swampy lake shores, in silty lakes, or in forest-floor communities. The macroflora contains no arctic element and confirms an earlier view that it is analogous to the present-day Boreal Forest in southern Manitoba. In Zone B macrofossils of Betula papyrifera (paper birch) and Abies balsamea (fir) replace Picea and Larix. Aquatic plants suggest a lake with a well-developed reed swamp and with floating-leaved and submerged aquatics. In lower Zone C-a the macrofossils continue to suggest a deep, well-vegetated lake. Higher in Zone C-a, and more strikingly in Zone C-b, annual species and shallow-water plants are common. The abundance of Zone C-b annual plants at four separate levels implies drought periods in which reed-swamp vegetation was destroyed and annuals grew on exposed lake mud. Fossils from one of the drought periods are analyzed at 2-cm intervals from a wide-diameter core. This permits an unusually close comparison of pollen and macrofossil results. Apart from the drought periods, the steady presence throughout Zone C-b of abundant annuals accompanied by shallow-water aquatics suggests a period of low water levels at Kirchner Marsh. In Zone C-c annual plants are no longer prominent, and the macroflora indicates a return to stable, deep-water conditions. In the seed diagrams the seed abundance for each taxon is shown either as percentages of the total seeds from a variable volume of sediment or as absolute numbers for a standard volume. The percentage method is preferred for general-purpose diagrams in order to clarify the main stratigraphic trends of the macrofossils and to facilitate comparison with similarly styled diagrams. The type of diagram used, however, depends on its purpose and on the material available. The characteristics of pollen and seeds as fossils are compared. Some concepts of pollen-analysis—regional parallelism, overrepresented species, pollen sum, and pollen rain—are found to apply usefully to seed analysis. Seeds are not so suitable as pollen for statistical study because they are less efficiently mixed in the “seed rain.” Seed diagrams, however, may show marked regional parallelism, which is empirical evidence of a crude mixing of seeds. Because of this process, the largest contributors to the “seed rain” are consistently represented in a seed diagram. In this sense, the principles of pollen analysis apply equally well to seed analysis, and the differences between the methods are of degree and not of kind.
Decision-making laboratory computer systems as essential tools for achievement of total quality

Areas other than the analytical process should be the focus of concern about quality issues in the laboratory because nearly 95% of errors occur at the nonanalytical front and back ends of the testing process. Until now, computer systems have been designed to handle the more predictable aspects of laboratory testing, necessitating that the infrequent and unpredictable data events be handled by manual systems. The manual systems are termed "workarounds" and indeed, because they occur sporadically, they are frequently not handled predictably. Here, I describe and give examples of an expert laboratory computer system that can be designed to handle both predictable and unpredictable data events without the use of manual workarounds. This expert system works in concert with a dynamic database allowing such data events to be detected in real time and handled predictably, thus providing a tool to address quality assurance issues throughout the testing process. The system performs up to 31 separate actions or tasks based on data events that in the past were handled by human workarounds.
In vitro compatibility of tazarotene with other topical treatments of psoriasis

Tazarotene is the first receptor-selective retinoid indicated for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis. It is being used clinically in combination with other topical antipsoriatic treatments, although its stability in the presence of these products has not been examined extensively. This study examines the compatibility of tazarotene 0.05% gel with 17 other topical products used in the treatment of psoriasis, assessed over a 2-week period. Tazarotene showed minimal degradation (<10%) at 0, 8, 24, and 48 hours after compounding with each of the 17 products. In addition, after 1 and 2 weeks, degradation of tazarotene remained less than 10% for 15 of the 17 products tested. Tazarotene appeared to have minimal impact on the stability of the other products. These results suggest that tazarotene gel can be successfully coprescribed with a range of commonly used topical psoriasis treatments without adversely affecting the chemical stability of either agent.
Fuzzy logic inference for occupancy state modeling and data fusion

Autonomous robotic systems require a detailed model of space occupancy to be built from sensory information in order to navigate safely in their environment. Probabilistic occupancy models have been proposed that use conditional probabilities evaluation to merge redundant measurements. These approaches provide meaningful representation of space but require important approximations to remain computationally tractable for high dimensionality. As a result, the strict definition of probability is denatured. The present paper proposes an exploration of the fuzzy logic paradigm as a modeling tool for occupancy mapping in the context of workspace representation for robotic applications. A computationally tractable fuzzy logic inference engine is introduced that allows data fusion to construct a robot workspace representation in a more intuitive way while preserving desirable characteristics achieved by probabilistic modeling schemes.
Confronting Secularization: Origins of the London Society for the Study of Religion

The secularization process in western society, first clearly discernible in the Italian Renaissance, reached a certain plateau at the beginning of the twentieth century. Whatever else might be meant by “the secularization process,” it meant at least, and means in these pages, the gradual deposition of religion from almost every structure and dimension of society except, perhaps, the most private and personal. To thoughtful individuals possessed of mature religious convictions secularization sometimes seemed to portend the end of religion generally: not by law or sword, but simply by social absorption. To meet this challenge, not by denouncing the secularization process nor modernity in general, but simply by sharing their own thoughts on religion and what its role might or should be in the newly secularized western world, a group of prominent London-based men formed in 1904 the London Society for the Study of Religion. The pages which follow are a study of this Society's origins.
Cellular Functions of the Amyloid Precursor Protein from Development to Dementia

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ fragments of APP are the major constituent of AD-associated amyloid plaques, and mutations or duplications of the gene coding for APP can cause familial AD. Here we review the roles of APP in neuronal development, signaling, intracellular transport, and other aspects of neuronal homeostasis. We suggest that APP acts as a signaling nexus that transduces information about a range of extracellular conditions, including neuronal damage, to induction of intracellular signaling events. Subtle disruptions of APP signaling functions may be major contributors to AD-causing neuronal dysfunction.
Race and Cities: New Circumstances Imply New Ideas

Political scientists rightly reject the claim that demography is destiny; political institutions, practices, and choices intervene. Nevertheless, as demography changes, a locality's politics are likely to change as well, which opens opportunities for new research programs. Three demographic changes warrant new analyses: the decline of non-Hispanic whites in most large cities, the variety of non-Anglo groups and immigrants across cities, and regional variations in the racially-inflected dependency ratio. Each demographic change generates political and scholarly controversies: are cities becoming less segregated? Is black politics a useful template for studying the politics of other groups? Is the dependency ratio more likely to exacerbate or ameliorate group conflict? In lieu of answering these questions, I point to the odd normative valences of conservative and progressive scholarship, and urge attention to the ways in which cities can surprise us.
Gender Biases in Child Welfare

Gender biases are pervasive in child welfare research and practice. Although these biases have been addressed to some extent in the literature, there continues to be a lack of information on fathers and an overrepresentation of information on mothers, and thus the biases continue. This article explores how these biases are currently manifested in both research and practice and makes recommendations for changes in research, policy, and practice.
Grazing incidence broad ion beams for reducing line-edge roughness

As semiconductor feature sizes continue to decrease, the phenomena of line-edge roughness (LER) becomes more disruptive in chip manufacturing. While many efforts are underway to decrease LER from the photoresist, post-developed smoothing techniques may be required to continue shrinking chip features economically. This paper reports on one such method employing the use of a broad ion beam at grazing incidence along the features. This method smooths relatively long spatial-length LER, a potential advantage over other smoothing techniques that focus on just molecular-scale LER. LER reduction numbers using Ne and Ar beams are reported at both short and long spatial wavelengths. Variables include beam energy, length of time and angular dependence. LER measurements are taken using the Hitachi image-analysis software on top–down analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. Line-profile data are taken from cross-sectional SEM photographs. Tests have achieved a reduction in LER from 9.8 ± 0.67 nm to 5.5 ± 0.86 nm for 45 nm critical dimensions using an Ar beam at 500 eV for 6 s at an 85° angle of incidence. A reduction from 10.1 ± 1.07 nm to 6 ± 1.02 nm was shown using an Ar beam at 1000 eV for 4 s at a 60° angle of incidence.
The N400 as an index of racial stereotype accessibility

The current research examined the viability of the N400, an event-related potential (ERP) related to the detection of semantic incongruity, as an index of both stereotype accessibility and interracial prejudice. Participants’ EEG was recorded while they completed a sequential priming task, in which negative or positive, stereotypically black (African American) or white (Caucasian American) traits followed the presentation of either a black or white face acting as a prime. ERP examination focused on the N400, but additionally examined N100 and P200 reactivity. Replicating and extending previous N400 stereotype research, results indicated that the N400 can indeed function as an index of stereotype accessibility in an interracial domain, as greater N400 reactivity was elicited by trials in which the face prime was incongruent with the target trait than when primes and traits matched. Furthermore, N400 activity was moderated by participants’ self-reported explicit bias. More explicitly biased participants demonstrated greater N400 reactivity to stereotypically white traits following black faces than black traits following black faces. P200 activity was additionally associated with participants’ implicit biases, as more implicitly biased participants similarly demonstrated greater P200 reactivity to stereotypically white traits following black faces than black traits following black faces.
Strategies for gender-equitable HIV services in rural India

The emergence of HIV in rural India has the potential to heighten gender inequity in a context where women already suffer significant health disparities. Recent Indian health policies provide new opportunities to identify and implement gender-equitable rural HIV services. In this review, we adapt Mosley and Chen’s conceptual framework of health to outline determinants for HIV health services utilization and outcomes. Examining the framework through a gender lens, we conduct a comprehensive literature review for genderrelated gaps in HIV clinical services in rural India, focusing on patient access and outcomes, provider practices, and institutional partnerships. Contextualizing findings from rural India in the broader international literature, we describe potential strategies for gender-equitable HIV services in rural India, as responses to the following three questions: (1) What gender-specific patient needs should be addressed for gender-equitable HIV testing and care? (2) What do health care providers need to deliver HIV services with gender equity? (3) How should institutions enforce and sustain gender-equitable HIV services? Data at this early stage indicate substantial gender-related differences in HIV services in rural India, reflecting prevailing gender norms. Strategies including gender-specific HIV testing and care services would directly address current gender-specific patient needs. Rural care providers urgently need training in gender sensitivity and HIV-related communication and clinical skills. To enforce and sustain gender equity, multi-sectoral institutions must establish gender-equitable medical workplaces, interdisciplinary HIV services partnerships, and oversight methods, including analysis of gender-disaggregated data. A gender-equitable approach to rural India’s rapidly evolving HIV services programmes could serve as a foundation for gender equity in the overall health care system.
Social analysis in MIS: The Irvine School, 1970-90

The Irvine School of research and instruction in information systems focuses on the social and organizational implications of information technology. Over an 18-yr period, the school has developed and used empirical research methods to study automation in a wide array of organizational sectors. In the process, the school has produced a number of seminal findings on the nature of innovation, the politics of technological change, and the effects of computerization on productivity, performance, and work life. The major approaches of the school are discussed, the essential findings of the research are reviewed, and emerging directions are presented. >
A paradigm of experimentally induced mild hyperthyroidism: effects on nitrogen balance, body composition, and energy expenditure in healthy young men.

Although T3 exerts major regulatory actions in both animals and humans, most clinical studies of T3 administration have been relatively short term. The present study examined the effects of more than 2 months (63 days) of low dose T3 treatment on nitrogen balance, body composition, 24-h energy expenditure (EE), and protein turnover in seven healthy men studied at an in-patient metabolic unit. Subjects were also randomly assigned to either high or low fat diets to determine the effects of diet composition. T3 treatment produced significant losses in both lean mass (1.5 ± 0.3 kg) and fat mass (2.7 ± 0.4 kg) by 6 weeks, with similar reductions in both at 9 weeks. The high fat diet somewhat attenuated the loss of body fat. Nitrogen balance was significantly negative for the first 3 weeks of T3 treatment, but tended to return to baseline thereafter. There were no significant effects of treatment on protein turnover at 9 weeks, although there was a slight increase in leucine oxidation (P = 0.07). Despite the ap...
The Immunological Specificity of Type II Pneumococcus and its Separation into Partial Specificities.

Quantitative data are given on the cross reactions in Type II antipneumococcal horse sera of plant gums and hemicelluloses containing multiple terminal groupings of glucuronic acid and/or 4-O-methylglucuronic acid. Great variability is shown both in the reactivities of the polysaccharides and in the antibodies in the sera of different animals immunized with the same antigen. The 4-O-methyl substituent on the glucuronic acid residues in a gum often appears to diminish cross-precipitation with antibodies to S II.
Test vector chains for increasing the fault coverage and numbers of detections

The authors introduce the concept of test vector chains which allows one to obtain new test vectors from existing ones through single-bit changes. A test vector chain is defined based on a pair of test vectors t1 and t2. It consists of a sequence of single-bit changes, which gradually modifies t1 into t2. The authors demonstrate that, based on a test set T that does not detect all the detectable target faults, it is possible to define a significant number of test vector chains, which are effective in detecting yet-undetected target faults. It is also possible to find test vector chains that are effective in increasing the numbers of detections of target faults that are detected by T. Increasing the number of detections increases the coverage of untargeted faults, that is, faults that were not targeted during the generation of T. The authors study criteria for identifying the most effective test vector chains of a test set in order to avoid considering m(m−1) test vector chains for a test set of size m, and describe test generation procedures based on test vector chains.
Development of an integrated spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, & Control subsystem for automated proximity operations

Abstract This paper describes the development and validation process of a highly automated Guidance, Navigation, & Control subsystem for a small satellite on-orbit inspection application, enabling proximity operations without human-in-the-loop interaction. The paper focuses on the integration and testing of Guidance, Navigation, & Control software and the development of decision logic to address the question of how such a system can be effectively implemented for full automation. This process is unique because a multitude of operational scenarios must be considered and a set of complex interactions between subsystem algorithms must be defined to achieve the automation goal. The Prox-1 mission is currently under development within the Space Systems Design Laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The mission involves the characterization of new small satellite component technologies, deployment of the LightSail 3U CubeSat, entering into a trailing orbit relative to LightSail using ground-in-the-loop commands, and demonstration of automated proximity operations through formation flight and natural motion circumnavigation maneuvers. Operations such as these may be utilized for many scenarios including on-orbit inspection, refueling, repair, construction, reconnaissance, docking, and debris mitigation activities. Prox-1 uses onboard sensors and imaging instruments to perform Guidance, Navigation, & Control operations during on-orbit inspection of LightSail. Navigation filters perform relative orbit determination based on images of the target spacecraft, and guidance algorithms conduct automated maneuver planning. A slew and tracking controller sends attitude actuation commands to a set of control moment gyroscopes, and other controllers manage desaturation, detumble, thruster firing, and target acquisition/recovery. All Guidance, Navigation, & Control algorithms are developed in a MATLAB/Simulink six degree-of-freedom simulation environment and are integrated using decision logic to autonomously determine when actions should be performed. The complexity of this decision logic is the primary challenge of the automated process, and the Stateflow tool in Simulink is used to establish logical relationships and manage data flow between each of the individual hardware and software components. Once the integrated simulation is fully developed in MATLAB/Simulink, the algorithms are autocoded to C/C++ and integrated into flight software. Hardware-in-the-loop testing provides validation of the Guidance, Navigation, & Control subsystem performance.
Differences in calcium kinetics between adolescent girls and young women

Rapid bone accretion occurs throughout childhood but peaks during adolescence. The achievement of optimal peak bone mass, which can protect against osteoporosis later in life, is greatly dependent on rates of bone accretion. To identify differences in calcium metabolism during rapid vs. slower bone accretion, calcium kinetics were compared in 14 healthy girls aged 11-14 yr and 11 women aged 19-31 yr. Calcium kinetics were measured while subjects were undergoing a calcium balance study in a camp simulating a free-living environment. After 7 days on a diet containing 1,330 mg Ca/day, two stable isotopes were administered (44Ca orally and 42Ca intravenously), and blood samples and all urine and feces were collected for 14 days. Samples were analyzed for total calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and for enrichment of 42Ca and 44Ca by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Data from serum, urine, and feces were analyzed using the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling (SAAM) software. Data were fitted by a three-compartment model; the first pool was the same size in girls and women (1.6 g) but the second and third pools were larger in girls (2.85 vs. 1.66 g and 12 vs. 5 g). Compared with the women, girls absorbed more calcium from the diet (38 vs. 22% or 494 vs. 283 mg/day), excreted less calcium in urine (100 vs. 203 mg/day), deposited more calcium in bone (1,459 vs. 501 mg/day), and resorbed more calcium from the skeleton (1,177 vs. 542 mg/day), whereas endogenous calcium excretion did not differ between girls and women (112 vs. 121 mg/day). Girls retained more calcium than women (282 vs. -41 mg/day) through increased absorption, lower urine excretion, and higher bone turnover.
Solutions of Index 2 and 3

Each of the current graphs we used in the previous chapters has the property that the given rotation induces one single circuit. The log of the circuit provides row 0 and all the other rows are determined by the additive rule (or for the extra rows (as row x, etc.) by Rule R*). We say row 0 generates the whole scheme and the solution is of index 1.
Edmund Burke: Pragmatic Conservative

This chapter focuses on Edmund Burke, the British parliamentarian and man of letters, who is widely recognized today as the founder of modern conservatism but was considered a liberal reformer in his time. Burke was a pragmatic politician and thinker, and his conservatism was not a rigid or absolutist ideology but rather a more flexible orientation that avoided abstract reasoning and found provisional truth in—and guidance from—history. He believed that safeguarding traditions, customs, and prescriptive rights is the most effective way of restraining the natural tendency of human beings to exercise power arbitrarily. He also maintained that preserving those traditions might very well require thoughtful reform at times. Elites play an important role in maintaining reverence for tradition and ensuring that change is gradual.