cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sore throat and difficulty swallowing in a 9-year-old boy.

1. Nirav Shastri, MD, FAAP* 2. Gretchen Black, DO* 3. Milton A. Fowler Jr, MD, FACEP† 1. *Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO; Children's Mercy South Urgent Care Center, Overland Park, KS. 2. †University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO; Section Chief, Children's Mercy South Urgent Care Center, Overland Park, KS. A 9-year-old boy presents with sore throat and difficulty swallowing of 3 days' duration. He was seen at a clinic on the first day of his illness, where the result of a rapid streptococcal antigen test was negative. He was discharged with a diagnosis of sore throat with cough and prescribed a 5-day course of azithromycin and a 3-day course of prednisolone suspension. However, his sore throat has persisted and his dysphagia has worsened. His mother is seeking further medical attention because she has noted the roof of his mouth to be red and swollen posteriorly. The boy describes a feeling that “something is stuck in my throat” but still can swallow. Dysphagia occurs with both solids and liquid foods. On physical examination, his vital signs are within normal limits; there is no fever or respiratory distress. Examination of the pharynx reveals an erythematous, swollen uvula (Fig. 1). He has no drooling, cervical lymphadenopathy, or erythema or exudate on his pharyngeal wall. No …
Application of 2D and 3D DIAS to Motion Analysis of Live Cells in Transmission and Confocal Microscopy Imaging

The chemotactic signal in Dictyostelium is a cAMP wave that is relayed over relatively large distances through a cell population during aggregation. Cells exhibit unique behaviors in response to the different spatial, temporal, and concentration components of the cAMP wave, suggesting that distinct signal transduction pathways are evoked in each of the various phases of the wave. For this reason, we designed a set of experimental protocols to test responses of normal and mutant Dictyostelium amoebae to the different components of a wave of chemoattractant. We then used computer-assisted two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) technologies (2D and 3D Dynamic Image Analysis System [DIAS]) for analysis of cells in the absence of a chemotactic signal (basic motile behavior) and in response to the temporal, spatial, and concentration components of the wave. As a result, we have elucidated parallel and independent pathways activated by specific phases of the cAMP wave. Likewise, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) respond to experimentally applied waves of the chemotactic peptide fMLP, and also exhibit discrete behavioral responses to the different phases. Using Dictyostelium as a paradigm, we applied our protocols to normal and diseased human PMNs and precisely defined a chemotactic defect. In this chapter, we describe methods for quantifying behaviors in Dictyostelium amoebae, PMNs, and other amoeboid cells using 2D and 3D DIAS. These methods are useful in the reconstruction and motion analysis of most migrating cells with transmitted and/or confocal microscopy.
Improved in vivo performance of amperometric oxygen (PO2) sensing catheters via electrochemical nitric oxide generation/release.

A novel electrochemically controlled release method for nitric oxide (NO) (based on electrochemical reduction of nitrite ions) is combined with an amperometric oxygen sensor within a dual lumen catheter configuration for the continuous in vivo sensing of the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in blood. The on-demand electrochemical NO generation/release method is shown to be fully compatible with amperometric PO2 sensing. The performance of the sensors is evaluated in rabbit veins and pig arteries for 7 and 21 h, respectively. Overall, the NO releasing sensors measure both venous and arterial PO2 values more accurately with an average deviation of −2 ± 11% and good correlation (R2 = 0.97) with in vitro blood measurements, whereas the corresponding control sensors without NO release show an average deviation of −31 ± 28% and poor correlation (R2 = 0.43) at time points >4 h after implantation in veins and >6 h in arteries. The NO releasing sensors induce less thrombus formation on the catheter surface in both...
Fetus-in-fetu presenting as a cryptorchid testis and abdominal mass: A report of a case and review of the literature

Abstract Fetus-in-fetu is a rare congenital tumor containing fetal tissue with an unclear etiology, but some believe it to arise from a parasitic monozygotic twin within the host twin. We present the case of a 3-week old term neonate found to have an abdominal mass and undescended right testicle. At laparotomy, a large, circumscribed mass was present in the right upper quadrant. It was found to be associated with the vas deferens and gonadal vessels, appearing to be closely associated with the right-sided cryptorchid testis. Pathology revealed an intratesticular fetus-in-fetu. Fetus-in-fetu is a rare condition where a well-developed mass believed to arise from a monozygotic, parasitic twin, is found within its sibling. First reported by Dr. Meckel in 1800, this is thought to occur in 1 in 500,000 live births with less than 100 cases reported in the literature. Fetus-in-fetu is differentiated from mature teratoma by the presence of an axial skeleton with metameric segmentation and well-differentiated tissues. FIF is a benign disease, however surgical excision continues to be the treatment of choice, in order to confirm diagnosis by pathology and to exclude malignant teratoma. Fetus-in-fetu is a rare of congenital lesion that can present as an abdominal mass. Due to the high prevalence of retroperitoneal location, a FIF should remain on the differential for an infant with an abdominal mass and ipsilateral cryptorchid testis.
Restructuring Foreign Trade

Foreign trade dependency undergirds third world poverty and epitomizes its vulnerability. This chapter first broadly characterizes that dependency relationship; second, briefly examines how each of the three sets of grand theories explains it; and, third, reviews six international markets for third world exports, and the system of third world imports as evidence to test their explanations. Concluding that, on this issue, the transforming institutionalists have it right, the chapter then shows, fourth, that third world efforts to intervene in foreign trade pursuant to transforming institutionalist prescriptions achieved little or no improvement. Fifth, to explain why, it considers the ROCCIPI categories relating to one set of government institutions, state trading corporations. Finally, sixth, it suggests alternative measures that might enable third world economies to attain greater benefits from foreign trade.
Relational Fathering: Sons Liberate Dads

In relational fathering, where relationship is central to parenting practice, fathers of sons grow and develop. The father–son connection provides a liberatory context for relational development in...
The (Un)reliability of Alibi Corroborators: Failure to Recognize Faces of Briefly Encountered Strangers Puts Innocent Suspects at Risk.

Some innocent suspects rely on the memory of strangers to corroborate their alibis. However, no research has examined whether such potential alibi corroborators can accurately recognize an innocent suspect with whom they previously interacted. We developed a novel alibi corroboration paradigm in which undergraduate students (representing innocent suspects who would later provide an alibi) interacted with naive university employees (representing potential alibi corroborators). Each student briefly interacted with a different naive university employee (n = 60), and were also each yoked to a different employee with whom they did not interact (n = 60). Employees were presented 24 hours later with either a single photograph of the student or a six-person array containing a photograph of the student and were asked if they recognized anyone. The majority of employees failed to make a correct recognition of the student. False recognitions, however, were rare. Students exhibited overconfidence that they would be recognized. Findings imply that innocent suspects who rely on strangers to corroborate their alibis may be at risk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quaternary Displacement Rates on the Meeman‐Shelby Fault and Joiner Ridge Horst, Eastern Arkansas: Results from Coring Mississippi River Alluvium

ABSTRACT This research used coring and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of displaced, deeply buried Quaternary alluvium to determine vertical displacement rates for the Meeman‐Shelby fault and the Joiner ridge horst, two structures in northeastern Arkansas that have no modern seismicity associated with them. We drilled continuous cores of the entire alluvial section in the hanging wall of each structure, performed detailed core descriptions and analyses, and obtained three OSL ages from each core. The Meeman‐Shelby fault core consists of 36 m of 4.3–5.2‐ka Holocene alluvium overlying 4 m of 14.3‐ka Kennett alluvium that in turn overlies the upper part of Eocene Claiborne Group sediments at a depth of 41 m. Seismic reflection indicates that the basal (Kennett) alluvium at the Meeman‐Shelby fault is displaced ∼28 m across the Meeman‐Shelby fault, which equates to a time‐averaged vertical displacement rate of 2 mm/yr within the last 14.3 ka. The Joiner ridge horst core consists, in descending order, of 11 m of 6.3‐ka Holocene alluvium, 14 m of 11.5‐ka Morehouse alluvium, a paleosol, 6 m of Kennett alluvium, and 4 m of 20.3‐ka Sikeston alluvium that in turn overlies the upper part of Eocene Claiborne Group sediments at a depth of 36 m. Lignite exploration drilling conducted in the 1970s indicates that basal (Sikeston) alluvium is displaced ∼20 m across the eastern bounding fault of the Joiner ridge horst, resulting in a time‐averaged vertical displacement rate of ∼1 mm/yr within the last 20.3 ka. These late Quaternary displacement rates are comparable to time‐averaged displacement rates of faults within the active New Madrid seismic zone.
Scale-up of collaborative TB/HIV activities in Guyana

ABSTRACT Objective To assess scale-up of recommended tuberculosis (TB)/HIV activities in Guyana and to identify specific strategies for further expansion. Methods Medical records and clinic registers were reviewed at nine TB clinics and 10 HIV clinics. At TB clinics, data were collected on HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for patients with TB/HIV; at HIV clinics, data were collected on intensified case finding (ICF), tuberculin skin test (TST) results, and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). Results At TB clinics, among 461 patients newly diagnosed with TB, 419 (90.9%) had a known HIV status and 121 (28.9%) were HIV-infected. Among the 63 patients with TB/HIV, 33 (52.4%) received ART. Among the 45 patients with TB/HIV for whom dates of HIV diagnosis were available, 38 (84.4%) individuals knew their HIV status prior to TB diagnosis. At HIV clinics, among 127 patients eligible to receive a TST, 87 (68.5%) received a TST, 66 (75.9%) had a TST result, seven (10.6%) had a newly positive result, two had a previously positive result, and six of nine patients with positive results (66.7%) received IPT. ICF could not be assessed because of incomplete or discrepant documentation. Conclusions An in-depth evaluation of TB/HIV activities successfully identified areas of success and remaining challenges. At TB clinics, HIV testing rates are high; further scale-up of ART for persons with TB/HIV is needed. At HIV clinics, use of TST to focus IPT is a feasible and efficient strategy; improving rates of annual TST screening will allow for further expansion of IPT.
Factors Affecting Length of Stay, Readmission, and Revision After Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Population-Based Study.

Background: Increased length of hospital stay, hospital readmission, and revision surgery are adverse outcomes that increase the cost of elective orthopaedic procedures, such as shoulder arthroplasty. Awareness of the factors related to these adverse outcomes will help surgeons and medical centers design strategies for minimizing their occurrence and for managing their associated costs. Methods: We analyzed data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System on 17,311 primary shoulder arthroplasties performed from 1998 to 2011 to identify factors associated with extended lengths of hospitalization after surgery, readmission within ninety days, and surgical revision. Results: The factors associated with each of these three adverse outcomes were different. Longer lengths of hospital stay were associated with female sex, advanced patient age, Medicaid insurance, comorbidities, fracture as the diagnosis for arthroplasty, higher hospital case volumes, and lower surgeon case volumes. Readmission was associated with advanced patient age and medical comorbidities. The most common diagnoses for readmission within ninety days were fluid and electrolyte imbalance (28%), acute pulmonary problems (21%), cardiac arrhythmia (20%), heart failure (15%), acute myocardial infarction (10%), and urinary tract infection (10%). Revision was associated with younger patient age and osteoarthritis or traumatic arthritis. The most common diagnoses at the time of revision surgery were unspecified mechanical complications of the implant (60%), shoulder pain (18%), dislocation of the prosthetic joint (12%), component loosening (10%), a broken prosthesis (8%), a cuff tear (7%), and infection (7%). Conclusions: A small number of easily identified characteristics (sex, age, race, insurance type, comorbidities, diagnosis, and provider case volumes) were significantly associated with longer lengths of stay, readmission, and revision surgery. Consideration of these factors and their effects may guide efforts to improve patient safety and to manage the costs associated with these adverse outcomes. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hybrid Control in Air Traffic Management Systems 1

Abstract The congestion of aircraft in the airspace around large urban airports strongly suggests the need to increase the efficiency of the current air traffic management system (ATMS). In a new research collaboration which includes UC Berkeley, NASA Ames Research Center, and Honeywell Systems Research Center, an architecture for a new ATMS is proposed. Research is focused on hierarchical, hybrid control systems and their application to air traffic management. The proposed architecture describes an automated, decentralized ATMS: much of the control functionality exists in the flight vehicle management system on board each aircraft rather than at the ground-based air traffic control. Aircraft trajectories are restricted in the airport region; outside this region the architecture allows for so-called "free flight". A simulation and visualization package for hybrid systems in the framework of ATMS is being developed to aid the design process.
Diagnosis as Semiring-based constraint optimization

Constraint optimization is at the core of many problems in Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, we frame model-based diagnosis as a constraint optimization problem over lattices. We then show how it can be captured in a framework for "soft" constraints known as semiring-CSPs. The well-defined mathematical properties of a semiring-CSP permit us to devise efficient solution methods based on decomposing diagnostic problems into trees and applying dynamic programming. We relate the approach to SAB and TREE*, two diagnosis algorithms for tree-structured systems, which correspond to special cases of semiring-based constraint optimization.
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs for Detecting Sign Language Content in Video Sharing Sites

Sign language is the primary medium of communication for many people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Members of this community access online sign language (SL) content posted on video sharing sites to stay informed. Unfortunately, locating SL videos can be difficult since the text-based search on video sharing sites is based on metadata rather than on the video content. Low cost or real-time video classification techniques would be invaluable for improving access to this content. Our prior work developed a technique to identify SL content based on video features alone but is computationally expensive. Here we describe and evaluate three optimization strategies that have the potential to reduce the computation time without overly impacting precision and recall. Two optimizations reduce the cost of face-detection, whereas the third focuses on analyzing shorter segments of the video. Our results identify a combination of these techniques that yields a 96% reduction in computation time while losing only 1% in F1 score. To further reduce computation, we additionally explore a keyframe-based approach that achieves comparable recall but lower precision than the above techniques, making it appropriate as an early filter in a staged classifier.
Trading in the secretive commodity

Over the past century and a half, a handful of transnational corporations have built fortunes trading commodity crops such as corn, soy and wheat. Graded and standardized, these commodities are con...
A aplicação da escrita de sinais, SignWriting, no Brasil

O presente trabalho aborda um tema muito discutido atualmente: a inclusao do ensino adaptado as necessidades da pessoa surda. A pesquisa fundamentou-se na traducao adaptada de Stumpf [1999?] da obra de Sutton, que desenvolveu o sistema para representacao de gestos, aplicado as linguas de sinais chamado SignWriting . Alem disso, foram analisadas algumas publicacoes que relataram, aplicaram e desenvolveram este sistema. O objetivo deste artigo foi estudar a aplicacao da escrita de sinais no Brasil, divulgando as obras e sitios eletronicos que a utilizam e demonstrando sua eficacia na transmissao de informacoes. O sistema SignWriting pode se tornar uma ferramenta de traducao dos conteudos necessarios ao ensino-aprendizagem, porque funciona como um canal de comunicacao entre educadores e alunos surdos e vice-versa. E um exemplo desta funcionalidade e a producao de apostilas e apresentacoes digitais com textos e legendas nesta escrita, agilizando e facilitando a comunicacao de conteudos curriculares. DOI: 10.28998/2317-9945.2016v1n57p286-305
Vascular reconstruction technique of a perforated portal vein during a pediatric total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplant

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a progressive disease that can manifest in childhood with debilitating, relapsing pain. A total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplant (TPIAT) is a surgical option to relieve chronic pain while preserving the available β-cell mass. The clinical course of HP is fraught with pancreatitis-related sequelae that can both necessitate and complicate a TPIAT. We describe a child with HP who developed a pancreatic pseudocyst-portal vein (PV) fistula. Active hemorrhage of the perforated PV into the pseudocyst and PV thrombosis complicated the planned TPIAT procedure and, preoperatively, required urgent image-guided stenting. During the TPIAT procedure, the endovascular stent was found to be protruding through the PV into the pseudocyst. Using the autologous splenic vein from the TPIAT specimen, we performed a vascular reconstruction of the perforated PV. This case underscores the need for evaluation of children with HP by a multidisciplinary pancreatic TPIAT care team to best prepare for the potential ramifications of pancreatitis-related complications. It also illustrates a useful vascular reconstruction technique for PV complications.
Pharmacodynamic Measurements of Methyl Nicotinate Percutaneous Absorption

The local kinetics of percutaneous absorption provide information of relevance to the treatment of skin diseases and to the potential efficacy of transdermally delivered chemotherapy for systemic effect. This paper describes two non-invasive procedures (laser Doppler velocimetry and photopulse plethysmography) which permit pharmacodynamic measurements of methyl nicotinate skin penetration to be made in vivo in man. The methods are sensitive to the local vasodilative action elicited by the nicotinic acid ester. Dose-response behavior as a function of time has been monitored (1) over the concentration range 5–100 mM, and (2) by variation of drug application time and administration area. At the higher concentrations used, the magnitude of the erythemal response is saturable, and the effect is then progressively prolonged by further increasing the applied dose. Analysis of the data permits assessment of (a) the kinetics of drug delivery to and depletion from the site of action, and (b) the hypothetical level of steady state drug input necessary to sustain 50 % of the maximum detected response. Measurements of the type described here may prove useful, therefore, for elucidating otherwise inaccessible aspects of transcutaneous kinetics in vivo.
Improving the Survivability of Clustered Interdependent Networks by Restructuring Dependencies

The interdependency between different network layers is commonly observed in cyber physical systems and communication networks adopting the dissociation of logic and hardware implementation, such as software defined networking and network function virtualization. This paper formulates an optimization problem to improve the survivability of interdependent networks by restructuring the provisioning relations. A characteristic of the proposed algorithm is that the continuous availability of the entire system is guaranteed during the restructuring of dependencies by the preservation of certain structures in the original networks. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed restructuring algorithm can substantially enhance the survivability of interdependent networks and provide insights into the ideal allocation of dependencies.
Myocardial Perfusion, Viability, and Functional Assessment with Contrast CT

Computed tomography (CT) can acquire high-resolution cross-sectional images of geometrically precise tomographic sections of the whole heart and thorax during one breath hold. It has the potential not only for measuring cardiac chamber size, shape, and dynamics but also for displaying the myocardial wall itself and providing estimates of myocardial wall dimensions including wall thickness, thickening, mass, and integrity on a regional and global basis. Consequently, contrast cardiac CT can provide useful information regarding myocardial viability and LV remodeling that could be of clinical value in the management of patients with heart failure.
What do I do now

In the first of a new occasional series, Tomasine Kushner and David Thomasma guide us through a medical student9s dilemma
Review of Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice by Martha C. Nussbaum (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013)

Review of Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice by Martha C. Nussbaum (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2013).
Criteria for reconstruction of urban environment on principles of harmonizing nature, society and human being

A completely new scientific approach investigating biotechnosphere development theoretical background and operation of urban life support systems based on the symbiosis of urban and natural environment is proposed in the paper. This approach facilitates creation of a new conceptual scheme for understanding public interests and development on its basis of urban redevelopment methodology; it is based on the supposition of self-organization of urban areas. Biotechnosphere humanitarian balance is taken as a main criterion for analytical estimation of the dynamics of system changes of social, demographic, ecological and economic parameters of the development of urban areas. Balance biosphere relationships are built on the basis of the hypothesis of the existence of stable functional relations between time-dependent characteristics of the condition of the constituents and components of social, natural, technological life support systems. Integrated indices characterizing compatibility of urban areas with the natural environment and the level of the implementation of city functions based on the values of standardized and minimum required in terms of human potential development parameters are proposed to be used as quantitative analysis variables.
"Recuperando nuestra identidad": AfroLatinx Students Decolonizing Their African Lineage.

Educational researchers rarely disaggregated by Latinx student’s race, replicating the systemic omission of AfroLatinxs within the context of Latinidad and Blackness. The purpose of this study was ...
Treatment of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: Ready for Prime Time?

The current standard of care for smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is observation until there is end-organ involvement. With newer and more effective treatments available, a question that is increasingly asked is whether early intervention in patients with SMM will alter the natural history of their disease. Herein, we review the evolving definition of SMM and risk stratification models. We discuss evidence supporting early intervention for SMM—both as a preventative strategy to delay progression and as an intensive treatment strategy with a goal of potential cure. We highlight ongoing trials and focus on better defining who may require early intervention.
Gay-Straight Alliances, School Functioning, and Mental Health: Associations for Students of Color and LGBTQ Students

Utilizing a school-based sample of 895,218 students aged 10–18 years old, we examine differences in students’ school functioning, substance use, and mental health in schools with and without Gay-St...
Infection in Xenotransplantation: Organ-Source Health and Patient Safety

Posttransplant infections are common in allograft recipients, largely due to the immunosuppressive therapy required to maintain graft function. Infection is derived from the environment, the recipient, and the transplanted organ. Procedures have been developed to minimize the risk of posttransplant infection, including organ donor screening, prophylactic antimicrobial therapies, and monitoring of recipients for common infections. These approaches have dramatically increased the success of clinical transplantation.
The Effect of Polyvictimization on the Development of Moral Disengagement and Effects on Violent offending in Adulthood: Emotional and Cognitive Mediation Effects

Polyvictimization, moral disengagement, impulse control, and hostility are all risk factors for violent offending. The present study tested a multiple mediation model to identify pathways leading f...
“Welcome, but Verify”: The Future of Chinese Companies Listed on the U.S. Stock Exchanges

The U.S.-listed Chinese companies have been the focus of Wall Street, Washington, and beyond. There have been plenty of new developments in this sector. Firstly, Chinese companies have launched many successful new IPOs on the U.S. stock exchanges. Secondly, accounting fraud and other irregularities in this sector have created major headlines. Regulators in the United States have forced several Chinese companies to delist. United States. Congressmen and Senators have called for a blanket ban on these companies. Through this chapter, we intend to review the historical development and current situation of Chinese companies listed in the United States, and outline some realistic approaches for the next decade. It needs to be stated clearly that there are tremendous benefits created by the Chinese companies that come to trade on the U.S. stock exchanges. A more collaborative and reciprocal relationship would be an achievable goal for the White House’s new administration. Chinese companies should continue to be welcomed to the American stock exchanges, just like all other foreign companies. However, American accounting standards need to be applied rigorously. Management and controlling shareholders need to be held accountable for illicit behavior.
Contemporary Radiation Countermeasures

Radiation countermeasures have been investigated for decades, but the search for ideal protective agents for use prior to or after irradiation still continues. This review focuses on agents that have demonstrated as potential as in vivo countermeasure agents and may subsequently be effectively used in human beings. Such agents are categorised as radioprotectors, radiation mitigators, or therapeutic agents dependening upon their time of administration. These protective or mitigating agents are designed to reduce inadvertent damage to normal tissue caused by radiation. These interventions function via various mechanisms of action ranging from modulating signalling pathways to inhibiting cell death, cytokines, and growth factor. Many agents demonstrated promising results in murine models and are being tested in human beings. Amifostine, and curcumin have shown radioprotection, while genistein, palifermin, and halofuginone have been shown to alleviate the side effects in patients undergoing radiotherapy. Though these compounds show some promise as radiation countermeasure agents, there are several associated limitations and the search for perfect agents still continues.
"Out in the Rural: A Health Center in Mississippi"

Prior to the 1960s, most health care in the United States had been delivered privately to those who could afford it or administered via church-based “charity” systems to those who could not. When President Lyndon B. Johnson and the federal government declared a “war on poverty” via the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, medical and civil rights activists seized the opportunity to create public health systems that could reduce disparities in wealth and health. At the time H. Jack Geiger was a young doctor working at Tufts University. As a medical student, Dr. Geiger had studied the principles of Community Oriented Primary Care with Sidney Kark and colleagues in rural Natal, South Africa. [See page 116 of this issue] Along with the residents of North Bolivar County, Mississippi, Dr. Geiger worked to establish a center that would combine local resources with federal funds to empower this economically devastated community of the Mississippi Delta. By establishing a network of aggressive outreach and education efforts, and developing multiple health employment opportunities, the Delta Health Center and its participants became an engine for social reform. The Community Health Center model was adopted widely by the federal government and today is administered by the Bureau of Primary Care (http://bphc.hrsa.gov/). Dr. Geiger is currently a Professor Emeritus at the Department of Community Health and Social Medicine at the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education at City College in New York City. The film Shot in the fall of 1969 and the winter of 1970, “Out in the Rural: A Health Center in Mississippi” highlights one of the very first Community Health Centers in the United States: the Tufts-Delta Health Center of North Bolivar County, Mississippi. The film captures the broad vision of a community health center involved in far more than traditional medical diagnosis and treatment. Credits Music: The Locust Grove Choir and The Shelby Male Chorus. Production Assistants: Philip Elkin and Katy Siepman. Sound Recording: Don A. Rogers. Produced and Directed by Judy Schader Rogers.
El origen y evolución de la globalización literaria en la literatura española

Para comprender la produccion literaria de la Espana post-hegemonica resulta imprescindible tener en cuenta los efectos que ejerce el proceso homogeneizador que hoy se conoce como globalizacion. La tension que registran estas obras a nivel estilistico no se puede justificar exclusivamente como una reaccion de estos autores a una crisis meramente personal, sino mas bien como producto de una situacion literaria que comparten en general todos los escritores pertenecientes a una sociedad marginal. Esta angustia, sin embargo, no tiene por que interpretarse peyorativamente, ya que puede servir para inducir una renovacion estilistica. El primer y mas evidente sintoma de esta tension se revela generalmente a traves de la aparicion en el texto de la hibridez entre componentes tradicionales propios y vanguardistas europeos.
Stabilization of rhodium/alumina catalysts by silicon exchange

Abstract Modification of alumina by exchange of surface hydroxyl groups with tetraethyl orthosilicate was investigated as a method for preventing interactions between rhodium and alumina in high-temperature (1173 K) oxidizing environments. Temperature-programmed reduction experiments, together with catalytic reactivity measurements and BET surface area measurements were used to characterize both the silicon exchanged rhodium/alumina catalyst and reference catalysts comprised of rhodium/alumina (without silicon) and rhodium/zirconia admixed with blank alumina. Relative to the reference catalysts, the silicon exchanged catalyst showed less interaction between the Rh and alumina and better retention of BET surface area after high temperature steam-oxygen aging. The data suggest that dehydroxylation of alumina at elevated temperatures is an important factor in the interaction between rhodium and alumina. Exchange of surface hydroxyl groups with tetraethyl orthosilicate appears to stabilize those surface sites where rhodium and alumina would otherwise interact. On the other hand, silicon exchange results in a weaker interaction between Rh and the support and growth of larger Rh particles than obtained on the unmodified alumina.
Evidence against functional differences between “central” and “peripheral” fat

As shown in 1639 men and 1851 women in the 20-49 y age range, four commonly used skinfold measurements (triceps, subscapular, iliac, and abdominal) are all highly covariant and do not show clear evidence of upper-body and lower-body or central and peripheral groupings. Moreover, the four skinfold measurements are similarly related to systolic and diastolic blood pressures and to total serum cholesterol at each decile of skinfold thickness and to a degree that strikingly parallels summed skinfold thickness (sigma sf). The changing relative contributions of the different skinfold measurements to the summed skinfold thicknesses with increasing levels of fatness also reveal no evidence of consistent anatomical or topographical groupings by body segment or distance from the body core.
Evaluation of Emissions Reduction in Urban Pickup Systems: Heterogeneous Fleet Case Study

A case study of the University of Washington Mailing Service, which operates a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles, provides insight into the impact of operational changes on cost, service quality, and emissions. An emissions minimization problem was formulated and solutions were identified with a creation and local search algorithm based on the I1 and 2-opts heuristics. The algorithm could be used to find many solutions that could improve existing routing on both cost and emissions metrics, reduce emissions by an average of almost 6%, and reduce costs by an average of 9%. More significant cost and emissions savings could be found with service quality reductions. For example, reducing delivery frequency to once a day could lead to emissions and cost savings of close to 35% and 3%, respectively. Rules of thumb for vehicle assignment within heterogeneous fleets were explored to gain an understanding of simple implementations, such as assigning cleaner vehicles to routes with more customers and longer travel dis...
Experimental verification of a strategy for impact control

The authors present experimental results from a strategy for stable hard-on-hard impacts of a robot manipulator, and show how this method fits into the framework of force control. Previously proposed methods of impact control are reviewed, and their inadequacies are revealed. A fourth-order model of an arm/sensor/environment system is reviewed. It is pointed out how proportional gain force control with feedforward and impedance control are equivalent when the environment is stiff. An analysis of the model and the controllers shows the gain selection that provides the best impact response. Extensive experimental results confirm the correctness of the model, the equivalence of the controllers, and the efficacy of this impact control strategy. >
Homeostatic signaling: the positive side of negative feedback

Synaptic homeostasis provides a means for neurons and circuits to maintain stable function in the face of perturbations such as developmental or activity-dependent changes in synapse number or strength. These forms of plasticity are thought to utilize negative feedback signaling to sense some aspect of activity, compare this with an internal set point, and then adjust synaptic properties to keep activity close to this set point. However, the molecular identity of these signaling components has not been firmly established. Recent work suggests that there are likely to be multiple forms of synaptic homeostasis, mediated by distinct signaling pathways and with distinct expression mechanisms. These include presynaptic forms that depend on retrograde signaling to presynaptic Ca(2+) channels, and postsynaptic forms influenced by BDNF, TNFalpha and Arc signaling. Current challenges include matching signaling elements to their functions (i.e. as detectors of activity, as part of the set-point mechanism and/or as effectors of synaptic change), and fitting these molecular candidates into a unified view of the signaling pathways that underlie synaptic homeostasis.
The influence of secondary production on industry definition in the extended vertical market model

Secondary production is defined and its role in the estimation of an extended vertical market model b examined. Two impacts on the subject industry are identified, called primary product dominance and primary product focus. A simultaneous equations model consisting of a profit equation and two secondary production equations is estimated using data from the interindustry transactions accounts. The profit equation captures the impact on industry profit of secondary production and of extended market structure. The dominance equation captures the relationship between secondary production and industry profit and scale of production. The focus equation captures the relationship between secondary production and industry profit and excess capacity. The model is estimated for all industries, and the common specification is then applied to industries grouped by type.
HISTORY OF ETHNOLOGICAL THEORIES

THE first interpretation of primitive mentality that can lay claim to any degree of completeness was that advanced by E. B. Tylor in his two famous books Researches into the Early History of Mankind and Primitive Culture. It goes without saying that no theory promulgated in England between 1860 and 1880 could possibly be other than evolutionistic and so we find in Tylor the study of the cultures of primitive people subordinated to the larger issue of their bearing on the history of mankind in general and of modern civilizations in particular. He was, in fact, not specifically interested in the analysis of primitive mentality. His interest lay rather in the determination of the nature of the basic cultural foundations from which the higher civilizations of Europe and Asia had developed. For that reason his works treat as fully, if not more so, the beliefs, customs, and superstitions of the illiterate peoples of Europe and Asia as those of so-called primitive people. If ever a series of evolutionary steps seemed perfect and free from all illusion it was the one he was so largely instrumental in establishing. For Europe he postulated first, a period in which magical rites, superstitious observances, and meaningless customs were still functioning, then one where all these elements still persisted but functioned only partially and where at least a small minority had progressed far beyond them, and finally modern Europe since the Renaissance. To him the history of Europe was but a special example of a very general cultural phenomenon. What happened there he argued, must have taken place in other regions as wellAsia Minor, Egypt, China, India, etc. For Tylor and his school, primitive peoples represented the earliest period in a long series of cultural stages and they were studied from a definitely evolutionary orientation. As we have stated, the precise nature of primitive mentality was of comparatively subordinate interest to them. Tylor and his school began
Formative Evaluation in Instructional Development.

A review of current literature indicates that very little research is being published in the area of formative evaluation. The difficulties of conducting meaningful research in this area are noted. Issues in the following areas are reviewed: administration of formative evaluation, breadth of applicability of formative evaluation, and theoretical bases of formative evaluation. The role of formative evaluation in the conduct of learning research is also considered. It is concluded that research is still required on the following topics: characteristics and profiles of students participating in early stages of formative evaluation, use of theory-based approaches to formative evaluation, and use of formative evaluation in instructional research.
An unsymmetric double cantilever beam test for interfacial fracture toughness determination

Abstract An unsymmetric double cantilever beam test is described and its suitability for the determination of interfacial fracture toughness is evaluated. The test specimen consists of a beam type geometry comprised of two materials, one ‘top’ and one ‘bottom’, with a crack at one end along the bimaterial interface. The specimen is loaded in a splitting fashion similar to that of a conventional double cantilever beam test. Due to the dissimilar in-plane and out-of-plane deformations of the two legs, the load vs deflection response of the specimen is found to be nonlinear. A nonlinear plate theory is used to predict the deformations of the specimen, and these results are used in a crack tip element analysis to determine energy release rate and mode mixity. The analytical predictions are verified by comparisons to results from two-dimensional, geometrically nonlinear finite element continuum analyses for a variety of typical materials and test geometries. It is shown that, by varying the relative thicknesses of the two materials, the unsymmetric double cantilever beam test can be used on most bimaterial pairs to determine interfacial fracture toughness over a reasonably wide range of mode mixities.
Appendicitis: the impact of computed tomography imaging on negative appendectomy and perforation rates

Appendicitis: the impact of computed tomography imaging on negative appendectomy and perforation rates
What will they think of next? [Future of electronics and electronic devices]

Electronics will continue to make more and more automation possible in the future. But man will remain far superior to any electronic device in his ability to daydream as part of his thinking process, to concentrate at will on one odor among many, on one object in a panorama, or on one sound in a noisy room. There will certainly be instruments and devices that are larger, faster, and more accurate than the ones we have today. Their use will steadily spread into new and more complicated technical phenomena and into economic and social areas. As computers, for example, grow in size, they can be used for keeping all kinds of records: bank accounts, income tax data, medical histories, even criminal records and fingerprint files, perhaps on a national scale. Information will be digitized by existing, or yet to be developed, instruments, and stored for ready availability. Instruments and devices will undoubtedly become smaller, cheaper, and more reliable, thus permitting new applications not only to technical problems, but, increasingly, to social problems as well. We have already seen the use of the more expensive instruments for communications and for control of air traffic, and such developments as the use of radar to detect petty offenses SUGh as speeding automobiles. However, if these devices were sufficiently compact and cheap, they could also be made available for such purposes as crime prevention, automobile control, and accident prevention; and, of course, their medical use would be greatly expanded. The future also will see the development of better thinking machines.
The influence of unbound states for inelastic excitations of giant quadrupole resonances

Abstract Calculations of the scattering of pions and α-particles for targets of 40 Ca, 90 Zr, 118 Sn and 208 Pb have been accomplished for excitations of the isoscalar GQR. Single hole and single unbound particle excitations for typical 2ω components were used to generate the transition densities. The unbound nature of the final states of Zr, Sn and Pb leads to an excess of neutron transition amplitude at large radii, yielding an apparent neutron-like enhancement for strongly absorbed projectiles. A proton-like enhancement is found for the GQR of 40 Ca in this single-particle calculation. These demonstrations of the effect of the unbound GQR on the apparent isospin responses of scattering probes are in agreement with the data, indicating that the trivial features of binding energy differences may greatly influence studies of the isospin structure of transitions to unbound states.
A team approach to goal attainment: Villanova University

Over the past decade, cross-functional quality improvement teams have been formed not only to reengineer work processes but also to enhance community and create incentives and recognition; they have moved the university from planning to action.
Early kidney dysfunction post liver transplantation predicts late chronic kidney disease.

Background Acute and chronic renal dysfunction (ARD, CRD) are common complications after liver transplantation and are associated with poor outcome. Methods We reviewed the results of 181 liver transplants performed in our institution between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2000 in which the recipients were alive with good liver function at the end of the follow-up period (mean 2.7 years). Renal dysfunction was defined as a serum creatinine (Cr) greater than or equal to 2 mg/dL in both acute and chronic settings. Results The incidence of ARD during the first posttransplant week was 39.2% (n=71), whereas late CRD occurred in 6.0% (n=11) of the patients by the end of the follow-up period. Among the variables we examined for association with CRD, five factors were found to be statistically significant in univariate analysis: pretransplant diabetes (PRTDM) (0.000), Cr greater than or equal to 2 during the first postoperative week (0.003), posttransplant diabetes (POTDM) (0.014), age greater than 50 (0.025), and tacrolimus level greater than 15 ng/mL at postoperative day 15 (0.058). In binary logistic regression analysis, PRTDM (odds ratio [OR]=5.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]) and early postoperative ARD (OR=10.2 95% CI) remained consistently significant. Nine of 11 patients with CRD also had a history of ARD during the first postoperative week. These patients progressed to CRD despite the fact that seven of nine had normalized their renal function by day 90 posttransplant. Conclusion We suggest that a combination of events during the first postoperative week after liver transplant serve as a physiologic "stress test" for the kidneys. Patients who fail the test (peak Cr >/=2 mg/dL during the first postoperative week) as well as the patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of CRD. In such cases, conversion to a less nephrotoxic regimen may be beneficial.