cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repairs in the United States from 1998 to 2011

underlying cause of both renovascular hypertension and the development of renal artery stenosis may be increased resistance in distal renal arteries and arterioles. Methods: We examined the velocity spectrum of 20 widely patent renal arteries. The contralateral renal artery was normal in 10 of these and stenotic or stented in 10. We compared the spectral broadening in these arteries by analyzing their mean to peak systolic flow velocities to see if patients prone to develop renal artery stenosis had more of their blood flow at lower velocities, which would be expected if these arteries had lower shear stress and eddy currents. We examined whether distal renal artery and arteriole resistance, which would result in decreased glomerular pressure and renovascular hypertension, would also account for blood flow effects inducing the development of proximal renal artery stenosis in a fluid dynamic model. Results: Normal renal arteries when the contralateral artery was also normal had a mean to peak systolic velocity ratio of 0.61 vs 0.40 in normal renal arteries when the contralateral renal artery had stenosis or had been previously stented (P < .001 by t-test). Similar spectral broadening, areas of low shear stress, and eddy currents were induced in the fluid dynamic model as the coefficient of resistance was varied to simulate increasing distal arterial resistance. Fig 1 shows a narrow spectrum with streamlined flow with low distal renal arterial resistance. Fig 2 shows spectral broadening with altered shear stress and flow as distal renal arterial resistance is increased (right). Conclusions: There is strong evidence that increased distal renal arterial and arteriolar resistance may a primary cause not only of renovascular hypertension but may also lead to the development of proximal renal artery stenosis. Proximal renal artery stenosis may often be an effect rather than a cause of renovascular hypertension explaining why its treatment may be ineffective. Author Disclosures: A. P. Sawchuk: None;H. Yu:None;M. C. Dalsing: None.
Fictions that Save: Migrants' Performance and Basotho National Culture

Of all South Africa's neighbors, none has suffered more severely from expropriation and underdevelopment by white colonialism and supremacy than the Kingdom of Lesotho. In reality, Lesotho is not South Africa's neighbor but its backlot: an eroded, mountainous, Belgium-sized (11,716 square miles) remnant of a once expansive semifeudal African highveld state. The military depredations of the Free State Afrikaners, combined with successive betrayals of its erstwhile "protectors," the imperial British, transformed Basutoland from a largely selfsufficient agricultural exporter to an impoverished, dependent supplier of labor to South Africa (Murray 1980). While independence from Britain in 1966 did nothing to improve its economic position, Lesotho is one African nation whose citizens have never felt the slightest nostalgia for the colonial period. In the mid 19th century, the Basotho (sing.: Mosotho) were lauded by missionaries and resident British officials for their courtliness, ingenious adaptability, and eagerness for the "progress" they believed would come from the adoption of European ways. In the event, however, British and white settler colonialism deprived them of both autonomy and resources in virtually every sphere. In response, the Basotho have retreated to the stubborn protection of their last existential redoubt, Sesotho, their unifying language and culture. Like a cultural correlative of the impassable but sheltering ranges of the Drakensburg up against which the Europeans drove them, the secrets (likoma) of Sesotho have become a defensible symbolic landscape, ringed by authoritative knowledge and identity. Connotatively and ideologically, Sesotho refers to anything, ideational, behavioral, or material, that Basotho regard as purely of their own devising, unadulterated by "external" influences. The impossibility of identifying the boundaries or content of Sesotho in this sense historically is not the point. The point is that the concept of Sesotho has long served as a cognitive and behavioral defense
A Beginning Reading Program with Audio-Visual Reinforcement: An Experimental Study

AbstractAn audio-visual prompting- and reinforcing device was used In conjunction with reading materials emphasizing whole words and sentences based on the Introduction of the Initial consonant sounds In n sequentially consistent manner. Three hundred and twenty-seven B-l pupils were matched between experimental and control groups on the basis of Intelligence and silent reading skills. The results Indicated that the control group scored significantly higher in the areas of sounding out words, word substitution and the use of teacher assistance. Teacher assistance seemed to be linked to the significantly superior scores earned by the control group, divided-day pupils, and girls above the median of 112 Intelligence In the middle socio-economic level.
Did Ulysses have porphyria

Although the biosynthetic pathway to heme has been well elucidated and errors along that route have been identified and firmly connected to specific diseases, the porphyrias, slight but nonspecific abnormalities, are occasionally invoked as proof of porphyria or in support of other diagnoses. An errant patient with a conundrum of symptoms but without an explanation for them might have to take iatrogenic detours only to learn after what are at times ulyssean vagaries that the initial diagnosis of porphyria is in the end untenable. Thus the porphyrias are superb examples of the interface between laboratory and clinical medicine, in which the occurrence of the Ulysses syndrome can be curtailed through the careful ordering of tests and cogent interpretation of their results.
The emerging role of the myeloid Elf-1 like transcription factorin hematopoiesis

MEF (myeloid Elf-1 like factor) is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors (TF) with transcriptional activating properties. ETS proteins have been implicated in widely divergent physiological and pathological processes (such as development and oncogenesis). MEF is expressed in non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic (lymphoid and myeloid) tissues, and after generating MEF-deficient mice by homologous recombination, we have studied its role in lymphopoiesis (Immunity 17 (2002), 437). MEF plays a critical role in NK and NK-T cell development and the constitutive expression of perforin by NK cells. MEF interacts with other TFs such as AML1 (Runx1) and with the cyclin A/cdk2 kinase complex. In this review, we discuss the biology of MEF in the context of the other members of this family of transcriptional regulators.
Sexual partnerships and considerations for HIV antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis utilization among high-risk substance using men who have sex with men.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) remain at great risk of HIV in the United States, representing 65 % of incident HIV infections. One factor contributing to the high rate of HIV infection among MSM is use of “recreational” drugs that are highly associated with unprotected anal sex. Pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP) is a novel biomedical HIV prevention strategy that has the potential to reduce HIV transmission in MSM. Main and casual sex partners play a role in HIV prevention efforts for MSM. The study aimed to qualitatively explore the perceived influences of sexual relationships on promoting and inhibiting PrEP use among high-risk MSM who report regular drug use. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 40 participants recruited in Boston, Massachusetts. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. Casual partners presented a distinct set of concerns from primary partnerships. MSM generally viewed main partners as a potential source of support for taking PrEP. Given their informal and often temporary nature, PrEP disclosure to casual partners was considered unnecessary. HIV-related stigma and substance use were also perceived as barriers to discussing PrEP use with casual partners. MSM articulated a high degree of personal agency regarding their ability to take PrEP. Findings suggest that behavioral interventions to improve PrEP utilization and adherence for high-risk MSM should be tailored to sex partner type and the parameters established between sex partners. Approaches to PrEP disclosure and partner engagement should be informed by the relative benefits and limitations characterized by these different types of relationships.
Suppression of murine hematopoiesis in vivo after chronic administration of zidovudine: evidence that zidovudine-induced anemia is the result of decreased bone marrow-derived, erythropoietin-responsive progenitor cells.

We studied the long-term effect of continued zidovudine exposure in mice on hematopoiesis, as determined by peripheral blood indices, assays of erythroid (colony-forming unit-erythroid [CFU-E] and burst-forming unit-erythroid [BFU-E]), myeloid (CFU-granulocyte-macrophage [GM]), megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg), and plasma titers of erythropoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Dose-escalation of zidovudine (0.1, 1.0, and 2.5 mg/ml) induced a dose-dependent decrease in hematocrit, white blood cells, and platelets. High-dose drug, i.e., greater than 1.0 mg/ml, reduced marrow CFU-E; splenic CFU-E was increased after 1 week, then declined. BFU-E was increased at Weeks 1 and 2, then declined to control levels. Splenic BFU-E rose during the examination period that was dose-dependent. Femoral CFU-GM was cyclic, i.e., low-dose drug, 0.1 mg/ml, was increased gradually, the declined; higher doses of 1.0 and 2.5 mg/ml were lower until Week 5, then were above controls. Splenic CFU-GM was increased initially at Week 2 (1.0 mg/ml), then declined; the higher dose (2.5 mg/ml) increased initially, then declined below controls (Week 6). Femoral CFU-Meg was increased after low-dose drug and inhibited after high dose (2.5 mg/ml). Splenic CFU-Meg was reduced initially, followed by an increase at Week 4. Plasma titer of erythropoietin was elevated, proportional to dose escalation of drug, and inversely proportional to the hematocrit. No difference was observed in plasma levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This study demonstrates that zidovudine-induced anemia results from: (i) inadequate numbers of bone marrow-derived, erythropoietin-dependent hematopoietic progenitors, i.e., CFU-E; and (ii) a shift in erythropoietin-responsive progenitors from bone marrow to spleen capable of responding to obligatory growth factors.
A consistent experimental and modeling approach to light-scattering studies of protein-protein interactions in solution.

The osmotic second virial coefficient, B2, obtained by light scattering from protein solutions has two principal components: the Donnan contribution and a contribution due to protein-protein interactions in the limit of infinite dilution. The Donnan contribution accounts for electroneutrality in a multicomponent solution of (poly)electrolytes. The importance of distinguishing this ideal contribution to B2 is emphasized, thereby allowing us to model the interaction part of B2 by molecular computations. The model for protein-protein interactions that we use here extends earlier work (Neal et al., 1998) by accounting for long-range electrostatic interactions and the specific hydration of the protein by strongly associated water molecules. Our model predictions are compared with measurements of B2 for lysozyme at 25°C over pH from 5.0 to 9.0, and 7–60 mM ionic strength. We find that B2 is positive at all solution conditions and decreases with increasing ionic strength, as expected, whereas the interaction part of B2 is negative at all conditions and becomes progressively less negative with increasing ionic strength. Although long-range electrostatic interactions dominate this contribution, particularly at low ionic strength, short-range electrostatic/dispersion interactions with specific hydration are essential for an accurate description of B2 derived from experiment.
Synthesis and evaluation of a cyclic imine derivative conjugated to a fluorescent molecule for labeling of proteins

A cyclic imine conjugated to a fluorescent dansyl group was synthesized and used for covalent labeling of proteins. The covalent attachment to proteins was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and mass analysis.
Galilean satellite tour orbit determination assessment

Results are given which demonstrate the ability of the orbit determination system to satisfy accuracy requirements in support of the Galileo Project's planned tour of Jupiter's satellites. The results are derived through the application of mission operation strategies and assumptions. It is shown that the achievement of the requisite orbit determination accuracies is predicated on the availability of optical navigation data. It is further demonstrated that the unavailability of tour optical navigation data yields not only degraded orbit determination accuracies which fail to meet propellant budget and science instrument pointing requirements, but also produces, for the planned 200 km flyby of Europa, an approximate 0.02 risk of having the spacecraft collide with the satellite.
LASER TECHNOLOGY IN PEACE AND WAR

Lasers emit light with a very high degree of monochromaticity, directionality and intensity. They can produce much higher intensities than incoherent light sources, such as incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes and arcs. The first operating laser was realized in 1960, and much early research was funded by military agencies, but at the present time the commercial laser market is four times as large as the military market. Most applications of lasers are for peaceful purposes. Among the most important of these are fiber-optic communications and laser surgery. Other applications include laser printing, laser machining, construction alignment, and data storage on CD disks. Some military uses of lasers are also reviewed.
HER3 and mutant EGFR meet MET.

Non-small-cell lung cancers with activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor develop resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by recruiting the MET receptor kinase to activate HER3 and the PI3K-Akt cell survival pathway.
Fallow method influences on soil water and precipitation storage efficiency

Abstract Summer fallowing is practiced in the Great Plains of the U.S.A. in order to store soil water, control weeds, make nutrients available and stabilize crop yields. Soil water storage and precipitation storage efficiencies on chemical and stubble-mulch fallow plots were compared for three 14-month fallow periods for a winter-wheat-fallow rotation (Triticum aestivum L.) and three 21-month fallow periods for spring-wheat-fallow rotation in the northern Great Plains to determine during which seasonal segment the fallow method might influence soil water storage. The experiment was conducted on a glacial till Williams loam (fine-loamy mixed, Typic Argiboroll) from July 1981 to April 1985. Soil water contents to a depth of 1.70 m were measured, using the neutron scatter technique, for seasonal segments during the fallow period. Soil water storage was similar from harvest to spring on chemical and stubble-mulch fallow plots. The over-winter to spring segment resulted in the most consistent precipitation storage efficiencies (33.3–71.1%). Soil water storage differences as a result of a fallow method are most likely to occur during summer fallow for 14-month winter-wheat-fallow rotations and during the second overwinter for 21-month spring-wheat-fallow rotations. Soil water storage for the entire fallow period was greater on chemical fallow than on stubble-mulch fallow in two out of three 14-month winter-wheat fallow periods and in one out of three 21-month spring-wheat fallow periods.
A note on uncertainty and cooperation in a finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma

An intuitive expectation is that in a finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma, the players will achieve mutual cooperation in at least some periods. Existing explanations for equilibrium cooperation (with agents perfectly informed of one another's characteristics) require that the number of repetitions be unknown, which is in many cases an uncomfortably strong uncertainty assertion. This paper demonstrates that if agents have private information concerning the number of repetitions (as opposed to being completely uninformed), equilibrium mutual cooperation can occur in a finitely repeated game. This appears to be a weaker and more palatable assumption then that of complete uncertainty, and hence provides a natural and useful alternative foundation for mutual cooperation.
The structure of DesR from Streptomyces venezuelae, a β-glucosidase involved in macrolide activation.

Antibiotics have, indeed, altered the course of human history as is evidenced by the increase in human life expectancy since the 1940s. Many of these natural compounds are produced by bacteria that, by necessity, must have efficient self-resistance mechanisms. The methymycin/pikromycin producing species Streptomyces venezuelae, for example, utilizes β-glucosylation of its macrolide products to neutralize their effects within the confines of the cell. Once released into the environment, these compounds are activated by the removal of the glucose moiety. In S. venezuelae, the enzyme responsible for removal of the sugar from the parent compound is encoded by the desR gene and referred to as DesR. It is a secreted enzyme containing 828 amino acid residues, and it is known to be a retaining glycosidase. Here, we describe the structure of the DesR/D-glucose complex determined to 1.4-A resolution. The overall architecture of the enzyme can be envisioned in terms of three regions: a catalytic core and two auxiliary domains. The catalytic core harbors the binding platform for the glucose ligand. The first auxiliary domain adopts a "PA14 fold," whereas the second auxiliary domain contains an immunoglobulin-like fold. Asp 273 and Glu 578 are in the proper orientation to function as the catalytic base and proton donor, respectively, required for catalysis. The overall fold of the core region places DesR into the GH3 glycoside hydrolase family of enzymes. Comparison of the DesR structure with the β-glucosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus shows that their PA14 domains assume remarkably different orientations.
Intramolecular alkoxycyanation and alkoxyacylation reactions: new types of alkene difunctionalizations for the construction of oxygen heterocycles.

Saturated oxygen heterocycles, such as tetrahydrofurans and dihydrobenzofurans, are important motifs in a myriad of biologically active compounds, including natural products and pharmaceutical targets. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in the development of new synthetic methods for the construction of these important structures. Many traditional approaches to the generation of these compounds involve ring formation through intramolecular SN2 reactions and related strategies. However, these approaches typically lead to the formation of only one bond during ring closure and often require somewhat complicated substrates. Late transition metal catalyzed alkene carboalkoxylations are a subclass of alkene difunctionalization reactions that have considerable utility for the construction of tetrahydrofurans, dihydrobenzofurans, and related oxygen heterocycles. These reactions effect formation of a C O bond during ring closure along with a C C bond adjacent to the ring and up to two stereocenters (Scheme 1). In most instances these transformations involve the coupling of an alcohol that bears
Scan-Based Delay Fault Tests for Diagnosis of Transition Faults

This paper studies the effect of the type of scan-based delay fault tests used for a circuit on the ability to diagnose delay defects by studying its effect on diagnosis of transition faults. The authors consider enhanced scan tests, skewed-load tests, broadside tests, functional broadside tests, and a combination of skewed-load and broadside tests. The results indicate that while functional broadside tests should be used for fault detection to avoid overtesting, the test set should be extended for fault diagnosis by adding other types of tests. Adding a small number of skewed-load tests is especially useful for diagnosis if enhanced scan is not available
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS: THE INVENTION OF RADIO AS A CASE STUDY

Economic history is one of the hybrid disciplines, conceived in the late nineteenth century, offspring of a transitory union between two otherwise virtuous academic parents. It has, in its later career, regularly jeopardized its slender claims to respectability by a reluctance to honor conventional boundaries. Economic historians are most at home in the disputed areas between disciplines. They cultivate the borderlands, the uncertain margins between history and economics, between the humanities and the social sciences.
Neurotoxic Potential of Depleted Uranium—Effects in Primary Cortical Neuron Cultures and in Caenorhabditis elegans

Depleted uranium (DU) is an extremely dense metal that is used in radiation shielding, counterbalances, armor, and ammunition. In light of the public concerns about exposure to DU and its potential role in Gulf War Syndrome (GWS), this study evaluated the neurotoxic potential of DU using focused studies on primary rat cortical neurons and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We examined cell viability, cellular energy metabolism, thiol metabolite oxidation, and lipid peroxidation following exposure of cultured neurons to DU, in the form of uranyl acetate. We concurrently evaluated the neurotoxicity of uranyl acetate in C. elegans using various neuronal-green fluourescent protein reporter strains to visualize neurodegeneration. Our studies indicate that uranyl acetate has low cytotoxic potential, and uranium exposure does not result in significant changes in cellular energy metabolism, thiol metabolite oxidation, or lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, our C. elegans studies do not show any significant neurodegeneration following uranyl acetate exposure. Together, these studies suggest that DU, in the form of uranyl acetate, has low neurotoxic potential. These findings should alleviate the some of public concerns regarding DU as an etiologic agent of neurodegenerative conditions associated with GWS.
Design of high-throughput methods of protein production for structural biology.

I greatly appreciate interacting with Peter Schultz, Scott Lesley and Marc Nasoff at the Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation and Mark Knuth and Ron Swanson at Syrrx, Inc., where much of this work is currently being pursued. I also thank Jim Graziano, Chris Lee, Mike Hanson and Marianne Patch for helpful suggestions on this manuscript.
Review of current blood transfusions strategies in a mature level I trauma center: were we wrong for the last 60 years?

analysis. The primary research question was the impact of initial FFP:PRBC ratio on mortality. Other variables for analysis included patient age, gender, mechanism, and Injury Severity Scale score. Both univariate and multivariate analysis were used to assess the relationship between outcome and predictors. Results: A total of 2,746 patients underwent surgical intervention of which 1,985 (72.2%) received no transfusion. Of those that received transfusion, 626 (22.8%) received 10 units of PRBC. Out of the 626 patients that received 10 units PRBC received FFP. In univariate analysis, a significant difference in mortality was found in patients who received >10 units of PRBC (26% vs. 87.5%) when FFP:PRBC ratio was 1:1 versus 1:4 (p 0.0001). Multivariate analysis in the group of patients that received >10 units of PRBC showed a FFP:PRBC ratio of 1:4 was consistent with increased risk of mortality (relative risk, 18.88; 95% CI, 6.32–56.36; p 0.001), when compared with a ratio of 1:1. Patients who received <10 units of PRBC had a trend toward increased mortality (21.2% vs.11.8%) when the FFP:PRBC ratio was 1:4 versus 1:1 (p: 0.06).
Julian of Norwich—Incorporated

The fourteenth-century anchoress Julian of Norwich currently enjoys an immense popularity, both among scholars and among those interested in personal spiritual growth. This essay argues that part of the reason for Julian’s popularity is that she is read under the category “mystic,” a category constructed to disembed religious thinkers from their traditions so as to give them a universal availability, yet which finally disembodies and depoliticizes them. The essay then offers a reading of Julian’s Revelation of Love which shows that Julian’s theology is a thoroughly embodied one, highly conscious of and concerned for the body of Christian believers for whom she writes.
Effects of Tropomyosin Internal Deletions on Thin Filament Function

Striated muscle tropomyosin spans seven actin monomers and contains seven quasi-repeating regions with loose sequence similarity. Each region contains a hypothesized actin binding motif. To examine the functions of these regions, full-length tropomyosin was compared with tropomyosin internal deletion mutants spanning either five or four actins. Actin-troponin-tropomyosin filaments lacking tropomyosin regions 2–3 exhibited calcium-sensitive regulation inin vitro motility and myosin S1 ATP hydrolysis experiments, similar to filaments with full-length tropomyosin. In contrast, filaments lacking tropomyosin regions 3–4 were inhibitory to these myosin functions. Deletion of regions 2–4, 3–5, or 4–6 had little effect on tropomyosin binding to actin in the presence of troponin or troponin-Ca2+, or in the absence of troponin. However, all of these mutants inhibited myosin cycling. Deletion of the quasi-repeating regions diminished the prominent effect of myosin S1 on tropomyosin-actin binding. Interruption of this cooperative, myosin-tropomyosin interaction was least severe for the mutant lacking regions 2–3 and therefore correlated with inhibition of myosin cycling. Regions 3, 4, and 5 each contributed about 1.5 kcal/mol to this process, whereas regions 2 and 6 contributed much less. We suggest that a myosin-induced conformational change in actin facilitates the azimuthal repositioning of tropomyosin which is an essential part of regulation.
Occupied Airwaves: Determinist Fantasies in the Radio Projects of Occupation and Anti-Occupation

In this article, I think about some of the ways in which the designs and fantasies surrounding radio infrastructures were shared by political and cultural movements either side of occupation, with particular attention to Algeria and Ireland. I ask what characterized these fantasies? How did they imagine new relations of space, time, and cultural integration? What kinds of assumptions about geography, people, and technology underpin these initial designs? How was radio instrumental to the imagining of possibly imminent futures in both colonial occupation and anticolonial resistance movements? I conclude that the material histories of radio reveal the way in which radio produced new communities of affiliation and belonging, beyond the bounds of the nation imagined by either colonial or anticolonial movements.
Revisiting Consanguineous Marriage in the Greater Middle East: Milk, Blood, and Bedouins

Although exogamy is the worldwide marriage norm, many Middle Eastern populations regularly practice consanguineous marriage. Scholars have posited a number of explanations for this phenomenon, but these theories have not identified a concrete advantage to these marriages sufficient to counterbalance the inbreeding depression and other genetic risks inherent to kin marriages. Drawing on genetic studies and mathematical models, as well as both historical and ethnographic sources, I argue in this article that the Arabian Peninsula's camel Bedouin's dependency on the lactose tolerance allele exerted a selective pressure on marriage strategies that strongly favored consanguineous marriage. For milk-dependent camel Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula, the advantages of consanguineous marriage did indeed outweigh its risks. In addition, I posit that another common Arabian Peninsula marriage practice, the strong prohibition of marriages between higher-status and lower-status groups, was favored by the same environmental and genetic factors that favored consanguineous marriage.
Extending the METEOR Machine Translation Evaluation Metric to the Phrase Level

This paper presents Meteor-next, an extended version of the Meteor metric designed to have high correlation with post-editing measures of machine translation quality. We describe changes made to the metric's sentence aligner and scoring scheme as well as a method for tuning the metric's parameters to optimize correlation with human-targeted Translation Edit Rate (HTER). We then show that Meteor-next improves correlation with HTER over baseline metrics, including earlier versions of Meteor, and approaches the correlation level of a state-of-the-art metric, TER-plus (TERp).
Pay-for-Performance Systems in State Government: Perceptions of State Agency Personnel Managers*

Pay for performance has been a widely used method of compensation in the public sector since the early 1980s, but a growing body of research has indicated that numerous problems can be associated w...
A 64-channel neuron recording system

This paper presents a fully integrated low-power neuron recording front-end system in TSMC 65nm 1p6m CMOS technology. The proposed system is comprised of two recording modules, each containing 32 recording channels with tunable bandwidth and gain, a 32-to-1 multiplexer, one differential successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with programmable sampling rate on each channel, and a digital control module to govern the signal digitization as well as to encode and serialize the digitized neuron signal from two ADCs. The recording amplifier presents a low power and low noise merits of 6 μW and input-referred noise of 3.8 μV rms . The ADC digitizes the neural signal at a sampling rate of 40kS/s with 9-bit resolution. The overall power consumption of the entire system is 2.56mW and occupies an area of 3×4mm2.
Differences in skeletal and muscle mass with aging in black and white women

Previous cross-sectional studies using delayed gamma neutron activation analysis and whole body counting suggested that the relationship of total body calcium (TBCa) to total body potassium (TBK) (muscle mass, body cell mass) remained constant with age. This led to the hypothesis that the muscle mass and skeletal mass compartments are integrated in their response to aging. It had also been hypothesized that loss of skeletal and muscle mass was similar between races. In the current study, delayed gamma neutron activation analysis and whole body counting were performed on 90 black and 143 white women 20-69 yr of age. Black women had higher TBCa and TBK values than white women, even when the data were adjusted for age, height, and weight. TBCa was correlated with height and TBK with weight. The estimated decline of skeletal mass (TBCa) from 20 to 70 yr was 18% in black women and 19% in white women. However, the lifetime decline of TBK was only 8% for black women, compared with 22% for white women. Black women may lose TBK more slowly than TBCa with aging, compared with white women. In particular, correlation of TBCa and age was similar for blacks and whites (r = -0.44 and r = -0.54, respectively). However, for TBK these correlations were r = -0.14 and r = -0.42. These data confirm a higher musculoskeletal mass in black women and suggest that the loss of muscle mass with age may be lower in black than in white women. These ethnic differences do not support the hypothesis of an integrated musculoskeletal system, so that these two components should be considered separately. A prospective study is needed to confirm these findings.
A Risk and Resilience Perspective on Unaccompanied Refugee Minors

In the United States, unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) are a diverse and extremely vulnerable group served by social workers about whom there is little research. URMs enter the United States from many lands without parents or kin, often having experienced war and other traumatic events. Using a risk and resilience framework, we summarize the research on URMs, illustrating the challenges and issues with a case study of a resilient Lost Boy from Sudan who became a social worker. We discuss strengths, coping strategies, and resilience, exploring the ways in which many URMs are able to effectively meet the challenge of adapting to a new country and culture, thriving despite the extreme adversity they have experienced, as well as sources of resilience within URMs that have allowed them to adapt and even thrive in a vastly different cultural environment despite exposure to multiple risks. These sources of resilience include positive outlook, use of healthy coping mechanisms and religiosity, and connectedness to prosocial organizations. We conclude with recommendations for social work research to better understand the nature of risk and resilience among URMs.
Cleavage of S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine by extracts from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Duerre, John A. (University of North Dakota, Grand Forks), and Chris H. Miller. Cleavage of S-ribosyl-l-homocysteine by extracts from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:1210–1217. 1966.—Cell-free extracts prepared from Escherichia coli catalyze the cleavage of the thioether linkage of S-ribosylhomocysteine. One of the products has been identified as homocysteine by paper chromatography of the N-ethyl-maleimide derivative and can be measured directly in reaction mixtures by sulfhydryl reagents. The other compound has been tentatively identified as ribose by column chromatography. Free sulfhydryl groups were also detected with use of S-adenosylhomocysteine as substrate; however, enzymatic cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of this compound appears to be required prior to cleavage of the thioether linkage. Homocysteine formed from either substrate could be converted readily to methionine, provided the necessary cofactors were added. Some of the properties of the ribosylhomocysteinase are discussed.
Why The SEC Is Delaying Adoption Of International Financial Reporting Standards

In 2002, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) formally began a process to converge Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The SEC has repeatedly delayed its decision on whether to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards as the financial reporting system for U.S. public companies, continue with the convergence project, or reject IFRS altogether. This paper will examine several key reports issued by the SEC and the Financial Accounting Foundation to gain further insight into 1) why the SEC has repeatedly delayed its decision, and 2) what the SEC will ultimately decide.
Ion Channel Reconstitution Why Bother

Twenty years ago, membrane transport research was experiencing an exciting and, in some ways, an intellectually chaotic time—a time when the extreme multiplicity of membrane transporters was being uncovered phenomenologically, a time when it seemed, at least to the bewildered student, that each different type of specialized cell carried its own unique constellation of dedicated solute “carriers” (as we then termed them). To that student, it was clear that the experimentalists often rubbing shoulders in physiology departments—the Na+ pumpers, the sugar carriers, the oxidative phosphorylators, the renal electrolyte balancers, the bacterial energizers—that these people were working on totally different problems; and this list ignores the electrophysiologists.
Multiperspective Focus+Context Visualization

Occlusions are a severe bottleneck for the visualization of large and complex datasets. Conventional images only show dataset elements to which there is a direct line of sight, which significantly limits the information bandwidth of the visualization. Multiperspective visualization is a powerful approach for alleviating occlusions to show more than what is visible from a single viewpoint. However, constructing and rendering multiperspective visualizations is challenging. We present a framework for designing multiperspective focus+context visualizations with great flexibility by manipulating the underlying camera model. The focus region viewpoint is adapted to alleviate occlusions. The framework supports multiperspective visualization in three scenarios. In a first scenario, the viewpoint is altered independently for individual image regions to avoid occlusions. In a second scenario, conventional input images are connected into a multiperspective image. In a third scenario, one or several data subsets of interest (i.e., targets) are visualized where they would be seen in the absence of occluders, as the user navigates or the targets move. The multiperspective images are rendered at interactive rates, leveraging the camera model's fast projection operation. We demonstrate the framework on terrain, urban, and molecular biology geometric datasets, as well as on volume rendered density datasets.
EVALUATION OF FOLIAR INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF GREEN PEACH APHIDS IN BROCCOLI IN VIRGINIA, 2010

The objective of this experiment was to assess the efficacy of foliar insecticides to control green peach aphids in cabbage. The trial consisted of 7 treatments arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Cabbage plants were transplanted 12 inches (0.23 m) apart on 3 Sep at the Virginia Tech Eastern Shore AREC near Painter, VA. Plots were 1 row wide and 20 ft (6.1 m) long. Rows were planted on a 3 ft row center (0.9 m) in a 6 tier field design with 8 ft (2.4 m) alleys between tiers and a 16 ft (4.8 m) center alley. All plots were maintained according to standard commercial practices. All foliar treatments were applied on 30 Sep and 22 Oct at 58 GPA using a 3nozzle boom equipped with D3 spray tips and 45 cores and powered by a CO2 backpack sprayer at 40psi. The number of green peach aphids per 30 leaves was recorded on 6 Oct (6 DAT), 16 Oct (16 DAT), and 26 Oct (4 DAT2). All data were analyzed using ANOVA. Aphid numbers were sqrt (x + 0.05) transformed prior to analysis, but actual means are presented. Means were separated using Fisher’s LSD at the 0.05 level of significance.
Maintenance therapy of pernicious anemia with vitamin B12.

Abstract Patients with pernicious anemia were given maintenance therapy with crystalline vitamin B 12 , and a "concentrate" containing vitamin B 12 and B 12b for periods up to sixteen months. In the dosages used, these substances were as effective as purified liver extract. An average daily dose of 1 μg given intramuscularly at intervals of three or four weeks appeared to be sufficient to maintain normal erythrocyte levels and to prevent the development or progression of neurologic or lingual lesions. In previous experiments, the concentrate was less effective than the crystalline preparation, but with the concentrates available now there is probably no significant difference. Mild macrocytosis persisted in many of the patients and was not altered by the intramuscular administration of purified liver extract nor by the addition of daily oral doses of folic acid. Comparison of the treated patients with a series of "normals" from the literature indicates that the relationship of the erythrocyte level to hematocrit value in the two series is different, even when treated patients have high "normal" blood values. This suggests the possibility that neither vitamin B 12 , purified liver extract, nor folic acid given singly or in combination completely corrects the erythrocyte abnormality in pernicious anemia and suggests that some other substance(s) may be necessary in addition. From the practical standpoint, however, treatment with sufficient amounts of vitamin B 12 , B 12 concentrates, or purified liver extract maintains normal erythrocyte levels and prevents development or progression of neurologic and lingual lesions.
Preventing Activation of Dendritic Cells through Donor CD47 and Recipient Signal-Regulatory Protein-α Interaction

【Objective】 To determine possible mechanism of donor CD47 and recipient signal-regulatory protein-α interaction on allograft tolerance induction by donor-specific transfusion. 【Methods】 Groups of bm1 mice were randomized to undergo CD47 WT-DST,CD47 KO-DST and Non-DST control. All animals also received skin allograft 7 days later and compared the survival of skin graft in these 3 groups. Then,selected bm1 recipients were sacrificed at the indicated time points after DST. Nucleated cells were harvested,assessed the expression of the activation marker (ie.,CD80,CD86,and MHC class Ⅱ) on recipient CD11c+ cells in the different groups by flow cytometric analysis,and checked the distribution of CD47 WT and KO donor cells in lymph nodes,spleen of bm1 recipients at 5 h and 24 h post-DST by flow cytometric analysis and histologic analysis. 【Results】 CD47 WT-DST significantly prolonged skin graft survival (MST = 46.77 ± 20.01 days) compared to that in Non-DST group (MST = 19.75 ± 3.15 days) (P 0.0001). However,bm1 mice receiving CD47 KO-DST rejected donor skin quickly,and the survival ofdonor skin grafts in this group (MST = 13.73 ± 4.56 days) was even shorter than that in Non-DST group (P = 0.025). CD86 and MHC class Ⅱ were significantly enhanced on DCs in bm1 recipients of CD47 KO-DST compared to that in CD47 WT-DST recipients. CD47 KO splenocytes are rapidly cleared by recipients after injection as DST. 【Conclusions】 CD47 expression on donor cells is required for tolerance induction by DST. The underlying mechanism of allograft acceptance after DST may be:CD47-SIRPα signaling plays an important role in maintaining the immature or semimature state of recipient DCs after DST,which is needed for inducing T cell tolerance.
NRG1 and KITL signal downstream of retinoic acid in the germline to support soma-free syncytial growth of differentiating spermatogonia

Defined culture systems supporting spermatogonial differentiation will provide experimental platforms to study spermatogenesis. However, germline-intrinsic signaling mechanisms sufficient to support spermatogonial differentiation without somatic cells remain largely undefined. Here we analyzed EGF superfamily receptor and ligand diversity in rat testis cells and delineated germline-intrinsic signaling via an ERBB3 co-transducer, ERBB2, as essential for retinoic acid-induced syncytial growth by differentiating spermatogonia. Similar to the ERBB2/3 agonist NRG1, we found that KIT Ligand (KITL) robustly supported spermatogonial differentiation without serum or somatic cells. ERBB2 inhibitors failed to disrupt KITL-dependent spermatogonial development, and KITL prevented ERBB3-deficient spermatogonial degeneration upon differentiation. Thus we report that NRG1 and KITL activate alternative pathways downstream of retinoic acid signaling in the germline that are essential for stem cells to undergo premeiotic steps of spermatogenesis in culture. Robust serum/soma-free spermatogonial differentiation opens new doors to study mammalian germ cell biology in culture and to discover factors that can drive meiotic progression in vitro.
Measuring the Impact and Effectiveness of Transitioning to a Linked Data Vocabulary

Language used to describe resources in an institutional repository may benefit from the consistency offered by a controlled vocabulary and an introduction into the larger linked data universe. Transitioning to a linked data vocabulary presents concerns regarding the effectiveness of mapping pre-existing terms and the potential for semantic loss. This paper describes such a transition to OCLC's FAST vocabulary in the University of Kansas institutional repository. It analyzes the outcomes of this transition and its subsequent impact on resource usage when exposed as linked data.
A protocol for pressurized liquid extraction and processing methods to isolate modern and ancient bone cholesterol for compound-specific stable isotope analysis.

RATIONALE Bone lipid compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and bone collagen and apatite stable isotope ratio analysis are important sources of ecological and paleodietary information. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is quicker and utilizes less solvent than traditional methods of lipid extraction such as soxhlet and ultrasonication. This study facilitates dietary analysis by optimizing and testing a standardized methodology for PLE of bone cholesterol. METHODS Modern and archaeological bones were extracted by PLE using varied temperatures, solvent solutions, and sample weights. The efficiency of PLE was assessed via quantification of cholesterol yields. Stable isotopic ratio integrity was evaluated by comparing isotopic signatures (δ13 C and δ18 O values) of cholesterol derived from whole bone, bone collagen and bone apatite. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) were conducted on purified collagen and lipid extracts to assess isotopic responses to PLE. RESULTS Lipid yield was optimized at two PLE extraction cycles of 75 °C using dichloromethane/methanol (2:1 v/v) as a solvent with 0.25-0.75 g bone sample. Following lipid extraction, saponification combined with the derivatization of the neutral fraction using trimethylsilylation yielded nearly twice the cholesterol of non-saponified or non-derivatized samples. It was also found that lipids extracted from purified bone collagen and apatite could be used for cholesterol CSIA. There was no difference in the bulk δ13 C values of collagen extracted from bone with or without lipid. However, there was a significant depletion in 18 O of bone apatite due to lipid presence or processing. CONCLUSIONS These results should assist sample selection and provide an effective, alternative extraction method for bone cholesterol that may be used for isotopic and paleodietary analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Android library for CS1: pre-conference workshop

This workshop will introduce an Android library designed for a traditional CS1 course. No knowledge of Android and event-driven programming is required to use the library. The participants will build apps that range from apps suitable for the first week of the semester to simple board games that incorporate advanced programming constructs. The workshop will include a discussion on integrating the Android library with popular CS1 IDEs including DrJava, BlueJ, and jGRASP. The workshop may be of interest to instructors who favor the objects-late approach. More information at http://www.cs.gettysburg.edu/˜ilinkin/cs1android.
Joint Cognition in Automated Driving: Combining Human and Machine Intelligence to Address Novel Problems

As in-vehicle automation becomes increasingly prevalent and capable, there will be more opportunity for vehicle drivers to delegate control to automated systems. as well as increased ability for automated systems to intervene to increase road safety. With the decline in how much a driver must be engaged, two problems arise: driver disengagement and reduced ability to act when necessary; and also a likely decrease in active driving, which may reduce the engagement a driver can have for the purpose of enjoyment. As vehicles become more intelligent, they need to work collaboratively with human drivers, in the frame of a joint-cognitive system in order to both extend and backstop human capabilities to optimize safety, comfort, and engagement.