cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the mechanism(s) of ketone oxidation on VOx/γ-Al2O3

Abstract The oxidative scission of carbonyl compounds is of interest in the production of carboxylic acids, and homogeneously-catalyzed pathways have been well-studied in condensed media. The reaction can also be performed in the gas phase over solid oxides; however, mechanistic insights about heterogeneous pathways are sparse. To this end, we investigate the oxidative scission of 3-methyl-2-butanone over γ-Al2O3 and VOx/γ-Al2O3 using kinetic analysis and spectroscopic methods. We observe that the oxidative scission of 3-methyl-2-butanone can occur on reducible vanadium oxides and non-reducible aluminum oxides, and we consider the existence of separate pathways mediated by lattice oxygen and gas phase dioxygen. Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible (DR UV–Vis) spectra obtained under reaction conditions provide insights into the nature of surface species; the regimes where they form; and the degree of lattice reduction in those regimes. Based on these complementary insights, we propose a mechanism for the gas-phase oxidative scission of ketones on VOx/γ-Al2O3. We include elements of Mars-van Krevelen and Eley-Rideal pathways, and we consider the significance of acid-base and redox steps in facilitating the oxidative scission of ketones.
Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have a significant global impact, and their complications are quickly becoming a reason for primary care visits and hospitalizations. This article provides an overview of NAFLD and obesity, pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria, and a review of practice guidelines. The current mainstay of treatment for NAFLD are lifestyle modifications and include a plan to eat, move, and change behavior. The future holds potential for new drug therapies in treating NAFLD. More research is needed to move these treatments forward.
All It Ever Does Is Rain: Alienation of Labor in the Songs of Bruce Springsteen

While we have been inundated recently with talk of jobs and the need for more jobs, little of this talk explores labor in a more philosophical way. Somewhat surprisingly, the creative practice of Bruce Springsteen captures the role labor plays in our existential condition, in our relationships with one another, and in our understandings of ourselves. Selected songs relate to four aspects of the alienation of labor: alienation from the products our labor, alienation from the process of laboring, alienation from fellow workers, and alienation from ourselves as human beings. Karl Marx discussed the latter variety of alienation at some length in The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, concluding that “The object of labor is, therefore, the objectification of man’s species life; for he duplicates himself not only intellectually, as in consciousness, but also actively, in reality, and therefore contemplates himself in a world that he has created.” Springsteen has not single-handed exposed the dangers of alienated labor, and alienation of labor is not the only way alienation as a larger socio-cultural phenomenon comes about. But still, so much of contemporary labor drains away our humanity and leaves us feeling confused and incomplete.
Vertebral Artery Transection in Nonpenetrating Trauma: A Series of 4 Patients.

Blunt cerebrovascular injury is a common and potentially devastating consequence of nonpenetrating trauma to the head and neck. The degree of injury ranges from minimal intimal disruption to complete transection with free extravasation. Although blunt carotid transection has been well characterized in clinical reports and radiologic studies, the computed tomographic angiography (CTA) features of blunt vertebral artery transection have not been well described. We report a series of 4 patients presenting to our level I trauma center with blunt vertebral artery transection, with an emphasis on their CTA imaging findings at presentation and their respective clinical courses. A brief review of the pertinent literature is provided.
Oxidation of Nicotinic Acid by a Bacillus Species: Source of Oxygen Atoms for the Hydroxylation of Nicotinic Acid and 6-Hydroxynicotinic Acid

Three types of evidence are presented to show that the enzymes that hydroxylate nicotinic acid to 2,6-dihydroxynicotinic acid use water as a source of oxygen atoms. (18)O is incorporated into the products from H(2) (18)O. Molecular oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor, one-half molecule being consumed per molecule of hydroxyl groups incorporated. An external electron acceptor is required for activity in purified preparations.
Hankel Operators on Bounded Analytic Functions

For U a domain in the complex plane and g a bounded measurable function on U , the generalized Hankel operator Sg on H∞(U) is the operator of multiplication by g followed by projection into L∞/H∞. Under certain conditions on U we show that either Sg is compact or there is an embedded `∞ on which Sg is bicontinuous. We characterize those g’s for which Sg is compact in the case that U is a Behrens roadrunner domain.
Shape Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization Using NASTRAN

Abstract Major software improvements have been made by the developers of NASTRAN in the area of structural optimization. Grid point sensitivity is available in version 67. This paper tests this capability by comparison with analytical solutions. Suggestions for further improvements are identified as well as recommendations for its use. The new capability has been integrated into an optimization system for component design. Several examples, including a cantilever beam, a simplified engine connecting rod, a cantilever plate, and an upper suspension control arm, are analyzed and optimized using this system.
The control of nonlinear systems. Part III: Invariant imbedding and quasilinearization

An iterative technique is proposed that solves the two-point boundary value problem formed from the variational equations for the optimal control of nonlinear systems. The computational algorithm utilizes invariant imbedding to provide a set of the unknown boundary conditions and quasilinearization to calculate the optimal control policy. A numerical example indicates that the method exhibits considerable promise.
Anatomical considerations for endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery in pediatric patients.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Pediatric skull base surgery is limited by several boney sinonasal landmarks that must be overcome prior to tumor dissection. When approaching a sellar or parasellar tumor, the piriform aperture, sphenoid sinus pneumatization, and intercarotid distances are areas of potential limitation. Quantitative pediatric anatomical measurements relevant to skull base approaches are lacking. Our goal was to use radio-anatomic analysis of computed tomography scans to determine anatomical limitations for trans-sphenoidal approaches in pediatric skull base surgery. Study Design: A radio-anatomic cross-sectional survey. Methods: Measurements included the diameter of the piriform aperture, posterior extent of sphenoid sinus pneumatization, and intercarotid distances on fine-cut, age-stratified maxillofacial scans. Fifty pediatric (<18 years of age) and 10 adult patients were equally subdivided into seven age groups and compared to determine age-related differences in sphenoid sinus pneumatization, skull base thicknesses, and intercarotid distances. Results: Piriform aperture width was significantly greater in adults than in patients under age 7 years (P ≤ .002). Three fourths of the planum and sellar face and one half of the sellar floor were pneumatized by ages 6 to 7 years. Superior clival pneumatization was not evident until 12 years of age. Clival intercarotid distances were not different among groups. Drilling distances for trans-planar, trans-sellar, and trans-clival approaches are described. Conclusions: Several potential anatomic limits must be considered in pediatric skull base surgery, and these vary according to age. Piriform aperture is likely a limit only in the youngest patients (under 2 years). Sphenoid pneumatization to the planum and sella start at 3 years and complete by age 10 years. Clival intercarotid distances do not change significantly and are not prohibitively narrow in any age group. Laryngoscope, 2010
Effect of selective Co addition on magnetic properties of Nd2(FeCo)14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets

Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe-based hard/soft nanocomposite magnets with Co addition have been prepared by ball-milling and warm compaction. It was found that Co addition into the magnetically hard phase improves magnetic properties significantly, especially the remanence ratio and coercivity. The effect on the magnetic properties of the selective Co addition may be attributed to enhanced interdiffusion across the hard/soft interface that improves the interface conditions for effective interphase exchange coupling. By optimizing the Co content in the Nd15Fe79−xCoxB6 hard phase, an energy product value about 21 MG Oe can be obtained in the isotropic Nd2(FeCo)14B/α-(FeCo) nanocomposite magnets compared with 15 MG Oe of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets prepared under the same conditions with the same grain size and microstructure, owing to the strengthened intergranular exchange interactions.
Preferential Nucleation and Self-Limiting Growth of Cu Nanoclusters on S(4 × 4)/W(111)

The interaction of Cu with the highly ordered S(4 x 4)/W(111) surface has been studied by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at roomtemperature. The substrate is a sulfur-induced nanoscale reconstruction of W(111) with (4 x 4) periodicity characterized by broad, planar terraces (30 nm in width). We find that fractional monolayers of vapor-deposited Cu grow homogeneously as clusters on the S(4 x 4)/W(111) surface over a wide coverage range. At low Cu coverages (<0.1 ML), Cu nanoclusters are observed to nucleate preferentially at characteristic 3-fold hollow sites on the S(4 x 4)/W(111) surface; there is a clear energetic preference for one type of site over others. The formed Cu nanoclusters are uniform in size (0.6 nm) as coverage increases, indicating self-limiting growth. Evidence for long-range interactions that may affect the nucleation of nanoclusters is discussed. For coverages ≥0.1 ML, additional sites are populated, and the whole surface is decorated by Cu clusters. STM data are supported by LEED and AES measurements. The results are interpreted in terms of heat of formation, relative reactivity, surface corrugation, surface diffusion, lattice mismatch, and long-range interactions in the nanoscale regime.
Sensor network pair-wise wireless communications performance with unsteady node orientation

A model is proposed to describe expected communications performance between two sensor network nodes where both are unsteady in physical orientation with respect to a specified reference. Model application enables determination of transmit power in terms of a preferred link performance probability. Increasing applications of wireless sensor networks has proportionally increased fielding ideas and platforms. The stability of a platform for a sensor network node cannot always be assumed stable due to physical variation from motion or surface conditions. This creates a time-varying random orientation between nodes in communication with an adjacent partner. A stochastic model is proposed connecting the physical random orientation of a pair of elements to their transmission components. The resulting performance of a link using the proposed model is then applied to achieve reliable communications performance. Analysis demonstrates improved use of network power compared to a method which assigns a blanket power margin across the network.
Error Gravity in Learners' Spoken Russian: A Preliminary Study

The present study was designed to begin the work to establish a hierarchy of error gravity for different types of common errors in American learners' spoken Russian. Respondents included native speakers of Russian and English, teachers and non-teachers, and residents of Russia and the U. S. Respondents were asked to compare a series of paired sentences that were identical except for a particular error and to select which sentence they found to be less irritating. The sentences were selected from oral proficiency interviews conducted with intermediate-level learners of Russian. Respondents' selections of the least irritating utterances of each pair were analyzed in order to establish a hierarchy of error gravity, and the hierarchies established for each respondent class were compared to determine if representatives of each respondent class had similar or different views of the severity of different error types.
Object-based indexing of MPEG-4 compressed video

The MPEG-4 object-based coding standard, designed as a common platform for all multimedia applications, is inherently well-suited for video indexing applications. To fully exploit the advantages offered by MPEG-4, however, a reconsideration of existing indexing strategies is required. This paper proposes a new object-based framework for video indexing and retrieval that treats as the basic indexing unit the object itself, where changes in content are detected through observations made on the objects in the video sequence. We present a temporal segmentation algorithm that is designed to automatically extract key frames for each video object in an MPEG-4 compressed sequence based on the prediction model chosen by the encoder for individual macroblocks. An extension to the existing MPEG-4 syntax is presented for conducting and facilitating vast database searches. The data presented in the proposed 'indexing field' are: the birth and death frames of individual objects, global motion characteristics/camera operations observed in the scene, representative key frames that capture the major transformations each object undergoes, and the dominant motion characteristics of each object throughout its lifetime. We present the validity of the proposed scheme by results obtained on several MPEG-4 test sequences.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Unruly Corporatism: Associational Life in Twentieth-Century Egypt

The power of Egypt's authoritarian state has been eroded by assertive associations demanding greater democracy, economic nationalism, and cultural diversity. Spotlighting the growing importance in Egypt of professional syndicates, labor unions, agricultural cooperatives, businessperson's associations, and religious groups, this study examines the increasing vitality of Egyptian civil society. Bianchi shows how Anwar Sadat's attempt to replace these associations with rigid corporatist controls contributed to his downfall just as similar policies undermined other authoritarian regimes in Iran, South Korea, and India.
A p53-independent role of Mdm2 in estrogen-mediated activation of breast cancer cell proliferation

Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers often have high levels of Mdm2. We investigated if estrogen signaling in such breast cancers occurred through an Mdm2 mediated pathway with subsequent inactivation of p53. We examined the effect of long-term 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment (five days) on the p53-Mdm2 pathway in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positive breast cancer cell lines that contain wild-type p53 (MCF-7 and ZR75-1). We assessed the influence of estrogen by examining cell proliferation changes, activation of transcription of p53 target genes, p53-chromatin interactions and cell cycle profile changes. To determine the effects of Mdm2 and p53 knockdown on the estrogen-mediated proliferation signals we generated MCF-7 cell lines with inducible shRNA for mdm2 or p53 and monitored their influence on estrogen-mediated outcomes. To further address the p53-independent effect of Mdm2 in ERα positive breast cancer we generated cell lines with inducible shRNA to mdm2 using the mutant p53 expressing cell line T-47D. Estrogen increased the Mdm2 protein level in MCF-7 cells without decreasing the p53 protein level. After estrogen treatment of MCF-7 cells, down-regulation of basal transcription of p53 target genes puma and p21 was observed. Estrogen treatment also down-regulated etoposide activated transcription of puma, but not p21. Mdm2 knockdown in MCF-7 cells increased p21 mRNA and protein, decreased cell growth in 3D matrigel and also decreased estrogen-induced cell proliferation in 2D culture. In contrast, knockdown of p53 had no effect on estrogen-induced cell proliferation. In T-47D cells with mutant p53, the knockdown of Mdm2 decreased estrogen-mediated cell proliferation but did not increase p21 protein. Estrogen-induced breast cancer cell proliferation required a p53-independent role of Mdm2. The combined influence of genetic and environmental factors on the tumor promoting effects of estrogen implicated Mdm2 as a strong contributor to the bypass of cell cycle checkpoints. The novel finding that p53 was not the key target of Mdm2 in the estrogen activation of cell proliferation could have great benefit for future Mdm2-targeted breast cancer therapies.
Meta-Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine Efficacy in Chimpanzees Indicates an Importance for Structural Proteins

Background & Aims Studies in patients and chimpanzees that spontaneously cleared hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections demonstrated that natural immunity to the virus is induced during primary infections and that this immunity can be cross protective. These discoveries led to optimism about prophylactic HCV vaccines, and several studies were performed in chimpanzees, although most included fewer than 6 animals. To draw meaningful conclusions about the efficacy of HCV vaccines in chimpanzees, we performed statistical analyses of data from previously published studies from different groups. Methods We performed a meta-analysis that compared parameters among naive (n = 63), vaccinated (n = 53), and rechallenged (n = 36) animals, including peak RNA titer postchallenge, time points of peak RNA titer, duration of viremia, and proportion of persistent infections. Results Each vaccination study induced immune responses that were effective in rapidly controlling HCV replication. Levels of induced T-cell responses did not indicate vaccine success. There was no reduction in the rate of HCV persistence in vaccinated animals, compared with naive animals, when nonstructural proteins were included in the vaccine. Vaccines that contained only structural proteins had clearance rates that were significantly higher than vaccines that contained nonstructural components ( P = .015). Conclusions The inclusion of nonstructural proteins in HCV vaccines might be detrimental to protective immune responses, and/or structural proteins might activate T-cell responses that mediate viral clearance.
Developmental Processes in African American Families: An Application of McLoyd’s Theoretical Model

In accordance with McLoyd’s model of African American children’s development, we examined the linkages among family income, maternal psychological distress, marital conflict, parenting, and children’s outcomes in early and middle childhood, using a sample of 591 African American children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Income during early childhood had a direct effect on behavior problems and reading recognition in middle childhood. Income also had an indirect effect on the child outcomes via maternal psychological distress and parenting. In a comparison of African American and White families, marital conflict predicted children behavior problems only in White families. Findings suggest that family psychological and material resources influence parenting as well as behavioral and cognitive outcomes for African American children.
Structure and development of the fungus Laboulbeniopsis termitarius

Abstract Laboulbeniopsis termitarius is reported for the first time in North America on two new hosts, the subterranean termites Reticulitermes virginicus and R. flavipes in north Florida. An account of its life cycle is given, including features of the previously unreported mature thallus. The fungus is restricted to species of termites, occurring on almost all parts of the body, but more prevalent on the abdomen, antennae, and tarsi. As with members of the Laboulbeniales, L. termitarius appears to have minor or no pathological effect on their hosts.
A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of carbon tetrachloride in the rat following repeated inhalation exposures of 8 and 11.5 hr/day

Abstract To evaluate whether exposure to inhaled vapors for periods longer than 8 hr/day could affect the rates and routes of elimination, male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed to 100 ppm of radiolabeled carbon tetrachloride ( 14 CCl 4 ) in a closed-loop chamber. One group was exposed for 8 hr/day for 5 days and another group for 11.5 hr/day for 4 days. Two other groups were exposed for either 8 hr/day for 10 of 12 consecutive days or 11.5 hr/day for 7 of 10 days. The elimination of 14 C activity was measured in the expired air, urine, and feces for up to 100 hr following exposure and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Following 2 weeks of exposure to the 8-hr/day schedule, 14 CCl 4 in the breath and 14 C activity in the feces comprised 45 and 48% of the total 14 C excreted, respectively. Following 2 weeks of exposure to the 11.5-hr/day schedule, the values were 32 and 62%, respectively, indicating that repeated exposure to the longer schedule altered the route of elimination of CCl 4 . Regardless of the period of exposure, less than 8% of the inhaled 14 CCl 4 was excreted in the urine and less than 2% was exhaled in the breath as the 14 CO 2 metabolite. Approximately 97–98% of the 14 C activity in the expired air was 14 CCl 4 . The quantities of 14 C noted in the feces and urine suggest that more than 60% of the inhaled CCl 4 was metabolized. Elimination of 14 CCl 4 and 14 CO 2 in the breath followed a two-compartment, first-order pharmacokinetic model ( r 2 = 0.98). For rats exposed 8 hr/day and 11.5 hr/day for 2 weeks, the average half-lives for elimination of 14 CCl 4 in the breath for the fast (α) and slow (β) phases averaged 96 and 455 min, and 89 and 568 min, respectively. The average α and β half-lives for elimination of 14 CO 2 in the breath of rats exposed to the 11.5-hr/day schedule were 455 and 1824 min, and these were significantly longer than for the 8-hr/day groups, 305 and 829 min. The longer half-lives of elimination for 14 CO 2 and 14 CCl 4 which were observed for the groups exposed to the 11.5-hr/day schedule suggest that the 3.5 additional hr of daily exposure places a relatively greater percentage of the absorbed dose into poorly perfused lipophilic depots such as the fat. These results indicate that modest changes in exposure regimen can influence the rate and route of elimination of certain chemicals. Furthermore, since the rat more rapidly metabolizes and eliminates CCl 4 than man, workers exposed 11.5 hr/day or longer can be expected to store relatively larger quantities of CCl 4 in fat and have higher peak blood levels of CCl 4 than that indicated by these results. This study lends support to published recommendations to adjust occupational exposure limits for substances with half-lives between 4 and 200 hr whenever persons will be exposed during work schedules markedly longer than 8 hr/day to assure them the same margin of safety from adverse effects as those who work typical 8-hr/day schedules.
Genetics Reveal the Origin and Timing of a Cryptic Insular Introduction of Muskrats in North America

The muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus, is a semiaquatic rodent native to North America that has become a highly successful invader across Europe, Asia, and South America. It can inflict ecological and economic damage on wetland systems outside of its native range. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, in the early 1900s, a population of muskrats was introduced to the Isles of Shoals archipelago, located within the Gulf of Maine, for the purposes of fur harvest. However, because muskrats are native to the northeastern coast of North America, their presence on the Isles of Shoals could be interpreted as part of the native range of the species, potentially obscuring management planning and biogeographic inferences. To investigate their introduced status and identify a historic source population, muskrats from Appledore Island of the Isles of Shoals, and from the adjacent mainland of Maine and New Hampshire, were compared for mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and allele frequencies at eight microsatellite loci. Appledore Island muskrats consistently exhibited reduced genetic diversity compared with mainland populations, and displayed signatures of a historic bottleneck. The distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes is suggestive of a New Hampshire source population. The data presented here are consistent with a human-mediated introduction that took place in the early 1900s. This scenario is further supported by the zooarchaeological record and island biogeographic patterns. This is the first genetic study of an introduced muskrat population within US borders and of any island muskrat population, and provides an important contrast with other studies of introduced muskrat populations worldwide.
Muscle fiber type-dependent differences in the regulation of protein synthesis.

This study examined fiber type-dependent differences in the regulation of protein synthesis in individual muscle fibers found within the same whole muscle. Specifically, the in vivo SUrface SEnsing of Translation (SUnSET) methodology was used to measure protein synthesis in type 1, 2A, 2X and 2B fibers of the mouse plantaris muscle, in response to food deprivation (FD), and mechanical overload induced by synergist ablation (SA). The results show that 48 h of FD induced a greater decrease in protein synthesis in type 2X and 2B fibers compared to type 1 and 2A fibers. Type 2X and 2B fibers also had the largest FD-induced decrease in total S6 protein and Ser240/244 S6 phosphorylation, respectively. Moreover, only type 2X and 2B fibers displayed a FD-induced decrease in cross-sectional area (CSA). Ten days of SA also induced fiber type-dependent responses, with type 2B fibers having the smallest SA-induced increases in protein synthesis, CSA and Ser240/244 S6 phosphorylation, but the largest increase in total S6 protein. Embryonic myosin heavy chain (MHCEmb) positive fibers were also found in SA muscles and the protein synthesis rates, levels of S6 Ser240/244 phosphorylation, and total S6 protein content, were 3.6-, 6.1- and 2.9-fold greater than that found in fibers from control muscles, respectively. Overall, these results reveal differential responses in the regulation of protein synthesis and fiber size between fiber types found within the same whole muscle. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that changes found at the whole muscle level do not necessarily reflect changes in individual fiber types.
The Properties of Iodine in Solutions of Surface-Active Agents*,†

Iodine solubilized in a surface-active agent solution is shown to be an effective antibacterial agent. An equation is given by which it is possible to calculate the equilibrium concentration of iodine freely dispersed in water (in contrast to micellular iodine). Correlation between this calculated concentration of iodine in water and the 99 per cent killing time is presented. Preliminary data further show the solution to be devoid of most of the disadvantages found in the common iodine solutions.
The interplay of dielectric and mechanical relaxation in solvation dynamics

Abstract Quantum molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore the possible coupling between dielectric solvation, the response of the solvent to a change in charge distribution of the solute, and mechanical solvation, the response of the solvent to a change in solute size or shape. The hydrated electron is chosen as a solvation probe, due to its large increase in spatial extent upon photoexcitation and significant contraction in size upon non-adiabatic relaxation. The strong displacement of translational solvent modes upon excitation hampers the effectiveness of individual solvent molecule rotations in providing relaxation, decreasing the relative amplitude of the inertial response. Following non-adiabatic relaxation, solvent molecules can freely translate and reorient, leading to rapid, effective initial solvation. These results suggest that in many situations where solutes undergo changes in both charge distribution and size, solvation can become rate-limited by the relatively slow viscoelastic solvent response.
Electromagnetic Structure of the Proton and Neutron

High-energy electron scattering measurements have demonstrated clearly the existence of deviations from point-nucleon scattering laws. The results obtained in the proton and neutron investigations have been interpreted as evidence of the finite sizes of the nucleons. The results already established as well as some of the most recent findings of the electron-scattering method are summarized. A brief account of the significance of the observed deviations from point-nucleon scattering is presented. (W.D.M.)
A case of benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis presenting as axillary lymphadenopathy of obscure origin.

While the classic or current causes of enlarged axillary lymph nodes are well known and immediately sought, the more unusual ones are occasionally overlooked. Among the recently described nosographic entities there is one that appears to be fairly common, and most likely more frequent than the hundreds of cases so far described” 2 in literature, both in this country and abroad, would seem to indicate ; for its clinical manifestations are ostensibly protean,’ its course usually mild, and hence not too conducive to an intensive diagnostic 23 and, finally, its main etiologic factor, a virus of the lymphogranuloma-ornithosis type, easily and universally transmissible by its main, “ecumenic” host, the cat.4’ �‘ #{176}This is “cat-scratch disease,” also known as benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis. While it is most frequently caused by cat-scratch, or bite,* the rabbit, the porcupine and most likely other mammals, occasionally transmit it. Minor trauma caused by thorns, wood splinters etc. (perhaps soiled by infected animals’ urine) also play a role in its transmission, in some reports2 accounting for about 8 per cent of cases. Usually, a few days after a cat-scratch, the injured organ, most commonly a hand or a leg of a youngster, presents a papule surmounted by a vesicle or pustule which frequently ulcerates. One to three weeks later, the regional lymph nodes become swollen, and sometimes suppurate. All of the lesions may remain indolent, and the systemic reaction is practically nil. However, fever, severe malaise, generalized maculo-papular rash and even mild encephalitis develop occasionally. Also, several instances of oculo.glandular syndromes (Parinaud’s type) have been observed. Nonetheless, the ultimate prognosis apparently is good. The blood picture usually is unaffected, but the sedimentation rate frequently is accelerated. In the absence of history of a scratch or bite, the clinical picture may become extremely confusing. Sometimes no history of trauma can be elicited.” 2,
Diagnosis and assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children

Abstract This article provides an overview of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (AD-HD) in children and its behavioral correlates, emphasizing clinical issues in assessment. Diagnostic criteria for AD-HD that are presented in DSM-III-R are briefly reviewed as are additional guidelines used in making the diagnosis. A clinical assessment protocol for evaluating this disorder among children is proposed that includes parent, teacher, and child interviews, standardized parent and teacher behavior rating scales, laboratory test measures, and direct observational procedures. A multimethod assessment protocol that utilizes sources of information obtained from different settings and informants is advocated because of the inherent complexities encountered when evaluating AD-HD. The importance of differential diagnosis and the need to assess for coexisting behavioral, learning, or emotional problems is emphasized. A clinical case is presented to illustrate the diagnostic and assessment process in evaluating children for AD-HD.
Differential effect of nimodipine in attenuating iron-induced toxicity in brain- and blood-brain barrier-associated cell types.

Metal homeostasis is increasingly being evaluated as a therapeutic target in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Metal dysregulation has been shown to lead to protein aggregation, plaque formation and neuronal death. In 2007, we first reported that voltage-gated calcium channels act as a facile conduit for the entry of free ferrous (Fe2+) ions into neurons. Herein, we evaluate differential iron toxicity to central nervous system cells and assess the ability of the typical L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker nimodipine to attenuate iron-induced toxicity. The data demonstrate that iron sulfate induces a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4; LC50 = 150 μM), neuronal cells (Neuro-2α neuroblastoma; LC50 = 400 μM), and in astrocytes (DI TNC1; LC50 = 1.1 mM). Pre-treatment with nimodipine prior to iron sulfate exposure provided a significant (P 0.05) protective effect in these cells. The data demonstrate variable susceptibility to iron overload conditions in different cell types of the brain and suggest that typical L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockers (here represented by nimodipine), may serve as protective agents in conditions involving iron overload, particularly in cell types highly susceptible to iron toxicity.
Patients' assessment of ambulatory anesthesia and surgery.

Abstract Study Objective : To obtain patients' assessments of ambulatory anesthesia and surgery using a return-mail questionnaire postcard. Design : Return-mail questionnaire given to consecutive ambulatory surgery patients. Setting : Adult ambulatory surgery unit of a university hospital. Patients : The questionnaire was given to 3,722 patients. Responses were returned by 1,511 patients (41%). Among the respondents, 95% had gynecologic procedures and 5% had general surgical procedures. Measurements and Main Results : Eighty-six percent of respondents reported at least one minor sequela persisting after discharge. Laparoscopy patients experienced significantly more aches, drowsiness, dizziness, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting. For all patients, sequelae lasted 1 day for 59% of all patients, 2 days for 28%, and 3 or more days for 14%. Different sequelae had different durations. Thirty-eight percent of respondents were able to return to their usual activities the day after surgery; the remainder required 3.2 ± 2.0 additional days. The main reasons for delayed recovery included general malaise (57%) and surgical discomfort (38%). Assessing their overall satisfaction, 97% would choose day surgery again. Conclusions : Return-mail questionnaires can be used for patient follow-up after ambulatory surgery, with limitations characteristic of unselected-patient methods. Patients' assessments of their anesthesia and surgery can identify common sequelae that ambulatory patients should realistically expect to experience.
Analysis of rheological properties of fiber suspensions in a Newtonian fluid by direct fiber simulation. Part 3: Behavior in uniaxial extensional flows

The present work presents a predictive direct fiber simulation of fiber suspensions under uniaxial extensional flows by Stokesian dynamics, considering both near- and farfield hydrodynamic intrafiber interactions and lubrication approximation for interfibers. Initially, code validation is performed and simulation predictions compared with experimental data. Afterwards, the orientation tensor under flow is discussed as a function of volume fraction, aspect ratio and flexibility. Based on the results, a general constitutive equation with a proposed parameter is proposed and verified by comparing experimental data of high volume fraction and high aspect ratio systems.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of well-differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma: a case report with histologic follow-up.

Inflammatory liposarcoma is an unusual variant of well-differentiated liposarcoma. We report on the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) ) cytology findings of a retroperitoneal well-differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma from a 63-yr-old white female. The smears showed numerous dispersed inflammatory cells, with the majority being reactive lymphoid cells and plasma cells. There were scattered, large, atypical cells containing multiple or hyperlobated nuclei with coarse chromatin and abundant ill-defined cytoplasm. The large atypical cells, as well as the inflammatory cells, were also found within the fibrous tissue fragments. The follow-up surgical resection of the tumor demonstrated a well-differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma with coexistent dedifferentiated areas and lipoma-like, well-differentiated liposarcoma. With the appropriate anatomic and radiographic settings, the FNA cytology findings of abundant, reactive inflammatory cells and scattered, large, atypical tumor cells that are CD15-, CD30-, and cytokeratin-negative are highly suggestive of a well-differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma.
Reply by author to discussion by Michael Schoenberger.

The principal assertion of Schoenberger’s discussion appears to be that (3), which is correctly derived from equations in Section IV and corresponds to a space shift, should instead be written as (4), corresponding to a space sample. However, the space‐convolution operator corresponding to a seismometer is indeed meant to be a space‐shift operator. An array of seismometers is used as a weighted sum of space‐shift operators, just as a time‐domain, sample‐point operator is made up of a weighted sum of time‐shift operators. Equation (5.2), which Schoenberger indicates as being related to his (4), actually comes from (3) with x and y set to zero.
Electrically injected quantum-dot photonic crystal microcavity light sources

The design, fabrication, and characterization of an electrically injected quantum-dot photonic crystal microcavity light source are described. The optical gain in the GaAs/AlGaAs-based device is provided by self-organized InGaAs quantum dots with ground-state room-temperature emission at 1.1 µm. The carriers are injected directly into the photonic crystal microcavity, which contains ∼50 dots, avoiding surface state recombination in the photonic crystal pattern. The spectral characteristics of a single-defect photonic crystal microcavity show a single 2 nm broad microcavity resonance. The output power is of the order of a few tens of nanowatts.
Innovative strategies for the oral delivery of drugs and peptides

Conventional forms of administration for nonabsorbable drugs and peptides often rely on parenteral injection, because the intestinal epithelium represents a major barrier to the oral absorption of these therapeutic agents. Recently, a number of innovative drug-delivery approaches have been developed, including entrapment within small vesicles and passage through the space between adjacent intestinal cells. This article reviews some of the most promising techniques currently available for oral delivery and their possible practical applications for the delivery of vaccines and drugs for the treatment of clinical conditions that require frequent, chronic parenteral administration.
Communication in academic libraries: an East Asian perspective

Purpose – To discuss library services with attention to effective communication between public service professionals and East Asian library clientele.Design/methodology/approach – A wide range of library literature (1984‐2001) about serving international students is reviewed to provide a portrait of efforts made by librarians and researchers. This article then focuses on East Asian students as a unique group based on shared cultural values, applies literature of East Asian/Western communication styles to library reference services, and discusses how cultural‐specific communication styles can cause misunderstandings in information delivery processes. Recommendations are made to assist information professionals in their efforts to communicate effectively with international students and meet their information needs.Findings – Differences in communication styles can often create barriers to having messages understood correctly. As a result, the information conveyed does not necessarily reflect the intention a...
HTR Centennial Anniversary: Greetings and Introduction

At the beginning of this ceremony I would like to express my gratitude to Dean William A. Graham for his ongoing interest in Harvard Theological Review and for his generosity in helping us to organize this Centennial Anniversary. I am pleased to welcome you here to Harvard Divinity School, in that place where one hundred years ago some professors of this Faculty launched a new periodical, Harvard Theological Review. I express my welcome to you, Helmut Koester, former editor, to Bunn Thompson and Marianne Palmer Bonz, former managing editors, to the members of the editorial board, to the authors present here, to the copy editors, typesetters, proofreaders, and just readers over the years. It is impossible to start without a thought and a prayer for Krister Stendahl, former editor of HTR, who is not able to participate due to his severe illness.1
Anterior sacral meningocele

A case of anterior sacral meningecele is presented emphasizing early diagnosis based on recurring functional complaints and employing appropriate radiological studies. The appropriate use of computerized tomography (CT) scanning and the proper surgical management utilizing laminectomy and obliteration of the communicating channel of the meningocele are discussed.
Effect of Brain Ischemia and Reperfusion on the Localization of Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α

Postischemic brain reperfusion is associated with a substantial and long-lasting reduction of protein synthesis in selectively vulnerable neurons. Because the overall translation initiation rate is typically regulated by altering the phosphorylation of serine 51 on the α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α), we used an antibody specific to phosphorylated eIF-2α [eIF-2(αP)] to study the regional and cellular distribution of eIF-2(αP) in normal, ischemic, and reperfused rat brains. Western blots of brain postmitochondrial supernatants revealed that ~1% of all eIF-2α is phosphorylated in controls, eIF-2(αP) is not reduced by up to 30 minutes of ischemia, and eIF-2(αP) is increased ~20-fold after 10 and 90 minutes of reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry shows localization of eIF-2(αP) to astrocytes in normal brains, a massive increase in eIF-2(αP) in the cytoplasm of neurons within the first 10 minutes of reperfusion, accumulation of eIF-2(αP) in the nuclei of selectively vulnerable neurons after 1...
Franchise branding: an organizational identity perspective

Despite the call for increased theoretical diversity in franchising research, the incorporation of organizational theory into this literature has been minimal. In response, we examine how aspects of organizational identity are represented in franchisee recruitment Web sites. We develop the concept of franchise branding to understand how franchisors position franchise opportunities to attract potential franchisees. We find that firms in the Franchise 500 use more language associated with market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and charismatic rhetoric when compared to a sample of lower-performing franchises. We also examine the impact of franchisor size and age to examine how liabilities of size and newness impact language use. We find that larger firms tend to use more rhetoric but detect no significant differences based on age. We conclude by discussing future possibilities for incorporating additional theoretical perspectives into the franchising literature.
On parameter orthogonality to the mean

The existence of orthogonal parameters to the mean is characterized by a partial differential equation involving the mean, the variance and the cumulant generating function. This condition allows to explain and construct orthogonal parametrizations in several cases of interest, including higher parametric ones.
Recebt results from the UCSB/LBL double beta decay experiment

Abstract A new limit has been set on neutrinoless double beta decay, a process which would require lepton number nonconservation, plus one other piece of new physics. That second item might be light Majorana electron neutrino mass, a very heavy Majorana neutrino, right-handed currents, or supersymmetric particles in theories with R-parity violation. Limits on all these quantities can be obtained from the result that the UCSB/LBL Ge multidetector system shows the halflife for 76 Ge → 76 Se + 2 e − to be > 1.2 × 10 24 y at the 90% confidence level or >2.4 × 1024y at the 68% confidence level.
Cutting out the middle-man: The case for direct business involvement in environmental justice

Abstract In recent years, environmental concerns have become the first priority for socially-conscious corporations. This article describes the history of the environmental justice movement and its philosophical differences with the mainstream environmental movement. Environmental justice activists allege that the mainstream environmental movement marginalizes the environmental interests of the poor and people of color. Herein, we provide guidance for environmentally-conscious corporations that wish to avoid repeating the same ethical errors.
Open-label, multicenter, phase 3 extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease.

Background Donepezil hydrochloride is a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe Alzheimer disease (AD). Controlled clinical trials of up to 24 weeks have demonstrated that donepezil treatment (5 and 10 mg/d) significantly improves cognition and global function. Objective To investigate the long-term benefits of donepezil treatment in patients with AD. Design Multicenter, open-label, 144-week extension of 2 US phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials: a 15-week study (12 weeks of treatment followed by a 3-week placebo washout) and a 30-week study (24 weeks of treatment followed by a 6-week placebo washout). Interventions All patients (N = 763) initially received donepezil, 5 mg/d, for 6 weeks, after which an increase to 10 mg/d was encouraged. Measures Primary efficacy measures were the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale and the Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of the Boxes. Results After the shorter 3-week placebo washout, donepezil-associated benefits remained above original baseline values for an additional 24 weeks of open-label treatment. Benefits on Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale scores for patients who received 10 mg/d in the double-blind study were evident compared with the other groups for 108 weeks of open-label treatment. In contrast, donepezil-associated benefits were lost after the 6-week placebo washout, and scores decreased below original baseline values for all patient groups. Although scores improved relative to the new open-label study baseline scores after drug use was restarted, patients remained below original baseline values. The most common adverse events were associated with the nervous and digestive systems and were generally mild and transient; 17% of patient discontinuations were associated with adverse events. Conclusions Donepezil is an effective and safe drug for the long-term symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe AD for up to 144 weeks (2.8 years), and sustained treatment may confer some advantages.
Conversion of cholesterol to progesterone by turtle corpus luteum

Abstract Homogenates of corpora lutea from the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina serpentina were capable of converting small (