cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoxic ventilatory response of cats at high altitude: An interpretation of ‘blunting’☆☆☆

Cats acclimatized to a simulated altitude of 5500 m developed attenuated ventilatory response in the hypoxic test range of PAO2 = 60-45 torr, but their CO2 response remained normal, although the curve was shifted to a lower PACO2 range. The acclimatized cats a high respiratory frequency and maintained hyperventilation under normoxia. Cats from 3100 m altitude had hypoxic reponses which were, on the average, slightly below sea level standards, but the difference was not statistically significant. Two cats raised at 4640 m had a normal hypoxic ventilatory response even though the frequency response was 'blunted'. These data suggest the possibility of hypoxic 'threshold' near 5500 m to produce an attenuation effect. Another series of cats acclimatized to 5500 m were tested with more severe hypoxia, and they exhibited brisk ventilatory response in range PAO2, 40-25 torr, although they showed typical 'blunting' in the range PAO2, 60-45 torr. These results suggested that the phenomenon of attenuated hypoxic response at high altitude was a reflection of shift of hypoxic set point to a lower PAO2. Finally, it was shown that the hypoxic responses of 'blunted' animals were restored to normal after mid-collicular decerebration; and that decortication resulted in a typical hyperexcitability of the hypoxic response. These results are discussed in terms of hypothesized suprapontine modulating influences on the control of breathing, and possiblities for a contribution of these mechanisms in pathogenesis of hypoxic 'blunting' are raised.
Translational machinery of channel catfish: I. A transcriptomic approach to the analysis of 32 40S ribosomal protein genes and their expression

Ribosomal protein (RP) genes have become widely used as markers for phylogenetic studies and comparative genomics. However, they have not been available for evolutionary studies in fish although teleosts are the largest group of vertebrates with more than 23,000 species. Using a transcriptomic approach, we have cloned and sequenced 32 40S RP complementary DNAs (cDNAs) from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), making them one of the most complete sets of 40S RP gene sequences from a single organism. Most 40S RPs in channel catfish are highly similar to their orthologues in mammalian species, but S19, S21, and S25 are highly divergent. Only one type of cDNA was found for all RP genes except S26 and S27, for which two cDNAs were found in channel catfish. Alternatively spliced transcripts for the S3 and alternatively polyadenylated transcripts for S19 and S21 were found. The 32 40S RP genes are generally highly expressed and together they account for 5.33-11.42% of expression depending on the tissues. Expression levels of the RP genes were highly variable both within a single tissue among different RP genes and among tissues with regard to a single RP gene. Taken together, these data strongly suggest post-transcriptional regulation of RP gene expression, particularly in consideration of the stoichiometry of their representation in ribosomes.
Comparison of Solvent Modulation with Premixed Mobile Phases for the Separation of Corticosteroids by Liquid Chromatography

The separation of eight common corticosteroids is optimized by solvent modulation and by conventional premixed solvents. The separation is achieved on an octadecylsilica column using aqueous acetonitrile and methanol mobile phases. The optimized separations are compared with respect to accuracy, total analysis time, critical resolution, and overall quality of the separation. The solvent modulation approach compares favorably to premixed solvents in all of these respects and, hence, is demonstrated to be a very promising optimization strategy.
Increases in Cerebral Cortical Perfusate Adenosine and Inosine Concentrations during Hypoxia and Ischemia

The cerebral cortical cup technique was used to monitor changes in adenosine and inosine levels in the rat cerebral cortex during periods of hypoxia, anoxia, or hemorrhagic hypotension. Basal levels of adenosine and inosine in cortical perfusates stabilized within 10 min at concentrations of 30–50 and 75–130 nM, respectively. Comparable levels were observed in normal CSF collected from the cisterna magna. Reductions in the oxygen content of the inspired air (14, 12, 8, and 5% oxygen) resulted in increases in the adenosine and inosine levels in the cortical perfusates, the magnitude of the increase being progressively more pronounced with greater reductions in the oxygen content. Cerebral anoxia/ischemia, induced by 100% nitrogen inhalation, caused a rapid increase in the adenosine and inosine contents of the cortical perfusates. Hemorrhagic hypotension (46.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg) of 5 min duration did not result in an elevated adenosine or inosine release. The results suggest that interstitial fluid adenosine leve...
Photoionization of lithium from the 1 s 2 2 p state

The ${}^{2}S$ and ${}^{2}D$ photoionization cross section (PICS) of lithium from the ${1s}^{2}2p$ state is calculated for photon energies below the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ $1s2s{}^{1}S$ threshold. Forty-seven resonances are predicted. All the important PICS peaks predicted are found to be associated with the spectral lines observed in the high precision experiment. Although the agreement between theory and experiment is excellent in most cases, there are some interesting exceptions. The possible sources of these discrepancies are discussed. An important discrepancy in the earlier experiments is resolved. Several new identifications are made. Some of the observed lines are reassigned.
Extracellular calcium (Ca2+o)-sensing receptor in a mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line (J774) : Potential mediator of the actions of Ca2+o on the function of J774 cells

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays key roles in extracellular calcium ion (Ca2+o) homeostasis in parathyroid gland and kidney. Macrophage-like mononuclear cells appear at sites of osteoclastic bone resorption during bone remodeling and may play a role in the "reversal" phase following osteoclastic resorption and preceding bone formation. Bone resorption produces substantial local increases in Ca2+o that could provide a signal for bone marrow mononuclear cells in the vicinity, leading us to investigate whether such mononuclear cells express the CaR. In this study, we used the mouse J774 cell line, which exhibits a pure monocyte-macrophage phenotype. Both immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis, using polyclonal antisera specific for the CaR, detected CaR protein in J774 cells. The use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with CaR-specific primers, including a set of intron-spanning primers, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified products, also identified CaR transcripts in J774 cells. Exposure of J774 cells to high Ca2+o (2.8 mM or more) or the polycationic CaR agonist, neomycin (100 microM), stimulated both chemotaxis and DNA synthesis in J774 cells. Therefore, taken together, our data strongly suggest that the monocyte-macrophage cell line, J774, possesses both CaR protein and mRNA very similar, if not identical, to those in parathyroid and kidney.
Predicted proton spectrum at forward angles for 29.4-gev nitrogen on carbon

The proton spectrum over the angular interval of 0 to 10 mrad from the interactions of 29.4-GeV nitrogen on carbon has been calculated. The differential cross section for the emission of protons indicates that there is a significant number of emitted protons with energies greater than the energy per nucleon of the incident projectile (2.1 GeV). A description of the calculational method is included.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{14}\mathrm{N}(^{12}\mathrm{C},p)$, $E=29.4$ GeV; calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p})$, $\ensuremath{\theta}=0\ensuremath{-}10$ mrad.]
Postnatal long bone growth in terrestrial placental mammals: allometry, life history, and organismal traits.

The ontogenetic allometry of long bone proportions is poorly understood in Mammalia. It has previously been suggested that during mammalian on- togeny long bone proportions grow more slender (posi- tive allometry; length ! circumference >1.0 ), although this conclusion was based upon data from a few small- bodied taxa. It remains unknown how ontogenetic long bone allometry varies across Mammalia in terms of both taxonomy and body size. We collected long bone length and circumference data for ontogenetic samples of 22 species of mammals spanning six major clades and three orders of magnitude in body mass. Using reduced major axis bivariate regressions to compare bone length to cir- cumference, we found that isometry and positive allome- try are the most widespread patterns of growth across mammals. Negative allometry (i.e., bones growing more robust during ontogeny) occurs in mammals but is largely restricted to cetartiodactyls. Using regression slope as a proxy for long bone allometry, we compared long bone allometry to life history and organismal traits. Neonatal body mass, adult body mass, and growth rate have a negative relationship with long bone allometry. At an adult mass of roughly 15-20 kg, long bone growth shifts from positive allometry to mainly isometry and negative allometry. There were no significant relation- ships between ontogenetic long bone allometry and ei- ther cursoriality or basal metabolic rate. J. Morphol.
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN SOLID STATE LIGHTING

The determinants of successful development, commercialization and diffusion of solid state lighting (SSL) are not well understood particularly in a global context. Patent data provide one means to gain insight into corporate and national research and development activities. However, existing SSL patent analyses have focused primarily on United States (US) patents. This study analyzes SSL patents granted worldwide to measure the strengths of US, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, Taiwan, and China, nations all poised to play a key role in SSL's future. It shows a strong and growing role of corporate patent portfolios for firms headquartered in Asian nations. The data cover patents that were applied for and issued from 1937 to March 2009. Our findings suggest a stronger role of non-US organizations and individuals than had been reported in previous studies that focused only on US patents.
The sources and deposition of organic matter in the Late Quaternary Pigmy Basin, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The concentration and carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of sedimentary organic carbon (Corg), N/C ratios, and terrigenous and marine δ13Corg endmembers form a basis from which to address problems of Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climatic variability in a 208.7 m hydraulic piston core (DSDP 619) from the Pigmy Basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico. While interpretations of sedimentary δ13Corg time series records are often not unique, paired analyses of δ13Corg and N/C are consistent with the hypothesis that the Corg in the Pigmy Basin is a climatically determined mixture of C3-photosynthetic terrigenous and marine organic matter, confirming the earlier δ13Corg model of Sackett (1964). A high resolution (∼ 1.4–2.9 Ka/sample) δ13Corg record shows that sedimentary organic carbon in interglacial oxygen isotope (sub)stages 1 and 5a-b are enriched in 13C (average ±1 σ values are −24.2 ± 1.2%o and −22.9 ± 0.7%o relative to PDB, respectively) while glacial isotope stage values 2 are relatively depleted (-25.6 ± 0.5%). Concentrations of terrigenous and marine sedimentary organic carbon are calculated for the first time using δ13Corg and Corg measurements, and empirically determined terrigenous and marine δ13Corg endmembers. The net accumulation rate of terrigenous organic carbon is 4.3 ± 2.6 times higher in isotope stages 2–4 than in (sub)stages 1 and 5a-b, recording higher erosion rates of terrigenous organic material in glacial times. The concentration and net accumulation rates of marine and terrigenous Corg suggest that the nutrient-bearing plume of the Mississippi River may have advanced and retreated across the Pigmy Basin as sea level fell and rose in response to glacial-interglacial sea level change.
Apoptotic cell blebs: repositories of autoantigens and contributors to immune context.

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases belong to a diverse group of processes in which multiple tissues are actively injured through the activity of various immune effector pathways. One of the striking observations in these diseases that gives insights into disease mechanism is that, once initiated, the processes amplify over time and are self-sustaining. The amplitude of the disease process typically varies over time, with episodes of more significant disease activity punctuated by periods of inactivity. Such periodic amplification of an immune process (which has characteristic features of an antigen-driven response) suggests that the relevant antigens which drive the disease are periodically exposed. Identifying both the source and pathways underlying such antigen exposure will provide important insights into the mechanisms and causes of rheumatic diseases.
Coupling proton movements to c-ring rotation in F1Fo ATP synthase: aqueous access channels and helix rotations at the a–c interface

Abstract F1Fo ATP synthases generate ATP by a rotary catalytic mechanism in which H+ transport is coupled to rotation of a ring of c subunits within the transmembrane sector of the enzyme. Protons bind to and then are released from the aspartyl-61 residue of subunit c at the center of the membrane. Proton access channels to and from aspartyl-61 are thought to form in subunit a of the Fo sector. Here, we summarize new information on the structural organization of subunit a and the mapping of aqueous accessible residues in the fourth and fifth transmembrane helices (TMHs). Cysteine substituted residues, lying on opposite faces of aTMH-4, preferentially react with either N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) or Ag+. We propose that aTMH-4 rotates to alternately expose each helical face to aspartyl-61 of subunit c during the proton transport cycle. The concerted helical rotation of aTMH-4 and cTMH-2 are proposed to be coupled to the stepwise mechanical movement of the c-rotor.
Human Ethology: Displacement Activities in a Dental Office

A comparison of the behavior of 28 dental patients with non-patients showed that the patients demonstrated a variety of “irrelevant” behaviors explicable in terms of the ethological concept of “dis...
Effect of polymer addition on the thermal stability and thermal expansion of cement

Abstract Polymer addition to cement paste was found to decrease the thermal stability and thermal expansion coefficient (CTE). The addition of methylcellulose (0.4% of the cement weight) reduced the mechanical weakening onset temperature from 125 to 42 °C, while decreasing the CTE near room temperature from 10 × 10 −6 °C −1 to nearly zero. The addition of latex (20% of the cement weight) reduced the mechanical weakening onset temperature from 125 °C to near room temperature, while decreasing the CTE near room temperature from 10 × 10 −6 °C −1 to −4 × 10 −6 °C −1 .
A flexible communication abstraction for nonshared memory parallel computing

Writing parallel numerical programs is difficult. One problem is that the regular code and communication structure of typical parallel algorithms often becomes obfuscated when special cases at the boundaries of the computation are handled. Another problem is that parallel architectures can have vastly different communication structures, which makes it hard to maintain efficiency when a program is ported. This problem arises in practice because communication information either is defined implicitly by the local process codes or else is statically embedded in the compiler for the language.In this paper, we show how a communication abstraction called the port ensemble can simplify the handling of boundary conditions and the efficient porting of programs. A port ensemble provides an explicit interface between computation and communication descriptions, thus separating the communication structure from the details of local computation and from the compiler. Port ensembles structure ports, symbolic names to and from which a process can write and read values. To simplify the expression of boundary conditions, ports can be bound not only to ports on other processors, but also to non-existent neighbors (along the edge of the computation) using special objects that represent and implement constants, variables, and arbitrary functions. Port ensembles also provide direct access to the communication structure, which simplifies changing the structure to one appropriate for a new target architecture.
Measurement of mechanical properties of materials in the micrometer range using electronic holographic moire

Measuring mechanical properties of specimens whose dimensions are in the range of micrometers poses a number of difficult and interesting problems. Currently there are a number of developments in this area, especially in connection with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Electronic holographic moire is an ideal tool for micromechanics studies. It does not require a modification of the surface by the introduction of a reference grating. This is of particular value when placing a reference grating becomes a difficult task. Traditional electronic holographic moire presents some difficult problems when large magnifications are needed and rigid body motion causes the loss of the correlation fringes. We present developments that solve these problems and extend the application of the technique to micromechanics.
Using Validation Sets for Outcomes and Exposure to Infection in Vaccine Field Studies

Methods of adjusting for bias in estimates due to mismeasured or missing covariates and outcomes through the use of validation sets have been developed in many types of health studies. These methods can be employed for the efficient design and analysis of vaccine studies as well. On the one hand, nonspecific case definitions can lead to attenuated efficacy and effectiveness estimates, but confirmation by culture or a quick test of the infectious agent is also expensive and difficult. On the other hand, data on exposure to infection can influence estimates of vaccine efficacy, but good data on exposure are difficult to obtain. In this paper, the authors show how use of small validation sets can correct the bias of the estimates obtained from a large main study while maintaining efficiency. They illustrate the approach for outcomes using the example of influenza vaccine efficacy and effectiveness trials and illustrate the approach for exposure to infection using the example of a human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trial. The authors discuss challenges posed by infectious diseases in the use of currently available methods. Development of these efficient designs and methods of analysis for vaccine field studies will improve estimation of vaccine efficacy for both susceptibility and infectiousness, as well as estimation of indirect and overall effects of vaccination in community trials.
A retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of intravenous bumetanide and comparison of potency with furosemide

*Background: The potency of intravenous bumetanide to furosemide using a ratio of 1:40 has been suggested; however, there are little data supporting this ratio. Recent drug shortages required the use of bumetanide in a large patient population, enabling further characterization of the efficacy of IV bumetanide. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to estimate a dose-response effect of IV bumetanide on urine output (UOP) in all patients that received 48 hours of therapy as well as in a subgroup of patients with heart failure (HF). This subgroup was used to compare the potency of bumetanide with furosemide. A secondary safety objective described electrolyte replacement required during therapy. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study examining the dose-response effect of IV bumetanide in patients receiving at least 48 hours of intermittent (iIV) or continuous (cIV) dosing, measured by UOP per mg of drug received (mL/mg). The potency of IV bumetanide was compared with furosemide in a subset of patients with HF using pre-existing data. The safety of IV bumetanide was analyzed by quantifying electrolyte replacement received during the study period. Results: The primary outcome was higher in the iIV group (n=93) at 1273 ± 844 mL/mg compared with the cIV group (n=16) at 749 ± 370 mL/mg (P=0.002). Among patients with HF who received furosemide (iIV n=30, cIV n=26) or bumetanide (iIV n=30, cIV n=3), a potency ratio of 41:1 was found for the iIV group and 34:1 for all patients with HF. There was no significant difference in electrolyte replacement between groups. Conclusion: A greater response was seen with intermittent bumetanide compared with continuous infusion bumetanide. This study supports the 40:1 dose equivalence ratio (furosemide:bumetanide) in patients with HF receiving at least 48 hours of intravenous intermittent bumetanide.
Rank Regression Analysis of Multivariate Failure Time Data Based on Marginal Linear Models

Multivariate failure time data arises when each study subject can potentially ex- perience several types of failures or recurrences of a certain phenomenon, or when failure times are sampled in clusters. We formulate the marginal distributions of such multivariate data with semi- parametric accelerated failure time models (i.e. linear regression models for log-transformed failure times with arbitrary error distributions) while leaving the dependence structures for related failure times completely unspecified. We develop rank-based monotone estimating functions for the regression parameters of these marginal models based on right-censored observations. The estimat- ing equations can be easily solved via linear programming. The resultant estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. The limiting covariance matrices can be readily estimated by a novel resampling approach, which does not involve non-parametric density estimation or evaluation of numerical derivatives. The proposed estimators represent consistent roots to the potentially non- monotone estimating equations based on weighted log-rank statistics. Simulation studies show that the new inference procedures perform well in small samples. Illustrations with real medical data are provided.
Depth electrode studies and intracellular dentate granule cell recordings in temporal lobe epilepsy

Hippocampal depth electrodes are often used to localize seizure onset in patients who may have temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). A number of features of the spontaneous seizures and of their ictal onset patterns can be analyzed from these recordings. We compared a number of the typical electroencephalographic (EEG) changes at seizure onset with several cellular parameters recorded in dentate granule cells from the same 14 patients diagnosed with medial temporal sclerosis (MTS) to examine the pathophysiological correlates of this spontaneous EEG activity in this form of TLE. The intracellularly recorded parameters include the propensity to fire evoked epileptiform bursts, the absence of evoked inhibitory potentials, the presence of polysynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and the presence of spontaneous excitatory activity. We noted several correlations between the EEG data and the intracellular recordings. The absence of synaptically evoked bursts was correlated with the presence of low-voltage fast activity at seizure onset. In addition, the loss of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials was correlated with the presence of periodic spiking pre-ictally. Several other correlations were also noted. These data indicate that EEG findings may be predictive of anatomical and cellular pathological changes and provide clues to the physiological mechanisms involved in this form of epilepsy.
Psychotherapy for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder: an expert consensus review of common factors across five therapies

The objective was to review established literature on approaches to the psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder with specfic reference to suicide in order to determine if there were common factors across these efforts that would guide future teaching, practice and research. The publications from the proponents of five therapies for the treatment of suicidal behavior in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), were reviewed and discussed by the members of the Group for the Advanced of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Committee (GAPPC). Twenty nine published research and summary reports were reviewed of the specific treatments noted above along with two other reviews of common factors for this group of treatments. We used expert consensus as to the salient articles for review and the appropriate level of abstraction for the common factor definition. We formulated a definition of effectiveness and identified six common factors: 1) negotiation of a specific frame for treatment, 2) recognition and insistence on the patient’s responsibilities within the therapy, 3) provision to the therapist of a conceptual framework for understanding and intervening, 4) use of the therapeutic relationship to engage and address suicide, 5) prioritization of suicide as a topic to be actively addressed whenever it emerges, and 6) provision of support for the therapist in the form of supervision, consultation or peer support. We discuss common factors, their formulation, and implications for development and teaching of psychotherapeutic approaches specific to suicide in patients with borderline personality disorder and note that there should be greater attention in practice and education to these issues.
Effects of temporal patterning of predation threat on movement of a stream fish: evaluating an intermediate threat hypothesis

The addition of nocturnal, Hoplias malabaricus, and diurnal, Crenicichla alta, predatory fishes downstream of barrier waterfalls increases predation threat for a killifish, Rivulus hartii, in Trinidadian streams. We hypothesized that the diel patterning of predation risk would affect prey movement rates, and tested this hypothesis by comparing movement in river sites/zones containing both the nocturnal and diurnal predator with movement in river sites/zones containing only the nocturnal taxon. We evaluated this prediction in the framework of an intermediate threat hypothesis (ITH) that holds that movement will be highest at some intermediate level of threat. We marked prey fish in study sites in two watersheds of a river, each with waterfalls that divided the river into three zones: a predator absent zone (P0), a zone with one nocturnal predator (P1), and a zone with one nocturnal and one diurnal predator (P2), and tested the ITH prediction that movement will be ordered as P0 P2. The single predator promoted longitudinal movement by Rivulus (P0 P2) as predicted by the ITH. However, movement by larger, less vulnerable Rivulus remained elevated (P1=P2 or P2>P1). A displacement experiment in each zone found that threat tended to reduce the probability of a displaced fish reaching home, but the two predator zones did not differ from one another in their effect on this probability. Hence, the prediction that predator activity over the full 24 h diel cycle would retard movement, P2<P1, was not supported with respect to homing. Because habitat and predator communities change predictably from headwater streams to larger rivers in many lotic ecosystems, we present a conceptual model for predicting fish movement behavior along this continuum. The model posits an important role for predation threat, and the size and spacing of refuge patches, suggesting that human alterations of these factors will affect the natural movement of fish in streams.
Videopulse bleeding in axially excited chiral sculptured thin films in the Bragg regime

The reflection and transmission of optical videopulses incident axially upon a slab of a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) is studied using a finite-difference simulation in the time domain. Videopulse bleeding is shown to occur when the handedness of the carrier plane wave matches the structural handedness of the chiral STF and the carrier wavelength lies in the Bragg regime.
Amphiphilic Polyanhydride Nanoparticles Stabilize Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen

Advancements toward an improved vaccine against Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, have focused on formulations composed of the protective antigen (PA) adsorbed to aluminum hydroxi...
Dementia: is it time for a change in focus?

Abstract One of Dr Leon Thal’s major contributions to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research was the network of clinical trials and his strong commitment to finding effective therapies for both the prevention and treatment of AD in the population. AD and dementia research has matured since the inception of the Alzheimer’s Disease Center program from a primary social service problem to clinical-pathologic correlates and better definition of disease to evaluation of measures of cognition, in vivo images of the brain, and then to measures of beta amyloid and tau in vivo and relationship to clinical dementia. Unfortunately, we still do not know the etiology of AD or the relationship to other brain abnormalities such as vascular disease and Lewy bodies. We also do not have good preventive or treatment strategies. Both are badly needed. The critical question is whether this field is ready for a major change in focus from primarily a descriptive science to analytical, longitudinal studies testing new research hypotheses that will lead to better preventive and treatment approaches.
PARTICLE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN SOME GROUND CERAMIC RAW MATERIALS

A study of the particle-size distribution in batch and continuous ground commercial flints and feldspars is discussed. A size-frequency law for batch-ground materials is proposed. The use of similar investigations in systematic modification of continuous grinding procedure is indicated.
A Survey of Radiographs Obtained at the Initial Dental Examination and Patient Selection Criteria for Bitewings at Recall

Three hundred and thirty-eight North Carolina dentists respond to questions about radiograph usage, radiograph preference, demographic data, and patient characteristics.
Why Sugeno λ-measures

To describe expert uncertainty, it is often useful to go beyond additive probability measures and use non-additive (fuzzy) measures. One of the most widely used classes of such measures is the class of Sugeno λ-measures. Their success is somewhat paradoxical, since from the purely mathematical viewpoint, these measures are - in some reasonable sense - equivalent to probability measures. In this paper, we explain this success by showing that while (1) mathematically, it is possible to reduce Sugeno measures to probability measures, but (2) from the computational viewpoint, using Sugeno measures is much more efficient. We also show that among all fuzzy measures which are equivalent to probability measures, Sugeno measures (and a slightly more general family of measures) are the only ones with this efficiency property.
Giving the Public a Voice in MEA Compliance Mechanisms

Only one multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) has experience with allowing the general public to trigger its compliance mechanism - the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. This paper will describe and evaluate the role that communications or complaints from the public play in the Aarhus Convention Compliance Mechanism. It will also examine some of the cases that have come before the Aarhus Compliance Committee in its first 5 years. Public participation can significantly increase the amount of activity under a compliance mechanism and the experience so far demonstrates that the public raises serious issues of compliance and implementation. However, the response of governments to date has been mixed, so that the degree of increased compliance that may occur from public complaints is still an open question. This paper was prepared to be a chapter in the book "Compliance and Enforcement in Environmental Law: Towards More Effective Implementation," IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Series, Edward Elgar, UK, 2011.
Generation of Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome Type 1 (HPS1) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by deficiencies in lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. The disorder is classified into nine different subtypes (HPS1-HPS9) based on genetic mutations in 9 unique genes. Here we describe the generation of an HPS1 iPSC line (CHOPHPS1) using a Cre-excisable polycistronic STEMCCA lentivirus. This line was derived from human fibroblasts isolated from a patient carrying a duplicative mutation in the HPS1 gene. The patient presented with oculocutaneous albinism, early pulmonary fibrosis, and hemorrhagic diathesis.
It's All in How You Think About It: Construal Level and the Iowa Gambling Task

Recent research has identified a number of factors that can influence performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) when it is used in clinical or research settings. The current studies examine the effects of construal level theory (CLT) on the IGT. Study 1 suggests that when primed with a high construal mindset (i.e., thinking abstractly vs. concretely), individuals learned to avoid Deck A more than those primed with a low construal mindset. Study 2 suggests that when construal level is manipulated through psychological distance (i.e., selecting for a close vs. distant friend), individuals in a high construal mindset instead showed a preference for Deck A compared to individuals in a low construal mindset or a control group. Taken together, these studies suggest that IGT performance is impacted by the manner in which one construes the task. Implications for decision making research and use of the IGT as a clinical and research instrument are discussed.
Dynamic Responses of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration to Global Temperature Changes between 1850 and 2010

Changes in Earth’s temperature have significant impacts on the global carbon cycle that vary at different time scales, yet to quantify such impacts with a simple scheme is traditionally deemed difficult. Here, we show that, by incorporating a temperature sensitivity parameter (1.64 ppm yr-1 °C-1) into a simple linear carbon-cycle model, we can accurately characterize the dynamic responses of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration to anthropogenic carbon emissions and global temperature changes between 1850 and 2010 (r2 > 0.96 and the root-mean-square error < 1 ppm for the period from 1960 onward). Analytical analysis also indicates that the multiplication of the parameter with the response time of the atmospheric carbon reservoir (~12 year) approximates the long-term temperature sensitivity of global atmospheric CO2 concentration (~15 ppm °C-1), generally consistent with previous estimates based on reconstructed CO2 and climate records over the Little Ice Age. Our results suggest that recent increases in global surface temperatures, which accelerate the release of carbon from the surface reservoirs into the atmosphere, have partially offset surface carbon uptakes enhanced by the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and slowed the net rate of atmospheric CO2 sequestration by global land and oceans by ~30% since the 1960s. The linear modeling framework outlined in this paper thus provides a useful tool to diagnose the observed atmospheric CO2 dynamics and monitor their future changes.
Enthalpies of Vaporization and Vapor Pressures of Some Deuterated Hydrocarbons. Liquid−Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects

Liquid−vapor pressures as a function of temperature and enthalpies of vaporization of a series of both liquid and solid hydrocarbons and their perdeuterated analogues have been determined by correlation−gas chromatography. The applicability of this technique is first demonstrated by reproducing the vapor pressure isotope effect of cyclohexane-d12 and benzene-d6. Other hydrocarbons studied include the perdeuterated forms of hexane, toluene, heptane, the p- and o-xylenes, naphthalene, biphenyl, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, hexamethylbenzene, p-terphenyl, perylene, and chrysene. Vapor pressures and vaporization enthalpies of unlabeled hexamethylbenzene and perylene are also reported. Inverse vapor pressure isotope effects of the liquid phase are observed for all the substances examined. Vaporization enthalpy differences between unlabeled and labeled hydrocarbons are small and generally slightly positive. Vapor pressure−temperature relationships are reported in the form of a third-order polynomial ...
A Paired Comparison Approach to Evaluating Interviewer Performance

Paired comparison analysis, as developed in psychometric work, is applied to the problem of statistical quality control of interviewing. Data from telephone interviewing are analyzed. Details are g...
PATTERN AND CHANCE IN THE STRUCTURE OF MODEL AND NATURAL COMMUNITIES.

Analyse de la taille du bec au sein de biocenoses de pinsons; des Galapagos revelant une tendance significative a l'ajustement de cette taille a la fois chez Geospiza et chez Camarhynchus
Extra pontine myelinolysis in a tetraplegic patient: case report.

Hyposmolar hyponatremia (serum sodium 25 mmol/l within 48 h) has been linked to Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM) and Extra Pontine Myelinolysis (EPM), usually along with other recognized predisposing factors. We report the first case of isolated Extra Pontine Myelinolysis in an SCI patient without any of the recognized predisposing factors, following correction of hyponatremia. The signs and symptoms of Extra Pontine Myelinolysis were not very remarkable in our patient because of prior spinal cord injury. The diagnosis was confirmed by the typical finding of myelinolysis in the basal ganglion region on MRI. Hyponatremia occurs frequently in the SCI patient population, thus placing them at increased risk for Extra Pontine Myelinolysis. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of watching for this entity during the management of hyponatremia in the SCI patient population and recommend the use of MRI scans to confirm the clinical diagnosis.
Capillaries in Heart and Skeletal Muscle of Dog and Rabbit.

SummaryThe capacity of the terminal vascular bed as an indicator of the capillary density in heart and skeletal muscles of the rabbit and the dog was investigated. Tissue samples were taken from two regions of the heart muscle (apex and septum) and from two different skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis). The capillary density in heart muscle was higher in the rabbit than in the dog. On the other hand, the capillary density of skeletal muscle was greater in the dog. All differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). Factors influencing capillary growth are discussed.
Abstract A33: CD38 and Nampt regulate tumor cell metabolism through modulation of NAD+

In order to maintain high rates of proliferation, tumor cells must alter their metabolic machinery in favor of increased macromolecule synthesis and energy production. A key factor in tumor cell metabolism is Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD+. NAD+ is used as a cofactor for catabolic reactions (NAD(H)), or after conversion to NADP(H), for anabolic reactions. In addition, NAD+ is utilized as part of the catalytic mechanism for several classes of enzymes including the sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. Given the juxtaposition of NAD+ to cell metabolism and other critical cellular process we hypothesize a balance between synthesis and consumption of NAD+ is a primary metabolic determinant in cancer. In prostate cancer, the primary pathway by which NAD+ is synthesized is via the salvage pathway, which recycles nicotinamide into Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) via the rate-limiting enzyme Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). We determined the metabolic consequences of Nampt blockade in prostate cancer and glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines using the pharmacological inhibitor FK866. As expected, treatment with FK866 decreases the levels of NAD+/NADP+ and the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide. In relation to glycolysis, there were increases in metabolites upstream of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which requires NAD+ as a cofactor. Specifically, glucose is increased 1.6 fold in PC3 cells (p≤0.05), glucose-6-phosphate is decreased 1.7 fold SNB19s (p≤0.05), and both lines have decreased fructose-1-phosphate levels between 6 and11 fold (p≤0.05), respectively. To compliment these changes we measured the effects of Nampt inhibition on glycolysis in real time using a Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer. Nampt inhibition lowers basal glycolysis 40% (p Citation Format: Jeffrey P. Chmielewski, Frances Wheeler, Scott Cramer, Shi Lihong, Joseph Sirintrapun, Steven J. Kridel. CD38 and Nampt regulate tumor cell metabolism through modulation of NAD+. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A33.
Changing the Place of Teacher Education: Feminism, Fear, and Pedagogical Paradoxes

In this article, Stephanie Jones and Hilary E. Hughes suggest that particular discursive lessons are readily available in justice-oriented teacher education which might influence a pedagogy that crowds out responsiveness, the experience of the student, and the role of gender and feminism in teacher education. They contend that changing the place of teacher education to include unpredictable community settings requires pedagogical responses that defy predictable storylines and ready-made discursive lessons common in teacher education. The lessons learned contribute to justice-oriented teacher education and an emerging trend for including community-based experiences in teacher education, and highlight the importance of feminist storylines for the incommensurability of misogyny and racism for teacher education.
High-dose hypofractionated radiotherapy is effective and safe for tumors in the head-and-neck

Objectives High-dose, hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) is sometimes used to treat malignancy in the head-and-neck (HN), both in the curative and palliative setting. Its safety and efficacy have been reported in small studies and are still controversial.
Qualitative examination of enacted stigma towards gay and bisexual men and related health outcomes in Tajikistan, Central Asia.

ABSTRACTGay and bisexual men (GBM) in Tajikistan are an extremely stigmatised group at high risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV. However, there is a paucity of research on how and in what way stigma affects their lives. We conducted a qualitative study to examine the impact of stigma on GBM’s lives in Tajikistan, focusing on stigma enactors, settings, factors affecting vulnerability of GBM and health consequences. Eight individual in-depth interviews and 3 focus-group discussions with 13 participants (N = 21) from GBM community were conducted in two cities of Tajikistan. Results reveal that police frequently engage in blackmail and perpetrate sexual and physical violence against GBM. Service providers often discriminate against GBM limiting their access to health and legal services. Exposure to stigma results in chronic stress affecting mental health of GBM. Fear of disclosure, low social cohesion, absence of prominent opinion leaders and activists reduce resilience of GBM community to stigm...
Salt and water balance in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis

Adult desert iguanas were either injected IM with aldosterone or lizard physiological saline (Ringers). These pairs according to group were left intact, adrenalectomized, or sham-adrenalectomized. Some groups of operated lizards were loaded IP with either NaCl or KCl. Aldosterone markedly reduced sodium output by the nasal salt gland during these experiments whereas Ringers did not. Nasal and urine K output of those lizards treated with aldosterone did not differ from that of their respective controls. The K/Na ratio of both the nasal fluid and urine increased only in the aldosterone treated lizards. The effect of aldosterone on the wet weight, dry weight, or proportion of water in the urine, or on precise changes of sodium and potassium levels therein was obscured by the complex traumatic effects of experimentation on the formation and voiding of urine.
“But a champion comes out much, much later”: A sport development case study of the 1968 U.S. Olympic team

Abstract Increasing attention has been given to the effective development of elite athletes. In this inquiry, the authors used a historical case study to ascertain the ways elite athletes were developed in a different era of sport in the United States. Using the attraction, retention, and transition frameworks, the factors that fostered the development of athletes from the 1968 Summer Olympics were drawn out through oral history interviews. In total, interviews with 59 U.S. Olympians were conducted. The results reveal how the athletes experienced supportive recruitment and retention environments, were able to manage the difficulty of developing elite talent, and encountered both challenges and opportunities transitioning through and out of elite sport. This analysis demonstrates how sport development principles are diverse in their temporal relevance and reinforce the practical implications meant to serve the modern athlete. Further, at least some sport development principles could remain constant regardless of how context and elite athlete experiences evolve in the future.
Light output response of EJ-309 liquid organic scintillator to 2.86–3.95 MeV carbon recoil ions due to neutron elastic and inelastic scatter

Abstract We present the first measurements of energy-dependent light output from carbon recoils in the liquid organic scintillator EJ-309. For this measurement, neutrons were produced by an associated particle deuterium–tritium generator and scattered by a volume of EJ-309 scintillator into stop detectors positioned at four fixed angles. Carbon recoils in the scintillator were isolated using triple coincidence among the associated particle detector , scatter detector, and stop detectors. The kinematics of elastic and inelastic scatter allowed data collection at eight specific carbon recoil energies between 2.86 and 3.95 MeV. We found the light output caused by carbon recoils in this energy range to be approximately 1.14% of that caused by electrons of the same energy, which is comparable to the values reported for other liquid organic scintillators. A comparison of the number of scattered neutrons at each angle to a Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended simulation indicates that the ENDF/B-VII.1 evaluation of differential cross sections for 14.1 MeV neutrons on carbon has discrepancies with the experiment as large as 55%, whereas those reported in the JENDL-4.0u evaluation agree with experiment.