cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Submarine Groundwater Discharge

The flow of groundwater from land to the sea is a major component of the hydrological cycle. This flow, called submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), consists of continental meteoric water mixed with seawater that has infiltrated the aquifer. The composition of this mixture is usually different from that predicted by simple mixing because biogeochemical reactions in the aquifer modify the fluid chemistry. To emphasize the importance of mixing and chemical reaction in these coastal aquifers, they are often called subterranean estuaries. Geochemical studies within subterranean estuaries preceded studies that attempt to integrate the effect of these systems on the coastal ocean. This mixing zone has long been recognized as an important site of carbonate diagenesis and possibly dolomite formation. Biologists have likewise recognized that terrestrial inputs of nutrients to the coastal ocean may occur through subterranean processes. Further evidence of SGD comes from the distribution of chemical tracers in the coastal ocean. These tracers originate within coastal aquifers and reach the ocean as surface and subterranean systems exchange fluids. Exchange between the subterranean estuary and the ocean may be quantified by measuring the tracer distribution in the coastal ocean. These studies have revealed that SGD provides important fluxes of nutrients, carbon, and metals to coastal waters.
Salt diapir downbuilding: Fast analytical models based on rates of salt supply and sedimentation

Abstract Salt diapir shapes are influenced by the rate of salt supply into the base of the diapir, the rate of sedimentation, regional slope, local deformation around the salt body, and regional deformation. Prior graphical solutions to this complex problem consider only the salt supply and sediment aggradation rate; but there are major problems with these existing plots. Precise computation of diapir shapes using a new, fast analytical approach reveals that the shapes shown in previous publications were incorrect. “Rise rate”, a proxy used for salt supply in previous models, was inconsistently defined. The fundamental controlling factors used in this study to predict salt diapir shapes are the volumetric rate of salt supply to the base of the diapir, and the rate of sediment aggradation. These are combined to create predictive charts of salt shapes for both radial and linear geometries. We discuss the strengths and limitations intrinsic to our fast analytical models, suggesting geological conditions where they may be appropriate. Simple downbuilding models may not be directly applicable to geological settings that involve subsequent deformation of the sediments or of the salt body. However, the modified salt downbuilding concept as elaborated in our study can explain many real-world situations where the salt body flares or tapers upwards.
Tunnel junction enhanced nanowire ultraviolet light emitting diodes

Polarization engineered interband tunnel junctions (TJs) are integrated in nanowire ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs). A ∼6 V reduction in turn-on voltage is achieved by the integration of tunnel junction at the base of polarization doped nanowire UV LEDs. Moreover, efficient hole injection into the nanowire LEDs leads to suppressed efficiency droop in TJ integrated nanowire LEDs. The combination of both reduced bias voltage and increased hole injection increases the wall plug efficiency in these devices. More than 100 μW of UV emission at ∼310 nm is measured with external quantum efficiency in the range of 4–6 m%. The realization of tunnel junction within the nanowire LEDs opens a pathway towards the monolithic integration of cascaded multi-junction nanowire LEDs on silicon.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with a dismal overall survival of approximately 25% at 5 years. Recent advancements have led to increased understanding of the disease biology. Identification of molecular markers for disease monitoring and prognostication, along with targeted therapies in select populations, is translating into improved patient outcomes.
National Prevalence Rates of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among Adults With and Without Depression.

ABSTRACT Using the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study examined the US national prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) among four demographic adult groups (race-sex, age, education, and marital status) with and without major depressive episode (MDE). The highest prevalence rates of SI for those with and without MDE occurred among adults 18 to 25 years, with some college education, White females and males, and unmarried and never been married. Among the same demographic groups, proportions of SA were also the highest for those with MDE. A Pearson chi-square test confirmed significant associations between MDE and SI and between MDE and SA. The model fit results showed that the four variables were significant predictors of SI and SA (p < 0.05). Serious mental health needs are unmet, especially among adults with depression. Population-based clinical interventions are needed to reduce rates of depression, SI, and SA.
Assessing Gas Leakage Potential into Coal Mines from Shale Gas Well Failures: Inference from Field Determination of Strata Permeability Responses to Longwall-Induced Deformations

This paper summarizes the changes in permeability at three boreholes located above an abutment pillar at a longwall coal mine in southwestern Pennsylvania. The motivation of this study was to better characterize the potential interaction between shale gas wells and the mine environment, through measurement of permeability changes in the coal mine overburden caused by mining-induced deformations. Measuring permeability changes around boreholes affected by longwall mining is an effective method to indicate changes in the fracture network above longwall abutment pillars and estimate the capacity for gas flow from shale gas wells to the mine environment. This study measured permeability through falling-head slug tests at different longwall face positions during the mining of two longwall panels on either side of the test abutment pillar where the test boreholes were located. Three test boreholes were drilled to different depths above the active mining level, and they had screened intervals to evaluate the response of different stratigraphic zones to mining-induced stresses. The results showed that the permeability around the slotted intervals of each borehole increased pre-mining to post-mining, and the permeability increased from mining of the first longwall panel to mining of the second one, adjacent to the pillar.
Historical land use has long-term effects on microbial community assembly processes in forest soils

Land use change has long-term effects on the structure of soil microbial communities, but the specific community assembly processes underlying these effects have not been identified. To investigate effects of historical land use on microbial community assembly, we sampled soils from several currently forested watersheds representing different historical land management regimes (e.g., undisturbed reference, logged, converted to agriculture). We characterized bacterial and fungal communities using amplicon sequencing and used a null model approach to quantify the relative importance of selection, dispersal, and drift processes on bacterial and fungal community assembly. We found that bacterial communities were structured by both selection and neutral (i.e., dispersal and drift) processes, while fungal communities were structured primarily by neutral processes. For both bacterial and fungal communities, selection was more important in historically disturbed soils compared with adjacent undisturbed sites, while dispersal processes were more important in undisturbed soils. Variation partitioning identified the drivers of selection to be changes in vegetation communities and soil properties (i.e., soil N availability) that occur following forest disturbance. Overall, this study casts new light on the effects of historical land use on soil microbial communities by identifying specific environmental factors that drive changes in community assembly.
Assessment and Referral for Treatment of Patients at Risk for Suicide in the Emergency Department

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the Suicide Severity Screen tool's ability to identify patients who present to the Emergency Department (ED) with non suicide related illness who might be at risk for suicide. The secondary purpose was to assess whether the patient followed up with the referral services after being discharged from the ED. Methods A convenience sample of patients who presented to the ED with non suicide related illness were given the Suicide Severity Rating Screen, a validated tool to measure suicidality and given a referral of services. The patient was contacted two weeks afterwards to determine if they contacted any of these services. Results A total of 311 patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty one percent of patients tested positive for at least one module: suicidal ideation, intent, or plan, and three percent tested positive for entire survey. Of the three that tested positive for the entire survey, all presented with psychiatric related illnesses. There was a significant relationship between the patient's disposition and whether they tested positive to the survey (F=14.096, sig=.000). Initial follow-up on use of referral services had a 50% success rate. Conclusion The Suicide Severity Screen identified patients who presented to the ED with non suicide related illnesses who were at risk for suicide. Almost half of those patients were found to be successful in accessing the referral service given to them.
Tritiated digoxin: XVII. Excretion and turnover times in normal donors before and after nephrectomy and in the paired recipient of the kidney after transplantation

Abstract Twenty-one tritiated digoxin turnover studies were performed in 14 subjects: 2 studies each in 7 donors, before and after unilateral nephrectomy; 1 study each in 7 recipients of the kidney after transplantation. All donors and recipients were closely related. Digoxin excretion and metabolic turnover were not significantly impaired after nephrectomy in normal donors, and combined ability of paired kidneys in different subjects was superior to the original functional excretory capacity of donors. Rejection was not a problem at the time of these studies. All recipients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Further evidence is provided that the renal functional capacity as determined by creatinine clearance or blood urea nitrogen is of assistance in estimating digoxin dosage in the usual patient with congestive heart failure as well as the patient with impaired renal digoxin excretion.
Properties of a Maize Glutathione S-Transferase That Conjugates Coumaric Acid and Other Phenylpropanoids

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme from corn (Zea mays L. Pioneer hybrid 3906) that is active with p-coumaric acid and other unsaturated phenylpropanoids was purified approximately 97-fold and characterized. The native enzyme appeared to be a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 30 kD and an apparent isoelectric point at pH 5.2. The enzyme had a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.0 and apparent Km values of 4.4 and 1.9 mM for reduced glutathione (GSH) and p-coumaric acid, respectively. In addition to p-coumaric acid, the enzyme was also active with o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and coniferyl alcohol. In addition to GSH, the enzyme could also utilize cysteine as a sulfhydryl source. The enzyme activity measured when GSH and trans-cinnamic acid were used as substrates was enhanced 2.6- and 5.2-fold by the addition of 50 [mu]M p-coumaric acid and 7-hydroxycoumarin, respectively. 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the conjugate revealed that the enzyme catalyzed the addition of GSH to the olefinic double bond of p-coumaric acid. Based on the high activity and the substrate specificity of this enzyme, it is possible that this enzyme may be involved in the in vivo conjugation of a number of unsaturated phenylpropanoids.
Protozoan Nutrition and Metabolism

Protozoa are found in almost every type of moist habitat, a range that encompasses salt and fresh waters, soil, host organisms and environments with extremes in temperature. Their success is due in part to the ability of different protozoa to use diverse and often changing nutritional sources. Keywords: culture; endocytosis; pinocytosis; phagocytosis; protozoa
Life cycle greenhouse gas, energy, and water assessment of wine grape production in California

This study assesses life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use, and freshwater use in wine grape production across common vineyard management scenarios in two representative growing regions (Napa and Lodi) of the US state of California. California hosts 90 % of US grape growing area, and demand for GHG emissions estimates of crops has increased due to consumer interest and policies such as California’s Global Warming Solutions Act. The study’s scope includes the annual cycle for wine grape production, beginning at raw material extraction for production of vineyard inputs and ending at delivery of wine grapes to the winery gate, and excludes capital infrastructure. Two hundred forty production scenarios were modeled based on data collected from land owners, vineyard managers, and third-party vineyard management companies. Thirty additional in-person interviews with growers throughout Napa and Lodi were also conducted to identify the diversity of farming practices, site characteristics, and yields (among other factors) across 90 vineyards. These vineyards represent a cross-section of the regional variability in soil, climate, and landscape used for wine grape production. Energy use and global warming potential (GWP) per metric ton (t) across all 240 production scenarios range between 1669 and 8567 MJ and 87 and 548 kg CO2e. Twelve scenarios were selected for closer inspection to facilitate comparison of the two regions and grower practices. Comparison by region shows energy use, GWP, and water use for typical practices were more than twice as great in Napa (6529 MJ/t, 456 kg CO2e/t, and 265 m3 H2O/t) than Lodi (2759 MJ/t, 203 kg CO2e/t, and 141 m3 H2O/t), but approximately 16 % greater on a per hectare basis. Hand harvest (versus mechanical harvesting) and frost protection processes in Napa contributed to higher values per hectare, and lower yields in Napa account for the even larger difference per metric ton. Hand harvesting and lower yields reflect the higher value of Napa wine grapes. The findings underscore the regional distinctions in wine grape production, which include different management goals, soils, and climate. When vineyards are managed for lower yields, as they are in Napa, energy, water, and GWP will likely be higher on a per mass basis. Strategies to reduce emissions in these regions cannot rely on increasing yields (a common approach), and alternative strategies are required, for example developing high-value co-products.
The Role of Payoffs and Signal Ratios in Criterion Changes during a Monitoring Task

Forty-eight subjects detected a long-duration (1.7 or 1.3 sec.) change in brightness (from a 5 ft.-l. standard to a 4 ft.-l. level) of an electroluminescent panel during a 60-min. monitoring session. Signal/nonsignal ratios (1/9 or 1/1) and payoffs (lax, neutral, or strict) were combined factorially in a between-subject design. Signal ratios affected both the percent of signal detections and the percent of false-alarm errors. When subjects monitored under the lower signal ratios, a decrease in percent of signal detections occurred over time. Payoffs affected only the percent of false alarms in the higher signal rate conditions. Signal detection theory analyses resulted in a slight decrease in d' and a marked increase in β during the watch period. The change in β was due primarily to the lower signal ratio conditions. Payoffs had no effect on subsequent β change. It was concluded that signal ratios rather than payoffs play the major role in determining decision performance in simple visual monitoring tasks.
The awakening of the sleeping giant? An examination of the role of Ethnicity in the 2006 immigrant rights protests

Since the 1960s many have referred to the Latino community in the U.S. as a “Sleeping Giant.” Recent events including the 2012 presidential election demonstrate that Hispanics are engaged in social...
What we know and what we need to know about the role of endogenous CCK in psychostimulant sensitization

The unique distribution of CCK and its receptors and its co-localization with dopamine makes it ideally situated to pay a role in dopamine-mediated reward and psychostimulant sensitization. A number of studies support the hypothesis that CCK acting through the CCK 1 and CCK 2 receptors is an endogenous modulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Behavioral studies with CCK antagonists and CCK 1 receptor mutant rats support a role for endogenous CCK in behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. CCK microdialysis studies in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) have demonstrated that extracellular CCK is increased in the NAC by psychostimulants, providing neurochemical evidence that CCK could be involved in the behavioral response to psychostimulants. A model for how CCK may be acting in multiple brain regions to foster sensitization is presented and the gaps in our knowledge about the role of CCK in psychostimulant sensitization are described.
Improved, selective, human intestinal carboxylesterase inhibitors designed to modulate 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (irinotecan; CPT-11) toxicity

CPT-11 is an antitumor prodrug that is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases (CE) to yield SN-38, a potent topoisomerase I poison. However, the dose limiting toxicity delays diarrhea that is thought to arise, in part, from activation of the prodrug by a human intestinal CE (hiCE). Therefore, we have sought to identify selective inhibitors of hiCE that may have utility in modulating drug toxicity. We have evaluated one such class of molecules (benzene sulfonamides) and developed QSAR models for inhibition of this protein. Using these predictive models, we have synthesized a panel of fluorene analogues that are selective for hiCE, demonstrating no cross reactivity to the human liver CE, hCE1, or toward human cholinesterases, and have K(i) values as low as 14 nM. These compounds prevented hiCE-mediated hydrolysis of the drug and the potency of enzyme inhibition correlated with the clogP of the molecules. These studies will allow the development and application of hiCE-specific inhibitors designed to selectively modulate drug hydrolysis in vivo.
ANOMIE, SOLIDARITY, AND CONFLICT: French Sociology and the Limits of Dialogue

seeks to answer these questions in his intriguing recent study of the sociological tradition. He contends that sociology has been divided from the start along national lines, yet continues to progress towards harmony thanks to the "dialogical" commitments of the various national traditions. I argue that Levine misjudges the character and depth of past and present rifts, and that he overestimates the likelihood of future disciplinary unity. Dialogue is singularly appropriate for the consideration of Donald N. Levine's Visions of the Sociological Tradition (1995) since Levine focuses, with an insistence that is almost unique in the tradition, on the healing powers of dialogue. Levine's premise is that international sociology, which a generation ago bordered on disciplinary unity, is now deeply fractured. His goal is to find an "antidote" for this fragmentation-to forge a new moral and intellectual solidarity among sociologists. He hopes to achieve this by means of a new form of dialogue. To demonstrate the potential of a properly dialogical method, Levine offers a new account of the sociological heritage in which the history of the many contending schools of thought is portrayed as a long and fruitful (albeit hitherto unacknowledged) dialogue. Levine urges us to recognize the dialogical quality of the sociological past and to selfconsciously embrace a dialogical ethic for the future. In this essay, my assignment is to consider the place of "the French tradition" in Levine's reading of the sociological tradition. This too is singularly apropos, not only because Levine is keenly interested in French thinkers (Durkheim above all), but also because he frames his argument in distinctly Durkheimian terms:
Optical processing through turbulent media

Experiments investigating the possibility of optical processing through turbulent media were performed. A liquid crystal television (LCTV) operating in a phase-mostly mode was utilized to simulate turbulence. A phase-switching interferometric technique for removing the phase distortion created by the turbulence was also investigated.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Familial neurofibromatosis and juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia

Two male children with familial neurofibromatosis were observed to develop juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia. These two cases add to previous reports which have described an increased incidence of non-lymphocytic leukemia in patients with neurofibromatosis. In particular, the rare entity juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia would appear to be the form of non-lymphocytic leukemia that has a definite association with familial neurofibromatosis.
Measurement of oxygen chemical potential in Gd2O3-doped ceria-Y2O3-stabilized zirconia bi-layer electrolyte, anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) were fabricated with gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC)–yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), thin bi-layer electrolytes supported on Ni + YSZ anodes. The GDC and YSZ layer thicknesses were 45 μm, and ∼5 μm, respectively. Two types of cells were made; YSZ layer between anode and GDC (GDC/YSZ) and YSZ layer between cathode and GDC (YSZ/GDC). Two platinum reference electrodes were embedded within the GDC layer. Cells were tested at 650 °C with hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant. Electric potentials between embedded reference electrodes and anode and between cathode and anode were measured at open circuit, short circuit and under load. The electric potential was nearly constant through GDC in the cathode/YSZ/GDC/anode cells. By contrast, it varied monotonically through GDC in the cathode/GDC/YSZ/anode cells. Estimates of oxygen chemical potential, μ O 2 , variation through GDC were made. μ O 2 within the GDC layer in the cathode/GDC/YSZ/anode cell decreased as the current was increased. By contrast, μ O 2 within the GDC layer in the cathode/YSZ/GDC/anode cell increased as the current was increased. The cathode/YSZ/GDC/anode cell exhibited maximum power density of ∼0.52 W cm−2 at 650 °C while the cathode/GDC/YSZ/anode cell exhibited maximum power density of ∼0.14 W cm−2 for the same total electrolyte thickness.
Revisiting the Negative Therapeutic Reaction: An Example of Comparative Psychoanalysis

This article offers a method for comparative psychoanalysis. The author maintains that progress is psychoanalysis is best assured when the various psychoanalytic theories currently in use in our pluralistic psychoanalytic world are examined with the help of carefully reported clinical material. The article offers three clinical episodes in which two different explanations are possible: the negative therapeutic reaction in contrast to the disruption of a selfobject transference.
Evaluation of Cutrine for Use in Fish Culture

Abstract Laboratory and field tests were conducted with Cutrine, a chelated copper algicide registered for use in fish hatcheries. The 96-h LC50 for fingerling largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was found to be 70 µL/L Cutrine (6.4 mg/L Cu) at 21.1°C and 2.3 µL/L (0.21 mg/L Cu) for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) at 18.3°C. When Cutrine was applied at a rate of 2.3 µL/L (0.75 gal/A-ft) to half of a rearing pond for fathead minnows, the amount of filamentous algae was substantially reduced. Caged largemouth bass and fathead minnows showed less than 10% mortality in the treated area of the pond.
Coordination chemistry of the soft chiral Lewis acid [Cp*Ir(TsDPEN)]+.

The paper surveys the binding of anions to the unsaturated 16e Lewis acid [Cp*Ir(TsDPEN)]+ ([1H]+), where TsDPEN is racemic H2NCHPhCHPhNTs–. The derivatives Cp*IrX(TsDPEN) were characterized crystallographically for X– = CN–, Me(C═NH)S–, NO2–, 2-pyridonate, and 0.5 MoS42–. [(1H)2(μ-CN)]+ forms from [1H]+ and 1H(CN). Aside from 2-pyridone, amides generally add reversibly and bind to Ir through N. Thioacetamide binds irreversibly through sulfur. Compounds of the type Cp*IrX(TsDPEN) generally form diastereoselectively, although diastereomeric products were observed for the strong ligands (X = CN–, H– (introduced via BH4–), or Me(C═NH)S–). Related experiments on the reaction (p-cymene)Ru(TsDPEN-H) + BH4– gave two diastereomers of (p-cymene)RuH(TsDPEN), the known hydrogenation catalyst and a second isomer that hydrogenated acetophenone more slowly. These experiment provide new insights into the enantioselectivity of these catalysts. Diastereomerization in all cases was first order in metal with modest solvent ...
Bovine Reproductive Emergencies

Reproductive emergencies of cattle usually present as primary reproductive problems threatening the life or future reproductive performance of the patient or the calf. Diseases of other body systems that are potentially fatal or that seriously jeopardize future reproduction may require immediate action to preserve the genetic potential of valuable animals. External factors such as the value of the animal, client attitudes and perceptions, and the desire to minimize pain and suffering also influence treatment decisions. This article focuses on clinical conditions of sexually intact cattle that should generally be treated as emergencies. Emphasis is on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures specific to the genital system, understanding that a thorough history and complete physical examination should be conducted whenever possible.
Passive Smoking Impairs Histone Deacetylase-2 in Children With Severe Asthma

Background Parental smoking is known to worsen asthma symptoms in children and to make them refractory to asthma treatment, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Oxidative stress from tobacco smoke has been reported to impair histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) via phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation and, thus, to reduce corticosteroid sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate passive smoking-dependent molecular abnormalities in alveolar macrophages (AMs) by comparing passive smoke-exposed children and non-passive smoke-exposed children with uncontrolled severe asthma. Methods BAL fluid (BALF) was obtained from 19 children with uncontrolled severe asthma (10 non-passive smoking-exposed subjects and nine passive smoking-exposed subjects), and HDAC2 expression/activity, Akt/HDAC2 phosphorylation levels, and corticosteroid responsiveness in AMs were evaluated. Results Parental smoking reduced HDAC2 protein expression by 54% and activity by 47%, with concomitant enhancement of phosphorylation of Akt1 and HDAC2. In addition, phosphorylation levels of Akt1 correlated positively with HDAC2 phosphorylation levels and negatively with HDAC2 activity. Furthermore, passive smoke exposure reduced the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced CXCL8 release in AMs. There were relatively higher neutrophil counts and CXCL8 concentrations in BALF and lower Asthma Control Test scores compared with non-passive smoke-exposed children with uncontrolled severe asthma. Conclusions Passive smoking impairs HDAC2 function via PI3K signaling activation, which could contribute to corticosteroid-insensitive inflammation in children with severe asthma. This novel mechanism will be a treatment target in children with severe asthma and stresses the need for a smoke-free environment for asthmatic children.
Generalized two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectral depth-profiling analysis

This paper reports the first application of a generalized two-dimensional (G2D) correlation method in photoacoustic spectral depthprofiling analysis of laminate/heterogeneous samples. In this method, photoacoustic magnitude spectra at different modulation frequencies are used to generate two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectra. The relative spatial origins of correlated signals are then determined from the signs of the corresponding contours. The unique features and advantages of this technique over previously reported depth-profiling methods are demonstrated and discussed. These include simplification of step-scan photoacoustic phase-modulation experiments as well as 2D correlation-analysis rules, avoidance of phase-related negative-band ambiguities, and enhancement of both spectral and depth resolutions, etc. The recently developed software-based digital signal-processing (DSP) technique for stepscan photoacoustic measurements offers an efficient means (sampling-depth multiplexing advantage) to collect within a single scan all necessary data for this type of 2D correlation analysis.
Measuring clustering differences among categories in the same list

A method is presented for analysis of clustering differences among categories in the same list. This allows category characteristics to be varied within Ss by using mixed lists, whereas previously only homogeneous lists could be employed.
Validation of an invariant embedding method for Fredholm integral equations

The invariant embedding equations for nonlinear Fredholm integral equations are shown to provide solutions of the original integral equation. This validation is obtained under conditions which assure unique solutions of the embedding equations.
Using error abstraction and classification to improve requirement quality: conclusions from a family of four empirical studies

Achieving high software quality is a primary concern for software development organizations. Researchers have developed many quality improvement methods that help developers detect faults early in the lifecycle. To address some of the limitations of fault-based quality improvement approaches, this paper describes an approach based on errors (i.e. the sources of the faults). This research extends Lanubile et al.'s, error abstraction process by providing a formal requirement error taxonomy to help developers identify both faults and errors. The taxonomy was derived from the software engineering and psychology literature. The error abstraction and classification process and the requirement error taxonomy are validated using a family of four empirical studies. The main conclusions derived from the four studies are: (1) the error abstraction and classification process is an effective approach for identifying faults; (2) the requirement error taxonomy is useful addition to the error abstraction process; and (3) deriving requirement errors from cognitive psychology research is useful.
Thrombocytopenia, a prelymphoid leukaemic sign in AKR mice.

ELECTRON microscopy has revealed that the “C”-type viral particles of the murine and feline leukaemias are characteristically present in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes and platelets1–4. In mice thrombocytopenia can be used in dose response curves to titre both Friend and Rauscher viruses5,6. The thrombocytopenia that occurs after Rauscher virus infection is biphasic. The initial dose dependent thrombocytopenia develops within 48 h of infection and reaches its nadir 2 weeks later. At this time the bone marrow is hypercellular with megakaryocytic hyperplasia and there is no infiltration by leukaemic cells. Within 4–6 weeks in the surviving mice spontaneous recovery occurs, but 10–24 weeks after infection thrombocytopenia again develops, then associated with lymphocytosis in the peripheral blood, leukaemic cell infiltration of the bone marrow, and reduced numbers of megakaryocytes7.
Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication effectively relieves symptoms in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux

The utility of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms remains controversial. We hypothesized that a carefully selected population with these symptoms would benefit from antireflux surgery. Sixty-one consecutive patients have undergone antireflux surgery for laryngopharyngeal reflux at a single institution. Preoperative evaluation including upper endoscopy, laryngoscopy, and 24-h ambulatory pharyngeal pH probe monitoring confirmed the diagnosis. Patients completed two validated symptom assessment instruments preoperatively and at multiple time points postoperatively. Patients were followed for up to 3 years with a mean follow-up of 15.2 months. A significant improvement in reflux symptom index score (preoperative = 31.5 ± 7.4 vs 3 years = 12.4 ± 10.9, p < 0.01), laryngopharyngeal reflux health-related quality of life overall score (preoperative = 55.0 ± 26.0 vs 3 years = 11.3 ± 13.9, p < 0.01), and symptom domain scores (voice, cough, throat clearing, and swallowing) occured within 1 month of surgery and remained improved over the course ofthe study. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is effective in relieving the symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux in a carefully selected patient population. Benefits are seen within 1 month of surgery and persist for at least 3 years.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate pain and itch

Somatosensory neurons mediate our sense of touch. They are critically involved in transducing pain and itch sensations under physiological and pathological conditions, along with other skin-resident cells. Tissue damage and inflammation can produce a localized or systemic sensitization of our senses of pain and itch, which can facilitate our detection of threats in the environment. Although acute pain and itch protect us from further damage, persistent pain and itch are debilitating. Recent exciting discoveries have significantly advanced our knowledge of the roles of membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels in the encoding of information leading to pain and itch sensations. This review focuses on molecular and cellular events that are important in early stages of the biological processing that culminates in our senses of pain and itch.
A bibliography of fishes

THE time is ripe—and has, indeed, long been ripe—for the publication of a carefully prepared bibliography of fishes, to cover the entire range of the subject: fishes fossil as well as living, and fishes from many points of view, such as anatomy, physiology, embryology, pathology, parasitology, distribution, taxonomy, everything, in short, excepting matters which deal with clerical details of the fisheries. Such a compilation, it is clear, means much for this branch of zoology, for the literature of the fishes is vast, widely scattered, and ill-digested. In fact, I believe that there is scarcely an investigator to-day who has not been obliged; needlessly, to give weeks or months of his time to searching for references.
602 THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL CARE UPON BIRTH WEIGHT SPECIFIC OUTCOME

It is generally accepted that variations in birth weight-specific mortality rates (BWSMR) are closely related to the nature and quality of medical care provided the neonate once born. However, the effect of prenatal care on BWSMR has not been well explored. We studied linked birth/neonatal death vital statistics files for the City of Boston for the years 1975–79. Logistic models were used to assess the influence of prenatal care adjusting for race, gestational age, maternal age, education, and family income. For the 329 deaths and 68,842 births analyzed, prenatal care was significantly related to overall neonatal survival (p < .001). However, its effect upon BWSMR was not uniformly significant: The data suggest that prenatal care does not greatly influence BWSMR at low birth weights. However, the adequacy of prenatal care services appears to strongly affect survival at birth weights above 2500g. Alterations in access to prenatal care could therefore influence both the distribution of low birth weight (LBW) births and the BWSMR of non-LBW neonates.
Radiation pretreatment does not protect the rat optic nerve from elevated intraocular pressure-induced injury.

PURPOSE Optic nerve injury has been found to be dramatically reduced in a genetic mouse glaucoma model following exposure to sublethal, head-only irradiation. In this study, the same radiation treatment was used prior to experimental induction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to determine if radiation is neuroprotective in another glaucoma model. METHODS Episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline was used to elevate IOP unilaterally in two groups of rats: (1) otherwise untreated and (2) radiation pretreated, n > 25/group. Intraocular pressure histories were collected for 5 weeks, when optic nerves were prepared and graded for injury. Statistical analyses were used to compare IOP history and nerve injury. The density of microglia and macrophages in two nerve head regions was determined by Iba1 immunolabeling. RESULTS Mean and peak IOP elevations were not different between the two glaucoma model groups. Mean optic nerve injury grades were not different in glaucoma model optic nerves and were equivalent to approximately 35% of axons degenerating. Nerves selected for lower mean or peak IOP elevations did not differ in optic nerve injury. Similarly, nerves selected for lower injury grade did not differ in IOP exposure. By multiple regression modeling, nerve injury grade was most significantly associated with mean IOP (P < 0.002). There was no significant effect of radiation treatment. Iba1+ cell density was not altered by radiation treatment. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous observations in a mouse genetic glaucoma model, head-only irradiation offers the adult rat optic nerve no protection from optic nerve degeneration due to chronic, experimentally induced IOP elevation.
Hemorrhagic infarct conversion in experimental stroke.

Study objective: This study investigated the relations between hemorrhagic infarction and occlusion, release, levels of glycemia, brain energy state, and lactate content after cerebrovascular occlusion. Design: Prospective, controlled laboratory investigation. Type of participants: One hundred six pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Interventions: The middle cerebral artery was occluded with a Yasargil clip transorbitally either temporarily (0.5, four, and eight hours) or permanently. Normoglycemic and hyperglycemic animals were closely monitored for eight hours. Brain pathology was assessed after two weeks' survival or at the time of spontaneous animal death. Topographic brain metabolite studies were carried out after four hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Measurements and main results: Morphometric quantitation of cerebral hemorrhage and infarction and fluorometric determinations of blood and brain tissue, glucose, glycogen, lactate, adenosine triphosphate, and phosphocreatine from 16 topographic brain sites were carried out. Twenty-one of 82 (25.6%) animals evaluated neuropathologically showed hemorrhagic infarcts. Occluding the artery in hyperglycemic animals caused fivefold more frequent and 25-fold more extensive hemorrhage into infarcts than in normoglycemic animals. Temporary occlusion with clip release after four hours in hyperglycemic animals caused the most extensive hemorrhage into infarcts. Most hemorrhages into infarcts (81%) took place in animals that died within a few hours after they experienced ischemia and that showed infarction and marked edema of the entire middle cerebral artery territory. Linear regression analyses demonstrated a close relation between hemorrhage into infarcts and near-total energy depletion (adenosine triphosphate, less than 0.3 μM/g; phosphocreatine, less than 0.5 μM/g) in brain sites that showed extremely high tissue lactate concentrations (more than 30 μM/g). The biochemical changes that correlated with hemorrhage into infarcts were more marked than those with infarcts without hemorrhage. Conclusion: Hyperglycemia and restoration of blood flow to ischemic territories were strong risk factors for hemorrhagic infarct conversion. Concomitant tissue metabolic changes suggest that marked tissue energy depletion accompanied by acidosis damages brain vessels and renders them penetrable for edema fluid and, ultimately, red blood cell extravasation.
Enhanced wear resistance of high-density polyethylene composites reinforced by organosilane-graphitic nanoplatelets

Abstract It is known that graphite has excellent lubricant properties due to the 2D graphene layers bonded via van der Waals forces. Thus, graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) should have high lubricating efficiency during contact frictional movement of sliding parts. However, GNPs have rarely been used to improve the tribological properties of polymeric materials. In this study, we aimed to improve wear resistance of GNP–reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites via the synthesis of organosilane-modified GNPs. Wear resistance of the HDPE/GNP composites was examined on a pin-on-disc wear testing apparatus under various sliding velocities. The results revealed that compared to the composites without filler surface modification, significant enhancements in wear resistance under different sliding velocities were realized in silanized-GNP–reinforced HDPE composites. In particular, 97% wear resistance improvement under 1.3 m s -1 sliding velocity was obtained. Furthermore, the organosilane-modified GNPs minimized the influence of sliding velocity on wear resistance of the composite and thereby maintained excellent wear resistance in a broad range of sliding velocities, and even at very high velocity (2.0 m s −1 ). Both superior wear resistance and good stability of wear performance at various sliding velocities suggest silanized-GNP/HDPE composites are promising materials with great potential for a wide range of tribological applications.
Extracts of bone contain a potent regulator of bone formation

Abstract We prepared aqueous extracts of whole femorae and tibiae of embryonic chicks. An amount of extract containing 25 μg of protein resulted in a 500% increase in DNA synthesis in calvarial cell cultures, and significant effects were detected with 5 μg (55%). The time course for stimulation of DNA synthesis showed a peak occurring 16–20 h after addition of the extract. This matrix factor is nondialyzable, and fractionation on a column of Sephadex G-100 indicated a molecular weight of 60–80 000. At the maximum dose used, [3H]proline incorporation into total protein of calvarial cells was increased by 55%, and thus far, all fractions active in promoting DNA synthesis have been found to increase collagen synthesis in culture chick tibiae. These data are consistent with an effect on osteoblasts as well as bone precursor cells. Extracts prepared from tibiae of 2-day-old chicks, from which the marrow had been removed, also stimulated DNA synthesis (280% increase), thus ruling out the possibility that the factor is a relatively nonspecific mitogen from the hematopoietic cell line. We conclude that bone matrix contains a substance which could regulate bone formation in vitro by control of mitosis in osteogenic precursors and/or stimulation of osteoblast activity.
Nutrient intake in the GEICO multicenter trial: the effects of a multicomponent worksite intervention.

Nutrient intake in the GEICO multicenter trial: the effects of a multicomponent worksite intervention
Mechanical pointer for use with handicapped children.

For the nonverbal cerebral palsy child, communication with the outside world is a major problem. With those c.p. children who do not suffer complete limb paralysis, limb movement is at least very spastic and prevents them from using normal keyboard writing devices or instruments. During recent years a number of special communication devices have been developed for the use of such children and these range from simple mechanical systems to sophisticated, but costly, electronic systems. The paper describes a simple, inexpensive, yet useful, mechanicalpointer system for such handicapped children, which can be used for a multiaddress communications system as well as a drawing or art instrument for severely involved children.
The fundamental limits of stable recovery in compressed sensing.

Compressed sensing has shown that a wide variety of structured signals can be recovered from a limited number of noisy linear measurements. This paper considers the extent to which such recovery is robust to signal and measurement uncertainty. The main result is a non-asymptotic upper bound on the reconstruction error in terms of two key quantities: the best approximation error of the signal (with respect to a user-defined approximation set) and the measurement error. We assume a random Gaussian sensing matrix but place no restrictions on the signal or the noise. This result provides a simple and yet powerful framework for analyzing the fundamental limits of stable recovery, allowing us to sharpen existing results as well as derive new ones.
Observing The Polar Regions From Space

Polar ice has a significant impact on world climate and on ocean characteristics. Transfer of heat from tropical oceans to the polar regions is regulated by sea ice, which locally insulates the ocean from the cold atmosphere. The continental ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica represent vast reservoirs of fresh water which can significantly impact sea level if the ice sheets are changing in size. Satellite remote sensing gives information on many aspects of the ice cover: sea-ice extent and physical characteristics; detailed images of ice floes and open-water leads within the ice pack; sea-ice movement; zones of summer melting and snow-accumulation rates on the continental ice sheets; accurate estimates of ice-surface elevation, and detection of zones on the ice sheet that are either thickening or thinning; accurate, all-weather mapping of ice coastlines and large crevasses, and estimates of ice discharge rates from the ice sheets.
Past developments and the future of nickel electrode cell technology

The nickel hydroxide electrode has evolved over nearly 100 years from the pocket electrode structure through to the present design of a light weight, porous, plaque structure. Before discussing the historical aspects, it would be helpful to point out that there are basically two parts to the electrode: the active material and the current (electron) collector. Together they provide the essential properties for storing and converting the chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. The electrical energy is stored in the nickel hydroxide active material during charge, in which the electrode is oxidized. The chemical energy is converted back to electrical energy during discharge. The active material is itself initially non-conductive. Therefore it must be housed in a high conductivity metallic structure which serves as the current collector. This is, in turn, connected to another high conductivity metallic structure called the terminal.