cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ganglioside Induces Caveolin-1 Redistribution and Interaction with the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Although caveolin-1 is thought to facilitate the interaction of receptors and signaling components, its role in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling remains poorly understood. Ganglioside GM3 inhibits EGFR autophosphorylation and may thus affect the interaction of caveolin-1 and the EGFR. We report here that endogenous overexpression of GM3 leads to the clustering of GM3 on the cell membrane of the keratinocyte-derived SCC12 cell line and promotes co-immunoprecipitation of caveolin-1 and GM3 with the EGFR. Overexpression of GM3 does not affect EGFR distribution but shifts caveolin-1 to the detergent-soluble, EGFR-containing region; consistently, caveolin-1 is retained in the detergent-insoluble membrane when ganglioside is depleted. GM3 overexpression inhibits EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and receptor dimerization and concurrently increases both the content and tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR-associated caveolin-1, providing evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 inhibits EGFR signaling. Consistently, depletion of ganglioside both increases EGFR phosphorylation and prevents the EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1. GM3 also induces delayed serine phosphorylation of EGFR-unassociated caveolin-1, suggesting a role for serine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 in regulating EGFR signaling. These studies suggest that GM3 modulates the caveolin-1/EGFR association and is critical for the EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1 that is associated with its inhibition of EGFR activation.
DISEQUILIBRIUM DYNAMICS OF COMPETITIVE GROWTH PATHS.

Are there decentralized mechanisms which automatically re-aim a competitive economy when it is headed for long-run inefficiency? This is the first question this paper will address. It is known, for example, that many competitive equilibrium paths are inefficient in heterogeneous capital models with no terminal date (Malinvaud, [11]). Recently, Hahn [4], [5] has cast severe doubt that efficient paths are ever chosen under competition when a heterogeneous capital economy operates with myopic foresight and a simple savings rule. Even when there is just one capital good in a Ramsey planning model, the long-run efficient path is unstable in the space of momentary equilibrium paths: if the central planner initially chooses the right path, minor external shocks cause myopically optimizing individuals to follow permanently inefficient equilibrium paths. (Samuelson and Solow [13], Kurz [10]). All of these models restrict attention to momentary equilibrium paths, viz., those paths which have savings equal investment, and labour fully employed at each moment of time. In a competitive economy it seems more reasonable to suppose that each individual agent maximizes his gains on the basis of his expectations about future prices and incomes. But this means that, except by chance, the economy will not be in momentary equilibrium, and so people's reaction to market disequilibrium must be specified. Once this is done, one can ask whether the economy is stable i.e., whether the presence of disequilibrium sets up forces which inexorably lead the economy to an equilibrium path. This is the second question we shall investigate here. In the model presented here, household saving (or supply of capital) is explained by the maximization of a single, infinite horizon Ramsey utility functional, subject to a sequence of budget constraints involving interest rates and assets. Firms' demand for capital is determined by myopic profit-maximization, which in this case leads to the same actions as would present value maximization. For all but a unique sequence of interest rates, there will be non-zero excess demand for capital. It is shown that in this improbable economy, all decisions about future actions can be made today, so that the model may be detemporalized. Imagine that the infinite number of Walrasian forward markets for capital at all future dates are in operation today. At this point, a critical distinction is made between " real " or calendar time vs. " market " or auctioneer's time. Real time is understood to be frozen throughout the analysis in the sense that no consumption or production takes place while the capital markets adjust in auctioneer's time. At each date in frozen calendar time, the interest rate is changing as auctioneer's time unfolds. The rate of change in the interest rate at any date is a sign-preserving function of the excess demand for capital at
Press Coverage and Public Opinion On Women Candidates The Case of Chile's Michelle Bachelet

/ Because more women are running — and succeeding — in presidential races all over the world, it is important to analyze the way they are portrayed by the news media. Using Chile as a case study and agenda setting as a theoretical framework, the authors examined differences in press coverage of this country's first woman president, Michelle Bachelet, and her male contenders in the 2005/6 elections and compared them to public opinion. As expected, the press covered the candidates' personal attributes and issue positions following traditional gender stereotypes. However, some gender-based differences in news coverage actually boosted the image of Michelle Bachelet. The authors suggest that the media may have influenced public opinion toward the candidates, and discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
The intermediates of aggrecanase-dependent cleavage of aggrecan in rat chondrosarcoma cells treated with interleukin-1

We have examined the abundance and structure of intermediates in the chondrocyte-mediated degradation of aggrecan by aggrecanase(s). Degradation products were identified by Western-blot analysis with antibodies to cleavage-site neoepitopes and to peptides within the globular domains. Rat chondrosarcoma tumour contained full-length aggrecan and all of the individual peptides expected from single independent cleavages at each of the four aggrecanase sites in the chondroitin sulphate (CS) domain. Kinetic analysis of the products present in rat chondrosarcoma cell cultures treated with interleukin-1b showed that the first aggrecanase-mediated cleavages occurred at the four sites within the CS attachment region to generate two stable intermediates, Val(1)-Glu(1459) and Val(1)-Glu(1274). These species were subsequently cleaved at the Glu(373) site in the interglobular domain to form the terminal products, Val(1)-Glu(373), Ala(374)-Glu(1274) and Ala(374)-Glu(1459). It therefore appears that the aggrecanase-mediated processing of native aggrecan by chondrocytes in situ is initiated within the CS-attachment region and completed by cleavage within the interglobular domain. Since it has been shown that digestion of aggrecan monomer in solution with recombinant ADAMTS-4 [Tortorella, Pratta, Liu, Austin, Ross, Abbaszade, Burn and Arner (2000) Sites of aggrecan cleavage by recombinant human aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4). J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18566-18573] exhibits similar kinetics, it appears that preferential proteinase cleavage in the CS-rich region is determined by properties inherent in the aggrecan monomer itself, such as preferred peptide sequences for enzyme binding or enhanced accessibility to the core protein at these sites.
Experience with a continuous, single-pass whole-body multidetector CT protocol for trauma: the three-minute multiple trauma CT scan

Purpose: To test the clinical feasibility and utility of a single-pass, whole-body multidetector CT (MDCT) protocol in the evaluation of the multiple trauma patient. Materials and methods: A whole-body, single-pass MDCT protocol was designed for optimal imaging quality and maximum flexibility for retrospective reconstruction and multiplanar reformation. Five consecutive trauma patients with moderate to severe mechanisms of injury were scanned on an MDCT scanner using the single-pass protocol. Times were recorded for the scan alone and for time spent in the CT bay. Times were compared with those for five random trauma patients scanned on a single-detector helical CT (SDHCT) scanner who were matched for body segments imaged and trauma severity. Results: Compared to SDHCT, MDCT scan times were shortened by a factor of 10 (3 min for MDCT vs 41 for SDHCT) and patient throughput times by a factor of 3 (23 min for MDCT vs 65 for SDHCT). Image quality was mildly compromised in MDCT by beam hardening due to arm position, but overall was comparable to segmental imaging. Conclusion: Whole-body MDCT is feasible and offers a marked time advantage over conventional segmental imaging in multiple trauma patients. Added flexibility through reformation of image data allows imaging evaluation as needed even after the patient has left the scanner bay.
Snoring during NREM sleep : respiratory timing, esophageal pressure and EEG arousal

Eight men who were regular heavy snorers were monitored while awake and during nocturnal sleep. All subjects were known to be free of lung disease, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and oxygen drops during sleep. For each subject, two snoring periods of 3-31 min with a mean of 12.7 min were randomly selected for comparison with periods of normal, non-snoring NREM sleep breathing. A mean of 150 respiratory cycles per period were analyzed. For each respiratory cycle, respiratory inductive plethysmography and measurements of peak flow, laryngeal sounds, and esophageal pressure (Pes) were used to calculate breathing frequency (bf), inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (Te), total respiratory cycle length (Ttot), and Pes at its nadir. During NREM sleep silent breathing, the Ti/Te ratio was analogous to that already measured in normal subjects. With the onset of snoring, an immediate increase in Ti, Te, and Pes nadir were noted. Mean peak Pes nadir increased 120 +/- 37%, and mean Ttot increased by 18%. Through the duration of the snoring period, a further increase in Ti (mean = 10.4 +/- 3.4%) and a decrease in Te were noted, with a mean change in Ti/Ttot of 12 +/- 3.1%. The shape of the esophageal pressure wave during expiration shifted from its normal dynamics. The percentage of Te decreased by a mean of -9.8 +/- 2.3% (P less than 0.0001), and the rise time in Pes increased a mean of 37%. When Pes nadir was the most negative, a mean peak flow decrease of 43 +/- 13.6% from baseline was observed. Tidal volume had decreased by a mean of 22% and minute ventilation by a mean of 21% at the end of the snoring period. Separate investigation of each subject indicates that the evolutions of Ti, Te and Pes during snoring were not the same for all subjects. At least two different groups of snorers exist; these groups may be differentiated by the evolution of Pes over time during snoring. Modifications in the 'braking' role of inspiratory muscles during expiration may explain the changes in the Pes wave dynamics snoring which lead to repetitive EEG arousals, termination of snoring periods, and some sleep fragmentation.
Complete Rations for Dairy Cattle. IV. Comparison of Supplemental Nitrogen Sources by Metabolizable Protein Concept

Abstract Four types of 3 × 3 Latin squares differing in nonprotein nitrogen source and protein percent were used with 4-wk periods and 36 Holstein cows grouped in trios. Basal rations (9.0 to 10.6% crude protein) high in citrus pulp and pelleted cane bagasse, were equalized in estimated metabolizable protein, ignoring urea fermentation potential, by adding raw urea, extruded corn-urea, or soybean meal at three percents. Corresponding rations of higher protein (12.1 to 13.4%) contained a soybean meal increment partially replacing corn. Mean daily feed intake was lower for basal than soy-increment rations (18.0 versus 19.3 kg) as were milk and solids-corrected milk yields (16.0 to 18.3 kg and 12.8 to 14.8 kg). All-soy controls were superior in milk production by 1.35 and .92 kg. Liveweight changes and milk composition were little affected by treatments. Milk fat and protein percents averaged 2.71 and 2.92 overall. Molar porportions of rumen acetate in Period 3 were relatively low, but not acetate/propionate ratios. Increased rumen ammonia concentrations resulted from higher protein, higher nonprotein nitrogen, and urea exceeded extruded corn-urea exceeded soybean meal.
Effects of varying forage types on milk production responses to whole cottonseed, tallow, and yeast.

Four forage treatments (45% corn silage, 33.75% corn silage plus 11.25% alfalfa hay, 11.25% bermudagrass hay, or 11.25% cottonseed hulls on a DM basis) were arranged factorially with no added fat, 12.5% whole cottonseed, or 2.5% tallow. Different diets were fed during three 28-d periods to 20 control Holstein cows and to 20 cows receiving yeast continuously in a split-plot design. Milk yield of cows fed cottonseed hulls with corn silage was 2.4 kg/d higher than with corn silage plus bermudagrass hay and .7 kg/d higher than with corn silage only or corn silage plus alfalfa hay. Whole cottonseed depressed milk yield by 1 kg/d. Cows fed yeast had increased DMI, and yeast interacted with forage so that more milk was produced by cows fed alfalfa diets. Yeast depressed milk protein percentage. Holstein cows in a commercial Florida dairy were fed no yeast or 10 g/d continuously for 60 d; milk fat percentage was greater (3.51 vs. 3.37%) with yeast. In summary, effects on milk and SCM were positive when cottonseed hulls were utilized with corn silage, negative with whole cottonseed, and neutral with supplemental tallow. Yeast effects on SCM, although not significant for either experiment, tended to be positive for both (mean +1.2 kg/d per cow).
Lateral variations in self-assembled InGaAs quantum dot distributions

The lateral uniformity of self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was assessed as a function of growth conditions. Variations in the dot density and height were determined from atomic force micrographs. Growth rate had a large influence on lateral uniformity. The most uniform dot distributions were grown at low rates, 0.15 monolayers/s (ML/s). Dots deposited at a rate of 1.15 ML/s had large variations in both height and density. These variations decreased as the dot density increased; however, they remained larger than those of dots deposited slowly. The lateral uniformity of dots deposited quickly also improved for the top layer of dots in stacked layers, even though these layers had decreased dot densities. There were negligible differences in the lateral height and density uniformities of dots as functions of continuous versus pulsed growth, wafer diameter and mole fraction of In.
Failure to produce blood pressure changes following pharmacological or surgical depletion of brain serotonin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY) rats were examined for blood pressure changes following depletion of CNS serotonin (5-HT) by 3 separate techniques: (1) p-chorophenylalanine, (2) 5,7-dihydroxydrytamine, and (3) a lesion of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. All of these procedures failed to alter blood pressure in either hypertensive or normotensive rats, despite marked reductions (75–85%) in fore-brain 5-HT. Moreover, treatment of 10 day-old hypertensive rat pups with intracisterual injections of 5,7-DHT (10 μg) failed to alter the development of hypertension despite a 75–80% decrease in spinal cord 5-HT. These findings, which show that 5-HT depletion does not alter blood pressure in the SH or the WKY rat, do not lend support to the idea that 5-HT is involved in the regulation of blood pressure or in the development and maintenance of hypertension in the SH rat.
Purification and Characterization of an α1,2-L-Fucosyltransferase, Which Modifies the Cytosolic Protein FP21, from the Cytosol of Dictyostelium(∗)

A novel fucosyltransferase (cFTase) activity has been enriched over 106-fold from the cytosolic compartment of Dictyostelium based on transfer of [3H]fucose from GDP-[3H]fucose to Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-paranitrophenyl (paranitrophenyl-lacto-N-bioside or pNP-LNB). The activity behaved as a single component during purification over DEAE-, phenyl-, Reactive Blue-4-, GDP-adipate-, GDP-hexanolamine-, and Superdex gel filtration resins. The purified activity possessed an apparent Mr of 95 × 103, was Mg2+-dependent with a neutral pH optimum, and exhibited a Km for GDP-fucose of 0.34 μM, a Km for pNP-LNB of 0.6 mM, and a Vmax for pNP-LNB of 620 nmol/min/mg protein. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the Superdex elution profile identified a polypeptide with an apparent Mr of 85 × 103, which coeluted with the cFTase activity and could be specifically photolabeled with the donor substrate inhibitor GDP-hexanolaminyl-azido-125I-salicylate. Based on substate analogue studies, exoglycosidase digestions, and co-chromatography with fucosylated standards, the product of the reaction with pNP-LNB was Fucα1, 2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-pNP. The cFTase preferred substrates with a Galβ1,3 linkage, and thus its acceptor substrate specificity resembles the human Secretor-type α1,2-FTase. Afucosyl isoforms of the FP21 glycoprotein, GP21-I and GP21-II, were purified from the cytosol of a Dictyostelium mutant and found to be substrates for the cFTase, which exhibited an apparent Km of 0.21 μM and an apparent Vmax of 460 nmol/min/mg protein toward GP21-II. The highly purified cFTase was inhibited by the reaction products Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ-pNP and FP21-II. FP21-I and recombinant FP21 were not inhibitory, suggesting that acceptor substrate specificity is based primarily on carbohydrate recognition. A cytosolic location for this step of FP21 glycosylation is implied by the isolation of the cFTase from the cytosolic fraction, its high affinity for its substrates, and its failure to be detected in crude membrane preparations.
Scleromyxedema: a scleroderma-like disorder with systemic manifestations.

Abstract Scleromyxedema is a rare fibromucinous connective tissue disorder characterized by papular skin lesions associated with sclerosis and a serum monoclonal gammopathy. Little is known about either the natural history or the systemic manifestations of this disease. We reviewed the medical records of 19 patients with biopsy-proven scleromyxedema seen from 1950 to 1985 for evidence of systemic disease. There were 10 males and 9 females with a median age at diagnosis of 53 years. Monoclonal gammopathy was present in 13 patients. Eight patients complained of dysphagia; 3 had proximal esophageal dysfunction and 1 had total esophageal aperistalsis on barium swallow. Proximal muscle weakness was noted in 5, with an inflammatory myopathy in 3. Six patients complained of dyspnea on exertion. Of these, 5 had reduced diffusing capacity, 3 had reduced volumes, and 2 developed cor pulmonale. Pathologic changes characteristic of "scleroderma kidney" were demonstrated in 1 patient at postmortem. One patient had Raynaud's phenomenon and 2 had arthralgias/arthritis with noninflammatory synovial fluids. Although 8 of 12 patients treated with melphalan noted regression of their skin changes, no consistent improvement in the extracutaneous manifestations was demonstrated. Furthermore, 2 patients died of sepsis related to melphalan-induced myelosuppression, and 4 developed hematological malignancies following melphalan therapy. In conclusion, systemic manifestations in scleromyxedema are more prevalent than previously recognized, and can resemble those of scleroderma. Significant toxicity occurred with the use of alkylating agents in these patients, with treatment-related complications developing in 45% of patients treated with melphalan. The lack of definitive data regarding the natural history of this disease complicates the question of optimal therapy, but the use of alkylating agents should be reserved for those patients with severe debilitating skin disease.
The involvement of p23, hsp90, and immunophilins in the assembly of progesterone receptor complexes

Abstract To better understand the assembly mechanism for the progesterone receptor (PR), we have developed cell-free systems for studying interactions of PR, hsp90, and other associated proteins. When PR is incubated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, its association with hsp90, hsp70, the three immunophilins FKBP54, FKBP52 and CyP-40, and with p23 is observed. These interactions require ATP Mg 2+ and when ATP is limiting the PR complex is altered to one containing the proteins p60 and p48, but lacking immunophilins and p23. We have studied two pre-formed hsp90 complexes that may participate in the assembly of PR complexes. One contains hsp90 bound to hsp70 and p60 and this complex forms spontaneously in the absence of ATP. A second complex contains hsp90 bound to p23 plus the three immunophilins and some hsp70. The formation of this complex requires ATP. In further studies we have shown that purified hsp90 can bind to purified p23 and this interaction requires both ATP and molybdate. This explains, in part, the known effects of ATP and molybdate on assembly of PR complexes.
Interfacial Force Field Characterization in a Constrained Vapor Bubble Thermosyphon

Isothermal profiles of the extended meniscus in a quartz cuvette were measured in the earth's gravitational field using an image-analyzing interferometer that is based on computer-enhanced video microscopy of the naturally occurring interference fringes. These profiles are a function of the stress field. Experimentally, the augmented Young-Laplace equation is an excellent model for the force field at the solid-liquid-vapor interfaces for heptane and pentane menisci on quartz and tetradecane on SFL6. The effects of refractive indices of the solid and liquid on the measurement techniques were demonstrated. Experimentally obtained values of the disjoining pressure and dispersion constants were compared to those predicted from the Dzyaloshinskii - Lifshitz - Pilaevskii theory for an ideal surface and reasonable agreements were obtained. A parameter introduced gives a quantitative measurement of the closeness of the system to equilibrium. The nonequilibrium behavior of this parameter is also presented
Ram Wing Surface Effect Boat

suit of the lack of control moment required to offset the yaw moment at angles greater than 25°. Operating control devices to the highest possible deflection angles without entering into stall regions is required to minimize turnabout distance. Though investigations of craft aerodynamic directional stability variations were limited, preliminary indications are that craft configurations approaching neutral static stability combine the best of the two worlds of controllability and quick response to control inputs. All data presented have been for a 500-ton vehicle at a speed of 120 knots. This speed was chosen as being the upper limit of cruise velocity for this size of SEV's. Figure 13 presents the effects of varying the initial velocity on the turnabout distance for a 500-ton SEV. The 120 knot case represents the greatest distance required to turn, but initial velocity has little effect of XtUm for this vehicle. This can be explained by the fact that the aerodynamic forces decrease as the square of the velocity decreases. Therefore, although the craft has a longer period of time to maneuver, the available forces, both body aerodynamic side force and thrust, have decreased significantly. The 500-ton SEV was chosen as being a representative vehicle size for the Arctic SEV. The effect of gross weight on the turnabout distance, XtUm is presented in Fig. 14. Xtum increases 1000-ft from a 200-ton craft to a 1000-ton craft. To illustrate that the variations presented for a 500-ton SEV would be applicable to the entire range of vehicle sizes, Fig. 15 is presented. Two variations are shown, the effects of varying maximum propulsor deflection angles (Tmax) and varying propulsor deflection rate ( r ) . It is shown that varying the size of the vehicle does not significantly affect the results of the variation. It is felt that the information presented in this paper is applicable to the entire weight range of craft that are being considered for operation in the Arctic (i.e., 200to 1000-tons).
Modeling the Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Pair Strength on Associative Recognition

Operations that improve the accuracy of associative recognition can do so in qualitatively different ways. Increasing repetitions and study time increases hit rates but has small effects on false alarm rates, and the specific patterns of false alarms are dependent on the stimuli (e.g., pairs of words, pseudowords, faces, or Chinese characters). In contrast, manipulating the type of stimuli that make up pairs produces a robust mirror effect: The hit rate is greater, and the false alarm rate is lower, for better recognized stimuli. To explain these findings, a model of single-item recognition is extended to associative recognition. Within this dual-process framework, the present results suggest that words are encoded more extensively than nonverbal stimuli and that recognition of frequently encountered stimuli (words and faces) is more likely to be based on recollection than is recognition of uncommon stimuli (pseudowords and Chinese characters).
Distinct roles for the cytoplasmic tail sequences of Emp24p and Erv25p in transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex.

Abstract Heteromeric complexes of p24 proteins cycle between early compartments of the secretory pathway and are required for efficient protein sorting. Here we investigated the role of cytoplasmically exposed tail sequences on two p24 proteins, Emp24p and Erv25p, in directing their movement and subcellular location in yeast. Studies on a series of deletion and chimeric Emp24p-Erv25p proteins indicated that the tail sequences impart distinct functional properties that were partially redundant but not entirely interchangeable. Export of an Emp24p-Erv25p complex from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) did not depend on two other associated p24 proteins, Erp1 and Erp2p. To examine interactions between the Emp24p and Erv25p tail sequences with the COPI and COPII coat proteins, binding experiments with immobilized tail peptides and coat proteins were performed. The Emp24p and Erv25p tail sequences bound the Sec13p/Sec31p subunit of the COPII coat (K d ∼100 μm), and binding depended on a pair of aromatic residues found in both tail sequences. COPI subunits also bound to these Emp24p and Erv25p peptides; however, the Erv25p tail sequence, which contains a dilysine motif, bound COPI more efficiently. These results suggest that both the Emp24p and Erv25p cytoplasmic sequences contain a di-aromatic motif that binds subunits of the COPII coat and promotes export from the ER. The Erv25p tail sequence binds COPI and is responsible for returning this complex to the ER.
The Charney Baroclinic Stability Problem: Approximate Solutions and Modal Structures

Abstract The classic Charney baroclinic stability problem is examined through perturbation techniques in the short-wave limit, near the first neutral curve separating Charney and Green modes, and near the second neutral curve separating long and short Green modes. This method provides simple analytical expressions for the vertical structure of the growing waves and the dependence of phase speeds and growth rates on mean flow parameters. The rapidly growing Charney modes have horizontal and vertical scales which crucially depend on the β-parameter. Structures of heat and potential vorticity fluxes are also represented by approximate solutions and their dependence on wavenumber is examined.
Optimum Transverse Span Loading for Subsonic Transport Category Aircraft

This study considers the overall system impact of the design transverse aerodynamic load distribution on future subsonic, transport category aircraft. The fundamental question revisited here concerns wing design ground rules. Should the wing be designed to favor an aerodynamically optimal, “elliptical” transverse span load that minimizes induced drag? Or, should the wing be tailored to have a reduced root bending moment in order to save structural weight at some expense of increased drag? The problem is examined at three levels of technical scrutiny: from a qualitative, rational basis perspective; from a quantitative, intermediate-fidelity parametric performance perspective; and from the results of a quantitative, coupled multidisciplinary optimization trade. The quantitative tradesindicatethattailoringofthedesigntransverseloaddistributiontofavorareducedwingrootbendingmoment resultsinsomestructuralweightsavings,butattheexpenseofhigherdrag,increasedfuelconsumption,andreduced mission performance. These trades substantiate a different rational basis argument: a balancing test that will typically recommend the aerodynamically optimal design for all but the shortest-range aircraft.
Control of grammar in imitation, comprehension, and production: Problems of replication

A classic study of young children's language ( Fraser, Bellugi, & Brown, 1963 ) had revealed that comprehension of grammatical contrasts was superior to production of those contrasts. A reanalysis of that experiment indicated that the scoring procedures employed had introduced an artifact such that error scores on the production task were artificially inflated. A subsequent replication of the study showed that comprehension performance was superior to production performance only when the scoring artifact was present. Removal of the scoring artifact revealed no significant differences between scores on the comprehension and production tasks. The results were discussed in terms of their significance for theories of language acquisition.
Sexual Dimorphism Increases Evolvability in a Genetic Regulatory Network

The majority of work on genetic regulatory networks has focused on environmental and mutational robustness, and much less attention has been paid to the conditions under which a network may produce an evolvable phenotype. Sexually dimorphic characters often show rapid rates of change over short evolutionary time scales and while this is thought to be due to the strength of sexual selection acting on the trait, a dimorphic character with an underlying pleiotropic architecture may also influence the evolution of the regulatory network that controls the character and affect evolvability. As evolvability indicates a capacity for phenotypic change and mutational robustness refers to a capacity for phenotypic stasis, increases in evolvability may show a negative relationship with mutational robustness. I tested this with a computational model of a genetic regulatory network and found that, contrary to expectation, sexually dimorphic characters exhibited both higher mutational robustness and higher evolvability. Decomposition of the results revealed that linkage disequilibrium within sex and linkage disequilibrium between sexes, two of the three primary components of additive genetic variance and evolvability in quantitative genetics models, contributed to the differences in evolvability between sexually dimorphic and monomorphic populations. These results indicate that producing two pleiotropically linked characters did not constrain either the production of a robust phenotype or adaptive potential. Instead, the genetic system evolved to maximize both quantities.
Reduction of iron oxide in carbon monoxide atmosphere—reaction controlled kinetics

Abstract Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the reduction of Fe2O3 in a continuous stream of 100% CO was conducted at temperatures ranging from 800 to 900 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis of solids identified the presence of iron, graphite and a carbide of iron as the products of reactions. A kinetic model based on the first-order irreversible rate kinetics was developed and fitted to the TGA data so as to estimate the rate constants for each reduction reaction. The reaction pathways considered in this analysis involved reduction of iron oxides, Boudouard reaction and iron-carbide formation. The rate parameters were calculated and compared with data reported in literature.
Parameters affecting optimum activity and stability of urokinase-bound fibrocollagenous tubes

Urokinase was immobilized by entrapment to fibrocollagenous tubes in order to develop a small-caliber fibrinolytic vascular prosthesis. Several parameters associated with the immobilization process were studied in order to optimize bound urokinase activity and stability. A total of 37% of the absorbing enzyme was attached to the collagen tube and 38% of the attached enzyme retained esterolytic activity, under optimal conditions. In the crosslink step of the entrapment process, the glutaraldehyde concentration was varied from 0.01 to 5.00% (i.e., 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0%). Urokinase activity was optimized at a 1.0% glutaraldehyde crosslink concentration. Urokinase-bound fibrocollagenous tubes (UK-FCT) prepared at the above glutaraldehyde concentrations were tested for their activity with time. The UK-FCT's with 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0% glutaraldehyde retained constant activity for at least 75 h operation time. The UK-FCT's with 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0% glutaraldehyde retained constant activity for at least 75 h operation time. The UK-FCT's with 5.0 and 0.01% glutaraldehyde remained stable for the first 50 h operation time, but began deactivating beyond 50 h. UK-FCT'S Crosslinked with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0% glutaraldehyde were recrosslinked with 0.02% glutaraldehyde for 24 h, after they have been operating for 50 h, and the effect of reexposing the crosslink agent on the stability of the UK-FCT's was studied. The results showed that 0.02% glutaraldehyde reexposure had no effect on 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0% glutaraldehyde crosslinked UK-FCT's but exerted an inhibitory effect on a 0.01% crosslink density UK-FCT. Several fibrocollagenous tubes were exposed to various glutaraldehyde concentrations prior to immobilizing urokinase. The subsequent immobilization process occurred under optimal conditions. The effect of the precrosslink step on the activity of the UK-FCT was studied. Results indicated that UK-FCT activity decreases as the precrosslink density increases. The UK-FCT's made under optimal conditions remained stable for at least 75 h operation time, corresponding to ca.1 year of storage time. Ex vivo exposure of UK-FCT's to whole canine blood did not affect catalytic activity. Implantation of a UK-FCT by carotid arterial interposition via an end-to-end anastomosis and subsequent excision after 60 days resulted in an enhanced esterolytic activity which decreased with time to a level close to preoperative levels.
Structure of Bam HI endonuclease bound to DNA: partial folding and unfolding on DNA binding

The crystal structure of restriction endonuclease Bam HI complexed to DNA has been determined at 2.2 angstrom resolution. The DNA binds in the cleft and retains a B-DNA type of conformation. The enzyme, however, undergoes a series of conformational changes, including rotation of subunits and folding of disordered regions. The most striking conformational change is the unraveling of carboxyl-terminal alpha helices to form partially disordered "arms." The arm from one subunit fits into the minor groove while the arm from the symmetry related subunit follows the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone. Recognition of DNA base pairs occurs primarily in the major groove, with a few interactions occurring in the minor groove. Tightly bound water molecules play an equally important role as side chain and main chain atoms in the recognition of base pairs. The complex also provides new insights into the mechanism by which the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of DNA phosphodiester groups.
The argRb of Escherichia coli is rare in isolates obtained from natural sources

A single nucleotide polymorphism between Escherichia coli strains K12 and B is known to alter the mechanism by which the arginine repressor regulates arginine biosynthesis, from a regulated system in E. coli K12 to a deregulated system in E. coli B. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the different regulatory strategies are selectively favored under different environmental conditions. In this study we analyzed 537 E. coli strains and show that the argR allele in E. coli B, which causes deregulation, is rare in isolates obtained from natural sources. Moreover, sequence analysis of 85 strains shows no evidence of selection at the arginine repressor locus. This illustrates that analysis of sequence data is insufficient to detect selection of uncommon alleles in rare environments.
Phosphorylation of the Gal4 DNA-binding domain is essential for activator mono-ubiquitylation and efficient promoter occupancy.

Recent analysis of a Gal4 mutant (Gap71) carrying three point mutations (S22D, K23Q and K25F) in its DNA-binding domain (DBD), has demonstrated that it cannot occupy GAL promoters efficiently in cells and that it is not mono-ubiquitylated, suggesting a functional link between this modification and stable DNA binding in cells. The mechanistic underpinning of this phenotype is that this protein is hypersensitive to a newly discovered activity of the proteasomal ATPases—their ability to actively dissociate transcription factor-DNA complexes after direct interaction with the activation domain. In this paper, we examine the roles of each of the three point mutations contained in Gap71 individually. These experiments have revealed that serine 22 is a site of phosphorylation in the Gal4 DBD and that lysine 23 is essential for S22 phosphorylation, possibly acting as part of the kinase recognition site. Mutation of either residue blocks Gal4 DBD phosphorylation, its subsequent ubiquitylation and compromises the ability of the activator to bind promoter DNA in vivo. These data represent the first report of an essential phosphorylation event that is critical for the activity of this paradigmatic transcription factor.
Biosynthesis of 8-R-HPETE and preclavulone-A from arachidonate in several species of caribbean coral. A widespread route to marine prostanoids.

Abstract The Caribbean coral species Plexaura homomalla, Plexaura nina, Plexaura flexuosa, Pseudopterogorgia americana, Muriceopsis flavida , and Eunicea asperula have all been found to convert arachidonate to 8- R -HPETE ( 4 ) and preclavulone-A ( 3 ) demonstrating that this route to marine prostanoids is widespread among such coral.
On the thermal expansion of sea water

Abstract The thermal expansion of sea water as computed from the presently-accepted equation of state is compared with values based on the recent experimental results of Wilson and Bradley. The new results suggest that the formula in standard use gives values which may be slightly too large in the deep ocean, but the discrepancies are barely within the accuracy of the experimental results.
Complementary formulations in vibrations: bond graph structures and modal transformations

Abstract Lumped parameter, undamped vibratory system models are studied starting from a vector bond graph representation which yields a symmetric set of equations of motion in terms of momenta and displacements. Four additional formulations are obtained depending upon the choices of displacement or impulse-momentum degrees of freedom including the classical formulation in terms of mass displacements. Differences in terms of forcing and response variables are found among the alternative formulations and differences in system order are explained. A new form of normal mode equations is developed using first order symmetric variables and a bond graph representation is given. Advantages in the use of the new model analysis for subsystem coupling are discussed.
Molecular Tracer Dynamics in Crystalline Organic Films at the Solid−Liquid Interface

A molecular tracer method for scanning tunneling microscopy allowed the observation of individual molecular events at a crystal surface in solution. Long-chain alkanes or ethers were coadsorbed with similar length thioethers on a graphite surface. Due to the distinctive contrast of the sulfur atoms, it was possible to track individual thioether tracer molecules. The exchange of tracer molecules between the adsorbed monolayer and the overlying solution was measured at equilibrium. Rates depended on chain length, temperature, and neighboring molecules. Tracers at boundaries between crystal domains revealed specific molecular processes driving boundary fluctuations and domain growth. In addition to adsorption−desorption driven rearrangements, collective motion within the monolayer has been seen. Longer chain ethers exhibit two phases having different molecular configurations at grain boundaries and different microstructural habits. Transition between phases was promoted by the scanning probe.
Latex allergy manifested in urological surgery and care of adult spinal cord injured patients.

Abstract This report exemplifies the cases of two male and one female spinal cord injury (SCI) patients with latex allergy, two of whom had life threatening episodes of intraoperative cardiovascular collapse. The three patients were extensively exposed to latex products as a result of urinary management programs, and two developed marked hypotension immediately upon abdominal exploration during reconstructive urological surgery. The third case represents the development in a male of latex allergy to over 12 types of latex condoms manifest as penile dermatitis. In each of these cases, allergy and immunology consultation confirmed the latex allergy. The diagnosis of latex allergy was established using both Radioallergosorbert (RAST) testing and a skin test to the latex antigen. The two patients who experienced intraoperative cardiovascular collapse required resuscitation with intravenous fluids, epinephrine, and antihistamines. Because each episode of hypotension occurred during bowel manipulation with latex gloves, they were suspected of inducing anaphylaxis. In the third patient, latex allergy was suspected after the immediate resolution of allergic symptoms upon replacing latex condom catheters with those made of silicone. This is the first report of a life-threatening reaction to latex allergy in the SCI population. Measures instituted to prevent further latex-associated morbidity included the use of medical alert bracelets, self-administration epinephrine injection kits, and nonlatex appliances, including gloves, condoms, and urethral catheters. It is recommended that precautions against the development of anaphylaxis be undertaken in SCI patients with chronic exposure to latex-containing products.
Contemporary Mothering in a Diverse Society

The contextual and environmental factors that may affect mothering and perceptions of the maternal role in today's increasingly diverse society are described. Following a historical overview of the development of maternal role theory within the nursing literature, the influence of images and myths in Western society, race/ethnicity, cultural background, and employment status are discussed. Guidelines for nursing interventions that allow for individual and cultural differences are provided. JOGNN, 35, 671‐678; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00089.x
Chemoradiotherapy with a radiation boost for anal cancer decreases the risk for salvage abdominoperineal resection: analysis from the national cancer data base.

Chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the primary treatment for anal cancer, achieves complete tumor regression in most patients. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) is reserved for persistent or recurrent disease. An additional boost dose of radiation after CRT often is used to improve the response rate for advanced local disease (T3, 4, and N+). This study examines the need for salvage APR after radiation boost. Patients with de novo anal cancer in the National Cancer Data Base from the years 2004–2010 were analyzed. Patients with missing data points or who did not receive standard CRT were excluded. Variables included age, gender, race, primary tumor size, clinical nodal status, TNM stage, radiation boost, and APR. A logistic regression model assessing the relationship between boost radiation and APR was developed. Of 1,025 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 450 patients received CRT without a radiation boost and 575 patients received CRT with a radiation boost. The two groups were similar in age, gender, race, tumor size, nodal status, and TNM stage (p values all >0.05). Significant multivariate predictors of salvage APR were tumor size, negative nodal status, and boost RT (all p 0.05). When controlling for age, tumor size, and nodal status, salvage APR is less likely to occur after boost RT (odds ratio 0.63; 95 % confidence interval 0.47, 0.85; p = 0.003). When controlling for age, tumor size, and nodal status, those who received boost radiation for anal cancer were less likely to require salvage APR.
A NATIONAL DATA BANK ‐ THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION

Electronic data processing has changed our thinking in regard to the comprehensiveness possible in a national statistical program in education. Derived items of information have been traditionally obtained through the administration of questionnaires. It is now possible to think of gathering basic operating data directly from schools, colleges, and other educational agencies. The derived information could be calculated quickly and accurately from the stored bank of basic items after it has been verified for accuracy and completeness.
The relative intensity calibration of hinode/Eis and SOHO/SUMER

In this work, we have used simultaneous observations of the quiet Sun above the solar west limb obtained with the Hinode/Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph and SOHO/SUMER instruments to determine their relative intensity calibration. We used two different methods: intensity ratios of lines emitted by the same upper level and observed in the spectral ranges of the two spectrometers, and the determination of the differential emission measure and total emission measure of the plasma. We review the uncertainties in our analysis and conclude that the relative calibration of the two instruments, as it can be determined from the standard data reduction software of each of them, is correct within uncertainties.
Basis of the Functional Assumption in the Theory of the Boltzmann Equation

The long-time behavior of the $n$-particle probability densities for a large, dilute system of point particles interacting with short-range repulsive forces is studied. The main result is an exact series for the $n$-particle density which consists of two parts. The first part is a time-independent functional of the singlet density which is expressed as a functional power series and which is a direct analog of the equilibrium density series. The second part is also a functional power series in the singlet density but the coefficients depend on time and on the initial correlations. The coefficients of both series are given explicitly in terms of operators which are determined by the dynamics of isolated groups of particles. It is demonstrated that these operators vanish for phase points corresponding to motions during which there are two or more groups of particles which either are statistically and dynamically independent or are such that each of them is dynamically connected to the rest by no more than one particle. It is argued that all the terms of the exact series are finite and that the terms of second part (the error) decrease with increasing time so that the first part is the asymptotic form proposed by Bogoliubov. The relevance of the results for the Boltzmann equation is indicated. A form of the Boltzmann collision integral which is valid in the steady state and to all orders of the density is described.