cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Targets and Anticancer Potential of Indole-3-Carbinol and Its Derivatives

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is produced by members of the family Cruciferae, and particularly members of the genus Brassica (e.g., cabbage, radishes, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and daikon). Under acidic conditions, 13C is converted to a series of oligomeric products (among which 3,3'-diindolylmethane is a major component) thought to be responsible for its biological effects in vivo. In vitro, 13C has been shown to suppress the proliferation of various tumor cells including breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, colon cancer, and leukemic cells; induce G1/S arrest of the cell cycle, and induce apoptosis. The cell cycle arrest involves downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin- dependent kinase (CDK)2, CDK4, and CDK6 and upregulation of p15, p21, and p27. Apoptosis by I3C involves downregulation antiapoptotic gene products, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP), X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), and Fas-associated death domain protein-like interleukin-1-beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (FLIP); upregulation of proapoptotic protein Bax; release of micochondrial cytochrome C; and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. This agent inhibits the activation of various transcription factors including nuclear factor-kappaB, SP1, estrogen receptor, androgen receptor and nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This indole potentiates the effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) through induction of death receptors and synergises with chemotherapeutic agents through downregulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In vivo, I3C was found to be a potent chemopreventive agent for hormonal-dependent cancers such as breast and cervical cancer. These effects are mediated through its ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit DNA-carcinogen adduct formation, and suppress free-radical production, stimulate 2-hydroxylation of estradiol, inhibit invasion and angiogenesis. Numerous studies have indicated that I3C also has a strong hepatoprotective activity against various carcinogens. Initial clinical trials in women have shown that I3C is a promising agent against breast and cervical cancers.
Dietary Protein and Sulfur Amino Acid Levels for Laying Hens During Heat Stress

Abstract Two experiments were carried out with laying hens in order to evaluate the effects of environmental temperature on methionine requirements and total protein needs. In the first study, birds were housed at either 21.1 or 32.2°C. and fed diets containing 15.6% protein with methionine plus cystine levels of 0.5, 0.55, 0.59 or 20% protein with 0.59% sulfur amino acids. Birds housed at the lower environmental temperature consumed protein in amounts which varied from 12.5 to 14.0 gm./day when fed the 15.6% protein diet, while those on the 20% protein diet consumed 17.3 gm. protein/day. At the higher temperature feed consumption was reduced. Methionine supplementation significantly increased egg production and egg weight at both temperatures. No improvements in performance were obtained above 0.289% methionine or 0.549% methionine plus cystine at 21.1°C. At this level, the birds consumed an average of 211 mg. methionine or 494 mg. methionine plus cystine/day. The maximum egg production obtained at 32.2°C. was 51.8%; the birds in this treatment consumed an average of 63 gm. feed/day. No additional response was obtained at this higher protein level. Multiple regression analyses yielded prediction equations which estimated the sulfur amino acid requirements for 70% production at 497.7 and 514.1 mg./day for birds housed at 21.1 and 32.2°C., respectively. In a second experiment, protein intakes were equalized for birds housed at 21 and 35°C. over a range of 12.7 to 20.5 gm./day. Significant improvements in egg production were obtained with increased protein consumption at 21°C.; while no increase in production was obtained with increased protein intake at 35°C. Multiple regression analyses on these data suggested that energy intake was the limiting factor for egg production at 35°C.; however, the possibility exists of a number of other factors adversely affecting egg production at higher temperatures.
Phase II study of fludarabine phosphate in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma

For phase II studies in patients with solid tumors, the National Cancer Institute recommended that the starting dose of fludarabine phosphate be 20 mg/m2/day as a short intravenous infusion for 5 days every 21 days. Twenty-one patients with untreated, advanced, measurable colorectal carcinoma received fludarabine phosphate as a 30-minute infusion at a median dose of 25 mg/mVday (range 15–35 mg/m2day) for 5 consecutive days repeated every three weeks. Antitumor response was evaluated following two courses of therapy. No patient achieved complete or partial response. Minor regression of lung metastases occurred for less than 12 weeks in one patient. Therapy was generally well tolerated. Frequent toxicities included lymphopenia, mild nausea and vomiting, mucositis, and anorexia. One patient died of sepsis, bleeding, and progressive disease while she was severely myelosuppressed. Neurotoxicity was not observed in any patient. Fludarabine phosphate at this schedule and dose range is inactive against colorectal carcinoma.
Measurement and modeling of decomposition kinetics for copper oxide-based chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling

Abstract Chemical looping combustion with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is a promising CO2-capture ready energy technology that employs oxygen carriers with thermodynamic properties that cause oxygen to be spontaneously liberated as gaseous O2 in the fuel reactor, where it can react directly with solid fuels. One of the promising CLOU carrier metals is copper, cycling between CuO and Cu2O. Experimentally-determined rate expressions for these reactions are needed for proper development, modeling and scale-up of CLOU technology. The CuO–Cu2O system presents an interesting challenge in that the rate of decomposition depends on the thermodynamic driving force imparted by the difference between equilibrium and actual partial pressures of oxygen, and the equilibrium partial pressure is strongly temperature dependent in the range useful for combustion. This study investigates decomposition of two different copper-based oxygen carriers, from CuO to Cu2O oxidation states, to develop a universal kinetic expression to describe the observed rate of reaction as a function of temperature, conversion and gas environment. The kinetic model developed is compared to results of a third support type (silica) using two different CuO wt% loadings (64 wt% CuO and 16 wt% CuO) to demonstrate applicability to other support types and copper oxide loadings.
Self‐Help Intervention Project. Women receiving breast cancer treatment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of self-care/self-help promotion and uncertainty management interventions offered by the Self-Help Intervention Project (SHIP) for women receiving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy for breast cancer. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: One hundred ninety-three women were randomly assigned either to one of three intervention groups (self- help course, uncertainty management, or self-help course plus uncertainty management) or to a control group. Data were analyzed by a repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance procedure using a two-level blocking factor (high and low resourcefulness) and four outcome variables (self-care, self-help, psychological adjustment, and confidence in cancer knowledge). Data were collected at baseline (T1), which was after initiation of adjuvant therapy, allowing for the emergence of treatment-related side effects; 6 to 8 weeks after T1 (T2); and 3 months after T2 (T3). RESULTS: At baseline, women having high resourcefulness compared with women having low resourcefulness evidenced greater self-care, self-help, psychological adjustment, and confidence in cancer knowledge. Participation in SHIP interventions resulted in higher levels of self-care, self-help, psychological adjustment, and confidence in cancer knowledge by time effect in a significant number of women regardless of their baseline resourcefulness. Women participating in SHIP interventions who had low baseline resourcefulness demonstrated the greatest change over time in the outcome variables. Post hoc results indicated that the effect primarily was the result of changes in psychological adjustment, confidence in cancer knowledge, and self-care. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings of this study address both the treatment effect for supportive care interventions and the needs that have emerged from review of the last 20 years of supportive care research. Some SHIP interventions evidenced more strength than others; data indicated that large percentages of women with low resourcefulness who received no SHIP interventions experienced a decrement in self-care, self-help, confidence in cancer knowledge, and psychological adjustment over the time that they received adjuvant therapy. Women's level of confidence in their knowledge about cancer being sufficient for self-management and self-help activities was not linked to baseline resourcefulness level. Thus, inherent resourcefulness was not a factor in need for supportive services that could maintain or increase confidence in cancer knowledge usefulness for self-management and self-help. Healthcare providers should note that although the women with low resourcefulness benefited the most from the interventions, women who evidenced high resourcefulness at baseline reported the same level of need for confidence in cancer knowledge and for self-help.
Coherent scattering by a spherical medium of resonant atoms

We consider the problem of coherent resonant scattering of electromagnetic waves by a spherical medium of two-level atoms. The frequency dependence of the scattering amplitudes and cross sections reveals a complex structure of narrow peaks and dips. We relate these scattering resonances to the cooperative emission resonances characteristic of a sphere. We find the scattering to show considerable interference between the electric and magnetic multipole contributions, particularly in the lower multipole orders. This interference tends to enhance anisotropies in the differential scattering cross section even for small spheres. For such spheres, the peak values of the resonant contributions of the low-order multipoles to the total scattering cross section can increase with multipole order, in contrast to the usual decrease seen in nonresonant scattering.
Heart rate variability in bipolar mania and schizophrenia.

Background: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) have been reported in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, but have not been well characterized in bipolar mania. We recorded cardiac activity and assessed HRV in acutely hospitalized manic bipolar (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) patients compared to age- and gender-matched healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Method: HRV was assessed using time domain, frequency domain, and nonlinear analyses in 23 manic BD, 14 SCZ, and 23 HC subjects during a 5 min rest period. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by administration of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Results: Manic BD patients demonstrated a significant reduction in HRV, parasympathetic activity, and cardiac entropy compared to HC subjects, while SCZ patients demonstrated a similar, but non-significant, trend towards lower HRV and entropy. Reduction in parasympathetic tone was significantly correlated with higher YMRS scores and the unusual thought content subscale on the BPRS. Decreased entropy was associated with increased aggression and diminished personal hygiene on the YMRS scale. Conclusion: Cardiac function in manic BD individuals is characterized by decreased HRV, reduced vagal tone, and a decline in heart rate complexity as assessed by linear and nonlinear methods of analysis. Autonomic dysregulation is associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms, suggesting HRV dysfunction in this disorder may be dependent on the phase of the illness.
ORCHESTRATING EMERGENT CHANGE: THE ‘HOSPITALIST MOVEMENT’ IN US HEALTHCARE

The metaphor of ‘orchestration’ is applied to an emergent change whereby developing different versions of a resource to solve local problems with managing hospitalized patient care in the USA became conceived as a nationwide innovation. A pluralistic framework incorporates Abbott’s conception of a system of professions, a cultural and political perspective on interaction and the notion of ‘orchestration’ which is distinguished from leadership and management. Small-scale research in diverse settings shows how key stakeholders including academic medical researchers orchestrated the coalescence of disparate practices into a unified movement, although working in a relatively decentralized healthcare system featuring a complex mix of public, private and voluntary sectors. Sufficient confluence between diverse interests was nurtured for widespread acceptance of a new ‘hospitalist’ role coordinating inpatient treatment. It is suggested that the metaphor of orchestration may have wider potential as a heuristic for understanding emergent change that becomes more complex as it spreads.
Altair unmanned aircraft system achieves demonstration goals

In the early morning of 15 November 2005, the unmanned Altair aircraft returned to Gray Butte Airfield, north of Los Angeles, Calif., after completing an 18.4-hour mission over the eastern Pacific Ocean. The flight was the last in a series undertaken by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in its Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Demonstration Project. The successful flight series has helped start the era of unmanned flights in service of environmental goals. Altair cruised at altitudes in the lower stratosphere (13 kilo-meters; ∼43,000 feet), collecting atmospheric data with a 140-kilogram payload of both remote and in situ instruments.
Septicemia due to Escherichia coli.

Summary Two cases of bacteremia due to Esch. coli are reported: (1) a 5-day-oldinfant was in extremis on admission and died nine hours later before appropriate therapy could be instituted; (2) a 4-month-old infant with blood stream and urinary tract infection due to Esch. coli who recovered after treatment with 80,000 units of streptomycin per pound per day for six days, having shown no clinical or bacteriological response to previous treatment with sulfadiazine for three days. She received a total of 5,850,000 units of streptomycin.
Cardiac arrest recorded on ambulatory electrocardiograms

To characterize the events that precede and precipitate sudden cardiac death (SCD), the long-term electrocardiograms of 27 patients who had SCD while being monitored were analyzed. In 20 patients, SCD was associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia [VT]/ventricular fibrillation [VF]) and in 7 it was associated with bradyarrhythmias. Seventeen of the patients were men and 10 were women. Twenty-one patients had coronary artery disease, 2 had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, 2 had mitral stenosis and 1 patient had mitral valve prolapse. Four patients with VT/VF had a previous nonfatal cardiac arrest. In the 20 patients with tachyarrhythmia-related SCD, 3 or more VT beats always preceded degeneration to VF. In 5 patients, the frequency or complexity of ventricular arrhythmias increased in the hour before SCD. In 11 of 20, there was a 20% or greater increase in underlying heart rate in the hour before SCD. The R-on-T phenomenon was observed in 4 patients. The long-short phenomenon initiated VT/VF in 2 patients. Only 2 patients with VT/VF were resuscitated. No patient with bradyarrhythmia -related SCD had manifest atrioventricular block or bundle branch block. Two of 7 patients had an episode of nonsustained bradycardia in the hour before arrest. No patient was resuscitated. In conclusion, VT that degenerates into VF is the most common arrhythmia associated with SCD. VT/VF is frequently preceded by an increase in heart rate and complex ectopy. VT is most often initiated by late ventricular premature complexes. Twenty-five percent of patients who have SCD have associated bradyarrhythmias that may occur without premonitory events.
Synthesis and spectral properties of some 1,2-dithienylethenes and 1-thieny1-4-phenylbutadienes

A total of seven thiophene derivatives not previously reported have been prepared via the Knoevenagel condensation of an activated methylthiophene and a heterocyclic or aromatic aldehyde. The principal peaks in the ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra as well as some nuclear magnetic resonance data are reported for these compounds.
A method to attenuate pneumoperitoneum-induced reductions in splanchnic blood flow.

Millions of abdominal procedures are conducted in American hospitals annually. Estimates for completed cholecystectomies alone range between 500,000 and 800,000; the figure for appendectomies is even higher (information from the American Society of Abdominal Surgeons). A significant percentage of these surgeries (>90%) is conducted using minimally invasive techniques. By avoiding the large incision and gross manipulations performed during a traditional open procedure, laparoscopic surgery results in quicker postsurgical recovery, including a reduction in time to mobilization and a decreased requirement for postoperative analgesics.1,2 Technical improvements such as better cameras and light sources along with finer gripping and cutting instruments have greatly enhanced the field so that a laparoscopic procedure is considered a routine event. Despite its benefits, pneumoperitoneum (the act of insufflating the peritoneal cavity with gas, most often carbon dioxide; CO2) is not without physiological consequences. In humans, even brief periods of CO2 insufflation (45–60 minutes) have been shown to significantly reduce blood flow to organs within the peritoneal space. This reduction promotes anaerobic metabolism leading to lactic acidosis3; postoperative manifestations include alteration in liver enzymes,4 subclinical hepatic dysfunction,5 and the appearance of oxidative stress markers.6 As a result, tissue ischemia7,8 and altered postoperative organ function4,9,10 are major causes of laparoscopic-associated morbidity and mortality. The increase in intraabdominal pressure produced by insufflation results in direct mechanical suppression of splanchnic blood flow. This is compounded by the CO2-stimulated release of various vasoactive substances, including vasopressin, angiotensin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH).11 At present, an effective method(s) to control the physiological changes produced by the presence of CO2 in the gut has not been developed.12,13 Reducing the inflow of CO2 is not a tenable option because intraabdominal pressures of 12 to 15 mm Hg are typically required to produce enough space within the peritoneal cavity for organ visualization, multiple tool insertions, and surgical manipulations. We reasoned that the deleterious effects of CO2 insufflation on tissue blood flow would be abrogated by the administration of a vasoactive agent. Because intravenous drug dosing appears to offer limited benefit,14 we speculated that intraperitoneal administration would be more efficacious. Specifically, we hypothesized that inclusion of a nitric oxide (NO) congener (ie, a compound that contains NO) within the insufflating gas would attenuate the pneumoperitoneum-induced reductions in peritoneal organ blood flow. For the actual agent, we selected ethyl nitrite (ENO) because it is highly volatile and readily decomposes in biologic medium to produce S-nitrosothiols (SNOs; endogenous NO donors).15 We tested our hypothesis by measuring liver and kidney blood flows in swine during CO2 pneumoperitoneum with and without ENO in the insufflating gas.
Seasonally anovulatory ewes fail to respond to progestogen treatment in the absence of gonadotropin stimulation

Abstract The induction of synchronized estrus for June–July breeding of ewes treated with melengestrol acetate (MGA) or Norgestomet implants (SMB) was evaluated in relation to the ram effect and treatment with PG-600 at the time of progestogen withdrawal. Anovulatory Dorset, Suffolk, and Hampshire ewes (n=140) were randomly assigned within breed groups to 1 of 5 treatments: 1) control; 2) MGA only (MGA); 3) MGA + PG-600 (PMGA); 4) SMB only (SMB); and 5) SMB + PG-600 (PSMB). Beginning June 15, MGA- and PMGA-treated ewes were fed 0.3 mg MGA/d in a mixture of shelled corn and a commercially prepared pelleted supplement containing MGA. Concomitantly, the SMB- and PSMB-treated ewes were given a 3-mg SMB implant inserted subcutaneously at the back of the ear. At the end of the 10-d treatment period, MGA supplementation was discontinued, the SMB implants were removed, and both the PMGA- and PSMB-treated ewes were given a single intramuscular injection of PG-600 (400 IU PMSG + 200 IU hCG). One-half of the ewes in each treatment group were placed with fertile rams equipped with marking harnesses on June 24 for a 30-d breeding period, while the other ewes remained isolated from the rams. To monitor luteal activity of ewes exposed or not exposed to rams, blood samples for progesterone analysis were collected at 0, 4, 7 and 10 d after termination of the progestogen treatments. At least 79% of all the ewes exposed to rams had luteal activity. In the absence of rams, only ewes treated with PG-600 had an increase (P
Activation-energy landscape for metastable RNA folding.

We consider the relaxation kinetics for folding intermediate structures in random uncorrelated RNA chains. Folding patterns correspond to intrachain secondary structures. We make use of a Monte Carlo simulation that mimics a Markov process to study the refolding dynamics. This is done to obtain the time-dependent behavior of the activation energies. We conclude that the mechanism of relaxation to the equilibrium secondary structure is compatible with the random-energy model as the thermodynamic limit is approached.
Use of intraoperative MRI in pituitary surgery

Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) during transphenoidal surgery has the potential to improve the safety, precision, and extent of tumor resection. It provides accurate guidance to and within the sella, provides precise information about the extent of resection, and alert the surgeon to the development of complications. Within the intraoperative MRI unit at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 25 transsphenoidal procedures have been performed in 24 patients. Seventeen cases were reoperations. There were 23 pituitary adenomas (19 macroadenomas, 4 microadenomas). 1 Rathke's cyst, and 1 craniopharyngioma. iMRI was useful in guiding surgery toward the sella. All microadenomas were successfully resected. Total resection was achieved in 11 of 17 macroadenoma cases. iMRI helped identify 7 cases (of 13 with residual tumor) where residual tumor that was not obvious to the surgeon could be subsequently resected. Intraoperative MRI during transsphenoidal surgery offers excellent guidance to the sella, especially in cases of reoperation. In addition, it provides accurate data about the amount of residual tumor, which can often lead to further resection.
Vector-borne disease control in sub-Saharan Africa: a necessary but partial vision of development.

Abstract A comparative analysis of efforts to control four major vector-borne diseases that plague agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa — onchocerciasis (river blindness), bovine trypanosomiasis, malaria, and East Coast Fever — reveals numerous similarities in the technical reasons why control programs break down. The authors conclude that there is an urgent need to develop simpler control technologies and to pay more attention to the types of socioeconomic planning (including land-use planning) that must accompany or predate disease control efforts if they are to fulfill their full economic and social potential over time.
Neutron measurements in space

The experimental measurements of the neutron flux and energy spectrum in space since 1964 are reviewed and related to the theoretical predictions. A discussion of the neutron sources is presented. The difficulties associated with neutron measurements of both the atmospheric neutron leakage flux and solar neutrons are included. Particular emphasis is placed upon the neutron leakage flux and energy measurements at energies greater than about 1 MeV. The possibilities of CRAND as a source for the energetic trapped protons are discussed in light of recent measurements of the 10–100 MeV neutron flux. The current status of the solar neutron flux observations is also presented.
Evidence for a non-alpha-helical DNA-binding motif in the Rel homology region.

Abstract The Rel family of transcription factors serve as terminal messengers in a variety of developmental and receptor-mediated signaling pathways. These proteins are related by a domain of approximately 280 amino acids, the Rel homology region, which mediates dimerization and sequence-specific binding to DNA. Here we report the use of photocrosslinking and site-directed mutagenesis to identify specific contact partners in a Rel protein-DNA interface. Within the Rel homology region of NF-kappa B p50 (also known as KBF1), two amino acid residues were identified by photocrosslinking to adjacent bases in a beta-interferon regulatory element. Secondary structure analysis suggests that the DNA-binding motif of the Rel homology region comprises a beta-turn-beta structure, in contrast to the alpha-helical motifs so commonly observed in transcription factors.
Cyclopolycondensation. XIII. Polymer Reactions of Polybenzoxazinones with Organic Base

Polymer reactions of polybenzoxazinones with organic bases such as ammonia and aniline were studied. From the ring-opening reaction of the benzoxazinone ring of polybenzoxozinone with an organic base, the corresponding polyamides having pendant amide groups were obtained quantitatively without the high decrease in molecular weight. The polyamide undergoes thermal cyclization along the polymer chain to again yield polybenzoxazinone by deamination reaction, whereas in the presence of lithium chloride or zinc chloride it yields fully aromatic polyquinazolone by thermal cyclodehydration. Polyquinazolone thus obtained has excellent thermal stability in nitrogen and in air.
Yeast protein farnesyltransferase: a pre-steady-state kinetic analysis.

Protein farnesyltransferase catalyzes alkylation of the cysteine in a carboxy-terminal CaaX motif where a is typically an aliphatic amino acid and X is alanine, methionine, serine, glutamine, or cy...
A dominant interfering Bub1 mutant is insufficient to induce or alter thymic tumorigenesis in vivo, even in a sensitized genetic background.

Aneuploidy is a common feature of human tumors, often correlating with poor prognosis. The mitotic spindle checkpoint is thought to play a major role in aneuploidy suppression. To investigate the role of the spindle checkpoint in tumor suppression in vivo, we developed transgenic mice in which thymocytes express a dominant interfering fragment of Bub1, a kinase regulator of the spindle checkpoint. We report that, despite high-level expression of dominant-negative Bub1 (Bub1DN), a protein known to inhibit spindle checkpoint activity in cultured cells, thymocytes show no evidence of spindle checkpoint impairment. Transgenic animals also failed to show an increased predisposition to spontaneous tumors. Moreover, the Bub1DN transgene failed to alter the timing or characteristics of thymic lymphoma development in p53 heterozygous or homozygous null backgrounds, indicating that the lack of tumorigenesis is not due to suppression by p53-dependent checkpoints. These results indicate that overexpression of a Bub1 N-terminal fragment is insufficient to impair the spindle checkpoint in vivo or to drive tumorigenesis in the highly susceptible murine thymocyte system, either alone or in combination with G1 checkpoint disruption.
Recent consensus on the pulpel reaction to restorative materials

Abstract 1.Any restorative material or reduction procedure can produce a pulp response which should be converted to stimulation rather than irritation. Proper cavity design and selection of a protective base can prevent irreversible pathologic changes in the pulp. 2.The value of reparative dentin is unexcelled in controlling injury. Most pulp studies are conducted on teeth which have no reparative dentin to determine the irritational potential of the material. 3.Metallic restorations are inert and not toxic but they can produce inflammation from the physical aspects of condensation. This is avoided by using strong bases to resist the trauma and to reduce thermal conductivity. Apparently the base serves the same purpose as reparative dentin. 4.Tooth colored restorations are toxic and require liners when space exists for them in the cavity preparation. The axial walls of Class III and IV cavity designs should be in sound dentin or made with a protective base at a distance 0.5 mm. inside the dentinoenamel junction. Cavity primers specifically manufactured for resins are cleaning agents, are more irritating than the resin material, and they do not significantly influence the marginal adaptation of the material. The value of the use of primers at this time is doubtful. Calcium hydroxide is the best protective base material available because it produces the least amount of irritation to the pulp. It should be applied, if possible, under all resin and silicate restorations. 5.An adhesive restorative material, if developed, will probably employ a surface conditioner or etching solution, a liner, and a coupling resin material. Extensive testing should disclose effects of all new materials to support the use of clinical procedures.
On-line estimation of internet path performance: an application perspective

Estimating end-to-end packet loss on Internet paths is important not only to monitor network performance, but also to assist adaptive applications make the best possible use of available network resources. There has been significant prior work on measuring and modeling packet loss in the Internet, but most of those techniques do not focus on providing real-time information and on assessing path performance from an application standpoint. In this paper, we present an online probing-based approach to estimate the loss performance of a network path, and extend this estimate to infer the performance that an application using the path would see. The approach relies on a hidden Markov model constructed from performance estimates generated from probes, which is then used to predict path performance as an application would experience. The accuracy of the model is evaluated using a number of different metrics, including loss rate and loss burstiness. The sensitivity of the results to measurement and computational overhead is also investigated, and an extension of the base approach using a layered model is explored as a possible solution to capturing time-varying channel behavior while keeping computational complexity reasonably low. The results we present show that the approach is capable of generating accurate, real-time estimates of path performance, and of predicting the performance that applications would experience if routed on the path
The chiral anomaly and a class of two-loop finite supersymmetric gauge theories

Abstract By means of the supercurrent anomaly we derive a formula for the two-loop β-function of the matter self-interactions in an arbitrary massless N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theory. As a trivial consequence we show that if such a theory is one-loop finite it is also two-loop finite, and we discuss whether this finiteness persists to all orders.
Mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina

Objective To estimate the impact of Hurricane Katrina on mental illness and suicidality by comparing results of a post-Katrina survey with those of an earlier survey. Methods The National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, conducted between February 2001 and February 2003, interviewed 826 adults in the Census Divisions later affected by Hurricane Katrina. The post-Katrina survey interviewed a new sample of 1043 adults who lived in the same area before the hurricane. Identical questions were asked about mental illness and suicidality. The post-Katrina survey also assessed several dimensions of personal growth that resulted from the trauma (for example, increased closeness to a loved one, increased religiosity). Outcome measures used were the K6 screening scale of serious mental illness and mild–moderate mental illness and questions about suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Findings Respondents to the post-Katrina survey had a significantly higher estimated prevalence of serious mental illness than respondents to the earlier survey (11.3% after Katrina versus 6.1% before; c²1= 10.9; P < 0.001) and mild–moderate mental illness (19.9% after Katrina versus 9.7% before; c²1 = 22.5; P < 0.001). Among respondents estimated to have mental illness, though, the prevalence of suicidal ideation and plans was significantly lower in the post-Katrina survey (suicidal ideation 0.7% after Katrina versus 8.4% before; c²1 = 13.1; P < 0.001; plans for suicide 0.4% after Katrina versus 3.6% before; c²1 = 6.0; P = 0.014). This lower conditional prevalence of suicidality was strongly related to two dimensions of personal growth after the trauma (faith in one’s own ability to rebuild one’s life, and realization of inner strength), without which between-survey differences in suicidality were insignificant. Conclusion Despite the estimated prevalence of mental illness doubling after Hurricane Katrina, the prevalence of suicidality was unexpectedly low. The role of post-traumatic personal growth in ameliorating the effects of trauma-related mental illness on suicidality warrants further investigation.
A VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION IN THE TERM STRUCTURE

Based on a market efficiency assumption, we use variance decomposition analysis to separate information in the term structure on expected future spot rates from information on time-varying term premia and to examine the market's ability to forecast both future rate changes and excess returns on long versus short securities. We find that fluctuations in the slope of the yield curve are due more to changing term premia than to fluctuations in expected future spot rates and that the market correctly predicts about 40 percent of the month-to-month changes in spot rates, a considerably higher percentage than that found by previous studies.
Combined Anteversion Technique for Total Hip Arthroplasty

Combined cup and stem anteversion in THA based on femoral anteversion has been suggested as a method to compensate for abnormal femoral anteversion. We investigated the combined anteversion technique using computer navigation. In 47 THAs, the surgeon first estimated the femoral broach anteversion and validated the position by computer navigation. The broach was then measured with navigation. The navigation screen was blocked while the surgeon estimated the anteversion of the broach. This provided two estimates of stem anteversion. The navigated stem anteversion was validated by postoperative CT scans. All cups were implanted using navigation alone. We determined precision (the reproducibility) and bias (how close the average test number is to the true value) of the stem position. Comparing the surgeon estimate to navigation anteversion, the precision of the surgeon was 16.8° and bias was 0.2°; comparing the navigation of the stem to postoperative CT anteversion, the precision was 4.8° and bias was 0.2°, meaning navigation is accurate. Combined anteversion by postoperative CT scan was 37.6° ± 7° (standard deviation) (range, 19°–50°). The combined anteversion with computer navigation was within the safe zone of 25° to 50° for 45 of 47 (96%) hips. Femoral stem anteversion had a wide variability. Level of Evidence: Level II, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Genetic marking and characterization of Tac2- expressing neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system

The neurocircuits that process somatic sensory information in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are still poorly understood, with one reason being the lack of Cre lines for genetically marking or manipulating selective subpopulations of dorsal horn neurons. Here we describe Tac2-Cre mice that were generated to express the Cre recombinase gene from the Tac2 locus. Tachykinin 2 (Tac2) encodes a neurotransmitter, neurokinin B (NKB). By crossing Tac2-Cre mice with ROSA26-tdTomato reporter mice, we directly visualized Tac2 lineage neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and many parts of the brain including the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, habenula, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. This Tac2-Cre allele itself was a null allele for the Tac2 gene. Behavioral analyses showed that Tac2 homozygous null mice responded normally to a series of algogenic (pain-inducing) and pruritic (itch-inducing) stimuli. Tac2-Cre mice are a useful tool to mark specific subsets of neurons in the sensory ganglia, the dorsal spinal cord, and the brain. These mice can also be used for future genetic manipulations to study the functions of Tac2-expressing neurons or the functions of genes expressed in these neurons.
Model of Bacterial Band Formation in Aerotaxis

Aerotaxis is a particular form of "energy taxis". It is based on a largely elusive signal transduction machinery. In aerotaxis, oxygen dissolved in water plays the role of both attractant (at moderate concentrations) and repellent (at high and low concentrations). Cells swimming from favorable oxygen concentrations into regions with unfavorable concentrations increase the frequency of reversals, turn back into the favorable domain, and become effectively trapped there. At the same time, bacteria consume oxygen, creating an oxygen gradient. This behavior leads to a pattern formation phenomenon: bacteria self-organize into a dense band at a certain distance from the air-water interface. We incorporate experimental observations of the aerotactic bacterium, Azospirillum brasilense, into a mathematical model. The model consists of a system of differential equations describing swimming bacterial cells and diffusing oxygen. The cells' frequency of reversals depends on the concentration of oxygen and its time derivative while oxygen is depleted by the bacteria. We suggest a hypothetical model of energy sensing mediated by aerotactic receptors Aer and Tsr. Computer simulations and analysis of the model equations allow comparisons of theoretical and experimental results and provide insight into the mechanisms of bacterial pattern formation and underlying signal transduction machinery. We make testable predictions about position and density of the bacterial band.
Estrogen effects on human airway smooth muscle involve cAMP and protein kinase A.

Clinically observed differences in airway reactivity and asthma exacerbations in women at different life stages suggest a role for sex steroids in modulating airway function although their targets ...
Perioperative dental evaluation.

Typically, a patient's intraoral condition is not a chief perioperative concern. The need for proper dental care is often unmet prior to a surgical procedure. Consequently, patients presenting for surgery may possess untreated decayed teeth and/or periodontal disease. These individuals may be harboring a quiescent and potent odontogenic infection. In the perioperative period, the deleterious effects of such an infection can not only compromise surgical outcome, but also magnify treatment and expenses. This article will elaborate on the connection between oral health and systemic disease, and discuss the barriers that exist with improving oral health. It will review pertinent dental nomenclature and anatomy, as well as emphasize the practice and value of a preoperative dental evaluation. Various compromised intraoral conditions are presented among a range of patient populations. The importance of treating an acute odontogenic infection before surgery is also discussed. Healthcare providers who recognize significant perioperative dental conditions can implement effective and preventive actions that can contain costs and achieve optimal patient care. Mt Sinai J Med 79:34–45, 2012.© 2012 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Efficient generation of broadband terahertz pulses based on bulk parametric interaction in 2-cm-thick GaP crystal

We have demonstrated that two-photon absorption in a 2-cm-thick bulk GaP crystal can be the mechanism for limiting the efficient generation of the ultrafast broadband THz pulses using short infrared laser pulses.
Descent with Modification: Bioanthropological Identities in 2009

ABSTRACT In the year of Darwin, what were the emerging themes and events that united disparate manifestations of bioanthropological identities? In this review, I draw from conference proceedings, the literature, and electronic social networking to assess six major developments in 2009: the bioanthropological legacy of Darwin on the 200th anniversary of his birth; the efforts of primatologists from a multitude of backgrounds to grapple with the construction of a unified ethics; the remediation of philosophical tensions between field and captive primatology; the coalescence of an explicitly comparative evolutionary anthropology; the role of conference attendance and collaborations in forging disciplinary identity; and the provocative implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus story. The field of biological anthropology continues to evolve and diversify, obscuring a common identity, but as in other organic fractal systems, a common origin as anthropologists leads to descent with modification.
After Adoption: Sustaining the Innovation—A Case Study of Disseminating the Hospital Elder Life Program

Objectives To examine key factors that influence sustainability in the diffusion of the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) as an example of an evidence-based, multifaceted, innovative program to improve care for hospitalized older adults. Design Longitudinal, qualitative study between November 2000 and November 2003 based on 102 in-depth interviews every 6 months during HELP implementation. Setting Thirteen hospitals implementing HELP. Participants Forty-two hospital staff members (physician, nursing, volunteer, and administrative staff) implementing HELP, conducted 102 interviews. Measurements Staff experiences sustaining the program, including challenges and strategies that they viewed as successful in addressing these challenges. Results Of the 13 hospitals studied, 10 were sustaining HELP at the end of the study period; three terminated the program (after 24 months, 12 months, and 6 months). Critical factors were identified as influencing whether the program was sustained: the presence of clinical leadership, the ability and willingness to adapt the original HELP protocols to local hospital circumstances and constraints, and the ability to obtain longer-term resources and funding for HELP. Conclusion Recognizing the need for sustained clinical leadership and funding as well as the inevitable modifications required to sustain innovative programs can promote more-realistic goals and expectations for health services researchers, clinicians, and policy makers in their laudable efforts to translate research into practice.
Higgs boson production at hadron colliders with soft gluon effects: Backgrounds

The gold-plated discovery mode of a standard model like Higgs boson at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the H{r_arrow}Z{sup 0}Z{sup 0} decay mode. To find and then measure the properties of the Higgs boson, it is crucial to have the most precise theoretical prediction both for the signal and the QCD background in this mode. In this work we calculate the effects of the initial-state multiple soft-gluon emission on the kinematic distributions of Z{sup 0} boson and photon pairs produced in hadron collisions. The Collins-Soper-Sterman formalism is extended to resum the large logarithmic terms due to soft gluons. The resummed total rates, the invariant mass, transverse momentum, and rapidity distributions of the Z{sup 0} and photon pairs, and the transverse momentum distributions of the individual vector bosons are presented and compared to the fixed order predictions in the whole kinematic range, for the LHC energies and for the upgraded Fermilab Tevatron. Our conclusion is that the resummed predictions should be used when extracting the Higgs signal at the LHC. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Electrophysiological Studies in the Denervated Transplanted Human Heart Response to Atrial Pacing and Atropine

To date, no studies have documented the conduction characteristics of the atrioventricular conduction system in the transplanted human heart. Three patients who had undergone cardiac transplantation 1-2 years previously formed the basis of this study. All were functional class I symptomatically and had normal hemodynamics and coronary arteriograms at the time of study. Each patient was in sinus rhythm with a normal P-R interval and QRS configuration. None was taking medications known to affect the atrioventricular conduction system. Using the His bundle technique, all were shown to have normal base-line atrium-His bundle (AH) and His bundle-ventricle (HV) conduction times. Recordings were made of both the donor (A D ) and the recipient (A R ) electrograms. The A D rate was more rapid than the A R rate by an average of 24 beats/min. Right atrial pacing to a rate of 170 beats/min resulted in a progressive lengthening of the AH interval to an average of 205 msec, a result comparable to that in normal patients. At the cessation of rapid pacing, A D recovery time averaged 770 msec, which is normal. The administration of 1-2 mg of atropine increased the A R rate by an average of 28% but did not alter the A D rate; the AH intervals did not change. We conclude that (1) the normal AH intervals at rest and the increased AH intervals during pacing demonstrate the inherent conduction delay imposed by the atrioventricular node independent of autonomic influence, (2) the A D recovery time after overdrive is an inherent property of the A D sinus node, and (3) the absence of change in the A D rate or the AH interval after administration of atropine suggests that parasympathetic reinnervation has not occurred in these patients.
Diffusion Measurements Through Embedded Zeolite Crystals

For the first time, a macroscopic method was used to measure directly diffusivity of fast diffusing species such as methane in silicalite. A form of Wicke–Kallenbach technique was applied to measure intracrystalline diffusivity. The technique uses a single embedded zeolite crystal as a membrane and a mass-selective detector to determine the transient mass response and hence the diffusion flux passing through the membranne. A concentration-difference driving force is used rather than a pressure-difference driving force. The diffusivities calculated from both adsorption and desorption transients were in excellent agreement, thus providing a check for the self-consistency of the data. The diffusivities of carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane and butane in silicalite between 30 and 70°C have been compared with those from the literature. The diffusivities reported here are between those measured with microscopic methods and those measured with other macroscopic methods.
Optical properties of fluoride thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering

Fluoride thin films for 193-nm lithography were deposited by three different types of RF magnetron sputtering. Systematic analysis of the relation between optical properties and deposition conditions of these thin films is discussed.