cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transforming the Experience of Mirror Viewing for Individuals Faced With Disfiguring Injuries.

Purpose/aims This study explored the feasibility of educating nurses on an emotionally sensitive topic using video. The aim was to educate nurses on how to assist individuals who have had an amputation of a limb in viewing themselves in the mirror. Design One-group repeated-measures design with 2 time points (pretest and posttest at 1 month). Methods Nurses viewed a video in which 8 amputee actors described how and why nurses should support individuals' viewing of self in the mirror following amputation. Results This video-based education was feasible, and recommendations were made for future research. Participants were engaged and shared insight into how this knowledge would change their nursing practice. Conclusions A larger educational research study to test the effect of this education on improving nursing confidence and offering the mirror is recommended.
Printing and Programming of In-Situ Actuators

This paper demonstrates a method for developing in-situ actuation retrofitted onto an additive manufacturing platform. By printing and programming a cantilever beam automated to deploy and actuate without human intervention, one may extend the functionality of an additive manufacturing platform without installing additional hardware. The design leverages a common Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) platform to physically validate the concept through experiment. Kinetics are repeatedly measured and referenced to develop over two dozen generations of in-situ actuator designs, each a function of programming the specific manipulation of the FFF platform’s gantry-code. The resulting lever fabricated onto the build plate can be embedded into the machine’s design envelope to deploy other fabricated objects off of the build plate. As a proof of concept to demonstrate the actuator’s utility, a Prusa MK3S3D printer is used to fabricate an in-situ actuator which is automated to deploy a simultaneously printed spherical 3D printed structure.
Rapid estimation of Salmonella enterica contamination level in ground beef - Application of the time-to-positivity method using a combination of molecular detection and direct plating.

Abstract Little progress has been made in decreasing the incidence rate of salmonellosis in the US over the past decade. Mitigating the contribution of contaminated raw meat to the salmonellosis incidence rate requires rapid methods for quantifying Salmonella, so that highly contaminated products can be removed before entering the food chain. Here we evaluated the use of Time-to-Positivity (TTP) as a rapid, semi-quantitative approach for estimating Salmonella contamination levels in ground beef. Growth rates of 14 Salmonella strains (inoculated at log 1 to −2 CFU/g) were characterized in lean ground beef mTSB enrichments and time-to-detection was determined using culture and molecular detection methods. Enrichments were sampled at five timepoints and results were used to construct a prediction model of estimated contamination level by TTP (superscript indicates time in hours) defined as TTP4: ≥ 5 CFU/g; TTP6: ≤ 5, ≥ 1 CFU/g; TTP8: ≤ 1, ≥ 0.01 CFU/g; with samples negative at 8 h estimated ≤ 0.01 CFU/g. Model performance measures showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (83% and 93% for two detection methods) for samples with a TTP4, with false negative rates of 0%.
Running With Your Hair on Fire: Lessons Learned From Transitioning a National University Sales Competition From Face-to-Face to Virtual in 16 Days

Since their inception, university sales competitions have been key learning and educational components of university sales education. Over the past two decades, the oldest and one of the largest sa...
Deep Learning Using Augmentation via Registration: 1st Place Solution to the AutoImplant 2020 Challenge

Automatic cranial implant design can save clinicians time and resources by computing the implant shape and size from a single image of a defective skull. We aimed to improve upon previously proposed deep learning methods by augmenting the training data set using transformations that warped the images into different shapes and orientations. The transformations were computed by non-linearly registering the complete skull images between the 100 subjects in the training data set. The transformations were then applied to warp each of the defective and complete skull images so that the shape and orientation resembled that of a different subject in the training set. One hundred ninety-seven of the registrations failed, resulting in an augmented training set of 9,803 defective and complete skull image pairs. The augmented training set was used to train an ensemble of four U-Net models to predict the complete skull shape from the defective skulls using cross-validation. The ensemble of models performed very well and predicted the implant shapes with a mean dice similarity coefficient of 0.942 and a mean Hausdorff distance of 3.598 mm for all 110 test cases. Our solution ranked first among all participants of the AutoImplant 2020 challenge. The code for this project is available at https://github.com/ellisdg/3DUnetCNN.
Deep Learning to Discover Genomic Signatures for Racial Disparity in Lung Cancer

Background: In the United States, African American Males (AAM) have the highest lung cancer incidence and mortality rate compared to European American Males (EAM). Cigarette is considered the major risk factor for lung cancer, but smoking alone fails to interpret the rationale for developing lung cancer between AAM and EAM. The higher rates of lung cancer among AAM occur even though they have lower smoking rates, smoke fewer cigarettes per day, and are less likely to be heavy smokers than EAM. Identifying genomic signatures such as key genes that can differentiate lung cancers between AAM and EAM will be a stepping stone to comprehend the disparity of lung cancer between AAM and EAM.Method: The gene expression profiles of whole blood samples from AAM and EAM patients were used to identify the key genes that can differentiate the lung cancers between AAM and EAM. Due to the US population's imbalanced nature between AAM and EAM, the distribution of samples for the present study is also highly imbalanced (AAM: 15 and EAM: 153). Here, we developed a computational framework using a deep learning-based unsupervised feature selection approach, concrete autoencoder (CAE), which can select actual features rather than latent features. First, we showed that features such as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) discovered by a supervised statistical approach LIMMA could not differentiate lung cancers between AAM and EAM. Then we showed that the CAE could isolate essential features capable of differentiating lung cancers between AAM and EAM.Results: The proposed framework using CAE was able to detect 34 key features/genes, which outperforms all sets of DEGs identified using three different thresholds on fold change. Using the selected 34 genes, the Random Forest classifier was able to classify lung cancers among AAM and EAM with 99% accuracy and only one false negative.Conclusion: The proposed framework using CAE reveals the key genes that can differentiate lung tumors between AAM and EAM. These key genes can be used as biomarkers to understand the difference in lung cancer development between AAM and EAM. This study also showed that the CAE is capable of extracting relevant features from a highly imbalanced dataset.
Immigrant incorporation in East Asian democracies: by Erin Aeran Chung, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2020, xvi+261pp., £18.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781107616967

Korea, Japan and Taiwan are three East Asian democracies that have previously been identified as recent host societies of immigration with exclusionary immigration policies and ethnic citizenship r...
WALANT Technique versus Sedation for Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release.

BackgroundThis study sought to investigate complication rates/perioperative metrics after endoscopic carpal tunnel release (eCTR) via wide-awake, local anesthesia, no tourniquet (WALANT) versus sed...
Seeing is believing

The lack of culturally relevant role models for trainees and diverse voices in the biomedical workforce is a significant challenge for innovation. Diversity, inclusion, and scientific progress are not distinct issues to be pursued separately. Here I highlight a student-led initiative that aims to highlight diverse voices in biomedical sciences.
A critical review of 25 years of glomalin research: a better mechanical understanding and robust quantification techniques are required.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important contributors to both plant and soil health. Twenty-five years ago, researchers discovered 'glomalin', a soil component potentially produced by AMF, which was unconventionally extracted from soil and bound by a monoclonal antibody raised against Rhizophagus irregularis spores. 'Glomalin' can resist boiling, strong acids and bases, and protease treatment. Researchers proposed that 'glomalin' is a 60 kDa heat shock protein produced by AMF, while others suggested that it is a mixture of soil organic materials that are not unique to AMF. Despite disagreements on the nature of 'glomalin', it has been consistently associated with a long list of plant and soil health benefits, including soil aggregation, soil carbon storage and enhancing growth under abiotic stress. The benefits attributed to 'glomalin' have caused much excitement in the plant and soil health community; however, the mechanism(s) for these benefits have yet to be established. This review provides insights into the current understanding of the identity of 'glomalin', 'glomalin' quantification, and the associated benefits of 'glomalin'. We invite the community to think more critically about how glomalin-associated benefits are generated. We suggest a series of experiments to test hypotheses regarding the nature of 'glomalin' and associated health benefits.
Localization of Transient Events

In battlefields, each side is often engaging in shelling targets with a wide variety of weapons: cannons, rockets, rocket-propelled grenades, tanks, etc., as shown in Fig. 9.1.
Assessment of Gonadotropin Therapy in Infertile Males

Although human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has been demonstrated to be effective in the initiation or restoration of human spermatogenesis (1), its use in the treatment of male infertility has had variable results (2). Various reports indicate that FSH has no effect on steroid biosynthesis in the testis (3,4) while others suggest a stimulating effect on testosterone and estrogen production (5). The present investigation was carried out to test the effect of a human FSH preparation on males with infertility of varying pathogenesis. In addition to following the response of the sperm count, the study included assay of pituitary and gonadal hormones in blood and urine and investigation of bio-synthetic pathways in small amounts of testicular tissue obtained at biopsy. Criteria were sought for grouping infertile patients in relation to response to therapy.
Comparing Microbial Genomes: How the Gene Set Determines the Lifestyle

Sequencing of complete microbial genomes, pioneered in 1995 by J. C. Venter and colleagues, continues at an ever-increasing pace. The availability of complete genome sequences has had a major impact on the view of microbial evolution. Comparative analysis of the complete genomes of several diverse microorganisms on the basis of such properties as codon usage, open reading frame (ORF) density, and the lengths of coding regions shows many common trends in their organization. Comparison of the complete genomes of closely related bacterial species, Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, showed a significant degree of synteny between these organisms. Homologous genes and their products can be classified into orthologs, related by vertical descent (e.g., speciation), and paralogs, related by duplication. Pathogenic bacteria import a variety of metabolites from their hosts, which allows them to shed genes encoding enzymes for some of the metabolic pathways. Comparative analysis of the available microbial genomes reveals both conservation of protein families and diversity of gene repertoires and gene organization among organisms that belong to diverse phylogenetic lineages. In many cases, bacterial genes seem to have substituted for the original genes of the archaeal-eukaryotic lineage, making phylogenetic reconstructions extremely complicated.
Portuguese Archival Documentation of Europe's First Colony in the Tropics: The Cape Verde Islands, 1460-1530

Abstract The development stage of Cape Verde Island trade with Europe and West Africa is demarcated by two dates: 1460, when the islands were officially discovered, and 1530 when France, England, and Spain challenged the Portuguese monopoly. This study examines the sources for the intervening period of Portuguese dominion, from the oldest extant records to larger series, and it discusses many of the historiographic controversies derrived therefrom, with special attention to the strategic location of the Islands as a stopover and spring-board for more far-flung explorations along the African coast and across the Atlantic.
Evidence-Based Practice: Evaluation and Management of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

This article discusses the causes and symptoms, evaluation, and management of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Cross-sectional imaging is appropriate in the work-up of idiopathic UVFP, but the routine use of serology is not well supported. The usefulness of laryngeal electromyography has remained controversial. Predictors of poor prognosis for functionally meaningful recovery include fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, and absent/reduced voluntary motor unit potentials. Voice therapy may be helpful. Injection and laryngeal framework surgery (medialization thyroplasty) improve vocal quality. The vocal impact of laryngeal reinnervation is comparable with that of medialization. Some patients may benefit from multiple procedures.
Investigation of stress singularity fields and stress intensity factors for interfacial delamination (an application of thermosetting polyimide for a tapeless lead-on-chip (LOC) package)

The reliability of semiconductor devices and packages used in microelectronics is compromised by interfacial delamination and homogenous cracking that is initiated at the edge of the interface between dissimilar materials during processing and stress tests. These failures have certain characteristics in that they begin at the stress singularity point. The knowledge of interfacial fracture mechanics is very important to the design for reliability of these devices and packages. In this paper, a model of stress singularity is proposed and applications of the model for the characterization of interfaces are subsequently presented. Examples are integrated circuit (IC) device interfaces and plastic package interfaces. These interfaces were mainly characterized with the order of stress singularity. Furthermore, this study demonstrates applications of the stress intensity factors for the stress singularity fields. The stress intensity factors were obtained from a r-/spl theta/ coordinate system, the order of stress singularity, the Dunders' parameters, and the extrapolation as a function of distance. The relationship between the stress intensity factors and the interfacial fracture toughness strength as a function of mode mixity was also investigated for delamination at the edge of the interface. The proposed numerical scheme was verified by the experiments on the lead-on-chip (LOC) package delamination in a soldering process.
The evolution of molecular clouds

The problem of the structure and evolution of molecular clouds is reviewed, with particular emphasis given to the relationship with star formation. The basic hypothesis is that magnetic fields are the primary agents for supporting molecular clouds, although damped Alfven waves may play an important role in the direction parallel to the field lines. This picture naturally leads to a conception of 'bimodal star formation'. It is proposed that high-mass stars form from the overall gravitational collapse of a supercritical cloud, whereas low-mass stars form from small individual cores that slowly condense by ambipolar diffusion from a more extended envelope until they pass the brink of graviational instability and begin to collapse dynamically from 'inside-out'. The evidence that the infall stage of protostellar evolution is terminated by the development of a powerful stellar wind is reviewed.
A Collection Evaluation in 150 Hours

Although collection evaluation is an important indicator of whether the other elements of collection management are actually working, it is often overlooked because it requires more time than the average subject selector can spare. The solution is not to discount the evaluation process altogether, but to make it more focused, streamlined, and, ultimately, shorter. A recent collection evaluation at the University of Alabama libraries, conducted as part of an internship in the School of Library and Information Studies, was completed in 150 hours. The results of the study were presented to the subject selector, who could then interpret the data in her collection strategy. By using the results of an evaluation to adjust the vendor profile of a collection, or re-establish contact with the departments being served, an evaluation can ultimately save the library money.
Coping With Cancer: A Web-Based Educational Program for Early and Middle Adolescents:

Educating patients is a primary responsibility of all nurses; however, because of time constraints and staff shortages, pediatric oncology nurses are often unable to adequately prepare patients for cancer treatment. Instead, patients frequently rely on the Internet as a source of information about cancer, some of which can be outdated and inaccurate. Adolescents regard the Internet as a valuable source of health information as it is easily accessible, less threatening, and confidential. Considering the need for accurate, readily available information for adolescents with cancer, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate an innovative, interactive Web-based educational program to prepare early and middle adolescents for cancer treatment. Titled "Coping With Cancer," this program was developed by the investigator after conducting in-depth interviews of adolescent cancer survivors and their parents. Based on the transactional model of coping, the program focuses on enhancing the adolescent's knowledge of cancer, cancer treatment, and healthy coping strategies. Coping With Cancer can be an effective resource for pediatric oncology nurses in providing ongoing education for adolescents with cancer.
Important vendor factors in industrial and hospital organizations: A comparison

INTRODUCTION It is often pointed out that purchasing processes and their dynamics have similar generic characterDuring the last few years organizational buying istics in diverse organizational settings of both cornbehavior has emerged as a major field of study, mercial and non-commercial sectors of the market Marketing academicians have formulated compreplace. Efficient organizational marketing depends hensive organizational buying behavior models on a clear understanding of organizational buying [1, 2] with the objectives of consolidating knowbehavior under diverse organizational settings. ledge, improving marketing practice and promoting Although the organizational buying process is research in new directions. In some of these writconceived as generic in nature, most research atings, the generic nature of organizational buying tention in this field is often devoted to organizabehavior and its implications for practice and retional buying in commercial sectors and more partisearch has been well recognized, cularly the industrial sector. Limited research atDespite the fact that most of the research on tention was devoted in the past to the various asindustrial buying behavior has been confined to pects of organizational buying in the non-commerthe purchase of tangible products in the commercial sector with perhaps the possible exception of cial sector, the fact remains that "all formal organigovernment buying. One seldom finds research zations, such as business firms, governmental agendealing with comparisons of organizational buying cies, hospitals, educational institutions, and reliprocesses between commercial and non-commercial gious and political organizations must purchase sectors of the market place. Such comparative studgoods and services to be used in the conduct of ies would be significant from several points of view. their affairs" [3]. First, during the post war years, the U.S. economy
Informed Consent for Eliciting Environmental Values

Agreeing to participate in a study eliciting environmental values means agreeing to abide by the commitment implied by any proposal that one accepts or rejects in it. That might mean anything from addressing the gist of an issue to expressing an explicit willingness to pay for an environmental change. By soliciting such participation, investigators promise to provide the information that participants need in order to evaluate the proposals being presented. This paper proposes a standard for providing such information that must be met in order to conduct valid and ethical value-elicitation studies. Namely, investigators must secure the informed consent of participants. Drawing on research in risk analysis and communication, this approach allows setting priorities among the facts that could conceivably be conveyed. It also leads to two general strategies for increasing the capacity of the communication channel. The paper concludes by discussing how the policy relevance of value-elicitation studies depends o...
Canonical Wnt signaling induces skin fibrosis and subcutaneous lipoatrophy: a novel mouse model for scleroderma?

Objective Because aberrant Wnt signaling has been linked with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and pulmonary fibrosis, we sought to investigate the effect of Wnt-10b on skin homeostasis and differentiation in transgenic mice and in explanted mesenchymal cells. Methods The expression of Wnt-10b in patients with SSc and in a mouse model of fibrosis was investigated. The skin phenotype and biochemical characteristics of Wnt-10b–transgenic mice were evaluated. The in vitro effects of ectopic Wnt-10b were examined in explanted skin fibroblasts and preadipocytes. Results The expression of Wnt-10b was increased in lesional skin biopsy specimens from patients with SSc and in those obtained from mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Transgenic mice expressing Wnt-10b showed progressive loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue accompanied by dermal fibrosis, increased collagen deposition, fibroblast activation, and myofibroblast accumulation. Wnt activity correlated with collagen gene expression in these biopsy specimens. Explanted skin fibroblasts from transgenic mice demonstrated persistent Wnt/β-catenin signaling and elevated collagen and α-smooth muscle actin gene expression. Wnt-10b infection of normal fibroblasts and preadipocytes resulted in blockade of adipogenesis and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)–independent up-regulation of fibrotic gene expression. Conclusion SSc is associated with increased Wnt-10b expression in the skin. Ectopic Wnt-10b causes loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue and TGFβ-independent dermal fibrosis in transgenic mice. These findings suggest that Wnt-10b switches differentiation of mesenchymal cells toward myofibroblasts by inducing a fibrogenic transcriptional program while suppressing adipogenesis. Wnt-10b–transgenic mice represent a novel animal model for investigating Wnt signaling in the setting of fibrosis.
On the sounding of trenches

Abstract During 1952–1953 the Scripps Institution of Oceanography research vessels Horizon and Spencer F. Baird made extensive bathymetric investigations of the Tonga and Japan Trenches. The greatest minimum travel-time recorded from the Tonga Trench corresponds to a depth of 5,814 ± 15 fathoms (10,633 ± 27 metres), corrected. If this value were accepted as the true depth, it would be the deepest sounding yet recorded from the Southern Hemisphere, but careful study of the records indicates that the actual maximum depth in this area is probably at least 5,900 fathoms. This measurement was made by recording the echoes from the explosion of a small charge with a hydrophone and pen oscillograph. The principal sources of error in this method are evaluated; errors in interpretation of such sonic soundings are probably many times as great as the errors in measurement. Soundings in the Japan Trench were recorded with a high-frequency echo-sounder. Results of this investigation in the Ramapo Deep indicate a maximum depth of about 5,250 fathoms (9,600 metres), corrected.
Preparing PETE Students for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners

(2012). Preparing PETE Students for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners. Strategies: Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 11-14.
Neuroimaging in the evaluation of children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy: II. Neuroimaging and pediatric epilepsy surgery

The costs of epilepsy encompass all aspects of life, including medical, educational, and psychosocial. Adults with intractable epilepsy who undergo epilepsy surgery and have seizure-free outcomes still have significant barriers in the attainment of improved quality of life. For this reason, there is increasing interest in the recognition of children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy who might be epilepsy surgery candidates. This is Part II of an article on the role of neuroimaging in the evaluation of children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy. Part I addressed the role of MRI in detecting the substrates of epilepsy (Pediatr Neurol 1997;17: 19-26); Part II elaborates on the selection process of pediatric patients who might benefit from epilepsy surgery. Although EEG remains the cornerstone of the evaluation process, MRI, SPECT, and PET can play a pivotal role in the identification of the underlying epileptogenic focus and minimize the need for invasive EEG monitoring. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetoencephalography are also innovative, noninvasive techniques which may aid in the localization of the epileptogenic focus. Functional MRI scans may soon replace invasive technologies in the identification of eloquent cortex that should not be a part of the surgical resection.
Eleven Colors That Are Almost Never Confused

1.1. Three functions of color vision. Setting aside the complex psychological effects of color, related to esthetics, fashion, and mood, three relatively basic functions of color vision, which can be examined scientifically, are discernable. (1) With the eye in a given state of adaptation, color vision allows the perception of signals that otherwise would be below threshold, and therefore lost to perception. Evidence for this comes from a variety of two-color threshold experiments. (2) Visible contours can be maintained by color differences alone, regardless of the relative radiances of the two parts of the field whose junction defines the border. For achromatic vision, contour disappears at the isoluminant point. (3) Color specifies what seems to be an absolute property of a surface, one that enhances its recognizability and allows a clearer separation and classification of non-contiguous elements in the visual field.
MO‐D‐I‐618‐03: A Web‐Based Lead Apparel Management System for Medical Enterprises

Purpose: Accrediting bodies often require facilities to have a system for managing radiation protective apparel. In larger hospitals and medical enterprises, the standardization and monitoring of radiation protective apparel becomes increasingly difficult. The purpose of this work was to develop a web‐based infrastructure for inventory control of radiation protective (lead) apparel across a large‐scale hospital system.Method and Materials: A centralized database was developed and made accessible by a departmental website using Active Server Pages (ASP). Unique identifiers were assigned and entered into the database for the current apparel inventory. Quality control (QC) records — including lead patency checks were also integrated into the system. An automated email notification system was implemented for overdue QC tests. Web‐based education modules were posted and an enterprise wide policy was formed to identify staff responsibilities and quality control methodology. Results: Responsible individuals were assigned to monitor local section inventory changes and ensure proper care of apparel. Quality checks, unique identification and centralized ordering of apparel were coordinated through the Medical Physics office. For the four major enterprise sections, (two hospitals — with inpatient and outpatient centers) over 1081 different pieces of lead apparel were uniquely identified, inventoried and inspected. The web‐based system allowed staff and managers across the enterprise to access current inventory and latest quality control results for apparel in their section. Reminders of overdue checks are sent out monthly with no user interaction. Conclusion: The web‐based informationsystem is effective at dissemination of information throughout a medical enterprise. Centralized systems of inventory control and quality assurancetesting reduce redundancy throughout departments. Assigning unique identifiers has the potential to reduce conflicts in inventory management and provides a system to return apparel that has been accidentally moved. Policy formation encourages this integration throughout the enterprise.
Information and Communication Technology Challenges to Scientific Professional Identity

Abstract Increasingly, information and communication technology (ICT) uses are transforming professional activities and interactions in ways that challenge traditional assumptions about professional identity. In this article, we consider the ways in which the professional identities of research scientists in oceanography and marine biology are shaped by the use of ICTs. We draw empirical data from an ongoing study of scientific research collaborations that examines uses of basic communication technologies, as well as scientific technologies with embedded ICT components. Our analysis suggests that development and use of ICT-enabled scientific technologies are identity enhancing for many scientists, facilitating their development of unique areas of scientific knowledge. ICT-related changes in data collection, collaborative coordination, and scientific interaction also challenge traditional definitions of expertise and professional identity. An examination of these challenges directs attention to the project...
New Technologies for Drug Delivery across the Blood Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently restricts penetration of therapeutic agents to the brain from the periphery. Therefore, discovery of new modalities allowing for effective delivery of drugs and biomacromolecules to the central nervous system (CNS) is of great need and importance for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This manuscript focuses on three relatively new strategies. The first strategy involves inhibition of the drug efflux transporters expressed in BBB by Pluronic® block copolymers, which allows for the increased transport of the substrates of these transporters to the brain. The second strategy involves the design of nanoparticles conjugated with specific ligands that can target receptors in the brain microvasculature and carry the drugs to the brain through the receptor mediated transcytosis. The third strategy involves artificial hydrophobization of peptides and proteins that facilitates the delivery of these peptides and proteins across BBB. This review discusses the current state, advantages and limitations of each of the three technologies and outlines their future prospects.
Training Students to Conduct Instructional Systems Research.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a series of university research courses designed to prepare students to plan and conduct high quality instructional systems research. These courses serve to introduce students to some important research questions facing the field and to some of the traditional and non-traditional methodologies used to examine them. The courses also provide students with an opportunity to plan, conduct, and describe their own research projects under carefully supervised conditions. The goals of each course, as well as the instructional methodologies employed, are described. Methods of evaluating the success of the courses are also presented.
The impact of computers on archaeological theory: An appraisal and projection

The major portion of this presentation is devoted to description of some recent projects that have involved the use of electronic computers for the processing of archaeological data. However, this is not intended to be just a description of what has been done using computers. Rather, it is an attempt to relate these several projects to a theoretical frame of reference so as to demonstrate the impact that the computer has had on archaeological theory; to point out some gaping holes in the achievements thus far; and to suggest both some possibilities and some problems that give the future a heady aura of excitement and challenge.
Extended Defects in CdZnTe Crystals: Effects on Device Performance

We explored some unique defects in a batch of cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) crystals, along with dislocations and Te-rich decorated features, revealed by chemical etching. We extensively investigated these distinctive imperfections in the crystals to identify their origin, dimensions, and distribution in the bulk material. We estimated that these features ranged from 50 to 500 {micro}m in diameter, and their depth was about 300 {micro}m. The density of these features ranged between 2 x 10{sup 2} and 1 x 10{sup 3} per cm{sup 3}. We elaborated a model of them and projected their effect on charge collection and spectral response. In addition, we fabricated detectors with these defective crystals and acquired fine details of charge-transport phenomena over the detectors volume using a high-spatial resolution (25 {micro}m) X-ray response mapping technique. We related the results to better understand the defects and their influence on the charge-transport properties of the devices. The role of the defects was identified by correlating their signatures with the findings from our theoretical model and our experimental data.
Dipolar Coupling between Nitroxide Spin Labels: The Development and Application of a Tether-in-a-Cone Model

A tether-in-a-cone model is developed for the simulation of electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of dipolar coupled nitroxide spin labels attached to tethers statically disordered within cones of variable halfwidth. In this model, the nitroxides adopt a range of interprobe distances and orientations. The aim is to develop tools for determining both the distance distribution and the relative orientation of the labels from experimental spectra. Simulations demonstrate the sensitivity of electron paramagnetic resonance spectra to the orientation of the cones as a function of cone halfwidth and other parameters. For small cone halfwidths (<∼40°), simulated spectra are strongly dependent on the relative orientation of the cones. For larger cone halfwidths, spectra become independent of cone orientation. Tether-in-a-cone model simulations are analyzed using a convolution approach based on Fourier transforms. Spectra obtained by the Fourier convolution method more closely fit the tether-in-a-cone simulations as the halfwidth of the cone increases. The Fourier convolution method gives a reasonable estimate of the correct average distance, though the distance distribution obtained can be significantly distorted. Finally, the tether-in-a-cone model is successfully used to analyze experimental spectra from T4 lysozyme. These results demonstrate the utility of the model and highlight directions for further development.
The boundary of a quasiconvex space

Abstract We study the asymptotic geometry of quasiconvex spaces, a class of nonpositively curved metric spaces that includes both Gromov negatively curved and CAT( 0 )-spaces. In particular, we define the boundary of a quasiconvex space in a way that generalizes the Gromov boundary of a negatively curved space as well as the visual boundary of a CAT( 0 )-space. This allows us to give a unified treatment of boundaries in these two special settings.
Marginal neurons of the spinal cord: Types, afferent synaptology and functional considerations

Abstract Electron microscopic studies of the marginal zone of the dorsal horn in the cat spinal cord revealed 4 different types of synaptic endings contacting marginal neurons. These included boutons with clear spherical vesicles, boutons with clear flattened vesicles, boutons with a mixture of clear spherical and flattened vesicles and boutons with a mixture of clear spherical and dense-cored vesicles. The origin of the synaptic input to marginal neurons was determined by means of degeneration studies at the ultrastructural level following various surgical lesions. It was found that primary afferents contribute approximately 40% of the boutons on the distal dendrites, 20% on the proximal dendrites and 10% on the soma of marginal neurons, while the axons of the tract of Lissauer, which stem from gelatinosa neurons and are inhibitory in function, contribute approximately 20% of the boutons on the distal dendrites, 60% of those on the proximal dendrites and 50% of the somatic endings on marginal neurons. Cranial nerve afferents contribute approximately 10% of the boutons on each area of the marginal neurons within the first cervical segment; this converging afferent input suggests that these cells function as non-specific central nociceptive relay neurons. Fluorescence histochemical studies for the demonstration of biogenic amines revealed a fairly dense array of fluorescent fibers and terminals in the marginal zone. There was no change in this fluorescence following the surgical lesions and their origin remains unknown. Although the observed synaptology of the marginal zone is more complex than that upon which the central inhibitory balance theory of pain was originally proposed, our data provide good anatomic support for that theory.
Molecular physiology of weight regulation in mice and humans

Evolutionary considerations relating to efficiency in reproduction, and survival in hostile environments, suggest that body energy stores are sensed and actively regulated, with stronger physiological and behavioral responses to loss than gain of stored energy. Many physiological studies support this inference, and suggest that a critical axis runs between body fat and the hypothalamus. The molecular cloning of leptin and its receptor—projects based explicitly on the search for elements in this axis—confirmed the existence of this axis and provided important tools with which to understand its molecular physiology. Demonstration of the importance of this soma-brain reciprocal connection in body weight regulation in humans has been pursued using both classical genetic approaches and studies of physiological responses to experimental weight perturbation. This paper reviews the history of the rationale and methodology of the cloning of leptin (Lep) and the leptin receptor (Lepr), and describes some of the clinical investigation characterizing this axis.
Thomas Hunt Morgan as an Embryologist: The View from Bryn Mawr

Thomas Hunt Morgan taught at Bryn Mawr College from 1891 until 1904. During his years there he concentrated his research interests on embryology; he included regeneration as an integral part of development. This article maintains that Morgan did not abandon his interest in embryology when he became a geneticist at Columbia, but it deals mainly with his teaching and research while at Bryn Mawr. He worked on the development of a great diversity of organisms, plant and animal, he used widely differing experimental methods to investigate them, and he concerned himself with many different general and special problems. He strove to investigate problems that were directly soluble by experimental intervention, and was highly critical, in the best possible way, of the experiments and interpretations made by his contemporaries, who regarded him as a leader. He exerted his influence on developmental biology not only through his research, but also through a number of fine textbooks, and by his teaching. During his Bryn Mawr years he encouraged his students, undergraduate and graduate, to carry out independent research. He sometimes published with them as co-author, but dozens of articles by his students were published without carrying Morgan's name as co-author.
Failure of endovascular aortoaortic tube grafts: a plea for preferential use of bifurcated grafts.

Abstract Objective: Aortoaortic tube graft repair was the first technique used for the endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). However, progressive changes in the morphology of the distal aortic neck may be responsible for procedural failure. This study examines the use of aortoaortic tube prostheses and analyzes the factors that contributed to their failure and the methods used for their subsequent repair. Methods: During a 7-year period, 462 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms underwent endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Of these, 65 patients (14%) underwent treatment with aortoaortic tube endoprostheses. Aortoaortic tube prostheses used included Talent (n = 44) (Medtronic-Worldmedical, Sunrise, Fla), Vanguard (n = 8) (Boston Scientific, Natick, Mass), EVT/Ancure (n = 4) (Guidant, Menlo Park, Calif), and physician-fabricated (n = 9). All the tube graft procedures were performed in the operating room with fluoroscopic guidance. The average age of patients for aortoaortic tube grafts was 74.5 years, and 48 of the patients were men. Failure was defined as aneurysm expansion, any type I endoleak, or type II endoleak persistent after 6 months. Results: No aneurysm ruptures or perioperative deaths were seen. Retrograde aneurysm perfusion from lumbar or inferior mesenteric arteries (type II endoleak) that persisted beyond 6 months was present in three patients. Proximal attachment site endoleaks were present in two patients. No distal implantation site endoleaks were present within 1 month of the initial endovascular repair; however, endoleaks at the distal attachment site developed in 12 patients subsequently and included all graft types (Talent, n=6; Vanguard, n=2; Ancure/EVT, n=1; physician-fabricated, n=3). The average time interval to failure was 12.9 months. Preoperative distal aortic neck length showed a significant correlation with the subsequent development of distal endoleak (endoleak, 16.6 ± 6.8 versus no endoleak, 23.3 ± 9.6; P =.03). Preoperative distal aortic neck diameter, however, did not show significance (23.8 ± 5.2 versus 22.6 ± 4.7; P = not significant). Conclusion: Endovascular aortoaortic tube grafts are vulnerable to failure even when initial exclusion of the aneurysm is successful. A significant association is seen between distal neck length and eventual failure. Because of the propensity toward eventual failure, the use of aortoaortic tube grafts in the infrarenal aorta cannot be recommended for typical fusiform aneurysms, even when an adequate distal neck appears to be present. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:868-73.)
The role of stress in the efficacy of coincident site lattice boundaries in improving creep and stress corrosion cracking

Abstract While a consensus appears to exist on the improved resistance to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation of coincidence site lattice boundaries (CSLBs) in austenitic alloys, the effect of such boundaries on SCC propagation is not well understood. Experimental results show a direct correlation between IGSCC and creep rate via the fraction of CSLBs, as well as a cause-and-effect relationship between grain boundary deformation and cracking. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of deformation in the SCC behavior.
Validity of Personal Growth Initiative Scale Scores with a Mexican American College Student Population.

This study tested the validity of scores on the Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS; C. Robitschek, 1998, 1999) with a Mexican American college student sample. Results indicated that the PGIS scores appear to be culturally relevant for this population, with scores on the PGIS having many similar relations with other variables that have been found in prior research with mostly European American college students. PGIS scores appear to be minimally related to measures of cultural constructs for both Mexican American men and women. Results are discussed in terms of their relations to constructs prevalent in Mexican American cultures. Limitations, implications for counseling, and suggestions for future research are presented.
Replicating DNA molecules from fertilized eggs of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera).

DNA samples were prepared from the early embryos of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax. When they were examined under the electron microscope, linear DNA molecules containing one or more replicating loops arrayed tandemly were abundantly observed. The average size of replicating loops is 0.83 μ. Further, the average distance between center-to-center of adjacent loops was found to be 2.3 μ. Both these numbers are considerably smaller than those of D. melanogaster. Comparisons between the developmental time and the replication pattern of these two insects are discussed.
Imidazolytic processes. V. Enzymically-catalyzed reactivity of certain imidazoles with coenzyme I.

Abstract In the DPN-DPNase system that catalyzes the (imidazolytic) breakdown of pyridine coenzymes, l -histidine and imidazoleacetic acid were found practically unreactive. The reactivity of the latter compound could be restored by esterification to imidazoleacetic acid ethylester. Imidazole, the parent compound of these heterocycles, and acetylhistamine exhibited normal reactivity. The dinucleotides (imidazolytic products) corresponding to the above compounds were isolated and their properties were studied.
Ownership, Chain Affiliation, and Administrator Decision-Making Autonomy in Long-Term Care Facilities

ABSTRACT This study compared the day-to-day activities and decision-making autonomy of the executive administrator in a diverse sample of 47 nursing homes. Few differences were found when comparing administrators' use of their time by ownership status or chain affiliation. However, administrators of nonprofit and freestanding facilities experienced significantly greater autonomy across a range of decisions as compared to their counterparts in chain and investor-owned facilities. Results demonstrated that chain affiliation and unionization of staff were more important predictors of administrator autonomy than ownership status. These findings highlight the interactive effects of ownership, system size and facility affiliation and the need to use multivariate analysis to provide a solid foundation for future organizational research and policy decisions.
Letters of Rutgers Literary Clubs

Rutgers Literary Clubs or Societies, Philoclean and Peithessophian, wrote to famous people to become honory members of their societies.Â This article reveals the who accepted and rejected membership.Â They include presidents, authors, politicians, engineers, judges, etc.Â This articles augments Rudolf Kirk's article "Philo and Peitho" in Notes from the Library, in the v. 1:2 (1938) in this journal.