cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Objectification and Pregnancy: Are Body Functionality Dimensions Protective?

Objectification theory contends that women are socialized to view their body as an object to be evaluated by others (Fredickson and Roberts 1997). In contrast, pregnancy may be a time that women are more attuned to their body’s functionality. Extending objectification theory, we investigate relationships among body surveillance, awareness and appreciation of body functionality, depressive symptoms, and prenatal health behaviors among an on-line sample of 156 predominantly White, middle-class pregnant women from throughout the U.S recruited through maternity stores, message boards, listservs, and snowballing techniques. We examine whether higher levels of awareness and appreciation of body functionality may attenuate, and thereby possibly protect women from the negative effects of high body surveillance. We found that higher body surveillance was associated with depressive symptoms and, although not significant, tended to be associated with engagement in unhealthy prenatal behaviors. Awareness and appreciation of body functionality were each associated with fewer depressive symptoms and less engagement in unhealthy prenatal behaviors. Supporting our hypotheses, we found that at higher levels of appreciation of body functionality, the relationship between body surveillance and engagement in unhealthy behaviors was attenuated. However, in contrast to our hypotheses, the relationship between body surveillance and depression was stronger at higher levels of awareness of body functionality, and attenuated at lower levels. These findings suggest appreciation of body functionality may buffer negative effects of body surveillance. Future research examining these relationships over the course of pregnancy, and among ethnically and socioeconomically diverse women, is needed.
Association of 20-year changes in cardiorespiratory fitness with incident type 2 diabetes: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) fitness study.

OBJECTIVE To test the association of fitness changes over 7 and 20 years on the development of diabetes in middle age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fitness was determined based on the duration of a maximal graded exercise treadmill test (Balke protocol) at up to three examinations over 20 years from 3,989 black and white men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Relative fitness change (percent) was calculated as the difference between baseline and follow-up treadmill duration/baseline treadmill duration. Diabetes was identified as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl, postload glucose ≥200 mg/dl, or use of diabetes medications. RESULTS Diabetes developed at a rate of 4 per 1,000 person-years in women ( n = 149) and men ( n = 122), and lower baseline fitness was associated with a higher incidence of diabetes in all race-sex groups (hazard ratios [HRs] from 1.8 to 2.3). On average, fitness declined 7.6% in women and 9.2% in men over 7 years. The likelihood of developing diabetes increased per SD decrease (19%) from the 7-year population mean change (−8.3%) in women (HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.09–1.39]) and men (1.45 [1.20–1.75]) after adjustment for age, race, smoking, family history of diabetes, baseline fitness, BMI, and fasting glucose. Participants who developed diabetes over 20 years experienced significantly larger declines in relative fitness over 20 years versus those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Low fitness is significantly associated with diabetes incidence and explained in large part by the relationship between fitness and BMI.
Label-free structural photoacoustic tomography of intact mouse brain

Capitalizing on endogenous hemoglobin contrast, photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), a deep-tissue highresolution imaging modality, has drawn increasing interest in neuro-imaging. However, most existing studies are limited to functional imaging on the cortical surface, and the deep-brain structural imaging capability of PACT has never been demonstrated. Here, we explicitly studied the limiting factors of deep-brain PACT imaging. We found that the skull distorted the acoustic signal and blood suppressed the structural contrast from other chromophores. When the two effects are mitigated, PACT can provide high-resolution label-free structural imaging through the entire mouse brain. With 100 μm in-plane resolution, we can clearly identify major structures of the brain, and the image quality is comparable to that of magnetic resonance microscopy. Spectral PACT studies indicate that structural contrasts mainly originate from cytochrome and lipid. The feasibility of imaging the structure of the brain in vivo has also been discussed. Our results demonstrate that PACT is a promising modality for both structural and functional brain imaging.
Comparison of TRH and anorexigenic peptide on food intake and gastrointestinal secretions

Abstract Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and anorexigenic peptide (AP), isolated recently from the urine of females with “hypothalamic” anorexia nervosa, have been shown to affect food intake but no study has been performed to compare their action on gastrointestinal secretions. This report shows that both TRH and AP reduce dose-dependently the food intake during sham-feeding and inhibit gastric and pancreatic secretions in response to various exogenous and endogenous stimulants in conscious dogs. The results indicate that TRH and AP have similar inhibitory action on feeding and gastrointestinal secretory activity and that they may be involved in peptidergic mediation of satiety and gastrointestinal secretion.
Interleukin-1 production in tumor cells of human melanoma surgical specimens.

To determine whether IL-1α and/or IL-1β protein is expressed by human melanoma tumor in vivo, we first analyzed nine human melanoma cell lines and optimized the in situ detection of these proteins. Three of the melanoma cell lines stained positively for both IL-1α and IL-1β using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The specificity of IHC was confirmed by the ability of purified recombinant IL-1α and IL-1β protein to abolish the staining after being adsorbed by their respective antibodies before use in IHC. The three positively staining cell lines were also the only lines to demonstrate IL-1 production by western blot analysis as well as IL-1 secretion by ELISA. Next we examined 29 surgically obtained melanoma tumor specimens (6 primary and 23 metastases) that had been formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Using the same anti-IL-1 antibodies, 5 of 23 metastatic tumors stained positively. None of the 6 primary lesions stained for either IL-1α or IL-1β. Comparison of staining pattern performed on serially sectioned ...
Production of Infectious Human Cytomegalovirus Virions Is Inhibited by Drugs That Disrupt Calcium Homeostasis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

We previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Although some normal consequences of UPR activation (e.g., translation attenuation) are detrimental to viral infection, we have previously shown that HCMV infection adapts the UPR to benefit the viral infection (14). For example, UPR-induced translation attenuation is inhibited by viral infection, while potentially beneficial aspects of the UPR are maintained. In the present work, we tested the ability of HCMV to overcome a robust induction of the UPR by the drugs thapsigargin and clotrimazole (CLT), which disrupt ER calcium homeostasis. A 24-h treatment with these drugs beginning at 48, 72, or 96 h postinfection (hpi) completely inhibited further production of infectious virions. HCMV could not overcome the inhibition of global translation by CLT; however, between 48 and 72 hpi, HCMV overcame translational inhibition caused by thapsigargin. Despite the restoration of translation in thapsigargin, the accumulation of immediate-early and early gene products was modestly retarded (50% or less), whereas the accumulation of an early-late and late gene product was significantly retarded. Electron microscopic analysis shows that the drugs severely disrupt the maturation of HCMV virions. This can be accounted for by both the retarded accumulation of late gene products and the drug-induced depletion of ER calcium, which disrupts critical cellular functions needed for maturation.
Time-independent nonrelativistic collision theory☆

Abstract Arbitrarily complicated rearrangement collisions describable by the time-independent nonrelativestic Schrodinger equation are treated in a wholly time-independent framework, without explicit reference to transition probabilities. Introducing a generalized probability current operator for many-particle systems, the current flow at large distances can be computed in complete analogy with one-particle scattering. This procedure leads to the same formal expressions for reaction rates as are obtained from more conventional formulations; it is an immediate consequence of the asymptotic behavior of the Green's function that the matrix elements Ψ f (−)∗ V i Ψ i = ψ f ∗ V f Ψ i (+) yield the scattering amplitude A(i → f), and that Ψf(−) is a solution with incoming scattered waves. Moreover the time-independent formulation avoids perplexities associated with the necessity for computing transition probabilities from projections on sets of nonorthogonal states. In the reaction a + b → c + d + e for instance it turns out automatically, without projecting the solutions on plane wave states, that coincidences are observed in counters placed at large distances τc, τd, τe only when τc, τd, τc are in the ratios of the classical velocities of c, d, e; here c, d, e are a rearranement of the particles contained in a, b.These procedures can be applied either in the laboratory or center-of-mass systems; eliminating the center-of-mass coordinates does not simplify the calculations for three-body breakup ab → cde. Reciprocity relations for two and three-body breakup are examined, and mathematical difficulties of this time-independent formulation are discussed.
Structurally integrated organic light-emitting device-based sensors for oxygen, glucose, hydrazine, and anthrax

Application of the new platform of structurally integrated luminescent chemical and biological sensors, in which the photoluminescence (PL) excitation source is an organic light-emitting device (OLED), is demonstrated for the detection of oxygen, glucose, hydrazine, and anthrax lethal factor (LF). The oxygen sensors are based on the collisional quenching of the PL of tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) Ru (II) (Ru(dpp)) and Pt octaethyl porphyrin (PtOEP) by O2. The glucose sensors are based on the O2 sensors, to which glucose oxidase, which catalyzes the reaction between glucose and O2, is added. The oxygen and glucose sensors are operable in either the PL intensity I mode or the PL lifetime t mode, where the value of I or t yields the oxygen level. In the t mode, the need for sensor calibration, which remains a challenge in real-world sensing applications, is eliminated. The performance of sensors based on [blue 4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenylvinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (DPVBi) OLEDs]/[Ru(dpp)] are compared to those of [green tris(8-hydroxy quinoline) Al (Alq3)]/[PtOEP]. The latter are strongly preferred over the former, due to the relatively long t of PtOEP (~130 ms in the absence of O2), and the higher efficiency and brightness of the green Alq3 OLEDs. Demonstration of the hydrazine sensor is based on the reaction between nonluminescent anthracene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and hydrazine or hydrazine sulfate, which generates a luminescent product. The anthrax LF sensor is based on the cleavage of certain peptides by the anthrax-secreted LF enzyme. As the LF cleaves a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor-acceptor pair-labeled peptide, and the two cleaved segments are separated, the PL of the donor, previously absorbed by the acceptor, becomes detectable by the photodetector.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mutual Mate Choice Models as the Red Pill in Evolutionary Psychology: Long Delayed, Much Needed, Ideologically Challenging, and Hard to Swallow

I agree with 90% of Stewart-Williams and Thomas's (SWT's; this issue) brilliant target article, and the 10% I don't agree with isn't important right now. So, I won't repeat SWT's compelling case fo...
Characterization of genital tract growth factor‐like activity from testis sheaths and fat body of Heliothis virescens

Testis sheaths and fat body from developing male pupae of Heliothis virescens synthesize soluble growth factor-like products when exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE). These factors promote growth and development of the genital tract. Saline extracts of modified Grace's medium and 20HE-treated testis sheaths and fat body were subjected to heat, freeze-thaw, organic solvents, and low pressure size exclusion chromatography. Although extracts were stable to repeated freeze-thawing, activity was lost after exposure to organic solvents; activities of fractions heavier than 6.5 KDa were inhibited by heating to 100°C. Size exclusion chromatography yielded 10 active testis extract fractions and 9 active fat body fractions. Although the approximate molecular weights of most of the extract fractions were similar, enzyme studies using protease, lipase, and α-amylase indicated differences in the chemistry of active fractions derived from the two tissues. Active factors were inhibited by protease or lipase or both enzymes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stearyl coenzyme A desaturase activity in mouse liver microsomes of varying lipid composition.

Abstract Liver microsomes derived from mice fed fat-free diets contained tenfold more stearyl coenzyme A desaturase activity than microsomes derived from mice fed a safflower oil supplemented diet. Removal of the native lipid from each of the microsomal desaturase proteins was performed and the native lipid was replaced by a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and oleic acid. Desaturase activity could only be restored to the level present in the original microsomes in both instances and it was concluded that, although the lipid composition of the two kinds of microsomes was markedly different, this was not directly responsible for the difference in enzyme activity. Microsomal electron transport chain intermediates remained unchanged during the feeding time tested, however, the rate of oxidation of cytochrome b 5 could be stimulated sevenfold by stearyl coenzyme A only in microsomes that contained a high desaturase activity. This demonstrates that a blockage in the electron transport chain exists in microsomes from mice fed safflower oil supplemented diets and that this correlates with a markedly reduced desaturase activity in these microsomes.
Values and the foundations of strategic management

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of values in strategic management. We discuss recent criticisms of the concept of strategy and argue that the concept of value helps reconcile these criticisms with traditional models of strategy. We show that Andrews' model of corporate strategy rightly takes morally significant values to be essential to effective management. We show how the notion of value can be clarified and used in research into various conceptions of corporate morality.
Effect of the drain&#8212;Source voltage on dopant profiles obtained from the DC MOSFET profile method

An analysis was developed for the influence of a finite drain-source voltage, V DS , on dopant profiles derived from the dc MOSFET profile method. It indicates that the measured profile of uniformly doped material falls below the true profile near the surface. The effect occurs because the edge of the depletion region in the silicon is not parallel to the oxide-silicon interface for a finite V DS . For the case of uniformly doped silicon near room temperature, the analysis indicates, for reverse bias applied across the silicon, that the error in the measured dopant density due to a finite V DS is less than 1 percent if V_{DS} \leq 0.5 of file built-in voltage, a condition that is easily met in practice. The analysis also reveals that the profile depth determined from the depth-profile equation is a simple average of the depletion widths at the source and drain ends of the channel in uniformly doped silicon. Experimental results are presented which confirm the general trends indicated by the analysis.
Interrelation between X-radiation and diphenylhydantoin in the central nervous system of developing rats☆

Abstract Diphenylhydantoin was administered to control and neonatally X-irradiated rats at various stages of development, and its effect on electroshock seizure threshold was examined. The effect of the drug was found to vary with the stage of development of the animal and differed between control and X-irradiated rats. Diphenylhydantoin administered to 11-day-old control animals elevated EST while in corresponding X-irradiated animals it lowered the EST. At later stages of development (23 and 32 days) neither control nor X-irradiated animals showed significant differences in their response to the drug. The differential response between control and X-irradiated animals is discussed in terms of the radiosensitivity of developing excitatory and inhibitory neural systems.
Nonlinear instability driven by advection of electron density in collisionless plasmas

Abstract The advection of electron density is shown to lead to supercritical nonlinear instability in collisionless plasmas by driving a damped linear eigenmode to finite amplitude. A novel analysis technique yields a complete description of the nonlinear state, including the nonlinear eigenmode and energy input rate.
Flexible Impeller Blades in an Axial Flow Pump for Intravascular Cavopulmonary Assistance of the Fontan Physiology

An intravascular axial flow blood pump has suitable hydraulic characteristics for use to augment pressure in the cavopulmonary circulation in Fontan patients. This study presents the experimental hydraulic performance testing of six flexible-bladed and one rigid-bladed pump prototypes for mechanical cavopulmonary assist. Unique in design, six of these prototypes were manufactured using varying grades of polyurethane material to reduce blade hardness. The hydraulic performance of these prototypes were measured and quantitatively compared to a rigid-bladed prototype through a regression analysis. To shield the vessel wall from the rotating impeller blades, two novel protective cage designs were also evaluated for additional energy augmentation. The pumps with no protective cage produced pressure rises of 1–12 mmHg for flow rates of 0.5–4 L/min at rotational speeds of 4000–7000 rpm. The flexible-bladed prototypes generated pressure rises within 12% of the rigid-bladed pump design. The most flexible prototype (F-15) was able to generate pressure rises within 4.1% of the rigid-bladed impeller. The partially twisted and fully twisted protective cage designs also functioned as desired by augmenting energy transfer in range of 5–15 mmHg, respectively. This study dispels the assumption that rigid-impeller blades are absolutely necessary to maintain the pressure generation of rotary blood pumps and demonstrates the potential of uniquely shaped cage filaments to augment the energy transfer of an axial flow blood pump for mechanical cavopulmonary assistance. The successful development of this blood pump will provide clinicians with a therapeutic option for mechanically supporting the failing Fontan physiology in adolescent and adult patients.
Perturbation analysis for the minimum sum of absolute errors regression

In this paper we study the effect of independent and simultaneous changes in the values of the response variable for all the observations on the minimum sum of absolute errors (or for brevity absolute errors) regression. We develop an algorithm to determine the maximum amount by which the values of the response variable can change without changing the absolute errors regression hyperplane. We illustrate the results with an example.
A comparison between audio computer-assisted self-interviews and clinician interviews for obtaining the sexual history.

Objective:The objective of this study was to compare reporting between audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) and clinician-administered sexual histories.Goal:The goal of this study was to explore the usefulness of ACASI in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics.Study:The authors conduct
Effects of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials alone and in conjunction with theophylline on seizures in amygdaloid kindled rats. Mechanistic and pharmacokinetic study.

The influence of three fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobial drugs (ciprofloxacin (CP), norfloxacin (NF), enrofloxacin (EF)) on seizure parameters in amygdaloid kindled rats was investigated. CP and NF (100 mg/kg i.p.) did not modify seizure parameters while EF induced a decrease in seizure activity. Since clinical data indicate a seizure enhancing interaction between FQ and theophylline (THEO) we studied the influence of concurrent FQ-THEO administration in kindled rats. CP and NF, but not EF given concurrently with a non-seizure modulating dose of THEO (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused increases in seizure activity and aggressiveness in the animals. The CP-THEO induced seizure enhancement was antagonized by 2-chloroadenosine and diazepam. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that THEO serum levels and elimination were not altered by concurrent CP administration. We conclude that coadministration of FQ-THEO can aggravate amygdala kindled seizures and that this aggravation may involve centrally mediated mechanisms.
Fistula elevation procedure: experience with 295 consecutive cases during a 7-year period.

Background Up to 50% of AV fistulas fail to mature, primarily because of problems with fistula cannulation. Fistula elevation procedure (FEP) is a simple superficialization procedure where the fistula is surgically exposed, mobilized, and elevated into a more superficial position for the purpose of facilitating AV fistula cannulation. The purpose of this study is to review use of FEP as an adjunct to fistula maturation. Study Design Two hundred ninety-five FEPs were performed between February 1999 and December 2005. FEP was performed if the fistula was considered too deep to cannulate or if nurses were unable to cannulate the fistula. Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis was used to determine patency and for a subanalysis by location of FEP performed (172 brachial-cephalic, 70 brachial-basilic, 46 radial-cephalic, 7 superficial femoral vein). Survival curves were compared using log-rank test. Results Functional primary patency rates for patients undergoing an adjunctive FEP were 73% at 6 months, 60% at 1 year, and 46% at 2 years. Secondary functional patency rates were 81% at 6 months, 71% at 1 year, and 59% at 2 years. There was no statistical significance in any outcomes based on anatomic site of elevation. Conclusions AV fistulas that might otherwise have been abandoned because of excessive depth or tortuosity can be successfully salvaged by an adjunctive FEP and achieve satisfactory longterm functional patency. FEP is a valuable adjunct to AV fistula creation, which will enhance fistula maturation rates.
Energy-performance tunable logic

An externally static, internally dynamic topology creates a new logic family that enables the user to tune effective transistor thresholds post-fabrication by adjusting a few power supplies. These gates can therefore be programmed for higher speed or for lower power based on the system requirements. An application of this logic to programmable interconnect circuits is shown in this paper. In a 90-nm test chip, the circuit achieves the same performance as conventional static circuits at 65% energy and has a 2X wider energy-performance tuning range. This property enables building in-field energy-performance tunable FPGAs.
Chromosomal Instability in Oral Cancer Cells

Chromosomal instability is a common feature of human tumors, including oral cancer. Although a tumor karyotype may remain quite stable over time, chromosomal instability can lead to 'variations on a theme' of a clonal cell population, often with each cell within a tumor possessing a different karyotype. Thus, chromosomal instability appears to be an important acquired feature of tumor cells, since propagation of such a diverse cell population may facilitate evasion of standard therapies. There are several sources of chromosomal instability, although the primary causes appear to be defects in chromosomal segregation, telomere stability, cell-cycle checkpoint regulation, and the repair of DNA damage. Our understanding of the biological basis of chromosomal instability in cancer cells is increasing rapidly, and we are finding that the seemingly unrelated origins of this phenomenon may actually be related through the complex network of cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review the general causes of chromosomal instability in human tumors. Specifically, we address the state of our knowledge regarding chromosomal instability in oral cancer, and discuss various mechanisms that enhance the ability of cancer cells within a tumor to express heterogeneous karyotypes. In addition, we discuss the clinical relevance of factors associated with chromosomal instability as they relate to tumor prognosis and therapy.
Ultrastructure of Rumen Entodiniomorphs By Electron Microscopy

Abstract Thin sections of rumen ciliated protozoa of the subclass Spirotrichia were studied by electron microscopy to elucidate their ultrastructure. To prevent retraction of their adoral cilia, menthol crystals were used to relax the retrociliary region. These protozoa had a distinct ectoplasm and endoplasm with the macro-and micronuclei located in the ectoplasm. At the surface of the entodiniomorph body was a highly differentiated cortical zone of four layers. Ribosomes were abundant throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting a substantial potential for protein synthesis. These protozoa appeared to engulf bacteria into large vacuoles, and subsequently the bacteria were taken into the endoplasm in vesicles containing only one bacterium each. The bacteria were digested partially, and only in isolated cases were the bacterial cell walls still intact.
Will climate change mathematics (

Since the Earth itself is not available for experimentation, climate science relies on mathematical models to make up its 'laboratory'. Despite this, the (applied) mathematical community has not seriously engaged itself in climate research. I argue that the urgency of addressing climate change will change this over the coming decade and suggest some ways that mathematics might evolve in response.
Serial ultrastructural studies of scrapie in hamsters.

Abstract We report sequential studies of the ultrastructural neuropathology of the subcortical grey matter of hamsters infected with the 263K strain of scrapie virus. Vacuolation in this model develops relatively late in the incubation period, while tubulovesicular structures appear early. Furthermore, neuroaxonal dystrophy, accumulations of branching tubules, and neuronal change consisting of intracytoplasmic “whorls” of proliferating membranes constitute prominent features of scrapie-related neurodegeneration.
Geometric acoustics as applied to ocean ranging and improvements

Abstract Geometric acoustics provide a perspicuous approximation to the solution of the Helmholtz equation when the wavelength λ is much less than the smallest representative scale length, usually that characterizing variation with depth. It can be combined with a boundary-layer analysis near caustics to provide a comprehensive solution. Near caustics, where geometric acoustic rays cross their neighbors, the boundary-layer solution in terms of Airy functions permits asymptotic matching of amplitudes of the rays entering and emerging from the boundary layer. Numerical results are compared to the exact wave field in a model problem.
A transient quantum effect

A transient quantum effect is shown to occur for a superposition of stationary states. An alternative to Schrodinger's equation is considered which predicts a transient effect even for energy eigenstates.
Bioaccumulation of ergovaline in bovine lateral saphenous veins in vitro.

Ergot alkaloids have been associated with vasoconstriction in grazing livestock affected by the fescue toxicosis syndrome. Previous in vitro investigations studying how ergot alkaloids caused vasoconstriction have shown that ergovaline has a distinct receptor affinity and sustained contractile response. A similar contractile response has not been noted for lysergic acid. The objectives of this study were to determine if repetitive in vitro exposure of bovine lateral saphenous vein to lysergic acid or ergovaline would result in an increasing contractile response and if a measurable bioaccumulation of the alkaloids in the vascular tissue occurs over time. Segments of vein were surgically biopsied from healthy, Angus x Brangus cross-bred, fescue-naive yearling heifers (n = 16) or collected from healthy mixed breed and sex cattle immediately after slaughter (n = 12) at a local abattoir. Veins were trimmed of excess fat and connective tissue, sliced into cross-sections, and suspended in a myograph chamber containing 5 mL of oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer (95% O(2)/5% CO(2); pH = 7.4; 37 degrees C). Contractile responses to repetitive additions of ergovaline (1 x 10(-9) and 1 x 10(-7) M) and lysergic acid (1 x 10(-5) and 1 x 10(-4) M) were evaluated using the biopsied veins. For the bioaccumulation experiments, veins collected at the abattoir underwent repetitive additions of 1 x 10(-7) M ergovaline and 1 x 10(-5) M lysergic acid and the segments were removed after every 2 additions and media rinses for alkaloid quantification via HPLC/mass spectrometry. Contractile data were normalized as a percentage of contractile response induced by a reference dose of norepinephrine (1 x 10(-4) M). Repetitive additions of 1 x 10(-9) M ergovaline and 1 x 10(-5) and 1 x 10(-4) M lysergic acid resulted in contractile response with a negative slope (P < 0.02). In contrast, repetitive addition of 1 x 10(-7) M ergovaline resulted in a contractile response that increased with each addition (P < 0.01). Lysergic acid and ergovaline were detected at all 4 exposure levels (2x to 8x), but only the 1 x 10(-7) M ergovaline treatment resulted in increased tissue content as the number of exposures increased (P < 0.05). These data indicate that ergovaline, but not lysergic acid, bioaccumulates with repetitive exposure in vitro. These results suggest that ergovaline may have a greater potential for inducing toxicosis in grazing animals than lysergic acid because of its potential to bioaccumulate at the cellular site of action.
Bottlefeeding with a Breast‐like Nipple

Forty normal one‐month‐old infants were randomly assigned to a breast‐like nipple (Healthflow) bottlefeeding or a standard nipple (Evenflo) bottlefeeding group for one 20‐minute feeding by the infants’ mothers. The data suggested that the mothers’ bottlefeeding behaviors did not differ, but the infants who fed on the breast‐like nipples spent less time asleep, more time awake and active and less time fussing and crying. In addition, the vagal tone of that group decreased more during bottlefeeding and increased more after the feeding, suggesting that the breast‐like nipple bottlefeedings were more similar to breastfeedings (vagal tone being lower during breastfeeding and higher after breastfeeding versus bottlefeeding). Because many women who breastfeed return to work, bottlefeeding that more closely approximate breastfeedings may ease this transition and may provide more effective supplemental feedings for the breastfed infants.
The art museum ecosystem: a new alternative model

Abstract This paper provides a theoretical perspective on an art museum as an ecosystem, drawing on the ecological perspective described by Gregory Bateson. This perspective views individuals, human societies, and nature as interconnected and interdependent through communicative networks. Museums fit nicely into this paradigm in that staff members, departments, collections, mission statements, visitors, and other cultural and educational institutions are linked together, influencing and being influenced by each other. The operational systems of many museums, however, are hierarchical and non-communicative. As a result, knowledge and ideas are not efficiently shared and transformed among museum professionals and the communities they serve. These museum practices have excluded diverse perspectives and neglected the interests of underrepresented people. Through hypothesizing the ecological museum model, I provide an alternative museum management and educational model that sees museums as holistic and ecologi...
The angular distribution of infrared radiances emerging from broken fields of cumulus clouds

Infrared radiances were simultaneously measured from broken cloud fields over the eastern Pacific Ocean by means of the eastern and western geostationary satellites. The measurements were compared with the results of models that characterized the clouds as black circular cylinders disposed randomly on a plane and as black cuboids disposed in regular and in shifted periodic arrays. The data were also compared with the results obtained from a radiative transfer model that considered emission and scattering by a regular array of periodic cuboidal clouds. It was found that the radiances did not depend significantly on the azimuth angle; this suggested that the observed cloud fields were not regular periodic arrays. However, the dependence on zenith angle suggested that the clouds were not disposed randomly either. The implication of these measurements on the understanding of the transfer of infrared radiances through broken cloud fields is considered.
Continuous-time control of distributed processes via microscopic simulations

A continuous-time feedback controller design methodology is developed for distributed processes, whose dynamic behavior can be described by microscopic evolution rules. Employing the micro-Galerkin method to bridge the gap between the microscopic-level evolution rules and the "coarse" process behavior, "coarse" process steady states are estimated and nonlinear process models are identified off-line through the solution of a series of nonlinear programs. Subsequently, optimal feedback controllers are designed, on the basis of the nonlinear process model that enforces stability in the closed-loop system. The method is used to control a system of coupled nonlinear one-dimensional PDEs (the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations), widely used to describe the formation of patterns in reacting and biological systems. Employing kinetic theory based microscopic realizations of the process, the method is used to design output feedback controllers that stabilize the FHN at an unstable, nonuniform in space, steady state.
Calculating Static Field and Charge Distributions Using a Full-Wave Boundary Element Method

In order to model configurations driven by broadband sources (e.g. digital signals), it is desirable to employ a full-wave modeling technique that works well at both high and low frequencies. This paper describes a method for improving the low-frequency performance of existing full-wave boundary element techniques and demonstrates how this method can be used to calculate static electric fields and charge distributions. The new approach involves performing a linear transformation on the moment matrix utilizing an LU decomposition and matrix reconstruction. It does not require special basis functions and is relatively easy to implement in existing boundary element codes. Examples presented demonstrate how modified full-wave software accurately calculates static field and charge distributions for a variety of configurations using the same algorithms and the same input used to do high-frequency calculations
The application of a digital computer for traffic control

The use of digital computers in traffic is becoming more common, after years of experimentation and promise. Both the theoretical requirements of such systems and a description of the physical and programming characteristics of systems in operation in several locations in the United States will be dealt with. The improvements in traffic flow and the managerial, manpower, and organizational requirements will be discussed. Finally, the probable short-range and long-range direction of new systems will be hypothesized.
Radial Columns in Cortical Architecture: It Is the Composition That Counts

The function of any brain structure depends on its neuronal composition and on the pattern of its extrinsic and intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connectivity. In this issue of Cerebral Cortex, 3 related papers provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of the cellular and synaptic relationships of a standard cortical column in the somatosensory cortex of the Wistar rat. It is hoped that understanding normal composition of this archetypical cortical column may help to explain its functional operations, expose subtle pathological changes that could cause abnormal sensory and cognitive functions, and provide insight into evolution of the cerebral cortex.
Super-Resolution Fingerprinting Detects Chemical Reactions and Idiosyncrasies of Single DNA Pegboards

We employ the single-particle fluorescence nanoscopy technique points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (PAINT) using site-specific DNA probes to acquire two-dimensional density maps of specific features patterned on nanoscale DNA origami pegboards. We show that PAINT has a localization accuracy of ~10 nm that is sufficient to reliably distinguish dense (>10(4) features μm(-2)) sub-100 nm patterns of oligonucleotide features. We employ two-color PAINT to follow enzyme-catalyzed modification of features on individual origami and to show that single nanopegboards exhibit stable, spatially heterogeneous probe-binding patterns, or "fingerprints." Finally, we present experimental and modeling evidence suggesting that these fingerprints may arise from feature spacing variations that locally modulate the probe binding kinetics. Our study highlights the power of fluorescence nanoscopy to perform quality control on individual soft nanodevices that interact with and position reagents in solution.
Severe Pain Predicts Greater Likelihood of Subsequent Suicide

Using data from the 1999 Large Health Survey of Veterans, Veterans Affairs' medical records, and the National Death Index (N = 260,254), the association between self-reported pain severity and suicide among veterans as examined, after accounting for demographic variables and psychiatric diagnoses. A Cox proportional hazards regression demonstrated that veterans with severe pain were more likely to die by suicide than patients experiencing none, mild, or moderate pain (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.54), after controlling for demographic and psychiatric characteristics. These results indicate that pain evaluations should be included in comprehensive suicide assessments and suicide prevention efforts.
Phototropism and gravitropism in lateral roots of Arabidopsis

Gravitropism and, to a lesser extent, phototropism have been characterized in primary roots, but little is known about structural/functional aspects of these tropisms in lateral roots. Therefore, in this study, we report on tropistic responses in lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Lateral roots initially are plagiogravitropic, but when they reach a length of approximately 10 mm, these roots grow downward and exhibit positive orthogravitropism. Light and electron microscopic studies demonstrate a correlation between positive gravitropism and development of columella cells with large, sedimented amyloplasts in wild-type plants. Lateral roots display negative phototropism in response to white and blue light and positive phototropism in response to red light. As is the case with primary roots, the photoresponse is weak relative to the graviresponse, but phototropism is readily apparent in starchless mutant plants, which are impaired in gravitropism. To our knowledge, this is the first report of phototropism of lateral roots in any plant species.
Dimensionality and Dynamics in the Behavior of C. elegans

A major challenge in analyzing animal behavior is to discover some underlying simplicity in complex motor actions. Here, we show that the space of shapes adopted by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is low dimensional, with just four dimensions accounting for 95% of the shape variance. These dimensions provide a quantitative description of worm behavior, and we partially reconstruct “equations of motion” for the dynamics in this space. These dynamics have multiple attractors, and we find that the worm visits these in a rapid and almost completely deterministic response to weak thermal stimuli. Stimulus-dependent correlations among the different modes suggest that one can generate more reliable behaviors by synchronizing stimuli to the state of the worm in shape space. We confirm this prediction, effectively “steering” the worm in real time.
Primary Care Practitioners’ Detection of Youth Violence Involvement

Background. Youth violence is a widespread public health problem. Despite recommendations to address youth violence by the American Academy of Pediatrics, it is unclear how often primary care practitioners (PCPs) do so. Purpose. To determine PCPs’ documentation of violence involvement. Methods. Children 11 to 17 years old were enrolled while attending a clinic. They completed questionnaires assessing violence involvement confidentially without the knowledge of the PCP. The primary outcome, documented reference to violence involvement, was determined by chart review. Results. A total of 165 youth participated: mean age = 14.5 years (standard deviation = 1.7), 43% male, 46% white. In all, 14.5% of charts documented any violence involvement. Of the 20% of youth who reported serious violence involvement, PCPs documented violence issues 19.4% of the time. Factors associated with documentation included nonwhite race (P < .05), having public (or no) insurance (P < .001), visit type (routine checkup (P < .05), an...
Role of individual amino acids of apolipoprotein A-I in the activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and in HDL rearrangements.

The central region of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), spanning residues 143-165, has been implicated in leci- thin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activation and also in high density lipoprotein (HDL) structural rearrange- ments. To examine the role of individual amino acids in these functions, we constructed, overexpressed, and puri- fied two additional point mutants of apoA-I (P143R and R160L) and compared them with the previously studied V156E mutant. These mutants have been reported to occur naturally and to affect HDL cholesterol levels and choles- terol esterification in plasma. The P143R and R160L mu- tants were effectively expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins and were isolated in at least 95% purity. In the lipid-free state, the mutants self-associated similarly to wild- type protein. All the mutants, including V156E, were able to lyse dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. In the lipid- bound state, the major reconstituted HDL (rHDL) of the mutants had diameters similar to wild type (96-98 A). Cir- cular dichroism and fluorescence methods revealed no ma- jor differences among the structures of the lipid-free or lipid-bound mutants and wild type. In contrast, the V156E mutant had exhibited significant structural, stability, and self-association differences compared with wild-type apoA-I in the lipid-free state, and formed rHDL particles with larger diameters. In this study, limited proteolytic digestion with chymotrypsin showed that the V156E mutant, in lipid- free form, has a distinct digestion pattern and surface ex- posure of the central region, compared with wild type and the other mutants. Reactivity of rHDL with LCAT was high- est for wild type (100%), followed by P143R (39%) and R160L (0.6%). Tested for their ability to rearrange into 78-A particles, the rHDL of the two mutants (P143R and R160L) behaved normally, compared with the rHDL of V156E, which showed no rearrangement after the 24-h incubation with low density lipoprotein (LDL). Similarly, the rHDL of V156E was resistant to rearrangement in the presence of apoA-I or apoA-II. These results indicate that structural changes are absent or modest for the P143R and R160L mu- tants, especially in rHDL form; that these mutants have nor- mal conformational adaptability; and that LCAT activation is obliterated for R160L. Thus, individual amino acid changes may have markedly different structural and func- tional consequences in the 143-165 region of apoA-I. The R160L mutation appears to have a direct effect in LCAT ac- tivation, while the P143R mutation results in only minor structural and functional effects. Also, the processes for LCAT activation and hinge mobility appear to be distinct even if the same region of apoA-I is involved. — Cho, K-H., D. M. Durbin, and A. Jonas. Role of individual amino acids of apolipoprotein A-I in the activation of lecithin:choles- terol acyltransferase and in HDL rearrangements . J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 379-389.
Reduction of pain and local complications when buffered lidocaine solution is used as a local anesthetic in conjunction with hyperthermia treatments: results of a randomized trial.

Abstract Unbuffered lidocaine (pH = 6.5) is commonly employed as a local anesthetic prior to transcutaneous placement of catheters for use in temperature monitoring during hyperthermia treatments. The most frequent complaint associated with this procedure is stinging or burning pain at the injection site. Tender firm subcutaneous nodules at sites of lidocaine infiltration for catheter placement have also been noted in fields treated with radiation and hyperthermia. A reduction in the pain associated with lidocaine infiltration has been reported by the use of alkalinized (buffered) local anesthetic solutions. To confirm this finding in patients treated with hyperthermia for superficially-located tumors, a randomized prospective double blind trial comparing unbuffered (pH 6.5) and buffered (pH 7.3) 2% lidocaine (without epinephrine) was undertaken. Between March and October 1990, a total of 54 hyperthermia treatment fields were each randomized to buffered or unbuffered lidocaine to be used at the time of all catheter placements (146 placements). Patients were scored both for the pain noted during the infiltration of lidocaine and the pain noted with subsequent catheter placement. In addition, the development of subcutaneous nodules at the sites of catheter placement was monitored at the time of 3-week follow-up. Follow-up was available for all but two fields. Treatment fields that received the buffered anesthetic had a statistically significant reduction in the pain associated with infiltration of lidocaine (p 1 23 vs 7 29 , p = 0.05 for buffered and unbuffered solutions, respectively). The results of this trial support the use of buffered lidocaine prior to catheter placement for hyperthermia treatments as a method of reducing pain at infiltration and the subsequent development of subcutaneous nodules.