cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Thirteenth-Century Franciscan Money Manager: Archbishop Eudes Rigaud of Rouen, 1248–1275

In the century following the death of St Francis, the Franciscan order underwent enormously rapid changes. As Franciscans became university masters, inquisitors, royal councillors and bishops, some confronted dilemmas in reconciling their religious vows with the duties of their offices. Yet whereas some friar-bishops and archbishops might have shied away from involving themselves in their churches' finances, Eudes Rigaud, the first Franciscan archbishop of Rouen, made significant investments in landed property, seigneurial rights and rents on behalf of his archdiocese. The Franciscan archbishop's commitment to ecclesiastical reform, evident in his meticulous visitations of his clergy as recorded in his episcopal register, is also visible in his efforts to augment his archdiocese's temporalities.
Reusable models: Making your models more user-friendly

Four different types of reusable simulation models (RSMs), are identified, namely, fully documented simulation models, parameterized simulation models, special-purpose simulation program generators, and general-purpose simulation program generators. Each type of RSM may be accessible through a different kind of simulation support environment (SSE). The authors identify three major classes of SSEs: procedure-oriented-programming-language SSEs, spreadsheet-program-based SSEs and object-oriented visual interactive SSEs. Out of the possible twelve combinations of RSMs and SSEs, the authors discuss eight examples (case studies) of the six most popular combinations. >
Finite-Zone Argon Implant Edge Termination for High-Voltage GaN Schottky Rectifiers

In this letter, the results obtained with a finite termination by argon ion implantation at the periphery of GaN Schottky barrier diodes are reported. It is demonstrated that the implant region width required to obtain the ideal plane parallel breakdown voltage of 1700 V is 50 μm.
Phylogenetic network analysis as a parsimony optimization problem

Background Many problems in comparative biology are, or are thought to be, best expressed as phylogenetic “networks” as opposed to trees. In trees, vertices may have only a single parent (ancestor), while networks allow for multiple parent vertices. There are two main interpretive types of networks, “softwired” and “hardwired.” The parsimony cost of hardwired networks is based on all changes over all edges, hence must be greater than or equal to the best tree cost contained (“displayed”) by the network. This is in contrast to softwired, where each character follows the lowest parsimony cost tree displayed by the network, resulting in costs which are less than or equal to the best display tree. Neither situation is ideal since hard-wired networks are not generally biologically attractive (since individual heritable characters can have more than one parent) and softwired networks can be trivially optimized (containing the best tree for each character). Furthermore, given the alternate cost scenarios of trees and these two flavors of networks, hypothesis testing among these explanatory scenarios is impossible.
Contrasting Effects of Puerarin and Daidzin on Glucose Homeostasis in Mice

Puerarin and daidzin are the major isoflavone glucosides found in kudzu dietary supplements. In this study, we demonstrated that puerarin significantly improves glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, blunting the rise in blood glucose levels after i.p. administration of glucose. In contrast, daidzin, the O-glucoside, had a significant but opposite effect, impairing glucose tolerance as compared to saline-treated controls. When they were administered i.p. with 14C-glucose to C57BL/6J lean mice, puerarin inhibited glucose uptake into tissues and incorporation into glycogen, while daidzin stimulated glucose uptake, showing an opposite effect to puerarin. Puerarin also antagonized the stimulatory effect of decyl-β-d-thiomaltoside, an artificial primer of glycogen synthesis, which increases 14C-glucose uptake and incorporation into glycogen in mouse liver and heart. A liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry procedure was used to investigate the metabolism ...
Optical properties of particles in planetary atmospheres - Laboratory studies

The laboratory techniques employed for the determination of optical constants are discussed briefly. The values obtained for the real n and imaginary k (or n i ) parts of the refractive indices of water, ice, and liquid ammonia are presented graphically. Work currently in progress on solid ammonia and on sulphuric acid is discussed. Other approaches to studies of the properties of aerosols in planetary atmospheres are presented briefly.
Sensing limitations in the Lion and Man problem

We address the discrete-time lion and man problem in a bounded, convex, planar environment in which both players have identical sensing ranges, restricted to closed discs about their current locations. The evader is randomly located inside the environment and moves only when detected. The players can step inside identical closed discs, centered at their respective positions. We propose a sweep-pursuit-capture strategy for the pursuer to capture the evader. The sweep phase is a search operation by the pursuer to detect an evader within its sensing radius. In the pursuit phase, the pursuer employs a greedy strategy of moving towards the last-sensed evader position. We show that in finite time, the problem reduces to a previously-studied problem with unlimited sensing, which allows us to use the established lion strategy in the capture phase. We give a novel upper bound on the time required for the pursuit phase to terminate using the greedy strategy and a sufficient condition for this strategy to work in terms of the value of the ratio of sensing to stepping radius of the players.
Stopping rules for a nonnegatively constrained iterative method for ill-posed Poisson imaging problems

Image data is often collected by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. CCD camera noise is known to be well-modeled by a Poisson distribution. If this is taken into account, the negative-log of the Poisson likelihood is the resulting data-fidelity function. We derive, via a Taylor series argument, a weighted least squares approximation of the negative-log of the Poisson likelihood function. The image deblurring algorithm of interest is then applied to the problem of minimizing this weighted least squares function subject to a nonnegativity constraint. Our objective in this paper is the development of stopping rules for this algorithm. We present three stopping rules and then test them on data generated using two different true images and an accurate CCD camera noise model. The results indicate that each of the three stopping rules is effective.
RNA - ligand interactions:(I) magnesium binding sites in yeast tRNAPhe

X-ray crystallagraphic studies studies indicate that there are at least four site-specifically bound hydrated Mg2+ ions, [Mg(H2O)n]2+, in yeast tRNAPhe. The size and the octahedral coordination geometry, rather than the charge, of [Mg(H2O)N]2+ appear to be the primary reasons for the specificity of magnesium ions in site-binding and in the stabilization of the tertiary structure of tRNA.
Xenografts are an achievable breakthrough

The objective of this communication is to show that pig-to-human organ transplantation could be feasible through genetic engineering. By introducing into donor pigs several different tolerance promoting genetic modifications there can be a synergistic effect to produce extended tolerance for xenografted organs in human recipients. Nuclear-transfer cloning allows production of pigs with knockout mutations in the galactose-α-1,3-galactosyl transferase gene, in principle eliminating hyperacute rejection. Once hyperacute rejection is circumvented, long-term tolerance of xenografted organs should be possible through a combination of transgenic immunomodulating molecule, bone marrow chimerism and short to intermediate term use of immunosuppressive drugs. If immunomodulating transgenes are deleterious during pig development, inducible cre-recombinase excision of stop codons provides a means to delay expression of such transgenes until after transplantation. Zoonotic diseases can be circumvented via pathogen-free colonies and additional knockout mutations to disable porcine endogenous retrovirus and prion disease. Thus, there is now a technical and theoretical framework for serious efforts at cross-species transplantation.
Robust Morphogenesis of Robotic Swarms [Application Notes]

We presented a novel swarm-based framework for creating morphogenetic robotic swarms "with very simple kinetically interacting robots. Our framework assumes minimal complexity in those robots to coordinate their behaviors. The only explicit communication between robots is the one-time transmission of the recipe information from active to blank robots during the growth process. Once a robot is activated, it simply reacts kinetically to nearby robots and independently re-differentiates "with small probability. This architecture demonstrates dynamic production and maintenance of patterns, "which allows robust, adaptive behaviors under variable environmental conditions, including self-repair "with no central controller. The simplicity of individual modules assumed in our framework "will be a desirable property for low-cost hardware implementation in the future.
Handpicking epigenetic marks with PHD fingers

Plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers have emerged as one of the largest families of epigenetic effectors capable of recognizing or 'reading' post-translational histone modifications and unmodified histone tails. These interactions are highly specific and can be modulated by the neighboring epigenetic marks and adjacent effectors. A few PHD fingers have recently been found to also associate with non-histone proteins. In this review, we detail the molecular mechanisms and biological outcomes of the histone and non-histone targeting by PHD fingers. We discuss the significance of crosstalk between the histone modifications and consequences of combinatorial readout for selective recruitment of the PHD finger-containing components of chromatin remodeling and transcriptional complexes.
Dexamethasone-Induced Cytokine Changes Associated with Diminished Disease Severity in Horses Infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the zoonotic cause of granulocytic anaplasmosis. We hypothesized that immune response, specifically gamma interferon (IFN-γ), plays a role in disease severity. To test this, horses were infected and IFNG expression was pharmacologically downregulated using corticosteroids. Eight horses were infected with A. phagocytophilum; 4 received dexamethasone on days 4 to 8 of infection. Clinical signs, hematologic parameters, and transcription of cytokine/chemokine genes were compared among treated and untreated horses. Infection was quantitated by msp2 real-time PCR and microscopy. As anticipated, there was significantly greater leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia in infected versus uninfected horses. The A. phagocytophilum load was higher for dexamethasone-treated horses. Dexamethasone reduced IFNG transcription by day 12 and IL-8 and IL-18 by days 7 to 9 and increased IL-4 on day 7. The ratio of IL-10 to IFNG was increased by dexamethasone on day 9. There were no hematologic differences between the infected horses. Dexamethasone suppression of proinflammatory response resulted in delayed infection-induced limb edema and decreased icterus, anorexia, and reluctance to move between days 6 and 9 and lower fever on day 7. These results underscore the utility of the equine model of granulocytic anaplasmosis and suggest that Th1 proinflammatory response plays a role in worsening disease severity and that disease severity can be decreased by modulating proinflammatory response. A role for Th1 response and macrophage activation in hematologic derangements elicited by A. phagocytophilum is not supported by these data and remains unproven.
Biomechanical studies of an artificial disc implant in the human cadaveric spine.

Object. The authors compared the biomechanical performance of the human cadaveric spine implanted with a metallic ball-and-cup artificial disc at L4–5 with the spine's intact state and after anterior discectomy. Methods. Seven human L2—S1 cadaveric spines were mounted on a biomechanical testing frame. Pure moments of 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 Nm were applied to the spine at L-2 in six degrees of motion (flexion, extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation). The spines were tested in the intact state as well as after anterior L4–5 discectomy. The Maverick disc was implanted in the discectomy defect, and load testing was repeated. The artificial disc created greater rigidity for the spine than was present after discectomy, and the spine performed biomechanically in a manner comparable with the intact state. Conclusions. The results indicate that in an in vitro setting, this model of artificial disc stabilizes the spine after discectomy, restoring motion comparable with that ...
Challenges in operationalizing the DSM-IV clinical significance criterion.

Background: An explicit clinical significance (CS) criterion was added to many DSM-IV diagnoses in an attempt to more closely approximate the clinical diagnostic process and reduce the proportion of false positives in epidemiological studies. The American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project (AI-SUPERPFP) offered a unique opportunity to examine the success of this effort. Objective: To determine the impact of distress, impairment, and help-seeking reported in a lay structured interview on concordance with a clinical reappraisal. Further, to test the efficacy of 5 operationalizations of CS on the concordance and prevalence of DSM-IV lifetime disorders. Design: Completed between 1997 and 2000, a crosssectional probability sample survey with clinical reappraisal of approximately 10% of participants. Setting: General community. Participants: A population-based sample of 3084 members of 2 American Indian tribal groups, who were between the ages of 15 and 54 years and resided on or near their home reservations, were randomly sampled from the tribal rolls and participated in structured psychiatric interviews. Clinical reappraisals were conducted with approximately 10% of the lay-interview participants. The response rate for the lay interview was 75%, and for the clinical reappraisal it was 72%. Main Outcomes Measures: The AI-SUPERPFP Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a culturally adapted version of the CIDI, University of Michigan version. Adapted to assess DSM-IV diagnoses, questions assessing the CS criterion were inserted in all diagnostic modules. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) was used in the clinical reappraisal.
Corpus Cavernosum Penis Pressure and External Penile Muscle Activity During Erection in the Goat

The corpus cavernosus penis (CCP) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the external penile muscles were recorded during erection and ejaculation of the goat. The mean peak CCP pressures were 18, 83, and 7003 mm Hg for the quiescence, mild erection, and maximum erection stage of the penis. The contractions of the ischiocavernosus muscles (1CM) were in phase with the peak pressures of the CCP. Anesthesia of the 1CM prevented the high peak CCP pressures, indicating that these muscles are the source of energy for the high pressure recorded. The mechanism of erection in man and animals has been under investigation for many years. Explanations for the mechanism of penile erection have been primarily theories deduced from anatomical studies and limited physiological experimentation (Deysack, 1939; Denamur and Simonnet, 1950; Conti, 1952). It is generally considered that erection of the penis is produced by a combination of elevated arterial pressure, dilation of the arteries to the penis, restricted venous return, relaxation of the walls of the cavernous spaces, and contraction of the external penile muscles. The importance of each factor has not been delineated. The role of the ischiocavernosus muscles (1CM) and bulbocavernosus muscles (BCM) is an example for consideration. Henderson and Roepke (1933) noted the pumping action of these muscles, but attached little significance to it. Sisson and Grossman (1953) stated that the contraction of the 1CM pulls the
Superresolution imaging from nonlinear inverse scattering

Inverse scattering algorithms typically rely on weak scattering approximations and the inversion of far field data on an Ewald sphere. This, in turn, fixes the resolution of the computed image. However, it has long been observed that when multiple scattering occurs in a strongly interacting object, and a nonlinear inversion method is employed to image it, the resulting image can reveal subwavelength resolution. We have observed this phenomenon using a cepstral filtering approach and characterize it more fully here.
AC quantum efficiency harmonic analysis of exciton annihilation in organic light emitting diodes (Presentation Recording)

Exciton annihilation processes impact both the lifetime and efficiency roll-off of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), however it is notoriously difficult to identify the dominant mode of annihilation in operating devices (exciton-exciton vs. exciton-charge carrier) and subsequently to disentangle its magnitude from competing roll-off processes such as charge imbalance. Here, we introduce a simple analytical method to directly identify and extract OLED annihilation rates from standard light-current-voltage (LIV) measurement data. The foundation of this approach lies in a frequency domain EQE analysis and is most easily understood in analogy to impedance spectroscopy, where in this case both the current (J) and electroluminescence intensity (L) are measured using a lock-in amplifier at different harmonics of the sinusoidal dither superimposed on the DC device bias. In the presence of annihilation, the relationship between recombination current and light output (proportional to exciton density) becomes nonlinear, thereby mixing the different EQE harmonics in a manner that depends uniquely on the type and magnitude of annihilation. We derive simple expressions to extract different annihilation rate coefficients and apply this technique to a variety of OLEDs. For example, in devices dominated by triplet-triplet annihilation, the annihilation rate coefficient, K_TT, is obtained directly from the linear slope that results from plotting EQE_DC-EQE_1ω versus L_DC (2EQE_1ω-EQE_DC). We go on to show that, in certain cases it is sufficient to calculate EQE_1ω directly from the slope of the DC light versus current curve [i.e. via (dL_DC)/(dJ_DC )], thus enabling this analysis to be conducted solely from common LIV measurement data.
Correct in theory but wrong in practice: Bias caused by using a lognormal distribution to penalize annual recruitments in fish stock assessment models

Abstract Penalties are widely used for a range of parameters while fitting fish stock assessment models. Penalizing annual recruitments for deviating from an underlying mean recruitment is probably the most common. Assuming that recruits are log-normally distributed for the purposes of this penalty is theoretically justifiable. In practice, however, bias may be induced because this distributional assumption includes a term equal to the summation of the log observed data, which in the case of recruitment equals the summation of the log recruitment parameters that are not data. Using simulation, the potential for bias caused by assuming that recruits were log-normally distributed was explored, and results were contrasted with the assumption that log-recruitment was normally distributed, an alternative that avoids the potentially troublesome summation term. Spawning stock biomass ( SSB ) and recruitment were negatively biased, while fishing mortality ( F ) was positively biased under the assumption of log-normally distributed recruitments, and the bias worsened closer to the terminal year. The bias also worsened when the true underlying F was low relative to natural mortality, and with domed fishery selectivity. Bias in SSB , recruitment, and F was nonexistent or relatively small under the assumption that log-recruitment was normally distributed. Distributional assumptions for penalties used in assessment models should be reviewed to reduce the potential for biased estimation. These results also provide further support for simulation testing to evaluate statistical behavior of assessment models.
Efficient 1.94-μm Tm 3+ laser in YVO 4 host

A room-temperature Tm:YVO4 laser at 1.94 μm has been demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. This laser is characterized by a broad bandwidth and a large absorption cross section for the 800-nm pump band. A slope efficiency of 25% was obtained under nonoptimal conditions.
Controversies in anaesthesia for noncardiac surgery in older adults

As the population of the world is rapidly ageing, the amount of surgery being performed in older patients is also increasing. Special attention is required for the anaesthetic and perioperative management of these patients. The clinical and non-clinical issues specific to older surgical patients are reviewed, with a special emphasis on areas of debate related to anaesthesia care in this group. These issues include the role of frailty and disability in preoperative assessment, choice of anaesthesia technique for hip fracture, postoperative delirium, and approaches to shared decision-making before surgical procedures.
A posteriori truncation error detection with application to grid adaptation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses grid adaptation for application to AMR and ALE codes. Two new contributions are presented. First, a new method is presented, which is applied to locate the regions where the truncation error is being created because of an insufficient accuracy. This is the operator recovery error origin (OREO) detector. The OREO detector is automatic, reliable, easy to implement and extremely inexpensive. Second, a new grid motion technique is presented for application to ALE codes. The method is based on the Brackbill–Saltzman approach, but it is directly linked to the OREO detector and moves the grid automatically to minimize the error. For AMR codes, the OREO detector provides accurate and automatic determination of where the discretization error is being generated. For ALE codes, the knowledge of the error needs to be supplemented by a method to move the grid.
Technology Integration Expertise among Middle School Teachers

When technology is integrated effectively into classrooms there is strong positive impact on student achievement. However, there is still a great divergence between what enthusiastic advocates think technology will do for education and what is actually being accomplished. The primary objective of this study was to identify the concepts and knowledge that teachers who are experts in technology integration consider to be essential for successful technology integration, and to examine how these teachers characterize this conceptualization in their design and practice of instruction. The conceptual knowledge of these expert teachers was compared to the knowledge of teachers who are not technology experts to identify knowledge that should be highlighted in technology training sessions. Study findings indicate a significant difference in the knowledge organization of technology experts and novices with the experts focusing on conceptual issues such as challenges; technology as a stimulant to change in the learn...
Abstract 5524: Radiosensitization of nanoparticle-based thermal delivery in mice bearing human prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Heat is a potent sensitizer for radiation therapy. Technical hurdles associated with the selective and tumor-specific delivery of cytotoxic heat have precluded the widespread clinical adoption of heat as a therapeutic agent. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising alternative. Male nude mice bearing PC3 tumors, a human prostate cancer cell line, were used for the study. A total of fifteen cohorts of mice, with ten mice per group, were used. Five groups received nanoparticle thermal therapy (no radiation) at varying thermal doses; four groups received the combination of heat with 5 Gy radiation within five minutes post thermal therapy; three groups received radiation only (5, 8, and 10 Gy); and, three groups served as controls (no treat, magnetic field only, and particles with 5 Gy but no magnetic field). Magnetic nanoparticles suspensions were injected directly into the tumors at doses 5, 2.5, and 1 mg Fe/g tumor. Two to four hours post-injection, the mice were anesthetized and placed in a helical solenoid alternating magnetic field coil. Particle heating was initiated by an AC field with frequency of 160 kHz and varying amplitudes of 600, 500, and 400 Oersteds for twenty minutes. The particle heat output varies with field amplitude. Cohorts of mice receiving combined radiation and heat therapy were given 5 Gy radiation within five minutes of thermal therapy. Tumor growth was monitored and growth delay and survival was measured. Intratumor and rectal temperatures were monitored in five mice of each heat therapy cohort with optical fiber-based temperature probes. Complete tumor regression was observed for the 600 Oe and 5 mg Fe/g tumor combination, with local morbidity. Radiosensitization was achieved with lower thermal doses (400 Oe and 500 Oe with 5 mg Fe/g tumor) and no morbidity. For these cohorts, the heat alone was not effective. Tumor volume doubling time for 400 Oe and 5 mg Fe was 7 days (5 days for no treat control), and 10 days for 500 Oe and 5 mg Fe. However, the combination of 5 Gy (doubling time 22 days) with heat, even with the low thermal dose, produced significant tumor responses. For the combination of 400 Oe and 5 mg Fe with 5 Gy, tumor doubling time was increased to 32 days, and for the combination of 500 Oe with 5 mg Fe and 5 Gy, tumor volume failed to achieve doubling 45 days post therapy. Further study and analysis is ongoing and the results of their conclusions will be presented. Magnetic nanoparticle-based heat delivery has the potential to sensitize tumors to radiation even with low thermal doses. This offers the potential to improve therapeutic response while simultaneously minimizing therapy-related morbidity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5524.
Mortality and Operative Management for Patients Undergoing Repair of Coarctation of the Aorta: A Retrospective Review of the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium.

Background:The surgical mortality associated with repair of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) over a 25-year period was examined. Risk factors for discharge mortality were evaluated as well as the sur...
Value of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Diagnosis and Therapy of Chronic Cough in Children

Objective To explore the value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis and therapy of chronic cough in children. Methods Clinical data of 61 patients with chronic cough in Department of Respiration,Guiyang Children′s Hospital,were retrospectively analyzed from Aug.2006 to Mar.2011.Under local anesthesia,fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in those patients.The straight inspection,bronchus brush biopsy and analysis of alveolus lavage fluid were performed to identify the pathogeny,and bronchoalveolar lavement,injecting medicine and extracting bronchial foreign bodies were used,the entire efficacy was evaluated.All patients were denied the diagnosis of cough variant asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. Results In 61 cases,36 cases were male and 25 cases were female.The ages were from 8 months to 13 years old.Through fiberoptic bronchoscopy,there were 21 cases(34.5%)with inflammation,12 cases(19.7%) with airway congenital malformation,10 cases(16.4%)with bronchial foreign bodies,8 cases(13.1%)with upper airways cough syndrome,7 cases(11.5%)with endobronchial tuberculosis,and 3 cases(4.9%) were normal.The positive rate of bronchoalveolar lavage was 12.5% and there was gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria in 12 cases(12/31 cases,38.7%).Optimal effect was acquired after bronchoalveolar lavage and administration of drug.Among the 10 patients with airway foreign body,8 patients had their foreign bodies removed through fiberoptic bronchoscope. Conclusions Inflammation,airway congenital malformation and bronchial foreign bodies are main reasons for chronic cough in children.Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is useful in the etiologic identification of chronic cough in children and it has featured value in diagnosis for airway congenital malformation and tiny foreign body.
Prevention of stimulus deprivation amblyopia in children with eyelid capillary haemangioma

Aim: To present a case of eyelid capillary haemangioma with complete eye closure in an infant. Methods: A case is discussed of a 5-week-old baby with eyelid capillary haemangioma. The ophthalmic and orthoptic findings are documented, with photographs. Investigation and treatment are described to illustrate the measures taken to prevent stimulus deprivation amblyopia of the affected eye. Results: Due to rapid growth of the haemangioma there was complete eye closure with an inability to open the eye. Full-time occlusion of the non-affected eye was commenced and combined with steroid treatment of the haemangioma. The haemangioma reduced in size significantly. At the age of 53 weeks, visual acuity appears equal and binocular vision responses are demonstrable. Conclusion: Total occlusion of the good eye to prevent stimulus deprivation amblyopia of the affected eye is an option when methods of keeping the affected eye open have failed.
Next-Generation Sequencing: Role in Gynecologic Cancers

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has risen to the forefront of tumor analysis and has enabled unprecedented advances in the molecular profiling of solid tumors. Through massively parallel sequencing, previously unrecognized genomic alterations have been unveiled in many malignancies, including gynecologic cancers, thus expanding the potential repertoire for the use of targeted therapies. NGS has expanded the understanding of the genomic foundation of gynecologic malignancies and has allowed identification of germline and somatic mutations associated with cancer development, enabled tumor reclassification, and helped determine mechanisms of treatment resistance. NGS has also facilitated rationale therapeutic strategies based on actionable molecular aberrations. However, issues remain regarding cost and clinical utility. This review covers NGS analysis of and its impact thus far on gynecologic cancers, specifically ovarian, endometrial, cervical, and vulvar cancers.
Revenge and Social Conflict

Revenge has been a subject of concern in most intellectual traditions throughout history, and even when social norms regard it as permissible or even obligatory, it is commonly recognised as being more counterproductive than beneficial. In this book, Kit R. Christensen explores this provocative issue, offering an in-depth account of both the nature of revenge and the causes and consequences of the desire for this kind of retaliatory violence. He then develops a version of eudaimonistic consequentialism to argue that vengeance is never morally justified, and applies this to cases of intergroup violence where the lust for revenge against a vilified 'Them' is easily incited and often exploited. His study will interest a wide range of readers in moral philosophy as well as social philosophers, legal theorists, and social/behavioural scientists.
A 25 Year Perspective on America's Largest Legal Family Business: The Judge Advocate General's Corps

There are approximately 4,000 active duty, Reserve, and National Guard Judge Advocate General's Corps lawyers serving our nation's interests all over the world. Some are located on ships at sea; others work in tents or temporary facilities in Bosnia, Saudi Arabia, and Korea. Still others serve in remote training facilities in Germany, or support "nation building" activities in Latin America. Judge Advocates are also located at every major military installation across the United States where they litigate criminal cases, write trusts and wills, provide legal advice on multimillion dollar acquisitions, protect the environment by vigorously enforcing the EPAs regulations, and help service members and their families with everyday legal problems. Like their civilian counterparts, Judge Advocate General (JAG) officers work long hours to protect their clients' interests. This means sacrificing personal or family concerns to insure that accurate, timely, and helpful legal advice is provided to admirals and privates, civilian presidential appointees and commanders in the field. However, unlike most of their civilian counterparts, military attorneys are often required to practice under the most demanding physical and professional circumstances imaginable. In many ways, this alliance between individual military attorneys and their professional responsibilities most resembles the attitudes and values present in a well-run, successful, and closely-knit family business. The military practice of law is remarkably similar, and explains why very talented lawyers want to join a professional organization which, by definition, requires them to sacrifice their personal, financial, and family interests for a larger good. The men and women who comprise today's JAG Corps would be successful in any legal endeavor they chose. They became military lawyers because of their respect for, and desire to become a part of the JAG Corps' culture and national defense mission. This dramatic change in lawyer preference did not occur overnight, and did not happen by accident. It was the product of many factors, some entirely outside of the military's control, and some the direct product of caring and insightful JAG Corps' leadership. In many ways, what the JAG Corps have done to improve themselves, and the legal services they provide, can be replicated by any professional organization willing to recognize that people are its most important asset.
Enhancing and Monitoring Sustainability Culture at the University of Michigan

As the need to address major environmental challenges increases, the focus is turning from technological to social solutions. While technologies largely exist to address climate change, the question is whether there is a cultural consensus to use those technologies and make other behavioral adjustments. Sustainability culture is defined as a culture in which individuals are aware of major environmental (and social/economic) challenges, are behaving in sustainable ways, and are committed to a sustainable lifestyle for both the present and future. Colleges and universities are at the forefront of this cultural transition. In this paper, we review the University of Michigan’s (U-M) Campus Sustainability Integrated Assessment as background to our current work. We then describe new initiatives designed to change the culture of sustainability on campus. Next, the Sustainability Cultural Indicators Program (SCIP) is reviewed including the design and use of sample surveys of U-M students, faculty, and staff. Selected findings including indicators covering the initial year (2012) are then presented as well as preliminary results from SCIP’s second year (2013). Finally, the uses of these initial findings are discussed along with the potential for replicating SCIP at other universities and in other settings.
Polar Oxides without Inversion Symmetry through Vacancy and Chemical Order

One synthetic modality for materials discovery proceeds by forming mixtures of two or more compounds. In transition metal oxides (TMOs), chemical substitution often obeys Vegard’s principle, and the resulting structure and properties of the derived phase follow from its components. A change in the assembly of the components into a digital nanostructure, however, can stabilize new polymorphs and properties not observed in the constituents. Here we formulate and demonstrate a crystal-chemistry design approach for realizing digital TMOs without inversion symmetry by combining two centrosymmetric compounds, utilizing periodic anion-vacancy order to generate multiple polyhedra that together with cation order produce a polar structure. We next apply this strategy to two brownmillerite-structured TMOs known to display centrosymmetric crystal structures in their bulk, Ca2Fe2O5 and Sr2Fe2O5. We then realize epitaxial (SrFeO2.5)1/(CaFeO2.5)1 thin film superlattices possessing both anion-vacancy order and Sr and Ca ...
Teaching Undergraduates About LGBTQ Identities, Families, and Intersectionality

Teaching undergraduate students about LGBTQ identities and family issues presents several challenges, or “opportunities,” which we address within personal, ecological, and historical contexts. We begin by articulating our positionality as scholars and instructors, and the feminist intersectional and queer lens that guides our research and pedagogy. We organize our presentation of contemporary teaching opportunities around three primary and interrelated topics: (a) teaching about LGBTQ issues with attention to intersectionality as a conceptual framework, (b) teaching about sexual orientation diversity and fluidity, and (c) teaching about gender diversity and transgender identities. We incorporate suggestions for educational practice throughout and recommend that instructors continually revise their teaching practices to reflect the changing technological and social landscape, thus maximizing opportunities for student engagement and learning.
The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is a global health issue that afflicts more than one billion children and adults worldwide. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency cannot be under estimated. There has been an association of vitamin D deficiency with a myriad of acute and chronic illnesses including preeclampsia, childhood dental caries, periodontitis, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, deadly cancers, type 2 diabetes and neurological disorders. This review is to put into perspective the controversy surrounding the definition for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency as well as providing guidance for how to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiency.
The Use of Portable Instrumentation for Assessing Environmental Contamination in the Urals Region of Russia

Two of the principal environmental contamination problems facing the mining regions of the Urals are pollution of air and water by volatile organic chemicals and pollution of air, water and soil by heavy metal wastes from mining and heavy industry such as steel production. Because of the extent of these problems and the large areas affected in the Urals region the use of on-site analysis instruments would provide a powerful tool for making rapid assessments of air, water and soil contamination and for determining where to sample when samples are to be returned to a central laboratory for confirmatory analysis or for further intensive testing.
Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Extrasynaptic GABA-A Receptors in the Brain: Therapeutic Insights for Epilepsy.

GABA-A receptors play a pivotal role in many brain diseases. Epilepsy is caused by acquired conditions and genetic defects in GABA receptor channels regulating neuronal excitability in the brain. The latter is referred to as GABA channelopathies. In the last two decades, major advances have been made in the genetics of epilepsy. The presence of specific GABAergic genetic abnormalities leading to some of the classic epileptic syndromes has been identified. Advances in molecular cloning and recombinant systems have helped characterize mutations in GABA-A receptor subunit genes in clinical neurology. GABA-A receptors are the prime targets for neurosteroids (NSs). However, GABA-A receptors are not static but undergo rapid changes in their number or composition in response to the neuroendocrine milieu. This review describes the recent advances in the genetic and neuroendocrine control of extrasynaptic and synaptic GABA-A receptors in epilepsy and its impact on neurologic conditions. It highlights the current knowledge of GABA genetics in epilepsy, with an emphasis on the neuroendocrine regulation of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors in network excitability and seizure susceptibility. Recent advances in molecular regulation of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptor–mediated tonic inhibition are providing unique new therapeutic approaches for epilepsy, status epilepticus, and certain brain disorders. The discovery of an extrasynaptic molecular mechanism represents a milestone for developing novel therapies such as NS replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy.
Inclusion and Exclusion probability

We use mathematical induction method to prove the Poincare Formula. To demonstrate the usefulness of this formula, we provide five examples. This formula is related to a broad class of counting problems in which several interacting properties either all must hold, or none must hold. When there are only two or three events that need to be counted, we usually use a Venn diagram. In section 4, we present a general mathematical formula to count any finite number of inclusion and exclusion events. This leads to an easy way to apply the Poincare Formula to define the probability.
A thin, dense crust for Mercury

Abstract Crustal thickness is a crucial geophysical parameter in understanding the geology and geochemistry of terrestrial planets. Recent development of mathematical techniques suggests that previous studies based on assumptions of isostasy overestimated crustal thickness on some of the solid bodies of the solar system, leading to a need to revisit those analyses. Here, I apply these techniques to Mercury. Using MESSENGER-derived elemental abundances, I calculate a map of grain density (average 2974 ± 89 kg/m3) which shows that Pratt isostasy is unlikely to be a major compensation mechanism of Mercury's topography. Assuming Airy isostasy, I find the best fit value for Mercury's mean crustal thickness is 26 ± 11 km, 25% lower than the most recently reported and previously thinnest number. Several geological implications follow from this relatively low value for crustal thickness, including showing that the largest impacts very likely excavated mantle material onto Mercury's surface. The new results also show that Mercury and the Moon have a similar proportion of their rocky silicates composing their crusts, and thus Mercury is not uniquely efficient at crustal production amongst terrestrial bodies. Higher resolution topography and gravity data, especially for the southern hemisphere, will be necessary to refine Mercury's crustal parameters further.
Considering the Comments: Theorizing Online Audiences as Emergent Processes

Abstract Prompted by an in-depth case study of a web-writer, this article argues that audience may be understood as an emergent process for web-writers who consider their comments. Rather than a group of people or demographic that is prefigured to exist, this article posits that audience might be a concept used throughout the composing process, including production and distribution processes. Such an approach is useful for digital pedagogies that involve online comments because it allows audience to be considered before, during, and after writers’ production processes.
The Teja System for Real-Time Dynamic Event Management

Teja1is a Software platform for implementing real-time Dynamic Event Management Systems. Event management is at the heart of all management and control processes. Events arise from process logic, real-time conditions, state space conditions, synchronization needs, asynchronous interrupts, and user inputs. They must be scheduled in a timely manner to meet the application’s behavioral requirements.
Peroxisome Proliferation-Related Oxidative Stress and Hepato-Carcinogenesis

Investigation of the phenomenon of xenobiotic-induced peroxisome proliferation in liver parenchymal cells continues to provide fascinating details about the differential regulation of peroxisomal enzymes, their role in the production of intrahepatic oxidative stress and the possible relationship between sustained oxidative stress and the eventual development of hepatocellular carcinomas (1–3), Hepatic peroxisome proliferation was first noted nearly twenty years ago in the livers of rats treated with the hypolipidemic drug Clofibrate (4,5). Subsequently, several structurally diverse chemicals have been identified as hepatic peroxisome proliferators (1,2,6). Long-term feeding studies demonstrated the hepatocarcinogenicity of several of these agents (2,7–9), although they are not genotoxic in short-term tests (10–13). On the basis of these observations it was proposed that peroxisome proliferators form a novel class of chemical carcinogens (8), An understanding of the mechanism of induction of peroxisome proliferation and the metabolic events that accompany persistent increase in the number of these organelles is necessary to resolve the question whether these nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferators pose the same carcinogenic risk to humans as those that are genotoxic.
New measurement of the β-γ directional correlation in 22 Na

We have measured the $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlation coefficient ${A}_{22}$ in the decay of ${}^{22}\mathrm{Na}$ to the ${2}^{+}$ 1275 keV excited state of ${}^{22}\mathrm{Ne}.$ We find ${A}_{22}=(5.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}.$ This measurement has higher precision but disagrees with most previous experiments. The value for ${A}_{22},$ combined with other experimental inputs, gives recoil-order form factors in disagreement with theoretical estimates. This experiment demonstrates the capabilities of Gammasphere as an instrument for precise $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ correlation measurements.
Pionic Decay Modes of Light Λ Hypernuclei

Decay probabilities are calculated for pionic modes of decay of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hypernuclei $Al~5$. An effect of the Pauli principle omitted in previous calculations for the two-body ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ modes is now included. An estimate for the total decay probability of all ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (or ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$) modes based on the completeness relation is checked by comparison with calculations based on detailed models of the decay process for two particular systems. As a result, the present data on $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{4}$ decay are now consistent with either (a) spin $J=0$ for any value $\frac{p}{s}$ less than 1.5, or (b) spin $J=1$ for any value $\frac{p}{s}$ greater than 1.2, a much weaker conclusion than that reached previously. In either case, if the $\ensuremath{\Delta}T=\frac{1}{2}$ rule is roughly correct for $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ decay, the two-body mode ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ will be prominent among $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$ decay modes. The $\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ratio will then be large (\ensuremath{\sim}1.5) for $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{4}$ decay and small ($\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{6}$) for $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{4}$ decay, compared with the value \ensuremath{\sim}\textonehalf{} for $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{He}^{5}$ and $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{3}$ decay.
ENCODING OF PROBABILISTIC CONTEXT-FREE LANGUAGES

The compact encoding of information generated by probabilistic context-free grammars is discussed and a Coding Automaton M is introduced. Four classes of M are investigated: Character encoders, word encoders, grammar encoders, and parse encoders. The four classes are compared.