cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intramural hematoma and penetrating aortic ulcer.

Purpose of review With advances in imaging technology, increased attention has turned to the 'variant forms' of aortic dissection: intramural hematoma and penetrating aortic ulcer. At the same time, the advent of endovascular therapies such as stent-grafting has broadened the base of practitioners capable of intervening in these pathologies from the cardiovascular surgeon to now include vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, and invasive cardiologists. Accordingly, a reassessment of these conditions is of general interest. Recent findings The natural history of both entities is being elucidated with increasing precision as relatively large single-center and multicenter studies are being reported. Recent attention has focused on application of endovascular technologies to penetrating aortic ulcer, while the principal controversy over intramural hematoma concerns its management when the ascending aorta is involved. Summary Despite continuing controversy over the outcome of penetrating aortic ulcer managed by medical or open surgical means, thoracic endograft technology is being applied to this entity with high procedural success and low perioperative morbidity by experienced teams internationally. The benefit to patients as the use of this technology expands, however, will depend critically upon selection criteria. Evidence in favor of surgical management of type A intramural hematoma continues to mount, although it is also clear that, in specific circumstances, a nonoperative approach may suffice.
Rotation effects on inhomogeneous mixing in axisymmetric sudden-expansion flows

Abstract Rotation effects on variable-density co-axial jet mixing in an axisymmetric sudden-expansion geometry are investigated experimentally. A central air jet surrounded by an annular helium/air jet is injected into a circular tube with an enlarged cross-sectional area. Two cases are examined in detail; one stationary and another with a constant speed of rotation of 840 r.p.m. about the tube axis. Results show that mixing between helium and air is greatly enhanced by rotation. Consequently, the recirculation region downstream of the sudden expansion is reduced and the reattachment length is decreased by about a factor of three. However, the flow at 30 step heights downstream of the sudden expansion is essentially identical for both the stationary and rotation cases.
Biomass and Nitrogen Accumulation in Switchgrass: Effects of Soil and Environment

Grasslands are the basis of animal agriculture in the northeastern USA. Adapted warm-season grasses make a valuable contribution to grassland production in this region, but knowledge of the interactive effects between soils and environment on their production is limited. Our objective was to examine and evaluate the interactive effects of soils and environment on biomass and N accumulation by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. cv. Cave-n-Rock), an adapted warm-season grass. The study was conducted for 3 yr on four sites in central Pennsylvania selected to provide differences in soil water holding capacity and temperature regime. Switchgrass was treated with 0 and 84 kg N ha -1 as NH 4 NO 3 . Biweekly biomass samples were taken starting 15 June and continued until the grass reached heading stage, approximately 31 July. Biomass accumulation rates for this 31-d period ranged from 157 to 211 kg ha -1 d -1 . Soil N, N fertilization, and temperature controlled biomass accumulation rates. Total N uptake rates ranged from 1.49 to 2.63 kg ha -1 d -1 and were controlled by soil N levels and N fertilization. Fertilizer N recovery averaged about 40%, and was lowest where native soil N exceeded 2.0 g kg -1 .
Correlation of the sweetness of variants of the protein brazzein with patterns of hydrogen bonds detected by NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract In sequence-function investigations, approaches are needed for rapidly screening protein variants for possible changes in conformation. Recent NMR methods permit direct detection of hydrogen bonds through measurements of scalar couplings that traverse hydrogen bonds (transhydrogen bond couplings). We have applied this approach to screen a series of five single site mutants of the sweet protein brazzein with altered sweetness for possible changes in backbone hydrogen bonding with respect to wild-type. Long range, three-dimensional data correlating connectivities among backbone 1HN, 15N, and 13C′ atoms were collected from the six brazzein proteins labeled uniformly with carbon-13 and nitrogen-15. In wild-type brazzein, this approach identified 17 backbone hydrogen bonds. In the mutants, altered magnitudes of the couplings identified hydrogen bonds that were strengthened or weakened; missing couplings identified hydrogen bonds that were broken, and new couplings indicated the presence of new hydrogen bonds. Within the series of brazzein mutants investigated, a pattern was observed between sweetness and the integrity of particular hydrogen bonds. All three “sweet” variants exhibited the same pattern of hydrogen bonds, whereas all three “non-sweet” variants lacked one hydrogen bond at the middle of the α-helix, where it is kinked, and one hydrogen bond in the middle of β-strands II and III, where they are twisted. Two of the non-sweet variants lack the hydrogen bond connecting the N and C termini. These variants showed greater mobility in the N- and C-terminal regions than wild-type brazzein.
Microbial biological control potential of three strains of Beauveria bassiana s. l. against greenhouse shore fly Scatella tenuicosta: Assessment of virulence, mass production capacity, and effects on shore fly reproduction

Abstract The microbial biological control potential of three strains of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato originally isolated from the shore fly Scatella tenuicosta (Diptera: Ephydridae) was assessed in a series of laboratory bioassays. Comparisons were made to two commercially-available strains of B. bassiana. Two of the shore fly strains proved 27–67 times more virulent than the commercial strains in terms of LC50 (14–17 vs. 458–942 conidia/mm2) and killed shore flies more rapidly. B. bassiana s. l. strain ST1 exhibited a mass production capacity comparable to the commercial B. bassiana stain GHA, producing 2.8 × 1012 conidia/kg barley-based solid substrate in ventilated mushroom spawn bags. The shore fly strains of Beauveria sporulated on a higher percentage of killed adult shore flies and produced substantially greater numbers of conidia per cadaver than the commercial strains, indicating that these pathogens are well adapted to this host. Female shore flies treated with strain ST1 survived for only 5 days, with longevity being reduced by 8–10 days compared to control insects. This reduction in survival had a large impact on total lifetime egg production, reducing it by 78–88%, depending on the time of treatment relative to the pre-oviposition period. However, fungal growth within infected female shore flies had no effect on egg production or egg viability until the day before the flies succumbed to mycosis (day 4 post-inoculation). As a consequence, the intrinsic rate of shore fly population increase and population doubling time were little affected by fungal infection (0.4357 vs. 0.4152 and 1.6 vs. 1.7 days for control vs. Beauveria-treated populations, respectively). These findings underscore the challenges involved with use of slow-acting pathogens for control of highly fecund greenhouse pests and the fundamental necessity of integrating these agents into integrated pest management systems.
Geometric transforms and their applications to SAR speckle reduction

Recently, curvelets, finite ridgelets, bandlets, and beamlets have been suggested as transforms that capture more information than traditional wavelet transforms for two or higher dimensional images. In this work, we explore several of these transforms with some new variants. In particular, we study the effectiveness of these transforms in reducing a particular type of noise known as speckle that is present in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery.
Manufacturing Patient-Specific Phantoms to Treat Aneurysms Using Rotational Angiography and 3-D Modeling

The purpose of this study is to manufacture a patient-specific phantom containing multiple aneurysms that can be observed and tested to determine the need for interventional treatment. The vasculatures for the phantoms are taken from unhealthy individuals using rotational angiography as part of a stroke study. Different neurovascular sections exhibiting aneurysms from five patients were combined into a single Circle of Willis with 3D modeling software. Physicians and investigators can use this phantom to test treatment options, such as catheter interventions involving stents and coils.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Respiratory muscle response to load and glycogen content in type I and II fibers

To study the relation between the response of respiratory muscle to inspiratory loads and glycogen content, we subjected unanesthetized sheep to moderate and severe inspiratory flow resistive (IFR) loads. Only severe IFR loads eventually led to a decrease in transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and a concomitant rise in PaCO2. Respiratory and nonrespiratory skeletal muscle samples were obtained at necropsy. Glycogen content was determined biochemically in muscle homogenates. Frozen sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) for glycogen and fibers were typed using myosin ATPase stain. Fibers were categorized as full, intermediate, or devoid of glycogen by a subjective scoring system of PAS staining intensity. We found that glycogen content decreased in the costal and crural diaphragm and in the intercostal muscles as the duration of moderate IFR loaded breathing was increased. With severe loads glycogen content decreased significantly, reaching about 40 and 22% of control levels in the costal and crural diaphragm, respectively (P less than 0.01). In addition, with severe IFR loads, a statistically significant proportion of both type I and type II muscle fibers was depleted of glycogen when compared with that of controls (P less than 0.05), but more type II fibers were depleted than type I fibers (50 vs 23%). These data indicate that in sheep subjected to IFR loads: (1) glycogen content in the respiratory muscles decreases as the severity and duration of loaded breathing increases and (2) respiratory muscle fatigue occurs at a time when considerable glycogen is still present in type I fibers in the diaphragm.
Development of a fast screening and confirmatory method by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for glucuronide-conjugated methyltestosterone metabolite in tilapia.

This paper describes the development of a fast method to screen and confirm methyltestosterone 17-O-glucuronide (MT-glu) in tilapia bile. The method consists of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The system used was an Agilent 6530 Q-TOF with an Agilent Jet stream electrospray ionization interface. The glucuronide detected in the bile was characterized as MT-glu by comparison with a chemically synthesized standard. MT-glu was detected in bile for up to 7 days after dosing. Semiquantification was done with matrix-matched calibration curves, because MT-glu showed signal suppression due to matrix effects. This method provides a suitable tool to monitor the illegal use of methyltestosterone in tilapia culture.
Effect of angle of incidence on the combined erosion-oxidation attack of nickel and cobalt

The combined erosion-oxidation of cobalt and nickel at 600 and 780°C over a range of particle-impact angles has been studied by using weight change vs. time measurements and extensive morphological and microstructural characterization of exposed specimens. The oxidation process has been found to affect the angular dependence of the degradation rates. The effect is especially significant at low-impact angles where ripples and flakes are developed upon the surfaces of specimens.
Survey of Urological Laparoscopic Practices in the State of California

Purpose: In the interest of maintaining our surgical domain we performed a survey aimed at establishing laparoscopic practice patterns as they pertain to urological disease.Materials and Methods: Surveys were mailed to 2,902 surgeons in California who were listed with the American College of Surgeons, including 2,175 general surgeons, 510 urologists and 217 obstetricians-gynecologists.Results: A total of 442 complete responses (15.2%) were tallied. Of urologists and of nonurologists 54% and 11% performed no laparoscopy, while 12% and 80%, respectively, devoted at least 5% of their time to laparoscopic surgery. Urologists and nonurologists performing no laparoscopy were older than those performing a significant volume (p < 0.05). Of urologists 16% thought that they were trained adequately during residency to perform laparoscopic surgery compared with 30% of nonurologists. Of the urologists who performed hand assisted laparoscopy 50% tended to use it as a means of gaining familiarity with these techniques. ...
Reduction in triacylglycerol levels by fish oil correlates with free fatty acid levels inad libitum fed rats

Rats were fed (for 2 or 6 wk) purified diets containing lard (LD) or menhaden oil (MO) at two levels of dietary fat,i.e., at 11.5 and 20.8% of energy in the low fat (LF) and the medium fat (MF) diets, respectively. Following the diet period, rats were sacrificed after either an overnight fast or after uninterruptedad libitum feeding. The studies were designed to investigate the dependence of our previously reported effects of MO,i.e. the reduction of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels and accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerols, on the dietary fat concentration and the nutritional state of the animal at the time of sacrifice. Reductions in plasma triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels in MO-fed relative to LD-fed rats were observed under all conditions. FFA levels were consistently reduced by MO-feeding at both dietary fat concentrations, but only when blood was sampled fromad libitum fed rats. Under these conditions there was a significant positive relationship between plasma FFA and triacylglycerol concentrations. Reduction in plasma FFA levels may be an additional mechanism associated with the triacylglycerol-lowering effect of fish oil (FO). The LF and MF MO diets caused a rise in plasma glucose levels with no significant change in insulin concentration, indicating that the reduction of FFA by MO was not related to changes in insulin concentration or insulin sensitivity. The MO diets had no effect on skeletal muscle or epididymal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, demonstrating that catabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins contributes little, if any, to the MO-dependent reductions of plasma triacylglycerol and FFA. The previously reported accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerols after high fat (HF; 30% of energy) MO-feeding was not observed with the LF or MF MO diets, suggesting that the apparent direct inhibition of triacylglycerol secretion by FO imposes a rate-limitation only when feeding HF diets.
Chemical differentiation of the lower lithosphere as represented by the Ronda ultramafic massif, southern Spain

Abstract The Ronda ultramafic massif of southern Spain was differentiated into peridotite (95%) with mafic segregations (5%) before it was elevated to the crust from a depth of 70 km. No igneous textures have survived the metamorphism which occurred during the rise and emplacement of the massif, but certain primary features can be identified which indicate that the process of differentiation involved partial fusion of peridotite followed by segregation and modification of the melts by wallrock reactions, crystal fractionation and, possibly, remelting. The partial melts are now represented by mafic layers which are termed orthomagmatic if they truly represent the compositions of their parent melts and depleted if they do not.
Celite-activated thrombelastography in children.

Abstract Study Objective: To quantify global coagulation and establish normal ranges for the celite-activated thrombelastograph R (TEG) in healthy pediatric patients. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Operating suite of a university-based hospital. Patients : 110 healthy pediatric patients in four age groups and 25 healthy adult patients. Interventions: Blood sampling for the celite-activated TEG was carried out after anesthetic induction. Measurements: TEG indices: R time (reflecting time to fibrin formation), K time and alpha angle (fibrinogen-platelet interaction), maximum amplitude (reflecting maximal clot strength, platelet and fibrinogen function), TEG index (mathematical incorporation of the prior four measurements), and percent fibrinolysis at 30 minutes, were all recorded. Main Results : Statistically significant differences between p Conclusions: These data identify changes of small magnitude in three celite-TEG parameters in healthy children compared to adults, without implication of abnormal coagulation between groups. Changes do not seem to be consistently related to age and will be useful for clinicians using the TEG to monitor (ab) normal coagulation in pediatric patients.
Simulation of a fast framing staring sensor

A sensor system simulation has been developed which aids in the evaluation of a proposed fast framing staring sensor as it will perform in its operational environment. Beginning with a high resolution input image, a sequence of frames at the target sensor resolution are produced using the assumed platform motion and the contribution of various noise sources as input data. The resulting frame sequence can then be used to help define system requirements, to aid algorithm development, and to predict system performance. In order to assess the performance of a sensor system, the radiance measured by the system is modeled using a variety of scenarios. For performance prediction, the modeling effort is directed toward providing the ability to determine the minimum Noise Equivalent Target (NET) intensities for each band of the sensor system. The NET is calculated at the entrance pupil of the instrument in such a way that the results can be applied to a variety of point source targets and collection conditions. The intent is to facilitate further study within the user community as new mission areas and/or targets of interest develop that are not addressed explicitly during sensor conceptual design.
Hyperbolic heat conduction with surface radiation

Abstract A numerical approach is used to solve hyperbolic heat conduction in a semi-infinite medium where the boundary at x = 0 is subjected to a surface heat flux and dissipates heat by radiation into an ambient at temperature T ∞ . The results are compared with those obtained from the standard parabolic heat conduction equation.
Double auction protocols for resource allocation in grids

In this paper we propose the double auction allocation model for grids, and three double auction protocols for resource allocation: Preston-McAfee Double Auction Protocol (PMDA), threshold price double auction protocol (TPDA) and continuous double auction protocol (CDA). We study these protocols in terms of economic efficiency and system performance. The results show that CDA protocol is better from both resource's and user's perspective providing high resource utilization.
A rapid assay for nucleotide kinases using C14-or H3-labeled nucleotides.

Abstract A rapid quantitative procedure for the analysis of nucleotide kinases utilizing C 14 - or H 3 -labeled nucleoside monophosphates as substrates has been developed. After residual monophosphate is selectively destroyed by a phosphatase, the procedure measures the labeled nucleoside di- and triphosphates which are retained on a DEAE paper disk washed in 95% ethanol.
Decreased induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in hyperproliferative hairless mouse epidermis

SUMMARY Hairless mice were treated topically with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to induce experimental chloracne. The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in the epidermis was monitored. TCDD is a potent inducer of AHH activity in normal skin. However, as continued TCDD application induced hyperproliferative and hyperkeratotic changes in the epidermis, the AHH activity decreased. Similar suppression in AHH activity was demonstrated in epidermis made hyperplastic by (a) tape stripping of stratum corneum and (b) repeated application of 50% oleic acid. This suggests that the epidermal AHH response varies with the state of epidermal differentiation. In the hairless mouse, AHH activity in hyperplastic cpidermis is lower than that in normal epidermis.
Direct linkage of epidermal growth factor to its receptor.

EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF), a potent polypeptide mitogen, has been studied intensively by those concerned with the molecular events leading to cell proliferation1–4. The initial, reversible interaction of EGF with a specific cell surface receptor and the subsequent internalisation and degradation of EGF, and by inference the EGF–receptor complex, are well documented, although the role of these events in mitogenesis is unknown4–6. In an attempt to define this role, we used photoaffinity probes to specifically cross-link radiolabelled EGF to its receptor, a 185,000-dalton polypeptide on the surface of murine 3T3 cells7. These probes also enabled us to follow the metabolic fate of this receptor8. We have since noted that a small portion of the underivatised radiolabelled EGF that binds specifically to 3T3 cells or isolated 3T3 cell membranes becomes directly and irreversibly linked to a polypeptide of molecular weight (MW) 185,000. Here, we document this association and show that the resulting complex has properties identical to those of the EGF-receptor complex originally identified by photoaffinity labelling.
Ras gene activation and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human colon cancer

The expression of various epitopes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) and mutational activations of ras gene product p21 in colorectal primary cancers from 16 patients have been analyzed in this study. Eight noncancerous colons were used as controls. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining was performed using Avidin-Biotin Complex assay. Monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate and polypeptide epitopes of EGFr and monoclonal antibodies against "wild-type" and "mutant" ras p21 were used as specific probes. There was no specific expression of the polypeptide epitope of EGFr observed in any of the colon cancers or normal colon tissues. Four of the sixteen tumors (25%) expressed the carbohydrate epitope of EGFr. Glycine----arginine mutation and glycine----valine mutation of codon 12 in ras p21 was observed in 40 and 31% of colon cancers, respectively. Although normal colon showed expression of wild-type ras in about half the cases studied, there was no mutational activation of the ras genes. The morphologically adjacent normal colon mucosa in cancer patients expressed varying levels of mutational activation involving the codon 12. The presence of unusual carbohydrates relating to the EGFr and the products of ras gene activation by point mutations in colon cancers may imply a functional role in transformation.
Tag-based filtering for personalized bookmark recommendations

This paper investigates using social tags for the purpose of making personalized content recommendations. Our tag-based recommender creates a personalized bookmark recommendation model for each user based on "current" and "general interest" tags, defined by different time intervals.
Satisfaction with health status among cyber patients: testing a mediation model of electronic coping support

There has been a growing interest among researchers about the Internet-based social support. However, not much is known about whether electronic support is associated with subjectively reported patient health outcomes. This study examines variation in satisfaction with physical health status among users of self-help groups for patients with cancer (N = 350). The analytical approach of the study differs from previous work in that satisfaction with physical health is modelled not as a predictor, but as an outcome variable. The study tested the hypothesis that perceived ability to cope with cancer mediates the association between electronic support and health satisfaction. Path analyses using ordinary least squares multiple regressions showed that there is an indirect association between electronic support and health satisfaction via perceived ability to cope with cancer. Electronic support increased perception of control over cancer, which in turn led to higher levels of satisfaction with health status. Ext...
Fructose diphosphate aldolase during growth and development of the blowfly Phormia regina (Meigen). III. Physicochemical comparison of the larval and adult muscle enzymes

Abstract To evaluate the extent to which muscle aldolases isolated from larval and adult blowflies were indentical, their physicochemical properties have been compared. As judged by molecular size, absorption spectra, amino acid composition, tryptic peptide maps, and isoelectric focusing patterns, the two proteins appear to be virtually indistinguishable. These data, together with previous enzymatic and immunological findings suggest that particular genes retain their identity throughout the insect's life cycle.
The Novel Catenin p120casBinds Classical Cadherins and Induces an Unusual Morphological Phenotype in NIH3T3 Fibroblasts

Abstract p120 cas (CAS) is a tyrosine kinase substrate whose phosphorylation has been implicated in cell transformation by Src and in ligand-induced signaling through the EGF, PDGF, and CSF-1 receptors. More recently, CAS has been shown to associate with E-cadherin and its cofactors (catenins), molecules that are involved in cell adhesion. Although both CAS and β-catenin contain armadillo repeat domains (Arm domains), the amino acid identity between these proteins in this region is only 22%, and it is not yet clear whether CAS will emulate other catenins by associating with other members of the cadherin family. Here we report that in addition to binding E-cadherin, wild-type CAS associated with N-cadherin and P-cadherin. Transient transfection of cloned CAS isoforms into MDCK epithelial cells indicated that CAS1 and CAS2 isoforms are equally capable of binding to E-cadherin even though these cells preferentially express CAS2 isoforms. In addition, CAS colocalized with N-cadherin in NIH3T3 cells and analysis of CAS mutants in vivo indicated that the CAS–N-cadherin interaction requires an intact CAS Arm domain. The data suggest that CAS–cadherin interactions in general are dictated by the conserved armadillo repeats and are not heavily influenced by sequences added outside the Arm domain by alternative splicing. Interestingly, overexpression of CAS in NIH3T3 cells induced a striking morphological phenotype characterized by the presence of long dendrite-like processes. This branching phenotype was specific for CAS, since (i) overexpression of the stucturally similar β-catenin had little effect on cell morphology, and (ii) the branching was abolished by deletions in the CAS Arm domain. Our data indicate that, like other catenins, CAS is a cofactor for multiple members of the cadherin family. However, the dramatically distinct phenotype exhibited by fibroblasts overexpressing CAS, versus β-catenin, support recent data suggesting that these catenins have fundamentally different and possibly opposing roles in cadherin complexes.
Toric complete intersection codes

In this paper we construct evaluation codes on zero-dimensional complete intersections in toric varieties and give lower bounds for their minimum distance. This generalizes the results of Gold-Little-Schenck and Ballico-Fontanari who considered evaluation codes on complete intersections in the projective space.
The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Creep Failure for 66 Nylon

Measurements have been made of the lifetime under dead load behavior of high tenacity bright nylon yarn in dry nitrogen at eight temperatures in the range 30-125° C. The data obtained have been interpreted using a previously published absolute reaction rate theory of the creep failure of oriented crystalline polymeric fibers. The prediction of the theory that the logarithm of the lifetime should be a linear function of the sus tained dead load was found to be consistent with the experimental results at all tem peratures investigated. The data were used to calculate estimates at each temperature for the displacement volume δ and the free energy of activation ΔF‡ for the breakdown process. An examination of the temperature dependence of ΔF‡has yielded the con clusion that the negentropy of activation — Δ S‡ makes a negligible contribution to ΔF ‡. The best estimate for the heat of activation for breakdown Δ H‡ was found to be ∼49 kcal.
Current approach to peripheral arterial sonography.

Many modalities, including ultrasound, spiral CT, MR angiography, and arteriography, are used to detect and evaluate peripheral vascular disease. Arteriography is the gold standard and provides exquisite anatomic detail, but because it is invasive, and requires ionizing radiation and administration of iodinated contrast, it is not useful for screening purposes. Other limitations of arteriography are that it provides no physiologic or functional information, and it cannot be used for serial evaluations. Desirable qualities for a screening modality are that it should be sensitive to detect disease and to determine the hemodynamic significance for a lesion. It should also be able to distinguish severe stenoses from those not requiring intervention. Ultrasound is an ideal screening modality for evaluating peripheral arteries, because it not only fulfills each of the previous requirements, but also because it is noninvasive and does not involve administration of contrast material or radiation. In addition, it provides physiologic and anatomic information, and in comparison with CT, MR imaging, and angiography, it is relatively inexpensive. It is also valuable because it can evaluate known stenoses serially and determine the response to a variety of therapies, such as bypass grafting, angioplasty, and stent grafts. This article reviews the current role of ultrasound with respect to diagnosis and treatment of lower-extremity arterial disease.
Acute effects of smoked marijuana on decision making, as assessed by a modified gambling task, in experienced marijuana users*

The impact of regular marijuana use on executive cognitive abilities, including decision making, is not well understood. While cross-sectional studies have suggested that substance abusers exhibit impaired decision making, as assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task, the direct role of marijuana use in the Gambling Task performance of marijuana smokers has not been well defined. In this report, we present data on performance on a modified Gambling Task in experienced marijuana users after they had smoked marijuana under controlled laboratory conditions. A total of 36 marijuana users, who reported smoking approximately 24 marijuana cigarettes per week, completed this 3-session outpatient study. During each session, these volunteers completed the Gambling Task once at baseline and 3 times after smoking a single marijuana cigarette (0.0, 1.8, or 3.9% Delta9-THC). Marijuana cigarettes were administered in a double-blind fashion, and the sequence of Delta9-THC concentration was balanced across volunteers. Marijuana increased the time required to complete the task. However, advantageous card selection and money earned on the task were not disrupted by marijuana. These data are consistent with previous findings that indicated that speed of performance on tests of executive function, but not accuracy, is disrupted in experienced marijuana users during marijuana intoxication.
Modeling transfer learning in human categorization with the hierarchical dirichlet process

Transfer learning can be described as the distillation of abstract knowledge from one learning domain or task and the reuse of that knowledge in a related domain or task. In categorization settings, transfer learning is the modification by past experience of prior expectations about what types of categories are likely to exist in the world. While transfer learning is an important and active research topic in machine learning, there have been few studies of transfer learning in human categorization. We propose an explanation for transfer learning effects in human categorization, implementing a model from the statistical machine learning literature – the hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) – to make empirical evaluations of its ability to explain these effects. We present two laboratory experiments which measure the degree to which people engage in transfer learning in a controlled setting, and we compare our model to their performance. We find that the HDP provides a good explanation for transfer learning exhibited by human learners.
Nutrition Surveillance in Developed Countries: The United States Experience

Nutrition surveillance can be defined as the continuous monitoring of both the nutritional status of population groups and the economic- and food-related variables which may be predictive of the possibility of change in nutritional status. Nutrition surveillance differs from nutrition surveys in that surveillance data are collected, analyzed, and utilized in an ongoing manner while nutrition status surveys are most frequently conducted at single or multiple discrete points in time. Surveillance can also be interpreted as the analysis of time trends obtained from the results of periodic nutrition status surveys. We would suggest that this type of activity be termed monitoring. This chapter deals with surveillance in the context of a continuous ongoing system of data collection, analysis, and utilization. Although the mechanics of implementing and carrying out a nutrition surveillance system in developed countries may differ from those in developing countries, the principles remain the same.
Expected scores in the rod-and-frame test: Critiquing a revisit

Vaught (1970) recently criticized normative rod-and-frame test (RFT) data obtained from psychiatric inpatients whose distribution of scores represented essentially an inversion of scores obtained from college student Ss. His criticisms were considered and discussed, and were deemed inadequate to account for the observed group differences. The need to examine individual and environment-related differences between patient and student groups to account for the inversion of RFT scores, rather than rely on somewhat tenuous methodological considerations, was stressed.
The Roles of Bud-Site-Selection Proteins during Haploid Invasive Growth in Yeast

In haploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose depletion causes invasive growth, a foraging response that requires a change in budding pattern from axial to unipolar-distal. To begin to address how glucose influences budding pattern in the haploid cell, we examined the roles of bud-site-selection proteins in invasive growth. We found that proteins required for bipolar budding in diploid cells were required for haploid invasive growth. In particular, the Bud8p protein, which marks and directs bud emergence to the distal pole of diploid cells, was localized to the distal pole of haploid cells. In response to glucose limitation, Bud8p was required for the localization of the incipient bud site marker Bud2p to the distal pole. Three of the four known proteins required for axial budding, Bud3p, Bud4p, and Axl2p, were expressed and localized appropriately in glucose-limiting conditions. However, a fourth axial budding determinant, Axl1p, was absent in filamentous cells, and its abundance was controlled by glucose availability and the protein kinase Snf1p. In the bud8 mutant in glucose-limiting conditions, apical growth and bud site selection were uncoupled processes. Finally, we report that diploid cells starved for glucose also initiate the filamentous growth response.
The Prevalence of Children with a History of Sexual Abuse Hospitalized in the Psychiatric Setting

This descriptive study systematically sampled 100 closed records of children hospitalized at a children's psychiatric hospital in a midwest city over the past 5 years to determine the prevalence of children identified as having a history of sexual abuse. The symptoms of abuse manifested by these children were compared with the prevalence of children without an identified history of sexual abuse who also had symptoms of sexual abuse. The results address the extent to which symptoms of sexual abuse in a child psychiatric setting are not identified, nor included in treatment plans and suggest that treatment for this problem is an essential component in the care of any child identified as having this history.
Photochemistry and photobiology of melanogenic metabolites: formation of free radicals.

Normal melanocytes produce specialized subcellular organelles called melanosomes within which the biochemical processes of melanogenesis occurs. During sunlight-induced melanogenesis, the melanocyte-specific enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidative polymerization of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DOPA) to melanin. Nucleophilic addition of cysteine to tyrosinase-generated dopaquinone leads to the formation of cysteinyldopas, precursors of pheomelanin and excreted by-products of eumelanogenesis. Under conditions of low sulfhydryl content, dopaquinone undergoes a 1,4 intramolecular cycloaddition to yield, after further oxidation, 5,6-dihydroxyindoles and/or 5,6-dihydroxy-2-carboxyindoles. These indolic melanogenic intermediates and their O-methylated metabolites, like cysteinyldopas, are excreted by actively pigmenting as well as dormant melanocytes. Indeed, it has been determined that in humans, the serum and urine concentrations of these melanogenic metabolites increase dramatically following exposure to sunlight, UVA (315-400 nm), UVB (290-315 nm) exposure, as well as during PUVA therapy and in melanoma patients, and thus have proved to be excellent biochemical markers of normal and pathological melanocyte function. While controlled light exposure or PUVA therapy generally lead to 100-300% increases in 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5SCD) and 5-methoxy-6-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (6HMICA) serum levels (normal concentration about 4–16 nmol l-1), the local concentrations in the skin and especially in the actively pigmenting melanocyte may be as high as 200 μM. Evidence is presented to document that a number of catecholic melanin precursors, including cysteinyldopas and dihydroxyindoles, are photochemically unstable in the presence of biologically relevant ultraviolet radiation (i.e. wavelengths ± 300 nm). Initial photochemical processes involve free radical production; continued photolysis yields polymeric photoproducts. Radicals produced during melanogenic metabolite photolysis have been identified by ESR spin trapping, laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis techniques and include hydrated electrons (eaq), hydrogen atoms (H'), hydroxyl radicals (OH), semiquinones, aryl thiyl (ArS), and alanyl carbon-based radicals. In vitro investigations of the potential photobiological significance of these reactions have demonstrated photolysis of cysteinyldopas may lead to photoinitiated DNA binding and single strand break induction. The above mentioned radical species may also damage proteins and initiate lipid peroxidation. Definitive evidence for the occurrence of these phototoxic reactions in vivo is currently unavailable, however our in vitro studies suggest a possible role for melanogenic metabolite photolysis in acute and chronic solar responses of human skin.
Sources of sandstone artifacts and pottery from Lost Dune, a late prehistoric site in Harney County, southeastern Oregon, U.S.A.

Granitic constituents suggest distant plutonic sources for sherds representing four of six low-fired brown ware pots and for eight of ten sandstone artifacts from Lost Dune (35HA792), a Late Prehistoric bison processing camp in Harney Basin of southeastern Oregon, a Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary region. Eight sandstone artifacts match granite-derived sandstone near Oregon's Owyhee River, and three former pots match altered granite and rhyolite in Idaho's Owyhee Mountains. A fourth corresponds to mixed hydrovolcanic basalts near the sandstone abrader source. The sources delineate a 30 × 70 km area > 100 km from Lost Dune. Two other pots and two milling stones match deposits near this area and elsewhere. The determined sources suggest people who used Shoshoni pots and knives at Lost Dune resided in southeastern Oregon. Pots with temper from elevations above 1500 m or recovered as sherds above 1500 m might be made in summer root-digging camps. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fracture analysis of surface- and through-cracked sheets and plates☆

The Neuber stress-concentration relation for notches in an elastic-plastic material subjected to shear loading was generalized for a crack in a finite plate subjected to tensile loading. An equation was derived which related the linear elastic stress-intensity factor, the applied stress, and two material parameters. The equation was then used as a two-parameter fracture criterion for surface- and through-cracked specimens. Fracture data from the literature on surface- and through-cracked sheet and plate specimens of steel, titanium alloy, titanium weldment, and aluminum alloy tested at room and cryogenic temperature were analyzed according to the proposed equation. For surface cracks, wide ranges of crack-depth to crack-length ratio and crack-depth to specimen-thickness ratio were considered. For through cracks, wide ranges of crack length and specimen width were also considered.-
Mother–Child Reminiscing About Peer Experiences and Children's Peer‐related Self‐views and Social Competence

This study examined mother–child reminiscing about children's experiences with peers and its relation to children's peer-related self-views and social competence. Sixty-three mothers and their preschool-aged children discussed at home two specific past events involving the child and his or her peers, one event being positive and one negative. The children's self-views in peer relationships were assessed at school during individual interviews, and their social competence was rated by mothers. Both maternal and child participation in the reminiscing, in terms of reminiscing style and content, were uniquely associated with children's peer-related self-views and social competence. The results suggest the important role of family narrative practices in children's social development.
Global Stochastic Contact Modeling of Infectious Diseases

Computational modeling of infectious diseases enable intelligent Public Health decisions to reduce the impact from epidemic outbreaks, either natural or intentional. In this paper, we outline a modeling paradigm, referred to as the Global Stochastic Contact Model (GSCM), which is a hybrid approach combining agent-based modeling and stochastic simulation, utilizing information on regional demographics, geography, disease specific parameters, and social behavioral factors.
Seasonal nitrogen dynamics of Miscanthus×giganteus and Panicum virgatum

There is a tradeoff to consider when harvesting perennial biomass crops: harvest too late and yield declines, harvest too early and risk higher mineral contents, particularly nitrogen (N). Allowing the crop to completely senesce and recycle nutrients has several advantages, including improved feedstock quality and reduced fertilizer requirements, but it comes at a risk, particularly in temperate climates where snow and ice can reduce or destroy harvestable biomass. The effect of harvest time on the N concentration ([N]) and biomass of Panicum virgatum and Miscanthus×giganteus was evaluated at three sites in Illinois over two years. In both species [N] of standing biomass significantly declined with time (P<0.0001). Interestingly, there was no significant interaction effect of species and sample date on [N] (P=0.2888), but there was a highly significant interaction effect on the total N in standing biomass (P<0.0001). The amount of standing N was directly related to biomass yield. Seasonal changes in standing N differed among locations, suggesting that harvest time recommendations for N management depend on location. P. virgatum would have potentially removed as much as 187 kg N ha−1 if harvested green, and as little as 5 kg N ha−1 if harvested in late winter. Because of higher biomass yields, M. ×giganteus standing N ranged from 379 kg N ha−1 in June to <17 kg N ha−1 in February. Importantly, there was little overall change in [N] between an early winter (December) harvest and a late winter (February/March) harvest, indicating the benefits of N cycling in the system can be realized by end of the growing season and thus, at least from an N economy perspective, there is no reason to risk yield losses by delaying harvest over the winter.
From bench-top to chair-side: How scientific evidence is incorporated into clinical practice

Abstract Objectives The objective of this manuscript is to describe the process through which bench-top research is incorporated into clinical practice from an evidence-based dentistry perspective. Methods Relevant literature is reviewed to describe the translation of bench-top research to clinical practice through the steps of preclinical testing; human clinical trials; systematic review development (question development, search/screen methods, evidence synthesis, and evidence appraisal); clinical recommendation development; dissemination strategies; the role of the clinician in finding and appraising relevant evidence; barriers to implementation with strategies to overcome those barriers; and finally, the fusion of evidence with clinician experience and patient needs and preferences in clinical decision-making. Significance Descriptions of processes, methodologies, tools, and resources are provided to help researchers and clinicians alike understand the steps that lie between bench-top research and clinical implementation. With mutual understanding of the complexity involved in translating research into practice, it is hoped that barriers to implementation can be overcome that should lead to improved patient health outcomes.
Anatomy of the Ventricular Coronary Arteries in the Dog

The ventricular coronary arterial system of the dog displays preponderance of the left in 100 per cent of the animals studied. The single most important source of blood supply is the left circumflex artery, which supplies not only most of the left ventricle, but also significant portions of the right ventricle. Details of the septal branch are described. Morphological implications concerning death or survival in experimental coronary occlusive procedures are discussed. A simple nomenclature is offered.
Multi-bit Error Tolerant Caches Using Two-Dimensional Error Coding

In deep sub-micron ICs, growing amounts of on-die memory and scaling effects make embedded memories increasingly vulnerable to reliability and yield problems. As scaling progresses, soft and hard errors in the memory system will increase and single error events are more likely to cause large-scale multi- bit errors. However, conventional memory protection techniques can neither detect nor correct large-scale multi-bit errors without incurring large performance, area, and power overheads. We propose two-dimensional (2D) error coding in embedded memories, a scalable multi-bit error protection technique to improve memory reliability and yield. The key innovation is the use of vertical error coding across words that is used only for error correction in combination with conventional per-word horizontal error coding. We evaluate this scheme in the cache hierarchies of two representative chip multiprocessor designs and show that 2D error coding can correct clustered errors up to 32times32 bits with significantly smaller performance, area, and power overheads than conventional techniques.