cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Collective Cell Migration by Hindsight and Its Human Homolog RREB1

Cell movements represent a major driving force in embryonic development, tissue repair, and tumor metastasis [1]. The migration of single cells has been well studied, predominantly in cell culture [2, 3]; however, in vivo, a greater variety of modes of cell movement occur, including the movements of cells in clusters, strands, sheets, and tubes, also known as collective cell migrations [4, 5]. In spite of the relevance of these types of movements in both normal and pathological conditions, the molecular mechanisms that control them remain predominantly unknown. Epithelial follicle cells of the Drosophila ovary undergo several dynamic morphological changes, providing a genetically tractable model [6]. We found that anterior follicle cells, including border cells, mutant for the gene hindsight (hnt) accumulated excess cell-cell adhesion molecules and failed to undergo their normal collective movements. In addition, HNT affected border cell cluster cohesion and motility via effects on the JNK and STAT pathways, respectively. Interestingly, reduction of expression of the mammalian homolog of HNT, RREB1, by siRNA inhibited collective cell migration in a scratch-wound healing assay of MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, suppressed surface activity, retarded cell spreading after plating, and led to the formation of immobile, tightly adherent cell colonies. We propose that HNT and RREB1 are essential to reduce cell-cell adhesion when epithelial cells within an interconnected group undergo dynamic changes in cell shape.
Translational Repression and Specific RNA Binding by the Coat Protein of the Pseudomonas Phage PP7

PP7 is a single-strand RNA bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeroginosa and a distant relative to coliphages like MS2 and Qbeta. Here we show that PP7 coat protein is a specific RNA-binding protein, capable of repressing the translation of sequences fused to the translation initiation region of PP7 replicase. Its RNA binding activity is specific since it represses the translational operator of PP7, but does not repress the operators of the MS2 or Qbeta phages. Conditions for the purification of coat protein and for the reconstitution of its RNA binding activity from disaggregated virus-like particles were established. Its dissociation constant for PP7 operator RNA in vitro was determined to be about 1 nm. Using a genetic system in which coat protein represses translation of a replicase-beta-galactosidase fusion protein, amino acid residues important for binding of PP7 RNA were identified.
Could the Endo-first Strategy Really Be Better?

sion. Danczyk et al 1 hypothesized that failed endovascular AIOD procedures lead to worse outcomes when converted to open surgery and review their 12-year experience. To my surprise, and I suspect somewhat to theirs, this turns out not to be the case. In fact, survival and outcomes of the secondary open operations are actually better than those of primary open operations (5-year survival, 67% vs 48%). Although there may be numerous explanations for this observation that the authors acknowledge is counterintuitive, one of the takeaway messages of this article is that secondary open conversion after failed AIOD endovascular treatment is at least not worse. Unlike failed infrainguinal endovascular interventions that often lead to higher rates of amputation, failed endovascular AIOD treatments were not associated with this. To answer the question I pose in the title, this article providescompellingevidencethatforinflowdisease,endovascular interventions should be the preferred initial route. In terms of patency, durability, patient comfort, and physician comfort, iliac stenting is at least as good as, if not better than, aortofemoral bypass. We now have evidencethat,evenifthereissomefearoflong-termconsequencesfromiliacstentingshoulditfail,theopenconversion is not worse than initial primary open operations. The endo-first, and many times an endo-second and endo-third, approach for AIOD is justified for most patients, and this strategy, even if it fails, is not hurting patients or their long-term outcomes.
Growth and yield responses of potato to mixtures of carbon dioxide and ozone.

Elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations in the atmosphere can stimulate plant growth and yield, whereas ground-level ozone (O 3 ) concentrations cause the opposite effect in many areas of the world. Recent experiments show that elevated CO 2 can protect some plants from O 3 stress, but this has not been tested for most crop species. Our objective was to determine if elevated CO 2 protects Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from foliar injury and suppression of growth and yield caused by O 3 . An O 3 -resistant cultivar (Superior) and an O 3 -sensitive cultivar (Dark Red Norland) were exposed from within 10 d after emergence to maturity to mixtures of three CO 2 and three O 3 treatments in open-top field chambers. The three CO 2 treatments were ambient (370 μL L -1 ) and two treatments with CO 2 added to ambient CO 2 for 24 h d -1 (540 and 715 μL L -1 ). The O 3 treatments were charcoal-filtered air (15 nL L -1 ), nonfiltered air (45 nL L -1 ), and nonfiltered air with O 3 added for 12 h d -1 (80 nL L -1 ). Elevated O 3 and CO 2 caused extensive foliar injury of Dark Red Norland, but caused only slight injury of Superior. Elevated CO 2 increased growth and tuber yield of both cultivars, whereas elevated O 3 generally suppressed growth and yield, mainly of Dark Red Norland. Elevated CO 2 appeared to protect Dark Red Norland from O 3 -induced suppression of shoot, root, and tuber weight as measured at midseason but did not protect either cultivar from O 3 stress at the final harvest. The results further illustrate the difficulty in predicting effects of O 3 + CO 2 mixtures based on the effects of the individual gases.
The Low Earth Orbit validation of a dynamic and anisotropic trapped radiation model through ISS measurements

Abstract The International Space Station (ISS) provides the proving ground for future long duration human activities in space. Ionizing radiation measurements in ISS form the ideal tool for the experimental validation of radiation environmental models, nuclear transport code algorithms and nuclear reaction cross sections. Indeed, prior measurements on the Space Transportation System (STS; Shuttle) have provided vital information impacting both the environmental models and the nuclear transport code development by requiring dynamic models of the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) environment. Previous studies using Computer Aided Design (CAD) models of the evolving ISS configurations with Thermo-Luminescent Detector (TLD) area monitors, demonstrated that computational dosimetry requires environmental models with accurate non-isotropic as well as dynamic behavior, detailed information on rack loading, and an accurate six degree of freedom (DOF) description of ISS trajectory and orientation. It is imperative that we understand ISS exposures dynamically for crew career planning, and insure that the regulatory requirements of keeping exposure as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) are adequately implemented. This is especially true as ISS nears some form of completion with increasing complexity, resulting in a larger drag coefficient, and requiring operation at higher altitudes with increased exposure rates. In this paper ISS environmental model is configured for 11A (circa mid 2005), and uses non-isotropic and dynamic geomagnetic transmission and trapped proton models. ISS 11A and LEO model validations are important steps in preparation for the design and validation for the next generation manned vehicles. While the described cutoff rigidity, trapped proton and electron formalisms as coded in a package named GEORAD (GEOmagnetic RADiation) and a web interface named OLTARIS (On-line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space) are applicable to the LEO, Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) at quiet solar periods, in this report, the validation of the models using available measurements are limited to STS and ISS nominal operational altitudes (300–400 km) range at LEO where the dominant fields within the vehicle are the trapped proton and attenuated Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) ions. The described formalism applies to trapped electron at LEO, MEO and GEO as well. Due to the scarcity of available electron measurements, the trapped electron capabilities of the GEORAD are not discussed in this report, but are accessible through OLTARIS web interface. GEORAD and OLTARIS interests are in the study of long term effects (i.e. a meaningful portion of solar cycle). Therefore, GEORAD does not incorporate any short term external field contribution due to solar activity. Finally, we apply these environmental models to selected target points within ISS 6A (circa early 2001), 7A (circa late 2001), and 11A during its passage through the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) to assess the validity of the environmental models at ISS altitudes.
Implementation of a semi-implicit orbit-averaged gyrokinetic particle code

A semi-implicit orbit-averaged time-integration algorithm has been successfully implemented in a gyrokinetic particle simulation code for the study of self-consistent phenomena in a strongly magnetized plasma. The semi-implicit aspect of the integration scheme relaxes the timestep constraints required to ensure numerical stability. The orbit averaging is useful in reducing statistical noise and relaxes the statistical constraints for kinetic simulation. For appropriate applications, the semi-implicit orbit-averaged algorithm should be more efficient than are traditional particle-in-cell plasma simulation algorithms with explicit time-integration schemes. Both a linear numerical dispersion analysis and illustrative simulation examples are presented. 12 refs., 10 figs.
Intrinsic Value and Care: Making Connections through Ecological Narratives

Vitriolic debates between supporters of the intrinsic value and the care approaches to environmental ethics make it sound as though these two sides share no common ground. Yet ecofeminist Jim Cheney holds up Holmes Rolston's work as a paragon of feminist sensibility. I explore where Cheney gets this idea from and try to root out some potential connections between intrinsic value and care approaches. The common ground is explored through Alasdair Maclntyre' s articulation of a narrative ethics and the development of the notion of an ecological and evolutionary tradition.
New and noteworthy plants from Great Barrier Reef sand cays, Australia

Observations are presented on new and critical plants from the northern sand cays on the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, based mainly on recent collections made by David R. Stoddart and Ralf Buckley. New species and varieties are described:Lepturus stoddartii (Poaceae),Boerhavia fistulosa var.fistulosa and var.puberuliflora (Nyctaginaceae),Boerhavia albiflora var.heronensis, Spermacoce everistiana (Rubiaceae), andSpermacoce buckleyi; a new combination is made:Diospyros ferrea var.compacta (R. Br.) (Ebenaceae); and additional taxonomic notes are given onBoerhavia, Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), andAbutilon (Malvaceae).
Rates of return and the supply of government assets

Abstract An important issue in macroeconomics has been to determine the effect of an increase in government borrowing. The “traditional” response, an increase in the interest rate, has been challenged by the notion of Ricardian equivalence. This paper argues that a positive correlation between debt and interest rates can exist in a model with optimizing rational agents through a portfolio substitution effect in response to changes in the supply of government bonds. A consumption/savings model with government borrowing is developed and the conditions for an increase in debt to increase interest rates are determined.
The effects of irrelevant relations on the processing of sequential patterns

Letter series completion problems varying along location of irrelevant relations (beginning, end, none) were presented to 24 Ss. A repeated-measures analysis of solution times and errors revealed that irrelevant relations at the beginning of series produced the longest latencies and the most errors. Using a pattern induction/sequence production model of serial processing, an error analysis showed production error rate remained constant across treatments, while pattern induction errors varied with confusion location. The results indicate that the difficulty of sequential processing varies with irrelevant relations only during the pattern induction phase. The findings also support a left-right generate-and-test model of pattern induction for the task.
N-terminal sequence analysis of Nα-acetylated proteins after unblocking with N-acylaminoacyl-peptide hydrolase

Abstract The enzyme acylaminoacyl-peptide hydrolase represents an attractive reagent for the removal of acetylamino acids from the N-terminus of proteins prior to sequencing. However, the enzyme will not accept intact proteins as substrates, and a blocked protein must consequently be fragmented to generate a relative short blocked peptide, and all the newly generated amino termini must be blocked with an hydrolase-resistant reagent before the enzyme can be used to specifically unblock the N-terminus. When a number of N-acetylated proteins (enolase, α-crystallin, ovalbumin, cytochrome c, parvalbumin, superoxide dismutase, and myelin basic protein) were subjected to fragmentation with proteases or cyanogen bromide, treatment with succinic anhydride and exhaustive extraction with ether, and the resulting salt-free, succinylated peptides were incubated with the hydrolase, the N-terminal sequence was specifically unblocked. An aliquot of the entire peptide mixture was applied to the protein sequencer, and a single sequence, corresponding to the known N-terminal sequence starting at residue 2, was obtained. When another aliquot of the same hydrolase-treated peptide mixture was treated with the enzyme acylase I, the liberated acetylamino acid was cleaved, and the N-terminal amino acid (residue 1) could be identified by amino acid analysis. The amount of sequence information obtained from different proteins with different fragmentation methods varied considerably; in the case of parvalbumin a sequence of 12 residues was obtained, while for myelin basic protein, only 3 residues could be identified; the other proteins yielded from 5- to 9-residue sequences. Rabbit muscle acetylaminoacyl-peptide hydrolase, the enzyme used in the present studies, is itself a blocked protein and was subjected to chymotrypsin digestion, succinylation, and hydrolase digestion. Subsequent sequencing established the sequence ERQVL-, and acylase treatment gave M as the only free amino acid, demonstrating that the N-terminal sequence of this enzyme is Ac-Met-Glu-Arg-Gln-Val-Leu-, identical to the sequences deduced for other hydrolases.
Emerging connections in the ethylene signaling network

The gaseous plant hormone ethylene acts as a pivotal mediator to respond to and coordinate internal and external cues in modulating plant growth dynamics and developmental programs. Genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to identify key components and to build a linear ethylene-signaling pathway from the receptors through to the nuclear transcription factors. Studies applying integrative approaches have revealed new regulators, molecular connections and mechanisms in ethylene signaling and unexpected links to other plant hormones. Here, we review and discuss recent discoveries about the functional mode of ethylene receptor complexes, dual mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signaling, stability control of the master nuclear transcription activator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), and the contextual relationships between ethylene and other plant hormones, such as auxin and gibberellins, in organ-specific growth regulation.
Transient Fluid Flow Phenomena during Continuous Casting: Part II—Cast Speed Change, Temperature Fluctuation, and Steel Grade Mixing

Many complicated phenomena are associated with transient stages during the continuous casting process, especially inside the casting mold cavity. A deep understanding of the phenomena and optimized control over the process ensure the high quality product and low costs. This work presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation of transient fluid flow phenomena during steel continuous casting. In the Part II, the process of casting speed change (increase or decrease), temperature fluctuation, and steel grade mixing in a slab mold were investigated. The phenomena, such as flow pattern, inclusion removal fraction, temperature variation, top surface profile, and steel transportation, were addressed to evaluate the process and enhance product quality.
An Interactive Nutritional Guide to develop low-cost healthy meals while sustaining indigenous foods

In much of the developing world, indigenous crops are being replaced by non-indigenous varieties. Though potentially more profitable for large, commercial farms, these non-indigenous crops require unsustainable agricultural practices, are less resistant to pests and disease, result in less crop diversity and are less nutritious. This hurts local livelihoods and health while threatening the survival of culture. To encourage the adoption and use of indigenous ingredients, we have developed a framework for a software application: the Interactive Nutritional Guide. This tool identifies crops indigenous to the user's location, presents last- known pricing data, promotes recipes utilizing indigenous foods and suggests indigenous replacements for non-indigenous ingredients. With the intention of launching the application in East Africa, indigenous crops have been identified from literature and consultations with locals. A preliminary database of indigenous recipes and algorithms for ingredient substitution has also been developed along with a strategy for price updates based on user feedback. The Interactive Nutritional Guide is transferable into a mobile application, of significant implication in the developing world where cellphones are increasingly popular. In this article, we present our developments along with a vision aimed at empowering local entrepreneurs to consciously select local, nutritious, and environmentally friendly foods.
Surface form memory by indentation and planarization of NiTi: displacements and mechanical energy density during constrained recovery

Indentation-induced two-way shape memory leads to pronounced temperature dependence of the depth of spherical indents made in martensitic NiTi shape-memory alloys. They are shallower when austenitic, and depth varies during both M → A and A → M transformations. If the impression is planarized, by metallographic grinding at T < M f , a protrusion rises at the site when warmed past A f . If cooled again this “exdent” retreats, restoring optical flatness. The cycle is repeatable, and exdent heights can exceed 15% of prior indent depth. Since it maps between macroscopically distinguishable topographies, or forms, at orders greater length scale than the surface roughness, we call the effect “surface form memory”—SFM. Notable regarding potential applications is that, when loaded in compression by planar contact with a strong base metal, exdents exert sufficient pressure to indent the latter, suggesting that subsurface transformational mechanisms operate at volumetric work-energy densities >107 J/m3, fully ~10% of the M → A enthalpy.
Lateral coupling in silicon cochlear models

Drawing inspiration from biological studies, we have developed a novel silicon cochlea model which better accounts for the effect of local fluid coupling on the basilar membrane. This fluid coupling is emulated by coupling an extra wideband filter to each narrowband filter in the array. In this paper we present some of the biological background and give a short survey of earlier silicon cochlea models. We then briefly discuss the bandpass-filter element used in the circuit before presenting our silicon cochlea model along with measurements of the performance of a single filter tap.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Heroin-Dependent Patients

The authors provide an overview of the treatment of heroin dependence, with an emphasis on recent developments in pharmacologically based treatment approaches.
Identifying and Quantifying the Accuracy of Product Name Attribution of US-Sourced Adverse Event Reports in MedWatch of Somatropins and Insulins.

Background:As of 2014, the US FDA was considering policy options to promote accurate attribution of adverse events for biosimilars. In order to assess the identification and traceability of biologics from multiple sources, Tufts University’s Center for the Study of Drug Development conducted a study reviewing the current FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for reports related to insulin and growth hormone products.Methods:For this study, all primary suspect reports that were received by FAERS for human growth hormone (hGH) and human insulin between the fourth quarter of 2005 and the third quarter of 2013 were extracted and analyzed.Results:The rates of “accurate” brand (ie, identifiable) drug names were generally high, with a higher incidence for hGH drugs than for insulin drugs (92% of hGH primary suspect reports vs 84% of insulin primary suspect reports). Lot number completion rates were generally low, with a higher incidence for insulin drugs than for hGH drugs (37% of insulin primary suspect re...
Piezoresistive Sensors on Textiles by Inkjet Printing and Electroless Plating

We have printed arrays of strain sensors on textiles by inkjet printing of conducting lines and piezoresistive polymer (PEDOT) in order to provide detailed information about the response of a fabric in use. Conducting polymer has been printed onto polyamide and cellulose woven fabrics to form sensors using a modified HP inkjet print-head and X-Y linear positioning table. Good penetration and attachment is found on mercerized cotton but not on polyamide. Silver nitrate lines have been printed onto polyamide and converted to silver connectors by electroless plating. We observed that resistance of silver lines ranged from 0.7-1.5Ω/cm whereas for the conducting polymer it was 1-3 kΩ/mm by a four point probe method. The conducting polymer formed a surface coat on the fabric and also penetrated the weave. On stretching, the surface layer tended to crack but the embedded polymer acts as a strain gauge with a gauge factor of about 5. On the other hand the silver showed minimal change in resistance with stretching, as is required for connectors. Sensitivity towards temperature and humidity and the effect of orientation to stress and weave directions will be reported. Preliminary experiments show that these sensors attached to a sleeve could be effective for monitoring human joint motion.
Network auditing: issues and recommendations

Auditing can be used to detect abuse or intrusion into a computer system in some cases or if the abuse or intrusion is discovered by other means, the audit can be used after-the-fact to help determine the amount of damage that has occurred on the system. The deterrent presented by the audit trail is also important. In the past, audit trails have usually been oriented to standalone processors. The paper explores issues present when auditing in a networked environment. The issues are grouped according to: collection and storage, integration, protection and analysis. Some recommendations for further research, development, standards and policy-making initiatives are provided. >
Optimization-Based Dynamic Human Gait Prediction

Abstract : In this study, an optimization-based approach for simulating the walking motion of a digital human model is presented. A spatial skeletal model having 55 degrees of freedom is used to demonstrate the approach. Design variables are the joint angle profiles. Walking motion is generated by minimizing the mechanical energy subjected to basic physical and kinematical constraints. A formulation for symmetric and periodic normal walking is developed and results are presented. Backpack and ground reaction forces are taken into account in the current formulation, and the effects of the backpack on normal walking are discussed.
State of emergency medicine in Colombia

Colombia is an upper-middle-income country with a population of 45 million people and one of the best national healthcare and medical education systems in South America. However, its widely diverse and difficult terrains hinder healthcare delivery to rural areas, creating disparities in healthcare access and outcomes between the urban and rural settings. Currently, emergency medical care is overwhelmingly provided by general practitioners without residency training, who obtain specialty consultations based on the medical/surgical condition identified. A few emergency medicine (EM) residency programs have sprouted over the last two decades in renowned academic institutions in the largest cities, producing high-quality EM specialists. With the establishment of EM as a specialty in 2005 and increasing recognition of the specialty, there has been an increasing demand for EM specialists in cities, which is only slowly being met by the current residencies. The critical challenges for EM in Colombia are both, establishing itself as a well-recognized specialty - by increasing academic production and reaching a critical mass of and unity among EM specialists - and providing the highest quality and safest emergency care to the people of Colombia - by improving capacity both in emergency departments and in the regional and national emergency response systems. Historically, the establishment of EM as a strongly organized specialty in other countries has spanned decades (e.g., the United States), and Colombia has been making significant progress in a similar trajectory.
Nonparametric Sample Size Estimation for Sensitivity and Specificity with Multiple Observations per Subject

We propose a sample size calculation approach for the estimation of sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests with multiple observations per subject. Many diagnostic tests such as diagnostic imaging or periodontal tests are characterized by the presence of multiple observations for each subject. The number of observations frequently varies among subjects in diagnostic imaging experiments or periodontal studies. Nonparametric statistical methods for the analysis of clustered binary data have been recently developed by various authors. In this article, we derive a sample size formula for sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests using the sign test while accounting for multiple observations per subject. Application of the sample size formula for the design of a diagnostic test is discussed. Since the sample size formula is based on large sample theory, simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed method. We compare the performance of the proposed sample size formula with that of the parametric sample size formula that assigns equal weight to each observation. Simulation studies show that the proposed sample size formula generally yields empirical powers closer to the nominal level than the parametric method. Simulation studies also show that the number of subjects required increases as the variability in the number of observations per subject increases and the intracluster correlation increases.
A factorization lemma for the agreement dynamics

In this note, we examine the extent by which the trajectories of the agreement protocol (also known as the Laplacian dynamics) over large-scale networks can be decomposed, or factored, in terms of the agreement trajectories over smaller networks. In this venue, we identify the cartesian product of graphs as a viable means for synthesizing large networks, or decomposing them to smaller-sized ones. Specifically, due to an intricate connection between the Laplacians of a connected graph and those of its "factors," we are able to prove the following two results: (1) the Laplacian dynamics over the cartesian product of a finite set of graphs is the Kronecker product of the Laplacian trajectories over the individual (atomic) graphs, and (2) the Laplacian dynamics over any connected graph admits a factorization in terms of the Laplacian dynamics over its "prime" decomposition.
Approaches to online learning and concept drift for user identification in computer security

The task in the computer security domain of anomaly detection is to characterize the behaviors of a computer user (the 'valid' , or 'normal' user) so that unusual occurrences can be detected by comparison of the current input stream to the valid user's profile. This task requires an online learning system that can respond to concept drift and handle discrete non-metric time sequence data. We present an architecture for online learning in the anomaly detection domain and address the issues of incremental updating of system parameters and instance selection. We demonstrate a method for measuring direction and magnitude of concept drift in the classification space and present and evaluate approaches to the above stated issues which make use of the drift measurement.
A supplement to "The roles of Sylvester and Bezoutian matrices in the historical study of stability of linear discrete-time systems"

In this supplement, we present the stability criterion of Nour-Eldin, based on the Cauchy index and Hankel matrix arguments, and its reduced form, based on reduced Schur-Cohn-Fujiwara criterion. This simplification of the Nour-Eldin criterion is further elaborated by Anderson and Mansour [1991]. A related result, based on reduced Markov stability criterion, was obtained by Mansour and Anderson [1990].
Empathy Levels of Occupational Therapy Students

Certain levels of empathy are vital to health professionals for understanding their patients. The Level I clinical practicum experienced by Ohio State University juniors did not have the anticipated impact upon their empathy scores, but a group process course, where it was possible to teach and evaluate empathy levels, might have positively affected the empathy levels of students.
Status review of field emission displays

Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology dominates the direct view display market. Mature CRT technology for many designs is still the preferred choice. CRT manufacturers have greatly improved the size and weight of the CRT displays. High performance CRTs continue to be in great demand, however, supply have to contend with the vanishing CRT vendor syndrome. Therefore, the vanishing CRT vendor syndrome fuels the search for an alternate display technology source. Within the past 10 years, field emission display (FED) technology had gained momentum and, at one time, was considered the most viable electronic display technology candidate [to replace the CRT]. The FED community had advocated and promised many advantages over active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD), electro luminescent (EL) or Plasma displays. Some observers, including potential FED manufacturers and the Department of Defense, (especially the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA)), consider the FED entry as having leapfrog potential. Despite major investments by US manufacturers as well as Asian manufacturers, reliability and manufacturing difficulties greatly slowed down the advancement of the technology. The FED manufacturing difficulties have caused many would-be FED manufacturing participants to abandon FED research. This paper will examine the trends, which are leading this nascent technology to its downfall. FED technology was once considered to have the potential to leapfrog over AMLCD's dominance in the display industry. At present the FED has suffered severe setbacks and there are very few [FED] manufacturers still pursuing research in the area. These companies have yet to deliver a display beyond the prototype stage.
Effective potentials in the integral quantum Hall effect

The exact n-body distribution functions are calculated for a two-dimensional, noninteracting quantum electron gas in an external magnetic field for any temperature and density. At low temperature and filled lowest Landau level, these functions are identical to the exact distribution functions obtained by Jancovici [Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 386 (1981)] for the classical two-dimensional one-component plasma (2DOCP) at the special plasma parameter Γ=2. This establishes that the quantum state with filling factor v=1, associated with the integral quantum Hall effect, is precisely described by an effective classical potential Φ(r)=-2 In r, so that a classical Boltzmann factor of 2DOCP form can replace the quantum Slater sum. Further, this Boltzmann factor exactly matches that constructed by Laughlin [Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1395 (1983)] to account for the fractional quantum Hall effect. Additional effective potentials for higher filling factors v= 2,3,... are obtained semianalytically from the exact Yvon-Born-Green integral equation and numerically from the approximate hypernetted-chain integral equation. They have the asymptotic form Φ(r)∼-(2/v)ln r.
Low-Jitter Active Deskewing Through Injection-Locked Resonant Clocking

Active deskewing is an important technique for managing variability in clock distributions but introduces latency and power-supply-noise sensitivity to the resulting networks. In this paper, we demonstrate how active deskewing can be achieved with resonant distributions without introducing significant jitter. The prototype network operates at a nominal 2-GHz frequency in a 0.18 mum CMOS technology with more than 25 pF/mm of clock loading.
Liquid-crystal laser optics: design, fabrication, and performance

We describe the development of laser optics utilizing liquid crystals. Devices discussed constitute passive optical elements for both low-power and high-power laser systems, operating in either the pulsed or cw mode. Designs and fabrication methods are given in detail for wave plates, circular polarizers, optical isolators, laser-blocking notch filters, and soft apertures. Performance data in the visible to near infrared show these devices to be useful alternatives to other technologies based on conventional glasses, crystals, or thin films. The issue of laser damage is examined on the basis of off-line threshold testing and daily use in OMEGA, the 24-beam Nd:glass laser system at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. Results demonstrate that long-term survivability has been achieved.
Relationship between leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic rate for three NAD-ME and three NADP-ME C4 grasses.

Theoretical considerations have suggested that there may be differences in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) among plants that use different biochemical variants of C4 photosynthesis. To test this hypothesis we examined the leaf nitrogen content and photosynthetic rates of six grass species (three of C 4 subtype NAD-ME and three of C4 subtype NADPME) grown over a wide range of nitrogen supply. While there were significant differences among the species in various traits, there were no consistent differences between the C 4 subtypes in either leaf nitrogen content at a given level of nitrogen supply or in the leaf nitrogen-photosynthesis relationship. We suggest that species-level variation in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency among C 4 species is large enough to mask any differences that may be due to C4 subtype.
An Adaptive-Reliability Cyber-Physical Transport Protocol for Spatio-temporal Data

In this paper, we propose a new transport protocol for data collection in sensor networks that monitor physical phenomena. In a network with variable channel condition, this protocol adapts transmission reliability based on the importance of transmitted spatio-temporal data to the reconstruction of the phenomenon. Data whose omission generates a higher estimation error are transmitted more reliably. The protocol aggregates data from nodes to the base station and provides a constant expected estimation error while significantly reducing the energy consumption and bandwidth usage compared with other approaches to reliable communication. Moreover, our protocol is easy to implement on current motes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first transport layer protocol, that incorporates predictive models, to be implemented on motes. We perform extensive experiments on MicaZ motes using LiteOS to compare the performance of our protocol against previous transport protocols and data suppression schemes. Our experimental results show that our protocol introduces a very small estimation error while saving orders of magnitude in consumed energy compared to reliable transport. In other cases, estimation error and energy consumption are simultaneously reduced by 50 − 85%.
Router and Firewall Redundancy with OpenBSD and CARP

As more reliance is placed on computing and networking systems, the need for redundancy increases. The Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) protocol and OpenBSD's pfsync utility provide a means by which to implement redundant routers and firewalls. This paper details how CARP and pfsync work together to provide this redundancy and explores the performance one can expect from the open source solutions. Two experiments were run: one showing the relationship between firewall state creation and state synchronization traffic and the other showing how TCP sessions are transparently maintained in the event of a router failure. Discussion of these simulations along with background information gives an overview of how OpenBSD, CARP, and pfsync can provide redundant routers and firewalls for today's Internet.
Pricey pills for an even pricier problem.

With more than 3 million people in the United States infected with hepatitis C, the price of treating all prevalent cases could potentially top $200 billion. Tapper et al provide support for the idea that appropriate hepatocellular carcinoma cost inputs have been used in recent cost-effectiveness analyses of direct-acting antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis C infection.
A Multidisciplinary Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Clinic: The University of North Carolina Experience

Background Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) confers a poor prognosis and is unusual in requiring multidisciplinary care in the metastatic setting. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) has created a BCBM clinic to provide medical and radiation oncology, neurosurgical, and supportive services to this complex patient population. We describe organization and design of the clinic as well as characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of the patients seen in its first 3 years. Methods Clinical and demographic data were collected from patients in a prospectively maintained database. Descriptive statistics are reported as percentages and means. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate time-to-event outcomes. Results Sixty-five patients were seen between January 2012 and January 2015. At the time of presentation to the BCBM clinic, most patients (74%) had multiple (≥2) brain metastases and had received prior systemic (77%) and whole-brain radiation therapy and/or central nervous system stereotactic radiosurgery (65%) in the metastatic setting. Seventy-eight percent returned for a follow-up visit; 32% were enrolled in a clinical trial. Median time from diagnosis of brain metastasis to death was 2.11 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-2.47) for all patients, 1.15 years (95% CI 0.4-2.43) for triple-negative breast cancer, 1.31 years (95% CI 0.51-2.52) for hormone receptor-positive/HER2- breast cancer, and 3.03 years (95% CI lower limit 1.94, upper limit not estimable) for HER2+ breast cancer (p = .0037). Conclusion Patients with BCBM have unique and complex needs that require input from several oncologic disciplines. The development of the UNC-CH multidisciplinary BCBM clinic is a model that can be adapted at other centers to provide coordinated care for patients with a challenging and complex disease. Implications for practice Patients with breast cancer brain metastases often require unique multidisciplinary care to meet the numerous and uncommon challenges associated with their conditions. Here, the development and characteristics of a clinic designed specifically to provide for the multidisciplinary needs of patients with breast cancer brain metastases are described. This clinic may serve as a model for other institutions interested in creating specialty clinics with similar objectives.
Human Rights for All is Better Than Citizenship Rights for Some

The best way to avoid The calamities of the rightless for whom no law exists (Arendt) is not only to strengthen citizenship protections. That may well have the perverse consequences of, on the one hand, rendering citizenship ever harder to achieve, and on the other, relegating noncitizens to an increasingly rightless realm. We must do the harder, more basic work of defining and instantiating meaningful human rights protections for all people, regardless of status, or location. Focusing too specifically on the problem of deprivation of citizenship must not blind us ‘to the numerous small and not so small evils with which the road to hell is paved.’
Biopsychosocial problems identified by women with breast cancer

19514 Background: It is frequently assumed that women with breast cancer have higher levels of distress and psychosocial problems than women with other malignancies. We compared the biopsychosocial...
Effects of volitional spine stabilization and lower extremity fatigue on landing performance in a recurrent low back pain population

Biomechanics investigators are often confronted with a dilemma when deciding which and how many variables to choose when analyzing human motion. The purpose of this study was to determine a parsimonious subset of dependent variables that explain the greatest amount of unique variance, and to predict kinetic variable values from representative kinematic variables during landing. Correlation was used to determine a subset of kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic variables that explained the greatest amount of unique variance during landing. Regression was used to determine a subset of kinematic variables that predicted kinetic variables. Seven of 49 variables were found to explain unique variance using correlation: maximum knee angle in the sagittal plane, maximum pelvic angle in the frontal plane, pelvic angle in the sagittal plane at initial contact, lower lumbar angle in the sagittal plane angle at initial contact, maximum knee flexion moment in the sagittal plane, maximum vertical GRF, and semitendinosus onset. Stepwise regression predicted maximum vertical GRF (R 2 =0.42; p=0.001) and maximum knee moment in the sagittal plane (R 2 =0.50; p=0.001). In clinical biomechanics settings which do not have access to a force platform, some kinetic variables can be predicted moderately well from kinematic variables using regression. Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Ram Haddas, May 2013
To Live or Die: Autophagy in Plants

Turnover of macromolecules is critical for cell homeostasis, nutrient recycling, and clearance of damage during environmental stress. These processes typically contribute to cell survival and function. Cell death pathways also require macromolecule degradation, as intracellular components are broken down as part of the death process. Autophagy is a self-digestion mechanism that functions in all of these processes by transferring cell parts to the vacuole for degradation by vacuolar hydrolases, followed by recycling of the breakdown products. How the function of autophagy switches between cell survival and cell death is still unknown. Autophagy is activated by a wide variety of stress conditions and developmental cues, and the signaling pathways for activation in plants are just beginning to be elucidated. In this chapter we describe the molecular mechanism and potential substrates of autophagy, its regulation in response to various signals, its physiological roles during development and stress, and the relationship between autophagy and programmed cell death in plants.
The Late Roman fort at ‘Ayn Gharandal, Jordan: interim report on the 2009–2014 field seasons

The site of ‘Ayn Gharandal lies c .70 km north of the Gulf of Aqaba, c .40 km southwest of Petra, and c .200 m west of the mouth of Wadi Gharandal on the E edge of the Wadi Arabah (fig. 1). The ruins lie alongside a paved track running east from the Dead Sea highway. The presence of a spring and small oasis at the mouth of the wadi presumably prompted the first human occupation. Its location controlling an overland pass through the Shara mountain range will have attracted the attention of the Nabataeans and, later, the Roman army, which established an outpost here at the start of the 4th c. A.D.
Population Ecology Basic to Genetic Control of the European Corn Borer

Pupation and survival of European corn borer progeny of various genotypes obtained by combining the Minnesota strain (MN) and a laboratory developed low-diapause strain (NCS) were studied. The percentage pupation increased in genotypes with greater contribution of NCS genetic material. In the field cages, overall pupation decreased with later dates of infestation because of shorter photoperiod and lower temperatures. Survival of the various genotypes decreased in the field but increased in the laboratory with greater NCS contribution. Survival of mature larvae exposed to 0°C varied directly with the percentage of these larvae in diapause. Thus larvae that are physiologically programmed to pupate are unable to survive exposure to cold.
Hunters and Gatherers: Entrepreneur Narratives of Psychological Decoupling

Research suggests that most people will change their job or career several times within their lifetime; this changing of jobs suggests that individuals may need to "let go" of organizations as they transition from one organization to the next. Further, current research suggests that during transition an individual's identity is in flux, leading the individual to engage in identity work to maintain a coherent sense of self. While extant research focuses on identity work during transitions in to new roles and organizations, limited research has addressed transitions out. Through a qualitative study of entrepreneurs, I investigated the role that narrative identity work plays in the psychological decoupling process that occurs as entrepreneurs exit from the organizations they found. I identified two occupational rhetorics, hunter and gatherer, that related to how entrepreneurs told narratives of letting go. Further, I suggest that occupational rhetorics act as a resource which individuals draw upon to psychol...
Knowledge Acquisition: Human Factors Issues:

Knowledge acquisition is the process of extracting expertise from a domain expert. Expertise may be collected manually via a series of interviews held between the expert and a knowledge engineer or through sessions the expert holds with an automated knowledge acquisition tool. Several human factors issues become apparent: documenting mental models (where mental models are the expert's conceptualization of a problem), recording cognitive problem-solving strategies, and specifying an appropriate interface between the domain expert and the acquisition methodology. This paper provides a discussion of current manual/automated acquisition techniques, human factors issues associated with knowledge acquisition, and the ways in which several acquisition methodologies have confronted human factors issues.
A Research Note on Major Retail Center Patronage

Relationships between social class perceptions and major retail center patronage decisions are analyzed in this article. The analysis is a departure from traditional trading area delineation studie...