cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cue effectiveness in mitigating postcompletion errors in a routine procedural task

Postcompletion errors, which are omissions of actions required after the completion of a task's main goal, occur in a variety of everyday procedural tasks. Previous research has demonstrated the difficulty of reducing their frequency by means other than redesigning the task structure [Byrne, M.D., Davis, E.M., 2006. Task structure and postcompletion error in the execution of a routine procedure. Human Factors 48, 627-638]. Nevertheless, finding a successful strategy for mitigation of this type of error may uncover important mechanisms underlying interactive behavior. Two experiments were carried out to test visual cues for their ability to reduce the frequency of postcompletion errors in a computer-based routine procedural task. A cue that was visually salient, just-in-time, and meaningful entirely eliminated the error, whereas cues that were not as specific were ineffective. These results are beyond the predictive capability of extant error identification methods and common design guidelines but are consistent with the work of Altmann and Trafton [2002. Memory for goals: an activation-based model. Cognitive Science 26, 39-83] and Hollnagel [1993. Human Reliability Analysis, Context and Control. Academic Press, London]. Finally, a computational model developed in ACT-R is presented as a first step towards validation of the major findings from the two experiments.
Chronic duodenal ulcer: Hemorrhage due to trauma

Hemorrhage from the gastrointestinal tract following trauma is reported in a 14 year old male with a chronically diseased duodenum. It is proposed that abdominal and head trauma were directly and indirectly responsible for the development of an acute ulcer and hemorrhage. Brief comment is made concerning the relationship between the vital centers and gastrointestinal function and disease.
Differences in the Recruitment of Black and White Football Players At a Big Eight University

In the United States, collegiate and professional sports are avenues of social mobility for individuals from low-income households and are particularly important for blacks. But mobility of a few minority individuals does not erase the stereotypical image of their group held by the dominant group. When individual members of a minority group acquire positions in the dominant society from which they formerly had been excluded, they re main inferior and unequal in the minds of dominants. This paper compares procedures at Kansas State University for recruiting black football players with those for recruiting non- black players. Two themes are argued in this paper. First, minority individuals must be more qualified occupationally if they are to participate in a dominant setting. Second, in a dominant setting, members of minority groups are treated unequally regardless of how qualified they are.
Impact of a 21-gene RT-PCR assay on treatment decisions in early-stage breast cancer: an economic analysis based on prognostic and predictive validation studies.

BACKGROUND The prognostic accuracy for distant recurrence-free survival using a 21-gene reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay underwent validation in 668 lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive women with early-stage breast cancer receiving tamoxifen on National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Program (NSABP) B-14. The predictive accuracy for treatment efficacy also underwent validation in 651 patients randomized on NSABP B-20 and 645 patients on NSABP B-14. METHODS Patients were classified as high (recurrence score [RS] ≥ 31), intermediate (RS 18–30), or low (RS < 18) risk for distant recurrence at 10 years. Cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated for RS-guided treatment compared with either tamoxifen alone or the combined chemotherapy and tamoxifen. RESULTS Distant recurrence was reported in RS low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk patients at 10 years in 3.7%, 17.8%, and 38.3% receiving tamoxifen alone and 5.0%, 10.1%, and 11.1% receiving the chemotherapy and tamoxifen. RS-guided therapy is associated with a gain in individual life expectancy of 2.2 years compared with tamoxifen alone, whereas it is associated with similar life expectancy to that seen with the chemotherapy and tamoxifen strategy. RS-guided therapy is estimated to provide a net cost savings of $2256 compared with chemotherapy and tamoxifen with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1944 per life year saved compared with tamoxifen alone. CONCLUSIONS Treatment decisions based on RS-guided therapy compared with tamoxifen alone are associated with greater efficacy with acceptable cost-effectiveness ratios, and associated with similar efficacy and lower cost compared with chemotherapy and tamoxifen for patients with lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
An Automated Process for Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Thin Films on Viable Cell Aggregates

An automated process for modifying the surface of pancreatic islets grows uniform polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films, eliminating user variability associated with previous manual methods. Machine vision feedback allows for tight control of small fluid volumes, maintaining an islet microenvironment. This process is adaptable to other fragile micrometer-scale particle systems.
Terahertz biosensing technology: frontiers and progress.

as molecular recognition species toward many analytes. For a receptor to recognize a specific target, its immobilization on a solid support must not interfere with molecular recognition. Although a variety of immobilization methods have been adapted from standard chromatographic support modifications, many sophisticated immobilization techniques have been developed recently. [3] Knowledge of the basic mechanisms by which the reactive groups couple to target functional groups provides the means to design a conjugation strategy. Since the development of Clark's oxygen-sensing electrode in the midtwentieth century, numerous strategies for biosensor designs have emerged. New avenues with various approaches exploiting ongoing discoveries in biology, electronics, physics, and chemistry have significantly expanded the opportunities for biosensor applications. Miniaturization and implantable devices are still significant challenges facing biosensor technology, although progress is being made toward these goals. The application of miniaturization techniques to optical molecular sensors has resulted in their potential use for inaccessible, difficult, or dangerous locations, for example, in vivo sensors for arterial use. In this Highlight, we will present a new detection modality based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). We concentrate on a THz biodetection approach that expands over many disciplines and applications. The uniqueness, limitations, and potential capabilities of the THz biosensor will be reviewed in light of recent developments. [4, 5]
Finding the Maximal Turning State of an Arbitrary Mesh

This paper presents a new algorithm for computing the maximal turning state of an arbitrary mesh. This is accomplished by intersecting the mesh with a plane at even intervals along the mesh, and computing the farthest point in that plane from an axis of rotation. The algorithm will run in O(|E |*n) time and θ(n) space, where E is the list of the edges on the mesh and n is the number of intervals used. Because of this, a very high degree of accuracy can be obtained with very little computational cost. The developed algorithm has been implemented and tested on some meshed models.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Identification of Residues in the Heme Domain of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase that are Important for Basal and Stimulated Catalytic Activity

Nitric oxide signals through activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), a heme-containing heterodimer. NO binds to the heme domain located in the N-terminal part of the β subunit of sGC resulting in increased production of cGMP in the catalytic domain located at the C-terminal part of sGC. Little is known about the mechanism by which the NO signaling is propagated from the receptor domain (heme domain) to the effector domain (catalytic domain), in particular events subsequent to the breakage of the bond between the heme iron and Histidine 105 (H105) of the β subunit. Our modeling of the heme-binding domain as well as previous homologous heme domain structures in different states point to two regions that could be critical for propagation of the NO activation signal. Structure-based mutational analysis of these regions revealed that residues T110 and R116 in the αF helix-β1 strand, and residues I41 and R40 in the αB-αC loop mediate propagation of activation between the heme domain and the catalytic domain. Biochemical analysis of these heme mutants allows refinement of the map of the residues that are critical for heme stability and propagation of the NO/YC-1 activation signal in sGC.
Surgery for carcinoma of the lower esophagus and cardia.

Esophagogastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy is the treatment of choice for patients with cancer of the lower esophagus and cardia. The Lahey Clinic experience with the surgical management of this disease between January, 1970 and March 1, 1980, consists of 68 patients, 58 of whom (85.3%) had resections. Forty-three had stage III disease, and the remainder (25) were equally divided between stages I and II. Esophagogastrectomy and end-toside esophagogastrostomy is performed through a left thoracotomy without the use of clamps and without tension.
Neurobiology of early life stress: rodent studies.

It is now clear that early experience influences the long-term development of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and cognitive systems in a number of animal species. This article examines the effects of early life stress on the development of the rodent. Postnatal maternal separation is often used as a potent early life stressor, and some of the major findings from these studies are discussed. A majority of these studies have shown that early life stress can lead to a heightened stress response when maternally deprived rodents are tested as adults. The effects of early life stress on the development of brain structures involved in regulating the stress response as adults are also discussed. Finally the influence of both genetics and maternal style are mentioned in relation to their ability to alter the effects of early life stress.
Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing

Without deep mixing, the ocean would turn, within a few thousand years, into a stagnant pool of cold salty water with equilibrium maintained locally by near-surface mixing and with very weak convectively driven surface-intensified circulation. (This result follows from Sandstrom’s theorem for a fluid heated and cooled at the surface.) In this context we revisit the 1966 “Abyssal Recipes”, which called for a diapycnal diffusivity of 10-4m2/s (1 cgs) to maintain the abyssal stratification against global upwelling associated with 25 Sverdrups of deep water formation. Subsequent microstructure measurements gave a pelagic diffusivity (away from topography) of 10-5 m2/s — a low value confirmed by dye release experiments. A new solution (without restriction to constant coefficients) leads to approximately the same values of global upwelling and diffusivity, but we reinterpret the computed diffusivity as a surrogate for a small number of concentrated sources of buoyancy flux (regions of intense mixing) from which the water masses (but not the turbulence) are exported into the ocean interior. Using the Levitus climatology we find that 2.1 TW (terawatts) are required to maintain the global abyssal density distribution against 30 Sverdrups of deep water formation. The winds and tides are the only possible source of mechanical energy to drive the interior mixing. Tidal dissipation is known from astronomy to equal 3.7 TW (2.50±0.05 TW from M2 alone), but nearly all of this has traditionally been allocated to dissipation in the turbulent bottom boundary layers of marginal seas. However, two recent TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric estimates combined with dynamical models suggest that 0.6–0.9 TW may be available for abyssal mixing. A recent estimate of wind-driving suggests 1 TW of additional mixing power. All values are very uncertain. A surprising conclusion is that the equator-to-pole heat flux of 2000 TW associated with the meridional overturning circulation would not exist without the comparatively minute mechanical mixing sources. Coupled with the findings that mixing occurs at a few dominant sites, there is a host of questions concerning the maintenance of the present climate state, but also that of paleoclimates and their relation to detailed continental configurations, the history of the Earth–Moon system, and a possible great sensitivity to details of the wind system.
Is classical Rett syndrome ever present in males

This paper is a case history which describes a male child who meets most of the Trevathan and Naidu criteria for the Rett syndrome (RS). If RS is possible in males, this has implications for genetic and metabolic research regarding the etiology of the syndrome, particularly studies related to the X chromosome. Further case studies need to be published and independently evaluated
FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE MMPI-168 WITH AND WITHOUT REGRESSION WEIGHTS

The MMPI-168 was administered to 786 adolescent males and 883 adolescent females to determine whether the scale factor structure was stable across sex and before and after using regression weights to predict full scale scores. For each analysis three factors accounting for 65 to 69% of the variance emerged, though in varying order: psychoticism and acting out, depression (or neuroticism), and defensiveness. Major response clusters on the MMPI-168 thus appear to remain following use of regression equations.
Effects of a dense background plasma on the dispersion of backward wave oscillators

Computer simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of a dense background plasma on the dispersion characteristics of backward wave oscillators. It is observed that the background plasma tends to reduce the phase velocity of the most unstable mode. As a result, a strong efficiency enhancement is found. On the other hand, the relatively weak beam-backward plasma wave instability introduced by the rippled waveguide wall is found to exert negligible impact on the interaction efficiency.
Weaving Babies Lost in Pregnancy Into the Fabric of the Family

During four qualitative research studies on pregnancy after perinatal loss, parents spoke of their dead babies and various ways they remembered them. Thus, they were a continued part of their lives...
Sleep deprivation alters functioning within the neural network underlying the covert orienting of attention

Abstract One function of spatial attention is to enable goal-directed interactions with the environment through the allocation of neural resources to motivationally relevant parts of space. Studies have shown that responses are enhanced when spatial attention is predictively biased towards locations where significant events are expected to occur. Previous studies suggest that the ability to bias attention predictively is related to posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activation [Small, D.M., et al., 2003. The posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the anticipatory allocation of spatial attention. Neuroimage 18, 633–41]. Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs selective attention and reduces PCC activity [Thomas, M., et al., 2000. Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity. J. Sleep Res. 9, 335–352]. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that SD would affect PCC function and alter the ability to predictively allocate spatial attention. Seven healthy, young adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) following normal rest and 34–36 h of SD while performing a task in which attention was shifted in response to peripheral targets preceded by spatially informative (valid), misleading (invalid), or uninformative (neutral) cues. When rested, but not when sleep-deprived, subjects responded more quickly to targets that followed valid cues than those after neutral or invalid cues. Brain activity during validly cued trials with a reaction time benefit was compared to activity in trials with no benefit. PCC activation was greater during trials with a reaction time benefit following normal rest. In contrast, following SD, reaction time benefits were associated with activation in the left intraparietal sulcus, a region associated with receptivity to stimuli at unexpected locations. These changes may render sleep-deprived individuals less able to anticipate the locations of upcoming events, and more susceptible to distraction by stimuli at irrelevant locations.
Effect of cloacal plugging on microbial recovery from partially processed broilers

Experiments were performed to test the contribution of bacteria contained in the intestinal tract of broilers at the beginning of processing to counts on the exterior of modified New York-dressed carcasses. Thirty-two birds were processed for each of seven replications. Within each replication, batches of four birds were electrocuted, scalded, and picked, with batches alternating between treatment and control groups. Treated birds were cloacally plugged with rayon fiber tampons prior to electrocution to prevent escape of intestinal contents during scalding and picking. Control birds were processed in the same manner, except that cloacal plugs were inserted immediately after defeathering to reduce escape of intestinal contents during sampling. Gram-negative enteric bacteria and Campylobacter spp. were enumerated on carcasses by whole carcass rinse procedure and in cecal contents. Counts were converted to log10 and subjected to analysis of variance. Cecal levels of Gram-negative enterics were significantly higher for plugged birds, but there was not a significant difference between levels of cecal Campylobacter spp. between treatment groups. Plugging before electrocution resulted in significantly lower levels (2.5 vs 3.0 log10 cfu/mL) of Campylobacter spp. and Gram-negative enteric bacteria (3.0 vs 3.4 log10 cfu/mL) in carcass rinses of treatment birds than in those of controls. All carcasses were positive for Gram-negative enterics. Cloacal plugging resulted in significantly lower incidence of Campylobacter spp. carcass contamination as determined by chi-square. Intestinal carriage of both campylobacters and Gram-negative enteric bacteria appears to influence the microbial quality of the carcass during processing.
Intensified case-finding for latent tuberculosis infection among the Baltimore City Hispanic population.

Foreign-born immigrants are at high risk for latent TB infection (LTBI). In conjunction with the Baltimore City Health Department (BCHD), student volunteers conducted intensified LTBI case-finding (ICF) using tuberculin skin testing (TST) in the Hispanic community from 2006–2010. We sought to determine the yield of ICF and estimate the LTBI prevalence. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Among 478 individuals screened, 164 (34.3 %) had a positive TST, 227 (47.5 %) had a negative TST, and 87 (18.2 %) did not return. Among those who completed screening, the prevalence of LTBI was 164/391 (41.9, 95 % CI 0.37–0.47). ICF referrals accounted for 4.4 % of all LTBI referrals to BCHD and for 41 % of referrals among Hispanics. We found a high rate of undiagnosed LTBI within the Hispanic community. This student-run ICF program accounted for almost half of all LTBI cases among Hispanics. Community resources are needed to target this high-risk population.
Hedonic shift learning based on calories

Rats were conditioned to prefer a flavor that was paired with sucrose. When tested with flavored water and flavored chows, the rats preferred the calorie-paired flavor in both the familiar solution form and the new chow form. It is suggested that the hedonic value of a flavor enjoys a positive shift by association with calories, and that the shift is mediated centrally by a peripheral cholecystokinin reflex.
Effect of amrinone, a cardiotonic drug, on hemodynamics and platelet function

In the present study we have investigated the effect of Amrinone on the hemodynamics, platelet counts, prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis and platelet function. Results show that infusion of the drug increased the heart rate and lowered left atrial, aortic and pulmonary artery pressures within five minutes after a single bolus injection of 2 mg/kg IV dose. Platelet counts made from the blood obtained from anesthetized dogs after the drug infusion showed severe loss of platelets. However, infusion of a similar dose in awake dogs showed no such detrimental effect on platelets. Examination of formalin fixed blood for aggregates showed no more clumps in the treated samples than in the control. Platelets obtained from canine blood drawn at 30 minutes post infusion of the drug showed no aggregatory response to arachidonate. However, the response of these platelets to ADP was quite normal. Amrinone infusion had no inhibitory effect on the ability of vascular tissue to convert arachidonic acid to prostacyclin. Similarly, no inhibitory action could be observed on platelet cyclo-oxygenase activity at this concentration (2 mg/kg). In vitro studies on human platelets showed significant inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase at high concentrations (0.5 mg/ml). Therefore it is unlikely that the drug caused inhibition of the platelet response to arachidonate by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis during infusion, as the dose used was quite low (2 mg/kg) compared to what is required for the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase.
Optimization of the mechanical properties of polymeric composite membranes prepared via emulsion pathways

Abstract A novel composite membrane which is effective in the separation of ethanol-water mixtures by pervaporation was prepared by the concentrated emulsion polymerization pathway. In this method, a concentrated emulsion is employed as a precursor for a hydrophilic-hydrophobic composite from which subsequently the membrane is prepared by polymerization. A mixture of styrene (St) and butyl acrylate (BA) constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion, while an aqueous solution of sodium acrylate (SA) forms the dispersed phase. The presence of BA in the continuous phase profoundly affects the mechanical properties of the membranes. In its absence, the membrane is brittle; it becomes more rubber like as the concentration of BA increases without becoming too large. It was found that water causes the swelling of the membrane to a much greater extent than ethanol does. The separation factor (α) increases markedly, and the permeation rate through the membrane decreases gradually as the water concentration decreases in the feed. Increasing the content of polysodium acrylate (PSA) results in a higher permeation rate, but the separation factor (α) decreases. At room temperature, the separation factor (α) varies between 23 and 724, and the permeation rate varies between 13 and 246 g/m2-hr.
Effect of Fluence on the Discoloration of Marble Cleaned With UV Lasers

The effect of fluence level on the discoloration of marble surfaces after the removal of the encrustation by 355nm laser pulses is comparatively studied. Considering the thermochemical reaction possibly occurring in the encrustation during laser irradiation, the mechanism responsible for the discoloration of the cleaned marble surface is analyzed. The reduction of iron oxides by graphite plays a key role in determining the final color of the cleaned marble surface. A two-dimensional laser ablative cleaning model including the reaction heat is applied to calculate the temperature distribution during laser heating. The kinetics of the thermochemical reaction is estimated based on the simulated temperature field. The occurrence of the thermochemical reaction is also verified indirectly with experiments. The marble surfaces before and after laser irradiation are characterized in term of the chemical components through surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The surface color is measured with a chromameter using a 1976 CIE Lab color system. The proposed mechanism is also applied to numerically analyze the severer discoloration of marble cleaned with laser pulses at 1064nm.Copyright © 2006 by General Motors Corporation
Comparison of cell line maintenance procedures on insect cells used for producing baculoviruses.

A gypsy moth cell line, IPLB-LdEIta, maintained under various conditions was tested for susceptibility to and productivity of two baculoviruses, the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). The results suggest that cells maintained in serum-containing medium (modified TC100) were more susceptible (on the basis of titers in an endpoint assay) to LdMNPV than cells maintained in a serum-free medium (ExCell 400). Such a difference was not apparent with AcMNPV. Similarly, little difference existed in the proportion of cells containing occlusion bodies (OBs) a wk after inoculation with AcMNPV (i.e., the percent infected) in any LdEIta strains, although one combination of cells and medium (cells maintained in ExCell 400 but infected in TC100) showed a lower percent infection with LdMNPV. Even though the percentage of cells infected varied little, the number of OBs produced varied by 3 logs with AcMNPV and 11/2 logs with LdMNPV. In each case, cells normally grown in ExCell 400 and infected in the same medium produced the lowest number of OBs. However, productivity was improved when cells normally grown in ExCell 400 were infected in TC100. Even more interesting was that cells normally grown in TC100 produced more AcMNPV OBs when infected in ExCell 400 medium. This suggests that changing culture medium (regardless of the normal maintenance medium) can stimulate virus production. In addition to examining virus productivity in LdEIta cells in both serum-containing and serum-free media, I also tested a strain maintained at low temperature (17 degrees C) for over a yr. This maintenance protocol was not detrimental for LdMNPV productivity and was slightly stimulatory for production of AcMNPV.
Sleep disturbances in patients with chronic pain: effectively managing opioid analgesia to improve outcomes.

ABSTRACTBackground: Many patients with chronic pain experience pain-related sleep disturbances, such as difficulty falling and staying asleep and less restful sleep. Evidence suggests that pain and sleep exist in a bidirectional relationship in which pain causes sleep disturbance and sleep disturbance intensifies pain. This association can impair a patient's daily function and decrease quality of life. Evidence suggests that patients with chronic pain can use opioid analgesics or other pain medications to control their pain and, in turn, improve some measures of sleep. This may include subjective sleep measures such as increased sleep time, and, as evidenced in recent studies, objective sleep measures such as sleep efficiency.Scope: The role of effective analgesia in the improvement of pain-related sleep disturbance is discussed herein, specifically the risks and benefits of opioid therapy for the treatment of patients with chronic pain and disturbed sleep. MEDLINE and PubMed searches were conducted to lo...
Mechanisms of reorganization and cell repopulation in meristems in roots of Vicia faba following irradiation and colchicine

1. Mitoses were seen 2 to 10 days after X irradiation or colchicine treatment, an observation indicating that cell division does occur in roots whose growth in length has been temporarily inhibited. The cessation of growth cannot, therefore, be ascribed to the inhibition of mitosis. 2. The relative frequencies, after irradiation, of cells with dicentric chromosomes or with reciprocal translocations change much more between 2 and 9 or 11 days than between 9 or 11 and 21 days after irradiation — evidence of a marked reorganization in the early part of the recovery period. In the period of reorganization a new primordium is established. 3. It is estimated, from the relative frequencies of cells with atypical chromosome complements, that the primordium is composed of 40–50 cells. 4. Bean roots were found to recover from the effects of colchicine in about 10 days. In the first part of this period, polyploid cells were frequent in the meristem but they later decreased in frequency. In lateral roots developing from the C-tumour, polyploid cells were still present in high frequency at a time when they were infrequent in the primary root. 5. The effect of the apical cells on the persistence of polyploid cells in the meristem was tested in two ways: a) The apex was decapitated and the root was treated with colchicine and b) Roots were irradiated in order to bring the cells of the quiescent centre into mitosis 3 days before colchicine treatment. After both treatments, tetraploid and octoploid cells persisted in high frequency. Some polyploid cells also showed chromosome changes in irradiated roots. 6. It is suggested that the size of the primordium is important for regeneration; this new growth is attributed to the stimulation of elongation in cells basal to the primordium by auxin secreted by the cells of the primordium. It is further suggested that the apical cells of the growing root also synthesize growth simulants. 7. The failure of cells with changed complements to persist in a meristem cannot be attributed solely to selection against them. Data presented support the hypotheses: a) that by virtue of their position the cells at the root apex, particularly those of the quiescent centre, prevent the persistence of changed cells in the meristem, b) that the cells of the quiescent centre are less sensitive to treatments than those of the meristem and so are able to repopulate the meristem with normal cells and c) that when, after either decapitation or reorganization at the apex, cells with changed complements occur in the meristem, they do so because cells with such complements have been established as meristem initial cells.
Reactions of sulfines with iron and manganese carbonyls; dexoygenation vs. ortho-metalation

Abstract Diaryl sulfines react with diiron enneacarbonyl in benzene at room temperature to give thiobenzophenones and/or ortho -metalated complexes derived from the thioketones, rather than ortho -metalated complexes of sulfines. Deoxygenation of sulfines also occurred when dimanganese decacarbonyl was used as the metal carbonyl. These reactions may proceed via initial nucleophilic attack of the sulfine at a terminal metal carbonyl carbon.
Sensitivity analysis for power industry radionuclide air stack emissions leukemia incidence risk comparison models

Abstract The authors developed mathematical models to quantify the impact of accidents on the U.S. nuclear power industry radionuclide air emissions incidence risk. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was performed on the terms in those models. The number of accidents of a given size needed to equilibrate the nuclear power industry leukemia incidence risk with the coal power industry leukemia incidence risk under normal operating conditions was calculated. We evaluated an accident's impact on the total leukemia incidence risk comparison done using all of the six types of postulated dose response curves. An overlapping plot of the number of nuclear accidents required to equilibrate industry risks versus accident magnitude enabled the comparisons of models. Sensitivity analysis on the developed models for the current mix of U.S. coal and nuclear power plants was used to verify model limitations. Sensitivity analysis also showed that the models with cell killing terms gave meaningless numbers for large dose accidents and that when both the linear and quadratic terms are present in the dose-response curves, the linear term dominates the quadratic term by a factor of 10 until the dose exceeds 110,000 mrem (1.10 Sv). Air emission leukemia incidence risk projections to the year 2000 were obtained by including plants due to go online by 2000. The application of these models provided an approach toward developing a methodology for identification of the relative risk from power generation alternatives.
Determination of eigenvectors in DNA polymer spectroscopy by isotopic substitution

A simple relationship between frequency shifts to be expected in molecular vibrational spectra upon isotopic substitution and component values of eigenvectors is displayed. Application of this expression to the problem of force constant refinement is discussed in terms of a refinement algorithm developed some years ago to overcome particular problems associated with large molecular systems. Calculations of expected isotopic shifts have been calculated and are tabulated here for experimental reference.
Physical and functional interactions between Lyn and p34cdc2 kinases in irradiated human B-cell precursors.

Exposure of human B-cell precursors (BCP) to ionizing radiation results in cell cycle arrest at the G2-M checkpoint as a result of inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 . Here, we show that ionizing radiation promotes physical interactions between p34cdc2 and the Src family protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn in the cytoplasm of human BCP leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2. Lyn kinase immunoprecipitated from lysates of irradiated BCP as well as a full-length glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Lyn fusion protein-phosphorylated recombinant human p34cdc2 on tyrosine 15. Furthermore, Lyn kinase physically associated with and tyrosine-phosphorylated p34cdc2 kinase in vivo when co-expressed in COS-7 cells. Binding experiments with truncated GST-Lyn fusion proteins suggested a functional role for the SH3 rather than the SH2 domain of Lyn in Lyn-p34cdc2 interactions in BCP. The first 27 residues of the unique amino-terminal domain of Lyn were also essential for the ability of GST-Lyn fusion proteins to bind to p34cdc2 from BCP lysates. Ionizing radiation failed to cause tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 or G2 arrest in Lyn kinase-deficient BCP, supporting an important role of Lyn kinase in radiation-induced G2 phase-specific cell cycle arrest. Our findings implicate Lyn as an important cytoplasmic suppressor of p34cdc2 function.
Protozoan communities around conifer roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Protozoan communities around roots with different types of ectomycorrhizae were distinct. These protozoan communities differed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the host (Pinus ponderosa, Pseudo- tsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis) and the ectomycorrhizal fungal species. Based on the species identified and the numbers of in- dividuals of each species, six communities of protozoa were found associated with specific ectomycorrhizae. Previous researchers have shown that mycorrhizal colo- nization of roots alters the amounts and types of exu- dates produced by roots, which in turn alters the bacte- rial community present. Most likely, mycorrhizal colo- nization of roots influences the protozoan community around roots by controlling the bacterial community. However, the protozoan community may in turn in- fluence the successional dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi on different host root systems by a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms could include: (1) preying upon individuals and perhaps removing parti- cular species of bacteria from the mycorrhizosphere; and (2) controlling nitrogen mineralization in the rhi- zosphere. Further work needs to be performed to de- termine the interaction between these quadrate (plant- bacteria-fungi-protozoa) associations.
Tropoelastin purification from copper-deficient swine: a simplified method.

Abstract A new method for preparation of pure tropoelastin, the proposed precursor of insoluble elastin, is described. The protein has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids, which render it uniquely soluble in a variety of alcohols. An alcohol fractionation of crude extract, therefore, precipitates most of the contaminating material, while tropoelastin of high purity is easily recovered from the alcohol solution. The method is simple and gives reproducible, good yields. Typical amino acid composition of tropoelastin thus prepared, as well as several criteria for evaluation of its purity, are presented.
Dielectric Rod Antennas for Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits (Short Papers)

The design of dielectric rod antennas for millimeter-wave integrated-circuit applications is described. The experimental investigation was initially performed for sealed models at Ku band and then developed at V band. A moderately high-gain alumina dielectric rod antenna that is entirely compatible with insular integrated circuits has been designed and tested. The antenna has been fabricated and integrated, as one of the system components, into short-range V-band transmitter and receiver moduIes. The measured gain was found to be 15.2 dB. Radiation characteristics are discussed.
Methane photochemistry and haze production on Neptune

The Neptune stratosphere's methane photochemistry is presently studied by means of a numerical model in which the observed mixing ratio of methane prompts photolysis near the CH4 homopause. Haze generation by methane photochemistry has its basis in the formation of hydrocarbon ices and polyacetylenes; the hazes can furnish the requisite aerosol haze at the appropriate pressure levels required by observations of Neptune in the visible and near-IR. Comparisons of model predictions with Uranus data indicate a lower ratio of polyacetylene production to hydrocarbon ice, as well as a lower likelihood of UV postprocessing of the acetylene ice to polymers on Neptune, compared to Uranus.
Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity

In this cross-cultural study of manhood as an achieved status, the author finds that a culturally sanctioned stress on manliness - on toughness and aggressiveness, stoicism and sexuality - is almost universal, and deeply ingrained in the consciousness of men who otherwise have little in common.
The role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of neurotropic flaviviruses

Neurotropic flaviviruses are important emerging and reemerging arthropod-borne pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and other vertebrates worldwide. Upon entry and infection of the CNS, these viruses can induce a rapid inflammatory response characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. Chemokines and their receptors are involved in coordinating complex leukocyte trafficking patterns that regulate viral pathogenesis in vivo. In this review, we will summarize the current literature on the role of chemokines in regulating the pathogenesis of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis virus infections in mouse models and humans. Understanding how viral infections trigger chemokines, the key cellular events that occur during the infection process, as well as the immunopathogenic role of these cells, are critical areas of research that may ultimately guide a much needed effort toward developing specific immunomodulators and/or antiviral therapeutics.
Cocaine plus ethanol is more cardiotoxic than cocaine or ethanol alone

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the hemodynamic effects of recreational/toxic doses of ethanol, or cocaine, or ethanol followed by cocaine. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Eighteen healthy, adult mongrel dogs. INTERVENTIONS Dogs were randomized to receive ethanol (1 g/kg iv) over 20 mins and a 10-mL bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride, or 5% dextrose in water, over 20 mins, and then a cocaine bolus (7.5 mg/kg), or ethanol (1 g/kg iv), over 20 mins, and then a cocaine bolus (7.5 mg/kg). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Arterial, left ventricular, and pulmonary arterial pressures, mixed venous blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded in each dog. The maximal rate of left ventricular pressure increase (dP/dtmax) and decrease (dP/dtmin), stroke volume, HR, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP), and plasma concentrations of ethanol and cocaine were measured at baseline, after ethanol or placebo infusions, and then after a cocaine or placebo bolus at specific time intervals over a 5-hr study period. The plasma ethanol concentration increased to 160 +/- 8 mg/dL at 30 mins after the start of the infusion, and then decreased to 30 +/- 8 mg/dL at 180 mins. The plasma cocaine concentration increased to 4587 +/- 383 ng/mL within 2 mins of the bolus injection, and then decreased and approached the baseline at 240 mins. Immediately after injection, ethanol plus cocaine synergistically decreased dP/dtmax by 70% and dP/dtmin by 81% (both p < .001). In addition, immediately after injection, ethanol plus cocaine maximally decreased the stroke volume by 34% (p < .05) and maximally increased the HR by 89% and PAOP by 127% (both p < .002). The dP/dtmax and the stroke volume remained decreased by 15% to 20% for 5 hrs (p < .05). Cocaine alone, immediately after injection, maximally decreased dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin by 40% (p < .02), and caused a 26% decrease in stroke volume (p = .05), a 48% increase in HR (p < .02), and a 75% increase in PAOP. The decrease in dP/dtmax persisted for approximately 60 to 90 mins. Ethanol alone produced transient 6% to 13% decreases in dP/dtmax, dP/dtmin, and stroke volume (NS) and small (9%) increases in the HR (NS) during the first hour after injection. CONCLUSION Cocaine combined with ethanol produces a significant synergistic depression of ventricular contraction and relaxation that substantially exceeds the arithmetic sum of the depressive effects of either cocaine or ethanol alone.
Mitochondrial complex I defects increase ubiquitin in substantia nigra

Parkinson׳s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the developed world, and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of midbrain. Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction has been implicated in PD pathophysiology, yet the molecular mechanism by which complex I defects may cause DA neurodegeneration remain unclear. Using Ndufs4 mouse model of mitochondrial complex I deficiency, we observed a remarkable ubiquitin protein increase in SN of Ndufs4-/- (KO) mice. By contrast, neurofilaments were significantly decreased in SN of KO mice. Furthermore, mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis indicated an increase in ubiquitinated neurofilaments in midbrain of KO mice, whereas 20S proteasome activities were decreased, which could potentially explain the buildup of ubiquitin protein. Collectively, these data suggest that mitochondrial complex I defects cause proteasome inhibition, a consequent increase in ubiquitinated neurofilaments and other proteins, and decrease the expression of neurofilaments that could be relevant to the mechanism of DA neuronal death in PD.
Black Milwaukee and the Ghetto Synthesis

This article briefly examines Joe W. Trotter's Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915-45 twenty years after its publication and notes its significance for urban history. Particularly important was the book's challenge to the “ghetto synthesis,” an influential analysis of the African American experience in U.S. cities, instead of which Trotter proposed a proletarianization model. In the wake of Trotter's critique of the ghetto synthesis, studies of American cities have arrogated greater agency to African Americans.
The asialoglycoprotein receptor internalizes and recycles independently of the transferrin and insulin receptors

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands is mediated through clustering of receptor-ligand complexes in coated pits on the cell surface, followed by internalization of the complex into endocytic vesicles. We show that internalization of asialoglycoprotein by HepG2 hepatoma cells is accompanied by a rapid (t1/2 = 0.5-1 min) depletion of surface asialoglycoprotein receptors. This is followed by a rapid (t1/2 = 2-4 min) reappearance of surface receptors; most of these originate from endocytosed cell-surface receptors. The loss and reappearance of asialoglycoprotein receptors is specific, and depends on prebinding of ligand to its receptor. HepG2 cells also contain abundant receptors for both insulin and transferrin. Endocytosis of asialoglycoprotein and its receptor has no effect on the number of surface binding sites for transferrin or insulin. We conclude that binding of asialoglycoprotein to its surface receptor triggers a rapid and specific endocytosis of the receptor-ligand complex, probably due to a clustering in clathrin-coated pits or vesicles.
Assessment of the precision and accuracy of thorium (232Th) and uranium (238U) measured by quadrupole based inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry using liquid nebulization, nanosecond and femtosecond laser ablation

The precision and accuracy of the 238U/232Th ratio were evaluated from liquid nebulization and direct solid sampling repetitive pulsed laser ablation. Nanosecond and femtosecond pulsed lasers at 266 nm wavelength were utilized for the ablation studies. The ICP-MS and sampling parameters were optimized for each procedure; flow rates, gases, laser energy and other parameters were optimized for the particular sampling approach and therefore will not be the same. The work is not a comparison per se but represents performance metrics for three optimized sampling modalities. As expected, nanosecond pulsed ablation provided the greatest inaccuracy (>30%) from the nominal 238U/232Th bulk ratio. This deviation from bulk ratio is attributed to incomplete vaporization of large particle agglomerates produced by nanosecond laser ablation. Femtosecond pulsed ablation provided inaccuracy (∼1–3%) approaching that of liquid nebulization (∼1%). In terms of temporal relative standard deviation (TRSD) and relative standard deviation (RSD), liquid nebulization provided the best precision for the 238U/232Th ratio (TRSD ∼3–5%, RSD ∼0.2–0.6%), femtosecond laser ablation (TRSD ∼5–12%, RSD ∼1%) and nanosecond laser ablation (TRSD ∼25–48%, RSD ∼9–12%). Laser ablation requires less sample to achieve these performance metrics, in some cases less than a factor of 100-times depending on the entrainment and transport efficiency.
A Randomized Trial of Tailored Skin Cancer Prevention Messages for Adults: Project SCAPE

Objectives. We evaluated the impact of a mailed, tailored intervention on skin cancer prevention and skin self-examination behaviors of adults at moderate and high risk for skin cancer.Methods. Adults at moderate and high risk for skin cancer were recruited in primary health care settings in Honolulu, HI, and Long Island, NY. After completing a baseline survey, participants were randomized to 2 groups. The treatment group received tailored materials, including personalized risk feedback, and the control group received general educational materials. Multivariate analyses compared sun protection and skin self-examination between groups, controlling for location, risk level, gender, and age.Results. A total of 596 adults completed the trial. The tailored materials had a significant effect on overall sun-protection habits, the use of hats, the use of sunglasses, and the recency of skin self-examination. Some effects were moderated by location and risk level.Conclusions. Tailored communications including perso...