cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation characteristics of tin-based solder joints

A novel experimental configuration was devised to measure the evolution of the deformation field and the corresponding toughness in solder joints for microelectronic packaging. The utilized material system comprised a ductile layer of tin-based solder encapsulated within relatively hard copper shoulders. The experimental configuration provided pure shear state within the constrained solder layer. Different Pb/Sn compositions were tested with grain size approaching the film thickness. The in-plane strain distribution within the joint thickness was measured by a microscopic digital image correlation system. The toughness evolution within such highly gradient deformation field was monitored qualitatively through a two-dimensional surface scan with a nanoindentor. The measurements showed a highly inhomogeneous deformation field within the film with discreet shear bands of concentrated strain. The localized shear bands showed long-range correlations of the order 2–3 grain diameters. A size-dependent macroscopic response on the layer thickness was observed. However, the corresponding film thickness was approximately 100–1000 times larger than those predicted by nonlocal continuum theories and discreet dislocation.
Skeletal muscle blood flow dumng hypercapnic hyperventilation

Abstract Individual differences exist in ventilatory responsiveness to inspired mixtures of carbon dioxide. The data of Schaefer suggest that subjects with high ventilatory responsiveness are ones who store CO2 in the body at a low rate during acute, mild hypercapnia, while subjects with low ventilatory responsiveness appear to store CO2 at a high rate under identical conditions. The rate of delivery of CO2-rich blood to one of the likely sites for major, short-term CO2 storage was estimated by measuring forearm blood flow using venous-occlusion plethysmography while the skin circulation was minimized with percutaneous electrophoresis of epinephrine. During hypercapnia resulting from breathing 2%, 4% and 6% CO2 in 21 % oxygen, all subjects showed small significant increases in mean muscle blood flow. The maximum increase was approximately 40% above control levels and was usually seen during exposure to 4% CO2. No correlation was found between ventilatory responsiveness to CO2 and muscle blood flow response. The individual differences in rate of storage of CO2 during hypercapnia cannot be explained by differences in skeletal muscle blood flow response.
Treatment of early Parkinson’s disease

The early treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of nonpharmacologic treatment, consideration of neuroprotective therapy, and initial symptomatic treatment. Education for the patient and family, access to support groups, regular exercise, and good nutrition are essential to the overall management of PD. Disease-modifying therapies, such as agents that provide neurorescue or neuroprotection, will provide a major advance in the treatment of PD. Intervention at the genetic/environmental level or that affects the cascade of pathophysiologic events, protein aggregation, or apoptosis could result in neuroprotection. Many agents are now being investigated for neuroprotective potential. A major paradigm shift has recently occurred because of the recent basic and clinical data indicating that dopamine agonists, rather than levodopa, should be the initial symptomatic therapy in PD. However, levodopa may be started first in some patients because of patient age, cognitive status, or cost of drugs.
The influence of alloxan-induced diabetes on Müller cell contraction-promoting activities in vitreous.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a late-stage complication of diabetes in which fibrovascular tissues emerging from the retina exert tractional forces that can cause retinal detachment.1,2 There is considerable interest in identifying the causal cells and the stimuli driving their pathogenic responses because the ability to arrest or attenuate any of these processes would represent a significant gain in control of this complication. Immunohistochemical studies of diabetic epiretinal tissues have identified a number of different cell types, including glia, immune cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and fibroblast-like cells of uncertain origin.3–8 Abundant circumstantial evidence indicates that Muller cells are a source of the tractional forces that cause retinal detachment in PDR. Muller cells, the principal retinal glia, are consistently identified in diabetic fibrovascular scar tissue,3,6,8,9 and studies from this laboratory revealed that the fibroblast-like cells are also derived from phenotypically altered Muller cells.9–11 Although phenotypically normal Muller cells lack the capacity to generate tractional forces, this is not the case with the fibroblast-like cells.11,12 Systematic study of Muller cell tractional force generation in vitro also revealed that this activity is not constitutive for the fibroblast phenotype but is stimulated by exogenous growth factors, including members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) families.11,12 One study from this laboratory with findings particularly relevant to diabetic retinopathy examined changes in Muller cell contraction-promoting activity in normal and diabetic vitreous. It was determined that normal vitreous contains little or no stimulatory activity, but it is increased in diabetes and PDR.13 Studies with growth factor-neutralizing antibodies attributed the biological activity in diabetic vitreous to IGFs rather than to PDGF, and increased IGF activity in vitreous did not correlate with hemorrhage as a diagnostic feature, suggesting that the growth factors originate from local production or enter vitreous fluid through another mechanism. Finally, and perhaps of greatest interest, increased IGF activity was detected in diabetic vitreous fluids in eyes without PDR, suggesting that this change can precede the onset of clinically significant proliferative disease. That changes in vitreous biological activity temporally precede the onset of proliferative retinal disease is suggestive of a causal relationship and is worthy of additional study. Unfortunately, the limited availability of vitreous samples from patients in the early disease states precludes systematic study of this relationship in humans. For this biochemically oriented vitreous study, we made use of an established large animal model of hyperglycemia,14,15 the goal of which was to evaluate the temporal relationship that exists between diabetes and the increases in Muller cell contraction-promoting activity detected in diabetic vitreous.
Data directed input-output in FORTRAN

A statement which is similar to the NAMELIST statement of FORTRAN IV has been incorporated in the FORTRAN 63 compiler. The FORTRAN 63 implementation allows a greater flexibility and simplicity than the FORTRAN IV feature. The Hollerith names, the location, the made and the dimensions of a variable can be discovered by means of standard FORTRAN statements. Methods of using this information are illustrated in relation to general purpose data directed input and output routines; some other uses such as matrix manipulation are discussed.
WORD AND IDIOM FREQUENCY COUNTS IN FRENCH AND THEIR VALUE

Author's Summary— This article presents a short review of word counts up to the present time and the results of a new and extensive French word count. The uses to which these word counts may be put have been discussed critically.
Watching Barkha Dutt: turning on the news in television studies

This essay examines Barkha Dutt, host of the popular NDTV news talk show ‘We the People’, as a symbolic portal into the rise of television news celebrity culture in India's altering mediascape. The essay first situates Dutt's work as a reporter and a talk show host within the context of Indian television journalism's role in the democratic public sphere and then explores the implications of Dutt's class and gender identities for the hierarchies of celebrity status in commercial television news. In the end, this case study of Barkha Dutt argues that greater attention to India's exploding journalism industry – its star personalities, political economy, critiques of news programmes' and talk shows' representations and audience responses – will revitalize and enrich the evolving trajectories of television studies.
Labor market consequences of accounting fraud

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the research questions: Do executive and non‐executive directors face similar labor market penalties upon revelation of accounting fraud? Are all executive directors treated by markets as a homogenous group? Or, do executive directors who are top managers face stiffer penalties than other executive directors?Design/methodology/approach – Board membership of incumbent directors in US firms accused of accounting fraud are tracked for three years after the revelation. Two labor market consequences/penalties are considered. Probability of losing internal, own firm board seat is the likelihood that incumbent directors leave the accused firm's board upon accounting fraud revelation. The likelihood of losing at least one external board seat (outside directorship) is also examined. Both univariate tests and multivariate LOGIT regressions are used to conduct the analysis.Findings – Compared to non‐executive directors, executive directors are more than twice as likely to lose ow...
Imaging of Nontraumatic Adrenal Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to review the imaging findings of acute, chronic, and tumor-related nontraumatic adrenal hemorrhage. CONCLUSION. Rapid development or evolution of a nonenhancing adrenal mass or masses with an adreniform shape or high T1 signal intensity on MR images of a patient under stress or with a bleeding diathesis, including anticoagulant use, suggests acute adrenal hemorrhage. Chronic hemorrhage appears as a thin-walled pseudocyst or atrophy. Imaging findings that may indicate underlying tumor include intralesional calcification, enhancement, and hypermetabolic activity on PET images.
Synchrony Dynamics Across Brain Structures in Limbic Epilepsy Vary Between Initiation and Termination Phases of Seizures

Neuronal populations in the brain achieve levels of synchronous electrophysiological activity during both normal brain function and pathological states such as epileptic seizures. Understanding how the dynamics of neuronal oscillators in the brain evolve from normal to diseased states is a critical component toward decoding such complex behaviors. In this study, we sought to develop a more in-depth understanding of multisite dynamics underlying seizure evolution in limbic epilepsy by analyzing oscillators in recordings of local field potentials from three brain structures (bilateral hippocampi and anteromedial thalamus) in a kainic acid in vivo rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy extracted using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique. EMD provides an adaptive nonlinear decomposition into a set of finite oscillatory components. Oscillator frequencies, power, and phase synchrony were assessed within and between sites as seizures evolved. Consistent patterns of low-frequency (~35 Hz) synchrony occurred transiently during early-stage ictogenesis between thalamus and both hippocampi; in contrast, higher frequency (~120 Hz) synchrony appeared between thalamus and focal hippocampus as seizures naturally terminated. These multi-site synchrony events may provide a key insight into how synchrony disruption via stimulation could be targeted as well as contribute to a better understanding of how brain synchrony evolves in epilepsy.
An empirical analysis of state labor markets: has worker insecurity shifted wages in the 1990s?

Abstract Labor markets in the 1990s have tightened considerably but with a surprising lack of wage inflation. There are several explanations for this behavior, where one of the more prominent explanations is that worker insecurities have depressed wage growth. This study develops an augmented Phillips curve model to test whether there are any structural shifts in wage dynamics in the 1990s. Using state data from 1980 to 1996, the empirical results are consistent with wages becoming more cyclically responsive in the 1990s. Increased long-term unemployment and permanent job losses are associated with the depressed wages in the 1990s, supporting claims that worker insecurity has dampened wage growth.
Kinetic Analysis and Quantification of [11C]Martinostat for in Vivo HDAC Imaging of the Brain

Epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in a wide-range of CNS disorders and may offer new therapeutic opportunities. In vivo evaluation of HDAC density and drug occupancy has become possible with [11C]Martinostat, which exhibits selectivity for a subset of class I/IIb HDAC enzymes. In this study, we characterize the kinetic properties of [11C]Martinostat in the nonhuman primate (NHP) brain in preparation for human neuroimaging studies. The goal of this work was to determine whether classic compartmental analysis techniques were appropriate and to further determine if arterial plasma is required for future NHP studies. Using an arterial plasma input function, several analysis approaches were evaluated for robust outcome measurements. [11C]Martinostat showed high baseline distribution volume (VT) ranging from 29.9 to 54.4 mL/cm3 in the brain and large changes in occupancy (up to 99%) with a blocking dose approaching full enzyme saturation. An averaged nondisplace...
Characterization of vagal innervation to the rat celiac, suprarenal and mesenteric ganglia

In order to shed light on the controversial issue of vagal innervation of the solar plexus ganglia, vagal efferent preganglionic fibers were anterogradely labeled by injecting the fluorescent carbocyanine dye Dil into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX). Additionally, Fluorogold was used to label the ganglia in toto, providing a counterstain and the possibility of UV light-guided dissection of the various ganglia. Using optical sectioning of whole mounted intact ganglia by means of laser scanning confocal microscopy, a considerable number of Dil-labeled vagal terminal-like structures were found in the major ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric and suprarenal). Additionally, vagal efferent terminals were regularly found in microganglia associated with the periarterial plexuses of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries, and in a few cases in small ganglia of the intermesenteric and renal plexuses. By using animals with prior selective vagal branch vagotomies, leaving only one (or a pair) of the three major abdominal divisions intact, it was concluded that the two celiac branches contribute the bulk of this vagal innervation, with the two gastric and the unpaired hepatic branch providing a small contribution mostly limited to the celiac ganglia. From control experiments, which involved Dil injections (1) into the dmnX in animals whose visceral afferents had been previously destroyed by capsaicin; (2) into the nodose ganglia, in order to anterogradely label vagal afferents; and (3) into the cervical vagus nerve as a control for uptake by fibers of passage, it was concluded that the identified terminal-like structures were vagal efferents and not inadvertently labeled afferents. We suggest that these vagal terminals have to be regarded either as ectopic parasympathetic junctions, or as part of a vagal mechanism for gating of sympathetic ganglionic transmission. Functionally, the parasympathetic innervation of the solar plexus may provide not only the classic vagal influence on gastrointestinal targets, but also vagal control of the adrenal glands and possibly other abdominal organs that have not been traditionally regarded as vagal targets.
Autocorrelation specification in singular equation systems: A further look

Abstract We explore parsimonious specifications for autocorrelation matrices in singular equation systems. In so doing, we present a new model that is based on the factorization and rank reduction procedures for positive semidefinite matrices first advanced by Diewert and Wales (1988) .
A dual-mode servomechanism utilizing saturation switching

This paper discusses the theoretical analysis and experimental verification of a dual-mode quasi-linear servo-mechanism. After a brief review of the operation of the simple dual-mode servo system, the desirability of linear operation for small errors is pointed out. A method of producing a gradual transition from one mode of operation to the other and finally to nearly linear operation is investigated.
Tri-primer PCR can distinguish free and cloned viral DNA in a single reaction

A polymerase chain reaction based method is described which distinguishes free and cloned JC virus (JCV) DNA in a single reaction. The method utilizes three primers and amplifies DNA fragments of two different sizes, one specific for free and another specific for pBR322 cloned viral DNA. The procedure was used to simultaneously detect the presence of free and contaminating cloned JCV DNA in brain tissues.
Presteady state kinetic investigation of the incorporation of anti-hepatitis B nucleotide analogues catalyzed by noncanonical human DNA polymerases.

Antiviral nucleoside analogues have been developed to inhibit the enzymatic activities of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase, thereby preventing the replication and production of HBV. However, ...
Echocardiographic Parameters in Reversible Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background Reversible idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) is a rare entity. It has been hypothesized that the degree of left ventricular end diastolic dilation is an important independent predictor of prognosis. We undertook a study to identify cases of reversible IDCM and to evaluate the echocardiographic findings in these patients.
Molecular biology of opioid receptors

Abstract Opium and its derivatives are potent analgesics that also have many other pharmacological effects in the nervous system. These agents and the endogenous opioid peptides exert their effects by interacting with high-affinity receptors. Complementary DNAs encoding the δ, k and μ opioid receptors have been isolated and characterized. These receptors, which are members of the superfamily of seven-transmembrane spanning receptors, share a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity with approximately 50% of the residues being identical. The cloned opioid receptors mediate agonist inhibition of cyclic AMP formation and have pharmacological properties similar to the endogenous proteins. The cloning of these receptors will facilitate the development of new clinically useful compounds as well as studies of the molecular basis of tolerance and drug addiction.
Focal plane array readout integrated circuit with per-pixel analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion

A pixel array readout integrated circuit (ROIC) containing per-pixel analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and digital-to- analog conversion (DAC) for infrared detectors is presented with design and test result details. Fabricated in a standard 0.35 micron, 3.3 volt CMOS technology. the prototype consists of a linear array of 64 pixels, containing over 100 transistors per 30 by 30 micron pixel. The 8-bit per-pixel ADC is a Nyquist-rate single-slope design consisting of a three stage comparator and an 8 bit memory. This fully pixel- parallel ADC architecture operates in full-frame 'snapshot' mode and can reach over 1,000 frames per second. Each pixel also contains cascoded current source, globally biased to subtract an identical, fixed amount of current from each pixel in order to remove a common background signal by 'charge skimming.' It operates over more than 3 decades of current cancellation (approximately 10 pA to > 10 nA). As well, each pixel contains a 4 to 6+ bit current-mode DAC, intended to trim-out pixel-to-pixel variations in background current. It consists of 16 unit-cells of switched cascoded current sources per pixel, organized as two separately biased weights and controlled by a 16-bit per-pixel memory. The DAC operates over more than 4 decades of current cancellation (< 10 pA to approximately equals 100 nA) per least significant bit (LSB).
Redox Regulation of Forkhead Proteins Through a p66shc-Dependent Signaling Pathway

Genetic determinants of longevity include the forkhead-related transcription factor DAF-16 in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the p66shc locus in mice. We demonstrate that p66shc regulates intracellular oxidant levels in mammalian cells and that hydrogen peroxide can negatively regulate forkhead activity. In p66shc-/- cells, the activity of the mammalian forkhead homolog FKHRL1 is increased and redox-dependent forkhead inactivation is reduced. In addition, expression of FKHRL1 results in an increase in both hydrogen peroxide scavenging and oxidative stress resistance. These results demonstrate an important functional relation between three distinct elements linked to aging: forkhead proteins, p66shc, and intracellular oxidants.
Quantum confinement effects in self-assembled multicomponent semiconducting polymers

Semiconducting polymer heterostructures exhibiting quantum confinement effects were recently prepared in our laboratory by a self-assembly approach. Photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopies as well as electric field-induced photoluminescence quenching have been used here to probe the effects of exciton confinement in the self-assembled semiconducting polymer quantum-well nanostructures.
Recovery from left ventricular dysfunction after ablation of frequent premature ventricular complexes

Background Patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and PVC-induced cardiomyopathy usually have recovery of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction postablation. The time course of recovery of LV function has not been described. Objective To describe the time course and predictors of recovery from LV dysfunction after effective ablation of PVCs in patients with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods In a consecutive series of 264 patients with frequent idiopathic PVCs referred for PVC ablation, LV dysfunction was present in 87 patients (mean ejection fraction 40%±10%). The PVC burden was reduced to Results The ejection fraction normalized at a mean of 5±6 months postablation. The majority of patients (51 of 75, 68%) with PVC-induced LV dysfunction had a recovery of LV function within 4 months. In 24 (32%) patients, recovery of LV function took more than 4 months (mean 12±9 months; range 5–45 months). An epicardial origin of PVCs was more often present (13 of 24, 54%) in patients with delayed recovery of LV function than in patients with early recovery of LV function (2 of 51, 4%; P P = .02). In multivariate analysis, only an epicardial PVC origin was predictive of delayed recovery of LV function in patients with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. Conclusions PVC-induced cardiomyopathy resolves within 4 months of successful ablation in most patients. In about one-third of the patients, recovery is delayed and can take up to 45 months. An epicardial origin predicts delayed recovery of LV function.
Stimulated raman pumping to H2 (v″=1, J″=1) and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization from it using a single laser

Light pulses from one ArF laser are used both a) to produce H2 in v″=1, J″=1 of the X-state by means of stimulated Raman pumping (SRP) and b) to analyze for that state via (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). Both SRP and REMPI have been previously measured in H2, but with a different laser for each process. Some of our laser light is Raman shifted in H2. The resulting mixture of fundamental (≈193 nm) and first Stokes (≈210 nm) light is focused into low-pressure H2 where the SRP and REMPI both occur. The SRP is efficient and it produces only v″=1, J″=1. As the laser is tuned, a REMPI spectrum occurs from excitation by two photons of 193 nm, by two photons of 210 nm, or by one photon each of 210 and 193 nm. The features of this approach are a) that the necessary temporal and spatial overlaps are automatically achieved, b) that the frequency difference generated in the Raman shifter is precisely that needed for SRP, c) that large pulse energies are available for the REMPI, and d) that only one laser is needed.
Birth Order, Self-Concept, and Participation in Dangerous Sports

We examined the effect of birth order on participation in dangerous sports, using data from a mail survey of 841 members of the United States Parachute Association drawn from the membership list of over 18,000; 52% (N = 436) responded. The questionnaires included detailed information on participation in leisure activities, background characteristics, reasons for parachuting, and self-concept; answers were obtained from an overwhelmingly middle-class, White, male, young, and college educated sample. The findings (based on descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analysis) did not support our expectations regarding birth order and participation in dangerous sports. Several were even in opposite direction to our expectations. We did find some support for our expectation that self-efficacy would be positively related to participation in dangerous sports, but not for our expectation that self-efficacy would be related to birth order. We concluded that birth order continues to be a frustrating variable in studies of socialization. Language: en
Structural Dynamics and Energetics Underlying Allosteric Inactivation of a GPCR: Insights Gained from Site-Directed Fluorescence Labeling (SDFL) Studies of the Cannabinoid Receptor CB1

Biased signaling, signaling through non G-protein linked pathways, occurs in some GPCRs through mechanisms that are still not clear. Here we investigated how an allosteric ligand for the cannabinoid receptor, CB1, could induce such behavior, with the aim of identifying structural changes in the receptor and gaining mechanistic insights underlying these phenomena. The ligand, Org 27569, induces very unusual properties in CB1 - it increases agonist binding to the receptor, yet simultaneously decreases G-protein signaling while increasing biased signaling through beta-arrestin mediated pathways. Using classical pharmacological binding studies, we find that Org 27569 binds to a unique and separate site than traditional antagonists, and can act alone, without need for agonist co-binding. Similar analysis of constitutively activating and inactivating mutations in CB1, which shift the equilibrium between inactive (R) and active (R∗) receptor conformations, indicate that Org acts by modulating the amount of active R∗ species present. To determine the effect of Org on the structure of CB1, we carried out site-directed fluorescence labeling (SDFL) studies. The SDFL results clearly show that Org induces structural changes in CB1 that are different than those caused by either antagonists or antagonists. While Org27569 blocks agonist-induced movements at TM6 (consistent with its ability to block G-protein signaling), it also enhances agonist-induced movements at H8, providing a clue to its ability to induce biased signaling. Together, these results help map the conformational dynamics involved in allosteric modulation and biased signaling in CB1.
The effect of daily treatments with an octenidine dentifrice formulation on gingival health in cynomolgus monkeys.

Octenidine, a bispyridine antimicrobial compound, has evidenced significant antiplaque activity when used in solution in both animal and human model systems. The present study was designed to evaluate concurrently the antiplaque and antigingivitis potential of a dentifrice formulation containing octenidine. In addition to an antimicrobial agent, the product was formulated to exhibit abrasive and foaming chracteristics similar to those of current commercial dentifrices. Adult female cynomolgus monkeys, five per group, received once daily oral treatments with either the octenidine dentifrice formulation or a placebo formulation. Both formulations were delivered as a suspension which was gently dispersed by manipulation of the cheeks. Direct delivery using a toothbrush was purposely avoided in order to permit the assessment of antimicrobial and antiplaque efficacy in the absence of direct mechanical action. The development of plaque and gingivitis was observed to be suppressed in the presence of the octenidine dentifrice formulation over the 21-day experimental period. By contrast, animals receiving the placebo formulation evidenced a signficant increase in dental plaque levels and extensive gingival inflammation.
Identifying the Growth Limiting Physiochemical Parameter for Chives Grown in Biologically Treated Graywater

Plants can play an important role in wastewater treatment and water reuse in terrestrial and space systems. Chive growth in biologically treated graywater, simulating the anticipated early planetary base graywater, was evaluated in this study for NASA. Phytotoxicity due to physiochemical parameters such as ammonium-nitrogen (NH4 +-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2 −-N), pH, and sodium (Na+) was assessed using a series of hydroponic experiments in an environmentally controlled growth chamber. Nitrification in wastewater was observed in all graywater treatments, which converted NO2 −-N (a toxic form of nitrogen) and NH4 +-N (toxic at high concentrations) to nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 −-N) (preferred N form for plant uptake). Irrespective of the increase in the NO3 –-N concentration due to nitrification, chives in the wastewater treatments typically had poor or no growth. The high levels of Na+ present in the graywater treatments affected potassium uptake and may have affected other nutrient uptake. The impact of nitrification on wastewater pH and NO2 −-N toxicity is believed to be the critical factor affecting chive growth and may hinder the use high nitrogen waste streams for plant growth unless NO2 −-N concentrations are controlled during biological treatment of graywater.
Pacman dysplasia: Report of two affected sibs

We report on two sib fetuses with radiological and morphological findings similar to those of the recently described lethal skeletal dysplasia termed Pacman dysplasia (McKusick, 167220, Am J Med Genet 1993, 45:558-561). The first fetus, a male, was electively terminated after a routine ultrasound study at 20 weeks showed short-limb dwarfism. The second fetus, a female sib, was also electively terminated after similar, abnormal ultrasound findings were noted at 16 weeks of gestation. Similar to Pacman dysplasia, the radiographic appearance was characterized by under-mineralized bone, stippling, rhizomelic and mesomelic shortness, platyspondyly, and a short, broad pelvis. The metaphyses were dense, but the diaphyseal cortices were thin with undermodeled long bones, and there was a deficient trabecular pattern suggesting marrow replacement. Chondro-osseous structure was characterized by deficient trabecular bone formation, a fibrous marrow, and numerous, large, multinucleated osteoclasts lining the endosteal surfaces of the metaphyseal bone. The occurrence of this dysplasia in sibs of differing sex suggests autosomal recessive inheritance.
The tropical-subtropical semi-annual oscillation in the upper troposphere

The tropical-subtropical semi-annual oscillation (TSSAO) of the zonal wind and temperature in the upper troposphere has been described by van Loon and Jenne. Their description was based on analysis of 20 Southern Hemisphere (SH) radiosonde stations and on two SH climatological atlases. This note documents further the TSSAO's climatology and its' spatial and temporal variability. This is accomplished by (i) using more radiosonde stations, in which data records span longer time periods, and (ii) using analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts for a spatially coherent picture.
The somatotopic organization of the nucleus raphe magnus and surrounding brain stem structures as revealed by HRP slow-release gels.

Summary Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in slow-release gel was unilaterally implanted in the dorsal lateral funiculus (DLF) of either cervical, midthoracic, lumbar or sacral spinal cord levels of adult male rats. Complete mappings and cell counts were made of HRP-filled cells from the level of the rostral trapezoid body caudal to the inferior olive. Following cervical or midthoracic placements, labelled cells often formed a continuous band surrounding the medial, dorsal and lateral aspects of the ipsilateral pyramid and extending into the ventral region medial to the facial nucleus and lateral to the pyramid. It appears that this population of HRP-filled cells in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and reticularis magnocellularis (Rmc) corresponds to the serotonergic cell group B3 of Dahlstrom and Fuxe. In lumbar and sacral cases, there was a noticeable difference both in the pattern and number of labelled cells, with fewer labelled cells and a greater tendency for a ‘gap’ to occur in the population of cells midway over the pyramid. Based on the patterns of labelling and a review of the literature, it appears that the actual functional unit involved in the descending control of nociception may be the combined population of Rmc and NRM.
Caregiver Perceptions and Implications for Sex Education for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Caregivers are important to the educational experiences of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Sexuality is an area of concern for many caregivers and parents. This study explores the relationship of caregiver perception of sexuality of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the caregiver perception of agency support for sex education, and their perception of their ability to participate in a sex education program designed specifically for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Liquid Drainage and Firmness in Full-fat, Lowfat, and Fat-free Cottage Cheese

Four different cottage cheese curds, as well as one full-fat (FFD), two lowfat (LF), and two fat-free (NF) dressings, were used to study liquid drainage and firmness of the products. After 10 hr at 4°C, the volume of drained liquid after 1 and 7 days, was : FFD 77 to 38 mL, LF 59 to 2 mL, and NF 48 to 12 mL. Residual curd firmness was generally FFD > LF > NF. Both curd and dressing properties affected liquid drainage and firmness, indicating that using the same curd in the three cottage cheese varieties would likely result in variety differences in quality attributes.
Highly-charged ions at electron-volt energies and below: Production, storage, and measurements

Abstract Goals of thermal multicharged ions for collision and spectroscopic studies, and of subthermal antiprotons for gravitational tests and atomic and nuclear measurements, lead to requirements of capture, confinement, and cooling of these charges. Storage of recoil ions in a radio-frequency trap, synchrotron radiation production of stored multicharged ions near room temperature, and external injection of ions into a Penning trap are discussed, and used as a basis for speculations on achieving higher charge states, lower energies, and neutral antimatter.
Lack of effect of chronically administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on regional rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity.

Abstract Chronic treatment of adult male rats with TRH (1 or 10 mg/kg IP) for 5 or 9 days failed to alter the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the enzyme regulating the rate-limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis. In contrast, as previously described, chronic reserpine administration (0.5 mg/kg IP: 9 days) resulted in a significant rise in TH activity in midbrain, hypothalamus, pons-medulla and forebrain. These results suggest that the enhanced brain norepinphrine turnover reported to occur after treatment with TRH is not due to synthesis of new TH enzyme protein.
A Pivotal Time for Hybrid PET/MR Imaging Technology

INTRODUCTION PET and MRI are well-established medical imaging techniques that have become valuable clinical and research tools. However, the incapability of PET to provide adequate assessment of molecular and metabolic behavior of tissue has limited the capabilities of PET and MR techniques used separately, each providing different but complementary information. The combination of PET and MRI’s complementary data can forseeably enable truly simultaneous acquisition and bridge the gap between molecular and anatomical diagnosis criteria [1]. The first endeavors to perform PET imaging in strong static magnetic fields were inspired by the requirement to reduce the range of positrons before they are annihilated through magnetic confinement of emitted positrons. It was demonstrated throughMonteCarlo simulation studies that the transaxial spatial resolution could be improved without affecting axial resolution when a magnetic field collinear with the imager axis is used [2]. This is achieved by the Lorentz force, which acts on the positrons with a velocity vector component perpendicular to the magnetic field such that the positrons will spiral between particle interactions with matter, thus reducing positron range especially for high-energy positron emitting radionuclides. The predicted improvement in spatial resolution for high-energy positron emitters was reported in the reference above to vary between 18.5% (2.73 mm instead of 3.35 mm) for Ga-68 and 26.8% (2.68 mm
An Internal Model Control Anti-Windup Scheme With Improved Performance for Input Saturation Via Loop Shaping

Proposed here is a new approach for synthesizing an internal model control (IMC) anti-windup (AW) compensator for a stable plant subject to input saturation. Built on the conventional IMC AW scheme, which preserves the stability robustness of the unconstrained system, the proposed linear AW compensator improves the performance of the constrained system. The analysis conducted through the loop decomposition of the AW system clearly reveals the impacts of the AW compensator on the closed-loop stability and performance. Loop shaping techniques are executed to design the AW compensator. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated using a numerical example.
Further characterization of a somatic cell mutant defective in regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.

Two enzymes of mammalian cellular mevalonate biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase and HMG-CoA reductase, have been shown to be regulated by exogenous sterols. It has been demonstrated that these enymes are regulated, at least in part, by transcriptional control of their synthesis. We have previously described a somatic cell mutant (CR1) of the CHO-K1 cell line that is defective in regulation of the activity of these enzymes in response to exogenous sterols. In this report, we demonstrate that this mutant is defective in regulation of the mRNA levels for HMG-CoA reductase and HMG-CoA synthase by 25-hydroxycholesterol and mevinolin. In the case of HMG-CoA reductase, this loss of apparent transcriptional control is not accompanied by a comparable loss in regulation of synthesis of this enzyme. This observation is consistent with prior studies suggesting that HMG-CoA reductase can be regulated translationally. We also show that CR1 cells exhibit a constitutively rapid rate of degradation of HMG-CoA reductase.
A Statistical Representation of Wind Events in the Great Lakes

Abstract We have analyzed hourly observations of overtake wind speed obtained from the eight National Data Buoy Center buoys deployed in the Great Lakes to determine the long-term (10 to 12 year) statistical characteristics of wind events over the lakes. We find that a generalized double-exponential model accurately describes both the return period and the duration of the wind events observed at each buoy, with only slight spatial variations in the model parameters. Wind observations made at several shore stations on Lake Michigan and filtered through a simple overland-overlake wind model confirm the model parameter values determined from the buoy measurements. The generalized function will be useful for engineering and climatological studies of the effects of winds on the Great Lakes.
Antimalarial activity and toxicity of Garcinia mangostana Linn.

Abstract Objective To investigate the antimalarial activity and toxicity of the crude ethanolic extract of its pericarp both in vitro and in vivo . Methods The antimalarial activity of Garcinia mangostana ( G. mangostana ) Linn. extract against 3D7 and K1 Plasmodium falciparum ( P. falciparum ) clone were assessed using SYBR green I-based assay. A 4-day suppressive test of Plasmodium berghei ( P. berghei ) infected mouse was performed to investigate in vivo antimalarial activity. Results The in vitro antimalarial activity was selective (SI > 5) and classified as weak and good to moderate activity against both 3D7 and K1 P. falciparum clones with median IC 50 (range) values of 11.12 (10.94–11.29) and 7.54 (6.80–7.68) μg/mL, respectively. The extract was considered non-toxic to mice. The maximum tolerated doses for acute and subacute toxicity in mice were 5 000 and 2 000 mg/kg, respectively. Median (range) parasite density on day 4 of the negative control group (25% Tween-80), mice treated with 250, 500, 1 000, and 2 000 mg/kg body weight of the extract, and 10 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine for 14 d were 12.8 (12.2–13.7), 11.4 (9.49–13.8), 11.6 (9.9–12.5), 11.7 (10.6–12.8), 10.9 (9.4–11.6) and 0 (0–0)% respectively. Parasite density on day 4 in the control group treated with Tween-80 was higher than the groups treated with chloroquine and all dose levels of the extract. Conclusions G. mangostana Linn. showed weak antimalarial activity of the extract both in vitro and in vivo could be due to limitation of absorption of the active compounds.
A defense of statistical power analysis

Chow attacks statistical power analysis on theoretical grounds. I argue that if significance testing is defensible, so is power analysis. A number of Chow's criticisms seem to suggest that power analysts are confused about certain fundamental issues. I claim that few power analysts make the mistakes Chow describes. Finally, I address Chow's claim that power analysis is irrelevant to NHSTP because it deals with a different issue.
Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests

Recent work on social movement recruitment emphasizes the importance of pre-existing social networks and underestimates that of cognitive cultural messages, which are sometimes transmitted across these networks, but at other times are broadcast to strangers. In the absence of networks, moral shocks may be necessary for recruiting strangers, and the most effective ones are conveyed by powerful condensing symbols. Even those researchers who have examined the “frames” necessary for recruitment have been unduly influenced by the social-network exemplar, overlooking broader cultural “themes” in society at large. Through surveys of animal rights and anti-nuclear protestors, we distinguish two mechanisms of recruitment to protest, one based primarily on appeals to new recruits, the other on activating existing networks. Fewer animal rights protestors rated family, friends, and previous activism in other causes as reasons for their animal rights participation; they were often recruited directly by moral shocks in the form of visual and verbal rhetoric.
Dynamics of Earthquake Normal Faulting: Two-Dimensional Lattice Particle Model

A 2D lattice particle model is used to simulate the dynamic rupture process of a normal fault. The system equations for the particle motions are solved numerically by the finite-difference method, under a given block boundary condition. The flexibility of the implementation of a 2D lattice particle model to simulate an earthquake dynamic process was demonstrated in previous modeling of a shallow angle thrust fault (Shi et al. , 1998). Numerical results indicate that the particle motions (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) along the fault are discontinuous both in the fault-parallel and fault-normal directions, with a localized slip rupture and localized fault separation. In the vicinity of the fault outcrop (the position at which the fault intersects with the free surface), the particle velocity and acceleration increase rapidly, both on the hanging wall and the footwall. The particle motions on the hanging wall are larger than those on the footwall. These motions are amplified as the fault scarp develops (rupture breaks out at the surface), with strong asymmetry between the hanging wall and the footwall. Along the free surface, as the distance from the fault outcrop increases, the particle velocity and acceleration decrease rapidly on the footwall and less rapidly on the hanging wall. The asymmetrical particle motion results from the geometrical effect of the dip of the fault, the free surface, and the dynamic source rupture. The combination of all of these effects causes a strong asymmetry in stress when the rupture pulse approaches the free surface. The dynamically propagating rupture is characterized by a ramp slip time function accompanied with fault opening. The slip pulse becomes sharper when the rupture approaches the free surface; consequentially, the hanging wall in the vicinity of the fault exhibits a large vibration, which generates a strong surface wave propagating along the free surface away from the fault scarp on the hanging-wall side. This result is similar but significantly different from the numerical simulation of a normal fault with a moving double-couple dislocation source (Benz and Smith, 1988). In addition, the numerical result is qualitatively in agreement with recent foam-rubber experiments (Brune and Anooshehpoor, 1999) and similar to results from a finite-element simulation (Oglesby et al. , 1998; Oglesby, 1999). Comparing with a 2D strike-slip fault and thrust fault, the particle motions in the vicinity of the normal fault on the free surface are smaller for a same-size rupture pulse.
Pure nuclear quadrupole resonance of naturally abundant 17O in organic solids

Abstract A sensitive nuclear double resonance method enables measurement of naturally abundant 17 O nuclear quadrupole resonance transition frequencies in powdered organic compounds. The nuclear quadrupole parameters enable the identification of resonances from CO, COH, and COC groups in a set of compounds.
Candida Retinitis in Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome

Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) is a rare, severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by lack of expression of HLA A, B and C antigens and the absence of B2 microglobulins. Patients with BLS exhibit functional deficiency of both T and B cells resulting in bacterial as well as viral and fungal infection. Ophthalmic findings in this group of disorders have not been reported. We present a case of candida retinitis in a terminally ill 5-year-old girl with BLS.