cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The instability of partisanship due to context

Abstract Recent research shows that certain conditions can lead to change in party attachment by individuals. This essay develops and tests three hypotheses derived from the established literature that suggest individual partisanship is unstable. These tests are arrayed in increasing order of complexity. How the length of residence affects partisanship is addressed. A second test asks if the information flow during elections contributes to change in party attachment. The third test looks at the way interaction among partisans affects partisanship. Strong instability is indicated through interaction effects not found in the other models. The consequences for vote-choice models are addressed.
A cooled infrared telescope for the Space Shuttle - The Spacelab Infrared Telescope Facility /SIRTF/

NASA has completed a preliminary design study of a 1.2 m, cooled infrared telescope for use on 7 to 28 day Spacelab missions. Beryllium optics, cooled to below 20 K with supercritical helium, are used. Noise in the infrared telescope will be less by a factor of 1,000 than that of ground-based telescopes operating at 10 microns (when the telescopes are operated over comparable bandwidths and fields of view). The Spacelab infrared telescope facility will enable astronomers to see more than 30 times deeper into the universe than is now possible over most of its 5-200 microns optimum spectral range. Such capability will initiate a spectacular advance in our knowledge and understanding of the cool regions of the universe where molecules and dust are the predominant radiators and absorbers.
Stereoselective syntheses of γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated esters: An asymmetric version of the “spac” reaction

Abstract Double diastereoselection in the S ulfoxide P iperidine A nd C arbonyl ( SPAC ) reactions of sulfinyl acetate esters (2) with α-unsubstituted aldehydes (3) has been investigated to facilitate asymmetric syntheses of γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated esters (1) .
Development, disease, and regeneration of tissues in the dental-craniofacial complex.

This special issue of BioMed Research International focuses on the theme of development, disease, and regeneration of tissues in the dental-craniofacial complex, highlighting dynamic research that makes this an exciting area of biomedical research. Dental and craniofacial diseases have significant implications for the oral and systemic health of the general public. The dental-craniofacial tissues, more than any other tissue and organ of the body, are key for communication and mastication. We are delighted to present in this special issue of biomed research international a glimpse into diseases of dental and craniofacial tissues, biology in development, and therapeutic innovations. The theme was chosen in order to include fundamental basic science research highlighting normal developmental processes and cases where these go awry (including disease models), as well as translational and clinical papers investigating therapeutic strategies for repair and regeneration of tissues. The aim of this introduction is to highlight central concepts of the 11 individual papers under each theme and further illuminate topics to be found in the papers and throughout the special issue.
Linking leaders’ beliefs to their behaviors and competencies

Discusses how competency models are used with the intent to improve managers’ leadership skills. Determines that competency models will not result in any substantive changes in behaviors because they fail to address managers’ fundamental beliefs about the practice of business. A new construct is presented for conventional management practice that shows how leader’s beliefs lead to behaviors, which, in turn, lead to competencies that most managers would find undesirable. The beliefs, behaviors, and competencies of leaders skilled in the lean management system are presented in contrast and shown to be remarkably different from that possessed by managers skilled in conventional management practices. The results illustrate important limitations of leadership competency models. The development of new leadership competencies is re‐framed as a change‐over problem. Coupled with kaizen, competencies that better serve the interests of a business and its key stakeholders can be more effectively realized.
KINDRED POLITICAL RHETORIC: BLACK MAYORS, PRESIDENT OBAMA, AND THE UNIVERSALIZING OF BLACK INTERESTS

ABSTRACT:This article examines the rhetorical strategies of black mayors Jack Ford and Rhine McLin and their efforts to represent black interests in majority-white cities and compares the strategies to those of President Obama. Using polling data, speech content analysis, and census data, the article identifies that all three black politicians were able to rhetorically advance policies and programs designed to represent black interests with majority-white constituencies. The results indicate that when black interest policy actions are framed utilizing a targeted universalistic rhetorical strategy, mayors Ford and McLin and President Obama each advanced black interests as they detailed how their proposed initiatives benefited all citizens. At the local and federal levels, the finding exposes the limits of the deracialization perspective and indicates how the advance of black interests can be achieved while maintaining significant white electoral and governing support.
Rosewood polyphenols alter phenoloxidase activity from the mantle of the marine bivalve mollusc, Modiolus demissus dillwyn

Abstract Phenoloxidase from the mantle of the marine bivalve Modiolus demissus Dillwyn slowly catalyzes the oxidation of the rosewood ingredient obtusastyrene (Km 0.13 mM, Vmax 0.30 mM/min/mg). However, in the presence of another rosewood ingredient, obtusaquinone, the oxidation rate is increased to a limiting maximal velocity of 11 mM obtusastyrene/min/mg, without a concommitant change in the Km. The oxidation products of either the slow reaction or the obtusaquinone-enhanced reaction inhibit the catechol dehydrogenase function of phenoloxidase. The phenoloxidase-modifying properties of obtusaquinone and obtusastyrene may be related to the inhibition of shell formation in wood-boring bivalve larvae settling on rosewood.
A note on the no premature exercise condition of dividend payout unprotected american call options: A clarification

Abstract It is shown that Merlon's sufficient condition for no rational premature exercise of a dividend payout unprotected American call option is frequently misunderstood and used incorrectly in the finance literature when applied to the multiple dividend case. This is especially true in papers we receive to review for journals. The purpose of this note is to clarify understanding of the no premature exercise condition.
Enhancing Communication and Language Development in Young Children With Developmental Delays and Disorders

In this article, we present an overview of past and present research on early communication and language intervention at the John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development. First, we present three basic premises that inform most research on early communication and language intervention at the Kennedy Center. Second, we present brief summaries of seven lines of contemporary research by Kennedy Center investigators that have and continue to influence the development of effective communication and language intervention approaches. Several basic findings that have emerged from this
Interferon-gamma sensitizes the human salivary gland cell line, HSG, to tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced activation of dual apoptotic pathways.

Activated immune cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon–gamma (IFN-gamma) and Fas ligand (FasL) and these cytokines have been reported to induce apoptosis in numerous cell types. Apoptotic cell death has been associated with the progression of numerous autoimmune diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines are reportedly involved in apoptosis in the salivary glands of patients with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS); an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of salivary and lachrymal glands. In this study, we used the HSG cell line to determine if exposure to proinflammatory cytokines induces apoptosis in human salivary gland cells. In addition, we identified the mediators controlling the apoptotic process in response to TNF alpha and IFN gamma. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induced apoptosis in HSG cells and resulted in the activation of caspase 8 and the “death receptor” pathway. We further determined that caspase 9 and the “mitochondrial” pathway was also activated. Induction of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in HSG cells resulted in substrate cleavage by effector caspases, in particular the cleavage of alpha II spectrin, an autoantigen in Sjogren’s syndrome. Our results suggest that HSG cells provide a model system to study processes regulating proinflammatory cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death.
Vibrational spectroscopy of fossils

Over the last two decades, there has an been increasing interest in applying vibrational spectroscopy in palaeontological research. For example, this chemical analytical technique has been used to elucidate the chemical composition of a wide variety of fossils, including Archaean putative microfossils, stromatolites, chitinozoans, acritarchs, fossil algae, fossil plant cuticles, putative fossil arthropods, conodonts, scolecodonts and dinosaur bones. The insights provided by these data have been equally far ranging: to taxonomically identify a fossil, to determine biogenicity of a putative fossil, to identify preserved biologically synthesized compounds and to elucidate the preservational mechanisms of fossil material. Vibrational spectroscopy has clearly been a useful tool for investigating various palaeontological problems. However, it is also a tool that has been misapplied and misinterpreted, and thus, this review is dedicated to providing a palaeontologist who is new to vibrational spectroscopy with a basic understanding of these techniques, and the types of chemical information that can be obtained. Two example applications of these techniques are discussed in detail, one looking into fossil palynomorph taxonomy and other into the enigmatic Burgess Shale-type preservation.
Does "hidden undercuffing" occur among obese patients? Effect of arm sizes and other predictors of the difference between wrist and upper arm blood pressures.

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:82–88. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Arm size can affect the accuracy of blood pressure (BP) measurement, and “undercuffing” of large upper arms is likely to be a growing problem. Therefore, the authors investigated the relationship between upper arm and wrist readings. Upper arm and wrist circumferences and BP were measured in 261 consecutive patients. Upper arm auscultation and wrist BP was measured in triplicate, rotating measurements every 30 seconds between sites. Upper arm BP was 131.9±20.6/71.6±12.6 mm Hg in an obese population (body mass index, 30.6±6.6 kg/m2) with mean upper arm size of 30.7±5.1 cm. Wrist BP was higher (2.6±9.2 mm Hg and 4.9±6.6 mm Hg, respectively, P<.001); however, there was moderate concordance for the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) strata (κ value=0.27–0.71), and the difference was ≥5 mm Hg in 72% of the patients. The authors conclude that there was poor concordance between arm and wrist BP measurement and found no evidence that “hidden undercuffing” was associated with obesity; therefore, they do not support routine use of wrist BP measurements.
Zeolite-modified carbon paste electrode for selective monitoring of dopamine

Zeolite-Y-modified carbon paste electrodes display a preferential incorporation of the neurotransmitters dopamine and epinephrine, while rejecting the anionic ascorbate species. The greatly enhanced selectivity accrued from the ion-exchange properties of the zeolite particles is demonstrated using cyclic voltammetric, batch amperometric and flow-injection voltammetric experiments. Experimental parameters affecting the uptake of dopamine, including the solution pH and ionic strength or zeolite loading, are explored. The attractive properties of zeolite-modified electrodes could be valuable for in-vivo brain electrochemistry.
Local Field Enhancement of Pillar Nanosurfaces for SERS

We present studies on the analysis and characterization of a unique nanosurface used for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. The optical properties of a nanostructure composed of dielectric pillars that support plasmonic nanoparticles have been investigated. A theoretical analysis has been performed to determine the structural properties that localize the electric field around the silver disk. We define an enhancement factor in terms of the local field integrated over the nanoparticle surface and find that this figure of merit varies considerably depending upon the pillar attributes. An analytic model is presented and validated via full wave analysis, which elucidates the optical effects occurring in the nanostructure. Starting from the basic phenomenology associated with a single pillar structure, we show that several different effects combine to create a global resonance.
An evaluation of biofeedback assessment and training paradigms

Abstract The present paper reviews areas which have hindered biofeedback progress during the past decade and should be addressed by future research. First, the six hypothetical models of how biofeedback results in efficacious outcomes are summarized. Second, the possible theories of psychophysiological response disregulation are reviewed. Third, the behavior change training and assessment issues involved in all biofeedback studies are articulated. Finally, a research paradigm for biofeedback investigation is proposed which, if used, could help to clarify whether acquisition of voluntary control of autonomic responses is possible and whether such control is effective in altering the course of a psychophysiological disorder.
Interaction of drought and high temperature on photosynthesis and grain-filling of wheat

Drought and high temperature often occur simultaneously, but their effects on crops are usually investigated individually. Our objective was to compare effects of drought, high temperature, and their interactions on photosynthesis and grain-growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants (cv. Len) were grown uniformly in well-watered soil at 25/20 ± 2 °C day/night until anthesis, when they were subjected to regimes of no drought (soil at field capacity) and drought (plant water potential of −.0 to −2.4 MPa) at 15/10, 25/20, and 35/30 °C in controlled environments until physiological maturity. Drought decreased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, viable leaf area, shoot and grain mass, and weight and soluble sugar content of kernels but increased plant water-use efficiency. High temperature hastened the decline in photosynthesis and leaf area, decreased shoot and grain mass as well as weight and sugar content of kernels, and reduced water-use efficiency. Interactions between the two stresses were pronounced, and consequences of drought on all physiological parameters were more severe at high temperature than low temperature. The synergistic interactions indicated that productivity of wheat is reduced considerably more by the combined stresses than by either stress alone, and that much of the effect is on photosynthetic processes.
Induced airflow in flying insects II. Measurement of induced flow

The flapping wings of insects and birds induce a strong flow over their body during flight. Although this flow influences the sensory biology and physiology of a flying animal, there are very little data on the characteristics of this self-generated flow field or its biological consequences. A model proposed in the companion paper estimated the induced flow over flying insects. In this study, we used a pair of hot wire anemometers to measure this flow at two locations near the body of a tethered flapping hawk moth, Manduca sexta. The axial inflow anemometer measured the airflow prior to its entry into the stroke plane, whereas the radial outflow anemometer measured the airflow after it crossed the stroke plane. The high temporal resolution of the hot wire anemometers allowed us to measure not only the mean induced flow but also subtle higher frequency disturbances occurring at 1-4 times the wing beat frequency. These data provide evidence for the predictions of a mathematical model proposed in the companion paper. Specifically, the absolute value of the measured induced flow matches the estimate of the model. Also, as predicted by the model, the induced flow varies linearly with wing beat frequency. Our experiments also show that wing flexion contributes significantly to the observed higher frequency disturbances. Thus, the hot wire anemometry technique provides a useful means to quantify the aerodynamic signature of wing flexion. The phasic and tonic components of induced flow influence several physiological processes such as convective heat loss and gas exchange in endothermic insects, as well as alter the nature of mechanosensory and olfactory stimuli to the sensory organs of a flying insect.
Representation of Future and Previous Spatial Goals by Separate Neural Populations in Prefrontal Cortex

The primate prefrontal cortex plays a central role in choosing goals, along with a wide variety of additional functions, including short-term memory. In the present study, we examined neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex as monkeys used abstract response strategies to select one of three spatial goals, a selection that depended on their memory of the most recent previous goal. During each trial, the monkeys selected a future goal on the basis of events from the previous trial, including both the symbolic visual cue that had appeared on that trial and the previous goal that the monkeys had selected. When a symbolic visual cue repeated from the previous trial, the monkeys stayed with their previous goal as the next (future) goal; when the cue changed, the monkeys shifted from their previous goal to one of the two remaining locations as their future goal. We found that prefrontal neurons had activity that reflected either previous goals or future goals, but only rarely did individual cells reflect both. This finding suggests that essentially separate neural networks encode these two aspects of spatial information processing. A failure to distinguish previous and future goals could lead to two kinds of maladaptive behavior. First, wrongly representing an accomplished goal as still pending could cause perseveration or compulsive checking, two disorders commonly attributed to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. Second, mistaking a pending goal as already accomplished could cause the failures of omission that occur commonly in dementia.
Production of corn zein microparticles with loaded lysozyme directly extracted from hen egg white using spray drying: Extraction studies

Abstract Feasibility of achieving sustained release of lysozyme by encapsulation in corn zein using spray drying was examined. To reduce the materials cost, this part of work focused on partially purifying lysozyme from hen egg white using 30–90% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, adjusted to pH 3.0–9.24. After extraction for up to 24 h and centrifugation, the purification performance was evaluated for the supernatant. Extraction was insignificantly affected by kinetics ( P = 0.6186) but was inefficient at pH above 5.0 and above 60% ethanol. The optimal extraction was achieved at 50% ethanol and pH 3.5. Further, most of the lysozyme precipitated from the 50% ethanol (at pH 3.5) extract after increasing ethanol concentration to 90% but was completely recovered after diluting the precipitate back to 50% ethanol. Findings from this work may lead to low-cost encapsulation technologies using partially-purified lysozyme, such as spray drying.
Optimal data acquisition for volumetric intracoronary ultrasound

Three-dimensional analysis using intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) pull-back data provides the unique ability to quantitate lumen and atherosclerotic plaque volumes. Optimal data acquisition parameters for volumetric acquisition were established using simulations on computer phantoms of stenotic arteries. Eleven computer phantoms were generated using cross-sectional area data from quantitative angiography of stenotic coronary arteries. Three methods of data acquisition were simulated: conventional manual pull-back; motorized pull-back; and manual pull-back with measured displacement. Effects of pull-back velocity and cardiac gating on cross-sectional area profiles and volumes were studied. Cardiac gating eliminated errors introduced by vessel deformation within a cardiac cycle. With cardiac gating, pull-backs with mean velocities up to 1.2 mm/sec allowed reconstruction of cross-sectional area profiles within 5% RMS error. With faster pull-backs, cardiac gating resulted in sparse spatial sampling and significant errors in cross-sectional area profiles. The accuracy of both motorized and measured required equal displacements of the catheter proximal and distal ends. This assumption was validated with in vitro experiments where X-ray fluoroscopy was used to measure the displacement of the imaging tip. Excellent correlation was found between the two displacements (r = 0.99). Finally, slow pull-backs were performed by 3 operators, and pull-back velocities were measured. It was found that mean pull-back velocities as low as 0.8 mm/sec were achievable. From our simulations, we predict that accurate volumetric analysis requires cardiac gated, calibrated, slow (< 1.2 mm/sec) pull-backs.
Intrathecal opioid conversions: the importance of lipophilicity.

An intrathecal opioid infusion using an implanted programmable pump is frequently used for controlling refractory pain. Morphine, which is the only opioid presently approved by the FDA for use in such pumps, occasionally fails to work or is not tolerated by the patient; therefore other opioids are considered for infusions. When switching from one drug to another, it is important to consider not only equianalgesic dose conversions, but also lipophilicity. We report on three cases that demonstrate the need to use only a fraction of the equianalgesic dose when shifting from lipophilic to nonlipophilic opioids in such infusions.
Torsion Dystonia in Children.

Medical treatment of childhood-onset dystonia can lead to substantial improvement of the condition, often with much more pronounced benefit than in adults. The authors give every patient a trial of levodopa to assess the possible diagnosis of dopa-responsive dystonia, followed-up with centrally acting anticholinergics such as trihexiphenydil. If needed, baclofen or clonazepam is added or substituted. In focal dystonia or segmental and generalized dystonia with prominent involvement of specific muscle groups, botulinum toxin injections are often used. Pallidal deep brain stimulation is offered to selected patients with medically refractory dystonia. Treatment of secondary dystonias, caused by such conditions as Wilson’s disease, requires therapy for the underlying disorder. Physical therapy, splints, and occupational therapy can be useful in some patients. The authors do not use intrathecal baclofen unless there is evidence of accompanying spasticity.
A shift from adaptive to innate immunity : a potential mechanism of disease progression in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is postulated to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterised by a relapsing-remitting stage followed by a secondary progressive phase. The relapsing remitting phase may involve waves of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells that infiltrate the nervous system, provoking a clinical attack. The activity of these cells is modulated by other populations of regulatory T cells and the balance between the pro-inflammatory and regulatory T cells is critical for determining disease activity. Promoting the activity of regulatory cells is a potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy, and probably contributes to the action of glatiramer acetate. The progressive phase of multiple sclerosis is believed to be secondary to neurodegenerative changes triggered by inflammation. The status of the innate immune system and its relationship to the stages of multiple sclerosis has been poorly defined until recently. However, recent data suggest that these results demonstrate abnormalities of dendritic cell activation or maturation may underlie the transition to the progressive phase of the disease. Preventing this transition, perhaps by acting at the level of the innate immune system, is an important treatment goal. The identification of biomarkers to predict disease course and treatment response is a major challenge in multiple sclerosis research. Studies using antigen arrays have identified antibody patterns related to CNS antigens and heat-shock proteins that are associated with different disease stages and with response to therapy. In the future, such antibody repertoires could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with multiple sclerosis, for matching treatments to individual patients and, potentially, to identify healthy individuals at risk for this autoimmune disease.
How does a centralized computer center with a large mainframe adapt to the introduction of lots of micros

Over the past ten years or so many computer centers have made the transition from large, centralized batch machines to large, centralized timesharing machines. This was a carefully planned move controlled largely by the central site. Today an even more revolutionary transition is underway: the introduction of microcomputers. This new change is often not being led by the central site and is rarely under the control of any central authority.How can the central site manage the influx of micros under these circumstances? Can micros be supported by the central site and should they be? How does one manage the “threats” to the central site by the introduction of micros? What can be done to ensure that productivity goes up with the introduction of micros? What can be done to ensure that productivity goes up with the introduction of micros? What role should the central site play, if any, in this new revolution? How are user services organization altered by the introduction of micros?
Synthesis and photolysis of the five possible isomeric phenyl-hexamethyltrisilyl-(cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) complexes: (η5-C5H5) Fe(CO)2 Si3 Me6Ph

Abstract Isomeric phenyl-hexamethyltrisilyliron complexes of the type (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO) 2 Si 3 Me 6 Ph, FpSi 3 Me 6 Ph ( I–V ) have been synthesized, characterized, and photolysed in an inert solvent. Separate photolyses of the linear Fp complexes, e.g. FpSiMe 2 SiMe 2 SiMe 2 Ph ( III ), result in the transient formation of intermediate isomeric 2-substituted trisilyl Fp complexes, FpSiMe(SiMe 3 ) (SiMe 2 Ph) ( IV ) and FpSiPh(SiMe 3 ) 2 (V) which photodeoligomerize to FpSiMe 3 and FpSiMe 2 Ph via the intermediacy of Fp disilyl complexes. The product distribution from the photolyses of the Fp complexes is in accord with a mechanism involving equilibrating silyl(silylene) iron complexes. The two branched silyl complexes, FpSiPh(SiMe 3 ) 2 and FpSiMe(SiMe 3 ) (SiMe 2 Ph), isomerize prior to formation of the disilanes whereas the linear trisilanes and disilanes do not interconvert.
Diverse Roles of RNA Polymerase II-associated Factor 1 Complex in Different Subpathways of Nucleotide Excision Repair

Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) and global genomic repair (GGR) are two pathways of nucleotide excision repair (NER). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rad26 is important but not absolutely required for TCR. Rpb4, a nonessential RNA polymerase II (Pol II) subunit that forms a subcomplex with Rpb7, and the Spt4-Spt5 complex, a transcription elongation factor, have been shown to suppress Rad26-independent TCR. The Pol II-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C) has been shown to function in transcription elongation, 3′-processing of mRNAs, and posttranslational modification of histones. Here we show that Paf1C plays a marginal role in facilitating Rad26-dependent TCR but significantly suppresses Rad26-independent TCR. The suppression of Rad26-independent TCR is achieved by cooperating with Spt4-Spt5. We propose a model that, in the absence of Rad26, a lesion is “locked” in the active center of a Pol II elongation complex, which is stabilized by the coordinated interactions of Rpb4-Rpb7, Spt4-Spt5, and Paf1C with each other and with the core Pol II. We also found that Paf1C facilitates GGR, especially in internucleosomal linker regions. The facilitation of GGR is achieved through enabling monoubiquitination of histone H2B lysine 123 by Bre1, which in turn permits di- and trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 79 by Dot1. To our best knowledge, among the NER-modulating factors documented so far, Paf1C appears to have the most diverse functions in different NER pathways or subpathways.
A crystal plasticity FE model for deformation with twin nucleation in magnesium alloys

Abstract Magnesium alloys exhibit complex deformation related mechanical behavior, viz. plastic anisotropy, tension–compression asymmetry and premature failure. Their origins are in the underlying heterogeneous deformation due to dislocation slip and micro-twin formation on different crystallographic systems. Reliable prediction of mechanical response and failure is predicated upon the ability of computational models of polycrystalline microstructures to accurately simulate such deformational heterogeneity and localization. In this paper a physically-motivated non-local crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model is developed for dislocation-mediated heterogeneous deformation of single and polycrystalline Mg alloys leading to micro-twin nucleation. The CPFE model uses image-based virtual polycrystalline microstructures for its simulations and is able to effectively represent stress and deformation patterns in the intra- and inter-granular regions. A micro-twin nucleation criteria is proposed from energy-partitioning following the dislocation dissociation process. The CPFE simulations of polycrystalline microstructures show satisfactory agreement with experimental observations. CPFEM studies on large grain aggregates using this criteria, reveal the critical role of crystallographic orientation and grain boundaries on micro-twin formation.
Thermal motion from monte carlo simulations of aqueous ionic solutions

The statistical pattern recognition procedure of Marchese and Beveridge for the analysis of Monte Carlo simulations of aqueous ionic solutions [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 3713 (1984)] has been extended to include average hydrogen positions as well as oxygen positions. In addition, thermal ellipsoids have been calculated for each atom and displayed graphically. Application of this procedure to the analysis of a dilute aqueous solution of Zn++ reveals an octahedral arrangement of water molecules within the ion's first hydration shell. The thermal ellipsoids show that most of the water motion is manifest in the hydrogen atoms.
Extraction of Platinum and Palladium with Bis(2, 4, 4-trimethylpentyl)- phosphinodithioic Acid

The extraction of platinum(II) and/or palladium(II) with bis(2, 4, 4-trimethylpenty)phosphinodithioic acid from chloride solution has been studied. Extraction from heptane is more rapid than that from chloroform. The effect of tetraheptylammonium chloride, tetraheptylammonium thiocyanate and thiourea on the extraction of platinum(II) is examined. The rate of extraction of platinum(II) is considerably enhanced by the addition of thiourea. A rapid method for the separation of palladium(II) and platinum(II) based on the kinetic effect is proposed. Palladium(II) is first selectively extracted quantitatively into chloroform, and then platinum(II) is quantitatively (97±3%) extracted into heptane from 0.1M chloride solution containing thiourea.
Posttraumatic High Flow Internal Pudendal Artery-Urethral Fistula

A case of posttraumatic fistula of the internal pudendal artery-urethra is reported. The patient was referred with prolonged pulsatile gross hematuria requiring multiple blood transfusions after a motor vehicle accident. Associated injuries included a comminuted pubic ramus fracture. Initial uroradiographic evaluations did not identify the site of origin of hematuria but eventually selective angiography allowed diagnosis. Selective arterial embolization of the internal pudendal artery provided definitive treatment.
Taking Teaching Back to Humanity: A Review of Finding Joy in Teaching Students of Diverse Backgrounds: Culturally Responsive and Socially Just Practices in U.S. Classrooms, by Sonia Nieto

Joy. It’s not a buzzword or common term heard in educational discourse or policy these days. While we hear about standardized testing, accountability, evaluation, Common Core standards, and general...
Multiprogrammering — en orientering

The need for effective utilization of computer facilities has resulted in a great interest in parallel processing of several independent programs on a computer.
Bacterial contents of the anal and castor glands of beaver (Castor canadensis)

Bacterial contents of both the anal gland and castor gland of the beaver (Castor canadensis) were determined. Using our culture methods, no bacteria were isolated from the castor glands, but the anal gland contained high numbers of the aerobeEscherichia coli and the anaerobeBacteroides fragilis. The latter may be represented by several variants but facilities were not available for advanced anaerobic analysis. The relative numbers of each bacterial group and the group present were constant regardless of sex, age class, or colony of beaver. The bacterial fermentation hypothesis is rejected for castor gland section but remains possible for anal gland secretions based on variations seen inB. fragilis. The role of the products of both the castor gland and anal gland are discussed in relationship to scent communication in beaver.
Metabolism of platelet-activating factor by rat alveolar macrophages: lyso-PAF as an obligatory intermediate in the formation of alkylarachidonoyl glycerophosphocholine species

Abstract 1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylacetyl-GPC; platelet-activating factor; PAF) is actively taken up and metabolized by rat alveolar macrophages maintained in culture. The major metabolic products are lyso-PAF (alkyllyso-GPC) and alkylacyl-GPC. Lyso-PAF accumulates primarily in the media, whereas alkylacyl-GPC is predominantly associated with cellular lipids. The addition of unlabeled lyso-PAF to incubations initiated with [3H]PAF results in an increase in the amount of lyso-[3H]PAF product formed and a decrease in the final product, [3H]alkylacyl-GPC; however, the total amount of [su3H]PAF metabolized remains unchanged. Unlabeled lyso-PAF thus enters the metabolic pool of the cell and competes with the deacetylated product of 3H]PAF, i.e., lyso-PAF, for acylation. High-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that the reacylated product derived from lyso-PAF consisted primarily of the arachidonoyl-containing species that exists as the 16:0–20:4 molecular species. These results document that PAF is inactivated in rat alveolar macrophages via a deacetylation-reacylation reaction with lyso-PAF as an obligatory intermediate. The sequestering of arachidonic acid into the PAF precursor pool and the substantial amount of lyso-PAF secreted by macrophages into the extracellular fluid appear to be significant events in the inactivation process.
The seasonal evolution of NMHCs and light alkyl nitrates at middle to high northern latitudes during TOPSE

[1] The Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) experiment was designed to follow the role of photochemistry in the evolution of the springtime maximum of tropospheric ozone (O3) in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) at high latitudes. Determination of the composition and seasonal evolution of volatile organic carbon (VOC) species, which take part in and are good indicators for photochemical processes in the troposphere, was an important part of this study. We report measurements of a large number of C2–C10 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), selected C1–C2 halocarbons, and C1–C4 alkyl nitrates. These gases were quantified in whole air samples collected aboard the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 aircraft at altitudes between 30 m and 8 km. Seven TOPSE sampling trips were flown between early February and mid-May 2000 covering the region from Colorado (40°N) to Churchill (in Manitoba, Canada), Thule (in northern Greenland), and as far north as 85°N. These measurements represent the most comprehensive spatial characterization of the North American Arctic to date and revealed strong latitudinal, vertical, and temporal NMHC gradients. In the midtroposphere north of Churchill (58°N), ΣNMHCs decreased by ∼6.2 ppbC between February and May (1.6 ppbC month−1) and the magnitude of this change diminished with altitude. Over the same period, midtropospheric O3 levels increased by ∼16 ppbv (4.2 ppbv month−1). Free tropospheric NMHC decreases were consistent with removal by hydroxyl (OH) radicals at an average mixing ratio for mid-March to mid-May of 4.1 × 105 mol cm−3. The alkyl nitrates, which are a reservoir species for tropospheric reactive odd nitrogen (NOY), revealed similar latitudinal, vertical, and temporal gradients to their parent NMHCs. Their total decreased by ∼4 pptv month−1, representing 10% or less of NOY. In conjunction with meteorological trajectory analysis, different trace gas signatures provided significant clues to the origins of individual polluted air masses. Several of these air masses were rapidly advected over the Pole from source regions in northeastern and western Europe as well as an air mass that originated over the southwestern United States/Baja California that contained unusually high levels of alkanes. In addition, episodes of low boundary layer (BL) O3 associated with low NMHC mixing ratios and trajectories from over the Arctic Ocean were frequently sampled toward the latter part of the experiment. The TOPSE data described here provide a unique picture of NH trace gas evolution from winter to summer that will be invaluable to models investigating the role that anthropogenic emissions play in high latitude O3 chemistry.
Formal Systems Architectures for Biology

When the word "systems" is used in systems biology, it invokes a variety of assumptions about what defines the subject under investigation, which in turn can lead to divergent research outcomes. We will take the position that systems are defined by their potential organizing and "control" mechanisms, which distinguishes complex, living systems from a primordial soup. This will be accomplished by defining and investigating three interesting control motifs in biological systems: dominoes and clocks, futile cycles, and complex feedforward regulation. Additional mechanisms that combine feedback and feedforward mechanisms will also be briefly elaborated upon. Throughout these examples, our focus will be on the connection between top-down control mechanisms and bottom-up self-organizing mechanisms.
Variation in inbreeding depression among families and populations of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae)

Variation in inbreeding depression among families and populations of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae)
Verification of dosimetric accuracy on the TrueBeam STx: rounded leaf effect of the high definition MLC.

Purpose: The dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) in the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system is determined during commissioning and is used to model the effect of the rounded leaf-end of the multileaf collimator(MLC). This parameter attempts to model the physical difference between the radiation and light field and account for inherent leakage between leaf tips. With the increased use of single fraction high dosetreatments requiring larger monitor units comes an enhanced concern in the accuracy of leakage calculations, as it accounts for much of the patient dose. This study serves to verify the dosimetric accuracy of the algorithm used to model the rounded leaf effect for the TrueBeam STx, and describes a methodology for determining best-practice parameter values, given the novel capabilities of the linear accelerator such as flattening filter free (FFF) treatments and a high definition MLC (HDMLC). Methods: During commissioning, the nominal MLC position was verified and the DLG parameter was determined using MLC-defined field sizes and moving gap tests, as is common in clinical testing.Treatment plans were created, and the DLG was optimized to achieve less than 1% difference between measured and calculated dose. The DLG value found was tested on treatment plans for all energies (6 MV, 10 MV, 15 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV FFF) and modalities (3D conventional, IMRT, conformal arc, VMAT) available on the TrueBeam STx. Results: The DLG parameter found during the initial MLCtesting did not match the leaf gap modeling parameter that provided the most accurate dose delivery in clinical treatment plans. Using the physical leaf gap size as the DLG for the HDMLC can lead to 5% differences in measured and calculated doses. Conclusions: Separate optimization of the DLG parameter using end-to-end tests must be performed to ensure dosimetric accuracy in the modeling of the rounded leaf ends for the Eclipse treatment planning system. The difference in leaf gap modeling versus physical leaf gap dimensions is more pronounced in the more recent versions of Eclipse for both the HDMLC and the Millennium MLC. Once properly commissioned and tested using a methodology based on treatment plan verification, Eclipse is able to accurately model radiationdose delivered for SBRTtreatments using the TrueBeam STx.
Basic Principles of Translational Research

Translational research turns fundamental new science and innovations into a product that has value to the public. The process is difficult because it combines a variety of diverse disciplines and skills from basic science, clinical medicine, engineering, business, public health, laws and regulations. These areas are so wide apart that it is very difficult to combine. The author has engaged in translational research since the early 1980’s and will describe the processes, pitfalls and rewards through typical examples from his projects that include: development of imaging monitored cryosurgery from concept to treatment of hundreds of thousands of patients, transgenes in food engineering from basic science to a twenty year wait for FDA approval, microelectroporation from basic concept to incorporation of the technology by numerous companies and non-thermal irreversible electroporation from basic concept to current clinical use in over 50 hospitals and over thousand treated patients.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Application of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) for Determining the Daily Frozen and Nonfrozen Landscape of Alaska

Abstract The seasonal transition of the land surface between frozen and nonfrozen conditions affects a number of terrestrial processes that cycle between wintertime dormant and summertime active states. The relatively short (2.14 cm) K u -band of the space-borne NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) is sensitive to changes in dielectric properties, associated with large-scale shifts in the relative abundance and phase (frozen or thawed) of canopy and surface water. We used a temporal change detection analysis of NSCAT daily radar backscatter measurements to classify surface freeze/thaw state across a 1.4 million km 2 region of Alaska from January to June 1997. In the spring, radar backscatter measurements showed pronounced decreases (1.6–4.9 dB) relative to reference frozen state conditions, which corresponded with sustained maximum daily air temperature measurements above 0.0°C and total decreases in measured snow depths from 28% to 61% of seasonal maximum values. We classified the daily frozen and nonfrozen area for the region based on the sign (+/−) of the radar backscatter temporal difference relative to frozen and nonfrozen reference conditions. These results compared favorably (e.g., r 2 =0.881; p⩽0.0001) with frozen area estimates derived from the regional weather station network. NSCAT-derived estimates of the timing and spatial variation in regional thaw during spring were also generally consistent with seasonal increases in river discharge for five major Alaska basins. The NSCAT sensor appears to be responsive to changes in dielectric properties associated with surface freeze/thaw transitions over broad boreal and arctic landscapes. Further study involving longer time-series information, alternative radar wavelengths, and finer spatial scales is needed, however, to resolve the various components (i.e., soil, vegetation, snow) of the regional radar freeze/thaw signature for improved monitoring of the circumpolar high latitudes.
Modeling industrial centrifugation of mammalian cell culture using a capillary based scale-down system

Continuous-flow centrifugation is widely utilized as the primary clarification step in the recovery of biopharmaceuticals from cell culture. However, it is a challenging operation to develop and characterize due to the lack of easy to use, small-scale, systems that can be used to model industrial processes. As a result, pilot-scale continuous centrifugation is typically employed to model large-scale systems requiring a significant amount of resources. In an effort to reduce resource requirements and create a system which is easy to construct and utilize, a capillary shear device, capable of producing energy dissipation rates equivalent to those present in the feed zones of industrial disk stack centrifuges, was developed and evaluated. When coupled to a bench-top, batch centrifuge, the capillary device reduced centrate turbidity prediction error from 37% to 4% compared to using a bench-top centrifuge alone. Laboratory-scale parameters that are analogous to those routinely varied during industrial-scale continuous centrifugation were identified and evaluated for their utility in emulating disk stack centrifuge performance. The resulting relationships enable bench-scale process modeling of continuous disk stack centrifuges using an easily constructed, scalable, capillary shear device coupled to a typical bench-top centrifuge.
A Pneumatic Vibrator Created Using Rapid Prototyping Technology for the fMRI Environment

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) promises to grant motor control researchers opportunities to more directly explore neuromotor system dynamics including the role of proprioception. The effects of vibration on proprioception have been well documented including changes in perceived muscle length and lengthening velocity and altered muscle spindle organ firing [1–4]. As such, the combination of vibration of the muscle-tendon with fMRI of the brain can be used to better understand how proprioceptive signals are managed in the brain. However, the strength of the magnetic environment of the fMRI does not easily allow for traditional vibration technologies, such as a DC motor with offset mass, to be used to create the necessary vibratory stimulus to perturb the proprioceptive system. Several researchers have nonetheless successfully designed and implemented various vibration devices to probe the brain in the fMRI environment [5–7].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The subspecialty of pediatric dermatology

Department chairmen of 127 certified pediatric and eighty-six certified dermatology residency programs were surveyed in an attempt to characterize the subspecialty of pediatric dermatology. Responses were received from 114 different institutions. The results indicate that pediatric dermatologists are located mainly in large teaching hospitals (pediatric wards with more than 100 beds or children's hospitals) and selected private practice settings. Fiftyeight percent of pediatric dermatologists are less than 40 years of age. Fortynine percent of these individuals are board-certified in both specialties. Very few "pediatric dermatologists" see pediatric patients exclusively,. Only 200% have a patient population that is composed of more than 75% children. The responses also suggest that professional opportunities in this subspecialty are limited at the present time. (J Am Acad Dermatol 15:123-126, 1986.)