cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of the Hepatitis C Virus care continuum among individuals with an opioid use disorder in substance use treatment.

Abstract Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) risk is elevated for individuals with an opioid use disorder (OUD). Routine HCV testing is recommended for high-risk individuals, including those with an injection drug use history. HCV antibody testing addresses the first step in the HCV treatment care cascade, with uptake and completion of HCV treatment among individuals with chronic HCV as the optimal care cascade endpoint. The aim of this study was to characterize self-reported HCV treatment cascade outcomes among individuals with an OUD in outpatient medication assisted treatment (MAT). Methods Individuals receiving methadone or buprenorphine treatment (N = 202, 67.8% female, M age = 35.0, SD = 8.4) completed a brief, anonymous paper-and-pencil survey examining self-reported history of HCV testing, diagnosis, and treatment. Descriptive statistics characterized HCV treatment cascade outcomes. Results A majority (79.3%) endorsed a lifetime HCV testing history; 34.9% were tested for HCV during the past year. Of those with a lifetime HCV testing history, 42.7% indicated they have been told they have HCV (n = 67/157), with 21% (n = 14/67) of those individuals reporting that they have been told they have chronic HCV, and 71.4% (n = 10/14) of those with chronic HCV reporting receipt of HCV treatment. Discussion Results underscore gaps in the HCV care continuum among individuals with OUD in MAT. Interventions to increase uptake of HCV testing, communication of HCV diagnostic and treatment information by medical providers, linkage to HCV medical care, and uptake and adherence to HCV treatment are urgently needed, particularly among individuals with an OUD in MAT.
Wrong-Site Surgery in California, 2007-2014

Objective The implementation of a universal surgical safety protocol in 2004 was intended to minimize the prevalence of wrong-site surgery (WSS). However, complete elimination of WSS in the operating room continues to be a challenge. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and etiology of WSS in the state of California. Study Design A retrospective study of all WSS reports investigated by the California Department of Public Health between 2007 and 2014. Methods Prevalence of overall and specialty-specific WSS, causative factors, and recommendations on further improvement are discussed. Results A total of 95 cases resulted in incident reports to the California Department of Public Health and were included in our study. The most common errors were operating on the wrong side of the patient's body (n = 60, 62%), performing the wrong procedure (n = 21, 21%), operating on the wrong body part (n = 12, 12%), and operating on the wrong patient (n = 2, 2%). WSS was most prevalent in orthopedic surgery (n = 33, 35%), followed by general surgery (n = 26, 27%) and neurosurgery (n = 16, 17%). All 3 otolaryngology WSS cases in California are associated with the ear. Conclusion WSS continues to surface despite national efforts to decrease its prevalence. Future research could establish best practices to avoid these "never events" in otolaryngology and other surgical specialties.
Aggressive surgical management of germ cell tumors with somatic-type malignancy: Pathologic features, prognostic factors, and survival outcomes.

4554 Background: Germ cell tumors (GCT) with somatic-type malignancy (SM) are rare occurring in approximately 3-8% of GCT cases. Prognostic factors and optimal management remain poorly-defined. Met...
Comorbidity indices: a call for the integration of physical and mental health.

Comorbidity indices are commonly used in health services research as a measure of, or as a control for, the severity of a person’s medical state. Currently, there is not a comorbidity index for mental health diagnoses, despite the fact that almost half of Americans have a diagnosable mental health condition at least once in their lifetime. This commentary calls for the integration of mental and behavioral health in comorbidity indices to appropriately account for the role of mental health in overall morbidity and mortality.
Software-defined network based resource allocation in distributed servers for unmanned aerial vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are gaining a lot of popularity among research communities as well as various service providers. The UAVs deployed in mission-critical applications need to perform tasks with very less delay. They also need to conserve their on-board battery power so that their flight time can be increased. To accomplish both of these purposes UAVs may offload their computation and energy intensive jobs to some remote place like cloud servers, edge servers or another UAV node having abundant computing and energy resources. This paper proposes a Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture to provision hybrid computing resources in an efficient manner. The proposed SDN architecture uses a greedy algorithm to satisfy Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of UAV's applications. The proposed method further leverages a simulated annealing based approach to minimize average latency of the applications and average energy consumption of UAV nodes. Simulation results illustrate a substantial improvement in average latency and energy consumption using proposed mechanism in contrast to processing applications on UAV node itself or offloading it only to the cloud.
Immunoproteomics: Current Technology and Applications

The varied landscape of the adaptive immune response is determined by the peptides presented by immune cells, derived from viral or microbial pathogens or cancerous cells. The study of immune biomarkers or antigens is not new and classical methods such as agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or Western blotting have been used for many years to study the immune response to vaccination or disease. However, in many of these traditional techniques, protein or peptide identification has often been the bottleneck. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics, has led to many of the rapid advances in proteomics approaches. Immunoproteomics describes a rapidly growing collection of approaches that have the common goal of identifying and measuring antigenic peptides or proteins. This includes gel based, array based, mass spectrometry, DNA based, or in silico approaches. Immunoproteomics is yielding an understanding of disease and disease progression, vaccine candidates, and biomarkers. This review gives an overview of immunoproteomics and closely related technologies that are used to define the full set of antigens targeted by the immune system during disease.
Anticoagulation for Venous Thromboembolism

Anticoagulation is a fundamental of management in venous disease. This chapter discusses anticoagulant therapy and a variety of agents. The current treatment for a new venous thromboembolic event in a patient is anticoagulant therapy, beginning with either unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), while warfarin is concomitantly initiated for chronic therapy.
IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF CATTLE BLOOD GROUP J HAPTEN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses immunochemistry of cattle blood group J hapten. Cattle J, sheep R, pig A, and human Lewis blood group substances are synthesized in cells other than the red cells and are secreted into the plasma. Red cells can absorb these substances from the plasma and acquire the respective blood group character of the absorbed substance. It has been demonstrated that the Lewis substances in plasma and in red cells are glycolipids, and preliminary reports have claimed that the cattle J hapten is extractable from plasma by a mixture of chloroform and methanol. The chapter presents a procedure for the isolation of the blood group J hapten from cattle serum and describes its composition and some of its properties. Purified blood group J hapten is a glycolipid that contains glucose, galactose, a long chain base, palmitic acid, glycerol, and phosphorus. Mixtures of cholesterol and lecithin do not potentiate the activity of the purified J hapten. The A active glycoproteins contain both 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Both of these sugars are absent from the J hapten.
Aerosol Measurements in the Boundary Layer

Aerosols, by definition, are suspensions of solid or liquid particles in air. The size range of such particles is immense: from molecules or molecular clusters on the order of 10-4 µm to raindrops and large dust particles of several millimeters. Aerosols also encompass a broad range of inhomogeneities in chemical composition, density, and shape. Large liquid particles are always spherical, since the surface tension is much larger than frictional forces. Small liquid and solid particles have a variety of shapes such as spheres, regular polyhedrons, straight and curved fibers, flakes, and irregular shapes. For spheres, the radius or diameter can be used to characterize the size unambiguously. For nonspherical particles, equivalent diameters must be used. If all the particles in an aerosol system have the same shape (such as cubic), the dimensions of the particles can be an accurate way to describe their size. However, when the particles vary markedly in shape, which is usually the case, a definition of their size is more difficult. The most important parameters in describing the sizes of irregularly shaped particles are the linear extension value and particle area.
FBGA 28nm Scan Chain Failure Analysis

Ongoing miniaturization in process node technology used in fabricating integrated circuits (ICs) has enhanced chip performance but at the same time this has induced subtle defects. As a result, Failure Analysis (FA) has become increasingly important for root cause analysis to enable wafer fab process improvement. This paper presents a novel FA approach on real case Scan Chain functional failure induced in fabrication process by incorporating Focused Ion Beam (FIB) circuit edit, Infrared Emission Microscopy (IREM), extensive layout study, Nanoprobing, Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) for defect localization.
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 8: The Posterior Cingulate Cortex, Medial Parietal Lobe, and Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

In this supplement, we build on work previously published under the Human Connectome Project. Specifically, we seek to show a comprehensive anatomic atlas of the human cerebrum demonstrating all 180 distinct regions comprising the cerebral cortex. The location, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity of these regions are outlined, and where possible a discussion is included of the functional significance of these areas. In part 8, we specifically address regions relevant to the posterior cingulate cortex, medial parietal lobe, and the parieto-occipital sulcus.
Postoperative opioid prescribing patterns and use after vascular surgery

The aim of this study was to assess postoperative opioid prescribing patterns, usage, and pain control after common vascular surgery procedures in order to develop patient centered best-practice guidelines. We performed a prospective review of opioid prescribing after seven common vascular surgeries at a rural, academic medical center from December 2016 to July 2017. A standardized telephone questionnaire was prospectively administered to patients ( n = 110) about opioid use and pain management perceptions. For comparison we retrospectively assessed opioid prescribing patterns ( n = 939) from July 2014 to June 2016 normalized into morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Prescribers were surveyed regarding opioid prescription attitudes, perceptions, and practices. Opioids were prescribed for 78% of procedures, and 70% of patients reported using opioid analgesia. In the prospective group, the median MMEs prescribed were: VEIN (31, n = 16), CEA (40, n = 14), DIAL (60, n = 17), EVAR (108, n = 8), INFRA (160, n = 16), FEM TEA (200, n = 11), and OA (273, n = 4). The median proportion of opioids used by patients across all procedures was only 30% of the amount prescribed across all procedures (range 14-64%). Patients rated the opioid prescribed as appropriate (59%), insufficient (16%), and overprescribed (25%), and pain as very well controlled (47%), well controlled (47%), poorly controlled (4%), and very poorly controlled (2%). In conclusion, we observed significant variability in opioid prescribing after vascular procedures. The overall opioid use was substantially lower than the amount prescribed. These data enabled us to develop guidelines for opioid prescribing practice for our patients.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

The article contains sections titled: 1. Dosage Forms as Drug Delivery Systems 2. Routes of Administration 2.1. Parenteral Administration 2.2. Oral Administration 2.3. Dermal Administration 2.4. Rectal Administration 2.5. Other Routes of Administration 3. Types of Dosage Forms 3.1. Liquid Solution Dosage Forms 3.1.1. Solutions 3.1.2. Extractive Solutions 3.1.3. Parenteral Solutions (Injections) 3.1.4. Inhalations 3.1.5. Ophthalmic and Nasal Solutions (Drops) 3.1.6. Otic Solutions 3.1.7. Liniments 3.1.8. Enemas and Douches 3.1.9. Mouthwashes and Gargles 3.1.10. Collodions 3.1.11. Soaps and Shampoos 3.2. Liquid Dispersions 3.2.1. Emulsions 3.2.2. Suspension 3.2.3. Foams 3.2.4. Sprays 3.3. Semisolid Dosage Forms 3.3.1. Gels, Magmas, and Mucilages 3.3.2. Ointments, Creams, Pastes, and Plasters 3.4. Plastic Dosage Forms 3.4.1. Suppositories 3.4.2. Inserts 3.4.3. Implants 3.4.4. Pellets 3.5. Solid Dosage Forms 3.5.1. Bulk Powders and Effervescent Powders 3.5.2. Dusting Powders 3.5.3. Insufflations 3.5.4. Lyophilized Powders 3.5.5. Capsules 3.5.6. Cachets 3.5.7. Pills 3.5.8. Tablet Triturates, Hypodermic Tablets 3.5.9. Troches and Lozenges 3.5.10. Gums 3.5.11. Films 3.5.12. Strips 3.5.13. Tapes 3.5.14. Granules 3.5.15. Compressed Tablets 3.6. Prolonged-Action Dosage Forms 3.7. Pressurized Aerosol Dosage Forms 3.8. Nonpressurized Gaseous Dosage Forms (Inhalants) 3.9. Radiopharmaceutical Dosage Forms 4. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) 4.1. Hydrates and Solvates 4.2. Organic Salts 4.3. Esters 4.4. Inorganic Salts 4.5. Potency-Designated Ingredients 4.6. Complex Organic Molecules 4.7. Aliquots, Dilutions, and Concentrates 4.8. Product Quality Tests 5. Pharmaceutical Excipients 5.1. Formulation Excipients 5.2. Patient Compliance Excipients 5.3. Stability Excipients 6. Quality Assurance 7. Pharmaceutical Containers 8. Development of the Ideal Drug Delivery System 8.1. Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems 8.2. Sustained- or Prolonged-Release Technology 8.2.1. Oral Sustained-Release Dosage Forms 8.2.2. Other Sustained- and Prolonged-Release Drug Delivery Systems 8.3. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Alterations in the retinal vasculature occur in multiple sclerosis and exhibit novel correlations with disability and visual function measures

Background:The retinal vasculature may be altered in multiple sclerosis (MS), potentially acting as a biomarker of disease processes.Objective:To compare retinal vascular plexus densities in people...
Unique edge-sharing sulfate-transition metal coordination in Na 2 M (SO 4 ) 2 ( M =Ni and Co)

Abstract Two compounds, Na2Ni(SO4)2 and Na2Co(SO4)2, were synthesized and their structure and properties were characterized. They adopt a structure that contains a bidentate coordination of sulfate to the transition metal center, which was determined via single crystal X-ray diffraction combined with model refinements to both laboratory X-ray and time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction data. The compounds were both found to crystallize in the C2/c space group with Z=24 and a unit cell of a=23.3461(3) A, b=10.3004(1) A, c=17.4115(2) A, β=98.8659(9)°, and V=4136.99(8) A3 for the cobalt analog and a=23.2253(1) A, b=10.26155(6) A, c=17.3353(1) A, β=99.0376(5)°, and V=4080.20(5) A3 for the nickel analog. Magnetization measurements show that the transition metal centers have negligible interactions with neighboring sites. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies were used to further probe the unique sulfate-transition metal coordination, and confirm the bidentate binding motif. The resulting pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal coordination produces vivid violet, Na2Co(SO4)2, and yellow, Na2Ni(SO4)2, colors that were probed by diffuse reflectance.
The Role of Team Context in how Ingratiation Affects Exchange Quality with Targets and Observers

Research suggests that enacting ingratiatory behavior towards one’s supervisor is a double-edged sword. Although ingratiation enhances employees’ social exchange quality with the target (i.e., the ...
Hobnail cells in encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma: Report of 2 cases with immunohistochemical and molecular findings and literature analysis

Abstract Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant tumor of the thyroid gland with most tumors behaving in an indolent fashion. However, morphologic variants have been described, such as tall cell, diffuse sclerosing, columnar cell etc. which are biologically more aggressive. One of these variants includes the more recently described hobnail variant (HVPTC) which shows micropapillae and presence of large cells with apically placed hyperchromatic nuclei, reverse polarity, and eosinophilic cytoplasm, akin to hobnail cells. The presence of >30% hobnail cells in a PTC deserves categorization as a hobnail variant. This variant is usually associated with extra thyroidal extension, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. We describe the pathologic and molecular features of two cases of encapsulated PTC with hobnail cells in a 68 year old male and a 22 year old female (30% and 10% hobnail cells respectively). Both cases presented as low stage (pT2) tumors and showed no aggressive features like lymph node metastasis, or extrathyroidal extension (ETE) at the time of presentation. Tumors in both cases showed presence of BRAFV600E mutation, absence of RAS and/or TP53 mutations, and were negative for RET and PAX88/PPARG gene rearrangements.
The Solar Manganese Abundance

A preliminary solar Mn abundance of logN(Mn) = 5.41 (logN(H) = 12.00) is derived on the basis of fitting theoretical line profiles which include hyperfine structure (HFS) broadening to the profiles of the λλ 5394.7, 5432.6, and 5537.8 lines of Mn observed at the center of the solar disk with the double-pass spectrograph of the McMath solar telescope at Kitt Peak. Both the Mn abundance and the collisional damping constant were varied during the fitting procedure in order to minimize the rms deviation between the observed and computed profiles.
Stem Cell Mobilization and Autograft Minimal Residual Disease Negativity with Novel Induction Regimens in Multiple Myeloma.

ABSTRACT Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains the standard of care for transplantation-eligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Bortezomib with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (VRD) is the most common triplet regimen for newly diagnosed MM in the United States. Carfilzomib with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (KRD) has shown promising efficacy and may supplant VRD. We compared stem cell yields and autograft minimal residual disease (MRD)-negativity after VRD and KRD induction. Deeper responses (ie, very good partial response or better) were more common with KRD. Precollection bone marrow (BM) cellularity, interval from the end of induction therapy to start of stem cell collection, and method of stem cell mobilization were similar for the 2 cohorts. Days to complete collection was greater with KRD (2.2 days, versus 1.81 days with VRD), which more often required ≥3 days of apheresis. Precollection viable CD34+ cell content was greater with VRD, as was collection yield (11.11 × 106, versus 9.19 × 106 with KRD). Collection failure (defined as
Promoting health equity through the built environment in Duluth, MN: External Resources and Local Evolution Toward Health in All Policies.

Communities, professionals, and researchers recognize that environmental factors contribute to the health inequities experienced by vulnerable populations in the U.S. These environmental health injustices persist despite well-developed systems for both public health and environmental protection. The root cause of these issues is often “siloed” decision-making by separate health and environmental institutions. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) can be an important tool for bridging these silos to promote health equity at the local level. This raises the question: how can external resources best support local initiatives? This paper examines the interaction between national, state, and non-governmental efforts to promote HIA and local actions to promote healthy and equitable built environment in Duluth, MN. A wide range of local activities in Duluth aimed to alter the long term trends, decision processes, and institutions shaping its built environment. These included integrating health in brownfield redevelopment, local land use plans, food access, and transportation decisions. Technical and financial support from external groups played a key role in developing the community’s capacity to promote health equity across public, private, and non-profit organizations. These multiple streams of action culminated in the mayor’s declaration in 2016 that health and fairness would be adopted as key goals of the city’s new Comprehensive Plan. How did such innovative efforts thrive in a small, post-industrial city with limited resources? Duluth’s experiences provide insight into how external governmental, funding, academic, and non-profit entities can more effectively, efficiently, and equitably support the evolution of local initiatives
Role of the Matrix-Capsid Cleavage Site Polymorphism S124V of HIV-1 Sub-subtype A2 in Gag Polyprotein Processing

Subtype C and A HIV-1 strains dominate the epidemic in Africa and Asia, while sub-subtype A2 is found at low frequency only in West Africa. To relate Gag processing in vitro with viral fitness, viral protease (PR) enzymatic activity and in vitro Gag processing were evaluated. The rate of sub-subtype A2 Gag polyprotein processing, as production of the p24 protein, was reduced compared to subtype B or C independent of PR subtype, indicating that subtype A2 Gag qualitatively differed from other subtypes. Introduction of subtype B matrix-capsid cleavage site in sub-subtype A2 Gag only partially restored the processing rate. Unique amino acid polymorphism V124S at the matrix-capsid cleavage site, together with other polymorphisms at non-cleavage sites, are differentially influencing the processing of Gag polyproteins. This genetic polymorphisms landscape defining HIV-1 sub-subtypes, subtypes and recombinant forms are determinants of viral fitness and frequency in the HIV-1 infected population.
Poor Survival and Differential Impact of Genetic Features of Black Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Clinical outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with cytogenetic and molecular factors and patient demographics (e.g., age and race). We compared survival of 25,523 non-Hispanic Black and White adults with AML using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program data and performed mutational profiling of 1,339 patients with AML treated on frontline Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (Alliance) protocols. Black patients had shorter survival than White patients, both in SEER and in the setting of Alliance clinical trials. The disparity was especially pronounced in Black patients Significance: We show that young Black patients have not benefited as much as White patients from recent progress in AML treatment in the United States. Our data suggest that both socioeconomic factors and differences in disease biology contribute to the survival disparity and need to be urgently addressed. See related commentary by Vyas, p. 540. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 521
“This is the reality that we live in”: Racial realism as a curricular intervention in higher education

Higher education in the United States, mainly since Brown v. Board of Education 1954, has lifted a philosophical impetus solidifying integrationist policies, practices, and pedagogy “as not only th...
Analysts and Information Gaps: Lessons from the Ual Buyout

In addition to earnings forecasts and stock recommendations, analysts provide potentially useful information to investors in the form of written commentary and analysis. But how such fundamental research affects stock prices has been little studied. I investigate the role analysts' research played in the 1994 restructuring of UAL Corporation (parent of United Air Lines), in which employees acquired 55 percent of UAL stock in exchange for $4.9 billion in wage/benefit concessions. Focusing on the critical first two years of the buyout, my analysis suggests that analysts and investors, on average, initially gave the company little credit for the concessions. The transaction was controversial and complicated. Most analysts were negative or indifferent in their assessment of the deal. Some analysts also misinterpreted key terms of the deal. UAL managers responded by reporting an unconventional earnings measure that highlighted the financial concessions. UAL's stock price relative to the market and industry eventually doubled, but analysts' opinions of the deal did not change.
Enabling Scalable and Extensible Memory-Mapped Datastores in Userspace

Exascale workloads are expected to incorporate data-intensive processing in close coordination with traditional physics simulations. These emerging scientific, data-analytics and machine learning applications need to access a wide variety of datastores in flat files and structured databases. Programmer productivity is greatly enhanced by mapping datastores into the application process's virtual memory space to provide a unified “in-memory” interface. Currently, memory mapping is provided by system software primarily designed for generality and reliability. However, scalability at high concurrency is a formidable challenge on exascale systems. Also, there is a need for extensibility to support new datastores potentially requiring HPC data transfer services. In this article, we present UMap , a scalable and extensible userspace service for memory-mapping datastores. Through decoupled queue management, concurrency aware adaptation, and dynamic load balancing, UMap enables application performance to scale even at high concurrency. We evaluate UMap in data-intensive applications, including sorting, graph traversal, database operations, and metagenomic analytics. Our results show that UMap as a userspace service outperforms an optimized kernel-based service across a wide range of intra-node concurrency by 1.22-1.9 ${\times}$ × . We performed two case studies to demonstrate UMap 's extensibility. First, a new datastore residing in remote memory is incorporated into UMap as an application-specific plugin. Second, we present a persistent memory allocator Metall built atop UMap for unified storage/memory.
The Short- and Long-Term Costs of a Severe Drought on Retail Peanut Butter Prices and Consumers

This article investigates the short- and long-term costs of an extreme weather event on retail food prices and consumer expenditures. We utilize the 2011 severe peanut drought as a quasi-natural experiment and find that retail peanut butter prices increased 21.3% as a result of the drought-driven shock in farm peanut production and prices. Moreover, we identify long-term costs due to positive asymmetric price transmission as retail peanut butter prices returned to pre-shock levels much more slowly and remained on average 6.2% higher for 4 years after farm peanut prices returned to pre-shock levels. For consumers, the drought increased peanut butter costs, and the persistence of higher prices in peanut butter led to long-term consumer costs. Peanut butter expenditure on average increased by 4.8% post-shock, with lower-income households increasing expenditures even more. A simple calculation estimates that higher peanut butter prices inflicted a cost of 628 million to U.S. consumers.
Safety labels: What to put in them, how to write them, and where to place them

The author considers the creation of safety labels. Standards developed by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute and the Westinghouse Electric Corporation can help technical writers design effective safety labels. According to such standards, safety labels should contain a signal word, a hazard alert symbol, a specific color, a symbol or pictograph, a hazard identification, a description of the result of ignoring the warning, and a description of how to avoid the hazard. In addition, the safety label should be clear, concise, forceful, descriptive, and well-organized. Safety labels usually should be placed in the operator manual and on the product, and they should appear before the operator encounters the hazard. Considerations involved with this placement include reading distance, viewing angle, and available space on the product.
Gas pressure sintering of silicon nitride to optimize fracture toughness

Gas-pressure sintering (GPS) can be used to densify silicon nitride containing a wide variety of sintering additives. Parameters affecting the sintering behavior include densification temperature, densification time, grain growth temperature, grain growth time and heating rates. The Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-6% Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}-2% A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} samples sintered to high densities at all conditions used in the present study, whereas the Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-Sr{sub 2}La{sub 4}Yb{sub 4}(SiO{sub 4}){sub 6}O{sub 2} samples required the highest temperatures and longest times to achieve densities {ge}98 % T. D. The main effect on the fracture toughness for Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-6% Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}-2% A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} samples was the use of a lower densification temperature, which was 1900C in the present study. For the Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-Sr{sub 2}La{sub 4}Yb{sub 4}SiO4{sub 4}){sub 6}O{sub 2} composition, fracture toughness was sensitive to and improved by a slower heating rate (10c/min), a lower densification temperature (1900`), a higher grain growth temperature (2000C), and a longer grain growth time (2 h).
An Assessment and Diagnosis Case Study Is Not a Closed Case

Problem The presenting problem of anxiety is found to be one of many psychiatric symptoms resulting in a lack of clarity in diagnosis and treatment. Method The case of a 17-year-old reporting escalating anxiety and migraine headaches is presented. A mental health assessment, parental information, screening tools, the Personality Assessment Inventory, ongoing observation, review of treatment regimens, consultation, and test results from other healthcare professionals are included in the ongoing assessment. Findings Symptoms including anxiety, auditory and tactile hallucinations, mood alterations, substance use, insomnia, and hypomanic symptoms are identified. The symptoms are suggestive of various diagnostic categories/diagnoses: mood disorder, prodromal schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Conclusion A thorough assessment does not necessarily lead to clarity of a diagnosis or diagnoses. Clarity may evolve over time; however, this does not eliminate the responsibility to treat the patient. It is important to consider and utilize evidence-based treatments for the symptomatology and possible diagnoses.
Playing by the Book(s) The Unwritten Rules of Football in Turkey

This article investigates the tensions between official rules of Fair Play in football (soccer) and onthe- ground formations of the notion of fairness in Turkish football. I contend that while fair play guidelines prescribe universalists standards of ethical behavior for all football actors, there are multiple instances in mundane football events which result in players’, fans’ or other commentators’ variant appreciations of the ethical. Specific contingencies give birth to alternative formations of fairness leading us to consider how ethics might be a matter of constant negotiation rather than of preset verdicts. Using legal anthropology’s insights on legal pluralism and sports philosophy’s discussion of conventionalism, I focus on specific footballing instances in Turkish football and offer various social rationales in regard to how multiple ethical verdicts might be reached. In this discussion, I include how some footballing conventions in Turkey come into conversation with the written rules of football and set guidelines of fair play to show that people draw on different sets of rules (written and unwritten) in their deliberation of fair action, fair play awards and ethics. This article is the result of a year’s fieldwork in Istanbul beginning September 2010 towards a doctoral dissertation in anthropology on fair play and fairness in football in Turkey.
Omnicon:a mobile ip-based vertical handoff system for wireless LAN and GPRS links

Wi-Fi based hotspots offer mobile users broadband wireless Internet connectivity in public work spaces and corporate/ university campuses. Despite aggressive deployment of these hotspots in recent years, high-speed wireless Internet access remains restricted to a small number of geographical areas because of limited physical coverage of wireless LANs. On the other hand, despite their lower throughput, cellular networks have a significantly wider coverage and are thus much more available. Recognizing that 2.5G or 3G cellular networks can effectively complement wireless LANs, we set out to develop a vertical handoff system that allows mobile users to seamlessly fall back to such cellular networks as GPRS or 3G whenever wireless LAN connectivity is not available. The resulting handoff mechanism allows a network connection on a mobile node to operate over multiple wireless access networks in a way that is completely transparent to end user applications. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a fully operational vertical handoff system, called OmniCon, which enables mobile nodes to automatically switch between wireless LAN and GPRS, based on wireless LAN availability, by introducing a simple extension to existing Mobile IP implementation. We discuss the design issues in the proposed vertical handoff system for heterogeneous networks, including connection setup problems due to network address translation, and the disparity in link characteristics between wireless LANs and GPRS. A detailed performance evaluation study of the OmniCon prototype demonstrates its ability to migrate active network connections between these two wireless technologies with low handoff latency and close to zero packet loss.
The American Liberty League and the Rise of ConstitutionalNationalism

This Article launches a project to identify constitutional nationalism - the conviction that the nation's fundamental values are embodied in the Constitution - as a recurring phenomenon in American public life that has profoundly affected both popular and elite understanding of the Constitution. It does so by examining the nearly lost story of the American Liberty League and its failed campaign to defeat the New Deal as an un-American and unconstitutional aberration. Like today's Tea Party movement, the American Liberty League of the mid-1930s generated massive media coverage by vilifying the President as a radical socialist who sought to foist un-American policies of "collectivism"on an unwilling public. In 1936, the Roosevelt reelection campaign made the strategic choice to focus the campaign on the American Liberty League because it made the perfect foil for Roosevelt to present the New Deal constitutional philosophy. Neglected in the large body of scholarship on the New Deal constitutional revolution, the fight between the Liberty League and Roosevelt should be recognized as a central episode of popular constitutionalism, in which the American people were asked to choose between competing constitutional philosophies, both of which were asserted to embody the nation's true values. The Liberty League utterly failed to topple the New Deal - in fact, it helped generate a consensus in favor of the New Deal constitutional philosophy. Yet the Liberty League crystallized the rhetoric and philosophy of constitutional nationalism that has been at the core of a long line of political movements that have since challenged the modern state as fundamentally contrary to American values. The American Liberty League is the prototype of all the later constitutional nationalist movements, from the John Birch Society of the 1950s, Barry Goldwater Republicanism of the 1960s, the Patriot Movement of the 1990s, to the Tea Party movement today, all of which have proclaimed their central goal to be the return to what the movement identifies as the nation's true constitutional values and to reject all other values as dangerously foreign.
EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION OF WILD-TYPE ALLELES IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF NEUROSPORA

Wild-type alleles at the peak locus of Neurospora have been transferred by backcrossing from N. sitophila and N. tetrasperma to N. crassa. In the genomic background of N. crassa the different wild-type alleles show strikingly different dominance relations with Pk-4, a dominant peak mutation in N. crassa.
Who Doesn't Value English? Debunking Myths About Mexican Immigrants' Attitudes Toward the English Language

Objective In recent years, immigration has become a central focus of political scrutiny. Much of the negativity directed toward the largely Mexican immigrant population asserts that they do not wish to learn English and acclimate to the dominant culture of the United States. Very little research, however, has explored how Mexican immigrants or Mexican Americans assess the value of English proficiency. Methods Utilizing the Survey of Texas Adults, we examine attitudes regarding the importance of English. We explore the attitudes of Mexican-origin persons compared to other racial/ethnic groups, as well as explore within-group differences based on citizenship, nativity, and language use. Results Our findings reveal the high importance that Spanish speakers, as well as many non-U.S. citizen Mexican immigrants, place on English proficiency. Furthermore, the results indicate that Spanish speakers are actually most likely to stress the importance of English. Conclusions Our research contradicts accounts of the largely Spanish-speaking Mexican immigrant population as not valuing the English language. In so doing, our work contributes to larger scholarly efforts to better understand immigrants in general and Mexican immigrants in particular.
Standing in the Gap: Research that Informs Strategies for Motivating and Retaining Rural High School Students.

Rural schools face the challenges of motivating and retaining students, often in the face of severe resource constraints. This paper synthesizes fifteen years of the author’s rural research on secondary students’ school-related motivation, distilling it into strategic principles for rural teachers and administrators. Effective motivational knowledge and strategies supported by both theory and research can help school staff fill the gap between potential and actual student achievement. Multi-level strategies for motivating individuals and groups include elements of classroom instructional practice, interpersonal relationships, and the broader school motivational climate including policy. By motivating students effectively, teachers and administrators can bridge the gap between what students do achieve and what they could achieve.
New derivative of 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 with 3′-alkoxypropylidene moiety at C-2: synthesis, biological activity and conformational analysis

In pursuit of novel biologically active Vitamin D compounds of potential therapeutic value, 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-2-[3'-(methoxymethoxy)propylidene]-19-norvitamin D(3) (7) was efficiently prepared in a convergent synthesis, starting with (-)-quinic acid and the protected 25-hydroxy Grundmann ketone 16. The key synthetic step involved Lythgoe type Wittig-Horner coupling of 16, with the phosphine oxide 15. Molecular modeling was employed to establish the A-ring conformation of the synthesized Vitamin 7. Also, preliminary modeling of its complex with the rVDR was performed and interactions between ligand and the binding domain analyzed. Analog 7 was found to be only six times less potent than 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) (1) in binding to the rat recombinant Vitamin D receptor (VDR). In comparison with hormone 1, it also showed slightly lower cellular HL-60-differentiation activity. Preliminary in vivo tests indicated unusually high calcemic activity of 7.
A New Micromechanics Model for Predicting Thermal Properties of Heterogeneous Materials

A new micromechanics model, namely, the variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH), is extended to predict thermal properties of heterogeneous anisotropic materials. In comparison to existing micromechanics models, VAMUCH is unique in the following three aspects: (1) it invokes only essential assumptions within the concept of micromechanics and achieves the same accuracy as mathematical homogenization theories; (2) it calculates the complete set of properties simultaneously without applying any loads; and (3) the dimensionality of the problem is determined by the dimension of the unit cell and the complete set of material properties can be obtained for one-dimensional unit cells. The present theory is implemented in the computer program VAMUCH, a recently developed, versatile engineering code for homogenization of heterogeneous materials. Several examples will be used to demonstrate the application and accuracy of the theory and the code of VAMUCH.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Transepithelial SCFA Fluxes Link Intracellular and Extracellular pH Regulation of Mouse Colonocytes

We have studied pH regulation in both intracellular and extracellular compartments of mouse colonic crypts, using distal colonic mucosa with intact epithelial architecture. In this work, we question how transepithelial SCFA gradients affect intracellular pH (pHi) and examine interactions between extracellular pH (pHo) and pHi regulation in crypts of distal colonic epithelium from mouse. We studied pH regulation in three adjacent compartments of distal colonic epithelium (crypt lumen, crypt epithelial cell cytosol, and lamina propria) with SNARF-1 (a pH sensitive fluorescent dye), digital imaging microscopy (for pHi), and confocal microscopy (for pHo). Combining results from the three compartments allows us to find how pHi and pHo are regulated and related under the influence of physiological transepithelial SCFA gradients, and develop a better understanding of pH regulation mechanisms in colonic crypts. Results suggest a complex interdependency between SCFA fluxes and pHo values, which can directly affect how strongly SCFAs acidify colonocytes.
Ceramic inlays: a case presentation and lessons learned from the literature.

Ceramic dental restorative materials offer an esthetic alternative to dental amalgam or gold. There is uncertainty relative to the longevity of ceramic inlay restorations. Recently published long-term research studies reveal general clinical performance trends. These trends are discussed while presenting a ceramic inlay case. Successful clinical use of ceramic inlay materials is absolutely dependent on the creation of an uncompromised adhesive tooth/ceramic interface. Ceramic inlay restorations perform well in terms of long-term retention, color match, and anatomic contour stability. These restorations all experience limited margin deterioration that does not predispose to marginal discoloration or secondary caries. Patients rarely suffer from postoperative sensitivity secondary to ceramic inlay placement. Ceramic inlays fail predominantly as a result of crack propagation from material flaws leading to bulk fracture. Some superficial ceramic defects may be repaired with composite resin. Internal material flaws are minimized by industrial production of indirect pressable glass-ceramic materials or ceramic blocks designed for computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM). External surface flaws are limited by careful polishing techniques. Strategic placement of ceramic inlays in teeth that are not subject to heavy occlusal loading will result in more predictable long-term performance. Preparation design to prevent flexure of ceramic inlay materials is essential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of ceramic inlays to restore defects in posterior teeth requires careful attention to detail. Placement of ceramic inlay materials in high-stress areas may result in less predictable long-term performance. Ceramic inlays are advantageous for restoring moderately sized defects when optimal control of restoration contours and esthetics is desired.
Vibration properties of beams using frequency-domain system identification methods:

The application of system identification methods to a number of civil engineering structures is increasing in order to improve the understanding of actual structural behaviors and augment traditional analytical assessments. The identification methods are typically used to determine structural dynamics properties (frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes) and detection of local structural damages and deterioration. This paper presents two frequency domain system identification methods for determining structural vibration properties: eigensystem realization algorithm and the McKelvey frequency domain subspace algorithm. The methods were used in order to formulate a mathematical model that closely matches the frequency response function obtained from a vibration experiment conducted on an uncontrolled cantilever plate. Natural frequencies and damping ratios were determined using the system identification methods and the results are compared with a finite element analysis. A pulse response for a step input...
A pantropic strain of influenza virus: generalized infection and viremia in the infant mouse.

Abstract The WS strain of influenza A virus can be recovered from the tissues and blood of newborn mice for at least 4 days after intraperitoneal or intranasal injection, but only equivocal evidence of a true reproductive cycle can be obtained in tissues other than lung. On the other hand, all tissues of the infant mouse readily support the multiplication of a neurotropic WS variant (NWS strain of Stuart-Harris). Intraperitoneal, intranasal, and intramuscular routes of injection are equally effective in producing generalized infections and persistent viremia, although somewhat higher virus titers occur at the local inoculation site than at distant, metastatic foci. Even extremely small doses of NWS virus are capable of causing disseminated disease. Resistance to generalized NWS virus infection develops gradually with increasing age of the host, but the extrapulmonary tissues of the adult animal retain some slight degree of susceptibility. Virus proliferation can be demonstrated in adult kidney after direct intrarenal inoculation or in subcutaneously transplanted fragments of kidney tissue. Late viremia is not characteristic of NWS virus infection of the adult mouse, although it is occasionally noted after massive intracerebral inoculation. The relative insusceptibility of older mice appears to be related to the degree of tissue maturity rather than to humoral factors.
Mid-wave infrared DIAL noise phenomenology

LLNL has utilized optical parametric oscillator technology to develop and field a rapidly-tunable mid-wave IR DIAL system. The system can be tuned at up to 1 KHz over the 3.3- 3.8 micron spectral region, where hydrogen-bond stretching modes provide spectroscopic signatures for a wide variety of chemicals. We have fielded the DIAL system on the LLNL site on range, turbulence, and receiver aperture size. In this paper we describe the interplay of turbulence and speckle to produce the observed nose fluctuations at short range.