cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynes’ Microeconomics of Output and Labor Markets

Keynes derived his well-known macroeconomic analysis from microeconomic methods based on conceptions of market-crowding equilibrium, exchange and production mediated by money, increasing returns, and unresolved social coordination problems. While these ideas (often using different terminology) have had a vigorous development in the decades since Keynes’ General Theory, there is still a limited understanding of their centrality to macroeconomic debates. This paper outlines a market-crowding theory of industry output and labor markets that implies characteristic conclusions of Keynes, and explores a social-coordination approach to the theory of output and employment. A brief general account of the logic of social interaction equilibria provides a unifying theoretical context.
Walter im Zoo der Galaxien

Vermutlich jeder, der Mitte der 1980er Jahre schon auf der Welt war, erinnert sich an die Buchreihe Wo ist Walter?, die seit 1987 zu einem Phanomen der Massenkultur wurde Die Bucher enthalten jeweils eine Reihe doppelseitiger Wimmelbilder des Zeichners Martin Handford, auf denen irgendwo der Titelheld Walter mit seinem Markenzeichen, einem rot-weis gestreiften Hemd, in komplizierten, komischen Szenen zwischen Dutzenden anderen Figuren versteckt ist. Das Ziel besteht darin, Walter und andere wiederkehrende Gestalten in den Szenen zu finden. Im Laufe eines Buches wird das immer schwieriger, und in spateren Banden (es gibt mindestens sechs) ist Walter nur noch teilweise sichtbar, wahrend andere Figuren, alle in Rot und Weis die Bilder bevolkern.
Spectroscopic evidence for the origin of odd–even effects in self-assembled monolayers and effects of substrate roughness

This paper reports the effects of substrate roughness on the odd–even effect in n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) probed by vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. By fabricating SAMs on surfaces across the so-called odd–even limit, we demonstrate that differentiation of the vibrational frequencies of CH3 from SAMs derived from alkyl thiols with either odd (SAMO) or even (SAME) numbers of carbons depends on the roughness of the substrate on which they are formed. Odd–even oscillation in SFG susceptibility amplitudes was observed for spectra derived from SAME and SAMO fabricated on flat surfaces (RMS roughness = 0.4 nm) but not on rougher surfaces (RMS roughness = 2.38 nm). In addition, we discovered that local chemical environments for the terminal CH3 group have a chain-length dependence. There seems to be a transition at around C13, beyond which SAMs become “solid-like”.
Width Based Quantitation of Chromatographic Peaks: Principles and Principal Characteristics

Height- and area-based quantitation reduce two-dimensional data to a single value. For a calibration set, there is a single height- or area-based quantitation equation. High-speed high-resolution data acquisition now permits rapid measurement of the width of a peak (Wh), at any height h (a fixed height, not a fixed fraction of the peak maximum) leading to any number of calibration curves. We propose a width-based quantitation (WBQ) paradigm complementing height or area based approaches. When the analyte response across the measurement range is not strictly linear, WBQ can offer superior overall performance (lower root-mean-square relative error over the entire range) compared to area- or height-based linear regression methods, rivaling weighted linear regression, provided that response is uniform near the height used for width measurement. To express concentration as an explicit function of width, chromatographic peaks are modeled as two different independent generalized Gaussian distribution functions, r...
Fuzzy Controls for Maintenance Scheduling in Transportation Systems

Abstract Scheduling of periodic maintenance for transportation equipment can often be accomplished by controlling the utilization of individual vehicles. Because of many random effects and due to the complexity of most schedules it is virtually impossible to achieve a precise match between the prescribed and the actual utilization for each vehicle. Instead of asking the dispatcher to do the impossible, the approach described in this paper prescribes only fuzzy targets for vehicle utilization. A feedback loop adjust the targets periodically based on the actual utilization. A second feedback loop monitors the general performance of the dispatcher and provides a basis for self-learning features of the system. Experimental results about the effectiveness of the fuzzy controls are reported.
Boron Isotopes in the Ocean Floor Realm and the Mantle

This chapter reviews the boron isotopic composition of the ocean floor, including pristine igneous oceanic crust such as mid-ocean ridge basalts and ocean island basalts and their implications for the B isotopic composition of the mantle. The chapter further discusses the B isotopic effects of assimilation of altered crustal materials in mantle-derived magmas. The systematics of seawater alteration on oceanic rocks are discussed, including sediments, igneous crust and serpentinization of ultramafic rocks and the respective marine hydrothermal vent fluids. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the secular evolution of the B isotopic composition of seawater.
Acute Care Surgery for Bariatric Surgery Emergencies

Bariatric surgery has gained acceptance as a safe and effective treatment for morbid obesity. As a result, the acute care surgeon will encounter bariatric surgery-related abdominal complications with increasing frequency. Most of these complications present as either gastrointestinal leaks or obstructions. The exception is marginal ulceration, a complication of gastric bypass, which has several clinical presentations. Management of these complications is strongly influenced by the anatomic changes resulting from the specific bariatric procedure. By understanding the anatomy of the common bariatric procedures and the complications associated with each operation, most complications can be successfully managed by the acute care surgeon, often using minimally invasive approaches.
Theriocide and Homicide

Theriocide refers to those diverse human actions that cause the deaths of animals. Like the killing of one human by another (e.g. homicide, infanticide and femicide), a theriocide may be socially acceptable or unacceptable, legal or illegal. It may be intentional or unintentional. It may involve active maltreatment or passive neglect. Theriocides may occur one-on-one, in small groups or in large-scale social institutions. The numerous sites of theriocide include one-on-one acts of cruelty and neglect; state theriocide; factory farming; hunting and blood sports; abduction and kidnapping (‘trafficking’ in wildlife); vivisection; militarism and war; pollution; and human-induced climate change. Inevitably, the chapter leads to a shocking question: is theriocide murder?
Safety Analysis Report for the Tritium Systems Test Assembly

One of the primary objectives of the Tritium Systems Test Assembly is to demonstrate that the technologies associated with the DT fuel cycle for a fusion reactor can be operated safely and operated with minimal environmental impact. During the design and construction phase, safety analyses were performed to investigate the effects of normal operations, of component failure, of operational failures, and of failures induced by natural phenomena. The effects on operation personnel, the general public and the environment were determined. Major releases of tritium were found to be highly improbable (<10/sup -6//year) since they require a compound failure of primary and secondary containment, along with either a breach of the building or a failure of the room cleanup system. The effects from normal operations and high probability failures were also determined to be minimal.
Implications of Wayfair

This article describes Wayfair and provides some cautions about what it means for the U.S. states and the rest of the world, especially Europe. It concludes that the lesson is that we should be sure that we like our temporary solution to the digital tax problem, because temporary solutions have a way of sticking around long after everyone recognizes that they no longer work. The Bellas Hess Court thought it was deciding a case about mail-order-catalog sales, and it could not have predicted that its decision would turn out to have such profound implications for e-commerce. The European Commission carefully formulated its Digital Services Tax (DST) proposal to tax certain digital giants operating today. But the DST may prove unworkable for business models we cannot even imagine yet. And, as Congress learned after Quill (and the OECD members are experiencing with the PE threshold), powerful business interests have a way of keeping in place outmoded, but precise, tax thresholds long after they have stopped making sense as a practical matter. The details of the DST may mean that it hits the (mostly U.S.) companies the EU has within its sights, but it also may take some of the oomph out of the drive for more meaningful and general reform (like modifications to the PE definition) that would be robust against changes in how companies operate. Take it from this American: You don’t want the DST to be the next Quill, an anachronistic bar on taxation of new forms of business. Contents U.S. Legal Background: Due Process and Commerce Clauses Bellas Hess Quill Due Process Holding Dormant Commerce Clause Holding Wayfair Between Quill and Wayfair South Dakota’s Rule, Including Thresholds Wayfair Kills Quill Concurrences Dissent Observations What Now for the U.S. States? Will Congress React? Echoes of the Digital Tax Debate No Ring-Fencing Beware Temporary Solutions
Dissection of two parallel pathways for formin-mediated actin filament elongation

Formins direct the elongation of unbranched actin filaments that are incorporated into a diverse set of cytoskeletal structures. Elongation of formin-bound filaments occurs along two parallel pathways. The formin homology 2 (FH2) pathway allows actin monomers to bind directly to barbed ends bound by dimeric FH2 domains. The formin homology 1 (FH1) pathway involves transfer of profilin-bound actin to the barbed end from polyproline tracts located in the disordered FH1 domains. Here, we used a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy-based fluorescence approach to determine the fraction of actin subunits incorporated via the FH1 and FH2 pathways during filament elongation mediated by two formins. We found that the fraction of filament elongation that occurs via each pathway directly depends on the efficiency of the other pathway, indicating that these two pathways compete with each other for subunit addition by formins. We conclude that this competition allows formins to compensate for changes in the efficiency of one pathway by adjusting the frequency of subunit addition via the other, thus increasing the overall robustness of formin-mediated actin polymerization.
Characterization and Evaluation of Carbon-Supported Noble Metals for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Acetic Acid

The gas-phase catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of acetic acid (AA) over carbon-supported noble metals (5% M on Cp97, where M = Pt, Pd, Ru, or Rh) were studied. The temperature-dependent conversion and selectivity were studied at 1 atm from 200 to 400 °C. For Pt, Pd, and Rh, the main pathway from 200 to 300 °C was decarbonylation, and from 350 to 400 °C the main pathways were decarbonylation/decarboxylation and ketonization. For Ru, however, from 200 to 250 °C the main pathway was decarboxylation, and from 300 to 400 °C the main pathway was decarbonylation. The activity trend based on turnover frequency at 200 °C was found to be Ru > Rh ≈ Pt > Pd. The activities of all of the catalysts at 200 °C were found to decrease after reaction at 400 °C and a return to 200 °C. This is attributed to sintering and coking. The reaction orders in AA and H2 measured at 200 °C for all of the catalysts are generally well below ∼0.5, suggesting relatively strong adsorption of both reactants on all of the metal surfaces. Th...
Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I and II Knockout Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cells: Universal Donor for Cell Therapy.

Background We aim to generate a line of “universal donor” human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that are nonimmunogenic and, therefore, can be used to derive cell products suitable for allo...
IVDs and FDA Marketing Authorizations: A General Overview of FDA Approval Process of an IVD Companion Diagnostic Device in Oncology

In vitro diagnostic devices play an important part in the field of clinical oncology by identifying patients eligible for treatment with specific targeted therapeutic products. This chapter briefly discusses the risk-based classification of in vitro diagnostic devices and the FDA regulatory review of these devices. In vitro companion diagnostic devices and the role they play in oncology clinical trials and critical elements such as the device analytical and clinical performance are also discussed. An example of a companion diagnostic device approval process is also provided.
NASA-Task Load Index Differentiates Surgical Approach: Opportunities for Improvement in Colon and Rectal Surgery.

Objective Surgeon workload, or human "cost" of performing a procedure, is not well understood in light of emerging surgical technologies. This pilot study quantified surgeon workload for colorectal procedures and identified patient, surgeon, and procedural factors impacting workload. Summary background data Innovative technologies and procedures in surgery have generally been promoted for the advancement of patient care. The resulting surgeon workload is poorly studied with little knowledge of the contributing factors impacting workload. Methods Surgeons completed NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) questionnaires to self-assess workload following abdominopelvic colon and rectal procedures. Corresponding patient data were retrieved from the medical record. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and ANOVA were performed to compare surgeon and patient factors, procedure type, and surgical approach on workload overall and by subscales. Results Seven attending surgeons rated 238 surgeries, of which 218 (92%) had corresponding patient data. Surgeon experience and patient demographics had inconsistent effects on workload. A statistically significant 3-way interaction was identified among disease process, procedure type, and surgical approach on workload (F(9, 146) = 2.17, P = 0.027), but was limited to open procedures for neoplasia and inflammatory bowel disease patients. Proctectomy and colectomy procedures compared across open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches showed significant differences in overall workload and subscales, where the robotic procedures required significantly less mental demand, physical demand, and effort, than open or laparoscopic (P Conclusions Patient characteristics, disease process, and surgical experience had inconsistent effects on surgeon workload. Major differences in workload were identified for procedure type and surgical approach, where robotic procedures required less mental demand, physical demand, and effort.
Multireusable Thermoset with Anomalous Flame-Triggered Shape Memory Effect.

While thermosets with high mechanical properties and shape memory capabilities have been developed in recent years, two main bottlenecks persist in their intrinsic nonreusability and flammability, especially for those shape memory thermosets used in recycling-required field with high glass transition temperatures (Tg) and thus risky high temperatures to trigger shape recovery. Here, we report a new shape memory epoxy thermoset integrated with excellent fire retardancy, recyclability, high mechanical performance, and 100% shape recovery ratio. The shape memory effect of this new thermoset was directly triggered by high-temperature flame for the first time. Furthermore, the survival thermoset can be recycled by a simple solid-state recycling method and reused as reinforcing fillers for polyester. The highest recycling efficiency reached 85.4%, and the reinforced composite presented about four times higher storage modulus compared to that of neat sample. This work may open a door for application of thermoset...
Predicting spatiotemporal patterns of Lyme disease incidence from passively collected surveillance data for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-infected Ixodes scapularis ticks

Lyme disease is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in the United States. Ixodes scapularis, commonly referred to as the blacklegged tick, is the primary vector of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), in the eastern United States. Connecticut has pervasive populations of I. scapularis and remains a hotspot for Lyme disease. A primary aim of this study was to determine if passively collected data on human-biting I. scapularis ticks in Connecticut could serve as a useful proxy for Lyme disease incidence based on the cases reported by the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CDPH). Data for human-biting I. scapularis ticks submitted to the Tick Testing Laboratory at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES-TTL), and tested for infection with B. burgdorferi s.l., were used to estimate the rate of submitted nymphs, nymphal infection prevalence, and the rate of submitted infected nymphs. We assessed spatiotemporal patterns in tick-based measures and Lyme disease incidence with generalized linear and spatial models. In conjunction with land cover and household income data, we used generalized linear mixed effects models to examine the association between tick-based risk estimates and Lyme disease incidence. Between 2007 and 2017, the CAES-TTL received 26,116 I. scapularis tick submissions and the CDPH reported 23,423 Lyme disease cases. The rate of submitted nymphs, nymphal infection prevalence, the rate of submitted infected nymphs, and Lyme disease incidence all decreased over time during this eleven-year period. The rate of submitted nymphs, the rate of submitted infected nymphs, and Lyme disease incidence were spatially correlated, but nymphal infection prevalence was not. Using a mixed modeling approach to predict Lyme disease incidence and account for spatiotemporal structuring of the data, we found the best fitting tested model included a strong, positive association with the rate of submitted infected nymphs and a negative association with the percent of developed land for each county. We show that within counties, submissions of B. burgdorferi s.l. infected nymphs were strongly and positively associated with inter-annual variation in reported Lyme disease cases. Tick-based passive surveillance programs may be useful in providing independent measures of entomological risk, particularly in settings where Lyme disease case reporting practices change substantially over time.
A single-field consistency relation for the three-point function

We point out the existence of a consistency relation involving the three-point function of scalar perturbations which is valid in any inflationary model, independently of the inflaton Lagrangian under the assumption that the inflaton is the only dynamical field. The three-point function in the limit in which one of the momenta is much smaller than the other two is fixed in terms of the power spectrum and its tilt. This relation, although very hard to verify experimentally, could be easily proved wrong by forthcoming data, thus ruling out any scenario with a single dynamical field in a model independent way.
Clinical Laboratory Pearls. Steven L. Jones, ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001, 634 pp., $39.95, paperback. ISBN 0-7817-2579-8.

Dr. Jones and his 37 coauthors provide collections of “pearls” on testing and test result interpretation in blood bank, hematology, microbiology, chemistry, immunology, and special topics (instrumentation, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, spirometry, laboratory management, and quality control). Everyone who orders clinical laboratory tests, advises on the ordering, or interprets such tests will benefit from reading this book. In particular, the key principles listed in the opening chapter are central to the effective use of laboratory tests. This chapter is full of sage advice, and the …
Relativistic Dynamics of Fluctuations and QCD Critical Point

Abstract We review the recent development on a systematic deterministic formalism describing dynamics of both bulk and fluctuations in an arbitrary relativistic hydrodynamic flow carrying conserved charges. In particular, we discuss the implementation of such general formalism near the QCD critical point.
Trends in Hospital Mortality for Uninsured Rural and Urban Populations, 2012-2016.

PURPOSE Rural-urban health disparities have received increasing scrutiny as rural individuals continue to have worse health outcomes. However, little is known about how insurance status contributes to urban-rural disparities. This study characterizes how rural uninsured patients compare to the urban uninsured, determines whether rurality among the uninsured is associated with worse clinical outcomes, and examines how clinical outcomes based on rurality have changed over time. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the 2012-2016 National Inpatient Sample hospital discharge data including 1,478,613 uninsured patients, of which 233,816 were rural. Admissions were broken into 6 rurality categories. Logistic regression models were used to determine the independent association between rurality and hospital mortality. FINDINGS Demographic and clinical characteristics differed significantly between rural and urban uninsured patients: rural patients were more often white, lived in places with lower median household income, and were more often admitted electively and transferred. Rurality was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality rates (1.44% vs 1.89%, OR 1.32, P < .001). This association strengthened after adjusting for medical comorbidities and hospital characteristics. Further, disparities between urban and rural mortality were found to be growing, with the gap almost doubling between 2012 and 2016. CONCLUSIONS Rural and urban uninsured patients differed significantly, specifically in terms of race and median income. Among the uninsured, rurality was associated with higher in-hospital mortality, and the gap between urban and rural in-hospital mortality was widening. Our findings suggest the rural uninsured are a vulnerable population in need of informed, tailored policies to reduce these disparities.
Methyl sydnone imine and its energetic salts

Several energetic salts of the 5-amino-3-methyl-1,2,3-oxadiazolium cation were synthesized and characterized. Structures are confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The perchlorate salt was thermally stable, with a crystal density of 1.826 g cm−3 and its calculated energetic performance exceeded that of TNT. Except for the perchlorate, these salts are mechanically insensitive. This work explored the methyl sydnone imine cation as a suitable energetic compound, which was quickly obtained through facile syntheses. This is the first exploration of sydnone imines as components of energetic materials.
Considerations for the Attribution and Management of Toxicities in Phase I Clinical Trials

The process of describing the association of adverse events with investigational drugs in clinical research is known as symptom attribution. The focus of attribution varies and in early phases of drug development, the use of attribution data is predominantly used for safety assessment and ensure patient protection. The current symptom attribution process is often not easy and has a number of limitations and challenges. In this review, we review the current status of attribution in the context of early-phase studies, highlight some of the limitations and challenges, and expand on future directions and the number of actions that may improve the efficiency of the attribution process in clinical research. This review includes the discussions, challenges and recommendations from the consensus-building workshop on toxicity attribution (Silver Springs 2017) to develop guidance for improving attribution of adverse events in Oncology.
Dynamical Systems and C 0 -Semigroups

In this section, we are concerned with the behavior of asymptotically almost automorphic semigroups of linear operators T = (T(t))t≥0 at t →∞. We present some topological and asymptotic properties based on the Nemytskii and Stepanov theory of dynamical systems.
Sanitation, Obesity, and Low Body Mass Index as Risk Factors for Bacterial Skin Infections.

BackgroundBacterial skin infections can cause significant disability and can lead to mortality with inadequate treatment.ObjectiveTo determine whether sanitation and body mass index (BMI) are stati...
Nonlinear Programming \(\sum _i\sum _j c_{ij}x_ix_j, \ \forall \ (i,j)\)

overview Nonlinear Programming (NLP) problems represent some of the most complex optimization problems. Especially when contrasted with LP problems which have dominated the literature in Operations Research. This is because some of the nice properties such as monotonicity and convexity in Linear Programming are not always possible with NLP problems, so many local optimal solutions will exist, not just a single global optimization one. Figure 5.1 illustrates an example problem and the usual local vs. global phenomenon.
Variations of consonance and the rational numbers

Abstract It is a result of A. Bouziad that every regular, first countable, totally imperfect space with no isolated points is not Fin -trivial. We prove that every regular totally imperfect space containing a copy of the rational numbers is not Fin -trivial in a strong sense. Our result generalizes that of Bouziad to a larger class of spaces and gives a strengthened conclusion. As a corollary we conclude that various splitting topologies on the space of continuous real-valued functions defined on a metric space need not coincide.
Engineering DNA Vaccines for Cancer Therapy

An anti-tumor DNA vaccine is a bacterial DNA plasmid that encodes the cDNA of a tumor antigen, which when injected into recipients can elicit humoral and/or cellular immunity against tumor cells expressing the encoded antigen. Dozens of DNA vaccines have entered clinical trials for a variety of malignancies, where they have demonstrated efficacy in eliciting immune responses and potential clinical responses. This is further demonstrated by the approval of a DNA vaccine for the treatment of canine melanoma, the first vaccine approved for the treatment of cancer. One of the primary advantages of DNA vaccines as opposed to some other methods of antigen delivery is that they can be easily constructed, purified, and delivered to recipients. Additionally, these vaccines can be easily modified to incorporate various elements that can enhance anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we discuss engineering efforts to enhance the immune and anti-tumor efficacy of DNA vaccines, focusing on specific changes that can be made to the DNA backbone to enhance the expression, processing, and presentation of the encoded antigen, as well as improving the inherent immunogenicity of the vaccine itself.
Format Effects of Empirically Derived Multiple-Choice Versus Free-Response Instruments When Assessing Graphing Abilities

Prior graphing research has demonstrated that clinical interviews and free-response instruments produce very different results than multiple-choice instruments, indicating potential validity problems when using multiple-choice instruments to assess graphing skills (Berg & Smith in Science Education, 78(6), 527–554, 1994). Extending this inquiry, we studied whether empirically derived, participant-generated graphs used as choices on the multiple-choice graphing instrument produced results that corresponded to participants’ responses on free-response instruments. The 5 – 8 choices on the multiple-choice instrument came from graphs drawn by 770 participants from prior research on graphing (Berg, 1989; Berg & Phillips in Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31(4), 323–344, 1994; Berg & Smith in Science Education, 78(6), 527–554, 1994). Statistical analysis of the 736 7th – 12th grade participants indicate that the empirically derived multiple-choice format still produced significantly more “picture-of-the-event” responses than did the free-response format for all three graphing questions. For two of the questions, participants who drew graphs on the free-response instruments produced significantly more correct responses than those who answered multiple-choice items. In addition, participants having “low classroom performance” were affected more significantly and negatively by the multiple-choice format than participants having “medium” or “high classroom performance.” In some cases, prior research indicating the prevalence of “picture-of-the-event” and graphing treatment effects may be spurious results, a product of the multiple-choice item format and not a valid measure of graphing abilities. We also examined how including a picture of the scenario on the instrument versus only a written description affected responses and whether asking participants to add marker points to their constructed or chosen graph would overcome the short-circuited thinking that multiple-choice items seem to produce.
A G-RKHS of bounded nonlinear operators for nonlinear systems control

A generalized reproducing kernal Hilbert space (G-RKHS) of nonlinear Lipschitz operators is constructed for systems and control engineering applications. Specifically, the uniform topology is first introduced into the totality of one-parameter families of nonlinear Lipschitz operators to form a uniformly normed linear space, and then a generalized Bochner integral is introduced to define an operator-valued inner product structure and an induced norm for the space. It is shown that any closed and separable subspace of the resultant inner product space is a G-RKHS, which is a new mathematical structure. A generalized Fock space for the specific family of bounded nonlinear Volterra operators for multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) control systems can be constructed in the same manner. An application of the approach to a feedback design problem involving optimal disturbance rejection for general nonlinear MIMI control systems formulated in a Banach space setting is indicated. >
Health Behavior in Adolescent Women Reporting and not Reporting Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT Objective To determine similarities and differences between adolescent women reporting intimate partner violence (IPV) and/or forced sexual intercourse (FSI) and those not reporting these experiences on a series of health-enhancing and health-compromising behaviors. Design and Setting Secondary analysis of the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in high schools throughout the United States. Participants One thousand six hundred and eight female students among whom 450 reported no IPV or FSI, 457 reported IPV, 473 reported FSI, and 228 reported experiencing IPV and FSI. Methods Descriptive statistics and discriminant function analysis. Results Statistical analyses revealed that the groups of adolescent women experiencing IPV and FSI were more alike than disparate, so groups were combined for further analysis. Results reveal that adolescent women reporting IPV and FSI are more likely to participate in health-compromising behaviors and less likely to participate in health-enhancing behaviors. Conclusion Adolescent women reporting either IPV or forced sex are more likely to be engaging in risky behaviors and less likely to be engaged in health-enhancing behaviors. These findings have important implications for health care professionals who care for adolescent women.
Cooperative control over link-limited and packet-dropping networks

In this paper we consider cooperative control of n dynamic agents to optimize an overall system performance metric. Due to limited communication resources, there exist structured interconnections among the agents and the interest is placed in synthesizing a suitably distributed control law to provide a given performance level. Based on a Youla-Kucera parameterization approach, the problem of designing a distributed controller to deliver given performance levels for different network topologies is convex in the Youla-Kucera parameter Q. Furthermore, if in addition to structured interconnections packet drops exist in the transmission of information, we provide convex conditions to guarantee mean square stability and system performance. The proposed method is also extended to deal with systems of triangular structures.
Carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Myoglobins Carboxymethylated with Enriched [2-13C]Bromoacetate

Abstract Cyanoferrimyoglobins of harbor seal and sperm whale were carboxymethylated with enriched [2-13C] bromoacetate. The enriched adducts were readily observed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. Resonances were identified by comparison with enriched adducts to appropriate small molecules, and T1 values were determined under various conditions. In addition to the expected adducts to the NH2-terminal residues and to histidine and lysine, an alkali-labile glycolate ester product was observed. Denatured forms were obtained by carboxymethylation in 8 m urea which led to complete conversion of all histidine residues to the dicarboxymethyl form. By carrying out carboxymethylation in stages it was possible to limit the labeling to either the normally external or the normally internal set of histidine residues. Treatment under denaturing conditions led to carboxymethylation of both methionine residues. The T1 values place some limits on the interpretation of the degrees of mobility of the adduct carbon nuclei.
A Controlled Community‐Based Trial to Promote Smoke‐Free Policy in Rural Communities

Purpose Rural, tobacco-growing areas are disproportionately affected by tobacco use, secondhand smoke, and weak tobacco control policies. The purpose was to test the effects of a stage-specific, tailored policy-focused intervention on readiness for smoke-free policy, and policy outcomes in rural underserved communities. Methods A controlled community-based trial including 37 rural counties. Data were collected annually with community advocates (n = 330) and elected officials (n = 158) in 19 intervention counties and 18 comparison counties over 5 years (average response rate = 68%). Intervention communities received policy development strategies from community advisors tailored to their stage of readiness and designed to build capacity, build demand, and translate and disseminate science. Policy outcomes were tracked over 5 years. Findings Communities receiving the stage-specific, tailored intervention had higher overall community readiness scores and better policy outcomes than the comparison counties, controlling for county-level smoking rate, population size, and education. Nearly one-third of the intervention counties adopted smoke-free laws covering restaurants, bars, and all workplaces compared to none of the comparison counties. Conclusions The stage-specific, tailored policy-focused intervention acted as a value-added resource to local smoke-free campaigns by promoting readiness for policy, as well as actual policy change in rural communities. Although actual policy change and percent covered by the policies were modest, these areas need additional resources and efforts to build capacity, build demand, and translate and disseminate science in order to accelerate smoke-free policy change and reduce the enormous toll from tobacco in these high-risk communities.
Solid phase extraction method for the study of black carbon cycling in dissolved organic carbon using radiocarbon

Abstract Radiocarbon analysis is a powerful tool for understanding the cycling of individual components within carbon pools, such as black carbon (BC) in dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements of BC in DOC provide insight into one source of aged, recalcitrant DOC. We report a modified solid phase extraction (SPE) method to concentrate 43 ± 6% of DOC (SPE-DOC) from seawater. We used the Benzene Polycarboxylic Acid (BPCA) method to isolate BC from SPE-DOC (SPE-BC) for subsequent 14C analysis. We report SPE-BC Δ14C values, SPE-BC concentrations, and the relative BPCA distributions from Milli-Q water process blanks, two riverine reference standards, as well as a coastal and an open ocean surface water sample. The composition of BC is less aromatic in the ocean samples than those in the river standards. We find higher BC Δ14C values in the river standards (+ 148 to − 462‰) than BC in the ocean samples (− 592 to − 712‰), suggesting that BC ages within oceanic DOC. We report that BC is 4.2 ± 1.0% of SPE-DOC in the open ocean surface sample, or 1.4 ± 0.1 μM C. This work provides the methodological basis by which global BC concentrations, compositions (e.g. relative abundances of BPCA marker compounds) and ∆14C values can be assessed.
Embryonic axis orientation in the mouse and its correlation with blastocyst relationships to the uterus. II. Relationships from 4 1/4 to 9 1/2 days.

Each of the three primary axes of the primitive streak (6 3/4 days p.c.) to C-shaped (9 1/2 days) stage mouse embryo has a specific relationship to the uterine horn axes. By a retrograde analysis of younger sectioned embryos it has been possible to construct an axis fate map for the implanting 4 1/4-day blastocyst and to show how its implantation in one or the other of two specific orientations to the ends and walls of the horn leads to these embryo-horn relationships. The implanting blastocyst axis fate map can be related to an axis fate map of the attached blastocyst (Smith, 1980) since these too are in one or the other of two orientations to the ends and walls of the horn. It is suggested that the asymmetries of the attached and implanting blastocysts that allowed the distinctive attachment and implantation orientations to be recognized, are the initial expressions of a three-dimensional system of positional information that is present in the attached blastocyst.
Making Space for the Nation: Satellite Television, Indian Scientific Elites, and the Cold War

Through newly accessible archival materials, this essay recovers a particular moment in the birth of the Indian space program when its principal architects sought to leverage US commitment to Indian development to create the technical know-how for an Indian television broadcasting satellite. This commitment was manifested in modernization theorists’ belief in the role of modern media as an enabler of development in India. Simultaneously, the US State Department orchestrated a program of assistance to India on space-related matters as a foil against India’s nuclear ambitions in the wake of the Chinese possession of the bomb. Both strategies were instruments of US ideological posturing in the developing world, a convergence of interventions that provided the perfect opportunity for Indian actors to seize the initiative and establish a foothold for a space program through an experiment that linked space activities with an egalitarian ethos. Thus, we see here the production of knowledge contained in a space whose meaning could be freely altered to contain a variety of incongruences (global, local, civilian, military, etc.) that were deeply emblematic of the encounter in the late twentieth century between elite Indian scientific and technological actors and the forces of modernization.
Laser cordotomy for the treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis in infants

Summary Objective Vocal cord paralysis is the second cause of neonatal stridor. Several surgical treatments are proposed in order to avoid tracheotomy or to decanulate patients. Laser posterior partial cordotomy is supposed to be a minimal invasive procedure. The purpose of the study is to share our experience in management of laryngeal paralysis with this technique in infants and appreciate its role in avoiding tracheotomy in infants. Design Retrospective study. Patients The charts of 0–2-year-old patients treated for vocal cord paralysis from 1996 to 2007 are reviewed. Eleven infants with bilateral laryngeal paralysis in adduction presented severe dyspnoea. Tracheotomy was performed in four out of them, proposed in five others. One infant out of 11 underwent long-term intubation, and one presented with progressive dyspnoea. Results The laser posterior partial cordotomy allowed the decanulation after one session ( n = 2) or avoided tracheotomy ( n = 5), one patient had significant improvement of his respiratory function. Two patients needed a second session of laser cordotomy and were decanulated. The functional results for the voice and swallowing qualities were subjectively satisfactory. One patient had pejorative evolution. Conclusion Posterior partial cordotomy is an effective, minimal invasive technique which can be proposed to avoid tracheotomy in infants with bilateral adduction vocal cord paralysis. No functional sequelae were observed.
Synthesis of Controlled-Structure AB Diblock Copolymers of 3-O-Methacryloyl-1,2 : 3,4-di-O-Isopropylidene-D-Galactopyranose and 2-(dimethylamino)Ethyl Methacrylate

Abstract We report herein the synthesis of hydrophilic–hydrophilic AB diblock copolymers of 3-O-methacryloyl- d -galactopyranose (MAGP) with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). These materials were obtained from precursor AB diblock copolymers of 3-O-methacryloyl-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene- d -galactopyranose (MAIpGP) and DMAEMA. The well-defined precursor block copolymers were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in organic media employing dithiobenzoates as the mediating agents. We show that the homopolymerization of MAIpGP proceeds in a controlled fashion as judged by the linear pseudo-first-order kinetic plot, the linear relationship between the number average molecular weight (Mn) and the degree of conversion, and the resulting low polydispersity indices. Homopolymers of MAIpGP were employed as macro chain transfer agents for the preparation of the target AB diblock copolymers with DMAEMA. We show that PMAIpGP homopolymers are readily and quantitatively converted to the corresponding poly(3-O-methacryloyl- d -galactopyranose) (PMAGP) species according to a literature procedure. In a control experiment we demonstrate that these deprotection conditions do not adversely affect a DMAEMA homopolymer.
A mild approach for bio-oil stabilization and upgrading: electrocatalytic hydrogenation using ruthenium supported on activated carbon cloth

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) offers a new approach for bio-oil stabilization (a.k.a. partial upgrading). Water-soluble bio-oil, obtained by aqueous extraction of the liquid product of biomass pyrolysis, was hydrogenated using ECH at room conditions. A new electrocatalyst, ruthenium supported on activated carbon cloth, was used as the catalytic cathode. After electrocatalytic hydrogenation, aldehydes and ketones were reduced to the corresponding alcohols or diols, forms less prone to condensation chemistry. Carbon recovery into the liquid product, important when making liquid fuels from biomass, was more than 80%, while less than 0.1 wt% of the water-soluble bio-oil formed solid precipitate. The stability of the ECH-treated water-soluble bio-oil was checked via an accelerated aging test followed by size exclusion chromatography analysis and viscometry. Besides stabilization of bio-oil for subsequent fuel production, hydrogen and valuable diols were produced during ECH. Strategies to optimize the energy efficiency of this approach by altering the cell design, modifying the catalyst and adjusting the reaction conditions were also explored.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUCROSE POLYESTER, SEMPERFRESH™, ON THE STORAGE OF MICHIGAN GROWN “MCINTOSH” AND “GOLDEN DELICIOUS” APPLES 1

“Golden Delicious” and “McIntosh” apples were treated with the sucrose polyester, Semperfresh™, to determine its influence on fruit maturity parameters during cold storage. the objective of this experiment was to determine if Semperfresh application could delay ripening and improve fruit storage stability. Semperfresh treatment reduced apple ripening rate as observed by several parameters including color and texture. Treated apples had delayed color development (internal and external Hunter color reflectance measurements) during 4 months of storage (39°CF; 5°C). Semperfresh increased fruit penetrometer (firmness) readings of both varieties during storage. Measurements for pH, total acidity, and soluble solids were not affected by Semperfresh treatment. Sensory evaluation using a triangle test, indicated that flavor and textural changes were not detected when apples treated with 1.2% Semperfresh were compared to untreated apples after two months storage.
Assessing Composite Resin Wear in Primary Molars: Four-year Findings

Many investigators have reported minimal wear of resin restorations in primary molars. Until recently, quantitative wear assessments have not been reported. The purpose of this investigation was (1) to present and contrast data from two 48-month clinical trials wherein quantitative wear assessments were used to evaluate wear of resin restorations in primary molars, and (2) to compare these results with those using the USPHS method of wear assessment.The data were collected from two different clinical trials. One was conducted at the University of California in San Francisco by Tonn and Ryge (TR Trial). The other was conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by Oldenburg, Vann, and Dilley (OVD Trial). The OVD Trial had a sample size of 45 patients with 106 restorations; the TR Trial had 44 patients with 96 restorations. The restorations in both trials were Class I and II restorations in occlusion. They were placed with the experimental light-cured posterior composite resin F-70, later ma...
Unit-distance graphs in rational n -spaces

Abstract Let U n be the infinite graph with n -dimensional rational space Q n as vertex set and two vertices joined by an edge if and only if the distance between them is exactly 1. The connectedness and clique numbers of the graphs U n are discussed.
Twisted, Z-shaped perylene bisimide.

The first derivative of a new class of perylene bisimide chromophores, N,N‘-bis(octyl)-3,9-bis(phenyl)perylene-1,2,7,8-tetracarboxyl bisimide, 1, has been synthesized and its fundamental photophysical and electrochemical properties assessed. The extended, Z-shaped structure was achieved by use of the classic photoenolization of an o-methylbenzophenone analogue, 1,5-dibenzoyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene, and in situ Diels−Alder trapping of the resulting o-xylylenol intermediates with N-octylmaleimide. Subsequent dehydration and aromatization of the resulting bisadduct afforded 1. In dichloromethane, bisimide 1 has an absorption λmax at 491 nm (e = 29,600 M-1 cm-1), a fluorescence λmax at 517 nm with a high quantum yield (Φ = 0.70), and a single-exponential fluorescence decay (τ = 5.01 ns). Pure crystals of 1 have red emission, suggesting exciplex formation in the solid state. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 1 revealed significant twisting of its perylene core.