cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Second Look at Amended Rule 11

Introduction 1008 I. Rule 11 Before the 1993 Amendments 1009 II. Features of the Amended Rule 1013 A. Sanctions Are Discretionary With the Court 1013 B. New Standards of Liability 1014 C. What Kinds of Statements Are Sanctionable? 1015 D. Inapplicability of the Rule to Discovery Disputes 1017 E. The Safe Harbor 1017 F. Accountability for Violations of the Rule 1018 G. Limitations on Available Sanctions 1019 H. The Court’s Authority to Impose Sanctions Sua Sponte . 1020 III. The Debate Over the Proposed Amendments 1022 IV. Experience Under the Amended Rule 1025 A. Commentaries and Surveys 1025 B. Cases Decided Under the Amended Rule 1029 1. The safe harbor in practice 1030 2. How is judicial discretion being exercised? 1032 3. How are the substantive provisions of the amended rule being applied? 1033 4. How are courts exercising the authority to impose sanctions sua sponte? 1035 5. Is the Rule’s deterrent purpose being advanced? .... 1037 V. Using the Amended Rule Effectively in Practice 1044 A. The Safe Harbor and Separate Motion Requirements.. 1044 B. Giving Notice and Documenting a Violation 1045 C. Specificity in Pleading 1046 D. Once a Paper is Challenged 1047 E. The Court’s Review of the Rule 11 Motion 1048 VI. A Preliminary Assessment of the Amended Rule 1049 A. The Amended Rule’s Direct Effects 1049
Foliar fungicides for control of rice diseases in the United States.

The most common and important foliar diseases of rice in the southern United States are sheath blight, blast, stem rot, brown leaf spot, narrow brown leaf spot and leaf smut. Fungicides have been evaluated for more than 20 years for efficacy against these diseases at the Rice Research Station in Crowley, Louisiana, USA in small plot experiments. Five fungicides are presently registered for commercial use. The commercial fungicides benomyl, propiconazole, iprodione, copper plus sulfur, and thiabendazole have received registrations since 1976. Benomyl, propiconazole, and Iprodione have similar activity against sheath blight but thiabendazole and copper plus sulfur are not recommended because of poor performance. Benomyl also has activity against blast and narrow brown leaf spot. Propiconazole gives excellent control of narrow brown leaf spot and leaf smut. Iprodione suppresses the brown leaf spot disease. Several new fungicides which are narrow spectrum and specific for sheath blight control will soon be registered.
Familism Values, Family Time, and Mexican‐Origin Young Adults' Depressive Symptoms

Using longitudinal data across eight years, this study examined how parents' familism values in early adolescence predicted youths' depressive symptoms in young adulthood via youths' familism values and family time. We examined these processes among 246 Mexican-origin families using interview and phone-diary data. Findings revealed that fathers' familism values predicted male and female youths' familism values in middle adolescence. For female youth only, fathers' familism values also predicted youths' family time in late adolescence. The link between family time and young adults' depressive symptoms depended on parental acceptance and adolescent gender: Among female and male youth, family time predicted fewer depressive symptoms, but only when paternal acceptance was high. For female adolescents only, family time predicted fewer depressive symptoms when maternal acceptance was high but more depressive symptoms when maternal acceptance was low. Findings highlight family dynamics as the mechanisms through which familism values have implications for youths' adjustment.
Development of a thermal-neutron flux-measuring instrument

The instrument measures thermal-neutron flux directly and automatically. Measurements are nearly independent of gamma flux and ambient temperature. The method depends upon balancing the temperatures of an electrically heated balancing element and a fission-heated uranium-fueled sensing element. The flux-detector assembly measures only 3/16-inch OD (outside diameter) by 2? inches long.
Aerobic exercise training fails to lower hypertriglyceridemia levels in persons with advanced HIV-1 infection.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations varied in 5 men with advanced HIV-1 infection after 12 months of aerobic exercise training. Prior to exercise, the mean baseline cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) serum concentration were each lower, and mean baseline triglyceride concentration was higher compared to a healthy population norm. Consistent exercise training for 12 months failed to significantly (p > .05) alter cholesterol or HDL-C. Triglyceride concentration was significantly (p < .05) elevated above baseline (63 mg/dL) regardless of exercise compliance. The results suggest that long-term exercise training cannot correct lipid profile abnormality, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, common to individuals with advanced HIV-1 infection.
Spatial gradient in TTX sensitivity of axons at the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction.

At the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction, axons branch repeatedly before synapsing onto muscle fibers as varicosities. Excitability of these axons was examined with two-electrode current clamp...
Asymptotic resource consumption in multicast reservation styles

The goal of network design is to meet the needs of resident applications in an efficient manner. Adding real-time service and point-to-multipoint multicast routing to the Internet's traditional point-to-point best effort service model will greatly increase the Internet's efficiency in handling point-to-multipoint real-time applications. Recently, the RSVP resource reservation protocol has introduced the concept of “reservation styles”, which control how reservations are aggregated in multipoint-to-multipoint real-time applications. In this paper, which is an extension of [9], we analytically evaluate the efficiency gains offered by this new paradigm on three simple network topologies: linear, m-tree, and star. We compare the resource utilization of more traditional reservation approaches to the RSVP reservation styles in the asymptotic limit of large multipoint applications. We find that in several cases the efficiency improvements scale linearly in the number of hosts.
Macrosomia prediction using ultrasound fetal abdominal circumference of 35 centimeters or more.

Abstract Objective: To determine if birth weights greater than 4000 g can be predicted by ultrasound measurements of abdominal circumferences. Methods: In 1996, 254 newborns delivered at Tampa General Hospital weighed at least 4000 g, 84 of whom had ultrasound examinations within 2 weeks of delivery. Those were compared with 84 neonates with recent ultrasounds who weighed less than 4000 g. Data were abstracted retrospectively from maternal medical records. Results: The best linear predictor of birth weight was ultrasound measurement of abdominal circumference (AC), which had a correlation coefficient of 0.95. An AC measurement of 35 cm or more predicted 93% of macrosomic infants. Among 177 macrosomic infants born vaginally, 23 (13%) had shoulder dystocia. In that group, induction of labor was associated with a greater than three-fold increase in risk of shoulder dystocia (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 8.2; P Conclusion: Abdominal circumference measurements were useful in screening for suspected macrosomia. An AC measurement of 35 cm or more identified more than 90% of macrosomic infants who were at risk for shoulder dystocia. Induction of labor in macrosomic patients increased the risk of shoulder dystocia.
Domains in Ultrathin Ferroelectric Films with Metallic and Semiconducting Electrodes

We discuss ferroelectric phase transitions into single- and multidomain states in very thin films using continuous theory. In a typical case of BaTiO3 film with SrRuO3 electrodes the homogeneous states remains ferroelectric down to 2.5 nm, same thickness as in ab-initio modeling, whereas the actual critical thickness is determined by the existence of the domains that may exist in films just 0.8 nm thick. Nonlinear screening by carriers in semiconducting electrodes could have made the phase transition first order, but this Batra transition in monodomain state does not happen since it is preempted by domain formation. The results do not depend on whether or not the screening carriers may be present in the ferroelectric itself.
IgM and IgG antibodies to phenolic glycolipid I from Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy: insight into patient monitoring, erythema nodosum leprosum, and bacillary persistence

Serum IgM and IgG antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae-derived phenolic glycolipid I (PG) were determined in leprosy patients, contacts, and controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-PG IgM levels increased from the tuberculoid (TT) to the lepromatous (LL) pole of the disease spectrum. There was a positive linear correlation between anti-PG IgM and bacillary index (BI). Patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) had lower levels of serum anti-PG IgM than non-ENL patients of comparable BI, suggesting that anti-PG IgM is involved in the pathogenesis of ENL. Initial observations indicate that high anti-PG IgM levels in bacillary-negative patients might reflect bacillary persistence. A study of 2 different substrate reagents in the ELISA [2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 0.1 mM H2O2, serum diluted 1:20, and o-phenylenediamine (OPD), 5 mM H2O2, serum diluted 1:300] showed generally good correlation in detection of anti-PG IgM. However the OPD system detected more paucibacillary disease (BT), while the ABTS system detected the significant effect of ENL on the relationship between BI and anti-PG IgM. Anti-PG IgM was clearly dominant over anti-PG IgG. However, certain patients, including several patients who had upgraded from LL and borderline lepromatous leprosy (BL), showed high levels of anti-PG IgG. Since studies have shown that LL patients are selectively deficient in cell-mediated immunity, T-cell products may be required for the IgM to IgG isotype switch. We conclude that anti-PG IgM is useful for monitoring the bacillary load in individual patients and should prove useful for leprosy control strategies.
Increased Risk of Esophageal Eosinophilia and Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Patients With Active Celiac Disease on Biopsy

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The possible association between eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and celiac disease is controversial because prior results have been contradictory. We aimed to determine the relationship between EoE and celiac disease among patients with concomitant esophageal and duodenal biopsies. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a U.S. national pathology database by using data from January 2009 through June 2012. Our primary case definition was defined by the presence of esophageal eosinophilia with ‡15 eosinophils per high-power field. The crude and adjusted (for age and sex) odds of esophageal eosinophilia for patients with active celiac disease were compared with those without celiac disease. Sensitivity analyses were performed by using more stringent case definitions and by estimating the associations between celiac disease and reflux esophagitis and celiac disease and Barrett’s esophagus. RESULTS: Of 292,621 patients in the source population, 88,517 with both esophageal and duodenal biopsies were studied. Four thousand one hundred one (4.6%) met criteria for EoE, and 1203 (1.4%) met criteria for celiac disease. Odds of EoE were 26% higher in patients with celiac disease than in patients without celiac disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–1.60). The magnitude of association varied according to EoE case definition, but all definitions showed a weak positive association between the 2 conditions. There was no association between celiac disease and reflux esophagitis (aOR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85–1.07) or Barrett’s esophagus (aOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.69–1.14) and celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS: There is a weak increase in EoE in patients with celiac disease. This association strengthened with increasingly stringent definitions of EoE and was not observed for other esophageal conditions. In patients with celiac disease, concomitant EoE should be considered in the correct clinical setting.
Norepinephrine: Turnover in Rat Brains after Gonadectomy

Tritium labeled norepinephrine disappearance rate from rat brains after gonadectomy, discussing synthesis and turnover rates regulation by pituitary-gonadal axis
Milieu: Lightweight and Configurable Big Data Provenance for Science

The volume and complexity of data produced and analyzed in scientific collaborations is growing exponentially. It is important to track scientific data-intensive analysis workflows to provide context and reproducibility as data is transformed in these collaborations. Provenance addresses this need and aids scientists by providing the lineage or history of how data is generated, used and modified. Provenance has traditionally been collected at the workflow level often making it hard to capture relevant information about resource characteristics and is difficult for users to easily incorporate in existing workflows. In this paper, we describe Milieu, a framework focused on the collection of provenance for scientific experiments in High Performance Computing systems. Our approach collects provenance in a minimally intrusive way without significantly impacting the performance of the execution of scientific workflows. We also provide fidelity to our provenance collection by allowing users to specify three levels of provenance collection. We evaluate our framework on systems at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and show that the overhead is less than the variation already experienced by these applications in these shared environments.
Experiments with some algorithms that find central solutions for pattern classification

In two-class pattern recognition, it is a standard technique to have an algorithm finding hyperplanes which separates the two classes in a linearly separable training set. The traditional methods find a hyperplane which separates all points in one class from all points in the other, but such a hyperplane is not necessarily centered in the empty space between the two classes. Since a central hyperplane does not favor one class or the other, it should have a lower error rate in classifying new points and is therefore better than a noncentral hyperplane. Six algorithms for finding central hyperplanes are tested on three data sets. Although frequently used in practice, the modified relaxation algorithm is very poor. Three algorithms which are defined in the paper are found to be quite good.
The role of thoracoscopy in thoracic trauma

The advent of video-assisted thoracic surgical procedures has caused many thoracic surgeons to reevaluate their approach to the management of diseases of the chest. The management of traumatic thoracic injuries is an area in which thoracoscopic techniques may have significant impact. The current role of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and therapy of thoracic trauma continues to evolve. This review considers the currently accepted diagnostic and therapeutic applications of thoracoscopy in the management of these patients. The technique of thoracoscopy as it applies to the trauma patient is also discussed, as well as the future and expanding applications of thoracoscopy in this setting.
Symbolic derivatives without list processing, subroutines, or recursion

A routine has been developed which computes and prints out the symbolic derivative of an absolutely continuous elementary function of one or several variables. No use is made of list processing languages. The chain rule is applied and the result is edited to produce results as elegant and efficient as those obtained by hand computation. A subset may be imbedded in a formula translator to introduce a differentiation operator into an “algebraic” programming language.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, is the principal intracellular source of NADPH. NADPH is utilized as a cofactor by vascular endothelial cell nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate nitric oxide (NO•). To determine whether G6PD modulates NO•-mediated angiogenesis, we decreased G6PD expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to G6PD or increased G6PD expression by adenoviral gene transfer, and we examined vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary-like tube formation. Deficient G6PD activity was associated with a significant decrease in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation, whereas increased G6PD activity promoted these processes. VEGF-stimulated eNOS activity and NO• production were decreased significantly in endothelial cells with deficient G6PD activity and enhanced in G6PD-overexpressing cells. In addition, G6PD-deficient cells demonstrated decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor Flk-1/KDR, Akt, and eNOS compared with cells with normal G6PD activity, whereas overexpression of G6PD enhanced phosphorylation of Flk-1/KDR, Akt, and eNOS. In the Pretsch mouse, a murine model of G6PD deficiency, vessel outgrowth from thoracic aorta segments was impaired compared with C3H wild-type mice. In an in vivo Matrigel angiogenesis assay, cell migration into the plugs was inhibited significantly in G6PD-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, and gene transfer of G6PD restored the wild-type phenotype in G6PD-deficient mice. These findings demonstrate that G6PD modulates angiogenesis and may represent a novel angiogenic regulator.
Simple Fabrication and Processing of an All-Polymer Electrooptic Modulator

Emerging systems requiring large-scale manufacture and monolithic integration of photonic components have created demand for inexpensive and scalable processes for the production of conformal, low-drive voltage, and high bandwidth EO modulators. This paper discusses a device architecture for a phase modulator based on a recently developed organic EO material, IKD-1-50, using low-index, photocurable cladding layers on a Silicon platform. Theory and modeling for a TM waveguide and electrode configuration are presented, followed by the fabrication process and device characterization. The EO material serving as the core of the waveguide is poled using a poling and monitoring apparatus with procedures that were optimized for this material based on experimentation in simple slab-capacitor characterization devices. The challenges presented by the instability of OEOMs under common processing conditions have been addressed and a simple fabrication process has been developed using standard photolithography and reactive ion etching. The characterization methodology for phase modulators will be presented along with the results for modulators fabricated for this study. This study culminates in a VπL of roughly 3.3 V·cm which is comparable with the record demonstrations in the literature for a TM-mode inverted ridge-waveguide-based EO modulator.
The general conservation laws in a dilute plasma

The macroscopic conservation equations for a dilute, fully ionized plasma are derived directly from the B-B-G-K-Y hierarchy instead of from the kinetic equation involving only the single-particle distribution function. In this way it is possible to exhibit clearly the role which the two-particle correlation function plays in the various macroscopic quantities.
Linear operators preserving the (p,q)-numerical range

Abstract Let bd M be H n or C n×n, the real linear space of all n × n hermitian matrices and the complex linear space of all n × n complex matrices, respectively. For 1 ⩽ p ⩽ q ⩽ n, the (p, q) numerical radius of A ∈ M is defined and denoted by r p, q (A) = {|E p (X ∗ AX)|: X∈ D n×q , X ∗ X = I q } , where Ep(Y) denotes the pth elementary symmetric function on the eigenvalues of Y. We characterize the linear operators φ on M that satisfy rp, q(φ(A)) = rp, q(A) for all A∈ M .
Jim Crow in the gymnasium: the integration of college basketball in the American south

(1993). Jim Crow in the gymnasium: the integration of college basketball in the American south. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 68-86.
Insights into Expected Changes in Regulated Flood Frequencies due to the Spatial Configuration of Flood Retention Ponds

AbstractThis study examines the effects that the spatial configuration of flood retention ponds have on the reduction of flood peaks across different spatial scales in the catchment. A continuous simulation approach is used to investigate how different spatial organizations, storage capacities, and release capacities of retention ponds alter the downstream flood frequency curve. The simulation experiment involves a small (∼30 km2) hypothetical catchment, a 1,000 year-long randomly generated rainfall time series and a distributed rainfall-runoff model that simulates the transport of water along the drainage network. Moreover, a hypothetical order four Mandelbrot-Viseck tree is used as a generic template of river network branching. Three important insights emerge from this study’s theoretical exercise. First, flood retention ponds that are placed in the upstream section of the catchment and that are configured in parallel offer better flood control than either ponds that are configured in series along the ...
Penny matching machines

A problem currently facing engineers is the design of machines capable of making decisions. This article contains a description of the strategies a machine or player might use in a simple penny matching game. The adversary in this game is a simple indifferent opponent, who has the characteristic that his probability of playing heads is independent of the outcome of the game. Throughout the game the player attempts to select heads or tails in a manner that maximizes his expecte net gain. If the player does have this criterion, his decisions depend upon his estimate of his opponents probability of playing heads. Under certain conditions, optimum decisions can be performed with a single analogue storage element. If the opponent plays according to conditional probabilities, theplayer should estimate the two quantities Ph(h) , the probability a head follows a head, and Pt(h) , the probability a head follows a tail. If the player is unaware that his opponent is playing conditional probabilities and assumes that the opponent's probabilities are independent of previous selections, he may suffer a loss. The amount of this loss, if it does occur, is a function of Ph(h) and Pt(h) .
Long-range dependence in the volatility of commodity futures prices: Wavelet-based evidence

Abstract Commodity futures have long been used to facilitate risk management and inventory stabilization. The study of commodity futures prices has attracted much attention in the literature because they are highly volatile and because commodities represent a large proportion of the export value in many developing countries. Previous research has found apparently contradictory findings about the presence of long memory or more generally, long-range dependence. This note investigates the nature of long-range dependence in the volatility of 14 energy and agricultural commodity futures price series using the improved Hurst coefficient ( H ) estimator of Abry, Teyssiere and Veitch. This estimator is motivated by the ability of wavelets to detect self-similarity and also enables a test for the stability of H . The results show evidence of long-range dependence for all 14 commodities and of a non-stationary H for 9 of 14 commodities.
Progressive Knowledge Use In Incremental Segmentation

The segmentation problem in image processing still falls short of an optimal solution. Obtaining a suitable segmentation requires domain specific knowledge. The optimal insertion of this knowledge in the segmentation process is the major issue. The complex human visual system first extracts reliable intrinsic information from the input and then applies knowledge stepwise at each stage of visual processing from the retinal to the cognitive levels. A near optimal segmentation scheme should approximate this approach. In this paper we present a segmentation algorithm based on the above approach. Using only intrinsic information from a noise refined copy of the input image, we identify and group pixels that are geometrically related into regions. The partitioning is successively refined by region merging, using only general rules of perceptual grouping. Control strategies for judging connectivity and homogeneity are based on basic topological and geometric rules. This general geometry guided segmentation has the advantage of being domain independent. At an intermediate level we start introducing domain specific knowledge in further region merging. Our applications are in cell physiology and we first exploit general knowledge from cytology. Progressively, we increase knowledge use in the definition of merging rules. Higher up the segmentation heirarchy, we include rules specific to a given branch of cell physiology and directly linked to characteristics of cell organelle. Merging stops when all existing regions are matchable with particular features and/or further merging is senseless or impossible using the defined rules. The results presented are from insect physiology where for some time now there has been disagreement among researchers on the number, type and distinguishing characteristics of the various hemocytes identified so far. The idea is to bring the various parties to a compromise by producing a Computer Based Reference Classification of Hemocytes.
Noise characterization of mode-locked lasers by comparing the power spectra of the fundamental and second-harmonic pulses.

By comparing the noise power spectra of the fundamental pulses and those of the second-harmonic pulses, the peak intensity fluctuation, the pulse-width fluctuation, the pulse timing jitter, and the cross correlation between the pulse width and the peak intensity fluctuations of a mode-locked pulse train can be separately quantified. The noise characteristics of an actively mode-locked Nd:YLF laser are presented to demonstrate this technique.
A theory of modal control

Although considerable progress has been made in various aspects of control theory, there still appears to be no adequate theory for the control of large-scale linear time-invariant multivariable systems. If the engineering specifications required of the controlled system can be effectively summarized in a quadratic performance measure, then linear optimal control theory, in principle, provides a linear feedback controller which would perform the required task. Even under these circumstances the computational problems may be insurmountable. In an effort to circumvent these difficulties Rosenbrock suggested the use of modal control as a design aid. Modal control may be defined as control which changes the modes (i.e., the eigenvalues of the system matrix) to achieve the desired control objectives. This paper presents a complete and rigorous theory of modal control as well as recursive algorithms which permit modal control to be realized.
Multiple Asian pig origins revealed through genomic analyses

Previous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have suggested that European and Asian pig populations were derived through multiple domestication events. We investigated whether domestic pig populations were derived from distinct ancestors within their respective regions, using eight domestic breeds (five European and three Asian), and also European and Asian wild boar populations. Genomic analyses utilized 21 microsatellite markers (MS) selected for their distribution across the pig genome in addition to the mtDNA D-loop region. The number of alleles per MS loci ranged from 8 (Sw2008) to 16 (S0097 and S0218). Few significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected, suggesting the absence of heterozygote deficiencies. Analyses within populations revealed observed mean heterozygosity from 0.48 (Erhualian) to 0.68 (Dutch WB) and an expected mean heterozygosity from 0.53 (Hampshire) to 0.80 (Japanese WB) with effective alleles ranging from 2.28 (Hampshire) to 3.74 (French WB). Wild boar populations demonstrated a higher level of heterozygosity than domestic breeds. Genetic differentiation estimated by fixation indices (F(ST)) ranged from 0.021 (Yorkshire and Duroc) to 0.410 (Meishan and Hampshire) and was consistent with previous mtDNA analysis. Both phylogenetic and principal component analyses revealed a distinct separation of European and Asian derived populations with tight clustering of the European domestic breeds. Conversely, the use of both MS and mtDNA clarified that the Asian populations were comprised of three groups, one represented by Erhualian and Meishan breed, the second represented by Lanyu pigs and the third represented by the Asian wild boars. The current findings support the hypothesis that Asian domestic populations were derived from multiple Asian ancestral origins whereas the European domestic populations represent a single ancestral European lineage.
Finite element modeling of random multiphase materials for micromachining

Compared with lithographic techniques, mechanical micromachining is a potential competitive process for fabricating 3D micro/meso components or macro parts with micro-features from diverse materials at high accuracy, efficiency, and low costs, but the size effect induced by the comparable size of microstructures, cutting edge radius, and depth-of-cut results in a plowing dominated process. A methodology to incorporate model random microstructure in finite element analysis (FEA) of micromachining multiphase materials has been developed to understand the plowing, tribological, and heat transfer mechanisms. An internal state variable plasticity model has been developed to model the dynamic mechanical behavior including the effect of randomly distributed microstructure, materials damage and evolution. The simulated process variables including chip morphology, forces, and temperatures agree well with the observed experimental phenomena. The simulation recovers the shearing-plowing transition and increased specific energy in micromachining.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The influence of hydrogen ion concentration on radiation-induced damage in barley

Abstract Resting seeds (14% moisture content) of barley (Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya) were gamma irradiated and then hydrated in buffer solutions at different pHs for 12 hr at 20°C. The response of the irradiated seeds to hydrogen ion concentration of the hydration solution was measured by several biological criteria. A modification of the radiation-induced damage as measured by M1 seedling growth injury, lethality and mitotic chromosome aberrations was found. The general trend was a decrease in radiation-induced damage with an increase in the pH of the hydration solution. In contrast, the frequency of radiation-induced M2 seedling mutations and M1 plant sterility were influenced but little. Mutagenic efficiency, i.e. the ratio of mutations to amount of “damage” e.g. seedling injury, mitotic chromosome aberrations and lethality, induced by gamma radiation, was greater at basic pHs than at acidic pHs. It was hypothesized that hydrogen ion concentration might influence the radiation-induced chromosome aberration frequency by either (a) modifying the properties of radiation-induced radicals responsible for the induction of chromosome breaks, or (b) by altering the activity of enzymes concerned with the development and/or subsequent behaviour of chromosome breaks. The latter mechanism is favoured.
The audacity of HOPE VI: Discourse and the dismantling of public housing

Abstract This paper is an examination of the “discourse of disaster” that has cleared the way for the dismantling of public housing in the US. It is argued that this narrative represents public housing communities as deviant, dysfunctional, or obsolete. In response, residents have generated a discourse of resistance that focuses on dimensions of home and community. The social science evidence that validates the residents’ storyline is summarized.
Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics: II, Warm-Temperature Process for Alumina Ceramics

This is the second of three papers on a dissolution model that describes the formation of chemically bonded phosphate ceramics. In this paper, we discuss the kinetics of formation of aluminum phosphate ceramics between 100° and 150°C. Using basic thermodynamic formulations, we calculated the temperatures of maximum solubility of alumina and its hydrated phases and predicted the temperatures of formation of ceramics. Differential thermal and X-ray diffraction analyses on samples made in the laboratory confirm these temperatures. The resulting ceramics of alumina bonded with aluminum phosphate (berlinite) show a high compressive strength of 16 000 psi. We have concluded that rapid evaporation of excess water in the slurry generates porosity in the ceramics, and that better processing methods are needed. A consolidation model is presented that describes the microstructure of the ceramic. It predicts that a very small amount of alumina must be converted to form the bonding phase; hence, the product is mostly alumina with a thin coating of berlinite on the surface of alumina particles.
Comparison of N-linked Glycoproteins in Human Whole Saliva, Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual Glandular Secretions Identified using Hydrazide Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry

Introduction Saliva is a body fluid that holds promise for use as a diagnostic fluid for detecting diseases. Salivary proteins are known to be heavily glycosylated and are known to play functional roles in the oral cavity. We identified N-linked glycoproteins in human whole saliva, as well as the N-glycoproteins in parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glandular fluids.
Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Evidence from backward masking and priming

When a briefly exposed target word is followed by a pseudoword mask, the disruptive masking effect is reduced when the mask shares graphemes with the target word and is further reduced when the mask shares phonemes with the target word (Perfetti, Bell, & Delaney, 1988,Journal of Memory and Language27, 59–70). These results implicate early (prelexical) phonemic activation during word identification. In Experiment 1, this phonemic masking effect was found to hold through target exposure durations ranging from 35 to 55 ms and to be independent of word frequency and spelling pattern consistency. In Experiment 3, completely convergent results were found in a masked priming paradigm that varied the exposure of a masked pseudoword prime from 25 to 65 ms. Phonemic priming effects were found by 45 ms correcting earlier conclusions favoring direct visual access based on this paradigm. Together, the masking and priming results strongly support a process of early phonemic activation prior to word identification. The results are most naturally handled by a single-mechanism activation model, but are also consistent with restricted versions of dual route theories.
B74-18 Computer System Organization

Historians tell us that in ancient times the usual mode of operation of a Computer System Manufacturer was for an electronic engineer to emerge from his laboratory one day and tell the waiting programmer "Lookǃ Here's our next modelǃ" The engineer then disappeared to work on the next-but-one model, leaving the programmer to work around any deficiencies or awkwardness in the hardware design which had been handed to him. In modern times, the idea that a machine should be designed to fulfil a function, that the intended use of the machine should supply constraints on its design (rather than the converse), has received at least lip service in most quarters. Some manufacturers have even adopted it as a way of life.
Stimulus Parameters in Speech Compression

A total of 36 stimulus tapes were prepared by the conjoint manipulation of three parameters potentially critical in their control of compression effects. These parameters were: (1) talker rate, manipulated through the limits attainable by a trained speaker; (2) selective pause compression at three values, 100, 50, and 0% deletions and (3) random deletions at four values, 0, 30, 50, and 70%. Each of the 36 stimulus tapes was analyzed with respect to distribution of pause-to-phonation time and rate. In addition, the message was analyzed in terms of the Information Theory in an attempt to specify the moment-to-moment textual constraints present. Comprehension data provided by 135 Ss indicated that pause distribution in a connected message interacts non-additively with rate. Pause-to-phonation ratios in normally accelerated speech decrease logarithmically as speech rate increases and artificial treatment of these ratios produces significant over-all rate increases which survive listening tests better than some random compression treatments. Methodological considerations are discussed in some detail in an attempt to suggest certain normative measures which would make it possible to more readily compare compression effects across differing messages, speakers and treatments, and as a consequence increase the generality of research findings.
Determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in low moisture, nonfatty products using a solid phase extraction cleanup and gas chromatography.

Abstract A multiresidue solid‐phase extraction (SPE) method for the isolation and subsequent gas Chromatographie determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in low‐moisture, nonfatty products is described. Residues are extracted from samples with an acetonitrile/water mixture. Cleanup of the extract is performed using graphitized carbon black and anion exchange SPE columns, and analysis is performed by gas chromatography with Hall electrolytic conductivity and flame photometric detection. Recovery data was obtained by fortifying corn, oats and wheat with pesticides. The average recoveries were 79–123% for eight organochlorine and 51–122% for 28 organophosphorus pesticide residues. The limit of quantitation for chlorpyriphos was 0.05 ppm using the Hall electrolytic conductivity detector and <0.005 ppm using the flame photometric detector.
Detection and characterization of biological and other organic-carbon aerosol particles in atmosphere using fluorescence

Abstract This paper offers a brief review on the detection and characterization of biological and other organic-carbon (OC) aerosol particles in atmosphere using laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) signatures. It focuses on single individual particles or aggregates in the micron and super-micron size range when they are successively drawn through the interrogation volume of a point detection system. Related technologies for these systems that have been developed in last two decades are also discussed. These results should provide a complementary view for studying atmospheric aerosol particles, particularly bioaerosol and OC aerosol particles from other analytical technologies.
Deletion analysis of the Escherichia coli lactose promoter P2.

Abstract The Escherichia coli lactose (lac) operon transcription control region includes at least two sequences which are recognized by RNA polymerase holoenzyme in vitro, the normal lac promoter (termed P1) and an overlapping upstream promoter (termed P2). The structure of the P2 and the effect of RNA polymerase interaction at P2 on the association of RNA polymerase with P1 was analyzed by the isolation and characterization of various mutations at P2. A set of deletions with varying lengths of DNA between the lac P2 -10 region and a "-35 region" contributed by the vector DNA were constructed. In vitro studies indicate that as the spacing between the -10 region and "-35 region" is increased from 16 to 22 base pairs (bp), the steady state occupancy as measured by exonuclease III protection experiments and the ability to initiate transcripts from P2 decrease. Studies were also conducted using a single base pair insertion and a two base pair deletion between the natural -35 and -10 regions of P2. The mutation which decreases the in vitro occupancy and transcription initiation potential of P2 does not significantly affect the steady state in vitro occupancy of P1 nor the in vivo expression of the lac operon. These results are not consistent with the model that RNA polymerase occupancy at P2 competes with the P1 expression and therefore that this competition plays a role in cAMP bound catabolite gene activator protein (CAP-cAMP) control of the lac operon.
High-selective wideband combline filters based on miniaturized-engineered resonators, inter-resonator tapped-in coupling, and probe coupling

In this work, the design of wideband-miniaturized cavity combline filters with enhanced selectivity is presented. These filters are designed using recently introduced design concepts based on miniaturized mushroom resonators and tapped-in coupling. The inter-resonator tapped-in coupling mechanism is a simple but effective solution that solves the challenges of creating a strong coupling between adjacent miniaturized resonators. The structure of a probe that creates a strong capacitive cross coupling is introduced in-between mushroom resonators to enhance selectivity. Filters examples are presented to show the performance of proposed probe coupling structure and the simplicity to design miniaturized wideband-high-selective bandpass filters.
Synthesis and Structure of Chromium(II) Complexes Supported by Both a β-Diketiminate and an Amidinate Ligand

The complexes (bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pentane-2,4-ketiminato)(μ2-diisopropylacetamidinato) chromium(II) (1) and (bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pentane-2,4-ketiminato)(μ2-dicyclohexylacetamidinato) chromium(II) (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 1 crystallizes in space group Pbcn with crystal cell parameters a = 10.7183(13) A, b = 16.4093(19) A, c = 20.687(2) A, V = 3,638.3(7) A3 and Z = 4. Complex 2 crystallizes in triclinic space group P-1 with crystal cell parameters a = 10.750(3) A, b = 12.174(3) A, c = 16.308(4) A, α = 75.903(4)°, β = 82.137(4)°, γ = 85.511(4), V = 2,048.4(8) A3 and Z = 2. The complexes adopt a spiro distorted square planar geometry and have similar structural parameters. Two complexes that each possesses both a β-diketiminate and an amidinate ligand were synthesized and structurally characterized.
Neutrino physics during the next decade: Accelerator and atmospheric neutrino experiments

Abstract The current situation on experimental evidence for neutrino oscillations is briefly summarized. The planned experimental program to investigate both the LSND effect and atmospheric anomaly is described. A projection is made as to what we shall learn in the next ten years and what will be the most important issues at that time in neutrino oscillation physics.
Use of detrended correspondence analysis to evaluate factors controlling spatial distribution of benthic insects

Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was evaluated for its effectiveness in displaying factors controlling the spatial distribution of benthic insects in an oligotrophic stream where an experimental gradient (copper) that selectively affects population abundances was imposed. DCA proved to be highly sensitive to differences among samples and consistently provided ecologically meaningful species ordinations. Seasonality of taxa was the major gradient displayed by DCA prior to copper exposure when data for all sampling dates were included. Sensitivity of taxa to copper was a more important factor affecting community structure than was seasonality during periods of continuous exposure to copper (2.5 to 15 µg l-1 CuT; approximately 12 to 75 ng l-1 Cu2+. When pre-dose data for each sampling date were ordinated independently, substratum composition and biological interactions were the major gradients displayed in species ordinations. During periods of exposure, sensitivity of taxa to copper was the primary gradient. This gradient also reflected a generally greater sensitivity to copper of herbivorous than of detritivorous or predatory benthic insects. DCA revealed the persistence, eleven months after dosing ceased, of differences in community structure between the control and high treatment (5 and 10 µg l-1 CuT) sections. Differences between sections were not evident on this sampling date from total biomass or total density (numerical) estimates.
The commons problem and Canada's Niagara falls.

Abstract One reason why tourism destination resources have proven difficult to manage sustainably is that many of their most important attributes are common pool resources and thus subject to the “tragedy of the commons.” Common pool resources are subject to both overuse and underinvestment. This study considers how the Canadian side of Niagara Falls exhibited the characteristics of an unmanaged common pool resource until 1885, when a self-financing parastatal corporation, the Niagara Parks Commission, took over its management. The strengths and limitations of this approach to the commons problem are demonstrated through an account of the commission’s history and accomplishments.
Are Small Populations of Plants Worth Preserving

Maintenance of genetic variation is considered essential for the long-term survival of a species (Frankel & Soule 1981). Consequently, the rate at which genetic variation is lost in isolated populations is of great concern to conservation biologists who must decide how to apportion limited resources to protect rare or endangered species. Spending money and time to protect a population in which genetic variation will erode rapidly may be a poor investment. It is thought that small populations lose a large amount of genetic variability because of genetic drift and thus have reduced chance of longterm viability (Franklin 1980; Soule 1980; Lande & Barrowclough 1987). Most models of the rate of loss of genetic variation in small populations assume that all genotypes have equal fitness (i.e., selective neutrality). Neutral models of genetic drift assume that the amount of heterozygosity remaining after t generations is (1-V/2Ne)t, where Ne is the effective population size (Wright 1969). Based on these models, it has been estimated that effective population sizes of at least 50 are needed to avoid harmful loss of genetic variation in the short term (Franklin 1980; Soule 1980; Frankel & Soule 1981; but see Simberloff 1988). Some empirical studies have shown that selection against homozygotes occurs during early stages of growth in natural populations of plants. Consequently, models that assume selective neutrality may be mislead-
Accelerated wound healing by mTOR activation in genetically defined mouse models.

Background The management of slow or non-healing ulcerations constitutes an increasing clinical challenge in the developed world because of the ageing of the population and the pandemic rise in type II diabetes. Recent studies suggest that molecular circuitries deployed by tumor cells to promote cancerous growth may also contribute to tissue regeneration. Here, we exploited this emerging information to search for novel molecular targets to accelerate wound healing.
Self-healing patterns in ferromagnetic-superconducting hybrids

We study magnetic flux dynamic effects in a superconducting (SC) bridge with thin soft magnetic stripes placed either on top or under the bridge. Voltage?current (VI) measurements reveal that the edges of magnetic stripes oriented transvers or along the bridge introduce channels or barriers for vortex motion, resulting in the decrease or increase of the critical current, respectively. We propose a self-healing mechanism for the hybrid with longitudinal stripes whereby the magnetic pinning strength increases with current. The self-field of the current polarizes the magnetic stripes across their length, which enhances the stray fields at their long edges and creates a dynamic vortex pinning landscape to impede vortex flow. We show a qualitative confirmation of the proposed mechanism which offers new strategies to engineer adaptive pinning topologies in SC?ferromagnetic hybrids.