cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adherence to Analgesics for Cancer Pain: A Comparative Study of African Americans and Whites Using an Electronic Monitoring Device

Despite well-documented disparities in cancer pain outcomes among African Americans, surprisingly little research exists on adherence to analgesia for cancer pain in this group. We compared analgesic adherence for cancer-related pain over a 3-month period between African Americans and whites using the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS). Patients (N = 207) were recruited from outpatient medical oncology clinics of an academic medical center in Philadelphia (≥18 years of age, diagnosed with solid tumors or multiple myeloma, with cancer-related pain, and at least 1 prescription of oral around-the-clock analgesic). African Americans reported significantly greater cancer pain (P < .001), were less likely than whites to have a prescription of long-acting opioids (P < .001), and were more likely to have a negative Pain Management Index (P < .001). There were considerable differences between African Americans and whites in the overall MEMS dose adherence, ie, percentage of the total number of prescribed doses that were taken (53% vs 74%, P < .001). On subanalysis, analgesic adherence rates for African Americans ranged from 34% (for weak opioids) to 63% (for long-acting opioids). Unique predictors of analgesic adherence varied by race; income levels, analgesic side effects, and fear of distracting providers predicted analgesic adherence for African Americans but not for whites. Perspective: Despite evidence of disparities in cancer pain outcomes among African Americans, surprisingly little research exists on African Americans' adherence to analgesia for cancer pain. This prospective study uses objective measures to compare adherence to prescribed pain medications between African American and white patients with cancer pain.
Emergency department presentations by Aboriginal children: Issues for consideration for appropriate health services

Aim This study describes the presentations made to the Sydney Children's Hospital (SCH) Emergency Department (ED) by local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Aboriginal) children with particular reference to children who present frequently or whose presentation was preventable. Methods Data from the SCH ED Information System were extracted for all presentations made by children who identified as Aboriginal, aged between 0–15 years, who presented between 2005–2008. Presentations were coded according to the presenting problem, diagnosis, outcome, and whether the presentations were potentially preventable. Preventable presentations include those presentations considered to be avoidable and those that could have been managed by a local primary care or community service. Results There were 1252 presentations to the SCH ED by 453 Aboriginal children aged 0–15 years. More than 50% of children presented more than once. Seventy-nine children presented more than five times. Nearly 45% of presentations were coded as potentially preventable. Conclusions A significant proportion of ED presentations were potentially preventable with the use of culturally appropriate and accessible local community and primary health care services and better referral pathways back to these services. Community engagement is required to raise awareness of common presentations and to look at strategies to prevent common problems both occurring and presenting to the ED. This will enhance the health of urban Aboriginal children.
The pattern of congenital heart defects arising from reduced Tbx5 expression is altered in a Down syndrome mouse model

Nearly half of all individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) have some type of congenital heart defect (CHD), suggesting that DS sensitizes to CHD but does not cause it. We used a common mouse model of DS, the Ts65Dn mouse, to study the contribution of Tbx5, a known modifier of CHD, to heart defects on a trisomic backgroun. Mice that were heterozygous for a Tbx5 null allele were crossed with Ts65Dn mice. Thoraxes of progeny were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for analysis of CHD. Gene expression in embryonic hearts was examined by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. A TBX5 DNA binding site was verified by luciferase assays. Mice that were heterozygous for a Tbx5 null allele were crossed with Ts65Dn mice. Thoraxes of progeny were fixed in 10 % formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for analysis of CHD. Gene expression in embryonic hearts was examined by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. A TBX5 DNA binding site was verified by luciferase assays. We crossed mice that were heterozygous for a Tbx5 null allele with Ts65Dn mice. Mice that were trisomic and carried the Tbx5 mutation (Ts65Dn;Tbx5 +/− ) had a significantly increased incidence of overriding aorta compared to their euploid littermates. Ts65Dn;Tbx5 +/− mice also showed reduced expression of Pitx2, a molecular marker for the left atrium. Transcript levels of the trisomic Adamts1 gene were decreased in Tbx5 +/− mice compared to their euploid littermates. Evidence of a valid binding site for TBX5 upstream of the trisomic Adamts1 locus was also shown. Haploinsufficiency of Tbx5 and trisomy affects alignment of the aorta and this effect may stem from deviations from normal left-right patterning in the heart. We have unveiled a previously unknown interaction between the Tbx5 gene and trisomy, suggesting a connection between Tbx5 and trisomic genes important during heart development.
Use of the Laryngeal Tube™ in two unexpected difficult airway situations: lingual tonsillar hyperplasia and morbid obesity

Purpose The 2003 ASA Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway suggest the early use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway and Combitube as rescue airway devices in the cannot ventilate-cannot intubate situation, switching the focus from laryngoscopy and intubation to ventilation and oxygenation. The Practice Guidelines are not intended as standards but as recommendations. Multiple new alternative airway devices were described in the last ten years. The Laryngeal Tube™ (LT) is a new Food and Drug Administration approved supraglottic airway device. The device is in use in Europe since 1999 and in the United States since 2002.
A Genomic Comparison of Homoeologous Recombinants of the Lr19 (T4) Translocation in Wheat

The translocation continues to provide broad resistance to in many parts of the world and can be particularly useful in resistance gene pyramids. Previously, an associated gene for yellow endosperm pigmentation precluded its use in many countries, and as a result, allosyndetic recombinants and mutants lacking the pigmentation genes have been developed. Such a primary white endosperm recombinant (-149) and four secondary recombinants (-149–252, −299, −462, and −478) were obtained in earlier studies. This study characterized the translocations making use of fluorescence genomic in situ hybridization (FGISH), simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence tagged site (STS), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The recombined segments were shown to be intercalary inserts of different size and were mapped to the most distal 7BL deletion bin. In addition to a previously reported duplication that involves the locus, primary recombinant −149 also has a deletion of the containing region. These apparently small aberrations have been retained in three of the secondary recombinants that resulted from single, proximal crossovers. The fourth secondary recombinant (−478) resulted from a distal crossover that apparently restored a normal wheat telomeric region with single copies of the and loci and appears to be the most useful.
Causes of iron deficiency in adolescent athletes

Seventy-two high school cross-country runners were studied during the running session for possible etiologic factors associated with iron deficiency, which was defined as a serum ferritin level ≤12 ng/ml and a transferrin saturation of ≤16% occurring simultaneously. Iron deficiency was observed during the running season in 34% of female cross-country runners, compared with 8% of male runners. Increased iron losses through gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 9 of 20 female runners; 7 of these 9 had iron deficiency. Dietary iron intake was low in both iron-deficient and iron-sufficient female runners, but dietary instruction did not increase iron intake significantly. Iron deficiency could not be prevented in 35% of the female runners treated with 60 mg of elemental iron daily, but adequate treatment was achieved with 180 mg. Iron losses in urine, sweat, and plasma were small and did not appear to be increased in iron-deficient runners. These findings indicate that female cross-country runners have a high incidence of iron deficiency that is associated with initially decreased iron stores and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Paternal influence in males ofMuscidifurax raptorellus [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]

Hybrid ♀♀ from cohorts of solitary and gregarious populations ofMuscidifurax raptorellus harboring one-half the genome of either parent, are accompanied in emergence by ♂♂ most typical of the original female parent used to create the hybrid. However, these ♂♂ also show small influences of their mother's mating partner. This suggests the existence of a extranuclear phase to the inheritance of gregarious oviposition in this species, and biparental influences in the hymenopteran male.
Protection of mice against lethal viral infection by synthetic peptides corresponding to B- and T-cell recognition sites of influenza A hemagglutinin

Previously, we reported 12 synthetic T- and B-cell recognition regions representing surface areas of the hemagglutinin (HA) of X31 influenza virus. In the present study, four of these peptides were examined in Balb/c mice for their ability to produce protective immunity against lethal infection with a dose equivalent to 10 LD50 of influenza virus. These peptides corresponded to the following sequences: 23-36 (HA1-1); 138-152 (HA1-3); 183-199 (HA1-6) and 1-11 (HA2-10). Each of the selected peptides, in their free form, evoked anti-peptide antibodies that cross-react with intact X31 virus. Two of the peptides, HA1-1 and HA1-3, also elicited virus-specific delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. These two peptides, when injected into mice, not only failed to protect the immunized mice against challenge with influenza virus, but in fact caused greater susceptibility to viral infection as compared to control animals that had been injected with saline. In contrast, peptides HA1-6 and HA2-10, which were unable to induce adequate virus-specific DTH responses, conferred 42-46% and 54-73% protection, respectively, compared to the control group that received only saline (P < 0.03 to P < 0.01).
Psychiatric Care of Deaf Patients in the General Hospital: An Overview

Background: While the number of Deaf and hard-of-hearing patients worldwide is estimated at six hundred million, few specialized psychiatric services or training resources exist to support the provision of mental health care to this population. This presents a particularly acute problem in the general hospital, where the consultant psychiatrist is likely to be confronted with the challenges of providing comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis and treatment to patients with whom he or she may have limited experience or confidence. Method: We review critical considerations in the work-up, differential diagnosis, and management of commonly-presenting psychiatric disorders among Deaf patients in the general hospital setting.
Relationships between cholesterogenesis, microsomal sterols and HMG-CoA reductase in the perfused rat liver.

The relationships between cholesterogenesis and the activity of HMG-CoA reductase of microsomes prepared with or without sodium fluoride, and between changes of cholesterogenesis and microsomal sterols were studied in the isolated rat liver perfused with or without oleic acid in the presence of AY-9944. AY-9944 inhibits the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol, measured colorimetrically as “fast-acting” sterols, to cholesterol, measured colorimetrically as “slow-acting” sterols. The level of “fast-acting” sterols is used to estimate cholesterogenesis and changes in microsomal sterols. It was observed that the activity of HMG-CoA reductase of microsomes prepared with or without fluoride reflects the relative changes in cholesterogenesis of the perfused livers. In addition, the amount of “fast-acting” and “slow-acting” sterols in microsomes correlates with increases in the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterogenesis.
Pathway for Approval of a Gene Therapy Orphan Product: Treading New Ground

A gene therapy product has yet to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the recent approval of a rare disease treatment based on an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in the European Union sets the stage for similar programs to be presented to the FDA in the coming years. Important new FDA guidance and US law place greater emphasis on therapeutic development and facilitating approvals in rare and orphan disease populations.1 In lieu of the conventional drug development approach involving early phase safety studies for each indication, several new principles in the recent legislation provide an opportunity to streamline regulatory approval by allowing cumulative existing safety data from related indications to inform the design of a single pivotal clinical study for evaluation of a new therapy.
The effect of nitrous oxide on cortical cerebral blood flow during anesthesia with halothane and isoflurane, with and without morphine, in the rabbit.

The effect of nitrous oxide on cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) was examined during a varying background anesthetic state in the New Zealand White rabbit. Seventy percent nitrous oxide resulted in significant and similar increases in CBF during anesthesia with both 0.5 MAC of halothane (44 +/- 14 to 63 +/- 17 ml.100 g-1.min-1) (mean +/- SD) and anesthesia with isoflurane (34 +/- 9 to 41 +/- 11 ml.100 g-1.min-1). During anesthesia with 1.0 MAC halothane or isoflurane, N2O also increased CBF, but the increments (halothane, 73 +/- 34 to 111 +/- 54 ml.100 g-1 min-1; isoflurane 34 +/- 13 to 69 +/- 34 ml.100 g-1.min-1) were significantly greater than those observed at 0.5 MAC. When 0.5 MAC halothane or isoflurane was supplemented with morphine (10 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 2 mg.kg-1.min-1), the CBF effect of N2O was not significantly different from that observed with 0.5 MAC alone. It was concluded that, in the rabbit, the effects of N2O on cortical CBF vary with the background anesthetic state and that the increase in CBF caused by N2O becomes greater as the end-tidal concentration of halothane or isoflurane increases from 0.5 to 1.0 MAC. Morphine, when added to 0.5 MAC of halothane or isoflurane, does not alter the effect of 70% N2O on cortical CBF.
An Improved Evaporimeter

Brigogs and Shantz ('i6) have shown that evaporation from a free water surface most closely approximates the transpiration curve and hence this method of measurement is most satisfactory for ecological studies. Evaporation pans such as have been used present certain inherent difficulties. Among these are the lack of accuracy, tinder field conditions, in measuring the amount of water lost; the fact that air currents and hence evaporation are markedly modified as the water level decreases; and the impossibility of accurately correcting for rainfall if the water level is maintained near the top of the pan. The instrument herein described, which has been perfected and experimentally tested at the Alpine Laboratory, has obviated these difficulties without sacrificing durability or portability. In the text figure, A is a side elevation and B a top elevation showing the relative positions of the component parts. The instrument consists essentially of an evaporation pan (9) with an adjustable rain overflow (8) and a sealed reservoir (3) with an air intake (2) and a water connection (5) leading through a petcock (6) into the evaporation pan. A constant water level is maintained in the evaporation pan, and any increase due to rainfall promptly runs off. Two types of construction are possible. The instrument may be made from galvanized iron, 20 gauge, except for the base which is i6 gauge, or brass tubing of the proper sizes may be obtained from a plumbing supply house. The latter is more economical and satisfactory because of the exactness of dimensions, the greatly lowered labor cost, and increased durability. The water reservoir (3) has inside dimensions of two and one-half inches by twenty four inches. Circular pieces of sheet brass soldered flush with the ends of the tube close the top and bottom. A hole is cut in the top to receive a threaded piece of filling tube from an atutomiobile radiator. This should be of large diameter to permit easy measurement and filling, and as short as will allow the cap to be tightened. The fitting shotild have the male threads on the tube and the female in the cap to permit the insertion of a gasket to make an air-tight seal. The air intake (2) is one-eighth inch in diameter. It is curved at the top to prevent the entrance of dirt and water, and is soldered to the side of the reservoir to hold it firmly in position. It enters the reservoir near the bottom, and is bent in such a way that the lower end rests on the bottom. This end should be cut obliquely to permit the ready breaking of bubbles with minimum resistance, that is, the top side 288
Conceptual Frameworks for the Analysis of Race Relations: An Evaluation

Sociological models have not generally guided the analysis of race and ethnic relations. This paper constitutes an attempt to alter this situation by assessing the relevance of the race cycle, consensus, interdependence and conflict frameworks for the construction of an explanation of the emergence, persistence, adaptation, and change of systems of ethnic differentiation. Although each of the frameworks has relevance for more than one of these empirical problems, it is concluded that the race cycle is most useful in explaining the emergence of ethnic differentiation, consensus is most useful vis-a-vis persistence, interdependence vis-a-vis adaptation, and conflict vis-a-vis change. A number of explanatory propositions are stated. This paper presents a general frame of reference designed to classify and focus the major theoretical perspectives which have relevance for the sociology of race and ethnic relations. Societies and their subsystems of racial and ethnic differentiation constitute the units of analysis and the central concern is to analyze race and ethnic relations within the context of general sociological theory. The central theoretical task confronting sociology is that of explaining how order is achieved, maintained, and altered in social systems. Accordingly, a sociological analysis of race and ethnic relations must explain the observed variations in the dependent variables specified by this task. More precisely, this involves explanation of the emergence, persistence, adaptation, and change of systems of ethnic differentiation.' The empirical problems posed by this set of dependent variables may be stated as follows: 1. What structural conditions and processes account for the emergence and initial stabilization of various types of ethnic differentiation?
Unifying effectors of circadian rhythm: Protein N-acetylation, phosphorylation, sulfation and other electrical effects

Abstract The vast literature concerning circadian rhythm is devoted mostly to forces that influence operation and harmful effects resulting from disturbances to the clock. The present review presents a novel, unifying theme for influences from protein N -acetylation, phosphorylation and sulfation based on electrochemistry. The unifying theme entails formation of electrostatic fields in the various processes, namely from formation of amide from protein amine in acetylation, presence of phosphate anions from phosphorylation and sulfate anions from sulfation. The electrostatic fields may operate as bridges in communication or in energetics derived from phosphorylation. Other electrochemical and magnetic effects are presented.
Synthesis, Analysis, in Vitro Characterization, and in Vivo Disposition of a Lamivudine–Dextran Conjugate for Selective Antiviral Delivery to the Liver

A liver-selective prodrug (3TCSD) of the antiviral drug lamivudine (3TC) was developed and characterized. 3TC was coupled to dextran (∼25 kDa) using a succinate linker, and the in vitro and in vivo behavior of the conjugate was studied using newly developed size-exclusion and reversed-phase analytical methods. Synthesized 3TCSD had a purity of >99% with a degree of substitution of 6.5 mg of 3TC per 100 mg of the conjugate. Furthermore, the developed assays were precise and accurate in the concentration ranges of 0.125–20, 0.36–18, and 1–50 µg/mL for 3TC, 3TC succinate (3TCS), and 3TCSD, respectively. In vitro, the conjugate slowly released 3TC in the presence of rat liver lysosomes, whereas it was stable in the corresponding buffer. In vivo in rats, conjugation of 3TC to dextran resulted in 40- and 7-fold decreases in the clearance and volume of distribution of the drug, respectively. However, the accumulation of the conjugated 3TC in the liver was 50-fold higher than that of the parent drug. The high acc...
The school-linked health center: a promising model of community-based care for adolescents

Abstract Purpose: To examine the nature of the linkages between school-linked health centers (SLHCs) and schools; the centers' services, staffing, financing, and other operational details; and the advantages of this model of care. Method: Twenty-one SLHCs completed a written survey on a range of operational issues, including types of services provided, staffing patterns, budgets, and populations served in 1995. The researchers conducted on-site interviews with six centers and telephone interviews with 14 centers to obtain more detailed information. Results: Although each SLHC has a unique program design, the study identified characteristics common to all sites. In general, SLHCs provide comprehensive medical, reproductive health, mental health, and health education services designed for adolescents. Staffed with a minimum of an administrator, a primary care provider, a nurse, and an administrative assistant, SLHCs serve students from more than one school as well as out-of-school youth. SLHCs develop formal and/or informal linkages with schools to improve outreach and follow-up services. Conclusions: The report describes a community-based model of care that is designed to provide affordable, age-appropriate, confidential, convenient care to adolescents, a population that traditionally has been very hard to reach. The SLHC's ability to provide reproductive health care makes it an attractive option for communities trying to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents. To firmly conclude that the SLHC is an effective model for improving adolescent access to services, more research is needed on adolescents' use and nonuse of SLHCs and other models of care; the cost of SLHCs compared to other models of care; and how SLHCs can sustain themselves financially, particularly in a managed care environment.
A Technique for Network Topology Deception

Civilian and military networks are continually probed for vulnerabilities. Cyber criminals, and autonomous botnets under their control, regularly scan networks in search of vulnerable systems to co-opt. Military and more sophisticated adversaries may also scan and map networks as part of reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. This paper focuses on adversaries attempting to map a network's infrastructure, i.e., the critical routers and links supporting a network. We develop a novel methodology, rooted in principles of military deception, for deceiving a malicious traceroute probe and influencing the structure of the network as inferred by a mapping adversary. Our Linux-based implementation runs as a kernel module at a border router to present a deceptive external topology. We construct a proof-of-concept test network to show that a remote adversary using traceroute to map a defended network can be presented with a false topology of the defender's choice.
Evading apoptosis in cancer

Carcinogenesis is a mechanistically complex and variable process with a plethora of underlying genetic causes. Cancer development comprises a multitude of steps that occur progressively starting with initial driver mutations leading to tumorigenesis and, ultimately, metastasis. During these transitions, cancer cells accumulate a series of genetic alterations that confer on the cells an unwarranted survival and proliferative advantage. During the course of development, however, cancer cells also encounter a physiologically ubiquitous cellular program that aims to eliminate damaged or abnormal cells: apoptosis. Thus, it is essential that cancer cells acquire instruments to circumvent programmed cell death. Here we discuss emerging evidence indicating how cancer cells adopt various strategies to override apoptosis, including amplifying the antiapoptotic machinery, downregulating the proapoptotic program, or both.
Surface electronic states in three-dimensional SnO 2 nanostructures

The electronic structure of three-dimensional SnO{sub 2} nanostructures (aerogels) is studied by soft x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. High-resolution O K-edge and Sn M{sub 3}- and M{sub 4,5}-edge XANES spectra of monolithic nanocrystalline rutile SnO{sub 2} aerogels with different surface areas (i.e., different surface-to-volume atom fractions) are compared with spectra of full-density rutile SnO{sub 2} and tetragonal SnO. Spectra are interpreted based on the electronic densities of states in SnO{sub 2} calculated with both cluster (self-consistent real-space multiple scattering) and band-structure (linear muffin-tin orbital) methods. Results show that, in contrast to the currently widely accepted picture, the presence of undercoordinated surface atoms not only affects the Fermi level position but also changes the structure of the conduction band by introducing additional Sn-related electronic states close to the conduction band minimum. These additional states are due to oxygen deficiency and are attributed to a surface reconstruction of SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles forming the aerogel skeleton. Results of this study are important for understanding the physical processes underlying the performance of gas sensors based on SnO{sub 2} nanostructures.
“Guidotti Fails to Convince” on Two Issues

This is a response to Tee Guidotti's defense of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) as an ally for workers struggling for safer and healthier work. Guidotti fails to convince on two central issues: a blindness to the powerful impact of corporate power on professional thought and behavior; and a lack of evidence that ACOEM has ever been inclined to collaborate with workers. In addition, Guidotti relies upon his own review of ACOEM's historical archive to support his argument. Unfortunately, access to this archive is limited to those deemed reliable by Guidotti, giving the appearance of an attempt to control both information and interpretation, and calling Guidotti's own "objectivity" into question.
Kinetic model for electrorefining, part I: Model development and validation

Abstract Electrorefining is the key process of the pryprocessing for treatment of spent nuclear fuels. In the present study, a kinetic model for electrorefining is developed. The model has the capability to predict the kinetic features of materials dissolution/deposition at anodes/cathodes of the electrorefiner and the evolution of the partial currents of the species involved, the potentials of the electrodes, and species concentrations in the molten salt. The model takes into account the changes of the surface areas and the volumes of the electrodes related to materials dissolution and deposition. The model is validated by compared with available experimental data. This article, focusing on the model development and validation, is Part I of the systemic study on development of the pyroprocessing model. Part II of this study will focus on the applications of the model.
Utilization of a Meldrum's acid towards functionalized fluoropolymers possessing dual reactivity for thermal crosslinking and post-polymerization modification

New thermally cross-linkable and/or post-functionalizable perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers containing Meldrum's acid moieties have been successfully prepared via the thermal cyclopolymerization of a new Meldrum's acid functionalized aromatic trifluorovinyl ether (TFVE) monomer.
Light scattering microscopy from monolayers and nanoparticles at the air/water interface

Abstract Light scattering microscopy (LSM) is introduced here as a versatile technique for the study of interfacial films at the air/water interface. Laser light scattered from the interface is collected by a microscope objective and imaged onto a CCD camera. LSM allows determination of the spatial distribution of submicron particles, phase transitions in two-dimensions, and defects. The power of LSM, especially if conducted simultaneously with fluorescence microscopy or Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), is illustrated in three examples. (a) Visualization of the spatial distribution of nanoscale particles with respect to monolayer phases: calcium oxalate crystals were grown underneath dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidyl serine (DMPS) monolayers in the liquid expanded/liquid condensed (LE/LC) phase coexistence. The density of light scatterers was considerably higher in the respective LE than the LC phase, and a gradual migration of particles was observed towards the domain boundaries. A similar behavior was observed for nanocrystals injected underneath lipid monolayers. (b) Probing two-dimensional (2D) protein crystallization processes underneath functionalized lipid monolayers and the spatial distribution of crystal defects: streptavidin was crystallized as a model protein in 2D through coordination of exposed histidines on the protein surface to the monolayer-anchored metal chelator, Cu-DO-IDA. Vacancies were formed within the 2D protein crystals after injection of the soluble metal chelator EDTA, and the spatial distribution of vacancies was probed by LSM. (c) Detection of monolayer topographic transitions, corrugation and nanoscale budding: The phases of DPPC monolayers were studied under isothermal compression. New nanoscale topographic transitions are observed by LSM if DPPC is compressed into the liquid condensed (LC) state far below the collapse pressure.
Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited-State ν(CO) Shifts in Rigid Media

The results of ν(CO) infrared measurements on the ground and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of fac-[ReI(4,4‘-X2bpy)(CO)3(4-Etpy)]+ (X = H, CH3, and CO2Et; 4-Etpy is 4-ethylpyridine) in both CH3CN and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films at 298 K are reported. In PMMA, the shifts in ν(CO) between the excited and ground states (+18 to +68 cm-1) are noticeably less than in solution (+33 to +88 cm-1). Our work was stimulated by the observation by Turner and co-workers (Chem. Commun. 1996, 1587−1588) that ν(CO) excited-to-ground-state shifts for fac-[Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl] are much less in a rigid butyronitrile/propionitrile glass at 77 K than in CH3CN at 298 K. For the Re complexes, a single correlation exists between excited-state ν(CO) shifts and the MLCT ground-to-excited-state energy gap (E0) regardless of whether the energy gap is changed by varying the substituent X or the medium. The substituent and rigid medium effects appear to have a common orbital origin arising from π*(4,4‘-X2bpy...
Application of the Theory of Heat Exchangers to the Transfer of Inert Materials in Placentas

Calculations were made on a variety of models to determine to what extent placental structure (vascular geometry and permeability) and placental function (rate and evenness of distribution of fetal and maternal blood flows, and presence of nonexchanging shunts) affect the rate of diffusional exchange across the placental barrier. The results of the calculations are given in the form of a graphical relationship between three dimensionless variables defined in the text. It is shown that experimentally measured transfers can also be represented in this form and thus compared to transfers that are theoretically predicted. The results indicate that biologically probable degrees of regional variation in permeability are harmless, but that this is not true of uneven distributions of maternal-fetal blood flow ratios. They further show that the relative magnitudes of blood flows through nonexchanging shunts can be found by extrapolation of experimental data obtained with substances whose transfers are entirely flow limited, but that the use of such substances cannot help to separate the effects on placental exchange due to vascular geometry from those due to uneven distribution of flow ratios. Methods are indicated with which the value of the placental permeability can be assessed experimentally under various conditions.
Experimental Study of the Absorption in Distilled Water, Artificial Sea Water, and Heavy Water in the Visible Region of the Spectrum*

The absorption of light in distilled water, artificial sea water, and heavy water was measured in the visible region. A Nielsen spectrometer with glass optics was used with a tungsten source and photomultiplier detector. Path lengths were 60.0 and 132.0 cm. The absorption in distilled and artificial sea water differs little; maxima below 745 mμ were too weak to be observed. The absorption in heavy water is very small, increasing from a broad minimum at 700–600 mμ until at 390 mμ it is a factor of 10 larger than the minimum value.
The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Registry For Allergic, Asthmatic Pregnant Patients (RAAPP)

There are few data available to assess the safety during pregnancy of agents currently used to treat asthma and allergic disorders. The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Registry for Allergic, Asthmatic Pregnant Patients (RAAPP) was established to provide data to assess the hypothesis that the aggressive treatment of asthma and allergy in pregnant women will encourage positive outcomes for mother and baby. Currently in progress is a pilot study of 800 patients who require inhaled corticosteroids during pregnancy. The major outcome variable for the pilot study is small for gestational age, defined as a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age. After evaluation of these data, the Registry will probably be opened to general enrollment of any pregnant patient with allergy and/or asthma, regardless of medication use. When completed, RAAPP will enable physicians to evaluate the safety of medications commonly used by allergists to treat allergy and asthma during pregnancy. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:S364-72.)
Data Aggregation Issues for Crop Yield Risk Analysis

With increased emphasis on risk management in agriculture and a lack of disaggregated or farm-level yield time series, decision makers are often faced with having to make adjustments to temporal yield risk measures obtained from readily available but aggregated yield data. This paper provides some empirical evidence on what type of aggregation bias to expect when measuring temporal yield risk using yield observations averaged across a region relative to yield risk estimated from quarter-section yield time series in wheat. This study highlights some of the challenges faced when estimating aggregation distortions in measuring yield risk defined by temporal variance, especially given the nature of the empirical data set used. Cluster analysis, visual examination of relative frequency distributions and mapping of yield risk clusters suggest that using a readily available, aggregate temporal yield risk measure has the tendency to underestimate yield risk observed at the quarter-section level and that clear, geographic yield risk boundaries do not exist in municipalities or across larger areas in this study. Further research on crops more risky than wheat appears promising. Avec un plus grand interet sur la gestion du risk dans l'agriculture et un manque de donnees detaillees ou bien de collections de series temporelles sur les rendements, les decideurs sont souvent tenus d'apporter des correctifs aux measures du risk obtenues a partir des donnees de rendements qui sont disponibles. Cet artcle apporte une preuve empirique du type de biais lie a l'agregation qui peut etre present dans le calcul du risk de rendement temporel obtenu a partir de rendements moyens de ble observes au niveau regional en comparaison du risk de rendement qui est estime a partir de donnees basees sur des quart-de-sections. Cette etude met en exergue quelques uns des obstacles qui se presentent dans l'estimation de distosions liees a l'aggregation dans le calcul du risk de rendement defini par la variance temporelle, speciallement etant donne la charactere empirique des donnees utilisees. L'analyse de groupe, l'examen visual de la distribution des frequences relatives, et la cartographie de classes de risk de rendement suggerent que l'utilisation de la measure du risk de rendement basee sur des donnees disponibles de risk aggrege temporel a tendence a sousestimer le risk de rendement observe au niveau des quart-de-sections et qu'il n'y a pas de frontieres de risk de rendement certaines, geographiques qui existent entre les municipalites ou bien a travers les zones plus larges examinees dans cette etude.
A flexible testbed for adaptive optics in strong turbulence

In recent years, optical wave propagation through strong atmospheric turbulence and adaptive optics compensation thereof has received much attention in literature and technical meetings. At the Air Force Institute of Technology, recent simulation-based efforts in strong turbulence compensation are expanding into laboratory experiments utilizing a versatile surrogate turbulence simulator and adaptive optics system. The system can switch between using two different wavefront sensors, a Shack-Hartmann and a self-referencing interferometer. Wavefront reconstruction takes place on field programmable gate arrays, operating at kilohertz frame rates. Further, the system is able to perform reconstruction and control in software for testing of advanced algorithms (at frame rates below 10 Hz). The entire package is compact enough for transportation to other laboratories and live test facilities. This paper describes the optical layout, architecture, and initial results of real-time operation.
Sentinel node imaging and biopsy in breast cancer patients.

Abstract Background: Several techniques have been shown to be accurate in identifying axillary sentinel lymph nodes. The accuracy of subareolar blue dye injection is compared with intraparenchymal radioisotope injection. Methods: Forty-two consecutive patients with breast cancer were injected with both intraparenchymal technetium-99m and subareolar isosulfan blue dye. After sentinel lymph node identification, an axillary lymph node dissection was performed. Results: The blue dye and the technetium-99m localized to the same axillary nodes even though the injection sites were different. The sensitivity of blue dye in identifying axillary sentinel nodes was 100%. The sensitivity of radioisotope injection in identifying sentinel nodes was 97.6% Conclusions: Subareolar blue dye injection is an extremely accurate and cost-effective method of sentinel node identification in breast cancer patients.
Energy gap structure in bilayer oxide superconductors

Abstract We consider a model for bilayer superconductors where an interlayer pairing amplitude Δ ⊥ coexists with intralayer pairing Δ ∥ of d x 2 − y 2 symmetry. This model is motivated by a recent photoemission experiment reporting the splitting of the nodes of the energy gap. In addition to offering a natural explanation of this observation, the model has a number of new experimental consequences. We find that the new state is accompanied by a spontaneous breaking of the tetragonal symmetry. We also find that the out-of-phase oscillation of Δ ⊥ and Δ ∥ gives rise to a new Raman active mode. The phase of Δ ⊥ may also become imaginary, leading to a state which breaks time reversal symmetry, which may have important implications for tunnelling experiments.
Random linear packet coding: Joint power and rate control

Random linear packet coding is considered for channels that experience fading and have long propagation delay, such as the underwater acoustic channels. Previously, we employed power control (adjusting the transmission power according to the channel gain) and rate control (adjusting the number of coded packets according to the channel gain) to counteract the effects of fading. For such policies, it was shown that there exists an optimal number of coded packets (when employing power control) or optimal transmission power (when employing rate control) for which the energy required per bit of information transmitted is minimized. In this paper, we present a strategy to jointly optimize the transmission power and the number of coded packets. We present two optimization criteria, i.e., (a) minimizing the average energy per bit for transmission and (b) maximizing the throughput. Given the statistics of the channel, we compute the average energy per bit and the average throughput under each criterion, to make a choice based on the desired tradeoff. In applications with limited power, minimizing the average energy per bit will be the guiding principle, while in time-critical applications maximizing the average throughput will dictate the choice.
Hamiltonian graphs involving distances

Let G be a graph of order n. We show that if G is a 2-connected graph and max{d(u), d(v)} + |N(u) U N(v)| ≥ n for each pair of vertices u, v at distance two, then either G is hamiltonian or G 3Kn/3 U T1 U T2, where n O (mod 3), and T1 and T2 are the edge sets of two vertex disjoint triangles containing exactly one vertex from each Kn/3. This result generalizes both Fan's and Lindquester's results as well as several others.
Calculation and electronic description of quadratic hyperpolarizabilities. Toward a molecular understanding of NLO responses in organotransition metal chromophores

This contribution explores the use of the computationally efficient, chemically-oriented INDO electronic structure model (ZINDO) in concert with perturbation theory to relate molecular quadratic hyperpolarizabilities to molecular architecture and electronic structure in transition metal chromophores. The ZINDO-derived second-order nonlinear optical responses are found to be in excellent agreement with the experiment for a variety of ferrocenyl and (arene)chromium tricarbonyl derivatives
Punctuated equilibria and 1/f noise in a biological coevolution model with individual-based dynamics.

We present a study by linear stability analysis and large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of a simple model of biological coevolution. Selection is provided through a reproduction probability that contains quenched, random interspecies interactions, while genetic variation is provided through a low mutation rate. Both selection and mutation act on individual organisms. Consistent with some current theories of macroevolutionary dynamics, the model displays intermittent, statistically self-similar behavior with punctuated equilibria. The probability density for the lifetimes of ecological communities is well approximated by a power law with exponent near $\ensuremath{-}2,$ and the corresponding power spectral densities show $1/f$ noise (flicker noise) over several decades. The long-lived communities (quasisteady states) consist of a relatively small number of mutualistically interacting species, and they are surrounded by a ``protection zone'' of closely related genotypes that have a very low probability of invading the resident community. The extent of the protection zone affects the stability of the community in a way analogous to the height of the free-energy barrier surrounding a metastable state in a physical system. Measures of biological diversity are on average stationary with no discernible trends, even over our very long simulation runs of approximately $3.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ generations.
Synapse elimination occurs late in the hormone‐sensitive levator ani muscle of the rat

Using tetranitroblue tetrazolium (TNBT) to stain neuromuscular synapses, we compared the development of the adult pattern of innervation in two fast-twitch muscles in the rat: the androgen-sensitive levator ani (LA) and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), which is not thought to be androgen sensitive. We found that about 18% of adult LA muscle fibers, but only about 2% of adult EDL fibers, are multiply innervated. Moreover, synapse elimination occurs substantially later in the LA compared with the EDL. At 2 weeks after birth, the EDL is already predominantly singly innervated, whereas the LA is still predominantly multiply innervated. The apparent delay in the normal time course of synapse elimination in the LA corresponds to a similar delay in other aspects of neuromuscular development (the time course of appearance of axonal retraction bulbs, the growth of fibers, and the development of adult motor terminal morphology). Finally, motor terminals change during synapse elimination from morphologies resembling growth cones to the adult form of neuromuscular synapses. Because the period of synapse elimination is significantly different for muscles that differ in their androgen sensitivity, hormonal sensitivity may represent an important property of motoneurons or muscle fibers influencing the normal time course of neuromuscular synapse elimination in rats. Thus, androgen might regulate the normal ontogenetic process of synapse elimination.
Adaptive pole placement control algorithm for DO-control in β-lactamase production

The dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important variable in aerobic fermentations and affects the cell growth and product formation. Dissolved oxygen control is difficult in batch fermentations because of the time-varying conditions, time delays, and the probe dynamics. Modeling of the various patterns of biological activity in fermentations and their impact on the DO process dynamics is essential to both achieve a satisfactory control and to track the aforementioned patterns. An adaptive pole placement algorithm with time-delay compensation was used for controlling the DO, coupled with system identification using recursively estimated autoregressive models with exogeneous inputs (ARX). The flow rate of O2 in a constant flow rate gas inlet mixture is used as the manipulated variable. Supervision and coordination techniques are applied to improve the control performance. The control performance is affected by the accuracy of the model prediction and the selected time delay. The effect of DO level on the productivity of β-lactamase using Bacillus subtilis under oxygen-limited conditions is investigated. Beta-lactamase stability is improved under prolonged growth conditions with low DO levels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 1–9, 1988.