cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of elevated CO2 concentration on the quality of algal starch as a potential biofuel feedstock

Cultured microalgae are viewed as important producers of lipids and polysaccharides, both of which are precursor molecules for the production of biofuels. This study addressed the impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on Chlorella sorokiniana production of starch and on several properties of the starch produced. The production of C. sorokiniana biomass, lipid and starch were enhanced when cultures were supplied with 2% CO2. Starch granules from algae grown in ambient air and 2% CO2 were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The granules from algae grown in 2% CO2 were disk-shaped and contained mainly stromal starch; granules from cultures grown in ambient air were cup-shaped with primarily pyrenoid starch. The granules from cells grown in 2% CO2 had a higher proportion of the accumulated starch as the highly branched, amylopectin glucan than did granules from cells grown in air. The rate of hydrolysis of starch from 2% CO2-grown cells was 1.25 times greater than that from air-grown cells and 2-11 times higher than the rates of hydrolysis of starches from cereal grains. These data indicate that culturing C. sorokiniana in elevated CO2 not only increases biomass yield but also improves the structure and composition of starch granules for use in biofuel generation. These modifications in culture conditions increase the hydrolysis efficiency of the starch hydrolysis, thus providing potentially important gains for biofuel production.
Factors associated with use of verbally coercive, incapacitated, and forcible sexual assault tactics in a longitudinal study of college men

Although verbally coerced and incapacitated sexual assaults are common, less is known about perpetrators of these incidents in comparison to perpetrators of forcible assaults. Furthermore, few studies have investigated factors that differentiate perpetrators who employ different forms of sexual assault tactics. The current study included 526 men who completed self-report inventories at the end of each of their four years in college. Measures assessed sexual assault tactics, demographics, incident characteristics, risky behavior, rape supportive beliefs and peer norms, antisocial traits, and childhood adversity. Perpetrators were grouped based on the most severe tactics reported over the course of 7 assessed time periods, with 13% in the verbal coercion group, 16% in the incapacitation group, and 5% in the forcible group. ANOVAs determined that the forcible group scored significantly higher than incapacitation and verbal coercion groups on risky behavior, rape supportive beliefs/norms, antisocial traits, and childhood adversity. The incapacitation group scored higher than the verbal coercion group on risky behavior. In a multinomial logistic regression analysis comparing tactic groups to non-perpetrators, all tactic groups scored significantly higher on risky behavior and rape supportive beliefs/norms, and the forcible group scored higher on antisocial traits and childhood adversity. Perpetrators in the forcible group had engaged in more repeat offenses, and perpetrators of both the incapacitated and forcible assaults were more likely to use alcohol before the incident. Findings highlight the need for interventions that are tailored to offense trajectories, alter rape supportive attitudes and peer norms, and decrease campus substance use. Aggr. Behav. 41:34-43 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Räume der Übertragung: Die neue transnationale Politik der säkularen Stagnation

This paper reevaluates recent work on deterritorialization in so far as it relates to transnationalization and the emergence of new forms of nomadic politics. Place has been crucial in the formation of social relationships, the interactive construction of political identities and the emergence of a public sphere. Contemporary forms of deterritorialization tend to disrupt two fundamental conceptions of the modern understanding of democratic politics: the fellowship of citizens and the fiduciary nature of the relationship between political power and those represented. Building on Kevin Cox’s distinction between spaces of dependence and spaces of engagement, the paper argues that spaces of transference emerge as a vital component of today’s political relating. Scale becomes important in the spaces of transference: the shifting of attitudes and emotions involves larger spaces and ever more distant templates.
Is a Rose by Any Other Image Still a Rose? Disconnecting Dilution's Similarity Test from Traditional Trademark Concepts

Federal dilution doctrine suffers the typical growing pains of an adolescent struggling to determine its identity and boundaries. Congress did not create a federal dilution claim until 1995 and significantly amended in 2006. As currently conceived in the Lanham Act, a federal dilution by blurring claim involves the owner of a famous, [senior] mark bringing suit against the owner of a junior mark, which must be used after the senior mark has achieved fame, but only if the junior mark is sufficiently similar to impair the distinctiveness of the senior mark. The statute identifies several factors that can be used to determine if the junior mark impairs the senior mark, also called blurring, but this list is not exclusive, and determining the relevance of other factors requires understanding the harm purportedly prevented by the dilution doctrine. As courts struggle to articulate the purpose of the dilution by blurring doctrine and apply the new test, current and future trademark owners are left speculating whether their new marks could be subject to a blurring claim. This article describes the evolution of the dilution doctrine, discusses the difficulty courts have had in evaluating the similarity between marks for a dilution claim, identifies the intrinsic purpose for dilution claims and applies the methodology for determining substantial similarity in copyright infringement to dilution claims. Because dilution by blurring depends upon evaluating numerous factors, including similarity of marks, this test can only identify whether a mark is sufficiently dissimilar to the famous mark to avoid a dilution claim. In other words, the proposed test assists trademark owners in understanding when a rose image is sufficiently distinct from another rose image to avoid a dilution claim.
Endothelial Cell Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 in Experimental Posthemorrhagic Vasospasm

OBJECTIVE: The exposure of large intracranial arteries to blood after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a cascade of morphological and physiological changes in the vessels, a condition generally described as vasospasm. This response to the periadventitial deposition of blood is mediated in part by the endothelial layer of the vessel. This study was undertaken to examine the role of endothelial cell expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in the initiation and regulation of this response. METHODS: The femoral artery model of vasospasm was used in rats (65 animals, 130 arteries). In each rat, one artery was exposed to blood and the contralateral vessel was exposed to saline, so that each animal served as its own control. Animals were perfused and killed at sequential time points, from 1 hour to 20 days after blood exposure. The vessels were examined immunohistochemically and histologically for the presence of ICAM-1 and morphological features of vasospasm, respectively. RESULTS: Endothelial cell ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was extensively increased in only the blood-exposed vessels, beginning 3 hours after clot placement and persisting for 24 hours. ICAM-1 immunoreactivity returned to baseline by 48 hours after blood exposure. The influx of inflammatory cells correlated directly with the time and location of increased ICAM-1 expression. Peak arterial remodeling was observed on the blood-exposed side 8 to 12 days after clot placement, as quantified by measurements of increased wall thickness, decreased lumen size, and increased collagen content. CONCLUSION: Endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression seems to be an early and specific signal used by a vessel in response to the deposition of blood periadventitially. This molecule may be a marker for vessels likely to undergo subsequent morphological remodeling and vasospasm.
Coronary Artery Calcium Score

A58-year-oldwomanpresents toacardiologist’soffice todiscussher cardiovasculardisease (CVD) risk. She is asymptomatic and has never smoked. She has a history of hypothyroidism andswims4timesaweekfor30minutes.Herbrotherexperiencedamyocardial infarction(MI) at age 59. Prior to hisMI, her brother was a vegetarian and an avid runnerwithout hypertension or dyslipidemia. His 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) riskwas 7% (calculatedbasedontraditional risk factors).Her fatherwasasmokerandhadanMIatage66. The patient’s blood pressure is less than 120/80mmHgwithoutmedication. Her bodymass index is 21.3. Her estimated 10-year ASCVD risk is 2% based on traditional risk factors. However,her low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) levelhas increased.Hermost recent lipid panel showeda total cholesterol level of 286mg/dL, triglyceridesof 75mg/dL,HDL-C level of 106mg/dL, and LDL-C of 165mg/dL. Because of her family history and increasing LDL-C, she underwent a cardiac computed tomography (CT) scan to measure her coronary artery calcium (CAC) score. Her CAC score is 88 (normal value = 0 Agatston units) (Table).
Emergency response to a noncollision hazmat release from a railcar

A manufacturer of a solid oxidizer experienced three successive hazardous material accidents/releases during a one-week period. This case study discusses the emergency response process and how it evolved as new information became available. The commodity, a granular solid classified as DOT 5.1, was known to be thermally unstable. The material was further known to be both water-reactive and susceptible to autocatalytic decomposition (that is, its decomposition products accelerated the rate of decomposition). During decomposition the material has the capacity to generate a large volume of noncondensable gases. The manufacturer transported the commodity in bulk using pressure differential hopper railcars. After the occurrence of the first accident, the manufacturer implemented a rapid and effective emergency response to protect human health and the environment. Because this was a noncollision event, immediate consideration was given to the fleet of commodity-containing railcars in transit to customer sites. The technical challenges unique to rail transportation and railcar design greatly influenced the emergency response. These challenges and their resolution are discussed. Although the next two accidents resulted in loss of the commodity, there were no injuries or environmental impact. The subsequent accident investigation determined that the direct cause of the railcar decompositions was the inadvertent introduction of water into the bulk solid. Data collected during the emergency response phase played a crucial role in the subsequent root cause investigation and in the design of safeguards to reduce the hazard of decomposition in future rail shipments. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Sugar yields from dilute sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide pretreatments and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass.

Dacotah switchgrass was pretreated with sulfuric acid concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.% at 140, 160, and 180 C and with 1 and 3 wt.% sulfur dioxide at 180 C over a range of times. Sulfur dioxide loadings of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% wt.% of dry biomass were also tested at 180 C for 10 min. Sugar yields were tracked for pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis to identify conditions for the highest total sugar yields. Pretreatment with 1 wt.% dilute sulfuric acid at 140 C for 40 min followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with 48.6 mg enzyme/g initial glucan in raw biomass resulted in � 86% of theoretical yield for glucose and xylose combined. For sulfur dioxide pretreatment, the highest total sugar yield of about 87% occurred at 5% SO2 for 10 min and 180 C. However, xylose yields were higher at shorter times and glucose yields at longer times.
Instrumental resolution effects in neutron scattering studies of protein dynamics

Abstract In this study, the dynamics of Green Fluorescent protein (GFP) are analyzed using three neutron scattering spectrometers. We focus on the effect of instrumental energy resolution in the analysis of the elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) and mean square displacement (MSD). This topic still remains a source of controversy. Our data clearly demonstrate the presence of the resolution effect in the dynamic transition for hydrated protein and the onset of translational motions in hydration water consistent with previous results from quasielastic neutron scattering. The 190 K onset of motions in hydration water observed at ∼1 ns is also consistent with a Tg of hydration water below 190 K.
Mathematical Modeling of Microcantilever-Based Biosensor as a Nonuniform Rectangular Plate for Detection of Ultrasmall Adsorbed Mass

Development of label-free, highly sensitive biological sensors has been enabled due to nanomechanical advancements. Ultrasmall adsorbed biological species could be detected by means of transducing molecular recognition into some physical property. Microcantilever (MC) biosensors have received tremendous attention for offering cost-benefit, label-free and highly sensitive detection tool. Although there are a lot of studies investigating microcantilever-based sensors and their biological applications, a comprehensive mathematical modeling and validated experimentally of such devices providing a closed form mathematical framework is still lacking. In almost all of the studies a simple lumped-parameters model has been proposed. Other than that, MCs have been treated as Euler Bernouli beam. However, in order to have a precise biomechanical sensor, derivation of a comprehensive model is required in an effort to describe all the phenomena and dynamics of the biosensor which can lead to better design of MC. Therefore, in this study, extensive distributed-parameters modeling framework is proposed for piezoelectric microcantilever-based biosensor treating the MC as a non-uniform rectangular plate. Free vibration and force vibration studies were performed and simulated for the purpose of detection of ultrasmall mass. It was shown that plate modeling predicts the real situation with a degree of precision of 99.99%.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Detection of α-Ketoglutaric Acid and Other Keto-Acids on Paper Chromatograms with Ninhydrin

NUMEROUS paper chromatographic methods exist for the detection of keto-acids as their 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazone, semicarbazone, and quinoxaline derivatives or as the free acids1. By the ninhydrin spray test for amino-acids on paper chromatograms, it is now possible to detect as little as 1 µgm. per sq. cm. of α-ketoglutaric acid on chromatograms of plant extracts. The procedure described here thus permits simultaneous detection of the amino-acids on the same chromatogram.
Impact of measurement precision and noise on superresolution image reconstruction

The performance of uniform and nonuniform detector arrays for application to the PANOPTES (processing arrays of Nyquist-limited observations to produce a thin electro-optic sensor) flat camera design is analyzed for measurement noise environments including quantization noise and Gaussian and Poisson processes. Image data acquired from a commercial camera with 8 bit and 14 bit output options are analyzed, and estimated noise levels are computed. Noise variances estimated from the measurement values are used in the optimal linear estimators for superresolution image reconstruction.
Awareable steps: functional and fashionable shoes for patients with dementia

Awareable Steps is designed to assist self-alert and security monitoring for those suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Using vibration motors, the shoes alert a patient who is inactive for 20 minutes. Also, family or caregivers can track the patient's location via mobile services such as Find iPhone or Find My Android Phone. Our design decisions are based on three themes: problem solving for specific users, fashion and aesthetics, and accessible technology.
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension

A 50-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension was admitted to Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston for entry into a clinical research protocol involving hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockade. She presented to a local emergency room with severe headache at the age of 40. Her blood glucose at that time exceeded 800 mg/dL. After 1 year of failed therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin therapy was initiated. Her blood sugar control has been fair; she complains of twice nightly nocturia. She also has a burning and tingling neuropathy in her hands and feet, and she suffers from migraines related to stress. The patient’s mother and father both died from complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. One of her five siblings has diabetes that is treated with oral medications. The patient has three children who are well. The medical history is significant for hypertriglyceridemia and asthma; the most recent episode was 8 years ago. She also has angina. Thallium perfusion imaging was
A Method for Determining How to Operate and Control Wind Turbine Arrays in Utility Systems

This paper addresses the simply stated but important question: If a utility has decided to install a number of arrays of wind turbine (WT) generators, how should they be operated and controlled on the load frequency control time-scale- seconds to minutes?
Distinguishing habitat types and the relative influences of environmental factors on patch occupancy for a butterfly metapopulation

The goals of this study were to examine whether subjective habitat types may be segregated based on environmental variables and whether the relative influences of environmental factors on patch occupancy differ among habitat types. We examined these questions using a metapopulation of the butterfly Speyeria nokomis carsonensis, surveying sites for environmental characteristics and butterfly presence/absence over a 2-year period. Discriminant function analyses correctly classified 84% of sites within habitat types based on environmental variables that explained 82 and 67% of the variance along two ordination axes. Occupancy models for each habitat type demonstrated that the relative influences of environmental factors differed among habitat types. This study broadens the current paradigm of metapopulation dynamics by demonstrating that systems exist in which distinct habitat types can be delineated and differential suites of environmental factors explain occupancy according to habitat type. These findings demonstrate that even for highly specialized species, all habitat areas cannot be assumed to contribute equally to occupancy status, and thus have comparable conservation value. Designing land-use plans and policies based, in part, on careful habitat assessments can have important implications for the conservation of species existing in patchy landscapes, and can help guide reserve design, management actions, and allocation of resources on multiple-use landscapes.
Muslim Women and the Politics of (In)visibility in Late Colonial Bengal

The paper attempts to understand ways in which gender and racially defined communal ideologies worked simultaneously to produce Muslim women in colonial Bengal as invisible within nationalist historiography. It argues that the negative representations of Muslim women underpinned the construction of other identity categories in colonial Bengal, and highlights the participation of Hindu/Brahmo women writers in this process. *****
History: Great myths die hard

Finding that part of the story of Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine is false, Heloise Dufour and Sean Carroll explore how science fables are born, spread and die.
Japan’s Hidden Youths: Mainstreaming the Emotionally Distressed in Japan

One of the most talked-about social issues in Japan in recent years has been the problem of the nation’s purportedly one million “hidden” youths, known as hikikomori (literally, “the withdrawn”). Most observers agree that the category of hikikomori encompasses a wide range of problems and provocations. The fact that these various dilemmas lead to the shared outcome of shutting oneself away at home is the point of departure here. The article explores the spheres of mental health care, education and family, focusing on the reluctance to highlight underlying psychological dimensions of hikikomori and the desire on the part of schools and families to “mainstream” Japanese children, accommodating as many as possible within standardized public education. Hikikomori can perhaps be seen as a manifestation of Japanese democracy, in which the good society is imagined as cohesive, protective and secure, rather than one in which the individual can freely exercise the right to be different. Schools, families and the sphere of mental health care have focused on producing social inclusion but have discouraged citizens from being labeled as “different”—even when such a distinction might help them. The dearth of facilities and discourse for caring for the mentally ill or learning disabled is, in many respects, the darker side of Japan’s successes. Those who cannot adjust are cared for through the institutions of families, companies and various other spheres that offer spaces to rest and to temporarily “drop out”; however, the expectation is that rest will eventually lead to a re-entry into mainstream society. Often the psychological problem or disability that led to the problem goes unnamed and untreated (hikikomori, psychiatry, special education, youth, family, Japan).
Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world

Biosecurity is emerging as a major global health priority for which innovative and unprecedented solutions are needed. Biosecurity is a challenging biocomplexity problem involving multifaceted processes such as interactions between humans and nonhuman biota, anthropogenic environmental and ecological factors, and socioeconomic and political pressures. Key to an effective biosecurity strategy will be fundamental understanding of evolutionary, anthropogenic and environmental driving forces at play in transmission and perpetuation of infectious diseases. Biosecurity solutions will depend on increased support of basic biomedical research and public education, enhanced healthcare preparedness, alternative strategies for ensuringsafety, and improved interagency cooperation regarding global health policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008.
Sensitive GC-MS/MS method to measure deuterium labeled deoxyadenosine in DNA from limited mouse cell populations.

A rapid and sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantitatively measure low levels of DNA base deoxyadenosine (dA) and its isotopologues (e.g., dA M+1) from limited mouse cell populations. Mice undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation (AHSCT) received deuterated water at biologically relevant time intervals post AHSCT, allowing labeling of DNA upon cell division, which was detected as the dA M+1 isotopologue. Targeted mouse cell populations were isolated from lymphoid organs and purified by multiparameter fluorescence activated cell sorting. Cell lysis, DNA extraction, and hydrolysis were accomplished using available commercial procedures. The novel analytical method utilized a hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced sample preparation, rapid online hot GC inlet gas phase sample derivatization, fast GC low thermal mass technology, and a recently marketed GC-MS/MS system. Calibration standards containing dA and fortified with relevant levels of dA M+1 ...
Optical second-harmonic generation in III-V semiconductors : detailed formulation and computational results

In an earlier paper (Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 41 (1991)), we calculated both the dielectric constant ({epsilon}{sub {infinity}}) and the nonlinear optical susceptibilities for second-harmonic generation ({chi}{sup (2)}) in the static limit for AlP, AlAs, GaP, and GaAs in the local-density approximation with and without a self-energy correction in the form of a scissors operator,'' including local-field effects. In this paper, we expand our presentation of this calculation. Agreement with experiment to within 15% for the nonlinear susceptibility is demonstrated where experiments are available (GaP and GaAs); the dielectric constants are in no worse than 4% agreement with experiment. The virtual hole'' contributions are reformulated to avoid large numerical cancellations in the case of near degeneracies. The virtual electron'' terms dominate over the virtual hole'' terms by about one order of magnitude. Local-field corrections are smaller than the main terms by about one order of magnitude. The formulas needed to apply a self-energy correction in the form of a scissors operator'' to this problem are presented. The addition of a self-energy correction requires a renormalization of the velocity operator; a failure to include the velocity-operator renormalization leads to a factor-of-2 correction to {chi}{sup (2)}, destroying the good agreement with experiment.more » The neglect of the short-wave charge induced at the second-harmonic frequency is justified. The {ital f}-sum rule and another, related sum rule for second-harmonic generation is well satisfied numerically. For well-converged results, a plane-wave-basis-set energy cutoff of 9--12 hartrees is required for GaAs, but only eigenfunctions with eigenvalues less than about 1--2 hartrees need be included.« less
Partial resolution of sources of n-alkanes in the saline portion of the Parachute Creek Member, Green River Formation (Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado)

Systematic variations in the 13C contents of individual extractable n-alkanes (C16-C29) can be modelled quantitatively and interpreted as indicating contributions from at least five distinct sources. These appear to be cyanobacterial (C16-C18, delta 13C = -37% vs PDB), phytoplanktonic (C16-C23, delta = -32%), chemoautotrophic bacterial (C20-C29, delta = -38%), phytoplanktonic or heterotrophic bacterial (C20-C29, delta = -30%), and vascular plants (C23-C29, delta = -29%). Hydrous pyrolysis of related kerogens yields large quantities of additional n-alkanes with different and much more uniform delta values. The latter materials are apparently derived from the thermolysis of aliphatic biopolymers whose presence in the Green River Oil Shale has been recognized visually.
Isolation and identification of a major sex-attracting component ofAttagenus elongatulus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

A major sex-attracting component in extracts of virgin females ofAttagenus elongatulus Casey was isolated by various chromatographic techniques. The chemical was identified as (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid by spectroscopic analyses.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Microchannel Blockage Phenomena

Recent developments in fabrication techniques for micro-fluidic systems and in methods for the study of micro-fluid dynamics allow engineers to design integrated, complicated micro-fluidic devices, such as lab-on-chip total analysis systems and implant-type medical monitoring systems. The device usually consists of series of closed microchannels having cross-sectional dimension less than 1 mm and greater than 1 µm to transport materials with or without having chemical or biological reactions. In real applications, micro-fluidic devices are often used to transport a variety of particle-laden liquids at various flow speeds. Blockage of micro-channel by the particles may limit the life expectancy or usage of the micro-fluidic devices. Although, great number of potential applications for bioengineering and chemical analysis devices could be found, few experimental and theoretical studies about a mechanics of particle-laden liquids at large Peclet number (Pe) have been done. It is crucial to know when, or how often, blockages occur in each channel of a particle bearing micro-fluidic system. Also, operations to remove a blockage or replace a channel in a micro scale device involve numerous technical complexities. Sharp (2001)[1] and Sharp and Adrian (2001)[2] have proposed shear induced arching (also called hydrokinetic arching) as the main mechanism causing a blockage based on observation of final blockage geometrical configurations. The explanation is based on the likelihood of particles colliding when placed in a non-uniform laminar flow velocity profile, followed by the formation of "arches", much like the arching phenomena in dry granular flows. It indicates that sufficient large number of particle must be in close distance prior to the arch formation. Assuming that the particles are uniformly dispersed at the inlet of channel, some mechanisms must bring the particles together in the channel. Study of flocculation of particles in the microchannels could gives us some insight of the mechanism about how the particle come together to form the arches. The original work on orthokinetic flocculation theory (particle aggregation cause by fluid motion, Pe>>1) was that of Smoluchowski (1917), who described the collision rate of spherical particles, travelling along parallel streamlines. Gregory (1981)[4] simplified it for the case of mono dispersed suspension of uniform radius spheres,
A Burning Desire: Steps Toward an Evolutionary Psychology of Fire Learning

Although fire is inherently dangerous, leading many animals to avoid it, for most of human history, mastery of fire has been critical to survival. Humans can therefore be expected to possess evolved psychological mechanisms dedicated to controlling fire. Because techniques for starting, maintaining, and using fire differ across ecosystems, the postulated adaptations can be expected to take the form of domain-specific learning mechanisms rather than fixed behavioral templates. After outlining features that such mechanisms are predicted to possess, I review the literature on fire play in western children, finding that attraction to and interest in fire is widespread, experimentation with fire often begins in early childhood, and fire play typically peaks in late childhood or early adolescence. The latter aspect stands in contrast to results from a survey of ethnographers which reveals that, in societies in which fire is routinely used as a tool, children typically master control of fire by middle childhood, at which point interest in fire is already declining. This suggests that fire learning is retarded in western children, arguably due to patterns of fire use in modern societies that are atypical when viewed from a broader cross-cultural perspective. Together with the fact that western entertainment media provide a distorted portrait of the properties of fire, this pattern, while limiting the value of naturalistic observations of fire learning in the West, nevertheless has the benefit of providing a strong testing ground for future experiments exploring the universality of the psychology underlying the control of fire.
A new genus and two new species of gigantic Plotopteridae from Japan (Aves: Pelecaniformes)

ABSTRACT The Plotopteridae are wing-propelled, penguin-like diving birds of the order Pelecaniformes found in mid-Tertiary deposits of the North Pacific. Much new material representing a considerable radiation of genera and species has been discovered in Japan since the basic adaptations and characters of the family were revealed. A new genus and species, Copepteryx hexeris, is named here from previously known but underscribed material upon which much of our knowledge of the family had originally been based. A second new species, C. titan, is described from a single gigantic femur from a bird that was probably larger than any known diving bird, living or fossil.
Stimulatory Roles of Nitric-oxide Synthase 3 and Guanylyl Cyclase in Platelet Activation

Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase and, thus, enhances cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. It is a currently prevailing concept that NO inhibits platelet activation. This concept, however, does not fully explain why platelet agonists stimulate NO production. Here we show that a major platelet NO synthase (NOS) isoform, NOS3, plays a stimulatory role in platelet secretion and aggregation induced by low doses of platelet agonists. Furthermore, we show that NOS3 promotes thrombosis in vivo. The stimulatory role of NOS is mediated by soluble guanylyl cyclase and results from a cGMP-dependent stimulation of platelet granule secretion. These findings delineate a novel signaling pathway in which agonists sequentially activate NOS3, elevate cGMP, and induce platelet secretion and aggregation. Our data also suggest that NO plays a biphasic role in platelet activation, a stimulatory role at low NO concentrations and an inhibitory role at high NO concentrations.
Lymphocyte beta-adrenoreceptor density in patients with unipolar depression and normal controls☆

Abstract Values of binding maximum (B max ) and dissociation constant (K d ) of (−)3-[ 125 I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) were determined in β-adrenergic receptors of membranes of peripheral lymphocytes in 32 patients with unipolar depression (DSM-III-R) and 31 normal controls. Results were analyzed by a two-way Analysis of Covariance method. A significant difference was noted for group assignment (patient versus control , p Mean B max (fmol ICYP bound/mg lymphocyte membrane fraction total protein) of patients was 31.9 ± 3.84 (se) and controls 46.3 ± 3.92 (se). A significant interaction was found between group membership and gender (p In the female patient group ( n = 14), mean B max was 30.5 ± 5.79 (se); in female controls, mean B max was 56.0 ± 5.15 (SE). Differences between male patients and male controls were not significant. Mean values of K d (pmol/liter) showed a trend for patient values to be lower than control values [69.0 ± 73.66 (se) versus 108.5 ± 14.42 (se), respectively]. A significant inverse relationship was noted between lymphocyte β-receptor B max and frequency of panic attacks during the depressive episode in 18 patients ( p = 0.05). No relationship was found between values of K d and frequency of panic attacks in these patients. Thus, preliminary evidence is provided for relationships among altered β-adrenergic receptor binding, gender, and indices of panic-anxiety in unipolar depressed patients .
Photographic Image Intensification By Neutron Activation Of Gold Toned Negatives

A gold-toning neutron-activation process has been developed at NRL for the purpose of intensifying or amplifying the contrast in extremely weak images in photographic negatives where the exposure level may be as low as 1.5% of optimum. Such contrast enhancement of photoreconnaissance and intelligence films allows the recovery of image information which may be taken under adverse lighting or obscured in the shadows and which might otherwise be lost by conventional methods using chemical/photographic or densitometer/computer techniques. The gold-toning neutron-activation process differs significantly from the usual nuclear methods of photographic image enhancement in two important ways: (a) A nonradiochemical toning solution is used to gold plate the image silver grains before activation. This procedure eliminates all hazards of handling radioactive solutions. (b) The neutron activation of the gold image is superior to either direct neutron activation of the silver image or radiochemical toning of the silver image both with regard to the efficiency of image activation and the speed and ease of producing autoradiographs. Recent results of the optimized gold-toning neutron-irradiation technique clearly demonstrated the recovery of image information which was not detectable by standard densitometer computer scans of the original film at the 1.5% exposure level. Such analog nuclear techniques can complement the power and flexibility of computer enhancement by significantly extending the lower limit of optical detection.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Continuous culture of Aspergillus phoenicis QM 329 for the production of cellobiase.

Although the cellulase system of Trichoderma reesei contains all the enzymes necessary for complete hydrolysis of cellulose, the levels of cellobiase (beta-glucosidase) are suboptimal for saccharification purposes. Increasing the level of cellobiase enhances the rate of saccharification of cellulose by reducing the level of cellobiose, an inhibitor of the cellulase system. Even then, cellulase requirements are high, so fermentation studies with T. reesei have concentrated in optimization of cellulase productivity and it is probable that large increments in cellobiase levels can not be attained for this organism without sacrificing cellulase productivity. Optimization of the beta-glucosidase level can be achieved through supplementation of this enzyme from a separate fermentation. This communication discusses the production of beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus phoenicis in continuous culture. (Refs. 11).
Evaluation of the Soil Model of the Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme by Observations and a Theoretically Advanced Numerical Scheme

Abstract The soil module of the Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme is evaluated by soil temperature observations and independent theoretical numerical results. To gain the latter, a Galerkin weak finite-element (GWFE) scheme is implemented for solving the heat and water balance equations that are originally solved by a Crank–Nicholson finite-difference (CNFD) scheme. The GWFE scheme captures discontinuities well and has a high phase fidelity. When/where frozen ground thaws and under moderate advection-dominated regimes, peak temperatures simulated with the CNFD scheme are up to seven days off compared with observations and the results of the GWFE scheme. If freeze–thaw cycles repeat for more than a month, CNFD predictions will oscillate ±1 K around the observations but will converge to the observations and results of the GWFE scheme afterward. Under diffusion-dominated regimes, CNFD runs perform well with similar quality to the GWFE predictions. Comparisons of the results of both numerical schemes...
New Measurements of Excitation Transfer in Low-Density Helium Gas

We have measured the effect of the transfer of excitation on the population of the $3^{3}D$ state of helium. Through careful diagnosis of a proton beam passing through a long target chamber containing helium gas, we have been able to separate the various contributions to the light intensity from the $3^{3}D$ state. Our measurements were performed at target-gas pressures roughly two orders of magnitude lower than those of previously reported measurements. We measure the summation of the excitation-transfer cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(n)$ for the transfer from an $n^{1}P$ state to the corresponding $n^{3}F$ state times the branching ratio ${B}_{\mathrm{n}}$ for radiative cascade to the $3^{3}D$ state, and obtain $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{B}_{n}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(n)=2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. This measurement enables us to relate the excitation transferred to the $3^{3}D$ state ${Q}_{T} (3^{3}D)$ to the excitation cross section of the $4^{1}P$ state $\ensuremath{\sigma}(4^{1}P)$. We obtain ${Q}_{T} (3^{3}D)=(1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15} {\mathrm{cm}}^{3})N\ensuremath{\sigma}(4^{1}P)$, an expression, which for the low pressures used in this experiment, is linear in the number density $N$.
Buildup of nitrogen in direct hydrogen polymer-electrolyte fuel cell stacks.

Hydrogen-fueled polymer-electrolyte fuel cell stacks (PEFC) operate at less than 100% fuel utilization per pass, with the anode exit gas being recycled to the anode inlet. Any inert gases present in the anode gas then increase in concentration as the hydrogen is consumed. A portion of the recirculating anode gas is purged to prevent excessive buildup of the inert gases. It has been observed that N 2 diffuses across the polymer-electrolyte membrane from the cathode side to the anode side, adding to the inert gases in the anode channels. This paper discusses the results of a study to model and analyze the buildup of N 2 in the recirculating anode gas, and the impact of this N 2 on the performance of an automotive 90 kWe PEFC stack. Results show that N 2 crossover from the cathode air to the anode gas depends on a number of parameters, including the power level, N 2 concentration in feed hydrogen (if any), purge rate, and membrane thickness. The buildup of N 2 is mainly a function of the degree of purge, defined as the average fraction of the anode exit gas that is vented. Even with pure fuel H 2 and 90% hydrogen consumption per pass, N 2 concentrations can reach 50-70% at low purge rates, and 5-20% at a 2% purge rate. As a result of this N 2 , the cell voltage decreases by 10-18 mV if the N 2 concentration in anode channels is allowed to reach 25-60%, but by <5 mV if the N 2 concentration is limited to 2-25% by purging. There is an optimum level of purge for which the overall degradation in cell performance is the smallest. The optimum purge level is about 2% with pure H 2 feed, but increases to about 9% if the fuel hydrogen contains 2% N 2 . The allowable level of N 2 impurity in the fuel gas depends on the acceptable loss in stack efficiency. For a 25 μm thick membrane, 0.08% N 2 in feed can be tolerated if the acceptable loss in efficiency is 0.1 percentage point, 0.5% N 2 in the H 2 for a 0.5 percentage point loss in efficiency, and 1.5% N 2 in the H 2 if a 1 percentage point loss in system efficiency is acceptable.
Politics of cityward migration: an overview of China in comparative perspective

Abstract This paper focuses on the kind of politics that can be expected to result from Chinese migration from rural to urban areas. It speculates on the emerging trends from China and compares them with politics that have resulted from migration in other countries, especially in Latin America. In countries such as Mexico and Peru, residents in neighborhood communities have been particularly interested in organizing politically to gain good housing, secure tenure and urban services. As this study shows, in China, the priorities are somewhat different as a result of the conditions of migration. Chinese urban migrants rarely build their own houses, either living in employer-provided accommodation or renting rooms from established residents. Although this eliminates one basis for political development and activity, a second, more important force works through what are called here native-place networks, referring to allegiance and continuing ties to places of origin. This takes number of forms, affecting attitudes toward employment conditions but also urban services, such as the provision of schools and health care for migrant families in the destination area. Such ties have become institutionalized in the sense that governments of originating areas see such migration as a continuing source of remittances and therefore do what they can to encourage them. The importance of hometown networks as a source of political activity may change in future, but only if the housing habits change away from the dependence of migrants upon rental housing.
Acceptance angles of butterfly ommatidia.

Abstract The ommatidial acceptance angle (angular sensitivity) of seven species of butterflies was determined by a novel technique. Measurements were based upon the fact that light adaptation produces a graded contraction of specific retinula cells with a concomitant reduction in the brillance of the observed reflection (glow). Measurements were, therefore, based upon the changes in the intensity of the reflections as an adapting light was moved to various spatial positions. Measurements were also made on the angle of illumination that would produce reflections, as well as the angle through which reflections could be observed. Average angles so determined were: half-linear sensitivity, 1°16′; reflection (acceptance), 2°47′; reflection (viewing), 9–10°; inter-ommatidial, 1°47′. These results suggest that the butterfly eye may have greater acuity than those of previously studied insects.
The minimal number of basic elements in a multiset antichain

Abstract Let M be a finite set consisting of ki elements of type i, i = 1, 2,…, n and let S denote the set of subsets of M or, equivalently, the set of all vectors x = (x1, x2,…,xn) with integral coefficients xi satisfying 0 ⩽ xi ⩽ ki, i = 1, 2,…, n. An antichain is a subset of S in which there is no pair of distinct vectors x and y such that x is contained in y (that is, there is no pair of distinct vectors x and y such that the inequalities xi ⩽ yi, i = 1, 2,…, n all hold). Let ∥Y ∥ denote the number of vectors in S which are contained in at least one vector in and let ∥B ∥=∑ x∈ (X 1 +X 2 +⋯+X n ) , the number of basic elements in . For given m we give procedures for calculating min ∥Y ∥ and min ∥B ∥ , where the minima are taken over all m-element antichains in S.
Quality of Life in MPN Comes of Age as a Therapeutic Target

BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms include primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia. Clonal stem cell proliferation and dysregulated JAK/STAT molecular pathways characterize these hematologic malignancies. Symptoms experienced by patients are heterogeneous including excessive and disabling fatigue, early satiety, anorexia, pruritus, bone pain, night sweats, cachexia, abdominal pain and discomfort, and cognitive complaints. Patients also experience impaired quality of life along with decreased overall survival. New targeted drug therapies, including JAK2 inhibitors, have demonstrated remarkable success in alleviating the myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) symptomatic burden, reducing splenomegaly and improving quality of life while offering overall survival benefit. Within the USA, FDA approval has only been granted to use JAK2 inhibitors in intermediate- to high-risk myelofibrosis. However, given that low-prognostic-scoring patients have been shown to have considerable symptomology, there is a possibility that lower-risk patients may benefit from therapy. More than ever, the need for accurate MPN symptom burden assessment and subsequent addition of targeted therapies is critical in the treatment of MPNs. This article discusses the role of MPN symptom burden and quality of life as therapeutic targets in the context of recent MPN clinical advances.
RELATIVE PRICE LINEARITY AND JRC EQUILIBRIUM

A theoretical explanation is given which resolves the relative price nonlinearity problem in household production models where the attributes are market produced. It is shown that in a Lancasterian framework with markets of a modified Chamberlin type kinked demand curves can be derived which, together with large scale economies, lead to a market equilibrium where all goods are just relevant commodities (JRC) and the characteristics frontier is linear (LCF). A simultaneous testing procedure is proposed to estimate the objective structure among inputs.
Characterization of a recombinant that locates the hereditary hemochromatosis gene telomeric to HLA-F

The gene responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis has been shown to be closely linked to the HLA-A and D6S105 loci on the short arm of chromosome 6. Efforts at mapping the disease gene have been hindered, however, by a lack of informative recombinants in this region. We have identified two recombinant individuals in a single affected family and have confirmed recombination by analysis of 16 polymorphic markers located near HLA-A and D6S105. One of the recombinants provides evidence for the location of the hemochromatosis gene telomeric to HLA-F.