cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of near-infrared spectroscopic measurements during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Abstract Background . Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to monitor cerebral oxygenation during cardiac surgery. However, interpretation of the signals is controversial. The aim of the study was to determine which NIRS variable best correlated with brain damage as assessed by animal behavior and neurohistologic score and to compare the accuracy of NIRS and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in predicting brain injury. Methods . Forty 5-week-old piglets underwent 60 minutes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) at 15°C. Changes in brain adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr), and intracellular pH (pHi) were determined by MRS and correlated to changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO 2 ), deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb), and oxidized cytochrome a,a 3 (CytOx) NIRS signals. Brains were fixed on day 4 and examined using a neurohistologic score. Results . Reductions in CytOx and HbO 2 values were correlated closely with decreases in ATP, PCr, and pHi. The changes in CytOx and PCr showed the strongest correlation ( r = 0.623). Maximal CytOx reduction during DHCA of more than −25 μM ∗ differential pathlength factor (DPF) predicted brain damage with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75%. The histologic score was also correlated with a decrease in ATP ( r = −0.52 for CytOx; r = −0.32 for ATP); HbO 2 , PCr, and pHi showed no correlations. Conclusions . Reduction in CytOx correlates with decreased brain energy state and predicts histologic brain injury after DHCA with a high sensitivity. These data suggest that the level of CytOx could be a very important predictor of brain damage during DHCA.
Pathways for oriented assembly of inorganic crystals at organic surfaces

Oriented inorganic films can be grown under Langmuir monolayers floating on supersaturated aqueous solutions. This process mimics biomineralization, and is potentially an easy method for growing designed inorganic films. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (in situ) and scanning electron microscopy (of films transferred to substrates) reveal that oriented growth occurs via two distinct mechanisms. First, there can be epitaxial growth, with organic and inorganic lattices relaxing to allow an exact match. A variant is the appearance of a reconstructed surface superlattice that mediates between the unstrained organic and bulk inorganic structures. Second, the alignment of crystals already formed can be enhanced via spontaneous self-aggregation into oriented chains.
Oral myofunctional therapy.

Abstract A philosophy of the treatment of tongue thrusting has been presented, along with a description of a therapy program. In geographic areas where such therapy has been provided over a number of years, it has been well accepted. Patients who do poorly in therapy coincide with those who have orthondtic relapse. Although tongue thrust may occasionally disappear spontaneously in patients receiving orthodontic treatment, the unpredictability of this outcome makes treatment a wise preventive procedure. Oral myotherapy may be administered by anyone who has the proper knowledge, training, and experience. Most therapists prefer to wait until the child is about 9 years old to begin treatment. Poor risks for treatment include patients with (1) long-standing nearnormal occlusions: (2) negative attitudes; (3) predominantly normal habit patterns; (4) mental or psychological disorders; and (5) uncooperative parents. A thorough orthodontic evaluation should precede treatment, and any conditions which mitigate against successful therapy should be remediated medically, surgically, or orthodontically before therapy begins. Usually, however, it is preferable to complete habit training before banding is begun. Eighty to 90 per cent of patients should complete treatment successfully and retain proper oral habits. The orthodontist should be wary of abbreviated training programs and should readily send the patient back to the therapist throughout treatment if any signs of relapse are detected. The role of the dentist in motivating the patient cannot be overemphasized. Whereas some patients are self-motivated, others need immediate reinforcement throughout therapy, such as behavioral-modification procedures offer. My approach to treatment entails a structured, yet flexible, program which uses learning theory principles. It requires a thorough diagnostic session plus at least nine weekly sessions, followed by recheck visits spaced gradually farther apart. Patients are seen periodically throughout orthodontic treatment. Follow-up studies have proved this to be an effective approach to the remediation of tongue thrust.
Anterior Flap Extraperitoneal Cystoplasty

AbstractPurpose: We report on our initial experience with the anterior flap extraperitoneal cystoplasty for refractory voiding symptoms secondary to detrusor hyperactivity.Materials and Methods: A total of 27 patients underwent anterior flap extraperitoneal cystoplasty, the principles of which include a Pfannenstiel skin incision, a small peritoneotomy with minimal manipulation of the bowel, extraperitoneal bowel resection with ileovesical anastomosis and creation of an anterior bladder wall flap.Results: Convalescence was uneventful in 25 patients (92%). Oral intake resumed on postoperative day 3 or 4, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 5 or 6. Voiding symptoms resolved or improved significantly in 92% of patients, who were dry or used 1 or no pads a day. Two complications required prolonged hospitalization.Conclusions: Anterior flap extraperitoneal cystoplasty is a safe and effective treatment that has the potential to decrease postoperative complications and recovery time.
Sensitivity of commonly available screening tests in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Recognition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is important in the management of patients awaiting liver transplantation. HCCs >5 cm in diameter are at high risk to recur after transplant. The goal of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the diagnostic tests employed in a pretransplant screening program. METHODS: The study is a retrospective analysis of charts of 106 consecutive adults transplanted over a 1-yr period. All patients had ultrasonography (US), computerized tomography (CT), and serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) testing within 6 months of transplantation. Radiographic reports were subdivided into low-risk and high-risk groups, based upon level of suspicion for HCC. The results were compared to explant pathology. RESULTS: Pathological analysis of 106 explants revealed HCC in 19 patients. High-risk US exams had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.69 and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.91 in the diagnosis of HCC. High-risk CT exams had a PPV of 0.67 and an NPV of 0.90. When patients had either a high-risk US or a high-risk CT, there was a PPV of 0.59 and an NPV of 0.83. Of the 19 patients with HCC, three had high-risk US and low-risk CT; two had high-risk CT and low-risk US. Four patients, all with HCC CONCLUSIONS: US, CT, and serum AFP, as single tests, are insensitive for detection of HCC in the cirrhotic liver. However, they are highly specific. Sensitivity and specificity for US are comparable to those for CT. Given its lower cost, US is preferable to CT for routine screening of HCC in patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplantation.
Immunohistochemistry in tumour diagnosis.

Immunohistochemistry has become an everyday tool in diagnostic pathology to increase the accuracy in tumour typing. The most important recent developments include availability of antibodies to leukocyte CD-antigens to nearly comprehensive lymphoma typing in paraffin sections, use of certain leukocyte antigens in typing of solid tumours, e.g. neoplastic endothelial cells (CD31 and CD34) and neural and neuroendocrine cells (CD56, CD57). Also, antibodies selective to individual keratin polypeptides promise to be helpful in the subtyping of carcinomas. Antibodies to nuclear proliferation antigens have already proven helpful in the characterization of tumour cell proliferation. Technical optimization, using enzymatic and non-enzymatic antigen retrieval modalities, is also important.
A Mean-Field Pressure Formulation for Liquid-Vapor Flows

A nonlocal pressure equation is derived from mean-field free energy theory for calculating liquid-vapor systems. The proposed equation is validated analytically by showing that it reduces to van der Waals’ square-gradient approximation under the assumption of slow density variations. The proposed nonlocal pressure is implemented in the mean-field free energy lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The LBM is applied to simulate equilibrium liquid-vapor interface properties and interface dynamics of capillary waves and oscillating droplets in vapor. Computed results are validated with Maxwell constructions of liquid-vapor coexistence densities, theoretical relationship of variation of surface tension with temperature, theoretical planar interface density profiles, Laplace’s law of capillarity, dispersion relationship between frequency and wave number of capillary waves, and the relationship between radius and the oscillating frequency of droplets in vapor. It is shown that the nonlocal pressure formulation gives excellent agreement with theory.
The link between metabolic abnormalities and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: an update.

Despite abundant clinical evidence linking metabolic abnormalities to diabetic vasculopathy, the molecular basis of individual susceptibility to diabetic vascular complications is still largely undetermined. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes-associated vascular complications is considered an early stage of vasculopathy and has attracted considerable research interests. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperglycemia, excess liberation of free fatty acids (FFA), insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. These abnormalities exert pathological impact on endothelial function by attenuating endothelium-mediated vasomotor function, enhancing endothelial apoptosis, stimulating endothelium activation/endothelium-monocyte adhesion, promoting an atherogenic response and suppressing barrier function. There are multiple signaling pathways contrib- uting to the adverse effects of glucotoxicity on endothelial function. Insulin maintains the normal balance for release of several factors with vasoactive properties. Abnormal insulin signaling in the endothelium does not affect the whole-body glucose metabolism, but impairs endothelial response to insulin and accelerates atherosclerosis. Excessive level of FFA is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. FFA induces endothelial oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory response, and inhibits insulin signaling. Although hyperglycemia, insulin resis- tance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia independently contribute to endothelial dysfunction via various distinct mechanisms, the mutual interactions may synergistically accelerate their adverse effects. Oxidative stress and inflammation are predicted to be among the first alterations which may trigger other downstream mediators in diabetes associated with endothelial dysfunction. These mecha- nisms may provide insights into potential therapeutic tar- gets that can delay or reverse diabetic vasculopathy.
Red Blood Cell Fatty Acid Analysis for Determining Compliance with Omega3 Supplements in Dry Eye Disease Trials

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate pill counts and red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acid profiles as measures of compliance with oral omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) and to compare the two techniques. Methods: Sixteen dry eye disease subjects were given oral ω3 PUFA or placebo for 3 months. Compliance was measured by pill counts and blood tests at baseline and 3 months. The Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and rank-sum tests were used to compare changes from baseline and the difference between the two groups; Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship of pill counts to changes in blood FAs. Results: Pill counts for the ω3 (n=7) and placebo (n=9) groups showed a mean consumption of 4.39 and 4.76 pills per day, respectively. In the ω3 group, the median change from baseline was +1.46% for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P=0.03), +1.49% for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P=0.08), and −1.91% for arachidonic acids (AA) (P=0.02). In the placebo group, median changes in all measured FA...
Earnings and the decision to return to school

Abstract This paper finds that a significant predictor of returning to school is earnings below expected earnings in the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) Young Men sample. These 'unlucky' workers find that the foregone cost of schooling was lower than they thought. At the same time, the low relative earnings of these ‘unlucky’ workers may cause them also to revise their expected value of further schooling. But because they do actually decide to return to school, two interpretations of this revision in the value in further schooling are possible. Either the revision is upward, indicating that they believe that additional schooling will bring earnings up to that expected for persons with further education; or the revision is downward, but that revision must be dominated by a greater reduction in the expected cost of schooling for an economically sensible decision to return to school.
Modulation transfer function of charge-coupled devices

A method for calculating the modulation transfer function (MTF) of charge-coupled devices (CCD) is presented. The analysis accommodates both the time- and space-variant properties of CCDs as well as input images moving with constant velocity within a scan interval. The model developed accounts for both the static and the dynamic MTF of CCD imaging systems.
The Empress Eugenie and the Italian War

“Listen to what I say, sir. We made one mistake, and one only: we ought not to have hoisted the flag of the principle of nationality. It was that, and that alone, which was our undoing. The whole disaster sprang from that!”1
The utility of generalized girth and skinfold equations to predict body composition in women runners

Although generalized equations to predict body composition exist, the validity of these equations when applied to a homogeneous group of athletic women is uncertain. Sixty-five women runners (age = 28.3 ± 6.4 yrs; ht = 166.8 ± 6.2 cm; wt = 58.9 ± 6.6 kg; body density (Db ) = 1.047 ± 0.009 g · cc-1 ; percentage body fat (%BF) = 22.1 ± 3.7%; VO2 max = 56.0 ± 5.3 ml/kg · min-1 ; training volume = 45.8 ± 16.0 km · wk-1 ) were used to cross-validate the Jackson, Pollock, and Ward (1980) generalized quadratic skinfold equations (JPW) and the Tran and Weltman (1989) generalized girth equation (TW). Additionally, the average of TW and the JPW quadratic skinfold equations were calculated and compared to hydrostatic weighing (HW). None of the JPW equations nor the TW equation accurately predicted Db (P <0.05). All JPW equations underpredicted %BF with values ranging from 16.3-19.7%. Correlations ranged from r = 0.73 to r = 0.79. Standard errors (SE = [∑(Y - Y')2 /N]1/2 ) for predicting %BF ranged from 6.6% to 3.9%. The TW equation underestimated body density (1.041 ± 0.008) with a correlation of r = 0.54 and a SE of 4.2%. When the results of the JPW sum of 4 skinfolds (or the sum of 7 skinfolds) was averaged with TW, no significant mean differences in Db or %BF were observed and the standard errors were 2.7%. Additionally, a population specific equation was derived using skinfolds and girths (n = 40) and was shown to accurately predict body density in a cross-validation sample of women runners (n = 25). This equation yielded a correlation of r = 0.72 and a SE = 2.7%. It was concluded that the combination of skinfold and girth techniques is superior to either method alone when predicting body composition in women runners. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation and Validity of a LORETA Normative EEG Database

To evaluate the reliability and validity of a Z-score normative EEG database for Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA), EEG digital samples (2 second intervals sampled 128 Hz, 1 to 2 minutes eyes closed) were acquired from 106 normal subjects, and the cross-spectrum was computed and multiplied by the Key Institute's LORETA 2,394 gray matter pixel T Matrix. After a log10 transform or a Box-Cox transform the mean and standard deviation of the *.lor files were computed for each of the 2394 gray matter pixels, from 1 to 30 Hz, for each of the subjects. Tests of Gaussianity were computed in order to best approximate a normal distribution for each frequency and gray matter pixel. The relative sensitivity of a Z-score database was computed by measuring the approximation to a Gaussian distribution. The validity of the LORETA normative database was evaluated by the degree to which confirmed brain pathologies were localized using the LORETA normative database. Log10 and Box-Cox transforms approximated Gaussian distribution in the range of 95.64% to 99.75% accuracy. The percentage of normative Z-score values at 2 standard deviations ranged from 1.21% to 3.54%, and the percentage of Z-scores at 3 standard deviations ranged from 0% to 0.83%. Left temporal lobe epilepsy, right sensory motor hematoma and a right hemisphere stroke exhibited maximum Z-score deviations in the same locations as the pathologies. We conclude: (1) Adequate approximation to a Gaussian distribution can be achieved using LORETA by using a log10 transform or a Box-Cox transform and parametric statistics, (2) a Z-Score normative database is valid with adequate sensitivity when using LORETA, and (3) the Z-score LORETA normative database also consistently localized known pathologies to the expected Brodmann areas as an hypothesis test based on the surface EEG before computing LORETA.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Heated Milk Using Static Headspace Sampling

An investigation was conducted to test the feasibility of using gas chromatography with static headspace sampling as an objective tool to measure milk flavor quality. Heated milk off-flavor was chosen for study. Different strategies were tried for increasing the sensitivity of a commercially available headspace method, including salting out with sodium sulfate, cryofocusing during injection, and applying backpressure to the sampling loop. With the aid of a sulfur-specific detector, the resulting system was sufficiently sensitive to detect the sulfur volatiles, H2S and dimethyl sulfide, at the concentrations found in pasteurized skim milk. Milk that was heated to varying degrees was analyzed, and the analytical results were compared with the intensity of heated flavor as determined by a sensory panel. For skim milk, correlations were moderately strong: Spearman's correlation coefficients for H2S and dimethyl sulfide were .75 and .60, respectively. Correlations were weak for whole milk.
A model for cortical memory

Abstract Information in the nervous system is coded into patterns of firing in specific collections of neurons. We assume without proof that memorization is the conversion of these firing patterns into spatially distributed patterns (such as changes in the transmission properties of the synapses or cell membranes). We also assume that recall is the synthesis of a copy of the firing patterns which occurred during storage. It is the purpose of this paper to develop a network called a memory block which can store, search for, and recall these firing patterns. The storage mechanism of the memory block closely resembles the holographic storage process. Information which is stored in a particular memory location is distributed throughout all the neurons of that location. Damage to large numbers of neurons in a given memory location does not destroy the stored information but merely reduces the fidelity of the recalled patterns. When a specific piece of information is required from the memory block, a similar information pattern is sent to every memory location. Each memory location correlates the test pattern with its stored patterns and returns a signal which is proportional to the similarity between the test pattern and the corresponding stored pattern. A high signal indicates a close match and locates the stored information. Recall is immediately possible. To convert between temporal firing patterns and spatial neuronal changes, a memory timing mechanism is introduced. This mechanism is a wave of activity in the nonneuronal medium which inactivates all but a thin layer in the network. During storage, the active layer moves through the appropriate memory location. In this way, the time of input is converted into position within the storage network. During recall, the memory timing mechanism is again used, this time to convert between position of storage and time of output. A learning network is then presented which utilizes the memory block as a storage network. This network differs from other learning models in several prominent ways. Not only are all input patterns permanently stored, but the memory traces remain unchanged for the life of the system. Learning and forgetting are independent of the memory traces themselves but depend on the threshold of recallability of information from the individual memory locations. We conclude with a brief discussion of some physiological and biological questions posed by the model.
Texture of Emulsified Cooked Meat Products by Three Different Methods of Measurement

A comparison was made of Warner-Bratzler (W-B) shear with penetration and compression tests of the texture of frankfurters undergoing textural deterioration during storage in vinegar pickle. The various measurements were linearly covariant but the intercepts were finite, indicating the different tests were not measuring the same properties in the same proportions. Covariant plots of W-B shear of whole frankfurters and penetration of the interior gel showed that the skin did not deteriorate to the extent of the interior emulsion did. Covariant plots of work and maximum force values for all three techniques showed that the maximum stress forces decreased more rapidly than did the average work function during storage in pickle.
Bulk Viscosity: Past to Present

A review of the concept of a bulk viscosity coefficient β is presented, involving a discussion of theoretical approaches and a summary of existing experimental data. Two independent viscosity coefficients μ and A are obtained in the viscous stress tensor as a result of the isotropic Newtonian assumption. Hence, all solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations must make an assumption regarding the functional form of A. With β=λ+2/3μ by definition, the assumption is often arbitrarily made that the two viscosity coefficients are not independent, with β =0. This assumption has been shown to be valid only for dilute monatomic gases and is equivalent to stating that dilatational flowfield effects are not significant. Theoretical approaches for quantifying β are classified according to whether the subject fluid is dilute or dense. Experimental methods used to estimate bulk viscosity are described. Existing experimental data are summarized for each fluid classification, and issues related to using these data for dilatational flows in local thermodynamic equilibrium are addressed
Compartment syndrome of the upper arm after pressurized infiltration of intravenous fluid

Perioperative management of the acute trauma patient requires constant surveillance for the unexpected. We describe a case of upper extremity compartment syndrome resulting from pressurized infusion of crystalloid through an intravenous catheter placed in the emergency ward. Early recognition, diagnosis, and intervention with surgical fasciotomy averted potential complications and morbidity.
Variations in the coordination environment of Co2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ complexes prepared from a tridentate (imino)pyridine ligand and their structural comparisons

Abstract The variations in the coordination environment of Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with the neutral, tridentate ligand bis[1-(cyclohexylimino)ethyl]pyridine (BCIP) are reported. Analogous syntheses were carried out utilizing either the M(BF4)2 · xH2O or MCl2 · xH2O metal salts (where M = Co(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II)) with one equivalent of BCIP. When the hydrated BF 4 - metal starting material was used, cationic, octahedral complexes of the type [M(BCIP)2]2+ were isolated as the tetrafluoroborate salt (4, 5). Conversely, when the hydrated chloride metal salt was used as the starting material, only neutral, pentacoordinate [M(BCIP)Cl2] complexes (1–3) formed. All complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. The three complexes that are five coordinate have distortions due mainly to the pyridine di-imine bite angle. The [Cu(BCIP)Cl2] (2) also exhibits deviations in the Cu(II)–Cl bond distances with values of 2.4242(9) and 2.2505(9) A, which are not seen in the analogous Zn(II) and Co(II) structures. Similarly, the two six coordinate complexes (5, 6) are also altered by the ligand frame bite angle giving rise to distorted octahedral geometries in each complex. The [Cu(BCIP)2](BF4)2 (6) also exhibits Cu(II)–Nimine bond lengths that are on average 0.14 A longer than those found in the analogous 5 coordinate complex, [Cu(BCIP)Cl2]. In addition to X-ray analysis, all complexes were also characterized by UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy with 1H NMR spectroscopy being used for the analysis of the Zn(II) analogue (3).
Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Photophysics of a Family of Phlorin Macrocycles That Display Cooperative Fluoride Binding

A homologous set of 5,5-dimethylphlorin macrocycles in which the identity of one aryl ring is systematically varied has been prepared. These derivatives contain ancillary pentafluorophenyl (3H(PhlF)), mesityl (3H(PhlMes)), 2,6-bismethoxyphenyl (3H(PhlOMe)), 4-nitrophenyl (3H(PhlNO2)), or 4-tert-butylcarboxyphenyl (3H(PhlCO2tBu)) groups at the 15-meso-position. These porphyrinoids were prepared in good yields (35–50%) and display unusual multielectron redox and photochemical properties. Each phlorin can be oxidized up to three times at modest potentials and can be reduced twice. The electron-donating and electron-releasing properties of the ancillary aryl substituent attenuate the potentials of these redox events; phlorins containing electron-donating aryl groups are easier to oxidize and harder to reduce, while the opposite trend is observed for phlorins containing electron-withdrawing functionalities. Phlorin substitution also has a pronounced effect on the observed photophysics, as introduction of elect...
Near-fatal pulmonary air embolus from iatrogenic injection of air during contrast administration.

Sir, Venous air embolism is an increasingly common form of non-thrombotic embolism, reflecting the variety of invasive surgical and medical procedures, the broad use of indwelling central venous catheters,2 and the use of high levels of positive end expiratory pressure during ventilation. We report a case of symptomatic VAE in which immediate displacement of the air trap by turning the body into the left lateral position was life-saving. A 42-year-old female presented to the emergency room with a 4-day history of anorexia, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. She was taken to radiology for a computed tomography (CT) scan with IV contrast of chest, abdomen and pelvis. Shortly after the scan, the patient sat up, became diaphoretic, complained of severe chest pain and then syncopized on the CT table. No pulses were palpable. The patient …
In situ deposition of hydroxyapatite on graphene nanosheets

Graphene nanosheets were effectively functionalized by in situ deposition of hydroxyapatite through a facile chemical precipitation method. Prior to grafting of hydroxyapatite, chemically modified graphene nanosheets were obtained by the reduction of graphene oxide in presence of ethylenediamine. The resulting hydroxyapatite functionalized graphene nanosheets were characterized by attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. These characterization techniques revealed the successful grafting of hydroxyapatite over well exfoliated graphene nanosheets without destroying their structure.
The effect of a flood pulse on the water column of western Lake Superior, USA

Abstract On June 19 and 20, 2012, western Lake Superior was impacted by a “mega-rain event” that raised lake levels by 8 to 10 cm. Within the flood plume on June 21, 2012, total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were elevated, with measurements of 87 mg/L, > 100 μg/L, and 5.8 μg/L, respectively. Despite the initially high phosphorus loadings, little impact was seen on water column particulate chlorophyll content, which remained in the range 0.7–1.9 μg/L, in the weeks to months following the flood. Both total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus levels tracked those of total suspended solids, returning to background levels within two weeks. However, the availability of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) was impacted for a month after the flood event, due mainly to colored dissolved organic matter that remained in the surface layer of the stratified lake water column. It appears that the mismatch in timing of nutrient and light availability acted as a check on phytoplankton biomass production in the flood-impacted portion of the lake.
Genetic assessment of environmental features that influence deer dispersal: implications for prion-infected populations

The landscape can influence host dispersal and density, which in turn, affect infectious disease transmission, spread, and persistence. Understanding how the landscape influences wildlife dispersal and pathogen epidemiology can enhance the efficacy of disease management in natural populations. We applied landscape genetics to examine relationships among landscape variables, dispersal of white-tailed deer hosts and transmission/spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD), a fatal prion encephalopathy. Our focus was on quantifying movements and population structure of host deer in infected areas as a means of predicting the spread of this pathology and promoting its adaptive management. We analyzed microsatellite genotypes of CWD-infected and uninfected deer from two disease foci (Southern Wisconsin, Northern Illinois). We quantified gene flow and population structure using F ST, assignment tests, and spatial autocorrelation analyses. Gene flow estimates were then contrasted against a suite of landscape variables that potentially mediate deer dispersal. Forest fragmentation and grassland connectivity promoted deer movements while rivers, agricultural fields and large urbanized areas impeded movement. Landscape variables, deer dispersal, and disease transmission covaried significantly and positively in our analyses. Habitats with elevated host gene flow supported the concept of dispersal-mediated CWD transmission by reflecting a concomitant, rapid CWD expansion. Large, interrelated social groups isolated by movement barriers overlapped disease foci, suggesting that philopatry exacerbated CWD transmission. Our results promote adaptive management of CWD by predicting patterns of its spread and identifying habitats at risk for invasion. Further, our landscape genetics approach underscores the significance of topography and host behavior in wildlife disease transmission.
Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors and atrial natriuretic peptide

A limited number of ectoenzymes appear to be involved in the inactivation of circulating-regulatory peptides. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11, a metallopeptidase, is known to inactivate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a substance with diuretic, natriuretic, and vasodilatory effects. Synthetic inhibitors of endopeptidase 24.11, which can prolong the activity of ANP, are currently available. These agents are being evaluated as possible innovative therapies for patients with hypertension and congestive heart failure.
Some models of academic corruption

The paper notes that while much work has been done in the past on corruption in government and business, relatively little attention has been devoted to corruption in academic institutions. The principal forms of academic corruption are plagiarism and various forms of cheating, research fraud and financial fraud. Two simple mathematical models are proposed for exploring the motivations for (1) plagiarism, which is essentially a solitary crime, and (2) bribery. The responsiveness of the demand for the first of these, and the demand for and supply of the second to changes in underlying parameters are explored.
Critical Success Factors in Manufacturing Resource Planning Implementation

The implementation process of any information system is a challenging task which becomes even more difficult when the system to be implemented is complex and requires significant organisational change, such as Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II). The study reported here was conducted to identify factors which affect the success of the implementation. This study extends prior research in the MRP II implementation area by evaluating more specific aspects of environmental and methodological factors such as an organisation′s willingness to change and consultant involvement in the MRP II implementation. This empirical study determined the association among environmental factors, methods of implementation, and MRP II success. A conceptual implementation model was developed and factors were identified which were associated with two measures of MRP II success. Two environmental factors and twelve methodological factors were identified as being associated with MRP II success. Based on the results of the study...
Osteoporotic Pelvic Ring Injuries

As with most fractures associated with osteoporosis, the incidence of pelvic ring injuries in this population of patients is rising rapidly. Osteoporotic pelvic ring injuries are exceedingly different in their etiology, natural history, and treatment from the more recognizable patterns in young patients with high-energy pelvic ring injuries. Recognition of a potentially unstable fracture pattern, careful evaluation of the ambulatory and functional status of each patient before injury, and the potential pitfalls and benefits of operative versus nonoperative care are critical to the effective treatment.
Building a school‐wide model for preventing reading difficulties

We examined a yearlong collaboration between researchers and school personnel (general education teachers of grades K-3 and special education teachers) focused on implementing a school-based model for preventing reading difficulties. The purpose was to provide opportunities for teachers to reflect on their current reading instruction and to consider ways to alter or extend it. Teachers were introduced to practices to enhance phonological awareness and the alphabetic principle, fluency, comprehension, and student progress monitoring through four interconnected professional development components: (a) presentations by experts on each of three reading related topics, (b) ongoing bimonthly teacher study teams, (c) teacher examination and analysis of student progress data, and (d) in-class support for implementing instructional enhancements. Findings revealed changes in: (a) teachers’ perceptions and understanding of reading practices, particularly the importance of ongoing student progress monitoring; and (b) student gains in reading.
Newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a global perspective.

As judged by tandem mass spectrometry blood spot screening, the incidence of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is 1:14 600 (CI 95%: 1:13 500–1:15 900) in almost 8.2 million newborns worldwide and is 2- to-3 fold higher than that identified in the same populations after clinical presentation. In mass-screened newborn populations, the 985A>G (K329E) mutation accounts for 54–90% of disease alleles, with homozygotes representing about 47–80% of MCAD deficiency cases. Worldwide, octanoylcarnitine levels are an effective primary screen for MCAD deficiency in newborns. Newborns homozygous for the 985A < G mutation have higher octanoylcarnitine levels than do those compound heterozygous for 985A < G and those with other genotypes. Time of sampling after birth also significantly affects octanoylcarnitine levels in MCAD-deficient newborns. Tandem mass spectrometry newborn blood spot screening for MCAD deficiency is accurate and effective, reduces morbidity and mortality, and merits expansion to other populations worldwide.
Histone methylase MLL1 has critical roles in tumor growth and angiogenesis and its knockdown suppresses tumor growth in vivo

Mixed lineage leukemias (MLLs) are human histone H3 lysine-4-specific methyl transferases that have critical roles in gene expression, epigenetics and cancer. Herein, we demonstrated that antisense-mediated knockdown of MLL1 induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cultured cells. Intriguingly, application of MLL1 antisense specifically knocked down MLL1 in vivo and suppressed the growth of xenografted cervical tumor implanted in nude mouse. MLL1 knockdown downregulated various growth and angiogenic factors, such as HIF1α, VEGF and CD31, in tumor tissue affecting tumor growth. MLL1 is overexpressed along the line of vascular network and localized adjacent to endothelial cell layer expressing CD31, indicating potential roles of MLL1 in vasculogenesis. MLL1 is also overexpressed in the hypoxic regions along with HIF1α. Overall, our studies demonstrated that MLL1 is a key factor in hypoxia signaling, vasculogenesis and tumor growth, and its depletion suppresses tumor growth in vivo, indicating its potential in novel cancer therapy.
LOGARITHMIC EFFECTS ON THE CRITICAL BEHAVIOR OF SUPERFLUIDS IN RANDOM MEDIA

The effects of logarithmic corrections on the critical behavior of systems near a phase transition with marginally irrelevant quenched disorder are examined, specifically in the context of superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in porous media. It is argued that these corrections are likely to change the critical behavior of the specific heat to an inverse logarithmic cusp, and alter, to a new universal constant, the magnitude of the amplitude ratio relating the critical specific heat to the superfluid density. An \ensuremath{\varepsilon} expansion is carried out along the line on which the randomness is marginal. The results also have implications for the behavior of dirty high-temperature superconductors.
A Comparison of Cascade Impactor Data Reduction Methods

The mass median aerodynamic diameter, d g , and geometric standard deviation,  g , of an aerosol is typically determined from a reduction of data obtained with a cascade impactor under the simplifying assumption that each stage of the impactor has an ideal collection efficiency. Two such reduction techniques are described and compared to an "inversion" method that incorporates the actual collection efficiencies of an impactor. Theoretical comparisons were made to demonstrate the difference in the estimate of d g and  g between the 2 ideal reduction methods and the inversion technique. Results indicated that, in general, both d g and  g are overestimated when the collection efficiencies are assumed to be ideal. A spreadsheet application of the inversion method is described.
IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETERMINATION OF ENDPOINT PROCESSING TEMPERATURES IN POULTRY AND BEEF PRODUCTS1

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) requires that meat and poultry products be processed to specific minimum endpoint temperatures (EPT) to ensure destruction of pathogens. Several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), using antibodies that recognize different indicator proteins, were developed to verify minimum EPT in several products. These assays are highly specific and can be used by minimally trained personnel to rapidly verify EPT without the need for separation steps or sophisticated scientific equipment necessary with other EPT assays. A sandwich ELISA, using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as the marker protein, was used to verify EPT of turkey breast rolls and turkey ham. Two other indirect competitive ELISAs, detecting turkey serum albumin and Immunoglobulin G, were compared for their ability to verify minimum EPT in turkey ham. Self-contained ELISA field kits can be devised to verify compliance to USDA minimum temperatures in about 30 min or less.
Estradiol and the Developing Brain

Estradiol is the most potent and ubiquitous member of a class of steroid hormones called estrogens. Fetuses and newborns are exposed to estradiol derived from their mother, their own gonads, and synthesized locally in their brains. Receptors for estradiol are nuclear transcription factors that regulate gene expression but also have actions at the membrane, including activation of signal transduction pathways. The developing brain expresses high levels of receptors for estradiol. The actions of estradiol on developing brain are generally permanent and range from establishment of sex differences to pervasive trophic and neuroprotective effects. Cellular end points mediated by estradiol include the following: 1) apoptosis, with estradiol preventing it in some regions but promoting it in others; 2) synaptogenesis, again estradiol promotes in some regions and inhibits in others; and 3) morphometry of neurons and astrocytes. Estradiol also impacts cellular physiology by modulating calcium handling, immediate-early-gene expression, and kinase activity. The specific mechanisms of estradiol action permanently impacting the brain are regionally specific and often involve neuronal/glial cross-talk. The introduction of endocrine disrupting compounds into the environment that mimic or alter the actions of estradiol has generated considerable concern, and the developing brain is a particularly sensitive target. Prostaglandins, glutamate, GABA, granulin, and focal adhesion kinase are among the signaling molecules co-opted by estradiol to differentiate male from female brains, but much remains to be learned. Only by understanding completely the mechanisms and impact of estradiol action on the developing brain can we also understand when these processes go awry.
A study of architectural decision practices

Architectural decisions shape a software architecture and determine its ability to meet its requirements. To better understand architectural decisions in practice, we interviewed developers at two organizations. The results revealed that architectural decisions often become technology decisions, which are in turn influenced by both technical and social factors. Meetings and knowledge repositories help to communicate architectural decisions, but code reviews are ultimately necessary to ensure conformance. Costly changes to architectural decisions are caused by the discovery of an Achilles' heel, an important scenario that cannot be supported by an architectural decision. These findings suggest an important need for social development tools that help developers more easily and successfully share valuable technology knowledge and more effectively make technology choices.
Modeling the Entry of Shared and Unshared information into Group Discussion A Review and Basic Language Computer Program

Prior to discussion, members of decision-making groups often possess a certain amount of decision-relevant information that others in the group do not hold. This is referred to as unshared information and stands in contrast to the shared information that all group members possess. One objective of group discussion is to enable members to exchange their unshared information. Research suggests, however, that groups often discuss more oftheirshared than their unshared information overall, and that they discuss their shared information first. A dynamic information sampling model that predicts these results is reviewed. Several empirical tests of this model are summarized, and a computer program that operationalizes the model is described. The computer program provides an efficient means of generating specific predictions for empirical studies andfor exploring the expected impact on group discussion of varying the model's input parameters.
WN/sub x/ diodes on plasma-treated GaAs surfaces

The formation of WN/sub x/ Schottky diodes on GaAs surfaces with various interface conditions was investigated by performing H/sub 2/- and N/sub 2/-plasma treatments on GaAs surfaces prior to the WN/sub x/ film deposition. After annealing at 810 degrees C for 10 min, an improvement in the diode rectifying characteristics was generally observed, resulting from the thermal recovery of the sputtering and plasma-induced damage. The maximum Phi /sup I-V/=0.76 eV was obtained for the H/sub 2/-plasma-treated diodes. Samples with an N/sub 2/-plasma-treated interface showed a reduced barrier height and a higher ideality factor with corresponding nonlinearity in the C-V curves due to the presence of a high density of interfacial states. >
Performance characterization of a new temperature-robust gain-bandwidth improved MEMS gyroscope operated in air

Abstract This paper reports a new MEMS vibratory rate gyroscope designed with increased robustness to fabrication imperfections and variations in environmental conditions. The proposed architecture utilizes a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) drive-mode and a fully coupled 2-DOF sense-mode. The drive-mode operational frequency and the sense-mode bandwidth can be set independently, relaxing the tradeoff between the gain, die size, and detection capacitance inherent to the previously reported robust gyroscopes with dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) architecture of the 2-DOF sense-mode. Prototypes with 2.5 kHz operational frequency were extensively characterized in air and demonstrated sense-mode 3 dB bandwidth of 250 Hz. The uncompensated temperature coefficients of bias and scale factor were 313 ( ° /h)/ ° C and 351 ppm ° C, respectively. Using off-chip detection electronics, the rate sensitivity was 28 μ V/( ° /s), ARW – 0.09 ( ° /s)/ Hz , bias instability – 0.08 ( ° /s), and ARRW – 0.03 ( ° /s) Hz . Detailed time domain, Allan variance, and probability density function analysis revealed that both ARW and ARRW are of Gaussian type and Coriolis-uncorrelated, showing stable in-operational noise performance of the reported gyroscope.
Structurally Distinct Requirements for Binding of P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 and Sialyl Lewis x to Anaplasma phagocytophilum and P-selectin

Colonization of neutrophils by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes the disease human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The pathogen also infects mice, its natural host. Like binding of P-selectin, binding of A. phagocytophilum to human neutrophils requires expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and alpha1-3-fucosyltransferases that construct the glycan determinant sialyl Lewis x (sLex). Binding of A. phagocytophilum to murine neutrophils, however, requires expression of alpha1-3-fucosyltransferases but not PSGL-1. To further characterize the molecular features that A. phagocytophilum recognizes, we measured bacterial binding to microspheres bearing specific glycoconjugates or to cells expressing human PSGL-1 and particular glycosyltransferases. Like P-selectin, A. phagocytophilum bound to purified human PSGL-1 and to glycopeptides modeled after the N terminus of human PSGL-1 that presented sLex on an O-glycan. Unlike P-selectin, A. phagocytophilum bound to glycopeptides that contained sLex but lacked tyrosine sulfation or a specific core-2 orientation of sLex on the O-glycan. A. phagocytophilum bound only to glycopeptides that contained a short amino acid sequence found in the N-terminal region of human but not murine PSGL-1. Unlike P-selectin, A. phagocytophilum bound to cells expressing PSGL-1 in cooperation with sLex on both N-and O-glycans. Moreover, bacteria bound to microspheres coupled independently with glycopeptide lacking sLex and with sLex lacking peptide. These results demonstrate that, unlike P-selectin, A. phagocytophilum binds cooperatively to a nonsulfated N-terminal peptide in human PSGL-1 and to sLex expressed on PSGL-1 or other glycoproteins. Distinct bacterial adhesins may mediate these cooperative interactions.