cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MUC1 oncoprotein blocks nuclear targeting of c‐Abl in the apoptotic response to DNA damage

The nonreceptor c-Abl tyrosine kinase binds to cytosolic 14-3-3 proteins and is targeted to the nucleus in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. The MUC1 oncoprotein is overexpressed by most human carcinomas and blocks the induction of apoptosis by genotoxic agents. Using human carcinoma cells with gain and loss of MUC1 function, we show that nuclear targeting of c-Abl by DNA damage is abrogated by a MUC1-dependent mechanism. The results demonstrate that c-Abl phosphorylates MUC1 on Tyr-60 and forms a complex with MUC1 by binding of the c-Abl SH2 domain to the pTyr-60 site. Binding of MUC1 to c-Abl attenuates phosphorylation of c-Abl on Thr-735 and the interaction between c-Abl and cytosolic 14-3-3. We also show that expression of MUC1 with a mutation at Tyr-60 (i) disrupts the interaction between MUC1 and c-Abl, (ii) relieves the MUC1-induced block of c-Abl phosphorylation on Thr-735 and binding to 14-3-3, and (iii) attenuates the MUC1 antiapoptotic function. These findings indicate that MUC1 sequesters c-Abl in the cytoplasm and thereby inhibits apoptosis in the response to genotoxic anticancer agents.
Nutritional Consequences of Weight-Loss Surgery

Nutritional deficiencies are already present in many morbidly obese patients before weight-loss surgery. Appropriate preoperative detection and correction is essential. The severity and pattern of deficiencies is dependent on the presence of preoperative uncorrected deficiency, the type of procedure performed varying with the degree of restriction or the length of bypassed small intestine, the modification of eating behavior, the development of complications, compliance with oral multivitamin and mineral supplementation, and compliance with follow-up. Rigorous control of fluids and electrolytes with establishment of adequate oral nutrition is important in the immediate postoperative period. Regular follow-up of the metabolic and nutritional status of the patient is essential, with life-long multivitamin and mineral supplementation.
Robot arc welding task sequencing using genetic algorithms

This paper addresses welding task sequencing for robot arc welding process planning. Although welding task sequencing is an essential step in welding process planning, it has been considered through empirical knowledge, rather than a systematic approach. Thus, an effective task sequencing method for robot arc welding is required. Welding operations can be classified by the number of weldlines and layers. Genetic algorithms are applied to tackle those welding task sequencing problems in productivity and welding quality aspects. A genetic algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is utilized to determine welding task sequencing for a multiweldline-singlepass problem. Further, welding task sequencing for multiweldline-multipass welding is investigated and appropriate genetic algorithms are introduced. A random key genetic algorithm is presented to solve multi-robot welding task sequencing: mutliweldline with multiple robots. Finally, the genetic algorithms are implemented for the welding task sequencing of three-dimensional weld plate assemblies. Various simulation tests for a welded structure are performed to find the combination of genetic algorithm parameters suitable to weld sequencing problems and to verify the quality of genetic algorithm solutions. Robot operations for weld sequences are simulated graphically using the robot simulation software IGRIP.
Endocavitary three-dimensional ultrasonographic assistance for transvaginal or transrectal drainage of pelvic fluid collections.

PURPOSE Determine the feasibility of using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D US) to assist in planning and performing endocavitary drainage of deep pelvic fluid collections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of images and medical records of 16 patients in whom endocavitary 3D US was used during transvaginal or transrectal drainage of 17 deep fluid collections. 3D US was assessed regarding its ability to display the relevant structures, whether new information was provided compared with pelvic computed tomography (CT) and conventional two-dimensional US (2D US) displays, and whether this information altered drainage techniques. RESULTS Targeted fluid collections were visualized in all patients. 3D US added information in 11 of 16 patients (69%) that, in turn, resulted in adjustment of interventional technique in eight of 16 patients (50%). Specific features of 3D US that provided new information included the simultaneous display of three orthogonal US images, display of reconstructed US image plane orientations not possible with 2D US, and the ability to interactively scroll images through complex structures to assess for communication between the loculations. An attached needle guide was used in 15 of 16 patients to improve the precision of needle placement. CONCLUSION Endocavitary 3D US is feasible for assistance in transvaginal and transrectal drainage procedures, usually adds new information, frequently alters interventional technique, and permits precise access needle placement.
European Civil Society and the EU Fundamental Rights Agency: Creating Legitimacy through Civil Society Inclusion?

With the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty, the European Union (EU) now possesses advanced human rights institutions such as the binding Charter of Fundamental Rights and a Fundamental Rights Agency. The rights agency, created as an institutional enhancement providing rights assessments to the EU and member states while conducting dialogue with civil society organizations, aims at safeguarding and promoting the rights of residents in the Union. Based on interview and survey data, this article analyzes the degree of input- and output-legitimacy of the EU’s participatory rights regime, with a particular focus on the agency’s interaction with civil society. It is argued that while such cooperation optimizes human rights attainment in a transnational manner, it is simultaneously being constrained by its embeddedness in the agency, which in turn has to mitigate demands by member states, the EU institutions and the claims of CSOs.
Whisker reinforcement of glass-ceramics

Silicon carbide whisker reinforcement of anorthite and cordierite glass ceramics has been studied. At 25 vol% whisker loading the flexural strengths increased from 65–103 MPa to 380–410 MPa, the fracture toughnesses increased from 1.0–1.5 MPa m1/2 to 5.2–5.5 MPa m1/2. The strengths decline to 240–276 MPa at 1200 °C. The reasons for the decrease in strength with temperature are discussed. Whiskers from two different sources with differences in diameters and aspect ratios were evaluated and the effect of the whisker morphology on the composite properties was studied. It was found that larger diameter, higher aspect ratio whiskers result in improved composite performance. The composites were also characterized in terms of their thermal properties, i.e. thermal expansions and thermal conductivities. The thermal expansion coefficient from 25–1000 °C for anorthite-based composite was 4.6×10−6 °C−1 and that for the cordierite-based composite was 3.62×10−6 °C−1. The thermal conductivities at 1000 °C were 3.75 and 4.1 Wm−1 K−1 for cordierite and anorthite composites, respectively.
Simple analysis of the Yeh-Stratton failure criterion on composite materials

Abstract The Yeh-Stratton criterion (Y-S criterion) is a failure criterion developed from a macromechanics point of view. It requires three yielding strengths and other easily obtainable data to predict failure of materials. A failure criterion with the micromechanics point of view developed by Zhang, Wang, and Zhang was compared with the Y-S criterion and their results are examined along with experimental data. In the unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, the experimental data favor the Y-S criterion strength predictions and the micromechanics failure theory offers higher critical values than the Y-S criterion. In the angle crack problems, the strengths are also predicted closer to experimental data by the Y-S criterion.
Determination of Low Level Mercury in Organic Samples

This report describes work done to develop a method for the determination of low-level mercury in organics from a chemical plant. The method developed is based on heating the sample with phosphoric acid, collecting the atomic mercury produced on a gold-plated Nichrome wire, followed by thermally releasing the mercury through a UV spectrophotometer. The method is useful down to a few ppb mercury.
Initial Events during the Passivation of Rapidly Dissolving Aluminum Surfaces

The early stages of oxide film passivation of corroding surfaces in aluminum etch tunnels and pits were investigated. Passivation was initiated by step reductions in applied current. A mathematical model for passivation was used to predict experimentally measured potential transients during the first millisecond after the current step. the experimental transients had a characteristic potential undershoot at about 70 [mu]s after the current step; according to the model, the undershoot was directly related to the partial coverage of the corroding surface with an oxide layer. The time and extent of the undershoot were in quantitative agreement with the theoretical predictions, suggesting that the fractional actively dissolving area in the pit at these times is a linear function of potential and adjusts rapidly to changes of the potential. This reconfiguration of the active area occurs at times when the extent of passive film formation is still small. A chemical mechanism for passivation which is consistent with the model is one in which the fractional active area is controlled by the coverage of specifically adsorbed chloride ions. Agreement between experimental and predicted potential transients was also observed at room temperature, where no tunnels are found, but only corrosion pits with irregular shapes.
The Effect of Increasing Doses of Saw Palmetto Fruit Extract on Serum Prostate Specific Antigen: Analysis of the CAMUS Randomized Trial

Purpose: Saw palmetto extracts are used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms in men despite level I evidence that saw palmetto is ineffective in reducing these lower urinary tract symptoms. We det...
Process and Catalyst Needs for Hydrodenitrogenation

Abstract During the last decade there has been increased interest in the production of synthetic fuels and chemicals feedstocks from coal and oil shale due to declining petroleum reserves. Table 1 gives the projected gasoline to mid-distillate ratio through the year 2000 and beyond; the shift is away from high-octane fuels requiring a relatively high aromatics content and a relatively low hydrogen content to highly paraffin-based fuels having a high hydrogen content. Figure 1 shows the projected United States energy supply and demand through the year 1990 [2], Current petroleum production in the contiguous United States is about 9 million bbl/day and has declined at a rate of about 0.5 million bbl/day per year for a number of years. Alaskan oil will arrest this decline in production briefly but will not make up for even the loss in the rate of petroleum production incurred in the contiguous 48 states during the last 5 years. In all probability, declining production from current oil fields will not be offs...
Post colonoscopy-how long does it take for bowel habit to return to baseline?

Purpose: It is not uncommon for endoscopists to receive phone calls from patients following colonoscopy complaining of alteration of their bowel habit. Currently, there are no data on when patients can expect to resume their baseline bowel habit following a routine colonoscopy. This study was performed to determine the length of time it would take a patient to return to baseline following a routine colonoscopy.
Acrosomal proteolytic activity of amphibian sperm. A direct demonstration.

Abstract Acrosomes of Rana pipiens sperm are shown for the first time to contain a proteolytic factor capable of hydrolysing gelatin. 1-Chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone (TLCK), a specific inhibitor of trypsin, retarded the digestion when incorporated into the gelatin. Omission of Ca 2+ from incubation media had no effect on gelatin digestion. Addition of 10 mM disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) to Ca 2+ -free media strongly inhibited proteolysis. This acrosomal factor is thought to be analogous to the trypsin-like acrosomal proteinase of mammalian spermatozoa.
Understanding crypticity is the key to revealing the pathogenesis of autoimmunity

In this opinion, we propose that the hierarchy of antigenic determinants within self-antigens is the major influence in molding the potentially autoreactive T-cell repertoire. The well processed and presented determinants constitute a ‘dominant self', whereas the poorly processed and/or presented determinants will be invisible to T cells and comprise a ‘cryptic self', which we consider a fundamental cornerstone of a theory of autoimmunity. It accounts for the large repertoire of self-reactive clones because a similar hierarchy is established in the thymus and controls positive and negative selection. Furthermore, this residual T-cell repertoire, largely directed against cryptic determinants, will contain some T cells with sufficient affinity for MHC and antigen that enables them to respond under inflammatory conditions, thus facilitating presentation of previously cryptic determinants.
Optimal unit sizing for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic generating system

Abstract The application of a hybrid wind/photovoltaic (PV) power generating system for utilization as a stand-alone or a network connected system is investigated. The optimum combination of wind and PV generation coupled with battery storage for a stand-alone system has been obtained for a hypothetical site in Montana. Generation and storage units for the hybrid system are properly sized in order to meet the annual load and minimize the total annual cost to the customer. The optimal solutions are found by a numerical study using the hourly load demand for a typical residential home in the Northwestern US. Hourly wind speed and approximate solar radiation data have been used.
Performance of adaptive coded modulation enabled by long-range fading prediction with data-aided noise reduction

Performance of uncoded adaptive modulation (UAM) and adaptive coded modulation (ACM) enabled by the long-range prediction (LRP) that utilizes data-aided noise reduction (DANR) is investigated for rapidly varying mobile radio channels. Due to improved prediction accuracy and low pilot rate, the DANR-aided LRP outperforms previously proposed prediction methods that rely on oversampled pilots to achieve noise reduction (NR). While ACM is more sensitive to prediction errors than UAM, utilization of DANR substantially increases its spectral efficiency (SE) relative to previously proposed methods. The set of SNR values and prediction ranges where positive coding gain is achieved by ACM enabled by DANR-aided LRP is determined. It is also demonstrated that adaptive modulation (AM) aided by LRP has better performance for the realistic physical model than for the Jakes model in the practical SNR range.
Hemodynamic effects of nitrous oxide in isoflurane anesthetized cats

Nitrous oxide (N2O) can be used as an anesthetic adjuvant in cats in an attempt to decrease the cardiovascular depression induced by potent inhalant anesthetics. However, its cardiovascular effects in anesthetized cats have not, to our knowledge, been reported. Twelve healthy adult domestic short-haired cats were studied. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane (ISO) in oxygen; ventilation was spontaneous. After instrumentation, end-tidal ISO concentration was set at 1.25 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), determined in a previous study, and that concentration was maintained for the duration of the study. In addition, N2O was randomly administered at 0, 30, 50, and 70%, according to a Latin square design. Twenty-five-minutes of stabilization were allowed after each change of concentration. The ECG (lead II) and heart rate, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, core body temperature, and inspired and end-tidal O2, ISO and N2O concentrations were continuously monitored and recorded. At selected times, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was measured, cardiac output was determined in triplicate and averaged, and arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected for pH and blood gas analysis, packed cell volume, total protein determinations, and lactate concentration measurement. Cardiac index, stroke index, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, rate-pressure product, and left and right ventricular stroke work indices were calculated. Data were analyzed by a repeated measures Latin square followed by a Tukey test for two-by-two comparisons. Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, packed cell volume, PaCO2, rate–pressure product, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices increased significantly with 70% N2O, compared to 0 and, for most variables, 30%. Arterial and mixed venous pH decreased significantly with 70% N2O, compared to any other concentrations. The PaO2 decreased dose-dependently, according to FIO2. For 70% N2O, PaO2 was 122.5 ± 6.6 and PaCO2 was 43 ± 3.5 mm Hg (mean ± SE). The cardiac and stroke indices did not change. In conclusion, in cats anesthetized with 1.25 MAC of ISO, addition of 70% N2O induced an increase in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, which appeared to be related to a vasoconstrictive effect. Lower N2O concentrations did not significantly improve arterial pressure.
Pushing and Coasting in Dynamic Goal Pursuit Coasting Is Attenuated in Bipolar Disorder

In an experience-sampling study, we tested the influence of goal progress on subsequent effort toward that goal among persons with bipolar disorder (BD) and among control subjects without BD. We hypothesized, overall, that unexpectedly low progress toward a goal would lead to an increase in subsequent effort toward that goal, and unexpectedly high progress would lead to a decrease in effort (permitting effort to be shifted to another goal). Drawing on literature relating BD to elevated goal-approach sensitivity, we hypothesized that persons with BD would be less responsive to unexpectedly high progress than would control subjects. Participants answered questions three times a day, for 21 days, about three goals. The results of the study confirmed our overall hypothesis. In addition, although the reactions of persons with BD did not differ from the reactions of control subjects after lower-than-expected goal progress, persons with BD decreased effort toward goals significantly less than did control subjects after better-than-expected goal progress.
Mutable Protection Domains: Towards a Component-Based System for Dependable and Predictable Computing

The increasing complexity of software poses significant challenges for real-time and embedded systems beyond those based purely on timeliness. With embedded systems and applications running on everything from mobile phones, PDAs, to automobiles, aircraft and beyond, an emerging challenge is to ensure both the functional and timing correctness of complex software. We argue that static analysis of software is insufficient to verify the safety of all possible control flow interactions. Likewise, a static system structure upon which software can be isolated in separate protection domains, thereby defining immutable boundaries between system and application-level code, is too inflexible to the challenges faced by real-time applications with explicit timing requirements. This paper, therefore, investigates a concept called "mutable protection domains" that supports the notion of hardware-adaptable isolation boundaries between software components. In this way, a system can be dynamically reconfigured to maximize software fault isolation, increasing dependability, while guaranteeing various tasks are executed according to specific time constraints. Using a series of simulations on multidimensional, multiple-choice knapsack problems, we show how various heuristics compare in their ability to rapidly reorganize the fault isolation boundaries of a component- based system, to ensure resource constraints while simultaneously maximizing isolation benefit. Our ssh oneshot algorithm offers a promising approach to address system dynamics, including changing component invocation patterns, changing execution times, and mispredictions in isolation costs due to factors such as caching.
Fluorescent Proteins as Proteomic Probes

Protein complexes mediate the majority of cellular processes. Knowledge of the localization and composition of such complexes provides key insights into their functions. Although green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been widely applied for in vivo visualization of proteins, it has been relatively little used as a tool for the isolation of protein complexes. Here we describe the use of the standard GFP tag to both visualize proteins in living cells and capture their interactions via a simple immunoaffinity purification procedure. We applied this method to the analysis of a variety of endogenous protein complexes from different eukaryotic cells. We show that efficient isolations can be achieved in 5–60 min. This rapid purification helps preserve protein complexes close to their original state in the cell and minimizes nonspecific interactions. Given the wide use and availability of GFP-tagged protein reagents, the present method should greatly facilitate the elucidation of many cellular processes.
Mechanisms of acute allergic reactions.

Abstract: Acute allergic reactions range from mild conditions of local tissue swelling and pruritis to severe multisystem syndromes including asthma, urticaria and/or angioedema, gastrointestinal distress, and vascular collapse. Such reactions share a common pathophysiology characterized by vasodilation and postcapillary permeability, resulting in increased extravasation of fluid within minutes after exposure to an eliciting substance. Smooth muscle contraction of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts may also be involved. Most of these changes can be explained by the release of chemical mediators from circulating basophilic leukocytes and tissue mast cells. Human basophils and mast cells can be activated to release chemical mediators by several known pathways: crosslinking by allergens of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies attached to basophils and mast cells; anaphylatoxin formation following immune complex activation of the classical complement pathway; anaphylatoxin formed from direct activation of the alternative complement pathway by negatively charged surfaces; non-complement, non-antibody-mediated direct histamine release; and idiosyncratic mechanisms involving physical exercise, psychological stress, or aspirin intolerance. Any or all of these mechanisms could be operative in patients experiencing acute allergic reactions at the commencement of hemodialysis.
Photoaffinity Labeling of the 5-HydroxytryptamineIA Receptor in Rat Hippocampus

1-[2-(4-Azidophenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (p-azido-PAPP) inhibits [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine [( 3H]5-HT) binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B sites in rat brain with equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of 0.9 nM and 230 nM, respectively. [3H]p-Azido-PAPP was synthesized and its reversible and irreversible binding properties to the hippocampal 5-HT1A site characterized. [3H]p-Azido-PAPP labeled a single class of sites in rat hippocampal membranes with a KD of 1 nM and a maximal binding density of 370 fmol/mg protein. The pharmacological profile of [3H]p-azido-PAPP binding was consistent with the radioligand's selective interaction with the 5-HT1A receptor. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes preincubated with [3H]p-azido-PAPP and irradiated showed a major band of incorporation of radioactivity at approximately 55,000 daltons. This incorporation could be blocked when membranes were incubated with 1 microM of several agents that have high affinity for 5-HT1A sites [5-HT, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetraline, TVX Q 7821, spiperone, buspirone, d-lysergic acid diethylamide, metergoline]. The results indicate that on photolysis [3H]p-azido-PAPP irreversibly labels a polypeptide that is, or is a subunit of, the 5-HT1A receptor in rat hippocampus.
Shedding Heat on Oxytocin

More than a century ago, Sir Henry Dale demonstrated that a component of the pituitary causes contractions of the mammalian uterus (1), hence his coining the term “oxytocic,” derived from the Greek for “quick birth,” for its activity. The discovery that a component of the pituitary causes milk secretion followed within a few years (2, 3). By 1930, oxytocin (OXT) was separated from vasopressin into pitocin and pitressin, respectively, at Parke Davis and made available for research (4). That a single peptide was responsible for these uterine and mammary actions was definitively confirmed upon the sequencing and synthesis of the peptide, 9 amino acids in length (5). Vincent du Vigneaud was awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. The cloning and sequencing of the rat OXT gene 30 years later (6), followed by cloning of the single OXT receptor (OXTR) (7), enabled the tremendous contributions of molecular biology, including studies on the regulation of the genes' expression and the creation of OXT (8, 9) and OXTR (10, 11) gene knockouts (KOs; below).
Don't confuse me with ethics: I already know what's right.

Ln the fall of 1990, Stanley Goldsmith, MD phoned to invite me to be on a panel to discuss monoclonal antibody imaging. In the course of the conversation, he mentioned that the panel might even want to consider ethical issues. For example, should a diagnostic monoclonal antibody study for tumor detection be performed without informing the patient that the diagnostic study might preclude the possibility of future monoclonal antibody therapy due to a HAMA (human antimouse antibody) response. Medical ethics is rarely discussed in the context of monoclonal antibody imaging, but it is certainly a subject that appeals to bureaucrats; they have wrapped medical (and animal) ethics with rules and regulations endowing that area of human activity with a rapacious capacity to gobble time and generate reams of paperwork. The unintended result is that some of us probably put medical ethics in the same class as grace before meals, a perfunctory duty to keep up appearances before getting down to the real business; beyond that many of us are likely to feel the subject is best confined to the rarified and distant world of university philosophers. Nevertheless, Dr. Goldsmith's question trou
Reciprocal Teaching of Lecture Comprehension Skills in College Students

This study explored the effects of a reciprocal teaching intervention designed to enhance the lecture comprehension skills of college students. Forty low-verbal ability students and 40 high-verbal ability students (as measured by SAT scores) were chosen for the study and randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. The experimental groups received the reciprocal teaching intervention, whereas the control groups did not. The instructor modeled four listening comprehension activities: summarizing, self-questioning, clarifying, and predicting, and guided the students in performing the comprehension activities. Six lectures were presented to all subjects in both experimental and control groups. Lectures were followed by comprehension tests. Results showed that low- verbal ability subjects receiving the reciprocal teaching method significantly increased their lecture comprehension. These significant increases were maintained over time.
YSZ-Based Mixed Potential Sensors for the Detection of Explosives

A zirconia-based mixed potential sensor utilizing dense lanthanum chromite and Pt electrodes and porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte was used in an alternating HC mode (unbiased) and total NO x mode (50 nA bias current) to detect the HC and NO x deflagration remnants of a nitroglycerin/nitrocellulose propellant (Bullseye), ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, blackpowder, and urea (a high nitrogen content fertilizer). Unique HC and NO x sensor responses taken together with sufficient sensitivity to detect microgram quantities of Bullseye, directly and via capture of trace residue by swiping contaminated surfaces, suggest that detection and discrimination of high explosives using mixed-potential sensors is possible. © 2008 The Electrochemical Society [DOI:10.1149/1 2988252] All rights reserved.
Effect of single crystal substrates on the growth and properties of superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films

Superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films were prepared by a two-step postdeposition anneal process under identical conditions on a number of single crystal substrates: (100) LaAlO3, (100) NdGaO3, (100) LaGaO3, (100) SrTiO3, (100) MgO, and (0001) Al2O3. The properties of the resulting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films were strongly dependent on the substrate. Films on all substrates were predominantly c-axis oriented. Films prepared on LaAlO3, NdGaO3, and LaGaO3 also exhibited in-plane epitaxy, while films on MgO, Al2O3, and SrTiO3 were not aligned with the substrates. Some a-axis oriented grains of Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 formed on NdGaO3 and both a-axis oriented grains and cracks were present on LaGaO3. Large amounts of secondary phases, as indicated by additional peaks in the x-ray diffraction scans, were observed for films on Al2O3 and SrTiO3 and smaller amounts on each of the other substrates. Depth profiling by sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) confirmed the presence of strong film-substrate reactions on Al2O3 and SrTiO3, and also indicated the presence of a reaction on NdGaO3. The Tc onset of the films as measured both inductively and by ac magnetic susceptibility varied depending on the substrate. The highest quality films were prepared on LaAlO3. NdGaO3 may also prove to be an acceptable substrate if the nucleation and growth of a-axis oriented Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 grains can be eliminated. The remaining substrates appear to be less suitable due to severe film-substrate interactions, lack of epitaxial growth, or crystallographic phase changes.
Total Pressure Recovery of Flared Fan Nozzles Used as Inlets

A simple expression has been developed which accurately represents the total pressure recovery of a flared exhaust nozzle when it is used as an inlet. Physically such a situation can arise during the reverse-thrust operation of a variable pitch fan jet. The formula is written in terms of the freestream and duct Mach numbers and contains two empirical coefficients. One coefficient is associated with internal flow losses in the nozzle and can be found from a static engine test. The other coefficient is associated with flow losses in the external field of the nozzle and can be approximated from existing cone drag data. The developed expression produces an excellent fit of measured total pressure recoveries; differences between calculated and experimental values were generally less than 0.5%.
How Does Fish Oil Lower Plasma Triglycerides

Studies using dietary fish oil, safflower oil, and palm oil suggest that the decrease in plasma triacylglycerol due to dietary fish oils is somehow related to a decrease in the capacity of the liver to hydrolyze phosphatidate, which then affects microsomal synthesis of triacylglycerol from diacylglycerol.
Next-generation disadvantages: identifying potential barriers to integrating genomics into underserved medical settings

Numerous voices within the genetics community believe that translational genomic research and new forms of personalized medicine must include populations of all social, economic and racial backgrounds [1,2]. To increase the likelihood that new genomic tools are available to all who may benefit from their application, we must identify and then work to eliminate potential barriers that would limit access to emerging genomic technologies or reduce their clinical impact or personal utility. One such barrier is that the high cost of genomic applications, such as whole-genome or -exome sequencing, may put these technologies out of reach for many patients. Smart and colleagues, along with other investigators and policy-makers, suggest that it is not yet clear if medically underserved communities will ever benefit from personalized genomic medicine (PGM) if costs or insurance plans are barriers [3]. Even if a larger number of insurance companies begin covering genomic services, uninsured or underinsured families would likely have limited access to these technologies. Currently, some limited types of genetic tests, when indicated clinically, are available to patients on Medicaid [4]. However, as genomic sequencing becomes more integrated into standard care, replacing traditional single gene or multiplex genetic tests, it is unknown whether public or private insurers will continue to cover these services. Even if these programs cover genomic services, this will not address the millions of Americans living within the insurance gap, who are not eligible for public support, but do not have adequate private insurance. Moreover, the implications of the Affordable Care Act for the translation of PGM to clinical settings are not yet known.
Thermomechanical Reliability of Nickel Pillar Interconnections Replacing Flip-Chip Solder Without Underfill

Interconnect technologies between ICs and packages or boards have a significant impact on the IC performance and packaging density. Today, the interconnections are typically accomplished with either wire bonding or flip-chip solders. While both of these technologies are incremental, they also run into either electrical or mechanical barriers as they are extended to higher density of interconnections. Downscaling traditional solder bump interconnect might not satisfy the thermomechanical reliability requirements at very fine-pitches. Alternate interconnection approaches such as compliant interconnects typically require lengthy connections and are therefore limited in terms of electrical properties, although expected to meet the mechanical requirements. This paper reports fine-pitch interconnection technologies using nano-structured nickel as primary interconnection material. The nano-grained nickels are produced by electroplating process. The primary nano-structured interconnects are assembled with different bonding methods to provide organic compatible low-temperature fabrication. Au-Sn and Sn-Cu are used for solder-based assembly of nano-nickel interconnections. Low modulus anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) are also used as an alternate bonding route of the solders. No underfilling is used in all the interconnect structures evaluated in this paper. Assembly are accomplished on different coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) substrates including FR-4 with 18 ppm/degC, advanced organic substrates with 10 ppm/degC, novel low CTE (3 ppm/degC) substrates based on carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC). The thermomechanical reliability of all the nano-interconnects assembled on different CTE substrates with different bonding approaches is evaluated by thermal shock testing and finite-element analysis. Nano-nickel interconnects bonded with the ACF showed the highest reliability withstanding 1500 cycles. In all cases, no apparent failure was observed in the primary nano-nickel metal interconnects. This technology is expected to be easily downscaled to submicrometer and nano-scale unlike the current solder technologies leading to true nano-interconnections.
Hölder continuity and differentiability on converging subsequences

Abstract It is shown that an arbitrary function from D ⊂ R n to R n will become C0, α-continuous in almost every x ∈ D after restriction to a certain subset with limit point x. For n ≥ m differentiability can be obtained. Examples show the Holder exponent α = min { 1 , n m } is optimal.
Biological-geological interactions: storm effects on macroalgal communities mediated by sediment characteristics and distribution

Abstract The North Carolina mid-continental shelf is characterized by a complex sequence of rock suostrates, or hardbottoms, which support rich communities of invertebrates and benthic macroalgae. Three hardbottom sites in southern Onslow Bay have been studied over 3 years, including studies of sedimentology and dynamics of the surficial sand bodies and the benthic community structure. Between 1991 and 1993 at two of the sites, there were large differences in sediment characteristics and depth at several of the zones sampled. These differences coincided with considerable variability in the abundance and species composition of the macroalgal community. In sampling zones where there was consistently low sediment coverage, algal biomass was uniformly high. There was only sparse, if any, macroalgal growth where gravelly sand or fine sand covered the hard substrate. Based on hindcasting of bottom currents generated by the March 1993 ‘storm of the century’, it appears that this episodic event cleared fine sand from upper flat hardbottoms, resulting in considerable colonization and growth of macroalgae between the summers of 1992 and 1993. Macroalgae continued to be excluded from areas of gravelly sand, even after storm passage. Furthermore, the storm did not have any significant effects on scarps and ramp areas where sediment cover was already low. Therefore, distribution and characteristics of sediments influenced where the storm was to have biological consequences. Based on the wide areal extent of the upper flat hardbottoms in Onslow Bay, the newly formed macroalgal meadows represent a significant increase in benthic biomass and habitat complexity on a regional scale with potentially important ecological consequences.
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based strategies: toward a breakthrough in glioblastoma therapy

Oncolytic viruses (OV) are a class of antitumor agents that selectively kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) has been investigated in clinical trials for patients with the malignant brain tumor glioblastoma for more than a decade. These clinical studies have shown the safety of oHSV administration to the human brain, however, therapeutic efficacy of oHSV as a single treatment remains unsatisfactory. Factors that could hamper the anti-glioblastoma efficacy of oHSV include: attenuated potency of oHSV due to deletion or mutation of viral genes involved in virulence, restricting viral replication and spread within the tumor; suboptimal oHSV delivery associated with intratumoral injection; virus infection-induced inflammatory and cellular immune responses which could inhibit oHSV replication and promote its clearance; lack of effective incorporation of oHSV into standard-of-care, and poor knowledge about the ability of oHSV to target glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In an attempt to address these issues, recent research efforts have been directed at: (1) design of new engineered viruses to enhance potency, (2) better understanding of the role of the cellular immunity elicited by oHSV infection of tumors, (3) combinatorial strategies with different antitumor agents with a mechanistic rationale, (4) “armed” viruses expressing therapeutic transgenes, (5) use of GSC-derived models in oHSV evaluation, and (6) combinations of these. In this review, we will describe the current status of oHSV clinical trials for glioblastoma, and discuss recent research advances and future directions toward successful oHSV-based therapy of glioblastoma.
Lazy, Dumb, or Industrious: When Stereotypes Convey Attribution Information in the Classroom

Historically, ethnic minority children and girls have underachieved in American schools. This paper examines the role that stereotypes play in imposing obstacles to success for stigmatized children inside and outside of the classroom. Stereotypes convey explanatory information about groups—such as blacks are lazy, girls are bad at math, and so forth—that may be used as attributions for performance by adults as well as the children themselves. This paper presents a model that brings to light the underlying attributional structures of all stereotypes. Each of these attributional signatures has specific effects on judgments of responsibility and deservingness, help giving or punishment, self-esteem and motivation, and even performance inside and outside of the classroom. Through recognizing that stereotypes are vehicles for attributional judgments, educators are better able to anticipate the effects that stereotypes may have on students and take measures to counteract or diminish them.
The excited states and vibronic spectroscopy of diphenyldiacetylene and diphenylvinylacetylene

Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation scans and dispersed fluorescence (DFL) spectra have been recorded for two four-carbon α,ω-diphenyl systems, diphenyldiacetylene (DPDA, ϕ-CC–CC-ϕ) and trans-diphenylvinylacetylene (DPVA, ϕ-CHCH–CC-ϕ) as isolated molecules cooled in a supersonic expansion. While these molecules have similar conjugation length, they exhibit strikingly different vibronic spectroscopy and photophysics. The near-UV LIF excitation spectrum of diphenyldiacetylene has its electronic origin at 32 158 cm−1, and a strong progression in the CC stretch (2156 cm−1). All transitions are inherently broad, with widths of ∼30 cm−1 fwhm or greater. The S1 origin DFL spectrum is composed of sharp transitions with Franck–Condon activity mirroring that in the excitation spectrum, and broad emission shifted well to the red ascribable to phosphorescence on the μs timescale. Using ab initio calculations, it is possible to show that DPDA exists as a single, planar conformer with D2h symmetry. In contrast, trans-diphenylvinylacetylene shows intense sharp transitions in both LIF and DFL spectra with an S0–S1 origin of 31 183.2 cm−1 and long progressions involving the in-plane fundamentals ν53 (bridge-phenyl bending) and ν51 (bridge-phenyl stretch). A sharp reduction in fluorescence yield in DPVA occurs within 300 cm−1 of the S1 origin. Possible causes for the photophysical processes occurring in the two molecules are discussed.
Co-integration of optoelectronics and submicrometer CMOS

The rapid emergence of multichip modules (MCMs) and the continuing interest in wafer scale integration (WSI) provide important opportunities for successful insertion of high performance optical interconnections into real systems. The large area substrates and the distances between packaged wafer-level modules introduce distances of sufficient length that propagation of very high-speed digital signals along electrical lines will be difficult. At the same time, the substrates allow use of thin film technologies for fabrication of optoelectronic devices, optical waveguides, and other optical elements, drawing on the natural alignment accuracy of photolithographic definition of optical components to avoid several practical problems arising when optical elements are surface mounted. For such reasons, large area silicon wafers provide an important potential application for more aggressive use of optical interconnections. An important issue is growth of GaAs semiconductor regions within a silicon WSI or MCM substrate containing high performance silicon CMOS circuitry, seeking to co-integrate optical and silicon VLSI devices. Experimental studies of submicrometer CMOS device characteristics following thermal simulation of GaAs heteroepitaxial growth are summarized. >
The Development of Three Distinct Avian B Cell Lymphomas

The infection of 1 day old SC Hyline chicks with avian leukosis virus (ALV) induces a bursal-dependent B cell lymphoma in approximately 50% of the population (Baba and Humphries 1984). This disease has provided a useful model for the examination of multistep neoplastic development (Purchase and Burmester 1978). Progression to terminal metastatic disease occurs only after 4 to 6 months of incubation and follows the appearance of distinct preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions (Cooper et al. 1968; Neiman et al. 1980). Both of these earlier stages are dependent upon the bursal microenvironment for their development. Progression from preneoplasia to neoplasia appears to be stochastic in nature (Baba and Humphries 1985). Examination of both the tumor and cell lines derived from the tumor has demonstrated that they synthesize and may secrete IgM (Cooper et al. 1974; Chen et al. 1983; Baba et al. 1985). Extensive analysis has demonstrated that ALV integration and formation of the provirus disrupts one allele of the c-myc locus (Hayward et al. 1981; Fung et al. 1981; Payne et al. 1982). This insertional mutagenesis results in elevated transcription of c-myc mRNA and appears to be responsible for the development of the preneoplastic lesion (Neiman et al. 1985; Thompson et al. 1987).
Exercise Precautions for the Female Athlete

After completing this chapter, you should have an understanding of the following: • The terms overreaching, overtraining, and staleness (the overtraining syndrome [OTS]). • Sympathetic and parasympathetic staleness. • Mood variations in response to overtraining and staleness. • Hormonal responses to overtraining and staleness. • Signs of overtraining.
Abstract 472: Intrarenal Ghrelin Receptor Blockade Induces Natriuresis and Diuresis in SHR

Ghrelin, a novel 28 amino-acid peptide hormone, was originally discovered as a centrally-acting orexigenic hormone. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that ghrelin receptors are present in the kidney in collecting duct cells where they increase ENaC-dependent Na+ reabsorption in normal rats. However, nothing is known about the function of intrarenal ghrelin receptors in SHR. To evaluate this system, uninephrectomized 10-week-old female SHR (N=16) received three cumulative 1 h renal interstitial (RI) infusions of the specific ghrelin receptor antagonist D-LYS-GHRP-6 (4, 6, 8 μg/min; Tocris) following a 1 h control infusion of vehicle 5% dextrose in water (D5W). Rats that received 4 cumulative 1 h RI infusions of D5W served as time controls. Mean arterial pressure values, urine Na+ excretion rates (UNaV), and urine flow rates were determined for each period. Following the RI infusion of D-LYS-GHRP-6, UNaV increased from a baseline value of 0.035 ± 0.004 μmol/min to 0.062 ± 0.011 μmol/min in period 1 (P
NMR detection and study of hydrolysis of HNO-derived sulfinamides.

Nitroxyl (HNO), a potential heart failure therapeutic, is known to post-translationally modify cysteine residues. Among reactive nitrogen oxide species, the modification of cysteine residues to sul...