cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model of Schottky junction admittance taking into account incomplete impurity ionization and large-signal effects

A general model for the Schottky junction reverse bias admittance is created. The model takes into account incomplete impurity ionization and does not rely on the small-signal approximation, so that impurity rate equations are not linearized. The model is valid at arbitrary temperatures for an arbitrary periodic bias amplitude and harmonic content as long as the free-carrier relaxation time is much shorter than the bias period. Impurity ionization is treated in the framework of the Shockley-Read-Hall statistics; free-carrier distribution is assumed to be an equilibrium one. The model allows calculation of the junction potential distribution and thus the junction transfer function and admittance. Junction admittance is calculated for different ac bias amplitudes and the results are compared with the data obtained from the small-signal model. It is shown that the model fits experimental junction admittance more accurately than the small-signal model when the ac component of the potential is large with respect to the thermal potential k B T/q.
Inter- and intraspecific variation in the acoustic habitats of three marmot species

Closely related species often have remarkably different vocalizations. Some of the variation in acoustic structure may result from species adapting their calls to maximize transmission through their acoustic environments. We document the relative magnitude of inter- and intraspecific variation in acoustic transmission properties of the habitats of three closely related marmot species to study the relative importance that the acoustic environment may have played in selecting for species-specific marmot alarm calls. We used spectrogram correlation to quantify the degree to which pure tones and alarm calls changed as they were broadcast through marmot home ranges to describe the acoustic habitats of golden (M. candata aurea), yellow-bellied (M. flaviventris), and alpine (M. marmota L.) marmots. Species lived in quantifiably different acoustic habitats. One analysis partitioned variation between species and between marmot social groups (nested within species). We found significant interspecific variation in the acoustic transmission fidelity of the three species' habitats and insignificant intraspecific variation between social groups. Further analysis of a larger sample of alarm calls broadcast through golden marmot social groups found significant intraspecific variation. Interspecific variation greater than intraspecific variation suggests that variable acoustic habitats may be responsible for at least some of the interspecific variation in alarm call structure. This is the first study to use spectrogram correlation to describe habitat acoustics. We discuss aspects of the method that may be useful for others seeking to quantify habitat acoustics.
The evolution of competition and policing: opposing selection within and among groups

Although selection favors exploitative competition within groups, a group of hypercompetitive individuals may be less productive than a cooperative group. When competition is costly for group fitness, among-group selection can favor groups with 'policing' individuals who reduce within-group competition at a cost to their own fitness, or groups of individuals who restrain their competitive intensity ('self policing'). We examine these possibilities in a series of explicit population-genetic models. By comparing results from models of half and full sib structured populations, we find that increased relatedness increases the strength of among-group selection against competition genotypes, and increases the strength of among group selection favoring policing genotypes. However, the strength of selection favoring costly policing behavior also increases with increased levels of competition. When levels of competition and policing feedback on one another, groups with lower levels of relatedness can favor higher levels of costly policing. The result of the joint selection on policing and competition leads to results different from those based on the evolution of policing alone. Our model makes 'long term' predictions equivalent to those of optimization models, but we also show the existence of protected polymorphisms of police and civilians, as well as competitors and non-competitors.
Demand on ED resources during periods of widespread influenza activity.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate ED resource demand during periods of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-declared widespread influenza activity (WIA). An observational analysis of secondary data describing ED resource demand was performed using computerized ED patient data over a 130-week period. Measures of ED resource utilization were compared during WIA and non-WIA periods. These measures included weekly census; percentage of patients triaged as having fever, infection, or respiratory (flu index) chief complaints; admission rate, ED LOS (length of stay), total bed time (TBT), the number of patients who left the ED without being seen by a physician (LWBS), and ED saturation time. The study included 34 weeks of CDC-designated WIA occurring over 3 distinct periods. During WIA, the flu index was elevated, 23% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20–25) versus 17% (95% CI, 16–17). There was increased resource utilization during WIA periods compared with the non-WIA periods for the following parameters: admission rate (24% [95% CI, 24–25%] versus 23% [23–23%]), ED LOS admitted (296 [95% CI, 280–313] versus 271 [95% CI, 265–277]), ED LOS discharged (162 [95% CI, 156–168] versus 152 [95% CI, 150–154]), ED saturation time (1292 [95% CI, 689–1894] versus 409 [95% CI, 209–609]) and LWBS (31 [95% CI, 19–42] versus 14 [95% CI, 12–15]). Although each WIA period was marked by an initial spike in patient volume, weekly census did not increase (1365 [95% CI, 1297–1433] during WIA versus 1297 [95% CI, 1275–1320] during non-WIA). An association between WIA and greater ED resource demand was observed. A spike in census was observed at the onset of each WIA period. In addition, the flu index increased during WIA, suggesting the use of the ED as a site for syndromic surveillance of WIA onset.
Serum Lutein Response Is Greater from Free Lutein Than from Esterified Lutein during 4 Weeks of Supplementation in Healthy Adults

Background: Current data suggest great variability in serum response following lutein ingestion from various sources.Objective: To compare the relative serum response during supplementation with free lutein (fL) and lutein esters (Le).Methods: 72 volunteers (23–52 years; body mass index [BMI] >20 and <30 kg/m2; baseline serum lutein <20 µg/dL [<352 nmol/L]) were identified. Subjects, matched for gender, age, and BMI, were randomly assigned to the fL or Le group. fL and Le capsules contained 12.2 mg of free lutein or 27 mg of lutein ester (equivalent to 13.5 mg free lutein), respectively. Fasting blood was obtained at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of supplementation. Supplements were consumed with standard portions of dry, ready-to-eat cereal and 2% cow's milk.Results: Absolute changes in serum lutein, per mg daily dose, were significantly greater in fL vs. Le after 21 days (p = 0.0012) and remained so after 28 days (p = 0.0011) of supplementation. Serum lutein Area Under the Curve [AUC(day...
Putnam on Kripke's puzzle

Evolution de l'enigme de Kripke concernant la croyance. L'A. developpe cette solution a partir de remarques de Putnam sur l'enigme de Kripke. Il montre que si l'on accepte l'existence d'une connaissance identifiant les referents, alors la solution de l'enigme est evidente. P. 414-416 : H. PUTNAM, « Reply to Richard Garrett »
Hallucinations in Latino psychiatric outpatients: a preliminary investigation

Accuracy of diagnosis and efficacy of treatment depend on recognition of cultural variation in symptomatology of mental illness. Caribbean Latinos have been observed to present in outpatient settings with a higher than expected prevalence of hallucinations; however little is known about this phenomenon and whether it reflects psychotic illness. This study is a retrospective record review of 54 Spanish-speaking psychiatric outpatients who were evaluated in their own language. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the records and relationships to hallucinations were examined. Of the total sample, 46% reported hallucinations, and 84% of these were simple (e.g., hearing one's name called). Thought disorder was diagnosed in only 9% of the sample. Caribbean Latinos presented to this outpatient mental health setting with a high rate of perceptual symptoms in the absence of other signs of psychosis. Since hallucinations are known to be nonspecific, the symptoms reported in this patient sample are best understood as nonpsychotic hallucinations. Further research is necessary to clarify the epidemiological and cultural aspects of this phenomenon, and to guide treatment.
Growth and inequality: Are the 1990s different?

Abstract The paper examines the empirical relationship between growth–inequality. It concludes that while pre-1990 the growth process was not accompanied by increases in inequality, after 1990 a positive and significant correlation appears. This finding survives a number of robustness checks.
Coexistence of African lions, livestock, and people in a landscape with variable human land use and seasonal movements

Abstract Apex carnivores around the world have experienced rapid population declines and local extirpation due to anthropogenic pressures, and they are increasingly restricted to government-protected areas (GPAs). Though GPAs are critical for carnivore conservation, mixed-use landscapes may be crucial for sustaining viable populations. Few studies, particularly in Africa, have examined joint use of a landscape by people and conflict-prone carnivores, such as the African lion ( Panthera leo ), in a situation where conflict is low. In southern Kenya, we studied a lion population in an unfenced rangeland occupied by the Maasai people and their livestock. The Maasai shift their settlements and grazing areas seasonally across a permanent river, a practice we hypothesized might promote coexistence. We radio-collared lions ( n = 6) to determine density and document spatial patterns in response to seasonal movements of people in a Conservation Area and buffer zone (250 km 2 ). Despite high livestock density, lion density was comparable to many GPAs (0.136 individuals/km 2 ). Lion spatial distribution and habitat selection shifted in relation to seasonal movements of people and livestock. Conflict was low, likely because lions increased their use of the Conservation Area and dense habitats when people were nearby. Lion responses to human movements reduced access to permanent water, but not prey. A land use system based on temporary settlements and grazing areas allowed lions to co-occur with people and livestock at high density. These results suggest a general strategy for the conservation of apex carnivores outside of GPAs, focusing on areas that exhibit spatiotemporal variation in human land use.
The impact of increasing age on anatomic factors affecting carotid angioplasty and stenting

Purpose Current evaluations of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS) have suggested equivalency compared with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, the incidence of stroke and death with CAS may be higher in elderly patients. We assessed the anatomic characteristics of patients undergoing CAS and compared them based on age older or younger than 80 years. The impact of age on the incidence of postoperative complications was also determined. Methods From February 2003 to August 2005, 135 CAS procedures were performed in 133 patients. Digital subtraction angiograms for each patient were evaluated by two independent observers blinded to patient identifiers. Anatomic characteristics that impact the performance of CAS were assessed as either favorable or unfavorable. These included aortic arch elongation, arch calcification, arch vessel origin stenosis, common and internal carotid artery tortuosity, and treated lesion stenosis, calcification, and length. Postoperative events were defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. Fisher's exact test and χ 2 tests were used to determine statistical significance ( P Results Of the 133 patients treated, 87 (65%) were men and 46 (35%) were women; and 37 (28%) were ≥80 years of age. The cohort ≥80 years old had an increased incidence of unfavorable arch elongation ( P = .008), arch calcification ( P = .003), common carotid or innominate artery origin stenosis ( P = .006), common carotid artery tortuosity ( P = .0009), internal carotid artery tortuosity ( P = .019), and treated lesion stenosis ( P = .007). No significant difference was found for treated lesion calcification or length. Perioperative cerebral vascular accidents occurred in four patients (3.0%, 3 with no residual deficit, 1 with residual deficit), myocardial infarction in three (2.2%), and one patient (0.8%) died secondary to a hemorrhagic stroke. The combined stroke, myocardial infarction, and death rate for the entire population was 3.7%. The rate was significantly increased in patients aged ≥80 years old (10.8%) compared with those aged P = .012). Conclusions Elderly patients, defined as those aged >80 years, have a higher incidence of anatomy that increases the technical difficulty of performing CAS. This increase in unfavorable anatomy may be associated with complications during CAS. Although the small number of perioperative events does not allow for determination of a direct relationship with specific anatomic characteristics, the presence of unfavorable anatomy does warrant serious consideration during evaluation for CAS in elderly patients.
Anaesthesia for the achondroplastic dwarf

Over the past three years, 36 anaesthetics were administered to 27 patients with achondroplastic dwarfism. Twenty-four patients underwent craniectomy for foramen magnum stenosis. Sixteen of the operations were undertaken in the sitting position with nine incidents of venous air embolism (VAE), all of which occurred in patients under 12 years of age.
Aesthetic problem of figural holography

The aesthetic problem of figural holographySarah MalineThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas 78712ABSTRACTFigural holography is often accused of irrelevance to today's art theories andto the medium's future—oriented outlook. This charge is rooted in a highlyintellectualized aesthetic sensibility that excludes holography because of itsobvious success in provoking sensational and emotional responses from the viewer.The author argues that holography should not be bound by such limited aestheticparameters.It is often said that holography's precarious foothold in the art world couldbe strengthened by the development of an aesthetic theory designed to address thepeculiarities of the medium.(1) It is said that holography cannot be discussed withthe same critical vocabularies as painting, sculpture, or even photography becausethe hologram is fundamentally different from all other media in its means of storingand recalling the information that we see as an image. The right of a hologram toclassification as an image has even been questioned because it can be seen only invery particular lighting conditions.(2)Most representational holography is excluded from this as—yet--unrealizedaesthetic theory of holography. Holograms of objects and people are not worthy ofinclusion because, it is charged, they do not fully exploit the unique qualities ofthe medium like holographic space and optics and the inherent self—referentiality oflight. It has also been claimed that all representational holograms areintellectually disreputable because of their similarities to the comercially popularholographic kitsch that panders to our sentimentality and acquisitiveness, or thatthey are in keeping with images traditionally associated with the educatedbourgeoisie and so are not relevant to a technological medium with its sights set onthe future.(3)Despite this variety of denials of the artistic viability of representationalholography, it would be difficult indeed to argue that this genre, especiallywhen it has figural subject matter, has not been most important of all in stimulatinghigh expectations and strong viewer response, in and out of the art gallery.David has just revealed, in his presentation on film and television's preoccupationwith holography (see David Pizzanelli, "The evolution of the mythical hologram,"in these proceedings), what a powerful hold figural holography has on the publicimagination, and as the ultimate manifestation of hyperrealism, it has attracted theattention of cultural philosophers like Umberto Eco and Jean Beaudrillard. In thepast decade, as more holographers gained access to pulsed lasers, figural holographyhas achieved a depth and variety that should make it excellent fodder for criticaldiscussion. It is important, then, to discover why holography has been altogetherand pointedly ignored by many artwriters. I shall concentrate specifically on
Effect of Citrus Byproducts on Survival of O157:H7 and Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups within In Vitro Bovine Ruminal Microbial Fermentations

Citrus byproducts (CBPs) are utilized as a low cost nutritional supplement to the diets of cattle and have been suggested to inhibit the growth of both Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. The objective of this study was to examine the effects in vitro that varying concentrations of CBP in the powdered or pelleted variety have on the survival of Shiga-toxin Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes O26:H11, O103:H8, O111:H8, O145:H28, and O157:H7 in bovine ruminal microorganism media. The O26:H11, O111:H8, O145:H28, and O157:H7 serotypes did not exhibit a change in populations in media supplemented with CBP with either variety. The O103:H8 serotype displayed a general trend for an approximate <path id="x67" d="M463 437l5 -8q-21 -38 -45 -51l-57 3q30 -35 30 -88q0 -76 -52.5 -118t-122.5 -42q-24 0 -51 5q-30 -21 -30 -42q0 -16 16 -27t47 -11q19 0 54 0.5t52 0.5q36 0 65.5 -8t53.5 -36t24 -74q0 -77 -75 -137.5t-174 -60.5q-79 0 -126 37.5t-48 84.5q0 32 24 56q21 21 83 70 q-49 15 -74 55q-13 20 -11 42q56 21 88 61q-37 16 -62.5 51t-25.5 83q0 78 56.5 122t122.5 44h1q51 0 96 -27q71 4 136 15zM219 418q-34 0 -58 -32t-24 -87q0 -59 26.5 -96.5t67.5 -37.5q35 1 59 32t24 87q0 59 -26 96.5t-69 37.5zM241 -11q-62 0 -87 -21q-46 -39 -46 -78 q0 -41 38 -68.5t94 -27.5q69 0 106.5 31t37.5 80q0 52 -45 71q-33 13 -98 13z" /> <path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /> reduction in 5% powdered CBP and 20% pelleted CBP over 6 h. There was a trend for reductions in populations of a variant form of O157:H7 mutated in the stx1 and stx2 genes in higher concentrations of CBP. These results suggest that variations exist in the survival of these serotypes of STEC within mixed ruminal microorganism fluid media when supplemented with CBP. Further research is needed to determine why CBPs affect STEC serotypes differently.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle loaded collagen fiber composites : Microarchitecture and nanoindentation study

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticle-collagen composite materials with various HA/collagen weight ratios were prepared from HA/collagen dispersions using the solution deposition and electrospinning with static or rotating collectors. The composites with nanoparticle HA to collagen weight ratio of 80:20 can be easily prepared in the solution deposition approach, whereas in the electro-spun fibrous composites it was possible to reach a maximum HA/collagen weight ratio of 30:70 while maintaining a good fibrous structure. The structure, surface morphology, and nanoindentation properties of these nanoparticle HA/collagen composites with different microarchitectures were investigated. The values from 0.2 GPa to 20 GPa for nanoindentation Young's modulus and from 25 MPa to 500 MPa for hardness, were obtained depending on the fabrication technique, composition, and microarchitecture of the composites. It was observed that the nanoindentation Young's modulus and hardness of the HA/collagen composite materials seem to achieve maximum values for 45-60% HA content by weight. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, 45-60% HA content by weight.
HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PROGESTINS ON HYPERPLASIA AND CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE ENDOMETRIUM--FURTHER OBSERVATIONS.

Abstract Twenty-three patients with cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia and 8 patients with carcinoma in situ of the endometrium were treated with progestogens after excluding invasive carcinoma by thorough uterine curettage. All patients were in the menopausal or postmenopausal age group. In each case glandular atrophy and stromal decidua were produced and in one-third the patients there was evidence of residual hyperplasia with “drug effect” by the progestogenic agent. In no instance did subsequent invasive carcinoma occur.
Transcriptional diversity in myogenesis.

Abstract We have measured the change in RNA transcript diversity during in vivo myogenesis in the chick limb by means of saturation hybridization of whole cell RNA to nonrepetitive DNA. We find that transcript diversity decreases as proliferating myoblasts fuse to form multinucleate myotubes. Specifically, RNA from limb mesoblasts at, or about, the time of phenotypic commitment (stage 24, Day 4.5) hybridizes to twice as much nonrepetitive DNA as does RNA from fully fused muscle (Day 18 of development through adulthood). The level of transcript diversity found at stage 24 remains high throughout the proliferative phase of myogenesis (through Day 12) and diminishes during the fusion phase (Days 10–18). Additive hybridization experiments indicate that the RNA present during fusion is homologous to RNA present in proliferating myoblasts, suggesting that the change in transcript diversity does not include large scale transcription of previously untranscribed sequences during this in vivo developmental transition.
Brain function and macromolecules: VIII. Uridine incorporation into brain polysomes of hypophysectomized rats and ovariectomized mice during avoidance conditioning

Summary Since stimulation of RNA synthesis in animals usually involves a hormonal intermediate it was felt that hormones might be involved in the observed increases in incorporation of uridine into polysomes and RNA of brain during avoidance training previously reported from this laboratory. Both hypophysectomized rats and ovariectomized mice learned the avoidance response normally and exhibited increases in incorporation of radioactive precursors into brain polysomes when compared with yoked or quiet animals. Intact female mice did not perform as well as ovariectomized mice and showed random variations in phosphate incorporation into brain polysomes. It is concluded that the adrenal, the pituitary, the testis and the ovary are not necessary for avoidance conditioning or for the increased incorporation of radioactive precursors into RNA that accompanies it.
The foundation of time and frequency in various countries

The assistance available to a country desiring to establish reference bases in time and frequency suitable for its own needs is discussed. The emphasis is placed on helping countries with little prior experience in the field. An outline of the international organizations interested in time and frequency is given. The technical assistance programs which might be called upon by a country are mentioned. Specific recommendations can result only from individual discussions with the countries concerned.
The High-Court Judge and the World of Letters: Historical and Biographical

Anxious to counter Dr. Johnson’s belittling of Scotland’s contribution to polite letters, as was his want, Boswell, his future biographer, once reminded him, “But we have Kames.” “You have Kames! Well, keep him, Ha, Ha, Ha!” rejoined the literary monarch of the south, chuckling at his own pun; “We don’t envy you him!” 1
Contractional uplift of deep crustal rocks along the Legs Lake shear zone, western Churchill Province, Canadian Shield

The Legs Lake shear zone juxtaposes high-pressure (1.0+ GPa) granulite- and eclogite-facies rocks with low-pressure (~0.5 GPa) amphibolite- to granulite-facies rocks, and thus may represent an important crustal-scale, exhumation-related structure in the western Canadian Shield. Field mapping and structural and petrologic analysis document the deformation and metamorphic history of rocks within and adjacent to the shear zone. At least two important phases of deformation are recorded: (1) early oblique thrusting (D2) that placed high-grade rocks over lower grade rocks, and (2) more discrete and lower grade brittleductile normal faulting (D3) that may represent the later part of the exhumation history. The northwest-dipping shear zone consists of 58 km of mylonite in map view, which bounds the southeast margin of the East Athabasca mylonite triangle. High-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism (~750850 °C, 1.01.2 GPa) occurred in the East Athabasca mylonite triangle at ca. 1900 Ma, prior to D2 juxtaposit...
Order statistic-neural network hybrid filters for gamma camera-bremsstrahlung image restoration

An order statistic and neural network hybrid filter (OSNNH) is proposed for the restoration of gamma camera images using the measured modulation transfer function. Planar images of beta -emitting radionuclides are used to evaluate the filter because they exhibit higher degradation than images of single photon emitters due to increased photon scattering and collimator septal penetration. The filter performance is quantitatively evaluated and compared to that of the Wiener filter by investigating the relationship between the externally measured counts from sources of phosphorous-32 (/sup 32/P) at various depths in water. An effective linear attenuation coefficient for /sup 32/P is determined to be equal to 0.13 cm/sup -1/ and 0.14 cm/sup -1/ for the OSNNH and the Wiener filters, respectively. Evaluation of phantom and patient filtered images demonstrates that the OSNNH filter avoids ring effects caused by the ill-conditioned blur matrix and noise overriding caused by matrix inversion, typical of other restoration filters such as the Wiener. >
Cancer Control and the Communication Innovation in South Korea: Implications for Cancer Disparities

Over the last 10 years, the number of cancer survivors in South Korea has reached nearly one million with a survival rate of 49.4%. However, integrated supportive care for cancer survivors is lagging. One area in which the current cancer control policy needs updating is in the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT). The remarkable progress in the field of ICT over the past 10 years presents exciting new opportunities for health promotion. Recent communication innovations are conducive to the exchange of meta-information, giving rise to a new service area and transforming patients into active medical consumers. Consequently, such innovations encourage active participation in the mutual utilization and sharing of high-quality information. However, these benefits from new ICTs will almost certainly not be equally available to all, leading to so-called communication inequalities where cancer survivors from lower socioeconomic classes will likely have more limited access to the best means of making use of the health information. Therefore, most essentially, emphasis must be placed on helping cancer survivors and their caregivers utilize such advances in ICT to create a more efficient flow of health information, thereby reducing communication inequalities and expanding social support. Once we enhance access to health information and better manage the quality of information, as a matter of fact, we can expect an alleviation of the health inequalities faced by cancer survivors.
Update propagation algorithms for supporting disconnected

In this paper, algorithms for propagating updates by mobile hosts in the mobile client-server environments are developed and analyzed. The purpose of these algorithms is to support disconnected write operations while minimizing the tuning time for the update propagation to the server. These algorithms allow a mobile host to update cached data objects, while disconnected, and propagate the updates to the server upon reconnection for conflict resolutions. We investigate two algorithms applicable to mobile systems in which invalidation reports and data can be periodically broadcast to mobile hosts. We show that an optimal broadcasting period exists, for which the tuning time is minimized for update propagations. A comparative analysis is performed to identify conditions under which the algorithms should be applied in order to reduce battery consumption and avoid high communication costs.
Dealing with the aneurysmal remnants after endovascular treatment.

Since the adoption of endovascular coiling techniques to treat intracranial aneurysms in the 1990s, endovascular therapies have steadily increased in popularity. The publication of the results of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) (1) led to a rapid increase in the number of patients with aneurysms treated with endovascular coiling. As experience with these techniques has increased, so has awareness of their deficiencies. One of the most concerning characteristics of the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms is the rate of recurrence of previously treated aneurysms. Initially thought to be a rare event, aneurysmal recurrence after endovascular therapy is now believed to occur at a substantial rate (1, 4, 8, 10-12). More important, the endovascular treatment of certain subtypes of aneurysms, such as large, partially thrombosed aneurysms, is believed to result in aneurysm recurrence in 30% of patients as early as 17 months from the initial coiling procedure (2). Because this rate of recurrence is not inconsequential, much energy has been spent determining the rate of aneurysmal recurrence, as well as the risk of bleeding from an aneurysmal recurrence.
Sectoral Shares, Specialisation and Metropolitan Wages in the United States, 1969-96:

We investigate the effect of specialisation upon the level of metropolitan wage per worker. Specialisation is measured by the share of metropolitan earnings in each of five traded goods and services sectors. Sectoral specialisations are assumed to be determinants of location-specific productivity, which in turn is treated as a term in a metropolitan production function. Panel data are used for estimating that production function for 313 metropolitan areas in the US, over the long period 1969-96 and two shorter periods. We find that some specialisations raise average metropolitan wages, some lower it and some have no effect, and that the effects of specialisation differ by time-period.
National trends, complications, and outcomes following transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease from 1993 to 2002

Object. Information about complications, patient outcomes, and mortality rate after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for Cushing’s disease has been derived largely from single-institution series. In this study the authors report on inpatient death, morbidity, and outcomes following TSS for Cushing’s disease on a national level. Methods. All patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database who had undergone transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumor for Cushing’s disease between 1993 and 2002 were included in the study. The number of cases per year, length of stay (LOS), and rates of inpatient complications, death, and adverse outcomes (death or discharge to institution other than home) were abstracted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effects of patient and hospital characteristics on outcome measures. Results. According to the NIS, there were an estimated 3525 cases of TSS for Cushing’s disease in the US between 1993 and 2002. During this period, there was a trend toward a small increase in the number of TSSs for Cushing’s disease. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.7%, and the complication rate was 42.1%. Diabetes insipidus (15%), fluid and electrolyte abnormalities (12.5%), and neurological deficits (5.6%) were the most common complications reported. Multivariate analysis showed that complications were more likely in patients with preoperative comorbidities. Patients older than 64 years were much more likely to have an adverse outcome (odds ratio [OR] 20.8) and a prolonged hospital stay (OR 2.2). Women were less likely than men to have an adverse outcome (OR 0.3). A single postoperative complication increased the mean LOS by 3 days, more than tripled the odds of an adverse outcome, and increased the hospital charges by more than US $7000. Conclusions. The authors provided a national perspective on trends, inpatient complications, and outcomes after TSS for Cushing’s disease in the US. Postoperative complications had a significantly negative effect on LOS, adverse outcome, and resource utilization. Advanced age and multiple preoperative comorbidities were identified as important risk factors, and their effects on patient outcomes were quantified. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC-07/09/E7)
Evaluating the relative costs and benefits of locus of control in novel air traffic management concepts

Background + Current ATM system is a result of short-term fixes to evolving problems ▪ Not capable of handling predicted traffic + In far-term, radically-different concepts of operation can be envisioned ▪ E.g. fully centralized trajectory determination ▪ E.g. fully de-centralized trajectory determination ▪ E.g. some mix of the two + No generalized framework for comparing radicallynovel concepts
A study on the generation of silicon-based hardware Plc by means of the direct conversion of the ladder diagram to circuit design language

Programmable logic controller (PLC) is one of the most important components in today’s manufacturing. Its performance-based microprocessor and software have been a bottleneck for improving its efficiency. To enhance the PLC performance and flexibility, a new PLC design based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been a hot topic because of its parallel execution mechanism and reconfigurable hardware structure. From practical viewpoint, in this paper, the authors propose an approach to implement the existing ladder diagram (LD) inside FPGA making full use of the advantage of FPGA device. The essential of this research includes two issues: (a) analyze the LD program and organize it with sequential and parallel structure and (b) implement the sequential and parallel structure of the LD program with hardware description language inside FPGA. To the first work, the condensed simultaneity graph theory is applied to optimize the LD program with sequential and parallel structure. To the second work, Boolean equations are taken as the bridge to convert the optimized LD program to the hardware description language program. Finite state machine is used to generate sensitive signals to guarantee that the performance of the converted very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language design is the same as the original ladder diagram. A case study is practiced to verify the proposed approach in this paper.
Thalamic Activation During Slightly Subphysiological Glycemia in Humans

OBJECTIVE The central nervous system mechanisms of defenses against falling plasma glucose concentrations, and how they go awry and result in iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes, are not known. Hypoglycemic plasma glucose concentrations of 55 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) cause symptoms, activate glucose counterregulatory systems, and increase synaptic activity in a network of brain regions including the dorsal midline thalamus in humans. We tested the hypothesis that slightly subphysiological plasma glucose concentrations of 65 mg/dL (3.6 mmol/L), which do not cause symptoms but do activate glucose counterregulatory systems, also activate brain synaptic activities. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured relative regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), an index of synaptic activity, in predefined brain regions with [15O]water positron emission tomography, symptoms, and plasma epinephrine and glucagon concentrations during a 2-h euglycemic (90 mg/dL) to hypoglycemic (55 mg/dL) clamp ( n = 20) or a 2-h euglycemic to slight subphysiological (65 mg/dL) clamp ( n = 9) in healthy humans. RESULTS Clamped plasma glucose concentrations of 65 mg/dL did not cause hypoglycemic symptoms, but raised plasma epinephrine and glucagon concentrations and increased rCBF ( P = 0.007) only in the dorsal midline thalamus. CONCLUSIONS Slightly subphysiological plasma glucose concentrations increase synaptic activity in the dorsal midline thalamus in humans.
Broad Functionalization of Deep‐Cavity Cavitands by Directed ortho Metalation (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 19/2008)

The cover picture shows a collection of china, pewter cups, mugs, and jugs. For these and other macroscale objects, it is easier to decorate their exterior rather than their interior surface. Not surprisingly, the same asymmetry is seen at the molecular scale; it is generally easier to decorate/functionalize a convex than a concave surface. One approach to endo functionalization of deep-cavity cavitands is directed ortho metalation (DoM). In the paper by Srinivasan et al., on p. 3265 ff, it is shown that various electrophiles quench the lithiates formed according to DoM protocols. Reaction control leads to between one and five functional groups being introduced at the endo and exo positions of these hosts.
Metamorphosis Networks: An Alternative to Constructive Models

Given a set of training examples, determining the appropriate number of free parameters is a challenging problem. Constructive learning algorithms attempt to solve this problem automatically by adding hidden units, and therefore free parameters, during learning. We explore an alternative class of algorithms--called metamorphosis algorithms--in which the number of units is fixed, but the number of free parameters gradually increases during learning. The architecture we investigate is composed of RBF units on a lattice, which imposes flexible constraints on the parameters of the network. Virtues of this approach include variable subset selection, robust parameter selection, multiresolution processing, and interpolation of sparse training data.
Précis of Breakdown of Will

In a prosperous society most misery is self-inflicted. We smoke, eat and drink to excess, and become addicted to drugs, gambling, credit card abuse, destructive emotional relationships, and simple procrastination, usually while attempting not to do so. The human bent for defeating our own plans has puzzled writers since antiquity. From Plato’s idea that the better part of the self – reason – could be overwhelmed by passion, there evolved the concept of a faculty – will – that lent reason the kind of force that could confront passion and defeat it. The construct of the will and its power became unfashionable in twentieth century science, but the puzzle of self-defeating behavior – what Aristotle called akrasia – and its sometime control has not been solved. With the help of new experimental findings, and conceptual tools from economics, game theory, and the philosophy of mind, it is possible to form a hypothesis about the nature of will that does not violate the conventions of science. In this precis I have followed the outline of Breakdown of Will (Ainslie 2001) in three main parts and twelve chapters, but have necessarily been selective in what I describe
A sample-path approach to the optimality of echelon order-up-to policies in serial inventory systems

We present a new proof of the optimality of echelon order-up-to policies in serial inventory systems, first proved by Clark and Scarf. Our proof is based on a sample-path analysis as opposed to the original proof based on dynamic programming induction.
Use of an Open-Loop System to Increase Physical Activity

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an open-loop system that reinforces physical activity with TV watching to increase children's physical activity. Nonoverweight, sedentary boys and girls (8-12 y) were randomized to a group that received feedback of activity counts + reinforcement for physical activity by providing access to television (F+R, n = 20); or to feedback, no reinforcement (Feedback, n = 20) or no feedback, no reinforcement control (Control, n = 21) groups. Children wore an accelerometer with a count display for 4-months with a 1-year follow-up. F+R reduced TV by 68 min/day and TV time was lower than the Feedback (p < .005) and Control (p < .002) groups. TV time of F+R remained 31 min lower (p < .02) than baseline at 1-year. F+R had a 44% increase in physical activity, which was greater than the feedback (p < .04) and control (p < .01) groups. An open-loop system decreases TV viewing and increases physical activity of children for 4-months. TV of the F+R group remained lower at 12 months, suggesting a reduction in screen-time habits.
Epidemiology and Public Health Concerns of CKD in Older Adults

CKD is increasingly common in older adults. Estimating the glomerular filtration rate can be challenging in this population, with sarcopenia affecting the accuracy of various formulae. Competing risks of death influence the risk of progression to end-stage kidney disease. In managing CKD in this population, one must take into consideration other comorbidities including assessment of geriatric syndromes. More research is still needed to guide medical management in this heterogeneous population.
Improved fatigue performance for wood-based structural panels using slot and tab construction

Abstract This paper presents static and fatigue bending behavior for a wood-based structural panel having a slot and tab (S/T) construction technique. Comparisons were made with similarly fabricated panels without the S/T construction technique. Experimental results showed that both types of panels had similar bending properties in the static tests. However, the panels with S/T construction had better fatigue results. The failure modes were different for the two fabrication techniques. The panels without S/T debonded at the core:face interface. Whereas, the panels with S/T had cracks that propagated within the rib of the core after debonding damage at the core:face interface. The fatigue deflection-life relationship indicated that the S/T construction improved the connection between the faces and core. The S/T construction decreased the deflection growth rate that delayed panel failure. The fatigue stress-life relationship or degradation was better for the panels with S/T construction than the panels without the S/T construction.
Estimating the duration of ongoing prevention trials

The authors present a method of estimating the duration of ongoing prevention trials, showing how the method was applied to the Colon Cancer Control Study, a University of Minnesota study of occult blood testing undertaken to screen for colorectal cancer in older Minnesotans. In that study, begun in 1975 and ongoing, as in several other recent large prevention trials, it was necessary, after the start of the study, to revise upward the initial estimates of study duration derived from general population experience. The underestimates arose because the planners had not adequately taken various population selection factors into account in estimating the expected number of events in the control group. In this paper, the authors outline a method for estimating control group event rates and study duration requirements (and, in some circumstances, also sample size requirements) of prevention studies, via models of disease-specific and all-cause standardized mortality ratios which adjust for various selection effects. The authors also validate the model for disease-specific standardized mortality ratios by means of independent estimates of disease incidence and case survival.
A pilot test of the acceptability and efficacy of narrative and non-narrative health education materials in a low health literacy population

Although entertainment-education narratives are increasingly being used to communicate health information to a diversity of populations, there is limited evidence examining the use of narrative health education videos in low compared with adequate health literacy populations. There are also very few studies directly comparing narrative materials to more traditional, non-narrative materials. Because individuals with low health literacy are less likely than those with adequate health literacy to benefit from health communication interventions, it is especially important to develop an evidence base supporting the use of narrative health education materials in low literacy populations. This study extends knowledge on the use of narrative health education materials in populations with low health literacy by conducting a randomized trial comparing the acceptability and efficacy (knowledge gain) of two fact-equivalent films, one in a narrative and one in a non-narrative format, on individuals with adequate and low health literacy. This study finds that while both films were well-accepted and produced knowledge gains, the narrative film was more effective in this regard. This effect occurred regardless of health literacy level, indicating that narrative health communication materials are appropriate for individuals with low health literacy and do not exacerbate existing health disparities. These findings add to a small but growing body of evidence testing narrative health education materials in individuals with low health literacy, and provide new evidence supporting narrative, entertainment-education style video as a health communication tool to help reduce health literacy-related health disparities.
Changes in lipogenesis and lipolysis associated with recovery from reversible obesity in mature female rats

AbstractReversible obesity provides a model for demonstration of weight regulation in mature animals. Changes in body composition and in vitro adipose and hepatic lipid synthesis and adipose lipolysis of rats recovering from enforced weight gain were examined to determine whether correction of weight was facilitated by metabolic changes independent of those resulting from hypophagia and negative energy balance. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were divided into three groups. Controls ate ad libitum, tube-fed control rats were weight matched to controls. Two-hundred percent-fed rats were tube-fed twice control intake. After 26 days tube feeding stopped and a subgroup from each treatment was killed for determination of body composition and in vitro tissue metabolism. Further subgroups were examined 5, 10, 15, and 36 days later. At the end of overfeeding 200%-fed rats were hypophagic and had high rates of adipose and hepatic lipid synthesis, which soon returned to normal. Gross changes in body fat mass wer...
Work System and Job Design Factors in Preventing Wmsds in VDT Operators

Recent research is reviewed which indicates conventional work station design ergonomics is insufficient, by itself, to prevent WMSDs in typical VDT jobs; and that work system design and related psychosocial variables appear critical. Three common system design practices are cited as the basis for the widespread poor design of VDT work systems and jobs. Macroergonomics is proposed as a work system and job design approach that circumvents the deficiencies of these three common design practices. Specific job design factors from the literature are identified.