cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening antioxidants using LC-MS: case study with cocoa.

Oxidative stress enhances pathological processes contributing to cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases, and dietary antioxidants may counteract these deleterious processes. Since rapid methods to evaluate and compare food products for antioxidant benefits are needed, a new assay based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed for the identification and quantitative analysis of antioxidants in complex natural product samples such as food extracts. This assay is based on the comparison of electrospray LC-MS profiles of sample extracts before and after treatment with reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide or DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical). Using this assay, methanolic extracts of cocoa powder were analyzed, and procyanidins were found to be the most potent antioxidant species. These species were identified using LC-MS, LC-MS-MS, accurate mass measurement, and comparison with reference standards. Furthermore, LC-MS was used to determine the levels of these species in cocoa samples. Catechin and epicatechin were the most abundant antioxidants followed by their dimers and trimers. The most potent antioxidants in cocoa were trimers and dimers of catechin and epicatechin, such as procyanidin B2, followed by catechin and epicatechin. This new LC-MS assay facilitates the rapid identification and then the determination of the relative antioxidant activities of individual antioxidant species in complex natural product samples and food products such as cocoa.
From an Intentionalist perspective

In order to expound and defend the intentionalist thesis that human actions are intentionally determined by persons, selves, or agents themselves I first argue that teleological explanation, even though it is consistent with physicalism and scientifically respectable in the sense of being an attempt to establish the conditions under which things and events occur and to formulate laws that express such dependencies, is not exactly coordinate with and replaceable by mechanistic explanation. Then, I argue that living human beings must be seen as teleological systems relative to the purposes and goals of intentional activities even though the human body may come as close as possible to being a mechanistic system relative to physical responses and electro‐chemical‐mechanical movements on the basis of certain insights drawn from Wittgenstein's works. Finally, I expound and defend a very strong version of the intentionalist thesis drawn from C. A. Campbell's ‘Is “Freewill”; a Pseudo‐Problem?’ [5], and criticize ...
The effect of acid water on glycine uptake by the alga Euglena gracilis

Abstract 1. H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , or HCl solutions of increasing acidity (pH 6.5, 5.0, 3.0 and 2.4) reduce the uptake of glycine by E. gracilis cells, suggesting that the zwitterion form is transported. 2. After 10 hr at pH 2.4 glycine uptake in H 2 SO 4 and HCl, but not HNO 3 , returns to values found at pH 6.5. 3. Acidity affects the polyphosphate-orthophosphate balance, with H 2 SO 4 and HCl producing a slight increase in orthophosphate and HNO 3 a large increase. 4. H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 increase Ca 2+ losses compared to that at pH 6.5, and subsequent uptake of Ca 2 occurs with H 2 SO 4 but not HNO 3 .
Hot Flashes and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Findings From the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart Study

Background— Although evidence suggests adverse vascular changes among women with hot flashes, it is unknown whether hot flashes are associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine relations between menopausal hot flashes and indices of subclinical cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that women with hot flashes would show reduced flow-mediated dilation and greater coronary artery and aortic calcification compared with women without hot flashes. Methods and Results— The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart Study (2001 to 2003) is an ancillary study to the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, a community-based cohort study. Participants were 492 women (35% black, 65% white) 45 to 58 years of age who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease and had a uterus and at least 1 ovary. Measures included a brachial artery ultrasound to assess flow-mediated dilation, electron beam tomography to assess coronary artery and aortic calcification, reported h...
Application of stable isotope tracer combined with mass spectrometric detection for studying myo-inositol uptake by cultured neurons from fetal mouse: effect of trisomy 16.

A gas chromatographic (GC)/mass spectrometric method for studyingmyo-inositol uptake by neuronsin vitrois described. Cultured cortical neurons from fetuses of diploid and trisomy 16 mouse (animal model for Down syndrome) were incubated with a physiological concentration of hexadeuteratedmyo-inositol for 2–40 min. Washed cells were lysed andscyllo-inositol (internal standard) was added to the intracellular material which contained labeledmyo-inositol taken up by the cells as well as the endogenous, unlabeledmyo-inositol. The samples were evaporated to dryness and the analytes were converted into acetate derivatives. The components were separated by capillary GC, and them/z379 ion for labeledmyo-inositol and them/z373 ion formyo-inositol andscyllo-inositol generated by chemical ionization in an ion trap mass spectrometer were monitored. Quantitation of the deuterium-labeledmyo-inositol taken up by the neuron along with endogenousmyo-inositol was achieved for 2–40 min of incubation. The labeledmyo-inositol uptake was linear for up to 20 min and was Na+ dependent in these neurons. This non-radioisotope method was used to demonstrate a significant (40%) increase in the rate ofmyo-inositol uptake by cortical neurons from the trisomy 16 mouse relative to control neurons. An increasedmyo-inositol uptake is consistent with evidence that themyo-inositol transporter gene is on both human chromosome 21 and mouse chromosome 16, and thatmyo-inositol concentrations are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from adult Down syndrome individuals and brains from the fetal trisomy 16 mouse. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of depth-dependent viscosity on the planform of mantle convection

LITHOSPHERIC plate motions at the Earth's surface result from thermal convection in the mantle1. Understanding mantle convection is made difficult by variations in the material properties of rocks as pressure and temperature increase from the surface to the core. The plates themselves result from high rock strength and brittle failure at low temperature near the surface. In the deeper mantle, elevated pressure may increase the effective viscosity by orders of magnitude2–5. The influence of depth-dependent viscosity on convection has been explored in two-dimensional numerical experiments6–8, but planforms must be studied in three dimensions. Although three-dimensional plan-forms can be elucidated by laboratory fluid dynamic experiments9,10, such experiments cannot simulate depth-dependent rheology. Here we use a three-dimensional spherical convection model11,12 to show that a modest increase in mantle viscosity with depth has a marked effect on the planform of convection, resulting in long, linear downwellings from the upper surface boundary layer and a surprisingly 'red' thermal heterogeneity spectrum, as observed for the Earth's mantle13. These effects of depth-dependent viscosity may be comparable to the effects of the plates themselves.
Reduced bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen-coated substrates via nitric oxide release.

The ability of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing xerogels to reduce fibrinogen-mediated adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli is described. A negative correlation was observed between NO surface flux and bacterial adhesion for each species tested. For S. aureus and E. coli, reduced adhesion correlated directly with NO flux from 0 to 30 pmol cm−2 s−1. A similar dependence for S. epidermidis was evident from 18 to 30 pmol cm−2 s−1. At a NO flux of 30 pmol cm−2 s−1, surface coverage of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli was reduced by 96, 48, and 88%, respectively, compared to non-NO-releasing controls. Polymeric NO release was thus demonstrated to be an effective approach for significantly reducing fibrinogen-mediated adhesion of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in vitro, thereby illustrating the advantage of active NO release as a strategy for inhibiting bacterial adhesion in the presence of pre-adsorbed protein.
Anharmonicity in the Silver and Thallium Halides: Low-Frequency Dielectric Response

The isobaric temperature dependence of the low-frequency (1-100 kHz) dielectric response of AgCl, AgBr, TlCl, and TlBr for the range 2-290 K and the isothermal pressure dependence of the dielectric response for pressures up to 11 kbar in the range 77-290 K are reported. These measurements are used to determine the thermal strain and low-frequency anharmonic self-energy for the $q\ensuremath{\approx}0$ transverse-optic mode for these materials. The results reveal that the anharmonic self-energy contribution arising through the quartic anharmonicity is dominant for all four materials at low temperatures. At higher temperatures the quartic anharmonicity continues to provide the dominant contributions for the thallium halides, but for the silver halides the cubic anharmonicity has a stronger temperature dependence and provides the dominant anharmonic self-energy contribution. The quartic self-energy contributions for the thallium halides are sufficiently large that they dominate the thermal-strain self-energy contributions at all temperatures, thus causing the dielectric response for these materials to behave like ferroelectrics in their paraelectric state. No marked difference between the low-frequency and far-infrared anharmonic self-energies is found.
Ultrasound assessment for extravascular lung water in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Time course for resolution.

Background Sonographic B-lines, also known as lung comets, have been shown to correlate with the presence of extravascular lung water (EVLW). Absent in normal lungs, these sonographic findings become prominent as interstitia and alveoli fill with fluid. Characterization of the dynamics of B-lines, specifically their rate of disappearance as volume is removed, has not been previously described. In this study, we describe the dynamics of B-line resolution in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods Patients undergoing hemodialysis underwent three chest ultrasound examinations: before, at the midpoint, and after dialysis. We followed a previously described chest ultrasound protocol that counts the number of B-lines visualized in 28 lung zones. Baseline demographics, assessment of ejection fraction, time elapsed, net volume of fluid removed, and subjective degree of shortness of breath were recorded for each patient. Results Forty of 45 patients completed full dialysis runs and had all three lung scans performed; 6 of 40 patients had zero or one B-line predialysis, and none of these 6 patients gained B-lines during dialysis. Thirty-four of 40 patients had statistically significant reductions in the number of B-lines from predialysis to the midpoint scan and from predialysis to postdialysis with a p value Conclusions B-line resolution appears to occur real-time as fluid is removed from the body, and this change was statistically significant. These data support thoracic ultrasound as a useful method for evaluating real-time changes in EVLW and in assessing a patient's physiologic response to the removal of fluid. Trial registration Massachusetts General Hospital trial registration protocol No. 2007P 002226.
The Financial Modernization Act: new perspectives for the finance curriculum

Abstract The Financial Modernization Act (FMA) of 1999 permits banks, securities firms, and insurance companies to combine and compete with each other in all types of financial services. No longer are the names of financial institutions synonymous with their particular products. This suggests moving from an “institutional perspective” that focuses upon the historical specializations of institutions, to a “functional perspective” that focuses upon the value added by financial services. The functional approach offers the finance curriculum a broad and flexible methodology for covering financial services.
The Atlantic Slave Trade (review)

Debates over the economic, social, and political meaning of slavery and the slave trade have persisted for over two hundred years. The Atlantic Slave Trade brings clarity and critical insight to the subject. In fourteen essays, leading scholars consider the nature and impact of the transatlantic slave trade and assess its meaning for the people transported and for those who owned them. Among the questions these essays address are: the social cost to Africa of this forced migration; the role of slavery in the economic development of Europe and the United States; the short-term and long-term effects of the slave trade on black mortality, health, and life in the New World; and the racial and cultural consequences of the abolition of slavery. Some of these essays originally appeared in recent issues of Social Science History ; the editors have added new material, along with an introduction placing each essay in the context of current debates. Based on extensive archival research and detailed historical examination, this collection constitutes an important contribution to the study of an issue of enduring significance. It is sure to become a standard reference on the Atlantic slave trade for years to come. Contributors. Ralph A. Austen, Ronald Bailey, William Darity, Jr., Seymour Drescher, Stanley L. Engerman, David Barry Gaspar, Clarence Grim, Brian Higgins, Jan S. Hogendorn, Joseph E. Inikori, Kenneth Kiple, Martin A. Klein, Paul E. Lovejoy, Patrick Manning, Joseph C. Miller, Johannes Postma, Woodruff Smith, Thomas Wilson
A Case Study of Teachers of Gifted Learners: Moving From Prescribed Practice to Described Practitioners

Two exemplary teachers of gifted learners were studied in order to get a better understanding of both teacher practices and teacher thoughts about those practices. Through extensive observation and in-depth interviews, these teachers demonstrated and discussed the qualities they felt to be essential for educating gifted learners. Though each teacher leads a different kind of classroom experience, both assert that (a) teaching gifted learners requires the framing of individualized and whole-group learning simultaneously, and (b) that the path a person takes to become a teacher of gifted learners is important. Equally significant is the way each of these teachers assimilates and combines some of the canonical ideas of gifted education. This kind of study is rare in our literature, but may be invaluable for teachers—pre-service teachers or those already working—who want to hone their skills in working with gifted learners.
Electrochemical detection of methyl nicotinate biomarker using functionalized anodized titania nanotube arrays

Sensing and detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled breath is a possible method for early diagnosis of several pulmonary diseases. The use of solid-state TiO2 nanotube array sensors for VOC sensing applications has been of great interest. In this study, titania nanotubular arrays (TNAs) were synthesized through electrochemical anodization and used for the electrochemical detection of methyl nicotinate biomarker vapor. Functionalization of the TNA with cobalt was found to be necessary for methyl nicotinate detection. Titanium dioxide films synthesized through high temperature oxidation and functionalized with cobalt were also compared with cobalt functionalized TNA. The ordered TNA demonstrated itself to be an effective substrate for cobalt deposition and subsequent biomarker detection over thin titanium dioxide films. Surface analysis of the cobalt functionalized TNA by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies observed cobalt deposits exist as cobalt hydroxide on the surface. Exposure of the sensor surface to methyl nicotinate vapor results in the reduction of cobalt hydroxide to cobalt metal on the surface. Two mechanisms have been proposed to describe the binding of the nicotinate biomarker to cobalt functionalized TNA consistent with the XPS studies and band theory.
Can human behavior be modified

Human behavior is constantly being modified, though not as rapidly or always in the direction that health professionals might wish. In cancer prevention and detection programs, human behavior is modified by several common interrelated methods: the mass media; face-to-face communication; risk-minimization measures; economic forces; and the enactment of laws and regulations. Information and education are the preferred methods and have over a period of time achieved encouraging results. Future emphasis should focus on improving communication skills of health professionals, especially physicians; the promotion of hospital health education programs; and the support of more effective school health education programs. Health professionals have responsibilities for public information and education programs. They should keep the public informed about the latest scientific advances while guarding against oversimplifying scientific facts than can be misinterpreted. They must be aggressive in the battle against cancer quackery, and they must keep abreast of the self-care and self-help movements, supporting those that contribute to cancer prevention and detection. Cancer 47:1221–1225, 1981.
Electron microscope researches on the ultrastructure of nucleoli in animal tissues.

On the basis of electron microscopy of nucleoli in various physiological stages of similar and different cells, it is assumed that the nucleolonemata appear for the first time in the pre-mitotic stage and subsequently the nucleolus-associated body makes its appearance.
On the de Rham theory of certain classifying spaces

In this thesis, H. Shulman proved the vanishing phenomena for characteristic classes of foliations without the usual geometric constructions of connections, curvature, etc. In this note, we present a setting for this, which was noted independently by the senior authors about two years ago. Since that time, this subject has grown considerably, so that our account here is to a large extent anachronistic. In particular, the work of Kamber and Tondeur, who combine simplicial and curvature techniques but avoid classifying spaces, as well as the work of Vey, Bott, Haefliger and others has progressed far beyond the results outlined here. Nevertheless, our ideas are on the one hand very simple, but on the other, involve technicalities that have been resolved only recently, that a short account at this time still seems worthwhile. The basic concept, which has been in the air for quite some time, and notably in the work of Deligne on mixed Hodge structures, is that the de Rham theory can be profitably employed as a tool for studying certain nonmanifolds, namely, those that are obtained as the geometric realization of a simplicial manifold.
Extracellular matrix protein lumican promotes clearance and resolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in a mouse model.

Lumican is an extracellular protein that associates with CD14 on the surface of macrophages and neutrophils, and promotes CD14-TLR4 mediated response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Lumican-deficient (Lum−/−) mice and macrophages are impaired in TLR4 signals; raising the possibility that lumican may regulate host response to live bacterial infections. In a recent study we showed that in vitro Lum−/− macrophages are impaired in phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria and in a lung infection model the Lum−/− mice showed poor survival. The cornea is an immune privileged barrier tissue that relies primarily on innate immunity to protect against ocular infections. Lumican is a major component of the cornea, yet its role in counteracting live bacteria in the cornea remains poorly understood. Here we investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the cornea in Lum−/− mice. By flow cytometry we found that 24 hours after infection macrophage and neutrophil counts were lower in the cornea of Lum−/− mice compared to wild types. Infected Lum−/− corneas showed lower levels of the leukocyte chemoattractant CXCL1 by 24–48 hours of infection, and increased bacterial counts up to 5 days after infection, compared to Lum+/− mice. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was comparably low 24 hours after infection, but significantly higher in the Lum−/− compared to Lum+/− infected corneas by 2–5 days after infection. Taken together, the results indicate that lumican facilitates development of an innate immune response at the earlier stages of infection and lumican deficiency leads to poor bacterial clearance and resolution of corneal inflammation at a later stage.
Defending the Indefensible A Critique and Analysis of Psycholegal Defense Arguments of Hate Crime Perpetrators

Hate crimes are a recently defined special class of violence or threat of violence to a person, property, and/or community. These crimes include a prominent symbolic component that affects a class of victimized parties, and provides an understanding of the motives of the perpetrator. Given the critical importance of intent in committing a hate crime, it is not surprising that defense attorneys have sought out counterarguments based on psychological theory to limit the perpetrator's culpability and achieve leniency. These defense strategies are considered in terms of their veracity vis-a-vis available behavioral research. The implications of these defense strategies are considered in terms of how psychological research may be employed in prosecution and pre-sentencing decision making concerning perpetrator placement.
The subunit characterization of Callinectes sapidus hemocyanin.

Abstract Hemocyanin from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus , sediments at 25.7 S and has a native molecular weight of 940 000 ± 20 000. Under solution conditions of increased pH (≈ 10) or ionic strength, the native molecule dissociates to a 17 S species. Reversal of this dissociation was unsuccessful. At pH 10 and with the removal of Mg 2+ , the 17 S species reversibly dissociates to form a subunit species which sediments at 6 S. A comparison of the circular dichroic spectra of the 25.7 S and 6 S hemocyanins suggests that little happens to the structural integrity of the polypeptide backbone upon the two dissociations. Molecular weight estimations under reducing and denaturing conditions indicate that the 6 S hemocyanin species represents the constituent polypeptide chain of the protein molecule. Chemical analysis suggests the presence of a small amount,
Formant discrimination in noise for isolated vowels.

Formant discrimination for isolated vowels presented in noise was investigated for normal-hearing listeners. Discrimination thresholds for F1 and F2, for the seven American English vowels /i, ɪ, ɛ, ae, ʌ, a, u/, were measured under two types of noise, long-term speech-shaped noise (LTSS) and multitalker babble, and also under quiet listening conditions. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) varied from −4 to +4 dB in steps of 2 dB. All three factors, formant frequency, signal-to-noise ratio, and noise type, had significant effects on vowel formant discrimination. Significant interactions among the three factors showed that threshold-frequency functions depended on SNR and noise type. The thresholds at the lowest levels of SNR were highly elevated by a factor of about 3 compared to those in quiet. The masking functions (threshold vs SNR) were well described by a negative exponential over F1 and F2 for both LTSS and babble noise. Speech-shaped noise was a slightly more effective masker than multitalker babble, presum...
SMGWS 2: improved microcomputer-based three-dimensional stereoscopic macromolecular graphics display.

SMGWS 2 draws pairs of space-filling images using the 1024×780 pixel 256 color IBM 8514A minitor. These are fused by a simple mirror system to provide a realistic 3-D effect. The size, viewing angle and coloring of the macromolecular model can be controlled by the user. Special coding techniques are used to permit very fast rotation and rescaling
A new surgery for congenital nystagmus: effects of tenotomy on an achiasmatic canine and the role of extraocular proprioception.

Abstract Purpose: Human eye-movement recordings have documented that surgical treatment of congenital nystagmus (CN) also produces a broadening of the null zone and changes in foveation that allow increased acuity. We used the achiasmatic Belgian sheepdog, a spontaneously occurring animal model of human CN and see-saw nystagmus (SSN), to test the hypothesis that changes induced by surgical interruption of the extraocular muscle afference without a change in muscle-length tension could damp both oscillations. Methods: An achiasmatic dog with CN and SSN underwent videotaping and infrared oculography in a sling apparatus and head restraints before and after all extraocular muscles (stage 1: 4 horizontal rectus muscles and stage 2 [4 months later]: 4 vertical rectus muscles and 4 oblique muscles) were surgically tenotomized and immediately reattached at their original insertions. Results: The dog had immediate and persistent visible, behavioral, and oculographic changes after each stage of this new procedure. These included damped CN and SSN, increased ability to maintain fixation, and increased periods of maintaining the target image on the area centralis over a broad range of gaze angles. Conclusions: Severing and reattaching the tendons of the extraocular muscles affect some as-yet-unknown combination of central nervous system processes producing the above results. This new procedure may prove effective in patients with CN with either no null, a null at primary position, or a time-varying null (due to asymmetric, (a)periodic, alternating nystagmus). We infer from our results in an achiasmatic dog that tenotomy is the probable cause of the damping documented in human CN after Anderson-Kestenbaum procedures and should also damp CN and SSN in achiasma in humans. It may also prove useful in acquired nystagmus to reduce oscillopsia. The success of tenotomy in damping nystagmus in this animal suggests that the proprioceptive feedback loop has a more important role in ocular-motor control than has been appreciated. Finally, we propose a modified bimedial recession procedure, on the basis of the damping effects of tenotomy. (J AAPOS 1999;3:166-82)
Smart munition thermal sensor model for evaluating effects of terrain and environment

Current engineering-level smart munition sensor models emphasize sensor/target interactions with detection and aim-point information being the principal outputs. Background is not treated with the same fidelity. False alarm rate is based on captive flight statistics and is not actually simulated. The lack of a means to evaluate effects of background in an end-to-end simulation mode motivated the development of the WES Smart Munition Thermal Sensor Model. The model consists of a generic set of algorithms used to simulate platform dynamics, scanning geometry, and infrared sensor optics and electronics. Thermal target models of a vehicle developed by Georgia Tech Research Institute are instantiated into a background scene consisting of calibrated thermal imagery. Parameters are set to reflect the flight dynamics, scanning, optics and electronics of a specified munition, and the output voltage is processed though an appended target acquisition algorithm. A hypothetical smart munition with a thermal sensor (simple flying spot detector) is configured and flown over high-resolution thermal imagery obtained from selected locations to demonstrate effects of varied terrain and environmental conditions.
Evaluation of fracture toughness of MMC interfaces using thin-slice push-out tests

A fracture mechanics based approach is used to compute residual and interfacial fracture energies of some MMC and CMC systems during push-out tests. The phenomenon of bottom debonding in MMC thin slice specimens is examined using experimental results and strain energy computations. Residual stress predictions are correlated with experimentally reported values. The main contribution to the interfacial fracture toughness in MMCs is found to be from the residual stresses and thus the values of G{sub ic}. This factor is also demonstrated in the push-out test simulations for pre-strained specimens, where in the absence of residual stresses, a far higher push-out load is necessary for the same critical strain energy release rate; consequently no fiber push-out is observed at lower loads. Interface fracture toughnesses for certain typical MMC and CMC systems are predicted using the developed methodology.
Wave packets and Bohmian mechanics in the kicked rotator

Quantum-mechanical kicked-rotator wave packets are studied using Bohmian mechanics and a novel numerical approach. A method for extending the results into the classical regime is developed. A clear physical picture of packet behavior, including a new expression for packet spread times, emerges.
The Relationship between Wisdom and Abstinence Behaviors in Women in Recovery from Substance Abuse

Background and aims: Wisdom is theorized to be an important construct in recovery from substance abuse. In order to explore the role of wisdom in substance abuse recovery behaviors, the present study had two goals. First, it sought to examine the factor structure of a wisdom scale, the Foundational Value Scale (FVS) in a community sample of women in recovery from substance abuse. Second, the study examined how wisdom predicted the women’s beliefs about their ability to abstain from future substance use. Methods: 116 women in recovery from substance abuse disorders were recruited from self-run recovery homes and a substance abuse recovery convention. Results: Results from an exploratory factor analysis indicated that a modified version of the FVS has good internal consistency reliability and is composed of three wisdom-related dimensions. The three factors were then used to create a higher-order wisdom factor in a structural equation model (SEM) that was used to predict abstinence self-efficacy behaviors. ...
The hepatic safety and tolerability of the novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib.

Celecoxib is a cyclooxygenase- (COX)-1-sparing inhibitor of COX-2 that is indicated for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Many agents used for treating these diseases, both symptom-modifying and disease-modifying, are associated with the potential for hepatotoxicity. This art
Inverse photoemission from semiconductors

Abstract Inverse photoemission makes it possible to obtain the complete information about unoccupied electronic states by determining the full set of quantum numbers. This review includes an introduction to the technique, and its applications to semiconductors, insulators and high temperature superconductors. Examples cover the band dispersion of conduction bands and two-dimensional electronic states at surfaces, interfaces and overlayers. A variety of topics can be addressed by inverse photoemission, such as the concepts of quasiparticles and self-energy, the layer-by-layer change in the electronic structure at an interface, and the nature of the hole states that cause high temperature superconductivity.
Concurrent in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope

Abstract An in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope has been developed and is operational at Sandia National Laboratories. This facility permits high spatial resolution, real time observation of electron transparent samples under ion irradiation, implantation, mechanical loading, corrosive environments, and combinations thereof. This includes the simultaneous implantation of low-energy gas ions (0.8–30 keV) during high-energy heavy ion irradiation (0.8–48 MeV). Initial results in polycrystalline gold foils are provided to demonstrate the range of capabilities.
The Impact of State and Trait Anxiety on Performance in an Eyewitness Source Monitoring Task

The current study examined the effects of combinations of state and trait anxiety on a source monitoring eyewitness memory task. Sixty-nine participants either received an anxious mood induction to induce high state anxiety or a neutral mood induction and also responded to a questionnaire that assessed anxiety. Participants were divided into 4 groups (high state, high trait; high state, low trait; low trait, high state; low trait, low state) based on their assigned induction condition and their responses to the anxiety questionnaire. All participants then received a source monitoring task in which they watched a forensically relevant video and received misinformation about the contents of the video via reading a questionnaire. After filler tasks and a positive mood induction which ensured that the anxiety wore off, all participants completed a source monitoring task. Participants who received the anxious mood induction responded more accurately to the source monitoring questions, particularly those about ...
Tracheobronchial anomalies in children with congenital cardiac disease

Objective: To perform preoperative airway evaluations, using radiographic analysis, to review the tracheal anatomy in children with congenital cardiac disease. Design: Prospective. Setting: A university children's hospital. Participants: One hundred patients. Measurements and Main Results: One magnified airway film (high kilovoltage filtered) was performed preoperatively on 100 consecutive children presenting for repair of congenital cardiac disease. Events at intubation, with respect to endotracheal tube size (internal diameter in millimeters) and difficulties with placement of the tube, were recorded. Postoperative morbidity, specifically related to underlying airway anomaly, was documented. Eleven children had positive radiographic findings after review of magnified airway films. Six of 11 patients had evidence of tracheobronchial pathology, and five patients had no tracheal pathology. Difficulties with intubation were noted in two children. No perioperative morbidity was noted in any patient. Conclusion: The use of preoperative magnified airway films for tracheal evaluations in children with cardiac disease should be considered.
Role of Microporosity and Nitrogen Functionality on the Surface of Activated Carbon in the Process of Desulfurization of Digester Gas

Microporous coconut-shell based activated carbon was modified by heating with urea or melamine at 450 and 950 °C. The materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, elemental analysis, and potentiometric titration to obtain detailed information about surface chemistry and texture. Then they were used as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide from digester gas where CO 2 and CH 4 are present in predominant quantities. The experiments were run in dry conditions and with preadsorbed water on the surface. The results revealed the importance of water, which, by its adsorption in small pores, eliminated the adsorption of methane, and thus caused the accessibility of adsorption centers for H 2 S. That water also helps in H 2 S dissociation. The introduction of nitrogen groups, which provide basicity needed for hydrogen sulfide dissociation, enhanced significantly the removal process. Since oxygen is not supplied to the system and only that oxygen which is chemisorbed on the surface can be used, elemental sulfur is a predominant product of surface reaction. The importance of nitrogen is in providing basicity, which is not deactivated by the presence of CO 2 in the challenge gas.
Gas phase radiolysis of CF3I-CH3I mixtures

The gas phase radiolysis of equimolar mixtures of methyl iodide and trifluoromethyl iodide was studied at 200 torr (26.7 kPa) pressure both pure and with 10% added oxygen. For the pure system 21 products were identified and their yields measured. The major products and their G-values are: HI, 1.56; HF, 1.04; I2, 0.76; H2, 0.42; CH4, 0.35; C2H6, 0.25; CF3H, 0.34; CH2I2, 3.08; and C2F4I2, 0.26. Minor products include CF4, C2F6, C2F4, C2H4, C2H2, C2H2F2, CH3CF3, C2F3H, C2F2HI, C2F3I, C2F5I and C2H2F3I. The addition of 10% oxygen reduced the products significantly except that the C2H4, CHF3 and I2 yields were enhanced. Although ionic pathways contribute to formation of some products, rupture of the weak C-I bond in both reactants is of major importance in this system. Attack of the resulting CF3⋅ and CH3⋅ radicals on substrate (especially CH3I) via abstraction and displacement reactions accounts for most of the major product yields. The overall yield for decomposition of CH3I during radiolysis of the mixtures exceeds the yield for decomposition of CF3I by a factor of nearly three.
Perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange (PAGE): gas ventilation of the perfluorocarbon filled lung.

Background: Throughout most of the second half of this century, progress in respiratory life support was dominated by modernization of the mechanical ventilator. We have now entered an era in which the fundamental physiology of lung function can be manipulated to improve lung performance in hope of reducing morbidity and mortality and thereby decreasing the cost of intensive care. Main Findings: Despite its almost alien technology, perfluorocar-bon tidal liquid breathing is an effective means to support respiration in normal and surfactant deficient lungs. A second, technique, perfluorocarbon associated gas exchange (PAGE), has recently been shown effective in normal lungs and in several animal models of lung disease. Both techniques appear to improve pulmonary function when pulmonary surface tension is elevated. Conclusions: PAGE improves lung function and poses opportunities to reduce pulmonary morbidity and diminish the cost of intensive care.
Mental Disorders, Comorbidity, and Pre-enlistment Suicidal Behavior Among New Soldiers in the U.S. Army: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).

We examined the associations between mental disorders and suicidal behavior (ideation, plans, and attempts) among new soldiers using data from the New Soldier Study (NSS) component of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS; N = 38,507). Most new soldiers with a pre-enlistment history of suicide attempt reported a prior mental disorder (59.0%). Each disorder examined was associated with increased odds of suicidal behavior (ORs = 2.6-8.6). Only PTSD and disorders characterized by irritability and impulsive/aggressive behavior (i.e., bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) predicted unplanned attempts among ideators. Mental disorders are important predictors of pre-enlistment suicidal behavior among new soldiers and should figure prominently in suicide screening and prevention efforts.
Coherent alloy phase separation: Differences in canonical and grand canonical ensembles

Coherency stresses affect the stability of lattice-mismatched alloys that phase separate. In order to understand the effect of coherency on semiconductor alloys such as ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$P, we have studied a microscopic model of an ${\mathrm{A}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ alloy on a square lattice. It is assumed that the energy of an alloy bond has two parts. The first depends only on the identity of the atoms the bond joins; this leads to nearest-neighbor couplings in the alloy Hamiltonian. The second is the bond's elastic energy. Most alloy bonds are stretched to accommodate the different natural lengths of A-A and B-B bonds. The energy of this distortion is modeled by a Keating-type potential. With the Monte Carlo technique, we numerically investigate the alloy's statistical mechanics in the canonical and constant-pressure grand canonical ensembles. Because of the coherency stresses, these two ensembles are physically inequivalent. The canonical ensemble, corresponding physically to an isolated coherent ${\mathrm{A}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ alloy, yields Ising universality. The constant-pressure grand canonical ensemble, corresponding physically to a coherent ${\mathrm{A}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ alloy in contact with a fluid of A and B materials, yields mean-field universality and a higher critical temperature.
Relationship of polychlorinated biphenyls with type 2 diabetes and hypertension

Diabetes and hypertension are important contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Both of these conditions are caused by some combination of genetic and environmental factors which may include exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Studies have shown an association between elevated serum PCBs and the metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Cross-sectional studies have shown associations between diabetes or hypertension and certain PCB congeners or classes, while those same studies show no association between diabetes or hypertension and several other PCB congeners. In animal and human cell studies, various PCBs and dioxins appear to alter glucose and insulin metabolism. These studies specifically show effects on the glucose transporter (GLUT-4) gene and protein; insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1); nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB); tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); and insulin production. There are a few longitudinal studies examining the association of diabetes or hypertension and PCBs with no consensus conclusion. Some longitudinal studies have found there to be an association, others have not and a gender difference has also been noted. Prospective studies are needed to determine if PCBs and other POPs contribute to development of diabetes and hypertension.
Recovery of function after brain damage: Different processes and the facilitation of one

The research reported here was concerned with the role of learning in recovery of function after brain damage. Three experiments were carried out. All of the experiments involved hooded rats trained in a two-choice brightness discrimination when treated with the RNA antimetabolite 8-azaguanine. In normal rats, this drug severely interferes with the acquisition of learned behaviors but not the performance of previously learned behaviors. The first experiment of the present series tested whether this finding was also true for rats required to learn a brightness discrimination without their visual neocortices. The results replicated what was found with normal rats—acquisition was impaired but performance was not. The second experiment investigated the effects of 8-azaguanine on the recovery of a preoperatively acquired brightness discrimination following posterior decortication. The prediction was that if learning was involved in the recovery process, then recovery under the influence of 8-azaguanine should be impaired. However, contrary to this prediction, the recovery process was actually facilitated when the animals were treated with 8-azaguanine. The third experiment tested whether the facilitation found in Experiment 2 was some general facilitation of recovery of function or specifically related to the disruption of learning by 8-azaguanine. The procedure involved testing for recovery of a preopoperative brightness discrimination under conditions where it was reasonable to conclude that the recovery process was a relearning process. In this situation, the drug 8-azaguanine impaired recovery of function. On the basis of these data, we suggest that postoperative learning can interfere retroactively with the reinstatement of spared neural mechanisms when these neural mechanisms are effective in the recovery process.
Space charge solution of Rittner photoconductor equation for a HgCdTe detector

Abstract The steady-state charge continuity equations are linearized to derive a space charge field that accompanies the ambipolar diffusion and drift described by the Rittner equation. The space charge field is evaluated for a typical 14.2 μm cutoff wavelength HgCdTe detector operating at 85 K. It is found that the space charge density is ∼10−5 times the hole and electron population density generated by photon flux. This corroborates that Rittner's equation gives an accurate solution for the hole and electron densities. But, at relatively high photon flux levels that are found in some Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite instrument channels, the small average space charge field can have a noticable effect on the linearity of detector response. Divergence of electric field terms in the continuity equations, which are absent from the Rittner equation, can also contribute a non-linearity to detector response.
Polymer Electrolyte Photoelectrochemical Cells with Involatile Plasticizers: I. The n ­ Si / I − / I 2 Cell

We report results for a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell based on n-Si-Pt/plasticized polymer electrolyte (with dissolved iodine/ iodide redox couple) All elements except the electrolyte are kept the same as in earlier cells with hare (and platinized) silicon but dry polymer electrolyte, in order to separate out the electrolyte plasticization effect. The study is a precursor to a detailed study of novel electrolyte-containing PECs to be reported in a separate article. In the present study, the plasticizer is tetramethylene sulfone, and its incorporation is shown to increase the short circuit current by a factor of 44, Changes in iodide concentration produce an additional improvement. Effects of light intensity on photovoltage and photocurrent are reported. Short circuit photocurrents as high as 7 mA/cm 2 (vs. 17 mA/cm 2 with more appropriate redox couples) can he reached at I sun incident light intensity, without recourse to special coatings on the silicon photoanode. Factors affecting the efficiency of energy conversion are discussed.
What Makes a Paper Influential and Frequently Cited

Social trends that raised the value of esoteric expertise, stimulated the creation of knowledge-intensive firms and so created an opportunity to study some organizations that academics had overlooked. A lack of presuppositions, a useful research method, and thoughtful experts in these firms helped to uncover some surprising behaviours. The resulting paper attracted citations and may have stimulated research about knowledge as a business resource and a managerial challenge. However, the topic continues to pose questions for further research.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Pediatric Patients: Clear-Cut Differences From Adult Patients

Unlike the situation in adults, primary hyperparathyroidism is a rare condition in childhood.1 Until newer generations of parathyroid hormone assays became available in the mid-1980s, this diagnosis was almost unknown. The newer and more specific assays permit a more secure diagnosis of this endocrine disorder during childhood1–3 and are of particular value … Reprint requests to (R.W.C.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N Dunlop, Memphis, TN 38103. E-mail: rchesney{at}utmem.edu