cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of human observation for discrimination and feature identification of targets measured by the NIITEK ground-penetrating radar

Recently, blind tests of several automated detection algorithms operating on the NIITEK ground penetrating radar data (GPR) have resulted in quite promising performance results. Anecdotally, human observers have also shown notable skill in detecting landmines and rejecting false alarms in this same data; however, the basis of human performance has not been studied in depth. In this study, human observers are recruited from the undergraduate and graduate student population at Duke University and are trained to visually detect landmines in the NIITEK GPR data. Subjects are then presented with GPR responses associated with blanks, clutter items (including emplaced clutter), and landmines in a blind test scenario. Subjects are asked to make the decision as to whether they are viewing a landmine response or a false alarm, and their performance is scored. A variety of landmines, measured at several test sites, are presented to determine the relative difficulty in detecting each mine type. Subject performance is compared to the performance of two automated algorithms already under development for the NIITEK radar system: LMS and FROSAW. In addition, subjects are given a subset of features for each alarm from which they may indicate the reason behind their decision. These last data may provide a basis for the design of an automated algorithm that takes advantage of the most useful of the observed features.
Material point method applied to multiphase flows

The particle-in-cell method (PIC), especially the latest version of it, the material point method (MPM), has shown significant advantage over the pure Lagrangian method or the pure Eulerian method in numerical simulations of problems involving large deformations. It avoids the mesh distortion and tangling issues associated with Lagrangian methods and the advection errors associated with Eulerian methods. Its application to multiphase flows or multi-material deformations, however, encounters a numerical difficulty of satisfying continuity requirement due to the inconsistence of the interpolation schemes used for different phases. It is shown in Section 3 that current methods of enforcing this requirement either leads to erroneous results or can cause significant accumulation of errors. In the present paper, a different numerical method is introduced to ensure that the continuity requirement is satisfied with an error consistent with the discretization error and will not grow beyond that during the time advancement in the calculation. This method is independent of physical models. Its numerical implementation is quite similar to the common method used in Eulerian calculations of multiphase flows. Examples calculated using this method are presented.
Hot spot detection for indecomposable self-aligned double patterning layout

Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) lithography is a novel lithography technology which has the capability to define critical dimension (CD) using one single exposure, therefore holding a great opportunity for the next generation lithography process for the overlay mitigation. However, a necessary design manufacturing co-optimization step - the non-decomposability position detection (hot spot detection) - is still immature. In this paper, targeting the hot spot detection difficulties in SADP process, we first revisit out previous ILP-based SADP decomposition algorithm and provide an extended ILP-based hot spot detection without any preconditions on the design. Then, with some simple requirement that is commonly seen in 2D random layout, we further provided a graph based hot spot detection for an efficient hot spot detection. From the Nangate standard cell library, our experiment validates the hot spot detection process and demonstrates an SADP friendly design tyle is necessary for the upcoming 14nm technology node.
Kinetic Element Effect for Atropisomerization of an Organometallic Complex of the Misdirected Ligand 1,1‘-Biisoquinoline†

The quinoline moieties of the metal-bound η2-1,1‘-biisoquinoline ligand of (η6-benzene)(δ/λ-1,1‘-biisoquinoline)halometal(II) hexafluorophosphate (metal = ruthenium, osmium; halo = chloro, iodo; 1(M = Ru, Os; X = Cl, I)) are stereotopic. The rates of atropisomerization of the δ/λ-1,1‘-biisoquinoline ligand, measured by spin-labeling NMR methods, indicate the energy barrier is higher for 1(Ru) than 1(Os); e.g., ΔH⧧[1(M = Ru, X = Cl)] = 77.3(2) and ΔH⧧[1(M = Os, X = Cl)] = 71.2(2) kJ mol-1. Since the crystal structures of 1(M = Ru, X = Cl) and 1(M = Os, X = Cl) reveal comparable metric parameters, steric factors associated with atropisomerization of the 1,1‘-biisoquinoline ligand, essentially the deformation of the 1,1‘-binaphthylene skeleton that is necessary to pass H8 and H8‘ past one another, are presumably equivalent for the Ru and Os derivatives. Assuming that normal bond energies are greater for the third-row transition metal than for second-row transition metals, we conclude the difference in reacti...
Receptor regulation of phosphoinositidase C

Numerous hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors regulate intracellular events by acting at cell surface receptors which are coupled to the generation of inositol phospholipid-derived intracellular messengers. Receptors trigger the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids by activating phosphoinositidase C (PIC) enzymes. At least four families of genes encode structurally distinct PIC enzymes and it is likely that distinct PIC isoenzymes participate in different pathways of signal transduction. Two different modes of receptor regulation have been identified and these involve distinct PIC isoenzymes. In the first of these, PIC-gamma is a substrate for growth factor receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. The second of these pathways involves PIC-beta plus other isoenzymes whose activities are regulated by G proteins in response to agonist binding to G protein-linked receptors. At least two types of G proteins regulate PIC activity and each may control the activity of different PIC isoenzymes.
Chondrodysplasia punctata, humero-metacarpal type: a second case.

We report on a boy with symmetrical rhizomelic shortness of the upper limbs and punctate epiphyseal calcifications noted at birth. Radiographs documented short and wide humeri, symmetrical brachymetacarpy, coronal clefts of the veretebrae, and punctate calcifications in the spine, sacrum, shoulder, feet, and trachea. Borochowitz [1991] described a similar patient with an apparently new syndrome of chondrodysplasia punctata (CP), distinct from previously described forms. He suggested the term “chondrodysplasia punctata, humero-metacarpal (HM)” type. We present our patient as a second case of this form of CP. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimation of Cauchy Data for a First-Order Nonlinear Hyperbolic Equation

Let Sz be an open interval in Iw. We study the Cauchy problem 24, + uu, + au = 4(x, t) in Szx (0, t) u(x, 0) = UJX). (1.1) Equation (1.1) may be viewed as a model of a one-dimensional flow in which the constant a > 0 represents a friction term, 4 a forcing term related to a pressure gradient, uO(x) the initial velocity at point x, and u(x, t) the velocity of fluid at the point x and at time t [S]. It is well known (cf. [ll]) that ( 1.1) is associated with an initial value problem for the system of ordinary differential equations dx x = 2, x(0,5)= 5 dz (1.2) z = --az + 4(x, C), m 5) = &l(5) called the characteristic equations for ( 1.1). We study the following problems for (1.1). Suppose that M observations {zk}kM, I at positions {xk}fz, are given at time to. We wish to estimate the initial condition u,, from among an admissible set Qad of initial conditions. Roughly, our approach is to first solve the characteristic equations with the data as initial conditions backward to t = 0. That is, solve dx x = z,
Rescattering effects on intensity interferometry

We derive a general formula for the correlation function of two identical particles with the inclusion of multiple elastic scatterings in the medium in which the two particles are produced. This formula involves the propagator of the particle in the medium. As an illustration of the effect we apply the formula to the special case where the scatterers are static, localized two-body potentials. In this illustration both R{sub side}{sup 2} and R{sub out}{sup 2} are increased by an amount proportional to the square of the spatial density of scatterers and to the differential cross section. Specific numbers are used to show the expected magnitude of the rescattering effect on kaon interferometry.
STUDIES ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE MAMMALIAN TESTIS I. DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SPERMATIDS IN THE CAT (FELIS DOMESTICA)

The differentiation of cat spermatids was studied in thin sections examined with the electron microscope. The Golgi complex of the spermatid consists of a central aggregation of minute vacuoles, partially surrounded by a lamellar arrangement of flattened vesicles. In the formation of the acrosome, one or more moderately dense homogeneous granules arise within vacuoles of the Golgi complex. The coalescence of these vacuoles and their contained granules gives rise to a single acrosomal granule within a sizable membrane-limited vacuole, termed the acrosomal vesicle. This adheres to the nuclear membrane and later becomes closely applied to the anterior two-thirds of the elongating nucleus to form a closed bilaminar head cap. The substance of the acrosomal granule occupies the narrow cleft between the membranous layers of the cap. The caudal sheath is comprised of many straight filaments extending backward from a ring which encircles the nucleus at the posterior margin of the head cap. Attention is directed to the frequent occurrence of pairs of spermatids joined by a protoplasmic bridge and the origin and possible significance of this relationship are discussed.
Flow asymmetry and nucleation stresses of {101¯2} twinning and non-basal slip in magnesium

Abstract Non-Schmid phenomena leading to yield asymmetry are known to occur in BCC metals and intermetallic compounds due to complex mechanisms such as those related to the three-dimensional core of screw dislocations, and their resulting cross slip activities sensitive to non-Schmid stresses. In this study, we identify and discuss a flow asymmetry due to a possible dependence of { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } twinning and non-basal slip critical resolved shear stresses. Both crystal plasticity simulations and EBSD serial imaging analyses, where an identical region is analyzed at various strain levels, suggested that these non-Schmid effects correlate with the effect of mantle plasticity, which is sensitive to the stress sign and initial texture. It was deduced from EBSD serial imaging analyses that low misoriented grain boundaries underwent a substantially higher nucleation and growth rates of twinning than highly misoriented grain boundaries. Conventional crystal plasticity based on a pseudo-slip approach for twinning was unable to capture these mantle-induced grain boundary effects related to the magnesium tension–compression asymmetry.
Applications of semidefinite programming

Abstract A wide variety of nonlinear convex optimization problems can be cast as problems involving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), and hence efficiently solved using recently developed interior-point methods. In this paper, we will consider two classes of optimization problems with LMI constraints: 1. (1) The semidefinite programming problem, i.e., the problem of minimizing a linear function subject to a linear matrix inequality. Semidefinite programming is an important numerical tool for analysis and synthesis in systems and control theory. It has also been recognized in combinatorial optimization as a valuable technique for obtaining bounds on the solution of NP-hard problems. 2. (2) The problem of maximizing the determinant of a positive definite matrix subject to linear matrix inequalities. This problem has applications in computational geometry, experiment design, information and communication theory, and other fields. We review some of these applications, including some interesting applications that are less well known and arise in statistics, optimal experiment design and VLSI.
Use of intravenous cosyntropin in the treatment of postdural puncture headache.

POSTDURAL puncture headache (PDPH) is a complication of spinal anesthesia and unintentional dural puncture during attempted epidural anesthesia. We describe a case of PDPH after unsuccessful epidural placement, followed by successful combined spinal- epidural placement. Conventional treatment of PDPH failed. Successful treatment was obtained by administering intravenous cosyntropin, a synthetic form of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Agreement among optometrists, ophthalmologists, and residents in evaluating the optic disc for glaucoma.

Purpose: To determine the agreement among optometrists, ophthalmologists, and ophthalmology residents in assessing glaucomatous optic nerve damage. The authors also determined the sensitivity of each group of observers for identifying glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Methods: Six optometrists, six general ophthalmologists, and six third-year ophthalmology residents evaluated 75 stereoscopic optic disc photographs. Observers estimated the vertical cup:disc ratio (C:D) and assessed the presence of glaucomatous damage. Agreement among and within observers was estimated by the kappa statistic (K w , k ) . The sensitivity and specificity for the identification of glaucomatous optic nerve damage were determined for each group of participants. Results: lntraobserver agreement (K w 0.69-0.79) was greater than interobserver agreement (K w 0.56-0.68) in assessing the C:D ratio and glaucomatous optic nerve damage for optometrists, ophthalmologists, and residents. Interobserver agreement for ophthalmologists (K w 0.68) was substantial and significantly higher than for optometrists (K w 0.56) and residents (K w 0.56) when estimating the C:D ratio. Ophthalmologists and residents had higher sensitivity (78%) in identifying glaucomatous optic nerve damage than did optometrists (56%). The specificity for all three groups was relatively poor (range, 47%-60%). Conclusion: The moderate interobserver agreement across all three groups of observers suggests the need to develop standardized criteria for assessing glaucomatous optic disc damage. Ophthalmologists in this study have a higher interobserver agreement in estimating the C:D ratio and are more sensitive than optometrists in assessing glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
A thermodynamic frame work for rate type fluid models

Abstract In this paper, we develop a thermodynamic approach for modeling a class of viscoelastic fluids based on the notion of an `evolving natural configuration'. The material has a family of elastic (or non-dissipative) responses governed by a stored energy function that is parametrized by the `natural configurations'. Changes in the current natural configuration result in dissipative behavior that is determined by a rate of dissipation function. Specifically, we assume that the material possesses an infinity of possible natural (or stress-free) configurations. The way in which the current natural configuration changes is determined by a `maximum rate of dissipation' criterion subject to the constraint that the difference between the stress power and the rate of change of the stored energy is equal to the rate of dissipation. By choosing different forms for the stored energy function ψ and the rate of dissipation function ξ, a whole plethora of energetically consistent rate type models can be developed. We show that the choice of a neo-Hookean type stored energy function and a rate of dissipation function that is quadratic, leads to a Maxwell-like fluid response. By using this procedure with a different choice for the rate of dissipation, we also derive a model that is similar to the Oldroyd-B model. We also discuss several limiting cases, including the limit of small elastic strains, but arbitrarily large total strains, which leads to the classical upper convected Maxwell model as well as the Oldroyd-B model.
Simple CPR: A randomized, controlled trial of video self-instructional cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in an African American church congregation.

Abstract Study objective: Despite the proven efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), only a small fraction of the population knows how to perform it. As a result, rates of bystander CPR and rates of survival from cardiac arrest are low. Bystander CPR is particularly uncommon in the African American community. Successful development of a simplified approach to CPR training could boost rates of bystander CPR and save lives. We conducted the following randomized, controlled study to determine whether video self-instruction (VSI) in CPR results in comparable or better performance than traditional CPR training. Methods: This randomized, controlled trial was conducted among congregational volunteers in an African American church in Atlanta, GA. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 34 minutes of VSI or the 4-hour American Heart Association "Heartsaver" CPR course. Two months after training, blinded observers used explicit criteria to assess CPR performance in a simulated cardiac arrest setting. A recording manikin was used to measure ventilation and chest compression characteristics. Participants also completed a written test of CPR-related knowledge and attitudes. Results: VSI trainees displayed a comparable level of performance to that achieved by traditional trainees. Observers scored 40% of VSI trainees competent or better in performing CPR, compared with only 16% of traditional trainees (absolute difference 24%, 95% confidence interval 8% to 40%). Data from the recording manikin confirmed these observations. VSI trainees and traditional trainees achieved comparable scores on tests of CPR-related knowledge and attitudes. Conclusion: Thirty-four minutes of VSI can produce CPR of comparable quality to that achieved by traditional training methods. VSI provides a simple, quick, consistent, and inexpensive alternative to traditional CPR instruction, and may be used to extend CPR training to historically underserved populations. [Todd KH, Heron SL, Thompson M, Dennis R, O'Connor J, Kellermann AL: Simple CPR: A randomized, controlled trial of video self-instructional cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in an African American church congregation. Ann Emerg Med December 1999;34:730-737.]
Antioxidant behaviour of caffeine: efficient scavenging of hydroxyl radicals.

Considerable controversy exists in the literature regarding the toxicity of coffee, including its possible carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This study reports on the reaction of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (caffeine) with the hydroxyl radical (.OH), as investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping. The .OH was generated by the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2) as well as by the reaction of chromium(V) with H2O2. The results show that caffeine effectively scavenges .OH with a reaction rate constant of approximately 5.9 x 10(9) M-1 sec-1 that is comparable with those of other efficient .OH radical scavengers. ESR measurements provide evidence that a caffeine-derived oxygen-centred radical is formed in the reaction of caffeine with .OH and suggest a biochemical basis for the understanding of the reported anticarcinogenic properties of caffeine and related methylxanthine compounds.
Should Fine Arts Be Required for High School Graduation

Ignorance of the ideas and cultural values transmitted through the arts makes people ill prepared for citizenship and diminishes the quality of their lives, says this writer.
US-South Asian relations, 1940-47: American attitudes toward the Pakistan movement

Based on archival material in the United States, United Kingdom and Pakistan, the book addresses itself to the very foundations of patterns in relations which were to permeate post-1947 United States-Pakistan bilateralism. The independence of the South Asian sub-continent and the emergence of the United States as the global power coincided in the late 1940s. The traditional American geo-political isolation extended over numerous decades - with some brief interludes - was now replaced with an ever-increasing involvement in world affairs. During this very decisive decade, the Indian Muslims has already chalked out a political creed under the leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876-1948). The All-India Muslim League (ALM) had matured into the Pakistan Movement as the second largest mass-based organization after the Indian National Congress (INC) which to many contemporary Muslims, was a predominantly Hindu party within the British India. Due to the American entry into World War II, the sub-continent assumed a more geo-strategic vitality for the Allies, whereas with the declaration of the Atlantic Charter, South Asian nationalists in their ordeal looked toward the United States Government with a multiplied eagerness expecting a more assertive stance on their behalf vis-a-vis the British Government.
Aldehydes in hydrothermal solution: Standard partial molal thermodynamic properties and relative stabilities at high temperatures and pressures

Aldehydes are common in a variety of geologic environments and are derived from a number of sources, both natural and anthropogenic. Experimental data for aqueous aldehydes were taken from the literature and used, along with parameters for the revised Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) equations of state, to estimate standard partial molal thermodynamic data for aqueous straight-chain alkyl aldehydes at high temperatures and pressures. Examples of calculations involving aldehydes in geological environments are given, and the stability of aldehydes relative to carboxylic acids is evaluated. These calculations indicate that aldehydes may be intermediates in the formation of carboxylic acids from hydrocarbons in sedimentary basin brines and hydrothermal systems like they are in the atmosphere. The data and parameters summarized here allow evaluation of the role of aldehydes in the formation of prebiotic precursors, such as amino acids and hydroxy acids on the early Earth and in carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies.
Residual stress characterization of Al/SiC nanoscale multilayers using X-ray synchrotron radiation

Abstract Nanolayered composites are used in a variety of applications such as wear resistant coatings, thermal barrier coatings, optical and magnetic thin films, and biological coatings. Residual stresses produced in these materials during processing play an important role in controlling their microstructure and properties. In this paper, we have studied the residual stresses in model metal-ceramic Al/SiC nanoscale multilayers produced by physical vapor deposition (magnetron sputtering). X-ray synchrotron radiation was used to measure stresses in the multilayers using the sin 2 Ψ technique. The stresses were evaluated as a function of layer thicknesses of Al and SiC and also as a function of the number of layers. The stress state of Al in the multilayer was largely compressive, compared to single layer Al stresses. This is attributed to a peening mechanism due to bombardment of the Al layers by SiC and Ar neutrals during deposition. The stress evolution was numerically modeled by a simplified peening process to qualitatively explain the Al thickness-dependent residual stresses.
Quantum-based atomistic simulation of materials properties in transition metals

We present an overview of recent work on quantum-based atomistic simulation of materials properties in transition metals performed in the Metals and Alloys Group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Central to much of this effort has been the development, from fundamental quantum mechanics, of robust many-body interatomic potentials for bcc transition metals via model generalized pseudopotential theory (MGPT), providing close linkage between ab?initio electronic-structure calculations and large-scale static and dynamic atomistic simulations. In the case of tantalum (Ta), accurate MGPT potentials have been so obtained that are applicable to structural, thermodynamic, defect, and mechanical properties over wide ranges of pressure and temperature. Successful application areas discussed include structural phase stability, equation of state, melting, rapid resolidification, high-pressure elastic moduli, ideal shear strength, vacancy and self-interstitial formation and migration, grain-boundary atomic structure, and dislocation core structure and mobility. A number of the simulated properties allow detailed validation of the Ta potentials through comparisons with experiment and/or parallel electronic-structure calculations. Elastic and dislocation properties provide direct input into higher-length-scale multiscale simulations of plasticity and strength. Corresponding effort has also been initiated on the multiscale materials modelling of fracture and failure. Here large-scale atomistic simulations and novel real-time characterization techniques are being used to study void nucleation, growth, interaction, and coalescence in series-end fcc transition metals. We have so investigated the microscopic mechanisms of void nucleation in polycrystalline copper (Cu), and void growth in single-crystal and polycrystalline Cu, undergoing triaxial expansion at a large, constant strain rate - a process central to the initial phase of dynamic fracture. The influence of pre-existing microstructure on the void growth has been characterized both for nucleation and for growth, and these processes are found to be in agreement with the general features of void distributions observed in experiment. We have also examined some of the microscopic mechanisms of plasticity associated with void growth.
Stabilities of Substituted Oxametallacycle Intermediates: Implications for Regioselectivity of Epoxide Ring Opening and Olefin Epoxidation

Total energy density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the relative stabilities of methyl substituted isomers of oxametallacycle intermediates potentially formed duri...
In vivo Studies with Fluoroprolines

IN view of a report1 of in vitro studies with cis- and trans-4-fluoro-L-proline, we wish to present an account of an investigation of in vivo effects of these compounds.
A PC-based test bed for NG IPS for ships in PSCAD™

In this paper, the computer modeling of a next generation integrated power system (NG IPS) for ships using a commercially available power system simulation software called PSCAD, Power System Computer Aided Design, was discussed. Both medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) levels were modeled in detail. Moreover, cable lengths were determined by ship dimension and load location, and different paths for LV vital loads were incorporated. Control strategies for generators, propulsion motors as well as all power converters were implemented. Case studies showed the transient responses of power variations of the propulsion motor as well as supply path changes to LV vital loads. This test bed allows advanced system studies at the component and system level.
Phase Resetting Curves Allow for Simple and Accurate Prediction of Robust N:1 Phase Locking for Strongly Coupled Neural Oscillators

Existence and stability criteria for harmonic locking modes were derived for two reciprocally pulse coupled oscillators based on their first and second order phase resetting curves. Our theoretical methods are general in the sense that no assumptions about the strength of coupling, type of synaptic coupling, and model are made. These methods were then tested using two reciprocally inhibitory Wang and Buzsaki model neurons. The existence of bands of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1 phase locking in the relative frequency parameter space was predicted correctly, as was the phase of the slow neuron's spike within the cycle of the fast neuron in which it occurred. For weak coupling the bands are very narrow, but strong coupling broadens the bands. The predictions of the pulse coupled method agreed with weak coupling methods in the weak coupling regime, but extended predictability into the strong coupling regime. We show that our prediction method generalizes to pairs of neural oscillators coupled through excitatory synapses, and to networks of multiple oscillatory neurons. The main limitation of the method is the central assumption that the effect of each input dies out before the next input is received.
Measurement of the morphology of high surface area solids: hysteresis in mercury porosimetry

Abstract The cause of hysteresis between the intrusion and extrusion curves in mercury porosimetry has usually been attributed to (1) the void structure of the solid, (2) a shift in contact angle between intrusion and extrusion, or (3) a combination of both in specific cases. Our studies indicate that all forms of hysteresis can be attributed to structural factors. Intrinsic contact angle shifts in porosimetry are thermodynamically and experimentally inconsistent.
Secondary Analysis of a Major Societal Experiment The Effects of Standardized Testing in Elementary Schools

This work presents a methodological critique and secondary analysis of a large scale societal experiment performed by Kellaghan, et al. (1982) that studied the educational and psychological effects of the introduction of standardized achievement/ability testing in elementary schools in Ireland. The author considers the study by Kellaghan et al. to be of high quality; however, given the potential importance of this study, a methodological critique and secondary analysis are appropriate to provide an independent assessment of validity of findings, confirmation or disconfirmation of results, and a checkfor important effects that may have been missed by the original investigators. Some points of methodological criticism discussed involve the questionable validity of cross-lagged correlation analyses, spillover of treatments, insufficient measurement of treatment effects, and Hawthorne effects. Secondary analyses not performed by the original researchers found evidence of effects not indicated in the original ...
Spiroidal Crystals of Zinc Sulphide

IN the course of a comprehensive investigation of stacking disorders and polymorphism in zinc sulphide crystals grown by sublimation, we have encountered a new type of crystal form. The term ‘spiroid’ has been used for conveying the topological character of the habit, and to differentiate the phenomenon from the surface texture associated with a spiral dislocation mechanism of growth.
Ultrasonic investigation of the first-order α—β phase transition in quartz

Abstract Elastic constants and ultrasonic attenuation of quartz are reported near the α—β phase transition. The data allow the conclusion that the transition is of first order. The critical elastic constant c14 depends on temperature as c 14 (T) - c 14 (T α ) = const. (T - T) 1 2 and the stability limit for the α phase is Tα = 579°C.
A cold-sensitive mutant ofNeurospora crassa obtained using tritium-suicide enrichment that is conditionally defective in the biosynthesis of cytoplasmic ribosomes

The purpose of this investigation was to use tritium-suicide enrichment with a mutagenized population of wild-typeNeurospora crassa to isolate cold-sensitive mutants with conditional defects in the production of cytoplasmic ribosomes. Eighty-six cold-sensitive mutant strains were obtained following tritium-suicide enrichment using [5-3H]uridine. Zone sedimentation analysis of cytoplasmic ribosomes produced by the strains at 10°C (the nonpermissive temperature) indicated that one strain,PJ31562, is defective in the accumulation of ribosomal subunits at that temperature. The properties of strainPJ31562 are: (1) At 10°C the growth rate is 28 times slower than at 25°C, whereas the factor for the wild type is 5.1. At 25°C the mutant's growth rate is 90% that of the wild type. (2) At 10°C the mutant accumulates the two ribosomal subunits, 60 and 37 S, in markedly disproportionate amounts apparently as a result of the underproduction of, or an instability of, the 17 S ribosomal RNA component of the small ribosomal subunit. At 25°C the mutant strain still exhibits a disproportionality in ribosomal subunit accumulation but to a much lesser degree than at 10°C. (3) Genetic studies have shown that a single nuclear gene is responsible for both the cold sensitivity and ribosome biosynthesis defect of strainPJ31562. The mutation involved is located in linkage group IV and appears to be closely linked to, and not allelic with, the cold-sensitive mutation carried by strainPJ30201 which has been shown previously to exhibit a similar phenotype with respect to ribosomal subunit accumulation, and which defines thecrib-1 locus. Thus tritium-suicide enrichment can be used to isolate cold-sensitive mutants ofNeurospora among which a relatively low frequency have conditional defects in ribosome production.
Comparative seed morphology of Leandra (Miconieae, Melastomataceae)

The seed morphology of 79 species of neotropical Miconieae (Melastomataceae) is presented. These species have been chosen, in majority, from the polyphyletic genus Leandra. A few other species from the polyphyletic genera Miconia, Ossaea, and Clidemia were also sampled, because of potential similarities. Sixteen morphological seed types are defined after analysis through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The seed morphology appears to possess a great deal of variability on the level of the overall shape as well as the structure and the surface of the testa. The different types defined here do not match with genera or sections, but rather are composed of species coming from different genera. In comparison with a preliminary molecular phylogeny study done on Leandra, some types of seeds are related to well supported clades. In some cases seed morphology corresponds with natural groups of species, thus being of high phylogenetic importance.
Family Members' Perceptions of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device Use.

Purpose Although advancements in technology have expanded the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices for children with disabilities, the use of AAC devices in school and ho...
New or little‐known species of exotic Tipulidae (Diptera). XX

SYNOPSIS Eight new species of the Limoniine genus Antocha Osten Sacken are described, from Kumaon, Sikkim and Assam, in north India, and from Kerala, Madras and Mysore in South India.
Examination of Roughness Effects on Bio-Adhesion of SAM Through Numerical Simulation

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) formed on gold or hydroxylated surfaces are well ordered organic surfaces that enable the control of interface property at the molecular scale. Microcontact printing is a simple technique that can pattern the formation of SAM in the plane with dimensions on the micron scale. The combination of SAM and microcontact printing makes a technique useful for studying a variety of fundamental phenomena in bio-interfacial science such as cell adhesion. However, the existence of surface roughness tends to impede the effectiveness of the method in generating the desirable interface properties. Studies have shown that surface roughness significantly changes adhesion of SAM coated material. The current study tries to understand the roughness effects on bio-adhesion of cell-SAM substratum. A current model of cell adhesion considers the effects of nonspecific and specific interactions between adhesion molecules and the substrate assuming an isotropic Gaussian distributed roughness. Simulation results show the change of pull-off force and contact area due to different scales of roughness. The reduction rate of cell adhesion due to roughness and chemical-mechanical factors are then compared to show the significance of roughness effects on SAM adhesion. Results suggest that caution must be taken in quantitative interpretation of protein and cell adsorption strength by using SAM device as a biosensor.© 2005 ASME
Ligand slope, density and affinity direct cell polarity and migration on molecular gradient surfaces

We report a combined photochemical and electrochemical approach to generate model substrates that have molecularly defined gradients of ligands for studying cell migration and polarization. Our strategy utilizes a substrate bound with a photo-labile group protected redox active molecule that can be deprotected with ultraviolet light in patterns and gradients. The unveiled redox active molecule reacts selectively with soluble oxyamine tethered ligands for molecular level tailoring of the surface. This reaction is quantitative and can be monitored and controlled using cyclic voltammetry to determine the yield of reaction and therefore also to control the precise density of ligand on the surface. The surface is also designed to be inert to non-specific protein adsorption, thus the only interaction between cell surface receptors and the material is a ligand–receptor interaction, which is critical for studying the subcellular nano-architecture within cells during cell migration. We show the subtle interplay between ligand slope, ligand density and ligand affinity that causes a cell to modulate its adhesion and migration position and behavior during directed movement. We also show single cell polarity direction on gradient patterns is controlled by the presentation of peptides on the underlying surface.
Control of harmonic generation by initial-state preparation

Abstract A procedure to control harmonic generation is proposed using initial state control. We show that an initial molecular state can be prepared before shining a strong laser pulse to maximize the output harmonic generation. We demonstrate the method by maximizing emission for the sixth harmonic on a given initial IR pulse in a model H 2 + system using five initial vibrational states.
Effects of carbon monoxide on cochlear electrophysiology and blood flow

Abstract The belief that the cochlea is particularly vulnerable to a reduction in oxygen availability comes predominantly from studies reporting the disruption of electrophysiological measures, such as the compound action potential, endocochlear potential, inner hair cell intracellular potentials or afferent nerve fiber responses by asphyxiation. Because hypoxia has frequently been suggested as an underlying mechanism by which many ototoxic agents produce injury, and because such agents are not likely to completely disrupt oxygen delivery, we investigated the effects of graded hypoxia (using doses of carbon monoxide) on cochlear blood flow, the compound action potential (CAP) and the cochlear microphonic (CM). High doses of carbon monoxide injected intra-peritoneally yielded reversible loss of the CAP sensitivity for high frequency tone bursts, the extent of which was dose dependent. The loss was observed first at the highest frequency tested (50 kHz) and as carboxyhemoglobin levels increased, contiguous lower frequencies were influenced. Recovery progressed from low to high frequencies as carboxyhemoglobin levels declined. Carbon monoxide administration also produced a dose dependent elevation in the cochlear blood flow measured by a laser Doppler flow monitor. The data suggest that carbon monoxide administration disrupts cochlear function only under extremely severe exposure conditions. An elevation in cochlear blood flow may well serve as a protective mechanism which maintains cochlear function in the face of declining blood oxygen carrying capacity and delivery. While the site of action of carbon monoxide in the cochlea is uncertain, the data clearly indicate that elements involved in the generation of the CAP for high frequency tones are particularly vulnerable. This suggests that such elements may have different metabolic requirements from other lower frequency regions of the cochlea and/or that oxygen delivery (blood circulation) differs in the basal portion of the cochlea.
Launch Vehicle Acoustics Part 2: Statistics of the Time Domain Data

Skewness and kurtosis coefficients were investigated as a means of quantifying the shock content and non-Gaussian characteristics of rocket noise. Rocket noise data measured at 3-5 locations during the launches of four different vehicles with thrusts ranging from 440 to 10,700 kN were analyzed. The kurtosis coefficients of the acoustic pressure data showed no discernible pattern of variation about the Gaussian value of 3. The skewness coefficients ranged from 0.02 to 0.55, all of them greater than the value of 0 expected for Gaussian data. Both the skewness and kurtosis coefficients for the derivative of the acoustic pressure showed much greater deviations from the values expected for Gaussian noise. This study has confirmed that the coefficient of skewness is a useful metric for the characterization of rocket noise. The statistics of the pressure gradient have been shown to be more sensitive indicators of shock content, and these metrics are much less sensitive to low-frequency instrumentation limits.
Amplifiers and the handicap principle in sexual selection: a different emphasis

Population genetic models have shown that female choice is a potential cause of the evolution of male display. In these models the display is assumed to be the immediate object of female choice. Here I present an explicit genetic model that shows that male display can evolve as a consequence of female choice even when the display is not the immediate object of choice. When females initially base their preferences on the existence of variance in a cue that is correlated with male viability, a rare display can evolve to fixation if it amplifies the previously recognized differences in males, (i.e. if it increases the resolution power of females with respect to the original cue). By definition, amplifying displays (or amplifiers) increase mating success of the more viable males and decrease mating success of the less viable males. Therefore, the higher the frequency of the preferred, more viable males, the more likely it is that amplifiers will evolve to fixation. The evolution of an amplifier is further facilitated by a genetic association that is built up between the amplifier allele and the more viable allele. If the expression of the amplifier is limited to the more viable males, the amplifier will evolve to fixation provided only that the change in total fitness to the more viable males (higher mating success, lower viability), is positive.
The Toddler-Preschooler postoperative pain scale: an observational scale measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1–5. Preliminary report

This study evaluates the reliability and validity of the Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale (TPPPS), an observational scale developed to be a clinically useful measure of postoperative pain in children aged 1-5 years. The TPPPS consists of 7 items divided among 3 pain behavior categories: (1) Vocal pain expression; (2) Facial pain expression; and (3) Bodily pain expression. These items were derived from preliminary studies by the authors and from other observational studies of children's pain behavior. Seventy-four children between the ages of 12 and 64 months seen for inguinal hernia or hydrocele repair were the subjects of the study. Subjects were observed postoperatively for six 5-min intervals, commencing with their awakening from anesthesia, using the TPPPS. Two raters independently observed 28 of the children to assess inter-rater reliability. Validity was assessed by relating TPPPS scores to the timing and type of analgesics used, visual analog and numerical scale pain ratings made by parents and nurses, and perioperative vital signs. The TPPPS was found to possess satisfactory internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). Inter-rater reliability was good, with kappas for the pain behavior items ranging from 0.53 to 0.78. Preliminary evidence of the scale's validity is provided by the sensitivity of the scale to analgesic regimen, the convergence between TPPPS scores and nurse and parent ratings of postoperative pain, and the associations found between TPPPS scores and perioperative vital signs.
Non-Faradaic electrochemical detection of protein interactions by integrated neuromorphic CMOS sensors.

Abstract Electronic detection of the binding event between biotinylated bovine serum albumen (BSA) and streptavidin is demonstrated with the chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CνMOS) device. Differing from the ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFET), CνMOS, with the potential of the extended floating gate determined by both the sensing and control gates in a neuromorphic style, can provide protein detection without requiring analyte reference electrodes. In comparison with the microelectrode arrays, measurements are gathered through purely capacitive, non-Faradaic interactions across insulating interfaces. By using a (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (3-GPS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as a simple covalent link for attaching proteins to a silicon dioxide sensing surface, a fully integrated, electrochemical detection platform is realized for protein interactions through monotone large-signal measurements or small-signal impedance spectroscopy. Calibration curves were created to coordinate the sensor response with ellipsometric measurements taken on witness samples. By monitoring the film thickness of streptavidin capture, a sensitivity of 25 ng/cm2 or 2 A of film thickness was demonstrated. With an improved noise floor the sensor can detect down to 2 ng/(cm2 mV) based on the calibration curve. AC measurements are shown to significantly reduce long-term sensor drift. Finally, a noise analysis of electrochemical data indicates 1/fα behavior with a noise floor beginning at approximately 1 Hz.
Theoretical and practical implication of the bidirectional reflectance of spacecraft surfaces.

Spacecraft surfaces bidirectional reflectance flux distribution applications to space thermal control computations
Biodiversity and tallgrass prairie decomposition: The relative importance of species identity, evenness, richness, and micro-topography

Biodiversity has been declining in many areas, and there is great interest in determining whether this decline affects ecosystem functioning. Most biodiversity—ecosystem functioning studies have focused on the effects of species richness on net primary productivity. However, biodiversity encompasses both species richness and evenness, ecosystem functioning includes other important processes such as decomposition, and the effects of richness on ecosystem functioning may change at different levels of evenness. Here, we present two experiments on the effects of litter species evenness and richness on litter decomposition. In the first experiment, we varied the species evenness (three levels), identity of the dominant species (three species), and micro-topographic position (low points [gilgais] or high points between gilgais) of litter in three-species mixtures in a prairie in Texas, USA. In a second experiment, we varied the species evenness (three levels), richness (one, two, or four species per bag), and composition (random draws) of litter in a prairie in Iowa, USA. Greater species evenness significantly increased decomposition, but this effect was dependent on the environmental context. Higher evenness increased decomposition rates only under conditions of higher water availability (in gilgais in the first experiment) or during the earliest stages of decomposition (second experiment). Species richness had no significant effect on decomposition, nor did it interact with evenness. Micro-topographic position and species identity and composition had larger effects on decomposition than species evenness. These results suggest that the effects of litter species diversity on decomposition are more likely to be manifested through the evenness component of diversity than the richness component, and that diversity effects are likely to be environmentally context dependent.