cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On pseudo gradient search for solving nonlinear multiregression with the Choquet integral

The objective function in some real optimization problems may not be differentiable with respect to the unknown parameters at some points such that the gradient does not exist at those points. Replacing the classical gradient search, the method of pseudo gradient search has been proposed and used for solving nonlinear optimization problems, such as nonlinear multiregression based on the Choquet integral with a linear core. It is a local search with rapid search speed. To improve the search tactics, a random angle search in randomly selected dimensions is also involved. Our experiments show that the proposed pseudo gradient search is effective and efficient. It can be widely used for solving nonlinear optimization problems with continuous objective function.
Histochemistry of human salivary gland tumors.

Abstract The present investigation deals with the initial observations in eight cases of pleomorphic adenoma and three cases of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. Tissues were examined for acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, beta-D-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and leucine aminopeptidase. In pleomorphic adenoma the enzyme “activity pattern” of the epithelial elements was altered and did not exhibit any clear-cut resemblance to either normal duct or acinar cells. The enzyme “activity pattern” of the epithelial component in papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum was quite similar to the “activity pattern” of the ducts of normal salivary gland. However, the reaction intensity of the tumor was much greater than that noted in normal gland.
Increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in hepatic DNA of rats treated with the peroxisome proliferators ciprofibrate and perfluorodecanoic acid

In this study we examined the ability of peroxisome proliferators to induce oxidative DNA damage in the form of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG). We studied the hypolipidemic drug ciprofibrate, which is among the most potent and efficacious of the peroxisome proliferators, and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), which is an inhibitor of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Rats were fed 0.01% ciprofibrate in the diet, or were injected with PFDA at doses of 3 or 10 mg/kg every 14 days (controls and ciprofibrate-fed rats were given equivalent doses of corn oil). Rats were maintained for 10 days, 24 days, 6 weeks, 26 weeks, or 54 weeks. DNA was isolated from the liver at these times and hydrolysed to nucleosides, and the levels of OHdG as well as normal nucleosides were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ciprofibrate increased OHdG concentrations at all times except for the initial 10-day timepoint. Both doses of PFDA increased OHdG levels at all times except the last timepoint, at which only the higher dose produced a significant increase. This study shows that both ciprofibrate and PFDA induce oxidative DNA damage in the form of OHdG. Furthermore, the inhibition of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by PFDA does not affect the development of OHdG.
Embryology of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae).

In this study, the condensation of the three thoracic and 11 abdominal segmental ganglia to form a prothoracic and central nerve mass during embryogenesis is described. During katatrepsis, many changes occur in the organization of these ganglia; this study suggests that some of these changes are caused by mechanical forces acting on the ventral nerve cord at this time. The ventral nerve cord begins its anterior migration and coalescence ten hours after katatrepsis and is completed 63 hours later. The central ganglion is made up of the meso- and metathoracic ganglia and seven abdominal ganglia. Intrasegmental median cord nuclei are shown to form glial elements in the median sagittal plane of the neuropile and in the longitudinal connectives. Intersegmental median cord neuroblasts migrate into the posterior gangliomeres but, apparently, degenerate soon after katatrepsis. Lateral cord cells bordering on the neuropile form a glial investment that surrounds this fiber tract region. Peripheral lateral cord cells are shown to form the cells of the outer ganglionic sheath, the perineurium.
Functional magnetic stimulation: a new modality for enhancing systemic fibrinolysis.

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) of the leg muscles could enhance systemic fibrinolysis. Design: A within-subject analysis of systemic fibrinolysis before and after 60 minutes of FMS. Setting: The Functional Magnetic Stimulation and Special Coagulation Laboratories in the Spinal Cord Injury Service at a Veterans Administration health care facility. Participants: Twenty healthy volunteers were recruited. The exclusion criteria were: (1) personal or family history of venous or arterial thrombosis, (2) personal or family history of cardiac arrythmias, (3) current use of medication, and (4) the presence of a cardiac pacemaker or other metallic implants. Main Outcome Measures: Whole blood clot lysis time (WBCLT) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen determined at baseline and 10 and 60 minutes after FMS. Results: A significant decrease was observed in the mean WBCLT after FMS. The WBCLT decreased from 17 ± 1.3h before FMS to 12 ± 1.0h and 11 ± 0.8h at 10 and 60 minutes post-FMS, respectively. The mean t-PA antigen levels did not show a significant change ( p = .6701) from pre-FMS (6.7 ± 0.91ng/mL) to 10min post-FMS (6.8 ± 0.91ng/mL) and 60min post-FMS (7.0 ± 1.02ng/mL). Several patterns of fibrinolytic response to FMS were observed. They differed in relation to the degree of enhancement, the period at which maximum enhancement occurred, and the corresponding t-PA antigen levels observed. Conclusions: The FMS-induced contractions of the leg muscles enhanced systemic fibrinolysis ex vivo. The improvement in fibrinolysis occurred immediately after FMS and was also observed at 60 minutes post-FMS. FMS appears to produce a sustained enhancement of systemic fibrinolysis that may prove useful in deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis.
Diel movement patterns of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) in relation to El Bajo Espiritu Santo: a refuging central-position social system

Movement patterns of scalloped hammerhead sharks in the vicinity of El Bajo Espiritu Santo, a seamount in the Gulf of California, were determined by tracking by ultrasonic telemetry 13 sharks and marking 100 sharks. The 13 tracked sharks swam back and forth along the seamount ridge throughout the day. They did not swim in different directions to reduce swimming effort when currents changed from a parallel to a perpendicular orientation to the ridge. Sharks tracked up to 8 km away into the pelagic environment soon returned to the seamount. From such trackings and repeated observations of marked sharks over periods of several weeks, it is believed that most sharks disperse and return to the seamount in a rhythmical fashion. The separate departures of individual hammerheads in five paired trackings indicated that the sharks left the seamount either in small groups or singly. For these reasons, we argue that the social system of the scalloped hammerhead shark can be described as a refuging system.
From Pinstripe Wool to Ripstop Poplin: The US President, Symbolic Politics, and the Salute

In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan began the tradition of returning military personnel's salutes. At his inauguration, President Barack Obama returned the salutes of the troops as they paraded by the reviewing stand. Some may suggest these actions are simply a sign of respect by Presidents for the service of the military. Nevertheless, we must also understand how Presidents have used military ritual and symbols to enhance their powers. By embracing military symbols, the President is transformed from a civilian to a military figure. This transformation diminishes Congress's ability to exercise its constitutional war power. Congress is less likely to challenge a President perceived as part of the military than one perceived as the civilian chief executive.
Overweight in Young Latino Children

Background Acculturation status is associated with overweight and obesity among Latino adults, but the relationship between maternal acculturation and overweight in Latino children is inconsistent and has not been adequately studied. Methods We analyzed 3-year follow-up data from 185 Latina mothers and children who were recruited at San Francisco General Hospital. Outcome measure was the child's body mass index at age 3 years, adjusted for age and sex and categorized as healthy ( Results At age 3 years, 43% of children were overweight. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, childhood overweight was associated with maternal acculturation status (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.99, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.07–3.69) and maternal obesity (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.40–9.84). Childhood overweight was also more likely among children who were reported to eat well or very well (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.46–7.58) and children whose weight was perceived as too high (OR 11.88, 95% CI 2.37–59.60), as compared to children who were reported to eat poorly/not well and children whose weight was perceived as normal, respectively. Conclusions Interventions to reduce the high rates of overweight among young Latino children should address the importance of maternal acculturation and obesity as well as maternal perceptions of children's weight and eating habits.
Activities in oceanic research

The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), a committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions, is charged with furthering international scientific activity in all branches of oceanic research. At present there are 37 members, 27 nominated by national academies or equivalent bodies and 10 nominated by unions within ICSU. Probably the best known of SCOR3s accomplishments since its founding in 1957 are the organization of the International Indian Ocean Expendition and the convening of the first International Oceanographic Congress. During recent years, SCOR has worked closely with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the Unesco program in oceanography through its advisory responsibilities to both bodies.
A review of two-dimensional programming languages

Everyday mathematical language, as it appears on the printed page for instance, non-trivially makes use of two dimensions. This paper discusses various technical aspects of programming languages which utilize such natural symbolism. First, some terminology which is and can be useful in describing these systems is presented. Then, the man-machine interface in relation to two-dimensional languages in general is examined. This is followed by an historical survey of particular languages, including a brief description of their two-dimensional characteristics. Finally, a review of the analysis problem for such languages is given.
Maskless Direct Write Grayscale Lithography for MEMS Applications

Grayscale lithography is one area of lithography that has been relatively underutilized. There are several reasons for this, but one of the most prominent is the difficulty of modern techniques of grayscale exposure. However, this paper discusses a relatively novel approach to grayscale exposure using mask writing technology. Traditional lithography is characterized by the binary exposure of photoresist: meaning that some areas are exposed while other areas remain completely unexposed. The goal of grayscale lithography is to expose a gradient of intensities to photoresist. The result of this is a topography of photoresist that is potentially much more complicated than its binary counterpart. This paper will discuss direct write grayscale lithography using the Heidelberg DWL 66FS Laser Pattern Generator. Traditionally the Heidelberg DWL 66FS is used for binary exposure, but it also has the ability to vary laser intensity during an exposure. By varying the intensity of the focused laser beam, the user is able to expose photoresist differently in various regions of the substrate, generating the grayscale structure.
Fe-deficiency stress response in Fe-deficiency resistant and susceptible subterranean clover: importance of induced H+ release

Plants can exhibit Fe-deficiency stress response when they are exposed to Fe-deficiency conditions. The relative importance of the individual Fe-deficiency stress-response reactions, for example, increased release of H + from roots, enhanced root plasma membrane-bound Fe 3+ -reductase activity, and release of reductant, in Fe-deficiency resistance is not understood. To address this problem, the Fe-deficiency stress response of two cultivars of subterranean clover (subclover), Koala (Trifolium brachycalycinum Katzn. and Morley) (Fe-deficiency resistant) and Karridale (T. subterraneum L.) (Fe-deficiency susceptible), were evaluated. The plants were cultured hydroponically at 0 (-Fe) and 30 (+ Fe) μM Fe 3+ EDTA conditions. After 6 d Fe treatment, the -Fe Koala and Karridale decreased the pH of the nutrient solution by 1.83 and 0.79 units, respectively, while the +Fe plants increased the pH of the nutrient solution. The H + -release rate of the -Fe Koala determined 7 d after Fe treatment initiation was more than three times higher than that of the -Fe Karridale. The -Fe plants had a significantly enhanced Fe 3+ -reduction rate compared with the + Fe plants for each cultivar, but the resistant cultivar did not exhibit a higher root Fe 3+ -reduction rate than the susceptible cultivar at each Fe treatment. Reductant release from the roots of subclover was negligible. These results indicate that Fe-deficiency-induced H + release may be the predominant factor influencing Fe-deficiency resistance in subclover.
Computer-mediated communication in higher education: an exploration of knowledge construction

Constructivist theories about knowledge construction emphasize that knowledge construction is more powerful and meaningful when it is actively built up by students through engaging in equilibrated exchanges and experiencing cognitive disequilibrium. From this perspective, knowledge construction is thought to be effective in learning environments where intense interactive discussions can take place, deeply held values are shared, and complex issues examined from multiple perspectives (Harasim, 1990). Computer-mediated communication, more specifically computer conferencing systems (CCS), has captured the interest of educators as an ideal tool to create this type of learning environment, featuring active, participative, and reflective learning. This study developed a conceptual framework, based on constructivist learning principles, to examine whether knowledge construction was promoted through computer conferencing in two graduate-level bioethics courses. Data collection focused on CCS transcripts, supplemented by student survey, instructor interviews, field notes, and course documentation. Knowledge construction through computer conferencing was examined from three main constructivist educational principles: (1) active participation---participation analysis was conducted to determine the nature of students' participation in the learning process, (2) peer-to-peer interaction---content analysis for interaction types, intermessage reference analysis, and message map analysis for interaction patterns were conducted, and (3) cognitive conflict resolution---content analysis based on Gunawardena et al. (1997) interaction analysis model framework was conducted to examine whether cognitive conflicts experienced in CCS promoted knowledge construction. The findings of this study revealed that participation in the computer conferencing was moderate; interaction among students usually occurred through confirming or elaborating on the information/statement; and the predominance of computer conference transcripts reflected the first two phases of the knowledge construction process (i.e., sharing and comparing information, and exploration of dissonances among concepts and/or ideas). The results of this study suggest that CCS by itself does not guarantee knowledge construction. The instructor's role in designing computer conferencing as a learning environment is crucial for fostering knowledge construction. This study provided insights into the nature of the knowledge construction process in a CCS environment and recommendations that help utilize computer conferencing technology in educational settings for students to construct knowledge more effectively.
Scientific Prospects for Hard X-ray Polarimetry

X-ray polarimetry promises to give qualitatively new information about highenergy sources. Examples of interesting source classes are binary black hole systems, rotation and accretion powered neutron stars, Microquasars, Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma-Ray Bursts. Furthermore, X-ray polarimetry affords the possibility for testing fundamental physics, e.g. to observe signatures of light bending in the strong gravitational field of a black hole, to detect third order Quantum Electrodynamic effects in the magnetosphere of Magnetars, and to perform sensitive tests of Lorentz Invariance. In this paper we discuss scientific drivers of hard (>10 keV) X-ray polarimetry emphasizing how observations in the hard band can complement observations at lower energies (0.1 - 10 keV). Subsequently, we describe four different technical realizations of hard X-ray polarimeters suitable for small to medium sized space borne missions, and study their performance in the signal-dominated case based on Monte Carlo simulations. We end with confronting the instrument requirements for accomplishing the science goals with the capabilities of the four polarimeters.
Ischemic preconditioning reduces neutrophil accumulation and myocardial apoptosis

Abstract Background . This study tested the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning (IP) inhibits myocardial apoptosis after a short period of ischemia and reperfusion. Methods . In 9 anesthetized dogs, the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was occluded for 30 min and reperfused for 3 h (control), while in 9 others, LAD occlusion was preceded by 5 min of occlusion and 5 min of reperfusion (IP). DNA from frozen myocardial tissue samples was extracted, and apoptosis were identified as "ladders" by agarose gel electrophoresis or confirmed histologically using the terminal transferase UTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Neutrophil accumulation was detected by measuring cardiac myeloperoxidase activity. Results . Thirty minutes of LAD occlusion caused a significant decrease in blood flow (colored microspheres), which was comparable between groups. In the control group, DNA ladders occurred in the area at risk (AAR) in six out nine experiments. In contrast, DNA laddering in the AAR was not observed in any of the IP group. AAR in the control group showed a greater percentage of apoptotic cells than IP (6.7 ± 0.9% vs 1.2 ± 0.2%; p p Conclusions . We conclude that ischemic preconditioning attenuates apoptosis and neutrophil accumulation in the AAR in a model of nonlethal acute ischemia and reperfusion.
Introgression of wing pattern alleles and speciation via homoploid hybridization in Heliconius butterflies: a review of evidence from the genome.

The diverse Mullerian mimetic wing patterns of neotropical Heliconius (Nymphalidae) have been proposed to be not only aposematic signals to potential predators, but also intra- and interspecific recognition signals that allow the butterflies to maintain their specific identities, and which perhaps drive the process of speciation, as well. Adaptive features under differential selection that also serve as cues for assortative mating have been referred to as ‘magic traits’, which can drive ecological speciation. Such traits are expected to exhibit allelic differentiation between closely related species with ongoing gene flow, whereas unlinked neutral traits are expected to be homogenized to a greater degree by introgression. However, recent evidence suggests that interspecific hybridization among Heliconius butterflies may have resulted in adaptive introgression of these very same traits across species boundaries, and in the evolution of new species by homoploid hybrid speciation. The theory and data supporting various aspects of the apparent paradox of ‘magic trait’ introgression are reviewed, with emphasis on population genomic comparisons of Heliconius melpomene and its close relatives.
Psychosocial Resources and Associations Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Adult Well-being

Childhood physical abuse is often associated with detrimental physical and psychological consequences in adult- hood. Yet, some adults appear to overcome effects of very severe parental physical abuse in childhood. This study considered whether psychosocial resources (i.e., emotional and instrumental support, personal control) explain variability in well-being for adults who experienced childhood physical abuse by their parents. Participants in- cluded 2,711 adults aged 25-74 years from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS I) study. Moderation models revealed that high levels of personal control were associated with better physical and psychological functioning among adults who were physically abused as children. Thus, personal control may be a key factor to health and well-being and thus resilient functioning following childhood abuse.
Effects of learned helplessness training on instrumental heart rate control in humans

Abstract In Experiment 1, subjects who received feedback contingent on short interbeat intervals (relative to a baseline period) learned to accelerate their heart rates, but subjects who received noncontingent feedback did not. In Experiment 2, subjects who were exposed to noncontingent aversive noises later showed significant performance deficits on both an instrumental and a cognitive task. Attributional style predicted helplessness deficits on the cognitive but not the instrumental task. Experiment 3 demonstrated that experimentally induced helplessness interferes with biofeedback learning. Attributional style did not predict the occurrence of helplessness deficits in this context. Results are discussed in terms of the nature of biofeedback training and the range of behaviors that learned helplessness training affects.
All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators

We demonstrate all-optical logic in a micron-size silicon ring resonator based on the free-carrier dispersion effect in silicon. We show AND and NAND operation at 310 Mbit/s with ∼10-dB extinction ratio. The free-carrier-lifetime-limited bit-rate can be significantly improved by active carrier extraction.
Fixed-Dose Combination Drug Approvals, Patents and Market Exclusivities Compared to Single Active Ingredient Pharmaceuticals

Introduction Fixed-dose combinations (FDC) contain two or more active ingredients. The effective patent and exclusivity life of FDC compared to single active ingredient has not been assessed. Objectives Trends in FDA approved FDC in the period 1980–2012 and time lag between approval of FDC and single active ingredients in the combination were assessed, and the effective patent and exclusivity life of FDC was compared with their single active ingredients. Materials and Methods New molecular entities (NMEs), new therapeutic biologics license applications (BLAs) and FDC data were collected from the FDA Orange Book and Drugs@FDA. Analysis included FDC containing one or more NMEs or BLAs at first FDA approval (NMEs-FDC) and only already marketed drugs (Non-NMEs-FDC). Descriptive, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum analyses were performed. Results During the study period, the FDA approved 28 NMEs-FDC (3.5% of NMEs) and 117 non-NMEs-FDC. FDC approvals increased from 12 in the 1980s to 59 in the 2000s. Non-NMEs-FDC entered the market at a median of 5.43 years (interquartile range 1.74, 10.31) after first FDA approval of single active ingredients in the combination. The Non-NMEs-FDC entered the market at a median of 2.33 years (-7.55, 2.39) before approval of generic single active ingredient. Non-NME-FDC added a median of 9.70 (2.75, 16.24) years to the patent and exclusivity life of the single active ingredients in the combination. Conclusion FDC approvals significantly increased over the last twenty years. Pharmaceutical companies market FDC drugs shortly before the generic versions of the single ingredients enter the market extending the patent and exclusivity life of drugs included in the combination.
Barriers to Work Stress: II. The Hardy Personality

Business executives, lawyers, and U.S. Army officers have at least three things in common: (a) they are subjected to significant numbers of stressful life events in their work, (b)many members of each occupational group remain mentally and physically healthy in the face of even high stress levels, and (c) their health is explained, in part, by their characteristic personality styles which interact with other stress-resistance resources to buffer the negative impact of stressful life events. These are the general conclusions of a series of stress studies conducted on different occupational groups. All were guided by the question: How is it that some persons do not get sick following their encounter with frequent and serious life stresses? Each professional group provided a complementary but slightly different answer emphasizing personality.
INHIBITION OF MACROPHAGE-DEPENDENT LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OXIDATION BY NITRIC OXIDE DONORS

We have previously shown that nitric oxide donors inhibit the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) initiated by copper ions or by azo-bis-amidinopropane (Hogg et al., 1993. FEBS Lett. 334: 170-174). In this study, the nitric oxide donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), spermine NONOate, and sodium nitroprusside were tested for their ability to inhibit macrophage-dependent oxidation of LDL. SNAP and spermine NONOate inhibited macrophage-dependent oxidation of LDL in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. We propose that nitric oxide is acting as a chain-breaking antioxidant that can inhibit the progression of lipid peroxidation in cell dependent-oxidation of LDL. By this mechanism nitric oxide could be an endogenous defense against atherogenesis. In contrast, sodium nitroprusside enhanced cell-mediated oxidation of LDL by a mechanism dependent on superoxide production and transition metal ions. Sodium nitroprusside also enhanced LDL oxidation by cell culture medium alone by a similar mechanism. The use of sodium nitroprusside as a nitric oxide donor in cellular systems appears to be complicated by the release of iron leading to an enhanced oxidative stress. Thus the effects of sodium nitroprusside in such systems may be unrelated to nitric oxide release.
Temperature Dependence of Amorphization above 10K in the CuTi Intermetallic Compound Under Electron Irradiation

The critical dose required to amorphize the crystalline compound CuTi during irradiation with 1 MeV electrons has been investigated from 10 to 288 K. The results show that above a critical temperature (Tc) of about 185 K, CuTi remains crystalline and only defect clusters are formed. Below Tc, amorphization occurs with no observable cluster formation. The critical dose for amorphization was found to be temperature dependent below Tc: as the irradiation temperature increases, a higher dose is required to induce amorphization. This observation supports the concept that Tc corresponds to the vacancy migration temperature. Below Tc, interstitial migration may contribute to the observed reduction in the amorphization rate with increasing temperature.
Tubuloglomerular Feedback-Mediated Dynamics in Three Coupled Nephrons

A model of three coupled nephrons branching from a common cortical radial artery is developed to further understand the effects of equal and unequal coupling on tubuloglomerular feedback. The integral model of Pitman et al. (2002), which describes the fluid flow up the thick ascending limb of a single, short-looped nephron of the mammalian kidney, is extended to a system of three nephrons through a model of coupling proposed by Pitman et al. (2004). Analysis of the system, verified by numerical results, indicates that stable limit-cycle oscillations emerge for sufficiently large feedback gain magnitude and time delay through a Hopf bifurcation, similar to the single nephron model, yet generally at lower values. Previous work has demonstrated that coupling induces oscillations at lower values of gain, relative to uncoupled nephrons. The current analysis extends this earlier finding by showing that asymmetric coupling among nephrons further increases the likelihood of the model nephron system being in an oscillatory state.
Characterization of wheelchair maneuvers based on noisy inertial sensor data: a preliminary study.

A wheelchair user's activity and mobility level is an important indicator of his/her quality of life and health status. To assess the activity and mobility level, wheelchair maneuvering data must be captured and analyzed. Recently, the inertial sensors, such as accelerometers, have been used to collect wheelchair maneuvering data. However, these sensors are sensitive to noises, which can lead to inaccurate analysis results. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of wheelchair maneuvering data and developed a novel machine-learning algorithm, which could classify wheelchair maneuvering data into a series of wheelchair maneuvers. The use of machine-learning techniques empowers our approach to tolerate noises by capturing the patterns of wheelchair maneuvers. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm could accurately classify wheelchair maneuvers into eight classes, i.e., stationary, linear acceleration/deceleration, linear constant speed, left/right turns, and left/right spot turns.1 The fine-grained analysis on wheelchair maneuvering data can depict a more comprehensive picture of wheelchair users' activity and mobility levels, and enable the quantitative analysis of their quality of life and health status.
Sex, Forgiveness, and Health

Men and women respond to transgressions in ways that are similar and different. We review research on potential effects of forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness and mental and physical health. We drew from two published meta-analyses (Fehr et al. Psychol Bull 136:894–914, 2010; Miller et al. J Soc Clin Psychol 27:843–876, 2008) by examining studies that dealt not only with sex differences in forgiveness but also physical and mental health. Five relevant newer studies were also reviewed. We suggest a model that variables can vary based on sex (i.e., stress, coping, empathy, rumination, gender socialization, and religion) and those variables can affect mental and physical health both directly and indirectly by acting through forgiveness. Little research has addressed how the forgiveness-health relationship varies by sex, but some key findings emerged. First, when sex differences in forgiveness were found, women were typically more forgiving than men and men are more vengeful than women. Second, how forgiveness affects physical health varies by sex. Third, forgiveness interventions aimed at improving mental and physical health can be tailored differently to men and women. Because few studies have addressed forgiveness and health, we caution that sex differences are likely small.
A phenomenological combustion analysis of a dual-fuel natural-gas diesel engine

Energy security concerns and an abundant supply of natural gas in the USA provide the impetus for engine designers to consider alternative gaseous fuels in the existing engines. The dual-fuel natur...
High-throughput RNA-Seq for allelic or locus-specific expression analysis in Arabidopsis-related species, hybrids, and allotetraploids

With the next generation sequencing technology, RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing) becomes one of the most powerful tools in quantification of global transcriptomes, discovery of new transcripts and alternative isoforms, as well as detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RNA-Seq is advantageous over hybridization-based gene quantification methods: (1) it does not require prior information about genomic sequences, (2) it avoids high background problem caused by cross-hybridization, and (3) it is highly sensitive and avoids background and saturation of signals; and finally it is capable of detecting allelic expression differences in hybrids and allopolyploids. We used the RNA-Seq method to determine the genome-wide transcriptome changes in Arabidopsis allotetraploids and their parents, A. thaliana and A. arenosa. The use of this approach allows us to quantify transcriptome from these species and more importantly, to identify allelic or homoeologous-specific gene expression that plays a role in morphological evolution of allopolyploids. The computational pipelines developed are also applicable to the analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data in Arabidopsis-related species, hybrids, and allopolyploids. Comparative analysis of RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq data will allow us to determine the effects of chromatin modifications on nonadditive gene expression in hybrids and allopolyploids.
New Concepts in the Treatment of Stage D1 Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

Stage D1 disease will be encountered in 20 per cent of patients by those who treat prostate cancer. There is marked heterogeneity among cancers discovered at this stage, with 5-year disease-free survival rates ranging from 0 to 95 per cent. Generally, when prostate cancer has escaped the confines of the gland, metastasis occurs, and widespread systemic disease prevails. Any significant chance for long-term cure will then depend on systemic therapy. From maturing data in retrospective reviews, preliminary data from prospective trials, and recent well-conducted animal studies, chemotherapy and hormonal deprivation appear most effective when tumor volumes are the smallest. This evidence supports the removal of all cancer possible and the early institution of systemic treatment. Caution must be exercised in extrapolating the aforementioned evidence to include cases of more extensive prostate cancer (i.e., patients with bulky pelvic or retroperitoneal disease, distant metastasis, or significant elevation of serum markers). It is doubtful that "debulking" with removal of the prostate and lymph nodes will provide any justifiable advantages in these patients. Whether removal of the prostate affords any local palliative benefit is an issue for debate. Certainly, the primary tumor, if left untreated, will progress locally and cause symptoms necessitating further procedures in more than half these patients, whereas the incidence of local recurrence and the adverse effects of these recurrences in patients with D1 disease after radical prostatectomy and adjuvant therapy is less than 10 per cent. Surgical refinements coupled with acceptably low morbidity now associated with radical prostatectomy have led some authors to endorse the palliative benefits of removing the primary tumor in selected patients. The purpose of this article is not to endorse or disparage the aggressive treatment of patients with stage D1 prostate cancer. The evidence suggests that if long-term survival is the endpoint used to compare treatment groups, then to date no treatment option offers significant advantages. On the contrary, if progression rates or disease-free survival are compared, then cytoreductive surgery and early systemic adjuvant treatment (testosterone deprivation or chemotherapy) provides significant advantages for selected patients with stage D1 disease. Although ploidy analysis, receptor mapping, and oncogene assays are promising, today, there is no practical way to identify patients who will benefit most from multimodality treatment approaches.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Judicial Creativity and Constraint of Legal Rules: Dueling Cannons of International Law

According to the traditional theory of judicial decision-making, legal rules constrain judicial creativity because they entail an objectively correct legal answer. Therefore, even if judges want to engage in judicial legislation they are nonetheless constrained by legal rules. This article argues that this understanding is flawed. First, the selection effect ensures that most cases that reach international courts revolve around uncertain legal rules. Second, various cannons of construction will usually allow judges to ascertain several equally plausible legal rules; judges are likely to select those rules which favor their preferred outcome of the case; and their preferred outcome will be largely based on non-legalistic grounds, such as fairness or specific policy preferences. None of this means that legal rules are worthless. It does mean, however, that the traditional theory of judicial decision-making overrates the importance of legal rules as a possible check on judicial creativity.
Modeling node capture attacks in wireless sensor networks

We formalize a model for node capture attacks in which an adversary collects information about the network via eavesdropping on the wireless medium and captures nodes based on the learned information. We show that attacks in this adversary model correspond to NP-hard optimization problems and discuss the behavior of a reasonable heuristic algorithm. We show that the goals of node capture attacks can be decomposed into a collection of primitive events, the impact of which can be evaluated and recombined to yield an overall evaluation of the attack. We demonstrate the use of the attack decomposition model for derivation of attack metrics and discuss the potential use of this decomposition technique for the purposes of defense against node capture attacks.
652. Antibody Epitopes in Mice Immune to Lethal Influenza Virus

Vaccination is a key factor in the control and prevention of influenza virus (flu). Every year the Center for Disease Control and the World Health Organization make an educated guess as to which flu strain will be circulating in the next season. The predicted strains are often mismatched to the actual emerging strain. This happens to be the case with the 2014-2015 flu vaccine, where researchers have discovered that the emerging strain has “drifted” and is antigenically distinct from the flu vaccine formulation. In this study we seek to identify the immunological epitopes that are responsible for protection against the flu. Groups of mice were infected with sublethal doses of flu virus. The mice showed typical signs of illness, but recovered from the flu infection. The mice were then challenged with a lethal dose of flu virus. The mice were completely protected and showed no signs of disease. The serum from these naturally immunized mice was screened for linear B-cell epitopes using a peptide microarray consisting of 15-mer peptides overlapping by 14 amino acids. The microarray represented 3 divergent H3 flu strains, A/Aichi/2/68, A/Mississippi/1/85 and A/Texas/1/77. We found 26 antibody binding epitopes induced by the 3 flu strains. Many of the epitopes were shared between the 3 flu strains, however all strains induced antibodies that were strain-specific to unique epitopes. This study describes the protective “immunosignatures” against three divergent flu strains. Data from this study can be used to evaluate the potential efficacy of new flu vaccines or aid in the production of better cross-protective vaccine antigens.
A review of fault detection and diagnostics methods for building systems

The current article provides a summary of automated fault detection and diagnostics studies published since 2004 that are relevant to the commercial buildings sector. The review updates a previous review conducted in 2004 and published in 2005, and it categorizes automated fault detection and diagnostics methods into three groups. The examples of automated fault detection and diagnostics in the primary category are selectively reviewed to identify various methods that are suitable for building systems and to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. The distribution of studies based on each automated fault detection and diagnostics method and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system is also described. Researchers and industries can use the current article as a guideline for selecting an appropriate automated fault detection and diagnostics method.
Developing an Integrative STEM Curriculum for Robotics Education Through Educational Design Research

This paper presents an integrative standards-based STEM curriculum that uses robots to develop students’ computational thinking. The need for the project is rooted in both the overall lack of existing materials as well as the need for materials that directly address specific STEM standards in an integrative fashion. The paper details the first mesocycle of an educational design research project (EDR) in which a robust theoretical framework was created to support the development of a 2-week series of robotics lessons. Analysis of evaluation data from 5 fifth-grade teachers and their students revealed that the integrative curriculum supported student problem solving and teacher practices that supported cognitive demand. Implications for research, design, and instruction are discussed.
Expression Profiling of Long Noncoding RNA Splice Variants in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Lipopolysaccharide Effects In Vitro

Endothelial cell interactions with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involve both activating and repressing signals resulting in pronounced alterations in their transcriptome and proteome. Noncoding RNAs are now appreciated as posttranscriptional and translational regulators of cellular signaling and responses, but their expression status and roles during endothelial interactions with LPS are not well understood. We report on the expression profile of long noncoding (lnc) RNAs of human microvascular endothelial cells in response to LPS. We have identified a total of 10,781 and 8310 lncRNA transcripts displaying either positive or negative regulation of expression, respectively, at 3 and 24 h posttreatment. A majority of LPS-induced lncRNAs are multiexonic and distributed across the genome as evidenced by their presence on all chromosomes. Present among these are a total of 44 lncRNAs with known regulatory functions, of which 41 multiexonic lncRNAs have multiple splice variants. We have further validated splice variant-specific expression of EGO (NONHSAT087634) and HOTAIRM1 (NONHSAT119666) at 3 h and significant upregulation of lnc-IL7R at 24 h. This study illustrates the genome-wide regulation of endothelial lncRNA splice variants in response to LPS and provides a foundation for further investigations of differentially expressed lncRNA transcripts in endothelial responses to LPS and pathophysiology of sepsis/septic shock.
Specificity for coarticulatory vowel nasality in lexical representations

Surface-level phonetic details are used during word recognition. Yet, questions remain about how these details are encoded in lexical representations and the role of memory and attention during this process. The current study utilizes lexical repetition priming to examine the effect of a delay between hearing a word repeated with either the same or different coarticulatory patterns on lexical recognition. Listeners were faster to recognize repeated words with the same patterns of coarticulatory nasality, confirming that subphonemic information is encoded in the lexicon. Furthermore, when listeners had to adapt to more than one talker, greater coarticulatory specificity in delayed priming was observed suggesting that word-specific encoding of subphonemic details is an active cognitive process.
Invited review: Mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid–base and antioxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status

ABSTRACT Several minerals are required for life to exist. In animals, 7 elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and S) are required to be present in the diet in fairly large amounts (grams to tens of grams each day for the dairy cow) and are termed macrominerals. Several other elements are termed microminerals or trace minerals because they are required in much smaller amounts (milligrams to micrograms each day). In most cases the mineral in the diet must be absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa and enter the blood if it is to be of value to the animal. The bulk of this review discusses the paracellular and transcellular mechanisms used by the gastrointestinal tract to absorb each of the various minerals needed. Unfortunately, particularly in ruminants, interactions between minerals and other substances within the diet can occur within the digestive tract that impair mineral absorption. The attributes of organic or chelated minerals that might permit diet minerals to circumvent factors that inhibit absorption of more traditional inorganic forms of these minerals are discussed. Once absorbed, minerals are used in many ways. One focus of this review is the effect macrominerals have on the acid–base status of the animal. Manipulation of dietary cation and anion content is commonly used as a tool in the dry period and during lactation to improve performance. A section on how the strong ion theory can be used to understand these effects is included. Many microminerals play a role in the body as cofactors of enzymes involved in controlling free radicals within the body and are vital to antioxidant capabilities. Those same minerals, when consumed in excess, can become pro-oxidants in the body, generating destructive free radicals. Complex interactions between minerals can compromise the effectiveness of a diet in promoting health and productivity of the cow. The objective of this review is to provide insight into some of these mechanisms.
Polarized macrophage subsets differentially express the drug efflux transporters MRP1 and BCRP, resulting in altered HIV production.

IntroductionMacrophages play an important role in HIV, where they are a cellular reservoir. Macrophages are polarized into two phenotypes: pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 m...
Best in Class: The Returns on Application Endorsements in Higher Education*:

While scholars have shown that well-connected applicants are advantaged in selection processes, less understood is whether such applicants produce important returns to the organization when key dec...
The devil's in the dosing: severe drug-induced liver injury in a hydroxychloroquine-naive patient with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and porphyria cutanea tarda:

A 29-year-old woman with a 1.5 year history of photosensitive skin lesions on her hands presented with a malar rash, bullous lesions on her hands, and was diagnosed with subacute lupus erythematosus after serologies revealed a positive antinuclear antibody test (1:2560), and antibodies to Ro/SSA and dsDNA. Hydroxychloroquine (400 mg/day) was prescribed and the patient developed severe drug-induced liver injury. Biopsy of her bullous skin lesions was consistent with porphyria cutanea tarda, as were her serological and urinary exams. She was successfully treated with therapeutic phlebotomy. This case identifies porphyria cutanea tarda as an important differential diagnosis for the rheumatologist to consider when evaluating patients with bullous skin lesions. Hydroxychloroquine in lower doses is an effective treatment for porphyria cutanea tarda; at doses used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus and subacute cutaneous lupus, there is a potentially life-threatening complication of hepatotoxicity.