cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graphics in corporate planning: a case study

An interactive integrated financial decision aiding system has been in use by all levels of management at IU International Management Corporation for several years. The corporate planning system is a major subsystem utilizing many management science tools. All the decision systems interact directly with corporate officers and staff via computer graphic interfaces. In addition on-line board room graphics, tape recorded graphic presentations and automatically generated manuals are among a few of the other uses made of computer graphics by the corporate planning department. This paper describes the uses of computer graphics in that corporate planning environment proposes a generalized technology to provide the needed systems for business environments.
Circular prismatic dislocation loop in a two-phase material

The elastic fields of a circular prismatic dislocation loop in a two-phase material are evaluated to arrive at the elastic energy and Peach-Koehler force. The results can be expressed in terms of complete elliptic integrals. The asymptotic forms reveal that the interaction between the prismatic loop and the second phase is not necessarily restricted to simple repulsion or attraction, and that for certain combinations of the elastic constants stable or unstable equilibrium positions are possible. Es werden die elastischen Felder einer zirkularen, prismatischen Versetzungsschleife in einem Zwei-Phasenmaterial berechnet, um die elastische Energie und die Peach-Koehler-kreft zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich in Form vollstandiger elliptischer Integrale ausdrucken. Die asymptotischen Ausdrucke zeigen, das die Wechselwirkung der prismatischen Schleife und der zweiten Phase nicht notwendig auf simple Abstosung oder Anziehung beschrankt ist, und das fur gewisse Kombinationen der elastischen Konstanten stabile oder instabile Gleichgewichtslagen moglich sind.
Ribose supplementation in maximally exercising Thoroughbreds

A diverse group of studies, which are equine exclusive, indicate that ribose administered to myocardial and skeletal muscle tissue stimulates ATP production and recovery. This study investigated the effects of ribose supplementation on blood and muscle metabolites and performance in Thoroughbred geldings performing a maximal treadmill standardised exercise test (SET). In Experiment 1, 6 conditioned Thoroughbred geldings performed a baseline SET and horses were assigned to one of 2 experimental treatment groups, placebo or ribose, based on VO2max. The placebo treatment group received 0.07 g glucose/kg bodyweight (bwt) and ribose treatment group received 0.07 g ribose/kg bwt top dressed on the feed twice daily. Following a 2 week treatment period, a second SET was performed. After a one-week washout period, the horses switched treatment groups. Following another 2 week treatment period, a third SET was performed. Blood ammonia-N was lower in the ribose treatment group at 15 min (P = 0.06) and 30 min (P = 0.02) postexercise. Plasma lactic acid was lower in the ribose treatment group at 30 min postexercise (P = 0.07). In Experiment 2, 1 h before a SET, 2 horses received 3 l water (control) and 3 horses 250 g of ribose dissolved in 3 l water (single ribose dose) via a nasogastric tube. Following a 2 week washout period, the horses switched treatment groups and another SET was performed. There were no differences in blood ammonia-N, plasma lactic acid or glucose between treatment groups. No differences in performance were detected between treatment groups in either experiment. In conclusion, the results from Experiment 1 show a trend that daily ribose supplementation may be beneficial during recovery from exercise. However, a single dose of ribose 1 h before exercise revealed no effect on the variables measured. Because moderate to intense daily exercise can cause a decrease in total adenine nucleotide (TAN) pool with no meaningful recovery even after 72 h rest, future experiments should be designed to futher elucidate the effects of ribose supplementation on TAN metabolism in horses exercising at high intensity.
Percutaneous microwave ablation of renal parenchymal tumors using a 2.4 GHz gas-cooled probe: initial results and technique

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of a high-powered, gas-cooled microwave ablation (MWA) system for percutaneous treatment of renal parenchymal tumors. Materials and Methods Over a nine month period, 10 solitary renal parenchymal tumors were treated in 10 consecutive patients (7 male, 3 female, mean age 60) with curative intent using CT-guided MWA with a high-powered, CO2-cooled probe (Neuwave Medical, Madison, WI). A 14G Temno coaxial biopsy system (Cardinal Health, Dublin, OH) was used prior to ablation. The ablation antenna was inserted coaxially using a “single puncture” technique. Immediate post-ablation CT was performed to demonstrate necrosis. Tumor characteristics, procedural details, major and minor adverse events and post-treatment imaging details were recorded. Follow-up imaging was performed with CT or MRI to evaluate for recurrence (defined as persistent tumor enhancement). Serum creatinine levels were obtained pre ablation and 2 weeks post ablation. Results Tumors were classified as exophytic (n=3), parenchymal (n=5), central (n=1), or mixed (n=1). Mean maximum tumor diameter was 2.4 cm ± 0.8 (range: 1.0-3.7). All cases were performed with a single antenna. Mean ablation time (min) was 8 ± 2.6 (range 3.5-10). Mean generator power (W) was 80 ± 24 (range 65-140). Immediate technical success was 100%. There were no major adverse events. One minor complication (10%) included the formation of a renal artery pseudoaneurysm which was successfully treated with embolization. Biopsy results included: grade 2 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (n=5), grade 2 papillary RCC (n=2), focal glomerulosclerosis/chronic inflammation (n=2), and non-diagnostic (n=1). Mean time (months) to initial follow-up scan was 2.7 ± 1.3 (range 1-5). Nine of 10 tumors (90%) demonstrated complete necrosis at initial follow up scan. Mean serum creatinine pre and post ablation were 1.3 ± 0.55 and 1.2 ± 0.53, respectively (p=0.76). Conclusion Initial experience with high-powered, gas-cooled percutaneous renal MWA demonstrates high technical and clinical success with preservation of renal function and low complication rates. Further studies are warranted to demonstrate long-term oncologic outcomes.
Wavelength agile photoacoustic microscopy with a photonic crystal fiber supercontinuum source

Spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) requires a pulsed nanosecond laser with tunable wavelength, but such lasers are expensive and have poor wavelength switching speed. We are developing a rapidly tunable system based on a high repetition rate supercontinuum source. A supercontinuum is produced by propagating 0.6 ns duration pulses from an 7.5 kHz Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser through 7 meters of photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Wavelength selection is achieved with a rapidly tunable prism-based monochromator, where an actuator-controlled mask selects the desired wavelength band. Ten different wavelength bands (570 to 930 nm) are acquired in less than 1 second for each image pixel. Each wavelength has a bandwidth of 40 nm. The PAM system employs optical focusing of the excitation beam and detection with a 25 MHz spherically focused f/3 transducer. Multiwavelength imaging is tested on phantoms with different color inks. The inks were correctly identified by processing the multiwavelength images with a linear discriminant analysis. A major advantage of our tunable source is the high repetition rate and rapid access to widely separated wavelengths. These promising results suggest the potential of our wavelength agile source for spectroscopic photoacoustic microscopy.
Suicides in California (1968–1977): Absence of seasonality in Los Angeles and Sacramento counties

Abstract Since the turn of the century, there have been numerous publications on the seasonality of suicide. Rarely has the duration of sunlight exposure or any other weather parameter been quantitated in studies of suicide seasonality. To explore the relationships between sunlight and suicide, we examined California weather and suicide data from 1968 to 1977. Los Angeles County and Sacramento County were well-suited to the investigation, as complete data were available for these large population centers. There was no evidence of seasonality to suicides in L.A. County or Sacramento, despite a pronounced seasonality to weather. To investigate the acute temporal effects of weather on suicides, all occurences of 10 successive above- or below-average sunshine days were identified. Suicides for intervals of 5 days were then compared by Mann-Whitney analyses for 25 days after the selected intervals. For L.A. County, there were no significant findings. For Sacramento County, however, there was evidence for sunlight inhibition of suicides at days 21–25 after the above-average sunshine. Suicides after 10 days of below-average sunshine were increased as much as 70% about the 10-year average. Further replication studies with larger data sets are needed for an adequate examination of the correspondences of suicide data and weather measurements.
Spontaneous phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling dynamics drive spreading and random migration of fibroblasts

During directed cell migration (chemotaxis), cytoskeletal dynamics are stimulated and spatially biased by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and other signal transduction pathways. Live-cell imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed that, in the absence of soluble cues, 3′-phosphoinositides are enriched in a localized and dynamic fashion during active spreading and random migration of mouse fibroblasts on adhesive surfaces. Surprisingly, we found that PI3K activation is uncoupled from classical integrin-mediated pathways and feedback from the actin cytoskeleton. Inhibiting PI3K significantly impairs cell motility, both in the context of normal spreading and when microtubules are dissociated, which induces a dynamic protrusion phenotype as seen by TIRF in our cells. Accordingly, during random migration, 3′-phosphoinositides are frequently localized to regions of membrane protrusion and correlate quantitatively with the direction and persistence of cell movement. These results underscore the importance of localized PI3K signaling not only in chemotaxis but also in basal motility/migration of fibroblasts.
Computation of the Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Flow Around a Body in or Near the Free Surface

An unstructured grid-based, parallel incompressible flow solver has been developed for solving the three-dimensional non-linear flow around a body in or near the free surface. The incompressible Euler/Navier-Stokes equations are solved together with or without the free surface equation. The overall scheme combines a finite-element, equal-order, projection-type three-dimensional incompressible flow solver with a finite element, two-dimensional advection equation solver for the free surface equation. The solution is marched in time until a steady state is reached. The computer code developed based on the method described above has been applied to the simulation study of the three-dimensional nonlinear flow around a flying fish when it swims underwater, taxis on the free surface, and glides above water.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A process model of repetition in aphasia: an investigation of phonological and morphological interactions in aphasic error performance.

Articulatory errors made by a group of aphasic subjects in the repetition of words and nonsense syllables were analyzed with reference to a five part process model of repetition. Results indicated that the number of cognitive units within stimuli were a major factor in the number, type, and position of error, and that a segmentation process, both grammatically and phonetically dependent, was operating in the responses. Overall, the results were interpreted to support a “reduction of efficiency” view of aphasia.
Designing APL2 programs for unification

Unification is one of the fundamental algorithms of logic programming. It is fundamentally a pattern matching process which includes variables that match anything. This paper explores various alternatives for the APL2 programmer to create unification programs. The paper discusses the trade offs that the application programmer has to make as he analyzes the alternatives. Rather than advance a specific proposal as the best alternative, the reader is asked to make his own choice.
Calf augmentation using free TRAM flap.

Augmentation of the calf for correction of contour deformities has been most frequently performed utilizing silicone implants. Results of such implants have often been unsatisfactory. We report the case of a 27-year-old woman who chose the use of a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) free flap for correction of a left calf contour deformity from childhood polio. This is the first report of calf augmentation with the use of a TRAM free flap and excellent results were obtained.
Cosmogenesis and Primary Quantization

It is shown that the nothing from which universes are created in third quantization theory has itself a rich substructure. We suggest a void from which the nothing arises through creation of number fields and propose a scenario based on a dynamics of number fields which can lead to a possible language to describe the Big Bang.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ferritic Stainless Steels in Chloride Solutions

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking of several high chromium ferritic stainless steels in LiCl and MgCl2 solutions has been examined in terms of relevant electrochemical parameters. A low interstitial 26 Cr-1 Mo alloy (E-Brite) is immune to SCC at the open circuit corrosion potential; however, SCC is induced by anodic polarization revealing a critical cracking potential (Ecc) 15 mV noble to the corrosion potential. Plastic deformation and grain coarsening by high temperature annealing induce SCC by shifting Ecc in the active direction without affecting the corrosion potential. Nickel additions to high chromium ferritic stainless steels induce SCC by shifting the corrosion potential noble to Ecc. A close parallelism between the electrochemical response of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels is demonstrated suggesting that similar failure mechanisms occur in both types of steels. For the ferritic stainless steels, interrupted loading experiments reveal a hydrogen embrittled region in advance of stre...
Status of the EXO-200 Experiment

Abstract A 200-kg low-background liquid Xe double beta decay detector (EXO-200) has been installed underground at the WIPP facility outside Carlsbad, NM. In addition to serving as a prototype for research and development toward a ton-scale experiment, EXO-200 is expected to provide the first measurement of the two-neutrino decay mode of 136Xe, as well as place competitive limits on the possible neutrinoless mode. All system components outside the time-projection chamber (TPC) itself were tested in a cryogenic commissioning run last fall. The TPC was installed earlier this year, and detector electronics are now undergoing initial testing. This summer will see the liquid Xe TPC fill, final electronics commissioning, and detector calibration. An instrumentation run with natural Xe is planned before data-taking with enriched Xe.
National Tourist Offices: service quality expectations and performance

This study investigated customer expectations and service delivery systems to meet those expectations of National Tourist Offices (NTOs) operating in the USA. Focus groups of NTO customers were used to identify service quality expectations of NTOs. Service expectations were found to be accessibility, courtesy and competence, response time for requests, personalisation of responses, quality and quantity of materials and quality of information. NTOs were contacted and requests for tourist information were placed. NTO service delivery was evaluated in terms of the service expectations identified in the focus groups. The findings indicated a wide range of service quality performance by NTOs compared to that expected by NTO customers.
Deformation of rocks in the laboratory

In the search for understanding of the causes of deformation of the Earth's crust, it is particularly important to know two physical properties of the rocks constituting the crust — properties which are analogous to strength and viscosity as measured in engineering testing laboratories. Experiments on the deformation of rocks show that neither of these is a simple or easily defined property. In the following, “strength” will be used rather loosely as the stress which causes rupture under specified conditions. “Equivalent viscosity” will be used to describe the flow of rocks under constant stress. It is a term which is derived in the same manner as ordinary viscosity of liquids, but different in that it varies as a function of the applied shear-stress.
Engaging with others’ mathematical ideas: Interrelationships among student participation, teachers’ instructional practices, and learning

Abstract This paper explores the relationships between student participation in classroom conversations, teacher practices, and student learning in elementary school mathematics classrooms. Six teachers and 111 children aged 8–10 participated in the study. Students and teachers were videotaped as they discussed how to solve mathematical problems during whole-class and small-group discussions. The results show that the level of student engagement with each other's ideas and the incidence of students providing detailed explanations of their problem-solving strategies were positively related to student achievement. While teachers used a variety of instructional practices to encourage students to attend to and engage with each other's thinking, how teachers followed up on their initial moves was important for whether students engaged with others’ ideas at a high level.
On a connection between the Bradley–Terry model and the Cox proportional hazards model

Abstract This article addresses a connection between the Bradley and Terry [1952a. The rank analysis of incomplete block designs. I. The method of paired comparisons. Biometrika 39, 324–345] model and Cox [1972. Regression models and life-tables. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B 24, 187–220 (with discussion)] proportional hazards model. We show that the partial likelihood of random variables that satisfy the stratified proportional hazards assumption of Cox [1972. Regression models and life-tables. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B 24, 187–220 (with discussion)] coincides with the likelihood given by the Bradley–Terry (BT) model for rank order events. Such a connection not only allows many available software for the Cox model to be used for regression analysis based on the BT model, but also enables the new developments to fit certain rank order data by using ideas that stem from the Cox model and its extensions available in many recent literatures from survival analysis.
Influence of Fluoride upon Plaque and Gingivitis in the Beagle Dog

Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of twice daily topical applications of NaF, SnF 2, and an amine fluoride at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) upon plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Although some trends toward modest benefits were noted in certain instances, none of the agents exerted a significant effect upon either parameter.
Treatment of a segmental nerve defect in the rat with use of bioabsorbable synthetic nerve conduits: a comparison of commercially available conduits.

Background: The use of biodegradable synthetic nerve conduits for the reconstruction of segmental nerve defects has been extensively reported in both animal and human studies, with a majority of studies evaluating sensory nerve recovery. However, few studies have compared these nerve conduits for functional motor recovery. The purpose of this study was to compare three commercially available, synthetic, bioabsorbable nerve conduits and autograft with respect to compound muscle action potentials, maximum isometric tetanic force, wet muscle weight, and nerve histomorphometry. Methods: Eighty Lewis rats were divided into four groups according to the type of repair of a 10-mm excision of the sciatic nerve: group I had a reversed autograft; group II, a poly-DL-lactide-e-caprolactone conduit; group III, a type-I collagen conduit; and group IV, a polyglycolic acid conduit. All results were compared with the contralateral side. At twelve weeks, the rats underwent bilateral measurements of the compound muscle action potentials of the tibialis anterior and flexor digiti quinti brevis muscles, isometric tetanic force and muscle weight of the tibialis anterior, and peroneal nerve histomorphometry. Results: At twelve weeks, no difference in the percentage of recovery between the autograft and the poly-DL-lactide-e-caprolactone conduit was observed with respect to compound muscle action potentials, isometric muscle force, muscle weight, and axon count measurements. The poly-DL-lactide-e-caprolactone and collagen conduits remained structurally stable at twelve weeks, while the polyglycolic acid conduits had completely collapsed. The polyglycolic acid conduit had the poorest results, with a recovery rate of 15% for compound muscle action potentials and 29% for muscle force. Conclusions: The functional outcome in this rat model was similar for the autograft and the poly-DL-lactide-e-caprolactone conduits when they were used to reconstruct a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect. Functional recovery following the use of the polyglycolic acid conduit was the poorest. Clinical Relevance: Differences were demonstrated between commercially available conduits in this rat model. These results will allow surgeons to choose the optimal bioabsorbable synthetic conduit for human segmental nerve defect reconstruction.
Evaluation of ethanol vortex ELISA for detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and deer

The use of serological assays for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (TB) has been intensively studied and use of specific antigens have aided in improving the diagnostic accuracy of the assays. In the present study, we report an in-house enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), developed by using ethanol extract of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The assay, named (ethanol vortex ELISA [EVELISA]), was evaluated for detection of anti- M. bovis antibodies in the sera of cattle and white-tailed deer. By using the EVELISA, we tested sera obtained from two species of animals; cattle (n = 62 [uninfected, n = 40; naturally infected, n = 22]) and white-tailed deer (n = 41 [uninfected, n = 25; naturally infected, n = 7; experimentally infected, n = 9]). To detect species specific molecules, components in the ethanol extract were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and western blotting. Among the tested animals, 77.2% of infected cattle and 87.5% of infected deer tested positive for anti- M. bovis antibody. There were only minor false positive reactions (7.5% in cattle and 0% in deer) in uninfected animals. M. bovis -specific lipids and protein (MPB83) in the ethanol extract were detected by thin layer chromatography and western blotting, respectively. The results warrant further evaluation and validation of EVELISA for bovine TB diagnosis of traditional and alternative livestock as well as for free-ranging animal species.
Another Characterization of BLO

It is shown that a locally integrable function f on R" has bounded lower oscillation (f E BLO) if and only if f = MF + h, where F has bounded mean oscillation (F E BMO) and MF f a.e. Moreover, it is clear I Mf I is dominated by MIf I, the latter being the familiar Hardy-Littlewood maximal function of f, and so, in particular, the maximal operator M is bounded on L2. We shall make use of the obvious fact that if Q and Q' are two cubes with Q C Q', then Q'(f ) is dominated by (Mf )(x) for every x in Q, and so (I) ~~~~~Q'( f) < inf Mf (Q C Q'). Q A locally integrable function f on RW is said to be of bounded mean oscillation (f E BMO) if (2) IlfilIBMO = sup Q(IfQ(f )I) Q is finite. The space BMO is a linear space and, when the constant functions are factored out, the functional in (2) is a norm under which BMO is a Banach space. It is well known (cf. [3, p. 227]) that replacing (2) by the corresponding quadratic functional results in an equivalent norm on BMO. In particular, there is a constant c, depending only on the dimension n, such that (3) ( lJQ f(x) Q(f)I2dx) CIIAIBMo, for every cube Q in RW. Received by the editors July 30, 1981. A MS ( MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 44A25. 'Research supported in part by NSF Grant MCS-8102194. T1982 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/8 1/0000-0799/$02.25
Clinical Periodontal Status of Regularly Attending Patients in General Dental Practices

Periodontal status of regular patients of general practitioners in the United States is unknown. A project assessing the effectiveness of continuing professional education in altering provider behavior and patient periodontal health provided the opportunity to clinically examine 1092 patients in the offices of 36 general practitioners. These regularly attending patients were selected by a random start systematic sample of patient records. The examination included recording missing teeth and assessing plaque, gingivitis, calculus, probing depth, and attachment loss on the facial and facial-mesial surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth (PDI). The mean patient age was 48 years, and 63% were female. The mean number of missing teeth, not including third molars, was 3.9. Almost 78% of the patients had no sites with a P1I score greater than 1, but 52% of the patients had at least one site with bleeding. Calculus was present in 62% of the patients. Deepest pocket depth was 4 mm or greater in 9% of patients and 3.8% had s...
In-house research on the management of R&D in government agencies

This paper discusses the need for in-house R&D management research activities in government agencies. Problems of manning and training of personnel to conduct such research programs, project portfolio, and strategy are described. Case studies of new and on-going activities are presented. The paper summarizes a workshop, devoted to the subject of in-house management research activities, that was held at Northwestern University, December 12–13, 1966. Participating were representatives from a dozen governmental organizations and Northwestern. The first day explored the methods of organizing and conducting in-house studies within the various governmental organizations represented. The second day was devoted to a meeting on in-house research programs within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA headquarters and field center personnel and Northwestern faculty members discussed respective efforts and mutual problems coupled with future plans.
Fold recognition with minimal gaps.

Here we present a simplified form of threading that uses only a 20 × 20 two-body residue-based potential and restricted number of gaps. Despite its simplicity and transparency the Monte Carlo-based threading algorithm performs very well in a rigorous test of fold recognition. The results suggest that by simplifying and constraining the decoy space, one can achieve better fold recognition. Fold recognition results are compared with and supplemented by a PSI-BLAST search. The statistical significance of threading results is rigorously evaluated from statistics of extremes by comparison with optimal alignments of a large set of randomly shuffled sequences. The statistical theory, based on the Random Energy Model, yields a cumulative statistical parameter, ϵ, that attests to the likelihood of correct fold recognition. A large ϵ indicates a significant energy gap between the optimal alignment and decoy alignments and, consequently, a high probability that the fold is correctly recognized. For a particular number of gaps, the ϵ parameter reaches its maximal value, and the fold is recognized. As the number of gaps further increases, the likelihood of correct fold recognition drops off. This is because the decoy space is small when gaps are restricted to a small number, but the native alignment is still well approximated, whereas unrestricted increase of the number of gaps leads to rapid growth of the number of decoys and their statistical dominance over the correct alignment. It is shown that best results are obtained when a combination of one-, two-, and three-gap threading is used. To this end, use of the ϵ parameter is crucial for rigorous comparison of results across the different decoy spaces belonging to a different number of gaps. Proteins 2003;51:531–543. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Counting protein molecules using quantitative fluorescence microscopy

In recent years, quantification of absolute protein numbers in cellular structures using fluorescence microscopy has become a reality. Two popular methods are available to a broad range of researchers with minimal equipment and analysis requirements: stepwise photobleaching to count discrete changes in intensity from a small number of fluorescent fusion proteins, and comparing the fluorescence intensity of a protein to a known in vivo or in vitro standard. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and gives recent examples of each that answer important questions in their respective fields. We also highlight new counting methods that could become widely available in the future.
Generation and mucosal transmissibility of emtricitabine- and tenofovir-resistant SHIV162P3 mutants in macaques.

Abstract Transmission of drug-resistant HIV has been widely documented. We generated tenofovir (TFV)- and emtricitabine (FTC)-resistant SHIV162P3 mutants that can be used to investigate the transmission efficiency of drug-resistant viruses and their impact on the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Both SHIV162p3M184V and SHIV162p3K65R replicated in vitro at high titers. Drug resistance profiles were similar to those seen in HIV. Virus infectivity to virion particle ratios were 4- and 10-fold lower in SHIV162p3M184V and SHIV162p3K65R, compared to a concurrently generated WT SHIV162p3, respectively. Mucosal transmissibility studies using a repeat low-dose macaque model of rectal and vaginal transmission showed that both mutants were able to efficiently infect macaques only after the dose was increased to adjust for fitness reductions due to K65R and M184V. Our results in limited number of macaques suggest that the reduction in fitness due to M184V and K65R decreases virus transmissibility, and identify in vitro infectivity parameters that associate with mucosal transmissibility.
Plio-Pleistocene deposits adjacent to the Manix fault: implications for the history of the Mojave River and transverse Ranges uplift

A nearly continuous sedimentary record encompassing more than 2 million years of Plio-Pleistocene history is exposed by downcutting of the Mojave River adjacent to the Manix fault in the central Mojave Desert. This stratigraphic record, combined with local structural information, suggests that north-south crustal shortening took place adjacent to the Manix fault between about 1 and 0.5 Ma. Strike-slip deformation predominated along the Manix fault in the study area since 0.5-0.3 Ma and continues today. No evidence is found within the deposits for sustained eastward flow of the Mojave River system prior to 0.5 Ma, even though the Transverse Ranges uplift at San Bernardino Arch, the headwater region of the modern river system, has been estimated between 1.0 and 0.7 Ma. Understanding recent deformation in this region is especially warranted by the proximity and geometry between the Manix fault and a conspicuous gap in seismicity following the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence.
Estrogen control of the phospholipids of the uterus.

The influence of estradiol benzoate and of progesterone on the distribution of phospholipid in the endometrium of the castrate rat has been studied in tissue sections prepared by the controlled chromation method for phospholipids and the direct silver method for the Golgi apparatus. Estrogen decreases the basal phospholipid and causes a rapid growth of the Golgi apparatus, effects which are not paralleled by progesterone. The response of both the general phospholipid and the Golgi apparatus to graded doses of estradiol benzoate has been investigated.
Improving America's Diet and Health: From Recommendations to Action

Written and organized to be accessible to a wide range of readers, Improving America's Diet and Health explores how Americans can be persuaded to adopt healthier eating habits. Moving well beyond the "pamphlet and public service announcement" approach to dietary change, this volume investigates current eating patterns in this country, consumers' beliefs and attitudes about food and nutrition, the theory and practice of promoting healthy behaviors, and needs for further research. The core of the volume consists of strategies and actions targeted to sectors of society--government, the private sector, the health professions, the education community--that have special responsibilities for encouraging and enabling consumers to eat better. These recommendations form the basis for three principal strategies necessary to further the implementation of dietary recommendations in the United States.
To drink or not to drink: Motives and expectancies for use and nonuse in adolescence

Abstract Drinking motives have a prominent role in cognitive models of adolescent and adult alcohol decision-making ( Cooper, Russell, Skinner, & Windle, 1992 ; Cooper, 1994). The complementary construct of motivation not to drink has received less attention (Epler, Sher & Piasecki, 2009). We examined how abstinence motives interacted with drinking motives and alcohol expectancies to predict alcohol consumption in samples of US high school students (N > 2500). Nondrinking motives predicted lower rates of lifetime and current alcohol use. Motives not to drink interacted with specific drinking motives, like social and coping motives, and alcohol expectancies to predict certain aspects of drinking behavior. For example, motives not to drink had the greatest impact on youth with weaker social motivations. Findings highlight the distinction between motives not to drink and other alcohol-related cognitions in predicting adolescent alcohol consumption. This work not only supports the utility of this construct in developing models of youth alcohol-related decision-making but also has implications for prevention programming.
In silico enzymatic synthesis of a 400,000 compound biochemical database for nontargeted metabolomics.

Current methods of structure identification in mass-spectrometry-based nontargeted metabolomics rely on matching experimentally determined features of an unknown compound to those of candidate compounds contained in biochemical databases. A major limitation of this approach is the relatively small number of compounds currently included in these databases. If the correct structure is not present in a database, it cannot be identified, and if it cannot be identified, it cannot be included in a database. Thus, there is an urgent need to augment metabolomics databases with rationally designed biochemical structures using alternative means. Here we present the In Vivo/In Silico Metabolites Database (IIMDB), a database of in silico enzymatically synthesized metabolites, to partially address this problem. The database, which is available at http://metabolomics.pharm.uconn.edu/iimdb/, includes ∼23 000 known compounds (mammalian metabolites, drugs, secondary plant metabolites, and glycerophospholipids) collected f...
Changing death anxiety through death education in the public schools

Abstract The effectiveness of a two-week study on death, loss, and grief on the death anxiety of students in grades 6–12 was explored. Several personal and situational variables were investigated to determine their relationship to levels of and change in death anxiety. A number of questions related to death and loss also were explored. A total of 217 students comprised the experimental groups and 215 the control groups. Pretest levels of death anxiety were moderately high. The students scored relatively high on three of the Collett-Lester subscales (Fear of the Death of Oneself Fear of the Death of Others, and Fear of Dying of Oneself) and low on one (Fear of Dying of Others). Though the experimental and control groups were not significantly different in death anxiety at the conclusion of the study or two months later, the experimental group showed a significant change (decrease) in death anxiety from pre- to post-test.
Measurement of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms in Fracture of Fiber-Reinforced Ultrahigh-Strength Cement-Based Composites

In the study described here, reinforced and unreinforced specimens of reactive powder concrete were scanned using an X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging system that allowed characterization and measurement of internal features. The X-ray CT imaging was done in conjunction with three-point bending tests of notched beam specimens. Unreinforced specimens were used to measure specific fracture energy in a way that accounts for the irregular shape of the fracture surface. For fiber-reinforced specimens, 3D digital image analysis techniques were used to measure fiber volume fraction, as well as the orientation of each individual fiber. In postfracture scans, the total amount of internal cracking was measured, as was the degree of fiber pullout relative to undamaged specimens. Measurements show that with a nominal steel fiber volume fraction between 3.5 and 4.0% there can be a greater than a 100-fold increase in the net work of load. Through quantitative analysis of the tomographic images, we could account for close to 90% of that increase. The analysis shows that roughly half of the internal energy dissipation comes from matrix cracking, including the crack branching and multiple crack systems facilitated by the fibers, while the remaining energy dissipation is a result of fiber pullout.
Human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation on self-assembled monolayers presenting different surface chemistries

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have tremendous potential as a cell source for regenerative medicine due to their capacity for differentiation into a wide range of connective tissue cell types. Although significant progress has been made in the identification of defined growth factor conditions to induce lineage commitment, the effect of underlying biomaterial properties on functional differentiation is far less understood. Here we conduct a systematic assessment of the role for surface chemistry on cell growth, morphology, gene expression and function during hMSC commitment along osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. Using self-assembled monolayers of omega-functionalized alkanethiols on gold as model substrates, we demonstrate that biomaterial surface chemistry differentially modulates hMSC differentiation in a lineage-dependent manner. These results highlight the importance of initial biomaterial surface chemistry on long-term functional differentiation of adult stem cells, and suggest that surface properties are a critical parameter that must be considered in the design of biomaterials for stem cell-based regenerative medicine strategies.
MORPHOGENETIC BEHAVIOR OF TOBACCO TISSUE CULTURES AND IMPLICATION OF PLANT SENESCENCE

Decreases in the growth and organ-forming capacities characterized continuously cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Wisconsin 38') callus. The root-initiation ability was completely lost in l 2-year-old cultures. The rate of shoot formation decreased to a low plateau in cultures that reached 1'2-3 years of age since the explanting. An inverse relationship between callus growth and in vitro clonal age was also observed. Studies with callus clones started from individually isolated pith cells showed that the growth and organ-forming potentials of somatic cells varied, signifying that cell alterations had occurred in vivo. Both totipotent and non-totipotent cell lines were obtained. Subculturing the single-cell lines through several passages disclosed that the morphogenetically depressed state was irreversible and instability was characteristic of the totipotent lines. In the latter, a change toward the morphogenetically repressed level was observed. These findings are discussed in relation to the phenomenon of senescence. It is suggested that an accumulation of somatic mutations, i.e., genetic alterations resulting in reductions in the morphogenetic potential of cells, is a basis underlying senescence.
Cobalt Porphyrin Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction

Carbon nanotube (CNT) compositions were prepared by covalently grafting a Co(II) porphyrin to functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via zwitterionic functionalization of the CNT sidewalls followed by a SN2 substitution reaction. The MWCNT−Co−porphyrin compositions, mixed with Nafion, displayed excellent catalytic performance for oxygen reduction in acidic media (pH range, 0.0−5.0) at room temperature. With low catalyst loading, the oxygen reduction rates achieved are more than 1 order of magnitude higher than previously reported values for similar Co−porphyrin catalysts. These results demonstrate the advantages of systems of MWCNTs covalently linked to electrocatalytic molecules. The electrodes are easily fabricated by a drop-casting vacuum drying procedure. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements revealed the mechanism to be a direct four-proton and four-electron reduction of oxygen to water. These results demonstrate that new MWCNT electrocatalyt...
Naloxone depresses osmoregulatory drinking in rats

Abstract The effect of an opiate antagonist, naloxone, on hypertonic NaCl-induced drinking was studied in rats in a within-subject design. Naloxone reduced drinking at all dosage levels used (0.3–10.0 mg/kg) when compared to a control condition. These results extend previous findings of naloxone mediated reduction in fluid intake in water deprived and osmotically challenged animals. Naloxone's effect on fluid intake seems to be independent of procedure employed, and thus quite general. Possible mechanisms were considered.
Compression and Expansion of the Market P/E Ratio: The Fed Model Explained

Compression and expansion of the average market P/E ratio significantly affected U.S. equity returns in both the bear market of 1969–1981 and the bull market of 1982–1999. We compare two models of the market P/E ratio to determine which paradigm is most useful for financial analysts and portfolio strategists as they anticipate the future direction of the market P/E. We find that the “Fed Model” where investors benchmark the earnings yield on stocks to the 10-year T-note yield—provides a better description of how the market P/E ratio changes over time than the mean-reverting model posited by Campbell and Shiller [1998, 2001]. These results suggest that, as long as inflation and interest rates remain low, high market P/E ratios and the low expected return on equities that accompany high-P/E environments could persist for an extended period
The Spitzbergen reindeer--a winter-dormant ungulate?

Seasonal changes in serum levels of growth hormone, cortisol and thyroxine in calves and adult Spitzbergen reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrynchus) were measured and compared to those previously found in Norwegian reindeer (R.t. tarandus). Cortisol did not differ significantly between summer and winter, or between the subspecies. Growth hormone and thyroxine exhibited highly significant seasonal changes and subspecific differences: winter levels of growth hormone were much higher than summer levels in the Spitzbergen reindeer, while Norwegian reindeer differed very little from season to season. Both Spitzbergen and Norwegian reindeer had markedly reduced thyroxine levels during winter, but the values from the former were much lower than those from the latter. In summer, however, the levels were equal. The high levels of growth hormone and low levels of thyroxine in the Spitzbergen reindeer during winter are indicative of high lipolytic activity and a reduced metabolic rate, respectively.
Optimization of an optically pulsed photocell array as a sensor power source

A method for improving the efficiency of the conversion of pulsed optical power to electrical power by photovoltaic cells is presented. A fiber-optic echo sensor being developed requires a pulsed power source with a storage capacitor to hold energy for a time after the optical power is turned off. By charging capacitors from each cell individually with a switching transistor control, a higher efficiency is obtained than when the common method of series charging is used. >
A histological study of the colic caeca in the bantam fowl

The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached. The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated. In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate. Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
Using the Internet to Translate an Evidence-Based Lifestyle Intervention into Practice

Despite evidence-based recommendations for addressing obesity in the clinical setting, lifestyle interventions are lacking in practice. The objective of this study was to translate an evidence-base...
The early history of pulse compression radar-the development of AN/FPS-17 coded-pulse radar at Lincoln Laboratory

The development of pulse compression radar at MIT Lincoln Laboratory is related on the basis of the author's personal recollections. He describes the formation of the Radar Techniques Group, the development of the concept, the first system constructed, and the selection of an appropriate code for the transmitted waveform. >
Biphenotypic sarcoma with characteristics of both a Ewing sarcoma and a desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Background The EWS gene, a transcription factor of unknown function, is involved in chromosomal translocations associated with a wide variety of tumors, particularly small round blue cell tumors such as Ewing sarcoma. It has previously been reported that desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor (DSRBCT) frequently has an associated t(11;22) abnormality resulting from fusion of the EWS and WT-1 genes. Procedure We report a case of a small round blue cell tumor with characteristics of both Ewing sarcoma and DSRBCT with a t(11;22) translocation leading to fusion of the EWS and FLI1genes. Results The translocation point and fusion products were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment mapping of the products. Conclusions The biphenotypic nature of this case and the apparent promiscuity of the EWS gene in tumor-associated translocations coupled with other reports of biphenotypic childhood sarcomas has potential implications for the relationship between small round blue cell tumors and the mechanism of EWS/FLI1 oncogenesis. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 34:407–412, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.