cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the effectiveness of adaptive Chebyshev acceleration for solving systems of linear equations

Abstract A symmetrizable basic iterative method u ( n + 1) = Gu ( n ) + k can be greatly accelerated by Chebyshev acceleration. This method requires estimates of the extreme eigenvalues m ( G ) and M ( G ) of the iteration matrix G . An adaptive procedure for finding the eigenvalues was introduced by Hageman and Young (1981). We describe a scheme of using contours to test the effectiveness of this adaptive Chebyshev acceleration procedure. We conclude that the adaptive process is not sensitive to the starting estimate unless it is very close to M ( G ). Moreover, the adaptive procedure takes at most 35% more work than the optimal nonadaptive procedure.
Developing Densely: Estimating the Effect of Subway Growth on New York City Land Uses

In the early 20th Century New York City grew rapidly in population and developed area. The subway system grew rapidly to accommodate this new growth, but also as a concerted effort to decentralize the city away from lower Manhattan. This paper explores the co-development of the subway system and residential and commercial land uses using Granger causality models in order to determine if transit growth led residential and commercial development or if subway expansion occurred as a reaction to residential and commercial densities. The results suggest that the subway network developed in an orderly fashion and grew densest in areas where development had already occurred while lagged station densities were a weak predictor of residential and commercial densities. The implications of land use regulations and transit network density on residential and commercial land uses are discussed as are applications to contemporary planning debates.
On Poincaré's isoperimetric problem for simple closed geodesics

Abstract We show in the context of integral currents that Poincare's isoperimetric variational problem for simple closed geodesics on ovaloids has a smooth extremal C without self-intersection. Provided the smooth Riemannian metric on the ovaloid M in question does not deviate too far from constant curvature, we further show that (i) this extremal C is connected and so is the desired non-trivial geodesic of shortest length on M and (ii) C is close (in the sense of Hausdorff distance) to a great circle.
Correlation of X-Ray Computed Tomography with Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for Pre-Clinical Measurement of Adipose and Lean Tissues in Living Mice

Numerous obesity studies have coupled murine models with non-invasive methods to quantify body composition in longitudinal experiments, including X-ray computed tomography (CT) or quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (QMR). Both microCT and QMR have been separately validated with invasive techniques of adipose tissue quantification, like post-mortem fat extraction and measurement. Here we report a head-to-head study of both protocols using oil phantoms and mouse populations to determine the parameters that best align CT data with that from QMR. First, an in vitro analysis of oil/water mixtures was used to calibrate and assess the overall accuracy of microCT vs. QMR data. Next, experiments were conducted with two cohorts of living mice (either homogenous or heterogeneous by sex, age and genetic backgrounds) to assess the microCT imaging technique for adipose tissue segmentation and quantification relative to QMR. Adipose mass values were obtained from microCT data with three different resolutions, after which the data were analyzed with different filter and segmentation settings. Strong linearity was noted between the adipose mass values obtained with microCT and QMR, with optimal parameters and scan conditions reported herein. Lean tissue (muscle, internal organs) was also segmented and quantified using the microCT method relative to the analogous QMR values. Overall, the rigorous calibration and validation of the microCT method for murine body composition, relative to QMR, ensures its validity for segmentation, quantification and visualization of both adipose and lean tissues.
The unstated consensus of leadership approaches

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to report on the underlying consensus in the major leadership approaches. This led to an assessment of the comprehensiveness of 11 leadership approaches and the role of place in achieving it.Design/methodology/approach – Overall, 11 leadership approaches are analyzed and coded according to their emphasis and purpose and their organizational place (organizational content/context and the follower content/context).Findings – A total of eight consensus items are found which range from “leadership is a good thing and more of its is better” to “leadership is a type of holonomic process”. In addition, ten of the 11 leadership approaches lack comprehensiveness, and that this lack is possibly the reason for their popularity.Research limitations/implications – This paper does not include all possible leadership approaches. The analysis and coding of those selected leave room for different interpretations and possibly different conclusions.Practical limitations – The inabilit...
Winter Observations on Bottom Organisms and Trout in Bridger Creek, Montana

Abstract Effects of temperature, ice, and fluctuating water levels on bottom organisms and on the movements of rainbow trout were investigated in a 900-foot section of Bridger Creek in southwestern Montana from October 21, 1959, to September 12, 1960. Ninety-six bottom samples and 27 drift samples were studied. Limnephilidae were the most abundant aquatic organisms in the area. Surface ice cover had no effect on the abundance of bottom organisms except for the loss of a small number frozen in the ice at the stream edge. High flows during the spring reduced the number of bottom organisms in situ, and increased the number taken in drift samples. Floating surface ice did not appear to increase the number of organisms in drift samples. Sixty-one percent of the trout captured and tagged in the study section were recaptured no more than 150 feet from the original place of capture. More trout were recovered downstream than upstream during each month of study. Trout moved as far as 2 miles upstream from the study...
Processing images and sounds with matching pursuits

Complex signals need to be adaptively expanded over families of waveforms selected to match their different structures. A matching pursuit is a greedy algorithm that expands signals over vectors that are selected among redundant dictionaries of waveforms. The properties of this algorithm are reviewed. Applications to sound and image processing with dictionaries of time- frequency atoms are described.
Spatial Expression of the Alternatively Spliced EIIIB and EIIIA Segments of Fibronectin in the Early Chicken Embryo

Using domain-specific antibodies, we have analyzed the tissue distribution of fibronectins (FNs) containing the alternatively spliced EIIIB and EIIIA segments relative to total FN in early chicken embryos. The results show a selective loss of EIIIA+ FN staining in the notochordal sheath and in cartilaginous structures between 4.5 and 7.0 days of development. In other regions, EIIIB+ and EIIIA+ FNs are extensively codistributed in and around mesoderm-derived structures (somites, notochord, heart, and blood vessels), in basal laminae of endoderm and ectoderm-derived structures, as well as within the vicinity of neural crest formation and migration. We also noted that EIIIA staining overlaps with spatial patterns of distribution that have previously been described for the α4 integrin subunit, a component of the EIIIA receptor α4β1.
Noncollocated control of distributed-parameter nondispersive systems with tip inertias using time delays

This paper deals with the noncollocated, time-delayed active point control of a spatially finite system which has a tip inertia and which is modeled by the one-dimensional wave equation. The paper presents a new method of control of the system using noncollocated sensors and actuators. By using the physical properties of the mode shapes of vibration of the system it is shown that the modal response at a given location in the system can be reconstructed from the time-delayed modal responses at (at most) three different locations in the system. Based on this observation, a closed-loop control design is provided which is capable of stabilizing the system and dampening the vibrations in all its modes, while using dislocated sensor and actuator locations. Simple dinite-dimensional controllers are used in the control design. Explicit conditions are provided to obtain the bounds on the controller gains to ensure stability of the closed-loop control design. These bounds are obtained in terms of the locations of the sensors and the actuators. Simulation results, which validate the control methodology and the theoretical bounds on the gain, are also presented.
Role of Chemotaxis in Establishing a Specific Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterial-Bacterial Association

A specific association with the cyanobacterium Anabaena oscillarioides was established by positive bacterial (pseudomonad) chemotaxis to Anabaena oscillarioides heterocysts. This association enhanced nitrogen fixation in A. oscillarioides, and positive chemotaxis was particularly strong during periods of active nitrogen fixation. Addition of compounds known to elicit positive chemotaxis in pseudomonads interfered with the establishment of the association, while removal of these compounds led to reestablishment of the association. Anabaena oscillarioides excretion products, some of which are exuded from heterocyst-vegetative cell junctions, are likely to be responsible for positive chemotactic responses. Chemotaxis-controlled associations such as this one explain in part why aquatic bacterial-algal and bacterial-particle associations occur sporadically and are heterogeneously distributed in time and space.
Effects of a tectonically-triggered wave of incision on riverine exports and soil mineralogy in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico.

We document the long-term response of a tropical mountain stream to tectonics and show how this response exerts a first-order spatial control on the delivery of weatherable minerals to forest soils in its catchment. These minerals, in turn, affect nutrient availability and biogeochemical cycles. The Luquillo Mountains is a rainforest-covered isolated massif on Puerto Rico Island. Instead of displaying typical concave-up long profiles of most mountain streams, the rivers draining the southern flank of these mountains display a systematic downstream increase in gradient. Using concentrations of in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be in quartz from river sediments, we find that the downstream steepening is due to the propagation of an erosion wave along the rivers from the coastal plain upstream, toward the headwaters. Decreased 10Be concentration along the steepened reaches (knickpoint faces or knickzones) results from faster denudation of the valley sides around the steepened reaches. The upper portions of the steepened reaches (knickpoint lips) cluster in elevation around the altitude of a flat-lying, dissected surface traceable around the Luquillo Mountains. Inspection of similar platforms over other parts of Puerto Rico and in the surrounding seas suggests that the dissected surface is an uplifted shore platform formed in the Early Pliocene (∼4 My ago). Upstream of the knickpoints, rivers possess alluvial reaches still graded to this uplifted platform. They represent relict profiles of the rivers that once drained an island that was surrounded by the now-uplifted platform. We conclude that the knickpoints initiated when the platform started to rise above the Caribbean Sea. The knickpoints then started propagating upstream, defining the front of a slow-moving wave of erosion. 10Be-derived catchment-scale denudation rates measured above and below the knickpoints indicate a 30–210% increase in denudation associated to the passage of the knickpoints. Mineralogical analysis of the soils show that soils upstream of the knickpoints overlie deeply depleted saprolite and only contain recalcitrant minerals, whereas soils downstream of the knickpoints experience an input of fresh, weatherable minerals. This influx considerably increases nutrient availability (Porder et al., 2015) in a forest where atmospheric inputs are otherwise the main source of nutrients (McDowell et al., 1990; Zarin and Johnson, 1995; Pett-Ridge, 2009).
The Spatial Distribution of Housing‐Related Ordinary Income Tax Benefits

We estimate how tax subsidies to owner-occupied housing are distributed spatially across the United States and find striking skewness. At the state level, the mean tax benefit per owned unit in 1990 ranged from $917 in South Dakota to $10,718 in Hawaii. The dispersion is slightly greater when benefit flows are measured at the metropolitan-area level. Even assuming the subsidies are funded in an income progressivity-neutral manner, a relatively few metro areas, primarily in California and the New York–Boston corridor, are shown to gain considerably while the vast majority of areas have relatively small gains or losses.
Purification and partial characterization of α-Amylase allozymes from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica☆☆☆

Abstract α-Amylase was purified from adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), by ammonium sulfate precipitation, glycogen complex formation, and gel filtration chromatography. Specific activity increased from 16 AU/mg protein in the crude extract to 705 AU/mg protein in the final sample (1 AU = 1 mg maltose hydrate/min at 30°C). Two major protein bands, active in starch zymograms, were present at R m 0.71 and 0.79 when the sample was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) on 7.5% gels. In addition, several minor proteins that had α-amylase activity were also present. Molecular masses of the two major allozymes were estimated to be 57 and 55 kDa under dissociating conditions. Isoelectric points of the allozymes were at pH 3.4 and 3.5. The amylases were most active at pH 7 and the presence of 20 mM NaCl resulted in a 10.7-fold increase in V max . K m for soluble starch was 0.127%. Saline extracts of wheat (“Florida 302”) were 2- and 3-fold more inhibitory on a weight basis towards the amylases from R. dominica than were extracts prepared from two cultivars of triticale, “Morrison” and “CT-4161”, respectively. Interaction of purified α-amylase inhibitors from wheat, inhibitor-0.28 and a sample of the inhibitor-0.19 family of isoinhibitors, with the α-amylases from R. dominica was studied. Complex formation between the amylases and inhibitor-0.28 was demonstrated by PAGE, although the protein-protein complexes that formed were not completely stable during electrophoresis. K i values were estimated to be 2.6 nM for inhibitor-0.28 and 2.9 nM for inhibitor-0.19. Binding of these inhibitors to α-amylases from R. dominica was not as tight compared with the interaction of these inhibitors with amylases from Sitophilus weevils and Tenebrio molitor .
Hepatocyte growth factor and Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells: In vitro models of epithelial cell movement and morphogenesis

It is becoming increasingly apparent that epithelial cell movement and changes in morphology are central to both development and regeneration of epithelial organs and are involved with pathological processes such as transformation of epithelia to carcinoma and metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchymally derived growth factor with pleiotrophic effects on epithelia depending on culture conditions. In vivo, HGF plays a role in mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which share many properties with polarized epithelia in vivo, are remarkably sensitive to HGF. In vitro models of HGF-treated MDCK cells have proven to be useful for the study of epithelial cell movement and changes in morphology. When cultured on plastic at low density, MDCK cells scatter in response to HGF. MDCK cells grown as cell suspensions in collagen gels form complex branching tubular structures in response to HGF. When cultivated as a monolayer on permeant supports, MDCK cells are well polarized with established E-cadherin mediated cell-cell junctions and dedifferentiate in response to HGF. Some of the mechanisms responsible for changes in cell movement and morphology that have been characterized using these models are summarized in this review. Models of MDCK cells exposed to HGF will continue to be useful in the study of epithelial cell movement and morphogenesis in vitro and will provide important clues into the cellular mechanisms important during in vivo epithelial processes such as organ development, regeneration, and transformation to carcinoma.
The Economists and the Combination Laws

The laws and the reasons for them, 502.—The economists and repeal, 503.—Why the laws were repealed, 515.
Energy-dissipative momentum-conserving time-stepping algorithms for the dynamics of nonlinear Cosserat rods

This paper presents the development of energy-dissipative momentum-conserving algorithms for the numerical integration of the dynamics of nonlinear Cosserat rods. The proposed numerical schemes exhibit a non-negative energy dissipation, controllable through the appropriate algorithmic parameters including an energy-conserving scheme as a particular case. These conservation/dissipation properties are proven rigorously in the general nonlinear setting, accounting specifically for the finite element implementation of the rotational degrees of freedom associated to the motion of the rod's cross-sections. In particular, we consider a direct parameterization of the director fields defining these sections, hence leading to frame-indifferent approximations of the strain measures defining the rod's mechanical response. The robustness added by these considerations when comparing the proposed numerical schemes with existing conserving schemes is illustrated with several representative numerical simulations.
Precipitation of cuprous halides in borosilicate glasses

Exciton absorption bands near 400 nm indicate the precipitation of cuprous halides in certain alkali borosilicate glasses. The precise shape of the absorption can be altered by varying the ratio of bromide to chloride or by varying the heat treatment. The influence of the matrix glass composition on the strength of the exciton bands is discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ventricular reservoir versus ventriculosubgaleal shunt for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm infants: infection risks and ventriculoperitoneal shunt rate

Object The most common neurosurgical condition observed in preterm infants is intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), which often results in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). These conditions portend an unfavorable prognosis; therefore, the potential for poor neurodevelopmental outcomes necessitates a better understanding of the comparative effectiveness of 2 temporary devices commonly used before the permanent insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt: the ventricular reservoir and the ventriculosubgaleal shunt (VSGS). Methods The authors analyzed retrospectively collected information for 90 patients with IVH and PHH who were treated with insertion of a ventricular reservoir (n = 44) or VSGS (n = 46) at their institution over a 14-year period. Results The mean gestational age and weight at device insertion were lower for VSGS patients (30.1 ± 1.9 weeks, 1.12 ± 0.31 kg) than for reservoir patients (31.8 ± 2.9 weeks, 1.33 ± 0.37 kg; p = 0.002 and p = 0.004, respectively). Ventricular reservoir insertion...
Development and Evaluation of a Near-Infrared Instrument for Single-Seed Compositional Measurement of Wheat Kernels

ABSTRACT A single-kernel, near-infrared reflectance instrument was designed, built, and tested for its ability to measure composition and traits in wheat kernels. The major objective of the work was targeted at improving an existing design concept of an instrument used for larger seeds such as soybeans and corn but in this case designed for small seeds. Increases in throughput were sought by using a vacuum to convey seeds without compromising measurement accuracy. Instrument performance was evaluated by examining measurement accuracy of wheat kernel moisture, protein content, and kernel mass. Spectral measurements were obtained on individual wheat kernels as they were conveyed by air through an illuminated tube. Partial least squares (PLS) prediction models for these constituents were then developed and evaluated. PLS single-kernel moisture predictions had a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) around 0.5% MC wet basis; protein prediction models had an RMSEP near 0.70%. Prediction of mass was not ...
Required security screenings for researchers: A policy analysis

After the attacks of 9/11/2001 the federal government implemented new policies intended to protect people and institutions in the United States. A surprising policy requires education researchers conducting research under contract to the U.S. Department of Education (ED) to obtain security clearances, sometimes known as security screenings. Contractor employees whose work meets any of four conditions are required to “undergo personnel security screenings.” Two of the four conditions are mandated by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12, issued by President George W. Bush in 2004. This article focuses on the other two conditions triggering security screenings by ED, which are when contractor employees either “require access to unclassified sensitive information, such as Privacy Act-protected, personally identifiable, proprietary or other sensitive information and data” or “perform duties in a school or location where children are present.” Neither is a national security concern. Since 2007 the American Educational Research Association has objected to security screenings triggered by these two requirements; however, the policy was reissued by ED in July 2010. This article describes the experiences of contracting organizations and their employees. The majority have complied with the requirements, although often under duress. Two historical precedents are cited and discussed, when the government in the 1950s implemented loyalty oath provisions allegedly to protect citizens. Sociological and psychological research is explored that sheds light on people’s behavior when faced with requirements such as these screenings. A lengthy list of objections to the policy is explained and discussed.
Das Bandenspektrum des Wismutoxyds

Die Banden des Wismuthoxyds zwischen 4300 und 6700 A werden mit masiger Dispersion photographiert. Es zeigt sich, das sie die vier folgenden Bandensysteme bilden: System A: $$\begin{gathered} v = 22020,26 + \{ 212,10(v' + \frac{1}{2}) - 2,06(v' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} \hfill \\ - \{ 307,58(v'' + \frac{1}{2}) - 1,58(v'' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ System B: $$\begin{gathered} v = 21188,39 + \{ 227,26(v' + \frac{1}{2}) - 4,88(v' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} \hfill \\ - \{ 307,58(v'' + \frac{1}{2}) - 1,58(v'' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ System C: $$\begin{gathered} v = 18065,84 + \{ 280,43(v' + \frac{1}{2}) - 2,55(v' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} \hfill \\ - \{ 369,96(v'' + \frac{1}{2}) - 1,44(v'' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ System D: $$\begin{gathered} v = 17153,78 + \{ 297,90(v' + \frac{1}{2}) - 4,64(v' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} \hfill \\ - \{ 493,39(v'' + \frac{1}{2}) - 1,32(v'' + \frac{1}{2})^2 \} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
Estimating common parameters of lognormally distributed environmental and biomonitoring data: harmonizing disparate statistics from publications.

The progression of science is driven by the accumulation of knowledge and builds upon published work of others. Another important feature is to place current results into the context of previous observations. The published literature, however, often does not provide sufficient direct information for the reader to interpret the results beyond the scope of that particular article. Authors tend to provide only summary statistics in various forms, such as means and standard deviations, median and range, quartiles, 95% confidence intervals, and so on, rather than providing measurement data. Second, essentially all environmental and biomonitoring measurements have an underlying lognormal distribution, so certain published statistical characterizations may be inappropriate for comparisons. The aim of this study was to review and develop direct conversions of different descriptions of data into a standard format comprised of the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) and then demonstrate h...
Oxygen- and Hydrogen-Isotopic Ratios of Water in Precipitation: Beyond Paleothermometry

Paleoclimatologists face a dilemma. No sedimentary proxy is a pure recorder of quantitative climate information. Yet climate modelers and policy-makers increasingly seek quantitative comparisons between instrumentally documented, possibly anthropogenic, climate changes and those produced naturally in the past. In the second edition of his influential book, Bradley (1999, p. 6) discussed the calibration of proxy records to learn past climate changes: “Calibration involves using modern climatic records and proxy materials to understand how, and to what extent, proxy materials are climate-dependent. It is assumed that the modern relationships observed have operated, unchanged, throughout the period of interest (the principle of uniformitarianism).” In other words, one relates the characteristics of sediment to climate at different places for one time, or at a place for short times, and then uses that relation plus characteristics of older sediments to estimate the climatic conditions that produced those sedimentary characteristics. Bradley (1999) then extensively discussed the difficulties in applying this methodology in a complex world with imperfect recorders; nonetheless, the goal of using calibrated proxies for quantitative as well as qualitative paleoclimatic reconstruction is clear. A prominent recent use of calibrated paleoclimatic data is the assessment of whether the probably-anthropogenic warming of the latter 20th century moved beyond the band of natural variability of the prevailing climate. Bradley (2000) combined recent instrumental records with several longer proxy-based reconstructions of surface temperature including that of Mann et al. (1999). Based on this composite data set, Bradley (2000) argued that “temperatures in the late 20th century were unique in the context of the entire millennium”. The proxy records were primarily based on tree-ring data, but included isotopic and major-element geochemistry of corals, and occurrence of melt layers and isotopic ratios of water in ice cores. However, Broecker (2001) questioned the basis for the reconstruction of …
Analysis of the anatomical distribution of GAD67 mRNA encoding truncated glutamic acid decarboxylase proteins in the embryonic rat brain

Abstract During development of the central nervous system (CNS) the gene that encodes the 67 kDa form of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) undergoes alternative splicing. The alternatively spliced variants include an exon (referred to as ES, for embryonic stop) that contains a premature stop codon. The detection of mRNA containing the ES exon in embryonic rat brain has been previously reported (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87 (1990) 8771–8775). We have used in situ hybridization to identify the anatomical distribution of ES mRNA in the embryonic rat brain during two stages of development, embryonic day 17 (E17) and E20. At E17, GAD 67 mRNA was expressed in several CNS regions that were destined to contain GABAergic neurons when mature. ES transcripts were predominantly localized to ventricular zones and other regions associated with populations of proliferative cells at E17 and E20. At both ages, however, the alternatively spliced variants were also detected in regions of brain associated with migratory or post-mitotic neurons. GAD 67 transcripts that did not include the ES exon were localized to anatomical areas that contained post-mitotic, and often post-migratory neurons. The temporal and spatial disappearance of mRNA containing the ES exon generally followed a caudal-to-rostral gradient which paralleled neuronal terminal mitosis and differentiation.
Strength evaluations of sinusoidal core for FRP sandwich bridge deck panels

Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sandwich deck panels with sinusoidal core geometry have shown to be successful both in new construction and the rehabilitation of existing bridge decks. This paper is focused on an experimental study of the strength evaluations of a honeycomb sandwich core under out-of-plane compression and transverse shear. The sinusoidal core is made of E-glass Chopped Strand Mat (ChSM) and Polyester resin. The compressive, tensile and shear strengths were first obtained from coupon tests. The out-of-plane compression tests were performed on representative single-cell volume elements of sandwich panels, and the tests included “stabilized” samples to induce compression failure, and “bare” samples to induce local buckling of the core. Finally, four-point bending tests were conducted to study the structural strength behavior under transverse shear. Two types of beam samples were manufactured by orienting the sinusoidal wave either along the length (longitudinal) or along the width (transverse). Both typical shear failure mode of the core material and delamination at the core–facesheet bonding interface were observed for longitudinal samples. The failure for transverse samples was caused by core panel separation. For both single-cell and beam-type specimen tests, the number of bonding layers, i.e., the amount of ChSM contact layer and resin used to embed the core into the facesheet, and the core thickness are varied to study their influence. The experimental results described herein can be subsequently used to develop design guidelines.
A new family of preconditioners for domain decomposition

This paper presents a new approach to construct preconditioners for the domain decomposition-based preconditioned conjugate gradient methods. The idea is to approximate the spectrum of the Schur complement by simple functions, such as rational approximations, which leads to solving an easy, lower dimension interface problem. Examples are given for nonuniform grids on interfaces; this is a common situation for which no effective preconditioners now exist. Theory and experimental data are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the author’s approach in this application.
Glucose-insulin-potassium solutions improve outcomes in diabetics who have coronary artery operations.

Abstract Background . This study was undertaken to determine whether glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) would improve myocardial performance and limit morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients. Methods . Forty consecutive coronary artery bypass grafting patients with medically treated diabetes mellitus were prospectively randomly assigned to either a GIK group (n = 20; 500 mL D 5 W + 80 U regular insulin + 40 mEq KCl 30 mL/hour) or a no-GIK group (n = 20; D 5 W at 30 mL/hour). The GIK was begun at anesthetic induction and continued for 12 hours postoperatively. Results . Patients treated with GIK had higher postoperative cardiac indices (2.88 ± 0.50 versus 2.20 ± 0.39 L/minute per square meter; p p = 0.05), less weight gain (5.80 ± 3.76 versus 13.85 ± 6.52 pounds; p p = 0.0128). They had a significantly lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation (15% versus 60%; p = 0.003), and shorter hospital stays (6.70 ± 1.52 versus 10.15 ± 6.62 days; p = 0.02). Conclusions . Substrate enhancement with GIK in diabetic patients improved myocardial performance and resulted in faster recovery after coronary artery bypass grafting.
Bilateral anterior minithoracotomy with video assistance for lung volume reduction surgery and pulmonary metastasectomy

Incisional access to pulmonary pathology involving both lungs has often involved bilateral standard thoracotomies, median sternotomy, and, recently, sequential lateral video-assisted thoracic surgical approaches. Significant problems are inherent to each of these approaches. We introduce a hybrid technique of bilateral simultaneous minithoracotomy with video assistance as an alternative to these other surgical approaches.
High Speed Long Range Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of the Human Airway

We present work on the development of a 700 um OCT endoscopic probe used in conjunction with a long range Fourier domain OCT system to acquire structural and anatomical 3D datasets of the human airway.
Impaired response of plasma vasopressin to orthostatic stress in patients with congestive heart failure.

Arginine vasopressin, a potent vasoconstrictor and regulator of body water, is frequently increased in the plasma of patients with congestive heart failure. Other neurohumoral control networks, such as the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system, also demonstrate increased activity in congestive heart failure, but fail to respond normally to physiologic stress, such as orthostatic tilt. To assess the response of plasma vasopressin to orthostasis in heart failure, vasopressin was measured before and at 10 and 45 minutes during passive upright tilt in 15 patients with congestive heart failure and their response was compared with that in 9 normal control subjects. Arginine vasopressin was measured by radioimmunoassay. In the normal subjects, plasma arginine vasopressin was 5.3 ± 2.3 pg/ml at control, was unchanged at 10 minutes, but significantly increased to 7.0 ± 2.5 pg/ml at 45 minutes (p Thus, plasma arginine vasopressin, like plasma norepinephrine and renin activity, does not increase in response to upright tilt in patients with congestive heart failure. The explanation is not evident but could involve either abnormalities in reflex control of plasma vasopressin in congestive heart failure or in clearance of the hormone during orthostasis.
Retention in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with carbon dioxide mobile phases containing polar modifiers

Abstract Addition of 2-propanol, acetonitrile, or dichloromethane to a supercritical carbon dioxide mobile phase in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography decreased the retention of selected test solutes at constant temperature and pressure. The data obtained indicate that selective interactions between the solute and the mobile phase modifier contribute to the retention mechanism. High-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic compounds were chromatographed with 8.9 mol% 2-propanol in carbon dioxide.
Peroxidase-mediated removal of endocrine disrupting compound mixtures from water.

Abstract Several classes of oxidative enzymes have shown promise for efficient removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are resistant to conventional wastewater treatments. Although the kinetics of reactions between individual EDCs and selected oxidative enzymes are well documented in the literature, there has been little investigation of reactions with EDC mixtures. This makes it impossible to predict how enzyme-mediated treatment systems will perform since wastewater effluents generally contain multiple EDCs. This paper reports pseudo-first order rate constants for a model oxidative enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), during single-substrate ( k 1 ) and mixed-substrate ( k 1-MIX ) reactions. Measured values are compared with literature values of three Michaelis–Menten parameters: half-saturation constant ( K M ), enzyme turnover number ( k CAT ), and the ratio k CAT / K M . Published reports had suggested that each of these could be correlated with HRP reactivity towards EDCs in mixtures, and empirical results from this study show that K M can be used to predict the sequence of EDC removal reactions within a particular mixture. We also observed that k 1-MIX values were generally greater than k 1 values and that compounds exhibiting greatest estrogenic toxicities reacted most rapidly in a given mixture. Finally, because K M may be tedious to measure for every EDC of interest, we have constructed a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict these values. This model predicts K M quite accurately ( R 2 = 89%) based on two molecular characteristics: molecular volume and hydration energy. Its accuracy makes this QSAR a useful tool for predicting which EDCs will be removed most efficiently during enzyme treatment of EDC mixtures.
Control of cage lighting by locomotor activity through feedback circuits

This paper describes an electronic device through which environmental lighting conditions are linked to locomotor activity thus allowing only the photosensitive portions of a nocturnal rodents phase-response-curve to be exposed to light. In the past, this type of lighting schedule has been difficult, if not impossible, to present with an exogenously controlled lighting system due to the phase shifting ability of the rodent's circadian system. The feedback lighting system is made from components which can be purchased at most electronics outlets for less than $100.
Experience-Dependent Asymmetric Shape of Hippocampal Receptive Fields

trial. These results may provide insights into the role of plasticity in the structure of cortical receptive fields. Summary Results
The Factorial Validity of a Scale for Evaluation of Counselors in a University Counseling and Testing Center

For a sample of 270 students who sought on their own initiative counseling on academic, career, vocational, and personal matters at a university counseling and testing center, intercorrelations of their responses to 20 statements on the Evaluation of Counselors (EOC) scale were factor-analyzed. The following five factor dimensions were identified: (a) Counselee Satisfaction with the Counseling and Testing Center, (b) Counselor's Facilitation of Counselee's Self-Understanding and Personal Growth, (c) Lack (or Presence) of Confidence in or Rapport with the Counselor, (d) Counselor as a Concerned and Effective Individual in His Relationship with the Counselee, and (e) Counselor Effectiveness in Communication and Interpretation of Information to the Counselee. Thus the EOC scale does not reflect a unitary evaluative dimension, but rather several dimensions of counseling effectiveness. Although the EOC scale was heterogeneous in its factorial content, two internal-consistency estimates of .867 and .921 were ob...
The effects of phencyclidine on amphetamine stereotypy in rats.

Abstract In two separate experiments a 9 point rating scale was used to assess the effects of various doses of phencyclidine on the behavioral stereotypy produced by d-amphetamine in rats. A dose of phencyclidine (2.5 mg/kg) which had no effect when given alone, enhanced the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. Higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) of phencyclidine produced some stereotypy when given alone but they also produced ataxia which confounded the rating of their other behavioral effects. These higher doses did not enhance the effects of d-amphetamine. This study provides further evidence that phencyclidine may have dopaminergic activity similar to amphetamine.
Measurement of the spatial coherence of a soft-x-ray laser.

The spatial coherence of a neonlike selenium x-ray laser operating at 206 and 210 \AA{} has been measured using a technique based on partially coherent x-ray diffraction. The time-integrated spatial coherence of the selenium x-ray laser was determined to be equivalent to that of a quasimonochromatic spatially incoherent disk source whose diameter is comparable to the line focus of the visible-light laser pumping the x-ray laser. The spatial coherence was improved by narrowing the line focus width.
Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Technocracy and Expertise The Basic Political Questions The Neglect of Normative Reason Technical Rationality and The Politics of Methodology PART TWO: THE TECHNOCRATIC PROJECT: ITS HISTORY AND AGENDA Technocratic Theory The Basic Themes in Historical Perspective Technocratic Theory in America From the Progressives to the Postindustrialists PART THREE: THE POLITICAL USES OF EXPERTISE: ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORGANIZATION AND POLICY Managerial Expertise and Bureaucratic Control The Politics of Behavioral Science Technocracy and Policy Expertise The Politics of the 'New Class' PART FOUR: TECHNOCORPORATISM: THEORY AND METHODS Apolitical Politics The Theory of the Technocorporate State Technocratic Methodology Central Guidance as Systems Plannings PART FIVE: POLICY SCIENCE AND THE POSTPOSITIVIST CHALLENGE: THE POLITICS OF DISCOURSE Beyond Technical Discourse A Theory of Comprehensive Rationality Critical Discourse and Policy Expertise A Methodological Case Study PART SIX: RECONSTRUCTING ORGANIZATION THEORY: FROM TECHNICAL TO POLITICAL RATIONALITY Organizations as Political Systems The Managerial Bias in Critical Perspective Technological Politics in the Postindustrial Workplace The Problem of Expertise PART SEVEN: EXPERTISE AND EMPOWERMENT: TOWARD AN ALTERNATIVE PRACTICE Democracy and Expertise The Case of Policy Science Restructuring Practice The Elements of Participatory Expertise
Chelating tendencies of tripolyphosphate ions

Abstract Potentiometric equilibrium measurements of the interactions of the polyphosphate anion with the hydrogen ion and with Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions. The potentiometric data are interpreted in terms of equilibrium constants for the formation of a chelate compound containing both a metal and a hydrogen ion, as well as the normal chelate from which all dissociable hydrogens are displaced. The formation constants correlate well with ionization potentials of the metals, and with the acid dissociation constants of the monoprotonated ligands.
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in retinal cell suspensions: Effects of potassium and 8-bromo cyclic AMP

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) contained in dopamine (DA) neurons of rat retina is activated invivo as a consequence of photic stimulation. Experiments were conducted to test the effects of changes of membrane potential and of cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation on TH activity of these retinal neurons. Retinas were dissociated into suspensions of apparently viable cells to test the direct effects of pharmacological manipulations of TH activity in the absence of trans-synaptic influences. To test the effects of changes of membrane potential on TH activity we examined the effects of a depolarizing agent, potassium. Incubation of cell suspensions in Ringer's solution containing a depolarizing concentration of K+ (52 mM) resulted in a significant increase of TH activity, suggesting that membrane depolarization may trigger a series of molecular events that leads to TH activation. Incubation of cell suspensions in the presence of 8-bromo cyclic AMP, a cyclic AMP analog that is known to activate cyclic AMP-dependent processes following extra-cellular application, resulted in a significant activation of TH that was comparable to that produced invitro by cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. These data support the hypothesis that membrane potential plays a role in the regulation of TH activity, and indicate that cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation can activate retinal TH insitu. The apparent viability of the retinal cells in suspension suggests that this preparation may be useful for studying synaptic regulatory mechanisms.
The effect of stratification on seamount-trapped waves

Abstract Circular, isolated seamounts can support the propagation of an infinite set of trapped waves. These waves exist at discrete subinertial frequencies and azimuthal wavenumbers. The wave frequencies increase as the height of the seamount or the stratification increases. Idealized examples demonstrate these trends, as well as the tendency for bottom-trapping of the velocity field to increase as stratification increases. Bottom frictional effects are weak enough that at least the simpler (graver) wave modes should last several periods before significant damping occurs. The waves should be most observable as current variations, although associated temperature fluctuations also may be measurable.
Test Data Reduction

The general problem of reducing data available in the integrated circuit environment is addressed. One can consider the circuit to be essentially composed of identification and performance data. Opportunities exist at every level of manufacturing and testing to aid in the final interpretation of the results. Without disturbing the technology or actual circuit design, some general methods for improving testing techniques are discussed. Examples of data reduction and presentation techniques are given where relation between performance and identification can be seen.
New insights on compliment responses: A comparison between native English speakers and Chinese L2 speakers

Abstract This study explored compliment responses (CR) produced by Chinese ESL and EFL speakers as well as by the native speakers of American English in oral communicative contexts through a naturalistic role-play task. The ESL speakers’ rationales for adopting the CR strategies were further examined through retrospective interviews. The role-play results showed both L2 groups differed from native speakers in multiple ways in their impromptu responses to the compliments carefully embedded in the role play task. While almost all L2 speakers knew how to say “thank you/thanks” to others’ compliments, a number of them, especially the EFL speakers, had difficulties in utilizing a variety of response strategies, such as credit-shifting (e.g. My pleasure/Thanks for having me over). Results from the retrospective interview indicated the two major factors that influenced ESL participants’ CRs, which were their L1 culture and limited L2 linguistic forms.
Photomask defect detection and inspection: aerial imaging and high resolution inspection strategies

Advanced photomasks exploit complex patterns that show little resemblance to the target printed wafer pattern. The main mask pattern is modified by various OPC and SRAF features while further complexity is introduced as source-mask-optimization (SMO) technologies experience early adoption at leading manufacturers. The small size and irregularity of these features challenge the mask inspection process as well as the mask manufacturing process. The two major concerns for mask inspection and qualification efficacy of advanced masks are defect detection and photomask inspectability. Enhanced defect detection is critical for the overall mask manufacturing process qualification which entails characterization of the systematic deviations of the pattern. High resolution optical conditions are the optimal solution for manufacturing process qualification as well as a source of additional information for the mask qualification. Mask inspection using high resolution conditions operates on an optical image that differs from the aerial image. The high resolution image closely represents the mask plane pattern. Aerial imaging mode inspection conditions, where the optics of the inspection tool emulates the lithography manufacturing conditions in a scanner, are the most compatible imaging solution for photomask pattern development and hence mask inspectability. This is an optimal environment for performing mask printability characterization and qualification. In this paper we will compare the roles of aerial imaging and high resolution mask inspection in the mask house.
Triploidy in a Human Cell Line

Cytogenetic studies of a human amnion cell line (strain RA) indicate that the major stem cell was triploid. Consistently present in the triploid cells were two marker chromosomes, a small centric fragment, and an apparently telocentric D. At various times triploid cells constituted 40 to 80 percent of the cell population. The possible origin of the triplaid cell is a diploid/ triploid mosaic amnion.