cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the 1978 National Research Council's recommendations of nutrient requirements of horses with recent studies

Summary This report reviews the recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC) published in 1978 regarding nutrient requirements of horses and discusses its conclusions in the light of more recent evidence published elsewhere. It appears that most of the results of studies made available since the publication of the NRC requirements agree with the NRC values. However, there are some differences and more research is needed. The energy requirements for racehorses appear to be greatly underestimated by the NRC. The values for most vitamins and trace minerals need further study. It is suggested that the role of nutrition in the development of the growing horse, particularly of the skeleton, should be examined more closely. Resume Cet article passe en revue les recommandations du National Research Council (NRC) publiees en 1978 au sujet des besoins alimentaires des chevaux; il en discute les conclusions a la lumiere des plus recentes connaissances publiees ailleurs. Il semble que pour la plupart, les etudes posterieures a la publication du NRC soient en accord avec les valeurs du NRC. Quelques differences existent cependant et de nouvelles recherches sont donc necessaires. Les valeurs pour la plupart des vitamines, et pour les oligo elements, demandent de nouvelles recherches. Il apparait que le role de l'alimentation dans le developpement du cheval en croissance, notamment en ce qui concerne le squelette, devrait etre etudie plus particulierement. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel bespricht die Empfehlungen des “National Research Council” (NRC) von 1978, die sich auf die Ernahrungsbedurfnisse von Pferden beziehen. Des weitern werden die Schlussfolgerungen im Lichte neuerer Erkenntnisse diskutiert. Es scheint, dass die meisten Resultate, die seit der Veroffentlichung der NRC-Empfehlungen zuganglich geworden sind, mit den NRC-Werten ubereinstimmen. Immerhin bestehen einige Differenzen, die vermehrte Forschung rufen. Die energetischen Bedurfnisse fur Rennpferde scheinen vom NRC ganz erheblich unterschatzt zu werden. Die Werte fur die Mehrzahl der Vitamine und Spurenelemente mussen eingehender untersucht werden. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Rolle der Ernahrung fur die Entwicklung des wachsenden Pferdes — vor allem der Einfluss aufs Skelett — naher unter die Lupe genommen wird.
Automatic measurement of the oxygen affinity of Cancer magister hemocyanin.

Abstract 1. 1. The P50 of Cancer magister hemocyanin in hemolymph was 40.0 mm at 25°C, nmax = 3.9; at 14°C, 15.0 mm and 3.4; and at 10°C. 10.2 mm and 3.3. 2. 2. In the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, the P50 at 25°C was in the range of 150 to 250 mm, depending upon pH. 3. 3. Our results show that temperature variation and pH variation may be important factors in the physiological regulation of oxygen delivery in this species. 4. 4. The automatic recording device of Imai et al. (1970) previously used for the study of hemoglobins, was found to be eminently suitable for the study of O2 affinities of hemocyanins.
AFTERWORD: MATURATION OF THE ETHNIC ECONOMY PARADIGM

(1998). AFTERWORD: MATURATION OF THE ETHNIC ECONOMY PARADIGM. Urban Geography: Vol. 19, Geographical Aspects of Ethnic Economies, pp. 577-581.
Early phases of the dispersion of a sample injected in poiseuille flow

Abstract A mathematical simulation of the dispersion of a sample injected in a viscosity-controlled (Poiseuille flow) stream has been made to determine the behavior of the sample from injection time until the sample distribution has become substantially gaussian. The results show that for velocities much greater than the chromatographic optimu, and for flow of the order one to ten theoretical plate heights, an unusually unsymmetrical distribution develops. It gives rise to doubly peaked chromatograms, in agreement with curves actually observed in corresponding experiments.
Cartesian-based control of a deformable robot manipulator

A control scheme for the 6-DOF Cincinnati-Milacron T3 robot arm is developed and demonstrated by means of numerical simulations. The arm is modeled as an open-loop articulated system with both actuators and position and velocity sensors at each joint, and a Cartesian-frame control algorithm is constructed in which (1) an adaptive scheme decouples the end-effector subsystem from the complex highly nonlinear main system and (2) a servo scheme drives the reduced system to follow a presumed end-effector trajectory on the basis of the Cartesian-frame feedback gains. The velocity transformation used to transfer the control forces from the Cartesian frame to joint-based space is explained, and the simulation results are presented in extensive graphs and diagrams. The control is found to respond well to system-topology changes and robot-environment impacts.
Synthesis and characterization of multilayered TiC/TiB2 coatings deposited by ion beam assisted, electron beam–physical vapor deposition (EB–PVD)

Abstract Polycrystalline 4 μm and 14 μm thick multilayer TiB2/TiC coatings with varying number of total layers (2–20) were deposited by ion beam assisted, electron beam–physical vapor deposition (IBA, EB–PVD) on WC–6wt.%Co–0.3wt.%TaC substrates. The average Vicker's hardness numbers were found to increase with increasing total number of layers and ranged from 3215 VHN0.050 to 3726 VHN0.050 and 3294 VHN0.050 to 3991 VHN0.050 for the 4 μm and 14 μm thick multilayer TiB2/TiC coatings, respectively. The adhesion of the multilayer coatings was found to be greater than 50 N for a 4 μm thick film and less than 30 N for the thicker films. The degree of crystallographic texture was found to change with varying total number of layers, as well as the orientation of both materials within the multilayer system. The grain size and amount of residual compressive stress was found to decrease with increasing number of layers. In addition, the fracture toughness was found to decrease with increasing total number of layers. This paper discusses the effect of changing the individual layer thickness (i.e. total number of layers) for TiC/TiB2 multilayer coatings deposited on WC–6wt.%Co–0.3wt.%TaC cutting inserts on the average Vicker's hardness number, adhesion, stress, fracture toughness, argon impurities, average crystallite size, crystallographic texture, surface morphology and microstructure using a variety of characterization techniques.
Hypothesis testing for selective, differential, and conjoined brain activation.

Hypothesis testing in functional neuroimaging studies relies heavily on the computation of categorical contrasts in which brain activation associated with one experimental condition is assessed relative to brain activation associated with a different experimental condition. Often, multiple pair-wise contrasts are computed and reported independently. Here we describe an approach to hypothesis testing that logically combines multiple pair-wise contrasts to distinguish among selective, differential and conjoined brain activation patterns. Using a sample dataset in which participants viewed objects, visual noise patterns or a fixation cross, we demonstrate that selective and differential brain activation patterns are often confounded with current approaches to hypothesis testing but that the logical combination approach can distinguish between these two types of data patterns. Specifically, we show that brain regions that respond selectively to an object recognition task relative to viewing visual noise or a fixation cross (selective activation) are mutually exclusive from brain regions that show a graded response to object viewing, noise viewing and visual fixation (differential activation). We thus show that the logical combination approach sufficiently constrains the results of categorical contrasts to reflect only the data pattern that would be predicted from the cognitive processing account under investigation.
Women and children in a neighborhood advocacy group: engaging community and refashioning citizenship at the United States–Mexico border

This article looks at the community participation of recent Latina immigrant mothers and their children in a neighborhood advocacy group near the US–Mexico border. It documents the work that women and children do as they struggle to become involved in their new community and improve their quality of life – despite legal, social, economic and cultural obstacles. Local context, family and ethnic networks, gendered patterns of women's experiences as immigrants and children participation in ‘adult’ decision-making are hugely important in understanding their community engagement. The article reflects on the advocacy work that women and children perform through a neighborhood group to argue for a difference-centered perspective on citizenship that is inspired by feminist thinking. Such a perspective makes sense in light of the ironic tensions within neo-liberal policies that, on the one hand, burden people with more responsibilities while, on the other hand, legislating against their freedom to pursue those res...
High School Teachers' Experiences With Suicidal Students: A Descriptive Study

Teachers are widely considered key gatekeepers to mental health services for students at risk for suicide. Using data from 120 teachers at two Denver-area high schools, this study investigated teachers' experiences with suicidal students. Analyses revealed that the majority of teachers (58.8%) reported that at least one student had disclosed suicidal thoughts or behavior, and that almost 1 in 4 of these teachers had received no suicide prevention training. Even among those receiving such training, the median amount was only 2 hours. The results underscore the important front-line role of teachers in suicide prevention efforts, as well as their need for suicide prevention training.
Extractant-coated magnetic particles for cobalt and nickel recovery from acidic solution

Waste minimization and recycling practices can often constitute a significant fraction of industrial operating costs. Magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS) is a simple, cost-effective process that utilizes micrometer-sized magnetic composite materials containing a sorbed layer of chelating or ion exchange material. This paper presents the use of MACS particles for recovering cobalt and nickel from acidic solution.
Exposure to magnetic resonance imaging does not produce taste aversion in rats.

Abstract A taste aversion test was used to evaluate possible toxic effects of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Group One (n=10) received 30 minutes exposure inside the MRI scanner; Group Two (n=10) received a sham exposure to the MRI scanner; Group Three (n=5) was injected with 0.15 M lithium chloride; and Group Four (n=5) was injected with vehicle. All groups were given 10 minutes access to a 0.1% saccharin solution immediately prior to their respective treatment. The rats treated with lithium chloride displayed a taste aversion to the saccharin solution upon subsequent testing over an eight day period. The two control groups (Two and Four) and the rats exposed to MRI did not display any aversion to the saccharin solution. These results are compared to other studies that have shown that magnetic fields can influence biological systems.
On the role of nighttime meteorology in modeling dispersion of near surface emissions in urban areas

Abstract This paper examines the role of meteorology in linking near surface emissions of particulate matter and associated ambient concentrations in urban areas. The examination is conducted with two models: a steady state model based on urban dispersion models developed earlier, and an unsteady state model that accounts for time varying meteorological and emission inputs. After conducting sensitivity studies with the models, they are applied in Pune, India to (a) check consistency between estimates of surface emissions of particulate matter (with aerodynamic diameters of less than 10 μ m, referred to as PM 10 ) and observed ambient concentrations and (b) identify the variables that govern air quality. Results from the modeling exercise indicate that (1) nighttime meteorology governs both hourly as well as 24 h averaged concentrations and (2) because the wind speeds in urban areas are typically low, concentration estimates from the steady state model differ substantially from those of the unsteady state model during the nighttime hours both in magnitude and in timing of the peaks; however, the difference between the 24 h averaged concentrations from the two models is less than 5% for the cases considered here. Because our understanding of nighttime meteorology in urban areas is limited, there is a need for experimental programs to relate the diurnal variation of concentrations with associated meteorology, especially during the night.
Ada software experience with the advanced information processing system

The topics covered by the presentation are listed: The AIPS system overview is informational and will be covered quicklyAIPS hardware and software are also informational and will be covered quicklyExperience include enhancements to the Ada run time system, and the problems and advantages of using Ada for real time, fault tolerant systemsBenchmarks were done on several processors and several run time system overheads were measuredFuture Ada work
Indicators of oral health in diverse ethnic and age groups: findings from the International Collaborative Study of Oral Health Outcomes (ICS-II) USA research locations

Racial-ethnic group differences are assessed using a standardized set of oral health indicators, as well as various predisposing, enabling and need characteristics collected in the International Collaborative Study of Oral Health Outcomes (ICS-II) USA research locations. The unique data set contains comparable data on African-American, Native American, Hispanic, primarily Mexican-American, and White adults. Age group differences in oral health indicators are also compared in two adult age cohorts (35–44 and 65–74 years). Since data were collected from geographically diverse regions of the United States, differences in oral health indicators are considered within the context of different dental care delivery systems and external environments. Results indicate that the gap in oral health between Whites and ethnic minority groups is pervasive across research locations and age cohorts. Variation in regional dental care delivery systems and the varying effects of race-ethnicity and age cohort suggest that alternative health promotion strategies will be needed for improving oral health in diverse populations.
Gas chromatographic determination of 2(3)-benzoxazolinones from cereal plants☆

Abstract 2(3)-Benzoxazolinone (BOA), 6-methoxy-2(3)-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 6,7-dimethoxy-2(3)-benzoxazolinone (dimethoxy-BOA) could be separated by GC. The identity of these components was verified by combined GC-MS. BOA and MBOA were determined quantitatively in 0·1 g samples of corn seedling. The presence of analogs not previously reported was demonstrated in seedlings of wheat, rye and in leaves of Job's tears. Seedlings of rice, barley, oat and sorghum did not contain any detectable amount of benzoxazolinones.
Work in progress — Role of faculty in promoting lifelong learning: Initial findings

Calls for educational reform emphasize the need for student-centered learning approaches that foster lifelong learning. To be a lifelong learner includes characteristics consistent with those of self-directed learners, such as being curious, motivated, reflective, analytical, persistent, flexible, and independent. Instructor support of students' self-directed learning (SDL) development relies on understanding and balancing these factors in the classroom. Engineering educators play a critical role in influencing outcomes related to SDL through their design of courses that support students' transitions from controlled to autonomous learning behaviors. This study will examine a variety of engineering courses and pedagogical approaches. Each will be characterized using instructor course information, recorded observations of instructor-student and student-student interactions, student and instructor responses to surveys, and focus groups. Finally, the students' capacity for SDL will be measured using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. This approach should provide for rich, contextualized descriptions of what instructors and learners do, how instructors and students relate to each other, and how students view their classrooms. This work-in-progress paper will describe our initial work in this multiyear study.
Measurement of glomerular filtration rate using chelated ytterbium-169

Abstract Ytterbium-169 chelated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ( 169 Yb-DTPA) was developed and evaluated for possible use as a glomerular substance. The radionuclide has a high photon yield with complex gamma ray spectrum. It has a physical half-life of 32 days, but less than 1 percent of intravenously injected chelated complex is retained in the body, which limits the radiation exposure. Gel fitration studies showed that 169 Yb-DTPA complex did not bind to plasma proteins and was excreted unchanged in the urine. The clearance rate of the complex was found to be independent of the plasma concentrations of Yb-DTPA. The renal clearance of 169 Yb-DTPA was compared simultaneously with that of 14 C-inulin in dogs, normal human subjects and patients with renal disease. Nearly identical results were obtained with both the agents over a wide range of glomerular filteration rate. The radiation doses due to different glomerular agents containing 131 I, 125 I, 57 Co, 99 m Tc, 51 Cr, 113 m In, 140 La and 169 Yb were calculated for normal and impaired renal conditions, 169 Yb-DTPA was found to deliver comparatively low radiation doses. It was believed to be a safe, inexpensive and effective new agent for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate.
Cluster first-sequence last heuristics for generating block diagonal forms for a machine-part matrix

Abstract Before detailed cell design analyses, rearranging the binary (or 0-1) machine-part matrix into a compact block diagonal form (BDF) is useful for controlling combinatorial explosion during subsequent decision-making involving machine duplication, subcontracting, intercell layout design, etc. Several authors have shown that a compact BDF corresponds to the implicit clusters in both dimensions being expressed as row and column permutations. A traditional approach for solving this problem has been to obtain the two permutations independently by solving the permutation problem in each dimension as a (unidimensional) travelling salesman problem (TSP). This paper describes cluster first-sequence last heuristics which combine the properties of the minimal spanning tree (MST) (clusters only) and TSP (sequence only) for improved permutation generation. The BDFs obtained with these heuristics were compared with those obtained using the TSP, linear placement problem (LPP), single linkage cluster analysis (SL...
Severe jaundice in a patient with a previously undescribed glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutation and Gilbert syndrome.

Abstract ABSTRACT A patient with chronic hemolytic anemia and G6PD deficiency was noted to be severely jaundiced and to have a high serum ferritin level. Analysis of his DNA revealed only heterozygosity for the c.187 C→G (H63D) mutation of HFE, but showed that he was homozygous for the UDP glucuronosyltransferase promoter mutation of Gilbert's disease and that he had a previously undescribed mutation of G6PD, c.832 T→C (Ser278Pro). The new variant was named G6PD La Jolla.
Selective necrosis of spinal cord gray matter. A complication of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta

A 56 year old man with known hypertension developed a dissecting aneurysm of the aorta accompanied by transient paralysis of the lower extremities. The aneurysm was operated (fenestration procedure) but the next day the dissection extended further distally and the patient became oliguric and completely paraplegic. Sensation of the legs remained relatively intact. He died 14 days after surgery, from rupture of the aorta. Autopsy revealed a dissecting aneurysm extending from the left subclavian artery to the bifurcation of the aorta, with dissection around the intercostal and lumbar arteries. The spinal cord showed selective necrosis of the gray matter with preservation of the white matter in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments. The review of the literature suggests that a whole spectrum exists from no cord lesions at all (despite severance of intercostal and lumbar arteries) to massive necrosis of the cord, in extreme cases even with associated necrosis of the vertebral bodies. Selective necrosis such as in the case presented is most likely the result of a “borderline” collateral circulation sufficient to meet the needs of the white matter but unable to cope with the greater oxygen need of the gray matter.
Radiation Dose Optimization for CT-Guided Interventional Procedures in the Abdomen and Pelvis

Radiation dose to patients can be high for some CT-guided interventional procedures in the abdomen and pelvis, especially tumor ablations. Strategies for radiation dose reduction include choosing an alternative guidance modality that does not use radiation whenever feasible, restricting the cranio-caudal length of interventional scans to the interventional target, and refinement of technical skills in order to minimize the number of scans acquired for interventional guidance. Dose optimization for these procedures is best achieved by lowering the tube current relative to the prior diagnostic scan, choosing dose efficient scanning modes, and using intermittent-mode, narrowly collimated CT fluoroscopy for interventional guidance.
A Self-Organized Two-Dimensional Bimolecular Structure

The production of a novel two-dimensional bimolecular surface structure using weak noncovalent interactions is demonstrated and observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This work follows closely the three-dimensional ideas of crystal engineering and applies the concepts of supramolecular synthons to molecular systems constrained to two dimensions by physisorption on a conducting surface. We demonstrate a well-ordered planar structure that self-assembles through the influence of fluorine−phenyl interactions. This study provides a concrete example of the systematic design of self-organized layers. Fully fluorinated cobalt phthalocyanine (F16CoPc) thermally deposited onto gold is characterized by RAIRS, XPS, and STM. UPS spectra of thin films of CoPc, F16CoPc, and nickel tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) on gold are reported and their relative surface charges are compared. STM images of single molecular layers of F16CoPc, NiTPP, and mixtures of NiTPP with F16CoPc and of NiTPP with CoPc are also presented....
Metastasis to the thyroid gland: report of a large series from the Mayo Clinic.

Objectives:Metastases to the thyroid gland are not as unusual as previously believed. This study reports the largest number of patients with metastatic disease of the thyroid to date, confirms the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in diagnosing metastasis, and reviews the incidence and manage
Cryogenic variable temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope for single molecule studies on silicon surfaces

The design and performance of a variable temperature ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is presented. This STM operates from 8.2 to 300 K in a UHV environment with a base pressure of less than 6×10−11 Torr. Cooling is achieved from 300 to 80 K within 3.5 h and from 80 to 8.2 K within 4.5 h. The base temperature of 8.2 K is maintained at a liquid helium consumption rate of 0.9 l/h. This design allows for direct optical access to the tip-sample interface and direct line-of-sight dosing while the sample is mounted in the STM. The STM tip may be coarse translated laterally in two dimensions through a 6-mm-diam area at all temperatures. With the feedback loop off, the drift in the tip-sample spacing is approximately 0.008 A/min at 8.2 K. Atomic resolution feedback controlled lithography is performed on hydrogen passivated Si(100) and differential tunneling conductance maps are gathered for isolated cyclopentene molecules on unpassivated Si(100), thus demonstrating that this system is well suited for studying single molecules on silicon surfaces from 8.2 to 300 K.
The demonstration of a specific 5'-nucleotidase activity in rat tissues.

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase has been partially purified from rat liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, brain and skeletal muscle. The majority of the enzyme activity in each of these tissues was insoluble in 1% of Triton X-100, solubilized in 2% Triton X-100,1% sodium deoxycholate, and stable to incubation at 50 °C for 5 min. The partially purified enzyme from each tissue exhibited the same pH optimum, was inhibited by concanavalin A, and was inhibited in an identical manner by antibody to highly purified 5′-nucleotidase from liver. Since the enzyme is usually concentrated in the plasma membrane (De Pierre, J. W. and Karnovsky, M. L. (1973) J. Cell Biol. , 56 , 275–303), the results indicate that the enzyme may represent a convenient and general marker for this organelle in rat tissues.
Exotic sources of X-rays for iodine K-edge angiography

Abstract Digital subtractive angiography has been performed to image human coronary arteries using wiggler radiation from electron storage rings. The significant medical promise of this procedure motivates the development of smaller and less costly X-ray sources. Several exotic sources are candidates for consideration, using effects such as Cherenkov, channeling, coherent bremsstrahlung, laser backscattering, microundulator, parametric, Smith-Purcell, and transition radiation. In this work we present an analysis of these effects as possible sources of intense X-rays at the iodine K-edge (33.169 keV). The criteria we use are energy, efficiency, flux, optical properties, and technical realizability. For each of the techniques, we find that they suffer either from low flux, a low energy cutoff, target materials heating, too high electron beam energy requirement, optical mismatch to angiography, or a combination of these. We conclude that the foreseeable state-of-the-art favors a compact storage ring design (H. Wiedemann et al., these Proceedings (8th Nat. Conf. on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 1993) Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. [1]).
Women's diets: 1977 and 1985

Abstract This article compares the diets of 1,503 women 19–50 years of age reported in spring 1985 in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals with diets of women of the same ages reported in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, spring 1977. As in 1977, diets in 1985 failed to provide the recommended levels of several nutrients—calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, vitamin B-6, and folacin. In women's diets reported in 1985, fat provided 37% of energy—down from 41% in diets reported in 1977. Conversely, carbohydrate provided 46% of energy in diets reported in 1985—up from 41% in 1977. Improved interviewing techniques and food composition data used in the 1985 survey may be responsible for some of the differences in nutrient intakes in the 1977 and 1985 surveys. Intakes of fatty acids, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and sodium were estimated in 1985 but not in 1977. This article presents cursory descriptive information about women's mean intakes of food and nutrients. In future studies statistical procedures will be used to identify socioeconomic and other factors associated with dietary adequacy in 1985 and with change since 1977.
High-speed cornering by CNC machines under prescribed bounds on axis accelerations and toolpath contour error

To exactly execute a sharp corner in the toolpath, the feedrate of a CNC machine must instantaneously drop to zero at that point. This constraint is problematic in the context of high-speed machining, since it incurs very high deceleration/acceleration rates near sharp corners, which increase the total machining time, and may incur significant path deviations (contour errors) at these points. A strategy for negotiating sharp corners in high-speed machining is proposed herein, based upon a priori toolpath/feedrate modifications in their vicinity. Each corner is smoothed by replacing a subset of the path that contains it with a conic “splice” segment, deviating from the exact corner by no more than a prescribed tolerance ϵ, along which the square of the feedrate is specified as a Bernstein-form polynomial. The problem of determining the fastest traversal of the conic segments under known axis acceleration bounds can then be formulated as a constrained optimization problem, and by exploiting some well-known properties of Bernstein-form polynomials this can be approximated by a simple linear programming task. Some computed examples are presented to illustrate the implementation and performance of the high-speed cornering strategy.
Composite expansions on forced convection over a flat plate with an unheated starting length

Abstract The elliptic energy equation for steady, two-dimensional incompressible flow over a flat plate with an unheated starting length is analyzed using matched asymptotic expansions where the boundary layer solution has been treated as the outer expansion corresponding to the leading-edge equation as the inner expansion. It has been revealed that the linear velocity profile of flow occurs near the leading-edge of the heated part of the plate. This new technique for solving elliptic-to-parabolic equations involves stretching two different scales for two independent variables in the inner expansion. Results are applicable to the region where boundary layer theory breaks down, which is particularly interesting in microscale heat transfer.
Evaluation is necessary to produce stereotype threat performance effects

In the first direct test of the assumption that an evaluative source is necessary to produce stereotype threat effects, we combined a traditional stereotype threat manipulation with a scoring manipulation. Participants in a “pooled” condition believed that their scores would be averaged across gender, whereas in a “segregated” condition participants were led to believe that their scores would be segregated by gender. Thus we manipulated the potential for the experimenter to evaluate performance at the level of the group. Even though the gender stereotype was equally salient in the pooled and segregated threat conditions, performance was debilitated only in the segregated/threat condition, suggesting that evaluation is indeed necessary to produce stereotype threat performance effects.
Oxygen Sensing: Getting Pumped by Sterols

Oxygen plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of life for all eukaryotes, with the exception of strict anaerobes. Eukaryotes have developed mechanisms to sense and respond to decreased oxygen levels. How eukaryotes sense oxygen is still not fully understood. What is (or are) the oxygen sensor(s)? This question has vital physiological and pathophysiological implications, because all living aerobic organisms have adaptive mechanisms to maintain oxygen homeostasis. A recent report describes a novel eukaryotic oxygen-sensing mechanism in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, involving the depletion of sterols as a trigger to induce gene expression in response to decreased oxygen levels. It is not yet clear whether this mechanism is involved in the mammalian response to hypoxia, possibly in conjunction with activation of one or both of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1 or HIF-2) transcription factors.
Influence of porosity on the transport properties of Bi2Te3-based alloys by field-assisted sintering

Retention of a nanostructure in thermoelectric materials through rapid sintering (e.g., field-assisted sintering) is generally associated with leaving certain amounts of porosity due to short sintering times. In this study, the influence of porosity on the thermoelectric transport properties in Bi2Te3-based alloys was studied by changing the sintering pressure during spark plasma sintering. N-type Bi2Te3 and p-type (Bi0.2Sb0.8)2Te3 were sintered at 673 K using pressures from 50 to 300 MPa to obtain different levels of porosity. Electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, carrier concentrations, and Hall mobility were measured and characterized. The results show that increasing sintering pressure is effective in reducing porosity, which lowers electrical resistivity and increases the carrier concentrations. The transport properties were fitted to general effective medium equations and demonstrate that in p-type (Bi0.2Sb0.8)2Te3 sintered at high pressures, decreases in electrical resistivity and lattice thermal conductivity exceeded the Seebeck coefficient reduction, improving the thermoelectric figure of merit.
Diodeless Magnetic Shift Registers Utilizing Transfluxors

Shift registers using magnetic cores have been conventionally designed with diodes to provide isolation between stages. It is possible to use transfluxors in a two-core-per-bit fashion so as to provide isolation between stages by magnetic means rather than with diodes. A design procedure for doing so is discussed.
Function and regulation in MAPK signaling pathways: Lessons learned from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Signaling pathways that activate different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) elicit many of the responses that are evoked in cells by changes in certain environmental conditions and upon exposure to a variety of hormonal and other stimuli. These pathways were first elucidated in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). Studies of MAPK pathways in this organism continue to be especially informative in revealing the molecular mechanisms by which MAPK cascades operate, propagate signals, modulate cellular processes, and are controlled by regulatory factors both internal to and external to the pathways. Here we highlight recent advances and new insights about MAPK-based signaling that have been made through studies in yeast, which provide lessons directly applicable to, and that enhance our understanding of, MAPK-mediated signaling in mammalian cells.
Temporally varying resources amplify the importance of resource input in ecological populations

Temporally and spatially varying resource levels are present in most ecological systems. Very simple models incorporating the key features of temporally varying resources and specific descriptions of survivorship for consumer species show the overriding importance of the time dependence of available resources and the role that allochthonous inputs play as essentially insurance in allowing species to persist. Persistence of species with lifetimes short relative to the timescale of resource variability is determined by the geometric mean of resource levels, while the persistence of species where resources vary on a much shorter time scale (or with exponential survivorship) are determined by the arithmetic mean of resource levels. Models that incorporate features of time-varying resources and explicit life histories dramatically change our understanding of how fluctuations in resource availability through time and space will affect population persistence and community dynamics.
An anisotropic ocean surface emissivity model based on WindSat polarimetric brightness observations

A full-Stokes vector model for the microwave emissivity of an anisotropic wind driven ocean surface based on measured satellite data and using a two-scale model for surface emission is being developed for the purpose of assimilation of satellite microwave radiances. The model is based on the Ohio State University two-scale model and tuned to WindSat full-Stokes emissivity data as analyzed by Meissner and Wentz. Several physical inconsistencies were corrected in the model. The tuned model results over a range of wind speeds from 0-20 m/sec show good agreement in the 0th, 1st, and 2nd azimuthal brightness temperature harmonics. A bias model for the tuned model was developed to account for residual discrepancies.
Cassiterite solubility in high-silica K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 liquids

The saturation surface of cassiterite, SnO2, was determined for liquids in the system K2O–Al2O3–SiO2 as a function of bulk composition and temperature. At fixed K2O/Al2O3 cassiterite solubility varies weakly with SiO2 concentration (76 to 84 mol%), temperature (1350° to 1550°C), and log (fO2) (−0.7 to −5.3). Cassiterite solubility is also approximately independent of composition in liquids with molar ratios of K2O/Al2O3 lessthan equal to 1 (peraluminous liquids). As K2O/Al2O3 increases from 1 (peralkaline liquids), however, cassiterite solubility increases steeply and approximately linearly with K2O in excess of Al2O3. It is proposed that potassium in excess of aluminum combines with Sn4+ to form quasi-molecular complexes with an effective stoichiometry of K4SnO4.
Surface tension effects on two-dimensional two-phase Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities

Abstract The two-dimensional Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is studied using a lattice Boltzmann multi-phase model in the nearly incompressible limit. This study focuses on the effects of surface tension on the evolution of vortex pairing in a two-dimensional mixing layer. Several types of interface pinch-off are observed and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. The contribution of surface tension to the flow kinetic energy is mainly negative. Part of this kinetic energy can be transformed to potential energy stored in the surface tension. The contribution of surface tension to the flow enstrophy is positive and small vortices are generated near interfaces. Broken interfaces and small vortices near interfaces dominate the late stage of flow fields with strong surface tension.
Neoliberal environmental justice: mainstream ideas of justice in political conflict over agricultural pesticides in the United States

Numerous scholars have used political philosophy to characterise the US environmental justice (EJ) movement’s conception of justice. I build upon that work by identifying and critically evaluating the ideas of justice that manifest in mainstream (non-EJ) environmental politics. I do so through a comparative analysis of two groups of activists concerned with the threats posed by pesticides to human health in California. Mainstream agri-environmental activists’ narratives and practices evince libertarian and communitarian ideas of justice that support the neoliberalisation of an already compromised regulatory system, as they motivate and legitimise policies, practices, and discourses that undermine the state’s environmental protections and shift environmental responsibility to individuals. In contrast, California’s EJ activists, like the broader EJ movement, marshal a pluralist notion of justice as distribution, recognition, participation, and capabilities, which rejects the neoliberal project and explicitl...
MT neurons combine visual motion with a smooth eye movement signal to code depth-sign from motion parallax.

Summary The capacity to perceive depth is critical for an observer to interact with his or her surroundings. During observer movement, information about depth can be extracted from the resulting patterns of image motion on the retina (motion parallax). Without extraretinal signals related to observer movement, however, depth-sign (near versus far) from motion parallax can be ambiguous. We previously demonstrated that MT neurons combine visual motion with extraretinal signals to code depth-sign from motion parallax in the absence of other depth cues. In that study, head translations were always accompanied by compensatory tracking eye movements, allowing at least two potential sources of extraretinal input. We now show that smooth eye movement signals provide the critical extraretinal input to MT neurons for computing depth-sign from motion parallax. Our findings demonstrate a powerful modulation of MT activity by eye movements, as predicted by human studies of depth perception from motion parallax.
CAN SCREENING FOR EARLY-STAGE PROSTATE CANCER BE RATIONALIZED?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening identifies prostate cancer at an earlier stage than digital rectal examination alone. The widespread use of PSA as a screening tool has led to a marked increase in the incidence of prostate cancer and an apparent shift toward the diagnosis of earlier stage disease. Proof that PSA-based screening results in a reduction in prostate cancer-related mortality is lacking currently. Therefore, insufficient data are available to determine whether a general screening strategy should be adopted for detecting early-stage prostate cancer. Patients at average risk should be educated about the value of PSA testing. Patient groups at high risk should be the targets of aggressive screening initiatives.
Automatic gradient threshold determination for edge detection

We describe a method to automatically find gradient thresholds to separate edge from nonedge pixels. A statistical model that is the weighted sum of two gamma densities corresponding to edge and nonedge pixels is used to identify a threshold. Results closely match human perceptual thresholds even under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels.
Balancing maternal and infant benefits and the consequences of breast-feeding in the developing world during the era of HIV infection.

The issue of breast-feeding among HIV-infected women in resource-limited settings presents major challenges for maternal and infant health and survival. Not only are there concerns about the possible negative effects of prolonged breast-feeding on maternal health but the need to balance the protective effect of breastfeeding against other competing causes of infant mortality and the low but ongoing risk of infant HIV acquisition via breast milk is a persisting issue. We currently know how to safely and effectively decrease mother-to-child transmission of HIV both prenatally and intrapartum. When optimal prenatal and intrapartum interventions are given to the mother and postpartum prophylaxis is provided to the newborn transmission rates can be reduced to 1%-2%. However in resource-limited settings-- where breast-feeding is the norm--postpartum transmission of HIV-1 via breastfeeding continues to be a major unresolved public health dilemma; HIV-1 transmission via breast milk ranges from ~8%-16% when lactation continues into the second year. In these settings where it is not possible to adequately nourish an infant with replacement feeding infant mortality is significantly increased among infants who are not breastfed. (excerpt)
A rheological study of some pharmaceutical semisolids.

The present study was undertaken to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the rheological properties of representative bases; the effects of variables such as thermal history and formulation changes upon theological properties were investigated. A modified viscometer is described and its application to the study of semisolid bases is illustrated. The importance of rheology in pharmaceutical development and control is also emphasized in the report.
Bandwidth selection for a class of difference-based variance estimators in the nonparametric regression: A possible approach

A possible approach to bandwidth selection for difference-based variance estimators in the nonparametric regression is proposed. The approach is based on the crossvalidation-type idea modified for the case of correlated data. The method is compared to an alternative plug-in style method. Difficulties in implementing the latter are highlighted and it is argued that the proposed method represents a better alternative. Simulations for several models are given that illustrate good practical performance of the proposed method.
Quantifying the abundance of co-occurring conifers along Inland Northwest (USA) climate gradients

The occurrence and abundance of conifers along climate gradients in the Inland Northwest (USA) was assessed using data from 5082 field plots, 81% of which were forested. Analyses using the Random Forests classification tree revealed that the sequential distribution of species along an altitudinal gradient could be predicted with reasonable accuracy from a single climate variable, a growing-season dryness index, calculated from the ratio of degree-days >5 degrees C that accumulate in the frost-free season to the summer precipitation. While the appearance and departure of species in an ascending altitudinal sequence were closely related to the dryness index, the departure was most easily visualized in relation to negative degree-days (degree-days 90% of the variance among 100 classes.
Chloroplast Transformation: Current Results and Future Prospects

Genetic engineering of proteins is a powerful tool used in both basic and applied research. In vitro alteration of the primary structure of a gene and subsequent introduction of the mutated DNA into the genome of a living cell allows the directed manipulation of protein structure. Such an approach, often termed ‘reverse genetics,’ has been widely used to investigate the complex relationship between the structure of a protein and its function, and to explore the intricacies of biochemical and developmental pathways. An obvious prerequisite for genetic engineering is the ability to introduce DNA into a living cell in such a way that it is stably maintained and properly expressed in the appropriate genome of the host cell. The genome of a prokaryote is in the cell cytoplasm and generally consists of one or a few copies of a large DNA molecule. In contrast, photosynthetic eukaryotes contain three distinct genomes, each located within a subcellular organelle enveloped by one or more membranes and hence separated from the cytoplasm. The three plant cell genomes are those of the nucleus, the mitochondrion, and the plastid. The genome of the chloroplast, the plastid type found in photosynthetic cells, presents a complex genetic target because there are often hundreds of copies of the circular chloroplast DNA molecule per chloroplast, and often hundreds of chloroplasts per cell. Obtaining a plant cell in which every resident copy of a given chloroplast gene has been replaced by an engineered, mutant gene copy is an essential step in experiments involving DNA-mediated chloroplast transformation. An ideal model organism for such studies is provided by the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which contains a single large chloroplast. This chapterpresents current results and future prospects for chloroplast transformation, both in Chlamydomonas and in plants of agronomic interest.
Perspectives on Development and Current Applications for Catastrophe Planning

The commentaries in this chapter represent three important perspectives: academic research in earthquake engineering; the federal agency that sponsors and oversees HAZUS®; and expert users. Rachel Davidson fills in some gaps in the background and suggests directions for the development of HAZUS®, including improving its mitigation planning capability and structural inventory data, as well as providing for web-based user overrides based on post-catastrophe observations. Phil Schneider presents several examples of user-driven developments in HAZUS® and the role of users in pushing forward improvements and enhancements that are currently in the works, by members of the self-established user/developer consortia. Finally, Subrahmanyam Muthukumar, an expert HAZUS® user, confirms Schneider’s proposition that user input based on experience with applications of the software provide significant pull for its development. Muthukumar suggests several improvements to HAZUS®, including more dynamic inventory data, better cost-benefit analysis capability, and lifeline/network models integrated into the overall system.