cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future trends in engine technology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the requirements placed on the automobile by political, environmental, or economic groups that determine the trends in engine development. The new technologies that are available to meet market demands also determine development trends. Engineers attempt to concentrate engine operation on the lower speed range by using higher gear ratios to reduce the noise emission caused by the engine and to encapsulate the engine compartment. In the latter case, the fuel-metering systems have to withstand the higher ambient temperatures caused by encapsulation. The reduction of fuel consumption is one of the most important objectives of engine development. This is most obvious on the basis of limited crude oil resources. Each combustion event gives off carbon dioxide emission that could become a problem for the climate of the earth in the future. The chapter presents the development trends in diesel and gasoline engines. Future developments aim at achieving low emissions and improvements in fuel consumption at the same time. In terms of the engine, electronic devices can, for example, improve ignition timing in the direction of the requirements. The advantages of electronics are: tolerances can be tightened up, wear can be avoided, and a whole variety of data can be processed to perform new functions.
At 4.5 but not 5.5 years, children favor kin when the stakes are moderately high

Adults report more willingness to help siblings over close friends when the stakes are extremely high, such as when deciding whether to donate a kidney or risk injury to rescue someone in peril. When dividing plentiful, low-value resources, in contrast, children expect people to share equally with friends and siblings. Even when distributing limited resources—one instead of many—and distributing to their own social partners rather than fictional characters, children share more with kin and friends than with strangers but do not favor kin over friends until 5.5 years of age. However, no study has tested whether children would preferentially benefit kin if the rewards require that children incur a higher personal cost of their own time and effort. In the present experiment, therefore, we asked if children would work harder for kin over non-kin when playing a challenging geometry game that allowed them to earn rewards for others. We found that 4.5-year-old children calibrated their time and effort in the game differently according to who received the rewards—they played for more trials and answered more trials correctly for kin over non-kin, but 5.5-year-old children did not. The older children may have found the task easier and less costly or may have different social experiences affecting their efforts to benefit others. Nonetheless, 4.5-year-old children’s social decisions favored kin as recipients of their generosity.
The effects of yoga practice on balance, strength, coordination and flexibility in healthy children aged 10–12 years

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of yoga practice on balance, strength, coordination, and flexibility in healthy children aged 10–12 years. Study design Quasi-experimental, nonrandomized. Background Research on the effects of yoga in children has focused on the benefits seen in non-healthy children or on the effects on hand grip strength and motor performance. The studies on the effects of yoga on balance, strength, coordination, and flexibility have been limited. Methods and Measures A convenience sample of 26 children, aged 10–12 years was obtained. The children participated in 40 min yoga sessions, led by a registered yoga teacher, 1–3 times per week for 8 weeks. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2), the sit and reach test, and the 90/90 hamstring flexibility test were administered at baseline and at the end of the 8 weeks. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all measurements. A Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test normality. A Wilcoxin signed-rank test was used to analyze pre- and post-test measurements for all variables. Results There was a statistically significant within-subject difference from pre-test to post-test for balance (p = 0.026), sit and reach (p = 0.000), popliteal angle right (p = 0.005), and popliteal angle left (p = 0.018). There were no statistically significant differences in strength and bilateral coordination from pre-to post-test measurements. Conclusions Yoga may be a beneficial form of exercise in the school-based setting for improving balance and flexibility in healthy children.
Airborne metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to mammographic breast density

Breast density is strongly related to breast cancer. Identifying associations between environmental exposures and density may elucidate relationships with breast cancer. Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may influence breast density via oxidative stress or endocrine disruption. Study participants (n = 222,581) underwent a screening mammogram in 2011 at a radiology facility in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Zip code residential levels of airborne PAHs and metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium) were assessed using the 2011 EPA National Air Toxics Assessment. Breast density was measured using the Breast Imaging–Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the individual air toxics and dense breasts (BI-RADS 3 or 4). Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was used to model the association between the air toxic mixture and density. Higher residential levels of arsenic, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, or PAHs were individually associated with breast density. Comparing the highest to the lowest quartile, higher odds of having dense breasts were observed for cobalt (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.56–1.64) and lead (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.52–1.64). Associations were stronger for premenopausal women. The WQS index was associated with density overall (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.20–1.24); the most heavily weighted air toxics were lead and cobalt. In this first study to evaluate the association between air toxics and breast density, women living in areas with higher concentrations of lead and cobalt were more likely to have dense breasts.
Use of national-scale data to examine human-mediated additions of heavy metals to wetland soils of the US

Soil concentrations of 12 heavy metals that have been linked to various anthropogenic activities were measured in samples collected from the uppermost horizon in approximately 1000 wetlands across the conterminous US as part of the 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA). The heavy metals were silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), and zinc (Zn). Using thresholds to distinguish natural background concentrations from human-mediated additions, we evaluated wetland soil heavy metal concentrations in the conterminous US and four regions using a Heavy Metal Index (HMI) that reflects human-mediated heavy metal loads based on the number of elements above expected background concentration. We also examined the individual elements to detect concentrations of heavy metals above expected background that frequently occur in wetland soils. Our data show that wetland soils of the conterminous US typically have low heavy metal loads, and that most of the measured elements occur nationally in concentrations below thresholds that relate to anthropogenic activities. However, we found that soil lead is more common in wetland soils than other measured elements, occurring nationally in 11.3% of the wetland area in concentrations above expected natural background (> 35 ppm). Our data show positive relationships between soil lead concentration and four individual landscape metrics: road density, percent impervious surface, housing unit density, and population density in a 1-km radius buffer area surrounding a site. These relationships, while evident on a national level, are strongest in the eastern US, where the highest road densities and greatest population densities occur. Because lead can be strongly bound to wetland soils in particular, maintenance of the good condition of our nation’s wetlands is likely to minimize risk of lead mobilization.
The thirty year genocide: Turkey’s destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924

This study is the latest in a spate of new works on the state-directed genocide against Ottoman Christians that coincided with the First World War. This is the first major foray into this topic for...
Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: Reducing Mortality Among Women and Their Children.

Accessible, affordable, and high-quality postabortion care (PAC) can prevent maternal death and disability and provides an important opportunity to prevent future unintended pregnancies. This supplement offers learnings on PAC provision from the community of partners around the world, including service delivery and community engagement models, approaches to support facility-based providers, best practices in pre- and post-procedure counseling, and approaches to institutionalize PAC in public- and private-sector health systems.
Simmani: Runtime Power Modeling for Arbitrary RTL with Automatic Signal Selection

This paper presents a novel runtime power modeling methodology which automatically identifies key signals for power dissipation of any RTL design. The toggle-pattern matrix is constructed with the VCD dumps from a training set, where each signal is represented as a high-dimensional point. By clustering signals showing similar switching activities, a small number of signals are automatically selected, and then the design-specific but workload-independent activity-based power model is constructed using regression against cycle-accurate power traces obtained from industry-standard CAD tools. We can also automatically instrument an FPGA-accelerated RTL simulation with runtime activity counters to obtain power traces of realistic workloads at speed. Our methodology is demonstrated with a heterogeneous processor composed of an in-order core and a custom vector accelerator, running not only microbenchmarks but also real-world machine-learning applications.
Exploiting Correlation in Distributed Cooperative Compressive Wideband Spectrum Sensing

In distributed cooperative compressive wideband (WB) spectrum sensing (SS), two secondary users (SUs) can sense a wideband spectrum individually and report their information to the fusion center (FC) where joint decoding and decision is made. Since the same WB spectrum is concerned, the two quantized measurement vectors received at the FC are naturally correlated. This paper presents a Slepian-Wolf coding-based scheme to exploit this correlation. Specifically, we show that for a given number of total reporting bits, a larger number of measurements can be collected that contribute to better fusion results in terms of both mean squared error (MSE) in spectrum reconstruction and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) in spectrum detection.
Witnessing history in the making.

Although she is the first nurse to hold the presidency position, Harvey is quick to point out that her years of work with SCCM brought her to the role. She has been a member of SCCM since 1976 and has served on numerous committees and task forces, including serving as chair of the Nursing Section. She was elected to the leadership Council in 1992, and served as treasurer and president-elect before assuming the presidency. In a conversation with Harvey (oral communication, March 2002), she relates:
Switched-Capacitor Blocks

This chapter 1 presents an introduction to switched capacitor (SC) circuits, and PSoC’s programmable SC blocks.
The Global Financial Crisis and its Impact on India

The world has witnessed several financial crises in the past few decades, such as the OPEC oil crises of the 1970s, the United States Savings and Loan crisis of the 1980s, the prolonged economic downturn in the Japanese economy in the 1990s, the Asian financial crisis in the latter part of the 1990s, and the problems following the crash of the dot com bubble in the early part of the last decade. Each of these events had been accompanied by shocks to the economies of one or more markets or regions and it took several years of concerted economic and regulatory policy adjustments for the affected markets to return to stability. While it is normal for financial crises to occur frequently and the affected economies to recover subsequently, it nevertheless results in economic losses for the countries involved and for the people, businesses and institutions in those countries. The Global Financial Crisis, which started in 2008, is the latest in the series of economic crises to adversely impact world economies. Unlike the past few crises, the current crisis has not spared any of the countries or market sectors, and has devastated economies that were traditionally strong. While the world is slowly seeing an end to the crisis, it is widely acknowledged that among the financial crisis of the past hundred years, only the Great Depression of the 1930s had a more severe and protracted effect on the world economy compared to the current economic upheaval. What started as an excessively loose monetary policy in the 1990s in major developed economies transformed into global imbalances and a full-blown financial and economic crisis for all the economies of the world.
The Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Academic Standing on Concussion-Reporting Intentions and Behaviors in Collegiate Athletes:

Concussion education have served as a keystone for improving concussion reporting. Numerous factors affecting concussion reporting have been explored; however, the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in reporting has not been established. We examined the influence of SES and academic achievement (high-school grade point average [HS-GPA] and American College Testing [ACT] composite scores) on athletes' concussion-reporting intentions and behaviors. A cross-sectional study was employed among 191 athletes (94 female; age 19.3 ± 1.2 years). Athletes reported SES metrics (parental education and occupation, household income, HS-GPA, and ACT composite score) prior to their athletic season and completed a survey assessing symptom- and concussion-reporting intentions. Symptom- and concussion-reporting behaviors were assessed among athletes who experienced a concussion within the past year. SES was determined using the Hollingshead Four-Factor Index grouping athletes into SES strata. Athletes were grouped into low/high categories for academic achievement and household income variables. The 191 athletes were included for symptom- and concussion-reporting intentions analyses, while 46 and 41 were included for symptom- and concussion-reporting behavior, respectively. Nonparametric statistics with false discovery rate adjusted p values were employed. We found symptom- and concussion-reporting intentions, and symptom- and concussion-reporting behaviors were not significantly different based on SES strata (all p values ≥.64), household income (all p values ≥.64), HS-GPA (all p values ≥.24), or ACT scores (all p values ≥.25). Overall, SES and academic achievement may not play a role in understanding concussion reporting among middle- to high-SES collegiate athletes. Implementing policies targeting certain SES and academic levels might be an ineffective health care strategy for increasing reporting.
Viability of basic heterogeneous nucleation studies with thermally diffusive condensation particle counters

Abstract Hypothesis While the lack of efficient tools yielding controllable uniform supersaturations (S) has delayed basic experimental heterogeneous nucleation studies, common diffusive condensation particle counters (DCPCs) would fill this gap if their present substantial S-variation could be minimized. Analysis For an initially saturated vapor in two-dimensional (2D) parabolic flow, with discontinuous wall temperature change from Ts to Tc, we calculate the spatial S(x,y) distribution, including the curve Smax(Ψ) of maximal supersaturations versus streamline Ψ. Activation probability curves P(Ts,Tc) are also calculated assuming that nucleation goes from zero to 100% at a critical supersaturation S*. Findings Two new approaches to achieve a nearly constant Smax(Ψ) are discovered. (i) Sampling only the central 50% of the flow is most effective because the [dSmax(Ψ)/Dψ]Ψ=0 = 0. This advantage is lost in the more common axisymmetric configuration. (ii) When the ratio Le = α/D between gas–vapor heat and mass diffusivities is unity, we find the quite general property that Smax(Ψ) is exactly constant. This singular condition may be achieved in special vapor/gas mixtures (ethanol/CO2; methanol/CO2; H2O/air, all seeded with lighter or heavier gases). With greater generality, Le = 1 also in turbulent flows. Therefore, basic heterogeneous nucleation studies with newly available seed particles of fixed size and composition are viable in DCPCs.
The Community Pharmacy Technician's Role in the Changing Pharmacy Practice Space

Purpose: The practice of pharmacy and role of pharmacists has evolved over the decades but markedly since the introduction of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010. The ACA allowed patients to have increased access to community pharmacy services, such as medication therapy management, leading to an increase in the clinical services provided by pharmacists. This expansion of pharmacist’s roles has led to pharmacists to feel an increase in workload which negatively impacts the time spent with patients. One way for this shift to occur without continuing to increase the pharmacist’s workload is by using technicians as pharmacist extenders to take on more technical tasks. Summary: The role of pharmacy technicians has been slow to expand from fear of public safety due to the lack of required education and training. Today, state requirements to practice as a pharmacy technician have become stricter with state requiring licensing, registration or certification. This increase in requirements as led to the expansion of pharmacy technician duties. Studies show that pharmacy technicians are able to perform technician accuracy checking, provide immunization and perform Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-waived screenings. In addition to these duties, pharmacy technicians are being utilized in more novel ways such as collecting medication information in primary care and telepharmacy settings. Conclusion: In order for pharmacy to continue to grow as a profession, pharmacists need to use pharmacy technicians as extenders. As pharmacy technicians begin to take on more of the technical duties, pharmacists are able to increase the time spent with patients. Article Type: Commentary
Decreased Naïve T-cell Production Leading to Cytokine Storm as Cause of Increased COVID-19 Severity with Comorbidities.

Aging, type 2 diabetes, and male gender are major risk factors leading to increased COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Thymic production and the export of naive T cells decrease with aging through the effects of androgens in males and in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, with aging, recovery of naive T-cell populations after bone marrow transplantation is delayed and associated with an increased risk of chronic graft vs. host disease. Severe COVID-19 and SARS infections are notable for severe T-cell depletion. In COVID-19, there is unique suppression of interferon signaling by infected respiratory tract cells with intact cytokine signaling. A decreased naive T-cell response likely contributes to an excessive inflammatory response and increases the odds of a cytokine storm. Treatments that improve naive T-cell production may prove to be vital COVID-19 therapies, especially for these high-risk groups.
High-pressure fuel spray ignition behavior with hot surface interaction

Abstract Fuel-flexible aircraft propulsion systems using compression ignition engines will require novel strategies for reducing the ignition delay of low-reactivity fuels to feasible timescales. Hot surface ignition of fuel sprays has been implemented in some practical situations, but the complex nature of flame formation within the spray structure poses significant challenges. In order to design next-generation ignition devices, the capacity of hot surface heating elements to promote fuel spray ignition must be investigated. In this study, a rapid compression machine (RCM) was used to examine the ignition process of a single kerosene-based F-24 jet fuel spray with a cylindrical heating element inserted into the spray periphery. The experiments, performed with moderately high injection pressures of 40 MPa, have demonstrated two modes of ignition governed by surface temperature and insertion depth of the heating element. There exists an optimal position where the heating element tip is located in the fuel vapor cone around the liquid spray. For this configuration, a critical surface temperature was identified (∼1250 K), above which short ignition delays associated with a “spray ignition” mode are consistently achieved. In this case, a local ignition flame kernel propagates downstream to the flame lift-off length before full ignition of the spray. In comparison, below the critical temperature a slower “volumetric” mode results. The extended ignition delays associated with this mode may be impractical for compression ignition engines operating at high speeds and increased altitude.
Disability measurement in Multiple Sclerosis patients 55 years and older: What is the Expanded Disability Status Scale really telling clinicians?

Abstract Background The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) measures disease progression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). EDSS changes are assumed to be due to worsening MS-related disability. Strict interpretation of this premise may include some normal findings as abnormal, inflating the disability score. Further, determining the cause of neurologic symptoms can be difficult in an older population with comorbid illness and polypharmacy. Objective To examine the association between EDSS, age, comorbidities and polypharmacy. Methods 106 people, 55 years and older, with and without MS were administered the EDSS and a validated comorbidity questionnaire. Polypharmacy was also assessed. Results Median EDSS scores were 6.0 in people with MS and 3.0 in people without MS. No participant in our cohort had an EDSS of 0. Higher EDSS scores were associated with older age and more polypharmacy. Pyramidal and cerebellar functional systems accounted for the largest percentage of unique variance between groups. Conclusion Older individuals with and without MS demonstrated significant disability on the EDSS. These findings indicate that EDSS scores may be partially due to factors other than MS. Our understanding of disease course and disability may benefit from the development of normative EDSS scores to correct for these factors.
Love and Anger in Global Party Politics: Facebook Reactions to Political Party Posts in 79 Democracies

The reactions feature of Facebook provides an opportunity to explore emotional responses to political messages across the globe on a common platform. In this article, we describe this new measure and present a dataset of over two million posts from the Facebook pages of 690 political parties in 79 democracies. We study Love and Angry reactions to these posts, their potential use as measures of emotional response, and party-level variation in the frequency of these reactions. We find that parties receive systematically different proportions of Love and Angry reactions depending on their ideology, party family, and populist orientation. More extreme parties tend to elicit relatively greater emotional responses. Nationalist, populist, and right-leaning parties in particular elicit a higher proportion of Angry reactions and emotional polarization.
Methodological interest convergence: research site anonymity’s maintenance of structural racism

Anonymity is an unquestioned norm in education research, yet few scholars have theorized how this methodological standard reaffirms structural racism. This practice is critical to question given th...
Pre-pregnancy Dietary Intake of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Objectives To evaluate whether pre-pregnancy intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids prevent HDP.
The Woman with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Fertility, Pregnancy, and beyond

Most patients are diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in their early adulthood, with many young women being affected during their reproductive years. Healthcare providers play a significant role in educating these young women regarding fertility, pregnancy outcome, efficacy, and safety of different therapeutic agents during pregnancy and breastfeeding while addressing their fear and anxiety, in order to reduce adverse maternal-fetal effects. This chapter provides a summary of available data and evidence-based guidance related to fertility, preconception counseling, medication safety, method of delivery, and postpartum care in women with IBD.
GENETEX-a GENomics Report TEXt mining R package and Shiny application designed to capture real-world clinico-genomic data.

Objectives Clinico-genomic data (CGD) acquired through routine clinical practice has the potential to improve our understanding of clinical oncology. However, these data often reside in heterogeneous and semistructured data, resulting in prolonged time-to-analyses. Materials and methods We created GENETEX: an R package and Shiny application for text mining genomic reports from electronic health record (EHR) and direct import into Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Results GENETEX facilitates the abstraction of CGD from EHR and streamlines the capture of structured data into REDCap. Its functions include natural language processing of key genomic information, transformation of semistructured data into structured data, and importation into REDCap. When evaluated with manual abstraction, GENETEX had >99% agreement and captured CGD in approximately one-fifth the time. Conclusions GENETEX is freely available under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology license and can be obtained from GitHub (https://github.com/TheMillerLab/genetex). GENETEX is executed in R and deployed as a Shiny application for non-R users. It produces high-fidelity abstraction of CGD in a fraction of the time.
Coupling between Deformation and Mass Transport in an Immiscible Alloy at High Shear Strains

Forced mixing to a single phase or supersaturated solid solution (SSS) and its prerequisite microstructure evolution in immiscible systems has been a focus of research for both fundamental science and a variety of applications. Controlling the formation of SSS by shear deformation assisted processing could enable a material design beyond conventional equilibrium microstructure in immiscible systems. Here, a highly immiscible (mixing enthalpy of ~ 20 kJ·mol-1) Cu-50 at. % Cr binary alloy was employed to investigate the microstructure evolution and localized tendencies of SSS during severe shear deformation. The present results demonstrate distinctive defect mediated microstructure refinement process in each phase and how it leads to localized SSS as a function of shear strain. Preferential dynamic recrystallization occurs in the softer Cu phase due to strain localization, leading to substantial grain refinement. The refinement of Cr phase in the top-most layer, however, is enabled by the progressive evolution of grain lamination, splitting, and fragmentation as a function of shear strain. The eventual SSS is found to be strongly dependent on the local environments that affect the dislocation activity, including the level of microstructure refinement, the interfacial orientation relationship, hardness difference, and supposed stability of oxidation. Ab initio simulations confirm that it is more favorable to oxidize Cr than Cu at incoherent Cu/Cr interfaces which then limits the mass transport on an incoherent boundary. Our results shed light on the underpinning mechanism for non-equilibrium mass transport in immiscible systems upon severe deformation that can be applicable to a variety of processing techniques aimed at producing immiscible alloys with superior mechanical properties.
Resource-Based and Property Rights Perspectives on Value Creation: The Case of Oil Field Unitization

Why is property rights theory important for strategic management? Strategic management focuses on why certain business firms persistently outperform others. Property rights theory addresses this key question by analyzing market frictions. Resource-based theory, a mainstream theoretical perspective in the discipline of strategic management, implicitly assumes that resources are secure due to the inherent attributes of the resources as well as being effectively protected by third-party enforcement and self-enforcing agreements. Extant property rights theory enables us to relax these assumptions to take into account processes where there are struggles in establishing property rights that will enhance the realized economic value of resources. Determination of value creation, which is emphasized in resource-based theory, is informed by a careful examination of property rights. A case study of oil field unitization (where a single firm is designated as the unit operator to develop the oil reservoir as a whole) is analyzed to illustrate these theoretical points. In particular, widespread failure to achieve oil field unitization in the United States despite large potential aggregate economic gains shows how asymmetric information and distributional conflicts over rental shares can limit adoption of property rights that would enable the "internalization of externalities" and thereby enhance realized value creation. This business case highlights that a full resource-based analysis of value creation that focuses on realized value, and not merely potential value, must incorporate the role of property rights to internalize externalities and to solve game-theoretic prisoners' dilemma problems of common-pool resources. The case of (the lack of) oil field unitization in the United States illustrates how difficult it can be to get the institutional details of the property rights correct for realized value creation. In an economic world of positive transaction costs, there are frictions in the development of property rights that can drive a persistent wedge between potential value and realized value. In terms of theory development, property rights theory enables us to analyze distributional conflicts and is a complementary and necessary component to resource-based analysis of (realized) value creation.
Corrections to the Quasi-Free Process

At intermediate energy the photon-nucleus interaction is dominated by the quasi-free process: the photon interacts with one nucleon moving in a mean potential. The other nucleons are spectator in the sense that their overall effect is to create a mean optical potential in which the outgoing particles move (Distorted Wave Impulse Approximation).
Laparoscopic and hand-assisted distal pancreatectomy

With the increased use of CT, discovering incidental pancreatic lesions has become commonplace. Lesions in the distal pancreas lend themselves well to laparoscopic resection. We reviewed our experi...
Hydrogen permeability and chemical stability of Ni–BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ membrane in concentrated H2O and CO2

Abstract Ni–BaZr 0.1 Ce 0.7 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3− δ (Ni–BZCYYb) membrane shows improved and stable performance in dry H 2 and CO 2 (Fang et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 725–730). However, the stream from steam methane reforming contains high contents of H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO, which poses crueler challenges to the chemical stability of Ni–BZCYYb membrane than dry H 2 and CO 2 . In this work, we tested the Ni–BZCYYb membrane in wet H 2 and CO 2 which generated high content of H 2 O and CO due to reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction at high temperature. High content of H 2 O improves the proton conductivity of BZCYYb and hydrogen transport through the membrane. On the other hand, H 2 content reduction and decomposition of BZCYYb promoted by high content of H 2 O lead to performance degradation. The steady-state hydrogen flux may increase or decrease depending on the balance among these effects. Besides, CO-induced Ni corrosion was found in both surface and bulk due to metal dusting. In general, Ni–BZCYYb membrane still displayed much better performance stability in wet H 2 and CO 2 than Ni–BaCe 0.8 Y 0.2 O 3− δ and Ni–BaZr 0.1 Ce 0.7 Y 0.2 O 3− δ composites, making it a candidate material system for further studies aimed at membrane processing of hydrocarbons.
POSSIBILITY OF GROWTH OF AIRBORNE MICROBES IN OUTER PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

It is shown that airborne bacteria can maintain metabolic functions in a suitable atmosphere. It is theorized that particles in the Jovian atmosphere would have physical half-lives of 10 to 1500 years, depending upon which of two turbulent models is chosen.
The Primary Structure of a Tetradecapeptide Containing the Cysteine Residue Linking γM-Globulin Subunits

Abstract A procedure was developed to alkylate the cysteine involved in the µ-chain bond joining the 8 S subunits of 19 S γM-globulins. The method used permitted the interchain and intrachain disulfide bonds in reduced IgM to re-form and the intersubunit sulfhydryl groups to be specifically alkylated with 1-14C-iodoacetamide. A minimally labeled subunit containing 3.4 moles of S-carboxamidomethylcysteine per 200,000 g did not dissociate significantly into heavy and light chains in 8 m urea. Heavy chains isolated from this subunit contained about 95% of the radioactive label. After tryptic digestion of the µ-chain, about two-thirds of the label was found in a large glycopeptide. Most of the label in this material was found in a chymotryptic tetradecapeptide product of it. This latter peptide isolated from four macroglobulins had identical amino acid composition and peptide mapping characteristics. The sequence of it is: Ser-Ala-Val-Gly-Glu-Ala-Ser-Ile-Cys-Glu-Asp-Asn-Asn-Trp A second µ-chain peptide with relatively low specific activity has a composition similar to that reported for the region of µ-chains which contains the half-cystine which forms the disulfide bond which joins the light chain. No radioactivity was found in the S-carboxamidomethylcysteine liberated by carboxypeptidase A treatment from radiolabeled µ-chain. This indicates that the intersubunit bond is not formed by a cysteine residue penultimate to the carboxyl terminus of µ-chains as previously suggested.
Modeling Lines Formed in the Expanding Chromospheres of Red Giants

In this paper, I discuss the application of radiative transfer techniques to the study of the physical conditions in the extended, expanding chromospheres of cool giants and supergiants in the spectral ranges K2-M5 (for luminosity type III stars) and GO-M5 (for supergiants). The important diagnostic feature indicating the outflow of chromospheric material in such stars is the presence of blueshifted absorption components in the h and k resonance lines of Mg II. To model these lines, I use a spherically symmetric co-moving frame solution of the equation of radiative transfer that takes proper account of partial redistribution effects. I give, as a specific example, my preliminary results of the study of the Mg II lines in the K2 III star α Boo.
Orthogonal multicarrier CDMA and its detection on frequency-selective channels†

Multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) first appeared in the literature in 1993. It combines conventional code-division multiple access (CDMA) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), and has several variants that depend on how this combination is done. Although there have been a significant number of publications on MC-CDMA since its introduction, the literature is still very fragmented, and the terminologies used by different authors are inconsistent. In addition, there are also a number of confusions concerning the detection of MC-CDMA signals on frequency-selective channels. As an attempt to achieve mis goal, this paper gives a comprehensive review of MC-CDMA, describes its different variants, and reviews the receiver techniques for orthogonal MC-CDMA. It also discusses the relative merits of MC-CDMA and of multicarrier time-division multiple access (MC-TDMA) and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) which are the two omer multiple access techniques usable in conjunction with multicarrier transmission.
New sequence-tagged site molecular markers for identification of sex in Distichlis spicata

Sex-linked molecular markers have become valuable tools for understanding sex ratio evolution and sex-specific physiology in pre-reproductive plants. To develop new accurate methods for sexing Distichlis spicata juveniles and nonflowering individuals, we converted a random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction marker that co-segregated with the female phenotype into a set of sequence-tagged site markers. We tested the marker pair on known males and females from populations in Oregon and California. A single band was obtained for all female samples but never for males.
A Sign of the Times: Sheila Hicks, the Fiber Arts Movement, and the Language of Liberation

AbstractThe fiber arts movement as it developed in the tumultuous 1960s and 1970s has generally been explored as if it operated outside of the historical conditions that defined these years. Scholarship has by and large focused on the still ongoing debate over whether fiber art is more appropriately aligned with art than craft. This is certainly the case regarding the scholarship on Sheila Hicks (b. 1934), one of the most celebrated fiber artists and active during the time period under consideration here. However, an essay by art historian Whitney Chadwick in the 2010 retrospective's catalog, Sheila Hicks: 50 Years, provides a refreshing alternative to this reading of Hicks's work. The words of Chadwick are a call to historians of the fiber arts movement to move beyond the limited lens of analysis that has consistently positioned the movement within the fine art vs. craft debate. Building upon Chadwick's historical analysis, my own article considers Hicks's work through the lens of the language of liberat...
Racial differences in correlates of misreporting of energy intake in adolescent females.

Objective: To determine the extent of misreporting of energy intake (EI) and its anthropometric, demographic, and psychosocial correlates in a bi-racial cohort of young women. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross-sectional study of 60 black and 60 white young women, 18 to 21 years old, enrolled in a longitudinal study. Total energy expenditure was assessed using doubly labeled water. Self-reported EI was obtained from 3-day food records. BMI was computed from height and weight. Fat mass was assessed by DXA. Multivariate analyses examined racial differences on the extent of misreporting and its effect on other potential correlates of misreporting. Race-specific step-wise linear regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of BMI, parental education, and drive for thinness on misreporting of EI. Results: More white women tended to under-report EI than black women (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.07). In black women, under-reporting was significantly (p = 0.01) associated with drive for thinness score but was only marginally (p = 0.1) associated with BMI. Each point increase in drive for thinness score was associated with under-reporting by 40 kcal/d. In white women, under-reporting was significantly (p = 0.03) associated with higher parental education by 440 kcal/d and also only marginally (p = 0.09) with BMI. Discussion: This tendency for under-reporting of EI limits the use of self-reported EI in studying energy balance in free-living subjects. Most black and almost all white women in their late teens significantly under-reported their EI, whereas under-reporting was not as evident among lean young black women.
Mapping for tissue based cytometry

Digital pathology is becoming more widely used in clinical practice. More generally, there is also a trend to extract genomic and proteomic information from primary tissues at a single cell level. Recently developed technologies enable this type of analysis while preserving the overall integrity of the tissue. Imaging plays a crucial role as it establishes the context of the individual cell and the overall architecture of the tissue. Here we present a set of image analysis concepts for generating tissue maps that effectively enable the linking of the extracted information. This summary discusses examples of novel biological methods for tissue cytology and new algorithms that have been developed at GE Global Research to enable quantitative analysis of such complex specimens.1,2
Nineteenth‐century rhetoric at the universities of Aberdeen and St. Andrews with an annotated bibliography of Archiveal materials 1

(1990). Nineteenth‐century rhetoric at the universities of Aberdeen and St. Andrews with an annotated bibliography of Archiveal materials. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 287-299.
Modeling cluster production at the BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron.

Deuteron coalescence, during a relativistic nucleus-nucleus collision, is carried out in a model incorporating a minimal quantal treatment of the formation of the cluster from its individual nucleons by evaluating the overlap of initial cascading nucleon wave packets with the final deuteron wave function. The nucleon wave packet sizes are estimated dynamically using the coalescing pair's past light-cone history. A parameter free determination of the absolute deuteron yields results, and a globally consistent picture of the Si+Au measurements is achieved. In light of the deuteron's evident fragility, information obtained from this analysis may be useful in establishing freeze-out volumes and help in heralding the presence of high-density phenomena in a baryon-rich environment. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Retroperitoneal abscess: A presentation of colon carcinoma

Retroperitoneal abscess as an initial manifestation of carcinoma of the colon is unusual. Inappropriate management of an unrecognized lesion is invariably fatal. Awareness of this uncommon presentation can lead to a precise preoperative diagnosis and appropriate therapy. The possibility of a perforated colon carcinoma should be considered in instances of unexplained retroperitoneal mass and infection, and a barium enema performed on all such patients. The authors report 3 cases and illustrate the radiological features of retroperitoneal abscesses due to perforated colon carcinoma.
Activating Ly-49d and Inhibitory Ly-49a Natural Killer Cell Receptors Demonstrate Distinct Requirements for Interaction with H2-Dd

The activating Ly-49D receptor and the inhibitory Ly-49A receptor mediate opposing effects on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity after interaction with the same major histocompatibility complex ligand, H2-Dd. To compare Ly-49D and Ly-49A interactions with H2-Dd, we created mutations in H2-Dd and examined the functional ability of these mutants to activate lysis through Ly-49D or to inhibit lysis through Ly-49A. Specific single amino acid changes in either the H2-Dd α1 helix or the α2 helix abrogated Ly-49D–mediated cytotoxicity, but these changes had no significant effect on Ly-49A–dependent inhibition. Each of three α2 domain mutations in the floor of the peptide binding groove reduced functional recognition by either Ly-49D or Ly-49A, but all three were required to fully abrogate inhibition by Ly-49A. Our studies indicate that Ly-49D/H2-Dd interactions require distinct determinants compared with Ly-49A/H2-Dd interactions. These differences have important implications for the integration of activating and inhibitory signals in NK cells.
Primary cervical amyloidoma: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background context Primary solitary amyloidosis or amyloidoma is a disease process characterized by the focal deposition of amyloid in the absence of a plasma cell dyscrasia with normal serum protein measurements. Solitary amyloidomas affecting the vertebrae are very uncommon but typically affect the thoracic spine. Primary cervical amyloidosis is an exceedingly rare entity with exceptionally good prognosis, but requires diligence of the treating physician to establish the diagnosis and implement the appropriate surgical intervention. Purpose This study aimed to present a rare case of primary cervical amyloidosis with long-term follow-up and review the clinical presentation, characteristic imaging findings, diagnostic pathology, differential diagnosis, treatment algorithm, and prognosis of the disease entity. This case demonstrates the progressive resorption of the amyloidoma over time after surgical stabilization. Previous reported cases of primary cervical amyloidosis will also be reviewed. Study design This study is a report and review of the literature. Methods A 77-year-old woman presented with a several-week history of gradual progressive weakness in her upper and lower extremities. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a retro-odontoid nonenhancing soft-tissue mass, with erosive bony changes and severe mass effect on the upper cervical cord. The patient was taken to the operating room for decompression and posterior spinal stabilization. Results Intraoperative tissue specimens demonstrated amyloidosis and extensive systemic workup did not reveal any inflammatory processes, systemic amyloidosis, or plasma cell dyscrasia. Postoperatively, the patient regained full strength and ambulatory status. The patient remains asymptomatic at a 2-year follow-up. A postoperative follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete resorption of the residual amyloidoma. Conclusions Primary solitary amyloidosis is a rare form of amyloidosis that is important to differentiate given its excellent prognosis with surgical management. Treatment should include surgical decompression and spinal stabilization. This is the first case report to clinically and radiographically demonstrate the progressive resorption of a primary amyloidoma over time after surgical stabilization in the upper cervical spine. It is imperative that surgeons encountering such lesions maintain a high suspicion for this rare disease entity and advise their pathologists accordingly to establish the correct diagnosis.