cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimedia Bootcamp: a health sciences library provides basic training to promote faculty technology integration

Background Recent research has shown a backlash against the enthusiastic promotion of technological solutions as replacements for traditional educational content delivery. Many institutions, including the University of Virginia, have committed staff and resources to supporting state-of-the-art, showpiece educational technology projects. However, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library has taken the approach of helping Health Sciences faculty be more comfortable using technology in incremental ways for instruction and research presentations. In July 2004, to raise awareness of self-service multimedia resources for instructional and professional development needs, the Library conducted a "Multimedia Bootcamp" for nine Health Sciences faculty and fellows.
The Filaments of the Vicarious

This essay is an intellectual autobiography, tracing out the influences, the chance openings, and the sustenance that shaped one effort to understand our experience of law.
Modulation optimization under energy constraints

We consider radio applications where the nodes operate on batteries so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput and delay requirements. In this context, we analyze the best modulation strategy to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits. The total energy consumption includes both the transmission energy and the circuit energy consumption. We show that for both MQAM and MFSK the transmission energy decreases with the BT/sub on/ product while the circuit energy consumption increases with T/sub on/, where B is the modulation bandwidth and T/sub on/ is the transmission time. Thus, in short-range applications where the circuit energy consumption is nonnegligible compared with the transmission energy, the total energy consumption is minimized by using the maximum system bandwidth along with an optimized transmission time T/sub on/. We derive this optimal T/sub on/ for MQAM and MFSK modulation in both AWGN channels and Rayleigh fading channels. Our optimization considers both delay and peak-power constraints. Numerical examples are given, where we exhibit up to 68% energy savings over modulation strategies that minimize the transmission energy alone.
CT7-5A/7/7E Turboprop Engine for Commuter Airline Service

To meet the requirements of the growing commuter airline market, General Electric has developed the 1700 SHP Class CT7 Turboprop family of engines derived from the current T700/CT7 Turboshaft engines. This Turboshaft family has accumulated over 300,000 hours of successful operation.This paper discusses the engine performance and how, through the use of advanced technology, the engine has achieved specific fuel consumption better than other engines in this class. Design maturity of the T700/CT7 family of engines has been achieved by extensive factory testing prior to production introduction and has resulted in engine reliability substantially greater than earlier engines.A description of the component redesign of the compressor, high and low pressure turbines and the inlet system is included. The design of the propeller gearbox is also discussed. The development program through certification is covered as well as information on the CT7-5A/Grumman G1 Flight Test.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
Textural Composition of Near-Surface Alluvium in West-Central San Joaquin Valley, California

Approximately 1,130 preconstruction holes, with an average depth of about 4 m, were augered in the 2,025 km 2 Westlands Water District, which is underlain mostly by Quaternary piedmont alluvium derived from the Coast Ranges. The alluvium consists of fluvial deposits of major ephemeral streams, separated by “interfan” alluvium of minor streams frequently deposited as “mudflows.” Average visual textural composition and average content of sand-size particles of alluvium were calculated for three depth intervals (0 to 1.5 m, 1.5 to 3 m and 3 to 4± m) for all fans and interfans in 461 the following three areas: 1) the western area, between the Coast Range foothills and San Luis Canal; 2) the central area between the San Luis Canal and the “outer rim” of piedmont alluvium; and 3) the eastern area or “outer rim” of the piedmont alluvium. The overall average composition of near-surface piedmont alluvium is: gravel—traces; sand, mostly clayey or silty—20 percent; silt—1 percent; lean clay—68 percent; and fat clay—11 percent. The sand content of interfan alluvium is notably larger than that of the alluvium of major neighboring fans. There are also increases in sand content 1) from the valley trough toward the Coast Range foothills, and 2) from the northwest toward the southeast. The amount of fat clay increases toward the valley trough. These patterns are explained by 1) differences in geology of source areas, 2) decreases in transportation forces away from the foothills, 3) variations in mode of deposition, 4) possible historical climatic changes; and 5) post-depositional ion exchange of clay minerals. This study is a byproduct of preconstruction studies and has been useful for the planning of drainage and irrigation, application of gypsum, preparation of environmental reports and several specifications, etc. The information may also be helpful in planning future projects in similar piedmont terrain.
Characterization and glutamyl preferring carboxypeptidase function of prostate specific membrane antigen: A novel folate hydrolase

Abstract We have cloned the gene encoding the prostate-specific membrane (PSM) antigen, which is recognized by the 7E11C-5 antibody. The antigen is strongly expressed in prostate cancer, and the antibody has been approved for use as an imaging agent for detection of prostatic cancer metastasis. The gene was unique and encoded a type II membrane protein. The only clue to its potential function was found in the cDNA coding sequences from 1250 to 1700, which had a modest but significant homology with transferrin-receptor, demonstrating a 54% homology of nucleic acid sequence. In comparing the mRNA obtained from normal prostate with that obtained from cancerous or lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cells, normal cells produced a shorter alternative spliced species that encoded a cytosolic form of the protein, and not a membrane protein. It appeared that, as the prostatic cells became cancerous, there was a nearly 100-fold difference in expression of the ratio of the messages encoding the 2 forms, with the cytosolic form (PSM′) predominant in normal cells and the membrane form (PSM) predominant in cancer cells. The other tissue in which the membrane antigen form of PSM is highly expressed is the membrane brush border of the small intestine of the proximal, but not distal, small intestine. This is the location of a unique membrane form of a folate hydrolase. This membrane folate hydrolase and its location are necessary in human nutrition because humans require folate, and the folate in foods is poly-gamma-glutamated. Polyglutamated folates cannot be taken into the cells by folate-transporter systems. The ability to take up folate from foods requires the membrane folate hydrolase to sequentially remove the gamma-linked glutamates, freeing folate that can then be transported. PSM antigen has a similiar folate hydrolase activity. Others have reported finding an enzyme in the rat brain that functions as an alpha-neurocarboxypeptidase and acts on the abundant brain peptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate to generate glutamate and N-acetylaspartate. The 3′-end of the rat brain enzyme had 84% sequence homology with PSM antigen. Because this enzyme liberates glutamate in the brain, the enzyme is considered to have regulatory activity related to glutamate receptors. Current investigations are underway to determine whether glutamate receptors are present in prostate. Thus, PSM antigen is a unique folate hydrolase-carboxypeptidase that can release glutamate with either gamma- or alpha-linkage. Its enzymatic activity raises a number of questions for consideration. In the normal prostate where the protein is intracellular, is PSM′ antigen keeping folate in nonglutamated forms? If so, folate should be able to readily diffuse out of prostate cells, making the prostate gland an organ at risk for localized folate deficiency and carcinogenesis. In prostate tumor cells, with the enzyme outside of the cell, can PSM antigen be used for the activation of cytotoxic prodrugs?
Mathematical Philology: Entropy Information in Refining Classical Texts' Reconstruction, and Early Philologists' Anticipation of Information Theory

Philologists reconstructing ancient texts from variously miscopied manuscripts anticipated information theorists by centuries in conceptualizing information in terms of probability. An example is the editorial principle difficilior lectio potior (DLP): in choosing between otherwise acceptable alternative wordings in different manuscripts, “the more difficult reading [is] preferable.” As philologists at least as early as Erasmus observed (and as information theory's version of the second law of thermodynamics would predict), scribal errors tend to replace less frequent and hence entropically more information-rich wordings with more frequent ones. Without measurements, it has been unclear how effectively DLP has been used in the reconstruction of texts, and how effectively it could be used. We analyze a case history of acknowledged editorial excellence that mimics an experiment: the reconstruction of Lucretius's De Rerum Natura, beginning with Lachmann's landmark 1850 edition based on the two oldest manuscripts then known. Treating words as characters in a code, and taking the occurrence frequencies of words from a current, more broadly based edition, we calculate the difference in entropy information between Lachmann's 756 pairs of grammatically acceptable alternatives. His choices average 0.26±0.20 bits higher in entropy information (95% confidence interval, P = 0.005), as against the single bit that determines the outcome of a coin toss, and the average 2.16±0.10 bits (95%) of (predominantly meaningless) entropy information if the rarer word had always been chosen. As a channel width, 0.26±0.20 bits/word corresponds to a 0.790.79+0.09−0.15 likelihood of the rarer word being the one accepted in the reference edition, which is consistent with the observed 547/756 = 0.72±0.03 (95%). Statistically informed application of DLP can recover substantial amounts of semantically meaningful entropy information from noise; hence the extension copiosior informatione lectio potior, “the reading richer in information [is] preferable.” New applications of information theory promise continued refinement in the reconstruction of culturally fundamental texts.
Development of a Building-Specific, Multi-Criteria Energy Technology Portfolio Evaluation Approach

An accurate building energy technology portfolio evaluation approach is needed that integrates physics-based models and business case analysis. Open source, parametric building modeling tools have recently matured to enable system-level building energy analysis at high fidelities. It is observed that these modeling tools usually only analyze energy savings and are not concerned with other criteria often factored into the choice of an energy technology portfolio. This paper presents an approach to constructing a parametric, physics-based, building-specific, business case analysis tool for quantifying multi-criteria performance of building energy technology portfolios. The resulting environment, which is used to build up a portfolio step-by-step and analyze performance trades, is explained through a case study. The application presented is for a building energy retrofit, comparing building energy consumption before and after application of technologies from a set of contenders, but it can be extended to the design of new buildings.© 2014 ASME
IMPROVED ORGANIC SCINTILLATORS IN 2-ETHYL NAPHTHALENE.

THE photofluorescence and scintillation emission of liquid 2-ethyl naphthalene (2-EN) is almost completely excimeric1,2 at room temperature, but at higher temperatures the monomer emission is enhanced and that of the excimer is decreased because the excimer dissociates1,2. 2-EN also meets most of the requirements3,4 for a good scintillator solvent; its density is high (16 per cent higher than that of toluene), its volatility and flammability are low, its electron density is 15 per cent higher than that of toluene, and most of the efficient scintillator solutes and a number of scintillator loading materials dissolve in 2-EN at room temperature. The mode of action of naphthalene in loaded scintillators5 and the possible role of solvent excimers in enhancing energy transfer and/or enabling the solvent to resist “quenching” of the solute by various materials, suggested that improved scintillators might be obtained by using solvents like 2-EN, in which excimer formation dominates in the liquid state and at room temperature.
Refracted power technique for cutoff wavelength measurement in single-mode waveguides

A technique to measure the local (2?3 mm) values of cutoff wavelength ?c in single-mode waveguides is described. The technique, insensitive to the length of waveguide used, involves the spectral measurement of refracted power. The feasibility of using the cutoff wavelength determined by this technique to predict the zero dispersion wavelength is also studied.
One world, one beable

Is the quantum state part of the furniture of the world? Einstein found such a position indigestible, but here I present a different understanding of the wavefunction that is easy to stomach. First, I develop the idea that the wavefunction is nomological in nature, showing how the quantum It or Bit debate gets subsumed by the corresponding It or Bit debate about laws of nature. Second, I motivate the nomological view by casting quantum mechanics in a “classical” formalism (Hamilton–Jacobi theory) and classical mechanics in a “quantum” formalism (Koopman–von Neumann theory) and then comparing and contrasting classical and quantum wave functions. I argue that Humeans about laws can treat classical and quantum wave functions on a par and that doing so yields many benefits.
Neuropsychologic rehabilitation for visuoperceptual impairments

Impairments of visual perception resulting from brain damage can have serious implications for many aspects of patients' lives, and these impairments should be targeted for intervention. Rehabilitation programs need to be individually tailored to each patient's needs; thus, characterization of a patient's visual perception and related abilities, by means of neuroophthalmologic and neuropsychologic evaluations, is a necessary starting point for rehabilitation. Several promising treatment approaches based on restorative and compensatory methods are described, although as yet there is limited systematic study of the efficacy of these methods. Treatment models and compensatory devices from the mature field of low-vision rehabilitation have obvious application in the rehabilitation of cortically based visual perceptual impairments. In addition, ongoing rapid advances in the cognitive neuroscience of vision are likely to provide guidance in the development of new interventions. One area in which functional imaging studies may prove useful is gaining information regarding critical periods of recovery and plasticity. For some visuoperceptual disorders, restorative procedures may be of particular benefit in facilitating brain reorganization during certain recovery periods, but rehabilitation specialists still have few empiric data to guide their efforts. Despite the major limitations in our understanding of key issues influencing outcome, most patients with cerebral visual dysfunction can receive some benefit from carefully designed rehabilitation programs.
Ethanol-induced alterations of c-Fos immunoreactivity in specific limbic brain regions following ethanol discrimination training.

Abstract The discriminative stimulus properties of ethanol are functionally regulated by ionotropic GABA A and NMDA receptors in specific limbic brain regions including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus, as determined by microinjection studies. The purpose of the present work was to further investigate potential neural substrates of ethanol's discriminative stimulus effects by examining if ethanol discrimination learning produces changes in brain regional response to ethanol. To accomplish this goal, immunohistochemistry was used to assess the effects of ethanol (2 g/kg) on c-Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR). Comparisons in ethanol-induced Fos-IR were made between a group of rats that was trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of ethanol (2 g/kg, IG) from water (IG) and a drug/behavior-matched control group that did not receive differential reinforcement for lever selection, which precluded acquisition of discriminative stimulus control by ethanol. In some brain regions discrimination training had no effect on ethanol-induced Fos-IR changes (caudate putamen, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and CA1 region of the hippocampus). In contrast, discrimination training altered the pattern of ethanol-induced Fos-IR in the nucleus accumbens (core), medial septum, and the hippocampus (dentate and CA3). These results indicate that having behavior under the stimulus control of ethanol can change ethanol-induced Fos-IR in some brain regions. This suggests that learning about the subjective properties of ethanol produces adaptive changes in how the brain responds to acute ethanol exposure.
The treatment of restless legs syndrome with intravenous iron dextran.

Abstract Background and purpose : To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single 1000 mg iron infusion in treating Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Patients and methods : A single 1000 mg intravenous (IV) [Am J Med Sci 31 (1999) 213] infusion of iron dextran was evaluated in an open-label study. Primary outcomes of efficacy were symptom severity assessed by global rating scale and periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) at 2 weeks post-infusion. Secondary outcomes included total sleep time (TST), hours/day of RLS symptoms, and changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-determined iron concentrations in the substantia nigra. Primary safety measures were reported adverse events and monthly serum ferritin levels. Results : IV iron therapy significantly improved the mean global RLS symptom severity, TST, hours with RLS symptoms and PLMS, but on an individual basis failed to produce any response in 3 of the 10 subjects who were fully treated. Brian iron concentrations at 2 weeks post-infusion as determined by MRI were increased in the substantia nigra and prefrontal cortex. Serum ferritin levels showed a greater than predicted rapid linear decrease. Side effects were mild, except in one subject who developed an acute allergic reaction. Conclusions : The results in this study provide valuable information for future studies, but the efficacy and safety of IV iron treatment for RLS remain to be established in double-blind studies. The serum ferritin results suggest that greater than expected iron loss occurs after IV iron loading.
Mammalian cell studies with diamide.

Abstract Diamide, diazenedicarboxylic acid bis (N,N′-dimethylamide), is a glutathione oxidant that has several advantages over classical sulfhydryl reagents, including reversibility. It is used widely to study glutathione's role in cellular function and radioresistance. It is also an effective radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells and acts by a unique mechanismm increasing the slope of the survival curve of irradiated hypoxic mammalian cells at high concentrations and decreasing the shoulder at low concentrations. Increased yields of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations and DNA strand breaks suggest that diamide sensitizes by mechanisms involving DNA. These mechanisms may include direct interactions with DNA and removal of cellular reducing species that normally repair radiation damage. Diamide sensitizes hypoxic cells synergistically with nitrofuran or nitroimidazole sensitizers, is effective against ascites tumors in vitro, and is useful for elucidating the mechanisms of aminothiol radioprotection. If used carefully, and with due regard for its limitations, it provides a useful tool with which to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms that govern cellular radiosensitivity and to hasten development of effective radiosensitizers for clinical use.
Computerized multiple level substructuring analysis

Abstract A computerized multiple level substructuring analysis method was developed and is presented. An ‘MCODE’ technique is introduced which forms an array in order to keep track of the degrees of freedom of the various matrices and vectors at all levels of substructuring. Constraints are introduced by use of the MCODE pointers also. By investigating the MCODE, the program can then position the rows and columns of the various matrices. A partitioned blocked data set method is used in the Cholesky decomposition for both the forward and backward substitutions, to reduce the I/O and CPU times. The sparseness of the stiffness matrix is taken into account to reduce the computer time during the multiplication step. The substructure connectivity information at every substructure level is input as data in user notation to allow very complex substructure cuts. The program checks for correct node point connection in space prior to any assemblage. A restart option is included to allow parallel engineering efforts on checking out substructures. An example case of a simply supported rectangular plate subjected to uniform lateral pressure is presented. Three runs, namely, without substructuring, with single level substructuring, and with three levels of substructuring were made and compared.
Cocaine and alcohol interactions in the rat: Effect of cocaine and alcohol pretreatments on cocaine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of pretreatment with cocaine and alcohol on cocaine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Four groups of rats (n = 8 per group) received one of the following pretreatments for two weeks: none, alcohol (10% v/v in drinking water), cocaine (15 mg/kg/day ip), and alcohol+cocaine (10% v/v in drinking water+15 mg/kg/day ip). On the day of the experiment, cocaine was administered (30 mg/kg, ip) to each rat, either alone or in combination with alcohol (5 g/kg, po), in a balanced crossover experimental design. Plasma and brain ECF concentrations of cocaine and its three metabolites: benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, and cocaethylene were assayed by HPLC–UV. The percent change in brain dopamine concentration, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were determined simultaneously. A sigmoid-Emax model was used to describe the brain cocaine concentration–neurochemical effect (dopamine) relationship, and an indirect phar-macodynamic response model was used to describe the plasma cocaine concentration–cardiovascular effect relationships. Alcohol pretreatment led to significant increase in cocaine AUCp, αt1/2, and βt1/2. Cocaine pretreatment significantly increased cocaine bioavail-ability, absorption rate constant, TBC, and the formation clearance of cocaethylene. Acute alcohol coadministration with cocaine increased cocaine AUCp and bioavailability, reduced the fraction of cocaine dose converted to benzoylecgonine, and increased the formation of norcocaine. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of cocaine, either administered alone or in combination with alcohol, is significantly altered due to prior cocaine and/or alcohol use. Both cocaine and alcohol pretreatments increased the Emax for dopamine, with no effect on the EC50. Acute alcohol coadministration with cocaine significantly increased the Emax for dopamine and reduced the EC50. Cocaine pretreatment significantly decreased the Imax for blood pressure, IC50, and Rmax. For the heart rate response, both alcohol and cocaine pretreatments significantly increased the IC50, with no effect on Imax. These results indicate that both cocaine and alcohol pretreatments as well as acute alcohol coadministration lead to significant alterations in cocaine pharmacodynamics that are due, at least in part, to the changes in cocaine pharmacokinetics. If similar effects occur in humans, chronic cocaine and alcohol abusers may respond differently to cocaine administration compared to naive users and may be at higher risks of cocaine central nervous system toxicity.
Asymptotic stability of time-variant polynomials with diamond-shaped uncertainties

Abstract This paper addresses the asymptotic stability of linear time-variant polynomials whose coefficients are uncertain in an m-dimensional hyperdiamond. The approach used here allows the construction of regions in the coefficient space guaranteeing asymptotic stability that extend beyond the region specified by existing results. The necessity of the condition derived in this paper will be discussed for some special cases.
Evanescent wave imaging in optical lithography

New applications of evanescent imaging for microlithography are introduced. The use of evanescent wave lithography (EWL) has been employed for 26nm resolution at 1.85NA using a 193nm ArF excimer laser wavelength to record images in a photoresist with a refractive index of 1.71. Additionally, a photomask enhancement effect is described using evanescent wave assist features (EWAF) to take advantage of the coupling of the evanescent energy bound at the substrate-absorber surface, enhancing the transmission of a mask opening through coupled interference.
An optimal strategy for sequential classification on partially ordered sets

A decision-theoretic framework is described for sequential classification when the parameter space is a finite partially ordered set. An example of an optimal strategy is then presented. This example establishes that an asymptotically optimal class of experiment selection rules is not necessarily optimal in the given decision-theoretic setting.
Reflections on the eyes of butterflies

Abstract Recent literature concerning insect vision has placed considerable emphasis upon the brightly coloured reflections observable in the eyes of darkadapted butterflies. It is frequently argued that these reflections originate in tracheoles near the basement membrane and are obscured by pigment migration. This theory was tested by a variety of physiological and optical methods and found to be inadequate. It is proposed that the reflections originate in the sub-corneal region (corneal process). Light adaptation of the eye results in a (photomechanical) contraction of specific retinula cells, thereby ‘stretching’ the corneal process and altering its optical properties. It is this mechanism which causes the extinction of the reflections. It is likely that structures within the cornea are important in determining the ‘colour’ of the reflections.
Establishing a valid focus for work

Abstract In this case study, I intend to illustrate how I have applied the social work teaching of the course to my practice on placement with the L. family.
ASSISTING TEXT PROCESSING: WHAT DO WE NEED TO CONSIDER

Szirnrnary.42 undergraduates were presented one of two 25-sentence versions of a fictitious town. One version (route) described the town as a driver might encounter it, while the other (survey) received a geographic description. Sentences were printed one to a card and read aloud. Feedback included (1) limited access to a map, (2) limited opportunity to review previously read sentences, or (3) presentation of entire text aher processing. Memorial representation was assessed by either propositional recall or inferential reasoning. In this study subjects also reviewed the text prior to either the propositional recall or inferential memory task. Recall for the survey version was enhanced, but there was no reliable effect on inferential reasoning. Although not statistically significant, the text by feedback interactions suggested both complementary and supplementary effects of assistance should be studied further.
Reduced Cooperative Segmental Motion and Hindered Hydrogen Bonding of Poly(ethylene oxide) Intercalated in Layered Silicates: Deductions Revealed by Simulating ESR Spectra of Spin-Labeled PEO and by XRD, DSC, and TGA Measurements

The structure and dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide) (MW 400, PEO400) intercalated in the galleries of a layered fluoromica clay were investigated by spin-label electron spin resonance (ESR), XRD, DSC, and TGA. PEO400 was end-labeled by attachment of a nitroxide radical and intercalated in 0.78 nm clay galleries. The ESR spectra of intercalated PEO400 showed two motional components, fast and slow, which were attributed to polymer segments weakly and strongly interacting with the clay interface, respectively, while a single spectral component was measured for bulk PEO400. The rotational diffusion coefficient for the polymer chain segment, RS, was determined by simulating the temperature variation of the ESR spectra, based on the “macroscopic order with microscopic disorder” (MOMD) model. The effect of the molecular weight was assessed by comparison with the previous study of PEO4000 (PEO4K [Miwa, Y.; et al. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 4701−4708]. The values of log RS for bulk PEO400 and PEO4K at 330 K were 8.8 ...
Subgridscale stabilization of time-dependent convection dominated diffusive transport

Abstract In [W.J. Layton, A connection between subgrid scale eddy viscosity and mixed methods, Appl. Math. Comput. 133 (2002) 147–157], a variationally consistent eddy viscosity discretization is given for the stationary convection diffusion equation. We further develop this discretization to include the time-dependent problem. We give comprehensive stability and error analysis of the semi-discrete case. We also state the stability and error results for the fully discrete algorithm with a Crank–Nicholson time discretization. The error bound is near optimal and independent of the diffusion coefficient, ϵ. Finally, we give guidance on optimal parameter selection for some common finite element spaces.
Human prolactin regulates transfected MMTV LTR-directed gene expression in a human breast-carcinoma cell line through synergistic interaction with steroid hormones.

Prolactin plays a key role in the regulation and growth of mammary cells, and influences tumor promotion. We have shown that chronic energy restriction intake depresses prolactin levels, inhibits production of MMTV proviral DNA and proto-oncogene expression in mammary glands and prevents development of mammary tumors. Since the expression and proto-oncogene activation of MMTV are regulated by promoter/enhancer elements within its long terminal repeat (LTR), in the present study we used a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene system and gene transfection methods to study the effect of prolactin on MMTV LTR using a human ductal carcinoma cell line T47D stably or transiently transfected with a plasmid consisting of the LTR upstream of CAT gene. Human prolactin or dexamethasone induced, respectively, a 2-fold or 6-fold increase in CAT activity compared with background CAT activity in the absence of hormones. However, the combination of human prolactin and dexamethasone strongly enhanced (20-fold) induction of the LTR compared with the control. Human prolactin also showed a synergistic effect with progesterone on LTR induction. Both LTR and CAT genes needed to be linked for induction of CAT activity by prolactin and dexamethasone. Our results indicate that human prolactin can act synergistically with steroid hormones to regulate MMTV LTR-directed gene expression in transfected T47D cells. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of mouse probasin: An androgen-regulated protein specifically expressed in the differentiated prostate.

BACKGROUND The development and growth of the prostate gland is regulated, in part, by a variety of steroid and polypeptide growth-factor hormones. As a consequence of hormone action, the prostate gland will produce a number of tissue-restricted gene products. Characterization of the regulation, expression, and function of genes encoding prostate-specific proteins is critical to our understanding of prostate biology. Probasin is a prostate-specific gene originally isolated from the rat and has been exploited as a marker of prostate differentiation and to elucidate androgen action. Furthermore, a number of transgenic mouse models of prostate cancer have been established based on the regulatory elements derived from the rat probasin gene. In this report, we describe the isolation and characterization of the mouse probasin ortholog to further facilitate studies related to hormone action in the prostate and the generation and characterization of novel autochthonous models of prostate cancer. METHODS Mouse probasin cDNA was isolated from a phage library, and the DNA sequence was determined. The predicted protein sequence was used to generate specific oligonucleotide primers and antibodies. Probasin protein and RNA expression were examined by immunobloting, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR, in normal mouse prostate tissue and tumor tissues derived from the autochthonous “transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate” (TRAMP) model. Regulation of probasin expression in response to surgical castration and hormone supplementation was also characterized. RESULTS Several points of evolutionary sequence conservation were identified between mouse and rat probasin, especially in the 3′ untranslated region. Specific polyclonal antibodies were generated to peptide fragments, and the temporal and spatial pattern of probasin expression was examined. The expression of probasin was primarily localized to the apical membrane of differentiated secretory epithelium. Probasin mRNA and protein were absent from the poorly differentiated tissue of TRAMP tumors. Probasin was found to be androgen-regulated. In contrast to data from studies on rat probasin, no postcastration rebound of mouse probasin mRNA was observed. CONCLUSIONS Probasin is a marker of differentiation and androgen action in the mouse prostate, and strong sequence conservation between mouse and rat probasin supports an essential role for this gene in the biology of the prostate gland. Isolation and characterization of mouse probasin will facilitate further development and analysis of autochthonous mouse models of prostate cancer. Prostate 43:255–262, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Radon-Nikodým Derivatives of Hilbert Space Valued Measures

The weak Radon-Nikodým derivative of a Hilbert space valued measure is introduced. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such a measure and study some of its properties. Integration of a scalar valued function with respect to a Hilbert space valued measure having a weak Radon-Nikodým derivative is seen to be related to the usual Dunford-Schwartz integral. Finally, we examine the case where the measure has values in the class of Hilbert-Schmidt operators.
He pumping in the presence of an H beam

Abstract In a tokamak, one of the major questions concerning the applicability of passive pumping of helium ions accelerated across the plasma sheath involves the effect on helium retention of the concurrent bombardment of the surface with D/T ions. We have investigated helium trapping and critical fluence behavior during simultaneous 2 keV hydrogen and 4 keV helium bombardment in nickel and beryllium. In nickel, the helium trapping behavior appears unaffected by simultaneous H bombardment, reaching saturation trapping levels of ~1.0 × 10 17 helium cm −2 . In contrast, similar measurements on beryllium indicate that the simultaneous hydrogen bombardment significantly reduces He trapping.
Mode I fatigue crack growth in a continuous alumina fibre-reinforced magnesium matrix composite

Abstract Mode I fatigue crack growth behaviour in a unidirectional alumina fibre reinforced magnesium composite under constant load range, and constant stress intensity range conditions was studied both experimentally and theoretically. Particular attention was paid to the effect of fibre bridging in the crack faces on the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR). The results showed that fatigue crack growth rates in the alumina fibre-reinforced magnesium composite were much lower than those in the unreinforced magnesium alloys. Through the scanning electron microscopy examination of the fracture surfaces, it appeared that the fatigue crack growth mechanisms were different at low and high stress intensity range levels. The effect of these various fatigue crack growth mechanisms on the fatigue crack growth rate in composites was studied by conducting fatigue crack growth experiments at different constant levels of stress intensity range. It was found that the effect of the sequential loadings on the subsequent fatigue crack growth was much more pronounced in the composite than in the monolithic materials. This behaviour was attributed to the fibre bridging on the crack faces. The effects of the fibre bridging on the crack mouth opening displacement and the effective stress intensity range level were studied theoretically, and by the finite element analyses. Based on these results, the effective stress intensity range (ΔKeff) was determined, and it was shown that the da/dN vs ΔKeff in the composite was close to that of da/dN vs ΔK magnesium alloys.
Isogeneic and allogeneic lymphocyte interactions may be controlled by cell surface immunoglobulin tropism

Abstract A study of allogeneic MLC (mixed lymphocyte culture) and two types of isogeneic MLC has been conducted in which subsets of B-cells were serologically removed from pools prior to using the remainder as stimulator cells. Cellular division in the two types of ILC (isogeneic lymphocyte culture) was found to be triggered by lymphocytes with IgG 1 on their surfaces. In contrast, the stimulator cells in ALC (allogeneic lymphocyte culture) possessed membrane-bound IgG 2A and/or possibly IgG 2B . Splenic T-cells were incapable of stimulating replication of splenic or lymph nodal T-cells in the absence of B-cells. Splenic T-cell preparations served as weak stimulators of other allogeneic T-cells but only when B-cells, either isogeneic or allogeneic to the stimulator T-cells, were present. We propose that stimulation in the MLC occurs in two distinct steps. First, immunoglobulins on cell surfaces may function to bring appropriate subsets of cells together. Next, antigenic recognition occurs that results in blastogenesis. Furthermore, the tropism or attraction that certain immunoglobulins have for some cell types may determine which subsets of cells participate in allogeneic and which take part in isogeneic MLC.
Multiple organ failure after liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of multiple organ failure after liver transplantation on mortality and resource utilization. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive series of 113 adults undergoing liver transplantation between 1984 and 1992. Patients were excluded if they died intraoperatively (n = 2), required retransplantation (n = 8), or had incomplete records (n = 7). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We prospectively developed definitions for organ failure, and quantitated the frequency and related outcomes for mortality and resource utilization. Multiple organ failure was defined as the presence of two or more organ failures. Patients were grouped according to the presence (n = 31) or absence (n = 65) of multiple organ failure. Preoperative severity of illness was assessed by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) scoring systems. Postoperative outcome data, including hospital survival rate, hospital length of stay, and charges were recorded. The frequency of multiple organ failure after liver transplantation was 32%. The mortality rate in the patients who developed multiple organ failure was 42% vs. only 2% in those patients without multiple organ failure (p < .0001). Patients with four or more organ failures had a 100% mortality rate. Postoperative multiple organ failure was associated with increased hospital length of stay (46 +/- 7 days vs. 29 +/- 2 days; p = .026) and increased hospital charges ($271,497 +/- 29,994 vs. $136,372 +/- 8,310; p < .0001). Higher preoperative APACHE II and UNOS scores predicted postoperative multiple organ failure, but were less accurate tools for predicting risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple organ failure is associated with death and increased resource utilization in liver transplantation. Pretransplantation severity of illness, as measured by APACHE II and UNOS scoring systems, is an important determinant of postoperative multiple organ failure and outcome.
An inventory of active subglacial lakes in Antarctica detected by ICESat (2003-2008)

Through the detection of surface deformation in response to water movement, recent satellite studies have demonstrated the existence of subglacial lakes in Antarctica that fill and drain on timescales of months to years. These studies, however, were confined to specific regions of the ice sheet. Here we present the first comprehensive study of these 'active' lakes for the Antarctic ice sheet north of 868 S, based on 4.5 years (2003-08) of NASA's Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimeter data. Our analysis has detected 124 lakes that were active during this period, and we estimate volume changes for each lake. The ICESat-detected lakes are prevalent in coastal Antarctica, and are present under most of the largest ice-stream catchments. Lakes sometimes appear to transfer water from one to another, but also often exchange water with distributed sources undetectable by ICESat, suggesting that the lakes may provide water to or withdraw water from the hydrologic systems that lubricate glacier flow. Thus, these reservoirs may contribute pulses of water to produce rapid temporal changes in glacier speeds, but also may withdraw water at other times to slow flow.
A 300mA 14mV-ripple digitally controlled buck converter using frequency domain ΔΣ ADC and hybrid PWM generator

Digitally controlled DC-DC converters enable design portability as well as reconfigurable compensation and control schemes. Digital controllers are also resistant to process and temperature variations making them attractive for SoC applications. The main building blocks of a digital controller for integrated switch-mode converters are the feedback ADC that digitizes the error signal, the digital compensator, and the digital PWM generator (DPWM). The ADC and DPWM blocks are typically the most challenging circuits to design in terms of power consumption, complexity, and area.
1234 RESPONSES TO MUSCLE PARALYSIS IN MECHANICALLY VENTI LATED INFANTS

To evaluate the subjective impression of improved gas exchange with muscle paralysis in some infants on mechanical ventilation, we observed 35 infants who received pancuronium while on Baby Bird ventilators. Pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg I.V.) was repeated until spontaneous respirations ceased in infants who had inadequate gas exchange with FIO2 > 0.60, peak inspiratory pressure >30cm H2O or who were “fighting” the ventilator. 27 infants received pancuronium within the first 48 hours of life, 15 within the first 24 hours. Infants remained paralyzed for a median of 36 hours. 27 infants had ≥ torr before paralysis. ≥ improved by >100 torr within one hour of paralysis in only 2 of the 27 infants; it worsened in 2 infants within the same period. By 6 hours post-paralysis, 12 infants had improved, 5 of whom had had a worsening ≥ before administration of pancuronium. ≥ decreased in 5 infants by > 10 torr within 1 hour of paralysis and increased in 8 infants with either unchanged ventilator settings or changes expected to improve ventilation. No significant changes were observed in blood pressure or heart rate. Only 4 of the 35 infants developed a pneumothorax while paralyzed. Since birthweight, gestational age, or diagnosis could not distinguish those who would respond, one can determine efficacy in a particular patient only by trial. Improvement, when it occurs, is most likely related to changes in right-to-left shunting or V/Q abnormality.
The PME Working Group on Representations

Abstract During the several years that the PME Working Group on Representations met, we discussed and refined various concepts related to representation and explored their applicability to our understanding of mathematical cognition. Some highlights of these discussions are described, and participants in the Working Group are acknowledged.
The effect of influenza C virus on the Purkinje cells of chick embryo cerebellum

Intra-amniotic inoculation of influenza C virus resulted in observable and quantitatively measurable changes in the Purkinje cells of chick embryo cerebellum. Purkinje cells were visualized by the Golgi-Cox procedure and prepared for statistical and computer evaluation from camera lucida drawings. Four computer-generated measurements (the area of the dendritic arbor, the perimeter of the dendritic tree, and the height and width of the cell's arborization) and two manually counted measurements (total number of branches and the number of first order branches) were made. Analysis of Purkinje cells from influenza C virus-infected embryos showed disturbances in dendritic arborization patterns and misalignment in the arrangement of the cells in the Purkinje cell layer compared to control cells. Statistical evaluation of Purkinje cell arborization showed significant decreases in all measured parameters for the influenza C virus-infected members when compared with the members of the uninfected control group.
Bandwidth optimization in asynchronous NoCs by customizing link wire length

The bandwidth requirement for each link on a network-on-chip (NoC) may differ based on topology and traffic properties of the IP cores. Available bandwidth on an asynchronous NoC link will also vary depending on the wire length between sender and receiver. We explore the benefit to NoC performance when this property is used to increase bandwidth on specific links that carry the most traffic of an SoC design. Two methods are used to accomplish this: specifying router locations on the floorplan, and adding pipeline latches on long links. Energy and latency characteristics of an asynchronous NoC are compared to a similarly-designed synchronous NoC. The results indicate that the asynchronous network has lower energy, and link-specific bandwidth optimization has improved the average packet latency. Adding pipeline latches to congested links yields the most improvement. This link-specific optimization is applicable not only to the router and network we present here, but any asynchronous NoC used in a heterogeneous SoC.
What About the Shortcuts

In their Policy Forum “Rethinking hydrogen cars” (18 July, p. [315][1]), D. W. Keith and A. E. Farrell overlook many shortcuts to early deployment of attractive and profitable hydrogen cars. Their over-$5000-per-car cost estimate for hydrogen fueling infrastructure is an order of magnitude above
Neuropeptide modulation of the immune response in gut associated lymphoid tissue.

The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, and somatostatin are found in high concentrations in both the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Specific high affinity receptors for VIP, substance P and somatostatin have been identified on both human and murine lymphocytes, suggesting a role for each of these neuropeptides in a neuroimmune axis. These peptides may be important modulators of mucosal immunity regulating lymphocyte proliferation and trafficking in gut associated lymphoid tissue, synthesis of IgA, and histamine release. Somatostatin antagonism of both VIP and substance P effects has been observed in the immune system. Though the mechanisms by which these neuropeptides modulate immune function have not been completey delineated, current evidence supports the hypothesis that VIP modulates immune function via cAMP dependent pathways while substance P regulation of the immune response involves phospholipid metabolism. Somatostatin inhibition of botli cAMP d...