cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
United States Aid to El Salvador and Nicaragua

US policy makers learned several military lessons from their long and disastrous intervention in Vietnam, which they subsequently employed in their engagements in Central America. For example, US ground troops were not utilized in the Central American conflict as they had been in Vietnam. Nevertheless, political-economic policies that were used in Vietnam, like the ‘Land-to-the-Tiller’ Program initiated toward the end of the US Vietnam intervention, were continued in Central America in the 1980s. The right-wing ideological perspective of the Reagan and Bush administrations (1981–92) in fact moved aid policies in El Salvador and Nicaragua further to the right from the 1960s/1970s Central America and East Asia policies. Aid policy toward the Salvadoran government and the Nicaraguan Contras (encamped along Nicaraguan borders during their Sandinista period) continued to (i) serve the elite of the region, (ii) intrude into the details of development strategy with a neoliberal bias; and (iii) waste the resources placed under the control of weak governments.
Engineering the transposition-based baculovirus expression vector system for higher efficiency protein production from insect cells

One of the most common methods for producing recombinant baculovirus for insect cell protein production involves a transposition mediated system invented over 2 decades ago. This Tn7-mediated system, commercially sold as Bac-to-Bac, has proven highly useful for construction of high quality baculovirus, but suffers from a number of drawbacks which reduce the efficiency of the process and limit its utility for high throughput protein production processes. We describe here the creation of Bac-2-the-Future, a 2nd generation Tn7-based system for recombinant baculovirus production which uses optimized expression vectors, new E. coli strains, and enhanced protocols to dramatically enhance the efficiency of the baculovirus production process. The new system which we describe eliminates the need for additional screening of positive clones, improves the efficiency of transposition, and reduces the cost and time required for high throughput baculovirus production. The system is compatible with multiple cloning methodologies, and has been demonstrated to produce baculovirus with equal or better titer and protein productivity than the currently available systems.
Mechanisms of LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration: role of enzymatic activity and protein aggregation.

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) gene are the most common cause of familial Parkinson9s disease (PD) with autosomal dominant inheritance. Accordingly, LRRK2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for disease modification in PD. Since the first discovery of LRRK2 mutations some 12 years ago, LRRK2 has been the subject of intense investigation. It has been established that LRRK2 can function as a protein kinase, with many putative substrates identified, and can also function as a GTPase that may serve in part to regulate kinase activity. Familial mutations influence both of these enzymatic activities, suggesting that they may be important for the development of PD. Many LRRK2 models have been established to understand the pathogenic effects and mechanisms of familial mutations. Here, we provide a focused discussion of the evidence supporting a role for kinase and GTPase activity in mediating the pathogenic effects of familial LRRK2 mutations in different model systems, with an emphasis on rodent models of PD. We also critically discuss the contribution and relevance of protein aggregation, namely of α-synuclein and tau-proteins, which are known to form aggregates in PD brains harboring LRRK2 mutations, to neurodegeneration in LRRK2 rodent models. We aim to provide a clear and unbiased review of some of the key mechanisms that are important for LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration in PD.
Correlations of trait and state emotions with utilitarian moral judgements

In four experiments, we asked subjects for judgements about scenarios that pit utilitarian outcomes against deontological moral rules, for example, saving more lives vs. a rule against active killing. We measured trait emotions of anger, disgust, sympathy and empathy (the last two in both specific and general forms, the latter referring to large groups of people), asked about the same emotions after each scenario (state emotions). We found that utilitarian responding to the scenarios, and higher scores on a utilitarianism scale, were correlated negatively with disgust, positively (but weakly and inconsistently) with anger, positively with specific sympathy and state sympathy, and less so with general sympathy or empathy. In a fifth experiment, we asked about anger and sympathy for specific outcomes, and we found that these are consistently predictive of utilitarian responding.
Rapid recognition of glioma response to radiation therapy using recombinant peptides

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 1458 Purpose: This study assessed the effectiveness of a recombinant peptide at rapidly and non-invasively determining glioma response to radiation therapy within the endothelium of treated tumors. Methods: Phage-displayed peptide libraries were subjected to biopanning in vivo on GL261 brain tumor xenografts that were treated with 40 mg/kg Sunitinib and 3 Gy of ionizing radiation (IR). After 4 rounds of biopanning in heterotopic tumors and 2 rounds of biopanning in orthotopic tumors, phage peptide recovered from the 6th selection was sequenced to determine identity of phage peptide bound to tumor endothelium specific for Sunitinib+IR. Sensitivity and specificity of peptide detection of tumor susceptibility to IR were studied with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and near infrared resonance (NIR) imaging. Biological effects of peptide binding in the tumor were assessed by tumor size measurement and histological examination of apoptosis. Results: Via sequencing analysis of phage recovered from the in vivo biopanning of the T7 library GIRLRG was isolated most frequently (43.75%) along with AARLY (37.5%) and HMWRDSQ (18.75%). NIR imaging was used to monitor the biodistribution of the GIRLRG free peptide in glioma-bearing mice treated with or without IR for 5 consecutive days. At the end of treatment, we found that IR elicited a 24% decrease in tumor volume over the untreated control (p 2.5 fold increase in radiance compared to the untreated controls (p<0.05). IHC staining of the gliomas showed that the GIRLRG peptide binds within treated tumor endothelium but not within untreated tumors. Conclusions: GIRLRG peptide binds specifically to the vascular endothelium of radiation-treated glioma. Conjugation of the peptide to near infrared imaging agents can be used to show that GIRLRG binds more specifically to IR treated glioma than to untreated glioma, such that delay in tumor growth due to IR treatment correlates to more intense peptide binding. Eventually this could lead to the peptide’s conjugation to a nanoparticle-drug complex and result in radiation targeted drug delivery.
Contraceptive preferences and unmet need for contraception in midlife women: where are the data?

This commentary discusses the limited availability of information on contraceptive preferences and unmet need for contraception among midlife women in both high and low income countries. Given that risk of pregnancy continues until women reach menopause and given the increased risk of pregnancy complications, elective abortion, and maternal mortality in women aged 45 to 54 years old, increased focus on gathering basic data on midlife women’s preferences and unmet need is warranted.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Tritylthio-Derivatives: 1-Bromo-3-Tritylthiopropane and 2-(Tritylthio)-Ethanethiol

Two tritylthio-based compounds were synthesized: 1-bromo-3-tritylthiopropane 1 and 2-(tritylthio)-ethanethiol 2. They were characterized by infrared, NMR, UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals of both compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The unit cell dimensions of 1 are a = 7.4072 (9) A, b = 9.6924 (11) A, c = 25.652(3) A, β = 90.023 (2)o, and V = 1841.7 (4) A3, and of 2 are a = 15.3532 (8) A, b = 14.1552 (7), c = 7.8249 (4) A, β = 94.5239 (8)o, and V = 1695.27 (15) A3. The packing structures of 1 and 2 are supported by weak π−π and hydrogen bond interactions. Both 1 and 2 have absorption maxima at 257 nm, and emission maxima at 314 nm and 313 nm, respectively. The compounds differ by the presence of the S-H stretching vibration at ~ 2550 cm− 1 in 2 and its absence in 1, as observed in the infrared spectra. Thermal ellipsoid plots of compounds 1 and 2, with thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability.
BET 2: Should children with sport-related concussion observe strict physical rest until symptom-free?

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether strict physical rest following sports related concussion in children is better than normal activity in reducing post-concussional symptoms. two recent systematic reviews presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. It is concluded that children who present with a sport-related concussion should have a brief period of cognitive and physical rest followed by a gradual increase in activity. Further studies should examine the length of the brief rest period, however at this time 24–48 hours of rest should be recommended.
Prosecutorial Accountability and Victims' Rights in Latin America

The responsibility of any state is to protect its citizens. But if a state, either through omission or commission, fails to investigate and prosecute crime then what remedies do citizens have? Veronica Michel investigates procedural rights in Chile, Guatemala, and Mexico that allow citizens to call for the appointment of a private prosecutor to initiate criminal investigations. This right diminishes the monopoly of the state over criminal prosecutions and thus offers citizens a way of insisting on state accountability. This book provides the first full-length empirical study of how the victims' right to private prosecution can impact access to justice in Latin America, and shows how institutional and legal arrangements interact to shape the politics of criminal justice. By examining homicide cases in detail, Michel highlights how everyday legal struggles can help build the rule of law from below.
The Story of Indian Health is Complicated by History, Shortages & Bouts of Excellence

One of the primary goals of the U.S. government's entry into health care was to protect soldiers by isolating tribal populations and inoculating them against infectious disease. When tribes signed ...
Comparative CYP-omic analysis between the DDT-susceptible and -resistant Drosophila melanogaster strains 91-C and 91-R.

Background Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are involved in the biosynthesis of endogenous intracellular compounds and the metabolism of xenobiotics, including chemical insecticides. We investigated the structural and expression level variance across all P450 genes with respect to the evolution of insecticide resistance under multigenerational dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) selection. Results RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that the transcript levels of seven P450 genes were significantly up-regulated and three P450 genes were down-regulated in the DDT-resistant strain 91-R, as compared to the control strain 91-C. The overexpression of Cyp6g1 was associated with the presence of an Accord and an HMS-Beagle element insertion in the 5' upstream region in conjunction with copy number variation in the 91-R strain, but not in the 91-C strain. A total of 122 (50.2%) fixed nonsynonymous (amino acid-changing) mutations were found between 91-C and 91-R, and 20 (8.2%) resulted in amino acid changes within functional domains. Three P450 proteins were truncated as a result of premature stop codons and fixed between strains. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that a combination of changes in P450 protein-coding regions and transcript levels are possibly associated with DDT resistance, and thereby suggest that selection for variant function may occur within this gene family in response to chronic DDT exposure. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Stage of Reproductive Life, Atherosclerosis Progression and Estrogen Effects on Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Publisher Summary This chapter provides evidence, which suggests that estrogen effects on coronary arteries vary with reproductive life stage, time since menopause, and stage of progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. The premenopausal life stage is a time when the trajectory for atherosclerosis progression may be set and likely to determine, to a large extent, the burden of postmenopausal atherosclerosis. Although plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins have a major influence on premenopausal atherosclerosis, experimental studies indicate that estrogen deficiency has a more significant role. The perimenopausal transition and early menopause is a life stage in which there are potentially robust cardiovascular benefits of estrogen treatment. In the later postmenopausal life stage, there are no or possibly deleterious cardiovascular effects of estrogen treatment. The increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) events during this life stage appears to be related to upregulation of the plaque inflammatory process with resulting plaque instability and may be downregulated by statin treatment.
Stokes’s Theorem, Data, and the Polar Ice Caps

Geographers and climate scientists alike sometimes need to estimate the area of a large region on the surface of the Earth, such as the polar ice caps. Doing so using only a sequence of latitude–lo...
Aminoxyl-Catalyzed Electrochemical Diazidation of Alkenes Mediated by a Metastable Charge-Transfer Complex

We report the development of a new aminoxyl radical catalyst, CHAMPO, for the electrochemical diazidation of alkenes. Mediated by an anodically generated charge-transfer complex in the form of CHAMPO-N3, radical diazidation was achieved across a broad scope of alkenes without the need for a transition metal catalyst or a chemical oxidant. Mechanistic data support a dual catalytic role for the aminoxyl serving as both a single-electron oxidant and a radical group transfer agent.
Mini-pterional approach for clip ligation of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistula

Ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) have a near-universal association with cortical venous drainage and a malignant clinical course. Endovascular treatment options are often limited due to the high frequency of ophthalmic artery ethmoidal supply. A 64-year-old gentleman presented with syncope and was found to have a right ethmoidal DAVF. Rather than the traditional bicoronal craniotomy, an endoscope-assisted mini-pterional approach for clip ligation is demonstrated. The mini-pterional craniotomy allows a minimally invasive approach to ethmoidal DAVF via a lateral trajectory. The endoscope can help achieve full visualization in the narrow corridor.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/ZroXp-T35DI.
“The Gift of Life”: Sentiment and the Family

This chapter argues that the recurring tropes of family, feeling, and romance so typically found in stories of organ donation construct entirely new categories of subjectivity and affiliation, including donor families, savior siblings, surgical altruists, donor chains, and live donors. The characteristic tropes of sentiment, then, are not merely the emotionally manipulative terms of donation campaigns, but express the defining values of organ exchange. By aligning donation with universal values like family, altruism, and love, this cultural construction has the power to overwhelm competing interests like the taboos forbidding the crossing of the living and dead and the violation of bodily integrity.
Cooperative Strong Charge-Assisted N–H···O Hydrogen Bonding and Weaker Nonconventional C–H···N Hydrogen Bonding in the Formation of Extended Hydrogen-Bonded Networks with 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluorobenzoic Acid

Cooperative strong charge-assisted hydrogen bonding and weaker nonconventional hydrogen bonding are probed through cocrystals formed between 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid and three 2-aminopyrazin...
Harnessing the active site triad: merging hemilability, proton responsivity, and ligand-based redox-activity

Metalloenzymes catalyze many important reactions by managing the proton and electron flux at the enzyme active site. The motifs utilized to facilitate these transformations include hemilabile, redox-active, and so called proton responsive sites. Given the importance of incorporating and understanding these motifs in the area of coordination chemistry and catalysis, we highlight recent milestones in the field. Work incorporating the triad of hemilability, redox-activity, and proton responsivity into single ligand scaffolds will be described.
The Emerging Role of the Mammalian Glycocalyx in Functional Membrane Organization and Immune System Regulation.

All cells in the human body are covered by a dense layer of sugars and the proteins and lipids to which they are attached, collectively termed the "glycocalyx". For decades, the organization of the glycocalyx and its interplay with the cellular state have remained enigmatic. This changed in recent years. Latest research has shown that the glycocalyx is an organelle of vital significance, actively involved in and functionally relevant for various cellular processes, that can be directly targeted in therapeutic contexts. This review gives a brief introduction into glycocalyx biology and describes the specific challenges glycocalyx research faces. Then, the traditional view of the role of the glycocalyx is discussed before several recent breakthroughs in glycocalyx research are surveyed. These results exemplify a currently unfolding bigger picture about the role of the glycocalyx as a fundamental cellular agent.
Instructional Design for Learner Creativity

Because creativity is so crucial to both individuals and societies, helping people become more creative is a task that educators, policy makers, and other stakeholders cannot ignore. Yet factors within the educational system challenge our ability to foster learner creativity. What can instructional designers and educational technologists do in helping to design educational environments that nurture learner creativity? That is the issue we address in this chapter. First, we briefly review the literature of creativity, both to describe some attributes that are important to nurture when fostering learner creativity and to identify common conditions for promoting creativity in learners. Next, we examine some examples of learning environments that foster learner creativity, particularly as related to helping people develop an integrated creative identity and not just the acquisition of intellectual or skill-based components of creative action. Third, we discuss implications from the research and examples, and offer recommendations for the practice of instructional design and technology, to help designers better address learner creativity through the instructional environments they create.
Ischemic Digital Ulcers

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is unique among the rheumatic diseases because a widespread obliterative vasculopathy exists involving the peripheral arteries and microcirculation. Various forms of digital ulceration and tissue breakdown are recognized. This chapter illustrates these different lesions by presenting representative examples of each type.
Addition of common carotid intervention increases the risk of stroke and death after carotid artery stenting for asymptomatic patients.

Abstract Background A recent review of Vascular Study Group of New England data suggested that simultaneous endovascular treatment of tandem carotid lesions (TCAL: common carotid artery + internal carotid artery) is associated with a fourfold increase in perioperative neurologic events and death. However, given the small cohort, the effect of symptomatic status could not be evaluated. This study sought to determine the risk of simultaneous TCAL stenting in cohorts stratified by symptom status. Methods Vascular Quality Initiative data (2005-2020) were queried for carotid stenting procedures (CAS). Emergent and bilateral procedures, patients with prior ipsilateral CAS, internal carotid artery lesions with stenosis Results There were 18,886 carotid arteries stented (18,441 patients): 18,077 (96%) with isolated carotid artery lesions and 809 (4%) with TCAL. Mean age was 70.0 ± 9.7. Symptomatic lesions were present in 58.9% of cases (isolated carotid artery lesions: 59.1% vs TCAL: 52.5%; P Conclusions The addition of endovascular treatment of common carotid artery lesions with CAS is associated with almost double the risk of perioperative stroke/death in asymptomatic patients and should be avoided if possible. Treatment of TCAL is not associated with an increased risk of stroke/death for symptomatic lesions.
On Forced-Vibroacoustic Component Analyses of an Arbitrarily Shaped Vibrating Structure

This paper presents a methodology that enables one to trace back the forced-vibroacoustic components (F-VAC) that are responsible for acoustic radiation from an arbitrarily shaped structure. This m...
Gorham-Stout disease: interesting cause of pleural effusion

Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a rare disorder characterised by massive painless osteolysis due to lymphangiomatous tissue progression. GSD's pathogenesis is still unclear, but osteoclasts' activation may play a role in its pathogenesis. There are multiple complications associated with GSD. One of the most severe and life-threatening complications is a chylothorax. Herein we discuss a case of a patient with a history of GSD who presented to the hospital with progressive dyspnoea secondary to a large left-sided pleural effusion, which was later confirmed to be a chylothorax. We will further discuss the current literature and treatment of chylothorax associated with GSD.
Abstract 16069: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal the Functional Impact of Pathogenic Variants in the LDL Receptor LA 4-6 Repeats

Introduction: Functional annotation of rare variants is key to the implementation of genomic medicine. We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess functional consequences of putative path...
Love, Incorporated

In this paper, I outline a Kantian moral psychology and use it to generate an analysis of the emotional attitude, love. At the heart of this moral psychology is a distinction between rational and subrational motives, and the thesis that interpersonal emotional attitudes like love are governed by a norm of respect. I show how an analysis of love that relies on this moral psychology—which I call “the incorporation conception” of love—tightly fits with paradigmatic cases of romantic love, reveals both the continuities and differences between romantic and other forms of love, and also explicates our ambivalence about certain cases. Finally, I argue that this analysis, although it sees love as essentially a bundle of volitions, has the resources to respond to both David Velleman’s and Niko Kolodny’s critiques of volition-based analyses of love. Taken as a whole, the discussion provides an argument for both this analysis of love and the moral psychology it presupposes.
Predicting the U.S. Public's Prosocial Responses during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This research examines three distinct processes that influence Americans' prosocial responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a nationally representative sample, participants read either a mock-up news article on COVID-19 with a clear responsibility attribution (n = 496) or one without (n = 513) in a survey embedded experiment. Participants exposed to the responsibility attribution condition engaged in less systematic processing; systematic processing and all emotions mediated the relationship between responsibility attribution and support for government response measures. For donation intention, only systematic processing and the two socially oriented emotions were significant mediators. In essence, responsibility attribution in media coverage can exert powerful influence on public perception in an ongoing crisis.
Clarifying the link between music and social bonding by measuring prosociality in context

To corroborate the music and social bonding hypothesis, we propose that future investigations isolate specific components of social bonding and consider the influence of context. We deconstruct and operationalize social bonding through the lens of social psychology and provide examples of specific measures that can be used to assess how the link between music and sociality varies by context.
Quality Control Considerations for the Effective Integration of Neuroimaging Data

Ensuring image quality control (QC) for data acquired in a multi-modality context offers substantial advantages for both multi-level and multi-point analysis. Although a variety of neuroimage analysis algorithms exist, the tasks of multimodal neuroimaging data QC and integration remain challenging because image quality can be affected by numerous factors. Here, we discuss the challenges of the QC and integration of neuroimaging data and provide two examples of often-neglected and potentially under-appreciated problems related to the QC of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data and to their integration with other modalities. Specifically, we illustrate the challenges of (1) DTI/MRI co-registration and (2) scanner vibration artifacts, both being representative examples of difficulties involving both data QC and its integration. Additionally, we highlight the need for automatic methods which can address neuroimaging data QC which allows for its successful integration.
Secondary Data Sources for Public Health: Health Behaviors and Risk Factors Data

This chapter discusses three major surveys that collect data regularly and at a national level on health behaviors and behavioral risks to health in the United States. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) collects data annually from community-dwelling adults (age 18 and older) on a broad range of health behaviors and risks. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) collects data on a smaller number of risk factors in odd-numbered years from ninth- through twelfth-grade students. Monitoring the Future (MTF) collects data annually and focuses on the use and abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs among students attending the eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. It also collects data in an ongoing follow-up study of a sample of students originally included in the MTF sample as twelfth-graders. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System The BRFSS is a survey of behavioral risks to health among American adults conducted annually by the CDC in cooperation with state health departments. Preliminary surveys were conducted in the years 1981 to 1983, and the BRFSS officially began collecting data in 1984 with fifteen states participating. Since 1994, all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have been included in the BRFSS. Focus The primary focus of the BRFSS is collecting data on individual health and health risk behaviors, using sampling techniques that allow accurate estimates of those behaviors at the state and national levels.
Early exposure to marijuana and risk of later drug use.

To the Editor: Dr Lynskey and colleagues concluded that early cannabis use is associated with an increased risk for later use and dependence on other drugs. Although the authors used both monozygotic and dizygotic same-sex twins to ensure similar environmental influences, we are concerned that the sample may not be representative of the population, as there was an unusually high prevalence of alcohol dependence in both cannabis users and their co-twin controls compared with that of the general population. Early cannabis users in the study of Lynskey et al had a 42.8% prevalence of alcohol dependence, whereas their co-twin controls had a prevalence of 29.6%. By contrast, the prevalence of alcohol abuse among Australian adults has been reported to be about 6.5%, with a 4.1% prevalence of alcohol dependence. About 8.3% of Australians aged 14 years and older report daily alcohol use. Similarly, the prevalence of alcohol dependence in the United States has been estimated to be about 6% of men and 2% of women.
Finding truth in playing pretend: A reflection on cosplay

Cosplay fits easily in a life spent playing pretend. Upon reflection, the act of cosplaying is a practice in finding truths, not manufacturing lies.
Interaction of a glass-based nuclear waste simulant and natural rock

An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction between a glass containing simulated radioactive waste from a nuclear reactor and natural rock. (1) This experiment was part of a study to examine the feasibility of disposing of high level radioactive wastes in solid rock bore holes in which radioactive heat would generate a molten zone at depth. As the molten zone cooled by dilution and natural aging of the radioisotopes, it would solidify to form a silicate mass which would hopefully retain the waste elements for a long period of time relative to their half-lives.
Dietary Protein and Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Falls: A Secondary Analysis of Postmenopausal Women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures

More than 90% of hip fractures in older Americans result from a fall. Inadequate intake of dietary protein and vitamin D are common in older adults, and diets in low these could contribute to loss of muscle mass and strength or coordination, in turn increasing the risk of falling. The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between protein and vitamin D intake with the occurrence of falls in older women in the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture, a prospective cohort of more than 4000 postmenopausal women participating from January 1997 to September 1998. Incident falls were ascertained for one year. Protein and vitamin D intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire; associations with a reported fall were estimated with logistic regression, adjusted for fall-related covariates and energy. Protein and vitamin D were modeled separately because of high correlation (rho = 0.55, P < 0.001). A total of 1429 women reported a fall within one year. In separate, unadjusted models dietary protein (per 1 g/kg increase) and vitamin D (per 100 International Unit (IU) increase) significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) of falling (OR 1.35 95% CI 1.15-1.59, OR 1.11 95% CI 1.03-1.19, respectively). Once fall-related covariates were added to each model, dietary protein and vitamin D were noncontributory to falls. While we could find no direct association between vitamin D and protein intake and fall prevention, adequate intake of these two nutrients are critical for musculoskeletal health in older adults.
Electrical conduction in quasi-one-dimensional compounds: TaSe3, Nb2Se3, and Nb3S4

La resistivite de ces 3 materiaux varie comme ρ o +CT N aux basses temperatures, avec 2≤n≤3. Ce comportement est discute d'apres la theorie de Oshiyama qui montre que la diffusion umklapp est dominante dans les metaux a 1 dimension avec des surfaces de Fermi presque planes, et predit une variation en T n pour la resistivite intrinseque. Pres de la temperature ambiante, on observe une variation en T 1 (comme prevu par la theorie)
Estimation and control of a class of stochastic systems with guaranteed boundedness

In this paper, we consider a class of continuous-time stochastic system and measurement models and propose an estimator that guarantees an estimation error that exhibits boundedness property for all of its moments and its sample path values. The estimates obtained from this estimator are used to render the closed loop system state bounded in the same senses via a state estimate feedback control scheme.
Automatic segmentation of invasive breast carcinomas from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI using time series analysis

Purpose To accurately segment invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) using time series analysis based on linear dynamic system (LDS) modeling. Materials and Methods Quantitative segmentation methods based on black-box modeling and pharmacokinetic modeling are highly dependent on imaging pulse sequence, timing of bolus injection, arterial input function, imaging noise, and fitting algorithms. We modeled the underlying dynamics of the tumor by an LDS and used the system parameters to segment the carcinoma on the DCE-MRI. Twenty-four patients with biopsy-proven IDCs were analyzed. The lesions segmented by the algorithm were compared with an expert radiologist's segmentation and the output of a commercial software, CADstream. The results are quantified in terms of the accuracy and sensitivity of detecting the lesion and the amount of overlap, measured in terms of the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results The segmentation algorithm detected the tumor with 90% accuracy and 100% sensitivity when compared with the radiologist's segmentation and 82.1% accuracy and 100% sensitivity when compared with the CADstream output. The overlap of the algorithm output with the radiologist's segmentation and CADstream output, computed in terms of the DSC was 0.77 and 0.72, respectively. The algorithm also shows robust stability to imaging noise. Simulated imaging noise with zero mean and standard deviation equal to 25% of the base signal intensity was added to the DCE-MRI series. The amount of overlap between the tumor maps generated by the LDS-based algorithm from the noisy and original DCE-MRI was DSC = 0.95. Conclusion The time-series analysis based segmentation algorithm provides high accuracy and sensitivity in delineating the regions of enhanced perfusion corresponding to tumor from DCE-MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:467–475. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mothers Who Fail to Protect Their Children from Sexual Abuse: Addressing the Problem of Denial

Sexual abuse is the fastest growing form of reported child abuse.1 Most child sexual abuse takes the form of incest2 committed by fathers and stepfathers.3 Courts and legislatures have attempted to address this serious societal problem by extending criminal liability beyond the perpetrators to include those family members who fail to intervene to stop the abuse.4 This Note will explore how the law treats and should treat mothers who allow their children to be sexually abused by the mothers' partners. Specifically, this Note considers two questions. First, should the state impose criminal liability upon mothers who do not intervene to stop the sexual abuse of their children because
Metabolism of benz[a]anthracene by human liver microsomes

The metabolism of benz[a]anthracene (BA) by human hepatic microsomes was investigated. Only dihydrodiols were observed when BA was the substrate. No tetrahydrotetrols were detected, indicating lack of diol epoxide formation. The BA-dihydrodiols identified by GC-MS analysis and comparison to authentic standards were BA-8,9-dihydrodiol (42.4% of total metabolites), BA-5,6-dihydrodiol (25%), BA-10,11-dihydrodiol (24.8%), BA-3,4-dihydrodiol (5.3%), and BA-1,2-dihydrodiol ( 72% conversion). BA-10,11-dihydrodiol was converted to BA-8,9,10,11-tetrahydrotetrols in < 12% yield. BA-10,11- and BA-3,4-dihydrodiols were not converted to tetrahydrotetrols.
Factoring policing models

Aims to understand whether there is any linkage between theoretical models and realistic perceptions of policing. Presents the results of a survey in which both police officers and community members were sampled to rate police activities and organizational principles that represent police professionalism, community policing, problem‐oriented policing, and the security orientation. The data were collected in the Rutgers community in Newark, New Jersey, USA, through a survey questionnaire, and analyzed through factor analytical models to see whether different police activities and organizational principles clustered under different factors. Suggests that the result prompted some rethinking about the policing models factored in this study. Discusses how they relate to each other conceptually and how they should be utilized operationally in the context of the research setting. Suggests further studies of policing models using factor analyses.
Mobile code daemons for networks of embedded systems

Originally implemented to support wireless sensor networks, the lightweight mobile code daemons works on wired networks as well. The mobile code daemon we present is based on a core network protocol called the remote execution and action protocol (REAP), which is responsible for passing messages between nodes within our network. The authors have implemented them to run on multiple operating systems and architectures. The daemons use a peer-to-peer indexing scheme to find mobile code packages as needed. Calls to the daemons are automatically dereferenced to find the proper package for a node's OS and hardware.
Passive cigarette smoke-challenge studies: increase in bronchial hyperreactivity.

Abstract Degree and duration of bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) after environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inhalation was assessed in 31 smoke-sensitive subjects with asthma who exhibited lower airway symptoms on ETS exposure (group I) and 39 smoke-sensitive subjects without asthma who manifested only upper airway symptoms on cigarette-smoke exposure (group II). Subjects were challenged with ETS for 4 hours in a static-test chamber. The atmosphere was continuously monitored for airborne particulate levels (800 cpm), total suspended particulates (1266 ± 283 μg/m 3 ), and airborne nicotine levels (226 ± 49 μg/m 2 ). Methacholine challenges were performed before and serially after cigarette-smoke exposure, and the provocative dose causing a 20% fall in FEV 1 was determined. Five of the 31 smoke-sensitive subjects with asthma and none of the smoke-sensitive subjects without asthma reacted to cigarette-smoke challenge (≥20% fall from baseline FEV 1 ). Thirty-two percent (1031) of the subjects with asthma demonstrated increased BHR at 6 hours, 29% (931) at 24 hours, and 13% (431) up to day 14 after ETS challenge. Of the subjects without asthma, 18% (739) demonstrated increased BHR at 6 hours, 10% (439) at 24 hours, and 8% (339) at 3 weeks. These studies demonstrated an increase in BHR after cigarette-smoke challenge in a number of study subjects (although they were clinically asymptomatic) and suggest that prolonged subclinical airway inflammation can occur in the absence of demonstrable change in airway caliber on exposure to ETS.
Characteristics of Incarcerated Delinquents: Relationship between Development Disorders, Environmental and Family Factors, and Patterns of Offense and Recidivism

Two hundred consecutively admitted incarcerated male juvenile offenders were surveyed for offenses, family status, socioeconomic background, and DSM-II classification. Among the several developmental disorders associated with their Conduct Disorders: 47% of these delinquents had borderline IQs; 34% had overlapping symptoms of Schizotypal, Paranoid and Borderline personality disorders; and 18.8% had Specific Developmental Disability (SDD) and/or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), including 6.4% who also had personality disorders. The diagnosis of Undersocialized Conduct Disorder was significantly associated with borderline IQ. This diagnosis and the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder with Personality Disorder, were significantly associated with violent crime. Recidivism was statistically linked to family and socioeconomic status.
Sellar and Parasellar Metastatic Tumors

The sellar and parasellar (SPS) region is a complex area rich in vital neurovascular structures and as such may be the location of first manifestation of a systemic malignancy. Metastases to this region are rare; breast cancer is the most common source among those that metastasize to the SPS region. Ophthalmoplegia, headache, retroorbital or facial pain, diabetes insipidus, and visual field defects are the most commonly reported symptoms. Lack of specific clinical and radiological features renders SPS metastases difficult to differentiate from the other frequently encountered lesions in this area, especially when there is no known history of a primary disease. Currently accepted management is multimodality therapy that includes biopsy and/or palliative surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Although no significant survival benefits have been shown by the surgical series, surgical resection may improve quality of life. Here we review the relevant literature and present six illustrative cases from our own institution.
Successful treatment of a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm mimicking a deep venous thrombosis following cardiac catheterization

Access site pseudoaneurysms are uncommon but well-known complications of cardiac catheterization. We report the first known case of a pseudoaneurysm mimicking the presentation of a deep venous thrombosis by causing extrinsic compression of the venous system. The patient had complete resolution of the pseudoaneurysm and his symptoms following treatment with ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection.
Rectal irrigations for the prevention of postoperative enterocolitis in Hirschsprung's disease

The purpose of this clinical trial was to examine the role of rectal irrigations in the prevention of postoperative enterocolitis in children with Hirschsprung's disease. Over the past 22 years 177 children had surgical treatment for Hirschsprung's disease at a single pediatric hospital. Five children have died of other causes. Of the remaining 172 patients, follow-up clinical information was obtained from 135 (78%). In 1989, all of the children undergoing surgical reconstruction for Hirschsprung's disease were placed on routine postoperative rectal irrigations with normal saline. The parents were instructed in the irrigation technique before leaving the hospital. Irrigations were started 1 to 2 weeks postoperatively and were performed two times a day for 3 months, then once a day for an additional 3 months. There were no complications from the irrigations themselves. A previous report from the authors' institution has documented five sudden deaths over the past 22 years from fulminant postoperative enterocolitis. These five children all had an unremarkable postoperative recovery, then developed a rapidly progressive diarrheal illness. All of these deaths occurred before the institution of routine postoperative irrigations. Of the 135 patients in this review, 40 had the postoperative rectal irrigations. The remaining 95 children serve as historical controls. Data analysis showed that 34 of the 95 children in the nonirrigation cohort developed postoperative enterocolitis compared with 3 of 40 in the rectal irrigation cohort; P < .001 using Fisher's exact test. In the authors' experience, routine postoperative rectal irrigations have significantly decreased the incidence and severity of enterocolitis in children after surgical correction of Hirschsprung's disease.
3'-Azidothymidine (zidovudine) inhibits glycosylation and dramatically alters glycosphingolipid synthesis in whole cells at clinically relevant concentrations

Recent in vitro work with Golgi-enriched membranes showed that 3'-azidothymidine-5'-monophosphate (AZTMP), the primary intracellular metabolite of 3'-azidothymidine (AZT), is a potent inhibitor of glycosylation reactions (Hall et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 14355-14358) and predicted that AZT treatment of whole cells should cause similar inhibition. In this report, we verify this prediction by showing that treatment of K562 cells with AZT inhibits lipid and protein glycosylation. AZT treatment dramatically alters the pattern of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, nearly abolishing ganglioside synthesis at clinically relevant concentrations (1-5 microM), and suppresses the incorporation of both sialic acid and galactose into proteins. Control experiments demonstrate that these changes do not result from nonspecific effects on either the secretory apparatus or protein synthesis. On the other hand, studies using isolated nuclei as a model system for chromosomal DNA replication show that AZTTP is a very weak inhibitor of DNA synthesis. These observations strongly suggest that the myelosuppressive effects of AZT in vivo are due to inhibition of protein and/or lipid glycosylation and not to effects on chromosomal DNA replication.
Function of Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus late gene expression factors in the insect cell line SF-21

We used a well established transient expression assay to test the ability of the baculovirus Spodoptera exigua M nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) homologs of Autographa californica MNPV (AcMNPV) late expression factors (lefs) to activate a late promoter-reporter gene cassette in SF-21 cells. This insect-derived cell line is fully permissive for AcMNPV infection but not for SeMNPV. In the assay, 19 AcMNPV lefs stimulate optimal levels of late gene promoter activity. SeMNPV lef-5 successfully replaced the corresponding AcMNPV gene in the context of the remaining set of AcMNPV lefs, whereas SeMNPV dnapol and 39k exhibited partial activity. When all the SeMNPV lefs were assayed together or in the presence of four lefs encoded only in AcMNPV, it resulted in background levels of late promoter-driven reporter gene activity. However, SeMNPV genomic DNA and the four AcMNPV-specific lefs stimulated low levels of reporter gene activity. Moreover, SeMNPV IE-1, but not AcMNPV IE-1, further stimulated late gene expression in the presence of SeMNPV DNA. AcMNPV IE-1 was able to mediate early gene expression cis-linked to homologous regions (hrs) derived from AcMNPV and SeMNPV. In contrast, SeMNPV IE-1 was more specific for SeMNPV-derived hr elements.
Nutritional and metabolic studies of noncyclic dimeric fatty acid methyl esters in the rat.

Methyl esters of noncyclic dimeric fatty acids were prepared by fractionation of the crude product ob-tained by heating a mixture of methyl oleate and di-fert-butyl peroxide for 48 hr at 130 C in a high pressure reactor. Rats fed diets containing less than 1% of the noncyclic dimer methyl ester showed no significant difference in growth, feed efficiency, and liver size, from those fed nutritionally adequate diets. The14C-labeled dimer was also synthesized and administered to rats via gastric intubation. The results indicated that an average of 85% of the radioactivity was recoverable from the gastrointestinal tract and feces within 48 hr of administration and that such an amount was not absorbed by the rat. Within a 48 hr period ca. 5% of the14C was recovered in the expired CO2 and about 1% in the urine. Prefeeding rats diets containing dimer did not appear to influence the metabolism of either dimer or methyl oleate.
Innovative Educational Activities Using a Model to Improve Cultural Competency among Graduate Students

In the United States, there are inequalities in all aspects of healthcare. The Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Health Care Services was used to design, implement, and evaluate a nutrition counseling graduate class focusing on improving cultural competency. Each assignment and activity addressed one or more constructs of the model. Examples included participation in a simulation to stimulate self-awareness, assessing cultural competence of a health organization to improve knowledge, using respondent driven interview questions to develop skills, and conducting a nutrition assessment of an individual across cultures. Students significantly improved (P<0.001) each aspect of the cultural competency model after completion of the course. The total competence score improved from “culturally aware” (score of 68.7 at pre-) to “culturally competent” (score of 78.7 at post-).