cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication

Lymphocytes bearing the CD8 marker were shown to suppress replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The effect was dose-dependent and most apparent with autologous lymphocytes; it did not appear to be mediated by a cytotoxic response. This suppression of HIV replication could be demonstrated by the addition of CD8+ cells at the initiation of virus production as well as after several weeks of virus replication by cultured cells. The observations suggest a potential approach to therapy in which autologous CD8 lymphocytes could be administered to individuals to inhibit HIV replication and perhaps progression of disease.
Doping experiments on heavy fermion systems with hydrogen

Abstract For the first time, we have succeeded in hydriding several heavy fermion systems. Our preliminary results show (differing) changes both in the magnetic susceptibility and in the low temperature specific heats which may be qualitatively understood from a Kondo lattice model. Careful low levels of doping also allowed us to track the superconducting properties of those systems where we succeed in retaining the hydrogen under room conditions.
A Probabilistic Method for Extracting Chains of Collinear Segments

We present a probabilistic method for linking together edge segments into collinear chains. From simple assumptions concerning the underlying probability densities of segment lengths, positions, and orientations, a probability density is determined for a measure of the deviation of a junction from perfect collinearity. For each pair of segments passing a battery of preliminary screening tests, we compute the probability that its deviation would be smaller than the one observed if the two lines were generated at random. The junctions that pass the tests and for which this probability is sufficiently small define a connectivity matrix of collinear segments. Chains of collinear segments are extracted from the connected components of this matrix and validated by computing their global probabilities of nonaccidental occurrence. The procedure is repeated iteratively with the new chains included in the segment data base, which allows bridging progressively larger gaps, until no more chains can be formed. The global probability of nonaccidental occurrence of each hypothesized chain is computed by taking into account the mutual dependencies of junction probabilities; a powerful simplification is presented that reduces from exponential to linear the complexity of taking such dependencies into account. We further show that the bayesian dependency theory used for computing junction probabilities in a chain naturally leads to the Gestalt principle of regularity. The procedure is demonstrated on real-world images.
The Future of Stroke Treatment: Bringing Evaluation of Behavior Back to Stroke Neurology

Acute stoke interventions and stroke rehabilitation are aimed at salvaging or restoring brain function. How do we know if we have accomplished this goal? We examine the patient. One neurological historian asserted, “Most of the modern neurological examination evolved in a short time span, between 1850 and 1914 …”1. This quote is telling; it implies that the examination itself has not changed much since about 1900. For generations of medical students, residents, and other trainees in neurology, the neurological examination has achieved almost sacred, untouchable status, while at the same time becoming less important, as diagnostic technologies have become ever more sophisticated. Indeed, many of the examination's components have become almost empty ritual. Ask a resident what modern neuroscience has revealed about the mechanisms of, for example, increased tone, neglect, apraxia, and alexia, and how this new knowledge relates to the components of the neurological examination, or how the examination might be updated; you will likely be met with a blank stare. So ironically, even as cognitive neuroscience has advanced, the interest of neurologists in behavior in the broadest sense, and its underlying physiology and anatomy has waned. Thus, current stroke neurologists have largely failed to emphasize the evaluation of the effects of our interventions on brain function.
Influence of Adrenaline Administration on Some Blood Constituents in Holstein Calves

Summary The effect of adrenaline upon leucocyte, erythrocyte, and eosinophil count, and upon glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels in dairy calves was studied; also, the difference in response to adrenaline treatment of these blood characters between individual calves was analyzed. No significant changes were apparent from this treatment in leucocyte, hemoglobin, eosinophil, or erythrocyte values. However, certain trends were apparent. Glucose and hematocrit values were significantly increased by the treatment. Only hematocrit change following treatment with adrenaline appeared to offer promise as an indicator of individual calf response to stress.
Thermotolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the Yin and Yang of trehalose

Trehalose, a sugar produced by a wide variety of organisms, has long been known for its role in protecting certain organisms from desiccation. Recent work in yeast indicates that trehalose also promotes survival under conditions of extreme heat, by enabling proteins to retain their native conformation at elevated temperatures and suppressing the aggregation of denatured proteins. The latter property, however, seems to impair the recovery of cells from heat shock if they fail to degrade trehalose after the stress has passed. These multiple effects of trehalose on protein stability and folding suggest a host of promising applications.
smugglers or samaritans in Tucson, Arizona: producing and contesting legal truth

In 1985–86, 11 religious activists whose congregations had declared themselves sanctuaries for undocumented Salvadoran and Guatemalan refugees were tried in Tucson, Arizona, on alien-smuggling charges. Although 8 of the 11 were convicted and although the verdicts were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court, the social and legal significance of the trial, and of the sanctuary movement itself, has continued to be negotiated by sanctuary activists. Examining the events that led to this trial, the trial itself, and the trial's aftermath sheds light on how legal truth is produced and contested both within and outside of courtrooms. [power, resistance, truth, sanctuary, prosecution, law]
Dynamical implications of the observed thermal contrasts in Venus' upper atmosphere

Observational data on the Venusian upper atmosphere are analyzed to determine the dynamical implications of the large pressure change across the terminator, to study the change in diurnal contrast pattern at the 100 km level, and to investigate the viability of the most straightforward explanation of the cooling, radiative emission by CO2 in the 15 micron bands. Evidence is discussed that a major subsidence or downward vertical contraction of the upper atmosphere occurs across the terminator. The observation that supersonic velocities would be induced in horizontal, inviscid flow by the observed pressure distributions affected by the described flow subsidence is investigated by generalizing the equations for adiabatic inviscid flow along streamtubes to the case of nonhorizontal inviscid flow with heat addition. Nightside cooling is discussed, showing variations in cooling rates. Finally, zonal winds below 100 km are considered.
Angiocardiographic confirmation of pericardial effusion.

Abstract Eight cases are presented, demonstrating the usefulness of angiocardiography in confirming or ruling out the presence of a pericardial effusion.
Thermoregulation by Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi and potential effects on overwintering biology

In North Carolina, southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, adults of both sexes (diapausing and nondiapausing) elevate body temperature (Tb) above ambient air temperature (Ta) by basking in direct sunlight on clear fall and winter days when Ta < 13 °C (Tb-Ta range: 0.8–13.3 °C). On cloudy days, SCR adults did not exhibit basking behavior and Tb was more highly correlated with Ta, ground temperature (Tg), and substrate temperature (Ts) than on clear days. Ts was the best predictor of Tb regardless of Ta and the presence or absence of adult basking behavior (fall basking SCR, Ts vs. Tb: R2 = 0.94, Ta vs. Tb: R2 = 0.41; fall nonbasking SCR, Ts vs. Tb: R2 = 0.85, Ta vs. Tb: R2 = 0.55). These results suggest that SCR thermoregulation at low Ta is ectothermic regulation by microhabitat selection. Elevation of Tb by thermoregulation was often of sufficient magnitude to affect SCR behavior (flight, feeding, mating) and preovipositional development rate. This could explain why gravid SCR females have been found in North Carolina by 6 January when Ta's were too low for development. The relationship of Tb to Ta on cold sunny days would be important to include in any predictive day-degree model of SCR postdiapause development or SCR endoparasite development in the field. Resume Thermoregulation de Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber et consequences possibles sur l'hivernation En Caroline du Nord, les adultes diapausants ou non des deux sexes de Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (SCR) elevent la temperature de leurs corps (Tb) au-dessus de la temperature de l'air ambiant (Ta) en lezardant en plein soleil par jours clairs du printemps et de l'hiver, quand Ta < 13 °C (Tb-Ta de 0.8 a 13.3 °C). Par temps nuageux, les adultes ne lezardent pas, et Tb depend beaucoup plus de Ta, de la temperature du sol (Tg), et de la temperature du substrat (Ts), que par temps clair. Ts fournit la meilleure idee de Ta que les adultes lezardent ou non; quand SCR lezarde au printemps la correlation de Ts avec Tb est R2 = 0.94, de Ta avec Tb:R2 = 0.41; au printemps, quand ils ne lezardent pas; Ts avec TbR2 = 0.85 et Ta avec Tb:R2 = 0.55. Ces resultats suggerent que la thermoregulation de SCR aux basses Ta est une regulation ectothermique par selection du microhabitat. L'augmentation de Tb par thermoregulation est souvent suffisante pour modifier le comportement de SCR (vol, prise de nourriture, accouplement) et un developpement preponte. Ceci pourrait expliquer pourquoi des femelles gravides ont ete trouvees un 6 janvier en Caroline du Nord quand Ta etait trop basse pour permettre le developpement. Il parait important d'inclure la relation entre Tb et Ta par temps nuageux froid, dans tout modele predictif, base sur la notion de degres-jours, sur le developpement de SCR apres la diapause ou le developpement d'endoparasites de SCR dans la nature.
Comparing Species Assemblages Via Species Accumulation Curves

Comparing species assemblages given incidence-based data is of importance in ecological studies, often done by a visual inspection of estimated species accumulation curves or by an ad hoc use of 95% pointwise confidence bands of these curves. It is shown that comparing species assemblages is a challenging problem. A chi(2) test is proposed. An adjustment using an eigenvalue decomposition is proposed to overcome computational difficulties. The bootstrap method is also suggested to approximate the distribution of the proposed test statistic. The eigenvalue adjusted (Eva) chi(2) test and the Eva-bootstrap test are assessed by a simulation study. Both the Eva-chi(2) and the Eva-bootstrap tests are applied to a study that involves two woody seedling species assemblages.
The correction of distorted fluid equilibrium in the presence of vascular injury

Summary Restoration and maintenance of a normal amount of fluid and electrolytes in the body and a normal partition of the total body water comprise an important part of adequate supportive treatment. A normal partition of extracellular water in the blood stream and interstitial spaces is only possible when an adequate amount of plasma protein is present in the blood stream. In nutritional hypoproteinemia or following a loss of plasma protein through injured capillaries there is a distortion of fluid distribution in that too little is retained in the blood stream and too much accumulates in the tissue spaces. Thus edema of the tissues and dehydration of the blood may occur simultaneously. When plasma protein is deficient, the administration of fluid alone fails as a means of restoring an adequate volume of blood. Indeed such measures often result in a greater loss of protein through injured capillaries. A useful early sign that fluid administration is leading to this undesirable result is the observation of a gain in weight accompanied by a progressive rise in the concentration of hemoglobin and a decrease in the concentration of plasma protein. Proper supportive treatment for such patients must include a replacement of plasma protein as well as of fluid and electrolytes. Better results in terms of retention of the replaced protein and hence of the replaced fluid in the blood stream are obtained when early liberal transfusions of plasma are combined with a conservative administration of fluid.
Structured control in programming languages

Solving a problem with the aid of a computer involves the construction and execution of a program described by a linear piece of text. First, the problem-solver (programmer) translates his problem into a procedural solution embodied in a static program text, written in a programming language. Then a computer is caused to perform a dynamic sequence of actions in accordance with the commands in the program text. The reliability of this two-stage problem solution (i.e., the likelihood that the actions performed really provide a solution of the problem) depends on the degree to which the program text mirrors the possible action sequences that it causes, as well as the problem solution that it purports to implement. It is useful to speak of the "conceptual distance" between program text and action sequences or between problem definition and program text. The programmer who wants some measure of confidence in the reliability of his program must bridge both these conceptual distances. It follows that a major goal of programming language design should be to help reduce both these distances.
ROLE OF INTRAOSSEOUS SITE IN ASSESSING CENTRAL ACIDOSIS DURING CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION. 239

ROLE OF INTRAOSSEOUS SITE IN ASSESSING CENTRAL ACIDOSIS DURING CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION. 239
Optimal energy management for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: Real-time controller

A converted Toyota Prius 2007 plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) uses additional large capacity battery, so that it can enhance the pure electric drivability and increase its electric range. To accomplish real time energy distribution management system in this PHEV, firstly, a specific model is established which contains most of the powertrain properties and partly vehicle dynamics. Secondly, an optimal control problem with inequality constraints is analyzed and formulated mathematically. Thirdly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to search for global near-optimum at each time interval. However, PSO is time-consuming so it can be used only as an off-line controller. To overcome this drawback neural network is designed to get sub-optimal real-time controller by employing the near-optimal results obtained from aforementioned PSO. Finally, all the results which are obtained from the PSO and the neural network are then simulated on PSAT (Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit), a standard vehicle simulation software. In the end, the results are compared which show that the real-time controller using neural network could get good sub-optimal results without sacrificing any vehicle performance of vehicle.
HHV-8-positive but EBV-negative primary effusion lymphoma.

![Figure][1] The patient is an 88-year-old Russian man, otherwise healthy, with intermittent “burning” chest pain for the past month that was mainly sternal and radiated to the back. He had progressive shortness of breath limiting his mobility. Computed tomography detected a large
YIELDING AND PLASTIC FLOW IN NIOBIUM

Abstract A detailed comparison has been made of the substructures and mechanical properties of polycrystalline niobium deformed at room temperature. The results show that the lower yield stress depends upon the total impurity content, and that solute atom clusters are the strongest barriers to dislocation motion. It is concluded, however, that impurities are not responsible for the temperature dependence of the yield stress. The yield drop is shown to be due to dislocation multiplication and the effect of grain size on the yield and flow stress appears to be significant through the dislocation density. Dislocation cell structures are formed only in impure Nb containing dispersed precipitates. In the purest Nb dislocations are uniformly distributed, and this material exhibits very little work hardening. Work hardening is thus attributed to the longrange stress fields of cell walls or tangles. Dislocations were never observed to be extended and cross-slip is an easy process in Nb. This is consistent with Nb having an intermediate or high stacking fault energy.
Cytostructure and Endocrine Function of Monolayer Cultures of Neonatal Hamster Pancreas1

Cells obtained by trypsinization of golden hamster neonatal pancreas were cultured in Eagle's basal medium supplemented with heated calf serum. At various intervals, cultures were stained with Scott aldehyde fuchsin (AF) and immunofluorescence, and the release of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was measured by a standard double antibody radioimmunoassay procedure applied directly to aliquots of unfractionated culture medium or to an acid-ethanol extractable protein possessing a mobility on Sephadex G-75 identical with crystalline bovine insulin. Cells obtained from cultures at 5, 10 and 14 days of cultivation were incubated 3 hr at 37 C in Krebs-Ringer- bicarbonate medium (pH 7.4) containing 250 mg/100 ml glucose and 200 mg/100 ml albumin. IRI was determined in aliquots of the medium removed terminally or changed at 30 min intervals. Cultures persisted up to 37 days, consisted predominantly of epithelioid cells containing AF+ and immunofluorescent cytoplasmic granules, and released a protein possessing immun...
Authenticity and Constructivism in Education

This paper examines the concept of authenticity and its relevance in education, from a philosophical perspective. Under the heading of educational authenticity (EA), I critique Fred Newmann’s views on authentic pedagogy and intellectual work. I argue against the notion that authentic engagement is usefully analyzed in terms of a relationship between school work and: “real” work. I also seek to clarify the increasingly problematic concept of constructivism, arguing that there are two distinct constructivist theses, only one of which deserves serious attention. I explain that the correspondence view of authenticity pays insufficient attention to the reality that the presence of “real world” connections does not guarantee that teaching and learning will be truly authentic. As a bridge to a philosophically acceptable understanding of authenticity, I reflect on John Dewey, who famously strove to base his views on education on the experience of the child, while rejecting that such experience requires validation from the “real” world. And Jean Jacques Rousseau offers several clues as to how the search for an authentic self might proceed beyond the Romanticist vision of an inner essence. These include the idea of the self as constructed inter-subjectively, which I capture by the term “one among others” and which, in turn, reveals persons as dialogically engaged in working out who they are and what they stand for (an idea found in the work of Charles Taylor). There is a clear affinity here with the imperative proposed by Newmann. I embrace the idea that the cultivation of dialogue should be a key priority in classrooms, because dialogue drives each individual to seek meaning in the context of seeing her/himself as one among others. I highlight the role of the classroom community of inquiry as an environment which has the dual function of cultivating disciplined inquiry and facilitating the kind of personal development that can, most properly, be termed “authentic”.
Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside dihydrate and methyl 2-formamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Methyl 2-acetamido-2-de­oxy-β-d-glucopyran­oside (β-GlcNAcOCH3), (I), crystallizes from water as a dihydrate, C9H17NO6·H2O, containing two independent mol­ecules [denoted (IA) and (IB)] in the asymmetric unit, whereas the crystal structure of methyl 2-formamido-2-de­oxy-β-d-glucopyran­oside (β-GlcNFmOCH3), (II), C8H15NO6, also obtained from water, is devoid of solvent water mol­ecules. The two mol­ecules of (I) assume distorted 4C1 chair conformations. Values of φ for (IA) and (IB) indicate ring distortions towards BC2,C5 and C3,O5B, respectively. By comparison, (II) shows considerably more ring distortion than mol­ecules (IA) and (IB), despite the less bulky N-acyl side chain. Distortion towards BC2,C5 was observed for (II), similar to the findings for (IA). The amide bond conformation in each of (IA), (IB) and (II) is trans, and the conformation about the C—N bond is anti (C—H is approximately anti to N—H), although the conformation about the latter bond within this group varies by ∼16°. The conformation of the exocyclic hy­droxy­methyl group was found to be gt in each of (IA), (IB) and (II). Comparison of the X-ray structures of (I) and (II) with those of other GlcNAc mono- and disaccharides shows that GlcNAc aldohexopyranosyl rings can be distorted over a wide range of geometries in the solid state.
Temperament and the Pursuit of an Integrated Developmental Psychology

Historically, developmental psychology has been split into the areas of social development and cognitive development, with the cognitive area most recently dominating the field. Nevertheless, basic questions about development often require more integrative approaches, cutting across social and cognitive areas, while taking advantage of recent discoveries in psychobiology and our knowledge of general principles of development. Presenting recent advances in the study of temperament as an example, it is suggested that rather than emphasizing distinctions between areas, it may be preferable to offer general training in developmental psychology, with a student's specializations organized around research questions rather than area boundaries. Advances in temperament research include refinement of our understanding of basic dimensions of temperament, identification of the construct of effortful control, and making links to the neuroscience of development.
Bonding in FHF−, (HF)2, and FHF

Bonding in FHF−, (HF)2, and FHF is compared from the molecular orbital and electrostatic bonding viewpoint. The electrostatic force is dominant in the formation of FHF− and HF dimer. Exchange repulsion dominates in preventing the formation of FHF and leads to a D∞h transition state for H exchange. At the D∞h stationary points for FHF− and FHF the electronic structure can be understood using delocalized symmetry orbitals, but this delocalization is not the primary driving force along the potential energy surface leading to these structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Molecular porphyrin­fullerene architectures

This article describes the utilization of porphyrin and fullerene architectures— yielding artificial light-harvesting antenna and reaction center mimics—to tune the electronic coupling element between electron donor and electron acceptor and ultimately to affect the total reorganization energy. Most importantly, the effects that these parameters have on the rate, yield, and lifetime of the energetic charge-separated states are discussed.
Flourescence and decomposition of 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] Octane in a glow discharge

Abstract Excitation of the title compound (DABCO) in a glow discharge gave at low voltage the flourescence which has been assigned by others to an optically-forbidden, lowlying,singlet state. With increasing voltage, the violet bands of the CN radical were also observed. Addition of He or Ar strongly enhanced the intensity of the latter. It is believed that two excitation processes operate independently on the DABCO molecule to give the fluorescent state and a second state from which decomposition may lead to HCN as a major product.
INSERTION OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR AND SO2 INTO THE METAL-HYDRIDE AND METAL-CARBON BONDS OF PLATINUM COMPOUNDS

Elemental sulfur (S8) has been found to insert only one sulfur atom into the metal−hydride bonds of the platinum alkyl and aryl hydride complexes [(dcpe)PtRH] (dcpe = Cy2PC2H4PCy2). Unlike the parent compounds, the S-inserted complexes do not undergo reductive elimination to form the corresponding alkane- or arenethiols. Methane is lost from the methyl sulfhydryl complex. Sulfur dioxide was also found to insert into a platinum−methyl bond to form the corresponding S-bound sulfinate, which upon reacting with mineral acids generates methylsulfinic acid.
Strained germanium-tin multiple quantum well microdisk resonators towards a light source on silicon

Although the development of a monolithically-integrated, silicon-compatible light source has been traditionally limited by the indirect band gaps of Group IV materials, germanium-tin (Ge 1-x Sn x ) is predicted to exhibit direct band gap behavior. In pseudomorphic conditions with materials of smaller lattice constant, the accumulation of compressive strain in Ge 1-x Sn x counteracts this behavior to prevent the direct band gap transition. One possible approach to compensate for this compressive strain is to introduce tensile strain into the system, which can be achieved by applying an external stressing agent to post-fabricated devices. We describe a suspended Ge 0:922 Sn 0:078 multiple quantum well microdisk resonator cavity strained by 140 nm of highly compressively stressed silicon nitride. Raman shifts and photoluminescence redshifts indicate that an additional 0.23-0.30% strain can be induced in these microdisks with this approach. The ability to tune the optical performance of these resonator structures by strain engineering has the potential to enable the development of low threshold Ge 1-x Sn x -based lasers on Si.
Perfluorochemical perfusion of the rat heart: in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Perfluorochemical (PFC) perfusates were evaluated in this study for inherent differences obtained by perfusion in vivo and of the heart in vitro . The sources of the PFC's were commercial products: Fluosol DA 20%, Fluosol DA 35%, and Fluosol-43. The first two contain both perfluorodecalin (PD) and perfluorotripropylamine (PTPA), while the third utilizes only perfluorotributylamine (PTBA). The hearts studied were excised from control animals or from animals that were first exchange perfused in vivo with Fluosol-43. For studies in vitro hearts perfused in the presence of PTBA beat at a normal rate for 10 to 12 h and then gradually slowed. By comparison, hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution (KHS) or PD-PTPA containing perfusates maintained a normal heart rate only briefly and ceased beating within 5 to 10 h. However, excised hearts from animals perfused previously in vivo with the PD-PTPA (35%) mixture showed an initial increase followed by a rapid drop in cAMP and cGMP concentrations of the left ventricle. When the other two PFC-containing perfusates were used, no significant changes were found. Only the PTBA-containing mixture maintained normal levels of the two nucleotides and Na + , K + and Ca 2+ levels of the left ventricle in vitro . Also, for studies in vitro when linoleic (0.156 μ m ) and palmitic (0.086 μ m ) acids were added simultaneously to all PFC preparations the PTBA-containing perfusate maintained a normal heart rate for over 10 h. Beating hearts were maintained most effectively when hydroxyethylstarch, an oncotic component, was present at 3% (w/v). These studies demonstrate that suitable PFC-containing perfusates can maintain beating rat hearts for many hours at 37°C.
Effects of acetaldehyde on growth and biosynthesis in an algal flagellage Polytomella caeca.

SYNOPSIS. Eight mM acetaldehyde prevented growth of Polytomella caeca in acetate medium and differentially changed the labeling by acetate-2-14C of chromatographically separated RNA hydrolysate products. Four mM acetaldehyde also prevented growth in acetate medium unless uridine, thymidine, guanosine, uracil, thymine or quanine were present; then growth was delayed by 2 or 4 days. Orotidine, orotic acid, dihydroortic acid, cytosine, cytidine, adenosine and adenine had no effect on growth in acetate medium containing 4 mM acetaldehyde. One mM acetaldehyde promoted growth in acetate medium and also could serve as a sole carbon source. One mM propionaldehyde, but not butyraldehyde, was also an adequate carbon source. Four mM acetaldehyde, as a sole carbon source, supported growth only when uridine was present.
Acceptability and validity of hair collection from Latino children to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

This study assessed the acceptability of collecting hair from Latino children to measure environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and examined the concurrent validity between nicotine and cotinine levels in children's hair in relation to adult reports of the children's ETS exposure. Trained Latina lay community health advisors recruited 143 Spanish-speaking Latino adult volunteers and their children. Bilingual-bicultural measurement technicians collected two types of data: (a) the adult's paper-and-pencil report about the child's past-month exposure to cigarettes in the home and car and (b) a sample of the child's hair to be analyzed for nicotine and cotinine. Of the eligible subjects, 8.5% declined to participate because of the hair collection protocol, some citing cultural beliefs. Among participants in the study, few problems arose related to hair collected, probably because of the culturally sensitive approach used during recruitment and measurement. Adults' reports of exposure, hair nicotine, and hair cotinine showed considerable variation and were skewed to the right. Average nicotine levels for these children appeared to be comparable to those reported elsewhere, whereas cotinine levels appeared to be somewhat lower. Hair nicotine was more detectable than hair cotinine and, compared with cotinine, showed a clearer linear relationship with adults' reports. However, associations between adults' reports and both biological measures were modest. Collecting hair samples in the field (i.e., participants' homes) to measure Latino children's ETS exposure is generally acceptable when appropriate methods are used. Hair nicotine may be a more valid and practical biological measure than hair cotinine. Hair sampling may be a potentially useful, noninvasive technique in ETS studies, although the modest associations of constituents in children's hair with adults' reports indicates that each measure provides different information about ETS exposure.
L-Threonine dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli K-12.

Summary A rapid method for purifying L -threonine dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K-12 cells, grown on a medium containing L -threonine as carbon source, has been developed. The procedure consists of three fractionation steps of which the last is adsorption and elution of the enzyme from a column of Blue dextran-Sepharose. Homogeneous and stable samples of the dehydrogenase are obtained. L -Threonine dehydrogenase of E. coli has an average molecular weight of 140,000 and consists of 4 identical or nearly identical subunits. K m values for L -threonine and NAD⊕ are 1.4 m M and 0.19 m M , respectively; several substrate and coenzyme analogs are also active. The pH optimum is 10.3 and Mn ++ stimulates dehydrogenase activity. Other properties of the pure enzyme have been established.
Comparative uptake, metabolism and retention of anthracyclines by tumors growing in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Adriamycin, daunomycin and their metabolites were differentially taken up in vitro by L 1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture. An intracellular drug equivalent concentration of about 0.20 μg/107 cells (20 μg/g) was required to attain equivalent cell-kill for daunomycin, daunomycinol or adriamycin but, in order to attain this intracellular concentration, the extracellular concentrations of daunomycinol and adriamycin were 3 and 2 times that of daunomycin. Intracellular concentrations of daunomycin comparable to those in vitro were attained in L 1210 lymphocytic leukemia, P388 leukemia, and B16 melanoma in vivo when both drug and tumor were present in the intraperitoneal cavity, but only a fraction of that concentration was attained if the tumor was growing as a solid mass at a site distal to the site of drug administration. Daunomycin was quantitatively metabolized by the reductase in homogenates of L 1210/NSC 38280, L 1210, P388 or B16 tumors; however, the rate of metabolism by the lymphocytic leukemias was much slower than that by B16 melanoma. Daunomycinol effluxed more slowly than daunomycin from cells of all responsive tumors. In practice, chemotherapeutic response to anthracycline drugs may depend upon several dynamic factors: uptake, metabolism and retention of the drug by tumors and the pharmacokinetics of the drug and metabolites in the mammalian host.
Partitioning of lung and chest-wall mechanics before and after lung-volume-reduction surgery.

In the study reported here, we partitioned the mechanics of the respiratory system into lung and chest-wall components, using the rapid occlusion technique in seven patients with severe emphysema before lung-volume-reduction surgery and 3 mo later. Patients showed improvements in 6-min walk (p < 0.01) and dyspnea (p < 0.05). The resistances of the respiratory system and chest wall were not altered by surgery. Ohmic airway resistance did not change, but the component of lung resistance ( Δ Rl) due to viscoelastic behavior (stress relaxation) and time-constant inhomogeneities (pendelluft) decreased in six patients (p < 0.03). Dynamic elastance of the lung (Edyn,L) decreased after surgery (p < 0.02), whereas dynamic elastance of the chest wall did not change. The ratio of dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) to static PEEPi, which also reflects viscoelastic properties and time-constant inhomogeneities, increased after surgery (p < 0.05). The decrease in dyspnea was related to the decrea...
Structural and energetic aspects of Grb2-SH2 domain-swapping

Abstract The SH2 domain of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) has been the focus of numerous studies, primarily because of the important roles it plays in signal transduction. More recently, it has emerged as a useful protein to study the consequences of ligand preorganization upon energetics and structure in protein–ligand interactions. The Grb2-SH2 domain is known to form a domain-swapped dimer, and as part of our investigations toward correlating structure and energetics in biological systems, we examined the effects that domain-swapping dimerization of the Grb2-SH2 domain had upon ligand binding affinities. Isothermal titration calorimetry was performed using Grb2-SH2 in both its monomeric and domain-swapped dimeric forms and a phosphorylated tripeptide AcNH-pTyr-Val-Asn-NH 2 that is similar to the Shc sequence recognized by Grb2-SH2 in vivo . The two binding sites of domain-swapped dimer exhibited a 4- and a 13-fold reduction in ligand affinity compared to monomer. Crystal structures of peptide-bound and uncomplexed forms of Grb2-SH2 domain-swapped dimer were obtained and reveal that the orientation of residues V122, V123, and R142 may influence the conformation of W121, an amino acid that is believed to play an important role in Grb2-SH2 ligand sequence specificity. These findings suggest that domain-swapping of Grb2-SH2 not only results in a lower affinity for a Shc-derived ligand, but it may also affect ligand specificity.
Axial thermal conductivities in packed beds

Radial thermal conductivities in packed beds have been extensively studied and correlated, but there is little published work on axial conductivities. The data on axial conductivities that is available is limited to low flow rates because of measurement difficulties at high flow rates. In this paper, a method is presented for estimating the values of axial thermal conductivities at high flow rates from the existing data on radial thermal conductivities. The necessity for considering packed bed axial conduction in design work can be determined from these results. Les conductivities thermiques radiales dans les lits de particules ont deja fait l'objet d'etudes poussees, mais on trouve peu de resultats publies au sujet des conductivites axiales. Les donnees disponibles sur les conductivites axiales se limitent aux taux d'ecoulement peu eleves en raison des difficultes de mesure aux taux plus eleves. On presente dans ce travail une methode d'evaluation des conductivites thermiques axiales aux taux eleves a partir des conductivites thermiques radiales. On conclut de ces resultats a la necessite de considerer, dans l'elaboration de projets, la conduction axiale dans les lits de particules.
Integrated tobacco cessation counseling in a diabetes self-management training program: a randomized trial of diabetes and reduction of tobacco.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a tobacco cessation intervention using motivational interviewing on smoking cessation rates during diabetes self-management training (DSMT).MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted with subjects recruited from an ongoing type 2 diabetes adult education program at a large diabetes center. A total of 114 subjects were randomized to intervention (n = 57; face-to-face motivational interviewing plus telephone counseling and offering of medication) or standard care (n = 57). Outcome measures included tobacco cessation rates, mean number of cigarettes smoked, A1C, weight, blood pressure, and lipids.ResultsIntensive intervention using motivational interviewing integrated into a standard DSMT program resulted in a trend toward greater abstinence at 3 months of follow-up in those receiving the intervention. However, this same trend was not observed at 6 months. The addition of this structured smoking cessation intervention did not negatively a...
How a New Research Programme was Born and Developed: A Long Journey to the Third Revolution in Social Economics

The first question which can be raised is: “What is the New Research Programme?”, using Lakatos's language which is the same as “What is the New Paradigm?”, using Kuhn's terminology. The answer is simple but with far reaching consequences. It is a sui generis synthesis of two previous revolutions in economic and social thinking respectively, the classical and modern economics and social science.
A Flare for Acceleration

As black holes swallow matter, they often expel jets of plasma that can reach speeds very close to the speed of light. In the giant elliptical galaxy M87, 50 million light-years away, radio observations have traced such jets down to the immediate surroundings of the black hole, to less than 100 event horizon radii ( 1 , 2 ). However, radio observations alone cannot provide a complete picture of the power carried by these jets, their speed, or their composition. Gamma-rays, first detected from jets more than a decade ago, provide crucial evidence that particles are being accelerated to very high energies. But the relatively poor angular resolution of gamma-ray telescopes has prevented direct determination of where these particles are coming from. That uncertainty has now been resolved, at least for M87. On page 444 of this issue, Acciari et al. ( 3 ) report the first radio imaging of the site of a gamma-ray flare—and it is very close to the black hole.
Verification of exponential distribution of arrival and service times at municipal solid waste facilities

Vehicle queuing at municipal solid waste (MSW) facilities causes economic and environmental damage. In the United States, typical MSW receiving facilities (transfer, recycling, energy recovery, and landfill) have three queues: one at the entrance weighing station, one at the waste tipping location, and one at the exit weighing station. A common method of determining queue behavior relies on equations that assume exponentially distributed arrival and service times, but there has not been a comprehensive study to determine whether this assumption is valid for a variety of MSW facilities and conditions. In this study, data were gathered from two transfer stations, two energy recovery plants, and one transfer/landfill facility. Among the five facilities there was a variety of queuing styles. The data were plotted as an inverse exponential relationship and linearized. The linearized plots were regressed and R2 values were calculated. It was determined that the negative exponential relationship can be used to describe arrival times at all three queues and service times at weighing queues. The queuing equations are therefore theoretically supported for use at entering and exiting weighing queues and moderately theoretically supported for use at tipping queues.
An Improved Ant-Based Algorithm for the Degree-Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree Problem

The degree-constrained minimum spanning tree (DCMST) problem is the problem of finding the minimum cost spanning tree in an edge weighted complete graph such that each vertex in the spanning tree has degree ≤ d for some d ≥ 2. The DCMST problem is known to be NP-hard. This paper presents an ant-based algorithm to find low cost degree-constrained spanning trees (DCST). The algorithm employs a set of ants which traverse the graph and identify a set of candidate edges, from which a DCST is constructed. Local optimization algorithms are then used to further improve the DCST. Extensive experiments using 612 problem instances show many improvements over existing algorithms.
What Do We Know about C24H14 Benzenoid, Fluoranthenoid, and Indacenoid Hydrocarbons?

There are 14 C24H14 benzenoids, one of which is open-shell, 112 fluoranthenoids, and 266 catacondensed indacenoids at m/z = 302. The general order of decreasing enthalpy of formation for isomer sets is indacenoids > fluoranthenoids > benzenoids.
Kronecker products and matrix calculus in system theory

The paper begins with a review of the algebras related to Kronecker products. These algebras have several applications in system theory including the analysis of stochastic steady state. The calculus of matrix valued functions of matrices is reviewed in the second part of the paper. This calculus is then used to develop an interesting new method for the identifiication of parameters of lnear time-invariant system models.
T-Cell Receptor Vβ Repertoire CDR3 Length Diversity Differs within CD45RA and CD45RO T-Cell Subsets in Healthy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

The T-cell receptor (TCR) CDR3 length heterogeneity is formed during recombination of individual Vβ gene families. We hypothesized that CDR3 length diversity could be used to assess the fundamental differences within the TCR repertoire of CD45RA and CD45RO T-cell subpopulations. By using PCR-based spectratyping, nested primers for all 24 human Vβ families were developed to amplify CDR3 lengths in immunomagnetically selected CD45RA and CD45RO subsets within both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations. Umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy newborns, infants, and children, as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, were analyzed. All T-cell subsets from newborn and healthy children demonstrated a Gaussian distribution of CDR3 lengths in separated T-cell subsets. In contrast, HIV-infected children had a high proportion of predominant CDR3 lengths within both CD45RA and CD45RO T-cell subpopulations, most commonly in CD8+ CD45RO T cells. Sharp differences in clonal dominance and size distributions were observed when cells were separated into CD45RA or CD45RO subpopulations. These differences were not apparent in unfractionated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Sequence analysis of predominant CDR3 lengths revealed oligoclonal expansion within individual Vβ families. Analysis of the CDR3 length diversity within CD45RA and CD45RO T cells provides a more accurate measure of disturbances in the TCR repertoire than analysis of unfractionated CD4 and CD8 T cells.
The influence of fire on Illinois hill prairie Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) diversity and integrity

Prescribed burning has been important in maintaining the structure of plant communities in the tallgrass prairie. However, implementation of these burn regimes often overlooks responses of other taxa, particularly arthropods. In this study, the timing and frequency of burns were examined on one of the most diverse and abundant groups of herbivorous insects, Auchenorrhyncha. These insects are ideal candidates in understanding the effects of fire on prairie arthropods because they are among the most numerous invertebrate herbivores in the prairie and they have ecological characteristics that confer a wide range of responses to prescribed burning. A total of 19 Illinois hill prairies were sampled along the Mississippi and Sangamon Rivers in the summer of 2006 using a modified leaf-blower vacuum. These sites exhibited a wide range of burn management, from unburned to recently burned, and having been burned multiple times. Species richness, Auchenorrhyncha Quality Index (with and without abundance data) and the mean coefficient of conservatism (with and without abundance data) were calculated for each site. Results suggest that unburned sites supported the greatest number of species and had higher Auchenorrhyncha Quality Index and mean coefficient of conservatism values than sites undergoing burn management. In order for land managers to maintain the prairie Auchenorrhyncha community and conserve vascular plants, this study recommends infrequent rotational burning with a minimum of 3–5 years; although additional studies are needed to determine the appropriate number of years between each burn.
Variable electron-phonon coupling in isolated metallic carbon nanotubes observed by Raman scattering.

We report the existence of broad and weakly asymmetric features in the high-energy ($G$) Raman modes of freely suspended metallic carbon nanotubes of defined chiral index. A significant variation in peak width (from $12\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to $110\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) is observed as a function of the nanotube's chiral structure. When the nanotubes are electrostatically gated, the peak widths decrease. The broadness of the Raman features is understood as the consequence of coupling of the phonon to electron-hole pairs, the strength of which varies with the nanotube chiral index and the position of the Fermi energy.
Problems in Decentralized Sensor-Actuator Networks

There is a growing body of literature on networked control systems treating the relationship between network channel capacity and stability of the system’s operation. In a very rough but intuitive sense, the main results in this area provide a quantitative understanding of the way in which restrictions on the rate of information exchange among system components in a real-time system will degrade the system’s performance. Recent extensions of these results provide an understanding of how system performance will depend on the magnitude of noise and the degree of asynchronism in the operation of system components. A number of researchers have recently begun to look at the problem constraints on feedback channel capacity in decentralized feedback control structures. In the present paper, we examine the way in which decentralization magnifies the degradation of information due to noise and asynchronism among decentralized sensors and leads to instabilities even in cases where feedback channels have ample capacity for stable operation of a system with centralized components. Further, we discuss an approach to solving the observed problem by a novel source-coding strategy which is similar to but different from the well known Gray code.