cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Combined Extracorporeal Life Support and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Hemodynamic Performance and Gaseous Microemboli Handling Ability in a Simulated Neonatal ECLS System.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic performance and gaseous microemboli (GME) handling ability of a simulated neonatal extracorporeal life support (ECLS) circuit with an in-line continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) device. The circuit consisted of a Maquet RotaFlow centrifugal pump or HL20 roller pump, Quadrox-iD Pediatric diffusion membrane oxygenator, 8-Fr arterial cannula, 10-Fr venous cannula, and Better-Bladder (BB) with “Y” connector. A second Quadrox-I Adult oxygenator was added postarterial cannula for GME experiments. The circuit and pseudo-patient were primed with lactated Ringer's solution and packed human red blood cells (hematocrit 40%). All hemodynamic trials were conducted at ECLS flow rates ranging from 200 to 600 mL/min and CRRT flow rate of 75 mL/min at 36°C. Real-time pressure and flow data were recorded with a data acquisition system and GME were detected and characterized using the Emboli Detection and Classification Quantifier System. CRRT was added at distinct locations such that blood entered CRRT between the pump and oxygenator (A), recirculated through the pump (B), or bypassed the pump (C). With the centrifugal pump, all CRRT positions had similar flow rates, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total hemodynamic energy (THE) loss. With the roller pump, C demonstrated increased flow rates (293.2–686.4 mL/min) and increased MAP (59.4–75.5 mm Hg) (P < 0.01); B had decreased flow rates (129.7–529.7 mL/min), and MAP (34.2–45.0 mm Hg) (P < 0.01); A maintained the same when compared to without CRRT. At 600 mL/min C lost more THE (81.4%) (P < 0.01) with a larger pressure drop across the oxygenator (95.6 mm Hg) (P < 0.01) than without CRRT (78.3%; 49.1 mm Hg) (P < 0.01). C also demonstrated a poorer GME handling ability using the roller pump, with 87.1% volume and 17.8% count reduction across the circuit, compared to A and B with 99.9% volume and 65.8–72.3% count reduction. These findings suggest that, in contrast to A and B, adding CRRT at position C is unsafe and not advised for clinical use.
Metaphors as Tools in Clinical Sociology: Bereavement Education and Counseling:

Although the metaphor has long been used as an educational tool in sociology, its use in sociological practice has been limited. However, the affinity between the metaphor and the sociological pers...
Uniform shrub growth response to June temperature across the North Slope of Alaska.

The expansion of woody shrubs in arctic tundra alters many aspects of high-latitude ecosystems, including carbon cycling and wildlife habitat. Dendroecology, the study of annual growth increments in woody plants, has shown promise in revealing how climate and environmental conditions interact with shrub growth to affect these key ecosystem properties. However, a predictive understanding of how shrub growth response to climate varies across the heterogeneous landscape remains elusive. Here we use individual-based mixed effects modeling to analyze 19 624 annual growth ring measurements in the stems of Salix pulchra (Cham.), a rapidly expanding deciduous shrub. Stem samples were collected at six sites throughout the North Slope of Alaska. Sites spanned four landscapes that varied in time since glaciation and hence in soil properties, such as nutrient availability, that we expected would modulate shrub growth response to climate. Ring growth was remarkably coherent among sites and responded positively to mean June temperature. The strength of this climate response varied slightly among glacial landscapes, but in contrast to expectations, this variability was not systematically correlated with landscape age. Additionally, shrubs at all sites exhibited diminishing marginal growth gains in response to increasing temperatures, indicative of alternative growth limiting mechanisms in particularly warm years, such as temperature-induced moisture limitation. Our results reveal a regionally-coherent and robust shrub growth response to early season growing temperature, with local soil properties contributing only a minor influence on shrub growth. Our conclusions strengthen predictions of changes to wildlife habitat and improve the representation of tundra vegetation dynamics in earth systems models in response to future arctic warming.
Elevated temperature tribology of Ni alloys under helium environment for nuclear reactor applications

Abstract The current study investigates the friction and wear behavior of two primary candidate materials, Inconel 617 and alloy 800HT for high-temperature gas cooled nuclear reactors/very-high-temperature reactors. Using a custom-built high temperature tribometer, helium cooled reactor environment was simulated at room and 800 °C temperatures. Microscopy and chemical analyses were carried out to explain the tribological performance of the alloys. At elevated temperatures, both alloys show higher friction in helium, compared to air environment. Both alloys exhibit high wear resistance in all experimental conditions, except at high temperature helium environment. The formation of glazed and mechanically mixed layers of oxides were found to be important causes for the lower friction and wear in high temperature air atmosphere.
Characterization of Adult Vestibular Organs in 11 CreER Mouse Lines

Utricles are vestibular sense organs that encode linear head movements. They are composed of a sensory epithelium with type I and type II hair cells and supporting cells, sitting atop connective tissue, through which vestibular nerves project. We characterized utricular Cre expression in 11 murine CreER lines using the ROSA26tdTomato reporter line and tamoxifen induction at 6 weeks of age. This characterization included Calbindin2CreERT2, Fgfr3-iCreERT2, GFAP-A-CreER™, GFAP-B-CreER™, GLAST-CreERT2, Id2CreERT2, OtoferlinCreERT2, ParvalbuminCreERT2, Prox1CreERT2, Sox2CreERT2, and Sox9-CreERT2. OtoferlinCreERT2 mice had inducible Cre activity specific to hair cells. GLAST-CreERT2, Id2CreERT2, and Sox9-CreERT2 had inducible Cre activity specific to supporting cells. Sox2CreERT2 had inducible Cre activity in supporting cells and most type II hair cells. ParvalbuminCreERT2 mice had small numbers of labeled vestibular nerve afferents. Calbindin2CreERT2 mice had labeling of most type II hair cells and some type I hair cells and supporting cells. Only rare (or no) tdTomato-positive cells were detected in utricles of Fgfr3-iCreERT2, GFAP-A-CreER™, GFAP-B-CreER™, and Prox1CreERT2 mice. No Cre leakiness (tdTomato expression in the absence of tamoxifen) was observed in OtoferlinCreERT2 mice. A small degree of leakiness was seen in GLAST-CreERT2, Id2CreERT2, Sox2CreERT2, and Sox9-CreERT2 lines. Calbindin2CreERT2 mice had similar tdTomato expression with or without tamoxifen, indicating lack of inducible control under the conditions tested. In conclusion, 5 lines—GLAST-CreERT2, Id2CreERT2, OtoferlinCreERT2, Sox2CreERT2, and Sox9-CreERT2—showed cell-selective, inducible Cre activity with little leakiness, providing new genetic tools for researchers studying the vestibular periphery.
Renal Hemodynamic Factors and the Regulation of Sodium Excretion

It may seem surprising that a textbook concerned with membrane transport processes includes a chapter on renal hemodynamics and related factors. However, it has been clearly demonstrated that apparent changes in peritubular capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressure may have a profound effect on tubular transport of sodium and water.(1–4) In addition, it has been suggested that alterations in the intrarenal distribution of renal blood flow may modify tubular sodium transport in normal and pathophysiologic states.(5)
Principles and scope of synthetic photometry

The synthetic photometry algorithm and various applications for the algorithm are described. The synthetic photometry algorithm provides magnitudes and colors computed from a spectral energy flux distribution and the response functions of a photometric system. The principles of synthetic photometry which include the observed and theoretical stellar energy distributions and passbands of the photometric systems are discussed. The equations utilized in the algorithm to compute the magnitudes and color indices are provided. There is a need for an evaluation of the passbands and a correlation between the observed photometric and spectrophotometric data of the stars. The algorithm is used as a universal translator providing the communication channels between different reseach areas; it is applicable to clusters, faint star counts, and deep multicolor surveys of galaxies.
NFV Middlebox Placement with Balanced Set-up Cost and Bandwidth Consumption

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) changes the way that we implement network services, or middleboxes, from expensive hardwares to software functions. These software middleboxes, also called Virtual Network Functions (VNFs), run on switch-connected commodity servers. Efficiently placing such middleboxes is challenging because of their traffic-changing effects and dependency relations. Private (used by one single flow) middleboxes can save more link bandwidth resources while shared (used by multiple flows) middleboxes cut down server resource expenses. This paper formulates the resource usage trade-off between bandwidth consumption and cost of middlebox placement as a combined cost minimization problem. After proving the NP-hardness of our problem in general topologies, we narrow down to a specific kind of topology: tree-structured networks. We study two kinds of constraints: traffic-chaining ratio and middlebox dependency relations. With homogeneous flows, we propose optimal greedy algorithms for the placement of a single middlebox first, and then multiple middleboxes without order. We also introduce a dynamic programming algorithm for the placement of a totally-ordered middlebox set. A performance-guaranteed algorithm is designed to handle heterogeneous flows. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms in various scenarios.
Rhetorically Defining 'Information' For Designers and Technical Communicators: Transport, Institutional Shift, and Usability

"Information" is a boundary concept affecting work in multiple sectors. This paper examines classical information theory and modern research in technical rhetoric and circulation to define "information" for technical communicators and designers as something other than a usable unit or quantified intelligence. Defining information as a pattern allows designers to consider what leads to "information" and what its consequences are as part of usability. This paper also examines how knowledge is being made in the current climate of uncertainty and institutional erosion.
Precipitous change of the irreversible strain limit with heat-treatment temperature in Nb 3 Sn wires made by the restacked-rod process

The intrinsic irreversible strain limit eirr,0 of Nb3Sn superconducting wires, made by the restacked-rod process and doped with either Ti or Ta, undergoes a precipitous change as a function of temperature θ of the final heat-treatment for forming the A15 phase. Nb3Sn transitions from a highly brittle state where it cracks as soon as it is subjected to an axial tensile strain of any measurable amount, to a state more resilient to tensile strain as high as 0.4%. The remarkable abruptness of this transition (as most of it occurs over a range of only 10 °C) could pose real challenges for the heat-treatment of large magnets, such as those fabricated for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We named this behavior the strain irreversibility cliff (SIC) to caution magnet developers. The approach to fulfilling application requirements just in terms of the conductor’s residual resistivity ratio RRR and critical-current density Jc is incomplete. Along with RRR and Jc wire specifications, and sub-element size requirements that reduce wire magnetization and instabilities effects, SIC imposes additional constraints on the choice of heat-treatment conditions to ensure mechanical integrity of the conductor.
One Hot Summer: Dickens, Darwin, Disraeli, and the Great Stink of 1858. By Rosemary Ashton. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017. Pp. 338. Ill. 27. $30.00.)

Rosemary Ashton vividly recounts the events, passions, connections, and fixations of Londoners during the record‐hot summer of 1858, when temperatures periodically hit 90 degrees, causing tallow ca...
The quality and contribution of volunteer collected animal vehicle collision data in ecological research

Abstract Volunteer-collected data are increasingly important for research, and the accuracy and applications of such data needs evaluation. We utilized the California Roadkill Observation System (CROS) to assess the quality of and potential contribution that volunteer-collected animal-vehicle collision (AVC) data to understand species ranges. We classified volunteers as professional biologists or non-professional users, and compared their rates of species observation and identification accuracy. Seventeen percent of the volunteers were professionals, but they provided 35% of the observations, and they observed a more diverse set of species than non-professionals. The accuracy of species identification was similar for both groups. We compared species’ ranges estimated from CROS data with ranges derived from the largest available database of animal observations (Global Biodiversity Information Facility; GBIF). CROS observations expanded GBIF data-derived ranges for 139 of 411 species. Average range expansion was 8.2% for all species, including species with no range expansion, or 24.3% for species with range expansion. We also used species distribution models to estimate range sizes. Adding CROS observations to GBIF records expanded the average predicted species-range by 5%. Professional observers expanded previously-estimated ranges by an average of 1.1%, while non-professional observers expanded ranges by an average of 5.3%, reflecting their larger spatial coverage. While non-professional users observe fewer species, their larger number of observations and occurrence over a larger area improves our knowledge of the ranges of a number of species. Volunteer-collected AVC data from both professional and non-professional users can be an important data source for augmenting conventional databases of wildlife observations to create species range maps.
Technology to Advance High School and Undergraduate Students with Disabilities in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

Americans with disabilities are underemployed in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) at higher rates than their nondisabled peers. This article provides an overview of the Natio...
Low Educational Attainment is a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.

Background Educational attainment is an indicator of socioeconomic status and is inversely associated with coronary artery disease risk. Whether educational attainment level (EAL) among patients wi...
The Right(s) to Procreate and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the United States

This chapter focuses on the right (or rights) to procreate in the United States, with a focus on reproductive technology use. The United States has been too often described as the “wild west” of reproductive technology use. When measured against many of its comparators — Canada, Australia, the UK, Germany, etc. — it is undoubtedly true that more forms of reproductive technology use are permitted in the United States than elsewhere. It is for this reason that the United States has been a frequent destination for “circumvention tourism” or “fertility tourism.” At the same time, it would be wrong to think that reproductive medicine is unregulated in the United States. The chapter argues that it is just that the regulation is more fragmented, both in terms of the locus of control (federal vs. state authority, governmental vs. professional self-regulation, etc.) and also of the legal sources involved (more of a focus on tort law and family law than direct regulation at the statutory or constitutional level).
TRPM3_miR-204: a complex locus for eye development and disease

First discovered in a light-sensitive retinal mutant of Drosophila, the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of non-selective cation channels serve as polymodal cellular sensors that participate in diverse physiological processes across the animal kingdom including the perception of light, temperature, pressure, and pain. TRPM3 belongs to the melastatin sub-family of TRP channels and has been shown to function as a spontaneous calcium channel, with permeability to other cations influenced by alternative splicing and/or non-canonical channel activity. Activators of TRPM3 channels include the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate, calmodulin, phosphoinositides, and heat, whereas inhibitors include certain drugs, plant-derived metabolites, and G-protein subunits. Activation of TRPM3 channels at the cell membrane elicits a signal transduction cascade of mitogen-activated kinases and stimulus response transcription factors. The mammalian TRPM3 gene hosts a non-coding microRNA gene specifying miR-204 that serves as both a tumor suppressor and a negative regulator of post-transcriptional gene expression during eye development in vertebrates. Ocular co-expression of TRPM3 and miR-204 is upregulated by the paired box 6 transcription factor (PAX6) and mutations in all three corresponding genes underlie inherited forms of eye disease in humans including early-onset cataract, retinal dystrophy, and coloboma. This review outlines the genomic and functional complexity of the TRPM3_miR-204 locus in mammalian eye development and disease.
Clinical Characteristics of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers Recurring within 5 years after Mohs Micrographic Surgery: Single Institution Retrospective Chart Review.

Background Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is used to treat certain high-risk non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) due to its high cure rate. However, clinical recurrences do occur in a small number of cases. Objective We examined specific clinical characteristics associated with NMSC recurrences following MMS. Methods We employed a retrospective chart review of the 1467 cases of NMSC that underwent MMS at UC San Diego from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2009. A total of 356 cases were excluded due to lack of follow-up. Results Five (0.45%) of 1111 cases developed recurrences of NMSC at the site of MMS. There were 741 cases of basal cell carcinomas (BCC); 3 were recurrences (0.40%). There were 366 cases of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); 2 were recurrences (0.55%). Review of MMS histopathology of these recurrent tumors showed that there were no errors or difficulty with the processing or interpretation of the slides. Conclusion Five-year recurrence rate of NMSC following MMS at our institution is below the reported average. Our retrospective chart review identified specific clinical characteristics associated with NMSC recurrence including a history of smoking, anatomical location on the cheeks, ears or nose, and a history of immunosuppression for SCCs.
Identification and treatment of men with phospholipase Cζ–defective spermatozoa

Objective To identify and treat the gamete responsible for complete fertilization failure with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using a newly proposed assisted gamete treatment (AGT). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Center for reproductive medicine. Patient(s) One-hundred and fourteen couples with an adequate number of spermatozoa for ICSI and a fertilization rate of ≤10%, after controlling for maternal age. Intervention(s) Couples with an oocyte-related oocyte activation deficiency (OAD) underwent a subsequent cycle with a modified superovulation protocol; couples with sperm-related OAD had an additional genetic and epigenetic assessment to identify mutations and expression levels of the corresponding genes. Main Outcome Measure(s) Treatment cycle outcome for couples undergoing ICSI with either a modified superovulation protocol or AGT compared with their historical cycle. Result(s) A total of 114 couples matched the inclusion criteria, representing approximately 1.3% of the total ICSI cycles performed at our center, with age-matched controls. Fifty-two couples were confirmed negative for sperm-related OAD by the phospholipase Cζ (PLCζ) assay, indicating oocyte-related factors in their failed fertilization cycles. Couples were treated by one of two AGT protocols, AGT-initial or AGT-revised, in a subsequent attempt that was compared with their historical cycle. Subsequent ICSI cycles with a tailored superovulation protocol yielded significantly higher fertilization (59.0% vs. 2.1%) and clinical pregnancy (28.6% vs. 0) rates. In 24 couples (mean ± standard deviation: maternal age, 35.6 ± 5 years; paternal age, 39.8 ± 6 years) sperm-related OAD was confirmed; in four men, a deletion on the PLCZ1 gene was identified. Additional mutations were also identified of genes supporting spermiogenesis and embryo development (PIWIL1, BSX, NLRP5) and gene deletions confirming a complete absence of the subacrosomal perinuclear theca (PICK1, SPATA16, DPY19L). Subsequent AGT treatment provided higher fertilization (42.1%) and clinical pregnancy (36% vs. 0%) rates for couples with a history of impaired (9.1%) fertilization. A comparison of the two AGT protocols, AGT-initial or AGT-revised, revealed that the latter yielded even more favorable fertilization (37.6% vs. 45.9%) and clinical pregnancy (21.1% vs. 83.3%) rates. Conclusion(s) In couples with an oocyte-related OAD, tailoring the superovulation protocol resulted in successful fertilization, term pregnancies, and deliveries. In couples with a sperm-related OAD as determined by PLCζ assay, mouse oocyte activation test, and the assessment of gene mutations and function, AGT was successful. The AGT-revised protocol yielded an even higher fertilization rate than the AGT-initial protocol, resulting in the birth of healthy offspring in all couples who achieved a clinical pregnancy.
Creative Destruction and the Social (Re) Construction of Heritage

In an era when war, acts of terror, and the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change loom large in the public conscience, the conservation community is grappling with the associated loss of the historic built environment and potential responses. But the built environment—at least some aspects of it—is becoming progressively obsolete due to environmental and social changes. Coastal sea-level rise, inefficient resource and land use, and the role of the built environment in perpetuating social exclusion raise questions about the potential value of destruction and the opportunities it affords for reframing spatial memory and historical narrative in more just and sustainable ways. The heritage field’s preoccupation with the physical, place-based fabric will be challenged in the face of this obsolescence, compelling a reexamination of attitudes toward destruction and reconstruction. This article borrows loosely from Joseph Schumpeter’s economic concept of creative destruction to explore the ways in which both innovation and new lenses on history and memory may be borne of change, loss, and obsolescence. Using the discourse surrounding past and contemporary North American cases, it examines some fundamental ideas regarding capital in the built environment and the economic value of destruction. It also explores the negative social consequences of destruction and the historical influence cum perspective of the heritage enterprise and posits potentially positive values and opportunities engendered through destruction. Finally, it reimagines how approaches to reconstruction by the heritage field may contribute to more socially just and sustainable futures.
N i 2 M o 3 O 8 : Complex antiferromagnetic order on a honeycomb lattice

Theoretical studies have predicted the existence of topological magnons in honeycomb compounds with stripy or zigzag antiferromagnetic (AFM) order. Here we report the discovery of AFM order in the layered and noncentrosymmetric honeycomb nickelate $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ through a combination of magnetization, specific heat, x-ray and neutron diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. The AFM order is complex, with a mixture of stripy and zigzag character on an integer spin noncentrosymmetric honeycomb lattice ($P{6}_{3}mc$). Further, each of the two sublattices of the bipartite honeycomb lattice is comprised of a different crystal field environment, i.e., octahedral and tetrahedral $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}^{2+}$, respectively, enabling independent substitution on each. Replacement of Ni by Mg on the octahedral site suppresses the long-range magnetic order and results in a weakly ferromagnetic state. Conversely, substitution of Fe for Ni enhances the strength of the AFM exchange and increases the ordering temperature. Thus, $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ provides a platform on which to explore the rich physics of $S=1$ on the honeycomb lattice in the presence of competing magnetic interactions with a noncentrosymmetric, formally piezopolar, crystal structure.
Prostate MRI characteristics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have indicated an increased risk of prostate carcinoma (PCa) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Prostate MRI of IBD patients could be expected to show a mixture of inflammation as well as higher than normal rates of PCa, which could impact interpretation and MRI performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of prostate MRI in patients with IBD. Methods 3140 patients with prostate MRI were evaluated. Coexisting IBD, PI-RADS score, and pathological results of prostate lesions (clinically significant PCa [csPCa]: Gleason score [GS] 7+, Non-csPCa: benign or GS 6) were assessed. The distribution of PI-RADS scoring and pathological result was assessed by chi-square test. Results 71 patients had IBD (IBD group), whereas the remaining 3069 patients did not (Non-IBD group). The proportion of abnormal MRI (PI-RADS 3, 4 or 5) was 51 % (36/71) in IBD group and 47 % (1436/3069) in Non-IBD groups (p = 0.513). Total of 1285 patients underwent biopsy or prostatectomy. The proportion of csPCa at pathology was 35 % (12/34) in IBD group and 56 % (699/1251) in non-IBD groups (p = 0.017). The positive predictive value of abnormal MRI for csPCa was significantly lower in IBD group (39 %, 19/31) compared to Non-IBD group (63 %, 657/1047) (p = 0.007). Conclusion The proportion of csPCa at pathology and positive predictive value of abnormal MR for csPCa were lower in patients with IBD group compared to Non-IBD group.
Meanings of Hijab from the Wearers’ Perspective

The most visible and controversial element of Islamic practice in the twenty-first century is the practice of modesty or covering, known as hijab. Many Muslim women treat hijab as a multi-purposed, agentic, and often political statement. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the meanings that the wearers around the world associate with hijab through the lens of Consumer Culture Theory (CCT). To find the actual experiences of women who wear hijab, the researchers decided to investigate Facebook pages related to hijab culture using digital ethnography or netnography. The women in the sample felt that the hijab built an identity for themselves as a Muslim. The dominant views of Western cultures regarding hijab as being oppressive, restrictive, and limiting freedom of the women were contrasted by the wearers considering hijab as non-constraining and non-oppressing rather it gives them a sense of safety and modesty.
The multidimensional clustering of health and its ecological risk factors.

Abstract A diverse set of research has examined the ways in which population-level health and its ecological risk factors are embedded within self-reinforcing structures. Syndemic theory, for example, focuses on the co-occurrence of multiple diseases, whereas the spatial diffusion literature highlights the concentration of poor health among communities sharing geographic boundaries. This study combines these related but disciplinarily-isolated perspectives to examine the clustering of population-level health and its determinants across four dimensions: co-occurrence, spatial, temporal, and social network. Using data on U.S. county-level health outcomes and health factors from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's County Health Rankings, this study estimates associations between health outcomes within communities and the co-occurrence of community-level factors theorized to influence ecological health. Not only do health outcomes and their ecological risk factors cluster within counties, but also between geographically adjacent counties and counties connected via migration network pathways. Moreover, the self-reinforcing structures uncovered across the co-occurrence, spatial and network dimensions persist over time, and this clustering has consequences on county health and well-being. Rather than adopting the perspective that either health and its community-level factors should be broadly targeted and detached from local context or communities are different, have unique needs and thus should be treated in isolation, the approach advanced in this study identifies shared vulnerabilities in a way that allows for the development of knowledge networks between communities dealing with similar issues.
Mechanisms of chemoresistance and approaches to overcome its impact in gynecologic cancers

Abstract Gynecologic cancers (GC) affect millions of women of all ages globally each year. Apart from a crucial economic impact of these cancers on a society, it affects the emotional, physical, material, and social well-being of survivors and their kinfolks as well. GC diagnostics is often at advanced stages, restricting the options of therapeutics. In addition, patients with GCs undergoing chemotherapy often show resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and recurrence. In fact, the largest hurdle in GC therapeutics is multidrug (chemo) resistance (MDR). Comprehending the key mechanisms involved in chemoresistance, innovative research in the area of targeted drug discoveries and identifying unique and effective drug targets/inhibitorsare necessary for the clinical management of GC patients efficiently. In this chapter, classical as well as novel molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in GCs, particularly ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers from relevant peer-reviewed literature, have been investigated. Finally, targeted drug deliveries to combat MDR in GCs are discussed in detail. The knowledge gained could assist design meaningful preclinical and translational studies to overcome MDR in GCs.
Interventional therapies for chronic low back pain.

Objective Low back pain (LBP) is a highly prevalent condition and one of the leading causes of lost productivity and health-care costs. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of interventional pain procedures and evidence of their effectiveness in treatment of chronic LBP. Methods This is a narrative review examining published studies on interventional procedures for LBP. The rationales, indications, technique, evidence, and complications for the interventional procedures are discussed. Results Interventional pain procedures are used extensively in diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain. LBP is multifactorial, and while significant progress has been made in understanding its pathophysiology, this has not resulted in a proportional improvement of functional outcomes. For certain procedures, such as spinal cord stimulation, medical branch blocks and radiofrequency ablations, and epidural steroid injections for radiculopathy, safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness in treating LBP have been well studied. For others, such as interventions for discogenic pain, treatment successes have been modest at best. Conclusions Implementation of interventional pain procedures in the treatment framework of LBP has resulted in improvement of pain intensity in at least the short and medium terms, but equivocal results have been observed in functional improvement.
What makes man human: thirty-ninth James Arthur lecture on the evolution of the human brain, 1970

What makes man human is his brain. This brain is obviously different from those of nonhuman primates. It is larger, shows hemispheric dominance and specialization, and is cytoarchitecturally somewhat more generalized. But are these the essential characteristics that determine the humanness of man? This paper cannot give an answer to this question for the answer is not known. But the problem can be stated more specifically, alternatives spelled out on the basis of available research results, and directions given for further inquiry. My theme will be that the human brain is so constructed that man, and only man, feels the thrust to make meaningful all his experiences and encounters. Development of this theme demands an analysis of the brain mechanisms that make meaning–and an attempt to define biologically the process of meaning. In this pursuit of meaning a fascinating variety of topics comes into focus: the coding and recoding operations of the brain; how it engenders and processes information and redundancy; and, how it makes possible signs and symbols and prepositional utterances. Of these, current research results indicate that only in the making of propositions is man unique–so here perhaps are to be found the keynotes that compose the theme.
Context of use evaluation of peripheral displays (CUEPD)

A gap exists between the growing prevalence of peripheral displays and appropriate methods for their evaluation. Mankoff et al. [11] present one attempt to bridge this gap by adapting Nielsen’s Heuristic evaluation to the defining characteristics and goals of peripheral displays. In this paper, we present a complementary approach that depends on active user participation and emphasizes the experience of using peripheral displays. The Context of Use Evaluation of Peripheral Displays (CUEPD) captures context of use through individualized scenario building, enactment and reflection. We illustrate the CUEPD method in a study to evaluate two peripheral displays. The evaluation using CUEPD revealed important design recommendations, suggesting that the method may be an important advance in evaluation methods for peripheral displays.
Contrastivism, Relevance Contextualism, and Meta‐Skepticism

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, in his excellent new book, defends what he calls 'moderate Pyrrhonian skepticism.' It is moderate because, with regard to qualified epistemic judgments about beliefs, the view allows that affirmative epistemic judgments involving modest contrast classes can be true. It is a version of Pyrrhonian, as opposed to Academic skepticism, because, with respect to affirmative unqualified epistemic judgments, the Pyrrhonian refuses to take a stand on whether such judgments are true or false, while the Academic claims that they are all false. In defending Pyrrhonianism, Sinnott-Armstrong criticizes epistemological invariantism and contextualism.1 In what follows, I will comment on Sinnott-Armstrong's challenges to contextualism with the modest aim of making a few tentative suggestions about how a contextualist might begin to respond to these challenges.
Good Questions and the Public Conversation

These are all good and important questions. Good questions, I would suggest, are also what matter most when philosophers of education seek to participate in a public dialogue beyond our small academic community. How to engage with a broader audience has been a topic of particular interest for the Philosophy of Education Society in recent years. This 2011 edition is the final printed and bound version of the PES Yearbook, with future editions becoming more quickly — and widely — available online. Future conferences will include a policy-related theme that participants are invited to explore in their essays.
Lessons learned from the pioneering hot dry rock project at Fenton Hill, USA

Abstract Interest in geothermal energy production has grown rapidly in recent years due to the increasing demand for clean, renewable, domestic energy. Recent publications have suggested that geothermal energy from Enhanced Geothermal Systems could satisfy a large portion of the energy needs in the U.S. if the technology were implemented on a large scale. Pertinent to this goal are many of the lessons learned from the pioneering Hot Dry Rock project aimed at producing usable energy form the heat of the earth, conducted from 1970 to 1995 at Fenton Hill, New Mexico, USA. During this project, the Los Alamos National Laboratory created and tested two reservoirs at depths in the range of 2.8–3.5 km in crystalline rock formations underlying the Fenton Hill site. Thermal energies in the range of 3–10 MWt were produced demonstrating the technical feasibility of the concept. Many important lessons were learned regarding the creation, engineering and operation of such subsurface systems—these lessons will prove valuable as the geothermal community moves towards the goal of realizing the immense potential of this ubiquitous renewable energy resource. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief, easy to read overview of this pioneering project.
Kayexalate (Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate) Aspiration

The patient, a 63-year-old woman, had past medical history significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and a pelvic mass. The serum electrolyte sample showed hyperkalemia (serum potassium 6.2 mEq/L, serum creatinine 4.1 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen 87 mg/dL; the sample was not hemolyzed). She was taken to the emergency room. The hyperkalemia was treated with kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) in the emergency room, and she was admitted to the hospital, where continued efforts were made to manage the hyperkalemia. However, she was found unresponsive the morning after admission, and efforts at resuscitation were unsuccessful. Postmortem examination revealed the pelvic mass to be a small cell neuroendocrine tumor, apparently arising from the cervix with extensive involvement of the uterine myometrium, extensive peritoneal implants, invasion into the wall of the bladder, compression of the ureters, and invasion of the inferior vena cava. There was no evidence of distant metastasis. She was also found to have massive cardiomegaly (dilated and hypertrophic) and nodular glomerulosclerosis. There was pulmonary congestion with edema. In addition, there were irregular, sharply angulated basophilic materials of varying sizes with little or no tissue reaction in the alveoli (Figure 1). These materials have parallel laminations (Figure 2). Degenerated bronchial cells are occasionally seen with the materials (Figure 2). These materials in the lungs are aspirated kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate). Kayexalate is a cation-exchange resin given enterally for the treatment of hyperkalemia. 1 There is characteristic basophilic, amorphous foreign material in airspaces on histologic sections. The identity of this material can be confirmed by Fourier transform infrared microspectrophotometry, 1 but this is often not necessary because of the characteristic appearance. The parallel laminations of the kayexalate are thought to be an artifact of sectioning. 2 Aspirated vegetable matter and meat fibers may be considered in the differential diagnosis, but these do not have the parallel laminations of kayexalate. Kayexalate aspiration typically does not cause pneumonia, but there have been reports of cases of pneumonitis following its aspi
Limited value of balloon dilatation in calcified aortic stenosis in adults: Direct observations during open heart surgery

Percutaneous balloon dilatation was recently recommended as a treatment for management of calcified aortic valvular stenosis. This procedure was initially reserved for patients who were not considered surgical candidates; it is now regarded by some as an acceptable alternative for valve replacement. To investigate the validity of this postulate, balloon valvuloplasty was performed under direct vision in the operating room in 16 patients just before excision and replacement of their ossified aortic valve. Changes after valvuloplasty were evaluated by inspection as well as by geometric measurements. The authors found that balloon valvuloplasty did not make a detectable impact on valvular anatomy in about two-thirds of the patients and induced enlargement of the functional aortic orifice judged as "minimal" or "moderate" in one-third of the cases. In no patient was there significant increase in the functional orifice size. Other investigators have shown that hemodynamic and clinical improvement may be induced in some patients by small increases in the aortic orifice; based on the observations herein, such an improvement, if it occurs at all, would be short-lasting; the procedure should be offered only to those who present truly prohibitive risk by standards of modern surgery.
Heartburn refractory to proton-pump inhibitors.

The most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with heart-burn that persists despite the use of proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy currently is not known. In general, patients with heartburn refractory to PPIs may have more than one explanation for their persistent symptoms. These include uncontrolled esophageal acid exposure (“PPI failure”) in a small subset of patients, as well as other potential etiologies in the majority of patients who have controlled esophageal acid exposure on PPI therapy (“PPI success”). Some potential explanations for persistent heartburn in this latter group include hypersensitivity to acid reflux, nonacidic or duodenogastric esophageal reflux, as well as functional heartburn. Patients who present with heartburn refractory to PPIs should be investigated further to determine the potential cause. We believe the diagnostic modality with the most clinical usefulness is 24-hour pH and multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring with symptom index performed while the patient is on high-dose PPI therapy. This approach allows the patient to be properly categorized and also identifies a substantial proportion of patients who will have functional heartburn, a condition that should discourage the use of endoscopic or surgical therapies. Therapeutic options for patients with heartburn refractory to PPIs are limited and have not been thoroughly studied. As a result of the paucity of information, we favor a therapeutic approach based on the outcome of diagnostic testing.
PVRC damping and application benefits

Abstract This paper addresses three main topics: historical summary of the three PVRC damping positions for piping systems, the technical justification of the three positions, and the benefits that can be expected in application to new and operating nuclear power plants. The main elements of each of the three positions are as follows: • • Position (1) — Pipe system damping is 5% to 10 Hz linearly decreasing to 2% at 20 Hz and held constant at 2% to 33 Hz. It is applicable to both OBE and SSE and is independent of pipe size. • • Position (2) — Position (1) applies to bare and lightly insulated pipe. For heavily insulated pipe, the damping can be increased to 8% maximum depending upon the insulation ratio (IR). • • Position (3) — Same as Position (2) except, for bare and lightly insulated pipe, the 2% damping value from 20 to 33 Hz is increased to 3% and extended from 33 Hz to 100 Hz. The major benefits of adopting the PVRC damping recommendations are (1) a reduction in plant congestion (fewer number and smaller supports are realized); (2) improvements in reliability of the piping system; and (3) reductions in costs (fewer snubbers are required). Snubber reduction and optimization programs for existing plants designed to the Regulatory Guide damping values have shown that 50–100% of the snubbers can be eliminated with a typical value of about 70%. At least 50–60% of this typical value results directly from PVRC damping. The remaining 10–20% is attributed to other sources.
Perceptions of university instructors toward students who stutter: a quantitative and qualitative approach.

Abstract Many research studies have focused on perceptions of stuttering by various groups of people. However, there is limited research on the perceptions of university instructors toward stuttering and people who stutter. Therefore, this study explored the perceptions of university instructors toward stuttering and students who stutter, and their beliefs about classroom participation. Participants included 328 university instructors across a variety of disciplines at two Midwestern universities. Each participant completed a 12-item questionnaire regarding perceptions related to stuttering, students who stutter, and classroom participation. Of the 328 participants, 212 completed an open-ended question about their experiences and concerns of working with students who stutter. Results indicated that increased knowledge of stuttering is associated with positive attitudes toward students who stutter. Moreover, the participants in this study expressed a need for more information about stuttering and ways to accommodate students who stutter in the classroom. Learning outcomes: After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) discuss the challenges that university instructors face when working with students with disabilities; (2) provide a rationale for the need to explore the perceptions of university instructors toward students who stutter; (3) describe the major themes of university instructors’ knowledge of stuttering, and beliefs about classroom participation for students who stutter; and (4) discuss the need for disseminating more knowledge about stuttering to university instructors.
Strained layer AlGaAs-GaAs-InGaAs real-space transferred electron devices

Experimental results of two AlGaAs-GaAs real-space transferred electron devices, the negative resistance field-effect transistor and charge-injection transistor, which incorporates a strained layer In0.22Ga0.78As channel are reported. The negative differential resistance in the drain circuit has a drain current peak-to-valley ratio of more than 1200 at room temperature.
LikeMiner: a system for mining the power of 'like' in social media networks

Social media is becoming increasingly ubiquitous and popular on the Internet. Due to the huge popularity of social media websites, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Flickr, many companies or public figures are now active in maintaining pages on those websites to interact with online users, attracting a large number of fans/followers by posting interesting objects, e.g., (product) photos/videos and text messages. 'Like' has now become a very popular social function by allowing users to express their like of certain objects. It provides an accurate way of estimating user interests and an effective way of sharing/promoting information in social media. In this demo, we propose a system called LikeMiner to mine the power of 'like' in social media networks. We introduce a heterogeneous network model for social media with 'likes', and propose 'like' mining algorithms to estimate representativeness and influence of objects. The implemented prototype system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach using the large scale Facebook data.