cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural neurobiology of the olfactory mucosa of the brown trout, Salmo trutta.

This paper describes four investigations of the olfactory mucosa of the brown trout: 1) the ultrastructure of the olfactory mucosa as revealed by scanning (SEM), conventional transmission (TEM), and high voltage (HVEM) electron microscopy; 2) light and electron-microscopic investigations of retrograde transport of the tracer macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) when applied to the cut olfactory nerve; 3) SEM and TEM investigations of the effects of olfactory nerve transection on cell populations within the olfactory epithelium; and 4) ultrastructural investigations of reversible degeneration of olfactery receptors caused by elevated copper concentrations. The trout lofactory epithelium contains five cell types: ciliated epithelial cells, ciliated olfactory receptor cells, microvillar olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. The ciliated and microvillar olfactory receptor cells and a small number of basal cells are backfilled by HRP when the tracer is applied to the cut olfactory nerve. When the olfactory nerve is cut, both ciliated and microvillar olfactory receptor cells degenerate within 2 days and are morphologically intact again within 8 days. When wild trout are taken from their native stream and placed in tanks with elevated copper concentrations, ciliated and microvillar cells degenerate. Replacement of these trout into their stream of origin is followed by morphologic restoration of both types of olfactory receptor cells. Ciliated and microvillar receptor cells are primary sensory bipolar neurons whose dendrites make contact with the environment; their axons travel directly to the brain. Consequently, substances can be transported directly from the environment into the brain via these “naked neurons.” Since fish cannot escape from the water in which they swim, and since that water may occasionally contain brain-toxic substances, the ability to close off—and later reopen—this anatomic gateway to the brain would confer a tremendous selective advantage upon animals that evolved the “brain-sparing” capacity to do so. Consequently, the unique regenerative powers of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons may have their evolutionary origin in fishes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Venus: The 17- to 38-micron spectrum

A far-IR emission spectrum of Venus covering the wavelength range from 17 to 38 microns is examined which was obtained on five nights at an altitude of 14 km with the 30-cm telescope of the NASA Lear Jet. The spectrum is found to be characterized by an overall continuum level with noticeable absorption shortward of 20 microns and longward of 30 microns as compared with a 245-K blackbody. The continuum level is taken as implying a continuous source of opacity in the Venusian atmosphere over the entire range from 17 to 38 microns with increased opacity shortward of 20 microns and longward of 30 microns. It is shown that a haze of sulfuric acid droplets can provide the necessary opacity and explain the observed depressions. A pressure level of roughly 200 mb is deduced for this spectrum.
Fundamental Explorations of Spring-Varied, Free Piston Linear Engine Devices

The conventional crank-based internal combustion engine faces many challenges to remain a viable option for electric power generation. Limitations in mechanical, thermal, and combustion efficiencies must be overcome by innovations in existing technologies and progress towards new ones. The free piston linear engine (FPLE) is a device with the potential to meet these challenges. Friction losses are reduced by avoiding rotational motion and linkages. Instead, electrical power is generated by the oscillation of the translator through a stator. Meanwhile, naturally variable compression ratio provides a unique platform to employ advanced combustion regimes. Possibly high variations in stroke length also result in unknown dead center piston positions and greater difficulties in compression control as compared to conventional engines. Without control, adverse occurrences such as misfire, stall, over-fueling, and rapid load changes pose greater complications for stable system operation. Based on previous research, it is believed that incorporating springs will advance former designs by both increasing system frequency and providing a restoring force to improve cycle-to-cycle stability.Despite growing interest in the FPLE, current literature does not address the use of springs within a dual, opposed piston design. This investigation is an extension of recent efforts in the fundamental analysis of such a device. Previous work by the authors combined the dynamics of a damped, spring mass system with in-cylinder thermodynamic expressions to produce a closed-form non-dimensional model. Simulations of this model were used to describe ideal Otto cycle as the equilibrium operating point. The present work demonstrates more realistic modelling of the device in three distinct areas. In the previous model, the work term was a constant coefficient over the length of the stroke, instantaneous heat addition (representing combustion) was only seen at top dead center positions, and the use of the Otto cycle included no mechanism for heat transfer except at dead center positions. Instead, a position based sinusoid is employed for the work coefficient causing changes to the velocity and acceleration profiles. Instantaneous heat addition prior to top dead center is allowed causing the compression ratio to decrease towards stable, Otto operation. And, a simple heat transfer scheme is used to permit cylinder gas heat exchange throughout the stroke resulting in deviation from Otto operation. Regardless, simulations show that natural system stability arises under the right conditions. Highest efficiencies are achieved at a high compression ratio with minimal heat transfer and near-TDC combustion.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Comprehension: Relation between perceived actor and logical subject

Comprehension of certain statements (e.g., “The red truck is pushing the green truck”) was tested by requiring S s to place one truck relative to the second, which was fixed in place. For active statements, it was easier to place the truck described as grammatical subject. For passive statements, it was easier to place the truck described as logical subject, even though it was grammatical object.
Symptomatic hypomagnesemia in cystic fibrosis

other hand, in cultured cells exhibiting a high N A D H / N A D ratio and a lowered capacity for the metabolism of pyruvate, the aerobic pathway of production of energy may be restored by vitamin E. H Hypothetically, the restoration of vitamin E in muscle cells could normalize the metabolism and explain this rapid and partial recovery. In patients 3 and 9, the cerebeltar dysfunction and swallowing defect were, respectively, the last signs to appear in the year before vitamin E therapy. 5 In both patients these were the first signs to regress after 6 months of therapy. This indicates that early treatment may induce fast and complete regression of some neurotogic signs, an observation further reinforced by the fact that in patients 14 and 19, treated almost immediately after the development of the clinical signs, neurologic signs disappeared.
Methotrexate used in combination with aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic killing of prostate cancer cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) to drive production of an intracellular photosensitiser, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is a promising cancer treatment. However, ALA-PDT is still suboptimal for thick or refractory tumours. Searching for new approaches, we tested a known inducer of cellular differentiation, methotrexate (MTX), in combination with ALA-PDT in LNCaP cells. Methotrexate alone promoted growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. Methotrexate pretreatment (1 mg l−1, 72 h) followed by ALA (0.3 mM, 4 h) resulted in a three-fold increase in intracellular PpIX, by biochemical and confocal analyses. After exposure to 512 nm light, killing was significantly enhanced in MTX-preconditioned cells. The reverse order of treatments, ALA-PDT followed by MTX, yielded no enhancement. Methotrexate caused a similar relative increase in PpIX, whether cells were incubated with ALA, methyl-ALA, or hexyl-ALA, arguing against a major effect upon ALA transport. Searching for an effect among porphyrin synthetic enzymes, we found that coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO) was increased three-fold by MTX at the mRNA and protein levels. Transfection of LNCaP cells with a CPO-expressing vector stimulated the accumulation of PpIX. Our data suggest that MTX, when used to modulate intracellular production of endogenous PpIX, may provide a new combination PDT approach for certain cancers.
The devil is in the distance

An apparent discrepancy between two independent distance measurements to a faraway glalaxy may lead to a revised value for the age of the Universe. The latest distance estimate is based on the discovery of large variable stars -- known as Cepheids -- in this galaxy. But the blending effects caused by images of Cepheids being mixed with other stars may provide a solution to the distance problem. An apparent discrepancy between two different distance measurements to a faraway galaxy may lead to a revised value for the age of the Universe.
Orientation and alignment of atoms by beam-foil excitation

Abstract We have measured the beam energy and foil tilt angle dependence of the orientation and alignment of the 3p 1 P state of 4 He I after beam-foil excitation. The results for carbon and aluminum foils are compared.
The Mechanism of Velocity Modulated Allosteric Regulation in D-3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase CROSS-LINKING ADJACENT REGULATORY DOMAINS WITH ENGINEERED DISULFIDES MIMICS EFFECTOR BINDING

Abstract D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) (EC) from Escherichia coli is an allosterically regulated enzyme of the Vmax type. It is a tetramer of identical subunits and each subunit is made up of three identifiable domains, the cofactor binding domain, the substrate binding domain, and the regulatory domain. Each subunit contacts two other subunits through adjacent cofactor binding domains and through adjacent regulatory domains. L-Serine, the physiological effector, inhibits catalytic activity by apparently tethering regulatory domains from adjacent subunits together through the formation of hydrogen bonds to each subunit. This investigation demonstrates that cross-linking adjacent regulatory domains with engineered disulfides produces catalytic inhibition in the absence of inhibitor in a manner similar to that produced by the inhibitor. The inhibition due to cross-linking can be completely reversed in a concentration dependent manner by dithiothreitol. The active mutant enzyme, containing the engineered cysteines in the reduced state, retains its ability to be inhibited by L-serine, although at a 100-fold higher concentration. Hill plots of the serine inhibition of mutant and native enzyme indicate that the number of interacting sites remains at 2 in the mutant enzyme. The reversible inhibition of enzyme activity that results from tethering adjacent regulatory domains with engineered disulfides suggests that these domains move in some manner relative to one another during the active to inhibited state transition. These observations support the model which predicts that catalytic activity is regulated by the movement of rigid domains about flexible hinges and that effector binding prevents this by locking the regulatory domains in a state that produces an open active site cleft.
Response of normal and diabetic rat aorta to deendothelialization in terms of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α synthesis and cholesterol accumulation

The response of rat aorta to balloon catheter-induced denudation in terms of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis and cholesterol accumulation was studied in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. Initial studies in control rats showed that 1 day after deendothelialization, aortic 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly reduced (31%), and this was normalized at 4 days after injury. However, endothelial regeneration as indicated by Evans blue staining was complete only at 14 days after denudation. Diabetic aorta showed a more severe reduction of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production (50%) at 1 day after deendothelialization, but this was also normalized at 4 days after injury. Deendothelialization did not increase the accumulation of cholesterol in diabetic aorta. It is concluded that (a) recovery of PGI2 production in deendothelialized aorta does not parallel endothelial regeneration, indicating substantial contribution of subendothelial layer, in rats and (b) short-term aortic injury in diabetic rat will not influence the arterial repair process and cholesterol accumulation and is unlikely to be a contributing factor to increased atherogenesis.
A Machine Learning Approach to Automated Structural Network Analysis: Application to Neonatal Encephalopathy

Neonatal encephalopathy represents a heterogeneous group of conditions associated with life-long developmental disabilities and neurological deficits. Clinical measures and current anatomic brain imaging remain inadequate predictors of outcome in children with neonatal encephalopathy. Some studies have suggested that brain development and, therefore, brain connectivity may be altered in the subgroup of patients who subsequently go on to develop clinically significant neurological abnormalities. Large-scale structural brain connectivity networks constructed using diffusion tractography have been posited to reflect organizational differences in white matter architecture at the mesoscale, and thus offer a unique tool for characterizing brain development in patients with neonatal encephalopathy. In this manuscript we use diffusion tractography to construct structural networks for a cohort of patients with neonatal encephalopathy. We systematically map these networks to a high-dimensional space and then apply standard machine learning algorithms to predict neurological outcome in the cohort. Using nested cross-validation we demonstrate high prediction accuracy that is both statistically significant and robust over a broad range of thresholds. Our algorithm offers a novel tool to evaluate neonates at risk for developing neurological deficit. The described approach can be applied to any brain pathology that affects structural connectivity.
Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska

Coastal rainforests of southeast Alaska have relatively simple species composition but complex structures with high diversity of tree ages, sizes and forest canopy layers, and an abundant understory plant community. Wildlife and fisheries resources also play an important role in the ecological functioning of forest and aquatic systems. Clearcutting has greatly altered these forest ecosystems with significant decreases in structural diversity of forest stands and greatly reduced wildlife habitat. This paper synthesizes information on management options in older forests that have never been actively managed, and in younger forests to increase diversity of stand structures and their associated effects on biodiversity. Light to moderate levels of partial cutting in old-growth forests can maintain the original diversity of overstory stand structures and understory plant communities. In younger forests that develop after clearcutting, mixed alder-conifer stands provide more heterogeneous structures and significantly higher understory biomass than in pure conifer forests. Research has shown that red alder increases diversity and abundance of understory plants, and provides forage for deer and small mammals. Results also show a clear linkage between alder and improved invertebrate diversity in aquatic systems. A combination of light partial cutting in older forests along with inclusion of red alder in conifer-dominated forests could provide the greatest amount of diversity and maintain the complex stand structures that are an important component of these forest ecosystems.
Stimulus and motoric influences on visual habituation to facial stimuli at 3 months

Abstract Research has shown that the short-term reliability of 3-month-olds' visual behavior is lower than that of older infants. The present study examined whether reliability might be improved under more constrained stimulus conditions, and explored the contribution of infants' motor development to visual habituation and subsequent discrimination measures. Twenty-two 3-month-olds were seen for 2 visual habituation-discrimination sessions 1 week apart in which stimulus features were more constrained than in a previously conducted comparable study. The test-retest reliability across these 2 testings was better than that reported previously, suggesting that stimulus factors may be a critical factor in the reliability of young infants' visual behavior. Additionally, shorter fixations and more shallow habituation decrements were also strongly and consistently associated with advanced motor development.
Ex-dividend returns: The Mexican puzzle

Abstract We study ex-dividend returns in Mexico, where an imputation system entitles individual investors to a net dividend tax credit. Based on taxation, we expect ex-day abnormal returns to be negative or at most zero in Mexico. However, they are significantly positive. Because ex-day returns are positive even for stocks restricted to Mexican nationals, they are not attributable to foreign stockholders’ tax considerations. None of the market microstructure-based hypothesis in the literature can explain these positive ex-day returns. Ex-day returns in Mexico are a puzzle.
Optical properties of magnesium fluoride films in the ultraviolet

The dispersion of films of magnesium fluoride evaporated on quartz substrates was determined interferometrically in the ultraviolet from the wavelengths of the maxima and minima of reflectance and the thickness of the film. The refractive index of freshly deposited films was 1.375 at 4200 A and increased to 1.42 at 2100 A. The index increased approximately 1% as the films aged. The index of refraction of magnesium fluoride at the air-film and film-substrate interfaces, and the extinction coefficient, were determined from the reflectance and transmittance at normal incidence. The index at the film-substrate interface was consistent with the interferometrically determined index for the new and aged films. However, the apparent refractive index at the air-film interface depended upon the deposition rate and the thickness of the film and coincided with the interferometrically measured index only for the thinnest films investigated. The equations for the transmittance and reflectance of absorbing inhomogeneous films are derived. The density of the films was 2.96 g/cm3 and together with thickness was invariant with age.
Genioglossus Response to Airway Occlusion in Apneic Versus Nonapneic Infants

ABSTRACT. The ability to maintain pharyngeal patency is compromised in infants who have apneic episodes associated with airway obstruction. Since the genioglossus (GG) muscle is thought to be important in maintaining pharyngeal patency, we measured the GG EMG with sublingual surface electrodes during unobstructed breathing and in response to end-expiratory airway occlusion. Studies were performed in nine premature infants with mixed and obstructive apnea and in eight nonapneic control infants. Phasic GG EMG was usually absent during normal tidal breathing in both groups of infants, however, GG activity typically appeared during airway occlusion. The response of the GG muscle during airway occlusion differed between control and apneic infants. During the first three occluded inspiratory efforts, control infants had 42 ± 5, 74 ± 5, and 80 ± 5% (mean ± SEM) of their occlusions associated with a GG EMG response, respectively. In contrast, apneic infants had significantly fewer (13 ± 4, 38 ± 9, and 52 ± 9%) occlusions associated with a GG EMG response. There was a delay in onset of the GG EMG when compared to the onset of the diaphragm EMG and initial negative esophageal pressure swing, but this delay decreased with each subsequent appearance of the GG EMG in both infant groups. Infants with mixed and obstructive apnea thus have decreased activation of their GG in response to occlusion which may reflect their inability to recruit dilating muscles of the upper airway during spontaneous airway obstruction.
Constructive Thinking and Firm Disagreement Versus Neuroticism and Mild Agreement: Asymmetric Correlations of Content and Response Measures

Abstract All correlations among the principal content and response option measures of Costa and McCrae's (1985) NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and Epstein and Meier's (1989) Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) were surveyed in data from 303 university students. A bipolar cluster of adjustment-related scales, anchored by CTI Constructive Thinking versus NEO-PI Neuroticism (r = -.74), undergirded the 12 content scales' intercorrelations. Assenting and dissenting responses correlated positively across inventories and within firm, moderate, and neutral categories but correlated negatively across those categories. The content scales had notably asymmetric but consistently coherent associations with response options, strongest but opposite with firm dissent and mild assent and clearly weaker with firm assent, mild dissent, and noncommittal options. Findings indicate that response styles have psychological meanings that merit increased attention.
Morphologic and morohometric techniques for the detection of drug- and toxin-induced changes in lung

The lung is one of the main target organs of drug-induced toxicity. An assemblage of quantitative techniques is available to make precise determinations of structural effects. While stereology is the principal technique, particularly in its application to the parenchyma, other compartments such as the airways and vasculature demand modifications or different methods altogether. The new methods of molecular biology can now be used to uncover the mechanisms underlying drug toxicity and with a more rational use of image analysis are likely to yield quantitative data. Established techniques that quantify structural change combined with more novel approaches that utilize molecular interventions may emerge as exciting integrated approaches in this important field.
Comment on Vayda's review of good to eat: Riddles of food and culture

Good to Eat (Harris, 1985, 1987c) attempts to show that an integrated set of theories of human food preferences and avoidances can be constructed using a parsimonious set of cultural materialist principles. Since foodways are among the least understood of sociocultural phenomena, it is as a rare compliment that Vayda has found some of explanations "quite plausible," even if they have not been supported with "clear cut evidence" and even if basic theoretical principles and methods according to him are all wrong. Explanations in the social sciences, including Vayda's, seldom achieve a degree of truth greater than plausibility. At any rate, Good to Eat is nothing more than an atttempt to present plausible theories.
Scaling the prestige, authority, and income potential of college curricula

Abstract This paper develops the concept of “targeted education,” a theoretical ranking of college curricula, into a multidimensional framework. The new scales, based on the traditional stratification dimensions, prestige, authority, and income, are then used in a study of sex differences in the process of occupational achievement among men and women with college degrees. The targeted education scales predict occupational prestige and wages 7 years after the college degree, and they point out interesting differences between male and female attainment processes. In general, targeted education has a greater quantitative impact for men's occupational outcomes than for women's prestige and income, but results also suggest significant qualitative differences between men and women. A large proportion of women target their education toward, and end up in, an under-employed labor pool for the primary and secondary school system.
Differential changes of myocardial β-adrenoceptor subtypes and G-proteins in dogs with right-sided congestive heart failure

We have shown previously in dogs with right heart failure that the reduction of myocardial beta-adrenoceptor density occurs only in the failing right ventricle, while cardiac inotropic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation are reduced in both the right and left ventricles. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a post-receptor defect in the guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) existed which would explain, at least in part, the adrenergic subsensitivity in both ventricles of the heart failure dogs. Using both immunoblotting technique and the bacterial toxin-mediated ADP ribosylation assays, we found that the stimulatory G-protein (Gs) was reduced in both ventricles of the heart failure dogs. In contrast, there were no changes in the inhibitory G-protein (Gi). In addition, receptor subtype analysis showed that only beta(1)-adrenoceptors were reduced in the failing right ventricle of the heart failure animals. This study demonstrated that the reduction of beta-adrenoceptors in right heart failure was chamber-specific whereas the reduction of Gs was non-selective, occurring in both ventricles of right heart failure dogs. The findings further suggest that the reduction of Gs probably was caused by systemic neurohormonal activation, independent of local ventricular stress.
Space architecture: Schindler's 1930 Braxton-Shore project

Rudolph Michael Schindler (1887–1953) designed a beach house for Henry Braxton and Viola Brothers Shore in 1930. The house was to have been sited on Ocean Front Walk, Venice, Los Angeles [1]. It was never built, but remains a paper project. In the architectural drawings archives at University of California, Santa Barbara, there are both sketch plans and detailed plans for four levels: the ground floor, the main floor, the balcony floor and the roof level. There are drawings for each of the four elevations as well as sections. Constructional details are provided on five sheets. All told there are 13 extant drawings. In his signature upper case, Schindler typed a brief written description of the house [Table 1].
Analysis of isolated sea urchin nuclei incubated in egg cytosol

During fertilization the condensed sperm chromatin rapidly disperses and forms the male pronucleus. The possibility exists that substances which are concerned with chromatin dispersion may be present in the egg prior to insemination. To test for the presence of factors that may induce chromatin decondensation within the egg cytoplasm, a cell-free system was devised in which isolated sperm nuclei were incubated in egg cytosol. Isolated sperm nuclei incubated in egg cytosol underwent nuclear enlargement and spherulation, i.e., increased at least three times that of the original volume of the sperm nucleus. This effect was potentiated, i.e., relatively more protein became associated with sperm nuclei, when sperm nuclei were treated with 0.25 N HCl to extract basic proteins prior to incubation in egg cytosol. Incubation in cytosol from Physarum, transformed NRK cells or Novikoff cells had no effect on the morphology of isolated sperm nuclei. Analysis of the proteins which became associated with acid-extracted sperm nuclei showed that many had the same apparent molecular weight as those associated with male and female pronuclei. Analysis of egg cytosol proteins also indicated that many polypeptides had an affinity for DNA and the same apparent molecular weight as those associated with male and female pronuclei and zygote nuclei.
Decrease in Photovoltaic Power Output from Ripple: Simple General Calculation and the Effect of Partial Shading

The effect of voltage ripple on the power output of a photovoltaic panel is calculated and tested experimentally. Voltage ripple induces a much larger power reduction than would be predicted from a conventional small-signal model of the panel's I-V characteristic, even with small ripple amplitude. A simple expression is provided to calculate power reduction from rms ripple voltage, for any ripple waveform shape. The effect of ripple on power output can be much more severe under nonuniform irradiance as can result from partial shading. The results are important for 1) consideration of double-line-frequency ripple in single-phase inverters; 2) high-frequency switching ripple with any power converter in a photovoltaic system; and 3) perturbations and tracking errors in maximum-power-point tracking systems.
Effects of Antibiotics on Androgenization of the Neonatal Female Rat

In order to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action of neonatally administered androgen in inducing permanent sterility, actinomycin D (Act-D) or puromycin (PM), inhibitors of DNA-dependent RNA and protein synthesis, were injected sc into 5-day-old female rats simultaneously with 30 μg testosterone propionate (TP), or 2,4 or 6 hr before, or 2,4,6 or 12 hr after TP injection. Act-D inhibited the effect of TP when the antibiotic was administered 6 or 4 hr before the injection of TP. When Act-D was given simultaneously with, or 2 hr before the injection of TP, however, it had no effect on the sterilizing action of TP. On the other hand, Act-D administered 2 or 4 hr after TP injection markedly inhibited the action of TP. PM significantly inhibited the action of TP only when injected 4 hr after the androgen; its inhibitory effect was much less than that of Act-D at the dose used in this experiment. At 90 days of age, however, none of these groups showed an incidence of sterility significantly different fro...
Closure of mid-gestational excisional wounds in a novel fetal mouse model

INTRODUCTION: Studies utilizing mid-gestational wounds have been used to improve our understanding of excisional wound healing with mixed results; rabbit wounds expand while lamb wounds contract. We developed a murine excisional wound model and theorized that mid-gestational wounds would expand with minimal alphasmooth muscle actin(aSMA) expression, a marker for myofibroblasts, when compared with late-gestational wounds.
E-Selectin Appears in Nonischemic Tissue During Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose E-selectin participates in leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and the inflammatory processes that follow focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. The temporal and topographical patterns of microvascular E-selectin presentation after experimental focal cerebral ischemia are relevant to microvascular reactivity to ischemia. Methods The upregulation and fate of E-selectin antigen during 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=4) and 3 hours of occlusion with reperfusion (1 hour, n=4; 4 hours, n=6; 24 hours, n=6) were evaluated in the nonhuman primate. E-selectin and E:P-selectin immunoreactivities were semiquantitated with the use of computerized light microscopy video imaging and laser confocal microscopy. Results Three patterns of microvascular E-selectin expression, defined by the antibody E-1E4, were confirmed by complete elimination of E-1E4 binding after incubation with soluble recombinant human E-selectin: (1) Low immunoperoxidase intensity was observed in ischemic microvesse...
Rejection of bone marrow cell allografts by natural killer cell subsets: 5E6+ cell specificity for Hh-1 determinant 2 shared by H-2d and H-2f.

The 5E6 antigen, defined by anti-5E6 mAb, is expressed on one-half of murine natural killer (NK) cells, and we have previously demonstrated (C. L. Sentman et al., J. Exp. Med. 1989. 170: 1991) that 5E6+ NK cells are necessary for the rejection of BALB/c (Hh-1d) but not C567BL/6 (Hh-1b) bone marrow cells (BMC). In experiments described here, we have characterized the specificity of 5E6+ and 5E6- NK cell subsets for hemopoietic histocompatibility-1 (Hh-1) antigens. Prospective recipient mice were treated with anti-5E6 mAb and challenged with BMC from a variety of donors. In addition, H-2d/Hh-1d C.B-17 scid 5E6+ or 5E6- NK cells were adoptively transferred into irradiated, NK cell-depleted hosts and challenged with H-2b/Hh-1b BMC. The data indicate that the 5E6+ NK cells are necessary for the rejection of only those BMC that express the Hh-1 determinant 2 shared by H-2d and H-2f haplotypes of strains BALB/c (d), A.Ca (f), and B10.M (f). No reactivity to other Hh-1 antigens resides in the 5E6+ population. In contrast, the ability of NK cells to lyse H-2d or H-2b tumor cells was independent of 5E6 expression. These results suggest that the 5E6 molecule is likely to be important in the specific recognition and rejection of BMC that express Hh-1 determinant 2, and is probably not involved in recognition of "tumor target cell structures".
Nondispersive X-ray fluorescence in the study of rapid radiochemical separation of selenium from arsenic, germanium and zinc

A rapid radiochemical separation of selenium from arsenic, germanium and zinc based on the precipitation of elemental selenium by NaHSO3 is discussed. Yields of 90% and greater are achieved for selenium in 1 to 2 min. The kinetics, separation characteristics of the process and chemical yield of Se and trace contaminants such as Zn, Ge and As were studied using nondispersive X-ray fluorescence techniques.
Tropomodulin Capping of Actin Filaments in Striated Muscle Development and Physiology

Efficient striated muscle contraction requires precise assembly and regulation of diverse actin filament systems, most notably the sarcomeric thin filaments of the contractile apparatus. By capping the pointed ends of actin filaments, tropomodulins (Tmods) regulate actin filament assembly, lengths, and stability. Here, we explore the current understanding of the expression patterns, localizations, and functions of Tmods in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. We first describe the mechanisms by which Tmods regulate myofibril assembly and thin filament lengths, as well as the roles of closely related Tmod family variants, the leiomodins (Lmods), in these processes. We also discuss emerging functions for Tmods in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This paper provides abundant evidence that Tmods are key structural regulators of striated muscle cytoarchitecture and physiology.
Upper bound on false alarm rate for landmine detection and classification using syntactic pattern recognition

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the development of robust, cost-effective and high performance non-metallic landmine detection systems using ground penetrating radar (GPR). Many of the available solutions try to discriminate landmines from clutter by extracting some form of statistical or geometrical information from the raw GPR data, and oftentimes, it is difficult to assess the performance of such systems without performing extensive field experiments. In our approach, a landmine is characterized by a binary-valued string corresponding to its impedance discontinuity profile in the depth direction. This profile can be detected very quickly utilizing syntactic pattern recognition. Such an approach is expected to be very robust in terms of probability of detection ( P d ) and low false alarm rates (FAR), since it exploits the inner structure of a landmine. In this paper, we develop a method to calculate an upper bound on the FAR, which is the probability of false alarm per unit area. First, we parameterize the number of possible mine patterns in terms of the number of impedance discontinuities, dither and noise. Then, a combinatorial enumeration technique is used to quantify the number of admissible strings. The upper bound on FAR is given as the ratio of an upper bound on the number of possible mine pattern strings to the number of admissible strings per unit area. The numerical results show that the upper bound is smaller than the FAR reported in the literature for a wide range of parameter choices.
Osmotically Induced Cell Volume Changes Alter Anterograde and Retrograde Transport, Golgi Structure, and COPI Dissociation

Physiological conditions that impinge on constitutive traffic and affect organelle structure are not known. We report that osmotically induced cell volume changes, which are known to occur under a variety of conditions, rapidly inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport in mammalian cells. Both ER export and ER Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)-to-Golgi trafficking steps were blocked, but retrograde transport was active, and it mediated ERGIC and Golgi collapse into the ER. Extensive tubulation and relatively rapid Golgi resident redistribution were observed under hypo-osmotic conditions, whereas a slower redistribution of the same markers, without apparent tubulation, was observed under hyperosmotic conditions. The osmotic stress response correlated with the perturbation of COPI function, because both hypo- and hyperosmotic conditions slowed brefeldin A-induced dissociation of betaCOP from Golgi membranes. Remarkably, Golgi residents reemerged after several hours of sustained incubation in hypotonic or hypertonic medium. Reemergence was independent of new protein synthesis but required PKC, an activity known to mediate cell volume recovery. Taken together these results indicate the existence of a coupling between cell volume and constitutive traffic that impacts organelle structure through independent effects on anterograde and retrograde flow and that involves, in part, modulation of COPI function.
Fusion rules and vortices in p x + i p y superconductors

The ``half-quantum'' vortices $(\ensuremath{\sigma})$ and quasiparticles $(\ensuremath{\psi})$ in a two-dimensional ${p}_{x}+i{p}_{y}$ superconductor obey the Ising-like fusion rules $\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}=1$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}=\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\sigma}=1+\ensuremath{\psi}$. We explain how the physical fusion of vortex-antivortex pairs allows us to use these rules to read out the information encoded in the topologically protected space of degenerate ground states. We comment on the potential applicability of this fact to quantum computation.
Non-Arrhenius response of glass-forming liquids.

A Gaussian size distribution of independently relaxing domains is used to model the response of various glass-forming liquids. With a single temperature-dependent parameter, the model accurately characterizes the observed dielectric susceptibility of salol and glycerol [P. K. Dixon et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1108 (1990); N. Menon et al., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 141, 61 (1992)] over more than 13 orders of magnitude in frequency. The quality and range of these data allow quantitative confirmation of all assumptions of the model. As a function of temperature, the model gives excellent agreement with observed asymptotic relaxation rates (${\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$) via [ln(l/${\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$)-ln(1/${\mathit{w}}_{0}$)]\ensuremath{\propto}s\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, where s\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} is a temperature-dependent average domain size, and ${\mathit{w}}_{0}$ a constant intrinsic relaxation rate. Thus, the model provides a physical explanation for non-Arrhenius primary response, without resorting to the three adjustable parameters of the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher law.
Leadership for Literacy Coaching: The Principal’s Role in Launching a New Coaching Program:

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between principal leadership and variation in teachers’ participation in a new literacy coaching program: Content-Focused Coaching ® (CFC). Research design: Twenty-nine schools were randomly assigned to participate in the CFC program or to serve as a comparison. Interviews were conducted with elementary school principals and coaches, and teach ers completed surveys describing their experiences with their new coach. Correlation analyses investigated the relationship between the categories of principal support and the frequency of teachers’ participation in individual coaching activities. Principals’ actions and beliefs were also compared across schools, with teachers’ relatively high and low participation in coaching, to identify patterns in principal leadership. Findings: Principal leadership was significantly associated with the frequency with which teachers conferred with their new CFC coach and were observed by their new coach as teaching reading comprehension lessons. Principal behaviors associated with teachers’ increased engagement with coaches included actively participating in the CFC program and publicly endorsing the coach as a source of literacy expertise to teachers. Principal beliefs
Cancer Epigenetics: Tumor Heterogeneity, Plasticity of Stem-like States, and Drug Resistance

The existence of subpopulations of cells in cancers with increased tumor-initiating capacities and self-renewal potential, often termed "cancer stem cells," is a much discussed and key area of cancer biology. Such cellular heterogeneity is very important because of its impact on therapy and especially states of treatment resistance. A major question is whether there is plasticity for evolution of these cell states during tumorigenesis that can involve movement between cell populations in a reversible fashion. In this review, we discuss the possible role of epigenetic abnormalities as well as genetic alterations in such dynamics and in the creation of cellular heterogeneity in cancers of all types.
Aerodynamic performance of a 5-m diameter Darrieus turbine

A 5-m-diam vertical-axis wind turbine has undergone continued testing since 1976 at the Sandia National Laboratories Wind Turbine Site. The latest tests of this machine have been with extruded aluminum blades of NACA-0015 airfoil cross section. The results of these tests at several turbine rotational speeds are presented and compared with earlier test results. A performance comparison is made with a vortex/lifting line computational code. The performance of the turbine with the extruded blades met all expectations.
Comparison of Inductively Coupled Plasma with Classical Analytical Techniques in the Analysis of Southern Oregon Lithia Water: Inclusion of a Local Resource in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum

Abstract Lithia water, a community resource of local historical significance, is described as a central theme in the undergraduate analytical chemistry sequence. A statistical comparison of the classical determination of major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3 −, Cl−) reinforces statistical and charge‐balance concepts covered in analytical chemistry. Subsequent determination of these major cations by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) enables students to statistically evaluate the presence of bias between instrumental and classical methods. The effect of easily ionized elements on ICP calibration sensitivity and linearity via the use of cesium as an ionization suppressor is reported.
Megaelectronvolt ion irradiation effects in amorphous carbon: the roles of the CH and CC bonds

The electronic excitation of the target atoms by megaelectronvolt ion bombardment is responsible for the initiation of a number of damage processes. In the work described here we discuss secondary-electron emission, loss of bound hydrogen, and graphite formation in amorphous carbon films under irradiation by heavy ions. A mechanism that appears to underlie these effects is that of C-H and C-C bond breaking by the secondary electrons that are generated along the track of the incident ion and which allow the transport of the ion's lost energy to regions away from track. Model calculations based on this mechanism are in agreement with the observations. The production by such ion bombardment of small graphite crystals in the poorly conducting amorphous carbon matrix allows the conductivity of the material to be changed continuously over a range of four orders of magnitude. This phenomenon and its possible applications are discussed.
Mitochondrial p38β and manganese superoxide dismutase interaction mediated by estrogen in cardiomyocytes.

Aims While etiology behind the observed acceleration of ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal women is poorly understood, collective scientific data suggest cardioprotective effects of the endogenous female sex hormone, estrogen. We have previously shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) protects cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) by inhibiting p38α - p53 signaling in apoptosis and activating pro-survival p38β mitogen activated protein kinase (p38β MAPK), leading to suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) post H/R. However, little is known about the mechanism behind the antioxidant actions of E2-dependent p38β. The aim of this study is to determine whether the cytoprotection by estrogen involves regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a major mitochondrial ROS scavenging enzyme, via cardiac p38β.
Clinical Preventive Services Efficacy and Adolescents' Risky Behaviors

Objective/Background: To analyze the value of studying or implementing office-based clinical preventive services for adolescents. Most adolescent mortality and morbidity is attributable to risky behaviors, yet clinical preventive services to reduce risky behaviors are often challenged because their efficacy has not been demonstrated. Design: A cost-effectiveness model of adolescents' risky behaviors that compares standard practice with a program of screening visits for all adolescents and counseling visits for youth identified as high risk. We considered two risky behaviors, alcohol abuse and unsafe sexual activity, and five outcomes. Main Outcome Measures: Baseline cost-effectiveness of the program, minimum efficacy at which the program would be cost-effective, and sample sizes required for a trial of the program. Results: Assuming that the program is 5% effective at preventing risky behaviors, it would cost $3035 to prevent any one adverse outcome and $471 000 to prevent a death from an automobile crash or from human immunodeficiency virus infection. Assuming society were willing to pay $600 000 to prevent a death (a generally accepted figure), the program would be cost-effective only if it were 5.6% effective at changing behavior. At this efficacy, the program would have a cost per year of life saved comparable to or better than many other accepted medical interventions. However, to demonstrate changes in outcomes at this efficacy would require a clinical trial with between 4000 and 95 million adolescents in each treatment group, depending on the outcome measured. Conclusions: Studying the ability of clinical preventive services to prevent outcomes of adolescents' risky behaviors would be impractical. The decision to implement these programs should be made based on current knowledge and beliefs; their efficacy can probably be studied only as part of widespread implementation. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:374-379)
The ν5 perpendicular band of deuterated fluoroform

Abstract The results of an infrared diode-laser-heterodyne investigation of the ν5 band of deuterated fluoroform (CDF3) are presented. Infrared heterodyne measurements (410), together with the previously obtained 88 infrared laser-Stark measurements, 12 infrared-radiofrequency, two-photon measurements, 8 microwave measurements, and 22 submillimeter-wave heterodyne measurements were analyzed by linear least-squares fitting of the data with a 43-constant linear Hamiltonian. Most of the ground-state and ν5-state constants are obtained to very high accuracy, and the fit to the data is excellent. Examination of the data reveals effects such as A+-A− splittings and perturbation-allowed transitions arising from the mixing of kl = 1 and kl = −2 levels in the ν5 state due to (±2, ±1) interactions.