cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Constitutive Behavior of Underfill Encapsulants

Reliable, consistent, and comprehensive material property data are needed for microelectronic encapsulants for the purpose of mechanical design, reliability assessment, and process optimization of electronic packages. In our research efforts, the mechanical responses of several different capillary flow snap cure underfill encapsulants are being characterized. A microscale tension-torsion testing machine has been used to evaluate the uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of underfill materials as a function of temperature, strain rate, specimen dimensions, humidity, thermal cycling exposure, etc. A critical step to achieving accurate experimental results has been the development of a sample preparation procedure that produces mechanical test specimens that reflect the properties of true underfill encapsulant layers. In the developed method, 75–125 μm (3–5 mil) thick underfill uniaxial tension specimens are dispensed and cured using production equipment and the same processing conditions as those used with actual flip chip assemblies. Although several underfills have been examined, this work features results for the mechanical response of a single typical capillary flow snap cure underfill. A three parameter hyperbolic tangent empirical model has been shown to provide accurate fits to the observed underfill nonlinear stress-strain behavior over a range of temperatures and strain rates. In addition, typical creep data are presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Threshold voltage drift (PBTI) in GaN D-MODE MISHEMTs: Characterization of fast trapping components

V TH drift of GaN MISHEMTs under positive gate stress (PBTI) is shown to have a distinct fast component, independent of the gate dielectric material or details of the device architecture. The trap(s) responsible for this V TH degradation component are located at the GaN side of the GaN/dielectric interface. Since these fast traps have capture- and emission -times of the order of 10μs and 1ms respectively, its impact is not evident in the traditional DC characterization, yet it severely impacts device lifetime projections.
An examination of the semantic adjustment hypothesis of contrast effects in loudness judgments

Subjects were presented a series of soft tones for loudness judgments using a category rating scale. After several blocks of soft tones, sets of loud tones were introduced to be presented along with the soft tones. This shift in the level of the tones to be judged was employed to examine any contrast effects (shifts in judgment) for the soft tones in comparison with earlier judgments. The loud series was presented only on the 1st postshift trial block, or on the 1st and 5th such trial blocks, or on the 1st, 5th, and 9th blocks, or on all 12 postshift trial blocks. The form of the contrast effects obtained across these groups was examined for its support of Steven’s (1958) semantic adjustment hypothesis of category judgments.
Changes in ovarian steroidal and prostaglandin E responsiveness to gonadotropins during the onset of puberty in the female rat.

Female rats were killed during the days encompassing the first ovulation (32–38 days of age) and classified in different phases of puberty, according to criteria previously established. Serum estradiol (E2) levels were low in anestrus (A) and the initial part of early proestrus (EP-1), increased during the late part of early proestrus (EP-2), and reached the highest values on the morning of the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins [late proestrus phase (LP)]. By the next day [estrus (E)], Ej levels had returned to basal values. Progesterone (P) levels were low in A, started to increase in EP-1, and reached peak levels in EP-2. At LP, although still elevated, P titers were somewhat lower than those in EP-2. After the first ovulation, levels increased markedly, reaching the highest values on the day of the first diestrus (D1). Serum androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) increased slightly throughout puberty. In vitro ovarian E2 and P responsiveness to hCG increased dramatically between A and LP, t...
Membranes with topological charge and AdS 4 /CFT 3 correspondence

If the second Betti number b{sub 2} of a Sasaki-Einstein manifold Y{sup 7} does not vanish, then M-theory on AdS{sub 4}xY{sup 7} possesses 'topological' U(1){sup b}{sub 2} gauge symmetry. The corresponding Abelian gauge fields come from three-form fluctuations with one index in AdS{sub 4} and the other two in Y{sup 7}. We find black membrane solutions carrying one of these U(1) charges. In the zero-temperature limit, our solutions interpolate between AdS{sub 4}xY{sup 7} in the UV and AdS{sub 2}xR{sup 2}xsquashed Y{sup 7} in the IR. In fact, the AdS{sub 2}xR{sup 2}xsquashed Y{sup 7} background is by itself a solution of the supergravity equations of motion. These solutions do not appear to preserve any supersymmetry. We search for their possible instabilities and do not find any. We also discuss the meaning of our charged membrane backgrounds in a dual quiver Chern-Simons gauge theory with a global U(1) charge density. Finally, we present a simple analytic solution which has the same IR but different UV behavior. We reduce this solution to type IIA string theory, and perform T-duality to type IIB. The type IIB metric turns out to be a product of the squashed Y{sup 7} and the extremal Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black hole.more » We discuss an interpretation of this type IIB background in terms of the (1+1)-dimensional conformal field theory on D3-branes partially wrapped over the squashed Y{sup 7}.« less
Edge profile stiffness and insensitivity of the density pedestal to neutral fuelling in Alcator C-Mod edge transport barriers

Mechanisms determining the structure of edge temperature and density pedestals, which are associated with edge transport barrier (ETB) formation in tokamaks, are investigated on Alcator C-Mod. Experiments suggest a strong role for critical gradient behaviour in setting profile characteristics of edge plasma. The maximum pressure gradient scales as the square of plasma current in both H-modes without edge-localized modes, and in the near scrape-off layer in Ohmic discharges. In either case, the pressure gradient obtained, normalized to the square of plasma current, is a function of local collisionality, hinting that common physics may contribute to setting profile gradients in both confinement regimes. Varying the neutral fuelling source has little effect on density gradient scale lengths in the ETB and a relatively weak impact on the height of the density pedestal, even during aggressive deuterium puffing. Strong screening of neutrals in the ETB are observed, creating a challenge for fuelling H-modes in C-Mod beyond their 'natural' density. A simple pedestal fuelling model does not reproduce the typically clamped density gradients seen in experiment during H-mode puffing. These results suggest that a simple diffusive model for plasma transport is deficient, and that a critical gradient assumption for transport may be essential for pedestal modelling.
Thoracic injury potential of basic competition taekwondo kicks

A major concern in competition taekwondo is the injury potential posed by many of the powerful kicks used. An investigation of the kinetics of four kicks frequently used in competition was performed with high speed video. Velocities were measured, and energy was calculated. Typical values for basic swing kicks were 15 ms-1 and 200 J. Basic thrust kicks possessed 45% less velocity but 28% more energy than swing kicks. Linkage models were developed to simulate the motion and kinetics of the kicking leg. Injury potential was evaluated through thoracic compression and viscous criterion models. These models predict a significant probability of serious injury with all kicks, with thoracic deflections from 3 to 5 cm and peak viscous tolerance values from 0.9-1.4 ms-1, when no protective body equipment is used.
Mitochondrial-DNA Phylogeny of Species of the Boylii and Truei Groups of the Genus Peromyscus

The mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) phytogeny of eight species of Peromyscus was investigated using restriction-site analysis with 13 hexanucleotide-specific restriction enzymes. Wagner, Dollo, and generalized parsimony analyses were conducted to determine how robust proposed relationships are to different phylogenetic assumptions. Although the different analyses predicted somewhat different mtDNA phytogenies, certain relationships seem clear. P. leucopus does not seem to be closely related to taxa of the boylii and truei species groups. P. attwateri, P. difficilis , and P. nasutus appear to be closely related to one another; based on the results of generalized-parsimony analysis, these three species may be most closely related to P. boylii. The relationship of P. gratus to other taxa is not well resolved. MtDNA data support the results of several allozymic analyses; however certain relationships proposed based on karyotypic analysis are not supported by either mtDNA or allozyme data.
Invisible waves and hidden realms: augmented reality and experimental art

Augmented reality is way of both altering the visible and revealing the invisible. It offers new opportunities for artistic exploration through virtual interventions in real space. In this paper, the author describes the implementation of two art installations using different AR technologies, one using optical marker tracking on mobile devices and one integrating stereoscopic projections into the physical environment. The first artwork, De Ondas y Abejas (The Waves and the Bees), is based on the widely publicized (but unproven) hypothesis of a link between cellphone radiation and the phenomenon of bee colony collapse disorder. Using an Android tablet, viewers search out small fiducial markers in the shape of electromagnetic waves hidden throughout the gallery, which reveal swarms of bees scattered on the floor. The piece also creates a generative soundscape based on electromagnetic fields. The second artwork, Urban Fauna, is a series of animations in which features of the urban landscape become plants and animals. Surveillance cameras become flocks of birds while miniature cellphone towers, lampposts, and telephone poles grow like small seedlings in time-lapse animation. The animations are presented as small stereoscopic projections, integrated into the physical space of the gallery. These two pieces explore the relationship between nature and technology through the visualization of invisible forces and hidden alternate realities.
Public-policy exception to employment at will: Innkeepers' liability for wrongful discharge

If an employee is terminated for exercising a protected right, the concept of "employmentat will" may not apply
Oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: A common sequela of salivary gland dysfunction

Saliva plays a critical role in alimentary events, allowing food to be initially processed, formed into a bolus, and subsequently transported through the oral cavity. Patients with salivary gland hypofunction often present with dysphagic complaints. We therefore evaluated the possible relationship between salivary performance and swallowing ability in such patients. Patients subjectively reporting difficulty in swallowing had significantly lower salivary flow rates (1/6–1/3 less) than persons without such complaints. Similarly, patients with documented salivary hypofunction displayed significantly increased duration (more than two-fold) of the oral phase of swallowing for several experimental swallowing conditions. Our results support the hypothesis that dysphagia can result from conditions leading to salivary gland hypofunction.
Explorations in an activity-centric collaboration environment

This demonstration presents a new hybrid collaboration technology that partakes of selected qualities of informal, ad hoc, easy-to-initiate collaborative tools, and more formal, structured, and disciplined collaborative applications. Our approach focuses on the support of lightweight, informally structured, opportunistic activities featuring heterogeneous threads of shared objects with dynamic membership as well as blended synchronous and asynchronous collaboration. We will introduce the system, and then invite audience members to use it in several exercises.
The organic constitution of several benthonic invertebrates from McMurdo sound, Antarctica☆

Abstract 1. 1. The total nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate and lipid levels of 7 benthonic Antarctic marine invertebrate species were studied at different seasons and from different localities for comparison with studies on similar temperature invertebrates. 2. 2. The protein level of most of the species studied is close to 50 per cent of the dry weight of the tissue. The most unusual observation was the high level of protein in the asteroid Perknaster fuscus antarcticus body wall, which is rather devoid of the usually abundant calcareous plates and is made up largely of connective tissue. The carbohydrate levels of the various Antarctic invertebrates studied compare favorably with the carbohydrate levels of comparable temperature marine forms. 3. 3. Only the isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus showed a high tissue lipid level, like other Antarctic crustaceans previously studied. The other Antarctic invertebrates had moderate or low lipid levels in their tissues, except in special cases such as the high levels in the ovaries of Perknaster.
MULTIPLE FACTOR ANALYSIS: AN APPROACH TO ATTITUDE VALIDATION

The knowledge explosion in combination with an overcrowded curriculum at all educational levels is causing many educators to place greater emphasis on attitude conceptualization. This paper confronts two interrelated problems, that problem dealing with the psychological concept of attitudes and the problem of attitude measurement. Conceptually, attitudes are explored from an affective, cognitive, behavioral, and biologic dimension. The result is a comprehensive attitude concept. The problem of attitude measurement is not that attitudes exist, nor that they are specific or general, but lies in the way that they are organized. With the current emphasis on computerized research and data analysis, it is astonishing that multiple factor analysis has been so infrequently used for attitude validation and instrumentation. As a measurement and analytic technique, multiple factor analysis provides the intrinsic power to isolate and identify attitudinal factors. Multiple factor analysis is a measurement technique de...
Inhibitory effect of nitrate on reduction of N2O to N2 by soil microorganisms

Abstract The ability of soils to reduce N 2 O to N 2 depends very largely on their NO 3 − content. Low concentrations of NO 3 − delay reduction of N 2 O to N 2 by soil microorganisms, and high concentrations of NO 3 − almost completely inhibit this process. The inhibitory effect of NO 3 − on N 2 O reduction increases markedly with decrease in soil pH. These observations account for the finding in previous work that accumulation of N 2 O during denitrification of NO 3 − in soils incubated in closed systems is favored by high NO 3 − concentration and by low pH. They also indicate that, even if increased N fertilization of soils does not lead to a significant increase in the amount of N volatilized from soils as N 2 and N 2 O through denitrification of NO 3 − , it may cause a substantial increase in the ratio of N 2 O to N 2 and thereby pose a threat to the stratospheric ozone layer.
Sonar projector array drive signal source

A three-phase generator is used to directly drive an array of electroacoustic transducers without the usual high power amplifiers. Complex signals having general spectra are generated by driving the generator rotor field with an excitation comprised of in-phase and quadrature components. These components are appropriately transformed so that a readily available three-phase wound rotor machine can be used without modification. The three output phases of the generator are connected to a multi-tapped delta connected transformer. Appropriate tap connection for each transducer allows achieving the desired voltage and phase angle. Freedom in choosing taps simultaneously allows balancing of the generator load.
Theory of chiral-racemic mixtures near the Smectic C-Smectic A transition point: dependence of spontaneous polarization and transition temperature on enantiometric excess

A simple theoretical model is proposed for describing thermodynamic properties of chiral- racemic mixtures. It is shown that in the case of chiral-racemic mixtures, spontaneous polarization tends to be linear and Smectic C--Smectic A transition temperature--quadratic function of the enantiometric excess, which is confirmed by our experimental data.
A Conjecture on Nonlocal Random Tight-Binding Models

It is conjectured, with the aid of numerical studies, that the site random tight-binding model with the long-range hopping term (decaying more slowly than any exponential function) exhibits nonexponentially localized eigenstates. For example, if the hopping term decays as exp[−√x], then the eigenfunctions decay as exp[−√x].
Validation of 3-D Electromagnetic-Thermal Model for Microwave Food Processing

A numerical model was developed to study the electromagnetic field and thermal phenomena during microwave heating food processing. Three-dimensional finite difference time domain and finite element integration is presented for the analysis of the electromagnetic field distribution and temperature distribution. Experimental measurements validated 3-D model of microwave food processing for the electromagnetic and thermal phenomena. The extensive numerical simulations were used to study effect of various processing parameters on the heating patterns in food package in a 915 MHz microwave applicator. Computed results are presented for the electric field distribution, power absorption and temperature profile for the food sterilization processing in Microwave-Circulated Water Combination (MCWC) heating system.© 2005 ASME
Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Insulin Resistance and Glucose Tolerance in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Context: Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes are common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to metabolic dysfunction. We studied women with and without PCOS to determine the extent to which OSA is responsible for insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in PCOS. Methods: In a prospective design, 52 women with PCOS and 21 women without PCOS of similar age and body mass index had an overnight polysomnogram and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Results: Twenty-nine women (56%) with PCOS had OSA compared with four controls (19%) (adjusted odds ratio 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–45.7; P = 0.01). PCOS women with OSA were more insulin resistant than those without OSA [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index 5.7 ± 0.4 vs. 3.5 ± 0.4; P = 0.006] after controlling for age, body mass index, and ethnicity. Impaired glucose tolerance was found in 16 of 29 (55%) PCOS women with OSA and only six of 23 (26%) of those without OSA (unadjusted P = 0.049). Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance were highly correlated with the presence and severity of OSA. Among PCOS women with normal glucose tolerance, the presence of OSA was associated with a nearly 2-fold higher fasting insulin level and HOMA index. The severity of OSA was a highly significant predictor of the fasting concentrations of glucose and insulin as well as the 2-h glucose concentration and HOMA index. Conclusions: OSA is a highly prevalent and important determinant of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes in PCOS.
Germline epigenetics, and reprogramming in zebrafish early embryos

Early vertebrate embryos must achieve totipotency and prepare for zygotic genome activation (ZGA). To better understand, we determined DNAme profiles of zebrafish gametes, multiple embryo stages flanking ZGA, and somatic muscle - and compared them to gene activity and histone modifications. First, sperm chromatin patterns are virtually identical to those at ZGA. Unexpectedly, in the oocyte many genes important for germline functions (ie. piwil1) or early development (ie. hox genes) are DNA methylated - yet demethylated during zygotic/cleavage stages to precisely the state observed in sperm. Remarkably, this cohort constitutes the genes/loci that acquire DNAme during development (ie. ZGA to muscle). Furthermore, DNA methyltransferase inhibition experiments suggests that DNAme silences particular gene/chromatin cohorts at ZGA, preventing their precocious expression. Thus, zebrafish appear to achieve a 'totipotent' chromatin state at ZGA through paternal genome competency, maternal genome DNA demethylation/reprogramming, and the imposition of DNA methylation on genes needed later in development.
Cut Vertices in Zero-Divisor Graphs of Finite Commutative Rings

A cut vertex of a connected graph is a vertex whose removal would result in a graph having two or more connected components. We examine the presence of cut vertices in zero-divisor graphs of finite commutative rings and provide a partial classification of the rings in which they appear.
Changes in FADD levels, distribution, and phosphorylation in TNFα-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes is caspase-3, caspase-8 and BID dependent

FADD/MORT1 (The adaptor protein of Fas Associate Death Domain/Mediator of Receptor Induced Toxicity) is essential for signal transduction of death receptor signaling. We have previously shown that FADD is significantly up-regulated in TNFα/ActD induced apoptosis. Over-expression of FADD also induces death of lung cancer cells and primary hepatocytes. We hypothesize that the increase in detectable FADD levels require the proximal steps in apoptotic signaling and speculated that FADD would be redistributed in cells destined to undergo apoptosis. We show that monomeric non-phosphorylated FADD is up-regulated in hepatocytes treated with TNFα/ActD and that it accumulates in the cytoplasm. Nuclear phosphorylated FADD decreases with TNFα/ActD treatment. Dimeric FADD in the cytoplasm remains constant with TNFα/ActD. The change in FADD levels and distribution was dependent on caspase-3, caspase-8 activity and the presence of BID. Thus, changes in FADD levels and distribution are downstream of caspase activation and mitochondria changes that are initiated by the formation of the DISC complex. Changes in FADD levels and distribution may represent a novel feed-forward mechanism to propagate apoptosis signaling in hepatocytes.
Muciliary transport in newt lungs: The ultrastructure of the ciliary apparatus in isolated epithelial sheets and in functional Tritonextracted models

High voltage and conventional electron microscopy were used to investigate the ultrastructure of the ciliary apparatus in intact and in Triton-extracted, reactivated sheets of mucociliary epithelium isolated from newt lung. Each long (about 13 microns) ciliary axoneme terminates on a barrel-shaped basal body which is anchored in the apical cytoplasm by a variety of accessory structures. A basal foot is associated with the midpoint of each basal body and acts as a focal point for numerous microtubules (MTs). In many cases MTs can be seen to interconnect the feet of neighbouring basal bodies. Attached to the proximal end of each basal body and extending in a direction opposite the basal foot is a large 'ciliary root'. Each ciliary root is associated with a distinct bundle of 6-7 nm microfilaments which appear to stain with the specific F-actin probe NBD-phallacidin. A single 3-4 microns long striated rootlet inserts into each ciliary root and extends toward the cell nucleus through an extensive network of microfilaments. At the level of the basal plate 'Y-shaped' structures appear to connect each axonemal outer doublet MT to the plasma membrane. All of these ciliary accessory structures are present in the same relationship in Triton-extracted models. Their morphology and distribution indicates that they serve to anchor the cilia in the apical cytoplasm. In addition some of these structures appear to be responsible for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the ciliary field in the demembranated and reactivated models.
Conformational constraints of amino acid side chains in α‐helices

The conformational freedom of amino acid side chains is strongly reduced when the side chains occur on an α-helix. A quantitative evaluation of this freedom has been carried out by means of conformational energy computations for all naturally occurring amino acids and for α-aminobutyric acid when they are placed in the middle of a right-handed poly(L-alanine) α-helix. One of the three possible rotameric states for rotation around the Cα Cβ bond (viz. g+) is excluded completely on the helix because of steric hindrance, and the relative populations of the other two rotamers (t and g−) are altered because of steric interactions and the reduction of hydrogen-bonding possibilities. The computed tendencies of the changes in distributions of rotamers, on going from an ensemble of all backbone conformations to the α-helix, agree with the observed tendencies in proteins. Minimum-energy side-chain conformations in an α-helix have been tabulated for use in conformational energy computations on polypeptides.
A Model System of Oral HIV Exposure, Using Human Palatine Tonsil, Reveals Extensive Binding of HIV Infectivity, with Limited Progression to Primary Infection

Oral exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 results in systemic infection, but many details surrounding virus transmission remain unresolved. We developed a mucosal model, using human palatine tonsil with intact external epithelium, to study events after oral exposure to HIV. When applied to the external epithelium, semen from an HIV-seropositive patient and cell-free virus both established HIV infection in individual tonsillar cells. However, clusters of infected tonsillar cells were detected where the epithelial surface was damaged. Investigation of the initial events in HIV transmission revealed extensive and stable binding of HIV virions and seminal cells to tonsil epithelium. In experiments modeling physiologically relevant events, the addition of seminal plasma resulted in enhanced virion binding to epithelial cells. These results indicate that, although extensive binding of HIV virions and seminal cells can be demonstrated at an exposed mucosal surface, there is only limited progression from binding to primary infection.
A reliability study of measurement tools available on standard picture archiving and communication system workstations for the evaluation of hip radiographs following arthroplasty.

Conventional radiography is the primary imaging tool for routine follow-up of total hip replacements, but the reliability of this method has been questioned. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of commonly used measurements of the position of hip prostheses on postoperative radiographs with use of tools available on all standard picture archiving and communication system workstations.
Analysis of Composition, Molecular Weight, and Water Content Variations in Sodium Alginate Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy has become more prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry due to its nondestructive nature and the wealth of information it can provide on a wide variety of solid samples. In this study, SSNMR spectra and relaxation times were used to analyze differences in monomer composition, molecular weight (MW), and water content among various sodium alginate samples. Differences in structure could be determined via spectral deconvolution of SSNMR spectra, and differences in intrinsic viscosity, MW, and water content were found to correlate to SSNMR relaxation times. The technique was found to be selective and sensitive enough to detect these changes in sodium alginate even when diluted with another excipient and compressed into a tablet.
Cobalt: Organometallic Chemistry

Among the longest known families of organometallic compounds, those of cobalt display great diversity in their structures and oxidation states. The ligands accommodated in organocobalt compounds range from strong σ-donors such as hydrides and alkyls, to π-acid ligands such as carbonyls and phosphines. The carbonyl cluster compounds of cobalt are numerous and they play a major role in catalytic reactions of enormous industrial importance such as hydroformylation reactions (conversion of alkenes to aldehydes) and Pauson–Khand cycloaddition (production of cyclic ketones). Cobalt is an electron-rich late transition metal, a property reflected throughout its organometallic chemistry. Thus, the carbonyl ‘hydride’ HCo(CO)4 is actually a strong acid and does not have ‘hydridic’ (H−) properties. Similarly, cobalt does not complex to any group 15 or 16 heterocycles such as pyridine or thiophene. In contrast, boracycles are good ligands for cobalt in a sandwich complex because an electropositive atom such as boron incorporated in a π-cyclic ring stabilizes the electron-rich central metal. The cyclopentadienyl ligand is found extensively throughout organocobalt chemistry – not only in cobaltocenes, but also in half-sandwich complexes of the type (C5H5)CoL2, where L is CO, alkene, alkyne, or phosphine. The (C5H5)CoL2 complexes are useful in alkyne dimerization and trimerization. Cobaltocene itself ((C5H5)2Co) is easily oxidized to the extraordinarily stable 18-electron cobaltocenium cation, [(C5H5)2Co]+. Cobalt can be incorporated into carborane cages, which have been found to be efficient extractors of radioactive metal ions such as 90Sr and 137Cs in water at low pH. Cobalamins, which consist of a cobalt central atom in a substituted corrin ring, are examples of naturally occurring organometallic compounds, and coenzyme B12 was the first recognized example of a biological organometallic compound. Methylcobalamins play a role in biology, where they are found in microorganisms and can methylate mercury in the environment. Keywords: carbonyl complex; cluster complex; cobaltocene; hydroformylation; Pauson–Khand cycloaddition
Reshaping the Boundaries of Community Engagement in Design Education: Global and Local Explorations.

Community-driven design is a current movement in the forefront of many designers’ practices and on university campuses in design programs. The authors examine work from their respective public state universities’ design programs as examples of best practices. In these case studies, the authors share experiences using community-based design processes, local or global, with their design students. Goals of these two case studies include understanding the varying context and the cultural implications provided by diverse academic and geographic landscapes. In one case, students traveled thousands of miles to experience a different culture; in the other, students traveled across the tracks and down the street for cultural diversity. The comparison of the two suggests that although the site conditions were divergent, the boundary-spanning methodologies provided similar outcomes among students, faculty, and community partners.
Degenerative Minimalism in the Genome of a Psyllid Endosymbiont

Psyllids, like aphids, feed on plant phloem sap and are obligately associated with prokaryotic endosymbionts acquired through vertical transmission from an ancestral infection. We have sequenced 37 kb of DNA of the genome of Carsonella ruddii, the endosymbiont of psyllids, and found that it has a number of unusual properties revealing a more extreme case of degeneration than was previously reported from studies of eubacterial genomes, including that of the aphid endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola. Among the unusual properties are an exceptionally low guanine-plus-cytosine content (19.9%), almost complete absence of intergenic spaces, operon fusion, and lack of the usual promoter sequences upstream of 16S rDNA. These features suggest the synthesis of long mRNAs and translational coupling. The most extreme instances of base compositional bias occur in the genes encoding proteins that have less highly conserved amino acid sequences; the guanine-plus-cytosine content of some protein-coding sequences is as low as 10%. The shift in base composition has a large effect on proteins: in polypeptides of C. ruddii, half of the residues consist of five amino acids with codons low in guanine plus cytosine. Furthermore, the proteins of C. ruddii are reduced in size, with an average of about 9% fewer amino acids than in homologous proteins of related bacteria. These observations suggest that the C. ruddii genome is not subject to constraints that limit the evolution of other known eubacteria.
IFN type I and type II independent enhancement of B cell TLR7 expression by natural killer cells

The PRR TLR7 plays a key role in the activation of autoantigen-reactive B cells. This response is increased markedly by IFN-α, produced by accessory cells, as a result of the up-regulation of TLR7. We report herein an alternative pathway by which TLR7 expression can be augmented. This finding was derived from continuation of ongoing studies to uncover interactions between NK and B cells. Here, we have compared gene expression profiles by microarray analysis of B cells before and after their interaction with purified NK cells. The most outstanding alteration of genes transcribed in B cells is a significant increase in the expression of many members of the ISG family, among which is TLR7. Further analysis revealed that the enhancement of TLR7 on B cells is not mediated via type I or type II IFN but by another cytokine, IL-28, a type III IFN, which acts in concert with contact-mediated interactions with NK cells. This increased expression allows B cells to respond more readily upon stimulation by its ligand and may increase in vivo responses to other TLR7 ligands, such as autoantigens, prior to or jointly with stimulation by other cytokines.
What Can Long-term Follow-up Teach us About Relapse and Prevention of Relapse in Addiction?

Summary This article reviews the treatment history of 100 hospital-treated heroin addicts and 100 hospital-treated alcohol-dependent individuals. The two cohorts were prospectively followed for 20 and 12 years respectively and factors related to relapse and freedom from relapse were sought. Premorbid social stability, especially stable employment history, proved a more effective predictor of long-term outcome than the severity or chronicity of addiction. Inpatient treatment exerted little effect on long-term course. For both samples, encountering one or more of the following—community compulsory supervision, a substitute dependence, new relationships, and inspirational group membership—appeared associated with freedom from relapse. The challenge of preventing relapse in diabetes is offered as a useful analogy for preventing relapse in the addictions.
Enhancing undergraduate education: a REU model for interdisciplinary research

This paper presents a successful model for undergraduate research where student participants work on interdisciplinary research projects; in our case, at the frontier between computer science and medicine. Students are part of research teams comprised of other undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and medical experts, participate in professional development and training activities within the larger group, and disseminate their results at the host institutions or conferences specific to the interdisciplinary focus. The model outcomes at the end of the first three years (2005-2007) indicate that the interdisciplinary model successfully 1) expanded the student participation in research by recruiting students who might not otherwise have research opportunities, 2) attracted a diversified pool of talented students into science, 3) promoted interdisciplinary undergraduate studies in computer science and medical informatics as well as in future graduate studies; and 4) trained students in all phases of research, including writing and presenting research papers at conferences.
Organization Ethics in Healthcare

Bioethics, clinical ethics, and professional ethics are mature, well-developed fields of applied ethics that focus on medical research, patient autonomy and patient care, patient–healthcare professional relationships, and issues that arise in clinical and other medical settings. However, despite these developments, little attention has been paid to the organizational aspects of healthcare in these fields. This is surprising, because in the last 30 years healthcare has become more and more institutionalized in provider, management, and insurer organizations. Despite JCAHO's preoccupation with organizational ethics during the last decade, the philosophical underpinnings of their requirements have been less explored in the literature. Clinical ethics remains preoccupied with clinical patient care and professional ethics with individual professional guidelines; even the American College of Healthcare Executives focuses primarily on healthcare managers, not on healthcare organizations.
Normalized sum-capacity of interference networks with partial information

In distributed wireless networks, nodes often do not have access to complete network information (e.g. network topology, channel gains, etc.). As a result, they have to execute their transmission and reception strategies with partial information about the network, in a distributed fashion. Thus, the key question is how good are the distributed decisions in comparison to the optimal decisions based on full network knowledge. In this paper, we formalize the concept of partial-information sum-capacity by defining normalized sum-capacity, which is defined as the maximum achievable fraction of full-information sum-capacity with a given amount of partial information. We then examine four deterministic networks, multiple access, multiuser Z-channel chain, one-to-many and many-to-one interference channel, and characterize the normalized sum-capacity. For each network, two cases of partial network information are analyzed: (a) each transmitter only knows the channel gains to its receiver, and (b) transmitters knows the channel gains of all links which are no more than two hops away. Quite interestingly, we show that in all eight cases (4 networks × 2 forms of partial information), the normalized sum-capacity is achieved by scheduling subnetworks for which there exist a universally optimal distributed strategy with the available partial information. Furthermore, we show that while actual sum-capacity is not known in all cases, normalized sum-capacity can be in fact be exactly characterized.
Authigenic Aluminosilicate Minerals in the Tuffaceous Rocks of the Green River Formation, Wyoming

The Green River Formation of Wyoming was deposited in a large lake, Lake Gosiute, during Eocene time. Throughout Lake Gosiute9s existence, nearby volcanism supplied debris to the lake basin. Tuffs are abundant and widespread in the formation and were highly reactive units. Reaction between glass and the lake waters produced authigenic clay minerals, mordenite or clinoptilolite, analcime, and potassium feldspar. Some tuffs are almost entirely replaced by authigenic aluminosilicate minerals. The alteration of the tuffs shows a systematic pattern with the clay mineral and zeolite alteration restricted to facies formed in relatively fresh water, and the feldspar alteration is confined to a hypersaline facies. We infer that the lake water ranged from fresh or brackish (SiO 2 = 10 ppm, K = 50 ppm, Na = 1,000 ppm) at a pH of 8.0 during the “fresh-water stage” to hypersaline (SiO 2 = 1,000 ppm, K = 5,000 ppm, Na = 100,000 ppm) at a pH of 9.0 to 10.0 during the most saline and alkaline stage. Brines were formed primarily by evaporative concentration. Organisms, reflected by abundant high-yield oil shales, thrived during the freshwater episodes, but were apparently absent or of minor significance during the hypersaline episodes; this is reflected by the presence of thick beds of trona and halite.
Chapter 8 Phosphomonoesterases

Publisher Summary Alkaline phosphatase is a nonspecific phosphomonoester hydrolase widely found in prokaryotes, invertebrates, and higher animals; plants, though rich in nonspecific acid phosphatase activity, are not replete in alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme has long been recognized in mammals because of its ready detection even in whole tissue preparations by virtue of its high activity at alkaline pH (example, pH 10). In mammals, alkaline phosphatase is an essential, tissue-specific, membrane-associated enzyme. It is required for the deposition of calcium phosphate as hydroxyapatite in bone. The proliferating zone of epiphyseal plates is the richest source of alkaline phosphatase in bone. The enzyme has been implicated in the accumulation of calcium and phosphate by matrix vesicles where it is attached to the membranes of those vesicles. In the disease hypophosphatasia, because of a mutation in the structural gene for bone alkaline phosphatase, humans are deficient in this enzyme and show poor ossification and bone development.
Emotional states and behavioral patterns in alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

Self-descriptions of behavioral responses in various emotional states by alcoholics and nonalcoholics revealed distinctly different patterns. An instrument measuring the characteristics and strengt...
Collateral Damage: The Health Effects of Invasive Police Encounters in New York City

The health effects of police surveillance practices for the community at-large are unknown. Using microlevel health data from the 2009-2012 New York City Community Health Survey (NYC-CHS) nested within mesolevel data from the 2009-2012 NYC Stop, Question, and Frisk (NYC-SQF) dataset, this study evaluates contextual and ethnoracially variant associations between invasive aspects of pedestrian stops and multiple dimensions of poor health. Results reveal that living in neighborhoods where pedestrian stops are more likely to become invasive is associated with worse health. Living in neighborhoods where stops are more likely to result in frisking show the most consistent negative associations. More limited deleterious effects can be attributed to living in neighborhoods where stops are more likely to involve use of force or in neighborhoods with larger ethnoracial disparities in frisking or use of force. However, the health effects of pedestrian stops vary by ethnoracial group in complex ways. For instance, minorities who live in neighborhoods with a wider ethno racial disparity in police behavior have poorer health outcomes in most respects, but blacks have lower odds of diabetes when they live in neighborhoods where they face a higher risk that a stop will involve use of force by police than do whites. The findings suggest that the consequences of the institutionalization of the carceral state are far-reaching.
Physiological action of carnosine

The material used in this work was produced by Drs. Louis Baumann and Thorsten Ingwaldsen. The natural carnosine was prepared by them from extracts of horse muscle, and the synthetic was produced by them in their work on the synthesis of carnosine from histidine and β-Alanine. For the method of preparation and the evidence for the chemical purity of the carnosine reference is made to the article by Baumann and Ingwaldsen.1The action of the natural and synthetic substance was found to be identical in all experiments. When tried separately neither the histidine nor alanine used by Baumann and Ingwaldsen in their synthesis of carnosine gave the physiological action produced by carnosine. Complete hydrolysis under conditions which do not destroy the action of other known substances having a similar action, such as histamine, did destroy the effectiveness of the carnosine. It therefore appears certain that the physiological actions described are due to the peculiarity of the dipeptid, carnosine, and not to any...
Commentary: Meeting future medical care needs: a perfect storm on the horizon.

AbstractRecent studies indicate that the number of first-year residency positions must increase to meet the United States' projected need for physicians, but these studies rarely consider whether it will be possible to increase the country's graduate medical education system to meet the need. State-
Quantitative analysis of brain galactosylceramides by high performance liquid chromatography of their perbenzoyl derivatives.

A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of monosialogangliosides as their perbenzoyl derivatives has been devised. Samples containing as little as 3 nmol were converted to their perbenzoyl derivatives by reaction with 0.1 ml of 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine at 60 degrees C for 1 hr. The products were purified by silicic acid chromatography and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC analysis was performed with a 50 cm X 2.1 mm LiChrosphere SI 4000 column and a linear gradient of 7-23% dioxane in hexane in 18 min. Detection was at 230 nm. The detector response was found to be proportional to the amount of monosialoganglioside analyzed. As little as 50 pmol of injected material could be conveniently quantitated. The overall yield from derivatization and chromatography, as determined with radiolabeled GM1, was found to be 86%. To take advantage of the high sensitivity of the HPLC, a small-scale isolation method for gangliosides was devised. This method coupled with HPLC isotope dilution analysis was used to analyze the GM3 content of 1 ml of human plasma.
Exploration and Analysis of Outdoor Sports Base and Forest Ecological Tourism——Take Dongshanjian Mountain Climbing Camps in Thousand- isle Lake as an Example

Outdoor sports base is an important carrier of modern forest eco- tourism.Dongshanjian,the highest peak in the first ridge around Thousand- isle Lake,has favorable background support,good natural environment and distinctive cultural features.Dongshanjian mountain climbing camps draws on the experience combinative development mode of forest recreation and forest ecological experience to build outdoor sports base in Thousand- isle Lake taking mountain climbing,skiing,tracing the source along the streams and wateracquatic sports as the theme,market outlook can be very promising,not only enriched the connotation of Thousand- isle Lake forest eco- tourism,also set a new benchmark for the state- owned forest farm to protect plant resources,maintaining the forest ecosystem and sustainable development.
Emerging Solder Technologies

Sweeping changes in federal regulations concerning solder assembly of electronic circuitry have stimulated considerable effort to find new and environmentally acceptable materials and processes. This work has led to solvents that are effective and efficient in removing flux residues from the surfaces of assembled printed wiring boards. Cleaning technologies are described that use recyclable solvents, such as supercritical CO2, and no solvents at all, such as laser ablative cleaning. Fluxless soldering with lasers is shown to be an attractive process for certain product applications. The results of a study designed to evaluate the reliability of circuits soldered with the use of “low solids “fluxes are presented along with initial results of a large effort to develop Pb-free alloys for soldering. Advanced soldering technologies, such as laser soldering, are discussed and results from continuing efforts in this area are presented.