cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-bandwidth scanned-wavelength-modulation spectroscopy sensors for temperature and H2O in a rotating detonation engine

The design and use of two-color tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption sensors for measurements of temperature and H2O in a rotating detonation engine (RDE) are presented. Both sensors used first-harmonic-normalized scanned-wavelength-modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection (scanned-WMS-2f/1f) to account for non-absorbing transmission losses and emission encountered in the harsh combustion environment. One sensor used two near-infrared (NIR) TDLs near 1391.7 nm and 1469.3 nm that were modulated at 225 kHz and 285 kHz, respectively, and sinusoidally scanned across the peak of their respective H2O absorption transitions to provide a measurement rate of 50 kHz and a detection limit in the RDE of 0.2% H2O by mole. The other sensor used two mid-infrared (MIR) TDLs near 2551 nm and 2482 nm that were modulated at 90 kHz and 112 kHz, respectively, and sinusoidally scanned across the peak of their respective H2O transitions to provide a measurement rate of 10 kHz and a detection limit in the RDE of 0.02% H2O by mole. Four H2O absorption transitions with different lower-state energies were used to assess the homogeneity of temperature in the measurement plane. Experimentally derived spectroscopic parameters that enable temperature and H2O sensing to within 1.5–3.5% of known values are reported. The sensor design enabling the high-bandwidth scanned-WMS-2f/1f measurements is presented. The two sensors were deployed across two orthogonal and coplanar lines-of-sight (LOS) located in the throat of a converging-diverging nozzle at the RDE combustor exit. Measurements in the non-premixed H2-fueled RDE indicate that the temperature and H2O oscillate at the detonation frequency (≈3.25 kHz) and that production of H2O is a weak function of global equivalence ratio.
Characterization of Anisotropic Diffusion Tensor of Solute in Tissue by Video-FRAP Imaging Technique

In this study, a new method for determination of an anisotropic diffusion tensor by a single fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiment was developed. The method was based on two independent analyses of video-FRAP images: the fast Fourier transform and the Karhunen–Loeve transform. Computer-simulated FRAP tests were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the method to experimental parameters, such as the initial size of the bleached spot, the choice of the frequencies used in the Fourier analysis, the orientation of the diffusion tensor, and experimental noise. The new method was also experimentally validated by determining the anisotropic diffusion tensor of fluorescein (332 Da) in bovine annulus fibrosus. The results obtained were in agreement with those reported in a previous study. Finally, the method was used to characterize fluorescein diffusion in bovine meniscus. Our findings indicate that fluorescein diffusion in bovine meniscus is anisotropic. This study provides a new tool for the determination of anisotropic diffusion tensor that could be used to investigate the correlation between the structure of biological tissues and their transport properties.
Meteorological Conditions at Racetrack Playa, Death Valley National Park: Implications for Rock Production and Transport

Three decades of weather records at meteorological stations near Death Valley National Park are analyzed in an attempt to gauge the frequency of conditions that might form and erase the famous trails of wind-blown rocks in the mud of Racetrack Playa. Trail formation requires the playa to be wet, followed by strong winds and/or freezing conditions. Weather records are compared with a limited set of meteorological data that were acquired in situ at the playa over three winters and that indicate freezing on 50, 29, and 15 nights during the wintersof2007/08‐09/10,respectively,aswell aswiththehydrologicalconditionoftheplayaasdeterminedby time-lapse cameras that observed flooding over ;1, ;5, and ;40 days, respectively, during those winters. Measurements at the nearby Panamint and Hunter Mountain stations are found to be a useful, if imperfect (;50%), indicator of Racetrack Playa conditions and give some features of Racetrack Playa’s micrometeorological behavior. Wind speed probability distributions suggest that winds that are fast enough to cause unassisted rock motion are rare and therefore that freezing of water on the playa has a role in a significant fraction of movement events.
Plasma renin activity in children with coarctation of the aorta.

Abstract Peripheral plasma renin activity was studied in 16 children, aged 2 to 13 years, with coarctation of the aorta and in 11 normal children. There was no significant difference in plasma renin activity between the two groups. Seven of the patients with coarctation of the aorta had angiotensin infusion tests, all of which were negative. In a group of patients with renovascular hypertension, a significant proportion had elevated peripheral plasma renin activity. These findings suggest that the hypertension associated with coarctation of the aorta is not associated with increased activity of the reninangiotensin system. The hypertension may, however, be renal in origin without operating through the reninangiotensin system. It is also possible that kidney renin secretion may be elevated to a degree that could lead to hypertension but not produce a detectable increase in peripheral plasma renin activity.
Amelioration of Degraded Rain Forest Soils by Plantations of Native Trees

Empirical evidence from temperate Europe and North America indicates that old-field succession, resulting in reforestation and a protracted period of forest fallow, can improve soil condition on lands once badly degraded. However, the ability of trees to ameliorate degraded sites in the tropics is widely debated. In 1988 eight native tree species: Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao, Inga edulis Mart., Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Ktze, Pithecellobium macradenium Pittier, Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp. et Endl., Virola koschnyi Warb., Vochysia guatemalensis J.D. Smith, and Vochysia ferruginea Mart. and three exotic tree species: Acacia mangium Willd., Gmelina arborea L., and Pinus tecunumanii (Schw.) Equiluz et Perry were planted on abandoned pasture land in northeastern Costa Rica cleared of rain forest 25 yr earlier. Four replicates of 0.25-ha plots of the 11 species and a control were established in a randomized in a randomized complete block design. All species survived fairly well, but some grew much better than others. The soil was thoroughly sampled before trees were planted and again 4 yr after trees were established. Although bulk density decreased significantly beneath eight of the 11 species, organic C increased significantly under only three species. Significant increases in base cations also occurred beneath the majority of species. Nitrogen did not increase as much as expected beneath the N 2 -fixing legumes; however, the availability of P was significantly enhanced beneath both species of Vochysia. The changes in soil properties were dramatic, and significant amelioration of these degraded soils occurred in a short time beneath the majority of species
Aspen Pellets as Partial Roughage Replacement for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Ten midlactation dairy cows were in a complete switchback design with three periods of 5 wk each to determine if aspen could serve as part of their roughage. Aspen pellets made from whole aspen trees contained (dry matter): 1.9% crude protein, 80.3% neutral detergent fiber, 64.5% acid detergent fiber, and 16.9% lignin. Diets contained either (Aspen) 30% of dry matter as aspen pellets, 30% as corn silage, and 40% as a 28% crude protein concentrate mix; or (Control) 60% of dry matter as corn silage and 40% as concentrate mix. Milk production, composition, and flavor were similar from cows fed both diets. Adjusted means for aspen and control diets were: milk production, 20.9 and 21.4 kg/day; milk fat, 3.49 and 3.50%; milk protein, 3.09 and 3.08%; total solids, 12.26 and 12.22%; and milk flavor judged on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 the best score, 8.77 and 8.77. Cows consumed 19.4kg of the aspen diet dry matter and 19.3kg of the control diet dry matter daily. Rumen contents from cows fed the control diet contained a greater concentration of total volatile fatty acids (48.7 and 63.2 μ mol/ml), but similar molar concentrations (mol/100mol) of the various individual volatile fatty acids as well as similar concentrations of ammonia. Aspen can serve as part of the roughage fed to lactating cows past peak production.
Molecular size distributions of a macromolecular polysaccharide (dextran) during its biodegradation in batch and continuous cultures

Although the molecular size distribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can affect the performance of biological wastewater treatment systems, limited information is available on the macromolecule breakdown in these reactors. In this study, we examined the degradation of a single, well-defined polysaccharide (dextran; 70,000 average molecular weight) in axenic culture using a dextran-degrading bacterium isolated from wastewater (CDC group IIi). In suspended batch and continuous cultures fed dextran as a sole carbon source, there was an accumulation of both intermediate (< 10,000 amu) and small (< 1000 amu) molecular weight carbohydrates in solution. In batch culture, the maximum increase in concentration of intermediate-sized carbohydrates was 14% (17 mg l−1) of the initial dextran concentration. In continuous culture, 54% of the effluent polysaccharides were < 10,000 amu although the influent contained less than 6% of this size fraction. This represents an overall net production in the small and intermediate sized carbohydrate concentrations in the chemostat of 143 mg l−1 (26%) and 116 mg l−1 (21%), under conditions where only 6% (34 mg l−1) of carbohydrates entering the chemostat were completely removed. These results indicate that polysaccharides can be released back into solution before being completely utilized by suspended microbes, producing large transformations in size distributions with only minimal changes in total carbohydrate concentrations.
The high level architecture: is there a better way?

This paper first discusses the basic design approach adopted for the High Level Architecture and the design goals that it addresses in the military simulation arena. Next, the limitations of this architecture are discussed with particular focus on the real-time information requirements needed to support its operation. Finally, the paper discusses HLA's inability to model complex systems with hierarchical command and control structures and the inherent limitations that this deficiency will impose upon the application of futuristic simulation technologies to military applications.
Physiological effects of feeding high levels of antibiotics and vitamins to turkeys.

Abstract The effects of chlortetracycline in the diet of turkey hens has been reported by White-Stevens et al. (1955), Greene et al. (1963) and Deacon and Patterson (1966). Physiological measurements of blood pressure and heart rate have been reported for turkeys at 6–7 weeks and 7–9 months by Weiss and Shehan (1958). Ringer and Rood (1959) studied hemodynamic changes in turkeys 8–22 weeks of age. Speckman and Ringer (1962) reported blood pressure and heart rate of turkeys at intervals to 24 weeks of age. Differences in performance of turkeys have been reported as a result of antibiotic supplements and differences in physiological criteria have been demonstrated between different strains of turkeys as reported in the above references. This report concerns certain physiological criteria determined on Beltsville Small White hens, 11–12 months of age, which had been fed high levels of vitamins and antibiotics throughout a twenty-week period.
Preparation and properties of some uranium selenides and tellurides

Abstract Selenides and tellurides of uranium have been prepared by solid-vapour reaction and densified by melting. Melting points were estimated and some structures were determined by X-ray analysis. Electrical resistivities, Hall coefficients, and thermoelectric powers of specimens of compounds were measured. The electrical properties indicate, generally, that these compounds are semimetallic conductors.
A Poisson distribution model for the generation of ‘mathematics concepts’ in problem‐resolution

A Poisson distribution model is proposed and shown as that which characterizes the occurrence of ‘mathematics concepts’ in novices’ generated information when they resolve mathematics problems of their level. A coding system is proposed and used to transform verbal protocols in mathematics into data that could be tested for their distribution‐fits. Verbalized protocols from three categories of subjects (advanced graduate, graduate and senior undergraduate students of mathematics) were collected as they resolved mathematics problems, and transformed into data that were tested for their fitness of the distribution using a non‐parametric Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (K‐S) goodness‐of‐fit test method. The result is an addition to the findings [9] that students’ generation of mathematics theorem is strongly related to problem‐solving performance while their generation of mathematics concepts is not. These results suggest that in human information processing (for resolving mathematics problems), the novices’ organization...
Coarctation of the aorta, biscuspid aortic valve and abnormal ascending aortic wall

B ecause bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and coarctation of the aorta (COA) frequently coexist,1-3 it is reasonable to believe that these malformations result from a single developmental diathesis. In 1972 McKusick4 added a third component. He suggested that manifestations of an abnormal aortic media are so frequently encountered in patients with COA and with BAV as to allow postulation of a common underlying defect. In his clinical note he said ‘I... BAV may be an expression of a developmental defect of the arterial tree which is also expressed in COA in some, in cystic medial necrosis in others, or in various combinations of these three.‘14 If McKusick’s suggestion is true, aortic aneurysm, rupture and dissection join valvular aortic stenosis and infective endocarditis as potential hazards for patients with BAV and continue to threaten patients with COA even after successful surgical repair. Numerous investigators have described one or another of these combinations, yet their clinical significance does not seem to be widely appreciated. This essay will examine the information that supports McKusick’s concept. “Cystic medial necrosis,” McKusick’s marker of an intrinsically abnormal aortic media, is commonly identified in patients with COAn5 This finding may not, however, be a definite marker of intrinsic weakness, for this histologic pattern is seen in older patients with no gross abnormality of the aortas.7 and may be absent in other patients with clear evidence of intrinsic fragility of the aortic wal1.8vg Schlatmann and Becker778 suggested that it is a nonspecific consequence of injury to the aortic wall resulting from hydraulic stress and subsequent repair. The wall stress may, in this construct, result either from externally generated forces (e.g., hypertension] or from dilatation attendant on intrinsic
Potential influences on initiation and persistence of extramedical prescription pain reliever use in the US population.

Objective Extramedical prescription pain reliever use has generated much public concern; however, little is known regarding its epidemiology in the general population. Methods Using data from the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002 and 2003), we explored demographics, drug use history, and physical/mental problems associated with recent onset use (initiated in past 24 mo, n=1528) and persistent use (initiated more than 2 y and still using within a year of the assessment, n=4400) of prescription pain relievers when taken without a clinician's prescription or not as prescribed. Results Adolescents and young adults were more likely to initiate extramedical use as compared with older individuals. African-Americans were approximately half as likely to initiate extramedical use as compared with whites (odds ratio, OR: 0.56, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.45, 0.70). Hispanics who began using prescription pain relievers extramedically were more likely to persist as compared with whites (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.52, 2.22). Reporting lifetime use of marijuana (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 6.86, 95% CI: 5.86, 8.03), cocaine (aOR: 5.36, 95% CI: 4.53, 6.33), and heroin (aOR: 3.87, 95% CI: 2.51, 5.97) was associated with initiation of extramedical prescription pain reliever use. Adults with mental problems were twice as likely to be recent onset users as compared with those without these symptoms, holding constant potential confounders. Discussion This study supplies data that can improve our understanding of factors associated with the extramedical use of prescription pain relievers among 2 distinct stages of use.
Effects of pyruvate on bovine heart mitochondria-mediated metmyoglobin reduction

Pyruvate can regenerate NADH through a variety of biochemical processes. However, no meat science research has determined if NADH produced via pyruvate can be used for mitochondria-mediated metmyoglobin reduction. Thus, our objectives were to assess the effects of pyruvate on mitochondria isolated from bovine cardiac muscle: oxygen consumption and metmyoglobin reduction at pH 5.6 and 7.4, 25°C in vitro. Both mitochondria and myoglobin were isolated from fresh bovine hearts (n=5). Mitochondria were reacted with pyruvate (50 mM), succinate (positive control; 50 mM), and antimycin A (mitochondrial inhibitor; 0.01 mM) and oxygen consumption was measured using a Clark oxygen electrode. Mitochondria (3 mg/mL) and metmyoglobin (0.15 mM) were reacted with either pyruvate, succinate, or antimycin A for 3h. Addition of succinate and pyruvate increased oxygen consumption and metmyoglobin reduction at pH 5.6 and 7.4 (succinate>pyruvate, P<0.05). Addition of a complex III inhibitor (antimycin A) decreased (P<0.05) oxygen consumption as well as metmyoglobin reduction associated with pyruvate and succinate. Results from the current study suggest that pyruvate can increase the ability of mitochondria to consume oxygen and reduce metmyoglobin.
Modified Coin Cells for In situ Raman Spectroelectrochemical Measurements of LixV2O5 for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries

In situ Raman spectroscopy is an extremely valuable technique for investigating fundamental reactions that occur inside lithium rechargeable batteries. However, specialized in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical cells must be constructed to perform these experiments. These cells are often quite different from the cells used in normal electrochemical investigations. More importantly, the number of cells is usually limited by construction costs; thus, routine usage of in situ Raman spectroscopy is hampered for most laboratories. This paper describes a modification to industrially available coin cells that facilitates routine in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements of lithium batteries. To test this strategy, in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements are performed on Li//V2O5 cells. Various phases of LixV2O5 could be identified in the modified coin cells with Raman spectroscopy, and the electrochemical cycling performance between in situ and unmodified cells is nearly identical.
Large scale bacterial gene discovery by similarity search

DNA sequencing efforts frequently uncover genes other than the targeted ones. We have used rapid database scanning methods to search for undescribed eubacterial and archean protein coding frames in regions flanking known genes. By searching all prokaryotic DNA sequences not marked as coding for proteins or stable RNAs against the protein databases, we have identified more than 450 new examples of bacterial proteins, as well as a smaller number of possible revisions to known proteins, at a surprisingly high rate of one new protein or revision for every 24 initial DNA sequences or 8,300 nucleotides examined. Seven proteins are members of families which have not been described in prokaryotic sequences. We also describe 49 re-interpretations of existing sequence data of particular biological significance.
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF ANTIPROTONS ON CARBON AT 30 TO 200 Mev.

The measurements yielded information on the antiproton-carbon scattering cross section for scattering; angles of 5 deg (lab) or more. A total of 70 antiprotoncarbon scattering events were seen in a total antiproton path length of 179 meters of liquid propane (density = 0.42 g/cm/sup 3/). The high ratio of the total antiproton cross section observed at higher energies on several elements also extends to the lower energies considered. (M.H.R.)
MMT Survey for Intervening Mg II Absorption

We present the results from a spectroscopic survey for intervening Mg II absorption in the spectra of 381 background QSOs conducted at the MMT telescope. This survey complements our earlier SDSS EDR Mg II survey, extending our results to lower redshift (z 0.15) and weaker Mg II λ2796 rest equivalent width (W 0.1 A). We confirm two major results from that survey: the transition in the W distribution at W ≈ 0.3 A, and the W-dependent evolution of the incidence of systems. The nature of ∂2N/∂z∂W is consistent with the idea that multiple physically distinct components/processes contribute to the incidence of Mg II absorption systems in a W0-dependent manner and evolve at different rates. A significant decrease in the total proper absorption cross section is detected in our MMT data for systems as weak as 1.0 A ≤ W < 1.5 A at z 0.4. We discuss this W0-dependent evolution in the context of the evolution of galaxy structures, processes including superwinds and interactions, and damped-Lyα absorbers. We also consider the possibility that the observed redshift and W dependence of the incidence of absorption in spectroscopic surveys for low-ionization/neutral gas results from the effects of dust-induced extinction.
Development and selection of γδ T cells

Two main lineages of T cells develop in the thymus: those that express the alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) and those that express the gammadelta TCR. Whereas the development, selection, and peripheral localization of newly differentiated alphabeta T cells are understood in some detail, these processes are less well characterized in gammadelta T cells. This review describes research carried out in this laboratory and others, which addresses several key aspects of gammadelta T-cell development, including the decision of precursor cells to differentiate into the gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage, the ordered differentiation over the course of ontogeny of functional gammadelta T-cell subsets expressing distinct TCR structures, programming of ordered Vgamma gene rearrangement in the thymus, including a molecular switch that ensures appropriate Vgamma rearrangements at the appropriate stage of development, positive selection in the thymus of gammadelta T cells destined for the epidermis, and the acquisition by developing gammadelta T cells of cues that determine their correct localization in the periphery. This research suggests a coordination of molecularly programmed events and cellular selection, which enables specialization of the thymus for production of distinct T-cell subsets at different stages of development.
Community-acquired bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical presentation, bacteriology, and outcome

Abstract purpose: Community-acquired bacteremia is an easily treatable infection occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although other studies have reported bacterial infections in AIDS patients, none have clearly described the clinical presentation of these patients. In this survey, we sought to define how frequently AIDS patients presented to our institution with community-acquired bacteremia; which organisms and sources of bacteremia were involved; the frequency that these patients presented with abnormal vital signs and white blood cell counts; and the in-hospital outcome of these patients. patients and methods: We retrospectively identified patients with AIDS hospitalized at San Francisco General Hospital in the 16 months between August 1986 and December 1987 in whom a positive blood culture was drawn within 24 hours of admission. Each of the patient's charts was reviewed for demographic data, relevant past medical history, clinical admission information, laboratory, data, and discharge status. results: We identified 44 episodes of community-acquired bacteremia in 38 patients with AIDS. These episodes represented approximately 5% of the admissions of patients with AIDS. The patients were young (mean age, 38 ± 7 years), homosexual (43 of 44), and in some cases intravenous drug users (nine of 44). On admission, only 57% of the patients were febrile (temperature greater than 38.3°C) and 23% of the patients presented with normal vital signs. Twenty-seven percent were neutropenic signs. Twenty-seven percent wre neutropenic (less than 1,000 neutrophils/mm 3 ). The most common sources of the bacteremia were pneumonia (10), an indwelling central venous line (eight), and cellulitis (seven). A total of 14 patients had no apparent source. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Escherichia coli were the most common organisms. Only four of the 44 patients died during their hospitalization. conclusion: We conclude that patients with AIDS and community-acquired bacteremia can present to the hospital without abnormal vital signs or white blood cell counts. Clinicians cannot depend on these data to assist them in excluding the possibility of bacteremia in patients with AIDS. In addition, due to the variety of organisms found in our survey, we recommend that broad-spectrum antibiotics should be the empiric therapy in patients with a suspected bacterial infection.
Characterization and Isomerization of η2-Naphthalene and η2-Phenanthrene Complexes of Pentaammineosmium(II)

A series of substituted-naphthalene complexes have been synthesized of the form [Os(NH3)5(η2-L)](OTf)2 (where L = 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2-methoxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-methoxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-acetonaphthone, 2-acetonaphthone, and phenanthrene), with two or more linkage isomers identified for several of these complexes. The ratio of these isomers changes over time in solution (acetone-d6) and eventually reaches dynamic equilibrium. The final equilibrium ratios and the associated specific rates are reported. In several cases, protonation of an isomer mixture generates a single naphthalenium species, which upon deprotonation provides the original η2-naphthalene complex as a single set of ring isomers.
Polyvinylamine at last

A sustained effort to develop and commercialize a practical radical addition route to amine functional polymers (AFPs) resulted, after almost 20 years, in the successful completion of a world scale monomer plant to produce N-vinylformamide (NVF). NVF is readily polymerized and its polymers are easily hydrolyzed to reactive and atom economical polyvinylamine (PVAm) or its salts. This highlight touches on work by many companies, but focuses on efforts at Air Products and Chemicals, tracing the origins, rational, challenges, technical and commercial advances, and failures. Practical routes to new AFPs, copolymers, and derivatives across the entire molecular weight range (MW 106) were achieved. NVF offers access to multiple water soluble, water dispersible, and nonwater soluble polymer markets, including papermaking additives and coatings, water treatment polymers, enhanced oil recovery polymers, radiation cure monomers, stabilizers, dispersing agents, surfactants, and crosslinkers. Lessons learned along the road to commercializing major new chemical technologies are also highlighted. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2257–2283, 2010
Uncluttered single-image visualization of the abdominal aortic vessel tree: method and evaluation.

Purpose: The authors develop a method to visualize the abdominal aorta and its branches, obtained by CT or MR angiography, in a single 2D stylistic image without overlap among branches. Methods: The abdominal aortic vasculature is modeled as an articulated object whose underlying topology is a rooted tree. The inputs to the algorithm are the 3D centerlines of the abdominal aorta, its branches, and their associated diameter information. The visualization problem is formulated as an optimization problem that finds a spatial configuration of the bounding boxes of the centerlines most similar to the projection of the input into a given viewing direction (e.g., anteroposterior), while not introducing intersections among the boxes. The optimization algorithm minimizes a score function regarding the overlap of the bounding boxes and the deviation from the input. The output of the algorithm is used to produce a stylistic visualization, made of the 2D centerlines modulated by the associated diameter information, on a plane. The authors performed a preliminary evaluation by asking three radiologists to label 366 arterial branches from the 30 visualizations of five cases produced by the method. Each of the five patients was presented in six different variant images, selected from ten variants with the three lowest and three highest scores. For each label, they assigned confidence and distortion ratings (low∕medium∕high). They studied the association between the quantitative metrics measured from the visualization and the subjective ratings by the radiologists. Results: All resulting visualizations were free from branch overlaps. Labeling accuracies of the three readers were 93.4%, 94.5%, and 95.4%, respectively. For the total of 1098 samples, the distortion ratings were low: 77.39%, medium: 10.48%, and high: 12.12%. The confidence ratings were low: 5.56%, medium: 16.50%, and high: 77.94%. The association study shows that the proposed quantitative metrics can predict a reader’s subjective ratings and suggests that the visualization with the lowest score should be selected for readers. Conclusions: The method for eliminating misleading false intersections in 2D projections of the abdominal aortic tree conserves the overall shape and does not diminish accurate identifiability of the branches.
Clovis mastic and its hafting implications

Abstract An amber-like substance recently identified on the haft-element portion (i.e. flute) of a Clovis point from the Hoyt site in central Oregon infers the use of this material as a mastic by Early Palaeoindians. Amber was exploited by Palaeoindians and provides yet another common cultural trait between Clovis and the Upper Palaeolithic archaeological complexes of Eurasia. The amber-like substance found in this context suggests a utilitarian, nondecorative, use for this material.
Liquor and Medicine: A Mayan Case Study in Diachronic Semantics

This article discusses processes of semantic change in the context of a Mayan case study. It presents a diachronic analysis of the meaning of the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya word pox—synchronically used to refer to sugarcane liquor (aguardiente) in various dialects of these two languages of southern Mexico—as well as of its relationship with the derived word poxil 'medicine'. The article argues for a dynamic of semantic change in which abstract meaning persists over time, through shifts in concrete referents due to sociocultural change. A specific semantic derivational process, involving extension from a prototype, is described in this connection. On these bases, the article also proposes a reinterpretation of the relationship between pox as 'sugarcane liquor' and poxil as 'medicine' (normally understood in terms of the synchronically observable major role of the alcoholic beverage in ritual and curing in the Mayan Highlands). Historical linguistic data, colonial sources, and historical and ethnohistorical elements are brought to bear on this claim, and the significance of this reinterpretation for Highland Mayan ethnography is suggested, as well as vis-a-vis diachronic versus synchronic explanation, issues of lexical acculturation, and the role of cognitive processes in affecting lexical change
Serotonin promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) predicts biased attention for emotion stimuli: Preliminary evidence of moderation by the social environment.

A number of studies have found an association between attentional bias for negative stimuli and variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). The current project e...
Validity of acute and chronic tactile sensory testing after spinal cord injury in rats.

article i nfo Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia. Measuring the development of allodynia in rodent models of SCI is challenging due to spinal shock and marked motor impairments. Assessment of SCI-induced allodynia is not standardized across labs, making interpretation of results difficult. Therefore, we validated sensory threshold assessment after SCI and developed a novel assessment of allodynia prior to motor recovery in a rat SCI model. One hundred fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats received T8 laminectomy or mild to moderate SCI using the OSU SCI device (0.3 mm to 1.3mm cord displacement). To determine tactile thresholds, von Frey hairs (VFH) were applied in Up-Down or ascending order to the dorsal or plantar hindpaw. The most efficient and valid procedures that maintain high sensitivity and specificity were identified. Ten Up-Down VFH applications yielded stable thresholds; reducing the risk of threshold decay and unnecessary exposure to painful stimuli. Importantly, distraction of SCI-rats with food revealed differential decay of thresholds than when distraction is not provided. The new test uses dorsal VFH stimulation and is independent of trunk or hindlimb control. Acute dorsal VFH thresholds collected before recovery of hindlimb weight support accurately predicted plantar VFH thresholds measured at late timepoints (χ² = 8.479; pb 0.05). Thus, standardized testing early after SCI using the dorsal VFH test or later using 10 stimuli in the Up-Down test produces valid measures of tactile sensation across many SCI severities. Early detection of allodynia in experimental SCI will allow identification of mechanisms responsible for pain development and determine targets for therapeutic interventions.
Cattle use visual cues to track food locations

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that cattle aided by visual cues would be more efficient than uncued animals in locating and consuming foods placed in either fixed or variable locations within a 0.64-ha experimental pasture. Eight yearling steers were randomly selected and trained to associate traffic barricades and traffic cones with high- (oat–barley mixture) and low- (straw) quality foods, respectively. Initially steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 food location/visual cue treatments: fixed locations/with cues (F/C), variable locations/with cues (V/C), fixed locations/no cues (F/NC), or variable locations/no cues (V/NC). High- and low-quality foods and their respective cue (or no cue) were placed in the experimental pasture. Individual animals were allowed to explore the pasture for 10 min twice per day every other day for 1 week. Minutes until feeding, first feed type consumed (i.e., high-quality, low-quality, or no food consumed), animal location and activity (i.e., feeding, standing, or moving), and total intake of high- and low-quality feed were recorded during each 10-min trial. At the end of each week, location/visual cue treatments were randomly assigned to another 2 steers, which permitted an independent test of each animal in each treatment over a 4-week period. Animals in the F/C and V/C treatments took about 2 min to initially locate and consume a food, compared to F/NC and V/NC animals who took nearly 4 and 6 min, respectively. The high-quality food was the first food located and consumed by F/C, V/C, F/NC, and V/NC animals during 79, 77, 67, and 54% of sampling occasions, respectively. Cued animals typically spent more time feeding (P=0.0004) and less time standing (P=0.005) than uncued animals. Cued animals had a higher mean intake than uncued animals of high- (P=0.001) and low- (P=0.04) quality food. Mean high-quality intake for F/C, V/C, F/NC, and V/NC treatments was 266, 245, 214, and 126 (±22) g, respectively; mean low-quality intake for the same treatments was 36, 32, 12, and 10 (±10) g. Cued animals also consumed more food per distance traveled than uncued animals (P=0.005). Animals located food quicker (P=0.03) and consumed more high-quality food (P=0.02) when food locations were constant than when they were variable. Our data strongly indicate that cattle can learn to associate visual cues with disparate food qualities and use this information to forage more efficiently in both fixed and variable foraging environments.
The promotion of olanzapine in primary care: An examination of internal industry documents

Media reports have discussed how olanzapine was marketed off-label for dementia and subsyndromal bipolar disorder. Much of this marketing occurred in primary care settings. However, these reports have provided few details. In legal proceedings, Lilly disclosed internal documents that detail the strategies utilized to market olanzapine. The current paper addresses the marketing of olanzapine in detail based upon a review of these documents. All 358 documents released by Lilly are publicly available online. Documents were utilized for this review if they were relevant to the marketing of olanzapine in primary care settings in the United States. It was found that olanzapine was marketed off-label in primary care settings for relatively mild symptoms that were framed as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. A key strategy in this campaign was the use of hypothetical patient profiles in detailing visits, most of which clearly failed to meet diagnostic criteria for any recognized mental disorder. Evidence emerged that olanzapine was also marketed off-label as a treatment for dementia.
Neonatal lupus erythematosus infants and their mothers: a 10-year retrospective study

Abstract Background Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a rare disease associated with transplacental transfer of maternal anti-Ro/anti-Sjogren syndrome A antibodies. The most common manifestations are cutaneous erythema and congenital heart block. Mothers of infants with NLE are either asymptomatic or diagnosed with autoimmune disease. The goal of this study is to investigate the clinical manifestation, prognosis, and association with autoimmune disease in NLE babies and their mothers in Taiwan. Methods Medical records of newborns with NLE and their mothers from two hospitals in Taiwan between January 1999 and January 2009 were reviewed. Twenty-five newborns (one set of twins) and 24 mothers of infants with NLE were included in the study. Clinical data, including characteristics of skin manifestations, the onset of symptoms, and infants' antibody titers, were collected. A diagnosis of NLE was made if the baby had heart block or characteristic skin lesions and maternal antibodies to Sjogren syndrome A/Ro, Sjogren syndrome B/La, or U1 ribonucleoproteins. Questionnaires were used to determine the mother's health status at the time of delivery and in subsequent years. Results Of the infants, 84% had typical cutaneous manifestations of NLE, and 16% presented with congenital heart block without skin changes. The cutaneous lesions appeared on average at 21.7 weeks. Thirteen mothers were initially asymptomatic, and the other 11 remained asymptomatic over a mean follow-up period of 3.9 years. Two mothers developed lupus nephritis. Conclusion There was a lower incidence of observed congenital heart block compared to previously reported NLE studies among Caucasian populations. Most mothers were asymptomatic before the birth of their NLE child, and few developed autoimmune diseases. However, continued follow-up of asymptomatic NLE mothers is recommended due to the chances of developing a life-threatening, systemic autoimmune disease.
Controlled Filament Non-Local Discharge (CFND) for Pulsed Electric Discharge Lasers and Plasma Chemistry Reactors

A new type of low E/N discharge, the Controlled Filament Non-local Discharge (CFND), is described. The CFND employs a unique cathode design with a “spiked” surface and built-in ballast resistors to stabilize the electron filaments generated during pulsed operation. Potential applications to the Electric Oil Laser and various plasma processes such as ozone production are discussed.
Diffraction of Low-Speed Electrons by a Tungsten Single Crystal

The (1-1-2) and (1-0-0) planes of a tungsten crystal were bombarded at normal incidence with primary electrons and the intensity of the full-velocity secondary beams measured as a function of azimuth, co-latitude ($\ensuremath{\theta}$), and primary voltage. A new magnetic deflection method of analyzing the secondaries permitted observations at co-latitudes down to zero. The crystal was outgassed 1550 hours at temperatures up to 1600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at pressures of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ mm of Hg or less. Strong sharp beams were observed in the $A{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ azimuth (Fig. 1) of the (1-1-2) plane at all wave-lengths which were used, and were found to be governed in every case by the volume equation ${n}_{2}\ensuremath{\lambda}=\frac{d}{{6}^{\frac{1}{2}}}+2(\frac{d}{{6}^{\frac{1}{2}}})sin(30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta})$ and in no case by the surface equation. This is the first time that such a pronounced deviation from the usual theory has been observed. The final average experimental value for ${W}_{a}$ was 5.52 volts which, combined with photoelectric and thermionic data yields a value for ${W}_{i}$ of about 1 volt. The values obtained for ${W}_{a}$ were unusually consistent. A few beams of the usual type obeying both interference equations were observed in the $B$ and $C$ azimuths of the (1-1-2) plane and also in an azimuth 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from $B$. They were all quite broad, however, and consequently no attempt was made to estimate ${W}_{a}$ from them. Beams were found in the case of the (1-0-0) plane which could be detected for various wave-lengths within the immediate neighborhood of their predicted location and which showed a tendency to vary in latitude in obedience with the volume equation, but became too weak to observe if the wave-length chosen was very far from the predicted value. Slight variations in the angle of incidence were found to have a very great effect on the observations. Some of those portions of the observations which differ from typical results obtained in similar investigations with other metals can be correlated qualitatively with the peculiarities of the tungsten crystal lattice. It seems likely that the explanation of the peculiarly governed beams observed in the $A{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ azimuth of the (1-1-2) plane and of Kikuchi's "N-pattern" for mica is somehow contained in the relation of atomic plane population to interplanar distance.
How to check the design for the possible reliability problems

Design reliability verification methodologies and software tools are discussed. Part of each methodology is creating a model that would describe the degradation process in a device or in a metallization layer. Examples of better modeling that would make design verification more efficient are given.
Toeplitz and Hankel matrix approximation using structured approach

Algorithms are presented for least-squares approximation of Toeplitz and Hankel matrices from noise corrupted or ill-composed matrices, which may not have correct structural or rank properties. Utilizing Caratheodery theorem on complex number representation to model the Toeplitz and Hankel matrices, it is shown that these matrices possess specific row and column structures. The inherent structures of the matrices are exploited to develop a computational algorithm for estimation of the matrices that are closest, in the Frobenius norm sense, to the given noisy or rank-excessive matrices. Simulation studies bear out the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms providing significantly better results than the state-space methods.
Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder.

Zimmerman M, Martinez JH, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 856–862. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Objectives: The morbidity associated with bipolar disorder is, in part, responsible for repeated calls for improved detection and recognition. No such clinical commentary exists for improved detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Clinical experience suggests that borderline personality disorder is as disabling as bipolar disorder; however, no studies have directly compared the two disorders. For this reason we undertook the current analysis from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project comparing unemployment and disability rates in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Methods: Patients were interviewed with semi-structured interviews. We compared three non-overlapping groups of depressed patients: (i) 181 patients with DSM–IV major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, (ii) 1068 patients with major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder, and (iii) 84 patients with bipolar depression without borderline personality disorder. Results: Compared to depressed patients without borderline personality disorder, depressed patients with borderline personality disorder were significantly more likely to have been persistently unemployed. A similar difference was found between patients with bipolar depression and major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder. No differences were found between patients with bipolar depression and depression with borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder were associated with impaired occupational functioning and thus carry a significant public health burden. Efforts to improve detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients might be as important as the recognition of bipolar disorder.
Anomalous Magnetic Moments of Hyperons and Mirror Theorem

According to the theory of d'Espagnat and Prentki the anomalous magnetic moments of hyperons are calculated in the lowest-order perturbation approximation. It is further shown that their charge-independent interaction Hamiltonian leads to the mirror theorem for the anomalous magnetic moments of baryons (and of K mesons) without use of perturbation approximation. Finally the anomalous magnetic moments of SIGMA hyperons determined from the mass differences of SIGMA and the mirror theorem are compared with the perturbation results. (auth)
Is it easier to write matrix manipulation programs visually or textually? An empirical study

Empirical studies comparing the effectiveness of visual languages versus textual languages have rarely been attempted. We describe an experiment conducted on programmers solving vector and matrix manipulation tasks using the visual language Forms/3, the textual language Pascal, and a textual matrix manipulation language with the capabilities of APL. Our motivation, experimental approach, some of the difficulties experienced in attempting this type of empirical study, and a summary of the experimental results and insights gained are presented. >