cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1-soliton solution of the generalized Radhakrishnan, Kundu, Lakshmanan equation

This Letter carries out the integration of the generalized Radhakrishnan, Kundu, Lakshmanan equation to obtain the 1-soliton solution. The solitary wave ansatz is used to carry out the integration, to obtain an exact solution of this equation.
Protein-bound iodine level during childhood and adolescence.

ABSTRACT Protein-bound iodine (PBI) and butanol-extractable iodine (BEI) levels were collected from published data on 279 male and female euthyroid subjects between 0.1 and 20 yr of age. After allowing for estimated chemical losses and for the estimated ratio of thyroxine iodine to PBI or BEI, the corrected thyroxine iodine level (B4) was studied for age and sex dependence. Empirical formulae were derived to predict the mean B4 for euthyroid subjects of given age and sex. For females, B4 is about 0.2 μg/100 ml higher than for males, a significant difference (p <0.01). B4 decreases with increasing age to a minimum value at about 15.0 yr for males and 13.7 yr for females, and then rises to approach asymptotically the constant adult level.
I am where i think: Epistemology and the colonial difference

(1999). I am where i think: Epistemology and the colonial difference. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 235-245.
Lipoprotein lipase and uptake of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol by perfused rat mammary tissue

Abstract The role of lipoprotein lipase in the uptake of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol from blood was studied in perfused inguinal-abdominal mammary tissue of rats lactating 10–15 days. Lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissue was reduced, from 0.47 to 0.10 units/g, by removing the anterior pituitary gland from lactating rats 2 days before the experiment. Perfused mammary tissue of normal lactating rats took up 12% of the chylomicron triacylglycerol infused, whereas the tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats took up less than 1%. About two-thirds of the triacylglycerol taken up was retained as glyceride, and the rest was hydrolyzed and released to the perfusing fluid as fatty acids and glycerol. Autoradiographic studies of perfused tissues of normal lactating rats showed that both the acyl and glycerol moieties derived from chylomicron triacylglycerol were incorporated into milk lipid droplets. Perfused mammary tissue of normal lactating rats also took up 15% of the chylomicron cholesterol infused, whereas the tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats took up less than 1%. The findings demonstrate that chylomicron cholesterol is taken up with triacylglycerol by lactating mammary tissue, and that uptake of both lipids is markedly suppressed when lipoprotein lipase activity is low, as in tissue of hypophysectomized rats. It is proposed that uptake of triacylglycerol from chylomicrons by mammary tissue requires the action of lipoprotein lipase, while uptake of cholesterol is dependent on reduction of the triacylglycerol core, resulting from action of the enzyme on the core and uptake of lipolytic products by the tissue.
Modification and Statistical Analysis of the Colorado Rockfall Hazard Rating System

A modified version of the Colorado Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) was created by adding several geological and climatic factors that have been recently shown to contribute to rockfall. The modified RHRS was then used on slopes distributed throughout the western, mountainous terrain in Colorado, including sites where only cut slopes were rated and sites where both the cut portion and the higher, uncut portion were both judged to contribute to the rockfall hazard. In total, 355 slopes were rated: for crystalline rocks, 147 cut slopes and 77 total slopes, for sedimentary rocks, 43 cut slopes and 31 total slopes, and for block-in-matrix materials, 45 cut slopes and 12 total slopes. Univariate least squares regression was used to find parameters that had a statistically significant influence on the total hazard score. This subset was then analyzed using ordinal logistic regression to rank these parameters against one another to determine which had the most significant influence on the total hazard score. Finally, statistically significant parameters from these regressions were analyzed using stepwise regression to obtain predictive equations to estimate the total hazard score for each of the slope types analyzed based on the scores of a few parameters. The stepwise regression produced equations in which the total hazard scores can be estimated from four of the RHRS parameters, reduced from the original 12 or 18 parameters, depending on slope type, with R2 values ranging from 68 to 82%. For some cases, equations with more terms and correspondingly higher R2 values could be applied. Analysis of the equations identified the most important and least important parameters for each type of slope. For all slope types, the presence of launching features and the slope aspect were important, while slope angle, annual freeze/thaw rating, slope water, and friction along discontinuities were not important. While not as detailed as the full RHRS, this approach allows for a more rapid preliminary rating of rock slopes for screening-level evaluation and it helps identify the most basic geologic factors influencing rockfall potential.
Comment on Willner's Paper on Abstraction, Associative Focusing, and Similarities Tests

Summary.-Willner's (1971) findings leave it uncertain whether or not schizophrenics' difficulty on the Willner Instance Similarities Test in fact represents an abstraction deficit. His data regarding the association-foil hypothesis are incorrectly analyzed but, when reanalyzed, still contradict the association-foil hypothesis. These results are inconsistent with those of a number of ocher studies. It is the present writer's hope that Willner's (1971) work on similarities tasks will receive the considerable attention it deserves. Ody the weaknesses of a potentially influential paper deserve comment. It is in chis spirit that the following brief criticisms are offered. Willner (clinical Experiments I to IV) presented data indicating that schizophrenics did more poorly on a multiple-choice similarities test than on a freeresponse similarities task; psychiatric controls showed no difference between the two. Willner explained these results in terms of the fact that many free-response similarities items can often be sohed by giving a free associate of one or both of the words in the stimulus pair. Schizophrenics, being able to do this, can perform in an ostensibly satisfactory way whether or not they have a defective ability to
Black Males' Structural Conditions, Achievement Patterns, Normative Needs, and “Opportunities”

The relations between normative developmental transitions, contextual influences, and life-stage outcomes such as academic achievement for African American males are examined. The integration ofaffective and cognitive processes are reviewed for preschool- and elementary-aged boys, and an empirical examination ofvulnerable and resilient outcomes of219 urban adolescent males is used to illustrate how structural conditions provide opportunities for vulnerable and successful academic outcomes. The results indicate that negative stereotyping and tracking from early experiences in educational settings influence African American males' scholastic achievement. By adolescence, given normative developmental experiences ofsocial mobility and increased cognitive reasoning, experiences in their community as well as school contexts influences African American males' reactive or proactive coping strategies that influence vulnerability and resilience in school. Suggestions for future research and intervention efforts are...
The performance prediction of a parallel skyline solver and its implementation for large scale structure analysis

Abstract In this paper, we propose simplified formulas to predict the time complexity in a parallel skyline solver using two different memory schemes (Global Shared, Shared/Local memory) on two machines (BBN, KSRI). Numerical operation counts and data communication costs are considered for the formulas. Based on these formulas, we developed a processor mapping algorithm to cover the initial computation stage and the recomputation stage of substructure analysis, and also compared the performances of parallel global approach and parallel substructure approach for two practical structure models.
What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction?Challenges in measuring and reporting success rates for assisted reproductive technology treatments: What is optimal?

For assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments, measures of success that move beyond traditional measures of pregnancy and live birth and narrow the numerator to infant outcomes with an optimal short- and long-term prognosis are needed. Hence, presentation of singleton live birth delivery rates is warranted. Twins have greatly increased risks for morbidity and mortality in comparison with singletons. Success rates based on singleton live births will more completely inform patients evaluating which ART treatment options will maximize their chance for a healthy infant. Additionally, providers who limit embryos transferred can feel they are on an even playing field in reporting their success rates. Measures of success that narrow the numerator further to exclude preterm or low birth weight singleton births might also be informative. However, the utility of such measures is less clear because the aetiologies of preterm birth and low birth weight among singletons are probably multifactorial. While it may be desirable to consider adverse outcomes such as congenital anomalies in defining treatment success, it is unfeasible to collect complete and accurate data on anomalies in current ART registries. As ART use increases, continual re-examination and critique of the manner in which success is defined and presented to the public is critical.
Hafnium oxide gate dielectrics grown from an alkoxide precursor: structure and defects

We present an infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study of hafnium oxide gate dielectric films deposited from hafnium tetra– tertbutoxide, Hf(OC(CH3)3)4. We characterize the crystal phase as a function of thickness and detect the chemical state of impurities in this high-permittivity (high-) material. The HfO2 films are composed of monoclinic crystallites in an amorphous matrix. The crystalline fraction increases with increasing film thickness. Infrared spectroscopy is used to obtain information about impurities, which may help to uncover the nature of electrical defects. We detect and quantify for instance the presence of incorporated hydroxyl groups or water that may be responsible for the deviation from ideal HfO2 stoichiometry. The concentration of residual C–H bonds is low. However, carbon is incorporated in an oxidized form, possibly as carbonate. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A three-decade-long journey at the College of Optical Sciences

In 1980, Peter Franken, the second director of the Optical Sciences Center, recruited an international quartet of faculty members from the US, Canada, England and Israel (DS). Peter shaped the Center as a clockwork operation, nailing down every aspect of its administration, business model and academic vision. I found myself from day one in a highly competitive environment with extreme peer pressure to make good science and generate a lot of funds. This paper describes the academic journey through my three decades at the Optical Sciences Center that became the College of Optical Sciences (Optical Sciences, in short) until my retirement in 2010, by highlighting selected areas of my group’s research.
Chemotactic activity present in liver extracellular matrix.

A selective pattern of metastasis, not accountable by a simple mechanical trapping mechanism, is exhibited by many primary tumors and appears to be controlled by properties of both the tumor cell and the host organ. This organotropism may be regulated, in part, by the migration of an invading tumor cell toward chemotactic factors present in the extracellular matrix which may be released as a result of proteolytic digestion. To test this hypothesis we have examined 4m guanidine extracts of liver extracellular matrix, prepared by high salt extraction, for organ-specific chemotactic activity. The murine cell lines B16-L4b and M5076, which preferentially metastasize to the liver in an experimental metastasis model, demonstrated preferential motility toward the liver matrix extract while the lung-colonizing lines B16, B16-F10 and B16-BL6 did not. The liver specific chemotactic activity eluted as four fractions of Mr≫250000, Mr∼245000, Mr∼120000 and Mr∼30000 by gel filtration chromatography.
The concept of bioavailability as it relates to iron nutrition

Bioavailability is discussed in conceptual terms; the definition proposed for all nutrients is that it is a measure of the proportion of the total in a food or diet that is digested, absorbed and metabolised by normal pathways. The availability of Fe is affected by a number of dietary and physiological variables, and various techniques used to quantify these effects and thereby predict availability are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the modifying influence of physiological factors on Fe absorption and hence measurements of availability. Methods of estimating Fe status as a means of incorporating the utilisation element of Fe availability are described.
Denominator Problems in a Muscle Stem Cell Study

In a recent article, Cerletti et al. (2008) report the preparation of a new, highly myogenic subset of skeletal muscle satellite cells that bestows functional benefits when grafted into the dystrophic muscles of mdx mice. Cerletti et al. (2008) used FACS to sort these skeletal muscle precursors (SMPs), defined by a number of antigenic markers, from the population of cells adhering to freshly isolated muscle fibers of mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a genetic label. These SMPs were then grafted into the muscles of normal mice damaged by injection of a toxin or into the muscles of dystrophic mdx mice, which exhibit spontaneous muscle degeneration.
Effects of fast neutron radiation on the electrical properties of silicon detectors

Abstract Effects of neutron radiation on electrical properties of Si detectors have been studied. At high neutron fluence (φn ≥ 1012 n/cm2), C-V characteristics of detectors with high resistivities ( ρ ≥ 1 k Ω cm ) become frequency dependent. A two-trap level model describing this frequency dependent effect is proposed. Room temperature anneal of neutron damaged (at LN2 temperature) detectors shows three anneal stages, while two anneal stages were observed in elevated temperature anneal.
Sandia National Laboratories Focus Issue: introduction

For more than six decades, Sandia has provided the critical science and technology to address the nation's most challenging issues. Our original nuclear weapons mission has been complemented with work in defense systems, energy and climate, as well as international and homeland security. Our vision is to be a premier science and engineering laboratory for technology solutions to the most challenging problems that threaten peace and freedom for our nation and the globe.
Cerebrovascular and cerebral metabolic effects of clurazepam and a benzodiazepine antagonist, 3-hydroxymethyl-β-carboline

There is a need in clinical practice for an antagonist which can reverse the sedative action of benzodiazepines. Recently, 3-hydroxymethyl-β-carboline (3-HMC) has been reported to inhibit the sleep inducing effects of flurazepam. The effects of flurazepam (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral O2 consumption (CMRO2) were evaluated in rats and the ability of 3-HMC to reverse these changes was determined. Regional CBF was measured with radioactive microspheres and cortical CMRO2 was calculated from sagittal sinus - arterial O2 content differences and cortical CBF. Flurazepam produced dose dependent decreases in CBF and CMRO2 which were significant at 5 and 50 mg/kg. 3-HMC (5 mg/kg) inhibited flurazepam induced changes at the 5 mg/kg dose but had little effect on the CBF and CMRO2 depression produced by 50 mg/kg flurazepam. At a dose of 25 mg/kg, 3-HMC inhibited the effects of both 5 and 50 mg/kg flurazepam. Blood pressure and heart rate were also decreased by flurazepam but these variables were not reversed as effectively by 3-HMC treatment. The results indicate that 3-HMC is an active antagonist of the cerebrovascular and cerebral metabolic depression produced by flurazepam and can stimulate CBF and CMRO2 at high doses when given alone.
Differential expression of the immunoinflammatory response in trauma patients: Burn vs. non-burn

Abstract Rationale Cytokines are central mediators of the immune-inflammatory response to injury and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Although previous studies evaluated cytokine levels after trauma, differences between patients with burn and non-burn trauma have not been assessed systematically. Methods A prospective database of trauma patients admitted between May 2004 and September 2007 to the burn or surgical intensive care units within 24 h of injury with an anticipated stay of at least 72 h was analyzed. Sequential clinical and laboratory parameters were collected in the first week, including multiplex analysis data for plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, and IL-8). Patients with known pre-injury coagulopathy were excluded. A Marshall score of 10 or greater was defined as MODS. Results A total of 179 patients were enrolled (67 burn and 112 non-burn). Plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels were markedly elevated in both burn and non-burn patients compared to healthy volunteers. Burn subjects had higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 than the non-burn on days 1 through 7 after injury. Subjects with burns and at least 30% total body surface area were older and had a lower injury severity score, a higher prevalence of MODS, and correspondingly higher mortality. Multivariate analysis of injury type, MODS, and time did not demonstrate an influence of MODS. Conclusions Burns were associated with a greater and more sustained immune-inflammatory response than non-burn trauma as evidenced by elevated plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels during the first week. There was no association between MODS and plasma cytokine levels.
The impact of age on T cell subset profiles in patients on chronic hemodialysis awaiting renal transplantation

Age has been considered a significant risk factor in renal transplation; increasing age is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality, primarily as a consequence of infectious and cardiovascular complications. The increased incidence of potentially lethal infections in this patient population may be due to the impact of immunosuppression on a naturally declining immune system. In search for possible characteristic T cell subsets profile in aging patients, subsets of such cells were analyzed in 270 patients on chronic hemodialysis awaiting renal transplantation. Using two-color flow cytometry and murine monoclonal antibodies recognizing specific T cell subset markers, the following cell subsets were analyzed in patients 55 (n = 41) years of age: total T cells (CD3); activated T cells (CD3DR); B cells (CD3-DR+); T helper/inducer (h/i) cells (CD4); T suppressor/inducer (s/i) cells (CD4+CD45+), T cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8), the activated CD4 and CD8 subsets (CD4DR and CD8DR); T cytotoxic cells (Leu2+7−); cells of the Leu-7 phenotype (Leu7+ and Leu2+7+); interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2-R) expressing CD3 and CD8 subsets (CD3IL-2−R+ and CD81L2-R+); and transferrin receptor (TR+) expressing CD3 (CD3TR+). The ratio CD4: CD8 was derived from the respective subset data. Significantly higher levels of CD3 (P 55) group. In contrast, the CD4 : CD8 ratio, the s/i (CD4+CD45+), the Leu7+2- and Leu2+7+ cell subsets were found to be present at a higher level in the older group (P < 0.001, P < 0.005, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). These data demonstrate a significant effect of aging on certain T cell subsets levels in the peripheral blood. Although this study does not provide data regarding the functional status of the immune competent cells, it highlights the actual changes in the distribution of cell subsets in the older potential organ recipients. Such changes may be responsible for the increased risk of infectious complications seen in older renal allograft recipients.
To Brush or Not To Brush: Is There Really a Question? : Brush Biopsy of the Lung

Brush biopsy of the lung is an extremely valuable technique in assessing lung masses. Seventy-two patients at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center have been examined by transcricoid brush biopsy; 30 of these were subsequently proved to have neoplasm. Twenty-four of the 30 were diagnosed correctly by brush biopsy. Using the simple tissue preparation technique described herein, specific tissue diagnosis was often possible. No significant complications ensued.
Fluorescence Yields of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb

A new method for measuring fluorescence yields is described. The method employs a radioactive source for fluorescence excitation and a proportional counter as a radiation detector. The $K$-shell fluorescence yields for Ni, Cu, and Zn were found to be 0.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 0.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 0.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, respectively. The mean $L$-shell fluorescence yield of Pb was found to be 0.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02.
Infinite impulse response filters for direct analysis of interferogram data from airborne passive Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

Abstract Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters and support vector machines (SVMs) are applied to interferogram data to implement the automated detection of heated ethanol plumes by airborne passive Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. To simulate monitoring of industrial emissions, the spectrometer is mounted in a downward-looking mode on a fixed-wing aircraft and used to detect plumes released from a portable emission stack. Both IIR and finite impulse response (FIR) filters having similar frequency responses are designed and applied to the interferogram data to extract the information associated with the ethanol C–O stretching band at 1066 cm −1 . This study investigates the effects of distortions in the interferogram introduced by the nonlinear phase responses of the IIR filters on the ability of the SVMs to recognize ethanol. In addition, three ways to apply the filters to the interferogram are explored. These studies reveal that the phase distortion introduced by the IIR filters causes no measurable degradation in classifier performance. This allows the intrinsically lower filter order of the IIR filters to be used to reduce the length of the interferogram segment required to implement the filtering. With an independent prediction set of interferograms collected during overflights of the stack, the best SVMs miss detecting ethanol in less than 4% of the cases while achieving false detection (false positive) rates of less than 0.5%. This level of performance is accomplished with an interferogram segment of only 24 points, including those points required to implement the filtering. The ability to detect analyte vapor plumes with such a short interferogram segment is particularly advantageous in the airborne measurement because of the potential to increase the interferogram acquisition rate, thereby improving the ability to resolve ground-based targets.
Exactly solvable quantum cosmologies from two killing field reductions of general relativity

Abstract An exact and, possibly, general solution to the quantum constraints is given for the sector of general relativity containing cosmological solutions with two space-like, commuting, Killing fields. The dynamics of these model space-times, which are known as Gowdy space-times, is formulated in terms of Ashtekar's new variables. The quantization is done by using the recently introduced self-dual and loop representations. On the classical phase space we find four explicit physical observables, or constants of motion, which generate a GL(2) symmetry group on the space of solutions. In the loop representations we find that a complete description of the physical state space, consisting of the simultaneous solutions to all of the constraints, is given in terms of the equivalence classes, under Diff(S1), of a pair of densities on the circle. These play the same role that the link classes play in the loop representation solution to the full 3+1 theory. An infinite dimensional algebra of physical observables is found on the physical state space, which is a GL(2) loop algebra. In addition, by freezing the local degrees of freedom of the model, we find a finite dimensional quantum system which describes a set of degenerate quantum cosmologies on T3 in which the length of one of the S1's has gone to zero, while the area of the remaining S1×S1 is quantized in units of the Planck area. The quantum kinematics of this sector of the model is identical to that of a one-plaquette SU(2) lattice gauge theory.
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus: a model for the prevention and treatment of maternal–fetal cytomegalovirus transmission

A major public health challenge today is the problem of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission. Maternal–fetal CMV infections are common, occurring in up to 2% of all pregnancies, and these infections often lead to long-term injury of the newborn infant. In spite of the well-recognized burden that these infections place on society, there are, as yet, no clearly established interventions available to prevent transmission of CMV. In order to study potential interventions, such as vaccines, antivirals or immunotherapies, an animal model of congenital CMV transmission is required. The best small animal model of CMV transmission is the guinea pig/guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) model. This article places the guinea pig/GPCMV model into a larger context, emphasizing how studies in this system have relevance to human health. Emphasis is placed on how the vertical transmission of GPCMV recapitulates the pathogenesis of congenital CMV in infants, making this a uniquely well-suited model for the study of CMV vaccines...
Compound Muscle Action Potentials and Spontaneous Electromyography Can be Used to Identify and Protect the Femoral Nerve During Resection of Large Retroperitoneal Tumors

Background Resection of large retroperitoneal neoplasms may injure the femoral nerve, thereby causing a permanent neurological deficit. We used electrical neurophysiological monitoring to identify, map, and preserve the femoral nerve during surgical resection to reduce the risk of neurological deficit.
Color differences resulting from pigment concentration errors

Color differences resulting from pigment concentration errors in several four-pigment formulas were determined by computer. The color differences varied linearly with the percent change in pigment concentration. Applications of this type of calculation are discussed.
Diffusion coefficients of organics in high density polyethylene (HDPE)

Abstract Only limited data are available on the diffusion of volatile organic solvents through flexible membrane liners (FMLs) used for lining impoundments and landfills. To expand this database, a rapid, inexpensive method is needed to measure the diffusion coefficients of volatile organic solvents through FML materials. An absorption method has been developed to determine the diffusion coefficients of volatile organic solvents through FML materials. The method is based on the depletion of an organic compound from an aqueous solution due to absorption by a submerged sample of FML. A numerical solution of Fick's second law of diffusion was used to develop a graph which can be used to determine the diffusion coefficient from the time dependent concentration data. The diffusion coefficients obtained from the absorption tests were validated by comparing them with coefficients determined using a two chamber diffusion cell. The diffusion coefficients determined for toluene and xylene in high density polyethylene (HDPE) were 5.1 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 and 1.0 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 by the two methods, respectively. The data indicate that the coefficient of distribution (K d ) between the FML and the organic solution, a value which is needed to calculate the diffusion coefficient from the data, can be estimated from the log of the octanol-water partition coefficient (K ow ), a commonly measured and reported value for many chemicals.
The Legionella pneumophila icm locus: a set of genes required for intracellular multiplication in human macrophages

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease and related pneumonias, infects, replicates within and eventually kills human macrophages. A key feature of the intracellular life-style is the ability of the organism to replicate within a specialized phagosome which does not fuse with lysosomes or acidify. Avirulent mutants that are defective in intracellular multiplication and host-cell killing are unable to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion. In a previous study, a 12 kb fragment of the L. pneumophila genome containing the icm locus (intracellular multiplication) was found to enable the mutant bacteria to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion, to multiply intracellularly and to kill human macrophages. The complemented mutant also regained the ability to produce lethal pneumonia in guinea-pigs. In order to gain information about how L. pneumophila prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion and alters other intracellular events, we have studied the region containing the icm locus. This locus contains four genes, icmWXYZ, which appear to be transcribed from a single promoter to produce a 2.1-2.4 kb mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequences of the Icm proteins do not exhibit significant similarity to other proteins of known sequence, suggesting that they may carry out novel functions. The icmX gene encodes a product with an apparent signal sequence suggesting that it is a secreted protein. The icmWXYZ genes are located adjacent to and on the opposite strand from the dot gene, which is also required for intracellular multiplication and the ability of L. pneumophila to modify organelle traffic in human macrophages. Five L. pneumophila Icm mutants that had been generated with transposon Tn903dIIlacZ were found to have inserted the transposon within the icmX, icmY, icmZ and dot genes, confirming their role in the ability of the organism to multiply intracellularly.
Genes for the Dimerization Cofactor of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α (DCOH) Are on Human and Murine Chromosomes 10

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α; gene symbol, TCF1) forms dimers with itself as well as with HNF-1β and regulates the expression of several liver-specific genes. Recently, a dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α, called DCOH, has been identified. Here, we report the chromosomal localization of the genes for this cofactor to chromosomes 10 in both humans and mice by Southern blot analyses of somatic cell hybrids.
Magnetism of rapidly quenched rhombohedral Zr 2 Co 11 -based nanocomposites

The effect of quench rate and Zr content on nanostructure and magnetic properties of melt-spun ZrxCo100?x(x?=?16?21) is investigated. High quench rate favours the formation of rhombohedral Zr2Co11, which is the hard phase. The coercivity increases with an increase in quench rate. Zr addition in limited amounts decreases the grain size of magnetic phases, which may promote the effective exchange coupling of soft magnetic phases. Therefore, coercivity and maximum energy product of Zr2Co11-based materials are significantly enhanced. The best magnetic properties,iHc?=?3.0?kOe and (BH)max?=?4.6?MG?Oe, which are the highest reported values among Co?Zr binary alloys, are achieved for x?=?18. The temperature coefficients of coercivity and remanence between 100 and 380?K are ?0.05%?K?1, comparable to those of alnico magnet.
The spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells.

Aim Exposure of macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces oxidative and inflammatory stresses, which cause cell damage. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been attributed to the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), commonly used in free radical analysis, but these aspects of DMPO have been little explored. In this study, we sought to establish the anti-inflammatory activity of DMPO, presumably by removing free radicals which otherwise help activate inflammatory response and damage cells.
SU‐GG‐T‐343: Comparison of MCNP and GEANT4 Monte Carlo Codes On Photo‐Neutron Generation in High Energy X‐Ray Beams

Purpose: Photo‐neutrons generated in high‐energy X‐ray beams are of increasing interest. Secondary neutrons introduce concerns such as neutron shielding and additional dose to patients. The Monte Carlo method is an appropriate choice for studying photo‐neutron production and transport. However, unlike interactions of photons with orbital electrons, photonuclear reactions suffer from the incompleteness and inconsistence of the cross section data. The purpose of this investigation is to compare two major Monte Carlo codes MCNP and GEANT4 in implementing the photonuclear process. Method and Materials: Cross section data (total photonuclear cross section, neutron production yield, and neutron energy/angular distribution data) were extracted from the respective external cross section files (MCNP) or from the code (GEANT4) directly for the major materials/elements in linear accelerator and human body. The Varian linear accelerator with multi‐leaf collimator(MLC) was modeled identically with MCNP and GEANT4. Neutron generation in major components in the linear accelerator was simulated and compared. Results: MCNP and GEANT4 implemented the photonuclear process in very different manners. Significant differences in cross section data between MCNP and GEANT4 were discovered. Several institutions provided the cross section data used in MCNP, and the cross section data for the same isotope from different providers may also present large discrepancies. The results of photo‐neutron production in linear accelerator components simulated with the two Monte Carlo codes can be quite different. Although neutrons were not transported in our simulations, appreciable differences in neutron fluence or neutron dose can be expected. Conclusion: MCNP and GEANT4 are two major Monte Carlo codes, capable of simulating photon‐neutron generation and transport. The discrepancies between the two codes indicate the lack of comprehensive understanding in physics of the photonuclear process. The investigators who worked with either code should be aware of the potential uncertainties in their results regarding to secondary photo‐neutrons.
Determination of ionization energies of small silicon clusters with vacuum ultraviolet radiation.

In this work we report on single photon vacuum ultraviolet photoionization of small silicon clusters (n = 1−7) produced via laser ablation of Si. The adiabatic ionization energies (AIE) are extracted from experimental photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves with the help of Franck−Condon simulations, used to interpret the shape and onset of the PIE curves. The obtained AIEs are (all energies are in eV) Si (8.13 ± 0.05), Si2 (7.92 ± 0.05), Si3 (8.12 ± 0.05), Si4 (8.2 ± 0.1), Si5 (7.96 ± 0.07), Si6 (7.8 ± 0.1), and Si7 (7.8 ± 0.1). Most of the experimental AIE values are in good agreement with density functional electronic structure calculations. To explain observed deviations between the experimental and theoretical AIEs for Si4 and Si6, a theoretical search of different isomers of these species is performed. Electronic structure calculations aid in the interpretation of the a2Πu state of Si2+ dimer in the PIE spectrum. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations are performed to reveal the energ...
Energy use in large-scale irrigated agriculture in the Punjab province of Pakistan

Pakistan’s Indus Basin irrigation system, conceived initially as a vast network of gravity-fed canals, has evolved into a quasi-conjunctive management system in which pumped groundwater increasingly augments surface water supplies. Analysis of the evolution of on-farm energy use for agriculture in Punjab Province over the last 15 years finds that while total crop production increased 31%, direct energy intensity for agriculture increased 80%. Moreover, direct energy use is chiefly driven by groundwater pumping (61%). Important knowledge gaps are identified in the critical water-energy-food interdependencies that need to be addressed for sustainable management of scarce natural resources in Pakistan.
An MILP-based aging-aware routing algorithm for NoCs

Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures have emerged as a better replacement of the traditional bus-based communication in the many-core era. However, continuous technology scaling has made aging mechanisms such as Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) and electromigration primary concerns in NoC design. In this paper1, we propose a novel system-level aging model to model the effects of asymmetric aging in NoCs. We observe a critical need of a holistic aging analysis, which when combined with power-performance optimization, poses a multi-objective design challenge. To solve this problem, we propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based aging-aware routing algorithm that optimizes the various design constraints using a multi-objective formulation. After an extensive experimental analysis using real workloads, we observe a 62.7%, 46% average overhead reduction in network latency and Energy-Delay-Product-Per-Flit (EDPPF) and a 41% improvement in Instructions Per Cycle (IPC) using our aging-aware routing algorithm.
DMP1-targeted Cre Expression in Odontoblasts and Osteocytes

Odontoblasts in dentin and osteocytes in bone contain dendritic processes. To test if their dendrites share a common feature, we compared their cellular morphology as visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of our data showed that both cells share an identical dendritic canalicular system and express extensive processes forming a complex network within the mineralized matrix. Because dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), an extracellular matrix protein, is highly expressed in both types of cells, we next tested, using a transgenic approach, whether a 9.6-kb Dmp1 promoter-4-kb 1st intron would be able to target Cre cDNA in these cells for expression/deletion of other genes in odontoblasts and osteocytes. We determined the specificity and efficiency of Cre activity by crossing Dmp1-Cre mice with ROSA26 reporter mice. Results showed that odontoblasts and osteocytes were specifically targeted, suggesting that this animal model will be useful for the preferential study of gene functions in both types of cells.
GEM microarrays and drug discovery

Incyte Genomics' GEM™ Gene Expression Microarray is a proven genomics tool used by a large number of pharmaceutical companies to speed up the drug discovery and development process. The development and integration of this technology, together with Incyte's sequence databases and clone resources, have resulted in GEM microarrays that span approximately 60,000 human genes as well as approximately 60,000 plant, rat, mouse, yeast, and bacterial genes. The technology underlying the use of these arrays and their application to the drug discovery process is highlighted. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 180–185 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000136
Biochemical variability of venoms from individual European and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera).

To study biochemical differences between venom from individual honeybees, venom sacs from 103 European (EU) bees and 92 Africanized bees represeting 12 different colonies were dissected, and the dry weight (DW) of venom from each bee was determined. Venom from each of these bees was studied with isoelectric focusing and functional assays for phospholipase A 2 and melittin. Phospholipase concentrations in individual EU bee venoms varied between 1.8% and 27.4% (wt/wt). The melittin concentration in EU bee venom varied less and, on the average, was found to be much lower than previously reported. There was an eightfold to ninefold difference between lowest and highest venom sac DW contents, suggesting the possibility of highly variable venom delivery from bee stings. One EU bee contained >300 μg of venom, three times the recommended maintenance dose for venom immunotherapy. Isoelectric focusing also demonstrated large differences between individual bees, with respect to major and minor components of their venoms. Africanized bees contained significantly less venom but more phospholipase than did EU bees. Bee venoms from different colonies differed in their DW content and in their concentrations of phospholipase and melittin. The results are relevant to the uncertainty of responses from sting challenges and field stings in allergic patients and massive stinging attacks on normal subjects.
On validating simulation: With special attention to simulation of international politics†

Simulation is an interesting, probably useful, but certainly puzzling enterprise. Among its more puzzling aspects is our uncertainty concerning the appropriate questions by means of which to evaluate its success. Is it, for example, proper to ask whether a simulate is a “true” or “false” representation of “reality"? Is it more useful to consider simulation in the so‐called context of discovery than in that of verification? To what extent may we expect, or should we try, to approximate a real world in our laboratory? Questions of this sort raise important issues of a technical nature as well as those of a more profound, philosophical nature. This essay attempts to suggest some preliminary considerations toward development of an evaluative framework for analysis of international simulations.
Flow Characteristics in the Exhaust of a Pulsed Megawatt Gas Fed Arc

The transient flow generated by a pulsed, megawatt-level, gas-fed arc with an applied magnetic nozzle has been examined with a new design piezoelectric pressure transducer. Sensor thermal conduction and accelerations have been examined and eliminated in the 500?sec period of plasma flow. Existence of a large magnitude cold gas pressure front of 20?sec duration has been reconfirmed and its relationship to the following plasma flow of about 200?sec duration has been examined for the first time. At a point 30 cm from the arc source, initially near vacuum conditions (typically with an arc current of 11.2 kA and 1 tesla applied magnetic field), a pressure pulse of unionized gas with a magnitude of 104 N/m2 is followed by plasma flows with nearly constant impact pressure of 103 N/m2. Pressure and number density in this plasma region are seen to decrease with applied magnetic field strength. With electron density derived from Thomson scattering measurements (1020 m-3) plasma flow velocities on the order of 5 × 104 m/sec are calculated.
Reflection and radiation due to a quadrupole near a fluid interface

The reflexion of sound at an interface between two fluid half‐space in relative motion (one in motion and the other at rest), but with different density and different sound speed, is considered. The reflexion coefficient is found in an explicitly closed form. A brief discussion of the effect of mean velocity, i.e., corresponding Mach number on different noise generating quadrupole directivities concludes the presentation of the paper. The graphs provided illustrate this aspect in a rather more convincing way.
Can uterine rupture in patients attempting vaginal birth after cesarean delivery be predicted

Objective This study was undertaken to use multivariable methods to develop clinical predictive models for the occurrence of uterine rupture by using both antepartum and early intrapartum factors. Study design This was a planned secondary analysis from a multicenter case-control study of uterine rupture among women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) delivery. Multivariable methods were used to develop 2 separate clinical predictive indices–one that used only prelabor factors and the other that used both prelabor and early labor factors. These indices were also assessed with the use of Receiver operating characteristic curves. Results We identified 134 cases of uterine rupture and 665 noncases. No single individual factor is sufficiently sensitive or specific for clinical prediction of uterine rupture. Likewise, the 2 clinical predictive indices were neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific for clinical use (receiver operating characteristic curve [area under the curve] 0.67 and 0.70, respectively). Conclusion Uterine rupture cannot be predicted with either individual or combinations of clinical factors. This has important clinical and medical-legal implications.
A labeling algorithm to recognize a line digraph and output its root graph

Abstract In this short note we present a very efficient, linear time algorithm for the recognition of line digraphs. The algorithm is based on a reformulation of the characterization of line digraphs proved by Harary and Norman.
A framework for execution monitoring in Icon

Execution monitors are widely used during software development for tasks that require an understanding of program behavior, such as debugging and profiling. The Icon programming language has been enhanced with a framework that supports execution monitoring. Under the enhanced translator and interpreter, neither source modification nor any special compiler command-line option is required in order to monitor an Icon program. Execution monitors are written in the source language, instead of the implementation language. Performance, portability, and detailed access to the monitored program's state are achieved using a coroutine model and dynamic loading rather than the separate-process model employed by many conventional monitoring systems.
Regionalizing National Commodity-by-Industry Accounts

Exended input–output (IO) models are increasingly prominent in regional economic analysis. Social accounting matrices and associated multiplier decompositions, IO econometric model hybrids and computable general equilibrium models are finding greater acceptance in contexts in which simple IO models once dominated. Although the extended regional models build primarily on the foundation of regional, interindustry accounting frameworks, the data from which these regional accounts are drawn are most commonly in the form of a national commodity-by-industry account. Despite this longstanding fact, the IO table adaptation literature has focused almost solely on methods of adapting national interindustry accounts to regional economies. This paper presents a method designed specifically to regionalize commodity-by-industry accounts, in the context of the US reporting system. The focus on commodity-by-industry data demands a confrontation with several important issues that otherwise might go unattended. Using a par...