cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical heterogeneity reflects biologic diversity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract As the incidence of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia increases in an aging population, it becomes more important to re-evaluate our understanding of the disease process and current therapy. Previous treatment strategies have been, for the most part, unsuccessful in prolonging survival and thus new approaches are needed. More intense cellular and molecular research on the biologic diversity of this neoplasm will further our understanding of the causes of clinical heterogeneity and refine our ability to predict progression. New approaches, based on alterations of neoplastic cell growth by cytokines or chemotherapeutic agents, may enable clinicians to ‘customize’ individual treatments based on the stages of CLL B cell differentiation and our understanding of factors involved in the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation at those stages. Taken together, these efforts should ultimately yield much new information that will lead to reduced morbidity and mortality in BCLL, the most common form of human leukemia.
The effects of four days of continuous striatal microdialysis on indices of dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission in rats

The effects of 4 days of continuous microdialysis with a small-diameter concentric-style probe on indices of striatal dopamine (DA) and serotonin neurotransmission were assessed. It was found that over 4 days of dialysis, there was a marked time-dependent decrease in the basal concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in dialysate and in amphetamine-stimulated DA release. In contrast, there was no decrease in basal DA or in the ability of cocaine to elevate the concentration of DA in dialysate over the same period of time. There were only very modest changes in dialysate levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), relative to the marked changes in DA metabolites. It is suggested that 4 days of continuous dialysis does not result in a non-specific decrease in diffusibility of these compounds into the dialysis probe, but that the changes are more likely due to probe-induced damage to the nigrostriatal DA system. It is also suggested that a "stable" basal concentration of DA in dialysate is an especially poor indicator of the integrity of the dopaminergic input to the striatum. The implications of these findings for within-subjects design microdialysis experiments are discussed.
Removal of unbound sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from proteins in solution by electrophoresis through triton x-100-agarose.

Abstract Residual sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) introduces artifacts into immuno- and counter- immunoelectrophoretic analysis of proteins which have been eluted from preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Unbound SDS can be removed by electrophoretic passage of eluted solutions through a barrier of Triton X-100 in agarose in which the anionic and non-ionic detergents interact to form micelles.
Bladder Dysfunction in Boys with Posterior Urethral Valves before and after Puberty

AbstractPurpose: We characterized bladder dysfunction in boys with posterior urethral valves during childhood and adolescence.Materials and Methods: A total of 12 prepubertal boys with posterior urethral valves presenting before age 1 year was followed from ages 4 to 14 years and compared to 6 postpubertal boys with posterior urethral valves. Urodynamic evaluations and renal function studies were performed repeatedly.Results: Patients had a changing urodynamic pattern with instability decreasing with time, increasing bladder capacity and commonly an unsustained voiding contraction causing emptying difficulties. Postpubertal boys had high capacity bladders with low contractility.Conclusions: We suggest that previously described urodynamic patterns of the valve bladder (unstable, poorly compliant and over distended bladders) are variations of the same basic pattern that changes with time toward decompensation.
Basel 3, Dodd-Frank and sovereign exposures of US banks

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act calls for the elimination of references to credit ratings in US banking regulations. This study’s key finding is that US banks’ lending to foreign borrowers does not appear to have been closely and consistently correlated with changes in sovereign credit ratings in the recent past. The evidence is weakest over 2007–2012. Thus, it is doubtful that the elimination of references to credit ratings will have a significant impact on banks’ lending behaviour toward foreign borrowers. This finding lends support to serious consideration of alternative proposals, including those put forward by US regulators that seek to increase the sensitivity of capital requirements to sovereign risk levels, and one advanced in this study which relies on a joint regulatory mechanism by the BIS and the IMF.
Weight‐training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women

We tested the hypothesis that weight training would be an effective modality in maintaining or increasing bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and bone mineral content (BMC) at the distal wrist in early postmenopausal women. A total of 17 women completed a 9 month weight-training program, and 9 women served as a control group. Resistance training occurred three times per week using exercises designed to increase muscular strength. Mean change in lumbar BMD in the weight-trained group (1.6 +/- 1.2%, mean +/- SEM) was significantly different from the change in the control group (-3.6 +/- 1.5%, p less than 0.01) over the 9 month period. No significant weight-training effect was detected at the femoral neck or distal wrist site. We conclude that weight training may be a useful exercise modality for maintaining lumbar BMD in early postmenopausal women.
Cholecystokinin action on layer 6b neurons in somatosensory cortex

Layer 6b in neocortex is a distinct sublamina at the ventral portion of layer 6. Corticothalamic projections arise from 6b neurons, but few studies have examined the functional properties of these cells. In the present study we examined the actions of cholecystokinin (CCK) on layer 6b neocortical neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques. We found that the general CCK receptor agonist CCK8S (sulfated CCK octapeptide) strongly depolarized the neurons, and this action persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin, suggesting a postsynaptic site of action. The excitatory actions of CCK8S were mimicked by the selective CCK(B) receptor agonist CCK4, and attenuated by the selective CCK(B) receptor antagonist L365260, indicating a role for CCK(B) receptors. Voltage-clamp recordings revealed that CCK8S produced a slow inward current associated with a decreased conductance with a reversal potential near the K(+) equilibrium potential. In addition, intracellular cesium also blocked the inward current, suggesting the involvement of a K(+) conductance, likely K(leak). Our data indicate that CCK, acting via CCK(B) receptors, produces a long-lasting excitation of layer 6b neocortical neurons, and this action may play a critical role in modulation of corticothalamic circuit activity.
Evaluation of 5-[18F]fluoropropylepidepride as a potential PET radioligand for imaging dopamine D2 receptors.

This study evaluated the utility of (S)-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide ([18F]fluoropropylepidepride), [18F]5-FPrEpid, as a ligar d for PET studies of cerebral dopamine D2 receptors. The in vitro affinity for the rat striatal dopamine D2 receptor, KD 138 pM, was determined by Scatchard analysis of in vitro binding to rat striatal homogenate. The apparent lipophilicity, log kw 1.6, was measured with reverse phase HPLC at pH 7.5. The receptor specificity was determined by competitive displacement of [18F]5-FPrEpid by a variety of neurotransmitter ligands. Only dopamine D2 ligands displaced [18F]5-FPrEpid with high affinity. Positron tomographic imaging studies in primates of [18F]5-FPrEpid demonstrated a stable striatal uptake. of 0.02% injected dose/ml for up to 5 h after injection. The striatal: cerebellar ratio increased from 2 at 15 min, to 7 at 200 min, and to 10 at 300 min. Striatal uptake was displaceable by haloperidol (1 mg/kg) or raclopride (2.5 mg/kg) to cerebellar levels with a t1/2 of washout of 9 or 15 min. Striatal uptake was mildly susceptible to displacement by d-amphetamine (1–2 mg/kg) released endogenous dopamine; d-amphetamine administration produced a 10%/h increase in the rate of striatal washout. Although uptake in the striatum is reversible, an equilibrium between receptor bound [18F]5-FPrEpid in striatum and [18F]5-FPrEpid in plasma is not reached within 5 h postinjection. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
Dry-Friction Whip and Whirl Predictions for a Rotor-Stator Model With Rubbing Contact at Two Locations

The present work investigates the phenomena of whip and whirl for a rigid rotor contacting at two bearing locations. The idea originated with a paper by Clark et al. in 2009 on an anemometer undergoing dry friction whip and whirl. The anemometer rotor was supported by two Teflon® bushings within an elastically supported housing. The dry-friction forces arose at the bushings. Prior models for dry friction whirl and whip have considered rub at one non-support location. The present analytical model consists of a rigid rotor connected to a rigid stator at two rubbing contact locations. Analytical solutions are developed for the following normal reaction forces at the contact locations: (1) In phase, and (2) 180 degrees out of phase. Analytical solutions are only possible for the same RCl (Radius to Clearance ratio) at the two rub locations and define regions where dry-friction whirl is possible plus indication possible boundaries between whirl and whip. These solutions are similar to Black’s in 1968. A flexible-rotor/flexible-stator model with nonlinear connections at the bearings was developed to more correctly establish the range of possible solutions. The nonlinear connections at the rub surface are modeled using Hunt and Crossley’s 1975 contact model with coulomb friction. Dry friction simulations are performed for the following rotor center of gravity (C.G.) configurations: (1) Centered, (2) 3/4 contact-span location and (3) Overhang location outside the contacts. Results from the in-phase analytical solutions and the nonlinear simulations agree to some extent with the rotor mass centered and at 3/4 location in that whirl-to-whip transitions occur near the pinned rotor-stator bounce frequency. For the overhung mass case, the nonlinear simulation predicts whip at different frequencies for the two contact locations. Neither analytical solution modes predicts this outcome. No out-of-phase solutions could be obtained via time-transient simulations. Dry-friction whirling is normally characterized as supersynchronous precession with a precession frequency equal to running speed times RCl. Simulation predictions for models with different RCl mimic whirling. Simulation predictions show increasing backward precessional (BP) frequency with increasing rotor speeds. However, individual contact velocities show slipping at all conditions. Slipping is greater at one location than the other, netting a “whirl-like” motion. For the overhung model with different RCl ratios, apart from whipping at different frequency the two contacts also whirl at different frequencies corresponding to the RCl at the respective contacts. Simulations predict a different running speed for the “jump up” in precession frequency associated with a transition from whirl-to-whip with increasing running speed than for the jump-down in precession frequency for whirl-to-whip in a speed-decreasing mode.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Supergravity coupled to chiral matter at one loop.

We extend earlier calculations of the one-loop contributions to the effective Bose Lagrangian in supergravity coupled to chiral matter. We evaluate all logarithmically divergent contributions for arbitrary background scalar fields and space-time metrics. We show that, with a judicious choice of gauge fixing and of the definition of the action expansion, much of the result can be absorbed into a redefinition of the metric and a renormalization of the Kaehler potential. Most of the remaining terms depend on the curvature of the Kaehler metric. Further simplification occurs in models obtained from superstrings in which the Kaehler Riemann tensor is covariantly constant.
The US debate on NATO nuclear deterrence

NATO's nuclear deterrence posture has since the late 1950s involved risk-and responsibility-sharing arrangements based on the presence of US nuclear weapons in Europe. Since 1991 gravity bombs, deliverable by US and allied dual-capable aircraft, have been the only type of US nuclear weapons left in Europe. Although many other factors are involved in the alliance's deterrence posture and in US extended deterrence—including intercontinental forces, missile defences, non-nuclear capabilities and declaratory policy—recent discussions in the United States about NATO nuclear deterrence have focused on the future of the remaining US nuclear weapons in Europe. The traditional view has supported long-standing US and NATO policy in holding that the risk- and responsibility-sharing arrangements based on US nuclear weapons in Europe contribute to deterrence and war prevention; provide assurance to the allies of the genuineness of US commitments; and make the extended deterrence responsibility more acceptable to the United States. From this perspective, no further cuts in the US nuclear weapons presence in Europe should be made without an agreement with Russia providing for reductions that address the US—Russian numerical disparity in non-strategic nuclear forces, with reciprocal transparency and verification measures. In contrast, four schools of thought call for withdrawing the remaining US nuclear weapons in Europe without any negotiated Russian reciprocity: some military officers who consider the weapons and associated arrangements unnecessary for deterrence; proponents of ambitious arms control measures who accept extended deterrence policies but view the US weapons in Europe as an obstacle to progress in disarmament; nuclear disarmament champions who reject extended nuclear deterrence policies and who wish to eliminate all nuclear arms promptly; and selective engagement campaigners who want the United States to abandon extended nuclear deterrence commitments to allies on the grounds that they could lead to US involvement in a nuclear war.
Interaction of unsaturated fat or coconut oil with monensin in lactating dairy cows fed 12 times daily. II. Fatty acid flow to the omasum and milk fatty acid profile1

Feeding animal-vegetable (AV) fat or medium-chain fatty acids (FA) to dairy cows can decrease ruminal protozoal counts. However, combining moderate to large amounts of AV fat with monensin (tradename: Rumensin, R) could increase the risk for milk fat depression (MFD), whereas it is not known if diets supplemented with coconut oil (CNO; rich in medium-chain FA) with R would cause MFD. In a 6 × 6 Latin square design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, 6 rumen-cannulated cows were fed diets without or with R (12 g/909 kg) and either control (no fat), 5% AV fat, or 5% CNO. Diets were balanced to have 21.5% forage neutral detergent fiber, 16.8% crude protein, and 42% nonfiber carbohydrates. Omasal flows of FA were characterized by an increased percentage of trans 18:1 for AV fat and CNO diets compared with the control, a higher percentage of 12:0 and 14:0 for CNO, and higher cis 18:1 for AV fat. Milk FA composition reflected the changes observed for omasal FA digesta flow. The de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland was decreased by the main effects of R compared without R (averaged over fat treatments) and for added fat (AV fat and CNO) versus control (averaged over R). The percentages of 6:0, 8:0, and 10:0 in milk fat were lower for R and for AV fat and CNO compared with the control. The percentage of trans 18:1 FA in milk fat also higher for AV fat and CNO compared with the control. Against our hypotheses, the feeding of CNO did not prevent MFD, and few interactions between R and fat source were detected. The feeding of CNO did compromise ruminal biohydrogenation, with accumulation of trans 18:1 in the rumen and in milk fat.
Nonequilibrium bipolar charging of aerosol particles: Theory and experiment

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study of particle charge acquisition in a region containing unequal current densities of ions of opposite polarity (a nonequilibrium bipolar region) is presented. A continuum model of ion transport is combined with charging expressions to describe the nonequilibrium bipolar charging of aerosol particles. Experiments employing an 11-MCi 90Sr-90Y β source and electric and magnetic fields are performed to verify the calculational method. Trajectories of 50–100-μm-diameter glass beads falling through the experimental apparatus are recorded on film by a photographic technique utilizing an open aperture camera and stroboscopic light source. Predicted increases in the particle charging rate upon application of a magnetic field strength of approximately 1000 G are clearly demonstrated by experiments. Measured charging rates are in fair agreement with theory, especially in the presence of the magnetic field. This research provides a quantitative basis upon which particle charging and motion in bipolar ionic regions may be calculated.
Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor selectivities of phenyl-benzazepines in rhesus monkey striata

Several phenyl-benzazepine compounds, putatively selective dopamine D1 receptor agonists, have been used to study the effects of dopamine D1 receptor stimulation in rodents and nonhuman primates. However, the dopamine receptor selectivities of these compounds have not been established in nonhuman primates. Accordingly, the relative selectivities of six phenyl-benzazepines for dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors were assessed in rhesus monkey and, for comparison, rat striata. The compounds tested had higher affinity for D1 than D2 receptors in both species; however, their selectivity varied by up to three orders of magnitude. GTP (100 microM) reduced agonist binding at the high-affinity state of the dopamine D1 receptor, but the magnitude of the effect of GTP did not reliably predict a compound's efficacy. Furthermore, a history of cocaine self-administration did not appear to influence dopamine receptor binding characteristics in the rhesus monkeys in this study. The present results will aid the comparison of dopamine receptor binding characteristics and behavioral effects of D1 dopamine receptor agonists.
Heat Transfer in Encased Graphene

Experimentally understanding the heat transfer in graphene (sheets of graphite a few atoms thick) is important for fundamental physics as well as device applications. In particular, measurements of the heat flow through graphene encased by oxide layers are essential for future graphene-based nanoelectronics, interconnects, and thermal management structures. Here we use a “heat spreader method” to study the heat dissipation performance of encased graphene. Measurements show enhanced heat spreading by a graphene layer as compared to control samples without graphene. At room temperature, the in-plane thermal conductivity of encased graphene sheets of thickness 2 nm and 5 nm is measured to be ∼150 W/m-K, more than one order of magnitude smaller than a published report for a freely-suspended graphene sheet [A. A. Balandin et al., Nano Lett. 8, 902], as well as bulk graphite. We also used a differential 3ω method to measure the thermal contact resistance between graphene and SiO2 , finding a value around 10−8 m2 -K/W at room temperature. Possible reasons for the unexpectedly low thermal conductivity are also discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Leach characterization of cement encapsulated wastes

Abstract Matrix encapsulation of defense nuclear waste as well as intermediate-level commercial wastes within a low-temperature cementitious composite were investigated. The cements for this study included both as-received and modified calcium silicate and calcium aluminate cements. Specimens were prepared following conventional formulation techniques designed to produce dense monoliths, followed by curing at 60 °C. An alternative preparation procedure is contrasted in which the specimens were “warm” pressed in a uniaxial press at 150 °C at 50,000 psi for 0.5 h. Specimens of the waste/cement composites were leached in deionized water following three different procedures which span a wide range of temperatures and solution saturation conditions. These procedures included modified Paige (25 °C), Soxhlet (90 °C), and hydrothermal (200 °C). A general conclusion from the comparison of these data is that aluminate and compositionally adjusted silicate cements exhibited a better retentivity for Cs and Sr than did the as-received silicate cement. These observations were correlated to the amounts of calcium hydroxide (portlandite) that is initialy present in the hydrating cements.
Effect of in vivo jet fuel exposure on subsequent in vitro dermal absorption of individual aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon fuel constituents.

The percutaneous absorption of topically applied jet fuel hydrocarbons (HC) through skin previously exposed to jet fuel has not been investigated, although this exposure scenario is the occupational norm. Pigs were exposed to JP-8 jet fuel-soaked cotton fabrics for 1 and 4 d with repeated daily exposures. Preexposed and unexposed skin was then dermatomed and placed in flow-through in vitro diffusion cells. Five cells with exposed skin and four cells with unexposed skin were dosed with a mixture of 14 different HC consisting of nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, ethyl benzene, o-xylene, trimethyl benzene (TMB), cyclohexyl benzene (CHB), naphthalene, and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN) in water + ethanol (50:50) as diluent. Another five cells containing only JP-8-exposed skin were dosed solely with diluent in order to determine the skin retention of jet fuel HC. The absorption parameters of flux, diffusivity, and permeability were calculated for the studied HC. T...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of NAD+ in Solution

Molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent have been performed to investigate the conformational preferences of NAD+ in solution. Two simulations, started from different initial conformatio...
Mechanisms of Metabolic Fuel Selection: Modeling Human Metabolism and Body-Weight Change

In this review, the current state of mathematical modeling of human metabolism was outlined together with the regulation of body weight and body composition. The following topics were discussed: energy balance models of body-weight change; mass-energy conversion factor and its relationship to body composition change; modelling steady-state changes of body weight; weight-loss kinetic modeling; metabolic fuel selection modelling beyond energy-balance models; fuel selection physiological mechanisms modelling; and, applications to wasting conditions such as cancer cachexia and future directions.
Frakturen des Processus posterior tali

Zusammenfassung OSG-Distorsionen zahlen zu den haufigsten Verletzungen im Sport. Ossare Lasionen des Processus posterior des Talus treten hingegen selten auf. Undislozierte Frakturen dieser Art werden leicht ubersehen, als OSG-Distorsion missinterpretiert und entsprechend falsch therapiert. Wie bei der OSG-Distorsion imponiert die Klinik durch signifikante Schmerzen und Dysfunktion. Um zu einer korrekten Diagnosestellung zu gelangen, ist es essentiell, Informationen uber den Unfallmechanismus zu erlangen und vor diesem Hintergrund die weitere bildgebende Diagnostik zu veranlassen. Die radiologische Abgrenzung zwischen dem Normalbefund eines Os trigonum und dem pathologischen Befund eines frakturierten Processus posterior tali fuhrt in diesem Fall zur korrekten Diagnosestellung, der korrekten Therapie und hilft dabei protrahierte Krankheitsverlaufe zu verhindern.
Review of Effective Interventions for Socially Inappropriate Masturbation in Persons with Cognitive Disabilities

Surveys of the sexual behaviors of persons with cognitive disabilities report as a main problem unacceptably displayed autoerotic behaviors that are appropriate in private, but inappropriate or illegal in public situations. Public or distractingly excessive masturbation is socially unacceptable and has been addressed with several successful interventions different in nature. This review of the literature investigates factors that lead to necessary intervention, identifies associations of different effective treatment approaches with types of cognitive disabilities, and examines the evolution of documented interventions from the late 1960s to the early 2000s. Data suggest that theoretical advances toward more humane, supportive and self-regulative interventions are more likely to help persons with milder cognitive disabilities. Self-regulation, or differentiated control over the public aspect of masturbatory behaviors is less likely to be accomplished in cases with more severe cognitive and social skill deficits. Ethical and legal questions of different treatment approaches are discussed.
The effect of desiccation on the porosity and pore structure of freeze dried hardened portland cement and slag-blended pastes

Abstract Mercury porosimetry studies of hardened cement pastes of Portland cement and blast furnace slag blended cements have been conducted after freeze drying cured samples. The samples have been aged after freeze drying in a desiccating atmosphere so as to evaluate the effect of aging on the pore structure of freeze dried hardened Portland cement paste prepared with and without admixtures. Results indicate that after 24 hours of freeze drying the hardened paste shows negligible change in porosity and pore structure with aging in a desiccating atmosphere.
Structure of divalent cation-phosphatidic acid complexes as determined by 31P-NMR

A comparative study of the structure of various phosphatidic acid-divalent cation complexes has been completed using 31P solids NMR methods. These complexes had been implicated as important intermediates in the fusion of phospholipid vesicles and several pieces of evidence had suggested that differences in activity of various ions may stem from structural differences among the complexes. Solids NMR studies using spin one-half nuclei reflect structural properties of molecules through partial averaging of chemical shift tensors. We have found significant differences in the chemical shift tensors observed for Mg, Ca and Cd complexes. Low angle X-ray scattering data were used to assure comparison of similar phases. At low temperatures Ca and Cd complexes exhibit unique phases prohibiting comparison with Mg complexes. At higher temperatures, all complexes exhibit a hexagonal phase, and 31P tensors of the complexes in the hexagonal phase can be interpreted using headgroup geometries similar to those found in crystal structures of phospholipids and assuming motional averaging by simple axial motions. Tensors of Ca and Cd complexes are very similar to one another but are significantly broader than those observed for Mg complexes suggesting a more erect headgroup structure. The differences parallel the fusion activities of the ions for which Ca and Cd are similar and significantly enhanced over that of Mg, supporting a structural link to fusion activity.
Sex, morals, and schools

(1989). Sex, morals, and schools. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 28, Sexuality Education, pp. 217-220.
Outcome measures utilized in clinical trials of interventions for post-cardiac arrest syndrome: A systematic review

Abstract Background The post-cardiac arrest syndrome (period of critical illness following return of spontaneous circulation [ROSC]) is a promising window of opportunity for clinical trials of therapeutic interventions to improve outcome from cardiac arrest. However, the methodological rigor of post-ROSC trials and the ability to compare or pool data on treatment effects across studies requires consistent and appropriate outcome measures. We aimed to determine the current degree of uniformity of outcome measures in clinical trials of post-ROSC interventions. Methods We conducted a systematic review of Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, conference proceedings, and clinical trial registrations using a comprehensive strategy. We identified experimental or quasi-experimental trials testing post-ROSC interventions in adults. Four authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality using standardized instruments. Results The search yielded 33 potential studies, of which 13 randomized controlled trials ( n =1937) were included in the final analysis. Seven trials tested pharmacologic therapies and six tested non-pharmacologic therapies. Our main finding is that heterogeneity in the selection and reporting of outcomes limited comparability of results across studies. No two trials used exactly the same primary outcome, and timing of measurement varied widely. We found only two commonalities: (1) indices of functional survival were used rather than survival alone, and (2) ordinal scales of neurological function were collapsed into clinically meaningful groups ("good" versus "bad" outcome). Conclusion Currently there is a lack of uniformity in selection and reporting of outcome measures among trials of post-ROSC interventions. Achieving consensus would be an important advance for resuscitation science.
LH*—a scalable, distributed data structure

We present a scalable distributed data structure called LH*. LH* generalizes Linear Hashing (LH) to distributed RAM and disk files. An LH* file can be created from records with primary keys, or objects with OIDs, provided by any number of distributed and autonomous clients. It does not require a central directory, and grows gracefully, through splits of one bucket at a time, to virtually any number of servers. The number of messages per random insertion is one in general, and three in the worst case, regardless of the file size. The number of messages per key search is two in general, and four in the worst case. The file supports parallel operations, e.g., hash joins and scans. Performing a parallel operation on a file of M buckets costs at most 2M + 1 messages, and between 1 and O(log2Mrounds of messages.We first describle the basic LH* scheme where a coordinator site manages abucket splits, and splits a bucket every time a collision occurs. We show that the average load factor of an LH* file is 65%–70% regardless of file size, and bucket capacity. We then enhance the scheme with load control, performed at no additional message cost. The average load factor then increases to 80–95%. These values are about that of LH, but the load factor for LH* varies more.We nest define LH* schemes without a coordinator. We show that insert and search costs are the same as for the basic scheme. The splitting cost decreases on the average, but becomes more variable, as cascading splits are needed to prevent file overload. Next, we briefly describe two variants of splitting policy, using parallel splits and presplitting that should enhance performance for high-performance applications.All together, we show that LH* files can efficiently scale to files that are orders of magnitude larger in size than single-site files. LH* files that reside in main memory may also be much faster than single-site disk files. Finally, LH* files can be more efficient than any distributed file with a centralized directory, or a static parallel or distributed hash file.
A study of bubble dynamics in reduced gravity forced-convection boiling

Abstract Experiments are reported in which a single vapor bubble was nucleated and grown in a flow field of FC-72 on a flat surface in terrestrial gravity and microgravity. A thin gold film semi-transparent heater was designed and used to generate single bubbles. Bubble nucleation, growth, and departure in microgravity with different flow rates were observed by a CCD camera. It was found that the transient bubble diameters during growth are proportional to the parameter of ( Re −1/3 t ∗1/3 ), where Re is the Reynolds number and t∗ is the dimensionless time. The forced-convection would affect the downstream edge of a bubble significantly in microgravity, while the upstream coordinate of a bubble seems to be independent of the flow rate. It was observed that the high flow rate would offset the buoyancy effects. As a result, the bubble generation frequency, Weber number, and bubble shape tend to be similar with those in normal gravity.
Division I Men and Women Athletes Do Not Differ on Perceptions of Worth

Historically, especially prior to the increased interest in women's athletics with the passage of Title IX in 1972, there have been negative perceptions of women as athletes. If these social perceptions still hold in part today, as is indirectly suggested by unequal press coverage and less basic support for women athletes, one might predict that collegiate female athletes would rate themselves lower on self-esteem and worth than collegiate male athletes. 176 Division I male (n = 90) and female (n = 86) athletes rated their perceptions of self on the Worth Index which measures basic human worth, personal security, performance, and physical self; these are divided into intrinsic (unconditional worth) measures and behavior or performance (conditional worth) measures. There were no significant sex differences in the ratings of any aspect of perceived worth, in contrast to prior results among non-athletes. In spite of less support given to women athletes, perhaps the long-term high-intensity competition that i...
Extracellular and intracellular actions of adenosine and related compounds in the reperfused rat intestine.

By using pharmacological tools, the biological actions of adenosine (ADO) were manipulated in rat intestine that had been rendered ischemic for 5 or 15 minutes and reperfused for 1 or 24 hours. With 100 microM ADO topically administered for 30 minutes after ischemia and then washed out, intestinal arteriolar blood flow (BF) and tissue ATP were restored to preocclusion levels, and histological damage was minimal after 1 hour of reperfusion. For comparison, with vehicle treatment after ischemia, BF was reduced by 50%, tissue ATP was reduced by 50%, myeloperoxidase levels in the intestine and lung were increased at least twofold, and mucosal villi were shortened and thickened after 1 hour of reperfusion. Furthermore, with vehicle treatment, both baseline BF and reactivity to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and endothelium-independent (2-chloroadenosine) vasodilators were significantly depressed after 24 hours of reperfusion. In contrast, with ADO, baseline BF remained near normal, and vascular reactivity to 2-chloroadenosine and acetylcholine was preserved after 24 hours. The salutary effect of ADO on BF was reduced by simultaneous application of the antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline or the cellular uptake inhibitor dipyridamole. The nonmetabolized agonist 2-chloroadenosine, the purine precursor aminoimidazole carboxamide riboside, or dipyridamole alone all had favorable effects relative to the vehicle, but all were less potent than ADO. The conclusions are as follows: 1) Endogenous ADO modulates the inflammatory response evoked by intestinal reperfusion because aminoimidazole carboxamide riboside or dipyridamole, which increases its availability, generally had favorable effects, whereas 8-phenyltheophylline tended to have opposite effects. 2) Exogenous ADO arrests most of the inflammatory changes associated with reperfusion by mechanisms that include both extracellular (e.g., receptor-mediated vasodilation and granulocyte inhibition) and intracellular (e.g., restoration of ATP) actions. 3) The effectiveness of ADO-related compounds even when administered after ischemia attests to the practicality of salvaging ischemic bowel, at least in some conditions.
Neuropsychological functioning pretreatment and posttreatment in an inpatient eating disorders program

Objective This study was conducted to determine whether neuropsychological dysfunction associated with anorexia nervosa resolves with inpatient treatment. Method Subjects were 28 women being treated for anorexia nervosa. Main study variables included body mass index (BMI), Beck Depression Inventory-II, and neuropsychological test scores. Subjects were tested at admission and discharge. Results Neuropsychological functioning improved across the course of treatment, with significant changes on tests of memory and psychomotor speed. This improvement was not significantly associated with change in BMI or with the other variables that were studied. Discussion Patients with anorexia nervosa exhibit subtle neuropsychological dysfunction, which resolves at least partially during treatment. This improvement does not appear to be associated with an increase in BMI. However, it is possible that BMI is not a sufficiently sensitive indicator of nutritional status or that longer-term follow-up is necessary to reveal the nutrition-cognition relationship that we were seeking. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 64–70, 2003.
Designing Effective Mentoring Programs: Historical Perspectives and Current Issues

This article explores the historical development of mentoring and several current critical issues in mentoring: purpose and process, characteristics of mentors, the establishment and duration of mentoring relationships, and mentoring for women and minorities. Personnel in academic settings need to consider these issues when implementing a mentoring program.
The absolute photometry of the zodiacal light

Photometric night sky observations of zodiacal light, discussing brightness as function of elongation in terms of ecliptic coordinates
Temporal response of neurons to ambient heating in the preoptic and septal area of the unanesthetized rabbit

Abstract 1. 1. The firing rates of single neurons were recorded in the septal and preoptic areas of unanesthetized rabbits during brief periods of ambient heating. 2. 2. The temporal response for neurons responsive to ambient temperature were calculated as the interval of time between the onset of heating and the point at which the unit's activity reached 63% (i.e. 1 — 1/e) of its total change in activity. 3. 3. Thirty-one neurons were isolated in 5 rabbits. Fourteen neurons were facilitated, 10 were inhibited and 7 were unaffected by heating. 4. 4. Temporal responses ranged from 5. 5. We observed a bimodal relationship in the number of neuronal responses to ambient temperature vs temporal response: a sharp 0- to 6. 6. These data resemble the temporal response patterns of thermally excitable neurons throughout the central nervous system.
Analysis of Exhaust Plume Effects on Sonic Boom for a 59-Degree Wing Body Model

Reducing or eliminating the operational restrictions of supersonic aircraft over populated areas has led to extensive research at NASA. Restrictions are due to the disturbance of the sonic boom, caused by the coalescence of shock waves formed off the aircraft. Recent work has been performed to reduce the magnitude of the sonic boom N-wave generated by airplane components with focus on shock waves caused by the exhaust nozzle plume. Previous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses showed how the shock wave formed at the nozzle lip interacted with the nozzle boat-tail expansion wave. The nozzle lip shock moved with increasing nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) and reduced the nozzle boat-tail expansion. Lip shock movement caused a favorable change in the observed pressure signature. These results were applied to a simplified supersonic vehicle geometry with no inlets and no tail, in which the goal was to demonstrate how under-expanded nozzle operation reduced the sonic boom signature by twelve percent. A secondary goal was to demonstrate the use of the Cart3D inviscid code for off-body pressure signatures including the nozzle plume effect.
The atmospheric dynamo‐theory of variations in Earth‐Currents and Terrestrial Magnetism—A review

The atmospheric dynamo-theory maintains: That the atmosphere at a height from 100 to 170 km is a relatively good conductor, equivalent to a sheet of copper one-tenth mm thick directly under the Sun; that motion of this relative to the Earth's permanent magnetic field due to winds arising from tidal and other forces generates electric currents in this region of the atmosphere; that the magnetic field of these primary currents together with that of the secondary currents induced in the Earth by variations in the former constitutes the observed fluctuations of the Earth's magnetism, except those of very long period (secular variations) and some short-period fluctuations (local disturbances) which appear only over small areas. This theory was briefly outlined and its tenability considered.
Electrospray charging of minerals and ices for hypervelocity impact research

Microparticle impacts are an important solar system process, and laboratory experiments are essential to understanding both microcratering and the results from in situ cosmic dust analyzers. However, current dust accelerators can only use conductive projectiles, limiting projectile types and possibly complicating studies of microparticle impact chemistry. We present a charging method that eliminates the need for conductive projectiles by using electrospray, instead of contact charging, to electrically charge microparticles. Using this novel application of electrospray, charged microparticles of quartz, quartz–ice aggregate, and methanol–water ice have been produced and observed. These experiments also demonstrate that the quartz surface can be protonated under non-equilibrium electrospray conditions, implying that the quartz surface may have a point of zero charge. Although coupling an electrospray source to a dust accelerator presents challenges, electrospray charging of minerals, mineral–ice aggregates, and astrophysical ices may enable experiments with projectiles that more closely resemble actual solar system materials.
Being Effective Interventionists to Foster Student Global Citizenship

If we are to be mentors to students on their journey, we first need to decide what students are to be and become in developing a global perspective. We then can create interventions–programs, courses, experiences–for students on campus and beyond the campus that will be the most effective. Research on how and what influences character development and working principles for creating an effective environment for students to become global citizens are presented.
Glioma Grade Is Associated with the Accumulation and Activity of Cells Bearing M2 Monocyte Markers

Purpose: This study is directed at identifying the cell source(s) of immunomodulatory cytokines in high-grade gliomas and establishing whether the analysis of associated markers has implications for tumor grading. Experimental Design: Glioma specimens classified as WHO grade II–IV by histopathology were assessed by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry to identify the cells producing interleukin (IL)-10, which was confirmed by flow cytometry and factor secretion in culture. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) and mixture discriminant analysis (MDA) were used to investigate associations between expressed genes and glioma grade. Results: The principle source of glioma-associated IL-10 is a cell type that bears phenotype markers consistent with M2 monocytes but does not express all M2-associated genes. Measures of expression of the M2 cell markers CD14, CD68, CD163, and CD204, which are elevated in high-grade gliomas, and the neutrophil/myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) subset marker CD15, which is reduced, provide the best index of glioma grade. Conclusions: Grade II and IV astrocytomas can be clearly differentiated on the basis of the expression of certain M2 markers in tumor tissues, whereas grade III astrocytomas exhibit a range of expression between the lower and higher grade specimens. The content of CD163 + cells distinguishes grade III astrocytoma subsets with different prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 19(14); 3776–86. ©2013 AACR .
Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions

An explicit calculation shows perturbation theory to be arbitrarily good for the deep Euclidean Green's functions of any Yang-Mills theory and of many Yang-Mills theories with fermions. Under the hypothesis that spontaneous symmetry breakdown is of dynamical origin, these symmetric Green's functions are the asymptotic forms of the physically significant spontaneously broken solution, whose coupling could be strong.
Evolution of Snow-Size Spectra in Cyclonic Storms. Part II: Deviations from the Exponential Form

Abstract Using a form of the stochastic collection equation, conservation equations for the first and second moments of the mass were parameterized to yield a height dependent one-dimensional snow growth model for unrimed stratiform snowfall. Snow-size distributions were represented by the form N(D) = N0Dν exp(−λD), and solutions for λ and N0 were obtained. The spectral parameter ν allows the concentration of the smaller ice particles to deviate from the exponential form and controls the degree of subexponential or superexponential behavior. The sub- and superexponential spectra analyzed in this study had ν values of 1 and −1, respectively. A number of simple analytical relationships was developed that describes various properties of size distributions, regardless of the particle type involved. A method was developed for obtaining the three parameters of the size distribution used in the model from measured size distributions. In addition, an expression was derived to relate the two λ of an exponentially ...
Another look at Hymenoxys subgenus Plummera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Gaillardiinae) from Arizona and New Mexico

The recent merger ofPlummera intoHymenoxys is followed here. The two previously recognized species ofPlummera are here treated as a single polymorphic species ofHymenoxys, H. ambigens, consisting of three varieties: var.ambigens from the Mescal, Santa Teresa, and Pinaleno Mountains of southeastern Arizona; var.floribunda from the Chiricahua, Dos Cabezas, Dragoon, Little Dragoon, and Mule Mountains of southeastern Arizona; and var.neomexicana described here from the Animas and Peloncillo Mountains of southwestern New Mexico.
Monomers, dimers, and tetramers of 1- and 2-naphthoic acids

Abstract The absorption and emission spectra of 1- and 2-naphthoic acids and a number of their derivatives have been investigated. The S 1 , T 1 , and S 0 energy levels of solvent H-bonded monomers and internally H-bonded dimers are affected by the type of H-bonding, by periinteractions, by steric factors provided by substituent groups, and by solvent effects. The excimer fluorescence of 1-naphthoic acid has been detected and is the sole fluorescece of the crystal; it is attributed to a tetrameric sandwich complex of two dimers. The 1-naphthoic acid crystal also exhibits delayed excimer flurescence of a triplet-triplet annihilative type.
Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide ligand dynamics in synthetic heme and heme-copper complex systems.

Intermolecular nitrogen monoxide (·NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) transfer from iron to copper and back, a phenomenon not previously observed, has been accomplished by employing transient-absorbance laser flash photolysis methods. A 1:1 heme/copper component system consisting of a six-coordinate ferrous species, F8FeII(CO)(DCIM) or F8FeII(NO)(thf) [F8 = tetrakis(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrinate(2−); DCIM = 1,5-dicyclohexylimidazole; thf = tetrahydrofuran], and two ligand−copper(I) complexes, one with tridentate [BzL = (benzyl)bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine] and one with tetradentate coordination [PyL = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine], was utilized. The results suggest a lower affinity for NO versus CO binding to copper(I) and a higher rate for NO versus CO binding to heme. In fact, the latter event has been observed in cytochrome c oxidase aa3.