cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections through the Use of Sliver-Coated 100% Silicone Indwelling Catheter System

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: As the number of elderly, immunocompromised and/or patients with severe co-morbidities has risen in the inpatient setting, the use of indwelling bladder catheters has increased as well. This 200-bed acute care community-based hospital had seen a gradual increase in the number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) using a standard silicone indwelling catheter. In an effort to positively impact the CAUTI rate, a decision was made to evaluate the effectiveness of silver-coated 100% silicone indwelling catheter. METHODS: During a three month trial period, in 2005, a concurrent housewide CAUTI rate was performed during which only silver-coated 100% silicone catheters were inserted. This rate was compared to the CAUTI rate established for the same three months, in 2004, when standard silicone catheters were used. Definitions based on CDC criteria for nosocomial UTI were utilized for case determination. Numerators reflected only indwelling catheter-associated UTIs. The CAUTI rate was computed with a denominator of risk adjusted adult inpatient days in both time periods and expressed as a rate per 1000 adult inpatient days. Potential records warranting review were selected from laboratory records of positive culture results. During the evaluation period, nursing staff were not provided with any information that would change their current practice for inserting and caring for indwelling catheters. RESULTS: The evaluation period resulted in a 57% decrease in CAUTIs. During 2004, the CAUTI rate was 0.48 infections per 1000 in-patient days. Using silver-coated 100% silicone catheters, the CAUTI rate, in 2005, was 0.21 infections per 1000 in-patient days. CONCLUSIONS: Silver-coated 100% silicone catheters can be effective in reducing the number of CAUTIs in an acute care community-based hospital. Following this evaluation, the standard for this hospital is the silver-coated 100% silicone catheter. Six months following the evaluation, we continue to see a decrease in CAUTIs. The CAUTI rate for the 6 months following the evaluation period was 0.52 infections per 1000 patient days compared to a rate of 1.03 infections per 1000 patient days during the same period in 2004.
Glucose transport by uterine plasma membranes.

Abstract Uterine plasma membrane preparations were obtained by centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients. The specific activity of the plasma membrane marker 5′-nucleotidase was increased 10-fold while the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was increased 3-fold. Electron microscopy showed mainly closed vesicles having diameters mainly in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 μm and an absence of other recognizable organelles such as mitochondria. d -Glucose transport was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, phloretin, and cytochalasin B. Uptake was prevented at high osmotic pressures. The K m of glucose transport was 12.2 ± 1.1 mM. Studies of the inhibition of [ 3 H]cytochalasin B binding by d -glucose indicated that the value of the K d of the cytochalasin B-transporter complex was larger than 1 μM. These data demonstrate the potential usefulness of these preparations in the study of glucose transport in rat uterus and its control by steroid hormones.
Note on future supply uncertainty in EOQ models

We present an inventory model where the supply becomes randomly unavailable for random periods of time. We investigate the operating characteristics of the model, and we study the robustness of the optimal order quantity. Our work builds on Parlar and Berkin [2]. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
In ovo peptide YY and epidermal growth factor administration and their effects on growth and yolk utilization in neonatal meat-type chickens (Gallus domesticus)

The effects of in ovo peptide YY (PYY) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) administration on chick growth, yolk absorption and yolk stalk function in posthatch (0-5 days) meat-type or broiler chicks were determined. At Day 18 of incubation, treated eggs were injected into the air cell with 100 microl of either PYY (Trial 1) or EGF (Trial 2) at a dosage of 600 microg/kg egg weight. Saline-treated control eggs were injected similarly with 0.9% saline. At hatch, 200 microl of (51)Cr-labeled microspheres were injected into chick yolk sacs. Epidermal growth factor increased ileal wet weight adjusted for body weight as well as ileal serosal dry matter. Body weight, feed consumption and excreta weight per bird, and relative weights of the yolk sac, intestine and liver were significantly affected by age of the chick in both trials. Relative radioactivity of the yolk sac, yolk stalk, blood, liver, and kidneys were affected by bird age in Trial 2; however, there were no significant effects due to PYY or EGF treatments on relative radioactivity of the tissues and organs examined. These data suggest that PYY and EGF had no effect on yolk absorption or yolk stalk function through 5 days in the posthatch chick.
Differential accuracy of silicone-body interocclusal records and associated weight loss due to volatiles.

Summary Three brands of silicone-body impression material were tested to evaluate dimensional stability and associated weight loss due to volatiles. The three materials displayed weight losses over time which were generally proportional to their respective dimensional changes.
A method for the determination of the circulating concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

Determination de la concentration dans le serum et le plasma en 25-hydroxyvitamine D (25-hydroxyvitamine D 2 et/ou 25-hydroxyvitamine D 3 ). Extraction ethanolique par dosage grâce a des proteines de liaison contenues dans le serum et ayant une tres forte affinite pour la 25-hydroxyvitamine D (D 2 /D 3 ) et grâce a l'elimination des metabolites de la vitamine D par chromatographie
Experiments on the contact angle of water on ice

Abstract The results of two new experiments designed to determine the contact angle of water on ice are reported. In one it is shown that the first stage of melting of a clean ice surface is liquid formation at discrete sites, not uniformly over the surface as would be predicted if the contact angle were zero. The water has a downward meniscus and a sharp contact angle against the ice during both melting and freezing. In the second experiment ice discs are grown in water at approximately 0·010°C supercooling, and contacted by air bubbles on their smooth, basal faces. According to this experiment the contact angle of water on ice is zero. These contradictory results may be a result of anisotropic surface energy, or an effect of disequilibrium.
Evolution of acuteness in pathogen metapopulations: conflicts between “classical” and invasion-persistence trade-offs

Classical life-history theory predicts that acute, immunizing pathogens should maximize between-host transmission. When such pathogens induce violent epi- demic outbreaks, however, a pathogen's short-term advan- tage at invasion may come at the expense of its ability to persist in the population over the long term. Here, we seek to understand how the classical and invasion-persistence trade-offs interact to shape pathogen life-history evolution as a function of the size and structure of the host popu- lation. We develop an individual-based infection model at three distinct levels of organization: within an individual host, among hosts within a local population, and among local populations within a metapopulation. We find a con- tinuum of evolutionarily stable pathogen strategies. At one end of the spectrum—in large well-mixed populations— pathogens evolve to greater acuteness to maximize between- host transmission: the classical trade-off theory applies in this regime. At the other end of the spectrum—when the host population is broken into many small patches— selection favors less acute pathogens, which persist longer within a patch and thereby achieve enhanced between- patch transmission: the invasion-persistence trade-off dom- inates in this regime. Between these extremes, we explore the effects of the size and structure of the host popula- tion in determining pathogen strategy. In general, pathogen strategies respond to evolutionary pressures arising at both scales.
Epidermoid carcinoma in the first decade of life

Summary The case reported is the youngest patient with epidermoid carcinomafound in the literature. The escape of mucus in the vicinity of the developing tumor is suggested as a possible etiologic factor in the pathogenesis.
Nixon, Hitler, and power: An ego psychological study

(1986). Nixon, Hitler, and power: An ego psychological study. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 6, On Power, pp. 27-48.
FDA perspective on anti-TNF treatments

Although there are many points I would like to make about the FDA's perspective on anti-TNF treatments, I have limited myself to those 10 that I believe are most important. I present several of these less as absolutes than as stimulants for discussion, as I wish to make use of the expertise at this conference for furthering our collective understanding of how anti-TNF agents might best be used. There are no long term data on the safety of anti-TNF agents. Controlled safety data exist, to date, only from studies of durations of six months or less. Given that TNF is known to be a potent immunomodulatory agent, questions exist about the safety of its long term inhibition with anti-TNF agents, particularly with regard to the treated patient's immunological defence against infections. In addition, some have questioned whether a higher incidence of malignancies are associated with use of some anti-TNF agents. More studies, including registries and controlled trials of longer durations, may be helpful for answering questions in this area. Until more safety data are available, the rheumatology community is correct to recommend reserving the use of anti-TNF agents only for patients for which it is clearly indicated. Just as there are questions about the long term safety of anti-TNF agents, there are questions about their long term efficacy. As mentioned for safety above, no controlled efficacy data have been generated, to date, for treatment regimens longer than six months. Although it is thought likely by some, it is by no means certain that there exists a correlation between symptomatic and structural benefits after treatment with anti-TNF agents. The FDA encourages (in the RA Guidance Document) sponsors to study anti-TNF agents for the treatment of RA for at least one year …
Commercial proteases: Present and future

This review presents a brief overview of the general categories of commercially used proteases, and critically surveys the successful strategies currently being used to improve the properties of proteases for various commercial purposes. We describe the broad application of proteases in laundry detergents, food processing, and the leather industry. The review also introduces the expanding development of proteases as a class of therapeutic agents, as well as highlighting recent progress in the field of protease engineering. The potential commercial applications of proteases are rapidly growing as recent technological advances are producing proteases with novel properties and substrate specificities.
The Ultrasonographic and Radiologic Features of a Histologically Proven Case of Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma of the Orbit

An 18-year-old woman had a rapidly progressive proptosis, vascular congestion, and orbital pain. Ultrasonographic and radiologic tests supported the diagnosis of a solid vascularized mass that proved histologically to be an alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the orbit. Uncertainty as to the histogenesis of alveolar soft-part sarcoma still exists, but prognosis for patient survival is poor.
Medical Complications Associated with Heroin Use

(1967). Medical Complications Associated with Heroin Use. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 241-251.
Catalysis on the Atomic Scale (Emmett Award Lecture of 1977)

Abstract I am deeply honored to receive this award, named after one of the great surface chemists of this century, Paul Emmett. I have the good fortune to know him personally and to have interacted with him on many occasions. He is a personal and scientific inspiration to me as well as to several generations of surface and catalytic scientists who can call themselves his students. His broad knowledge of so many fields of chemical sciences and his constant evaluation of the boundaries of surface processes imposed by thermodynamics have led to his successful elucidation of the kinetics and mechanism of important catalytic processes. These include the ammonia synthesis and the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide over promoted iron catalysts, just to mention two of the important studies from his laboratory. Paul Emmett has instilled the love and respect of research in surface chemistry and in heterogeneous catalysis into all his students and associates by demonstrating through his own work that major innovations...
Industrial Fans: Their Practical Evaluated Rating, Performance, and Control:

The purpose of the paper is to draw attention to the situation which obtains when fan equipment forms part of the plant used to manufacture a product.Considerable detail is given in support of the points advanced, which deal mainly with the economics of production and include fan development, rating, design, application and control. Particular attention is devoted to the practical side in order to show how to obtain maximum financial profit from investment in fan equipment.As the theory of fan characteristics has, mainly, been evident in the literature on the subject, such theory has been avoided, excepting in connexion with the classic argument about the parallel operation of forward-curved bladed fans, concerning which, four premises have been cited in an attempt to inspire a mathematically qualified reader to develop a theory agreeing with observed phenomena—a theory which has not yet been produced.In the section of the paper dealing with the control of fans, the economic aspect is again stressed, part...
A Novel Link between Integrins, Transmembrane-4 Superfamily Proteins (CD63 and CD81), and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase

Enzymatic and immunochemical assays show a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in novel and specific complexes with proteins (CD63 and CD81) of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) and an integrin (α3β1). The size (55 kDa) and other properties of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI 4-K) (stimulated by nonionic detergent, inhibited by adenosine, inhibited by monoclonal antibody 4CG5) are consistent with PI 4-K type II. Not only was PI 4-K associated with α3β1-CD63 complexes in α3-transfected K562 cells, but also it could be co-purified from CD63 in untransfected K562 cells lacking α3β1. Thus, TM4SF proteins may link PI 4-K activity to the α3β1 integrin. The α5β1 integrin, which does not associate with TM4SF proteins, was not associated with PI 4-K. Notably, α3β1-CD63-CD81-PI 4-K complexes are located in focal complexes at the cell periphery rather than in focal adhesions. The novel linkage between integrins, transmembrane 4 proteins, and phosphoinositide signaling at the cell periphery may play a key role in cell motility and provides a signaling pathway distinct from conventional integrin signaling through focal adhesion kinase.
SIMS quantification in Si, GaAs, and diamond - an update

Abstract New and updated SIMS relative sensitivity factors (RSF) are given for Si, GaAs, and diamond.
The prenatal psychosocial profile: A research and clinical tool

This report summarizes five studies of culturally diverse women who were administered the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP). These data from 3,444 rural and urban women of all childbearing ages support the validity and reliability of the PPP as a measure of stress, support from partner, and support from others. The self-esteem scale is a valid and reliable measure for Caucasian and African American women. However, the cultural appropriateness of the self-esteem scale for Native American women is questionable, and it is neither valid nor culturally appropriate for traditional Hispanic women. The mean scores for stress, partner support, and other support were similar for all groups except for scales expected to differ by sample groups. Thus, suggested cutoff scores should be useful for screening purposes. The PPP provides a brief, yet comprehensive profile that is accepted by participants and useful to researchers and clinicians.
Toxicity of 4-nonylphenol in a life-cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans.

A life-cycle test with the macroinvertebrate Chironomus tentans was conducted with 4-nonylphenol. The chironomids were exposed to a series of concentrations of 4-nonylphenol via the water, in an intermittent (2 times/day) water renewal system. The test included evaluation of a number of developmental (e.g., growth) and reproductive (e.g., emergence, fecundity, viability) endpoints through parental and into F1 generations. Reductions in survival were observed in 20-day-old larvae at the highest test concentration, which corresponded to no-observable- and lowest-observable-effect concentrations of 42 and 91 microg/liter, respectively. No significant effects on larval growth (20 days), organism survival past 20 days, emergence success or pattern, sex ratio, fecundity, or egg viability were observed at any treatment level. Qualitative observations indicated an increase in deformed egg masses at the highest test concentrations; however, the biological significance of this is uncertain.
Changes in phenol red absorbance in response to electrical stimulation of frog skeletal muscle fibers.

Intact single twitch fibers from frog muscle were stretched to long sarcomere length, micro-injected with the pH indicator dye phenol red, and activated by action potential stimulation. Indicator-related absorbance changes (denoted by delta A0 and delta A90) were measured with 0 degree and 90 degrees polarized light (oriented, respectively, parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis). Two components of delta A were detected that had generally similar time courses. The "isotropic" component, calculated as the weighted average (delta A0 + 2 delta A90)/3, had the wavelength dependence expected for a change in myoplasmic pH. If calibrated in pH units, this signal's peak amplitude, which occurred 15-20 ms after stimulation, corresponded to a myoplasmic alkalization of average value 0.0025 +/- 0.0002 (+/- SEM; n = 9). The time course of this change, as judged from a comparison with that of the fibers' intrinsic birefringence signal, was delayed slightly with respect to that of the myoplasmic free [Ca2+] transient. On average, the times to half-peak and peak of the phenol red isotropic signal lagged those of the birefringence signal by 2.4 +/- 0.2 ms (+/- SEM; n = 8) and 8.4 +/- 0.5 ms (+/- SEM; n = 4), respectively. The other component of the phenol red signal was "dichroic," i.e., detected as a difference (delta A0-delta A90 greater than 0) between the two polarized absorbance changes. The wavelength dependence of this signal was similar to that of the phenol red resting dichroic signal (Baylor and Hollingworth. 1990. J. Gen. Physiol. 96:449-471). Because of the presence of the active dichroic signal, and because approximately 80% of the phenol red molecules appear to be bound in the resting state to either soluble or structural sites, the possibility exists that myoplasmic events other than a change in pH underlie the phenol red isotropic signal.
Ocular disease in the cobalamin C defect: A review of the literature and a suggested framework for clinical surveillance

The association between combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria of cblC type (cobalamin C defect, cblC) and ocular disease is now well recognized, and is a significant component of morbidity and disability associated with the condition. In this review, through collation of historically reported cases of early- and late-onset cblC and previously unreported cases, we have attempted to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathomechanisms of individual ocular features of cblC. These data suggest that maculopathy and nystagmus with abnormal vision are extremely common and affect the majority of children with early-onset cblC, usually before school age; strabismus and optic atrophy are also seen at relatively high frequency. The timing of progression of macular disease may coincide with a critical period of postnatal foveal development. Maculopathy and retinal disease may be subclinical and show only partial correlation with the extent of visual deficits, and visual deterioration may be relentlessly progressive in spite of aggressive treatment of biochemical abnormalities. In later-onset forms of the disease, visual loss and ocular complications appear to be infrequent. Finally, we discuss investigational strategies in diagnosing and characterizing eye disease in individuals with cblC, explore possible therapeutic avenues that may attenuate progression and severity of eye disease, and propose a clinical surveillance guideline for monitoring progression of ocular disease in children and adults with cblC.
Identifying the Distance of Vegetative Edge Effects Using Landsat TM Data and Geostatistical Methods

Abstract The physical and biological changes that occur at the edges of forest clearings are increasingly well described. To date, however, estimates of the distances over which edge effects occur have generally resulted from intensive fieldwork. We present a method for estimating the distance of edge influence (DEI) – and thus the amount of forest affected by edge – from remote sensing data. We couple limited field‐based information with remote‐sensing classification techniques to locate clearings. We then develop and use a new geostatistical method – point‐based semivariogram analysis – to estimate DEI. We discuss methods of selecting inputs and methods for classification, and compare global, local, and point‐based methods of estimating DEI. We also demonstrate the use of idealized versions of actual landscapes to clarify complex behavior of semivariograms. Our technique can be generalized to edges in other forest types as well as to other approximately point‐based disturbances that produce an outwardly...
Beam Trajectory Correction for SNS

Automated beam trajectory correction with dipole correctors is developed and tested during the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) warm linac commissioning periods. The application is based on the XAL Java framework with newly developed optimization tools. Also, dipole trajectory corrector polarities and strengths, and beam position monitor (BPM) polarities were checked by an orbit difference program. The online model is used in both the orbit difference and the trajectory correction applications. Experimental data for both applications will be presented.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Essential Genes with an Opi− Phenotype

The overproduction and secretion of inositol (i.e., Opi−) phenotype is associated with defects in regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in yeast. Here we report a screen of the essential yeast gene set using a conditional-expression library. This screen identified novel functions previously unknown to affect phospholipid synthesis.
Transient carrier and field dynamics in quantum-well parallel transport: From the ballistic to the quasi-equilibrium regime

Femtosecond optical techniques have been used to probe transient electron transport and electric field dynamics in high field parallel transport, in a horizontal p-i-n quantum-well structure. Physical quantities associated with transport transients, such as electron distribution functions, electron velocity, and electron acceleration, have been measured by means of femtosecond absorption saturation, excitonic electroabsorption, and terahertz electromagnetic radiation, at electric fields of up to 16 kV/cm. Important transport phenomena, such as ballistic acceleration on a time scale of 150 fs and the onset of a saturated velocity on a time scale of 1 ps, have been observed in the experiments. The time-dependent electric field has also been measured. It is found that both space-charge screening and terahertz radiation contribute to the collapse of the applied electric field at high carrier densities. Under such circumstances, transport and electric field dynamics are strongly coupled. An energy overshoot due to the field collapse coupled with strong electron-LO phonon scattering on a time scale of 200 fs is demonstrated. >
FAULT TOLERANCE OF SEMIACTIVE SEISMIC ISOLATION

A 6-story seismically isolated structure fitted with semiactive hydraulic devices is analyzed in order to study effects of time lag in the devices and mass eccentricity in the superstructure on the lateral-torsional behavior. The computer program 3DBASIS, which allows the nonlinear dynamic analysis of 3-D structures, is used in this work. Appropriate modifications were made to the program to incorporate behavior of semiactive hydraulic devices. Three different types of base isolation systems were considered: 1) lead rubber bearings (LRBs); 2) LRBs with supplemental viscous damping; and 3) LRBs with semiactive viscous damping. A comparison of these 3 base-isolation systems, considering both effects of eccentricity in the structure and differential time lags in semiactive hydraulic devices are studied. The peak isolator shear, isolation drift, rotation, and torsional moment, are reported. Three major earthquake motion records, namely, the El Centro record of the 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake, the Meloland record of the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, and the Sylmar free field record of the 1994 Northridge earthquake were used as inputs in the analyses.
Design and test generation of C-testable high-speed carry-free dividers

Presents a C-testable carry-free divider circuit design and its test generation. The divider circuit takes the dividend digits, in redundant binary form, and divisor digits, in binary form, as its inputs and produces the quotient and remainder digits, also in redundant binary form. The circuit is fully testable with a test set of 72 test patterns irrespective of its bit size. To generate the test patterns and the corresponding control signals easily, a graph labelling scheme is employed to derive a set of simple labels for the dividend, the divisor, the quotient, the remainder and the control signals.
A Retrospective Study of Daughters' Emotional Role Reversal with Parents, Attachment Anxiety, Excessive Reassurance-Seeking, and Depressive Symptoms

Emotional role reversal occurs when children provide for the emotional needs of their parents. This reversal of the hierarchical family structure can have negative, enduring costs for daughters who primarily provide, rather than receive, nurturance. More specifically, emotional role reversal was expected to foster attachment anxiety and excessive reassurance-seeking, both of which may promote negative long term effects on daughters' emotional well-being. Female undergraduates (N = 163) from intact families provided self-report data on these constructs. Role reversal with mothers predicted daughters' depressive symptoms. This effect was fully mediated by anxious attachment tendencies. Clinical implications of role reversal are discussed.
On the Job versus Graduate School Training of Forensic Engineers—An Instructor and Professional Engineer's View

This paper provides insights from a graduate forensic engineering course for civil engineers and analyses its success from the instructor and student perspectives. The objective of the study was to evaluate teaching methods and settings for training of forensic engineers in light of new body of knowledge needs for the profession. The assessment methodology used student feedback before, during, and after the semester-long course and the instructor's observations and prior forensic engineering consulting experience. The course was structured around student learning objectives that paralleled actual engineer training in professional consulting firms. The students used hands-on learning, field investigations, library-based research, and report writing. Focus was placed on learning basic research skills and applying scientific method which were at low levels among students. This is of concern to the profession as these skills, along with analytical ability, form part of the basic tool set of most engineers. By the end of the course, writing and review skills had improved significantly and student perceptions of the specialized skills turned more favorable. The students overwhelmingly appreciated inclusion of guest lectures by forensic engineers to demonstrate the relevance of this field. It was concluded that inadequate technical writing and reading skills, symptomatic of students in many engineering programs can be corrected through a forensic engineering course.
Polarization and switching properties of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal gratings. I. Theoretical model

Polarization properties and electro-optical switching behavior of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal (HPDLC) reflection and transmission gratings are studied. A theoretical model is developed that combines anisotropic coupled-wave theory with an elongated liquid-crystal-droplet switching model and includes the effects of a statistical orientational distribution of droplet-symmetry axes. Angle- and polarization-dependent switching behaviors of HPDLC gratings are elucidated, and the effects on dynamic range are described. A new type of electro-optical switching not seen in ordinary polymer-dispersed liquid crystals, to the best of the author’s knowledge, is presented and given a physical interpretation. The model provides valuable insight to the physics of these gratings and can be applied to the design of HPDLC holographic optical elements.
Empirical photoabsorption cross sections for C, N, O, F and Cl obtained from molecular measurements between 50 and 340 Å

Abstract For many years, it has been known that many molecular photoabsorption cross sections in the hard X-ray region could be approximately obtained by summing the individual contributions of each atom to the total cross section. This article reports on an attempt to express 15 molecular cross sections as sums of empirical atomic cross sections for five constituent atoms C, N, O, F and Cl. For most wavelength ranges, the empirical atomic cross sections generated from a best fit to the molecular data were capable of describing the measured molecular cross sections to within 2% accuracy. In the 260–300 A region where broad structures occur in the molecular spectra, the above model was slightly worse, perhaps indicating the appearance of molecular resonance effects discussed by other authors. It is suggested here that sums of empirical atomic cross sections will provide a useful means for prediction of molecular photoabsorption cross sections for molecules other than those investigated here for this limited wavelength region although it is acknowledge that the theoretical basis for this procedure is questionable.
Nutrient Contents of Precipitation and Canopy Throughfall Under Corn, Soybeans, and Oats

: The effects of corn, soybean, and oat canopies on plant nutrient contents of throughfall precipitation (TFP) were studied to determine if canopies alter the meteoric precipitation (MP) composition. TFP samples collected at 5 cm from corn or soybean rows contained more NH4, NO3, soluble PO4, total PO4, and soluble K ions than samples collected at 25 and 45 cm distances from the row. Enrichment of MP by the canopies was least at the 45 cm distance. Oat canopies enriched MP more than soybean or corn canopies for most of the ions, probably due to the difference in season of growth. Thus, canopies of these crops alter the nutrient concentration of MP.
Reducing Child Support Debt and Its Consequences: Can Forgiveness Benefit All?.

As child support debt owed nationally persists at enormous levels, both noncustodial parents and the custodial families who are not receiving support suffer significant hardships, and states are forced to expend greater resources on collection and enforcement efforts. This paper presents findings from an evaluation of a demonstration program developed to help noncustodial parents with large child support debts reduce their debt while simultaneously increasing child support paid to families, through gradual forgiveness of arrears conditional on payment of current child support obligations. The evaluation employs a randomized experimental design, nonexperimental analyses using propensity score matching and multilevel modeling techniques, and focus groups and follow-up interviews. Results show a pattern of effects that suggests individuals responded to the program as intended. State- and family-owed child support debt balances decreased for program participants, and participants paid more toward their child support obligations and arrears and made more frequent child support payments. The study findings suggest promise for the effectiveness of this program model in reducing child support debt burdens and in increasing families' receipt of child support, and they also point to ways in which the implementation of the program might be improved. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Health Care and Social Service Providers’ Observations on the Intersection of HIV/AIDS and Violence Among Their Clients and Patients

Associations between HIV/AIDS and several forms of violence have been demonstrated in recent research. We conducted qualitative interviews with 30 providers who offered services related to HIV/AIDS or violence to identify specific manifestations of HIV/AIDS-violence intersections, factors that explain why HIV/AIDS and violence intersect in client/patient populations, and the theoretical salience of providers' narratives. Providers confirmed links between HIV/AIDS and violent victimization, and yielded new insights into crossover risk between HIV/AIDS and suicidality, nonsuicidal self-harm, and witnessing and perpetrating violence. We also isolated 20 explanatory factors, including substance use, poor mental health, sex work/trading sex, and sexual orientation/gender identity. Narratives were consistent with syndemics theory, indicating that HIV/AIDS and violence fueled each other's occurrence and magnified the health-related burden on affected client/patient populations, often under conditions of health and social disparity. Providers contribute a novel perspective on our understanding of HIV/AIDS-violence syndemics that shows promise in informing future interventions and practice.
Word Segmentation by 8-Month-Olds: When Speech Cues Count More Than Statistics

Fluent speech contains few pauses between adjacent words. Cues such as stress, phonotactic constraints, and the statistical structure of the input aid infants in discovering word boundaries. None of the many available segmentation cues is foolproof. So, we used the headturn preference procedure to investigate infants' integration of multiple cues. We also explored whether infants find speech cues produced by coarticulation useful in word segmentation. Using natural speech syllables, we replicated Saffran, Aslin, et al.'s (1996) study demonstrating that 8-month-olds can segment a continuous stream of speech based on statistical cues alone. Next, we added conflicting segmentation cues. Experiment 2 pitted stress against statistics, whereas Experiment 3 pitted coarticulation against statistics. In both cases, 8-month-olds weighed speech cues more heavily than statistical cues. This observation was verified in Experiment 4, which indicated that greater complexity of the familiarization sequence does not necessarily lead to familiarity effects.
Development of a silicon oxide-based resistive memory device using a spin-on hydrogen silsesquioxane precursor

Resistive memory devices have the potential to replace flash technology due to their increased scalability, low voltage of operation, and compatibility with silicon semiconductor manufacturing. We report a spin-on resistive switching material, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), which is a commonly used electron beam resist. We demonstrate device scalability from 100 urn to 48 nm and show that the switching properties do not depend on the device size. Set voltages were typically <3 V, while reset voltages were <1 V when analyzing the positive unipolar switching properties of these devices. The ratio of the high resistance to the low resistance was ranged from 101 to 102, creating a distinct memory window between the memory states. Composition-depth profiling revealed that copper from the bottom electrode migrated into the HSQ films as a result of annealing. It is therefore speculated that copper may play a role in the switching properties of devices based on this material.
Solenoidal microcoil design—part II: optimizing winding parameters for maximum signal-to-noise performance

In high-field proton NMR, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved with a close-fitting solenoidal microcoil is adversely affected by radio frequency (RF) losses in the coil, its leads, the capacitor used to tune it, and finally, the sample. In Part II, a rigorous description of these various losses is presented, and their severity is related to the details of coil design. Results not only provide a rational basis for defining a microcoil's optimal wire diameter and the number of turns, but also for evaluating how the SNR varies with coil size and NMR frequency in high-field proton NMR studies involving either conducting or non-conducting samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 190–210, 2001
The association of PAI-1 promoter 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism with myocardial infarction and stroke in young women.

BackgroundThe plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoter 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism has been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and decreased risk of cerebrovascular events. Whether these results apply to young women is not known.MethodsWe genotyped 78 MI
Eczematous nevus sebaceus: A report of three cases

Meyerson's phenomenon is a well-documented inflammatory reaction described in a variety of cutaneous lesions, including the original description in nevocellular nevi (1). Such an inflammatory reaction was subsequently described in melanocytic and a sundry of nonmelanocytic lesions alike, including vascular malformations (2-11). We present three cases of infants with nevus sebaceus on the scalp, which were obscured by an eczematous, eosinophilic reaction reminiscent of that first described by Meyerson. Two of the patients had concomitant atopic dermatitis, but one had no association. Recognition of this secondary feature is important in establishing the correct diagnosis.
The Determination of Rod and Cone Photoreceptor Fate

Photoreceptors have been the most intensively studied retinal cell type. Early lineage studies showed that photoreceptors are produced by retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) that produce only photoreceptor cells and by RPCs that produce both photoreceptor cells and other retinal cell types. More recent lineage studies have shown that there are intrinsic, molecular differences among these RPCs and that these molecular differences operate in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that lead to the choice of the rod versus the cone fate. In addition, there are GRNs that lead to the choice of a photoreceptor fate and that of another retinal cell type. An example of such a GRN is one that drives the binary fate choice between a rod photoreceptor and bipolar cell. This GRN has many elements, including both feedforward and feedback regulatory loops, highlighting the complexity of such networks. This and other examples of retinal cell fate determination are reviewed here, focusing on the events that direct the choice of rod and cone photoreceptor fate.
The Characteristics-Based Matching Method (CBM) for High-Speed Fluid-Fluid Flows

As a conclusion, we would like to emphasize the importance of the Characteristics-(Riemann solver)-based treatment of interface boundary conditions in compressible multimaterial fluid flows (as in the present paper), which provides accuracy and, more importantly, robustness of the overall numerical procedure. These are especially crucial for direct numerical simulation of high-acoustic impedance mismatch (gas-liquid and gas-solid) interfaces.
Binomial Sampling Plans for Tentiform Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae) on Apple in Utah

The dispersion of Phylionorycter elmaella Doganlar & Mutuura (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae), a tentiform leafminer infesting apple in Utah, was investigated over a 3-yr period. According to Taylor’s power law, mines are only slightly clumped on a per leaf basis ( α = 1.14, β = 1.05, r 2 = 0.94). Two different binomial sampling plans based on a constrained negative binomial distribution were evaluated to estimate populations of leaf miners near the one to three mines per leaf economic threshold proposed for other leafminers of this genus attacking apple in the eastern United States. The proportion of leaves infested could not provide accurate predictions over 1.7 mines per leaf; however, the proportion of leaves infested with two or more mines predicted levels above three mines per leaf accurately. The use of this sampling plan in pest management programs is discussed.
Possible Mechanism for Synergism between Bacillus thuringiensis and the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Parasitoid, Apanteles melanoscelus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar L., were fed various doses of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and parasitized by Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) before or after infection. The pathogen did not directly influence, nor was it influenced by, the parasitoid. Development of those host larvae which survived doses of B. thuringiensis was delayed compared to that of uninfected larvae. Hosts treated in the 2nd instar and held 10 days were attacked to a greater extent than similarly held, nontreated hosts of the same age, probably because more of the former had not yet molted to the 4th instar. The pathogen-induced developmental lag may explain the relatively high amount of parasitism by A. melanoscelus in B. thuringiensis field plots.
Thriving in a Stressful World

THRIVING IN A STRESSFUL WORLDA Review of Hardiness: Turning Stressful Circumstances into Resilient Growth,By Salvatore R. MaddiNew York: Springer, 2013, 88 pp., $49.95.Reviewed by Michael J. Root, ...
The metabolism of wax esters and other lipids by the marine copepod, Calanus helgolandicus

The polyunsaturated wax esters which occur in an oil droplet in Calanus helgolandicus apparently serve as a short term reserve metabolic fuel. The lipids of the copepods were labeled by feeding them (14)C-labeled diatoms, Skeletonema costatum, after which starvation and turnover experiments were carried out. During starvation both wax esters and triglycerides are largely depleted within 72 hr, whereas cholesterol and phospholipid decreased at much slower rates.
A Politics-Reinforcing Political Question Doctrine

The modern political question doctrine has long been criticized for shielding the political branches from proper judicial scrutiny and allowing the courts to abdicate their responsibilities. Critics of the doctrine thus cheered when the Supreme Court, in Zivotofsky I, announced a narrowing of the doctrine. Their joy though may have been short-lived. Almost immediately, Zivotofsky II demonstrated the dark side of judicial review of the separation of powers between Congress and the President: deciding separations of powers cases may permanently cut one of the political branches out of certain debates. Judicial scrutiny in a particular case could eliminate political scrutiny in many future ones.A return to the old political question doctrine, with its obsequious deference to political branch decisions, is not the answer. Instead, what is needed is a politics-reinforcing political question doctrine that can balance the need for robust review with the desire for robust debate. The uncertain boundaries between the political branches' overlapping powers create space for political debate. Their overlapping powers allow different groups to access the political system and have a voice on policy. Deciding separation of powers questions once-and-for-all can shut off those access points, shutting down political debate. A politics-reinforcing political question doctrine preserves the space in the political system for those debates by turning the pre-Zivotofsky political question doctrine on its head. Whereas the pre-Zivotofsky political question suggested abstention when the branches were in agreement and scrutiny when they were opposed, a politics-reinforcing political question doctrine suggests the opposite, allowing live debates to continue while scrutinizing political settlements. In so doing, it brings pluralism and politics back into the political question analysis, encouraging democracy rather than deference.
Growing monstrous organisms: the construction of anti-GMO visual rhetoric through digital media

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the international controversy over genetically modified organisms (GMOs). We argue that the uncommonly high levels of opposition to genetically modified food in both the United States and in Europe can be attributed to the overwhelming success of the online visual campaign against GMOs. By exploiting the unique characteristics of the internet to create memetic images that can travel freely across linguistic and cultural borders, opponents of the technology have been able to refute rationalist claims about the safety of GMOs. In response to the single coherent narrative of scientific certainty, a diffuse set of challenges emerges. The risk of genetic engineering holds within it the potential for catastrophe, leaving the industries that produce and manufacture the technology in a perpetual state of crisis. Instead of a unified narrative of scientific certainty, each challenge presents a multiplicity of diffuse narratives that unsettle the public’s understanding of the risk presen...
Enhancing electrocatalytic activity of bifunctional Ni3Se2 for overall water splitting through etching-induced surface nanostructuring

Electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been at the center of attention for water splitting reactions. In this article we have presented a methodology to significantly improve the OER catalytic efficiency of electrodeposited Ni3Se2 films. Specifically, the pristine Ni3Se2 on surface nanostructuring induced through electrochemical etching shows a remarkable decrease of overpotential (@10 mA cm−2) to 190 mV, making it as one of the best OER elecrocatalyst known till date. Through detailed structural and morphological characterization of the catalyst film, we have learnt that such enhancement is possibly caused by the increased surface roughness factor and electrochemically active surface area of the etched film. The morphology of the film also changed from smooth to rough on etching further supporting the enhanced catalytic activity. Detailed characterization also revealed that the composition of the film was unaltered on etching. Ni3Se2 film was also active for HER in alkaline medium making this a bifunctional catalyst capable of full water splitting in alkaline electrolyte with a cell voltage of 1.65 V.
Etiology and Outcome of Neonatal Seizures

The prognostic value of seizure etiology, neurologic examination, EEG, and neuroimaging in the neurodevelopmental outcome of 89 term infants with neonatal seizures was determined at the Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
The Orthogonal Art Gallery Theorem with Constrained Guards

Abstract Let P be an orthogonal polygon with n vertices, and let V ⁎ and E ⁎ be specified sets of vertices and edges of P. We prove that P has a guard set of cardinality at most ⌊ ( n + 3 | V ⁎ | + 2 | E ⁎ | ) / 4 ⌋ that includes each vertex in V ⁎ and at least one point of each edge in E ⁎ . Our bound is sharp and reduces to the orthogonal art gallery theorem of Kahn, Klawe and Kleitman when V ⁎ and E ⁎ are empty.