cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion—Soames on Empiricism

Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century by Scott Soames reminds me of nothing so much as Lectures on Literature by Vladimir Nabokov. Both are works that arose immediately out of the needs of undergraduate teaching, yet each manages to say much of significance to knowledgeable professionals. Each indirectly provides an outline of the history of its field, through a presentation of selected major works, taken in chronological order and including items that are generally recognized as marking decisive turning points. Yet neither Soames’s work nor Nabokov’s is a history in any conventional sense, both being immediately disqualified from that category by the general absence of coverage of minor and middling works and writers. The emphasis is pedagogical rather than historiographical: the emphasis is on introducing the student to the field through very close examination of the limited number of key texts selected for inclusion. The author’s distinctive personality is also apparent in both works. Each writer has a favorite theme he repeatedly sounds: for Soames, the danger of conflating the analytic, the a priori, and the necessary; for Nabokov, the philistinism of expecting an uplifting ‘‘message’’ from works of literary art. Each also includes some quirky, individual selections: The Right and the Good, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Few others would have taken R.L. Stevenson to be up there with Dickens, Flaubert, and Proust, or W.D. Ross with Russell, Wittgenstein, and Quine. Each also sets aside for separate treatment elsewhere a major body of work one might have expected to be covered. Nabokov reserves Russian literature for a companion volume, while Soames gives only slight coverage to what he describes as ‘‘work in logic, the foundations of logic, and the application of logical techniques to the study of language’’—a category that in practice turns out to include the bulk of the relevant material (by such writers as Frege, Carnap, and Tarski) that was published originally in German without simultaneous English translation.
Analysis of epidemiological characteristics and surveillance of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Zhejiang province, China, 2013

Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) and the population distribution and virus-carrying status of the hosts in Zhejiang province, China, in 2013, and to provide scientific evidences for establishing further prevention and control measures.MethodsThe descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the three-dimensional(time, region, and population) distribution of HFRS. Rodents were captured by nigh ttrapping in five HFRS monitoring points in Zhejiang province. Lung and serum samples were collected followed by detection of hantavirus antigen and antibody using an immunofluorescence assay, and the rodent population distribution and virus-carrying status in Zhejiang province were analyzed.ResultsA total of 527 HFRS cases were reported in 2013 in Zhejiang province. The incidence rate was 0.9622/100 000, resulting in a 3.89% increase compared with 2012, and no death was reported. The cases were mostly seen in five cities(Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Quzhou and Lishui), and all the prefectural level cities had cases reported except Zhoushan. There were two peaks of incidence, one in spring(May-June)and the other in winter(around December). The high-risk age group of HFRS was between 20 and 65 years, accounting for 93.17% of the overall incidence rate(491/527). A total of 13 785 effective traps were set in the five monitoring points, and 546 rodents were captured, so the average density of rodents was 3.96%. A total of 678 rodent serum samples were collected and 80 were positive(positive rate: 11.80%). A total of 669 lung samples were collected and 44 were positive(positive rate:6.58%). There were significant differences in the positive rate of HFRS antibody and the virus-carrying rate between the five HFRS monitoring points(χ2=30.962, P0.05 and χ2=9.83, P0.05, respectively).Conclusion The incidence of HFRS in Zhejiang province in 2013 is on a rising trend compared with that in 2012, and the density of host animals and virus-carrying rate are both higher. Preventive measures should be taken into consideration to control the epidemic situation.
Project Complexity and Bonding Social Capital in Network Organizations

This study conceptually and empirically explores how project complexity and bonding forms of social capital influence performance outcomes in network organizations. Specifically, we focus on how bo...
Induction of Labor in Women with Oligohydramnios: Misoprostol Compared with Prostaglandin E2

Objective To compare perinatal outcomes in women with oligohydramnios and an unfavorable cervix undergoing labor induction with misoprostol to prostaglandin E2. Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of women with oligohydramnios undergoing labor induction in the Consortium on Safe Labor study (2002–2008). Oligohydramnios was recorded in the medical chart. We evaluated perinatal outcomes. We limited the analysis to women with an unfavorable cervix defined by simplified Bishop score ≤ 4. Misoprostol was compared with prostaglandin E2. Women could have received oxytocin, underwent mechanical dilation, or had artificial rupture of membranes, but women who underwent induction with both misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 were excluded. We calculated adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, controlling for maternal age, maternal body mass index (kg/m 2 ), parity, and mechanical dilation. Results Among women with oligohydramnios and an unfavorable cervix who underwent induction of labor, 141 (39.4%) received misoprostol and 217 (60.6%) received prostaglandin E2. There were no significant differences in cesarean delivery, chorioamnionitis, postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, NICU stay > 72 hours, mechanical ventilation, and neonatal sepsis. Conclusion In women with oligohydramnios and an unfavorable cervix, induction of labor with misoprostol was comparable to prostaglandin E2.
The Movements Take Off, 1960–1965

The first half of the 1960s is sometimes referred to nostalgically as the “good sixties,” a time of idealism before the polarization of the late 1960s. Certainly, it was a period of prosperity and confidence in government, symbolized by the youthful administration of President John F. Kennedy and the can-do Great Society proclaimed by his successor, Lyndon Johnson. The nation made major strides to overcome deeply rooted injustices, and the movements of the New Left, in alliance with liberals in the Democratic Party, played a central role.
Learning to Learn in Graduate School

As someone who is applying or has already been accepted to a graduate program, you most likely already have many years of formal schooling behind you and have proven yourself to be a successful student. Take a moment to consider your academic experiences: How did you learn what it means to be ‘a good student’? How did ‘being a good student’ change in different contexts, say between secondary school and university? What kinds of academic texts have you been asked to write, and how did you learn to write them appropriately?
Youth in Community Decision-Making: A Study of Youth-Adult Partnerships

Involving youth in community and organizational decision-making is widely believed to lead to stronger communities. A promising strategy to foster decision-making is youth-adult partnerships in which youth and adults work collaboratively, sharing their strengths, collective knowledge, and decision-making power. A qualitative study of eight youth organizations showed that those organizations employing youth-adult partnership strategies were most effective in increasing youth's contributions to their communities. This article explores the elements of youth-adult partnership that were evident among successful organizations including: mutual respect, meaningful roles for youth, unique contributions of adults and youth, and shared decision-making and implications for youth development programs.
A phase I trial of the IGF-1R antibody IMC-A12 in combination with temsirolimus in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

534 Background: mTOR plays a critical role in promoting tumor cell growth. In preclinical studies, the anti-tumor activity of mTOR inhibitors is attenuated by feedback up-regulation of AKT mediated...
Large scale random metamaterial for effective day-time radiative cooling

We demonstrate a large-scale random metamaterial for day-time radiative cooling. The metamaterial, fabricated on a roll-to-roll extruder, has demonstrated 0.93 average emissivity over the atmospheric window, achieving a 93 W/m2 cooling power under direct sunshine.
Assessing Climate Change Effects in the Northern Rockies

The Northern Adaptation Partnership (NRAP) identified climate change issues relevant to resource management in the Northern Rockies (USA) region, and developed solutions that minimize negative effects of climate change and facilitate transition of diverse ecosystems to a warmer climate. The NRAP region covers 74 million hectares, spanning northern Idaho, Montana, northwest Wyoming, North Dakota, and northern South Dakota, and includes 15 national forests and 3 national parks across the U.S. Forest Service Northern Region and adjacent Greater Yellowstone Area. U.S. Forest Service scientists, resource managers, and stakeholders worked together over a two-year period to conduct a state-of-science climate change vulnerability assessment and develop adaptation options for national forests and national parks in the Northern Rockies region. The vulnerability assessment emphasized key resource areas—water, fisheries, wildlife, forest and rangeland vegetation and disturbance, recreation, cultural heritage, and ecosystem services—regarded as the most important for local ecosystems and communities. Resource managers used the assessment to develop a detailed list of ways to address climate change vulnerabilities through management actions. The large number of adaptation strategies and tactics, many of which are a component of current management practice, provide a pathway for slowing the rate of deleterious change in resource conditions.
The Trophoblast in Spheroid Culture

The in vitro culture of trophoblast cells has provided the opportunity to study a wide array of biochemical and physiological functions of the placenta. The development of choriocarcinoma cell lines, in particular JAr, has permitted direct comparison of function with normal cell lines in both terms of morphology and endocrinology.1 Studies on the control and expression of hormones — for example, human chorionic gonadotrophin, 17 s- oestradiol, and progesterone — have advanced the field of reproductive endocrinology.2–12
Climate Change and the Polanyian Counter-movement: Carbon Markets or Degrowth?

In the midst of a wave of market expansion, carbon markets have been proposed as the best way to address global climate change. While some argue that carbon markets represent a modern example of a ...
Presentation of TRPM1-Associated Congenital Stationary Night Blindness in Children.

Importance Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) implies a stable condition, with the major symptom being nyctalopia present at birth. Pediatric clinical presentation and the course of different genetic subtypes of CSNB have not, to our knowledge, been well described in the era of molecular genetic diagnosis. Objective To describe the presentation and longitudinal clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with molecularly confirmedTRPM1-associated complete CSNB (cCSNB). Design, Setting, Participants This study was conducted at the University of Iowa from January 1, 1990, to July 1, 2015, and was a retrospective, longitudinal case series of 7 children (5 [71.4%] female) withTRPM1-associated cCSNB followed up for a mean (SD) of 11.1 (2.8) years. Main Outcomes and Measures History, ophthalmologic examination findings, full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) results, full-field stimulus threshold testing results, Goldmann visual field results, optical coherence tomography results, and molecular genetic results were evaluated. Presenting symptoms and signs, the correlation of refractive error with electroretinography, and clinical evolution were analyzed. Results Seven patients (5 [71.4%] female) presented early in childhood with strabismus (n = 6 [86%]), myopia (n = 5 [71%]), and/or nystagmus (n = 3 [43%]). The mean (SD) age at presentation was 8 (4) months and for receiving a diagnosis by ffERG was 7.3 years, with molecular diagnosis at 9.7 years. The mean (SD) length of follow-up was 11 (2.8) years. The best-corrected visual acuity at the most recent visit averaged 20/30 in the better-seeing eye (range, 20/20-20/60). The mean (SD) initial refraction was −2.80 (4.42) diopters (D) and the mean refraction at the most recent visit was −8.75 (3.53) D (range, −4.00 to −13.75 D), with the greatest rate of myopic shift before age 5 years. Full-field electroretinogram results were electronegative, consistent with cCSNB, without a significant change in amplitude over time. No patient or parent noted night blindness at presentation; however, subjective nyctalopia was eventually reported in 5 of 7 patients (71%). The full-field stimulus threshold testing results were moderately subnormal (−29.7 [3.8] dB; normal −59.8 [4.0] dB). Goldmann visual field results were significant for full I-4e, but constricted I-2e isopter. Eight different mutations or rare variants inTRPM1predicted to be pathogenic were detected, with 3 novel variants. Conclusions and Relevance Children withTRPM1-associated cCSNB presented before school age with progressive myopia as well as strabismus and nystagmus (but not nyctalopia), with stable, electronegative ffERG results, mildly subnormal full-field stimulus threshold testing results, and a constricted I2e isopter on perimetry. These findings suggest that ffERG and cCSNB genetic testing should be considered for children who present with early-onset myopia, especially in the presence of strabismus and/or nystagmus, and thatTRPM1-associated cCSNB is a channelopathy that may present without complaints of night blindness in childhood.
The Epidemiology of Vertebral Osteomyelitis in the United States From 1998 to 2013.

Study Design:This is a epidemiological database analysis.Objectives:The objectives of this article are to assess the following characteristics of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO): (1) incidence and patient demographics, (2) mortality rate, (3) length-of-stay (LOS), and (4) admission costs.Summary of Bac
Investigating query formulation assistance for children

Popular tools used to search for online resources are tuned to satisfy a broad category of users---primarily adults. Because children have specific needs, these tools may not always be successful in offering the right level of support in their quest for information. While search tools often provide query assistance, children still face many difficulties expressing their information needs in the form of a query. In this paper, we share results from our ongoing research work focused on understanding children's interactions with query suggestions and their preferences with respect to suggestions offered by a general-purpose strategy versus a counterpart designed exclusively for children. Our goal is to inform researchers and developers about when it is necessary to turn to technologies tailored exclusively for children and to further outline needs that should be addressed when it comes to designing query-formulation-related technology for children.
Cosmology and the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite is famous around the world for measuring the largest and oldest structures ever discovered in the universe. Human beings, living on a small planet orbiting a small star in an ordinary galaxy, have now reached back in time to try to understand the origin of the universe. We have launched a little space probe, orbiting not far above the surface of the Earth, to receive the faint whispers of the cosmic explosion, the Big Bang, which started the expansion of our whole universe 15 billion years ago. The new data have greatly strengthened our conviction that the Big Bang picture is valid, and have begun to fill in some of the details. We have measured tiny differences in brightness of the heat radiation from the Big Bang, only a few parts per million. These differences reveal the structure of the Big Bang itself, as it was only a sub-microsecond after the explosion.
Carbon Nanotubes: Engineering Biomedical Applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylinder-shaped allotropic forms of carbon, most widely produced under chemical vapor deposition. They possess astounding chemical, electronic, mechanical, and optical properties. Being among the most promising materials in nanotechnology, they are also likely to revolutionize medicine. Among other biomedical applications, after proper functionalization carbon nanotubes can be transformed into sophisticated biosensing and biocompatible drug-delivery systems, for specific targeting and elimination of tumor cells. This chapter provides an introduction to the chemical and electronic structure and properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, followed by a description of the main synthesis and post-synthesis methods. These sections allow the reader to become familiar with the specific characteristics of these materials and the manner in which these properties may be dependent on the specific synthesis and post-synthesis processes. The chapter ends with a review of the current biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes, highlighting successes and challenges.
Subcritical Kinematic Flow in a Stable Stream

AN EVALUATION OF THE SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS IN THE LOWER 6.9 MILES (11.1 KM) OF A STABLE, GENTLY SLOPED TRIBUTARY TO THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER SHOWED THAT SUBCRITICAL KINEMATIC FLOW EXISTS. ALTHOUGH LOOPS WERE SUSPECTED, SINGLE VALUED RATING FUNCTIONS WITHIN SMALL STATISTICAL ERROR WERE ESTABLISHED AT FOUR POINTS ALONG THE STREAM. ALSO, SINGLE MANNING N-VALUES WITHIN VERY SMALL STATISTICAL ERROR WERE ESTABLISHED AT EACH POINT. IT WAS SHOWN EXPLICITLY, HOWEVER, THAT USE OF A SINGLE-VALUED RATING FUNCTION DOES NOT PERMIT SIMULTANEOUS USE OF A SINGLE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT OR VICE VERSA. USE OF A SINGLE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT INDEPENDENT OF STAGE WILL INDUCE A LOOP RATING FUNCTION. THIS APPARENT INCONSISTENCY WAS RESOLVED BY REFORMULATING THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF THE EXPONENT OF THE SINGLE-VALUED RATING FUNCTION USED. THEREFORE, FOR THE SPECIAL CASE OF SUBCRITICAL KINEMATIC FLOWS, STREAMFLOW SYNTHESIS MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED WITHOUT RESORT TO EXTRAPOLATION OF UNIFORM FLOW FORMULAS TO UNSTEADY NONUNIFORM FLOW. /ASCE/
Collaboration between health sciences librarians and faculty as reflected by articles published in the Journal of the Medical Library Association

A recent study by Higgins and colleagues reports that the Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) had the highest percentage of articles with both librarian and faculty coauthors out of 13 peer-reviewed journals in science, technology, engineering, and medicine librarianship and education between 2005 and 2014. A deeper and updated analysis of JMLA research articles and case studies published between 2008 and 2017 revealed that 29% of articles had both librarian and faculty coauthors. The main topics of librarian-faculty collaboration, as described in these articles, were related to patient and consumer health information and clinical information-seeking and decision-making by health care providers. Most faculty coauthors came from the disciplines of biomedical or health informatics and biostatistics and library and information science. The publication of these articles in the JMLA provides evidence of health sciences librarians’ and information specialists’ ability to collaborate with faculty members to advance the knowledgebase and practice of librarianship and the health sciences.
Accelerated bulk memory operations on heterogeneous multi-core systems

A traditional fixed-function graphics accelerator has evolved into a programmable general-purpose graphics processing unit over the past few years, the general-purpose computing on GPU (GPGPU). Recently, revolutionary measures have been taken along this direction: an integrated GPU, i.e., CPUs and GPUs are integrated into the same package or even into the same die. However, considering a system-on-chip, the GPU takes up considerable silicon resources, but when running non-graphical workloads or non-GPGPU applications it is likely that overall system performance will not be affected. This paper presents a novel approach to accelerate conventional operations that are normally performed on CPUs, which are bulk memory operations such as memcpy or memcmp, using an integrated GPU. Offloading bulk memory operations to the GPU has many benefits: (i) The throughput GPU outperforms the CPU in bulk memory operations; (ii) for on-die GPUs with unified cache between the GPU and the CPU, the CPU can utilize the GPU private cache to store the moved data and reduce the CPU cache bottleneck; (iii) additional lightweight hardware can also support asynchronous offloads; and (iv) unlike the prior art using a dedicated hardware copy engine (e.g., DMA), our approach utilizes as much GPU hardware resources as possible. The performance results based on our solution showed that offloaded bulk memory operations outperform CPU up to 4.3 times faster on micro-benchmarks while using fewer resources. Using eight real-world applications and a cycle-based full-system simulation environment, five of eight applications showed about 30% speedup and two applications showed about 20% speedup.
Using an individual-based model to simulate the Gulf of Maine American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery and evaluate the robustness of current management regulations

Individual-based models (IBMs) can capture complex processes with a flexible probabilistic approach, which makes them useful for studying organisms with complex life history and fishery processes s...
Signature maps for automatic identification of prostate cancer from colorimetric analysis of H&E- and IHC-stained histopathological specimens

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of cancer death among men. The histopathological examination of post-surgical prostate specimens and manual annotation of PCa not only allow for detailed assessment of disease characteristics and extent, but also supply the ground truth for developing of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for PCa detection before definitive treatment. As manual cancer annotation is tedious and subjective, there have been a number of publications describing methods for automating the procedure via the analysis of digitized whole-slide images (WSIs). However, these studies have focused only on the analysis of WSIs stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), even though there is additional information that could be obtained from immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In this work, we propose a framework for automating the annotation of PCa that is based on automated colorimetric analysis of both H&E and IHC WSIs stained with a triple-antibody cocktail against high-molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK), p63, and α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR). The analysis outputs were then used to train a regression model to estimate the distribution of cancerous epithelium within slides. The approach yielded an AUC of 0.951, sensitivity of 87.1%, and specificity of 90.7% as compared to slide-level annotations, and generalized well to cancers of all grades.
A critical analysis of satellite stereo pairs for digital surface model generation and a matching quality prediction model

Abstract The geometric analysis and data acquisition of satellite photogrammetric images are often regarded as a direct extension of traditional aerial photogrammetry, with the only difference being the sensor model (linear array vs. central perspective). The intersection angle (or base-height ratio) between two images is seen as the most important metadata of stereo pairs, which directly relates to the base-high ratio and texture distortion in the parallax direction, thus both affecting the horizontal and vertical accuracy. State-of-the-art DIM algorithms were reported to work best for narrow baseline stereos (small intersection angle), e.g. Semi-Global Matching empirically takes 15–25° as “good” intersection angles. However, our experiments found that the intersection angle is not the only determining factor, as the same DIM algorithm applied to stereo pairs of the same area with similar and good intersection angle may produce point clouds with dramatically different accuracy (demonstrated in the graphical abstract). This raises a very practical and often asked question: what factors constitute a good satellite stereo pair for DIM algorithms? In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis on this matter by performing stereo matching using the very typical and widely-used Semi-Global Matching (SGM) with a Census cost over 1000 satellite stereo pairs of the same region with different meta-parameters including their intersection, off-nadir, sun elevation & azimuth angles, completeness and time differences, thus to offer a thorough answer to this question. Our conclusion has specifically outlined an important yet often ignored factor – the Sun-angle difference to be one decisive in determining good stereo pair. Based on the analytical results, we propose a simple idea by training a support vector machine model for predicting potential stereo matching quality (i.e. potential level of accuracy and completeness given a stereo pair). Experiments have shown that the model is well-suited and generalized for multi-stereo 3D reconstruction, evidenced by a comparative analysis against three other strategies: (1) pair selection based on an example patch where partial ground-truth data is available for computing a priori ranking (2) based on intersection angles and (3) based on a recent algorithm using intersection angle, off-nadir angle and time intervals. This work will potentially provide a valuable reference to researchers working on multi-view satellite image reconstruction, as well as for practitioners minimizing costs for high-quality large-scale mapping. The trained model is made available to the academic community upon request.
RAT-LIVER LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-COENZYME (OR ANALOG) COMPLEXES: DIFFERENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about rat-liver lactate dehydrogenase–coenzyme (or analog) complexes. The presentation of difference spectra will serve to demonstrate the spectral changes associated with the binary complexes: LDH-NAD and LDH-AcPyAD. It will be seen that the LDH–NAD complex shows a weak but definite absorbance maximum at 335 nm, which is consistent with the existence of a partially hybridized pyridine ring system. These difference spectra demonstrate that the interaction of oxidized coenzyme with LDH during the binding process involves effects of the active site of the enzyme on the state of the pyridine ring system such that the catalytic function of the coenzyme is facilitated with the 4-position of the pyridine ring carrying a partial plus charge to enable it to attract hydride ion from the substrate. The observation of the binary complex spectral effects involving LDH and oxidized coenzyme is important in considering the catalytic mechanism.
National Identities Confronting European Integration

The modern antecedents of European integration can be traced back to the beginning of the 18th century with the publication in 1713 of the large "Projet de Trait? pour rendre la paix perp?tuelle en Europe" by the abbey Saint-Pierre (1761), the European commonwealth of Bl?ntschli in 1871, and the project of European confederation proposed by the lawyer Gaston Isambert. In the 20th century, ideas promoting European integra? tion go back to the proposals of the Comte Coudenhove-Kalergi (1922), who dreamed of a society of nations (pan-Europe) and of Aristides Briand (1929) for a European Union.1 They took a more concrete form with the signing of a treaty in Paris in 1951 to establish a European Community of Coal and Steel, also called the Schuman plan, and with the signing of a treaty in Rome by the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and France in 1957 to create the European Economic Community (EEC). In the 1970s and 1980s, United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, and Portugal joined the EEC to bring the number of member countries to 12. The EEC was initiated principally to ensure peace and security and to facilitate an economic flow among its member countries by creating an internal market for goods, services, and capital.2 However, in the 1980s its aims became broader, to encompass the political and social, as well as eco? nomic sphere. The EEC came to be called the European Community (EC) to reflect that change. Since its creation, the institutions of the EC have been issuing agree? ments to strengthen its unity. The latest agreement, and probably the most important since the EC's creation, is the Maastricht Treaty (signed in 1991 and ratified by all member states in 1992 and 1993)3?a comprehensive
Consumer theory’s narcissism epidemic: Towards a theoretical framework that differentiates the self and other:

This article critically engages with Russell Belk’s ‘extended self’ theory and Susan Fournier’s ‘human relationship model’. When a human development model is applied to the ‘extended self’ theory, ...
Practical theology : a current international perspective : original research

Drawing on Thomas Kuhn's concept of paradigms, this article explored two levels at which paradigms influence contemporary practical theology. The first level is reflective practice, where pastors and academics carry out the descriptive-empirical, interpretive, normative and pragmatic tasks of practical theological reflection on particular contexts. The second level is metatheoretical, where practical theologians make decisions about how they view the theory-praxis relationship, interdisciplinary work, the relative weight of Scripture, tradition, reason, and experience and the theological rationale that justifies their approach. The article concluded by raising two challenges to the current paradigms of practical theology: the relationship between Christian particularity and the common good, and the wound of reason.
A perplexing airspace: peace of mind now or later

A perplexing right middle lobe lesion in a young woman. Peace of mind now or later? https://bit.ly/3veB5wE.
How to Conduct and Interpret Field Trials

Some bovine practitioners are beginning to conduct their own field trials in order to test new drugs, surgical techniques, feed additives, management programs, and the like. Other practitioners are being asked by scientists in universities or industry to participate in trials, and all practitioners should be reading reports of field trials in journals. There is a science to field trials. Trials that are bad science shouldn't be conducted or believed. In this essay I will discuss 6 of the major issues in the design of field trials: controls, sample size, informed consent, baseline measurements, assignment of treatments, and blindness. I will not discuss statistical issues other than some general comments regarding sample size. I'll generally take the point of view of the practitioner trying to design his or her own trial, but these same issues may be used to evaluate the quality of other people's trials. (For further reading, there's an excellent recent article by Dohoo and Waltner-Toews (1), and a very good, non-statistical introductory textbook by Friedman et al. (2).)
Paradoxes of validity

Consider the following argument written on the board in room 227: 1 = 1. So, the argument on the board in room 227 is not valid. This argument generates a paradox. The aim of this paper is to present a resolution of this paradox and related paradoxes of validity, including a version of the Curry paradox. The proposal stresses the close connections between these validity paradoxes and paradoxes of truth (such as the liar) and paradoxes of denotation (such as Richard’s, Berry’s and Konig’s). So a more general aim is to provide a unified response to semantic paradox. The positive proposal is in part inspired by a brief, tantalizing suggestion of Godel’s, that the paradoxes might appear “as something analogous to dividing by zero”—so that the concept of validity, for example, is everywhere applicable except for certain singular points or singularities. A second central claim is that ‘valid’ is a context-sensitive predicate. The key notions of this contextual-singularity theory are presented and applied to a variety of cases. Any purported solution to paradox must deal with the phenomenon of revenge, and a response to revenge is outlined. The paper closes with remarks about the accommodation of Tarski’s claim that natural languages are universal.
A constant-frequency ultrasonic phase method for monitoring imperfect adherent/adhesive interfaces.

Abstract A primary mechanism of adhesive bond failure is a degradation of the adherent/adhesive interfacial stiffness from unwanted contamination or exposure to those environmental factors, which reduce adhesion quality. Substantial research has been conducted on the assessment of adhesively bonded structures and the detection of “kissing” bonds. Advanced ultrasonic assessment methods to interrogate bonded joints and measure interfacial stiffness using a distributed spring interface model have been developed. Amplitude-based ultrasonic methods have traditionally been used in adhesive bond quality assessment, but recent advancements in ultrasonic phase measurements allow for high measurement resolution with low-uncertainty. In this work, an ultrasonic phase technique for the monitoring of adhesively-bonded interfaces is demonstrated. Constant frequency measurements are obtained from the ultrasonic phase of the reflection coefficient from the adhesive bond with a glass adherent, where the degree of cure is controlled by exposure to ultraviolet light. A peak in the phase of the reflection coefficient, as predicted by the interfacial spring model, is measured experimentally. It is shown that the peak phase predicts the interfacial stiffness when some frequency dependent threshold value is crossed. With knowledge of the acoustic impedances of both materials at the interface, the interfacial stiffness is determined by an inverse algorithm involving measurements of ultrasonic phase shifts of bonded joint reflections. By monitoring the interface of bonded structures and coatings, this method permits a nondestructive inspection of bond strength from structural construction through its service life.
The Effect of Time of Day and Time of Year on Thermal Comfort

In order to determine if affective responses to cool, neutral, and warm temperatures were related to the season of the year and the time of day, 108 subjects were exposed in groups of six (3 males ...
Pluripotent Stem Cells to Rebuild a Kidney: The Lymph Node as a Possible Developmental Niche:

Kidney disease poses a global challenge. Stem cell therapy may offer an alternative therapeutic approach to kidney transplantation, which is often hampered by the limited supply of donor organs. While specific surface antigen markers have yet to be identified for the analysis and purification of kidney stem/progenitor cells for research or clinical use, the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent cells and their differentiation into the various kidney lineages might represent a valuable strategy to create a renewable cell source for regenerative purposes. In this review, we first provide an overview of kidney development and explore current knowledge about the role of extra- and intrarenal cells in kidney repair and organogenesis. We then discuss recent advances in the 1) differentiation of rodent and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into renal lineages; 2) generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from renal or nonrenal (kidney patient-derived) adult cells; 3) differentiation of iPSCs into renal lineages; and 4) direct transcriptional reprogramming of adult renal cells into kidney progenitor cells. Finally, we describe the lymph node as a potential three-dimensional (3D) in vivo environment for kidney organogenesis from pluripotent stem cells.
Usability in undergraduate computing curricula: tutorial presentation

Some computer programs are easily learned, are easy to use, and help us perform the tasks for which they were designed. Others lack these characteristics. The difference is often in the design of the user interface. The term usability is an abstract term that refers to these and similar qualities of a user interface. An increasing number of companies are recognizing the importance of usability, and are making user interface design and evaluation an explicit part of their software development process. Some go so far as to say that the user interface is the system, which summarizes the perceptions of many typical end users.
Impeachment: Advice and Dissent

In planning my contribution to the Van Alstyne celebration, I knew I wanted to do something challenging, but I was unsure whether to discuss Professor William Van Alstyne's significant contributions to First Amendment analysis, his terrific articles on Marbury v. Madison and Ex Parte McCardle? or the myriad of other amazing works that he has produced.3 Then, it hit me: I would try to say something nice and short about Bill personally. Now that's challenging! After all this high-powered discussion of Professor Van Alstyne's extensive and impressive scholarship, I want to round out the conference with some personal observations about Bill as a wonderful colleague and charming antagonist. Although Bill and I were never on the same faculty at the same time, I have been privileged to share many informative and enjoyable experiences with him over the years. I first met Bill at a Federalist Society debate at Wayne State Law School in Detroit. Our colleague, the late Professor Joe Grano, had invited us to discuss whether one can sue a sitting president. Of course, this debate was not merely academic. Paula Jones had begun her sexual harassment suit against President Clinton and the suit was on its way to the Supreme Court.4 Bill and I got together before the
X-ray astronomy-40 years on.

Forty years ago, the first rocket detected x-rays from space. In his Perspective, [Gursky][1] charts the history of this rocket flight and explains how the detection of astronomical x-rays has changed astronomy. Today, x-ray space missions are helping to resolve one of the last frontiers of astronomy by providing insights into the vicinity of neutron stars and black holes. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5586/1485
Deletion and Complementation Analysis of the Biotin Gene Cluster of Escherichia coli

Genetic deletions that terminate within the cluster of genes needed for biotin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli have been isolated and mapped by transduction with phages lambda and P1. These deletions order the point mutations in each of the five genes. Mutations causing biotin dependence were incorporated into λpbio transducing phages. New bio− mutations were induced by exposure of λpbio particles to ultraviolet light. Tests of complementation between such bio−pbio particles and bio− mutant cells divide the bio− mutations into five cistrons: bioA, bioB, bioF, bioC, and bioD. Certain bioA and bioF mutations exhibit intragenic complementation, suggesting that these genes determine enzymes composed of identical subunits.
Halstead, Ward (1908–68)

Ward Halstead (1908–68) pioneered an approach to the psychological evaluation of persons with brain disorders that influenced and advanced the profession of clinical neuropsychology as practiced in the United States. Within a historical context, Halstead's contributions and those of his student, Ralph Reitan, are briefly outlined. Keywords: neuropsychology; psychometric testing; Ward Halstead; brain damage; brain disorders; neuropsychology; psychological testing
In die mask overlay control for 14nm double-patterning lithography

According to the ITRS roadmap, semiconductor industry drives the 193nm lithography to its limits, using techniques like Double Pattern Technology (DPT), Source Mask Optimization (SMO) and Inverse Lithography Technology (ILT). In terms of considering the photomask metrology, full in-die measurement capability is required for registration and overlay control with challenging specifications for repeatability and accuracy. Double patterning using 193nm immersion lithography has been adapted as the solution to enable 14nm technology nodes. The overlay control is one of the key figures for the successful realization of this technology. In addition to the various error contributions from the wafer scanner, the reticles play an important role in terms of considering lithographic process contributed errors. Accurate pattern placement of the features on reticles with a registration error below 4nm is mandatory to keep overall photomask contributions to overlay of sub 20nm logic within the allowed error budget. In this paper, we show in-die registration errors using 14nm DPT product masks, by measuring in-die overlay patterns comparing with regular registration patterns. The mask measurements are used to obtain an accurate model to predict mask contribution on wafer overlay of double patterning technology.
Software Development Support for AI Programs

Artificial intelligence is a growing branch of computer science that studies ways of enabling computers to do tasks that seem to require human intelligence. These tasks include game playing, expert problem solving, natural language understanding, and theorem proving. Many existing AI programs perform such tasks with varying degrees of success. Whereas a program that can understand natural language is still a dream, many chess-playing programs can beat expert human players. More successful AI programs include knowledge-based expert systems that are being applied to a wide spectrum of real-life problems from airline catering to oil exploration. These systems can acquire knowledge about a domain from a human expert and then use it to solve routine problems in that area. For example, expert systems can perform almost as well as human experts in the diagnosis of infectious diseases (MYCIN), finding the structure of chemical compounds (DENDRAL), and performing mathematical symbol manipulations (MACSYMA). These AI systems offer new capabilities to tackle several problems difficult to solve using the conventional algorithmic approach.
Enstatite meteorites and their parent bodies

The properties of enstatite meteorites (which are known to be comprised of the EH and EL chondrites and the aubrites) are discussed together with the nature and number of their parent bodies. It is pointed out that the bulk compositional differences in nonvolatile major elements exhibited by EH and EL chondrites in nonvolatile major elements were established by nebular rather than planetary processes. The occurrence of abundant breccias among these chondirites and a lack of clasts suggest that EH and EL chondrites represent two separate parent bodies. Aubrites are considered to represent samples from a third enstatite meteorite parent body, which may have experienced collisional break-up and gravitational reassembly of the debris. Shallowater may be a sample from yet a fourth enstatite meteorite parent body. It is suggested that, if unipolar dynamo induction by a primordial T Tauri sun was the dominant heat source that heated asteroidal-sized bodies in the early solar system, then the aubrite and Shallowater parent bodies may have melted because they were of intermediate sizes, whereas the EH and EL bodies did not melt.
ADHD symptoms, anticipated hangover symptoms, and drinking habits in female college students

One risk factor increasingly evaluated as a predictor of problem drinking over the last two decades is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; e.g., [Smith, B.H., Molina, B.S.G., & Pelham, W.E., Jr. (2002). The clinically meaningful link between alcohol use and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Research & Health, 26(2), 122-129.]). Previous research has shown an inconsistent link between these two constructs indicating that a third variable, such as anticipated hangover symptoms, may be moderating this relation. In the current study, 68 female college students completed measures assessing alcohol consumption over the previous three months, ADHD symptoms, and anticipated hangover symptoms. Hierarchical linear regression, with Body Mass Index as a covariate, revealed that anticipated hangover symptoms moderated the relation between ADHD symptoms and frequency of drinking per month, beta=-.25, t (63)=-2.07, p<.05. Simple slopes analyses indicated that only individuals anticipating lesser hangover symptoms demonstrated a positive relation between their ADHD symptoms and frequency of drinking per month, beta=.44, t (63)=2.64, p<.05. Individuals anticipating greater hangover symptoms showed no relation between these two constructs. These results support the traditional punishment model of hangover symptoms, suggesting that those who do not anticipate the punishing effects of hangover may be at greatest risk for problem drinking.
Disparate contributions of Tyr10 and Tyr109 to fluorescence intensity of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C identified using a genetically engineered mutant

Abstract Intrinsic tyrosines, as monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, are sensitive reporters of local, Ca 2+ -induced conformational changes in troponin C (TnC). Rabbit skeletal TnC contains two tyrosines (Y10 in the N-helix, and Y109 in site 3 in the C-terminal domain) in distinct microenvironments: their individual contributions to total fluorescence intensity are elucidated here utilizing bacterially synthesized rabbit skeletal TnC (sTnC4) and a genetically engineered variant, termed 109YF, lacking one of the tyrosines (Y109 replaced with F109). The steady-state fluorescence emission spectra following excitation at 280 nm were recorded in EGTA (Ca 2+ -free) and Ca 2+ -saturated (pCa4) solutions. For the wild-type sTnC4, pCa4 causes a significant (46%) increase in the peak fluorescence intensity over the value in EGTA. For the mutant 109YF, the EGTA fluorescence is only marginally affected (74% of the wild-type F EGTA ), but interestingly the Ca 2+ effect is completely suppressed (Δ F = F pCa4 - F EGTA = 2% of the wild-type value). These results indicate that the two tyrosines make disparate contributions to the fluorescence spectrum of wild-type sTnC, both in the presence and absence of Ca 2+ ; whereas Y10 in the N-helix is dominant in Ca 2+ -free solution, Y109 is the sole contributor to the Ca 2+ effect. Furthermore, to explain the biphasic fluorescence response of Y109 obtained during Ca 2+ titrations, the findings yield the most unequivocal evidence that Ca 2+ -induced conformational changes in the trigger sites operating the contractile switch modify properties of the C-terminal sites in TnC pari passu.
Search engine for remote database-aided interpretation of digitized mammograms

We describe a query-by-content search engine that enables a radiologist to search a large database of diagnostically- proven (`benign' or `malignant') mammographic region of interest (ROIs). The database search is facilitated by a relational map which is a 2D display of all the ROIs in the database. Labeled points on the map represent ROIs in the database. The map is constructed from the output of a neural network that has been trained to cluster the ROIs in the database using a measure of perceptual similarity.