cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Data Analysis: A Fresh Approach to Power Issues and Null Hypothesis Interpretation.

One of the first things one learns in a basic psychology or statistics course is that you cannot prove the null hypothesis that there is no difference between two conditions such as a patient group and a normal control group. This remains true. However now, thanks to ongoing progress by a special group of devoted methodologists, even when the result of an inferential test is p > .05, it is now possible to rigorously and quantitatively conclude that (a) the null hypothesis is actually unlikely, and (b) that the alternative hypothesis of an actual difference between treatment and control is more probable than the null. Alternatively, it is also possible to conclude quantitatively that the null hypothesis is much more likely than the alternative. Without Bayesian statistics, we couldn’t say anything if a simple inferential analysis like a t-test yielded p > .05. The present, mostly non-quantitative article describes free resources and illustrative procedures for doing Bayesian analysis, with t-test and ANOVA examples.
Properties of Laser Beams

In Chapter 1 it was stated that the most characteristic properties of laser beams are (i) monochromaticity, (ii) coherence (spatial and temporal), (iii) directionality, (iv) brightness. The material presented in earlier chapters allows us to now examine these properties in more detail and compare them with the properties of conventional light sources (thermal sources). The discussion presented in this chapter is essential for an understanding of the application possibilities of laser beams (Chapter 9).
Division of Labor in Families of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Couples who have a child or adolescent with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are faced with the difficult decision of how to divide childcare responsibilities and paid employment. We examined the division of labor and its relation to parenting stress and marital adjustment in 73 married couples who have a child or adolescent with ASD. Mothers and fathers independently reported on their global level of parenting stress and marital adjustment and then completed a 7-day online daily diary of time spent in childcare, time spent in paid employment, and satisfaction with the time that one's spouse spent in childcare. Overall, couples demonstrated a pattern of partial role specialization in which mothers engaged in more childcare and fathers engaged in more paid employment. Child age was negatively related and degree of disability was positively related to role specialization. Time spent in paid employment and satisfaction with the time that one's spouse spent in childcare had important associations with parenting stress and marital adjustment.
Marine Supply Chain Management

The US shipbuilding industry finds itself pressed on many sides by dwindling government and commercial ship orders. Without significant improvement in performance, the US shipbuilding industry will contract to the minimum that can sustain government and Jones Act commercial ship demand. There has been considerable benchmarking of the US shipbuilding with other shipbuilding countries and other US and foreign industries. In these studies, the improved management of the supply chains has been found to be an important way to improve performance. The 1996 21 Century Agile Shipbuilding Strategies report identified improvement in the relationship between shipyards and their suppliers as one of the highest priorities. In the marine industry over 50% of the cost of the delivered product is for material and equipment. When significant turn-key subcontracting is used this can increase to 75%. Over the past two decades, most US shipbuilders acknowledged that their productivity was significantly lower than world class shipbuilders. More recently they have acknowledged a material cost differential of up to 33%. Clearly, the cost of material is one of the major sources of the lack of international competitiveness of the US marine industry. The performance of the US automotive and aerospace industries has improved significantly by focusing on and improving their supply chain management. Much of Boeing's and Chrysler's improvement has been attributed to successful change in this area. This paper describes the results ofa project that analyzed supply chain management in the marine industry as a way to develop a set of best practices.
The Influence of Norms on Ethical Judgments and Intentions

Abstract This study examined the influence of marketers’ deontological norms on their ethical judgments and intentions. A conceptual model that consisted of marketers’ norms, teleological evaluations, ethical judgments, and intentions was presented. Hypotheses concerning the relationships among these variables were developed and tested. Data were collected from 249 marketing professionals. Results of path analysis showed that marketers’ ethical judgments and intentions were influenced jointly by their deontological norms and teleological evaluations. Additionally, the moderating effects of selected situational factors were examined. Results showed that organizational ethical environment and professional ethical environment were found to affect the decision-making process of marketers; however, these effects appear to be dependent on the type of ethical dilemma involved.
Motion model binary switch for MonoSLAM

Current Monocular Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (MonoSLAM) methodologies use constant velocity and smooth motion assumptions. If the motion consists of rapid accelerations, decelerations or stops, the position estimates become erroneous and unstable. Mobile robots require frequent stops due to mission dictated or safety reasons. With the objective of using MonoSLAM to localize a mobile robot, we determined the effectiveness of trajectory estimation for a typical robot moving with constant velocity and stopping to execute missions. Experiments were performed with a camera mounted on a 3-axis translational robot and several path profiles with brief stops were executed. The trajectory estimated with a MonoSLAM algorithm is compared with the known motion profile. As the stop causes significant error and drift in the position estimates, we modified the constant velocity motion model to incorporate a stop detection method. An optical flow based stop detection model was formulated and implemented in conjunction with MonoSLAM. Velocity update is modified when a stop or start is detected by optical flow. By adaptively switching between constant velocity and stop models, the trajectory estimate is seen to be more accurate and stable after an intermittent stop. Details of the adaptive switching method and the performance of the modified MonoSLAM are described in this paper.
PROPIOMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN OBSTETRICS.

M 0 D E R N obstetrical practice requires effective and safe analgesia for labor and parturition. The ever-increasing armamentarium of analgesic agents at the obstetrician’s disposal poses a perplexing problem in deciding which drug, or combination of drugs, is best. The ideal agent is yet undiscovered. The phenothiazine derivatives in the past several years have been used as obstetrical analgesia. It is the purpose of this paper to report the results of evaluation of propiomazine hydrochloride for antepartum and intrapartum sedation and analgesia. In addition, the potentiating effect on meperidine was studied. The neonatal response was recorded. Intravenous and intramuscular administration of the drug were compared. Finally, all side effects were evaluated.
Bradycardia during elevation of zygomatic fractures. A variation of the oculocardiac reflex.

Summary Two cases of severe bradycardia are described which occurred during elevations of zygomatic fractures. The two patients and the possible mechanisms involved are discussed.
Mathematical functions and differential calculus

This chapter discusses the concept of a mathematical function and its relationship to the behavior of physical variables. The derivative of a function of one independent variable is defined and its geometric interpretation is discussed in a part of the chapter. The chapter considers the use of derivatives in approximate calculations of changes in dependent variables. It describes their use in finding minimum and maximum values of functions. Mathematical functions and their usefulness in thermodynamics and quantum mechanics are detailed in another section of the chapter. The tangent line and the derivative of a function are discussed next. Some useful facts about derivatives are provided. The next topic provides information on higher-order derivatives. Maximum–minimum problems are also discussed in the chapter. The minimum value of a function means the most negative value of the function, not necessarily the smallest magnitude. The maximum value means the most positive value of the function, not necessarily the largest magnitude. Both a maximum and a minimum are called an extremum. Limiting values of functions and L'HOpital's rule are finally detailed in a segment of the chapter.
Genes conserved in yeast and humans

Evolutionary conservation of homologous gene products from distantly related organisms provides an information resource of great value for elucidating protein structure and function. Sequence similarities also serve as molecular cross-references between diverse organisms that offer different, or complementary, experimental approaches for analyzing gene expression and biochemistry in normal and abnormal states. There are now countless examples of information about a protein from one species contributing to the understanding of biological phenomena or disease in another species. Such connections are often unanticipated and surprising, but there is an opportunity to make them more systematically as concerted genome sequencing projects progress. In the present review we focus on connections between yeast and human proteins and their functional implications. We present several 'case studies' as well as survey results derived from comprehensive sequence comparisons among all yeast and human proteins currently present in the public databases.
Role of supplemental aeration in improving overloaded first-stage RBC performance

A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental aeration in improving the performance of an rotating biological contactor (RBC) treatment system whose first and second stages were overloaded resulting in very low dissolved oxygen conditions and heavy beggiatoa growth thereby deteriorating process performance. A four-stage RBC having two parallel trains and treating combined municipal and industrial dairy wastewater was used to conduct the research. One train was provided with supplemental air in all stages and the other train, without supplemental air, was used as a control. Daily 24-hour compositie samples were collected at the influent to the RBC and at the end of each stage. Dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature levels were measured in each stage. Samples were analyzed for soluble COD, ammonia nitrogen, total and volatile suspended solids. Samples were also analyzed for soluble BOD5 and oxygen uptake rate once a week. The biomass thickness on the discs was measured and growth conditions were noted. The experimental results indicate that RBC units with supplemental aeration demonstrated remarkable performance and ability to adapt to differing organic loading rates. In addition, beggiatoa growth was completely eliminated with supplemental air thereby establishing thinner and active aerobic biomass.
Perfluorinated Stellanes: The Synthesis of Perfluorinated Bisnoradamantane. Long-Range 19F NMR Virtual Coupling

A three-step synthesis of perfluorinated bisnoradamantane, F-tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane, the smallest unsubstituted perfluorinated cage compound yet reported in the literature, is described. Oleum oxidation of adamantane to adamantane-2,6-dione followed by aerosol fluorination to F-adamantane-2,6-dione which is then photodecarbonylated in near-quantitative yields produces the perfluorinated stellane. 19F NMR spectra of these perfluorinated cage compounds, which exhibit long-range fluorine−fluorine virtual coupling, are described. The highly symmetric F-bisnoradamantane structure results in a highly symmetrical splitting pattern which is readily interpretable.
Probing protein packing surrounding the residues in and flanking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor M2M3 loop.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are cation-selective, ligand-gated ion channels of the cysteine (Cys)-loop gene superfamily. The recent crystal structure of a bacterial homolog from Erwinia chrysanthemi (ELIC) agrees with previous structures of the N-terminal domain of AChBP (acetylcholine-binding protein) and of the electron-microscopy-derived Torpedo nAChR structure. However, the ELIC transmembrane domain is significantly more tightly packed than the corresponding region of the Torpedo nAChR. We investigated the tightness of protein packing surrounding the extracellular end of the M2 transmembrane segment and around the loop connecting the M2 and M3 segments using the substituted cysteine accessibility method. The M2 20′ to 27′ residues were highly water accessible and the variation in reaction rates were consistent with this region being α-helical. At all positions tested, the presence of ACh changed methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA) modification rates by Torpedo nAChR transmembrane domain structure is a better model than the ELIC structure for eukaryotic Cys-loop receptors.
An ethnomethodological clarification of Husserl's concepts of "regressive inquiry" and "Galilean physics" by means of discovering praxioms

This paper offers an ethnomethodological clarification of Husserl's concepts of “Galilean physics” and “regressive inquiry”. It employs the reader's textual-practical operationalization of these concepts. With the use of a simple optical prism as a perspicuous case of a scientific instrument, the reader will be asked and instructed to make a self-reflexive inquiry into the practical contingencies of the prismatic field of reflection. The reader will discover that the geometric structures of the reflective field of the prism is an achievement and formalization of the reader's own operatlonalizations. I named these discoverable discovering operationspraxioms or practical axioms — the pre-scientific contingencies of the geometric structures of prismatic reflection.
The measurement of sharing and cooperation as equity effects and some relationships between them.

The initial objective was to determine whether an increase in cooperative responses (minimal cooperation) was also accompanied by an increase in the degree of correspondence in the number of reinforcers of the two subjects (maximal cooperation). Correct matching-to-sample responses of seven pairs of male adolescents were reinforced with money. On each trial, a subject could (1) give the matching-to-sample problem to his coactor (give or cooperative responses), or (2) take the problem for himself (take responses). The first member of the pair to respond made the choice. Correspondence did increase under this procedure as compared to a baseline where problems were distributed randomly. However, the increased correspondence usually resulted from take responses rather than cooperative give responses. This equitable method of problem distribution, designated as sharing, was characterized by the subjects alternately taking problems. The spacing of daily sessions may have been partly responsible for the high degree of correspondence, because correspondence did not increase within the usual number of sessions when the sessions were massed, i.e., all in one day. Daily sessions require cooperative responses, i.e., each subject has to show up each day for the other to earn money, and this dependency upon the coactor's behavior may facilitate some sharing or cooperation to ensure the coactor's attendance.
Migration of translationally excited fluorine atoms in solid argon and their reactions with small guest molecules

Abstract Solid state reactions of photogenerated F atoms with CO and O2 molecules were studied in dilute mixtures of F2 + CO and F2 + O2 in solid argon by infrared spectroscopy. UV laser photolysis of F2 at 16 K produces high yields of stabilized FCO and FO2 radicals. Spectral and kinetic analysis reveals that formation of radicals occurs by reaction of translationally excited F atoms with isolated CO or O2 molecules. Analysis of the photochemical yields of the radicals shows that the average distance traveled by each translationally hot F atom is at least 1.4 nm (3–4 argon lattice periods).
UICDS-based information sharing among emergency response application systems

The essential requirements of effective emergency management and response include pertinent information sharing across various government agencies as well as non-governmental and private organizations to assess the situation, identify the needed resources for emergency response and generate response plans. Interoperability is a key requirement for information sharing from disparate systems and organizations, such as the case in emergency response. In this demo, we present the capabilities and features of application to application level information sharing among different incident management systems via DHS-initiated information sharing platform called UICDS (Unified Incident Command and Decision Support).
On the time-dependent lévêque problem

Abstract The classical steady state Leveque problem is generalized to include the time dependence. Exact analytical solutions are presented for the surface heat flux due to a time step in the surface temperature and for the case of the surface temperature due to a time step in the wall heat flux. The initial and final time behavior of the solution is explored analytically and this is supplemented by a numerical evaluation for the entire time span in the case of a step in the surface temperature.
A Stochastic and Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Customer Impatience

In this paper, we study the problem of designing motion strategies for a team of mobile agents, required to fulfill request for on-site service in a given planar region. In our model, each service request is generated by a spatio-temporal stochastic process; once a service request has been generated, it remains active for a certain deterministic amount of time, and then expires. An active service request is fulfilled when one of the mobile agents visits the location of the request. Specific problems we investigate are the following: what is the minimum number of mobile agents needed to ensure that a certain fraction of service requests is fulfilled before expiration? What strategy should they use to ensure that this objective is attained? This problem can be viewed as the stochastic and dynamic version of the well-known vehicle routing problem with time windows. We also extend our analysis to the case in which the time service requests remain active is itself a random variable, describing customer impatience. The customers' impatience is only known to the mobile agents via prior statistics. In this case, it is desired to minimize the fraction of service requests missed because of impatience. Finally, we show how the routing strategies presented in the paper can be executed in a distributed fashion.
Multistage position-stabilized vibration isolation system for neutron interferometry

A two stage, position stabilized vibration isolation system has been constructed and is now in operation at the Cold Neutron Research Facility of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. The system employs pneumatic isolators with a multiple input/multiple output pneumatic servo system based upon pulse width modulation control loops. The first stage consists of a 40,000 kg reinforced concrete table supported by pneumatic isolators. A large environmentally isolated laboratory enclosure rests on the concrete table. The second stage consists of a 3000 kg granite optical table located within the enclosure and supported by another set of pneumatic isolators. The position of the two stages is monitored by proximity sensors and inclinometers with 12 degrees of freedom. The system controls 12 independent pneumatic airsprings. The signals from these sensors are fed into a personal computer based control system. The control system has maintained the position of the two stages to better than 1 micrometers in translation and 5 (mu) rad in orientation for a period of a few months. A description of the system and its characteristics is given.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Healing the Divided Mind Land as an Integrating Concept for Organizations and the Natural Environment

This article reviews the two divergent paradigms of economy and ecology and contemporary attempts at integration into a sustainability paradigm. It then explores how the concept of land and its specific manifestation in place offer an alternative integration that taps the Jungian realm of symbol and mythologem.
The Social Behavior Inventory for children in a child abuse treatment program: development of a tool to measure interpersonal behavior.

This article presents information about a tool that can be completed in a few minutes to measure the interpersonal behavior of children participating in a child abuse treatment program. One sample of children came from the community and had no reported history of abuse or mental health services. A second sample was children obtaining therapy services through a child abuse treatment program. Factor analysis of scores provided by parents for their children obtaining therapy services led to the development of three scales to assess aversive interpersonal behavior, two to measure prosocial interpersonal behavior, and one to measure total interpersonal competence. Numerous indices of reliability and validity are presented. Data delineated the potential value of the scales for assessing the impact of therapy. The current results suggested that the Social Behavior Inventory may have value as a measure of interpersonal behavior when providing therapy to children in a child abuse treatment program if used prudently.
A method for examining short-term retention of haptic cues in monkeys

Tasks used to examine short-term memory (STM) in animals have almost exclusively required retention of visual cues. To determine if haptic information can be retained, three rhesus monkeys were trained to perform, using only haptic cues, a simultaneous (SMS) and a delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) task. On each trial, the monkeys felt and responded to a sample stimulus on a centrally located manipulandum. They were then presented two comparison stimuli located on both sides of the central manipulandum. A response matching the comparison stimulus with the sample stimulus was reinforced. In SMS a mean of 2,725 trials was required to reach a criterion of 90% correct. As in DMS performance for visual cues, in haptic DMS the monkeys were capable of above-chance responding at retention intervals of greater than 1 min. This haptic DMS task should be useful for testing STM models, for examining the physiological basis of STM, and for examining drug effects.
The nonlinear-optical response of a quantum system as a function of its energy spectrum

In the present work we use the Monte Carlo method to study the nonlinear optical response classified by energy spacing of the system, aiming to understand certain unresolved questions including the gap between experimental values of the off-resonant hyperpolarizabilities of molecules and the fundamental limit. The results suggest an explanation for the origin of the factor of 20-30 gap between the best molecules and the fundamental limits and also confirm the validity of three-level ansatz, which states that when the first and second hyperpolarizabilities of a quantum system are at the limit, only three states contribute to the nonlinear response.
Density distribution and cation composition of red blood cells in newborn puppies.

The density distribution and cation composition of red blood cells from newborn puppies have been studied. The density distribution of red cells from a newborn puppy in a bovine serum albumin density gradient resembles a normal distribution with a peak density at a region less than that found for adult dog red cells. In two weeks the whole distribution shifts toward a more dense region, and a second cell peak appears so that the distribution becomes bimodal. This second cell peak is smaller than the original peak, and it appears at a region of lower density. In nine weeks the distribution becomes a normal one again, but the peak density corresponds to the peak density of the second cell peak which first appeared at two weeks. Evidence has been obtained to show that fetal red cells are located in the more dense cell peak and neonatal cells are in the less dense second peak. These results were obtained by labeling fetal cells with Cr51 and neonatal cells with Fe59. The analysis of the cation content of these cells shows that fetal cells contain more K and Na and have a higher K/Na ratio than adult red cells. Furthermore, neonatal cells contain considerably less cation and hemoglobin than do fetal cells. From a study of the cation and hemoglobin content of red cells appearing in various density fractions it is concluded that fetal cells lose K and Na during the first two weeks after birth. Thus, the change in the density disribution of the erythrocytes is thought to be due to two factors: (1) An increase in the density of fetal cells due to the loss of K and Na and, hence, water during the first two weeks after birth, and (2) the entry of less dense neonatal cells into the circulation.
Correlation of structure and function of chloroplast membranes at the supramolecular level

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has revealed that different size classes of intramembrane particles of chloroplast membranes are nonrandomly distributed between appressed grana and nonappressed stroma membrane regions. It is now generally assumed that thylakoid membranes contain five major functional complexes, each of which can give rise to an intramembrane particle of a defined size. These are the photosystem II complex, the photosystem I complex, the cytochrome f/b6 complex, the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex, and the CF0-CF1 ATP synthetase complex. By mapping the distribution of the different categories of intramembrane particles, information on the lateral organization of functional membrane units of thylakoid membranes can be determined. In this review, we present a brief summary of the evidence supporting the correlation of specific categories of intramembrane particles with known biochemical entities. In addition, we discuss studies showing that ions and phosphorylation of the membrane adhesion factor, the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting, complex, can affect the lateral organization of chloroplast membrane components and thereby regulate membrane function.
Effective Correlation of Apparent Gas Permeability in Tight Porous Media

Gaseous flow regimes through tight porous media are described by rigorous application of a unified Hagen–Poiseuille-type equation. Proper implementation is accomplished based on the realization of the preferential flow paths in porous media as a bundle of tortuous capillary tubes. Improved formulations and methodology presented here are shown to provide accurate and meaningful correlations of data considering the effect of the characteristic parameters of porous media including intrinsic permeability, porosity, and tortuosity on the apparent gas permeability, rarefaction coefficient, and Klinkenberg gas slippage factor.
The performance of sea trout, Salmo trutta L., stocks from the Burrishoole system western Ireland, 1970–1994.

Since 1975, with partial recoveries in 1979 and 1984–1986, the numbers of finnock and adult sea trout, Salmo trutta L., in the Burrishoole system, western Ireland, have declined. The population decreased sharply from 1987, and collapsed in 1989 and 1990. Finnock were virtually absent in 1989 and one-year maidens equally so in 1990. Sea trout smolt recruitments from 1992 to 1994 were the lowest recorded since 1970. The modal fork length of finnock decreased from 28 cm in 1987 to 26 cm in 1990. Up until 1989, the percentage return of smolts, as finnock, ranged from 11.4 to 32.4%. In 1989 a minimum was reached at 1.5%, with values of 10.0, 3.7, 7.4 and 9.9% from 1990 to 1994. Marine survival of smolts, to total first return to fresh water, historically ranged from 19 to 66%. Survival dropped to 1.8% in 1989. Observed changes in the structure of the sea trout population and the collapse in marine survival suggest that the current west of Ireland sea trout problem is based in the marine habitat.
Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity, soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.
An MPI-CUDA library for image processing on HPC architectures

Scientific image processing is a topic of interest for a broad scientific community since it is a mean of gaining understanding and insight into the data for a growing number of applications. Furthermore, the technological evolution permits large data acquisition, with sophisticated instruments, and their elaboration through complex multidisciplinary applications, resulting in datasets that are growing at an extremely rapid pace. This results in the need of huge computational power for the processing. It is necessary to move towards High Performance Computing (HPC) and to develop proper parallel implementations of image processing algorithms/operations. Modern HPC resources are typically highly heterogeneous systems, composed of multiple CPUs and accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The actual barrier posed by heterogeneous HPC resources is the development and/or the performance efficient porting of software on such complex architectures. In this context, the aim of this work is to enable image processing on cluster of GPUs, through the use of PIMA(GE)2 Lib, the Parallel IMAGE processing GEnoa Library. The library is able to exploit traditional clusters through MPI, GPU device through CUDA and a first experimentation is aimed to explore the use of GPU-clusters. Library operations are provided to the users through a sequential interface defined to hide the parallelism of the computation. The parallel computation, at each level, is managed employing specific policies designed to suitably coordinate the parallel processes/threads involved in the elaboration and their use is tightly coupled with the PIMA(GE)2 Lib interface. In this paper, we present the incremental approach adopted in the development of the library and the performance gains in each implementations: quite linear speedup is achieved on cluster architecture, about a 30% improvement in the execution time on a single GPU and the first results on cluster of GPUs are promising.
DAP12 Couples c-Fms Activation to the Osteoclast Cytoskeleton by Recruitment of Syk

We examined the mechanism by which M-CSF regulates the cytoskeleton and function of the osteoclast, the exclusive bone resorptive cell. We show that binding of M-CSF to its receptor c-Fms generates a signaling complex comprising phosphorylated DAP12, an adaptor containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Syk. c-Fms tyrosine 559, the exclusive binding site of c-Src, is necessary for regulation of DAP12/Syk signaling. Deletion of either of these molecules yields osteoclasts that fail to reorganize their cytoskeleton. Retroviral transduction of null precursors with wild-type or mutant DAP12 or Syk reveals that the SH2 domain of Syk and the ITAM tyrosine residues and transmembrane domain of DAP12 mediate M-CSF signaling. Our data provide genetic and biochemical evidence that uncovers an epistatic signaling pathway linking the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Fms to the immune adaptor DAP12 and the cytoskeleton.
The Great Growth Debate: A Statistical Look at Mankiw, Romer, and Weil, versus Islam

This paper takes a purely statistical look at two of the most important empirical growth papers authored by Mankiw et al. [1992] and Islam [1995]. MRW claim that the Solow model is justified only when human capital is added to the regression, while Islam claims that cross-country heterogeneity is the actual culprit. In a statistical sense, the author of this study finds that Islam was correct in the fact that mean heterogeneity does exist in MRW’s data. However, after statistical adequacy is achieved, human capital continues to maintain its role as a significant determinant of growth even though the estimates are not robust for one of the two cross-country samples investigated. On the other hand, though Islam’s models were not without statistical problems, they continue to maintain their traditional form and his estimates are robust to respecification. This paper also exemplifies the need for objective statistical testing methods in applied work.
When haste makes sense: Cracking down on street markets for illicit drugs

Abstract This paper presents an analytical approach to the tactical question: ‘What level of enforcement over time allows one to eliminate a street market for illicit drugs while expanding the least possible total effort?’ The analysis is done in the context of Caulkins' model [6] which predicts the rate of change of dealers as a function of enforcement level and several market parameters. Our analysis suggests that the simple strategy of using the maximum available enforcement intensity until the market has been eliminated minimizes the total enforcement effort required.
Protein catabolism. II. Identification of neutral and acidic proteolytic enzymes in Aspergillus niger.

Abstract Two proteinases of Aspergillus niger, one of pH optimum 3·4, the other of pH optimum 7·4, were purified 840- and 740-fold by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation Sephadex G-100, G-150 and G-200 gel chromatography. Both proteinases were assayed using [3H]acetyl hemoglobin as substrate. The purified pH 3·4 proteinase had two bands on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while the purified pHH 7·4 proteinase gave one band when stained for protein; none of the purified material stained for glycoprotein. The purified pH 3·4 proteinase had molecular weights of 49 000 and 56 000, pI of 4.1 and 4.5 and a Km of 1·10−5 M. This acid proteinase showed no cofactor requirements, was inhibited 51% by o.1 M HgCl2, and was relatively inactive against synthetic substrates of low molecular weight. Analysis of the products of digestion of the [3H]acetyl hemoglobin after 1 h digestion with this enzyme showed that 71% of the product consisted of peptides of molecular weights less than 4000. The purified pH 7·4 proteinase had a molecular weight of 68 000, pI of 6.2, and a Km of 5·10−5 M. This neutral proteinase showed no cofactor requirements, was severely inhibited by HgCl2 and diisopropylphosphofluoridate and was also relatively inactive against low molecular weight synthetic substrates. Analysis of the products of digestion with this neutral proteinase showed that 66% of the product consisted of peptides of molecular weight less than 4000.
Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: risk, classification, and therapeutic recommendations.

Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a heterogeneous disease that may occur in recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The risk of lymphoma is increased 20–120% compared with the general population with risk dependent in part on level of immune suppression. In addition, recent data have emerged, including HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms, regarding genetic susceptibility to PTLD. Based on morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular criteria, PLTD are classified into 4 pathologic categories: early lesions, polymorphic, monomorphic, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Evaluation by expert hematopathology is critical in establishing the diagnosis. The aim of therapy for most patients is cure with the concurrent goal of preservation of allograft function. Given the pathologic and clinical heterogeneity of PTLD, treatment is often individualized. A mainstay of therapy remains reduction of immune suppression (RI) with the level of reduction being dependent on several factors (e.g., history of rejection, current dosing, and type of allograft). Outside of early lesions and/or low tumor burden, however, RI alone is associated with cure in a minority of subjects. We approach most newly-diagnosed polymorphic and monomorphic PTLDs similarly using frontline single-agent rituximab (4 weeks followed by abbreviated maintenance) in conjunction with RI. Frontline combination chemotherapy may be warranted for patients with high tumor burden in need of prompt response or following failure of RI and/or rituximab. Due to chemotherapy-related complications in PTLD, especially infectious, we advocate comprehensive supportive care measures. Surgery or radiation may be considered for select patients with early-stage disease. For PTLD subjects with primary CNS lymphoma, we utilize therapeutic paradigms similar to immunocompetent CNS lymphoma using high-dose methotrexate-based therapy with concurrent rituximab therapy and sequential high-dose cytarabine. Finally, novel therapeutic strategies, especially adoptive immunotherapy, should continued to be explored.
Striatal Interneurons: Causes of or Cures for Movement Disorders?

Imagine one day you notice a tremor and can't walk easily anymore. Your doctor tells you that you have Parkinson's disease and gives you levodopa, a 60-year-old treatment that temporarily relieves your symptoms. But over time, the medication makes you impulsive, and after a few years, your symptoms
Differential changes in body mass index after retirement by occupation: hierarchical models

Objectives This paper examines whether retirement differentially affects body mass index (BMI) patterns by occupation; occupation embodies differences in on-the-job physical demands as well as socioeconomic characteristics that could lead to variation in post-retirement BMI.
The effects of pacing on complex decision-making inspection performance

The effects of time constraints in a complex decision-making inspection task were assessed utilizing a number of performance, physiological, and subjective measures. Twelve subjects were trained to classify a simulated product into one of four quality control categories, then tested on six pacing conditions varying in pacing speed and pacing rigidity. Subjects were able to maintain classification accuracy despite considerable variations in the time constraints of the task. The index of mental effort—heart rate variability—was the only measure which was found to be sensitive to the differences in pacing conditions. The subjective measures were not affected by pacing conditions but exhibited trends toward increasing postural discomfort, fatigue and boredom from the beginning to the end of each condition. A model of the inspector is tested which is based upon resource-limited models of human information processing.
Cloud Computing: New Wine or Just a New Bottle?

Cloud computing has evolved from previous computing paradigms going back as far to the days of mainframes, but is it really different? Do the explosive new capabilities from cloud computing solve any of the problems left unsolved from three decades ago? The authors in this issue discuss their views on what cloud computing is leaving the reader to decide for themselves.
Effectiveness and efficacy of conservation options after potato harvest.

Soil erosion and phosphorus (P) runoff can be severe in potato production systems in the Northeast USA, which are characterized by intensive tillage, minimal ground cover, low crop residue return, and steep slopes. We used rainfall simulators in the greenhouse and field to assess sediment and P movement associated with two conservation practices: straw mulching and application of polyacrylamide (PAM). In the greenhouse, a Nokomis sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods) was packed into 0.2 by 1.0 m boxes and subjected to four rainfall events at an intensity of 70 mm h ―1 . Runoff amount, sediment concentration, and inorganic and sediment-bound P were measured for 30 min after initiation of runoff. Linear increases in straw mulch biomass (up to equivalent of 3000 kg ha ―1 ) resulted in exponential decreases in sediment and P loss. Mulch applied at rates as low as 600 kg ha ―1 provided nearly 50% ground cover and reduced sediment movement and sediment-bound P concentration and loss by >50%. Higher application rates reduced sediment loss by up to 95% but contributed dissolved reactive P (DRP) to runoff water. Field observations using simulated rainfall on mulch-covered and bare soil were consistent with greenhouse results. Linear increases in PAM application rate (to 20 kg ha ―1 ) also reduced sediment loss. The efficacy of this practice decreases slightly with successive rainfall events but still had significant benefit through four simulated rainfalls on soil packed into boxes. This was not the case in the field where the effect of PAM was limited to the first two rainfall events. In general, runoff volume was not strongly influenced by any of these practices, and most of the P loss was comprised of sediment-bound P. Both conservation practices are effective at reducing soil and nutrient loss in intensive potato systems.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Near-Bottom Photos for Benthic Habitat Studies

This paper reports on a methodology developed for the analysis of near-bottom photographs collected for fisheries habitat studies. These tools provide a framework for conducting minimally invasive in-situ investigations of benthic organism abundance, diversity, and distribution using high-resolution optical datasets integrated with high precision navigational data. Utilizing these techniques with near-bottom photos collected with a precision navigated survey platform greatly increases the efficiency of image analysis and provides new insight about the relationships between benthic organisms and the habitats in which they are found. Basic requirements for the analysis of near-bottom seafloor images include camera calibration and quantification of the height of the lens above the seafloor throughout the survey. Corrections are required to compensate for image distortion due to lighting limitations and the variable micro-topography of the seafloor. These parameters can be constrained by utilizing precisely navigated survey platforms such as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) or Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs). The methodology we present was developed with data collected by the SeaBED AUV off the coast of Washington, Oregon and California. A digital database containing benthic organism identifications, measurements, and locations was generated for each image using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) created in MatlabTM . This methodology has demonstrated a significant increase in the efficiency of image analysis for benthic habitat studies, and provides the opportunity to assess small scale spatial distribution of organisms in their natural habitats. Collecting overlapping images permits the creation of photomosaics and the quantification of organism abundance per unit area of the seafloor
Revealing transcription factors during human pancreatic β cell development

Developing cell-based diabetes therapies requires examining transcriptional mechanisms underlying human β cell development. However, increased knowledge is hampered by low availability of fetal pancreatic tissue and gene targeting strategies. Rodent models have elucidated transcription factor roles during islet organogenesis and maturation, but differences between mouse and human islets have been identified. The past 5 years have seen strides toward generating human β cell lines, the examination of human transcription factor expression, and studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and human embryonic stem (hES) cells to generate β-like cells. Nevertheless, much remains to be resolved. We present current knowledge of developing human β cell transcription factor expression, as compared to rodents. We also discuss recent studies employing transcription factor or epigenetic modulation to generate β cells.
Madagascar hissing cockroach mite, Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi, prevents fungal infection in its cockroach host: evidence for a mutualistic symbiosis

In this study, we provide the first evidence that the mite Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi is beneficial to the Madagascar hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa by participating in a cleaning symbiosis and thus prolonging the life of its host. Gromphadorholaelaps schaeferi is a permanent resident of the cockroach and reduces mould levels by removing the food debris from the cockroach that acts as a substrate for fungal growth. To investigate the mould clearance attributes of these mites, we determined the effectiveness of mite infestation for decreasing cockroach mortality from a topically applied entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. We further determined the effects of regulating cockroach food levels on altering the mycoflora profile of the cockroaches, with and without mites. Results showed that the lifespan of the cockroaches is extended by approximately 9 months when infested with mites. When treated with M. anisopliae (107 conidia/ml), which is pathogenic to the cockroach but not to t...
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN ANEMIA LIMITED BY LOW PROTEIN INTAKE INFLUENCE OF IRON INTAKE, PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS AND FASTING

A low protein intake will cause limited hemoglobin production in standard anemic dogs. It appears that the dog on a limited protein intake is unable to produce the usual amount of globin and therefore of hemoglobin even in the presence of a large excess of iron. Iron given by mouth or by vein shows the same result-the dog made anemic by blood withdrawal cannot produce the expected new hemoglobin related to the iron intake when the protein intake is held at low levels. These dogs can be kept in perfect health and weight equilibrium during these long periods of limited diet intake and anemia. Under the stress of protein limitation the proteins of salmon muscle, banana and carrot are well utilized and it requires only 7 to 8 gm. of these food proteins to produce 1 gm. of new hemoglobin. These experiments show clearly that the iron content of liver is not wholly responsible for its potency in anemia due to hemorrhage.
Hip Arthroscopy: The Use of Computer Assistance:

Background: Hip arthroscopy is rapidly becoming the mainstay of treatment for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), but remains technically demanding and has its limitations. The failures of arthroscopic FAI surgery due to inaccurate and inadequate resection are reported to be increasing. Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) can theoretically improve the accuracy and precision of the osseous resections required to treat FAI. It does so by providing a preoperative assessment tool, an intraoperative tracking device, and a robotic-assisted cutting instrument.