cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind Turbine Speed Control by Automatic Yawing

A yaw dynamics analysis was developed for a two-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine with passive cyclic pitch variation achieved by letting the blade pair freely oscillate about a common axis with which the blades formed a small prelag angle. This type of rotor was found capable of high yaw rates without imposing vibratory hub moments and without producing noticeable flapping amplitudes. Experiments were conducted with a tail vane stabilized 7.6-m-diam wind rotor driving a three-phase alternator tuned and loaded to produce a rotor torque proportional to the square of the rotor speed. Two yaw control systems which replaced the usual blade feathering controls were investigated: an active yaw control system using a hydraulic rotor speed governor, and a passive system responding to a combination of rotor thrust and torque. During strong gusts both systems limited rotor speed quite accurately. The passive system appeared to be more promising because of its greater reliability and because of the greater ease of adapting it to larger size wind turbines.
Evaluation of Critical Design Factors on the Thermal Behavior Due to Frictional Heat in the Oscillatory Sliding Conformal Contact

There is a range of mechanical components in tribological systems that operate under oscillatory sliding contact. An example of interest is the so-called pin-bushing joint interface that is typically lubricated with grease. Pin-joints are often heavily loaded and the relative sliding motion at the interface between the pin (shaft) and inner surface of the bushing generates considerable amount of heat. As a result, the surface and near-surface materials can quickly deteriorate and often trigger premature catastrophic failures. Nevertheless, the severity of the temperature rise is strongly dependent upon a series of design factors including various geometric variables, materials properties, and operating conditions. In this paper, the development of a fractional factorial experimental design for evaluation of the effect of five important design factors in pin-bushing assembly is reported. The factors of special interest include the clearance ratio (C/R), aspect ratio (L/D), oscillating angle, RPM, and applied load. The performance response is the interface temperature rise. The factorial analyses presented provide quantitative information on the factors that tend to have the greatest influence on the thermal behavior of a pin-bushing assembly.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A re-balanced scorecard: a strategic approach to enhance managerial performance in complex environments

This paper is a proposal to develop conceptual and practical frameworks for evolving corporations seeking to improve their managerial performance in complex environments with actionable strategies for dealing with social, environmental and corporate governance issues. These frameworks are coalesced by social contract theory that extends the traditional view of the firm as a nexus of contracts to a broader view of the firm as a nexus of social contracts. A re-balanced scorecard is proposed to induce and evaluate management performance that captures important dimensions and aspects of the frameworks established for firms strategically choosing to change their long term objectives to include those related to meeting their social contract obligations.
The mixed‐aldehyde synthesis of difunctional tetraarylporphyrins

The synthesis is reported of nine unsymmetrical, meso-substituted porphyrins. Among the compounds prepared are the following 5-(R)-10,15,20-tri-p-tolylporphyrins; R = 2,6-dinitrophenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-ethoxy-phenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl, 5-hydroxy-2-nitrophenyl and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl. Other porphyrins reported include 5-(2-(1-butoxy)phenyl)-15-(2-nitrophenyl)-10-15-di-p-tolylporphyrin and the two 5-(R)-10-15,20-tripropylporphyrins in which R = 2-nitrophenyl and 2-hydroxyphenyl. The disubstituted porphyrins offer a rational route to the synthesis of difunctional “tailed-porphyrins”.
Enzyme association with PPARγ: evidence of a new role for 15-lipoxygenase type 2

Fatty acids have historically important structural roles in contributing to epidermal barrier function and therefore cutaneous health. Their metabolism to bioactive compounds is often up-regulated in response to cutaneous toxins thus providing them with functional roles. Some metabolites of arachidonic acid, such as 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), also serve functional roles as direct ligands for peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). 15S-HETE, produced by 15-lipoxygenase type 2 (15-LOX-2), is an endogenous ligand for PPARγ. This report demonstrates epidermal keratinocyte expression of both 15-LOX-2 and PPARγ and provides evidence for a relationship beyond that of ligand-producer and -user, namely in vivo association of the two proteins at the molecular level making the enzyme a candidate nuclear receptor coregulator. Such close physical approximation of the 15S-HETE-producing enzyme and PPARγ could potentiate the receptor response to a short-lived ligand. 15-LOX-2 may exemplify a class of enzymatically active nuclear receptor coactivator proteins distinct from those previously described but sharing their ability to promote expression from nuclear receptor-regulated promoters.
Antimicrobial Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Review of the Literature

The incidence of drug-induced thrombocytopenia (DIT) is not well-defined, but is estimated to occur at a minimum of 10 cases per million per year. This review will focus on the potential DIT associated with specific antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents. Case reports, cohort studies, and clinical trials were identified using PubMed search terms for each antimicrobial along with the Boolean combiner AND to match with the following outcomes: thrombocytopenia and bleed. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count of < 100 × 10(9)/L or a decrease in platelet count of at least 50% from baseline. A majority of the data supporting antimicrobial-induced thrombocytopenia consist of case reports and small studies. However, clinicians should be vigilant in monitoring patient platelet counts, as an immune-mediated mechanism is frequently responsible for this hematologic adverse effect and is therefore unpredictable.
Ultrastructural localization of neurotransmitter immunoreactivity in mossy cell axons and their synaptic targets in the rat dentate gyrus

Electrophysiologically identified and intracellularly biocytin-labeled mossy cells in the dentate hilus of the rat were studied using electron microscopy and postembedding immunogold techniques. Ultrathin sections containing a labeled mossy cell or its axon collaterals were reacted with antisera against the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and against the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). From single- and double-immunolabeled preparations, we found that 1) mossy cell axon terminals made asymmetric contacts onto postsynaptic targets in the hilus and stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus and showed immunoreactivity primarily for glutamate, but never for GABA; 2) in the hilus, glutamate-positive mossy cell axon terminals targeted GABA-positive dendritic shafts of hilar interneurons and GABA-negative dendritic spines; and 3) in the inner molecular layer, the mossy cell axon formed asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines associated with GABA-negative (presumably granule cell) dendrites. The results of this study support the view that excitatory (glutamatergic) mossy cell terminals contact GABAergic interneurons and non-GABAergic neurons in the hilar region and GABA-negative granule cells in the stratum moleculare. This pattern of connectivity is consistent with the hypothesis that mossy cells provide excitatory feedback to granule cells in a dentate gyrus associational network and also activate local hilar inhibitory elements.
Comparative effects of acetate and bicarbonate hemodialysis on left ventricular function

To assess the comparative effects of hemodialysis with acetate versus bicarbonate base on left ventricular systolic function, we performed M-mode echocardiography on 36 patients prior to and immediately following 4-hr maintenance hemodialysis. Patients were initially dialyzed against either sodium acetate or sodium bicarbonate and 1 week later were dialyzed against the alternate base. The mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean Vcf, circumferences/s) was used to assess left ventricular systolic function. In patients with normal pre-dialysis mean Vcf hemodialysis with acetate produced no significant change in mean Vcf, whereas hemodialysis with bicarbonate produced a significant increase in mean Vcf. In patients with low pre-dialysis mean Vcf hemodialysis with either base produced a significant increase in mean Vcf. Mean Vcf values obtained after hemodialysis with bicarbonate were significantly higher than those obtained after hemodialysis with acetate, both in patients with normal and low pre-hemodialysis mean Vcf. We conclude that hemodialysis with bicarbonate produces a comparatively greater improvement in left ventricular systolic function than hemodialysis with acetate.
Electron-stimulated oxidation of Ni(111) at low temperature

Abstract We have found that electron beams from 5 eV to 2 keV stimulate facile nickel oxide growth on Ni(111) at 120 K, and that oxidation occurs extremely slowly at low temperatures when electron irradiation is absent. These results differ significantly from previous studies, discrepancies which can be attributed to synergistic effects involving electrons. A model is proposed which quantitatively accounts for the data and yields relevant cross sections. These findings are of fundamental importance to metallic oxidation and corrosion, and may find application in electron beam and STM lithography.
Deletion of the beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alters development of tolerance to nicotine and eliminates receptor upregulation.

Rationale Chronic nicotine exposure induces both tolerance and upregulation of [3H]nicotine binding sites in rodent and human brain. However, the mechanism for chronic tolerance is unclear because a direct relationship between tolerance and receptor upregulation is not consistently observed.
Unsteady strained premixed laminar flames

Abstract The transient response of laminar flames to strain is studied numerically using a simplifying transformation not previously applied to these problems. Two time scales were found to characterize the flame response during straining. For slow strain, a slow time scale associated with the preheat zone dominates. For high strain, a fast time scale related to the reaction zone is important. The cross-over between these time scales is a function of the activation energy and occurs when the reaction zone thickness is a significant fraction of the total flame thickness. The overall time constant of the flame varies with the Damkohler number to the 0.7 power. During relaxation from the strained state, the flame responds in a more self-similar manner and a single time constant suffices to describe its behaviour. The implications of these results for flamelet models based on the local strain rate are that flame response time and history effects should be included.
Development of Translational Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models

Contemporary models in the field of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling often incorporate the fundamental principles of capacity limitation and operation of turnover processes to describe the time course of pharmacological effects in mechanistic terms. This permits the identification of drug- and system-specific factors that govern drug responses. There is considerable interest in utilizing mechanism-based PK-PD models in translational pharmacology, whereby in silico, in vitro, and preclinical data may be effectively coupled with relevant models to streamline the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. These translational PK-PD models form the subject of this review.
b-FGF induces corneal blood and lymphatic vessel growth in a spatially distinct pattern.

PURPOSE To study the spatial variances in ligand expression and angiogenic effect in response to the inflammatory response induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF). METHODS b-FGF micropellets (80 ng) were implanted in the temporal side of the cornea of Balb/c mice. On days 1, 3, and 7, blood (heme-) and lymphangiogenesis were observed by immunofluorescence staining of corneal flat mounts with LYVE-1 and CD31 to identify lymphatic and blood vessels, respectively. A second group of corneas were harvested for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Each cornea was divided into 2 different areas: (1) pre-pellet area and (2) opposite-pellet area. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligands was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction in each respective zone. RESULTS Blood vessels grew into the cornea from the pre-pellet area, whereas corneal lymphatic vessels grew from the opposite-pellet area toward the center of the cornea. VEGF-A was upregulated in the pre-pellet, whereas VEGF-D expression was mostly observed in the opposite-pellet area. VEGF-C level increased simultaneously in both areas. CONCLUSIONS A single inducing factor, that is, b-FGF, may simultaneously provoke hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in different locations of the cornea through differential expression of VEGF ligands. This distinctive spatial pattern should be considered while evaluating the corneal predilection for inflammation beyond that which is directly visible by slit lamp examination.
Information security: examining and managing the insider threat

This work is an exposition of the internal personnel threat to information security. It provides a brief overview of and how to manage the insider threat from an undergraduate perspective. This document explains the threat of the members of an organization to that organization itself, critiques recent events and happenings in this field, impacts of the insider threat to the organization, discusses prevention techniques, detection methodology and dealing with an incident once it occurs. This compilation was extensively influenced by the undergraduate course work in information security and serves as a foundation for the topics covered.
MYCORRHIZAE IN HAWAIIAN PTERIDOPHYTES: OCCURRENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

Forty-five percent of the Hawaiian pteridophyte flora were examined for mycorrhizae. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae were present in 66 of the 89 species examined. Nonmycotrophy was significantly higher in Hawaiian pteridophytes than in non-Hawaiian pteridophytes. The highest mycorrhizal colonization occurred in the leptosporangiate families Dicksoniaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Lindsaeaceae. Mycotrophy was lower in the eusporangiate families. Substrate strongly influenced the presence of mycotrophy. Mycorrhizae were present in 83% of terricolous species, in 86% of epilithic species, in 55% of epiphytic species, and absent from aquatic species. A phylogram of pteridophyte families is constructed incorporating the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization as one criterion for classification. The occurrence of mycorrhizae in pteridophytes has received little attention in recent years, and Newman and Reddell (1987) found that only 180 species of ferns (fieldcollected) have been examined for mycorrhizae since 1960. In contrast, approximately 6,000 species of angiosperms and gymnosperms have been examined for mycorrhizae (Newman and Reddell, 1987; Trappe, 1987). The largest survey of ferns prior to 1960 was performed by Boullard (1957), who examined over 420 species for mycorrhizae. This study was not included in Newman and Reddell's literature survey of field-collected specimens, however, because the majority of the samples were not fresh collections. More than 75% of the sampled species consisted of fragments of roots and rhizomes removed from dried herbarium specimens (Boullard, 1957). The mycorrhizal status of Hawaiian ferns is largely unknown (Gemma and Koske, 1990; Koske and Gemma, 1990). The high islands of Hawaii are the most isolated group of oceanic islands (Howarth, 1987), and the native
Homesickness and Adjustment in University Students

Absract The transition to college or university can be an exciting new experience for many young adults. For some, intense homesickness can make this move difficult, even unsustainable. Homesickness—defined as the distress or impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home—carries the unique hallmark of preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects. Sufferers typically report depression and anxiety, withdrawn behavior, and difficulty focusing on topics unrelated to home. For domestic and international university students, intense homesickness is particularly problematic. It can exacerbate preexisting mood and anxiety disorders, precipitate new mental and physical health problems, and sometimes lead to withdrawal from school. New research, consolidated here for the first time, points to promising prevention and treatment strategies for homesick students, the result of which can be a healthy, gratifying, and productive educational experience.
A study of pulse plating on chromium

Abstract A study has been made of the pulse plating of chromium from the standard aqueous chromic acid baths containing sulfate catalyst in the regime of pulse periods from 0.1 ms to 1.0 s and duty cycles from 10 to 100%. The coulombic efficiences of the chromium deposition and hydrogen evolution reactions at the cathode and of the oxygen evolution at a lead anode were measured with a gravimetric and gas-volumetric analysis. The results indicate that pulse current (pc) reduced the coulombic efficiency of the cathodic chromium deposition reaction. Pulse current modified the morphology of chromium deposits. With pc the chromium deposits from the dilute chromic acid bath at 22°C were of a needle-like structure as compared to the hemispherical growth in dc plating. A flake-type chromium deposit was obtained with pc from the concentrated chromic acid bath at 65°C. Pulse current increased the grain sizes of chromium deposits. For the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, pc behaved as a depolarizer and considerably increased the coulombic efficiencies of both reactions.
Rotation and transport in Alcator C-Mod ITB plasmas

Internal transport barriers (ITBs) are seen under a number of conditions in Alcator C-Mod plasmas. Most typically, radio frequency power in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRFs) is injected with the second harmonic of the resonant frequency for minority hydrogen ions positioned off-axis at r/a > 0.5 to initiate the ITBs. They can also arise spontaneously in ohmic H-mode plasmas. These ITBs typically persist tens of energy confinement times until the plasma terminates in radiative collapse or a disruption occurs. All C-Mod core barriers exhibit strongly peaked density and pressure profiles, static or peaking temperature profiles, peaking impurity density profiles and thermal transport coefficients that approach neoclassical values in the core. The strongly co-current intrinsic central plasma rotation that is observed following the H-mode transition has a profile that is peaked in the centre of the plasma and decreases towards the edge if the ICRF power deposition is in the plasma centre. When the ICRF resonance is placed off-axis, the rotation develops a well in the core region. The central rotation continues to decrease as long as the central density peaks when an ITB develops. This rotation profile is flat in the centre (0 < r/a < 0.4) but rises steeply in the region where the foot in the ITB density profile is observed (0.5 < r/a < 0.7). A correspondingly strong E × B shear is seen at the location of the ITB foot that is sufficiently large to stabilize ion temperature gradient instabilities that dominate transport in C-Mod high density plasmas.
The Influence of Flow on Positive Affect in College Students

The purpose of this study was to examine whether engaging in flow promoting activities would lead to increased positive affect (PA). Participants in this study consisted of 57 undergraduate university students who participated in order to receive extra credit in a psychology class. The randomly assigned high flow induction group performed a flow activity for 1 h, and filled out the PANAS and Flow State Scale 2 before and after the activity. The low flow induction group performed a low flow activity for the same amount of time and filled out both questionnaires as well. Findings indicated that participants in the high flow condition reported higher increases in PA and flow than those in the low flow condition, and that change in flow mediated the relationship between group and change in PA.
Practical aspects of hydrophobic polycationic bactericidal "paints".

We previously discovered that coating solid surfaces with long-chained linear N-dodecyl,N-methyl-polyethylenimine makes them bactericidal and virucidal. In the present study, focusing on the use of this microbicidal paint to kill airborne Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, we have systematically investigated the dependence of this effect on the concentration and mode of application of the hydrophobic polycation, the number of coats, the nature of the solvent, and the presence of a dye in such paint. In addition, the latter’s ability to be regenerated after use, stability upon repeated washings, and mammalian toxicity has been evaluated.
To Your Heart's Content: A Model of Affective Diversity in Top Management Teams

In this study we develop a model of how diversity in positive affect (PA) among group members influences individual attitudes, group processes, and group performance. We test the model on a sample ...
Characterization of bacteriophage D6.

Abstract Bacteriophage D6, described by Mise and Suzuki [J. Virol.6, 253–255 (1970)], is a temperate coliphage capable of generalized transduction. D6 resembles phage P1 morphologically and is slightly sensitive to anti-P1 serum. We have found that like P1, the D6 prophage is a plasmid, approximately 90 kb in size. The D6 prophage is compatible with both P1 and the closely related heteroimmune prophage P7, both of which are in incompatibility group Y. D6 DNA is restricted by the P1 and P7 prophages, but in the absence of restriction, D6 is able to grow on P1 and P7 lysogens. Neither P1 nor P7 is able to grow on a D6 lysogen. This is not due to DNA restriction or to the elimination of phage receptor sites on the host's surface. Therefore a nonreciprocal immunity relationship appears to exist between P1–P7 and D6. Mutants of P1 and P7 which are not subject to repression by the P1–P7 c 1+ gene product are able to grow on a D6 lysogen, implying that D6 has a repressor activity like that of P1c 1. There are two regions of strong hybridization between P1 and D6 DNA; one includes the invertible C loop of Pl. Attempts to demonstrate complementation or recombination between P1 or P7 and D6 were not successful, even for markers in the regions of homology.
Laparoscopic Collis gastroplasty and Nissen fundoplication A new technique for the management of esophageal foreshortening

Background: The short esophagus increases the difficulty and limits the effectiveness of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. In our experience, ∼20–25% of esophagi judged by preoperative criteria to be foreshortened will, after dissection, be insufficiently long to allow 2 cm of esophagus to reside below the diaphragm without inferior distraction (i.e., tension free). Collis gastroplasty combined with Nissen fundoplication has become the standard approach for the creation of an intraabdominal neoesophagus and fundic wrap.
An Investigation Of Photodynamic Therapy In The Treatment Of Pancreatic Carcinoma: Dihematoporphyrin Ether Uptake And Photobleaching Kinetics

Results of dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) uptake and fluorescence kinetics show that the concentration in the pancreas is on the order of 40-60 μg DHE/g of tissue at an injected dose of 40 mg/kg. Previously concentrations on this order have only been found in organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Two intrapancreatic carcinoma models, one of acinar origin (rat) and one of ductal orgin (hamster), were studied. Both showed equal or higher concentrations of DHE as compared to normal pancreas when fluorescence measurements and chemical extraction procedures were performed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of the normal pancreas and pancreatic tumors yielded atypical results. When the normal pancreas with DHE present is exposed to 630 nm light from a dye laser (75 mW/cm2, 30 min), the normal photobleaching measurable by fluorescence decay does not occur. Yet, the pancreatic tumor responds with a relatively normal fluorescence decay pattern, with hemorrhaging and a resultant loss of measurable DHE concentration. These results represent the emergence of an entirely new modality, with substantial potential for the treatment of cancer of the pancreas.
Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Children and Young Adults with Marfan Syndrome

Adults with Marfan syndrome (MFS) demonstrate abnormal aortic elastic properties manifest by decreased aortic distensibility and increased aortic stiffness. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction has been reported in adults with MFS. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of LV diastolic dysfunction in a group of children and young adults with MFS and to determine whether diastolic dysfunction is associated with hemodynamic alterations of the aorta. Review of echocardiographic findings in 40 patients with MFS was performed to assess LV size, systolic function, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), mitral inflow velocities, deceleration time (DT) of mitral E wave, and aortic root dimension. No patient had significant valvar disease or was on any cardiac medication at the time of study. A group of 40 age and sex-matched healthy subjects undergoing echocardiography served as controls. Significant differences in LV diastolic function were found between MFS patients and controls. MFS patients had prolonged DT and IVRT and decreased mitral E/A ratio, suggesting impaired LV relaxation. No relationship between aortic root dimension and diastolic performance was identified. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction may be an early marker of myocardial involvement in young MFS patients occurring independently of aortic root dilatation.
In praise of ambiguity: a commentary on exaptation

When changes in the context of a technology prompt users to alter the way they employ it, the potential for novelty opens up. This phenomenon, known as ‘exaptation,’ is explored in a simulation by Villani et al. The authors show that exaptation, or innovation through reuse, is more likely to take place when a number of contextual characteristics are present: ambiguity, noise and room for misinterpretation. The results provide strong support to the sociological literature on ambiguity and multivocality. The article also incorporates material artifacts in the methodology of economics.
An Optimization Model for Rigorously Assessing Efficient Heuristics for Traffic Coordination at Intersections

Large-scale, network-centric control systems can benefit significantly via the use of computer and communication technologies. Given the large size and complexity of such systems, it is often not possible to compute optimal solutions. In many cases, it may be necessary that the control solution can be computed within a short time interval, whereas computing an optimal solution might require a much longer time interval. Thus, heuristic control strategies are often deployed in lieu of fully optimal solutions. However, in order to ensure that a heuristic technique meets the performance requirements reasonably well, it is necessary to compare it with the optimal method. In this paper, we demonstrate this process by using a case study of scheduling vehicles traveling on a grid of intersecting roads. We develop an optimization model for this problem using linear programming and solve it using CPLEX. Moreover, we develop two heuristic algorithms for the same problem, and evaluate them against the optimal approach.
Coronary revascularization in the elderly patient

A total of 1,275 elderly patients (70 years and older) underwent coronary artery bypass alone from 1970 to 1981. The percent of elderly patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery alone increased from 2.04% in 1971 to 8.2% in 1981. Most of the patients had severe, disabling or unstable angina pectoris. The overall early mortality rate was 5.8%. The early mortality rate was 13.9% in the first group (1970 to 1975) of 158 patients compared with 4.7% in the second group (1976 to 1981) of 1,117 patients. An average of 3.1 bypass grafts per patient were implanted. On follow-up examination, angina was relieved or decreased in 89% of the patients. The 5 year survival rate was 80,6% and the 10 year survival rate was 44.1%, with an average attrition of 3.9 and 5.6%/year, respectively. It is concluded that elderly patients are high risk surgical candidates, yet the risk has decreased progressively because of improved techniques of medical and surgical management and myocardial preservation. This decreasing operative mortality rate provides evidence that when medical management of the elderly patient with severe angina fails, coronary artery bypass becomes a successful alternative.
Superconductivity in sulfur-based organic superconductors: A volume property.

We have shown by dc low-field magnetization measurements the existence of diamagnetic shielding and Meissner signals in the ambient-pressure organic superconductors, ..beta..-(ET)/sub 2/IBr/sub 2/ and ..beta..-(ET)/sub 2/AuI/sub 2/, below T-italic = 2.5 K and T-italic = 4.1 K, respectively (ET is bis(ethylenedithio)tetra- thiafulvalene). This proves that superconductivity is a volume property in these compounds. We also measured the upper critical field H-italic/sub c-italic//sub 2/ in the compound ..beta..-(ET)/sub 2/AuI/sub 2/. Combined with the low-field data this yields a thermodynamically consistent picture using Ginzburg-Landau theory and a weak-coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer gap.
Control of spermatogenesis in primates: Effects of active immunization against FSH in the monkey

Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis are 2 important functions of the testis. It is well known that the 2 pituitary hormones, namely FSH and LH, regulate these functions of the testis. Based on the early work of Greep et al. 1936; Greep & Fevold 1937), FSH is held to be responsible for control of spermatogenesis and LH for testosterone production. However, the precise role of FSH in spermatogenesis is not clear. We used specific and potent antisera to FSH to neutralize this hormone and study its role in spermatigenic function of the immature and adult rat (Madhwa & Dym 1976; Madhwa Raj et al. 1980). Our earlier work on the rat demonstrated the need for FSH during the first wave of spermatogenesis, but not in the adult rat. Further, the precise role of FSH in spermatogenesis of primates including the human male is also not clear. In view of this, we have undertaken studies to examine the effects of neutralizing FSH activity on spermatogenesis in the monkey, M fasicularies.
ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE DRIVERS' COMMUTING AND COMMERCIAL DRIVERS' WORK-RELATED TRAVEL BEHAVIOR

An analysis of private and commercial drivers' information requirements for an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is presented. The analysis is based on data from two nationwide surveys, one addressing private drivers' needs and the other addressing commercial drivers' needs. In these surveys, drivers rated the importance of four trip factors: (a) increasing trip safety, (b) decreasing trip time, (c) reducing trip distance, and (d) increasing trip enjoyment. Cluster analysis techniques were employed to identify groupings in the driver population on the basis of trip factors, and a multinomial logit approach was used to predict the probability of the drivers being placed in a specific cluster group. The results indicate that significant differences in trip behavior and socio-economic characteristics exist among the observed cluster groups.
Dual populations of efferent and afferent cochlear axons in the chicken.

Abstract Cell bodies, dendrites, and axons associated with the cochlear nerve were labelled by injections of horeseradish peroxidase into the inner ear of the chicken. Efferent cochlear neurons, labelled by retrograde axonal transport, were located bilaterally in the ventral medulla, lateral to the abducens nerve root and ventromedial to the superior olive. These cells are characterized by radiate or elongate dendritic morphology. The axons of the efferent neurons extend dorsally adjacent to the abducens nerve root. Those from the contralateral side cross beneath the ventricle and exit, with the ipsilateral efferent fibers, through the vestibular nerve. In the basilar papilla thin, varicose efferent fibers form large, claw-shaped endings on short hair cells and small boutons terminaux on tall hair cells. Afferent components of the cochlear nerve were labelled by anterograde transport. Diffusely-filled cochlear afferents bifurcate in the dorsolateral medulla and send branches to the cochlear nuclei, nucleus angularis and nucleus magnocellularis. In nucleus magnocellularis the primary afferents are of two types. Most are thick and smooth and terminate as end-bulbs of Held; other, relatively thin axons have preterminal and terminal enlargements. We conclude that the brain stem and peripheral auditory system of the bird provide an opportune model for hearing research, which can be compared with that of the mammal. This conclusion is based on the following similarities between the avian and mammalian auditory systems. (1) There are two different types of hair cells with different patterns of efferent and afferent innervation. (2) There are crossed and uncrossed efferent cochlear bundles. (3) There are at least two morphologically distinct types of cochlear efferent neurons and at least two different kinds of afferents.
Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 Observations of Proxima Centauri: No Evidence of the Possible Substellar Companion

Two-epoch observations of Proxima Centauri using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) are reported. Exposures of 10 and 40 s were recorded through the F1042M filter (λc ≈ 1 μm), permitting examination of the circumstellar region beyond 009 from Proxima Cen. No evidence of a substellar companion within 085 of Proxima Cen is seen, which counters the recently reported detection of a faint feature by Schultz et al. using HST's Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS). A feature in the WFPC2 images having a relative brightness and a separation comparable to those of the FOS feature would have been detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~22. Moreover, if the FOS feature were a substellar companion, it should have appeared in our F1042M images to be about 3.7 mag fainter than Proxima Cen. Inspection of deep WFPC2 images of Proxima Cen through three filters indicates that the FOS feature is not a background object. Local enhancements of WFPC2's point-spread function suggest a possible instrumental origin for the FOS feature, but the singularity and apparent motion of the FOS feature complicate this notion.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in isolated pancreatic islets. V. The enantiomeric composition of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid indicates synthesis by a 12-lipoxygenase rather than a monooxygenase.

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that the arachidonate metabolite 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) or its precursor may act as a second messenger in stimulus-response coupling in a variety of cells including Aplysia neurons, adrenal glomerulosa cells, and pancreatic islets. The compound 12( S )-HETE is generated from the precursor 12( S )-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12( S )-HPETE), which is a product of the 12-lipoxygenase enzyme. Some cells have recently been found to produce the enantiomer 12( R )-HETE, apparently via a cytochrome P -450 monooxygenase, and the biologic actions of 12( R )-HETE and 12( S )-HETE differ. We have examined the stereochemistry of 12-HETE from isolated pancreatic islets both radiochemically and by a new mass spectrometric method capable of quantitating subnanogram amounts of 12-HETE stereoisomers. Endogenous 12-HETE from islets was found to be exclusively the S -isomer. d -Glucose stimulated both insulin secretion and islet accumulation of 12( S )-HETE but not of 12( R )-HETE. Pharmacologic inhibition of islet 12-HETE biosynthesis also suppressed glucose-induced insulin secretion. These findings suggest that islet 12-HETE is a product of a 12-;ipoxygenase rather than of a cytochrome P -450 monooxygenase and further implicate 12-lipoxygenase products in stimulus-secretion coupling.
The vascularity of the scaphoid bone

The extraosseous and intraosseous vascularity of the carpal scaphoid was studied in 15 fresh cadaver specimens by injection and clearing techniques. The major blood supply to the scaphoid is via the radial artery. Seventy to eighty percent of the intraosseous vascularity and the entire proximal pole is from branches of the radial artery entering through the dorsal ridge. Twenty to thirty percent of the bone, in the region of the distal tuberosity, receives its blood supply from volar radial artery branches. There is an excellent collateral circulation to the scaphoid by way of the dorsal and volar branches of the anterior interosseous artery. An explanation for the cause of scaphoid necrosis on the basis of the vascular anatomy is proposed. The volar operative approach would be least traumatic to the proximal pole's blood supply.
Gas-rich meteorites: possible evidence for origin on a regolith.

The asymmetry of irradiation features of grains in the Kapoeta and Fayetteville meteorites suggests irradiation on a regolith before meteorite formation. Chondrules and broken grains require approximately 104 years of irradiation time between formation or fracturing and compaction into the meteorite. Shock erasure of tracks from irradiated Kapoeta feldspars requires a severe shock event during or after meteorite formation.
Urinary tract infection as a cause of lichen planus: Metronidazole therapy

A 51-year-old woman with generalized lichen planus for 23 years experienced total involution of her lesions during metronidazole therapy. Discontinuance of the treatment on two occasions led to partial recurrence of the skin lesions, which again promptly cleared on reinstitution of metronidazole. It is believed that this patient's lichen planus was an immune reaction to circulating bacterial antigen. The presumed source was a chronic urinary bladder infection. Continued remission of the lichen planus and the cystitis was subsequently achieved for over a year by daily prophylactic nitrofurantoin therapy. Identification and eradication of chronic foci of infection are suggested for the management of generalized chronic lichen planus.
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol is a metabolite of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, previously shown to be a mutagen and carcinogen in experimental animals. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol were conducted by applying the chemical in 95% ethanol to the interscapular skin of male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice 5 days a week for 13 weeks in the prechronic study and 48-55 weeks (rats) or 36-42 weeks (mice) in the carcinogenicity study. In the 13-week study, 10 rats and 10 mice of each sex received doses of 0, 44, 88, 177, 375, or 750 mg/kg. Deaths associated with chemical application occurred only in the high-dose (750 mg/kg) male mice. Chemical-related lesions were seen in the kidney of male rats, liver of female rats, and liver and lung of both sexes of mice. Based on the toxicity observed in the 13-week study, 50 rats of each sex received doses of 0, 188, or 375 mg/kg and 50 mice of each sex received 0, 88, or 177 mg/kg in the carcinogenicity study. The planned 2-year study was terminated early because of reduced survival of rats related to chemical-induced neoplasia and because of the appearance of antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in sentinel mice. Nearly all dosed rats had malignant neoplasms at one or more sites, while only one control male and one control female had malignant neoplasms. In rats, neoplasms induced by 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol occurred in the skin, nasal mucosa, Zymbal's gland, oral mucosa, esophagus, forestomach, intestines, liver, kidney, mammary gland (females), clitoral gland (females), spleen (males), and mesothelium (males). In mice, chemical-induced neoplasms occurred in the skin, forestomach, liver (males), and lung (males).
Sublattice magnetization of dysprosium near the neel point

Abstract The sublattice magnetization of a single crystal of dysprosium metal near the magnetic critical point was determined from Mossbauer effect measurements of the hyperfine structure. No relaxation effects were observed and the critical exponent β was measured to be 0.335 ± 0.010.
On singularities in the disordered phase of a driven diffusive system

Using renormalization group techniques, we investigate the large distance behavior of a driven, interacting lattice gas in the disordered phase. Unlike the equilibrium Ising model, its behavior, ford>2, is controlled by aline of fixed points, each of which is interpreted as a dynamical system violating the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). As a consequence, correlation functions at large distances typically decay according to a power law instead of an exponential. Ford≤2, the renormalization group flows towards an FDT-satisfying fixed point, which corresponds to the high-temperature, strong-drive limit. In the steady state of such a model (a driven, “free” lattice gas), correlations are known to be exactly zero. Nevertheless, our correlations are still dominated by power laws, since the FDT-breaking operators aredangerously irrelevant (marginal ind=2). Thus, for anyd, the long wavelength properties cannot be obtained by taking either the non-interacting or theT→∞ limit, unlike for the equilibrium Ising model.
Transport and phosphorylation of 2-deoxy-d-galactose in renal cortical cells

Abstract The transport and phosphorylation of 2-deoxy- d [3H]galactose in rabbit renal cortical cells was studied. 1. 1. The uptake of 2-deoxy-galactose by cortical slices is associated with an appearance of both free and phosphorylated sugar in the cells. At 1 mM external sugar the cells establish a steady-state gradient of free 2-deoxy-galactose of 3.97 ± 0.15 (23 animals). 2. 2. The acid-labile sugar phosphate accumulated in the tissue has been identified by a combination of paper and radio-chromatography, as well as on the basis of some of its chemical properties, as 2-deoxy- d -galactose 1-phosphate. Ice-cold trichloroactic acid produces a decomposition of this compound. 3. 3. Increasing external pH (6–8) brings about a decrease in the steady-state levels of both free and phosphorylated sugar in slices. On the other hand, increasing pH activates the phosphorylation of 2-deoxy- d -galactose by a crude kinase in a tissue extract. 4. 4. Sugar phosphate accumulated in the cells is dephosphorylated by the action of a Zn2+-activated phosphatase. 5. 5. The efflux of 2-deoxy- d -galactose from the cells is rather slow compared with that found for d -galactose. The efflux is associated with some dephosphorylation of cellular sugar phosphate, and some loss of 2-deoxy-galactose phosphate into the wash-out medium takes place. 6. 6. An inhibition analysis of the uptake of 2-deoxy- d -galactose by the slices, indicates that the transport site is shared by d -galactose. The following points of interaction between the sugar molecule and the carrier are identified: C1-OH, C3-OH and C4-OH (both axial) and C6-OH. A (pyranose) ring structure is also essential. A close packing between the substrate and the carrier in the vicinity of C2 is indicated. 7. 7. The data suggest that the above transport system is localized predominantly at the antiluminal (basolateral) face of the renal tubular cells. While the detailed mechanism of the actual transport step (i.e. active transport pf the free sugar, or by the action of a phosphotransferase) is still unclear, the data present evidednce that both galactokinase and a Zn2+-activated phosphatase participate in the maintenance of an intracellular steady state of the trasported sugar.
Grazing incidence technique to obtain spatially resolved spectra from laser heated plasmas.

An experimental method is described in which a grazing incidence spectrograph is used to obtain spatially resolved spectra of laser heated plasmas in the 6-370-A region. In the experiment, small target spheres were irradiated by tightly focused laser beams. A tilted grazing incidence elliptical mirror placed 1.3 m from the target focuses the plasma radiation on the spectrograph slit at a distance of 0.7 m producing a useful degree of spatial resolution in the recorded spectral lines. The spectrum from a copper target is presented together with an X-ray pinhole camera image of the plasma.
Extreme curvature and extreme flexure analysis for fracture characterization from 3D seismic data: New analytical algorithms and geologic implications

ABSTRACTFracture characterization is fundamental to the reliable prediction of fractured reservoirs; however, it is difficult and expensive to obtain detailed fracture information required for reservoir prediction due to the lack of direct observational data in the subsurface. Here we develop seismic analysis methods to characterize fractured reservoirs based on reflection geometry related to bending and shearing of reservoir formations. Among various geometric attributes, we focus on extreme curvature and extreme flexure that are considered effective at detecting fractures. Extreme curvature refers to the signed absolute maximum curvature at a specific azimuth where the curve shape is the tightest, whereas extreme flexure refers to the signed absolute maximum gradient of curvature at a specific azimuth where the curve shape changes the most. We implement new algorithms based on analytical equations to calculate extreme curvature and extreme flexure along with the corresponding azimuth from 3D seismic dat...
Angular domain reconstruction of dynamic 3D fluid surfaces

We present a novel and simple computational imaging solution to robustly and accurately recover 3D dynamic fluid surfaces. Traditional specular surface reconstruction schemes place special patterns (checkerboard or color patterns) beneath the fluid surface to establish point-pixel correspondences. However, point-pixel correspondences alone are insufficient to recover surface normal or height and they rely on additional constraints to resolve the ambiguity. In this paper, we exploit using Bokode — a computational optical device that emulates a pinhole projector — for capturing ray-ray correspondences which can then be used to directly recover the surface normals. We further develop a robust feature matching algorithm based on the Active-Appearance Model to robustly establishing ray-ray correspondences. Our solution results in an angularly sampled normal field and we derive a new angular-domain surface integration scheme to recover the surface from the normal fields. Specifically, we reformulate the problem as an over-constrained linear system under spherical coordinate and solve it using Singular Value Decomposition. Experiments results on real and synthetic surfaces demonstrate that our approach is robust and accurate, and is easier to implement than state-of-the-art multi-camera based approaches.