cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The velocity field in quantum hydrodynamics

In the usual form of quantum hydrodynamics the velocity field is defined in terms of the inverse density operator ρ−1(x). It is found that this inverse does not exist. An unambiguous velocity field can, however, be constructed without the use of ρ−1(x) by requiring that its Fourier components be canonical conjugates to the corresponding Fourier components of the density operator when the system is in a box with periodic boundary conditions. This velocity field has at mostN nonzero Fourier components whereN is the number of particles in the system; it satisfiesj(x)=1/2[ρ(x)v(x)+v(x)ρ(x)]; it has the proper behavior under galilean transformations; and the corresponding classical field is uniquely determined at theN particle positions, where it is equal to the particle velocity, and is a smooth interpolating field between these points. The velocity is not defined uniquely at positions where there are no particles, but this is a reflection of the atomicity of the system—a field uniquely defined at each point in space would represent a continuum with an infinity of degrees of freedom. The commutation relations of the velocity field with itself and with the current density are derived and found to be similar but not identical to those given by Landau.
Equality, Autonomy, and Efficiency: What Health Care System Should We Have?

The U.S. has a wide range of options in choosing a health care system. Rational choice of a system depends on analysis and prioritization of the basic moral goals of equitable access to all citizens, the just sharing of financial costs between well and ill, respect for the values and choices of subscribers and patients, and efficiency in the delivery of costworthy care. These moral goals themselves, however, tell us little about what health care system the United States should have. Equitable access does not demand a level and scope of care for the poor equal to that rationally chosen by the middle class, and there are ways within mixed systems, though not easy ways, to achieve a fair distribution of costs between well and ill. Despite pluralistic systems' apparent advantage in allowing subscribers to choose their own forms of rationing, problems in translating serious long-term subscriber choices into actual medical practice may be greater in pluralistic than in unitary systems. Final choice of a system hinges primarily on peculiar historical facts about U.S. political culture, not on moral principle.
Subunit interactions in coordination of Ni2+ in cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.

Abstract Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels present a unique model for studying the molecular mechanisms of channel gating. We have studied the mechanism of potentiation of expressed rod CNG channels by Ni2+ as a first step toward understanding the channel gating process. Here we report that coordination of Ni2+ between histidine residues (H420) on adjacent channel subunits occurs when the channels are open. Mutation of H420 to lysine completely eliminated the potentiation by Ni2+ but did not markedly alter the apparent cGMP affinity of the channel, indicating that the introduction of positive charge at the Ni(2+)-binding site was not sufficient to produce potentiation. Deletion or mutation of most of the other histidines present in the channel did not diminish potentiation by Ni2+. We studied the role of subunit interactions in Ni2+ potentiation by generating heteromultimeric channels using tandem dimers of the rod CNG channel sequence. Injection of single heterodimers in which one subunit contained H420 and the other did not (wt/H420Q or H420Q/wt) resulted in channels that were not potentiated by Ni2+. However, coinjection of both heterodimers into Xenopus oocytes resulted in channels that exhibited potentiation. The H420 residues probably occurred predominantly in nonadjacent subunits when each heterodimer was injected individually, but, when the two heterodimers were coinjected, the H420 residues could occur in adjacent subunits as well. These results suggest that the mechanism of Ni2+ potentiation involves intersubunit coordination of Ni2+ by H420. Based on the preferential binding of Ni2+ to open channels, we suggest that alignment of H420 residues of neighboring subunits into the Ni(2+)-coordinating position may be associated with channel opening.
Endovascular thoracic aortic aneurysm repair using a single catheter for spinal anesthesia and cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

ENDOVASCULAR STENT GRAFT repair of aortic aneurysms is increasingly common in patients who are at high medical risk and have vascular anatomy that is amenable to this approach.1 Regional anesthesia is frequently administered because of the need to perform open surgery on the femoral artery or distal aorta, combined with the desire to avoid general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in patients with severe cardiac and pulmonary disease. During open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair, lumbar drainage has been advocated to prevent, or reduce, spinal cord ischemia by reducing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and improving spinal cord perfusion.2,3 The first case of combined lumbar CSF drainage and spinal anesthesia administration through the same catheter in the management of endovascular stent graft repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm is presented.
Sociometric status of clinic-referred children with Attention Deficit Disorders with and without Hyperactivity

Peer sociometric nominations of clinic-referred children given the diagnosis of Attention) Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADD/H) or Attention Deficit Disorder without Hyperactivity (ADD/WO) were compared to one another and to those of normal control children. Only children with ADD diagnoses in the absence of other major diagnoses were included. Both children with ADD/H (n = 16) and ADD/WO (n = 11) received significantly fewer "liked most" nominations, more "liked least" nominations, and lower social preference scores than normal control (n = 45) children. These results confirm previous findings of social deficits in children with ADD/H, even when codiagnoses are excluded. In addition, they support the validity of the diagnostic category of ADD/WO by demonstrating that the ADD/WO behavior pattern is apparently "psychopathological" in being associated with peer unpopularity after codiagnoses are excluded. When larger groups including all codiagnoses (primarily Conduct Disorder) of children with ADD/H (n = 36) and ADD/WO (n = 20) were compared, identical patterns of peer unpopularity were found, except that children with ADD/H also were significantly more likely to be nominated as a child who "fights most."
Purification, Crystallization, and Preliminary X-Ray Crystallographic Data Analysis of Small Heat Shock Protein Homolog fromMethanococcus jannaschii,a Hyperthermophile☆

A gene coding for a small heat shock protein homolog from the hyperthermophilic methanogenic Archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii was cloned. This gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli harboring rare codon tRNAs and its protein purified and crystallized. Crystals displayed the space group R3 with unit cell dimensions a = b = 171.46 A and c = 102.13 A in a hexagonal axis setting. These crystals grew in one week and diffracted to 3.2 A resolution. The presence of eight molecules in the asymmetric unit gives a Vm value of 2.2 A3/Da and a solvent content of 44% by volume. The 24-molecule complex is generated from a subunit by a combination of crystallographic threefold symmetry and three types of noncrystallographic symmetries (a two-, a three-, and a fourfold).
Water-soluble 2-hydroxyisophthalamides for sensitization of lanthanide luminescence.

A series of octadentate ligands featuring the 2-hydroxyisophthalamide (IAM) antenna chromophore to sensitize Tb(III) and Eu(III) luminescence has been prepared and characterized. The length of the alkyl amine scaffold that links the four IAM moieties has been varied to investigate the effect of the ligand backbone on the stability and photophysical properties of the Ln(III) complexes. The amine backbones utilized in this study are N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine [H(2,2)-], N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)-propane-1,3-diamine [H(3,2)-], and N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)-butane-1,4-diamine [H(4,2)-]. These ligands also incorporate methoxyethylene [MOE] groups on each of the IAM chromophores to increase their water solubility. The aqueous ligand protonation constants and Tb(III) and Eu(III) formation constants were determined from solution thermodynamic studies. The resulting values indicate that at physiological pH the Eu(III) and Tb(III)complexes of H(2,2)-IAM-MOE and H(4,2)-IAM-MOE are sufficiently stable to prevent dissociation at nanomolar concentrations. The photophysical measurements for the Tb(III) complexes gave overall quantum yield values of 0.56, 0.39, and 0.52 respectively for the complexes with H(2,2)-IAM-MOE, H(3,2)-IAM-MOE, and H(4,2-IAM-MOE, while the corresponding Eu(III)complexes displayed significantly weaker luminescence, with quantum yield values of 0.0014, 0.0015, and 0.0058, respectively. Analysis of the steady state Eu(III) emission spectra provides insight into the solution symmetries of the complexes. The combined solubility, stability, and photophysical performance of the Tb(III) complexes in particular make them well suited to serve as the luminescent reporter group in high sensitivity time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays.
An explicit bound on individual assets' deviations from APT pricing in a finite economy

Abstract Ross's Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is a tractible and reasonable alternative to the mean-variance model. Nonetheless, understanding of the theory has been obscured by the complexity of the sequence economy models used for motivation. By contrast, we give a simple and direct derivation of the APT in a finite economy. Using an explicit bound on the deviations from APT prices across assets, a coarse calculation shows that theoretical deviations from APT pricing are negligible in our economy.
The Effect of Lameness on Milk Production in Dairy Cows

Data were collected prospectively for 1.5 yr on two New York dairy farms to investigate the effect of lameness on milk production. The numbers of study cows (percentages treated at least once for lameness) in each herd were 1796 (52%) and 724 (40%), respectively. Lame cows were identified and treated by farm employees or a professional hoof trimmer. Weekly averages of total milk production per day were recorded based on automated milk weight measurements at each milking. The effect of lameness on milk production was analyzed separately for each herd using repeated measures ANOVA. In both herds, milk production decreased significantly for cows diagnosed lame. Milk production was 1.5 kg/d lower ≥2 wk after lameness compared with cows that had not yet been diagnosed lame in the current lactation in the larger herd. In the second herd, milk production of lame cows was 0.8 kg/d lower in the first and second wk after lameness and 0.5 kg/d lower ≥3 wk after diagnosis. The decrease in milk production associated with lameness was larger for cows in second or greater lactation and for more severe cases. In one herd, the decrease in milk production was greater for cows with sole ulcers or foot abscesses than for foot rot or foot warts. Cows with abscesses or foot rot tended to have larger decreases in milk production in the other herd. The inconsistent results between farms may have resulted from differences in the relative frequencies of specific causes of lameness in the two herds and in the way lame cows were identified and defined for the study.
Higher 24-h respiratory quotient and higher spontaneous physical activity in nighttime eaters.

We have previously shown that a higher 24-h respiratory quotient (24-h RQ) predicts greater ad-libitum food intake and that nighttime eaters (NE) ingested more calories during an in-patient food intake study and gained more weight over time. We investigated whether 24-h RQ was higher in individuals who exhibited nighttime eating behavior. Healthy nondiabetic Pima Indians (PI; n = 97, 54 male/43 female) and whites (W; n = 32, 22 male/10 female) were admitted to our Clinical Research Unit. After 3 days of a weight maintaining diet, 24-h energy expenditure (24-h EE), 24-h RQ, rates of carbohydrate (CHOX) and lipid oxidation (LIPOX), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) were measured in a metabolic chamber whereas volunteers were in energy balance and unable to consume excess calories. Individuals subsequently ate ad libitum from a computerized vending machine for 3 days with amount and timing of food intake recorded. Fifty-five individuals (36%; 39 PI, 16 W) were NE, who ate between 11 pm and 5 am on at least one of the 3 days on the vending machines. There were no differences in BMI or percentage body fat between NE and non-NE. After adjusting for age, sex, race, fat-free mass, fat mass, and energy balance, NE had a higher 24-h RQ (P = 0.01), higher CHOX (P = 0.009), and lower LIPOX (P = 0.03) and higher 24-h SPA (P = 0.04) compared to non-NE. There were no differences in adjusted 24-h EE or sleep RQ between the groups. Individuals with nighttime eating behavior have higher 24-h RQ, higher CHOX and lower LIPOX, a phenotype associated with increased food intake and weight gain.
Physiological remodelling of potassium channels in the heart

This editorial refers to ‘Enhanced cardiac PI3Kα signalling mitigates arrhythmogenic electrical remodelling in pathological hypertrophy and heart failure’ by K.-C. Yang et al ., pp. 252–262, this issue. The failing heart undergoes a process of pathological electrical remodelling that is characterized by maladaptive alterations in ion channel expression and function.1,2 This shift in phenotype manifests as electrical instability which increases the occurrence of arrhythmic sudden death. Indeed, it is estimated that of the ∼300 000 annual deaths related to heart failure,3 up to 50% are the result of sudden cardiac death, most likely from ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.2 Thus, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying electrical remodelling is vital to developing therapeutic strategies to prevent lethal arrhythmias. Yang et al. 4 describe a thought-provoking series of experiments exploring a signalling pathway underlying adaptive, ‘physiological’ electrical remodelling. The clinical impact of this work is that it provides important clues into ways in which the balance of physiological and pathological signalling can be controlled to prevent sudden cardiac death. The aetiology of pathological electrical remodelling is complex and incompletely understood, partly because of the diverse diseases that lead to heart failure and variations in the severity or duration of disease. Nevertheless, chronic ventricular dysfunction is consistently characterized by inhibition of repolarizing K+ currents and prolongation of action potential duration.1,2 Furthermore, delayed repolarization contributes to intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation, development of afterdepolarizations, and increased dispersion of refractoriness, which are important substrates for the genesis of sustained arrhythmias.1,2 Recent experimental data indicate that signalling pathways associated with …
Reproducibility of Doppler aortic blood flow measurements: studies on intraobserver, interobserver and day-to-day variability in normal subjects.

Doppler aortic flow velocity measurements have been used to assess quantitatively left ventricular performance at rest and after pharmacologic and other hemodynamic interventions. To permit more meaningful interpretation of Doppler data, 10 normal subjects were studied to establish the intraobserver, interobserver and day-to-day variability in Doppler aortic flow velocity measurements. In each subject, pulsed Doppler recordings of ascending aortic flow velocity were obtained from the suprasternal notch on 2 different days (mean interval 6 days), with the same technician performing and same physician reading both Doppler studies to evaluate day-to-day variability of measurements. Interobserver variability was assessed by having 2 observers read each Doppler study. Both observers read the Doppler records from both days again at a second session to determine intraobserver variability. Intraobserver variability ranged from 1.9 ± 1.8 to 3.2 ± 2.9% for ejection time, peak flow velocity and flow velocity integral, but was higher for acceleration time (7.9 ± 6.6%). Interobserver variability ranged from 3.5 ± 2.2 to 5.4 + 3.4% for peak flow velocity, ejection time and flow velocity integral, but was notably higher for acceleration time (17 ± 9%). Day-to-day variability was higher for acceleration time (7.0 ± 5.2%) than for ejection time, peak flow velocity and flow velocity integral (range from 3.6 ± 3.1 to 5.2 ± 4.0%). Thus, Doppler aortic flow velocity measurements can be made with a nonimaging technique from the suprasternal notch in normal subjects with acceptable intraobserver, interobserver and day-to-day variability. Changes in aortic peak flow velocity, ejection time or flow velocity integral greater than 13% on serial recordings, performed by the same technician and interpreted by the same observer, would be expected to reflect a true hemodynamic change.
The synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-α-L-fucopyranosyl-α-D-glucose☆

Abstract Condensation of 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-α- L -fucopyranosyl bromide with the 2,3-carbonate of 2-amino-2-deoxy-5,6- O -isopropylidene- D -glucose diethyl acetal, in the presence of mercuric cyanide or silver carbonate, gave the 2,3-carbonate of 2-amino-2-deoxy-5,6- O -isopropylidene-4- O -(tri- O -acetyl-α- L -fucopyranosyl)- D -glucose diethyl acetal in 32 and 13% yield, respectively. Hydrolysis of the acetyl and carbonate protective groups by alkali, and of the acetal and isopropylidene groups by acid, followed by introduction of an N -acetyl group, gave the title disaccharide, which was characterized by a hexa- O -acetyl derivative. This disaccharide is useful as a reference compound in the study of the carbohydrate fragments obtained by enzymic hydrolysis, or partial hydrolysis with acid, or glycoproteins and glycolipids, and as a starting material for their synthesis.
On the modular representation of permutation groups of prime power degree

Abstract Permutation groups of prime power degree are investigated here through the study of the corresponding group algebra of the set of all functions from the underlying set on which the permutation group acts to a finite field of characteristic p . For the case when the permutation group is of degree p 2 acting on a set consisting of the direct product of two elementary abelian p -groups, the structure of a minimal permutation module is obtained under certain conditions. The proofs do not depend on the recent classification results of finite simple groups.
A transfer length model for contact resistance of two-layer systems with arbitrary interlayer coupling under the contacts

An improved analytical solution to the two-layer transmission line model for determining contact resistances to semiconductor layers is presented. In contrast to previously published two-layered analyses, the present solution is valid for arbitrary strength linear coupling between the two conducting layers in the region under the contact. A comparison of limiting cases and a physical interpretation of the differences between predictions of this model and previous models are presented. The predicted resistance versus pad separation behaviour obtained from the present model and from a two-layer model which assumed weak interlayer coupling beneath the contacts are compared for identical physical structures. Experimental data for contact resistance measurements on a double-barrier resonant tunneling diode structure are presented. The measured data exhibit the nonlinear resistance versus pad spacing predicted by the model and show a dependence on current level which can be modelled as a variation of the interlayer coupling strength. The values of the contact resistance, interlayer coupling resistance and sheet resistance extracted from the measured data using the present model and the weakly coupled model are presented and compared with independently measured and calculated parameters.
Cariostatic effects of sodium trimetaphosphate when fed to rats during different stages of tooth developent.

Abstract Because numerous investigators have reported that phosphates are effective in reducing the development of dental caries when fed in the diets of hamsters and rats, it is important to determine whether phosphates are more effective if ingested at certain stages of tooth development and maturation than at other stages. A factorial design was used to study the effect of 1.31 per cent sodium trimetaphosphate mixed into a caries-producing diet and fed to rats during four stages of tooth development (1) during the last 15 days before birth, (2) during the first 20 days after birth or before completion of the eruption of the molar teeth, (3) during the period from 20 to 40 days of age or immediately following eruption of the molar teeth, (4) during 40–80 days of age, or later in the post-eruptive maturation of the molar teeth. All 16 combinations of these four periods were tested. The rats were sacrificed when 80 days old, and the 12 molar teeth in each rat were scored for caries development. Analysis of variance showed that feeding the phosphate during pregnancy had no influence on dental caries and a slight one when fed during the first 20 days. The supplement was highly effective when offered to rats immediately following eruption from 20 to 40 days or from 40 to 80 days of age. The cariostatic effect in rats appears to be due mostly to a local action of the phosphate. Still greater reductions in caries scores were noted when the phosphate was fed during more than one stage of tooth development. Thus, stage of development of the tooth and the length of the feeding period are of critical importance in evaluating the cariostatic action of phosphates in animals and presumably in human beings.
Investment Performance of U.S.-Based Multinational Companies: Comments and a Perspective on International Diversification of Real Assets

The major objective of this paper is to provide a short review of the literature regarding investor evaluation of foreign operations of U.S.-based multinational companies. While U.S.-based multinational companies continue to expand overseas, this paper addresses the question: Do investor-owners recognize the advantages of international diversification of real assets provided by their investment in the shares of a multinational company as opposed to international portfolio diversification directly by these investors?
A Census of Cosmic Matter

New, high-precision data are set to revolutionize cosmology. In his Perspective, [Fields][1] discusses recent studies of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and of the cosmic microwave background. The studies show preliminary agreement on the density of baryonic matter in the universe--the stuff atoms are made of. This density falls far short of the amount needed to prevent the universe from expanding forever, indicating that most of the matter in the universe is exotic. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5542/529
Assessment of Variability in the Thermophysical Properties of Rocket Propellant RP-1

Density, speed of sound, and viscosity have been measured for 11 orthogonal blends of the rocket propellant RP-1. Density and speed of sound were measured over the temperature range of 278 to 343 K, while viscosity was measured from 263 to 373 K. All measurements were made at ambient atmospheric pressure. The density and sound speed data were used to derive adiabatic compressibilities, and those results are also reported. Different, yet significant, degrees of variability over the 11 RP-1 samples were observed for all reported properties. The largest variability was observed for viscosity. The measurement data were also compared to previously reported results for an additional RP-1 sample and to the predictions of an existing surrogate mixture model. Discrepancies were observed that seem to indicate a need for the development of a more general model to capture the whole range of thermophysical property variability that is possible with the RP-1 fuel.
Natural convection in steady solidification - Finite element analysis of a two-phase Rayleigh-Benard problem

Galerkin finite-element approximations and Newton's method for solving free boundary problems are combined with computer-implemented techniques from nonlinear perturbation analysis to study solidification problems with natural convection in the melt. The Newton method gives rapid convergence to steady state velocity, temperature and pressure fields and melt-solid interface shapes, and forms the basis for algebraic methods for detecting multiple steady flows and assessing their stability. The power of this combination is demonstrated for a two-phase Rayleigh-Benard problem composed of melt and solid in a veritical cylinder with the thermal boundary conditions arranged so that a static melt with a flat melt-solid interface is always a solution. Multiple cellular flows bifurcating from the static state are detected and followed as Rayleigh number is varied. Changing the boundary conditions to approach those appropriate for the vertical Bridgman solidification system causes imperfections that eliminate the static state. The flow structure in the Bridgman system is related to those for the Rayleigh-Benard system by a continuous evolution of the boundary conditions.
The social ecology of urban adolescent substance use: A case study utilizing geographic information systems

Adolescents drawn from an urban primary care setting were interviewed to understand the relationship between their social networks, their environment, and their health outcomes such as substance use, depression, and stress. A case study was constructed from this small convenience sample to illustrate the methodology of creating a 3-dimentional ecological profile that helps explain these relationships and provides preventive applications. The profiles consisted of personal risk (substance use, depression, stress) social risk (social network members drug use, pressure to use, negative activities) and environmental risk (number of crimes, poverty level, alcohol outlets, boys and girls clubs, libraries) levels. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to integrate teens' subjective interpretation of their environments with objective environmental information to form a 3-dimensional social ecological profile.
POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF GRAPE DERIVED POLYPHENOLS IN HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with selective neuronal cell death. Abnormal aggregation of huntingtin protein with polyQ expansion has been shown to be causally linked to HD. Grape seed polyphenolic extract (GSPE) is a natural compound that has previously been shown to interfere with aggregations of proteins involved in neurological disorders, such as amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) and Tau protein. In this study we found that GSPE treatment significantly inhibits polyQ aggregation in phaeochromocytoma (PC)-12 cell line containing an ecdysone-inducible protein comprising the first 17 amino acid of huntingtin plus 103 glutamines fused with enhanced GFP. In vivo feasibility studies using the Q93httexon1 drosophila model of HD, we extended our in vitro evidence and found that flies fed with GSPE had a significantly improved lifespan compared to the control flies. Using the R6/2 rodent model of HD, we found that oral administration of 100 mg/kg/day GSPE (equivalent to 500mg per day in human) significantly attenuated the motor skill decay as well as extended the lifespan in the R6/2 mice relative to vehicle-control mice. Collectively, our studies strongly suggest that GSPE might be able to modulate the onset and/or progression of HD.
A Study of Hailswaths by Means of Airborne Infrared Radiometry.

Abstract Further results on the airborne mapping of hailswaths with both fixed beam and scanning IR radiometers are described. It was ascertained that the scanning radiometer made a valuable contribution toward the determination of the structure of the hailswath. The results show that the haliswath derived previously from fixed beam data was similar to the one derived from extensive manner data. Two hailswaths mapped in June 1971 were studied extensively. The dimensions, orientation and fine-structure of the hailswaths, as revealed by IR radiometry, are discussed.
A new subtype of a natural viral inhibitor (CVI) that is stable in the gastrointestinal tract

A virus inhibitor found in gastric secretions and in extracts from gastrointestinal tissues is described. The inhibitor shares a number of characteristics with the recently described contact-blocking virus inhibitor (CVI), which is produced by unstimulated cells in culture, and occurs naturally in some body fluids. The new inhibitor, which we have designated gastrointestinal-CVI (GI-CVI) is similar to the originally described CVI in its resistance to denaturation by acid and alkali, stability at 100 degrees C, and broad antiviral action. GI-CVI can be distinguished from the previously described material by its resistance to proteolytic inactivation and enhanced heat stability, however. This new virus inhibitor has been found in significant titers in gastrointestinal secretions and tissue extracts from three mammalian species.
Complex geometry, unification, and quantum gravity. II : The generations problem

The new model of elementary particles as vertical vectors on the principal fiber bundleU(3, 2) →U(3, 2)/U(3, 1)×U(1) introduced in Part I is extended to higher generations.
How to Observe the Gyre to Global-Scale Variability in Satellite Altimetry: Signal Attenuation by Orbit Error Removal

Formulas analogous to the frequency response functions for commonly used filters in orbit error removal are analytically derived to devise observational strategies for the large-scale oceanic variability and to decipher the signal contents of previous results. These include the polynomial orbit error approximations, i.e., the linear, bias-only and quadratic corrections, and the sinusoidal orbit error approximations (the purely sinusoidal correction, and the sinusoid-and-bias correction). It is shown that the frequency response function for a polynomial correction is a function of the ratio of wavelength/track length and to retain 90 percent or more of the signal at a certain wavelength, the ratio must be less than 0.65 (for the quadratic case), 0.90 (linear), and 1.54 (bias-only).
Lidocaine toxicity secondary to postoperative bladder instillation in a pediatric patient

The intravesical use of local anesthetics has been described for a variety of urologic procedures with no previous reports of toxicity. We recently took care of a 2.5- year-old girl with systemic lidocaine toxicity following treatment for postoperative bladder spasms. The patient developed a generalized seizure requiring endotracheal intubation but recovered fully with supportive care. We report the clinical details of this case as well as a brief review of lidocaine toxicity.
Texture and stress state dependent creep in Zircaloy-2

An experimental program was conducted to characterize creep strength differential (CSD) effects in Zircaloy-2 by the determination of differences in the magnitude of creep deformation in specimens under uniaxial tension and compression. The texture dependence of creep in these specimens was also characterized. Uniaxial thermal creep tests were conducted in tension and compression at 325 to 400 °C and 69 to 172 MPa on specimens taken from the three principal directions of textured Zircaloy-2 plate fabricated in both the recrystallized and the cold-worked, stress relieved condition. Stress relaxation tests were conducted at 400 °C on similar specimens to substantiate results of the thermal creep tests. Creep strength-differential effects were found in all three principal directions of both types of plate, and it appeared that the CSD was larger in the longitudinal than the normal direction. Creep strains in tension were as much as three times larger than those in compression. In addition, the relative magnitude of creep strains indicated that the tensile creep strength at 400 °C was proportional to the resolved fraction of basal poles in the test direction. Cold work attenuated this anisotropy, and “transitions’in some creep tests on recrystallized material reversed this anisotropy. Finally, the thermal creep data were used to construct creep loci which graphically illustrate these characteristics.
Re-oxidation charateristics of oxynitrides on 3C- and 4H-SiC

N2O annealing of oxides in both Si and SiC is known to result in a similar accumulation of nitrogen at the semiconductor-oxide interface, but the reoxidation of oxynitrides is different in these materials. With Si, the nitrogen at the interfl£e is unaffected upon re-oxidation even under high oxidant flow conditions. With SiC, as shown in this paper, complete depletion of the nitrogen from the interface is observed with the re-oxidation of SiC oxynitrides for both 3C and 4H polytypes. The depletion of the nitrogen from the interface is strongly dependent on the re-oxidation temperature. Results are described and a possible mechanism proposed.
Control Strategies for Tuberculosis Epidemics: New Models for Old Problems

Tuberculosis, although preventable and curable, causes more adult deaths than any other infectious disease. A theoretical framework for designing effective control strategies is developed and used to determine treatment levels for eradication, to assess the effects of noneradicating control, and to examine the global goals of the World Health Organization. The theory is extended to assess how suboptimal control programs contribute to the evolution of drug resistance. A new evaluation criterion is defined and used to suggest how control strategies can be improved. In order to control tuberculosis, treatment failure rates must be lower in developing countries than in developed countries.
Walt Whitman's "Higher Progress" and Shorter Work Hours

Analyzes Democratic Vistas and other writings to demonstrate that part of Whitman’s conception of “higher progress” involved the attainment of freedom beyond basic necessities in order to gain “liberty’s ultimate challenge”—for “citizens to fill the purest of freedoms with activities that were complete in themselves”; goes on to track Whitman’s involvement in the movement to reduce working hours, increase leisure, and develop “labor-saving machines,” all of which formed “the obvious practical link between increasing material wealth and ‘higher progress’”; concludes by considering the influence of Whitman’s “higher progress” on John Maynard Keynes and on economists and historians of labor over the past fifty years.
Stability, instability in delay equations modeling human respiration.

A system of delay equations describing a simple model of the respiratory control mechanism in humans is considered and conditions guaranteeing stability, instability of steady-state equilibrium solutions of that system are presented.
Some fine structure changes occurring in the epidermis of embryo mice during differentiation.

It was shown that tonofilaments are 40 A in diameter and have alternating densities along their length which suggest granularity. The majority of the contents of the cornified cell consists of 40 A granules. There appears to be a direct relation of the mitochondria to keratinization in that the tonofilaments are often in direct continuity with the mitochondrion. This relationship is retained even after the mitochondria degenerate and enter into the formation of “keratohyaline granules”. A possible explanation for the paucity of Golgi material was presented, based upon its osmoregulatory function. The continuity of reticular fibers of the dermis with the basement membrane was observed.
Glass-Coated, Analyte-Tagged Nanoparticles: A New Tagging System Based on Detection with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Glass-coated, analyte-tagged nanoparticles (GANs) are core−shell particles where a nanometer-scale Au or Ag core is functionalized with Raman active molecules and encapsulated in a glass shell. The glass shell provides the particle with mechanical and chemical stability. Specifically, the glass coating renders the particle amenable to use in many solvents without altering the Raman spectral response and makes agglomeration a nonfactor. The density and thickness of the glass shell are controllable through synthetic conditions; thus, the rate of diffusion through the silica network can be tuned and the metal cores kept sequestered from any exterior reaction. This will allow for the attachment of biomolecules to the glass shell without altering the Raman response. GANs can be identified by the Raman spectrum of the attached Raman tag, and two differently labeled samples are unambiguously identified. The scattering from the Raman tag is amplified through surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The narrow bandwidth...
Cooperation: Bridging Ecology and Sociobiology

Ecology is considered central to the evolution of cooperation, but there is little direct evidence for this. New support for the idea has come from a study which shifted the path of evolution from cooperation to cheating in flasks of bacteria, simply by altering their disturbance regime.
Effects of polymer molecular weight and temperature on case II transport

We investigated the effects of polymer molecular weight and temperature on Case II transport in the poly(methyl methacrylate)/methanol (PMMA/MeOH) system by a laser interferometric technique, using monodisperse polymer samples. Both the induction process and the steady-state front propagation were investigated. The data gave the volume fraction of MeOH in the swollen layer behind the moving front, ϕ, the steady state front speed, υ, and the characteristic induction time, tind. Values of ϕ separated into two groups, independent of molecular weight within each group. Significantly lower values of ϕ were found for polymers with molecular weight above the critical threshold for entanglement which can be explained by unrelaxed entanglements in the swollen layer. The Case II front velocity was independent of molecular weight for molecular weights at, or above, the critical weight for entanglement, suggesting that anelastic deformation processes other than simple viscous flow control the front propagation. Analysis of induction time data shows that the film surface properties differ from those of the bulk. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3159–3171, 1999
Enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of urea based on nickel hydroxide nanoribbons

Abstract One-dimensional nickel hydroxide nanoribbons with thickness of 15–20 nm and length up to several micrometers were synthesized through a simple template-free hydrothermal method. The nickel hydroxide nanoribbons were developed as electrocatalysts for urea electro-oxidation in alkaline media and showed more than 10 times enhancement in current density compared to bulk nickel hydroxide powders. The enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of urea using nickel hydroxide nanoribbons reveals great potential for future applications in hydrogen production, remediation of urea-rich wastewater, and fuel cells.
PSEUDOMONAS VACCINE AND HYPERIMMUNE PLASMA IN THE TREATMENT OF THE SEVERELY BURNED PATIENT (A PROGRESS REPORT)

Summary This progress report demonstrates a pseudomonas vaccine and hyperimmune plasma used in treating 61 patients with burns involving a minimum of 20 percent of the body with full-thickness (third degree) loss of 40 percent total injury (partial thickness and full-thickness). The incidence of septicemia had decreased and mortality due to pseudomonas septicemia, when it does occur, has been greatly reduced.
Evaluation of FMS parameters on overall system performance

Abstract An ANOVA analysis was adapted to evaluate the FMS parameters such as part selection, machine center selection, and machine queue capacity. The Waller-Duncan Bayes LSD (BLSD) method was also used to perform multiple comparisons of system performance means generated by various treatments in a Flexible Manufacturing Systems.
H_{-}/H_{infty } structural damage detection filter design using an iterative linear matrix inequality approach

The existence of damage in different members of a structure can be posed as a fault detection problem. It is also necessary to isolate structural members in which damage exists, which can be posed as a fault isolation problem. It is also important to detect the time instants of occurrence of the faults/damage. The structural damage detection filter developed in this paper is a model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) observer suitable for detecting and isolating structural damage. In systems, possible faults, disturbances and noise are coupled together. When system disturbances and sensor noise cannot be decoupled from faults/damage, the detection filter needs to be designed to be robust to disturbances as well as sensitive to faults/damage. In this paper, a new H−/H∞ and iterative linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique is developed and a new stabilizing FDI filter is proposed, which bounds the H∞ norm of the transfer function from disturbances to the output residual and simultaneously does not degrade the component of the output residual due to damage. The reduced-order error dynamic system is adopted to form bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs), then an iterative LMI algorithm is developed to solve the BMIs. The numerical example and experimental verification demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can successfully detect and isolate structural damage in the presence of measurement noise.
Maintaining Multi-Tier Web Applications

Large-scale multi-tier web applications are inherently dynamic, complex, heterogeneous and constantly evolving. Maintaining such applications is important yet inevitably expensive. First, the size of the test suite of an evolving system will be continuously growing. Second, to ensure that the changes will not affect the quality of the systems, regression testing is frequently performed. To effectively and efficiently maintain web applications after each change, obsolete test cases must be removed and regression testing should selectively re-test. To this end there is a need for an inter-tier change impact analysis, which requires a coherent model rendering inter-tier dependence information. We present a technique that makes use of an integrated inter-connection dependence model to analyze cross-tier change impacts. These are then used to select affected test cases for regression testing and to identify repairable test cases for reuse, or to discard obsolete non-repairable test cases. Our empirical study shows that with this technique, the maintenance cost of the target system can be significantly reduced.
Estimation of Performance Functions for Budgeting and Simulation Studies

This paper discusses the use of ideas from experimental design, and regression analysis, to increase the generality of result obtained from budgeting and simulation studies.
Reactive Hyperemia Occurs Via Activation of Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and Na+/K+-ATPase in Humans

Rationale: Reactive hyperemia (RH) in the forearm circulation is an important marker of cardiovascular health, yet the underlying vasodilator signaling pathways are controversial and thus remain unclear. Objective: We hypothesized that RH occurs via activation of inwardly rectifying potassium (K IR ) channels and Na + /K + -ATPase and is largely independent of the combined production of the endothelial autocoids nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins in young healthy humans. Methods and Results: In 24 (23±1 years) subjects, we performed RH trials by measuring forearm blood flow (FBF; venous occlusion plethysmography) after 5 minutes of arterial occlusion. In protocol 1, we studied 2 groups of 8 subjects and assessed RH in the following conditions. For group 1, we studied control (saline), K IR channel inhibition (BaCl 2 ), combined inhibition of K IR channels and Na + /K + -ATPase (BaCl 2 and ouabain, respectively), and combined inhibition of K IR channels, Na + /K + -ATPase, NO, and prostaglandins (BaCl 2 , ouabain, l-NMMA [ N G -monomethyl-l-arginine] and ketorolac, respectively). Group 2 received ouabain rather than BaCl 2 in the second trial. In protocol 2 (n=8), the following 3 RH trials were performed: control; l-NMMA plus ketorolac; and l-NMMA plus ketorolac plus BaCl 2 plus ouabain. All infusions were intra-arterial (brachial). Compared with control, BaCl 2 significantly reduced peak FBF (−50±6%; P 2 (−61±3%) and ouabain (−44±12%) alone, and this effect was enhanced when combined (−87±4%), nearly abolishing RH. l-NMMA plus ketorolac did not impact total RH FBF before or after administration of BaCl 2 plus ouabain. Conclusions: Activation of K IR channels is the primary determinant of peak RH, whereas activation of both K IR channels and Na + /K + -ATPase explains nearly all of the total (AUC) RH in humans.
ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS DURING LACTATION

Additional energy needs for an exclusively breastfeeding woman are approximately 670 kcal/day. If one allows for gradual weight loss, the net increment needed is about 500 kcal/day. There is little evidence of energy-sparing adaptations in basal metabolic rate or dietary-induced thermogenesis during lactation, although physical activity may be reduced during the early postpartum period. In women with adequate fat reserves, moderately negative energy balance is not likely to affect lactation. The recommended increment in protein intake during lactation has been estimated to be about 15 g/day, based on a milk protein concentration of 11 g/liter. However, if one takes into account the protein cost of non-protein nitrogen in human milk, the recommended increment in protein is about 20 g/day. The latter value is consistent with data from nitrogen balance studies in lactating women. Low protein intakes are unlikely to affect milk volume but may alter certain fractions of milk nitrogen.
Reduced H/sub /spl infin// load frequency controller in a deregulated electric power system environment

The new structure of electric power systems, which include separate generation, (GENCOs), transmission (TRANSCOs) and distribution (DISCOs) companies with an open access policy, will demand novel control and operation strategies to maintain the level reliability that consumers not only have taken for granted but expected. The paper addresses the design of a reduced H/sub /spl infin// load frequency controllers for interconnected large-scale electric power systems for a possible structure in the new deregulated open-access environment. In the structure proposed the DISCOs are to be responsible for tracking the load by securing as much transmission and generation capacity as needed. A method is given to reduce the size of the controller using the singular values of the observability matrix of the full order H/sub /spl infin// controller. An example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies.
Helping Substance-Abusing Mothers in the Child-Welfare System: Turning Crisis into Opportunity:

This paper integrates in-depth interviews with eight mothers and existing relative literature, explaining the recovery journey of substance-abusing mothers in the child-welfare system. The results ...