cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
J. Lawrence Angel (1915–1986)

J. Lawrence Angel died on November 3,1986, at the age of 71. He had contracted non-A, non-B hepatitis following coronary bypass surgery in 1982. Although his health declined severely, particularly during the latter part of this period, he remained active until shortly before his death. This continued activity in the face of increasing discomfort and the full awareness of the terminal nature of his ill-
Analysis of surface roughness effects on heat transfer in micro-conduits

Abstract Modern heat rejection systems, such as micro-heat sinks, are attractive because of their potential for high performance at small size and low weight. However, the impact of microscale effects on heat transfer have to be considered and quantitatively analyzed in order to gain physical insight and accurate Nusselt number data. The relative surface roughness (SR) was selected as a key microscale parameter, represented by a porous medium layer (PML) model. Assuming steady laminar fully developed liquid flow in microchannels and microtubes, the SR effects in terms of PML thermal conductivity ratio and Darcy number on the dimemsionless temperature profile and Nusselt number were analyzed. In summary, the PML characteristics, especially the SR-number and conductivity ratio k m / k f , greatly affect the heat transfer performance where the Nusselt number can be either higher or lower than the conventional value. The PML influence is less pronounced in microtubes than in parallel-plate microchannels.
Batch process development: From reactions to manufacturing systems

Abstract Development of batch processes is quite different from that practiced for continuous processes. Highly desired short development cycles, the multitude of products under development and the continuous adaptation of existing products, the broad range of scientific knowledge and engineering expertise that must be brought together, are some of the features that call for different development paradigms. In this paper we examine the nature of batch process development, its phases and the needs for each phase, the requisite knowledge, and its current weaknesses. We also discuss certain methodological approaches that have evolved over the last few years with emphasis on the work carried out by the authors, and outline needed approaches for further progress in this important field.
The value of probability forecasts as predictors of cyclical downturns

The joint subjective probabilities for negative GDP growth during two consecutive quarters obtained from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) are evaluated as predictors of cyclical downturns in the economy using the prequential approach of Dawid (1984) and the skill score decomposition of Murphy (1988).
Electrostatic control of thermoelectricity in molecular junctions

The relationship between the electronic structure and the thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions is experimentally probed using a three-terminal device.
Stimulus features, resetting curves, and the dependence on adaptation

We derive a formula that relates the spike-triggered covariance (STC) to the phase resetting curve (PRC) of a neural oscillator. We use this to show how changes in the shape of the PRC alter the sensitivity of the neuron to different stimulus features, which are the eigenvectors of the STC. We compute the PRC and STC for some biophysical models. We compare the STCs and their spectral properties for a two-parameter family of PRCs. Surprisingly, the skew of the PRC has a larger effect on the spectrum and shape of the STC than does the bimodality of the PRC (which plays a large role in synchronization properties). Finally, we relate the STC directly to the spike-triggered average and apply this theory to an olfactory bulb mitral cell recording.
Origin of Cyclothems of the Dunkard Group (Upper Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian) in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio

Cyclothems in the Dunkard group (uppermost Pennsylvanian and/or lower Permian) m Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio comprise an alternating sequence of alluvial-plain and lacrustrine delta-plain sediments and show an asymmetric sequence of depositional environments imposed on symmetrical cycles of clastic gram size and of submergence. The widespread development of cyclothemic deposits in other late Paleozoic basins as well as in the Dunkard requires explanation. The synchroneity of cyclothem development throughout wide areas as well as other cyclothem characteristics prevents acceptance of any theories of local control; theories of regional diastrophism involve unknown tectonic mechanisms and do not explain certain other patterns of cyclothem development and occurrence; glacial-eustatic theories require repeated formation, as yet unverified, of continental glaciers and involve subsidiary assumptions about climatic fluctuations. Some characteristics of Dunkard (and possibly other) cyclothems, particularly the evidence for concurrent channel cutting and interchannel deposition, suggest that the increased competence of rivers resulted from changes in discharge rather than from modifications of regional slope by uplift or by lowered sea level. Climatic cycles would cause such changes in stream runoff, would account for the principal features of cyclothems, and are known to have affected late Cenozoic erosion and deposition.
Abstract 1306: Synergistic function of a novel cell cycle regulator, Ecdysoneless with oncogenic Ras in the regulation of cell cycle and transformation

We have previously identified the mammalian ortholog of Drosophila ecdysoneless (Ecd) protein as a novel and essential regulator of Rb-E2F-dependent cell cycle progression. Consistent with role of Ecd in cell cycle, our recent studies show Ecd is overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines as well as in ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. To explore the mechanism of Ecd overexpression and its correlation with oncogenesis, we overexpressed either Ecd alone, HRas-61L alone or both genes together in hTERT-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs). These transfectants were then examined for their oncogenic properties. We observed while vector infected cells do not exhibit anchorage independence, all three transfectants showed increase in anchorage independent proliferation, particularly Ecd+Ras showed a significant increase in anchorage independence in comparison with either Ecd or Ras. Similarly, other oncogenic traits such as proliferation on matrigel, invasion and migration were dramatically increased when both genes were expressed in comparison with individual genes. Further analysis showed Ecd+Ras-expressing hMECs were unable to synchronize completely after growth factor deprivation and showed rapid progression into cell cycle, demonstrating synergy in altered cell cycle pathways in these cells. Most significantly, Ecd+Ras expressing hMECs were able to form tumors when implanted into mammary fat pads of NOD-SCID mice, whereas no tumors were observed with Ecd or Ras alone. These results demonstrate complete transformation of hMECs by overexpression of Ecd together with mutant Ras. Considering the known oncogenic role of Ras in human cancer and the known role of Ecd in cell cycle, these data are highly significant and present a novel synergistic pathway for mammary cell transformation. Current studies are directed towards defining the mechanism of synergy between Ecd and Ras in cellular transformation. Citation Format: Aditya Bele, Sameer Mirza, Riyaz Mir, Shakur Mohibi, Hamid Band, Vimla Band. Synergistic function of a novel cell cycle regulator, Ecdysoneless with oncogenic Ras in the regulation of cell cycle and transformation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1306. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1306
Polarization of pulsar radiation.

The polarization of radiation from four pulsars has been measured and interpretations of the results are suggested.
Transboundary environmental cooperation: A conversation on issues in research and methodologies

How do we understand nature, let alone manage it, especially if we attempt to confine nature into nation-state containers. In a recent meeting of academics and practitioners, a conversation1 ensued to discern how something so fluid like nature could be bounded by administrative boundaries. This conversation also attempted to discuss the power relations and politics that determine the conservation and environmental governance of natural resources and transboundary environmental issues such as air and water pollution as well as how we judge, measure, and ameliorate environmental conflicts? This conversation is an important one as it touches upon a larger philosophical discussion on the role of scientific management of the environment. Scientific management of nature gets even more complicated across states that share borders but little else. Some of these complicating transborder factors include asymmetrical economies along with vastly different cultures of knowledge creation and dissemination.
Physically Based Modeling of Reciprocating Lip Seal Friction

Lip seal friction under constant speed sliding is modeled as the sum of three physically based components: (I) viscous shear loss in the lubricant; (2) hysteresis losses due to roughness-imposed deformation of the seal material, and (3) hysteresis losses due to deformation caused by varying intermolecular forces at the sliding interface. Increasingly thick hydrodynamic films progressively reduce contributions of the roughness and intermolecular components. Peaks in friction expected from these two components are smaller, occurring at lower sliding speed, than in dry rubber friction. Model simulations capture friction trends with temperature, hydraulic pressure, seal material, lubricant viscosity and shaft roughness.
Phytoavailability of biosolids phosphorus.

Efficient utilization of biosolids P for agronomic purposes requires accounting for differences in the phytoavailability of P in various biosolids. Greenhouse studies were conducted with a common pasture grass grown in two P-deficient soils amended with 12 biosolids and a commercial fertilizer (triple superphosphate, TSP) to quantify P uptake and to assess the relative phytoavailabilities of the P sources. Biosolids were grouped into three general categories of phytoavailability relative to TSP: high (> 75% of TSP), moderate (25-75% of TSP), and low ( 50 g kg(-1)) total Fe and Al concentrations and processed to high (> 60%) solids content.
Tuning of ferromagnetism through anion substitution in Ga–Mn–pnictide ferromagnetic semiconductors

Abstract We have synthesized Ga 1− x Mn x As 1− y P y and Ga 1− x Mn x P 1− y N y by the combination of ion implantation and pulsed-laser melting. We find that the incorporation of isovalent impurities with smaller atomic radii leads to a realignment of the magnetic easy axis in Ga 1− x Mn x P 1− y N y /GaP and Ga 1− x Mn x As 1− y P y /GaAs thin films from in-plane to out-of-plane. This tensile-strain-induced magnetic anisotropy is reminiscent of that observed in Ga 1− x Mn x As grown on larger lattice constant (In, Ga)As buffer layers indicating that the role of strain in determining magnetic anisotropy is fundamental to III–Mn–V materials. In addition, we observe a decrease in the ferromagnetic Curie temperature in Ga 1− x Mn x As 1− y P y with increasing y from 0 to 0.028. Such a decrease may result from localization of holes as the P/As ratio on the Group V sublattice increases.
Discussions on Newton's infinitesimals in eighteenth-century Anglo-America

Abstract The controversy in England over Newton's fluxionary calculus following the publication in 1734 of Bishop George Berkeley's The Analyst was reflected in the correspondence between Cadwallader Colden of New York and his friends in the middle 1740s. Colden wrote “An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions” after reading The Analyst, and it was the occasion for the discussions that followed. His friends either doubted the value of the calculus and the validity of infinitesimals, or were noncommittal. Colden's essay was the only published defense of Newton's calculus by a colonist in eighteenth-century Anglo-America. There was a lack of interest in the calculus in both Great Britain and America until well into the nineteenth century. In the following we suggest reasons for that lack of interest.
Development of anastomosing channels in south-central Indiana

Abstract Numerous streams in south-central Indiana, tributary to the Ohio River, exhibit anastomosed channel patterns. The anastomosing patterns are characterized by a primary channel and one or more auxiliary channels (anabranches) that are often abandoned or receive flow only during flood. Development of the anastomosed pattern involves avulsion and proceeds in a sequential manner where: (1) aggradation significantly reduces channel depth, (2) overbank flow occurs more frequently as channel capacity is reduced, (3) floodplain deposits are incised by sediment-deficient overbank flow producing a new channel (gully) having a lower gradient and elevation than the primary channel, and (4) the gully created by overbank flow extends upstream and captures the drainage system converting the previous trunk channel into an anabranch. Avulsion is typically associated with aggrading fluvial systems, but the investigated streams are undergoing an episode of degradation. Avulsion occurs because of localized deposition along concave-up channel segments. The concave-up channel reaches are spatially controlled by the occurrence of non-resistant strata that separate beds of resistant sandstone. Thus, the location of avulsion and anastomosing channels is predetermined by the lithology and stratigraphy of the underlying bedrock.
Mesh sacrocolpopexy compared with native tissue vaginal repair: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

ABSTRACTPublished case series, prospective cohort studies, and large reviews have suggested that transvaginal mesh procedures are safe and effective for repair of apical prolapse. Such data led to widespread use of these devices to augment native tissue repairs. In recent years, however, several pub
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in small abdominal aortic aneurysm: profile, safety, and mortality estimates.

Aim: Few data are available regarding exercise testing in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety and to characterize the hemodynamic...
Phosphatide composition in different liver cell fractions

Abstract The isolation of lipid preparations from several cellular fractions of rat liver (nuclei, mitochondria, submicroscopic particles, non-sedimentable portion) and from total liver tissue is described. Recently developed micro methods for the separation and quantitative estimation of nitrogenous lipid constituents were applied to the determination of the distribution of choline, ethanolamine, and serine in the hydrolysates of the different lipid fractions. These bases accounted for practically all the lipid nitrogen. Certain characteristics of the lipids with respect to solubility, ultraviolet absorption, and electrophoretic behavior are pointed out and some of the implications of the findings are discussed.
Failure of Padac Test Strips to Detect Staphylococcal β-Lactamase

Abstract Padac test strips failed to detect the production of β-lactamase by 10 strains of penicillin-resistant staphylococci.
Systematic Design Optimization Methodology for Multi-Band CMOS Low Noise Amplifiers

In this paper, we develop a systematic design optimization methodology for switchable multi-band CMOS low noise amplifiers (LNA) in fully integrated multi-standard wireless receivers. We simultaneously optimize the performance of the LNA in each frequency band in order to efficiently design circuits with low noise that meet the specified impedance matching, gain, and power dissipation requirements. The results indicate that we are able to generate multi-band LNA designs with greater performance and fewer switchable components than those generated using traditional manual design techniques. Three design examples with up to 4 operating frequency bands demonstrate the versatility of the proposed method.
Framework for Testing Innovative Transportation Solutions: Case Study of CarLink, a Commuter Carsharing Program

Transit accounts for just 2% of total travel in the United States. One reason for low ridership is limited access; many individuals either live or work too far from a transit station to make its use practical. In developing transit connectivity solutions, researchers often employ a range of study instruments, such as stated-preference surveys, focus groups, and pilot programs. To gain better understanding of response to one innovative transit solution, several research tools were applied, including a longitudinal survey, a field test, and a pilot program. The innovation examined was a commuter carsharing model, called CarLink, which linked short-term rental vehicles to transit and employment centers. Over several years, researchers explored user response to the CarLink concept, a field operational test (CarLink I), a pilot program (CarLink II), and a commercial operation (the pilot was turned over to Flexcar in summer 2002). This multistage approach provided an opportunity for researchers to learn and adapt as each phase progressed. In this paper, the authors outline the CarLink model, technology, and early lessons learned; describe CarLink II operational understanding; provide a synopsis of the pilot program transition; and offer recommendations for future model development.
Invasive pneumococcal disease a decade after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in an American Indian population at high risk for disease.

Background. Before 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) introduction, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) rates among Navajo were several-fold those of the general US population. Only 50% of IPD cases in children involved PCV7 serotypes. Methods. We conducted active, population-based surveillance for IPD for the period 1995-2006. We documented case characteristics and serotyped the isolates. Results. Over 12-year period, we identified 1508 IPD cases, 447 of which occurred in children aged <5 years. Rates of IPD due to vaccine serotypes among children aged <1 year, 1 to <2 years, and 2 to <5 years decreased from 210, 263, and 51 cases per 100,000 population, respectively in 1995-1997 to 0 cases in 2004-2006 (P<.001). Among adults aged ≥65 years, rates of IPD due to vaccine serotypes decreased 81% (95% confidence interval, -98% to -9%; P = .02). Rates of nonvaccine serotype IPD were unchanged in all age strata except for persons aged 18 to <40 years, among whom the rate decreased by 35% from 27 to 18 cases per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval, -57% to -1%; P=.03). Conclusions. Vaccine-serotype IPD has virtually been eliminated in the PCV7 era among Navajo of all ages. Overall rates of nonvaccine-serotype IPD have not increased, although increases have occurred for some individual types. Rates of all-serotype IPD among Navajo children remain 3-5-fold greater than in the general US population.
Tunneling Current in Esaki Diodes

The integral giving the net tunneling current flowing across the junction in an Esaki diode, $I=A\ensuremath{\int}{{E}_{c}}^{{E}_{v}}{{f}_{c}(E)\ensuremath{-}{f}_{v}(E)}Z{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}(E){\ensuremath{\rho}}_{v}(E)\mathrm{dE}$ is evaluated under the normal assumptions that (${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{c}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{c}$) and (${E}_{v}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{v}$) are of the order of $2kT$. The resulting expression is $I=\ensuremath{-}{A}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}\frac{{({E}_{v}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{c})}^{2}(1\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\frac{\mathrm{qV}}{\mathrm{kT}}})}{(m+n){e}^{\frac{a}{2}}+(1+{e}^{\frac{\mathrm{qV}}{\mathrm{kT}}})},$ where ${A}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ is an arbitrary constant and $m$, $n$, and $a$ are functions of the Fermi levels on both sides of the junction, the location of the band edges and the absolute temperature. This expression is plotted as a function of the applied voltage for temperatures of 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and 350\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for donor and acceptor concentrations of ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, respectively. The resulting curves compare quite favorably with those of Esaki's.
Real time analysis of video image and electrocardiogram of the chick embryo heart

Interest in the structure and function of the developing embryonic heart and the increasing availability of video imaging and digital processing methods led to the development of a computer-based video imaging system for analyzing cardiac function in live chick embryos. The cardiac video image and ECG (electrocardiogram) were analyzed in real time within the cardiac cycle to study myocardial wall movement at progressive stages of development. The method and results are presented in detail. >
New and TALENted Genome Engineering Toolbox

Recent advances in the burgeoning field of genome engineering are accelerating the realization of personalized therapeutics for cardiovascular disease. In the postgenomic era, sequence-specific gene-editing tools enable the functional analysis of genetic alterations implicated in disease. In partnership with high-throughput model systems, efficient gene manipulation provides an increasingly powerful toolkit to study phenotypes associated with patient-specific genetic defects. Herein, this review emphasizes the latest developments in genome engineering and how applications within the field are transforming our understanding of personalized medicine with an emphasis on cardiovascular diseases.
Identifying the “Tipping Point” Age for Overweight Pediatric Patients:

According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2007, nearly half of all American children are either overweight or obese. Retrospective chart review identified patients with the diagnostic codes for overweight, obese, and/or excessive weight gain. Inclusion criteria were current age between 2 and 20 years, a minimum of 5 visits with weight and height measurements, and a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentile. A total of 184 patients met inclusion criteria. More than half the children became overweight before age 2, and all patients were obese or overweight by age 10. The rate of gain is approximately 1 excess BMI unit/year, therefore causing most children to be overweight by age 2 (R (2) = .53). This study indicates that the critical period for preventing childhood obesity in this subset of identified patients is during the first 2 years of life and for many by 3 months of age.
A Methodology for Optimal MAC Protocol Generation: Case Study of a Synchronous MAC Channel

We describe a methodology that incorporates the impact of control information transfer into MAC protocol optimization. We apply this methodology to the problem of a synchronous broadcast MAC channel, to generate the optimal protocol when the objective function is the average network throughput per slot. We describe a recursive procedure for the symbolic generation of the optimization program for any choice of the objective function. We demonstrate that this methodology produces the Random Access Channel and protocols with control information as special cases in the regimes where they are optimal. We examine the scaling of optimal throughput and of computational complexity as a function of the number of nodes and the control lifetime.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Isoforms in Rat Renal Vasculature

Abstract —Experiments were performed to quantify nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and identify the NOS isoforms present in the Sprague-Dawley rat renal vasculature. NOS enzymatic activity was measured by adding [ 3 H]arginine to microdissected renal blood vessels and quantifying the conversion to [ 3 H]citrulline by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Total NOS activity was greatest in microdissected vasa recta (123±41 pmol · mg −1 · h −1 , n=5) and significantly less in glomeruli (46±9 pmol · mg −1 · h −1 , n=6) and afferent arterioles (42±10 pmol · mg −1 · h −1 , n=6) and averaged −1 · h −1 in arcuate (n=8) and interlobular (n=9) arteries. Addition of 1.0 mmol/L EDTA to the reaction decreased NOS activity to −1 · h −1 in afferent arterioles, glomeruli, and vasa recta (n=5 each), indicating that the NOS enzymatic activity in these segments is primarily a result of constitutive NOS. Both neuronal and endothelial NOS mRNA were identified in each vascular segment by reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction, but inducible NOS mRNA was detected only in microdissected arcuate arteries. The present experiments indicate that the vasa recta, glomeruli, and afferent arterioles contain large amounts of calcium-dependent NOS enzymatic activity and that neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS mRNA are present in these segments.
Estimating Farm Equipment Depreciation: Which Functional Form Is Best?

Farm equipment depreciation has been the focus of research in economics and engineering for more than 60 years. Using data from 16 years of auction sales, depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of equipment, including tractors, combines, swathers, planters, discs, and trucks. The Box—Cox function did the best job of explaining variability in these various sales data bases and in forecasting prices in an out-of-sample data set. Nevertheless, the much less complicated double square root and sum-of-year's digits functions performed nearly as well. Simplified double square root estimates are provided for practitioners interested in forecasting equipment depreciation.
The influence of residual stems on biting rates of cattle grazing Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees

Abstract On semi-arid rangelands, stems and other standing dead material may accumulate in bunch-grasses and restrict access to new growth by grazing animals. We found that the presence and heights of residual stems in Lehmann lovegrass ( Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) increased the times between successive bites taken by grazing cows, thus decreasing biting rates when compared to bites taken where these stems were reduced. As new tillers elongated, biting rates increased but remained lower on those plants with the greatest amounts of residual stems. Ingestive behavior of cows may be influenced by distinctive features of the vegetation available at each bite taken. The number of bites cows take on grass plants containing large amounts of residual herbage could influence the average biting rate during a foraging bout. Methods of collecting biting-rate data should account for these influences.
Transmission of compressed motion video over computer networks

The authors present an enhanced version of the real-time channel protocol for the transmission of compressed digital motion video over computer networks. This protocol can guarantee the timely delivery of video frames without wasting network bandwidth. Extensive simulation results have shown the protocol's superiority over the ordinary circuit/packet switching protocols. >
Validity of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies

Objective: To assess the clinical validity of clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Methods: We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the clinical criteria of the Consortium on dementia with Lewy Bodies (CDLB) in 18 patients with autopsy-proven DLB and in 76 patients with dementia not associated with Lewy bodies, using postmortem diagnosis as a gold standard. Results: CDLB criteria had either high sensitivity or high specificity, but no set of criteria simultaneously provided both high sensitivity and high specificity. Clinical criteria had higher predictive validity in patients with pure DLB than in patients with DLB and AD. Seventy-eight percent of patients with pure DLB had two or more major criteria, compared with 44% of patients with DLB and AD ( p Conclusions: The proposed CDLB criteria have high negative predictive value and thus do well at excluding patients with DLB. Positive predictive value of 75% can be achieved by a combination of any three major or minor criteria, providing the analysis is confined to patients with mild to moderate dementia. Criteria were most accurate if confined to patients with pure DLB who had mild to moderate dementia.
Filial Obligation and Marital Satisfaction in Middle-aged Couples.

Purpose of the study Although prior research suggests that high filial obligation has an adverse impact on psychological well-being, little is known about the implications of these beliefs for marital quality during midlife. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine dyadic associations between middle-aged husbands' and wives' filial obligation beliefs and their marital satisfaction. Design and methods Using a sample of 132 middle-aged husbands (M = 51.45 years) and wives (M = 49.75 years) drawn from Wave 1 of the Family Exchanges Study, we tested actor-partner interdependence models to determine associations between husbands' and wives' filial obligation beliefs and marital satisfaction in both spouses. We also examined associations between spousal dissimilarity in filial obligation and marital satisfaction. Results Wives' greater filial obligation was associated with their own lower marital satisfaction. Conversely, husbands' greater filial obligation was associated with their own higher marital satisfaction. Greater spousal dissimilarity in filial obligation was associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction for husbands but not for wives. Implications Given that support provided to aging parents most often occurs within the context of marriage, findings highlight the importance of examining dyadic associations between filial obligation beliefs and marital quality among middle-aged couples.
Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) Chicha production in the Central Andes

Abstract The authors located and experimentally reproduced an alcoholic beverage using Schinus molle L. drupes to explain the presence of large quantities of S. molle seeds in archaeological contexts associated with the Middle Horizon (550–1000 C.E.) site of Cerro Baul, Moquegua, Peru. They discuss the production of chicha de molle in the context of the archaeological site, the ecology of the plant, and the ethnobotany associated with S. molle in the Andes. Overall, S. molle was and is used today in a variety of ways regionally, and through both ethnobotanical and archaeological fieldwork, they establish a long-standing tradition of human-plant interactions with S. molle.
Using the lower limit of normal to classify lung disease misses at risk people

Background: The Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) uses a fixed ratio of the post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/ forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.70 as a threshold to define obstruction. Some advocate using lower limit of normal (LLN) for the FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV1, and FVC to define abnormality. Objective: To determine mortality in a representative sample of the U.S. adult population comparing abnormality determined using GOLD criteria to that determined using LLN criteria. Methods: We used baseline data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and follow-up mortality data. We classified subjects as obstructed, restricted, or normal based on the GOLD vs. the LLN criteria. We used Cox proportional hazards models to determine the relation between diagnosed lung disease and mortality, adjusting for covariates. Results: Our study sample included 13,847 subjects, of whom 3,774 died during the follow-up period. Of subjects classified as obstructed and restricted using GOLD criteria, 20.9% and 18.0% were classified as normal using the LLN. Mortality was increased in the obstructed (hazards ratio [HR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21, 1.80) and restricted (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.67, 2.45) subjects classified as normal using the LLN, but abnormal using the GOLD criteria. Conclusion: In the nationally representative NHANES III data, subjects classified as normal using the LLN criteria but obstructed or restricted using the GOLD criteria have a higher risk of mortality.
Biomechanical walking mechanisms underlying the metabolic reduction caused by an autonomous exoskeleton

Ankle exoskeletons can now reduce the metabolic cost of walking in humans without leg disability, but the biomechanical mechanisms that underlie this augmentation are not fully understood. In this study, we analyze the energetics and lower limb mechanics of human study participants walking with and without an active autonomous ankle exoskeleton previously shown to reduce the metabolic cost of walking. We measured the metabolic, kinetic and kinematic effects of wearing a battery powered bilateral ankle exoskeleton. Six participants walked on a level treadmill at 1.4 m/s under three conditions: exoskeleton not worn, exoskeleton worn in a powered-on state, and exoskeleton worn in a powered-off state. Metabolic rates were measured with a portable pulmonary gas exchange unit, body marker positions with a motion capture system, and ground reaction forces with a force-plate instrumented treadmill. Inverse dynamics were then used to estimate ankle, knee and hip torques and mechanical powers. The active ankle exoskeleton provided a mean positive power of 0.105 ± 0.008 W/kg per leg during the push-off region of stance phase. The net metabolic cost of walking with the active exoskeleton (3.28 ± 0.10 W/kg) was an 11 ± 4 % (p = 0.019) reduction compared to the cost of walking without the exoskeleton (3.71 ± 0.14 W/kg). Wearing the ankle exoskeleton significantly reduced the mean positive power of the ankle joint by 0.033 ± 0.006 W/kg (p = 0.007), the knee joint by 0.042 ± 0.015 W/kg (p = 0.020), and the hip joint by 0.034 ± 0.009 W/kg (p = 0.006). This study shows that the ankle exoskeleton does not exclusively reduce positive mechanical power at the ankle joint, but also mitigates positive power at the knee and hip. Furthermore, the active ankle exoskeleton did not simply replace biological ankle function in walking, but rather augmented the total (biological + exoskeletal) ankle moment and power. This study underscores the need for comprehensive models of human-exoskeleton interaction and global optimization methods for the discovery of new control strategies that optimize the physiological impact of leg exoskeletons.
Fundamental limits of singular value based signal detection from randomly compressed signal-plus-noise matrices

The singular value spectrum of a data matrix is commonly used to detect high-dimensional signals. However, as the size of this data matrix grows, taking its SVD becomes intractable. We consider projecting the data matrix into a lower dimensional space and using the resulting singular value spectrum for signal detection. We derive the almost sure limit of the top singular values of the resulting projected matrix both when using a Gaussian and unitary projection matrix. We highlight our prediction accuracy and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each projection matrix using numerical simulations.
East Is Always Further East

This article comments on the problematic uses of East–West rhetoric in Anglo-American academia, literary culture, and popular media more generally. Of special interest to the author is how the cultural cachet of an Eastern European origin offered emigre writers a readymade audience in the last decades of the Cold War, and how these same writers then used this attention to redefine Eastern Europe, and in such a way that would exclude them from it. Rather than rehearse well-established critiques of the East–West binary, the article suggests several ways in which both scholarly and popular discourses continue to rely on it, though often in ways that call even our disciplinary boundaries into question.
CONTINUOUS ANAEROBIOSIS FOR CULTIVATION OF SPIROCHETES.

SummaryApparatus and procedures have been developed for bacteriological work based on a vacuum-tight glove box with lock, in which an anaerobic working atmosphere has been maintained by evacuation, followed by removal of residual and diffusing oxygen with hydrogen and a catalyst that does not require pre-heating. By these means anaerobic spiro-chetes have appeared regularly as surface colonies on agar streaked from primary cultures, and have been isolated routinely.
Prospecting the past: genetic perspectives on the extinction and survival of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean

In this paper, I examine discourses of survival and extinction regarding the fates of indigenous Caribbean peoples and the manner in which genetic ancestry data influences these discourses. I argue that ideas of extinction and survival are intricately tied in places where a hybrid national identity is generally accepted, thus making the incorporation of genetic data into these debates more malleable. Meanwhile, other Caribbean contexts present the possibility for genetic data to significantly affect people's conception of how indigenous people should fit within contemporary conceptualizations of the nation. Secondly, I explore the incongruities between folk and scientific understandings of ancestry as well as how ideologies of race, histories of colonialism, and political economy affect the manner in which researchers present genetic ancestry. Finally, I call for genetic anthropologists to “look beyond the laboratory” and to be prepared and willing to engage in the repercussions of their research. Such an...
Embryo-Fetal Developmental Toxicity Studies with Pregabalin in Mice and Rabbits

Pregabalin was evaluated for potential developmental toxicity in mice and rabbits. Pregabalin was administered once daily by oral gavage to female albino mice (500, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) and New Zealand White rabbits (250, 500, or 1250 mg/kg) during organogenesis (gestation day 6 through 15 [mice] or 6 through 20 [rabbits]). Fetuses were evaluated for viability, growth, and morphological development. Pregabalin administration to mice did not induce maternal or developmental toxicity at doses up to 2500 mg/kg, which was associated with a maternal plasma exposure (AUC0-24 ) of 3790 μg•hr/ml, ≥30 times the expected human exposure at the maximum recommended daily dose (MRD; 600 mg/day). In rabbits, treatment-related clinical signs occurred at all doses (AUC0-24 of 1397, 2023, and 4803 μg•hr/ml at 250, 500, and 1250 mg/kg, respectively). Maternal toxicity was evident at all doses and included ataxia, hypoactivity, and cool to touch. In addition, abortion and females euthanized moribund with total resorption occurred at 1250 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related malformations at any dose. At 1250 mg/kg, compared with study and historical controls, the percentage of fetuses with retarded ossification was significantly increased and the mean number of ossification sites was decreased, which correlated with decreased fetal and placental weights, consistent with in utero growth retardation. Therefore, the no-effect dose for developmental toxicity in rabbits was 500 mg/kg, which produced systemic exposure approximately 16-times human exposure at the MRD. These findings indicate that pregabalin, at the highest dose tested, was not teratogenic in mice or rabbits.
'Spiritual But Not Religious': Rethinking the Legal Definition of Religion

Through the statutory mechanisms of RFRA and RLUIPA, Free Exercise jurisprudence has expanded the scope of religious protection. In the absence of a clear legal definition of religion, however, this protection has an unknown and biased reach. In particular, courts and legal scholars embody a misunderstanding of a burgeoning group of Americans who identify as “spiritual but not religious,” excluding them from religious protection. This Note uses a recent case, which dismissed as nonreligious the beliefs of a plaintiff whose beliefs are paradigmatic of this growing cohort, to analyze how the law defines religion. It argues that while such belief systems reject the institutional characteristics of organized religion, they are sufficiently analogous to religious belief systems to deserve the same legal protection.
Analyzing ECGs: Methods, techniques, and identifying abnormalities

There are multiple techniques and systems for analyzing the ECG. In the beginning it is important for the student to develop a systematic and methodical approach to ECG reading (Table 1). Eventually everyone develops a personal style, although most experienced ECG readers evaluate the ECG with an initial “glance” to determine the extent of abnormalities and determine whether any urgent problems are immediately apparent on the ECG, and then go from “big” picture to “little” picture, focusing on specific findings at the end of their evaluation.
Disjunctive Models for Strategic Midstream Delivery Agreements in Shale Gas Development

Abstract In this work, we address the long-term shale gas development problem. This problem involves planning, design and strategic decisions such as where, when and how many shale gas wells to drill, where to lay out gathering pipelines, as well as selecting what delivery agreements to arrange. Our objective is to use a computational model to identify the most profitable shale gas development strategy. For this purpose, we propose a large-scale mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. We rely on generalized disjunctive programming (GDP) to systematically derive the building blocks of this model, and apply the proposed modeling framework to a case study based on real data to demonstrate the impact of strategic development constraints on shale gas development.
A Metamaterial-Inspired Wideband Microwave Interferometry Sensor for Dielectric Spectroscopy of Liquid Chemicals

A miniaturized wideband interferometry-based sensor for complex dielectric spectroscopy of liquid chemicals is presented in this paper. Two composite right-/left-hand (CRLH) transmission lines (TLs) are employed in a direct downconversion architecture. The material under test (MUT) is placed in direct contact with the printed interdigital capacitor of the artificial TL as the sensing component. Since the employed CRLH TL provides nonlinear dispersion characteristics, improved sensitivity with wideband (4.2–8 GHz) operation is achieved compared with resonator- or TL-based interferometers. The sensor circuit board is realized based on common printed circuit board technology, and the fluidic polydimethylsiloxane channels are fabricated and bonded to the circuit board using 3-D printing and soft lithography techniques. The measured results of pure liquid chemical characterization suggest the mean squared errors of ~1.1% and ~1.6% for $\epsilon ^{\prime }_{r}$ and $\epsilon ^{\prime \prime }_{r}$ , respectively, compared with the MUT’s theoretical model. Moreover, binary mixture characterization is carried out based on $\epsilon ^{\prime }_{r}$ measurements with an accuracy of 1%.
Outcomes of Reoperation After Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: Implications for Index Repair Strategy.

Background The optimal surgical approach for management of acute type A aortic dissection remains controversial. This study aimed to assess outcomes of reoperation after acute type A dissection repair to help guide decision making around index operative strategy. Methods and Results All aortic reoperations (n=129) at a single referral institution from August 2005 to April 2016 after prior acute type A dissection repair were reviewed. The primary outcome was 30‐day or in‐hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included organ‐specific morbidity and 1‐ and 5‐year outcomes as estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The majority of initial reoperations were proximal aortic (aortic valve, aortic root, or ascending) or aortic arch procedures (62.5%, n=55); most initial reoperations were performed in the elective setting (83.1%, n=74). Additional nonstaged second or more reoperations were required in 21 patients (23.6%) after the initial reoperation, during a median follow‐up of 2.5 years after the initial reoperation. Thirty‐day or in‐hospital mortality for all reoperations was 7.0% (elective: 6.3%; nonelective: 11.1%) with acceptable rates of organ‐specific morbidity, given the procedural complexity. One‐ and 5‐year overall survival after initial reoperation was 85.9% and 64.9%, respectively, with aorta‐specific survival of 88% at 5 years. Conclusions Reoperation after acute type A aortic dissection repair is associated with low rates of mortality and morbidity. These data support more limited index repair for acute type A dissection, especially for patients undergoing index repair in lower volume centers without expertise in extensive repair, because reoperations, if needed, can be performed safely in referral aortic centers.
Interplay Between MicroRNAs and Targeted Genes in Cellular Homeostasis of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Background Cellular homeostasis is regulated by the intricate interplay between a plethora of signaling pathways and "energetic sensors" in organs. In order to maintain energy balance, induction or repression of metabolic pathways must be regulated and act in concert with the energetic demands of the cell at a given point in time. A new class of small noncoding RNAs, the microRNAs (miRNAs), has added yet further complexity to the control of metabolic homeostasis. Objective Understanding the damages induced by toxins in the liver and the intestine as well as the interplay between the miRNome and transcriptome first requires baseline characterization in these tissues in healthy animals under cellular homeostasis. Methods The liver (main site for detoxification) and the gut (primary exposure routes for contaminant exposure) were dissected out (wildtype fish), total and small RNA extracted, mRNA and miRNA libraries constructed and subjected to high throughput sequencing. Differential Expression (DE) analysis was performed comparing liver with gut and an "miRNA matrix" that integrates the miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq data was constructed. Results Both the miRNome and transcriptome of the liver and gut tissues were characterized and putative novel miRNAs were identified. Exploration of the "miRNA matrix" regulatory network revealed that miRNAs uniquely expressed in the liver or gut tissue regulated fundamental cellular processes important for both organs, and that commonly expressed miRNAs in both tissues regulated biological processes that were specific to either the liver or the gut. Conclusion The result of our analyses revealed new insights into microRNA function in these tissues.
Hybrid Metallo-Dielectric Structure for Spontaneous Emission Enhancement

The rate of spontaneous emission can be enhanced using either a metallic antenna or a dielectric cavity. Here we adapt elements of both types for a novel metallo-dielectric structure that exhibits ultra-low mode volume, V eff = 4.53×10−6λ3.
Korat-API: a framework to enhance korat to better support testing and reliability techniques

Logical constraints play an important role in software testing and reliability. For example, constraints written by users allow automating test case generation and systematic bug finding, and constraints computed using data-flow of a program allow studying its reliability. The key to practical usefulness of constraints is the effectiveness and efficiency of constraint solvers that determine constraint feasibility and produce solutions. Our focus in this paper is the well-studied solver Korat for constraints written as imperative predicates. We introduce Korat-API, a novel framework that introduces an API for building constraint solving problems, and algorithms for solving them to enhance Korat. Our goal is two-fold: (1) to facilitate the use of Korat as an optimized constraint solver when used as a standalone tool or as a backend engine; (2) to optimize Korat for more efficient constraint solving by exploiting problem-specific information. We describe the API and algorithms that embody our framework. We also present an experimental evaluation using a suite of complex constraint solving problems to show the potential usefulness of Korat-API.