cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Under what conditions can a glass be formed

Summary Generally substances are more stable in a crystalline than in a glassy state. Therefore, to form a glass, crystallization must be bypassed. Under certain conditions, the melts of many substances can be cooled to the glass state. Whether or not the melt of a given material forms a glass is determined principally by a set of factors which can be specified to some extent in the laboratory, namely, the cooling rate, - T, the liquid volume, v], and the seed density, ps and upon a set of materials constants: the reduced crystal–liquid interfacial tension, α the fraction, f, of acceptor sites in the crystal surface, and the reduced glass temperature, Trg . The glass-forming tendency will be greater the larger are - T and Trg and the smaller are v]. ps, and f. The number and variety of substances which have been prepared in a glassy or ‘amorphous solid’ form have been greatly increased with techniques in which the material is condensed from solution on to a surface held well below its glass temperature. T...
Reduced-Order Model Development Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Volterra Theory

A new approach for generating reduced-order models of fluid systems was developed using proper orthogonal decomposition in combination with Volterra theory. The method involves identifying fluid basis functions with proper orthogonal decomposition and applying systems realization theory to generate a low-dimensional model for the scalar coefficients. The method was tested on a two-dimensional inviscid flow over a bump with forcing. Eight fluid basis functions were identified, and the eigensystem realization algorithm was used to identify an eight-state, reduced-order model. Time histories of both the reduced-order coefficients and the expanded flowfield data accurately tracked the full-order results in both amplitude and phase (average error less than 5%). The reduced-order model demonstrated four-orders-of-magnitude reduction in compute time relative to the full system, which represents a computational improvement on the same order as the reduction in degrees of freedom.
Early phase I/II trials with gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in acute myeloid leukemia.

Abstract Relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carries a poor prognosis. Treatment options are limited, and their toxicities are substantial. There is an urgent need for novel therapies that are effective and have acceptable side effects. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) is an immunoconjugate targeted against CD33, which is expressed on more than 90% of myeloid leukemic blasts. The antibody is attached to calicheamicin, a potent cytotoxic enediyne antibiotic that inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis. In vitro studies showed excellent activity of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in leukemic cell lines and encouraged the evaluation of this agent in patients. In this review, early phase I/II studies that led to the US Food and Drug Administration approval of this immunoconjugate for older patients with relapsed AML are discussed. Potential adverse events reported with this agent, particularly the recent data of possible veno-occlusive disease and increased hepatotoxicity, are addressed. This agent is currently being investigated in many clinical trials as a front-line approach in previously untreated individuals, and it is likely that it will have many more indications in the near future.
Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann's organizer

An abundant cDNA enriched in Spemann's organizer, cerberus, was isolated by differential screening. It encodes a secreted protein that is expressed in the anterior endomesoderm. Microinjection of cerberus mRNA into Xenopus embryos induces ectopic heads, and duplicated hearts and livers. The results suggest a role for a molecule expressed in the anterior endoderm in the induction of head structures in the vertebrate embryo.
Surface Dynamics of Observed Maritime Fronts

The importance of various dynamical processes in the surface fronts over the ocean is investigated using the unique data set supplied by the Seasat-A satellite scatterometer, in conjunction with a planetary boundary layer model. The governing equations are presented, and a similarity model that includes the effects of shear and the effects of shear and deformation on an Ekman solution is derived. It is shown that surface friction is important in frontal processes through its role in determining the dissipation and the ageostrophic terms in the vorticity and divergence equations; the former normally acts to weaken a front while the latter acts to strengthen it. The magnitude and importance of these terms vary considerably at different stages and with stratification, thermal advection, and the deformation and shear forcing.
Distribution and toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides in agriculture-dominated water bodies of California's Central Valley.

The agricultural industry and urban pesticide users are increasingly relying upon pyrethroid insecticides and shifting to more potent members of the class, yet little information is available on residues of these substances in aquatic systems under conditions of actual use. Seventy sediment samples were collected over a 10-county area in the agriculture-dominated Central Valley of California, with most sites located in irrigation canals and small creeks dominated by agricultural effluent. The sediments were analyzed for 26 pesticides including five pyrethroids, 20 organochlorines, and one organophosphate. Ten-day sediment toxicity tests were conducted using the amphipod Hyalella azteca and, for some samples, the midge Chironomus tentans. Forty-two percent of the locations sampled caused significant mortality to one test species on at least one occasion. Fourteen percent of the sites (two creeks and four irrigation canals) showed extreme toxicity (>80% mortality) on at least one occasion. Pyrethroid pestic...
Binding of soluble proteins to HeLa cell ribosomes

Abstract It has been found that treatment of HeLa cell ribosomes at ionic strength 0.22 in the presence of a chelating agent removes 20 % or more of their protein. Evidence from reconstruction experiments and from the kinetics of ribosome maturation suggest strongly that this protein represents material transiently associated with the ribosomes in the cell or material fortuitously adsorbed to the ribosomes during disruption of the cell's structure. Such observations have important implications for studies on the structure and biosynthesis of ribosomes.
The search for the psychobiological substrate of childhood onset schizophrenia.

This paper describes a program of neurobehavioral research aimed at: (1) isolating core information processing impairments in childhood onset schizophrenia, and (2) identifying structures in the central nervous system which mediate those impairments. Children meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia, mental age matched normals, and younger normals were administered a series of visual information processing tasks. The results of these studies suggest that controlled attentional processes, which normally develop during middle childhood, are impaired in schizophrenic children while more automatic modes of attending are relatively intact. Convergent evidence for this conclusion was provided by event related potentials recorded from 7 scalp loci while children were performing on one of the tasks used in the first project. The schizophrenic children produced a small contingent negative variation (CNV) which was slow to develop and resolve as well as diminished amplitudes for N1, P3, and slow wave components. This suggests that these children are impaired in their ability to regulate the mobilization and direction of attention and to discriminate target stimuli. Event-related potential components of the schizophrenic children tended to be most deviant at frontal leads, but midline and lateralized deficits were also seen at vertex and posterior recording sites. The relationship of these impairments in controlled attentional processes to the phenomenology of childhood onset schizophrenia is discussed.
Appropriate use and misuse of blood concentration measurements to quantitate first-pass metabolism

First-pass metabolism commonly is determined from the difference in the area under the blood concentration time curve (AUC) that is observed with oral versus intravenous administration of a compound. It is not fully appreciated that this technique serves as an accurate indicator of first-pass metabolism only when the clearance of the compound under consideration is first order (unsaturated) throughout the range of blood concentrations observed in the study. For example, multiple publications continue to mistakenly use AUC measurements to assess the first-pass metabolism of ethanol, a compound cleared primarily via zero-order kinetics. This report briefly reviews the physiologic basis of measurements of first-pass metabolism, demonstrates the errors that result from application of this technique when clearance is not first order, and, using ethanol as an example, describes a technique that can be used to measure first-pass metabolism when clearance deviates from first order.
Keystroke Dynamics Verification Using a Spontaneously Generated Password

Current keystroke dynamics applications have tackled the problem of traditional knowledge-based static password verification, but the problem of spontaneous password verification persists. The intent of this study was to examine the predictive strength of typing patterns for spontaneous passwords. The typing patterns of an individual typing at a DELLreg keyboard on a DELL OptiPlexreg GX260 machine were recorded. Variables collected included keystroke press time and keystroke latency. Computed performance measures included false match rates (FMR) and false non match rates (FNMR) at various threshold levels
The technology of Venetian girasole glass

Venetian glass has long been admired for its quality workmanship and overall visual appearance. Beginning in the 17th century, Venetian glassmakers at Murano made a glass, in imitation of naturally occurring opal, called “girasole”. The historical and cultural background of this unique glass was examined using information from Venetian archival sources. An assortment of Muranese recipes for girasole spanning almost 150 years provided additional data regarding the raw materials used by Muranese glassmakers in the 17th-19th centuries. These recipes also allowed us to evaluate the continuing evolution of the Venetian glass industry. A sample of Venetian girasole glass was analyzed using XRD, ICP-AES, SEM, and TEM. The compositional information obtained from these analytical techniques was correlated to the various recipes for girasole glass as well as to glass properties that would have been behaviorally significant to a glassmaker at Murano. Finally, the analyses indicate that small crystallites of a lead-arsenate compound were nucleated and grown in the glass to achieve the desired visual effects. These crystallites cause Rayleigh scattering of the light, thereby producing Tyndall blue colors.
Clinical decision support alert appropriateness: a review and proposal for improvement

Background: Many healthcare providers are adopting clinical decision support (CDS) systems to improve patient safety and meet meaningful use requirements. Computerized alerts that prompt clinicians about drug-allergy, drug-drug, and drugdisease warnings or provide dosing guidance are most commonly implemented. Alert overrides, which occur when clinicians do not follow the guidance presented by the alert, can hinder improved patient outcomes. Methods: We present a review of CDS alerts and describe a proposal to develop novel methods for evaluating and improving CDS alerts that builds upon traditional informatics approaches. Our proposal incorporates previously described models for predicting alert overrides that utilize retrospective chart review to determine which alerts are clinically relevant and which overrides are justifiable. Results: Despite increasing implementations of CDS alerts, detailed evaluations rarely occur because of the extensive labor involved in manual chart reviews to determine alert and response appropriateness. Further, most studies have solely evaluated alert overrides that are appropriate or justifiable. Our proposal expands the use of web-based monitoring tools with an interactive dashboard for evaluating CDS alert and response appropriateness that incorporates the predictive models. The dashboard provides 2 views, an alert detail view and a patient detail view, to provide a full history of alerts and help put the patient’s events in context. Conclusion: The proposed research introduces several innovations to address the challenges and gaps in alert evaluations. This research can transform alert evaluation processes across healthcare settings, leading to improved CDS, reduced alert fatigue, and increased patient safety.
Plasma cell granuloma of the maxillary sinus: a case report and literature review.

Background. Plasma cell granulomas are rare and heterogeneous tumor-like lesions of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates of unknown etiology. Although they have the potential to occur in sites throughout the body, their occurrence in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity is uncommon and often associated with unique clinical characteristics and natural history. Methods. We present a case of an aggressive plasma cell granuloma of the maxillary sinus and a review of the literature (28 cases). Results. The patient was treated with definitive radiotherapy (45 Gy in 25 fractions) and experienced a local recurrence 2 years later. The lesion initially responded to corticosteroids and then progressed. Resection was performed and was followed by another recurrence. The patient was treated with radiosurgery and is disease free 8 years after initial treatment. Conclusions. Review of the literature indicates that the optimal first line of treatment is high-dose corticosteroids. Surgery is indicated if the lesion fails to respond. Radiotherapy is indicated if complete resection is not feasible. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: XXX–XXX, 2005
From Hypercalciuria to Hypocitraturia—A Shifting Trend in Pediatric Urolithiasis?

Purpose: We analyzed the metabolic abnormalities in children with urolithiasis, and the relationship between diet and hypocitraturia.Materials and Methods: A single center, retrospective analysis was conducted in all children with renal and/or ureteral calculi seen at our Multidisciplinary Stone Clinic between January 2010 and July 2011. Data at presentation were extracted from the clinical database.Results: We analyzed 63 children (37 girls) with urolithiasis with a mean age of 13.43 ± 4.61 years. Of the 45 patients with 24-hour urinalysis, a metabolic risk factor was present in 68.9%, with hypocitraturia (58.1%) and hypercalciuria (48.3%) being the most common. Children with isolated hypocitraturia had lower urinary magnesium and potassium levels (1.06 ± 0.62 mg/kg and 0.53 ± 0.24 mmol/kg per day) than those with no metabolic abnormalities (1.72 ± 0.61 mg/kg and 0.68 ± 0.20 mmol/kg per day) (p = 0.015 and p = 0.132, respectively). Urinary citrate was positively correlated with urinary potassium (r = 0.5...
The Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 increases erythrocyte deformability and low oxygen tension-induced ATP release.

Low oxygen (O2) tension and mechanical deformation are stimuli for ATP release from erythrocytes. It has been shown previously that rabbit erythrocytes made less deformable with diamide, a thiol cr...
A framework for the identification of electronic commerce design elements that enable trust within the small hotel industry

Trust plays an important role in any customer relationship or transaction. This is especially true in the world of commerce. Buyers and sellers must make the conscious decision whether or not to trust the other party. Trust is an integral part of commerce and has been in existence since the beginning of human social interactions. With the emerging use of the Internet as a business medium of exchange, trust maintains an important role in electronic commerce. This research reviews the role of trust within the small hotel industry and the design elements having the highest impact toward developing trust between the buyer and seller. Trust is a concept that most people understand but have trouble defining. Brick and mortar companies can establish trust by providing personal service, one-on-one contact and creating an environment that communicates trust to the customer. In the electronic commerce environment, many of the face-to-face experiences a shopper receives from the physical store are missing. Trust must be established from the first exposure to the property or online representation of the hotel. How can the small hotel compete with large chains, such as Marriott, Sheraton, Hilton, or Embassy Suites? The Internet is becoming the main communication channel for the Business to Consumer (B2C) market, leaving the ability to differentiate between the luxury hotel and the small hotel to the skill of the web developer. Therefore, smaller hotels must exploit the Internet in order to develop trust and increase their market share.
Investigation of the Impact of Annealing on Global Molecular Mobility in Glasses: Optimization for Stabilization of Amorphous Pharmaceuticals

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of annealing on the molecular mobility in lyophilized glasses using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) techniques. A second objective that emerged was a systematic study of the unusual pre-T(g) thermal events that were observed during DSC warming scans after annealing. Aspartame lyophilized with three different excipients; sucrose, trehalose and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was studied. The aim of this work was to quantify the decrease in mobility in amorphous lyophilized aspartame formulations upon systematic postlyophilization annealing. DSC scans of aspartame:sucrose formulation (T(g) = 73 degrees C) showed the presence of a pre-T(g) endotherm which disappeared upon annealing. Aspartame:trehalose (T(g) = 112 degrees C) and aspartame:PVP (T(g) = 100 degrees C) showed a broad exotherm before T(g) and annealing caused appearance of endothermic peaks before T(g). This work also employed IMC to measure the global molecular mobility represented by structural relaxation time (tau(beta)) in both un-annealed and annealed formulations. The effect of annealing on the enthalpy relaxation of lyophilized glasses, as measured by DSC and IMC, was consistent with the behavior predicted using the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) phenomenology (Luthra et al., 2007, in press). The results show that the systems annealed at T(g) -15 degrees C to T(g) -20 degrees C have the lowest molecular mobility.
Talk and Interaction Among Children and the Co-Construction of Peer Groups and Peer Culture

▪ Abstract According to recent interpretive approaches to the study of children's socialization, meaning creation is an active process by which children playfully transform and actively resist cultural categories, and where language is viewed as social action that helps shape reality (Gaskins et al. 1992). Four ways in which children's peer talk establishes and maintains peer culture are considered: (a) how children elaborate games and codes (and ritualize the basis of inclusion in the peer group) through peer talk, (b) how conflict talk functions to elaborate peer culture, (c) how identities as peer group phenomena are talked into being through peer talk, and (d) how adult culture is resisted through peer talk. Agentive goals of children's peer culture, and the role of language in achieving them, are discussed in each section. I conclude that sociolinguistics gives researchers a way to think about social competence as sets of linguistic practices (e.g., positionings, voicings, participation framework man...
Monomer adsorption on bcc (110) surfaces with first- and second-neighbor interactions

The low-temperature phases of monomer adsorption on body-centered-cubic (110) surfaces, infinite in one direction and of finite width, M, with non-periodic boundaries, are obtained with first- and second-neighbor interactions. These ordered phases, far below the critical temperature, are observed at values of the external gas pressure within specific ranges, and are characterized by M and the values of the interaction energies. One finds two distinct sets of phases, depending on whether first-neighbor interactions are repulsive or attractive. As in the case of the square lattice, most of the numerical results fit exact closed-form expressions in M, allowing analytic extrapolations to the infinite twodimensional surface (M=2). The conditions under which a transition from one ordered phase to another ordered phase are also determined, depending on M and the first- and second-neighbor interaction energies. To the extent to which these interactions are predominant, the model shows that it is possible to obtain them from an experimental observation of the phases and the external gas pressure at which transitions between phases occur. The finite width results are of particular interest when considering adsorption on terraces. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Formal Verification of Serial Pipeline Multipliers

Serial data-path circuits are often more difficult to analyze than their parallel counterparts. The major reason is data and operations are spread over time. Here the strength of formal verification is demonstrated with verification of classical serial pipeline multipliers. The designer's informal notions of how to interpret the design are formally captured in well-defined functions and standard mathematical notation. A linear-time temporal logic is found to be useful for analyzing such circuits; temporal operators are succinct in expressing certain operating conditions that are otherwise verbose, and temporal laws and operators enable us to work more efficiently in a higher level of reasoning.
Measurement of the Effects of Liquid Fertilizers at the Different Levels on Duckweed (Lemna Minor L.) Growth Using Image Analysis Technique

ABSTRACTThis study aims the measurement of the effects of liquid fertilizers at different levels on the growth of duckweed (Lemna minor) and to investigate the relationship between the weight and surface area covered by duckweed via image analysis technique. A linear correlation was found between these values (R2=0.972). The equation is indicated as Y=5.10975+0.199898X where X is the surface area covered by duckweed (mm) and Y is the duckweed weight (mg). It can be emphasized that the results calculated by image analysis technique were at par with the results obtained by weighing.
The Role of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Since the approval of the multityrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib (Nexavar, Bayer and Onyx) as the standard of care for intermediate to advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there has been considerable interest in developing more potent TKIs to improve morbidity and mortality for patients with HCC. Much of the research on TKIs targets pathways implicated in angiogenesis, given that HCC is a highly vascularized cancer type. It was theorized that the efficacy of sorafenib is primarily attributable to its angiogenesis targets-namely, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptors, FLT-3, and RAF kinases. Over the past 2 years, several pivotal phase 3 trials of newer TKIs targeting similar pathways have failed to meet criteria for superiority or noninferiority to sorafenib. Reasons for this may stem from the genetic and biologic heterogeneity of HCC. Genomic studies of tumor samples have shown scarce uniformity in kinase mutations, underscoring the variability that exists in HCC. This beckons the question of whether efforts should shift to other potential targets, either within the realm of TKIs or other targets entirely. Receptor tyrosine kinases, such as those encoded by the MET proto-oncogene, are expressed in certain individuals and have shown to be susceptible to targeted TKIs. As researchers continue to investigate therapies, the goal is to further research efforts into culprit oncogenes that mediate tumor progression, which will likely lead to more personalized and targeted regimens.
Effects of Eggshell Cuticle Removal and Incubation Humidity on Embryonic Development and Hatchability of Broilers

Abstract The effects of eggshell cuticle removal and two levels of incubation humidity 28.3 C [50% relative humidity (RH)] and 30.0 C (55% RH) wetbulb temperature (WB) on embryonic mortality and hatchability were determined from broiler hatching eggs laid during 38, 42, 48, and 54 weeks of age. Variables measured were: egg weight loss during the first 17 days of incubation, hatch at Days 19.5 and 20.5 of incubation, hatch of fertile eggs, stage of embryonic mortality, and chick weight at 21.5 days of incubation. Day 0 to 17 percentage egg weight loss was increased when the incubation humidity was lowered and the loss was greater than that observed after cuticle removal. A greater percentage of chicks hatched on Day 19.5 at 28.3 C than at 30.0 C WB. The percentage hatch of 38-week fertile eggs was improved at the higher humidity; the higher humidity also decreased late dead and increased pipped embryonic mortalities. Cuticle removal decreased early dead and increased late dead mortality. At Week 38 cuticle removal and lower humidity resulted in a decrease in chick weight at 21.5 days of incubation. For Weeks 42, 48, and 54 combined, pipped mortality was increased by higher humidity and late dead mortality was increased by cuticle removal. Water loss from the egg was increased by cuticle removal or by lowering incubation humidity from 30.0 C to 28.3 C WB, or by both, but lowering humidity was more effective. Changes in humidity and cuticle removal may affect vital gas exchange to different degrees; however, the effect of cuticle removal on embryonic development may be dependent upon the quantity and morphology of the cuticle. Cuticle removal may provide a means to improve vital gas exchange if appropriate adjustments in humidity are made to prevent excessive water loss.
Thermal games: frequency‐dependent models of thermal adaptation

Summary 1. Most models of thermal adaptation ignore biotic interactions, and those that do consider biotic interactions assume that competitors or predators cannot respond to adaptation by the focal species. Nevertheless, real biotic interactions involve responsive entities, which can be more accurately modelled using evolutionary game theory. 2. We present a two-part analysis of a thermal game between prey and predators. First, we model a game in which prey choose patches on the basis of operative temperature and predation risk, whereas predators choose patches on the basis of prey density. Second, we consider how this thermal game influences the evolution of the prey’s thermal physiology. 3. The solution of the thermal game is an evolutionarily stable Nash equilibrium in which prey divide their time equally among a range of thermal patches while predators bias their hunting efforts toward warmer patches, even though they derive no thermoregulatory benefit from doing so. Furthermore, the optimal range of temperatures selected by prey and predators increases as the lethality of predators increases. 4. This thermal game potentially influences the evolution of the prey’s thermal physiology. When predators are less lethal, prey should thermoregulate over a narrower range of temperatures, resulting in selection for thermal specialization of physiological performance. But when predators are very lethal, prey should thermoregulate over a broad range of temperatures; in this case, prey pay no fitness cost for being thermal generalists. 5. Evolutionary game theory provides a powerful tool for generating hypotheses about the effects of biotic interactions on evolution in heterogeneous environments.
PKC phosphorylates HEXIM1 and regulates P-TEFb activity

The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) regulates RNA polymerase II elongation. In cells, P-TEFb partitions between small active and larger inactive states. In the latter, HEXIM1 binds to 7SK snRNA and recruits as well as inactivates P-TEFb in the 7SK snRNP. Several stimuli can affect this P-TEFb equilibrium. In this study, we demonstrate that protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates the serine at position158 (S158) in HEXIM1. This phosphorylated HEXIM1 protein neither binds to 7SK snRNA nor inhibits P-TEFb. Phorbol esters or the engagement of the T cell antigen receptor, which activate PKC and the expression of the constitutively active (CA) PKCθ protein, which is found in T cells, inhibit the formation of the 7SK snRNP. All these stimuli increase P-TEFb-dependent transcription. In contrast, the kinase-negative PKCθ and the mutant HEXIM1 (S158A) proteins block effects of these PKC-activating stimuli. These results indicate that the phosphorylation of HEXIM1 by PKC represents a major regulatory step of P-TEFb activity in cells.
Tumor incidence in genetically prone female mice following exposure to GSM cellular telephone radiation

Although there are three studies that involve Emu-Pim1 transgenic female mice and GSM-900 RF fields, they may be characterized at best as attempts to confirm or refute, rather than replicate, the first study. The exposure systems and protocols were different. Mice were free-roaming, not restrained, in a plane-wave exposure field for the initial study, but the latter studies used restrained animals in plastic tubes placed in radial waveguides for exposure. The tumor incidence varied among all three studies. Cage-control data was available only from the latest study, which exhibited a tumor incidence of 52%. The reported incidence of lymphomas in the sham controls ranged from 22% to 74% in these studies. Clearly, the incidence of lymphomas among the sham controls varied widely. Moreover, the restraining and sham exposure of mice were supposedly the same for the two radial-waveguide studies, but they presented totally different rates of tumor incidence, thus rendering a realistic comparison between and among these studies difficult, if not impossible. These flaws - possibly in the sourcing or handling of mice, or in the fundamental design of the experiments - limit the conclusions that can be drawn.
Crust–mantle interaction in large igneous provinces: Implications from the Re–Os isotope systematics of the Columbia River flood basalts

Abstract The source and evolution of magmas that form large igneous provinces is a controversial topic. At the center of the debate is whether the different reservoirs — continental crust, asthenosphere or sub-continental lithosphere — contribute to the formation and evolution of these provinces. The isotopic systematics of Re and Os offer significant new information to constrain this debate. Because Os is compatible and Re incompatible during mantle melting, the different possible melt reservoirs will develop distinct Os isotopic signatures over time. Therefore, the source of magmas and the different possible contaminants should be readily distinguishable using the Os isotopic system alone. We have focused our study on the Re and Os composition of the Columbia River basalt Group (CRBG), which is one of the youngest and best studied continental flood basalts provinces in the world. Samples from throughout the well documented stratigraphic column, that represent primitive and contaminated magmas, as well as samples emplaced in stable North American Craton and Mesozoic accreted terrane were analyzed. The initial 187Os/188Os ranges from the lowest value of ∼0.13 in the most primitive Imnaha Formation and increases to values as high as 0.4 in flows from formations emplaced in the accreted terrane. Samples located on the craton have initial 187Os/188Os isotopic ratios that vary from ∼1 to ∼3. The data conclusively demonstrate that continental crust, most likely mafic lower crust, played an important role in the evolution of this flood basalt province. These data also show that the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) was not significantly involved in the formation or modification of these continental flood basalts.
Perception Time Measured with the Slope-Transition Paradigm (STP): Category, Set Size, and Task Manipulations

A perception time measure was obtained with the 'slope-transition paradigm' (STP), which is described in detail. In two experiments with the paradigm, participants viewed two sequential data frames, each presented for a wide range of durations. They made a binary response based on combined information from the two frames. The results showed piecewise linear response-time versus frame-duration functions with a slope-0 branch at short durations, followed by a slope-1 branch. The duration where the two branches met (the slope transition) was interpreted as the end of the perception of frame 1. For longer durations, the participant had completed the perception of frame 1 and was forced to waste time waiting for data from frame 2. In experiment 1, an odd-digit enumeration task was used, and set size and distractor category (even digits versus consonants) were varied. In experiment 2, a same/different task with digits was used and the type of judgment (literal versus parity) was varied. Perception time increased with set size. Distractor category and judgment type affected post-perceptual processes. The perception time measure of the STP is considered in relation to the attentional blink, repetition blindness, and object files.
Design considerations for ocean energy resource systems

The oceans occupy nearly three-quarters of the Earth's surface and represent an enormous source of renewable energy. While many of the world's industrialized nations have conducted exploratory research and development, the total power currently available from ocean energy systems, with the exception of the French tidal power plant, is less than one hundred megawatts (MW). An increasing number of ocean energy conversion systems are approaching an acceptable stage of development for commercial utilization. This paper considers the factors which are the most important in the design and development of ocean energy resource systems. Sources of renewable energy in the marine environment include tides, waves, currents, and thermal gradients. The challenge is to balance the energy resource potential with sources of environmental loading, which are applicable to a specific site, in the most logical and coherent manner possible, in order to make wise choices regarding site selection and system design.
Cognitive and neuroimaging outcomes of different treatment regimens for primary CNS lymphoma

Evaluation of: Doolittle ND, Korfel A, Lubow MA et al. Long-term cognitive function, neuroimaging, and quality of life in primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology 81, 1–9 (2013). This study used a cross-sectional design to assess cognitive function, quality of life and structural brain imaging in primary CNS lymphoma survivors. In total, 80 patients treated with different high-dose methotrexate-based regimens with or without full-dose whole-brain radiotherapy were evaluated at a median of 5.5 years from diagnosis. Survivors treated with high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy had lower mean scores on tests of attention, executive function and motor speed, and had more white matter abnormalities on brain imaging in comparison to patients treated with high-dose methotrexate-based regimens without whole-brain radiotherapy. The strengths of the study include the comparisons across treatment modalities and the use of standardized assessment tools. The findings provide further evidence for...
Leukocyte Trafficking to the Small Intestine and Colon.

Leukocyte trafficking to the small and large intestines is tightly controlled to maintain intestinal immune homeostasis, mediate immune responses, and regulate inflammation. A wide array of chemoattractants, chemoattractant receptors, and adhesion molecules expressed by leukocytes, mucosal endothelium, epithelium, and stromal cells controls leukocyte recruitment and microenvironmental localization in intestine and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). Naive lymphocytes traffic to the gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes where they undergo antigen-induced activation and priming; these processes determine their memory/effector phenotypes and imprint them with the capacity to migrate via the lymph and blood to the intestines. Mechanisms of T-cell recruitment to GALT and of T cells and plasmablasts to the small intestine are well described. Recent advances include the discovery of an unexpected role for lectin CD22 as a B-cell homing receptor GALT, and identification of the orphan G-protein–coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) as a T-cell chemoattractant/trafficking receptor for the colon. GPR15 decorates distinct subsets of T cells in mice and humans, a difference in species that could affect translation of the results of mouse colitis models to humans. Clinical studies with antibodies to integrin α4β7 and its vascular ligand mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 are proving the value of lymphocyte trafficking mechanisms as therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel diseases. In contrast to lymphocytes, cells of the innate immune system express adhesion and chemoattractant receptors that allow them to migrate directly to effector tissue sites during inflammation. We review the mechanisms for innate and adaptive leukocyte localization to the intestinal tract and GALT, and discuss their relevance to human intestinal homeostasis and inflammation.
Psychiatric Disorders Among the Homeless: A Comparison of Older and Younger Groups

The purpose of this study is to identify differences between older and younger homeless subgroups. Nine hundred homeless persons were interviewed using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and DSM-III-R diagnoses were made. Results showed that 79 (13%) of the 600 men and 10 (3%) of the 300 women were in the older (age > or = 50 years) group. Compared with their younger counterparts, older subjects were more likely to be male and white, to report lower incomes and poorer health, and to meet criteria for lifetime alcohol-use disorder. Fewer older than younger subjects met criteria for lifetime drug use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. These findings suggest that older and younger individuals have different vulnerabilities to homelessness.
Foucauldian Power and Schmittian Politics The Craft of Constitution

A political pattern of power focused on defining enemies of the state permits administrative agencies to be grounded in framework that allows them to create meaning. In an effort to better understa...
The intrinsic XFEM: a method for arbitrary discontinuities without additional unknowns

A new method for treating arbitrary discontinuities in a finite element (FE) context is presented. Unlike the standard extended FE method (XFEM), no additional unknowns are introduced at the nodes whose supports are crossed by discontinuities. The method constructs an approximation space consisting of mesh-based, enriched moving least-squares (MLS) functions near discontinuities and standard FE shape functions elsewhere. There is only one shape function per node, and these functions are able to represent known characteristics of the solution such as discontinuities, singularities, etc. The MLS method constructs shape functions based on an intrinsic basis by minimizing a weighted error functional. Thereby, weight functions are involved, and special mesh-based weight functions are proposed in this work. The enrichment is achieved through the intrinsic basis. The method is illustrated for linear elastic examples involving strong and weak discontinuities, and matches optimal rates of convergence even for crack-tip applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Assess MIS Organizational Change Impact

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) are used as decision aids to better assess how change in one part of a company affects other parts of it. An organizational model, consisting of a fifteen-cell matrix, is used to discuss how a change in one area of a company affects other areas. FCM were used to analyze the interactions and impact of the changes. The analysis suggested that the initial decision would not yield the expected results so intervention measures were undertaken to reengineer existing relationships between specific areas of the company. In the absence of this analysis and intervention, the outcome would have been less favorable.
Biologic and Clinical Features of Benign Solid and Cystic Lesions of the Liver

The widespread use of imaging analyses, either routinely or to evaluate symptomatic patients, has increased the detection of liver lesions (tumors and cysts) in otherwise healthy individuals. Although some of these incidentally discovered masses are malignant, most are benign and must be included in the differential diagnosis. The management of benign hepatic tumors ranges from conservative to aggressive, depending on the nature of the lesions. New imaging modalities, increased experience of radiologists, improved definition of radiologic characteristics, and a better understanding of the clinical features of these lesions have increased the accuracy of diagnoses and reduced the need for invasive diagnostic tests. These advances have led to constant adjustments in management approaches to benign hepatic lesions. We review the biologic and clinical features of some common hepatic lesions, to guide diagnosis and management strategies.
Towards a local-global visual feature-based framework for recognition

General object and activity recognition is a fundamental problem in computer vision, which has been the subject of much research. Traditional approaches include model-based and appearance template-based methods. Recently, inspired by methods from the text retrieval literature, local visual feature-based models have shown a lot of success for recognition of objects or activities with large within-class geometric variability. There are several challenges in this approach, namely feature selection and target modeling using these features. This thesis proposes a local-global visual feature-based framework for general object and activity recognition with novel methods for these problems: (1) Combinatorial and statistical methods for selecting informative parts to build statistical models for part-based object recognition. First a combinatorial optimization formulation is used for clustering on a weighted multipartite graph. Second, a statistical method for selecting discriminative parts from positive images is used to localize objects. (2) An entropy based vocabulary selection method for “bag-of-words” models for activity recognition. (3) Integrating both spatial and temporal information with appearance features for human activity recognition. This method models the human motions with the distribution of local motion features and their spatial-temporal arrangements. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated by several object recognition and activity recognition data sets, which include human facial expressions and hand gestures, etc. This thesis also covers an interesting project regarding a framework of applying Discrete Fourier Transform to detect salient regions in images and video sequences. This framework generalizes the previous saliency detection methods and can be applied for saliency detection in the video sequences.
Towards a Doctrine of 'Fair Access' in Copyright: The Federal Circuit's Accord

This Article argues that the Federal Circuit in Chamberlain and Storage Tech is developing a parallel common law doctrine of fair access. As applied, this doctrine manifests the court's approach as to the appropriate balance between the interests of copyright owners and information users in the context of access to copyrighted works. It is parallel to the statutory approach due to its deviation from Congress's policy as reflected in the DMCA. Applying the Hohfeldian model of fundamental jural relations to the anti-circumvention norms, the Article criticizes Chamberlain's theory, which argues that the anti-circumvention law did not establish a new property right allowing owners to prohibit access to their digital works. In connection to a possible interpretation of the fair access doctrine that would allow fair use (and other copyright defenses) as a valid protection against anti-circumvention and anti-trafficking claims, it shall be argued that the Federal Circuit's decisions have paved the way not only for the incorporation of traditional copyright infringement defenses into the anti-circumvention law, but also provided solid arguments to defendants in cases where such defenses, and particularly statutory fair use, are inapplicable. The court's analysis effectively opens up the door to an alternative judicial approach of anti-circumvention construction - the fair access doctrine. In light of the legislature's bewilderedness as to if and how to modify the flawed access control provisions of the DMCA, Its development in the course of future disputes could furnish an effective shield for defendants in circumstances of unjustified application of the anticircumvention rules.
Use of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors as a novel treatment for septic shock.

OBJECTIF: Reviser la litterature pertinente au role de l'oxyde nitrique (ON) dans la pathogenese du choc septique et decrire le role potentiel des inhibiteurs de la synthetase de l'oxyde nitrique (SON) dans le traitement du choc septique. REVUE DE LITTERATURE: Une recherche a ete effectuee sur MEDLINE, Cancerlit, Biosis, Scisearch, CBAC. De plus, les bibliographies des articles pertinents ont ete scrutees. Les etudes animales et humaines ont ete acceptees. La recherche couvrit la periode allant de 1990 a Aout 1994. SELECTION DES ETUDES: En raison de la nature preliminaire de cette recherche, tous les articles disponibles ont ete evalues. RESUME: L'ON semble jouer un role de mediateur dans l'instabilite hemodynamique associee au choc septique. Les cytokines et les endotoxines stimulent la synthese de la SON, qui produit une grande quantite d'ON sur une longue periode. L'ON est peut etre un element cle dans la pathogenese du choc septique. Des derives d'un precurseur de l'ON, la L-arginine, ont ete utilises lors d'etudes du role de l'ON dans l'etiologie et le traitement du choc septique. Les resultats des etudes animales demontrent une grande variabilite. Cette variabilite peut etre la consequence de regimes posologiques differents ou du modele rial choisi. Les donnees humaines demontrent moins de variations, cependant elles sont plus limitees. Les resultats de ces dernieres etudes indiquent que les inhibiteurs de la SON augmentent la pression arterielle et la resistance vasculaire systemique, et diminuent le debit cardiaque. Les effets des inhibiteurs de la SON sur la morbidite et la mortalite n'ont pas ete evalues etant donne les petites tailles d'echantillon. CONCLUSIONS: L'ON semble jouer un role dans le choc septique. Cependant, l'utilisation des inhibiteurs pour traiter le choc septique necessite de plus amples etudes pour determiner le regime posologique optimal et determiner l'effet de ces medicaments sur la morbidite et la mortalite
The Future of Psychiatric Collaboration in Federally Qualified Health Centers

Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) provide comprehensive care to underserved and disadvantaged populations. FQHCs now comprise the largest primary care network in the United States. Currently, many FQHCs provide limited access to psychiatric services; and when such services are available, most use traditional on-site psychiatric clinics. The author reviews the rationale for increasing access to behavioral health care in FQHCs by adopting collaborative models of care, describes challenges to adopting these models in FQHCs, and discusses ways to increase the primary care team's ability to support patient self-care and family functioning.