cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The axisymmetric response of a fluid-filled spherical shell to a local radial impulse--a model for head injury.

Abstract This investigation is concerned with determination of the dynamic response of a fluid-filled spherical shell subjected to a local radial impulsive load. From the application point of view, such a fluid-shell system is considered to be a simple, but to date, the most improved theoretical model representing the human head when subjected to impulsive external loads. Analysis is based on linear shell theory which includes both membrane and bending effects. The motion of the fluid is assumed to be governed by the wave equation. Laplace transform technique is used in obtaining the transient axisymmetric response of the system to a local radial impulsive load. The solutions thus obtained for the velocity potential of the fluid and the displacement components of the shell mid-surface are the Green's functions of the problem with respect to time. Some numerical results for the theoretical model are obtained for a set of appropriate data. The comparison is made for the stress distributions at various times in the shell for both the empty and the fluid-filled cases. In the fluid-filled case the excess pressure propagation in the fluid is also discussed. The possible locations of brain damage and skull injury are indicated on the basis of the numerical computations.
Soft X-ray laser pumped by a joule-class, all-diode-pumped laser system

The first soft x-ray laser pumped by laser diodes is reported. Lasing was achieved on the 18.9 nm line of nickel-like molybdenum pumping with a Yb:YAG chirped pulse amplification system with 1 J energy.
Influence of Radiative Heat Transfer on Variation of Cell Voltage Within a Stack

In this study, a numerical investigation of cell-to-cell voltage variation by considering the impact of flow distribution and heat transfer on a stack of cells has been performed. A SOFC stack model has been previously developed to study the influence of flow distribution on stack performance (Burt, et al., 2003). In the present study the heat transfer model has been expanded to include the influence of radiative heat transfer between the PEN (positive electrode, electrolyte, negative electrode) and the neighboring separator plates. Variations in cell voltage are attributed to asymmetries in stack geometry and nonuniformity in flow rates. Simulations were done in a parallel computing environment with each cell computed in a separate (CPU) process. This natural decomposition of the fuel cell stack reduced the number of communicated variables thereby improving computational performance. The parallelization scheme implemented utilized a message passing interface (MPI) protocol where cell-to-cell communication is achieved via exchange of temperature and thermal fluxes between neighboring cells. Inclusion of radiative heat transfer resulted in more uniform temperature and voltage distribution for cases of uniform flow distribution. Non-uniform flow distribution still resulted in significant cell-to-cell voltage variations.© 2003 ASME
Arterial Gene Therapy for Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

### Peripheral Artery Disease: Primary Pharmacological Therapy Is Ineffective for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia The prognosis for patients with chronic critical leg ischemia, ie, rest pain and/or established lesions that jeopardize the integrity of the lower limbs, is often poor. Psychological testing of such patients has typically disclosed quality-of-life indexes similar to those of patients with cancer in critical or even terminal phases of their illness.1 It has been estimated that in toto,2 150 000 patients per year require lower-limb amputations for ischemic disease in the United States. Their prognosis after amputation is even worse3 : the perioperative mortality for below-knee amputation in most series is 5% to 10% and for above-knee amputation 15% to 20%. Even when they survive, nearly 40% will have died within 2 years of their first major amputation; a major amputation is required in 30% of cases; and full mobility is achieved in only 50% of below-knee and 25% of above-knee amputees. These grim statistics are compounded by the lack of efficacious drug therapy. As concluded in the Consensus Document of the European Working Group on Critical Leg Ischemia,3 “. . .there presently is inadequate evidence from published studies to support the routine use of primary pharmacological treatment in patients with critical leg ischemia. . . .” Evidence for the utility of medical therapy in the treatment of claudication is no better.4 5 Consequently, the need for alternative treatment strategies in such patients is compelling. ### Therapeutic Angiogenesis Is a Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia The therapeutic implications of angiogenic growth factors were identified by the pioneering work of Folkman6 and other workers more than two decades ago. Beginning a little more than a decade ago,7 a series of polypeptide growth factors were purified, sequenced, and demonstrated to be responsible for natural as well as pathological angiogenesis. More recent investigations have established the feasibility of using recombinant formulations of such angiogenic growth …
Tetrathiomolybdate induces doxorubicin sensitivity in resistant tumor cell lines.

Abstract Objective Doxorubicin is a potent anti-cancer agent with efficacy against a broad range of tumors, including endometrial cancer. Doxorubicin produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in cytotoxicity. Tetrathiomolybdate (TM), a copper-chelating agent, is known to target a cellular antioxidant enzyme copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase. This study tests the hypothesis that TM can modulate antioxidants in tumor cells and render doxorubicin resistant tumor cells sensitive to doxorubicin. Methods The anti-cancer activities of doxorubicin and TM, as single agents and in combination, were assessed. Flow cytometric and immunoblot analysis were conducted to investigate the induction of apoptosis and changes in apoptotic signaling pathways. Results Doxorubicin-induced growth inhibition was observed in each endometrial cancer cell line (ECC-1, AN3CA, and KLE) tested with cell specificity. ECC-1 and KLE cells were found to have increased resistance to doxorubicin than AN3CA cells. Moreover, doxorubicin mediated apoptosis was greater in the AN3CA cell line than ECC-1 and KLE. The combination of doxorubicin with a sub-cytotoxic level of TM was significantly more effective at inducing apoptosis in doxorubicin resistant cell lines. Conclusion Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of TM to sensitize tumor cells to doxorubicin for endometrial cancer treatment.
Adrenal gland factors in magnesium-deficient rats.

SummaryParenteral administration of glucocorticoids did not prevent the signs and biochemical changes of magnesium deficiency in the rat. The adrenal glands increased in weight in magnesium deficiency, probably secondary to an increase in production and/or liberation of endogenous ACTH. The increase in adrenal weights was not prevented by parenteral glucocorticoid administration. Magnesium-deficient rats given daily parenteral ACTH showed an increase in adrenal weights, a decrease in plasma corticosterone levels, and a more advanced state of debility compared with magnesium-deficient animals not receiving ACTH at 35 days. Exogenous glucocorticoids stimulated some protein syntheses in chronically magnesium-deficient animals.
Mutational analysis of cell wall biosynthesis in Mycobacterium avium.

The cell wall of the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium avium is important to its virulence and intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. To identify genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, “transposome” insertion libraries were screened for mutants with altered colony morphology on medium containing the lipoprotein stain Congo red. Nineteen such mutants were isolated and mapped, including 10 with insertions in a functional island of cell wall biosynthetic genes that spans approximately 40 kb of the M. avium genome.
Painleve III and Manning's Counterion Condensation

Using results of McCoy, Tracy, and Wu [J. Math. Phys. (N.Y.) 18, 1058 (1977)] the Manning counterion condensation for rodlike polyelectrolyte solutions in the presence of salt is rigorously proven. It is demonstrated that the Manning condensation belongs to a special case of the Kosterlitz-Thouless-like phase transition in the presence of boundaries.
Chalcogen-based transparent conductors

Abstract Chalcogenide-oxides and chalcogenide-fluorides exhibit p -type conductivity and transparency, and in many cases, these properties exist simultaneously. We present the properties of several of these materials, BaCuQF (Q = S, Se, Te), BiCuOSe, and Cu 3 TaS 4 . BiCuOSe is a low band gap degenerate semiconductor with a high conductivity, and oriented films can be easily prepared. We show that epitaxial thin films of BaCuTeF and highly c -axis oriented films of BaCuSeF can be prepared by pulsed laser deposition on MgO substrates. Undoped BaCuTeF thin films exhibit a maximum conductivity of 167 S/cm, mobility of 8 cm 2 /Vs and band gap of 3 eV, while the selenide and sulfide versions are progressively less conducting and exhibit lower mobility. Strong excitonic features are observed in BaCuSeF and BaCuSF. Cu 3 TaQ 4 powders and films have been prepared and these show p -type conductivity, with absorption onsets in the range 2.8–3.0 eV.
Gender, Peer Relations, and Challenges for Girlfriends and Boyfriends Coming Together in Adolescence.

This article examines how girls' and boys' different peer cultures in middle childhood may set the stage for challenges in emerging heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence. Two theoretical frameworks are presented for understanding gender differences in children's same-gender friendships and peer groups in middle childhood: the two cultures perspective (Maccoby, 1998) and the emotional trade-offs perspective (Rose & Rudolph, 2006). Emerging empirical evidence is presented to highlight how girls' and boys' gendered friendship qualities may be linked to difficulties girls and boys have when they come together in early romantic relationships. Preliminary longitudinal data are presented that suggest that girls' relational and boys' physical aggression toward same-gender peers in middle childhood may relate to having emotionally intense arguments in early adolescence. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
The call of the Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) (Reptilia, Testudinidae).

Mating male Aldabra tortoises (Geochelone gigantea) emit loud, deep-pitched calls or "groans" while mounted. A bout of 34 groans was recorded and analyzed oscillographically and spectrographically. The sound energy occurs in periodic waves and there is no evidence of regularly pulsed energy. Calls are relatively stereotyped, with at least seven partial tones that range from 0.26 to 0.80 kHz. Only three tones occur throughout each call and in all calls, and these three have a harmonic relationship. More than half of the duration of the call, averaging 64 %, consists of a steady decrease in frequency, which occurs at the end. The beginnings of calls have the most energy, especially in the deepest tone, but there is considerable variation in the pattern of amplitude modulation. Call length and duration of the pauses between calls are relatively stereotyped, averaging 0.47 and 3.86 seconds, respectively. Movements made during "groan-thrusting" may be related to sound production, but the structures involved in the production, modulation, and resonance of the call are unknown. As the majority of the groan is apparently within the frequency range of highest auditory sensitivity for tortoises, there is an excellent chance that the sounds are perceived by the female, possibly intimidating her and facilitating mounting. Sounds are made by mating tortoises of a variety of species, and it would be interesting to know how these behaviors evolved.
Calibrating excitation light fluxes for quantitative light microscopy in cell biology

Power output of light bulbs changes over time and the total energy delivered will depend on the optical beam path of the microscope, filter sets and objectives used, thus making comparison between experiments performed on different microscopes complicated. Using a thermocoupled power meter, it is possible to measure the exact amount of light applied to a specimen in fluorescence microscopy, regardless of the light source, as the light power measured can be translated into a power density at the sample. This widely used and simple tool forms the basis of a new degree of calibration precision and comparability of results among experiments and setups. Here we describe an easy-to-follow protocol that allows researchers to precisely estimate excitation intensities in the object plane, using commercially available opto-mechanical components. The total duration of this protocol for one objective and six filter cubes is 75 min including start-up time for the lamp.
The dream of personal interactive media: A media archaeology of the Spirograph, a failed moving picture revolution

The Spirograph – not to be confused with the familiar drawing toy – was an innovative but utterly forgotten device for presenting moving pictures. It utilized spinning discs on which microphotographs were arranged in a spiral, and which could function either as a projector or as an individual peep-viewer. ‘Invented’ by Theodore Brown around 1906, it was adopted by and developed under Charles Urban, who attempted unsuccessfully to bring it to the market, primarily for educational use, following his return to the United States in 1916. This article charts the failure of this form of non-theatrical moving pictures, examining their place within traditions of didactic ideals about visual education, including the notion of a ‘living book of knowledge’. It also relates the Spirograph to a variety of media genealogies, identifying its important place in a history of ‘proto-interactive’ media machines and as a harbinger of future forms of database exploration.
Identification of the Uridine-Binding Domain of Sucrose-Phosphate Synthase (Expression of a Region of the Protein that Photoaffinity Labels with 5-Azidouridine Diphosphate-Glucose)

The uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc) binding domain of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) was identified by overexpressing part of the gene from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to two tryptic peptides common to both the full-length 120-kD SPS subunit and an 82-kD form that photoaffinity labeled with 5-azidouridine diphosphate-glucose (5-N3UDP-Glc) were used in a polymerase chain reaction to isolate a partial cDNA clone. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of spinach SPS with the sequences of potato sucrose synthase showed that the partial cDNA included one region that was highly conserved between the proteins. Expression of the partial cDNA clone of SPS in Escherichia coli produced a 26-kD fusion protein that photoaffinity labeled with 5-N3UDP-Glc. Photoaffinity labeling of the 26-kD fusion protein was specific, indicating that this portion of the SPS protein harbors the UDP-Glc-binding domain. Isolation of a modified peptide from the photolabeled protein provided tentative identification of amino acid residues that make up the uridine-binding domain of SPS.
Analysis of Telomerase Activity in Ovarian Cystadenomas, Low-Malignant-Potential Tumors, and Invasive Carcinomas

Abstract Objective. Inappropriate telomerase expression has been reported to be associated with the development and/or progression of malignancies. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine and evaluate the levels of telomerase activity in normal ovary, cystadenomas, low-malignant-potential tumors, and carcinomas of the ovary. Methods. In the present study, telomerase activity was examined in frozen tissue specimens of normal ovary ( n = 6), ovarian cystadenomas ( n = 13), ovarian low-malignant-potential (LMP) tumors ( n = 12), and ovarian invasive carcinomas ( n = 81). Clinicopathological information including age at diagnosis, histological grade, FIGO stage, presence of distant metastasis at diagnosis, and residual disease was available for all patients with ovarian carcinomas ( n = 81). Telomerase activity was assessed by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Arbitrary values were assigned to processivity of telomerase activities based on the molecular weights of the telomeric repeat DNA ladders, and were graded as "negative," "moderate" (≤99 bp), or "high" (>100 bp) activities. The specificity of telomerase activity was determined by the pretreatment of telomerase-positive control or tumor samples with RNase that led to the abolition of the activity. In addition, to determine the possibility of false negativity due to the presence of telomerase inhibitors, TRAP assay was performed on each of the telomerase-negative specimens by mixing them individually with the telomerase-positive control. Results. Telomerase activity in the progression of ovarian carcinogenesis was evaluated. In comparison with normal ovary/cystadenoma (32%), a much higher frequency of the moderate activity was observed in LMP tumors (67%) or invasive carcinomas (57%), suggesting a close association between the latter two categories. The results reflect a subpopulation of telomerase-positive LMP tumor cells with the potential to develop invasive carcinomas. None of the specimens of the benign or LMP tumors exhibited high activity. In contrast, 18% of ovarian invasive carcinomas showed high telomerase activity ( P = 0.013, Fisher exact test) and further 57%, moderate activity (75% in all). A statistically significant difference was observed in the expression of telomerase activity between normal ovary/benign cystadenomas and ovarian invasive carcinomas ( P = 0.001, χ 2 test). Conclusions. The study showed a high prevalence of telomerase activity in LMP tumors or invasive carcinomas, the high levels of telomerase activity being associated exclusively with the invasive ovarian carcinomas. Therefore, the levels of processivity of telomerase activity and evidence of its statistically significant association with ovarian carcinoma suggest its role in the progression of ovarian carcinogenesis.
Vegetative development of soybeans grown on different soil types.

Abstract Nine soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes, three from each of Maturity Groups V, VI, and VII, were grown on Dubbs silt loam (Typic Hapludalf, fine-silty, mixed, thermic) and Sharkey clay (Vertic Haplaquept, very fine montmorillonitic, thermic) soils to evaluate the effect of soil environment on vegetative development. Leaf enlargement rate (cm 2 leaf −1 day −1 ), final leaf size, internode length, plant height, and number of nodes per plant were all significantly greater on the silt loam for each genotype. The lowered leaf enlargement rate on the clay may have been due to the lower hydraulic conductivity of the clay, and thus fewer hours during the night conducive to leaf enlargement. A highly significant correlation ( R 2 = 0.96) was found between leaf enlargement rate and final leaf size, indicating that number of days to the different maximum leaf sizes is nearly identical regardless of soil environment. These results indicate that the soil environment and its related physical and textural properties are important factors in determining canopy development of soybeans.
Double Direct Shear Test for Potato Texture

A double direct shear device was developed to examine shear strength parameters of mealy and waxy potatoes. Cohesion and coefficients of friction were measured at peak and ultimate shear with two machine speeds. Coefficients of friction of potato types did not differ. However, mealy potatoes displayed greater cohesion than waxy potatoes and a greater difference between peak and ultimate cohesion values. Stem ends of mealy potatoes were the most firm. Shear strength was related to strain rate.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell sonicates as an alternative to irradiated allogeneic cells to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte reaction and to enumerate CD69+ alloreactive T cells

An alloreactive reaction similar to that occurring during GvHD can be generated in a mixed lymphocyte culture. The presence of both stimulator and responder cells in these cultures makes the identification and enumeration of alloreactive cells difficult and unreliable. We describe the use of PBMC sonicates as an alternative to the standard MLC method to stimulate an allogeneic reaction. Using combinations of autologous or allogeneic PBMC sonicates, we showed that the lymphocyte proliferative response to cell sonicates was comparable to the response using irradiated cells. The proliferative response was concentration dependent and reached maximum levels at day 6. Both irradiated cells and PBMC sonicates induced significantly lower responses when the stimulating cells were partially HLA-DR matched rather than completely mismatched. Alloreactive T cells stimulated with sonicates were enumerated by the flow cytometric detection of CD69 or CD25. In HLA-mismatched cultures, approximately 7% of CD3+ T cells were CD69+ or CD25+, suggesting alloreactivity. Although there was a significant correlation between the expression of these activation markers and lymphocyte proliferative responses, significant individual variations in the results of these two assays were observed. The results in this study demonstrate the potential of using PBMC sonicates instead of irradiated lymphocytes for the study and identification of alloreactive cells at the cellular and molecular level.
Local linear approximation of principal curve projections

In previous work we introduced principal surfaces as hyperridges of probability distributions in a differential geometrical sense. Specifically, given an n-dimensional probability distribution over real-valued random vectors, a point on the d-dimensional principal surface is a local maximizer of the distribution in the subspace orthogonal to the principal surface at that point. For twice continuously differentiable distributions, the surface is characterized by the gradient and the Hessian of the distribution. Furthermore, the nonlinear projections of data points to the principal surface for dimension reduction is ideally given by the solution trajectories of differential equations that are initialized at the data point and whose tangent vectors are determined by the Hessian eigenvectors. In practice, data dimension reduction using numerical integration based differential equation solvers are found to be computationally expensive for most machine learning applications. Consequently, in this paper, we propose a local linear approximation to achieve this dimension reduction without significant loss of accuracy while reducing computational complexity. The proposed method is demonstrated on synthetic datasets.
Coping humor and family functioning in parents of children with disabilities

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate whether coping humor predicted certain measures of family functioning in parents of children with disabilities. Method Seventy-two parents of children diagnosed primarily with autism spectrum disorders and multiple disabilities completed the Coping Humor Scale (CHS) and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES IV). The FACES IV measures two major dimensions of family functioning: cohesion and flexibility. The CHS measures the degree to which participants use humor to cope with stressful experiences in their lives. Optimal functioning of the family is theorized to be based on a balanced level of both cohesion and flexibility. In the present study, coping humor was hypothesized to predict balanced cohesion as well as balanced flexibility. The data were analyzed using single and hierarchical linear regression. Results The results of the regressions indicated that coping humor significantly, albeit weakly, predicted cohesion and flexibility. However, the effects of education level and the number of children in the family also had a significant predictive effect on cohesion and flexibility. Conclusions Contributions of the study, limitations, and implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Fungal disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Fungal infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses represent a spectrum of diseases ranging from colonization to invasive rhinosinusitis. Clinical manifestations are largely dependent on the immune status of the host, and given the ubiquitous nature of these organisms, exposure is unavoidable. Noninvasive disease includes asymptomatic fungal colonization, fungus balls, and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Invasive disease includes indolent chronic rhinosinusitis, granulomatous fungal sinusitis, and acute fulminant fungal rhinosinusitis. A differentiation of these somewhat overlapping syndromes and the disparate treatment regimens required for effective management are the focus of this review.
Pet Food Palatability Evaluation: A Review of Standard Assay Techniques and Interpretation of Results with a Primary Focus on Limitations

The pet food industry continues to grow steadily as a result of new innovative products. Quality control and product development tests for pet foods are typically conducted through palatability testing with dogs and cats. Palatability is the measure of intake of a food that indicates acceptance or the measure of preference of one food over another. Pet food palatability is most commonly measured using a single-bowl or a two-bowl assay. While these tests answer some questions about the animals' perception of the food, there are many limitations as well. This review addresses some of these limitations and indicates opportunities for future research.
Seasonal Migration Patterns and Site Fidelity of Adult Paddlefish in Lake Francis Case, Missouri River

Abstract We used ultrasonic telemetry to determine the distribution, seasonal migration patterns, and site fidelity of adult paddlefish Polyodon spathula in a main-stem Missouri River impoundment. Thirty-two adult paddlefish collected from two different spring congregation areas in Lake Francis Case, South Dakota, were surgically implanted with ultrasonic tags and relocated monthly from March to November 1994–1996. Paddlefish tagged in the Big Bend tailwaters were captured in this area and in another possible spring congregation (the White River) during prespawning and spawning periods, whereas paddlefish tagged in the White River were never located in the Big Bend tailwaters or in areas above the White River. Male and female paddlefish used reservoir habitats similarly except during the prespawning period, when male paddlefish used the White River more than would be expected by chance and all females implanted at the White River site remained below the White River. In both the postspawning and winter per...
Vestiges of the natural history of development: historical holdovers reveal the dynamic interaction between ontogeny and phylogeny

Vestigial features of humans and other organisms are well known and have long been used as key evidence for evolution. Such features include not only anatomical structures but also physiological processes, biochemical reactions, and even behaviors. In addition to remnants of evolutionary change, traces of developmental change likewise exist, and it is important to distinguish embryonic remains from true evolutionary vestiges because people confuse evolutionary and developmental changes. To avoid confusion, the term vestige should be reserved for true evolutionary holdovers. This paper presents examples of developmental remnants, which often involve circulatory and reproductive alterations, and discusses numerous other retained or reappearing historical holdovers in ways that reveal the unfolding dynamic interaction between genotype and phenotype. These holdovers are useful in differentiating and relating concepts of phylogeny and ontogeny as well as revealing benefits of historical reasoning in understanding patterns and processes of organismal change.
Performance and Scalability Aspects of Directory-Based Cache Coherence in Shared Multiprocessors

We present a strudy that accentuates the performance and scalability aspects of directory-based cache coherence in multiprocessor systems.
Transition Services for Youth and Young Adults with Emotional Disturbance: Description and Initial Results of Project RENEW:

The transition from school to adulthood poses a major challenge for youth with emotional disturbance. This article reports the initial results of Project RENEW, a three-year demonstration project funded by the Rehabilitation Services Administration, that provides comprehensive coordination of transition services for youth and young adults with emotional disturbance's social/emotional development, community adjustment, education, and employment. The project uses seven major components: (a) personal futures planning, (b) interagency coordination, (c) naturally supported employment, (d) flexible high school programming, (e) social skill building, (f) mentors, and (g) flexible funding to support an individual's successful transition. Results after the first 18 months of RENEW for 16 youth and young adults (ages 16-22) indicated that 15 were successfully employed, 11 had graduated from high school or its equivalent (adult basic education diploma or GED), 3 were working on their high school diplomas, and most w...
Tunable excitation of two-dimensional plasmon modes in InGaAs/InP HEMT devices for terahertz detection

THz electromagnetic waves resonantly excite plasmons in the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) of high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) via grating-gate couplers. These excitations can induce measureable photoresponse. Biasing the grating gate tunes the photoresponse via control of 2DEG carrier density. Plasmons are investigated here in an InGaAs/InP HEMT with a 9 µm period grating gate at 78 and 106 GHz free-space radiation and 4K sample temperature. The dependence of the photoresponse on applied Source-Drain bias is also investigated. The minimum noise equivalent power (NEP) is estimated to be 113 pW/Hz 1/2 , with maximum responsivity of 200 V/W. Such plasmonic alterations in channel conductance provide a means for voltage-tunable THz and sub-THz detectors or filters.
Applying Response to Intervention Metrics in the Social Domain for Students at Risk of Developing Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

Response to Intervention (RtI) has become an important element of policy, practice, and research since the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. In this article, five metrics recommended by Gresham (2005) were used to evaluate the progress of 127 students who were at risk of developing emotional disturbance and enrolled in a Tier 2 targeted group intervention. Student progress on a daily behavior report card was used to identify responders and nonresponders. Results suggest that percentage of change and effect size were the most useful metrics and identified 67% of the students as responders to the intervention. Additionally, 91% of the responders were not identified for special education, and over 50% reduced their problem behavior ratings on the Social Skills Rating System Teacher Form. These findings suggest that the intervention reduced the student's at-risk status and helped prevent the development of emotional and behavioral disabilities.
Impact of the Cancer Risk Intake System on patient-clinician discussions of tamoxifen, genetic counseling, and colonoscopy.

The Cancer Risk Intake System (CRIS), a computerized program that “matches” objective cancer risks to appropriate risk management recommendations, was designed to facilitate patient-clinician discussion. We evaluated CRIS in primary care settings via a single-group, self-report, pretest-posttest design. Participants completed baseline telephone surveys, used CRIS during clinic visits, and completed followup surveys 1 to 2 months postvisit. Compared with proportions reporting having had discussions at baseline, significantly greater proportions of participants reported having discussed tamoxifen, genetic counseling, and colonoscopy, as appropriate, after using CRIS. Most (79%) reported CRIS had “caused” their discussion. CRIS is an easily used, disseminable program that showed promising results in primary care settings.
The reaction of lithiun aluminium hydride with carbon dioxide or sodium bicarbonate

Abstract The reaction of LiA1H 4 with CO 2 or NaHCO 3 at elevated temperatures has been investigated. Methane and ethylene are the primary products of each reaction. These molecules are probably the “explosive” reaction products formed when CO 2 fire extinguishers are used on LiAlH 4 fires.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of A Langmuir Monolayer

Molecular dynamics calculations were carried out for a Langmuir monolayer at high density. A model was employed in which the motions of both the amphiphiles and the water are allowed, enabling investigation of the details of the water-monolayer interaction and the structure of the interface. Results are presented for the density profiles of the water and the amphiphiles and for the distribution of gauche defects.
Individualizing decision-making--resurrecting the doctor-patient relationship in the anemia debate.

Among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are approved for avoiding transfusions, a risk that increases when hemoglobin (Hgb) falls to 13 g/dl is associated with increased cardiovascular events. Paradoxically, if this level is achieved mortality is lower. The anemia paradox—higher cardiovascular events when targeting higher Hgb but lower events when patients achieve these targets—appears to be at least partially attributable to a hyporeponse to ESAs. Whether it is the ESAs or conditions that lead to the increased ESA dose that provokes morbidity cannot be answered definitively at present. The lowest ESA dose to achieve the desired level of anemia correction appears to be a safer strategy. In acute illnesses, reducing the dose of ESAs or stopping it altogether may aggravate anemia, but this may be permissible. The rate of rise in Hgb >1 g/dl in any 2-week period is associated with an increase in blood pressure (BP) and poor outcomes. Accordingly, while initiating and maintaining ESA therapy, monitoring BP at home twice daily is warranted. The clinical decision-making process in managing anemia should consider the risks of transfusion; kidney transplant potential; presence of cancer; and the risks of stroke, heart failure, and possibly death. Above all, clinical decision-making should incorporate patient preference.
Quantum mechanical calculations of reactive scattering cross sections in bimolecular encounters

Study applies the nonequilibrium collision theory of reaction rates to the estimation of rate constants for simple reactions. The complications in the quantum mechanical description of chemical reactions and the care needed in approximating the exact wave function for the collision are shown.
Comparing the modelled and measured target-strength variability of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma

Many biological and physical factors potentially affect target strength. While these sources have been identified, few studies have compared the relative effects of individual factors. Modelled and measured target strengths in non-dimensional metrics were used to compare and rank the effects of fish length, tilt, depth, and acoustic frequency on backscatter intensity. Ex situ measurements of target strength were used to examine the effects of tilt and depth and then compared to backscatter model predictions. Swimbladder volume reduction due to increasing pressure at depth was modelled using Boyle's law and by varying the ratio of dorsal to lateral compression. We found that length has the largest effect on the modelled and measured backscatter intensity, followed by tilt, frequency, and depth. Including tilt distributions in backscatter estimates improved the match between empirical target-strength measures and model predictions. Non-dimensional influence ratios provide insight into the sources and magnitudes of the backscatter variability.
Urban Risks of Truck Transport of Radioactive Material

Truck transport of radioactive material (RAM), e.g., spent nuclear fuel (SNF), normally maximizes use of Interstate highways, which are safer and more efficient for truck transport in general. In the estimation of transportation risks, population bordering a route is a direct factor in determining consequences and an indirect factor in determining exposure times, accident probabilities and severities, and other parameters. Proposals to transport RAM may draw intense resistance from “stakeholders” based on concern for population concentrations along urban segments but the length of a route segment is also a determinative factor in estimating the transport risks. To quantify the relative importance of these two factors, a potential route for transport of SNF (strict use of Interstate highways) was selected and compared with a modified version that bypassed urban areas. The results suggest that emphasis on Interstate highways minimizes total route and urban segment risks.
New State Record for the Army Ant Neivamyrmex texanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and New Report of the Dipteran Parasite Cremersia adunca (Diptera: Phoridae)

Abstract The known distribution of the army ant Neivamyrmex texanus in the United States is limited to eight southern and western states. The range of N. texanus is extended to Oklahoma. Neivamyrmex texanus is the known host of only two symbionts. I report for the first time a parasitic phorid fly, Cremersia adunca, and include a brief description of the defensive behavior of the army ants to this aerial parasite.
Lateralized spatial and object memory encoding in entorhinal and perirhinal cortices

The perirhinal and entorhinal cortices are critical components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) declarative memory system. Study of their specific functions using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), however, has suffered from severe magnetic susceptibility signal dropout resulting in poor temporal signal-to-noise (tSNR) and thus weak BOLD signal detectability. We have demonstrated that higher spatial resolution in the z-plane leads to improved BOLD fMRI signal quality in the anterior medial temporal lobes when using a 16-element surface coil array at 3 T (Tesla). Using this technique, the present study investigated the roles of the anterior medial temporal lobe, particularly the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, in both object and spatial memory. Participants viewed a series of fractal images and were instructed to encode either the object's identity or location. Object and spatial recognition memory were tested after 18-sec delays. Both the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices were active during the object and spatial encoding tasks. In both regions, object encoding was biased to the left hemisphere, whereas spatial encoding was biased to the right. A similar hemispheric bias was evident for recognition memory. Recent animal studies suggest functional dissociations among regions of the entorhinal cortex for spatial vs. object processing. Our findings suggest that this process-specific distinction may be expressed in the human brain as a hemispheric division of labor.
Dysfunctional Mentoring Relationships and Outcomes

A comprehensive review of the mentoring literature reveals that unpleasant aspects of mentoring relationships at work have been understudied. This persists, despite evidence that dysfunctions may be occurring in mentoring relationships. A typology of negative mentoring styles is presented. Next, a model of outcomes that may be associated with dysfunctional mentoring is developed to underscore the need to investigate the full range of mentorship in future work.
Theoretical analysis of fluorescence excitation, absorption and multiphon-ionization spectra in strong light fields

Abstract In a number of experiments involving multiphoton exclusion with strong laser fields the ground state is coupled to one excited state — often by a two-photon resonance — and also the higher excited states via additional one-proton resonances. In multiphoton-ionization experiments this second interaction can be used to induce the ionization. The Rabi frequency for this second interaction is often very large compared with the linewidth of the state of interest. In this letter the effect of this strong interaction on the lineshapes of multiphoton ionization and fluorescence excitation spectra are described using an earlier developed multilevel multi-resonant model for non-linear response in fields having arbitrary strenghts. The results predict broadening, splittings and shifts of the line, in terms of the dynamic parameters of the system, and they predict effects not yet observed.
Ultrafast deep UV Lithography with excimer lasers

The use of high-power pulsed excimer lasers for photolithography is described for the first time. Short exposure times, high resolution and absence of speckle are experimentally demonstrated. Using a XeCl laser at 308 nm and a KrF laser at 248 nm, excellent quality images are obtained by contact printing in two positive photoresists. Resolution down to 1000 line-pairs/mm is demonstrated. These images are comparable to state-of-the-art lithography done with conventional lamps; the major difference is that the excimer laser technique is ∼ 2 orders of magnitude faster. Preliminary results on reciprocity behavior in several resists are also presented.
Capacity use in multi-unit firms: evidence for efficiency gains or strategic competition in the US restaurant industry?

In this article, I examine both the full firm size distribution and establishment-level capacity use to determine if efficiency gains or strategic competition account for the proliferation of multi-unit firms in the US restaurant industry. Using US census microdata, I find that multi-unit firms operate a greater number of restaurants and larger individual restaurants in larger Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). This evidence of increased profitability goes hand in hand with increases in capacity utilization through longer operating hours and more intensive production of meals and nonmeals output at individual establishments. Greater capacity exploitation is consistent with efficient firms, rather strategic behaviour, such as product proliferation or location preemption to limit rivalry. Furthermore, these results hold true for multi-unit firms but not for large national chain systems, suggesting that efficiency gains accrue from firm-specific capital, not just from marketing or distribution scale econ...
Safety and Efficacy of Percutaneous Nephrostolithotomy in Patients on Anticoagulant Therapy

Purpose: We assessed the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy in patients requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 792 patients undergoing percutaneous nephrostolithotomy at our institution from 2000 to 2007, and identified 27 on anticoagulation therapy (warfarin, clopidogrel or cilostazol) who underwent surgery after perioperative reversal and reinitiation of anticoagulation. Warfarin was withheld 5 days preoperatively with enoxaparin bridging and resumed 5 days postoperatively. Clopidogrel and cilostazol were stopped 10 days preoperatively and resumed 5 days postoperatively. We subsequently analyzed changes in preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin, serum creatinine and clotting parameters, as well as intraoperative and postoperative bleeding or thromboembolic complications.Results: Overall the stone-free rate with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy monotherapy was 93% (25 of 27 patients). A second look procedure was required in 5 pati...
Consideration of a new catalytic role for the thiazolium sulfur atom of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate

Abstract A review of the mechanism of action of thiamine pyrophosphate is presented in brief detail along with a new proposal for the role of the sulfur atom of the thiazolium ring of the coenzyme. Evidence is presented to support the idea that sulfur plays a catalytic role in stabilizing negative charge developing in the transition states of the biological reactions.
Effects of ecotourists on bird behaviour at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida.

Increasingly, natural areas are exposed to people who come to view, study or photograph wildlife. In order to develop appropriate management plans for both avian and human use of natural environments it is essential to understand how people affect foraging birds. The foraging behaviour of five species of water-birds at Loxahatchee (Arthur B. Marshall National Wildlife Refuge), part of the Everglades, in Southern Florida was observed, between 1992 and 1994, from a dike that received many visitors. Species examined included common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), sora rail (Porzana carolina), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), little blue heron (Egretta caerulea) and Louisiana heron (E. tricolor). These birds were observed before people were near, while people were present, and following the departure of people. Variation in feeding behaviour was largely explained by whether people were present, the number of people present, and the amount of noise made by the people. For all species, time devoted to feeding and number of strikes or pecks decreased while people were present. The percentage of time spent foraging and the number of strikes decreased as the noise made by people increased. Birds that were closer to the path flew away from people more often than birds that were further away. Birds usually swam or flew away from the path while people were present.
Orbit-Model Force Coefficients for Fluid Film Bearings: A Step Beyond Linearization

High performance turbomachinery demands high shaft speeds, increased rotor flexibility, tighter clearances in the flow passages, advanced materials, and increased tolerance to imbalances. Operation at high speeds induces severe dynamic loading with large amplitude shaft motions at the bearing supports. Typical rotordynamic models rely on linearized force coefficients (stiffness K, damping C, and inertia M) to model the reaction forces from fluid film bearings and seal elements. These true linear force coefficients are derived from infinitesimally small amplitude motions about an equilibrium position. Often, however, a rotor-bearing system does not reach an equilibrium position and displaces with motions amounting to a sizable portion of the film clearance; the most notable example being a squeeze film damper (SFD). Clearly, linearized force coefficients cannot be used in situations exceeding its basic formulation. Conversely, the current speed of computing permits to evaluate fluid film element reaction forces in real time for ready numerical integration of the transient response of complex rotor-bearing systems. This approach albeit fast does not help to gauge the importance of individual effects on system response. Presently, an orbit analysis method estimates force coefficients from numerical simulations of specified journal motions and predicted fluid film reaction forces. For identical operating conditions in static eccentricity and whirl amplitude and frequency as those in measurements, the computational physics model calculates instantaneous damper reaction forces during one full period of motion and performs a Fourier analysis to characterize the fundamental components of the dynamic forces. The procedure is repeated over a range of frequencies to accumulate sets of forces and displacements building mechanical transfer functions from which force coefficients are identified. These coefficients thus represent best fits to the motion over a frequency range and dissipate the same mechanical energy as the nonlinear mechanical element. More accurate than the true linearized coefficients, force coefficients from the orbit analysis correlate best with SFD test data, in particular for large amplitude motions, statically off-centered. The comparisons also reveal the fallacy in representing nonlinear systems as simple K-C-M models impervious to the kinematics of motion.Copyright © 2015 by ASME