cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of antipsychotic drugs on fos protein expression in the prefrontal cortex: Cellular localization and pharmacological characterization

The assessment of immediate-early gene induction has proven to be a useful method for delineating the neural systems that subserve antipsychotic drug actions. In order to differentiate the sites and mechanisms of action of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs, we examined the effects of antipsychotic drugs on Fos protein expression in the medial prefrontal cortex. The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine selectively increased the number of neurons that expressed Fos-like immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex, targeting the deep layers of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices. Pyramidal cells were the major cell type in which Fos was expressed. A small number of calbindin-like immunoreactive, but not parvalbumin- or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase-containing, interneurons also expressed Fos after clozapine challenge. Immunoblot studies revealed that clozapine induced Fos protein in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices. Other antipsychotic drugs that are D2 receptor antagonists, including haloperidol, raclopride, sulpiride, remoxipride and loxapine, did not alter Fos expression. The clozapine-induced increase in Fos expression was also not attributable to actions at the D1 dopamine receptor, nor to serotonin type 2a/2c receptor antagonism or combined serotonin type 2-D2 dopamine receptor antagonism. The ability of clozapine to block alpha 1-adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic receptors did not contribute to the unique actions of clozapine. Despite the inability of dopamine receptor antagonists other than clozapine to elicit an increase in Fos expression, both the mixed D1-D2 dopamine agonist apomorphine and the D2-like agonist quinpirole increased Fos protein levels in the prefrontal cortex. However, neither pretreatment with sulpiride to block D2/3/4 dopamine receptors or SCH 23390 to block D1/5 dopamine receptors modified the Fos response to clozapine. Since dopamine receptor antagonist pretreatments did not attenuate the clozapine-elicited Fos expression, but D2 agonists increased cortical Fos expression, clozapine may act in the prefrontal cortex on an as yet undefined dopamine receptor. In contrast to the nucleus accumbens shell, where all antipsychotic drugs increase Fos expression, only clozapine induced Fos in the medial prefrontal cortex. These observations suggest that the ability of clozapine to treat schizophrenic patients who are resistant to the therapeutic benefits of conventional antipsychotic drugs may occur through actions in the prefrontal cortex.
Transesophageal echocardiographic artifact mimicking an aortic valve tumor.

T HE intraoperative use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become a very common practice; the number of patients studied while under anesthesia has been estimated at more than 10,OOO.t Prebypass echocardiography has been reported to either assist or change the planned operation in 29 of 154 patients (19%) scheduled for cardiac valve surgery.2 Accurate interpretation of the echocardiogram requires an understanding of the physics of ultrasound imaging and Doppler techniques, and the identification of artifacts.” A case is presented in which the presence of an artifact resembling a mass prompted an aortic root exploration in a patient undergoing a coronary artery bypass graft (CAESG) operation.
Preferred Antibiotics for Treatment of Acute Otitis Media: Comparison of Practicing Pediatricians, General Practitioners, and Otolaryngologists

The antibiotic preferences of 2,190 pediatricians (peds) 360 general practitioners (GPs), and 273 otolaryngologists (ENTs) in the United States and concurrence with treatment guideline recommendations for acute otitis media (AOM) for suspected drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) and beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae before and after an educational workshop were compared. Peds and GPs preferred amoxicillin/clavulanate high-dose, whereas ENTs preferred higher generation cephalosporins. Before the workshop, endorsement of guideline-recommended antibiotics for treatment of AOM caused by DRSP by Peds, GPs, and ENTs was 80%, 75%, and 78%, respectively, and for Haemophilus influenzae was 73%, 63%, and 84%, respectively. After the workshop concurrence with AOM guideline recommendations for DRSP increased to 96%, 95%, and 97% and for H. influenzae increased to 93%, 94%, and 96% for Peds, GPs, and ENTs, respectively (p 90%.
Transmissions failures and load-balanced routing metric for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks play an important role in the next production wireless communication systems as it can support broadband services with omnipresent coverage and low transmission power with high capacity and high processing power. The efficiency of mesh networks is further improved by a routing path determination mechanism that considers most of the causes of transmissions failures. Our proposed routing metric takes into account transmissions failures by considering the backoff mechanism used in IEEE 802.11 networks and assign weights to each path. These weights act as a metric in route selection among different paths. The proposed scheme further utilizes this metric to provide load balancing. Consequently this metric helps the routing protocols to balance traffic and avoids traffic through congested paths.
The open method of co-ordination in immigration policy: a tool for prying open Fortress Europe?

The European Union’s immigration policy develops cautiously. Nation-states view immigration control policy as critical to maintaining sovereignty and are slow to relinquish their policy monopoly. This paper analyses the Commission’s 2001 communication on an open method of co-ordination in immigration policy, which proposes the creation of a European immigration regime of co-ordination, lacking the imposition of binding external conditions or quotas. Upon tracing the development of EU immigration policy and discussing the OMC and its soft law character, the ‘Communication’ is reviewed. A survey of its main tenets shows that while security thinking remains prominent, there is equal emphasis upon liberalization and co-ordination. ‘Fortress Europe’ is far from inevitable. However, though the OMC appears to be an appropriate mechanism for effecting co-ordination leading to a common regime, the member states have not embraced the format to avoid the further introduction of new ideas and actors into the process.
Design of a Small-Molecule Entry Inhibitor with Activity against Primary Measles Virus Strains

The incidence of measles virus (MV) infection has been significantly reduced in many nations through extensive vaccination; however, the virus still causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Measles outbreaks also occur in some developed countries that have failed to maintain high vaccine coverage rates. While vaccination is essential in preventing the spread of measles, case management would greatly benefit from the use of therapeutic agents to lower morbidity. Thus, the development of new therapeutic strategies is desirable. We previously reported the generation of a panel of small-molecule MV entry inhibitors. Here we show that our initial lead compound, although providing proof of concept for our approach, has a short half-life (<16 h) under physiological conditions. In order to combine potent antiviral activity with increased compound stability, a targeted library of candidate molecules designed on the structural basis of the first lead has been synthesized and tested against MV. We have identified an improved lead with low toxicity and high stability (half-life 16 h) that prevents viral entry and hence infection. This compound shows high MV specificity and strong activity (50% inhibitory concentration 0.6 to 3.0 M, depending on the MV genotype) against a panel of wild-type MV strains representative of viruses that are currently endemic in the field. Paramyxoviruses are nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA viruses, most of which are highly contagious airborne pathogens that spread via the respiratory route. Members of this viral family constitute major human and animal pathogens such as measles virus (MV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV), mumps virus, rinderpest virus, and Newcastle disease virus (12). Despite the existence of an effective live-attenuated vaccine (6), MV remains a serious threat to human health globally, accounting for approximately 0.5 million deaths annually (1). While most of these cases occur in developing countries with limited access to vaccination, measles outbreaks still occur in some developed countries that have failed to maintain high vaccine coverage rates (4, 26). Recent outbreaks, in particular in the United Kingdom, have been attributed to declining herd immunity as a result of reduced vaccination coverage due to parental concerns about vaccination safety (8). Furthermore, vaccine-induced immunity is less robust than naturally acquired protection, which may, in fully vaccinated populations, result in a progressive loss of immunity in adults due to the absence of natural boosting through circulating virus (15, 16, 27). Taken together, these facts make desirable the development of novel therapeutics that could be produced cost-effectively and that could be used for the rapid control of local outbreaks and improved case management to limit severe outcomes of infection.
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+ T cells cooperate to mediate type 2 immune response in mice

Background Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play important roles in innate immunity and tissue remodeling via production of various cytokines and growth factors. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) were recently shown to mediate the immune pathology of asthma even without adaptive immunity. However, little is known about possible interactions between ILC2s and other immune cells. We sought to investigate the capacity of ILC2s to regulate effector functions of T cells. Methods We isolated ILC2s from the lungs of naive mice. We cultured CD4+ T cells with ILC2s in vitro and examined the functions of these cell types. The mechanisms were investigated using blocking antibodies and cells isolated from cytokine-deficient mice. For the in vivo study, we adoptively transferred ILC2s and CD4+ T cells into Il7ra−/− mice and subsequently exposed the mice to ovalbumin and a cysteine protease. Results Lung ILC2s enhanced CD4+ T-cell proliferation and promoted production of type 2 cytokines in vitro. The interaction between ILC2s and CD4+ T cells involved costimulatory molecule OX40L and cytokine IL-4, which was mainly derived from ILC2s. Adoptive transfer of both ILC2 and CD4+ T-cell populations, but not each population alone, into Il7ra−/− mice resulted in induction of a robust antigen-specific type 2 cytokine response and airway inflammation. Conclusion Lung ILC2s function to promote adaptive immunity in addition to their established roles in innate immunity. This novel function of ILC2s needs to be taken into account when considering the pathophysiology of asthma and other allergic airway diseases.
The Ethical Challenges of Socially Responsible Science

Social responsibility is an essential part of the responsible conduct of research that presents difficult ethical questions for scientists. Recognizing one's social responsibilities as a scientist is an important first step toward exercising social responsibility, but it is only the beginning, since scientists may confront difficult value questions when deciding how to act responsibly. Ethical dilemmas related to socially responsible science fall into at least three basic categories: 1) dilemmas related to problem selection, 2) dilemmas related to publication and data sharing, and 3) dilemmas related to engaging society. In responding to these dilemmas, scientists must decide how to balance their social responsibilities against other professional commitments and how to avoid compromising their objectivity. In this article, we will examine the philosophical and ethical basis of social responsibility in science, discuss some of the ethical dilemmas related to exercising social responsibility, and make five recommendations to help scientists deal with these issues.
Single Carbon Nanotube Pirani Gauge By Local Synthesis

This work presents the synthesis, assembly and integration of a single, suspended multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as a Pirani gauge using localized synthesis. By monitoring electrical connection of the CNT, the controlled growth process allows the synthesis of a single CNT within 20 seconds. I-V curves of the CNT show reduced CNT resistance in a vacuum pressure environment compared with the CNT resistance at atmospheric pressure. The results indicate a Pirani effect exhibited by the CNT. In a nitrogen environment, the single CNT Pirani gauge demonstrates pressure sensitivity within absolute pressure range of 102 to 105 Pa.
Tests and Evaluation of Portland and Blended Cements for Resistance to Sulfate Attack

This paper describes briefly four types of sulfate attack on hydrated cement. It summarizes the history of the activities of ASTM Committee C-1 on Cement in investigation of tests for sulfate resistance of hydraulic cements, and it looks forward to the production of a satisfactory test for the sulfate resistance of blended cements.
In situ spectral ellipsometry for real-time diagnostics and control in microelectronics manufacturing

Summary form only given. Real-time sensors capable of process and wafer state monitoring are key enablers in monitoring and control of microelectronic manufacturing processes. In single wafer manufacturing environments, different device and process flows are interspersed through common chambers; hence, each wafer must serve as "its own pilot". Also increasing the need for real time monitoring is the progression to smaller feature sizes and thinner limiting film thicknesses thus requiring tighter control of wafer tolerances. In this work we will describe the development and implementation of a high speed spectral ellipsometer sensor capable of real-time in situ wafer state diagnostics and control during deposition and etching of microelectronic materials.
Characterization of cellulose derivatives by solution properties: Plasticizers as solvents†

The dimensional stability of molded thermoplastic articles is a function of the extent to which stresses are frozen into them on molding. The kind and amount of plasticizer included in the material to be molded may be varied to minimize the amount of these stresses. Methods of obtaining fundamental information about polymer–plasticizer systems from simple measurements of viscosity and osmotic pressure are suggested in this paper, and some results for cellulose derivatives are given.
Conserved Thermochemistry of Guanosine Nucleophile Binding for Structurally Distinct Group I Ribozymes

We report thermodynamic values for binding of the guanosine nucleophile to the ribozyme derived from the Anabaena group I intron, and find that they are similar to those measured previously for the structurally distinct Tetrahymena ribozyme. The free energy of binding guanosine 5'-monophosphate (pG) at 30 degrees C is similar for the two ribozymes. The delta(H)degrees' and delta(S)degrees' for pG binding to the Anabaena ribozyme--RNA substrate complex (E x S) are 3.4 +/- 4 kcal/mol and 27 +/- 10 e.u., respectively. The negligible enthalpic contribution and positive entropy change were found previously for the Tetrahymena ribozyme, and are considered remarkable for a hydrogen-bonding interaction between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid. These thermodynamic values may reflect conformational changes or water release upon pG binding that are comparable for the two ribozymes. In addition, the apparent chemical steps of the two ribozyme reactions share similar activation energies and a positive deltaS++. It now appears that such thermochemical values for guanosine binding and activation may be intrinsic properties of the group I intron catalytic center.
Envelope Protein(s) Derived from Influenza Virus

Eckert, Edward A. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). Envelope protein(s) derived from influenza virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1907–1910. 1966.—Lipids were extracted from influenza virus, strain PR8, with methanol-chloroform, and the protein residue was dissolved in 67% glacial acetic acid. Hemagglutinating activity and complement-fixing reactivity were markedly reduced or lost during lipid extraction, and then increased after acetic acid treatment and subsequent dialysis. Evidence is presented that the envelope protein(s) responsible for these activities is dissociated in acetic acid and reassociated at neutral pH.
The propagation of ultrasonic waves through a bubbly liquid into tissue: a linear analysis

The steady-state response induced by a harmonically driven, ultrasonic wave in a structure comprised of two layers, the first a bubbly liquid, and the second a viscoelastic solid with a rigid boundary, is studied in the linear approximation. This structure is intended to model a cavitating liquid in contact with tissue. The upper surface of the liquid is driven harmonically and models the source. The lower surface of the solid is rigid and models the bone. While cavitation is inherently nonlinear, the propagation process is approximated as linear. The transient response is not calculated. The model of the bubbly liquid is a simple continuum one, supplemented by allowing for a distribution of different equilibrium bubble radii and for the relaxation of the oscillations of each bubble. The model contains three functions, the probability distribution describing the distribution of bubble radii, and two functions modeling the mechanical response of the individual bubble and the tissue, respectively. Numerical examples are worked out by adapting data taken from various published sources to deduce the parameters of these functions. These examples permit an assessment of the overall attenuation of the structure, and of the magnitudes of the pressure and particle velocity in the bubbly liquid and of the traction and the particle displacement in the tissue. >
Corrosion of Sic Materials in N2–H2–CO Gaseous Environments: I, Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Reactions

Two sintered SiC materials and a siliconized SiC materials were exposed to two gas compositions in the N2–H2–CO system at 1000°–1350°C, 133 Pa and 98.7 kPa for 8–1000 h. The two gases were a nitrogen-based gas which contained 98.2% N2, 1.2% H2, and 0.6% CO; and an endothermic gas which contained 37.8% N2, 41.1% H2, and 21.1% CO by volume. Thermodynamics of reactions were modeled using the program SOLGASMIX. Kinetic studies were based on weight change measurements obtained from vacuum TGA and long-term tube–furnace experiments. In the case of a siliconized SiC, reactions were complex, owing to its two phase composition and to the presence of impurities. Under many conditions, silicon was rapidly etched from the surface of the siliconized SiC during a short initial period due to the formation of SiO and carbon or SiO and β-SiC. In the case of sintered mateials (and the siliconized material during the later stages of corrosion), etching of SiC was observed under many of the conditions studied, due to the apparent formation of SiO, HCN, and/or carbon. Corrosion in an endothermic gas was typically more severe than in a nitrogen-based gas, due to its higher Pco.
Quantized visual awareness.

The proposed model holds that, at its most fundamental level, visual awareness is quantized. That is to say that visual awareness arises as individual bits of awareness through the action of neural circuits with hundreds to thousands of neurons in at least the human striate cortex. Circuits with specific topologies will reproducibly result in visual awareness that correspond to basic aspects of vision like color, motion and depth. These quanta of awareness (qualia) are produced by the feedforward sweep that occurs through the geniculocortical pathway but are not integrated into a conscious experience until recurrent processing from centers like V4 or V5 select the appropriate qualia being produced in V1 to create a percept. The model proposed here has the potential to shift the focus of the search for visual awareness to the level of microcircuits and these likely exist across the kingdom Animalia. Thus establishing qualia as the fundamental nature of visual awareness will not only provide a deeper understanding of awareness, but also allow for a more quantitative understanding of the evolution of visual awareness throughout the animal kingdom.
Feeling the Threat: Stereotype Threat as a Contextual Barrier to Women's Science Career Choice Intentions.

Social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000) holds that contextual barriers inhibit self-efficacy and goal choice intentions from points both near and far from the acti...
Work in progress - reorganizing engineering pedagogy: Preventing student disengagement by increasing dialogic learning

In this work in progress paper I present preliminary evidence from ongoing research that suggests that the organization of current pedagogy in short class sessions leaves prevents students from engaging in a dialogue and is partly responsible for student disengagement from engineering. I draw on theoretical literature on dialogic inquiry and preliminary data from analysis of two different classes to show that engineering classes are often characterized by lack of joint meaning making and knowledge construction at the expense of information delivery. I argue that our current use of technology often exacerbates and compounds the problem and prevents conceptual learning. I suggest that a potential solution is to revise our understanding of the role of dialogue and the use of technology and design for dialogic inquiry so that language - verbal and written - and representations - such as free-body diagrams - that play a central role in leading to internalization of concepts are the primary focus. It is critical for us to engage students in the act of representing and not just being exposed to semiotic representations. Dialogic learning can increase innovative thinking and creativity.
Membrane Recruitment of Aut7p in the Autophagy and Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Pathways Requires Aut1p, Aut2p, and the Autophagy Conjugation Complex

Autophagy is a degradative pathway by which cells sequester nonessential, bulk cytosol into double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) and deliver them to the vacuole for recycling. Using this strategy, eukaryotic cells survive periods of nutritional starvation. Under nutrient-rich conditions, autophagy machinery is required for the delivery of a resident vacuolar hydrolase, aminopeptidase I, by the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. In both pathways, the vesicle formation process requires the function of the starvation-induced Aut7 protein, which is recruited from the cytosol to the forming Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes. The membrane binding of Aut7p represents an early step in vesicle formation. In this study, we identify several requirements for Aut7p membrane association. After synthesis in the cytosol, Aut7p is proteolytically cleaved in an Aut2p-dependent manner. While this novel processing event is essential for Aut7p membrane binding, Aut7p must undergo additional physical interactions with Aut1p and the autophagy (Apg) conjugation complex before recruitment to the membrane. Lack of these interactions results in a cytosolic distribution of Aut7p rather than localization to forming Cvt vesicles and autophagosomes. This study assigns a functional role for the Apg conjugation system as a mediator of Aut7p membrane recruitment. Further, we demonstrate that Aut1p, which physically interacts with components of the Apg conjugation complex and Aut7p, constitutes an additional factor required for Aut7p membrane recruitment. These findings define a series of steps that results in the modification of Aut7p and its subsequent binding to the sequestering transport vesicles of the autophagy and cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathways.
Abdominal wall injuries: rectus abdominis strains, oblique strains, rectus sheath hematoma.

Abdominal wall injuries are reported to be less common than actually perceived by sports medicine practitioners. National Collegiate Athletic Association injury statistics for 2004–2005 cite a high of 0.71 abdominal muscle injuries per 1000 player-hours in wrestling competition to a low of 0.01 injuries per 1000 player-hours in autumn football practices. British professional soccer clubs reported an incidence of "torso" injuries of up to 7% of all injuries over the course of several seasons. Injury definition is most likely the explanation for this discrepancy. The abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, and transverse abdominis) are injured by direct blows to the abdomen or by sudden or repetitive trunk movement, either rotation or flexion/ extension. With the exception of the rare rectus sheath hematoma that does not self-tamponade, the treatment for these problems is nonoperative with symptoms guiding rehabilitation and return to play decisions.
Human choice in counterintuitive' situations fixed versus progressive-ratio schedules

College undergraduates were given repeated opportunities to choose between a fixed-ratio and a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Completions of a progressive-ratio schedule produced points (exchangeable for money) and incremented that response requirement by 20 responses with each consecutive choice. In the reset condition, completion of a fixed ratio produced the same number of points and also reset the progressive ratio back to its initial value. In the no-reset condition, the progressive ratio continued to increase by increments of 20 throughout the session with each successive selection of this schedule, irrespective of fixed-ratio choices. Subjects' schedule choices were sensitive to parametric manipulations of the size of the fixed-ratio schedule and were consistent with predictions made on the basis of minimizing the number of responses emitted per point earned, which is a principle of most optimality theories. Also, the present results suggest that if data from human performances are to be compared with results for other species, humans should be exposed to schedules of reinforcement for long periods of time, as is commonly done with nonhuman subjects.
Torey Hayden's teacher lore: a pedagogy of caring

This article describes the teacher lore of Torey Hayden, its emphasis on a pedagogy of caring, and its use in preservice teacher education to address affective outcomes. Eight concepts that make up caring relationships and are reflected in Hayden's wisdom of practice are discussed. Four separate studies are then described examining the outcomes of reading Hayden on preservice and inservice teachers' affective understandings and skills. In the first two studies reading Hayden was more effective than reading professional texts in promoting positive attitude changes toward children with disabilities. In the third study decreased punitiveness toward classroom behavior management was associated with the therapeutic impact of reading Hayden. In the fourth study inservice teachers, who had read Hayden in preservice coursework over a 10‐year period, rated her stories as a strong influence in preparing them to teach and in shaping their current teacher practices, attitudes, and identity. Reasons why Hayden's teach...
Controlling the shape, orientation, and linkage of carbon nanotube features with nano affinity templates

Directed assembly of nanoscale building blocks such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into desired architectures is a major hurdle for a broad range of basic research and technological applications (e.g., electronic devices and sensors). Here we demonstrate a parallel assembly process that allows one to simultaneously position, shape, and link SWNTs with sub-100-nm resolution. Our method is based on the observation that SWNTs are strongly attracted to COOH-terminated self-assembled monolayers (COOH-SAMs) and that SWNTs with lengths greater than the dimensions of a COOH-SAM feature will align along the boundary between the COOH-SAM feature and a passivating CH3-terminated SAM. By using nanopatterned affinity templates of 16-mercaptohexadecanonic acid, passivated with 1-octadecanethiol, we have formed SWNT dot, ring, arc, letter, and even more sophisticated structured thin films and continuous ropes. Experiment and theory (Monte Carlo simulations) suggest that the COOH-SAMs localize the solvent carrying the nanotubes on the SAM features, and that van der Waals interactions between the tubes and the COOH-rich feature drive the assembly process. A mathematical relationship describing the geometrically weighted interactions between SWNTs and the two different SAMs required to overcome solvent–SWNT interactions and effect assembly is provided.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators as Therapeutic Agents in Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women of the Western world. Breast tumors are initially dependent upon estrogens for their growth. Drugs with antiestrogenic activity, e.g., tamoxifen, are used clinically both to prevent and treat breast cancer. Estrogens stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation by binding to estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) that are ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen-activated ER either binds directly to DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs), or interacts with other DNA-bound transcription factors in the promoters of target genes to regulate transcription. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) compete with estrogens for binding ER and act as a mixed ER agonist/antagonists depending on the cell type, e.g., antiestrogenic in breast and estrogenic in bone. Examples of SERMs in current clinical use are tamoxifen and raloxifene. This chapter discusses the effect of SERMs on the structure and function of ERα and ERβ. Structural studies indicate that ER occupied by SERMs has a different conformation from estradiol-occupied ER. This structural difference prevents the interaction of SERM-occupied ER with coactivator proteins necessary for chromatin remodeling involved in the initiation of gene transcription. Instead, SERM-occupied ER interacts with the corepressors NCoR and SMRT in vitro and when SERM-occupied ER is bound to ERE-containing genes in breast cancer cells. Corepressors interact with histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes that maintain chromatin in a repressed state that precludes initiation of target gene transcription. Recent data from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that SERM-occupied ERα interacts with coactivators when tethered to the promoters of AP-1-regulated estrogen target genes in endometrial cancer cells, thus providing a mechanism for the agonist activity of tamoxifen in endometrial cells. The applicability of these findings to other cell types in which tamoxifen has agonist activity remains to be determined.
The path(s) to employee trust in direct supervisor in nascent and established relationships: A fuzzy set analysis

Summary While many of the propositions advanced by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman's (1995) integrative model of interpersonal trust have been supported empirically, we still know little about how time impacts the relative importance of the model's elements. In addition, there may be situations in which trust can develop with lesser degrees of any of the trustworthiness facets or propensity to trust. Hence, we apply a configurational set-theoretic perspective to examine what combinations will be sufficient to produce the presence of trust in a direct supervisor across nascent and established relationships. We find three distinct configurations associated with trust in supervisor, which allows us to elaborate theory and provide novel insights to trust research. In particular, we find that in both nascent and established relationships, perceptions of high supervisor ability, benevolence, and integrity constitute a sufficient configuration for high trust in supervisor. In established relationships, however, there were two paths to high trust in supervisor: (i) perceptions of high supervisor ability and integrity, or (ii) perceptions of high supervisor ability and benevolence, accompanied by high propensity to trust. As such, in established relationships, perceptions of high supervisor benevolence and high propensity to trust may be substitutable with perceptions of high supervisor integrity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of conditional value-at-risk for input uncertainty with budget allocation

When simulating a complex stochastic system, the behavior of the output response depends on the input parameters estimated from finite real-world data, and the finiteness of data brings input uncertainty to the output response. The quantification of the impact of input uncertainty on output response has been extensively studied. However, most of the existing literature focuses on providing inferences on the mean output response with respect to input uncertainty, including point estimation and confidence interval construction of the mean response. To the best of our knowledge, risk assessment of input uncertainty has been rarely considered. In the present paper, we will introduce risk measures for input uncertainty, study a nested Monte Carlo estimator and construct an asymptotically valid confidence interval for a specific risk measure---Conditional Value-at-Risk of the mean response. We further study the associated budget allocation problem for more efficient nested simulation of the estimator.
THE CONCENTRIC GRANULES OF ALLOMYCES AND ITS RELATIVES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The structure of the concentric granules (CGs) of Allomyces was studied following both conventional chemical fixation and freeze fracture. The structural features of the CGs are identical when prepared by either method. Analysis by EDAX revealed that the CGs contain phosphorus and perhaps sulfur. In thalli damaged by cutting with a scalpel blade, hyphal compartments adjacent to the damaged compartment frequently did not lose all of their cytoplasm. Rather, cytoplasmic flow was stopped at the septum between the damaged compartment and the adjacent compartment. The pores in these septa became occluded with CGs. Wall material formed between the CGs and the cytoplasm of the hyphal compartment adjacent to the damaged one. These adjacent hyphal compartments were often capable of renewed growth. Ultrastructural studies of the vegetative thallus of Microallomyces dendroideus, a species that lacks hyphal septa, revealed CGs that are structurally identical to those found in Allomyces species. Concentric granules that are structurally similar to the ones in Allomyces are present in the thallus ofBlastocladia ramosa. It was concluded that a significant role of CGs in Allomyces is to function as septal pore plugs but other functions for the CGs cannot be ruled out.
Dance on!: Inter-collegiate Indian dance competitions as a new cultural form

Inter-collegiate Indian dance competitions emerged in the late 1990s in the United States and have since become wildly popular. Why dance? Why now? We explore these questions through Nachte Raho, a competition hosted by a University of Iowa student organization. Such events allow participants to publicly embody the contradictions they experience as minoritized children of immigrants on a predominantly White campus. Thus, dance enables community building among minoritized students and has entertainment value to non-Indians. Students distinguish Nachte Raho from unruly “community functions” organized by immigrant parents and aim instead to produce a professionalized show intended primarily for peers.
Correction: Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Chondrocytes.

After publication of our recent article [1], we noticed an error in the third sentence of the third paragraph of the section entitled, 'Joint inflammation and cartilage remodeling in RA'. This sentence should read: ADAMTS-5 is expressed constitutively, whereas ADAMTS-4 is more prominently regulated by inflammatory cytokines.
Intermarriage and the labour-force participation of immigrants: differences by gender

ABSTRACTStudies of the impact of intermarriage on labour market outcomes of immigrants focus on labour-force participants. However, intermarriage itself can change participation options and heterogeneously so for men and women. Using data from the 2010 American Community Survey, we find that the raw impact of intermarriage is to reduce labour-force participation for men and increase it for women. However, upon controlling for observable and unobservable selection into intermarriage, the gains from intermarriage for women are reversed. The importance of human capital controls of education and experience in determining the labour-force participation of married immigrants is underscored. Birthplace fixed effects play an important role in explaining the gender differences in labour-force participation among intermarried immigrants.
Odor identification deficit in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease is associated with hippocampal and deep gray matter atrophy

Even in early stages, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with olfactory deficit. We assess the association of volumetric differences in subcortical deep gray matter (DGM) structures and odor identification deficit (OID) in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), AD and normal controls (NCs), and relate findings to the current gold standard right sided memory measure, visual reproduction. Eighty subjects (19 aMCI; 42 CE; 19 NC) were included in this study. We obtained olfactory testing and normalized structural brain volumes from 3T T1 MRI scans. Associations between MRI, olfactory- and memory impairment were studied using Pearson- and partial-correlation adjusted for age. AD patients had significantly higher olfactory deficits, lower visual reproduction scores, and reduced brain volumes (p<0.05). Within aMCI, OID was associated with lower right hippocampal- and left amygdala volume (p<0.05). In AD, OID was associated with bilaterally lower hippocampus and left amygdala volumes. In contrast, visual reproduction was associated with bilateral volume loss regardless of study group. OID is a more specific marker of early pathological right mesial-temporal involvement than the currently regarded gold standard of right sided-memory (visual reproduction). OID may be valuable in the longitudinal evaluation of disease modifying treatments in early disease course.
Evidence for Disease Specific Immunophenotypic Abnormalities in Blood from Patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Immune dysfunction is known to contribute to lymphomagenesis in the context of immunosuppressive therapy and infection with HIV. The current study was undertaken to test whether low grade but progressive forms of lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL), might be associated with systemic immunologic dysfunction as evaluated by flow cytometry. Because of recent studies suggesting a tumor initiating function for infiltrating macrophages in AIDS lymphoma (Zenger et al, Cancer Research62:5536–42,2002), we investigated the immunophenotype of both monocytes and T cells in blood from patients with recurrent MCL and FL. Heparinized blood was taken from 13 individuals with MCL and 6 with FL, both sets of patients previously treated with an average of 4 cycles of combination chemotherapy +/− Rituxan. No patient had received any therapy during the 3 months prior to the current study. Cell surface antigens CD14, CD16, HLA-DR, CD4, CD8, and CD38 were studied in the two diseases and results were compared to age matched controls. Blood from MCL patients showed an immunophenotypic pattern, similar to blood phenotypes described for patients infected with HIV. The %CD4 population was significantly lower than normal controls (p
Monoclonal Antibodies as Molecular Probes of the Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) has been studied intensively using anatomic and electrophysiological methods such that an overall concept of the structure and function of the various neural cell types has been obtained. In spite of the large body of information about the CNS, the molecular differences among the different subclasses of neural cells and the ways in which these differences account for the observed differences in morphology and synaptic interactions are understood poorly if at all.
Clinical Pharmacology of Intravenous Sedation in Children

There are many situations in medicine where it is necessary to undertake procedures in young or unco-operative children for therapeutic or diagnostic reasons. Minor and relatively non-stimulating procedures can be managed with sedation rather than general anesthesia. This chapter looks at the clinical pharmacology of sedation in children; including indications and cautions, safety considerations, assessment of the level of sedation, the drugs commonly used and their side-effects. This will give the clinician a better insight into how to provide a safe and effective sedation service for children.
High‐Intensity Statin Therapy Is Associated With Improved Survival in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Background The relative benefit of higher statin dosing in patients with peripheral artery disease has not been reported previously. We compared the effectiveness of low‐ or moderate‐intensity (LMI) versus high‐intensity (HI) statin dose on clinical outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease. Methods and Results We reviewed patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease who underwent peripheral angiography and/or endovascular intervention from 2006 to 2013 who were not taking other lipid‐lowering medications. HI statin use was defined as atorvastatin 40–80 mg or rosuvastatin 20–40 mg. Baseline demographics, procedural data, and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Among 909 patients, 629 (69%) were prescribed statins, and 124 (13.6%) were treated with HI statin therapy. Mean low‐density lipoprotein level was similar in patients on LMI versus HI (80±30 versus 87±44 mg/dL, P =0.14). Demographics including age (68±12 versus 67±10 years, P =0.25), smoking history (76% versus 80%, P =0.42), diabetes mellitus (54% versus 48%, P =0.17), and hypertension (88% versus 89%, P =0.78) were similar between groups (LMI versus HI). There was a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (56% versus 75%, P =0.0001) among patients on HI statin (versus LMI). After propensity weighting, HI statin therapy was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio for mortality: 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.33–0.81; P =0.004) and decreased major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio: 0.58; 95% confidence interval 0.37–0.92, P =0.02). Conclusions In patients with peripheral artery disease who were referred for peripheral angiography or endovascular intervention, HI statin therapy was associated with improved survival and fewer major adverse cardiovascular events compared with LMI statin therapy.
New Generation Parametric Optimality

Applying the new notion of the generalized \((\phi ,\eta ,\rho ,\theta ,\tilde{m})\)-invexity, a set of higher order parametric necessary optimality conditions and several sets of higher order sufficient optimality conditions in semi-infinite framework for a discrete minmax fractional programming problem applying various classes of \((\phi ,\eta ,\rho ,\theta ,\tilde{m})\)-invexity assumptions are presented.
Improved Three-Dimensional (3D) Resolution of Electron Tomograms Using Robust Mathematical Data-Processing Techniques

Electron tomography has become an essential tool for three-dimensional (3D) characterization of nanomaterials. In recent years, advances have been made in specimen preparation and mounting, acquisition geometries, and reconstruction algorithms. All of these components work together to optimize the resolution and clarity of an electron tomogram. However, one important component of the data-processing has received less attention: the 2D tilt series alignment. This is challenging for a number of reasons, namely because the nature of the data sets and the need to be coherently aligned over the full range of angles. An inaccurate alignment may be difficult to identify, yet can significantly limit the final 3D resolution. In this work, we present an improved center-of-mass alignment model that allows us to overcome discrepancies from unwanted objects that enter the imaging area throughout the tilt series. In particular, we develop an approach to overcome changes in the total mass upon rotation of the imaging area. We apply our approach to accurately recover small Pt nanoparticles embedded in a zeolite that may otherwise go undetected both in the 2D microscopy images and the 3D reconstruction. In addition to this, we highlight the particular effectiveness of the compressed sensing methods with this data set.
Pulsatile Delivery for Controlling Drug Release

The mechanisms and modes of drug action are such that systems ­providing constant and persistent plasma levels may not be optimally effective with some drugs and clinical conditions. At times, drug may need to be delivered at a specific time, for a certain period, to a specific location. “Delivery on demand” may even be optimal in response to the presence of a specific “biomarker-type” mediator. There is in consequence much interest in systems that can deliver drug from a unit in a time, location, or stimulus-driven mode. This chapter discusses the potential, possibilities, and limitations for pulsatile delivery so that therapy can meet the above requirements.
Third World Women, World Population Growth: A Case of Blaming the Victim

This paper examines the provisions of the 1974 United Nations World Population Conference pertaining to the status of women, wherein it is assumed that if the status of women is improved and they are educated and employed, fertility will decline. It is concluded that these assumptions do not have very sound theoretical or empirical bases, and that the possibility and probability of implementation in the near future is slim. It is hypothesized that the Conference World Plan of Action will do little to raise the status of women or reduce population growth because it is a product of sexual politics.
Assessing Access Services: Building a Five-Year Plan for Sustainable Assessment.

AbstractThe University of Baltimore’s Langsdale Library underwent its five-year review in FY2016 (1 July 2015–30 June 2016). A basic, integral and necessary element of this process was the developm...
Accelerated Oxidation of Organic Contaminants by Ferrate(VI): The Overlooked Role of Reducing Additives

This paper presents an accelerated ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42–, FeVI) oxidation of contaminants in 30 s by adding one-electron and two-electron transfer reductants (R(1) and R(2)). An addition of R(2) (e.g., NH2OH, AsIII, SeIV, PIII, and NO2–, and S2O32–) results in FeIV initially, while FeV is generated with the addition of R(1) (e.g., SO32–). R(2) additives, except S2O32–, show the enhanced oxidation of 20–40% of target contaminant, trimethoprim (TMP). Comparatively, enhanced oxidation of TMP was up to 100% with the addition of R(1) to FeVI. Interestingly, addition of S2O32– (i.e., R(2)) also achieves the enhanced oxidation to 100%. Removal efficiency of TMP depends on the molar ratio ([R(1)]:[FeVI] or [R(2)]:[FeVI]). Most of the reductants have the highest removal at molar ratio of ∼0.125. A FeVI–S2O32– system also oxidizes rapidly a wide range of organic contaminants (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, artificial sweetener, and X-ray contrast media) in water and real water matrices. FeV and FeIV as the oxidative ...