cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delocalization of Flux Lines from Extended Defects by Bulk Randomness

We study the delocalization by bulk randomness of a single flux line (FL) from an extended defect, such as a columnar pin or twin plane. In three dimensions, the FL is always bound to a planar defect, while there is an unpinning transition from a columnar pin. Transfer matrix simulations confirm this picture, and indicate that the divergence of the localization length from the columnar defect is governed by a liberation exponent ν⊥ = 1.3 ± 0.6, for which a "mean-field" estimate gives ν⊥ ≈ 0.78. The results, and their extensions, are compared to other theories. The effects may be observable in thin samples close to Hc1.
The molecular structure and conformation of cellulose II (Fortisan) using accurate X-ray diffraction intensities

Abstract The previous Polymer Diffraction Symposium saw the use of x-ray film data array calculations to obtain diffraction intensities with computed accuracies. Subsequently, methods for geometrical deconvolution of overlapped diffraction spots have been developed. The techniques have now been applied to data arrays from films of Fortisan. Severely overlapped reflection arcs were splined and transformed into polar coordinate space, yielding orthogonalized diffraction spot groups. Spots were then identified
MAC for Networks with Multipacket Reception Capability and Spatially Distributed Nodes

The physical layer of future wireless networks will be based on novel radio technologies such as UWB and MIMO. One of the important capabilities of such technologies is the ability to capture a few packets simultaneously. This capability has the potential to improve the performance of the MAC layer. However, we show that in networks with spatially distributed nodes, reusing backoff mechanisms originally designed for narrow-band systems (e.g., CSMA/CA) is inefficient. It is well known that when networks with spatially distributed nodes operate with such MAC protocols, the channel may be captured by nodes that are near the destination, leading to unfairness. We show that when the physical layer enables multipacket reception, the negative implications of reusing the legacy protocols include not only such unfairness, but also a significant throughput reduction. We present alternative backoff mechanisms and evaluate their performance via Markovian analysis, approximations, and simulation. We show that our alternative backoff mechanisms can improve both overall throughput and fairness.
Expeditious amide-forming reactions using thiol esters

Abstract The reaction of a 2-pyridylthiol ester with a dimethylaluminum amide leads to the rapid formation of the corresponding amide. The tolylthiol esters can be activated with silver trifluoroacetate and coupled even with poorly reactive amino compounds.
Safety of pneumococcal revaccination

Indications for pneumococcal polysaccharide revaccination include highest-risk patients vaccinated more than six years previously, but there is controversy regarding revaccination of patients with chronic medical conditions and revaccination of the elderly. The object of the study was to investigate whether revaccination with the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine would cause significant adverse reactions. 151 patients were revaccinated and completed a questionnaire concerning the 72 hours after the injection. Valid data were obtained from 127 patients. Mild systemic reactions varied from 4% to 8% and local reactions varied from 40% to 60%, which is not different from the reported reaction with the initial vaccination. This profile of adverse reactions after revaccination should minimize concerns about revaccination.
A parallel method for large scale convex regression problems

Convex regression (CR) problem deals with fitting a convex function to a finite number of observations. It has many applications in various disciplines, such as statistics, economics, operations research, and electrical engineering. Computing the least squares (LS) estimator via solving a quadratic program (QP) is the most common technique to fit a piecewise-linear convex function to the observed data. Since the number of constraints in the QP formulation increases quadratically in N, the number of observed data points, computing the LS estimator is not practical using interior point methods when N is very large. The first-order method proposed in this paper carefully manages the memory usage through parallelization, and efficiently solves large-scale instances of CR.
Electronic derivatives exchanges: Implicit mergers, network externalities, and standardization

Abstract The economic theory of network externalities is used to explore the possibility of consolidation and growing market power in the exchange-traded derivatives industry. A definition of implicit mergers between exchanges is offered. It is argued that electronic exchange structure will serve as the bund from which multinational mergers between existing exchanges will emerge. Economic equilibrium should entail lower pricing of electronic exchange services initially, followed by heightened liquidity and above marginal cost pricing later. The latter will be enabled through cartelization and implicit mergers. Evidence is provided that such merger activity has begun over the past year or so, with “international linkage” as the disguise and electronic trading facilities as the vehicle.
Graphical evaluation of relativistic matrix elements

A graphical representation of angular momentum was used to evaluate relativistic matrix elements between antisymmetrized states of many particle configurations having any number of open shells. The antisymmetrized matrix element was expanded as a sum of semisymmetrized matrix elements. The diagram representing a semisymmetrized matrix element was composed of four diagram blocks; the bra block, the ket block, the spectator block, and the interaction block. The first three blocks indicate the couplings of the two interacting configurations while the last depends on the interaction and is the replaceable component. Interaction blocks for relativistic operators and commonly used potentials were summarized in ready to use forms. A simple step by step procedure was prescribed generally for calculating antisymmetrized matrix elements of one and two particle operators.
Term structure estimation without using latent factors

Abstract A combination of observed and unobserved (latent) factors capture term structure dynamics. Information about these dynamics is extracted from observed factors using restrictions implied by no-arbitrage, without specifying or estimating any of the parameters associated with latent factors. Estimation is equivalent to fitting the moment conditions of a set of regressions, where no-arbitrage imposes cross-equation restrictions on the coefficients. The methodology is applied to the dynamics of inflation and yields. Outside of the disinflationary period of 1979 through 1983, short-term rates move one-for-one with expected inflation, while bond risk premia are insensitive to inflation.
Extrasolar Planetary Dynamics with a Generalized Planar Laplace-Lagrange Secular Theory

The dynamical evolution of nearly half of the known extrasolar planets in multiple-planet systems may be dominated by secular perturbations. The commonly high eccentricities of the planetary orbits calls into question the utility of the traditional Laplace-Lagrange (LL) secular theory in analyses of the motion. We analytically generalize this theory to fourth order in the eccentricities, compare the result with the second-order theory and octupole-level theory, and apply these theories to the likely secularly dominated HD 12661, HD 168443, HD 38529, and υ And multiplanet systems. The fourth-order scheme yields a multiply branched criterion for maintaining apsidal libration and implies that the apsidal rate of a small body is a function of its initial eccentricity, dependencies which are absent from the traditional theory. Numerical results indicate that the primary difference the second- and fourth-order theories reveal is an alteration in secular periodicities and to a smaller extent amplitudes of the planetary eccentricity variation. Comparison with numerical integrations indicates that the improvement afforded by the fourth-order theory over the second-order theory sometimes is dwarfed by the improvement needed to reproduce the actual dynamical evolution. We conclude that LL secular theory, to any order, generally represents a poor barometer for predicting secular dynamics in extrasolar planetary systems, but does embody a useful tool for extracting an accurate long-term dynamical description of systems with small bodies and/or near-circular orbits.
Feedback as an Incentive for Responding to a Mail Questionnaire.

The effect of offering respondents feedback on questionnaire results was investigated in a national mail survey of college-bound secondary school students. It was found that offering feedback had a significant positive effect on response rate, but the magnitude of that effect was slightly less than the increase in response rate resulting from a shorter questionnaire and considerably less than a follow-up contact with nonrespondents.
Ellipses in translation surfaces

We study the topology and geometry of the moduli space of immersions of ellipses into a translation surface. The frontier of this space is naturally stratified by the number of ‘cone points’ that an ellipse meets. The stratum consisting of ellipses that meet three cone points is naturally a two dimensional (non-manifold) polygonal cell complex. We show that the topology of this cell-complex together with the eccentricity and direction of each of its vertices determines the translation surface up to homothety. As a corollary we characterize the Veech group of the translation surface in terms of automorphisms of this polygonal cell complex.
The influence of density ratio on the primary atomization of a turbulent liquid jet in crossflow

Abstract In this paper, we study the impact of density ratio on turbulent liquid jet in crossflow penetration and atomization if all other characteristic parameters, i.e., momentum flux ratio, jet and crossflow Weber and Reynolds numbers, are maintained constant. We perform detailed simulations of the primary atomization region using the refined level set grid method to track the motion of the liquid/gas phase interface. We employ a balanced force, interface projected curvature method to ensure high accuracy of the surface tension forces, use a multi-scale approach to transfer broken-off, small scale nearly spherical drops into a Lagrangian point particle description allowing for full two-way coupling and continued secondary atomization, and employ a dynamic Smagorinsky large eddy simulation approach in the single phase regions of the flow to describe turbulence. We compare simulation results obtained previously using a liquid to gas density ratio of 10 for a momentum flux ratio 6.6, Weber number 330, and Reynolds number 14,000 liquid jet injected into a Reynolds number 740,000 gaseous crossflow to those at a density ratio of 100, a value typical for gas turbine combustors. The results show that the increase in density ratio results in a noticeable increase in jet penetration, change in drop size distribution resulting from primary atomization, change in drop velocities generated by primary atomization in the crossflow and jet direction, but virtually no change in drop velocities in the transverse direction.
Hybrid photonic crystal cavity and waveguide for coupling to diamond NV-centers

A design for an ultra-high Q photonic crystal nanocavity engineered to interact with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers located near the surface of a single crystal diamond sample is presented. The structure is based upon a nanowire photonic crystal geometry, and consists of a patterned high refractive index thin film, such as gallium phosphide (GaP), supported by a diamond substrate. The nanocavity supports a mode with quality factor Q>1.5×106 and mode volume V<0.52(λ/nGaP)3, and promises to allow Purcell enhanced collection of spontaneous emission from an NV located more than 50 nm below the diamond surface. The nanowire photonic crystal waveguide can be used to efficiently couple light into and out of the cavity, or as an efficient broadband collector of NV phonon sideband emission. The proposed structures can be fabricated using existing materials and processing techniques.
Improved limit on charge conservation derived from 71Ga solar neutrino experiments.

The reported counting rates of the SAGE and GALLEX solar neutrino detectors have been used to establish an improved limit on the charge-nonconserving decay {sup 71}Ga{r_arrow}{sup 71}Ge+neutrals. The 1{sigma} lower limit on the lifetime against such decays is 3.5{times}10{sup 26} yr. This result can be used to establish a 1{sigma} upper limit on the ratio of the charge-nonconserving to the normal weak interaction decay width of the neutron, {Gamma}({ital n}{r_arrow}{ital p}+{nu}{sub {ital e}}+{bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}})/{Gamma} ({ital n}{r_arrow}{ital p}+{ital e}{sup {minus}}+{bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}}){le}8{times}10{sup {minus}27}. This result represents by far the most stringent limit yet derived for charge-nonconserving decays involving baryons. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Properties of modelling the error distribution with an extra shape parameter

Abstract A robust extension of normal theory regression is to add an extra parameter to model the kurtosis of the error distribution, for example by using the T -family or the power-exponential family of distributions. The statistical properties of maximum likelihood estimation schemes for both families of models are considered. This article extends the work of Lange et al. (1989) in which the usefulness of the multivariate T -family for modelling data was demonstrated. The cost of adding the extra kurtosis parameter to the standard normal model is considered. This cost is measured by comparing the variance of the quantity of interest when the estimation of the extra parameter is taken into account and the variance when the estimated value of the extra parameter is treated as if it were known. In Lange et al. (1989), it is shown in a general setting that asymptotically there is no cost due to the estimation of the extra parameter, where the quantity of interest is the location or regression parameters. Whether this finding remains valid in small samples for the T and power-exponential families is investigated in this paper using Monte Carlo simulations and a real dataset. The efficiency of parameter estimates and coverage rates are also considered under three different scenarios: when the extra kurtosis parameter is estimated from the data, when the extra parameter is fixed at the true value, and when it is fixed at a wrong value. The expected information matrix is used to estimate the confidence intervals, and the comparisons are based on asymptotic calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that for the T -family there is very little cost due to estimation of the extra parameter, except for small sample sizes. The inflation in variance due to the estimation of the extra parameter increases as the sample size decreases. In the Monte Carlo simulations of simple regression settings the inflation in variance is found to be at most 14% for the T -family and at most 62% for the power-exponential family. For the T -family, there is a considerable loss of efficiency in fitting a normal model when the true degrees of freedom is small, but only a small loss of efficiency if a model with a low number of degrees of freedom is fit to normal observations. In contrast, the coverage rates of confidence intervals are close to the nominal level if a normal model is fit to the data whatever the true degrees of freedom, but the coverage rates can be too low if a model with a low number of degrees of freedom is fit to normal data. The coverage rates of confidence intervals when the degrees of freedom is estimated from the data are satisfactory, except at small sample size. Similar results are obtained for the power-exponential family. In addition to the larger inflation in variance due to estimation of the extra parameter, the power-exponential family is less satisfactory then the T -family because the extra kurtosis parameter is frequently estimated to be at the boundary of its range in small samples. The findings in this article support the notion that the extra kurtosis
A finite difference solution for the propagation of sound in near sonic flows

An explicit time/space finite difference procedure is used to model the propagation of sound in a quasi one-dimensional duct containing high Mach number subsonic flow. Nonlinear acoustic equations are derived by perturbing the time-dependent Euler equations about a steady, compressible mean flow. The governing difference relations are based on a fourth-order, two-step (predictor-corrector) MacCormack scheme. The solution algorithm functions by switching on a time harmonic source and allowing the difference equations to iterate to a steady state. The principal effect of the non-linearities was to shift acoustical energy to higher harmonics. With increased source strengths, wave steepening was observed. This phenomenon suggests that the acoustical response may approach a shock behavior at at higher sound pressure level as the throat Mach number aproaches unity. On a peak level basis, good agreement between the nonlinear finite difference and linear finite element solutions was observed, even through a peak sound pressure level of about 150 dB occurred in the throat region. Nonlinear steady state waveform solutions are shown to be in excellent agreement with a nonlinear asymptotic theory.
The short-range three-body phase and other issues impacting the observation of Efimov physics in ultracold quantum gases

We discuss several issues important for experimentally observing Efimov physics in ultracold quantum gases. By numerically solving the three-boson Schrodinger equation over a broad range of scattering lengths and energies, and by including model potentials with multiple bound states, we address the complications of relating experimental observations to available analytic expressions. These more realistic potentials introduce features that can mask the predicted Efimov physics at small scattering lengths. They also allow us to verify that positive and negative scattering lengths are universally connected only across a pole, not across a zero. Additionally, we show that the spacing between Efimov features for the relatively small scattering lengths accessible experimentally fails to precisely follow the geometric progression expected for Efimov physics. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the short-range three-body physics in determining the position of Efimov features and show that theoretically reproducing two-body physics is not generally sufficient to predict three-body properties quantitatively.
Supersymmetry and the Cosmic Ray Positron Excess

We explore several supersymmetric alternatives to explain predictions for the cosmic ray positron excess. Light sneutrino or neutralino LSP's, and a fine-tuned model designed to provide a delta-function input, can give adequate statistical descriptions of the reported HEAT data if non-thermal production of the relic cold dark matter density dominates and/or if"boost factors" (that could originate in uncertainties from propagation or local density fluctuations) to increase the size of the signal are included. All the descriptions can be tested at the Tevatron or LHC, and some in other WIMP detecting experiments.
Becoming director: an internal candidate's view

Purpose – Within the literature on moving into library directorships, the track of the internal candidate is largely ignored. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap through description and analysis of the experiences of a successful inside candidate for the position of law library director.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports a first‐person account of an internal candidate. Accompanying analysis places the narrative into the larger context of relevant literature of personnel and library management.Findings – The internal candidate is suggested to differ from external applicants in several ways. Most significantly, possessing prior knowledge of the library, she can move quickly to address pressing problems, using that initial success to set the new administration on a productive course. Additional issues include the greater psychological toll of having to distance herself from former colleagues to fulfill administrative duties.Originality/value – Comparatively little consideration of t...
SN 2005hj: Evidence for two classes of normal-bright SNe Ia and implications for cosmology

HET optical spectra covering the evolution from about 6 days before to about 5 weeks after maximum light and the ROTSE-IIIb unfiltered light curve of the "Branch-normal" Type Ia Supernova SN 2005hj are presented. The host galaxy shows H II region lines at redshift of z = 0.0574, which puts the peak unfiltered absolute magnitude at a somewhat overluminous -19.6. The spectra show weak and narrow Si II lines. These profiles do not change in width or depth for 10 days beginning around maximum light, indicating a constant expansion velocity of ≈10,600 km s-1. We analyzed the observations based on detailed radiation dynamical models. Delayed detonation and deflagration models that have been used to explain the majority of SNe Ia do not predict a long velocity plateau in the Si II minimum with an unvarying line profile. Pulsating delayed detonations and merger scenarios form shell-like density structures with properties mostly related to the mass of the shell, Mshell. We discuss how these models may explain the observed Si II line evolution; however, these models are based on spherical calculations and other possibilities may exist. SN 2005hj is consistent with respect to the onset, duration, and velocity of the plateau, the peak luminosity and, within the uncertainties, with the intrinsic colors for models with Mshell = 0.2 M☉. Our analysis suggests a distinct class of events hidden within the Branch-normal SNe Ia. The predicted relations between observables are confirmed, they may provide a way to separate these two groups. We discuss the implications for cosmological studies.
Asymmetric Intermolecular C−H Activation, Using Immobilized Dirhodium Tetrakis((S)-N-(dodecylbenzenesulfonyl)- prolinate) as a Recoverable Catalyst

Heterogenization of dirhodium tetrakis((S)-N-dodecylbenzenesulfonyl)prolinate) (Rh2(S-DOSP)4) can be readily achieved on a pyridine functionalized highly cross-linked polystyrene resin. The immobilized complex is readily recycled and exhibits excellent catalytic activity for asymmetric intermolecular C−H activation by means of rhodium carbenoid induced C−H insertion.
SYNTHESIS OF 3,6-DI-(tert-BUTYL)FLUORENE BY NICKEL(0) CATALYZED COUPLING OF ARYL HALIDES

(1998). SYNTHESIS OF 3,6-DI-(tert-BUTYL)FLUORENE BY NICKEL(0) CATALYZED COUPLING OF ARYL HALIDES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 222-225.
Quality of OCR for degraded text images

Commercial OCR packages work best with high-quality scanned images. They often produce poor results when the image is degraded, either because the original itself was poor quality, or because of excessive photocopying. The ability to predict the word failure rate of OCR from a statistical analysis of the image can help in making decisions in the trade-off between the success rate of OCR and the cost of human correction of errors. This paper describes an investigation of OCR of degraded text images using a standard OCR engine (Adobe Capture). The documents were selected from those in the archive at Los Alamos National Laboratory. By introducing noise in a controlled manner into perfect documents, we show how the quality of OCR can be predicted from the nature of the noise. The preliminary results show that a simple noise model can give good prediction of the number of OCR errors.
Hydrogen release from mixtures of lithium borohydride and lithium amide: a phase diagram study.

We recently reported the synthesis of a new quaternary hydride in the lithium−boron−nitrogen−hydrogen quaternary phase diagram with the approximate composition LiB0.33N0.67H2.67 having a theoretical hydrogen content of 11.9 wt %. This new compound forms by the reaction of appropriate amounts of lithium amide (LiNH2) and lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and releases greater than 10 wt % hydrogen when heated. A small amount of ammonia, 2−3 mol % of the generated gas, is also released. We now report a study of hydrogen and ammonia release from the series of reactant mixtures (LiNH2)x(LiBH4)1-x, where x = 0.667 corresponds to the composition LiB0.33N0.67H2.67. We measured hydrogen and ammonia release amounts as a function of composition and found that maximum hydrogen and minimum ammonia release do occur for x = 0.667. We also present evidence for an additional new quaternary phase and for two possibly metastable phases in this system.
Protection from Cold Injury by Deferoxamine, an Iron Chelator:

The presence of hydroxyl radical (OH.) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cold injury. Since iron is know to catalyze the OH. formation responsible for cellular injury, this study was designed to examine whether an iron chelator such as deferoxamine can salvage a tissue from cold injury. Cold injury was induced in the hind limbs of rabbils. The experimental group received 0.6 mM of deferoxamine through the femoral vein prior to cooling of the limbs. Deferoxamine reduced the tissue injury, as evidenced by the decreased release of lactate dehydrogenase, a nonspecific marker for cellular injury. In addition, this drug inhibited OH. formation of conjugated dienes and malonaldehyde, presumptive markers for lipid peroxidation. Rewarming of the cooled limbs was also associated with the loss of membrane phospholipids, with the corresponding accumulation of lysopho-sphogyyylycerides and free fatty acids, especially linoleic and arachidonic acids. Deferoxamine prevented the loss of phospholipids and inhibited the accumulation of amphipathic lipid products. These results indicates that deferoxamine salvaged the tissue from cold injury, possibly by preventing the formation of OH. presumably by chelating iron, thus protecting the phospholipids from free radical attack.
Experiments and simulations on the nonlinear control of a hydraulic servosystem

This paper presents the derivation, simulation, and implementation of a nonlinear tracking control law for a hydraulic servosystem. An analysis of the nonlinear system equations is used in the derivation of a Lyapunov function that provides for exponentially stable force trajectory tracking. This control law is then extended to provide position tracking. The proposed controller is simulated and then implemented on an experimental hydraulic system to test the limits of its performance and the realistic effects of friction.
Tests of homoscedasticity, normality, and missing completely at random for incomplete multivariate data

Test of homogeneity of covariances (or homoscedasticity) among several groups has many applications in statistical analysis. In the context of incomplete data analysis, tests of homoscedasticity among groups of cases with identical missing data patterns have been proposed to test whether data are missing completely at random (MCAR). These tests of MCAR require large sample sizes n and/or large group sample sizes n(i), and they usually fail when applied to non-normal data. Hawkins (1981) proposed a test of multivariate normality and homoscedasticity that is an exact test for complete data when n(i) are small. This paper proposes a modification of this test for complete data to improve its performance, and extends its application to test of homoscedasticity and MCAR when data are multivariate normal and incomplete. Moreover, it is shown that the statistic used in the Hawkins test in conjunction with a nonparametric k-sample test can be used to obtain a nonparametric test of homoscedasticity that works well for both normal and non-normal data. It is explained how a combination of the proposed normal-theory Hawkins test and the nonparametric test can be employed to test for homoscedasticity, MCAR, and multivariate normality. Simulation studies show that the newly proposed tests generally outperform their existing competitors in terms of Type I error rejection rates. Also, a power study of the proposed tests indicates good power. The proposed methods use appropriate missing data imputations to impute missing data. Methods of multiple imputation are described and one of the methods is employed to confirm the result of our single imputation methods. Examples are provided where multiple imputation enables one to identify a group or groups whose covariance matrices differ from the majority of other groups.
Quench rate and temperature effects on boron coordination in aluminoborosilicate melts

Abstract The effect of temperature on the structure of aluminoborosilicate liquids has been studied by 11 B MAS NMR, 11 B 3QMAS NMR, 23 Na and 27 Al MAS NMR spectroscopies using glass samples prepared with different cooling rates and thus different fictive temperatures. The abundance of BO 3 group and non-bridging oxygen (NBO) increases with increasing fictive temperature, indicating that the reaction BO 4 ↔ BO 3 + NBO shifts to the right with increasing temperature. The observed temperature dependence of BO 4 species abundance allows us to estimate the ∆ H of this reaction to be 24 to 50 kJ mol −1 in different glass compositions, and closely related with the amount of NBOs in the glass. Configurational heat capacities have been measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We found that the redistribution of boron species (BO 4 /BO 3 ) contributes a varying range of configurational heat capacity, from 7% to 30%, with different glass compositions. 11 B 3QMAS NMR indicates two different BO 3 sites, the populations of which are also affected by fictive temperature. The exchange between two different BO 3 sites should also contribute to configurational heat capacity.
HAWKING RADIATION: A PARTICLE PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE

It has recently become fashionable to regard black holes as elementary particles. By taking this suggestion reasonably seriously it is possible to cobble together an elementary particle physics based on estimate for the decay rate (black hole)i → (black hole)f+ (massless quantum). This estimate of the spontaneous emission rate contains two free parameters which may be fixed by demanding that the high energy end of the spectrum of emitted quanta match a black body spectrum at the Hawking temperature. The calculation, though technically trivial, has important conceptual implications: (1) The existence of Hawking radiation from black holes seems ultimately dependent only on the fact that massless quanta (and all other forms of matter) couple to gravity. (2) The essentially thermal nature of the Hawking spectrum seems to depend only on the fact that the number of internal states of a large mass black hole is enormous. (3) Remarkably, the resulting formula for the decay rate gives meaningful answers even when extrapolated to low mass black holes. The analysis seems to support the scenario of complete evaporation as the end point of the Hawking radiation process (no naked singularity, no stable massive remnant).
Substation fault analysis requirements

Substation automation has critical role in power systems. Substations are responsible for protection, control and monitoring functions that allow robust routing of power from generators to loads through a complex network of transmission lines. With the latest technology development, many intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) available in substations today are capable of performing enhanced functionalities beyond what their basic function is. This brings an opportunity for adding new functionalities that go well beyond what the traditional substation automation solutions have provided.
Carbocatalysis: Heterogeneous carbons finding utility in synthetic chemistry

In this minireview, we discuss the utility of heterogeneous carbons as catalysts for facilitating a broad range of synthetic transformations. While such materials are commonly used as supports for transition metals that are catalytically active, carbons that are free of metals are also capable of enabling useful chemical reactions. Carbon catalysts hold promise in the development of sustainable alternatives to existing metal-dependent processes, as well as the discovery of mechanisms and transformations that are altogether new. Spanning from the 1930s to the present day, we provide a broad overview of the utility of carbon to facilitate various oxidation, reduction, and bond forming processes. Lastly, we will present some challenges for the future of the field.
NASA Laboratory telerobotic manipulator control system architecture

In support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) goals to increase the utilization of dexterous robotic systems in space, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed the Laboratory Telerobotic Manipulator (LTM) system. It is a dexterous, dual-arm, force reflecting teleoperator system with robotic features for NASA ground-based research. This paper describes the overall control system architecture, including both the hardware and software. The control system is a distributed, modular, and hierarchical design with flexible expansion capabilities for future enhancements of both the hardware and software.
Visible light photocatalysis of intramolecular radical cation Diels-Alder cycloadditions.

Abstract Intramolecular radical cation Diels–Alder reactions can be conducted under photocatalytic conditions using visible light irradiation. The photocatalyst system involves the use of a Ru ( bpy ) 3 2 + chromophore and methyl viologen as a co-oxidant. These reactions enable the cycloaddition of substrates whose thermal Diels–Alder cycloadditions are electronically mismatched and thus require forcing conditions. Nevertheless, the radical cation cycloadditions can be conducted on gram scale using ambient sunlight as the only source of irradiation.
Multiobjective Insensitive Computer-Aided Design of Aerospace Control Systems

Abstract A multiobjective CAD method for aerospace control systems has been developed which can meet requirements on disparate objectives over a set of flight conditions, using constrained minimization algorithms with objective functions in the constraint vector. This paper summarizes results of research on four increasingly sophisticated versions of the method: the basic method, an extension which finds Pareto optimal designs which are well-balanced in all objectives, an extension which finds stochastic-insensitive (SI) designs to minimize the sensitivity to uncertain parameters, and a tradeoff method which designs for a compromise between decreased sensitivity and improved nominal objective values. Examples presented are lateral stability augmentation system (SAS) designs to meet multiple handling qualities requirements for a fighter airplane over a range of flight conditions, and similar SAS designs for several flight conditions of the Shuttle entry vehicle. The method requires strong interaction with experienced designers, who must define the objectives and requirements, choose the design flight conditions and the form of the control systems, adjust parameters in the program to get well-balanced designs, and evaluate the design solutions.
A Viewing Angle-Kinetic Luminosity Unification Scheme for BL Lacertae Objects

We propose a unified classification for BL Lac objects (BLs), focusing on the synchrotron peak frequency νs of the spectral energy distribution. The unification scheme is based on the angle Θ that describes the orientation of the relativistic jet and on the electron kinetic luminosity Λkin of the jet. We assume that Λkin scales with the size of the jet r in a self-similar fashion (Λkin ∝ r2), as supported by observational data. The jets are self-similar in geometry and have the same pressure and median magnetic field at the inlet, independent of size. The self-similarity is broken for the highest energy electrons, which radiate mainly at high frequencies, since for large sources they suffer more severe radiative energy losses over a given fraction of the jet length. We calculate the optically thin synchrotron spectrum using an accelerating inner jet model based on simple relativistic gasdynamics and show that it can fit the observed infrared-to-X-ray spectrum of PKS 2155-304. We couple the accelerating jet model to the unification scheme and compare the results to complete samples of BLs. The negative apparent evolution of X-ray-selected BLs is explained as a result of positive evolution of the jet electron kinetic luminosity Λkin. We review observational arguments in favor of the existence of scaled-down accretion disks and broad emission-line regions in BLs. The proposed unification scheme can explain the lack of observed broad emission lines in X-ray-selected BLs, as well as the existence of those lines preferentially in luminous radio-selected BLs. Finally, we review observational arguments that suggest the extension of this unification scheme to all blazars.
Modified Apriori Approach for Evade Network Intrusion Detection System

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a software or hardware tool that repeatedly scans and monitors events that took place in a computer or a network. A set of rules are used by Signature based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) to detect hostile traffic in network segments or packets, which are so important in detecting malicious and anomalous behavior over the network like known attacks that hackers look for new techniques to go unseen. Sometime, a single failure at any layer will cause the NIDS to miss that attack. To overcome this problem, a technique is used that will trigger a failure in that layer. Such technique is known as Evasive technique. An Evasion can be defined as any technique that modifies a visible attack into any other form in order to stay away from being detect. The proposed system is used for detecting attacks which are going on the network and also gives actual categorization of attacks. The proposed system has advantage of getting low false alarm rate and high detection rate. So that leads into decrease in complexity and overhead on the system. The paper presents the Evasion technique for customized apriori algorithm. The paper aims to make a new functional structure to evade NIDS. This framework can be used to audit NIDS. This framework shows that a proof of concept showing how to evade a self-built NIDS considering two publicly available datasets.
Efficient and Highly Aldehyde Selective Wacker Oxidation

A method for efficient and aldehyde-selective Wacker oxidation of aryl-substituted olefins using PdCl2(MeCN)2, 1,4-benzoquinone, and t-BuOH in air is described. Up to a 96% yield of aldehyde can be obtained, and up to 99% selectivity can be achieved with styrene-related substrates.
Pro forma disclosures, audit fees, and auditor resignations

Abstract The disclosure of non-GAAP (pro forma) earnings numbers by managers in the post-SOX era continues to attract attention from regulators, media, and researchers. However, there is limited empirical evidence on how auditors view clients that emphasize pro forma earnings over GAAP earnings. We study the extent to which audit fees and auditor resignations are associated with opportunistic non-GAAP disclosures. We find that during the pre-SOX period, optimistic pro forma differences, measured using either IBES actual earnings or hand-collected pro forma earnings, are associated with higher audit fees and a higher likelihood of auditor resignations. Additional results indicate that auditors seem to be more concerned with non-GAAP earnings disclosures in the post-SOX period.
De novo synthetic route to a combinatorial library of peptidyl nucleosides.

A stereoselective synthetic route has been developed for the combinatorial synthesis of a structurally unique class of C-4′ side chain modified peptide-linked nucleosides. The synthetic strategy and approach involves initial synthesis of a strategically functionalized amino butenolide template, utilizing L-serine as a chiral starting material. Subsequent transformation of the above lactone to C4′ aminoalkyl substituted nucleosides, followed by the peptidic coupling of the C4′ side chain amine with various amino acids completed the syntheses of the target peptidyl nucleosides. Employing the above route, and utilizing a combination of easily available nucleobases (4) and amino acids (6) as the two diversity elements, synthesis of a 24-member combinatorial library of the title peptide-linked nucleosides has been accomplished.
The Tellurophosphate K4P8Te4: Phase-Change Properties, Exfoliation, Photoluminescence in Solution and Nanospheres

We describe the inorganic polymer K(4)P(8)Te(4) which is soluble, giving solutions that exhibit white emission upon 355 nm laser irradiation. An indirect band gap semiconductor (E(g) approximately 1.4 eV), K(4)P(8)Te(4) crystallizes in the space group P2(1)/m, with a = 6.946(1) A, b = 6.555(1) A, c = 9.955(2) A, and beta = 90.420(3) degrees at 173(2) K. The compound features infinite chains of [P(8)Te(4)(4-)] with covalent P-Te bonding and exhibits reversible crystal-glass phase-change behavior. When deposited from solution, the material forms highly crystalline K(4)P(8)Te(4) nanospheres. The thermal analysis, FT-IR, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, (31)P magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis for the crystal and glass forms and ab initio electronic structure calculations by the screened-exchange local density function approximation are also reported. Speciation of K(4)P(8)Te(4) in solution studied with (31)P solution-state NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and PDF analysis indicate exfoliation of [P(8)Te(4)(4-)] chains followed by rearrangement into molecular species.
Solving the hierarchy problem without supersymmetry or extra dimensions: An Alternative approach

In this paper, we propose a possible new approach towards solving the gauge hierarchy problem without supersymmetry and without extra spacetime dimensions. This approach relies on the finiteness of string theory and the conjectured stability of certain non-supersymmetric string vacua. One crucial ingredient in this approach is the idea of “misaligned supersymmetry”, which explains how string theories may be finite even without exhibiting spacetime supersymmetry. This approach towards solving the gauge hierarchy problem is therefore complementary to recent proposals involving both large and small extra spacetime dimensions. This approach may also give a new perspective towards simultaneously solving the cosmological constant problem.
X-ray characterization of Au/Ni multilayer thin films

Abstract Au/Ni multilayer thin films of single phase structure were analyzed using kinematic X-ray diffraction theories to determine the composition modulation and structure of this multilayer system. The repeat period of the multilayers used in this study ranged from 0.82 × 10 −9 m to 4.26 × 10 −9 m. The composition modulation was found to be a near square wave. The strain at the AuNi interface is predicted to be 9.8% at repeat period 1.65 × 10 −9 m with decreasing values above and below this repeat period.
Presence of the T-cell activation marker OX-40 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and draining lymph node cells from patients with melanoma and head and neck cancers

Abstract Background The OX-40 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein in the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that is expressed primarily on activated CD4+ T cells. Selective target organ expression of the OX-40 receptor on autoantigen specific T cells has been found in autoimmune disease. In order to evaluate whether OX-40 is expressed on T cells from patients with nodal-draining carcinomas, OX-40 expression was assessed in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), draining lymph node cells (DLNCs), and/or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of 13 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and 9 patients with melanomas. Methods Cell phenotype was determined by fluorescence cell analysis using a monoclonal antibody to human OX-40, and CD4+ T cell lymphokine production was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Expression of the OX-40 receptor was found in as many as 31% of the TILs and as many as 28% of the DLNCs tested. Conversely, no OX-40 expression was found in PBLs. In addition, CD4+ T cells isolated from DLNCs (but not from TILs or PBLs) secreted a Th1 pattern of cytokines (IL-2, gamma Interferon). Co-culture of autologous CD4+ TILs with an MHC class II+ melanoma cell line transfected with OX-40 ligand cDNA resulted in T cell proliferation and in vitro tumor regression. Conclusions These findings suggest that OX-40+ CD4+ T cells isolated from tumors and their adjacent draining nodes may represent a tumorspecific population of activated T cells capable of mediating tumor reactivity. These cells may play an exploitable role in future trials of immunotherapy.
Noble metal catalysts prepared by the high-temperature aerosol decomposition (HTAD) process

Abstract An aerosol synthesis technique was used to prepare a variety of metal supported catalysts including Pt, Ir, Pt-Ir, Pt-Sn, and Ag supported on alumina. Characterization of these materials showed that the metals had a novel structure and were exceptionally well dispersed within the alumina matrix. XRD analysis demonstrated the presence of no reflections due to the noble metal components. The silver-alumina preparations demonstrated no reflections for bulk, metallic silver until the silver concentration was increased to 65% and calcined to 900°C. The data suggest that the metal is partially embedded within the alumina structure which leads to its high dispersion and maintenance of dispersion until high temperatures. The fact that the metals were available for catalysis was demonstrated by their facile conversion activity in the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane to toluene in exceptionally high selectivities. An examination of the alumina produced by the aerosol process suggests a high-surface area form of α-alumina.
ADVANCES ON THE BESSIS- MOUSSA-VILLANI TRACE CONJECTURE

Abstract A long-standing conjecture asserts that the polynomial p ( t ) = Tr [ ( A + tB ) m ] has nonnegative coefficients whenever m is a positive integer and A and B are any two n × n positive semidefinite Hermitian matrices. The conjecture arises from a question raised by Bessis et al. [D. Bessis, P. Moussa, M. Villani, Monotonic converging variational approximations to the functional integrals in quantum statistical mechanics, J. Math. Phys. 16 (1975) 2318–2325] in connection with a problem in theoretical physics. Their conjecture, as shown recently by Lieb and Seiringer, is equivalent to the trace positivity statement above. In this paper, we derive a fundamental set of equations satisfied by A and B that minimize or maximize a coefficient of p(t). Applied to the Bessis–Moussa–Villani (BMV) conjecture, these equations provide several reductions. In particular, we prove that it is enough to show that (1) it is true for infinitely many m, (2) a nonzero (matrix) coefficient of (A + tB)m always has at least one positive eigenvalue, or (3) the result holds for singular positive semidefinite matrices. Moreover, we prove that if the conjecture is false for some m, then it is false for all larger m. Finally, we outline a general program to settle the BMV conjecture that has had some recent success.