cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Abdomen Due to Acute Cholangitis in a Leukemic Child

Acute cholangitis, an unusual cause of acute abdomen, occurred in a 5-year-old child with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission. Possible pathomechanisms of cholangitis were (1) vascular spread or (2) ascending ductal spread of infection from the gastrointestinal tract in an immunosuppressed host. The patient improved following surgical decompression of her biliary tree. She survives in continuous complete remission for 27 months and is nine months postotiveerative without complications.
IGE AND IGGA ANTIBODY-MEDIATED RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM RAT PERITONEAL CELLS II. INTERACTION OF IGGA AND IGE AT THE TARGET CELL

IgGa, in contrast to IgE, antibodies mediated the antigen-induced release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells without a requirement for a latent period and without the capacity to bind firmly to the target cell. Nonetheless, IgGa anti-DNP antibody interfered with the capacity of rat anti-N. brasiliensis antiserum rich in IgE antibodies to prepare the target cells for histamine release by worm antigen. Further, interaction of IgE antibody-prepared cells with IgGa anti-DNP antibody and DNP-BSA at 0 degrees C so as to achieve sterile activation, or at 30 degrees C to permit histamine release, inactivated such cells as determined by the subsequent failure to release histamine upon challenge with worm antigen. Thus, although IgE and IgGa antibodies are immunochemically distinct homologous immunoglobulins and exhibit different functional characteristics, their interaction at the target cell involves a common receptor and at least one common point in the pathway to the release of pharmacologic agents from the cell.
Interplanetary dust influx to the Pluto–Charon system

Abstract The influx of interplanetary dust grains (IDPs) to the Pluto–Charon system is expected to drive several physical processes, including the formation of tenuous dusty rings and/or exospheres, the deposition of neutral material in Pluto’s atmosphere through ablation, the annealing of surface ices, and the exchange of ejecta between Pluto and its satellites. The characteristics of these physical mechanisms are dependent on the total incoming mass, velocity, variability, and composition of interplanetary dust grains; however, our knowledge of the IDP environment in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt has, until recently, remained rather limited. Newly-reported measurements by the New Horizons Student Dust Counter combined with previous Pioneer 10 meteoroid measurements and a dynamical IDP tracing model have improved the characterization of the IDP environment in the outer Solar System, including at Pluto–Charon. Here we report on this modeling and data comparison effort, including a discussion of the IDP influx to Pluto and its moons, and the implications thereof.
Enhanced biliary excretion of thyroxine glucuronide in rats pretreated with benzpyrene

Abstract Pretreatment of male or female rats with a single injection of benzpyrene 48 hr before cannulation of the bile duct produced a 3- and 4-fold increase in billary excretion of exogenously administered or endogenously produced labeled thyroxine. Almost all of the increase could be accounted for by enhanced excretion of thyroxine glucoronide. The effect of benzpyrene on thyroxine glucuronide excretion could not be demonstrated 4·5–9·5 hr after administration of the drug. This is in contrast to results obtained with compounds such as sodium salicylate and butyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoate, which acutely promote increased biliary excretion of thyroxine by displacing it from its binding sites on plasma proteins. It also contrasts with the effect of drugs such as propylthiouracil, which increase thyroxine excretion in bile by blocking the major alternate pathway of metabolism, deiodination. Liver slices and homogenates from benzpyrene-treated rats displayed a several-fold increase in capacity to form thyroxine or o -aminopherol glucuronides. Although optimal conditions for assaying thyroxine glucuronyl transferase in liver homogenates were not achieved, the several-fold increase in glucuronyl transferase activity observed in liver homogenates from benzpyrene-treated rats seems best explained by assuming a corresponding increase in the level of the enzyme. The augmented biliary excretion of thyroxine in benzpyrene-treated rats is also best explained on the basis of an increase in liver glucuronyl transferase. Phenobarbital pretreatment produced a small increase in labeled thyroxine excretion in bile, which was not limited to the glucuronide alone. There was no effect on thyroxine conjugation in vitro , although a slight increase in o -aminophenol conjugation could be demonstrated. The slight effect which occurred in vivo with thyroxine appeared to be correlated with an increase in bile flow rather than with an increase in glucuronyl transferase.
Sport-Identity as Side Bet — Towards Explaining Commitment from an Interactionist Perspective:

The symbolic interactionist perspective is used to demonstrate that the substantive area of sport can be conceptually elevated to a more formal level. Becker's formulation of identity as a commitment mechanism is: ( I ) conceptually extended to include more active, diverse, and complex lines of activity, and (2) applied to sport behavior. Sport commitment appears to be an effective tool for the recasting of sport. Directives for future investigations of: (1) sport as side bet and (2) identity as a commitment process are delineated.
Genetic etiology of cardiac syndromes

Abstract In recent years, our understanding of the genetic basis of some syndromes, haploinsufficiency states, and cardiac abnormalities has been advanced through the use of new molecular genetic techniques. A number of these conditions with cardiac disease will be reviewed.
An SEU resistant 256 K SOI SRAM

A novel SEU (single event upset) resistant SRAM (static random access memory) cell has been implemented in a 256 K SOI (silicon on insulator) SRAM that has attractive performance characteristics over the military temperature range of -55 to +125 degrees C. These include worst-case access time of 40 ns with an active power of only 150 mW at 25 MHz, and a worst-case minimum WRITE pulse width of 20 ns. Measured SEU performance gives an Adams 10% worst-case error rate of 3.4*10/sup -11/ errors/bit-day using the CRUP code with a conservative first-upset LET threshold. Modeling does show that higher bipolar gain than that measured on a sample from the SRAM lot would produce a lower error rate. Measurements show the worst-case supply voltage for SEU to be 5.5 V. Analysis has shown this to be primarily caused by the drain voltage dependence of the beta of the SOI parasitic bipolar transistor. Based on this, SEU experiments with SOI devices should include measurements as a function of supply voltage, rather than the traditional 4.5 V, to determine the worst-case condition. >
EMBRYOGENY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF BOTHRODENDROSTROBUS MUNDUS (LYCOPSIDA)

Permineralized lycopsid megagametophytes and embryos from Upper Carboniferous strata (Westphalian A) at Burnley, England have been found within isolated megaspores assignable to Setosisporites. The specimens illustrate for the first time the reproductive biology and embryogeny of a free-sporing, bisporangiate, Paleozoic lycopod, and permit reinterpretation of the megagametophyte of Bothrodendrostrobus. Megagametophyte development is entirely endosporal. Embryogeny is comparable to that of the extant genus Isoetes, and is fundamentally different from that of the fossil lycopsid, Lepidocarpon-Lepidophloios. This further illustrates the diversity among Paleozoic lycopods and helps to clarify relationships among both fossil and extant lycopsid taxa.
Getting Away from It All: The Construction and Management of Temporary Identities on Vacation

When individuals go on vacation they take on a temporary “vacation identity.” Vacationers use props, behaviors, and interactions with traveling companions to define and bound the experience as separate and different from everyday life. Data are drawn from twenty in-depth interviews and participant observation with sixty international tourists in China during the summer of 2008. Vacationers' participation in rites and routines and impression management techniques helped them construct a personally meaningful, yet short-lived identity. The results underscore the influence of others in identity construction and point to the importance of a nonpresent other in creating and presenting identities.
Wear of steel in rolling contact with silicon nitride

Abstract Wear of steel (AISI M-50 and AISI 52100) bearing balls in lubricated rolling contact with ground and ground-and-lapped silicon nitride rods was studied using a ball-on-rod rolling-contact-fatigue (RCF) tester. The steel balls suffered significant wear in rolling contact with the as-ground (Ra = 0.18 μm) silicon nitride rods. The wear volume loss was approximately linear with the rolling distance. The wear rate increased linearly with the initial Hertzian contact stress in the range, 3–6.5 GPa. Examination of the wear tracks in a scanning electron microscope revealed surface features that suggested a wear mechanism that involved plastic deformation of the steel surface, squeezing of the metal symmetrically outward and rupture of the metal layers at the edges. The steel balls suffered negligible wear but failed by spalling in rolling contact with the ground-and-lapped silicon nitride rods (Ra = 0.08 μm) at an initial contact stress of 5.5 GPa. The as-ground silicon nitride rods exhibited neither wear nor spalling in the RCF tests, while the ground-and-lapped silicon nitride rods showed no wear but occasional spalling failure.
Measurements of the Polarization Parameter in π +/- p Elastic Scattering Between 2.50 and 5.15 GeV/c

The polarization parameter in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ elastic scattering has been measured at several momenta in the range 2.50-5.15 GeV/c pion laboratory momentum and covering the range in $t$ approximately from -0.2 to -2.0${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The data show positive polarization for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ scattering, having a dip near $t=\ensuremath{-}0.6$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and becoming relatively large at greater values of $\ensuremath{-}t$. The results for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ scattering are approximately equal in magnitude but of opposite sign. The data have been analyzed to separate the components, which are symmetric and antisymmetric with respect to pion charge, and to show both the $t$ and $s$ dependence of each part.
Citizenship, Same-Sex Marriage, and Feminist Critiques of Marriage

The debate over same-sex marriage in the United States is fundamentally a disagreement about the nature of democratic citizenship and the meaning of full inclusion of adult citizens in the polity. The facts that marriage has both private and public dimensions, and is described by policy makers as natural and unchanging even as they write laws to define it create confusion among those who publicly contest same-sex marriage. The feminist critique of marriage provides insight on the issue; its critique, along with the questions raised by same-sex marriage, indicates a need to rethink many aspects of the legal regulation of families and intimate life as they affect democratic citizenship.Jyl Josephson is an associate professor of political science and director of women's studies at Rutgers University, Newark (jylj@andromeda.rutgers.edu). She is coeditor, with Sue Tolleson-Rinehart, of the second edition of Gender and American Politics; coeditor, with Cynthia Burack, of Fundamental Differences: Feminists Talk Back to Social Conservatives, and author of Gender, Families, and State: Child Support Policy in the United States. The author thanks Jennifer Hochschild for her editorial guidance. Thanks also to the three anonymous reviewers, and to Cynthia Burack, David Foster, and Stacy VanDeveer, whose questions helped me to clarify my arguments.
Synthesis and radioimmunoassay of canine fibrinopeptide A

Abstract Canine fibrinopeptide A, the 16 residue NH 2 -terminal segment of the Aα chain of canine fibrinogen released by thrombin proteolysis and its NH 2 -tyrosyl analogue, were synthesized by stepwise solid-phase syntheses. Following cleavage, the synthetic peptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography, and characterized by amino acid analysis, thin-layer chromatography, high-voltage paper electrophoresis and Edman degradation analysis. Rabbits immunized with carbodiimide-coupled synthetic canine fibrinopeptide A-bovine albumin conjugates produced antibodies which bound up to 70% of available counts using 125 I-N-tyrosyl canine fibrinopeptide A as tracer. Quantitative displacement of bound tracer could be effected by both synthetic canine fibrinopeptide A and clot supernates prepared from purified canine fibrinogen. Fifty percent displacement of radiolabelled tracer could be achieved with 1.1 picomole of peptide antigen. Antiserum to canine fibrinopeptide A was about 50-fold less sensitive on a molar basis to canine fibrinogen as compared to the free peptide in solution. This suggests that antigenic determinants on the canine fibrinopeptide are altered by attachment of the peptide to its parent molecule. The molar reactivity of human fibrinopeptide A was about 25% in comparison with canine fibrinopeptide A, indicating that both the human and canine peptides share some antigenic determinants. Using this assay, fibrinopeptide A immunoreactivity was measured in canine plasma following removal of fibrinogen by ethanol precipitation and dialysis. The mean fibrinopeptide A level 4 normal dogs (18 determinations) was found to be 1.5±0.98 pmols/ml anticoagulated plasma.
Windows on the Ninth World Social Forum in Belém

This essay provides three windows on the Ninth World Social Forum in Belem, Brazil. We show the multiple ways in which the World Social Forum's plurality and reflexivity challenge traditional dichotomies to build the foundation for a new politics. We argue that the social forum process has developed mechanisms for remaining an open space while simultaneously creating opportunities for unified collective action. We show that the Forum produces complex analyses and comes up with strategies that correspond to these analyses. We provide some evidence for how the social forum process is trying to overcome organizational challenges related to resource distribution and specialization by capitalizing on the network structure of its participants. Finally, we argue that the social forum process is also working on addressing spatial and temporal challenges by trying organizational innovations.
1174 The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the uterus

Malignant mixed Mullerien tumors (MMMT) comprise less than 5% of uterine malignancies. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for this rare tumor is unclear. We reviewed our experience with 64 uterine MMMT patients (49 FIGO stage I/II, IS stage III). Thirty-one patients received adjuvant RT following definitive surgery (21 stage I/II, 9 stage III) and the remaining 33 were observed only (27 stage I/II, 6 stage III). Mean follow-up was 50 months. Local failure was found to be significantly reduced (P
Stability analysis of neuristor waveforms

Linearized perturbation analysis provides a method for establishing the stability properties of neuristor waveforms. A dynamic steady-state waveform on an RC line with nonlinear shunt conductance is shown to be stable. Solutions of the linearized perturbation problem may be used to solve the exact nonlinear problem.
Application of acoustic Doppler current profilers for measuring three-dimensional flow fields and as a surrogate measurement of bedload transport

Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have been in use in the riverine environment for nearly 20 years. Their application primarily has been focused on the measurement of streamflow discharge. ADCPs emit high-frequency sound pulses and receive reflected sound echoes from sediment particles in the water column. The Doppler shift between transmitted and return signals is resolved into a velocity component that is measured in three dimensions by simultaneously transmitting four independent acoustical pulses. To measure the absolute velocity magnitude and direction in the water column, the velocity magnitude and direction of the instrument must also be computed. Typically this is accomplished by ensonifying the streambed with an acoustical pulse that also provides a depth measurement for each of the four acoustic beams. Sediment transport on or near the streambed will bias these measurements and requires external positioning such as a differentially corrected Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Although the influence of hydraulic structures such as spur dikes and bridge piers is typically only measured and described in one or two dimensions, the use of differentially corrected GPS with ADCPs provides a fully three-dimensional measurement of the magnitude and direction of the water column at such structures. The measurement of these flow disturbances in a field setting also captures the natural pulsations of river flow that cannot be easily quantified or modeled by numerical simulations or flumes. Several examples of measured three-dimensional flow conditions at bridge sites throughout Alaska are presented. The bias introduced to the bottom-track measurement is being investigated as a surrogate measurement of bedload transport. By fixing the position of the ADCP for a known period of time the apparent velocity of the streambed at that position can be determined. Initial results and comparison to traditionally measured bedload values are presented. These initial results and those by other researchers are helping to determine a direction for further research of noncontact measurements of sediment transport.
Renal Cell Carcinoma in Horseshoe Kidney With Vena Caval Involvement

CASE REPORT A 76-year-old man was referred after computerized tomography (CT) detected an 8.4 5.4 cm renal cell carcinoma involving the right moiety and isthmus of a sigmoid-shaped fused kidney during an unrelated sepsis evaluation. On physical examination the patient had a palpable right abdominal mass. No varicocele or lower extremity edema was noted. Seven days before surgery we obtained magnetic resonance angiography and venography (MRA/MRV) to identify the arterial anatomy of the kidney and tumor, as well as to assess the renal veins and inferior vena cava. MRA/MRV revealed a main right renal artery and multiple accessory right renal arteries supplying the right moiety and mass (see figure). Two left main arteries supplied the left moiety. No evidence of venous extension was noted. Chest CT showed no evidence of pulmonary or bony metastasis. We performed right radical nephrectomy and isthmusectomy. At surgery the arterial anatomy and its relationship to renal parenchyma and tumor corresponded precisely to those observed on MRA/MRV. Arteries to the isthmus and right moiety were ligated and divided. We encountered tumor thrombus within a renal isthmus vein that extended into the vena cava for approximately 4 cm. On circumscribing the renal isthmus vein os we found tumor thrombus inseparably adherent to the wall of the inferior vena cava. This finding necessitated replacement o fa5c msegment of the vena cava with polytetrafluoroethylene tube graft. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 6 after an uneventful postoperative course. Final pathological evaluation demonstrated Fuhrman grade II renal cell carcinoma. Surgical margins were negative. Retrospective review of the MRV with a senior radiologist still failed to identify venous involvement. DISCUSSION Preoperative imaging is crucial in planning the surgical approach in such a case. MRA/MRV and CT angiography have been advocated for imaging arterial anatomy. Aslam Sohaib et al found that MRA/MRV has sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100%, 89% and 92%, respectively, in assessing tumor involvement of the vena cava in unfused kidneys.2 In renal donor studies helical CT angiography has been reported to be superior to MRA for renal arterial anatomy.3 While arterial anatomy was well demonstrated in our case, venous involvement was not appreciated preoperatively or in retrospective review of the MRA/MRV. We speculate that imaging for venous involvement may be less accurate in fused kidneys due to smaller caliber renal veins and variable venous anatomy. The surgeon should be prepared for unexpected vascular anatomy despite impressions gained from preoperative imaging.
Primary current distribution in a thin-film battery. Application to power-density calculations for lithium batteries

Abstract The mathematical formulation required to determine the power density of a thin-film battery that is governed by ohmic drop in the electrodes and electrolyte is presented along with representative results for a lithium polymer battery. The problem statement is two dimensional, reflecting the ohmic drop along the length of the electrodes and across the electrolyte separating the electrodes. Although the analysis corresponds to steady-state charge transport and current passage, the form of the governing equations is common to electrostatic-field problems in the absence of separated charge, with the electric potential satisfying Laplace's equation. The power density calculations are a function of seven dimensionless groups: four geometric ratios, two conductivity ratios, and a group representing the cell's end-plate volume contribution.
Additional measurements of distance-dependent capture probabilities for released males of Bactrocera cucurbitae and B. dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Honolulu

Abstract This paper describes a mark-release-recapture study involving males of two economically important fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and B. dorsalis (Hendel), conducted in Honolulu, Hawaii. In each of three residential neighborhoods in Honolulu, we placed two traps, one baited with cue lure and the other with methyl eugenol (male attractants for B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, respectively), in a single tree. For both species, dyed, mature males from recently established laboratory colonies were released 25, 50, 100, and 200 m from the traps along the four compass directions, and for B. dorsalis releases were also made 300 m from the traps. For both B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, the proportion of males captured varied significantly among study areas and among release distances. Averaged over the 3 sites, the percentage of released males captured varied from 14% for releases at 25 m to 0.5% for releases at 200 m for B. cucurbitae and from 21% for releases at 25 m to 3% for releases at 300 m for B. dorsalis. In general, the capture rates of B. cucurbitae males were similar between California and Hawaii, whereas the captures rates of B. dorsalis males were significantly higher in California than Hawaii for all releases distances tested. Distance-dependent capture rates were used to estimate detection sensitivities for the two species under a trapping regime utilizing 5 cue lure- and 5 methyl eugenol-baited traps per 2.59 km2 (as currently employed in California) and then compare these sensitivities between California and Hawaii.
Concentration polarization in the reverse osmosis desalination of sea water

Abstract This paper presents data which show the effect of concentration polarization on the product rate and product quality for reverse osmosis system operating on sea water feed. The system was the same 1″ diameter tubular design pioneered by Sidney Loeb while at the University of California, Los Angeles. The tests were conducted on asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes of the Loeb-Sourirajan type. Membranes cured at temperatures of 83°C, 88°C, and 92°C were tested at 1000 psi operating pressure for a range of Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 42,000. The applicability of the Brian equation for use in the turbulent flow regime is checked. The possibility of adapting this equation for use in the laminar region by use of a correction term cw/c0w which can be estimated from a graph is discussed. Figs. 3, 4, and 5 present direct experimental evidence for the performance of tubular membranes as a function of bulk brine velocity.
The holomorphic geometry of closed bosonic string theory and Diff S1/S1

Abstract We present a proposal for a classical non-perturbative bosonic closed string field theory based on Kahler geometry. Motivated by the observation that the loop space of Minkowski space-time is a Kahler manifold, we conjecture that infinite-dimensional complex (Kahler) geometry is the right setting for closed string field theory and that the correct dynamical variable (closed string field) is the Kahler potential. To incorporate reparametrization invariance, one must consider the space of complex structures Diff S1/S1. Geometrical considerations then lead us to a (non-linear) equation of motion for the Kahler potential which is that the curvature of a certain vector bundle over Diff S1/S1 vanish. This is basically the requirement of conformal invariance. Loops on flat Minkowski space are shown to be a solution only if the space-time dimension is 26. We also discuss geometric quantization since our approach can be viewed as an application of geometric quantization to string theory. Previously announced mathematical results that Diff S1/S1 is a homogeneous Kahler manifold are established in more detail and its curvature is computed explicitly. We also give an axiomatic formulation of the minimal geometric setting we require — this is an attempt to avoid basing the theory on loops of a given riemannian manifold. Einstein's field equations are derived in an adiabatic approximation. The relation of our work to some other approaches to string theory is briefly discussed.
Father-son incest.

Summary The unique phenomenon of father-son incest is explored by intensive study of both parents, the son, and the family as a whole group. Whereas fatherdaughter incest depends upon the family setting as well as the internal problems of father and daughter, this case of father-son incest seems to be a phenomenon more closely related to the father's intrapsychic problems than to the family interaction.
Early defects in B cell development.

Purpose of reviewRecent clinical studies in patients with genetically proven X-linked or autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia provide some guidelines that should influence our management of patients with suspected immunodeficiency.Recent findingsMales who are at a high risk of having X-linked agam
434: Revising the Virtual Crossmatch Algorithm: The Predictive Value of Solid-Phase Antibody Detection Assays

AB192 showed an preserved oxygenation capacity (II: 109 33mmHg vs I: 53 19mmHg) with stable pCO2 (II: 56 15mmHg vs I: 58 3 mmHg). Histologically, group-II-grafts revealed minimal to mild AR (ISHLT-Grading A: 1.6 0.5), whereas group I showed moderate/ severe AR (ISHLT-Grading A: 3.6 0.6) with evidence of bronchiolar inflammation and massive infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes. Conclusions: In spite of the non-marginal character of the grafts and immunosuppressive therapy, organ-specific enzymatic inhibition further strikingly attenuated transplant-associated immunogenicity, leading to the abrogation of AR. Further studies are needed to decipher the complex interplay of enzymeand immune-functions associated with CD26/DPP IV.
Nanoelectronics: New life for the 'dead layer'

Thin-film capacitors do not perform as well as electrostatic theory predicts. New atomistic calculations show that the culprit isn't defects in the film, but poor screening in the metal electrodes.
Hyponatremia: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy

Despite several decades of research interest and productivity, many aspects of hyponatremia and hypo-osmolar disorders remain incompletely understood. Among these aspects are questions relating to the morbidity and mortality actually attributable to hyponatremia, possible hormonal and gender-associated risk factors underlying susceptibility to neurologic complications from hyponatremic encephalopathy, the stimuli to arginine vasopressin secretion in some atypical subsets of patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and other hyponatremic disorders, the contributions of natriuresis and natriuretic peptides to hyponatremic states, the pathologic determinants of brain demyelination that sometimes follow rapid correction of hyponatremia, and appropriate treatment guidelines for patients with acute and chronic hyponatremia. The recent literature confirms that acceptable answers to these questions and others are still not available, and a better understanding of basic issues regarding the pathophysiology of hyponatremia is needed. Several recent advances stand out as being likely to enhance our future understanding of hyponatremia and hypo-osmolar states. First are studies of cellular mechanisms of volume regulation in kidney and brain tissue in response to changes in osmolality. Many, though clearly not all, clinical observations can be better understood by considering them in the conceptual framework provided by knowledge of cell and body fluid compartment volume regulation. Second is the elucidation of several important protein structures via complementary DNA cloning, including the arginine vasopressin V1 and V2 receptors, several organic osmolyte transporters, and the CHIP28 water channel. Future application of these new tools to carefully designed and executed physiologic studies will likely add considerable new knowledge to our understanding of hyponatremia. Third is the development and increasing application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging methods that will allow more detailed analyses of acute changes in brain metabolism during hyponatremia and following correction. Finally, the recent development of nonpeptide antagonists to arginine vasopressin V1 and V2 receptors should enable clinical studies to assess more accurately the contribution of arginine vasopressin-induced antidiuresis to hyponatremia and more importantly holds the promise of more effective therapies for hyponatremic patients.
Orientation in poly(ethylene terephthalate) drawn by solid state coextrusion

The development of uniaxial orientation by solid-state extrusion at 60 to 90° C has been evaluated for both the amorphous and crystalline components of a polyethylene terephthalate). Analyses involved X-ray diffraction, birefringence and visable dichroism. The dichroism was evalulated from a host dye molecule. The initial PET film for draw was amorphous and isotropic. Orientation functions for the amorphous and the developed crystalline phases are reported at a series of draw ratios up to 4.4.
Estimated Effects of Four Factors on Academic Performance Before and After Transfer.

This study proposes an analytical design for assessing the contribution of four factors to academic performance of students transferring from one college to another. Average grades “before” transfer and for various periods “after” transfer were computed for the transferring students and for a matched sample of native students. Using these averages, the contribution of four factors–differential grading standards, preparation for advanced work, academic potential, and coping ability–to the difference between the average “before” transfer and the average for the first quarter “after” transfer for the transferring students were estimated. In the illustrative data, the largest contributor to an observed decrement of 1. 21 letter grades was differential grading standards. The factor seemingly contributing least to the decrement was preparation for advanced work.
Femoral head avascular necrosis: a frequently missed incidental finding on multidetector CT

Aim To determine the incidence of missed femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) on pelvic computed tomography (CT) performed for clinical indications other than assessment for AVN. Materials and methods The study was a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant retrospective study. The picture archiving and communication system (PACS) database was queried for patients with diagnosis of femoral head AVN on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), who also underwent pelvic multidetector CT after or Results Readers confirmed AVN in 33 patients on the MRI images. Nine hips with AVN underwent joint replacement of the affected joint(s) prior to subsequent CT and were excluded. Forty-three MRI-proven AVN cases in 28 patients (15 bilateral, 13 unilateral) were available for analysis. The study readers diagnosed 35/43 (81%) MRI-proven AVN cases in 22/28 (79%) patients. Four of the 35 (11%) cases of MRI-proven, CT-visible AVN were prospectively reported in 3/22 (14%) patients at initial clinical interpretation, with a miss rate of 89% per hip and 86% per patient. Conclusion Multidetector CT has high accuracy for detection of AVN; however, this is frequently missed as an incidental finding (89% missed in the present study). Assessment for signs of femoral AVN should be part of routine search pattern in interpretation of pelvic CT.
Optical observation of lipid- and polymer-shelled ultrasound microbubble contrast agents

High-speed optical experiments demonstrate that the behavior of a polymer-shelled microbubble contrast agent in response to an acoustic pulse is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of a lipid-shelled agent. The lipid-shelled agent expands in response to a two-cycle pulse, and at pressures approaching 1 MPa, both the shell and its contents fragment. The polymer-shelled agent remains largely intact at pressures up to 1.5 MPa and exhibits a different destruction mechanism: the polymer shell does not oscillate significantly in response to ultrasound; instead, a gas bubble is extruded and ejected through a shell defect while the shell appears to remain largely intact.
Flow boiling heat transfer in two-phase micro-channel heat sinks––I. Experimental investigation and assessment of correlation methods

Abstract This paper is the first of a two-part study concerning measurement and prediction of saturated flow boiling heat transfer in a water-cooled micro-channel heat sink. In this paper, new experimental results are discussed which provide new physical insight into the unique nature of flow boiling in narrow rectangular micro-channels. The micro-channel heat sink contained 21 parallel channels having a 231×713 μ m cross-section. Tests were performed with deionized water over a mass velocity range of 135–402 kg/m 2 s, inlet temperatures of 30 and 60 °C, and an outlet pressure of 1.17 bar. Results indicate an abrupt transition to annular flow near the point of zero thermodynamic equilibrium quality, and reveal the dominant heat transfer mechanism is forced convective boiling corresponding to annular flow. Contrary to macro-channel trends, the heat transfer coefficient is shown to decrease with increasing thermodynamic equilibrium quality. This unique trend is attributed to appreciable droplet entrainment at the onset of annular flow regime development, and the increase in mass flow rate of the annular film by droplet deposition downstream. Eleven previous empirical correlations are assessed and deemed unable to predict the correct trend of heat transfer coefficient with quality because of the unique nature of flow boiling in micro-channels, and the operating conditions of water-cooled micro-channel heat sinks falling outside the recommended application range for most correlations. Part II of this study will introduce a new annular flow model as an alternative approach to heat transfer coefficient prediction for micro-channels.
Systematic review of published evidence regarding trauma system effectiveness.

Objective: Provide a systematic review of the published literature assessing the affect of trauma center/system implementation on patient outcomes. Data Sources: A bibliographic search of MEDLINE (1966 -May of 1998), HealthSTAR (1995 - May of 1998), and CINAHL (1982 - May of 1998). Additional manuscripts were identified in the references of reviewed manuscripts. Literature was limited to English language reports on trauma systems in the United States and Canada. Study Selection: Initial inclusion criteria were based on methodologic criteria (i.e., a comparative [controlled] study). Authors independently assessed the strength of evidence demonstrated by each article. Data Extraction: Included articles were classified into three groups based on study design: panel review studies, trauma registry comparison studies, and population-based studies. Key demographic, sampling frame, study design, and outcome variables were tabulated for each included study. Potential sources of bias were also identified and tabled. Data Synthesis: A total of 12, 11, and 17 studies were incorporated into individual evidence tables for panel review, registry comparison, and population-based studies, respectively. Included studies rely on weak evidence (Class III) to assess the impact of trauma systems on patient care and outcome. Conclusions: To date, studies assessing trauma system efficacy rely on hospital deaths as the primary indicator of effectiveness. Future research should use more sophisticated study designs (Class II) and expand available outcome measures to assess the entire continuum of care, including prehospital, rehabilitation outcomes, and long-term quality of life.
Pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence

Although they may present with significant morbidity, pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence are mainly afflicitions that affect quality of life. To appropiately treat these entities, comprehension of the various theories of pathophysiology is paramount. Utilizing a Medline search, this article reviews recent data concerning intrinsic (i.e., genetics, postmenopausal status) and extrinsic factors (i.e., previous hysterectomy, childbirth) leading to organ prolapse or stress incontinence
Mean scatterer spacing estimation using multi-taper coherence

It has been hypothesized that estimates of mean scatterer spacing are useful indicators for pathological changes to the liver. A commonly employed estimator of the mean scatterer spacing is the location of the maximum of the collapsed average of coherence of the ultrasound radio-frequency signal. To date, in ultrasound, estimators for this quantity have been calculated with a single taper. Using frequency-domain Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that multi-taper estimates of coherence are superior to single-taper estimates for predicting mean scatterer spacing. Scattering distributions were modeled with Gamma-distributed scatterers for fractional standard deviations in scatterer spacings of 5, 10, and 15% at a mean scatterer spacing of 1 mm. Additionally, we demonstrate that we can distinguish between ablated liver tissue and unablated liver tissue based on signal coherence. We find that, on the average, signal coherence is elevated in the liver relative to signal coherence of received echoes from thermally ablated tissue. Additionally, our analysis indicates that a tissue classifier utilizing the multi-taper estimate of coherence has the potential to distinguish between ablated and unablated tissue types better than a single-taper estimate of coherence. For a gate length of 5 mm, we achieved an error rate of only 8.7% when sorting 23 ablated and 23 unablated regions of interest (ROIs) into classes based on multi-taper calculations of coherence.
One speed criticality problems for a bare slab and sphere: Some benchmark results – II

Abstract Benchmark results for the two canonical problems of critical slab and sphere are reported. Three different approaches, use of the X-function and Neumann iteration, FN method, and discrete-ordinate method, are explored. It is found that to the orders of the approximations considered here, the critical half-thickness and critical radius values obtained through the three approaches are consistently accurate from 9 to 12 significant figures, and agree amongst themselves. The accuracy for the corresponding values for neutron density using X-function, and discrete-ordinate method (the only two explored for the density computations) is 9–10 figures. In several instances, the results constitute an improvement on the previously reported benchmark results in literature.
An experimental method for evaluating wireless coexistence of a Bluetooth medical device

Medical device manufacturers are integrating wireless communication into medical devices at an increasing rate, specifically in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. The increased use of the 2.4 GHz ISM band is fostered by the economic benefits of inexpensive wireless chipsets and the capability to communicate with other devices exploiting standard wireless technology.
Wave-Pipelining the Global Interconnect to Reduce the Associated Delays

The majority of digital circuits/systems primarily use synchronous clocking methodology. With clock distribution networks dissipating ever more power and the wire delays expected to become dominant, there has been increased activity to provide alternative solutions. This paper explores some potential methods for reducing global interconnect delays and improving throughput between communicating modules. Analysis of the classical repeater insertion is performed and a wave-pipelined repeater insertion scheme that addresses some shortfalls of the classical repeater insertion is proposed. An extension of the wave-pipelined repeater insertion scheme is presented and results show that its data retention capability offers reliable communication between any number of computing elements. The design of the communication channel is based on the assumption that the computing elements employ synchronous clocking while the communication channels are driven by locally generated clocks. Locally generating clocks along the communication channel avoids the clock distribution complexities and offers an ability to stop and start data transfer along the channel without the need for elaborate clock gating circuitry. Furthermore, no additional clock cycles are required to flush the pipe in the event of stalls. The circuitry that generates local clocks increases area and power, but shows significant performance advantages, particularly in providing a seamless interface between communicating modules running at different clock frequencies. Simulation results of the distributed FIFO communication channel in a modest 180 nm technology show locally generated clocks running at 2.22GHz with the memory buffers placed 2 mm apart.
Multispectral imaging of clinically relevant cellular targets in tonsil and lymphoid tissue using semiconductor quantum dots.

Multispectral imaging of clinically relevant cellular targets in tonsil and lymphoid tissue using semiconductor quantum dots
The prognostic significance of age in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Summary Objectives Though the effect of age has been studied in some cancer types, its prognostic significance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) remains controversial. Our purpose is to determine the impact of age at diagnosis on overall survival ( OS ) and disease-specific survival ( DSS ) in patients with OPSCC. If the effect is significant, we aim to clarify the age at which prognosis worsens. Materials and methods 15,978 Patients with OPSCC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and separated into 10 year age groups. We obtained data on age at diagnosis, primary location, race, stage, sex, radiological treatment status, and surgical treatment status. Kaplan–Meier methods were used to calculate the OS and DSS for each age group. DSS analysis was supported by a Simple Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Regression of all significant variables studied. Results Significant disadvantage in OS and DSS was found with increasing age. A three-group stratification was depicted with the best survival in patients aged 1–44, mildly inferior survival in patients aged 45–64, and increasingly worse survival in patients 65 and older. Multivariable analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in hazard ratio (HR) after age 65 when compared to ages 1-64. Conclusion Increasing age after 65 is associated with worsening OS and DSS in OPSCC. Poorer prognosis is due to multiple factors, possibly including the effects of aging, which make elderly patients more susceptible to the pathogenesis of OPSCC.
Analytical chemistry for technicians

Introduction to chemical analysis gravimetric analysis sampling and sample preparation statistics in chemical analysis chemical equilibrium introduction to titrimetric analysis acid-base titrations and calculations complexometric titrations and calculations oxidation-reduction and other titrations potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes analysis with instruments and computers fundamentals of light molecular spectrophotometry fluorometry atomic absorption and emissions chromatography gas chromatography high performance liquid chromatography electroanalytical techniques applications.
Chapter 1 Pluralism, Pragmatism, and the Therapeutic Endeavor in Brief Dynamic Treatment

Abstract This article places representative formulations of brief dynamic psychotherapy in the larger context of psychoanalytic thought, reviews relational perspectives that inform contemporary approaches to time-limited treatment, and identifies tasks in continued development of theory, research, and practice. In doing so, it emphasizes the need to consider a broader range of psychopathology, dysfunction, and need in formulations of brief intervention and to develop more flexible and realistic approaches in treatment of vulnerable and underserved populations. The growing emphasis on theoretical pluralism and pragmatism in therapeutic practice generally should facilitate efforts to broaden the base of brief dynamic treatment.
Solid state extrusion of polytetrafluoroethylene fibers

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was solid state extruded to fiber form at temperatures between 250 and 300°C and at pressures between 7000 and 15,000 psi. The PTFE fibers had a diameter of 0.0502 inches and the reduction ratio for extrusion was 55.8. The fibers were tested for mechanical strength, and examined with a scanning electron microscope, which revealed a fibrous structure at high magnifications. The melting point of the fibers was 342°C by differential scanning calorimetry. The tensile properties were enhanced with an increase in processing temperature and pressure, the highest properties resulting from an extrusion temperature of 300°C and pressures greater than 10,000 psi. A tensile strength of 5500 psi and a secant modulus of 250,000 psi were obtained.
Efficient, cardiac-specific adenoviral gene transfer in rat heart by isolated retrograde perfusion in vivo.

Efficient, cardiac-specific adenoviral gene transfer in rat heart by isolated retrograde perfusion in vivo