cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal hydroclimatic impacts of Sun Corridor expansion

Conversion of natural to urban land forms imparts influence on local and regional hydroclimate via modification of the surface energy and water balance, and consideration of such effects due to rapidly expanding megapolitan areas is necessary in light of the growing global share of urban inhabitants. Based on a suite of ensemble-based, multi-year simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, we quantify seasonally varying hydroclimatic impacts of the most rapidly expanding megapolitan area in the US: Arizona’s Sun Corridor, centered upon the Greater Phoenix metropolitan area. Using a scenario-based urban expansion approach that accounts for the full range of Sun Corridor growth uncertainty through 2050, we show that built environment induced warming for the maximum development scenario is greatest during the summer season (regionally averaged warming over AZ exceeds 1 C). Warming remains significant during the spring and fall seasons (regionally averaged warming over AZ approaches 0.9 C during both seasons), and is least during the winter season (regionally averaged warming over AZ of 0.5 C). Impacts from a minimum expansion scenario are reduced, with regionally averaged warming ranging between 0.1 and 0.3 C for all seasons except winter, when no warming impacts are diagnosed. Integration of highly reflective cool roofs within the built environment, increasingly recognized as a cost-effective option intended to offset the warming influence of urban complexes, reduces urban-induced warming considerably. However, impacts on the hydrologic cycle are aggravated via enhanced evapotranspiration reduction, leading to a 4% total accumulated precipitation decrease relative to the non-adaptive maximum expansion scenario. Our results highlight potentially unintended consequences of this adaptation approach within rapidly expanding megapolitan areas, and emphasize the need for undeniably sustainable development paths that account for hydrologic impacts in addition to continued focus on mean temperature effects.
Limited Dependent Variables

In labor economics, one is faced with explaining the decision to participate in the labor force, the decision to join a union, or the decision to migrate from one region to the other. In all these cases, the dependent variable is a dummy variable with values 1 if the worker participates and 0 if he or she does not participate. We dealt with dummy variables as explanatory variables on the right hand side of the regression, but what additional problems arise when this dummy variable appears on the left hand side of the equation? As we have done in previous chapters, we first study its effects on the usual least squares estimator, and then consider alternative estimators that are more appropriate for models of this nature.
Psychophysiological Studies of Headache: Is There Similarity Between Migraine and Muscle Contraction Headaches?

SYNOPSIS Typically migraine and muscle contraction headaches are thought to be different disorders. Recently some investigators have argued that these headache categories are quantitatively, but not qualitatively distinct. Studies of vasomotor and electromyographic (EMG) reflexes and treatments for these headaches were reviewed to elucidate similarities and differences. Similarities include for both types of headaches high levels of tension in the muscles of the head and neck, a vasoconstrictive component, a responsiveness to treatment by relaxation or reduction of frontalis muscle tension. Differences between migraine and muscle contraction headaches relate to the status of the temporal artery between and during headaches and the standard medical treatments used for each. Systematic research is needed to establish if fundamental differences exist between these two major categories of headache.
Optimal consistency protocols for replicated files

The author presents an absolute upper bound on the read and write availabilities of a replicated field and a method of computing them. He introduces a novel class of consistency protocols called stochastic protocols that allow the file manager program to randomly choose whether a file will be made available or not. Using this class of protocols, the author derives a strict upper bound on the write availability of a replicated file in a nonpartitionable environment without an oracle and shows that a corresponding implementable protocol exists. >
Generic models for robot navigation

The authors introduce the concept of an explicit generic building model. This abstract model is valid for a broad class of buildings. It uses mechanisms that have been used to build generic models for other object classes, including machine screws and generalized cylinders. These methods extend the generality of object classes which can be implemented, compared to previous implementations of object classes. Using a combination of epipolar stereo vision from the mobile robot along with monocular vision, the generic model is instantiated. This instantiation can be used for robot navigation. >
Dap1/PGRMC1 Binds and Regulates Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are heme-dependent monoxygenases that play a central role in human physiology. Despite the numerous physiological processes that P450 enzymes impact, the electron donors P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5 are the only proteins known to interact with and modulate the activity of ER microsomal P450s. Here, we report that Dap1/PGRMC1 is required for ER P450 function in yeast and humans. We show that S. pombe Dap1 is a hemoprotein that binds and positively regulates Cyp51A1 and Cyp61A1, two P450s required for sterol biosynthesis. Similarly, loss of human PGRMC1 reduces activity of Cyp51A1, blocking cholesterol synthesis and increasing production of toxic sterol intermediates. PGRMC1 stably binds Cyp51A1 and human P450s from three additional families including Cyp3A4, which metabolizes pharmaceutical compounds. These findings demonstrate that PGRMC1 is required for P450 activity and suggest that interindividual variation in PGRMC1 function may impact multiple biochemical pathways and drug metabolism.
Highly available cluster: a case study

The methodology and design of a system that provides highly available data in a cluster is presented. A highly available cluster consists of multiple machines interconnected by a common bus. Data is replicated at a primary and one or more backup machines. Data is accessed at the primary, using a location independent mechanism that ensures data integrity. If the primary copy of the data fails, access is recovered by switching to a backup copy. Switchover is transparent to the application, hence called seamless switchover. The fault model is fail-stop. The entire cluster is resilient to at least single failures. Designating data as highly available is selective in scope, and the overhead of replication and recovery is incurred only by applications that access highly available data. An experimental prototype was implemented using IBM AS/400 machines and a high-speed bus with fiber-optic links. >
The benefits and costs of the Section 8 housing subsidy program: A framework and estimates of first-year effects

This paper provides estimates for a comprehensive set of social benefits and costs associated with the federal Housing Choice Voucher ( Section 8) program. The impact categories for which we provide empirical estimates include the value of the voucher to recipients; additional services and public benefits induced by voucher receipt; improvements in children's health, education, and criminal behaviors; the costs of voucher provision; the labor supply impacts on voucher recipients; and community effects. These estimates rest largely on empirical analyses of the effect of voucher receipt on several recipient and taxpayer behaviors and outcomes that occur in the first year of voucher receipt. The analysis distinguishes benefits and costs accruing to program participants, nonparticipants—including taxpayers and property owners—and society as a whole. Our analysis suggests that the program is likely to meet the efficiency standard of positive net social benefits. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE CATAPHORETIC CHARGE OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES AND THE STABILITY OF THEIR SUSPENSIONS : I. EXPERIMENTS WITH COLLODION PARTICLES.

1. When collodion particles suspended in water move in an electric field they are, as a rule, negatively charged. The maximal cataphoretic P.D. between collodion particles and water is about 70 millivolts. This is only slightly more than the cataphoretic P.D. found by McTaggart to exist between gas bubbles and water (55 millivolts). Since in the latter case the P.D. is entirely due to forces inherent in the water itself, resulting possibly in an excess of OH ions in the layer of water in contact and moving with the gas bubble, it is assumed that the negative charge of the collodion particles is also chiefly due to the same cause; the collodion particles being apparently only responsible for the slight difference in maximal P.D. of water-gas and water-collodion surfaces. 2. The cataphoretic charge of collodion particles seems to be a minimum in pure water, increasing as a rule with the addition of electrolytes, especially if the cation of the electrolyte is monovalent, until a maximal P.D. is reached. A further increase in the concentration of the electrolyte depresses the P.D. again. There is little difference in the action of HCl, NaOH, and NaCl or LiCl or KCl. 3. The increase in P.D. between collodion particles and water upon the addition of electrolyte is the more rapid the higher the valency of the anion. This suggests that this increase of negative charge of the collodion particle is due to the anions of the electrolyte gathering in excess in the layer of water nearest to the collodion particles, while the adjoining aqueous layer has an excess of cations. 4. In the case of chlorides and at a pH of about 5.0 the maximal P.D. between collodion particles and water is about 70 millivolts, when the cation of the electrolyte present is monovalent (H, Li, Na, K); when the cation of the electrolyte is bivalent (Mg, Ca), the maximal P.D. is about 35 to 40 millivolts; and when the cation is trivalent (La) the maximal P.D. is lower, probably little more than 20 millivolts. 5. A reversal in the sign of charge of the collodion particles could be brought about by LaCl3 but not by acid. 6. These results on the influence of electrolytes on the cataphoretic P.D. between collodion particles and water are also of significance for the theory of electrical endosmose and anomalous osmosis through collodion membranes; since the cataphoretic P.D. is probably identical with the P.D. between water and collodion inside the pores of a collodion membrane through which the water diffuses. 7. The cataphoretic P.D. between collodion particles and water determines the stability of suspensions of collodion particles in water, since rapid precipitation occurs when this P.D. falls below a critical value of about 16 millivolts, regardless of the nature of the electrolyte by which the P.D. is depressed. No peptization effect of plurivalent anions was noticed.
Oligocene eustasy from two-dimensional sequence stratigraphic backstripping

Estimates of the magnitudes of changes in third-order (0.522 m.y.) eustasy were obtained for Oligocene sequences defined by a suite of largely onshore boreholes of the New Jersey coastal plain. Benthic foraminiferal biofacies and multiple age constraints in a sequence stratigraphic framework formed the database for this study. The geometry of the margin through time was determined using two-dimensional backstripping. The depth ranges of benthic foraminiferal biofacies were determined from a combination of standard factor analysis techniques and the backstripped geometries. Benthic foraminiferal biofacies were then used to determine the depths of the Oligocene margin profiles obtained from backstripping. The water depths of 16 of these horizons were confirmed by independent benthic biofacies determinations from at least two wells. This internal consistency indicates that the data and the twodimensional backstripping approach were robust. Where benthic biofacies require a vertical shift of the horizons generated by two-dimensional backstripping, eustatic changes were required and were readily calculated. Results indicate a major eustatic fall from the end of the Eocene to the first record of Oligocene deposition. Subsequent long-term shoaling of sea level through the Oligocene was ;30 m in 10 m.y. Superimposed on this long-term trend were higher frequency (third-order) variations in eustasy with amplitudes of ;40 m or less.
Data handling for the Navy's hyperspectral imaging satellite-EMO

The Office of Naval Research, the Naval Research Laboratory, and commercial partner Space Technology Development Corporation are currently in the critical design phase of the Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) spacecraft program. NEMO will demonstrate the utility of a hyperspectral Earth-imaging system to support Naval needs for characterization of the littoral (coastal ocean) regions of the world and commercial needs for land use management, agriculture, environmental studies, and mineral exploration. Data handling from user request to data delivery is one of the many challenges posed by NEMO. The NEMO program must be able to accept data requests from users, create spacecraft tasking, collect data from the spacecraft, process and archive the data, provide access for users to browse collected imagery, and deliver processed data products to these users. Some of these steps will employ unique approaches due to the nature of hyperspectral imagery data.
A structured interface to the object-oriented Genomics Unified Schema for XML formatted data

Data management systems are fast becoming required components in many biology laboratories as the role of computer-based information grows. Although the need for data management systems is on the rise, their inherent complexities can deter the full and routine use of their computational capabilities. The significant undertaking to implement a capable production system can be reduced in part by adapting an established data management system. In such a way, we are leveraging the Genomics Unified Schema (GUS) developed at the Computational Biology and Informatics Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania as a foundation for managing and analysing DNA sequence data in centromere research projects around Arabidopsis thaliana and related species. Because GUS provides a core schema that includes support for genome sequences, mRNA and its expression, and annotated chromosomes, it is ideal for synthesising a variety of parameters to analyse these repetitive and highly dynamic portions of the genome. Despite this, production-strength data management frameworks are complex, requiring dedicated efforts to adapt and maintain. The work reported in this article addresses one component of such an effort, namely the pivotal task of marshalling data from various sources into GUS. In order to harness GUS for our project, and motivated by efficiency needs, we developed a structured framework for transferring data into GUS from outside sources. This technology is embodied in a GUS object-layer processor, XMLGUS. XMLGUS facilitates incorporating data into GUS by (i) formulating an XML interface that includes relational database key constraint definitions, (ii) regularising traversal through that XML, (iii) realising automatic processing of the XML with database key constraints and (iv) allowing for special processing of input data within the framework for automated processing. The application of XMLGUS to production pipeline processing for a sequencing project and inputting the Arabidopsis genome into GUS is discussed. XMLGUS is available from the Flora website (http://flora.ittc.ku.edu/).
Optically tunable superprism effect in nonlinear photonic crystals

An analysis of the tunable superprism effect in a two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal is presented. We show that, by shifting the photonic bands of the crystal through the Kerr effect induced by a pump beam, one can tune the refraction angle of a transmitted signal beam over tens of degrees. We also demonstrate that the optical power required to tune the refracted angle is dramatically reduced if the frequency of the pump beam is close to a bandgap edge.
Clarifying the influence of core amino acid hydrophobicity, secondary structure propensity, and molecular volume on amyloid-β 16–22 self-assembly

The self-assembly of amyloid peptides is influenced by hydrophobicity, charge, secondary structure propensity, and sterics. Previous experiments have shown that increasing hydrophobicity at the aromatic positions of the amyloid-β 16–22 fragment (Aβ(16–22)) without introducing steric restraints greatly increases the rate of self-assembly and thermodynamically stabilizes the resulting fibrils [Senguen et al., Mol. BioSyst., 2011, DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00080a]. Conversely, when increasing side chain hydrophobicity coincides with an increase in side chain volume, the increase in the rate of self-assembly is offset by a thermodynamic destabilization of the resulting amyloid fibrils when direct cross-strand side chain interactions occur. These findings indicate that steric effects also influence the self-assembly of amyloidogenic peptides. Herein, the aromatic Phe residues at positions 19, 20, and 19,20 of Aβ(16–22) have been systematically replaced by Val, Leu, Ile, or hexafluoroleucine (Hfl) and amyloid formation has been characterized. The Val variants, despite the high β-sheet propensity of Val, were thermodynamically destabilized (ΔΔG = +0.1–0.4 kcal mol−1) relative to the wild-type with the double mutant failing to self-assemble at the concentrations studied. Conversely, the Leu and Ile variants formed fibrils at enhanced rates relative to wild-type and exhibited similar, or in some cases enhanced thermodynamic stabilities relative to the wild-type (ΔΔG = 0−0.6 kcal mol−1). The more hydrophobic Hfl variants were greatly stabilized (ΔΔG = −0.3−2.1 kcal mol−1) relative to the wild-type. These data indicate that hydrophobicity and steric effects both influence peptide self-assembly processes, including nucleation and fibrillization rates and the thermodynamic stability of the resulting fibrils.
Theoretical progress and practical challenges in controlling complex networks

The issue of control has gained significant prominence in engineering, useful for aircraft control, manufacturing processes, communication systems and so on. Yet, the control of complex networks was barely studied, as we lack powerful theories to address it in a quantitative fashion. Fair recently, considerable efforts were made to address the controllability issue of complex networks [1]. As a key notion in control theory, controllability concerns our ability to drive a dynamic system from any initial state to any final state in finite time [2], which agrees well with our intuitive notion of control. To model complex networks as dynamic systems, we normally adopt the so-called nodal dynamics, i.e. we associate each node in a network with a state variable, whose time evolution crucially depends on the state variables of the node itself and/or its neighbors. Nodal dynamics is natural for modeling dynamic processes on many real systems, where the state variable of a node often has a clear physical meaning, e.g. the expression level of genes in transcriptional regulatory networks or the population of species in food webs. Thanks to a combination of tools from graph theory, control theory and statistical physics, a series of results about network controllability with nodal dynamics were obtained (see Fig. 1). For example, the minimum number of driver nodes, whose time-dependent control can guide the system’s dynamics, is mainly determined by the degree distribution of the network. And surprisingly, driver nodes tend to avoid hubs, i.e. the nodes with high connectivity. Sparse and heterogeneous networks are harder to be controllable than dense and homogeneous networks [1]. These
A clinical field-experience for fourth-year dental students.

The enthusiasm of the writers of this report may stimulate comparable projects at other schools of dentistry
Västgötmodellen: Sweden's sustainable alternative for swine production

In a harsh, northern climate and under restrictive animal welfare laws and a strict ban on the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics, Swedish pig farmers have developed a managementintensive system of pig production that relies on straw, the animals' natural behavior, group housing dynamics, and keen husbandry skills. The system is very efficient, with excellent pig reproduction and growth performance. The housing is simple and versatile. Called “Vastgotmodellen” after the region in western Sweden where it was developed by farmers during the 1980s, the system now is successfully used on approximately 100 farms in Sweden. The system is specific to producing feeder or weanerpigs of 25 to 30 kg for feeding in more conventional European-style finishing units. Vastgotmodellen may represent an agricultural system that is well adapted and economically competitive on modest-sized farms but not well suited for very large farms.
Hardware/software techniques for DRAM thermal management

The performance of the main memory is an important factor on overall system performance. To improve DRAM performance, designers have been increasing chip densities and the number of memory modules. However, these approaches increase power consumption and operating temperatures: temperatures in existing DRAM modules can rise to over 95°C. Another important property of DRAM temperature is the large variation in DRAM chip temperatures. In this paper, we present our analysis collected from measurements on a real system indicating that temperatures across DRAM chips can vary by over 10°C. This work aims to minimize this variation as well as the peak DRAM temperature. We first develop a thermal model to estimate the temperature of DRAM chips and validate this model against real temperature measurements. We then propose three hardware and software schemes to reduce peak temperatures. The first technique introduces a new cache line replacement policy that reduces the number of accesses to the overheating DRAM chips. The second technique utilizes a Memory Write Buffer to improve the access efficiency of the overheated chips. The third scheme intelligently allocates pages to relatively cooler ranks of the DIMM. Our experiments show that in a high performance memory system, our schemes reduce the peak DRAM chip temperature by as much as 8.39°C over 10 workloads (5.36°C on average). Our schemes also improve performance mainly due to reduction in thermal emergencies: for a baseline system with memory bandwidth throttling scheme, the IPC is improved by as much as 15.8% (4.1% on average).
Interplay of slow bath fluctuations and energy transfer in 2D spectroscopy of the FMO light-harvesting complex: benchmarking of simulation protocols

Recently developed approaches to simulate environment-induced fluctuation effects in two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy of excitons are compared for the Fenna-Matthews-Olson light-harvesting complex. Fast fluctuations induce population redistribution between exciton energy-levels and raise homogeneous line widths of various peaks in 2D spectra. These effects are easily accounted for in sum-over-eigenstates (SOS) approach and the quasi-particle (QP) scattering approach through relaxation and dephasing rate constants. Slow fluctuations cause correlations of energies at various delay times in 2D photon-echo spectra. These may be calculated either by doing cumulant expansion in SOS techniques or by statistical averaging over static disorder in SOS and QP approaches. We compare the 2D photon-echo signal simulated using two levels of cumulant expansion approaches and two statistical averaging approaches for the same system. These levels differ by the treatment of energy-level correlations at different delay times and give rise to different cross-peak shapes: the cross-peaks retain their original diagonally elongated shapes when correlations are included, while they are more spherically broadened when correlations are neglected. Statistical averaging over disorder give very similar results but requires much higher computational effort. The peak redistribution timescales are very similar for all levels of theory. The spectral signatures at these different levels of theory are compared and simulation cost is estimated. Approaches which do require statistical averaging over disorder are orders of magnitude slower.
Historical Seismicity of Texas--A Summary: ABSTRACT

A survey of the historical seismicity of Texas revealed more than 100 earthquakes of magnitude 3 or greater from February 1847 to December 1984. Of these, 82 earthquakes are known to have been felt, and 24 events are associated with reports of damage. The largest earthquake (magnitude = 5.9) occurred on August 16, 1931, near the town of Valentine in west Texas. Many buildings were damaged in the epicentral area, and the total felt area exceeded 1 million km2. Earthquakes in the Valentine area, as well as other events farther west near El Paso, are probably related to the Rio Grande rift system. Several large events in the Texas Panhandle may be associated with a zone of crustal weakness that follows the trend of the Amarillo uplift. Earthquakes in eastern Texas are associated with several fault systems in the Gulf coastal plain. A large earthquake on October 22, 1882, had previously been located in northeast Texas near the town of Paris; however, a reevaluation of the intensities suggests the epicenter was probably farther north in Oklahoma. Several other events in previous catalogs have been discarded or relocated. More recent Texas earthquakes may have been induced by oil field operations. Seismic activity in west Texas near the towns of Kermit and Snyder are probably caused by waterflooding projects. Several recent earthquakes in the Gulf coastal plain may be associated with fluid withdrawal from oil and gas fields in up-to-the-coast normal faults. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1419------------
Spatial attention effects in macaque area V4

Focal visual attention typically produces enhanced perceptual processing at the psychological level and relatively stronger neural responses at the physiological level. A longstanding mechanistic question is whether these attentional effects pertain specifically to the attended (target) object or to the region of space it occupies. We show here that attentional response enhancement in macaque area V4 extends to behaviorally irrelevant objects in the vicinity of the target object, indicating that focal attention has a strong spatial component at the physiological level. In addition, we find that spatial attention effects typically show a striking directional asymmetry. The direction of the asymmetry varies between cells, so that some cells respond best when attention is directed to the left of the stimulus, some when attention is directed to the right, etc. Thus, attention involves not only enhanced responses to behavioral targets but also a complex modulation of responses to other stimuli in the surrounding visual space.
Memory of Childhood Sexual Abuse Among Clinicians: Characteristics, Outcomes, and Current Therapy Attitudes:

This paper reports preliminary data on a sample of therapists with memory of childhood sexual abuse. Therapists who reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse (CSA, n = 131) were compared with therapists who suspected sexual abuse but had no memories (n = 24) on variables related to abuse characteristics, outcomes, and perceived difficulties working with clients with a CSA history. Therapists who suspected abuse, in contrast to those who made definite reports, were more likely to report that the perpetrator was a family member, that their CSA did not involve physical contact, that there was alcoholism in their families of origin, and that the CSA had negative effects on their relationships with their own children, ability to trust others, sexual satisfaction, and work life. Therapists who suspected abuse also reported more difficulty treating CSA clients because of interpersonal pulls during sessions, arousal without memories of abuse, and some countertransferential behaviors. These findings indicate that issues related to personal trauma should be addressed during training and practice.
Inducible Expression of the gp49B Inhibitory Receptor on NK Cells

Murine NK cells express inhibitory receptors belonging to the C-type lectin-like (Ly-49, CD94/NKG2) and Ig superfamily-related (gp49) receptors. The murine gp49B receptor displays structural homology with human killer inhibitory receptors, and was previously identified to be a receptor on mast cells and activated NK cells. The gp49B receptor is highly related to gp49A, a receptor with unknown function. In this study, using a novel mAb produced against soluble gp49B molecules that cross-reacts with gp49A, we examined the cellular distribution and function of these receptors. gp49 is constitutively expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage throughout development, as well as on mature cells. Importantly, gp49 is not expressed on spleen- and liver-derived lymphocytes, including NK cells, but its expression is induced in vitro on NK cells following IL-2 stimulation, or in vivo by infection with murine CMV. Molecular studies revealed that both the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing gp49B as well as immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-less gp49A receptors are up-regulated on NK cells following murine CMV infection. When co-cross-linked with NK1.1, gp49B can inhibit NK1.1-mediated cytokine release by NK cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the expression of gp49B on NK cells is regulated, providing the first example of an in vivo activation-induced NK cell inhibitory receptor, in contrast to the constitutively expressed Ly49 family.
Management of the Morel-Lavallée Lesion.

Morel-Lavallee lesions are closed degloving injuries sustained during violent soft tissue shear that separate the subdermal fat from its strong underlying fascia. Lesions most often occur in the peritrochanteric region, and patients may have concomitant polytrauma. As a result, a hematoma develops that has a high rate of acute bacterial colonization and chronic recurrence. Conservative treatment outcomes are best for those managed acutely. However, diagnosis is often delayed or missed. Furthermore, there is no universally accepted treatment algorithm. Diagnosis and treatment depend on a surgeon's thorough understanding of the cause, pathophysiology, imaging characteristics, and treatment options of Morel-Lavallee lesions.
Inverted Wedding Cake Growth Operated by the Ehrlich–Schwoebel Barrier in Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystal Evolution

Wedding cake growth is a layer-by-layer growth model commonly observed in epitaxial growth of metal films, featured by repeated nucleation of new atomic layers on the topmost surface owing to the confinement of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barrier. Herein, we report an inverted wedding cake growth phenomenon observed in two-dimensional nanostructure evolution. Through a dynamically controlled vapor-solid deposition process of ZnO, a unique basin-shaped crown was formed on the tip of each nanowire, featured with concentric steps. The atomic steps were nucleated along the edge and propagated toward the center. This is an opposite growth behavior compared to the conventional wedding cake growth, and is thus denoted as inverted wedding cake growth. Through the relation between the crown expansion rate and the temperature, the ES barrier of ZnO was determined to be 0.88 eV. The discovery of inverted wedding cake growth provided insight into the developing nanostructure growth mechanisms.
Trends in Health Care Expenditure in U.S. Adults With Diabetes: 2002–2011

OBJECTIVE Direct medical cost of diabetes in the U.S. has been estimated to be 2.3 times higher relative to individuals without diabetes. This study examines trends in healthcare expenditures by expenditure category in U.S. adults with diabetes between 2002 and 2011. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 10 years of data representing a weighted population of 189,013,514 U.S. adults aged ≥18 years from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We used a novel two-part model to estimate adjusted mean and incremental medical expenditures by diabetes status, while adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and time. RESULTS Relative to individuals without diabetes ($5,058 [95% CI $4,949–$5,166]), individuals with diabetes ($12,180 [$11,775–$12,586]) had more than double the unadjusted mean direct expenditures over the 10-year period. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with diabetes had $2,558 ($2,266–$2,849) significantly higher direct incremental expenditures compared with those without diabetes. For individuals with diabetes, inpatient expenditures rose initially from $4,014 in 2002/2003 to $4,183 in 2004/2005 and then decreased continuously to $3,443 in 2010/2011, while rising steadily for individuals without diabetes. The estimated unadjusted total direct expenditures for individuals with diabetes were $218.6 billion/year and adjusted total incremental expenditures were approximately $46 billion/year. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that compared with individuals without diabetes, individuals with diabetes had significantly higher health expenditures from 2002 to 2011 and the bulk of the expenditures came from hospital inpatient and prescription expenditures.
Medical issues and hormone replacement therapy.

Abstract The debate surrounding postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has become more contentious in the past decade. The relationship between HRT and venous thrombotic events has been confirmed, although the absolute risk is small. Evidence of a relationship between breast cancer and HRT is stronger. Randomized controlled trials reveal an association with cardiovascular events in women with known heart disease, a possibly diminished overall quality of life due to HRT, and worsening of urinary incontinence. There is also some evidence associating HRT with ovarian cancer. However, longitudinal studies continue to demonstrate over the long term that HRT use is associated with fewer cardiovascular events and a reduced risk of developing dementia. Future studies may show that a lower daily dose of HRT can reduce the risks while still providing benefit.
Computational Science and Engineering Applied to Military Fan and Compressor Design

The application of Computational Science and Engineering to the design and analysis of high performance military fans and compressors makes it possible to explicitly account for unsteady flow eects. With the support of a DoD HPCMP Challenge Project High Performance Computing resources have been applied to investigate how accounting for unsteady flow phenomena may improve design and performance prediction tools. The ability of high fidelity simulations to more accurately model complex flow phenomena is demonstrated. Simulations accomplished through this Challenge Project have produced improved geometric, physical, and numerical fidelity results than previously possible, allowing the design of next generation engines to achieve unprecedented performance. Challenges to setting-up, running, and post-processing very large simulations are identified and discussed.
What Type of Leaders Are We? Understanding and Enhancing Critical Human Resource Development Identity in the United States

The ProblemThese are the days of grand, interdisciplinary, and global challenges. For example, there is widespread acknowledgment within the scientific community that climate change is happening. The financial meltdown caused thousands of families to lose their homes, and environmental debacles like the BP oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico generated economic, social, and public health concerns.These are problems—not necessarily human resource development (HRD) problems—but problems nonetheless that impact the people, communities and organizations we lead and serve.We are the leaders, change agents, consultants, and educators whom organizations, communities, and people turn to for their development and training needs.The SolutionI believe HRD scholars should proactively develop a critical orientation to economic, social, cultural, and environmental issues currently plaguing the planet. With such a critical perspective, we can develop a CHRD leadership identity and challenge hidden assumptions and work wit...
Circadian clocks: Who knows where the time goes.

Plants contain several tissue-specific decentralized but communicating ‘clocks’. These control developmental outputs in response to environmental change: the vasculature clock for photoperiodic control of flowering, and the epidermis clock for temperature-dependent elongation.
Alternate evaluations of proteinuria in the gravid hypertensive patient.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the 12-hour urine total protein value correlates with the 24-hour value and to evaluate the random protein:creatinine ratio as a predictor of significant proteinuria (> or = 300 mg/24 h) for use in diagnosing preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: The study population included 15 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The patients' urine was collected over 24 hours in 2 12-hour aliquots. The urine volume, total protein and creatinine were measured. The patients' initial voids were collected and evaluated for random urine protein and creatinine and calculation of the protein:creatinine ratio. The protein:creatinine ratio and 12-hour results were compared to the 24-hour results using simple regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 15 patients, 6 had no proteinuria, 5 had mild proteinuria, and 4 had severe proteinuria (60% with significant proteinuria). The 12-hour protein results correlated with the 24-hour results for patients with mild disease (p = 0.00007, first 12 hours, and p = 0.012, second 12 hours) and severe disease (p = 0.014 and p = 0.007). The results for no disease were mixed: for the first 12 hours there was a poor correlation, but the results for the second 12 hours correlated well. The protein:creatinine ratio had a significant correlation (p = 0.02), using a cutoff of 0.15, returned specificity of 50%, sensitivity of 100%, positive predictive value of 75% and negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION: Total protein values for 12- and 24-hour urine samples correlate well for the diagnosis of preeclampsia. A protein:creatinine ratio of < or = 0.15 rules out significant proteinuria. In combination, these 2 tests may allow more rapid diagnosis of preeclampsia.
A Survey of Some Mathematical Descriptions of Deformations and States for Elastic-Plastic Materials

In this paper I wish to give a brief account of some recent mathematical studies of constitutive equations in plasticity, restricting my attention to constitutive equations for isothermal response and to studies that rest on the concept of a simple material, either in the original form [1] or in a newer form [2], both due to Noll. Essential ingredients in all of these approaches are a concept of deformation and a concept of state or, alternatively, of history of deformation.
Agglomeration Economies, Tolls, and Demand for Bandwidth

Urban economists say that a site or location enjoys "agglomeration economies" if the production or consumption activities located there make it more attractive for other activities to co-locate. Examples: a shopping mall anchored by a prominent department store; Silicon Valley; a financial district. The relative advantage of a site with agglomeration economies can be monetized into (1) "rents" that the site owner can charge (this is what mall developers try to get) or (2) "tolls" that a transport authority could charge for entry to the site (like the London cordon pricing) or (3) "taxes" that the local government could charge. The talk will explore the analogy between sites with agglomeration economies and websites that support "social networks" like MySpace, Orkut, Friendster, Bebo, and BlackPlanet; the collection of "rents" through advertisement; the possibility of "tolls" levied by ISPs; and the possibility of "user charges". Extrapolating the very large bandwidth demand price elasticity found in the INDEX project suggests that transport charges levied on website owners is more lucrative than on individual users. An early paper of Hotelling offers some insights into how social network website-owners may compete with each other and how tolls may be socially useful.
Ego-Splitting Framework: from Non-Overlapping to Overlapping Clusters

We propose ego-splitting, a new framework for detecting clusters in complex networks which leverage the local structures known as ego-nets (i.e. the subgraph induced by the neighborhood of each node) to de-couple overlapping clusters. Ego-splitting is a highly scalable and flexible framework, with provable theoretical guarantees, that reduces the complex overlapping clustering problem to a simpler and more amenable non-overlapping (partitioning) problem. We can scale community detection to graphs with tens of billions of edges and outperform previous solutions based on ego-nets analysis. More precisely, our framework works in two steps: a local ego-net analysis phase, and a global graph partitioning phase. In the local step, we first partition the nodes' ego-nets using a partitioning algorithm. We then use the computed clusters to split each node into its persona nodes that represent the instantiations of the node in its communities. Finally, in the global step, we partition the newly created graph to obtain an overlapping clustering of the original graph.
ERMRest: A Collaborative Data Catalog with Fine Grain Access Control

Creating and maintaining an accurate description of data assets and the relationships between assets is a critical aspect of making data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Typically, such metadata are created and maintained in a data catalog by a curator as part of data publication. However, allowing metadata to be created and maintained by data producers as the data is generated rather then waiting for publication can have significant advantages in terms of productivity and repeatability. The responsibilities for metadata management need not fall on any one individual, but rather may be delegated to appropriate members of a collaboration, enabling participants to edit or maintain specific attributes, to describe relationships between data elements, or to correct errors. To support such collaborative data editing, we have created ERMrest, a relational data service for the Web that enables the creation, evolution and navigation of complex models used to describe and structure diverse file or relational data objects. A key capability of ERMRest is its ability to control operations down to the level of individual data elements, i.e. fine-grained access control, so that many different modes of data-oriented collaboration can be supported. In this paper we introduce ERMRest and describe its fine-grained access control capabilities that support collaborative editing. ERMrest is in daily use in many data driven collaborations and we describe a sample policy that is based on a common biocuration pattern.
Toward wearable, crowd-sourced air quality monitoring for respiratory disease

In this work, we demonstrate the alpha prototype for a wearable air quality sensor system. This system will be used to create precise, high-resolution maps of the environment to help individuals with respiratory disease track their response to pollutants, determine when to pre-medicate, or avoid areas with poor air quality altogether. The data from such a map will provide improved accuracy over the single air quality index value provided for large metropolitan areas. We provide data from continuous monitoring over several locations to demonstrate the difference that can be observed within a small geographic area.
Does service type influence satisfaction? A case study of Edinburgh Castle.

Abstract Tourism sites often use interpretation to communicate their meaning and influence visitor satisfaction. However, few studies have explored the relationship between satisfaction and different interpretive service types. This study investigated the relationship between prior knowledge and satisfaction with interpretive service types at a highly visited UNESCO World Heritage Site. An onsite self-administered questionnaire collected data from English speaking tourists visiting Edinburgh Castle in Scotland. Respondents self-identified their primary interpretive service type used during their visitor experience. Results reveal visitor satisfaction differed among guided, audio-guided, and self-guided interpretation. Specifically, those primarily using their own personal resources had greater satisfaction than those who took an interpretive guided tour or read exhibits and signs. Additionally, findings identified visitors derive visit satisfaction through interpretive resources not supplied by the site. Implications for tourism management and interpretation services are discussed, along with opportunities for future research.
Assessing tree and stand biomass: a review with examples and critical comparisons

There is considerable interest today in estimating the biomass of trees and forests for both practica1 forestry issues and scientific purposes. New techniques and procedures are brought together along with the more traditional approaches to estimating woody biomass. General model forms and weighted analysis are reviewed, along with statistics for evaluating and comparing biomass models. Additivity and harmonization are addressed, and weight-ratio and density-integral approaches are discussed. Subsampling methods on trees to derive unbiased weight estimates are examined., and ratio and difference sampling estimators are considered in detail. Errorcomponents forstand biomass estimates are examined. This paper reviews quantitative principles and gives specific examples for prediction of tree biomass. The examples should prove useful for understanding the principles involved
Matrix metalloproteinases and atrial structural remodeling

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia, affecting approximately 5% of the population older than 65 years; the arrhythmia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and it is challenging and often frustrating to treat [(1,2)][1]. There is a tendency for AF to become chronic and
An Adaptive Algorithm for Quantile Regression

In this article, we introduce an algorithm to compute the regression quantile functions. This algorithm combines three algorithms — the simplex, interior point, and smoothing algorithm. The simplex and interior point algorithms come from the background of linear programming (Portnoy and Koenker, 1997). While the simplex method can handle small to middle sized data sets, the interior point method can handle large to huge data sets efficiently. The smoothing algorithm is specially designed for the L 1 or quantile regression type of problems (Chen, 2002), and it outperforms the other two algorithms for fat data sets. Combining these three algorithms produces an algorithm, which is adaptive in the sense that it can intelligently detect the input data sets and select one of the three algorithms to efficiently compute the regression quantile functions.
Singularities and defects in patterns far from threshold

This is a report on recent work that examines the behaviour of a class of nonlinear partial differential equations which axe considered to provide a good qualitative model of significant aspects of pattern formation and defects in a diverse range of physical systems. This work was done in collaboration with C. Bowman, R. Indik, A. C. Newell at the University of Arizona and with T. Passot at the Observatoire de Nice. The details of the formal and numerical results mentioned in this introduction will appear in [15] and details of the analytical results mentioned in the last section will appear in [9].