cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Russian Orthodox Episcopate, 1721-1917: A Prosopography

This collective biography of the 731 Russian Orthodox bishops consecrated between 1721 and 1917 explores the episcopate's regional and social origins, education, and career patterns and compares these with other European ecclesiastical elites. Apart from supplying extensive data on the Russian Orthodox episcopate, the article finds that by the end of the eighteenth century the regional heritage of a bishop ceased playing a role in shaping his identity. Likewise, from the mid-eighteenth century onward almost all bishops were from the clerical estate and the difference in social background stopped being a contested issue. Thus in the early nineteenth century the episcopate coalesced into a cohesive elite group, distinct from the caste-like clerical estate that it was drawn from and should logically have been closest to. Rather than attributing (as in the perception of the parish clergy and existing scholarship) the rift between episcopate and parish clergy to the frequent transfers of bishops from one diocese to another, this article argues that episcopate and parish clergy parted ways during the stratifying seminary years and that mobility--from home parish to seminary, from seminary to academy, and from diocese to diocese--came to characterize an episcopal career early on.
Phenylalanine transfer RNA species in early development of barley

Abstract Nine phenylalanine tRNA species were identified during early development in barley, eight of which were detected by reversed-phase 2 chromatography when germ, root, green and etiolated leaf, and chloroplast tRNAs were compared. Benzoylated DEAE-cellulose chromatography further resolved one of the eight species into two forms. Of the five species present in the 4.5-day-old leaves, two were found in chloroplasts and these were aminoacylated specifically by the purified phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli and from Euglena chloroplasts. The barley chloroplast synthetase preparation showed limited specificity in this respect. Two patterns of fluorescence were detected in leaf phenylalanine tRNA fractionated by benzoylated DEAE-cellulose. The ethanol fraction, which contained two cytoplasmic species, had a maximum fluorescence emission at 420 nm when excited at 312 nm. The emission spectrum was similar to that of wheat germ tRNA, which contains a fluorescent Y-type base in a phenylalanine tRNA. One of the two fractions that eluted with the salt gradient was fluorescent, exhibiting an emission maximum at 375 nm when excited at 312 nm. This fraction contained the two chloroplast species.
Pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis.

Much has been learned in the last decade regarding the initial steps of crystal deposition and ultimate stone formation. There appear to be 3 basic pathways for crystal formation in the upper urinary tract. The first and most common pathway is the overgrowth of calcium oxalate on suburothelial deposits of hydroxyapatite, so-called Randall plaque.1 This pathway is germane to the idiopathic calcium oxalate stone former, by far the largest category of stone formers. Randall plaque forms in the basement membranes of the thin limbs of the loop of Henle as fine particles that produce no visible tissue reaction or cell injury. These particles are laminated microspherials of alternating apatite crystals and organic matrix that coalesce in the interstitium to form a syncythium of crystal islands in an organic sea. This migrates to the suburothelial space, where it appears during surgery as a white, irregularly shaped plaque. Randall plaque occupies 5% to 8% of the total papillary surface area in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers and on this minor proportion of surface more than 75% of stones are attached, meaning that overgrowth on plaque is of preeminent importance for stone formation.2
Application of performance data from evaporite mines to salt nuclear waste repository design

Data on the performance of operating mines in rock salt and potash from United States and British sources is reviewed. A design validation scheme for nuclear waste repositories is proposed, based on back analysis of the response of operating evaporite mines.
Neurobiology: fly gyro-vision.

Flies stay on course using a combination of high performance vision and a specialized sensory gyroscope. A new study reveals that these disparate modalities are wired together.
The Circulatory Response of Patients with Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis to Nitroglycerin and to the Valsalva Maneuver

The circulatory responses to nitroglycerin and to the Valsalva maneuver were studied in seven patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, in five patients with valvular aortic stenosis, and in three patients without obstruction to left ventricular outflow. In contrast to the patients with valvular stenosis who showed no changes or decreases in their aortic valvular pressure gradients, in all the patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis an increased pressure gradient was observed following nitroglycerin administration. Similar effects on the pressure gradients were observed during the Valsalva maneuver, an augmentation occurring in patients with hypertrophic obstruction, and a fall being noted in patients with valvular stenosis. In one patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the gradients across the right ventricular outflow tract were increased by nitroglycerin and the Valsalva maneuver. It is postulated that this increase in obstruction resulted primarily fr...
Critical cerebral perfusion pressure during tepid heart operations in dogs

Abstract Background . The management of blood pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass varies widely. This may be particularly relevant with the trend to warmer bypass temperatures and an older patient population. Therefore, we examined the minimal perfusion pressure that maintains cerebral oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass at 33°C. Methods . Ten dogs were placed on bypass and body temperature was reduced to 33°C (α-stat pH management). At six randomly ordered mean arterial blood pressures (35, 40, 45, 50, 60, and 70 mm Hg), cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and metabolic rate were determined. Results . Cerebral oxygen delivery was stable if the mean arterial pressure was greater than or equal to 60 mm Hg. If mean arterial pressure was less than or equal to 50 mm Hg, cerebral oxygen delivery decreased, and at less than 45 mm Hg cerebral ischemia was seen. Conclusions . In a dog without vascular disease, the brain becomes perfusion pressure-dependent at a mean arterial pressure of approximately 50 mm Hg. There is no leftward shift of the cerebral autoregulatory curve during bypass at 33°C. Greater support of mean arterial pressure during "tepid" cardiopulmonary bypass is indicated in the current adult surgical population that is older and has vascular comorbidity.
STRATEGIES AND OUTCOMES OF PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS FOR OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA: A REVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES COMPLETED IN 129 PREGNANCIES

We completed prenatal diagnostic studies from 129 pregnancies at risk for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Studies in 107 pregnancies were completed by analysis of collagen synthesized by cells cultured from chorionic villus biopsies and the remaining 22 used direct mutation identification or analysis of polymorphic restriction sites in the COL1A1 gene of type I collagen. The vast majority of studies (n=113) were obtained to identify fetuses with OI type II (the perinatal lethal form) and some fetuses affected with OI type III or IV (the deforming varieties). Of the 50 couples who had had one previous affected pregnancy with the lethal form of OI, one had a second affected pregnancy, a rate of 2 per cent. Two of the seven unaffected couples (28 per cent) who had had two previous affected pregnancies with OI type II had a third affected pregnancy; none of the three with two previous pregnancies with OI type III had a third. Pregnancies at risk for OI type I could not be ascertained reliably by biochemical analysis of cultured CVS cells but were identified by direct analysis of the causative mutation or the use of linked markers in families. All prenatal diagnostic studies were undertaken only after earlier diagnostic studies (biochemical or molecular) had been completed on the proband, a necessary strategy for accurate results. In all pregnancies at risk for OI type II, OI type III, and OI type IV studied with biochemical strategies and in pregnancies at risk for OI type I studied with molecular techniques, there were neither false-negative nor false-positive results. Diagnostic information can be obtained within 20–30 days of biopsy using biochemical techniques and within 10–14 days when molecular strategies are used. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cold agglutinin induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia and NK-cell leukemia—A new association

Cold agglutinin induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia is uncommonly associated with leukemia and lymphomas. We present a case of a young Mexican female presenting with a cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia with expression of a rare Pr antigen specificity and an aggressive NK-cell leukemia. Our patient had a rapid fatal course. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of such an association.
Resource data bases—Resource assessment

Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Resource Analysis is developing computer methods for the handling of mineral-resources data in order to provide improved means for addressing and manipulating data. These methods include: computerized data files and predictive resource models. Data files contain the raw or disaggregated information on mineral deposits and commodities. One operational data file is CRIB (Computerized Resources Information Bank) which is a general purpose inventory and reference file on metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits. A computer file on resources should contain detailed information on the following main categories: record identification, name and location, description of deposit, analytical data, and production/reserves. A resource model employs postulates and inferences in conjunction with the data to make predictions about resources-as key variables concerning a mineral commodity are changed. The objective is to estimate the availability of minerals including: geological availability (occurrence models), technological availability (exploration and beneficiation models), and economic availability (economics models).
Five-day course of antibacterials for uncomplicated urinary infections

Fifty-six patients with uncomplicated urinary infections were treated with a five-day course of antimicrobials. Fifty-four patients had sterile urine two weeks after termination of the drugs. Over a two-year period 8 patients were found to become reinfected.
The Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Stability and Performance Study Using Different Electrolytes

The overarching goal of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) is to improve photovoltaic performance and their long-term stability for use in practical applications because of their simple fabrication technology at a reasonable cost. The focus of this paper is to achieve cell stability and also to improve solar energy conversion efficiency experimenting with different electrolytes. The electrolyte’s role is critical to sustain the DSS cell performance over time to instill cell stability. Four different electrolytes, Iodolyte R-150, AN-50, PN-50 and MPN-100, are experimented in this work for fabricating the dye-sensitized solar cells for studying both the stability and efficiency of the DSSCs. The electrolyte selection was made using the following key electrolyte parameters; lower viscosity for easier injection into the cell, lower vapor pressure and higher boiling point to minimize electrolyte evaporation, wide redox window to generate sufficient donating electrons to the dye, lower cost and non-toxicity. Electrolytes with higher concentration of Iodolyte were chosen for this study to widen redox potential window. These are Iodide based redox electrolytes and are made with 100 mM of tri-iodide in 3-methoxypropionitrile. The results of this investigation revealed that the cell with Iodolyte R-150 electrolyte achieved improved performance having an efficiency of 10.2% when compared to the reference cell efficiency of 8.4% with Iodolyte R-50. These cells were stabilized over a time of 4 weeks. The fill factor of the cell changed about 10% and the internal resistance decreased from 6.7 to 4.3 Ω. The results of this experiment demonstrated reduced internal resistance, and improved fill factor contributed to higher cell efficiency and stability. The results of the work presented in this paper support the argument that electrolytes with higher Iodolyte concentration can enhance the cell efficiency and stability along with scaling down of the cell size.
Comparative study of different modes of calibration and quantification in radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES)

Three modes of calibration (normal, internal standard and sputtering rate), available in commercial quantification software, were evaluated for the determination of aluminium, carbon, iron, phosphorus, and silicon in various NIST SRM reference materials using radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES). Incorporation of the dc-bias potential (Vdc) correction in the normal and sputtering rate modes of calibration were also investigated. Statistical figures of merit, including the square of the least-squares correlation coefficient (R2), minimum least squares coefficient (chi square, χ2), and standard error of estimate (SEE) were used to evaluate the calibration of the five test elements. The internal standard mode, using the intensity of the Ar (I) 404.44 nm transition as the internal standard, performed better than the normal and sputtering rate modes. Use of the Vdc correction on the calibration functions of the five elements by the latter two modes provides enhanced performance. The accuracy and precision of the measured concentrations of the five elements in the test samples further validated the statistical results of the various types of calibration; with and without the Vdc correction. The best accuracy results for elements with no apparent self-absorption (C, P and Si), were found to be ≤7% error, using either internal standard or sputtering rate quantification with Vdc correction modes. For elements with noticeable self-absorption (Al and Fe), the accuracy was found to be best when using sputtering rate calibration with Vdc correction (error ≤ 5%). However, the internal standard mode of calibration produced the best precision in the concentrations for all five elements with a 1.3–7.7% RSD range.
Photometric Variability in a Sample of 187 G and K Giants

We have used three automatic photoelectric telescopes to obtain photometric observations of 187 G, K, and (a few) M0 —eld giants. We —nd low-amplitude photometric variability on timescales of days to weeks on both sides of the coronal dividing line (CDL) in a total of 81 or 43% of the 187 giants. About one-third of the variables have amplitudes greater than 0.01 mag in V. In our sample the percentage of variable giants is a minimum for late-G spectral classes and increases for earlier and later classes; all K5 and M0 giants are variable. We also obtained high-resolution, red wavelength spectroscopic observations of 147 of the giants, which we used to determine spectral classi—cations, v sin i values, and radial veloci- ties. We acquired additional high-resolution, blue wavelength spectra of 48 of the giants, which we used to determine chromospheric emission —uxes. We analyzed the photometric and spectroscopic obser- vations to identify the cause(s) of photometric variability in our sample of giants. We show that the light variations in the vast majority of G and K giant variables cannot be due to rotation. For giants on the cool side of the CDL, we —nd that the variability mechanism is radial pulsation. Thus, the variability mechanism operating in M giants extends into the K giants up to about spectral class K2. On the hot side of the CDL, the variability mechanism is most likely nonradial, g-mode pulsation. Subject headings: stars: fundamental parametersstars: late-typestars: oscillations ¨ stars: rotationstars: spotsstars: variables: other
Mild cognitive impairment and objective instrumental everyday functioning: the everyday cognition battery memory test.

OBJECTIVES—Examine the performance MCI and non-MCI participants on an objective measure of everyday or real-world memory and subjective items assessing competency within the same instrumental domains. In addition, determine whether ECB can uniquely predict MCI status. DESIGN—Cross-sectional SETTING—Independently-living sample of urban dwelling elders in Baltimore MD. PARTICIPANTS—The sample consisted of 555 ranging in age from 50 to 95 years (M = 68.75, SD = 9.61) MEASUREMENTS—Objective performance in three instrumental domains (i.e., medication use, financial management, nutrition/food preparation) was assessed by the Everyday Cognition Battery ECB Memory Test. Subjective performance with in the same instrumental domains was also assessed. RESULTS—No difference was found between MCI and Non-MCI elders on the subjective items of IADL competency. A significant multivariate effect for cognitive status group [F(3, 507) = 21.88, p < .05, 2 =.12] was observed for the objective measure, with MCI participants performing, on average, significantly worse than Non-MCI participants on all thee instrumental domain subscales. The medicine use (OR = .96, 95% CI = .94–.99) and financial management (OR = .93, 95% CI = .91–.96) subscales of the ECB Memory Test were both unique and significant predictors of MCI. CONCLUSION—This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that cognitively complex instrumental activities of daily living might be compromised in elders with MCI. Moreover, the ECB Memory Test might be a clinically useful tool in evaluating real-world competency.
Proposed Measure of Performance Efficiency in Laying Hens

Abstract FOR many years, percent production was regarded as a most useful criterion in appraising the value of laying hens. Although it remains as one of the best efficiency indicators, measures of additional factors such as egg weight, egg quality, body weight and feed consumption have been utilized in the sophistication of productive analyses (Kleiber, 1965). With the development of commercial laying stocks which routinely attain the desired 57 gram egg weight, the measure of feed efficiency has, for the past decade, concerned itself with the relationship of feed consumed to eggs produced (Ewing, 1963; Card and Nesheim, 1966). This has been a convenient partial measure of performance efficiency. It is simple to use feed efficiency values for the calculation of profit, as they relate to cost of feed and to egg price, but with the inverse relationship between high efficiency and numerical values for feed efficiency, an unnecessary barrier to . . .
Reduced testosterone levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with weight loss and low weight.

Risk factors for hypoandrogenemia among low-weight, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are not known. Testosterone levels of 69 HIV-infected women with low weight and weight loss were compared with levels for 25 healthy, age- and body mass index-matched control subjects. HIV-infected subjects were of low weight, with a mean (+/- standard deviation) weight loss of -17.6% +/- 9.7% from preillness maximum, and 42% of HIV-infected subjects had a body mass index of 10% of maximum weight was a significant predictor of low free testosterone levels. Free testosterone levels did not differ by drug class or antiretroviral regimen. In conclusion, decreased androgen levels are common among HIV-infected women reporting significant weight loss, independent of exposure to antiretroviral medications.
An In Vivo Study of Phosphorus and Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and PET

Objectives: To study phosphorus and glucose metabolism in whole-brain slices of otherwise healthy patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and healthy controls. Design: We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging phosphorus spectroscopy and positron emission tomography to study in vivo brain phosphorus and glucose metabolism. Patients: Whole-brain slice phosphorus metabolism was studied in nine drug free patients with mild to moderately severe dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and in eight age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Mean ages (±SD) of the patients and controls were 60 ± 10 years and 64±16 years, respectively. Positron emission tomography was used to study cerebral glucose metabolism in seven of the patients with DAT and seven of the healthy controls. Results: Patients with DAT had significant brain glucose hypometabolism compared with controls, but there was no significant group difference in any phosphorus metabolite concentration or ratio in the same volume of brain tissue. Also, within patients with DAT there was no correlation between any phosphorus metabolite concentration or ratio and either severity of dementia or glucose metabolism. Conclusions: We suggest glucose metabolism is reduced early in DAT (reflecting decreased basal synaptic functioning) and is unrelated to a rate limitation in glucose delivery, abnormal glucose metabolism, or abnormal coupling between oxidation and phosphorylation. Normal or near-normal levels of phosphorus metabolites are maintained in mild, moderate, and severe DAT. Therefore, altered high-energy phosphate levels are not a consequence of reduced glucose metabolism in DAT, and do not play a major role in the pathophysiology of the disorder, at least in whole-brain sections.
A Brief Overview of Corporate Governance Reforms in India

Since the late 1990s, Indian regulators as well as industry representatives and companies have undertaken significant efforts to overhaul the country’s corporate governance. These reform initiatives have been revived or accelerated following the Satyam scandal of 2009. The current corporate governance regime in India straddles both voluntary and mandatory requirements: for listed companies, the vast majority of Clause 49 requirements are mandatory; it remains to be seen whether some of the more recent voluntary corporate governance measures will become mandatory for all companies through a comprehensive revision of the Companies Act. This report briefly outlines the process undertaken to reform India’s corporate governance laws. It also provides an overview of Clause 49, the pending corporate governance-related provisions in the Companies Bill (2009), and the MCA’s Corporate Governance Voluntary Guidelines (2009).
Preplacement Marking for Optimal Gastrostomy and Jejunostomy Tube Site Locations to Decrease Complications and Promote Self-Care

Placement of surgical and percutaneous gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes for enteral feeding is routinely done with the patient in a supine position. This may result in a tube exit site located in an abdominal fold or the belt line, near a bony prominence, or beneath a pendulous breast. Poor location can cause discomfort, skin irritation, leakage, and difficulty in stabilizing the tube. A tube exit site that is not easily visibile to the patient can limit resumption of self-care and independence. Two methods of preplacement marking for feeding tube locations are described. Selecting optimal gastrostomy and jejunostomy tube sites decreases complications and promotes patient independence.
Regional assessment of the response of the acid-base status of lake watersheds in the Adirondack region of New York to changes in atmospheric deposition using PnET-BGC.

Understanding the response of soil and surface waters to changes in atmospheric deposition is critical for guiding future legislation on air pollution. The Adirondack region of New York experiences among the most severe ecological impacts from acidic deposition. The region is characterized by considerable variability in atmospheric deposition, surficial and bedrock geology, hydrologic flow paths, and vegetation resulting in variability in effects of acidic deposition. In this study, an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) was applied to 37 forest lake watersheds to assess the response of soil and surface waters of the Adirondacks to changes in atmospheric deposition at a regional scale. Model-simulated surface water chemistry was validated against data from two synoptic surveys conducted in 1984 and 2001. Results indicate that the model is able to capture the observed changes in surface water chemistry during this period. The model was further used to forecast the response of soil and surface waters...
The Kinetics of Nickel Sorption on Pyrophyllite as Monitored by X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Spectroscopy

This study investigated the effect of reaction time (minutes to months) on the surface coordination environment of Ni sorbed onto pyrophyllite using XAFS. The data suggest the appearance of multinuclear Ni complexes after a reaction time of minutes. As reaction time !>rogresses, these multinuclear Ni complexes increased in size «NNi-Ni 1.4-4.5). Ni-Ni bond distances (2.99-3.03 A) were similar to those for mixed Ni-AI hydroxides (3.03 A), but distinctively sboner than those for Ni(OHh(s) (3.09 A). We propose that the formation of mixed Ni-Al hydroxides may explain the observed bond distances and coordination nnmbers.
Post‐War Productivity Patterns in U.S. Agriculture: Influences of Aggregation Procedures in a State‐Level Analysis

Annual data for forty-eight states are used to account for changes in the composition of input and output aggregates over space and time, and thereby to obtain new evidence on changes in inputs, outputs, and productivity in U.S. agriculture. The measures change significantly when we use state-specific rather than national prices and when we allow for changes in the composition of the aggregates, especially of labor and capital inputs. We compare our estimates and those reported by Ball et al. (American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81(1999):164‐79). The national estimates are similar but substantial differences are found in state-level productivity growth.
Competitive Balance in the Eyes of the Sports Fan: Prospective Measures Using Point Spreads in the NFL and NBA

There are many measures of competitive balance in the sports economics literature, each with their strengths and weaknesses. This study uses point spreads to measure competitive balance which has the advantages that they are prospective rather than retrospective and that they are determined by the sports fans and not just the outcome of a game. A total of six measures of competitive balance are developed from point spreads. These measures show a general trend toward improvement in competitive balance in the National Basketball Association over the past 20 years with no clear trend emerging for competitive balance in the National Football League.
N-[2-(Phenyl­sulfon­yl)eth­yl]benzyl­amine

The title compound, C15H17NO2S, exhibits intra­molecular hydrogen bonding between the amine H atom and a sulfonyl O atom. The conformation of the mol­ecule is described by the four PhCH2—NH—CH2—CH2—SO2Ph torsion angles of 79.6 (2), −166.21 (14), −70.29 (17) and −58.93 (13)°.
The Euler-Schlaefli Equation

In 1752 Leonhard Euler formulated a relationship between the numbers of elements of different dimensionality in a structure, which was generalized very elegantly by Schlaefli exactly one hundred years later. Schlaefli put his relationship in the following form: $$ \mathop \sum \limits_{i = 0}^j ( - 1)^i N_i = 1 + ( - 1)^j $$ (3-1)
The gastrointestinal absorption of unaltered protein in normal infants and in infants recovering from diarrhea.

The serum concentration of egg albumin after the oral administration of 1 gm./kg. of purified egg albumin was determined by means of a quantitative immunochemical technique in 21 infants recovering from diarrhea and in 19 control subjects of the same age. In the patients with diarrhea the concentrations were significantly greater than in the controls. The use of hypoallergenic food in the recovery phase of diarrhea is recommended.
Entrepreneurialism and development administration in Zambia

Throughout the developing world, governments act to achieve rapid economic development in a planned and conscious way. The most visible evidence of this is the proliferation of development plans in the post-colonial era. Virtually all new states have a plan that extends over a period of three to ten years.
Alternate expressions for the economic theory of forest fire management.

Two traditional economic efficiency criteria, minimization of cost plus net value change versus profit maximization, are compared in terms of the insights provided into fire management decisions. The historic rationale for favoring minimization over maximization is examined and questioned. Advantages of formulating the problem in terms of profit maximization include explicit attention to production relations obscured by previous graphical representations of the minimization criterion (...)
The Transition From Gesture To Word

U.S. research into the nature of sign language, the acquisition and development of American Sign Language (A.S.L.), and the education of hearing impaired children have developed along lines that are strikingly different from the research reported in this paper by Sirotkin. Scholars in the United States have considered the deaf community as a social group and hence have studied A. S. L. as an integral system, without primary reference to the English language with which it is in contact. This community view has also resulted in a focus on acquisition of language by children in settings outside formal education and on an interest in various bilingual models for educational programs. Many U.S. scholars, then, will not agree with the final part of this paper, which is, in effect, an argument for a system of "Manual Russian/English" as the approach to education.
Shelf Position and Space Effects on Sales

The authors report a cross-sectional analysis of the effects of shelf position and space on sales for a frequently purchased, branded grocery product. As is the case in most cross-sectional studies...
Cricket Haematocytes: a Chromosome Culture Method

Unusually clear metaphase plates of cricket chromosomes were obtained from in vivo culture and the injection of colchicine into the abdominal portion of the haemocoel of Acheta domesticus (L.). The chromosomes obtained by this method were standardized and then karyotyped according to decreasing size.
ED-39GANGLIOGLIOMA IN CHILDREN; IDENTIFICATION OF CASES AT RISK OF DEATH DUE TO PROGRESSION FOLLOWING INITIAL SURGERY.

Gangliogliomas have traditionally been considered benign tumors, particularly in children. Following resection, the prognosis is thought to be excellent. We reviewed all cases of ganglioglioma at our institution over the preceding 10 years. Cases were identified by a review of the Neuro-Pathology records. Clinical and radiographic information was generated by a retrospective review of charts by the Dept. of Neuro-Oncology. 40 cases occurred in those age 25% by immunohistochemistry (IHC); this was present in 3/9 cases checked in those who did not die (p < 0.05). Conclusion: While generally benign tumors, we suggest close surveillance in children with the following characteristics: biopsy alone undertaken, histological features of JPA or anaplasia and a high p53 by IHC.
Diffusive Mass Transport at the Macroscale

Mass transport during solidification is responsible for macrosegregation. The mechanism of mass transport through species diffusion produces diffusion-controlled macrosegregation. Momentum transfer (fluid convection) generates fluid flow/solute diffusion-controlled segregation. The effects of these mechanisms on casting solidification will be discussed in the following chapters.
Investigation on present situation of drinking water safety in Luannan County of Hebei Province in 2013

[Objective]To understand the present situation of drinking water safety in Luannan County of Hebei Province,and provide evidence for water sanitation management. [Methods]Water samples were collected from 589 villages of 16 towns for detection according to GB/ T 5750-2006"Standard Test Method of Drinking Water."[Results]A total of 176 water samples were detected,136(77.28%)were qualified. The qualified rate in wet season and dry season was 69.32% and 85.23%,respectively.The qualified rate was low in Yaowangahuang Town(33.33%),Qingtuoying Town(41.67%) and Chengzhuang Town(50.00%).The rate of unsafe drinking water was high in Qingtuoying Town(78.44%),Yaowangzhuang Town(69.38%),Chengzhuang Town(64.74%)and Nanbao Tang(61.71%). A total of 129 165 people were monitored for drinking water safety,45 232 drank unsafe water,occupying 35.02%[Conclusion]The present situation of drinking water should attract attention from related department in Luannan County, and the investment and management should be enhanced.
At Home with René Girard: Eucharistic Sacrifice, the ‘French School’ and Joseph De Maistre

I am not especially concerned whether Rene Girard’s theory of sacrifice is true or false, right or wrong — even though I believe recent criticism from anthropologists has settled the question in the negative.1 Similarly, as an historian of religion, I take serious objection to Girard’s claims about the violent origins of religion and culture, about the foundational character of scapegoating and victimage in the religions. Neither Buddhism, nor even a religion as paradigmatically tolerant of violence such as Islam, for example, fit. Had Girard limited himself to the claim that power was an element in the origins of societies, religions included, I should not have the qualms I now have. But clearly Girard is after something more. This may or may not thus make me one of those dogmatic empiricists Girard decries.2 But as I shall try to show, the truth of Girard’s claims need not be our only concern in reading him.
A Murine AML Model for the Development of Resistance to NRAS(G12V) Oncogene Repression and/or Ara-C Treatment in Vivo

We previously reported the development of a model of AML in mice induced by the combined expression of a conditionally expressed NRASG12V oncogene and the MLL fusion oncogene MLL-AF9. This mouse model combines a Vav promoter-Tet transactivator (Vav-tTA) transgene, a doxycycline (DOX)-repressible tet-regulated element promoter-NRASG12V (TRE-NRASG12V) transgene, and Mll-AF9 “knock-in” transgene. When we transplanted triple transgenic Vav-tTA; TRE-NRASG12V; Mll-AF9 AML into SCID mice we found that doxycycline (DOX) treatment via the drinking water could prevent AML engraftment or eliminate AML cells after growth to full-blown leukemia. However, these mice eventually develop DOX-resistant AML, which does not re-express the NRASG12V transgene. In more recent data, we find that the Vav-tTA; TRE-NRASG12V; Mll-AF9 AML cells are also Ara-C sensitive as we can repeatedly induce temporary remission in transplant recipients of these cells by 5 day courses of 50 mg/kg Ara-C given once per day intra-peritoneally. Although Ara-C is the backbone of human Ara-C treatment, many patients develop Ara-C resistant AML over time. In our model, fully Ara-C resistant AML develops after 4 to 5 courses of treatment. Nevertheless, a combination of Ara-C treatment and NRASG12V transgene suppression using DOX can extend remission and survival compared to treatment with either approach alone suggesting that some benefit could be obtained by combining RAS pathway inhibitors with conventional chemotherapy. However, even in this case, AML that is resistant to both Ara-C and NRASG12V transgene suppression eventually develops in all mice. Primary AML samples that have been selected in vivo for resistance to Ara-C, NRASG12V oncogene suppression, or both, have been collected and are being analyzed by mRNA microarray for changes in gene expression that might be responsible for the acquisition of resistance.
Organic carbon and total nitrogen topsoil stocks, biogenetic natural reserve ‘Marchesale’ (Calabria region, southern Italy)

ABSTRACTIt is essential estimating the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) stocks and their spatial-temporal variations to understand the role of soil in ecosystem services and in the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen. This work was aimed to quantify and map the stocks of SOC and STN in topsoils in an area of the Biogenetic Natural Reserve ‘Marchesale’ (Calabria region, southern Italy). Forest soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were collected at 231 locations and analysed in laboratory for SOC and STN. Moreover, in all samples, bulk density (BD) and soil coarse fragments (SCFs) were determined. Geostatistics was used to map all soil properties (SOC, STN, BD and SCFs) and the stocks of SOC and STN. The mean stock values were 86.3 Mg ha−1 for SOC and 5.1 Mg ha−1 for STN. The total amounts stored in the study area (33.2 ha) were 2865.2 Mg for SOC and 170.1 Mg for STN. Although only the topsoil was considered, the accompanying maps (1:4000 scale) will be useful for the...
Engagement with Genetic Information and Uptake of Genetic Testing: the Role of Trust and Personal Cancer History

We used national survey data to (1) determine the extent to which individuals trust the sources from which they are most likely to receive information about cancer-related genetic tests (BRCA1/2, Lynch syndrome), (2) examine how level of trust for sources of genetic information might be related to cancer-related genetic testing uptake, and (3) determine whether key factors, such as cancer history and numeracy, moderate the latter association. We used cross-sectional data from the Health Information National Trends Survey. Our study sample included individuals who responded that they had heard or read about genetic tests (n = 1117). All analyses accounted for complex survey design. Although respondents trusted information from health professionals the most, they were significantly less likely to report hearing about genetic testing from such professionals than via television (p < 0.01). Regardless of source, higher levels of trust in the information source from which participants heard about genetic tests were associated with increased odds of genetic testing uptake, particularly among those with a personal cancer history. Numeracy was not associated with genetic testing uptake. Because health professionals were among the most trusted health information sources, they may serve as important brokers of genetic testing information for those with a personal cancer history.
A climatology of easterly waves in the tropical Western Hemisphere

To understand the relationship among easterly waves, tropical cyclones (TCs), and the large-scale environment, a robust climatology of easterly waves for the tropical Western Hemisphere has been developed. The foundation for the climatology is a new easterly wave tracking algorithm that identifies westwards propagating disturbances over the tropical East Pacific, Atlantic, and Africa. To assess the issue of track dependencies and easterly wave representation, climatologies are prepared separately from the NCEP-NCAR, CFS-R, ERA-40, and ERA-Interim reanalyses. The source code for the easterly wave-tracking algorithm along with the easterly wave climatology for each atmospheric reanalysis is publicly available from NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Buccal Mucosa and Lower Lip

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon relatively aggressive neuroendocrine dermal neoplasm first described in 1972 as a tumor of the sun exposed skin. Although most MCC affect the skin of the head and neck, rare primarily oral mucosal cases have been documented. Merkel cells are nondendritic neuroendocrine cells that are found not only in the skin but also the oral mucosa and give rise to MCC. Neuroendocrine cells may be found as aggregates in organs or as diffuse or isolated cells within organs and their epithelial lining. They contain peptide hormones and biogenic amines and occur in two forms: dendritic, which are not associated with nerve fibers and non-dendritic, which are associated with nerve fibers. Merkel cells as well as MCC express simple epithelium-type Cytokeratins (8, 18, 19, 20), neurosecretory substances; chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), adhesion molecules, and villin (intermediate filament). Though weakly, they also express neural markers such as S-100 protein. Cytokeratin 20, and Cluster of differentiation 56, are the two key diagnostic markers for Merkel cells and MCC. Etiology includes UV radiation, the recently described Merkel cell polyomavirus, and long term systemic immunosuppression. The cutaneous and mucosal variants of MCC are considered aggressive tumors with a high risk for local recurrence and metastasis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of head and neck mucosal lesions. We present two cases of primary Merkel cell carcinoma, one on the buccal mucosa and the other on the lower lip, and discuss the salient histologic, immunohistochemical and clinical features.
The ability of household pitcher-style water purifiers to remove microcystins depends on filtration rate and activated carbon source

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a global threat to human health due to contamination of drinking water. To ensure public safety, water treatment plants must have the capability to remove cyanotoxins from water. Recently, however, there have been several instances when microcystins, a common group of cyanotoxins, have been detected in tap water. This research investigated if commercially available pitcher-style water purifiers were able to remove microcystins from water. Microcystins were extracted from two naturally occurring blooms in Lake Erie, diluted to initial concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 μg/L, and then subjected to three purifier types. Results showed that the purifier with the fastest percolation rate (126 seconds/L) and a filter cartridge comprised solely of coconut-based activated carbon removed 50% or less of the microcystins, while the purifier with the slowest percolation rate (374 seconds/L) and a blend of activated carbon decreased microcystins to below detectable levels (
Atypical acinar cell foci in human pancreas: Morphological and morphometric analysis

The morphological and quantitative findings of the present study suggest that atypical acinar cell foci are not neoplastic in nature. Atypical acinar cell foci (AACF) are rare and unusual lesions in the human pancreas. The biological nature of AACF is poorly understood, and is not clear whether they represent neoplastic or degenerative changes in the acinar cells. To further characterize and understand the significance of AACF in relation to acinar cell tumor development, we have examined these lesions by light and electron microscopy and evaluated the growth pattern by measuring cell proliferation and the size of the foci in the pancreas of a 16-yr-old male. The pancreas was grossly unremarkable. AACF were randomly distributed throughout the pancreas, well delineated, and showed minimal variation in sizes. The constituent, cells contained uniform nuclei, pale vacuolated cytoplasm, and exhibited low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Electron microscopic examination showed a few zymogen granules and markedly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proliferative index in AACF (13%) was less than in adjacent uninvolved acinar tissue (19%). Quantitative stereological analysis showed the pancreas to contain approximately 1800 AACF/cm3 with a mean focal diameter of 360 μm.
Examining the impact of deterrence factors and norms on resistance to Information Systems Security

Abstract Numerous studies have found that employees are the principal source of adverse Information Systems Security (ISS) incidents in organizational settings. Consequently, the ISS research focuses on examining factors that affect employees' behaviour towards complying with ISS policy. Most of this research, based on the theory of reasoned action, considers that employees' intention to comply with ISS policies is a good predictor of their behaviour. This paper argues that the employees' compliance with ISS policies within organizations is usually enforced, and that the non-compliance is mainly due to the resistance towards these policies. This research examines the role of organizational punishment and organizational norms in impacting employees' resistance towards the ISS policies. The data were collected from 133 employees of 10 organizations spanning four industries and the hypotheses were tested and validated using PLS-SEM analytical procedures. The results show that moral and descriptive norms are useful in reducing the resistance.
Synergy between active sites of Cu-In-Zr-O catalyst in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Abstract Methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation has attracted intensive research efforts, but is challenged with development of active and selective catalyst materials that would allow the reaction occurs under milder conditions and being economically more viable. Herein we report the use of bifunctional active sites and their synergy in promoting CO2 hydrogenation kinetics and selectivity. A series of Cu-In-Zr-O mixed oxide nanomaterials containing Cu and defective In2O3 active sites were synthesized and studied for the catalytic properties. Significantly higher CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity were achieved using the Cu-In-Zr-O compared to its non-copper counterpart In-Zr-O, revealing synergy between the two active sites. Insights into the mechanism and functionality of the two actives in CO2 hydrogenation catalysis were obtained with in situ DRIFTS study. A formate-methoxy-methanol pathway and the possible rate-limiting steps were discovered. The excellent selectivity property of the Cu-In-Zr-O was attributed to strong adsorption of CO2 to defective In2O3, which creates a large energy barrier that suppresses CO2 dissociation into CO. The promotion in CO2 hydrogenation kinetics was attributed to cooperation between the bifunctional active sites, with Cu sites adsorb and provide active hydrogen atoms that hydrogenate adsorbed CO2 at adjacent defective In2O3 sites. The findings confirmed synergy between bifunctional sites in CO2 hydrogenation catalysis and provided a new concept in development of active and selective catalyst materials.
Distinctive single-channel properties of α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor isoforms.

Central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are predominantly of the α4β2 subtype. Two isoforms exist, with high or low agonist sensitivity (HS-(α4β2)2β2- and LS-(α4β2)2α4-nAChR). Both isoforms exhibit similar macroscopic potency and efficacy values at low acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations, mediated by a common pair of high-affinity α4(+)/(-)β2 subunit binding interfaces. However LS-(α4β2)2α4-nAChR also respond to higher concentrations of ACh, acting at a third α4(+)/(-)α4 subunit interface. To probe isoform functional differences further, HS- and LS-α4β2-nAChR were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and single-channel responses were assessed using cell-attached patch-clamp. In the presence of a low ACh concentration, both isoforms produce low-bursting function. HS-(α4β2)2β2-nAChR exhibit a single conductance state, whereas LS-(α4β2)2α4-nAChR display two distinctive conductance states. A higher ACh concentration did not preferentially recruit either conductance state, but did result in increased LS-(α4β2)2α4-nAChR bursting and reduced closed times. Introduction of an α4(+)/(-)α4-interface loss-of-function α4W182A mutation abolished these changes, confirming this site’s role in mediating LS-(α4β2)2α4-nAChR responses. Small or large amplitude openings are highly-correlated within individual LS-(α4β2)2α4-nAChR bursts, suggesting that they arise from distinct intermediate states, each of which is stabilized by α4(+)/(-)α4 site ACh binding. These findings are consistent with α4(+)/(-)α4 subunit interface occupation resulting in allosteric potentiation of agonist actions at α4(+)/(-)β2 subunit interfaces, rather than independent induction of high conductance channel openings.