cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of Redox-Active, Two-Component Films by Electrochemical Reduction of C60 and Transition Metal Complexes

Electrochemical reduction of C60 in 4:1 toluene/acetonitrile solution in the presence of (PhCN) 2- PdCl2, Ir(CO)2Cl(p-toluidine), or (CF3CO2)4Rh2 produces three different, redox-active, black films that coat the electrode. These films are insoluble in common organic solvents and adhere strongly to the electrode surface. Film formation has been monitored by multiscan cyclic voltammetry, which gives information about the requirements for film growth. The three different films (on the original electrodes) can be transferred to a solution of acetonitrile that contains only the supporting electrolyte, tetra( n-butyl)ammonium perchlorate, where the films retain their redox activity. Each film displays a significant decrease in resistivity ( i.e. a window of conductivity) in the potential region in which it is grown and in which it displays redox activity. The films have been examined by scanning electron microscopy, which shows variations in the nature of the three films' morphologies with the film formed from (PhCN)2PdCl2 displaying the greatest uniformity and smoothest surface. Analysis of the films by infrared spectroscopy and laser desorption mass spectrometry reveals that intact C 60 units are present within each film. Treatment of the palladium/C60 film with triphenylphosphine results in film dissolution and the formation of the previously characterized complex, ( 2 -C60)Pd(PPh3)2. The rhodium/ C60 film dissolves in pyridine and 19 F{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy reveals that (CF3CO2)4Rh2 is extracted intact from the film. The structure of the films is discussed in terms of covalent bonding between the fullerenes and the metal atoms or complexes within the film.
Skills and attributes of directors of educational programmes.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to obtain a listof desirable skills and attributes of prospective educa-tional programme directors as judged by potentialemployers of future directors.Design An international mail survey was conductedworldwide, using a one-page, open-ended question-naire.Setting University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.Subjects Deans, department heads and chief executiveofﬁcers from the various health professions.Results A total of 139 respondents completed thequestionnaire (22AE3% response rate). Responses wereremarkably similar across health professions. The nineleading skills were: oral communication skills, inter-personal skills, competent practitioner, educationalgoal-deﬁnition skills, educational design skills, prob-lem-solving and decision-making skills, team workerand building skills, written communication skills andﬁscal manager and budgeting skills. The three leadingpersonal attributes were: visionary, ﬂexible and open-minded and trustworthy and value-driven individual.Conclusions The complete list of skills and attributescan be used by employers or administrators to buildchecklist items when hiring or reviewing programmedirectors or to plan and evaluate training programmes.The importance of leadership compared to managerialresponsibilities is discussed as well as the need to trainfuture educational programme directors.Keywords *Clinical competence; education, medical,*standards; leadership; physician executives, *educa-tion; *programme evaluation.Medical Education 2000;34:206–210
Digital filter bank design quadratic-constrained formulation

Formulate the filter bank design problem as an quadratic-constrained least-squares minimization problem. The solution of the minimization problem converges very quickly since the cost function as well as the constraints are quadratic functions with respect to the unknown parameters. The formulations of the perfect-reconstruction cosine-modulated filter bank, of the near-perfect-reconstruction pseudo-QMF bank, and of the two-channel biorthogonal linear-phase filter bank are derived using the proposed approach. Compared with other design methods, the proposed technique yields PR filter banks with much higher stopband attenuation. The proposed technique can also be extended to design multidimensional filter banks. >
Estimation and control of multiple testing error rates for microarray studies

The analysis of microarray data often involves performing a large number of statistical tests, usually at least one test per queried gene. Each test has a certain probability of reaching an incorrect inference; therefore, it is crucial to estimate or control error rates that measure the occurrence of erroneous conclusions in reporting and interpreting the results of a microarray study. In recent years, many innovative statistical methods have been developed to estimate or control various error rates for microarray studies. Researchers need guidance choosing the appropriate statistical methods for analysing these types of data sets. This review describes a family of methods that use a set of P-values to estimate or control the false discovery rate and similar error rates. Finally, these methods are classified in a manner that suggests the appropriate method for specific applications and diagnostic procedures that can identify problems in the analysis are described.
Fast algorithms for the computation of the finite length decision feedback equalizer

Computationally efficient algorithms are introduced for the real-time calculation of finite impulse response (FIR) equalizers for packet-based data transmission applications. It is found that a minimum mean-square-error decision feedback (MMSE-DFE) with arbitrary (finite) numbers of feedforward and feedback taps can be very efficiently computed from the channel response. The authors combine a recent theory of finite-spectral factorization for the MMSE-DFE with the theory of structured matrices to derive these efficient procedures for computing the equalizer settings. The method introduced is much more computationally efficient than direct computation by matrix inversion or than the use of popular gradient or least-squares algorithms over the duration of the packet. >
Understanding genome browsing.

How can genome browsers help researchers to infer biological knowledge from data that might be misleading?
Micrometer-scale porosity as a biosignature in carbonate crusts

We formed calcite crusts in the presence and absence of the heterotrophic bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain G20 to investigate microbial morphological signatures in fast-accreting carbonate precipitates. Submicrometer- to micrometer-sized pores (micropores) were present and ubiquitous in the G20 crusts but absent in abiotically precipitated crusts. Bacterial micropores resemble inclusions under transmitted light, but have distinct size, biological shapes and patterns (swirling or dendritic) and are distributed differently from common fluid inclusions. We observed similar porosity in both modern and ancient carbonate crusts of putative biotic origin. Our experiments support the microbial origin of micropores and help define specific criteria whereby to recognize these features as biosignatures in the rock record.
Selection in the Workplace: Whose Rights Prevail?

The selection process involves a very difficult balancing act for employers who have to weigh the rights and concerns of applicants, current employees, the organization itself, and society as a whole. Each of these perspectives brings with it its own set of concerns and issues that need to be considered in the broader hiring arena. Applicants assert the right to be treated fairly while being evaluated for a position; current employees assert the right to productive coworkers who will not harm them on the job, organizations assert the right to hire qualified employees while remaining cognizant of the legal issues that surround the hiring process; and society as a whole asserts the right to a process that benefits the greater good. But, with each of these groups pursuing these rights, an important question arises as to whose rights prevail when there is a conflict. This paper, through the use of a true scenario, explores the difficult balancing act between rights and concerns of applicants, current employees, organizations, and society as a whole and discusses whose rights should take priority when they conflict.
Design and verification of multi-rate distributed systems

Multi-rate systems arise naturally in distributed settings where computing units execute periodically according to their local clocks and communicate among themselves via message passing. We present a systematic way of designing and verifying such systems with the assumption of bounded drift for local clocks and bounded communication latency. First, we capture the system model through an architecture definition language (called RADL) that has a precise model of computation and communication. The RADL paradigm is simple, compositional, and resilient against denial-of-service attacks. Our radler build tool takes the architecture definition and individual local functions as inputs and generate executables for the overall system as output. In addition, we present a modular encoding of multi-rate systems using calendar automata and describe how to verify real-time properties of these systems using SMT-based infinite-state bounded model checking. Lastly, we discuss our experiences in applying this methodology to building high-assurance cyber-physical systems.
Settlement and the Strict Liability-Negligence Comparison

Because injurers typically have better information about their level of care than do victims, the negligence rule increases the degree of asymmetric information between the parties, impeding settlement. Furthermore, the defendant’s private information about its level of care creates a mixed-strategy equilibrium under the negligence rule in both a screening and a signaling model of settlement. This paper shows that, as a result, expected accident costs are strictly greater under negligence than strict liability unless the injurer is sufficiently judgement-proof. That is, expected accident costs are lower under strict liability if the defendant is only somewhat judgement proof, while negligence has lower expected accident costs if the defendant is very judgement proof.
Quasi-Uniform Spectral Schemes (QUSS), Part I: Constructing Generalized Ellipses for Graphical Grid Generation

Chebyshev and Legendre polynomial spectral methods are bedeviled by highly nonuniform grids. The separation between nearest neighbors of an N-point grid at the center of the interval is larger than the spacing of a uniform grid with the same number of points. Quasi-Uniform Spectral Schemes (QUSS) redistribute grid points and choose basis functions in order to recover this factor of as nearly as possible while retaining a high density of points near the endpoints to avoid the horrors of the Gibbs or Runge Phenomenon. Here, we introduce a systematic approach, dubbed “mapped cosine bases,” that embraces the widely used Kosloff/Tal-Ezer functions as a special case. The mapped cosine approach uses grid points that are the images of a uniform grid under the coordinate mapping . Here, we show how to generalize the well-known graphical construction of the Chebyshev grid using a circle to QUSS mappings using a generalized ellipse. This provides a way to visualize the maps and grids and the subtle differences between different mappings of the mapped cosine family. We illustrate and compare the Kosloff/Tal-Ezer map with two new maps that use elliptic integrals and Jacobian theta functions, respectively. We show that the elliptic integral grid is an asymptotic approximation to the usual grid for prolate spheroidal functions. This suggests the conjecture that one can obtain the benefits of a prolate basis without the complications of prolate functions by using mapped polynomials instead.
Abstract 4708: Short-term romidepsin treatment combined with mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition causes increased Bim expression and cell death in KRAS mutant cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Romidepsin (FK228) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) that modulates chromatin and activates apoptotic pathways in vitro. Clinical efficacy observed in peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has not been replicated in solid tumors, as for other HDIs. We thus sought drug combinations that might improve the activity of romidepsin in solid tumors. Mutations in KRAS induce the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Laboratory data have suggested that activated MEK or AKT can confer resistance to HDIs. To determine if mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) or AKT inhibitors could increase sensitivity to romidepsin, we measured cell death by annexin assay in a panel of 20 cell lines, nine KRAS mutants and eleven KRAS wild-type (WT). Cells were exposed to 25 ng/ml romidepsin for 6 h in the presence of 250 nM MEK inhibitor PD0325901 and/or 1 µM AKT inhibitor MK2206, after which romidepsin was removed and cells were incubated with the inhibitors alone for an additional 42 h. Among the 20 solid tumor cell lines examined, those harboring a KRAS mutation had a higher percentage of cell death than lines with WT KRAS when treated with the PD0325901/romidepsin combination (46.1±18% vs. 21.6±7.6% respectively, p-value .0057), the MK2206/romidepsin combination (43.8±15.8% vs. 28.6±13.6%, respectively, p-value .0470), or the PD0325901/MK2206/romidepsin combination (66.5±14.8% vs. 35.0±18.8%, respectively, p-value .0008). There was no statistically significant difference (p-value > .05) in cell death between KRAS and WT cell lines treated with any of the compounds alone. As expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim has been associated with romidepsin-mediated cell death, and as the MAPK pathway has been shown to phosphorylate and inactivate Bim, we examined Bim expression in cell lines sensitive to combined treatment with romidepsin and inhibitors. In the OVCAR5 cell line, which harbors a G12V KRAS mutation, we noted that romidepsin induced Bim expression and that combined treatment with PD0325901 led to higher expression by western blot. The high levels of Bim expression were associated with increased poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. These data demonstrate the benefit of combining an HDI with MEK and AKT inhibitors in KRAS mutant cell lines. Romidepsin and MAPK pathway inhibitor combinations should be further evaluated in patients with mutant KRAS cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4708. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4708
Analysis of the rate of missing data, the rate of discordance between readers, and the rate of site versus central discordance in clinical studies of recently approved breast cancer agents that have used blinded independent central review.

Abstract #2081 Background: The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends blinded independent central review (BICR) for oncology registration studies when the primary study endpoint is based on tumor measurements, such as progression-free survival (PFS) or objective response rate (ORR). However, there is no published guidance regarding acceptable metrics during the BICR. Method: The USFDA Summary Basis of Approvals and Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) transcripts for the following recently approved breast cancer therapies: Gemzar, Abraxane, Tykerb, Ixempra, and Avastin, were reviewed with attention to metrics referable to the BICR. The findings are summarized. Results: Up to 13% of subjects were reported as unevaluable at the BICR based on missing data, with missing data defined as missing radiographic evaluations. The rates of discordance between two readers during the BICR were reportedly between 34-51% depending on the number of adjudication variables. The rates of discordance between the site and BICR were reportedly between 34-49% for the date of progression and 24-29% for the progression status. Up to 9% of subjects enrolled with measurable disease at baseline did not have this confirmed by the BICR. The causes of discordance were reportedly related to differences in the methodologies used to perform the reviews, and clinical or image data that was missing at the time of the BICR. Additional reported causes included imaging requirements not detailed in the protocol, the BICR charter containing more stringent requirements for determining response and progression than was indicated in the protocol, protocol amendments issued midway through the study which changed the imaging eligibility criteria for the sites while the BICR used the same requirements throughout the study, differences in the choice and classification of lesions, radiographic exams only repeated at subsequent time points if deemed positive by the investigator resulting in missing data and unevaluable assessments at the BICR, variability in measurement of small lesions, and discordance in the determination of new lesions. Inter- and intra-reader variability was reported in a small population of subjects; 8% resulted in 1-step response discrepancies for inter-reader variability and 31% for intra-reader variability. Conclusion: Based on FDA approvals, metrics as described above may prove to be valuable benchmarks when using BICR data to determine endpoints in future breast cancer studies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2081.
Lipid metabolism in cultured cells. XVI. Lipoprotein binding and HMG CoA reductase levels in normal and tumor virus-transformed human fibroblasts.

The loss in feedback control of cholesterol biosynthesis in tumor cells was examined in tissue culture. Human fibroblasts from normal subjects, SV40 tumor virus- transformed cell lines, and homozygous familial hyper- cholesterolemic cells as reference, were grown in tissue culture. Experiments were conducted to relate the regula- tory enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis, HMG CoA re- ductase, and the membrane-located binding receptors for low density lipoproteins (LDL) that mediate feedback con- trol in normal cells. Monolayers of virus-transformed tumor cells exhibited specific lz5I-1abeled LDL binding of 152 +- 21 ng/mg cell protein, which was essentially the same as that of normal fibroblasts (135 ? 20 ng/mg). Binding of LDL by familial hypercholesterolemic cells used as controls was only 8 2 3 ng/mg under the same test conditions. Basal levels of HMG CoA reductase in tumor cells of 45.2 ? 6.5 unitslmg cell protein were about twice those of normal cells. However, in contrast to the lack of feedback control of this enzyme observed with tumors in vivo, in both the normal and the transformed cells in vitro, activity of the enzyme decreased about fourfold when serum lipids were added. These findings demonstrate that tumor cells growing in vitro contain a normal complement of the membrane-located binding receptors for low density lipoproteins and, although the basal levels are higher than normal, an effective feedback regulation of the enzyme HMG CoA reductase is retained.
Innovative research on teaching methods and teaching media of project bidding and contract management course

Project bidding and contract management course is set up due to the economic construction of the country,the development of construction market in recent years,and a series of relevant laws and regulations including the construction law,contract law,and tendering law.It is an interdisciplinary course covering engineering technology and economics.Its goal is training application-oriented talents specialized in project management.Because of its varied and extensive teaching contents and limited teaching hours,we must promote the adoption of innovative teaching methods and means of teaching reform to improve the teaching quality and teaching effect.
Study on impact of socio-psychological factors of physiotherapists on musculoskeletal symptoms

when the muscles are engaged as agonists against gravity, and not as effective in providing support. Implications: Bridging exercise and various support condition were used for autonomous activation of lumbar stabilization muscles. To increase the lumbar stabilizers, especially deep abdominalmuscle, unstable support had been suggested to low back pain patients. But this condition can be dangerous when they do these bridging exercises. Our result showed the main consequence of increased abdominal muscle thickness is in maintaining the trunk posture against gravity, not in difference of support. So proper application of unstable support is needed when treat the patients with low back pain.
Mapping a kingdom-specific functional domain of squalene synthase

Squalene synthase catalyzes the first committed step in sterol biosynthesis and consists of both an amino-terminal catalytic domain and a carboxy-terminal domain tethering the enzyme to the ER membrane. While the overall architecture of this enzyme is identical in eukaryotes, it was previously shown that plant and animal genes cannot complement a squalene synthase knockout mutation in yeast unless the carboxy-terminal domain is swapped for one of fungal origin. This implied a unique component of the fungal carboxy-terminal domain was responsible for the complementation phenotype. To identify this motif, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a squalene synthase knockout mutation, and expressed intact and chimeric squalene synthases originating from fungi, plants, and animals. In contrast to previous observations, all enzymes tested could partially complement the knockout mutation when the genes were weakly expressed. However, when highly expressed, non-fungal squalene synthases could not complement the yeast mutation and instead led to the accumulation of a toxic intermediate(s) as defined by mutations of genes downstream in the ergosterol pathway. Restoration of the complete complementation phenotype was mapped to a 26-amino acid hinge region linking the catalytic and membrane-spanning domains specific to fungal squalene synthases. Over-expression of the C-terminal domain containing a hinge domain from fungi, not from animals or plants, led to growth inhibition of wild-type yeast. Because this hinge region is unique to and highly conserved within each kingdom of life, the data suggests that the hinge domain plays an essential functional role, such as assembly of ergosterol multi-enzyme complexes in fungi.
Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and incident breast cancer risk in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

Two case–control studies reported a 50 % decreased breast cancer risk among women who experienced menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS), but one cohort study found no association. VMS may be triggered by declining estrogen levels during menopause, whereas elevated estrogen levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. VMS may thus be indicative of lower susceptibility to breast cancer. We evaluated this relationship in the longitudinal Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), using discrete survival analysis of approximately annual data on VMS and self-reported breast cancer occurrences for up to 13 years of follow-up in 3,098 women who were pre- or early perimenopausal at enrollment. Over an average 11.4 years of follow-up, 129 incident breast cancer cases were self-reported, and approximately 50 % of participants experienced VMS. Symptomatic women had a reduced risk of breast cancer compared to non-symptomatic women (adjusted HR 0.63, 95 % CI 0.39, 1.00). The association was stronger in the subgroup of women who fully transitioned to postmenopause during follow-up (n = 67 cases, adjusted HR 0.45, 95 % CI 0.26, 0.77). VMS appeared to be a marker of reduced breast cancer risk. Future research is needed to understand the biology underlying this relationship.
Bureaucracy Within the Emergency Services

This chapter introduces one of the biggest contributors to negativity within the community responders, bureaucracy. The bureaucracy has been found to be a dizzying maze-like experience for emergency services responders to navigate. Bureaucracy has been identified as one of the greatest contributors to responder’s stress and burn out. This chapter begins with identifying what bureaucracy is, and then discusses the problems of bureaucracy within the emergency services. At its core, the bureaucracy is void of the human experience and relationships. It stands on its own as a structure of policies, procedures, and rules that over time become more important than the individuals that they’re supposed to be serving.
Coastal wetland vegetation community classification and distribution across environmental gradients throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract Between 2011 and 2013, more than 300 coastal wetland sites were surveyed throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes as part of a coastal wetland monitoring project. Twenty-one wetland vegetation communities were identified through cluster analysis and indicator species analysis. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites based on species composition, and measured and calculated environmental parameters were used to evaluate environmental correlation with groups of sites (vegetation communities). Latitude, agricultural intensity, substrate, geomorphology, and water depth were found to account for the majority of the three-axis solution in the non-metric multidimensional scaling. Comparison with earlier studies indicates major increases in extent for several community types dominated by the common invasive species Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia and T. × glauca. These invasive plants often formed similar species assemblages in both the meadow and emergent zones. Similarities in species composition between meadow and emergent communities indicate that species assemblages may be responding to fluctuations in water levels. This paper presents a unique classification of Great Lakes coastal wetlands with greater geographic range and increased detail in the meadow and emergent zones based on vegetation species composition. The classification is useful as a comparison to past and future ecological and restoration studies.
Unidirectional carbon-epoxy composite plates subjected to extreme marine environment

An experimental investigation was conducted to understand the dynamic behavior of Carbon-Epoxy (CE) composite plates after prolonged exposure to accelerated aging conditions. Specimens were submerged in an elevated temperature deionized water bath of 3.5% salt content for 0, 35 and 70 days, simulating saline marine environments. Two cases of unidirectional carbon fiber orientation were studied; composite plates of orientation [0°, 90°] symmetric, and [±45°] symmetric. Blast experiments were performed on bi-axially clamped specimens using a shock tube apparatus to investigate the dynamic behavior of the material. All experiments were conducted for each exposure time and fiber orientation scheme.
Mobile GIS Using ArcPad

Mobile GIS is simply a field GIS, where the user use a mobile devices. The device is armed with a software called ArcPad, which that can perform special jobs in the field. The ArcPad mobile GIS can be used away from the office to capture data in GIS format and when user return to the office, the data can be integrated into ArcGIS as a complete database. The mobile ArcGIS has been used by a wide range of professional users of different disciplines, including; engineering, geology, farming, government, environment, and others. The mobile ArcGIS provides many benefits because of the following: 1. Users can capture and obtain data in real time. 2. Inspectors can update records in the field efficiently and quickly. 3. Incidents can be documented and reported from the field to the office using wireless communications. 4. Provide direct data to the decision-making.
Propofol: A New IV Anesthetic and Sedation Agent

A review of the pharmacology, physiology, and clinical uses of propofol, a new intravenous anesthetic agent, is presented. Propofol, a sterically hindered phenol solubilized in a soybean emulsion, ...
Collegiate sport club structure and function

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the goals and missions of collegiate sport clubs and study how the clubs’ organisational structure and operations helped in their achievement through qualitative enquiry. Using current collegiate sport club executive board members and professional staff at a large, public post-secondary institution in the Midwest region of the United States, 38 sport club officers representing 13 distinct sport clubs were interviewed in focus groups and two professional staff interviewed separately. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed four distinct themes in regards to the missions and goals of sport clubs (i.e. administrative goals, winning competitions, building social networks and social responsibility). The interviews further revealed sport clubs organise themselves in a simple structure (i.e. low degree specialisation, informal operations and centralised structure) and communicate primarily through informal means to aid the obtainment of their stated missions ...
City Structure and Spatial Patterns

To address urban problems and for planning and zoning purposes, city planners need to understand urban growth. This chapter reviews the classic internal structure models and urban system modeling. Urban models have a relatively short history. Early city structure and growth analysis dates back to the 1920s University of Chicago sociologists. De-densification and horizontal urban expansion lead to a polycentric urban form. Urban form and transport are interrelated. Changes in activity distribution impact travel including journey to work. Studying urban form changes helps understand changes in travel patterns including commuting. The impact of spatial structure (employment locations) upon commuting is investigated in the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area. Commuting is studied under monocentric and polycentric assumptions. Comparison of two spatial separation measures including commute time and length supports “co-location theory” with polycentric structure contributing to commuting reduction.
Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia and hexokinase deficiency

An 11-yr-old child with mild chronic hemolytic anemia was found to have decreased red cell hexokinase activity in spite of the reduced mean age of her red cell population. Similar decreases in red cell hexokinase activity were documented in the patient's parents and in one sib. The red cells were morphologically normal. Red cell 2,3-DPG levels were normal and ATP and glucose-6-phosphate levels were diminished. The kinetic properties, electrophoretic mobility, and thermal stability of the residual red cell hexokinase were normal or nearly so. Glucose consumption of the hexokinase-deficient cells was not appreciably decreased, probably because less of the potent inhibitor glucose-6-phosphate was present in the erythrocytes. It is likely, although not certain, that in this patient nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia resulted from hexokinase deficiency.
New Technology for the Acceleration of Reproductive Maturation in Economically Important Crustaceans

The ready availability of females that are about to spawn, they having fully developed ovaries, would help assure the successful operation of commercial facilities designed for aquaculture of economically important crustaceans. Consequently, finding ways to stimulate ovarian maturation by non-surgical intervention is a major goal of several laboratories. The approach in this laboratory is to identify endogenous neurotransmitters that control release of the neurohormones that regulate gonadal maturation, in particular the gonad-stimulating hormone (GSH) from the brain and thoracic ganglia. A second important neurohormone involved in reproduction is the gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) that is present in the sinus gland in each eyestalk. GIH (Panouse, 1943) was actually discovered earlier than was GSH (Otsu, 1963). Both GSH and GIH are present in males and females. The fact that GIH is produced in the eyestalk is the basis for the commonly used technique in shrimp hatcheries of eyestalk ablation to induce ovarian maturation. Removing this inhibitor leads to precocious gonadal maturation. However, eyestalk ablation occasionally results in a high incidence of mortality. Consequently, discovery of techniques to induce maturation without surgery has a high priority. Once the neurotransmitters that regulate release of GSH and GIH have been identified, these neurotransmitters and their agonists or antagonists may provide a means by using them to induce gonadal maturation as needed by the hatcheries.
An Ethical Evaluation of Health Care in the United States

Four questions are widely thought to be crucial for evaluating any health care system from an ethical standpoint: (1) Does the system provide equal health care for all? (2) Does the system provide the best health care for all? (3) Does the system control health care cost effectively? (4) Does the system maximize free choice for both patients and providers? (see Engelhardt, this volume, p. 6). In this essay I first examine the meaning and presuppositions of each of these four criteria. I then argue that neither the first nor the second criterion is appropriate for the ethical evaluation of health care systems and suggest alternative criteria to replace them. Finally, I begin the complex task of applying the revised set of criteria to the ethical evaluation of the current U.S. health care system. One conclusion reached is that the extent of freedom of choice in the U.S. health care system, as well as the moral value of some forms of this freedom, have been greatly exaggerated.
Application of RNA Interference to Treat Conditions Associated with Dysregulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Channel

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of proteins and is most notably the target of capsaicin, the active ingredient of “hot” pepper such as jalapeno and habanero. The channel is expressed primarily in small diameter neurons (Aδ and C fibers) within sensory ganglia comprising the pain pathway but expression is observed in larger diameter neurons under conditions of inflammation. TRPV1 is a nonselective cation channel, which responds to heat (activation threshold ∼43°C) and transmits pain sensations in response to noxious heat. It is also expressed in nonneuronal tissue such as keratinocytes, bladder uroepithelium, knee joints, the gastrointestinal tract and the cochlea, suggesting additional physiological roles of channel activation. Several disease states associated with dysregulation of TRPV1 include visceral and peripheral inflammatory pain observed in irritable bowel disease, bone cancers, arthritis and bladder inflammation. Other conditions include diabetic peripheral neuropathy, obesity, and drug-induced hearing loss. Animal studies have shown beneficial effects of targeting TRPV1, using both agonist and antagonist drugs, in the treatment of some of these conditions. However, the propensity of TRPV1 antagonists to produce hyperthermia could limit their future application. Such problems might be resolved by the focal administration of short interfering (si) RNA to the affected organ in order to reduce TRPV1 expression. While demonstration of TRPV1 knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) is widely used in vitro, results obtained from a limited number of in vivo studies suggest that RNAi could be applied to the treatment of diseases associated with TRPV1 hyperactivity. To date, RNAi has proven beneficial in reducing inflammatory pain and in treating hearing loss associated with cisplatin chemotherapy. This review will focus on the current progress of RNAi in the treatment of diseases associated with TRPV1 dysfunction, discuss potential future applications of this technology, and highlight factors that could affect its use clinically.
Exact third-order structure functions for two-dimensional turbulence

We derive and investigate exact expressions for third-order structure functions in stationary isotropic two-dimensional turbulence, assuming a statistical balance between random forcing and dissipation both at small and large scales. Our results extend previously derived asymptotic expressions in the enstrophy and energy inertial ranges by providing uniformly valid expressions that apply across the entire non-dissipative range, which, importantly, includes the forcing scales. In the special case of white noise in time forcing this leads to explicit predictions for the third-order structure functions, which are successfully tested against previously published high-resolution numerical simulations. We also consider spectral energy transfer rates and suggest and test a simple robust diagnostic formula that is useful when forcing is applied at more than one scale.
Representations of the German woman’s body in the official Nazi women’s magazine

ABSTRACTThis study examines the ways in which the German female body is represented in the official National Socialist party’s magazine, NS FrauenWarte, published from 1934 to 1944. Analyses of the...
Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Northeast United States: 1979–2014

AbstractExtreme precipitation can have significant adverse impacts on infrastructure and property, human health, and local economies. This paper examines recent changes in extreme precipitation in ...
Climate Change and the Politics and Science of Traditional Grassland Management.

This chapter examines the implications of climate change for traditional systems of grassland management and our understanding of those systems. The first section focuses on the cultural ecology of grasslands in Southeast Asia, in particular Imperata cylindrica: human involvement with this grass is ancient, and it is often managed within composite systems of land-use in which the aim is not to get rid of the grass but to maintain it. The second section examines the politics of Imperata: the grass is depicted negatively in the academic literature, being characterized as useless and hazardous, which echoes the views of the colonial-era estate sector. The impact of both climate- and non-climate- related developments on this cultural and political ecology is discussed in the third section of the chapter: some indirect impacts of climate change are inimical to grasslands and some are favorable, and different actors evaluate them differently; but other changes taking place in society also impact local grassland management. The final section concerns the politics of knowledge: the academic literature on Imperata grasslands is often conflicted, which reflects the fact that local farmers and non-local scientists have different perceptions of it. There are also inter-disciplinary differences in the way that scholars study both grasslands and climate change, which pose a challenge to, but also opportunity for, inter-disciplinary collaboration.
Benefit of Robotic Beating-Heart Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass in Octogenarians.

ObjectiveAn important advantage of robotic beating-heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB) is early functional recovery, in which fragile patients like octogenarians (age >80 years)...
CD19 Expression in t(8;21)-Negative Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is Not Restricted to Cytogenetically Aberrant Populations.

Abstract 4128 Aberrant expression of the B lymphoid marker, CD19, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has frequently been associated with t(8;21)(q22;q22). However, AML cases lacking this translocation may occasionally express CD19. We identified eight such cases at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Three of these cases had noticeable CD19-positive leukemic subsets with the following karyotypic abnormalities. The first case had monosomy X in 6 cells and normal karyotype in 14, the second case had trisomy 22 in 19 cells and normal karyotype in one, and the third case had monosomy 7 in 18 cells and trisomy 18 in two. We therefore asked if CD19 expression is restricted to the karyotypically abnormal leukemic cells. Bone marrow cells were sorted according to the specific immunophenotype. First, a generous mononuclear sorting region was drawn in the bivariate display of forward versus side scatter to exclude debris and aggregates. Next, the CD45-negative to CD45-dim, CD19-positive and CD34-positive leukemic cells were sorted. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies were carried out on the sorted samples using the following commercially available probes: the Centromere enumeration probe CEP X (SpectrumGreen) in the first case; the locus specific BCR (22q11) (SpectrumGreen)/ABL1 (9q34) (SpectrumOrange) dual color, dual fusion, translocation probe in the second, and the locus specific D7S486 (7q31) SpectrumOrange/CEP 7 SpectrumGreen probe in the third. A total of 200 nuclei were assessed in each case. The results are displayed in the Table below. There were no significant differences in the signal pattern between the CD19-positive and CD19-negative leukemic populations. These results indicate that aberrant CD19 expression in t(8;21)-negative AML is not restricted to leukemic cells that harbor specific karyotypic abnormalities. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Group IV photonics using (Si)GeSn technology toward mid-IR applications

Abstract The group IV-based optoelectronic devices are highly desirable for full integration of Si photonics. In this chapter, a recently developed technology using a novel group IV material system, GeSn/SiGeSn, is presented including growth of the material and demonstrations of emitters and photodetectors. Since the true direct bandgap GeSn alloy was achieved, lasing from direct bandgap group IV GeSn alloy has opened a completely new venue from the traditional III–V integration approach. Moreover, owing to the tunable bandgap, the operating wavelength of GeSn/SiGeSn-based optoelectronic devices covers broad near- and mid-infrared range. The results reported in this chapter show a major advance toward Si-based mid-infrared optoelectronics for integrated photonics.
The importance of O3 excited potential energy surfaces in O2-O high-temperature kinetics.

The mechanism of vibrational relaxation and dissociation in the O2–O system at elevated temperatures is investigated by means of molecular dynamics. The most recent O3 potential energy surfaces (PESs), obtained from the first principles quantum mechanical calculations [Varga et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147, 154312 (2017)], are used to derive a complete set of state-specific rate coefficients of vibrational energy transfer and dissociation. Unlike most of the previous efforts that utilize only the lowest and supposedly most reactive 11A′ O3 PES [A. Varandas and A. Pais, Mol. Phys. 65, 843 (1988)], this paper demonstrates the necessity to account for a complete ensemble of all excited O3 PESs that correlate with O2(X) and O(3P) when high-temperature kinetics is of interest. At the same time, it is found that the Varandas 11A′ O3 PES adequately describes vibrational energy transfer and dissociating dynamics when compared to the most recent 11A′ O3 PES by Varga et al. [J. Chem Phys. 147, 154312 (2017)]. The differences between this new dataset and previous rate coefficients are quantified by the master equation model.
Reinvestigation of the intrinsic magnetic properties of (Fe1-xCox)2B alloys and crystallization behavior of ribbons

Abstract New determination of the magnetic anisotropy from single crystals of ( Fe 1 - x Co x ) 2 B alloys are presented. The anomalous temperature dependence of the anisotropy constant is discussed using the standard Callen-Callen theory, which is shown to be insufficient to explain the experimental results. A more material specific study using first-principles calculations with disordered moments approach gives a much more consistent interpretation of the experimental data. Since the intrinsic properties of the alloys with x = 0.3 - 0.35 are promising for permanent magnets applications, initial investigation of the extrinsic properties are described, in particular the crystallization of melt spun ribbons with Cu, Al, and Ti additions. Previous attempts at developing a significant hysteresis have been unsuccessful in this system. Our melt-spinning experiment indicates that this system shows rapid crystallization.
Extreme Stock Market Performers, Part I: Expect Some Drawdowns

Even those long-term shareholders who were rewarded with the greatest cumulative returns endured large price declines over shorter intervals. I study shareholder wealth creation for all publicly-listed U.S. common stocks during each of the seven decades since 1950. Focusing on the 100 most successful stock/decades in terms of shareholder wealth creation, I document even within the highly successful decade, shareholders experienced draw-downs that lasted an average of 10 months and involved an average loss of 32.5%. During the immediately preceding decade, draw-downs for these highly successful stocks lasted an average of 22 months and involved an average cumulative loss of 51.6%.
Identifying Risk Factors from MSHA Accidents and Injury Data Using Logistic Regression

The global mining industry has recorded significant declines in accident and injury rates attributed to the advancement in technology, increased enforcement, and safety consciousness. A goal of the mining industry is to achieve zero injury and occupational illness on all mine sites, prompting increased research into ways to further reduce mine accidents. A machine learning technique known as multiclass logistic regression is applied on a 10-year injury dataset from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to determine a miner’s susceptibility to a class of injury and to help identify significant risk factors associated with different classes of injury. The data is aggregated based on injury classification to provide statistically relevant results. The analysis identifies specific risk factors that influence a mine worker’s susceptibility to a given class of injury, i.e., non-fatal with no days lost or restricted activity, non-fatal with days lost and/or days of restricted work activity, and fatal and total permanent or partial permanent disability. These factors include miner’s age, mine type (coal vs. non-coal), experience on the current job (years), shift start time, employment type (operator vs. contractor), mining district, and type of accident. The results of the analysis indicate that a miner’s experience on the job, i.e., the number of years worked in a current job, is a significant risk to injury occurrence, even for those with decades of total mining experience. We further show the differences and similarities between the surface and underground mine incidents.
Participant Observation, Observant Participation, and Hybrid Ethnography:

How much should ethnographers involve themselves with the people, places, and processes they study? One answer has become increasingly popular: invert the standard method of participant observation...