cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Did That Brownie Do Its Job? Stress, Eating, and the Biobehavioral Effects of Comfort Food

Comfort eating is a widespread behavior, but does it actually work? The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the existing research on the potentially comforting effects of comfort food. We begin by summarizing the existing nonhuman animal research in this area, and then summarize the human research. On the basis of this foundational research, we provide a conceptual model of comfort eating that can be used as a hypothesis-generating tool to guide future research. Finally, we highlight what we consider to be the most exciting future directions in comfort eating. These include (i) determining whether comfort eating is trait-like or state-like, (ii) understanding the antecedents and sequelae of comfort eating, (iii) elucidating the types of food implicated in comfort eating, (iv) creating linkages between comfort eating and comfort drinking, (v) incorporating measures of the autonomic nervous and immune systems in addition to the current focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, (vi) studying both short-term and long-term effects, and (vii) testing the biological and psychological mechanisms of comfort eating. Given that comfort eating has been practiced for centuries, we conclude that the time is ripe to advance the science of comfort eating. Keywords: comfort eating; stress eating; emotional eating; HPA axis; cortisol; stress-response dampening; food; alcohol
Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this study was to characterize myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The only classic MLCK detected in cardiac tissue, purified cardiac myocytes, and in a cardiac myocyte cell line (AT1) was identical to the 130-kDa smooth muscle MLCK (smMLCK). A complex pattern of MLCK expression was observed during differentiation of skeletal muscle in which the 220-kDa-long or “nonmuscle” form of MLCK is expressed in undifferentiated myoblasts. Subsequently, during myoblast differentiation, expression of the 220-kDa MLCK declines and expression of this form is replaced by the 130-kDa smMLCK and a skeletal muscle-specific isoform, skMLCK in adult skeletal muscle. These results demonstrate that the skMLCK is the only tissue-specific MLCK, being expressed in adult skeletal muscle but not in cardiac, smooth, or nonmuscle tissues. In contrast, the 130-kDa smMLCK is ubiquitous in all adult tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, demonstrating that, although the 130-kDa smMLCK is expressed at highest levels in smooth muscle tissues, it is not a smooth muscle-specific protein.
Do cannabinoids reduce brain power

Extracts from the Cannabis plants, or cannabinoids, bind to the same receptors as do endogenous cannabinoids. Although usually found on nerve terminals, where their activation inhibits transmitter release, cannabinoid receptors are now reported to exist on mitochondria, where their activation by endocannabinoids regulates energy metabolism.
Imaging gastric pennies in children

Pennies are among the most common foreign objects ingested by children. This occurrence has traditionally been managed conservatively. However, more recent studies indicate that the higher zinc composition of pennies produced after 1982 may be more dangerous than previously believed. We reported earlier the in situ reaction of such pennies following immersion in hydrochloric acid at gastric pH. The present study examines the utility of radiographic examination of such pennies.
Continuum electron intramolecular outscattering from bare MeV/u H and He projectiles traversing hydrocarbon gases

The relative yields per carbon atom of continuum electrons captured by 0.6--2.5-MeV/u ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and 0.5--0.8-MeV/u ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ projectiles from gaseous hydrocarbon targets are observed to decrease with increasing numbers of carbon atoms and with decreasing projectile velocity. For isotachic ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$, the relative yields are the same. Assuming intramolecular electron-outscattering processes, additivity failure in electron capture to the continuum and its dependence of the projectile energy and molecular size can be reproduced by incorporating electron-scattering cross sections into a geometrical outscattering model.
The Family and Religious Ideologies in Medieval Europe

The medieval Christian Church was slow in developing a comprehensive theology or canon law of marriage, but it did establish certain principles of great significance in social life. Sexual morality...
Accurate 2D cardiac motion tracking using scattered data fitting incorporating phase information from MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging has been widely used in measuring cardiac motion due to its ability to non-invasively alter tissue magnetization and produce visible tags in the deforming tissue. Additionally, phase from spectral peaks of tagged images has been used for estimation of myocardial motion. In this paper, we propose integration of displacement information obtained from tagged images in the spatial domain with displacement information obtained from spectral peaks in the frequency domain in order to improve the accuracy of motion tracking. B-splines have been used extensively in temporal registration and reconstruction of myocardial deformations due to their ability to conform to local deformations while enforcing continuity. By considering the real tag intersections (in the spatial domain) and virtual tag intersections (from the frequency domain) as scattered data, multilevel B-splines (MBS) can result in accurate and fast approximations without the need to specify the control point locations explicitly. The accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated by using simulated data from the 13-parameter kinematic model of Arts et al.1 and by using in vivo canine data.
Sexual imprinting: The stability of mate preference in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

This study investigated the persistence of a mate preference that resulted from early social experience.Coturnix males that achieved an imprinting criterion of selecting an imprint object (an albino conspecific hen) in 8 of 10 trials were then given one of three intervening treatments. Subjects were housed for 10 days with only normal hens or albino and normal hens, or they were isolated for the treatment period. A comparison of subsequent preference for the albino in a second series of 10 choice tests indicated that the strength of the imprinted bond is weakened with respect to the type of intervening experience. This outcome is discussed in terms of the persistence construct of the imprinting process.
Enhancement of survival from murine polymicrobial peritonitis with increased abdominal abscess formation

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a purified synthetic immune adjuvant, has been shown to increase murine intraabdominal abscess formation in a monomicrobial model using Bacteroides fragilis. This effect required live bacteria and was abolished by appropriate antibiotics. A polymicrobial model of peritonitis and abdominal abscess formation using Streptococcus fecalis, Escherichia coli, and B. fragilis was initially used to determine mortality rates at various concentrations and obtain an appropriate LD50. Animals were then pretreated with MDP or its inert buffer and underwent intraperitoneal injection of the appropriate bacterial suspension. Mortality and abdominal abscess formation were then assessed at 2 weeks after injection. There was a significant reduction in mortality (P < 0.03) in mice treated with MDP compared to the controls. In surviving animals, there was also a significant increase in the number of animals forming abscesses (P < 0.05) following treatment with MDP. This study has shown that nonspecific immune stimulation by MDP provided enhanced protection against a polymicrobial intraperitoneal challenge and paradoxically increased the formation of abdominal abscesses at the same time. This may be regarded as enhancement of the natural history of survival from peritonitis via bacterial containment through intraabdominal abscess formation, a manifestation of beneficial outcome in experimental peritonitis.
Computer performance analysis and the Pi Theorem

This paper applies the Pi Theorem of dimensional analysis to a representative set of examples from computer performance analysis. It is a survey paper that takes a different look at problems involving latency, bandwidth, cache-miss ratios, and the efficiency of parallel numerical algorithms. The Pi Theorem is the fundamental tool of dimensional analysis, and it applies to problems in computer performance analysis just as well as it does to problems in other sciences. Applying it requires the definition of a system of measurement appropriate for computer performance analysis with a consistent set of units and dimensions. Then a straightforward recipe for each specific problem reduces the number of independent variables to a smaller number of dimensionless parameters. Two machines with the same values of these parameters are self-similar and behave the same way. Self-similarity relationships emphasize how machines are the same rather than how they are different. The Pi Theorem is simple to state and simple to prove, using purely algebraic methods, but the results that follow from it are often surprising and not simple at all. The results are often unexpected but they almost always reveal something new about the problem at hand.
Unconventional Computing Catechism

What makes a new paradigm or technology promising? What should science, research, and industry invest money in? Is there a life after CMOS electronics? And will the vacuum tube be back? While one cannot predict the future, one can still learn from the past. Over the last decade, unconventional computing developed into a major new research area with the goal to look beyond existing paradigms. In this Perspective we will reflect on the current state of the field and propose a set of questions that anyone working in unconventional computing should be able to answer in order to assess the potential of new paradigms early on.
Studies on the bioactivity of radiolabeled, highly-purified bovine thyrotropin

Abstract Bovine thyrotropin radiolabeled stoichiometrically with chloramine T was subjected to high pressure liquid chromatography on a Waters' Protein I-125 column. More than 80% of the radioactivity eluted after the Na125I (“salt”) peak. In contrast, thyrotropin bioactivity eluted before the salt peak. Radiolabeled thyrotropin affinity-purified with thyroid plasma membranes eluted after the salt peak. Discordance between the thyrotropin bioactivity and radioactivity elution profiles was confirmed by labeling thyrotropin with 125I by lactoperoxidase and then measuring both bioactivity and radioactivity in each chromatographic fraction. These data suggest that the bioactivity in radiolabeled thyrotropin may not be inherent in the radiolabeled molecules.
Does Diversity Pay?: Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity:

The value-in-diversity perspective argues that a diverse workforce, relative to a homogeneous one, is generally beneficial for business, including but not limited to corporate profits and earnings. This is in contrast to other accounts that view diversity as either nonconsequential to business success or actually detrimental by creating conflict, undermining cohesion, and thus decreasing productivity. Using data from the 1996 to 1997 National Organizations Survey, a national sample of for-profit business organizations, this article tests eight hypotheses derived from the value-in-diversity thesis. The results support seven of these hypotheses: racial diversity is associated with increased sales revenue, more customers, greater market share, and greater relative profits. Gender diversity is associated with increased sales revenue, more customers, and greater relative profits. I discuss the implications of these findings relative to alternative views of diversity in the workplace.
Teratogenicity and lethality of hydantoin derivatives in the mouse: structure--toxicity relationships.

The teratogenicities and the lethalities of hydantoin (H), ethotoin (E), mephenytoin (M), phenytoin (P), and phenacemide (PA) were examined in the CD-1 mouse. The outcome of pregnancy was observed following single daily ip administrations on Days 8, 9, and 10 using at least three dose levels for each compound. For comparison, a limited number of dose groups were run on Days 11, 12, and 13. Adult lethality was estimated using female nonpregnant animals following the same 3-day dosing schedule. Dose-response (D-R) relationships were examined by probit analysis. The lethal potency of the compounds varied from an LD50 of 53.7 mmol/kg/day for H to 0.32 mmol/kg/day for P. Slopes of the lethality D-R lines were not significantly different for E, M, and P. There was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.94) between the LD50s of the five compounds and their octanol-water partition coefficients (log P). H, E, P, and PA were teratogenic over both treatment schedules while M showed no evidence of dose-related increases in malformations and was embryolethal only at maternally lethal doses. All compounds reduced fetal weights, over both dose schedules. Malformation profiles were similar for H, E, P, and PA, most commonly skeletal and cardiovascular anomalies, exencephaly, and cleft palate for Days 8, 9, and 10 and cleft palate and cardiovascular defects for Days 11, 12, and 13. Teratogenic potency varied from a tD05 (dose required to induce 5% malformations, Days 8, 9, 10 data) of 30.2 mmol/kg/day for H to 0.17 mmol/kg/day for P. For each compound, the slope of the teratogenicity D-R was different from their lethality slope; however, there were no significant differences between the teratogenicity slopes of H, E, and P. Again, there was a correlation between tD05 and log P (R2 = 0.89) for H, E, P, and PA. The relative teratogenic index (RTI = LD01tD05) was calculated as an indicator of teratogenic hazard. The compounds can be ranked in order of increasing hazard: mephenytoin, <0.9; hydantoin, 1.27; ethotoin, 1.39; phenytoin, 1.62; phenacemide; 3.32. These data suggest a common mechanism of teratogenicity for the closed-ring hydantoins, H, E, and P, and of lethality for the substituted hydantoins E, M, and P. Lethal and teratogenic potencies seem to be determined primarily by lipid solubility but the physiochemical properties which determine relative teratogenic hazard have yet to be identified.
ROLE OF DIETARY LIPID AND ANTIOXIDANTS IN BONE METABOLISM

Abstract Recent investigations and clinical studies suggest that dietary lipids and antioxidant nutrients influence bone formation and cartilage biology. In animals, bone modeling appears to be optimal when (n-3) fatty acids are supplied in the diet to moderate the metabolic and physiologic effects of (n-6) fatty acids. In osteoporosis, greater osteoclastic activity results in excessive mineral loss and bone destruction. New evidence supports the idea that dietary fatty acids and antioxidants can attenuate osteoclastic activity to reduce the severity of osteolytic diseases of the bone and joint. Moreover, (n-6) fatty acids may aggravate the deficiency of antioxidant enzyme protective systems in epiphyseal cartilage of long bones. For example, vitamin E was reported to increase in vivo trabecular bone formation rate and to restore collagen synthesis in chondrocytes enriched with linoleic acid. This review presents new information that documents a role for dietary lipids and antioxidants in supporting bone formation and cartilage function for optimal health. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Preschool Development 1: Communicative and Motor Aspects

1. Raymond A. Sturner, MD* 2. Barbara J. Howard, MD† 1. 2. *Asociate Professor of Pediatrics. 3. 4. †Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD. Both Drs Sturner and Howard are Codirectors of The Center for Promotion of Child Development Through Primary Care, Millersville, MD, and serve on the pediatric staff of the Patuxant Medical Group in Annapolis, MD. Dr Sturner is the author of the START test and owns the patent on the Communication Screening System. Dr Howard is a contest consultant for edutainment videotapes for children and parents. 1. It currently is recommended that the development of children be monitored during health supervision visits by the process of developmental surveillance. 2. Language abilities develop rapidly during the preschool years, are important indicators of developmental progress, and are critical to further learning and behavioral development. 3. Developmental monitoring not only should be aimed at identifying children who have low function, but at directing the focus of anticipatory guidance to help promote normal development. 4. Direct interviewing of the preschool child, such as through the “drawing interview,” can provide information about the child’s developmental and emotional status, establish rapport, and serve as a model for parents. 5. When reviewing the child’s development, the parent’s reaction to the child’s course of development may be as important as the child’s developmental status. Preschool children are very special to pediatricians. We have the opportunity to observe the baby become a person with his or her own dynamic personality, complex abilities, and enlarging relationships. However, pediatricians generally only schedule annual visits with healthy preschool-aged patients to monitor health and development and to provide guidance to parents. Given the developmental richness of children from 2 to 5 years of age and the enormous transformations occurring from one birthday to the next, the best way for such health supervision visits to be of maximal use in monitoring development is if the parent, who knows the child intimately, provides relevant information. The pediatrician then can address parental concerns and elicit information likely to reveal the strengths and weaknesses that should be addressed. In this article, we will provide information about normal developmental milestones of pre-schoolers organized to facilitate developmental surveillance during health supervision visits. The rationale for developmental monitoring by child health clinicians appears to be shifting with advances in research and technology as well as new public awareness and support. Traditionally, …
Carbon monoxide adsorption as a chemical probe of supported nickel catalysts: The role of carbonyl formation and support effects

Abstract Quantitative CO chemisorption measurements were made on nickel catalysts supported on SiO2, Nb2O5 and Nb2O5SiO2 to investigate the nature and stoichiometry of CO adsorption. A close look at conventional methods of performing CO adsorption isotherms revealed that for supported nickel catalysts, the results are quite sensitive to a number of experimental parameters including CO pressure, adsorption temperature and time of equilibration. The formation of Ni(CO)4 was observed even at subambient adsorption temperature. Erroneous adsorption uptakes and unrealistic CO Ni 5 stoichiometries are likely to result if this tendency for carbonyl formation is not recognized and properly taken into account. The extent of carbonyl formation and the effect of the experimental variables just mentioned are support-sensitive. Consequently CO chemisorption data may be used to evaluate the degree of interaction between nickel and the support.
Combination of surgery, irradiation, and hyperthermia in treatment of recurrences of malignant tumors.

Abstract Management of recurrent tumors after initial treatment by surgery, radiotherapy, and sometimes chemotherapy is a formidable challenge. Proximity of tumor to critical organs (e.g., carotid artery in recurrent head and neck tumors) often makes radical surgery impossible. Prior definitive course of radiation therapy precludes delivering a second radical course of irradiation. In the Division of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, we have used combined postoperative hyperthermia and modest dose radiotherapy to treat 23 patients with recurrent tumors and postoperative residual disease. Generally, 3200 to 4000 cGy was delivered in eight to ten fractions in 4 to 5 weeks, in combination with eight to ten sessions of minimum tumor heating to 42.5° to 43°C for 60 minutes, twice a week as stated in the results. Follow-up period was one to 5+ years. Of the 23 patients treated, only three failed within the treatment volume.
Expression of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human osteoblast-like cells: differentiation is associated with repression of metalloproteinase biosynthesis

To more clearly define the expression of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) within the human osteoblast (hOB) lineage, normal hOB and human osteogenic sarcoma cells possessing various levels of alkaline phosphatase (a marker of commitment to the osteoblast lineage) were treated with bone-resorbing agents to determine their effect on the production of interstitial collagenase, stromelysin, 72-kilodalton (kDa) gelatinase, 92-kDa gelatinase, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. The results revealed that 1) normal hOB release copious amounts of 72-kDa gelatinase, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2; 2) hOB production of 72-kDa gelatinase and TIMP-2 is not regulated by agents that promote bone resorption (e.g. phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate, recombinant human interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, PTH, and vitamin D3); 3) normal hOB fail to secrete collagenase, stromelysin, or 92-kDa gelatinase when cultured on plastic or a type I collagen substratum, even in response to bone-resorptive agents or mononuclear cell-conditioned medium; 4) in contrast, certain of the osteogenic sarcoma cell populations produce collagenase, stromelysin, and 92-kDa gelatinase, especially when exposed to bone-resorbing stimuli; 5) in general, the capacity for metalloenzyme production by osteogenic sarcoma cell lines varies inversely with their alkaline phosphatase expression; and 6) the most committed (highest alkaline phosphatase) osteogenic sarcoma cell line, SAOS-2, precisely mimics the metalloproteinase profile of normal hOB. The results suggest that the expression of most metalloproteinases is under strict repression within the differentiated normal hOB, and cellular development is associated with diminished capacity to elaborate such enzymes.
Solubilization and partial purification of sarcoplasmic reticulum-bound hexokinase of frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract The sarcoplasmic reticulum-bound hexokinase of frog skeletal muscle has been solubilized and purified (PS) 60-fold. The molecular weight as obtained by calibrated Sephadex G-200 gel column and sucrose gradient analysis was 112 875 ± 5866 and 95 212 ± 2740 respectively. The propensity for molecular aggregation was considerable. The purified enzyme (PS) was rebound to enzyme-denuded sarcoplasmic reticulum. The kinetics of the original bound, purified unbound and purified rebound hexokinase was examined with respect to orthophosphate activation and inhibition with 1,5-anhydroglucitol -6-P (analogue of glucose -6-P ). At optimum orthophosphate concentration, activation was biphasic in the presence of varying MgATP for the original bound hexokinase. Thus orthophosphate activation at 0.5 and 10 mM MgATP was 90 and 100%, respectively. Solubilization and purification of the original bound hexokinase resulted in loss of the biphasic response with activation at high MgATP concentration only. Rebinding of the PS hexokinase to enzyme-denuded sarcoplasmic reticulum restored the biphasic activation in the presence of MgATP. The original sarcoplasmic reticulum-bound hexokinase was considerably more resistant to 1,5-anhydroglucitol -6-P inhibition with respect to MgATP, compared to the PS hexokinase. Rebinding of PS hexokinase to enzyme-denuded sarcoplasmic reticulum restored the resistance to 1,5-anhydroglucitol -6-P inhibition. Thus the K i for bound, unbound and rebound enzyme was 0.08, 0.026 and 0.11 mM respectively. Binding of hexokinase to sarcoplasmic reticulum (I/ K dissociation ) was optimal at pH 6.5 and 8.5. The dissociation constant, K D for original bound hexokinase at pH 6.5, 8.5 and 7.5 was 0.48, 0.54 and 63.4 units/ml, respectively.
Tear meniscus level as an indicator of nasolacrimal obstruction

Purpose To quantitate the normal level of the tear meniscus, and to determine whether it is an accurate diagnostic indicator of nasolacrimal drainage obstruction. Methods We performed a retrospective, controlled, case series study on patients evaluated from 2000 to 2002 for epiphora. The height of the tear meniscus was measured using the slit lamp by one experienced observer. Nasolacrimal outflow status was assessed by probing and irrigation. Patency on the nontearing eye was also confirmed by probing and irrigation, and the corresponding tear meniscus levels comprised one control group (59 sides of 62 patients). Tear meniscus levels in patients with ptosis or dermatochalasis without epiphora comprised the second control group (78 sides of 39 patients). The 2 control groups were combined to determine the normal tear meniscus level and ratio between the two sides. The control tear meniscus levels and ratios in patients without epiphora were compared with the tear meniscus levels and ratios in patients with nasolacrimal obstruction (65 sides of 62 patients). Results The 2 control groups examined did not statistically differ with respect to tear meniscus height ( P = 0.06). The control median tear meniscus level (0.2 mm) significantly differed from the obstructed median tear meniscus level (0.6 mm) ( P P Conclusions To our knowledge, a quantitative analysis of the tear meniscus height has not been previously documented in the literature. Patients with nasolacrimal system stenosis or obstruction have elevated tear meniscus levels and ratios relative to control subjects. The absolute tear meniscus level and ratio tests are excellent diagnostic indicators of nasolacrimal obstruction and its resolution after successful lacrimal surgery.
Structures of [CoO(CO2)n]− and [NiO(CO2)n]− Clusters Studied by Infrared Spectroscopy

We present infrared spectra of [CoO(CO2)n]− and [NiO(CO2)n]− clusters and interpret them in the framework of computational results employing density functional theory. We find that both [CoO(CO2)n]− and [NiO(CO2)n]− clusters are generally composed of the same core isomers. The dominant isomers consist of an η2 CO2 ligand and a CO3 moiety that can be bound to the metal atom with monodentate (η1) or bidentate (η2) connectivity. Minor structural isomers observed are composed of a C2O4 moiety with a lone oxygen atom or a CO3 unit.
PartyPeer: a P2P massively multiplayer online game

Using peer-to-Peer (P2P) architectures for large scale interactive applications such as Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) is very challenging because of the difficulties to maintain a consistent game world in a distributed topology and exchange game state information in the P2P network without a central sever. In this demo proposal we present the innovative design and implementation of PartyPeer, an online social game which supports a massive number of users using our P2P based streaming network called ACTIVE+. We also discuss some of the implementation challenges when building this real-world P2P based game.
A green light for the thrombopoietic program

Comment on Lin et al, page [3803][1] The opportunity to study the dynamics of thrombopoeisis in real time has long been awaited. In their new paper, Lin and colleagues have described the generation of transgenic zebrafish with green fluorescent thrombocytes. This fish was created using a
Management and sequelae of a 41-year-old Jehovah's Witness with severe anhydrous ammonia inhalation injury

Anhydrous ammonia is a commonly used chemicals that are found in fertilizer, refrigeration, and in other occupational environments. Lung damage because of inhalation of ammonia can be devastating, producing debilitating lung disease and can ultimately lead to death. This is the case of a 41-year-old male, previously healthy, Jehovah's Witness, who was working at a poultry plant facility when an explosion occurred exposing him to toxic levels of anhydrous ammonia. Our patient developed end-stage lung disease after sustaining a severe ammonia inhalation injury. Despite aggressive pulmonary rehabilitation, the patient continued to deteriorate, and his only option for a chance at improved quality of life was a double-lung transplant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bloodless lung transplantation for inhalational lung injury in the literature. Further study is needed to better understand the effects of ammonia on lung physiology in order to better manage and treat patients who develop acute and chronic lung complications after exposure. Language: en
High Resolution Loss Spectroscopy of Quartz

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) scientists have developed an instrument that has extreme sensitivity to energy dissipation in mechanical resonators. While previous instruments measured loss to one part in ten, the new instrument measures mechanical loss to one part in 10 4 or better. Low defect levels, that result in small residuals of loss above background, are detectable because of the instrument's high resolution. We have used the resonator to examine loss spectroscopy of quartz resonators vibrating in flexure. The resonators have a largebackground loss that peaks up at low temperature. Although the peak very closely fits a Debye-like equation, the derived parameters, such as the decay time prefactor, are unphysical.
High strength steels, stiffness of vehicle front-end structure, and risk of injury to rear seat occupants.

Previous research has shown that rear seat occupant protection has decreased over model years, and front-end stiffness is a possible factor causing this trend. In this research, the effects of a change in stiffness on protection of rear seat occupants in frontal crashes were investigated. The stiffness was adjusted by using higher strength steels (DP and TRIP), or thicker metal sheets. Finite element simulations were performed, using an LS Dyna vehicle model coupled with a MADYMO dummy. Simulation results showed that an increase in stiffness, to the extent it happened in recent model years, can increase the risk of AIS3+ head injuries from 4.8% in the original model (with a stiffness of 1000 N/mm) to 24.2% in a modified model (with a stiffness of 2356 N/mm). The simulations also showed an increased risk of chest injury from 9.1% in the original model to 11.8% in the modified model. Distribution of injuries from real world accident data confirms the findings of the simulations.
Test of Hadronic Charge Symmetry by Pion Scattering on Deuterium

A sensitive test of hadronic charge symmetry has been made by comparing differential cross sections for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ elastic scattering from deuterium at 143 MeV. Coulomb effects were calculated with the three-body Faddeev formalism. After corrections for Coulomb effects the cross-section ratio indicates that charge symmetry is valid to within (0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)%.
War and regional economic growth: winners and losers

Using an AK-type model this article argues that joining the Armed Forces may have two opposing effects on the growth rates of economically depressed areas depending upon whether the country goes to war or not. On the one hand when individuals from relatively economically depressed areas join the Armed Forces, they gain access to education and build human capital which may translate into economic growth. On the other hand, however, if the country goes to war, these regions may end up losing their labour force, leading to a decline in the growth rate. We also argue that regions providing equipment may experience increased income and employment levels.
Boundedness of solutions of difference equations and application to numerical solution of Volterra integral equations of the second kind

Abstract We study the difference equations obtained when some numerical methods for Volterra integral equations of the second kind are applied to the linear test problem y ( t ) = 1 + ∝ 0 t ( λ + μt + vs ) y ( s ) ds , t ⩾ 0, with fixed stepsize h . The resulting difference equations are of Poincare type and we formulate a criterion for boundedness of solutions of these equations if the associated characteristic polynomial is a simple von Neumann polynomial. This result is then used in stability analysis of reducible quadrature methods for Volterra integral equations.
Developmental changes in the renal capacity for sulfate reabsorption in the guinea pig.

During growth, immature guinea pigs maintain a positive inorganic sulfate balance. In the present study, renal clearance techniques were used to determine the maximum renal capacity for sulfate reabsorption [TmRsi/glomerular filtration rate (GFR)] in three groups of guinea pigs at different stages of development (10–34 days, 35–80 days and >120 days of age). These ages are comparable to infant, adolescent, and adult guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were weaned at 10 days and then maintained on normal guinea pig chow (0.13% sulfate). The TmRsi/GFR was determined by infusions of increasing concentrations of sulfate (0–16.8 μmol/min). TmRsi/GFR was significantly greater in young (infant and adolescent) than in older (adult) guinea pigs (2.20±0.26μmol/ml and 1.80±0.27 μmol/ml vs 0.942±0.08 μmol/ml,P<0.05). These results demonstrate that the tubular capacity for inorganic sulfate reabsorption per milliliter of glomerular filtrate is enhanced in immature guinea pigs and decreases with age.
The expected utility of genetic information in beef cattle production

Abstract Scientific inquiry is increasing our knowledge of plant and animal genomics. The ability to specify heterogeneous production processes, to sort agricultural inputs by genotype, or to guide breeding programs to satisfy specific markets based on genetic expression may increase producer and consumer benefits. This research develops a decision analysis framework to assess the expected value of genetic information under risk aversion. Expected utilities are evaluated both with and without genetic trait information. Potential gains in the value of information can be quantified as research unravels the linkages between genetics and crop and animal performance and quality. An application to cattle feeding indicates potential gains to developing markets for specific animal genetic characteristics based on the amino acid sequence of the leptin gene.
Alkaline phosphatase staining of pig and sheep epiblast cells in culture

To define better the characteristics of pig and sheep epiblast cells in culture, the cells were tested for the presence of alkaline phosphatase (AP), a biochemical marker characteristic of mouse embryonic stem cells. Pig and sheep epiblast cells were positive for AP staining both at isolation from the blastocyst and after primary in vitro culture. The innermost portion of the attendant endoderm surrounding the epiblast was also positive for AP staining during primary culture. AP staining was lost upon differentiation or senescence of the epiblast cells. Also, all differentiated epiblast-derived cell cultures were negative for AP staining, with the exception of neuron-like cultures. Epiblast-like cells were cultured from day 10 (pig) and day 13 (sheep) embryonic discs, and these cells were also AP positive until they differentiated. Trophectoderm-endoderm-like cells from embryonic discs were AP negative or weakly positive. AP is a convenient marker for undifferentiated pig and sheep epiblast cells in culture when used in conjunction with cell morphology analysis.
Full-scale evaluation of mat surfacings for roads over sand subgrades

Nine commercial mat systems were evaluated for use as expedient road surfacings over sand subgrades for beach crossing scenarios. Four were rolled mats and five were panel-type systems. A full-scale test section of each mat system was installed over a sand subgrade and trafficked with a fully loaded military truck. Mat deformation and damage were systematically surveyed at a series of traffic level intervals up to 2000 truck passes. The performance data were analyzed and presented graphically, and the mats were compared according to their abilities to sustain the traffic. The mat systems were further evaluated on the bases of rate of deployment, logistical footprint (unit weight and volume), and cost.
Detecting homotopy equivalences in base-point-free homotopy

Abstract Let ƒ:X→Y be a map of connected CW complexes, such that ƒ # :[K, X]→[K, Y] is a bijection for every finite complex K ([ K , X ] being the set of free homotopy classes). Examples are known where such ƒ is not a homotopy equivalence, but no example is known where Y is finite-dimensional. We prove that if Y has finite dimension d and if H d Ỹ ≠ 0 then ƒ is a homotopy equivalence . More generally, we give necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the fundamental group of Y for ƒ to be a homotopy equivalence, and we show that these conditions are almost met whenever Y is finite-dimensional. An interesting sequence { G m } m ⩾2 of finitely presented ‘Artin groups’ appears naturally in the discussion.
Fast heterogeneous electron transfer rates for glassy carbon electrodes without polishing or activation procedures

Glassy carbon (CG) is an attractive choice for an electrode material because it has a wide potential range, is inexpensive, readily available, and chemically inert in most electrolytes. The typical preparation of a GC electrode includes the removal of gross surface features by abrasion with silicon carbide paper and subsequent polishing with alumina. The electrochemistry of many redox systems such as ascorbic acid (AA), ferri/ferrocyanide, and dopamine on GC are very sensitive to the polishing procedure, with variations in the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant K(o), for the Fe(CN){sub 6} (3-/4-) redox system covering at least three orders of magnitude. This variation has been attributed primarily to superficial impurities and polishing debris.
Sap Flow in a Dicotyledon (Sunflower) and a Monocotyledon (Sorghum) by the Heat-Balance Method

The heat-balance method is widely used to monitor sap flow in stems of herbaceous plants. Measurements of sap flow made on monocotyledons, with scattered vascular bundles in their stems, may not be as accurate as measurements on dicotyledons, with annular vascular systems located next to the heater of the gauge. Therefore, we measured the accuracy of sap flow measurements made by the heat-balance method for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. 'Hysun 354'), a dicotyledon with C 3 photosynthesis, and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Funk's hybrid G-522DR], a monocotyledon with C 4 photosynthesis. Plants were grown in pots with a commercial potting medium under greenhouse conditions. Measurements were made during a cycle when the plants were well watered, drought stressed, or rewatered. A potted plant was placed on a scale and sap flow (SF) values (units of g h -1 ) were compared with weight lost during the same period of time (WL, g h -1 ). Accuracy of the sap flow measurements was determined by calculating error, defined as (SF - WL)/WL. The gauge had good accuracy (error = 8.08%) only with watered sunflower, which had high flow rates (maximum rate = 64.7 g h -1 ). (This sap flow rate, nevertheless, is less than those for woody plants under field conditions, which are often >100 g h -1 .) Sap flow rates in watered sorghum were less than those in watered sunflower (maximum sap flow rate = 18.9 g h -1 ), and error for watered sorghum was high (72.6%). The gauge had good accuracy when sap flow rates were 20 g h -1 or more. Despite gauge errors, gauge measurements usually paralleled scale measurements and rapidly monitored changes in sap flow rate. The data suggest that sap flow rate is more important than stem anatomy in determining the accuracy of the gauge.
Rating and application of semiconductor rectifiers

DESPITE the high efficiency of germanium and silicon p-n junctions, the small internal losses of this type of rectifier cell are the chief criteria for rating and application.
Twisted boundary conditions and the adiabatic ground state for the attractive XXZ Luttinger liquid

The one-dimensional attractive lattice fermion gas equivalent to the Heisenberg-Ising spin-1/2 chain is studied for a ring geometry threaded by magnetic flux. We find that for charged fermions having interaction strength \ensuremath{\Delta}=cos(\ensuremath{\pi}/p) with p noninteger, the adiabatic ground state is periodic in the magnetic flux threading the chain, with period two flux quanta, as found by Shastry and Sutherland for the repulsive case. We find that, at particular values of the threading field, a sequence of initially zero-energy bound states form at the Fermi surface during the adiabatic process, the largest containing [p] (the integer part of p) fermions. This largest bound state moves rapidly around to the other Fermi point where it sequentially unbinds. We find Berry's phase for the whole process to be [p]\ensuremath{\pi}. For p integer, as \ensuremath{\Phi} increases, eventually all the particles in the system go into bound states of size [p]. The period in this case is of order the size of the system. The charge-carrying mass of the fermions is calculated by finding the energy of the adiabatic ground state with twisted boundary conditions.
Structure and cleavage activity of the tetrameric MspJI DNA modification-dependent restriction endonuclease

The MspJI modification-dependent restriction endonuclease recognizes 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the context of CNN(G/A) and cleaves both strands at fixed distances (N12/N16) away from the modified cytosine at the 3′-side. We determined the crystal structure of MspJI of Mycobacterium sp. JLS at 2.05-A resolution. Each protein monomer harbors two domains: an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal endonuclease. The N-terminal domain is structurally similar to that of the eukaryotic SET and RING-associated domain, which is known to bind to a hemi-methylated CpG dinucleotide. Four protein monomers are found in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. Analytical gel-filtration and ultracentrifugation measurements confirm that the protein exists as a tetramer in solution. Two monomers form a back-to-back dimer mediated by their C-terminal endonuclease domains. Two back-to-back dimers interact to generate a tetramer with two double-stranded DNA cleavage modules. Each cleavage module contains two active sites facing each other, enabling double-strand DNA cuts. Biochemical, mutagenesis and structural characterization suggest three different monomers of the tetramer may be involved respectively in binding the modified cytosine, making the first proximal N12 cleavage in the same strand and then the second distal N16 cleavage in the opposite strand. Both cleavage events require binding of at least a second recognition site either in cis or in trans.
Deliberate combination of coordination polymers andhydrogen bonds in a supramolecular design strategy for inorganic/organichybrid networks

Two crystal structures containing infinite CuI chains connected into 2-D layers by non-covalent interactions demonstrate how coordinate covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds can be combined in the design of new inorganic/organic hybrid materials.
The world view factor in psychotherapy.

If you have listened to or observed many counseling interviews conducted by counselors in training, you undoubtedly have formed some impressions about the general tone and mode of such sessions. Every supervisor carries such notions; they are the folk knowledge of the profession. Although essentially impressionistic?rarely the result of systematic or scientific research or inquiry?they are nevertheless powerful generalizations that not only guide supervisory style but serve as feedback data that frequently become part of our theory of practice. Sometimes such notions are captured in shibboleths: "The counselor is not using his feelings." "She is not following the affect." "The countertransference is disrupting the therapy." "He is avoiding affect by intellectualizing." "Her head trips repress affect." "He's frightened by the client's feelings, resorting to 'talking about' feelings." "She's being didactic, not therapeutic." And so it goes. Each such phrase has peculiar meanings for teachers and supervisors. Trainees often hear them as "truths," rarely questioning them as partial ex planations having roots in perspectives?perspectives often far more implicit than explicit. I recall one supervisor whose habit it was to go carefully through his stu dents' transcripts with a red pencil. Every word, every phrase, every para graph that he judged to be dealing with nonaffective materials he would under line. Holding these up in front of his student, he'd say, "Bad therapy; you're too red!" Another psychologist recently told me that in his own personal therapy his therapist always stopped him whenever he began to slip into using theological or religious language. "Taboo!" she'd say. "Remember, your religion is part of your neurosis. We can get nowhere trying to move out of neurosis using neuro tic words." It is not my purpose to argue which shibboleths are true, which false. I simply don't know. (And my hunch is that neither do those who use them.) What I am interested in examining is the possible usefulness of the world view factor in the psychotherapeutic process, especially as it may be utilized by religiously inclined persons. But by this introduction I am assuming that be hind our failure to treat the world view factor as an authentic psychotherapeu tic process in its own right, a shibboleth may be at work. My argument is 1) that the world view factor is an essential dimension of any psychotherapeutic project which claims to deal with the whole person, 2)
Rapid determination of free fatty acids in vegetable oils by gas liquid chromatography

Determination of the free fatty acids in small quantities of vegetable oil is accomplished by gas liquid chromatography. The free fatty acids are isolated from a hexane solution of the vegetable oil into an aqueous solution of trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPH). Due to the alkalinity of TMPH, the free fatty acids readily partition into this aqueous phase. Injection of the free fatty acid-TMPH salts into a gas chromatograph results in pyrolytic methylation of the free fatty acid salts—yielding the methyl esters. Excellent results were obtained when this new procedure was used on neutral lipid oils containing known amounts of free fatty acids and compared with the results obtained by a modified BF3/MeOH esterification procedure. When compared to the AOCS titration procedure, this new procedure gave comparable results. This new procedure has advantages over the AOCS procedure: it is more sensitive and gives quantitative results for individual free fatty acids. This new procedure also has several advantages over the modified BF3/MeOH esterification procedure: it is easily and more rapidly performed, there is no deposition of glyceride on the column when the sample is injected, and because there is quantitative recovery, the new procedure is more sensitive and can be used on oils with a low weight percentage of free fatty acids.