cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deliberate self-harm and the nexus of violence, victimization, and mental health problems in the United States

Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is associated with diverse psychiatric diagnoses and broad psychopathology but less is known about its association with other forms of interpersonal violence and crime. Using the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), the current study examined linkages between not only DSH and mental health and substance abuse comorbidity, but also childhood abuse, lifetime victimization, and a variety of violent behaviors. We identified a prevalence of 2.91% for DSH and found that DSH is associated with generalized and severe psychopathology, wide-ranging substance abuse, and adverse childhood experiences. Contrary to other studies, we found significant racial and ethnic differences in DSH. African-American, Latinos, and Asians, were substantially less likely than Whites to report DSH. Our hypothesis that DSH would be associated with a variety of violent behaviors including robbery, intimate partner violence, forced sex, cruelty to animals, and use of a weapon was supported even after adjusting for an array of covariates. We extend previous research on DSH by examining its prevalence in one the largest comorbidity surveys ever conducted and show that DSH is associated with multiple forms of violent behavior toward others, including animals.
Heritability of the blood pressure response to acute ethanol exposure in five inbred strains of mice

Background: Chronic alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for hypertension. There is evidence in humans that the susceptibility to alcohol-related hypertension may vary based on genotype. As a first step in investigating the genetic basis for alcohol-related hypertension, the current study was designed to assess the heritability of the blood pressure response to acute ethanol exposure by using AKR/J (AK), C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), Balb/cJ (Balb), and A/J (A) mice. Methods: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded continuously for 24 hr in freely moving mice from an indwelling femoral catheter before we tested the effects of saline or ethanol (2 g/kg ip) on blood pressure. Results: Relative to saline, ethanol caused a pressor response that peaked within 10 min, followed by a decline in MAP. Strain A mice had a significantly greater pressor response to ethanol than other strains and did not show a decline in MAP below baseline. All other strains showed a progressive fall in blood pressure below baseline across the 60 min measurement interval. Heritability was estimated to be 0.62 for the pressor response and 0.64 for the maximal depressor response. Repeated doses of ethanol at 1 hr intervals in A and B6 mice (0,2,1.5,1.5,1.5 g/kg ip) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in MAP in A mice for the first three doses and a dose-dependent decrease in MAP in B6 mice that was independent of blood ethanol concentrations. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is a significant genetic component to the acute blood pressure response to ethanol.
Designing metal-organic frameworks for radiation detection

Abstract Five metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and investigated via steady-state photoluminescence and radioluminescence measurements. Unique spectral features were observed in the 2.5 MeV proton spectra, corresponding to differences in the electronic and crystalline structures of each material. Targeted structural transformations and infiltration with extrinsic dopants were also employed to modify the luminescence of these frameworks, establishing MOFs as a platform to design new radiation detection materials.
Developmental expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde. One class of ADH has been described in fish, and has been found to be structurally similar to mammalian class III ADH (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) but functionally similar to class I ADH (primarily responsible for ethanol metabolism). We have cloned a cDNA by RT-PCR from zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver representing the zebrafish ADH3 gene product, with a coding region of 1131 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequences share 90% identity to ADH3 from the marine fish Sparus aurata, and 82 and 81% identity to the mouse and human sequences, respectively. Using a quantitative competitive RT-PCR assay, ADH3 mRNA was detected at all timepoints analyzed and was lowest between 8 and 24 h postfertilization. Thus, differential ADH3 expression may be at least partly responsible for temporal variations in the sensitivity of zebrafish embryos to developmental alcohol exposure.
Evidence for the absence of meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA in Neurospora tetrasperma

Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is a posttranscriptional gene silencing process in Neurospora crassa. Any gene without a homolog in the same chromosomal position during meiotic prophase generates a sequence-specific signal that prevents expression of all copies of that gene, but only during meiosis. Meiotic silencing is epigenetic and involves components of a meiosis-specific RNA silencing machinery. Although N. tetrasperma is closely related to N. crassa, its sexual biology is significantly different. N. tetrasperma was used here to evaluate both the generality of meiotic silencing within the genus and its possible evolutionary significance. A reporter gene for meiotic silencing, a histone H1-GFP fusion construct, was introgressed from N. crassa into various chromosome locations in N. tetrasperma. Whereas we did not observe meiotic silencing in four out of five introgression series, we obtained inconclusive results in the fifth series. Thus, we propose that meiotic silencing in N. tetrasperma is either absent or is substantially reduced when compared to N. crassa, possibly because the sad-1 gene (RNA-directed RNA polymerase, RdRP) is naturally unsynapsed (although "paired") and self-silenced during meiosis by structural differences between N. tetrasperma mating-type chromosomes. In N. crassa, wild-type sad-1 function is essential for meiotic silencing. Many point mutations in or deletion of sad-1 result in self-silencing of RdRP, and consequently suppression of meiotic silencing in heterozygous asci. The apparent absence or reduced meiotic silencing in N. tetrasperma raises the possibility that this form of silencing is not necessarily a major genome defense mechanism or responsible for reproductive isolation among the species of the genus Neurospora.
Escape from fear under alcohol: Fear inhibits alcohol-enhanced responding

Ethanol’s influence on the fear-arousing properties of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus was assessed in an escape-from-fear paradigm. During the first phase, half of the rats were given tone-shock pairings (paired groups), and half received an equal number of tones and shocks in an unpaired manner (unpaired-control groups). Fear of the tone was assessed later by permitting rats to learn a locomotor response to escape a chamber in which the tone was presented. Type of fear conditioning was combined factorially with presence or absence of alcohol both during fear conditioning and during escape testing. Although initially slower than controls, paired groups increased their running speeds over test trials and eventually surpassed the control groups. Drug state during conditioning had no effect upon test performance, but the presence of alcohol during testing increased running speeds in both the paired and unpaired groups. Moreover, fear elicited by the tone in paired groups inhibited the arousing effect of alcohol on early test trials. These data do not support the hypothesis that alcohol reduces conditioned fear.
A dislocation dynamics study of strength differential in particle-containing metals during cyclic loading

Dislocation dynamics simulations were carried out to study the cyclic stress-strain response of crystals containing misfit particles. The strength differential, manifested by the difference in the magnitudes of tensile and compressive flow strength during continuous loading, is examined. The computational model consists of a spherical particle and a single Frank-Read source in a specified slip plane inside a face-centered-cubic crystal. Attention is devoted to the dislocation glide behavior affected by the misfit elastic field, even when the slip plane does not intersect the particle. The multiplication of dislocation from the single source, the formation of pile-up loops as well as the unraveling of the loops upon reversed loading were all captured by the simulation. It was observed that the existence of a misfit particle gives rise to strength differential, a phenomenon of fundamentally different nature with regard to the widely recognized Bauschinger effect. The “back stress” concept was employed to analyze the simulation result. The effects of particle size and applied strain rate on the overall strength differential were also examined.
Paroxysmal pulmonary edema consequent to stimulation of cardiovascular receptors

Abstract 1. 1. A new experimental procedure for producing acute pulmonary edema in dogs is described. The basis of the method is the rapid infusion of massive quantities of fluid into the common carotid arteries, toward the head. The infusion is performed in three short, interrupted periods within a half hour, under a pressure of 280 to 300 mm. Hg. The quantity of fluid introduced amounts to 2.3 times the dog's estimated blood volume. This procedure produced pulmonary edema in nearly all experiments. Clinical manifestations and electrocardiographic, roentgen, and post-mortem findings are discussed. 2. 2. The effect of infusion of either the same amount or a larger amount of fluid into the femoral arteries and into veins has been studied and compared with the results of intracarotid infusion. Pulmonary edema is produced by these methods in only a few experiments. 3. 3. The effect of varying the chemical composition of the fluid is discussed. 4. 4. Neither the amount of fluid injected nor the rate of its injection determines the production of edema. Factors other than mechanical ones are involved in the production of the form of pulmonary edema which is being investigated.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: CT findings.

In pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a proteinaceous material accumulates in the alveolar air spaces, causing hypoxemia, restrictive lung disease, and dramatic abnormalities on chest radiographs. Complications are unusual, but of the ones that do occur, infection, particularly with Nocardia asteroides, and fibrosis are the most common. Few computed tomographic (CT) studies of this condition have been reported. The CT scans of nine patients with PAP were reviewed. Varying combinations of air-space and interstitial patterns were seen. The CT appearance of air-space disease ranged from ill-defined nodules to patchy consolidation to large regions of confluence. Air-space consolidation was sometimes sharply demarcated from surrounding normal lung tissue, which created a geographic pattern. Despite the predominance of air-space patterns, air bronchograms were not a prominent feature. CT showed the interstitial component of disease and the extent of disease more clearly than did plain radiography. In two cas...
Effect of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate on β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase in the bovine corpus luteum

Abstract Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic-AMP) inhibits the enzyme 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase which converts pregnenolone to progesterone in a two step reaction along with 3-ketosteroid 5-ene-4-ene isomerase in the corpus luteum of pregnant and non-pregnant cows. The inhibition by cyclic AMP could be overcome by increasing the concentration of NAD+.
MILITARY AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: HISTORICAL TRENDS AND COMPARISON TO CIVIL AVIATION

Trends in the environmental impact of military aviation between 1960 and 2000 are articulated. The focus is on community noise, local air quality, and global climate impacts and the discussion is restricted to fixed-wing aircraft. Comparisons are made to trends within the commercial air transport industry. The unique features of military aircraft technology and operations responsible for the differences in environmental impacts are described. The discussion also considers the effects of environmental restrictions on the deployment and combat readiness of military aviation services. Regulations designed to mitigate environmental impacts from military and civil aviation are also reviewed
Electrospray liquid chromatography quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry determination of phenyl urea herbicides in water.

Phenyl urea herbicides were determined in water by electrospray quadrupole ion trap liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ES-QIT-LC-MS). Over a wide concentration range [M - H](-) and MH(+) ions were prominent in ES spectra. At high concentrations dimer and trimer ions appeared, and sodium, potassium, and ammonium adducts also were observed. In the case of isopturon, source collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation with low offset voltages increased the ion current associated with MH(+) and diminished dimer and trimer ion abundance. In the mass analyzer CID involved common pathways, for example, daughter ions of [M - H](-) resulted from loss of R(2)NH in N',N'-dialkyl ureas or loss of C(3)H(5)NO(2) (87 amu) in N'-methoxy ureas. A 2 mm (i.d.) x 15 cm C(18) reversed phase column was used for LC-MS with a linear methanol/water gradient and 0.5 mL/min flow rate. Between 1 and 100 pg/microg/L the response was highly linear with instrument detection limits ranging from <10 to 50 pg injected. Whereas the positive ES signal intensity was greater for each of the compounds except fluometuron, negative ion monitoring gave the highest signal-to-noise ratio. Analysis of spiked Colorado River water, a source high in total dissolved solids and total organic carbon, demonstrated that ES-QIT-LC-MS was routinely capable of quantitative analysis at low nanogram per liter concentrations in conjunction with a published C(18) SPE method. Under these conditions experimental method detection limits were between 8.0 and 36 ng/L, and accuracy for measurements in the 20-50 parts per trillion range was from 77 to 96%. Recoveries were slightly lower in surface water (e.g., 39-76%), possibly due to suppression of ionization.
Suppression of myogenesis by heterotypic and heterospecific cells in monolayer cultures

Abstract 1. 1. Dissociated myogenic cells from 12-day chick embryos were intermingled with heterotypic cells from the chick embryo (7-day retina, 6-day spinal cord, 13-day cartilage, 7-day liver, 7-day lung or 7-day heart) or heterospecific cells (15-day mouse muscle) and cultured in “monolayer” cultures. 2. 2. Myogenesis was delayed, reduced or suppressed in the presence of heterotypic and heterospecific cells. This suppression was not cell typespecific, and its extent was inversely proportional to the concentration of nonhomologous cells. 3. 3. Suppression of myogenesis did not occur when a Millipore filter (thickness 25 μ, pore size 0.45 μ) was interposed between the myoblasts and the heterotypic cells. 4. 4. In spite of the initial random bunching, chick myogenic cells sorted out and formed multinucleated muscle fibers. Heterotypic cells also sorted out, but showed no histoformative tendencies. 5. 5. It is concluded that suppression of myogenesis by heterotypic cells in monolayer cultures is due to interference by the heterotypic cells with the sorting out and grouping of myoblasts and, hence, with the formation of contacts and fusions that are essential for myogenesis. While the precise mechanisms of this interference is not clear, a distance of less than 25 μ between the myogenic and the heterotypic cells is essential for it to occur.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in human-robot interaction

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a promising new tool for research in human-robot interaction (HRI). The technology has already been used for brain-robot interfaces to affect robots' behaviors and as an evaluation tool for assessing brain activity during interactions. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive literature review of published research on fNIRS from various communities to assess its utility in HRI. We discuss four exemplary applications in more detail and also list several challenges that need to be overcome for fNIRS to be an effective tool in realistic HRI settings.
Optical anisotropy of the GaAs(001) surface

The anisotropic optical response of $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ As-terminated and $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ Ga-terminated \ensuremath{\beta} and \ensuremath{\beta}2 GaAs(001) surfaces is studied by using first-principles nonlocal pseudopotentials in a density-functional-theory framework within the local-density approximation. The calculated surface dielectric function anisotropy agrees well with reflectance-difference spectroscopy experiments for the As-terminated \ensuremath{\beta}2 surface and for the Ga-terminated \ensuremath{\beta} and \ensuremath{\beta}2 surfaces. Most of the calculated anisotropy comes from transitions involving only subsurface, bulklike electronic states that are perturbed by the surface; states confined at the surface, including those localized at the surface dimers, contribute little to the anisotropy.
Behavioral development in mice selected for differences in brain weight.

Mouse pups from the SEL-16 lines which have been selected for high or low brain weight differed from unselected controls in body size and intensity of some behaviors, particularly between 4 and 10 days of age. The differences were not related in a simple manner to brain size nor to brain growth patterns previously described by the authors. A hypothesis of pleiotropic effects of “brain weight genes” upon behavior is not supported by the data.
Angioscopic observations after percutaneous thrombectomy of thrombosed hemodialysis grafts.

PURPOSE To use angioscopy to evaluate and compare the amount of residual thrombus and endoluminal wall damage in hemodialysis grafts after percutaneous thrombectomy procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-nine thrombectomy and angioscopy procedures were performed in 35 patients. Percutaneous thrombectomy methods included eight different mechanical thrombectomy devices and the "lyse and wait" technique. Videotaped images of 33 angioscopic examinations were independently reviewed by three radiologists. Two parameters—the amount of residual thrombus and degree of endoluminal wall damage—were scored on a scale of 1 to 5. Data were initially analyzed to validate the grading system and then further studied to compare the different thrombectomy techniques. RESULTS The Spearman rank order analysis validated the data pertaining to the amount of residual thrombus (r = 0.71, P CONCLUSION Subjective observations reveal that wall-contact thrombectomy devices leave less residual thrombus than hydrodynamic devices, aspiration devices, or the lyse and wait technique.
Permeability of rat liver mitochondria to leucine, tyrosine, α-aminoisobutyric acid, and lysine

Abstract Radioactive tracer studies show that l -leucine is rapidly taken up by isolated rat liver mitochondria. There is an initial rapid uptake of l -leucine during the first 30 sec of incubation, followed by a slower, progressive increase in l -leucine accumulation over a 10-min incubation. d -Leucinc penetrates the mitochondria rapidly but does not accumulate inside. Both the d and l isomers of tyrosine penetrate the mitochondria relatively more slowly, equilibration being achieved only after several minutes of incubation. The synthetic amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, is shown to rapidly enter the mitochondria. This amino acid is not accumulated within the mitochondria. l -Lysine, a positively charged amino acid, exhibits uptake characteristics similar to those of l -leucine. An examination of the energetic requirements for these amino acid transfer processes reveals no dependence on metabolic energy or on gradients of inorganic cations, and no effects of several reagents known to block other transport mechanisms, under the conditions tested. These findings and previously reported observations are consistent with the view that the membranes of rat liver mitochondria contain a number of different mechanisms mediating uptake of various amino acids.
EFFECT OF ADRENALIN ON BLOOD GLUCOSE AND PANCREATIC MORPHOLOGY

A study was conducted on the effect of adrenalin with or without cortisone on blood glucose and on pancreatic morphology of rabbits. In acute experiments the administration of 0.25 m.g. of adrenalin produced a much greater rise in blood sugar in animals pretreated with 4 mg./kg. of cortisone acetate for 7 days than in controls. With 1 mg. adrenalin this hyperglycemia potentiating effect of cortisone was less marked. In chronic experiments 2 mg. of adrenalin in oil were administered subcutaneously 3 times daily at 8 hour intervals either alone or together with 1 mg./kg. daily of cortisone acetate intramuscularly for up to 106 days. Adrenalin alone caused intermittent hyperglycemia with peaks reaching as high as 480 mg.%. Adrenalin injected subcutaneously with cortisone produced daily intermittent hyperglycemia with maximal blood sugar levels rising up to 851 mg.%. The failure of adrenalin with cortisone to produce sustained hyperglycemia as was previously found with glucagon-cortisone treatment is notewort...
Pericardiectomy vs Medical Management in Patients With Relapsing Pericarditis

Abstract Objective To determine whether surgical pericardiectomy is a safe and effective alternative to medical management for chronic relapsing pericarditis. Patients and Methods Retrospective review of 184 patients presenting to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 1994, through December 31, 2005, with persistent relapsing pericarditis identified 58 patients who had a pericardiectomy after failed medical management and 126 patients who continued with medical treatment only. The primary outcome variables were in-hospital postoperative mortality or major morbidity, all-cause death, time to relapse, and medication use. Results Mean ± SD follow-up was 5.5±3.5 years in the surgical group and 5.4±4.4 years in the medical treatment group. At baseline, patients in the surgical group had higher mean relapses (6.9 vs 5.5; P =.01), were more likely to be taking colchicine (43.1% [n=25] vs 18.3% [n=23]; P =.002) and corticosteroids (70.7% [n=41] vs 42.1% [n=53]; P P =.003) than the medical treatment group. Perioperative mortality (0%) and major morbidity (3%; n=2) were minimal. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no differences in all-cause death at follow-up ( P =.26); however, the surgical group had a markedly decreased relapse rate compared with the medical treatment group ( P =.009). Medication use was notably reduced after pericardiectomy. Conclusion In patients with chronic relapsing pericarditis in whom medical management has failed, surgical pericardiectomy is a safe and effective method of relieving symptoms.
Effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue

Abstract 1. 1. Ethanol, in vitro , but not its metabolic products acetaldehyde and acetate, diminished glyceride-glycerol formation from glucose in lipocytes from rat epididymal fat pads by 29%. Ethanol had no effect on either the rate of fatty acid synthesis from glucose or the type of fatty acids synthesized. 2. 2. Ethanol was oxidized to CO 2 by lipocytes and was utilized for fatty acid synthesis and complex lipid formation. About 85% of the lipids formed were triglycerides. All the label from [I- 14 C]ethanol was in the fatty acid moieties of complex lipids and none in glyceride-glycerol. Most of the fatty acids formed were saturated, but 32% were C 16–22 unsaturated fatty acids. Ethanol was presumably first oxidized to acetate, since the lipids formed from [I- 14 C]acetate were the same as those formed from ethanol. 3. 3. Acetaldehyde was produced from ethanol by homogenates of adipose tissue. More acetaldehyde was formed at pH 9.6 than at pH 7.4. Nevertheless, no alcohol dehydrogenase activity was detected in either cell sap or whole homogenates of adipose tissue. 4. 4. An ethanol oxidizing system was demonstrated in the particulate fractions of adipose tissue sedimenting at 10000 × g and 105000 × g which required oxygen and a NADPH generating system. Optimum activity of the particles occurred at pH 7.4 and none at pH 9.6, but significant activity was observed at pH 9.6 when whole homogenates were the enzyme source. 5. 5. It is concluded that ethanol may affect lipid metabolism in adipose tissue by suppressing glyceride-glycerol formation and by being utilized as a substrate for fatty acid synthesis.
Synthesis of Carbide-Derived Carbon by Chlorination of Ti2AlC

Nanoporous carbide-derived carbon (CDC) was synthesized starting with Ti2AlC powders via chlorination in the 400−1200 °C temperature range. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed a structural dependence on chlorination temperature. At low chlorination temperatures, the CDC structure appeared primarily amorphous. Graphitic ribbons, as well as sharply bent graphitic structures, were observed at 800 °C. As the chlorination temperature was further increased to 1000 °C, the width of the graphitic ribbon increased. No significant increase in graphitization occurred between 1000 and 1200 °C. Sorption measurements determined the presence of micropores (0.40−2.0 nm) after chlorination at 400 °C; chlorination at 800 °C or higher resulted in both micro- and mesopores (0.35 to >7 nm).
Predicting the Sites of Metastases From Lung Cancer Using Molecular Biologic Markers

Abstract Background . The use of molecular markers in staging non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been supported in retrospective prognostic models but has not been evaluated in predicting sites of metastases. Methods . Pathologic specimens were collected from 202 patients after complete resection for stage I NSCLC, who were subsequently found to have no metastases at 5 years (n = 108), isolated brain metastases (n = 25), or other distant metastases (n = 69). A panel of eight molecular markers of metastatic potential was chosen for immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor: p53, erbB2, angiogenesis factor viii, EphA2, E-cadherin, urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA), UPA receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor. Results . Patients with isolated brain relapse had significantly higher expression of p53 ( p = 0.02) and UPA ( p = 0.002). The quantitative expression of E-cadherin was used to predict the site of metastases using recursive partitioning: 0 of 92 patients with E-cadherin expression of 0, 1, or 2 developed isolated cerebral metastases; 0 of 33 patients with E-cadherin expression of 3 with UPA of 1 or 2 and ErbB2 of 0 developed brain metastases. Of the remaining patients at risk (UPA = 3), the risk of isolated cerebral metastases was 21 of 57 patients (37%). Conclusions . This study demonstrates that molecular markers may predict the site of relapse in early stage NSCLC. If validated in an ongoing prospective study, these results could be used to select patients with isolated brain metastases for adjuvant therapy, such as prophylactic cranial irradiation.
ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL FACTORS WITH INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE (ICH) IN THE VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) PRETERM NEONATE

Perinatal factors were recorded from one hundred inborn VLBW neonates, studied consecutively. Their mean (± SE) gestational age (GA) was 29 ± 0.4 weeks and their mean birthweight (BWt) was 1094 ± 45 g. Cranial ultrasound was used to diagnose the presence and severity of ICH. The incidence of ICH was 32%, 18% being major and 14% minor. The mortality from ICH was 34%, representing 56% of those with major and 7% of those with minor ICH. Univariate analysis showed that only premature labor (prem lab) and vaginal delivery (vag del) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of ICH. The reduced incidence of ICH associated with cesarean section was noted only if the presentation was vertex. Using stepwise logistic regression to build a model from potential risk factors, prem lab, admission PaCO2 (AdPaCO2), Apgar at 1 min and vag del were identified as the most predictive factors for ICH. The most predictive factors in those 24 hrs), and in those 30 wks were vag del, Apgar at 5 min and AdPaCO2. The occurrence of major ICH was predicted best by GA, IMV>24 hrs. and prem lab. ICH in the VLBW neonate relates to the presence of prem lab and respiratory distress in the very immature neonate, while mode of delivery and early respiratory care are important in the more mature high risk preterm neonate.
Pro-cognitive properties of T cells

Interactions between the central nervous system and the immune system have been studied primarily in the context of pathology, popularizing the view that interplay between these two systems is inherently detrimental. However, recent experimental data have demonstrated productive neuroimmune interactions that occur under normal physiological conditions. In this Essay, we outline our current understanding of contemporary neuroimmunology, describe a working model of T cell function in support of learning and memory, and offer ideas regarding the selective advantages of immune-mediated effects on brain function.
Structural criteria for the rational design of selective ligands: convergent hydrogen bonding sites for the nitrate anion.

A large number of crystal structures are analyzed to characterize the structural aspects of hydrogen bonding interactions with the NO3- anion. Further insight is provided by the use of electronic structure calculations to determine stable geometries and interaction energies for NO3- complexes with several simple hydrogen bond donor groups, including water, methanol, N-methylform-amide, and methane. The results establish the existence of a clear set of structural criteria for the rational design of molecular receptors that complex the NO3- anion through hydrogen bonding interactions.
Relationship Between Dean's Letter Rankings and Later Evaluations by Residency Program Directors

Background: It is not known how well dean's letter rankings predict later performance in residency. Purpose: To assess the accuracy of dean's letter rankings to predict clinical performance in internship. Method: Participants were medical students who graduated from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in the classes of 2003 and 2004. In their Dean's Letter, each student was ranked as either “Outstanding” (upper quartile), “Excellent” (second quartile), “Very good” (lower 2 quartiles), or “Good” (lowest few percentile). We compared these dean's letter rankings against results of questionnaires sent to program directors 9 months after graduation. Results: Response rate to the questionnaire was 58.9% (109 of 185 eligible graduates). There were no differences in response rate across the four dean's letter ranking categories. Program directors rated students in the top two categories of dean's letter rankings significantly higher than those in the very good group. Students in all three...
Mercury Oxidization in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma System

The pronounced volatility of elemental mercury (Hg0) and some of its compounds, coupled with their extreme toxicity, makes these substances extremely hazardous. Conversion of Hg0 to HgO would signi...
Engaging students in formal language theory and theory of computation

Engaging and maintaining student engagement with the content of a course in formal language theory and the theory of computation is notoriously difficult. A major factor is student's perception of the relevance of the required mathematical material to computer science as they have studied the discipline. Usually, the mathematical material discourages students and for many it forms an insurmountable barrier. This paper describes the construction of a course using the discovery learning technique known as the Moore Method that directly addresses student engagement with this material. The results of the delivery of this course were that students remained engaged with the course throughout the semester and enthusiastically received the pedagogical approach employed. While the course described was delivered to a small class in a liberal arts college, it may be adapted to larger class sizes and taught in any computer science program.
Metallic glass formation in the NiBGe system

Abstract Metallic glasses may be formed at transition metal/metalloid ratios substantially removed from the usual 80/20 atom fraction for binary systems such as NiB and CoB. The present investigation is of the NiBGe ternary systems in which the Ge is used as a substitutional probe atom for B in a subsequent EXAFS study. Ribbon samples have been fabricated for a wide range of compositions with metalloid content up to 45 at.%, the glass-forming region of which has been determined by bend ductility, XRD, DSC, SEM, and TEM measurements. Samples found to have relatively low thermal stability also tend to crystallize during ion-milling sample preparation for TEM, or during electron irradiation during TEM observation. Some of the ternary ribbon samples are ductile but are partially crystalline on XRD and TEM investigation. Other samples are brittle but show no crystallites, even after careful TEM study. Most ribbon samples made were fully glassy, as determined by XRD and TEM. The dual glass-forming composition range found in the NiB binary system is alternatively interpreted as a single continuous glass-forming regime, interrupted by an Ni3B intermetallic region which is of such character as to make metallic glass formation very difficult by melt-spinning.
A laser speckle contrast analysis (LSCA) study of the effect of curing irradiance on composite polymerization kinetics

The kinetics of resin composite polymerization plays an important, though not well understood, role it the development of shrinkage stress and the resultant integrity of the final restoration. In this report we investigate the effect of curing irradiance on the polymerization kinetics using a dynamic light scattering technique known as laser speckle contrast analysis (LSCA). Thin layer samples are considered with focus given to the effect of sample thickness on the rate results obtained with this method. We present results for the intensity fluctuation rate as a function of irradiance for two statistical models of intensity decorrelation: Lorentzian and Gaussian. Results indicate that the rate of scatterer motion varies approximately with the square root of irradiance, which agrees well with theory and previous results in the literature. Our results suggest that dynamic light scattering techniques, and LSCA in particular, provide an effective, non-contact means of assessing polymerization kinetics.
Effects of Control Allocation Algorithms on a Nonlinear Adaptive Design

Abstract : The effect of the choice of control allocation algorithm used in conjunction with a nonlinear adaptive control law is examined. In particular, an existing back stepping control law design is modified to allow the incorporation of various control allocation algorithms. Simulation results are presented for two separate adaptive control law designs and for a nonadaptive two-loop dynamic inversion controller. With the control law designs fixed, tracking maneuvers are simulated using four separate control allocation routines - Direct Allocation, Discrete Time Direct Allocation, Pseudo-inverse, and Weighted Pseudo-Inverse. System performance is then examined as a function of control allocation method. As expected, even though the remainder of the control law design remains fixed, system performance is directly impacted by the choice of control allocation algorithm. Further, some of the important control law/control allocation interactions are identified and their effects on overall system performance analyzed.
Repeated haloperidol administration changes basal release of striatal dopamine and subsequent response to haloperidol challenge.

The effects of acute or repeated administration of haloperidol on release of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) from striata of awake rats were studied using a microdialysis probe. A single injection of haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a time-dependent increase in DA and HVA in the perfusate. Comparative studies in rats anesthetized with 300 mg/kg of chloral hydrate given i.p. found that anesthesia decreased the basal release of DA, but not HVA, and significantly blocked haloperidol-induced increases in DA, while haloperidol-induced increases in HVA were not affected. Studies done in awake rats found that 21 repeated daily injections of haloperidol increased the basal release of DA, but not HVA. Subsequent challenge with haloperidol indicated a significant decrease in responsiveness to haloperidol-induced release of DA, but not HVA, in chronically dosed rats. These data suggest that repeated exposure to haloperidol causes a compensatory increase in extracellular DA release. That these compensatory changes may be associated with the increased therapeutic efficacy or extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics following repeated dosing warrants further study.
Comparative nephrotoxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) and chlorozotocin: functional-structural correlations in the Fischer 344 rat.

Abstract 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) and chlorozotocin (CZ; 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]- d -glucopyranose) are structurally related anticancer agents which differ by virtue of the increased water solubility, and comparatively low carbamylating activity, of CZ relative to MeCCNU. In the present study, a single sc injection of either of these chloroethylnitrosoureas was nephrotoxic to male Fischer 344 rats. However, at equimolar doses, CZ was shown to be a much more potent nephrotoxicant. A lethal 40-mg/kg dose of CZ (127 μ m ) initially resulted in acute tubular necrosis of the proximal tubules of the cortex, followed later by a necrosis of papillary collecting ducts. In contrast, lethal doses of MeCCNU (100–180 mg/kg; 400–730 μ m ) produced only minimal proximal tubule injury. A 250-mg/kg (1 m m ) dose of MeCCNU resulted in massive papillary necrosis within 7 days, with only limited necrosis to the proximal tubules. Sublethal doses of either drug, resulted in a similar, chronic, progressive nephropathy which was delayed in onset and was characterized by polyuria, enzymuria, a decrease in urine concentrating ability, and in renal slice organic ion accumulation. Alterations in less sensitive indicators of renal toxicity (i.e., proteinuria, glucosuria, and elevated blood urea nitrogen) were observed no earlier than 3 to 7 days after administration of only the highest tested doses of CZ (40 mg/kg) or MeCCNU (250 mg/kg). At sublethal doses, administration of either drug resulted in karyomegaly to the collecting ducts in the renal medulla within 2 to 4 weeks. These studies demonstrate that carbamylation-mediated reactions may not be necessary for nephrotoxicity to develop following administration of this class of antitumor agent.
Introduction to Demand-Side Factors Related to Employment of People with Disabilities

Introduction Demand-side employment research can play an important role in advancing the knowledge base of occupational rehabilitation. Research contributes to theory building and provides the foundation for empirically supported interventions that can improve the return-to-work success of injured workers and/or the overall labor force participation rate of people with disabilities. Methods In this article, we present our rationale for developing this special section on demand-side factors related to employment of people with chronic illness and disability. We discuss the important relationship between employer practice factors and hiring and retention of people with chronic illness and disability. We highlight in this paper some of the exciting new findings reported in the articles contained in this special section as well as some recent demand-side employment and disability research. Conclusion We intend for this special section to stimulate thinking and discussion about Incorporating demand-side strategies in vocational rehabilitation and return-to-work interventions for people with disabilities and work injuries.
Early effects of parathyroid hormone on bisphosphonate/steroid-associated compromised osseous wound healing

Administration of intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) promoted healing of tibial osseous defects and tooth extraction wounds and prevented the development of necrotic lesions in rats on a combined bisphosphonate and steroid regimen. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has emerged in association with antiresorptive therapies. The pathophysiology of ONJ is unknown and no established cure currently exists. Our objective was to determine the effect of intermittent PTH administration on early osseous healing in the jaw and long bones of rats receiving bisphosphonate and steroid treatment. Ovariectomized rats received the combination therapy of alendronate and dexamethasone (ALN/DEX) for 12 weeks. Osseous wounds were created in the jaw and tibia. PTH was administered intermittently and healing at 2 weeks post-op was compared between the jaw and tibia by microcomputed tomography and histomorphometric analyses. ALN/DEX treatment was associated with necrotic open wounds in the jaw but had no negative effects on healing and promoted bone fill in tibial defects. PTH therapy prevented the development of necrotic lesions in the jaw and promoted healing of the tibial defects. PTH therapy was associated with the promotion of osteocyte survival in osseous wounds both in the jaw and tibia. Wound healing was impaired in the jaw in rats on a combined bisphosphonate and steroid regimen, and PTH therapy rescued necrotic lesions. These findings suggest that PTH therapy could be utilized to prevent ONJ from occurring in patients on combination antiresorptive and steroid therapy.
On the development of thermodynamically consistent algorithms for thermomechanical frictional contact

Abstract In simulations of contact/impact phenomena using finite element techniques, spurious oscillations and /or numerical instabilities continue to pose considerable difficulty for many analysts. Recently, the combination of thermodynamically based stability estimates and energy-momentum numerical approaches has proven to be useful in developing effective, unconditionally stable algorithms for mechanical contact/impact in the fully nonlinear regime. In this paper, these ideas are extended to coupled interface problems, by developing a new a priori stability estimate for the fully coupled thermomechanical contact problem in large deformations. The model framework encompasses inelastic heating and thermal softening within the contacting bodies, as well as frictional heating and thermal softening of the coefficient of friction on sliding interfaces. Also incorporated are pressure dependent heat transfer across these interfaces, and a fully coupled treatment of the conductive heat transfer occurring within the bodies. Use of the stability estimate to extend energy-momentum approaches to dissipative and thermally coupled phenomena is discussed, as is the development of an unconditionally stable adiabatic split of the coupled problem. The latter is shown to be useful in developing partitioned integration schemes for the coupled equations of evolution.
Regulation of dopamine transporter function and cell surface expression by D3 dopamine receptors.

D3 dopamine receptors are expressed by dopamine neurons and are implicated in the modulation of presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission. The mechanisms underlying this modulation remain ill defined. The dopamine transporter, which terminates dopamine transmission via reuptake of released neurotransmitter, is regulated by receptor- and second messenger-linked signaling pathways. Whether D3 receptors regulate dopamine transporter function is unknown. We addressed this issue using a fluorescent imaging technique that permits real time quantification of dopamine transporter function in living single cells. Accumulation of the fluorescent dopamine transporter substrate trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium (ASP+) in human embryonic kidney cells expressing human dopamine transporter was saturable and temperature-dependent. In cells co-expressing dopamine transporter and D3 receptors, the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole produced a rapid, concentration-dependent, and pertussis toxin-sensitive increase of ASP+ uptake. Similar agonist effects were observed in Neuro2A cells and replicated in human embryonic kidney cells using a radioligand uptake assay in which binding to and activation of D3 receptors by [3H]dopamine was prevented. D3 receptor stimulation activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase and MAPK. Inhibition of either kinase prevented the quinpirole-induced increase in uptake. D3 receptor activation differentially affected dopamine transporter function and subcellular distribution depending on the duration of agonist exposure. Biotinylation experiments revealed that the rapid increase of uptake was associated with increased cell surface and decreased intracellular expression and increased dopamine transporter exocytosis. In contrast, prolonged agonist exposure reduced uptake and transporter cell surface expression. These results demonstrate that D3 receptors regulate dopamine transporter function and identify a novel mechanism by which D3 receptors regulate extracellular dopamine concentrations.
A Case of Cryptogenic Dyspnea: Disseminated Cryptococcosis

A Case of Cryptogenic Dyspnea: Disseminated Cryptococcosis Brett W. Sperry, MD, Edward W. Howard, MBChB(Hons), PhD, Steven Gitterman, MD, Julio A. Panza, MD Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, and Department of Infectious Disease, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC.
The Time Intervals between the Appearance of Spectral Lines in the Spectra of Alkali and Alkaline–Earth Metals

Using the method of Beams and others, the time intervals between the appearance in spark discharge spectra of about fifty lines of sodium, lithium, calcium, barium, strontium, magnesium, cadmium, zinc, and nitrogen were measured for the purpose of determining if there was any relation between these times and the nature of the lines or the positions of the elements emitting them in the periodic table. The time intervals for different lines varried from zero to about 2×10−8 second. Most of the lines seemed to be emitted at the very beginning of the discharge, before the potential across the spark gap had dropped appreciably, There did not appear to be any definite relation between the time intervals and the nature or origin of the lines. With one exception, the members of multiplets which could be resolved appeared simultaneously.A variation of the time intervals with the amount of inductance in the spark gap circuit was observed and an explanation of this is given; the times were independent of the other electrical characteristics of the circuits. In a qualitative theory of the beginning of spark discharge spectra, it is suggested that the time of appearance of any line depends not only on the “life” of the excited atoms, during which there is no emission, but also on the minimum current in the discharge required to excite the line with a visible intensity.
Why the Microsoft settlement won't work

The Microsoft antitrust trial, probably the most important technology-related legal case of our time, appears to be limping at last toward a conclusion. Unfortunately, there is an excellent chance that the software colossus will win, despite losing, without much to restrain it from going back to the heavy-handed, anticompetitive tactics that prompted the antitrust action in the first place.