cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEQUENCE CLASSIFICATION USING THE HIGH-LEVEL FEATURES EXTRACTED FROM DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS

The recent success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in speech recognition can be attributed largely to their ability to extract a specific form of high-level features from raw acoustic data for subsequent sequence classification or recognition tasks. Among the many possible forms of DNN features, what forms are more useful than others and how effective these DNN features are in connection with the different types of downstream sequence recognizers remained unexplored and are the focus of this paper. We report our recent work on the construction of a diverse set of DNN features, including the vectors extracted from the output layer and from various hidden layers in the DNN. We then apply these features as the inputs to four types of classifiers to carry out the identical sequence classification task of phone recognition. The experimental results show that the features derived from the top hidden layer of the DNN perform the best for all four classifiers, especially for the autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) version of a recurrent neural network. The feature vector derived from the DNN’s output layer performs slightly worse but better than any of the hidden layers in the DNN except the top one.
Technology, Monitoring, and Imitation in Contemporary News Work

This paper addresses two related changes in contemporary journalistic practice. First, there has been an increase in journalists’ use of technology to learn about the stories competitors and other players are working on and a parallel decrease in the reliance on face-to-face encounters with colleagues to gather this information. Second, this greater technology use has been tied to an intensification of monitoring and an expansion of imitation in the newsroom. Drawing upon an ethnographic study of editorial work in the leading online and print newspapers of Argentina, these changes are analyzed to make scholarly contributions about the role of technology in monitoring and imitation. This analysis also provides a window into the intersection of communication, culture, and critique in contemporary journalism by showing how recent forms of technological appropriation in the newsroom have shaped how journalists gather information and make meaning out if it in a way that affects their ability to be critical.
Effect of prochlorperazine and of prochlorperazine-isopropamide on basal gastric secretion.

Control and post-treatment values of basal gastric secretions, measured 3 hours after the last dose of medication, were determined in 24 fasting subjects. As part of the study, 10 patients received 30 mg. of prochlorperazine daily and 14 received 20 mg. of prochlorperazine and 10 mg. of isopropamide daily; all medications were taken for 2 weeks. The statistical significance of the values for control and post-treatment total HCl output, total volume output, and free HCl was determined. Conclusions: 1. Prochlorperazine does not produce statistically significant changes in the volume or acidity of gastric secretion. 2. When administered together, prochlorperazine and isopropamide produce a statistically significant decrease in the volume and acidity of gastric secretion.
Leading indicators of construction safety performance

The concept of using leading indicators of safety performance is introduced with a clear contrast given with lagging indicators. Leading indicators of safety performance are measures of the safety process as it applies to construction work, while lagging indicators pertain to the safety results, namely the extent of the occurrence of worker injuries. Leading indicators consist of both passive as well as active measures. Passive measures are those which can be predictive over an extended period of time while active measures are those which can initiate corrective steps in a short period of time. Suggestions are offered on the selection and use of effective leading indicators. The results of a simple research study demonstrate the extent to which leading indicators can be utilized to distinguish the differences in project safety performances.
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase from Coryne bacterium equi

Abstract A dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase which removes the C-terminus and penultimate amino acids as a dipeptide from peptide substrates was found in Coryne bacterium equi, and a partially purified enzyme preparation was obtained with a specific activity of 40 nmoles of histidylleucine produced per min per mg of protein using angiotensin I as a substrate. The approximate molecular weight of this enzyme was 80 000 based on gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. The enzyme hydrolyzed a number of peptide substrates and appears to have a broad specificity except that the peptide bond involving the imino function of proline is not cleaved. In this respect, the mode of action of the enzyme is similar to that of the mammalian angiotensin-converting enzyme. Similar to the converting enzyme this enzyme appears to have a metal ion requirement, for both are inhibited by EDTA and neither is inhibited by diethylfluorophosphate. The molecular weight of this enzyme is lower than the molecular weight of the converting enzyme (150 000) and unlike the latter does not require Cl− for the activity.
Valuations of Compensation and Benefit Items by New Entrants into the Professional Workforce: Do Men and Women Differ?.

Women make up nearly half of the workforce in America, and they continue to enter fields such as business and engineering in record numbers. Additionally, more women with children under 3 years of age are remaining in the workforce. Considering these changes, examining whether the compensation and benefit preferences of male and female entrants into the workforce are different now than they were 15 to 20 years ago is relevant. This study used a sample of 195 college seniors to examine this issue. Results suggested that compensation and benefit preferences of current new entrants are somewhat different from the preferences reported in earlier studies.
Variation in Concentration of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate Carboxylase in Leaves of Barley, Wheat and Hybrids of Crested Wheatgrasses

Tingey, S. V. and Andersen, W. R. 1986. Variation in concentration of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in leaves of barley, wheat and hybrids of crested wheatgrasses.—J. exp. Bot. 37:625-632. Amounts of the enzyme ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase were estimated in seedling leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and flag leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by radial immuno diffusion. A fourfold variation among barley varieties for amount of RuBPCase at the seedling stage was observed (c. 3-5-15 mg g~1 fr. wt.). Range in variation for amount of flag leaf RuBPCase among wheat varieties was 6 09 9 39 mg RuBPCase g^1 fr. wt. F, hybrids from interspecific and intergeneric crosses of crested wheatgrasses ( Agropyron and Elymus spp.) and their amphidiploid analogues were compared for amount of RuBPCase in the most recent fully expanded leaves harvested before seed set. Amount of enzyme varied from 3-4 to 77-6 mg g ~1 fr. wt. among the hybrids. No effect of chromosome number on enzyme concentration was observed among 13 hybrids and their amphidiploid counterparts.
Aqueous solubility enhancement and desorption of hexachlorobenzene from soil using a plant-based surfactant

A plant-based surfactant extracted from fruit pericarps of Sapindus mukorossi (Ritha) is proposed for remediation of contaminated soil from a local hazardous waste site. Natural surfactants can be prepared using a very simple water extraction of fruit pericarp powder. Natural surfactant solutions are employed to enhance the aqueous solubility of a hydrophobic organic compound, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and to desorb HCB from soils in batch and one-dimensional flow-through soil column experiments. The solubility of HCB in natural surfactant solutions increased linearly with surfactant concentration beyond the critical micelle concentration. The mass of dry Ritha powder required to solubilize 1 mg of HCB in 1 liter of water was comparable to sodium dodecylsulfate solution and other commercial surfactants. HCB concentration in the aqueous solutions approached 90% of the HCB solubility in the respective natural surfactant solutions when soils contaminated to high levels were used for desorption. HCB recovery was up to 90% of the total HCB for soils contaminated with lower levels. Desorption behavior observed for natural surfactant solutions was similar to SDS solutions. Natural surfactant solutions performed more efficiently than a simple water flood in recovering HCB from one-dimensional soil columns. The HCB concentration in the effluent was found to be as high as 80% of the surfactant-enhanced HCB solubility in respective solutions. The results of this study provide a strong case for pursuing natural surfactant solutions in further research.
Energy and Urban Form: A Human Ecological Critique

Studies of the relationship between urban form and energy use have used scenarios to examine the relative energy efficiency of three spatial configurations of urban systems: centralization, multinucleation, and sprawl. Their results have been contradictory. This article develops a human ecological critique of these studies by examining the events included in each scenario. The results suggest that these contradictions are more apparent than real: Multinucleation is the most energy-efficient urban form. They also suggest that energy may now be a relatively weak determinant of urban form.
Laser resurfacing in ethnic skin

Present and projected United States census data support the fact that the face of the aesthetic patient is changing; therefore, it is imperative that the cosmetic surgeon be well versed with laser resurfacing modalities and their risks and benefits as they relate to the specific concerns and needs of the ethnic aesthetic patient in order to select an appropriate modality (new or old) for the treatment of that patient. According to the 2000 census, 29% of the US population is not Caucasian [1]. It is anticipated that by the year 2056, greater than 50% of the US population will be of non-European decent. This growing sector of the population is likely to include a large number of ethnic patients with cosmetic concerns. With the advent and popularity of laser skin resurfacing in the mid-1990s, tremendous advances have been made in facial rejuvenation procedures using laser technology for the treatment of rhytides and acne scarring. Most of the published medical literature regarding these procedures has focused on Caucasian patients. Although nonlaser resurfacing modalities have been used for well over 50 years, patient demand for and expectation of the newer ‘‘high-tech’’ laser modalities (often driven by media coverage) have made many older resurfacing modalities such as dermabrasion less popular. Present and projected census data demonstrate that the face of the aesthetic patient is changing; therefore, it is imperative that the cosmetic surgeon be well versed with laser resurfacing modalities and their risks and benefits as they relate to the specific concerns and needs of the ethnic aesthetic patient in order to select
Synthesis and Electrooptical Properties of Copolymers Derived from Phenol-Functionalized Telechelic Oligofluorenes

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization, and electrooptical properties of a series of phenol-capped, discrete oligofluorenes with 2, 3, 5, and 7 fluorene units and a statistical oligomer with an average of about 10 fluorene units. Polymers were prepared from the oligomers by various linking reactions through the phenol groups. High molecular weight polycarbonate polymers derived from these oligomers were prepared using BPA−bis-chloroformate (BPABCF) as the linking group. Trends in the optical and electrical properties as a function of oligomer length are reported. Device data for this family of emissive copolymers indicates that charge mobility increases with conjugation length and can be better than that of an analogue homopolymer. A surprising shift in LUMO values due to CF3 substitution at the ends of the oligomers was observed.
The rheological behavior of ceramic/polymer mixtures for coextrusion processing

Coextrusion is a novel fabrication method for ceramic processing. However, the rheological behavior of ceramic/polymer blends during batching and extrusion in a coextrusion process is not well understood. In this study, the rheological properties of BaTiO3/polymer mixtures during batching in a high-shear rate mixer (C.W. Brabender) were investigated and several models were evaluated. The BaTiO3/polymer mixtures exhibited shear thinning behavior with a yield stress. The power-law model still fit for the data obtained from the high-shear rate mixer in the tested shear rate range. The results also showed that Bousmina’s model only fits well for the pure polymer melts. For the ceramic/polymer mixtures, large deviations from Bousmina’s model were observed.
A network architecture for mobile computing

We report on an ongoing project to design and build the network and transport layers for mobile networking. The network architecture used is unique in that it separates the mobile network(s) from fixed networks and provides connectivity between the two via special gateways. These gateways provide QOS guarantees to mobile users for all their open connections. We provide summaries of all the protocols we are implementing (or have implemented) and discuss possible improvements.
Central embolization of needle fragments: a complication of intravenous drug abuse.

Abstract Central embolization is a known complication of catheter and needle fragments that enter the intravenous space. These events are associated with a number of complications including sepsis, thrombus formation with embolization, arrhythmia, and sudden death. This report reviews the case of a drug abuser who sought medical attention in the emergency department after breaking a needle in her left supraclavicular area. Initial efforst to explore the region were delayed. The delay resulted in embolization of the needle fragment to the lung periphery. This case illustrates the complications of central drug abuse and prompts a review of existing techniques to remove intravascular foreign bodies nonsurgically.
Federated grid clusters using service address routed optical networks

Clusters of computers have emerged as cost-effective parallel and/or distributed computing systems for computationally intensive tasks. Normally, clusters are composed of high performance computational nodes linked together by low-latency/high-bandwidth interconnection networks. With the advent of modern optical networking technologies, geographically distant clusters can be federated to yield systems considered tightly-coupled. By using Service Address Routed (SAR) optical networks, cluster federations are shown to be effective in dealing with complex scientific computations in a manner that is transparent to the user. The analysis of such federated clusters is carried out using a discrete event simulator. The findings include means to control the tradeoff between user response time and overall completion time, the advantages and disadvantages of exploiting and giving up locality, and how a meticulous control over the level of greediness can yield noticeable performance improvements.
Divalent and trivalent α-ketocarboxylic acids as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are important targets for the treatment of insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes and as antibacterial agents. As a result, there is a growing interest in the development of potent and specific inhibitors for these enzymes. This paper describes a series of inhibitors that contain two or three α-ketocarboxylic acid groups that are designed to form multiple contacts with residues inside or near the active site of phosphatases. The inhibitors have been assayed against three PTPases: the Yersinia PTPase, PTP1B, and LAR. The best of the inhibitors has IC50 values against the Yersinia PTPase and PTP1B of 0.7 and 2.7 μM, respectively. These divalent and trivalent compounds are significantly more potent than their corresponding monovalent analogues. In addition, they show good selectivity for PTP1B and the Yersinia PTPase as compared to LAR.
Disparities in head and neck cancer: assessing delay in treatment initiation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Disparities in outcome for head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment are related to diverse factors including tumor stage, socioeconomic status, and treatment compliance. Latency to initiation of therapy may contribute to worse outcomes for underserved populations. The objectives of this study were to measure the interval from diagnosis of HNC to initiation of cancer treatment (DTI) and to identify factors that prolong DTI. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: We identified 150 consecutive patients treated for squamous cell HNC at a tertiary-care public hospital between 2005 and 2007. Outcome measures used were 1) interval between cancer diagnosis and treatment initiation and 2) factors that predict prolonged DTI. Results: We included 100 patients in the analysis. Median time to perform biopsy was 8 days; time to obtain final diagnosis was 14 days; time to complete staging scans was 18 days; time to discuss treatment plan was 23 days; time to initiation of therapy was 56 days. Median DTI was 48 days. DTI was prolonged for patients receiving primary radiotherapy compared to surgical therapy: 57 versus 30 days (P < .001). Early stage tumors had shorter DTI than late-stage tumors: 38 versus 57 days (P = .02). Presenting with outside biopsy demonstrating HNC also reduced DTI (P = .03). Obtaining a computed tomography scan in the emergency department was not found to significantly affect DTI. Conclusions: DTI was found to be prolonged among HNC patients in this study when compared to previously published treatment intervals. Advanced stage of tumor, primary radiotherapy, and need for biopsy prolonged DTI. Future studies should better identify causes of delay and reduce latency for patients at highest risk for delay. Laryngoscope, 2012
On identifying the appropriate boundary conditions at a moving contact line: an experimental investigation

Over the past decade and a half, analyses of the dynamics of fluids containing moving contact lines have specified hydrodynamic models of the fluids in a rather small region surrounding the contact lines (referred to as the inner region) which necessarily differ from the usual model. If this were not done, a singularity would have arisen, making it impossible to satisfy the contact-angle boundary condition, a condition that can be important for determining the shape of the fluid interface of the entire body of fluid (the outer region). Unfortunately, the nature of the fluids within the inner region under dynamic conditions has not received appreciable experimental attention. Consequently, the validity of these novel models has yet to be tested.The objective of this experimental investigation is to determine the validity of the expression appearing in the literature for the slope of the fluid interface in the region of overlap between the inner and outer regions, for small capillary number. This in part involves the experimental determination of a constant traditionally evaluated by matching the solutions in the inner and outer regions. Establishing the correctness of this expression would justify its use as a boundary condition for the shape of the fluid interface in the outer region, thus eliminating the need to analyse the dynamics of the fluid in the inner region.Our experiments consisted of immersing a glass tube, tilted at an angle to the horizontal, at a constant speed, into a bath of silicone oil. The slope of the air–silicone oil interface was measured at distances from the contact line ranging between O.O13a. and O.17a, where a denotes the capillary length, the lengthscale of the outer region (1511 μm). Experiments were performed at speeds corresponding to capillary numbers ranging between 2.8 × 10-4 and 8.3 × 10-3. Good agreement is achieved between theory and experiment, with a systematic deviation appearing only at the highest speed. The latter may be a consequence of the inadequacy of the theory at that value of the capillary number.
MAIER'S (1931) TWO-STRING PROBLEM REVISITED: EVIDENCE FOR SPONTANEOUS TRANSFER?

Transfer occurs when previous experiences facilitate problem solving, and often experimental subjects are explicitly informed of the connection between earlier source information and the target problem. Spontaneous transfer occurs when subjects are uninformed of the connection between events, yet benefit from the prior experience. Maier's two-string problem was used in four conditions: two conditions providing uninformed “hints” for target solution, one explicit hint condition, and a control condition. Two separate experiments indicated significant informed transfer when subjects were explicitly told to think of a pendulum, and a spontaneous transfer effect approached significance for subjects who saw the string swing during the instructions. The results are discussed in terms of the subtle yet consistent appearance of spontaneous transfer across many studies.
Anodic Spark Deposition from Aqueous Solutions of NaAlO2 and Na2SiO3

Coatings were deposited on Cu0, Ni0, and Al0 anodes from aqueous solutions of NaAlO2 and Na2SiO3 by anodic spark deposition. Some coatings formed at constant current density (1.0 A/cm2) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron beam microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction, and emission spectroscopy. A relation for the current decay during a multiple-spark, constant-voltage process was determined. This relation, which describes the behavior of most of the systems studied, is where φt, φ0, and φ∞ are the current densities at time t, at the start of the decay (t=0), and at the steady state, respectively. K is a constant that is voltage and system dependent.
The role of effective communication with children and their families in fostering adherence to pediatric regimens

Adherence to pediatric health enhancement, disease prevention, and medical treatment, particularly for chronic disease, can be challenging because of demanding regimens, children's progressing developmental stages, and varying family perspectives and relationships. This review examines adherence in the context of communication among providers, pediatric patients, and their families. The focus is on: the delivery of prevention and treatment information; trust in the therapeutic relationship; beliefs and attitudes in shaping acceptance of health care messages; social and cultural norms; building patient and family commitment to behavior change; family habits; barriers and pressures faced by patients and their families; the role of social networks and social support in fostering adherence, and the effects of family cohesiveness and family conflict. The unique challenges of fostering preventive health care and treatment for chronic disease in the context of transition to adolescence are also considered, and effective clinical solutions are reviewed.
Testing two global models to prevent violence against women and children: Methods and baseline data analysis of a seven-year prospective study

Worldwide, two models of care are offered most often to abused women—safe shelter and justice services. No evidence exists on the differential effectiveness of the models. To provide evidence for best practice and policy, 300 abused women, 150 first-time users of a shelter and 150 first time-applicants for a protection order, participated in a seven-year study. Safety, abuse, and the emotional and physical functioning of the women and their children were measured. The procedural logistics, sampling process, metrics, and baseline descriptors for these 300 women and 300 children is presented along with implications for practice and policy.
The Use of Cyanoacrylate Adhesive (Krazy Glue) in Cardiac Surgery

The authors report four cases of patients in desperate clinical situations where cyanoacrylate adhesive (Krazy Glue) was successfully used to control hemorrhage. Clinical observations were supplemented with bacteriological studies which showed that commercially available cyanoacrylate adhesive showed lack of bacteriological contamination. (J Card Surg 1994;9:353–356)
Special biconformal changes of Kähler surface metrics

The term “special biconformal change” refers, basically, to the situation where a given nontrivial real-holomorphic vector field on a complex manifold is a gradient relative to two Kahler metrics, and, simultaneously, an eigenvector of one of the metrics treated, with the aid of the other, as an endomorphism of the tangent bundle. A special biconformal change is called nontrivial if the two metrics are not each other’s constant multiples. For instance, according to a 1995 result of LeBrun, a nontrivial special biconformal change exists for the conformally-Einstein Kahler metric on the two-point blow-up of the complex projective plane, recently discovered by Chen, LeBrun and Weber; the real-holomorphic vector field involved is the gradient of its scalar curvature. The present paper establishes the existence of nontrivial special biconformal changes for some canonical metrics on Del Pezzo surfaces, viz. Kahler–Einstein metrics (when a nontrivial holomorphic vector field exists), non-Einstein Kahler–Ricci solitons, and Kahler metrics admitting nonconstant Killing potentials with geodesic gradients.
New constraints on Northern Hemisphere growing season net flux

Observations of the column-averaged dry molar mixing ratio of CO_2 above both Park Falls, Wisconsin and Kitt Peak, Arizona, together with partial columns derived from aircraft profiles over Eurasia and North America are used to estimate the seasonal integral of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere in the Northern Hemisphere. We find that NEE is ∼25% larger than predicted by the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. We show that the estimates of NEE may have been biased low by too weak vertical mixing in the transport models used to infer seasonal changes in Northern Hemisphere CO_2 mass from the surface measurements of CO_2 mixing ratio.
How Children Learn to be Boys and Girls

Boys and Girls: The Development of Gender Roles, Carole R. Beal. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. 380 pp., $36.00 (paper), ISBN: 0-07-004533-X.
Novel approach of twin-side thermal interfacing of integrated power modules for reduced thermal impedance

A novel approach of twin-side thermal interfaces of integrated power modules (IPM) is presented. This approach applies and improves commercially off-the-shelf products of IPM without significantly changing the original packaging design and manufacture's fabrication process. This approach can reduce the equivalent thermal impedance of the power module by about 20 %. It, in turn, reduces the p-n junction temperature rise of the power devices inside by 20 % at an equivalent load, thus being able to increase ambient operating temperatures, which is desirable for automotive applications. In addition, the weight and volume associated with conventional cooling mechanism can be reduced
Religious coping and use of intensive life-prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer

Context Patients frequently rely on religious faith to cope with cancer, but little is known about the associations between religious coping and the use of intensive life-prolonging care at the end of life. Objective To determine the way religious coping relates to the use of intensive life-prolonging end-of-life care among patients with advanced cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants A US multisite, prospective, longitudinal cohort of 345 patients with advanced cancer, who were enrolled between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2007. The Brief RCOPE assessed positive religious coping. Baseline interviews assessed psychosocial and religious/spiritual measures, advance care planning, and end-of-life treatment preferences. Patients were followed up until death, a median of 122 days after baseline assessment. Main Outcome Measures Intensive life-prolonging care, defined as receipt of mechanical ventilation or resuscitation in the last week of life. Analyses were adjusted for demographic factors significantly associated with positive religious coping and any end-of-life outcome at P Results A high level of positive religious coping at baseline was significantly associated with receipt of mechanical ventilation compared with patients with a low level (11.3% vs 3.6%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.81 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.03-7.69]; P = .04) and intensive life-prolonging care during the last week of life (13.6% vs 4.2%; AOR, 2.90 [95% CI, 1.14-7.35]; P = .03) after adjusting for age and race. In the model that further adjusted for other coping styles, terminal illness acknowledgment, support of spiritual needs, preference for heroics, and advance care planning (do-not-resuscitate order, living will, and health care proxy/durable power of attorney), positive religious coping remained a significant predictor of receiving intensive life-prolonging care near death (AOR, 2.90 [95% CI, 1.07-7.89]; P = .04). Conclusions Positive religious coping in patients with advanced cancer is associated with receipt of intensive life-prolonging medical care near death. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms for this association.
Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion

Recent developments have shown that diffusion and blood microcirculation ( perfusion) could be imaged and measured noninvasively by MRI. The purpose of this presentation is to overview the different approaches that use Bo field gradients to monitor diffusion/ perfusion. The principles of these different methods are discussed together with their limitations and their potential applications. 0 1990 Academic Press, Inc. Considerable interest has recently emerged in the potential capability of magnetic resonance to image and measure blood flow at the capillary level-that is, tissue per- fusion. Clinical interests have arisen in the characterization of pathological tissues by their capillary vasculature, follow-up of treatment by monitoring perfusion changes, and brain functional mapping associated with functional activity. Contrast-enhanced CT and angiography are currently used to evaluate tissue vasculature, while nuclear imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) are fairly accurate for evaluating regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) related to functional patterns. But the qualitative, invasive, and nonspecific nature of some of these methods or their cost makes alternative techniques desirable. The sensitivity of MRI to spin motion has been well established and is frequently used for imaging blood flow in large vessels noninvasively. However, imaging and measuring blood flow at the capillary level is a considerably different challenge be- cause the phenomena are much smaller. The capillary diameter is about 6 pm and the average velocity in the capillary network is in the range of 1 to 4 mm/ s ( 1 ). For comparison, the diameter of the internal carotid artery is about 0.5 cm, and the aver- age blood velocity within it is several tens of cm/s (2). However, it has been recently demonstrated that MRI can image perfusion (3-7). Except for techniques requiring tracers, which are described elsewhere, the different methods proposed to image per- fusion are completely noninvasive and have in common the use of relatively strong magnetic field gradient pulses to encode slow flow. They give "perfusion" informa- tion somewhat different from that provided with the classical methods. Usually perfu- sion is quantified in terms of ml/min of blood per 100 g of tissue. Perfusion as seen by * Presented at SMRM Workshop on MR Imaging of Blood Flow, Philadelphia, PA, March 13 and 14,
Bioassays for bomb-makers: proof of concept

Clandestine bomb-makers are exposed to significant amounts of explosives and allied materials. As with any ingested xenobiotic substance, these compounds are subject to biotransformation. As such, the potential exists that characteristic suites of biomarkers may be produced and deposited in matrices that can be exploited for forensic and investigative purposes. However, before such assays can be developed, foundational data must be gathered regarding the toxicokinetics, fate, and transport of the resulting biomarkers within the body and in matrices such as urine, hair, nails, sweat, feces, and saliva. This report presents an in vitro method for simulation of human metabolic transformations using human liver microsomes and an assay applicable to representative nitro-explosives. Control and metabolized samples of TNT, RDX, HMX, and tetryl were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and biomarkers identified for each. The challenges associated with this method arise from solubility issues and limitations imposed by instrumentation, specifically, modes of ionization.
On the mechanism of chromatin loss induced by the B chromosome of maize.

Knobbed regions of the regular maize complement frequently are eliminated at the second microspore division in spores which have two or more B chromosomes. Evidence is presented that no or little loss occurs in spores with one B and that the rate is not increased in spores with more than two B's.—The B chromosomes from an unrelated strain proved as effective in inducing loss as did the B's of the original high loss stock.—Chromatin loss induced by B's is restricted to knobbed A chromosomes and occurs only at the second microspore division. Knobbed chromosomes 3, 5, and 9 have been tested and all interact with B's to give loss. Chromosomes with large knobs are more frequently broken than are those with smaller knobs and knobless chromosomes show negligible loss.—Although knobs and B's are essential for chromatin elimination, modifying genes can markedly affect the rate of loss.——Two knobbed heterologous chromosomes undergo simultaneous loss more frequently than expected from independent events. The data indicate that joint loss occurs in competent cells and that preferential assortment of the two deficient chromosomes to specific poles is unlikely.—B chromosomes and deficient chromosomes assort independently at the second microspore anaphase.—Genetic data from crosses with marker genes in both arms of chromosome 3 show that breakage of the postulated dicentric bridge does not occur solely at the centric region since a variety of deficient chromosomes were recovered.—Nondisjunction of B chromosomes and elimination of knobbed chromatin take place during the second microspore mitosis. The argument is advanced that the two phenomena result from faulty replication of heterochromatic segments. The position of the nonreplicating segment in the two kinds of chromosomes determines whether nondisjunction or breakage takes place.—Finally, it is suggested that all of the reported effects of the B chromosome can be accounted for if the B is a parasitic entity having no genetic function other than controlling the replication of its proximal heterochromatic knob and increasing the ability of B-containing sperm cells to compete successfully for fertilization of the egg.
International strategy: From local to global and beyond

To survive and thrive, multinational enterprises (MNEs) have had to adapt to dramatic changes and increasing complexity in the global competitive landscape over the past 50 years. MNEs’ international strategies and the academic research on the various attributes and outcomes of these strategies have evolved accordingly. This work reviews the evolution of international strategy research over the past five decades. In particular, the research on international diversification and the timing and speed of entering international markets is closely examined. In recent years, the influence of formal and informal institutions on international strategy has become a central research topic. Furthermore, MNEs’ strategies often seek to explore and exploit critical capabilities to build advantages in international markets. Finally, emerging research themes, such as institutional complexity, business sustainability, emerging economy firms and international new ventures are highlighted.
Legislated Protection and the WTO

Tariff bindings and administered protection are two characteristics of the WTO that are little understood. Tariff bindings place a ceiling on tariffs that is not always reached, while administered protection ensures that all sectors have access to some minimum import protection, effectively creating a floor for protection. How do these policies affect applied MFN tariff rates that are enacted through the legislature? More specifically, can these policies embolden legislatures to enact lower applied tariffs? I address this question using a model of tariffs determined by a dynamic legislative process. I show existence of a set of symmetric Markov perfect equilibria in which a low level of protection is a possible outcome, and show that it is more difficult to achieve this outcome with tariff bindings and easier to achieve with administered protection, than it is under purely legislated protection.
Laser Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer

This chapter reviews the history of how lasers came to be and how they came to be used in medicine and, specifically, for head and neck malignancies. We will review the scientific principles that lead to the development of the maser, followed by the laser [1, 2]. Next, we will review the effects that laser energy has on organic tissue and how this information influences both the selection of an appropriate laser and our ability to design laser to accomplish specific tasks. We will, then, apply this knowledge to the physician patient interaction. A clear understanding of the mechanism of action of the laser aids in informing a patient about laser surgery prior to obtaining informed consent. After reviewing selection of appropriate lasers for specific tasks, we will look at four selected pathologies: (1) Laryngeal/Glottic malignancies (2) Epiglottic/Supraglottis masses (3) Oral cavity lesions and (4) Tracheal tumors. We will conclude with future directions that include office based surgery for (1) Premalignant and early malignant laryngeal tumors (2) Transnasal and transoral biopsy (3) Fiber laser devivery and (4) Photodynamic therapy. Finally we will briefly discuss robotic assisted procedures as the most recent area of advancement.
Mapping regions in Ste5 that support Msn5-dependent and -independent nuclear export

Careful control of the available pool of the MAPK scaffold Ste5 is important for mating-pathway activation and the prevention of inappropriate mating differentiation in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ste5 shuttles constitutively through the nucleus, where it is degraded by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism triggered by G1 CDK phosphorylation. Here we narrow-down regions of Ste5 that mediate nuclear export. Four regions in Ste5 relocalize SV40-TAgNLS-GFP-GFP from nucleus to cytoplasm. One region is N-terminal, dependent on exportin Msn5/Ste21/Kap142, and interacts with Msn5 in 2 hybrid assays independently of mating pheromone, Fus3, Kss1, Ptc1, the NLS/PM, and RING-H2. A second region overlaps the PH domain and Ste11 binding site and 2 others are on the vWA domain and include residues essential for MAPK activation. We find no evidence for dependence on Crm1/Xpo1, despite numerous potential nuclear export sequences (NESs) detected by LocNES and NetNES1.1 predictors. Thus, Msn5 (homolog of human Exportin-5) and one or more exportins or adaptor molecules besides Crm1/Xpo1 may regulate Ste5 through multiple recognition sites.
The Effect of Network Ties and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on Immigrant New Venture Intentions - Executive Summary

Understanding the entrepreneurial process should begin with the individual who engages in pre-startup activities, the nascent entrepreneur. The nascent entrepreneur engages in activities that are intended to lead toward a viable business start-up.The goal of this study was to determine whether the social networks of nascent entrepreneurs play a role in the development of their self-efficacy (i.e. their level of confidence in their ability to engage in activities related to starting a business) and intentions to start a business. In particular, immigrant nascent entrepreneurs were the focus of the study. Immigrants are playing a major role in the U.S. economy, however, the entrepreneurial process and the factors that influence new venture intentions in these groups are not understood. This study sought to understand this process by focusing on the role of the individual's environment in the entrepreneurial process since the environment in which the individual is embedded has been shown to greatly influence his/her attitude and the choices made. The individual's social network is a major part of that environment and therefore can have great influence.
Sore Losers? Gatt/WTO Disputes and Exchange Rate Policy

In recent years, many IPE scholars have focused on the determinants of state decisions to initiate and/or settle trade disputes through the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism. Furthermore, some have suggested that these multilateral trade decisions themselves inform a state's trade policy: losing a WTO dispute, for example, has been shown to increase the likelihood of joining a preferential trade agreement (PTA). To date, however, this body of literature has paid little attention to the effects of GATT/WTO membership and disputes on governments’ other economic policy choices, such as monetary policy and the choice of exchange rate regimes. In this paper, we argue that states that have suffered GATT/WTO defeats are more likely to act as 'sore losers' - that is, to pursue exchange rate policies as a substitute for trade protection in order to improve the terms of trade. Using data on up to 57 countries from 1974-2000 we find robust evidence of such behavior over the last three decades. Countries that have suffered more defeats in GATT/WTO disputes are less likely to choose fixed exchange rate regimes and more likely to shift their exchange rate policy toward a more flexible regime. These countries are also more likely to 'fear pegging' (i.e., to adopt de facto floating exchange rates despite their de jure commitments to fixed rates) and more likely to experience real exchange rate depreciations in the aftermath of their defeats. These findings shed light on the complex relationship between trade and exchange rate policies. More broadly, they suggest that compliance with multilateral commitments may be 'in name only' when close policy substitutes allow states to circumvent these obligations.
Computational modeling of phagocyte transmigration for foreign body responses to subcutaneous biomaterial implants in mice.

Background Computational modeling and simulation play an important role in analyzing the behavior of complex biological systems in response to the implantation of biomedical devices. Quantitative computational modeling discloses the nature of foreign body responses. Such understanding will shed insight on the cause of foreign body responses, which will lead to improved biomaterial design and will reduce foreign body reactions. One of the major obstacles in computational modeling is to build a mathematical model that represents the biological system and to quantitatively define the model parameters.
Consumerism—An Interpretation:

Forces underlying the present upsurge in consumer activity are analyzed, and some of the dangers of the remedies proposed by some consumer advocates that heretofore have remained unexamined are con...
Heat transfer due to stagnation point flow of a non-Newtonian fluid

Heat transfer analysis for steady, laminar flow of an incompressible, homogeneous, non-Newtonian fluid of second grade at a stagnation point is presented. A pseudosimilarity solution is used that enables computation of the flow characteristics for any value of the dimensionless normal stress modulus,K, of the fluid. The energy equation is discretized using central differences, and solved using the Thomas algorithm. A powerlaw variation for the wall temperature is assumed. Results provide the effect of non-Newtonian nature of the fluid on the heat transfer characteristics for different values of Prandtl and Eckert numbers, and wall-temperature variation. Results match exactly with those from an earlier perturbation analysis for smallK. For largeK as well as for the effect of viscous dissipation, no results are available heretofore. Amongst other applications, the analysis is relevant to the impingement of a non-Newtonian jet on a flat surface.
Gentrification from within: urban social change as anthropological process

Based on ethnographic research in a traditional Shanghainese alleyway-house neighborhood (known locally as lilong) during 2013–2015, this study describes how knowledge of the global encourages pragmatic local residents to foresee a different future and voluntarily get involved in the process of urban renewal to enhance their own interests. This study unpacks the notion of architectural heritage as a selling point of dilapidated structures, which is the means through which local residents mobilize their knowledge to benefit themselves in the fight against local government authorities and the market economy. “Gentrification from within” is the concept that I develop in this paper to explain this unique process of demographic change involving capital investment and cultural reproduction, in which the original residents themselves are the key actors in the diversification of a traditional neighborhood.
Remote Sensing Image Classification by EnMAP-Box Model

Image classification of the TM remote sensing data of Mengla County,Yunnan Province in June of 2007 was conducted by EnMAP-box model with the support vector machine( SVM),attempting to search for the optimal parameters by grid search. The optimal C and g parameters were obtained within a set range,and the land cover classification was done by SVM with the optimized parameters and the remote sensing image. The results showed that the classification accuracy of SVM classifier was higher than that of the regular Maximum Likelihood Classifier( MLC),especially for the broadleaved forests and rubber plantations. The classification accuracy of the two methods would be similar for smaller secondary land types. Comparatively speaking,the overall accuracy of the SVM was 11. 9% higher than that of MLC.
New techniques in burn wound management.

The critical care management of the burn patient has advanced such that those patients with larger burned surface areas are surviving for longer periods. Wound management and closure thus become critical to the patient's ultimate outcome. New techniques for modifying the extent of the burn injury and for. replacing the skin cover are described in this article.
Simulating Cities: A Software Engineering Perspective

Despite all the reasons why complex simulations are desirable for decision and policy making, and despite advances in computing power, large distributed simulations of urban areas are still rarely used, with most of their adoption in military applications. The reality is that developing distributed simulations is much harder than developing non-distributed, specialized ones, and requires a much higher level of software engineering expertise. This paper looks at urban simulations from a software engineering and systems design perspective, and puts forward the idea that non-traditional decompositions in simulation load management are not just beneficial for these applications, but are likely the only way to move that field forward.
Women living in a homeless shelter: stress, coping and leisure.

This study sought to understand the stress experienced by women who lived in a transitional homeless shelter, to explore how the women coped with their stress, and ultimately to identify the role l...