cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fission and neutron emission in the actinides at excitation energies of 10--35 MeV

The statistical model description of fission through a double humped barrier has been extended from 12 to \ensuremath{\cong}35 MeV. Calculations have been compared with measured cross sections for $^{237}\mathrm{Np}(^{4}\mathrm{He},xn)$ reactions giving evaporation residues and fission isomers. A generally good fit to the data has been obtained with level densities from theory and fission barriers that give good fits to the direct reaction fission probabilities at low energies (\ensuremath{\le} 12 MeV). In detail there are some significant differences between calculation and experiment. We have explored the sensitivity to the various parameters but have not suggested major redefinitions of level densities, second barriers, and/or isomer masses. The effect of preequilibrium mechanisms has been estimated via the hybrid model of Blann et al. These effects are small for energies at or below the excitation function peaks, but they dominate at high energies. The hybrid model seems to predict too many very high energy neutrons.
Electron impact‐induced rearrangement of trimethylsilyl groups in long chain compounds

Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of long chain dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids, cyano acids, and terminal diols, dithiols and diamines have been examined. A number of fragmentation pathways involving rearrangement of partial or intact TMS groups between the termini or remote points in the chain have been determined, using deuterium and carbon-13 labeling, and high resolution mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the occurrence of functional group migrations of this type is essential to the correct interpretation of mass spectra of TMS derivatives, which are now in wide use in mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. These data in addition provide further evidence for the general ability of remote functional groups to interact, by winding or coiling of long chains. A number of interesting doubly-charged ions are reported, in which the charges are reported, in which the charges are located at opposite ends of long chains, and for which no singly-charged counterparts are observed.
Scalable two-stage Clos-network switch and module-first matching

Clos-network switches were proposed as a scalable architecture for the implementation of large-capacity circuit switches. In packet switching, the three-stage Clos-network architecture uses small switches as modules to assemble a switch with large number of ports or aggregated ports with high data rates. However, the configuration complexity of packet Clos-network switches is high as port matching and path routing must be performed. In the majority of the existing schemes, the configuration process performs routing after port-matching is achieved, and thus making port matching expensive in hardware and time complexity for a large number of ports. Here, we reduce the configuration complexity by performing routing first and port matching afterwards in a three-stage Clos-network switch. This approach applies the reduction concept of Clos networks to the matching process. This approach results in a feasible size of schedulers for up to Exabit-capacity switches, an independent configuration of the middle stage modules from port matches, a reduction of the matching communication overhead between different stages, and a release of the switching function to the last-stage modules in a three-stage switch. By using this novel matching scheme, we show that the number of stages of a Clos-network switch can be reduced to two, and we call this the two-stage Clos-network packet switch.
Thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA: existence of a GC-richer fraction

In 2.5 x 10(-4)M EDTA buffer, the derivative melting curve of calf thymus DNA shows a major band at 47 degrees with a shoulder at about 54 degrees . The fraction of melting area of this shoulder is about 13%. For reconstituted polylysine-calf thymus DNA complexes, in addition to the melting of free DNA regions at about 50 degrees (T(m)) there is another melting at about 106 degrees (T(m)) of polylysine-bound regions. The melting band of the complex at T(m) is not symmetrical. As more polylysine is bound to DNA the melting amplitude is diminished greatly on the major band at 47 degrees but only slightly on the shoulder at 54 degrees . The insensitivity of this shoulder appears to result from the existence of a 13% fraction of calf thymus DNA containing 55% GC. It is not favorably bound by polylysine. It remains in the supernatant after centrifugation and melts at about 54-56 degrees . This conclusion is further supported by two facts: the reconstitution method provides a condition for selective binding of polylysine to AT-rich DNA, and it yields a fully symmetric melting band at T(m) for complexes of polylysine with homogeneous bacterial DNA such as the one from M. luteus.
The use of “soft” X-ray radiography in determining hidden construction characteristics in fiber sandals

The use of soft X-ray radiography is evaluated as to its potential use in perishable artifact analysis. Thirty-five plain weave pointed-toed Anasazi sandals were X-rayed and the radiographs examined. This technique permitted the viewing of hidden construction characteristics as well as missing structural features in many of the samples. Soft X-ray radiography is a powerful analytic tool not only because of its potential uses, but also because it is non-destructive, inexpensive, and readily available.
Singularity avoidance in the semi-classical Gowdy T3 cosmological model☆

Abstract The spatially averaged semi-classical Gowdy T 3 cosmological model is constructed and evolved self-consistently. It is shown that quantum effects replace the classically present singularity with a symmetric bounce.
An antinucleus detector with unprecedented collecting power and resolution

Abstract We describe the details of a novel technique to detect the presence of antimatter in cosmic rays by taking advantage of the presence of higher order quantum electrodynamic effects involving the interactions of relativistic, heavily ionizing particles with plastic scintillators, track etch detectors and Cherenkov counters. We review the relevant physics, summarize the experimental status involving the response mechanisms of the different types of particle detectors, and give a detailed description of the construction and anticipated performance characteristics of the instrument. By extending the sensitivity of previous antimatter searches by two orders of magnitude, this experiment should be the first to be sensitive to extragalactic antimatter, should the universe contain substantial quantities of antimatter.
Effects of Long-Term Reserpine Treatment on Brain Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Behavioral Activity

Treatment of rats with reserpine (for 8 or 9 days) produced a temporally related increase in behavioral activity and in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the midbrain. Weight loss resulting from such treatment was not sufficient, by itself, to account for either the behavioral or enzymatic changes. The results support the role of catecholamines in behavioral arousal.
Mutation analysis of SYNJ1 : a possible candidate gene for chromosome 21q22-linked bipolar disorder

Genes involved in the regulation of synaptic vesicle function are potential candidates for the development of psychiatric disorders. In addition to experimental and theoretical considerations, a number of genes involved in synaptic vesicle function map to regions of the genome that have been linked to bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ). One is synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1) which maps to 21q22.2, a chromosomal region that has been linked to BPD in a subset of families in several studies. Synaptojanin 1 is an inositol 5-phosphatase that has an important role in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Mutation screening of 32 exons, intron–exon junctions, and 839 bases of 5′-flanking DNA resulted in the identification of 11 mutations of which four were very common and seven were very rare. Of the 11 mutations identified, several may have functional significance including two coding variants, two that may affect the binding of a transcription factor, and two that involve known splicing regulatory domains. Five bipolar patients out of 149 analyzed were found who have one of the four rare variants that were most likely to have functional significance compared with 0/148 controls. The allele frequencies for three of the four common variants were very similar in bipolar patients and controls. A slight difference in allele frequency was found for an interesting mutation we detected in intron 12 in which two non-adjacent thymidine residues are deleted in a poly-AT tract located near the exon 12 splice donor site (χ2?=?2.45, P?=?0.12, 2-tailed). Although we failed to unequivocally identify a specific SYNJ1 allele that could be responsible for putative chromosome 21q22-linked BPD, several interesting variants were found to be increased in bipolar subjects and should be further investigated.
A role for 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus type 1.

Membrane fusion induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) is required for both entry and cell-to-cell spread. It is mediated by the viral glycoprotein gB, gD, gH–gL and gD receptors. Although 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) is a receptor for HSV-1 entry, the requirement for heparan sulfate in the fusion process has been ruled out. Here, it is demonstrated that cells expressing 3-OS HS, generated by d-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms-3 and/or -5 (3-OST-3 and 3-OST-5), fused with cells expressing the four glycoproteins. The cell fusion observed exhibited similar requirements but was independent of protein receptors, HVEM or nectin-1. Additionally, removal of 3-OS HS from the cell surface by heparinase-I treatment and, in separate experiments, the presence of soluble 3-OST-3- and 3-OST-5-modified HS, significantly inhibited fusion. Taken together, these results indicate that 3-OS HS can play a crucial role in virus entry and cell fusion.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: retrieval, behavior, and experience.

The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the feeling that accompanies temporary inaccessibility of an item that a person is trying to retrieve. TOTs have been studied experimentally since the seminal work of Brown and McNeill (1966). TOTs are experiences that accompany some failed or slow retrievals, and they can result in changes in retrieval behavior itself, allowing us to study the interplay among experience, retrieval, and behavior. We often attribute the experience of the TOT to the unretrieved target, but TOTs are based on a variety of cues, heuristics, or sources of evidence, such as partial information, related information, and cue familiarity, that predict the likelihood of overcoming retrieval failure. We present a synthesis of the direct-access view, which accounts for retrieval failure, and the heuristic–metacognitive view, which accounts for the experience of the TOT. We offer several avenues for future research and applications of TOT theory and data.
Discrimination measures in an ROC analysis of pain reactions

Thus, for fixed Am, d,; increases as b increases, whereas ~ decreases as b increases. Equivalently, d,; decreases as b decreases, where ~ increases as b decreases. The data in Table 1 on page 292 show that the values of b decline in association with increases in stimulus intensity. For these data, then, ~ was a better measure of pain discrimination than d; because it produced the most orderly data. The measure ~ increases nicely as a function of increases in stimulus intensity (see Goolkasian, 1980). When d,; was used, the decreases in b offset the increases in Amthat occurred with increases in stimulus intensity, and the data were disorderly. For these data, then, ~ was a better measure of pain discrimination than d,;. Since all measures of pain discrimination are definitions, the measure that gives orderly results is in a scientific sense the best measure of pain discrimination. Hence, on the basis of the criterion of orderly results,
Localization and characterization of blastocoelic extracellular matrix antigens in early sea urchin embryos and evidence for their proteolytic modification during gastrulation.

Previously, results were presented showing a spatiotemporal expression of matrix metalloproteases consistent with a role in remodeling the blastocoelic extracellular matrix (bECM) of the gastrulating sea urchin embryo [35]. In the present work, we provide evidence suggesting that the bECM is in fact the substrate for developmentally regulated proteolysis. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) LG11C7 was generated against testicular tissue of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and recognizes extracellular matrix antigens overlying the perivisceral epithelium. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy shows that mAb LG11C7 cross-reacts with components of the basal lamina lining the blastocoeles of early embryos and Western immunoblots of detergent extracts indicate that it recognizes gastrula-stage antigens with Mrs of 158, 68, and 37 kDa. Glycosidase treatments reveal that the embryonal antigens contain multiple N-linked oligosaccharides. Developmental studies employing immunoprecipitations and Western blot analyses of staged embryonal detergent extracts show that the 68-kDa antigen appears between 18 and 24 h after fertilization and is accompanied by a substantial increase in the 37-kDa antigen. Thus, the appearances of the 68- and 37-kDa antigens occur during the blastula-gastrula transition, and their spatiotemporal expression is similar to that of the matrix metalloproteases reported previously. The appearance of the 68-kDa antigen and the increase in the 37-kDa antigen may be blocked by exposing the embryos to the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline, which also blocks gastrulation reversibly. These results suggest (1) that the 68- and 37-kDa antigens are products of developmentally regulated proteolysis of a basal laminar glycoprotein, and (2) that this proteolysis is required for the cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions and morphogenetic movements associated with normal gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo.
Approaches to funding support for humanistic scholarship

The impact of expensive computer-oriented research has served to focus attention on a dysfunctionalism in the organization of scholarship that has been growing at a rapid rate since World War II. Computeroriented research is expensive. It is, moreover, even difficult to estimate just how expensive it is. The experience of many scholars has too often been that of witnessing a doubling or tripling of initial budget estimates. In the absence of accurate measures of cost, projects have been undertaken that probably would not have been had the final costs been known in advance. It is neither difficult nor unusual for computer-oriented research projects in the humanities to edge up to a cost of $50,000 or even $100,000. While such a figure may not frighten researchers having access to the half-billion-dollar annual budget of NSF or the even larger budgets of other federal agencies, it seems very large to humanists. As a point of comparison, the ACLS Grant-in-Aid program in the past decade has had an annual budget of $100,000, making it possible to award grants to about 100 scholars (even while disappointing 500 others). It seems unnecessary to say in this audience that there are only a few other national competitions in which humanistic scholars can apply for research grants or that the budget of the National Endowment for the Humanities at its present $6-$8 million is at a great distance from its scientific counterpart. If one turns to private foundations the prospect is no brighter. As McGeorge Bundy put it when he returned to private life as President of the Ford Foundation, even the largest private foundation is not the federal government and it is high time for foundations to start behaving accordingly. He argued that a foundation can no longer have the kind of major impact on a problem area such as once may have been possible. The type of massive investment which the federal government can make is simply beyond the resources of the private foundation. Even if, for example, the annual budget of the Ford Foundation could be devoted to a single area such as education, $350 million would range small when compared to the $5 billion budget of the Office of Education. When one moves down the foundation ladder from Ford, the annual budgets of foundations drop sharply. Few in the top ten have budgets of over $10 million. And, as is particularly evident these days, the foundations exist to serve more than the academic community or the pursuit of disinterested scholarship. The demands made upon foundations are many; probably few among us, in our roles as private citizens rather than as
Model for gas-laser interaction: application to thermally activated laser-induced chemical vapor deposition.

We present a model for the interaction between a laser and gas mixture that can be directly applied to the case of thermally activated laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LICVD). The model involves the values of specific parameters, particularly gas pressure, laser intensity, detuning frequency, and rotational and vibrational relaxation rates, relevant to absorption, saturation, and heat-transfer processes and their interrelation. We adopt a semiclassical phenomenological approach, considering vibrational energy levels with accompanying rotational energy manifolds and both radiative and nonradiative transition processes. The model is applied to the experimental NH3 absorption results at the R(6), R(14), and P(20) lines of a cw CO2 laser in the 10-μm region.
A concept analysis of intimacy

This concept analysis examines how the concept of intimacy has been defined in the scholarly literature in order to determine what characteristics or necessary conditions exist that differentiate t...
Diel changes in gut-cell morphology and digestive activity of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa

Morphometric measurements of the gut cells of the marine calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa were made over a 24 h diel cycle to test the hypothesis that feeding rhythms in this copepod are limited by the cycles of blishter-like cells (B-cells) in the gut. Copepods were collected from Long Island Sound, New York, USA, in June 1991. Experimental treatments included low (1 μg chlorophyll al-1) and high (10 μg chlorophyll al-1) food concentrations. Copepods were fixed and embedded in Epon at six time intervals over the 24 h period, and semi-thin sections through the length of Midgut Zone II were analyzed for gut-cell area and vacuole area, with area measurements integrated to yield estimates of gut-cell volume and vacuole volume. Concurrent measurements of gut fluorescence, a measure of gut fullness, and digestive enzyme activities also were made. A diel cycle in gut fluorescence was observed, most notably in the low-food treatment, which exhibited a 3-fold increase in gut pigments. There was little consistent change in digestive enzyme activities over this time span. Gaps in the gut wall indicative of spent B-cells were observed in 17 of 39 copepods, with no trend over time or food treatment. Generally, only a single gap was seen in any one copepod. B-cells were vacuolated throughout the 24 h period. Morphometric analyses revealed a correlation between gut fluorescence and both maximum vacuole area and vacuole volume, as well as percent vacuolated cell volume, in the low-food treatment. The high-food treatment, which had a relatively smaller increase in gut fluorescence (1.5-fold) during the night cycle, showed no significant increase in vacuole size. B-cells appear to have a life-cycle greater than the diel feeding period, and while B-cell vacuoles respond to the ingested food during the diel cycle, production of B-cells does not appear to be a limiting factor in A. tonsa's feeding cycle.
Limited sensory and social deprivation and operant control of affiliation and deference responses.

Summary The study tested two hypotheses: (a) affiliation and deference responses are subject to reinforcement, and (b) deprivation enhances the effects of reinforcement more than satiation conditions. Sensory and socially deprived Ss were isolated for 45 minutes; satiated Ss were provided with sensory and social experiences for 45 minutes. Both groups were reinforced for affiliation and deference replies on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) Affiliation and Deference scales, and for plural nouns in a word-naming task. Support for the hypotheses were obtained on the EPPS, but not on the word-naming tasks.
The reticulated species of Chydorus (Cladocera, Chydoridae): two new species with suggestions of convergence

Of the two small, compact, dusky, reticulated species of Chydorus from Sri Lanka, one arbitrarily has been selected as the taxon to which Daday's name reticulatus henceforward will be attached, the other herein being described as new. A third species from eastern North America, also described herein as new, resembles the two Asian species in certain gross features but otherwise is very distinct. Particularly noteworthy among these differences are the structure of the labrum and of the male postabdomen and copulatory hook. The question is raised whether the gross morphological features that seem to unite the taxa or the features of the labrum and of the male that separate them are the more conservative. No unequivocal answer is provided. Because of their obvious close similarity, the two Asian species are established as a species group, the one from North America being divergent and therefore not included. The possibility of convergence is considered. The North American taxon in north Florida occurs in waterbodies with a pH less than 5 (down to 4.2), conductivity less than 40 µS, and usually with no more than a trace of dissolved color. They are naturally acidic, non-bog lakes. The number of species of chydorids and of total littoral Cladocera in them are considerably greater than found by Fryer in waterbodies of comparable acidity in England. The occurrence also of a diversity of macrophytes and fishes in these lakes indicates that pH per se is not the factor forcing the decreasing diversity associated with changes resulting from acid precipitation.
Part 1: The Psychoanalyst and the “Homosexual”: A Long, Dark Journey Into Light

Part 1 of this article describes an emergence from an unenlightened time in American society when mental health professionals deemed people who acted on feelings of same sex attraction “sick” and devised treatments to try and cure them. Ultimately, when political activists and the research community challenged the science and even the ethics of such methods, leading voices within the psychoanalytic community staunchly held on to unscientific views and fought against progressive voices. The results devastated countless lives, and though the psychoanalytic community has since joined the progressives, many individuals are still paying the price for this legacy of intolerance and intransigence. Extensive quotes from multiple sources are used throughout this article to demonstrate the prevalence and pervasiveness of such theories and practices in decades past. In Part 2, I provide the transcript of an extensive interview with a man who recalls the very damaging psychotherapeutic treatment he received over many...
Experimental confirmation at visible light wavelengths of the backscattering enhancement phenomenon of the photonic nanojet

We report what we believe is the first experimental confirmation at visible light wavelengths of the backscattering enhancement phenomenon of the photonic nanojet. A specially designed sample stage consisting of a multilayered sandwich of glass, solid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and liquid PDMS, permitted the precise positioning of a gold nanoparticle of diameter between 50 and 100 nm within the nanojet emitted by a 4.4 μm diameter BaTiO3 microsphere embedded within the PDMS. We determined that, when the gold nanoparticle is optimally positioned within the nanojet, the backscattering of the microsphere can greatly increase: for example, by 3:1 (200%) for the 50 nm gold nanoparticle. The increased backscattering is strongly dependent upon the illumination wavelength and the numerical aperture of the imaging system, and occurs for nonresonant illuminations of the isolated microsphere. Low objective numerical apertures of approximately 0.075 yield the maximum observed increases in backscattering. The measured data agree well with numerical calculations incorporating Mie-based theory and Fourier optics.
A microcomputer-based system for continuous measurement of rodent food intake

A microcomputer-based system is described for the automatic acquisition, storage, and analysis of rodent food intakes. The feed-o-meter provides reliable, valid measurements of consumption, with minute-by-minute accuracy of ⩾.03 g.
Synthesis of Proteins by Isolated Euglena gracilis Chloroplasts

Intact Euglena gracilis chloroplasts, which had been purified on gradients of silica sol, incorporated [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]leucine into soluble and membrane-bound products, using light as the only source of energy. The chloroplasts were osmotically shocked, fractionated on discontinuous gradients of sucrose, and the products of protein synthesis of the different fractions characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The soluble fraction resolved into three zones of radioactivity, the major one corresponding to the large subunit or ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. The thylakoid membrane fraction contained nine labeled polypeptides, the two most prominent in the region of 31 and 42 kilodaltons. The envelope fraction contained a major radioactive peak of about 48 kilodaltons and four other minor peaks. The patterns of protein synthesis by isolated Euglena chloroplasts are broadly similar to those observed with chloroplasts of spinach and pea.
Observation of two-photon "ghost" interference and diffraction.

Observations of unusual diffraction and interference by two-photon correlation measurements are reported. The signal and idler beams produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion are sent in different directions, and detected by two distant pointlike photon counting detectors. A double slit or a single slit is inserted into the signal beam. Interference-diffraction patterns are observed in coincidences by scanning the detector in the idler beam.
Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Quantification of Selected Phytochemicals in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Peanuts have been reported to contain bioactive phytochemicals, particularly isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A) and trans-resveratrol. Currently, limited data are available regarding the levels of these bioactive compounds in peanuts with variations in reported levels. The purpose of this study was to compare four methods of extraction [stirring, sonication, Soxtec, and microwave-assisted sonication (MAS)] for runner peanuts. Quantification of the selected compounds was conducted by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that the MAS and Soxtec methods extracted significantly higher amounts of the phytochemicals. Also, the defatted peanuts gave significantly higher amounts of the phytochemicals compared to the nondefatted peanuts. The high levels of the isoflavones may be attributed to heat-induced conversion of conjugate glycosides to aglycons. The MAS and Soxtec methods may be used for total isoflavone content quantitation, while sonication or stirring may be the method of choice for quantitation of isoflavone composition (aglycons and glycoside conjugates) in peanuts.
Recent changes in family structure in the United States: A developmental-systems perspective

Abstract Recent changes in family structure in the United States are examined using three illustrative data segments (changes in family structure, changes in family size, and racial difference among children's living arrangements). Problems with the data in these areas are discussed. Two possible interpretations that have appeared in previous literature are discussed: that the family as we know it is disappearing, and that some family difficulties are related to family structure variables. A third interpretation is proposed, that is, that the recent changes are indicative of good coping and adaptation strategies on the part of families. A cultural-ecological model (Ogbu, 1981) is used to relate family patterns to other factors in the larger environment. A developmental-systems perspective is proposed as a useful tool for researchers and practitioners for interpreting the recent changes.
Generalized method of moments for shape distribution in random images

The pattern spectrum method of moments has been used by the author to estimate the shape distribution in random binary images with unknown grain size. Simultaneous estimation of the parameters of the grain size distribution and the mixture proportions of the specified shapes required solution of simultaneous nonlinear equations and was demonstrated only for a small dimensionality. The generalization of the method permits a larger dimensionality by simplifying the estimation equations. Using an iterative approach to normal grain size distribution, the estimation equations are shown to be : 1) linear in the proportions, 2) cubic in micrometers , 3) quadradic in O2 at each stage. An example demonstrates that the iterative process converges rapidly to an accurate estimate of the parameters.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extended Lee model for the turbine meter & calibrations with surrogate fluids

Abstract We developed a physical model termed the “extended Lee model” for calibrating turbine meters to account for (1) fluid drag on the rotor, (2) bearing static drag and (3) bearing viscous drag. We tested the extended Lee model using a dual rotor, 2.5 cm diameter turbine meter and accurate flow measurements spanning a 200:1 flow range ( 50 R e 109,000 ) with liquid mixtures spanning a 42:1 kinematic viscosity range ( 1.2 × 1 0 − 6 m 2 / s ν 50 × 1 0 − 6 m 2 / s ). For R e > 3500 , the model correlates the volumetric flow data within 0.2%. For R e 3500 , deviations from the model increase, reaching 3.6% at the lowest flows. The same data has a maximum deviation of 17% from the commonly used Strouhal versus Roshko (or R e ) correlation. For all the mixtures tested, the static bearing friction dominates the rotor’s behavior when R e 1350 and it results in corrections as large as 51% of the calibration factor. In a second set of experiments, we compared our calibration using Stoddard solvent (a kerosene-like hydrocarbon with ν ≈ 1.2 × 1 0 − 6 m 2 / s at 21 °C) with our calibrations using four different mixtures of propylene glycol and water (PG+W). Within the viscosity independent range of this turbine meter ( R e > ∼ 7700 ), where the Strouhal versus Roshko correlation works well, the PG+W calibrations had an RMS deviation of 0.056% from the Stoddard solvent calibration; this is well within the long-term reproducibility of the meter. We confirmed this result in the viscosity independent range of a 1.25 cm diameter turbine meter using Stoddard solvent and a 1.2 × 1 0 − 6 m 2 / s ν PG+W mixture; these two calibrations agreed within 0.02%. Therefore, turbine meters can be calibrated with environmentally benign solutions of PG+W and used with more hazardous fluids without an increased uncertainty. The present results also show that using turbine meters at R e below the viscosity independent range of the calibration curve will lead to large errors, unless one accounts for the temperature dependent bearing drag. For example, if the 2.5 cm diameter meter modeled here is calibrated at R e = 500 using Stoddard solvent at 20 °C and then used with Stoddard solvent at 30 °C, the decrease of the kinematic viscosity will introduce an error of −0.9%, unless the temperature dependence of the bearing drag is considered.
Cortical lesions attenuate the opposing effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on neostriatal neurons in freely moving rats

Abstract Neuronal activity was recorded from the neostriatum of freely moving rats at least 1 week following either sham or bilateral ablations of frontal and somatosensory cortex. In both groups of animals, the majority of neurons increased firing rat in close temporal association with spontaneous movement. No group differences emerged either with respect to baseline firing rates or open-field behavior. Following amphetamine administration, however, the excitatory response of motor-related neurons was suppressed in cortical-lesioned rats. A behavioral clamping procedure, which assessed neuronal activity during matched pre- and post-amphetamine behaviors, confirmed these results, suggesting that the amphetamine-induced changes in neuronal activity reflect a direct drug effect independent of behavioral feedback. In animals that received a subsequent injection of 1.0 mg/kg haloperidol, cortical lesions attenuated the ability of this neuroleptic to block both the behavioral and neuronal effects of amphetamine. Collectively, these results support mounting evidence for an important modulatory influence of cortical afferents on the amphetamine-induced excitation of neostriatal neurons and the reversal of this effect by haloperidol.
Shape recovery of nanoscale imprints in a thermoset “shape memory” polymer

This letter reports temperature-dependent recovery of atomic force microscope tip-formed indentations in a thermoset shape memory polymer. The indentations are made at both room temperature and 69°C, and then recovered at temperatures between 40°C and 70°C. The shape recovery is more complete for higher anneal temperatures, and is relatively independent of time for 102–104s. The experiments show shape memory in the 1–100nm size scale.
One wage of unknowability

This article argues against fallibilist evidentialism on the basis of considerations about knowability.
Computerized Measuring Microscope

In the manufacturing of printed circuit boards, microscopic analysis is an essential process control activity. An inspector microscopically analyzes board samples to deter-mine board lot quality and process conditions. Prior to computerizing, this sustained measurement-taking involved the tedious process of recording raw data, converting microscope filar readings, calculating averages, logging information in a job notebook, and completing detailed final lab reports. It is evident from this brief task description that this time-consuming repetitious data recording routine was an added burden to the already fatiguing visual inspection method and therefore was a prime candidate for automatic data capture and printout. Secondly, the creation of a permanent and easily accessible data base would improve process feedback and provide for a system with quick identification of any suspect boards if further assembly/testing exhibited board-related failures. This paper describes the evolution and implementation of a computer-aided microscopic inspection operation.
An efficient algorithm for nucleation studies of particles using the octree data structure

Abstract An efficient algorithm is described for studying the nucleation properties of particles with short-range potential using Monte Carlo simulation. The hierarchical division method, implemented through an octree structure in which we repeatedly decompose the simulation cube into eight sub-cubes, is used to decrease the time required for the simulation. An efficient region search algorithm is introduced for the potential and cluster member calculations. Algorithms which perform the calculation of cluster properties of the system in O (N log N) time are introduced. These algorithms allow the study of systems with over 100 000 particles in less than a day using moderately sized workstations.
Can we use the universal instance assumption without using nulls

We claim that the representative instance of [Ho1, Va3] is a correct representation of the data stored in a database even when the relations of the database are not the projections of a single universal instance. If no constraint (other than functional and join dependencies) is imposed on the data, then projections of the representative instance cannot always be computed by lossless joins. We show that if the database satisfies a modified foreign-key constraint, then projections of the representative instance can be computed by performing the union of several lossless joins. A class of relation schemes for which no constraint is necessary is characterized, and we show how to compute projections of the representative instance for databases that belong to this class.
Skin temperatures and respiratory rates in subsequent siblings of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Overnight polysomnographic recordings were obtained in 26 subsequent siblings of SIDS and 26 age matched controls when they were three months of age. Skin and room temperatures during quiet sleep (QS) as well as respiratory rates were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the temperature of the room during laboratory monitoring. However, skin temperatures were slightly higher in subsequent siblings of SIDS compared to control infants (36.0 degree C vs 35.2 degree C, P< 0.025). Respiratory rates were also elevated in this group of subsequent siblings of SIDS (28.2 breaths per minute vs 26.0 breaths per minute, p< 0.05).
Wideband transition from conductor-backed coplanar waveguide to modified coplanar stripline using multiple substrates

The Letter presents a wideband and low-loss transition from conductor-backed coplanar waveguide to a modified, conductor-backed coplanar strip transmission line. The measured insertion loss is less than 1 dB up to 4.8 GHz and the return loss is greater than 12 dB. To reduce undesired modes two dielectric layers are used between the circuit and the conductor backing.
NGF and other growth factors induce an association between ERK1 and the NGF receptor, gp140prototrk

As detected by coimmunoprecipitation from PC12 cells, NGF induces rapid association between ERK1 (a growth factor-activated serine/threonine protein kinase) and gp140prototrk NGF receptors. In contrast, no such association is found with the closely related ERK2. Anti-trk immunocomplexes generated from NGF-treated cells also contain protein kinase activity that shares many properties with soluble ERK1. The association of both ERK1 protein and ERK-like kinase activity with gp140prototrk is maximal by 5 min of NGF treatment, persists for approximately 1 hr, and subsequently declines by 18 hr. Treatment with either basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or orthovanadate also leads to association of ERK1 with gp140prototrk without tyrosine phosphorylation of the latter. The interaction between ERK1 and gp140prototrk may prove relevant to the NGF mechanism.
Bioeconomic modeling in agroforestry : a rubber-cacao example

A rubber-cacao agroforestry combination was bioeconomically modeled for a forty year cycle. A number of scenarios were simulated to find the planting densities and management strategies that achieve best production and profit levels for each situation. This example is presented to demonstrate the possibilities and advantages of a simulation approach to agroforestry modeling.
Influence of Two Phenoxy Growth Regulators on the Uptake and Accumulation of Naptalam by Bean Plants

Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Black Valentine) treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA) absorb and accumulate considerably more N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (naptalam) than untreated plants. All concentrations of 2,4-D from 5 x 10-8 to 5 x 10-4M were effective, peak stimulation occurring at 3 x 10-5M. Plants treated with this concentration took up 186% more naptalam than control plants. It was shown that the leaf area (on a per g dry weight basis) was influenced most by growth regulator treatment. The leaf area of plants treated with 5 x 10-5M 2,4-D contained 575% more naptalam than the leaf area of untreated plants. The influence of PCPA on naptalam uptake by bean plants was similar to that of 2,4-D but less effective.
4×1 reconstruction of indium deposited on vicinal Si(111) surfaces

The Si(111)-(4×1) In reconstruction normally exists in three domains of double-row ridges along three equivalent (110) directions on a flat Si(111) substrate. Using vicinal Si(111) surfaces as substrates, scanning-tunneling-microscopy images show the existence of only a single domain of the (4×1) reconstruction with the double rows aligning with the [110] step edges when the surface is misoriented toward the [112] direction. When the vicinal sample is misoriented toward the opposite, i.e., [112], direction, however, all three domains are present
Adaptive Finite Element Method for Solving the Exact Kohn−Sham Equation of Density Functional Theory

Results of the application of an adaptive finite element (FE) based solution using the FETK library of M. Holst to Density Functional Theory (DFT) approximation to the electronic structure of atoms and molecules are reported. The severe problem associated with the rapid variation of the electronic wave functions in the near singular regions of the atomic centers is treated by implementing completely unstructured simplex meshes that resolve these features around atomic nuclei. This concentrates the computational work in the regions in which the shortest length scales are necessary and provides for low resolution in regions for which there is no electron density. The accuracy of the solutions significantly improved when adaptive mesh refinement was applied, and it was found that the essential difficulties of the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues equation were the result of the singular behavior of the atomic potentials. Even though the matrix representations of the discrete Hamiltonian operator in the adaptive finite element basis are always sparse with a linear complexity in the number of discretization points, the overall memory and computational requirements for the solver implemented were found to be quite high. The number of mesh vertices per atom as a function of the atomic number Z andmore » the required accuracy e (in atomic units) was esitmated to be v (e;Z) = 122:37 * Z2:2346 /1:1173 , and the number of floating point operations per minimization step for a system of NA atoms was found to be 0(N3A*v(e,Z0) (e.g. Z=26, e=0.0015 au, and NA=100, the memory requirement and computational cost would be ~0.2 terabytes and ~25 petaflops). It was found that the high cost of the method could be reduced somewhat by using a geometric based refinement strategy to fix the error near the singularities.« less
Force transmission and retentive capabilities utilizing labial and palatal I-bar partial dentures.

Summary A maxillary photoelastic model was constructed to determine the retention and force transmission characteristics of a bilateral distal extension base partial denture. Comparisons were made using palatal and labial I-bars. It was shown that there were no significant differences in retention and force transmission between palatal and labial I-bars. From a stress and retention standpoint, it may be concluded that the use of palatal I-bars is a viable alternative to the labial I-bars, especially where aesthetics is of primary concern.
Identification of additional variants within the human dopamine transporter gene provides further evidence for an association with bipolar disorder in two independent samples

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the site of action of stimulants, and variations in the human DAT gene (DAT1) have been associated with susceptibility to several psychiatric disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder. We have previously reported the association of bipolar disorder to novel SNPs in the 3' end of DAT1. We now report the identification of 20 additional SNPs in DAT1 for a total of 63 variants. We also report evidence for association to bipolar disorder in a second independent sample of families. Eight newly identified SNPs and 14 previously identified SNPs were analyzed in two independent samples of 50 and 70 families each using the transmission disequilibrium test. Two of the eight new SNPs, one in intron 8 and one in intron 13, were found to be moderately associated with bipolar disorder, each in one of the two independent samples. Analysis of haplotypes comprised of all 22 SNPs in sliding windows of five adjacent SNPs revealed an association to the region near introns 7 and 8 in both samples (empirical P-values 0.002 and 0.001, respectively, for the same window). The haplotype block structure observed in the gene in our previous study was confirmed in this sample with greater resolution allowing for discrimination of a third haplotype block in the middle of the gene. Together, these data are consistent with the presence of multiple variants in DAT1 that convey susceptibility to bipolar disorder.
Online Patient Resources for Liposuction: A Comparative Analysis of Readability.

BACKGROUND As patients strive to become informed about health care, inadequate functional health literacy is a significant barrier. Nearly half of American adults have poor or marginal health literacy skills and the National Institutes of Health and American Medical Association have recommended that patient information should be written at a sixth grade level. The aim of this study is to identify the most commonly used online patient information about liposuction and to evaluate its readability relative to average American literacy. METHODS An internet search of "liposuction" was performed and the 10 most popular websites identified. User and location data were disabled and sponsored results excluded. All relevant, patient-directed articles were downloaded and formatted into plain text. Articles were then analyzed using 10 established readability tests. A comparison group was constructed to identify the most popular online consumer information about tattooing. Mean readability scores and specific article characteristics were compared. RESULTS A total of 80 articles were collected from websites about liposuction. Readability analysis revealed an overall 13.6 grade reading level (range, 10-16 grade); all articles exceeded the target sixth grade level. Consumer websites about tattooing were significantly easier to read, with a mean 7.8 grade level. These sites contained significantly fewer characters per word and words per sentence, as well as a smaller proportion of complex, long, and unfamiliar words. CONCLUSIONS Online patient resources about liposuction are potentially too difficult for a large number of Americans to understand. Liposuction websites are significantly harder to read than consumer websites about tattooing. Aesthetic surgeons are advised to discuss with patients resources they use and guide patients to appropriate information for their skill level.