cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The allosphere: a large-scale immersive surround-view instrument

We present the design of the Allosphere and initial experiences from its ongoing implementation. The UCSB Allosphere is a novel large-scale instrument for immersive visualization and simulation, which in its full realization will be one of the world's largest immersive environments. The three-story high cubical space comprises an anechoic chamber with a spherical display screen, ten meters in diameter, surrounding from one to thirty users standing on a bridge structure. The Allosphere is differentiated from conventional virtual reality environments by its size and focus on collaborative experiences, its seamless surround-view capabilities and its focus on multiple sensory modalities and interaction. The Allosphere is being equipped with high-resolution active stereo projectors, a complete 3D sound system with hundreds of speakers, and interaction technology. In this paper we will give an overview of the purpose of the instrument as well as the systems that are being put into place in order to equip it. We also review the first results and experiences in developing and using the Allosphere in several prototype projects.
Power smoothing of the DFIG wind turbine using a small energy storage device

The active power produced by wind generators is subject to fluctuations due to the stochastic nature of wind. Depending upon the size of the wind farm and the network to which it is connected, active power variations may result in frequency deviations. This can trigger frequency protection devices and lead to undesirable unit trippings. This paper proposes the addition of a small supercapacitor at the DC link in the power converted of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Based on this, a new method is proposed which simultaneously balances the MPPT as well as output power smoothing objectives. Frequency variations in the range of 0.1–1 Hz are investigated considering variations in wind speed, tower shadow and wind shear effects. Numerical simulations are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in limiting frequency deviations.
Ecological Conservation: The Problems of Targeting Policies and Designing Instruments

Abstract Three decades of effort to control the obvious and familiar forms of pollution has produced a policy toolkit of theoretical power and practical flexibility. However, the toolkit is not as well-suited to addressing the challenges posed by preserving ecological diversity and integrity. This paper aims to illuminate some of the obstacles to policy design for ‘ecological conservation’ by: (1) identifying a number of analytical characteristics that were key to creating successful policy in the pollution control setting; (2) considering the applicability of these characteristics to the ecological conservation setting; and (3) discussing the implications of these differences for policy design. The paper concludes with recommendations on sidestepping these difficulties.
Technical proficiency for IS Success

The Information System (IS) Success model implies that IS users possess baseline technical abilities; an assumption that, if not met, may adversely affect the constructs and relationships proposed by the model. We propose that the level of users' technical proficiency should be accounted for when considering deployment of information systems. However, considering the extant literature, it is unclear precisely what constitutes technical proficiency in today's business environment. Using a Delphi method approach, we develop the technical proficiency construct to uncover what competencies indicate technically proficiency, what business needs such proficiencies address, and how technical proficiency can be assessed. We uncover 16 qualities of technical proficiency, 14 common technology business needs, and 13 methods to assess proficiency. This research lays the groundwork for future research regarding IS Success and technical proficiency. Practitioners can use these findings to help better prepare their workforce for IS deployment.
Analysis of multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid reveals a continuum of clonally related antibody-secreting cells that are predominantly plasma blasts

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of B cell subtypes in 17 CSF samples from 15 patients with clinically-definite MS revealed that CD19+ B cells accounted for 2 to 11% (mean 5%) and CD138+ cells constituted 0 to 5% (mean 2%) of total CSF lymphocytes. Further stratification of CD138+ cells based on expression levels of CD19 showed that CD138+19+ plasma blasts constituted 89+/-2% (mean+/-SE) of the CD138+ cell population (P<0.00001), with more mature plasma cells (CD138+19-) constituting the remaining 11+/-2%. Sequence analysis of immunoglobulin variable regions in single CD138+19+ and CD138+19- cells sorted from MS CSF identified many of the same clonal populations in both populations, indicating a continuum of clonally related plasma cell subtypes of which CD138+19+ plasma blasts are most abundant.
Neospora caninum: role for immune cytokines in host immunity.

Neospora caninum is a coccidial protozoan parasite that infects a large range of mammals including dogs, cats, mice, and cattle. Morphologically, N. caninum appears indistinguishable from Toxoplasma gondii, although they are genetically distinct. To date there have been no reported cases of this infection in humans, although nonhuman primates may be susceptible to infection. Inbred A/J mice develop no clinical and little histologic evidence of infection in spite of a high-dose inoculum of N. caninum. Splenocytes obtained from infected mice proliferate in vitro in response to both N. caninum and T. gondii-soluble antigen. A transient state of T cell hyporesponsiveness to parasite antigen and mitogen was observed at Day 7 p.i. This downregulatory response could be partially reversed by the addition of the nitric oxide antagonist LNMMA, but not antibody to IL-10. Mice infected with N. caninum produce significant quantities of IL-12 and IFN gamma, most evident shortly after infection. In vivo, antibody to IL-12 is able to neutralize immune resistance to the parasite. Moreover, in vivo depletion of IFN gamma with antibody renders the mice susceptible to infection. These observations suggest that N. caninum induces a T cell immune response in the infected host that is at least partially mediated by IL-12 and IFN gamma.
Spectroscopic studies of the several isomers of UO3

Uranium trioxide is known to adopt seven different structural forms. While these structural forms have been well characterized using x-ray or neutron diffraction techniques, little work has been done to characterize their spectroscopic properties, particularly of the pure phases. Since the structural isomers of UO3 all have similar thermodynamic stabilities and most tend to hydrolyze under open atmospheric conditions, mixtures of UO3 phases and the hydrolysis products are common. Much effort went into isolating pure phases of UO3. Utilizing x-ray diffraction as a sample identification check, UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopic signatures of α-UO3, β-UO3, γ-UO3 and α-UO2(OH)2 products were obtained. The spectra of the pure phases can now be used to characterize typical samples of UO3, which are often mixtures of isomers.
Heterogeneous agents in quantitative aggregate economic theory

Abstract Modern macroeconomics, with increasing frequency, is devoting attention to the fact that agents are heterogeneous, especially in their role as providers of labor input into production. These differences can take various forms: the skills for market production are different; some workers are and some are not engaged in market activity in any given period; people are at different stages of the life cycle; people are faced with uninsurable idiosyncratic shocks, perhaps combined with liquidity constraints; and so on. In some cases, the equilibrium still can be computed from a stand-in planner's problem. The most exciting recent development, however, is the dramatically expanded ability to compute equilibriums for interesting model economies for which that is not the case. Examples are given.
Pulmonary oxygen transport during activity in lizards

Abstract Oxygen consumption (Ṁ O 2 ), effective alveolar ventilation (Veff), arterial and laveolar P O 2 (Pa O 2 , P A O 2 ) and the alveolar-arterial P O 2 differrence [(A-a)P O 2 ] were determined in the lizards Varanus exanthematicus and Iguana iguana at rest and during treadmill exercise at 35°C. In both species, Veff increased more rapidly than Ṁ O 2 giving rise to an increased P A O 2 . In contrast, Pa O 2 remained unchanged through the highest levels of Ṁ O 2 attained. As a result, the (A-a)P O 2 increased with increasing Ṁ O 2 . We suggest that the observed increase in (A-a)P O 2 may be due to a rather low pulmonary oxygen diffusing capacity (D L O 2 ) and limited capacity to increase D L O 2 during exercise. Arterial desaturation was prevented by a compensatory hyperventilation, thus enhancing the gradient for alveolar-capillary gas exchange. These results indicate that both lizard species increase pulmonary oxygen transport sufficiently so that it is not a limiting factor to aerobic scope under the conditions of this study.
Simulation of a Brownian particle in an optical trap

An optically trapped Brownian particle is a sensitive probe of molecular and nanoscopic forces. An understanding of its motion, which is caused by the interplay of random and deterministic contributions, can lead to greater physical insight into the behavior of stochastic phenomena. The modeling of realistic stochastic processes typically requires advanced mathematical tools. We discuss a finite difference algorithm to compute the motion of an optically trapped particle and the numerical treatment of the white noise term. We then treat the transition from the ballistic to the diffusive regime due to the presence of inertial effects on short time scales and examine the effect of an optical trap on the motion of the particle. We also outline how to use simulations of optically trapped Brownian particles to gain understanding of nanoscale force and torque measurements, and of more complex phenomena, such as Kramers transitions, stochastic resonant damping, and stochastic resonance.
Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War

Shedding light on a misunderstood form of opposition to the Vietnam War, Michael Foley tells the story of draft resistance, the cutting edge of the antiwar movement at the height of the war's escalation. Unlike so-called draft dodgers, who left the country or manipulated deferments, draft resisters openly defied draft laws by burning or turning in their draft cards. Like civil rights activists before them, draft resisters invited prosecution and imprisonment. Focusing on Boston, one of the movement's most prominent centers, Foley reveals the crucial role of draft resisters in shifting antiwar sentiment from the margins of society to the center of American politics. Their actions inspired other draft-age men opposed to the war - especially college students - to reconsider their place of privilege in a draft system that offered them protections and sent disproportionate numbers of working-class and minority men to Vietnam. This recognition sparked the change of tactics from legal protest to mass civil disobedience, drawing the Johnson administration into a confrontation with activists who were largely suburban, liberal, young, and middle class - the core of Johnson's Democratic constituency. Examining the day-to-day struggle of antiwar organizing carried out by ordinary Americans at the local level, Foley argues for a more complex view of citizenship and patriotism during a time of war.
Learning transferable skills through adventure education: The role of an authentic process

Abstract The purpose of this study is threefold: (a) to explore what 18 adolescents learned while participating in a three week long adventure program, (b) to examine how they learned while on the program, and (c) to determine what program outcomes they considered most applicable to their home environments, or which learning is “transferable”. To address these purposes, 18 participants 13–18 years old on 14 different three-week long sail and dive training courses were interviewed. The study found that participants learned both hard skills (e.g., sailing and diving) and life skills. They learned these skills experientially, by observing and receiving feedback from others, by exposure to new and different persons, and through the authenticity of needing to learn these skills through the course design. Participants reported that the life skills were most likely to be applicable after course completion in the home environment. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Purification and properties of enolase from swine kidney.

Abstract The first, enolase (2-phospho- d -glycerate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.11) to be isolated from a gluconeogenic tissue, swine kidney, was purified more than 600-fold to near homogeneity, as estimated from sedimentation equilibrium and velocity measurements and from disc electrophoresis patterns. The physical properties of the enzyme were examined. Purified kidney enolase has a s 0.87% 20, w = 5.87 S, M r = 90,000 ± 4,500, e 0.1% 280,1 cm = 1.07/ mg / ml , a Stokes radius of 37.0 A, and an apparent subunit molecular weight of 52,000. The amino acid composition was determined and compared with those of mammalian muscle enolases. The partial specific volume calculated from the amino acid composition was found to be 0.728 cc/g. Swine kidney enolase had 12 cysteines per mole; in the native enzyme, two reacted with DTNB. The enzyme was stabilized by magnesium, sucrose, or glycerol; activity lost, on prolonged storage could be completely recovered by treatment with mercaptoethanol and EDTA at 37 °C. Some evidence was obtained for the existence of active monomers of this enzyme. This form of swine kidney enolase was quite unstable, however. The pH optimum was at 6.8. The Michaelis constants for 2-phospho- d -glycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate were 5.10 −5 m and 10 −4 m ; that for magnesium was 4.10 −4 m . Substrate inhibition was found for 2-phosphoglycerate but not for phosphoenolpyruvate. No inhibition is seen under comparable conditions with mammalian enolases from glycolytic tissues. This finding is discussed.
CO2 laser CVD of copper lines with twofold periodic structures

A continuous wave CO2 laser beam was vertically directed onto glass substrates to deposit copper via CO2 laser CVD by decomposition of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate. With fixed substrates deposits of volcano like shape were obtained after short irradiation times. Upon further processing the volcano structures became completely filled. With moving substrates the laser CVD process led to stripes of deposits. Their transverse and longitudinal profiles were dependent on the processing conditions: Uniform stripes were obtained as well as periodically structured traces even with twofold patterns.
Bifacial tension of chlorophyll black lipid membranes in dilute electrolyte solutions

Abstract An expanding bubble technique was used to determine the biracial tension of black lipid membranes (BLM) prepared from chloroplast extract and n -octane, and bathed in dilute aqueous electrolyte solutions. Reproducibility of bifacial tension measurements was typically ±15% of the mean values for a particular set of membranes for concentration ranges of the salt solutions from 0.00125 to 0.040 N . The biracial tension was found to fall with increasing NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 , and BaCl 2 solution while for LiCl the biracial tension fell with increasing concentration to approximately 0.005 N and then rose in value as the concentration was further increased. Results were interpreted on the basis of ionic charge density effect on water structure.
Trust and pharmaco-vigilance in pain medicine.

Despite the obvious importance of trust in the bilateral physician–patient relationship, this topic is rarely examined in the medical literature. Nonetheless, the impact of trust, or distrust, in the clinical arena may be substantial. In any given patient interaction, there is often a gut feeling about whether or not we trust the information or sincerity of a certain patient. The exact value of this gut feeling is an interesting topic that is likely to be difficult to quantify. I am often left with my gut feeling, wondering if it says more about me than the patient. I hear others say “she is a straight shooter” (trust) or “he pushed my buttons” (distrust)—the latter often in less than kind vernacular. While little studied, trust triggers responses in us that almost certainly affect the care we deliver. For …
Anxiety, Consciousness, and Self-Acceptance: Placing the Idea of Making the Unconscious Conscious in an Integrative Framework

This article examines critically the role of insight and of making the unconscious conscious in the light of contemporary understandings in psychoanalysis, in the broader discipline of psychotherapy, and in research on cognition and consciousness. Developments that led to reconceptualizations based on appreciation of the crucial role of anxiety and defenses are reviewed. Consciousness is seen to be better viewed as a matter of degree of accessibility and articulation than as a sharp division between conscious and unconscious. The implications of these considerations for a broader, more comprehensive, and more integrative therapeutic approach are examined.
The Effects of a Stress‐Management Program on Self‐concept, Locus of Control, and the Acquisition of Coping Skills in School‐Age Children Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

PROBLEM What is the effectiveness of a stress-management program on self-concept, locus of control, and acquisition of appropriate coping strategies in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? METHODS Forty-two children with ADHD (age range 9-12) were randomly assigned to a control group, a therapist-led group, or a group in which the stress-management techniques were taught by the parents. The subjects were pre- and posttested on self-concept, locus of control, and acquisition of coping skills. FINDINGS Although there were no significant changes in any of the three groups for acquisition of coping skills, the children in the therapist-led group reported more appropriate coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS Involving parents in a cognitive-behavioral approach could improve parent-child relationships and further increase the opportunities for successful academic and social functioning.
Crystal structure and Raman spectrum of hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce), CeCO3(OH)

Hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce), ideally CeCO 3 (OH), had been regarded isostructural with bastnasite-(Ce), CeCO 3 F, the dominant member of the bastnasite family that produces ~70% of the world’s supply of rare-earth elements. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, our structural analysis on hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce) shows that the previous assumption is incorrect. The crystal structure of hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce) possesses P 6 symmetry with unit-cell parameters a = 12.4112(2), c = 9.8511(3) A, and V = 1314.2(1) A 3 , in contrast to the space group P 62 c and a ≈ 7.10, c ≈ 9.76 A, and V ≈ 430 A 3 for bastnasite-(Ce). Moreover, there are 6, 3, and 5 symmetrically-distinct CO 3 groups, Ce cations, and (OH/F) ions, respectively, in hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce), but 1, 1, and 2 in bastnasite-(Ce). The two structures, nevertheless, are similarly characterized by the layers of CO 3 groups alternating with the Ce-(OH/F) layers along the c direction. The Raman spectrum of hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce) is dominated by three strong bands at 1080, 1087, and 1098 cm −1 in the CO 3 symmetrical stretching region, along with at least four bands in the OH stretching region. Our study further suggests that natural hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Nd) is most likely isotypic with hydroxyl-bastnasite-(Ce), rather than with bastnasite-(Ce), as previously proposed.
Spatial light modulator based holographic fabrication of 3D spatially varying photonic crystal templates

In this work, we present holographic fabrication of spatially varying photonic crystal templates of gradient index structures in photosensitized polymer using the interference of multiple beams with specified phases generated by an engineered grayscale phase patterns displayed on a phase only spatial light modulator (SLM) in conjunction with a 4f imaging system. Simple spatially varying 3D structures are fabricated by the interference of four 1 st order beams with desired phases plus a central 0 th order beam generated by pixel-by-pixel assignment of the gray levels of cells and supercells within the phase pattern displayed on the SLM. Additionally, a low order simple gradient or vortex phase can be added to a multi-beam-generating phase pattern to also create an angularly varying 3D structure. We also demonstrate 2D and 3D spatially variant wave fields that can be used to fabricate photonic crystal templates in photoresist with variation in lattice orientation and spacing using interference of modified beams with specified phases produced by an engineered phase pattern displayed on a SLM. With control of the phases of interfering beams using an SLM, holographic fabrication of spatially varying photonic lattices becomes possible.
Improving the comprehension of disabled readers

Students with learning disabilities (LD) often have difficulty comprehending what they read. Although reading comprehension problems frequently are associated with inadequate word recognition, students also have difficulties related to comprehension itself—a passive approach to the reading task, insensitivity to text structure, and poor metacognitive skills. The reading and language arts curricula that have emerged from today’s constructivist paradigm can pose problems for these students. Whereas the new curricula emphasize personal interpretations of text and relatively unstructured teaching strategies, students with LD do well with explicit, highly structured instruction. This paper introduces an instructional program designed to teach students with serious learning disabilities how to identify a story theme, and how to relate it to their own real-life experiences. The program focused on understanding a text as a whole, and integrating text meaning with concepts and experiences that are personally meaningful, goals shared by a constructivist approach. At the same time, the program incorporates the explicit, structured instruction that these students also need. A study to evaluate the program’s effectiveness is described, as are current efforts to refine the program to promote transfer of comprehension strategies.
An 8-wavelength laser array with high back reflection tolerance for high-speed silicon photonic transmitters

We have developed quarter-wave shifted laser arrays with embedded bare patch regions. As cw-light sources in 40-Gb/s links, these lasers show over 10 dB improvement in back reflection tolerance compared to a standard DFB reference design.
Simple Tracking Filters: Position and Velocity Measurements

Parametric data is presented showing the effects of combining velocity measurements with the usual position measurements in a simple form of target tracking filter. Effects on steady-state performance and filter gains are shown, as well as data on time required for convergence to steady state.
An ultra-high resolution single-domain magnetic force microscope tip fabricated using nanolithography

An ultra-high resolution MFM tip is proposed and demonstrated. The tip consists of a /spl sim/30 nm thick ferromagnetic film coated on a non-magnetic pillar that has a diameter of 150 nm, a length over 1.5 /spl mu/m and a sharp end of a 10 nm radius. The pillar was fabricated on the apex of a commercial scanning force microscope tip using electron beam lithography. The ferromagnetic films were coated only on one side of the pillar but not on the rest of the tip. Therefore, the tip has a trough shape and a tapered end with a tip radius of /spl sim/10 nm. The ferromagnetic trough is single-domain because of its nanoscale size and shape anisotropy. Compared to conventional Ni wire tips, the new tips have a much smaller magnetic charge distribution at the end of the tip, thus offering better imaging resolution. Furthermore, they have a lower stray field, thus making them well suited to measuring soft magnetic materials. >
Sensitivity of Flexible Pavement Thickness to Traffic Factors in Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design

AbstractIn an effort to minimize the risk of overdesign or underdesign of pavement structures in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) in Alabama, sensitivity analysis was utilized to examine the potential for implementation of various levels of traffic inputs. Changes in required pavement thickness as a result of differences between nationwide, statewide, regional, and site-specific traffic factors were used as sensitivity indicators. The effects of traffic inputs on pavement design were deemed to be practically significant when the thickness needed to maintain an acceptable level of pavement performance changed 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) or more from the baseline thickness developed from statewide traffic inputs. This paper presents the sensitivity analysis results for nationwide traffic inputs and direction-specific inputs when the effects of each were compared with the effect of statewide inputs on pavement thickness. Recommendations include the use of a procedure that incorporates required pa...
Poly­[[bis(4,4′-bi­pyridine)­bis(μ-oxalato)­trizinc(II)]-di-μ-4,4′-bi­pyridine-μ-oxalato]

The hydro­thermally prepared title compound, [Zn3(C10H8N2)4(C2O4)3], isostructural with the Fe analog, consists of undulating chains of oxalate-bridged Zn centers linked into infinite two-dimensional layers by bridging 4,4′-bi­pyridine ligands. An additional 4,4′-bi­pyridine ligand is coordinated to two of the three inequivalent Zn centers as a terminal ligand.
TRANSIENT RESPONSE ANALYSIS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ADSORPTION RATE COEFFICIENTS FOR PROPYLENE AND NITRIC OXIDE ON NiO/Al203 AEROGEL CATALYSTS

Nickel oxide on alumina aerogel catalysts are known to be active and selective for the formation of acrylonitrile from nitric oxide and propylene. During an effort to investigate the mechanism of this reaction some transient feed experiments were carried out. The results obtained from these transient experiments were used to calculate the adsorption coefficients of propylene and nitric oxide on a NiO/Al2O3 aerogel catalysts with 1:1 Ni to Al atomic ratio. Adsorption coefficients of nitric oxide and propylene was determined by independently flowing the respective gases over the catalyst in a stream of helium at 410° C. Adsorption coefficient of nitric oxide on the catalyst at an oxidized state has been found to be less than that of propylene. When the two reactant gases flowed across the catalyst together the rate of adsorption of nitric oxide increased as the catalyst was reduced by propylene adsorption. The increased rate of adsorption of nitric oxide does not, however, influence the overall rate of form...
Effect of laser irradiation on microstructure and electromigration in aluminum films

Abstract Optical and transmission electron microscopy were employed to study the effect of ruby laser irradiation on the microstructure and electromigration properties of thin aluminum films. At low energy levels a single pulse creates multiple regions of localized grain growth; grain size in the irradiated area can be an order of magnitude larger than the matrix. Vaporization, melting, and grain growth are observed and related to the input laser energy. In some cases, the morphology of the laser-damaged film resembles that of cast ingots, i.e. , a columnar structure radiating from an equiaxed boundary network and bounded by a circular chill zone. The laser damage was investigated further by exploiting the structure-sensitive nature of electromigration in aluminum film. The morphology of void-hillock formation at the damaged sites provided an additional method for characterizing the mode of structural damage. The electromigration and microscopy data were then combined to propose a structural model for laser-induced damage in aluminum films.
Informational Texts as Read-Alouds at School and Home.

The role of informational text in primary-grade classrooms has been the subject of much discussion in recent years, and there is converging evidence that young school children have few opportunities to engage with this genre. The studies described here expand the research base to include preschool (Study 1) and home (Study 2) exposures to informational text as read-alouds. School data included 1,830 read-aloud titles from 1,144 teachers of preschool through third grade. Home data included 1,847 titles reported by the parents or other family members of 20 kindergartners over the course of a school year. The findings suggest that in both of these environments—school (including preschool) and home—children have far less exposure to informational text than narrative text. Further, a trend was revealed suggesting that boys may be read proportionately more informational texts in their homes than girls.
How specific is Plasmodium falciparum adherence to chondroitin 4-sulfate?

Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy results in the sequestration of infected red blood cells (IRBCs) in the placenta, contributing to pregnancy associated malaria (PAM). IRBC adherence is mediated by the binding of a variant Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding protein 1 named VAR2CSA to the low sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) proteoglycan (CSPG) present predominantly in the intervillous space of the placenta. IRBC binding is highly specific to the level and distribution of 4-sulfate groups in C4S. Given the strict specificity of IRBC–C4S interactions, it is better to use either placental CSPG or CSPGs bearing structurally similar C4S chains in defining VAR2CSA structural architecture that interact with C4S, evaluating VAR2CSA constructs for vaccine development or studying structure-based inhibitors as therapeutics for PAM.
Enhanced amiloride sensitive superoxide production in renal medullary thick ascending limb of Dahl salt-sensitive rats

The aims of the present study were to determine whether superoxide (O2−) production is enhanced in medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats compared with a salt-resist...
Analysis of multicrystal pump–probe data sets. I. Expressions for the RATIO model

The RATIO method in time-resolved crystallography [Coppens et al. (2009 ▶). J. Synchrotron Rad. 16, 226–230] was developed for use with Laue pump–probe diffraction data to avoid complex corrections due to wavelength dependence of the intensities. The application of the RATIO method in processing/analysis prior to structure refinement requires an appropriate ratio model for modeling the light response. The assessment of the accuracy of pump–probe time-resolved structure refinements based on the observed ratios was discussed in a previous paper. In the current paper, a detailed ratio model is discussed, taking into account both geometric and thermal light-induced changes.
The Imagines of the Elder Philostratus

The Elder Philostratus' book of descriptions of paintings is the most extensive literary source in existence for the appreciation of ancient painting.1 Together with the scattered examples of wall painting preserved in Rome, it has for centuries been the principal representative of classical painting in the western world. From the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, these descriptions inspired creative art in many instances which reflect a fascinating diversity of moods. Even after the discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, the great Goethe, disappointed as he was in the limited atmosphere of these “Middletowns,” enthusiastically recommended the paintings described by Philostratus as models of art to his contemporaries.2
Sliding mode and classical controllers in magnetic levitation systems

An experimental comparison is made between a sliding-mode controller and a classical controller for stabilizing and commanding a magnetic levitation system. The sliding-mode method can be applied to a nonlinear system in the global sense, and the issues of performance and robustness to modeling uncertainties and disturbances can be directly incorporated in the design as tradeoff parameters. >
Wavefront cache-friendly algorithm for compact numerical schemes

Compact numerical schemes provide high-order solution of PDEs with low dissipation and dispersion. Computer implementation of these schemes requires numerous passes of data through cache memory that considerably reduces performance of these schemes. To reduce this difficulty, a novel algorithm is proposed here. This algorithm is based on a wavefront approach and sweeps through cache only twice.
Characteristics of youths arrested for drunk driving in two Wisconsin counties 1981-1984.

As young people constitute a disproportionate share of convicted intoxicated drivers, it is necessary to identify those factors related to age which can give some indication as to their potential for rehabilitation. In a study conducted in two Wisconsin counties (Racine and Kenosha), young drivers were less likely to be repeated offenders, less likely to be sent to treatment than the traffic safety alternative, less likely to be assessed as alcohol-dependent, more likely to be out of compliance with the law, and tended mote often to be arrested with lower blood alcohol concentrations (BAC).
A Composite Manipulator Utilizing Rotary Piezoelectric Motors: New Robotic Technologies For Mars in-situ Planetary Science

We report a significant advance in space robotics design based on innovation of 3D composite structures and piezoelectronic actuation.
Infrasound from Convective Storms. Part IV. Is It Useful for Storm Warning

Abstract An experiment was carried out to collect statistics on the observability of severe-storm infrasound at three stations during the 1973 storm season. The results have been evaluated with the help of four “indices of usefulness”: •False-alarm rate, which tells how often infrasound from other sources is mistaken for that from storms. We devised a sorting procedure that reduces the false-alarm rate to 15–20%, and still lower rates seem achievable. •Detection rate, which tells what fraction of severe storms are detected. Here the big problems are defining what we mean by “severe storm” and verifying their occurrence; we estimate a 65% detection rate for tornadic storms, a 31% detection rate for tornadoes themselves, and a 33% detection rate for storms with radar tops above 50,000 ft. •Timeliness, which tells how much advance warning the waves give compared to dangerous storm effects. It was practical to consider only tornadoes from this viewpoint, and we found that the emissions tend to precede tornado...
Acoustic echoplanar scanner noise and pure tone hearing thresholds: the effects of sequence repetition times and acoustic noise rates

Purpose: Our goal was to determine the effects of acoustic echoplanar scanner noise on pure tone hearing thresholds in normal volunteers and to determine the influence of echoplanar sequence repetition time on threshold effects. Method: With use of a calibrated audiometer, pure tones ranging from 125 to 8,000 Hz were delivered monaurally to 10 normal-hearing volunteers in a quiet MR scanner suite and in the presence of acoustic scanner noise produced by three separate single shot blipped echoplanar pulse sequences varying only in repetition time (TR = 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 ms), with all other parameters including the number of slices held constant. The magnitude of noise-induced threshold changes and the slopes of the threshold curves produced by each of the three echoplanar pulse sequences were then analyzed using multiple comparisons and a least significant difference method. The shapes of the threshold curves produced in each background state were best fit using a quadratic effect for frequency in a mixed effects linear model and compared using F test statistics. Results: All of the volunteers demonstrated entirely normal hearing thresholds throughout the full range of tonal frequencies tested (<25 dB) when no acoustic scanner noise was present in the scanner suite. Pure tone hearing thresholds significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the presence of acoustic scanner noise, with the magnitude of change inversely proportional to the repetition time and therefore the rate of periodic noise production by the echoplanar sequence used. The shape of the threshold curve in the presence of noise produced by the 1,000 ms TR sequence was not equivalent across the frequency spectrum tested but had a quadratic distribution with peak effects at 750-2,000 Hz. As the repetition time was increased and the periodic noise rate decreased, the magnitude of the noise-induced threshold changes significantly lessened (p < 0.01) and the quadratic distributions of the threshold curves changed significantly (p < 0.01), tending toward a more planar configuration. Conclusion: Background acoustic echoplanar scanner noise can significantly increase pure tone thresholds in the optimal frequency hearing range (125-8,000 Hz). However, the threshold effects are not equivalent across the frequency spectrum, and the magnitude of threshold changes is dependent on the rate at which periodic acoustic scanner noises are produced for a given sequence repetition time.
Inversion of levels of human T and B cells in early pregnancy.

CELL-MEDIATED immunity has been shown to be decreased during pregnancy1,2. Finn et al.3 suggested that the cause may be a decrease in the number of T cells; however, levels of T cells were unchanged in women in the third trimester of pregnancy4. In addition, the normal number of B cells was found in women who had been pregnant for at least 6 months5. Gergely et al.6 also found normal levels of T and B lymphocytes in women between 34 and 36 weeks of gestation. So far no change has been shown in T- and B-cell levels during the latter half of pregnancy.
Observation of Discrete Au Nanoparticle Collisions by Electrocatalytic Amplification Using Pt Ultramicroelectrode Surface Modification

After growing a thin layer of oxide (PtOx) by anodization of a Pt electrode, it changed from catalytically active for electrochemical NaBH4 oxidation into an inactive electrode. When held at a potential where the oxide film was maintained, collisions of individual 14 nm diameter Au nanoparticles (NPs) that catalyzed NaBH4 oxidation were successfully observed as discrete current pulses (spikes or blips) for each NP interaction with the modified Pt electrode via amplification from NaBH4 oxidation. The current response is affected by NP concentration and the applied potential.
Image pattern algorithms using neural networks

The ability to classify texture regions in images is considered to be an important aspect of scene analysis. The information gained from such classification can be used by a computer vision system to assist in image segmentation as well as object identification. In this paper, the use of a neural network model in performing classification of images containing regular textures is investigated. The texture features used in the classification process are Hough transform-based descriptors. The performance and capabilities of the neural network approach are then compared to classical technique utilizing a linear associative memory.
Reducing respiratory motion artifacts in positron emission tomography through retrospective stacking

Respiratory motion artifacts in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can alter lesion intensity profiles, and result in substantially reduced activity and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs). We propose a corrective algorithm, coined 'retrospective stacking' (RS), to restore image quality without requiring additional scan time. Retrospective stacking uses b-spline deformable image registration to combine amplitude-binned PET data along the entire respiratory cycle into a single respiratory end point. We applied the method to a phantom model consisting of a small, hot vial oscillating within a warm background, as well as to {sup 18}FDG-PET images of a pancreatic and a liver patient. Comparisons were made using cross-section visualizations, activity profiles, and CNRs within the region of interest. Retrospective stacking was found to properly restore the lesion location and intensity profile in all cases. In addition, RS provided CNR improvements up to three-fold over gated images, and up to five-fold over ungated data. These phantom and patient studies demonstrate that RS can correct for lesion motion and deformation, while substantially improving tumor visibility and background noise.
Integrating collaborative problem solving throughout the curriculum

Our graduates are ill-prepared for entry positions in industry. This is the message from a 1994 NSF task force comprised of members from academia and industry. Among the specific deficiencies cited were problem-solving skills and the ability to work in groups. In a recent publication, the authors described a group problem-solving model, Group Zig Zag, based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. In this paper we show how the integration of a collaborative approach throughout the curriculum can be achieved by adopting the Group Zig Zag model.
Extreme events in computational turbulence

We have performed direct numerical simulations of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in a periodic box with 8,192(3) grid points. These are the largest simulations performed, to date, aimed at improving our understanding of turbulence small-scale structure. We present some basic statistical results and focus on "extreme" events (whose magnitudes are several tens of thousands the mean value). The structure of these extreme events is quite different from that of moderately large events (of the order of 10 times the mean value). In particular, intense vorticity occurs primarily in the form of tubes for moderately large events whereas it is much more "chunky" for extreme events (though probably overlaid on the traditional vortex tubes). We track the temporal evolution of extreme events and find that they are generally short-lived. Extreme magnitudes of energy dissipation rate and enstrophy occur simultaneously in space and remain nearly colocated during their evolution.
A supervised framework for resolving coreference in clinical records

Objective A method for the automatic resolution of coreference between medical concepts in clinical records. Materials and methods A multiple pass sieve approach utilizing support vector machines (SVMs) at each pass was used to resolve coreference. Information such as lexical similarity, recency of a concept mention, synonymy based on Wikipedia redirects, and local lexical context were used to inform the method. Results were evaluated using an unweighted average of MUC, CEAF, and B 3 coreference evaluation metrics. The datasets used in these research experiments were made available through the 2011 i2b2/VA Shared Task on Coreference. Results The method achieved an average F score of 0.821 on the ODIE dataset, with a precision of 0.802 and a recall of 0.845. These results compare favorably to the best-performing system with a reported F score of 0.827 on the dataset and the median system F score of 0.800 among the eight teams that participated in the 2011 i2b2/VA Shared Task on Coreference. On the i2b2 dataset, the method achieved an average F score of 0.906, with a precision of 0.895 and a recall of 0.918 compared to the best F score of 0.915 and the median of 0.859 among the 16 participating teams. Discussion Post hoc analysis revealed significant performance degradation on pathology reports. The pathology reports were characterized by complex synonymy and very few patient mentions. Conclusion The use of several simple lexical matching methods had the most impact on achieving competitive performance on the task of coreference resolution. Moreover, the ability to detect patients in electronic medical records helped to improve coreference resolution more than other linguistic analysis.
Quantitative Comparisons of Certain Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Chicken and Turkey Meat

Abstract INVESTIGATIONS to determine precursors of cooked meat flavor have been made using raw meat (Batzer et al., 1962; and Hornstein and Crowe, 1963). Kazeniac (1961) described inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP), inosine, and hypoxanthine as important nonvolatile flavor components of meat. IMP made a major contribution to mouth satisfaction and intensified flavor effects of other substances, while inosine and hypoxanthine had a bitter taste. In a report on fish flavor, Jones (1961) stated that IMP possessed a strong “salty-acid” flavor, with strong overtones described as “meaty-extract,” “yeasty” and “almonds.” Enzymatic loss of phosphate from IMP in muscle led to formation of inosine which had a “sweet” or “acid-astringent” flavor. Inosine, in turn, was cleaved to hypoxanthine which possessed a strongly bitter flavor. Hall and Spencer (1964) reported that meaty, sweet, acid, and bitter were among the important constituents of chicken and turkey flavor and that turkey had more meaty flavor than did chicken. . . .
Subliminal perception and perceptual defense: Two sides of a single problem†

Two perceptual phenomena are contrasted: subliminal perception and perceptual defense. The first refers to the registration of faint stimuli outside of awareness; the second refers to the nonrecognition of threatening stimuli. It is argued that both are part of a single continuum and should be studied together. A stimulus may register outside of awareness and bring about a change in perceptual sensitivity (perceptual defense); the same stimulus could then bring about a change in response (subliminal perception). Two conditions are found necessary for subliminal perception: 1) the stimulus must be relevant to subject, and 2) it must be maintained over time. The same conditions are presumably required for perceptual defense. An experiment is outlined which would test this formulation.
E-Commerce Overviews and Close-Ups

Abstract Soon-Yong Choi, Dale O. Stahl, and Andrew B. Whinston, The Economics of Electronic Commerce: the Essential Economics of Doing Business in the Electronic Marketplace. Indianapolis: Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1997, 626 pp. Mellanie Hills, Intranet Business Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997, 396 pp. David Hudson, Rewired. Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1997, 327 pp. Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B. Whinston, Electronic Commerce, A Manager's Guide. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998, 431 pp. Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B. Whinston (eds.), Readings in Electronic Commerce, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997, 340 pp. Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B. Whinston, Frontiers of Electronic Commerce, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996, 850 pp. Lee W. McNight and Joseph P. Bailey (eds.), Internet Economics. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press, 525 pp.
nido↔closo Interconversion of Six‐Vertex Metallacarboranes: Access to CoC2B3 and CoC2B4 Clusters with Nonadjacent Carbon Atoms

Replacement of B-H hydrogen atoms with Cl or Br facilitates the previously unknown oxidative conversion of a nido- to a closo-6-vertex metallacarborane [Eq. (1); X=Cl, Br]. Oxidative cage closure, separation of carbon atoms upon thermal rearrangement, reductive cage opening, and cage expansion by boron insertion have all been applied to a single system, to afford synthetic access to new cluster types.