cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) induce downregulation of CD30 surface expression but not mRNA expression in human blood eosinophils

Abstract Rationale Eosinophils are one of the major effector cells in asthma, and controlling the number and survival of eosinophils via induction of apoptosis might attenuate the severity of asthma. We have previously reported that human eosinophils express surface CD30 and that CD30 activation induces eosinophil apoptosis. In this study we investigated the effect of IL-5 and FBS on CD30 protein and mRNA expressions, as well as CD30 activation. Methods Eosinophils were isolated from blood collected from allergic and allergic asthmatic donors, and then incubated for 24 hrs with 15 ng/ml IL-5 and 10% FBS or only 1% FBS. Apoptosis and CD30 surface expressions were measured by flow cytometry, and mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR. Eosinophils were also incubated with CD30 antibodies to determine its effect on eosinophil apoptosis in the presence or absence of IL-5 and FBS. Results Eosinophils incubated with only 1%FBS displayed significantly higher surface CD30 expression (27.2 ± 5.2%) than in eosinophils incubated with IL-5 and FBS (14.6 ± 5.4%). Interestingly however, CD30 mRNA expression was significantly higher in eosinophils incubated with IL-5 and FBS (3-fold vs. 2-fold increase for 1%FBS as compared to fresh cells). Both CD30 surface and mRNA expressions were minimal in freshly isolated eosinophils. IL-5 and FBS failed to protect eosinophils from CD30-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Our observation indicates a possible role for IL-5 and FBS in the post-transcriptional events of CD30 expression in eosinophils. This revelation could explain a mechanism by which human eosinophils evade death and display extended survival in the airways of asthmatic individuals.
Sampled-data control systems with two digital processing units

This paper presents the theory and procedure for designing sampled-data control systems of the rippleless type having a digital processing unit in the forward line and another digital processing unit in the feedback loop to respond optimally to inputs as well as to neutralize the disturbance. Two examples using the proposed design procedure are given, and their root loci are plotted and discussed.
Management of knee osteoarthritis: knee lavage combined with hylan versus hylan alone.

Abstract Vad VB, Bhat AL, Sculco TP, Wickiewicz TL. Management of knee osteoarthritis: knee lavage combined with hylan versus hylan alone. Arch Phys Rehabil 2003;84:634-7. Objective: To assess the difference in efficacy between knee lavage plus the standard hylan G-F 20 (a derivative of hyaluronan) protocol and the standard hylan G-F 20 as per standard usage protocol alone for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design: Nonrandomized prospective study in which patients chose their treatment group. Follow-up averaged 1.1 years. Setting: Faculty practice of a single physician at a major teaching hospital. Participants: Eighty-one patients with documented knee OA on magnetic resonance imaging. Interventions: Group 1 (n=44) received a single-needle lavage 1 week before the standard hylan G-F 20 protocol; group 2 (n=37) received the standard hylan G-F 20 protocol alone. Main Outcome Measures: Pre- and posttreatment scores on the Lysholm-II Questionnaire and a visual analog scale (VAS) were documented for each patient. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results: A successful outcome was noted in 79.5% of group 1 patients and in 54% of group 2 patients ( P Conclusions: In the management of knee OA, the use of knee lavage before viscosupplementation with hylan G-F 20 yields better results than using hylan G-F 20 alone. The presence of radiologic grade IV knee OA or moderate to severe patellofemoral arthritis are negative prognostic factors.
Microbial mats as bioreactors: populations, processes, and products

Microbial mats are dynamic and complex ecosystems exhibiting spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The physical/chemical environment is typified by steep gradients and distinct microenvironments. These microenvironments support a great diversity of species with a wide range of metabolic processes. These processes often result in coupled reactions and biogeochemical cycles, and produce important end products such as trace gases and mineral precipitates. The latter can impact the composition and character of the sediment, imparting a “biosignature.” These biosignatures can be preserved in the rock record and are useful in the interpretation of fossil record on Earth and possibly as an indication of life on other planetary bodies. The modern marine stromatolites of the Exuma Cays, Bahamas, provide an ideal system for studying the populations, processes, and products in a microbial ecosystem using a multidisciplinary approach. In order to acquire redox energy, microbial populations need to carry out metabolic reactions at rates faster than the equivalent chemical (abiotic) reactions. As such, microbes can be viewed as bioreactors that preferably oxidize carbon to CO2 to maximize the energy yield. The study of the microbial role in carbonate sedimentation and lithification in these stromatolites provides a picture of microbial mats as bioreactors producing a biosignature.
The Statistical Research Group, 1942–1945

Abstract The organization, work, membership, and influence of the Statistical Research Group, an Office of Scientific Research and Development activity at Columbia University during the Second World War, is described. A detailed account is given of the origins of sequential analysis in 1943, and a brief account of the origins at Stanford University in 1942 of the intensive courses in statistical quality control that were sponsored during the Second World War by the Office of Production Research and Development.
Characteristics of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in intestinal mucosa of normal and galactosemic humans.

Abstract The characteristics of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase have been determined in homogenates of jejunal muscle biopsies obtained from normal subjects and the enzyme activity has been assessed in tissue of five patients with congenital galactosemia plus two obligate heterozygotes for the disorder. Transferase activity in tissue from normal young adults was 12.9 ± 1.24 (mean ± SE) mμmoles UDP galactose formed/min./mg. protein. Heterozygote levels were 3.7 and 3.1 mμmoles/min./mg. protein. Of the five galactosemic children, the three Negro patients had easily detectable activity about 10 per cent of normal whereas Caucasian patients had none. The presence of some transferase in visceral tissue appears to delineate racial differences in galactosemic subjects further and may explain the ability of Negro galactosemics to adequately metabolize small amounts of galactose.
The Effective Treatment of Juveniles Who Sexually Offend: An Ethical Imperative

This article raises serious concerns regarding the widespread use of unproven interventions with juveniles who sexually offend and suggests innovative methods for addressing these concerns. Dominant interventions (i.e., cognitive-behavioral group treatments with an emphasis on relapse prevention) typically fail to address the multiple determinants of juvenile sexual offending and could result in iatrogenic outcomes. Methodologically sophisticated research studies (i.e., randomized clinical trials) are needed to examine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group interventions, especially those delivered in residential settings. The moral and ethical mandate for such research is evident when considering the alternative, in which clinicians and society are willing to live in ignorance regarding the etiology and treatment of juvenile sexual offending and to consign offending youths to the potential harm of untested interventions. Encouraging signs of a changing ethical climate include recent federal funding of a randomized clinical trial examining treatment effectiveness with sexually offending youths and the introduction of separate (i.e., developmentally informed) clinical and legal interventions for juvenile vs. adult sexual offenders.
THE USE OF FLASH PHOTOLYSIS FOR A HIGH-RESOLUTION TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL CHEMOTACTIC BEHAVIOUR : CHEZ IS NOT ALWAYS NECESSARY FOR CHEMOTAXIS

The purpose of this work was to develop a high-resolution analysis of behaviour as an assay of the physiological consequences of mutations in the che genes and also to examine the role of CheZ in chemotaxis. Recent advances in flash photolysis have made it possible to expose cells to an unstable chemical gradient created by a square-wave increase in attractant concentration. The response of individual cells can be tracked in the order of milliseconds using real-time motion analysis. The tumble frequency of wild-type Escherichia coli exposed to photoreleased aspartate falls very quickly to smooth-swimming levels, and the swimming speed of these cells rises. As a consequence of these behavioural changes, there is an increase in the number of bacteria present in the centre of the flashed area, that is the bacteria’s response to the transient gradient generated by flash photolysis was to swim into the centre of the flash area. This allowed the rapid quantitative measurement of chemotaxis. Deletion of various che genes resulted in predictable changes in chemotactic behaviour. cheZ null mutants are non-chemotactic when measured by classical techniques but demonstrate a definite chemotactic response to photoreleased attractant.
Error Correction in On-Wafer Harmonic Power Measurements

This paper presents a simple method for correcting errors in on-wafer harmonic power measurements due to non-50 ? port impedances and network losses. To correct for losses and mismatches and to calculate the equivalent 50 ? power levels at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, the formulation makes use of vector S-parameter characterization of the test system and the DUT. The 50 ? correction is valid under "quasi-linear" conditions where the device S-parameters can be approximated by their small signal value. This approximation is examined using harmonic balance simulation of a nonlinear FET model. Under large signal conditions where the "quasi-linear" assumption can no longer be made, correction for losses and mismatch is provided for in the formulation, however, only the net power delivered to the non-50 ? load can be calculated in this case. We illustrate the correction method with harmonic power measurements of a 0.25 ?m × 160 ?m pHEMT and a 0.25 ?m × 400 ?m MESFET. The corrected fundamental power is seen to be in direct agreement with the measured 50 ? transducer gain (i.e., S21) of the device. The correction also improves the fit between non-linear model simulation of the fundamental, second and third harmonic power levels and those of measured data.
Temporal Interpretation without Tense: Korean and Japanese Coordination Constructions

Matrix clauses are tensed in Korean and Japanese, but both languages have coordination constructions where any non-final conjunct may or, in the case of Japanese, must be untensed. Building on analyses of the temporal interpretation of tenseless languages such as Yucatec Maya (Mayan: Bohnemeyer 2002) and Kalaallisut (Eskimo-Aleut: Bittner 2005), this article argues that a truly tenseless analysis of the temporal interpretation of these non-final conjuncts is possible once the effects of Aktionsart and the discourse context on temporal interpretation are taken into consideration (cf. Partee 1984; Dowty 1986; Hinrichs 1986). The formal semantic analysis developed here is shown to be empirically and conceptually superior to previous analyses, which claim that the temporal interpretation of tenseless non-final conjuncts is determined either by the tense of the final conjunct (e.g. Yoon 1997; Hirata 2006) or by a tense-like restriction introduced by a zero tense morpheme or the coordination marker (e.g. Nakatani 2004; Chung 2005). The proposed analysis of Korean and Japanese coordination constructions thus provides further evidence that tenseless clauses can be semantically interpreted as such, not just in tenseless languages but even in languages where matrix clauses are otherwise tensed. The article concludes by discussing implications for analyses of cross-linguistic semantic variation.
Antegrade Cannulation of Radial Artery in Infants and Children

We describe the novel approach of antegrade radial artery cannulation in five pediatric patients after failure of standard retrograde cannulation by percutaneous and cutdown technique. This antegrade cannulation led to successful, reliable continuous blood pressure monitoring and arterial blood sampling without complications. We believe antegrade cannulation can be successfully used when radial arteries are obstructed and retrograde blood flow is observed during failed cutdown attempts at standard retrograde arterial cannulation.
Acquisition order and motional artifact reduction in spin warp images.

Multiple averaging can be a powerful tool against motional artifacts if significant motion occurs between the redundant acquisitions taken at a given gradient strength. However, if the time delay between these redundant measurements is too short, data or images depicting the patient is exactly the same position will be combined. Pooling such identical data has no effect on motional artifacts. This problem can be solved by increasing TR, increasing the number of redundant acquisitions, or changing the order in which acquisitions are taken. Usually all acquisitions at a particular value of the warp gradient are taken before proceeding to the next gradient value. This order minimizes motion between redundant acquisitions and so maximizes artifacts. The effect of other acquisition orders on both periodic and nonrepetitive motion is discussed. Human images for breathing and phantom results for Single-Occurrence motions are presented. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Solution of viscous fluid flows on a distributed memory concurrent computer

SUMMARY A concurrent algorithm for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates has been developed for execution on a distributed memory parallel computer. This algorithm offers the ultimate promise of near-supercomputer performance on relatively low-cost parallel computers. The new algorithm is based on an existing serial pressure-correction-based algorithm, and uses domain decomposition to partition the problem onto the processors. The algorithm is demonstrated on an Intel iPSC for a complicated two-dimensional laminar flow problem, for various grid sizes and numbers of processors. Initial results based on straightforward domain decomposition showed that the speed-up per iteration approached 100% parallel efficiency as the grid size was increased, but that the convergence rate of the algorithm deteriorated relative to the original serial algorithm as the number of processors was increased, limiting the speed-up achieved. This degradation in convergence rate was traced to a poorer solution of the pressure correction equation in the concurrent procedure. The addition of a global block correction procedure, implemented via efficient global communications routines, remedied this problem, making the convergence rate of the concurrent procedure equivalent to the serial algorithm. The maximum speed-up achieved with the revised concurrent algorithm was a factor of 12.3 with 16 processors, representing a parallel efficiency of 77%.
Cultural Preconceptions of Time: Can We Use Operational Time to Meddle in God's Time?

Almost on the eve of the Iranian revolution, the shah's regime adopted a policy of daylight-saving time to cope with a chronic power shortage in Tehran, a densely populated city of more than four million people. The clock was moved ahead by an hour in the spring and set back again in the fall. ' Few decisions of the old government evoked as much public criticism and outcry as this one.2 Thousands of complaints were registered against the plan. The Department of Energy was swamped by daily protest letters and phone calls. Iran's daily newspapers printed hundreds of letters and editorials decrying the idea as absurd and futile. Comedians capitalized on the arbitrary nature of the official time as they sought to mobilize public ridicule of the government. Many people rejected the plan outright and adhered to the old time. Others kept both times. When you asked someone for the time of the day, the immediate response was "which time do you mean, the old time or the new time?" For some people, the rejection of daylight-saving time became a symbol of opposition to the shah's regime-it was at least justified as such. It is ironic that after the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government
Document representation in natural language text retrieval

In information retrieval, the content of a document may be represented as a collection of terms: words, stems, phrases, or other units derived or inferred from the text of the document. These terms are usually weighted to indicate their importance within the document which can then be viewed as a vector in a N-dimensional space. In this paper we demonstrate that a proper term weighting is at least as important as their selection, and that different types of terms (e.g., words, phrases, names), and terms derived by different means (e.g., statistical, linguistic) must be treated differently for a maximum benefit in retrieval. We report some observations made during and after the second Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-2).
Reversible and irreversible neuronal injury induced by intrahippocampal infusion of the mGluR agonist 1S,3R-ACPD in the rat.

Abstract Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-induced neuronal injury in the brain was further investigated in the rat. The highly selective mGluR agonist 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) was infused stereotaxically into the left dorsal hippocampus of adult rats. Control (2 μl saline injected) rats had minimal tissue injury that was confined to the area around the injection site. In contrast, dose of 250 nmol/2μl 1S,3R-ACPD produced a moderate number of swollen and injured cells in polymorphic, pyramidal and molecular layers of the injected hippocampus which was observed at 4 and 8 h post-injection. However, at 24 h few injured or necrotic cells were found. A dose of 1000 nmol/2μl 1S,3R-ACPD produced severe cellular injury in polymorphic, pyramidal and molecular layers of the hippocampus at 4, 8, or 24 h. At 24 h after this higher dose of 1S,3R-ACPD, a number of necrotic cells (i.e. pyramidal neurons of area CA1) were found. Both doses of 1S,3R-ACPD produced seizures in animals that were charcaterized by multiple episodes of wet dog shakes, staring, immobility, facial automatisms, rearing, bilateral forelimb clonus, and loss of postural control. These data support a possible role for excesive mGluR activation in pathological states of convulsions and neurodegeneration.
Molecular imaging and depth profiling of biomaterials interfaces by femtosecond laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) imaging is increasingly being applied to probe the interfaces of biomaterials with invasive microbial biofilms, human tissue, or other biological materials. Laser desorption vacuum ultraviolet postionization with ∼75 fs, 800 nm laser pulses (fs-LDPI-MS) was used to collect MS images of a yeast-Escherichia coli co-culture biofilm. The method was also used to depth profile a three-dimensionally structured, multispecies biofilm. Finally, fs-LDPI-MS analyses of yeast biofilms grown under different conditions were compared with LDPI-MS using ultraviolet, nanosecond pulse length laser desorption as well as with fs laser desorption ionization without postionization. Preliminary implications for the use of fs-LDPI-MS for the analysis of biomaterials interfaces are discussed and contrasted with established methods in MS imaging.
Mozzarella and Cheddar Cheese Manufacture by Ultrafiltration Principles

Abstract Skim milk was concentrated selectively by various types of ultrafiltration to the maximum amounts of protein normally present in Mozzarella and Cheddar cheese and made into these cheeses. Process feasibility and product characteristics were observed. Mozzarella-type cheeses prepared with retentate from diafiltration displayed good to excellent flavor and body. They stretched satisfactorily after 24h at 5C and improved for up to 4 wk. Melt-down of cheese that was 1-day old was relatively unsatisfactory, but melt-down improved significantly after 4 wk at 5C. Cheeses of pH 5.1 gave better melt-down than those of pH 5.2. Retentate made by a single diafiltration and homogenization gave the most acceptable Cheddar cheese of various ultrafiltration treatments, but was crumbly and corky in body and lacked typical cheese flavor when compared to conventionally made-Cheddar. Initially, volatile fatty acids and soluble nitrogen were higher in cheese made by ultrafiltration, but during ripening, they lagged behind the controls. Mozzarella cheese displayed a greater potential for cheesemaking by ultrafiltration than Cheddar.
Volcanic aerosol perturbations and strong El Niño events: No general correlation

We test the hypothesis that El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are caused or enhanced by volcanic aerosol perturbations using two methods: 1) A case-by-case comparison of the 16 strongest El Nino events of the last 150 years with the characteristics of the largest concurrent volcanic events, and 2) Comparison of the timing of strong El Nino events and the independently determined record of stratospheric optical depth (τ) perturbations. Many eruptions that occurred near times of strong El Nino years produced small amounts of stratospheric aerosols, in many cases the relative timing of the two events argues against triggering. The correlation of 4 of 11 peaks in global stratospheric optical depth (τ ≥ 0.025) within 3 years of strong El Nino events over the last 150 years is what would be expected by chance. Moreover, five strong El Ninos occurred between 1915 and 1960, when the stratosphere was largely free of volcanic aerosols. Of the three strongest tropical volcanic aerosol perturbations that coincided with or were followed by strong El Ninos in the period studied (Krakatau in 1883, El Chichon in 1982, and Pinatubo in 1991), the two modern ones occurred after the earliest SST warming of the El Nino events. The coincidence of these two phenomena indicates no causative relationship.
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has proliferative actions on androgen-resistant prostate cancer cells linking obesity to advanced stages of prostate cancer.

Background. Because obesity may be a risk factor for prostate cancer, we investigated proliferative effects of adipocytes-derived hormone leptin on human prostate cancer cells and assessed the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in mediating these actions. Material and Methods. Three human prostate cancer cell lines were treated with increasing doses of recombinant leptin. Cell growth was measured under serum-free conditions using a spectrophotometric assay. Further, Western blotting was applied to detect the phosphorylation of an ERK1/2, and a specific inhibitor of MAPK (PD98059; 40 μM) was used. Results. In both androgen-resistant cell lines DU145 and PC-3, cell growth was dose-dependently increased by leptin after 24 hrs and 48 hrs of incubation, whereas leptin’s proliferative effects on androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP was less pronounced. Further, leptin caused dose-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both androgen-resistant cell lines, and pretreatment of these cells with PD98059 inhibited these responses. Conclusions. Leptin may be a potential link between obesity and risk of progression of prostate cancer. Thus, studies on leptin and obesity association to prostate cancer should differentiate patients according to androgen sensitivity.
Erythrocyte very long-chain saturated fatty acids associated with lower risk of incident sudden cardiac arrest

Prior studies suggest that circulating n-3 and trans-fatty acids influence the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Yet, while other fatty acids also differ in their membrane properties and biological activities which may influence SCA, little is known about the associations of other circulating fatty acids with SCA. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of 17 erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with SCA risk. We used data from a population-based case-control study of SCA in the greater Seattle, Washington, area. Cases, aged 25-74 years, were out-of-hospital SCA patients, attended by paramedics (n=265). Controls, matched to cases by age, sex and calendar year, were randomly identified from the community (n=415). All participants were free of prior clinically-diagnosed heart disease. Blood was obtained at the time of cardiac arrest by attending paramedics (cases) or at the time of an interview (controls). Higher levels of erythrocyte very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFA) were associated with lower risk of SCA. After adjustment for risk factors and levels of n-3 and trans-fatty acids, higher levels of 20:0 corresponding to 1 SD were associated with 30% lower SCA risk (13-43%, p=0.001). Higher levels of 22:0 and 24:0 were associated with similar lower SCA risk (ORs for 1 SD-difference: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.57-0.88, p=0.002] for 22:0; and 0.79 [95% CI: 0.63-0.98, p=0.04] for 24:0). These novel findings support the need for investigation of biologic effects of circulating VLSFA and their determinants.
The Pacific Plume as seen by S, ScS, and SKS

The forward modeling of S-SKS and ScS-S differential travel time residuals sensitive to structure beneath a localized region of the central Pacific suggests the presence of two anomalous domains: first a broad zone which becomes thinner as it extends into the mid-mantle, where the S-velocity is reduced by −2 to −4%, and which is deflected to the South-East as it “rises” towards the surface; adjacent to it, a smaller domain, where the S-velocity is about 4% higher. These strong velocity anomalies are likely the results of chemical heterogeneity that may involve subducted material, and partial melting. Strong heterogeneity appears to extend, at least locally, well above D', but the morphology of the anomalous domains is more reminiscent of localized rising or sinking currents rather than of a relatively uniform and thick geochemical reservoir.
Effect of Sweeteners on the Microstructure of Yogurt

The objective was to determine the effect of a peptide sweetener, Aspartame, compared to a carbohydrate sweetener, sucrose, on the microstructure of yogurt. Microstructure was determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Without the sweeteners, casein micelles, that make up the yogurt matrix, were observed in single longitudinal polymers. When Aspartame was used, casein micelles formed double longitudinal polymers. In comparison sugar caused casein micelles to form clusters. Data show that type of sweetener impacts state of association of casein micelles and thus effects microstructure.
Overall and Adiabatic Effectiveness Values on a Scaled Up, Simulated Gas Turbine Vane: Part I—Experimental Measurements

Recent advances in computational power have made conjugate heat transfer simulations of fully conducting, film cooled turbine components feasible. However, experimental data available with which to validate conjugate heat transfer simulations is limited. This paper presents experimental measurements of external surface temperature on the suction side of a scaled up, fully conducting, cooled gas turbine vane. The experimental model utilizes the matched Bi method, which produces non-dimensional surface temperature measurements that are representative of engine conditions. Adiabatic effectiveness values were measured on an identical near adiabatic vane with an identical geometry and cooling configuration. In addition to providing a valuable data set for computational code validation, the data shows the effect of film cooling on the surface temperature of a film cooled part. As expected, in nearly all instances the addition of film cooling was seen to decrease the overall surface temperature. However, due to the effect of film injection causing early boundary layer transition, film cooling at a high momentum flux ratio was shown to actually increase surface temperature over 0.35 < s/C < 0.45.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The neurobiology of alcohol abuse and alcoholism: building knowledge, creating hope.

I am delighted to participate in this special issue of Drug and Alcohol Dependence on the neurobiology of alcohol and drug abuse and addiction. The central question in alcohol research is why do some people exhibit a pathological appetite for alcohol? Much of the answer to this question lies in understanding the basic neuroscience of alcohol’s actions on the brain. Over the last quarter century, a number of advances have been made in beginning to understand the mechanisms underlying these actions. Supported largely by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse Ž . and Alcoholism NIAAA , National Institutes of Health, alcohol investigators have begun to explore the mechanisms underlying alcohol intoxication, tolerance, dependence, reinforcement, and craving } the hallmarks of the disease of alcoholism. The great hope of this research is the development of new therapeutic agents to help reduce craving and improve the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment outcome. As we approach the beginning of a new century and a new millennium, I believe that we are on the threshold of an exciting age of discovery where the foundation that neuroscience research has built up over the past 25 years will help us to achieve this goal.
Elevated temperature plastic flow of high purity uranium in the alpha, beta and gamma phases

Abstract The high temperature mechanical properties of high purity α-, β- and γ-uranium were investigated by compression testing, from which steady state creep parameters were obtained. Stress exponents of 6 and 4.2 were obtained for α- and β-uranium respectively, while a varying stress exponent was found for γ-uranium which increased from 5 to about 7 with decreasing stress. For α- and γ-uranium, the activation energies for creep, after suitable correction for the temperature dependence of the elastic modulus (a very large correction of 20 kcal for α-uranium), were found to correspond closely to measured values of the volume self-diffusion activation energy. It is concluded, therefore, that creep of α- and γ-uranium is diffusion controlled. The creep of β-uranium could not be concluded to be diffussion controlled, since the creep activation energy was found to be significantly greater than the self-diffusion activation energy. When the creep data are plotted as diffusion compensated creep rate versus modulus compensated stress, the creep of α- and γ-uranium are seen to superimpose. This is significant since a six-fold ratio of elastic modulus exists between the two phases, and selfdiffusion in γ is anomalously rapid with a low activation energy. When compared at the same value of e D , β-uranium is seen to be about 3 times stronger on a σ E basis than α- and γ-uranium.
The influence of strain rate dependent work hardening on the necking strain in α-titanium at elevated temperatures

Titanium has a “blue brittle” effect like that observed in steels. At the temperature of minimum ductility, the neck in the tensile specimen is very sharply defined. Above the blue brittle temperature, the tensile elongation of this metal undergoes a very significant increase that is due to the development of a diffuse neck. Diffuse necks are also observed in superplasticity. However, the conditions that cause the diffuse neck above the blue brittle temperature in titanium are different from those encountered in superplasticity. In superplasticity, the necking phenomenon is associated with a direct dependence of the flow stress on the strain rate, whereas in the present case it is primarily due to rate dependent work hardening associated with dynamic strain aging.
How to fit a response time distribution.

Among the most valuable tools in behavioral science is statistically fitting mathematical models of cognition to data—response time distributions, in particular. However, techniques for fitting distributions vary widely, and little is known about the efficacy of different techniques. In this article, we assess several fitting techniques by simulating six widely cited models of response time and using the fitting procedures to recover model parameters. The techniques include the maximization of likelihood and least squares fits of the theoretical distributions to different empirical estimates of the simulated distributions. A running example is used to illustrate the different estimation and fitting procedures. The simulation studies reveal that empirical density estimates are biased even for very large sample sizes. Some fitting techniques yield more accurate and less variable parameter estimates than do others. Methods that involve least squares fits to density estimates generally yield very poor parameter estimates.
A scanning electron microscopic study of differentiation of the digital pad in regenerating digits of the kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei.

Newly metamorphosed Kenyan reed frogs, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei, are able to regenerate amputated digits. The terminal digital pad is also completely reformed. Differentiation of the regenerating digital pad was studied by scanning electron microscopy. External differentiation of the digital pad began late in the second postamputational week with the appearance of small patches of specialized epidermal cells on the ventral surface of the regenerating digit. The differentiation of the pad spread out radially until late in the fourth week, when its overall shape approximated that of the normal digital pad. The appearance of patches of digital pad epidermis on the ends of spike regenerates arising from the forearm was also confirmed.
ISOLATION OF A PROTEIN SPECIFIED BY A REGULATOR GENE.

The product specified by one of three regulator genes for alkaline phosphatase, the R2a gene, has been identified and purified. It is a protein which is essential for the repression of alkaline phosphatase synthesis, but is not an alkaline phosphatase repressor per se . Formation of the R2a protein is repressed under the same genetic and environmental conditions that are required for the repression of alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that the same repressor regulates both proteins.
Wavelet‐accelerated Monte Carlo sampling of polymer chains

We introduce a new method for coarse-graining polymer chains, based on the wavelet transform, a multiresolution data analysis technique. This method, which assigns a cluster of particles to a coarse-grained bead located at the center of mass of the cluster, reduces the complexity of the problem significantly by dividing the simulation into several stages, each with a small fraction of the number of beads in the overall chain. At each stage, we compute the distributions of coarse-grained internal coordinates as well as potential functions required for subsequent simulation stages. We show that, with this wavelet-accelerated Monte Carlo method, coarse-grained Gaussian and self-avoiding random walks can reproduce results obtained from atomistic simulations to a high degree of accuracy in orders of magnitude less time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 897–910, 2005
The bootstrap: Some large sample theory and connections with robustness

Abstract The bootstrap, discussed by Efron (1979, 1981), is a powerful tool for the nonparametric estimation of sampling distributions and asymptotic standard errors. We demonstrate consistency of the bootstrap distribution estimates for a general class of robust differentiable statistical functionals. Our conditions for consistency of the bootstrap are variants of previously considered criteria for robustness of the associated statistics. A general example shows that, for almost any location statistic, consistency of the bootstrap variance estimator requires a tail condition on the distribution from which samples are taken. A modification of Efron's estimator of standard error is shown to circumvent this problem.
Application of Silicon-Germanium Source Tunnel-FET to Enable Ultralow Power Cellular Neural Network-Based Associative Memory

This paper studies the application of tunnel FET (TFET) in designing a low power and robust cellular neural network (CNN)-based associative memory (AM). The lower leakage, steeper switching slope, and higher output resistance of TFET are exploited in designing an ultralow-power TFET-based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). A TFET-OTA is utilized as a programmable synaptic weight multiplier for CNN. The ultralow-power of TFET-OTA enables a higher connectivity network even at a lower power, and thereby improves the memory capacity and input pattern noise tolerance of CNN-AM for low power applications. The TFET-based higher connectivity CNN also exploits the unique characteristics of TFET to improve the throughput efficiency of CNN-AM.
Spatial Ecology of Winting Accipiter Hawks: Home Range, Habitat Use, and the Influence of Bird Feeders

Abstract Despite their likely ecological importance, the basic biology of Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii) and Sharp-shinned (A. striatus) Hawks remains poorly understood. This is particularly true during the winter, when even basic information on the spatial ecology of these species is largely unknown. Thus, we characterized the home range size and habitat chosen by these species as part of a larger study on wintering Accipiter hawks. We also compared our findings of bird feeder use by Cooper's Hawks to our previously published study on Sharp-shinned Hawks. During the winters of 1999–2004, we intensively radio-tracked 21 Sharp-shinned Hawks and six Cooper's Hawks in rural areas, and eight Cooper's Hawks in urban areas. We found that Sharp-shinned Hawks and Cooper's Hawks in rural areas used significantly larger areas than did Cooper's Hawks in urban areas, and that adult hawks generally used smaller areas than immature individuals. Habitat use by Cooper's Hawks and Sharp-shinned Hawks in rural areas was nea...
Time evolution in multi-state quantal systems: Use of irreducible moments

Abstract Irreducible moments - power moments of the Hamiltonian in which diagrammatic paths not contributing new information are deleted before the numerical evaluation - are used to construct a tridiagonal (chain) representation of the Hamiltonian. From the chain parameters, residues and eigenvalues are computed so that the time evolution of multi-state (up to about 12000 states have been used) systems can be predicted.
Abstract 178: Vitamin D reduces lung cancer progression the N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea model of mouse lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Vitamin D, an essential mediator of calcium homeostasis, acts through the vitamin D receptor to promote cellular differentiation and inhibit proliferation. Epidemiologic studies indicate that low serum levels of 25(OH)D3 are associated with increased risk and poor prognosis of lung cancer. Pre-clinical studies in mice show that dietary vitamin D and calcium deficiency promote carcinogenesis in mouse models of cancer. These data suggest that vitamin D may have a role as a chemopreventive agent. To investigate the role of vitamin D in lung cancer, a carcinogen-induced model of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was employed. N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) was applied topically each week to the back of SWR/J mice. Following ∼15 weeks of NTCU treatment, mice on a standard diet begin to develop flat atypia, which progresses through dysplasia to invasive lung SCC by 35 to 40 weeks. We investigated the effects of vitamin D on cancer progression using different levels of dietary vitamin D3 and injections of the most active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) in the NTCU model (80 mM/week). After 24 weeks of NTCU, mice on a deficient diet had more advanced disease than those on a sufficient diet. However, that study demonstrated that the 80 mM/week of NTCU was too toxic and resulted in premature death. A second vitamin D intervention study has now been completed using a less toxic dose of 40 mM/week of NTCU. In this study mice were randomized to 6 treatment groups ([Table 1][1]). Disease burden, as measured by histology ([Table 1][1]), was similar to that seen with higher dose NCTU. This study supports our earlier findings that vitamin D deficient mice develop disease at a more rapid rate when compared to mice that are sufficient. This also suggests that calcitriol administration may reduce the progression of lung SCC in mice that are vitamin D deficient. Further studies are on going to elucidate the mechanism by which vitamin D acts to slow the progression of lung SCC in this model. View this table: Table 1. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels & incidence of high-grade dysplasia and lung SCC. Citation Format: Sarah A. Mazzilli, Mary Reid, Paul Bogner, Donald Trump, Candace Johnson. Vitamin D reduces lung cancer progression the N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea model of mouse lung squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 178. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-178 [1]: #T1
Abstract A61: Prevalence of memory problems that limit daily functioning in a national representative sample of adult cancer patients in the United States population

Background: Cancer and its treatments can impair many aspects of cognitive functioning, especially memory. Few epidemiological studies, however, have examined the prevalence of memory impairment in cancer patients and survivors. We determined the prevalence of memory problems in cancer and non-cancer populations. Methods: We analyzed data from a stratified, multistage probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized United States population drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants answered yes or no to the question, “Are you limited in any way because of difficulty remembering or because you experience periods of confusion?” We adjusted our logit model for age, sex, race-ethnicity, education, poverty, and general health. Results: The sample included 9,819 individuals (4,862 men; 4,957 women) age 40 years and older from diverse educational and racial-ethnic backgrounds (blacks [1,938], whites [5,552], Hispanics [1,998] and other race/multi-racial [331]). Of the total sample, 1,305 had cancer and 8,514 had not. Memory problems were reported more often by participants who had cancer (14%) than by those who did not (8%). Having had cancer was independently associated with memory impairment (odds ratio = 1.5[95% CI = 1.1 to 1.9]). Other predictors of memory impairment included older age, sex, race-ethnicity, lower education, higher poverty, and poor general health (P Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A61.
A double-edged sword: Implications of crowdsourcing for the future of web security

Summary form only given. Documentary films are often described as “factual”, “truthful” or “real.” In actuality, all documentaries are a construction. How does the nonfiction filmmaker express a point of view? How does a documentary frame the film's topic? Using her own work as a point of departure, this talk will explore the many ways in which a documentary film overtly or tacitly conveys a subjective world-view.
Alzheimer's disease target selection: a data integration approach

The integration of information across carefully selected species and experimental platforms is emerging as a powerful technique for selecting potential therapeutic targets for human diseases: this method enables a holistic view of the experimental landscape and hence of the disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD), which affects an estimated 5.3 million patients, is characterized by Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibril tangles made up of Tau aggregated protein in different regions of the brain. Current therapies produce only a minimal impact on the progression of the disease. Here we present a method that integrates gene expression profiling data from an AD mouse model (Tg4510) with in vitro cell assays plus gene expression data from different brain regions from several normal human brains as well as those displaying different degrees of AD pathology to provide a mechanism for target selection. Pathway analysis is used to put the targets into biological context, including established signaling cascades, and explore other potential novel targets. A target scoring and tracking mechanism is used to assist in new target selection and monitor the progress of the targets through several experimental validation assays.
Altered Expression of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Histone H1 in Pulmonary Artery and Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells in Patients with IPAH

The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is poorly understood. This paper utilized histology-based Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS) to identify as-yet unknown proteins that may be associated with the structural changes in the pulmonary arterial walls of patients with IPAH. The technology identified significant increases in two fragments of histone H1 in the IPAH cases compared to controls. This finding was further examined using immunofluorescence techniques applied to sections from IPAH and control pulmonary arteries. In addition, cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were utilized for Western analysis of histone H1 and importin β and importin 7, immunoprecipitation and assessment of nucleosomal repeat length (NRL). Immunofluorescence techniques revealed that nuclear expression of histone H1 was decreased and the chromatin was less compact in the IPAH cases than in the controls; furthermore, some cases showed a marked increase in cytoplasmic histone H1 expression. Using nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of cultured PASMCs, we confirmed the reduction in histone H1 in the nucleus and an increase in the cytoplasm in IPAH cells compared to controls. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated a decreased association of histone H1 with importin β while importin 7 was unchanged in the IPAH cells compared to controls. The assessment of NRL revealed that the distance between nucleosomes was increased by ~20 bp in IPAH compared to controls. We conclude that at least two factors contribute to the reduction in nuclear histone H1-fragmentation of the protein and decreased import of histone H1 into the nucleus by importins. We further suggest that the decreased nuclear H1 contributes the less compact nucleosomal pattern in IPAH and this, in turn, contributes to the increase in NRL.
A Study of DNA, Partially Denatured DNA and Protein‐DNA Complexes in the Polyethyleneglycol‐Dextran Phase System

Partition properties of DNA and protein-DNA complexes in the polyethyleneglycol-dextran phase system are described which suggest several preparative and possibly analytical applications. The partition coefficients (K) of linear and circular double-stranded DNAs are significantly reduced if relatively small region(s) of local denaturation are introduced into the DNA. The K value of polyoma DNA I, the twisted circular form, is approximately 10 fold less than the values of II and III, the open circular and linear DNA forms. DNA complexed with several different basic proteins or polyamines did not partition differently from free DNA; however, the complex with chymotrypsin or RNA polymerase had greatly reduced K values. The saturated RNA polymerase-DNA complex was indistinguishable from heat denatured DNA in its partition properties.