cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topical lidocaine for postoperative analgesia following myringotomy and tube placement

One of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in pediatrics is myringotomy and tube placement. Analgesia is often difficult to achieve and children may be uncontrollable, distressing both parents and nursing staff. We designed this investigation to determine if topical lidocaine instilled in the ear canal after myringotomy and tube placement could improve postoperative analgesia. This prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial compared topical 4% lidocaine combined with antibiotic drops to placebo and antibiotic drops placed in the external auditory canal following completion of myringotomy and tube placement. One hundred twenty-two ASA class I or II patients were enrolled and completed this investigation. Primary outcome measure was relief of pain based on pain scores and the need for acetaminophen. Patients who received 4% lidocaine with gentamicin had better pain scores (2.81; P = 0.002) than those receiving placebo (4.77). Twenty-seven patients (45%) in the control group received acetaminophen for treatment of postoperative pain compared to eight (13%) in the lidocaine group (P < 0.001). No reports or complaints of vertigo or tinnitus were noted in any patient. The application of 4% lidocaine in antibiotic drops significantly improves postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing myringotomy and tube insertion under general anesthesia. Utilizing this technique should help improve analgesia, specifically in the early postoperative period, and decrease the presence of stress following surgery.
Abstract 2875: Regulation of gene expression by sphingosine in a mouse cell model of ovarian cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Approximately 90% of ovarian cancers are derived from the surface epithelium of the ovary. To study and further understand the early events that lead to epithelial ovarian cancer, we previously developed the syngeneic mouse ovarian surface epithelial (MOSE) model; MOSE cells have undergone spontaneous transformation in cell culture and were categorized into distinct stages by their phenotype, with early passages (MOSE-E) representing a pre-neoplastic, non-tumorigenic phenotype to late passages (MOSE-L) that demonstrate a highly aggressive malignant phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. Sphingosine, a bioactive metabolite of complex sphingolipids, has been shown to have chemopreventive properties in cancer, including colon and ovarian. In these studies we have investigated the hypothesis that sphingosine can prevent or reverse the aberrant gene expression in MOSE-L cells. Using a complete mouse genome microarray, we have identified 1412 genes that were significantly changed in the late malignant MOSE-L versus non-tumorigenic MOSE-E cells. Upon treatment of MOSE-L cells with non-toxic concentrations of sphingosine, microarray analysis revealed the down-regulation of 172 of 701 upregulated genes and up-regulation of 176 of 711 down-regulated genes in MOSE-L cells. Gene ontology analyses showed that these genes were overrepresented in specific categories with up-regulated genes involved in lipid and steroid metabolism, ER, and innate immune response while down regulated genes are involved in cell cycle, cytoskeleton and its regulation, and chromosome stability. A comparison of upregulated genes in MOSE-L cells treated with 5’-azaDC and sphingosine identified genes that are potentially epigenetically silenced by promoter methylation as cells transition from pre-neoplastic to malignant. Also, in addition to changes in gene expression, sphingosine reversed aberrant cytoskeleton organization. Taken together, this indicates that sphingosine acts as a chemopreventive agent by regulating multiple pathways including gene expression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2875.
The Cognitive and Emotional Components of Behavior Norms in Outdoor Recreation

Behavioral norms consist of two components: a cognitive component of obligation that is the memory repository of social standards, and an emotional component of sanctions that are the feelings and physiological states that result when actual behavior is consistent or not consistent with the obligation. This article analyzes the cognitive and emotional components of norms identified in three studies of behaviors (littering, controlling dogs while cross country skiing, and bikers and skaters warning when passing) in outdoor recreation settings. All three studies provide data on obligations to behave a particular way and internal and informal sanctions for correct or incorrect behavior. Obligations for all the behaviors were highly crystallized and were not statistically different. Internal sanctions were shame and guilt, and informal sanction was embarrassment. The intensity of the norms was determined by summing individuals' responses for shame, guilt, and embarrassment. The power and prevalence of the nor...
National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower. XVIII: Subspecialty fellowships with a special look at hematology and oncology, 1988-1989.

Objective: To determine the number and distribution of internists in subspecialty training and compare with data collected since 1976; to determine the distribution of activity of subspecialty fell...
Concentration Dependence of VO2+ Crossover of Nafion for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

The VO2+ crossover, or permeability, through Nafion in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was monitored as a function of sulfuric acid concentration and VO2+ concentration. A vanadium rich solution was flowed on one side of the membrane through a flow field while symmetrically on the other side a blank or vanadium deficit solution was flowed. The blank solution was flowed through an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) cavity and the VO2+ concentration was determined from the intensity of the EPR signal. Concentration values were fit using a solution of Fick s law that allows for the effect of concentration change on the vanadium rich side. The fits resulted in permeability values of VO2+ ions across the membrane. Viscosity measurements of many VO2+ and H2SO4 solutions were made at 30 60 C. These viscosity values were then used to determine the effect of the viscosity of the flowing solution on the permeability of the ion. 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.004306jes] All rights reserved.
Effect of a Tertiary Oil Phase on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites

Previous study showed that adding linseed or pine oil to natural fiber-reinforced polyester composites significantly increased material biodegradability. However, it was not shown how the oils affected the composites' mechanical properties. This is the focus of this work. Hemp, bamboo and cotton are used as alternatives to the traditional fiberglass. Results show that the oil has more significant impact on the natural fiber-reinforced composites than ones reinforced with fiberglass. The oil mostly reduced surface microhardness and tensile properties, while increasing material ductility. Also, polymer matrix cracking behavior appears to depend on fiber type and oil presence inside the matrix.
On the climatological mean circulation over the eastern Bering Sea shelf

Abstract We derive climatological mean summer circulation over the eastern Bering Sea shelf. Geostrophic flow (from CTD data, 1975–1989) and drifter velocities (from satellite-tracked buoys, 1986–1994) were used. The following features are shown: (1) in depths >100 m, a northwestward flow of ∼4 cm s −1 , which is largely baroclinic; (2) near the 50 m isobath, a flow of ∼2 cm s −1 , which is only partially baroclinic; and (3) a semi-permanent, convoluted flow of 1–2 cm s −1 , between the 100 and 50 m isobaths, that was not recognized in earlier analyses. Data from current moorings indicate that there is no significant tidal enhancement of net flow on the shelf as earlier suggested. This new climatology also shows clearly a divergence of the inflow through Unimak Pass, and it suggests that the shelf salinity distribution is influenced by advection as well as diffusion.
Sequential estimation in regression models using analogues of trimmed means

A sequential procedure is proposed for constructing a fixed-size confidence region for the parameters of a linear regression model. The procedure is based on certain regression analogues of trimmed means, as formulated by Welsh (1987,Ann. Statist.,15, 20–36), rather than least squares estimates. For error distributions with continuous, symmetric density and some moment higher than fourth finite, if the design points of the model are bounded, then the procedure is both asymptotically consistent and asymptotically efficient as the size of the region approaches zero.
Characteristics of the adrenal ascorbic acid response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in the rat.

The rate of ascorbic acid release from the adrenals of intact rats in response to endogenous ACTH secretion has been systematically determined following unilateral adrenalectomy, sham-adrenalectomy, cannulation of femoral artery and vein, sciatic nerve stimulation, and the subcutaneous administration of Lepinephrine. The adrenal activation in response to ACTH administered to hypophysectomized rats has also been investigated. Examination of the kinetics of the adrenal ascorbic acid response to either endogenous or exogenous ACTH reveals that regardless of the type of experimental procedure applied as a stress the adrenal ascorbic acid changes occur at a uniform rate. Calculation of the relative rates of adrenal ascorbic acid depletion and repletion indicates that the rate of ascorbic acid loss from the rat adrenal is about 120 times more rapid than the rate of recovery. A linear relationship between the log dose and response can be reliably demonstrated for doses of ACTH up to 5 µg. when the usual one hour...
Nicotine moderates the effects of macronutrient balance on nutrient intake by parasitized Manduca sexta L.

Effects of dietary nicotine and macronutrient ratio on M. sexta larvae were examined. Larvae were fed a carbohydrate-biased, protein-biased or diet having equal amounts of casein and sucrose, with and without nicotine. Without nicotine, larvae displayed compensatory feeding on the low protein diet, but despite consuming more, grew least on this diet. Nicotine at 0.5% had no effect on nutrient consumption. Nicotine at 1.0 and 2.0% reduced overall consumption and thereby also reduced nicotine consumption. Larvae parasitized by C congregata displayed reduced nutrient intake and growth on all diets. Parasitized larvae responded to 1% nicotine similarly to unparasitized larvae. At 0.5% nicotine, they displayed reduced consumption on all diets, possibly due to altered chemoreceptor sensitivity to nicotine. When offered a choice of two diets having different macronutrient ratios, one with and the other without 0.1% nicotine, all larvae preferred the diet lacking nicotine and failed to regulate nutrient intake such that the nutrient intake target, a ratio of nutrients supporting optimal growth, was achieved. Parasitized larvae consumed less nicotine on a fresh weight basis than unparasitized insects, suggesting that the feeding response of parasitized larvae to nicotine minimizes the exposure of nicotine to developing parasites.
Platelet-derived growth factor, intimal hyperplasia, and ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis.

Objective To explore whether vasoocclusion in giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA) is related to intimal hyperplasia and in situ production of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Methods Temporal artery biopsy specimens from patients with GCA were analyzed for the presence of intimal hyperplasia. Expression of PDGF-A and PDGF-B was assessed by immunohistochemistry and digitized image analysis. Results PDGF-A and PDGF-B were widely expressed in inflamed arteries. CD68+ macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and multinucleated giant cells produced PDGF, whereas hyperplastic intimal tissue did not. Arteries with marked luminal narrowing and those with no or minimal luminal narrowing differed in the extent and distribution of PDGF expression. Concentric intimal hyperplasia was associated with the accumulation of PDGF-A– and PDGF-B–producing CD68+ macrophages at the media-intima junction. PDGF+,CD68+ macrophages in close proximity to the internal elastic lamina frequently coproduced matrix metalloproteinase 2. Intimal hyperplasia of the temporal artery correlated with ischemic complications of GCA, such as ocular involvement, jaw claudication, and aortic arch syndrome. Conclusion Production of PDGF has a role in arterial occlusion in GCA. The excessive fibroproliferative response leading to luminal narrowing can be distinguished from the stenosing process in atherosclerosis and postangioplasty restenosis, suggesting that there are different response patterns to arterial injury. In GCA, macrophages at the media-intima border are the dominant source of PDGF. Since vasoocclusion is associated with a number of serious complications in GCA, inhibition of intimal proliferation should be a major goal of treatment.
Design optimization for the main amplification stage of Technical Integration Line (TIL)

ABSTRACT A four pass amplifier system with a small aperture beam reverser has been designed as the mainamplifier stage of Technical Integration Line(TIL). TIL is the full scale two-beam prototype forShenguang-Ill laser facility(SG4II) which will produce 1 kJ of UV radiation on the target fromeach beam in 13 nanoseconds shaped pulses. The variables(disk numbers and configurations,temporal and spatial shape of input pulse, etc.) were optimized for a fixed output beam aperture of25 X 25cm2 and the given parameters of the optical components under the constraints of amplifiergain, fluency damage/filamentation and so on. As a result, the baseline design for TIL was set to a9-5 configuration.Key words : ICF drivers, Nd:glass lasers, SG-III laser facility 1. INTRODUCTION Technical Integration Line(TIL) laser system, the prototype for Shenguang-Ill laser facility- thenext generation driver for Inertial Confinement Fusion(ICF) in China, has been designed to adopta four-pass amplification system with a beam reverser.' According to the requirements of the
Role Conflict and the Dilemma of Palestinian Teachers in Israel

This paper explores the dynamics of conflicting role expectations among Palestinian teachers in Israel while focusing on the ways by which these expectations are generated and shaped by the broader sociopolitical context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and its impact on the educational system. Following a brief review of the historical background and the changing role patterns among Palestinian teachers in general, the paper focuses on Palestinian education in Israel and the role of Palestinian teachers within it. The central argument is that the Israeli authorities have been systematically using formal education and the teachers' role in order to repress national identity and awareness among Palestinian students. Data from interviews with Palestinian student activists about the contribution of the formal education to their national identity is used to illustrate the dilemmas and challenges experienced by their teachers.
Eavesdropping on echolocation: Recording the bat's auditory experience

Insectivorous bats are able to locate and capture insects in complete darkness while flying at high speeds. They may consume hundreds of insects each night while avoiding obstacles in a complex environment. To investigate the processes associated with bat echolocation, we have developed instrumentation that allows us to record and visualize what a bat hears while flying through its natural environment. Recordings were made using a miniaturized radio telemetry system mounted directly on the back of the bat. This paper describes the design and testing of the components of this system, presents echolocation data collected from bats and discusses issues associated with the visualization and analysis of echoes recorded in a natural setting from the bat's point-of-view. It presents a new tool for visualizing a bat's experience by generating call sequence sonograms (CSSs) based on various signal parameters. CSSs based on time series amplitude, band-limited spectral magnitude and Q-factor are presented. This work demonstrates that CSSs based on Q-factor (computed by dividing a peak frequency estimate by a bandwidth estimate) provides a relatively clear representation of the objects producing echoes encountered by a bat during a continuous flight.
The World Food Problem: Four Recent Empirical Studies*

T HE PURPOSE of this note is to compare the methodology and projections of four recent studies of world food trends. The focus is upon food demand and supply in the developing countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) report, Agricultural Commodities-Projections for 1975 and 1985 [15], was an exhaustive base study. It stressed the importance of concessional food shipments and the potential for increased trade of agricultural commodities among developing countries. Since many developing countries are presently striving for some degree of self-sufficiency in food production [17, p. 22], the potential for food aid and increased food trade appears to be much less promising than depicted by FAO. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report, The Food Problem of Developing Countries [11], focused on developmental assistance. It asserted that agricultural commercialization is a capital intensive process; consequently, the capital shortages and generally unfavorable man-land ratios in the developing countries give them little potential for agricultural modernization. It argued that the comparative advantage of most underdeveloped countries in international trade is in labor-intensive manufacturing. Its focus on the necessity for a capital intensive agricultural sector ignores the labor intensive agricultural development process in both Japan and Taiwan [6, 7]. The stress on man-land ratios similarly ignores the potential of inputs such as the combination of fertilizer and fertilizer-responsive seed varieties to substitute for land. Also, the assumption that developing countries will have increasing access to the markets of developed countries to sell their manufactured goods appears implausible. The President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) report, The World Food Problem: A Report of the Panel on the World Food Supply
Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship-1983 ; clinical reasoning : the ethics, science, and art

As I join the roster of Eleanor Clarke Slagle lecturers, I am keenly aware of the privilege and responsibility of being so honored by my professional colleagues. Since my selection for the award was based on a recognition of a synthesis of skills in occupational therapy practice, education, and research, it seemed fitting for me to pursue a topic that would in some way enable me to reflect this synthesis. Thus, in developing the theme of clinical reasoning, I have taken a practice issue, studied it from an educational perspective, and formulated a conceptual framework for guiding the development of a clinical science of occupational therapy.
Cigarette smoking and the risk of mucinous and nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer.

Background. The association between cigarette smoking and ovarian cancer may vary according to the histologic type of tumor.Methods. We examined cigarette smoking as a risk factor for both mucinous and nonmucinous tumors in a population-based case-control study comparing 767 incident cases of epithe
Nitrous oxide diffusion into tracheal tube cuffs – efficacy of a new prototype cuff pressure release valve

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new cuff pressure release valve (CPRV), in which the release pressure can be adjusted from 10 to 25 cmH 2 O, particularly intended to control pressure in paediatric cuffed tracheal tubes and to avoid cuff hyperinflation caused by N 2 O diffusion. Methods: In vitro: the PRV was set to 10, 15, 20 or 25 cmH 2 O release pressure and connected to a cuffed tube placed into a box flushed with 66% N 2 O in O 2 . The cuff pressure was monitored with and without CPRV for 60 min. Experiments were performed four times using two different CPRVs. In vivo: with Institutional Review Board approval, CPRV was studied in 50 children undergoing general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation and standardized anaesthesia technique (including 66% N 2 O in O 2 ) and ventilator settings. Patients were randomized into two groups (with and without CPRV). The cuff pressure baseline was 20 cmH 2 O and CPRV was set to 25 cmH 2 O. If the cuff pressure exceeded 25 cmH 2 O, it was manually released to 20 cmH 2 O. The numbers of deflations in both groups were noted and compared by Mann-Whitney U-test (P < 0.05). Results: In vitro: the cuff pressure exceeded 50 cmH 2 O after 60 min without CPRV, but did not exceed the settings with CPRV. In vivo: there was no need to manually deflate the cuff in the CPRV group but, in every patient in the control group, three (two to seven) deflating manoeuvres were required within the first hour of anaesthesia (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The CPRV allows reliable cuff pressure release at various pressure levels and reliably prevents cuff pressure increases caused by N 2 O.
Contextual determinants of temporal control : Behavioral contrast in a free-operant psychophysical procedure

The question of how temporal control of responding might be influenced by contingency changes in other contexts was investigated. Each of three pigeons first was exposed to a two-component multiple schedule in which a two-key free-operant psychophysical procedure operated in one component and a variable-interval schedule operated in the other component. The variable-interval schedule then was changed to extinction while the free-operant psychophysical procedure remained unchanged. Finally, the variable-interval schedule was reintroduced. Response rates on the left key and the estimated temporal threshold under the free-operant psychophysical procedure increased for each pigeon when the alternate component schedule was changed to extinction and then decreased again when the variable-interval schedule was reintroduced. The results suggest one way that temporal control is affected by its context, and may be interpreted through the direct effects of overall reinforcement rate on temporal control mechanisms or the disruptive effects of alternative sources of reinforcement on temporally controlled behavior.
Thermal control coatings performance at near geosynchronous altitude

Flight measurements on 16 spacecraft thermal control coating materials over 10 yr at geosynchronous altitude are reported. Fused-silica second-surface mirrors and polished metals are essentially stable in space; observed increases in solar absorptance <0.002/yr are ascribed to contamination. Metalized Teflon® FEP and aluminized Kapton® darken over a long period of time. Two types of conductive mirror coatings darken measurably. The backing material on Astroquartz fabrics influenced their darkening. The time dependence of the darkening of these samples is well described by physical models of the degradation processes. 3M 401C10 black paint and Grafoil samples lighten over a long time period. NASA/GSFC NS43G conductive yellow paint darkens over a long time period.
Faith Maturity and Social Concern in College-age Youth: Does Christian Education Make a Difference?

The massive Valuegenesis study examined faith maturity among a large sample of Adventist youth. Results were compared with similar studies of other denominations. One persistent criticism of Search Institute's Valuegenesis study was the inappropriateness of the scale used to determine faith maturity. In the following article, the author uses two revised faith-maturity scale, developed by Dr. Jerome Thayer, to examine a new sample of older Adventist young people. Dudley's analysis corroborated Thayer's findings to a remarkable extent. Moreover, Dudley identified why the original faith maturity scale did not fit-because it placed a much greater emphasis upon social concern as an ingredient of faith.
A postulated mechanism for heparin's potentiation of C1 inhibitor function

Abstract Conflicting reports exist in the literature concerning the primary mechanism for heparin's inhibition of Ca hemolytic function. We provide evidence here that heparin's most effective inhibition is mediated through interaction with and potentiation of C 1 -INH. The molecular nature of the interaction between heparin and the C 1 -INH molecule is evidenced by an anodal shift in the electrophoretic mobility of C 1 -INH upon the addition of heparin. We also demonstrate that C3 and C4 conversions in normal human serum by classical pathway activators such as heat-aggregated IgG are inhibited by the addition of heparin, yet heparin does not prevent similar C3 conversion in serum depleted of C 1 -INH. Heparin's inhibitory action is restored to C l -INH-depleted serum by the addition of purified C 1 -INH.
Fractional giant Shapiro steps in 2D Josephson arrays

Radio-frequency signals were applied to 1000 by 1000 arrays of SNS Josephson junctions and giant Shapiro steps were observed at voltages 1000 times that expected for a single junction, Vn= nNhv/2e, where N=1000 is the number of junctions in the direction of applied current. For certain perpendicular magnetic fields the field-induced vortices are strongly commensurate with the array and are arranged in superlattices with qxq unit cells. In the presence of these strongly commensurate fields novel fractional giant steps were observed at voltages, Vn =n(N/q)hv/2e, directly related to q. The locking of the motion of the vortex superlattice with the applied rf current is used to explain these novel steps. The possibility of subharmonic fractional steps and preliminary measurements on disordered arrays is discussed.
Three-dimensional fast spin-echo imaging: Pulse sequence and in vivo image evaluation

Three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging allows thin-section acquisition and therefore more accurate multiplanar reconstruction than conventional two-dimensional spin-echo imaging. Unfortunately, addition of a third acquisition plane extends imaging time greatly. With gradient-echo techniques, 3D acquisitions have become clinically useful. These techniques are limited, however, by susceptibility and other field inhomogeneity artifacts and decreased signal-to-noise ratios compared with spin-echo techniques. The authors describe implementation of a true spin-echo 3D technique that, by using fast spin-echo parameters, reduces acquisition time to a clinically useful level. Potential applications of the technique are demonstrated.
THE STICK NUMBER FOR THE SIMPLE HEXAGONAL LATTICE

This work is motivated by a paper of Huh and Oh, in which the authors prove that the minimum number of sticks required to form a knot in ℤ3 is 12. In this article the authors prove that the stick number in the simple hexagonal lattice is 11. Moreover, the stick number of the trefoil in the simple hexagonal lattice is 11.
The Comparison of Myocardial Dysfunction in Three Forms of Experimental Septic Shock

A rabbit model of septic shock was used to determine if 1) myocardial dysfunction is a common com- ponent of shock due to diverse neonatal pathogens, and 2) prostaglandins modulate septic myocardial dysfunction. The infusion of heat-killed Escherichia coli (group I), Haemophilus influenzae (group 11), or Staphylococcus ep- idermidis (group 111) produced significant decreases in the first derivative of left ventricular pressure with respect to time (p < 0.05). Each organism also produced significant changes in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate, while pulmonary artery pressure was altered in groups I and 111. Saline-infused control animals (group IV) exhibited no significant changes in any hemodynamic var- iable. Blood gas variables were not significantly changed in any group. These cardiovascular changes appeared de- pendent on arachidonic acid metabolism since indometha- cin pretreatment prevented the cardiovascular changes in- duced by bacterial infusion. These results suggest that septic myocardial dysfunction is a common component of gram-negative and gram-positive septic shock, and that myocardial dysfunction is modulated by prostaglandin products. (Pediatr Res 20: 1240-1242, 1986)
A coupled ocean-atmosphere box model of the Atlantic Ocean: A bimodal climate response

Abstract A coupled ocean-atmosphere box model is presented which, although extremely simplified, permits study of the time domain response of a model of the Atlantic Ocean coupled to an atmosphere. In particular the model can be used to systematically examine questions of multiple equilibria and steady state solutions of the earth's climate. The ocean model includes differential surface heating and evaporation, horizontal and vertical exchange of heat and salt between boxes, and a imply parameterized thermohaline circulation. Surface heat fluxes and evaporation are determined through the coupled ocean and energy-balance atmosphere models which treat fluxes of long and short wave radiation and sensible and latent heat. In this paper only circulations symmetric about the equator are presented. Two parameters represent the most important physics: μ controls the magnitude of the thermohaline circulation; e controls the strength of the hydrological cycle. For fixed μ, two regimes are distinguished. One, associated with relatively small values of e, has weak latitudinal water vapor transport in the atmosphere, a strong thermohaline circulation with sinking in high latitudes, upwelling in low latitudes and strong latitudinal transport of heat by the ocean. The second regime is characterized by strong latitudinal water vapor transport which, by reducing th surface salinity in high latitudes, nearly shuts down the thermohaline circulation and has relatively low latitudinal heat transport by the ocean. Although many important physical processes are not present in the model, the strong circulation regime corresponds roughly to a relatively warm interglacial climate and the weak circulation regime is associated with reduced ocean and atmosphere temperatures in high latitudes, i.e. with such events as the Younger Dryas or the last glacial maximum.
Development of a dual‐spray electrospray deposition system for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

A new method of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) sample preparation using a dual-spray electrospray deposition system is demonstrated and employed for the investigation of gas-phase cationization reactions in the MALDI plume. The dual-spray electrospray system is found to increase the homogeneity of the sample similarly to that of a conventional single-spray electrospray system. The dual-spray electrospray system allows for intimate mixing of separately prepared sample components and results in improved quantitative results. The development of this device also leads to the possibility of mixing sample components prepared in different solvents without the need to be concerned with solvent miscibility.
Documentation design based upon intuitive feature taxonomy and use logging

Although the quality of documentation of office automation software has increased significantly in the past few years, current offerings are not without problems. Those difficulties which have to do with the design and organization of the documentation are addressed in this paper.To illustrate, consider the following situations: 1) the command and control information which is commonly needed is either omitted or hard to find on the 'command card' or 'keyboard template' provided by the vendor, 2) the command or control information which we intuitively feel should be discussed in one section of the manual is actually located in an unrelated section, 3) the manual's table of contents does not seem to correspond well with the functional characteristics of the product, 4) the most appropriate command is not to be found in the manual's index, and 5) the 'help' facility frequently wastes rather than conserves time by providing the user with inappropriate alternatives. We maintain that these sorts of obstructions arise in many cases because insufficient attention has been given to an common sensical and intuitive analysis of the product's functionality as well as empirical use studies. We describe how these difficulties may be overcome by appeal to research results reported in the literature. Word processing software will be used to illustrate the technique.
Effect of unsaturation in fatty acid-induced swelling of rat liver mitochondria

In Gegenwart von Ol-(18∶1), Linol-(18∶2) oder Arachidonsaure (20∶4) wurde eine konzentrationsabhangige, proportional zur Zahl der Doppelbindungen verlaufende Schwellung von Rattenleber Mitochondrien beobachtet. Die Fettsaure-Albumin Komplexe unterscheiden sich von den Natriumsalzen durch eine Lag-Phase vor Beginn der Schwellung gefolgt von einer starkeren Schwellungsamplitude.
The sodium content of Hawaii-grown fruits and vegetables in relation to environment.

SUMMARY From four of the major islands in the Hawaiian chain, 19 foods of plant origin, the soil in which they were grown and the water used for irrigation were assayed for sodium. Data on the influence of environment upon the sodium content of fruits and vegetables are given. Most fruits and vegetables were low in sodium. A few, such as papaya, beets, celery, daikon, and sweetpotato, were high and probably should be omitted from very restricted sodium diets. The sodium concentration of some of the foods varied with the soil sodium concentration, which points out the necessity of considering the source of these particular foods before using them in a sodium-restricted diet. The results indicate that variations in sodium should be expected in plant foods, although the differences may not always be nutritionally significant.
ICD implantation via thoracoscopy, “mailslot” thoracotomy, and subxiphoid incision

An improved method of thoracoscopic implantable cardioverter defibrillators implantation is described. "Mailslot" thoracotomy is more expeditious than thoracoscopic implantation via multiple ports. If required for adequate defibrillation thresholds, subxiphoid, subdiaphragmatic implantation of a defibrillator patch may be performed.
Sampling of particulate suspensions for morphological evaluation: a simple method for routine and quantitative use.

SUMMARY A general method for obtaining representative samples of particulate suspensions for morphologic evaluation is presented. The key to the method is the orientation of a suitable substrate for sample collection normal to an applied centrifugal field. Precise orientation is achieved by floating the substrate on a dense water-immiscible fluid of low viscosity. Centrifugation may be performed in common angle-head centrifuge rotors. Two variations of the method are described which permit direct visualization or embedding of the particulate sample. Both variations are simple, can be performed routinely, and require only small amounts of material. They can also be performed simultaneously with centrifugation of the bulk samples.
Test of a Dynamic Stress Model for Organisational Change: Do Males and Females Require Different Models?

Cette etude a operationnalise et mis a l’epreuve un modele dynamique du stress adapte au changement organisationnel en tenant compte de l’impact du sexe sur le modele. L’echantillon etait compose de 804 employes de cinq centres medicaux pour anciens combattants. Le modele, inspire de celui de Mack, Nelson & Quick (1998) comprenait: l’importance des retombees du changement organisationnel sur le role professionnel, les relations et l’environnement de travail, les opportunites, la carriere, l’incertitude et l’evaluation des problemes a resoudre, le stress percu et les reactions de controle-evitement. On est parti de l’idee que l’evaluation jouerait un role de mediateur entre l’importance du changement et le stress percu et que les reactions agiraient directement sur les evaluations et le stress percu. L’analyse en pistes causales confirma le modele de changement propose sous reserve de quelques modifications, mais montra que les hommes et les femmes pouvaient revendiquer leur propre modele. Les differences dues au sexe apparaissent dans la relation entre la perception et l’evaluation du changement; et chaque sexe presente des sources specifiques de stress. L’evaluation jouait un role partiel de mediateur entre l’importance du changement et le stress percu. Le controle de la situation etait une strategie plus pertinente que l’evitement aussi bien pour les hommes que pour les femmes. On reflechit aux consequences de ce travail pour les chercheurs et les organisations. The present study operationalised and tested a dynamic stress model for organisational change, including the interaction effect of sex on the model, on 804 employees at five VA medical centers. The model, an adaptation of Mack, Nelson, and Quick's (1998) model included: the amount of organisational change within job role, work relationships, job context, facility, and career; uncertainty and challenge appraisal; perceived stress; and control and avoidance coping. It was proposed that appraisal would act as a mediator between amount of change and perceived stress and that coping would have direct effects on appraisals and perceived stress. Path analyses supported the proposed change model with some modification, but indicated that males and females may require unique models. Sex differences emerged in relationships between perceptions and appraisal of change, and males and females had unique sources of stress. Appraisal acted as a partial mediator between amount of change and perceived stress. Control coping emerged as a more adaptive strategy than avoidance coping for both males and females. Implications for researchers and organisations are discussed.
The fragmented mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs of Plasmodium falciparum have short A tails

The mitochondrial genome of Plasmodium falciparum encodes highly fragmented rRNAs. Twenty small RNAs which are putative rRNA fragments have been found and 15 of them have been identified as corresponding to specific regions of rRNA sequence. To investigate the possible interactions between the fragmented rRNAs in the ribosome, we have mapped the ends of many of the small transcripts using primer extension and RNase protection analysis. Results obtained from these studies revealed that some of the rRNA transcripts were longer than the sequences which encode them. To investigate these size discrepancies, we performed 3' RACE PCR analysis and RNase H mapping. These analyses revealed non-encoded oligo(A) tails on some but not all of these small rRNAs. The approximate length of the oligo(A) tail appears to be transcript-specific, with some rRNAs consistently showing longer oligo(A) tails than others. The oligoadenylation of the rRNAs may provide a buffer zone against 3' exonucleolytic attack, thereby preserving the encoded sequences necessary for secondary structure interactions in the ribosome.
Characterisation of urinary stones in the presence of iodinated contrast medium using dual-energy CT: a phantom study.

Objective To develop a dual-energy CT (DECT) method for differentiating uric acid (UA) from non-UA stones in the presence of iodinated contrast medium.
Précis of Kant and the Ethics of Humility: A Story of Dependence, Corruption and Virtue*

In this book, I argue that there is a Kantian virtue theory to be explored in which humility plays a central role. The book is at once an interpretation of Kant and an assertion that Kant's understanding of virtue particularly his rehabilitation of the virtue of humility is philosophically preferable.1 Part I is devoted to explaining the account of human nature upon which Kantian virtue is built, and then explaining that account of virtue. At the heart of Kant's conception of human nature are two assertions: a non-Stoic dependence upon things outside of us (the "Dependency Thesis") and radical evil (the "Corruption Thesis"). It is the particular challenge of the Kantian virtuous person to come to terms with both her dependence and corruption. Virtue is based in a meta-maxim of the will (the "maxim of the moral disposition") which overturns our original corruption, thus assuring a strong unity of the virtues. Yet, when various aspects of this maxim are internalized in one's person, we can also speak of individual virtues in the more familiar Aristotelian sense. I thus reject Onora O'Neill's more act-based account of Kantian virtue, insisting that Kant's ethics is equally concerned with act and agent.
Nursing home closures, changes in ownership, and competition.

This research examines the relationship of competition among nursing homes and the likelihood of their closure or change in ownership. The study uses nationally representative data from the 1992–19...
Three new species of Portulaca sect. Neossia from east and northeast Africa

Three new species of Portulaca sect. Neossia are described: P. constricta from SE Ethiopia and Somalia; P. commutata, widespread in the Somali-Masai phytochorion of east and northeast Africa, and P. bulbifera from S Ethiopia and N Kenya.
Simulation of current waveforms in high voltage spark sources III: Numerical integration and inclusion of gap dynamic impedance

Procedures for simulating discharge currents and voltages in an adjustable waveform spark source are outlined, and comparisons are made between simulated and observed data. Bulirsch-Stoer numerical integration is used to allow solution of the requisite nine simultaneous differential equations. An approximate gap model is employed which demonstrates how dynamic gap properties may be incorporated into modeling. This provides a mechanism for coupling fundamental physical knowledge of gap processes to electrical engineering considerations in source design. Comparison to earlier work involving closed form solution of simpler models is made.
What About the Rest of Us? The Importance of Organizational Culture in Nepotistic Environments

To date, empirical investigations into whether nepotism, specifically, or social connection preference (SCP), generally, is positive or negative within the realm of organizational scholarship has been limited. Indeed, most of the early discussions in this field on the subject have focused on previous work done outside the organizational area (i.e., Bellow, 2003). A recent Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Organizational Frontier Series book on the subject has brought some initial attention to the subject by approaching it from multiple domains within the organizational literature (Jones, 2012). Jones and Stout (2015) have highlighted the possible advantages and disadvantages of SCPs and have taken the stand that SCPs might in fact provide more benefits than drawbacks, particularly given that formalized policies may lead to unfair discrimination.
Sulfapyridine and Serum Therapy in Experimental Lobar Pneumonia of Rats

SummaryA combination of type-specific serum, administered intraperitoneally, and sulfapyridine, administered by stomach tube, was more efficacious in the treatment of experimental lobar pneumonia of rats than either alone, when treatment was begun within 4 hours after infection. The optimal dose of sulfapyridine under the conditions of our experiments was 0.5 to 1 g per kilo of rat per day. After the infection was well established, following intrabronchial insufflation of relatively large doses (0.1 cc of 10−4 and 10−5 of 18-hour bouillon cultures) of pneumococci, serum was more efficacious than sulfapyridine in preserving life, but a combination of the 2 did not show a significant reduction in mortality even with the smaller infecting dose.
The Family Structure Trajectory and Adolescent School Performance: Differential Effects by Race and Ethnicity

The question of whether family structure consequences on school achievement are the same across racial and ethnic groups is examined using longitudinal data on 10,606 teens from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Based on life course theory, this article uses indicators of the family structure trajectory, such as family structure duration in adolescence and the number and timing of family changes, to predict self-reported grade point average (GPA) and to examine differences in effects among non-Hispanic White, Black, and Hispanic adolescents. Results show that the negative effects of time lived with a single mother and nonparents are reduced for Black and Hispanic adolescents, whereas having a recent family change leads to a larger drop in GPA for Blacks. Racial variation in stress, social support, and school functioning explain most race differences. For minority adolescents, negative consequences of family structure are largely attenuated by race-specific social supports and education...
Purification of Treponema pallidum from infected rabbit tissue: resolution into two treponemal populations

Virulent Treponema pallidum organisms, extracted from infected rabbit testes, were subjected to velocity sedimentation in discontinuous gradients of Hypaque, a high density, low viscosity material. After centrifugation of extracts at 20 C for 45 min at 100,000 x g, treponemes separated into two distinct bands based upon their relative velocities, although some variation was observed in the densities of the two bands and the number of treponemes per band. Rabbit tissue components sedimented more rapidly. Dark field and electron microscopy of preparations after velocity sedimentation indicated that treponemes retained general structural characteristics and no tissue contamination occurred in the treponemal fractions. Purification of treponemes in Hypaque resulted in their loss of motility and infectivity based upon animal inoculation. Antigenicity with respect to reactivity with antibody was preserved as shown by the high fluorescence intensity of treponemes in the fluorescent treponemal antibody adsorption test.
Use of glnQ as a Counterselectable Marker for Creation of Allelic Exchange Mutations in Group B Streptococci

Efficient allelic exchange mutagenesis in group B streptococci (GBS) has been hampered by the lack of a counterselectable marker system. Growth inhibition of GBS by the glutamine analog gamma-glutamyl hydrazide requires glnQ. We have used this phenomenon to create a counterselectable marker system for efficient selection of allelic exchange mutants in GBS.