cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrographic determination of the composition of binary coal blends

The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) has conducted exercises to determine petrographically the composition of two binary coal blends. One was a medium volatile bituminous/high volatile A bituminous blend of high-vitrinite coals. The second blend contained similar rank components, but one of the coals was low (54%) in vitrinite. It was anticipated that difficulties might be experienced in differentiating lower rank inertinite from higher rank vitrinite in both blends. Both reflectance and point-counting were used to assess the compositions of the blends. The results for the first blend were judged to be excellent, with the mean determined blend composition differing from the actual composition by only 2.3%. The mean determined blend composition for the more difficult second blend differed from the actual composition by 10.1% for the reflectance technique and 5.8% by point-counting. When these values are adjusted to account for the non-assignable particles consisting entirely of inertinite, the respective mean differences are reduced to 5.8% and 3.3%. For this exercise, the adjustment was possible only with knowledge of the petrographic composition of the component coals; clearly, refinement of petrographic estimates of blend composition will require the development of means to prorate particles consisting only of inertinite. Determination of the reflectances of the component coals in the two blends was judged to be very good.
On adaptive sampling for multisensor tracking of a maneuvering target using IMM/PDA filtering

We present a novel adaptive sampling scheme for tracking a highly maneuvering target. During the maneuvering mode of a target, estimation accuracy of the tracker is typically worse than that during the constant velocity (benign motion) mode. Hence it is desired to have higher sampling rate during the maneuvering mode and relatively lower sampling rate for the benign motion mode. In the proposed adaptive sampling policy, we predict an expected cost function for a candidate sampling interval selected from a predefined set of sampling intervals. We then choose the largest sampling interval for which an expected performance metric is satisfied. We use a random sampling approach coupled-with switching multiple kinematic models for target motion, to generate future (pseudo-)measurements which allows computation of the relevant performance metric. The algorithm is illustrated via a simulation example involving tracking of a maneuvering target in presence of clutter and two sensors (radar and sonar). Multisensor tracking is achieved by a suboptimal filtering algorithm developed by the interacting multiple model (IMM) filtering approach combined with the probabilistic data association (PDA) technique and with the proposed adaptive sampling scheme.
Acute Disseminated Staphylococcal Disease in Childhood

• From 1964 to 1974 we treated 15 children who had acute disseminated staphylococcal disease. The majority were previously-well males over 5 years of age. Thirteen of 15 patients had one or more cutaneous lesions characteristic of staphylococcal septicemia. Fifty percent of extracutaneous foci of staphylococcal infection were not detected on hospital admission and one third of these lesions were noted for the first time at autopsy. An absolute polymorphonuclear cell count of greater than 10,000/cu mm or an absolute band-form count of greater than 500/cu mm, or both, correlated with the presence of one or more inadequately treated sites of infection. These foci were responsible for bacteremia continuing after the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and for prolonged fever. The overall mortality was 27%; three of the four deaths occurred in patients with predisposing medical conditions. In addition to prolonged antimicrobial therapy, all patients should be evaluated carefully for the presence of occult metastatic sites of staphylococcal infection. (Am J Dis Child131:181-185, 1977)
Prediction of epigenetically regulated genes in breast cancer cell lines

Methylation of CpG islands within the DNA promoter regions is one mechanism that leads to aberrant gene expression in cancer. In particular, the abnormal methylation of CpG islands may silence associated genes. Therefore, using high-throughput microarrays to measure CpG island methylation will lead to better understanding of tumor pathobiology and progression, while revealing potentially new biomarkers. We have examined a recently developed high-throughput technology for measuring genome-wide methylation patterns called mTACL. Here, we propose a computational pipeline for integrating gene expression and CpG island methylation profles to identify epigenetically regulated genes for a panel of 45 breast cancer cell lines, which is widely used in the Integrative Cancer Biology Program (ICBP). The pipeline (i) reduces the dimensionality of the methylation data, (ii) associates the reduced methylation data with gene expression data, and (iii) ranks methylation-expression associations according to their epigenetic regulation. Dimensionality reduction is performed in two steps: (i) methylation sites are grouped across the genome to identify regions of interest, and (ii) methylation profles are clustered within each region. Associations between the clustered methylation and the gene expression data sets generate candidate matches within a fxed neighborhood around each gene. Finally, the methylation-expression associations are ranked through a logistic regression, and their significance is quantified through permutation analysis. Our two-step dimensionality reduction compressed 90% of the original data, reducing 137,688 methylation sites to 14,505 clusters. Methylation-expression associations produced 18,312 correspondences, which were used to further analyze epigenetic regulation. Logistic regression was used to identify 58 genes from these correspondences that showed a statistically signifcant negative correlation between methylation profles and gene expression in the panel of breast cancer cell lines. Subnetwork enrichment of these genes has identifed 35 common regulators with 6 or more predicted markers. In addition to identifying epigenetically regulated genes, we show evidence of differentially expressed methylation patterns between the basal and luminal subtypes. Our results indicate that the proposed computational protocol is a viable platform for identifying epigenetically regulated genes. Our protocol has generated a list of predictors including COL1A2, TOP2A, TFF1, and VAV3, genes whose key roles in epigenetic regulation is documented in the literature. Subnetwork enrichment of these predicted markers further suggests that epigenetic regulation of individual genes occurs in a coordinated fashion and through common regulators.
Measures of Alcohol Consumption in Perspective

This chapter offers a general summary and perspective on measures of alcohol consumption. In it, we address five issues: 1. Differences between verbal and biochemical techniques to assess alcohol consumption, 2. Features that are desirable in measures of consumption, 3. Comparisons of specific techniques according to these standards, 4. Possible strategies for measuring consumption in various settings, and 5. Needs for further research.
Economics of food irradiation

This article examines the cost competitiveness of the food irradiation process. An analysis of the principal factors--the product, physical plant, irradiation source, and financing--that impact on cost is made. Equations are developed and used to calculate the size of the source for planned product throughput, efficiency factors, power requirements, and operating costs of sources, radionuclides, and accelerators. Methods of financing and capital investment are discussed. A series of tables show cost breakdowns of sources, buildings, equipment, and essential support facilities for both a cobalt-60 and a 10-MeV electron accelerator facility. Additional tables present irradiation costs as functions of a number of parameters--power input, source size, dose, and hours of annual operation. The use of the numbers in the tables are explained by examples of calculations of the irradiation costs for disinfestation of grains and radicidation of feed.
Mindfulness for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse: novel mechanisms and unresolved issues.

Nearly one-third of individuals in the U.S. are affected by chronic pain at some point throughout their lifetime (Ospina & Harstall, 2002). Though opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic pain is often e...
A prospective randomized trial of preoperative “optimization” of cardiac function in patients undergoing elective peripheral vascular surgery

Abstract Background. Previous investigations have suggested that preoperative invasive hemodynamic monitoring with “optimization” of cardiovascular function may favorably affect the outcome among patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative optimization of hemodynamic parameters on outcome in patients undergoing aortic reconstruction (AR) or limb salvage procedures (LSP) in a randomized, prospective clinical trial. Methods. All 72 patients who consented to participate in this study were admitted to the intensive care unit at least 12 hours before operation for placement of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). Patients who were randomized to the treatment group (n = 32) were “optimized” by adjusting their hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ), cardiac output, or afterload until the mixed venous O 2 saturation (SvO 2 ) was at least 65%. The control group (n = 40) underwent placement of a PAC and had oxygen transport parameters measured without any attempt to optimize SvO 2 . Results. There were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups with respect to age, gender, type of operation, initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, SvO 2 , pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, or cardiac index. All treatment patients achieved an SvO 2 of at least 65% before operation. Comparing the treatment and control groups, postoperative cardiovascular complications occurred in 25% versus 27%, intraoperative complications in 28% versus 20%, and death in 9% versus 5%, respectively. None of these differences was statistically significant as a whole or within the subgroups undergoing AR or LSP. Conclusions. These data suggest that preoperative optimization of cardiovascular function by using achievement of SvO 2 above 65% as the end point does not result in any reduction of intraoperative or perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing PVS. Further studies with alternative assessments and manipulation of different cardiopulmonary parameters may yield additional information.
Leveraging the web and XML as an integrated information platform for the life sciences

Biology is currently making the transition from an information-starved science to an information rich science. This has vast implications on the ways in which biological research will be carried out going forward A major challenge we are facing is the ability to share and integrate this data across databases. The web, coupled with xml and xml-based technologies such as DAS and rdf, provides us with the raw tools to make such wholesale data integration possible. Our challenge now is to create a framework that will allow the web to reach it's potential as a worlwide biological database.
Comparison of myoplasmic calcium movements during excitation–contraction coupling in frog twitch and mouse fast-twitch muscle fibers

Single twitch fibers from frog leg muscles were isolated by dissection and micro-injected with furaptra, a rapidly responding fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. Indicator resting fluorescence (FR) and the change evoked by an action potential (ΔF) were measured at long sarcomere length (16°C); ΔF/FR was scaled to units of ΔfCaD, the change in fraction of the indicator in the Ca2+-bound form. ΔfCaD was simulated with a multicompartment model of the underlying myoplasmic Ca2+ movements, and the results were compared with previous measurements and analyses in mouse fast-twitch fibers. In frog fibers, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release evoked by an action potential appears to be the sum of two components. The time course of the first component is similar to that of the entire Ca2+ release waveform in mouse fibers, whereas that of the second component is severalfold slower; the fractional release amounts are ∼0.8 (first component) and ∼0.2 (second component). Similar results were obtained in frog simulations with a modified model that permitted competition between Mg2+ and Ca2+ for occupancy of the regulatory sites on troponin. An anatomical basis for two release components in frog fibers is the presence of both junctional and parajunctional SR Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors [RyRs]), whereas mouse fibers (usually) have only junctional RyRs. Also, frog fibers have two RyR isoforms, RyRα and RyRβ, whereas the mouse fibers (usually) have only one, RyR1. Our simulations suggest that the second release component in frog fibers functions to supply extra Ca2+ to activate troponin, which, in mouse fibers, is not needed because of the more favorable location of their triadic junctions (near the middle of the thin filament). We speculate that, in general, parajunctional RyRs permit increased myofilament activation in fibers whose triadic junctions are located at the z-line.
Reactive-transport modeling of iron diagenesis and associated organic carbon remineralization in a Florida (USA) subterranean estuary

article Iron oxides are important terminal electron acceptors for organic carbon (OC) remineralization in subterranean estuaries, particularly where oxygen and nitrate concentrations are low. In Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA, terrestrial Fe-oxides dissolve at the seaward edge of the seepage face and flow upward into overlying marine sediments where they precipitate as Fe-sulfides. The dissolved Fe concentrations vary by over three orders of magnitude, but Fe-oxide dissolution rates are similar across the 25-m wide seepage face, averaging around 0.21 mg/cm 2 /yr. The constant dissolution rate, but differing concentrations, indicate Fe dissolution is controlled by a combination of increasing lability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and slower porewater flow velocities with distance offshore. In contrast, the average rate constants of Fe-sulfide precipitation decrease from 21.9×10 −8 s −1 to 0.64×10 −8 s −1 from the shoreline to the seaward edge of the seepage face as more oxygenated surface water circulates through the sediment. The amount of OC
Understanding muscle markers: Aggregation and construct validity

Musculoskeletal markers are frequently used to reconstruct past lifestyles and activity patterns. Yet, the reliability of muscle marker measurements has been called into question because they allegedly fail to correlate with cross-sectional properties and exercise patterns, and are confounded by body size. In this study, the principle of aggregation was used to sum muscle markers over 7 insertion sites (4 humeral, 2 radial, and 1 ulnar) and examine the effects on them of body size, age, sex, and cross-sectional properties. Analyses were made of a sample of 91 (66 males, 25 females) Native British Columbians (3500-1500 years BP) and 18th century Quebec prisoners. Muscle markers were measured using three-point observer rating scales; size was measured by standard methods; age and sex were determined through pelvic, cranial, and dental morphology; and cross-sectional properties were calculated from radiographs. Whereas any single muscle marker component failed to correlate with age, size, sex, or cross-sections, aggregate muscle marker correlated with: age, r = 0.49; size, r = 0.38; sex, r = 0.40; and, cross-sections, r = 0.38; P < 0.001. Older individuals had greater muscle markers, as did larger individuals, males, and those with more robust cross-sections. Based on partial correlations and regression analyses, age was the best overall predictor of aggregate muscle marker.
Near-Infrared Observation and Microthermometry of Pyrite-Hosted Fluid Inclusions

Pyrite occurs in many types of ore deposits. Although opaque to visible light, some pyrite samples are sufficiently transparent in infrared light to reveal fluid inclusions and other internal features. For a reconnaissance study, 166 doubly polished thick sections of pyrite from 64 deposits worldwide were examined using an infrared microscope. Pyrite transparency varies between deposits, with low-temperature deposits showing the least transparency. Many samples, transparent at room temperature, gradually became opaque upon heating. Pyrite Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, taken in the temperature range from 28° to 400°C, demonstrate that the degradation of pyrite transparency, with an increase in temperature, is caused by a gradual shift of the main absorption edge of pyrite towards longer wavelengths. Recognizable fluid inclusions in pyrite are generally scarcer than fluid inclusions in quartz and microthermometric measurements are more difficult to obtain. In the 64 occurrences studied, about one quarter contained transparent fluid inclusions. Of the 37 analyzed fluid inclusions, about two thirds yielded salinity measurements and about one quarter yielded homogenization temperatures. Microthermometric analysis on pyrite-hosted fluid inclusions is possible; however, workable fluid inclusions are limited in occurrence.
Modeling task-oriented discussion groups

Several recent studies present complementary mathematical models of actor behavior in small, task-oriented, groups. This paper describes both models, which share the Markov property, discusses their strengths and limitations, and suggests that user modeling researchers and small group process researchers might benefit from collaboration. Several possibilities for model-based collaboration are suggested in connection with Computer Supported Collaborative Learning.
The Phenology of Gross Ecosystem Productivity and Ecosystem Respiration in Temperate Hardwood and Conifer Chronosequences

The relative duration of active and dormant seasons has a strong influence on ecosystem net carbon balance and its carbon uptake potential. While recognized as an important source of temporal and spatial variability, the seasonality of ecosystem carbon balance has not been studied explicitly, and still lacks standard terminology. In the current chapter, we apply a curve fitting procedure to define seasonal transitions in ecosystem gross productivity (GEP) and respiration (ER), and we show that the temporal changes in these two fluxes are not synchronous, and that the transition dates and rates of change vary both across sites and between years. Carbon uptake period (CUP), a common phenological metric, defined from ecosystem net carbon exchange (NEE), is related to these periods of activity, but the differential sensitivities of GEP and ER to environmental factors complicate the interpretation of variation in CUP alone. On a landscape scale, differences in stand age represent a major source of heterogeneity reflected in different flux capacities as well as microclimate. In the current study, we evaluate age-related differences in the phenological transitions of GEP and ER using hardwood and conifer chronosequences. While a significant portion of variability in GEP seasonality was explained with stand age, the influence of interannual climatic variability exceeded these, and was the predominant factor affecting ER seasonality. The length of the active season (ASL) varied more due to differences in the timing of the end rather than the start of the active period. ASL of GEP was consistently greater in conifers than hardwoods, but the opposite was true for ER.
Neurocognitive impact of antiretroviral treatment: Thinking long-term

Combination antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality with HIV infection. However, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist at a relatively high prevalence rate despite successful systemic treatment. This paper reviews the current issues related to the neurocognitive impact of antiretroviral treatment.
The multiple functions of formal aids to decision making in public agencies

Examines how the value to a decision-maker of formal, quantitative decision aids changes as the setting shifts from the program level to senior executives and, ultimately, to external groups to which the decision-maker is accountable. Examples drawn from the use of research and development project selection models in the US Department of Energy are used to illustrate the various meanings that `use' of such models can have in a public agency, and how a public agency's accountability to the office of management and budget and the Congress affects the ways its program managers use formal project selection models. A discussion is presented of how changes in the administration in power and differences in the technical competence among agency oversight groups might affect the use of formal decision aids.
Interrupting Life History: The Evolution of Relationship within Research

In this paper the author explores how relationships are defined within the context of constructing a life history. The life history of Benjamin, a homeless young man transitioning to adulthood, is used to illustrate how difficult it is to define the parameters of the research environment. During an “ethically important moment” in the research process, the author had to critically analyze his obligation to his participant based upon the relational titles exchanged. As chaos in Benjamin’s life increased, a choice needed to be made about the researcher’s involvement in his life. Should the researcher provide support or simply document events? Based upon the obligations inherent in how Benjamin defined his relationship with the researcher, the author explains why and how Benjamin’s life was interrupted. Keywords: Life History, Relational Dynamics, Ethics, Vulnerable Populations “I ain’t got nothing to hide,” Benjamin (pseudonym) stated in an even tone, “people is going to think what they think.” We had met a year earlier when Benjamin was 16 years old during a research project involving homeless youth. Although he participated in an interview as part of the larger project, I wanted to make sure he understood what I was asking. I explained what constructing his life history would involve. “I know, I trust you,” he replied, “you like family.” I was flattered he trusted me, but I did not consider the power or obligation embedded in this comment. He shared his life without hesitation or self-consciousness. I interviewed Benjamin five times; however, the majority of his story was constructed through participation and observation. Our relationship evolved. I allowed Benjamin to use terms that transcended research—mentor, friend, family. In what follows, I consider the evolving and complex nature of relationships that can form in life history research. I share aspects of collecting Benjamin’s story to set the context in which I struggled to determine if my primary role was documenting or influencing his life choices. In particular, I discuss the responsibility of the researcher during ethically important moments. When a crisis occurred in Benjamin’s life I had to critically consider the relational obligations involved in the titles I accepted. I am not suggesting all life historians need to intervene in the lives of participants; however, I argue that researchers should examine the relational obligations involved in the titles they accept … and then act accordingly.
Prevention Through Design

This study reviews the scope and potential impact that the prevention through design (PtD) initiative sponsored by the U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) could have on electrical safety. It also describes some of the key learnings and recommended actions from the July 2007 workshop held in Washington, DC, to launch this initiative. Opportunities to help assure electrical safety benefits from this initiative are outlined.
Differential Cadherin Expression: Potential Markers for Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transformation During Tumor Progression

The cadherin family of adhesion molecules regulates cell–cell interactions during development and in tissues. The prototypical cadherin, E-cadherin, is responsible for maintaining interactions of epithelial cells and is frequently downregulated during tumor progression. N-cadherin, normally found in fibroblasts and neural cells, can be upregulated during tumor progression and can increase the invasiveness of tumor cells. The proinvasive effects of N-cadherin expression in tumor cells result from two possible mechanisms: promotion of tumor cell interactions with the N-cadherin-expressing microenvironment, or enhancement of signaling via the fibroblast growth factor receptor. The downregulation of E-cadherin and the upregulation of N-cadherin in tumors may be a result of an epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of tumor cells, which is notoriously difficult to detect in vivo. Double labeling of individual tumors with specific E- and N-cadherin antibodies suggests that EMT can occur heterogeneously and/or transiently within an invasive tumor.
Resource Availability Prediction in Fine-Grained Cycle Sharing Systems

Fine-grained cycle sharing (FGCS) systems aim at utilizing the large amount of computational resources available on the Internet. In FGCS, host computers allow guest jobs to utilize the CPU cycles if the jobs do not significantly impact the local users of a host. A characteristic of such resources is that they are generally provided voluntarily and their availability fluctuates highly. Guest jobs may fail because of unexpected resource unavailability. To provide fault tolerance to guest jobs without adding significant computational overhead, it requires to predict future resource availability. This paper presents a method for resource availability prediction in FGCS systems. It applies a semi-Markov Process and is based on a novel resource availability model, combining generic hardware-software failures with domain-specific resource behavior in FGCS. We describe the prediction framework and its implementation in a production FGCS system named iShare. Through the experiments on an iShare testbed, we demonstrate that the prediction achieves accuracy above 86% on average and outperforms linear time series models, while the computational cost is negligible. Our experimental results also show that the prediction is robust in the presence of irregular resource unavailability
No-Show Patients and the Triple Aim

The paper by Hwang et al. 1 takes on an important and understudied problem in medical practice: the impact of patients missing appointments on clinical outcomes and services use. Hwang et al. found that in an academic practice, patients above the 90th centile of missed appointments had substantially poorer control of diabetes and hyperlipidemia and lower completion of prevention procedures, as well as higher emergency department and hospital utilization. Even those above the 75th centile had outcomes in the same direction, although of lesser magnitude. This is a very important paper. Policy-makers need to play close attention to these findings, because it calls for remedies at levels of both clinical practice and health policy. To understand why, allow me to illustrate with a case.
Free press-fair trial in Britain and America

This article is a comparative examination of how the free press-fair trial issue is treated in Britain and America. Results of the study indicate that the British have very strict rules regarding trial publicity and media interference with the administration of justice. The United States, on the other hand, has sought to satisfy the First Amendment rights of the press and the Sixth Amendment rights of the accused through a judicial balancing of the competing interests. Consequently, the American people are much better informed about the workings of the criminal justice system than is the British public. The study concludes with proposals to reform the British system, especially the law of contempt.
Area postrema lesions in rats appear to disrupt rapid feedback inhibition of fluid intake.

Area postrema lesions (APX) were produced by vacuum aspiration in adult male rats. After systemic administration of hypertonic saline solutions, significantly more water was consumed by rats with APX than by intact control rats. Similarly enhanced water intake by rats with APX also was observed when marked hypovolemia was induced by s.c. administration of a hyperoncotic colloidal solution. In both conditions, the increased water intake occurred within the first 15 min of the drinking tests. Intakes of liquid diet or 10% sucrose solution after food deprivation by rats with APX also were considerably larger than those of control rats. These and other results suggest that rats with APX experience less inhibition of ingestion while drinking. Thus, the AP may be important for the detection of early, inhibitory signals generated by fluid ingestion, and after its ablation increased drinking may occur because the feedback inhibition provided by such signals is diminished.
Long-term Follow up of Augmentation Ileocystoplasty with Goodwin's Ileal Cup Patched Bladder

Purpose: We evaluated the long-term outcomes in patients undergoing augmentation ileocystoplasty with Goodwin’s ileal cup patched bladder. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 72 consecutive patients who underwent augmentation ileocystoplasty because of decreased bladder capacity, vesico-ureteral reflux and urinary incontinence. The outcomes assessed included the continence status, bladder capacity, upper tract status, and significant post-operative complications. Results: The 72 patients studied (61 men and 11 women) were 12 to 62 years old (mean age 35.6). The follow up was 0.3 to 7.9 years (mean 5.4). The preoperative diagnoses were a neurogenic bladder from spinal cord injury in 54 patients, meningomyelocele in 5, pelvic trauma in 3, polymyelitis in 2, GU tuberculosis in 2, cerebrovascular diseases in 2, and disc rupture in 2. The bladder capacity was significantly increased from 168cc to 392cc postoperatively and the maximal bladder capacity was increased along with the decreased number of daily clean intermittent catheterizations. The most common complication related to surgery was a paralytic ileus. While most cases of unilateral reflux disappeared, bilateral or high grade reflux remained during the postoperative follow up period. Conclusions: Bladder augmentation provided durable clinical and urodynamic improvement for patients with neurogenic and contracted bladders. (Korean J Urol 2008;49:598-603) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏
Structural Health Monitoring and Evaluating Structural Performance of a Stadium

Light and rapid constructions as well as considerations such as improved line of sight and increased capacity for modern stadium structures make them vulnerable for vibration serviceability problems. Especially when the individuals in a crowd are involved in some sort of a coordinated motion, this type of loading creates the highest potential for increased levels of vibration. In order to understand the causes of high vibration levels and serviceability and safety limits, detailed Finite Element Models (FEM) should be used in addition to the field studies. In this study, development of the FEM of a stadium is presented to investigate the structural performance of the stadium. After constructing the FEM, it is validated using the results of the modal analysis with human induced vibration data. In addition, laboratory studies are conducted to estimate the dynamic loading on the stadium
An Exposition on the Horizontally Differentiated Products Bertrand Model

Students, in their roles as consumers, are usually more familiar with price competition than with quantity competition. Unfortunately, the Bertrand pricing model is usually given short shrift, relative to the Cournot model, both in the classroom and in textbooks. The richness of the Bertrand model should not be underestimated. We show how the standard textbook parameterization can be used, both analytically and graphically, in determining how variations in product differentiation can affect equilibrium prices and profits. We also show that some of the standard assumptions used in both textbooks and in research are unnecessarily strong. Additionally, we mention the role of advertising and its effects on pricing and profitability as well. The findings are useful in presenting and discussing the Bertrand model in the classroom.
Legal commentary on the Internet sale of human milk.

Stephanie Dawson David, JD, MPHa As the authors of the article, “Got Milk? Sharing Human Milk Via the Internet,”1 discuss, several public health concerns exist regarding the growing practice of women selling their breast milk through informal channels such as the Internet. Despite such concerns, under the current state and federal legal regime, informal sellers of human milk may be liable for their actions only under very limited circumstances. State tort and contract laws may potentially provide an injured buyer with recourse against a seller. Sellers may be liable under state tort laws, such as fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation if the seller sold contaminated or volume-enhanced milk (e.g., human milk supplemented with water or cow’s milk to increase the volume), or breach of contract if the milk received did not conform to the seller’s representation of the product. However, given the perishable nature of human milk and the fact that most buyers will not have the means to test the quality and composition of the milk upon receipt, it is unlikely that buyers would prevail in lawsuits under either cause of action. Laws prohibiting the sale of bodily materials also provide little protection against the informal sale of human milk, as human milk is not included within the scope of the National Organ Transplant Act (which makes the selling of human organs a federal crime),2 and many states exclude “replenishable” or “self-replicating” body fluids and tissues, such as human milk, hair, and sperm, from the scope of their laws prohibiting the sale of certain bodily materials.3 In February 2010, a Tennessee lawmaker introduced a state bill that would have made it a misdemeanor to sell human milk through informal channels such as the Internet; however, the bill never made it out of committee review.4 Sellers may face criminal liability under federal and state laws if they know they have certain communicable diseases that are transmitted through breast milk, such as human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, and syphilis, and nevertheless sell their milk to unknowing buyers.3 In addition, sellers may be liable under federal law for shipping adulterated products,5 or under federal and state criminal and tax laws in certain circumstances.6–8 However, because these laws have yet to be enforced against informal sellers of human milk, they are unlikely to serve as deterrents to this practice.
Promising ethanologens for xylose fermentation

An economical biomass-to-ethanol process depends on the efficient conversion of both its cellulose and hemicellulose components. On a dry weight basis, the typical feedstock contains approx 25-50% (w/w) glucose, 10-30% (w/w) xylose, 15-30% (w/w) lignin, and 1-5% (w/w) of other minor pentose and hexose sugars. Although many microorganisms can ferment the glucose component in cellulose to ethanol, conversion of pentose sugars in the hemicellulose fraction, particularly xylose, has been hindered by the lack of a suitable biocatalyst. Despite the development of recombinant strains with improved fermentation performance, increased ethanol yields and concentrations and shorter fermentation times are key targets that have yet to be achieved from lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Our objective is to develop biocatalysts for the rapid and efficient conversion of xylose by engineering key metabolic pathways in selected organisms. To identify promising biocatalysts for these efforts, we have surveyed several industrial microorganisms according to several primary traits considered to be essential, as well as a number of secondary traits considered to be desirable, in a commercial biomass-to-ethanol process.
Erythrocyte extract (hemolysate) and tissue thromboplastin: their action on heparin activity.

SummaryThe inhibitory action of heparin on prothrombin consumption of normal plate-let-poor human plasma in a silicone-coated test tube can be partially overcome by increasing amounts of hemolysate. Likewise, prothrombin time of human plasma to which a fixed amount of heparin has been added can be shortened and brought to a constant but higher value than normal by adding increasing amounts of tissue thromboplastin.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Dose Adjustment of Posaconazole Oral Suspension in Adults With Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Background:Prophylaxis with posaconazole, an extended-spectrum triazole antifungal, has been shown to increase overall survival in adults with acute myeloid leukemia receiving intensive remission induction chemotherapy. A paucity of data exists evaluating therapeutic drug monitoring and subsequent d
A Study on the Ethical Issues of Water Conservancy Construction

Along with the constant development of China's water conservancy construction,the paper elaborated on the current achievements in water conservancy,and focused on a number of ethical issues.The ethical issues would have been caused widespread concerns in society and have been improved perfectly.
The outcome of transvaginal cystourethropexy in patients with anatomical stress urinary incontinence and outlet weakness.

AbstractPreoperative urodynamic and radiographic evaluation identified features of bladder neck and urethral weakness in 62 women undergoing cystourethropexy for the correction of anatomical stress urinary incontinence. Despite the coexistence of anatomical and outlet factors persistent stress incontinence due to intrinsic urethral weakness occurred in only 2 patients (3%), neither of whom was identifiable by preoperative urethral function evaluation. Preoperative coexisting urgency symptoms had no impact on the surgical outcome, resolving in the majority of patients with sensory urgency and responding to alternate postoperative management in those with bladder instability. We conclude that anatomical correction by cystourethropexy is appropriate for women with mixed etiology incontinence in whom urethrovesical hypermobility is present.
Race Specialists: What a Black Administrator Ought to be and Do:

Using qualitative analysis from 22 semistructured interviews, this article explores how Black women principals and assistant principals experience educational administration with attention to issue...
Blurring Touchlines of Empire: The Diasporic Identities of Arthur Wharton and Walter Tull

In March 1887, a young man named Arthur Wharton started in goal for Preston North End in a soccer match against Corinthians in London. The match, attended by the Prince of Wales, was played in honor of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. Wharton was no stranger to the spotlight: the previous summer he had won the Amateur Athletic Association’s 100-yard dash in a record-breaking time of 10 seconds. He was dropped from Preston’s roster the next season, but he continued playing with other teams until 1902, when he retired and became a coal miner. A generation later, another young soccer player named Walter Tull impressed top London club Tottenham Hotspur and he was quickly signed to the team. He played there for two seasons before moving on to play for Northampton. However, his promising career was cut short in 1914 when he enlisted to fight in World War I. He became an officer in 1916 and was then killed two years later at the second battle of the Somme (Jenkins, 1990; Vasili, 1996, 1998, and 2000).1
Myelin Avoids the JAM

In this issue of Neuron, Redmond et al. (2016) identify junction adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) as an inhibitor of somatodendritic myelination in spinal cord neurons, thereby elucidating how myelin forms on axons but avoids dendrites and cell bodies.
Hyperactivity and polysomnographic findings in children evaluated for sleep-disordered breathing.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) or periodic leg movements during sleep (PLMS) often have hyperactive behavior that improves when the sleep disorder is treated. Some children with SDB also have PLMS. To determine what polysomnographic features of SDB might be associated with hyperactive behavior, we studied behavior, SDB, and PLMS in a series of patients. DESIGN Prospective and observational. SETTING University-based sleep disorders laboratory. SUBJECTS Children (n=113) aged 2 to 18 years, referred for suspected SDB. INTERVENTIONS Parents completed the hyperactivity index of the Connors' Parental Rating Scale, and results were converted to age-adjusted t-scores. Children underwent laboratory-based polysomnography, with esophageal pressure monitoring when requested (n=19) by referring physicians. RESULTS Children with SDB (n=59) showed high hyperactivity scores (mean 59.5+/-18.3 SD, 95% C.I. [54.7, 64.2]) but these scores were no higher than those of children without SDB (59.0+/-15.1, [54.8, 63.1]). Hyperactivity showed no significant associations with the rate of apneas and hypopneas, minimum oxygen saturation, or most negative esophageal pressure (p>0.10), but was associated with the presence of 5 or more PLMS per hour (p=0.02). The rate of PLMS showed a linear association with hyperactivity among those subjects with SDB (p = 0.002), but no association among those subjects without SDB (p = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that hyperactive behavior is common among children referred for suspected SDB, regardless of the presence or severity of SDB. Current observations cannot prove causality, but they are consistent with the hypothesis that PLMS may contribute to hyperactivity and SDB may act as an effect modifier.
Racial Origins of Doctrines Limiting Prisoner Protest Speech

This article examines the racial origins of two foundational cases governing prisoner protest speech to better understand their impact in light of the Black Lives Matter movement. Two Supreme Court cases provide the primary architecture for the regulation of prisoner or detainee speech. The first, Adderley v. Florida, is (mis)interpreted for the proposition that jails (and by analogy, prisons) are non-public spaces. Under First Amendment doctrine, non-public spaces are subject to heightened regulation and suppression of speech is authorized. The second, Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Labor Union, Inc., amplifies the effect of Adderly and prohibits prisoner solicitation for union membership. Together, these two cases effectively provide broad discretion to prison administrators to punish prisoners and detainees for their protest speech. Neither Adderley nor Jones acknowledge the racial origins of the cases. Holdings in both cases relied on race-neutral rationales and analysis and yet, the underlying concerns in each case appear tied to racial concerns and fears. Thus this Article is a continuation of a broader critical race praxis that reminds us that seemingly objective and neutral doctrines themselves may incorporate particular ideas and notions about race. Today’s protesters face a demonstrably different doctrinal landscape, should they protest within the prison or jail walls. While the content of speech by a “Black Lives Matter” activist may not change, the constitutional protection afforded to that speech will be radically different depending on where she speaks.
Merchandise hardware: A case designed to teach students generalized audit software using Microsoft Access

ABSTRACT This paper provides an educational case wherein students learn how Microsoft Access (“Access”) can be used as Generalized Audit Software (“GAS”). Students export data from an Access database provided in the case that simulates a portion of the Expenditure Cycle in the Accounting Information System (“AIS”) used by the case company. Students then import the downloaded data into another Access database where Queries and a Module are used as GAS to analyze and audit the data. In the case, students assume the roles of accounts payable manager, general ledger accountant, procurement manager and internal/external auditor, thereby learning that not only auditors but also accountants and managers can use GAS. Once the students have created and executed the Access GAS procedures illustrated in the case, they are given an assignment that includes modifying a case GAS procedure, documenting GAS procedures, and recommending and implementing improvements in the case AIS based on GAS results. The case is design...
A Contract Among States: Capturing Income of the World's Multijurisdictional Taxpayers

Systems for managing multiple taxing jurisdictions in a larger group are working to keep up with the evolution of the modern multijurisdictional taxpayer. Recent decisions from the high courts of several states have brought attention to a meaningful tension in the goals of the Multistate Tax Compact, an agreement between states. Though the federal government has ruled that no congressional approval is necessary based on the Compact Clause of the U.S. Constitution, this agreement between states has taken its place as an important accord among the vast majority of jurisdictions. Having operated as the most effective solution to the problems identified by Congress in the 1960’s Willis Report, the Compact simultaneously disavows its binding authority and relies on the reliance of States on it to meet its goal of promoting uniformity in state tax administration. With billions of dollars of much needed tax revenue at issue, this article seeks to examine the intricacies of the legal principles applied to this contract among states while understanding its role in the modern economy, both within the United States and beyond.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Isomerization of a Bis(secondary phosphine) to an Unsymmetrical Diphosphine via P–C Cleavage and P–P and C–H Bond Formation

To develop Rh-catalyzed dehydrocoupling for stereocontrolled synthesis of P–P bonds, we prepared potential intermediates, chiral rhodium phosphine-phosphido complexes, and investigated their stoichiometric and catalytic transformations. Treatment of [Rh(diphos*)(COD)][X] with the bis(secondary phosphine) IsHPCH2PHIs (1, Is = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2) gave the cations [Rh(diphos*)(IsHPCH2PHIs)][X] (diphos* = (R,R)-Me-DuPhos (2), (R,R)-i-Pr-DuPhos (3), or (R,R)-Me-BPE (4); X = BF4 or OTf) with high diastereoselectivity as single C2-symmetric diastereomers. Deprotonation of 2–4 with NaN(SiMe3)2 yielded phosphine-phosphido chelates Rh(diphos*)(IsHPCH2PIs) 5–7 with high diastereoselectivity. Thermolysis of 5–7 in toluene at 90 °C caused isomerization to give Rh(diphos*)(IsMeP-PIs) (8–10) as mixtures of diastereomers. Under catalytic conditions, Rh-DuPhos precursors slowly converted 1 to a mixture of diastereomers of its isomer, the unsymmetrical diphosphine IsHP-PMeIs (12). We propose a possible mechanism for the iso...
Emotion recognition using facial expressions with active appearance models

Recognizing emotion using facial expressions is a key element in human communication. In this paper we discuss a framework for the classification of emotional states, based on still images of the face. The technique we present involves the creation of an active appearance model (AAM) trained on face images from a publicly available database to represent shape and texture variation key to expression recognition. Parameters from the AAM are used as features for a classification scheme that is able to successfully identify faces related to the six universal emotions. The results of our study demonstrate the effectiveness of AAMs in capturing the important facial structure for expression identification and also help suggest a framework for future development.