cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental Attitudes Toward Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Evaluation of an Educational Intervention, 2008

The authors' objectives were to improve human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine educational materials and to determine whether parents who received those materials had improved attitudes about the vaccine. Pretests were sent to 411 parents of girls 11–18 years of age who had not yet received the HPV vaccine. The authors then randomly assigned 270 respondents to an intervention (educational flyer and posttest) or comparison (posttest only) group. The authors conducted a mixed-method analysis of intervention group feedback on improving the flyer and used paired t tests and analysis of covariance to describe within- and between-group attitude changes. The overall posttest response rate was 76%. Among intervention group respondents (n = 131), 88% had a positive impression of the flyer, and 43% reported that it made them more likely to vaccinate their daughters with HPV vaccine in the future. Parents who received the flyer also showed a statistically significant increase in mean attitude scores regarding perceived ...
Wigner function of relativistic spin-1/2 particles.

Using the recently developed relativistic Wigner formulation for the density matrix of spin-1/2 particles, we study the $^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=1/${2}^{+}$ Coulomb-like and cavity relativistic states. One of our objectives is to understand the sharing of the total angular momentum of a quantum state between the spin and rotational degrees of freedom, arising due to the spin-orbit coupling. Another is to demonstrate that the 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4-matrix Wigner function is the appropriate generalization from the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 form of the nonrelativistic theory.
Thinking Inside the Box: Endogenous α-Anomeric Lipid Antigens

The most powerful iNKT cell antigen is α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), derived from the marine sponge. However, α-anomeric glycolipids are thought to be absent in mammals. In this issue of Immunity, Kain et al., (2014) demonstrate the presence of mammalian α-linked glycosylceramides, such as α-GalCer.
HIGH-ENERGY QUASIELASTIC PROTON-PROTON SCATTERING AND FINAL-STATE INTERACTION

The explanation by Drell and Hiida of the inelastic bump, observed by Cocconi et al., in high-energy proton-proton scattering is shown to be inadequate for two reasons: (i) The $g(t)\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{[\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}({s}_{1}, t)}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}]}{[\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}({s}_{1}, 0)}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}]}$ chosen by Drell and Hiida gives too large wide-angle $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering, while a calculation consistent with wide-angle $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ scattering gives a differential cross section smaller by a factor of five than the experimental cross section; (ii) the primary process in the Drell-Hiida mechanism gives much too small $D$- and $F$-wave amplitudes, so that even strong resonant final-state interactions in these states do not give any appreciable structure to the differential cross section. A formulation for the final-state interaction between the pion and the recoil nucleon is given, and it is shown that the nonresonant final-state scattering in $S$ and $P$ waves gives large enhancement.
Systemic Trends in Disaster Vulnerability: Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers in North Carolina

Although researchers from a number of disciplines have long recognized that marginalized groups are at increased risk to the impacts of disasters, it took Hurricane Katrina to bring this to the forefront of policy discussions. An equally insidious problem exists among migrant and seasonal farm workers (MSFWs), yet there is very little work on the nature and range of their vulnerability. In North Carolina, more than ninety per cent of MSFWs are Latino, with the rest being mostly African-American males. These individuals are particularly vulnerable because of the nature of their work, the poor housing in which they live, and the lack of access to social networks, among other factors. The magnitude of the problem depends on the locations of fields and housing in hazardous areas. Utilizing GIS and Google Earth virtual globe, registered migrant worker camps are mapped using address geocoding with respect to several natural hazards. The results of this work illustrate a compelling need for emergency management to focus on the needs of MSFWs when an event is impending and for policy-makers to address the factors that put this segment of the population that is so critical to the agricultural economy at such high risk.
In-beam γ-ray measurements of the excited states in 103Pd from the 103Rh(p, nγ)103Pd reaction

Abstract The reaction 103Rh(p, nγ)103Pd at incident proton energies between 1.4 and 6.3 MeV has been used to excite the levels in 103Pd and to study their subsequent γ-decay. In-beam singles, anti-Compton, and γ-γ coincidence measurements have been made using Ge(Li) detectors, a NaI(Tl) annulus, and an on-line multi-parameter data acquisition system. By these methods more than 40 γ-rays associated with 103Pd as well as γ-γ coincidence spectra gated by 18 separate γ-transitions were observed. Excited states at 118.9, 243, 266, 294, 504, 531, 625, 698, 716, 726, 884, 900, 913, 1042, 1068, 1183 and 1277 keV were identified by these measurements. The triplet of states at 697-716-726 and 884-900-913 keV had not been resolved by previous experiments. Probable spin and parity assignments are suggested for some of the levels. Branching ratios are determined along with a decay scheme for 103Pd.
Introduction to Tucson 2015: Minerals of Western Europe

As impossible as it may seem, that time is upon us once again. The 2015 Tucson Gem and Mineral Show is here, along with its abundance of peripheral venues, great food, and briefly overpriced motels...
Spectra of digraphs

In this primarily expository paper we survey classical and some more recent results on the spectra of digraphs, equivalently, the spectra of (0,1)-matrices, with emphasis on the spectral radius.
Making It Worse than It Is: Quantitative Depictions of Threatening Trends in the News

An analysis of accident, crime, and health news reports sought to determine how story drama is increased by using quantitative data depicting threatening trends. These reports often used frequency data to characterize worsening trends and rate data to illustrate improving trends. Increasing magnitudes signified worsening trends, and decreasing magnitudes signified improving trends. Worsening trends and frequency data depictions were more likely to be accompanied by specific exemplars. Television stories showing worsening trends or those including frequency data were longer than those reporting improving trends or rate data. Newspaper story length was unrelated to trend direction or data type.
Coping and Emotional Response in Cardiac Surgery Patientsxk

The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study was to examine coping and emotion in patients prior to and after cardiac surgery. The revised Ways of Coping Checklist (WCCL) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) were completed by 120 patients before surgery and on the fifth postoperative day. Participants had significant (p < .01) differences in coping prior to and following surgery. There were significant (p < .05) postoperative decreases in the use of several coping strategies (seeking social support, blaming oneself, and wishful thinking); however, the use of other coping strategies (problem-focused coping and avoidance) remained unchanged. Emotion did not change. There were positive, significant (p < .05) relationships between several of the coping strategies and perioperative emotion. Preoperative emotion was found to be the best independent predictor of the postoperative emotion.
Using deliberation to address controversial issues: Developing Holocaust education curriculum for Latvian schools

This paper explores how a cross-cultural project responded to the need for new Holocaust educational materials for the Republic of Latvia through the method of curriculum deliberation. Analysis of interview, observational, and document data drawn from seven curriculum writers and numerous project members suggest that curriculum deliberation helped awaken a controversial and silenced history while attending to a wide range of needs and concerns for a variety of stakeholders. The findings highlight structural features that empowered the curriculum writers as they engaged in protracted rumination, reflected upon competing norms, and considered the nuances of the curriculum problem in relation to implementation. Understanding the process, challenges, and promises of cross-cultural curriculum deliberation holds significance for educators, curricularists, and educational researchers wishing to advance teaching and learning within silenced histories and controversial issues.
Effect of Water on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Gas-Phase SO2 in a PEM Electrolyzer for H2 Production

Water plays a critical role in producing hydrogen from the electrochemical oxidation of SO 2 in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. Not only is water needed to keep the membrane hydrated, but it is also a reactant. One way to supply water is to dissolve SO 2 in sulfuric acid and feed that liquid to the anode, but this process results in significant diffusion resistance for the SO 2 . Alternatively, we have developed a process where SO 2 is fed as a gas to the anode compartment and reacts with water crossing the membrane to produce sulfuric acid. There was concern that the diffusion resistance of water through the membrane is as significant as SO 2 diffusion through water, thus limiting the benefit of a gas-phase anode feed. We show here that water diffusion through the membrane is not as limiting as liquid-phase SO 2 diffusion. Therefore, we can control the cell voltage, the limiting current, and the sulfuric acid concentration by varying the diffusion resistance of the membrane via thickness or temperature. Catalyst loading, however, has a negligible effect on cell performance.
Research on proof-carrying code for untrusted-code security

A powerful method of interaction between two software systems is through mobile code. By allowing code to be installed dynamically and then executed, a host system can provide a flexible means of access to its internal resources and services. There are many problems to be solved before such uses of untrusted code can become practical. We focus on the problem of how to establish guarantees about the intrinsic behavior of untrusted programs. Of particular interest are the following: (1) How can the host system ensure that the untrusted code will not damage it, for example, by corrupting internal data structures? (2) How can the host ensure that the untrusted code will not use too many resources (such as CPU, memory, and so forth) or use them for too long a time period? (3) How can the host make these assurances without undue effort and deleterious effect on overall system performance? Our position is that the theory of programming languages, including formal semantics, type theory, and applications of logic, are critical to solving the untrusted code security problem. To illustrate the possibilities of programming language theory, we briefly describe one rather extreme but promising example, which is proof carrying code (PCC). This is a technique by which the host establishes a set of safety rules that guarantee safe behavior of programs, and the code producer creates a formal safety proof that proves, for the untrusted code, adherence to the safety rules. Then, the host is able to use a simple and fast proof validator to check, with certainty, that the proof is valid and hence the foreign code is safe to execute.
From Scribbles to Scrabble: Preschool Children's Developing Knowledge of Written Language.

The purpose of this study was to concurrently examine the development of written language across different writing tasks and to investigate how writing features develop in preschool children. Emergent written language knowledge of 372 preschoolers was assessed using numerous writing tasks. The findings from this study indicate that children demonstrate knowledge about writing before beginning school and receiving formal instruction. There was clear evidence to support the claim that universal writing features develop before language-specific features. Children as young as 3 years possess knowledge regarding universal and language-specific writing features. Preschoolers appear to progress along a continuum from scribbling to conventional spelling. Although this progression is sequential, children’s writing proficiency is task dependent. Implications of these findings on writing development are discussed.
Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season.

Author(s): Louie, Janice K; Hacker, Jill K; Gonzales, Ralph; Mark, Jennifer; Maselli, Judy H; Yagi, Shigeo; Drew, W Lawrence | Abstract: BackgroundWith use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a centrifugation-enhanced viral culture method, we characterized the viruses causing acute respiratory infection in adults during an influenza season.MethodsDuring January-March 2002, nasopharyngeal wash specimens from previously healthy adults presenting with respiratory symptoms were evaluated for viral pathogens with centrifugation-enhanced viral culture and PCR.ResultsThe diagnoses in 266 cases included unspecified upper respiratory infection (in 142 [54%] of the cases), acute bronchitis (42 [16%]), sinusitis (23 [9%]), pharyngitis (22 [8%]), and pneumonia (17 [6%]). The use of a shell vial assay and PCR identified a pathogen in 103 (39%) of the patients, including influenza A or B in 54, picornavirus in 28 (including rhinovirus in 24), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 12, human metapneumovirus in 4, human coronavirus OC43 in 2, adenovirus in 2, parainfluenza virus type 1 in 1, and coinfection with influenza and parainfluenza virus type 1 in 2.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that, even during the influenza season, rhinovirus and RSV are prevalent and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult acute respiratory infection before prescribing antiviral medication. Human coronavirus and human metapneumovirus did not play a substantial role. PCR was an especially useful tool in the identification of influenza and other viral pathogens not easily detected by traditional testing methods.
Inequality, crisis and austerity in finance capitalism

Using concepts of social formation and policy regime, the article examines the role of neoliberalism in creating finance capitalism. Finance capitalism involves new methods of exploitation in the reproduction sphere, through debt, price gouging etc. The paper argues that governments are integral components of finance capitalism. 'Austerity measures' are finance capitalism's method of disciplining reluctant classes and regions. A case study of the deficit crisis in the USA shows that austerity measures are the only permissible policy discourse, whereas the cause of the deficit is non-progressive taxation. The paper concludes that inequality is not only unethical but also it is economically disastrous. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Feeling powerful in heterosexual relationships: Cultural beliefs among couples of mexican origin

Previous research indicates that women can have difficulty negotiating safer sex strategies with their partners because of power imbalances in sexual decision-making. Because what makes men and women feel powerful may be culturally-specific, understanding cultural beliefs regarding feelings of power could have important implications for HIV/STI prevention. The cultural beliefs of 40 couples of Mexican origin were examined in relation to what makes men and women feel more powerful in their heterosexual relationships. Participants indicated their level of agreement with 43 statements regarding what makes women and men feel more powerful in their relationship with their main partner. Data were analysed using cultural consensus modelling techniques. Analyses revealed that participants comprise a single cultural group with a set of shared beliefs about what makes men and what makes women feel more powerful in their relationships. Cultural beliefs about what makes men and women feel powerful were very similar: ...
Electronic Instabilities Leading to Electroformation of Binary Metal Oxide‐based Resistive Switches

Oxide-based resistive switching devices are a leading contender for the next generation memories. Before use, each device has to go through a conditioning process called electroformation which has been suggested to be initiated by the accumulation of oxygen vacancies. Here, experimental evidence is presented which shows that both Ta2O5-x- and TiO2-x-based crossbar devices, exhibit characteristic electronic instability leading to a reversible constriction of the current flow to a narrow filament prior to permanent change. Thus, it is asserted, electroformation is initiated through purely electronic and reversible events, to be followed later by structural changes in the material, like oxygen vacancy redistribution. Furthermore, the electronic instability responsible for electroformation also gives rise to negative differential resistance (NDR) and that this characteristics appears to involve two distinct mechanisms: a thermal one in which Joule heating causes resistance to decrease as current increases and a second electronic mechanism that appears not to require Joule heating for NDR. Using a combination of thermometry and thermal modeling, a self-consistent temperature and filament radius as a function of power are found for the 5 μm cross-bar devices. In the thermal NDR regime, the filament appears to be ∼500 nm in diameter and has a peak temperature of ∼300 °C, while in the adiabatic regime, the estimated filament diameter is much smaller (<50 nm) and the maximum temperature inside it exceeds 800 °C.
The new antiepileptic drugs

Editor,—In the recently published current topic on new antiepileptic drugs,1 reference 45 (CD …
Assessment of masseter spasm complicated by a faulty temperature probe

During palatoplasty on a 9-year-old girl with no personal or familial history of malignant hyperthermia, the temperature monitor reported an increase in temperature. Additionally, the surgeon thought the patient's jaw muscle was in spasm. While preparations were made for treatment of malignant hyperthermia, the temperature probe was tested and found to be defective. When it was replaced, the patient's temperature was within normal range. When the temperature probe was tested 6 days later, it was working properly. The cause of the problem may have been moisture in the connection between the probe and the exterior cable, which eventually evaporated. Decision algorithms can assist in such situations to distinguish between a medical problem and a mechanical problem with the monitor.
Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscularly Administered Ertapenem

Ertapenem (INVANZ) is a new once-a-day parental β-lactam antimicrobial agent that has been shown to be highly effective as a single agent for treatment of various community-acquired and mixed infections. The plasma pharmacokinetics of a 1-g intramuscular (i.m.) dose was compared with those of a 1-g intravenous (i.v.) dose infused over 30 min, the recommended rate of i.v. infusion for comparison, and over 120 min, which more closely mimicked the time course for absorption of the i.m. form. In a three-period crossover study (Part A), 26 healthy subjects received single doses of ertapenem administered i.m., i.v. infused over 30 min, and i.v. infused over 120 min. Blood for ertapenem analysis was collected over 24 h postdose for each treatment. In Part B, these fasted subjects received a 1-g i.m. dose of ertapenem once daily for 7 days. Following a 1-g i.m. dose and a 1-g i.v. dose infused over 120 min, the geometric mean area under the concentration curve from hour 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) was 541.8 μg · hr/ml following i.m. administration and 591.4 μg · hr/ml following a 120-min infusion; the geometric mean ratio was 0.92 with a 90% confidence interval of 0.88 to 0.95. The geometric mean AUC0-∞ was nearly identical when 1-g doses were infused over 30 or 120 min. Although the maximum concentration of drug in serum was somewhat lower following i.m. administration than following i.v. administration, the shape of the plasma concentration profiles was roughly comparable at later time points. Ertapenem did not accumulate after multiple 1-g i.m. daily doses over 7 days. The geometric mean ratio for AUC0-24 (day 7/day 1) was 0.98 with a 90% confidence interval of 0.94 to 1.02. Thus, the relative bioavailability of the 1-g i.m. dose was 92%. Ertapenem does not accumulate following multiple daily 1-g i.m. doses over 7 days.
Prognostic Implication of Persistent Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA Detection in Oral Rinses for Human Papillomavirus–Related Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

Importance Human papillomavirus–related oropharyngeal carcinoma (HPV-OPC) is increasing in incidence in the United States. Although HPV-OPC has favorable prognosis, 10% to 25% of HPV-OPCs recur. Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in oral rinses is associated with HPV-OPC, but its potential as a prognostic biomarker is unclear. Objective To determine whether HPV DNA detection in oral rinses after treatment for HPV-OPC is associated with recurrence and survival. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study of patients with incident HPV-OPC diagnosed from 2009 to 2013 at 4 academic tertiary referral cancer centers in the United States. Oral rinse samples were collected at diagnosis and after treatment (9, 12, 18, and 24 months after diagnosis), and evaluated for HPV DNA. Among an initial cohort of 157 participants with incident HPV-OPC treated with curative intent, 124 had 1 or more posttreatment oral rinses available and were included in this study. Main Outcomes and Measures Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the association of HPV DNA detection in oral rinses with survival was evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Results Oral HPV type 16 (HPV16) DNA was common at diagnosis (67 of 124 participants [54%]). In contrast, oral HPV16 DNA was detected in only 6 participants after treatment (5%), including 5 with HPV16 DNA also detected at diagnosis (persistent oral HPV16 DNA). Two-year DFS and OS were 92% (95% CI, 94%-100%) and 98% (95% CI, 93%-99%). Persistent oral HPV16 DNA was associated with worse DFS (hazard ratio, 29.7 [95% CI, 9.0-98.2]) and OS (hazard ratio, 23.5 [95% CI, 4.7-116.9]). All 5 participants with persistent oral HPV16 DNA developed recurrent disease, 3 with local disease involvement. In contrast, just 9 of 119 participants (8%) without persistent oral HPV16 DNA developed recurrent disease, only 1 (11%) with local disease involvement. Median (range) time from earliest posttreatment oral HPV16 DNA detection to recurrence was 7.0 (3.7-10.9) months. Conclusions and Relevance Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in oral rinses is common at diagnosis but rare after treatment for HPV-OPC. Our data suggest that, although infrequent, persistent HPV16 DNA in posttreatment oral rinses is associated with poor prognosis and is a potential tool for long-term tumor surveillance, perhaps more so for local recurrence.
Distributed multichannel speech enhancement with minimum mean-square error short-time spectral amplitude, log-spectral amplitude, and spectral phase estimation

In this paper, the authors present optimal multichannel frequency domain estimators for minimum mean-square error (MMSE) short-time spectral amplitude (STSA), log-spectral amplitude (LSA), and spectral phase estimation in a widely distributed microphone configuration. The estimators utilize Rayleigh and Gaussian statistical models for the speech prior and noise likelihood with a diffuse noise field for the surrounding environment. Based on the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Segmental Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SSNR) along with the Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) and Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) as objective metrics, the multichannel LSA estimator decreases background noise and speech distortion and increases speech quality compared to the baseline single channel STSA and LSA estimators, where the optimal multichannel spectral phase estimator serves as a significant quantity to the improvements, and demonstrates robustness due to time alignment and attenuation factor estimation. Overall, the optimal distributed microphone spectral estimators show strong results in noisy environments with application to many consumer, industrial, and military products.
An Overview of DNA Microarray Image Requirements for Automated Processing

We present an overview of DNA microarray image requirements for automated processing and information extraction from spotted glass slides. Motivation of our review comes from the need to automate high-throughput microarray data processing due to exponentially growing amounts of microarray data. In order to automate microarray image processing and draw biologically meaningful conclusions from experiments, one has to understand the processing flow, modeling assumptions, uncertainties involved, and the computational tradeoffs of multiple approaches. We present a model of an ideal microarray image and microarray deviations from the model in real experiments. In the summary, we discuss several open problems and the current challenges of high-throughput microarray image processing.
The Process of Social Exclusion: The Dynamics of an Evolving Concept

Most theorists maintain that social exclusion is a process, not only the condition reflecting the outcome of that process. Yet few, if any people ever reach the ultimate end of the imagined trajectory. There are no formal exclusion thresholds to cross, as exist for poverty. Rather, at any one time, people are situated on a multi-dimensional continuum and may be moving towards inclusion in one or another sense or towards a state of comprehensive, cumulative social rupture. This process has been labeled social disaffiliation or disqualification, among other terms, and encompasses humiliation as well as social isolation. Longitudinal and panel studies reviewed here document some of the mechanisms of individuals' downward spiral with the accumulation of dimensions of exclusion. At a more macro-level, groups, communities, and societies also may undergo a process of social exclusion from larger collectivities in which progressive isolation and a decline of solidarity give rise to new social boundaries - exclusion lines, so to speak -- between insiders and outsiders. The process of residential segregation is a notable example. Despite the EU's designation of common exclusion indicators, national differences in the meaning of social exclusion, in contrast to poverty, may impede comparative study. The concept and its measures are still evolving.
Bursts and oscillations as independent properties of neural activity in the parkinsonian globus pallidus internus

Abstract Bursts and oscillatory modulations in firing rate are hallmark features of abnormal neuronal activity in the parkinsonian Globus Pallidus internus (GPi). Although often implicated together in the pathophysiology of parkinsonian signs, little is known about how burst discharges and oscillatory firing (OF) relate to each other. To investigate this question, extracellular single-unit neuronal activity was recorded from 132 GPi cells in 14 Parkinson's disease patients. We found that burst firing was equally prevalent in OF and non-oscillatory firing (NOF) cells (p > 0.5). More than half of the cells were characterized by either aperiodic bursty activity or OF, but not both. OF and NOF cells had statistically-indistinguishable levels of mean burstiness (p = 0.8). Even when bursting and OF co-existed in individual cells, levels of burstiness and oscillatory power were seldom correlated across time. Interestingly, however, the few OF cells with spectral peaks between 8–13 Hz (α-range) were substantially burstier than other cells (p
A scalable threshold logic synthesis method using ZBDDs

A scalable synthesis method for large input threshold logic circuits using Zero Suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams is introduced. Existing synthesis methods require that a large input function must be initially decomposed using small input functions and this impacts the synthesis cost. The presented approach in this paper does not consider such restrictions. It is experimentally shown that the proposed method can synthesize the primary outputs of existing benchmarks without consulting the net-list, and the synthesis cost is significantly reduced over the existing methods.
Expression of 'Segmentation' Genes During Larval and Juvenile Development in the Polychaetes Capitella Sp. I and H. Elegans

Polychaete annelids and arthropods are both segmented protostome invertebrates. To investigate whether the segmented body plan of these two phyla share a common molecular ground pattern, we report the developmental expression of orthologues of the arthropod segment polarity genes engrailed (en), hedgehog (hh), and wingless (wg/Wnt1) in larval and juvenile stages of the polychaete annelid Capitella sp. I and en in a second polychaete, Hydroides elegans. Temporally, neither Wnt1 nor hh are detected in the segmented region of the larval body until after morphological segmentation is apparent. Expression of CapI–Wnt1 is limited to a ring of ectoderm marking the future anus during larval segmentation. CapI–hh is expressed in a ring of the hindgut internal to that of CapI–Wnt1, as well as in a subset of ventral nerve cord neurons, anterior gut tissue, and mesoderm. In both H. elegans and Capitella sp. I, en is expressed in a spatially and temporally dynamic manner in segmentally iterated structures as well as a population of cells that migrate internally from ectoderm to mesoderm, possibly representing a population of ecto–mesodermal precursors. Significantly, the expression patterns we report for wg, en, and hh orthologues in Capitella sp. I and for en in larval development of H. elegans are not comparable to the highly conserved ectodermal segment polarity pattern observed in arthropods at any life history stage, consistent with distinct origins of segmentation between annelids and arthropods.
An Improved Lattice Boltzmann Method for Steady Fluid Flows

The use of the lattice Boltzmann method in computational fluid dynamics has been steadily increasing. The highly local nature of lattice Boltzmann computations have allowed for easy cache optimization and parallelization. This bestows the lattice Boltzmann method with considerable superiority in computational performance over traditional finite difference methods for solving unsteady flow problems. When solving steady flow problems, the explicit nature of the lattice Boltzmann discretization limits the time step size. The time step size is limited by the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition and local gradients in the solution, the latter limitation being more extreme. This paper describes a novel explicit discretization for the lattice Boltzmann method that can perform simulations with larger time step sizes. The new algorithm is applid to the steady Burger’s equation, uux = μ(uxx + uyy ), which is a nonlinear partial differential equation containing both convection and diffusion terms. A comparison between the original lattice Boltzmann method and the new algorithm is performed with regard to time for computation and accuracy.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Effect of Patriotic Messages on Restaurant Tipping1

This study compared the effectiveness of 2 types of patriotic messages with a warmth/ ingratiation message and a control condition on restaurant tipping. Two female food servers waited on 100 parties eating dinner. When diners were finished with their meals, servers left them 1 of 4 messages on their checks: “Have a Nice Day,” “God Bless America,” “United We Stand,” or no message. Results indicated that parties who received the “United We Stand” message left significantly higher tips than did those receiving no message or the “Have a Nice Day” message. No other significant differences were found. These results and their implications are discussed.
Homeostasis of the Inner Ear

Mechanoelectrical transduction by auditory and vestibular sensory hair cells (HCs) is dependent on the development and maintenance of large transcellular potassium (K+) gradients. The formation of inner ear K+ gradients is a complex process requiring the cooperation of numerous ion channels and pumps in multiple cell types. Alterations in the activity of any of these ion transport mediators can disrupt K+ homeostasis and lead to hearing and balance disorders. Research over the past decade has established that K+ leaked from the scala media or effluxed through HCs into perilymph is recycled back to endolymph via a complex system involving multiple pathways. In the cochlea, the main objective of the lateral recycling pathway is to deliver K+ into the intrastrial compartment from where it can be pumped back to endolymph by marginal cell Na+, K+-ATPase activity. This is now known to occur, at least in part, by intracellular transport of K+ through a syncytial network composed of at least four types of lateral wall fibrocytes along with strial basal and intermediate cells, all of which are connected via gap junctions. The K+ effluxed from outer sulcus cells and resorbed by type II fibrocytes is derived from perilymph surrounding outer HCs, where it is taken up by Dieters and tectal cells and transported intracellularly through a second gap junctionally coupled network of epithelial supporting cells in the organ of Corti. This process serves to keep K+ from building up in the fluid surrounding outer HCs, where it could compromise repolarization and, in extreme excess, become cytotoxic. A similar system is thought to recycle K+ effluxed from inner HCs medially through inner sulcus cells and limbal fibrocytes for return to endolymph by interdental cells. Considerable evidence also attests to the presence of analogous systems for recycling K+ in the utricule and ampullae. Elucidation of the specific cellular and molecular alterations underlying disturbances in inner ear K+ homeostasis offers the prospect of enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of certain hearing and balance disorders.
Unha análise da interacción de aula a través do estudo de casos

galegoO presente traballo aborda a cuestion da problematica da interaccion profesorado-alumnado no proceso de ensinanza aprendizaxe, mediante unha investigacion etnografica, a traves do estudo de caso, levada a cabo nun aula de 6o de educacion primaria, nun centro urbano da cidade de A Coruna. Neste escrito, non se valora unha relacion relacion especifica docente-estudante, nin se trata de facer unha comparativa entre mestres ou de abordar cuestions sobre a calidade e metodoloxia de ensinanza; senon que se trata relatar e determinar como o alumnado deberia ter o papel principal no proceso de ensino-aprendizaxe. EnglishThis communication address the interaction influence in the teaching-learning process, through an ethnography research, especially a case study made in a six grade classroom in a school in A Coruna. This research is not about a teacher-student relation valuation, neither to compare teachers nor to treat questions about the methodology and education quality. The aim is relate and define how the students should have the principal rol in the teaching-learning process.
Chaos in models of arms races and the initiation of war: Crisis stability and instability in an international system: Essays and Commentaries

An essay based on a presentation at the 6th Understanding Complex Systems Conference, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 15–18, 2006.
1.02 GHz cross-sectional Lamé mode resonator with high KT2 exceeding 4.6%

This paper demonstrates a new class of AlN-based piezoelectric resonators for operation in the microwave frequency range. These novel devices are identified as Cross-Sectional-Lame-Mode resonators (CLMRs) as they rely on the piezoelectric transduction of a Lame mode, in the cross-section of an AlN plate. Such 2-dimensional (2D) mechanical mode of vibration, characterized by motion along both the lateral and the thickness directions, is actuated and sensed piezoelectrically through the coherent combination of the en and en piezoelectric coefficients of AlN. This special feature enables the implementation of CLMRs with high values of electromechanical coupling coefficient (kt2). We demonstrate a kt2 value in excess of 4.6% in a CLMR operating around 1.02 GHz. Such kt2 value is the highest ever reported among AlN resonators employing interdigital-metal-electrodes (IDTs) to actuate and to sense the mechanical motion.
Long-range alignment of gold nanorods in electrospun polymer nano/microfibers.

In this study, a scalable fabrication technique for controlling and maintaining the nanoscale orientation of gold nanorods (GNRs) with long-range macroscale order has been achieved through electrospinning. The volume fraction of GNRs with an average aspect ratio of 3.1 is varied from 0.006 to 0.045 in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) solutions to generate electrospun fibers possessing different GNR concentrations and measuring 40–3000 nm in diameter. The GNRs within these fibers exhibit excellent alignment with their longitudinal axis parallel to the fiber axis n. According to microscopy analysis, the average deviant angle between the GNR axis and n increases modestly from 3.8 to 13.3° as the fiber diameter increases. Complementary electron diffraction measurements confirm preferred orientation of the {100} GNR planes. Optical absorbance spectroscopy measurements reveal that the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance bands of the aligned GNRs depend on the polarization angle and that maximum extinction occurs...
Kienböck's disease. I. Anatomy and Etiology.

Cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) pose a major industrial problem in terms of increased medical costs, lost productivity and degraded worker health and safety. From an anatomical view, CTD's are classified into three major categories: tendon disorders, neurovascular disorders and nerve disorders. Up until recently these categories seemed to cover CTD of the upper extremity, however, Kienbock's disease, a typically less common disease and one that does not fit into the established CTD categories, has been observed to exhibit CTD characteristics and does appear in the manufacturing environment. The most common types of employment observed to exhibit individuals with this disease are carpentry, jobs involving the use of pneumatic tools (wrench), spot welders, sheet metal work, farmers and factory workers. The present article makes a critical examination of the relevant anatomy and etiologic aspects of this disease.
Analysis of responses to angiotensin I-(3-10) in the hindlimb vascular bed of the cat

Responses to angiotensin I-(3-10), the precursor for angiotensin IV, were investigated in the anesthetized cat. Intravenous injections of the precursor caused dose-related increases in systemic arterial pressure that were similar to responses elicited by angiotensin i.v. and that were inhibited by captopril. in the hindlimb vascular bed of the cat under constant-flow conditions, injections of the substrate into the perfusion circuit in doses of 3-100 micrograms caused dose-related increases in hindlimb perfusion pressure that were rapid in onset and were not altered by the presence of a time-delay coil in the perfusion circuit. Dose-response curves for the precursor and angiotensin i.v. were parallel, and the precursor was approximately twofold less potent than angiotensin i.v. in its ability to increase hindlimb perfusion pressure. Responses to the precursor were inhibited by captopril in a dose that attenuated hindlimb vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin I. Increases in hindlimb perfusion pressure in response to angiotensin I-(3-10) were inhibited by DuP-532 in a dose that attenuated the response to angiotensin i.v. PD-123,319, an AT2 receptor antagonist, had no significant effect on responses to angiotensin I-(3-10). The present results suggest that angiotensin I-(3-10) is rapidly and efficiently converted by an angiotensin converting enzyme-dependent pathway into an active peptide, which induces vasoconstriction by activating AT1 receptors in the peripheral vascular bed of the cat.
Optimization of huff-n-puff gas injection in a shale gas condensate reservoir

Abstract Condensate blockage is a serious problem in shale gas condensate reservoirs. As the pressure decreases lower than dew point pressure, condensate forms. This condensate reduces the relative permeability of gas and the productivity of shale gas condensate reservoirs. Huff-n-puff gas injection is an EOR method in which a well alternates between injection, soaking, and production. Based on the laboratory study conducted by Meng et al. (2015), huff-n-puff gas injection was proven as an effective method to enhance condensate recovery for Eagle Ford shale cores. In this paper, a numerical reservoir simulation study is conducted to optimize the application of huff-n-puff gas injection in an Eagle Ford shale gas condensate reservoir. During the injection and soaking process, the pressure of the reservoirs built up, the condensate was revaporized to gas, and then was produced during the production process. Different parameters were investigated including injection time, soaking time, production time, and cycle numbers. The results show that huff-n-puff gas injection is an effective method to enhance condensate recovery in the Eagle Ford shale gas condensate reservoir. It was found that the optimum injection time is the time during which the pressure of the main condensate region can be increased higher than dew point pressure. Also, shorter or even no soaking is more effective. The production time depends on the production decline rate. It is more profitable to start another cycle of huff-n-puff gas injection when the production rate is decreased to a low value.
Applications of the Mechanics of a String

We now turn to applications of the treatment in the previous chapter and develop mechanical models for the dynamics of a string. Many of the systems we consider in this chapter are classical but the analyses of their equations of motion is heavily influenced by treatments of, and novel insights into, these problems that have appeared during the past twenty years. Several of these problems involve chains which we model as a string in the presence of a gravitational body force. The chain fountain, a chain being dropped into a heap, and a chain with a fold are among the problems considered. The analysis of these systems serves to illuminate the roles played by momentum, energy, and material momentum in generating a closed system of equations to determine the dynamics of the string.
Chest radiographs as predictors of length of stay in right-sided infective endocarditis

Background: Right-sided infective endocarditis (IE) occurs less frequently than left-sided IE and is usually caused by intravenous drug use or intravascular device-related infection. Septic pulmonary embolism can cause abnormal chest radiograph (CXR), possibly raise pulmonary artery pressures, and may influence clinical and hospital outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with right-sided IE from January 2000 to December 2011. Clinical parameters were collected and analyzed to define patients’ characteristics and the association with clinical outcomes, including length of stay (LOS). Result: 208 eligible patients had a diagnosis of IE; 19 (9.1%) had right-sided IE. Most were related to intravenous drug use (73.7%) and presented with dyspnea and fever (55.6%). 78.9% of patients had abnormal CXR (parenchymal involvement, cardiomegaly, or pleural effusion). Echocardiography revealed tricuspid valve involvement in all patients; their median mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) by transthoracic echocardiographic estimation was 26.4 mm Hg. Patients with abnormal CXR had significantly longer LOS than those with normal CXR (21.4 vs. 7.5 days, p = 0.008). MPAP was not associated with LOS (p = 0.72). Conclusion: Right-sided IE is often associated with intravenous drug use. The majority of these patients have mild pulmonary hypertension, which could be due to hyperdynamic circulation and probable septic emboli. CXR with pulmonary involvement may be useful in predicting the length of hospital stay in these patients and identifying patients with more complications.
Training Writing Teachers: An Assignment in Mapping Writing Program Values

Drawing on the work of Broad (2003), I created a Value Mapping assignment that asked graduate TAs in a composition practicum course to map the values of their assigned teaching mentors. Through analysis of syllabi, assignments, grading, and personal interviews, TAs made visual maps of their assigned mentors' teaching values and shared them with the class. Together, they discovered not only the values of the first-year writing program but also how teaching materials convey those values to students. This assignment may be adapted to other types of courses to help students see the different values that underlie their majors or professions.
Painless Tennis Ball Tracking System

Tennis ball machines help tennis players develop their game to perfect a particular stroke or area of performance. However, current commercial tennis ball machines do not provide an automatic feedback mechanism of tracking their performance, and so the collection of shot data captured during a training session is manually recorded onto paper or an electronic record. With improvements of video technology, such as computing power and resolution rate, the motion analysis and tracking of objects have been actively researched and partially successful in some sports, particularly in baseball and soccer. However, tracking a fast moving, small tennis ball is a challenging task. To solve this problem, Painless Tennis Ball Tracking System (PTBTS) has been developed to automate the collection of shot data during a tennis training session using computer vision techniques. A new algorithm has been developed to detect the boundary of court, the tennis ball's movement, and the bounce location of a player's shot. Hardware components were designed for real-time video capture and image processing as well as communication with hand-held devices. Experimental results show that our approach is robust and has a tracking accuracy that can be integrated with current commercial tennis ball machines, which would be installed by local companies. Details of the system and future enhancement are discussed.
7 – Power Semiconductor Devices

This chapter provides an overview of power semiconductor devices as they are used as switches in power electronics applications. Ideal switches arbitrarily block large forward and reverse voltages, with zero current flow in the off-state, arbitrarily conduct large currents with zero voltage drop in the on-state, and have negligible switching time and power loss. Material and design limitations prevent semiconductor devices from operating as ideal switches. It is important to understand the operation of these devices to determine how much the device characteristics can be idealized. Available semiconductor devices could be either controllable or uncontrollable. In an uncontrollable device, such as the diode, on-and off-states are controlled by circuit conditions. Devices like BJTs, MOSFETs, and their combinations can be turned on and off by control signals, and hence, are controllable devices. Thyristors belong to an intermediate category defined by latch-on being determined by a control signal and turn-off governed by external circuit conditions. This chapter presents a summary of the design equations, terminal characteristics, and the circuit performance of contemporary and emerging power devices.