cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerobic Biometer Analysis of Glucose and Starch Biodegradation

The ASTM D5210-91 protocol for evaluating the biodegradability of a polymer was examined. The reactor design was modified not only to account for the total CO2 evolved but also to allow for the simultaneous carbon assessment in microbes, soluble products, and solid samples. Improvements in the test procedure were implemented such as (1) refining the CO2 pretrap and posttrap design, (2) optimizing the carbon dioxide removal efficiency, (3) accounting for the total polymeric carbon, (4) standardizing the inoculum, and (5) revising the nutrient medium. By growing the sludge on a suitable substrate prior to polymeric exposure, a constant microbial density was obtained. The modified ASTM method provides an assessment of the polymeric carbon degradation at any given time. The results of this work have specific significance to the behavior of polymers in a sewage waste treatment plant, where sludge is continuously being acrated, and also for aerobic biodegradation in general.
Minimum time control of a nonlinear system.

Time optimal control for nonlinear systems, expressing optimal control law as function of state variables
Diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a girl with auto-immune haemolysis

A 7-year-old girl developed diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency after 3.5 years of almost continuous treatment with azathioprine and/or prednisone for idiopathic auto-immune haemolytic anaemia. Although both drugs have been reported to preserve endogenous insulin secretion and to interrupt the diabetogenic process they may be responsible for diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in our patient.
Topologies de l'art en l'era de la informació

Existen muchas maneras de caracterizar los ultimos anos del arte electronico y de los nuevos medios, discursos basados en su devenir historico en paralelo al avance de las tecnologias, con las que experimenta y discute; o basados en el desarrollo de algunas de sus caracteristicas mas especificas como la interactividad, la comunicacion, la sinestesia o su relacion con lo virtual. En este ensayo se propone una vision mas hibrida en la linea del discurso propuesto por Edward Shanken, en que el arte de los nuevos medios y el arte contemporaneo, especialmente el relacionado con los movimientos de vanguardia como el arte cinetico, el arte conceptual, la performance y el movimiento Fluxus, el dadaismo y el situacionismo, o el cine experimental, discurren no tanto en continuidad sino paralelamente. Ambos se desarrollan a partir de un pensamiento puesto en movimiento, un pensamiento topologico, expresado en autores como Bergson, Deleuze, Serres, Agamben o Latour, en que los objetos y los limites estables han desaparecido en favor de un mundo complejo en el que lo definitorio son las relaciones, intensidades y conexiones y su capacidad de generar nuevos territorios simultaneos y mutables. En este entorno en que la vida deviene intercambio de informacion, el arte abandona el lugar estable otorgado por la tradicion para aventurarse a la creacion de nuevos contextos y formas de interaccion para la produccion de un sentido emergente. De los espacios cineticos e inmersivos de las instalaciones multimedia al espacio urbano y el espacio ubicuo y virtual de la red, a la convivencia de ambos en la realidad aumentada, hasta llegar a la ecologia de un mundo todo conectado donde se unen tecnologia y vida, cultura y naturaleza, lo localmente producido y sus repercusiones globales.
Mechanical properties of finger-jointed round wood cores

Finger-jointing round wood segments into straight logs may provide an efficient method for converting small-diameter timber harvested during thinning operations into value-added products. Currently available applications for round wood finger joints appear to be limited. This study investigated the mechanical performance of round wood finger joints using plywood peeler cores. The effects of two joint profiles and two joint orientations on the performance of round wood finger joints were determined. The strength, stiffness and strain variation properties of round wood finger joints were evaluated and compared with those of solid joint-free round wood cores. The strength of finger-jointed round wood segments was found to be less than the strength of solid round wood cores without joints. Both joint profile and joint orientation were found to affect the strength and the strain of round wood finger joints. Finger-joint base strain increased at a greater rate than did finger-joint tip strain during bending tests.
Specification of the dynamic response of NPN − N power transistors

Standard dynamic transistor parameters have proven to be inadequate in defining the response of NPN−N transistors in high frequency power circuits. Two new parameters, related to the process of conductivity modulation of the N−N collector, are proposed to describe the switching characteristics associated with the quasi-saturation region.
Rapid ion-exchange techniques for radiochemical separations

Abstract The short-lived nuclear isomers, Pb207m (0·8 sec) and Ir191m (4·9 sec) have been identified and characterized after rapid anion-exchange separation from their long-lived parents, Bi207 (8 years) and Os191 (16 days). Diffusion of daughter activities from the resin to solution phase is sufficiently rapid to permit satisfactory separation from the parent activities. In the strong base anion exchanger used, the diffusion coefficient of tracer Pb(II) was found to be 7·8 × 10−8 cm2/sec at 25°C. The yield of the Pb207m separation, as calculated from diffusion theory and the measured diffusion coefficient of Pb(II), is in fair agreement with that observed. Results are discussed in regard to general applicability of the ion-exchange technique for rapid separations.
Systemic ethanol administration elevates deoxycorticosterone levels and chronic ethanol exposure attenuates this response

Systemic ethanol administration is known to elevate levels of the GABAergic neuroactive steroid 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THDOC). 3alpha,5alpha-THDOC is synthesized from deoxycorticosterone (DOC) by metabolism in adrenals and brain. The present study investigated DOC levels in plasma and brain following ethanol administration to naive and ethanol-exposed rats. Rats were administered ethanol (2 g/kg, i.p.) or saline and DOC levels were measured in plasma and brain regions by radioimmunoassay. Chronic ethanol-exposed rats were administered an ethanol challenge (2 g/kg, i.p.) following 15 days of ethanol liquid diet consumption. Ethanol administration markedly increased DOC levels in plasma, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and olfactory tubercle of naive rats. Ethanol challenge produced an attenuated elevation of DOC in rat plasma and brain following chronic ethanol consumption for 2 weeks. These findings suggest that acute ethanol increases DOC levels in ethanol naive rats and chronic ethanol consumption induces tolerance to ethanol-induced increases in DOC levels.
A kinetic decomposition process for air-gap interconnects and induced deformation instability of a low-k dielectric cap layer

During air-gap formation in interconnects, decomposition process of the sacrificial layer induces deformation of a low-k dielectric cap layer. For analysis of ensuing structural instability, a logistic kinetics model is introduced to describe the removal process of the sacrificial layer, and finite difference method (FDM) is applied to evaluate the deformation behavior of the cap layer. The instability of the cap layer depends on its span length and the degree of adhesion between the cap layer and sacrificial layer. During decomposition, strong adhesion causes the collapse of the cap layer, while the cap deformation remains small and stable with weak adhesion. For intermediate adhesion, a snap-back instability is predicted as the cap layer suddenly detaches from the sacrificial layer at a critical deflection. The critical adhesion energy is predicted as a function of the air gap width.
An efficient cost-sharing program to reduce nonpoint-source contamination: theory and an application to groundwater contamination

This research evaluates the economics of cost-sharing improved irrigation technologies to reduce agricultural, nonpoint-source contamination. Irrigation and fertilization inefficiencies are modeled within a nonjoint production process to evaluate both private and public costs of technology adoption and its effect on groundwater nitrate-contamination levels. A central Nebraska application indicates that even without a current government subsidy, a farmer is economically better off switching from gravity-flow to surge-flow irrigation rather than a center-pivot system. An annual government subsidy of $22.50 (US$) per hectare per year is required over the life of a center-pivot system to make the farmer financially indifferent. However, cost-sharing center-pivot adoption improves the groundwater contamination level, while other irrigation systems result in continued deterioration of groundwater quality.
Determination of Spinosad and Its Metabolites in Citrus Crops and Orange Processed Commodities by HPLC with UV Detection

Spinosad is an insect control agent that is derived from a naturally occurring organism and is effective on a wide variety of crops, including citrus crops. A method is described for the determination of spinosad and its metabolites in citrus crops and orange processed commodities. The method determines residues of the active ingredients (spinosyns A and D) and three minor metabolites (spinosyn B, spinosyn K, and N-demethylspinosyn D). For dried orange pulp and orange oil, the method has a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.02 μg/g and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.006 μg/g. For all other sample matrices (whole fruit, edible fruit, juice, and peel), the method has an LOQ of 0.01 μg/g and an LOD of 0.003 μg/g. The analytes are extracted from the various sample types using appropriate solvents, and the extracts are purified by liquid−liquid partitioning and/or solid-phase extraction. All five analytes are determined simultaneously in the purified extracts by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatogr...
Particle size determination of sunscreens formulated with various forms of titanium dioxide

Background: There has been some apprehension expressed in the scientific literature that nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) and other nanoparticles, if able to penetrate the skin, may cause cytotoxicity. In light of a lack of data regarding dermal penetration of titanium dioxide from sunscreen formulations, the Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research initiated a study in collaboration with the National Center for Toxicology Research using minipigs to determine whether nanoscale TiO2 in sunscreen products can penetrate intact skin. Four sunscreen products were manufactured. Method: The particle size distribution of three TiO2 raw materials, a sunscreen blank (no TiO2) and three sunscreen formulations containing uncoated nanometer-sized TiO2, coated nanometer-sized TiO2 or sub-micron TiO2 were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine whether the formulation process caused a change ...
Cancer in pregnancy: cross-sectional oncologic imaging utilization at a tertiary care center with an algorithmic approach to imaging.

Abstract Purpose To review utilization of imaging in pregnant patients with malignancies and define an imaging algorithm in this patient population. Methods Pregnant patients with concurrent diagnoses of malignancy from January 2002 to January 2011 were identified using an institutional electronic medical record system. Patients with history of malignancy concurrent with pregnancy who had documented cross-sectional imaging studies were included. Clinical charts were reviewed, and patient demographics, diagnoses, indication for imaging, imaging findings, and oncologic stage were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results Thirty-eight women were identified with malignancy concurrent with pregnancy. Twenty-seven patients had cross-sectional imaging studies during their pregnancy. There were 20 new diagnoses of malignancy and 7 with recurrent tumor. The most common new malignancies were lymphoma (5/27, 19%) and breast cancer (4/27, 15%). Two thirds (18/27, 66%) of the patients underwent at least one imaging study associated with ionizing radiation. CT imaging was utilized in 13 (48%) of 27 patients and MRI was used in 14 (52%) of 27 patients. Fifteen (75%) of the 20 patients with new diagnoses underwent oncologic staging with imaging that meets the standard of care based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. An imaging algorithm was created as a guideline for the most common malignancies in pregnancy. Conclusions Cross-sectional oncologic imaging in the pregnant patient involves a variety of imaging modalities including those with ionizing radiation. This imaging largely follows standard of care for the nonpregnant patient and is tailored to specific patient complaints. A generalized algorithm is offered here for imaging pregnant oncology patients.
Isothermal Solidification of Micro Layers of Molten Aluminum Alloys

Isothermal solidification of micro layers of aluminum binary alloys has been analyzed experimentally and theoretically. An in-situ real time monitoring of the behavior of molten eutectic, and sub-eutectic Al-Si alloys on a reactive Al substrate have been conducted using the hot stage microscopy. All tests were conducted in a high purity nitrogen background atmosphere. The heating ramp rates were in the range of 20 K/min to 50 K/min, the peak temperature was in the range between 858 K and 873 K, and the cooling rate during quench was 100 K/min. A transient moving boundary diffusion model of Si transport across the liquid/solid interface has been corroborated with empirical findings. A heuristic explanation of the cause of isothermal solidification and a comparison of experimental data and numerical predictions convincingly illustrate that (1) slow solid state diffusion into the substrate and (2) a much faster diffusion within the liquid phase are both the key controlling factors of solidification kinetics. The margin of an agreement between modeling predictions and empirical data is strongly influenced by an uncertainty in the estimation of diffusion characteristics across the interface. Phenomena considered are critical for the magnitude of erosion/dissolution of substrate during controlled atmosphere aluminum brazing processes; hence they are essential for the integrity of resulting metal-metal bonds facilitated by brazing.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Temporary threshold shifts (TTS) of fingertip vibrotactile perception thresholds from hand-held tool vibration exposures at working surface

Abstract Objective The effect of hand-held vibration exposure in the working surface on the temporary threshold shift (TTS) in vibrotactile perception threshold at the fingers has been studied. Method Subjects were exposed to the hand-held tool with the exposure time of 5 min at different positions in the working surface. A controlled condition with no vibration was included. In order to obtain the TTS in the fingertip vibrotactile perception threshold, the vibrotactile perception thresholds were measured before and after the subjects were exposed to hand-transmitted vibration from the hand-held tool. Results The results of TTS were different at different positions in the working surface, even though the hand-held tool vibration magnitudes were the same frequency-weighted rms acceleration according to the ISO 5349-1 standard. Conclusions Even though the tool vibration magnitudes were the same, the TTS values were different in the working surface. The results suggest that the ISO 5349-1 standard needs to be revised to include other factors that many influence the risk of obtaining a vibration-induced injury, such as posture. Relevance to industry Results from this study demonstrated the problem of the frequency-weighting method of the ISO 5349-1 standard in the working surface. Therefore, in the assembly lines or worktables of the industries, even though the tool position is in the working surface, the employees or employers must consider about the position of the tools to reduce the effect of vibration exposure for preventing the vibration injuries.
Visual interactive simulation and artificial intelligence in design of flexible manufacturing systems

The design of flexible manufacturing systems is a complex decision-making process that typically involves the evaluation of a number of different design alternatives. The evaluation is often performed using modelling and simulation techniques. The role of visual interactive modelling and simulation in design of flexible manufacturing systems is discussed. The application of artificial intelligence techniques to implement a set of knowledge sources, used for accomplishment of various design activities, is described. An object-orientated implementation is used to illustrate the underlying concepts.
Detection of aortic arch calcification in apolipoprotein E-null mice using carbon nanotube-based micro-CT system.

Background We performed in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging using a novel carbon nanotube (CNT)–based x-ray source to detect calcification in the aortic arch of apolipoprotein E (apoE)–null mice. Methods and Results We measured calcification volume of aortic arch plaques using CNT-based micro-CT in 16- to 18-month-old males on 129S6/SvEvTac and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds (129-apoE KO and B6-apoE KO). Cardiac and respiratory gated images were acquired in each mouse under anesthesia. Images obtained using a CNT micro-CT had less motion blur and better spatial resolution for aortic calcification than those using conventional micro-CT, evaluated by edge sharpness (slope of the normalized attenuation units, 1.6±0.3 versus 0.8±0.2) and contrast-to-noise ratio of the calcifications (118±34 versus 10±2); both P <0.05, n=6. Calcification volume in the arch inner curvature was 4 times bigger in the 129-apoE KO than in the B6-apoE KO mice (0.90±0.18 versus 0.22±0.10 mm3, P <0.01, n=7 and 5, respectively), whereas plaque areas in the inner curvature measured in dissected aorta were only twice as great in the 129-apoE KO than in the B6-apoE KO mice (6.1±0.6 versus 3.7±0.4 mm2, P <0.05). Consistent with this, histological calcification area in the plaques was significantly higher in the 129-apoE KO than in the B6-apoE KO mice (16.9±2.0 versus 9.6±0.8%, P <0.05, 3 animals for each). Conclusions A novel CNT-based micro-CT is a useful tool to evaluate vascular calcifications in living mice. Quantification from acquired images suggests higher susceptibility to calcification of the aortic arch plaques in 129-apoE KO than in B6-apoE KO mice.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of Murine Rabies with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid and Chlorite-Oxidized Amylose

Chlorite-oxidized amylose (COAM), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], and combinations of the two drugs were evaluated for their interferon-inducing properties and their ability to protect mice against rabies infection. Post-exposure administration of one or two doses (100 μg each) of poly(I:C) significantly protected mice against rabies infection. Pretreatment of mice with COAM 3 h before poly(I:C) stimulation resulted in an enhancement of the interferon response. However, the increased interferon titers were not reflected by increased protection against rabies infection over that achieved with poly(I:C) therapy alone. Therapy with COAM alone did not protect mice against rabies but, rather, was associated with enhanced mortality.
Ring-down spectroscopy for studying properties of CW Raman lasers

Abstract We describe theoretically a simple technique for analyzing the conversion efficiency and the oscillation threshold of all-resonant intracavity Raman lasers. The method is based on a dependence of the ring-down time of the pump cavity mode on the energy accumulated in the cavity.
Differential effects of spinal CNQX on two populations of dorsal horn neurons responding to colorectal distension in the rat

The present study examined the effect of a spinally administered excitatory amino acid antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 1, 2.5, 5 microg) on responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to graded intensities (20, 40, 60, 80 mmHg) of colorectal distention (CRD). Extracellular single unit recordings were made from 28 dorsal horn neurons in the L6-S2 spinal cord. Neurons excited by CRD were subclassified as short latency abrupt (SLA) neurons and short latency sustained (SLS) neurons. The response to graded intensities of CRD was dose-dependently attenuated in 9/17 SLA neurons (53%). The response to CRD was also dose-dependently attenuated in 8/11 SLS neurons (73%). The response to CRD in the remaining eight SLA neurons and three SLS neurons was not attenuated by CNQX. Comparing only neurons that were significantly attenuated by the CNQX, it was found that the magnitude of attenuation of the response to noxious CRD (80 mmHg) produced by 5 microg CNQX was significantly greater in SLA (63 +/-6%) vs. SLS (40 +/- 6%) neurons. While CNQX produced a significant attenuation of the response to innocuous CRD (20 mmHg), there was no difference between the SLA and SLS neurons. The effects of CNQX on the response to somatic stimulation (touch, pinch) of the cutaneous receptive field of these 28 neurons were qualitatively examined in all neurons and quantitatively examined in nine neurons (five SLA and four SLS neurons). CNQX generally decreased the response to pinch or touch, even if CNQX did not attenuate the response to CRD. These results suggest that subpopulations of SLA and SLS neurons are differentially modulated by non-NMDA ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors and that these neuronal subtypes contribute differently to visceral sensory processing. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between the effects of CNQX on visceral and somatic sensory processing in the same neuron underscores potential differences in processing of visceral and somatic pain.
Another approach to actinic keratosis management using nonablative fractional laser.

In an earlier issue, Drs. Prens et al. (1) have presented another method to address the need for a more perfect field therapy in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses (AK). They note that the...
Solvation of copper ions by acetonitrile. Structures and sequential binding energies of Cu+(CH3CN)x, x = 1-5, from collision-induced dissociation and theoretical studies

Collision-induced dissociation of Cu + (CH 3 CN) x , x = 1-5, with xenon is studied as a function of kinetic energy using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. In all cases, the primary and lowest energy dissociation channel observed is endothermic loss of one acetonitrile molecule. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-molecule collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and dissociation lifetimes. Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G * level of theory are used to determine the structures of these complexes and provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are determined from single point calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 1+G(2d,2p) level and also with an extended basis on Cu + of 6-31 1+G(3df) using the B3LYP/6-31G * optimized geometries. The experimental bond energies determined here are in excellent agreement with previous experimental measurements made in a high-pressure mass spectrometer for the sum of the first and second bond energy (i.e., Cu + (CH 3 CN) 2 → Cu + + 2CH 3 CN) when these results are properly anchored. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment is also found for the Cu + (CH 3 CN) x , x = 1 and 2 clusters. Theory systematically underestimates the binding energy in the larger clusters such that higher levels of theory are necessary to adequately describe the very weak noncovalent interactions in these systems.
Dynamic plastic deformation of axi-symmetric circular cylindrical shells

Abstract The endochronic theory of plasticity has been applied to study the axially symmetric motion of a finite circular cylindrical shell subjected to an arbitrary pressure transient applied to its inner surface. The constitutive equations for thin shells have been obtained. The governing equations are then solved by means of the characteristics method. It is found that there exist two characteristic waves: one corresponds to the longitudinal wave while the other represents the shear wave. Several numerical examples are presented for specific boundary conditions and a prescribed loading history along the axial direction. The radial displacement profiles in this analysis show the coupling effect of both longitudinal and shear waves. Furthermore, the resultant displacement history seems in good agreement qualitatively with the pressure input function.
Multigene kinase network, kidney transport, and salt in essential hypertension

Evidence is mounting that a multi-gene kinase network is central to the regulation of renal Na + and K + excretion and that aberrant signaling through the pathway can result in renal sodium retention and hypertension (HTN). The kinase network minimally includes the Ste20-related proline–alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), the with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs), WNK4 and WNK1 , and their effectors, the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter and the potassium secretory channel, ROMK. Available evidence indicates that the kinase network normally functions as a switch to change the mineralocorticoid hormone response of the kidney to either conserve sodium or excrete potassium, depending on whether aldosterone is induced by a change in dietary sodium or potassium. Recently, common genetic variants in the SPAK gene have been identified as HTN susceptibility factors in the general population, suggesting that altered WNK–SPAK signaling plays an important role in essential HTN. Here, we highlight recent breakthroughs in this emerging field and discuss areas of consensus and uncertainty.
Shape optimization in three-dimensional linear elasticity by the boundary contour method

Abstract A variant of the usual boundary element method (BEM), called the boundary contour method (BCM), has been presented in the literature in recent years. In the BCM in three dimensions, surface integrals on boundary elements of the usual BEM are transformed, through an application of Stokes’ theorem, into line integrals on the bounding contours of these elements. The BCM employs global shape functions with the weights, in the linear combinations of these shape functions, being defined piecewise on boundary elements. A very useful consequence of this approach is that stresses, at suitable points on the boundary of a body, can be easily obtained from a post-processing step of the standard BCM. The subject of this paper is shape optimization in three-dimensional (3D) linear elasticity by the BCM. This is achieved by coupling a 3D BCM code with a mathematical programming code based on the successive quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. Numerical results are presented for several interesting illustrative examples.
Duality and perfection for edges in cliques

Abstract Given a graph G , let K ( G ) denote the graph whose vertices correspond with the edges of G . Two vertices of K ( G ) are joined by an edge if the corresponding edges in G are contained in a clique. This paper investigates some properties of G which force duality theorems for K ( G ).
Tumors of head and neck

Abstract Success has attended the treatment of certain tumors of the head and neck by surgery, x -ray and radium,—namely, basal cell epitheliomata, nevi, keloids, lymphoepitheliomata, granulomata. Ultimately less success has attended the treatment of squamous cell epitheliomata and lymphomata. Benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck with the treatment indicated for each are discussed.
The general solution for an ellipsoid in low-Reynolds-number flow

The general solution for low-Reynolds-number flow about an ellipsoid is derived by the singularity method and by representation in ellipsoidal harmonics. It is shown that, as in potential flow, the focal ellipse is the image system for the ellipsoid. A simple transformation which resembles a step in the derivation of the Dirichlet potential is introduced and its implications are explored. This transformation converts the velocity representation for an nth-order ambient field into that for the (n + 1)th-order field. The method furnishes an explanation for the invariance of the domain of the singularity distribution (the focal ellipse) with respect to the ambient field. Faxen relations for all multipole moments for arbitrary Stokes flow are derived in both integral and symbolic operator forms.
Hilbert spaces for estimating errors of quadratures for analytic functions

For estimating the error of a Gaussian quadrature by Davis' method, we investigate here the possibility of using a Hilbert space resulting from the weighted line integral inner product with the weight used in the quadrature formula itself.
TEACHING CHOICE MAKING DURING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS TO STUDENTS WITH PROFOUND MULTIPLE DISABILITIES

We taught 4 students with profound multiple disabilities to use a microswitch communication system to request a change in recreational stimuli during social interactions with nondisabled peers. In Study 1, we conducted a preference assessment across a range of stimuli for each student. The most and least preferred stimuli were incorporated into microswitch communication system training in Study 2. During the second study, 3 of the 4 students (a) learned to use the microswitch communication system to control stimulus presentation, (b) more clearly differentiated their time among stimuli, and (c) increased their level of general alertness. Study 3 extended the use of the microswitch communication system to social interactions with nondisabled peers. Two students were more engaged in interactions when they chose when to change stimuli; 1 student was more alert when a peer chose when to change activities; a 4th student showed an undifferentiated pattern. The outcomes of the investigation are discussed in terms of the effects of controlling stimulus presentation on the behavior of students with profound multiple disabilities and the stability of preference hierarchies over time.
Experiments on the stability of an impulsively-initiated circular Couette flow

Experiments were performed to study the stability characteristics of an unsteady circular Couette flow generated by an impulsive stop of the outer cylinder; the initial condition was a state of rigid-body rotation. Instability of the unsteady basic state is manifested by Gortler vortices, which themselves become unstable to longer-wavelength disturbances, or Taylor vortices which persist indefinitely. The quantities of primary interest are the onset time of instability, the axial vortex wavelength at onset, and the time-evolution of this wavelength. A one-dimensional photodiode array is used to gather data from the flow, which is seeded with flow-visualization material. At sufficiently high values of the Reynolds number, the influence of the inner cylinder on the onset of instability is negligible, based on comparisons with previous experimental data.
Query, analysis, and visualization of hierarchically structured data using Polaris

In the last several years, large OLAP databases have become common in a variety of applications such as corporate data warehouses and scientific computing. To support interactive analysis, many of these databases are augmented with hierarchical structures that provide meaningful levels of abstraction that can be leveraged by both the computer and analyst. This hierarchical structure generates many challenges and opportunities in the design of systems for the query, analysis, and visualization of these databases.In this paper, we present an interactive visual exploration tool that facilitates exploratory analysis of data warehouses with rich hierarchical structure, such as might be stored in data cubes. We base this tool on Polaris, a system for rapidly constructing table-based graphical displays of multidimensional databases. Polaris builds visualizations using an algebraic formalism derived from the interface and interpreted as a set of queries to a database. We extend the user interface, algebraic formalism, and generation of data queries in Polaris to expose and take advantage of hierarchical structure. In the resulting system, analysts can navigate through the hierarchical projections of a database, rapidly and incrementally generating visualizations for each projection.
Polyethylene glycol induced thirst: a dual stimulatory mechanism?

Abstract Hyperoncotic colloid dialysis with polyethylene glycol (PG) resulted in significant water intakes for rats within 1 hr post-treatment, when water was made immediately available. Associated with reliable drinking were azo temia (52%) and hypernatremia (6%), but not hypovolemia. When PG treated rats were delayed without food-water for 6 hr post-PG treatment, the greatest volumes of water were consumed and the rats were both azotemic (111%) and hypovolemic (11–25%). The dipsogenic properties of urea were tested, and demonstrated. The combined data suggest that PG treatment may stimulate thirst via cellular (azotemia and/or hypernatremia) and extracellular (hypovolemia) mechanisms.
Sociodemographic Correlates of Allostatic Load Among a National Sample of Adolescents: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008

Abstract Purpose There is growing evidence that racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic status (SES) differentials in health emerge early in life. This study provided a descriptive profile of allostatic load (AL) among adolescents, focusing on sociodemographic correlates and variation in age patterns of AL by race and ethnicity. Allostatic load, an index of cumulative physiological dysregulation, is a construct that measures how individuals' interactions with their environment "get under the skin" to influence health. Methods We used data from 8,052 adolescents ages 12–19 years, from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. A summary measure of AL was assessed with biomarkers representing cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic systems. Weighted univariate, bivariate, and multivariable negative binomial regression statistics were employed. Results Mean AL increased with age, was higher for blacks than whites or Mexican-Americans, and was higher among adolescents of lower SES. Although black adolescents had higher AL for all ages, the relative advantage of whites and Mexican-Americans declined with age. Conclusions Racial and SES inequalities in AL exist during adolescence. These findings contribute to the understanding of how early life adverse factors "get under the skin," and are potentially translated into disease outcomes and health disparities later in life.
Modeling the Effects of Expectations on Recognition Memory

Expectations have consistent effects on recognition memory, but prior research has not explained these results. Three theories of how expectations affect recognition were compared. According to integration theory, the probability of recognizing a test item increases with its similarity to memory traces both for expected items and for studied items. In weighting theory and in distortion theory, recognition judgments are determined by similarity to memory traces solely for studied items. Weighting theory additionally assumes that expectation-congruent items and expectation-incongruent items have differently weighted influences. Distortion theory additionally assumes that memory traces for studied items are distorted to be more like what is expected. Predictions for the three theories were obtained by implementing them within a mathematical model of memory. These predictions were compared with the results obtained in a meta-analysis of stereotype effects on recognition (Stangor & McMillan, 1992). The conclus...
Challenging issues in neonatal candidiasis

In an era of quality improvement and 'getting to zero (infections and/or related mortality),' neonatal candidiasis is ripe for evidence-based initiatives. Knowledge of each institution's invasive Candida infection (ICI) incidence and infection-related mortality is critical to evaluate disease burden and effective interventions. Evidenced-based interventions include: antifungal prophylaxis, starting with appropriate dosing, and prompt removal of central venous catheters (CVC). There is A-I evidence supporting antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, and it should be considered in every neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The literature supports targeting infants 1000 g and >or=28 weeks not receiving antifungal prophylaxis. Evaluation of ICI incidence and mortality by gestational age and birth week should be followed in each NICU, to evaluate infection control and prevention.
Growth of Highly Oriented TlBa2Ca2Cu3O9—y Superconducting Films on Ag Substrates Using a Dip‐Coated Barium Calcium Copper Oxide Sol—Gel Precursor

Thin films of BazCa2Cu3O7 a precursor of TIBa2, Ca2-Cu3O9-y, were prepared by sol-gel synthesis from an all alkoxide solution. The barium and calcium precursors were the respective metals reacted with 2-methoxyethanol, and the copper precursor was copper methoxide complexed by triethanolamine. Silver substrates were coated using the sol-gel solution by dip-coating. Subsequent processing included a low-temperature drying step (600°C), repeated coating to provide the desired thickness, heat treatment at 850°C in oxygen to remove carbon, and reaction at 860°C in a two-zone thallination furnace to produce a TIBa2Ca2-Cu3O9-y, superconducting film. These films were strongly c-axis-aligned, had a zero-resistance temperature (T2) of 110 K, and a critical-current density (Jc) of 1.9 × 104 A/cmZ at 77 K and zero magnetic field.
Studies on the Venom of the Marine Snail Conus californicus.

Abstract Extracts prepared from the venom duct of the gastropod Conus californicus were lethal in mice following intravenous injection ( LD 50 approximately 2.4 mg protein/kg); symptoms included lethargy, ataxia and convulsions. No activity could be demonstrated in extracts of the venom bulb. The lethal fraction was non-dialyzable, destroyed by heating for five minutes at 100°C and could be lyophilized without loss of activity. Extracts at pH 8 were stable for about a day at 5°C and for weeks at −20°C. Extracts prepared in deionized water were considerably less potent than those prepared in 0.9% NaCl solution containing phosphate buffer at pH 8. In anesthetized rabbits small to moderate doses of venom produced hypotension, increased respiratory rate, bradycardia and with the larger doses changes in the T wave of the electrocardiogram. Lethal doses caused respiratory arrest following severe decline in blood pressure, but artificial respiration was ineffective in preventing death.
SINGLE INCISION TECHNIQUE USING AN INTERFERENCE SCREW FOR THE REPAIR OF DISTAL BICEPS TENDON RUPTURES

Abstract Various techniques throughout the years have been published on surgical repair of the distal biceps tendon foracute ruptures or for recalcitrant biceps tendinosis. The first report of a single incision technique to repair this tendon was in 1897 by S. Johnson in the New York Medical Journal . Since that time many different approaches and techniques have been developed. Interference screw fixation has been a reliable and well-tested method of tendon/ligament to bone attachment. There is a large body of literature concerning the various aspects of interference fit in the anterior cruciate ligament and proximal biceps tendon literature. Anatomic measurements, osteological analysis, and radiographic examination have provided information for the design of an interference screw that can be safely used in the proximal radius. We describe a technique using an interference screw through a single incision. We present two techniques for open tenodesis of the long head of the biceps.
New analytic approximation to the standard molecular volume definition and its application to generalized Born calculations.

In a recent article (Lee, M. S.; Salsbury, F. R. Jr.; Brooks, C. L., III. J Chem Phys 2002, 116, 10606), we demonstrated that generalized Born (GB) theory provides a good approximation to Poisson electrostatic solvation energy calculations if one uses the same definitions of molecular volume for each. In this work, we present a new and improved analytic method for reproducing the Lee-Richards molecular volume, which is the most common volume definition for Poisson calculations. Overall, 1% errors are achieved for absolute solvation energies of a large set of proteins and relative solvation energies of protein conformations. We also introduce an accurate SASA approximation that uses the same machinery employed by our GB method and requires a small addition of computational cost. The combined methodology is shown to yield an efficient and accurate implicit solvent representation for simulations of biopolymers.
Novel high pressure phase of silica.

A transformation from a disordered to an ordered structure of silica has been observed at about 1 Mbar from molecular dynamics calculations. The packing of this high density phase is unique and may be important to other oxide structures. This new structure is monoclinic and is built from entirely sixfold coordinated ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{6}$ octahedra arranged in alternating slabs of \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{PbO}}_{2}$-type structure where the octahedra share two edges inside the slab and three edges at the boundary. In comparison with the other two structures that have been proposed within this pressure range, the stability of the monoclinic phase is more favorable than the cubic Pa3 structure but is comparable to the orthorhombic ${\mathrm{CaCl}}_{2}$ structure and therefore may likely coexist. The major features of the calculated diffraction pattern also fall in the same region as the ${\mathrm{CaCl}}_{2}$ structure.
Isolation of the soybean pathogens Corynespora cassiicola and Phialophora gregata from cysts of Heterodera glycines in Illinois.

(1986). Isolation of the Soybean Pathogens Corynespora Cassiicola and Phialophora Gregata from Cysts of Heterodera Glycines in Illinois. Mycologia: Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 503-506.
Physicochemical characterization of natural and bioprosthetic heart valve calcific deposits: Implications for prevention

This investigation was performed to provide a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of calcific deposits (CDs) that form on human heart valves under various pathological conditions. We examined and characterized CDs associated with aortic stenosis on congenitally bicuspid valves (n = 10), degenerative aortic stenosis on valves with previously normal anatomy (n = 10), and rheumatic aortic (n = 10) and mitral (n = 10) stenosis. Native and deproteinated CDs underwent chemical analysis and structural characterization, whereas deproteinated CDs were measured for thermodynamic solubility. The CDs in valvular heart disease were microcrystalline apatitic products containing substantial amounts of sodium magnesium, carbonate, fluoride, and organic fraction. The properties of natural heart valve CDs were compared with those of previously measured CDs that form on or in heart valve bioprostheses. Compared with bioprosthetic valve CDs, natural valve CDs have a higher ratio of calcium to phosphorus, higher crystallinity, and lower solubility. These differences indicate that natural heart valve CDs appear to comprise a more mature biomineral. If the formation of mature CDs proceeds through transient stages involving unstable precursors then the main strategy for prevention of calcific deterioration of bioprosthetic heart valves would be the development of locally applied long-term inhibitors that both (1) suppress nucleation and growth of more soluble precursors and (2) inhibit subsequent augmentation of less soluble CDs.
Extensions and Improvements of a RANS Grid Generator

Extensions and improvements of a grid generator suitable for Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) grids at corners and ridges in Aubry et al. 1 are presented. The salient features of the procedure are a semistructured approach away from the wetted surfaces where prisms are extruded from the surface triangulation, coupled with the introduction of multiple normals along ridges and corners. The major task of the algorithm consists in recovering conformity in the surface mesh triangulation, which is lost due to the introduction of the virtual faces. The structure of the algorithm is reviewed to scan possible failures, extensions and improvements, which appear as the level of geometrical complexity is progressively increased. Extended capabilities not present in the original algorithm have been added and are described. Special boundary conditions such as symmetry planes and periodic boundary conditions are presented in detail. Various examples of complex geometries, as well as timings are given to illustrate the robustness and eciency of the approach.
The importance of entropy in stereoselection. Reduction of tert-butylcyclohexanone by lithium aluminum hydride

Abstract In the title reaction, the differences in both the enthalpy and the entropy of activation between the cis and trans diastereomers were measured (ΔΔH≠ = −793 (56) cal/mol and ΔΔS≠ = 2.00 (0.20) e.u.). The experimentally determined ΔΔH≠ is shown to be consistent with both the Felkin torsional strain model and ab initio calculations. While past comparisons have been based on ΔΔG≠, it is argued that the use of ΔΔH≠ is more appropriate.
Untapped: elderly civic engagement in the rebuilding of the Mississippi Gulf Coast

During the early morning of 29 September 2005, Hurricane Katrina slammed into the Mississippi Gulf Coast. From the hurricane and resulting floods, 1836 people lost their lives as a tidal surge as high as 30 feet swept inland. Residents of all demographic sectors were affected. Many residents became engaged in the rebuilding of the region. However, little was understood of the factors contributing to or limiting civic engagement by elderly residents. Thus, an assessment of the civic engagement by 199 older residents of Jackson County, MS was undertaken. Findings indicate that a majority of the senior residents of Coastal County desire to be civically involved. However, respondents noted issues of health, finances, not being informed of opportunities, and transportation as barriers to civic engagement. Income and the perception of need and community attachment were significant predictors of civic engagement.
A review of the processes by which ultrasound is generated through the interaction of ionizing radiation and irradiated materials: Some possible applications

The production of acoustic waves following the absorption of energy deposited by ionizing radiation, with a consequent production of localized thermal spikes has been confirmed by a number of papers published in the physics literature. This paper reviews the basic theory and presents most of the supporting experimental data. Some of the experimental methods used and the results obtained are summarized. In addition to the rather straightforward and routine use of acoustic phenomena produced by ionizing radiation for the detection and measurements of such radiation, there are some special applications that appear to be especially attractive for medical physics. Some of these are unique to ionizing radiation in that the amplitude of the ultrasound wave is proportional to the energy deposited in small volumes at localized sites of these interactions, while others derive from methodologies already in use with nonionizing radiations. The detection and measurement of this ultrasonic radiation could possibly lead to methods for the study of such fundamental phenomenon as track structure, precision localization of therapeutic treatment beams, and even the possible imaging of internal anatomic structures to provide on-line portal images.