cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Quinolones in Pediatric Patients

Animal experiments have shown that quinolones can cause irreversible damage to cartilage in strained joints of young animals. Since a similar effect in humans cannot be excluded, the new quinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnant women. Nalidixic acid was the first quinolone developed and was often used in pediatric patients for the treatment of urinary tract infections. This compound is also known to cause damage to juvenile cartilage in animal studies but is still licensed for pediatric use. In three different retrospective studies of children treated with nalidixic acid, no case of quinolone-associated arthropathy could be detected by careful X-ray examinations or comparisons with control patients. This disparity most probably can be explained by interspecies differences: human cartilage may be insensitive or only slightly sensitive to the arthropathic effects of quinolones. Careful prospective evaluations of the efficacy and safety of new quinolones in childhood infections are both medically indicated and ethically justified.
High-Speed Electro-Optic Analog-To-Digital (A/D) Converter

A detailed analysis of a high-speed electrooptic guided wave analog-to-digital (A/D) converter has been performed. It is concluded that the development of converters in the 4-6 bit 1-2 GS/sec range should be feasible. Analyses are presented which detail the design considerations for the electrooptic modulator chip, the laser sampler, and the analog signal amplifier. A design plan is presented for a 6-bit 1-GS/sec converter which utilizes an array of 6 LiTaO3 interferometric waveguide modulators to perform the conversion and a frequency-doubled mode-locked Nd:YAG laser to perform the sampling of analog signals having 500 MHz bandwidths. Preliminary waveguide device results are also reported, including the successful demonstration of an interferometric modulator with a 17-dB (98%) extinction ratio.
Will inundation and salinity levels associated with projected sea level rise reduce the survival, growth, and reproductive capacity of Sarcocornia pacifica (pickleweed)?

Abstract In the San Francisco Bay Estuary, CA, USA, sea level rise (SLR) is projected to increase by 1.4 m during the next 90 years resulting in increased inundation and salt water intrusion up-estuary. Since inundation and salinity are critical factors that drive vegetation structure and composition in coastal wetlands, we asked whether inundation and salinity levels associated with SLR would reduce the survival, growth, and reproductive capacity of a dominant halophyte, Sarcocornia pacifica (pickleweed). We conducted a 4 × 4 factorial greenhouse experiment to examine the effects of a range of inundation periods (25, 50, 75, and 100%) and water salinities (0, 10, 20, 30 psu) on individual S. pacifica adults and seedlings. We found that inundation and salinity treatments affected the height of adults and seedlings combined. When examined separately, adult height was negatively affected by inundation ≥75%, while seedling height was affected by the interaction of both inundation and salinity. Adult belowground biomass was negatively affected by complete inundation. Seedling aboveground biomass decreased 46% at the highest salinity (30 psu) and belowground biomass decreased at salinities ≥20 psu. Adult flower production was not affected by treatments but was reduced by 38% at 30 psu salinity for seedlings. While adult survival was 99%, seedling survival was 56% with greatest mortality at low (25%) inundation, possibly because their roots were more susceptible to desiccation. Vegetation structure of the marsh platform comprised of S. pacifica adults will be susceptible to greater inundation rates associated with SLR. Our results suggest that adults may grow less tall, thus altering the vegetation structure and likely the tidal marsh wildlife that rely on these habitats.
Epidermal growth factor receptor activation in prostate cancer by three novel missense mutations

While epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dysregulation is known to play a critical role in prostate carcinogenesis, there has been no direct evidence indicating EGFR mutations induce tumorigenesis in prostate cancer. We previously identified four novel EGFR somatic mutations in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain of prostate cancer patients: G735S, G796S, E804G and R841K. In this study, we investigated the oncogenic potential of these somatic mutations by establishing stable clonal NIH3T3 cells expressing these four mutations and WT EGFR to determine their ability to increase cell proliferation and invasion. In the absence of the EGF ligand, cell proliferation was readily increased in G735S, G796S and E804G mutants compared to WT EGFR. The addition of EGF ligand greatly increased cell growth and transforming ability of these same EGFR mutants. Matrigel invasion assays showed enhanced invasion with G735S, G796S and E804G mutants. Western blot analysis showed that these EGFR mutations enhanced cell growth and invasion via constitutive and hyperactive tyrosine phosphorylation and led to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Akt pathways. Our findings demonstrate the oncogenic activation of three novel EGFR somatic missense mutations in prostate cancer. Molecules that regulate the mechanisms of their oncogenic activation represent novel targets for limiting tumor cell progression, and further elucidation of these mutations will have utility in prostate cancer treatment.
Driver mutations: A roadmap for getting close and personal in pancreatic cancer

Commentary to: Prioritization of driver mutations in pancreatic cancer using cancer-specific high-throughput annotation of somatic mutations (CHASM)Hannah Carter, Josue Samayoa, Ralph H. Hruban and Rachel Karchin
Export mechanisms for dissolved organic carbon and nitrate during summer storm events in a glaciated forested catchment in New York, USA

Nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during a summer storm for a forested catchment in the Adirondack Mountains displayed a clear separation in trajectories and timing of maximum values. Nitrate concentrations peaked early on the rising limb of the hydrograph, whereas DOC concentrations gradually increased through the rising limb with maximum concentrations following the discharge peak. Solute data from precipitation, throughfall, soilwater, and ground/till water indicated till water and near-surface soil waters as the controlling end members for stream NO3− and DOC concentrations respectively. Streamflow concentrations of major base cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), which were assumed to represent water originating from deep flow paths, matched the NO3− trajectory. These data suggest that streamflow NO3− concentrations are derived from till groundwater and that DOC is derived from near-surface soil waters. We attributed the early expression of NO3− to the displacement of till waters by infiltrating precipitation. In contrast, we hypothesized that the delayed DOC concentrations occurred with surface and near-surface runoff from near-stream wetlands/peatlands and isolated saturated areas that became connected only under conditions of maximum water content in the catchment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A unified approach for teaching basic nonlinear electronic circuits to sophomores

The philosophy, mechanics, and syllabus of a unified sophomore course in nonlinear electronic circuits are offered as a possible solution to the dilemma, long faced by teachers of electronic circuit theory, of a decreasing amount of time in which to present circuits containing an increasing variety of nonlinear electronic devices. The logic and feasibility of teaching the unified principles of nonlinear circuit analysis which are independent of the devices and their internal physical principles of operation, and which require no prerequisite other than elementary calculus, are illustrated with typical examples of various practical large signal electronic circuits actually taught in the course. The necessity to teach only a few fundamental unifying concepts and techniques, and the high motivational value of the proposed approach are shown to be the overriding factors which led-to-the success of this sophomore course at Purdue University.
“With you I’m Born Again”: Themes and Fantasies of Birth and the Family Circumstances Surrounding Birth as These are Mutually Evoked in Patient and Analyst

Themes of birth and rebirth, being born and born-again, can be readily observed in clinical psychotherapy and psychoanalysis even as they remain undertheorized. A clinical case is presented that traces the first four years of an analysis as seen through the lens of four consecutive supervisory experiences. This paper explores the central importance of fantasies and narratives of one’s origins and birth and the observations, fantasies, and expectations generated by one’s family circumstances at the time of birth. The paper examines birth narratives, fantasies, and myths of origination by following a clinical case across four supervisions. The patient’s birth-related fantasies are shown to interact with the analyst’s concordant and complementary fantasies as the analyst interacts with a series of supervisors in the process of being born as an analyst. The analyst’s personal birth narrative is linked to his fantasies about being born professionally as an analyst, and these are shown to interact with the pati...
Defining the Plant Germ Line—Nature or Nurture?

Teasing apart environmental from inherent or genetic causes in human development is notoriously difficult. Although both likely play important roles, we tend to favor one or the other to explain why we turn out the way we do. A similar nature-nurture tension is at play in the acquisition of cell fates during development. A fertilized zygote must not only divide, but its daughter cells must acquire distinct identities. Are cell fates determined by lineage, such that a mother cell can only give rise to daughter cells of a certain type, or can daughter cells adopt multiple identities depending on their environment? On page 345 in this issue, Kelliher and Walbot ( 1 ) show that germline cell identity in maize (corn) is specified by cellular redox potential (the oxidation-reduction state of a cell) under the influence of the environment, and not by cell lineage, as previously thought.
Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the region of the Gibraltar Strait with description of Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp.n.

Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp. n. is characterized by many rows of sessile macrotubercles without terminal papillae; all anterior appendages are short and setae simple. Three others species of Sphaerodoridae collected from the Gibraltar Strait region are Ephesiella abyssorum, Sphaerodoridium claparedeii and Sphaerodoropsis minutum. Sphaerodoropsis capense (Day, 1963) is transferred to the new genus Euritmia.
Effect of Redox Zonation on the Reductive Transformation of p-Cyanonitrobenzene in a Laboratory Sediment Column

The reductive transformation of a model compound, p-cyanonitrobenzene (pCNB), was investigated in a laboratory sediment column that had been characterized with respect to redox zonation. Characterization of the redox zones was assessed by measurement of the solution phase concentrations of NO3-, NO2-, Mn(II), Fe(II), and SO42-. Monitoring iron concentrations over time showed that the redox zones were not under steady-state conditions. The iron-reducing zone migrated in the direction of the flow at an initial rate of about 0.2 cm per pore volume resulting in more oxidizing conditions with time. pCNB was rapidly reduced at the head of the column to p-cyano-N-hydroxylaniline (pCNH), which was reduced further to p-cyanoaniline (pCNA) in the iron-reducing zone. The same reaction-product distribution was observed in batch experiments with Fe(II)/goethite. Modeling of the column reaction kinetics demonstrated, however, that reduction of pCNB occurred at least an order of magnitude faster on the column than predi...
Linezolid for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal peritonitis.

Abstract A 42-year-old woman on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) developed peritonitis secondary to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Candida albicans while hospitalized for pneumonia. She was treated successfully with intravenous linezolid, fluconazole given by nasogastric tube, and removal of the peritoneal catheter. A concentration of linezolid above the minimum inhibitory concentration for most gram-positive pathogens, including vancomycin-resistant E faecium , was achieved in the dialysate fluid after an oral loading dose of 1200 mg. Additional data are needed to establish the role of linezolid in treating CAPD-associated peritonitis. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
What Do Grandmothers Think about Self‐esteem? American and Taiwanese Folk Theories Revisited

The study investigates European American and Taiwanese grandmothers’ folk theories of childrearing and self-esteem, building on an earlier comparison of mothers from the same families. Adopting methods that privilege local meanings, we bring grandmothers’ voices into the conversation about childrearing, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of intergenerational nuances in folk theories. In each cultural case, 16 grandmothers of 3-year-olds participated in in-depth interviews that were customized according to local communicative norms. Although self-esteem emerged as a central organizing concept in the folk theories of European American mothers, grandmothers spoke in two voices, either echoing their daughters or invoking a counter-discourse of wariness towards self-esteem. By contrast, Taiwanese mothers and grandmothers resembled one another—but differed from their American counterparts—in treating self-esteem as peripheral in childrearing. Results contribute to the growing consensus that self-esteem is a culture-specific childrearing goal and suggest that the European American tendency to valorize self-esteem varies by generation.
Mixed mode delamination cracking in brittle matrix composites

Abstract The growth of delamination cracks from holes and notches in laminated brittle matrix composites is addressed. It is demonstrated that the behavior is strongly influenced by tractions on the delamination crack faces, caused either by intact matrix ligaments or by bridging fibers. These tractions cause the phase angle of loading ψ associated with delamination to increase appreciably as the crack extends, causing mode I to be suppressed. This effect can lead to increased resistance to delamination as the crack extends, whenever the fracture mechanism along the delamination plane has a ψ dependent fracture energy. Trends in resistance curves are predicted.
A comparison of bifonazole (bay h 4502) with clotrimazole in vitro

The antifungal activity of a new topical imidazole, bifonazole (BAY h 4502, Bayer AG Institute for Chemotherapy), was compared in vitro with that of clotrimazole (BAY b 5097, Schering Corporation) in tests with 67 pathogenic and commensal yeasts, 45 dermatophytes and 14 miscellaneous pathogenic fungi by an agar dilution method. Three media, Kimmig's agar, Sabouraud's agar, and casein-yeast extract-glucose agar were used. Bifonazole was inhibitory for nearly all the yeasts tested including Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and Torulopsis glabrata with geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentrations (G-MIC) averaging 5 micrograms ml-1 on all three media. Clotrimazole was the more active drug against these same species with G-MIC's ranging from 0 . 25 to 2 . 10 micrograms ml-1. Results with bifonazole were affected by choice of medium with Kimmig's agar generally giving the lowest MIC's; results with clotrimazole were also affected by choice of medium but to a lesser degree. In nearly all instances, both bifonazole and clotrimazole were inhibitory for the dermatophytic fungi at concentrations of 0 . 50 micrograms ml-1 or less and clotrimazole was the more active drug. Choice of medium was, in general, not a factor with these latter fungi which included Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum species. Both drugs were active against species of Aspergillus (G-MIC's of 3 . 18 micrograms ml-1), Fusarium (G-MIC's ranging from 1 . 59 to 12 . 70 micrograms ml-1) and Scopulariopsis (G-MIC's of 1 . 78 micrograms ml-1); clotrimazole was the more active drug by factors of 2- to 4-fold on all three media. Bifonazole MICs were shown to vary with pH (maximal activity at pH 6 . 5) with selected yeasts when tested on Kimmig's agar. Differences in results obtained with varying inoculum sizes for these same yeasts generally were unremarkable. With selected species of yeasts and dermatophytes, it was determined that the ratio of minimal fungicidal to inhibitory concentrations (MFC/MIC) was much lower for bifonazole than for clotrimazole.
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma with possible hormone association and multiple endocrine neoplasia in a young female with an indolent clinical course

Malignant peritoneal mesotheliomas are rare, aggressive tumors that carry an overall 5% 5-year survival rate. This case highlights a young woman with an incidentally discovered malignant peritoneal mesothelioma which grew during pregnancy and has had an indolent course despite the inherent aggressive nature and pathologic appearance of this cancer. Immunohistochemical staining did not show hormone receptors however clinically it is believed she had hormone associated disease. Follow up over the last five years has demonstrated waxing and waning abdominal CT findings that resolve with menses and have not been amenable to biopsy and the patient has remained well. Although prognosis is considered poor for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, factors such as gender and hormone association may lead to a more indolent course. This patient has also been diagnosed with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) after being found to have primary hyperparathyroidism and an islet cell tumor. This is only the second reported case of MEN1 and malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.
REALITIES, VISIONS, AND PROMISES OF A MULTICULTURAL FUTURE

Abstract Religious education has changed considerably over the 100 years of the Religious Education Association (REA); urgency has increased for human communities to honor diversity. The focus of this article is realities, visions, and promises of cultural diversity. The article includes an overview of REA's recent history, exemplifying its efforts and limitations in diversity. It then turns to five commentaries on a multicultural future, drawing on autobiographical analysis, religious and educational literature, and empirical study. Authors explicate and argue for: engaging in post-colonial analysis, de-centering assumptions, searching for a story to claim, taking time, and entering deep waters.
Automatic Radiometric Measurement of Antibiotic Effect on Bacterial Growth

A new method for rapid, automatic radiometric measurement of antibiotic effects on bacterial growth was developed and compared with a conventional broth dilutior technique. The radiometric method measures the amount of radioactive CO 2 generated by the bacterial metabolism of 14 C-glucose in the presence of antibiotics. Antibiotic effect on bacterial growth was standardized by measuring the evolution of 14 CO 2 3 hr after inoculation. This measurement was found to be quantitatively related to increasing concentration of antibiotic provided the organism was susceptible to the antibiotic tested. In 50 of 179 experiments (28%), each testing one organism against serial concentrations of an antibiotic, the concentration of antibiotic producing a 50% reduction of 14 CO 2 within 3 hr after inoculation in comparison with a control culture was the same as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined by the broth dilution technique. In 129 experiments (72%), the antibiotic concentrations inhibiting 14 CO 2 release to 50% of the control level were less than the MIC values. Results of the radiometric method were related to those of the broth dilution method by constant factors characteristic of the organism and antibiotic tested. Our results indicate that the radiometric method provides a reproducible, quantitative, rapid, and sensitive measurement of the inhibitory effects of antibiotics on bacterial growth. The constant relationship between the results of the radiometric and conventional technique should facilitate the adaptation of the automated method to clinical testing of antibiotic susceptibility.
Selective Primary Health Care: Strategies for Control of Disease in the Developing World. XI. Dengue

Since World War II, dengue viruses have progressively extended their geographic domain and have increased as causes of human morbidity and mortality. This complex of four flaviviruses is principally transmitted to humans by the bite of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever vector. Factors that promote the indoor storage of water are congenial to the breeding of A. aegypti. These include the dislocations of wars, overpopulation , and urbanization. By the mid-20th century, A. aegypti eradication campaigns had nearly succeeded in much of the Western Hemisphere. Since then, there has been a steady degradation in ability to cope with this species despite the fact that a newly emerged, severe immunopathologic disorder, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, endows dengue epidemics with grave consequences. Development of a vaccine against dengue is complicated by the need to develop four different live attenuated vaccines and by a justifiable caution imposed by dengue immunopathology. A wide range of proven methods have been and are available to reduce populations of A. aegypti. This paper argues that the eradication strategy adopted earlier in this century is still viable and cost effective. Critical to a successful control program is a prioritied approach, a thorough, disciplined planning effort, a commitment to assessment, adequate compensation of staff, and, above all, the will to succeed.
Repair of Ultraviolet Light Damage to the DNA of Cultured Human Epidermal Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts

Pure cultures of dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes have been obtained from a single biopsy of newborn foreskin. The cells were labeled, exposed to several doses of UV light, and allowed to repair in the dark for 16 hr. The number of pyrimidine dimers before and after repair was assessed by measuring the numbers of sites in the DNA sensitive to a specific UV endonuclease. At all doses used, the extent of repair was similar in the cultured keratinocytes and cultured fibroblasts.
Properties of phage λ DNA-RNA polymerase complexes isolated from Escherichia coli (λ)

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for the isolation of highly purified λ DNA-RNA polymerase complex from λ-infected Escherichia coli (λ). The method selects for the covalently closed circular form of λ DNA. Nearly all of the RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) is in the initiated state. The complex is essentially free of ribonuclease and endonuclease. There appears to be little, if any, nonspecific binding of RNA polymerase to λ DNA during the course of isolation of the complex. It is thus demonstrated that the closed circular form of λ DNA serves as a template in vivo for RNA synthesis. 2. 2. Several properties pertaining to RNA synthesis by the complex are described The RNA chain length increases linearly with time, attaining a maximum molecular weight of approx. 3·106. The majority of the growing RNA chains extends into genes that were repressed in the lysogenic cells from which the complex was obtained. The closed circular form of the λ DNA template persists throughout the reaction. Some of the newly synthesized RNA remains associated with the template in a non-covalent form, presumably hydrogen bonded. 3. 3. Complex isolated from derepressed lysogens synthesizes 6–8 times more-RNA per unit of λ DNA than does complex from repressed lysogens. The RNA originates from λ genes that were transcribed in the cell immediately prior to lysis. The proportion of RNA synthesized from the cI-rex region was 60% for complex from repressed lysogens, but only 14% for complex isolated from lysogens following heat inactivation of the λ repressor. It is suggested that a region other than cI-rex is constitutively expressed.
Edith R. Saunders and floral anatomy: bibliography and index to families she studied

Edith R. Saunders' contributions to floral anatomy are briefly considered. Fourteen of her abstracts and discussions and 49 of her lengthier works are cited. An index to 249 families of angiosperms sensu Airy Shaw (1973) keyed to Saunders' publications is given.
Theory of s-d exchange scattering in dilute magnetic alloys☆

The problem of s-d exchange scattering of conduction electrons off localized magnetic moments in dilute magnetic alloys is considered employing formal methods of quantum field theoretical scattering. It is shown that such a treatment not only allows for the first time, the inclusion of multiparticle intermediate states in single particle scattering equations but also results in extremely simple and straight forward mathematical analysis. These equations are proved to be exact in the thermodynamic limit. A self-consistent integral equation for electron self energy is derived and approximately solved. The ground state and physical parameters of dilute magnetic alloys are discussed in terms of the theoretical results. Within the approximation of single particle intermediate states our results reduce to earlier versions. The following additional features are found as a consequence of the inclusion of multiparticle intermediate states; (i) A non analytic binding energy is pre sent for both, antiferromagnetic (J o) couplings of the electron plus impurity system. (ii) The correct behavior of the energy difference of the conduction electron plus impurity system and the free electron system is found which is free of unphysical singularities present in earlier versions of the theories. (iii) The ground state of the conduction electron plus impurity system is shown to be a many-body condensate state for J o, both. However, a distinction is made between the usual terminology of "Singlet" and "Triplet" ground states and nature of our ground state. (iv) It is shown that a long range ordering, leading to an ordering of the magnetic moments can result from a contact interaction such as the s-d exchange interaction. (v) The explicit dependence of the excess specific heat of the Kondo systems is obtained and found to be linear in temperatures as T→ o and T lnT for 0.3 T_K ≤ T ≤ 0.6 T_K. A rise in (ΔC/T) for temperatures in the region 0 < T ≤ 0.1 T_K is predicted. These results are found to be in excellent agreement with experiments. (vi) The existence of a critical temperature for Ferromagnetic coupling (J > o) is shown. On the basis of this the apparent contradiction of the simultaneous existence of giant moments and Kondo effect is resolved.
Scaling of jet flameholders

BC, CD, and DE passing closely through the theoretically computed points. The flow rule and the energy-dissipation rate associated with this approximation can be determined easily by considering the normality condition of the strainrate vector. The new interaction curve is also valid for thin-walled box beams. Figure 2 shows a comparison of this curve with the upperand lower-bound solutions obtained by Gaydon and Nuttall. The proposed interaction curve closely approximates the lower-bound solution and is everywhere within the upper bounds.
A REVIEW OF THE PLANTHOPPER GENUS NILAPARVATA (HEMIPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) IN THE NEW WORLD

The delphacid genus Nilaparvata, previously recorded in the New World only from Puerto Rico and Nicaragua, is here reported from a variety of localities from Wisconsin and New Hampshire in the United States, south to Bolivia and Paraguay. Euides gerhardi is here transferred to Nilaparvata, and a revised key and diagnoses for the four New World species are provided.
A perspective on hyperlipidemia: concepts of management in the prevention of coronary artery disease

The clinical benefits of lowering elevated serum cholesterol for both primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease are now well established. Reduction in clinical events occurs early and appears to be related to stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. Despite these salutary findings, lipid-lowering therapy, both nondrug and pharmacologic, is still markedly underutilized in patients and high-risk individuals in the asymptomatic population. Recent practical and uncomplicated guidelines present a rational strategy for selection of patients for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction and have the potential to yield major clinical benefits if properly implemented. Preventive cardiology measures should be applied by matching the intensity of the intervention to the hazard for clinical events. We support the current guidelines of the expert panels described in this article and propose several extensions for cholesterol lowering in selected, high-risk populations.
DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF VALVAR REGURGITATION

Improvements in outcomes for heart valve surgery, in particular mitral valve repair, have dictated a need for better assessment of valvar regurgitation. Whereas in the past surgery was delayed until the patient’s symptomatic status required intervention, patients today are often sent to the operating room while still asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. Before committing an asymptomatic patient to open heart surgery, however, it is essential that the severity of valvar regurgitation be quantified to ensure the surgery is actually required. Doppler echocardiography has emerged as the premier way of assessing valvar regurgitation, as it allows characterisation of valve morphology, severity of regurgitation, and secondary effects, such as left ventricular dysfunction, left atrial enlargement, and pulmonary hypertension. This review will outline current methods available to the echocardiographer in assessing valvar regurgitation, focusing on simple practical ways that true quantitative information can be obtained in a clinical laboratory. Techniques that are generally applicable in all forms of valve regurgitation will be introduced first, followed by specific techniques for mitral and aortic regurgitation. The most common way of assessing the severity of valvar regurgitation is to inspect the area of the colour Doppler jet in the downstream chamber.1 The advantage of this approach is that it is fast, easy, and also provides information on the mechanism of regurgitation, as the jet is generally directed away from the most severely affected leaflet. However, jet area alone is impacted by many factors other than regurgitant flow rate, and an understanding of these will aid in its utilisation. ### Determinants of colour jet Doppler area The physical parameter that is most predictive of the size of a regurgitant jet by colour Doppler is jet momentum, given by the product of regurgitant flow rate multiplied by velocity.2 Since jet velocity is directly related to the driving pressure across a regurgitant orifice (by the …
Mass Transfer in a Viscous Bubble Column with Forced Oscillations

Previously, it was shown that low-amplitude (0.5−2.5 mm) oscillations at moderate frequencies (0−25 Hz) can be used to improve bubble column performance. Literature on pulsed-flow bubble columns ha...
Trifluoromethylketones as possible transition state analog inhibitors of juvenile hormone esterase

Abstract A series of compounds containing the trifluoromethylketone group have been synthesized utilizing either a modified Grignard procedure or by reacting selected aliphatic bromides or tosylates with the Collman reagent [Na 2 Fe(CO) 4 ]. When tested in vitro as inhibitors of crude juvenile hormone esterase from the hemolymph of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae), the most active compounds were trifluoromethylketones possessing either a juvenoid-like structure or a straight aliphatic chain. The logarithm of the inhibitory potency of the aliphatic compounds was proportional to their chain length, up to 1,1,1-trifluorotetradecan-2-one (I 50 = 1 × 10 −7 M ). This powerful inhibition was found to be highly selective for JHE, reversible, competitive by Lineweaver-Burk analysis, and was characterized by high affinity of the inhibitor for the esterase ( K i = 3.2 × 10 −9 M , K m JH III = 2 × 10 −7 M ). Other trifluoromethylketones were shown to be inhibitors of T. ni α-naphthylacetate esterase and bovine trypsin. By analogy with the mechanism of trypsin action, trifluoromethylketones are probably potent inhibitors due to their resemblance to a tetrahedral transition state on the reaction coordinate to the acylated enzyme.
P2F-2 Vibration of Post-Buckled Homogeneous Circular Plates

The dynamic behavior of an axisymmetric post- buckled circular plate with initial in-plane compression loading is investigated. The static von Karman plate equations are solved numerically for clamped boundary conditions. The static solution is presented for a range of transverse and in-plane loads. Lumped element modeling is used to calculate the mass and compliance of the plate from results of the static solution. The resonant frequency, sensitivity, and maximum linear transverse pressure are calculated for a variety of in-plane loads. These solutions can be used to predict the post-buckled behavior of micromachined plates.
Physician-based diet counseling for cholesterol reduction: current practices, determinants, and strategies for improvement.

Background. Physicians face increasing pressure to counsel their hypercholesterolemic patients about diet. To design effective physician-based treatment programs, a better understanding of current dietary counseling practice and its determinants is needed. Methods. Using a survey previously tested for reliability and validity, we examined the relationship of dietary knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, organizational barriers, and treatment practices for cholesterol management among 60 resident and attending physicians practicing in the general medicine clinic of a university medical center that serves primarily rural and disadvantaged patients. The survey was administered in October of 1988 prior to the release of the National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines. Results: The response rate was 100%. Ninety-two percent of physicians surveyed believe that dietary treatment effectively lowers cholesterol and 68% feel responsible for providing such therapy. However, most (72%) feel ill-prepared to give diet counseling, lack confidence in their ability to help patients make meaningful dietary changes (95%), and cite organizational barriers, such as limited time (72%) or inadequate educational materials (47%). Physicians were more likely to report behaviorally focused diet counseling practices if they felt prepared to counsel (r = 0.42, P < 0.001), were confident in their counseling skills (r = 0.39, P < 0.01), or reported personally following a prudent diet (r = 0.36, P < 0.01). We discuss the implications of these findings and how they should guide the design of physician-based dietary interventions for cholesterol reduction.
Acceptance testing prone stereotactic breast biopsy units

When the Mammography Quality Standards Act becomes law in October, 1994, stereotactic breast biopsy units may require yearly physicistcalibration. Upright stereotactic units can be easily tested using conventional mammography procedures and a gelatin phantom containing simulated calcifications, but prone units are difficult to assess because of the under‐table tube configuration. The two current manufacturers of these units have made different design decisions which affect each unit’s calibration. There are a number of important distinctions between screening and prone biopsy units. For the two currently available prone units, a pronounced heel effect makes ion chamber position critical. Focal spot measurements are particularly difficult on one unit because there is no light field. The fixed grid on the other unit must be tested with a flood film. Physicists who inspect these units before their clinical use should be aware of variations needed by this equipment for specific acceptance tests.
Premixed Flame Structure for Large Activation Energy and Large Heat Release—A Simple Model

Abstract A simple A→B chemical model for plane premixed flames is analyzed with the assumption of both large heat release and large activation energy. The flame structure uncovered under this limit has thick reaction zones and has only O(1) changes in flame speed with O(1) changes in flame temperature.
APPLICATION FRONTIERS OF "DESIGNER FLUID MECHANICS"-- VISIONS VERSUS REALITY OR AN ATTEMPT TO ANSWER THE PERENNIAL QUESTION "WHY ISN'T IT USED?"

Any new concept must successfully transit two sequential filters between research initiation and application, a technical filter (does it work?) and a technological filter (does it make sense in the real world? ). In general, the research community is not sufficiently knowledgeable regarding the myriad metrics of the technological filter and therefore non (application) useful research is conducted in some cases and in others the research is not carried far enough to allow technological evaluation. It is becoming imperative that the research community be more knowledgeable concerning, and in many cases work with, the application community.
Transport-shifted multi-component non-ideal acid dew-point predictions and generalization/application of the mist-onset “tangency condition” for ideal vapor mixtures near cool surfaces

Anticipating condensation conditions at solid surfaces or within thermal boundary layers is important in many industrial applications involving condensible vapor flows in contact with cooler solid surfaces. In the case of hydrocarbon fuel/air combustion products at moderate pressures containing acid-precursor species (like NO2, SO3, HCl, etc.) surfaces that operate below the prevailing “acid dew point” (ADP) temperature (which can be significantly higher than the DP expected for H2O alone) become vulnerable to chemical attack. Surfaces cold enough to cause acid “mist” onset (AMO) in the vapor phase create potential environmental problems and become much less efficient for condensate capture. Previous methods for estimating ADP and AMO have several drawbacks, the most prominent of which are: limitation to one acid precursor species, dependence on a local curve-fit to earlier thermodynamic ADP-calculations, absence of systematic transport effects associated with the local temperature gradient, and “silence” about the resulting liquid acid composition. Our present, more fundamental, approach overcomes each of these limitations and yet, will be seen to remain tractable from an engineering viewpoint. While we illustrate our methods for the case of a prototypical ternary (N=3) acid condensate (highly non-ideal liquid mixture of H2O + HNO3 + H2SO4) produced from a high temperature ideal gas mixture containing H2O(g) and much smaller concentrations of the aqueous acid precursors: NO2, SO3 (or HNO3(g) and H2SO4(g)), our methods can be formally extended to N=4,5,… if one has access to VLE data for each of the N(N−1)/2 participating binary systems (if the resulting N-component liquid mixture does not itself phase-separate). Our present results also properly reduce from the N-component case to the N−1 case, hence even to the singular case: N=1 (i.e., the DP- and MO-conditions for pure water in the absence of any acid precursor). Because some of the vapor species of interest (e.g., H2O, HNO3, and H2SO4) have molecular weights rather different from the mean molecular weight of the flue gases, Ludwig–Soret transport effects can become non-negligible (in the presence of the temperature gradients expected for high temperature combustion products) both Tw(ADP) and Tw(AMO) will often be seen to be “transport-shifted”, although, as discussed in Appendices A, B, in many cases these effects are complicated by the thermal instability of the largest precursor molecules. Further extensions of likely future interest (e.g., effects of homogeneous chemistry within the thermal boundary layer where molecules like HNO3 and H2SO4 may have to be assembled from their lighter precursors; the effects of nucleation kinetic barriers and/or vapor phase non-ideality) are also identified and are the subject of our ongoing research.
Nutritional deprivation increases intracellular phosphate and polyphosphate in poultry litter microflora.

Aims: To determine if mixed microflora from poultry litter accumulates phosphate when deprived of carbon and energy or nitrogen sources. Methods and Results: Microbial enrichments from poultry litter capable of metabolizing ammonia, amino acids, and glucose were subjected to nutritional deprivation and the effects on intracellular phosphate levels were determined. Results indicate deprivation of glucose yields a 38 and 50% increase in intracellular phosphate and polyphosphate levels, respectively. Deprivation of nitrogen sources did not result in significant intracellular phosphate accumulation. Conclusions: Micro-organisms normally present in poultry litter respond to carbohydrate deprivation by accumulating intracellular phosphate. Significance and Impact of the Study: Poultry litter typically contains significant levels of phosphate which contribute to environmental pollution when applied to land. Phosphate is highly mobile in soils and often drains into local watersheds following rain events. This study raises the possibility that poultry litter micro-organisms may have the capacity to sequester phosphate, which could delay or diminish phosphate run-off.
The reactivity and accuracy of teachers' self-monitoring of positive and negative classroom verbalizations

In Experiment 1, two teachers self-recorded positive and negative classroom verbalizations during different phases of the study. In Experiment 2, four teachers self-recorded positive or negative classroom verbalizations and/or received experimental instructions to increase positive statements or to decrease negative statements. Observers also recorded the teachers' verbal responses and the classroom behaviors of students during both experiments. Self-recording tended to increase positive statements but was less effective in decreasing negative statements. The effects of self-monitoring were even weaker by comparison with the effects produced by experimental instructions in Experiment 2. The teachers tended to self-record positive statements more accurately than negative statements, but there were individual differences among teachers in the accuracy of their self-monitoring. These results have implications for further self-recording research.
Binding of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to carrot protoplasts

Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens attached both to intact carrot cells in vitro and to carrot protoplasts. After attachment to the protoplast membrane the bacteria elaborated cellulose fibrils, which anchored them to the surface of the plant cell. These fibrils entrapped other bacteria forming large bacterial clusters on the plant cell surface. The kinetics and bacterial strain specificity of attachment to protoplasts were similar to those observed with intact cells. Thus the plant cell membrane may contain a specific receptor for virulent Agrobacterium cells. It is likely that the transfer of tumor-inducing plasmid DNA from the bacterium to the plant cell would be facilitated by the tight binding of large numbers of bacteria to the plant cell membrane.
The Normative Context of Advice as Social Support

Much of the existing research on social support overlooks the communicative processes that link supportive acts to beneficial effects. The present study represents an alternative approach: The authors document the multiple goals and implications of advice and the situational, conversational, and cultural context far the evaluation of advice among some White, middle-class, U.S. Americans. On the basis of observation of 112 advice episodes and interviews with 18 informants, the authors identify three dilemmas of seeking, receiving, and giving advice: Advice may be seen as helpful and caring or as butting in; advice may be experienced as honest or supportive; and seeking and taking advice may enact respect and gratitude, yet recipients reserve the right to make their own decisions. The identification of these dilemmas provides the basis for future research on the characteristics of more and less effective advice and for comparative research on advice in other speech communities.
Firing Back at the Backfire Effect: The Influence of Mortality Salience and Nullification Beliefs on Reactions to Inadmissible Evidence

Two studies were conducted to explore psychological factors that contribute to the influence of inadmissible evidence (i.e., the backfire effect) on jurors' verdicts. On the basis of hypotheses derived from terror management theory, we predicted that reminders of mortality, in contrast to an aversive control topic, should lead participants to be less punitive when confronted with inadmissible (as opposed to admissible) evidence, when participants were either situationally induced or dispositionally prone to follow their personal sense of justice. In Study 1, control participants who scored high on a measure of nullification beliefs, and thus were prone to relying on their own sense of justice rather than the law, exhibited the backfire effect. However, reminding participants of their mortality reduced the damaging influence of inadmissible evidence. Study 2 extended these findings by showing parallel effects with a manipulation of nullification proneness via judicial instructions. The implications of these factors on the judicial process are discussed.
A shrew‐sized origin for primates

The origin of primates has had a long history of discussion and debate, with few ever considering the impact of the original body weight on subsequent primate adaptive radiations. Here, I attempt to reconstruct early primate evolution by considering the initial size of primates as well as the critical functional-adaptive events that had to occur prior to the early Eocene. Microcebus is often viewed as a living model, and thus 40-65 g might represent a practical ancestral weight for the origin of primates. I consider a smaller original body weight, likely 10-15 g in actual size, and I address the biological implications for shrew-sized primates by comparing the behavioral ecology of mouse lemurs, our smallest living primates, to another tiny-sized mammalian group, the shrews (Family Soricidae). Several behavioral and ecological characteristics are shared by shrews and mouse lemurs, and several mammalian trends are evident with decreased size. I suggest that a shrew-sized ancestral primate would have had high metabolic, reproductive, and predation rates, relatively low population densities, and a dispersed and solitary existence with a promiscuous mating system. Although small mammals like shrews provide insights concerning the ancestral size of primates, primate origins have always been tied to arboreality. I assess other potential arboreal models such as Ptilocercus and Caluromys. By combining all of this information, I try to sequence the events in a functional-adaptive series that had to occur before the early Eocene primate radiations. I suggest that all of these important adaptive events had to occur at a small body size below 50 g.