cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical presentations and outcomes in pulmonary embolism patients with cancer

To study whether a diagnosis of cancer affects the clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). A retrospective analysis was performed of all consecutive patients diagnosed with PE on a computed tomography scan from 2014 to 2016 at an urban tertiary-referral medical center. Baseline characteristics, treatment decisions, and mortality data were compared between study subjects with and without a known diagnosis of active cancer. There were 581 subjects, of which 187 (33.0%) had a diagnosis of cancer. On average, cancer subjects tended to be older (64.8 vs. 58.5 years, p < 0.01), had lower body mass index (BMI) (29.0 vs. 31.5 kg/m2, p = 0.01), and were less likely to be active smokers (9.2% vs. 21.1%, p < 0.01), as compared to non-cancer subjects. Cancer subjects were also less likely to present with chest pain (18.2% vs. 37.4%, p < 0.01), syncope (2.7% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.05), bilateral PEs (50% vs. 60%, p = 0.025), and evidence of right heart strain (48% vs. 58%, p = 0.024). There was no difference in-hospital length of stay (8.9 vs. 9.4 days, p = 0.61) or rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (31.9% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.75) between the two groups. Presence of cancer increased the risk of all-cause one-year mortality (adjusted HR 9.7, 95% CI 4.8–19.7, p < 0.01); however, it did not independently affect in-hospital mortality (adjusted HR 2.9, 95% CI 0.86–9.87, p = 0.086). Patients with malignancy generally presented with less severe PE. In addition, malignancy did not independently increase the risk of in-hospital mortality among PE patients.
Disparate Associations of Years of Football Participation and a Metric of Head Impact Exposure with Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Former Collegiate Football Players.

OBJECTIVES: Years of sport participation (YoP) is conventionally used to estimate cumulative repetitive head impacts (RHI) experienced by contact sport athletes. The relationship of this measure to other estimates of head impact exposure and the potential associations of these measures with neurobehavioral functioning are unknown. We investigated the association between YoP and the Head Impact Exposure Estimate (HIEE), and whether associations between the two estimates of exposure and neurobehavioral functioning varied. METHODS: Former American football players (N = 58; age = 37.9 ± 1.5 years) completed in-person evaluations approximately 15 years following sport discontinuation. Assessments consisted of neuropsychological assessment and structured interviews of head impact history (i.e., HIEE). General linear models were fit to test the association between YoP and the HIEE, and their associations with neurobehavioral outcomes. RESULTS: YoP was weakly correlated with the HIEE, p = .005, R2 = .13. Higher YoP was associated with worse performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, p = .004, R2 = .14, and Trail Making Test-B, p = .001, R2 = .18. The HIEE was associated with worse performance on the Delayed Recall trial of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, p = .020, R2 = .09, self-reported cognitive difficulties (Neuro-QoL Cognitive Function), p = .011, R2 = .10, psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory-18), p = .018, R2 = .10, and behavioral regulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Adults), p = .017, R2 = .10. CONCLUSIONS: YoP was marginally associated with the HIEE, a comprehensive estimate of head impacts sustained over a career. Associations between each exposure estimate and neurobehavioral functioning outcomes differed. Findings have meaningful implications for efforts to accurately quantify the risk of adverse long-term neurobehavioral outcomes potentially associated with RHI.
Health and pathology: a brief history of the biopolitics of US mathematics education

Abstract: Concerns about health and disease have long pervaded mathematics education research, yet their implications have been underappreciated. This article focuses on three contemporary relationships amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) school mathematics and national health, (2) mathematics educators’ roles in distinguishing the health needs of students, and (3) mathematics instruction as either enhancing or threatening students’ mental health and social adjustment. We argue that these concerns are foundational preoccupations of mathematics education research that have persistently shaped debates over who should learn mathematics, how, and to what ends. Our study examines histories of school mathematics and health discourses to explore how particular notions of health entered US mathematics education during the 19th and early twentieth centuries in ways that resonate with recent research trends and responses to COVID-19. We especially attend to how health/pathology distinctions reconfigured hierarchies of nationality, sex, race, and dis/ability within exclusionary, segregated, colonial, and tracked mathematics instruction. By mapping some of the shifting contours of health and pathology over time, we emphasize the potential dangers of the pandemic reanimating long-circulating dividing practices, such as in emerging trends comparing national metrics of well-being, responding to perceived trauma with differentiated instruction, and seeking to calibrate healthy mathematics identities in marginalized groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Educational Studies in Mathematics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Próspera: Partnering for Economic Development in Honduras

Erick A. Brimen's vision was on the verge of reality. As CEO of Prospera LLC, an economic development platform based in Washington, DC, he had devoted years to fostering efforts to bring economic development and stability to a small region in Honduras. He had worked with government officials, scholars of economics and law, and local residents to develop a zone for employment and economic development (in Spanish, zona de empleo y desarrollo economico, or ZEDE). ZEDEs were similar to special economic zones (SEZs), which typically relied on tax and industry incentives to attract foreign direct investment. ZEDEs took it one step further. Through changes to the Honduran Constitution, ZEDEs had semiautonomous governance that allowed them to establish their own laws, taxes, courts, utilities, infrastructure, and even security forces. For Brimen, the governance model was key to reducing risk in the investment. And it offered a way to address what he and many others believed was the fundamental issue that kept people in poverty—the lack of better-paying jobs. At last, Prospera ZEDE's public launch was scheduled for May 2020, as Prospera prepared to close with investors for series A funding. The funding would support its first major project within the ZEDE, called Prospera Village.Yet just as Prospera was about to close on the series A funding, the COVID-19 pandemic arrived. In addition to the human tragedy, supply chains were severed and markets reacted. Investors were nervous as businesses looked to relocate or diversify supply chains out of Asia. How would investors respond to this innovative business model in a developing economy during this time of uncertainty? Excerpt UVA-F-1980 Jun. 10, 2021 Prospera: Partnering for Economic Development in Honduras Break a paradigm—the world changes. —Erick A. Brimen . . .
Nickname + -ing: A Perlocutionary Evaluation

AbstractA character in a short story titled “The Referees,” by Joseph O’Neill, proposes the form of a term for any unwanted hypocoristic nicknaming, such as Mike for Michael, simply the nickname in question verbed and suffixed with -ing, so, in this example, Miking. The unwanted nickname reflects a speaker’s verdictive illocutionary meaning, but, as a perlocutionary response to the presumptuous nicknaming act, NICKNAME + -ing resists that meaning or its legitimacy. At least, it identifies the act, for which previously there was no handy term.
A study of mutations in evolution

1. Very extensive changes of form appear during foetal and post-natal development in the horse as quantitative functions of increase in total size. 2. These developmental changes of skull shape correspond precisely, if comparison be made between specimens of the same absolute magnitude, to those shape transformations arising during the evolution of the horse. 3. Since progressive pre-optic preponderance in the individual and in the race is algebraically the same function of total size, one may analyse the form of any horse’s skull, either ancient or modern, as the manifestation of the characteristic equine skull pattern modified only by the absolute extent of growth. The post-optic extension ofHyracotherium and the pre-optic preponderance ofEquus are believed to represent a single embryological pattern, of which diverse manifestations occur as a function of total size. 4. The appearance of an “orthogenetic” trend in the evolution of the equine skull is due to the attainment of successively greater adult sizes by the more recent genera. 5. One may interpret the progressive augmentation of racial size as a fortuitous occurrence, possibly aided by some natural selection, perhaps chemically determined by the mutation tendencies of certain size genes, but not inconsistent with the nature of probability.
Downstream transport system for the second axis of the dual-axis radiographic hydrodynamic test facility

This paper presents physics design of the DARHT-II downstream system, which consists of a diagnostic beam stop, a novel, fast, high-precision kicker system and the x-ray converter target assembly. The beamline configuration and its beam parameter acceptance, the transverse resistive wall instability modeling, the ion hose instability in the presence of the background gas, and the simulations of beam spill are discussed. We also present the target converter assembly's configuration, and the simulated x-ray spot sizes and doses based on the radiation hydrodynamics code LASNEX and the Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCNP.
Nosocomial infection with ECHO virus type 31 in a neonatal intensive care unit.

During the summer of 1968 ECHO virus type 31 was isolated from four infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. The index case was admitted from home in a comatose state and harbored ECHO 31 in his throat. Necropsy findings were inconclusive, and no virus was recovered from neural tissues. After the admission of this patient, two infants in the unit developed apneic spells and ECHO 31 was isolated from their CSF, throat, and stool samples. The virus was also isolated from the stool of an asymptomatic infant. ECHO 31 had not been recovered in newborn infants prior to its isolation in these cases. The isolation techniques currently used in many neonatal units may be inadequate to prevent viral dissemination. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of neonatal viral disease since careful virologic study will clarify the ecology of these nosocomial infections.
Observation of charged nanograins at comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko

Soon after the Rosetta Orbiter rendezvoused with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at a solar distance of ~3.5 AU and began to fly in triangular-shaped trajectories around it, the Ion and Electron Sensor detected negative particles at energies from about 100 eV/q to over 18 keV/q. The lower energy particles came from roughly the direction of the comet; the higher-energy particles came from approximately the solar direction. These particles are interpreted as clusters of molecules, most likely water, which we refer to as nanograins because their inferred diameters are less than 100 nm. Acceleration of the grains away from the comet is through gas drag by the expanding cometary atmosphere, while acceleration back to the vicinity of the comet is caused partly by solar radiation pressure but mainly by the solar wind electric field. These observations represent the first measurements of energetic charged submicron-sized dust or ice grains (nanograins) in a cometary environment.
Predilection of Lung Cancer for the Upper Lobes: An Epidemiologic Inquiry

Data from 24,798 cases of primary neoplasm of the lung registered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program between 1973 and 1977 were examined for the demographic determinants of lobe of origin. Lung cancer occurred predominantly in the upper lobes in both sexes, in both blacks and whites, and at all ages. This pattern was observed for squamous cell and small cell carcinoma as well as adenocarcinoma. The predominance of lung cancer in the upper lobes was much stronger in the young and somewhat stronger in blacks. These findings are discussed in light of current theories of pulmonary carcinogenesis. Current theories may not explain entirely these observed patterns, and further inquiries into this question, therefore, may be useful.
Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system: participation of both Schwann cells and macrophages in myelin degradation.

This study examined the role of Schwann cells and hematogenous macrophages in myelin degradation and Ia antigen expression during Wallerian degeneration of rodent sciatic nerve. To identify and distinguish between macrophages and Schwann cells we used, in addition to electron microscopy, immunocytochemical staining of teased nerve fibres and 1 μm thick cryosections. Before the appearance of adherent macrophages the myelin sheath fragmented into ovoids, small whorls of myelin debris appeared within Schwann cell cytoplasm and the Schwann cell displayed numerous lipid droplets. However, at least in large fibres most myelin degradation and removal was accomplished or assisted by macrophages, identified by their expression of the ED1 marker. These cells began entering the nerve from blood vessels by day 2, migrated to degenerating nerve fibres and adhered to nerve fibres in the regions of the ovoids. There they penetrated the Schwann cell basal lamina to occupy an intratubal position and phagocytose myelin.
A modified double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of alpha-1-antitrypsin in biologic fluids☆

Abstract Alpha-1-antitrypsin ( α 1 AT) is the major protease inhibitor in human serum, and plays an important role protecting tissues from potentially harmful enzymes released during inflammatory reactions. Proteolytic enzymes such as leukocyte elastase are usually released and inactivated locally at the site of inflammation, so there has been much recent interest in measuring local α 1 AT concentrations in biologic fluids. In this study, we developed a modified double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and used it to measure α 1 AT concentrations in several biologic fluids. The assay was sensitive to as little as 20 ng/ml of α 1 AT. Serum concentration measured by the ELISA correlated well with levels determined by radial immunodiffusion (RID) and the ELISA was far more sensitive than RID. In synovial fluid, higher concentrations determined by the ELISA compared with RID probably reflect interference of diffusion of α 1 AT in the RID gel by hyaluronic acid and protease-inhibitor complexes. Synovial fluid did not interfere with the detection of added α 1 AT by ELISA, but it did reduce the amount detected by RID by about 30% in 2 fluids. In saliva, α 1 AT concentrations of less than 1 μg/ml were easily quantified. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids have been extensively studied because of the important role of α 1 AT in pulmonary inflammatory processes. We found concentrations of 1–3 μg/ml in most samples with our assay. These levels were comparable to those previously reported with assays that required up to 50-fold concentration of the fluid. Neither saliva nor bronchoalveolar fluid significantly interfered with detection by ELISA of added α 1 AT. This modified double antibody sandwich ELISA may have broad applications for studies of the role of α 1 AT in health disease.
Dynamics of density- and frequency-dependent selection

Abstract The evolution of a multiallelic locus in a diploid monoecious population is investigated for weak selection in both discrete and continuous time. It is assumed that in the absence of selection the rate of change of population size N is a function only of N, and N converges exponentially to a unique, globally stable equilibrium, ^N. With arbitrary density- and frequency-dependent selection, after several generations have elapsed, N differs from ^N by terms of O(s) (i.e., bounded by a constant times s), where s is the selection intensity. The mean absolute fitness deviates from its equilibrium value (1 in discrete, 0 in continuous time) by only O(s2); its rate of change is O(s3). The evolution of the gene frequencies may be approximated with an error of O(s) by assuming that N = ^N and Hardy-Weinberg proportions obtain. When the frequency dependence is weaker than the selection intensity, the mean absolute fitness generally exceeds its equilibrium value by a quantity approximately proportional to the genic variance, the constant of proportionality being simply related to the rate of convergence of N to ^N in the absence of selection. Thus, after a short time, the population generally increases, and the rate of growth is proportional to the genic variance.
A Si-micromachined 48-stage Knudsen pump for on-chip vacuum

This paper describes a thermal transpiration-driven multistage Knudsen pump for vacuum pumping applications. This type of pump relies upon the motion of gas molecules from the cold end to the hot end of a channel in which the flow is restricted to the free molecular or transitional regimes. To achieve a high compression ratio, 48 stages are cascaded in series in a single chip. A five-mask, single silicon wafer process is used for monolithic integration of the designed Knudsen pump. The pump has several monolithically integrated Pirani gauges to experimentally measure the vacuum pumping characteristics of the pump. It has a footprint of 10.35 × 11.45 mm 2 . For an input power of 1350 mW, the fabricated pump self-evacuates the encapsulated cavities from 760 to ≈50 Torr, resulting in a compression ratio of 15. It also pumps down from 250 to ≈5 Torr, resulting in a compression ratio of 50. Each integrated Pirani gauge requires ≈3.9 mW of power consumption, and its response is sufficiently sensitive in the operating pressure range of 760‐1 Torr. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Proximate, vitamins A and E, and mineral composition of free‐ranging cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) from St. Catherines Island, Georgia

Although rodents are an integral part of numerous carnivore diets, there is little published information regarding nutrient composition in free-ranging mice for comparison with laboratory-reared prey. Cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus, n=6) were captured on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, and analyzed for water, ash, protein, and fat content (proximate constituents), as well as minerals and the fat-soluble vitamins A and E. The overall body composition (mean±SD: 65.8%±1.9% water, 10.9%±2.2% ash, 56.4%±4.1% protein, and 27.2%±3.9% fat) was similar to published values for adult laboratory mice (Mus domesticus). The macro- (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and trace (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) mineral levels were also similar to previously reported values for laboratory mice, and in general met or exceeded the established nutrient requirements for domestic carnivores. Vitamin E ranged from 77 to 170 IU/kg dry matter (DM) in these mice–again, similar to values previously quantified in laboratory mice. However, the vitamin A concentrations (21,947±6,893 IU/kg DM) in the free-ranging mice were consistently and substantially lower than values reported for whole laboratory mice. To our knowledge, this is the first quantification of vitamin A in free-ranging mice used as prey by carnivores. While other nutrients measured were similar between captive-reared and free-ranging mice, the current data suggest the need for further investigation of vitamin A nutrition in the development of optimal diets for carnivores in captivity. Zoo Biol 23:253–261, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Decline of Intergenerational Coresidence in the United States, 1850 to 2000:

In the mid-nineteenth century, almost 70 percent of persons age 65 or older resided with their adult children; by the end of the twentieth century, fewer than 15 percent did so. Many scholars have argued that the simplification of the living arrangements of the aged resulted primarily from an increase in their resources, which enabled increasing numbers of elders to afford independent living. This article supports a different interpretation: the evidence suggests that the decline of coresidence between generations had less to do with the growing affluence of the aged than with the increasing opportunities of the younger generation. Using data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), I examine long-run trends in the characteristics of both the older and the younger generations to gain insight into changing motivations for coresidence. In particular, I investigate headship patterns, occupational status, income, and spatial coresidence patterns. I also reassess the potential impact of the Social Security program. I conclude that the decline of intergenerational coresidence resulted mainly from increasing opportunities for the young and declining parental control over their children.
PROFITS, JOINT COSTS AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL

. Federal guidelines for the establishment of water quality standards prohibit degradation of the properties of all or part of the nation's aquatic resources. It is probably correct that streams, lakes and aquifers should be free of toxic substances while non-poisonous deposits should be abated. However, an extreme opposing position is held by some proponents of pollution who intend to continue discharging waste materials until forced to stop. Although it would seem otherwise, the underlying problem is that polluters' points of altercation possess merit in particular instances. Accordingly, efficient abatement will require that appropriate laws be formulated in such a manner that the nature of economic reasons for the disposal of waste materials be disclosed. Moreover, the technological ability to create byproducts from these particular elements or compounds can advance only over time. This, coupled with the fact that scientists have not developed inexpensive treatment methods which are totally effective, justifies more flexible formal regulations. Excessive rigidity of standards could impose a burden on polluters that is greater than the cost to society which the damaging firm or individual is generating. On the other hand, uniform rules in some cases could be considered so lenient as to allow flagrant contamination which unduly injures downstream users.
Hydrologic connectivity of head waters and floodplains in a semi-arid watershed.

Hydrologic connectivity can be important when assessing the role of water availability and distribution in sustaining different natural processes and human activities in a given landscape. We present a study that served as one of five case studies for an interdisciplinary modeling course. The main objectives of the study presented are: 1) to characterize the hydrologic connectivity between the uplands and the irrigated valley and; 2) to set the foundations for understanding the connections between hydrology and complementary disciplines of ecology, rangeland management, and system dynamics modeling in a semiarid watershed in the southwestern United States. Study results show a strong hydrologic connectivity between surface and groundwater in the lower agricultural valley that follows a seasonal pattern, driven primarily by irrigation contributions to the shallow aquifer. The interdisciplinary modeling team assigned to this study was able to use data from it and outside sources to create a working model that addressed these interconnections and highlighted the study value of concurrent consideration of multiple components of linked hydrologic, economic, ecological, and social systems.
Comparison between infrared Martian disk spectra and optical properties of terrestrial analogs

Medium spectral resolution (20 kaysers) infrared measurements of the Martian disk made between 2900 and 5600 kaysers from the NASA Lear Airborne Observatory have been successfully compared with predictions derived from a model of the Martian soil and atmosphere. Modeling of the Martian atmosphere permitted the extraction of Martian soil reflectance in the CO2 bands centered at 3657 kaysers. Three Martian soil analogs previously considered acceptable - limonite, montmorillonite, and basalt - were analyzed to determine the optical complex indices of refraction in the same range as the airborne observations, for mathematical modeling. A characteristic surface particle size approximately 1 to 3 microns diameter is indicated. It is concluded that the Martian soil surface near-infrared optical properties are consistent with a soil composition similar to montmorillonite or limonite, mixed with a basalt.
The effects of parental traumatic brain injury on the behaviour of parents and children

Litde is known about die effects of a parent's brain injury and subsequent disabilities on the children in the family. This study examines 24 families in which one parent is brain injured. In each ...
Movies of Ice-Embedded Particles Enhance Resolution in Electron Cryo-Microscopy

Low-dose images obtained by electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) are often affected by blurring caused by sample motion during electron beam exposure, degrading signal especially at high resolution. We show here that we can align frames of movies, recorded with a direct electron detector during beam exposure of rotavirus double-layered particles, thereby greatly reducing image blurring caused by beam-induced motion and sample stage instabilities. This procedure increases the efficiency of cryo-EM imaging and enhances the resolution obtained in three-dimensional reconstructions of the particle. Using movies in this way is generally applicable to all cryo-EM samples and should also improve the performance of midrange electron microscopes that may have limited mechanical stability and beam coherence.
Fenestrated Fontan Procedure: Evolution of Technique and Occurrence of Paradoxical Embolism

The Fenestrated Fontan procedure (FFP) has improved outcome in high risk patients. The technique is evolving, however, and complications are not fully known. Over a 3-year period 13 patients (mean age 35 ± 29 months) underwent an FFP in our institution. In the first two patients the fenestration had to be created because of high right atrial pressure and low cardiac output; in 11 patients the FFP was planned. In three patients the sutures for the adjustable fenestration were crossing the defect. In 10 patients, purse-string sutures were placed around but not across the defect. Because large fenestrations were created in 11 patients (8–12 mm) Glenn shunts were performed to improve arterial saturation. The postoperative course was relatively uneventful, with chest tubes being removed 1–8 days (mean 4 ± 3 days) postoperatively and the hospital stay ranging from 7 to 27 days (mean 14 ± 6 days). One patient had bleeding and another had a mediastinal abscess. The first patient died (7.6%) because of hemodynamic instability due to prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass from the creation and enlargement of the fenestration. One patient had a paradoxical cerebral embolism from clots that formed on the sutures crossing the fenestration. Because of this problem the remaining patients were placed on salicylates while awaiting closure of their fenestration. All 12 patients had their fenestrations closed, performed under local anesthesia in 9, at mediastinal abscess drainage in 1, and spontaneously in 2. We conclude that creation of large fenestrations in combination with Glenn shunts and the use of adjustable fenestrations are viable modifications of the FFP. The use of purse-string sutures around the fenestration and antiplatelet drugs can probably minimize the occurrence of paradoxical embolism.
Relation of Desert Rodent Diets to Available Resources

This study was designed to determine the diets of four species of Sonoran Desert rodents ( Dipodomys merriami, Perognathus ampins, Perognathus baileyi , and Perognathus intermedins ) and compare the diets to available food resources. Items ingested and their relative frequencies were determined by microscopic examination of stomach contents. Contents of cheek pouches of these heteromyid rodents also were analyzed and the relative density of each item was calculated. Seeds, especially those of forbs were the primary food of all species, but insects were important in diets of D. merriami and P. intermedins . Green vegetation was eaten infrequently. Soil samples taken at the capture sites of the rodents were analyzed for seeds to determine their relative density. It was found that availability of resources generally determined the pattern of food utilization, but that the preferences of the various species determined the exact quantities used. Cheek pouch contents were found to be consistently different from stomach contents and poor indicators of how much and when specific items were ingested.
On Standing Waves in Tires

Abstract By using a comprehensive rotating laminated shell model of the tire, the effects of viscoelastic damping on the standing wave phenomenon are investigated in more detail than was previously possible. The shell theory employed is a nonlinear version of Novoshilov's work and the onset of the standing wave is characterized as a small dynamic deformation superposed on a finite deformation. To expand the scope of the model, the viscoelastic constitutive law is treated as either of the differential or hereditary integral type. The solution for the stated model is obtained by the finite element procedure, and the results of several numerical experiments are presented. The substantial role of viscoelastic effects in the development of the standing wave phenomenon of tires is emphasized by the results.
Distributed cut detection in sensor networks

Loss of connectivity in deployed wireless sensor networks can be quite disastrous for the network. A "cut" (which separates the network into two or more components incapable of communicating with each other) is usually hard to detect. An algorithm which enables each node in the network to detect whether a cut has occurred anywhere in the network is demonstrated.
Preparation and properties of polyethylene glycol-trypsin adducts.

Abstract The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol of 5000 daltons to non-essential groups on trypsin produces an adduct that no longer precipitates with anti-trypsin antibody. In comparison with trypsin, polyethylene glycol-trypsin preparations show equal or greater activity against N-α- benzoyl - L - arginine ethyl ester, about one-fourth activity against angiotensin II, and little activity against bovine liver catalase. The polyethylene glycol-trypsin adduct dissolves soft blood clots at one-fourth the rate of trypsin. Soybean trypsin inhibitor produces two-thirds inhibition of the adduct under conditions that cause complete inhibition of trypsin.
Neuroprotection of Lubeluzole Is Mediated Through the Signal Transduction Pathways of Nitric Oxide

Neuronal survival after ischemic injury is determined through the induction of several biological pathways. We examined whether lubeluzole, an agent efficacious in both clinical and experimental models of cerebral ischemia, modulated the signal transduction mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO), a downstream mediator of anoxic neurodegeneration. Both pretreatment [NO survival = 23 +/- 3%, NO/lubeluzole (750 nM) survival = 63 +/- 2%, p < 0.001] and coadministration [NO survival = 25 +/- 3%, NO/lubeluzole (750 nM) survival = 59 +/- 3%, p < 0.001] of lubeluzole with NO generators equally protected cultured hippocampal neurons in a dose-dependent manner against the toxic effects of NO, suggesting that the agent protects by acutely modifying toxic cellular pathways rather than preconditioning the neuron before injury. The protection observed with lubeluzole was stereospecific but was not limited to pre- or coadministration. Lubeluzole also was found to significantly protect against the toxicity of NO for a period of 4-6 h after NO exposure [NO survival = 31 +/- 2%, NO/lubeluzole (750 nM) survival at 6 h = 56 +/- 3%, p < 0.001]. We conclude that the neuroprotective ability of lubeluzole is unique and involves the direct modulation of the NO pathway. In addition, the mechanisms of NO toxicity are dynamic and reversible processes that, if left unaltered, will lead to neuronal injury. Further investigation of the downstream signal transduction mechanisms below the level of NO generation may elucidate the specific cellular events responsible for neurodegeneration.
Interactions of Mycoplasmas with B Cells: Antibody Production and Nonspecific Effects

Interactions between mycoplasmas and B cells consist primarily of the development of specific antibody and of nonspecific interactions with B lymphocytes or antibody. Antibody responses are important in the resistance to mycoplasmal disease in both humans and animals. However, the ability of mycoplasmas to survive in their host despite vigorous responses suggests that these play a limited role in the host's recovery from infection. Antibody also may prevent dissemination of mycoplasmal infections from mucosal sites and may account for the appearance of systemic mycoplasmal infections in immunocompromised patients
Using isolated vowel sounds for classification of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Concussions are Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI) that are common in contact sports and are often difficult to diagnose due to the delayed appearance of symptoms. This paper explores the feasibility of using speech analysis for detecting mTBI. Recordings are taken on a mobile device from athletes participating in a boxing tournament following each match. Vowel sounds are isolated from the recordings and acoustic features are extracted and used to train several one-class machine learning algorithms in order to predict whether an athlete is concussed. Prediction results are verified against the diagnoses made by a ringside medical team at the time of recording and performance evaluation shows prediction accuracies of up to 98%.
Gene Flow between Univoltine and Semivoltine Northern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations

Semivoltinism in northern corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, is an evolutionary response to a cultural control method in parts of the Corn Belt in the north central United States. Semivoltine beetles are at a marked reproductive disadvantage compared with univoltine beetles in fields where maize, zea mays, is planted annually because their reproductive rates are effectively half those of the univoltine beetles. In fields where corn is rotated with another crop, however, univoltine beetle larvae die. Beetles, therefore, are subject to disruptive selection because both types of corn planting are practiced even on the same farms. Allozyme markers at 12 polymorphic loci were used to study gene flow among beetle populations in rotated and in continuous corn fields at each of three farms in northwestern Iowa. Sampled were both free-flying beetles and beetles eclosing in cages in the fields where they had bred. Variance in gene frequencies among the cage-emerged beetles was partitioned. Of the variance, 48% was attributed to corn fields in farms (rotated versus continuous), and 52% to farms. The Wright fixation index was F ST = 0.0056 ± 0.0023 for cage-emerged beetles among all fields. F statistics were greater in magnitude among cage-emerged, locally bred, beetles than among free-flying beetles. Gene flow between diapause phenotypes was virtually unrestricted, and the rate of spread and adaptation to rotated corn fields is likely to be slow.
Magnetic susceptibility of (VO) 2 P 2 O 7 : A one-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet with a ladder spin configuration and a singlet ground state

Powder magnetic susceptibility data between 1.3 and 350 K are presented for the orthorhombic compound (VO${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, containing a one-dimensional ladder configuration of spins (1/2). Perhaps surprisingly, the data are accurately fitted, both as to shape and magnitude, by theoretical predictions of Bonner, Bl\"ote, Bray, and Jacobs for the spin-(1/2) alternating antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain, with ${J}_{1}$/${k}_{B}$=-65.7 K, ${J}_{2}$/${k}_{B}$=-46.0 K, and g=2.00, where ${J}_{1}$ and ${J}_{2}$ are the two alternating exchange-interaction constants and g is the Land\'e g factor.
Spectrum of the Lightning Dart Leader.

Abstract A high-speed slitless spectrograph has been used to record photographically with 9 μs resolution the spectral emissions from five dart leaders. All occurred in the same lightning flash which produced at least 13 return strokes. Dart leader spectral emissions in the 398-510 nm region are characterized by singlyionized nitrogen (NII) emissions. These emissions from a 13 m isolated section of the channel decrease in intensity after the passage of the dart. They are, however, continuously recorded between the dart and return stroke spectra. Three dart temperatures are calculated to be approximately 20,000 K±10%. Five dart velocities are calculated; one value (3.4×107 m s−1±20%), exceeds the highest value previously reported in the literature (2.3×107 m s−1). The relative intensity ratio of the return stroke to the dart in the isolated channel section is measured to be 8–9±15% in these data.
Understanding the Manga Hype: Uncovering the Multimodality of Comic‐Book Literacies

The authors introduce manga to educators, inspired by the comics' explosive entry into U.S. popular culture. The word manga refers specifically to printed, Japanese-style comics found in graphic-novel format—not to be confused with anime (animated Japanese cartoons, including moving images on television, movies, video games). There are two strong reasons that warrant directing educators' attention toward manga. First, there has been a sharp rise in the comics' popularity, evident by record-setting sales of manga across the United States; second, the authors argue that manga require—if not demand—critical, multimodal reading skills. Although scholars in education have explored the role of popular culture in youths' literacy and meaning making, the popularity of manga specifically has not been addressed by educators and literacy researchers. This article is intended to raise awareness about manga, explore their semiotic features, and emphasize the multimodal demands of these texts on readers. The authors also explore how manga serve as sites for negotiating and creating alternative identities. A history and survey of the various styles of the genre are included, as well as the relationship between manga and the New Literacy Studies. Finally, the authors explore ways in which manga can aid or facilitate classroom learning as a literacy practice.
Effect of Triethylenetetramine Dihydrochloride on the Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A chelating agent, triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride, interacted synergistically in vitro with both gentamicin and carbenicillin against a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa designated Ps 15. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of carbenicillin and gentamicin for Ps 15 in a 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth were 250 and 72.9 μg/ml, respectively. However, addition of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride to the 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth reduced the minimal inhibitory concentration of both antibiotics approximately 10-fold. A comparison of the growth of Ps 15 in 50% serum-Trypticase soy broth containing either of the antibiotics showed that a rapid decrease in the percentage of survivors only occurred when the chelating agent was present.
Pulmonary Manifestations of Staphylococcus aureus Septicemia

This study includes 140 episodes (138 cases) of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia, made up mostly of community-acquired, nonintravenous drug abuse (nonIVDA) cases. Unlike other series, injury wounds and skin or soft tissue infections were the most common sites of primary infection. In spite of a different patient population and lack of cases with tricuspid valvular endocarditis, the lungs were still the most common site of secondary infectious foci and most developed within two weeks of onset of the septicemia.
Planetary science: Titan's sticky dunes?

Titan's surface is covered by vast fields of linear dunes, probably composed of organic sand-sized particles. The study of linear dunes in China suggests that sediment cohesiveness can be as important as wind direction in the creation of these dune forms.
Analytic spatial solitary wave modes of the coupled-wave-carrier equations in a semiconductor waveguide.

I report the exact solitary wave solutions in the coupled-wave-carrier system of a semiconductor waveguide in which the loss and the index distributions have a sech2(x) form and the pump carrier distribution has a sech4(x) form in the lateral direction. Under certain pumping levels the saturated gain balances the loss and the index guiding balances the diffraction and the carrier antiguiding, which lead to exact solitary solutions. The width of the mode depends on the carrier diffusion length, and the power of the supported mode depends on the pump current.
Photoinduced absorption spectra in a-Ge: H and a-Si: H

Measurements of steady-state photoinduced absorption in $a$-Ge: H and $a$-Si: H were extended to cover the energy range from 0.25 to 1.9 eV. The subgap photoinduced-absorption bands in both materials are interpreted in terms of four kinds of optical transitions of photogenerated carriers from traps in the gap into the bands; two transitions produce absorption and two bleaching. This model explains the approximately symmetric form of the photoinduced-absorption band in $a$-Ge: H previously ascribed to polaron absorption.
Online Artifact Subtraction for Concurrent Neural Recording During Ongoing Electrical Stimulation

Feedback-control has been proved to be advantageous in various technical fields and is likely to increase the performance of electrical neural interface devices. The control algorithms in such a device will rely on metrics of neural activity, thereby necessitating their differentiation from artifacts caused by electrical stimulation. We demonstrate an efficient algorithm for determining the relationship between the electrical stimulus current waveform and the recorded artifact potential, or transfer function. This facilitates online stimulus artifact subtraction and concurrent neural recordings during electrical stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate significant changes in this transfer function, in vivo, that occur on time scales of hours and are indicative of changes in the electrical properties of neural tissue. Tracking these variations is paramount for the successful implementation of a feedbackenabled neural control system.
Effects of jogging exercise on patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma.

Background: Exercise-induced anterior chamber pigment dispersion with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation has been reported in patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Marked pigment dispersion with or without elevation of IOP could predispose these patients to visual field loss. The authors designed this study to evaluate the effects of jogging exercise on anterior chamber pigment and IOP in a group of patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma. Methods: Fourteen subjects with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome, 10 subjects with pigmentary glaucoma, and 10 control subjects underwent a 45-minute protocol of jogging exercise. Anterior chamber pigment was graded and IOP was measured before and up to 3 hours after completion of the exercise protocol. Results: Eyes of experimental subjects were significantly more likely to develop exercise-induced pigment dispersion than were eyes of control subjects. In experimental subjects, eyes treated with pilocarpine at the time of the study were significantly leis likely to develop exercise-induced pigment dispersion than eyes not treated with pilocarpine. In two experimental subjects, pre-exercise treatment with pilocarpine appeared to inhibit exercise-induced pigment dispersion. Conclusions: The authors do not believe that all patients with the pigmentary dispersion syndrome or pigmentary glaucoma need to avoid exercise. However, for patients with these disorders who regularly engage in jogging or more strenuous or more jarring types of exercise, they suggest an evaluation before and after the type of exercise in question. If marked exercise-induced pigment dispersion occurs, pilocarpine therapy may be an alternative to avoidance of the exercise.
A pediatric survivor of left ventricular rupture after blunt chest trauma.

The case of a patient with left ventricular rupture as a result of blunt chest trauma from a motor vehicle accident is presented. This is the first reported case of a pediatric survivor of this rare and usually lethal injury and only the fourth report of a survivor. This condition can be treated if the patient survives long enough to reach a trauma center, if the diagnosis is entertained early, and if the appropriate diagnostic studies are obtained in an expeditions manner. We believe that echocardiography is the diagnostic method of choice for pericardial tamponade, whether it is the result of penetrating or blunt trauma, and that early use of this modality may improve survivability.
Optimum Extrusion-Cooking Conditions for Maximum Expansion of Corn Starch

Normal corn starch was extrusion-cooked in a C. W. Brabender Laboratory model single-screw extruder at various extruder barrel temperatures, screw speeds, feed rates, and moisture contents. The expansion ratios and shear strengths of the products were highly dependent on extrusion-cooking conditions. The maximum expansion ratio of 16.1 was obtained when 14% moisture content (d.b.) starch was fed at a rate of 60g min-1 with a screw speed of 150 rpm, a barrel temperature of 140°C and a die-nozzle L/D ratio of 3.1. The shear strengths of the extruded starch products were inversely proportional to the expansion ratios.
Intranasal IFN-γ gene transfer protects BALB/c mice against respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major respiratory pathogen in infants, young children and the elderly and causes severe bronchiolitis and asthma. In an effort to develop a preventive IFN-γ therapy against RSV infection, an intranasal gene transfer strategy was utilized. Intranasal administration of a plasmid expressing the IFN-γ cDNA (pIFN-γ) resulted in the expression of IFN-γ in murine lungs and decreased RSV replication. The mice administered with pIFN-γ and then infected with RSV exhibited a significant decrease in broncho-alveolar lavage lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. A significant reduction in epithelial cell damage, infiltration of mononuclear cells in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions, and thickening of the septa was observed in the lungs of mice treated with pIFN-γ when compared to controls. These results suggest that intranasal IFN-γ gene transfer results in decreased RSV replication and pulmonary inflammation and may be useful against RSV infection.