cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of low cycle fatigue comparing compact tension and center-cracked specimens at elevated temperatures

Abstract Very little work has been published related to cyclic loading of material at high temperatures. This paper presents a study of a superalloy, IN-100, at 1350°F in which a reversed loading cycle ratio of R = − 1 is carried out. Comparisons of results are made using different load frequencies and geometries at a maximum K 1 = 45 ksi√in . This investigation extends a previous analysis of the stress field and plastic zone ahead of the crack tip by considering three cases: a 2.5 Hz compact tension specimen, a 0.167 Hz compact tension specimen and a 2.5 Hz compact center crack specimen. The comparisons point out findings that were taken for granted using elastic analysis, but appear to be somewhat different due to the viscoplastic nature of the environment.
Off-target immune cell toxicity caused by AG-012986, a pan-CDK inhibitor, is associated with inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation.

AG-012986 is a pan-CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor that has in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties but was stopped in development due in part to rapid bone-marrow-independent white blood cell toxicity in preclinical studies and the potential for acute and delayed immunosuppression in humans. Because peripheral lymphocytes are largely nonproliferating, it was hypothesized the toxicity of AG-012986 was due to an off-target mechanism and not driven by the intended pharmacology. We show the toxicity mechanism in primary human immune cells is caspase driven. T-cells treated with AG-012986 and acutely stimulated through the T-cell receptor exhibited decreased toxicity while still maintaining cell division inhibition. This indicated that the pharmacology of AG-012986 functioned as expected but the toxicity had now been decoupled through activation. Induced phosphorylation of p38 and IL-2 production was impaired with AG-012986. Thus, AG-012986 could cause apoptosis of T-cells by targeting upstream kinases in the p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and impairing cellular survival. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:101–108 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20415
Slip observations in 70–30 alpha brass

Observations have been made on slip nucleation in 70–30 alpha brass for plastic strains ranging from 0.05 pct to 0.7 pct in four grain sizes: 33, 84, 126, and 163 μm. Slip was seen to start primarily at grain and twin boundaries and occasionally within grains. In grains in which slip commenced first, slip tended to traverse the entire grain and multiple slip tended to develop as well. The average length of the longest slip band, compared to the available slip path, was longer in large than in small grains. The volume fraction of grains covered by slip was greater at a given strain the larger the grain size. However, when the volume fraction of multiple slip was separated from single slip the volume fraction of multiple slip increased more slowly with increasing strain for the 33, 84, and 126 μm grain sizes than for the 163 μm grain size. Evidence was adduced to indicate that slip nucleation caused by elastic interaction is more significant than slip nucleation by slip impingement.
Why the Sociology of Morality Needs Bourdieu's Habitus*

Though Pierre Bourdieu has been criticized for ignoring the moral dimensions of social judgments, I suggest that his habitus concept can provide a useful theoretical foundation for a sociological analysis of morality. If the habitus is revised in a way that recognizes the embodied nature of cognition, it can be treated as a foundation for moral judgments of the self and of others. A revised habitus concept can account for two processes by which moral judgments are shaped by social settings: (1) cultural influences on feelings and expressions of emotion; and (2) the ways moral metaphors are structured by embodied cognitive schemas. In both processes, universal bodily operations are employed in different configurations across cultural settings. I argue that a modified habitus concept that can account for these phenomena has significant implications for the sociological analysis of lay morality.
Quantitative measurement of fractional bone volume using digital scanning videodensitometry

A method is described for reproducible and rapid quantitative measurements of fractional bone volume in sections of a bone biopsy. The presence or absence of bone is determined at several thousand points over the entire surface area of each specimen by highspeed digitization and computer analysis of video scans of enlarged microradiographic images of bone sections. An operator interactive light-pen assembly permits selective delineation of desired areas of the video image to facilitate computation of regional bone mass within each specimen. Tests of the reproducibility of the method were performed and are described. The results obtained from application of the method to determine the amount of bone in various age groups and in two groups of patients before and after therapy are also presented. These data indicate the potential of this technique for high volume, high resolution measurements of the fractional bone volume in both investigative and clinical diagnostic studies of age dependent and disease dependent processes.
Follow-up assessment of health consequences after a chlorine release from a train derailment--Graniteville, SC, 2005.

Introduction After a train derailment released chlorine gas in Graniteville, South Carolina, in 2005, a multiagency team performed an epidemiologic assessment of chlorine exposure and resulting health effects. Five months later, participants were resurveyed to determine their health status and needs and to assist in planning additional interventions in the community.
Computer vises: a valid threat for the health care professional?

The probability of a virus infecting a health care professional's computer is minimal if prevention is used. However, all office personnel who access the computer must be educated with what to look for, what to do and what not to do when a computer virus is suspect.
High and low sensation seeking adolescents show distinct patterns of brain activity during reward processing

Previous research has shown that personality characteristics, such as sensation seeking (SS), are strong predictors of risk-taking behavior during adolescence. However, the relationship between levels of SS and brain response has not been studied during this time period. Given the prevalence of risky behavior during adolescence, it is important to understand neurobiological differences in reward sensitivity between youth with high and low SS personalities. To this end, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine differences in brain activity in an adolescent sample that included 27 high (HSS) and 27 low sensation seekers (LSS), defined by the Impulsive Sensation Seeking scale of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Zuckerman et al., 1993). In the scanner, participants played a modified Wheel of Fortune decision-making task (Cservenka and Nagel, 2012) that resulted in trials with monetary Wins or No Wins. We compared age- and sex-matched adolescent HSS and LSS (mean age=13.94±1.05) on brain activity by contrasting Win vs. No Win trials. Our findings indicate that HSS show greater bilateral insular and prefrontal cortex (PFC) brain response on Win vs. No Win compared to LSS. Analysis of simple effects showed that while LSS showed comparable brain activity in these areas during Wins and No Wins, HSS showed significant differences in brain response to winning (activation) vs. not winning (deactivation), with between-group comparison suggesting significant differences in brain response, largely to reward absence. Group differences in insular activation between reward receipt and absence may suggest weak autonomic arousal to negative outcomes in HSS compared with LSS. Additionally, since the PFC is important for goal-directed behavior and attention, the current results may reflect that HSS allocate fewer attentional resources to negative outcomes than LSS. This insensitivity to reward absence in HSS may lead to a greater likelihood of maladaptive choices when negative consequences are not considered, and may be an early neural marker of decreased loss sensitivity that has been seen in addiction. This neurobiological information may ultimately be helpful in establishing prevention strategies aimed at reducing youth risk-taking and suggests value in further examination of neural associations with personality characteristics during adolescence.
Entity relation discovery from web tables and links

The World-Wide Web consists not only of a huge number of unstructured texts, but also a vast amount of valuable structured data. Web tables [2] are a typical type of structured information that are pervasive on the web, and Web-scale methods that automatically extract web tables have been studied extensively [1]. Many powerful systems (e.g.OCTOPUS [4], Mesa [3]) use extracted web tables as a fundamental component.In the database vernacular, a table is defined as a set of tuples which have the same attributes. Similarly, a web table is defined as a set of rows (corresponding to database tuples) which have the same column headers (corresponding to database attributes). Therefore, to extract a web table is to extract a relation on the web. In databases, tables often contain foreign keys which refer to other tables. Therefore, it follows that hyperlinks inside a web table sometimes function as foreign keys to other relations whose tuples are contained in the hyperlink's target pages. In this paper, we explore this idea by asking: can we discover new attributes for web tables by exploring hyperlinks inside web tables?This poster proposes a solution that takes a web table as input. Frequent patterns are generated as new candidate relations by following hyperlinks in the web table. The confidence of candidates are evaluated, and trustworthy candidates are selected to become new attributes for the table. Finally, we show the usefulness of our method by performing experiments on a variety of web domains.
Broadening the Approach to Youth Violence Prevention Through Public Health

Violence is a critical cause of death and nonfatal injuries among youth, and even those who witness violence can suffer serious health and mental health consequences. This highlights the need for prevention programs and policies aimed at reducing risks, promoting prosocial behavior, strengthening families, and creating communities in which youth are safe from violence. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Injury Center is developing a National Public Health Strategy to Prevent Youth Violence. The strategy will establish a full application of the public health approach, ranging from research to practice. It also spotlights what is working, as a way to mobilize community leaders in supporting evidence-based initiatives. With the empirical guidance of articles such as those in this special issue, a shared strategy to prevent youth violence will help focus efforts and resources on solutions that show the most promise, and ensure that American communities undertake more comprehensive and coordinated prevention efforts to protect our nation's youth.
Some classes of uniquely 3-colorable graphs

In this paper we shall present the concept of a uniquely n-colorable graph, and then introduce a class of graphs which we shall call 6-clique rings. We shall show that 6-clique rings are useful in generating some classes of uniquely 3-colorable graphs. Moreover, we shall demonstrate how the techniques used in producing uniquely 3-colorable graphs from 6-clique rings can be extended to allow the production of other classes of uniquely 3-colorable graphs as well as the production of uniquely n-colorable graphs, where n>3.
Human epidermal growth factor/urogastrone: Rapid purification procedure and partial characterization

Abstract A new procedure for the isolation of two biologically active forms of human epidermal growth factor (h-EGF-1) and (h-EGF-2) has been devised. Starting with 20 liters of raw human urine, the method employs a six-step fractionation procedure which yields 100–150 μg of h-EGF-1 and 50–100 μg of h-EGF-2. Initial studies suggest that h-EGF-2 may have been derived from h-EGF-1 by removal of the carboxy-terminal arginine or leucine-arginine residue(s). Based on immunological data and electrophoretic mobility at pH 9.5, h-EGF-2 appears to be identical to authentic h-EGF isolated by Cohen and Carpenter ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 1975, 72 , 1317). Using the antibody to authentic h-EGF, single precipitin lines of identity are observed between h-EGF-1, h-EGF-2, and authentic h-EGF. Both forms of h-EGF have comparable biological activity in stimulating the growth of adult human skin fibroblasts in culture.
Understanding selective assignment

This paper discuses the rules for evaluating expressions on the left of an assignment arrow and shows that ordinary assignment and vector assignment are just special cases of selective assignment. This unification of the three kinds of assignment expressions represents consistent and proper extensions that could be added to any future APL 2 implementations.
Utilization of the Student Portfolio to Link Professional Preparation to the Responsibilities and Competencies of the Entry Level Health Educator.

Abstract Student portfolios can be utilized in undergraduate health education professional preparation programs to assist students in developing the skills described in the Responsibilities and Competencies of an Entry Level Health Educator. In addition, the portfolio can be used to help students relate classroom assignments and activities to the skills they will need as practicing health educators. The student portfolio at Illinois State University was initiated in an attempt to reflect the integration of the Responsibilities and Competencies into the curriculum. Data concerning student and faculty perceptions of the portfolio process were collected during the first year of implementation. Perceptions from both students and faculty were favorable and indicated that students were better able to link assignments to the Responsibilities and Competencies. Overall, faculty believed that there were more benefits than concerns in using the student portfolio.
Regulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression by Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

H1299 lung carcinoma cells lacking p53 (p53-/-) express minimal amounts of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein as well as mRNA. p53-/- cells express highly unstable PAI-1 mRNA. Transfection of p53 in p53-/- cells enhanced PAI-1 expression and stabilized PAI-1 mRNA. On the contrary, inhibition of p53 expression by RNA silencing in non-malignant human lung epithelial (Beas2B) cells decreased basal as well as urokinase-type plasminogen activator-induced PAI-1 expression because of accelerated degradation of PAI-1 mRNA. Purified p53 protein specifically binds to the PAI-1 mRNA 3′-un-translated region (UTR), and endogenous PAI-1 mRNA forms an immune complex with p53. Treatment of purified p53 protein with anti-p53 antibody abolished p53 binding to the 3′-UTR of PAI-1 mRNA. The p53 binding region maps to a 70-nucleotide PAI-1 mRNA 3′-UTR sequence, and insertion of the p53-binding sequence into β-globin mRNA destabilized the chimeric transcript. Deletion experiments indicate that the carboxyl-terminal region (amino acid residues 296–393) of p53 protein interacts with PAI-1 mRNA. These observations demonstrate a novel role for p53 as an mRNA-binding protein that regulates increased PAI-1 expression and stabilization of PAI-1 mRNA in human lung epithelial and carcinoma cells.
Mortality studies of smelter workers

In view of the historic importance of smelter workers in the field of occupational medicine, it is surprising that until very recently little data was available on the mortality experience of these workers. The problem in most studies lies in identifying the smelter workers, because smelting, strictly speaking, refers to the melting of ores for the purposes of recovering metals, whereas smelters sometimes perform the operations of roasting, calcining, sintering, converting, and refining. These distinctions are not made in most mortality studies. Most mortality studies of smelter workers conducted to date have shown some excess in lung cancer. For lead, copper, cadmium, and nickel smelters a different etiologic agent has been proposed for each. These different explanations arise partly from different initial perspectives in conducting the studies. In this paper, data are presented on a current historical-prospective study of males who worked a year or more during the period January 1, 1940 to December 31, 1964 at a copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington. This smelter (and refinery) handled a copper ore with a relatively high arsenic content and produced arsenic trioxide as a by-product. Overall 97.2% of the original study population was traced through 1976. Of the 1,061 who were found to have died, death certificates were obtained for 1,018, or 96%. For all causes of death, the mortality rates in this cohort, expressed as a Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), were 3.5% higher than that expected based on the United States white male mortality experience. A total of 104 respiratory system cancers were observed compared to 54.6 expected (SMR = 190.5, p less than .05). Respiratory cancer rates were found to be elevated in both smokers and nonsmokers. Overall, a gradual rise in SMR's for respiratory cancer was observed with increasing duration of exposure but not with an increasing interval from onset of exposure. This observation is consistent with the notion that the effects of arsenic on cancer incidence disappear with time. This phenomenon has also been observed for cigarette smokers and chromate workers. Additional analyses are planned for the Tacoma cohort, which will examine mortality according to process as well as by exposure to arsenic and other contaminants. The importance of studies of workers at other kinds of smelters and refineries is stressed.
A numerical study of wave‐current interaction through surface and bottom stresses: Coastal ocean response to Hurricane Fran of 1996

[1] A three-dimensional wave-current coupled modeling system is used to examine the influence of waves on coastal currents and sea level. This coupled modeling system consists of the wave model-WAM (Cycle 4) and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The results from this study show that it is important to incorporate surface wave effects into coastal storm surge and circulation models. Specifically, we find that (1) storm surge models without coupled surface waves generally under estimate not only the peak surge but also the coastal water level drop which can also cause substantial impact on the coastal environment, (2) introducing wave-induced surface stress effect into storm surge models can significantly improve storm surge prediction, (3) incorporating wave-induced bottom stress into the coupled wave-current model further improves storm surge prediction, and (4) calibration of the wave module according to minimum error in significant wave height does not necessarily result in an optimum wave module in a wave-current coupled system for current and storm surge prediction.
Non-equilibrium phase distribution in an Al-SiC composite

The phase distribution in an Al-SiC composite has been investigated using high resolution analytical electron microscopy. Particular attention was focused on Al-SiC interfaces, matrix boundaries and impurity phases which would impede the easy glide of dislocations. Small crystallites of MgO were distributed singly and in clusters along Al-SiC interfaces in all specimens. Interfacial segregation and precipitation involving alloy species apparently affected precipitation in the matrix, where the distribution of phases was found to be very heterogeneous. Matrix phases also included unusually large constituent particles and dispersoids, a consequence of the composite processing methods. The relationship between the observed microstructure and the composite mechanical behavior reported by others is discussed. The heterogeneous distribution of matrix phases is expected to result in a wide variaiton in local yield stress and local work-hardening rate within the composite.
Macromolecular adducts of butadiene.

Abstract Butadiene (BD) is an important industrial chemical classified as a probable human carcinogen. Marked species differences in susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of BD have been observed, possibly due to the differences in its metabolism. In this work, guanine and adenine adducts formed by the reactive metabolites of BD in vitro were isolated and structurally characterized by UV spectroscopy, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, electrospray mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The adducts were prepared by reacting purine nucleobases or nucleosides with epoxybutene (EB) or diepoxybutane (DEB) followed by HPLC separation. The reaction of guanine (Gua) with EB resulted in two isomeric products, N 7-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl) guanine (EB-Gua I) and N 7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine (EB-Gua II). The reaction of adenine at N 3 led to the formation of N 3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)adenine (EB-Ade I) and N 3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) (EB-Ade II). The major guanine adduct with DEB was identified as N 7-(2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybutyl)guanine (DEB-Gua-I). Three products formed from the reaction of DEB with adenine at pH 7 were identified as N 3, N 7 and N 9-(2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybutyl)adenines (DEB-Ade I, II and III, respectively). Our results indicate that nucleophilic nitrogens of guanine and adenine first attack one of the epoxy groups of DEB giving (2′-hydroxy-3′,4′-epoxybutane1-yl) intermediates which can be rapidly hydrolyzed to the corresponding (2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybutyl) adducts or form cross-links with DNA or proteins. N 7 and N 3 adducts of Ade and Gua are expected to undergo spontaneous depurination and repair by methylpurine glycosylase and therefore may be useful as biomarkers of exposure in urine. The preliminary data on quantification of EB-induced N-terminal valine hemoglobin adducts in red blood cells of exposed mice and rats using modified Edman degradation followed by GC-NI MS was investigated. The amount of EB-N-terminal valine adducts in mouse globin was about 3 times greater than that in rats which may be explained by higher rates of the formation and/or limited detoxification of EB in mice. Female rats and mice had greater amounts of hemoglobin adducts than males.
Revisiting the rodent repairadox.

Cultured rodent and human cells typically display similar clonal survival characteristics following exposure to ultraviolet light (UV). However, compared to human cells, cultured cells from mice, rats, and hamsters are generally deficient in excision repair of the most prominent DNA lesion produced by UV, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. In light of recent studies on the control of nucleotide excision repair, we are beginning to understand the basis for this so-called “repairadox.” The resolution of this issue is important because rodents are so widely employed as surrogates for humans in genetic toxicology. This article will review the evolution in our understanding of rodent DNA repair and will also “revisit” my early association with my graduate mentor and esteemed colleague, Dick Setlow, in his honor upon the attainment of his 80th birthday. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:89–96, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bariatric surgery for treatment of sleep apnea syndrome in 15 morbidly obese patients: Long-term results

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery with respect to respiratory disturbance index (RDI) in sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). Design: Case series with long-term follow-up (1 to 12 years). Setting: Private clinic in an academic tertiary referral center. Patients: Fifteen morbidly obese patients (10 men, 5 women) who were referred for the treatment of severe SAS. Intervention: For all 15 patients who presented with severe SAS, nasal positive airway pressure breathing was either not available or was not tolerated by the patient; therefore, bariatric surgery was performed as a means of treatment for SAS. Main outcome measures: RDIs and minimum oxygen saturation were measured both preoperatively and postoperatively (1 to 12 years after surgery). Results: Weight loss ranged from 60 to 220 pounds (27 to 100 kg). RDI decreased by at least 55% in each patient, and all patients with tracheostomies (8 of 15) had their tracheostomy tubes removed. Average RDI preoperatively was 96.9 and average RDI postoperatively was 11.3. Results were similar for all 15 patients in that minimum oxygen saturation increased during sleep from an average preoperative minimum oxygen saturation of 58.7% to an average postoperative minimum oxygen saturation of 85.2%. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery as a means of treating SAS in the morbidly obese provides effective long-term reduction in RDI. Bariatric surgery also significantly improves minimum oxygen saturation in morbidly obese patients with SAS. Biliopancreatic bypass is more effective in reducing RDI to normal values than vertical banded gastroplasty. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:299-302.)
A NOVEL DTW-BASED DISTANCE MEASURE FOR SPEAKER SEGMENTATION

We present a novel distance measure for comparing two speech segments that uses a local version of the well-known DTW algorithm. Our approach is based on the idea of finding word-level speech patterns that are repeated by the same speaker. Using this distance measure, we develop a speaker segmentation procedure and apply it to the task of segmenting multi-speaker lectures. We demonstrate that our approach is able to generate segmentations that correlate well to independently generated human segmentations. In experiments performed on over ten hours of multi-speaker lecture data, we were able to find speaker change points with precision and recall rates of 80% and 100%, respectively.
Protein and Starch Digestibility and Flatulence Potential of Germinated Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata)

In vivo and in vitro methods with experimental rats and commercial digestive enzymes, respectively, were used in assessing the protein and starch digestibility and flatulence potential of germinated cow-peas. Germination (24 hr at 25° or 30°C) reduced the flatulence potential of seeds (52 to 77%). In vivo digestibility of starch and protein was also significantly increase by germination. Germination did not affect in vitro protein digestibility, but reduced in vitro digestibility of freeze-dried and 70°C-dried starch. Cooking in boiling water significantly increased in vitro protein and starch digestibility of both ungerminated and germinated seed.
A UV laser technique for the Lorentz effect compensation studies in end-cap cathode strip chambers

Abstract We report on a technique to study the Lorentz effect compensation in muon end-cap cathode strip chambers in detectors with solenoidal magnetic fields like GEM and CMS. The method utilizes a pulsed UV laser for depositing a track-like ionization in a chamber volume and a specially designed chamber with a rotating anode wire frame. The optimal compensation angle was measured to be 26.6±0.5° in a 3.4 T magnetic field using the M1 magnet of the RD5 experiment at CERN. The results are in good agreement with simulations.
Ocular torsion on earth and in weightlessness.

Otolith function is studied by means of measurements of ocular torsion under various acceleration environments on earth and in weightlessness. Photographic measurements of ocular torsion as indicated by the rotation of landmarks on the iris with respect to head-fixed fiducial marks were obtained in subjects undergoing horizontal linear acceleration in a ground-based version of the space sled, lateral acceleration from weightlessness during pullout from the free-fall portion of parabolic flight, and optokinetic stimulation about the roll axis in the supine position in the laboratory and during weightlessness. The responses of ocular torsion to horizontal acceleration are in agreement with a simple low-order linear system with a dominant time constant of 0.33 sec, with a transfer function fit by a model with a pure delay of 0 to 400 msec and a first-order lag. In the pullout experiment, torsion was not observed in response to the onset of acceleration in the right-ear-down position, although it was present in response to the lateral stimulus. Results of the roll vection experiments indicate the independence of ocular torsion and visually induced tilt. In addition, an automatic video system using a soft contact lens target is presented which has been developed for ocular torsion measurements.
Characteristics and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of four rat hepatoma cell lines produced by diethylnitrosamine-phenobarbital treatment.

Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that five established rat hepatoma cell lines provide a wide spectrum of tumor-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity representative of the range of activities of this enzyme seen in primary rat hepatocellular carcinomas. Four newly established rat hepatoma cell lines, RLT-2M, RLT-3C, RLT-9F, and RLT-5G, were derived from a primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The primary tumor was induced by a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (15 μM/g body weight) to a 1-d-old female S-D rat followed at weaning by chronic phenobarbital treatment. RLT-2M was established from outgrowths of minced tumor pieces. RLT-3C, RLT-9F, and RLT-5G were cloned from RLT-2M by the serial endpoint dilution. All four lines have been maintained in culture for over 100 passages. The ALDH phenotype in both the primary tumor and the four new cell lines was determined by total activity assay, gel electrophoresis, and histochemistry. By total activity assay, the primary tumor did not possess significant tumor-ALDH activity. In contrast, the four new cell lines expressed tumor-ALDH activity. However, they differed in their basal ALDH activities and in ALDH inducibility by 3-methycholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and phenobarbital. Additionally, significant decreases in tumor-ALDH activity occurred when cells from each line were passaged in vivo. The four lines have been characterized by light and electron microscopic morphology, tumorigenicity, chromosome number, doubling time, and colony formation efficiency, in soft agar.
Tissue Destruction by Neutrophils

WITH increasing frequency, the human neutrophil is being implicated as a mediator of tissue-destructive events in inflammatory diseases ranging from rheumatoid arthritis and myocardial reperfusion injury to respiratory distress syndromes, blistering skin disorders, and ulcerative colitis.1 , 2 In each of these diseases, as well as a variety of other acute inflammatory disorders, important components of these pathologic processes are being linked to the neutrophil's ability to release a complex assortment of agents that can destroy normal cells and dissolve connective tissues. Although these toxins normally defend the host against invading microbes, the neutrophil has little intrinsic ability to differentiate between foreign . . .
Dietary fat alters biliary lipid secretion in the hamster

Dietary fat has been found to alter the incidence of cholesterol gallstones in hamsters: butterfat intensifies while safflower oil reduces lithiasis. We now report how dietary fat affects bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in this model. Male hamsters were fed one of three experimental diets: a control diet (containing 0.3% cholesterol); control diet +4.0% butterfat; or control diet +4.0% safflower oil. After three weeks, bile samples were collected via an external biliary fistula. The endogenous bile acid pool was depleted for 120 min followed by increasing rates of taurocholate infusion for 160 min. Basal secretion of biliary lipids was measured during the bile acid depletion period. Basal bile flow and bile acid output were not significantly different in the three groups. Dietary butterfat increased basal cholesterol output compared to the control diet (0.037 vs. 0.025 μmol/min·kg, respectively); safflower oil did not change cholesterol output (0.027 μmol/min·kg). Hamsters fed butterfat or safflower oil secreted more phospholipid (0.171 and 0.178 μmol/min·kg, respectively) than controls (0.131 μmol/min·kg). The cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio of the butterfat group was higher than the safflower oil group (0.220 vs. 0.153, respectively). Effects of dietary fat on several relationships between bile flow and biliary lipid secretion were analyzed by linear regression using the data for the entire bile collection period (bile acid depletion and taurocholate infusion). Butterfat and safflower oil did not change either bile acid dependent or bile acid independent bile flow. Hamsters fed butterfat had a higher linkage coefficient (slope) of cholesterol vs. bile acid output than the safflower oil group (0.023 vs. 0.009, respectively). The linkage coefficient of phospholipid vs. bile acid output of the butterfat group was higher than the controls (0.278 vs. 0.185, respectively). In summary, butterfat induced a high cholesterol and phospholipid secretion with a high cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio; safflower oil induced a high phospholipid secretion with a low cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio. Butterfat and safflower oil have different effects on biliary lipid secretion. These differences in biliary lipid secretion may explain, in part, how butterfat and safflower oil differ in affecting gallstone formation in hamsters.
In memoriam: Jean Thivolet (1926–2011)

Fig 1. Professor Jean Thivolet. T he scientific, university, and medical communities pay homage to thememory of Professor Jean Thivolet, who died on February 4, 2011 (Fig 1). For all those who knew him, he will be remembered as a doctor, teacher, and an exceptional scientist who took French dermatology to the highest levels of international renown. Born on February 4, 1926 in Lyon, France, Dr Thivolet was Chair of the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology of Edouard Herriot Hospital (Pavillon R), Lyon, from1972 to 1992, after havingbeenHeadof the Dermatology Department of the Antiquaille Hospital and holding the Chair for Hygiene and Social Welfare. Dr Thivolet was a dermatologist and researcher with visionary insight concerning future developments in medical practice. In parallel with his clinical activities, he created a laboratory of cutaneous immunopathology,whichhedirected from1977 to1992and which was quickly recognized as the first INSERM dermatology unit. This grouping of clinical and research services was to become one of the most efficient dermatologic research centers in the world, and it attracted clinicians and researchers of all nationalities. The cosmopolitan aspect was very important tohim.His energies led to the creationof aMasters in Cutaneous Biology and to an annual seminar on immunodermatology. His team contributed to major advances in knowledge about immunodermatology, in particular in the fields of Langerhans cells, bullous autoimmune diseases, and the culture of epidermal cells for the treatment of major burns. Dr Thivolet was as demanding of himself as hewas of others, very open-minded, energetic, enthusiastic, and determined. Hewas full of charisma and inspired many vocations. Pavillon R was a training platform for innumerable students and fellow workers who are now dermatology professors or brilliant researchers, both in France and in the rest of the world.
Ceftriaxone attenuates locomotor activity induced by acute and repeated cocaine exposure in mice.

Ceftriaxone (CTX) decreases locomotor activation produced by initial cocaine exposure and attenuates development of behavioral sensitization produced by repeated cocaine exposure. An important question that has not yet been answered is whether or not CTX reduces behavioral sensitization to cocaine in cases in which the antibiotic is administered only during the period of cocaine absence that follows repeated cocaine exposure and precedes reintroduction to cocaine. We investigated this question using C57BL/6 mice. Mice pretreated with cocaine (15 mg/kg × 14 days) and then challenged with cocaine (15 mg/kg) after 30 days of cocaine absence displayed sensitization of locomotor activity. For combination experiments, CTX injected during the 30 days of cocaine absence attenuated behavioral sensitization produced by cocaine challenge. In the case in which CTX was injected together with cocaine for 14 days, development of behavioral sensitization to cocaine challenge was also reduced. CTX attenuated the increase in locomotor activity produced by acute cocaine exposure; however, its efficacy was dependent on the dose of cocaine as inhibition was detected against 30 mg/kg, but not 15 mg/kg, of cocaine. These results from mice indicate that CTX attenuates locomotor activity produced by acute and repeated cocaine exposure and counters cocaine's locomotor activating properties in a paradigm in which the antibiotic is injected during the period of forced cocaine absence that follows repeated cocaine exposure.
The evaluation of diagnostic concordance in follow-up studies: I. A general model of causal analysis and a methodological critique.

Abstract An improved method for the design and evaluation of follow-up studies of psychiatric disorders is presented. Available indices of diagnostic consistency are reviewed and their limitations discussed. A general causal model of diagnostic concordance for reliability and follow-up studies is described. This model describes the relationship of diagnosis to true clinical status, interview procedures, the consistency of the historian, typicality of the clinical features, and temporal influences. Using the method of path analysis, estimates of the influences of these variables are derived under a wide range of experimental conditions. The method has implications for classification systems, strategies of research design, and the integration of reliability and follow-up studies. Its advantages include distinguishing the effects of the multiple causes of concordance and discordance and facilitating quantitative comparisons between different groups and different experimental designs.
Hemosiderin (III): Determination of sialic acid and the components of a carbohydrate complex☆

Abstract It has been shown that hemosiderin contains two sialic acids: N-acetylneuraminic acid and glycolylneuraminic acid. These acids are found in both of the iron-free derivatives of hemosiderin: the insoluble aposiderin and the soluble component. Both of these fractions contain the same ratio of sialic acid to hexoses, fucose, and hexosamine, respectively. This suggests that the character of the glycoprotein-like compounds in these fractions is similar. Wohler's finding of deoxyribose and guanine in aposiderin could not be corroborated. The presence of iron interferes in the determination of sialic acid in hemosiderin.
On the question of the ''recovery'' of the rains in the West African Sahel

Abstract Various reports have suggested that there has been a “recovery” of the rainy season in Sahelian West Africa in recent years. In this study, rainfall time series for West Africa are updated to the year 2003 by using rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Emphasis is on the period 1998–2003. Analyses include time series for eight zones, in the latitudes from 12°N to 20°N; maps of seasonal and August rainfall in these years; and various measures of the seasonal cycle. A comparison is made with the prolonged periods of wetter and drier conditions than prevailed earlier in the century: the extreme wet decade of the 1950s and the 30-year climatological “normal” for the very dry period 1968–97. Results show that there has been some recovery with respect to this very dry period. The recovery was generally weaker in August (which is generally the wettest month) than during the season as a whole. The recovery was most marked in the western Sahel. The exception was the northern-most zone (the Saharan margin, 18–20°N), which remained relatively dry. In the three zones to the south seasonal totals exceeded the long-term mean in all years and conditions were comparable to or wetter than those occurring during the wet decade of the 1950s. The wettest years were 1998, 1999 and 2003. The results also suggest a limited recovery in the eastern Sahel/Soudan. Rainfall returned to pre-drought levels in the two southern-most Sahel zones (12–16°N), but in the two northern zones (16–20°N), the drought appears to have intensified. In the southern-most zone (the central Sahel, 12–14°N), conditions in recent years seem to have been particularly favorable and comparable to the 1950s and 1960s. August trends were markedly similar to these seasonal trends. As in the western region, the wettest years were 1998, 1999 and 2003, but only 2000 was markedly drier than the other five.
Observing the twinkling fractal nature of the glass transition

Abstract A fundamental understanding of the nature and structure of the glass transition in amorphous materials is currently seen as a major unsolved problem in solid-state physics. A new conceptual approach to understanding the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of glass-forming liquids called the twinkling fractal theory (TFT) has been proposed in order to solve this problem. The main idea underlying the TFT is the development of dynamic rigid percolating solid fractal structures near T g , which are said to be in dynamic equilibrium with the surrounding liquid. This idea is coupled with the concept of the Boltzmann population of excited vibrational states in the anharmonic intermolecular potential between atoms in the energy landscape. Solid and liquid clusters interchange or “twinkle” at a cluster size dependent frequency ω TF , which is controlled by the population of intermolecular oscillators in excited energy levels. The solid-to-liquid cluster transitions are in accord with the Orbach vibrational density of states for a particular fractal cluster g ( ω ) ~ ω df − 1 , where the fracton dimension d f = 4/3. To an observer, these clusters would appear to be “ twinkling .” In this paper, experimental evidence supporting the TFT is presented. The twinkling fractal characteristics of amorphous, atactic polystyrene have been captured via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Successive two-dimensional height AFM images reveal that the percolated solid fractal clusters exist for longer time scales at lower temperatures and have lifetimes that are cluster size dependent. The computed fractal dimensions, ≈ 1.88, are shown to be in excellent agreement with the theory of the fractal nature of percolating clusters in accord with the TFT. The twinkling dynamics of polystyrene within its glass transition region are captured with time-lapse one-dimensional AFM phase images. The autocorrelation cluster relaxation function was found to behave as C ( t ) ~ t − 4/3 and the cluster lifetimes τ versus width R were found to be in excellent agreement with the TFT via τ ~ R 1.42 . This paper provides compelling new experimental evidence for the twinkling fractal nature of the glass transition.
Performance Analysis of Jammed Single-Hop Wireless Networks

We develop a theoretical approach to derive system throughput for single-hop wireless networks with N independent channels, n users and m jammers where users and jammers follow the given policies to randomly select channels at each time slot. The whole system, named as NRL model, can be modeled as a Markov chain, and the system state at each time slot is defined as the number of successful jammers. The key point is to derive the transition probability matrix and obtain the stationary distribution. Then, the theoretical system throughput can be computed straightforwardly. Numerical experiments are used to validate theoretical results, and the throughput differences between numerical and theoretical results are within 0.3%. Also, we derive the theoretical throughput for a Dumb model where users and jammers randomly select channels at each time slot. Compared with Dumb model, NRL model achieves better performance for big n and worse performance for small n.
Effects of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and related halogenated pyrimidines on the sand-dollar embryo.

The embryo of the sand-dollar (Echinarachnius parma) was exposed to various concentrations of fluorinated pyrimidines immediately after fertilization. FUDR (5-fluorodeoxyuridine) was most active, and a concentration of 2 to 4 mgamma/10 cc. (0.8 to 1.6 x 10(-6) m.eq./liter) blocked development at the early blastula stage. Larger doses interrupted development at the same stage. This effect was prevented by thymidine (TDR) and thymine (T); and these pyrimidines protected against many times the minimal lethal concentration of FUDR. TDR was active as a protective agent if added just before early blastula formation. The other fluorinated pyrimidines, 5-fluorouracil (FU), 5-fluorouridine (FUR), 5-fluorocytidine (FCR), 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FCDR), and 5-fluoroorotic acid (FO), were also studied. These drugs produced effects on embryonic development similar to those seen with FUDR. The effective concentrations, however, varied greatly. T and TDR provided protection against these drugs, but in most cases they were not so effective as against FUDR. 5-Bromodeoxyurdine (BrUDR), beginning at the early blastula stage, caused a random pattern of embryonic death up to the pluteus stage. This drug has been shown to be incorporated into bacterial DNA. BrUDR protected embryos against the early lethal effects of FUDR presumably acting as a thymidine substitute, but the embryos died subsequently in a pattern similar to that seen with BrUDR alone. FUDR and BrUDR appear to inhibit the formation and alter the structure of DNA, respectively, distinctive effects whch may provide a means for studying the role of DNA in embryonic development.
Cyberbrowsing: information customization on the Web

The ability to discriminate and distinguish among individual documents in the ever-increasing volume of information available through digital networks is becoming more and more difficult. With websites being added to the 100 million installed base by tens of thousands per month, information overload is inevitable (H. Berghel, 1997). There are two basic paradigms for dealing with this information overload: filtering (Information filtering, 1992) information before it reaches the end-user, and customizing the information after it arrives (Berleant & Berghel, 1994a, 1994b). Filtering remains primarily a server side activity since filtering at the client-side would necessitate unnecessary downloads. Information customization is a client-side activity designed to pick up where information filtering leaves off. In this article, we describe our vision of information customization and, along the way, chronicle the development of our proofof-concept prototype, Cyberbrowser, for customizing information on the Web. The Information Customization Conjecture The long-term effectiveness of the techniques of information customization described here and elsewhere is related to the “information customization conjecture,” which holds that information filtering technology will never be able to keep up with the volume of possibly relevant information. Put another way, this conjecture claims that information filtering and related automated techniques may never be able to reduce the magnitude of available data to levels which are within the bounds of the typical end-user’s personal “bandwidth.” Our experience with the Internet (e.g., the large numbers of hits produced by a typical Web search engine query) thus far tends to confirm this conjecture.
Predictability of Particle Trajectories in the Ocean

Abstract : The long term goal of this project is to determine optimal sampling strategies for drifting buoys, in order to enhance prediction of particle motion in the ocean, with potential applications to ecological, search and rescue, floating mine problems, design of observing systems and development of navigation algorithms.