cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Sustainability Network Theory (SNT) and Model for Managing Electronics Industrial System

This research is about development of a set of models and tools collectively based on, and illustrating, a new competency we call "sustainability network theory" or "SNT". SNT intends to reflect and model complex aspects of industrial networks, including interconnections between environmental, economic and social aspects, in order to support identification of causal loops, help prioritize conflicting factors, and facilitate intervention at the right levels. SNT, in turn, is based on our evolving understanding of underlying network system concepts and science. In addition to theoretical development, a SNT model will be developed for the electronics/information and communications technology ("ICT") industry with the goal of understanding how regional policies and incentive programs can affect the global sustainability performance (environment and social) of the industry.
IFN-γ: Regulation of Nitric Oxide in the P. aeruginosa-Infected Cornea

Purpose: BALB/c mice are resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis and bacterial killing/stasis requires nitric oxide (NO). NO regulation in the cornea is unknown and was tested in this model. Methods: Nitrite detection, IFN-γ-knockout mice, TNF-α neutralization, ELISA, aminoguanidine (AG) treatment, MPO, and plate counts were done. Results: Evidence shows (i) without IFN-γ, nitrite levels are elevated, (ii) neutralization of TNF-α does not change nitrite levels, and (iii) absence of IFN-γ and reduced NO synergistically increases disease progress and upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, PMN number, and bacterial load. Conclusion: IFN-γ regulates NO levels, and synergistic interaction between the two regulates disease outcome in resistant mice.
A hybrid pore-scale and continuum-scale model for solute diffusion, reaction, and biofilm development in porous media

It is a challenge to upscale solute transport in porous media for multispecies bio-kinetic reactions because of incomplete mixing within the elementary volume and because biofilm growth can change porosity and affect pore-scale flow and diffusion. To address this challenge, we present a hybrid model that couples pore-scale subdomains to continuum-scale subdomains. While the pore-scale subdomains involving significant biofilm growth and reaction are simulated using pore-scale equations, the other subdomains are simulated using continuum-scale equations to save computational time. The pore-scale and continuum-scale subdomains are coupled using a mortar method to ensure continuity of solute concentration and flux at the interfaces. We present results for a simplified two-dimensional system, neglect advection, and use dual Monod kinetics for solute utilization and biofilm growth. The results based on the hybrid model are consistent with the results based on a pore-scale model for three test cases that cover a wide range of Damkohler (Da = reaction rate/diffusion rate) numbers for both homogeneous (spatially periodic) and heterogeneous pore structures. We compare results from the hybrid method with an upscaled continuum model and show that the latter is valid only for cases of small Damkohler numbers, consistent with other results reported in the literature.
Grain growth in donor-doped SrTiO 3

The Nb donor concentration and cation stoichiometry dependence of grain growth in SrTiO{sub 3} has been studied. The so-called donor anomaly, where grain growth is enhanced at low donor but suppressed at high donor concentrations, is only observed in nonstoichiometric compositions with an excess of B-site cations. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) observations indicate that this phenomenon is entirely a result of changes in the distribution of residual silicate phases. Exaggerated grain growth at low donor concentrations results from the presence of a continuously wetting grain boundary silicate, whereas inhibited growth at higher donor concentrations occurs in microstructures where the silicate phase is non-wetting. In stoichiometric compositions, however, grain growth rates are both slower and independent of donor concentration. In this composition regime grain growth appears to be limited by solid solution drag. The presence of residual silicates only in nonstoichiometric compositions implies a strong stoichiometry dependence of the silica solubility.
Historical account on gaining insights on the mechanism of crown gall tumorigenesis induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The plant tumor disease, known as crown gall, was not called by that name until more recent times. Tumors on plants, particularly on cultivated grapevines, were observed thousands of years ago and recorded in the bible (wine was being made 7000 years ago). Once a cultured bacterium that was first isolated in 1897 by Fridiano Cavara in Napoli, Italy and recognized to be the cause of this disease, questions were raised on the mechanism by which it caused tumors on a variety of plants. The pertinent historical events leading to the identification of a genetic principle that was cleverly inserted into plant host cells and integrated into their chromosome culminated in very detailed studies of Agrobacterium tumefaciens the causal bacterium. Such studies have lead to a variety of sophisticated mechanisms used by this organism to aid in its survival against competing organisms. Knowledge gained from these fundamental discoveries have opened many avenues for researchers to examine their primary organisms of study for similar mechanisms of pathogenesis in both plants and animals. These discoveries advanced the genetic engineering of domesticated plants for improved food and fiber.
A single-field integrated boost treatment planning technique for spot scanning proton therapy

Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans are normally generated utilizing multiple field optimization (MFO) techniques. Similar to photon based IMRT, MFO allows for the utilization of a simultaneous integrated boost in which multiple target volumes are treated to discrete doses simultaneously, potentially improving plan quality and streamlining quality assurance and treatment delivery. However, MFO may render plans more sensitive to the physical uncertainties inherent to particle therapy. Here we present clinical examples of a single-field integrated boost (SFIB) technique for spot scanning proton therapy based on single field optimization (SFO) treatment-planning techniques. We designed plans of each type for illustrative patients with central nervous system (brain and spine), prostate and head and neck malignancies. SFIB and IMPT plans were constructed to deliver multiple prescription dose levels to multiple targets using SFO or MFO, respectively. Dose and fractionation schemes were based on the current clinical practice using X-ray IMRT in our clinic. For inverse planning, dose constraints were employed to achieve the desired target coverage and normal tissue sparing. Conformality and inhomogeneity indices were calculated to quantify plan quality. We also compared the worst-case robustness of the SFIB, sequential boost SFUD, and IMPT plans. The SFIB technique produced more conformal dose distributions than plans generated by sequential boost using a SFUD technique (conformality index for prescription isodose levels; 0.585 ± 0.30 vs. 0.435 ± 0.24, SFIB vs. SFUD respectively, Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the conformality index between SFIB and IMPT plans (0.638 ± 0.27 vs. 0.633 ± 0.26, SFIB vs. IMPT, respectively). Heterogeneity between techniques was not significantly different. With respect to clinical metrics, SFIB plans proved more robust than the corresponding IMPT plans. SFIB technique for scanning beam proton therapy (SSPT) is now routinely employed in our clinic. The SFIB technique is a natural application of SFO and offers several advantages over SFUD, including more conformal plans, seamless treatment delivery and more efficient planning and QA. SFIB may be more robust than IMPT and has been the treatment planning technique of choice for some patients.
Adaptive routing of QoS-constrained media streams over scalable overlay topologies

Current research on Internet-based distributed systems emphasizes the scalability of overlay topologies for efficient search and retrieval of data items, as well as routing amongst peers. However, most existing approaches fail to address the transport of data across these logical networks in accordance with quality of service (QoS) constraints. Consequently, we investigate the use of scalable overlay topologies for routing real-time media streams between publishers and potentially many thousands of subscribers. Specifically, we analyze the costs of using k-ary n-cubes for QoS-constrained routing. Given a number of nodes in a distributed system, we calculate the optimal k-ary n-cube structure for minimizing the average distance between any pair of nodes. Using this structure, we describe a greedy algorithm that selects paths between nodes in accordance with the real-time delays along physical links. We show this method improves the routing latencies by as much as 40%, compared to approaches that do not consider physical link costs. Additionally, we discuss an approach that dynamically repositions nodes in logical space, to improve the likelihood of meeting service requirements on data routed between publishers and subscribers.
Experimental evaluation and comparative analysis of commercial variable-capacitance MEMS accelerometers

This paper reports the experimental analysis of commercially available variable-capacitance MEMS accelerometers, characterized under standardized tests. Capacitive MEMS sensors of the same low-level input acceleration range with various mechanical sensing element designs, materials, fabrication technologies and price ranges were selected for evaluation. The selected sensors were characterized using ANSI and NIST certified testing equipment and under the same testing conditions; and their sensitivity, resolution, linearity, frequency response, transverse sensitivity, temperature response, noise level and long-term stability were tested and compared. The experimental results are then interpreted to provide an insight to advantages and disadvantages for using a particular mechanical design, fabrication technology, sensor material and the techniques for electronics integration and packaging of each specific sensor design.
Gender Differences in Parent-Child Relations

This article uses longitudinal data from the National Survey of Children to examine parent-child relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. It analyzes parental nurturance, closeness, discipline, and authoritativeness by gender of parent and child. Logistic and OLS regression models of supportive parenting are also presented. Fathers are much more involved with sons and tend to concentrate on more instrumental facets of support, whereas mothers tend to be more supportive across genders in the traditional, affective sense. Results also suggest that children's, mother's, and couple/spouse's characteristics are robust predictors of supportive parenting. Fathers' traits are related only to relations with daughters. This article specifies further theoretical and substantive implications such as the relative influence of formal versus informal marital power and the distinction between child rearing and housework in examining the household division of labor. It also suggests areas for future resear...
Fact or fiction? Analyzing institutional barriers and individual responsibility to advance the internationalization of teacher education

We live in a global age, and our schools and teachers must prepare today’s students to take their places as global citizens. Such education requires an awareness of the world, its people, and its conditions. Some of the ways we may achieve such awareness include infusing a global perspective into the curriculum, sending students overseas, or bringing foreign educators to our schools. This article concentrates on the extent to which teacher education programs support, advocate, and broadcast one such opportunity for increased global awareness – overseas student teaching. It also examines whether state laws prohibit such experience, and the degree to which our states are open to foreign teachers. Through survey of states and content analysis of websites of 409 NCATE accredited institutions, conclusions are drawn regarding institutional commitment to internationalization in teacher education.
Levosimendan and mortality after coronary revascularisation: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Patients undergoing coronary revascularization often require inotropic support that has been associated with an increased risk for death and morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of levosimendan versus control on survival after coronary revascularization. A systemic review and meta-analysis of the literature was carried out on published randomized controlled clinical trials that investigated the efficacy of levosimendan compared to other therapy in patients having coronary revascularisaion. The databases searched were Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Registry of Clinical Trials and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials. Studies that compared levosimendan to any other therapy for coronary revascularisation in adult humans and reported at least one outcome of interest were considered for inclusion. Both percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiac surgery were included. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers using predefined criteria. Relevant outcomes included mortality, cardiac index, cardiac enzymes, length of stay and post-procedural atrial fibrillation. The meta-analysis included 729 patients from 17 studies. Levosimendan was associated with a mortality reduction after coronary revascularization, (19/386 in the levosimendan group vs 39/343 in the control arm) odds ratio (OR) 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.76, P for overall effect 0.005, P for heterogeneity = 0.33, I2 = 12% with a total of 729 patients. Levosimendan also had a favourable effect on cardiac index (standardised mean difference 1.63, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.83, P for overall effect < 0.00001), length of intensive care stay (random effects model, mean difference - 26.18 hours 95% CI 46.20 to 6.16, P for heterogeneity < 0.00001, I2 = 95%, P for overall effect P = 0.01), reductions in the rate of atrial fibrillation (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.82, P for effect = 0.004, P for heterogeneity 0.84, I2 = 0% for 465 patients) and troponin I levels group (mean difference -1.59, 95% CI 1.78 to 1.40, P for overall effect < 0.00001, P for heterogeneity < 0.00001, I2 = 95%). Limitations of this analysis are discussed. Levosimendan is associated with a significant improvement in mortality after coronary revascularization. There are also improvements in several secondary endpoints. A suitably powered randomised controlled trial is required to confirm these findings and to address the unresolved questions about the timing and dosing of levosimendan.
Color and Selected Properties of PbO─BiO1.5─GaO1.5 Glasses

The density; molar volume; thermal expansion coefficient; dissolution rate in water, HC1, and NaOH; glass transition and crystallization temperatures; and the absorption edge in the ultraviolet-visible and infrared were measured for PbO─BiO1.5─GaO1.5 glasses. The range of compositions investigated was xPbO (100 −(x + y))BiO1.5. yGaO1.5 for x between 20 and 60 cat% and y of 20, 25, 30, and 35 cat%. The glass-forming tendency increased with increased GaO1.5 and decreased with increased PbO or BiO1.5. The compositional dependence of these properties was consistent with the weight, size, charge, and bond strength of the cations. The Ga3 + ions in these glasses are believed to act primarily as network-forming cations, whereas the majority of the Bi3+ and Pb2+ ions behave as network-modifying cations. It is suggested that a small friction of the lead ions are present as Pb4+. Depending upon melting conditions, these glasses ranged in color from brown to yellow. Various attempts, including containerless melting, were made to obtain colorless glasses, but no conditions were found which totally eliminated the color. The least color (pale yellow) was obtained when the glasses were melted in an air or nitrogen atmosphere in an alumina or gold crucible.
Abstract A208: Comparison of expression and function of two functional RARβ isoforms in human cancer: Clinical implications for the differential splicing of the RARβ gene

Purpose: Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A that are used for treating and preventing certain cancers. Retinoid sensitivity in the lung is linked to expression of a specific isoform of the retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ), termed RARβ1′. This study compared the function of RARβ1′ and RARβ2 and assessed the expression of these isoforms in a panel of cancers. Experimental Design: RARβ1′ and RARβ2 were independently co‐transfected into BEAS‐2B human bronchial epithelial cells along with a retinoid responsive reporter plasmid. Transfectants were then treated with 4 µM all‐trans retinoic acid or control and reporter activation was measured. An isoform‐specific antibody for detection of RARβ1′ was also developed and validated. Using this antibody, RARβ1′ expression was evaluated by immunoblot analyses of normal lung versus lung cancer tissue specimens as well as in a panel of cancer cell lines including those of breast, colon, prostate, glioblastoma (GBM) and lung cancer origins. RARβ1′ expression was then examined in an extended panel of GBM cell lines. GBM cell lines were independently treated with 13‐cis‐retinoic acid, and growth assays and microarray analyses were each performed. Results: In the absence of retinoid treatment, retinoid reporter activation was increased by co‐transfection of RARβ2 ( P = .02) but not RARβ1′ ( P = .21) in BEAS‐2B cells. When treated with the retinoid, transfection of either isoform enhanced reporter activation. RARβ1′ was noted to be expressed in normal lung tissue but absent in tumor tissue from patients with each of the common types of non‐small cell lung cancer. Analysis of multiple cancer cell lines revealed RARβ1′ expression only in the GBM cell lines. No appreciable expression was detected in the breast, colon, prostate, or lung cancer cell lines. Analysis of an extended panel of GBM cell lines revealed RARβ1′ expression in all examined GBM cell lines. The examined GBM cell lines were found to be sensitive to treatment with pharmacologically achievable dosages of 13‐cis retinoic acid. Microarray analyses revealed several novel candidate retinoid target genes activated in SNB‐19 GBM cells. Conclusions: RARβ1′ and RARβ2 have differing effects on ligand‐independent signaling. RARβ1′ was repressed in all examined lung cancer cases and in most of the cancer cell lines studied. RARβ1′ protein was abundantly expressed in GBM cell lines which may help to explain the activity of 13‐cis retinoic acid for the treatment of GBM despite the modest single agent activity of retinoids for treating many epithelial cancers. Microarray data of GBM cells have uncovered several candidate retinoid‐target genes that may represent novel therapeutic targets. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A208.
Grasshopper Food Preferences Among Alfalfa Cultivars and Experimental Strains Adapted for Rangeland Interseeding

Resistance to grasshopper ( Melanoplus spp.) feeding would be a highly desirable characteristic of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L., M. falcata L., and M. media Pers.) cultivars for interseeding in semiarid and arid grasslands. Thus, several species of forb-feeding grasshoppers were used in laboratory and field tests to evaluate 41 alfalfa cultivars and experimental strains for resistance to grasshopper feeding. Consumption ranged from 1 mg to over 200 mg per grasshopper in 25-h laboratory feeding tests. Seven cultivars and one experimental strain were chosen for field testing. ‘Spreador-2,’ ‘Teton,’ and ‘Travois’ were nonpreferred and ‘Roamer’ was highly preferred in both laboratory and field tests. Differences in preferences of grasshoppers for the different genetic strains of alfalfa screened in this study were of sufficient magnitude and heritability to warrant a plant-breeding effort aimed at improving resistance to grasshopper feeding.
Reproductive Biology of Ord's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordii) in Oklahoma

Orel's kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys ordii ) was studied to determine age and seasonal variation in reproduction and the relationship between reproduction and environmental parameters. The 423 specimens collected in central Oklahoma during the 13-month study were classified into three age groups based upon cranial characters. Testes 6.8 mm or longer and weighing 0.07 g or more had mature spermatozoa. Adult males were reproductively capable throughout the year. Peak breeding periods in adult females occurred in January through March and in September. The average number of embryos per pregnant female was 2.8. There was a significant correlation ( r = 0.681) between the number of corpora lutea and the greatest daily precipitation during the month.
A Network Intrusion Detection Model Based on Protocol Analysis and Immunological Principle

With theoretical analysis of protocol analysis and biological immunity system,this paper presents a new intrusion detection model based on protocol analysis and immunological principle.The model can sort the set of detectors according to the protocol type,and generate the relevant subsets of the detectors.Designing a new detector structure can sort the detectors further.The detectors of each subset can mutate,evolve alone and the whole detectors update based on subset.In practical detection,the patterns to be detected match the relevant subset of the detectors,so the detection speed can be effectively improved,making up the deficiency of past modes.
Identification and characterization of suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae

Phytopathogenic microorganisms, including the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, secrete a myriad of effector proteins to facilitate infection. Utilizing the transient expression of candidate effectors in the leaves of the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified 11 suppressors of plant cell death (SPD) effectors from M. oryzae that were able to block the host cell death reaction induced by Nep1. Ten of these 11 were also able to suppress BAX-mediated plant cell death. Five of the 11 SPD genes have been identified previously as either essential for the pathogenicity of M. oryzae, secreted into the plant during disease development, or as suppressors or homologues of other characterized suppressors. In addition, of the remaining six, we showed that SPD8 (previously identified as BAS162) was localized to the rice cytoplasm in invaded and surrounding uninvaded cells during biotrophic invasion. Sequence analysis of the 11 SPD genes across 43 re-sequenced M. oryzae genomes revealed that SPD2, SPD4 and SPD7 have nucleotide polymorphisms amongst the isolates. SPD4 exhibited the highest level of nucleotide diversity of any currently known effector from M. oryzae in addition to the presence/absence polymorphisms, suggesting that this gene is potentially undergoing selection to avoid recognition by the host. Taken together, we have identified a series of effectors, some of which were previously unknown or whose function was unknown, that probably act at different stages of the infection process and contribute to the virulence of M. oryzae.
Diode laser pumped 2.8-µm flurozirconate fiber laser

We report the first observation of cw lasing at 2.78 μm in an erbium doped fluorozirconate (ZBLAN) single-mode host fiber, pumped by a laser diode array emitting at 792 nm. An erbium doped fluorozirconate single-mode cw fiber laser at 2.71 μm pumped a tunable argon laser at 476.5 and 501.7 nm was recently reported by Allain et al.1 Brierley and France2 earlier reported a cw laser at 2.7 μm, also pumped by a tunable argon laser, in an erbium doped multimode fiber. Excited state absorption (ESA) of the pump beam by the terminal laser level population was the proposed mechanism for overcoming unfavorable branching ratios and also allowing cw lasing on a normally self-terminating transition.3 In contrast to the argon laser, diode pumping has the advantages of much higher efficiency and compactness.
The Personnel Economics of the Developing State

Abstract Governments play a central role in facilitating economic development. Yet while economists have long emphasized the importance of government quality, historically they have paid less attention to the internal workings of the state and the individuals who provide the public services. This chapter reviews a nascent but growing body of field experiments that explores the personnel economics of the state. To place the experimental findings in context, we begin by documenting some stylized facts about how public sector employment differs from that in the private sector. In particular, we show that in most countries throughout the world, public sector employees enjoy a significant wage premium over their private sector counterparts. Moreover, this wage gap is largest among low-income countries, which tends to be precisely where governance issues are most severe. These differences in pay, together with significant information asymmetries within government organizations in low-income countries, provide a prima facie rationale for the emphasis of the recent field experiments on three aspects of the state-employee relationship: selection, incentive structures, and monitoring. We review the findings on all three dimensions and then conclude this survey with directions for future research.
Point of care assessment of melanoma tumor signaling and metastatic burden from μNMR analysis of tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood

This study evaluates μNMR technology for molecular profiling of tumor fine needle aspirates and peripheral blood of melanoma patients. In vitro assessment of melanocyte (MART-1, HMB45) and MAP kinase signaling (pERK, pS6K) molecule expression was performed in human cell lines, while clinical validation was performed in an IRB-approved study of melanoma patients undergoing biopsy and blood sampling. Tumor FNA and blood specimens were compared with BRAF genetic analysis and cross-sectional imaging. μNMR in vitro analysis showed increased expression of melanocyte markers in melanoma cells as well as increased expression of phosphorylated MAP kinase targets in BRAF-mutant melanoma cells. Melanoma patient FNA samples showed increased pERK and pS6K levels in BRAF mutant compared with BRAF WT melanomas, with μNMR blood circulating tumor cell level increased with higher metastatic burden visible on imaging. These results indicate that μNMR technology provides minimally invasive point-of-care evaluation of tumor signaling and metastatic burden in melanoma patients.
Solution of electrically large scattering problems using the characteristic basis function method

In this paper, parallel multilevel characteristic basis function method (MLCBFM) has been hybridized with the randomized pseudo-skeleton approximation method (RSPA) and randomized singular value decomposition (rSVD) method, for the analysis of the scattering from electrically large rough surfaces. MLCBFM defines the Characteristic Basis Functions (CBFs) on a larger domain and thereby achieves a higher compression rate. The reduced matrix has a much smaller size compared to that of the original system, which enables us to use a direct solver, rather than an iterative one. The RSPA algorithm accelerates the generation of the reduced matrix while the rSVD expedites the generation of CBFs. The hybrid method is found to be both accurate and efficient, and we use it in this work to investigate the problem of bistatic scattering from Gaussian rough surfaces.
Synthesis of the Pentacyclic Core of Citreamicin η

The citreamicins comprise a novel class of polycyclic xanthone natural products that have not yet yielded to total synthesis. A concise 11-step synthesis of the pentacyclic core of citreamicin η is now reported that features the use of a general approach for the synthesis of 1,4-dioxygenated xanthones. The synthesis also showcases improved techniques for effecting regioselective bromination of certain substituted phenols and coupling of acetylides with hindered ketones.
Comparison of outcomes of operative versus non-operative treatment of acetabular fractures in the elderly and severely comorbid patient.

Acetabular fractures in the elderly and severely comorbid patient can be associated with high morbidity and mortality; however, differences in outcomes of acute ORIF versus non-operative care of acetabular fractures in a subgroup of elderly (>75 years) and/or severely comorbid younger patients (>65) remain unclear. A retrospective review of 243 patients who sustained an acetabular fracture between April 2005 and November 2014 was performed. Eighty-seven patients met inclusion criteria: age > 75 with or without comorbidities or age > 65 if complicated by two or more medical comorbidities. Outcomes measures evaluated were 1-year mortality, duration of hospital stay, return to pre-injury ambulation status and treatment failure marked by conversion to a total hip arthroplasty (THA) within 1 year of treatment. Thirty-seven patients with acetabular fractures were treated with surgical fixation, and 49 were treated non-operatively. Operative patients did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in mortality within 1 year of treatment compared to non-operatively treated patients. Operative patients demonstrated a statistically significant increase in treatment failure marked by a conversion to a THA within 1 year when compared to conservatively treated patients. No differences in age, duration of follow-up, or ability to return to baseline at latest clinical follow-up were found between groups. However, non-operatively treated patients had a higher incidence of Alzheimer’s disease/Dementia and Parkinson’s compared to operatively treated patients. Analysis of our small cohort suggests that there may be a role for the non-operative treatment of acetabular fractures in this debilitated patient population despite a somewhat longer length of hospital stay at the time of injury. Conversion to THA was significantly higher at 1 year in our operated patients. No differences in mortality at 1 year were noted between patient groups. Return to baseline ambulation status was slightly higher in the non-operated group but not significantly so. However, a potential bias to more likely treat complex fractures operatively cannot be ruled out, as non-operative fractures were most often anterior column variants, usually more amenable to non-operative care. Prognostic Level III.
Spatiotemporal profile of postsynaptic interactomes integrates components of complex brain disorders.

Using large-scale analysis of protein interactions and bioinformatics, Li et al. describe the organization of the core-scaffold machinery of the postsynaptic density and its assembly in protein-interaction networks. The authors show how mutations associated with complex brain disorders are distributed along spatiotemporal protein complexes and modulate their protein interactions. The postsynaptic density (PSD) contains a collection of scaffold proteins used for assembling synaptic signaling complexes. However, it is not known how the core-scaffold machinery associates in protein-interaction networks or how proteins encoded by genes involved in complex brain disorders are distributed through spatiotemporal protein complexes. Here using immunopurification, proteomics and bioinformatics, we isolated 2,876 proteins across 41 in vivo interactomes and determined their protein domain composition, correlation to gene expression levels and developmental integration to the PSD. We defined clusters for enrichment of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay and intellectual disability risk factors at embryonic day 14 and adult PSD in mice. Mutations in highly connected nodes alter protein–protein interactions modulating macromolecular complexes enriched in disease risk candidates. These results were integrated into a software platform, Synaptic Protein/Pathways Resource (SyPPRes), enabling the prioritization of disease risk factors and their placement within synaptic protein interaction networks.
An ε-Maximum Principle for Generalized Control Systems

A suboptimality theorem, i.e. an e-optimality condition for generalized control systems is proven which also applies in cases if there is no optimal solution. We apply the result to obtain the first suboptimality theorem for differential inclusion problems.
Abstract 2886: CD44/SMURF1 signaling maintains cancer stem cell-like invasive cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is highly invasive and resistant to therapies, where treatments often result in high rates of failure and disease recurrence. A subpopulation of tumor-initiating cancer stem cells (CSC) is thought to be responsible for metastatic invasion and drug resistance in many types of cancer, including HNSCC. CD44 is a known CSC marker in HNSCC but its role in maintaining CSC populations is not well understood. We previously reported that SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (SMURF1) inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for maintaining a CD44-high CSC-like population in HNSCC. In this study, we sought to determine how CD44, a receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) that constitutes a major component of the tumor stroma, is involved in the regulation of SMURF1 and the maintenance of a HNSCC CSC phenotype. CSC-like cells were enriched from HNSCC cell lines as CD44-high cells. CD44 signaling was stimulated by exogenous HA treatment and inhibited by CD44 knockout (KO) using an inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system. We then assessed changes in SMURF1 protein level, BMP signaling, transwell migration, Matrigel colony formation, and invasion through three-dimensional organotypic culture (OTC) following CD44 modulation. CD44-high cells were found to have increased extracellular HA production. Treatment with exogenous HA reduced BMP signaling, as determined by a reduction in phospho-SMAD1/5/8 levels, and increased transwell migration of CD44-high cells. CD44-KO reduced SMURF1 protein expression and inhibited Matrigel colony formation of an invasive and recurrent HNSCC-derived CD44-high cells but only partially reduced colony formation of a less-invasive cell line derived from a primary HNSCC. Knockout of CD44 expression showed a slight reduction in transwell migration of invasive cells. CD44-high cells also recapitulated an invasive and CSC-like growth pattern in OTC assays. In contrast, CD44-KO inhibited OTC invasion and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, resulting in increased apical epithelial growth and differentiation. CD44 reconstitution appeared to restore the invasive and EMT phenotype. Based on our current findings, CD44 may be crucial for maintaining an anchorage-independent and invasive phenotype of HNSCC but plays a minor role in carcinoma cell migration. Citation Format: Ali Khammanivong, Raj Gopalakrishnan, Erin B. Dickerson. CD44/SMURF1 signaling maintains cancer stem cell-like invasive cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2886. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2886
PHENIX results on collective behavior in small systems from geometry-controlled experiments at sNN=200 GeV

Abstract Recent measurements in small collisions systems at LHC and RHIC indicate that the particles produced in high-multiplicity collisions exhibit collective behavior very similar to that observed in large systems where QGP is formed. In large systems, it is well established that the final-state particle correlations arise from anisotropic pressure gradients in the initial state of the collisions that drive a near-perfect fluid evolution. Whether QGP is also formed in small collision systems is presently under intense investigation. To study the origin of the collective behavior in small systems, the PHENIX experiment performed a series of geometry-controlled experiments using p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and 3He+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . The elliptic (v2) flow coefficients are measured as a function of pT for inclusive and identified charged hadrons. Mass dependence is observed in v2(pT) indicative of hydrodynamic evolution. The distinct initial geometries provide discriminating power against the models.
Cognitive remediation can improve negative symptoms and social functioning in first-episode schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Meta-analyses have reported that the effects of cognitive remediation might go beyond improvement in cognition to include unexpected benefits for schizophrenia patients such as negative symptom reduction and improvements in functioning. In addition, some evidence indicated that these potentially beneficial effects are also present in the initial course of schizophrenia, but work in this area is still developing. Method A RCT compared Cognitive Remediation (CR) to Healthy Behaviors Training (HBT) in 80 patients (78% male) with a mean age of 21.9 years and mean education of 12.3 years who had a first psychotic episode within two years of study entry. Participants were trained using CR programs or received HBT involving 50 sessions over 6 months and then booster sessions over the next 6 months. The SANS and BPRS were used to assess symptoms. The UCLA Social Attainment Survey assessed social functioning. Results Using GLMM, improvements over 12 months were found favoring CR for SANS Expressive Symptoms (p Conclusions We confirmed that the beneficial effects of CR appear to extend beyond cognition to improvements in negative symptoms and social functioning in early course schizophrenia patients. These results suggest that cognitive remediation might have an impact when the reduction of risk factors for chronicity is most critical for promoting recovery.
Pentobarbital-induced lactic acidosis following status epilepticus barbiturate coma

We present a rare case of pentobarbital infusion causing propylene glycol-induced lactic acidosis, during refractory status epilepticus treatment in a 66-year-old man without seizure history.
Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes:

We replicated and extended Shoda, Mischel, and Peake’s (1990) famous marshmallow study, which showed strong bivariate correlations between a child’s ability to delay gratification just before entering school and both adolescent achievement and socioemotional behaviors. Concentrating on children whose mothers had not completed college, we found that an additional minute waited at age 4 predicted a gain of approximately one tenth of a standard deviation in achievement at age 15. But this bivariate correlation was only half the size of those reported in the original studies and was reduced by two thirds in the presence of controls for family background, early cognitive ability, and the home environment. Most of the variation in adolescent achievement came from being able to wait at least 20 s. Associations between delay time and measures of behavioral outcomes at age 15 were much smaller and rarely statistically significant.
Simple, low-cost fabrication of acrylic based droplet microfluidics and its use to generate DNA-coated particles.

Hydrogel microparticles were copolymerized with surface-immobilized DNA. Particles derived from a microfluidic device and particles derived from mechanical homogenization were compared. The hypothesis was tested that a controlled droplet generation mechanism would produce more homogeneous particles. Surprisingly, the DNA content of both particle types was similarly inhomogeneous. To make this test possible, a simple, low cost, and rapid method was developed to fabricate a microfluidic chip for droplet generation and in-line polymerization. This method used a low-cost laser cutter ($400) and direct heat bonding (no adhesives or intermediate layers). The flow focusing droplet generator produced droplets and hydrogel particles 10–200 μm in diameter.
Interaction of Water with Ordered θ-Al2O3 Ultrathin Films Grown on NiAl(100)

The structure of an ordered, ultrathin θ-Al2O3 film grown on a NiAl(100) single-crystal surface was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and its interaction with water was investigated with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and XPS. Our results indicate that H2O adsorption on the θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) surface is predominantly molecular rather than dissociative. For θH2O 1 ML, three-dimensional ice multilayers were observed to form, which then desorb during TPD with approximate zero-order kinetics as expected. A small extent of H2O dissociation was observed to occur on the θ-Al2O3/NiAl(100) surface, which was attributed to the presence of a low concentration of oxygen atom vacancies. Titration...
The Suspensions Are Killing Me: Why the NFL’s Approach to Off-Field Conduct Needs Rehab

As consumers have begun to increasingly scrutinize corporate behavior in recent decades, U.S. professional sports leagues have faced acute pressure to engage in socially responsible actions to protect their reputations and maximize profitability. This has encompassed the need to properly respond to athlete off-field conduct, especially instances of domestic and sexual violence and substance abuse. However, leagues and teams have faced widespread criticism for failing to fairly and consistently address such misconduct to date, and for being more interested in public relations (PR) than in addressing underlying social problems. This article posits that rather than continue with the current retributive model centered on suspensions and fines, leagues (with a spotlight on the NFL) should instead prioritize policies that substantively address domestic violence and drug abuse. This would better serve athlete-employees, society, and the leagues’ own bottom lines.
Exploring Manifestations of TB-Related Stigma Experienced by Women in Kolkata, India.

Background: Stigma associated with tuberculosis (TB) is still common in many societies, contributing to delays in treatment seeking and treatment non-compliance. India has the highest burden of TB in the world with female TB patients bearing a considerable burden of TB-related stigma. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the manifestations and consequences of stigma experienced by female TB patients in an urban setting in India and their strategies to cope with the social stigma of TB. Methods: Twenty qualitative interviews were conducted with female TB patients who were either currently on treatment or had undergone treatment at a TB clinic in Kolkata, India. Data were coded and analyzed with the NVivo qualitative software using a thematic approach. Results: Our results indicated that TB stigma mainly manifested through social isolation and avoidance due to fear of contagion, gossip and verbal abuse, failed marriage prospects, and neglect from family. Consequences of stigma described by the women included non-disclosure, feelings of guilt, and mental health issues including suicidal ideation. Positive coping strategies used by women to cope with the experiences of stigma included positive reframing, prayer, talking to other patients, focusing on school work, and relaxation activities. Negative coping activities included self-imposed social isolation and anger. In some cases, non-disclosure due to stigma had an impact on TB transmission and control behaviors. Conclusions: Stigma-reduction strategies, such as community awareness programs and formation of social support groups to dispel the myths and misconceptions associated with TB, may improve TB treatment seeking and adherence. Acknowledgement: Our deepest thanks to the Reverend, St. James’ Church, Dr. Ali Akbar Chowdhury (Medical Officer), staff and participants at the Calcutta Diocesan Tuberculosis Relief Trust, without whom this study would not be possible. We also thank Sushmita Mukherjee for help with translations. Lastly, we thank the Sparkman Center for Global Health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham for providing travel funds for this study.
Weighted Voting and Meta-Learning for Combining Authorship Attribution Methods

Our research concentrates on ways to combine machine learning techniques for authorship attribution. Traditionally, research in authorship attribution is focused on the development of new base-classifiers (combinations of stylometric features and learning methods). A large number of base-classifiers developed for authorship attribution vary in accuracy, often proposing different authors for a disputed document. In this research, we use predictions of multiple base-classifiers as a knowledge base for learning the true author.
A novel probiotic, Lactobacillus johnsonii 456, resists acid and can persist in the human gut beyond the initial ingestion period

Probiotics are considered to have multiple beneficial effects on the human gastrointestinal tract, including immunomodulation, pathogen inhibition, and improved host nutrient metabolism. However, e...
Facilitating Human-Mobile Robot Communication via Haptic Feedback and Gesture Teleoperation

In this article, we present a bi-directional communication scheme that facilitates interaction between a person and a mobile robot that follows the person. A person-following robot can assist people in many applications including load carrying, elder care, and emotional support. However, commercially available personal robot systems usually have limited sensing and actuation capabilities. They are not expected to function perfectly in complex environments, and human intervention is required when the robot fails. We propose to use a holdable mechatronic device to reduce the user’s effort in communication and enable natural interaction during the intervention. Our design of the holdable device consists of two parts: a haptic interface that displays touch cues to convey the robot’s failure status via asymmetric vibrations, and a command interface for teleoperating the robot follower with hand gestures. We experimentally evaluated the device and the communication strategy in two sets of user studies with a controlled environment and a physical robot follower. Results show that with the proposed method, users are able to perform their tasks better, respond to robot failure events faster, and adjust walking speed according to the robot’s limitations. We also demonstrate that users can successfully teleoperate the robot to avoid obstacles when navigating in challenging environments.
Gender Composition of Editors and Editorial Boards in Seven Top Criminal Justice and Criminology Journals from 1985 to 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the gender composition of editors and editorial board members of seven top criminal justice and criminology (CCJ) journals from 1985 through 2017. The findings indicate ...