cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QuickSAN: a storage area network for fast, distributed, solid state disks

Solid State Disks (SSDs) based on flash and other non-volatile memory technologies reduce storage latencies from 10s of milliseconds to 10s or 100s of microseconds, transforming previously inconsequential storage overheads into performance bottlenecks. This problem is especially acute in storage area network (SAN) environments where complex hardware and software layers (distributed file systems, block severs, network stacks, etc.) lie between applications and remote data. These layers can add hundreds of microseconds to requests, obscuring the performance of both flash memory and faster, emerging non-volatile memory technologies.We describe QuickSAN, a SAN prototype that eliminates most software overheads and significantly reduces hardware overheads in SANs. QuickSAN integrates a network adapter into SSDs, so the SSDs can communicate directly with one another to service storage accesses as quickly as possible. QuickSAN can also give applications direct access to both local and remote data without operating system intervention, further reducing software costs. Our evaluation of QuickSAN demonstrates remote access latencies of 20 μs for 4 KB requests, bandwidth improvements of as much as 163x for small accesses compared with an equivalent iSCSI implementation, and 2.3-3.0x application level speedup for distributed sorting. We also show that QuickSAN improves energy efficiency by up to 96% and that QuickSAN's networking connectivity allows for improved cluster-level energy efficiency under varying load.
Annual Cycle of Sportfishing Activity at a Warmwater Discharge into Galveston Bay, Texas

Abstract A survey of sportfishing activity at the P. H. Robinson Generating Station discharge into Galveston Bay, Texas was taken from 21 October 1968 through 8 November 1969. During 108 daily checks, 1,063 fishermen were interviewed and 2,635 fish counted. Fishing activity was related to season and temperature of the heated effluent. Maximum fishing pressure and largest catches occurred during the period December 1968 through April 1969 and November 1969 when discharge water temperatures and flow rates were minimum. Lowest angling activity and catch rates were recorded from June through September 1969 when water temperatures approached 40 C in the upper part of the fishing area. Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus; sea catfish (hardhead), Arius felis; sand seatrout, Cynoscion arenarius; black drum, Pogonias cromis; red drum, Sciaenops ocellata; and spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, in order of decreasing abundance, accounted for 96.7% of the fish counted during the study. Seine, trawl, and trammel net data ...
A simple method for isolating RNA from bacteria.

Abstract This paper describes a one-step method for the isolation of RNA from bacteria by utilizing the precipitation of RNA in the high salt concentration of pre-layered CsCl gradients.
Mass-producible microtags for security applications: Tolerance analysis by rigorous coupled-wave analysis

We have developed a method for encoding phase and amplitude in microscopic computer-generated holograms (microtags) for security applications. An 8 X 8-cell phase-only and an 8 X 8-cell phase-and-amplitude microtag design have been fabricated in photoresist using the extreme-ultraviolet (13.4 nm) lithography tool developed at Sandia National Laboratories. Each microtag measures 80 by 160 microns and contains features 0.2 micrometers wide. Fraunhofer-zone diffraction patterns can be obtained from fabricated microtags without any intervening optics and compare very favorably with predicted diffraction patterns. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary rigorous coupled-wave analysis of microtags. Microtags are modeled as sub-wavelength gratings of a trapezoidal profile. Only TE polarization is modeled. The analysis in this paper is concerned with the determination of optimal microtag design parameter values and tolerances on those parameters. The parameters are wall-slope angle, grating duty cycle, grating depth, and metal-coating thickness. Our findings indicate that diffraction-efficiency monotonically increases as the gratings are: (1) deepened and (2) coated with metal. Coating with metal achieves a more significant improvement and is easier to implement. The tolerance on the wall slope angle is very loose. The optimal grating duty cycle is between 0.5 and 0.6, depending on the presence of the metallic coating. The application of a protective coating on metal-coated microtags leads to an increase in diffraction efficiency and represents a practical configuration for these elements.
Thalamic EEG recordings in patients with chronic pain

Thalamic EEG recordings were made in 10 patients; the therapeutic goal of the implantation was the electrical stimulation treatment for pain. The patients' ages ranged from 37 to 72 years; seven patients had thalamic pain (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome), two had chronic spinal arachnoiditis and one had facial anaesthesia dolorosa. Platinum-iridium electrodes were stereotaxically inserted; the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus including the ventral posterior zone was the target of the implant. Excessive thalamic slowing was found in four of seven patients with Dejerine-Roussy syndrome and also in two of three cases with other causes of pain. One patient had marked rhythmical intermittent delta activity in the thalamus which was often triggered by arousing stimuli. Thalamic spindle activity was sometimes noted without concomitant spindle activity on the scalp and would occasionally occur in states of early drowsiness.
Flow hydraulics and geomorphic effects of glacial-lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal

Glacial-lake outburst floods (GLOFs) on 3 September 1977 and 4 August 1985 dramatically modified channels and valleys in the Mount Everest region of Nepal by eroding, transporting, and depositing large quantities of sediment for tens of kilometres along the flood routes. The GLOF discharges were 7 to 60 times greater than normal floods derived from snowmelt runoff, glacier meltwater, and monsoonal precipitation (referred to as seasonal high flow floods, SHFFs). Specific stream power values ranged from as low as 1900 W m−2 in wide, low-gradient valley segments to as high as 51 700 W m−2 in narrow, high-gradient valley segments bounded by bedrock. Along the upper 16 km of the GLOF routes, the reach-averaged specific stream power of the GLOFs was 3·2 to 8·0 times greater than the reach-averaged specific stream power of the SHFFs. The greatest geomorphic change occurred along the upper 10 to 16 km of the GLOF routes, where the ratio between the GLOF specific stream power and the SHFF specific stream power was the greatest, there was an abundant supply of sediment, and channel/valley boundaries consisted primarily of unconsolidated sediment. Below 11 to 16 km from the source area, the geomorphic effects of the GLOFs were reduced because of the lower specific stream power ratio between the GLOFs and SHFFs, more resistant bedrock flow boundaries, reduced sediment supply, and the occurrence of past GLOFs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Competitive Advertising Model: Some Theoretical and Empirical Results

Using a modified Lanchester model, this article demonstrates that the policy of constant advertising spending is superior to a cyclic counterpart, provided that the advertising response functions of competing firms are concave. The competitive model is estimated using filter and non-filter cigarette data. The empirical results suggest the presence of over-advertising and that the relative effectiveness and elasticity of filter cigarette advertising are both higher than those of non-filter cigarette advertising.
Work Unit's Knowledge Processing Style: An Empirical Examination of its Determinants

Intraorganizational units play a critical role in KM processes of acquiring, creating, exchanging, and utilizing knowledge assets. While much attention has been directed to effective knowledge strategies for supporting organizational KM processes, there is a lack of insightful research on knowledge strategy and its implementation at the work-unit level. This study examines two types of work unit knowledge processing styles (i.e., codification and personalization) and explores the relationship between critical determinants (i.e., task, organizational culture, and technology) and knowledge processing styles. The results showed that task variety and task analyzability were strongly associated with both knowledge processing styles. Interestingly, task interdependence and autonomy were significantly related only to personalization, whereas IT support was strongly associated with codification. The findings from this study suggest that the unitâ€™s organizational variables should harmonize appropriately with its knowledge processing styles.
Molecular cloning of cDNA for the bovine urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor.

Abstract We isolated a full length cDNA clone for bovine u-PAR from a bovine aorta en dothelial cell cDNA library and compared the structural properties of this receptor protein to the published human and murine sequences. The bovine u-PAR cDNA clone spans a nucleotide sequence stretch of 1335 bp. The open reading frame contains 330 amino acids with a 20 amino acid long putative signal peptide. The mature protein contains 6 potential N-linked glycosylation sites and a high cysteine content (9%). Bovine u-PAR revealed three homologous internal structural repeats. The NH2-terminal repeat containing the u-PA binding site showed 54% identity to the human and murine NH2-terminal domain, compared to 64% identity between human and mouse u-PAR. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs from 9 eukaryotic species suggests that the u-PAR gene is conserved in man, monkey, and cow.
Curriculum as Theater: Merely Players.

(1978). Curriculum as Theater: Merely Players. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 37-64.
Generation of Coated Intermediates of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis on Protein-Free Liposomes

Clathrin-coated buds and dynamin-coated tubules morphologically similar to corresponding structures observed in synaptic membranes can be generated on protein-free liposomes by incubation with cytosol, or with clathrin coat proteins and purified dynamin, respectively. Dynamin- and clathrin-coated intermediates may form independently of each other, despite the coupling between the two processes typically observed in synaptic membranes. Formation of both structures on liposomes can occur in the absence of nucleotides. These findings indicate that interfaces between lipids and cytosolic proteins are fully sufficient to deform lipids bilayers into buds and tubules. They suggest that a main function of membrane proteins is to act as positive and negative regulators of coat assembly, therefore controlling these processes in time and space.
Implementation of stochastic cooling hardware at Fermilab's Tevatron collider

The invention of Stochastic cooling by Simon van der Meer made possible the increase in phase space density of charged particle beams. In particular, this feedback technique allowed the development of proton antiproton colliders at both CERN and Fermilab. This paper describes the development of hardware systems necessary to cool antiprotons at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider complex.
Correlation between the lung distribution patterns of Lu‐Ecam‐1 and melanoma experimental metastases

Lu-ECAM-1 is a 90-kDa lectin-like, melanoma-cell-binding endothelial-cell adhesion molecule that mediates colonization of the lungs by B16-FIO melanoma cells. The well-known formation of pleural and sub-pleural B 16-F10 melanoma colonies is correlated quantitatively with prominent histochemical staining of endothelia of pleural capillaries and sub-pleural venules with anti-Lu-ECAM-I MAb 6D3. The less frequent endothelial staining of perivenous and peribronchial venules is associated with fewer B16-F10 colonies in these locations, and the occasional segmental staining of pulmonary veins coincides with rare tumor nodules which usually expand in an asymmetric fashion around these veins. Lu-ECAM-I is also expressed on endothelia of some tumor vessels, indicating that these vessels are recruited from the same host blood vessels that originally caused the arrest of blood-borne B16-F10 melanoma cells. The close association between the lung distribution patterns of Lu-ECAM-I-positive blood vessels and experimental melanoma metastases is further evidence of the importance of endothelial- cell adhesion molecules in the formation of metastases.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics: old drugs and new therapeutic approaches

Aminoglycoside antibiotics kill bacteria by binding to the ribosomal decoding site and reducing fidelity of protein synthesis. Since the discovery of these natural products over 50 years ago, aminoglycosides have provided a mainstay of antibacterial therapy of serious Gram-negative infections. In recent years, aminoglycosides have become important tools to study molecular recognition of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In an ingenious exploitation of the aminoglycosides’ mechanism of action, it has been speculated that drug-induced readthrough of premature stop codons in mutated messenger RNAs might be used to treat patients suffering from certain heritable genetic disorders.
High chromium cobalt-base coatings for low temperature hot corrosion☆

Abstract Accelerated oxidation tests have been conducted on a number of cast Co-Cr-Al alloys coated with a thin film of Na 2 SO 4 and exposed in an O 2 -0.15%(SO 2 -SO 3 ) gas mixture at 750°C. These tests show that the corrosion resistance of binary Co-Cr alloys increases with the chromium content of the alloys and that even small concentrations of aluminum have detrimental effects on their corrosion resistance. Tests on Co-Cr coatings on a Rene 80 substrate under the same conditions indicate that there is a transition from a high to a low corrosion rate at a chromium level of about 37.5 wt.%. These results can be explained on the basis of a mechanism that we have already proposed in the literature. Based on our laboratory studies, we have developed new Co-Cr coatings that provide excellent resistance to low temperature hot corrosion and are also acceptable for conventional, high temperature, hot corrosion.
The distributed flow, below atmospheric pressure solar collector

Abstract The general concepts of the vacuum-flow, flat-plate solar energy collector are discussed and previous work reviewed. Results of recent performance and freeze-tolerance test of individual modules are presented. The problems of integrating modules of the vacuum-flow type into arrays and experience with working arrays are reported. Comments are included on the economic aspects of the use of the collector as versus conventional absorbers and on the methods of assembly of the collector.
Explanatory Flexibility of the Matching Law: Situational Bias Interactions in Football Play Selection

The generalized matching law was used to evaluate play selection (passing versus rushing) in professional football game situations defined by combinations of football-specific factors. Archival statistics were analyzed to determine whether play selection covaried with yards gained from passing and rushing plays, and whether the details of this relationship, as measured by the matching law's fitted parameters, varied systematically across game situations. The matching law accounted for substantial variance in play selection for several combinations of game situations, and statistically significant situation-interaction effects were found for bias, but not sensitivity. Follow up analyses revealed that, across game situations, play-selection bias effects were closely related to relative probability of a turnover (can be described in terms of punishment) and the relative yards-gained variance (which can be described in terms of variable-magnitude reinforcement schedules). These results bolster an operant-choice interpretation of football play selection; they reveal two separate aspects of play preference (generic matching versus bias); and provide a rare example of how face-valid effects in a domain of everyday interest may relate to a theoretically-important term of a laboratory-based quantitative model of choice.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of interfacial chemistry at n-type silicon/liquid junctions

The surface chemistry of n-type Si electrodes that had been etched, exposed to electrolyte, and electrochemically cycled has been probed using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). n-Si surfaces etched in hydrofluoric acid-ethanol solutions (in air or N 2 ambients) displayed spectra in the Si 2p region that were free of detectable substrate oxide signals (≤5×10 -11 mol cm -2 SiO 2 ; equivalent to ≤4% of a monolayer)
Dynamics of liquid state chemical reactions: R‐dependent correlation functions for I.+I. in CCl4

Reagent configuration dependent solvent correlation functions, which are required for implementation of the MTGLE approach [S. A. Adelman, J. Chem. Phys. 73, 3145 (1980)] to problems in liquid state chemical reaction dynamics, are calculated via the molecular dynamics (MD) method for a Lennard‐Jones system designed to simulate two interacting iodine atoms dissolved in liquid carbon tetrachloride. For this case, the correlation functions depend only on the iodine–iodine internuclear separation R. The R‐dependence of the correlation functions, and related computed quantities of the MTGLE parameters, is found to be governed mainly by excluded volume effects arising from ’’squeeze‐out’’ of solvent molecules from the region between the iodine atoms. Additional calculations designed to test approximations in the theory and simplifications, like use of small box‐sizes and the superposition approximation, are also presented.
Composition of phosphate minerals in ordinary chondrites

Abstract The compositions of chlorapatite and whitlockite from three representative ordinary chondrites were determined with the electron microprobe. The chlorapatite has essentially the definite suggestions at this time as to where the fluorine in chondrites is located. Reed's suggestions that the fluorine might be in either an unidentified mineral phase or present in trace amounts in other chondritic minerals such as the pyroxenes adequately cover existing possibilities.
Blaming Victims and Survivors: An Analysis of Post-Katrina Print News Coverage

In few circumstances are news media more powerful than during crisis events. The purpose of this research was to document the discursive construction of individuals who experienced hurricane Katrina in post-Katrina print news coverage. Informed by a social constructionist perspective, this critical discourse analysis highlights the power of news media to shape cultural understanding of the citizens involved and, consequently, the crisis event itself. The study found that post-Katrina news depictions relied on specific rhetorical devices and semantic strategies, as well as seemingly value-free terminology (e.g., victim and survivor) to publicly discuss certain citizens involved in the event. However, such discursive construction had the rhetorical result of shifting blame onto those “victims” and “survivors.” Ultimately, the understandings perpetuated by post-Katrina media coverage about “victims” and “survivors” likely impacted the responses enacted by response agencies in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
Comparison of the Female Pheromones of a Wild and a Laboratory Strain of Cadra cautella, and Male Responsiveness to the Pheromone Extracts1

Physiological differences between inbred laboratory strains and the wild strains of insects can be expected. Under laboratory conditions where moths of both sexes are confined at high densities the females can easily find mates without releasing large amounts of pheromone, and the males need not be highly responsive to the pheromone. Under such conditions there may be a reduction in pheromone production and release by females and reduced responsiveness of males. Minks (1971) gave data indicating that females from a laboratory strain of the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (Fisher von Roslerstamm), produce less pheromone than those from a wild strain. In contrast, Fletcher et al. (1968) found that females of a laboratory strain of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), which had been selected for sexual aggressiveness were more responsive to male pheromone than were females of a newly colonized strain from a different geographical region. We have compared female sex pheromone content and male responsiveness to pheromone by using wild (W) and laboratory (L) strains of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), from the same geographical area.
Pressure Stabilization and Solvation Thermodynamics of a Hemiketal Reaction Intermediate

This work reports the first pressure stabilization of a hemiketal intermediate, 2-methoxy-2 propanol, formed in the reaction of acetone and methanol, observed using Raman spectroscopy. Acetone dissolved in methanol is found to undergo a two-step reaction, with the ketal 2,2-dimethoxy-propane as the final product and the hemiketal observed as an intermediate. In a more dilute stoichiometric mixture of acetone and methanol in liquid tetrahydrofuran (THF), quantitative formation of the hemiketal is observed at pressures above 2 GPa. The complete set of reaction thermodynamic functions (ΔH°, ΔV°, ΔS°, ΔG°, ΔU°, ΔA°) is obtained for the hemiketal formation reaction in THF as a function of temperature and pressure and compared with previous measurements of ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° for acetone dissolved in methanol. Comparisons with quantum calculations for the isolated reactant and product species are used to completely quantitate the effects of solvation on the hemiketal formation reaction.
The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of mindfulness as a predictor of the two components of regulatory focus theory (RFT): promotion and prevention focus. It further examines promotion focus and prevention focus as mediators of the mindfulness-job satisfaction and mindfulness-turnover intentions relationships. Finally, job satisfaction is also examined as a mediator of the mindfulness-turnover intentions relationship. Design/methodology/approach – The model was tested using data collected via a snowball approach. Online surveys were distributed to undergraduate students enrolled in a business course. Students were then given the opportunity to earn extra credit by sending the survey to potential respondents. The relationships were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – Support was found for four of the six hypotheses. Prevention focus did not negatively mediate the relationship between mindfulness and job satisfaction as well as the relationship between mindfulness and...
High-Performance Ge nMOSFETs With $\hbox{n}^{+}\hbox{-} \hbox{p}$ Junctions Formed by “Spin-On Dopant”

We report high-mobility Ge nMOSFETs using a simple approach to form n+-p junctions by rapid thermal diffusion of "spin-on dopant" to avoid implantation damage. These junctions show a high ION/IOFF ratio (~105 -106) and an ideality factor of ~1.03, indicating a low defect density in the junction, whereas ion-implanted junctions show higher /off (by approximately one to two orders) and a larger ideality factor (n ~ 1.45). Germanium (100) nMOSFETs with diffusion doping and GeO2 passivation show a high ION/IOFF ratio of ~104-105, a low SS of 111 mV/decade, and a high μeff (679 cm2 · V-1 · s-1 at peak). The diffusion-doped devices also show lower (approxi mately one order) GIDL and a higher (~1.3×) drive current of ~12 μA/μm in an L ~ 20 μm device at VG - VT = 2 V and VD = 1 V, compared to the implanted devices. Moreover, diffusion-doped Ge (111) devices show even higher μeff (970 cm2 · V-1 · s-1 at peak) and ~1.5× enhancement over the diffusion doped Ge (100) devices and surpass the universal Si mobility at low effective fields.
Remarks on nonlinear smoothing under randomization for the periodic KdV and the cubic Szegö equation

We consider Cauchy problems of some dispersive PDEs with random initial data. In particular, we construct local-in-time solutions to the mean-zero periodic KdV almost surely for the initial data in the support of the mean-zero Gaussian measures on Hs(T), s > s0 where s0 = –11/6 + $\sqrt{61}$/6 ≈ –0.5316 < –1/2, by exhibiting nonlinear smoothing under randomization on the second iteration of the Duhamel formulation. We also show that there is no nonlinear smoothing for the dispersionless cubic Szego equation under randomization of initial data.
Where the Action Is Small Groups and Recent Developments in Sociological Theory

Although small group research has been marginalized within sociology during the past decades, the authors argue that a focus on interaction arenas can contribute to a more complete analysis of soci...
Metered-dose inhaler technique of patients in an urban ED: Prevalence of incorrect technique and attempt at education

Abstract The metered-dose inhaler (MDI) techniques of 125 asthma patients who presented to a county hospital emergency department (ED) were evaluated. Correct technique was divided into 7 steps. Twenty-one percent of the patients performed all 7 steps correctly. Mean number of steps ± SD performed correctly was 4.8 ± 1.7. Verbal individualized instruction was used to improve the technique of patients whose technique was less than perfect. The instruction required a mean ± SD of 8.3 ± 5.8 minutes (range, 0 to 30) for all 7 steps to be done correctly at least once. All patients were able to perform all steps correctly after instruction. The amount of time required for teaching was proportional to the number of steps performed incorrectly. The Vitalograph Aerosol Inhalation Monitor was used to verify correct patient technique and as a teaching aid with variable success. Education in proper use of the MDI is important in the overall care of the asthma patient; however, instruction requires a definite time commitment and may not be feasible for all patients in a busy ED. For some patients, alternatives that require less lengthy instruction, such as the use of breath-actuated devices, spacers, and reservoirs, may be required.
Influence of topography and canopy cover on argos satellite telemetry performance

Environmental variables can affect performance of global positioning system (GPS) telemetry; however, similar assessments have not been reported for Argos satellite telemetry. We used a stratified random design and linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the influence of 2 environmental variables (canopy cover and topographic obstruction) on 2 metrics of Argos satellite telemetry performance, observation rate and mean location error. Our results indicated that an Argos transmitter moving from minimal (i.e., 20%) to maximal (i.e., 95%) topographic obstruction and canopy cover would experience, on average, only a 12.4% decrease in observation rate (approx. 1.3 fixes/24 hr of operation), and mean location error would decrease by 3.4% (7.8 m). We concluded that these environmental variables have little practical effect on Argos telemetry performance, a finding that markedly contrasts similar evaluations of GPS telemetry. We documented a substantial increase in the number of high-quality locations compared with values reported previously in the literature; this is likely due to recent improvements in satellite and transmitter technology. Although Argos telemetry location errors continue to exceed those reported for GPS telemetry, the system should be considered as a telemetry tool when avoiding data bias associated with missed fixes is more important than location accuracy. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Access to health care services among people with chronic or disabling conditions: patterns and predictors.

Abstract Beatty PW, Hagglund KJ, Neri MT, Dhont KR, Clark MJ, Hilton SA. Access to health care services among people with chronic or disabling conditions: patterns and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1417–25. Objective To examine patterns of access to a variety of specific health care services among people with chronic or disabling conditions, focusing on factors that predict access to services. Design National survey of 800 adults with cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI), or arthritis. Setting Respondents were surveyed in the general community. Participants National convenience sample of adults with CP, MS, SCI, or arthritis. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcomes measures Access to services from primary care doctors, services from specialists, rehabilitative services, assistive equipment, and prescription medications. Cross tabulations and logistic regression analyses were performed on survey data to examine patterns and predictors of access to health care services. Results Only half of all respondents received needed rehabilitative services. Respondents covered by fee-for-service health plans were more likely than those covered by managed care organizations to receive needed services from specialists. Respondents with the poorest health and with the lowest incomes were the least likely to receive all health services examined. Conclusions People with chronic or disabling conditions often require a comprehensive array of health care services. Reform of the current health care payment and delivery structures is needed so that health care is more responsive to those with the greatest service needs.
In vitro effects of STI 571-containing drug combinations on the growth of Philadelphia-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.

BACKGROUND Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by a molecular aberration, a fusion BCR-ABL gene encoding for aberrant tyrosine kinase activity, which is crucial in the pathogenesis of CML. In vitro, inhibition of BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase activity by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Imatinib mesylate (STI571; formerly CGP57148B), successfully suppressed proliferation/survival of the BCR-ABL positive clones. In clinical studies, hematologic and cytogenetic remissions have been achieved in most patients with chronic phase CML; in accelerated and blastic phases of CML, STI571 appeared less effective. In the current study, the authors tested combinations of STI571 and cytarabine and homoharringtonine (HHT), drugs with documented activity in CML. METHODS The single agents and their combinations were studied for in vitro effect on proliferation of BCR-ABL positive cell lines KBM5 and KBM7 by 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5 diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and on primary patient-derived BCR-ABL cells by clonogenic assays. The in vitro additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of cytarabine and HHT with STI571 were then investigated by computer-assisted analysis using the CalcuSyn software. RESULTS STI571 consistently suppressed BCR-ABL positive cell proliferation with a dose-effect correlation. In the model system used, STI571/cytarabine and STI571/HHT combinations were more effective in inhibiting KBM5 and KBM7 cell growth than each drug as single agent. These results were also verified in primary CML-derived clonogenic cells in semisolid cultures. CONCLUSIONS In this experimental system, our studies documented additive or synergistic effects with STI571 plus cytarabine or HHT, supporting the future use of STI571 combinations in clinical trials in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. Cancer 2002;94:2653–62. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10543
Adverse Effects of Alewives on Laurentian Great Lakes Fish Communities

Abstract The alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, an invader to the Laurentian Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean, has been blamed for causing major disruptions of Great Lakes fish communities during the past 50 years. We reviewed the literature and examined long-term data on fish abundances in the Great Lakes to develop a new synthesis on the negative effects of alewives on Great Lakes fish communities. The results indicated that certain fish populations are substantially more vulnerable to the effects of alewives than others. More specifically, the effects of alewives on other fish populations appeared to follow a continuum—from such fishes as slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus, lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis, and bloater Coregonus hoyi, which were relatively unsusceptible—to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, and emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides, which were highly susceptible. Intermediate species in this continuum included yellow perch Perca flavescens, deepwater sculpin Myo...
Faster scaling algorithms for general graph matching problems

An algorithm for minimum-cost matching on a general graph with integral edge costs is presented. The algorithm runs in time close to the fastest known bound for maximum-cardinality matching. Specifically, let n, m, and N denote the number of vertices, number of edges, and largest magnitude of a cost, respectively. The best known time bound for maximum-cardinal ity matching M 0( Am). The new algorithm for minimum-cost matching has time bound 0( in a ( m, n )Iog n m log ( nN)). A slight modification of the new algorithm finds a maximum-cardinality matching in 0( fire) time. Other applications of the new algorlthm are given, mchrding an efficient implementa- tion of Christofides' traveling salesman approximation algorithm and efficient solutions to update problems that require the linear programming duals for matching.
Tomographic resolution without singular value decomposition

An explicit procedure is presented for computing both model and data resolution matrices within a Paige-Saunders LSQR algorithm for iterative inversion in seismic tomography. These methods are designed to avoid the need for an additional singular value decomposition of the ray-path matrix. The techniques discussed are completely general since they are based on the multiplicity of equivalent exact formulas that may be used to define the resolution matrix. Thus, resolution matrices may also be computed for a wide variety of iterative inversion algorithms using the same ideas.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Empathic and aversive responses to others among 16‐month‐olds: associations with maternal depressive and relational variables

Mothers' depressive symptomatology and quality of relationships with other adults was related to the empathic behaviour of their 16‐month‐olds. Fifty‐four 16‐month‐olds (23 girls, 31 boys) watched videotapes of young children of the same gender and minority status expressing sad, happy, and neutral affect. Mothers completed self‐report measures of depressive symptomatology (Beck Depression Inventory) and quality of relationships with other adults. Infants of mothers who rated themselves as lower on comfort with closeness to other adults (one of the three quality of relationship subscales) were more likely to respond to the videotapes in a manner suggesting that they did not apprehend and/or take part in the actors' expressions of emotion. Infants of mothers who rated themselves higher on depressive symptoms displayed more aversive behaviours in response to sad stimuli. The findings are congruent with the assertion that infants' ability to understand and share the emotional experiences of others is influen...
Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes

This mini-review summarizes the changes in the field of bacterial acquired tetracycline resistance (tet) and oxytetracycline (otr) genes identified since the last major review in 2001. Thirty-eight acquired tetracycline resistant (Tcr) genes are known of which nine are new and include five genes coding for energy-dependent efflux proteins, two genes coding for ribosomal protection proteins, and two genes coding for tetracycline inactivating enzymes. The number of inactivating enzymes has increased from one to three, suggesting that work needs to be done to determine the role these enzymes play in bacterial resistance to tetracycline. In the same time period, 66 new genera have been identified which carry one or more of the previously described 29 Tcr genes. Included in the new genera is, for the first time, an obligate intracellular pathogen suggesting that this sheltered group of bacteria is capable of DNA exchange with non-obligate intracellular bacteria. The number of genera carrying ribosomal protection genes increased dramatically with the tet(M) gene now identified in 42 genera as compared with 24 and the tet(W) gene found in 17 new genera as compared to two genera in the last major review. New conjugative transposons, carrying different ribosomal protection tet genes, have been identified and an increase in the number of antibiotic resistance genes linked to tet genes has been found. Whether these new elements may help to spread the tet genes they carry to a wider bacterial host range is discussed.
The Clash of Missions: Juxtaposing Competing Pressures in South Africa's Social Enterprises

AbstractSocial enterprises seek resource combinations to provide some assurance of sustainability as they create social value in a defined domain of action. However, this resource-seeking mandate also constitutes a distraction that complicates the operations of any social enterprise. How do social enterprises manage the implicit duality of maintaining a commercial mission in order to achieve their social mission? Using the context of South Africa, this study examines the process trade-offs that enhance or limit social impact under the referenced duality. The study clarifies the nature of these trade-offs, as a basis for appropriating efficiency-enhancing process design in enterprises that create, but do not capture value. The author proposes a unique intersection between the logic of control and the logic of empowerment in the field of social entrepreneurship, and suggests that value chain processes be controlled to the extent that the enterprise acts as a custodian of community empowerment for its target...
Behavioral Auditory Function After Transection of Crossed Olivo-Cochlear Bundle in the Cat V. Pure-Tone Intensity Discrimination

This report describes the cat's ability to discriminate pure-tone intensity differences after transaction of the crossed olivo-cochlear bundle at the floor of the fourth ventricle. Cats were trained by behavioral (avoidance) conditioning to detect intensity difference above 75 dB re 0.0002 dyne/cm2 of 10000 Hz tones, using the repetitive method. Postoperative comparison of data from 5 experimental animals and 5 sham-operated control animals showed minimal differences which reflects merely functional biological variance. Neurohistological examination confirmed the accuracy of the lesion placement.
Differentiation of Self Mediates College Stress and Adjustment

Differentiation of self involves the capacity to modulate affect, maintain a clear sense of self, and balance intimacy and autonomy in significant relationships. Given the central role of family relationships for individual functioning, the authors tested whether differentiation mediated or moderated relations between college stress and personal adjustment. Differentiation of self partially mediated effects of academic and financial stress and exerted a direct influence on adjustment. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for counseling are discussed.
Evaluating 3 gas-delivery systems for culturing Campylobacter jejuni in a microaerophilic environment

Campylobacter spp. require a microaerophilic environment (80% N(2), 10% CO(2), 5% H(2), and 5% O(2)) for growth. Since the late 1800s, several systems for creating and maintaining specific microbial atmospheres have been developed and applied. The objective of this study was to evaluate Campylobacter jejuni growth by means of 3 commonly used gas-delivery systems for generating a microaerophilic environment: automated, gas-generating sachet, and plastic storage bag. Pure culture C. jejuni cells were suspended in Brucella broth and spread onto campy cefex agar plates. For the automated gas-delivery system, plates were positioned in a Mart anaerobic jar and flushed with a microaerophilic gas mixture using an Anoxomat Mart II system (Mart Microbiology B. V., Netherlands). For the sachet samples, plates were placed in a Mart anaerobic jar and 3 Gaspak EZ campy sachets (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ) were activated to induce a microaerophilic gas environment. The plates placed in plastic storage bags were flushed with a microaerophilic gas mixture from a premixed tank. For all 3 systems, plates were placed in a low-temperature incubator at 42°C for 24 h. After 24 h, plates were removed from the incubator and colonies were counted. The entire experiment was repeated 5 times. Results indicated no significant difference in colony counts among the gas-delivery systems tested, but colonies grown under the sachet-generated environment were smaller than colonies in the other 2 methods. Smaller colonies could have resulted from the type of media used or the length of time the plates were incubated. In conclusion, all 3 gas-delivery methods were able to produce similar Campylobacter growth results. Initial and long-term costs of equipment, as well as laboratory space availability, may be influential when choosing a gas-delivery method for generating a microaerophilic environment.
Recent advances in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.

Abstract Objectives To review recent studies that may influence the adjuvant treatment of patients with breast cancer. Studies reviewed evaluate the role of aromatase inhibitors, incorporation of taxanes into chemotherapy regimens, novel dosage schedules, and supportive care with epoetin alfa. Data sources Published literature and clinical experience. Conclusion Recent evidence suggests that aromatase inhibitors are more effective than tamoxifen as hormonal adjuvant therapy and that the addition of taxanes to adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcome. Supportive care is also an important component of therapy. Implications for nursing practice Knowledge of recent advances in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer will contribute to greater efficacy in patient care.
The Influence of Maternal Nutrition on Lactation

INTRODUCTION 103 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 104 EFFECT OF MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION ON LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE 105 Studies in Experimental Animals 106 Studies in Women 108 EFFECT OF MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION ON LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE 109 Studies in Experimental Animals 109 Studies in Women 111 CONCLUSIONS 114
Measurement of Biomarkers for Impaired Healing in Fluids and Tissues

Assessments of the molecular and cellular environment of acute, healing skin wounds demonstrates that healing progresses through four distinct phases of hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling. Extensive laboratory analyses of wound fluids and biopsies from acute wounds in each of these phases show the actions of cells are tightly regulated by key cytokines, growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix components in a process of dynamic reciprocal signaling. In contrast, analyses of fluids and biopsies from delayed healing or dehisced acute wounds or chronic wounds show there are extensive alterations of these key regulatory proteins that disrupt the dynamic reciprocal signaling and results in impaired healing. Typical alterations include elevated levels of planktonic and biofilm bacteria, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL-1), elevated levels of proteases (matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and neutrophil elastase (NE)), denatured extracellular matrix proteins (collagen, fibronectin) and cellular receptors (TGFb-RII, integrins). Correlation of these alterations with healing of chronic wounds show that healing only progresses when the abnormal molecular environment is corrected by appropriate clinical interventions and treatments. To help wound care providers assess the molecular status of wounds, rapid, point-of-care detectors for key biomarkers have been developed for measuring levels of MMPs and NE in wound fluids. Comprehensive identification of bacterial and fungal species in wound biopsies are available using rapid, advanced, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies that identify unique genomic nucleotide sequences of micro-organisms. These measurements of molecular biomarkers and microbiological status of wounds enable optimal wound care therapies to be selected for individual patients.
Boundary Spanning Roles and Organization Structure

Boundaries are a defining characteristic of organizations, and boundary roles are the link between the environment and the organization. The creation, elaboration, and functions of boundary spanning roles are examined, with attention to environmental and technological sources of variation in the structure of boundary roles. Eleven hypotheses integrate the material reviewed and are amenable to empirical test. Future research should overcome problems created when organizations are treated as “wholes” or single entities.
DivL Performs Critical Cell Cycle Functions in Caulobacter crescentus Independent of Kinase Activity

The Caulobacter cell cycle is regulated by a network of two-component signal transduction proteins. Phosphorylation and stability of the master transcriptional regulator CtrA are controlled by the CckA-ChpT phosphorelay, and CckA activity is modulated by another response regulator, DivK. In a screen to identify suppressors of the cold-sensitive divK341 mutant, we found point mutations in the essential gene divL. DivL is similar to histidine kinases but has a tyrosine instead of a histidine at the conserved phosphorylation site (Y550). Surprisingly, we found that the ATPase domain of DivL is not essential for Caulobacter viability. We show that DivL selectively affects CtrA phosphorylation but not CtrA proteolysis, indicating that DivL acts in a pathway independent of the CckA-ChpT phosphorelay. divL can be deleted in a strain overproducing the phosphomimetic protein CtrAD51E, but unlike ΔctrA cells expressing CtrAD51E, this strain is profoundly impaired in the control of chromosome replication and cell division. Thus, DivL performs a second function in addition to promoting CtrA phosphorylation. DivL is required for bipolar DivK localization and positively regulates DivK phosphorylation. Our results show that DivL controls two key cell cycle regulators, CtrA and DivK, and that phosphoryl transfer is not DivL's essential cellular activity.