cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Everyday Ecologies: Principles for Manual Annotation of Many Hours of Infants' Lives

Everyday experiences are the experiences available to shape developmental change. Remarkable advances in devices used to record infants' and toddlers' everyday experiences, as well as in repositories to aggregate and share such recordings across teams of theorists, have yielded a potential gold mine of insights to spur next-generation theories of experience-dependent change. Making full use of these advances, however, currently requires manual annotation. Manually annotating many hours of everyday life is a dedicated pursuit requiring significant time and resources, and in many domains is an endeavor currently lacking foundational facts to guide potentially consequential implementation decisions. These realities make manual annotation a frequent barrier to discoveries, as theorists instead opt for narrower scoped activities. Here, we provide theorists with a framework for manually annotating many hours of everyday life designed to reduce both theoretical and practical overwhelm. We share insights based on our team's recent adventures in the previously uncharted territory of everyday music. We identify principles, and share implementation examples and tools, to help theorists achieve scalable solutions to challenges that are especially fierce when annotating extended timescales. These principles for quantifying everyday ecologies will help theorists collectively maximize return on investment in databases of everyday recordings and will enable a broad community of scholars-across institutions, skillsets, experiences, and working environments-to make discoveries about the experiences upon which development may depend.
A Demographic and Regional Comparison of Opioid-Related Hospital Visits within Community Type in the United States.

Background: The opioid epidemic is a complex national crisis in the United States with a 400% increase in related deaths over the past two decades with no signs of slowing. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of opioid use, based on the geographic and population characteristics. Methods: The opioid-related hospital inpatient stays and emergency department visits obtained from the 2010 to 2018 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and demographic confounders, including age, race, education, and income gathered from US Census data were analyzed through generalized linear mixed models and reported by community size and region. Results: Opioid use varies among population center sizes and the region analyzed. In general, opioid visits in the southwest region were greatest across the majority of population center sizes. Rural usage was greatest in the northeast, southeast, and southwest. Unemployment and diverse ethnicities were commonly associated with opioid use in the metro areas studied but these associations were not seen in rural areas. Conclusion: Opioid use remains significant among diverse populations across the United States. Understanding the unique dynamics associated with opioid usage in populations within the regions studied is important in guiding future interventions to fight this crisis.
Topological signal processing and inference of event-related potential response.

Abstract Background: Topological signal processing is a novel approach for decoding multiscale features of signals recorded through electroencephalography (EEG) based on topological data analysis (TDA). New method: We establish stability properties of the TDA descriptor persistence landscape (PL) in event-related potential (ERP) across multi-trial EEG signals, state algorithms for computing PL, and propose an exact inference framework on persistence and PLs. Results: We apply the topological signal processing and inference framework to compare ERPs between individuals with post-stroke aphasia and healthy controls under a speech altered auditory feedback (AAF) paradigm. Results show significant PL difference in the ERP response of aphasic individuals and healthy controls over the parietal-occipital and occipital regions with respect to speech onset, and no significant PL difference in any regions with respect to the two pitch-shift stimuli. Comparison with existing methods: In comparison, spatial patterns of difference between aphasic individuals and healthy controls by persistence, local variance, and spectral powers are much more diffuse than the PL patterns. In simulation results, the exact test on persistence and PLs has more robust performance than the baseline tests on local variance and spectral powers. Conclusions: Persistence features provide a more robust EEG marker than local variance, and spectral powers. It could be a potentially powerful tool for comparing electrophysiological correlates in neurological disorders.
3 – Spatial Cognition and Functional Alterations of Aged Rat Hippocampus

Publisher Summary The common architecture of the hippocampus across several species gives rise to common functional properties and that these functions may be susceptible to similar age-related alterations. The ability of convergent inputs to cooperate in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) fulfills a major tenet of Hebb's neurophysiological postulate for a plausible mechanism of associative learning. This has made LTP a prime candidate for a mechanism for associative memory and also a prime suspect in the etiology of age-related memory dysfunction. It is found that because it has proven exceedingly difficult to observe LTP-like changes in hippocampal synapses during behavior, it is not yet possible to determine how or even whether the age-related changes observed under artificial stimulation-induced LTP conditions are translated into functional changes in spatial memory capacity. The advent of methods for recording simultaneously from large numbers of hippocampal neurons in rats has provided a new window for observing such ensemble interactions. The data resulting from age comparisons suggested an LTP deficit in old rats. This results in inappropriate map selection by old rats even in familiar environments and behavior that suggests a greater tendency for the animal to become lost.
Feeding Behavior of the Blowfly

Publisher Summary Feeding supplies are essential raw materials for the combined processes of maintenance, growth, and reproduction, in the majority of animals. On either side of this norm, however, are two extremes that represent adaptations to special conditions. One of the extremes is the insect in which feeding occurs for the prime, if not sole, purpose of providing energy for locomotion. There is no demand made by growth or reproduction. The male blowfly is an example of this adaptation. The adult blowfly, Phormia regina, is an insect that requires for its maintenance only water, carbohydrate, and oxygen. All other necessary materials are bequeathed by the larval stage. Except for the female during reproductive periods, there is no growth, not even wound healing. In the case of the blowfly, feeding is thus reduced to its lowest common denominator, and on the face of it, offers a simple system for analysis of two essential aspects of feeding— namely, the nature of the “on/off” mechanism and the nature of quality control.
Into the Forbidden Zone

Very low temperatures at high pressures have long been believed to constitute a "forbidden zone" not realized in Earth. However, recent studies of ultrahigh pressure (UHP) terranes indicate that these rocks have experienced such forbidden zone conditions. Liou et al. discuss the implications of these observations for plate tectonics.
Cross-border transmission of stock price volatility

Abstract Using high-frequency (5-minute returns) data, the transmission pattern of intraday volatility among three international stock markets (i.e., the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada) during their overlapping trading hours (9:30–11:30 a.m. New York time). The major findings are as follows. First, the conditional variance of a domestic market is affected not only by the volatility surprises of its own market, but also by those of foreign markets. This finding holds for the United States as well as for Canada and the United Kingdom, implying that the information contained in the volatility surprises of each national market is clearly transmitted to other national markets. The volatility spillover is not unidirectional. Second, the magnitude of volatility spillover does not decrease monotonically as the lag length increases, indicating that the effect of a foreign volatility shock on the conditional variance of the domestic market tends to persist.
Single-Case Experimental Designs

Single-case design research has gained recognition as a credible scientific methodology across a variety of fields of study. Uniquely suited to support research on topics related to rare disorders or in instances where access to large sample sizes is unfeasible, single-case designs have served to advance evidence-based practices and assessment technologies. In applied settings single-case designs provide opportunities for practitioners and researchers to be involved in advancing both the practice and research enterprise. Frequently used to examine issues in the areas of special education and applied behavior analysis, single-case research has the potential to widely advance the field of clinical psychology. The What Works Clearinghouse of the Institute for Education Sciences has recently developed design standards and evidence criteria that can more specifically guide single-case design research. In this chapter we review the major classes of single-case design research (i.e., ABAB, alternating treatment design, multiple baseline design) and provide specific examples of the application of this quantitative methodology. Future directions and implications are discussed. Keywords: experimental psychology; research; single-case design; cause-and-effect-relationships; empiricism
Phosphorylation of NF‐κB proteins by cyclic GMP‐dependent kinase

The transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated in cellular stress responses. This requires rapid regulation of its function, which is accomplished, in part, by various modes of phosphorylation. Even though diverse DNA binding subunits of NF-kappaB proteins may transactivate from distinct recognition sequences, the differential regulation of transcription from the large number of NF-kappaB responsive sites in various gene promoters and enhancers has been incompletely understood. The cyclic GMP-dependent kinase (PKG) is an important mediator of signal transduction that may induce gene expression through cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and through other, yet undefined, mechanisms. We have previously characterized a signal transduction pathway that leads to activation-induced cell death in T-lymphocytes and involves the activation of PKG. Here we demonstrate that the NF-kappaB proteins p65, p49 (also called p52), and p50 are specific substrates for this kinase. PKG dose-dependently increases the transactivating activity of p65 from the NF-kappaB consensus sequence. It also mediates dose-dependently an increase in transcriptional activity by p49 or p50 from a unique CCAAT/enhance binding protein (C/EBP)-associated NF-kappaB site, but not from the consensus site. Phosphorylation of p65, p50, or p49 does not alter their subcellular distribution. Because the release of cytosolic p65/p50 heterodimers into the nucleus is by itself insufficient to differentiate all the numerous NF-kappaB promoter sequences, phosphorylation of the DNA-binding subunits reveals a form of differential regulation of NF-kappaB activity and it implies a novel pathway for PKG-induced gene transcription. These observations may bear on mechanisms of programmed cell death in T-lymphocytes. They may also be relevant to ongoing efforts to induce cancer cell apoptosis through activation of PKG.
TRANSFORMATION TO VERSAL NORMAL FORM

Often the first step in analyzing a given problem requires the transformation of the linearized system into its Jordan canonical form. If the given system depends on parameters, say e this reduction to Jordan canonical form can be an unstable operation, since the normal form and the transformation itself can depend in a discontinuous way on these parameters. The difficulty to which we elude occurs when several eigenvalues of the linearized system coincide, say for e = 0. In the generic case the matrix will be non-semi-simple, i.e. not diagonalizable for e = 0.
Mesh generation and optimistic computation on the grid

This paper describes the concept of optimistic grid computing. This allows applications to synchronize more loosely and better tolerate the dynamic and heterogeneous bandwidths and latencies that are seen in grid environments. Based on the observed performance of a world-wide grid testbed, we estimate target operating regions for grid applications. Mesh generation is the primary test application where boundary mesh cavities can be optimistically expanded in parallel. To manage the level of optimistic execution and stay within the application's operating region, we are integrating grid performance monitoring and prediction into the supporting runtime system. The ultimate goal of this project is to generalize the experience and knowledge of optimistic grid computing gained through mesh generation into a tool that can be applied to other tightly coupled computations in other application domains.
A novel, abundant sodium channel expressed in neurons and glia

A novel, voltage-gated sodium channel cDNA, designated NaCh6, has been isolated from the rat central and peripheral nervous systems. RNase protection assays showed that NaCh6 is highly expressed in the brain, and NaCh6 mRNA is as abundant or more abundant than the mRNAs for previously identified rat brain sodium channels. In situ hybridization demonstrated that a wide variety of neurons express NaCh6, including motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord, cerebellar granule cells, and pyramidal and granule cells of the hippocampus. RT-PCR and/or in situ hybridization showed that astrocytes and Schwann cells express NaCh6. Thus, this sodium channel is broadly distributed throughout the nervous system and is shown to be expressed in both neurons and glial cells.
B7-1 Costimulatory Molecule Is Critical for the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis

Following immunization with acetylcholine receptor (AChR), MHC class II-restricted, AChR-specific CD4 cell activation is critical for the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in C57BL/6 mice. To study the contributions of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules in EAMG, B7-1, B7-2, and B7-1/B7-2 gene knockout (KO) mice were immunized with Torpedo AChR in CFA. Compared with wild-type C57BL6 mice, B7-1 and B7-1/2 KO mice were resistant to EAMG development. B7-1 KO mice had reduced anti-AChR Ab compared with C57BL/6 mice. However, neither B7-1 nor B7-2 gene disruption impaired AChR-induced or dominant alpha(146-162) peptide-induced in vitro lymphoproliferative responses. Blocking of the B7-1 or B7-2 molecule by specific mAbs in vivo led to a reduction in the AChR-specific lymphocyte response, and the reduction was more pronounced in mice treated with anti-B7-2 Ab. The findings implicate B7-1 molecules as having a critical role in the induction of EAMG, and the resistance of B7-1 KO mice is associated with suppressed humoral, rather than suppressed AChR-specific, T cell responses. The data also point to B7-2 molecules as being the dominant costimulatory molecules required for AChR-induced lymphocyte proliferation.
Two parity-violating asymmetries from np→dγ in pionless effective field theories

Abstract We consider parity-violating observables from the processes n → p → d γ and n p → d γ ⥀ . We perform calculations using pionless effective field theory both with and without explicit dibaryon fields. After combining these results with ones we have already obtained on parity-violating asymmetries in N → N scattering, experimental input would in principle allow the extraction of all five parameters occurring at leading order in the parity-violating Lagrangian.
Overview of advanced multifunction RF system (AMRFS)

The AMRFS Program consists of two equal but distinct parts. This program description has provided details of design for equipment that would provide a "proof-of-concept" demonstration to be carried out by building an experimental test-bed and showing in real-time that the integration of RF functions, such as radar, electronic warfare, and communications, into a single system is technically feasible. This part of the Program deals with all the issues of establishing requirements, designing, building, testing, and demonstrating an integrated RF system. One purpose of this part of the Program is to provide risk reduction within a science and technology program. This is deemed important because of the large risk involved in building a first-of-a-kind multifunctional integrated RF system. The other part of the Program is concerned with advanced new components and subsystems technologies that would enable a more practical, cost effective, tactical system to be developed and deployed by the USA Navy. The ultimate objective of both parts of the Program is the transition of the integrated RF system technology to operational platforms within the Navy. An attempt was and is being made to provide acquisition program managers with risk reduced new technology and combat capabilities, in a timely manner, to allow insertion decisions at the earliest possible date.
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake Regulates the Excitability of Myenteric Neurons

We investigated the role of mitochondria in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) and excitability of myenteric neurons in guinea pig ileum, using microelectrodes and fura-2 [Ca2+]i measurements. In AH/Type-II neurons, action potentials evoke ryanodine-sensitive increases in [Ca2+]i that activate Ca2+-dependent K+ channels and slow afterhyperpolarizations (AH) lasting ∼15 sec. Exposure to the protonophore carbonyl cyanide p -(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP; 1 μm) had no significant effect on the membrane potential or resting [Ca2+]i. However, action potentials elicited in the presence of FCCP triggered a sustained (>5 min) increase in [Ca2+]i and a compound hyperpolarization (13.4 ± 1.5 mV). The respiratory chain blockers antimycin A and rotenone (10 μm) had similar effects that developed more slowly. Depletion of the intracellular Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin (2 μm) or ryanodine (10 μm) greatly attenuated the hyperpolarization caused by FCCP. S/Type-I neurons that do not have AH were hyperpolarized by mitochondrial inhibition independently of action potentials. Blockade of the FF1 ATPase by oligomycin (10 μm) had variable effects on myenteric neurons. The majority of AH/Type-II neurons were hyperpolarized by oligomycin, most likely by activating ATP-dependent K+ channels. This hyperpolarization was not triggered by action potential firing and not accompanied by an increase in [Ca2+]i. MitoTracker staining revealed a dense mitochondrial network particularly in myenteric AH/Type-II neurons, supporting the importance of mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering in this subset of neurons. The data indicate that mitochondrial uptake of Ca2+released from the endoplasmic reticulum sets [Ca2+]i and the activity of Ca2+-dependent conductances, thus regulating the excitability of myenteric neurons.
Cofilin and Slingshot Localization in the Epithelium of Uterine Endometrium Changes During the Menstrual Cycle and in Endometriosis

Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for epithelial cell polarity and protein trafficking within human uterine epithelium. The actin-binding protein cofilin is involved in regulation of actin dynamics by promoting actin branching and cytoskeleton reorganization. Dual immunohistochemical staining of cofilin and G-actin (represented by DNAse I staining) revealed cofilin-G-actin colocalization in the apical side of luminal epithelial cells of human uterine endometrium during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Interestingly, during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, cofilin was only present on the basolateral side. To determine whether the disease endometriosis causes a different pattern of actin remodeling, we investigated an established baboon model of induced endometriosis. The cofilin pattern in the secretory phase of baboons with endometriosis was similar to the proliferative phase in normal animals; cofilin was observed in the apical parts of luminal and glandular epithelium. A phosphatase regulating the activity of cofilin, slingshot (SSH1), revealed a similar staining pattern within these tissues. These patterns were confirmed through quantitative image analysis. Quantification of messenger RNA (mRNA) detected upregulated SSH1 and suggested a progesterone resistance-related pattern of nuclear steroid hormone receptors, but no change in membrane progesterone receptors (mPR alpha or mPR beta) was observed in endometriosis. Our data indicate that the severe dyssynchrony during menstrual cycle phases in endometriosis is connected with improper cytoskeleton rearrangements. We suggest that cofilin-mediated actin reorganization in uterine epithelial cells might be important in preparation for blastocyst implantation; dysregulation of this reorganization may lead to decreased fertility in endometriosis.
When a domain is not a domain.

The kinase regulatory-loop binding (KRLB) region of insulin receptor substrate 2 was originally thought to be a new type of domain with binding properties similar to phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. A crystallographic study now shows that KRLB is actually a short peptide segment that binds to the insulin receptor using an extended series of contacts that mimic both autoinhibitory loop and ATP binding to its catalytic cleft.
The record of sea water 187Os/186Os variation through the Cenozoic

The variation of sea water 187Os/186Os during the Cenozoic has been determined by analyzing the hydrogenous Os released by acidic hydrogen peroxide leaching of layers in an abyssal North Pacific pelagic clay core. Overall, sea water 187Os/186Os has increased from 3.2 at 58 Ma to the present-day value of ∼ 8.6. This pattern is similar to the well-known 87Sr/86Sr evolution of sea water. The increase in the proportion of continental Os (187Os/186Os⩾ 10) could be due to enhanced weathering rates of black shales associated with the uplift of the Himalayas. Other elements associated with black shale weathering, such as U and P, should show effects in the sedimentary record.
Restorative justice, rhetoric, or reality? Conferencing with young offenders

This article explores the contemporary introduction of restorative justice into the youth justice system in England. Specifically, the research investigates referral orders, and discusses how this new system is functioning ‘on the ground’ several years after implementation. The findings are based on a qualitative, in‐depth study of one Youth Offending Team. This research concludes that even following an ideological commitment to incorporate restorative justice principles into the youth justice system, the transition to a practical realization of those principles has not been entirely successful. At present, conferencing is falling short in two key areas – victim participation and lack of a relationship between community members and young offenders – due to poor community representation and training and to community members’ coercive tactics.
Rabbinic Judaism and the Problem of Evil

Then men said, ‘Let us make God in our image, after our likeness; and let him have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air.’ So men created God in their own image, in the image of man they created him; with the attributes of justice and mercy they created him.
A deer in the headlights: BAMBI meets liver fibrosis.

Lipopolysaccharide signaling through the Toll-like receptors downregulates an inhibitory pseudoreceptor of TGF-β, enhancing hepatic fibrosis and liver injury (pages 1324–1332).
Factors Affecting The Intensity of Solar Energetic Particle Events

This paper updates the influence of environmental and source factors of shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that are likely to influence the solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The intensity variation due to CME interaction reported that is confirmed by expanding the investigation to all the large SEP events of solar cycle 23. The large SEP events are separated into two groups, one associated with CMEs running into other CMEs, and the other with CMEs running into the ambient solar wind. SEP events with CME interaction generally have a higher intensity. New possibilities such as the influence of coronal holes on the SEP intensity are also discussed. For example, the presence of a large coronal hole between a well-connected eruption and the solar disk center may render the shock poorly connected because of the interaction between the CME and the coronal hole. This point is illustrated using the 2004 December 3 SEP event delayed by about 12 hours from the onset of the associated CME. There is no other event at the Sun that can be associated with the SEP onset. This event is consistent with the possibility that the coronal hole interaction influences the connectivity of the CMEs that produce SEPs, and hence the intensity of the SEP event.
Parallel Sn Transport algorithms

Abstract Parallelization of standard multigroup methods used to solve the linear (Boltzmann) tranaport equation in the discrete ordinates (Sn) representation and coupled chaotic iteration schemes are the focus of this analyais. On the Denelcor HEP, we extend two serial iteration schemea, categorize speedup, and contrast ordered and chaotic methods. Ordered and chaotic iteration atrategies, with arid without acceleration, support relatively unreatricted paralleliam and appear to be robust parallel techniques. Parallel modifications and recoding efforts to seriol iteration algorithms are straightforward, actual speedup and efficiency are high, and payoff appears substantial, largely due to the coarse computational granularity of the multigroup technique. Chaotic schemes also converge faster than ordered strategies.
Recursion and grammars for CS2

A programming exercise on recursion in which students create drawings of simple and bracketed Lindenmayer Systems provides a context for exploring additional computer science concepts. The resulting drawings give students a better understanding of the power of recursion as well as the rate of growth of time complexity with multiple successive recursive calls. We describe the exercise, the concepts that need to be addressed to solve the problems, and the results of using this exercise in our classes.
Riboflavin-deficient chicken embryos: hypoglycemia without dicarboxylic aciduria.

Abstract Chicken embryos in eggs laid by hens that are genetically unable to deposit riboflavin into their eggs die on or about the 13th day of incubation. We show that these riboflavin-deficient embryos grow normally until the day of death and that their heart rate is normal to within an hour of death. The embryos have symptoms of impaired fatty acid oxidation, including decreased activity of FAD-dependent medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase in liver and heart along with a significant accumulation of intermediates of fatty acid oxidation (C10, C12, and C14 acids). Unlike riboflavin-deficient mammals, the embryos do not accumulate dicarboxylic acids derived from ω-oxidation of fatty acids. Blood glucose is near normal on day 10 but declines to undetectable levels by the time of death. Allantoic fluid from the riboflavin-deficient embryos of 11 days or older contains more lactate than 3-hydroxybutyrate, while in normal embryos the reverse is true. No appreciable amounts of glycine-conjugated acids were found. Weconclude that the major and perhaps primary pathological effect of riboflavin deficiency in chicken embryos is the impairment of fatty acid β-oxidation, and that the subsequent depletion of limited carbohydrate reserves leads to sudden death.
Upper bounds on functions of the dissipation rate in turbulent shear flow

The search for a statistical stability criterion characterizing steady-state turbulent shear flows ‘has led us to the study of a function proportional to the ratio of the fluctuation dissipation rate and the dissipation rate of the mean. The first Euler–Lagrange equations for an upper bound of this function have optimal solutions with the observed scaling laws and an asymptotic velocity defect for turbulent channel flow. As in the case of maximum transport, the optimal solution for the model equations is a discrete spectrum of streamwise vortices. It is shown how these solutions can be brought closer to the realized flow with additional constraints on the smallest vortex.
Shooting the Shooter: How Experience Level Affects Photojournalistic Coverage of a Breaking News Event

In-depth interviews were conducted with professional, student, and citizen photojournalists to determine how experience level and training affect the photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event. Building upon the hierarchy of influences approach, influences on the individual and routines levels were examined. Four themes emerged—emotional attachment to the story, teamwork and competition, risk taking, and intent and approach—which varied by level of experience and were complicated by role as a student or as an employee.
Motile invaded neutrophils in the small intestine of Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice reveal a potential mechanism for parasite spread

Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs through the oral route, but we lack important information about how the parasite interacts with the host immune system in the intestine. We used two-photon laser-scanning microscopy in conjunction with a mouse model of oral T. gondii infection to address this issue. T. gondii established discrete foci of infection in the small intestine, eliciting the recruitment and transepithelial migration of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Neutrophils accounted for a high proportion of actively invaded cells, and we provide evidence for a role for transmigrating neutrophils and other immune cells in the spread of T. gondii infection through the lumen of the intestine. Our data identify neutrophils as motile reservoirs of T. gondii infection and suggest a surprising retrograde pathway for parasite spread in the intestine.
Mental maps, segregation, and everyday life in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has a long history as a segregated city. Starting in 1891 the German and then later the British colonial government enacted a series of building ordinances that outlined the styles of construction allowed within different areas of the city. Although these policies applied only to the structures themselves, ultimately they served to divide the city into European/Expatriate, Asian, and African areas. In spite of official attempts to integrate the city, postcolonial Dar es Salaam remains a racially segregated place. This segregation extends beyond residence location and affects all aspects of everyday life such as shopping and recreation. This article uses mental maps drawn by some of Dar es Salaam's residents to illustrate the lingering effects of colonial segregation on the knowledge, perception, and experiences residents have in and of today's city. Expatriate, Asian, and African maps include vastly different locations within the city. Those places considered important enough to m...
FLUVIAL AND ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS EXPOSED ALONG THE OUDE MAAS (THE NETHERLANDS)

Sedimentary structures are examined in recent alluvium that was deposited in an environment transitional between fluvial and estuarine. The depositional sequence in vertical section reveals three units, that vary according to type and association of sedimentary structures, and lithology. 1 The lower unit is characterized by large-scale trough cross-stratification. Sedimentary structures suggest a fluvial environment in which water and sediment movement were uni-directional but subject to periodic fluctuations. 2 The middle unit displays an alternation of small-and large-scale cross-stratification, which is directionally bi-modal due to tidal action. Both water and sediment movement were bi-directional and highly variable in intensity. A vertical gradation in dimension of structures shows successive weakening of tidal currents as deposition proceeded. 3 The upper unit is characterized by flaser and lenticular bedding and small-scale trough cross-stratification, ascribed to an estuarine regime of low intensity. The observed transition from a fluvial to an estuarine environment is tentatively related to increased tidal action, caused by the destruction of large parts of reclaimed land bordering the Oude Maas, following severe floods in this area during the 14th and 15th centuries, A.D.
On the dynamics of energy consumption and output in the US

This note employs US annual data from 1949 to 2006 to compare the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Given the sample size of the study, the Toda-Yamamoto causality tests reveal the absence of Granger-causality between renewable or non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP which supports the neutrality hypothesis.
193-nm lithography

The trend in microelectronics toward printing features 0.25 /spl mu/m and below has motivated the development of lithography at the 193-nm wavelength of argon fluoride excimer lasers. This technology is in its early stages, but a picture is emerging of its strengths and limitations. The change in wavelength from 248 to 193 nm will require parallel progress in projection systems, optical materials, and photo-resist chemistries and processes. This paper reviews the current status of these various topics as they have been engineered under a multiyear program at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. >
Residual effects of polybrominated biphenyls following perinatal exposure in rats

Abstract Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) undergo transplacental movement and have been detected in milk. Since most PBBs are biologically stable and very slowly eliminated, exposed offspring may have significant body burdens of certain PBB congeners throughout their lifetime. Therefore, the persistence of effects of perinatal exposure to PBBs on liver and kidney morphology, microsomal enzyme activity and concentration of PBBs was determined. Rats were fed diet containing 0 or 100 ppm PBBs (Firemaster BP-6) from the eighth day of pregnancy through 28 days postpartum. All pups were then weaned onto a diet free of PBBs. Experiments were conducted in offspring at 28 days of age and during the residual phase, 150 and/or 328 days of age. PBBs were detected in liver, kidney, and fat even 300 days following treatment termination confirming the remarkable biological stability and slow elimination of at least several PBB congeners. Retention of PBBs in tissues was correlated with hepatic histopathological alterations, renal and hepatic microsomal enzyme stimulation, and a reduction in duration of anesthesia produced by pentobarbital throughout the 10-month residual phase. These results suggest that metabolism of certain exogenous and endogenous lipophilic compounds may be modified for an extended time following perinatal exposure to PBBs.
Chaos control of a discrete coupled Logistic model for the symbiotic interaction of two species

In allusion to a discrete coupled Logistic model with symbiotic interaction, the presence of chaos was validated by computing Lyapunov exponent measure. More complex phenomena were found by analyzing bifurcation diagrams of system with varieties of parameter elaborately. By applying tracking control of chaos to stabilize the species to the unstable fixed points, chaotic trajectories in the system were controlled in the anticipant trajectory and chaotic phenomena were eliminated. The correctness of the conclusion was validated by simulation.
Space-Time Implosion Characteristics of Laser-Irradiated Fusion Targets

An x-ray pinhole camera is coupled to an x-ray streak camera for detailed measurements of the implosion of laser fusion targets. Simultaneous spatial and temporal resolutions of 6 \ensuremath{\mu}m and 15 psec are attained. Resultant $R$ and $t$ implosion diagrams show time-dependent implosion velocites in the range of (3-4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{7}$ cm/sec.
Sciatic nerve regeneration after autologous sural nerve transplantation in the rat.

Abstract The present study is concerned with the question as to whether the size of a nerve used as a transplant to bridge a gap between the stumps of transected nerves has a bearing on the number of axons and the cytological structure of the regenerate. The paradigm is rat sciatic nerve transection with 8 mm of nerve removed with the stumps placed in a silicone tube and two strands of the smaller sural nerve used as bridging transplants. The comparison are with previously published results where the transplant, which is the removed piece of sciatic nerve, is exactly matched in size and with no transplant in the same regeneration paradigm. One suprising finding is that the size of the transplant does not seem to determine the size of the regenerated nerve. The cytological structure of the regenerated nerve is related to the size of the transplant, however, in that the proportion of axons that regenerate inside and outside the transplanted perineurial tubes differs in relation to the size of the transplant. In addition, although there is an increase in the number of blood vessels in all of these paradigms, the greatest increase is with the sural nerve transplants. The key finding in the study, however, is the similarity in numbers of regenerated axons in the gap, distal stump and tributary nerves when regeneration after sciatic nerve transplantation is compared with regeneration after sural nerve transplantation. Thus, notwithstanding the cytologic differences of the two types of regenerate, regenerated axon numbers are approximately the same. The conclusion is that the size of the transplant determines neither the size of the regenerate nor the numbers of regenerated axons in this paradigm. On the assumption that regeneration is better when axonal numbers are closer to normal, the non-matched sural nerve transplant is approximately equal to the matched sciatic nerve transplant and both are superior to the regeneration that takes place in the absence of a transplant in this paradigm.
A Novel Role for Stat1 in Phagosome Acidification and Natural Host Resistance to Intracellular Infection by Leishmania major

Intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania generate severe diseases in humans, which are associated with a failure of the infected host to induce a protective interferon γ (IFNγ)-mediated immune response. We tested the role of the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway in Leishmania pathogenesis by utilizing knockout mice lacking the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) and derived macrophages. Unexpectedly, infection of Stat1-deficient macrophages in vitro with promastigotes from Leishmania major and attenuated LPG1 knockout mutants (lpg−) specifically lacking lipophosphoglycan (LPG) resulted in a twofold increased intracellular growth, which was independent of IFNγ and associated with a substantial increase in phagosomal pH. Phagosomes in Stat1−/− macrophages showed normal maturation as judged by the accumulation of the lysosomal marker protein rab7, and provided normal vATPase activity, but were defective in the anion conductive pathway required for full vesicular acidification. Our results suggest a role of acidic pH in the control of intracellular Leishmania growth early during infection and identify for the first time an unexpected role of Stat1 in natural anti-microbial resistance independent from its function as IFNγ-induced signal transducer. This novel Stat1 function may have important implications to studies of other pathogens, as the acidic phagolysosomal pH plays an important role in antigen processing and the uncoating process of many viruses.
Evaluation of the functional equivalence of crospovidone NF from different sources. II. Standard performance test.

Current NF monographs do not provide tests that reflect on the functionality of Crospovidone NF from multiple sources. Physical characterization studies such as particle size and distribution, surface area, porosity, and surface morphology revealed major differences among the crospovidones from different sources (Shah, U.; Augsburger, L.L. J. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2001, 6 (1), 39-51). Differences in disintegration and dissolution were also observed for a model drug in an insoluble filler system (see Shah and Augsburger, 2001). The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between physical differences observed and disintegrant functionality and to develop standard performance test. Tests performed included settling volume studies, measurement of initial rate as well as extent of liquid uptake of the loose disintegrant powder, and simultaneous measurement of the axial and radial disintegrating forces along with the rate and extent of liquid uptake of the pure disintegrant compacts. Significant differences among the crospovidones were observed for all tests performed. Settling volume, liquid uptake, and disintegration force are recommended as standard performance tests to determine differences among crospovidones from different sources.
A biokinetic model for 222Rn gas distribution and alpha dose in humans following ingestion

A biokinetic model for absorption and distribution of [sup 222]Rn in the body following ingestion in drinking water was developed. The rate parameters for the model are derived from historical human data reported in experiments of Harley et al. (1958) and Hursh et al. (1965). The biokinetic model fits the human data of Hursh et al. well for whole body retention following ingestion of [sup 222]Rn in water on an empty stomach. The equivalent dose to stem cells for stomach and colon cancer is estimated to be 1.6 [times] 10[sup [minus]9] Sv Bq[sup [minus]1]. The model calculations yield 4 and 3 calculated stomach and colon cancers from continuous intake of water at the estimated US average of 5.5 Bq L[sup [minus]1]. 16 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
The impact of phenomenological uncertainties on an accident management strategy

Abstract Using lower cavity flooding as an accident-management tool to prevent ‘core-on-the floor’ is evaluated. Three phenomena that impact the effectiveness of lower cavity flooding are chosen for evaluation: (1) reactor vessel lower head failure, (2) ex-vessel steam explosions in a BWR, and (3) buoyancy-driven recirculation for a PWR. The merit of the selected management strategy and the impact of uncertainties in phenomenological behavior is evaluated using the method of influence diagrams. The probability of a particular outcome can depend on the state-of-knowledge uncertainties of the model parameters. The probabilities are estimated by making many calculations with a response surface that is generated from several results of a particular model and covers the possible ranges of its parameter uncertainties, using randomly sampled values of its parameter uncertainties. This allows knowledge about uncertainties to be transformed to probabilities with a minimum of subjectivity. The approach shows the effects of uncertainties in the parameters by changing their state-of-knowledge distributions.
Time and density-dependent properties of fluid mud suspensions, NE brazilian continental shelf

Fluid mud suspensions, defined as containing between 10 to 480 g/liter, occur in numerous estuarine and nearshore continental shelf environments. The quantities of sediment incorporated in fluid mud are enormous, and they must be considered to be of major importance in the transport and deposition of fine-grained sediment in these environments.
GPS Attitude Determination for the SOAR Experiment

ABSTRACT: The first on-orbit data from the Space Integrated GPS/INS (SIGI) sensor, derived from the SIGI Orbital Attitude Readiness (SOAR) demonstration during the STS-101 mission of the Space Shuttle Atlantis in May 2000, is analyzed. The attitude estimation performance for both stand-alone GPS and integrated GPS/INS is presented. The extended Kalman filter for the GPS/INS system provided better results with differential phase measurements than with quaternion measurements. Additional studies were carried out to improve the performance of the attitude determination. First, a cold-start initialization module using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was developed to overcome the limitation in the integer ambiguity resolution of the current onboard algorithm that the pitch and roll angles should be less than 15 deg for successful integer search. Second, GPS-based attitude determination with line bias modeling and multipath mitigation was performed to improve the performance to be as accurate as 0.06 deg (root mean square [RMS]) in three axes.
Unexpected chemistry in an attempted generation of a sterically hindered silene

Abstract In an attempt to synthesis a silene, stabilizer both electronically and by extreme steric bulk, two things of considerable interest were discovered: (1) perchlorate can function as a uniquely effective leaving group for alkylation on silicon, and (2) stable αhalosilyl carbanions can be generated through the aid of steric bulk.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ca 2+ -ATPase PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN RABBIT HEARTS. • 132

In adult heart, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) plays a crucial role in myocyte relaxation, transporting Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during diastole. However, little information is available regarding SERCA2a expression in immature mammalian myocardium, in which the T-tubular (T-T) system is lacking and Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release from the SR is decreased. The purpose of this study was to determine SERCA protein abundance in developing rabbit ventricular myocardium. We have investigated SERCA2a protein levels in fetal (F, 28 day gestation), neonatal (1 day, 5 day), juvenile (15 day, 30 day) and adult (AD) rabbit ventricular myocardium using immunoblotting techniques. Sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes were isolated from homogenized tissues and protein concentrations were determined by Lowry assay with bovine serum albumin as a standard. A monoclonal antibody recognizing a single ≈ 110 kDa band representing SERCA2a was utilized for Western blot. SERCA2a protein increased between 1 day and 30 day (in relative units, F=1.1±0.2; 1 day=1.0; 5 day=4.5±1.5; 15 day=4.8±1.4; 30 day= 6.3 ±1.8; AD=4.9±0.6, n=3). We conclude that SERCA2a protein is present during late fetal development and undergoes a developmental increase from birth to one month of age. We speculate that the age-related changes in SERCA2a protein level may reflect the changing role of SERCA2a in excitation-contraction coupling during postnatal development.
Characterization of in-plane stress in TSV array — A unit model approach

This paper presents an analytical model to describe the in-plane thermomechanical stresses of a unit TSV model. The goal is to use this model to evaluate the influence of key design parameters in TSV interposers prior to rigorous investigations. The key parameters considered herein are via pitch and array size. This analytical model is based on a circular unit TSV structure, the size of which (in terms of its radius R) determines both the via's volume fraction and the behavior of the stress. The value of R can be V(Aft), where A is the area of a unit polygonal pattern in a fabricated TSV array. With a superposition of many such unit TSV structures at a given pitch, we illustrate the stress-interplay issue that becomes apparent in densely populated TSVs. We also use this simple strategy to highlight the stress concentration at the Cu/Si interface, which is critical to thermomechanical reliability design of TSV interposers.