cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information technology in emergency medicine residency-affiliated emergency departments.

OBJECTIVES To describe acquisition and implementation of information technology (IT) in U.S. emergency medicine (EM) residency-affiliated emergency departments (EDs), including automatic medication error checking. METHODS This was a survey of all U.S. EM residencies active in September 2000. Respondents specified whether specific IT tools had been "acquired" and "implemented fully." EDs were categorized according to primary versus affiliated training site, trauma level, and census. Numbers of "yes" responses were compared according to ED type (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < or = 0.05 significant). RESULTS Of 121 residency programs, data were obtained from 93 (77%) for a total of 149 EDs. The percentages of EDs that reported full implementation for each technology are as follows: medication error checking, 7%; medication order entry, 18%; nonmedication orders, 7%; clinical documentation, 21%; old electrocardiograms, 62%; laboratory results, 84%; radiography order entry, 62%; image retrieval, 29%; radiologists' interpretations, 67%; cardiology reports, 62%; pathology reports, 70%; surgical reports/dictations, 60%; triage, 34%; tracking, 46%; electronic reference materials, 56%; registration, 84%; accounts, 72%; patient management software package, 20%; voice recognition, 7%. Trauma centers reported more IT tools than nontrauma centers (p = 0.01), and primary training sites reported fewer IT tools than affiliated EDs (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of IT is not uniform in EDs where EM residents train. Acquisition of effective IT tools varies, and implementation lags behind acquisition. Fully implemented IT for medication error checking was reported in 7% of EDs; an additional 12% had acquired IT without implementing it fully.
Pressure sintering and transformation toughening of zinc sulfide

Abstract Several techniques to increase the fracture toughness of ZnS, including pressure sintering, transformation toughening and pressure bonding to a diamond film, were evaluated. The primary method used was pressure sintering, i.e. room temperature compaction followed by sintering at a relatively low temperature (less than T m /2 where T m is the melting point). Pressure sintering produces superior ZnS compacts with a hardness of 2.89 GPa and a fracture toughness of 1.59 MPa m 1/2 compared with 2.17 DPa and 0.87 MPa m 1/2 for conventionally produced chemical-vapour-deposited material. The hardness and fracture toughness of CdY 2 S 4 , GaP-doped zinc sulfide and selenide compacts processed by pressure sintering were also evaluated. In order to calculate the fracture toughness of CdY 2 S 4 , Young's modulus was determined by X-ray diffraction to be 87 GPa. NiS, TlI and TlGaSe 2 were evaluated as transformation-toughening agents for ZnS. Only the mineral form of NiS (millerite) significantly toughens ZnS, but the ZnS-NiS compact is no longer transparent in the infrared region. Preliminary experiments to pressure bond ZnS to a diamond film indicate that 1.9 P ≤5.5 GPa is required at T =600° C .
Survey of pediatric urologists on the preoperative use of testosterone in the surgical correction of hypospadias.

Abstract Objective To better characterize the current state of testosterone use in the surgical correction of hypospadias among pediatric urologists. Methods An email was sent via the pedsurology research listserv through the American Academy of Pediatrics, inviting members to participate in an anonymous survey regarding their use of preoperative testosterone in hypospadias correction. Results Twenty-seven responses were obtained for a response rate of 53%. Almost all responders practiced in North America, had exclusively pediatric patients in their practice, and had been in practice for 30 years or less. 55% were classified as high-volume surgeons, completing >50 cases yearly, 87% of whom use preoperative androgen therapy currently, compared with 67% of low-volume surgeons. Testosterone was prescribed primarily for a small appearing penis, reduced glans circumference, reduced urethral plate width, and/or proximal hypospadias. The effect of testosterone was determined primarily by evaluating penile appearance (59%). However, the majority (56%) of physicians stopped giving testosterone when they completed a predetermined regimen. Conclusions While many pediatric urologists use testosterone prior to hypospadias repair, the practice patterns are variable. It appears that the use of testosterone is primarily limited to patients with proximal hypospadias, small appearing penis, reduced glans circumference or reduced urethral plate.
A resorbable calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite hydrogel composite for osseous regeneration

It was previously discovered that the unique structure and chemistry of bacterial cellulose (BC) permits the formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CdHAP) nanocrystallites under aqueous conditions at ambient pH and temperature. In this study, BC was chemically modified via a limited periodate oxidation reaction to render the composite degradable and thus more suitable for bone regeneration. While native BC does not degrade in mammalian systems, periodate oxidation yields dialdehyde cellulose which breaks down at physiological pH. The composite was characterized by tensile testing, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction showed that oxidized BC retains its structure and could biomimetically form CdHAP. Degradation behavior was analyzed by incubating the samples in simulated physiological fluid (pH 7.4) at 37 °C under static and dynamic conditions. The oxidized BC and oxidized BC-CdHAP composites both lost significant mass after exposure to the simulated physiological environment. Examination of the incubation solutions by UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that, while native BC released only small amounts of soluble cellulose fragments, oxidized cellulose releases carbonyl containing degradation products as well as soluble cellulose fragments. By entrapping CdHAP in a degradable hydrogel carrier, this composite should elicit bone regeneration then resorb over time to be replaced by new osseous tissue.
A test of the Olson circumplex model : examining its curvilinear assumption and the presence of extreme types

The debate over the usefulness of different family models continues. Recent attention has been paid to comparisons between the Olson Circumplex Model and the Beavers Systems Model. The present study seeks to contribute evidence that bears directly upon one of the most fundamental points of controversy surrounding the Olson model--the linear versus curvilinear nature of the cohesion and adaptability dimensions. A further contribution is an examination of the actual occurrence of the Circumplex Model's extreme types in a clinical population.
Ultrasonic electrostatic actuators on a flexible substrate

We present a MEMS-based electrostatic actuator on a flexible substrate, made of Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), which emits acoustic waves at ultrasonic frequencies, aiming for an ultrasound microdevice for equipment inspection. The actuator has a suspended diaphragm, made of parylene, of 2–6 mm diameter and a 6 μm gap between the diaphragm and substrate. A single actuator emits ultrasonic waves at 25 kHz, and pressure of 27 dB SPL (sound pressure level) and a 1 × 2 array emits up to 34.6 dB SPL at 1 cm distance.
Nitrogen cycling between sediment and the shallow-water column in the transition zone of the Potomac River and estuary. I. Nitrate and ammonium fluxes

A three-year study of seasonal variation in water-column and sediment nitrogen species was conducted in the transition zone of the Potomac River 35 m from the Virginia shore at a site with an average water-column depth of approximately 1 m over sandy sediment. A diffusion-controlled sampler was used to collect water samples from the water column, at the interface between the water column and sediment, and at several tens of centimeters into the sediment. Nitrate was the predominant dissolved nitrogen species in the water column. The importance of denitrification was inferred by nitrate fluxes which were directed into the sediment from the water column during approximately 75% of the sampling periods and ranged from 0·02 to 0·69 mmol m−2 day−1. Flux of nitrate from the sediment into the water column, ⩾0·1 mmol m−2 day−1, due possibly to nitrification in surficial sediment, occurred during one spring and two summer sampling periods. Ammonium fluxes were less than 0·1 mmol m−2 day−1 during 90% of the sampling periods. Of the ammonium fluxes that were >0·05 mmol m−2 day−1, all were fluxes into the sediment during sampling periods when sediment resuspension occurred, and all were into the water column during periods of calm. The mean value of ammonium flux (0·005 ± 0·05 mmol m−2 day−1) from the sandy, shallow-water sediments was two orders of magnitude less than the ammonium fluxes from the deeper, silty channel sediments in the same reach of the river. Diffusive flux calculations suggest that approximately one order of magnitude more nitrate than ammonium is cycled between the shallow-water column and the sandy sediment in the transition zone of the Potomac River.
Comparison of SPME Methods for Determining Volatile Compounds in Milk, Cheese, and Whey Powder

Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) are commonly used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile compounds in various dairy products, but conditions have to be adjusted to maximize release while not generating new compounds that are absent in the original sample. Queso Fresco, a fresh non-melting cheese, may be heated at 60 °C for 30 min; in contrast, compounds are produced in milk when exposed to light and elevated temperatures, so milk samples are heated as little as possible. Products such as dehydrated whey protein are more stable and can be exposed to longer periods (60 min) of warming at lower temperature (40 °C) without decomposition, allowing for capture and analysis of many minor components. The techniques for determining the volatiles in dairy products by SPME and GC-MS have to be optimized to produce reliable results with minimal modifications and analysis times.
Molecular and phenotypic variation in the achaete-scute region of Drosophila melanogaster

Variation in quantitative characters underlies much adaptive evolution and provides the basis for selective improvement of domestic species, yet the genetic nature of quantitative variation is poorly understood. Many loci affecting quantitative traits have been identified by the segregation of mutant alleles with major qualitative effects. These alleles may represent an extreme of a continuum of allelic effects, and most quantitative variation could result from the segregation of alleles with subtle effects at loci identified by alleles with major effects. The achaete-scute complex in Drosophila melanogaster plays a central part in bristle development and has been characterized at the molecular level. The hypothesis that naturally occurring quantitative variation in bristle number could be associated with wild-type alleles of achaete-scute was tested by correlating phenotypic variation in bristle number with molecular variation in restriction maps in this region among chromosomes extracted from natural populations. DNA insertion variation in the achaete-scute region was found to be strongly associated with variation in bristle number.
Skin sulfhydryl oxidase. Purification and some properties.

A sulfhydryl-oxidizing enzyme has been found in skin of young rats and a method for purifying the enzyme over 600-fold has been developed. Enzymatic activity was assayed either by its ability to oxidize dithiothreitol or by measuring its ability to renature reductively denatured ribonuclease A. Skin sulfhydryl oxidase catalyzed the oxidation of various thiols: dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol, d-penicillamine, and l-cysteine. Glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol were very poor substrates for the enzyme. The enzyme also reactivated reductively denatured ribonuclease A, with neither the presence of a thiol nor prior reduction of the enzyme being necessary. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 66 000 ± 2000, and the isoelectric point was determined to be at pH 4.65. Alkylating reagents alone had some inhibiting effect on skin sulfhydryl oxidase; when the enzyme was preincubated with thiols which were substrates, inhibition by alkylating reagents was greatly increased. After preincubation with dithiothreitol, treatment of the enzyme with alkylating reagents or N-ethylmaleimide caused significant inhibition; preincubation with a poor substrate, reduced glutathione, did not enhance inhibition by alkylating reagents or N-ethylmaleimide.
Low Temperature Wurtz-Type Polymerization of Substituted Dichlorosilanes.

We have studied the heterogeneous Wurtz-type polymerization of a number of substituted dichlorosilanes at low temperatures as a function of solvent, metal reductant, reaction temperature, reagent stoichiometry, and additives. At 65°C, aryl dichlorosilanes rapidly produce polymer while dialkyl substituted monomers do not in the absence of additives. While the rate of polymerization of the former is relatively insensitive to steric effects, it is greatly reduced by the presence of electron donating substituents. Reaction temperature is an important variable with higher temperatures producing lower yields of multimodal products. At 65°C substituted dichlorosilanes produce high molecular weight products at low monomer conversions independent of reagent stoichiometry in a manner more consistent with a chain growth process. Polymerization in the presence of potential hydrogen donating solvents and additives produced no evidence for hydrogen atom chain transfer which would be expected if trappable silyl radicals are intermediates. The evidence is more consistent with silyl anions rather than silyl radicals as the propagating species in the heterogeneous polymerization.
Higher First Amendment Hurdles for Public Health Regulation

The Supreme Court's recent ruling that drug marketing using prescriber-identifiable prescription data is protected speech under the First Amendment raises serious questions for some public health rules and the regulation of drug marketing.
Submarine tumuli and inflated tube-fed lava flows on Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

A seafloor lava field was mapped within the summit caldera of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, using SeaMARC I sidescan sonor and submersible observations. By analogy with similar subaerial features, we infer that several volcanic seafloor features here formed by the process of lava flow inflation. Flow inflation occurs within tube-fed lava flows when lava continues to be supplied to the interior of a flow that has ceased advancing, thus uplifting the flow's rigid surface and creating a suite of characteristic surface structures. Inflated lavas require a feeder lava tube or tube system connected to a remote lava source, and therefore we infer that inflated submarine lava flows contain lava tubes. Inflated flow features identified from sidescan sonar images elsewhere on Axial Volcano and within the axial valley of the southern Juan de Fuca ridge suggest that flow inflation is a widespread submarine volcanic process.
K-Ar dating: Incomplete extraction of radiogenic argon from alkali feldspar

Abstract Complete recovery of radiogenic argon from high-temperature alkali feldspars is more difficult than is commonly believed. At a temperature sufficiently high for quantitative release of Ar from biotites and hornblendes, as much as 15% of the radiogenic Ar can remain trapped in the melt of an alkali feldspar sample. Feldspar melts at a higher temperature than biotite or hornblende and lacks structural volatiles which act to flush Ar from a viscous melt. Thus, even for extractions at 1670° C for 40 min., a small but measurable amount (usually less than 2% of total) remains behind. Although this quantity of residual gas may be marginally within analytical error, its presence can be detected readily by remelting an extracted sample together with Recent basalt. For routine analyses a recommended procedure is to melt feldspar and basalt together at 1670° C or higher. It is clear that inadequate experimental conditions rather than diffusive loss of radiogenic Ar can be responsible for some erroneously young feldspar ages.
Characterization of fibres using kerosene and mercury displacement densities

Analyse theorique de la grandeur des erreurs observees dans la determination de la porosite des fibres de carbone par pycnometrie et deplacement du mercure et du kerosene
Thermal conductivity of potassium blue bronze in the non-ohmic regime

Abstract The thermal conductivity of the charge-density-wave (CDW) system potassium blue bronze has been measured and found to be, within 2% uncertainty, independent of applied electric fields (E) up to 6 times the threshold field. The thermopower S(E) has also been evaluated and its field dependence is significantly weaker than that of orthorhombic TaS 3 .
Age differences in the phenomenology of pediatric bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background The primary purpose of this study was to explore whether age differences in the phenomenology of bipolar disorders from 4 to 17 years of age exist. Methods Outcome measures included questionnaires pertaining to mood symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and family history of psychiatric illness. Phenomenology was examined in two diagnostic groups: syndromal bipolar disorder (bipolar I or II) and subsyndromal bipolar disorder (bipolar disorder not otherwise specified or cyclothymia) and across six age cohorts: 4–6, 7–8, 9–10, 11–13, and 14–17 years. Analyses examined linear and non-linear age effects on clinician-rated measures of mood and psychosocial functioning. Results Participants were 535 outpatients (339 males) ages 4–17 years. The proportion diagnosed with comorbid ADHD was significantly lower in the oldest age group. Age groups showed significant moderate decreases in motor activity, aggression, and irritability with age. Many symptoms of depression showed significant increases with age. BP I cases showed much higher manic symptoms, and BP I and BP II cases indicated slightly to moderately higher depressive symptoms, compared to subsyndromal cases. These patterns held after adjusting for comorbid ADHD, and age did not interact with syndrome status. There were also age differences in total scores for measures of mood symptoms and psychosocial functioning. Limitations Mood ratings were completed based on the same interview that informed the research diagnoses. Also, mood episode at time of interview was not captured. Conclusions These findings affirm the existence of bipolar disorder from pre-school children through adolescence, with a similar clinical presentation across a wide developmental age span.
Self adjusting weights for hardware neural networks

A neural network which has digitally stored self adjusting weights is presented. It is suitable for implementation in integrated circuits.
Matrix Protein–Specific Regulation of Cx43 Expression in Cardiac Myocytes Subjected to Mechanical Load

To elucidate mechanisms responsible for mechanotransduction in the heart and define the effects of remodeling of the extracellular matrix, we cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes on native type I collagen, fibronectin, or denatured collagen and subjected them to uniaxial, pulsatile stretch. Changes in expression of the cardiac gap junction protein, Cx43, were measured by confocal microscopy and immunoblotting. Cells grown on fibronectin or denatured collagen exhibited significantly greater Cx43 expression than cells grown on native collagen. Stretch induced a ≈2-fold increase in Cx43 expression in cells grown on native collagen but no increase in cells grown on fibronectin or denatured collagen. Incubation of cells on native collagen with a peptide containing the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif upregulated Cx43 expression equivalent to that induced by stretch. Nonselective activation of integrin signaling with MnCl 2 also upregulated Cx43 expression in cells grown on native collagen. This effect was blocked completely by pretreatment with anti-β 1 integrin antibody but not by anti-β 3 integrin antibody. Stretch led to a marked increase in β 1 integrin immunofluorescent signal in cells grown on native collagen but not in cells grown on fibronectin or denatured collagen. Stretch-induced upregulation of Cx43 was also blocked by anti-β 1 integrin antibody. Thus, matrix protein-myocyte interactions regulate Cx43 expression via β 1 integrin signaling initiated by mechanical stimulation in cells grown on native type I collagen, or by RGD-integrin signaling independent of mechanical stress in cells grown on fibronectin or denatured collagen. Changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix may affect electrical coupling in cardiac myocytes.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Geriatric Patients

Medications to treat lower urinary tract dysfunction in older adults are selected to alter specific physiologic parameters. Pharmacotherapy alone results in modest clinical improvement. Because of the high prevalence of adverse drug reactions and polypharmacy in the geriatric population, medication should be used for those conditions that do not respond sufficiently to behavioral therapy. For stress incontinence, medications with alpha-adrenergic agonist properties are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy because they increase outlet resistance. Pharmacotherapy of urinary frequency and urge incontinence aims to decrease detrusor irritability and increase bladder capacity by inhibiting cholinergic stimulation of the bladder. In addition to these medications, in postmenopausal women, estrogen seems to have an additive effect for both urge and stress incontinence. More randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trials are needed that compare various pharmacologic agents and combinations, as well as pharmacotherapy with other forms of treatment for lower urinary tract dysfunction.
Mathematical biophysics of growth

The rate of growth of a tissue is studied mathematically in its dependence on the metabolism of the cells. A high glycolytic coefficient, which facilitates cell division, as has been shown before, does in this way also increase indirectly the rate of growth of the tissue. There is however also a possible direct effect of glycolysis on the rate of growth, which is also studied analytically. Equations are derived, giving the total rate of growth of a tissue in its dependence on the glycolytic coefficient.
Direct measurement of doping density and barrier lowering effect with bias in quantum wells

An experimental method for determining the doping density in thin-sheet semiconductor material such as quantum wells (QWs) is demonstrated in GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum-well infra-red photodetectors. The results agree very well with the conventional Hall measurement method. Barrier lowering effect with bias in QWs is determined experimentally.
The treatment of acute selenium, cadmium, and tungsten intoxication in rats with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate.

Abstract 1. 1. CaNa 2 EDTA was found to increase the tolerance of rats to selenium administered istered intramuscularly as sodium selenite. At a dose 40% higher than the survival dose-50 (SD 50 ), treatment must be instituted within 15 minutes after the administration of the selenite. 2. 2. CaNa 2 EDTA was found to be an effective antidote in acute cadmium intoxication caused by administration of cadmium chloride intramuscularly in rats. The nonprotein nitrogen determinations of the blood of treated animals was found to be in the normal range after 96 hours. 3. 3. It has been demonstrated that CaNa 2 EDTA is an effective antidote in acute poisoning caused by the intramuscular administration of toxic doses of sodium tungstate in rats.
Josephus' Version of Samson

It has long been known that many of the homiletic expositions of Scripture known as midrashim are lost and are to be sought for in non-rabbinic writings. Many of them may be recovered in such works as the Septuagint; in Pseudepigraphic works such as the Books of Enoch, Jubilees, the Syrian Apocalypse of Baruch, and IV Esdras; in historians (extant in fragmentary form) such as Demetrius, Pseudo Hecataeus, Eupolemus, Pseudo-Eupolemus, Artapanus, Aristeas, Cleodemus-Malchus, and Thallus; in poets (likewise extant only in fragments), such as Philo the Elder, Theodotus, and Ezekiel the tragedian; in Philo; in the New Testament; in Pseudo-Philo1s Biblical Antiquities; in writings found in the Dead Sea caves, particularly the Genesis Apocryphon; in Josephus; in such Latin Church Fathers as Tertullian and Jerome; in such Greek Church Fathers as Origen; and in such Syriac Fathers as Aphrahat and Ephrem. Rene'e Bloch and Geza Vermes^ have, through sample studies, attempted to explain differences among these midrashim by postulating a continuous and interconnected midrashic tradition and by tracing the historical development of this tradition. It is here pro posed to contribute to the explanation of these differences in midrashic exposition by presenting a supplementary theory, at least so far as Josephus^ is concerned, namely that he has placed his personal Hellenized imprint on the Biblical narrative, and that his portrait is strongly influenced by his concern for defending the Jews against anti-Semitic charges. In the example here chosen, that of Samson, we shall see that the very characteristics which distinguish Josephus' account from the rabbinic expositions — possessed of the four cardinal virtues, and with increased erotic, heroic, and dramatic interest and decreased magical and divine interest — are typically Josephan־^ rather than a stage in the historical development of the midrashic tradi tion. On the other hand, the rabbinic midrashim are con cerned with word play, with the divine and the miraculous, and with the deflation of the heroic stature of Samson,
Thyroglossal duct carcinoma: report of 12 cases.

Objective To report the relative frequency, natural history, and optimal treatment of thyroglossal duct (TGD) carcinoma. Design We retrospectively reviewed all cases of TGD carcinoma surgically treated during a 44-year period at a tertiary referral center. Material and Methods The computerized medical records database at Mayo Clinic Rochester was searched for patients who had the diagnosis of TGD carcinoma or TGD cyst carcinoma from 1950 through 1994. Medical records and pathologic specimens of these patients were reviewed. Results Twelve patients (six male and six female patients), who were 17 to 60 years old (mean, 40), were identified. The frequency of TGD carcinoma among surgically removed TGD cysts was 0.7%. A midline upper neck mass was the initial symptom in all patients. The diagnosis of cancer was made after the Sistrunk procedure in 11 of 12 cases and preoperatively (by fine-needle aspiration biopsy) in only 1 case. All patients had papillary carcinoma. Thyroid involvement was noted in three cases. Nine patients had subtotal or near-total thyroidectomy, and three received postoperative radioactive iodine. After a mean follow-up of 13 years (range, 1 to 38), no patient had a documented local recurrence or distant metastatic involvement, and no tumor-associated mortality was observed. Conclusion TGD carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor that is usually diagnosed postoperatively. Papillary carcinoma is the most common pathologic finding. The recommended treatment is the Sistrunk procedure followed by near-total or total thyroidectomy by a skilled thyroid surgeon because of the possibility of intrathyroidal foci of cancer. The prognosis is excellent in patients with papillary tumor.
Exponential Convergence for a System of Conuclear Space-Valued Diffusions with Mean-Field Interaction

We consider an interacting system of n diffusion processes Xnj(t): t∈[0,1] , j=1,2,. . ., n , taking values in a conuclear space Φ' . Let ζnt=(1/n)Σnj=1δXnj(t) be the empirical process. It has been proved that ζn , as n→∞ , converges to a deterministic measure-valued process which is the unique solution of a nonlinear differential equation. In this paper we show that, under suitable conditions, ζn converges to ζ at an exponential rate.
N-[(aryl substitute adamantane)alkyl] 2-mercaptoacetamidines,their corresponding disulfides and 5-phosphorothioates

Abstract Syntheses of a number of (aryl substituted adamantane)alkylamines are described. (1-Aryl-2-adamantane) methyl- and ethylamines were prepared in good yields from 4-protoadamantanone. In another sequence, 4-epoxymethyleneprotoadamantane was converted to 1- amino-2-(2-phenyl-1-adaman-tyl) ethane. P -(l-Adamantane)benzyl- and henethylamines were synthesized from l-( P -bromophenyl)adamantane and 1-( P -tolyl)adamantane, respectively. Reaction of hydroacetonitrile with the above amines furnished N-substituted 2-chloroacetamidine hydrochlorides, which were the precursors of 2-mercaptoacetamidines and related derivatives.
Academics versus service: Balancing competing missions in laboratory schools offering full‐day programming

Abstract Laboratory schools play an important role in furthering the study of child development and education. Budget cutbacks at universities have threatened the existence of many lab schools, and a growing number are expanding to full‐day programming to develop more consistent sources of funding. As lab schools evolve we must consider how they can best sustain their teaching, research, and outreach missions while managing increased service demands. This article explores one lab school's struggle with balancing academic and service missions while moving to full‐day programming and the lessons learned in the process. Implications for other expanding lab school programs are discussed.
Fate of high loads of ammonia in a pond and wetland downstream from a hazardous waste disposal site.

Abstract Halls Brook (eastern Massachusetts, USA) is a significant source of total dissolved ammonia (sum of NH 3 and NH 4 + ; (NH 3 ) T ) to the Aberjona River, a water body listed for NH 3 impairment on the Clean Water Act §303(d) list. We hypothesized (1) that (NH 3 ) T in Halls Brook derived from a hazardous waste site via groundwater discharging to a two-basin pond that feeds the brook; and (2) that transport of (NH 3 ) T to the Aberjona River was controlled by lacustrine and wetland processes. To test these hypotheses we measured (NH 3 ) T levels in the brook, the pond, and a wetlands directly downstream of the pond during both dry and wet weather over a ten month period. In addition, we analyzed sediment cores and nitrogen isotopes, and performed mass balance calculations. Groundwater discharge from beneath the hazardous waste site was the major source of (NH 3 ) T (20–67 kg d −1 ) and salinity to the north basin of the pond. The salty bottom waters of the north basin were anoxic on all sampling dates, and exhibited relatively stable (NH 3 ) T concentrations between 200 and 600 mg N l −1 . These levels were >100-times higher than typical background levels, and 8–24-times above the acute effects level for (NH 3 ) T toxicity. Bottom waters from the north basin continuously spill over into the south basin contributing ∼50% of the (NH 3 ) T load entering this basin. The remainder comes from Halls Brook, which receives (NH 3 ) T loadings from as yet unknown sources upstream. During storm events up to 50% of the mass of (NH 3 ) T was flushed from the south basin and into the wetlands. The wetlands acted as a (NH 3 ) T sink in dry weather in the growing season and a discharge-dependent (NH 3 ) T source to the Aberjona River during rainstorms.
A Description of Summer and Winter Environmental Conditions within Cook Inlet, Alaska

In spite of severe environmental conditions, successful oil exploration, production and shipping have occurred in Cook Inlet for over 30 years. This paper combines the results of an extensive literature search as well as the results of a continuing study of the winter ice conditions in Cook inlet to describe the summer and winter environment of Cook Inlet. Cook Inlet, located in south-central Alaska, is unique in that it has a very high suspended sediment load, high tides (10 m), a moderate snow fall and an air freezing index of 1400 C° days per year. These conditions combine to cause low visibility, extreme tidal currents (8 kts) and unique modes of ice generation within the intet. The major mode of formation of floating ice is identified as slush ice formation. The slush then coalesces in the turbulent waters to form various ice features. Ice features with depths greater than two meters that formed in less than seven days are described. Ice buildup on shore based structures results in significant downward and upward vertical forces as well as potential horizontal forces. Information summarized in this paper will be useful when analyzing tidal currents and ice forces on offshore and nearshore structures. Information regarding tidal currents and ice conditions within the inlet will also be beneficial in the avoidance of or cleanup of product spills in the inlet.
The pinch effect in pulsed streams at relativistic energies

Using a recently developed machine, 3.5 MV electrons in 30,000 A, 30 nsec pulses diverging at a half-angle of 5° have been projected through a 2 cm diameter area of 0.05 mn metal foil and upon the end of a 50,000 A linear pinch discharge in argon. The self-magnetic fields of the linear discharge and of the injected beam pinch the relativistic beam and deliver the 3000 joules of pulse energy to a 0.6 cm diameter spot on a metal target on the far end of the pinch tube at distances of more than 160 cm. The reverse current induced in the ionized linear pinch column by the passage of the relativistic pulse is equal or nearly equal and opposite to the injected current, as anticipated theoretically, and the reduction in radius due to the pinch effect also agrees with theory.
Genetics of food allergy.

Allergic reactions to foods are an important medical problem throughout the industrialized world. The occurrence of food allergy appears to be strongly in.uenced by genetics, but the basis of the genetic predisposition to food allergy has not been differentiated from that for atopy in general. In addition, genetic susceptibility alone does not explain the prevalence of food allergy satisfactorily, leaving ample room to consider the importance of environmental in.uences (external, maternal, and gastrointestinal environment) and interactions between the host and the environment. Several features of food allergy are highlighted in this review: 1) patients with severe food allergies are overwhelmingly atopic, but food allergy occurs only in approximately 10% of patients with other atopic diseases; 2) most patients are clinically reactive to a single food, and although a substantial minority have multiple food allergies, the variety of bonefide food allergies in a given individual is limited; 3) foods contain multiple proteins whereas only a small subset are allergenic; 4) there is likely an important contribution of the environment, becoming manifest in genetically susceptible individuals.
Test-retest reliability of the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness.

This study investigated the test-retest stability of the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness. 54 nonclinical and 46 clinical subjects were administered the Index on two occasions 4 wk. apart. Test-retest correlation coefficients were calculated separately and together. The results evidenced high test-retest reliability. Correlation coefficients were .88 for nonclinical subjects and .83 for clinical subjects with an over-all test-retest reliability of .85 for all 100 subjects.
Relation Between Obesity and Blunted Striatal Response to Food Is Moderated by TaqIA A1 Allele

The dorsal striatum plays a role in consummatory food reward, and striatal dopamine receptors are reduced in obese individuals, relative to lean individuals, which suggests that the striatum and dopaminergic signaling in the striatum may contribute to the development of obesity. Thus, we tested whether striatal activation in response to food intake is related to current and future increases in body mass and whether these relations are moderated by the presence of the A1 allele of the TaqIA restriction fragment length polymorphism, which is associated with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene binding in the striatum and compromised striatal dopamine signaling. Cross-sectional and prospective data from two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies support these hypotheses, which implies that individuals may overeat to compensate for a hypofunctioning dorsal striatum, particularly those with genetic polymorphisms thought to attenuate dopamine signaling in this region.
Bug Distribution and Statistical Pattern Classification.

A model (called the rule space model) which permits measuring cognitive skill acquisition, diagnosing cognitive errors, detecting the weaknesses and strengths of knowledge possessed by individuals was introduced earlier. This study further discusses the theoretical foundation of the model by introducing “bug distribution” and hypothesis testing (Bayes' decision rules for minimum errors) for classifying subjects into their most plausible latent state of knowledge. The model is illustrated with the domain of fraction arithmetic and compared with the results obtained from a conventional artificial intelligence approach.
Culture, Development, and Diversity: Expectable Pluralism, Conflict, and Similarity

Abstract Cultural values and scripts for parenting can be inconsistent, producing intrapsychic and cultural conflict. For example, many middle-class U.S. parents encourage independence, self-reliance, and autonomy in children, yet also encourage children to seek out help and look for attention from adults. Parents respond with egoistic recognition of children's achievements—a set of contradictions that lead to dependency conflicts. Another example of conflicting goals and fears for many U.S. parents is bedsharing with children. Parents hold strong beliefs about the importance of bedsharing and its positive or negative outcomes; their beliefs are important to their identity and beliefs about good outcomes for their children, even where actual impacts of bedsharing on children show no strong differences. At the same time, if enough features of the cultural learning environment are similar, outcomes of childrearing practices will be reasonably similar and consistent within a community. These examples suggest that conflict, diversity, and pluralism are expectable within and across communities, but also that shared cultural learning environments will simultaneously encourage similarity. In this article, I present empirical examples of these processes, some of which organize diversity to produce consensus, whereas others produce intrapsychic, intersubjective, and cross-cultural conflict. [cultural pluralism, conflict, cultural learning environment, dependency conflict, bedsharing]
Assessing Parameter Identifiability in Phylogenetic Models Using Data Cloning

The success of model-based methods in phylogenetics has motivated much research aimed at generating new, biologically informative models. This new computer-intensive approach to phylogenetics demands validation studies and sound measures of performance. To date there has been little practical guidance available as to when and why the parameters in a particular model can be identified reliably. Here, we illustrate how Data Cloning (DC), a recently developed methodology to compute the maximum likelihood estimates along with their asymptotic variance, can be used to diagnose structural parameter nonidentifiability (NI) and distinguish it from other parameter estimability problems, including when parameters are structurally identifiable, but are not estimable in a given data set (INE), and when parameters are identifiable, and estimable, but only weakly so (WE). The application of the DC theorem uses well-known and widely used Bayesian computational techniques. With the DC approach, practitioners can use Bayesian phylogenetics software to diagnose nonidentifiability. Theoreticians and practitioners alike now have a powerful, yet simple tool to detect nonidentifiability while investigating complex modeling scenarios, where getting closed-form expressions in a probabilistic study is complicated. Furthermore, here we also show how DC can be used as a tool to examine and eliminate the influence of the priors, in particular if the process of prior elicitation is not straightforward. Finally, when applied to phylogenetic inference, DC can be used to study at least two important statistical questions: assessing identifiability of discrete parameters, like the tree topology, and developing efficient sampling methods for computationally expensive posterior densities.
The Role of TGFβ Signaling in Wound Epithelialization

Significance: Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) has a crucial role in maintaining skin homeostasis. TGFβ signaling is important for re-epithelialization, inflammation, angiogenesis, and granulation tissue formation during wound healing. This review will discuss the most important findings regarding the role of TGFβ in epidermal maintenance and its restoration after injury. Recent Advances: Latest findings on the role of TGFβ signaling in normal and impaired wound healing, including the role of TGFβ pathway in tissue regeneration observed in super-healer animal models, will be reviewed. Critical Issues: The TGFβ pathway is attenuated in nonhealing wounds. Observed suppression of TGFβ signaling in chronic ulcers may contribute to the loss of tissue homeostasis and the inability of keratinocytes to migrate and close a wound. Future Directions: A better understanding of TGFβ signaling may provide new insights not only in the normal epithelialization process, but also in tissue regeneration. Future studies f...
Experimental evaluations of the Twiddler one-handed chording mobile keyboard

The HandyKey TwiddlerTM is a one-handed chording mobile keyboard that employs a 3 × 4 button design, similar to that of a standard mobile telephone. We present a longitudinal study of novice users' learning rates on the Twiddler. Ten participants typed for 20 sessions using 2 different text entry methods. Each session was composed of 20 min of typing with multitap and 20 min of one-handed chording on the Twiddler.We found that users initially had a faster average typing rate with multitap; however, after 4 sessions the difference became negligible, and by the 8th session participants typed faster with chording on the Twiddler. Five participants continued our study and achieved an average rate of 47 words per minute (wpm) after approximately 25 hr of practice in varying conditions. One participant achieved an average rate of 67 wpm, equivalent to the typing rate of the 2nd author, who has been a Twiddler user for 10 years.We analyze the effects of learning on various aspects of chording, provide evidence that lack of visual feedback does not hinder expert typing speed, and examine the potential use of multicharacter chords (MCCs) to increase text entry speed. Finally, we explore improving novice user's experience with the Twiddler through the use of a chording tutorial.
Sequence Alignment with Traceback on Reconfigurable Hardware

Biological sequence alignment is an essential tool used in molecular biology and biomedical applications. The growing volume of genetic data and the complexity of sequence alignment present a challenge in obtaining alignment results in a timely manner. Known methods to accelerate alignment on reconfigurable hardware only address sequence comparison, limit the sequence length, or exhibit memory and I/O bottlenecks. A space-efficient, global sequence alignment algorithm and architecture is presented that accelerates the forward scan and traceback in hardware without memory and I/O limitations. With 256 processing elements in FPGA technology, a performance gain over 300 times that of a desktop computer is demonstrated on sequence lengths of 16000. For greater performance, the architecture is scalable to more processing elements.
Histomorphometric Measurements of Bone Turnover, Mineralization, and Volume

A recent Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes report suggested that bone biopsies in patients with chronic kidney disease should be characterized by determining bone turnover, mineralization, and volume. This article focuses on the calculations and interpretation of these measurements. In most cases of renal osteodystrophy, the bone formation rate is roughly similar to the bone resorption rate; therefore, the bone formation indices can be used to describe turnover. It is important to remember that these conventions will not apply in some situations. Activation frequency should not be confused with bone formation rate or bone metabolic unit birth rate. Abnormal mineralization can be described using the osteoid volume, increased osteoid maturation time, or increased mineralization lag time. The concept of bone volume is the easiest to understand, but there is a large error from one biopsy to the next in the same person. There are some difficulties with each of the measurements, and further research in patients with chronic kidney must be done to enable a consensus to be reached about cut points to define categories within the spectrum of renal osteodystrophy and how to evaluate treatment responses.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PERMEABILITY OF NUCLEAR MEMBRANES

The fine structures of nuclear envelopes known to have different permeability properties were compared. Membranes of salivary gland cell nuclei of Drosophila (third instar) and Chironomus (prepupae), which are strong barriers to ion diffusion, and membranes of oocyte nuclei (germinal vesicle) of Xenopus and Triturus , which are much more ion-permeable, show no essential difference in size, frequency, and distribution of their membrane gaps ("pores") which could account for the marked disparities in membrane permeability. The gaps are occupied by diffuse electron-opaque material with occasional central regions of strong opacity. This material may possibly account for the high diffusion resistance of Drosophila and Chironomus nuclear envelopes, where the resistance is far too great to allow free diffusion through the gaps. But material of this kind is also present in the more permeable nuclear envelopes of Xenopus and Triturus oocytes, and there are no convincing structural differences discernible with the techniques employed.
PERCUTANEOUS ACCESS TO UPPER POLE RENAL STONES: ROLE OF PRONE 3-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY IN INSPIRATORY AND EXPIRATORY PHASES

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the role of noncontrast, prone position, inspiratory and expiratory 3-dimensional spiral computerized tomography (PIE-CT) for preoperative planning of percutaneous treatment in patients with complex upper pole renal calculi.Materials and Methods: In this pilot study a total of 6 renal units in 4 women and 1 man with complex upper pole calculi who were candidates for percutaneous nephrolithotomy were evaluated with thin section PIE-CT. With the patient imaged in the prone position percutaneous access was simulated under 4 potential access conditions, including subcostal and intercostal, in inspiration and expiration. Each potential access was then deemed transpleural or extrapleural and minimally angulated or severely angulated cephalad.Results: PIE-CT was performed uneventfully in all patients. Ideal nonangulated extrapleural percutaneous access was deemed possible in 5 of 6 renal units. However, inspiratory plus expiratory phases were necessary to identify the most suitable ...