cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical solutions of Navier-Stokes equations with an integrated compartment method (ICM).

The most common numerical methods that are used by physical scientists to approximate partial differential equations employ finite differences and/or finite elements. In addition, compartment analyses have been adopted by ecological system analysts to simulate the evolution of processes governed by differential equations without spatial derivatives. An integrated compartment method (ICM) is proposed to combine the merits of these three numerical techniques. The basic procedures of the ICM are first to discretize the region of interest into compartments, then to apply three integral theorems of vectors to transform the volume integral to the surface integral, and finally to use interpolation to relate the interfacial values in terms of compartment values to close the system. These procedures are applied to the Navier-Stokes equations to yield the computational algorithm from which computer programs can be coded. The computer code is designed to solve one-, two-, or three-dimensional problems as desired. The program is applied to two simple cases: wake formation behind an obstacle in a channel and circulatory motion of a body of fluid in the square cavity. These preliminary applications have shown promising results.
On cooperative transmission range extension in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks

Range extension is a promising feature offered by cooperative transmission (CT), also known as virtual multiple-input-single-output (VMISO). Many authors have considered how the diversity and array gains from CT may benefit a wireless multi-hop network, when the gains are used for increasing link reliability and reducing transmit power. However, relatively less attention has been given to the benefits of CT range extension and few testbed implementations of CT have been demonstrated. In this paper, we focus on how CT range extension can impact the lower three layers, especially medium access control (MAC) and routing for ad hoc and sensor multi-hop networks (AHSMNs). We assume cooperators decode and forward the packets. Various analytical models, performance analyses, and experimental results using software-defined radios in an indoor office environment are discussed. For wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we review CT range extension at the network layer, to eliminate the energy hole that forms around sink nodes in non-CT networks, and we review cooperator selection and duty cycle scheduling algorithms at Layer 2, to maximize the lifetime of a multi-hop WSN. For ad hoc networks, we emphasize a family of lightweight broadcasting and unicasting protocols based on a simple form of CT called the opportunistic large array (OLA). Experimental results, including OLA-based unicast routing and diversity order effects in two-hop CT networks, are discussed.
Arctic margin gravity highs remain puzzling

Many passive continental margins, particularly in the Arctic (Figures 1 and 2), are festooned by chains of elongate positive gravity anomalies overlying, in part, marginal oceanic crust. To this day, no simple unifying explanation has emerged to account for these highs. Variously modeled by mantle doming, crustal thinning, dense crust, basement rises, postbreakup sediment depocenters, and topographic effects, these anomalies epitomize nonuniqueness in geophysical inversion. It seems unlikely that all the highs share a common origin, but it seems even more unlikely that many disparate processes produce gravity anomalies so similar to each other. Upon consideration of several hypotheses, a phase change explanation seems the most plausible for Arctic margin gravity highs (AMGHs). The better studied highs are spatially correlated with sediment depocenters (Figure 2), which however by themselves account for only a fraction of the gravity anomalies (for example, Figure 3). Thus, a reason has to be found as to why dense or thinned oceanic crust (or dense mantle) is found underneath sediment loads. Essentially, the phase change explanation relies on the added lithostatic pressure under sediment piles to “densify” some of the buried oceanic crust, for example, by conversion to garnet granulite or even eclogite [Neugebauer and Spohn, 1981 ]. More well-designed seismic experiments are needed, however, to delineate the velocity (and hence density) structure of the underlying crust to verify the depocentermascon association and test the phase change hypothesis and others discussed below.
Facts, Values and Prison Policies A Commentary on Zimring and Tonry

This article calls attention to the tendency of liberal criminologists to mix facts and values when assessing sentencing policies. It argues that an objective methodology for ranking countries with respect to sentencing severity has yet to be developed and urges caution and clarification in making moral criticisms of US sentencing policy and imprisonment rates.
Photodefinable Epoxycyclohexyl Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane

A photodefinable dielectric was developed using epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and a photocatalyst. POSS is a hybrid organic/inorganic dielectric which has favorable mechanical and chemical stability for use as a permanent dielectric in microfabrication. Sharp, 10 μm wide features were formed from POSS using 365 nm radiation. The optical contrast was 1.51. POSS films were thermally stable to 350°C and demonstrated chemical stability in a variety of solvents and oxidants. The polymer film had an elastic modulus of 5.3 GPa and a hardness of 0.64 GPa. The POSS had high etch selectivity compared with organic films for pattern transfer.
A coupled knowledge based system using fuzzy optimization for advisory control

A knowledge based system is described that is designed to generate on-line advice for operators regarding the proper distribution of hydrogen resources in a refinery. The system uses a coupled architecture incorporating numerical computing in a knowledge based system environment. This arrangement allows for powerful and flexible problem solving. One portion of the coupled system formulates an optimization problem that is subsequently solved by an external routine. This application is particularly concerned with uncertainty that is present in some of the constraints. To deal with this uncertainty, a fuzzy approach to the optimization is taken. A method is presented that solves the fuzzy optimization problem using standard mathematical programming techniques. The results of the fuzzy optimization allow the crisp solution to be expanded into a neighborhood of solutions that is considered acceptable. Although this work examines a specific problem, the concepts presented are general.
The mating system and gene dynamics of plateau pikas.

Abstract Evolutionary theory suggests that mating systems should have substantial effects on gene dynamics of local populations. In polygynous species, local ‘breeding groups’ may produce significant genetic structure, due to genetic differences among groups, and rate of loss of genetic variation from such populations may be considerably slowed. We examined possible influences of the variable mating system and family group structure on genetic properties of a population of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae). Pika gene dynamics were examined via F-statistics and effective population sizes (Ne), calculated from genetic correlations within and among individuals and families. Genetic correlations were estimated from mating patterns, population demography, and dispersal patterns. Substantial genetic structure within the population was indicated by a strongly positive FLS. Genetic influence of natal dispersal out of pika families was indicated by a strongly negative inbreeding statistic (FIL=−0.34). Effective size of the population was not greatly different from the census population, whereas a traditional estimate of effective size of the population was much lower, indicating that the family structure of the pikas results in a slowed loss of genetic variation over time. Thus, even though mating patterns of plateau pikas were variable, family structure had a strong influence on pika gene dynamics.
Acoustic determination of small-scale distributions of individual zooplankters and zooplankton aggregations

Abstract Horizontal and vertical distributions of individual zooplankters and zooplankton aggregations were detected acoustically with a 1.2 mHz, dual beam transducer. The distributions were compared to temperature and chlorophyll structure from tens of centimeters to hundreds of meters on horizontal scales and through the 18 m water column. Horizontal patches of small zooplankton were observed, 4- to 15-fold above background population densities, on horizontal scales of approximately 10 to 100 m. Horizontal distributions varied independently of chlorophyll at the 8 m chlorophyll maximum and independently of temperature. Large zooplankton were found amid aggregations of small zooplankton that were
Analysis of LMFBR containment response using a multifield implicit continuous-fluid eulerian code (MICE)

Abstract An Eulerian computer code, MICE, for analyzing multifield-fluid flow problems in LMFBR containments is presented. The hydrodynamics of the MICE code is based upon the implicit multifield (IMF) method which includes the treatment of multifield fluids, the interpenetration of materials, the heat transfer, and the material phase changes. The finite-difference equations and the numerical techniques used in obtaining the equilibrium pressures and in calculating the fluid-structure interactions are described in detail. Sample problems are given to illustrate the capabilities of the code.
Tribological investigation of 2009 Al-20 vol.% SiCp/17-4 PH Part I: Composite performance

Abstract The influence of reinforcement size and matrix heat treatment on the wear mechanisms and wear rates during dry sliding of 2009 Al-20 vol.% SiCp composite have been examined. Friction and wear measurements were correlated with surface and subsurface deformation mechanisms utilizing scanning electron micrography and EDX analysis. Friction analysis showed that increasing particulate size from 4 to 29 μm increased the friction coefficient. The predominant friction mechanism at particulate sizes below 13 μm involved adhesion and microplowing, these being augmented by hard third body SiC abrasion with increasing particulate size. Wear rate also increased with increasing particulate size and matrix hardness. Adhesion and micro-cutting were the predominant wear mechanisms for smaller reinforcements, the higher wear rates observed in the larger particulate reinforced composite tribosystem being associated with increased particulate cracking-induced subsurface delamination.
Transition radiation detector in the D0 colliding beam experiment at Fermilab

The construction, operation and response of the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) at DO colliding beam experiment at Fermilab are presented. The use of the TRD signal to enhance electron identification and hadronic rejection in the multiparticle background characteristic for the antiproton-proton interactions at the center-of-mass energy of 1.8 TeV is also described and results are discussed.
Assessing NASA’s Safety Culture: The Limits and Possibilities of High-Reliability Theory

After the demise of the space shuttle Columbia on February 1, 2003, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board sharply criticized NASA’s safety culture. Adopting the high-reliability organization as a benchmark, the board concluded that NASA did not possess the organizational characteristics that could have prevented this disaster. Furthermore, the board determined that high-reliability theory is “extremely useful in describing the culture that should exist in the human spacefl ight organization.” In this article, we argue that this conclusion is based on a misreading and misapplication of high-reliability research. We conclude that in its human spacefl ight programs, NASA has never been, nor could it be, a high-reliability organization. We propose an alternative framework to assess reliability and safety in what we refer to as reliabilityseeking organizations.
Integrated mode-evolution-based polarization splitter.

A mode-evolution-based polarization splitter suitable for high-index-contrast systems and directly integratable with a recently reported on-polarization rotator is described and its performance verified through both finite-difference time-domain and eigenmode expansion simulations. For a device length of 200??m, greater than 22?dB of extinction is obtained across a 1.45–1.75-?m bandwidth.
Accentuate the Positive: Positive Sentiments and Status in Task Groups.

We explore the capacity of positive sentiments, those enduring affective states one achieves when one likes another, to impact status structures. Do positive sentiments combine with existing aspects of interaction to create status hierarchies and potentially change the social order, or do they moderate the effects of extant structure by dampening the magnitude of status differences? Using the theoretical framework of Status Characteristics Theory (SCT) and the Camilleri-Berger model of decision-making, we designed an experiment to adjudicate between these two potentialities. Participation in the study consisted of 168 students. Results found support for the notion that positive sentiments moderate the effects of structural factors on indicators of social status; interestingly, this moderation effect varies by gender. We discuss the theoretical implications of these findings, and new directions for research concerning sentiment and status processes.
Fronts and fluctuations in a tailored model for CO oxidation on metal(100) surfaces

An atomistic lattice-gas model is developed for CO oxidation on unreconstructed metal(100) surfaces. The model is tailored to incorporate the most essential features of such systems: multiple adsorption sites; short-ranged repulsive adspecies interactions; highly mobile CO; and the appropriate Langmuir–Hinshelwood adsorption–desorption and reaction kinetics. The model is applied to analyse both reaction front propagation on extended surfaces and fluctuation phenomena in nanoscale reaction systems. Contrasting conventional ultra-high-vacuum studies, we focus on behaviour at higher pressures or lower temperatures where higher adspecies coverages can result in phase separation of the reactive state into a c(2 × 2)-O-rich ordered state and an intermixed CO+O state. This phenomenon can produce sharp reaction fronts in extended systems and fluctuation-induced transitions between phase-separated states in nanoscale systems.
A direct synthesis of substituted thiophenes via α-oxoketene dithioacetals. II.☆

Abstract The regioselective deprotonation of S,S-dimethyl-α-oxoketene dithioacetal at the (Z)-S-methyl group leads to a direct synthesis of 2-S-methyl-3,4-disubstituted thiophenes.
More-effective troubleshooting using data collection on etch equipment: case studies

The complexity of semiconductor equipment and processes drives the need for equally complex troubleshooting systems. Advanced data collection software allows the user to collect and store data and review individual wafer information or wafer data trends has become an effective tool for troubleshooting. Situations that are extremely difficult to troubleshoot without the ability to retrieve process data include intermittent equipment malfunctions, problems found during subsequent processing or inspections, and problems detected at probe. Data collection and archiving gives maintenance and engineering the opportunity to analyze the data long after the process is complete. Analysis of the data often leads to solutions that will prevent another occurrence. This paper includes fiber case studies from a previous paper, plus an additional five case studies that are used to display the effective utilization of data collection for troubleshooting complex problems.
Systems development methodologies: unanswered questions

Despite over a decade of study, little is really known about information systems development and the use of systems development methodologies. There has been little evaluation of methodologies in use or examination of the selection, development, adaptation or use of methodologies in practice. This paper discusses this lack of knowledge and its ramifications for research and practice.
Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke-Geschwind model.

Wernicke, and later Geschwind, posited that the critical lesion in conduction aphasia is in the dominant hemisphere's arcuate fasciculus. This white matter pathway was thought to connect the anterior language production areas with the posterior language areas that contain auditory memories of words (a phonological lexicon). Alternatively, conduction aphasia might be induced by cortical dysfunction, which impairs the phonological output lexicon. We observed an epileptic patient who, during cortical stimulation of her posterior superior temporal gyrus, demonstrated frequent phonemic paraphasias, decreased repetition of words, and yet had intact semantic knowledge, a pattern consistent with conduction aphasia. These findings suggest that cortical dysfunction alone may induce conduction aphasia.
The design process in rock engineering

The engineering design process, often systematically used in other branches of engineering, such as mechanical or architectural engineering, is seldom applied in rock engineering. While it is sometimes claimed that rock excavations are actually designed, little attention is paid to the engineering design philosophy. This paper emphasizes the need for a systematic design process in rock engineering and shows that the rock engineer can no longer claim that engineering practice mandates empiricism and “rule of thumb” methods. The engineering design process is described and the design approaches for rock engineering are outlined.
Self‐Efficacy for Cross‐Disciplinary Learning in Project‐Based Teams

Background While research indicates that self-efficacy is related to learning on discrete tasks, less is known about self-efficacy for learning in complex, ill-structured learning environments. A measure of self-efficacy for design teams provides grounding for the design of learning support. Purpose (Hypothesis) This study aims to determine the usefulness of a measure of self-efficacy for cross-disciplinary team learning (CDTL) within a multi-disciplinary, project based setting. Research questions include: (1) Does student efficacy for CDTL change over the course of the semester? (2) What is the effect of (a) task complexity; (b) prior learner experience; (c) team composition; and (d) personal factors on efficacy for CDTL? Design/Method Efficacy for CDTL while working on multi-disciplinary team projects was assessed using a 16-item Selfefficacy for CDTL scale. A total of 112 undergraduates from 34 teams in a service learning program completed both pre and post project questionnaires. Results A statistically significant increase in pre-post semester self-efficacy was found across three team learning factors: identification, recognition, and integration. Individual GPA and year in college were related to higher levels of improvement in the identification factor, while the completion of multiple design phases in team tasks was related to lower levels of improvement in the identification factor. Conclusions This study contributes to our knowledge of individual self-efficacy and the design of learning environments involving multi-disciplinary teams. It is an important step toward the development of theory and evidence that can help higher educational institutions to better understand if and how students learn to collaborate while working on team design projects.
THE USE OF NITROGEN-15 FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF INFRARED BANDS ARISING FROM NITROGEN VIBRATIONS

The results of the study of the effect of N/sup 15/ substitution for N/ sup 14/ in the infrared spectra of (1) n-hexyl nitrite, (2) benzenediazonium chloride, and (3) p-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene are given. (1) and (3) were studied in CCl/sub 4/, CS/sub 2/, and n-hexanol, while (2) was studied as KBr disks. Tables of the frequencies and interpretations in terms of nitrogen vibration modes are presented. The effects of cis-trans configuration are discussed for (1) and (3). (D.L.C.)
Properties of Hadron Matter. II. Dense Baryon Matter and Neutron Stars

In this article we have provided certain details of a nuclear-matter computation, based on the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone theory of nuclear reaction, which leads to an equation of state for matter in the density region of 10 to 500 trillion g/cu cm. We also explore the possibilities that at very high baryon densities or for very short baryon separations, the net baryon-baryon interaction may be negligible so that the results of dynamical models, like the statistical bootstrap model and the dual-resonance model, may be applicable to the study of dense baryon matter. Several plausible equations of state are constructed, and their effect on the limiting mass of the neutron star is examined.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Shows Low-Frequency Mode Manifolds Mediate CO + CO+⇌ CO++ CO Electron Exchange1

Classical molecular dynamics with a Hartree−Fock potential (direct dynamics) was used for qualitative studies of energy and charge dynamics in the gas-phase CO + CO+ ⇌ CO+ + CO electron exchange re...
Interpretation of laser desorption mass spectra of unexpected inorganic species found in a cosmetic sample of forensic interest: fingernail polish.

When analytes containing color are irradiated with a pulsed UV laser in the ion source of a mass spectrometer, molecules such as dyes or pigments absorb energy, resulting in their desorption and ionization. This method, laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS), has been used successfully to analyze colorants of forensic interest in a wide variety of materials. Here, we present and interpret the most complex of such spectra obtained to date from a sample of fingernail polish. Interpretation of the spectrum provides a unique opportunity to characterize the laser desorption mass spectra of some unexpected inorganic materials found in cosmetics, such as “broken glass”, cyanide compounds, and heavy metals. Also, the possibility of a useful forensic database of LDMS spectra of fingernail polishes is considered.
Dehalogenative oligomerization of dichlorodifluoromethane catalyzed by activated carbon-supported Pt–Cu catalysts: effect of Cu to Pt atomic ratio

Abstract Activated carbon-supported Pt–Cu catalysts with a Cu to Pt atomic ratio in the range of 2–18 catalyze the formation of oligomerization hydrocarbon products from an equimolar mixture of CF2Cl2 and H2 at 523 K. The steady-state selectivity toward C2+ products is 42% for the Pt1Cu2/C and increases to more than 70% when the Cu/Pt atomic ratio reaches 18:1. All catalysts deactivate with time on stream. The results of the TEM investigation are consistent with the suggestion that deactivation is attributed to carbon deposition and not to particle sintering. All of the catalysts have approximately the same average size of Pt-containing particles, independent of Cu/Pt atomic ratio, and the average size is essentially the same for the freshly reduced and used Pt–Cu catalysts. As the Cu to Pt atomic ratio is increased, a larger fraction of Cu is unalloyed with Pt. The performance of the catalysts in the CF2Cl2+H2 reaction is discussed in terms of the different active sites, which catalyze different elementary reaction steps.
Power System Indentification by Fitting Structured Models to Measured Frequency Response

Methods for determining dynamic system models from test data have been developed at the Bonneville Power Administration, in support of HVDC Modulation and other projects. Associated computer routines allow multiple sets of frequency response measurements, and accommodate loops and other structural features in the model. Fitting criteria include both gain and phase in the error measures, with a choice of constrained minimization algorithms. These routines have been interfaced to the BPA Electromagnetic Transients Program for state-space modeling of frequency dependence in transmission lines, and have digital-filter design capabilities.
Self-perceptions and their prediction of aggression in male juvenile offenders

This study evaluated multiple facets of self-perceptions that have been theorized and shown to play a contributory role in the development of aggression for less clinically severe populations in a sample of youths from the juvenile justice system. Independent and unique associations of low self-esteem and inflated self-perceptions with aggression were examined in a sample of male juvenile offenders (N = 119; Mean age = 16.74 years) using a longitudinal study design. Latent growth curve modeling analyses revealed that self-esteem, adaptive and maladaptive narcissism independently predicted juvenile offenders’ initial levels of aggression. It was also found that perceptual bias independently predicted changes in aggression over time. With the inclusion of all variables in the same model, self-esteem was no longer associated with aggression; however, all other relationships remained significant. The implications of these findings as well as the importance of interventions targeting self-perceptions to decrease aggression among high-risk youths are discussed.
Spectral vs. temporal auditory processing in specific language impairment: a developmental ERP study.

Pre-linguistic sensory deficits, especially in “temporal” processing, have been implicated in developmental Language Impairment (LI). However, recent evidence has been equivocal with data suggesting problems in the spectral domain. The present study examined event-related potential (ERP) measures of auditory sensory temporal and spectral processing, and their interaction, in typical children and those with LI (7–17 years; n=25 per group). The stimuli were 3 CV syllables and 3 consonant-to-vowel transitions (spectral sweeps) isolated from the syllables. Each of these 6 stimuli appeared in 3 durations (transitions: 20, 50, and 80 ms; syllables: 120, 150, and 180 ms). Behaviorally, the group with LIs showed inferior syllable discrimination both with long and short stimuli. In ERPs, trends were observed in the group with LI for diminished long-latency negativities (the N2-N4 peaks) and a developmentally transient enhancement of the P2 peak. Some, but not all, ERP indices of spectral processing also showed trends to be diminished in the group with LI specifically in responses to syllables. Importantly, measures of the transition N2-N4 peaks correlated with expressive language abilities in the LI children. None of the group differences depended on stimulus duration. Therefore, sound brevity did not account for the diminished spectral resolution in these LI children. Rather, the results suggest a deficit in acoustic feature integration at higher levels of auditory sensory processing. The observed maturational trajectory suggests a non-linear developmental deviance rather than simple delay.
Developing a Marketing Strategy for Nonprofit Organizations: An Exploratory Study

Nonprofit organizations have grown tremendously in the last three decades. With this growth has come a greater interest from the nonprofit sector in the importance of marketing. Nonprofits did not apply marketing techniques until 1960–1970, but it is now a well accepted practice. Traditional marketing strategies do not work for nonprofit organizations, and this study proposes the development of a new marketing strategy specifically for this sector. Through the use of interviews and surveys, the authors examine issues of marketing strategy that are distinct for nonprofits. Unlike previous studies, this study examines these issues from the viewpoint of the nonprofit organization. The perception of marketing is different in nonprofit organizations, and the strategic implications of this finding are discussed.
Scanning force microscopy under aqueous solutions

Merely ten years after its invention, the scanning force microscope is becoming a powerful method to investigate the structure and dynamics of biological molecules under aqueous environments. From the visualization of transcription in real time to the mechanical manipulation of individual proteins, the advances made during the past year open up a vast number of exciting applications of this technique in biology.
Substance P in the corneal stroma regulates the severity of herpetic stromal keratitis lesions.

Purpose. To determine whether substance P (SP) in herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infected cornea regulates the severity of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) lesions in a mouse model.
Preliminary results of an incremental intracarotid amobarbital procedure: Evaluation of language and memory without sedation

Abstract To evaluate the effects of performing the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) using an incremental injection, the results obtained using this technique in seven patients were compared to the findings in a second group of seven patients who received a bolus injection of amobarbital, which was typically 100 mg. Videotapes of each IAP were rated by two observers for level of sedation using a modified version of the Reaction Level Scale. The bolus procedure used a higher dosage and produced significantly greater sedation as compared to the incremental IAP. The incremental IAP also revealed linguistic errors and/or speech arrest, which identified the hemisphere specialized for language. Memory for material introduced during the drug phase was significantly impaired in the epileptogenic hemisphere as compared to the intact hemisphere in the group receiving an incremental injection of sodium amobarbital. Pending replication of this preliminary study, these preliminary findings provide support for the efficacy of using incremental IAP to mitigate sedation.
Endoscopic evaluation of patients with dyspepsia: Results from the national endoscopic data repository

Background & Aims: Endoscopy is commonly performed to evaluate symptoms of dyspepsia. The aim of this study was to characterize patients who receive endoscopy for dyspepsia and measure predictors of primary endoscopic outcomes, utilizing a large national endoscopic database. Methods: The Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative (CORI) receives endoscopy reports from a network of 74 sites in the United States. Sixty-one percent of reports come from private practice settings. Patients with reflux dyspepsia and nonreflux dyspepsia were identified from January 2000 to June 2002. Patients with dysphagia and known Barrett's esophagus were excluded. Primary endoscopic outcomes included esophageal inflammation and stricture, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, suspected Barrett's esophagus (≥2cm), and suspected esophageal and gastric malignancy. The presence or absence of alarm symptoms (vomiting, weight loss, and evidence of GI blood loss) was determined. Adjusted relative risk (RR) for predicting serious outcomes was calculated in a multivariate model. Results: We received 117,497 endoscopic reports, representing 99,558 unique patients. Dyspepsia, with and without reflux symptoms, accounted for 43% of upper endoscopies. Among dyspeptic patients, 36.5% were younger than 50 years of age without alarm symptoms. Esophageal or gastric malignancy in patients with dyspepsia was associated with increasing age, male sex, Asian race, Native American race, and symptoms of weight loss and vomiting. Suspected Barrett's esophagus (≥2cm) was associated with reflux symptoms, male sex, age, and white race. Ulcers were associated with evidence of bleeding, vomiting, male sex, black race, and Hispanic ethnicity. Conclusions These practice-based data reveal important practice behaviors and outcomes.
Dependence of ion beam mixing on projectile mass

Ion beam mixing in Pt-Si bilayered samples was measured during irradiation with projectiles ranging in mass from 4 amu (He) to 131 amu (Xe) at 10/sup 0/K, 300/sup 0/K and 373/sup 0/K. Using deposited damage energy as a basis for comparing the different irradiations, it was found that the heavier ions were more efficient than the lighter ones for inducing mixing. Moreover, it was observed that the mixing was essentially independent of temperature below 373/sup 0/K. These results are interpreted on the basis that the mixing is caused by the stimulated motion of defects during the cooling phase of energetic cascades.
Losing to Win: U.S. Steel's Pricing, Investment Decisions, and Market Share, 1901–1938

U.S. Steel held two-thirds of the American market in 1901, but by the 1930s its share had dropped to one-third. Such a decline is consistent with the economic theory of oligopoly pricing and capacity expansion, but the available data offer limited opportunities for formal testing of hypotheses. A close examination of U.S. Steel's early history leads us to argue that Chairman Elbert Gary's desire for price stability, his fear of antitrust litigation, and shortcomings in the firm's organizational capability constrained it from the unbridled pursuit of discounted profits that the economic theory assumes.
Relationship of temperature and humidity to conception rate of Holstein cows in subtropical climate.

Abstract Conception rates of a Holstein dairy herd near Culiacan on the west coast of Mexico were evaluated with respect to the average temperature-humidity index of the 2 days prior to breeding, the day of breeding, and the day following breeding. Average daily index for 3 yr ranged from 62 to 86. Average daily ambient temperature and relative humidity for indexes 76 and 82 were 26.5 C, 68% and 29.7 C, 75%. Conception rates for 191 cows serviced on days with an average index under 66 was 67% as compared to 21% for 818 cows serviced on days averaging above 76. The average temperature-humidity index of the 2nd day prior to breeding was the most related to conception rate. Conception rate declined from 55 to 10% as the average index of this day increased from 70 to 84 (r = −.995). Between 68 and 82 the average conception was 42.3% if the average index of the 2 days prior to breeding was less than on the day of breeding. Conception rates averaged 10.4% lower (31.9%) if the index of the 2 days prior to breeding was higher than on the day of breeding indicating that temperature-humidity of individual days prior to breeding influenced breeding efficiency.
Conservation of transcription factor binding events predicts gene expression across species

Recent technological advances have made it possible to determine the genome-wide binding sites of transcription factors (TFs). Comparisons across species have suggested a relatively low degree of evolutionary conservation of experimentally defined TF binding events (TFBEs). Using binding data for six different TFs in hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells from human and mouse, we demonstrate that evolutionary conservation of TFBEs within orthologous proximal promoters is closely linked to function, defined as expression of the target genes. We show that (i) there is a significantly higher degree of conservation of TFBEs when the target gene is expressed in both species; (ii) there is increased conservation of binding events for groups of TFs compared to individual TFs; and (iii) conserved TFBEs have a greater impact on the expression of their target genes than non-conserved ones. These results link conservation of structural elements (TFBEs) to conservation of function (gene expression) and suggest a higher degree of functional conservation than implied by previous studies.
Children's Willingness to Share Activities With a Physically Handicapped Peer: Am I More Willing Than My Classmates?

Objective To examine factors affecting children's willingness to share activities with a peer presented as physically handicapped. Method Participants were 120 elementary school children randomly assigned to view a video of an ambulatory child or the same child in a wheelchair. They rated, on the Shared Activities Questionnaire (SAQ), their own willingness (SAQ-Self) and their perceptions of classmates' willingness (SAQ-Others) to participate in activities with the child. Results SAQ-Self ratings were consistently higher for the peer in the wheelchair. On the SAQ-Others, differences favoring the child in the wheelchair disappeared, and ratings of this child were lower than SAQ-Self ratings. No interactions were found between ambulation status and age or rater gender or preference for type of shared activity. Conclusions Children showed highly positive intentions toward a peer in a wheelchair, but intentions attributed to classmates were less positive, which suggests "social desirability" influenced their own ratings.
On uniform convergence of measures

A new and simpler proof is given in Section 3 for the sufficiency part of Theorem 3.1 in Ranga Rao [6] and its generalization by Billingsley and TopsOe [1]. Essential for the proof, which does not require the topological space X to be metric, is Lemma 2.1. As examples of possible wider application of this lemma, simple proofs are given for a well known result on uniformity in convergence of distribution functions (Example 2.3) and of Theorem 4.2 in Ranga Rao [6]. The derivation of the latter from the lemma is substantially simpler than the derivation from Theorem 3.1 in Ranga Rao [6]. Another result on uniformity, given in Rubin [7], is closely related to the Ascoli theorem, but outside the scope of applicability of our lemma.
The Divisions of Labor by Gender: A Comment

This commentary on the articles by Julie Brines and Robert Fiorentine focuses on the human capital aspects of their treatment of the gender divisions of labor. Although Brines's article presents some interesting empirical work, it does not appear to be an accurate representation of Becker's theory on the gender division of labor between the home and the market. Fiorentine succeeds in clearly summarizing and contrasting economic and sociological theories on the gender division of labor across occupations, but he shows a clear bias favoring theories based on women's own choices.
Antihapten antibody specificity and L chain type.

Two types of light polypeptide chain (κ and λ) are present in guinea pig immunoglobulins. The ratios of K/L molecules in anti-hapten antibodies differ sometimes markedly from that found in normal serum. Anti-DNP antibodies and anti-pipsyl antibodies have, respectively, a higher and a lower than normal K/L ratio. The possibility that the L chain type affects the range of configurations which the antibody-combining site may assume was investigated. Fractional precipitation of anti-DNP antibodies from serum of guinea pigs immunized with DNP44-BSA was performed using limiting amounts of antigen. Antibody fractions were purified from each precipitate, their affinities for ϵ-DNP-L-lysine measured by fluorescence quenching ( K ) and the K/L ratio estimated by precipitation with specific antisera. Increasing concentrations of L molecules were found in fractions with decreasing K . In other experiments, fractional precipitation and purification of antibodies which cross-react with DNP was performed in serum of animals immunized with pipsyl-BGG. The K/L ratio in antibodies isolated from these fractions was much higher than in fractions which do not cross-react with DNP. These results show that K molecules are better adapted to react with the DNP hapten than L molecules. The K/L ratio in anti-DNP antibody was shown to increase in the course of immunization, at the same time that the K is increasing. This rise in K is markedly delayed when larger doses of antigen are employed.
MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF TRANSPORT PARAHETERS IN DRYING POROUS MEDIA

ABSTRACT The flow and distribution of liquid and vapor in the pore space of drying porous media are represented by a simple network model that incorporates the microscopic mechanisms. A method akin to Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics approaches is described for calculating from any such model the macroscopic, ‘volume- averaged’, or effective transport parameters: relative permeabilities for pressure-driven flow, effective diffusivities for molecular diffusion, and so on. The method is to map representative small samples of pore space onto regular networks that have equivalent mean coordination and are made up of biconical pore segments intersecting in pore bodies, all dimensions being drawn from measured or estimated distributions. Evaporation and meniscus curvature, vapor movement by diffusion away from menisci and viscous flow toward them are described by one-dimensional local approximations. The resulting large set of ordinary differential and algebraic equations is solved by computer. Solutions from...
Writing and Reading as Social Activities

interaction. These differences are then related to the rise of individualism and the mode of analytic thought in Western Civilization. A final section focuses on the relationship between writers and authority systems as a possible explanation for bursts of creative literary production in societies. A LEGION of commentators have advanced a wide variety of theses on the significance of the written or printed word for modem society. Innumerable studies have been conducted on the impact of newspapers, magazines, and books upon their audiences. But, for all the attention given to the written word, its significance is at best poorly understood. It is our belief that written communication is a form of social behavior that is worthy of sociological analysis. We also believe that an understanding of the distinctive features of reading and writing as social activities will aid in the development of a more comprehensive theory of social behavior. We do not offer a recapitulation of prior studies of print media nor a rethinking of current theories of the print media. Rather we offer a conceptualization of writing and reading that focuses upon them as forms of social behavior. We further offer some tentative speculations of some of the social consequences of human beings joining themselves with others through the written media. In doing this we direct attention away from the content of the printed or written material and toward the relationship between the activities of persons constructing an association by means of written communication. We will attempt to demonstrate that certain consequences flow from the unique form of association made possible by the written presentation of human language which are not easily derived from other forms of communication. In many discussions of mediated communication the emphasis is upon its "shortcomings." The major concern is often on how it created a condition of anonymity, allowed persons to avoid reality, and how the media have lowered the level of intellectual or emotional life. Such-criticisms are usually directed at the printed media without taking into account that they allow for communication one way at a time in situations where persons could not otherwise communicate at all. The written media allows persons who are separated by space
Number enhancement for compact laser-cooled atomic samples by use of stimulated radiation forces

For cold samples of laser-cooled atoms to be useful in emerging technologies such as compact atomic clocks and sensors, it is necessary to achieve small sample sizes while retaining a large number of cold atoms. Achieving large atom numbers in a small system is a major challenge for producing miniaturized laser-cooled atomic clocks, since the number of captured atoms in a vapor-cell magneto-optical trap (MOT) scales as the fourth power of the laser beam diameter [1]. This strong dependence on size is fundamentally set by the maximum spontaneous light force ħkγ/2, where ħk is the photon momentum and γ/2 is the maximum spontaneous photon scatter rate of a saturated transition of linewidth γ. We are attempting to surmount the limit imposed by spontaneous emission by using bichromatic cooling [2] — a technique that uses stimulated emission to slow the atoms. We have built a table-top experiment that uses stimulated-emission bichromatic cooling to pre-cool rubidium atoms and dramatically enhance the trappable atom number in a small MOT. The apparatus lets us test how bichromatic cooling scales with miniaturization. Here we report on our first experimental results of cooling a thermal beam of rubidium atoms down to MOT capture velocities.
Wide-angle ISAR passive imaging using smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution

We are investigating passive radar imaging of aircraft using reflected TV signals. UHF-band ISAR imaging requires wide-angle data to produce good cross-range resolution. We show that direct Fourier reconstruction (DFR) causes degradation of the reconstructed image due to aspect-dependent scattering. We find that a smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution (SPWVD) applied in the cross-range direction in place of the Fourier transform can generate a sequence of images, which shows the target reflectivity as a function of aspect angle. Compared to DFR results, these images have higher cross-range resolution. A final image can be synthesized from these images and used for target recognition. XPATCH is used to simulate monostatic data from an aircraft. The proposed SPWVD-based imaging method produces a useful image of the aircraft from this data.
Immunochemical Studies on Linear Antigenic Polypeptides with a Known Repeating Sequence of Amino Acids

The specificity of antibody to poly(L-tyrosyl-L-glutamyl-L-valylglycyl)glycine-1-14C ethyl ester (I) was studied using polypeptides in which the valyl and tyrosyl residues were modified to an alanyl residue and either a phenylalanyl or a OMe-tyrosyl residue, respectively. All of these modified polypeptides crossreacted with antibodies to I, indicating that they all have a similar conformation. It was concluded from the diminution of binding abilities of these modified polypeptides that antibodies to I show a greater specificity for the valyl and phenolic hydroxyl group of the tyrosyl residue of the homologous antigen.
Risk-Limiting Postelection Audits: Conservative $P$ -Values From Common Probability Inequalities

Postelection audits of a random sample of batches of ballots against a trustworthy audit trail can limit the risk of certifying an incorrect electoral outcome to alpha, guaranteeing that - if the apparent outcome is wrong - the chance of a full hand count of the audit trail is at least 1-alpha. Risk-limiting audits can be built as sequential tests that audit more batches until either 1) there is strong evidence that the outcome is correct, given the errors found, or 2) there has been a complete hand count. The P -value of the hypothesis that the outcome is wrong is the largest chance, for all scenarios in which the outcome is wrong, that overstatements of the margins between winners and losers would be ldquono largerrdquo than they were observed to be. Different definitions of ldquolargerrdquo give different P -values. A small P -value is strong evidence that the outcome is correct. This paper gives simple approaches to calculating a conservative P-value for several ways of summarizing overstatements and several ways of drawing the sample of batches to audit, emphasizing sampling with probability proportional to a bound up on the error in the pth audit batch (PPEB sampling). A P-value based on Markov's inequality applied to a martingale constructed from the data seems the most efficient among the methods discussed; there are plans to use it to audit contests in two California counties in November 2009.