cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles via Pd‐Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformations: Application to Nucleosides

Racemic butadiene and isoprene monoepoxide react with unsaturated alcohols in the presence of a chiral palladium catalyst and a boron co-catalyst to give 3-alkoxy-4-hydroxy-1-butene and 3-alkoxy-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butene, respectively, with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity in a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation whereby both enantiomers of the starting epoxides provide the same enantiomeric product. In the case of 2-phenylbutadiene monoepoxide, easily available from phenacyl chloride and vinylmagnesium bromide, the reaction proceeds by kinetic resolution. A model to rationalize the result is presented. The bis-olefin products are ideal substrates for the Ru catalyzed ring closing metathesis. In this way, five-, six-, and seven-membered oxygen heterocycles are readily available enantiomerically pure. The value of this very simple two step process is demonstrated by the use of the five-membered ring heterocycles to form unnatural and unusual nucleosides that cannot be easily accessed by other means. The sequence involves a Ru catalyzed isomerization of the initial 2,5-dihydrofuran to a 2,3-dihydrofuran followed by a selenium promoted addition of a pyrimidine or purine base. One advantage of this strategy is the easy access to either enantiomeric series, both of which have important biological applications.
Transport in a highly asymmetric binary fluid mixture.

We present molecular dynamics calculations of the thermal conductivity and viscosities of a model colloidal suspension with colloidal particles roughly one order of magnitude larger than the suspending liquid molecules. The results are compared with estimates based on the Enskog transport theory and effective medium theories (EMT) for thermal and viscous transport. We find, in particular, that EMT remains well applicable for predicting both the shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of such suspensions when the colloidal particles have a ``typical'' mass, i.e., much larger than the liquid molecules. Very light colloidal particles on the other hand yield higher thermal conductivities, in disagreement with EMT. We also discuss the consequences of these results for some proposed mechanisms for thermal conduction in nanocolloidal suspensions.
Determining the Number of Factors in Approximate Factor Models

In this paper we develop some econometric theory for factor models of large dimensions. The focus is the determination of the number of factors (r), which is an unresolved issue in the rapidly growing literature on multifactor models. We first establish the convergence rate for the factor estimates that will allow for consistent estimation of r. We then propose some panel criteria and show that the number of factors can be consistently estimated using the criteria. The theory is developed under the framework of large cross-sections (N) and large time dimensions (T). No restriction is imposed on the relation between N and T. Simulations show that the proposed criteria have good finite sample properties in many configurations of the panel data encountered in practice.
Validation of an Impedance Eduction Method in Flow

Results are reported for validating a method for educing the normal incidence impedance of a locally reacting liner in a grazing incidence, nonprogressive acoustic wave environment with flow. The results demonstrate the ability of the method to reproduce the normal incidence admittance of a solid steel plate and normal incidence impedance of two soft test liners in a uniform flow. The selected test liners are known to be locally reacting and exhibit no amplitude-dependent impedance nonlinearities and only minimal flow effects. Baseline results for these liners are, therefore, established from measurements in a conventional normal incidence impedance tube. A key feature of the method is the expansion of the unknown impedance function as a piecewise continuous polynomial with undetermined coefficients. Stewart's adaptation (Stewart, G. W., III, A Modification of Davidon's Minimization Method to Accept Difference Approximations of Derivatives, Journal of ACM, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1967, pp. 72-83) of the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell optimization algorithm is used to educe the normal incidence impedance at each Mach number by optimizing an objective function. The method very Marly reproduces the normal incidence impedance spectrum for each of the test liners; thus, its usefulness for determining the normal incidence impedance of test liners for a broad range of source frequencies and flow Mach numbers is demonstrated.
Magnetic Moments of the Alkali Metal Atoms

The work of Stern and Gerlach in which they determined the magnetic moments of certain atoms and at the same time furnished direct evidence of the theory of space quantization, by deflection of rays of the atoms in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, has been repeated for silver atoms. A simplified apparatus is described, using a silver plated tungsten coil as source of atoms, rather than the furnace used by Stern and Gerlach, which gives trouble in outgassing.The magnetic moment of sodium and potassium. The apparatus was further modified for use with the alkali metals by construction of a liquid air cooled target for receiving the atomic rays and a Pyrex glass device for holding the molten metal during evaporation. The images of the rays on the glass target were made visible by immersing in hydrochloric acid gas, which "fixed" them as the opaque and visible chloride. Distinct images of the separated rays resulting from the action of the magnetic field on the oriented atoms have been obtained and are reproduced. Measurements of the separations show that, within the experimental error, sodium and potassium possess magnetic moments equal to one Bohr magneton, in accord with spectroscopic predictions.
Resistive Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection

Resistive relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RRMHD) simulations are applied to investigate the system evolution of relativistic magnetic reconnection. A time-split Harten-Lan-van Leer method is employed. Under a localized resistivity, the system exhibits a fast reconnection jet with an Alfv enic Lorentz factor inside a narrow Petschek-type exhaust. Various shock structures are resolved in and around the plasmoid such as the post-plasmoid vertical shocks and the "diamond-chain" structure due to multiple shock reflections. Under a uniform resistivity, Sweet-Parker-type reconnection slowly evolves. Under a current-dependent resistivity, plasmoids are repeatedly formed in an elongated current sheet. It is concluded that the resistivity model is of critical importance for RRMHD modeling of relativistic magnetic reconnection.
Gene profiling of maternal hepatic adaptations to pregnancy

Background: Maternal metabolic demands change dramatically during the course of gestation and must be co-ordinated with the needs of the developing placenta and fetus. The liver is critically involved in metabolism and other important functions. However, maternal hepatic adjustments to pregnancy are poorly understood. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influences of pregnancy on the maternal liver growth and gene expression profile. Methods: Holtzman Sprague–Dawley rats were mated and sacrificed at various stages of gestation and post-partum. The maternal livers were analysed in gravimetric response, DNA content by PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation reagent, hepatocyte ploidy by flow cytometry and hepatocyte proliferation by ki-67 immunostaining. Gene expression profiling of non-pregnant and gestation d18.5 maternal hepatic tissue was analysed using a DNA microarray approach and partially verified by northern blot or quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Results: During pregnancy, the liver exhibited approximately an 80% increase in size, proportional to the increase in body weight of the pregnant animals. The pregnancy-induced hepatomegaly was a physiological event of liver growth manifested by increases in maternal hepatic DNA content and hepatocyte proliferation. Pregnancy did not affect hepatocyte polyploidization. Pregnancy-dependent changes in hepatic expression were noted for a number of genes, including those associated with cell proliferation, cytokine signalling, liver regeneration and metabolism. Conclusions: The metabolic demands of pregnancy cause marked adjustments in maternal liver physiology. Central to these adjustments are an expansion in hepatic capacity and changes in hepatic gene expression. Our findings provide insights into pregnancy-dependent hepatic adaptations.
Synthesis of β- and γ-Carbolines by the Palladium/Copper-Catalyzed Coupling and Cyclization of Terminal Acetylenes

A variety of 3-substituted β- and γ-carbolines have been synthesized from N-substituted 3-iodoindole-2-carboxaldehydes and 2-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehydes, respectively. The coupling of these aldehydes with various terminal acetylenes with PdCl2(PPh3)2/CuI as the catalyst readily affords the corresponding alkynylindole carboxaldehydes, which have subsequently been converted to the corresponding tert-butylimines and cyclized to β- and γ-carbolines by either copper-catalyzed or thermal processes.
Parts of visual form: computational aspects

Underlying recognition is an organization of objects and their parts into classes and hierarchies. A representation of parts for recognition requires that they be invariant to rigid transformations, robust in the presence of occlusions, stable with changes in viewing geometry, and be arranged in a hierarchy. These constraints are captured in a general framework using notions of a PART-LINE and a PARTITIONING SCHEME. A proposed general principle of "form from function" motivates a particular partitioning scheme involving two types of parts, neck-based and limb-based. Neck-based parts arise from narrowings in shape, or the local minima in distance between two points on the boundary, while limb-based parts arise from a pair of negative curvature minima which have "co-circular" tangents. In this paper, we present computational support for the limb-based and neck-based parts by showing that they are invariant, robust, stable and yield a hierarchy of parts. Examples illustrate that the resulting decompositions are robust in the presence of occlusion and clutter for a range of man-made and natural objects, and lead to natural and intuitive parts which can be used for recognition. >
Interfacial segregation, pore formation and scale adhesion on NiAl alloys

Alloys of commercial grades that do not contain a reactive element, such as yttrium, often develop pores at the scale/alloy interface. The accumulation and growth of these pores greatly weaken scale adhesion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate pore development in Fe-40at%Al and determine the change in pore volume with oxidation time. Experimental results are then compared to a theoretical calculation where all vacancies are allowed to condense as voids. After removing the oxide scales that formed after various times of oxidation at 1000 C in oxygen, the alloy surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the size and depth of interfacial pores. Results are discussed in light of possible mechanisms involved in pore formation at scale/alloy interfaces.
Advance Selling in a Supply Chain Under Uncertain Supply and Demand

We examine three selling strategies of a manufacturer who produces and sells a seasonal product to a retailer under uncertain supply and demand: 1 advance selling---presells the product before observing uncertain supply and demand; 2 regular selling---sells the product after supply and demand are realized; and 3 dynamic selling---combines both advance and regular selling strategies. We model the first two strategies as single-period Stackelberg games, and we model the last strategy as a two-period dynamic Stackelberg game. By comparing the equilibria of these games, we formalize our understanding of several intuitive results. For example, from the manufacturer's perspective, dynamic selling dominates advance selling and regular selling: having more selling opportunities is beneficial to the manufacturer. However, from the retailer's perspective, we find two counterintuitive results: a postponing the ordering decision can be detrimental---the retailer can be worse off under regular selling than under advance selling; and b more ordering opportunities can be detrimental---the retailer can be worse off under dynamic selling than under advance selling. In addition, we analyze the impact of supply and demand uncertainties under these strategies and find that both types of uncertainties can be beneficial to the retailer.
Rational Debate and One-Dimensional Conflict

This paper studies repeated communication regarding a multidimensional collective decision in a large population. When preferences coincide but beliefs about the consequences of the various decisions diverge, it is shown, under some specific assumptions, that public communication causes the disagreement between beliefs either to vanish or to become one-dimensional at the limit. Multidimensional disagreement indeed allows for many directions of communication, including some that are orthogonal to the conflict, along which agents can communicate credibly. The possible convergence toward a one-dimensional conflict where no further communication takes place may be related to the empirically observed geometry ofthe political conflict in many countries.
Learning to learn-concepts in a first power engineering course

Three well-known and widely accepted concepts in educational psychology are revisited. These are "inventory of learning styles," "taxonomy of educational objectives," and "metacognition." Relationships among these concepts are highlighted. Often, a student can develop his (or her) own learning style by the process of metacognition. Ideas are borrowed from these concepts for use in a first-level power systems course. It is beyond a doubt that both cognitive and metacognitive skills are necessary for students to succeed in any course. While a semester-long power systems course leaves little time for critical thinking and passive reflection for students, certain activities may very well serve for some of these learning processes.
A DOS-enhanced numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow through an array of offset fins with conjugate heating in the bounding solid

The method of Design of Simulation (DOS) was used to guide and enhance a numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer through offset-fin arrays which form the interior geometry of a cold plate. The basic problem involved 11 independent parameters. This prohibitive parametric burden was lessened by the creative use of nondimensionalization that was brought to fruition by a special transformation of the boundary conditions. Subsequent to the reduction of the number of parameters, the DOS method was employed to limit the number of simulation runs while maintaining an accurate representation of the parameter space
Outer regions of the cluster gaseous atmospheres

We present a systematic study of the hot gas distribution in the outer regions of regular clusters using ROSAT PSPC data. Outside the cooling flow region, the β-model describes the observed surface brightness closely, but not precisely. Between 0.3 and 1 virial radii, the profiles are characterized by a power law with slope, expressed in terms of the β-parameter, in the range β = 0.65-0.85. The values of β in this range of radii are typically larger by ≈0.05 than those derived from the global fit. There is a mild trend for the slope to increase with temperature, from β ≈ 0.68 for 3 keV clusters to ≈0.8 for 10 keV clusters; however, even at high temperatures there are clusters with flat gas profiles, β < 0.7. Our values of β at large radius are systematically higher, and the trend of β with temperature is weaker than was previously found; the most likely explanation is that earlier studies were affected by an incomplete exclusion of the central cooling flow regions. For our regular clusters, the gas distribution at large radii is quite close to spherically symmetric, and this is shown not to be an artifact of the sample selection. The gas density profiles are very similar when compared in units of the cluster virial radius. The radius of fixed mean gas overdensity 1000 (corresponding to the dark matter overdensity 200 for Ω = 0.2) shows a tight correlation with temperature, R ~ T0.5, as expected from the virial theorem for clusters with the universal gas fraction. At a given temperature, the rms scatter of the gas overdensity radius is only ≈7%, which translates into a 20% scatter of the gas mass fraction, including statistical scatter due to measurement uncertainties.
NONCOMMUTATIVE GEOMETRY AND A DISCRETIZED VERSION OF KALUZA-KLEIN THEORY WITH A FINITE FIELD CONTENT

We consider a four-dimensional space-time supplemented by two discrete points assigned to a Z2-algebraic structure and develop the formalism of noncommutative geometry. By setting up a generalized vielbein, we study the metric structure. Metric-compatible torsion-free connection defines a unique finite field content in the model and leads to a discretized version of Kaluza-Klein theory. We study some special cases of this model that illustrate the rich and complex structure with massive modes and the possible presence of a cosmological constant.
An hst snapshot survey of proto-planetary nebulae candidates: two types of axisymmetric reflection nebulosities

We report the results from an optical imaging survey of proto-planetary nebula candidates using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The goals of the survey were to image low surface brightness optical reflection nebulosities around proto-planetary nebulae and to investigate the distribution of the circumstellar dust, which scatters the star light from the central post-asymptotic giant branch star and creates the optical reflection nebulosities. We exploited the high resolving power and wide dynamic range of HST and detected nebulosities in 21 of 27 sources. The reduced and deconvolved images are presented along with photometric and geometric measurements. All detected reflection nebulosities show elongation, and the nebula morphology bifurcates depending on the degree of the central star obscuration. The star-obvious low-level-elongated (SOLE) nebulae show a bright central star embedded in a faint, extended nebulosity, whereas the dust-prominent longitudinally extended (DUPLEX) nebulae have remarkable bipolar structure with a completely or partially obscured central star. The intrinsic axisymmetry of these proto-planetary nebula reflection nebulosities demonstrates that the axisymmetry frequently found in planetary nebulae predates the proto-planetary nebula phase, confirming previous independent results. We suggest that axisymmetry in proto-planetary nebulae is created by an equatorially enhanced superwind at the end of the asymptotic giant branch phase. We discuss that the apparent morphological dichotomy is caused by a difference in the optical thickness of the circumstellar dust/gas shell with a differing equator-to-pole density contrast. Moreover, we show that SOLE and DUPLEX nebulae are physically distinct types of proto-planetary nebulae, with a suggestion that higher mass progenitor AGB stars are more likely to become DUPLEX proto-planetary nebulae.
Global health governance as shared health governance

Background With the exception of key ‘proven successes’ in global health, the current regime of global health governance can be understood as transnational and national actors pursuing their own interests under a rational actor model of international cooperation, which fails to provide sufficient justification for an obligation to assist in meeting the health needs of others. An ethical commitment to providing all with the ability to be healthy is required. Methods This article develops select components of an alternative model of shared health governance (SHG), which aims to provide a ‘road map,’ ‘focal points’ and ‘the glue’ among various global health actors to better effectuate cooperation on universal ethical principles for an alternative global health equilibrium. Key features of SHG include public moral norms as shared authoritative standards; ethical commitments, shared goals and role allocation; shared sovereignty and constitutional commitments; legitimacy and accountability; country-level attention to international health relations. Results A framework of social agreement based on ‘overlapping consensus’ is contrasted against one based on self-interested political bargaining. A global health constitution delineating duties and obligations of global health actors and a global institute of health and medicine for holding actors responsible are proposed. Indicators for empirical assessment of select SHG principles are described. Conclusion Global health actors, including states, must work together to correct and avert global health injustices through a framework of SHG based on shared ethical commitments.
Joint trajectory generation for redundant robots in an environment with obstacles

Collision avoidance is an absolutely essential requirement for a robot to complete a task in an environment with obstacles. For kinematically redundant robots, collision avoidance can be achieved by making full use of the redundancy. In this article, the problem of determining collision-free joint space trajectories for redundant robots in an environment with multiple obstacles is considered, and the “command generator” approach is employed to generate such trajectories. In this approach, a nondifferentiable distance objective function is defined and is guaranteed to increase wherever possible along the trajectory through a vector in N(J), the null space of Jacobian matrix J. Algorithms that implement this nondifferentiable optimization problem are fully developed. It is shown that the proposed collision-free trajectory generation scheme is efficient and practical. Extensive simulation results of a four-link robot example are presented and analyzed.
Chiral Anion Phase Transfer of Aryldiazonium Cations: An Enantioselective Synthesis of C3‐Diazenated Pyrroloindolines

Herein is reported the first asymmetric utilization of aryldiazonium cations as a source of electrophilic nitrogen. This is achieved through a chiral anion phase-transfer pyrroloindolinization reaction that forms C3-diazenated pyr- roloindolines from simple tryptamines and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. The title compounds are obtained in up to 99 % yield and 96 % ee. The air- and water-tolerant reaction allows electronic and steric diversity of the aryldiazonium electrophile and the tryptamine core. Chiral anion phase-transfer (CAPT) catalysis has recently arisen as an effective strategy in enantioselective catalysis (Scheme 1 a). (1) In particular, electrophilic halo-functionaliza- tion reactions of alkenes using Selectfluor (Scheme 1 b) and its derivatives have proven broadly effective, delivering
THE MASSIVE TRIPLE STAR SYSTEM HD 16429 A

HD 16429 A is a triple star system consisting of a single-lined spectroscopic binary and a widely separated third component, previously identified via speckle interferometry. Here I present the first orbital elements for the unblended spectroscopic binary as well as estimates of the spectral types and relative flux contributions for each visible component based on a Doppler tomographic reconstruction of their spectra. There are several stars around HD 16429 A, including the nearby Be X-ray binary and microquasar LS I +61°303, which all probably belong to a subcluster within the Cas OB6 association.
THE SUBMILLIMETER BUMP IN Sgr A* FROM RELATIVISTIC MHD SIMULATIONS

Recent high resolution observations of the Galactic center black hole allow for direct comparison with accretion disk simulations. We compare two-temperature synchrotron emission models from three-dimensional, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to millimeter observations of Sgr A*. Fits to very long baseline interferometry and spectral index measurements disfavor the monochromatic face-on black hole shadow models from our previous work. Inclination angles ≤20° are ruled out to 3σ. We estimate the inclination and position angles of the black hole, as well as the electron temperature of the accretion flow and the accretion rate, to be , , Te = (5.4 ± 3.0) × 1010 K, and , respectively, with 90% confidence. The black hole shadow is unobscured in all best-fit models, and may be detected by observations on baselines between Chile and California, Arizona, or Mexico at 1.3 mm or .87 mm either through direct sampling of the visibility amplitude or using closure phase information. Millimeter flaring behavior consistent with the observations is present in all viable models and is caused by magnetic turbulence in the inner radii of the accretion flow. The variability at optically thin frequencies is strongly correlated with that in the accretion rate. The simulations provide a universal picture of the 1.3 mm emission region as a small region near the midplane in the inner radii of the accretion flow, which is roughly isothermal and has ν/ν c ~ 1-20, where ν c is the critical frequency for thermal synchrotron emission.
ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS: ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION

We introduce the highest energy cosmic rays and briefly review the powerful astrophysical objects where they could be accelerated. We then introduce the interactions of different cosmic ray particles with the photon fields of the Universe and the formation of the cosmic ray spectra observed at Earth. The last topic is the production of secondary gamma rays and neutrinos in the interactions of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays.
Reactions in supercritical fluids. A case study of the thermodynamic solvent effects on a Diels-Alder reaction in supercritical carbon dioxide

Etude cinetique de la cycloaddition Diels Alder de l'anhydride maleique avec l'isoprene dans CO 2 supercritique dans des conditions proches du point critique de CO 2
The Death of Managed Care: A Regulatory Autopsy

On the heels of widespread patient protection legislation in the states, the managed care industry abandoned or greatly scaled back the core elements of gate-keeping, utilization management, and financial incentives, which are the very targets of this legislation. This article explores whether, and to what extent, the industry's abrupt change in course can be attributed to these laws. Based on extensive interviews with key informants in six representative states, the article concludes that these laws were not the primary driver of changes in managed care practices. However, patient protection laws interacted with other social and market forces, through complex forms of feedback and reinforcement, to bring about more thoroughgoing change than would have otherwise occurred.
Integrated online localization and navigation for people with visual impairments using smart phones

Indoor localization and navigation systems for individuals with Visual Impairments (VIs) typically rely upon extensive augmentation of the physical space, significant computational resources, or heavy and expensive sensors; thus, few systems have been implemented on a large scale. This work describes a system able to guide people with VIs through indoor environments using inexpensive sensors, such as accelerometers and compasses, which are available in portable devices like smart phones. The method takes advantage of feedback from the human user, who confirms the presence of landmarks, something that users with VIs already do when navigating in a building. The system calculates the user's location in real time and uses it to provide audio instructions on how to reach the desired destination. Initial early experiments suggested that the accuracy of the localization depends on the type of directions and the availability of an appropriate transition model for the user. A critical parameter for the transition model is the user's step length. Consequently, this work also investigates different schemes for automatically computing the user's step length and reducing the dependence of the approach on the definition of an accurate transition model. In this way, the direction provision method is able to use the localization estimate and adapt to failed executions of paths by the users. Experiments are presented that evaluate the accuracy of the overall integrated system, which is executed online on a smart phone. Both people with VIs and blindfolded sighted people participated in the experiments, which included paths along multiple floors that required the use of stairs and elevators.
Particle size distribution and optimal capture of aqueous macrobial eDNA

Summary Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect aquatic macroorganisms is a new survey method with broad applicability. However, the origin, state and fate of aqueous macrobial eDNA – which collectively determine how well eDNA can serve as a proxy for directly observing organisms and how eDNA should be captured, purified and assayed – are poorly understood. The size of aquatic particles provides clues about their origin, state and fate. We used sequential filtration size fractionation to measure the particle size distribution (PSD) of macrobial eDNA, specifically Common Carp (hereafter referred to as Carp) eDNA. We compared it to the PSDs of total eDNA (from all organisms) and suspended particle matter (SPM). We quantified Carp mitochondrial eDNA using a custom qPCR assay, total eDNA with fluorometry and SPM with gravimetric analysis. In a lake and a pond, we found Carp eDNA in particles from >180 to <0·2 μm, but it was most abundant from 1 to 10 μm. Total eDNA was most abundant below 0·2 μm, and SPM was most abundant above 100 μm. SPM consisted of ≤0·1% total eDNA, and total eDNA consisted of ≤0·0004% Carp eDNA. 0·2 μm filtration maximized Carp eDNA capture (85% ± 6%) while minimizing total (i.e. non-target) eDNA capture (48% ± 3%), but filter clogging limited this pore size to a sample volume <250 mL. To mitigate this limitation, we estimated a continuous PSD model for Carp eDNA and derived an equation for calculating isoclines of pore size and water volume that yield equivalent amounts of Carp eDNA. Our results suggest that aqueous macrobial eDNA predominantly exists inside mitochondria or cells, and that settling may therefore play an important role in its fate. For optimal eDNA capture, we recommend 0·2 μm filtration or a combination of larger pore size and water volume that exceeds the 0·2 μm isocline. In situ filtration of large volumes could maximize detection probability when surveying large habitats for rare organisms. Our method for eDNA particle size analysis enables future research to compare the PSDs of eDNA from other organisms and environments, and to easily apply them for ecological monitoring.
Cosmology without Einstein's assumption that inertial mass produces gravity

Giving up Einstein's assumption, implicit in his 1916 field equations, that inertial mass, even in its appearance as energy, is equivalent to active gravitational mass and therefore is a source of gravity allows revising the field equations to a form in which a positive cosmological constant is seen to (mis)represent a uniform negative net mass density of gravitationally attractive and gravitationally repulsive matter. Field equations with both positive and negative active gravitational mass densities of both primordial and continuously created matter, incorporated along with two scalar fields to 'relax the constraints' on the spacetime geometry, yield cosmological solutions that exhibit inflation, deceleration, coasting, acceleration, and a 'big bounce' instead of a 'big bang,' and provide good fits to a Hubble diagram of Type Ia supernovae data. The repulsive matter is identified as the back sides of the 'drainholes' introduced by the author in 1973 as solutions of those same field equations. Drainholes (prototypical examples of 'traversable wormholes') are topological tunnels in space which gravitationally attract on their front, entrance sides, and repel more strongly on their back, exit sides. The front sides serve both as the gravitating cores of the visible, baryonic particles of primordial matter and as the continuously created, invisible particles of the 'dark matter' needed to hold together the large-scale structures seen in the universe; the back sides serve as the misnamed 'dark energy' driving the current acceleration of the expansion of the universe. Formation of cosmic voids, walls, filaments and nodes is attributed to expulsion of drainhole entrances from regions populated by drainhole exits and accumulation of the entrances on boundaries separating those regions.
Selective olefination of carbonyl compounds via metal-catalyzed carbene transfer from diazo reagents.

Abstract A number of transition metal complexes are capable of catalyzing selective olefination of carbonyl compounds, including aldehydes, activated and unactivated ketones, with diazo reagents in the presence of triphenylphosphine or related tertiary phosphines. These catalytic olefination reactions can be carried out in a one-pot fashion under neutral conditions with the use of different diazo reagents as carbene sources, typically affording olefins in high yields and high stereoselectivity.
Selective Cross‐Electrophile Coupling by Dual Catalysis

Palladium and nickel: This Highlight summarizes recent developments in the area of dual-catalytic Ullman-type coupling reactions of aryl bromides and triflates: Weix and co-workers took advantage of the different selectivities and stabilities of palladium and nickel catalysts to favor the desired cross-coupling and suppress homocoupling.
Syntactic and semantic errors in radiology reports associated with speech recognition software.

Speech recognition software can increase the frequency of errors in radiology reports, which may affect patient care. We retrieved 213,977 speech recognition software-generated reports from 147 different radiologists and proofread them for errors. Errors were classified as "material" if they were believed to alter interpretation of the report. "Immaterial" errors were subclassified as intrusion/omission or spelling errors. The proportion of errors and error type were compared among individual radiologists, imaging subspecialty, and time periods. In all, 20,759 reports (9.7%) contained errors, of which 3992 (1.9%) were material errors. Among immaterial errors, spelling errors were more common than intrusion/omission errors ( p < .001). Proportion of errors and fraction of material errors varied significantly among radiologists and between imaging subspecialties ( p < .001). Errors were more common in cross-sectional reports, reports reinterpreting results of outside examinations, and procedural studies (all p < .001). Error rate decreased over time ( p < .001), which suggests that a quality control program with regular feedback may reduce errors.
Making the Case for Systematic, Gender‐Based Analysis in Sustainable Peace Building

In this article, we address protracted, often recurring violent conflict, arguing that the failure to solve entrenched conflicts and build sustainable peace is due in part to the absence of women from peace-building processes. To change this negative status quo, we put forward three essential instruments: gender mainstreaming to make gender relations the foundation of any analysis and decision making, the three-pillar framework of conflict mapping, and the New European Peace and Security System model of conflict intervention. When these tools are employed together, they can establish conceptual and operational coherence and positive systemic change by empowering women to work with men as equal partners to build and maintain sustainable peace in fragile, postconflict environments.
Analysis of Data from a Taxi Cab Participatory Sensor Network

Mobile participatory sensing applications are becoming quite popular, where individuals with mobile sensing devices such as smartphones, music players, and in-car GPS devices collect sensor data and share it with an external entity to compute statistics of mutual interest or map common phenomena. In this paper, we present an analysis of the data from a real-world city-scale mobile participatory sensor network comprised of about two thousand taxi cabs. Our analysis spans data collected from the taxi cab sensor network over the course of a year and we use it to make inferences about life in the city. The large scale data collection (size and time) from these taxi cabs allows us to examine various aspects about life in a city such as busy “party” times in the city, peak taxi usage (space and time), most traveled streets, and travel patterns on holidays. We also provide a summary of lessons learned from our analysis that can aid similar city-scale deployments and their analyses in the future.
Removing even crossings

An edge in a drawing of a graph is called even if it intersects every other edge of the graph an even number of times. Pach and Toth proved that a graph can always be redrawn so that its even edges are not involved in any intersections. We give a new and significantly simpler proof of the stronger statement that the redrawing can be done in such a way that no new odd intersections are introduced. We include two applications of this strengthened result: an easy proof of a theorem of Hanani and Tutte (the only proof we know of not to use Kuratowski's theorem), and the new result that the odd crossing number of a graph equals the crossing number of the graph for values of at most 3. The paper begins with a disarmingly simple proof of a weak (but standard) version of the theorem by Hanani and Tutte.
Fast evaluation of multi-hadron correlation functions

Calculating the values of nuclear correlation functions is computationally intensive due to the fact that the number of terms in a nuclear wave function scales exponentially with atomic number. To speed up this computation, we represent a correlation function as a sum of the determinants of many small matrices, and exploit similarities between the matrices to speed up the calculations of those determinants.
Matrix product constraints by projection methods

The decomposition of a matrix, as a product of factors with particular properties, is a much used tool in numerical analysis. Here we develop methods for decomposing a matrix C into a product XY, where the factors X and Y are required to minimize their distance from an arbitrary pair $$X_0$$X0 and $$Y_0$$Y0. This type of decomposition, a projection to a matrix product constraint, in combination with projections that impose structural properties on X and Y, forms the basis of a general method of decomposing a matrix into factors with specified properties. Results are presented for the application of these methods to a number of hard problems in exact factorization.
Notions of Regularity for Functions of a Split-Quaternionic Variable

The utility and beauty of the theory holomorphic functions of a complex variable leads one to wonder whether analogous function theories exist for other (presumably higher dimensional) algebras. Over the last several decades it has been shown that much of Complex analysis extends to a similar theory for the family of Clifford Algebras \(C\ell _{0,n}\). However, there has yet to be a complete description for the general theory over the family of Clifford algebras \(C\ell _{p,q}\) (for \(p\ne 0\)). In this work, we describe two different approaches from the literature for finding a theory of “holomorphic” functions of a split-quaternionic variable (which is the Clifford algebra \(C\ell _{1,1}\)). We show that one approach yields a relatively trivial theory, while the other gives a richer one. In the second instance, we describe a simple subclass of “holomorphic” functions and give two examples of an analogue of the Cauchy-Kowalewski extension in this context.
Pregnancy after Solid Organ Transplantation.

Purpose To explore the reproductive decision-making process with women who were organ transplant recipients (renal, lung, & heart transplants). Study design and methods Grounded theory guided data collection and analyses. Mixed methods with audiotaped telephone interviews and a written survey measuring social support were used. As social support is critical for women who are organ transplant recipients considering pregnancy, a search for disconfirming evidence for social support via a survey and interviews was included. Analyses Verbatim responses were analyzed through the constant comparative method using open, axial, and selective coding. Trustworthiness was established through prolonged engagement, member checking, and thick descriptions. Results Participants included 10 women who were solid organ recipients (2 lung, 1 heart, and 7 renal transplant recipients). The core theme was Wanting a child. Other themes included Getting information, Advocating, Dealing with problems, Preparing, Talking, Supporting, Coping, and Advising others. There was no evidence of a lack of social support as evaluated via the survey or interviews. Clinical implications This study provides new knowledge on clinical decision-making about pregnancy for women who are solid organ recipients and for healthcare professionals. Nurses can use these data to help guide women on how to obtain the most accurate information to make a personal decision about pregnancy and to develop support from their healthcare team and family.
The Speed of Response of Firms to New Techniques

I. Introduction, 290. — II. Size of firm and the profitability of its investment in the innovation, 291. — III. Model and data, 294. — IV. Empirical results, 297. — V. Growth rate, profitability, age of president, liquidity, and profit trend, 302. — VI. Concentration of technical leadership, 305. — VII. Summary and conclusions, 309.
Two-dimensional mineral [Pb2BiS3][AuTe2]: high-mobility charge carriers in single-atom-thick layers

Two-dimensional (2D) electronic systems are of wide interest due to their richness in chemical and physical phenomena and potential for technological applications. Here we report that [Pb2BiS3][AuTe2], known as the naturally occurring mineral buckhornite, hosts 2D carriers in single-atom-thick layers. The structure is composed of stacking layers of weakly coupled [Pb2BiS3] and [AuTe2] sheets. The insulating [Pb2BiS3] sheet inhibits interlayer charge hopping and confines the carriers in the basal plane of the single-atom-thick [AuTe2] layer. Magneto-transport measurements on synthesized samples and theoretical calculations show that [Pb2BiS3][AuTe2] is a multiband semimetal with a compensated density of electrons and holes, which exhibits a high hole carrier mobility of ∼1360 cm2/(V s). This material possesses an extremely large anisotropy, Γ = ρc/ρab ≈ 104, comparable to those of the benchmark 2D materials graphite and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O6+δ. The electronic structure features linear band dispersion at the Fermi ...
DOES BEAUTY MATTER IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION

Physically attractive individuals achieve greater success in terms of earnings and status than those who are less attractive. However, much about the mechanism behind this “beauty premium” remains unknown. We use a rich dataset to shed light on its nature at the college level. We find that students judged to be more attractive perform significantly worse on standardized tests but, conditional on test scores, are not evaluated more favorably at the point of admission. Controlling for test scores, more attractive students receive marginally better grades in some cases. Finally, there is substantial beauty-based sorting into areas of study and occupations.
On the Redistributional Effects of Long-Run Inflation in a Cash-in-Advance Economy

This paper analyses the redistributional effects of long-run inflation on income, wealth and consumption in the United States in a model economy with heterogeneous agents where money is introduced via a cash-in-advance constraint. In the case with transfers, we find that consumption inequality reduces as inflation increases since the low income households hold a relatively higher cash-wealth ratio. The bottom 60% of the population gains and the top 40% loses. In the case without transfers, we find that all income groups lose with the losses being more pronounced in the low income households.
Packing subgroups in solvable groups

We show that any subgroup of a (virtually) nilpotent-by-polycyclic group satisfies the bounded packing property of Hruska–Wise [Packing subgroups in relatively hyperbolic groups, Geom. Topol. 13 (2009) 1945–1988]. In particular, the same is true for all finitely generated subgroups of metabelian groups and linear solvable groups. However, we find an example of a finitely generated solvable group of derived length 3 which admits a finitely generated metabelian subgroup without the bounded packing property. In this example the subgroup is a retract also. Thus we obtain a negative answer to Problem 2.27 of the above paper. On the other hand, we show that polycyclic subgroups of solvable groups satisfy the bounded packing property.
Pseudocapacitive Electrodes Produced by Oxidant‐Free Polymerization of Pyrrole between the Layers of 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene)

Heterocyclic pyrrole molecules are in situ aligned and polymerized in the -absence of an oxidant between layers of the 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene), resulting in high volumetric and gravimetric capacitances with capacitance retention of 92% after 25,000 cycles at a 100 mV s(-1) scan rate.
DAILY TRAVEL TIME VARIABILITY IN THE TWIN CITIES, 1990-2001

This paper describes a study of daily personal travel time in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota metropolitan area and how and why it changed between 1990 and 2001. This has two major components. The first is the relationship between commute and noncommute travel time. The second is the relationship between mode choice, total daily travel time, and automobile travel time. Both of these are analyzed in terms of how they vary geographically within the region as well as how they changed during the decade. The study is based on the Twin Cities Travel Behavior Inventory (TBI), which included about 10,000 households in 1990 and about 5,000 in 2001. These large samples make it possible to study geographic variations within the region. This is supplemented with information on commute durations from the Census Transportation Planning Package. Average Twin Cities one-way commute durations increased by about two minutes during the 1990s, while total daily travel time increased by about five minutes for workers and two minutes for non-workers. This supports an earlier finding that variations in total daily travel time within the region were primarily due to differences in average commute durations rather than non-work travel. The findings here also support the theory that time spent in non-auto modes reduces the amount of time spent in auto travel, although the reduction is not one-for-one.