cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Modeling and Experience on Young Children's Persistence at a Gambling Game.

Gambling is common among children and adolescents, but Hide is known about factors initiating or maintaining this behavior. Fifty-one male and 51 female kindergarten and first grade children were invited to play a game involving repeated opportunities to select colored chips from a cup while blindfolded. Children playing for tangible incentives elected to play longer than those who were not (p < .001). Seeing a videotaped model win or fail to win a large prize had no effect on persistence with the game. Playing again one week later, children playing for incentives exhibited a more successful strategy, quitting sooner (p < .04) and with more winnings (p < .03). The parameters of experiential versus observational learning are discussed, with implications for educating children about risk-taking.
Teaching Business Intelligence through Case Studies.

In teaching business students about the application and implementation of technology, especially involving business intelligence and tools for analytics, it is important to discover that project success in enterprise systems development efforts often depend on the non-technological problems or issues. The focus of this paper will be on the use of multiple case studies in an information systems strategy course, taught to business majors, which highlight the importance of non-technological factors. Each of the cases reinforces the need for senior management support, effective change management procedures, focus on data acquisition and quality, attention to key business process, and the integration into the existing organizational infrastructure as key drivers in project success. This approach utilizes the work system framework as a basis for case study analysis.
Analyzing Opportunities and Barriers of Delayed Deceleration Approach Procedures to Reduce Fuel Burn

*† ‡ The objective of Delayed Deceleration Approaches is to minimize fuel burn by maintaining airspeed above the initial flap speed for as long as possible during approach. This lowers drag and engine thrust requirements, leading to significant reductions in fuel burn and emissions during the descent and approach phases of flight. However, analysis of operational data suggests many flights decelerate earlier than this ideal approach speed profile suggests. This study investigates potential reasons behind the early decelerations and identifies opportunities for increased use of Delayed Deceleration Approaches. Radar tracks of flights to different airports have been analyzed to assess the proportion of approaches that were considered inefficient in terms of fuel burn. In particular, the role of preceding traffic in the airspeed schedule of a given flight is examined, as well as the effect of the airport meteorological conditions. Differences in fuel efficiency between airports in the same metroplex are also studied.
New Compounds Showing Selective Activity Against the Tobacco Budworm and Other Lepidopteran Species, the Boll Weevil and the Twospotted Spider Mite

Resistance to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides by populations of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), has been reported in certain areas of North America (Wolfenbarger and McGarr 1970, Wolfenbarger et al. 1973). Although OP insecticides are still effective against this insect in the southeastern United States and in Colombia, South America (Wolfenbarger et al. 1973), it would become a much more serious problem in the event these populations dispersed to all portions of North, Central, and South America. These determinations of resistance delineate the need for discovery of new classes of compounds that will be effective against this insect.
Seismic Reflectivity Attributes

Seismic structural attributes (e.g., curvatures and similarity), which are usually extracted from post-stack seismic data, have been been widely used to help seismic interpretation. Because seismic data is band limited and contaminated with noise, which results in low resolution of the extracted attribute outputs. This leads to the limited use of the structural attributes mostly visualized on a time or horizon slice but not very useful at vertical cross-sections. To address this, we will present an application of three types of seismic attributes (most positive curvature, most negative curvature and similarity) on a spiky reflectivity cube, which is derived from post-stack seismic data by using a sparse layer inversion with basis pursuit technique. The attributes calculated from the reflectivity cube show higher resolution results in both vertical and horizontal views, which can be used as a new attribute to help seismic interpretation.
Parent Perceptions About Autism Spectrum Disorder Influence Treatment Choices

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) must identify, select, and even implement treatments. Child age, cognitive functioning, ASD symptoms, family income, parent education, and cultural background, all may influence treatment selection. Parents’ perceptions about ASD also may contribute. We explored whether parents’ perceptions of ASD, along with family- and child-specific characteristics, predicted use of various ASD treatment categories. Sixty-eight families from the Simons Simplex Collection completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Logistic regression results indicated that when parent perceptions predicted use of a treatment category, relative contribution of perceptions was somewhat stronger than child- and family-specific factors (i.e., demographics, functioning). Moreover, predictive factors differed between treatment categories. Overall, treatment category use was influenced by parents’ perceptions of control over ASD treatment, behaviors perceived to be re...
The Influence of Early Interest Orientations and Time on Kindergartners' Academic Monitoring and Information-Seeking Behaviors.

This study addressed questions about the influence of children’s early childhood interests on their subsequent academic regulation and information pursuit behaviors in kindergarten. Differences in the pattern of academic behaviors employed by four groups of children who had different interest orientations were examined. Specifically, the study investigated the relative stability (or variability) of the influence of particular interest types on the children’s behavior patterns across the first year of school. Participants included 109 children who were enrolled in a longitudinal study of interest development. To assess their academic regulation strategies and information pursuits, the children were observed in their kindergarten classrooms during both teacher-led and student-directed activities on four occasions throughout the school year. The findings reflected an elaboration in children’s repertoires of regulation strategies and information pursuits across the school year in general. However, differences...
Time-history Analysis of Skip-floor Shear Wall Structure

The anti-seismic performance of a skip floor shear wall structure and a traditional shear wall structure are analyzed, the influence of the skip floor shear wall structure form is analyzed, the three-dimensional calculation models of two skip floor shear wall structures and the traditional shear wall structure are respectively established, finite element software Ansys is adopted to calculate the earthquake response analysis of the models, and the structure displacement time interval curves and stress distribution characteristics of the skip floor shear wall structure and the traditional shear wall structure under the earthquake effect are obtained, the calculation result shows that the stress distributions of the three structures are similar, the displacement of the skip floor shear wall structures is bigger than the displacement of traditional shear wall structure under three different earthquake effects, however, the skip floor shear wall structures still can satisfy the demands of lateral sway in regulations and explains that the skip floor shear wall structures can be used in project practice.
Implementing highly accurate non-reflecting boundary conditions for large scale problems in structural acoustics

Time-harmonic problems of acoustic radiation and scattering in unbounded domains are governed by the Helmholtz equation in the fluid domain, coupled to the structural equations for elastic bodies in contact with the fluid. In addition to the boundary conditions applied to the structure and the fluid-structure interface conditions, a radiation condition is applied at infinity to render the solution to the problem unique. When modeling such problems with domain based methods such as the finite element method, the finite element mesh is truncated at a finite distance from the structure and either an artificial boundary condition that replicates the infinite domain is applied, or special elements such as infinite elements are used.
Rural community health agencies as primary care clerkship sites for medical students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study describes a student-centered third-year clerkship involving student choice and on-site investigation of rural community health care agencies. The objective of the clerkship was student understanding of how to explore and use community agencies to enhance the care of patients. METHODS The course was evaluated through pre- and postcourse surveys of attitudes about primary care, care of the socially disadvantaged, knowledge of social agencies, and specialty orientation. Also analyzed were student clerkship evaluation forms, student performance evaluations, and review by external consultants. RESULTS Students reported statistically significant increases in knowledge about social agencies (P = .0001). Attitudes of social responsibility for health care and greater concern about patients' social well-being were reported but were not statistically significant. While students agreed with the philosophy of the experience, they felt the course would have been more valuable later in their training. Student performance exceeded faculty expectations in all cases. External evaluators felt the community agency contacts were crucial experiences for future caregivers. CONCLUSIONS A student-centered clerkship using community-based agencies can provide a valid educational experience, even in remote rural areas. Students develop facility in contacting and using community resources. Participation can give new perspectives on patient care not achievable in other sites. The long-term benefits of this early community exposure remain to be investigated.
Determination of the Side-Reaction Coefficient of Desferrioxamine B in Trace-Metal-Free Seawater

Electrochemical techniques like adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry with competitive ligand equilibration (ACSV-CLE) can determine total concentrations of marine organic ligands and their conditional binding constants for specific metals, but cannot identify them. Individual organic ligands, isolated from microbial cultures or biosynthesized through genomics, can be structurally characterized via NMR and tandem MS analysis, but this is tedious and time-consuming. A complementary approach is to compare known properties of natural ligands, particularly their conditional binding constants, with those of model organic ligands, measured under suitable conditions. Such comparisons cannot be meaningfully interpreted unless the side-reaction coefficient (SRC) of the model ligand in seawater is thoroughly evaluated. We conducted series of potentiometric titrations, in non-coordinating medium at seawater ionic strength (0.7 M NaClO4) over a range of metal:ligand molar ratios, to study complexation of the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) with Mg and Ca, for which it has the highest affinity among the major seasalt cations. From similar titrations of acetohydroxamic acid in the absence and presence of methanesulfonate (mesylate), it was determined that Mg and Ca binding to this common DFOB counter-ion is not strong enough to interfere with the DFOB titrations. Stability constants were measured for all DFOB complexes with Mg and Ca including, for the first time, the bidentate complexes. No evidence was found for Mg and Ca coordination with the DFOB terminal amine. From the improved DFOB speciation, we calculated five SRCs for each of the five (de)protonated forms of DFOB in trace-metal-free seawater, yet we also present a more convenient definition of a single SRC that allows adjustment of all DFOB stability constants to seawater conditions, no matter which of these forms is selected as the 'component' (reference species). An example of Cd speciation in seawater containing DFOB illustrates the non-trivial use of different SRCs for polyprotic, polydentate organic ligands.
The degree of explosion danger for NEC Class II locations

Hazardous areas for Class II locations, as defined by the NEC, are areas that produce combustible dust in which sources of hazard exist that may produce combustible dust from products grouped under E, F, and G. This chapter focuses on the explosion hazard of coal and coke dust. . The NEC divided the explosion hazard for coal and coke dust into: Division-1— the dangerous condition, and Division-2 — the remotely dangerous condition. A location must be considered dangerous, when coal or coke dust exists in the atmosphere in sufficient quantities because of normal operations. The degree of explosion danger in fossil power plants is high when combustible dust from coal is exposed to the atmosphere, this is exemplified in the chapter with: (1) Coal Fuel Unloading Systems. (2) Coal Pulverizers. (3) Crusher House. The main feature of a dust ignition proof enclosure is that it excludes ignitable amounts of dust. The most effective dust suppression system is a water spray that keeps the fuel and dust wet during the dumping process in fossil power plants. Even pulverizer units are considered dust tight. The coal pulverizing system in a fossil power plant is the final stage of the fuel supply. Pulverizing equipment reduces the coal to the required fineness before it enters the boiler furnace. Different types of pulverizing units: (1) The “Impact Mill” (2) The “Ball Mill.” The most commonly used pulverizer fuel system is the direct fire unit in which the fuel is pulverized near the point of use. Proper maintenance and regular housekeeping for reducing the amount of coal dust to below the explosive limit may not be the answer for keeping the coal dust below the lower explosive limit. However, during the first year of operation the pulverizer equipment may maintain its dust tightness, but in the years following, the equipment may start leaking because of wear and handling. Coal dust is also produced in reclaim hoppers, storage silos and crusher houses, and may cause dust explosions. Therefore, the use of enclosed machines must be encouraged; they give better protection against the entry of coal dust.
Cyclic Assembly Schedules for Dynamic Demands

Cyclic schedules, where fixed order interval lengths apply for all items, offer practical benefits in terms of ease of planning and control. Cyclic schedules are frequently preferred in practice, even though they result in higher total costs than non-cyclic schedules when demand is not constant. This study investigates the additional cost of cyclic scheduling in multistage assembly systems where demands vary from period to period, as in material requirements planning (MRP) environments. Capacity constraints are not included in the study.A mathematical formulation of the cyclic problem is developed, and an algorithm to solve the problem is presented. Testing is then performed to compare the costs of optimal cyclic and non-cyclic schedules. Coefficient of demand variation is the key factor affecting the additional cost of cyclic schedules. Results show that additional costs are quite moderate under a wide range of conditions.
AIR QUALITY IN FLUID AND MANUFACTURED MILK PRODUCTS PLANTS1,2

Forty responses were obtained from a questionnaire sent to regulatory agencies of market milk and manufactured dairy products of the 50 state governments. Replies indicated that air-borne contamination was considered most important in the commercial processing or manufacture of cultured milks followed by dry milks, cheese, market milks, ice cream, and butter in decreasing order of importance. However, a high percentage of replies signified a lack of knowledge of airborne contamination in processing or manufacture of dairy products. Air was sampled using the Casella sampler to ascertain the standard plate count and yeast and mold count in critical product areas of various size dairy plants in nine states. The following results were obtained/ft3: (a) cheese: SPC, >115.7 mean and 3 to >702 range, yeast and mold, 29.1 mean and 1 to 99 range; (b) dry dairy products: SPC, 31 mean and 8 to 60 range, yeast and mold, 28.9 mean and 3 to 84 range; (c) market milk: SPC, 31.3 mean and 4 to 89 range, yeast and mold, 30...
A comparison of preoperative and intraoperative vein mapping sizes for arteriovenous fistula creation.

Abstract Background Duplex ultrasound (DUS) mapping of the veins and arteries of the upper extremity is a well-established practice in arteriovenous fistula creation for long-term hemodialysis access. Previous publications have shown that vein diameters varying from 2 to 3 mm are predictive of success. Regional anesthesia is known to result in vasodilation and thus to increase the diameter of upper extremity veins. This study compares the sizes of veins measured by preoperative DUS mapping with those obtained after regional anesthesia to determine whether intraoperative DUS results in increased vein diameters and thus changes in the operative plan. A second goal was to determine whether such changes resulted in functional access. Methods This was a prospective observational study conducted between July 2013 and December 2014. Consecutive patients were preoperatively mapped and then intraoperatively mapped after administration of a regional anesthetic. Comparison of vein mapping sizes and comparison of preoperative plan and operative procedure based on the preoperative and intraoperative DUS mapping, respectively, were analyzed with a repeated-measures linear model. Significance testing was two sided, with a significance level of 5%. Results Sixty-five patients with end-stage renal disease underwent placement of arteriovenous access with preoperative and intraoperative DUS mapping after regional anesthesia. Comorbidities were representative of the vascular population. After regional anesthesia, intraoperative mid forearm and distal forearm cephalic veins were significantly larger than their respective preoperative measurements. Average increase in diameter of the mid forearm cephalic vein and distal forearm was 0.96 mm ( P P = .04), respectively. There was a significant difference in the number and configuration of arteriovenous accesses ( P Conclusions The routine use of intraoperative DUS mapping after regional anesthesia is recommended to determine the optimal access site for chronic hemodialysis access. Identifying additional access options not seen with physical examination and preoperative DUS mapping will provide end-stage renal disease patients with more fistula options and hence a longer access life span for a lifelong disease.
De “viles acemileros” y “Minerva con el can”: una posible lectura

One of the enigmatic expressions of Celestina that has not yet been satisfactorily explained is the reference to “Minerva con el can” from Act I. Scholars have proposed different explanations but no one of them has been widely accepted. In this article we propose that the source of the quotation is Il Novellino by Masuccio Salernitano.
Developing inter-organizational trust in business-to-business e-commerce participation: case studies in the automotive industry

Inter-organizational-systems such as EDI have been the main form of business-to business e-commerce participation in the automotive industry for the last two decades. Previous studies in EDI adoption mostly examined environmental, organizational and technological factors. This study draws insights developed within the sociology of technology, in which innovation is not simply a technical-rational process of solving problems, but involves economic, behavioral and political processes required for building inter-organizational trust. The transition to cooperative relationships between buyers and suppliers may be more difficult for automotive companies because of complexity, compatibility, long lead times and ingrained adversarial supplier relationships (Langfield-Smith & Greenwood, 1998). Therefore, trust is important as organizations need to cooperate, collaborate and communicate timely and relevant information, in order to facilitate EDI that entails not only technological proficiencies, but also trust between trading parties, so that business transactions are sent and received in an orderly fashion.An analysis of the trust behaviors that influence EDI adoption will be useful for evaluating EDI participation. The aim of this study is to address the following intriguing questions: • How does trading partner trust impact EDI participation? • How do issues relating to coercive power among trading partners impact inter-organizational trust?, and • What is the importance of trust within an inter-organizational dyad. Ford has been using EDI since the electronic data transmissions commenced in 1988. The aim of EDI is to communicate production requirements of five car manufacturers (namely, Ford, General Motors Holden, Toyota, Mitsubishi and Nissan), to their component suppliers in order to meet the demands of the Australian and overseas motor vehicle markets. The automotive industry had more experience than other industries in developing inter-organizational relationships. Ford Australia was nationally and internationally popular because motor vehicles were exported to New Zealand and the Asia Pacific region.
Interactive Mathematics Storybooks and Their Friends

Little is yet known about Interactive Mathematics Storybooks (IMS) enveloped in a digital surround of supporting materials—their “Friends”—designed to delight and educate young children as well as those who read with them. Clearly different from paper books and physical manipulatives, interactive books entail a special set of affordances that can promote young children’s mathematics learning, and the surrounding Friends can help the adult understand the mathematics and the child. This chapter relies to the extent possible on existing research and theory, but goes beyond current knowledge to speculate, imagine, and dream about the potential of IMS for helping young children to learn mathematics at home. The chapter uses what is known to imagine what could be.
Probing the microbial

Angela Douglas is an internationally recognized expert on symbiosis, with a number of foundational texts to her name. In her new book, Fundamentals of Microbiome Science , Douglas synthetizes data from the burgeoning field of microbiome science in eight highly informative chapters.
Student Loan Bankruptcy and the Meaning of Educational Benefit

Unlike any other consumer debt, student loans are not dischargeable through the normal bankruptcy process. Instead, for any student loan that satisfies one of three statutory criteria, borrowers may only obtain a discharge if they prove that repayment would impose an “undue hardship.” This Article argues that courts have misinterpreted the scope of these statutory criteria. Specifically, by adopting a reading of the term “educational benefit” that conflicts with the statutory text, the legislative history, and the policy rationales underlying the Bankruptcy Code, courts have misclassified billions of dollars of student loan debt and prevented many borrowers from obtaining the financial relief to which they are entitled.
LTB4 receptor antagonists exacerbate T lymphocyte-mediated delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs.

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent lipid mediator of many inflammatory processes (1,2). In addition, elevated tissue levels of LTB4 have been reported in inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis (3) and inflammatory bowel disease (4). For these reasons, LTB4 antagonists have been developed for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases with the aim of inhibiting LTB4 receptor-mediated neutrophil functions (5–7).
A Measurement of Self-Efficacy Among Oklahoma Secondary Band Directors in Concert, Marching, and Jazz Ensemble Pedagogy:

The purpose of this study was to examine secondary band directors’ self-efficacy toward concert, marching, and jazz ensemble pedagogy. Secondary purposes were to investigate potential relationships...
Solvent-based bonding of PMMA–PMMA for microfluidic applications

Solvent bonding is a simple, inexpensive and quick technique used for joining microfluidic parts made of thermoplastic polymers that results in high bonding strength and good optical clarity. However, selecting the right solvent as well as the curing conditions is an important step in providing a successful bond that ensures an appropriate bonding without squeeze-out and clogging of microchannels. In this study, different solvent mixtures and solvent phases (i.e., liquid vs. vapor), as well as a range of curing times and temperatures, were tested to bond poly(methyl methacrylate) samples. Additionally, effect of corona surface modification was also examined on bonding quality. Results were compared in terms of bonding strength and optical clarity. A solvent mixture of 20% dichloromethane and 80% isopropanol showed the greatest bonding strength (4.2 MPa, based on tensile test), while vaporized dichloromethane had the best optical clarity (only 2.22% reduction in power transmittance). Coronal surface modification also showed a 25% increase in bonding strength and 2% improvement on optical clarity, for 20% dichloromethane and 80% isopropanol solution at room temperature and curing time of 15 min.
Mitral valve replacement through the aortic root

This report discusses the case histories of two patients who had had previous cardiac operations and required extensive reoperations including mitral valve replacement. In both patients the replacement of the mitral valve was performed through the aortic root. This rare approach to the mitral valve, conducted with remarkable facility in these patients, encourages more liberal use of transaortic mitral valve operations in selected patients.
Buddhism, Death, And Resistance: What Self-Immolation In Tibet Has Borne

Since 2009, 155 Tibetans inside Tibet have positioned themselves in public places and burned themselves alive, in what most understand to be a protest for Tibetan freedom and the return of the Dala...
Chemical Markers for Short- and Long-Term Areca Nut Exposure

Background: Areca nut (AN) chewing causes oral cancer. AN cessation programs are the most effective approach to reduce AN chewing induced cancers but require biomarkers to determine program compliance and success. Objectives: To explore chemical markers for short- and long-term AN exposure using non-invasively collected saliva, buccal cells (BCs), and scalp hair of chewers. Methods: Saliva was collected from a male chewer before and up to 2 days after AN chewing. Saliva was separated into supernatant and pellet (BCs) then analyzed by spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography (LC) with UV/VIS detection. Scalp hair was collected from four chewers and analyzed for areca alkaloids using direct analysis in real time-tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MSMS). Results: The red pigmented saliva after chewing showed no valuable signals when either the saliva supernatant or pellet (BCs) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Saliva analysis by LC-UV/VIS showed diagnostically valuable signals at 488 nm up to 5 and 24 h post chewing in the supernatant and pellet, respectively. DART-MSMS analysis detected two of the four AN specific alkaloids (arecoline and arecaidine) in male but none in female hair. Conclusions/Importance: LC-UV/VIS analysis of the red pigments extracted from saliva and BCs after AN chewing showed distinct signals up to 24 h post chewing while DART-MSMS analysis in BCs and scalp hair showed selective signals of AN alkaloids for several weeks or months after AN exposure. Chemical hair treatment might prevent detection of areca alkaloids in hair. AN cessation trials and other programs now have essential tools for bioverification.
Evaluating Cultural Competence in an Occupational Therapy Pediatric Course

This study examined the impact on student cultural competence of using specific guided activities in a pediatric occupational therapy course. A combined two-group pre-posttest design was used with ...
Tropospheric Halogen Photochemistry in the Rapidly Changing Arctic

The Arctic is undergoing rapid change, with increasing temperatures, rapid sea ice loss, and resulting development. The sea ice, snowpack, and atmosphere are connected through multiphase chemistry, including unique halogen photochemistry that changes atmospheric composition and pollutant fate. Field-based mass spectrometry is leading new insights into this halogen chemistry.
Chapter 18 – INTRODUCTION

Publisher Summary Some of the most intriguing questions of neuroscience are concerned with the neural basis of psychophysical and behavioral data. Since the earliest days of recording the electrical responses of nerve trunks and then of single cells, analogies were sought between these and known behavioral phenomena. Behind this questioning is, of course, the larger problem: What kind of an organ is the brain and how does it control or influence behavior? In following the strategy of working the way inward, it is, therefore, necessary to inquire in more detail into the characteristics of information processing in a sensory pathway. This is done primarily with respect to vision.
A Natural Explanation for the Minimum Entropy Production Principle

It is well known that, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of a closed system increases (or at least stays the same). In many situations, this increase is the smallest possible. The corresponding minimum entropy production principle was first formulated and explained by a future Nobelist Ilya Prigogine. Since then, many possible explanations of this principle appeared, but all of them are very technical, based on complex analysis of differential equations describing the system’s dynamics. Since this phenomenon is ubiquitous for many systems, it is desirable to look for a general system-based explanation, explanation that would not depend on the specific technical details. Such an explanation is presented in this paper.
Foods served at faith community events for children - Is there room for improvements in this unexplored child nutrition site?

Objective To describe food and beverage provisions by Faith Communities from one denomination in association with events for children. Design, sample and measures Foods and beverages provided at 32 child-focused activities were documented using direct observation methodology and analyzed for contribution to food groups and per serving energy, fat, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium contents. Results Main dishes were mostly (71%) convenience/casserole-type foods, and averaged 962 mg sodium and 436 kcal, with 36% of energy from fat and 14% as saturated fat. Cheese was the main source of dairy products. Grain-based side dishes, provided at 29% of meals, included white rice, pasta, and bread. Non-starchy vegetables were provided at three (29%) meals. Fruits were served at six events. Desserts, served at 75% of events, contained 41% of energy from fat, with 17% as saturated fat, and 22 g of added sugar. Snack chips, provided at 31% of events, contributed 165 kcal mostly from fat and 243 mg of sodium. Sugar-sweetened beverages, served at 71% of events, contributed 28 g of added sugar. Conclusions This pilot investigation identified areas for improvements in the nutritional quality of foods/beverages served at faith community child-focused events and aligns with expanding public health efforts to improve child nutrition beyond traditional settings.
Injury Rate and Patterns in Group Strength-Endurance Training Classes.

Abstract Objective To identify the injury rate during high-intensity functional training. Participants and Methods Adults (N=100; 82 [82%] female) in group strength-endurance training at the Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center from January 9, 2017, through April 19, 2018, were recruited for the study. Participants were recruited before the class start date. Those who consented received a preclass survey and another survey 6 weeks after the class started to obtain data on demographic characteristics, baseline joint problems or pain, injuries in the preceding 6 weeks, class satisfaction, and exercise habits. Classes lasted 6 weeks and were led by a trainer for 60 minutes, once weekly. Participants were encouraged to perform similar exercise on 2 additional nonconsecutive days throughout the week. Injury was self-reported and defined as experiencing new pain or sustaining injury while exercising during the 6-week time frame. The primary outcome measure was the number of injuries per 1000 training hours. Results The injury rate was 9.0 injuries per 1000 training hours (95% CI, 5.8-13.4 injuries per 1000 training hours) during the 6-week training and 5.0 injuries per 1000 training hours (95% CI, 2.8-8.2 injuries per 1000 training hours) during the 6 weeks preceding enrollment (P=.08). Injury occurred in 18 (18%) of participants during the 6-week training, and 9 of 24 injuries (37.5%) occurred during a training class. The most commonly injured regions were knees (n=7) and back (n=6). Burpees and squats were the most common movements causing injury. Conclusion The increased injury rate during the study was not statistically significant. It was higher than rates reported in previous retrospective studies of high-intensity functional training, weight lifting, or power lifting but comparable with rates reported in prospective studies of novice and recreational runners.
Development and Utilization of a Database of Infilled Frame Experiments for Numerical Modeling

AbstractReliable analytical and empirical models of the force-deformation parameters used to characterize the nonlinear behavior of masonry panels are essential to simulating the seismic response o...
The Road to a More Diversified Agricultural Export Sector in the Dominican Republic

For the Dominican Republic, as for many Caribbean islands, sugar once defined the export sector. But times have changed, and the history of exports is less dominated by sugar in the Dominican Republic than in most Caribbean islands. In more recent history, agricultural exports have diversified significantly. For the five-year period 2009-2013, sugar exports amounted to less than 12% of the total value of agricultural exports, down from 59% in 1961-65, when all top exports were agricultural exports. (Agriculture now accounts for only 6% of GDP, down from 26% in 1965.) Top exports from the Dominican Republic in 2016 included gold, medical instruments, and cigars. Cigars topped the list of high-value agricultural exports – representing 26% of the total value of agricultural exports, followed by cocoa beans at 12.4%. The quantity of agricultural exports has increased greatly, with processed food and beverages playing larger roles, while traditional exports like sugar and coffee have fallen significantly in relative terms. Modern agricultural sector exports like cigars, rum, and beer complement a rapidly growing tourism sector. This paper takes an empirical approach to explore the history of the agricultural export portfolio in the Dominican Republic, beginning from its early days as the first headquarters of Spain in the New World. In addition to sugar, other principle “traditional exports” with roots in colonial times included tobacco, cacao, and coffee. Cattle were also exported (often as contraband) for both hides and meat. The Food and Agriculture Organization provides a good data set from 1961 forward that has been digested and analyzed to examine the road to the increased diversification of agricultural exports in the modern or post-Trujillo period in the Dominican Republic.
Afternoon Surgical Start Time Is Associated with Higher Cost and Longer Length of Stay in Posterior Lumbar Fusion.

Background Existing research about surgical start time is equivocal about associations between outcomes and late start times, and there is only one published report investigating start time in spine surgery. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess associations between surgical start time, length of stay (LOS), and cost in lumbar spine surgery. Methods Patients at a single institution undergoing posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) were grouped based on whether they received their surgery before or after 2 pm , with those receiving their surgery between 12 am and 6 am and receiving surgery for tumors, trauma, or infections being excluded. These 2 groups were then compared on the basis of demographics and outcomes with cost and LOS as the coprimary outcomes. Results A total of 2977 patients underwent PLF during the study period. There were minimal differences in preoperative characteristics of the cohorts. The patients who underwent PLF starting after 2 pm had longer LOS (0.45 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.72; P = 0.001) and higher costs ($1343; 95% CI, $339–$2348; P = 0.009) than cases starting before 2 pm The late surgical start cohort also had higher rates of nonhome discharge (29.73% vs. 23.17%, P = 0.0004), and 30-day (4.36% vs. 2.5%, P = 0.01) and 90-day emergency department visits (5.72% vs. 2.94%, P = 0.0005). Conclusions Late surgical start time is associated with longer LOS and higher cost in patients undergoing PLF.
The Experience of a Legal Career: Attorneys’ Impact on the System and the System's Impact on Attorneys

Because attorneys are essential to a fair legal process, it is important to understand the experience of a legal career. This article first reviews research on the influence of attorneys on the leg...
Spectra of Strong Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence from High-resolution Simulations

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is present in a variety of solar and astrophysical environments. Solar wind fluctuations with frequencies lower than 0.1 Hz are believed to be mostly governed by Alfvenic turbulence with particle transport depending on the power spectrum and the anisotropy of such turbulence. Recently, conflicting spectral slopes for the inertial range of MHD turbulence have been reported by different groups. Spectral shapes from earlier simulations showed that MHD turbulence is less scale-local compared with hydrodynamic turbulence. This is why higher-resolution simulations, and careful and rigorous numerical analysis is especially needed for the MHD case. In this Letter, we present two groups of simulations with resolution up to 40963, which are numerically well-resolved and have been analyzed with an exact and well-tested method of scaling study. Our results from both simulation groups indicate that the asymptotic power spectral slope for all energy-related quantities, such as total energy and residual energy, is around –1.7, close to Kolmogorov's –5/3. This suggests that residual energy is a constant fraction of the total energy and that in the asymptotic regime of Alfvenic turbulence magnetic and kinetic spectra have the same scaling. The –1.5 slope for energy and the –2 slope for residual energy, which have been suggested earlier, are incompatible with our numerics.
Research on accelerated storage life test for laser detectors

Based on the fact that laser detectors need to be stored for long time but used only once, the research on main stress and acceleration model, which affect storage life was performed. First, design principles for safe accelerated range of stress, stress forcing method and test time for accelerated test were presented, and the way to estimate the type of life distribution. Then, the method of accelerated model parameter evaluation based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) were proposed to calculate the accelerated factor. Finally, based on the accelerated factor, the test data was conversed for evaluation of storage life. The research of the paper can be used as a reference for products of the same type to evaluate the storage life.
On the dynamic response of a hingeless helicopter rotor blade

Abstract The intense nature of the aerodynamic environment surrounding a helicopter can cause excessive deflection of the rotor blades. Therefore, proper prediction of the aerodynamic loading and the blade deflection are necessary for monitoring the blade health. Compared to a rigid blade, the dynamics of a hingeless rotor blade is of particular interest for its inherent flexing tendency and strong coupling between different degrees-of-freedom of motion. With small-angle assumption, the deformed blade resembles a straight shape with constant flapping angle. However, in reality, the blade deforms with variable flapping angle with dynamic blade twist. In this paper, the coupled, steady-state dynamic response of the Bo 105 hingeless helicopter rotor blade is investigated at forward flight for different advance ratios without small-angle assumption. The velocity distributions are generalized and the torsional deformation is introduced to modify the total blade twist for deriving the corresponding angle of attack. The solution to the resulting nonlinear equations is obtained by formulating the generalized method of lines for coupled, flap-lag-torsion degrees-of-freedom in terms of time-varying deflections and other aerodynamic parameters. The deflections and other parameters obtained from this analysis differ significantly than that of the small-angle assumption. The model is validated by comparing the method of lines solutions with finite element and published results.
Factors Associated With State-Specific Medicaid Expansion and Receipt of Autologous Breast Reconstruction Among Patients Undergoing Mastectomy.

Importance Despite demonstrated psychosocial benefits, autologous breast reconstruction remains underutilized. An analysis of the association between Medicaid expansion and autologous breast reconstruction has yet to be performed. Objective To compare autologous breast reconstruction rates and determine the association between Medicaid expansion and breast reconstruction. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using the State Inpatient Database from January 1, 2012, through September 30, 2015, and included 51 340 patients. Patients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes for breast cancer, mastectomy, and autologous breast reconstruction. Data from states that expanded Medicaid (New Jersey, New York, and Washington) were compared with states that did not expand Medicaid (Florida, North Carolina, and Wisconsin). Data were analyzed from June 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021. Exposures The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion was implemented in 2014; the preexpansion period ranged from 2012 to 2013 (2 years), whereas the postexpansion period ranged from 2014 to 2015 quarter 3 (1.75 years). Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included use of autologous breast reconstruction before and after expansion. Independent covariates included patient demographics, comorbidities, and state of residence. Results Among 45 850 patients who underwent mastectomy and 9215 patients who received autologous breast reconstruction, 36 777 (67%) were White and 32 205 (59%) had private insurance. The use of immediate or delayed autologous reconstruction increased from 18.1% (4951 of 27 290) to 23.0% (4264 of 18 560) throughout the study period. Compared with 2012, the odds of reconstruction were 64% higher in 2015 (odds ratio [OR], 1.64; 95% CI, 1.48-1.80; P < .001). African American (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.33-1.55; P < .001) and Hispanic (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.31-1.60; P < .001) patients had higher odds of reconstruction compared with White patients regardless of state of residence. However, Medicaid expansion was associated with a 28% decrease in the odds of reconstruction (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.61-0.87; P < .001) for African American patients, a 40% decrease (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.50-0.74; P < .001) for Hispanic patients, and 20% decrease (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67-0.96; P = .01) for patients with Asian, Native American, or other minority race/ethnicity. Medicaid expansion was not associated with changes in the odds of reconstruction for White patients. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, although the odds of receiving autologous breast reconstruction increased annually, Medicaid expansion was associated with decreased odds of reconstruction for African American patients, Hispanic patients, and other patients of color.
Direct Effects of Programs on Recidivism

The findings from the previous chapter do not bode well for punishment policies, with the possible exception of their importance for the most chronic and serious offenders. If perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment influence intentions regarding reoffending, but have little or nothing to do with subsequent criminal behavior, then it is unlikely that programs emphasizing the fear factor will be effective. These programs may seem to hold the promise of reducing delinquency because they are believed to induce an immediate intent of avoiding crime; but the context within which actual decisions to commit crimes are made differ substantially from the context in which those intentions are shaped by programmatic experiences. The findings that one’s sense of citizenship and remorse are more important in understanding recidivism offer hope for advocates of probation and restitution. Before examining the effect of programs on perceptions, however, it is important to first establish the direct effects—if any exist—between the type of program and subsequent recidivism rates. Programs may impact recidivism for all sorts of reasons that are not covered in this study. Thus, this chapter focuses on the direct linkage between program type and recidivism.
Persistent anterior shoulder instability following surgical stabilization

Treatment failure following anterior shoulder stabilization is usually related to a repeat traumatic event, diagnostic error, or technical error. In this chapter, we will review the recurrence rate of open and arthroscopic shoulder stabilization, risk factors and etiology of failure, and, finally, revision treatment options and their respective outcomes.