cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of surface and pore deposition to (ir)reversible fouling during constant flux microfiltration of secondary municipal wastewater effluent

Abstract Reversible and irreversible fouling mechanisms for polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes during constant flux microfiltration (MF) of secondary municipal wastewater effluent are reported. Infrared spectra of fouled membranes revealed a two-step mechanism for hydraulically irreversible surface deposition of foulants; initial binding of relatively hydrophobic molecules, which served as platform for further deposition of comparatively more hydrophilic molecules with progressive MF. Compressible cake filtration quantitatively described forward MF of the raw wastewater effluent. In contrast, analysis of fouling behavior after effluent organic matter (EfOM, measured as DOC) removal by different pretreatments revealed that the foulants deposited on the membrane surface are not the dominant reason for irreversible loss in permeability instead pointing to internal pore deposition as the main reason, which was verified by blocking law modeling over multiple filtration/backwashing cycles. Additionally, the extent of EfOM removal during pretreatment was not proportionally linked to consequent fouling, signifying the role of specific EfOM fractions in the feed water as being responsible for (ir)reversible fouling. Interestingly, MF of the raw wastewater effluent resulted in lower irreversible permeability loss when compared with pretreated wastewater, which was attributed to the cake layer serving as a dynamic membrane that reduced exposure of membrane pores to foulants.
MorphoPASSE: Morphological pelvis and skull sex estimation program

Abstract The popularity of compilation manuals, like Standards ( Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994 ), and statistical software programs, such as FORDISC ( Jantz and Ousley 2005 ), was the impetus for the creation of the MorphoPASSE: Morphological Pelvis and Skull Sex Estimation Program. MorphoPASSE was designed to combine the popular Walker (2008) skull and Klales et al. (2012) pelvis sex estimation methods into one program, whereby trait scores could be easily entered in statistical analyses to produce associated probabilities of sex membership for unknown individuals. Data were collected from a diverse worldwide sample of 2595 individuals for integration into the program. Practitioners enter the skull and pelvis trait scores and then can select the desired population, temporal period, and statistical method to produce an estimate of sex membership that can be used in forensic and bioarchaeological case reports.
A computational phase field study of conducting channel formation in dielectric thin films: A view toward the physical origins of resistive switching

A phase field method is used to computationally study conducting channel morphology of resistive switching thin film structures. Our approach successfully predicts the formation of conducting channels in typical dielectric thin film structures, comparable to a range of resistive switches, offering an alternative computational formulation based on metastable states treated at the atomic scale. In contrast to previous resistive switching thin film models, our formulation makes no a priori assumptions on conducting channel morphology and its fundamental transport mechanisms. Our method produces conducting channel morphology consistent with available experimental observations.
Prescribing practices of migraine-specific pharmacotherapy associated with emergency department use for migraine

OBJECTIVE This study compared migraine medication prescribing between patients with a migraine diagnosis who used versus did not use the emergency department (ED) for migraine. BACKGROUND Headache is the fifth most common chief complaint for ED visits nationwide and the third most common potentially avoidable ED diagnosis in the University of Colorado Health system. The reasons some patients use the ED for migraine management while others do not and whether some ED admissions might be preventable remain unclear. METHODS This retrospective cohort study identified adults with migraine-related diagnoses within 1 year before the index date of July 1, 2018 and compared patient characteristics and migraine medication prescribing patterns between those who did or did not have a subsequent migraine-related ED encounter the following year. ED admission notes were manually reviewed to identify potentially preventable circumstances that led to the ED visit. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with an active triptan prescription at the index date. RESULTS Of the 3843 patients identified, 35 patients (0.9%) had a migraine-related ED encounter. Of these, 17/35 (49%) had an active triptan prescription compared to 1360/3808 (36%) of non-ED utilizers (p = 0.114), OR 1.22 (95% CI 0.61-2.45). More ED utilizers had an active prescription for opioids (11/35 [31%] vs. 663/3808 [17%], p = 0.030) and migraine preventive therapy (19/35 [54%] vs. 1149/3808 [30%], p = 0.002), and neurology referrals (20/35 [57%] vs. 654/3808 [17%], p < 0.001) compared to non-ED utilizers. The most common circumstance for migraine-related ED visits was nonresponse to migraine abortive medications administered at home. CONCLUSIONS Triptan prescribing did not differ between ED utilizers and non-ED utilizers for migraine. Overall, less than half of the total patient population had a triptan prescribed. More ED utilizers had neurology referrals, prescriptions for opioids and preventive therapies, and a history of previous ED visit for any reason, which may be markers for higher disease severity or behavior patterns. Future research and interventions to reduce migraine-related ED use could target high-risk patients such as those with previous ED visits for any indication and neurology referrals.
Indirect tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorships in the Indian Premier League 2020: Tobacco Industry's continuous presence in Indian cricket.

Abstract Background Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket tournament - a shorter version of the sport which is played between assorted company-owned or individual owner teams - has grown immensely popular over the last decade. There is long history of tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) in cricket. While direct and indirect TAPS is completely prohibited under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 the nexus between tobacco industry and cricket in India continues. We monitored any tobacco product and allied brand or surrogate advertisement, promotion, sponsorship (TAPS) or placement during every match played in the IPL-13 season in the year 2020. Methods Using an investigative approach, 60 match highlights during IPL-13 (during September 19 to November 10, 2020) were monitored for TAPS (both on-site i.e. sportswear and/or in stadia) shown on the official website ( www.iplt20.com ). All sponsors and advertisers were validated using brand names or logos from their respective official website. Results Two IPL teams (Rajasthan Royals and Royal Challengers Bangalore) were sponsored by major tobacco industry owned brands. Violations by a major smokeless tobacco company promoting their brand extension product i.e. Vimal Elaichi, on the official telecast websites ( www.espncricinfo.com and www.cricbuzz.com ) and television channels ( www.Zeenews.india.com/Gujarati ) was observed. Tobacco companies i.e. Kamla Pasand and ITC Limited were also listed as associate sponsors for the 2020 championship. Conclusion Despite comprehensive ban under India's tobacco control law (COTPA, 2003), sponsorship by tobacco industry was found widespread in IPL-13. Advertisement and logos of tobacco companies are persistent during the telecast and promotion of the IPL events, in clear violation of India's tobacco control legislation and Article 13 of WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and its guidelines. Given that India and South Asia comprise the largest audience for televised cricket, strong exclusion criteria is needed by the international cricket authority and national cricket associations to ensure compliance with the national law and global good practice, making the cricketing world truly tobacco free.
Spatial Analysis of Beaked Whale Foraging During Two 12 kHz Multibeam Echosounder Surveys

To add to the growing information about the effect of multibeam echosounder (MBES) operation on marine mammals, a study was conducted to assess the spatial behavior of foraging Cuvier’s beaked whales during two MBES surveys conducted in January of 2017 and 2019 off of San Clemente Island, California. The MBES surveys took place on the Southern California Antisubmarine Warfare Range (SOAR), which contains an array of 89 hydrophones covering an area of approximately 1800 km2 over which foraging beaked whales were detected. A spatial autocorrelation analysis of foraging behavior was conducted using the Moran’s I (global) and the Getis-Ord Gi* (local) statistics, to understand the animals’ spatial use of the entire SOAR, as well as smaller areas, respectively, within the SOAR Before, During, and After the two MBES surveys. In both years, the global Moran’s I statistic suggested significant spatial clustering of foraging events on the SOAR during all analysis periods (Before, During and After). In addition, a Kruskal-Wallis (comparison) test of both years revealed that there were no differences in the number of foraging events across analysis periods within a given year. In 2017, the local Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified significant hot spots of foraging activity in the same general area of the SOAR during all analysis periods. This local result, in combination with the global and Kruskal-Wallis results of 2017, suggest there was no obvious period-related change in foraging behavior associated with the 2017 MBES survey. In 2019, the foraging hot spot area shifted from the southernmost corner of the SOAR Before, to the center During, and was split between the two locations After the MBES survey. Due to the pattern of period-related spatial change identified in 2019, and the lack of change detected in 2017, it was unclear whether the change detected in 2019 was a result of MBES activity or some other environmental factor. Nonetheless, the results show that the animals did not stop foraging and did not leave the historically well-utilized foraging locations on the SOAR during either MBES survey.
A year since George Floyd.

The murder of George Floyd sparked an awakening, long overdue, which reverberated throughout society. As science begins to acknowledge its role in perpetuating systematic racism, the voices of Blac...
Vocal control neuron incorporation decreases with age in the adult zebra finch

In adult male zebra finches, high vocal center (HVC) neurons continuously die and are replaced. Many of these cells are projection neurons that form part of the efferent pathway controlling learned song production. Although it is known that HVC receives new neurons well into adulthood, it is unknown whether this occurs at a constant rate or declines with adult age. We used [3H]thymidine to label new HVC neurons in male zebra finches that were 3-36 months of age. Birds were killed 4 months after 3H injections to measure the long-term incorporation of new HVC neurons. HVC neurons projecting to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (HVC-RA) were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold 4 d before death. We found a dramatic age-related decline in the number of 3H-labeled HVC-RA neurons present 4 months after cell birth dating. A similar decline in new HVC neurons was found as soon as 1 month after their formation. These results indicate that the production or early survival of adult-formed neurons decreases with age. HVC volume and total neuron number did not change with bird age, suggesting that the age-related decrease in new neuron addition was balanced by increased survivorship of neurons incorporated previously. Reliance of song structure on auditory feedback also wanes with age. We propose that with aging, fewer new cells are added as the numbers of functionally appropriate cells increase, a process that may be linked to age-related increases in motor program stability.
Drivers of projected change in arctic moist static energy transport

[1] We explore annual and seasonal changes in moist static energy transport (MSE) into the Arctic over the 21st century as projected by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model, version 3. Self-organizing maps are used to assess changes in MSE and its components—the latent heat flux and dry static energy flux (DSE)—across 70°N. These are computed from multilevel fields of specific humidity, meridional wind, geopotential, and temperature spanning periods in the 20th century (1960 to 1999) and the 21st century (2070 to 2089). The 21st century simulation incorporates the Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 scenario. A strong decrease in tropospheric DSE of about 9% by the end of 21st century offsets an increase in latent heat flux of about 20% relative to its 20th century average. The combined changes result in a total annual decrease in tropospheric MSE of about 3% by the late 21st century. The difference, while statistically not significant, represents a weak negative feedback on Arctic amplification. Self-organizing maps also allow an attribution of changes in MSE to factors related to varying atmospheric dynamics and/or thermodynamics. A positive contribution to the MSE related to more frequent low pressure systems in high latitudes (dynamic factor) occurs in all seasons, particularly in the summer. The decrease in DSE is mainly due to a weakened poleward temperature gradient (thermodynamic factor) during all seasons except summer, which in turn is caused by amplified warming at high latitudes as a result of increased greenhouse gases.
The Paradoxes of Deontic Logic: The Simplest Solution to all of them in one Fell Swoop

Deontic logic, as a discipline of study, deals with the structure of our ordinary reasoning about obligations, ought’s, interdictions, prohibitions, wrongs, rights, and freedoms to act. Thus, it is supposed to: (i) reveal and clarify the criteria for valid reasoning about those matters; (ii) illuminate and give us understanding of the logical structure of the ordinary language through which we live our experiences of obligations, requirements, wrongs, rights, etc. Consequently, a formal calculus proposed as a deontic calculus together with its primary interpretation is a theory about the logical structure of our ordinary deontic language and about our ordinary deontic reasonings. Clearly, then, such a calculus should be proposed after a careful examination of the linguistic data pertaining to our deontic experiences.
Automated development of analytical chemical methods: the determination of serum calcium by the cresolphthalein complexone method.

Abstract The cresolphthalein complexone method for serum calcium determination was investigated by means of a modified Technicon Autoanalyzer II under computer control. Simplex optimization of reagent concentrations, followed by response-surface mapping in the region of the optimum produced a method yielding 8.5% greater calcium sensitivity and 15% lower baseline absorbance than the standard method, with comparable insensitivity to interferences, and only a very slight sacrifice in linearity; a comprehensive operational understanding of the chemical system was also obtained.
Rezension zu: Laura Adamietz: Geschlecht als Erwartung. Das Geschlechtsdiskriminierungsverbot als Recht gegen Diskriminierung wegen der sexuellen Orientierung und der Geschlechtsidentität. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag 2011.

Laura Adamietz prasentiert in ihrer Dissertation eine prazise Analyse deutschen und internationalen Antidiskriminierungsrechts und bestehender Rechtsprechung in Sachen Geschlecht, sexuelle Orientierung und Geschlechtsidentitat. Verbunden wird dies mit einem – nicht nur fur ein juristisches Publikum lohnenden – Uberblick uber einschlagige, aber in der gangigen Rechtsauslegung unzureichend berucksichtigte geschlechterwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelt die Autorin eine Auslegung des antidiskriminierungsrechtlichen Begriffs ‚Geschlecht‘ als „Geschlecht als Erwartung“, wodurch dieser gleichzeitig Komplexitat und Anwendbarkeit gewinnt. Die Verbindung von theoretischer Sorgfalt, interdisziplinarer Perspektive und Losungsorientierung ist ein zentrales Verdienst dieses Buches.
Aristotle and Chrysippus on the Psychology of Human Action: Criteria for responsibility

F. H. Sandbach argued twenty years ago that we should cease the traditional practice of assuming that the Stoics were influenced by Aristotle, but as David Hahm and Brad Inwood have pointed out in ...
The subglottis and trachea

While the symptoms of laryngeal and tracheal pathology, including stridor and retractions, are most noticeable in the awake child, sleep disordered breathing is a frequently associated finding. The evaluation and management of common laryngeal and tracheal anomalies are discussed, including operative and postoperative management.
Identifying the characteristics of finite element analysis convergence curves

Given the mathematical idealization of a structure, modeling introduces all the approximations which vanish as the number of unconstrained degrees of freedom of the finite element grid approaches infinity. As a practical matter, the computer code selected to support the analysis limits the definition of the idealized model and hence, the accuracy of the analysis. Sensitivity analysis can furnish information on the effect of these limitations on structural response. However, by definition, the judgement exercised by the analyst in idealization is unassailable by the computer program. That is, we assume that during a finite element analysis the computer has no access to alternative unprogrammed idealizations. A very important example of idealization is the choice of the constitutive equations and the choice of the coefficients of its particularization. Choices affecting the relevance of the element model include use of Euclidean geometry to define the length, volume, and deformations of the structure and the coefficients chosen to particularize the geometry. The assumption of frictionless pins or spring supports, the limitation of the distribution of applied loadings, and the mathematical model of nodal displacement constraints are other examples of idealization choices. Examples of modeling approximations include element and/or node approximations. Use of straight lines to represent curves, polygons or hyperbolas to model circular edges, and stepped surface thicknesses typify approximations to the original geometry. Use of polynomials with few terms to represent deformations is the most important modeling approximation of the deformed geometry. Modeling applied loading and settlements by linear functions of element local coordinates illustrates modeling approximations of boundary conditions. By definition, when the modeling is optimum, the required computer solution accuracy is developed with a minimum of computer resources. The parameters of this optimization problem are the modeling choices, the analysis strategy and the efficiency of the computer configuration in implementing the choices. In this study, we assume that the constraint on the optimum is evaluation of the external work in the structure to a prespecified number of significant digits. We measure the efficiency of the computer configuration by the relative number of degrees of freedom in the analysis. Melosh [1] emphasizes that conventional analysis with element models satisfying minimum convergence requirements can be much less efficient than analysis using curve fitting. Examples suggest that use of fitting can reduce the number of calculations by more than two orders of magnitude and the storage requirements by more than three orders. Furthermore, the previous study indicates that using rational polynomials or hyperbolic estimating functions for curve fitting offers no advantage over polynomials.
Effective dimensionality change of fluctuations in superconductors in a magnetic field

In an external magnetic field and near the transition temperature ${T}_{c2}(H)$, bulk and thin-film superconductors exhibit an effective change to one- and zero-dimensional behavior in their fluctuation specific heats, which diverge like ${(\frac{T}{{T}_{c2}}\ensuremath{-}1)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ and ${(\frac{T}{{T}_{c2}}\ensuremath{-}1)}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, respectively. This enhancement effect is accompanied by a field-dependent broadening of the critical region.
Dynamic response of curved composite panels to underwater explosive loading: Experimental and computational comparisons

Abstract The response of E-Glass/Vinyl ester curved composite panels subjected to underwater explosive loading has been studied. The work consists of experimental testing utilizing a water filled conical shock tube facility and computational simulations with the commercially available Ls-Dyna finite element code. The composite specimens are 0/90 biaxial laminates with a thickness of approximately 1.3 mm. The samples are round panels with curved midsections. The transient response of the plates is measured using a three-dimensional (3D) Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system, along with high speed photography. This ultra high speed system records full field shape and displacement profiles in real time. The DIC data and the computational results show a high level of correlation using the Russell error measure.
The anomalous ultraviolet light curves and IUE spectra of β Lyrae revisited

Recent studies of β Lyrae have proposed several possible models to explain the anomalous ultraviolet light curves of that mass-transfer binary system. This paper subjects four proposed models to tests involving a comparison of system synthetic spectra with the observed spectra and a comparison of synthetic light curves, based on synthetic photometry, with OAO2 light curves. The observed spectra include combined IUE and charge-coupled device (CCD) spectra. The tests show that three of the proposed models, separately or in combination, potentially may explain the observed spectroscopic anomaly that, in the wavelength range shortward of 1700 A, the system continuum flux in primary eclipse, when only a small fraction of the mass loser is visible, is as great as the system continuum flux in secondary eclipse when the entire opposed face of the mass loser is visible.
Techniques for Assessment of Intravascular Volume in Critically Ill Patients

Fluid replacement is considered the cornerstone of resuscitation in the ICU.However, only about 50% of critically ill hemodynamically unstable patients are fluid responsive; furthermore, both under-resuscitation and overzealous fluid administration adversely affect outcome Consequently, the resuscitation of critically ill patients requires an accurate assessment of the patients' intravascular volume status and their volume responsiveness. This paper reviews the evolution and accuracy of methods for assessing fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients.
Influence of the processing rates and sintering temperatures on the dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics

The stoichiometric CaCu3Ti4O12 pellets were prepared by the solid state synthesis. X-ray diffraction data revealed the tenorite CuO and cuprite Cu2O secondary phases on the unpolished CaCu3Ti4O12 samples regardless of the heating rates. Also, the dielectric constant marked the highest for the CaCu3Ti4O12 sample sintered at the lowest heating rate (1°C/min), which was explained by the increased grain conductivity due to the cation reactions. On the other hand, Cu2O phase was found only on the unpolished CaCu3Ti4O12 sample sintered over 1100°C and those are considered as the remains reduced from the CuO phase. The higher sintering temperature showed the increased dielectric constant and the loss tangent of the CaCu3Ti4O12 samples, and this result could be interpreted by the impedance measurement data. The relationship between the processing condition and the dielectric properties was discussed in terms of the cation non-stoichiometry and the defect chemistry in CaCu3Ti4O12.
Averaged null energy condition violation in a conformally flat spacetime

We show that the averaged null energy condition can be violated by a conformally coupled scalar field in a conformally flat spacetime in $3+1$ dimensions. The violation is dependent on the quantum state and can be made as large as desired. It does not arise from the presence of anomalies, although anomalous violations are also possible. Since all geodesics in conformally flat spacetimes are achronal, the achronal averaged null energy condition is likewise violated.
In vivo role of the UV-endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus in the repair of DNA.

THE UV-endonuclease enzyme of Micrococcus luteus causes single strand breaks in vitro adjacent to or one nucleotide removed from pyrimidine dimers produced in DNA by ultraviolet irradiation1–4. Excision of the dimers is catalysed by a second enzyme, the UV-exonuclease1,5. We now report the isolation of strains of M. luteus which possess altered levels of UV-endonuclease. Mutants lacking this enzyme are incapable of excising thymine-containing dimers while strains with decreased UV-endonuclease activity repair more slowly than wild type cells.
Micronutrient and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton abundance in Gem Lake, Sierra Nevada, California

Nutrient addition experiments conducted during the ice-free seasons of 1983 and 1984 in Gem Lake, an alpine lake in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, indicate that algal biomass is limited by phosphorus, in combination with iron or copper. Phosphorus additions were always required to stimulate growth, but did not do so when phosphorus was the only nutrient added. Simultaneous additions of phosphorus and iron resulted in increased levels of chlorophyll, particulate carbon, particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorus. Simultaneous additions of phosphorus and copper resulted in increases in chlorophyll, particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorus, not in particulate carbon. Neither iron nor copper by itself stimulated growth.
Bitumens associated with lead, zinc and flnorite ore minerals in North Derbyshire, England

Abstract A bitumen deposit in north Derbyshire, England, is described and studied using the techniques of gas chromatography, infra-red spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. The bitumens are associated with lead-zinc-fluorite ore minerals concentrated along an unconformable contact between the Carboniferous Limestone and the overlying shales. Three varieties of bitumen are distinguished and are compared with the dispersed bitumens in both the Carboniferous Limestone and the Edale Shales, with crude oils believed to be derived from these shales, and with inclusions in the hydrothermal mineral fiuorite, associated with the limestone-shale contact. One of the varieties recognized, a brittle brown solid, contains aliphatic hydrocarbons very similar to those of the shales and to those of the crude oils likely derived from these shales. The other two are a viscous oil and a brittle, black solid, which geologic evidence suggests were originally derived from the limestone. They contain a very complex mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons quite different from those in the limestone, however. Aliphatic hydrocarbons isolated from fluorite, which is hydrothermally formed, in nearby massive deposits are almost identical to those of the limestone and shale. This observation indicates that alteration of the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sediment by hydrothermal fluids is an unlikely explanation for the origin of the complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in the viscous oil and brittle, black solid. On the basis of indirect evidence of high nitrogen content, presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons, and suitability of the environment for bacterial growth, it is suggested that selective bacterial alteration of the aliphatic hydrocarbons is the main process responsible for their present composition. A geologic history for the deposit is postulated that involves a two-phase introduction of bitumens. Each phase is suggested to have begun as a pulse of warm saline fluids migrating along the shale-limestone unconformity passed through the topographic high at Windy Knoll. Microbial oxidation of the bitumens may have taken place during the deposition process or, more likely, as a recent secondary oxidation process.
Failure of Marine Deposits and their Redistribution by Sediment Gravity Flows

SedFlux simulates the fill of sedimentary basins, and can be used to examine the location and attributes of sediment failure on continental margins and the runout of their associated sediment gravity flows. Numerical experiments show how the evolving boundary conditions of sea-level fluctuations, floods, storms, tectonic and other relevant processes control the rate and size of slope instabilities. By tracking deposit properties (pore pressures, grain size, bulk density, porosity), a finite-slope factor-of-safety analysis of marine deposits examines failure potential. A decider routine is used to determine whether the failed material will travel down slope as turbidity current or a debris flow. Examples provided insight into: (i) why fjords dominated by turbidity current deposition often contain debris flow deposits; (ii) how glaciated margins prograde seaward through shallow failures of low yield strength material; and, (iii) how large-scale basin subsidence can control the onset of canyon formation across continental slopes.
Radiative and collisional processes in CNA 2? i

In the last four years we have carried out a number of studies on the radiative and collisional processes in theA2Πi state of CN. Many of these of interest to those studying planetary atmospheres, comets and solar spectra are summarized in this paper. Data for CNA2Πi fluorescence lifetimes and quenching rates, and collisional energy transfer between CNA2Πi andX2∑+ are reported. Detailed comparisons and a discussion of the results may be found in several already published papers.
Impact conditions in side-impact collisions with fixed roadside objects

Designing vehicles and roadside structures that are safer in side-impact collisions is an emerging area of concern in roadside safety research. Selecting impact conditions that are relevant to the way side-impact collisions occur in real world collisions is an important part of developing effective full-scale crash test procedures and evaluation criteria. If test impact conditions are unrealistically severe, improving the performance of roadside hardware for side-impacts may appear unfeasible. If test impact conditions are not demanding enough, good performance in full-scale crash tests may not be indicative of good performance in real-world crashes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the best available accident data to determine what the reasonable worst case test impact conditions are for side-impacts with roadside objects.
Rheology of bubble-bearing magmas

The rheology of bubble-bearing suspensions is investigated through a series of three-dimensional boundary integral calculations in which the effects of bubble deformation, volume fraction, and shear rate are considered. The behaviour of bubbles in viscous flows is characterized by the capillary number, Ca, the ratio of viscous shear stresses that promote deformation to surface tension stresses that resist bubble deformation. Estimates of Ca in natural lava flows are highly variable, reflecting variations in shear rate and melt viscosity. In the low capillary number limit (e.g., in carbonatite flows) bubbles remain spherical and may contribute greater shear stress to the suspension than in high capillary number flows, in which bubble deformation is significant. At higher Ca, deformed bubbles become aligned in the direction of flow, and as a result, contribute less shear stress to the suspension. Calculations indicate that the effective shear viscosity of bubbly suspensions, at least for Ca<0.5, is a weakly increasing function of volume fraction and that suspensions of bubbles are shear thinning. Field observations and qualitative arguments, however, suggest that for sufficiently large Ca (Ca greater than about 1) the effective shear viscosity may be less than that of the suspending liquid. Bubbles reach their quasi-steady deformed shapes after strains of order one; for shorter times, the continuous deformation of the bubbles results in continual changes of rheological properties. In particular, for small strains, the effective shear viscosity of the suspension may be less than that of the liquid phase, even for small Ca. Results of this study may help explain previous experimental, theoretical, and field based observations regarding the effects of bubbles on flow rheology.
Shear viscosity of the outer crust of neutron stars: Ion contributions

The shear viscosity of the crust might have a damping effect on the amplitude of r-modes of rotating neutron stars. This damping has implications for the emission of gravitational waves. We calculate the contribution to the shear viscosity coming from the ions using both semianalytical methods that consider binary collisions and molecular dynamics simulations. We compare these results with the contribution coming from electrons. We study how the shear viscosity depends on density for conditions of interest in neutron star envelopes and outer crusts. In the low-density limit, we find good agreement between results of our molecular dynamics simulations and those of classical semianalytic calculations.
Effects of Cromolyn on Codeine-Induced Histamine Release in Vivo

Cromolyn has been shown to inhibit histamine release from mast cells induced by various stimuli in vitro. However, the local effects of cromolyn on codeine-induced wheal and flare skin reactions are not well understood. Intradermal injection of codeine induced prominent whealing in almost all humans. We studied the effect of local cromolyn injection on codeine-induced skin reactions, histamine release, and ultramicroscopic changes in mast cells in 10 volunteers. The finding in this study showed that injection of a 2% cromolyn solution before or together with the codeine injection does not affect the subsequent skin reactions, histamine release and ultramicroscopic changes of mast cells.
Repetition suppression of induced gamma activity predicts enhanced orienting toward a novel stimulus in 6-month-old infants

Habituation refers to a decline in orienting or responding to a repeated stimulus, and can be inferred to reflect learning about the properties of the repeated stimulus when followed by increased orienting to a novel stimulus (i.e., novelty detection). Habituation and novelty detection paradigms have been used for over 40 years to study perceptual and mnemonic processes in the human infant, yet important questions remain about the nature of these processes in infants. The aim of the present study was to examine the neural mechanisms underlying habituation and novelty detection in infants. Specifically, we investigated changes in induced alpha, beta, and gamma activity in 6-month-old infants during repeated presentations of either a face or an object, and examined whether these changes predicted behavioral responses to novelty at test. We found that induced gamma activity over occipital scalp regions decreased with stimulus repetition in the face condition but not in the toy condition, and that greater decreases in the gamma band were associated with enhanced orienting to a novel face at test. The pattern and topography of these findings are consistent with observations of repetition suppression in the occipital--temporal visual processing pathway, and suggest that encoding in infant habituation paradigms may reflect a form of perceptual learning. Implications for the role of repetition suppression in infant habituation and novelty detection are discussed with respect to a biased competition model of visual attention.
Assessment of Parent-of-Origin Effects in Linkage Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Methods are presented for incorporation of parent-of-origin effects into linkage analysis of quantitative traits. The estimated proportion of marker alleles shared identical by descent is first partitioned into a component derived from the mother and a component derived from the father. These parent-specific estimates of allele sharing are used in variance-components or Haseman-Elston methods of linkage analysis so that the effect of the quantitative-trait locus carried on the maternally derived chromosome is potentially different from the effect of the locus on the paternally derived chromosome. Statistics for linkage between trait and marker loci derived from either or both parents are then calculated, as are statistics for testing whether the effect of the maternally derived locus is equal to that of the paternally derived locus. Analyses of data simulated for 956 siblings from 263 nuclear families who had participated in a linkage study revealed that type I error rates for these statistics were generally similar to nominal values. Power to detect an imprinted locus was substantially increased when analyzed with a model allowing for parent-of-origin effects, compared with analyses that assumed equal effects; for example, for an imprinted locus accounting for 30% of the phenotypic variance, the expected LOD score was 4.5 when parent-of-origin effects were incorporated into the analysis, compared with 3.1 when these effects were ignored. The ability to include parent-of-origin effects within linkage analysis of quantitative traits will facilitate genetic dissection of complex traits.
Programming for Leadership

The reforms for teacher preparation often include calls for increased content and more in-depth instruction in the use of computers. The exact nature of com puter literacy for teachers is still being debated. But the development of rudi mentary programming skills during pre service and inservice programs would appear to have substantial personal, educational, and professional benefits for teachers. Singletary argues for the inclusion of programming skills as part of the effort to reform the teacher educa tion curriculum.
Prescription drug noncompliance: A clear and present danger

Prescription drugs are the mainstays of outpatient treatment of many acute and chronic disease processes. Insulin controls diabetes. Furosemide and digoxin treat heart failure. Dangerous and embarrassing seizures are tamed by phenytoin. But prescriptions are of zero benefit if they never get filled or do not get taken. The problem of noncompliance, particularly in regard to patients not filling prescriptions, clearly exists and appears to be an all too frequent occurrence. It has a significant effect on health care and has been shown to contribute to a rise in both morbidity and health care expense in patients with asthma (I -3), seizures (4,5), and other medical problems (6,7). One study reported a 5% noncompliance rate in filling prescriptions in a general medical population (8). Rashid found approximately 20% of patients in a clinical population fail to fill prescriptions (9). Saunders looked at nextday follow-up of prescriptions written in an emergency department and demonstrated 22% noncompliance both overall and in the self-pay population (10). We randomly surveyed 200 patients in our emergency department on prescription drug compliance as they were being discharged. The results were alarming. Half of the surveyed patients who had been on prescription drugs in the past admitted to noncompliance at some time. And almost half (47%) of those surveyed who had just received prescriptions did not think they would be able to get them filled. Of this group, 87% were self pay with no pharmacy assistance. For the majority of patients, the reason given for noncompliante in the past and present is lack of funds to fill the prescription (11). We could not be sure that all these patients truly could not afford their prescriptions. But what the survey suggested, our daily practices reinforces. Everyday, we see emergency department visits for asthma, seizures, diabetes, infections out of control, and other entities simply because patients ran out or could not get their medications. Patients do not fill their prescriptions from the emergency department for a variety of reasons. Lack of patient resources appears to be the main obstacle. Even if some noncompliance is because the patient would rather spend money on something other than prescription medications, there is a strong element of nonaffordability as a cause of noncompliance. Patients cannot produce money they do not have or which they feel must to be put to some other use. That “other use” might range anywhere from food for their children to street drugs for themselves. The physician might perceive that a frivolous or unhealthy purchase is chosen over a desirable treatment medication, but the patient still perceived it as essential and taking priority over a prescription. And the result is still noncompliance that is likely to have a strong negative impact on outcome. Patients with adequate resources often do not fill prescriptions because it is simply too hard. Certain managed care and Medicaid plans require medication pickup at a site far from where the patient was treated.
Master of metabolic cycles

Hans Krebs: Volume 1: The Formation of a Scientific Life, 1900–1933. By F. L. Holmes. Oxford University Press: 1991. Pp. 491. Volume 2: Architect of Intermediary Metabolism, 1933–1937. By F. L. Holmes. Oxford University Press: 1993. Pp. 481. £40.00, $49.50 each.
Incidence rates and populations at risk for spinal cord injury: A regional study

Study design: A 6 year retrospective study was conducted. Objectives: The populations at risk for spinal cord injury (SCI) in the northwestern Kentucky (KY) and southern Indiana (IN) regions were identified following examination of the causes and factors associated with SCI. Setting: The database included patients primarily from the surrounding KY and IN counties admitted to the University of Louisville (U of L) Hospital. Method: Specification of SCI patient demographics, injury causes and related factors was achieved utilizing the hospital's trauma institute database and an extensive review of patient medical records. Results: An adjusted average incidence rate of 27.1 cases per million per year was obtained for this region. A high rate of SCI was found for the youngest age group, 14–24 year olds, and for African Americans. A high frequency of injuries was also observed for adults between the ages of 25–39 years. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) were the leading cause of SCI. Contributing factors included alcohol and widespread non-use of vehicle safety precautions. Conclusions: In addition to the high proportion of youth at risk for SCI, a higher proportion of older adults with SCI was observed for this region compared to other studies. Because the primary source of transportation in this area is the use of private vehicles, rather than public transportation, greater effort is warranted in emphasizing the potential risks of combining driving with alcohol consumption and non-use of seatbelts. Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 274–278.
MO-D-134-02: Estimating Organ Dose From CT Scans Performed with Tube Current Modulated Scans

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a method for estimating organ dose from CT scans performed with tube current modulation (TCM) using a size metric that accounts for patient attenuation as well as a regional descriptor of scanner output. Methods: 100 chest and 81 abdomen/pelvis patient scans acquired using TCM on a Multidetector row CT scanner (CareDose 4D, Sensation 64, Siemens Healthcare) were collected under IRB approval to generate voxelized patient models. The TCM information was extracted from the raw projection data for use in Monte Carlo (MC) simulations which accounted for both scanner and patient details. For each patient, water equivalent diameter (WED) was used as the size metric to account for patient attenuation. WED was calculated on each image based on semiautomatic segmentation. A regional CTDIvol value was used as a normalization quantity to account for local variations in scanner output. MC simulations were used to estimate dose to lungs and glandular breast tissue in the chest models, and liver, spleen, and kidneys in the abdomen/pelvis models. Half of the models in each exam category were used as a training set to develop the organ dose estimation model based on WED and CTDIvol,regional; the remaining cases were used as a test set. Organ doses were estimated using each model and were compared to the detailed MC simulation results and an RMSE across cases was calculated. Results: For chest exams, the RMSE between the model and detailed MC simulations was 14.9% for lung and 13.6% for breast. For abdomen/pelvis exams, the RMSE was 15.0% for kidney, 9.2% for liver and 12.2% for spleen. Conclusion: This method to estimate organ dose from CT scans using TCM demonstrated agreement of within 33% between the model and detailed MC simulations and shows promise for estimating organ doses when TCM is used. Dr. Michael McNitt‐Gray: Institutional research agreement, Siemens AG Recipient research support Siemens AG Consultant, Flaherty Sensabaugh Bonasso PLLC Consultant, Fulbright and Jaworski, LLC Maryam Khatonabadi: Recipient research support Siemens AG
Statistics of pulse arrival time in turbulent media

The arrival time of an electromagnetic or optical pulse as observed by a fixed observer can be defined by the first temporal moment or the “time centroid” of the pulse. After propagating through a random medium, this pulse arrival time becomes a random variable and will fluctuate about some mean value. It is then of interest to investigate the statistical properties of this quantity, which as shown in this paper can be done by using the multifrequency mutual coherence functions for the propagation channel. In particular, the statistical moments for the pulse arrival time are derived in the limit of very strong scintillations such that the fluctuations are in the fully saturated regime. Under this extreme limit, we find that the mean arrival time can exceed the free space time delay by an appreciable value. At the same time, our calculations indicate that fluctuations about the mean arrival time are very small when compared with the excess time delay. This suggests that the excess delay time is caused mainly by pulse spreading and not by pulse wandering.
Truth and Freedom

AbstractRichard Rorty once famously remarked that, “if you take care of freedom, truth will take of itself.” I take there to be something deeply right about this thought—but I also think there is something profoundly misleading about it is as well. In this essay I want to say why that is, and why truth and freedom need each other—neither can go it alone.
Synthesis of substituted 3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecanes via spirocyclization of pyridine substrates

Abstract Construction of 3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane derivatives can be easily achieved via intramolecular spirocyclization of 4-substituted pyridines. The reaction entails in situ activation of the pyridine ring with ethyl chloroformate followed by intramolecular addition of an attached β-dicarbonyl nucleophile in the presence of Ti(O i Pr) 4 .
Effect of effort and latent extinction on resistance to extinction

Sixty-four male Wistar rats were given acquisition training in an enclosed straight-alley runway which could be adjusted for angles of inclination. The 2×2×2 design involved two angles of inclination in acquisition (0° and 40°) and two angles of inclination in extinction (0° and 40°). Between acquisition and extinction, half the subjects were exposed to a latent extinction procedure and half served as controls. Number of responses in a 30-min extinction session was an inverse function of effort required in extinction. Additionally, latent extinction procedures resulted in reduced resistance to extinction, but only when the effort conditions of acquisition and extinction were constant. When the effort conditions of acquisition and extinction were dissimilar, latent extinction procedures resulted in increased resistance to extinction. The results raise questions about the nature of the learning which occurs during latent extinction training.