cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The optimum mix of electricity from wind- and solar-sources in conventional power systems: Evaluating the case for New York State

Abstract Several countries and states have set targets for substantially increasing renewable energy (RE) contributions in their electricity grids. As the potential for additional hydro-electricity is limited in the US most future RE penetration is envisioned to be in the form of wind and solar. Our simulations, based on hourly resource and load data, demonstrate the maximum penetration achievable in the grid managed by the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), by wind- and solar-power independently, and when they are combined. By optimizing the synergy between these two intermittent resources, a maximum penetration of renewable-energy in the grid can be accomplished; this is shown for different scenarios of grid flexibility. For example, for an 80% flexible grid, a total penetration of 30% of wind and solar energy can be achieved in the NY state without adding storage and without having to dump more than 3% energy, whereas if this was to be met by wind alone, 12% of energy would have to be dumped. Considering that several US states and countries have high targets for renewable energy penetration, optimizing the mixture of RE to accomplish such goals is valuable for energy managing and planning.
Importance of intramolecular hydrogen bonding for preorganization and binding of molecular guests by water-soluble calix[6]arene hosts

The binding affinity of calix[6]arene hexasulfonate hosts for ferrocene or cobaltocenium guests is highly dependent on the extent of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the lower rim of the calixarene.
Abstract 5480: NSCLC cells with LKB1 mutation are vulnerable to energetic and oxidative stresses induced by 8-Chloroadenosine

Background: It has been demonstrated that loss of LKB1 is associated with a higher likelihood of tumor recurrence after surgery and shorter overall survival in early stage NSCLC. We sought to determine whether NSCLC tumor cells with loss of LKB1 are preferentially sensitive or resistant to various therapeutic agents. We tested 23 NSCLC cell lines, and observed that LKB1 mutant NSCLC cells are highly resistant to standard chemotherapy as well as EGFR inhibitors. In contrast, LKB1 mutant NSCLC cells are highly sensitive to 8-Chloroadenosine (8-Cl-Ado). 8-Cl-Ado is an RNA-directed nucleoside analogue, which depletes cellular ATP and triggers apoptosis in sensitive cells. LKB1 is known to play a key role in balancing cellular energy consumption and production. Therefore, we hypothesize that LKB1 mutant NSCLC cells are vulnerable to 8-Cl-Ado induced energetic stress. Method: Cellular ATP level was determined by LC-MS and luminescent based methods. Cell proliferation was measured by Celltiter-Glo assay. IC50 values were calculated by Calcusyn. Oxidative stress was measured by CellRox assay. Result: NSCLC cell lines with LKB1 mutation were significantly more sensitive to 8-Cl-Ado than wild type cell lines (p=0.024). We transfected H460 and A549 cells (both harboring mutant LKB1) with wild-type LKB1. Re-expression of LKB1 rendered cells resistant to 8-Cl-Ado (P Citation Format: Chao Yang, Maria Angelica Cortez, Uma Giri, Jayanthi Gudikote, William G. Wierda, Varsha Gandhi, Lauren Averett Byers, John V. Heymach. NSCLC cells with LKB1 mutation are vulnerable to energetic and oxidative stresses induced by 8-Chloroadenosine. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5480. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5480
Rotational Excitation of CO in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium: Effects of Line Emission from Dense Molecular Clouds

We discuss a somewhat neglected interstellar rotational excitation mechanism that may be significant for CO in diffuse gas (ntot≤300 cm-3). Where such gas is found in the vicinity of a dense interstellar cloud, we show that molecular excitation in the diffuse gas may be dominated by spectral line photons emitted by the denser material. We illustrate the mechanism analytically for a simple two-level case and present the numerical results from a multilevel calculation. In all six of six sight lines that we analyze, it is plausible that the observed rotational excitation results from radiative excitation, so there is no compelling evidence that collisions play an important role. Therefore, densities derived under the assumption of purely collisional excitation would give incorrect (too large) values. Line-of-sight analyses of CO excitation can be (and have been) misinterpreted because of neglect of this contribution to radiative excitation. Similar situations can arise whenever there is a small continuum opacity and a large contrast of gas density within, or around, an interstellar cloud. It is a situation in which the often-used Sobolev (or large-scale velocity gradient) approximation simply does not apply.
Characteristics of spontaneous obesity in male rhesus monkeys

Adult male rhesus monkeys representing a wide range of adiposity were characterized according to body dimensions, eating behaviors, and endocrinologic/metabolic indices. Body fat, located most prominently on the abdomen, ranged from 30 to 61% of body weight. Three groups were formed on the basis of body composition data: Very Obese (VO), Moderately Obese (MO) and Nonobese (N). These groups did not differ in food intake, preferences for sweet solutions, or compensatory changes in food intake following consumption of sugar solutions. Glucose tolerance was normal, but fasting insulin levels and insulin response to glucose loading increased with increasing adiposity. Fasting triglyceride levels were highly correlated with insulin values and body fat. It is concluded that some adult male rhesus monkeys develop obesity without obvious differences in eating behavior and that obese monkeys, like obese humans, are at risk for diabetes mellitus and its complications.
Chondroma within the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath: A case report and literature review

Chondromas in tendon sheaths are a rare entity proviously reported in the flexor sheaths on the hand and possibly the foot. This is the first reported case of condroma of the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath at the ankle region. A literature review with regard to pathogenesis, classification, and recurrence has been presented.
Universal fatigue life prediction equation for ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) packages

Abstract A traditional approach to predicting solder joint fatigue life involves finite-element simulations in combination with experimental data to develop a Coffin–Manson type predictive equation. The finite-element simulations often require good understanding of finite-element modeling, physics-based failure models, and time-, temperature-, and direction-dependent material constitutive behavior. Also, such simulations are computationally expensive and time-consuming. Microelectronic package designers often do not have the time and the expertise to perform such simulations. The traditional solder joint fatigue predictive equations fall short of ideal because: (1) they are not applicable to others due to numerical modeling issues, (2) they require a mature understanding of mechanics, numerical modeling, and reliability theory, and (3) they are difficult to implement into the design process. This includes both design of an individual electronic component and selecting which type of existing component to include in an application. Therefore, this work develops universal predictive equations that are: (1) simple, quick, and accurate, (2) require only a basic understanding of reliability and mechanics, (3) require no special software; easy to implement in a spreadsheet or current reliability tools, (4) information rich in regards to design parameters, and (5) maximize available information from experimental tests and numerical models. Using experimental data and finite-element simulations as a basis, this work has developed a predictive equation for solder joint fatigue life in lead-containing ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) package. The developed equation has been validated with other experimental data with good success. Efforts are underway to develop similar equations for other packages and Pb-free CBGAs.
Mental preparation for athletic competition.

(1981). Mental Preparation for Athletic Competition. Journal of American College Health Association: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 143-144.
Comparison of microphone-array configurations for three- and four-microphone arrays

ABSTRACT This paper will address the benefits and drawbacks of different configurations of 3 and 4 microphone adaptive arrays. In particular, broadside and endfire configurations of equally spaced and logarithmically spaced arrays will becompared. The assessment will be done using arrays of simple electret microphones in actual acoustic environments.Fixed and adaptive processing approaches will be assessed. Keywords : Microphone arrays , spatial filters , adaptive beamforming, beamforming , endfire , broadside 1. INTRODUCTION There has been increased interest in using microphone arrays to suppress acoustic noise for listening, recordingor recognition16 in various communication applications. These include hands-free mobile phone services, groupteleconferencing and other voice activated services. In general, there has been a great deal of effort in noisy speechenhancement. The most popular schemes in the literature fall into single microphone approaches79 and multiplemicrophone approaches.3"°'11" For single microphone schemes, performance seems limited due to limited sourceinformation (such as spectral phase and amplitude distribution) and formulation constraints that are put forwardto obtain solutions. Two-microphone schemes used in adaptive noise cancelling1' achieve better enhancement than
Interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells confer protection against severe invasive group A Streptococcus infections

Cytokine-activated neutrophils are known to be essential for protection against group A Streptococcus infections. However, during severe invasive group A Streptococcus infections that are accompanied by neutropenia, it remains unclear which factors are protective against such infections, and which cell population is the source of them. Here we show that mice infected with severe invasive group A Streptococcus isolates, but not with non-invasive group A Streptococcus isolates, exhibit high concentrations of plasma interferon-γ during the early stage of infection. Interferon-γ is necessary to protect mice, and is produced by a novel population of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent immature myeloid cells with ring-shaped nuclei. These interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells express monocyte and granulocyte markers, and also produce nitric oxide. The adoptive transfer of interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells ameliorates infection in wild-type and interferon-γ-deficient mice. Our results indicate that interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells have a protective role during the early stage of severe invasive group A Streptococcus infections.
Fitting Distributive Workers to Their Jobs

Approximately fifty per cent of those who enter distributive businesses sooner or later fail, and a high turnover rate prevails among the employees in the distributive trades. This deplorably inefficient record is believed to be steadily improving since within the past year more than 36,000 distributive trades employers and employees have been enrolled in part-time cooperative schools and extension classes maintained by George-Deen funds recently made available.
Tetrahydroaminoacridine improves the spatial acquisition deficit produced by nucleus basalis lesions in rats

We administered tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), a cholinesterase inhibitor, to rats with bilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions and measured their performance in a spatial learning task. The subjects, 34 male Fischer-344 rats, received bilateral excitotoxic NBM lesions; 10 other rats served as unlesioned controls. Two weeks later the animals were tested in a circular water maze for time and distance swum to find a submerged platform. We tested three different doses (5.0, 2.5, and 1.25 mg/kg) of daily subcutaneous THA against a lesioned control group receiving saline and a fifth group of untreated unlesioned controls. The saline-treated lesioned group showed a significant impairment of acquisition. The 1.25 mg/kg group performed significantly better than the lesioned controls with respect to latency. Analysis of swim speed data showed slowing in the 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg groups. Analysis of the distance swum to find the platform, an untimed task that corrects for the difference in swim speeds, showed statistically significant improvement in all three treated groups. Additionally, spatial memory for the platform location was improved by two of the three doses of THA tested. Passive avoidance retention was not impaired by our lesion. All lesioned groups had comparable reductions of cortical choline acetyltransferase. Our data show significantly improved spatial learning with THA. These data provide an additional rationale for further clinical testing of THA and other centrally active cholinergic agents in diseases with cholinergic loss.
Seismic multichannel towed arrays in the exploration of the oceanic crust

Abstract Towed multichannel seismic arrays have generally been used in the past to examine the sedimentary column. In this paper we describe experiments involving multichannel seismic arrays to learn about the igneous crust. Experiments carried out over two widely separated areas on the Pacific Plate—one east of the Japan Trench and the other at the crest of the East Pacific Rise—both reveal sharp reflections from the M-discontinuity. Other experiments reveal the presence of layer reflectors within the igneous crust—on the East Pacific Rise, on the outer Vring Plateau, in the Norwegian Sea and in the Caribbean Sea. This paper also discusses new techniques both in data acquisition and in data processing which are applicable to the study of the deep crust. These include Expanded Spread and constant Offset profiles as well as “array magnification” techniques which require two ships and the transformation of seismic data to the τ-p domain for analysis.
Hepatic clearance of chylomicron remnants m mice lacking apoprotein E

Control and apoprotein E-deficient mice generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells were fed a fat load containing 3H-labeled retinol and the absorbed radioactivity present in the plasma, liver, and carcass measured 6 h later. The radioactivity in the plasma of the apoprotein E-deficient mice was several fold higher than in control animals, but it accounted for less than 1/5 of the absorbed radioactivity. In both groups of animals most of the absorbed radioactivity was recovered in the livers. These findings indicate that in apoprotein E-deficient mice chylomicron remnants can be taken up by the liver by a process that does not require the mediation of apoprotein E.
Exploring the Association Between Body Weight, Stigma of Obesity, and Health Care Avoidance

Purpose To explore the stigma of obesity and its effect on health care utilization, associations between self-esteem, attribution for weight, body mass index (BMI), satisfaction with medical care and the behavior of delaying/avoiding health care were examined. Data Sources A convenience sample of 216 women recruited from church sites in Las Vegas completed self-administered questionnaires. Conclusions The findings show an increase in BMI is asso-ciated with an increase in the delay/avoidance of health care. Weight-related reasons for delaying/avoiding health care included having “gained weight since last health care visit,” not wanting to “get weighed on the provider's scale,” and knowing they would be told to “lose weight.” Implications for Practice The obese are a stigmatized and vulnerable population. Nurse practitioners are challenged to be aware of attitudes towards obesity and to identify ways to promote continuity of care and regular health maintenance. The goals of Healthy People 2010 to reduce obesity-related morbidity cannot be met if health care is delayed/avoided.
Relaxation training as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome

Although there have been many successful, controlled demonstrations of the clinical efficacy of multicomponent treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in the present study we sought to evaluate a single component of many of these regimens, relaxation training. Eight IBS patients received a 10-session (over 8 weeks) regimen of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation with regular home practice while 8 comparable patients merely monitored GI symptoms. Based on daily GI symptom diaries collected for 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after treatment (or continued symptom monitoring), the Relaxation condition showed significantly (p = .05) more improvement on a composite measure of primary GI symptom reduction than the Symptom Monitoring condition. Fifty percent of the Relaxation group were clinically improved at the end of treatment.
Chimpanzees as original source for HIV.

The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), but only three such SIVcpz infections have been documented, one of which involved a virus so divergent that it might represent a different primate lentiviral lineage. In a search for the HIV-1 reservoir, we have now sequenced the genome of a new SIVcpz strain (SIVcpzUS) and have determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, the subspecies identity of all known SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. We find that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa, the central P. t. troglodytes and the eastern P. t. schweinfurthii, harbour SIVcpz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages. All HIV-1 strains known to infect man, including HIV-1 groups M, N and O, are closely related to just one of these SIVcpz lineages, that found in P. t. troglodytes. Moreover, we find that HIV-1 group N is a mosaic of SIVcpzUS- and HIV-1-related sequences, indicating an ancestral recombination event in a chimpanzee host. These results, together with the observation that the natural range of P. t. troglodytes coincides uniquely with areas of HIV-1 group M, N and O endemicity, indicate that P. t. troglodytes is the primary reservoir for HIV-1 and has been the source of at least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into the human population.
An Instantaneous Microwave Polarimeter

Used as a precision dual balanced mixer with circular waveguide input, the trimode turnstile waveguide junction is the key to a simple microwave polarimeter technique which permits instantaneous viewing of input polarization. Through linear mixing, the relative phase and amplitude of orthogonal components of an arbitrarily polarized input signal are preserved in the IF outputs of the two mixers. After amplification, these two IF signals are applied to orthogonal deflection planes of a cathode-ray tube to obtain an accurate, instantaneous "picture" of input polarization. Circular polarization generates a circle; elliptical polarization, an ellipse; and linear polarization, a line which indicates the plane of polarization. In certain applications, a variation of the method permits direct IF recording of the polarization information. Instrument errors and ways to minimize these are discussed. The polarimeter technique has application in microwave communication, radar, countermeasures, radio astronomy, antenna studies, and in laboratory measurements of polarization.
Criticality and ground states for second-order elliptic equations

Abstract Let P be a second-order elliptic operator in a domain Ω ⊆ R n . Suppose that P admits a positive minimal Green function G P Ω in Ω. It is the main purpose of this paper to prove that if W ϵ C α (Ω) is a small perturbation of P in Ω, then max W(x) > 0 (min W(x) 0 (t− u + (u − ) ~ G P Ω outside a compact set in Ω.
LY164929: a highly selective ligand for the lower affinity [3H]D-Ala2-D-Leu-5-enkephalin binding site.

Abstract Most radiolabeled ligands used to label opiate receptors bind to multiple binding sites. Subtype-selective ligands make possible the labeling of single sites by virtue of their ability to “block” binding of the radiolabeled ligand to selected subtypes. This study compares the selectivity of several ligands for the higher and lower affinity [3H]D-Ala2-D-Leu-5-enkephalin binding sites. The results demonstrated that while morphine and D-ala2-MePhe4, Gly-ol5-enkephalin were 80- and 256-fold selective for the lower affinity [3H]D-Ala2-D-Leu-5-enkephalin binding site, LY164929 was 1,986-fold selective. Additional experiments indicated that whereas morphine was a noncompetitive inhibitor at the lower affinity[3H]D-Ala2-D-Leu-5-enkephalin binding site, LY164929 was a competitive inhibitor, suggesting that this peptide might exhibit different properties in vivo than other mu-like ligands.
Effect of cycle length on the oxidation performance of iron aluminide coatings

Abstract One of the lifetime issues of particular concern for application of iron aluminide coatings is the possible compatibility problems between Fe–Al coatings and substrates which can have substantially different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs). This difference could cause deformation or cracking and reduce coating lifetime. The present study has focused on the effect of cycle length (1 h vs. 100 h) on the cyclic oxidation behavior of aluminide coatings on representative commercial ferritic (Fe–9Cr–1Mo) and austenitic (type 304L stainless steel) alloys at 700°C in air with 10 vol.% H 2 O. The ferritic and austenitic steel specimens were aluminized in a laboratory-scale chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Testing of the coating specimens indicated that high frequency thermal cycling (1 h cycle time) could significantly degrade the coating performance. Comparison of these results with those from similar specimens with a longer cycle time (100 h) or after isothermal exposure showed that this degradation was not due to Al loss from the coating into the substrate by interdiffusion, but most likely was caused by the thermal expansion mismatch between the coating and substrate.
Persistence of retinal function after selective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy infusion for retinoblastoma

Purpose To assess potential retinal viability by electroretinography following selective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy infusion for retinoblastoma. Methods Uncontrolled prospective case series. Patients with advanced retinoblastoma were offered elective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy infusion treatment under an IRB-approved protocol as an alternative to enucleation. The ophthalmic artery was cannulated under fluoroscopic control, and chemotherapeutic agents (melphalan and occasionally carboplatin) were directly infused at doses resulting in very high local tissue concentrations, but low systemic drug levels. Eyes were examined under anesthesia at 1-month intervals, and re-treated as indicated, up to a maximum of six infusions. Electroretinograms were obtained during examination under anesthesia, using ERG-jet contact lens electrodes and a hand-held mini-ganzfeld stimulator. The ERG protocol was similar to ISCEV standards except for briefer adaptation times as necessary to reduce the total anesthesia duration. Results We report initial results in the first ten patients attempted. Nine eyes were successfully cannulated and perfused. ERG data for these nine patients are reported. [Clinical results have been published elsewhere.] Follow up ranged from 3 to 14 months. Extensive, often total, retinal detachments were present in many of the treated eyes. While regression of tumor mass and vitreous seeds was observed in nearly all the patients, retinal detachment occasionally persisted. ERG responses were extinguished in these eyes. Eyes with largely attached retinas, notwithstanding the presence of large tumors at baseline, remained free of detachment after treatment. Normal or near-normal ERGs in these eyes were repeatedly obtained. Recovery of ERG amplitudes was observed in three patients following treatment. Conclusions Retinal function can persist and even recover following selective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy infusion for retinoblastoma. Further work is indicated to determine optimal dosing regimens, maximal tolerated dosage, and subsequent visual function in these patients.
Meta-analysis: Methods, strengths, weaknesses, and political uses

The general methodology, strengths and weaknesses, and political uses of meta-analysis are examined. As a systematic study of all studies that have been conducted to answer a specific question or hypothesis, meta-analysis is strong in revealing structural flaws and sources of bias in primary research and in posing promising research questions for future study. It cannot exceed, however, the limits of what is reported by primary researchers. Meta-analysis is particularly challenged to quantify the size of a common effect of treatment across reported trials because of (1) the clinical diversity of the trials and (2) the myriad of potential differences among patients with varying characteristics within the trials. Without access to the original data of reported trials, meta-analysis cannot overcome the bias of underpowered trials toward overstatement of the size of main treatment effects, nor the tendency for such trials to falsely conclude there were no statistically significant adverse events. Although severely compromised by ghost-written or honorary-authored reports of primary research, meta-analysis can make use of its methods to focus on the conflicts of interest and likely sources of bias of such research and make known what precautions should be taken by would-be consumers. Examples show how meta-analysis has clarified thinking about the off-label use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treating child and adolescent depression, use of low-tidal volume respirator assistance for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, and the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors for relieving arthritic pain. Recommendations are made for Congressional action.
A new experimental method to study kinetics of phase separation in high-pressure polymer solutions. Multiple rapid pressure-drop technique — MRPD

Abstract A new experimental system has been developed to study phase separation in polymer solutions undergoing pressure reductions. The system consists of two high-pressure cells which are coupled through a magnetic recirculation pump and an air-actuated valve, and permits realization of pressure changes at rates from very slow to about 1000 MPa s −1 . Changes in the system undergoing the pressure changes are monitored by recording the scattered- and transmitted-light intensities. This paper describes the general aspects of the system and illustrates the time scales of phase separation accompanying different pressure reduction paths for solutions of polystyrene in n -pentane. It is shown that the time scale of phase separation depends on the rate of approach and the depth of penetration into the immiscibility region. Beyond a characteristic penetration depth, time scale for new phase formation appears to be no longer affected, and this condition may provide a physically meaningful indicator for the spinodal condition.
A similarity transform for linear finite state machines

A practical algorithm in terms of ease of implementation and speed is presented to find a similarity transform between any two similar linear finite state machines (LFSMs). The transform is based on the extemal-XOR LFSR companion matrix instead of the more usual internal-XOR LFSR companion matrix. The complexity of the algorithm amounts to that of inverting an n × n matrix, where n is the LFSM size.
Tagging semantics: investigations with wordnet

The content of a tag sequence references both a user's concepts and the user's conceptualization of an information object. The tagging history of 823 users of the Delicious social tagging service is analyzed using WordNet. Three semantic measures of the tagging content are developed: the level of category references, the changes in category level for each noun as the tagging sequence unfolds, and the scope of concept coverage as the compactness of the WordNet subgraph for the noun senses. Observed patterns of concept reference as a function of sequence position hint at dynamic properties of the tag production process by marking a trace of cognitive activity. If tagging is object categorization, these measures provide a view of the personal categorization behavior of non-professionals and illuminate biases in the production of 'folksonomies' due to tag production processes.
Adverse Effects of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Review for the Otolaryngologist

Objective Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of current medical management for laryngopharyngeal reflux, and treatment often involves long-term use of this class of medications. The long-term adverse effects of PPI use have not been studied extensively, but several analyses have demonstrated epidemiological links between PPI use and adverse outcomes. These include altered mineral and vitamin absorption, orthopedic injury, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and infectious risks. Study design A PubMed search was performed for subject headings, including PPIs and adverse outcomes. Relevant studies were included in this review. Studies were compiled, reviewed, and compared in a narrative form. Results Several epidemiological links between PPI use and metabolic, infectious, cardiac, and orthopedic adverse outcomes were found. No definite causal effects were identified. Conclusion Given these epidemiological patterns, we recommend that the clinician be aware of these possible unintended consequences. In addition, we recommend consideration of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) bone density scans in at-risk patients who have not been previously tested. We recommend consideration of vitamin B₁₂ and iron levels in selected patients who are at high risk. We also recommend close communication with our cardiology colleagues, as we attempt to ascertain the relationship between clopidogrel and PPI use. We recommend caution in the use of omeprazole in patients undergoing active treatment for ACS. Finally, we recommend consideration of Helicobacter pylori or serum gastrin level testing in patients with known risk factors for gastric carcinoma.
Discovery and optimization of piperidyl-1,2,3-triazole ureas as potent, selective, and in vivo-active inhibitors of α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6).

α/β-Hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) is a transmembrane serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to regulate certain forms of cannabinoid receptor-dependent signaling in the nervous system. The full spectrum of ABHD6 metabolic activities and functions is currently unknown and would benefit from selective, in vivo-active inhibitors. Here, we report the development and characterization of an advanced series of irreversible (2-substituted)-piperidyl-1,2,3-triazole urea inhibitors of ABHD6, including compounds KT182 and KT203, which show exceptional potency and selectivity in cells (<5 nM) and, at equivalent doses in mice (1 mg kg–1), act as systemic and peripherally restricted ABHD6 inhibitors, respectively. We also describe an orally bioavailable ABHD6 inhibitor, KT185, that displays excellent selectivity against other brain and liver serine hydrolases in vivo. We thus describe several chemical probes for biological studies of ABHD6, including brain-pene...
A classification of constitutive equations based on stress relaxation predictions for the single-jump shear strain experiment

Abstract A classification of constitutive equations for viscoelastic materials is proposed based on the values of the stress ratio N 1 /σ following a single jump shear strain in a material otherwise having a constant body metric tensor. Simple examples of hypothetical equations in each class are listed, and some of the published constitutive equations are classified. Limited available experimental data on polymeric liquids favors one class. An Appendix summarizes the definition and main results for body tensors.
The evolutionary ecology of cheating: does superficial oviposition facilitate the evolution of a cheater yucca moth?

A major question in the study of mutualism is to understand how mutualists may revert to antagonists that exploit the mutualism (i.e. switch to cheating ). In the classic pollination mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths, the cheater moth Tegeticula intermedia is sister to the pollinator moth T. cassandra . These moth species have similar ovipositor morphology, but T. intermedia emerges later, oviposits into fruit rather than flowers, and does not pollinate. 2. We tested if the pollinator, T. cassandra , was pre-adapted to evolve a cheater lineage by comparing its emergence and oviposition behaviour on yucca fruit to a distantly related pollinator, T. yuccasella , that differs in ovipositor morphology and oviposition behaviour. We predicted that if T. cassandra was pre-adapted to cheat, then these pollinators would emerge later and be able to oviposit into fruit in contrast to T. yuccasella . 3. Contrary to expectations, a common garden-rearing experiment demonstrated that emergence of T. cassandra was not significantly delayed relative to T. yuccasella . Moth emergence patterns overlapped broadly. 4. No choice oviposition experiments with female moths demonstrated that both pollinator species attempted to oviposit into fruit, but only T. cassandra was successful. Four out of 84 T. cassandra successfully oviposited into older fruit, whereas zero out of 79 T. yuccasella oviposited into older fruit. The rarity of the cheating behaviour in pollinators, however, meant that no significant difference in oviposition ability was detected. 5. The results suggest that a shift in emergence phenology is likely not a pre-adaptation to the evolution of cheating, but that the ability to successfully lay eggs into fruit may be. The results also demonstrate that cheating attempts are rare in these pollinator species and, hence, the evolutionary transition rate from pollinator to cheater is likely to be low.
Selective Power Aware Data Management Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract The maturity of wireless technologies and the growing popularity of sensor technology in our daily life have created fascinating possibilities in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). One of the most critical fields of WSN is how effective is the data collection model in such a network. The goal is to ensure data collection consistency and reliability while attempting to conserve the power consumption within the network. We are proposing a balanced data collection model that can be setup on random or controlled WSN deployment that can meet different levels of reliability requirements while balancing power consumption across the network. The proposed model utilizes an optimization heuristic to achieve a set of system-defined goals.
Altered acoustic reflectance on two-dimensional echocardiography as an early predictor of myocardial infarct size

Abstract An area of increased acoustic reflectance was readily observed by 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) in the acutely ichemic canine myocardium. Fifteen mongrel dogs subjected to closed-chest coronary artery occlusion were used to test the hypothesis that these areas of altered acoustic reflectance were predictors of subsequent myocardial infarction (MI). Each dog was studied by 2-D echo in short-axis views of the left ventricle at 4 levels before and after coronary artery occlusion. The dogs were killed after 48 hours and heart sections were stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride to identify the areas of necrosis. Four sections were then selected, approximating the same location within the left ventricle as the short-axis views taken for 2-D echocardiographic analysis. The in vivo 2-D echocardiographic examination revealed alteration of acoustic reflectance immediately after coronary occlusion, which detected the presence of MI with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 90%. The extent of altered acoustic reflectance seen by echo correlated closely (r = 0.81) with the extent of MI detected by triphenyltetrazolium staining of the excised heart. Altered acoustic reflectance seen by 2-D echo immediately after coronary artery occlusion reflects acute ischemic changes and may be an early predictor of MI size.
Relative impact of different ERP forms on manufacturing organisations: an exploratory analysis of a global manufacturing survey

There are many types of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, ranging from very large and very functional vendor products such as those provided by SAP and Oracle, through in-house systems, and smaller vendor products. Thus, there is a substantial range of enterprise computing support available for manufacturing organisations and their manufacturing planning and control. The Global Manufacturing Research Group (GMRG) has collected a systematic survey of manufacturing organisations around the world, providing a picture of manufacturing operations. We have taken GMRG data and organised it around seven levels of ERP functionality, and analysed these data to determine effectiveness in terms of how ERP systems are used in global manufacturing firms, their role in accomplishing manufacturing planning and control, the relationship between ERP forms and data-management practices, the satisfaction firms have across ERP forms, and finally, relative perceived benefits and costs across ERP forms.
Synthesis of 18F-labeled fluconazole and positron emission tomography studies in rabbits.

Abstract [4- 18 F]2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-propanol ([4- 18 F]fluconazole) was synthesized from its amino precursor. Fieldel-Crafts acylation of 3-fluoroacetanilide with chloroacetyl chloride produced 2′-fluoro-4′-acteamido-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl) acetophenone in 12% yield. Sequential reaction with (1) dimethylsulphoxonium methylide and (2) 1,2,4-triazole followed by in situ hydrolysis resulted in 2-(2-fluoro-4-aminophenyl)-1,3-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-2-propanol in 19% yield. A modified Schiemann reaction on this product resulted in [4- 18 F]fluconazole with a radiochemical yield of 1.0–2.0% (EOS) within 2 h. [4- 18 F]Fluconazole was used to measure the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in rats by measurement of radioactivity in excised tissues and in rabbits by PET. In both species, there was rapid equilibration of [4- 18 F]fluconazole to a relatively uniform distribution of radioactivity in most organs.
Shaking up volcanoes

Most volcanic eruptions that occur shortly after a large distant earthquake do so by random chance. A few compelling cases for earthquake-triggered eruptions exist, particularly within 200 km of the earthquake, but this phenomenon is rare in part because volcanoes must be poised to erupt in order to be triggered by an earthquake ( 1 ). Large earthquakes often perturb volcanoes in more subtle ways by triggering small earthquakes and changes in spring discharge and groundwater levels ( 1 , 2 ). On page 80 of this issue, Brenguier et al. ( 3 ) provide fresh insight into the interaction of large earthquakes and volcanoes by documenting a temporary change in seismic velocity beneath volcanoes in Honshu, Japan, after the devastating Tohoku-Oki earthquake in 2011.
Selection Criteria for Unilateral Posteroventral Pallidotomy

In an attempt to refine the indications for posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) the authors instituted strict selection criteria which are based on the experience gained from the first 60 pallidotomy patients treated at their institution. In addition to clinical evaluation, all pallidotomy candidates undergo neuropsychological testing and 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose utilization positron emission tomography (FDG/PET). The data from which these criteria were developed are presented as are early clinical results. The authors demonstrate that these criteria enhance the efficacy of the procedure by assuring therapeutic response and reducing the incidence of post-operative dementia. Their indications and contraindications for pallidotomy are discussed.
Parametric investigation of a graphite foam evaporator in a thermosyphon with fluorinert and a silicon CMOS chip

High thermal conductivity graphitic foam was utilized as the evaporator in a modified thermosyphon. The foam was soldered directly to the back of a silicon CMOS die and mounted in a standard PGA. Fluorinert FC-87 and FC-72 were evaluated as the working fluids of choice and a variety of variables on the foams were explored. It was found that the density of the foam evaporators affected the thermal performance of the system. However, the fluid level and fluid type had very little effect on the overall performance in the system, making fabrication of a commercial device less challenging. The most significant effect on performance was the modifications to the foam structure. Slotted patterns were found to enhance the rate of return of fluid to the foam closest to the die, thus improving performance. With a slotted foam evaporator, a heat flux of 150W/cm/sup 2/ resulted in wall superheats of only 11/spl deg/C. The experimental setup used in this research gives accurate measurements of the actual active layer in the chip and temperatures less than 71/spl deg/C have been achieved at heat fluxes of 150 W/cm/sup 2/. This performance is significantly better than any prior literature data. In fact, the graphite foam thermosyphons were shown to outperform spray cooling. In addition, it was found that critical heat flux was not reached in these experiments with graphite foam evaporators at heat fluxes as high as 150 W/cm/sup 2/.
Post-immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapy lymphoproliferative disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Post-immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapy lymphoproliferative disorders occur during immunosuppressive treatment following allogeneic solid organ or stem cell transplant (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, PTLD) or for autoimmune disorders. These disorders commonly initially present in the gastrointestinal tract, and up to 30% of patients have been shown to have GI involvement. Post-immunosuppressive therapy lymphoproliferative disorders are frequently associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and encompass a wide spectrum of morphologic and clinical presentation. EBV-negative and T-cell lymphoproliferations occur to be increasing, and a high index of suspicion is required on the part of the pathologist for timely diagnosis and treatment.
Effects of partial reporting of classification results

When proposing a new classification scheme, perhaps in the form of a classification rule or feature selection method, modelers in the bioinformatics literature typically report its performance on data sets of interest, such as gene-expression microarrays. These data sets often include thousands of features but a small number of sample points, which increases variability in feature selection and error estimation, resulting in highly imprecise reported performances. This suggests that the reported performance of the proposed scheme would be less correlated with and highly biased from the actual performance if only the best results are demonstrated. This paper confirms this by showing the behavior of the joint distributions of the minimum reported estimated errors and corresponding true errors as functions of the number of samples tested in a large simulation study using both modeled and real data.
Proprioception and throwing accuracy in the dominant shoulder after cryotherapy.

Context Application of cryotherapy modalities is common after acute shoulder injury and as part of rehabilitation. During athletic events, athletes may return to play after this treatment. The effects of cryotherapy on dominant shoulder proprioception have been assessed, yet the effects on throwing performance are unknown. Objective To determine the effects of a cryotherapy application on shoulder proprioception and throwing accuracy. Design Single-group, pretest-posttest control session design. Setting University-based biomechanics laboratory. Patients or other participants Healthy college-aged subjects (n = 22). Intervention(s) Twenty-minute ice pack application to the dominant shoulder. Main outcome measure(s) Active joint position replication, path of joint motion replication, and the Functional Throwing Performance Index. Results Subjects demonstrated significant increases in deviation for path of joint motion replication when moving from 90 degrees of abduction with 90 degrees of external rotation to 20 degrees of flexion with neutral shoulder rotation after ice pack application. Also, subjects exhibited a decrease in Functional Throwing Performance Index after cryotherapy application. No differences were found in subjects for active joint position replication after cryotherapy application. Conclusions Proprioception and throwing accuracy were decreased after ice pack application to the shoulder. It is important that clinicians understand the deficits that occur after cryotherapy, as this modality is commonly used following acute injury and during rehabilitation. This information should also be considered when attempting to return an athlete to play after treatment.
Modeling magnetically insulated power flow in mercury

Mercury is a 50-ns, 6-MV, 360-kA accelerator with a magnetically-insulated, inductive-voltage-adder (MIVA) architecture. The machine was formerly known as KALIF-HELIA [P. Hoppe et al., June 17-22, 2002] at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in Germany but now, with some minor modifications [R. J. Commisso et al., 2003], are sited at NRL. Mercury can be operated in either positive or negative polarity [R. J. Commisso et al., 2003; J. W. Schumer et al., 2003; R. J. Allen et al., 2003]. Voltage is added in vacuum along a magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) from six voltage adder cells. Understanding power flow and coupling to a load in this geometry requires the application of MITL theory [C. W. Mendel et al., 1983; C. W. Mendel and S. E. Rosenthal, 1995; C. W. Mendel and S. E. Rosenthal, 1996; S. E. Rosenthal, 1991]. Because the electric field stresses on the cathode in the MITL exceed the vacuum explosive-emission threshold, electron emission occurs and current flow is divided between current flowing in the metal and in vacuum electron flow. This electron flow manifests itself as a loss current until the total current is large enough to magnetically insulate the emitted electrons from crossing the anode-cathode (AK) gap. Once insulated, the electrons flow axially toward the load. In particular, electron emission and flow along the MITL alters the impedance along the line and, thus, the power flow coupling between the machine and the load. The effective impedance is best described by the flow impedance, which is a function of both the geometry and the voltage. When electrons are emitted from regions having different voltages, such as in the adders or at different locations along the MITL itself, layered flow occurs, further complicating the picture. Analysis of power flow in this complex geometry is underway to understand the past performance of KALIF-HELIA and to assist in optimizing the future performance of Mercury in both polarities and for various load configurations [J. W. Schumer et al., 2003; R. J. Allen et al., 2003]. The goal of this work is to develop physics-based MITL circuit-element models for the NRL transmission line code BERTHA [D. Hinshelwood, November 1983] to properly treat power flow in the vacuum section of mercury while modeling the full machine.