cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Eastern Muslims of Sri Lanka: Special Problems and Solutions

Conflict in Sri Lanka between the Tamils and the Sinhalese brought the Eastern Muslims into the crossfire. Muslim elites and politicians generally cooperate with the Sinhalese ruling class. Such cohabitation irritated the Tamils. Since 1985, relations between the Tamils and the Muslims in the Eastern region have become strained, and Muslims claimed they have some problems to be solved. This study attempts to identify some special problems of the Eastern Muslims. A questionnaire on the special problems of the Eastern Muslims was distributed to the Eastern youth, students, unemployed Muslims and farmers. The population of the target group was selected randomly. More than 150 questionnaires were issued with a 75 percent response rate. Interviews were also conducted on the phone with an educated section of the Eastern Muslims. This study also suggests solutions to the protracted ethno-political conflict based on power sharing.
Academic Neurology Departments: Structure, Diversity and Financial Pressures in 2019 vs 2002

This article provides an overview and update on the current status of academic neurology based on structured insights from departmental leaders across the United States. Academic neurology, at a time when and leaders in academic medicine in general, are facing protean administrative, structural, and financial challenges that threaten all academic missions.1,2 In 2002, the Association of University Professors of Neurology (AUPN) and American Neurologic Association (ANA) jointly surveyed US neurology department chairs on the health of US academic neurology.1 The results showed troublesome findings related to adverse financial pressures on education, research, faculty development, and growth of new programs. In 2016, the AUPN surveyed neurology department chairs to better understand the organization and operations of neurology departments under contemporary health care reform. Results highlight that most neurology departments had fewer than 60 faculty members, a minority of whom were tenured or on a tenure track. Over a third had faculty members on a purely clinical track, with no education or research responsibilities.2 In early 2019, the AUPN partnered with the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) to resurvey academic neurology chairs using most of the 2002 AAN/AUPN survey questions. Survey responses from 2019 were compared with the earlier findings.
Neurogenomic divergence during speciation by reinforcement of mating behaviors in chorus frogs (Pseudacris).

Species interactions can promote mating behavior divergence, particularly when these interactions are costly due to maladaptive hybridization. Selection against hybridization can indirectly cause evolution of reproductive isolation within species, a process termed cascade reinforcement. This process can drive incipient speciation by generating divergent selection pressures among populations that interact with different species assemblages. Theoretical and empirical studies indicate that divergent selection on gene expression networks has the potential to increase reproductive isolation among populations. After identifying candidate synaptic transmission genes derived from neurophysiological studies in anurans, we test for divergence of gene expression in a system undergoing cascade reinforcement, the Upland Chorus Frog (Pseudacris feriarum). Our analyses identified seven candidate synaptic transmission genes that have diverged between ancestral and reinforced populations of P. feriarum, including five that encode synaptic vesicle proteins. Our gene correlation network analyses revealed four genetic modules that have diverged between these populations, two possessing a significant concentration of neurotransmission enrichment terms: one for synaptic membrane components and the other for metabolism of the neurotransmitter nitric oxide. We also ascertained that a greater number of genes have diverged in expression by geography than by sex. Moreover, we found that more genes have diverged within females as compared to males between populations. Conversely, we observed no difference in the number of differentially-expressed genes within the ancestral compared to the reinforced population between the sexes. This work is consistent with the idea that divergent selection on mating behaviors via cascade reinforcement contributed to evolution of gene expression in P. feriarum. Although our study design does not allow us to fully rule out the influence of environment and demography, the fact that more genes diverged in females than males points to a role for cascade reinforcement. Our discoveries of divergent candidate genes and gene networks related to neurotransmission support the idea that neural mechanisms of acoustic mating behaviors have diverged between populations, and agree with previous neurophysiological studies in frogs. Increasing support for this hypothesis, however, will require additional experiments under common garden conditions. Our work points to the importance of future replicated and tissue-specific studies to elucidate the relative contribution of gene expression divergence to the evolution of reproductive isolation during incipient speciation.
Bootstrapping Lattice Vacua.

This paper demonstrates the application of semidefinite programming to lattice field theories, showcasing spin chains and lattice scalar field theory. Requiring expectation values of manifestly positive semi-definite operators to be non-negative results in a lower bound on the ground-state energy of any quantum mechanical system, which can be made arbitrarily tight for systems described by finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Such bounds can be obtained directly in the infinite-volume limit. The process of optimizing these lower bounds also yields estimates for a chosen set of expectation values in the ground state.
A multi-coil wireless power transfer system utilizing dynamic matching for in-vivo and biomedical applications

Typically, single coil wireless power transfer (WPT) systems which are potential utilized for in-vivo device powering are limited by the total available power at the antenna. To overcome this limitation, a multi-coil system is presented which can greatly increase the power available to the receiver coil by as much as 80% while still remaining within the regulatory limits for total available power from an individual antenna. The effects of matching based on coil separation are presented which demonstrate the dependence of the self-resonant frequency of the WPT system, and a dynamic matching solution is proposed which allows for maximum power transfer efficiency independent of coil separation or changes in body impedance.
Central Nervous System Tumors

CNS tumors are least likely to present during adolescence, when they do, their clinical presentation is enmeshed with the young person’s physical, psychological, educational, and social development. The population incidence of the different tumor types highlights the transition from “childhood type” to “adult type” and identifies those driven by adolescent development itself – intracranial germ cell tumors. While all brain tumors in this age group are undoubtedly a product of brain development, genetic and environmental factors also play a key role and highlight the complexity of tumorigenesis in the brain. Symptomatology is determined by anatomical factors and influence pathways to diagnosis which can be prolonged and are currently the focus of population interventions, seeking to accelerate diagnosis. Awareness of genetic predisposing conditions can contribute to enhanced awareness of risk and complex genetic factors that in the future can be expected to be therapeutic targets. Once diagnosed, the AYA multidisciplinary and multiprofessional teams are in development across health systems, frequently organized differently in pediatric versus adult settings. The neurosurgical options are determined by anatomy and surgical feasibility seeking to maximize resection rates while minimizing neurosurgical toxicity. Acute neurological syndromes of raised intracranial pressure, epilepsy, and acute neurological problems associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy require an integrated approach to care and rehabilitation. Adjuvant therapies with chemotherapy and radiotherapy are tumor-type-specific and driven by trial programs, which we anticipate to be focused increasingly upon molecularly targeted therapies as they come available, although targeting drug therapies to the brain remains an outstanding challenge to their effectiveness. Intracranial germ cell tumors peak during the AYA age groups and have reached a new level of consensus, regarding all aspects of their care as a result of global research collaboration. Late consequences of childhood brain tumors and AYA tumors are a major challenge for current health systems, as survival rates rise and the neurological, cognitive, endocrine, and psychological consequences of brain tumor color the lives of the adult survivors. Future improvements in outcome are dependent on coordinated research programs seeking to answer questions prioritized by successful public engagement.
A Review of “Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania”

Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania represents an important addition to studies of East African identity, urban history, and nationhood and is a work that should interest serious studen...
Risk Management, Law Firm Economics, and Lawyer Integrity: A Research Agenda

This essay will sketch a preliminary research agenda to more fully assess the impact of risk management norms and practices on lawyer integrity under contemporary models of large law firm economics. The historic economic downturn that frames this essay weighs heavily on traditional models of large law firm economics, exacerbating structural tensions and ratcheting up institutional pressures. In a prior work, I argued that the widespread adoption of risk management mechanisms by law firms diminished a full appreciation of the difficult moral choices facing lawyers in modern practice throughout litigation and transactional fields of representation and diluted the deep-rooted, other-regarding obligations of lawyers in society across public and private spheres of service. Drawing on the work of Milton Regan and William Simon, I maintained that the technology of risk assessment and regulation borrowed from the adjacent professional arenas of commerce, insurance, and corporate industry discounted the daily need for the exercise of moral discretion and the daily calling of a higher public obligation. As a result, I asserted, lawyers and law firms together underestimated the burdens of moral agency in the requisite discretionary decisions that are part and parcel of everyday legal advocacy ranging from transactional counseling to litigation discovery. No less important, I added, the same lawyers and law firms routinely neglected their well-settled individual and collective duties of social responsibility to clients, third parties, and the public, and thus discarded the highest ambitions of professionalism in American law displayed in honored traditions of independence, service, and trust. In a powerful rebuttal, Anthony Davis contends that risk management actually enhances individual ethical deliberation within large law firms. The purpose of this renewed inquiry is to more carefully test Davis’s “collaborative” thesis in the context of the large law firm legal services industry and, thereby, to chart new directions for risk management research on the legal profession. To that end, this essay will reconsider the 1997 federal criminal prosecution of John Gellene, a former partner at the Wall Street law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, in order to assess the impact of risk management norms and practices on lawyer and law firm ethical integrity and aspiration. The essay is divided into four parts. Part I revisits my prior critique of risk management norms and practices in lawyer regulation and law firm organization. Part II mounts a defense of risk management norms and practices culled from Davis’s writings. Part III considers norms of integrity carved from David Luban’s body of work on the legal profession. Part IV applies classical, discretionary, and regulatory norms to evaluate the risk management conduct of attorneys during the discovery process in Qualcomm Inc. v. Broadcom Corp.
The attenuator of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli: Heterogeneous 3′-OH termini in vivo and deletion mapping of functions

Abstract The attenuator of the tryptophan (trp) operon of Escherichia coli, located between the promoter and the first major structural gene of the operon, functions as a site of regulated transcription termination (Bertrand et al., 1975). Discrete in vivo RNA transcripts, corresponding to the initial 137 to 141 nucleotides of trp mRNA, were isolated and characterized. RNase T1 digests of these transcripts yielded a series of 3′-OH oligonucleotides with the general sequence CUn-OH (n = 4 to 8), suggesting that transcription terminates in vivo at any of five adjacent base-pairs in the A + T-rich portion of the attenuator region. These 3′-OH termini are essentially identical to the 3′-OH termini of the major trp mRNA species produced in vitro (Lee et al., 1976). Internal deletions within the trp operon, with one terminus in the immediate vicinity of the attenuator, were characterized as to their effects on (1) the production of attenuator-terminated transcripts, (2) the rho-dependence of attenuator termination, and (3) the relief of attenuator termination accompanying tryptophan starvation. We find that the nucleotide sequence essential for normal termination and its control extends no more than 11 base-pairs beyond the site of termination in vivo. Deletion of a portion of the A + T-rich sequence of the attenuator reduces the frequency of termination in vivo, and eliminates termination in this region in vitro.
Compared to men, women view professional advancement as equally attainable, but less desirable

Women are underrepresented in most high-level positions in organizations. Though a great deal of research has provided evidence that bias and discrimination give rise to and perpetuate this gender disparity, in the current research we explore another explanation: men and women view professional advancement differently, and their views affect their decisions to climb the corporate ladder (or not). In studies 1 and 2, when asked to list their core goals in life, women listed more life goals overall than men, and a smaller proportion of their goals related to achieving power at work. In studies 3 and 4, compared to men, women viewed high-level positions as less desirable yet equally attainable. In studies 5–7, when faced with the possibility of receiving a promotion at their current place of employment or obtaining a high-power position after graduating from college, women and men anticipated similar levels of positive outcomes (e.g., prestige and money), but women anticipated more negative outcomes (e.g., conflict and tradeoffs). In these studies, women associated high-level positions with conflict, which explained the relationship between gender and the desirability of professional advancement. Finally, in studies 8 and 9, men and women alike rated power as one of the main consequences of professional advancement. Our findings reveal that men and women have different perceptions of what the experience of holding a high-level position will be like, with meaningful implications for the perpetuation of the gender disparity that exists at the top of organizational hierarchies.
Remotely triggered earthquakes following moderate main shocks

Since 1992, remotely triggered earthquakes have been identifi ed following large (M > 7) earthquakes in California as well as in other regions. These events, which occur at much greater distances than classic aftershocks, occur predominantly in active geothermal or volcanic regions, leading to theories that the earthquakes are triggered when passing seismic waves cause disruptions in magmatic or other fl uid systems. In this paper, I focus on observations of remotely triggered earthquakes following moderate main shocks in diverse tectonic settings. I summarize evidence that remotely triggered earthquakes occur commonly in mid-continent and collisional zones. This evidence is derived from analysis of both historic earthquake sequences and from instrumentally recorded M5–6 earthquakes in eastern Canada. The latter analysis suggests that, while remotely triggered earthquakes do not occur pervasively following moderate earthquakes in eastern North America, a low level of triggering often does occur at distances beyond conventional aftershock zones. The inferred triggered events occur at the distances at which SmS waves are known to signifi cantly increase ground motions. A similar result was found for 28 recent M5.3–7.1 earthquakes in California. In California, seismicity is found to increase on average to a distance of at least 200 km following moderate main shocks. This supports the conclusion that, even at distances of ~100 km, dynamic stress changes control the occurrence of triggered events. There are two explanations that can account for the occurrence of remotely triggered earthquakes in intraplate settings: (1) they occur at local zones of weakness, or (2) they occur in zones of local stress concentration.
Semi-Automatic Liver Segmentation Using Improved GVF Snake Model

Snakes are extensively used in computer vision and Image processing. However, when it comes to the liver segmentation from computed tomography (CT) image, the application of the models is limited because it can not extend to certain boundary indentations of the liver. In order to solve this problem, we developed an improved GVF snake model by adding an external force field which can efficiently attract the initial contour to these depression areas, such as the top of the left lobe of liver. The proposed method includes two steps. Firstly, combined with the threshold method and the morphology operation, our model can acquire the initial contour of the liver. Secondly, we create an imposed external force field through the interaction with the system, and we make the initial contour converge under the influence of both GVF field and imposed external force field to get the accurate contour of the liver. The application of this method on abdominal CT image is demonstrated, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
The Negative Regulator of Splicing Element of Rous Sarcoma Virus Promotes Polyadenylation

The Rous sarcoma virus gag gene contains a cis-acting negative regulator of splicing (NRS) element that is implicated in viral polyadenylation regulation. To study the mechanism of polyadenylation promotion at the viral poly(A) site located over 8 kb downstream, we performed in vitro polyadenylation analysis. RNA containing only the poly(A) site and flanking sequences in the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) was not polyadenylated detectably in vitro; however, if the transcript contained the NRS upstream of the LTR, polyadenylation was observed. Insertion of the viral env 3' splice site sequence between the NRS and the LTR did not alter the level of polyadenylation appreciably. We conclude that the NRS promotes polyadenylation in vitro and can do so without formation of a splicing complex with a 3' splice site. We then explored the roles of several cellular factors in NRS-mediated polyadenylation. Mutation of the binding sites of U1 and U11 snRNPs to the NRS did not affect polyadenylation, whereas hnRNP H strongly inhibited polyadenylation. We propose a model in which hnRNP H and SR proteins compete for binding to the NRS. Bound SR proteins may bridge between the NRS and the 3' LTR and aid in the recruitment of the 3'-end processing machinery.
CDK phosphorylation of Drc1 regulates DNA replication in fission yeast.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are absolutely required for DNA replication in eukaryotic cells [1, 2]. CDKs are thought to activate one or more replication factors, but the identities of these proteins are unknown. Here we describe fission yeast Drc1, a protein required for DNA replication that is phosphorylated by Cdc2. Drc1 depletion leads to catastrophic mitotic divisions with incompletely replicated DNA, indicating that Drc1 is required for DNA synthesis and S-M replication checkpoint control. Drc1 associates with Cdc2 and is phosphorylated at the onset of S phase when Cdc2 is activated. Mutant Drc1 that lacks CDK phosphorylation sites is nonfunctional and fails to interact with Cut5 replication factor. These data suggest that Cdc2 promotes DNA replication by phosphorylating Drc1 and regulating its association with Cut5.
Critical reading: A redefinition

Abstract This article reviews the traditional concept of critical reading and then reexamines critical reading by reviewing recent reading theory and research from three areas: schema theory, metacognition, and direct instruction. What is argued is that schema and metacognitive theories have implicitly redefined the construct of critical reading. The major purpose of this article is to make the results of this redefinition process explicit. Based on Implications derived from this redefinition of critical reading, particular attention is given to direct instruction.
Prevention and treatment of post-traumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome

Post-Traumatic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the acutely injured patient. The American-European Consensus Conference Report established t...
Pathogenesis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis : recent progress

Although infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common condition requiring surgery in the first few months of life, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Reviews of the recent progress in the pathogenesis of IHPS show: (1) there is increasing evidence to suggest that smooth-muscle cells in IHPS are not properly innervated; (2) because non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves are mediators of smooth-muscle relaxation, it is likely that the absence of these nerves in pyloric muscle is the cause of excessively contracted hypertrophic circular pyloric muscle; (3) there are abnormal amounts of extracellular matrix proteins in hypertrophic pyloric muscle. Circular muscle cells in IHPS are actively synthesizing collagen, and this may be responsible for the characteristic "firm" nature of the pyloric tumor; and (4) the increased expression of insulin-like growth factor-I, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB and their receptors in hypertrophic pyloric muscle suggests that increased local synthesis of growth factors may play an important role in smooth-muscle hypertrophy in IHPS.
MANAGER ATTITUDES TOWARD PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS AND EFFECT OF EVALUATIONS ON EMPLOYEE ABSENTEEISM AND TURNOVER

When administered properly, performance appraisals may lead to increased job satisfaction and decreased absenteeism and turnover rate; situations desired by the foodservice industry. The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship between frequency of performance appraisal and employees' absenteeism and turnover rate and to investigate the managers' attitudes toward appraisals. Respondents were from Missouri schools, long-term care (LTC) facilities and hospitals (n = 214, 231 and 107, respectively). Absenteeism was lower in facilities where performance appraisals were conducted at least once a year, schools and LTC than in hospitals where appraisals were conducted less frequently (p<.05). However, no significant difference in turnover rate was noted among facilities regardless of the frequency of the evaluations. Most respondents had a mildly positive attitude toward performance appraisals (4.74 on a 7 point scale), agreed that appraisals were useful (6.19) and that employees performed better after an evaluation (5.04). Overall, respondents' attitude scores were significantly higher if evaluations were performed to determine wages, and to analyze strengths and weaknesses of employees, rather than if they were required by administration. These data confirm the usefulness of performance appraisals in lowering absenteeism of foodservice employees.
A Single Word in a Population of Words

Carey and Bartlett introduced a new method for studying lexical development, one of presenting the child with a word and a single context of use and asking what was learned from that one encounter. They also reported a then new finding; that is, by using what they already knew about previously learned words, young children could narrow the range of possibilities for likely meanings in a single encounter. This papers honors that original contribution and the robust literature and set of phenomena it generated by considering how newly learned categories must fit into a population of already learned categories. This paper presents an overview of Packing Theory, a formal geometrical analysis of how local interactions in a large population of categories create a global structure of feature relevance such that near categories in the population of have similar generalization patterns. The implications of these ideas for learning from a single encounter, their relation to the evidence of artificial word learning ...
Young infants readily use proximity to organize visual pattern information.

Abstract Four experiments relying on novelty and spontaneous preference procedures were performed to determine whether 3–4-month-old infants utilize the Gestalt principle of proximity to organize visual pattern information. In Experiment 1, infants familiarized with arrays of elements that could be organized into either columns or rows were tested for their preference between vertical and horizontal bars. The infants preferred the novel organization of bars. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the novelty preference could not be attributed to an a priori preference or an inability to discriminate between the elements comprising the patterns. Experiment 4 replicated the results of Experiment 1 in a bars → elements version of the task, indicating that extended exposure is not necessary for infants to organize based on proximity. The results suggest that infants readily organize visual pattern information in accord with proximity. Implications of this finding for models of the ontogenesis and microgenesis of object perception in infants and adults are discussed.
Data-Driven Choice of a Spectrum Estimate: Extending the Applicability of Cross-Validation Methods

Abstract I develop methods of objectively choosing a spectrum estimate from a general class C of available estimates. C can, for example, simultaneously include Blackman—Tukey and autoregressive estimates, so the statistician no longer needs to choose one type or the other arbitrarily. The methods work by extending the applicability of existing cross-validatory techniques through the introduction of generalized leave-out-one spectrum estimates. As special cases, I obtain new objective smoothness parameter selection methods for both autoregressive and Blackman—Tukey estimates. In a Monte Carlo study, I demonstrate the effectiveness of the particular methods that result from generalizing Wahba's CVMSE.
Wavelet-based procedures for proteomic mass spectrometry data processing

Abstract Proteomics aims at determining the structure, function and expression of proteins. High-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) is emerging as a leading technique in the proteomics revolution. Though it can be used to find disease-related protein patterns in mixtures of proteins derived from easily obtained samples, key challenges remain in the processing of proteomic MS data. Multiscale mathematical tools such as wavelets play an important role in signal processing and statistical data analysis. A wavelet-based algorithm for proteomic data processing is developed. A MATLAB implementation of the software package, called WaveSpect0, is presented including processing procedures of step-interval unification, adaptive stationary discrete wavelet denoising, baseline correction using splines, normalization, peak detection, and a newly designed peak alignment method using clustering techniques. Applications to real MS data sets for different cancer research projects in Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center show that the algorithm is efficient and satisfactory in MS data mining.
Management Perspective: Predicting Academic Performance of Foreign and Non-Foreign Students in a Graduate Business School

The article addresses the value of the Admission Test for Graduate Study in Business (ATSB) in predicting the scholastic success of prospective students in a graduate business school. In conducting...
Real-Time 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Imaging of a Persistent Left-Sided Superior Vena Cava

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] Persistent left-sided superior vena cava (LSVC) is one of the most common asymptomatic congenital anomalies, and it is seen as a dilated coronary sinus as noted on transthoracic or
The Creative American: Cold War Salons, Social Science, and the Cure for Modern Society

ABSTRACT This essay examines how post–World War II Americans linked their understanding of domestic society and international affairs by using a common lens of psychological and characterological analysis for both. That lens was fashioned by social scientists and developed to study conformity and its opposite, creative and autonomous selfhood. Creativity offered a means to achieve the liberal national society they desired. Social scientists managed their technical definitions of conformity and autonomy as a way of defining reasonable political sentiment. This essay details how, ultimately, the forms of self and sociality they advocated for America were grounded in the kinds of community and interpersonal interaction they valued in their own professional lives.
On the communication process: Speaker-listener interaction and the development of speech*

The reason why humn a communication is so powerful is tied not only to language but also to the phenomenon of communicative empathy. When communication breaks down, the causes may be found in the s...
Dehydration and Hydration in the Terminally Ill: Care Considerations

Debate continues about whether to withhold or withdraw intravenous, subcutaneous, or nasogastric hydration in the terminally ill. Nurses may be confronted with situations where the terminally ill patient or family must make a decision regarding hydration. Therefore, nurses must be knowledgeable about terminal dehydration literature and research. This article is a review of the literature on terminal dehydration. The focus is on the definition of terminal dehydration, physiological benefits and disadvantages of terminal dehydration, rationale for hydrating, review of research in terminal dehydration, physiological basis for comfort in the terminally dehydrated, and suggestions for research and practice.
Hormone-responsive 3D multicellular culture model of human breast tissue.

A hormone-responsive 3D human tissue-like culture system was developed in which human primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were co-cultured with two types of predominant mammary stromal cells on silk protein scaffolds. Silk porous scaffolds with incorporated extracellular matrix provided a compatible environment for epithelial structure morphogenesis and differentiation. The presence of stromal cells promoted MEC proliferation, induced both alveolar and ductal morphogenesis and enhanced casein expression. In contrast, only alveolar structures were observed in monocultures. The alveolar structures generated from the heterotypic cultures in vitro exhibited proper polarity similar to human breast tissue in vivo. Consistent with their phenotypic appearance, more functional differentiation of epithelial cells was also observed in the heterotypic cultures, where casein-α and -β mRNA expression were increased significantly. Additionally, this 3D multicellular culture model displayed an estrogen-responsive physiologically relevant response, evidenced by enhanced cell proliferation, aberrant morphology, changes in gene expression profile and few polarized lumen structures after estrogen treatment. This culture system offers an excellent opportunity to explore the role of cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions during mammary gland development, the consequences of hormone receptor activation on MEC behavior and morphogenesis, as well as their alteration during neoplastic transformation in human breast tissue.
Problems on chain partitions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several fundamental problems concerning the existence of partitions of posets into chains satisfying certain conditions. It discusses problems about the poset of subsets of a finite set, and gives problems for other families of posets.
Effects of inadequate vitamin E and/or selenium nutrition on the release of arachidonic acid metabolites in rat alveolar macrophages.

Abstract Effects of vitamin E and/or selenium (Se) deficiency on the secretion of arachidonic acid metabolites by zymosan-stimulated pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM) were examined using cells from male Long-Evans hooded rats fed torula-yeast based diets with or without the supplementation of vitamin E (150 IU/kg) or Se (0.5 mg/kg). Alveolar macrophages obtained by lavage were purified by adherence and cultured for 4 h in Hankś balanced salt solution containing bovine serum albumin (0.1%) and zymosan (300 μg/ml). The arachidonic acid metabolites present in the culture supernatant were measured by radioimmunoassay. Altered vitamin E and Se nutrition had no effect on the number of cells or cell types recovered from the pulmonary airways. Alveolar macrophages derived from animals fed on diets deficient in vitamin E or Se or both nutrients secreted higher levels of prostaglandins E 2 and thromboxane B 2 . Levels of both 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B 4 were significantly increased only in the group fed the diet adequate in Se but deficient in vitamin E. Our data suggest that vitamin E and Se might play an important role to control the levels of several physiologically and pathologically important arachidonic acid metabolites.
Effective dielectric constant of periodic composite structures.

Using a plane-wave-expansion method, we obtained expressions for the effective dielectric constants of composite periodic dielectric materials as the long-wavelength limit of the photonic-band-structure problem. The effective dielectric constants of several classes of photonic-band-gap structures are computed and we found that in the long-wavelength limit, they can be isotropic, uniaxial, or biaxial, depending on the symmetry of the structure under consideration. We also found that the scalar wave approximation gives poor results for effective dielectric constants while the Maxwell-Garnett theory offers very good approximations in the low-filling-ratio regimes.
A radiation-produced defect in GaN displaying hyperfine structure with three Ga atoms

Abstract Electron-irradiation of undoped n-type GaN with 2.5 MeV electrons at room temperature produces a broad PL band at ∼0.95 eV, and an S =1/2 ODEPR center, labeled L1, is observed in it. The L1 signal reveals partially resolved structure, which can be matched accurately as arising from hyperfine interaction with three equivalent Ga atoms. Irradiation in situ at 4.2 K produces the 0.95 eV band but the L1 ODEPR signal emerges only upon subsequent annealing at room temperature, as another ODEPR signal identified as interstitial Ga disappears. The possibility that both L1 and the 0.95 eV PL arise from the Ga vacancy is discussed.
Presence of nonoxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt in Tetrahymena.

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain HSM, do not have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, but contain transaldolase, transketolase, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase, ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase, and ribokinase. The nonoxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt function in metabolism as indicated by the incorporation of label from [1-14C]ribose into CO2 and glycogen and by the increase in total glycogen content of cultures supplemented with ribose.
An analysis of carrier-mediated photodiffusion membranes

Abstract Reversible photochromic reactions can be combined with carrier-mediated transport in partially illuminated membranes to achieve very high degrees of flux enhancement. Transport across these membranes can be achieved even against a concentration gradient. Coupled systems of non-linear diffusion-reaction equations for these membranes were solved using the technique of orthogonal collocation on finite elements to study and optimize the transport across them. The results indicate that the efficiency of light utilization is maximum for thin membranes at low degrees of illumination. Carrier-mediated photodiffusion membranes in combination with a fuel cell can be used for the storage of solar energy.
Study of three elastic-plastic constitutive models by non-proportional finite deformations of OFHC copper

Experimental stress-strain data of OFHC copper first under torsion to 13% and then under torsion-tension to about 10% are used to study the characteristics of three elastic-plastic constitutive models: Chaboche's super-positional nonlinear model, Dafalias and Popov's two surface model and Watanabe and Atluri's version of the endochronic model. The three models, originally oriented for infinitesimal deformation, have been extended for finite deformation. The results show (a) the Mises-type yield surface used in the three models brings about significant departure of the predictions from the experimental data; (b) Chaboche's and Dafalias' models are easier than Watanabe and Atluri's model in determining the material parameters in them, and (c) Chaboche's and Watanabe & Atluri's models produce almost the same prediction to the data, while Dafalias' model cannot accurately predict the plastic deformations when a loading path changes in its direction. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
PROPERTIES OF RESTRUCTURED PORK PATTIES AS AFFECTED BY COOKING METHOD, FROZEN STORAGE AND REHEATING METHOD

The effects of cooking method, reheating method and frozen storage on physical, chemical and palatability factors of restructured pork patties were evaluated over a period of 6 wk. Frozen restructured pork patties (25% fat) were cooked using a convection oven or an electric grill. Cooked patties were vacuum packaged and refrozen for subsequent reheating and evaluation initially and following storage periods of 2, 4 and 6 wk. Reheating devices employed were a microwave oven, a convection oven and an infrared oven. Samples cooked using the convection oven had greater moisture contents and higher 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values than those patties cooked using the electric grill. Percent protein, fat, ash and cooking loss were greater for the electric grill treatment due to greater moisture loss. The TBA values increased to 2 wk of storage and then remained relatively stable. Cooked color was more acceptable initially than after 6 wk of storage. The control treatment, which was not reheated, had the lowest cooking loss and the infrared oven reheating treatment had the highest cooking loss. Taste panel evaluations were in the acceptable range both initially and after 6 wk of storage. Both cooking methods and all reheating methods also yielded acceptable products as evaluated by the taste panel. Cooking and reheating with convection ovens should be recommended if precooking and reheating of restructured pork is deemed necessary for fast food and institutional establishments. This procedure will yield an acceptable product with a lower cooking loss than any of the other cooking/reheating combinations studied. However, if time is of importance, reheating with microwave ovens may be considered although this method will yield a less juicy product with higher cooking losses.
Nonlinear dynamics of boussinesq convection in a deep rotating spherical shell-i

Abstract Convection in a rotating spherical shell has wide application for understanding the dynamics of the atmospheres and interiors of many celestial bodies. In this paper we review linear results for convection in a shell of finite depth at substantial but not asymptotically large Taylor numbers, present nonlinear multimode calculations for similar conditions, and discuss the model and results in the context of the problem of solar convection and differential rotation. Detailed nonlinear calculations are presented for Taylor number T = 105, Prandtl number P = 1, and Rayleigh number R between 1 |MX 104 and 4 |MX 104 (which is between about 4 and 16 times critical) for a shell of depth 20% of the outer radius. Sixteen longitudinal wave numbers are usually included (all even wave numbers m between 0 and 30) the amplitudes of which are computed on a staggered grid in the meridian plane. The kinetic energy spectrum shows a peak in the wave number range m = 12–18 at R = 104, which straddles the critical wav...
Highly efficient, high-gain, short-length, and power-scalable incoherent diode slab-pumped fiber amplifier/laser

We propose a new geometry of a clad-pumped fiber amplifier/laser that includes at least one doped core which guides the signal wave and at least one clad region that guides the incoherent pump. Our proposed geometry enables the incoherent diode pump light to be efficiently absorbed by the doped glass core over very short lengths on the order of a few to tens of centimeters. The transparent cladding is realized as a narrow slab with refractive index higher than that of the core. The slab is designed to effectively capture all of the incoherent pump light and is tapered to force the highly moded incoherent guided light into the strongly absorbing core. Modes of this composite waveguide structure are analyzed. Criteria are established in terms of the refractive indices of the core, slab, and cladding that ensure efficient absorption of the pump light in the core while ensuring that only a single or few lowest order signal modes can propagate in the amplifying core. Numerical simulations with the beam propagation method and a modal expansion technique confirm that a significant enhancement of the absorption efficiency of the pump in the core can be realized by tapering the slab waveguide. Assuming a local absorption rate of 10 m/sup -1/ of the intensity of the pump in a core of radius 4.3 /spl mu/m and a realistic multimode diode pump distributed over a 100-/spl mu/m aperture, an absorption efficiency of 94% can be realized over an amplifier length of 2 cm. The geometry is scalable to longer lengths and multiple incoherent diode-pumped slab claddings.
Classification of Dry-Milled Maize Grit Yield Groups Using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Algorithm

ABSTRACT A genetically and environmentally diverse collection of maize (Zea maize L.) samples was evaluated for physical properties and grit yield to help develop a standard set of criteria to identify grain best suited for dry-milling. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) reduced a set of approximately 500 samples collected from six states to 154 maize hybrids. Selected maize hybrids were placed into seven groups according to their dry-milled grit yields. Regression analysis explained only 50% of the variability in dry-milling grit yield. Patterns of differences in the physical properties for the seven grit yield groups implied that the seven yield groups could be placed into two or three groups. Using two pattern recognition techniques for improving classification accuracy, quadratic discriminant analysis and the classification and regression tree (CART) model, dry-milled grit yield groups were predicted. The estimated correct classification rates were 69–80% when the samples were divided i...
Towards 3D mapping and correction of optical properties in turbid media based on spatially modulated illumination

A simple technique for 3D mapping and correction of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media is suggested based on spatial patterns. Experimental results demonstrate the suggested technique.
Quantitative comparison of exposure for the posterior Judet approach to the scapula with and without deltoid takedown

Background The purposes of this study are to quantify the extent of the scapula exposed and to describe the osseous landmarks within the dissection of a posterior Judet approach with and without takedown of the posterior deltoid muscle. Methods The posterior Judet approach using the muscular interval between the teres minor and infraspinatus muscle with and without takedown of the deltoid muscle was performed on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders. Retractors with 2 kg of force were used at the wound margins for retraction. Upon completion of the exposure, a calibrated digital image was taken from the surgeon's perspective and specific anatomic landmarks were identified. The digital images were then analyzed with a computer software program, ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA), to calculate the area (in square centimeters) of bone exposed. Results The mean area of posterior scapula exposed by the traditional Judet approach with takedown of the deltoid muscle was 30.2 cm 2 (95% confidence interval, 27.7-32.7 cm 2 ) compared with 27.3 cm 2 (95% confidence interval, 24.8-29.9 cm 2 ) when the deltoid was not detached ( P Conclusions Although takedown of the deltoid muscle improves exposure, the posterior Judet approach without takedown of the posterior deltoid muscle allows for safe exposure to 91% of the bony scapula obtained by removing the deltoid muscle and access to the critical osseous fixation points of the posterior scapula.
Effects of mechanical action on the electron paramagnetic resonance of wool and silk

Wool fibers and cloth damaged by mechanical action such as abrading and grinding show strong EPR signals. Silk fibers after grinding also show strong EPR signals. Both wool and silk ground in a dry nitrogen atmosphere exhibit a doublet spectrum attributed to a ·CH radical on the polypeptide chain. In wool, a complex curve centered at g = 2.025 is observed. It is attributed to a CH2S· radical resulting from the rupture of the disulfide bond in the cystine residue. These radicals are stable for many months in a nitrogen atmosphere or vacuum. In dry oxygen the spectrum of the ·CH radical is transformed within a few hours from a double into a single, narrow curve, whereas the spectrum characteristic of the cystine radical disappers more slowly. In the presence of water vapor both radical species are rapidly destroyed and their spectra disappear. The mechanisms for the production of free radicals by mechanical action are believed to be direct chain rupture or localized pyrolysis, coupled with migration to specific radical traps in the protein.
IRIDIUM‐192 BRACHYTHERAPY FOR EQUINE SARCOID, ONE AND TWO YEAR REMISSION RATES

This report presents the results of 12 adult horses with 16 sarcoids which received radiotherapy from iridium-192 interstitial implants. Fourteen of the 16 tumors (87.5%) were in remission for at least 12 months, and 13 (81.2%) were in remission for at least 24 months. Generally, normal tissue reactions were within acceptable limits. The results of this study further substantiate the beneficial nature of radioactive brachytherapy for equine sarcold.