cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simplified synthesis of the hypoxia imaging agent 2-(2-Nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-[18F]pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide ([18F]EF5)

Abstract Introduction [ 18 F]EF5 is a validated marker for PET imaging of tumor hypoxia. It is prepared by reacting a trifluoroallyl precursor with carrier-added [ 18 F]F 2 gas in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) solvent. We report here an improved radiosynthesis and purification of [ 18 F]EF5 by utilizing an electroformed nickel (Ni) target for [ 18 F]F 2 production, and Oasis® HLB cartridges for on-line solid phase extraction of [ 18 F]EF5 prior to HPLC purification. Methods [ 18 F]F 2 was produced by deuteron bombardment of neon plus F 2 in an Ni target, and bubbled through the radiolabelling precursor solution. Purification was achieved by extracting the contents of the crude reaction mixture onto Oasis HLB cartridges, and subsequently eluted onto a semi-preparative HPLC column for further separation. Purified [ 18 F]EF5 was evaluated in small animal PET studies using HCT116 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Results The electroformed Ni target enabled recovery of >75% of the radioactivity from the cyclotron target, resulting in 16.2±2.2GBq (438±58mCi) of [ 18 F]F 2 available for the synthesis. Use of Oasis cartridges yielded a less complex mixture for purification. On average, 1140±200MBq (30.8±5.4mCi) of [ 18 F]EF5 were collected at EOS. Small animal PET imaging studies showed specific retention of [ 18 F]EF5 in tumors, with tumor-to-muscle ratios of 2.7±0.3 at about160 min after injection. Conclusion A simple procedure has been developed for the routine synthesis of [ 18 F]EF5 in amounts and purity required for clinical studies. This new method avoids the need for TFA evaporation and also enables facile automation of the synthesis using commercially available radiosynthesis modules.
Protolytic defluorination of trifluoromethyl-substituted arenes

A series of trifluoromethyl-substituted arenes were studied in their reactions with Bronsted superacids. The products from these reactions suggest the formation of reactive electrophiles, such as carbocations, acylium cations or equivalent electrophilic species. As such, Friedel–Crafts-type reactions occur between these species and arene nucleophiles. NMR studies were done, and the results suggest the formation of an acyl group from the trifluoromethyl groups in the superacid.
Two-boson truncation of Pauli-Villars-regulated Yukawa theory

We apply light-front quantization, Pauli-Villars regularization, and numerical techniques to the nonperturbative solution of the dressed-fermion problem in Yukawa theory in 3 + 1 dimensions. The solution is developed as a Fock-state expansion truncated to include at most one fermion and two bosons. The basis includes a negative-metric heavy boson and a negative-metric heavy fermion in order to provide the necessary cancellations of ultraviolet divergences. The integral equations for the Fock-state wave functions are solved by reducing them to effective one-boson--one-fermion equations for eigenstates with J{sub z} = 1/2. The equations are converted to a matrix equation with a specially tuned quadrature scheme, and the lowest mass state is obtained by diagonalization. Various properties of the dressed-fermion state are then computed from the nonperturbative light-front wave functions. This work is a major step in our development of Pauli-Villars regularization for the nonperturbative solution of four-dimensional field theories and represents a significant advance in the numerical accuracy of such solutions.
Thermal Radiation Effects on a Normal Shock Wave Incident to a Plane Wall

Poa^So q = dimensionless radiation heat flux because of wall perturbations, normalized by poa WSo R = ideal gas constant T = dimensionless temperature normalized by Tob ta = dimensionless time, normalized by 1 /(a0a WSo) u = dimensionless gas velocity normalized by WSo WSo = unperturbed propagation speed of incident shock W's = dimensionless perturbation in propagation speed of incident shock, normalized by WSo x = distance measured from shock x0 = initial distance from incident shock to wall ya = distance measured from wall y0 = initial distance from wall to incident shock a = volumetric absorption coefficient of gas 7 = specific heat ratio ew frequency independent hemispherical emittance wall r) = dimensionless distance measured from shock, rj s rjwo = dimensionless distance from incident shock to wall,
An Algebraic Invariant for Substitution Tiling Systems

We consider tilings of Euclidean spaces by polygons or polyhedra, in particular, tilings made by a substitution process, such as the Penrose tilings of the plane. We define an isomorphism invariant related to a subgroup of rotations and compute it for various examples. We also extend our analysis to more general dynamical systems.
Expert systems for guidance of cognitively impaired people performing daily living activities

A system for developing computerized activity guidance for people with cognitive impairments has been successfully used to guide users independently through tasks that they could not otherwise perform without human assistance. A major shortcoming of this technology has been its inability to adjust and adapt automatically to the capabilities of a range of users or a single user over time. The design of the next-generation system, which will use the Soar cognitive architecture to overcome limitations of the current system, is presented. Soar brings together in a single system many of the capabilities necessary to create an expert system for activity guidance. It has demonstrated general problem-solving and learning capabilities, interaction with humans, and the ability to model complex tasks, environments, and humans. >
Component-based performance-sensitive real-time embedded software

The software complexity is continuously increasing and the competition in the software market is becoming more intensive than ever. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the software quality, and meanwhile, minimize software development cost, and reduce software delivery time in order to gain competitive advantages. Recently, Component-Based Software Development (CBSD) was proposed and has now been applied in various industry and business applications as a possible way to achieve this goal. As verified by numerous practical applications in different fields, CBSD is able to increase software development productivity as well as improve software quality. Modern embedded real-time systems have both strict functional and non-functional requirements and they are essentially safety-critical, real-time, and embedded software-intensive systems. In particular, the crucial end-to-end quality-of-service (QoS) properties should be assured in embedded systems such as timeliness and fault tolerance. Herein, I first introduce the modern component technologies and commonly used component models. Then, the middleware in distributed real-time embedded systems is discussed. Further, adaptive system resource management is elaborated upon. Finally, the prospects of a component-based approach in implementing modern embedded real-time software is discussed and future research directions are suggested.
On Optimal 4-Dimensional Metrics

We completely determine, up to homeomorphism, which simply connected compact oriented 4-manifolds admit scalar-flat, anti-self-dual Riemannian metrics. The key new ingredient is a proof that the connected sum $\overline{ {\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}}_{2}\#\overline{ {\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}}_{2}\#\overline{ {\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}}_{2}\#\overline{ {\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}}_{2}\#\overline{ {\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}}_{2}$ of five reverse-oriented complex projective planes admits such metrics.
Positive Halogen Compounds

1 Introduction 2 Oxygen-Halogen Compounds 3 Nitrogen–Halogen Compounds 4 Carbon–Halogen Compounds 5 Sulfur–Halogen Compounds Keywords: positive halogen compounds; literature-search methodology; oxygen–halogen compounds; nitrogen–halogen compounds; polyhalo alkanes; sulfur–halogen compounds; acetyl hypofluorite; carbon–halogen compounds with electro-negative substituents (EWG-C-X)
Anomaly Analysis of Brane-Antibrane Systems

String theories with branes can often be generalized by adding brane-antibrane pairs. We explore the cancellation of anomalies in this more general context, extending the familiar anomaly-cancelling mechanisms, both for ten-dimensional string theories with D-branes and for certain supersymmetric compactifications.
Green codes: Energy-efficient short-range communication

A green code attempts to minimize the total energy per-bit required to communicate across a noisy channel. The classical information-theoretic approach neglects the energy expended in processing the data at the encoder and the decoder and only minimizes the energy required for transmissions. Since there is no cost associated with using more degrees of freedom, the traditionally optimal strategy is to communicate at rate zero. In this work, we use our recently proposed model for the power consumed by iterative message passing. Using generalized sphere-packing bounds on the decoding power, we find lower bounds on the total energy consumed in the transmissions and the decoding, allowing for freedom in the choice of the rate. We show that contrary to the classical intuition, the rate for green codes is bounded away from zero for any given error probability. In fact, as the desired bit-error probability goes to zero, the optimizing rate for our bounds converges to 1.
ON THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A VARIABLE-MASS SLENDER ELASTIC BODY UNDER HIGH ACCELERATIONS

Dynamic characteristics of variable mass slender elastic body, solving vector differential equations
Dual-band negative index metamaterial: double negative at 813 nm and single negative at 772 nm.

This work is concerned with the experimental demonstration of a dual-band negative index metamaterial. The sample is double negative (showing both a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity) for linearly polarized light with a wavelength between 799 and 818 nm, and the real part of its refractive index is approximately −1.0 at 813 nm. The ratio of −Re(n)/Im(n) is close to 1.3 at 813 nm. For an orthogonal polarization, the same sample also exhibits a negative refractive index in the visible (at 772 nm). The spectroscopic measurements of the material are in good agreement with the results obtained from a finite-element electromagnetic solver for the actual geometry of the fabricated sample at both polarizations.
Chemical fingerprinting at the atomic level with scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Abstract Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) makes it possible to map the local electronic density of states for clean surfaces and for those with adsorbates. We have developed a protocol that allows us to obtain the spectral fingerprints of halogen atoms on Si(0 0 1), and we use those fingerprints to distinguish between adatom species for surfaces with Cl and Br mixed adsorbates. The key to the process is the energy distribution of the antibonding states that depend on the halogen species.
Generalized Hamiltonian dynamics

Taking the Liouville theorem as a guiding principle, we propose a possible generalization of classical Hamiltonian dynamics to a three-dimensional phase space. The equation of motion involves two Hamiltonians and three canonical variables. The fact that the Euler equations for a rotator can be cast into this form suggests the potential usefulness of the formalism. In this article we study its general properties and the problem of quantization.
A gene expression atlas of a bicoid-depleted Drosophila embryo reveals early canalization of cell fate

In developing embryos, gene regulatory networks drive cells towards discrete terminal fates, a process called canalization. We studied the behavior of the anterior-posterior segmentation network in Drosophila melanogaster embryos by depleting a key maternal input, bicoid (bcd), and measuring gene expression patterns of the network at cellular resolution. This method results in a gene expression atlas containing the levels of mRNA or protein expression of 13 core patterning genes over six time points for every cell of the blastoderm embryo. This is the first cellular resolution dataset of a genetically perturbed Drosophila embryo that captures all cells in 3D. We describe the technical developments required to build this atlas and how the method can be employed and extended by others. We also analyze this novel dataset to characterize the degree and timing of cell fate canalization in the segmentation network. We find that in two layers of this gene regulatory network, following depletion of bcd, individual cells rapidly canalize towards normal cell fates. This result supports the hypothesis that the segmentation network directly canalizes cell fate, rather than an alternative hypothesis whereby cells are initially mis-specified and later eliminated by apoptosis. Our gene expression atlas provides a high resolution picture of a classic perturbation and will enable further computational modeling of canalization and gene regulation in this transcriptional network.
Discovery of the tungsten isotopes

Thirty-five tungsten isotopes have been observed so far and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
Correlation of ground-water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York

A brief though concise statement of the history of ground-water studies on Long Island, beginning with the early water-level observations in Brooklyn by STODDARD in 1854, was given by THOMPSON [see 7 of “References” at end of paper]. These and other early data were considered later by LEGGETTE [8]. He evaluated them by means of a graph of the cumulative departure of precipitation. More recent studies by LEGGETTE [9] and by the writer have lead to the procedure outlined in Part I of this paper [10], which was founded upon an empirical approach suggested by LEGGETTE and was later justified by analysis based on the theory of BOUSSINESQ [11].
Reversible logic circuit synthesis

Reversible or information-lossless circuits have applications in digital signal processing, communication, computer graphics and cryptography. They are also a fundamental requirement in the emerging field of quantum computation. We investigate the synthesis of reversible circuits that employ a minimum number of gates and contain no redundant input-output line-pairs (temporary storage channels). We prove constructively that every even permutation can be implemented without temporary storage using NOT, CNOT and TOFFOLI gates. We describe an algorithm for the synthesis of optimal circuits and study the reversible functions on three wires, reporting distributions of circuit sizes. Finally, in an application important to quantum computing, we synthesize oracle circuits for Grover's search algorithm, and show a significant improvement over a previously proposed synthesis algorithm.
Determinants in the Kronecker product of matrices: the incidence matrix of a complete graph

We investigate the least common multiple of all subdeterminants, lcmd(A ⊗ B), of a Kronecker product of matrices, of which one is an integral matrix A with two columns and the other is the incidence matrix of a complete graph with n vertices. We prove that this quantity is the least common multiple of lcmd(A) to the power n − 1 and certain binomial functions of the entries of A.
Locally Optimum and Suboptimum Detector Performance in a Non-Gaussian Interference Environment

Since the normally assumed white Gaussian interference is the most destructive in terms of minimizing channel capacity, substantial improvement can usually be obtained if the real-world interference environment (non-Gaussian) is properly taken into account. In this paper, the performance of the locally optimum Bayes detector (LOBD) is compared to the performance of various ad hoc nonlinear detection schemes. The known results are reviewed, and then it is demonstrated that these theoretical results may be misleading due to the assumptions that are required in order to derive them analytically. For a particular type of broad-band impulsive noise, the critical assumptions of "sufficiently" small signal level and large number of samples (large time-bandwidth product so that the central limit theorem applies) are removed; the first analytically, and the second by computer simulation. The thus-derived performance characteristics are then compared, especially as the signal level increases. One result is that there are situations where the bandpass limiter outperforms the LOBD as the signal level increases; that is, the locally optimum detector may not remain "near optimum" in actual operational situations.
Collapsing sequences of solutions to the Ricci flow on 3-manifolds with almost nonnegative curvature

We study sequences of 3-dimensional solutions to the Ricci flow with almost nonnegative sectional curvatures and diameters tending to infinity. Such sequences may arise from the limits of dilations about singularities of Type IIb. In particular, we study the case when the sequence collapses, which may occur when dilating about infinite time singularities. In this case we classify the possible Gromov-Hausdorff limits and construct 2-dimensional virtual limits. The virtual limits are constructed using Fukaya theory of the limits of local covers. We then show that the virtual limit arising from appropriate dilations of a Type IIb singularity is always Hamilton's cigar soliton solution.
Hybrid nanomaterials for biomedical applications

Hybrid nanomaterials, composed of both inorganic and organic components, have recently been examined as promising platforms for imaging and therapeutic applications. This unique class of nanomaterials can not only retain beneficial features of both the inorganic and organic components, but also provides the ability to systematically tune the properties of the hybrid material through the combination of functional components. This feature article will summarize recent advances in the design and synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials and their applications in biological and biomedical areas. The hybrid nanomaterials to be discussed fall into two main categories, silica based materials and nanoscale metal-organic frameworks. Their applications as imaging contrast agents and nanotherapeutics will be highlighted.
Real-time implementation of neural network learning control of a flexible Space manipulator

A neural network approach to online learning control and real-time implementation for a flexible space robot manipulator is presented. An overview of the motivation and system development of the self-mobile space modulator (SM/sup 2/) is given. The neural network learns control by updating feedforward dynamics based on feedback control input. Implementation issues associated with online training strategies are addressed and a single stochastic training scheme is presented. A recurrent neural network architecture with improved performance is proposed. Using the proposed learning scheme, the manipulator tracking error is reduced by 85% compared to that of conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The approach possesses a high degree of generality and adaptability to various applications. It will be a valuable learning control method for robots working in unconstructed environments. >
A ray tracing model of gravity wave propagation and breakdown in the middle atmosphere

Lindzen (1981, 1984) has considered the effects of monochromatic, steady gravity waves propagating into the upper atmosphere. These waves reach such large amplitudes in the mesosphere that they become convectively unstable. The wave is effectively dissipated by the convection, and the pseudomomentum carried by the wave is transferred to the basic flow. The net effect is to accelerate the background flow to the phase speed of the breaking gravity wave. Schoeberl et al. (1983) have discussed modifications to Lindzen's parameterization. The present paper has the objective to develop a type of parameterization scheme for wave breaking that, in principle, can handle lateral wave propagation. Ray tracing is used to follow the gravity wave packets through varying wind conditions. The theory considered uses both the propagation properties of the wave packet and the concept of the conservation of wave action density to determine the local amplitude and position of the wave packet.
Consistent proportional delay differentiation: A fuzzy control approach

Proportional delay differentiation (PDD) is an important service model for providing relative differentiated services on the Internet. It aims to maintain pre-specified packet queueing-delay ratios between different classes of traffic at each hop. Existing rate-allocation approaches for PDD services assume the average queueing delay of a class is inversely proportional to its service rate. This assumption is not necessarily valid when the system is not heavily loaded. To provide consistent PDD services under various load conditions, in this paper, we propose a novel rate-allocation approach that applies fuzzy control theory to capture the nonlinear relationship between the queueing delay and the service rate. In the approach, a class's service rate is adjusted according to a set of fuzzy control rules defined over its error (the difference between the target delay ratio and the achieved one), the change of error, and the change of service rate. We prove that the fuzzy control system is stable and the service rate of a class converges to its equilibrium point at steady state. Simulation results demonstrate that, in comparison with other rate-allocation approaches, the fuzzy control approach is able to provide consistent PDD services under wide range load conditions. It is also shown robust under various system conditions, including with multiple classes, changing target delay ratios, changing load conditions, and different traffic patterns.
The Acceleration of the Expansion of the Universe: A Brief Early History of the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP)

It is now about 10 years since the evidence, based on Type Ia supernovae, for the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe was discovered. I will discuss some aspects of the work and events in the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP), during the period 1988 to 1998, which led to this discovery.
Relative density of the random r-factor proximity catch digraph for testing spatial patterns of segregation and association

Statistical pattern classification methods based on data-random graphs were introduced recently. In this approach, a random directed graph is constructed from the data using the relative positions of the data points from various classes. Different random graphs result from different definitions of the proximity region associated with each data point and different graph statistics can be employed for data reduction. The approach used in this article is based on a parameterized family of proximity maps determining an associated family of data-random digraphs. The relative arc density of the digraph is used as the summary statistic, providing an alternative to the domination number employed previously. An important advantage of the relative arc density is that, properly re-scaled, it is a U-statistic, facilitating analytic study of its asymptotic distribution using standard U-statistic central limit theory. The approach is illustrated with an application to the testing of spatial patterns of segregation and association. Knowledge of the asymptotic distribution allows evaluation of the Pitman and Hodges-Lehmann asymptotic efficacies, and selection of the proximity map parameter to optimize efficiency. Furthermore the approach presented here also has the advantage of validity for data in any dimension.
A geometric construction of the Riemann scalar curvature in Regge calculus

The Riemann scalar curvature plays a central role in Einstein's geometric theory of gravity. We describe a new geometric construction of this scalar curvature invariant at an event (vertex) in a discrete spacetime geometry. This allows one to constructively measure the scalar curvature using only clocks and photons. Given recent interest in discrete pre-geometric models of quantum gravity, we believe is it ever so important to reconstruct the curvature scalar with respect to a finite number of communicating observers. This derivation makes use of a new fundamental lattice cell built from elements inherited from both the original simplicial (Delaunay) spacetime and its circumcentric dual (Voronoi) lattice. The orthogonality properties between these two lattices yield an expression for the vertex-based scalar curvature which is strikingly similar to the corresponding hinge-based expression in Regge calculus (deficit angle per unit Voronoi dual area). In particular, we show that the scalar curvature is simply a vertex-based weighted average of deficits per weighted average of dual areas.
Mp-small summands increase knot width

Scharlemann and Schultens have shown that for any pair of knots K1 and K2, w(K1#K2) ≥ max{w(K1), w(K2)}. Scharlemann and Thompson have given a scheme for possible examples where equality holds. Using results of Scharlemann-Schultens, Rieck-Sedgwick and Thompson, it is shown that for K = # n=1 Ki a connected sum of mp-small knots and Kany non-trivial knot, w(K#K ' ) > w(K). AMS Classification 57M25; 57M27
Endogenous Money or Sticky Prices

Abstract What explains the correlations between nominal and real variables in the postwar US data? Are these correlations indicative of significant nominal rigidity? Or do they simply reflect the particular way that monetary policymakers react to developments in the real economy? To answer these questions, this paper uses maximum likelihood to estimate a model of endogenous money. This model allows, but does not require, nominal prices to be sticky. The results show that nominal price rigidity, over and above endogenous money, plays a role in accounting for key features of the data.
Invertibility and trajectory control for nonlinear maneuvers of aircraft

This paper presents an application of the inversion theory to the design of nonlinear control systems for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal maneuvers of aircraft. First, a control law for the inner loop is derived for the independent control of the angular velocity components of the aircraft along roll, pitch, and yaw axes using aileron, elevator, and rudder. Then by a judicious choice of angular velocity command signals, independent trajectory control of the sets of output variables (angle of attack, roll, and sideslip angles), (roll rate, angle of attack, and yaw angle), or (pitch, roll, and yaw angles) is accomplished. These angular velocity command signals are generated in the outer loops using state feedback and the reference angle of attack, pitch, yaw, and roll angle trajectories. Simulation results are presented to show that in the closed-loop system, various lateral and longitudinal maneuvers can be performed in spite of the presence of uncertainty in the stability derivatives.
LOGOS and the software engineer

Most of us consider a well-engineered product to be one which is structurally sound; which communicates with its environment in a predictable, well-disciplined manner; which has been thoroughly tested; and which is reliable and easily maintained. In any engineering field, the structural philosophy, design disciplines, and checkout methods which yield such a product are called "good engineering practices." Software engineering is the application of good engineering practice to the design, implementation and final checkout of large programs. The result of effective software engineering should be:(1) The production of a correct program (certifiable)(2) The availability of means of efficiently determining the correctness of a program (certification)(3) The ability to modify a program so that recertification is possible.
Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes: A Geometric Technique and Analysis

This paper presents a novel framework for studying partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) with finite state, action, observation sets, and discounted rewards. The new framework is solely based on future-reward vectors associated with future policies, which is more parsimonious than the traditional framework based on belief vectors. It reveals the connection between the POMDP problem and two computational geometry problems, i.e., finding the vertices of a convex hull and finding the Minkowski sum of convex polytopes, which can help solve the POMDP problem more efficiently. The new framework can clarify some existing algorithms over both finite and infinite horizons and shed new light on them. It also facilitates the comparison of POMDPs with respect to their degree of observability, as a useful structural result.
On the set multi-cover problem in geometric settings

We consider the set multi-cover problem in geometric settings. Given a set of points P and a collection of geometric shapes (or sets) F, we wish to find a minimum cardinality subset of F such that each point p ∈ P is covered by (contained in) at least demands d(p) sets. Here demands d(p) is an integer demand (requirement) for p. When the demands demands d(p)=1 for all p, this is the standard set cover problem. The set cover problem in geometric settings admits an approximation ratio that is better than that for the general version. In this paper, we show that similar improvements can be obtained for the multi-cover problem as well. In particular, we obtain an O(log Opt) approximation for set systems of bounded VC-dimension, and an O(1) approximation for covering points by half-spaces in three dimensions and for some other classes of shapes.
Child Exposure to Parental Violence and Psychological Distress Associated With Delayed Milestones

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between parental report of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental psychological distress (PPD) with child attainment of developmental milestones. METHODS: By using data collected from a large cohort of primary care patients, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between parental report of IPV and/or PPD and the attainment of developmental milestones within the first 72 months of a child’s life. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for parental report of child abuse concern and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Our study population included 16 595 subjects. Children of parents reporting both IPV and PPD ( n = 88; 0.5%) were more likely to fail at least 1 milestone across the following developmental domains: language (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–3.3), personal-social (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–2.9), and gross motor (aOR 3.0; 95% CI 1.8–5.0). Significant associations for those reporting IPV-only ( n = 331; 2.0%) were found for language (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.9), personal-social (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4–2.2), and fine motor-adaptive (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.7). Significant associations for those reporting PPD-only ( n = 1920; 11.6%) were found for: language (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3–1.7), personal-social (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.5–1.8), gross motor (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.8), and fine-motor adaptive (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3–2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Screening children for IPV and PPD helps identify those at risk for poor developmental outcomes who may benefit from early intervention.
Structural equation modeling for travel behavior research

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is an extremely flexible linear-in-parameters multivariate statistical modeling technique. It has been used in modeling travel behavior and values since about 1980, and its use is rapidly accelerating, partially due to the availability of improved software. The number of published studies, now known to be more than 50, has approximately doubled in the past three years. This review of SEM is intended to provide an introduction to the field for those who have not used the method, and a compendium of applications for those who wish to compare experiences and avoid the pitfall of reinventing previous research.
Greedy Algorithms for Sparse Reinforcement Learning

Feature selection and regularization are becoming increasingly prominent tools in the efforts of the reinforcement learning (RL) community to expand the reach and applicability of RL. One approach to the problem of feature selection is to impose a sparsity-inducing form of regularization on the learning method. Recent work on L1 regularization has adapted techniques from the supervised learning literature for use with RL. Another approach that has received renewed attention in the supervised learning community is that of using a simple algorithm that greedily adds new features. Such algorithms have many of the good properties of the L1 regularization methods, while also being extremely efficient and, in some cases, allowing theoretical guarantees on recovery of the true form of a sparse target function from sampled data. This paper considers variants of orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) applied to reinforcement learning. The resulting algorithms are analyzed and compared experimentally with existing L1 regularized approaches. We demonstrate that perhaps the most natural scenario in which one might hope to achieve sparse recovery fails; however, one variant, OMP-BRM, provides promising theoretical guarantees under certain assumptions on the feature dictionary. Another variant, OMP-TD, empirically outperforms prior methods both in approximation accuracy and efficiency on several benchmark problems.
Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Female Patients Presenting to Transitional Urology Care Clinic.

Purpose: Patients with congenital genitourinary abnormalities are growing into adulthood and their expectations, especially in the areas of sexual function and fertility are creating unforeseen challenges for health care providers. We review the incidence and management of pelvic organ prolapse at our Transitional Urology Clinic.Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective chart review of the presentation and treatment of patients with clinically bothersome pelvic organ prolapse seen at our tertiary Transitional Urology Clinic during 2012 to 2015.Results: Seven patients with a mean age of 22.8 years presented to our clinic with clinically bothersome prolapse. Four patients had myelomeningocele, 2 had sacral agenesis and 1 had bladder exstrophy. All were on self-catheterization. Three patients were sexually active and 1 had an intact uterus and desired fertility. Bothersome symptoms included vaginal bulge in 6 cases, difficult vaginal intercourse in 1 and difficult catheterization in 1. For the lea...
Radiative electroweak symmetry breaking in a Little Higgs model

We present a new Little Higgs model, motivated by the deconstruction of a five-dimensional gauge-Higgs model. The approximate global symmetry is SO(5)0×SO(5)1, breaking to SO(5), with a gauged subgroup of (SU(2)0L × U(1)0R) × O(4)1, breaking to SU(2)L ×U(1)Y. Radiative corrections produce an additional small vacuum misalignment, breaking the electroweak symmetry down to U(1)EM. Novel features of this model are: the only un-eaten pseudo-Goldstone boson in the effective theory is the Higgs boson; the model contains a custodial symmetry, which ensures that ˆ T = 0 at tree-level; and the potential for the Higgs boson is generated entirely through one-loop radiative corrections. A small negative mass-squared in the Higgs potential is obtained by a cancellation between the contribution of two heavy partners of the top quark, which is readily achieved over much of the parameter space. We can then obtain both a vacuum expectation value of v = 246GeV and a light Higgs boson mass, which is strongly correlated with the masses of the two heavy top quark partners. For a scale of the global symmetry breaking of f = 1TeV and using a single cutoff for the fermion loops, the Higgs boson mass satisfies 120GeV . MH . 150GeV over much of the range of parameter space. For f raised to 10TeV, these values increase by about 40GeV. Effects at the ultraviolet cutoff scale may also raise the predicted values of the Higgs boson mass, but the model still favors MH . 200GeV.
Ultra-high intensity laser acceleration of ions to MeV/nucleon energies

Advances have been made in using ultra-high intensity lasers to directly produce high-current beams of MeV/nucleon ions in solid targets. Experimental results using the LANL Trident Laser will be discussed including beam quality and possible applications.
Why Central Banks Announce their Objectives : Monetary Policy with Discretionary Signalling

This paper analyzes the use of announcements of objectives or intentions, announcements which are common in implementation of monetary policy. To analyze such announcements, this paper uses a model in which there is assymetric information over the central bank's objectives. This informational asymmetry is represented by a scholastic inflation target, upon which only the central bank can condition its actions. Thus, the scope is set for signalling, and the use of announcements can be seen as a way for a central bank to signal its type. This paper assumes that a central bank can signal at its own discretion and shows that while central banks with high inflation targets never use announcements, central banks with low inflation targets occasionally, but not always, will choose to reveal their private iformation through an announcement. A first finding is that, contrary to what a cheap-talk equilibrium suggests, the announcements may be more precise the larger the central bank's equilibrium suggests, the announcements may be more precise the larger the central bank's news. Moreover, this paper shows that the frequency of announcements is unambiguously increasing in the magnitude of the central bank's news, something that goes well in line with what is typically found in actual implementation of monetary policy.
The Choice of Management Practices: What Determines the Design of an Environmental Management System?

This paper examines whether differential incentives exist in the adoption of environmental management practices (EMPs) with varying features that often make up the design of environmental management systems implemented by firms. Estimation of multivariate probit models reveals that greater consumer, regulatory and investor pressures are positively related to the adoption of EMPs that directly enhance a firm's green image. In addition, potential liability costs are positively associated with adopting broad-based EMPs while regulatory pressures are not generally found to have any significant relationship with environmental efforts that improve and address compliance issues. Results also reveal that competitive pressures arising from environmental efforts by rival firms creates stronger incentives for environmental self-regulation than any pressures arising from potential regulatory threats at the industry level.
Reaction rates in condensed phases. Perspective on “Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions”

The key concepts from H.A. Kramers’ influential work on noise-assisted escape of a particle bound in a potential well are summarized, as is the extensive impact that these ideas have had on the development of condensed-phase reaction-rate theories in the twentieth century.
Does the Decoupling Reform Affect Agricultural Employment in Sweden? Evidence from an Exogenous Change

This study uses aggregated municipality data, for the years 2001-2009, to explore whether direct payments to farmers affect agricultural employment in Swedish municipalities. The decoupling reform in 2005 included a new grassland support payment accompanied by management obligations that had unexpectedly high redistributive consequences as it greatly increased common agricultural policy payments to municipalities with large areas of grassland. In some municipalities, total payments more than doubled. Thus, since the reform seems exogenous to the behaviour of farmers and the regional economy, the reform can be used to identify a subsidy effect. We find that a permanent increase in agricultural employment can be attributed to the new grassland support. Our results indicate that the grassland support generates an additional job at a cost of SEK 250,000, relative to the average agricultural wage of SEK 333,000. However, the subsidy effect is largely keeping jobs in agriculture, i.e. the grassland support may be slowing down the process of structural change in grassland regions.
FRAMING AND CLAIMING: HOW INFORMATION‐FRAMING AFFECTS EXPECTED SOCIAL SECURITY CLAIMING BEHAVIOR

This paper provides evidence that Social Security benefit claiming decisions are strongly affected by framing and are thus inconsistent with expected utility theory. Using a randomized experiment that controls for both observable and unobservable differences across individuals, we find that the use of a "breakeven analysis" encourages early claiming. Respondents are more likely to delay when later claiming is framed as a gain, and the claiming age is anchored at older ages. Additionally, the financially less literate, individuals with credit card debt, and those with lower earnings are more influenced by framing than others.
Ultrathin Films of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electronics and Sensors: A Review of Fundamental and Applied Aspects

Ultrathin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) represent an attractive, emerging class of material, with properties that can approach the exceptional electrical, mechanical, and optical characteristics of individual SWNTs, in a format that, unlike isolated tubes, is readily suitable for scalable integration into devices. These features suggest the potential for realistic applications as conducting or semiconducting layers in diverse types of electronic, optoelectronic and sensor systems. This article reviews recent advances in assembly techniques for forming such films, modeling and experimental work that reveals their collective properties, and engineering aspects of implementation in sensors and in electronic devices and circuits with various levels of complexity. A concluding discussion provides some perspectives on possibilities for future work in fundamental and applied aspects.
Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the issue of how best to correct astronomical data for the wavelength‐dependent effects of Galactic interstellar extinction. The main general features of extinction from the IR through the UV are reviewed, along with the nature of observed spatial variations. The enormous range of extinction properties found in the Galaxy, particularly in the UV spectral region, is illustrated. Fortunately, there are some tight constraints on the wavelength dependence of extinction and some general correlations between extinction curve shape and interstellar environment. These relationships provide some guidance for correcting data for the effects of extinction. Several strategies for dereddening are discussed along with estimates of the uncertainties inherent in each method. In the Appendix, a new derivation of the wavelength dependence of an average Galactic extinction curve from the IR through the UV is presented, along with a new estimate of how this extinction law varies with the paramet...
Labor migration in Asia.

"A recent conference sponsored by the United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) in Nagoya, Japan examined the growing importance of labor migration for four major Asian labor importers (Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore) and five major labor exporters (Bangladesh, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand).... The conference concluded that international labor migration would increase within Asia because the tight labor markets and rising wages which have stimulated Japanese investment in other Asian nations, for example, have not been sufficient to eliminate migration push and pull forces...."
N-Heterocyclic carbenes: Advances in transition metal and organic catalysis

The use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in organic and transition metal chemistry is reviewed. This report presents the developments that have occurred in the last 12 months, describing the use of carbenes as ligands in transition metal chemistry and the catalytic uses of such transition metal complexes. Furthermore, NHCs can act as catalysts in their own right, and recent developments in this growing area of catalysis are described.
Rule Interchange Format: The Framework

The Rule Interchange Format (RIF) activity within the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) aims to develop a standard for exchanging rules among disparate systems, especially on the Semantic Web. The need for rule-based information processing on the Web has been felt ever since RDF was introduced in the late 90's. As ontology development picked up pace this decade and as the limitations of OWL became apparent, rules were firmly put back on the agenda. RIF is therefore a major opportunity for the introduction of rule based technologies into the main stream of knowledge representation and information processing on the Web.
Weakly-supervised disentangling with recurrent transformations for 3D view synthesis

An important problem for both graphics and vision is to synthesize novel views of a 3D object from a single image. This is particularly challenging due to the partial observability inherent in projecting a 3D object onto the image space, and the ill-posedness of inferring object shape and pose. However, we can train a neural network to address the problem if we restrict our attention to specific object categories (in our case faces and chairs) for which we can gather ample training data. In this paper, we propose a novel recurrent convolutional encoder-decoder network that is trained end-to-end on the task of rendering rotated objects starting from a single image. The recurrent structure allows our model to capture long-term dependencies along a sequence of transformations. We demonstrate the quality of its predictions for human faces on the Multi-PIE dataset and for a dataset of 3D chair models, and also show its ability to disentangle latent factors of variation (e.g., identity and pose) without using full supervision.
Grinding And Polishing With Small Tools Under Computer Control

Small grinding and polishing tools are useful for certain applications since they can closely follow the curve of an aspheric surface and are less affected by workpiece distortion than larger tools. Also, the use of a computer to control the action of grinding and polishing tools can increase the efficiency and accuracy of the process. The computer controlled polisher (CCP) takes adantage of both features, moving a tool assembly with small pads over the workpiece under computer control. By varying the amount of time the machine works any region, a controlled amount of material may be removed. The best tool configuration for any figuring operation is determined by use of co puter modeling, while the proper operating parameters are obtained from ex perimentation. The process has been used to fabricate a nu her of difficult mirrors; as a result of this work, the CCP will be used on important future fabrication efforts.
Advances in nickel-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions to construct carbocycles and heterocycles.

ConspectusTransition-metal catalysis has revolutionized the field of organic synthesis by facilitating the construction of complex organic molecules in a highly efficient manner. Although these cat...