cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth poles and multipolarity

This paper develops an empirical measure of growth poles and uses it to examine the phenomenon of multipolarity. The authors formally define several alternative measures, provide theoretical justifications for these measures, and compute polarity values for nation states in the global economy. The calculations suggest that China, Western Europe, and the United States have been important growth poles over the broad course of world history, and in modern economic history the United States, Japan, Germany, and China have had prominent periods of growth polarity. The paper goes on to analyze the economic and institutional determinants, both at the proximate and fundamental level, that underlie this measure of polarity, as well as compute measures of dispersion in growth polarity shares for the major growth poles.
Hope Over Experience Desirability and the Persistence of Optimism

Many important decisions hinge on expectations of future outcomes. Decisions about health, investments, and relationships all depend on predictions of the future. These expectations are often optimistic: People frequently believe that their preferred outcomes are more likely than is merited. Yet it is unclear whether optimism persists with experience and, surprisingly, whether optimism is truly caused by desire. These are important questions because life’s most consequential decisions often feature both strong preferences and the opportunity to learn. We investigated these questions by collecting football predictions from National Football League fans during each week of the 2008 season. Despite accuracy incentives and extensive feedback, predictions about preferred teams remained optimistically biased through the entire season. Optimism was as strong after 4 months as it was after 4 weeks. We exploited variation in preferences and matchups to show that desirability fueled this optimistic bias.
Countertransferential and attitudinal considerations in the treatment of drug abuse and addiction

Abstract This article explores countertransferential and attitudinal considerations in relation to their impact on the evaluation, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of drug-dependent individuals. Following a literature survey of the manner in which countertransference has been applied to the treatment of drug dependency, the authors discuss the status of the drug-dependent individual as a psychiatric patient and the resultant treatment implications when such a patient is viewed from within, rather than exclusive of, the mental health treatment delivery system. A number of examples are provided of patient-induced countertransferential reactions, in addition to specific attitudinal factors often present in the treatment of addiction.
Climate treaties and the imperative of enforcement

The emission limits in the Kyoto Protocol are too generous. Simply tightening these limits, however, will not make a new climate treaty any more effective at addressing climate change unless the other problems with Kyoto are also addressed. A new climate treaty arrangement must enforce both participation and compliance. This might be done by applying an enforcement mechanism, such as a trade restriction, to a new treaty styled after Kyoto. Potent trade restrictions, however, may lack credibility and legitimacy. An alternative approach recommended here is to break the problem up, with separate (but linked) agreements addressing individual gases and sectors, using the most appropriate means to enforce each component of the system. In bundling together all sectors and greenhouse gases in a single agreement, Kyoto has aimed to achieve cost-effectiveness at the expense of enforcement, which depends on the treaty's weakest enforcement link. The imperative must be to ensure that any future treaty arrangement can be enforced.
Convex and finite-dimensional conditions for controller synthesis with dynamic integral constraints

In this paper, the problem of synthesizing controllers when the allowable disturbances and the cost criterion are defined via a finite number of matrix valued dynamic integral constraints, is solved. This allows one to design optimal control systems for plants subject to fixed-input disturbances (such as steps, sinusoids, and periodic disturbances), disturbances of fixed and known spectrum, disturbances defined as the set of signals in the kernel of a given operator, and combinations thereof, to penalize particular frequency components of the error variables in the control design process, to penalize the maximum amplitude of an error variable, and to consider other general cost criteria in the optimization, and to solve a large class of robust control synthesis problems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the general problem to have a solution are in terms of a computationally attractive, finite dimensional linear matrix inequality.
Chess, Chance and Conspiracy

Chess and chance are seemingly strange bedfellows. Luck and/or randomness have no apparent role in move selection when the game is played at the highest levels. However, when competition is at the ultimate level, that of the World Chess Championship (WCC), chess and conspiracy are not strange bedfellows, there being a long and colorful history of accusations levied between participants. One such accusation, frequently repeated, was that all the games in the 1985 WCC (Karpov vs Kasparov) were fixed and prearranged move by move. That this claim was advanced by a former World Champion, Bobby Fischer, argues that it ought be investigated. That the only published, concrete basis for this claim consists of an observed run of particular moves, allows this investigation to be performed using probabilistic and statistical methods. In particular, we employ imbedded finite Markov chains to evaluate run statistic distributions. Further, we demonstrate how both chess computers and game data bases can be brought to bear on the problem.
The Impact of Income and Family Structure on Delinquency

There is no more important issue in the economics of the family than the impact of parents on the behavior of their children. By providing rewards and imposing constraints, parents seek to affect their children’s behavior. The explanation of these actions is that the child’s conduct directly enters into the parent’s utility function. In this paper, we use that framework to explore the role of parental control over his or her child’s delinquent behavior. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we estimate the impact of family income and various dimensions of family structure on a youth’s contact with the criminal justice system between the ages of 14 and 22. From this analysis, we conclude that the single most important factor affecting these measures of delinquency is the presence of his father in the home. All other factors, including family income, are much less important.
Three-carbon ring expansion of boracyclanes

Abstract (α-Chloroally)lithium, generated in situ from LiNR 2 and allyl chloride, reacts with cyclic borinates to furnish ring-expanded allylic boracyclenes. The undesired protonolysis by the amine generated during metalation has been overcome either by increasing the steric bulk of the alkoxy group on boron or by addition of BF 3 .OEt 2 to deactivate the amine. The synthetic utility of the allylic B-alkoxy-3-boracyclenes has been demonstrated.
Polarization Effects in Reflecting Coronagraphs for White-Light Applications in Astronomy

The properties of metal thin films have been largely overlooked in discussions of the technical limitations and problems that arise in the field of direct detection of exoplanets. Here, polarization properties and anisotropy properties of highly reflecting thin metal films are examined within the context of the requirements for the ultra-low-scattered-light system performance of coronagraphs applied to space and ground-based high-contrast, white-light astronomy. Wavelength-dependent optical constants for highly reflecting thin metal films, taken from the literature, are used to calculate the polarization-dependent transmissivity of a typical coronagraph. The effects of degraded performance on the astronomical science are examined. Suggestions are made for future work.
Risk and Regret of Hierarchical Bayesian Learners

Common statistical practice has shown that the full power of Bayesian methods is not realized until hierarchical priors are used, as these allow for greater "robustness" and the ability to "share statistical strength." Yet it is an ongoing challenge to provide a learning-theoretically sound formalism of such notions that: offers practical guidance concerning when and how best to utilize hierarchical models; provides insights into what makes for a good hierarchical prior; and, when the form of the prior has been chosen, can guide the choice of hyperparameter settings. We present a set of analytical tools for understanding hierarchical priors in both the online and batch learning settings. We provide regret bounds under log-loss, which show how certain hierarchical models compare, in retrospect, to the best single model in the model class. We also show how to convert a Bayesian log-loss regret bound into a Bayesian risk bound for any bounded loss, a result which may be of independent interest. Risk and regret bounds for Student's t and hierarchical Gaussian priors allow us to formalize the concepts of "robustness" and "sharing statistical strength." Priors for feature selection are investigated as well. Our results suggest that the learning-theoretic benefits of using hierarchical priors can often come at little cost on practical problems.
THE MASS DISTRIBUTION OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES

We examine the distribution of masses of black holes in transient low-mass X-ray binary systems. A Bayesian analysis suggests that it is probable that six of the seven systems with measured mass functions have black hole masses clustered near seven solar masses. There appears to be a significant gap between the masses of these systems and those of the observed neutron stars. The remaining source, V404 Cyg, has a mass significantly larger than the others, and our analysis suggests that it is probably drawn from a different distribution. Selection effects do not appear to play a role in producing the observed mass distribution, which may be explained by currently unknown details of the supernova explosions and of binary evolution prior to the supernova.
Equilibrium in a market with intermediation is Walrasian

We show that a profit maximizing monopolistic intermediary may behave approximately like a Walrasian auctioneer by setting bid and ask prices nearly equal to Walrasian equilibrium prices. In our model agents choose to trade either through the intermediary or privately. Buyers (sellers) trading through the intermediary potentially trade immediately at the ask (bid) price, but sacrifice the spread as gains. A buyer or seller who trades privately shares all the gains to trade with this trading partner, but risks costly delay in finding a partner. We show that as the cost of delay vanishes, the equilibrium bid and ask prices converge to the Walrasian equilibrium prices.
The design of dual-mode complex signal processors based on quadratic modular number codes

It has been known for a long time that quadratic modular number codes admit an unusual representation of complex numbers which leads to complete decoupling of the real and imaginary channels, thereby simplifying complex multiplication and providing error isolation between the real and imaginary channels. This paper first presents a tutorial review of the theory behind the different types of complex modular rings (fields) that result from particular parameter selections, and then presents a theory for a "dual-mode" complex signal processor based on the choice of augmented power-of-2 moduli. It is shown how a diminished-1 binary code, used by previous designers for the realization of Fermat number transforms, also leads to efficient realizations for dual-mode complex arithmetic for certain augmented power-of-2 moduli. Then a design is presented for a recursive complex filter based on a ROM/ACCUMULATOR architecture and realized in an augmented power-of-2 quadratic code, and a computergenerated example of a complex recursive filter is shown to illustrate the principles of the theory.
Identity Incentives as an Engaging Form of Control: Revisiting Leniencies in an Aeronautic Plant

Research has long shown that organizations shape members' identities. However, the possibility that these identities might also be desired and that members might benefit from this process has only recently been explored. In a qualitative study of a French aeronautic plant, I demonstrate how an implicitly negotiated leniency between management and workers around the use of company materials and tools, on company time, to produce artifacts for personal use, enhances workers' identities. This leniency applies to a select subset of workers and enhances their desired occupational identity. This practice produces an engaging form of control that relies on management's selective allocation of identity incentives. These findings document a previously overlooked type of control---one reliant on desired identities that engage rather than constrain. Desired identities, specifically previously enacted ones, constitute potent incentives for inducing efforts or actions.
Statutory interpretation, capture, and tort law: the regulatory compliance defense

The regulatory compliance defense holds firms liable whose products or product warnings fail to satisfy federal regulatory standards, but does not exculpate firms that comply. Rather, compliance is relevant evidence for a jury to consider in a products liability action. This article argues that the defense should exculpate compliant firms as a matter of law. A Congress that thought about the matter would prefer this judicial construction of an unclear safety statute. To defend this view, the article argues that a legislature can have intentions in a normatively meaningful sense, that claims that a Congress or its agencies are captured by special interests should be nonjusticiable, and that, when a court is in doubt as to what a legislature intended, it should adopt that construction of the relevant statute that would be easiest for the legislature to correct if the court errs. In this case, it is easier for Congress to correct a construction that it intended to exculpate compliant firms than a construction that it did not.
Limiting efficiencies of solar energy conversion and photo-detection via internal emission of hot electrons and hot holes in gold

We evaluate the limiting efficiency of full and partial solar spectrum harvesting via the process of internal photoemission in Au-semiconductor Schottky junctions. Our results based on the ab initio calculations of the electron density of states (e-DOS) reveal that the limiting efficiency of the full-spectrum Au converter based on hot electron injection is below 4%. This value is even lower than previously established limit based on the parabolic approximation of the Au electron energy bands. However, we predict limiting efficiency exceeding 10% for the hot holes collection through the Schottky junction between Au and p-type semiconductor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such converters have more potential if used as a part of the hybrid system for harvesting high- and low-energy photons of the solar spectrum.
Double covers of symplectic dual polar graphs

Let ? = ? ( 2 n , q ) be the dual polar graph of type S p ( 2 n , q ) . Underlying this graph is a 2 n -dimensional vector space V over a field F q of odd order? q , together with a symplectic (i.e.?nondegenerate alternating bilinear) form B : V × V ? F q . The vertex set of ? is the set V of all n -dimensional totally isotropic subspaces of? V . If q ? 1 mod?4, we obtain from ? a nontrivial two-graph Δ = Δ ( 2 n , q ) on? V invariant under P S p ( 2 n , q ) . This two-graph corresponds to a double cover ? ? ? ? on which is naturally defined a Q -polynomial ( 2 n + 1 ) -class association scheme on 2 | V ? | vertices.
How Governments Matter to New Industry Creation

We articulate opportunities and challenges for governments and innovating firms operating within countries that display four types of national political institutional structures. We argue that corporatist and associational institutional structures influence governments' capabilities to support diffusion- and mission-oriented technology policies and firms' tendencies to engage in bricolage or breakthrough approaches to technological entrepreneurship. We then show how the relative strength of state institutions can amplify or compromise governments' policies and firms' innovation strategies.
Synthetic development and chemical reactivity of transition-metal silylene complexes.

A variety of transition-metal complexes with terminal silylene ligands have become available in recent years, because of the discovery of several preparative methods. In particular, three general synthetic routes to these complexes have emerged, on the basis of anionic group abstraction, coordination of a free silylene, and α-hydrogen migration. The direct transformation of organosilanes to silylene ligands at a metal center (silylene extrusion) has also been observed, and this has further spurred the exploration of silylenes as ligands. This Account describes the synthetic development of silylene ligands in our laboratory and resulting investigations of stoichiometric and catalytic chemistry for these species.
Integration of communication and control using discrete time Kuramoto models for multivehicle coordination over broadcast networks

This paper considers the integration of communication and control with respect to the task of coordinated heading control for a group of N vehicles with the energy efficiency of communications in mind. The heading control employed on each vehicle is a discretization of the well-known Kuramoto model of nonlinearly coupled oscillators over a sequence of logical graphs. Stability for both all-to-all and random one- to-all broadcasts is shown to be dependent on the coupling strength, K, and the time discretization, DeltaT. For desired system performance characteristics, DeltaT imposes a tight deadline by which the state information (M bits) must be propagated through the communication network. Routing optimization with respect to minimizing energy consumption is formulated considering the DeltaT deadline. Due to the tight time deadline, a one-to-all single- hop broadcasting scheme is shown to be more energy efficient for practical choices of M/DeltaT. The proposed modularization is illustrated via a set of simulations where the overall communication energy to reach alignment is optimized.
Multiobjective hBOA, clustering, and scalability

This paper describes a scalable algorithm for solving multiobjective decomposable problems by combining the hierarchical Bayesian optimization algorithm (hBOA) with the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and clustering in the objective space. It is first argued that for good scalability, clustering or some other form of niching in the objective space is necessary and the size of each niche should be approximately equal. Multiobjective hBOA (mohBOA) is then described that combines hBOA, NSGA-II and clustering in the objective space. The algorithm mohBOA differs from the multiobjective variants of BOA and hBOA proposed in the past by including clustering in the objective space and allocating an approximately equally sized portion of the population to each cluster. The algorithm mohBOA is shown to scale up well on a number of problems on which standard multiobjective evolutionary algorithms perform poorly.
Poverty and inequality during structural adjustment in rural Tanzania

The author measures structural adjustment's impact on growth and on the poor in Tanzania. Adjustment reforms have contributed to robust growth. The rural average per capita income in 1991 was, in real terms, significantly higher than in 1983. The Economic Recovery Program, launched in 1986, has positively affected income, although the increase is not yet reflected in such basic social indicators as infant mortality rates or levels of primary schooling. Structural adjustment appears to have benefited many poor households. The population in poverty declined from 65 percent in 1983 to 51 percent in 1991. The population near the poverty line benefited the most, while those with extremely low incomes appear to have become somewhat poorer. Increases in the inequality of income distribution eroded some of the potential for poverty reduction that would have otherwise resulted from growth. In both years, the stock of human capital was low for the poor, as measured by educational achievement. Possibly the lower incidence but greater severity of poverty is attributable to a liberalization process that rewards those with education, who are better able to respond to new opportunities. This suggests the importance of improving the quantity and quality of education to increase the ability of the poor to benefit from market reforms. Targeting human capital investments to the very poor should be a high priority during adjustment.
CHANDRA DETECTION OF LOCAL WARM-HOT GAS TOWARD MARKARIAN 279

We report the Chandra detection of O VII Kα absorption at z = 0 in the direction of the z = 0.03 Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 279. The high-velocity cloud Complex C lies along this line of sight, with H I 21 cm emission and O VI λ1032 absorption both observed at velocities of roughly-150 km s-1 relative to the local standard of rest. We present an improved method for placing limits on the Doppler parameter and column density of a medium when only one unresolved line can be measured; this method is applied to the O VII absorption seen here, indicating that the O VII Doppler parameter is inconsistent with that of any low-velocity (Galactic thick disk) or high-velocity O VI [(O VI)HV] component. Direct association of the O VII with the (O VI)HV is further ruled out by the high temperatures required to produce the observed (O VI)HV/O VII ratio and the significant velocity difference between the O VII and (O VI)HV lines. If the O VII absorption is associated with a very broad, undetected O VI component, then the absorption must be broadened by primarily nonthermal processes. The large velocity dispersion and possible slight redshift of the O VII absorption (as well as limits on the absorber's temperature and density) may be indicative of a local intergalactic medium origin, although absorption from a hot, low-density Galactic corona cannot be ruled out.
A novel bis-thiourea organocatalyst for the asymmetric aza-Henry reaction

A novel bis-thiourea BINAM-based catalyst for the asymmetric aza-Henry reaction has been developed. This catalyst promotes the reaction of N-Boc imines with nitroalkanes to afford β-nitroamines with good yields and high enantioselectivities. This catalyst has the advantage that it can be prepared in a single step from commercially available materials. A model is proposed for the catalyst action where the both components of the reaction are activated simultaneously by hydrogen bonding. Regardless of the mechanism, the success of the present catalyst demonstrates the potential of bis-thioureas as an interesting class of relatively unexplored catalysts.
The epoch of helium reionization

We study the reionization of He ii by quasars using a numerical approach that combines 3D radiative transfer calculations with cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Sources producing the ionizing radiation are selected according to an empirical quasar luminosity function, and are assigned luminosities according to their intrinsic masses. The free parameters associated with this procedure are (1) a universal source lifetime, (2) a minimum mass cut-off, (3) a minimum luminosity cut-off, (4) a solid angle specifying the extent to which radiation is beamed, and (5) a tail-end spectral index for the radiative energy distribution of the sources. We present models in which these parameters are varied, and examine characteristics of the resultant reionization process that distinguish the various cases. In addition, we extract artificial spectra from the simulations and quantify statistical properties of the spectral features in each model. We find that the most important factor affecting the evolution of He ii reionization is the cumulative number of ionizing photons that are produced by the sources. Comparisons between He ii opacities measured observationally and those obtained by our analysis reveal that the available ranges in plausible values for the parameters provide enough leeway to provide a satisfactory match. However, one property common to all our calculations is that the epoch of He ii reionization must have occurred at a redshift in the range 3≲z≲4. If so, future observational programmes will be able to directly trace the details of the ionization history of helium and to probe the low-density phase of the intergalactic medium during this phase of the evolution of the Universe.
The Banach envelopes of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and applications to partial differential equations

With “hat” denoting the Banach envelope (of a quasi-Banach space) we prove that Open image in new window if 0<p<1, 0<q<1, ℝ, while Open image in new window if 0<p<1, 1≤q<+∞, ∝, and Open image in new window if 1≤p<+∞, 0<q<1, ℝ.
Thermal relaxation in young neutron stars

ABSTRA C T The internal properties of the neutron star crust can be probed by observing the epoch of thermal relaxation. After the supernova explosion, powerful neutrino emission quickly cools the stellar core, while the crust stays hot. The cooling wave then propagates through the crust, as a result of its finite thermal conductivity. When the cooling wave reaches the surface (age 10‐100 yrU, the effective temperature drops sharply from 250 eV to 30 or 100 eV, depending on the cooling model. The crust relaxation time is sensitive to the (poorly known) microscopic properties of matter of subnuclear density, such as the heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and superfluidity of free neutrons. We calculate the cooling models with the new values of the electron thermal conductivity in the inner crust, based on a realistic treatment of the shapes of atomic nuclei. Superfluid effects may shorten the relaxation time by a factor of 4. The comparison of theoretical cooling curves with observations provides a potentially powerful method of studying the properties of the neutron superfluid and highly unusual atomic nuclei in the inner crust.
Quantum Mechanics: The Key to Understanding Magnetism

The existence of magnetic materials has been known almost since prehistoric times, but only in the 20th century has it been understood how and why the magnetic susceptibility is influenced by chemical composition or crystallographic structure. In the 19th century the pioneer work of Oersted, Ampere, Faraday, and Henry revealed the intimate connection between electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's classical field equations paved the way for the wireless telegraph and the radio. At the turn of the present century Zeeman and Lorentz received the second Nobel Prize in Physics for respectively observing and explaining in terms of classical theory the so-called normal Zeeman effect. The other outstanding early attempt to understand magnetism at the atomic level was provided by the semiempirical theories of Langevin and Weiss. To account for paramagnetism, Langevin (1) in 1905 assumed in a purely ad hoc fashion that an atomic or molecular magnet carried a permanent moment /, whose spatial distribution was determined by the Boltzmann factor. It seems today almost incredible that this elegantly simple idea
L-shaped benzimidazole fluorophores: synthesis, characterization and optical response to bases, acids and anions

Nine L-shaped benzimidazole fluorophores have been synthesized, computationally evaluated and spectroscopically characterized. These “half-cruciform” fluorophores respond to bases, acids and anions through changes in fluorescence that vary from moderate to dramatic.
Total synthesis of the originally assigned structure of vannusal B.

Vannusals A (1a, Figure 1) and B (1b) are two marine natural products notable for their unusual molecular architectures. Isolated from the tropical interstitial ciliate Euplotes vannus strains Si121 and BUN3, these intriguing molecules include in their C30 molecular framework seven rings and thirteen stereogenic centers, three of which are quaternary. Their structures have been assigned on the basis of mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic data and chemical transformations.[1, 2] Herein we report the total synthesis of structure 1b that proved that it does not represent the true structure of vannusal B.
Incorporating Field Data into Archival Research

I explore the use of field data in conjunction with archival evidence by examining Iliev, Miller, and Roth’s [2014] analysis of an amendment to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This regulatory amendment allowed depositary banks to cross-list firms without the cooperation of foreign issuers. Iliev, Miller, and Roth [2014] argue that the regulation failed to fulfill its intended purpose and imposed significant costs on foreign firms for the benefit of depositary banks. Drawing on evidence from lawyers, issuers, depositary banks, and regulators involved in the design and implementation of the amendment, I describe a more optimistic assessment of the amendment and its effects on capital markets. I conclude by discussing opportunities for field data in financial reporting and disclosure research.
Peephole optimization of asynchronous macromodule networks

Most high-level synthesis tools for asynchronous circuits take descriptions in concurrent hardware description languages and generate networks of macromodules or handshake components. In this paper, we propose a peephole optimizer for these networks. Our peephole optimizer first deduces an equivalent blackbox behavior for the network using Dill's trace-theoretic parallel composition operator. It then applies a new procedure called burst-mode reduction to obtain burst-mode machines from the deduced behavior. In a significant number of examples, our optimizer achieves gate-count improvements by a factor of five, and speed (cycle-time) improvements by a factor of two. Burst-mode reduction can be applied to any macromodule network that is delay insensitive as well as deterministic. A significant number of asynchronous circuits, especially those generated by asynchronous high-level synthesis tools, fall into this class, thus making our procedure widely applicable.
Selective targeting of protein, water, and mineral in dentin using UV and IR pulse lasers: the effect on the bond strength to composite restorative materials.

Background and Objectives Previous studies have shown that during the laser irradiation of dentin and bone, thermal damage can be minimized by using a highly absorbed laser wavelength, laser pulses shorter than the thermal relaxation time of the deposited laser energy at that wavelength, and the addition of a layer of water to the tissue surface before ablation. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of laser pulse duration and wavelength with and without the added water layer on the bond strength of composite to laser prepared dentin surfaces. The specific hypothesis that was tested was that thermal damage to the collagen matrix in dentin compromises the bond strength to composite restorative materials. Study Design/Materials and Methods Three laser systems were employed that were tuned to water, collagen, and mineral absorption with pulse durations less than the thermal relaxation time of the deposited energy. The surfaces of human dentin were irradiated by laser irradiation from free-running and Q-switched Er:YSGG lasers, pulsed CO2 lasers operating at 9.6-μm, and a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 355-nm. A motion control system and a pressurized spray system incorporating a microprocessor controlled pulsed nozzle for water delivery, were used to ensure uniform treatment of the entire surface. Shear bond testing was used to evaluate the adhesive strength in order to access the suitability of laser treated surfaces for bonding. Bonded interfaces were examined by SEM. Results All the laser groups had significantly lower bond strengths than the positive acid etch control group. The highest bond strengths were for the short pulse (< 5-microsecond) Er:YSGG and CO2 laser groups with water. Laser groups without water had significantly reduced bond strengths and thicker layers of thermally damaged dentin. Conclusions Thermal damage to the collagen matrix profoundly influences the bond strength to composite restorations. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:245–253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Residual mass term in the heavy quark effective theory

Abstract We reformulate the heavy quark effective theory in the presence of a residual mass term which has been taken to vanish in previous analyses. While such a convention is permitted, the inclusion of a residual mass allows us to resolve a potential ambiguity in the choice of the expansion parameter which defines the effective theory. We show to subleading order in the mass expansion that physical quantities computed in the effective theory do not depend on the expansion parameter.
Dependence of Shock Characteristics on Droplet Size in Supersonic Two-Phase Mixtures

In a dispersed two-phase flow, the mixture chokes at a velocity well below the vapor choking velocity, as shown by the velocity at the throat of a converging-diverging, two-phase, supersonic nozzle. The formation and abruptness of a normal shock wave in a two-phase mixture depends strongly on the coupling between phases, particularly upon droplet size. As droplet size becomes small, the mixture behaves as a continuum, and sharp discontinuities can occur at velocities above the two-phase choking velocity but below the vapor sonic velocity. An approximate analysis is performed to indicate the droplet size at which continuum behavior might be expected to occur. A numerical model, which includes the drag, buoyancy, Basset force, and the force associated with the virtual mass effect, is used to show droplet-size dependence in two-phase normal shock waves. For the examples presented, continuum behavior apparently is approached at droplet diameters between 1 and 2 ..mu..m, even through normal shock waves.
A SUPER-EARTH ORBITING THE NEARBY SUN-LIKE STAR HD 1461

We present precision radial velocity (RV) data that reveal a Super-Earth mass planet and two probable additional planets orbiting the bright nearby G0V star HD 1461. Our 12.8 years of Keck High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer precision RVs indicate the presence of a 7.4 M ⊕ planet on a 5.77 day orbit. The data also suggest, but cannot yet confirm, the presence of outer planets on low-eccentricity orbits with periods of 446.1 and 5017 days, and projected masses (Msin i) of 27.9 and 87.1 M ⊕, respectively. Test integrations of systems consistent with the RV data suggest that the configuration is dynamically stable. We present a 12.2 year time series of photometric observations of HD 1461, which comprise 799 individual measurements, and indicate that it has excellent long-term photometric stability. However, there are small amplitude variations with periods comparable to those of the suspected second and third signals in the RVs near 5000 and 446 days, thus casting some suspicion on those periodicities as Keplerian signals. If the 5.77 day companion has a Neptune-like composition, then its expected transit depth is of order d~0.5 mmag. The geometric a priori probability of transits is ~8%. Phase folding of the ground-based photometry shows no indication that transits of the 5.77 day companion are occurring, but high-precision follow-up of HD 1461 during upcoming transit phase windows will be required to definitively rule out or confirm transits. This new system joins a growing list of solar-type stars in the immediate galactic neighborhood that are accompanied by at least one Neptune (or lower) mass planets having orbital periods of 50 days or less.
Regulatory Control of Vehicle and Power Plant Emissions: How Effective and at What Cost?

Passenger vehicles and power plants are major sources of GHG emissions. While economic analyses generally indicate that a broader market-based approach to GHG reduction would be less costly and more effective, regulatory approaches have found greater political success. We evaluate a global regulatory regime that replaces coal with natural gas in the electricity sector and imposes technically achievable improvements in the efficiency of personal transport vehicles. Its performance and cost are compared with other scenarios of future policy development including a no-policy world, achievements under the Copenhagen Accord, and a price-based policy to reduce global emissions by 50% by 2050. The assumed regulations applied globally achieve a global emissions reduction larger than projected for the Copenhagen agreements, but they do not prevent global GHG emissions from continuing to grow. The reduction in emissions is achieved at a high cost compared to a price-based policy. Diagnosis of the reasons for the li...
Clinical Outcome Following Neuroleptic Discontinuation in Patients With Remitted Recent-Onset Schizophrenia

Objective: The goal of this report was to examine the clinical course following neuroleptic discontinuation of patients with recent-onset schizophrenia who had been receiving maintenance antipsychotic treatment for at least 1 year. Method: Fifty-three volunteer patients with recent-onset schizophrenia who had been clinically stabilized on a maintenance regimen of fluphenazine decanoate for a mean of 16.7 months had their antipsychotic medications withdrawn under clinical supervision. Participants initially entered a 24-week, double-blind crossover trial in which fluphenazine and placebo were administered for 12 weeks each. For those who did not experience symptom exacerbation or relapse during this period, fluphenazine was openly withdrawn; participants were then followed for up to 18 additional months. Results: When a low threshold for defining symptom reemergence was used, 78% (N=39 of 50) of the patients experienced an exacerbation or relapse within 1 year; 96% (N=48 of 50) did so within 2 years. Mean time to exacerbation or relapse was 235 days. When hospitalization was used as a relapse criterion, only six of 45 of individuals (13%) experiencing an exacerbation or relapse who continued in treatment in the clinic were hospitalized, demonstrating the sensitivity of the psychotic exacerbation criterion. Conclusions: The vast majority of clinically stable individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia will experience an exacerbation or relapse after antipsychotic discontinuation, even after more than a year of maintenance medication. However, clinical monitoring and a low threshold for reinstating medications can prevent hospitalization for the majority of these patients.
Frobenius criteria of freeness and Gorensteinness

Let F n (−) be the Frobenius functor of Peskine and Szpiro. In this note, we show that the maximal Cohen–Macaulayness of F n (M) forces M to be free, provided M has a rank. We apply this result to obtain several Frobenius-related criteria for the Gorensteinness of a local ring R, one of which improves a previous characterization due to Hanes and Huneke. We also establish a special class of finite length modules over Cohen–Macaulay rings, which are rigid against Frobenius.
Linguistic Anthropology of Education

Linguistic anthropological theories and methods have enriched our understanding of education. Almost all education is mediated by language, and linguistic anthropologists use both precise linguistic analyses and powerful anthropological theories to describe how educational language use establishes important social relations. Because educational institutions influence processes of concern to anthropologists—including the production of differentially valued identities, the circulation and transformation of cultural models, and nation states’ establishment of official peoples—linguistic anthropological research on education also contributes to cultural and linguistic anthropology more generally. This article defines linguistic anthropology through its focus on language form, use, ideology, and domain, and it reviews linguistic anthropological research that focuses on these four aspects of educational language use.
Remittances: Transaction Costs, Determinants, and Informal Flows*

Recorded workers' remittances to developing countries have grown rapidly, to more than $100 billion in 2004, bringing increasing attention to these flows as a potential tool for development. But even these statistics are likely to significantly understate true remittances, as a large share is believed to flow through informal channels. Estimates of the importance of the informal sector vary widely, ranging from 35 percent to 250 percent of recorded flows. The primary motivation of the study is to develop the first empirical methodology to estimate informal flows. We use insights from the literature on shadow economies and empirically estimate informal remittances for more than 100 countries, using historical data on workers' remittances from the Balance of Payments (BOP), as well as data on migration, transaction costs, and various country characteristics. Our results imply that informal remittances amount to about 35-75 percent of official remittances to developing countries. There is significant regional variation: informal remittances to Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe and Central Asia are relatively high, while those to East Asia and the Pacific are relatively low. These estimates are supplemented with detailed household survey data on remittance receipts in a number of countries. Our results also shed light on the determinants of recorded remittances and the associated fees in the formal sector. We find that the stock of migrants in OECD countries is the primary determinant of remittances. In addition, money transfer fees and the presence of dual exchange rates reduce the share of remittances reported in national accounts. In turn, transaction costs are systematically related to concentration in the banking sector, lack of financial depth, and exchange rate volatility. There is also evidence that remittances are misrecorded in the BOP as "Errors and Omissions".
Robbins-Monro Procedures for Tailored Testing

In tailored testing, we try to choose for administration items at a difficulty level matching the examinee's ability, which we infer from his responses to items already administered. Robbins-Monro procedures for selecting items and for estimating the examinee's ability are evaluated. Various ideas of use for tailored testing emerge.
The two-user Gaussian interference channel: a deterministic view †

SUMMARY This paper explores the two-user Gaussian interference channel through the lens of a natural deterministic channel model. The main result is that the deterministic channel uniformly approximates the Gaussian channel, the capacity regions differing by a universal constant. The problem of finding the capacity of the Gaussian channel to within a constant error is therefore reduced to that of finding the capacity of the far simpler deterministic channel. Thus, the paper provides an alternative derivation of the recent constant gap capacity characterisation of Etkin, Tse and Wang. Additionally, the deterministic model gives significant insight towards the Gaussian channel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concurrent urologic and palliative care after cystectomy for treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Abstract Purpose To characterize the effect of palliative care provided concurrently with usual urologic care for patients with bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy. Materials and methods Prospective, 6-month, serial cohort study comparing 33 participants receiving usual care with cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with 30 participants also receiving concurrent palliative care. Patients and family caregivers completed validated symptom assessment and satisfaction surveys preoperatively and at 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively. Results The intervention group saw improvements in most symptom measures over the 6 months following cystectomy compared with the control group. Depression and anxiety decreased over the 6-month period for the intervention group patients but increased over this time among the controls ( P = 0.01). Fatigue decreased to a minimum for the intervention group participants at 4 months, whereas it peaked at this time for control participants (0.002). Quality-of-life and posttraumatic growth scores followed a similar pattern, with scores peaking at 4 months for the intervention group whereas controls reported their lowest scores at this time ( P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). Changes in pain scores did not reach statistical significance. Neither family caregiver burden nor patient satisfaction showed statistically significant changes over time. Conclusions Patients who received concurrent palliative care in addition to usual urologic care following radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer had better outcomes, including improved fatigue, depression, quality of life, and posttraumatic growth. Although further research on this topic is needed, our results suggest that providing palliative care services in addition to usual urologic care for patients with bladder cancer may significantly reduce postoperative symptoms.
Parenting Science and Practice

K. Boller, R. Bradley, N. Cabrera, H. Raikes, B. Pan, J. Shears, L. Roggman, The Early Head Start Father Studies: Design, Data Collection, and Summary of Father Presence in the Lives of Infants and Toddlers J.A. Summers, K. Boller, R.F. Schiffman, H.H. Raikes, The Meaning of "Good Fatherhood": Low-Income Fathers' Social Constructions of Their Roles J.D. Shannon, C.S. Tamis-LeMonda, N.J. Cabrera, Fathering in Infancy: Mutuality and Stability Between 8 and 16 Months C.A. Vogel, R.H. Bradley, H. Raikes, K. Boller, J.K. Shears, Relations Between Father Connectedness and Child Outcomes R.M. Ryan, A. Martin, J. Brooks-Gunn, Is One Good Parent Good Enough? Patterns of Mother and Father Parenting and Child Cognitive Outcomes at 24 and 36 Months H. Raikes, J. Bellotti, Two Studies of Father Involvement in Early Head Start Programs. A National Survey and a Demonstration Program Evaluation H.E. Fitzgerald, L.M. McKelvey, R.F. Schiffman, M. Montanez, Exposure of Low-income Families and Their Children to Neighborhood Violence and Paternal Antisocial Behavior R.H. Bradley, J.K. Shears, L.A. Roggman, C.S. Tamis-LeMonda, Lessons Learned From Early Head Start for Fatherhood Research and Program Development.
The origins of The Grass Foundation.

In the fall of 1935, Albert M. Grass and Ellen H. Robinson both came to the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School (HMS). This entirely fortuitous confluence of their lives led to their marriage, to a commercial endeavor—the Grass Instrument Company—that would provide equipment of high quality to neuroscientists and other physiologists for over half a century, and finally to the formation of The Grass Foundation, which has benefited the neuroscience community since 1955. The Department of Physiology at Harvard—the seedbed for these accomplishments—had a deep-rooted commitment to providing both financial and moral support to scientists who were at the beginning of their careers. Albert and Ellen clearly benefited from this commitment, for it generated interactions and collaborations that led to and facilitated the success of the Grass Instrument Company and then the Foundation. Thus, the origins of The Grass Foundation must be sought, not only in the conjoined histories and proclivities of Albert M. and Ellen R. Grass, but also in scientific and educational developments that took place in the HMS Department of Physiology between 1906 and 1935, well before Albert and Ellen met there. This essay is an attempt to dissect those tangled threads; it ends with a discussion of The Grass Foundation’s hallmark program—the Grass Fellowship Program at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts—and the impact that this program has had on neuroscience.