cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Exploration Using Unique Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Framework

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) approach can be effectively used in the product design and development phase as it allows simultaneous exploration of design requirements of different disciplines. The MDO methodology can be adopted for design development in aerospace, automobile, and electronics domains. Altair Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Director™ (MDOD) is the unique framework developed to aid rapid set-up, execution, postprocessing, and design exploration of MDO problems. Altair’s MDOD has three key differentiators, i.e., a user-friendly interface, automatic different discipline model synchronization, and reduction of computational effort using Sub-Space technology. This study intends to compare the advantages of utilizing this unique MDO framework in the design process over traditional MDO approach. In this study, Altair’s MDOD suitability is assessed on an automotive chassis where thickness of the selected parts forms the design variables. It is a classic MDO problem where mass is minimized while maintaining performance requirements derived from different disciplines such as durability, stiffness, NVH, and safety. Altair MDOD utilizes Altair HyperStudy™ in the background to perform design exploration using design of experiments and meta-model-based design optimization (MBDO). All in all, Altair MDOD is best fit for performing MDO studies as it improves handling of large, complex data and aids rapid product development cycle by effectively integrating into the existing product development environment.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings After Elbow Dislocation: A Descriptive Study.

BackgroundThe elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated joints, and dislocation is usually accompanied with an assortment of soft tissue injuries. The purpose of this study was to retrospectivel...
Widefield Fluorescence Optical Sectioning Microscopy in a Miniature Fiber-Coupled Microscope with Active Axial Scanning

We present widefield structured illumination in a miniature, light-weight fiber-coupled microscope with electrowetting axial scanning. We demonstrate imaging of YFP-labeled neurons in mouse brain tissue showing potential for fast volumetric imaging in freely moving animals.
Abstract P026: The Accumulation Of Lysine In The Kidney Cortex Protects From Proximal Tubule Damage And Salt-Sensitive Hypertension.

The kidneys are highly sensitive to metabolic changes. Metabolic phenotyping uncovered a number of pathways associated with high blood pressure and kidney diseases, which sheds light on the complex...
Modulation of late Pleistocene ENSO strength by the tropical Pacific thermocline.

The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is highly dependent on coupled atmosphere-ocean interactions and feedbacks, suggesting a tight relationship between ENSO strength and background climate conditions. However, the extent to which background climate state determines ENSO behavior remains in question. Here we present reconstructions of total variability and El Nino amplitude from individual foraminifera distributions at discrete time intervals over the past ~285,000 years across varying atmospheric CO2 levels, global ice volume and sea level, and orbital insolation forcing. Our results show a strong correlation between eastern tropical Pacific Ocean mixed-layer thickness and both El Nino amplitude and central Pacific variability. This ENSO-thermocline relationship implicates upwelling feedbacks as the major factor controlling ENSO strength on millennial time scales. The primacy of the upwelling feedback in shaping ENSO behavior across many different background states suggests accurate quantification and modeling of this feedback is essential for predicting ENSO's behavior under future climate conditions.
Selling St. EOM’s Pasaquan: Service-Learning’s Impact on Economic, Civic, and Cultural Life

Scholarship on service learning demonstrates a variety of benefits to students, faculty, and its university. One clear benefit beyond these is the ability of service learning to support and advance a university’s civic mission within its community and region. This article will offer an account of the use of service learning in a collaborative project that included the host university, its art department, a local chamber of commerce, and a state department of economic development. The project addressed the promotion of an emerging cultural venue in rural central Georgia, the economic revitalization of the region through travel and tourism, and the community relations required to acclimate a traditionally conservative community to supporting a visionary arts venue. An assessment of the effectiveness of the project, its overall impact, and improving the pedagogical model is also provided.
Flattening the World of Pathology Education and Training and Shortening the Curve of Pathology Learning.

OBJECTIVES: We review how the pandemic-related education disruption may interplay with pathology manpower worldwide and shifts in disease burden to identify workable solutions. METHODS: Literature related to pathology education, pathology services in low-resource settings, and application of digital tools to pathology education was reviewed for trends and training gaps. Publications covering pathology manpower and cancer incidence worldwide were also included to assess needs. RESULTS: Pandemic-related virtual teaching has produced abundant online training materials. Pathology learning resources in low- to middle-income countries remain considerably constrained and dampen pathology manpower growth to meet current needs. Projected increases in disease burden toward the developing world thus pose a major challenge. Digital pathology resources have expanded and are beginning to appear beyond the developed countries. CONCLUSIONS: This circumstance offers a unique opportunity to leverage digital teaching resources to enhance and equitize training internationally, potentially sufficient to meet the rising wave of noncommunicable diseases. We propose four next steps to take advantage of the current opportunity: curate and organize digital training materials, invest in the digital pathology infrastructure for education and clinical care, expand student exposure to pathology through virtual electives, and develop further competency-based certification pathways.
N-Propargylglycine: a unique suicide inhibitor of proline dehydrogenase with anticancer activity and brain-enhancing mitohormesis properties

Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) is a mitochondrial inner membrane flavoprotein critical for cancer cell survival under stress conditions and newly recognized as a potential target for cancer drug development. Reversible (competitive) and irreversible (suicide) inhibitors of PRODH have been shown in vivo to inhibit cancer cell growth with excellent host tolerance. Surprisingly, the PRODH suicide inhibitor N-propargylglycine (N-PPG) also induces rapid decay of PRODH with concordant upregulation of mitochondrial chaperones (HSP-60, GRP-75) and the inner membrane protease YME1L1, signifying activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) independent of anticancer activity. The present study was undertaken to address two aims: (i) use PRODH overexpressing human cancer cells (ZR-75-1) to confirm the UPRmt inducing properties of N-PPG relative to another equipotent irreversible PRODH inhibitor, thiazolidine-2-carboxylate (T2C); and (ii) employ biochemical and transcriptomic approaches to determine if orally administered N-PPG can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, essential for its future use as a brain cancer therapeutic, and also potentially protect normal brain tissue by inducing mitohormesis. Oral daily treatments of N-PPG produced a dose-dependent decline in brain mitochondrial PRODH protein without detectable impairment in mouse health; furthermore, mice repeatedly dosed with 50 mg/kg N-PPG showed increased brain expression of the mitohormesis associated protease, YME1L1. Whole brain transcriptome (RNAseq) analyses of these mice revealed significant gene set enrichment in N-PPG stimulated neural processes (FDR p < 0.05). Given this in vivo evidence of brain bioavailability and neural mitohormesis induction, N-PPG appears to be unique among anticancer agents and should be evaluated for repurposing as a pharmaceutical capable of mitigating the proteotoxic mechanisms driving neurodegenerative disorders.
Optimal Actuator/Sensor Precision for Covariance Steering with Soft Convex Constraints on State and Control

This paper provides the design strategy to calculate optimal precision for sensors and actuators during the covariance steering of a linear time-varying system. The covariance steering problem involves steering the statistics of the state from a known mean and covariance to the desired mean and covariance while minimizing a given cost function. A budget constraint is also considered for the design with the price values of the actuator and sensors assumed to be proportional to their precision values. The solution to the problem is given in the form of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) proving it to be a convex problem. Soft convex constraints on state and input variables are also considered in the formulation. Optimal affine output feedback control gains and optimal precision of sensors and actuators are simultaneously calculated for a soft spacecraft landing problem as an example.
Ampicillin Pharmacokinetics in Peripartum and Laboring Women.

Objective: Ampicillin is used for multiple peripartum indications including prevention of neonatal group beta streptococcus (GBS) and treatment of chorioamnionitis. Despite its widespread use in obstetrics, existing pharmacokinetic data for ampicillin do not address contemporary indications or dosing paradigms for this population. We sought to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of ampicillin administered to laboring women. Study Design: Using whole blood dried blood spot sampling technique, maternal blood samples were collected at specified times from 31 women receiving IV ampicillin for peripartum indications. Women received either a 2-g loading dose with 1-g administered every 4 h (GBS), or 2-g every 6 h (chorioamnionitis). Pharmacokinetics were analyzed via a population approach with non-linear mixed-effect modeling. Results: The data were best described by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination, with the following whole blood parameters: central volume of distribution (V1) 75.2 L (95% CI 56.3-93.6), clearance (CL) 82.4 L/h (95% CI 59.7-95.7), inter-compartmental clearance (Q) 20.9 L/h (95% CI 16.2-38.2), and peripheral volume of distribution (V2) 61.1 L (95% CI 26.1-310.5). Inter-patient variation in CL and V1 was large (42.0% and 56.7% respectively). Simulations of standard dosing strategies demonstrated over 98% of women are predicted to achieve an estimated free plasma concentration above MIC 0.5 mcg/mL for more than 50% of the dosing interval. Conclusions: Although large variation in the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in pregnant women exists, as predicted by our model, current standard dosing strategies achieve adequate exposure for GBS in nearly all patients.
Organizational readiness for restorative justice to address campus sexual harm: ‘The messy world of creation’

Recent scholarly attention has focused on the possibilities of using restorative justice to address campus sexual harm. Scholars and advocates have noted gaps in current responses to campus sexual ...
The dynamic relationship between school size and academic performance: An investigation of elementary schools in Wisconsin

Abstract This paper constructs a panel model of school-level performance in which the key explanatory variable is school size. Typical panel models with unobserved effects impose the strict exogeneity assumption, which in this paper, implies a school׳s academic performance cannot impact its future school size. Yet it seems appropriate that, with school-level standardized test scores publicly available and widely reported, school size and school performance should be analyzed dynamically and jointly. We construct a panel model that explicitly allows for “feedback” from academic performance to future school size. We show that, not only is such feedback important, but once it is taken into account, the estimated relationship between school size and academic performance becomes far more negative, relative to models that ignore feedback.
Alternative Fuel Technologies for Heavy Duty Vehicles: Performance, Emissions, Economics, Safety, and Development Status

This paper summarizes the state-of-the art of various alternative fuel technologies for heavy-duty transit applications and compares them to conventional and "clean" diesel engines. Alternative powerplants considered include compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, and several electric technologies. The various technologies are ranked according to emissions, operating and capital costs, safety, development status, driveability, and long term fuel supply. A simple spreadsheet-based rating system is presented; it not only provides a versatile, semi-quantitative way to rank technologies using both quantitative and qualitative information, but also helps identify critical areas which limit implementation for a given application. An example is given for urban transit buses.
Detection optimization of disbond in layered composites with varying thicknesses using an open-ended rectangular waveguide

The detection of air disbond in layered dielectric composite, which is an important practical issue in many industries, is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Sensitivity of disbond detection depends on certain parameters, like the frequency of operation, the distance between the sensor and the first dielectric layer, and the layered composite geometry (conductor backed or terminated by an infinite half-space of air). The impact of all these parameters is investigated theoretically and then verified experimentally. >
Multidimensionality in statistical, OLAP, and scientific databases

The term "multidimensional databses" refers to data that can be viewed conceptually in a multidimensional space, where each dimension represents some attributes of the data. Viewing data in this form is natural for many applications, yet the concepts are not treated in a uniform way in the database literature. In this chapter, we show the commonality of concepts between three database areas: statistical, OLAP, and scientific databases. We show that these domains have two main structural concepts: the cross-product space of the dimensions, and the classification hierarchy structure associated with each dimension. In the first part of this chapter we describe how these structures are sed to represent data in statistical and OLAP databases and how summarization operators can be applied to them. Further, we discuss how these structures can be extended to represent related information using federated database concepts. In the second part of the chapter we show that these concepts are common to many scientific database application. In particular, we discuss the importance of supporting classification structures and the difficulty in representing them as tables in relational databases. We also discuss data structures to support multidimensional databases, emphasizing space-time representation, clustering in multidimensional space, indexing in multidimensional space, and supporting classification structures. We conclude by arguing that the concepts of multidimensionality and classification structures as well as the operation over them should be elevated to "first class" object types. These object types should be visible by the application user explicitly in the conceptual schemas as well as exposing them in the user interfaces.
Nitrilase: II. Substrate specificity and possible mode of action

Abstract The action of the nitrilase from barley leaves on 26 nitriles has been studied. p-Hydroxy and p-amino benzonitriles and 3-cyanopyridine were shown chromatographically to yield the corresponding carboxylic acids, and conversion of α-naphthaleneacetonitrile to α-naphthaleneacetic acid was shown by bioassay. The enzyme is thus not highly specific. The moderate biological activity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetonitrile in pea stems, which do not contain nitrilase, is shown, both from biochemical considerations and from comparative bioassay, to be probably due to relatively slow nonenzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis rates for a series of substituted benzonitriles lead to the conclusion that electron-withdrawing ring substituents favor hydrolysis, electron-donating substituents retard it. The enzymatic hydrolysis more nearly resembles chemical hydrolysis with alkali rather than that with acid. Enzymatic hydrolysis of indole, pyridine and imidazole nitriles, as well as of 5 aliphatic nitriles, agrees in general with the above interpretation, and some of the exceptions are accounted for by steric hindrance. The reaction mechanism is considered to involve nucleophilic attack on the fractionally positive C atom of the nitrile, which remains enzyme-bound throughout. A scheme commencing with attack by an SH group of the enzyme is suggested.
Resolution of severe hemolysis and paravalvular aortic regurgitation employing an Amplatzer Vascular Plug 4: the importance of detailed pre-procedural planning using CT angiography

A 76-year-old woman presented with progressive heart failure and transfusion-dependent hemolytic anemia due to severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation 4 years after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. She was deemed not to be a candidate for redo cardiac surgery due to a porcelain aorta and multiple comorbid medical conditions. We describe the role of pre-procedure contrast-enhanced, ECG-gated computed tomographic angiography to characterize the anatomy of the paravalvular leak connection for appropriate occluder device selection leading to successful percutaneous closure and resolution of the paravalvular regurgitation and hemolytic anemia.
THE EFFECT OF DESLANOSIDE ON THE DURATION OF THE PHASES OF VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE IN MAN.

Abstract In the present investigation we studied the effect of deslanoside on the duration of the phases of left ventricular systole as derived indirectly from simultaneous tracings of the electrocardiogram, the heart sounds and the external carotid arterial tracing. The phases of systole measured included the interval between the beginning of electrical activity and the second heart sound (Q-S 2 ), the interval between the first and second heart sound S 1 -S 2 and the interval between beginning ejection and the trough of the incisura of the carotid pulse tracing (LVET). All data were expressed relative to the regression relationships between heart rate and each of the measured intervals. Deslanoside, administered intravenously (1.6 mg.), induced a decrease in the duration of each of the measured phases of left ventricular systole. The abbreviation in Q-S 2 and S 1 -S 2 exceeded that in LVET, lending evidence for a decrease in both the pre-ejection and ejection phases of the cardiac cycle. Studies on the temporal course of this action of deslanoside demonstrated the presence of an effect at 10 minutes, with progression to a maximum at one to two hours, after which the abbreviation in systole remained relatively constant for eight hours. Studies over the ensuing five days revealed a serial dissipation of the drug effect. The mean response in the duration of each of the phases of systole during the first eight hours following administration of deslanoside proved to be dose-dependent. A significant diurnal abbreviation in the duration of the phases of left ventricular systole was observed. This diurnal effect must be considered in all studies involving serial measurements of the duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle. The determination of the duration of the phases of left ventricular systole offers a useful means for assaying digitalis effects on the human ventricle.
Rubber-The Primary Sources For American Production

Despite extensive war-time investigations of other rubber-containing latex plants, the Para rubber tree of Brazil remains, by any measure, the world's foremost source, and only guayule and the Russian dandelion display any possibility of becoming secondary sources of commercial importance.
Angle-resolved X-ray photoemission from core levels of c(2 × 2) CO on Ni(001): Single-scattering theory and effects of vibration

Abstract The effects of bending or frustrated rotational vibrations of adsorbed CO on photoelectron diffraction in core-level angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) are examined by means of single-scattering calculations and direct measurement. The results of the calculations, which cover a physically reasonable range of values for the average vibrational amplitude, are compared with ARXPS measurements of the C 1s photoelectron intensity from c(2 × 2) CO on Ni(001). Both intra molecular scattering effects in polar scans and inter molecular scattering effects in azimuthal scans are considered. Such comparisons show that, even in the presence of considerable vibration, it is possible to derive valuable information about the bonding orientation and short-range order of such adsorbed molecular overlayers.
Paleoclimate modeling and paleoenvironmental interpretations for three instances of island dwelling mammoths

Abstract Island dwelling mammoths are rare, known from just three geographic locations: Wrangel Island, (Arctic Ocean) Siberia; the Pribolof Islands, (Bering Sea) Alaska; and the northern Channel Islands, (northeast Pacific Ocean) California. In each of these locations they appear to inhabit refugia formed by post-Pleistocene eustatic sea level rise. Mammoths existed without the presence of humans (Wrangel Island and the Pribolofs), until extinction, or until contemporary with human colonization (Santa Rosa Island). Using a paleoclimate model developed by the senior author (RAB), the paleoenvironmental conditions of these islands are depicted, analyzed, and interpreted. This provided paleoclimatic evidence for the environments of the latest Pleistocene and mid- to late Holocene mammoth populations and their demise.
Computational Analysis of Hypersonic Turbulent Flows over a Projectile with Aerospike

The effects of compressibility and nonequilibrium in hypersonic turbulent flows are analyzed in the κ-e-based modeling framework with emphasis on the influence of factors such as streamline curvature and shock discontinuities. The flow past a projectile, with and without a drag reduction spike, is investigated to assess the various modeling issues and to shed light on the merit of this interesting aerodynamic concept. The importance of an account for the compressibility and nonequilibrium effects is demonstrated. Regarding the merit of the spike/aerodisk assembly, it is observed that although the addition of the spike reduces the pressure at the nose of the projectile by a factor of 10 it only results in a marginal reduction in the temperature
Association between maintenance fluid tonicity and hospital-acquired hyponatremia.

Objective To evaluate whether the administration of hypotonic fluids compared with isotonic fluids is associated with a greater risk for hyponatremia in hospitalized children. Study design Informatics-enabled cohort study of all hospitalizations at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital between April 2009 and March 2011. Extraction and analysis of electronic medical record data identified normonatremic hospitalized children who received either hypotonic or isotonic intravenous maintenance fluids upon admission. The primary exposure was the administration of hypotonic maintenance fluids, and the primary outcome was the development of hyponatremia (serum sodium Results A total of 1048 normonatremic children received either hypotonic (n = 674) or isotonic (n = 374) maintenance fluids upon admission. Hyponatremia developed in 260 (38.6%) children who received hypotonic fluids and 104 (27.8%) of those who received isotonic fluids (unadjusted OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.24-2.15, P Conclusions Hyponatremia was common regardless of maintenance fluid tonicity; however, the administration of hypotonic maintenance fluids compared with isotonic fluids was associated with a greater risk of developing hospital-acquired hyponatremia. Additional clinical characteristics modified the hyponatremic effect of hypotonic fluid, and it is possible that optimal maintenance fluid therapy now requires a more individualized approach.
The occurrence of a glycine cleavage system in mammalian brain.

A major catabolic route for glycine in liver is its conversion to methylene tetra-hydrofolate (methylene THF), CO2 and NH3, catalysed by the glycine cleavage system described by Yoshida and Kikuchi (1970). In view of the role of glycine as a putative neuro-transmitter, the occurrence of this system in mammalian brain was investigated. Our studies demonstrated: (a) that the production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]glycine required the presence of tetrahydrofolate, NAD, dithiothreitol and pyridoxal phosphate in the reaction mixture; (b) that besides CO2l-serine was the other major product of the reaction; (c) that glyoxylate did not function as an intermediate in this reaction; and (d) that enzymatic activity appeared to be associated with membranes. All of these properties resembled those previously described for the hepatic system.
Prevention of death in mice infected with coxsackievirus A16 using guanidine HCl mixed with substituted benzimidazoles.

Abstract A significant reduction in the death rate of infant mice infected with ten 50% lethal doses (LD 50 ) of coxsackievirus A16 was observed when they were treated 58 h after infection with two injections of guanidine at 145 mg/kg per injection. Tremors occurred at this level but disappeared after treatment was discontinued. Tremors were apparent, but less severe at 97 mg/kg per injection and did not occur at 48 mg/kg per injection. No antiviral effect could be detected at either of these levels of guanidine. When an inactive level of guanidine (97 mg/kg per injection) was combined with 1.7 mg/kg per injection of LY122771-72, LY127123, or 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole (HBB) and 17 mg/kg per injection of 2-guanidino-benzimidazole (GB), significant activity resulted with 2–8 treatments begun 58 h after infection. The same treatment schedule using 136 mg/kg per injection of LY122771-72, 90 mg/kg per injection of LY127123, 136 mg/kg per injection of HBB and 68 mg/kg per injection of GB produced no effect. Guanidine-associated tremors were also enhanced by the addition of the substituted benzimidazoles. When guanidine was reduced to 48 mg/kg per injection, 34 mg/kg per injection of LY122771-72 was required to produce a significant reduction in the death rate and no tremors were observed.
Radiological evaluation and classification of pediatric fractures

Pediatric musculoskeletal trauma accounts for a considerable number of childhood injuries. While radiographs continue to be the mainstay of imaging skeletal injuries in the emergency department, a variety of other imaging modalities are available to assist the emergency medicine physician. The radiological assessment and description of pediatric fractures will be reviewed.
Social Structure Among Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops)

The social structure of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) is described on the basis of a one year field study in the Masai-Amboseli Game Reserve of south-central Kenya, East Africa. The major findings and conclusions are as follows: 1. They lived in relatively stable and closed heterosexual groups, ranging in size from 7 to 53 with a mean of 24 individuals. The sex ratio in these groups was about 1 : 1. 2. Home ranges of the groups varied in size from 0.071 to 0.37 square miles. Group territories varied from 0.067 to 0.30 square miles. There was no obvious correlation between group size and home range or territory size. 3. Some groups intruded into foreign territories significantly more than expected by chance. 4. Certain territorial boundaries were extremely stable, whereas others oscillated back and forth over a distance as great as 240 yards. 5. Although the groups were relatively closed, enough intergroup transfers were seen to permit concluding that extensive inbreeding was avoided. 6. Dominance among vervet monkeys was expressed in terms of priority to spatial positions, food, and grooming relationships, and through aggressiveness in agonistic encounters. Intragroup dominance relations demonstrated a strong trend toward a determined and linear relationship. 7. Several correlates of dominance were found, including : role in the Red, White, and Blue Display; unassisted defense of the territory; and copulation. 8. Many coalitions associated with agonistic encounters were formed through preferences of the monkeys. 9. Recipients of coalitions were of two types: dominant antagonists or subordinant non-antagonists. 10. Some of the coalitions had a temporary effect on dyadic dominance relations, either neutralizing or reversing them. 11. Group progressions were led by certain individuals. Leadership of progressions seemed primarily related to age and secondarily to dominance. 12. Each group regularly divided into sleeping subgroups at sunset, rejoining after sunrise. These subgroups were not formed at random but were formed, at least partly, with reference to mother-infant, coalitionary, and dominance relations. Formation of sleeping subgroups probably facilitated the concealment of vervets from nocturnal predators. 13. Territoriality and dominance are discussed in the light of DAVIS' hypothesis and the relative importance of spatial parameters. 14. Vervet territoriality was characterized by all-purpose areas that were defended by all age-sex classes of heterosexual groups throughout the year (excepting infants). Territoriality of this nature is uncommon among mammals, examples being found only among Primates and Rodentia. 15. The adaptiveness of vervet social structure is discussed.
Evaluation of Flour Particle Size Distribution by Laser Diffraction, Sieve Analysis and Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract Laser diffraction and sieve analysis were used to measure flour particle size distributions as per cent volume and per cent weight, respectively, among different wheat types and milling methods. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the per cent volume of flour particles within selected size ranges based on laser diffraction reference values. According to laser diffraction analysis, 89-98% of the flour particle were distributed within the size ranges 10-41 μm and 41-300 μm, and 2-11% of the particles were distributed within the size range
After-hours coverage: problems and solutions.

Abstract Among the problems facing many radiology groups today is how to cover after-hours studies, because the demand is increasing while the number of available radiologists is still relatively low. There are a number of possible solutions, each of which has its own pros and cons, and no solution is right for every group. Recently, there have been a number of companies whose sole business is providing outside teleradiology coverage of after-hours radiology studies, sometimes referred to as "nighthawk" services. This article describes one group's decision-making process in choosing to hire a nighttime teleradiology provider as well as its subsequent experiences and ideas for future solutions.
RELATIONS AMONG THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE FACTORS

New relations among the structure factors and their magnitudes have been derived which take the form of inequalities. In the limiting case of point atoms, some of these reduce to equalities and many additional relations are also valid. The crystal structure problem for point atoms is discussed from the point of view of equivalent sets of algebraic equations. In this development no special symmetry relations are required. Because of the complexity of the results of this paper, their general application remains a problem to be solved.
Sustainable development: legitimisation to internalisation

The recent flurry of sustainable development activity gives researchers an unparalleled opportunity to explore a sweeping societal phenomenon and its complex implications to the firm. This paper addresses the factors that contribute to intrafirm complexity such that they inhibit the execution of sustainable development initiatives. Unlike other papers, this research goes beyond simply analysing the adoption of sustainable development. This paper uses the perspective and actions of individuals to address the barriers that forestall the execution of sustainable development initiatives in the day-to-day operations of the firm. Through the application of the legitimacy judgment cycle, the paper develops nine propositions that address these barriers. Using published case studies for illustration and support, this paper provides researchers propositions that can be studied empirically and provides practitioners managerial implications that can assist in the day-to-day operations of the firm.
A parallel Lanczos method for symmetric generalized eigenvalue problems

The Lanczos algorithm is a very effective method for finding extreme eigenvalues of symmetric matrices. In this paper, we present our parallel version of the Lanczos method for symmetric generalized eigenvalue problem, PLANSO. PLANSO is based on a sequential package called LANSO which implements the Lanczos algorithm with partial reorthogonalization. It is portable to all parallel machines that support MPI and it is easy to interface with most parallel computing packages. Through numerical experiments, we demonstrate that it achieves similar parallel efficiency as PARPACK, but uses considerably less time.
Development of San Leandro synform and neotectonics of the San Francisco Bay block, California

Abstract High-resolution, 24-channel seismic-reflection data show a stratified synform beneath south San Francisco Bay. These seismic-reflection data reveal an eastward-dipping bedrock surface that is about 40 m deep (subbottom) beneath the western south bay, and that reaches a maximum observed depth of 500–800 m (subbottom) below the eastern half of the south bay. An angular unconformity cuts both the synform and underlying bedrock. The age of the unconformity is unknown but may be Pleistocene, when these strata forming the synform were presumably exposed subaerially during lowered sea levels. The synformal strata, the unconformity, and some generally flat-lying and overlying strata are folded near the eastern shore of the bay. This folding may result from movement on the Hayward fault ( fault interactions and localized strain partitioning) or from compressional deformation in the East Bay Hills related to NE–SW (fault-normal) convergence between the Pacific and North American plates. In general, reflections from sediment overlying the unconformity are flat lying (except near the eastern shore of the bay), whereas reflections beneath the unconformity dip eastward. The overlying, flat sediment section fills a shallow basin that is coincident with an elliptical residual gravity low. This low appears to be related to the deeper sedimentary, synformal section based on the spatial correlation between the east-dipping reflections and the gravity anomaly. Projecting the east-dipping reflections to the center of the gravity low suggests that the total section of flat-lying and dipping reflections in the synform may exceed 1000 m. Modeling of the gravity low suggests a total low-density section, about 1.5 km thick, at the center of the synform relative to the surrounding bedrock of presumed Franciscan Complex.
Effect of stereochemistry on the transport of Aca-linked β-turn peptidomimetics across a human intestinal cell line

Abstract Transcellular transport is one of the most important barriers facing the development of new therapeutic agents. However, little is known about the specific effects of structure and particularly stereochemistry on cell permeability. An attractive in vitro model has been developed for the direct assessment of cell transport, using the immortalized human epithelial cell line, Caco-2. The present study assesses the effects of stereochemistry on transport in a commonly used β-turn model system. Thus, l,l - and l,d -Ala-Ala were cyclized with aminocaproic acid, resulting in macrocycles in which the dipeptides correspond to the i + 1 and i + 2 positions of a β-turn. The transport of these dipeptides across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was determined, along with corresponding acyclic models ( l,l - and l,d -CH 3 CH 2 C(O)-Ala-Ala -n- Pr ) . The transport studies were carried out in the presence and absence of verapamil, a known inhibitor of the apically polarized efflux system present in Caco-2 cells. Both apical→basolateral and basolateral→apical transport were measured. Measurements made in the presence of verapamil showed that the cyclic peptides experienced a ca. 4–5-fold difference in intrinsic flux depending on stereochemistry, with the l,d isomer being transported at a higher rate. These differences disappeared in the acyclic cases examined (permeability coefficient ratios of the L, D / L, L isomers were 1.04–1.13). These observations are discussed in terms of the conformations and hydrogen-bonding characteristics of the compounds as determined by NMR spectroscopy.
Estimating Density Reduction and Phonon Localization From Optical Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Porous Silica and Aerogel Thin Films

In this work, we measure the thermal conductivity of mesoporous silica and aerogel thin-films using a non-destructive optical technique: time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR). Due to the rough surfaces of the optically transparent silica-based films, we evaporate an Al film on a glass cover slide and fabricate the silica structures directly on the Al film, providing a “probe-through-the-glass” configuration for TDTR measurements. This allows the thermal conductivity of mesoporous silica and aerogel thin films to be measured with traditional TDTR analyses. As the thermoreflectance response is highly dependent on the thermal effusivity of the porous structures, we estimate the density of the films by varying the heat capacity in our analysis. This density determination assumes that the solid matrix in the silica structure has the thermal conductivity as bulk SiO2 , which is valid if all the lattice vibrations are localized, consistent with the minimum thermal conductivity concept. We independently determine the density of the porous silica films with nitrogen sorption measurements of thin films using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique. The difference between the determined from the SAW technique and that estimated by the TDTR effusivity analysis lends insight into the relative contributions of localized and propagating modes to thermal transport.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The third molar question: report of cases.

Potential problems of impacted teeth are documented by several case reports. A review of the literature and clinical experiences are discussed in terms of recommending the removal of impacted third molars during the teenage years.
The Journey to Crime: Victims and Offenders Converge in Violent Index Offences in Chicago

In Chicago, most non-lethal violence occurs close to the home of the victim or offender. This research describes the distance between the home of the victim and offender and their meeting in a violent crime. Analysis includes all UCR Index criminal sexual assaults, robberies, and aggravated assaults recorded by the Chicago Police in 1998. Little evidence is found for a zone of reduced crime around the home address of the offender. Predatory violence was most likely to occur in neighbourhoods where many offenders resided. Women were much more likely to be attacked close to their and the offender's home than men. Distance, location, and neighbourhood reflected the routine activities of victims and offender as they converged in a violent incident.
Signal integration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages.

Using a panel of LPS-inducible genes, selected for the capacity of their products to contribute to endotoxicity, normal macrophages were compared to macrophages deficient in CD14, CD11b/CD18, or TLR4 to elicit gene expression in response to Escherichia coli LPS or the LPS mimetic, Taxol. All genes were TLR4-dependent. At low doses of LPS or Taxol, all genes were also CD14-dependent; however, IP-10 and ICSBP remained poorly inducible even at much higher concentrations. A distinct subset of genes (COX-2, IL-12 p40, and IL-12 p35) was CD11b/CD18-dependent. NF-κB translocation and MAPK phosphorylation were dysregulated in receptor-deficient macrophages. In contrast to E. coli LPS, a Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS preparation was found to be TLR2-, rather than TLR4-dependent, and resulted in differential expression of genes within the panel. These data suggest that: (i) TLR4 is necessary, but not sufficient, to induce the full repertoire of genes examined; (ii) CD14 and CD11b/CD18 facilitate signaling for induct...
Enhancement of methylcholanthrene-induced neoplastic transformation in murine C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts by antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide sequences.

Abstract Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are increasingly used to target specific proteins for inhibition. Previous reports of antisense inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene suggested its utility in defining the role of nitric oxide (NO) in carcinogenesis, as NO is mutagenic and chemical inhibitors of iNOS block neoplastic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts. Treatment with ODNs (0.025–25 μM) directed against 15mer sequences in the iNOS coding region decreased NO production consistent with a reduction of iNOS protein and iNOS mRNA, however, control ODNs (2.5 μM) also showed considerable nonspecific inhibition of NO synthesis. Treatment with both iNOS antisense and mis-sense ODNs during the promotional phase of the C3H10T1/2 transformation assay significantly increased the number of neoplastic foci in 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) treated cells which corresponded with the ability of the ODN to inhibit NO production. Enhanced neoplastic transformation and non-specific inhibition of NO synthesis resulting from exposure to antisense ODNs suggest limitations to their long-term use in humans at higher doses.
Molecular forms of circulating growth hormone during spontaneous secretory episodes and in the basal state

After pharmacological stimulation of the pituitary gland, human GH (hGH) in plasma consists of three or more monomeric molecular forms and several corresponding oligomers. However, the chemical nature of hGH circulating under physiological (stimulated or basal) conditions is not known. In particular, the molecular basis for the GH-like bioactivity of plasma is poorly understood. To gain information on the type(s) of hGH normally found in blood, we extracted hGH from plasma obtained at the time of spontaneous secretory episodes (nocturnal and random release) and during basal periods in 15 normal subjects. Appropriate plasma volumes (30 or 300 ml) were extracted by immunoadsorbent chromatography, and the extracts were analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.5 and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 10. The plasma hGH pattern at the time of spontaneous secretion was similar to that after pharmacological stimulation and consisted of 22K (principal), 20K, and acidic hGH as well as hGH dimer. In contrast, plasma hGH patterns during basal periods were highly variable and included immunoreactive hGH fragments in addition to the known hGH forms. Components with mol wt of 30K, 16K, and 12K were consistently identified. We conclude that 1) endogenously stimulated hGH secretion results in the same plasma hormone patterns as pharmacological stimuli; 2) several immunoreactive hGH fragments contribute to the heterogeneity of plasma hGH; and 3) hGH fragments may become a dominant part of total immunoreactivity in the basal state.
GPS as a Weather Sensor

Global Positioning System (GPS) stations are not just useful for studying how tectonic plates and glaciers surge or creep or how land deforms as magma runs below it. They also are rapidly becoming important sensors for monitoring the terrestrial water cycle (see “Using GPS to study the terrestrial water cycle,” pages 505–506). What is more, they can help study and forecast weather, according to scientists who presented their work at AGU's 2013 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Between black and white Exploring the “Biracial” Experience

Abstract Public debate surrounding the 2000 Census has focused on the addition of a multi-racial category. Advocates of this change assume that persons of mixed-race parentage identify as “biracial” or “mixed” and will continue to do so if given the opportunity on government documents. The assumption that most individuals with one Black and one White parent identify as biracial implies that “biracial” identity has a singular meaning. This paper challenges that assumption by asking two questions: (1) what does “biracial” mean to individuals within this population and (2) what social factors may lead to differences in the way these individuals interpret their racial identity. Data from in-depth interviews is used to draw a descriptive map of the multiple ways individuals understand and respond to their biracial-ness. A conceptual model is presented which explores how physical appearance and socio-economic status affect access to different types of social networks and the way that race is socially constructed and experienced within those networks.
A Method to Measure the Fuel Distribution and the Fuel Captured by V–Gutter Flameholder in High Speed Airstream

A method to measure the fuel distribution and the percentage of fuel flow rate captured by a V-gutter flameholder in a high speed airstream has been developed. The effects of configuration and size of the probe and temprature of the sample mixture in the probe on measurement have been investigated. The detailed determination of isokinetic sampling condition is described. The effects of V-gutter geometry on flowfield have been considered. The total experimental error is of the order ±5%.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Cytochrome c-Dependent Activation of Caspase-3 by Tumor Necrosis Factor Requires Induction of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition

The killing of L929 mouse fibroblasts by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the presence of 0.5 μg/ml actinomycin D (Act D) is prevented by inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) with cyclosporin A (CyA) in combination with the phospholipase A 2 inhibitor aristolochic acid (ArA). The MPT is accompanied by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation in the cytosol, cleavage of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), and DNA fragmentation, all of which were inhibited by CyA plus ArA. The caspase-3 inhibitor z-Asp-Glu-Val-aspartic acid fluoromethyl-ketone (Z-DEVD-FMK) did not prevent the loss of viability or the redistribution of cytochrome c , but it did prevent caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation. Inhibition of the MPT reduced the activation of caspase-8 to the level occurring with TNF-α alone (no ActD). The caspase-8 inhibitor z-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe) fluoromethylketone (Z-IETD-FMK) did not prevent the cell killing and decreased only slightly the translocation of Bid to the mitochondria. These data indicate that induction of the MTP by TNF-α causes a release of cytochrome c , caspase-3 activation with PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. The loss of viability is dependent on the MPT but independent of the activation of caspase-3. The activation of caspase-8 is not dependent on the MPT. There is no evidence linking this enzyme to the loss of viability. Thus, the killing of L929 fibroblasts by TNF-α can occur in the absence of either caspase-3 or caspase-8 activity. Alternatively, cell death can be prevented despite an activation of caspase-8.