cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Higher Social Distancing and Stay-at-Home Decisions During COVID-19: the Underlying Conflict Between Public Health and the Economy

Abstract Social distancing and stay-at-home orders were implemented as a quick response to the public health crisis created by COVID-19. However, these measures led to competing concerns for public health versus the wellbeing of the economy during the pandemic. This drove polarized views and attitudes towards these measures in the US that threatened their effectiveness in controlling the spread of infections. Our study addresses this point by investigating uptake of messaging treatments that highlight the health risks of COVID-19. We also investigate how priming economic risk of COVID-19 affects responsiveness to the health information messaging. A sample of 1200 US respondents were randomly assigned to a control and four messaging treatments that included information about risks of COVID-19 on own health, public health, the economy, and combination of public health and the economy, respectively. Our results indicate a significant difference in messaging uptake based on political partisanship. Individuals identifying as Democrats increased their social distancing and stay-at-home decisions in response to all information treatments, contrary to Republicans who showed no significant change in their behavior. Using a latent class analysis model, we classify individuals into three main types (dismissive, amenable, and conscious) that differ in their perceptions of the risks associated with COVID-19. We show that only amenable individuals, who account for approximately 34% of the sample, respond significantly to the messaging treatments.
Navigating race: intersectional boundary-making onboard transnational ships

Ocean-going merchant ships provide a unique context to examine race, place and migration: ships are globally mobile total institutions, a transnational setting with a multi-national migrant workfor...
Mechanisms of long-range edge retraction of metal bilayer films

The agglomeration of thin films on substrates is driven by minimization of the free surface and film/substrate interface energies and has been studied extensively for single component metal films. Only a few studies have investigated the agglomeration of kinetically constrained metal bilayer films, for which unusual long-range edge retraction was recently reported. This study has explored the agglomeration of kinetically constrained thin films of Au and Ni that were subsequently deposited on SiO2/Si substrates and annealed under high vacuum conditions at 545, 675, and 730 °C. Long-range edge retraction of the metal bilayer films revealed seven regions across the receding edge that are microstructurally distinct. The absolute and relative widths of the regions depend on the deposition sequence of the two metal films and annealing temperature. Arrhenius analysis of growth rates for different regions was used to identify energy barriers for mass transport mechanisms. The presence of native nickel oxide was found to have a significant effect on the kinetics of long-range edge retraction. The experimental results suggest that the formation of multiple regions across the receding edge is part of the kinetic evolution of long-range edge retraction of metal bilayer films.
The Hidden History of Early Childhood Education

Acknowledgements Blythe Farb Hinitz Contributors Introduction Blythe Farb Hinitz Part I: Glimpses of Past Practice Chapter 2: The Light Within: Glimpses into the Lives and Education of Young Quaker Children (1820-1860) Susan Anderson Miller Chapter 3: A History of Homeschooling and Memories of Kindergarten in 1942-1943 Judy Williston Chapter 4: The Internment and Education of Japanese-American Nursery School Children During World War II: Antecedents and Understanding Phillip M. Wishon, Margaret B. Shaeffer and Margaret M. Kyger Chapter 5: A Memoir of an Exemplary Education Sue Grossman Chapter 6: Early Care and Education in the 1950s: The Thorny Path When Public Issues Confront Passionately-Held Beliefs Edna Runnels Ranck Part II: Portraits of Early Childhood Education Leaders Chapter 7: Selected African-American Pioneers of Early Childhood Education W. Jean Simpson and Judith Lynne McConnell-Farmer Chapter 8: Patty Smith Hill and the Case Study of Betty Kirby Elizabeth A. Sherwood and Amy Freshwater Chapter 9: The Impact of Margaret Naumburg and Walden School on Early Childhood Education in the United States Blythe Farb Hinitz Chapter 10: Child Champion, Professionals' Mentor, Hothead- Substance of a 'Giant in the Field' Charlotte Jean Anderson Chapter 11: Playing with Numbers: Constance Kamii and Reinventing Arithmetic in Early Childhood Education Barbara Beatty Conclusion Blythe Farb Hinitz Appendix A: How the Early Childhood Field Has Honored Its History: NAEYC History Seminar and Our Proud Heritage Dorothy W. Hewes, Edna R. Ranck and Charlotte Anderson Index
Epidemiology and Socioeconomics of Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its many manifestations are common in North America and Europe. Although less common in Asia, Middle East, Caribbean, and African countries, its prevalence is increasing in these regions as well. Although the incidence of new cases is relatively low, the disease persists over long periods of time, thereby leading to an overall high prevalence. Risk factors include age, gender, ethnicity, obesity, physiologic/anatomic conditions, and lifestyle. GERD is an economic burden to patients, healthcare systems, employers, and society. Barrett’s esophagus is one of the more serious consequences of GERD. Its primary importance is as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Although prevalence and incidence of Barretts is difficult to determine, it is probably more common than initially believed. Risk factors are similar to GERD, although diet may play an additional role.
Helicobacter pylori induction of the gastrin promoter through GC-rich DNA elements.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been linked to the development of chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori- infected patients and animal models develop hypergastrinemia, chronic gastritis, and gastric atrophy. Since gastrin is an important regulator of gastric acid secretion and cell growth, H. pylori regulation of this hormone has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Objectives: To investigate the effect of H. pylori on gastrin gene expression in mice and of human bacterial isolates on gastrin mRNA expressed in a human cell line. Methods: Gastrin mRNA was measured by qRT-PCR in H. pylori-infected mice. H. pylori were co-cultured with AGS cells to study regulation of human gastrin gene expression. Various MAP kinases were implicated in signal transduction from the bacteria using specific inhibitors. Gastrin reporter constructs and gel shift assays were used to map DNA responsive elements. Results: In addition to an increase in gastrin mRNA in H. pylori-infected mice, H. pylori induced the endogenous human gastrin gene through MAP kinase-dependent signaling but not NFjB-dependent signaling. Activation of gastrin through MAPK signaling did not require CagA or VacA virulence factors. Transfection studies demonstrated that a GC-rich motif mediated H. pylori-induction of the gastrin promoter and that the motif inducibly binds Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors. Conclusions: Direct contact of live H. pylori bacteria with human cells is sufficient to induce gastrin gene expression.
Human plasma kallikrein. Purification and preliminary characterization.

Abstract A method is described for the convenient purification of the protease plasma kallikrein from human Cohn fraction IV-1. The enzyme was produced by endogenous activation after acid treatment to remove an inhibitor and was concentrated by the successive use of affinity adsorbents prepared by the immobilization of soybean trypsin inhibitor and aminobenzamidine. The esterase- and kinin-producing activities were enriched about 1100-fold from fraction IV-1. Several properties of plasma kallikrein strengthen the impression that it is related to trypsin, namely, competitive inhibition by benzamidine and the formation of a stable p-guanidinobenzoyl acyl enzyme intermediate. Inactivation by affinity labeling with Z-LysCH2Cl was successful in contrast to the inertness of Tos-LysCH2Cl.
A Novel Method for Enhanced Needle Localization Using Ultrasound-Guidance

In this paper, we propose a novel and fast method to localize and track needles during image-guided interventions. Our proposed method is comprised of framework of needle detection and tracking in highly noisy ultrasound images via level set and PDE (partial differential equation) based methods. Major advantages of the method are: (1) efficiency, the entire numerical procedure can be finished in real-time: (2) robustness, insensitive to noise in the ultrasound images and: (3) flexibility, the motion of the needle can be arbitrary. Our method will enhance the ability of medical care-providers to track and localize needles in relation to objects of interest during image-guided interventions.
Spatial Guidance of Cell Asymmetry: Septin GTPases Show the Way

Eukaryotic cells develop asymmetric shapes suited for specific physiological functions. Morphogenesis of polarized domains and structures requires the amplification of molecular asymmetries by scaffold proteins and regulatory feedback loops. Small monomeric GTPases signal polarity, but how their downstream effectors and targets are spatially co-ordinated to break cell symmetry is poorly understood. Septins comprise a novel family of GTPases that polymerize into non-polar filamentous structures which scaffold and restrict protein localization. Recent studies show that septins demarcate distinct plasma membrane domains and cytoskeletal tracks, enabling the formation of intracellular asymmetries. Here, we review these findings and discuss emerging mechanisms by which septins promote cell asymmetry in fungi and animals.
Best-First AND/OR Search for 0/1 Integer Programming

AND/OR search spaces are a unifying paradigm for advanced algorithmic schemes for graphical models. The main virtue of this representation is its sensitivity to the structure of the model, which can translate into exponential time savings for search algorithms. In this paper we introduce an AND/OR search algorithm that explores a context-minimal AND/OR search graph in a best-firstmanner for solving 0/1 Integer Linear Programs (0/1 ILP). We also extend to the 0/1 ILP domain the depth-firstAND/OR Branch-and-Bound search with caching algorithm which was recently proposed by [1] for solving optimization tasks in graphical models. The effectiveness of the best-first AND/OR search approach compared to depth-first AND/OR Branch-and-Bound search is demonstrated on a variety of benchmarks for 0/1 ILPs, including instances from the MIPLIB library, real-world combinatorial auctions, random uncapacitated warehouse location problems and MAX-SAT instances.
Use of allyl-functional benzoxazine monomers as replacement for styrene in vinyl ester resins

New vinyl ester systems are prepared using allyl-functional benzoxazine monomers, 3-allyl-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazine (pC-ala) or bis(3-allyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-6-yl)methane (BF-ala), as reactive diluents for vinyl ester resins derived from an epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, instead of using styrene. Different initiators are used to investigate the copolymerization of allyl function from pC-ala with vinyl function from vinyl ester resin prepolymer. The temperature dependence of viscosity is studied to demonstrate the retention of processability of the new vinyl ester resins. Dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analyses are used to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of the new resins. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling soil moisture, water partitioning, and plant water stress under irrigated conditions in desert urban areas.

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the effects of irrigation scheduling at two urban residential sites in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area: a xeriscaped site (gravel base with low water use plants) and a mesiscaped site (turf grass and shade trees). A model of soil moisture dynamics was calibrated to observed soil moisture data from irrigated and non-irrigated sensors at the xeric site and an irrigated sensor at the mesic site. Model simulations were conducted at both irrigated sites to investigate effects of irrigation scheduling; plant stress parameters; and precipitation variability on soil moisture dynamics, water balance partitioning, and plant water stress. Results indicated a substantial difference in soil water storage capacity at the two sites. At the xeric site, seasonal variation of irrigation input was shown to be critical in avoiding losses from the rooting zone, while reducing plant water stress. At the mesic site, sensitivity to irrigation scenarios was lower, though small amounts of water savings were achieved with seasonal applications. The model was then used to determine the minimum annual irrigation required to achieve specified levels of plant stress using long-term meteorological records. A bimodal schedule consisting of low winter and summer irrigation was identified as a means to conserve water while keeping moderate levels of dynamic water stress. Results from the quantitative model can potentially assist water and landscape managers in desert urban areas by identifying opportunities for water savings, while providing a deeper understanding of the ecohydrological differences between the two types of landscape designs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection indicates preference in diverse habitats: A Ground-Nesting bird (charadrius melodus) using reservoir shoreline

Animals use proximate cues to select resources that maximize individual fitness. When animals have a diverse array of available habitats, those selected could give insights into true habitat preferences. Since the construction of the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River in North Dakota, Lake Sakakawea (SAK) has become an important breeding area for federally threatened piping plovers (Charadrius melodus; hereafter plovers). We used conditional logistic regression to examine nest-site selection at fine scales (1, 3, and 10 m) during summers 2006–2009 by comparing characteristics at 351 nests to those of 668 random sites within nesting territories. Plovers selected sites (1 m2) that were lower than unused random sites, increasing the risk of nest inundation. Plovers selected nest sites that were flat, had little silt, and at least 1 cobble; they also selected for 3-m radius nest areas that were relatively flat and devoid of vegetation and litter. Ninety percent of nests had <38% coverage of silt and <10% slope at the site, and <15% coverage of vegetation or litter and <31% slope within the 3-m radius. Gravel was selected for at nest sites (11% median), but against in the area 10-m from the nest, suggesting plovers select for patches or strips of gravel. Although elevation is rarely evaluated in studies of ground-nesting birds, our results underscore its importance in habitat-selection studies. Relative to where plovers historically nested, habitat at SAK has more diverse topography, substrate composition, vegetation communities, and greater water-level fluctuations. Accordingly, our results provide an example of how habitat-selection results can be interpreted as habitat preferences because they are not influenced by desired habitats being scarce or absent. Further, our results will be useful for directing habitat conservation for plovers and interpreting other habitat-selection studies.
Mixed clones produced following infection of chick embryo cell cultures with Rous sarcoma virus

Abstract Mixed clones, containing both nontransformed and transformed cells, are produced following infection of check embryo cells with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). These clones are shown to arise from single infected cells. When inoculated into animals, transformed cells from mixed clones multiply to form tumors while nontransformed cells from mixed clones do not. It is proposed that mixed clones arise when an infecting RSV particle segregates to only one of two daughter cells. This segregation is most likely to occur when the multiplicity of infection is low and the infected cell divides before virus multiplication has begun. Segregation is highly unlikely after the cell has transformed.
Analysis of Incrementally Generated Clusters in Biological Networks Using Graph-Theoretic Filters and Ontology Enrichment

Since the explosive influx of biological data obtained from high-throughput medical instruments, the ability to leverage the currently available data to extract useful knowledge has become one of the most challenging problems in biomedical research. The analysis of such data is particularly complex not only due to its massive size but also due to its heterogeneity and inherent noise associated with several data gathering steps. The utilization of biological networks to model and integrate large-scale heterogeneous biomedical data continues to grow, especially with the systems biology approach taking center stage in many bioinformatics applications. Although loaded with biologically relevant signals, correlation networks do contain noise and are too large for simple data mining tools. In this project, we implement different types of filters to reduce the network size and sort out signals from noise. We propose a new approach for generating various filters that iterate on sub graphs along a spectrum between spanning tree and chordal filters. We show how different network filters incrementally obtain various clusters along this spectrum to maintain structural and domain-relevant components of the original network, while reducing noise. We test the proposed approach using gene expression levels obtained from diabetes and yeast datasets and compare the filtered networks with original networks using ontology enrichment. The obtained results support our main hypothesis that the filters conserve important elements from the original networks while uncovering new biologically significant clusters. However, results analyzing maintained and uncovered biologically significant hubs were inconclusive.
Risk and Energy Consumption Tradeoffs in Cloud Computing Service via Stochastic Optimization Models

Energy efficiency and computational reliability are two key concerns associated with modern computations that involve computational resource sharing and highly uncertain job arrivals from various sources (customers). In 2010, large-scale data center operations consume around 2% of the total energy use in the US. Meanwhile, the development of cloud computing in the IT industry possesses great potential for lowering energy consumption by partitioning and scheduling job requests among multiple computational servers. In this paper, we formulate stochastic integer programming models to minimize energy consumption of cloud computing servers over finite time periods, while maintaining a pre-specified quality of service (QoS) level for satisfying uncertain computational requests. The models dynamically monitor and predict customer requests for each period, and proactively switch servers on/off according to estimated customer requests. QoS levels are maintained by either enforcing zero unsatisfied requests, or imposing a joint chance constraint to bound possible failures in a backlogging model. When uncertain requests follow continuous distributions, we employ the Sampling Average Approximation for generating scenario-based requests. Such an approach transforms the original probabilistic model into deterministic mixed-integer linear programs. We further demonstrate computational results of all models by testing instances with different parameter combinations, and investigate how backlogging, unit penalty cost and QoS levels influence computational performances and optimal solutions.
THE MCCUNE ALBRIGHT SYNDROME: A GENETICALLY DETERMINED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION DISORDER

The McCune Albright syndrome (MAS) is a sporadic disorder with pleiotropic manifestations including autonomous endocrine hyperfunction, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, and cafe-au-lait skin pigmentation. Since the endocrine abnormalities in MAS (e.g. gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, growth hormone hypersecretion, hyperthyroidism, hypercortisolism) are all consistent with constitutive activation of the cAMP 2nd messenger system, we screened tissues from patients with MAS for mutations in the G protein a subunit (Gs-α) that regulates cAMP formation. We found missense mutations that lead to constitutive activation of Gs-α (either Arg 201-> His or Arg 201-> Cys) in affected endocrine tissues from all subjects with MAS studied. The mutations were found in a mosaic distribution consistent with a somatic mutation occurring early in embryogenesis. Gs-α mutations were also found in dysplastic bone samples, and in various nonendocrine tissues such as liver and heart. Mutations in the latter may be responsible for previously underappreciated manifestations of MAS such as hepatobiliary disease and early death. Identification of constitutively activating mutations of Gs-α as the cause of most if not all of the manifestations of MAS has important implications for our understanding of cAMP regulation of cell function, and ultimately, for treatment of MAS.
On anthropological epistemology: Praxis and critique

Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. xv + 205 pp. including notes, bibliography, and index. $28.00 cloth, $13.00 paper. Ulin, Robert C. Understanding Cultures: Perspectives in Anthropology and Social Theory. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. xvii + 200 pp. including notes, bibliography, and index. $19.95 cloth.
796 TRANSIENT LUPUS-LIKE ANTICOAGULANT IN 3 FAMILY MEMBERS SHARING THE A 11 BW 35 HAPLOTYPE

The lupus-like anticoagulant is being seen more frequently in the pediatric population, particularly as a transient occurrence after a presumed viral URI. We herewith report the transient occurrence of lupus-like anticoagulant in a patient, his sister and his mother, all of whom shared the same HLA haplotype. The patient is a 6-year-old white male diagnosed as having AML in 9/80 who went into remission with CCSG-251 (combination adria-mycin + ARA-C). The patient was randomized to the transplant arm of CCSG-251 and upon routine screening a PTT of 75 was discovered. Work-up revealed a circulating anticoagulant of the lupus-type (Rapaport, AIM 2/80) with decreased factors IX, and XII and a clear cut prolongation of the mixed PTT. The thrombin time, PT, and fibrinogen were normal. The patient's entire family was evaluated. The mother and the HLA-identical sister (donor) had the same abnormalities as the patient; while the two other siblings and the father did not. Follow-up studies within two months on the 3 affected family members reverted entirely to normal. The family has no history of autoimmune disease, bleeding, or thromboembolic problems. Family testing for VDRL, C2 or C4 deficiency, immune complexes and ANA was negative. In summary we report 3 members of a family sharing the A11Bw35 haplotype all of whom had the transient simultaneous occurrence of a weak lupus-like anticoagulant.
Guided ion beam studies of the reactions of O+, O2+, N+ and N2+ with silane

Guided ion beam mass spectrometry is used to measure the cross sections as a function of kinetic energy for reaction of SiH4 with O+(4S), O2+ (2Πg,v=0), N+(3P), and N2+(2Σg+,v=0). All four ions react with silane by dissociative charge-transfer to form SiHm+ (m=0−3), and all but N2+ also form SiXHm+ products where (m=0−3) andX=O, O2 or N. The overall reactivity of the O+, O2+, and N+ systems show little dependence on kinetic energy, but for the case of N2+, the reaction probability and product distribution relies heavily on the kinetic energy of the system. The present results are compared with those previously reported for reactions of the rare gas ions with silane [13] and are discussed in terms of vertical ionization from the 1t2 and 3a1 bands of SiH4. Thermal reaction rates are also provided and dicussed.
Nonplanar Tests Using the Wind-Tunnel Free-Flight Technique

Results from the first bi-planar wind tunnel free-flight test program designed to investigate the difference between planar and nonplanar dynamic stability are presented. The test provides perhaps the best free-flight angular documentation of arbitrary nonplanar motion yet obtained. Two widely different configurations, a blunt 60-deg cone and a sharp 10-deg half-angle cone, were tested. Comparisons between the angular motion from raw data and the analytical fits indicate a phasing difference. An examination of possible causes discounts experimental errors as an explanation and points strongly toward an inadequacy of the theoretical force model.
Intranuclear Parasitism of the Ciliate Euplotes by a Trypanosomatid Flagellate

A trypanosomatid flagellate, Leptomonas sp., develops and multiplies in the macronucleus (only) of natural and laboratory-reared populations of the ciliate Euplotes. Up to 90% of the natural populations of Euplotes in our test pond had such nuclear infections. Laboratory infections were transmitted to this ciliate by feeding it liberated parasites. Paramecium resisted infections. All laboratory-induced infections were lethal to Euplotes, while control clones of the uninfected ciliates remained viable. This leptomonad, unlike Leptomonas karyophilus (found in Paramecium), shows no leishmanial forms in its several ciliate hosts and shows a varied pattern of locomotion.
Dynamic Learning Rate Neural Network Training and Composite Structural Damage Detection

A new learning procedure, called dynamic learning rate steepest descent (DSD) method, is proposed for training neural networks. Based on the simple steepest descendent method, the proposed method improves the learning convergence speed significantly without increasing the computational effort, the memory cost, the algorithm simplicity, and the computational locality in the standard layered error backpropagating training algorithm. Through numerical experiments, the current method is shown to have much better learning ability than that of the standard constant learning rate steepest descent method and the accelerated steepest descendent method. The numerical experiments also indicate that the current method is robust to the selection of the initial learning rate, which is critical in the standard steepest descent method. It is also shown to be efficient. The CPU time increase, due to extra operations in the DSD algorithm, is negligible. The DSD method is then used to train a neural network for direct identification of composite structural damage through structural dynamic responses. The result indicates that neural network can be used for real-time flaw detections and advanced structural health monitoring.
SU-E-I-64: X-Ray Coherent Scatter Mammography Simulation

Purpose: Conventional mammography has poor contrast between healthy and cancerous tissues due to the small difference in attenuation properties. Coherent scatter potentially provides more information because interference of coherently scattered radiation depends on the average intermolecular spacing, and can be used to characterize tissue types. However, typical coherent scatter analysis techniques are not compatible with rapid low dose screening modalities. Coherent scatter slot scan imaging is a novel imaging technique which provides new information with higher contrast. In this work a simulation was performed of coherent scatter slot scan imaging to assess its performance and provide system optimization. Methods: In coherent scatter imaging, the coherent scatter is exploited using a conventional slot scan mammography system with anti-scatter grids tilted at the characteristic angle of cancerous tissues. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the coherent scatter imaging. System optimization was performed across several parameters, including source voltage and filtration, tilt angle, source and grid distances, grid ratio, and shielding geometry. Results: The contrast was high and increased as the grid tilt angle was increased beyond the characteristic angle for the modeled carcinoma, and as the source voltage increased. Source filtration did not have a significant effect on contrast. Increasing grid ratio improved contrast at the expense of decreasing the signal to noise ratio (SNR). As the tumor size is decreased, additional shields to block the fat signal are necessary in order to detect the cancer signal. Conclusion: Coherent scatter analysis using a wide slot setup is promising as an enhancement for screening mammography. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health, # 7 R01EB009715
Electrical properties and compositional distributions of CVT and PVT grown Hg 1−x Cd x Te epilayers

Epitaxial layers of Hg1−xCdx Te were grown on CdTe substrates by the chemical vapor transport technique using Hgl2 as a transport agent. The epilayers were of nearly uniform composition both laterally and to a depth of about one-half of the layer thickness. By comparison, the composition varied continuously throughout the depth of the layer for epilayers grown by the physical vapor transport technique. Layers were grown both p- and n-type with carrier concentrations on the order of 1017 cm−3. Low-temperature annealing was used to convert the p-type layers into n-type. The room-temperature carrier mobilities of as-grown and converted n-type layers ranged from 103 to 104 cm2/V-s depending on the composition and are comparable to previous literature values for undoped Hg1−xCdxTe crystals.
Computer simulation of inspiratory nasal airflow and inhaled gas uptake in a rhesus monkey

There is increasing evidence that inspiratory airflow patterns play a major role in determining the location of nasal lesions induced in rats by reactive, water-soluble gases such as formaldehyde and chlorine. Characteristic lesion patterns have also been seen in inhalation toxicity studies conducted in rhesus monkeys, the nasal anatomy of which resembles that of humans. To examine the hypothesis that regions of high airflow-dependent uptake and lesions occur in similar nasal locations in the primate, airflow and gas uptake patterns were simulated in an anatomically accurate computer model of the right nasal airway of a rhesus monkey. The results of finite-element simulations of steady-state inspiratory nasal airflow for the full range of resting physiological flow rates are reported. Simulated airflow patterns agreed well with experimental observations, exhibiting secondary flows in the anterior nose and streamlined flow posteriorly. Simulated airflow results were used to predict gas transport to the nasal passage walls using formaldehyde as an example compound. Results from the uptake simulations were compared with published observations of formaldehyde-induced nasal lesions in rhesus monkeys and indicated a strong correspondence between airflow-dependent transport patterns and local lesion sites. This rhesus computer model will provide a means for confirming the extrapolation of toxicity data between species by extrapolating rat simulation results to monkeys and comparing these predictions with primate lesion data.
Fluctuation conductivity of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films

Measurements of the in-plane fluctuation-enhanced conductivity of /ital c/-axis oriented Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O thin films have been performed over the temperature range /ital T//sub /ital c// to 240 K. The results were consistent with two-dimensional fluctuation theory and with a linear dependence of the normal resistivity on temperature down to (/ital T//minus//ital T//sub /ital c//)/T/sub c/approx.0.03. A crossover to three-dimensional fluctuations close to /ital T//sub /ital c// was not found. The width of the superconducting transition appears to be a measure of a distance over which layers fluctuate in a correlated manner.
Validation of a two-phase multidimensional polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell computational model using current distribution measurements

Abstract Validation of computational models for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance is crucial for understanding the limits of the model predictions. We compare predictions from a multiphase PEMFC computational model with experimental data collected under various current density, temperature and humidification conditions from a single 50 cm 2 PEMFC with a 10 × 10 segmented current collector. Both cell voltage and current distribution measurements are used to quantify the predictive capability of the computational model. Several quantitative measures are used to quantify the error in the model predictions for current distribution, including root mean square error, maximum/minimum local error, and local error averaged from inlet to outlet. The cell voltage predictions were within 15 mV of the experimental data in the current range from 0.1 to 1.2 A cm −2 , and the current distributions were acceptable (less than 30% local error) except for the low temperature case, where the model overpredicted the current distribution. Particular attention was paid to incorporating experimental variability into the model validation process.
Managing trade promotions in the context of market power

The use of trade promotions as a channel-programming tool has increased substantially in the past decade. In focusing on the tactical implications of trade promotions, some firms appear to have underestimated the tendency of poorly planned trade promotions to interfere with the implementation of a marketing strategy. In this article, the authors examine the complex issue of trade promotion use from both long-term and short-term perspectives. Different trade promotions can produce dissimilar types of channel cooperation, consumer responses, and postpromotion channel member behavior, resulting in differences in distribution-programming preferences between suppliers and retailers. The authors argue that the adjudication of these different preference structures is addressed through the market power of the channel participants. Based on an assessment of these channel relationships, an approach for suggested courses of action is forwarded.
Balancing Act during Development: Lessons from a SUMO-less SF-1

When a transcription factor is modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), this usually represses its transcriptional activity. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Lee et al. (2011) use a knockin mouse model to show that SUMO-less SF-1 binds and activates inappropriate targets, causing changes in cell fates and endocrine abnormalities.
Relativistic winds from pulsar and black hole magnetospheres

The present consideration of the extraction of the rotational energy stored in a Kerr black hole by a large-scale MHD wind as a possible source for AGN jet energy proceeds by viewing both the ingoing and outgoing winds as propagating toward asymptotic infinities and transporting the conserved mass, angular momentum, and energy fluxes established by the source region. It is judged that the field-line rotation rate or total voltage drop across the system must also be determined by the dissipative process that injects plasma onto the magnetospheric field lines.
Histopathology, electron microscopy and isolation of channel catfish virus in experimentally infected European catfish, Silurus glanis L.

Two groups of European catfish, Silurus glanis L., fingerlings were infected with channel catfish virus (CCV) by either intraperitoneal injection with 105 TCID50 of CCV, or bathing in water containing 105 TCID50 of CCV per 1·0 ml. The virus was isolated from spleen, intestine and brain of CCV-injected fish at day 1 and the titres ranged from 102·1 to 103·3 TCID50/g. However, the tissue distribution of CCV was irregular and no virus was isolated after day 3 post-exposure. In CCV-bathed fish, the virus was isolated only from the liver of one specimen at day 3 post-exposure. No clinical signs of CCV disease developed in any of the fish. Specimens in each regime from all sampling periods showed some minor histopathological changes, but there were no differences between treatments. Lesions included oedema and focal haemorrhage in the liver and the spleen was congested. Electron micrographs of tissue samples showed the presence of a few virus particles around the nuclei of kidney, spleen and intestinal cells, and in or around a myelinated nerve within the optic lobes of infected fish during the first 4 days of infection.
Short note: a novel approach for treating early-stage acute leukemias.

A novel approach to treating acute leukemias is suggested by hypothesizing a focal unique origin in a focal area of bone marrow and this area can be localized (and ablated) before the leukemia stem cells have seeded other bone marrows.
Defining the Discipline of Secure Software Assurance: Initial Findings from the National Software Assurance Repository

Defect free software is a critical national priority. Yet, we still do not fully understand the shape of the field that underlies the process of producing, sustaining and acquiring secure software. Specifically, there is no common agreement on the knowledge requirements for the field, nor is there even full agreement about the activities that legitimately comprise the process itself. Recognizing this, the Department of Defense, through the National Security Agency, has begun a three-year study to characterize the form and contents of the discipline of software assurance. This type of rigorous study is a necessary first step in formulating an academic study of the field. It is also a pre-requisite to formulating the practical steps necessary to achieve a secure software base. The first phase of the project, which has just been completed, created a database containing the known empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic and methodological knowledge elements of the field. This report utilizes that database to characterize the current state of secure software assurance work and suggest future directions.
Analysis of an Online Career Narrative Intervention: “What's My Story?”

Traditional career theory assumes that the work world is predictably stable and individual work preferences remain constant (E. L. Herr, 2001; M. L. Savickas, 1993; R. A. Young & L. Valach, 2000). Emerging theory challenges those assumptions by acknowledging that both change constantly. These theories encourage creativity, empowerment, and theme exploration (N. Amundson, 2005; L. R. Cochran, 1997; M. L. Savickas, 1993; R. A. Young & L. Valach, 2000). This project involved the creation of an online, narrative-based career intervention based in these new theories. Results indicate that participants using the intervention exhibited less career indecision and more career certainty.
Overestimation of severity of ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation by color Doppler jet area

Color Doppler jet analysis is widely used to characterize the degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), but the validity of this approach in patients with ischemic or functional MR has not been established. It was hypothesized that color Doppler jet area overestimates the magnitude of MR of ischemic or functional origin. The severity of isolated MR in 170 patients was measured by using Doppler/echocardiography. Group 1 (n = 58) included patients with ischemic or functional MR, and group 2 (n = 112) included those with organic MR. The regurgitant jet area and 2 methods of quantitation (quantitative Doppler and quantitative 2-dimensional echocardiography) were measured simultaneously. In group 1, color jet area was larger (10.6 +/- 5.3 vs 8.2 +/- 5.3 cm2, p = 0.004) but corresponded to a smaller regurgitant volume and regurgitant fraction by quantitative Doppler (28 +/- 14 vs 55 +/- 46 ml, p = 0.0006, and 31 +/- 12% vs 38 +/- 20%, p = 0.02, respectively) and by quantitative 2-dimensional echocardiography (22 +/- 11 vs 49 +/- 40 ml, p 8 cm2) was confirmed by quantitative methods (regurgitant fraction > or = 50%) in only 6% to 11% of patients, whereas it was confirmed in 60% to 73% of patients with organic MR (p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gas chromatography of biologically important amines.

Abstract A gas chromatographic method is described employing a column containing 4% SE-30 siloxane polymer as the liquid phase which permits the separation of the following compounds: benzylamine, N-methylbenzylamine, β-phenylethylamine, amphetamine, β-phenylethanolamine, norephedrine, ephedrine, histamine, tyramine, octopamine, synephrine, normetanephrine, metanephrine, tryptamine, dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, serotonin, N-acetyltryptamine, and melatonin. Various factors influencing the separations are given as well as a simple application of the technique to the determination of amphetamine in urine.
SPLINE TECHNIQUES FOR SOLVING RELATIVISTIC CONSERVATION EQUATIONS

We discuss a new numerical method for solving the relativistic hydrodynamic equations based upon the basis-spline collocation approach. Analytical and numerical results are compared for several problems, including one-dimensional expansions and collisions for which analytical solutions exist. Our methods, which may be easily and massively parallelized, are shown to give numerical results which agree to within a few percent of the analytic solutions. We discuss the relevance of the υ = z/t scaling solutions for the one-dimensional problem when applied to relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Finally, we discuss applications to three-dimensional problems, and present results for a typical three-dimensional expansion.
Sickling, a quantitatively delayed genetic character.

SummaryPositive sickling was found in 7 or 8.3% of blood samples from 84 newborn Negro babies, with 3 to 15% of erythrocytes capable of sickling. In free electrophoresis of the hemoglobin of 4 of these 7, the S hemoglobin content ranged from “not demonstrable” to 21%. Blood samples from one baby with sicklemia were studied at birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 7 months respectively, with a progressive increase of sickling erythrocytes of from 13% at birth to 97% at 7 months, and a corresponding increase in S hemoglobin of from about 14 to 50%. Three of the other babies with sicklemia were reexamined at 41/2 to 7 months, at which time almost 100% of the erythrocytes sickled and S hemoglobin values were of the adult order of 40 to 50%. The presence of hemoglobin C trait was detected in the blood of one new-born baby of the 84, with a hemoglobin C content of only 8%. The rarity of sickle cell anemia and the paucity of sickling erythrocytes in young infants are explained by a quantitative delay in the production of ...
On radiative gauge symmetry breaking in the minimal supersymmetric model

Abstract We present a critical reappraisal of radiative gauge symmetry breaking in the minimal supersymmetry standard model. We show that a naive use of the renormalization group improved tree-level potential can lead to incorrect conclusions. We specify the conditions under which the above method gives reliable results, by performing a comparison with the results obtained from the full one-loop potential. We also point out how the stability constraint and the conditions for the absence of charge- and colour-breaking minima should be applied. Finally, we comment on the uncertainties affecting the model predictions for physical observables, in particular for the top quark mass.
Searching for synergism: effects of combinations of phenolic compounds and other toxins on oxidative stress in Lymantria dispar caterpillars

Synergistic combinations of plant allelochemicals are commonly believed to increase their effectiveness as defenses against insect herbivores. For example, temperate deciduous trees produce large amounts of phenolic compounds (primarily tannins), but many of these trees also produce smaller amounts of other potentially toxic compounds. This study tested the hypothesis that mixtures of phenolics and other types of toxins produce a greater effect on oxidative stress (a measure of toxicity) than do phenolics alone. Oxidative stress was measured in Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) larvae as a shift in the redox balance of glutathione (GSH) towards a higher percentage of its oxidized form (glutathione disulfide; GSSG). We began by showing that larvae that ingested ellagitannins and chlorogenic acid (phenolics) contained greatly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in their midgut contents, but this was not sufficient to shift the redox balance of GSH in their midgut tissues. Therefore, the phenolic compounds were tested in pairwise combinations with juglone (a quinone), rutin, kaempferol, or quercitrin (flavonoids), quinine, berberine, gramine, or glaucine (alkaloids), and soy or Quillaja saponins. When each of these allelochemical combinations was treated on hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) leaves and consumed by L. dispar larvae for a 2-day period, none significantly shifted the redox balance of GSH. GSH levels were induced by the combination of phenolics with an alkaloid and a saponin, suggesting that a “cocktail” of allelochemicals might produce a more effective plant defense. GSH levels were also found to increase with larval age, both within and between instars. Increased levels of GSH may help explain the greater resistance of late-instar than early-instar larvae to plant defenses. Overall, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the combined effects of phenolic compounds and other toxins in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves produce a synergistic increase in oxidative stress in L. dispar larvae. Further work is needed to test the general hypothesis that the allelochemical diversity in plants functions, in part, to produce synergistic toxicological effects in insect herbivores.
Endotoxin disrupts the leucine-signaling pathway involving phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E-BP1, and S6K1 in skeletal muscle.

Endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide, LPS) impairs skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Although this impairment is not acutely associated with a decreased plasma concentration of total amino acids, LPS may blunt the anabolic response to amino acids. To examine this hypothesis, rats were injected intraperitoneally with LPS or saline (Sal) and 4 h thereafter were orally administered either leucine (Leu) or Sal. The gastrocnemius was removed 20 min later to assess signaling components important in the translational control of protein synthesis. In the Sal-Leu group phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 in muscle was markedly increased, compared to values from time-matched saline-treated control rats. This change was associated with a redistribution of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E from the inactive eIF4E · 4E-BP1 complex to the active eIF4E · eIF4G complex. In LPS-treated rats, the Leu-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and changes in eIF4E distribution were partially or completely abrogated. LPS also antagonized the Leu-induced increase in phosphorylation of S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 and mTOR. Neither LPS nor leu altered the total amount or phosphorylation of TSC2 in muscle. The ability of LPS to blunt the anabolic effects of Leu could not be attributed to differences in the plasma concentrations of insulin or Leu between groups. Furthermore, the replacement of plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in LPS-treated rats to basal levels also did not ameliorate the defect in leucine-induced phosphorylation of S6K1 or S6, although it did reverse the LPS-induced decrease in the constitutive phosphorylation of mTOR, S6 and 4E-BP1. Pretreatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 was unable to prevent the LPS-induced leucine resistance. In contrast, to the abovementioned results with leucine, LPS did not prevent the ability of pharmacological levels of IGF-I to phosphorylate 4E-BP1, S6K1, mTOR or alter the availability of eIF4E. Hence, LPS working via a glucocorticoid-independent mechanism produces a leucine resistance in skeletal muscle that might be expected to impair the ability of this amino acid to stimulate translation intiation and protein synthesis. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.