cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATYPICAL AND PROMINENT PNEUMATOCYST IN THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE AS AN INCIDENTAL FINDING ON CBCT: A CASE REPORT

BACKGROUND A pneumatocyst is an intraosseous gas collection. Although the etiology remains unclear, it has been associated with several conditions including osteomyelitis, trauma, osteonecrosis, and degenerative disease. They are uncommon lesions, with a reported rate varying from 0.13% to 3.9%. Pneumatocysts are more commonly seen in the sacroiliac joint and less commonly seen in the spinal vertebrae. CASE REPORT We present a case of a 61-year-old male patient who was referred for evaluation of the mandibular left lateral incisor for implant placement. Upon radiographic examination using a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan, we found a prominent well-localized, hypodense entity in the body of C3 as an incidental finding. The size of the entity was approximately 11 mm in height and 6 mm in the antero-posterior dimension. It was the largest pneumatocyst we have recorded in the last 5 years. The radiographic presentation of the entity was concerning for a possible malignant neoplasm. A second opinion was requested from a neuroradiologist from the university hospital, who confirmed that it was consistent with a pneumatocyst. The air density of the lesion was a key feature that helped in the diagnosis. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of pneumatocysts is not clear, but it is believed to be related to gas accumulation from the vertebral spaces that extends into the vertebral body. The lesions do not cause any symptoms and are discovered usually as an incidental finding. There are very few case reports of pneumatocyst in the spine in the literature. These lesions can enlarge with time and become fluid-filled and eventually contain granulation tissue. In 2D radiographs they have been mistaken for other aggressive lesions like multiple myeloma and metastases. It is therefore important to have an understanding of the presentation of these entities in CBCT scans. The air density and regular borders are key imaging features that help in the diagnosis.
Deep Learning approach to LHCb Calorimeter reconstruction using a Cellular Automaton

The optimization of reconstruction algorithms has become a key aspect in LHCb as it is currently undergoing a major upgrade that will considerably increase the data processing rate. Aiming to accelerate the second most time consuming reconstruction process of the trigger, we propose an alternative reconstruction algorithm for the Electromagnetic Calorimeter of LHCb. Together with the use of deep learning techniques and the understanding of the current algorithm, our proposal decomposes the reconstruction process into small parts that benefit the generalized learning of small neural network architectures and simplifies the training dataset. This approach takes as input the full simulation data of the calorimeter and outputs a list of reconstructed clusters in a nearly constant time without any dependency in the event complexity.
AlN nonlinear optics and integrated photonics

Abstract The commercial success of flat panel displays, Blu-ray lasers, and light-emitting diodes has launched III-nitrides as the second most widely used semiconductor across the globe. Aluminum nitride (AlN) in particular is unique among common semiconductors as it possesses both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities as well as an enormous bandgap of 6.2 eV. This chapter reviews the recent advances in leveraging crystalline AlN for nonlinear optical frequency conversions ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared regimes in a nanophotonic platform. We begin with applications of quadratic nonlinearities such as high-efficiency second-harmonic generation and the first nanophotonic optical parametric oscillator. We then move to cubic nonlinearities for realizing Raman lasing and Kerr microcomb formation. Finally, we highlight applications employing simultaneous quadratic and cubic nonlinearities for access to near-visible and ultraviolet microcombs. These achievements pose epitaxial AlN as a serious contender to conventional nonlinear materials such as silicon nitride and lithium niobate for chip-scale nonlinear optics.
Do Earthquakes Shake Stock Markets

This paper examines how major earthquakes affected the returns and volatility of aggregate stock market indices in thirty-five financial markets over the last twenty years. Results show that global financial markets are resilient to shocks caused by earthquakes even if these are domestic. Our analysis reveals that, in a few instances, some macroeconomic variables and earthquake characteristics (gross domestic product per capita, trade openness, bilateral trade flows, earthquake magnitude, a tsunami indicator, distance to the epicenter, and number of fatalities) mediate the impact of earthquakes on stock market returns, resulting in a zero net effect. However, the influence of these variables is market-specific, indicating no systematic pattern across global capital markets. Results also demonstrate that stock market volatility is unaffected by earthquakes, except for Japan.
Effect of Water Balance on Ability to Perform in High Ambient Temperatures

Abstract To determine the effects of water balance on ability to perform in high temperatures, 18 male subjects were subjected to exhaustion runs on the treadmill under three experimental conditions: normal water balance, dehydration, and superhydration. All three runs were performed in an ambient temperature of 120°F. No statistical difference was found between performance under conditions of superhydration and normal water balance, but performance in the dehydrated state was significantly reduced. The performance of a subgroup of 11 athletes under the condition of superhydration was significantly superior to their corresponding performance under the condition of normal water balance. The seven nonathletes did not exhibit this tendency.
Legalism and its Virtue: Tribunals and the Concept of War Crime Legalism in Judith Shklar's 'Legalism' and Gary Jonathan Bass' 'Stay the Hand of Vengeance'

In this paper, I trace the complex and, at times, problematic use of the concept of legalism in Judith Shklar's "Legalism" and Gary Jonathan Bass' "Stay the Hand of Vengeance," both of which attempt to situate the importance of war crimes tribunals in securing peace in post-conflict states. While agreeing with both Bass and Shklar that war crimes tribunals are a preferable alternative to the anarchic vengeance sometimes countenanced by political realists and illiberal regimes, I assert that the concept of legalism is in need of clarification in both works, and attempt to provide a less ambiguous account. Drawing on insights in Joseph Raz' seminal "The Rule of Law and it's Virtue," I also outline a liberalist strategy for answering the important question posed by Bass' work, one which seems likely to remain salient for decades to come: given all the more expedient alternatives, why do liberal states favour war crimes tribunals?
Universal dynamic scaling in three-dimensional Ising spin glasses

We use a nonequilibrium Monte Carlo simulation method and dynamical scaling to study the phase transition in three-dimensional Ising spin glasses. The transition point is repeatedly approached at finite velocity v (temperature change versus time) in Monte Carlo simulations starting at a high temperature. This approach has the advantage that the equilibrium limit does not have to be strictly reached for a scaling analysis to yield critical exponents. For the dynamic exponent we obtain z=5.85(9) for bimodal couplings distribution and z=6.00(10) for the Gaussian case. Assuming universal dynamic scaling, we combine the two results and obtain z=5.93±0.07 for generic 3D Ising spin glasses.
A 5-year retrospective analysis of 5α-reductase inhibitors in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: finasteride has comparable urinary symptom efficacy and prostate volume reduction, but less sexual side effects and breast complications than dutasteride.

Summary Objective: We evaluated 5-year safety, efficacy and prostate volume data from BPH patients treated with finasteride or dutasteride. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 378 consecutive men treated with 5α-reductase inhibitor monotherapy between January 2004 and September 2009 (197 on finasteride and 211 on dutasteride) in a single clinic was performed. Efficacy assessments included International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), peak urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume (PV). Safety assessments included International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and adverse events. Patients were evaluated at 3 months, 1 year and yearly thereafter. Results: Mean age of the group was 58.7 ± 6.7 years. Maintenance of therapy at 5 years was 57.4% and 42.5% for the finasteride and dutasteride groups respectively. Changes in IPSS, Qmax, PVR, PV and PSA were similar for both groups at 5 years. The incidence of erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction and decreased libido resulting in discontinuation from therapy was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the dutasteride (5.1%, 2.4%, 2.7% respectively) compared with the finasteride (2.1%, 1.8%, 1.4% respectively) group. In addition, the incidence of self-reported breast tenderness and/or enlargement was significantly (p < 0.01) greater in the dutasteride (3.5%) compared with the finasteride (1.2%) group. Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis of data from consecutive patients treated at a single clinic, both finasteride and dutasteride were effective therapies for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms. However, dutasteride resulted in significantly more sexual side effects and breast complications than finasteride.
Four generations of women's educational experience in a rural Chinese community

Our study sought to understand changes in gender inequality in education across four generations of rural Chinese women's educational experiences in a small community in southern China. The 24 interviews and numerous informal conversations with 12 women showed that gender-based favouritism for men and against women undergirded family expectations, support, and decisions about women's formal education, but this manifested in different ways over generations. It appeared as strict gender division of labour within families, control, or ignorance of women's access to schooling, participants' emotional trauma, lower expectations of daughters' schoolwork, and gender-discriminating language in schools.
Finite coding factors of Markov generators

Using Thouvenot’s relativized isomorphism theory, the author develops a conditionalized version of the Friedman—Ornstein result on Markov processes. This relativized statement is used to study the way in which a factor generated by a finite length stationary coding sits in a Markov process. All such factors split off if they are maximal in entropy. Moreover, one can show that if a finite coding factor fails to split off, it is relatively finite in a larger factor which either generates or itself splits off.
EFFECT OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE(LH-RH)UPON THE SECRETION OF LH IN NEWBORN RATS

One μg of synthetic LH-RH(Beckman) in 5 μ1 of normal saline was administered subcutaneously to male (N=14) and female(N=9) rat pups between 10 and 20 hrs. after birth. Control animals (males, N=13; females, N=9) received normal saline. Twenty min. after injection the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. LH levels were determined in serum and whole pituitary glands by radioimmunoassay. LH data are expressed in terms of NIAMDD-Rat LH-RP-1. In males pituitary LH content was similar in control (0.595±.364(SD) μg/pituitary) and LH-RH injected animals (0.518±.135 μg). In females pituitary LH content was lower in LH-RH treated rats than in control animals (0.527±.110 μg, 0.725±.184 μg, p<0.02). Serum LH concentrations (ng/ml) in female control pups were significantly higher than in male control pups (p<0.01). Serum LH concentrations were significantly higher in male and female pups who had received LH-RH than in animals injected with saline: These data indicate that LH-RH stimulates the secretion of LH in male and female newborn rat pups.
The Optimal Taxation of Heterogeneous Capital

I. Introduction, 589.—II. The model, 590.—III. The controlled economy, 592.—IV. Competitive behavior, 593.—V. Optimal factor taxation, 596.—VI. The nature of optimal taxes, 602.—VII. Optimal capital taxation, 605.—VIII. Bequests and the discount rate, 609.—IX. Conclusion, 610.
FCS of Mutated Phosphatidylinositol-specific Phospholipase C Enzymes Monitors the Interplay of Substrate and Activator Lipid Binding

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) enzymes are activated on the surface of vesicles by nonsubstrate phospholipids with the extent of activation tuned by the lipid composition. Bacillus thuringiensis PI-PLC can be activated by a small amount of phosphatidylcholine (PC) towards its substrate PI. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been used to study fluorescently labeled PI-PLC and a series of mutants (P42G, K44A, K44E, Y88A, and Y246/247/248S) binding to small vesicles of a substrate analogue (phosphatidylglycerol) and PC as a function of the vesicle composition. For PI-PLC and most of the mutant proteins there is a synergistic effect of the two types of phospholipids in anchoring the enzyme to a vesicle. If a mutation alters the affinity of substrate at the active site, binding should vary with XPC and be enhanced in PC-rich region; on the other hand, if a mutation alters the affinity of activator, Kd will increase with increased XPC. In this way, careful determination of the apparent Kd helps to sort out effects of enzyme mutations on activator and substrate sites. FCS is particularly useful in exploring the contribution of Kd to PI cleavage by mutant PI-PLC enzymes. For a fixed XPC, if the bulk concentration of vesicles is above Kd, enzymatic activities should be similar, as long as vesicle binding is the critical step. However, it should drop dramatically when the bulk concentration is below Kd measured by FCS (a long as the substrate analogue is a good mimic for substrate). The results provide a direct analysis of vesicle binding and catalytic activity and shed light into how occupation of the activator site enhances activity. Currently, we are extending the analysis of this system with tethered small unilamellar vesicles and single-molecule methods.
The alpha decay of 253Cf and 254Cf

Abstract We have observed the alpha-branching decay of 17.6 d 253Cf and 60.5 d 254Cf using sources of these activities produced by the intense neutron irradiation of 252Cf followed by electromagnetic isotope separation. Alpha-particle energies and relative intensities are 5.979 ± 0.005 MeV (94.7 ± 0.9)%, 5.921 ± 0.005 MeV (5.3 ± 1.9)% for 253 Cf and 5.834 ± 0.005 MeV (83 ± 1)%, 5.792 ± 0.005 MeV (17 ± 2)% for 254 Cf . The alpha group in 253Cf decay populate the rotational band in 249Cm arising from the Nilsson single-particle state, 7 2 [613↑] . The 7 2 + base state from the 7 2 [613↑] configuration has been located at an excitation energy of 50 keV in 249Cm. The partial alpha half-life for 254Cf is 53.4 ± 2.7y based on a total half-life of 60.2 ± 0.2d.
A comparison of the early development of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses upon embryonic mouse spinal motor neurons

The early embryonic development of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses upon motor neurons has been investigated in mouse spinal cord. This investigation had two main objectives: (a) to determine the earliest embryonic day on which recognizable synaptic contacts occur upon motor neurons, and (b) to compare the development of synaptic contacts upon the dendrites and somata of motor neurons during the early synaptogenic period. The broad goal of this investigation was to determine whether the location of early-forming synapses upon motor neurons is consistent with the possibility that axosomatic synapses might be involved in the primary induction of motor neuronal dendrogenesis. Embryonic day 11 (E11) was the earliest developmental time at which synaptic contacts were observed in developing mouse spinal cord. All of these synaptic contacts appeared to be located upon motor neuronal dendrites within the lateral and ventral marginal zones. The number of synaptic contacts observed on E11 was too small to be detected by the quantitative sampling procedure used in this investigation, but the procedure was sufficiently sensitive to detect synaptic contacts on embryonic day 12. Both axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were found upon E12 motor neurons, but there were about four times as many synaptic contacts per unit length of dendritic membrane as there were per equivalent length of somal membrane. Furthermore, dendritic membranes continued to exhibit a higher density of synaptic contacts on all of the remaining embryonic days (i.e., 13–16) examined in this investigation. These quantitative data and the E11 observations indicate that axosomatic synaptic contacts are not a necessary prelude to the formation of motor neuronal dendrites. Therefore, it is suggested that axosomatic synapses do not play an obligatory role in the primary induction of motor neuronal dendrogenesis. The experimental findings of other investigators, however, have provided reasons to suspect that early-forming axosomatic synapses may somehow facilitate dendritic development once it has been induced. This possibility is discussed in terms of our observation that early-forming axosomatic synapses rather commonly occur at sites which may represent somal growth regions. This relationship leads us to suggest that early axosomatic synapses may facilitate dendritic development by signalling the motor somata that the formation of a synaptogenic axonal field is underway. Furthermore, we speculate that the positioning of early axosomatic contacts might be providing directive cues as to the location of the developing synaptogenic field. Thus a directive facilitation of dendritic growth is suggested as a function of early axosomatic synapses rather than one involved with the primary induction of dendrogenesis.
Emergency mapping in grassroots America: a derailment evacuation case study

Abstract Maps are essential tools in emergency planning for technological disasters and for efficient coordination of emergency responses during a crisis. The degree of map use by emergency personnel and evacuees during a derailment crisis in rural Pennsylvania was investigated through on-site observation and the administration of questionnaires. Decision makers lacked appropriate maps. Evacuees employed only mental maps in their withdrawal movements. Crude site sketch maps became critical tools in managing the hazards and communicating the risks during this technological disaster. A new genre of emergency maps, or crisis mapping, offers a practical method for handling the spatial aspects of responses to random technological disasters.
Characterization and chromosomal mapping of a cDNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase from a mouse mastocytoma cell line

A cDNA library was constructed from RNA prepared from P815 mouse mastocytoma cells and screened for tryptophan hydroxylase. An essentially full-length clone that recognizes a major mRNA species of 1.9 kb in mastocytoma cell lines and in pineal gland, duodenum, and brainstem of the mouse was obtained. The predicted amino acid sequence of this mouse mastocytoma clone showed 97 and 87% identity, respectively, with tryptophan hydroxylase clones isolated from rat and rabbit pineal glands, but the mouse clone contains an unusual 3-amino-acid duplication near the N-terminus and lacks a phosphorylation site. A fragment of the cDNA produced an enzymatically active protein when expressed in Escherichia coli, thus demonstrating that the catalytic domain is included in the C-terminal 380 amino acids. The mouse tryptophan hydroxylase locus, termed Tph, was mapped by Southern blot analysis of somatic cell hybrids and by an interspecific backcross to a position in the proximal half of chromosome 7. Because TPH has been mapped to human chromosome 11, this assignment further defines regions of homology between these mouse and human chromosomes.
Dental materials as an aid for victim identification: examination of calcined remains by SEM/EDS

Detection and identification of human remains in situations in which they are calcined, disarticulated, and fragmented may be a challenging task. In such situations the non-biological materials that may be present in the dentition can provide the best evidence available for potential identification. Four human jaw segments were utilized. A known combination of dental resins was placed in each segment, when possible. Other restorations, pre-existing in the cadavers, were retained. The jaw segments were cremated in a commercial cremation oven for 2.5 hrs at 1010C. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was used to analyze the dentition and fragmented debris. Analysis with SEM/EDS demonstrated the ability to confirm brand of known dental resins placed in each cadaver. In addition, pre-existing materials in each jaw segment were profiled and a likely brand name suggested. It was shown that microscopic fragments of heat-altered materials could be identified and classified, adding another level of certainty in victim identification.
In vivo comparison of the coagulation capability of SonoSurg and Harmonic Ace on 4 mm and 5 mm arteries.

Introduction Ultrasonic dissectors are useful to ligate arteries, but their effectiveness on larger arteries has not been thoroughly documented in vivo. The purpose of this study is to determine the bursting pressure of sealed arteries and the incidence of failure to adequately seal 4 mm and 5 mm arteries in a porcine model using two commercially available ultrasonic coagulators.
Defect-free shallow P/N junction by point defect engineering

By taking advantage of high-stress SiN/sub x/ film as a source of vacancies, a defect-free shallow junction technology was developed by point defect engineering. By depositing the SiN/sub x/ film with high stress (1*10/sup 10/ dyn/cm/sup 2/) and annealing the sample, the vacancies were supplied from the SiN/sub x/-Si interface into the Si substrate to relax the stress of the SiN/sub x/ film and react with the extrinsic defect due to implantation. The density of the defects was then one order of magnitude lower than the sample without the SiN/sub x/ film. This technology is also useful for reducing the diffusion of dopant, which is controlled by the interstitial Si atoms. It was confirmed that the dopant profile of B+ was also shallower by about 10%. >
Overview of Nonlinearity in HTS: What Learned and Prospects for Improvement

The linear surface resistance of the HTS materials is low enough to support a variety of applications that can surpass conventional technology. However, nonlinearity in the form of intermodulation distortion (IMD) is a serious limiting effect for some applications. The nonlinear effects are only weakly correlated with the low-power surface impedance, and considerable material variation has been the hallmark of IMD. With improvement in film quality, the intrinsic nonlinearity now seems to be the most important source of IMD. Presented here is a brief review of the experimental situation and a comparison with the theories of intrinsic nonlinearity. Suggestions for further work are given.
The Origins of an Expanded Federal Court Jurisdiction: Railroad Development and the Ascendancy of the Federal Judiciary

The years following the Civil War witnessed a rapid expansion in the power of the federal judiciary. In this article, Professor Merkel reveals that the construction of the transcontinental railroad played an important role in this development. Beginning in 1868, the management of the federally chartered Union Pacific Railroad sought legislation that would authorize the company to remove lawsuits from hostile state courts to more sympathetic federal forums. Congress was accommodating, passing laws that expanded the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts. Consequently, these courts resolved many questions of transportation law, often in ways that benefitted the railroads.
The Roles of Optimism in Conservation Biology

If ecologists "live in a world of wounds" (Leopold 1949), then conservation biologists could be said to perform triage daily in a ward full of chronically hemorrhaging patients. In the two decades since its inception, the crisis discipline of conservation biology has reacted to a neverending onslaught of threats. In the face of escalating rates of overharvest, habitat degradation and conversion, spread of exotic species, and exponential growth of the human population, it seems inevitable that we as conservation biologists and managers should become increasingly jaded and pessimistic as our careers advance. Nevertheless, I challenge us instead to adopt a positive outlook in our work. An optimistic attitude should increase the conservation biologist's ability to initiate and sustain collaborations with colleagues, as few professionals choose to work with consistently pessimistic individuals. As conservation and management strategies incorporate broader spatial scales, where professionals with different training, paradigms, legislative mandates, and jargon come together, truly collaborative effort becomes a necessity. Consequently, an overly skeptical perspective may result in missed opportunities to create revolutionary ideas, develop new methods, or formulate new questions. We conservation biologists should foster optimism in professional life also because the success of conservation efforts depends on how we are perceived by decisionmakers and the public at large. Although we must alert these groups to impending ecological challenges, we must also give them reasons for hope. If we do not, resistance to conservation biology and a negative perception of its practitioners could marginalize our efforts at all scales. In addition to advantages that optimism conveys professionally, it also may have tangible personal benefits. Individuals espousing a positive worldview are consistently more effective than those with a negative operat-
The Earth From Space At 2500-3000A; Brightness And Camera Design

The brightness of the reflected sunlight from the Earth has been measured in the UV by the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) 1 and by the Solar Backscatter UltraViolet experiment (SBUV) 2 . The observed spectral radiance, Iλ, divided by the solar spectral irradiance, Fλ, is the albedo, Aλ, shown in Fig. 1 for nadir observations. The logarithm of the albedo is reasonably well fitted by a quadratic in wavelength (Angstroms) and solar zenith angle, 0, (degrees) as shown in the figure and given by:
Are current hydrophone low frequency response standards acceptable for measuring mechanical/cavitation indices?

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine the error introduced by ultrasonic hydrophones used to measure current or proposed Mechanical (MI) and Cavitation (CI) Indices, assuming that the hydrophones meet bandwidth specifications contained in US and IEC measurement standards. These indices are based on the peak rarefactional pressure, pr. Since the portion of the pressure waveform where pr occurs is dominated by low frequency components, attention was placed on the low frequency hydrophone response specifications. Both simulated and actual diagnostic pressure pulses (with center frequency fc) were subjected to single-pole high-pass filtering for a range of −3 dB cut-off frequencies (fa). The error in the indices introduced by this filtration was evaluated. At both fa = 0.5fc (the US requirement) and fa = 0.86fc (calculated from the IEC −6 dB bandwidth specification at 0.5fc), results showed that errors exceeding −30% could be expected. Furthermore, to reduce errors to less than 5%, the low frequency hydrophone response should extend at least an order of magnitude below the center frequency of the pressure wave. For example, for a 3.5 MHz transducer, the hydrophone should have a lower cut-off frequency of less than 350 kHz, which at present constitutes a challenge because of the lack of commerical hydrophones calibrated below 1 MHz.
Understanding perceptions of professional attributes using conjoint analysis

Abstract It is imperative that academia prepare students to meet industry expectations. To that end, this study explores perceptions of professionalism including attributes that are considered to be indicators of future job performance and how they differ among hospitality students, faculty, and industry representatives. Using conjoint analysis on a large data set gathered during a major industry trade show, the results indicate practitioners place tremendous emphasis on interpersonal skills, interview preparation, ability to work with others, and alignment with the organizational culture when deciding whom to hire. Differences among groups are discussed, and resulting inferences on managing related perceptions are addressed.
The logic of catastrophe

It has been assumed that public or collective goods, such as resource conservation or pollution reduction, will not be created or maintained since rational actors in the international system will choose to consume these goods while avoiding the cost of preserving them. I argue that on the contrary private and public goods are so interrelated that cooperative coalition behavior over their generation is possible. The problem of the maintenance of such cooperative coalitions, via an internal bargaining process, is considered. It is suggested that local optimizing behavior by a coalition may bring about qualitative change in the system, to the extent that the stability of the coalition is destroyed. Such a catastrophic change could lead to entirely new patterns of cooperation, and hence to qualitatively different development paths for the economic and ecological system.
A highly selective hydrogen-deuterium exchange in indolium heptamethine cyanines

Chemical shift assignments in 1 H nmr spectra of four tricarbocyanines have been made. Studies by 1 H nmr have shown a rapid acid-catalyzed proton exchange at positions 1',7' and a much slower exchange at positions 3',5' of the heptamethine chain. Base catalysis results in a slow exchange at positions 1',7' only
Regulation of RAW264 macrophage morphology and spreading: studies with protein kinase C activators, inhibitors and a cyclic AMP analog.

Protein kinases C and A probably play important roles in membrane signal transduction. To test the role of protein kinases in macrophage spreading, we have measured cell perimeters in the absence and presence of protein kinase C activators, inhibitors and a cAMP analog. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that macrophages spread extensively in the presence of protein kinase C activators. In contrast, protein kinase C inhibitor and dbcAMP (N6-2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate AMP) promote a round cell morphology with many surface folds. Quantitative optical microscopy experiments showed that the maximal effects of these reagents were achieved within 30 min. The protein kinase C activators dioctonylglycerol (3 μM), phenylephrine (1 μM), and phorbol myristate acetate (1 μg/ml) increased macrophage spreading. Similarly, the calcium ionophore A23187 (1 μg) increased spreading. In contrast, the protein kinase C inhibitors chlorpromazine (30 μM), sphingosine (10 μM), trifluoroperazine (10 μM), and H-7 (10 μM) significantly reduce macrophage spreading. The analog dibutyryl cAMP (30 μM) abrogates the effects of protein kinase C activators. These data suggest that protein kinase C participates in the regulation of macrophage spreading. Furthermore, the protein kinase A activator dibutyryl cAMP can inhibit the effects of protein kinase C activators.
Intermodal stimulation as a motivator for choice behavior

Eighteen animals run in a T-maze preferred light plus noise to light alone. The results were interpreted as supporting the Dember-Earl theory.
Emergency department evaluation and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) affects 1000–1300 women in the United States each year. We present three cases of PPCM seen in our Emergency Department (ED) that cover the entire spectrum of disease from mild heart failure to sudden cardiac death. Without previous heart disease, these women develop cardiomyopathy with impairment of left ventricular function in the last month of pregnancy, or during the first 5 months postpartum. The etiology of PPCM is not clear, although various mechanisms have been proposed, including infection, autoimmune response, prolonged tocolysis during labor, and maladaptive responses to the hemodynamic changes of pregnancy. The initial presentation of these patients is frequently to the ED. The differential diagnosis and key characteristics of PPCM are discussed. ED management should focus on three elements: reduction in pre-load, reduction in afterload, and increase in inotropy. Key differences between the antepartum and postpartum states are highlighted.
Arms transfers and international behavior in the Arabian sea area

International arms transfers to the major Arabian Sea nations reported by SIPRI for the period 1948–1978 are correlated with measures of international conflict and cooperation provided by the COPDA...
Structural characterization and property estimation for complex mixtures

Abstract Property estimation methods for non-ideal, multicomponent mixtures rely on detailed chemical characterizations. This paper examines four aspects of structural characterization and property estimation as they are applied to a particular type of complex mixture--coal liquids. First, a brief review is given of the sources of analytical data on which characterizations are generally based. Second, the three most common methods of organizing diverse sources of data into concise characterizations are summarized and sample characterizations are given. Third, the methods available for interfacing structural characterizations with properly estimation methods are discussed. Finally, a method for determining the information value provided by various sources of analytical data is presented.
Topology optimization of three dimensional tissue engineering scaffold architectures for prescribed bulk modulus and diffusivity

Tissue engineering scaffolds play critical roles in skeletal tissue regeneration by supporting physiological loads as well as enhancing cell/tissue migration and formation. These roles can be fulfilled by the functional design of scaffold pore architectures such that the scaffold provides proper mechanical and mass transport environments for new tissue formation. These roles require simultaneous design of mechanical and mass transport properties. In this paper, a numerical homogenization based topology optimization scheme was applied to the design of three dimensional unit microstructures for tissue engineering scaffolds. As measures of mechanical and mass transport environments, target effective bulk modulus and isotropic diffusivity were achieved by optimal design of porous microstructure. Cross property bounds between bulk modulus and diffusivity were adapted to determine feasible design targets for a given porosity. Results demonstrate that designed microstructures could reach cross property bounds for porosity ranging from 30% to 60%.
Mauriac syndrome in a 3-year-old boy.

Objective: To report a case of Mauriac syndrome in a young child with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methods: We describe the typical features of Mauriac syndrome and review the clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound findings and follow-up results in our current patient.Results: Hepatomegaly, growth impairment, and cushingoid features characterize Mauriac syndrome. Most frequently, it is seen in adolescents and young adults with a history of poor glycemic control. In our current patient, a 3-year-old boy with type 1 diabetes mellitus of 2 years' duration, Mauriac syndrome developed in the context of a disrupted social environment. His liver enzyme derangement, hepatomegaly, and growth improved once eugly-cemia was achieved.Conclusion: Although Mauriac syndrome is currently uncommon, close monitoring of children with type 1 diabetes is important to maintain optimal glycemic control and prevent such an occurrence.
FACTORS AFFECTING INHIBITION OF Clostridium botulinum IN CURED MEATS

Ground pork trim was formulated with various levels of nitrite and one of two NaCl concentrations, canned and heated at 90, 100 or 110°C. Cured meats were similarly prepared with meat whose sulfhydryls had been reacted with silver ions. Antibotulinum activity in these cured products was tested by inoculating Clostridium botulinum spores directly into canned meats (96 spores/150g) or into homogenates (1:1, w/v) adjusted to 30 ppm NaNO2 (48 spores/16.5 ml). Antibotulinum activity was detected by both challenges. It was greater in meats cured with higher nitrite concentrations, was lower if processing was at high temperature (110 vs 90° C) and decreased during storage of the cured meats. Inhibitory activity was found in cured products made of silver-treated meats.
Continuous process of zeolite A crystallization

Abstract Using nonlinear least-squares techniques and batch experimental data, a mathematical model is obtained for the formation of zeolite A from amorphous sodium aluminosilicate substrate and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The effects of operating variables upon the productivity and stability during continuous formation of zeolite A are discussed. Analytical solutions are presented for the steady-state equations. The critical dilution rate and productivity can be increased by recycling a proper portion of crystals produced.
Early growth predicts timing of puberty in boys: results of a 14-year nutrition and growth study.

Diet and growth were studied prospectively in 78 boys ages 6 months to 14 years. All boys were well nourished and not grossly obese. Pubertal development was evaluated at age 14 years, and the results correlated with diet and early growth. No nutrients were significantly correlated with the stage of pubertal development. Boys with more advanced public hair development (Tanner >3) and longer penile length (>-10 cm) had been significantly heavier at ages 6 months, 2 years, and 4 years (all P
Encoding and decoding of nonverbal behavior through facial expressions

Abstract Ten males and ten females served as both senders and receivers of nonverbal expressions in an experiment designed to examine various kinds of sending-receiving relationships. While the overall sending-receiving relationship for five types of expressions combined was positive and nearly statistically significant (.10 > p > .05), the category-specific sending-receiving relationships were near zero in magnitude or slightly negative. Sending-receiving relationships that were category specific and involved same-sex communication attempts only were found to be more negative with some being statistically significant. Females were found to be significantly better receivers but not significantly better senders than males. The results were discussed in terms of recent theoretical notions concerning sending and receiving processes.
Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in healthy young adults: a randomized trial.

Abstract Although prior studies have demonstrated effects of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in reducing self-reported pain, no laboratory studies have examined the effects of PMR on objective indicators of descending modulation of nociception. This randomized controlled study utilized the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) to evaluate nociceptive responding among 55 college-age men and women (mean age = 19.4 ± 1.2 years). Participants completed laboratory assessments of NFR threshold and questionnaires evaluating pain and stress. Participants were then randomly assigned to either a 25-min PMR condition or a no-treatment control condition. Following the brief intervention, participants completed a second NFR procedure and self-report questionnaires. Results indicated a significant time by condition interaction for NFR, with participants in the PMR condition experiencing a significant increase in NFR threshold while participants in the no-treatment condition experienced no change in NFR. Ratings of pain did not change during the study, but PMR participants reported decreased stress following the PMR intervention. This is the first study with a randomized no-treatment control group demonstrating the effect of a brief PMR protocol on descending inhibition of nociception. Results support the efficacy of PMR in reducing nociceptive response and provide further evidence of the utility of behavioral pain management strategies.
Comparison of the efficacy of betaxolol-brinzolamide and timolol- dorzolamide as suppressors of aqueous humor flow in human subjects

Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy of combinations of betaxolol-brinzolamide and timolol-dorzolamide as suppressors of aqueous humor flow and ocular hypotensive agents. Design Placebo-controlled, masked comparison of the two drug combinations. Participants Twenty-five normal human volunteers with the fellow eye serving as control. Methods or testing Fluorophotometric measurement of aqueous humor flow and pneumatonometric measurement of intraocular pressure. Main outcome measures Aqueous humor flow and intraocular pressure. Results The betaxolol-brinzolamide combination lowered aqueous flow 39% to 44%, and the timolol-dorzolamide combination lowered aqueous flow 51%. The betaxolol-brinzolamide combination lowered intraocular pressure 14% to 19%, and the timolol-dorzolamide combination lowered it 18% to 24%. Conclusions Both drug combinations were effective; the timolol-dorzolamide combination appeared to be the more effective of the two after short-term exposure (24 hours).
Adsorption of a Formulated Protein on a Drug Delivery Device Surface

Abstract The interactions between therapeutic proteins and delivery device surfaces may have a significant impact on the efficacy of a recombinant protein-based biological therapy program. Protein–surface interactions may induce conformational changes and aggregation, resulting in the inactivation of the protein therapeutic and even malfunction of the delivery device itself. Protein adsorption phenomena may compromise the intended therapeutic benefit, drive up dosage levels, and increase treatment costs. We studied the interactions of formulated recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) with silicone rubber tubing, a commonly used catheter material, in a recirculating system at 37°C over a 24-h period. Bulk solution protein concentration and bioactivity assays were performed at intervals in order to quantify the impact of time of exposure of the protein to the tubing. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor protein conformational changes upon adsorption as well as to quantify protein deposition rates. Adsorption onto the tubing walls resulted in a 7 to 20% reduction in the concentration of IL-2 after 24 h of exposure relative to the initial concentration. At the same time, the residual IL-2 bioactivity levels decreased by 97 to 99.5% of initial activity levels. These activity losses, which far exceed the adsorptive losses, are a direct consequence of the protein–surface interactions. A simple mathematical model was constructed in order to project the impact of IL-2–surface interactions on treatment bioefficacy.
Control and decontrol in acehnese

(1985). Control and decontrol in acehnese. Australian Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 43-53.
Corticosteroid effect on immunoglobulins

The corticosteroid (prednisone) effect on serum immunoglobulins in 9 atopic asthmatic patients who required corticosteroids for the control of asthma was evaluated. Serum immunoglobulins were determined before corticosteroids were administered, an average of 15 days while on corticosteroids, and again an average of 22 days after corticosteroids were discontinued. While on corticosteroids (averaging 16.8 mg prednisone daily) for 15 days, mean serum IgG was significantly decreased (-22%, p less than or equal to 0.01), mean serum IgA tended to be decreased (-10%), and mean serum IgM was essentially unchanged. Serum IgE was initially significantly increased (p less than 0.01) when compared to levels of other serum immunoglobulins (IgG,A,M). An average of 22 days after corticosteroids were discontinued, mean serum IgG was still significantly decreased (p less than 0.05), and mean serum IgA again tended to be decreased. Serum IgM remained unchanged and mean serum IgE now was significantly decreased (p less than 0.01). Corticosteroids appear to have a significant effect on levels of some serum immunoglobulins.
Retrieval operations and data representations in a context-addressed disc system

This paper attempts to demonstrate that simple expansion of the processing capabilities of fixed disc read and write heads can avoid the multilevel mappings from high-level retrieval language to machine language and from user oriented data representation (information structure) to machine oriented data representation (storage structure) which are found necessary in conventional von Neumann computers. The processing capabilities built in the disc read and write heads for each disc track allow information files to be segmented and data items stored on all segments to be searched, modified, inserted, deleted, rearranged and rewritten simultaneously as a set of discs are rotating. Information structures such as the network structure, the hierarchical or tree structure and the relational structure are discussed and their implementations and basic search operations in the disc system are described.
Why Patients Visit Their Doctors: Assessing the Most Prevalent Conditions in a Defined American Population

Abstract Objective To describe the prevalence of nonacute conditions among patients seeking health care in a defined US population, emphasizing age, sex, and ethnic differences. Patients and Methods The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) medical records linkage system was used to identify all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, on April 1, 2009, who had consented to review of their medical records for research (142,377 patients). We then electronically extracted all International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes noted in the records of these patients by any health care institution between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2009. We grouped International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes into clinical classification codes and then into 47 broader disease groups associated with health-related quality of life. Age- and sex-specific prevalence was estimated by dividing the number of individuals within each group by the corresponding age- and sex-specific population. Patients within a group who had multiple codes were counted only once. Results We included a total of 142,377 patients, 75,512 (53%) of whom were female. Skin disorders (42.7%), osteoarthritis and joint disorders (33.6%), back problems (23.9%), disorders of lipid metabolism (22.4%), and upper respiratory tract disease (22.1%, excluding asthma) were the most prevalent disease groups in this population. Ten of the 15 most prevalent disease groups were more common in women in almost all age groups, whereas disorders of lipid metabolism, hypertension, and diabetes were more common in men. Additionally, the prevalence of 7 of the 10 most common groups increased with advancing age. Prevalence also varied across ethnic groups (whites, blacks, and Asians). Conclusion Our findings suggest areas for focused research that may lead to better health care delivery and improved population health.