cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photically evoked potentials from cat neocortex before and after recovery from visual deprivation.

Abstract One eye of kittens was kept closed from birth to 9–12 mon of age. Under chloralose anesthesia, visually evoked responses (VER) were then recorded with extradural electrodes from the neocortex. For flashes to the deprived eye, the response from precruciate gyrus was either absent or greatly reduced in comparison with the responses evoked by stimulation of the normal eye. Similar comparisons between the deprived and normal eyes showed the initial components of the VER from marginal and suprasylvian gyri to be minimally altered, but the late components from these areas were greatly reduced by the deprivation. At this time visually guided behavior was absent when the deprived eye was used. Permanently reversing the eye closure effected a gradual acquisition of normal visual behavior using the previously deprived eye. Following such behavioral recovery for 12 mon, the VER from precruciate cortex were normal for both eyes. The late components from the suprasylvian gyrus also recovered, whereas the deficits in late components of the response from marginal gyrus persisted. It is suggested that the VER components, affected not only by the deprivation but also by the subsequent behavioral recovery, are generated by other than the direct geniculocortical visual projections. In contrast, the VER components of direct geniculocortical origin are not correlated with the behavioral recovery.
Rapid interspecies energy flow between vibrationally excited SF6 and the asymmetric stretch of N2O

Rapid, selective collision-dependent excitation of N2O following pumping of SF6 with a CO2 laser is reported. The N2O fluorescence rise depends on the pressure of each component and is dominated by the SF6-dependent contribution of 2290 ms−1 Torr−1. The subsequent fall is governed by V→V processes among SF6 vibrational modes.
ttm-1 encodes CDF transporters that excrete zinc from intestinal cells of C. elegans and act in a parallel negative feedback circuit that promotes homeostasis

Zinc is an essential metal involved in a wide range of biological processes, and aberrant zinc metabolism is implicated in human diseases. The gastrointestinal tract of animals is a critical site of zinc metabolism that is responsible for dietary zinc uptake and distribution to the body. However, the role of the gastrointestinal tract in zinc excretion remains unclear. Zinc transporters are key regulators of zinc metabolism that mediate the movement of zinc ions across membranes. Here, we identified a comprehensive list of 14 predicted Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) family zinc transporters in Caenorhabditis elegans and demonstrated that zinc is excreted from intestinal cells by one of these CDF proteins, TTM-1B. The ttm-1 locus encodes two transcripts, ttm-1a and ttm-1b, that use different transcription start sites. ttm-1b expression was induced by high levels of zinc specifically in intestinal cells, whereas ttm-1a was not induced by zinc. TTM-1B was localized to the apical plasma membrane of intestinal cells, and analyses of loss-of-function mutant animals indicated that TTM-1B promotes zinc excretion into the intestinal lumen. Zinc excretion mediated by TTM-1B contributes to zinc detoxification. These observations indicate that ttm-1 is a component of a negative feedback circuit, since high levels of cytoplasmic zinc increase ttm-1b transcript levels and TTM-1B protein functions to reduce the level of cytoplasmic zinc. We showed that TTM-1 isoforms function in tandem with CDF-2, which is also induced by high levels of cytoplasmic zinc and reduces cytoplasmic zinc levels by sequestering zinc in lysosome-related organelles. These findings define a parallel negative feedback circuit that promotes zinc homeostasis and advance the understanding of the physiological roles of the gastrointestinal tract in zinc metabolism in animals.
Serum vitamin B12 concentrations in kwashiorkor and marasmus.

Summary Serum B 12 estimations were made on the sera of 8 children with kwashiorkor and 5 with marasmus. The average B 12 concentration in the kwashiorkor children was 676 μμg per milliliter, and in marasmic children 341 μμg per milliliter. No patient in either group was found to be deficient in vitamin B 12 . Two of the most severely ill kwashiorkor children had concentrations of over 1,000 μμg per milliliter. During the recovery, the serum B 12 concentrations fell in the kwashiorkor cases and rose in the marasmic cases. The possible significance of this finding is discussed.
Noninvasive Surface Wave Method for Measuring Skin Viscoelasticity

Characterization of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of skin is important for improving accurate medical examination and diagnosis of disorders involving cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; more thoroughly understanding skin biophysical and physiological properties; identifying normal and abnormal skin aging and disease processes; developing and applying improved pharmacologic and other therapeutic interventions; as well as cosmetic applications. Several noninvasive methods have been developed for measurement of mechanical properties of skin [1]. However, most methods measure a stiffness parameter but not the material properties of skin. For example, the suction method measures the displacement of skin in response to suction. The measurement is dependent on the aperture and fixation of probes and also difficult to interpret.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Moving Beyond the Headlines: Improving the Technical Quality of Radical Prostatectomy

Recent work from surgeons in Europe and the United States has provided both the motivation, and a blueprint, for implementing peer assessments of technical skill as a robust and practical strategy for evaluating and ultimately improving technical expertise with radical prostatectomy.
Mechanisms of morphine-induced immunomodulation

The concept of opiates as immunomodulatory agents dates to the turn of this century [l, 21. By the 194Os, many studies had been carried out on the effects of opiates on immune cells and on resistance of animals to infection [reviewed in Ref. 31. Also, most of the infectious disease complications of intravenous opiate abuse were well recognized [4]. Several decades elapsed, however, before interest in this topic was rekindled by the observation that cellmediated immune function is impaired in heroin addicts [5] and by reports in 1979 and 1980 that the major cell types involved in cell-mediated immunityT-lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes-possess opiate receptors [6-8]. Thus, the stage was set in 1981, the outset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AID%) epidemic, for intensive research in this area of immunology, once it became established that injection drug use was a prominent risk factor for this devastating infectious disease [9]. In addition to the potential relevance of opiateinduced immunomodulation to AIDS, progress in this area has been spurred by developments in two related fields. First, major advances have been made in the field of opiate pharmacology, especially in the delineation of selective classes of opioid receptors [reviewed in Ref. lo]. Second, new concepts have been derived from the field of “psychoneuroimmunology” regarding bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems [reviewed in Refs. 11 and 121. Studies in this multidisciplinary area of research have demonstrated a dynamic interaction between these two systems through chemical mediators, including endogenous opioid peptides. Not only have all three classes of endogenous opioid peptides been shown to affect immune cell function, but immunocytes
State and Rhythmic Processes

Abstract The concept of state has received much attention from investigators interested in infancy research. Confusion has arisen because of its various meanings. To some it represents a convenient classification of neonatal behaviors: to others a physiological or behavioral manifestation of central nervous system arousal: and, to still others, the infant's capacity to respond to a stimulus. In recent years, some investigators in sleep physiology, neuroendocrinology, and chronobiology have focused on the rhythmic and recurrent properties of state. Such studies require new methodologies incorporating techniques of long-term recording on the one hand, and time series models for data analysis on the other. It is suggested that such strategies in infancy research will sharpen the definition of the state concept and add important information about early development.
Rare earth dopants as probes of localized states in chalcogenide glasses

Abstract The recently observed phenomenon of broad band excitation of rare earth dopants in chalcogenide glasses indicates an interaction between the rare earth ions and localized background defect states in the glass. Low temperature (5 K) photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of Er2S3-doped As12Ge33Se55 samples show similarities in excitation lineshape, Stokes shift, and spectral position to the intrinsic luminescence of an undoped As12Ge33Se55 sample. Fatiguing of the broad band excitation has been observed in Er-doped As12Ge33Se55 and As2S3 samples. These results indicate that the broad excitation band involves interaction with the same native defects in the host glass which give rise to important optical, electrical, and magnetic resonance properties of the chalcogenides. A model for the energy transfer process from the host glass to the rare earths, mediated by intrinsic defect states in the glass is presented. Some features of existing models for the behavior of chalcogenide glasses will be evaluated in light of our results.
Built-in generation of functional broadside tests

Functional broadside tests are two-pattern scan-based tests that avoid overtesting by ensuring that a circuit traverses only reachable states during the functional clock cycles of a test. On-chip test generation has the added advantage that it reduces test data volume and facilitates at-speed test application. This paper shows that on-chip generation of functional broadside tests can be done using simple hardware, and can achieve high transition fault coverage for testable circuits. With the proposed on-chip test generation method, the circuit is used for generating reachable states during test application. This alleviates the need to compute reachable states off-line.
Correlation of metal-chalcogen stretching frequencies of some trialkyl group Va chalcogenides

Abstract A correlation has been observed which relates the fundamental stretching frequency, v (MX), of compounds having the general formula R 3 MX, where R represents an alkyl group, M a group Va atom and X a group VIa atom. It has been shown that the location of these frequencies depends on the total mass of the molecule and the masses and electronegativities of the respective atoms, M and X.
UPDATE ON GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR THROMBOSIS AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC VASCULAR DISEASE

The strong familial occurrence of venous and arterial thromboembolic disease has prompted ongoing research to identify novel risk factors. Polymorphisms in the factor VII and prothrombin genes are related to increased thrombosis, but the mechanism of increased risk remains to be elucidated. Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine and of the variant lipoprotein(a) particle also contribute to increased thrombotic risk, due in part to polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein(a) gene and the gene for methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase.
Verifying genre-based clustering approach to content extraction

The content of a webpage is usually contained within a small body of text and images, or perhaps several articles on the same page; however, the content may be lost in the clutter, particularly hurting users browsing on small cell phone and PDA screens and visually impaired users relying on speed rendering of web pages. Using the genre of a web page, we have created a solution, Crunch that automatically identifies clutter and removes it, thus leaving a clean content-full page. In order to evaluate the improvement in the applications for this technology, we identified a number of experiments. In this paper, we have those experiments, the associated results and their evaluation.
Food as a reinforcer in educational therapy of autistic children.

Abstract Nine young schizophrenic and autistic children without communicative speech and age-appropriate craft skills were entered into a program designed to shape the children's use of craft and art media. The children did not learn the new behavior until food was substituted for conventional craft media and used simultaneously as a primary reinforcer. The basic principle was to reinforce an approximation of the ultimate performance, gradually requiring more complex use of the media. The food acted as a durable reinforcer especially in the most oral, primitive children. Even though the therapist and activity itself became reinforcing to all but one child, minimal generalization occurred and none of the children advanced to self-planning or creative activities with craft and art materials.
Origin of spin-dependent asymmetries in electron transmission through ultrathin ferromagnetic films.

We present theoretical calculations of exchange asymmetries in the transmission of electrons through ultrathin films of ferromagnetic Fe. The results account nicely for the magnitude of the asymmetries observed by Pappas et al. in photoemission studies of Cu covered by an ultrathin film of Fe. We argue that exchange asymmetry in the transmissivity of the Fe film, rather than the spin dependence of the electron mean free path, is responsible for the effects reported by these authors.
PREPARE: Predictive Performance Anomaly Prevention for Virtualized Cloud Systems

Virtualized cloud systems are prone to performance anomalies due to various reasons such as resource contentions, software bugs, and hardware failures. In this paper, we present a novel Predictive Performance Anomaly Prevention (PREPARE) system that provides automatic performance anomaly prevention for virtualized cloud computing infrastructures. PREPARE integrates online anomaly prediction, learning-based cause inference, and predictive prevention actuation to minimize the performance anomaly penalty without human intervention. We have implemented PREPARE on top of the Xen platform and tested it on the NCSU's Virtual Computing Lab using a commercial data stream processing system (IBM System S) and an online auction benchmark (RUBiS). The experimental results show that PREPARE can effectively prevent performance anomalies while imposing low overhead to the cloud infrastructure.
Firmness of Albumen as an Inherited Characteristic

Abstract IT IS well known that eggs with a relatively large proportion of egg white in the firm or jelly-like phase possess advantages in appearance which gain for them a decided preference on the market. Holst and Almquist (1931) separated the liquid from the firm egg white by means of a perforated brass screen, measured the two phases volumetrically, and expressed the measurement as “percent firm white.” They demonstrated that the percent firm white in the egg is a characteristic dependent on the individual hen. This fact is illustrated further in Table I. The average percent firm white of 10 eggs from each of 12 typical birds is tabulated with the standard deviations and the probable errors of the means of these samples. The wide variation of mean values from different birds, and the significant differences between many individuals is evident. The low values of the standard deviation indicate that individual . . .
Metabolism of methylnicotinamide by the livers of rats, rabbits and guinea pigs in vitro.

Summary The conversion of N 1 -methylnicotinamide to its 6-pyridone by slices and homogenates of the livers of rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs was determined and compared with results previously obtained in intact animals. Rabbit livers converted 25–35% of added MN to MNP, which is the proportion of MNP recovered in the urine after a dose of MN. The rat, which excretes 0–3% of an oral dose of MN as MNP, also converted 0–3% of the substrate to the oxidized product in vitro . There is no indication of the presence of another enzyme in these livers which converts MN to still another metabolite, since the total of pyridone produced and MN remaining was always 100%. In the guinea pig, however, 38% of the MN substrate was metabolized to unidentified products in vitro . When these livers were incubated with the 6-pyridone, only 7–13% of the substrate was accounted for. Again, this is in accord with the disappearance of 95% of a test dose of MN in vivo , indicating that another metabolic path of MN may exist in this species.
Elasticity Approach to Load Transfer in Cord-Composite Materials

An elasticity approach to the mechanics of load transfer in cord-reinforced composite materials is developed. Finite cords embedded in an elastic matrix and subjected to axial loading is considered, and the extension-twist coupling of the cords is taken into account. Closed form solutions for the axial force and twisting moment in the cord, the shear stresses at the cord-matrix interface in the axial and circumferential directions, the effective axial modulus of the cord, and the apparent modulus of the cord composite are presented. An example of a cord composite typical of what can be found in steel-belted-radial tires is used to illustrate the results. It was found that large shear stresses occur at the cord-matrix interface in both the axial and circumferential directions at the cord ends and that the effective modulus of the cords may be greatly reduced. As a result, the apparent modulus of the composite may be significantly less than that found by a conventional application of the rule-of-mixtures approach.
Dielectric Properties of Potatoes and Potato Chips

SUMMARY— Dielectric properties (dielectric constant, ɛ′r; loss tangent, tans; and dielectric loss factor, ɛ″r) were determined for raw potatoes and for potato chips, using the precision slotted line technique. Measurements on raw potatoes were made at 77°F (25°C) and at frequencies of 300, 1,000, and 3,000 MHz (megahertz). Measurements on potato chips were made at three moisture levels; at 77°F (25°C), 125°F (51.6°C), and 180°F (82.2°0; and at frequencies of 300, 1,000, and 3,000 MHz. Moisture, total lipids, and nitrogen contents are reported for both the raw potatoes and the potato chips. As would be expected from their high moisture content and the presence of various dissolved salts, the raw potatoes possess extremely high dielectric values. Potato chips show a rapidly decreasing dielectric loss as moisture content is reduced; the loss values of the chips approach those of the oil used for frying them after moisture has been reduced to approximately 3% and the oil content has been increased accordingly. For finish drying of potato chips, a frequency of 3,000 MHz will result in 3–4.5 times greater power production in the chips than will the use of a frequency of 1,000 MHz (in the moisture and temperature range at which the data were obtained). However, this difference in power production is due almost entirely to the difference in frequency since the difference in dielectric loss values at the two frequencies is quite small.
The functional relationship between Baker’s yeast intracellular lysine and aeration rate and sodium chloride

The results of this study confirm the enhanced production of L-lysine bySaccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation of glucose at a 0.6M concentration of NaCl previously observed (8). Changes in NaCl concentration above or below 0.6M caused a drop in the maximum production of lysine. Fermentations run at 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 VVM aeration rates and at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2M NaCl concentrations gave the highest intracellular lysine yield at 0.6M and 1.4 VVM.
The protective effects of social/contextual factors on psychiatric morbidity in LGB populations

BACKGROUND: Lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) populations evidence higher rates of psychiatric disorders than heterosexuals, but most LGB individuals do not have mental-health problems. The present study examined risk modifiers at the social/contextual level that may protect LGB individuals from the development of psychiatric disorders. METHODS: Data are drawn from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34,653), a nationally representative study of non-institutionalized US adults. Risk variables included social isolation and economic adversity. High state-level concentration of same-sex couples, obtained from the US Census, was examined as a protective factor. RESULTS: The past-year prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder was lower among LGB respondents living in states with higher concentrations of same-sex couples, compared with LGB respondents in states with lower concentrations. Additionally, the increased risk for mood and anxiety disorders among LGB individuals exposed to economic adversity and social isolation was evident only in states with low concentrations of same-sex couples. These interactions between the risk and protective factors were not found among heterosexuals, suggesting specificity of the effects to LGB individuals. Results were not attenuated after controlling for socio-demographic factors, state-level income inequality, state-level policies targeting LGBs and state-level attitudes towards LGB-relevant issues. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for the protective effect of social/contextual influences on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in LGB individuals. Measures of the social environment should be incorporated into future research on the mental health of LGB populations. Language: en
Mitotic Spindle Proteomics in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

Mitosis is a fundamental process in the development of all organisms. The mitotic spindle guides the cell through mitosis as it mediates the segregation of chromosomes, the orientation of the cleavage furrow, and the progression of cell division. Birth defects and tissue-specific cancers often result from abnormalities in mitotic events. Here, we report a proteomic study of the mitotic spindle from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Four different isolations of metaphase spindles were subjected to Multi-dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis and tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 1155 proteins and used Gene Ontology (GO) analysis to categorize proteins into cellular component groups. We then compared our data to the previously published CHO midbody proteome and identified proteins that are unique to the CHO spindle. Our data represent the first mitotic spindle proteome in CHO cells, which augments the list of mitotic spindle components from mammalian cells.
Decadal‐scale variability in long‐range atmospheric transport to the Summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Ice cores extracted from the Summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet date to >110 kyr b.p. and reveal fluctuations in chemical and physical characteristics on time scales ranging from days to millenia. Long-range atmospheric transport patterns contribute substantially to variability in both airborne and snow-deposited chemical species, and are thus one of the most important considerations in assessing climate variability preserved in polar ice cores. Here we present new evidence of decadal-scale climate variability through an analysis of 44 years of modeled, 10-day air trajectories arriving daily at Summit, Greenland. Trajectory residence times over specific upwind regions reveal interannual oscillations with periods of 4–14 years, and are correlated with three climate teleconnection indices. Our results suggest that the observed link between upstream source regions and the phases of large-scale climate oscillations may be exploited to further understand paleoclimatic oscillations.
A step towards transparent integration of input-consciousness into dynamic program optimizations

Dynamic program optimizations are critical for the efficiency of applications in managed programming languages and scripting languages. Recent studies have shown that exploitation of program inputs may enhance the effectiveness of dynamic optimizations significantly. However, current solutions for enabling the exploitation require either programmers' annotations or intensive offline profiling, impairing the practical adoption of the techniques.This current work examines the basic feasibility of transparent integration of input-consciousness into dynamic program optimizations, particularly in managed execution environments. It uses transparent learning across production runs as the basic vehicle, and investigates the implications of cross-run learning on each main component of input-conscious dynamic optimizations. It proposes several techniques to address some key challenges for the transparent integration, including randomized inspection-instrumentation for cross-user data collection, a sparsity-tolerant algorithm for input characterization, and selective prediction for efficiency protection. These techniques make it possible to automatically recognize the relations between the inputs to a program and the appropriate ways to optimize it. The whole process happens transparently across production runs; no need for offline profiling or programmer intervention. Experiments on a number of Java programs demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques in enabling input-consciousness for dynamic optimizations, revealing the feasibility and potential benefits of the new optimization paradigm in some basic settings.
High-throughput reconfigurable computing: design and implementation of an IDEA encryption cryptosystem on the SRC-6E reconfigurable computer

The combination of traditional microprocessors workstations and hardware-reconfigurable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has developed a new class of workstations known as reconfigurable computers, with several examples demonstrating significant speedups compared to standalone PC workstations alone. Several platforms implement PC-FPGA communication using common PC peripheral interface buses such as PCI-X. A new approach from SRC Computers implements a highspeed communication interface that increases the throughput compared to PCI interfaces. This paper demonstrates an efficient high-throughput implementation of IDEA encryption using the SRC platform. SRC design choices that influence both throughput and area are evaluated. Detailed analyses of FPGA resource utilizations, data transfer and reconfiguration overheads for the SRC system are provided, and a comparison between SRC and a public domain software implementation of IDEA are given.
Ring Type Uni/Bimorph Piezoelectric Actuators

This paper presents a ring type piezoelectric actuator that combines a ring-shaped piezoelectric component with a thin metal disc. In this actuator, the ring-shaped piezoelectric ceramic produces a radial contraction or expansion, and results in a large flexural displacement of the center of the metal disc. When the PZT ring under the metal disc contracts, the unbounded portion at the center of the disc is permitted to bend with a larger curve in positive (upper) direction. Both experimental results and FEM analysis support the new concept and confirm that the ring type uni/bimorph (ring-morph) configuration has a larger displacement output than that of conventional disc type uni/bimorph actuators with comparable dimensions.
Backplane test bus selection criteria

The author discusses the architecture of the IEEE 1149.1 Standard, its applications and selection criteria. Although the evaluation and selection of a multi-drop addressable 1149.1 architecture are completed, the hardware has been designed such that alternative architectures could be implemented, if warranted, without a complete redesign of the payload digital electronics. The primary advantage of this architecture is the natural boundary scan test support at all levels of integration. Closed loop chains exist at each integration level and can be exercised to isolate 1149.1-detectable defects that occur at that level prior to any disassembly of the product.
Rigorous scoping review of randomized trials in pediatric critical care highlights need for a rigorous rethink

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) remains the highest-ranked study design when grading recommendations for clinical practice. In the previous issue of Critical Care, Duffett and colleagues published a scoping review of RCTs in pediatric critical care medicine and identified some serious gaps in the body of research underlying the field. Relatively few published RCTs were identified, and they were mostly small and potentially susceptible to bias. High patient heterogeneity, relatively low prevalence of specific disorders such as acute respiratory distress syndrome or septic shock, along with relatively low mortality rates, all make it difficult to improve this situation without the collaboration of pediatric critical care research networks internationally. Designing a robust RCT that can impact clinical practice has always been challenging. First, one must assess current clinical practice and disease prevalence, refine definitions and measurements, and pilot-test the intervention to be studied. The first step, however, is to rigorously assess what has already been done. This step will be facilitated by the now available, innovative, online, searchable repository of RCTs in pediatric critical care on the Evidence in Pediatric Critical Care website.
Patterns of Conceptual Change in Evolution

The purpose of this study was to investigate the patterns of students’ conceptual restructuring within the theoretical framework of biologic evolution. The study draws on conceptual change theory in an effort to define the limits of the theory and suggest other models of restructuring. Through a series of 17 structured and open-ended interviews with each of 4 participants, the students’ changing conceptions about facets of evolutionary theory were documented throughout the school year. Interview questions were developed from the wealth of alternative conceptions documented in the literature, and many interview techniques were employed to assure the mode validity of all research findings. The conceptual change documented demonstrates that many conceptions in this content area are closely interwoven, so that a change in one conception requires a change in many others. Four patterns of conceptual change were seen: (a) cascade, (b) wholesale, (c) incremental, and (d) dual constructions. Of these 4, only 2 conform to the changes described by conceptual change theory. The other two patterns suggest that different models of conceptual restructuring are required for further science education research.
The xanthine oxidase factor from liver.

Summary1. The xanthine oxidase factor of dietary liver has been investigated by feeding various liver fractions and residues to weanling rats and observing the response of the rat liver xanthine oxidase activity to the various fractions. 2. The results indicate that the unidentified factor is not extractable by methanol or ether but that it is retained in the extracted liver residue. Whole untreated liver gave a more significant response than any fraction or residue tested. 3. Dextrin in the place of sucrose in the diet with no liver or liver fraction added gave a response as great as that given by whole liver. 4. It appears that the increase in xanthine oxidase activity observed in the weanling rats fed liver or liver residue is possibly due to better biological value of the liver protein rather than to a trace factor in the liver.The outhouse wish to thank Mr. R. J. Lalor and Mr. W. L. Leoschke of this department for furnishing us with samples of the methanol soluble liverfraction and the liver after me...
Security using Shannon-Fano-Elias codes

In this paper we propose using the compression method, Shannon-Fano-Elias coding, for encryption. Shannon-Fano-Elias codes lend themselves for encryption because code-words depend on the order in which the symbols that need to be coded are written and it does not matter if the probability mass function of the symbols is known to everyone. If there are n symbols then there are n! orderings, each leading to a new code. Using an ordering as a key for encryption for small n leads to a weak encryption scheme. We therefore propose a new scheme called adaptive Shannon-Fano-Elias code that makes the complexity of attacks exponential in m, where m is the length of the string being compressed. Since m is usually very large (≫ 220), the security of our scheme is very high. The main reason why our scheme's security depends on m is the fact that all attacks require the ciphertext to be scanned from left to right.
Being excluded by one means being excluded by all: Perceiving exclusion from inclusive others during one-person social exclusion

Although research has shown that social exclusion undermines well-being, past work has focused primarily on complete and unambiguous social exclusion in which all people in a situation exclude one individual. Might the presence of an inclusive other buffer individuals against the deleterious consequences of social exclusion? The present research investigates a novel situation, one-person exclusion, in which one person includes while another excludes. Participants played a virtual ball-tossing game in which they experienced two-person exclusion, one-person exclusion, or inclusion. Inclusive others did not buffer against the consequences of exclusion; experiencing one-person exclusion (vs. inclusion) led to perceived exclusion and lessened belongingness, similar to two-person exclusion. Moreover, instead of perceiving includers as a form of support, paradoxically, participants inaccurately believed that inclusive others had engaged in exclusion. These findings suggest that one-person exclusion is sufficient to elicit negative outcomes and that inclusive bystanders may be perceived as part of the exclusion.
The Application of the Yerkes–Dodson Law in a Childhood Weight Management Program: Examining Weight Dissatisfaction

Objective To determine the effect of dissatisfaction with one’s weight on outcomes in a weight management program. Methods Participants included 149 children between the ages of 11 and 14 years who were enrolled in an intensive weight loss intervention. All participants had a body mass index (BMI) � 85th percentile. Children were divided into tertiles based on their level of weight dissatisfaction as assessed by the Kids’ Eating Disorder Survey. Results Analysis revealed significant differences across levels of weight dissatisfaction categories for weight loss. Specifically, children in the moderate dissatisfaction group lost weight while participants in low and high groups gained weight over 6 months. Conclusion As the Yerkes–Dodson law would predict, these findings suggest that moderate levels of weight dissatisfaction are associated with improved outcomes in a weight management program.
Optical Image Processing For Missile Guidance

A variety of novel coherent optical data processing techniques and results appropriate for image processing and missile guidance are presented. Emphasis is placed on the practical problems of maintaining correlations in the presence of degradations between the input and reference function.
300-mm full-factory Simulations for 90- and 65-nm IC manufacturing

We present enabling capabilities and key results realized by the development and implementation of 300-mm full-factory simulation tools supporting Intel's 90-nm high-volume manufacturing and 65-nm technology development factories. We discuss key attributes of these simulators which are being utilized for strategic fab capacity planning, automation systems designs, and tactical manufacturing execution and decision support for continuous improvement. These simulators capture the dynamic behaviors of hundreds of production tools with thousands of production and engineering lots and integrate automated material handling systems (AMHS) behaviors in these production simulations. The paper discusses specific topical areas where these tools have found widespread use and emphasizes the importance of periodic model validation and calibration to the real factory.
Structures of the HIV-1 capsid protein dimerization domain at 2.6 A resolution.

The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) capsid protein is initially synthesized as the central domain of the Gag polyprotein, and is subsequently proteolytically processed into a discrete 231-amino-acid protein that forms the distinctive conical core of the mature virus. The crystal structures of two proteins that span the C-terminal domain of the capsid are reported here: one encompassing residues 146–231 (CA146–231) and the other extending to include the 14-residue p2 domain of Gag (CA146–p2). The isomorphous CA146–231 and CA146–­p2 structures were determined by molecular replacement and have been refined at 2.6 A resolution to R factors of 22.3 and 20.7% (Rfree = 28.1 and 27.5%), respectively. The ordered domains comprise residues 148–219 for CA146–231 and 148–218 for CA146–p2, and their refined structures are essentially identical. The proteins are composed of a 310 helix followed by an extended strand and four α-helices. A crystallographic twofold generates a dimer that is stabilized by parallel packing of an α-­helix 2 across the dimer interface and by packing of the 310 helix into a groove created by α-­helices 2 and 3 of the partner molecule. CA146–231 and CA146–p2 dimerize with the full affinity of the intact capsid protein, and their structures therefore reveal the essential dimer interface of the HIV-1 capsid.
When land breezes collide: Converging diurnal winds over small bodies of water

Over enclosed and semi-enclosed bodies of water, the land-breeze/sea-breeze circulation is expected to be modified by the presence of opposing coastlines. These effects are studied using satellite scatterometer surface wind observations from the QuikSCAT and ADEOS-2 tandem mission from April–October 2003. Winds are studied for six bodies of water: the Red Sea, the Gulf of California, the Mediterranean, the Adriatic Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. These bodies of water are large enough for the geographic orientation of the diurnal winds relative to the coastline to match the expected orientation for a straight coastline. Land breezes from opposite coastlines converge in the middle of these bodies of water, and in some cases the convergence line is shifted substantially away from the midpoint between opposite coastlines. Displacements in the convergence line appear likely to be explained by differences in the strength of the diurnal winds emanating from opposite coastlines associated with differential heating or island/peninsula effects, and by geographic displacements associated with large-scale mean wind patterns.
The mitochondrial transcription and packaging factor Tfam imposes a U-turn on mitochondrial DNA

Tfam (transcription factor A, mitochondrial), a DNA-binding protein with tandem high-mobility group (HMG)-box domains, has a central role in the expression, maintenance and organization of the mitochondrial genome. It activates transcription from mitochondrial promoters and organizes the mitochondrial genome into nucleoids. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that human Tfam forces promoter DNA to undergo a U-turn, reversing the direction of the DNA helix. Each HMG-box domain wedges into the DNA minor groove to generate two kinks on one face of the DNA. On the opposite face, a positively charged α-helix serves as a platform to facilitate DNA bending. The structural principles underlying DNA bending converge with those of the unrelated HU family proteins, which have analogous architectural roles in organizing bacterial nucleoids. The functional importance of this extreme DNA bending is promoter specific and seems to be related to the orientation of Tfam on the promoters.
Measurements of Mass Flow in the Transition Region and Inner Corona

A recent sounding rocket experiment has provided high spectral resolution line profiles across the solar disk. The objective of this experiment is to provide information on the systematic velocity fields at the base of the corona by observing the displacement, width and shape of EUV emission lines.
State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime: A Comparative Analysis:

Organized crime research has regained momentum in the post-Cold War era, yet the field remains dominated by single-society studies of low generalizability. This study reports findings from comparative analysis of perceptions of predatory organized crime conducted in 59 countries. Two hypotheses of predatory organized crime were evaluated. The state failure hypothesis argues that the failure of the state to deliver key political goods such as security, justice, and stability encourages criminal groups to perform state functions. The economic failure hypothesis holds that poor economic outcomes such as high unemployment, low standards of living, and a reliance on an underground economy stimulates the growth of criminal syndicates as suppliers of demanded goods, services, and jobs. Analytical results provided general support to both hypotheses. Judicial independence and black market activities were the strongest political and economic correlates of predatory organized crime. Policy implications for organized...
Synthesis of some N-aralkyl-N-methylaminoethyl carbanilates

Abstract In an attempt to correlate the basicity of local anesthetics with their activity, 2 1 substituted carbanilates of N-benzyl-N-methylaminoethanol, N-phenethyl-N-methylaminoethanol, and N-phenpropyl-N-methylaminoethanol were prepared. Substitutions on the carbanilic acid portion of the molecule were designed to study possible resonance effects. The compounds showed topical local anesthetic properties, but infiltration anesthetic properties were almost absent. No correlation between basicity and local anesthetic properties could be made. The relatively high acidity of the hydrochloride salts tested might account for the irritation commonly found.
Hormonal Control of Protein Synthesis at the Translational Level

In this paper we shall try to do two things: 1. to describe a system we have been working on for some time, which seems quite useful in studying the regulation of protein synthesis by hormones in mammalian cells; and 2. to present some experiments and tentative ideas on the control mechanisms involved. As you will see, we have reason to believe that control may be exerted at the translational level of protein biosynthesis, as well as at the level of gene transcription.
Performance Characterization of a Capacitive Deionization Water Desalination System With an Intermediate Solution and Low Salinity Water

In recent years, more efforts have been made to improve new and more efficient nonmembrane-based methods for water desalination. Capacitive deionization (CDI), a novel technique for water desalination using an electric field to adsorb ions from a solution to a high-porous media, has the capability to recover a fraction of the energy consumed for the desalination during the regeneration process, which happens to be its most prominent characteristic among other desalination methods. This paper introduces a new desalination method that aims at improving the performance of traditional CDI systems. The proposed process consists of an array of CDI cells connected in series with buffer containers in between them. Each buffer serves two purposes: (1) averaging the outlet solution from the preceding cell and (2) securing a continuous water supply to the following cell. Initial evaluation of the proposed CDI system architecture was made by comparing a two-cell-one-buffer assembly with a two cascaded cells array. Concentration of the intermediate solution buffer was the minimum averaged concentration attained at the outlet of the first CDI cell, under a steady-state condition. The obtained results show that the proposed CDI system with intermediate solution had better performance in terms of desalination percentage. This publication opens new opportunities to improve the performance of CDI systems and implement this technology on industrial applications.
Prompting Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching through Parent-Teacher Learning Communities.

Parents, K-8 teachers, and 4th-8th grade children participated as equals in math-focused learning communities through the Math and Parent Partners (MAPPS) program. Pre/post testing and qualitative interviews revealed that the learning communities served as a platform for improvement in mathematical knowledge for teaching of participating teachers. Moreover, teachers learned about parents' knowledge and strategies, a construct analogous to Knowledge of Content and Students that we describe as “Knowledge of Content and Parents”.
The role of ornithine decarboxylase in c-Myc-induced apoptosis.

Translocations or amplifications which activate members of the myc gene family are common in human cancer. c-Myc is a central regulator of normal cell proliferation and differentiation (Luscher and Eisenman, 1991; Marcu et al. 1992) and can induce apoptosis (Askew et al. 1991,1993; Evan et al. 1992; Bissonette et al. 1992; Shi et al. 1992). c-Myc is a transcription factor (Amati et al. 1992; Kretzner et al. 1992), however, the targets regulated by c-Myc which mediate its activities are not known. Here, we discuss the role of die ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene as a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc and demonstrate a role for ODC enzyme activity in c-Myc-induced apoptosis.
Pricing, Valuation and Hedging of Credit Derivatives

In this manuscript we reviews theoretical approaches for pricing, valuation and hedging of Credit Derivatives.
Effects of thirty-day's feeding test on rats with different solidity feed pellets samples

Objective To evaluate effects of thirty-day's feeding test on rats with different solidity diet pellets made with or without auxiliary substance samples.Methods According to Technical Standards for Testing Assessment of Health Food(2003 Edition),thirty-day's feeding test was carried out in rats.Results In the first test,rats in the experimental group were fed with the food containing auxiliary substance samples.Body weight,intake of food,and food utilization rate of rats in the experimental group were statistically different than those of the rats in the control group.In the second test,rats were given separated auxiliary substances sample,body weight,intake of food,rate of food utilization of the rats in the expe?rimental group had no difference than those of the rats in the control group at every time point.Indices of emogram,bioche?mistry and ratio of viscera and body weight of rats in twice thirty-day's feeding test were within range of normal values of the laboratory.No abnormality was found in pathological sections of tissues.Conclusions Some ingredients in adjuvants of the test substances can increase the solidity of the diet pellet.In the experimental group,when the solidity of the diet pellet is greater or equal to(18.8±1.74) kg/cm2,food intake of the rats decreases,and body weight was affected in rats from 50 g to 100 g,so as to influence body weight and food utilization ratio.When the solidity of the diet pellet is greater than 20 kg/cm2,food intake of the rats with the primary weight from 100 to 130 g decreases,and the body weight and food utilization ratio are affected.When the solidity of the diet pellet is from 9 to 16 kg/cm2,food intake,body weight and food utilization ratio of the rats with primary weight of 50-80 g are not affected.