cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early prediction of outcome of respiratory failure. Comparison of high-frequency jet ventilation and volume-cycled ventilation.

Data from a prospective randomized investigation comparing volume-cycled ventilation and high-frequency jet ventilation were reexamined to determine whether improvement of respiratory and hemodynamic function, as well as ultimate outcome (death or survival), could be predicted early in the course of the disease. End points were selected for the ratio of the arterial oxygen pressure over the fractional concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas (PaO2/FI o 2), the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), the arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), and the cardiac index. Patients were assigned to “success” or “failure” groups, according to the values recorded for those end points 24 hours after institution of mechanical ventilation. Values obtained from initiation of mechanical ventilation to 16 hours later were divided into four time groups. Differences between patients who “succeeded” and “failed” were compared at each time interval. Ultimate outcome was also compared. The PaCO2, and cardiac index were poor predictors of survival. Early values did not foretell the progression of these variables. The PaO2/FI o 2, and SaO2 effectively discriminated, at all time intervals, between patients who succeeded and failed on volume-cycled ventilation. On high-frequency jet ventilation, significant differences were evident only after eight hours of support. With both types of ventilator, patients who reached the end point of oxygenation at 24 hours survived in far greater numbers than those who did not. On the basis of this investigation, it appears justified to attempt high-frequency jet ventilation in patients who do not rapidly improve on volume-cycled ventilation. Institution of high-frequency jet ventilation as the initial support method may not be advisable, since failure does not become apparent for many hours.
A variance formula for gene mutation studies using agar plates

Previous attempts to derive a formula for the variance of the estimated mutant fraction have assumed (without providing justification) that variance components due to treatment, growth and dilution, and plating, are additive. We have derived a variance formula that does not depend on this assumption. Our formula also includes variability attributable to imprecise counting of cells to be plated in the non-selective conditions.
Detecting insider activity using enhanced directory virtualization

Insider threats often target authentication and access control systems, which are frequently based on directory services. Detecting these threats is challenging, because malicious users with the technical ability to modify these structures often have sufficient knowledge and expertise to conceal unauthorized activity. The use of directory virtualization to monitor various systems across an enterprise can be a valuable tool for detecting insider activity. The addition of a policy engine to directory virtualization services enhances monitoring capabilities by allowing greater flexibility in analyzing changes for malicious intent. The resulting architecture is a system-based approach, where the relationships and dependencies between data sources and directory services are used to detect an insider threat, rather than simply relying on point solutions. This paper presents such an architecture in detail, including a description of implementation results.
Neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias

Clinical differentiation of neurodegenerative diseases that produce dementia is imprecise. Neuropathology offers the only way to make a definite diagnosis. The CNS autopsy is also important for clinical quality control and for providing tissue that furthers research into these disabling disorders. This brief article summarizes the major neuropathologic features of largely sporadic disorders that present with late-life dementia. The common causes of dementia discussed are Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and vascular dementia; less common disorders described are dementia lacking distinctive histopathology, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Analytical performance of the Synchron LX®20 Pro, BN™II and IMMAGE® high sensitivity C-reactive protein assays and concordance in cardiovascular risk stratification

Abstract Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) can provide valuable prognostic information for risk of cardiovascular events. Several automated high sensitivity CRP immunoassays are currently available for risk assessment. Methods: The analytical performance of the Synchron LX®20 Pro, BN™II and IMMAGE® high sensitivity CRP assays were evaluated and concordance within cardiovascular risk tertiles was examined for 529 serum samples. Results: All three assays exhibited satisfactory between-run imprecision based on CVs≤9.0% over a wide range of CRP concentrations. The LX20 Pro and BN II were linear over an extensive measuring range, whereas the IMMAGE exhibited a slight deviation from linearity producing results with a positive bias at CRP levels between 0.7 and 2.6 mg/l. Moderately hemolyzed samples interfered with the LX20 Pro and IMMAGE CRP assays, whereas moderate lipemia interfered with the BN II. Correlation studies revealed that the LX20 Pro and IMMAGE produced results 8.2% lower and 5.1% lower, respectively, compared with the BN II. There was good agreement among methods for cardiovascular risk assessment. Conclusions: All three CRP assays exhibited acceptable analytical performance for cardiovascular risk assessment. Although results by the LX20 Pro and IMMAGE were lower than the BN II, there was good agreement within each cardiovascular risk assessment tertile.
Spin measurements for Sm 147 + n resonances: Further evidence for nonstatistical effects

We have determined the spins $J$ of resonances in the $^{147}\mathrm{Sm}$($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) reaction by measuring multiplicities of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cascades following neutron capture. Using this technique, we were able to determine $J$ values for all but 14 of the 141 known resonances below ${E}_{n}=1$ keV, including 41 firm $J$ assignments for resonances whose spins previously were either unknown or tentative. These new spin assignments, together with previously determined resonance parameters, allowed us to extract level spacings (${D}_{0,3}=11.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.93$ and ${D}_{0,4}=11.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.85$ eV) and neutron strength functions (${10}^{4}{S}_{0,3}=4.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.91$ and ${10}^{4}{S}_{0,4}=4.93\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.92$) for $J=3$ and 4 resonances, respectively. Furthermore, cumulative numbers of resonances and cumulative reduced neutron widths as functions of resonance energy indicate that very few resonances of either spin have been missed below ${E}_{n}=700$ eV. This conclusion is strengthened by the facts that, over this energy range, Wigner distributions calculated using these ${D}_{0}$ values agree with the measured nearest-neighbor level spacings to within the experimental uncertainties, and that the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{3}$ values calculated from the data also agree with the expected values. Because a nonstatistical effect recently was reported near ${E}_{n}=350$ eV from an analysis of $^{147}\mathrm{Sm}$($n,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) data, we divided the data into two regions; $0l{E}_{n}l350$ eV and $350l{E}_{n}l700$ eV. Using neutron widths from a previous measurement (corrected for new unresolved doublets identified in this work) and published techniques for correcting for missed resonances and for testing whether data are consistent with a Porter-Thomas distribution, we found that the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}^{0}$ distribution for resonances below 350 eV is consistent with the expected Porter-Thomas distribution. However, we found that ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}^{0}$ data in the $350l{E}_{n}l700$ eV region are inconsistent with a Porter-Thomas distribution, but in good agreement with a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ distribution having $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\geqslant}2$ We discuss possible explanations for these observed nonstatistical effects and their possible relation to similar effects previously observed in other nuclides.
Outcomes of Creativity Training Programs

How much confidence, based on recent research evidence, can educators have in using creativity training programs in their classrooms? In general, little research has been done since the significant...
Evaluation of the BD Vacutainer Plus Urine C&S Preservative Tubes compared with nonpreservative urine samples stored at 4°C and room temperature.

Objectives: The stability of urine specimens submitted for culture remains a challenge for many laboratories because of delays in specimen transport. We evaluated the usefulness of BD Vacutainer Plus Urine CS nonpreservative, room temperature (RT); BD Vacutainer Plus Urine CS these changes were statistically significant. Minor differences between refrigerated urine samples and BD Vacutainer Plus Urine C&S Preservative Tube samples were seen but were not statistically significant.
Patient-provider communication and low-income adults: age, race, literacy, and optimism predict communication satisfaction.

Abstract Objective To assess whether literacy, numeracy, and optimism are related to low-income adults' satisfaction with their healthcare provider's communication skills. Methods Low-income adults ( N =131) were recruited from seven counties in Indiana through University extension programs. To achieve research triangulation, participants were surveyed and interviewed about their communication satisfaction with health providers. Results Survey data revealed that four variables significantly predicted satisfaction: age, race, literacy, and optimism. Low-income adults in the current study were more critical of their healthcare provider's communication skills if they were younger, White, functionally literate, and pessimistic. Follow-up interviews confirmed this pattern and suggested it was a byproduct of patient activism. Conclusion In low-income populations, communication satisfaction may be lower for groups that are traditionally active in doctor–patient interactions (e.g., younger patients, patients with higher literacy skills). Practice implications Healthcare providers should be aware that older, non-White, optimistic, and literacy deficient patients report greater communication satisfaction than their younger, White, pessimistic, and functionally literate peers. Both groups may be coping with their situation, the former by withdrawing and the latter by actively pushing for a higher standard of care. Healthcare providers should continue to seek out ways to facilitate dialogue with these underserved groups.
Women and objectified body consciousness : Mothers' and daughters' body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context

Hypotheses about age-related differences in objectified body consciousness (OBC; McKinley & Hyde, 1996) based on the cultural, developmental, and familial contexts of women's body experience were tested on 151 undergraduate women and their middle-aged mothers. Mothers had lower levels of surveillance (watching the body as an outside observer) and body shame (feeling one is a bad person when appearance does not meet cultural standards) than daughters. No differences were found in appearance control beliefs, body esteem, or restricted eating, even though mothers weighed more and were less satisfied with their weight than daughters. OBC was related to measures of psychological well-being in both age groups; body esteem was more strongly related to some measures of daughters' psychological well-being than mothers'. Relationships of partner and family approval and OBC and body esteem were also examined.
Mutagenicity in Salmonella of halonitromethanes: a recently recognized class of disinfection by-products in drinking water

Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are a recently identified class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. They include chloronitromethane (CHN), dichloronitromethane (DCNM), trichloronitromethane (TCNM), bromonitromethane (BNM), dibromonitromethane (DBNM), tribromonitromethane (TBNM), bromochloronitromethane (BCNM),dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM), and bromodichloronitromethane (BDCNM). Previous studies of TCNM, DCNM, CNM, and TBNM found that all four were mutagenic in bacteria, and a recent study showed that all nine induced DNA damage in CHO cells. Here, all nine HNMs were evaluated in the Salmonella plate-incorporation assay +/- S9 using strains TA98, TA100, TA104, TPT100, and the glutathione transferase theta (GSTT1-1)-expressing strain RSJ100. All were mutagenic, most with and without S9. In the absence of S9, six were mutagenic in TA98, six in TA100, and three in TA104; in the presence of S9, these numbers were five, seven, and three, respectively. Thus, the HNMs-induced base substitutions primarily at GC sites as well as frameshifts. Although five HNMs were activated to mutagens in RSJ100 -S9, they produced (TBNM CNM > BNM DCNM BDCNM) > (TCNM = DBCNM). The mean rev/micromol for the three groupings, respectively, were 1423, 498, and 0, which classifies the HNMs as weak mutagens in Salmonella. Reaction of the dihalo and monohalo HNMs with GSH, possibly GSTT1-1, is a possible mechanism for formation of ultimate mutagenic products. Because the HNMs are mutagenic in Salmonella (present study) and potent clastogens in mammalian cells [Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 62], their presence in drinking water warrants further research on their potential health effects.
Adequacy of pain assessment and pain relief and correlation of patient satisfaction in 68 ED fast-track patients.

Abstract Introduction: The new standards of the joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations specify the patient's right to appropriate assessment and management of pain. With this impetus, we looked at our own practice to see how well we assess and manage patients with pain. Methods: Patients who presented with minor nonemergent pain were interviewed on arrival, and then again before discharge, with use of a structured questionnaire. A total of 68 completed pain surveys were analyzed. Results: With use of a visual analog scale, patients rated their pain on arrival and at discharge; they also rated pain they were willing to accept when it was time for discharge. Sixty percent of the patients went home with more pain than they were willing to accept. Fifty-one percent of the patients were offered something for pain, and only half of them said the pain relief was adequate. The median time from arrival to administration of pain medication was 104 minutes. Surprisingly, the median patient satisfaction rating for overall care was "very good." Discussion: This survey revealed that acute pain conditions are underevaluated and undertreated in one fast-track setting, suggesting that ED staff need more education about the management of acute pain. It also showed that relying on patient satisfaction surveys as surrogate markers for how well we manage pain is erroneous. J Emerg Nurs 2001;27:327-34.
A dynamic analysis procedure for concrete-faced rockfill dams subjected to strong seismic excitation

Abstract There is presently little analytical and essentially no observational evidence on the behavior of the concrete-face of the very popular concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dams during strong seismic shaking. The choice of slab thickness and steel reinforcement is based solely on precedent, with performance under static loads being the only design consideration. To fill this gap, a dynamic finite element (FE) procedure is presented to design the concrete-face slab which involves a realistic modeling for the embankment material, the face slab, and the slab–rockfill interface. A set of historic accelerograms, with peak ground accelerations (pga) of about 0.60 g, is used as excitation. Numerical results highlight key aspects of the seismic response of CFR dams with emphasis on the internal forces developing in the slab. It is shown that slab distress may be produced only from axial tensile forces, developing mainly due to the rocking component of dam deformation. For the 0.60 g shaking tensile stresses much higher than the likely tensile strength of concrete development in the slab. All analyses in this FE study are performed with the ADINA special interface elements to model the slip and Newmark’s time-integration algorithm for a direct step-by-step solution.
Realizing parallelism in database operations: insights from a massively multithreaded architecture

A new trend in processor design is increased on-chip support for multithreading in the form of both chip multiprocessors and simultaneous multithreading. Recent research in database systems has begun to explore increased thread-level parallelism made possible by these new multicore and multithreaded processors. The question of how best to use this new technology remains open, particularly as the number of cores per chip and threads per core increase. In this paper we use an existing massively multithreaded architecture, the Cray MTA-2, to explore the implications that a larger degree of on-chip multithreading may have for parallelism in database operations. We find that parallelism in database operations is easy to achieve on the MTA-2 and that, with little effort, parallelism can be made to scale linearly with the number of available processor cores.
Reduction of AC resistance in MEMS intraocular foil coils using microfabricated planar Litz structure

The next-generation implantable high-power prosthetic devices, such as retinal prostheses, will be powered by inductively coupled coils of high efficiency. However, the use of high-frequency power carriers almost always induces significant AC resistance due to skin and proximity effects, which limits the overall coupling efficiency. Inspired by the widely used round Litz wire, planar coils with planar Litz structures were investigated on the printed circuit board (PCB) and showed the reduced AC resistances in some specific frequency ranges. Herein, various planar Litz structures were introduced into previous MEMS foil coils, which have been proved to be superior over the conventional planar counterparts. The experimental results provided by the aforementioned prototypes showed a reduction of AC resistance up to 13.3% compared to a solid foil coil. A microfabrication process, which combines a single layer metal deposition and patterning with a post folding step, was developed to construct the planar Litz structure.
Synthesis and structure of the new layered ternary selenide na4cd3se5

Abstract The new ternary compound Na4Cd3Se5 has been prepared by the reaction of CdSe with Na2Se4 at 300/350°C. Na4Cd3Se5 crystallizes in space group D1624-Pnma of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in a cell of dimension a = 14.026(1) A, b = 4.234(2) A, c = 20.105(1) A at 110 K. The structure consists of zigzag layers of 7 z [Cd 3 Se 4- 5 ] separated by Na- cations. Alternatively, these layers can be considered as trimers of corner-sharing CdSe4 tetrahedra. The Cd atoms are each tetrahedrally coordinated to four Se atoms at distances ranging from 2.604(1) A to 2.718(1) A. Each Na atom is surrounded in a square pyramidal manner by five Se atoms at distances of 2.82 to 3.11 A.
Interference limited broadcast: Role of interferer geometry

Current generation wireless systems employ high frequency reuse and shrinking cell sizes. Thus, there has been significant recent attention on the analysis of interference limited systems). We consider single input single output (SISO) broadcast (BC) with intercell interference. We allow the received powers from each source of interference to be different For example, for the two interferer case, a user receives average power c1 > 0 from interferer 1 and c2 > 0 from interferer 2 where c1 and c2 need not be equal. We characterize the cumulative distribution function of the resulting signal to interference ratio (SIR) which is a ratio of weighted exponential random variables. It is thus a generalization of the F-distribution which is a scaled ratio of equally weighted exponential random variables. Surprisingly, there is no simple closed form expression for the resulting cdf in the literature. We present a nontrivial calculation that yields a simple, closed form expression for the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the SIR. We show that this function is a Schur-concave function of the vector of average received powers from the various interferers. Furthermore, we derive a simple closed form expression for the cdf of the SINR. Again, we find that this function is Schur-concave in the average received powers. As a result we conclude that for any average transmit, receive, and thermal noise powers, the probability of achieving any SINR is highest when all interference power originates from a single interferer and lowest when the power is divided equally among the interferers. Opportunistic scheduling (OS) can be an effective tool to mitigate interference. For high signal and interference transmit power, the SINR is well approximated by the SIR. We analyze the scaling of the SIR using OS as the number of users grows for an arbitrary number of interferers. For J received interference powers {cj}j=1 j, the SIR is asymptotically inversely proportional to the geometric mean, (Pij=1 j cj) 1/j.
Batch effect correction for genome-wide methylation data with Illumina Infinium platform

Genome-wide methylation profiling has led to more comprehensive insights into gene regulation mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Illumina Human Methylation BeadChip is one of the most commonly used genome-wide methylation platforms. Similar to other microarray experiments, methylation data is susceptible to various technical artifacts, particularly batch effects. To date, little attention has been given to issues related to normalization and batch effect correction for this kind of data. We evaluated three common normalization approaches and investigated their performance in batch effect removal using three datasets with different degrees of batch effects generated from HumanMethylation27 platform: quantile normalization at average β value (QNβ); two step quantile normalization at probe signals implemented in "lumi" package of R (lumi); and quantile normalization of A and B signal separately (ABnorm). Subsequent Empirical Bayes (EB) batch adjustment was also evaluated. Each normalization could remove a portion of batch effects and their effectiveness differed depending on the severity of batch effects in a dataset. For the dataset with minor batch effects (Dataset 1), normalization alone appeared adequate and "lumi" showed the best performance. However, all methods left substantial batch effects intact in the datasets with obvious batch effects and further correction was necessary. Without any correction, 50 and 66 percent of CpGs were associated with batch effects in Dataset 2 and 3, respectively. After QNβ, lumi or ABnorm, the number of CpGs associated with batch effects were reduced to 24, 32, and 26 percent for Dataset 2; and 37, 46, and 35 percent for Dataset 3, respectively. Additional EB correction effectively removed such remaining non-biological effects. More importantly, the two-step procedure almost tripled the numbers of CpGs associated with the outcome of interest for the two datasets. Genome-wide methylation data from Infinium Methylation BeadChip can be susceptible to batch effects with profound impacts on downstream analyses and conclusions. Normalization can reduce part but not all batch effects. EB correction along with normalization is recommended for effective batch effect removal.
Religion and Mental Health: Theory and Research

This article provides an overview of psychiatric and mental health research on religion. First, conceptual models of religion and of mental health used throughout this literature are described. Second, published empirical research in this fi eld is summarized, including fi ndings from epidemiologic, clinical, and social and behavioral investigations. Third, promising theoretical perspectives for understanding a putative religion‐ mental health connection are elaborated. These are based on respective behavioral, biological, psychodynamic, and transpersonal interpretations of existing research fi ndings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Siblings of Adults with Mild Intellectual Deficits or Mental Illness: Differential Life Course Outcomes

The present study contrasted the later life sibling relationships, patterns of family formation, and psychological distress and well-being of siblings of adults with disabilities to a nondisabled normative group. The authors identified 268 siblings of adults with mild intellectual deficits (ID) and 83 siblings of adults with mental illness (MI) from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (R. M. Hauser & W. H. Sewell, 1985; R. M. Hauser, J. Sheridan, & J. R. Warren, 1998), a prospective longitudinal study that followed participants from age 18 years to age 64 years. Compared with the norm (n = 791), siblings of adults with mild ID had more contact with family members and were more likely to live in the same state as the sibling with the disability but reported less affective closeness. Siblings of adults with MI reported more psychological distress, less psychological well-being, and less adaptive personality characteristics compared with the norm, particularly for siblings of men with MI. There were no differences between groups in the patterns of marriage and childbearing.
An Integrated Scratch Management Service for HPC Centers

To sustain emerging data-intensive scientific applications, High Performance Computing (HPC) centers invest a notable fraction of their operating budget on a specialized fast storage system, scratch space, which is designed for storing the data of currently running and soon-to-run HPC jobs. Instead, it is often used as a standard file system, wherein users arbitrarily store their data, without any consideration to the center's overall performance. To remedy this, centers periodically scan the scratch in an attempt to purge transient and stale data. This practice of supporting a cache workload using a file system and disjoint tools for staging and purging results in sub optimal use of the scratch space. This work addresses the above issues by proposing a new perspective, where the HPC scratch space is treated as a cache, and data population, retention, and eviction tools are integrated with scratch management. Using this approach, data is moved to the scratch space only when it is needed, and unneeded data is removed as soon as possible.
A Study of Interferometric Phase Statistics and Accuracy for Sea Surface Height Retrievals from Numerically Simulated Low-Grazing-Angle Backscatter Data

A numerical study of the retrieval of sea surface profiles from low-grazing-angle interferometric radar measurements is described. Backscattered fields computed using the method of moments for 1-D ocean-like surface profiles are used to examine statistical properties of the single-look interferometric phase estimator, in order to investigate the applicability of standard expectations for height retrieval accuracy in this problem. The results show that shadowing and multipath propagation effects cause errors in interferometric phase estimation beyond those caused by speckle effects alone. In addition, the decorrelation between the fields received at two antennas is found to be impacted by shadowing and multipath propagation effects, making standard models for this quantity inapplicable as well. These results show that modeling the expected performance of interferometric sea surface height retrieval approaches at low grazing angles is difficult at present, and that further research is required to address this issue.
Panda: a predictive spatio-temporal query processor

This paper presents the Panda system for efficient support of a wide variety of predictive spatio-temporal queries that are widely used in several applications including traffic management, location-based advertising, and ride sharing. Unlike previous attempts in supporting predictive queries, Panda targets long-term query prediction as it relies on adapting a well-designed long-term prediction function to: (a) scale up to large number of moving objects, and (b) support large number of predictive queries. As a means of scalability, Panda smartly precomputes parts of the most frequent incoming predictive queries, which significantly reduces the query response time. Panda employs a tunable threshold that achieves a trade-off between query response time and the maintenance cost of precomptued answers. Experimental results, based on large data sets, show that Panda is scalable, efficient, and as accurate as its underlying prediction function.
Volatile Components of Bartlett Pear. V.

SUMMARY The volatile essence of fresh, ripe Bartlett pears was separated into individual compounds by repetitive gas-liquid chromatography. Techniques used for characterization included retention data; infrared, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy; melting points, and formation of appropriate derivatives. The compounds identified include: ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol; methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-hutyl, n-pentyl; n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl acetate; and the methyl and ethyl esters of n-octanoic, 3-hydroxyoctanoic, trans :2-octenoic, n-decanoic, cis:4-decenoic, trans:2-decenoic, trans :2-cis:4-decadienoic, and trans:2-trans:4-decadienoic acids. Possible biosynthetic pathways for the formation of the higher-boiling methyl and ethyl esters are discussed.
Nucleation and Growth of Sodium Disilicate Crystals in Sodium Disilicate Glass

A high-temperature microscope for use with transmitted or reflected light up to × 400 magnification and up to 1400°C. was constructed. Nucleation and crystal growth in sodium disilicate glass was studied with this microscope. Heterogeneous nucleation occurred at the interface between the glass and the platinum heating element from 450° to 870° C. with a maximum at 600° C. Heterogeneous nucleation also occurred at the glass-atmosphere interface from 25° to 375° C. as a result of surface reactions with water vapor. No homogeneous nucleation was observed. Linear growth rates of α and β sodium disilicate crystals were measured from 600° to 870° C. in two sodium disilicate glasses. Metastable growth of both α and β was observed, and growth rates of α and β were the same at a given temperature for a given glass. An equation relating fluidity and undercooling to growth rate was applied.
Multi-dimensional resolution of elementary Ca2+ signals by simultaneous multi-focal imaging.

Elementary events such as puffs and sparks are cytosolic microdomains of Ca2+ from which cellular Ca2+ signals are constructed. Because of the tight localization and fast kinetics of elementary events, imaging studies have been hindered by instrumental limitations of confocal and deconvolution fluorescence microscopy which necessitate compromises between spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we describe a novel, yet simple ‘multi-focal’ fluorescence microscopy system that employs three high-speed cameras focused at different axial depths to enable 4-dimensional imaging with millisecond resolution. We demonstrate the utility of this system for studies of puffs in Xenopus oocytes by mapping the axial distribution of puff sites, by obtaining measurements of puff amplitudes undistorted by focus error, and by deriving deblurred images that reveal novel sub-micron jumps of Ca2+ release sites.
Hypercalcemia complicating childhood malignancies: a report of seven cases with some pathophysiological considerations.

A group of seven children with different malignant processes presenting with hypercalcemia was studied. Bone destruction, diffuse metabolic abnormalities, abnormal acid-base homeostasis and recurrent hypercalcemia characterized these patients. A different mechanism leading to the production of hypercalcemia and/or bone destruction by cancer cells is considered. The results of this report suggest that parathyroid hormone production (P.T.H.) by the parathyroid glands is normal and that ectopic secretion of PTH or PTH-like material is negligible in these cases.
"Proliferative keratin cyst," a lesion in the lungs of rats following chronic exposure to para-aramid fibrils.

Cystic and keratinizing squamous lesions have been observed in rats exposed chronically to a number of particulates. A variety of diagnostic terms have been applied to these pulmonary lesions but no consensus exists as to their most proper morphological classification. In an attempt to obtain a consensus for cystic keratinizing pulmonary lesions produced in rats by Kevlar para-aramid fibrils and TiO2 powder, a panel of medical and veterinary pathologists was invited to participate in a workshop addressing the morphology of the lesions and to reach a consensus on a suitable descriptive diagnostic term. All participants agreed that the cystic keratinizing lesions were not malignant neoplasms. The majority was of the opinion that the lesions were not neoplasms. A minority (3/13) considered the lesions to be benign tumors. The panel considered that the most appropriate morphologic diagnosis for the lesions was "proliferative keratin cyst" (PKC). In addition, the panel agreed on the following descriptive text: "The lesions are cysts lined by a well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium with a central keratin mass. Growth appears to have occurred by keratin accumulation and by peripheral extension of the metaplastic change into the adjacent alveolar spaces. The lesions are sharply demarcated except in those areas in which there has been extension of metaplasia into adjacent alveoli. The squamous epithelium has few mitotic figures and dysplasia is absent."
Call It Consumption! Re‐Conceptualizing Ecotourism as Consumption and Consumptive

Labeling ecotourism as ‘non-consumptive’ and contrasting it with direct uses of wildlife through activities such as hunting is common practice among organizations and academics primarily concerned with conservation. We interrogate this binary opposition by questioning the assumptions underlying it, namely that ‘the direct consumption of wildlife’ (i) does not occur in ecotourism; (ii) is incompatible with ecotourism; (iii) is the primary concern; and (iv) is inferior to ecotourism as both a conservation and development strategy. Based on a review of the relevant theoretical and case-study based literature, as well as our own research, we argue that categorizing ecotourism as ‘non-consumptive’ is not only inaccurate, but also has consequences for both environments and people. We suggest ways in which ecotourism can be re-conceptualized in order to better achieve its goals of conserving both nature and culture, and of contributing to both conservation and development.
Exploring the Design of 64- and 256-Core Power Efficient Nanophotonic Interconnect

High-performance and low-power network-on-chips (NoCs) will be required to support the increasing number of cores in future chip multiprocessors. In this paper, we propose a scalable low-power 64-core NoC design called PROPEL that uses emerging nanophotonic technology. PROPEL strikes a balance between cheaper electronics and more expensive optics by facilitating nanophotonic interconnects for long distance interrouter communication and electrical switching for routing and flow control. In addition, PROPEL reduces the number of required components by facilitating communication in both the x- and y-directions. We also propose a 256-core scaled version of PROPEL called E-PROPEL that uses four separate PROPEL networks connected together by an optical crossbar. We also propose two different optical crossbar implementations using single and double microring resonators, where the single microring design has minimal optical losses (-4.32 dB) and the double microring design has minimal area overhead (0.0576 mm2). We have simulated both PROPEL and E-PROPEL using synthetic and SPLASH-2 traffic, where our results indicate that PROPEL and E-PROPEL significantly reduce power (tenfold) and increase performance (twofold) over other well-known electrical networks.
Framing Effects in Risk Perceptions of Aids

This paper examines a boundary condition of the ease-of-retrieval effect shown to affect risk perceptions of AIDS (Raghubir and Menon 1998; R&M). R&M had shown that when AIDS-related behaviors were difficult (vs. easy) to recall, people reduced their estimates of contracting AIDS, based on an inference that the more difficult an item was to recall, the smaller the population of behavioral experiences in memory, from which it was drawn. In this paper, we show that when people can attribute recall difficulty to task contingencies (i.e., the difficulty is not informative about their own behavioral experience), the content of the information recalled from memory, rather than the ease with which such information was recalled, affects judgments. In such a scenario, framing the recall task as one that causes AIDS leads to perceptions of higher risk versus one that prevents AIDS. Theoretically, these results show that the use of information accessibility as a cue is based on inferences about the population from which the information is drawn. Managerially, the results suggest that risk perceptions are based on contextual cues that affect content and accessibility of memory-based information.
The open prototype for educational NanoSats: Fixing the other side of the small satellite cost equation

Government supported nano-satellite launch programs and emerging commercial small satellite launch services are reducing the cost of access to space for educational and other CubeSat projects. The cost and complexity of designing and building these satellites remains a vexing complication for many would be CubeSat aspirants. The Open Prototype for Educational NanoSats (OPEN), a proposed nano-satellite development platform, is described in this paper. OPEN endeavors to reduce the costs and risks associated with educational, government and commercial nano-satellite development. OPEN provides free and publicly available plans for building, testing and operating a versatile, low-cost satellite, based on the standardized CubeSat form-factor. OPEN consists of public-domain educational reference plans, complete with engineering schematics, CAD files, construction and test instructions as well as ancillary reference materials relevant to satellite building and operation. By making the plan, to produce a small but capable spacecraft freely available, OPEN seeks to lower the barriers to access on the other side (non-launch costs) of the satellite cost equation.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors

The type II band lineup of InP and GaAsSb facilitates the unhindered transport of electrons from the base to the collector of a InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT). This favorable band alignment of the base and the collector regions is highly desirable for the high-speed operation of DHBTs. Bolognesi et al. have recently demonstrated f/sub t/ and f/sub max/ values as high as 300 GHz in InP/GaAsSb/InP DHBTs that were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). At HRL we have employed molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to study the growth and doping of GaAs/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x/ alloys, and for the growth of InP/GaAsSb/InP n-p-n DHBTs.
Evaluating Cost Systems

Activity-based Costing requires the accurate assignment of direct and shared costs to goods and services. Much has been written on the importance of accurate assignment, and the benefits that flow from it. There is a void in testing whether assignment is done accurately--whether the costs reported by the ABC system reflect actual resources consumed. This paper proposes a statistical model that can be used to test the accuracy of the set of costs derived from an ABC system. The model can be used initially to determine whether the benefits of adopting ABC exceed the costs and can also be used to monitor the ability of an ABC system to deliver accurate product costs once it has been installed. The model is flexible and accommodates factors other than cost that influence productivity; for example defects, which incur costs without creating output.
Human Metapneumovirus and Status Epilepticus

Investigators at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH, report 2 toddlers, ages 15 and 18 months, with human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection who presented in status epilepticus and later developed respiratory failure.
Systematic data-querying of large pediatric biorepository identifies novel Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome variant

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome is a rare form of inherited connective tissue disorder, which primarily affects skin, joints, muscle, and blood cells. The current study aimed at finding the mutation that causing EDS type VII C also known as “Dermatosparaxis” in this family.
On Closeness Between Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis Under High-Dimensional Conditions

This article studies the relationship between loadings from factor analysis (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA) when the number of variables p is large. Using the average squared canonical correlation between two matrices as a measure of closeness, results indicate that the average squared canonical correlation between the sample loading matrix from FA and that from PCA approaches 1 as p increases, while the ratio of p/N does not need to approach zero. Thus, the two methods still yield similar results with high-dimensional data. The Fisher-z transformed average canonical correlation between the two loading matrices and the logarithm of p is almost perfectly linearly related.
Immunological Studies on the Fungal Genus Smittium (Trichomycetes)

Immunological comparisons of cultured species of Smittium isolated from the hindguts of Diptera larvae were made using immunoelectropho-retic and immunodiffusion methods. Antisera were produced in ...
Drug-induced lung disease

It is estimated that 5% of all hospital admissions are due to drugs, that 10-18% of inpatients experience a drug reaction and that 3% of hospital deaths may be drug related. The lungs are often involved in these adverse reactions. A useful scheme for assessing whether a particular clinical manifestation represents an adverse drug reaction considers previous experience with the drug, alternative etiological agents, the timing of events, drug levels, the effect of withdrawing the drug and rechallenge with the drug (JAMA 1979, 242, 633-8). Drug reactions may be classified according to the mechanism of the reaction (overdose, intolerance, side effect, secondary effect, hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy), the type of drug (analgesic, antibiotic, cytotoxic etc) or the pattern of disease. This last method will be adopted here, using examples illustrating the following: Allergic bronchopulmonary disease; Alveolar injury, both acute (diffuse alveolar damage) and chronic (interstitial pneumonia and fibrosis); Alveolar histiocytosis/lipoproteinosis; Aspiration lesions; Pulmonary vascular disease. Other respiratory drug effects include: Central depression of respiration; Broncho-constriction; Pleural disease; Opportunistic infections; Metastatic calcification; Carcinoma. A comprehensive review is provided by Cooper et al (Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 133, 321-340 and 488-505).
Time-Velocity Equations and Oxygen Requirements of “All-Out” and “Steady-Pace” Running

Abstract Oxygen requirement is visualized theoretically as the sum of two exponential terms—oxygen intake and debt—both functions of the time required for running a unit distance. Estimates of requirement based on world record times are consistent with this theory and with measured requirements at lower speeds. An equation of motion, derived from acceleration and fatigue factors, describes the position and speed of the runner at any time t in either steady-pace or all-out runs. It has been verified by data on 24 track men and 30 inexperienced athletes who were timed with an automatic recorder on dashes and 300-yd. runs. The metabolic cost of running, computed from these two mathematical models, is considerably less for steady pace than for all-out or certain other coach-recommended velocity patterns. Percentage of time saved decreases with increased velocity. Although this finding disagrees with previous concepts, it is explainable on theoretical grounds. Tables and curves are given for simplified computa...
Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies normalized body temperature and enhanced food intake in tumor-bearing rats

Anorectic weight-losing Fischer 344 rats bearing a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma received intraperitoneal injections of rabbit antiserum raised against murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha at 14, 18, and 24 days after tumor induction. Treatment of tumor-bearing rats with TNF antiserum partially reversed the tumor-induced reduction in food intake compared with tumor-bearing rats that received control serum. In the same tumor-bearing animals, treatment with TNF antiserum delayed the onset and significantly reduced the decline in mean 12-h daytime and nighttime intra-abdominal temperatures on days 18-25. However, anti-TNF antibody treatment did not alter the declines in carcass weight or motor activity measured from day of tumor induction until death or reduce the tumor burden at death. We conclude that an endogenous TNF response may be one of the factors involved in the development of cancer anorexia and that this cytokine has temperature-lowering properties.
Evaluation of degrading ability of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria by ultraviolet spectrophotometry

In order to overcome the interference of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacterial metabolites with colorimetric determination of ultraviolet spectrophotometry during shake-flask culture,centrifugal pretreatment-ultrasonic extraction-ultraviolet spectrophotometry was established and the degrading ability of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp RP-1 was verified and evaluated. The results showed that under the condition of the optimum absorption wavelength 254 nm,boiling range of petroleum ether extraction agent 0-60 ℃,the mass concentration of petroleum carbon in the range of 5-300 mg / L,the absorbency and the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was in accordance with Beer' s law,the correlation coefficient of working curve was 0. 999 8; for the samples treated by centrifugal pretreatment and ultrasonic extraction,the average recovery rate of petroleum hydrocarbon was 98. 9%,the relative standard deviation1. 78%,the lowest detection limit 0. 713 mg / L and the residual hydrocarbon concentration as low as0. 001% in the inorganic salt medium could be detected.
Former paid blood donors in AIDS epidemic area entertainment Investigation and analysis of female sex workers to HIV,syphilis and hepatitis C for 5 years

Objective The level of understanding among former paid blood donors,high-risk behavior and HIV infection status of AIDS prevention knowledge of popular area of female sex workers in entertainment places member of AIDS,provide basis for the prevention and control strategy. Method The annual 2009-2013 of the entertainment female sex workers in Xinyang city to carry out face-to-face questionnaire investigation and sampling monitoring,intervention. Result For 5 consecutive years among the entertainment female service personnel 2 152 people,average age is 23 years old,the use of condoms in commercial sex and guests each accounted for only 63.45 %,there were 2cases were HIV positive,49 cases of syphilis,hepatitis C positive in 10 cases. Conclusion Entertainment female sex workers in Xinyang City,the level of understanding of knowledge related to AIDS prevention uneven,unsafe behavior,have AIDS,syphilis,hepatitis C epidemic,strengthen the intervention among female sex workers in the publicity of AIDS knowledge education and behavior,control of AIDS through sexual transmission is necessary.