cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
David and Goliath?: A Pragmatic Strategy Theory of Social Movement Target Selection

In selecting targets, social movements face a tradeoff between ambition and feasibility. Past research on anti-corporate mobilization suggests that activists seek to bypass this problem by challeng...
A comparative approach to cooperative transport in ants: individual persistence correlates with group coordination

When groups of ants work together to carry large objects—called cooperative transport—they must form consensus on a travel direction. In many species, groups are unsuccessful at this decision, and deadlock. In other collective decisions, including nest-site selection in honeybees, individuals’ enthusiasm or recruitment intensity for a given option affects the selection process. A similar mechanism may be important during cooperative transport in ants and may account for coordination differences among species. Results from theoretical models suggest that individuals’ persistence—their reluctance to give up or change their preferred direction—may promote coordination. More persistent individuals formed more successful groups in a theoretical context. As an empirical test of this hypothesis, I examined cooperative transport in four ant species that differ substantially in their group-level coordination, from exceedingly coordinated to rarely successful. I focused on the beginning of transport, evaluating groups’ transitions from uncoordinated to successful. I measured two types of persistence at the individual level—total engagement effort and local engagement time—and I measured group coordination for each species. In one species, I also manipulated persistence by adding a force equivalent to infinitely persistent ants to the existing transport groups. Species with more persistent individuals succeeded more often and formed more coordinated transport groups, with more direct paths. Furthermore, adding two infinitely persistent ants to the existing groups seemed to moderately increase their path directness. These results support the hypothesis that high individual persistence promotes group coordination during cooperative transport, and this study informs the mechanisms of emergent coordination.
Effectiveness of Workplace Lactation Interventions on Breastfeeding Outcomes in the United States: An Updated Systematic Review.

BackgroundReturning to work is one of the main barriers to breastfeeding duration among working mothers in the United States. However, the impact of workplace lactation programs is unclear.Research...
Formal Systems, Axiomatization, and Model Theory

In this section and the next, we return in greater detail to the study of formal systems from syntactic and semantic perspectives. In this section we focus on the syntactic side, and our aim will be to link together the notion of recursive definition which we introduced in Chapter 1 as a means of specifying sets with the closely related notions of inductive proof, new in this chapter, and of axiomatic system. Some of the close connections between grammars and formal systems will be illustrated, and various string operations will be formalized, although grammars as a topic in their own right will not be taken up until Part E. The discussion in this section will be purely syntactic (in part so as to illustrate what that means); we will return to a semantic investigation of some of the formal systems discussed here in the next section.
An Ethical Framework for the Care of Patients with Prolonged Hospitalization Following Lung Transplantation

The lung allocation score system in the United States and several European countries gives more weight to risk of death without transplantation than to survival following transplantation. As a result, centers transplant sicker patients, leading to increased length of initial hospitalization. The care of patients who have accumulated functional deficits or additional organ dysfunction during their prolonged stay can be ethically complex. Disagreement occurs between the transplant team, patients and families, and non-transplant health care professionals over the burdens of ongoing intensive intervention. These cases highlight important ethical issues in organ transplantation, including the nature and requirements of transplant informed consent, the limits of physician prognostication, patient autonomy and decision-making capacity following transplant, obligations to organ donors and to other potential recipients, and the impact of program metrics on individualized recipient care. We outline general ethical principles for the care of lung transplant recipients with prolonged hospitalization and give regulatory, research, and patient-centered recommendations for these cases.
Bringing Life Course Theory to the Sustainable Development Goals

Current efforts to measure the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be helpful in telling us that we are missing marks as defined by agreed targets. These measures often draw our attention to the existence of problems, but do little to tell us the origin of those problems and nothing to tell us how to solve them. Whether the gains of current developmental interventions endure cannot be detected with the current measurement model, nor can assessments of the effectiveness or efficiencies of policies or programmes be determined.
Utility-Scale PV Inverter Impedances in D-Q Frame Under Different Q-Control Modes

Per the latest revision of the IEEE Std 1547, PV inverters will be required to provide reactive power regulation services in the near future. Accordingly, the stability impact of PV inverters in distribution grids attracts more and more attention. Compared to the positive sequence impedance method, the D-Q frame impedance matrix method is more accurate for grid-tied PV inverters that have non-symmetrical control in DQ frame, including DC voltage loop and phase locked loop (PLL). This paper uses the D-Q frame impedances of utility-scale PV farm and the generalized Nyquist Criterion (GNC) to assess the stability in medium voltage distribution grids. A comparison is done for PV farm under different Q control modes. The control mode of volt-var mode changes PV terminal impedance signs and magnitude significantly, and may cause stability problem, as a result of interaction of voltage control of multiple PV inverters in parallel. Hardware experiments show the accuracy of PV impedances from derivation based on small signal model.
Correction for Raymann et al., "Pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens Strains in Honey Bees".

Volume 9, no. 5, e01649-18, 2018, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01649-18][1]. This article was published on 9 October 2018 with reference 56 omitted. The reference and accompanying citations were updated in the current version on 2 January 2019. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mBio.01649-18
Urban Ethnically Diverse Adolescents' Perceptions of Social Class at the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation.

Urban middle school students (N = 1,057; Mage = 12.06) viewed Facebook-like profiles of peers who varied by race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation and indicated the social class (SC) of those peers along two dimensions-family income and social class position. As hypothesized, most profiles were perceived as middle class and above-average family income. Generally, as expected, differences emerged as a function of the peers' sociodemographics. Profiles of Whites and girls were rated as higher in SC, African American and Latino profiles as lower, and East Asian profiles as in-between those groups. Depending on the dimension of SC, the race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation of peers intersected differentially to shape perception. Results demonstrate the value of an intersectional approach and offer directions for research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Fungal communities do not recover after removing invasive Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard)

The negative impacts of non-native invasive plants on native plants has prompted intensive eradication efforts, but whether eradication can restore soil microbial communities that are also sensitive to invasion is generally not considered. Some invasive plants, like Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), specifically alter soils in ways that promote the invasion process. Garlic mustard disrupts mycorrhizas, increases fungal pathogen loads, and elevates soil nutrient availability and soil pH; thus, the fungal community and soil property responses to garlic mustard eradication may be key to restoring ecosystem function in invaded forests. We conducted a garlic mustard eradication experiment at eight temperate, deciduous forests. 1 and 3 years after initiating annual garlic mustard removal (hand pulling), we collected soil samples and characterized fungal community structure using DNA metabarcoding alongside a suite of edaphic properties. We found that fungal richness, the number of shared fungal species, fungal biomass, and the relative abundance of fungal guilds became less similar to invaded plots by year three of eradication and more similar to uninvaded reference plots. However, fungal community composition did not resemble uninvaded communities by the third year of eradication and remained comparable to invaded communities. Soil chemical and physical properties also remained similar to invaded conditions. Overall soil abiotic–biotic restoration was not observed after 3 years of garlic mustard removal. Garlic mustard eradications may therefore not achieve management goals until soil physical, chemical, and biological properties become more similar to uninvaded forested areas or at least more dissimilar to invaded conditions that can promote invasion.
Drive for leanness: potentially less maladaptive compared to drives for thinness and muscularity.

Drive for leanness (DL), a motivating interest in having low body fat and toned muscles, is hypothesized to be less maladaptive than drives for thinness (DT) and muscularity (DM), which has implications for its inclusion in eating- and health-related prevention and treatment programs; however, little research has explored this hypothesis. The current study investigated DL’s uniqueness from these other drives, as well as simultaneously explored if associations of DL and a range of health-related outcomes supported that it may be less maladaptive than DT and DM. A sample of 589 undergraduate participants completed an online battery of drive (DL, DT, DM) and health-related measures (disordered eating, aerobic and weight training frequency, exercise motivation, dieting, appearance enhancing supplement use, anxiety, and depression). Exploratory factor analysis and semi-partial correlations evaluated DL’s uniqueness. Hierarchical regressions and generalized linear models evaluated comparative associations of drives with health-related outcomes. Analysis of covariance investigated comparative perceived drive healthiness. DL was supported as unique from DT and DM. DL was less strongly associated with maladaptive outcomes (e.g., disordered eating, ExpB = .99, p = .86) and more strongly predictive of adaptive outcomes (e.g., healthy exercise motivation, β = .30, p < .001) than DT or DM. DL was perceived as healthier than either other drive. DL was supported as a unique and less maladaptive motivation than DT or DM, suggesting the emergence of a lean ideal may be less problematic than body ideals focused on either thinness or muscularity alone. V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Interior Performance of Temperate Zone Landscape Plants

Cleyera (Ternstroemia gymnanthera), spreading lilyturf (Liriope spicata), Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus), climbing...
Multimodal exploitation and sparse reconstruction for guided-wave structural health monitoring

The presence of multiple modes in guided-wave structural health monitoring has been usually considered a nuisance and a variety of methods have been devised to ensure the presence of a single mode. However, valuable information regarding the nature of defects can be gleaned by including multiple modes in image recovery. In this paper, we propose an effective approach for localizing defects in thin plates, which involves inversion of a multimodal Lamb wave based model by means of sparse reconstruction. We consider not only the direct symmetric and anti-symmetric fundamental propagating Lamb modes, but also the defect-spawned mixed modes arising due to asymmetry of defects. Model-based dictionaries for the direct and spawned modes are created, which take into account the associated dispersion and attenuation through the medium. Reconstruction of the region of interest is performed jointly across the multiple modes by employing a group sparse reconstruction approach. Performance validation of the proposed defect localization scheme is provided using simulated data for an aluminum plate.
Accessibility for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Users: Sign Language Conversational User Interfaces

With the proliferation of voice-based conversational user interfaces (CUIs) comes accessibility barriers for Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) users. There has not been significant prior research on sign-language conversational interactions with technology. In this paper, we motivate research on this topic and identify open questions and challenges in this space, including DHH users' interests in this technology, the types of commands they may use, and the open design questions in how to structure the conversational interaction in this sign-language modality. We also describe our current research methods for addressing these questions, including how we engage with the DHH community
Topic management and opportunities for learning in an advanced Francophone Cultures class

Drawing on conversation analysis and its extension to classroom discourse studies, this article examines the ways in which topic is managed and opportunities for learning are created in an advanced US university-level Francophone Cultures class. In the analysis, topic is treated as an ongoing interactional achievement rather than a stable “subject” of conversation. A single-case analysis is presented to show how topic is accomplished between the teacher and her students in relation to preference organization and epistemic stance. Specifically, the analysis demonstrates how a prototypical three-turn Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) sequence is elaborated over multiple turns that expand the teacher’s explicitly announced topic to include a side sequence addressing a metalinguistic problem and a disagreement between two students that results in an expansion of the topic beyond the teacher’s agenda. In the discussion, the results are synthesized in relation to how opportunities for learning emerge in the comanagement of topics. Implications for research and pedagogy are also offered.
The Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial ~brillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that is a strong independent risk factor for stroke. There are an estimated 2.2 million people in the United States with AF, an overall prevalence of 0.89%.1 The prevalence of AF begins to rise after age 40 and increases sharply after age 65.2–5 (See Fig. 1.) AF is present in 6% of people over age 65. The prevalence over age 80 has found to be 7.3 to 13.7%. The median age of individuals with AF is approximately 75 years.1 (Fig. 2.) In contrast, the mean age of patients in the primary prevention trials was 69 years and only 20% of anticoagulated patients were over 75 years of age.6 The prevalence of AF is higher at all ages in men than in women.3–5 However because there are more women alive in the older age groups, over half of all people with AF are women.1 Among those over age 75, approximately 60% are women. Etiology of Atrial Fibrillation
SHARING Choices: A Pilot Study to Engage Family in Advance Care Planning of Older Adults With and Without Cognitive Impairment in the Primary Care Context:

Context:Few advance care planning (ACP) interventions proactively engage family or address the needs of older adults with and without cognitive impairment in the primary care context.Objectives:To ...
Hacker Definitions in Information Systems Research

The IS research community has called for more research on hackers and their behavioral motivations. One of the reasons that research on hackers has been so limited is that there is no clear definit...
Federal Courts and Takings Litigation

Disagreements about takings claims extend to both substantive and jurisdictional issues. Many advocates of deference to state and local government land use decisions also oppose a significant role for federal courts in adjudicating disputes over these decisions, while a number of property rights advocates argue that federal courts are an appropriate forum for such disputes. These issues were brought into sharp relief by the Supreme Court’s 2019 decision in Knick v. Township of Scott, which allows property owners to resort to federal court without first pursuing compensation in state court. While Knick clearly expands the lower federal court role in takings claims, many questions remain, for it is not yet clear whether federal courts will embrace a robust federal judicial role in land use cases. This Article surveys the history of takings claims in the federal courts and recommends that going forward federal courts develop an abstention doctrine particular to takings cases in order to ensure prudent deployment of judicial resources. This Article also explains why § 1331 actions may be superior vehicles for takings cases than § 1983 actions.
Mexicos and Americas

Author(s): Ortiz-Torres, Ruben | Abstract: Greater Mexico refers both to the geographic region encompassing modern Mexico and its former territories in the United States, and to the Mexican cultural diaspora. Exhibitions of visual and material culture from greater Mexico have played an important role in articulating identities and affiliations that transcend limited definitions of citizenship. Following an introductory text by Jennifer Josten, five scholars offer firsthand insights into the intellectual, diplomatic, and logistical concerns underpinning key border-crossing exhibitions of the “NAFTA era.” Ruben Ortiz-Torres writes from his unique perspective as a Mexico City–based artist who began exhibiting in the United States in the late 1980s, and as a curator of recent exhibitions that highlight the existence of multiple Mexicos and Americas. Clara Bargellini reflects on a paradigm-shifting cross-border exhibition of the viceregal arts of the missions of northern New Spain. Kim N. Richter considers how the arts of ancient Mesoamerica and the Americas writ large figured within the Getty Foundation’s 2017 Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA initiative. Xochitl M. Flores-Marcial offers insights into productive institutional collaborations with transnational Indigenous stakeholders, focusing on two recent Southern California exhibitions of the Oaxaca-based Tlacolulokos collective. Luis Vargas-Santiago discusses how Chicana/o/x art entered Mexico City’s Palacio de Bellas Artes in 2019 as a crucial component of an exhibition about how Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata’s image has migrated through visual culture. Together, these texts demonstrate how exhibitions can act in the service of advancing more nuanced understandings of cultural and political interactions across greater Mexico.
Predictors of Treatment Engagement and Outcome Among Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Integrative Data Analysis.

Objective To identify patient- and treatment-level factors that predict intervention engagement and outcome for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), guiding efforts to enhance care. Method Integrative data analysis was used to pool data from 4 randomized controlled trials of adolescent ADHD treatment with participants (N = 854) receiving various evidence-based behavioral therapy packages in 5 treatment arms (standard [STANDARD], comprehensive [COMP], engagement-focused [ENGAGE]), community-based usual care (UC), or no treatment (NOTX). Participants also displayed varying medication use patterns (negligible, inconsistent, consistent) during the trial. Regression and latent growth curve analyses examined treatment- and patient-level predictors of engagement and outcome. Results Compared with COMP, ENGAGE was associated with higher parent engagement in behavioral therapy (d = 1.35–1.73) when delivered in university, but not community, clinics. Under some conditions, ENGAGE also predicted youth engagement in behavioral therapy (d = 1.21) and lower likelihood of negligible medication use (odds ratio = 0.49 compared with NOTX). UC was associated with poorer parent engagement compared with COMP (d = −0.59) and negligible medication use (odds ratio = 2.29) compared with NOTX. Compared with COMP, ENGAGE (in university settings) was consistently associated with larger ADHD symptom improvements (d = 0.41–0.83) at 6-month follow-up and sometimes associated with larger grade point average (d = 0.68) and parent–teen conflict (d = 0.41) improvements. Consistent medication use during behavioral therapy was associated with larger improvements in ADHD symptoms (d = 0.28) and parent–teen conflict (d = 0.25–0.36). An ADHD+internalizing clinical profile predicted larger improvements in grade point average (d = 0.45). Family adversity predicted poorer parent and youth engagement (rate ratio = 0.90–0.95), negligible medication use (odds ratio = 1.22), and smaller improvements in grade point average (d = −0.23). African American race predicted smaller improvements in parent–teen conflict (d = −0.49). Conclusion Engagement-focused behavioral therapy and consistent medication use most frequently predicted stronger clinical engagement and outcomes for adolescents with ADHD. Youths who are African American or who experience family adversity may demonstrate treatment-related disparities for certain outcomes; youths with ADHD+internalizing symptoms may demonstrate excellent academic outcomes following behavioral therapy. Data sharing The full ADHD TIDAL dataset is publicly available through the National Data Archive ( https://nda.nih.gov ), including a data dictionary. The study protocol is also publicly available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02734-6 .
Monetary policy, customer capital, and market power

Abstract In U.S. firm-level data, large firms increase their spending on customer capital significantly more than small firms following an interest rate decline. We interpret this evidence in a model with product market frictions where heterogeneous firms strategically advertise to build a customer base. When a firm advertises, it shifts customers’ demand away from competitors. This externality is especially severe when firms have a sizable existing customer base, discouraging smaller competitors and making them less responsive to interest rate shocks. The model provides a rationale for the rise in market concentration and market power in recent decades, while interest rates fell.
State failure, genocide and politicide reconsidered:

State failure is highly threatening to incumbent elites, providing them motive to engage in genocide or politicide. The destruction of formal institutions may also remove political barriers to empl...
Design Improvements and Performance of the Bifocal Microwave Microscope

The Bifocal Microwave Microscope dual reflector antenna was invented to allow standoff focusing for nearfield imaging radar applications [1] . It is designed in similar fashion to the Bifocal Scanning Reflector [2] , [3] , but instead of having two perfect foci on either side of the boresight axis, the two foci both lie on the symmetry axis, each corresponding to a perfect image points on the axis. Two perfect image points are possible when two degrees of freedom - two reflectors – are used. With two perfect foci, the optical aberrations for other image points between them are of even order, leading to relatively large focal region bounded by the perfect foci. A focal volume (as opposed to focal plane) array – or a moving synthetic array with fixed reflector and small moving feed – would be able to precisely illuminate a large focal region, point by point.
Municipal Fiscal Emergency Laws: Background and Guide to State-Based Approaches

Since the Great Recession of 2008, many municipalities have faced difficult fiscal conditions. During these fiscal emergencies, states have often intervened in an attempt to minimize the damage done to credit markets and public safety. This paper is a survey of the resulting state laws, currently in place in 16 states, and their ramifications throughout the country. These laws involve the state government's becoming directly or indirectly enmeshed in local fiscal and governing affairs. The laws vary in the powers each state may use to address a fiscal emergency, from altering union bargaining laws to allowing tax increases to appointing a state receiver to altering a municipality's organizational structure. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of these state policies and some of the factors that may have influenced the adoption of such policies.
The effectiveness of an educational intervention to enhance undergraduate nursing students' competence with interprofessional collaboration.

BACKGROUND Interprofessional collaboration and teamwork have been identified as priorities for delivering quality client care. Improved teamwork, communication, and collaboration among healthcare professionals improve client outcomes. Nurse professionals are challenged to be equally engaged with other healthcare professionals to develop a culturally competent client-centered plan of care. PURPOSE The purpose of the current project was to examine the effectiveness of a multifaceted educational intervention on prelicensure nursing students' development of interprofessional competencies with teams and teamwork, communication, roles and responsibility, values, and ethics. METHODS Metrics used included the Interprofessional Collaboration Competency Attainment (ICCAS) and the Assessment of Collaborative Environments (ACE-15) surveys. RESULTS The results support practical and statistical significance in the students' self-reported collaborative competence across all items of the ICCAS at p < 0.000 level, and across each individual item. CONCLUSIONS The multifaceted educational strategy effectively engaged prelicensure nursing students with other healthcare disciplines to develop a client-centered plan of care and achieve interprofessional competencies.
Impact of core power density on economics of a small integral PWR

Abstract Increasing the core power density of nuclear reactors allows higher power generation from the same volume, reducing the cost of the plant. The lower power rating and higher degree of inherent safety for small modular reactors motivate exploring the highest achievable power density to improve their economics and overcome lack of economy of scale. Given the urgency to deploy carbon free energy sources in the near term, the current nuclear fuel supply must be adopted. Assuming standard 17x17 pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel assemblies with enrichment below 5%, a parametric study on core power density of an integral PWR (iPWR) is performed. The reference core design is rated at 60 kW/L and composed of 77 reduced-height fuel assemblies. The reactivity control during normal operation is assumed to utilize soluble boron and fuel burnable poisons. The commercial STUDSVIK code package is used to design cores ranging from 20 kW/L to 170 kW/L. This range results in respective output powers between 50 and 420 MWe for an assumed 32% plant thermal efficiency. Core safety parameters, such as peaking factors, Minimum Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio and maximum fuel temperatures are evaluated for all designs. Simplified economic evaluation of lifetime-levelized unit costs for the fuel cycle, operation and maintenance and capital expenditures was performed as a function of power density. The relatively low core discharge burnup (32 MWD/kgU) leads to high lifetime-levelized fuel cycle unit cost for the reference core. However, increase in power density allows significant reduction in operation, maintenance and capital unit costs. Doubling power density resulted in 80% reduction in total levelized cost of electricity. The unique features of a forced circulation iPWR technology combined with compact steam generator technology could allow achieving high power densities (greater than 125 kW/L). Specific examples on relationship of cost and safety margins are also discussed.
The molecular properties of the M1 muscarinic receptor and its regulation of cytosolic calcium in a eukaryotic gene expression system.

Muscarinic receptor heterogeneity has been implicated in the selective binding characteristics of non-classical muscarinic antagonists such as pirenzepine (PZ) and AF-DX 116 (ll-[[2-[(diethyl-amino)methyl]-l-piperi-dinyl]acetyl]-5,ll-dihydro-6H-pyrido [2,3-b]-[l,4]benzodiazepine-6-one) (Watson et al., 1986). Pirenzepine labels a class of muscarinic receptor binding sites with high affinity, termed the Mi type, which is predominant in the brain. AF-DX 116, on the other hand, distinguishes a second class of binding sites by its high affinity, known as the M2 type, which is predominant in cardiac tissues (Giachetti et al., 1986). A third class of muscarinic receptor sites, noted for its low affinity for both PZ and AF-DX 116, is represented in a number of glandular tissues (Hammer et al., 1986; Korc et al., 1987). The heterogeneity of the muscarinic receptors was proven unequivocally by the identification of several genes (mi-m5, genotypic definition established by Bonner et al., 1987, 1988) which encode distinct polypeptides that show muscarinic cholinergic receptor properties (Bonner et al., 1987, 1988; Peralta et al., 1987; Liao et al., 1989). These structurally distinct types of the muscarinic receptors could be individually analyzed, by means of in vitro expression in eukaryotic cell lines, in order to correlate the structural diversity of the muscarinic receptors with their multiple physiological activities.
The Role of Osteotomy

Reconstruction of the multiple ligament-injured knee can be challenging due to the many factors necessary to achieve a stable, functional joint. Historically the treatment of multiple ligament-injured knees has been based solely on soft tissue constraints and has lead to some disappointing results. Recent evidence suggests that joint alignment may be just as important in maintaining joint stability, particularly in cases of chronic ligamentous laxity.
Brief Announcement: Relay: A Cache-Coherence Protocol for Distributed Transactional Memory

Distributed transactional memory promises to alleviate difficulties with lock-based (distributed) synchronization and object performance bottlenecks in distributed systems. The design of the cache- coherence protocol is critical to the performance of distributed transactional memory systems. We evaluate the performance of a cache-coherence protocol by measuring its worst-case competitive ratio -- i.e., the ratio of its makespan to the makespan of the optimal cache-coherence protocol. We establish the upper bound of the competitive ratio and show that it is determined by the worst-case number of abortions, maximum locating stretch, and maximum moving stretch of the protocol -- the first such result. We present the Relay protocol, a novel cache-coherence protocol, which optimizes these values, and evaluate its performance. We show that Relay's competitive ratio is significantly improved by a factor of O (N i ) for N i transactions requesting the same object when compared against past distributed queuing protocols.
Leveraging commonalities between DFE and DFM/A [environmental design]

Several companies, including Texas Instruments, are recognizing the strong compatibility between existing design for manufacturability/assembly (DFM/A) principles and the goals and practices of design for the environment (DFE). Leveraging off the commonalities of DFM/A and DFE, these companies are achieving gains not only in the the environmental characteristics of their products and processes, but also reductions in development and production cycle time, product defect levels, and in product life cycle costs. This strategy of mutually optimizing manufacturability and environmental considerations during design has resulted in a "win-win" situation for all stakeholders.
Effect of clomiphene citrate upon amount and duration of human menopausal gonadotropin therapy.

Abstract Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) was given to 10 patients who failed to ovulate after treatment with clomiphene citrate. Prior to one or more treatment courses, 200 mg. of clomiphene were administered daily for 5 days; at least one other treatment course was not preceded by clomiphene. Before therapy, progesterone in oil was administered and serum FSH, LH, and estrogen were measured. Those patients who had normal serum FSH levels and had withdrawal bleeding following progesterone had a reduction in amount and duration of HMG therapy when pretreated with clomiphene. There was no alteration in HMG requirements for those patients with low serum FSH who did not withdraw. Thus, sequential clomiphene-HMG therapy is of benefit only for those women with normal serum FSH levels and is the treatment of choice.
Using ACT Subscores to Identify At Risk Students in Business Statistics and Principles of Management Courses

The American College Test (ACT) is utilized to determine academic success in business core courses at a midlevel state university. Specifically, subscores are compared to subsequent student grades in selected courses. The results indicate that ACT Mathematics and English subscores are a valid predictor of success or failure of business students in statistics and management classes.
Immigration and the family circumstances of Mexican-origin children: A binational longitudinal analysis

Using data from the birth cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (n = 1,200) and the Mexican Family Life Survey (n = 1,013), this study investigated the living arrangements of Mexican-origin preschool children. The analysis examined children’s family circumstances in both sending and receiving countries, used longitudinal data to capture family transitions, and considered the intersection between nuclear and extended family structures. Between ages 0–1 and 4–5, Mexican children of immigrants experienced significantly more family instability than children in Mexico. They were more likely to transition from 2-parent to single-parent families and from extended family households to simple households. There were fewer differences between U.S. children with immigrant versus native parents, but the higher level of single parenthood among children of natives at ages 0–1 and the greater share making transitions from a 2-parent to a single-parent family suggest ongoing erosion of children’s family support across generations in the United States.
Sustained NFAT Signaling Promotes a Th1-Like Pattern of Gene Expression in Primary Murine CD4+ T Cells

T cell activation is known to be critically regulated by the extent and duration of TCR-induced signaling pathways. The NFAT family of transcription factors is believed to play an important role in coupling these quantitative differences in TCR-induced signaling events into changes in gene expression. In this study we have specifically investigated the effects of sustained NFAT signaling on T cell activation by introducing a constitutively active mutant version of NFATc1 (caNFATc1) into primary murine CD4(+) T cells and examining its effects on gene expression. We now report that ectopic expression of caNFATc1 partially mimics TCR signaling, resulting in enhanced expression of CD25 and CD40 ligand and down-regulation of CD62L. More importantly, we find that expression of caNFATc1 in T cells maintained under either nonpolarizing or Th1-skewing conditions leads to a marked selective increase in the number of cells expressing the prototypical Th1 cytokine, IFN-gamma. Furthermore, when expressed in Th2-skewed cells, caNFATc1 appears to attenuate Th2 differentiation by decreasing production of IL-4 and promoting the expression of IFN-gamma. Finally, we find that caNFATc1 enhances expression of functional P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, up-regulates Fas ligand expression, and increases susceptibility to activation-induced cell death, cellular traits that are preferentially associated with Th1 effector cells. Taken together, these results suggest that sustained NFAT signaling, mediated by ectopic expression of caNFATc1, acts to promote a Th1-like pattern of gene expression and thereby serves to highlight the important relationship between the degree of NFAT signaling and the qualitative pattern of gene expression induced during T cell activation.
Thermal characterization of PMR polyimides

Polyimides are attractive for high temperature applications as the matrix resins, due to their excellent thermo-oxidative stability and mechanical properties. As composite materials for aerospace applications, they possess certain unique characteristics such as toughness, resistance to temperature and solvents as well as high tensile strength and modulus. A series of novel PMR polyimides based on substituted benzidines are examined and compared to the state-of-the-art PMR-15. The assigned glass transition temperatures and the mechanism for the thermal decomposition of four specific PMR polyimides are obtained, using thermal mechanical analysis and TGA/FTIR/MS techniques. Their thermal decomposition steps are proposed, identified and also compared to each other.
Hyperbolic reflections on pell's equation

Abstract Let p be a prime э 1 mod(4). This paper shows that arithmetic properties of the fundamental solution ( x 0 , y 0 ) of the Pell equation x 2 − py 2 = −1 are given by geometric properties of the surface H Γ(p) ⌢ Γ 0 (p 2 ) and hyperbolic reflection lines thereon. In particular the length of one such line determines the magnitude of y 0 and the center of the surface either has a cylinder running around it or is vacant, being surrounded by such cylinders, according as p ∤ y 0 or p | y 0 .
Acute elbow injuries

Injuries of the elbow are common in patients of all ages and frequently present radiologic diagnostic challenges. This pictorial essay illustrates the proper radiographic examination of the elbow and the injuries affecting this joint in both children and adults.
SU-FF-J-26: Multistage Treatment Planning Optimization for Managing Organ Motion in Radiotherapy Planning

Purpose: The management of breathing-registered IMRT treatment planning is explored by incorporating the motion pattern of breathing directly into the treatment planning process. The movement of the voxels from one CT timeframe to another is “tracked” and modeled. A timestamp for each voxel specifies its position throughout the breathing cycle. The treatment models incorporate planning constraints throughout multiple time periods. Robustness of the algorithm, plan quality, and potential clinical significance are evaluated. Method and Materials: 4D-CT scans of lung cancer patients were acquired with different breathing phases(phases 0–9, 0:full-inhale, 5:full-exhale), Three treatment planning strategies are performed and compared. 1)Standard planning with a static PTV based on a single selected phase(control). 2)The Internal Target Volume(ITV) approach, where ITV is defined as the union of CTVs in all breathing phases. 3)Multi-stage optimization and planning, where movements of voxels from one CT-timeframe to another are “tracked” and modeled, and planning constraints are incorporated throughout the multiple-phase period. Sophisticated computational optimization techniques are used to solve these models. Results: Applied to a lung case, the static-PTV plan results in unacceptable PTV-underdose. Multistage-plans offer as good coverage as the ITV-plans, comparable minimum PTV dose while simultaneously reducing the mean-dose to left lung normal tissue(20%), heart(20%), and esophagus. Conclusion: Multistage treatment planning optimization can provide good PTV-coverage plans, improve PTV-underdose, and significantly reduce dose to organs-at-risk, especially those organs in the proximity of the tumor. Evidence of morbidity reduction to organs-at-risk are observed. The challenge involves the ability to solve a large-scale treatment planning problem. With sophisticated mathematical optimization modeling and computational strategies, such planning is possible and can be made available for clinical use. Further investigation of ITV will be conducted to understand if improved plan quality can be achieved via improved construction of this structure. Clinical studies are needed to validate the importance of our approach to treatment outcome.
Host-derived RANKL is responsible for osteolysis in a C4-2 human prostate cancer xenograft model of experimental bone metastases

C4-2 prostate cancer (CaP) cells grown in mouse tibiae cause a mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic response with increases in osteoclast numbers and bone resorption. Administration of osteoprotegerin (OPG) blocks these increases, indicating the critical role of RANKL in osteolysis in this model. The objective of our study was to investigate whether RANKL expressed by tumor cells (human origin) directly stimulates osteolysis associated with the growth of these cells in bone or whether the increased osteolysis is caused by RANKL expressed by the host environment cells (murine origin). The relative contribution of tumor-vs. host-derived RANKL has been difficult to establish, even with human xenografts, because murine and human RANKL are both capable of stimulating osteolysis in mice, and the RANKL inhibitors used to date (OPG and RANK-Fc) inhibit human and murine RANKL. To address this question we used a neutralizing, antibody (huRANKL MAb), which specifically neutralizes the biological activities of human RANKL and thereby the contribution of C4-2 derived RANKL in this tibial injection model of experimental bone metastases. Administration of huRANKL MAb did not inhibit the osteolytic response of the bone to these cells, or affect the establishment and growth of the C4-2 tumors in this environment. In conclusion, our results suggest that in this model, murine RANKL and not the tumor-derived human RANKL is the mediator of the osteolytic reaction associated with C4-2 growth in bone. We hypothesize that C4-2 cells express other factor/s inducing host production of RANKL, thereby driving tumor-associated osteolysis.
Disambiguating Toponyms in News

This research is aimed at the problem of disambiguating toponyms (place names) in terms of a classification derived by merging information from two publicly available gazetteers. To establish the difficulty of the problem, we measured the degree of ambiguity, with respect to a gazetteer, for toponyms in news. We found that 67.82% of the toponyms found in a corpus that were ambiguous in a gazetteer lacked a local discriminator in the text. Given the scarcity of human-annotated data, our method used unsupervised machine learning to develop disambiguation rules. Toponyms were automatically tagged with information about them found in a gazetteer. A toponym that was ambiguous in the gazetteer was automatically disambiguated based on preference heuristics. This automatically tagged data was used to train a machine learner, which disambiguated toponyms in a human-annotated news corpus at 78.5% accuracy.
Diagnosing depression in Alzheimer disease with the national institute of mental health provisional criteria.

Objective To compare the rates of depression in Alzheimer Disease (AD) determined using National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) provisional criteria for depression in AD (NIMH-dAD) to those determined using other established depression assessment tools. Design Descriptive longitudinal cohort study. Setting The Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers of California. Participants A cohort of 101 patients meeting NINDS-ADRDA criteria for possible/probable AD, intentionally selected to increase the frequency of depression at baseline. Measurements Depression was diagnosed at baseline and after 3 months using NIMH-dAD criteria and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders. Depressive symptoms also were assessed with the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. Results The baseline frequency of depression using NIMH-dAD criteria (44%) was higher than that obtained using DSM-IV criteria for major depression (14%; Z = −5.50, df = 101, p Z = −2.86, df = 101, p=0.021) or using established cut-offs for the CSDD (30%; Z = −2.86, df = 101, p=0.004) or GDS (33%; Z = −2.04, df = 101, p=0.041). The NIMH-dAD criteria correctly identified all patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression, and correlated well with DSM-IV criteria for major or minor depression (κ = 0.753, p Conclusions The NIMH-dAD criteria identify a greater proportion of AD patients as depressed than several other established tools.
Ion selective permeation through cellulose acetate membranes in forward osmosis.

Solute–solute interactions can have a dramatic impact on the permeation of solutes through dense polymeric membranes. In particular, understanding how solute–solute interactions can affect the design of osmotically driven membrane processes (ODMPs) is critical to the successful development of these emerging water treatment and energy generation processes. In this work, we investigate the influence that solute–solute interactions have on nitrate permeation through an asymmetric cellulose acetate forward osmosis membrane. A series of experiments that included systematic modifications to the cation paired with nitrate, the identity of the draw solute, and the solution pH were conducted. These experiments reveal that in the unique operating geometry of ODMPs, where solute containing solutions are present on both sides of the membrane, nitrate fluxes are significantly higher (>15 times in some cases) than predicted by existing models for solute permeation in ODMPs. The identity of the cation paired with nitrat...
Regional Governance in Education: A Case Study of the Metro Area Learning Community in Omaha, Nebraska

This article examines the first regional governance reform in public education, created in the Omaha, Nebraska metropolitan area in 2007. The legislation creating this regional reform, which is called the Learning Community, established a regional governing body, the Learning Community Coordinating Council, consisting of an elected 21-member board. The board oversees a tax-sharing plan that redistributes general revenue, an interdistrict diversity transfer program, and programming aimed at enhancing early childhood and after-school opportunities for low-income students. In this article, we examine the implementation of the Learning Community, evaluating the extent to which the regional governing body has been able to advance the regional goals with which it has been charged. This article also illustrates how, as a result of the regional governance reforms, school districts within the Omaha metropolitan area are reevaluating the very definition of “local community.”