cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of emerging preference for non‐preferred foods targeted in the treatment of food selectivity

Several studies have shown that the acquisition of food consumption does not occur until after escape prevention is implemented. However, the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of food consumption may be due to participants contacting the reinforcing properties of food targeted during intervention such that the food naturally reinforces food consumption. The present study extended the literature on feeding disorders by conducting pre- and post-treatment preference assessments to determine if preference for non-preferred foods (NPFs) had developed after exposure to a treatment comparison of sequential and simultaneous food presentation; presentation methods were implemented alone and combined with escape prevention in the form of a non-removal of the spoon (NRS) procedure. Results for three participants with food selectivity indicated that preference for NPFs developed after being exposed to those foods during either treatment sessions or generalization probes. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canopy arthropod responses to thinning and burning treatments in old-growth mixed-conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada, California

We compared canopy arthropod responses to common fuels reduction treatments at Teakettle Experimental Forest in the south-central Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled arthropod communities among four dominant overstory conifer species and three dominant understory angiosperm species before and after overstory or understory thinning or no thinning treatments followed by burning or no burning treatments. Arthropods were sampled in overstory trees by climbing and bagging foliage-bearing branches and counting all arthropods by taxon in each sample. Understory plants were sampled similarly from the ground. Arthropod assemblages showed significant differences among tree species and seasons, but not among treatment combinations. Taxa showing significant differences in abundance among plant species likely reflected differences in foliage quality or other host-associated conditions among plant species. Some arthropods showed significant value as indicator species. Overall, our results indicated that the restoration treatments recommended for Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests have little effect on associated canopy arthropods. However, given the significant differences in arthropod assemblages among plant species, restoration treatments should ensure that the full range of plant species characterizing these forests is maintained in order to protect their associated arthropods.
The continuing case for a hierarchical cosmology

The standard ‘Big Bang’ and hierarchical paradigms for describing the cosmos are discussed in terms of recent astrophysical discoveries. Three criteria established by G. de Vaucouleurs in 1970 as bases for deciding between these two cosmological models provide the main format of the discussion.
Electrical Effects of Stimulating the Endocardial Surface of the Right Ventricle of the Dog

The endocardial surface of the right ventricle in four dogs was stimulated by a unipolar electrode introduced into the cavity of the right ventricle by means of a catheter. Electrical changes at a suprajacent point on the right wall were recorded by the V lead method of Wilson. In every experiment the induced QRS complexes were initiated by a positive electrical change.
Acute dissociation of lamprey reticulospinal axons to enable recording from the release face membrane of individual functional presynaptic terminals.

Synaptic transmission is an extremely rapid process. Action potential driven influx of Ca2+ into the presynaptic terminal, through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) located in the release face membrane, is the trigger for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Crucial to the rapidity of synaptic transmission is the spatial and temporal synchrony between the arrival of the action potential, VGCCs and the neurotransmitter release machinery. The ability to directly record Ca2+ currents from the release face membrane of individual presynaptic terminals is imperative for a precise understanding of the relationship between presynaptic Ca2+ and neurotransmitter release. Access to the presynaptic release face membrane for electrophysiological recording is not available in most preparations and presynaptic Ca2+ entry has been characterized using imaging techniques and macroscopic current measurements – techniques that do not have sufficient temporal resolution to visualize Ca2+ entry. The characterization of VGCCs directly at single presynaptic terminals has not been possible in central synapses and has thus far been successfully achieved only in the calyx-type synapse of the chick ciliary ganglion and in rat calyces. We have successfully addressed this problem in the giant reticulospinal synapse of the lamprey spinal cord by developing an acutely dissociated preparation of the spinal cord that yields isolated reticulospinal axons with functional presynaptic terminals devoid of postsynaptic structures. We can fluorescently label and identify individual presynaptic terminals and target them for recording. Using this preparation, we have characterized VGCCs directly at the release face of individual presynaptic terminals using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology approaches. Ca2+ currents have been recorded directly at the release face membrane of individual presynaptic terminals, the first such recording to be carried out at central synapses.
Risk and damage of southern pine beetle outbreaks under global climate change

This study, using the panel data modeling approach, investigates the relationships between climatic variables and southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations and assesses the impact of global climate change on SPB infestation risk and damage. The panel data model alleviates possible collinearity among climatic variables, accounts for the effect of omitted or unobserved variables, and incorporates natural and human adaptation, thus representing a more robust approach to analyzing climate change impacts. SPB outbreaks in Louisiana and Texas appeared to move together; infestations in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee were highly correlated; and Virginia demonstrated its unique temporal pattern of SPB outbreaks. Salvage harvest was found to be helpful in lessening future infestation risk. Warmer winters and springs would positively contribute to SPB outbreaks with spring temperature showing a more severe and persistent impact than winter temperature; increases in fall temperature would ease SPB outbreaks; and summer temperature would have a mixed impact on SPB infestations. Compared to temperature, precipitation would have a much smaller impact on SPB infestations. While increases in the previous winter, spring, and fall precipitation would enhance SPB outbreak risk in the current year, a wetter summer would reduce infestations 3 years later. Global climate change induced by doubling atmospheric CO2 concentration would intensify SPB infestation risk by 2.5–5 times. If the changes in the area and productivity of southern pine forests due to climate change are accounted for, SPB would cause even more severe damage, 4–7.5 times higher than the current value of trees killed annually. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Systematic Evaluation of U.S. Navy LM2500 Gas Turbine Condition

From an operational availability stand point, the U.S. Navy is interested in the short term reliability of its ship based LM2500 gas turbine engines. That is the likelihood that an engine will operate successfully through a six-month deployment (usually 1500 to 2000 operational hours). From a maintenance and cost of ownership standpoint both the short-term and long-term reliability are of concern. Long-term reliability is a measure in time (in operating hours) between engine removals. To address these requirements U.S. Navy Fleet support maintenance activities employ a system of tests and evaluations to determine the likelihood that an LM2500 will meet its short and long-term goals. The lowest level inspection is the predeployment inspection, which attempts to identify primarily mechanical faults with the engine. Gas Turbine Bulletin inspections are used to determine if predefined wear out modes exists. Performance evaluations can be performed which determine the ability of the LM2500 and its control system to meet expected power requirements. Lube oil system data can be analyzed to determine if excessive leakage or excessive scavenge temperatures exist. Engine vibration characteristics can be reviewed to identify the source of both synchronous and nonsynchronous vibration and determine if corrective measures need to be taken. This paper will discuss how the lowest level inspections feed the more sophisticated analysis and how these inspections and evaluations work to provide a systematic method of insuring both short and long-term LM2500 reliability.
Geometry dependence of the electrostatic and thermal response of a carbon nanotube during field emission

In this paper we present an analysis to simulate heating within an isolated carbon nanotube (CNT) attached to an etched tungsten tip during field emission of an electron beam. The length, radius, wall thickness and shape of the tip (closed with a hemispherical shape or open and flat) of the CNT and its separation distance from the flat surface are considered as variables. Using a finite element method, we predict the field enhancement, emission current and temperature of the CNT as a function of these parameters. The electrostatic and transient thermal analyses are integrated with the field-emission models based on the Fowler-Nordheim approximation and heating/cooling due to emitting energetic electrons (the Nottingham effect). These simulations suggest that the main mechanism responsible for heating of the CNT is Joule heating, which is significantly larger than the Nottingham effect. Results also indicate that the electrostatic characteristics of CNTs are very sensitive to the considered parameters whereas the transient thermal response is only a function of the CNT radius and wall thickness. Further, the thermal response of the CNT is independent of its geometry, meaning that, as long as a given set of geometrical conditions are present that result in a given emission current, the maximum temperature a CNT attains will be the same.
Automated Apparatus for Measuring the Frangibilityand Fragmentation of Strengthened Glass

The surface compressive stress developed during thermal or chemical strengthening in glass is balanced by tensile stress throughout the central region of the glass, known as central tension (CT). Greater CT can lead to a higher degree of frangibility and fragmentation. Three automatic methods are developed to measure the frangibility and fragmentation behavior of the strengthened glass. Method A uses free gravity drop of a stylus with magnetic braking to deliver consistent impact force. Method B adds an air bearing to provide accurate alignment of the stylus while reducing friction. Method C uses a flex hinge design to deliver impact force. After fine tuning of the apparatus, a delayed fracture rate of ~80 % can be achieved. Delayed fracture is a necessary condition for evaluating the intrinsic frangibility and fragmentation behavior of a strengthened glass sample as a result of the stored internal stress. On the other hand, in an immediate fracture event, externally applied energy exerted on the glass can affect the fragmentation pattern and the perceived frangibility. Use of a single strike, as opposed to multiple strikes, to fracture the sample will also prevent unwanted damage to the glass that could influence the final result.
Metal-ion binding and limited proteolysis of betabellin 15D, a designed beta-sandwich protein.

Betabellin 15D is a 64-residue, disulfide-bridged homodimer. When folded into a β structure, the protein is predicted to have two clusters of three histidine residues, each cluster able to bind a divalent metal ion. When the protein was incubated with Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, or Mn2+, metal complexes of betabellin 15D were observed by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. The relative abundances of the ionic complexes suggested an order of affinities of Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Mn2+, consistent with solution-phase affinities for nitrogen- or sulfur-containing ligands. Limited proteolysis of betabellin 15D by immobilized pepsin, as measured by nanoelectrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, showed that the Phe12–Ser13 peptide bond of betabellin 15D was cleaved more slowly in the presence of Cu2+ than in its absence. Because Cu2+ has little or no effect on the catalytic rate of pepsin, the slower cleavage of the Phe12–Ser13 peptide bond may be due to its decreased accessibility caused by Cu2+-induced folding of betabellin 15D.
Chronic hypoxia in neuronal cell culture metabolic consequences

Cerebral cortical cell cultures obtained from fetal mice were subjected to 5% O2 for 24 h at a developmental stage equivalent to that of the human neonate. Immediately after the hypoxic insult (HI), medium lactate was elevated and pH, partial pressure of oxygen, and bicarbonate concentration were depressed compared to controls. At this time, the cultures evidenced a modest reduction in high-affinity GABA uptake but minimal morphologic or other biochemical evidence of cellular dysfunction. Within 24 h of restitution of normoxia, there was prominent disruption of neuronal integrity as well as significant reductions in benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor binding, clonazepam — displaceable (CLO) BDZ binding, high-affinity uptake of GABA and beta-alanine, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and total protein. Except for the neuronal marker CLO, GABA uptake was depressed more than other parameters for the subsequent 72 h. In contrast, the non-neuronal marker, Ro5-4864—displaceable BDZ binding, was always increased. Both morphologic and biochemical changes occurred independent of correction of pH, bicarbonate, and lactate. These data suggest that chronically hypoxic nervous tissue in vitro exhibits considerable delay in the evolution of maximal abnormality but that a population of GABAergic cells may be relatively more vulnerable. Although glial cell stimulation may contribute to neuronal survival, it also is possible that, because of the temporal association with cellular dysfunction, restitution of normoxia may contribute to nervous tissue injury.
Moral masquerades: Experimental exploration of the nature of moral motivation

Why do people act morally – when they do? Moral philosophers and psychologists often assume that acting morally in the absence of incentives or sanctions is a product of a desire to uphold one or another moral principle (e.g., fairness). This form of motivation might be called moral integrity because the goal is to actually be moral. In a series of experiments designed to explore the nature of moral motivation, colleagues and I have found little evidence of moral integrity. We have found considerable evidence of a different form of moral motivation, moral hypocrisy. The goal of moral hypocrisy is to appear moral yet, if possible, avoid the cost of being moral. To fully reach the goal of moral hypocrisy requires self-deception, and we have found evidence of that as well. Strengthening moral integrity is difficult. Even effects of moral perspective taking – imagining yourself in the place of the other (as recommended by the Golden Rule) – appear limited, further contributing to the moral masquerade.
Familial Myocardial Disease with and without Obstruction to Left Ventricular Outflow Clinical, Hemodynamic, and Angiographic Findings

Right and left heart catheterization, including selective cineangiocardiography, was performed in 20 of the 33 patients examined in a large Negro family. Fifteen had features compatible with the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Sudden death has not occurred in this family. Many of the patients were young and were totally unaware of the heart disease, although 11 had symptoms of dyspnea on exertion. A large number of individuals in this family were found to be affected by a familial form of heart disease with similar clinical manifestations, but with a wide spectrum of hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic abnormalities ranging from no obstruction to ventricular outflow and only mild indentation of the ventricular cavity to obstruction and marked narrowing of both ventricular outflow tracts. The patients with obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract were older than those without obstruction. Therefore, this study provides further evidence that in families with myocardial disease, the presence or absence of outflow tract obstruction is merely a different manifestation of the same basic cardiac disease. This study has also demonstrated distinct left ventricular abnormalities quite early in life suggesting that the disease may be of congenital origin and that obstruction may be a function of the duration of the disease.
Method of generating negative group delay in phase arrays without using lossy circuits

A design technique for generating negative group delay (NGD) without the use of lossy circuits is reported. Furthermore, the lossless NGD circuit is employed in designing a serially fed antenna array. The NGD is generated by using an antenna and a T-junction power divider. The NGD circuit cancels out the positive group delay in serially fed arrays resulting in beam squint elimination.
Can the Built Environment Reduce Obesity? The Impact of Residential Sprawl and Neighborhood Parks on Obesity and Physical Activity

This paper investigates the impact of the built environment on obesity while looking for causation in the presence of unobserved individual characteristics. Unobserved heterogeneity is addressed with instrumental variables. Two features of the built environment are considered: residential sprawl and proximity to neighborhood parks. Standard single equation results indicate that less sprawl and better park access are both significantly associated with lower levels of obesity. However, these effects disappear in the two-stage specification, implying that the built environment may not causally affect obesity. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that neither parks nor sprawl seems to influence the occurrence of physical activity.
Metagenomic insights into anaerobic metabolism along an Arctic peat soil profile.

A metagenomic analysis was performed on a soil profile from a wet tundra site in northern Alaska. The goal was to link existing biogeochemical knowledge of the system with the organisms and genes responsible for the relevant metabolic pathways. We specifically investigated how the importance of iron (Fe) oxides and humic substances (HS) as terminal electron acceptors in this ecosystem is expressed genetically, and how respiratory and fermentative processes varied with soil depth into the active layer and into the upper permafrost. Overall, the metagenomes reflected a microbial community enriched in a diverse range of anaerobic pathways, with a preponderance of known Fe reducing species at all depths in the profile. The abundance of sequences associated with anaerobic metabolic processes generally increased with depth, while aerobic cytochrome c oxidases decreased. Methanogenesis genes and methanogen genomes followed the pattern of CH4 fluxes : they increased steeply with depth into the active layer, but declined somewhat over the transition zone between the lower active layer and the upper permafrost. The latter was relatively enriched in fermentative and anaerobic respiratory pathways. A survey of decaheme cytochromes (MtrA, MtrC and their homologs) revealed that this is a promising approach to identifying potential reducers of Fe(III) or HS, and indicated a possible role for Acidobacteria as Fe reducers in these soils. Methanogens appear to coexist in the same layers, though in lower abundance, with Fe reducing bacteria and other potential competitors, including acetogens. These observations provide a rich set of hypotheses for further targeted study.
Vacancy-induced nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in solid H2☆

Abstract We report new results for the study of vacancy motion in solid hydrogen deduced from measurements of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation of HD impurities. The temperature dependence below 11K is compared with Ebner and Sung's model for vacancy quantum tunneling.
Tunable equilibrium nanocluster dispersions at high protein concentrations

Solutions of therapeutic proteins often gel and become too viscous to deliver via subcutaneous injection at high protein concentrations (>200 mg ml−1). Herein, we demonstrate that protein molecules can be crowded into colloidally stable dispersions of distinct nanoclusters that exhibit equilibrium hydrodynamic diameters without gelation at very high concentrations (up to 320 mg ml−1). The nanoclusters form spontaneously upon concentration of protein solutions in the presence of a crowding agent, for example trehalose. Remarkably nanoclusters of the same size are produced by dilution of protein powder in buffer. Nanocluster size is stable for extended time periods, and upon frozen storage and thawing. Thus, the nanocluster diameter appears to be governed by equilibrium behavior arising from a balance of short and long-ranged monomer–monomer, monomer–cluster and cluster–cluster interactions, as calculated by a free energy model.
Tracing Atmospheric Nitrate Deposition in a Complex Semiarid Ecosystem Using Δ17O

The isotopic composition of nitrate collected from aerosols, fog, and precipitation was measured and found to have a large 17O anomaly with delta17O values ranging from 20 percent per thousand to 30% percent per thousand (delta17O = delta17O - 0.52(delta18O)). This 17O anomaly was used to trace atmospheric deposition of nitrate to a semiarid ecosystem in southern California. We demonstrate that the delta17O signal is a conserved tracer of atmospheric nitrate deposition and is a more robust indicator of N deposition relative to standard delta18O techniques. The data indicate that a substantial portion of nitrate found in the local soil, stream, and groundwater is of atmospheric origin and does not undergo biologic processing before being exported from the system.
A dimeric heteroleptic five-coordinate zinc(II) complex containing a non-motionally restricted N,N'-heterocyclic ligand.

The title compound, bis(micro-1,2-benzenethiolato)-1:2kappa(3)S,S':S';2:1kappa(3)S,S':S'-bis[(2,2'-bipyridine-kappa(2)N,N')zinc(II)], [Zn(2)(micro-C(6)H(4)S(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)], crystallizes with the dinuclear molecule located on a center of symmetry. The coordination geometry about the Zn atom is a modestly distorted trigonal bipyramid, with the axial ligating atoms at an angle of 170.81 (4) degrees and the angles in the equatorial plane in the range 112.94 (4)-129.95 (4) degrees. Weak pi-stacking interactions between bipyridine ligands on adjacent molecules [interplanar spacing = 3.315 (3) A] and a possible weak intermolecular C-H.S hydrogen bond (H.S = 2.84 A) are seen in the crystal.
Maternal characteristics of hatching enzymes in hybrid sea urchin embryos.

Abstract Sea urchin hatching enzyme is studied as a gene product appearing early in development. Crude hatching enzymes from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus can be distinguished by the sensitivity of their activities to inhibition by Mn2+. When reciprocal hybrids of the two species are prepared, each hybrid enzyme is characterized as entirely maternal, within the limits of the method. The inference that transcription for hatching enzyme occurs during oogenesis is evaluated and supported.
Assessing freeze damage in loblolly pine seedlings: a comparison of ethane production to electrolyte leakage

Ethane production was evaluated as a method for assessing freeze damage to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings by comparing it to the widely used electrolyte leakage method. Paired measurements, first ethane production and then electrolyte leakage, were conducted on the pooled needle samples at temperatures between 0° and −12°C. Ethane production rates increased in a linear fashion with decreasing temperatures between 0° and −12°C for both Virginia Coastal Plain (R2=0.80) and Marion County, Florida (R2=0.87) seed sources. The Florida seedlings were consistently 2° to 4°C higher than the Virginia seedlings at a given ethane level. Electrolyte leakage expressed as Index of Injury initially increased with decreasing temperatures, but then leveled off at or decreased below −8°C. The log-log linear regression of ethane production against Index of Injury indicated good correspondence for both seed sources (Virginia − R2=0.81; Florida − R2=0.91). Ethane production appears more rapid and to require less sampling than does electrolyte leakage while producing comparable results to the electrolyte leakage method.
The Redshift Dependence of Gamma-Ray Absorption in the Environments of Strong-Line AGNs

The case of {gamma}-ray absorption due to photon-photon pair production of jet photons in the external photon environments, such as the accretion disk and the broad-line region radiation fields, of {gamma}-ray--loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that exhibit strong emission lines is considered. I demonstrate that this 'local opacity,' if detected, will almost unavoidably be redshift-dependent in the sub-TeV range. This introduces nonnegligible biases and complicates approaches for studying the evolution of the extragalactic background light with contemporary GeV instruments such as the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST ), where the {gamma}-ray horizon is probed by means of statistical analysis of absorption features (e.g., the Fazio-Stecker relation) in AGN spectra at various redshifts. It particularly applies to strong-line quasars, where external photon fields are potentially involved in {gamma}-ray production.
Neurosonography of hydrocephalus in infants.

Transfontanel cranial ultrasonography reliably delineates ventricular size and anatomy in small infants. In these children, it is an excellent primary imaging technique for evaluation of the many clinical problems related to ventricular dilatation. Sonography can be useful for: (1) detecting ventriculomegaly, (2) differentiating nonobstructive ventricular dilatation from obstructive enlargement (hydrocephalus), (3) determining the cause of hydrocephalus; (4) aiding in the temporary management of patients with hydrocephalus; and (5) aiding in the management of patients with permanent ventricular shunts.
On k-path hamiltonian maximal planar graphs

k-path hamiltonian maximal planar graphs are characterized using the connectivity number of such graphs.
Joshua Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II. New York: The New Press, 2000. xv + 409 pp. $35.00 cloth.

On September 11, 2001, the terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center targeted a city that has long been a symbol of high finance, speculation, and investment—the capital of multinational capitalism. Yet among those killed in New York were hundreds of working-class men and women, people whose labor has long been essential to the functioning of Wall Street. The causalities included electricians, dishwashers, and janitors, as well as “pink collar” workers such as secretaries, typists, and file clerks. Joshua Freeman reminds us that these laborers played an important role in shaping the politics and society of modern New York as did the financiers, brokers, and lawyers so central to our image of the global metropolis. Freeman begins his book with a criticism of the “astonishing blindness” to working-class life in the “vast literature celebrating postwar New York” (xiv). Working-Class New York goes a long way toward the rewriting of the history of New York with workers at the center.
Altered dopaminergic profiles: implications for the regulation of voluntary physical activity

Abstract The biological regulating factors of physical activity in animals are not well understood. This study investigated differences in the central mRNA expression of seven dopamine genes ( Drd1 , Drd2 , Drd3 , Drd4 , Drd5 , TH , and DAT ) between high active C57/LJ ( n = 17) male mice and low active C3H/HeJ ( n = 20) male mice, and between mice with access to a running wheel and without running wheel access within strain. Mice were housed with running wheels interfaced with a computer for 21 days with distance and duration recorded every 24 h. On day 21, the striatum and nucleus accumbens were removed during the active period (∼9 pm) for dopaminergic analysis. On average, the C57L/J mice with wheels ran significantly farther (10.25 ± 1.37 km/day vs. 0.01 ± 0.09 km/day, p p p
Inference control mechanism for statistical database frequency-imposed data distortions

This paper introduces two data distortion methods: Frequency-Imposed Distortion and Frequency-Imposed Probability Distortion. This paper compares the performance of these distortion methods with that of other distortion method by using a Monte Carlo study. The study indicates that the data generated by these two methods not only produce accurate statistics but also protect the privacy of individuals involved in the data.
The incremental ASIS in monosubstituted benzenes

Abstract The incremental ASIS (Aromatic Solvent Induced Shifts) were determined in partially deuterated monosubstituted benzenes (C6H5X,X = NH2, NO2, F, Cl, Br, I). A good correlation exists between the incremental ASIS in the meta and para positions and the dipole moments of substituted benzenes, in which the dipole moments are collinear with the CX bonds. Whereas the incremental ASIS in the meta and para positions closely parallel each other both in sign and magnitude, the incremental ASIS in the ortho position are considerably smaller in magnitude and apparently exhibit no trends or correlation with dipole moments. It appears that precise ASIS measurements in monosubstituted benzenes may predict not only the magnitude but also the direction of the components of their dipole moments along the CX bonds.
Low-temperature synthesis of superconducting nanocrystalline MgB 2

Magnesium diboride (MgB2) is considered a promising material for practical application in superconducting devices, with a transition temperature near 40 K. In the present paper, nanocrystalline MgB2 with an average particle size of approximately 70 nm is synthesized by reacting LiBH4 with MgH2 at temperatures as low as 450°C. This synthesis approach successfully bypasses the usage of either elemental boron or toxic diborane gas. The superconductivity of the nanostructures is confirmed by magnetization measurements, showing a superconducting critical temperature of 38.7 K.
Sub-100 nm T-gates utilizing a single E-beam lithography exposure process

Sub 100 nm T-gate structures have been produced using a tri- level resist stack modified from previously published results utilizing ZEP7000A, PMGI and ZEP520A positive e-beam resists. The new resist stack replaces the top resist with the more sensitive ZEP7000A from Zeon Chemical. The does sensitivity of the ZEP1000A is an order of magnitude higher than the ZEP520A. This difference provides the flexibility to create T-gate structures with larger top cross-sectional dimensions, which increase the transconductance. The technique can also be used to create other novel structures such as gamma-gates and small air bridges, by varying the dose on the different parts of a feature design to achieve the desired three-dimensional resist structure.
Spatial Stratification in Sapporo, Japan, 1975:

Urbanisation and industrialisation took place in Japan later than in the USA from a different historical and cultural background. Japanese society is more homogeneous and exhibits lesser extremes of socio-economic differences than does society in the USA. Land costs in Sapporo, a city in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan, are distributed regularly from the centre of the city, which provides a basis for ordering population activities, including residences. Dissimilarity indexes computed for 371 'meshes'-each 1 km square—show residential segregation by occupation, marital status and type of housing to be similar in pattern and range to that in the USA.
Area and lamina-specific expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in monkey cerebral cortex

On a isole et clone sept ADNc specifiques aux singes, correspondant aux sous-unites α1, α2, α4, α5, βl, β2 et γ2 des recepteurs GABA A , et utilise des sondes d'ARNc et d'ADNc pour l'histochimie par hybridation in situ et buvardage de Northem des regions paretiales anterieures, temporales, motrices, somatosensorielles et visuelles primaires. Les ARNm des sous-unites α1, β2 et γ2 ont ete exprimes a des taux nettement superieurs aux autres ARNm, ce qui indique que la plupart des recepteurs GABA A corticaux proviennent de ces trois sous-unites. Les unites α1, β2 et γ2 ont aussi ete plus fortement exprimees dans l'aire 17 que dans les autres aires, refletant la plus grande densite de synapses et de cellules GABA dans l'aire 17. Dans toutes les regions corticales, l'ARNm de chacune des sous-unites a presente un profil d'expression laminaire distinct. Les taux d'ARNm des sous-unites α1, β2 et γ2 ont ete particulierement eleves dans les couches II-III, IV et VI, tendant a suivre les profils de fixation aux recepteurs et de coloration immunocytochimique des recepteurs. Les autres produits de la transcription ont eu des profils differents des profils de localisation immunocytochimique ou de fixation. Les ARNm de la sous-unite α5, qui sont fortement exprimes durant le developpement, ont ete enrichis dans la couche VI et la matiere blanche sous-jacente du cortex visuel ainsi que dans une bande ressemblant a la couche IV de l'aire 4; ceci reflete probablement la participation de recepteurs formes par les polypeptides α5 dans les interactions trophiques a l'interieur de la sous-plaque corticale et de la couche IV transitoire durant le developpement de ces regions. Une privation monoculaire de 1-3 semaines, induite par l'injection intravitree de tetrodotoxine, a provoque des reductions substantielles des taux d'ARNm des sous-unites α1, β2 et γ2 dans les colonnes de dominance oculaire correspondantes du cortex visuel; les ARNm des autres sous-unites ont ete tres peu influences par la privation monoculaire. Dans les couches corticales ou l'expression des tous les produits de la transcription a ete forte, tous les neurones ont semble exprimer le gene; toutefois, dans les couches ou l'expression a ete faible ou moderee, les differences dans le niveau de marquage de neurones simples ont suggere que certains neurones pourraient ne pas exprimer en quantite detectable certains produits de la transcription de sous-unites. Les differences laminaires dans l'expression des differentes sous-unites des recepteurs GABA A du cortex cerebral suggerent un assemblage de recepteurs fonctionnels a partir de diverses combinaisons de sous-unites presentes dans differents types de cellules. Les recepteurs dotes de diverses proprietes fonctionnelles pourraient provenir de differentes combinaisons de polypeptides des sous-unites contenues dans differentes couches; dans le cortex visuel, ils pourraient etre regules differemment en fonction de l'activite.
Linkage map of human chromosome 9 microsatellite polymorphisms

Ten microsatellite markers composed of polymorphic (CA)n or (AAAT)n repeats were mapped to chromosome 9. PIC values for these markers ranged from 0.46 to 0.82. The marker at the D9S54 locus was localized to 9pter-p22 by means of a somatic cell hybrid; another marker at D9S103 was similarly localized to 9q34-qter. Two-point lod scores and individual meiotic recombination events were used to position the 10 markers relative to each other. The best order resulting from these analyses was D9S54-D9S104-[D9S52-D9S43-D9S50]-D9S53+ ++- [D9S106-D9S105]-D9S51-D9S103, with order of the loci within brackets uncertain. Two-point linkage analysis was also used to approximate the positions of the microsatellite markers relative to those of 33 markers contained in the public CEPH database (v.3) and to one other available microsatellite marker at the D9S15 locus.
Cell formation using tabu search

Abstract We present a tabu search-based cell formation algorithm in this paper. The cell formation problem studied here is to group machines into cells such that the material movement between cells is minimized. By using a weighted graph to represent the material movement between machines, we model the cell formation problem as a graph partition problem. The algorithm solves this problem through improving a cell configuration using the tabu search technique. A binary-tree data structure and a look-ahead scheme are developed for the algorithm to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Our computational results show that this algorithm is capable of generating very good cell configurations in moderate computational time.
Albumin influences the effects of tonicity and hypertonic saline on hydraulic permeability

Introduction: Hypertonic saline (HS) shrinks endothelial cells thereby opening inter-endothelial gaps which may increase permeability. This increase in permeability is not supported by clinical studies suggesting that water is pulled into the vascular space not lost into the interstitium. We hypothesized that albumin influences the trans-endothelial fluid due to tonicity and HS by a mechanism other than oncotic pressure. Methods: Hydraulic permeability (Lp) was measured in rat mesenteric venules using the Landis micro-occlusion model. The effect of albumin on tonicity was tested by measuring Lp after successive perfusions with a 1% albumin/Ringers solution of varying sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (85, 135, 185, and 235 mM) (n = 6). To examine the effect of albumin with HS, additional venules were perfused with 1% albumin/Ringers ([NaCl] = 135 mM) and measures of Lp obtained after a subsequent perfusion with 1% albumin in 7% NaCl (n = 6). Results were compared to data from similar studies conducted without albumin. Units for Lp are x10−8 cm · sec−1 cm·H2O−1. Results: Fig. 1 shows the effect of varying the NaCl concentration on Lp with and without albumin. The ∗ signifies a difference as compared to the No Albumin group, p < 0.05. Fig. 2 shows a 3-fold decrease in Lp with 7% HS plus albumin as compared to 7% HS alone, p = 0.02. Conclusions: Albumin decreased Lp at higher concentrations of NaCl. Since this model controls for oncotic pressure, albumin may impact Lp by a mechanism other than oncotic force. HS shrinks endothelial cells that may widen intercellular gaps thereby potentially increasing permeability. However, albumin appears to stabilize the endothelial barrier during HS perfusion and prevents the loss of intravascular fluid. Appropriate albumin levels may play an important clinical role in modulating trans-endothelial fluid flux with HS. Download high-res image (53KB) Download full-size image
Proteome profile of the developing maize (Zea mays L.) rachis

In this study, we performed the first high-throughput proteomic analysis of developing rachis (cob) from maize genotype Mp313E. Using two proteomic approaches, 2-DE and 2-D LC, we identified 967 proteins. A 2-D proteome reference map was established. Functional classification of identified proteins revealed that proteins involved in various cellular metabolisms, response to stimulus and transport, were the most abundant.
Development of Mix Design Procedure for Cold In-Place Recycling with Foamed Asphalt

The main objective of this study is to determine mix design parameters for cold in-place recycling with foamed asphalt. First, the foaming process of laboratory foaming equipment was validated by varying the water and asphalt content. 1.3% water content was adopted to create the optimum foaming characteristics in terms of the expansion ratio and the half-life at 170°C under air pressure of 400 kPa and water pressure of 500 kPa. The mix design was then performed using both the indirect tensile test and the Marshall test for 13 combinations of foamed asphalt content and water content for three different gradations. The water content did not appear to affect the test results significantly. Maximum stability (both wet and dry samples), maximum bulk density, and indirect tensile strength (both wet and dry samples) were all obtained around 2.5% foamed asphalt content. Overall, the highest Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength were obtained in the order of fine, field, and coarse reclaimed asphalt pavement gradations. It is recommended that the indirect tensile strength based on wet samples be adopted for determining the optimum foamed asphalt content.
Relation between clinical presentation and angiographic findings in unstable angina pectoris, and comparison with that in stable angina.

Abstract The diagnosis of unstable angina encompasses a broad spectrum of patients with myocardial ischemia, varying widely in cause, prognosis and responsiveness to therapy. A new clinical classification of unstable angina is based on the following 2 components: severity, and the clinical setting in which unstable angina develops. The hypothesis that this clinical classification correlates with the underlying coronary artery anatomy was tested. In 238 consecutive patients, an unstable angina score ranging from 2 to 6 was determined by adding the scores for severity (1 = unstable angina without pain at rest; 2 = pain at rest >48 hours before angiography; and 3 = pain at rest ≤48 hours before angiographic evaluation) and the clinical setting of unstable angina (1 = unstable angina secondary to a noncardiac condition; 2 = primary unstable angina; and 3 = early postinfarction unstable angina). Fifty concurrently studied consecutive patients with stable angina were assigned a score of 0. Patients with unstable angina averaged 63 ± 11 years of age, and 165 were men (69%). Pain at rest occurred in 202 of 238 patients (85%), and angiography was performed ≤48 hours in 139 of these patients (69%). Among patients with unstable angina, 5 (2%) had secondary unstable angina, 143 (60%) had primary unstable angina, and 90 (38%) had postinfarction unstable angina. Multivariable regression analysis identified the unstable angina score as the most important predictor of intracoronary thrombus (p = 0.011) and lesion complexity (p = 0.004) in the ischemia-related artery. The new clinical classification of unstable angina correlates with the underlying angiographic anatomy, and may thus aid in decisions regarding diagnostic procedures and provide a useful basis for comparing the response to therapy among patients with unstable angina.
Are Disruptive CEO Successions Viewed as a Governance Lapse? Evidence From Board Turnover

A wealth of governance research has examined CEO successions and the negative organizational consequences that arise when boards are unable to effect smooth leadership transitions. Despite those findings, empirical and anecdotal evidence indicates that disruptive successions are still very common. In this article, we investigate whether disruptive CEO successions are viewed as a governance lapse by the board. We focus specifically on succession processes that involve the use of an interim leader. We leverage established research that shows that the pattern of board turnover observed in the wake of negative events is indicative of whether board behaviors are—in practice—viewed as normative violations. We theorize that audiences will disapprove of boards’ use of interim CEOs and, therefore, expect that these successions will prompt higher rates of board turnover than those observed following noninterim successions. However, we also anticipate that this relationship will be moderated by situational character...
Effect of glucagon on gastric and duodenal secretion in chickens

Acute experiments in chickens demonstrated that glucagon inhibited the volume of spontaneous gastric juice secretion (proventriculus-gizzard) with a corresponding decrease in pepsin output. Glucagon did slightly reduce the volume of histamine-stimulated gastric juice, but the pepsin secretion decreased by 50%. The pentagastrin stimulatory effect on gastric secretion was suppressed by glucagon. The effect of glucagon on the proventriculus in chickens is very similar to its effect on gastric secretion in mammals.
Effect of calcium concentration on textural properties of high and low acyl mixed gellan gels

Abstract Textural properties of 1% low and high acyl gellan gels and their mixtures were studied using compression tests and the microcentrifuge-microfiltration based water holding capacity (WHC) method. Low acyl (1% LA), high acyl (1% HA) gels and mixtures of 1% 25/75 LA/HA, 50/50 LA/HA, 75/25 LA/HA gels with calcium concentrations ranging from 2 to 80 mM were studied. HA or mixed gels with a lower LA/HA ratio had a greater WHC and failure strain than that of LA or mixed gels with a higher LA/HA ratio. Gellan gels with a higher LA/HA ratio had a larger initial Young's modulus. Our study also indicates that a higher LA/HA ratio does not necessarily result in a gel with a larger failure stress, although LA gels are generally firmer than HA gels. Gel strength and WHC of HA and LA/HA mixtures may reflect both stabilization and destabilization effects of glycerate groups positioned at one of the glucose residues in each repeating tetrasaccharide unit of HA gels.
Urgent ERCP with pancreatic stent placement or replacement for salvage of post-ERCP pancreatitis

Background and study aims: Urgent placement or replacement of pancreatic stents shortly after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) might attenuate the course of evolving post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Patients and methods: Salvage ERCP with de novo pancreatic stent placement or replacement of outwardly migrated stents was performed within 2 – 48 hours in patients with evolving PEP accompanied by severe pain, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and major elevations in serum amylase and lipase. Serial pain scores, amylase and lipase levels, and hospital course were studied. Results: PEP according to Cotton consensus criteria developed after 64 (2 %) of 3216 ERCPs over 3 years. Of the 64 patients with PEP, 14 underwent salvage ERCP (5 without and 9 with prior pancreatic stents, 7 of which had migrated outwards prematurely). All patients had SIRS and a high score (≥ 3) for the bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis. Median clinical onset of PEP was at 5 hours (range 0 – 68 hours) in patients with prophylactic pancreatic stents vs. 2 hours (range 0.5 – 2.5 hours) in patients without prophylactic pancreatic stents (P Conclusion: Urgent salvage ERCP with de novo pancreatic stent placement or replacement of a migrated stent is a novel approach in the setting of early PEP, and was associated with rapid resolution of clinical pancreatitis and reduction in levels of amylase and lipase.
Sexual Autonomy and the Status of Women: Models of Female Sexuality in U.S. Sex Manuals from 1950 to 1980

Sex and marriage manuals contain sexual scripts about female sexuality and the role of women in heterosexual relationships. As attitudes change, new scripts become marketable; and as manuals articulate new scripts, they legitimate a redefinition of women's sexuality and roles. This paper looks at 49 manuals published in the United States from 1950 to 1980. These manuals generally reflect one of three distinct models of female sexuality: different-and-unequal, humanistic sexuality, or sexual autonomy. Each model rests on a different set of assumptions and values, and each has social and political implications. The popularity of the sexual autonomy model since 1975 is particularly noteworthy and provides a basis for potentially radical revisions in notions of women's sexuality.
Disaster Management and Civil Society: Earthquake Relief in Japan, Turkey and India

Natural disasters have a profound impact upon the societies they affect but one important aspect that has yet to receive attention is how the relationship between state and society is affected in the aftermath of such events. How the state responds to such events can generate powerful forces within society for political, economic and social change.