cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arbitration Games. A Survey

General two-person games in normal form are considered,where the players have non-cooperative and cooperative actions available, and where the problem arises, which Pareto optimal point in the payoff region to choose. We suppose that the players solve this problem with the aid of an arbitrator, using a bargaining solution, which is known to the players. A survey is given of known existence results and proof techniques concerning the value of arbitration games. Furthermore, new existence theorems are derived using the dummy game technique. This technique leads also to answers to computational problems and of questions concerning the structure of optimal strategy spaces, extending earlier results.
Effects of intrathecal opioid administration on pituitary function.

Objective To report a case of panhypopituitarism in a patient receiving long-term intrathecal opioids. Design This is a case study and review of current medical literature. There is a 7-year follow-up time. Patients One adult male clinic patient with pituitary dysfunction. Main Outcome Measure(s) Intrathecal opioids may lead to pituitary dysfunction. Results Intrathecal opioid pain management may produce some generalized effects, as well as pituitary hypofunction, as evidenced by this case. This patient experienced simultaneous suppression of multiple anterior pituitary hormones, which persisted with chronic oral opioid therapy following cessation of an intrathecal opioid pump. Conclusions All hypothalamic pituitary axes, seem potentially vulnerable to therapy with intrathecal opioids. When patients are receiving these medications, symptoms need to be critically evaluated with appropriate laboratory assessments for suspected pituitary dysfunction. Further studies are required in order to create formal recommendations for routine patient surveillance during intrathecal opioid therapy.
IGF-I and insulin regulate eIF4F formation by different mechanisms in muscle and liver in the ovine fetus

The mechanisms by which insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin regulate eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4F formation were examined in the ovine fetus. Insulin infusion increased phospho...
Corporate America′s Quest for an Ideal MBA

Identifies problems facing MBA programmes, the type of executives sought by businesses, and the roles academic and business institutions need to play in developing the next generation of managers. Views MBA programmes through an input‐output model with the quality of the output (MBAs) a function of the quality of the input and the efficiency of the process and reveals the problems in business education. To raise the quality of MBAs, schools need to cover material relevant to client firms, to incorporate new materials into existing courses that stress written and oral communication. States that faculty and executives should forge links to evaluate graduates and update classroom material and states faculty should be encouraged to undertake business internships. Corporations have an additional role, they must identify MBAs with potential for senior level management and train them, focusing on leadership negotiating skills, and long‐term planning.
Influence of industry type on the relationship between international operations and risk

Abstract Reducing strategic risk has become an issue of paramount importance to corporations. One way to reduce such risk is through international operations. However, published research reports conflicting findings on the relationship between international operations and risk reduction. In addition, the literature leaves one avenue largely unexplored, namely, industry influence. Using a sample of 367 firms, this study tests for the relationship between internationalization and risk across global and multi-domestic industries. Study findings indicate a negative relationship between risk and internationalization, indicating that firms are benefited by reduced risk through internationalization. Additionally, regression models indicate the incremental rate of benefits due to internationalization is greater in the case of global industries, compared to multi-domestic industries.
Enhanced Strength and Ductility at a Cryogenic Temperature in a Nanostructured Ni-Fe Alloy

The compressive behavior was investigated on an electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-20%Fe alloy with a grain size of about 22 nm at room temperature (RT), 298 K, and the liquid nitrogen temperature (LN2T), 77 K. The sensitivity of the yield strength and plastic strain to the test temperature at different grain sizes was discussed. Moreover, through the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) examination and microhardness measurement, the microstructures before and after the compression test at RT and LN2T were studied.
The Measurement of Identity: Reliability of Constantinople's Inventory of Personality Development:

This paper considers the reliability of a much referenced measure of identity, Constantinople's Inventory of Personality Development. Al- though Constantinople indicated only moderate acceptability of the reliability of the instrument, a review of literature indicates that later researchers utilizing the measure generally did not report independent reliability estimates. This paper reports reliability estimates, computed for the identity subscales with a sample of undergraduate students, which suggests caution in the use of this measure for identity research. Discussion includes the implications of this methodological issue for future identity research.
QUALITY AND STABILITY OF SOME FREEZE‐DRIED FOODS IN “ZERO” OXYGEN HEADSPACE

SUMMARY— Excellent retention of fresh flavor quality in a series of freeze-dried foods of plant and animal origin was achieved in “zero” oxygen headspace, using an atmosphere of 5% hydrogen in nitrogen with a palladium catalyst. Freeze-dried, precooked carrots, sweet potatoes, green beans, peas, spinach, white potatoes, peaches, apricots, chicken, pork, beef, beef stew, chicken stew and shrimp were investigated for oxygen uptake, flavor quality and some for consumer acceptability. The rate of oxygen uptake during storage was greater in the animal products than in the plant products studied. For oxygen-sensitive products such as carrots and sweet potatoes, loss of quality was observed in packs with headspace containing as little as 0.5% oxygen within 1 month at 100°F reflected in the lower scores given by a technological panel. A flavor profile panel reported that all the foods packed with 5% hydrogen in nitrogen with palladium catalyst had aroma and flavor amplitudes after storage at 100°F for 6 months comparable to the original products. Randomly selected untrained consumer test panels preferred the foods packed in “zero” oxygen to those in 2% oxygen after brief storage at 100°F. This preference persisted throughout the test year.
RELIEVING FOOD LIMITATION REDUCES SURVIVORSHIP OF A GENERALIST PREDATOR

We tested the hypothesis that food supplementation for the generalist arthropod predator Tenodera sinensis would alleviate starvation and reduce intraguild predation. Two field experiments showed that mantids had higher growth rates and lower dispersal in the presence of supplemental prey. However, estimated mortality was greater in food-addition plots, so that numbers of mantid nymphs remaining at the end of the experiments were not significantly different from those in control plots. When groups of mantids were raised in the laboratory, mortality declined with increased food, owing to decreased starvation. Cannibalism in these cohorts did not differ between food levels. Therefore, greater mortality at higher food levels probably was not caused by intraspecific interactions. Emigration of cursorial spiders large enough to prey on mantids decreased in the food-addition plots and may have increased intraguild predation on mantids. In any case, elevating prey level apparently does not predictably benefit food-limited generalist predators.
Silicate-phosphate interactions in silicate glasses and melts: II. quantitative, high-temperature structure of P-bearing alkali aluminosilicate melts

Abstract Structural data for glasses along the join 0.1[xNa2O-(1−x)Al2O3]-0.9SiO2 + 2 mol.% P2O5, obtained from multinuclear NMR and ab initio shielding calculations, have been combined with Raman spectroscopic data on the glasses at 25°C and melts to temperatures above 1200°C. The structural interpretation of those data is consistent with isolated PO4 and P2O7 complexes together with QPn (n = 1–4) species to be present in both glasses and melts. The QPn species consist of one PO4 group linked to the silicate network by 1 to 4 oxygen bridges (corresponding to n = 1–4 in the QP1 species). The principal solution mechanism of phosphorus in these glasses and melts can be described with a total of six different schematic expressions. These expressions are consistent with the observation from 29Si and 31P MAS-NMR that, for constant P2O5 content, increasing the alumina/alkali ratio leads to a decreased effect of phosphorus on silicate polymerization. Temperature-dependent interactions between phosphate solute and silicate solvent above the glass transition temperature have been identified. The types of interactions were separated into three composition ranges. For peralkaline melts, the phosphate species become more polymerized and the silicate species less polymerized, with increasing temperature: 2 PO 4 + Q Si 4 ⇔ P 2 O 7 + Q Si 3 , and P 2 O 7 +5 Q Si 4 ⇔2 Q P 1 +3 Q Si 3 , where QSin denotes speciation of silicate and QPn speciation of phosphate. The ΔH for these two reactions are 140 to 190 kJ/mol and ∼65 kJ/mol, respectively. For compositions near meta-aluminate, the abundance of individual QPn species is temperature-dependent at temperatures above the glass transition, 2 Q P 3 ⇔ Q P 2 + Q P 4 , with ΔH = 13 to 19 kJ/mol. The abundance of silicate species is not affected by temperature for those compositions. For peraluminous melts, the phosphate species become less polymerized and the silicate species more polymerized with increasing temperature above the glass transition, Q P 4 + Q Si 3 ⇔ Q P 3 +2 Q Si 4 , with ΔH = 13 to 23 kJ/mol. The structural data obtained in the high-temperature regime indicate that the melt structures resemble those of the glasses, although the abundance of individual melt species is temperature-dependent. Therefore, for peralkaline and peraluminous melts, properties that depend on melt polymerization become more pronounced if melt data, rather than structural data of glasses, were employed. For compositions near meta-aluminate, where neither phosphate nor silicate polymerization varies with temperature, properties that depend on melt polymerization are likely less sensitive to temperature.
Capital Budgeting and the Stochastic Cost of Capital

Despite its shortcomings, the IRR method continues to be a widely employed evaluation technique in capital budgeting. This paper demonstrates the reasons for its continued popularity. Specifically, the non‐requirement of a discount rate is suggested to be an important factor in the choice of IRR over the NPV criterion. A major implication is that managers face a very elusive, or stochastic, discount rate for NPV analysis. Thus, the aversion to NPV may go beyond simple aesthetics.
Probing the symmetry of the nonlinear optic chromophore Ru(trans-4,4'- diethylaminostyryl-2,2'-bipyridine)32+: Insight from polarized hyper- Rayleigh scattering and electroabsorption (Stark) spectroscopy

Polarized hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) has been used to interrogate a putative octupolar “super” chromophore Ru(trans-4,4‘-diethylaminostyryl-2,2‘-bipyridine)32+. While the hyperpolarizability (β) is impressive, it is apparent from polarized HRS measurements that the symmetry of the excited state, and thus the hyperpolarizability tensor, is best described as dipolar in nature. Electroabsorption (electronic Stark effect) experiments support these findings, implying that changes in dipole moment (Δμ) accompany optical excitation. The measured |Δμ| contributions from both metal-to-ligand charge transfer and intraligand transitions have been used to model the wavelength-dependent hyperpolarizability; reasonable qualitative agreement between experimental results and a simple three-state, two-level dipolar model is obtained.
Individualizing antimetabolic treatment strategies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on TP53 mutational status

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the tumor protein 53 (TP53) tumor suppressor gene are common in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and correlate with radioresistance. Currently, there are no clinically available therapeutic approaches targeting p53 in HNSCC. In this report, the authors propose a strategy that uses TP53 mutational status to individualize antimetabolic strategies for the potentiation of radiation toxicity in HNSCC cells. METHODS: Glycolytic flux and mitochondrial respiration were evaluated in wild-type (wt) and mutant (mut) TP53 HNSCC cell lines. Sensitivity to external-beam radiation (XRT) was measured using a clonogenic assay. RESULTS: HNSCC cells that expressed mutTP53 demonstrated radioresistance compared with HNSCC cells that expressed wtTP53. Glycolytic inhibition potentiated radiation toxicity in mutTP53-expressing, but not wtTP53-expressing, HNSCC cells. The relative sensitivity of mutTP53 HNSCC cells to glycolytic inhibition was caused by a glycolytic dependence associated with decreased mitochondrial complex II and IV activity. The wtTP53-expressing cells maintained mitochondrial reserves and were relatively insensitive to glycolytic inhibition. Inhibition of respiration using metformin increased glycolytic dependence in wtTP53-expressing cells and potentiated the effects of glycolyic inhibition on radiation toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: TP53 mutation in HNSCC cells was correlated with a metabolic shift away from mitochondrial respiration toward glycolysis, resulting in increased sensitivity to the potentiating effects of glycolytic inhibition on radiation toxicity. In contrast, wtTP53-expressing cells required inhibition of both mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis to become sensitized to radiation. Therefore, the authors concluded that TP53 mutational status may be used as a marker of altered tumor cell metabolism to individualize HNSCC treatment selection of specific, targeted metabolic agents that can overcome cellular resistance to radiation therapy. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Computer simulations versus real experiments in a portable structural mechanics laboratory

Efforts are being made to develop practical and effective innovations for undergraduate engineering teaching laboratories. The "ANEX" process, in which computer simulations are compared in nearly real time with physical measurements made on bench-scale model experiments, is now being used successfully in an introductory structural analysis course. ANEX is described, as well as current plans to develop software simulation modules and matched, bench-scale model experiments for new "MECH-ANEX" laboratory applications in lower-division statics and mechanics of materials courses. The ANEX process could also be adapted to undergraduate laboratory applications in a wider range of engineering and science disciplines. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Classification for Market Segmentation: An Improved Linear Model for Solving Problems of Arbitrary Origin

A current problem in marketing research involves the use of scale measures of consumer characteristics to develop homogeneous classifications of consumers. The quality of these classification efforts is influenced by the nature of the scales, which are frequently characterized by arbitrary origin and variance. This paper draws on recent developments in classification methodology to propose and illustrate an integrative classification methodology which overcomes some of the current problems of classification approaches.
At the crossroads: Social and faith‐based entrepreneurship

The term social entrepreneurship is relatively recent, coming into favor over the last 30 years (Dray-ton, 2002). When discussing social entrepreneurship, it may be helpful to explore the role faith-based organizations play within social entrepreneurship, a topic that has not received adequate attention in the scholarly literature. This article features a case study of a 118-year-old faith-based organization and explores its ability to create positive change, both locally and internationally. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling Selective Pressures on Phytoplankton in the Global Ocean

Our view of marine microbes is transforming, as culture-independent methods facilitate rapid characterization of microbial diversity. It is difficult to assimilate this information into our understanding of marine microbe ecology and evolution, because their distributions, traits, and genomes are shaped by forces that are complex and dynamic. Here we incorporate diverse forces—physical, biogeochemical, ecological, and mutational—into a global ocean model to study selective pressures on a simple trait in a widely distributed lineage of picophytoplankton: the nitrogen use abilities of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria. Some Prochlorococcus ecotypes have lost the ability to use nitrate, whereas their close relatives, marine Synechococcus, typically retain it. We impose mutations for the loss of nitrogen use abilities in modeled picophytoplankton, and ask: in which parts of the ocean are mutants most disadvantaged by losing the ability to use nitrate, and in which parts are they least disadvantaged? Our model predicts that this selective disadvantage is smallest for picophytoplankton that live in tropical regions where Prochlorococcus are abundant in the real ocean. Conversely, the selective disadvantage of losing the ability to use nitrate is larger for modeled picophytoplankton that live at higher latitudes, where Synechococcus are abundant. In regions where we expect Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus populations to cycle seasonally in the real ocean, we find that model ecotypes with seasonal population dynamics similar to Prochlorococcus are less disadvantaged by losing the ability to use nitrate than model ecotypes with seasonal population dynamics similar to Synechococcus. The model predictions for the selective advantage associated with nitrate use are broadly consistent with the distribution of this ability among marine picocyanobacteria, and at finer scales, can provide insights into interactions between temporally varying ocean processes and selective pressures that may be difficult or impossible to study by other means. More generally, and perhaps more importantly, this study introduces an approach for testing hypotheses about the processes that underlie genetic variation among marine microbes, embedded in the dynamic physical, chemical, and biological forces that generate and shape this diversity.
Finger sweat print tape bands.

A simple inexpensive technique for obtaining finger sweat prints (FSPs) is described. Evidence for its validity is presented. The method proved approximately equal to a more elaborate procedure in sensitivity to an anticholinergic drug effect. FSP techniques, perhaps, have been technically refined without the compensating gains of increased reliability or validity.
A Slice of Peace

We rarely read or hear of good news from the Mideast and Israel: the second Lebanese war, Hezbollah, rockets raining down on Sderot, Operation Cast Lead, and Iran. Even an optimist like me could see little hope for this region in turmoil. In 2009 I visited a number of pediatric emergency departments in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem to see whether there were opportunities for me to contribute as a physician. I was particularly taken with Professor Eitan Kerem, chairman of the Department of Pediatrics at Hadassah–Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. Professor Kerem described the history of Hadassah Hospital, the diversity of patients and disease, and the underserved population treated there. I left thinking what an incredible place this would be to work. By the time I landed home in Boston, my plan was in place. After numerous e-mails, Professor Kerem agreed to have me work as an attending physician in the Pediatric Emergency Department for 1 month and helped me obtain my temporary medical license. I started to study Hebrew seriously in Boston, worked out my leave of absence from work, rented an apartment, and left later that year. I was ready to care for “my people.” It would not take long for me to understand how unprepared I really was. I landed in Israel on a Monday morning and began work in the emergency department on Wednesday. I put on my freshly pressed white coat with stethoscope and other paraphernalia and walked into the department, still tired and foggy from jet lag. I blinked a few times as … Address correspondence to Sigmund Kharasch, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Zero Emerson Place, Suite 3B, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail: skharasch{at}partners.org
1087 USE OF A MICOCOMPUTER IN A DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LABORATORY

Aseries of computer programs was developed using an existing data base management system (KnowledgeMan) on a microcomputer to assist with the management of a diagnostic virology lab. The primary purpose was to handle the daily routine: recording specimens and patient data, generating worksheets for the reading and processing of cultures, retrieving culture results or current status, and printing final report forms. It can also handle other lab procedures: Chlamydia cultures, Clostridium difficile toxin assays, and some serologic testing. In addition, the computer facilitates surveillance studies. It can rapidly generate a list of cultures or results for user-defined conditions: ages, hospital location, dates, or a variety of other parameters. A statistics package is included for simple analyses. Security of patient data is always a concern with computer use because of the ease of transporting large volumes of information on floppy disks. Security is provided by KnowledgeMan. All information is stored in scrambled form within files, and cannot be read if accessed from outside KnowledgeMan. On entering the system, each user is assigned a priority status. Each data type, e.g. name, age, result, is assigned up to 16 different access codes to restrict the user to certain pieces of information. The series of programs is menu-driven, and requires no computer knowledge by lab personnel. A computer can decrease significantly the paperwork done by hand, file large amounts of information in a small space, facilitate epidemiologic surveys, and provide a rapid review and analysis of the work performed by the laboratory.
Directing the personnel search part I: the position announcement

Purpose – This paper's purpose is to consider what goes into a well‐done library personnel search beginning with the position announcement.Design/methodology/approach – The paper states reasons for conducting a well‐run search, defines general parameters for candidate contacts during the search and then discusses how to address specific points in the position announcement.Findings – The paper finds that, in order to attract a qualified pool from which to choose, the position announcement must be both well‐worded and substantive in the opportunity being advertised.Practical implications – The practical implications of this paper have to do with saving time, trouble and money by hiring a good fit for library positions the first time.Originality/value – The value of the paper is in learning what it takes to attract quality candidates for library positions.
Organometallic chemical vapor deposition routes to high Tc superconducting Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O films

Films of the Tl‐Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O high Tc superconductor can be prepared by either of two organometallic chemical vapor deposition routes. Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O films are first prepared on yttria‐stabilized zirconia using the volatile precursors Ba(heptafluorodimethyloctanedionate)2, Ca(dipivaloylmethanate)2, and Cu(acetylacetonate)2. Deposition is carried out at 5 Torr pressure with argon as the carrier gas and water vapor as the reactant gas. Thallium is next incorporated in these films either by vapor diffusion using bulk Tl‐Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O as the source, or by organometallic chemical vapor deposition using Tl(cyclopentadienide) as the source. The latter deposition is carried out at atmospheric pressure with an argon carrier and water‐saturated oxygen reactant, followed by rapid thermal annealing. Both types of films consist primarily of the TlBa2Ca2Cu3Ox phase, have preferential orientation of the CuO planes parallel to the substrate surface, and exhibit onset of superconductivity at ∼120 K with zero resistance by 100 K.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope systematics in weathering profiles

Abstract δD and δO18 studies undertaken in detail on seven different soil profiles developed on both igneous and sedimentary parent rocks indicate that the parent rock minerals in these soils do not undergo appreciable oxygen or hydrogen isotopic exchange with meteoric waters in the weathering environment. Profiles formed on igneous rocks include: Elberton—Georgia (kaolinite-gibbsite), Big Sur—California (montmorillonite), and Spokane—Washington (halloysite-nontronite). The soils developed on sedimentary parent rocks are represented by 3 profiles formed on an Upper Cretaceous shale in Montana, South Dakota, and Colorado, and a profile on a Precambrian Belt Series shale from Missoula, Montana. The O 18 O 16 of quartz, biotite and feldspar exhibit no change from fresh rock to the A-horizons in any of these soils. The bulk O 18 O 16 and D H of soils formed on shales containing montmorillonite and illite exhibit little or no change relative to the parent rock shale so long as no significant mineralogical changes have occurred. Clay minerals and hydroxides produced during weathering may attain drastically different isotopic compositions than those of the parent rocks, and these weathering products form essentially in isotopic equilibrium with their local meteoric waters. The pairs kaolinite-H2O, montmorillomte-H2O and gibbsite-H2O display the following approximate isotopic fractionation factors: αkaolinite-H2OOX = 1.026; αkaolinite-H2Ohy= 0.968; αmantmorillonite-H2OOX = 1.025 to 1.028 depending on the Fe-content of the montmorillonite; αgibbsite-H2OOX=1.018 and αgibbsite-H2Ohy = 0.984. Complications arise in the case of halloysite because of isotopic exchange between the interlayer water and hydroxyl. The D H ratios of halloysite are thus not preserved and give no information concerning the conditions of formation of the halloysite soil.
Intraocular Pressure in Diabetic Persons

Intraocular pressure measurements were taken in 2366 diabetic persons and 381 nondiabetic persons who lived in southern Wisconsin. Diabetic persons tended to have higher mean intraocular pressure than the nondiabetic persons. Higher blood pressure, earlier time of day of IOP measurement, absence of cataract and, in some comparisons, female gender, were significantly associated with higher intraocular pressure. In this study rates of a positive history of glaucoma were higher in diabetic persons than in nondiabetic persons and the population participating in the Health Interview Survey. These findings suggest that ophthalmologists must be aware of the increased risk of glaucoma when evaluating diabetic patients.
Mini-bronchoalveolar lavage with and without surfactant in the treatment of recurrent atelectasis in pediatric intensive care patients

Since traditional treatment of atelectasis is often insufficient to reopen the collapsed airways, mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (mini-BAL) is performed. We retrospectively compared the treatment effects of mini-BAL only and mini-BAL combined with surfactant in the treatment of pediatric ICU patients with recurrent atelectasis.
Fixing the Mercator Projection for the Internet Age

The first installment of Computer's series highlighting the work published in IEEE Computer Society journals comes from IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.
The public vs private debate: Separating facts from values

The choice between public and private emergency ambulance services is generally based on histological experience within the community. No empirical evidence exists that supports an argument that either public or private emergency ambulance services are better, per se. On a macro level, this debate is based on the question of the role of government and the role of the marketplace in the delivery of public services and medical care, and the comparative efficiencies of public and private organizations. On a micro or community level, these philosophical concerns are supplemented with issues relating to protection of individual jobs and investments, upholding of community tradition, and maintenance of existing relationships. Other specific values that are considered include the role of profit and equity--fairness of coverage. A rational choice would be based on consideration of efficiency and effectiveness. The effectiveness of an emergency medical services system is primarily based on its ability to provide patients with the level of care that they need within a clinically appropriate time. Efficiency is the ratio between inputs and outputs. One factor that can increase efficiency is the availability of excess production capacity that can be used to provide emergency ambulance service, with a low marginal cost of adding this to the other functions. A rational model is intended to change the level of the debate to one that is less based on values, but it is impossible for a community to select an ambulance provider in a value-free environment.
Reserve Constrained Multi-Area Economic Dispatch Employing Evolutionary Approach

The objective of Multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) is to determine the generation levels and the interchange power between areas that minimize fuel costs, while satisfying power balance and generating limit and transmission constraints. If an area with excess power is not adjacent to a power deficient area, or the tie-line between the two areas is at transmission limit, it is necessary to find an alternative path between these two areas to transmit additional power. When a MAED problem is solved with spinning reserve constraints, the problem becomes further complicated. The power allocation to each unit is done in such a manner that after supplying the total load, some specified reserve is left behind. In this paper, the authors compare classic PSO and DE strategies and their variants for reserve constrained MAED. The superior constraint handling capability of these techniques enables them to produce high quality solutions. The performance is tested on a 2-area system having 4 generating units and a 4-area, 16-unit system.
Estimation of Properties of Crude Oil Residual Fractions Using Chemometrics

Knowledge of certain properties of a crude oil such as saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) contents, Conradson carbon residue (CCR), ultimate analysis (CHNS), density, and molecular weight (MW) is useful for the characterization of the oil. Multivariate statistics combined with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can be a powerful tool to rapidly and accurately predict these properties. Twenty-two crude oil fractions, from Alaska North Slope (ANS), the western United States (Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming), and Venezuela were used in this study. Eleven of these samples were C25+ residual fractions while the rest were C12+ residual fractions. The objective was to develop chemometric prediction models to predict the properties of unknown fractions using a single NIR spectrum. The SARA components (HPLC), molecular weights, densities, hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratios, weight percent (wt %) nitrogen, weight percent sulfur (from CHNS analysis), and weight percent Conradson carbon residue (CCR) were me...
Critiquing the potential of object orientation in manufacturing

Abstract The purpose of this article is to assess what we can and what we cannot expect to accomplish with the promising object-orientation in manufacturing. Emerging object-oriented programming (OOP), analysis (OOA), modelling and problem-solving (OOM/P), design (OOD), databases (OODB), and control (OOC) are reviewed and evaluated for their contributions to solving manufacturing systems engineering problems with emphasis on CIM applications. The extent to which the object-orientation has already been suitable and practical, the open issues and emerging capabilities, and the manufacturing problem areas for which the object-orientation cannot offer a solution are identified and analysed using illustrations from five case studies developed at Purdue University, and relative to the recently defined ‘foundations of manufacturing systems’.
Self-interaction correction for density-functional theory of electronic energy bands of solids

Although the self-interaction terms in the Coulomb and exchange potentials exactly cancel each other in the Hartree-Fock one-electron Hamiltonian, the cancellation is incomplete when the exchange interaction is treated by the density-functional approximation. The residual self-interaction pushes the orbital energy levels upward. This effect is especially serious for valence states of insulators with localized charge distribution and causes an underestimation of the energy band gap. We have corrected for this incomplete cancellation of self-interaction in the density-functional formalism of energy-band theory of crystalline solids. The self-interaction correction (SIC) to the total energy of the $N$-electron system is expressed in terms of the Wannier functions, and periodic SIC potentials for the Bloch-state wave functions are derived variationally from the energy functional. The resulting SIC one-electron Hamiltonians are state dependent, but a unified Hamiltonian has been devised so that energies of all levels of the same $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ from different bands are obtained by diagonalizing the same matrix. We have applied this SIC method to calculate the energy band structure of the argon and LiCl crystals. Using the Kohn-Sham exchange along with the correlation potential of von Barth and Hedin, we obtain band gaps in excellent agreement with experiment, whereas without SIC the calculated band gaps are more than 35% below the experimental values.
Visibility cameras: where and how to look

This paper investigates image processing and pattern recognition techniques to estimate light extinction based on the visual content of images from static cameras. We propose two predictive models that incorporate multiple scene regions into the estimation: regression trees and multivariate linear regression. Incorporating multiple regions is important since regions at different distances are effective for estimating light extinction under different visibility regimes. We evaluate our models using a sizable dataset of images and ground truth light extinction values from a visibility camera system in Phoenix, Arizona.
Cyclogenetic Perturbations and Analysis Errors Decomposed into Singular Vectors

Abstract Singular vectors (SVs) have been applied to cyclogenesis, to initializing ensemble forecasts, and in predictability studies. Ideally, the calculation of the SVs would employ the analysis error covariance norm at the initial time or, in the case of cyclogenesis, a norm based on the statistics of initial perturbations, but the energy norm is often used as a more practical substitute. To illustrate the roles of the choice of norm and the vertical structure of initial perturbations, an upper-level wave with no potential vorticity perturbation in the troposphere is considered as a typical cyclogenetic perturbation or analysis error, and this perturbation is then decomposed by its projection onto each energy SV. All calculations are made, for simplicity, in the context of the quasigeostrophic Eady model (i.e., for a background flow with constant vertical shear and horizontal temperature gradient). Viewed in terms of the energy SVs, the smooth vertical structure of the typical perturbation, as well as i...
Vapor-liquid phase equilibrium in systems with multiple chemical reactions

Abstract We introduce a new set of composition variables for treating phase equilibria in multicomponent, multi-reaction systems with or without inert components present. These variables provide a way of reducing the dimensionality of the problem and simplifying the analysis. We find that reactive azeotropes occur at points of equal transformed composition in each phase, but not equal mole fraction. Therefore, phase diagrams for complex reacting mixtures are greatly simplified when represented in terms of these new variables, and it is especially easy to identify the presence or absence of azeotropes in the (reacting) mixture. Three examples are given in detail.
Intravascular ultrasound assessment of drug-eluting stent expansion

Background In the drug-eluting stent (DES) era, stent expansion remains an important predictor of restenosis and subacute thrombosis. Compliance charts are developed to predict final minimum stent diameter (MSD) and area (MSA). The objectives of the study were (1) to assess DES expansion by comparing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)–measured MSD and MSA against the values predicted by compliance charts and (2) to compare each DES against its bare-metal stent (BMS) equivalent. Methods We enrolled 200 patients with de novo coronary lesions treated with single, >2.5-mm Cypher (Cordis, Johnson & Johnson, Miami Lakes, FL) (sirolimus-eluting stent [SES], 133 patients) or Taxus (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) (paclitaxel-eluting stent [PES], 67 patients) stent under IVUS guidance without another postdilation balloon. We used a comparison cohort of 65 equivalent BMS (Express 2 [Boston Scientific], 37 patients; Bx Velocity [Cordis, Johnson & Johnson], 28 patients) deployed under similar conditions. Results The DES achieved only 75% ± 10% of predicted MSD and 66% ± 17% of predicted MSA; this was similar for SES and PES. Furthermore, 24% of SES and 28% of PES did not achieve a final MSA of 5 mm 2 , a consistent predictor of DES failure. The SES achieved 75% ± 10% of predicted MSA versus 75% ± 9% for Bx Velocity ( P = .9). The PES achieved 79.9% ± 14% of predicted MSA versus 79% ± 10% for Express 2 ( P = .8). Lesion morphology, arc and length of calcium, stent diameter and length, and implantation pressures did not affect expansion. Conclusions Compliance charts fail to predict final MSD and MSA. A considerable percentage of DES does not achieve minimum standards of stent expansion. The SES and PES achieve similar expansion to their BMS platform, indicating that the polymer coating does not affect DES expansion in vivo. However, stent expansion cannot be predicted from preintervention IVUS lesion assessment.
U.S. environmental law statutes in coastal zone protection

U.S. federal legislation relevant to the coastal zone and adjacent ocean was reviewed and included the Coastal Zone Management Act, Clean Water Act, Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act, and Oil Pollution Act. Problems affecting these waters involve complex activities/issues related to multimedia sources of pollution and coastal land use planning. Effective pollution control requires state-local-federal interaction with a better understanding of scientific as well as social and economic issues.
The Role of Atonal Factors in Mechanosensory Cell Specification and Function

Atonal genes are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that were first identified as regulating the formation of mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors in Drosophila. Isolation of vertebrate homologs of atonal genes has shown these transcription factors to play diverse roles in the development of neurons and their progenitors, gut epithelial cells, and mechanosensory cells in the inner ear and skin. In this article, we review the molecular function and regulation of atonal genes and their targets, with particular emphasis on the function of Atoh1 in the development, survival, and function of hair cells of the inner ear. We discuss cell-extrinsic signals that induce Atoh1 expression and the transcriptional networks that regulate its expression during development. Finally, we discuss recent work showing how identification of Atoh1 target genes in the cerebellum, spinal cord, and gut can be used to propose candidate Atoh1 targets in tissues such as the inner ear where cell numbers and biochemical material are limiting.
Five‐Year Outcome After Epilepsy Surgery in Nonmonitored and Monitored Surgical Candidates

Summary: Purpose: We wished to compare outcome 5 years after temporal lobectomy in 28 patients selected for surgery on the basis of interictal EEG patterns with that in 46 patients who underwent EEG-video monitoring studies as part of their preoperative evaluation during the same era. Methods: The 28 nonmonitored patients had interictal EEG patterns that demonstrated a consistent, unilateral, anterior-midtemporal epileptiform focus, without discordant findings from other studies. Outcomes were assessed for years 4 and 5 after operation. Results: Twenty-six of 28 (92.9%) nonmonitored patients were seizure-free or had at least 75% reduction in seizures. Twenty-nine of 46 (63.0%) monitored patients were seizure-free or had at least 75% reduction in seizures. Preoperative interictal EEGs of 29 of these patients showed independently localized bitemporal, ex-tratemporal, midposterior temporal, or diffuse epileptiform patterns. The remaining 17 monitored patients had preoperative strictly unilateral anterior-midtemporal interictal discharges, and their outcome was comparable to the nonmonitored group, with 15 (88.8%) seizure-free or with at least 75% reduction in seizures. Conclusions: A proportion of candidates for epilepsy surgery can be selected without ictal recordings provided that interictal EEGs demonstrate consistent unilateral anterior-midtemporal epileptiform discharges and that other data are not discordant.
Radiomanganese studies in pyridoxine deficient rats.

SummaryTissue distribution and excretion of radioactivity following intravenous injection of Mn54Cl2 at 3 different time intervals were studied in rats deficient in pyridoxine and in control animals. The findings indicate that deficiency of pyridoxine is associated with increased uptake of the injected dose by brain and testicles, and with decreased uptake by liver and heart. No differences in Mn54 concentrations were observed in other tissues examined. The tracer content in the gastrointestinal tract and the feces of the pyridoxine deficient rats is significantly higher than in those of their respective controls. However, urinary excretion of radioactive manganese is reduced in pyridoxine deficient groups. These results suggest a role of pyridoxine in the regulation of manganese metabolism.
Recommending a scheme of reason: Political theory, policy science, and democracy

It is the task of policy science, as of political theory generally, to recommend a scheme of reason that will presumably result in better public decisions. This may seem profoundly undemocratic, for in a democracy, should not the people be free to think precisely as they please? Yet all political theory intimates an idea of political reason and unreason. The problem then is which ideal of reason to teach in the name of a policy science of democracy. Herein I compare three common schemes of reason: utilitarian calculation, liberal rationalism, and practical reason. My conclusion is that there is no reason to suppose that the capacity for the more public-spirited forms of deliberation is less widely distributed in the population than calculated self-interest, and that either liberal rationalism or practical reason, or some combination of the two, is more compatible with democracy than utilitarian calculation.
John Dewey—Experiential Maverick

Be carefulabout the blank slatebecause it is never really blankthe beginning not inchoate,but full of proclivitiesswept out in registers of fire,a fundament whose filamentis subtle beyond ideaBeyon...
Robust Fourier descriptors for characterizing amplitude-modulated waveform shapes

Fourier descriptors (FD’s) have traditionally been used to characterize the boundary shape of closed curves in computer‐based images. This study examines the usefulness of FD’s for characterizing the shape of amplitude‐modulated waveform boundaries. Twenty‐eight bioacoustic waveforms representing 7 species‐specific sound groups were examined. Nearest‐neighbor classification using 32‐point waveform envelopes yielded 85.7% recognition rates when Euclidean distances with 8 or 12 FD’s were employed. With 4 or 16 FD’s, recognition was 82.1% but dropped to 71.4% when the number of FD’s was reduced to 3. Evidently only the low‐order 4 or 5 FD’s are required to characterize most signals examined. Four FD’s were adequate representation for linear discriminant analysis, wherein 27 (96.1%) of the samples were classified correctly, and for hierarchical cluster analysis, wherein 26 (92.9%) of the samples clustered into dendrogram subtrees corresponding to the known sound groups. Two sounds accounted for many errors in the classification experiments, and these differed from typical sounds for their respective species groups. In such cases, more than a single FD reference pattern may be required to adequately represent the sounds of a given species.
Development of mitochondria-specific mouse oligonucleotide microarray and validation of data by real-time PCR.

Abstract This study describes the development of a mitochondria-specific microarray, MitoChip, to measure transcripts of mitochondria-associated genes in various diseases and drug-induced toxicities in the mouse. The array consists of 542 oligonucleotides that represent genes from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes associated with mitochondrial structure and functions. The expression of mitochondrial genes was measured in the liver of both p53 haplodeficient (+/−) and wild-type (+/+) C3B6F 1 female mice exposed to antiretroviral agents, Zidovudine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC). Among genes whose expression was significantly altered, a set was selected for real-time PCR analysis to verify their differential gene expression. The real-time PCR data confirmed the observations by microarray analysis suggesting that the MitoChip may be an important tool for examining mitochondrial involvement in diseases and drug-induced toxicities.
The mammalian neocortex new pyramidal neuron: a new conception

Mammals’ new cerebral cortex (neocortex) and the new type of pyramidal neuron are mammalian innovations that have evolved for operating their increasing motor capabilities using essentially analogous anatomical and neural makeups. The human neocortex starts to develop in the 6-week-old embryo with the establishment of a primordial cortical organization that resembles the primitive cortices of amphibian and reptiles that operated his early motor activities. From the 8th to the 15th week of age, the new pyramidal neurons, of ependymal origin, are progressively incorporated within this primordial cortex forming a cellular plate that divide its components into those above it (neocortex first lamina) and those below it (neocortex subplate elements). From the 16th week of age to birth and postnatally, the new pyramidal neurons continue to elongate functionally their apical dendrite by adding synaptic membrane to incorporate the needed sensory information for operating the animal muscular activities. The new pyramidal neuron’ distinguishing feature is the capacity of elongating anatomically and functionally its apical dendrite (its main receptive surface) without losing its original attachment to first lamina or the location of its soma retaining its essential nature. The number of pyramidal cell functional strata established in the motor cortex increases and reflects each mammalian species motor capabilities: the hedgehog needs 2 pyramidal cell functional strata to carry out all its motor activities, the mouse three, cat four, primates 5 and humans 6. The presence of six pyramidal cell functional strata distinguish the human motor cortex from that of others primates. Homo sapiens represent a new evolutionary stage that have transformed his primate brain for operating his unique motor capabilities, such as speaking, writing, painting, sculpturing including thinking as a premotor activity.