cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions involving the human RNA polymerase II transcription/nucleotide excision repair complex TFIIH, the nucleotide excision repair protein XPG, and Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein

The human basal transcription factor TFIIH plays a central role in two distinct processes. TFIIH is an obligatory component of the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription initiation complex. Additionally, it is believed to be the core structure around which some if not all the components of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery assemble to constitute a nucleotide excision repairosome. At least two of the subunits of TFIIH (XPB and XPD proteins) are implicated in the disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We have exploited the availability of the cloned XPB, XPD, p62, p44, and p34 genes (all of which encode polypeptide subunits of TFIIH) to examine interactions between in vitro-translated polypeptides by co-immunoprecipitation. Additionally we have examined interactions between TFIIH components, the human NER protein XPG, and the CSB protein which is implicated in Cockayne syndrome (CS). Our analyses demonstrate that the XPB, XPD, p44, and p62 proteins interact with each other. XPG protein interact...
Evaluation of the New CNDV Option of the Community Land Model: Effects of Dynamic Vegetation and Interactive Nitrogen on CLM4 Means and Variability*

AbstractThe Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4) includes the option to run the prognostic carbon–nitrogen (CN) model with dynamic vegetation (CNDV). CNDV, which simulates unmanaged vegetation, modifies the CN framework to implement plant biogeography updates. CNDV simulates a reasonable present-day distribution of plant functional types but underestimates tundra vegetation cover. The CNDV simulation is compared against a CN simulation using a vegetation distribution generated by CNDV and against a carbon-only simulation with prescribed nitrogen limitation (CDV). The comparisons focus on the means and variability of carbon pools and fluxes and biophysical factors, such as albedo, surface radiation, and heat fluxes. The study assesses the relative importance of incorporating interactive nitrogen (CDV to CNDV) versus interactive biogeography (CN to CNDV) in present-day equilibrium simulations. None of the three configurations performs consistently better in simulating carbon or biophysical variables compa...
High-performance interband cascade lasers emitting in the 2.9-4.2 μm wavelength range

Advances in the development of mid-IR antimonide type-II "W" interband cascade lasers (ICLs) have recently led to the first demonstration of continuous wave operation at room temperature. The 5-stage narrow-ridge Auelectroplated ICL emitted at λ= 3.75 μm produced over 10 mW of cw power at 300 K and operated to 319 K. The considerable increase in Tmax was realized by carefully optimizing both the design and the MBE growth of these complicated multilayer structures. The internal loss was decreased by reducing the doping in the claddings and separate-confinement regions, and then using fewer stages to take advantage of the lower dissipated power density while still having enough gain to reach threshold. We find that the improved properties are similarly available in devices spanning the spectral window of at least 3.2-4.2 μm.
Introduction: Project Management Education: Emerging Tools, Techniques, and Topics

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Christopher Bredillet that focuses on project management and another by Kam Jugdev that provides an overview of th...
Adolescents' and parents' evaluations of helping versus fulfilling personal desires in family situations.

A sample of 118 predominantly European American families with early and middle adolescents (Mages= 12.32 and 15.18 years) and 1 parent evaluated hypothetical conflicts between adolescents’ and parents’ requests for assistance versus the other’s personal desires. Evaluations differed by level of need, but in low-need situations, adolescents viewed teens as more obligated to help parents than did parents, whereas parents rated it as more permissible for teens to satisfy personal desires than did teenagers. Justifications for helping focused on concern for others, role responsibilities, and among parents, psychological reasons. Middle adolescents reasoned about role responsibilities more and viewed satisfying personal desires as less selfish than did early adolescents, but satisfying personal desires was seen as more selfish by parents of middle than early adolescents. Implications for adolescent–parent relationships are discussed.
Meeting the Challenge of Multiple Threshold Voltages in Highly Scaled Undoped FinFETs

Undoped FinFETs are of significant technological interest as they mitigate variation from random discrete dopant effects and provide for density and voltage scaling. A key requirement for undoped FinFETs for VLSI system application is the ability to obtain multiple threshold voltages on chip. This brief discusses options to obtain one logic and one SRAM threshold for both NFETs and PFETs in highly scaled undoped fins and shows that achieving such dual thresholds is challenging and requires new solutions such as more than two metal-gate work functions, dual fin thicknesses, or dual channel materials.
Label erasure using an imbalanced NOLM and its application in a 40Gbit/s label switching optical network

A novel and simple scheme based on the nonlinear transmission function of an imbalanced nonlinear optical loop mirror is used to realize label erasure. The scheme has been successfully applied in a 40 Gbit/s label switching optical network with 200 km transmission distance.
Maternal cocaine use and genitourinary tract malformations

A specific fetal disruption syndrome associated with maternal cocaine use has not as yet been documented. In the first 23 pregnancies evaluated in our program for chemically dependent women, one infant with prune belly syndrome and one infant with hypospadias were delivered to cocaine-using women. In the present study, all infants delivered in our program received a renal ultrasound at 2-3 days of life. Fifty infants born to cocaine-using women (group I) and 30 born to polydrug, noncocaine-using women (group II) were evaluated. The two groups of women were similar for age, gravidity, and race. Mean birth weight of the infants in the two groups was similar. Seven infants in group I demonstrated genitourinary tract malformations while there were no infants with such malformations in group II. It is hypothesized that the vasoconstrictive effects of cocaine could explain the abnormalities of the genitourinary tract found in the cocaine-exposed infants.
Classroom discourse: teaching, learning, and learning disabilities

Abstract This study examined teacher–student discourse from a sociocultural perspective in order to ascertain the nature of effective instruction for school-age students with learning disabilities. This discussion examines one teacher's resource room instruction that was part of a larger study of teacher–student discourse. The results suggested two considerations: (1) the importance of teacher self-reflection and the implications for effective teaching and learning, and (2) differential discourse patterns across academic domains. Wood's notion of contingent teaching (1991) provided a guideline for coding teacher–student discourse. The results suggest that feedback combined with cognitive structuring contribute to effective teaching and learning.
Mechanistic Approach to Pavement–Vehicle Interaction and Its Impact on Life-Cycle Assessment

The accuracy and the comprehensiveness of any pavement life-cycle assessment are limited by the ability of the supporting science to quantify the environmental impact. Pavement-vehicle interaction represents a significant knowledge gap that has important implications for many pavement life-cycle assessment studies. In the current study, the authors assumed that a mechanistic model that linked pavement structure and properties to fuel consumption could contribute to closing the uncertainty gap of pavement-vehicle interaction in life-cycle assessment of pavements. The simplest mechanistic pavement model, a Bernoulli-Euler beam on a viscoelastic foundation subjected to a moving load, was considered. Wave propagation properties derived from falling weight deflectometer time history data of FHWA's Long-Term Pavement Performance program were used to calibrate top-layer and substrate moduli for various asphalt and concrete systems. The model was validated against recorded deflection data. The mechanistic respons...
Student Involvement in Community Needs Assessment

Although leadership is recognized as a developmental process, few communities plan to build the foundation for their young people to develop into involved citizens and leaders. Young adults need to increase their understanding of and commitment to their community, and to become empowered to work, toward solving local problems. Our approach was to link community service learning in the schools with community development. Specifically, high school students and teachers were recruited to assist with conducting a community needs assessment survey. We found that the students were able to help conduct a sophisticated needs assessment and able to do it right. The evidence also supports the view that students benefited from their involvement in the project. Most students learned more about their community and about the needs assessment process. Some students also indicated that they were interested in continuing their involvement in community affairs, but the increase in feelings of empowerment among the students...
The genetic transmission of schizophrenia: application of Mendelian latent structure analysis to eye tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenia and affective disorder.

Abstract The first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia tend to have abnornal smooth pursuit eye tracking, even when the proband's smooth pursuit is normal. In order to account for this finding, we propose that schizophrenia and disturbed eye tracking are independent expressions of an underlying “latent” trait which is genetically transmitted. The data on manicdepressive illness, but not schizophrenia, fit a simpler model in which abnormal smooth pursuit is a consequence of the psychiatric illness, rather than an independent expression of an underlying trait.
Control over lossy networks: A dynamic game approach

This paper considers a minimax control (H ∞ control) problem for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems where the communication loop is subject to a TCP-like packet drop network. The problem is formulated within the zero-sum dynamic game framework. The packet drop network is governed by two independent Bernoulli processes that model control and measurement packet losses. Under this constraint, we obtain a dynamic output feedback minimax controller. For the infinite-horizon case, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the packet loss rates and the H ∞ disturbance attenuation parameter under which the minimax controller exists and is able to stabilize the closed-loop system in the mean-square sense. In particular, we show that unlike the corresponding LQG case, these conditions are coupled and therefore cannot be determined independently.
Work, Identity, and Stigma Management in an Italian Mental Health Community

When mental illness prevents an individual from working, the economic burden is obvious, but little attention has been paid to the accompanying loss of social identity. This paper addresses the meanings of work and unemployment for participants in an Italian community mental health center, and it evaluates the role of work therapy in an agricultural setting as a way to regain some social aspects of work or professional identity. The study is based on over a year of anthropological fieldwork in the Province of Bergamo, Northern Italy, conducted to investigate the relationship between community-based mental health care, social stigma of mental illness, and the social sphere in everyday life. The social position of the individual at the time of job loss is significant in his or her professional expectations while in the community center. Those who had previously worked in manual or farming capacities found this type of work therapy to be a helpful means of social participation. On the other hand, expectations based on educational, social, and economic hierarchies persist for individuals within mental health communities. For those individuals with high education, manual labor violated professional expectations, and the reality of their employability provided a conflict between social participation and perceived status group. The stigma of unemployment is also addressed in relation to political identity and desire for worker status.
Pulsed Gas Core Reactor For Burst Power

ABSTRACTStudies are being performed on burst power mode gas core reactors that employ closedcycle disk MHD generators for energy conversion. The disk MHD generator is configured tobe an integral part of the reactor. Consequently, significant fissioning occurs throughoutthe MHD duct and fission fragment induced ionization of the uranium bearing fuel gas/working fluid is anticipated to yield the required nonequilibrium electrical conductivity(> 100 mho /m) despite the relatively low gas temperatures. Calculations performed to datehave shown that the Burst Power Gas Core Reactor -Disk MHD Generator system can achieveoverall efficiencies of 25 percent effective radiator temperatures of 1200 K, reactorspecific powers of 100 to 200 kWt /kg and system specific powers of 5 kWe /kg. 1. INTRODUCTIONResearch is being conducted on gas core reactors for space nuclear power at theUniversity of Florida to establish the scientific feasibility and engineering validation ofa reactor and energy conversion system that can significantly improve specific power,dynamic performance and system efficiency as compared to current state -of- the -art reactorsystems. Rapid (<100 s) achievement of burst mode (GWe) operation at core power densitiesof 1 kW /cm3 or greater and system specific powers of at least a few kWe /kg are researchobjectives; coupled with Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) conversion, system efficiencies of 25percent or greater and heat rejection temperatures of 1200 K or higher are anticipated.The design of a gas core reactor /MHD generator configuration to directly produce pulsedelectrical power is also a research objective.
Effects of Canard Shape on the Center of Pressure of a Generic Missile Configuration

An experimental investigation is conducted to study the effects of canard shape on the center of pressure location of a generic canard-wing-body configuration. The aspect ratio, sweep angle and taper ratio of canards having constant planform area are systematically varied. The aspect ratio is varied from 2 to 10. The taper ratio is varied form 0 to 1 and the sweep angle is varied from - 15’ to +45’. The aerodynamic loads on the configurations are measured with a 6-component balance. All tests are conducted in the subsonic wind tunnel at the USAF Academy, at a Mach number of 0.5 and at angles of attack of -5’ to 14’. The efficacy of the various canards in shifting the center of pressure forward is evaluated. It is found that high aspect ratio canards are the most effective in shifting the center of pressure forward and reducing the static stability. At low angles of attack, inline canards having an aspect ratio of ten shift the center of pressure forward by 2.2 body diameters, relative to the case without canards. In comparison, inline canards having an aspect ratio of two and the same planform area shift the center of pressure forward by 0.7 body diameters only. High aspect ratio, interdigitated canards are less effective than the inline canards by 0.4 body diameters.
The Role of Frequency of Atrial Contraction Versus Atrial Pressure in Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Release

This study was designed to investigate the role of frequency of atrial contraction compared to acute increases in right atrial pressure in the regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release in humans. The studies were performed in patients undergoing electrophysiological study. In group I (n = 12) the rate of atrial contraction was increased by continuous rapid right atrial pacing at a rate of 120 beats/min (bpm; group IA; n = 6) or 176 bpm (group Ib; n = 6) for 5 min. No increases in atrial pressure or circulating ANP occurred in response to atrial tachycardia. In contrast, continuous rapid right ventricular pacing (group II; n = 12) at ventricular rates of 120 bpm (group IIa; n = 6) and 150 bpm (group lib; n = 6) increased both right atrial pressure and circulating ANP. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to studies in vitro, increases in the frequency of atrial contraction in the absence of increases in atrial pressure do not release atrial natriuretic peptide. These studies, therefore,...
Modified fragmentation function in heavy ion collisions at RHIC via direct γ -jet measurements

The presented results are the first measurements at RHIC for direct γ-charged hadron azimuthal correlations in heavy ion collisions. We use these correlations to study the color charge density of the medium through the medium-induced modification of high-p T parton fragmentation. Azimuthal correlations of direct photons at high transverse energy (8<p T <16 GeV) with away-side charged hadrons of transverse momentum (3<p T <6 GeV/c) have been measured over a broad range of centrality for Au+Au collisions and p+p collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\) GeV in the STAR experiment. A transverse shower shape analysis in the STAR Barrel Electromagnetic Calorimeter Shower Maximum Detector is used to discriminate between the direct photons and photons from the decays of high p T π 0. The per-trigger away-side yield of direct γ is smaller than from π 0 trigger at the same centrality class. Within the current uncertainty the I CP of direct γ and π 0 are similar.
A microcolinearity study at the earliness per se gene Eps-A m 1 region reveals an ancient duplication that preceded the wheat–rice divergence

Wheat flowering is controlled by numerous genes, which respond to environmental signals such as photoperiod and vernalization. Earliness per se (Eps) genes control flowering time independently of these environmental cues and are responsible for the fine tuning of flowering time. We recently mapped the Eps-A(m)1 gene on the end of Triticum monococcum chromosome arm 1A(m)L. As a part of our efforts to clone Eps-A(m)1 we developed PCR markers flanking this gene within a 2.7 cM interval. We screened more than one thousand gametes with these markers and identified 27 lines with recombination between them. Recombinant lines were used to generate a high-density map and to investigate the microcolinearity between wheat and rice in this region. We mapped ten genes from a 149 kb region located at the distal part of rice chromosome 5 (cdo393 - Ndk3) on a 3.7 cM region on wheat chromosome one. This region is part of an ancient duplication between rice chromosomes 5 and 1. Genes present in both rice chromosomes were less similar to each other than to the closest wheat orthologues, suggesting that this duplication preceded the divergence between wheat and rice. This hypothesis was supported by the presence of 18 loci duplicated both in rice chromosomes 5 and 1 and in the colinear wheat chromosomes from homologous groups 1 and 3. Independent gene deletions in wheat and rice lineages explain the alternations of colinearity between rice chromosome 5 and wheat chromosomes 1 and 3. Colinearity between the end of rice chromosome 5 and wheat chromosome 1 was also interrupted by a small inversion, and several non-colinear genes. These results suggest that the distal region of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1 was involved in numerous changes that differentiated wheat and rice genomes. This comparative study provided sufficient markers to saturate the Eps-A(m)1 gene region and to precisely map this gene within a 0.9 cM interval flanked by the VatpC and Smp loci.
A model for describing low-income African American women's participation in breast and cervical cancer early detection and screening.

The article reports on data derived from two investigations.In one study, focus groups were used with low-income African American women to pilot test a teaching module developed to support the inclusion of culturally relevant content on breast and cervical health in teaching low-income African American women. A second study using individual interviews was undertaken to illuminate the lived experience of low-income African American women who participated in breast and cervical cancer early detection and screening services. Data analysis of group and individual interviews were performed using phenomenology as a methodological approach. Findings from the two studies, combined with information identified in the theoretical and literary contexts, supported the development of an Afrocentric model that describes the lived experience and decision making practices of low-income African American women's participation in breast and cervical cancer early detection and screening services.
Influence of tactile afferents on the coordination of muscles during a simulated precision grip

The mechanisms by which the nervous system coordinates multiple muscles for the control of finger movements are not well understood. One possibility is that groups of muscles may be enlisted into synergies by last-order inputs that project across multiple motor nuclei. In this study we investigated the role that tactile input might play in coupling together the activities of motor units in two muscles involved in generating the precision grip. Cross-correlation analysis was used to assess the degree of synchrony in the discharge times of pairs of motor units recorded from index-finger and thumb flexor muscles while human subjects performed an isometric task that mimicked a precision grip. The magnitude of synchrony is thought to reflect the extent to which divergent last order inputs provide common synaptic input across motor neurons. Synchrony was evaluated under two simulated-gripping conditions: gripping with normal tactile input and gripping when tactile input from the digit pads was eliminated by applying flexion forces to fittings glued to the finger nails. Synchrony between motor units of index finger flexor and thumb flexor muscles, while substantial, was not significantly different across the two tactile-input conditions. These findings suggest that tactile input is not required to activate the divergent last-order inputs that couple together the activities of the index finger and thumb flexor muscles during the precision grip.
H + Ar collisions. II. Differential scattering calculations

Differential elastic scattering cross-section calculations have been made for H + Ar collisions using classical and eikonal techniques. The calculation procedures are described and compared with existing experimental data. It is shown that the angular distribution of the elastic cross section is similar to that obtained for proton production in such collisions at energies above about 200 eV. By combining the angular dependence of the computed elastic cross section with experimental measurements described in the preceding paper, absolute differential cross sections for proton production have been determined.
The Association of Antihypertensive Medication With Serum Creatinine Changes in Older Adults

Many of the potential effects of antihypertensive therapy, including renal function, have been inadequately investigated in clinical trials in older adults. In an observational study, we examined the association between treatment with various classes of antihypertensive agents and 3-year changes in serum creatinine in 1296 older adults with treated hypertension and without prior renal disease (mean age 72.2 years; 60% female; 30% diabetic; 42% with cardiovascular disease (CVD)) from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Baseline antihypertensive medications included thiazides (HCT), beta-adrenergic blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), calcium channel blockers (CCB), vasodilators (VAS), HCT + BB, HCT + ACE-I, HCT + CCB, HCT + VAS, loop diuretics (LOOP), and other combinations. Unadjusted results indicated that minimal changes in mean serum creatinine occurred over time for all therapies and only a few changes were statistically significant (HCT: +0.02 mg/dL, ACE-I: +0.04, CCB: +0.04; all P < .05; LOOP: +0.06 mg/dL; P < .001). In multivariate analyses with HCT users as the reference group and adjusting for baseline serum creatinine, age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, CVD, height, weight, common carotid intima-media thickness, and use of allopurinol, phenytoin, cimetidine, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, all of the relative changes were small and statistically nonsignificant except for HCT + VAS users (+0.07 mg/dL; P < .05). When users of the same therapy at baseline and follow-up were restricted, only LOOP users had significant albeit small changes in serum creatinine (+0.05 mg/dL; P < .05). Although results from clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings, these observational data suggest no major differences between specific antihypertensive therapies in 3-year serum creatinine changes in older adults without prior renal disease.
lncorporation of lons in Anodic Oxide Films on Zirconium and Their Effect on Film Behavior

Transmission spectra of anodically formed films show that certain anions such as phosphate, sulfate, and several carboxylates are incorporated in these films when they are formed in solutions containing these ions. Furthermore, hydrous films result from anodizing in strongly oxidizing electrolytes. Films formed in many other solutions contain no incorporated ions. Film conductivity and thickness measurements indicate that incorporated ions increase the electrical resistance of the films, as well as limit their growth. It is suggested that these effects arise from lowered rates of diffusion of electrons and oxygen ions through the films and that the lowered diffusion rates result from the space charge created by the incorporated ions.
The Latent Curve ARMA (P, Q) Panel Model: Longitudinal Data Analysis in Educational Research and Evaluation.

Autocorrelated residuals in longitudinal data are widely reported as common to longitudinal data. Yet few, if any, researchers modeling growth processes evaluate a priori whether their data have this feature. Sivo, Fan, and Witta (2005) found that not modeling autocorrelated residuals present in longitudinal data severely biases latent curve parameter estimates. The purpose of this article is to explain how educational researchers and evaluators analyzing longitudinal data might approach longitudinal data in which change is hypothesized to occur over time. Specification of the latent curve ARMA model (i.e., the growth curve ARMA model) is introduced as an approach to filtering out the effects of autocorrelation on latent curve parameter estimates by modeling this nuisance condition so that the estimates of primary interest are more accurate.
Localized calcium spikes and propagating calcium waves.

Abstract Ca2+ signals control or modulate diverse cellular processes such as cell growth, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and neuronal plasticity [1–3]. Elevations in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations can be highly localized to micron and submicron domains [4, 5] or propagated as intra- and intercellular waves over distances as large as 1 mm [6–8]. Localized, subcellular Ca2+ spikes are thought to selectively activate effector systems such as Ca2+ activated chloride currents in pancreatic acinar cells [9], neurotransmitter release in synaptic nerve terminals [4, 10, 11], and morphological changes in neural growth cones [5, 12, 13]. In contrast, long-ranged Ca2+ waves synchronize the activities of different cytoplasmic regions of a single cell, such as cortical granule exocytosis after egg fertilization [6, 7] or coordinate the activities of many cells, such as ciliary beating in pulmonary epithelium [8, 14, 15]. The purpose of this review is to delineate the role of Ca2+ in the generation of localized, subcellular Ca2+ spikes and long-ranged intracellular and intercellular Ca2+ waves.
Evaluation of Technique for Detection of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soils

Soil and water samples frequently are analyzed for contamination at sites of known or suspected fuel or chemical spills. The objective of this research was to develop a soil field test method for gasoline hydrocarbons that was inexpensive, easy to use, and provided same-day results. A battery-operated sampling pump was used to pull air through gasoline-contaminated soil samples held in small plastic cassettes. The air and hydrocarbon vapors were directed through glass detector tubes filled with color-changing adsorbents. Hydrocarbon vapors converted chromic oxide [Cr O3 ] coated on silica gel into chromium sulfate [ Cr2 (S O4 )3 ] , which changed the adsorbent’s color. The length of color change in the tube was proportional to the mass of hydrocarbons in the soil. This technique had a limit of detection of 20–50 mg∕kg for gasoline hydrocarbons and was sensitive to both fresh and 50% weathered gasoline. Soils could be tested for less than $20/sample, lower than the $50–$100 of traditional off-site analysis.
Posthypnotic suggestion and the modulation of Stroop interference under cycloplegia

Recent data indicate that under a specific posthypnotic suggestion to circumvent reading, highly suggestible subjects successfully eliminated the Stroop interference effect. The present study examined whether an optical explanation (e.g., visual blurring or looking away) could account for this finding. Using cyclopentolate hydrochloride eye drops to pharmacologically prevent visual accommodation in all subjects, behavioral Stroop data were collected from six highly hypnotizables and six less suggestibles using an optical setup that guaranteed either sharply focused or blurred vision. The highly suggestibles performed the Stroop task when naturally vigilant, under posthypnotic suggestion not to read, and while visually blurred; the less suggestibles ran naturally vigilant, while looking away, and while visually blurred. Although visual accommodation was precluded for all subjects, posthypnotic suggestion effectively eliminated Stroop interference and was comparable to looking away in controls. These data strengthen the view that Stroop interference is neither robust nor inevitable and support the hypothesis that posthypnotic suggestion may exert a top-down influence on neural processing.
A study of errors, error-proneness, and error diagnosis in Cobol

This paper provides data on Cobol error frequency for correction of errors in student-oriented compilers, improvement of teaching, and changes in programming language. Cobol was studied because of economic importance, widespread usage, possible error-inducing design, and lack of research. The types of errors were identified in a pilot study; then, using the 132 error types found, 1,777 errors were classified in 1,400 runs of 73 Cobol students. Error density was high: 20 percent of the types contained 80 percent of the total frequency, which implies high potential effectiveness for software-based correction of Cobol. Surprisingly, only four high-frequency errors were error-prone, which implies minimal error inducing design. 80 percent of Cobol misspellings were classifiable in the four error categories of previous researchers, which implies that Cobol misspellings are correctable by existent algorithms. Reserved word usage was not error-prone, which implies minimal interference with usage of reserved words. Over 80 percent of error diagnosis was found to be inaccurate. Such feedback is not optimal for users, particularly for the learning user of Cobol.
The sexual and intimate consequences of breast cancer treatment

Confronting the loss of sexual desire, feelings of sexual attractiveness, range of sexual activities, and ability to reproduce is often a seriously neglected area in oncology and a great source of distress for the breast cancer patient. Addressing the problem early in the doctor-patient relationship and simply giving the woman permission to discuss these critical concerns with the person managing her care will do much to reduce some of the anguish that accompanies breast cancer and its treatments.
New vaccines against enteric bacteria for children in less developed countries.

Diarrheal diseases represent a major threat to infant survival in less developed countries. A real opportunity now exists to help alleviate this problem through the development of safe and effective multicomponent whole-bacterial cell vaccine(s) against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella, two important pathogens for which no licensed vaccine exists. What is preventing realization of this achievement is a lack of focus on the unique needs of children in less developed countries, along with committed and sufficient funding directed toward this goal. Live-attenuated and inactivated whole-cell vaccine candidates, some of which have languished too long, are available for testing, which, if perfomed in a coordinated fashion, can answer key unresolved issues concerning mucosal vaccination against enteric diseases. These candidate vaccines potentially provide a relatively simple intervention which could, if implemented, reduce the impact of these diseases upon the life and productivity of children.
Mechanisms of Heightened Airway Sensitivity and Responses to Inhaled SO2 in Asthmatics

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a problematic inhalable air pollutant in areas of widespread industrialization, not only in the United States but also in countries undergoing rapid industrialization, such as China, and it can be a potential trigger factor for asthma exacerbations. It is known that asthmatics are sensitive to the effects of SO2; however, the basis of this enhanced sensitivity remains incompletely understood. A PubMed search was performed over the course of 2014, encompassing the following terms: asthma, airway inflammation, sulfur dioxide, IL-10, mouse studies, and human studies. This search indicated that biomarkers of SO2 exposure, SO2 effects on airway epithelial cell function, and animal model data are useful in our understanding of the body's response to SO2, as are SO2-associated amplification of allergic inflammation, and potential promotion of neurogenic inflammation due to chemical irritant properties. While definitive answers are still being sought, these areas comprise important foci of consideration regarding asthmatic responses to inhaled SO2. Furthermore, IL-10 deficiency associated with asthma may be another important factor associated with an inability to resolve inflammation and mitigate oxidative stress resulting from SO2 inhalation, supporting the idea that asthmatics are predisposed to SO2 sensitivity, leading to asthma exacerbations and airway dysfunction.
High-dose therapy with hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with central nervous system involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) carries a poor patient prognosis whether it occurs as a primary site of disease or secondarily in patients with systemic disease. In a group of 481 patients undergoing high-dose therapy with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for NHL, 15 patients (3.1%) were identified with CNS involvement. Two patients had primary CNS lymphoma, and 13 had secondary disease. All patients received intrathecal chemotherapy, and 13 received CNS radiotherapy before transplantation. Fourteen patients received systemic chemotherapy. At the time of transplantation, both patients with primary CNS lymphoma and 8 patients with secondary disease had achieved a complete response, 3 patients had achieved a partial response, 1 had failed induction therapy, and 1 had progression of CNS disease before high-dose therapy. Fourteen patients received carmustine, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide as the preparative regimen, and 1 patient received fractionated total body irradiation instead of carmustine. The 2 patients with primary CNS lymphoma were alive and free of disease, 1 at 1,085 days after HCT and 1 at 3,704 days after HCT. The actuarial 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was 46% +/- 26%, and overall survival (OS) was 41% +/- 28%. The median EFS and OS were 2.2 and 1.5 years, respectively. Three patients experienced symptomatic memory loss or intellectual decline after therapy, 1 patient developed paraplegia, and 1 patient had a thrombotic stroke 20 months after HCT. Despite treatment-related toxicities, 7 patients responding to quality-of-life questions at approximately 1 year after HCT gave their overall quality of life a median rating of 9 out of a possible 10 (range, 6-10). High-dose therapy with autologous HCT can produce extended EFS in patients with secondary CNS lymphoma and possibly in those with primary CNS NHL. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(3A):352-8.
Dynamics of Arrestin-Rhodopsin Interactions ACIDIC PHOSPHOLIPIDS ENABLE BINDING OF ARRESTIN TO PURIFIED RHODOPSIN IN DETERGENT

Abstract We report that acidic phospholipids can restore the binding of visual arrestin to purified rhodopsin solubilized in n-dodecyl-β-d-maltopyranoside. We used this finding to investigate the interplay between arrestin binding and the status of the retinal chromophore ligand in the receptor binding pocket. Our results showed that arrestin can interact with the late photoproduct Meta III and convert it to a Meta II-like species. Interestingly in these mixed micelles, the release of retinal and arrestin was no longer directly coupled as it is in the native rod disk membrane. For example, up to ∼50% of the retinal could be released even though arrestin remains bound to the receptor in a long lived complex. We anticipate that this new ability to study these proteins in a defined, purified system will facilitate further structural and dynamic studies of arrestin-rhodopsin interactions.
Use of mineral element content of potato petioles for predicting yield potential

Six potato clones (Kennebec, Norchip, Norland, Red Pontiac, Russet Burbank, and M6664) were grown in a split-plot designed experiment to study the relationship of tuber yield and the mineral element content of petioles, both measured at 14 day intervals during the growing season.
Polystyrene-supported amines : Affinity for mercury(II) as a function of the pendant groups and the Hg(II) counterion

Amine ligands (-CH2NR2, where R = H, CH3, or CH2CH2OH) immobilized on cross-linked polystyrene beads have a high affinity and selectivity for Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. The high affinity is dependent on solution pH and the background acid (HNO3 or HCl). There is no affinity for Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Ca(II) cations from solutions up to pH 3.5; high background levels of NO3-, Cl-, and SO42- anions do not affect complexation of Hg(II) by the resins. Key results include the following: (1) simple monoamines have a high affinity for Hg(II); (2) tertiary amines have a higher affinity than the primary amine resin; (3) electron donors on the nitrogen allow for high levels of Hg(II) complexation but the trend is affected by the counterion in solution; and (4) linear correlations in the log−log plot of the distribution coefficient and solution acidity with a slope of 0.6−0.8 from HNO3 and 1.3−1.5 from HCl suggest that Hg(II) uptake occurs through ion exchange and coordination with Hg(II) speciatio...
ATP Formation Onset Lag and Post-Illumination Phosphorylation Initiated with Single-Turnover Flashes. II. Two Modes of Post-Illumination Phosphorylation Driven by Either Delocalized or Localized Proton Gradient Coupling

Two modes of chloroplast membrane post-illumination phosphorylation were detected, using the luciferin-luciferase ATP assay, one of which was not influenced by added permeable buffer (pyridine). That finding provides a powerful new tool for studying proton-membrane interactions during energy coupling. When ADP and Pi were added to the thylakoid suspension after a train of flashes [similar to the traditional post-illumination phosphorylation protocol (termed PIP- here)], the post-illumination ATP yield was influenced by pyridine as expected, in a manner consistent with the ATP formation, in part, being driven by protons present in the bulk inner aqueous phase, i.e., through a delocalized protonmotive force. However, when ADP and Pi were present during the flash train (referred to as PIP+), and ATP formation occurred during the flash train, the post-illumination ATP yield was unaffected by the presence of pyridine, consistent with the hypothesis that localized proton gradients were driving ATP formation. To test this hypothesis further, the pH and flash number dependence of the PIP- and PIP+ ATP yields were measured, the results being consistent with the above hypothesis of dual compartment origins of protons driving post-illumination ATP formation. Measuring proton accumulation during the attainment of the threshold energization level when no delta psi component was allowed to form (+ valinomycin, K+), and testing for pyridine effects on the proton uptake, reveals that the onset of ATP formation requires the accumulation of about 60 nmol H+ (mg Chl)-1. Between that level and about 110-150 nmol H+ (mg Chl)-1, the accumulation appears to be absorbed by localized-domain membrane buffering groups, the protons of which do not equilibrate readily with the inner aqueous (lumen) phase. Post-illumination phosphorylation driven by the dissipation of the domain protons was not affected by pyridine (present in the lumen), even though the effective pH in the domains must have been well into the buffering range of the pyridine. That finding provides additional insight into the localized domains, namely that protons can be absorbed by endogenous low pK buffering groups, and released at a low enough pH (less than or equal to 5.7 when the external pH was 8, less than or equal to 4.7 at pH 7 external) to drive significant ATP formation when no further proton production occurs due to the redox turnovers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Predicting optimal operation of MC-3DSBC multidimensional scalable video coding using subjective quality measurement

Recently we have witnessed a growing interest in the development of the subband/wavelet coding (SBC) technology, partly due to the superior scalability of SBC. Scalable coding provides great synergy with the universal media access applications, where media content is delivered to client devices of diverse types through heterogeneous channels. In this respect, SBC system provides flexibility in realizing different ways of media scaling, including scaling dimensions of SNR, spatial, and temporal. However, the selection of specific scalability operations given the bit rate constraint has always been ad hoc - a systematic methodology is missing. In this paper, we address this open issue by applying our content-based optimal scalability selection framework and adopting subjective quality evaluation. For this purpose we firstly explore the behavior of SNR-Spatial-Temporal scalability using Motion Compensated (MC) SBC systems. Based on the system behavior, we propose an efficient method for the optimal selection of scalability operator through content-based prediction. Our experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently predict the optimal scalability operation with an excellent accuracy.
Identifying the Older Person Likely to Require Long-Term Care Services

The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of predictions in identifying older persons who subsequently require long-term care such as home services or institutionalization. Eighty-six individuals undergoing geriatric evaluation between May 1983 and April 1984 were evaluated using a series of commonplace tasks such as opening doors, stacking checkers, and copying a simple sentence. Predictions of an individual's use of long-term care services were made during the initial evaluation and were based on whether the person could complete all the manual tasks and on the amount of time required to do so. Outcomes were determined by telephone interviews by a trained social worker in Dec 1984. A statistically significant association (P less than 0.005) was observed between the predictions and actual outcomes. Analysis of variance confirmed that the mean times for each outcome were different (F = 2.6, P less than 0.05). The results suggest that timing manual performance offers a useful way to prospectively identify older persons at risk of requiring additional long-term care services.
Parallel and perpendicular multilayer relaxation of Fe{310}

We report the results of a low-energy electron-diffraction analysis of the atomic structure of the {310} surface of body-centered-cubic iron. Damped relaxations from bulklike structure are found in the directions both parallel and perpendicular to the surface and extending four layers deep into the lattice. The surface structure is as follows: first interlayer spacing ${d}_{12}=0.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ \AA{} (bulk value is 0.906 \AA{}), second interlayer spacing ${d}_{23}=1.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ \AA{}, third interlayer spacing ${d}_{34}=0.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ \AA{}, change of first-to-second layer registry shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}{a}_{12}=0.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ \AA{}, and change of second-to-third layer registry shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}{a}_{23}=0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ \AA{}. Both changes of registry shifts are in the same direction, along a $〈310〉$ axis, and cause a decrease in the difference between nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor distances between atoms in adjacent layers.
Hydrocarbon ratios and photochemical history of air masses

An effective and commonly used technique for studying the sources, photochemistry, and even the “photochemical age” of trace species is to examine ratios of hydrocarbons by assuming the ratio is independent of transport processes. We present results from mesoscale model calculations that suggest a significant effect by atmospheric mixing on the ratio. We also show that the photochemical age of an air mass derived from the ratio of hydrocarbons is a function of both photochemistry and atmospheric transport. Without additional information, it is not possible to derive a unique value for the age of an air mass from hydrocarbon ratios alone.
A Multi-Stage Procedure for the Selection of the Best of Several Populations

Abstract This paper proposes a multi-stage procedure for the selection of the best of several populations, allowing more observations to be made on the more successful treatments. To this end, a weighting function operates on the results accumulated up to any one stage to determine the proportion of observations to be taken from each population for that stage. The paper is restricted to consider only binomial populations. Simulation experiments utilizing five somewhat arbitrary weighting functions indicate that this method has a higher probability of selecting the best population than conventional equal sample size experiments.
The 1986 C. H. McCloy Research Lecture Body Composition Analysis: The Past, Present and Future

Abstract In studies of the effects of physical conditioning and athletic training, analysis of body composition is frequently employed. Most commonly, relatively simple procedures are utilized such as anthropometrically determined breadths, widths, and circumferences; skinfolds; body typing; underwater weighing; or more recently, body impedance analysis. Unfortunately, these methods are quite descriptive and for the most part fail to provide information about the more basic components of body composition, for example, water, protein, bone mineral, and fat. There are methods for assessing these basic components but for the most part the equipment and methods for doing so remain laboratory and clinical procedures that are difficult to utilize on a large scale. A brief discussion of the recent history of body composition is presented, followed by consideration of techniques likely to supply the “criterion” information required to validate simpler methods with widespread utility.