cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 – High cyclic fatigue damage for uni-directional metal matrix composites

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses high cyclic fatigue damage for unidirectional metal–matrix composites. The two major analytical approaches used are the phenomenological approach and the crack propagation approach. The phenomenological approach is concerned with the lifetime prediction for complex loading histories using existing lifetime test data, mostly S–N data for constant amplitude cyclic loading. The crack propagation approach is concerned with predicting the growth of a dominant crack due to cyclic load, which is not the case for metal–matrix composites. This chapter presents a phenomenological, isothermal transversely isotropic differential continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model for the fatigue of unidirectional composites. This model is based on the CDM fatigue models for isotropic materials. Metal–matrix composite is considered as a pseudo-homogeneous material with locally definable characteristics. Such local characteristics have been considered in the form of a directional tensor representing the fiber direction. The concept of anisotropic failure surfaces has been introduced into the model based on deformation theories for high temperature metal–matrix composites.
A Study of S(3P2,1,0; 1D2; 1S0) Production in the 193 nm Photodissociation of CH3SH

The dynamics of S(3P2,1,0; 1D2; 1S0) production from the 193 nm photodissociation of CH3SH has been examined by 2+1 resonance-enhanced-multiphoton-ionization (REMPI) techniques. Using the rate equation scheme, we have rationalized the intensities of S(3P2,1,0; 1D2; 1S0) observed according to the sequential two-photon dissociative pathways, (A): CH3SH + hv (193 nm) CH3S + hv (193 nm) S and (B): CH3SH + hv (193 nm) HS + hv (193 nm) S, as the major mechanisms for S production. We have satisfactorily fitted the photodissociation laser power dependencies for S(3P) and S(1D) produced from CH3SH by invoking photodissociation cross sections and branching ratios S(3P)/S(1D) for CH3S and HS similar to those determined previously in the 193 nm photodissociation of CH3SCH3 and H2S. This observation supports that the 193 nm photodissociation of CH3S and HS prepared from CH3SH yield predominantly S(lD) and S(3P), similar to the cases for CH3S prepared from CH3SCH3 and for HS prepared from H2S, respectively. A small amount of S(1S0) observed from the 193 nm photodissociation of CH3SH is attributed to pathway (B).
An export strategy for banana producing countries

Because the growing and exporting of fresh bananas is one of the few comparative advantages of some Latin American countries, it is imparative that the maximum revenue is generated from these operations. The procedures for setting prices through the channels of distribution and the price elasticity of demand at the retail level are estimated from market information acquired in the study. With the application of an equal export tax, the exporting countries could then realize the increased revenues from a small price increase. By using marketing research techniques rather than the traditional econometric methods, the authors develop a strategic approach that should increase the export earnings of the banana producing countries by as much as $73-80 million annually.
Disaggregation and characterization of humin

Abstract Humin was extracted from a stream sediment and a peat using the methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) partitioning method. The humin samples were then disaggregated into their component ‘building blocks’ by an extension of the MIBK procedure that avoids degradative loss of any of the constituents of humin. This procedure allows all of the constituents of humin to be investigated separately, in contrast to the more common degradative methods for the study of humin that decompose one or more of the humin components during its investigation. Humin was separated into four fractions: (i) a bitumen fraction, (ii) a bound humic acid fraction; (iii) a bound-lipid fraction, and (iv) an insoluble residue. This paper presents a comparison of the bound humic acids from humins with the humic acids and fulvic acids isolated from the same sources by the methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) method. Elemental analyses and measurements of acidity indicate that the bound humic acid has characteristics that are generally intermediate between those of the corresponding humic and fulvic acids.
The development of physiological responses of the piriform cortex in rats to stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract.

Extracellular recording techniques in rats were used to follow the postnatal development of the evoked response of the piriform cortex to electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) from birth to adulthood. As in other species, LOT shock in adult rats produces short-latency activation of units in piriform cortex and an extracellular field potential consisting of three components: a surface-negative component, the A1 wave (corresponding to the cortical monosynaptic EPSP evoked by the LOT fibers); a second surface-negative component, the B1 wave (corresponding to reactivation of layer I dendrites by intracortical fibers); and a late surface-positive component, the period 2 wave. A conditioning shock 20–150 msec before the test shock profoundly inhibits both evoked unit activity and the B1 wave, while it facilitates the A1. At birth, units can be orthodromically activated by LOT stimulation in association with the A1 wave. There is also a surface-positive spikelike wave, the S wave, which represents the summation of cortical unit activity. The B1 wave is apparent early in the first postnatal week. However, in contrast to the prominent inhibition in the adults, for the first few days after birth, single-unit responses, multiple-unit activity, and the S wave are all facilitated by a preceding conditioning shock with intervals of 200 msec or less, in association with the facilitation of the A1 wave. A shift to inhibition is apparent with longer intershock intervals of 300–700 msec, which exceed the period during which paired shocks facilitate the A1 wave. During the remainder of the first two postnatal weeks, partial suppression of evoked activity with intervals of less than 200 msec appears and progressively increases in strength, but inhibition at very long intershock intervals remains greater in magnitude. During this time, the duration of the inhibitory period also decreases to near the adult value of 200–300 msec. In the third postnatal week the pattern was similar to that in the adult, but the inhibition was still clearly weaker than in adults. These results suggest a delayed maturation of the cortical inhibitory circuitry; this conclusion has also been suggested by previously published observations in the developing neocortex and hippocampus. In addition, the acceleration with age of the conduction velocity of axons in the LOT was analyzed. The adult value of 9.6 m/sec was not achieved until some time after postnatal day 15, which parallels the myelinization of the tract as observed with the light microscope.
Nerve Growth Factor-stimulated B-Raf Catalytic Activity Is Refractory to Inhibition by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) exhibits both inhibitory and stimulatory effects upon growth factor signaling mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. PKA has been demonstrated to inhibit Raf-1-mediated cellular proliferation. PKA can both prevent Ras-dependent Raf-1 activation and directly inhibit Raf-1 catalytic activity. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of PKA on Raf-1-dependent processes, PKA potentiates nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cell differentiation, a B-Raf mediated process. This potentiation, rather than inhibition, of PC12 cell differentiation is curious in light of the ability of PKA to inhibit Raf-1 catalytic activity. The kinase domains of Raf-1 and B-Raf are highly conserved, and it has been predicted that B-Raf catalytic activity would also be inhibited by PKA. In this study we examined the ability of PKA to regulate the kinase activity of the B-raf proto-oncogene. We report that nerve growth factor-stimulated B-Raf activity is not inhibited by PKA. By contrast, an N-terminally truncated, constitutively active form of B-Raf is inhibited by PKA both in vitro and in transfected PC12 cells. These results suggest that the N-terminal regulatory domain interferes with the ability of PKA to modulate B-Raf catalytic activity and provide an explanation for the observed resistance of B-Raf-dependent processes to PKA inhibition.
Unionization, Unemployment, and Growth in Korea: A Cointegration Approach

Thanks to numerous empirical research studies, a general consensus has been reached on the effects of labor unionization on the economy such as unemployment and economic growth (GDP). However, most of the previous research examines the effects of labor unionization on the U.S. and U.K. labor markets using multiple regression models. By applying different statistical tools (multivariate cointegration analysis and vector error correction model) to Korean data, this paper finds: (1) there is a long-run equilibrium linkage among unionization, unemployment and economic growth; and (2) unionization unidirectionally and significantly Granger-causes unemployment and economic growth.
Pollen Deposition Rate Effects on Seed Set in Meadowfoam

Meadowfoam (Limmanthes alba Hartweg ex Benth. cv. Mermaid) is an entomophilous, winter-annual oilseed crop that typically produces an average of only two out of five potential seeds per flower. This study was conducted to determine whether improved pollination enhances seed set of this new crop. In the field, 1, 6, 2.3, and 3.3 seeds per flower, respectively (...)
ArF excimer laser resists based on fluoroalcohol

This paper reviews IBM's 193 nm resist development efforts, placing an emphasis on the systems employing fluoroalcohol as an acidic group. Polymethacrylates were initially selected as a platform for their good transparency at 193 nm and then the emphasis on dry etch resistance prompted the work on all-norbornene systems. Carboxylic acid was employed in these resist systems as an acid group, which resulted in significant swelling during aqueous base development. Replacement of the carboxylic acid with fluoroalcohol has produced second generation 193 nm resist systems, the good dissolution behavior of which is offered by the fluoroalcohol group. The fluoroalcohol-based 193 nm resists in this study include cycloolefin-SO2, all-norbornene, trifluoromethylacrylate-norbornene (and vinyl ether), methacrylate, and silsesquioxane systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression of cellulose digestion by esterified cinnamic acids

Cinnamic acids commonly found in forages were esterified to cellulose and tested for their inhibition of cellulose degradation by mixed cultures of rumen microorganisms in vitro. Concentrations of cinnamic acids used in the cellulose esterification procedure were 20–100 g kg−1, but measurement of actual ester concentrations by alkaline extraction were not possible for solka floc cellulose and ranged from 0–9.1 g kg−1 for Whatman No. 54 filter paper. Cinnamic acid esters significantly depressed cellulose digestion. For both cellulose sources, caffeic acid was the most inhibitory compound. Solka floc cellulose digestion was also inhibited by sinapic acid, whereas p-coumaric and ferulic acids also depressed digestion of filter paper cellulose. The proportions of volatile fatty acids produced by fermentation of filter paper were not altered by cinnamic acid esters. Esterified cinnamic acids depressed cellulose digestion to a significantly greater extent than did free cinnamic acids. The data suggest that the natural form of cinnamic acids (ester-linked to cell wall fibre) are inhibitors of microbial digestion at concentrations reported to occur in forages.
Effect of mifepristone on proliferation and apoptosis of Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells

Objective To determine the mechanism by which mifepristone improves breakthrough bleeding, the effects of mifepristone on proliferation and apoptosis of Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cells were evaluated in the presence and absence of progestin. Design Prospective basic research study. Setting Research laboratories for reproductive health at a university medical school. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Ishikawa cells were cultured in vitro. Mifepristone and/or medroxyprogesterone acetate at various concentrations were added to the cells. Main Outcome Measure(s) Determination of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Result(s) Colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling analysis demonstrated that mifepristone inhibited the growth of Ishikawa cells and percentage of BrdU-labeled cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that mifepristone at 100 μmol/L, which completely inhibited cell proliferation, increased the proportion of cells in the S phase and diminished the cells in the G 2 /M phase. Apoptosis was identified by annexin-V–fluorescein isothiocyanate binding and caspase-3 activation. Immunofluorescent double labeling of Ishikawa cells in the absence or presence of mifepristone revealed that BAX protein expression increased and translocated from cytosol to mitochondria. Conclusion(s) Mifepristone inhibited cell growth by arresting cell cycle progression at S phase, induced apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and modulated apoptosis regulatory genes BCL2/BAX and FAS/FASLG in Ishikawa cells. Together, these data imply that the improvement in breakthrough bleeding observed with mifepristone might be due to diminished volume of endometrial tissue similar to that seen with endometrial atrophy.
Depictions of auditory verbal hallucinations in news media

BACKGROUND: The characterization of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), diverges from recent research literature, which demonstrates the occurrence of AVH in individuals who are psychologically healthy. This discrepancy raises the question of how the public perceives AVH. Public perceptions are important because they could potentially affect how individuals with AVH interpret these experiences and how people view voice hearers. AIMS: Because media portrayals can provide a window into how phenomena are viewed by the public, an archival study of newspaper articles was carried out to examine depictions of AVH. METHODS: A sample of 181 newspaper articles originating in the United States was analyzed using a content analysis approach. RESULTS: The majority of articles examined contained no suggestion that AVH are possible in psychologically healthy individuals. Most articles suggested that AVH were a symptom of mental illness, and many suggested that AVH were associated with criminal behavior, violence and suicidality. CONCLUSION: The news media examined tended to present a misleading and largely pathologizing view of AVH. More research is needed to shed light on how, and to what extent, public perceptions may influence those who experience AVH. Language: en
Metabolic Effects of Hyperthermia and Ascorbic Acid in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells

SummaryThe effects of hyperthermia and ascorbic acid upon the metabolism of [U-14C] glucose, [1-14C] pyruvate, and [1,5-14C] citrate by EATC were examined. All experiments were conducted at 37.5° and 42.5° in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid. Hyperthermia treatment for 2 and 3 hr significantly decreased cell viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion. Ascorbic acid did not affect cell viability. Hyperthermia did not significantly alter EATC metabolism of glucose, pyruvate, or citrate. However, ascorbic acid (1 mM) significantly increased the metabolism of all three compounds by EATC. Neither hyperthermia or ascorbic acid had any significant effect upon the metabolism of [U-14C] glucose by kidney slices or minced spleen.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Ocular Tactile Tonometry

This article describes the experimental and numerical analysis of a novel trans-scleral tonometer based on the use of an instrumented form of digital palpation tonometry. Similar to manual digital palpation tonometery (estimation of the eye pressure via tactile touch), the novel ocular tactile tonometer utilizes multiple force probes to gather force data from indentation experiments. The presented experimental and numerical analysis shows that force data obtained from these probes correlate with the intraocular pressure (IOP) of the eye. Enucleated porcine eyes were used to validate the approach. The observed hysteresis in the force data was analyzed using an analytical model that accounts for the outflow of the aqueous humor as well as experiments at different indentation rates. Experimental data from eye distention and indentation tests were then used to infer the conditions under which the novel tonometer would be expected to have an accuracy of 1 mmHg. Analysis of the data shows that visco-elastic behavior of the scleral tissue is the primary factor responsible for the observed hysteresis. Further analysis of the data shows that indentation rates should be kept below 0.5 mm/sec for a pressure range of 10–35 mmHg. A conceptual through-the-eye-lid ocular tactile tonometer based on four probes is also presented along with numerical validation of the measured response.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Approach, avoidance, and inhibition: Personality traits predict cognitive control abilities

The extent to which approach and avoidance personality trait sensitivities are associated with specific cognitive control abilities as well as with verbal and nonverbal domains remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated whether approach and avoidance trait sensitivities predict performance on verbal and nonverbal versions of the Stroop task, which taps the specific cognitive control ability of inhibiting task-irrelevant information. The findings from the current study indicate that whereas approach (specifically, Extraversion) sensitivity was predictive of verbal Stroop performance, avoidance (specifically, Behavioral Inhibition System) sensitivity was predictive of nonverbal Stroop performance. These results provide novel evidence suggestive of the integration of motivational personality traits and the ability to inhibit task-irrelevant information in a domain-specific fashion.
Bone collagen aggregation abnormalities in osteogenesis imperfecta.

Scanning electron microscopy of bone collagen of three patients with osteogenesis imperfecta congenita demonstrates the failure of thin collagen fibers to aggregate extracellularly into the distinct and separately discernible large collagen fiber bundles of normal bone. These organizational alterations may in part explain the changes in physical properties which result in the frequent fractures characterizing this disease.
Diagnostic accuracy of beta-methyl-p-[123I]-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) imaging: a meta-analysis.

Background. β-Methyl-p-[123I]-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) imaging has been used extensively to detect coronary artery disease (CAD), primarily in Japan. However, the reported sensitivity and specificity vary considerably from study to study. This meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of resting BMIPP imaging in the detection of CAD. Methods and Results. A MEDLINE search of the literature published through the end of 2006 was performed. Seven studies (528 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Using random-effects models, the overall sensitivity and specificity to detect CAD were 78% (95% confidence interval, 73% to 81%) and 84% (95% confidence interval, 77% to 89%), respectively. A significant threshold effect was identified among studies, which was expected given the between-study variability in study methodology. A summary receiver-operating characteristic curve yielded an asymmetric curve with an area under the curve of 0.91 (SE, 0.020), indicating excellent diagnostic performance. Conclusions. Imaging with BMIPP at rest exhibits a moderate sensitivity and high specificity to detect CAD in patients with a high prevalence of CAD. Thus, this tracer may be of great value for patients with acute chest pain and those with relative contraindications to exercise or pharmacologic stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI).
Annual and seasonal survival of adult female Mottled Ducks in southern Florida, USA

ABSTRACT Continuing human population growth and urbanization in Florida may impact the survival of native birds, including the Florida Mottled Duck (Anas fulvigula fulvigula). Survival of adult females is an important vital rate that affects population growth rates, thus estimates of female survival as well as sources of variation affecting survival rates are needed for the development of a more informed conservation plan for Florida Mottled Ducks. In this study, we estimated annual and seasonal survival rates of radio-tagged adult female Mottled Ducks (n = 236) using urban and rural areas in southern Florida from 2008 to 2011. Additionally, we tested for differences in survival among ducks using different geographic areas during the breeding season and that were exposed to different hunting regimes during the hunting season. Identifying the geographic areas where higher rates of mortality occur may allow for more effective habitat and harvest management of the Florida subspecies of Mottled Duck. Annual s...
MyPhotos: a system for home photo management and processing

MyPhotos is a prototype system for home photo management and processing. Several home user orientated image processing and analysis tools are provided. And several auto grouping methods can help user to organize photos. The system also provides a natural user interface and a workflow for easy browsing and searching.
Caught in the act of modifying tRNA

Recent studies of a tRNA guanine transglycosylase—a modifying enzyme known in all kingdoms of life—show how an unexpected active site aspartate becomes covalently attached to the tRNA substrate during catalysis, and how subsequent base exchange occurs in a single active site.
Description and Application of Personal Boundary Theory in Traumatized Adults Through the Use of Russian Stacking Dolls

Personal Space Boundary theory, developed by the first author in 1986, explains the complexities of privacy and intimacy within human beings. The way that people choose to relate to others is dependent on the permeability and flexibility of their personal space boundaries. The experience of trauma can damage the functioning of one's boundaries. The introduction of a new analog model of the theory, Russian Stacking Dolls, will demonstrate how the theory provides insight and facilitates healing in adults who have suffered some sort of trauma. The purpose of this article is to review the theory's evolution and provide clinical examples of how this theory is currently being used in practice with Russian Stacking Dolls. Limitations and cautions for use with certain clients are explicated.
The determination of plutonium by a.c. polarography

Abstract A method is described for the determination of plutonium in the range 4.10−6 to 4.10−4M by a.c. pplarography.It is based on. a peak at −0.42 V vs. a mercury pool anode from a citrate supporting electrolyte (pH 4.5). This peak is produced by plutonium in either the trivalent or the tetravalent state, due to the reversibility of the Pu4+/Pu3+ coupler. Spectrophotometry has shown that the tetravalent plutonium-citrate complex is more stable than the trivalent complex, which oxidizes to the tetravalent state. The peak for tetravalent plutonium is preferred for analytical work, but unfortunately interference can be caused by some elements, especially iron. An ion-exchange procedure has been developed for the separation of plutonium from interfering elements. This method has been applied to the determination of the plutonium contents of uranium-plutonium alloys containing 0.25–1.0% of plutonium.
Woody Plants: Changes in Survival in Response to Long-Term (8 Years) Chronic Gamma Irradiation

The number of plant deaths which occurred over 8 years of chronic gamma irradiation (20 hours/day) of 11 species of woody plants indicated a decline in the rate of death with increasing exposure time. This suggests that a highly effective repair system may develop, at least in the range of exposure which reduces survival by 50 percent. The inverse relationship previously found between interphase chromosome volume and radiosensitivity for single 16-hour exposures was confirmed for chronic exposures by construction of appropriate regressions. Radiosensitivity of a species can be predicted from these regressions if the interphase chromosome volume is known. The distributions of interphase chromosome volumes and predicted sensitivities are given for 215 species of woody plants.
Clinical presentation of celiac disease and the diagnostic accuracy of serologic markers in children

There has been growing recognition of a changing clinical presentation of celiac disease (CD), with the manifestation of milder symptoms. Serologic testing is widely used to screen patients with suspected CD and populations at risk. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the clinical presentation of CD in childhood, assess the diagnostic value of serologic tests, and investigate the impact of IgA deficiency on diagnostic accuracy. We evaluated 206 consecutive children with suspected CD on the basis of clinical symptoms and positive serology results. Ninety-four (46%) had biopsy-proven CD. The median age at diagnosis of CD was 6.8 years; 15% of the children were <2 years of age. There was a higher incidence of CD in girls (p = 0.003). Iron deficiency and intestinal complaints were more frequent in children with CD than those without CD (61% vs. 33%, p = 0.0001 and 71% vs. 55%, p = 0.02, respectively), while failure to thrive was less common (35% vs. 53%, p = 0.02). The sensitivity of IgA tissue transglutaminase (IgA-tTG) was 0.98 when including all children and 1.00 after excluding children with selective IgA deficiency. The specificity of IgA-tTG was 0.73 using the recommended cut-off value of 20 IU, and this improved to 0.94 when using a higher cut-off value of 100 IU. All children with CD and relative IgA deficiency (IgA levels that are measurable but below the age reference [n = 8]) had elevated IgA-tTG. In conclusion, CD is frequently diagnosed in school-age children with relatively mild symptoms. The absence of intestinal symptoms does not preclude the diagnosis of CD; many children with CD do not report intestinal symptoms. While the sensitivity of IgA-tTG is excellent, its specificity is insufficient for the diagnostic confirmation of a disease requiring life-long dietary restrictions. Children with negative IgA-tTG and decreased but measurable IgA values are unlikely to have CD.
Central limit theorems for stochastic processes under random entropy conditions

Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for the weak convergence of the row sums of an infinitesimal row-independent triangular array (φ nj ) of stochastic processes, indexed by a set S, to a sample-continuous Gaussian process, when the array satisfies a “random entropy” condition, analogous to one used by Gine and Zinn (1984) for empirical processes. This entropy condition is satisfied when S is a class of sets or functions with the Vapnik-Ĉervonenkis property and each φ nj (f)fdνnj is of the form νnjc for some reasonable random finite signed measure v nj. As a result we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the weak convergence of (possibly non-i.i.d.) partial-sum processes, and new sufficient conditions for empirical processes, indexed by Vapnik-Ĉervonenkis classes. Special cases include Prokhorov's (1956) central limit theorem for empirical processes, and Shorack's (1979) theorems on weighted empirical processes.
A factorial analysis of the preparation and properties of a-C:H thin films

Abstract A 2 3 factorial analysis was used to study the effects of rf input power, nitrogen added to the discharge, and post-deposition annealing on the optical properties of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) thin films. CH 4 , H 2 , and Ar, seeded with N 2 , were used as source gases to grow films using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Multi-angle ellipsometry and spectrophotometry were used to derive information on film thickness, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical band gap. The factorial approach confirmed results from previous single-variable studies and permitted interaction effects to be quantified. Variable dependencies support the conclusion that a-C:H films are made up of graphite clusters in a matrix of highly crosslinked diamond-like phases and/or soft polymeric components. Medium range order introduced by the graphitic clusters determines the optical properties of a-C:H.
GRAVITATIONAL LIMIT OF PARTICLE VOLUME FRACTION IN LIQUID-PHASE SINTERING

Liquid-phase sintering experiments were performed and the number of contacts per grain, the dihedral angle, and the volume fraction of solid were measured in the settled solid-liquid. For the W-Ni-Fe case, Kipphut et al. observed a liquid top layer for a 78 wt pct W alloy. However, 78 wt pct W provides a volume fraction high enough to initiate tungsten particle contacts in the presintered condition which violates the free settling concept. Initial experiments were performed using 60 wt pct W compositions with various Ni-Fe-Cu compositions for the matrix phase
Reentry Within the Carceral: Foucault, Race and Prisoner Reentry

Early research on prisoner reentry was largely practical and applied, oriented to policymakers responding to the myriad challenges presented by having millions of people leaving prisons and jails each year. More recently, scholars have drawn on critical theoretical frameworks to reformulate the problem as bound up with large-scale shifts in the nature of social control (Wacquant in Dialect Anthropol 34(4):605–620, 2010a), deep racial divisions (Nixon et al. in Race/Ethnicity: Multidiscip Glob Contexts 2(1):21–43, 2008), and transformations of the United States political economy (Hallett in Crit Criminol. doi: 10.1007/s10612-011-9138-8 , 2011). This paper continues the work of theoretical elaboration through two avenues: (1) examining the contribution that Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish can make to the conceptual development of reentry scholarship, and (2) reworking Foucauldian concepts and themes important to the study of reentry to account for their racialized characteristics.
Turions of Myriophyllum exalbescens

Abstract Turions of M. exalbescens Fernald in Snelling Lake, Minnesota, were investigated and found to be a most important feature of the life history of this species for 6 months of the year. Initiation of turion formation on lateral and terminal stem apices occurred in September or October and the turions then elongated gradually, becoming heavier during October and November. During the winter, turions became less buoyant and by April had sunk to the bottom and assumed the U-shape characteristic of the base of plants grown from turions. Turions were shown to remain attached to the previous season's growth until released by decay of the parent plant. No abscission layer at the base of turions was found. It was the onset of turion formation and the prolonged period of turion dormancy that limited the growing season of M. exalbescens. A winter vernalization period for turions appeared to be essential for normal plant development the following season.
Physical activity and cancer prevention--data from epidemiologic studies.

Purpose The aim of this paper is to examine whether physical activity plays any role in the prevention of cancer. Methods To accomplish this, data from published epidemiologic studies on the relation between physical activity and the risk of developing cancer were reviewed. Results The data are clear in showing that physically active men and women have about a 30-40% reduction in the risk of developing colon cancer, compared with inactive persons. Although the data are sparse, it appears that 30-60 min.d(-1) of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is needed to decrease risk. There is a dose-response relation, with risk declining further at higher levels of physical activity. It is also clear that physical activity is not associated with the risk of developing rectal cancer. With regard to breast cancer, there is reasonably clear evidence that physically active women have about a 20-30% reduction in risk, compared with inactive women. It also appears that 30-60 min.d(-1) of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is needed to decrease the risk of breast cancer, and that there is likely a dose-response relation. For prostate cancer, the data are inconsistent regarding whether physical activity plays any role in the prevention of this cancer. There are relatively few studies on physical activity and lung cancer prevention. The available data suggest that physically active individuals have a lower risk of lung cancer; however, it is difficult to completely account for cigarette smoking. There is little information on the role of physical activity in preventing other cancers. Conclusion Physical activity is associated with lower risk of developing certain site-specific cancers, in particular colon and breast cancers.
Optional time-of-use pricing can be pareto superior or pareto inferior

Abstract Many public utilities offer a choice between time-of-use and flat rates. Two points are established: (1) optional TOU (time-of-use) schedules exist that Pareto dominate both mandatory flat and mandatory TOU rates; but, (2) optional TOU prices based on marginal costs can be welfare-decreasing, even Pareto inferior.
A segmented traction drive system with a small dc bus capacitor

The standard voltage source inverter (VSI), widely used in electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicle (EV/HEV) traction drives, requires a bulky dc bus capacitor, typically made of polypropylene films, to absorb the large ripple currents generated by the pulse width modulated switching actions and prevent them from damaging and shortening the battery's life. The dc bus capacitor presents a significant barrier to meeting the U.S. DRIVE targets for cost, volume, and weight for inverters. Currently the dc bus capacitor contributes up to 20% of the cost and weight of an inverter and up to 30% of an inverter's volume. The large ripple currents become even more problematic for the film capacitors (the capacitor technology of choice for EVs/HEVs) in high temperature environments as their ripple current handling capability decreases rapidly with rising temperatures. There is thus an urgent need to reduce the ripple currents. This paper presents a segmented traction drive system that can significantly decrease the ripple currents and thus the size of the dc bus capacitor.
Phase I/II study of pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG 20) in patients with advanced melanoma

Background Arginine deiminase (ADI) is an enzyme that degrades arginine, an amino acid that is important for growth and development of normal and neoplastic cells. Melanoma cells are auxotrophic for arginine, because they lack argininosuccinatesynthetase (ASS), a key enzyme required for the synthesis of arginine. Patients and methods Patients with advanced melanoma were treated with 40, 80 or 160 IU/m2 ADI-PEG 20 i.m. weekly. Primary endpoints were toxicity and tumor response, secondary endpoints included metabolic response by 18FDG-PET, pharmacodynamic (PD) effects upon circulating arginine levels, and argininosuccinate synthetase tumor expression by immunohistochemistry. Results 31 previously treated patients were enrolled. The main toxicities were grade 1 and 2 adverse events including injection site pain, rash, and fatigue. No objective responses were seen. Nine patients achieved stable disease (SD), with 2 of these durable for >6 months. Four of the 9 patients with SD had uveal melanoma. PD analysis showed complete plasma arginine depletion in 30/31 patients by day 8. Mean plasma levels of ADI-PEG 20 correlated inversely with ADI-PEG 20 antibody levels. Immunohistochemical ASS expression analysis in tumor tissue was negative in 24 patients, whereas 5 patients had <5 % cells positive. Conclusions ADI-PEG 20 is well tolerated in advanced melanoma patients and leads to consistent, but transient, arginine depletion. Although no RECIST responses were observed, the encouraging rate of SD in uveal melanoma patients indicates that it may be worthwhile to evaluate ADI-PEG 20 in this melanoma subgroup.
Relaxation of enthalpy fluctuations during sub-Tg annealing of glassy selenium

The relaxation behavior of glass is influenced by the presence of dynamical heterogeneities, which lead to an intrinsically non-monotonic decay of fluctuations in density and enthalpy during isothermal annealing. This is apparently a universal feature of fragile glass forming systems associated with localized spatial variations in relaxation time. Here we present direct experimental observation of the nonmonotonic evolution of enthalpy fluctuations in glassy selenium annealed near room temperature. The nonmonotonic change in the distribution of enthalpy fluctuations measured by heat capacity spectroscopy offers direct evidence for the presence of dynamical heterogeneity in this glass. An enthalpy landscape model of selenium is then used to simulate annealing under identical conditions. The simulation results closely follow the evolution of enthalpy fluctuations observed experimentally. The close match between model and experiment demonstrate that enthalpy and density fluctuations are sources of dynamical heterogeneities in glassy materials.
Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Summary Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches. Resume Les systemes environnementaux sont complexes. Ils incluent des processus spatio-temporels tres complexes, interagissant sur une large variete d'echelles. II existe des quantites de plus en plus grandes de donnees sur de tels processus, provenant des systemes d'information geographiques, des plateformes de teledetection, des reseaux de surveillance et des modeles informatiques. De plus, il y a souvent une grande variete de connaissance scientifique disponible sur de tels systemes, depuis les equations differentielles partielles jusqu'aux enquetes de panels. II est reconnu qu'il n'est generalement pas correct de considerer de tels processus d'une perspective commune. Au contraire, les processus doivent souvent etre examines comme des systemes de modeles conditionnels lies de maniere coherente. Cet article fournit un bref apercu des approches hierachiques appliquees aux processus environnementaux. Les elements cles de tels modeles peuvent etre examines a trois etapes principales: l'etape des donnees, celle du traitement et celle des parametres. A chaque etape, la structure complexe de dependance est attenuee par le conditionnement. Par exemple, le stade des donnees peut incorporer des erreurs de mesure ainsi que de multiples ensembles de donnees sous divers supports. Les stades du traitement et des parametres peuvent admettre des processus spatiaux et spatio-temporels ainsi que l'inclusion directe du savoir scientifique. L'article conclut par une discussion de quelques problemes en suspens dans la modelisation hierarchique des systemes environnementaux, incluant le besoin de nouvelles approches de collaboration.
Novel Para-Phenyl Substituted Diindolylmethanes Protect Against MPTP Neurotoxicity and Suppress Glial Activation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

The orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 (Nurr1) constitutively regulates inflammatory gene expression in glial cells by suppressing DNA binding activity of NF-κB. We recently reported that novel 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substitutedphenyl)methane (C-DIM) compounds that activate NR4A family nuclear receptors in cancer lines also suppress inflammatory gene expression in primary astrocytes and prevent loss of dopaminergic neurons in mice exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid (MPTPp). In this study, we postulated that the basis for this neuroprotection involves blockade of glial activation and subsequent expression of NF-κB-regulated inflammatory genes. To examine this mechanism, we treated transgenic NF-κB/EGFP reporter mice with MPTPp for 7 days (MPTPp7d) followed by daily oral gavage with either vehicle (corn oil; MPTPp14d) or C-DIMs containing p-methoxyphenyl (C-DIM5), p-hydroxyphenyl (C-DIM8), or p-chlorophenyl (C-DIM12) groups. Each compound conferred significant protection against progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), even when given after 7 days of dosing with MPTPp. C-DIM12 had the greatest neuroprotective activity in MPTPp-treated mice, and was also the most potent compound in suppressing activation of microglia and astrocytes, expression of cytokines and chemokines in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array studies, and in reducing expression of NF-κB/EGFP in the SN. C-DIM12 prevented nuclear export of Nurr1 in dopaminergic neurons and enhanced expression of the Nurr1-regulated proteins tyrosine hydroxylase and the dopamine transporter. These data indicate that NR4A-active C-DIM compounds protect against loss of dopamine neurons in the MPTPp model of PD by preventing glial-mediated neuronal injury and by supporting a dopaminergic phenotype in TH-positive neurons in the SNpc.
Alveolar ridge augmentation with collagen tubes containing bone and hydroxylapatite.

Abstract The use of collagen tube containers with implants of an autogenous bone and particulate hydroxylapatite composite is reported. The tubes were used to shape the mixture and to facilitate its implantation in cases of severe mandibular resorption. Following a minimum of 60 months after implant placement and a minimum of 48 months of denture wear, the implant and overall prosthodontic success were rated favorably by the patient and the prosthodontist. Individual implants were evaluated with polarized and fluorescent light microscopy and with microradiography. While the clinical results were good, the microscopic evaluation showed the amount of bone present within the implant to be variable.
Reaction of serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase with the alternative substrate ketomalonate indicates rate-limiting protonation of a quinonoid intermediate.

Serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGAT) from Hyphomicrobium methylovorum is a pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (PLP) enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of l-serine and glyoxylate to hydroxypyruvate and glycine. The primary deuterium isotope effect using l-serine 2-D is one on (V/K)serine and V in the steady state. Pre-steady-state experiments also indicate that there is no primary deuterium isotope effect with l-serine 2-D. The results suggest there is no rate limitation by abstraction of the α proton of l-serine in the SGAT reaction. In the steady-state a solvent deuterium isotope effect of about 2 was measured on (V/K)l-serine and (V/K)ketomalonate and about 5.5 on V. Similar solvent isotope effects were observed in the pre-steady-state for the natural substrates and the alternative substrate ketomalonate. In the pre-steady-state, no reaction intermediates typical of PLP enzymes were observed with the substrates l-serine, glyoxylate, and hydroxypyruvate. The data suggest that breakdown and formation of t...
Becoming a Strategy-Driven Organization

[1] AGU is well on its way to implementing its new governance structure and strategic plan. Several significant steps were taken in San Francisco as key leadership events were held in conjunction with the 2010 Fall Meeting. The AGU Board of Directors and Council each held meetings, and an open forum was held for members to hear directly from leaders. We are moving forward!
Strange form factors, the σ-term and strange quark distributions in the Gross-Neveu model

Abstract For Nc→∞ the structure function of physical fermions in the Gross-Neveu model is of pure valence type. Nevertheless several strange form factors of u-quarks, including the induced magnetic moment and the σ-term acquire substantial O (N 0 c ) contributions from virtual s s pairs. Those arise from matrix elements which are off-diagonal in Fock space, i.e., they do not have a simple interpretation in terms of the quark distributions. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, a similar behavior in QCD3+1 is conceivable.
THE VICTORIAN SLUM: AN ENDURING MYTH?

The term slum is a loose definition of the environs and behavior of the poor. Isolated from the remainder of society, slum residents are presumed to live a deviant life either by preference or cultural predisposition, or as a consequence of their deprivation. This synthesis of spatial isolation and social deviance was an inextricable element of changes in attitudes to poverty in the early nineteenth century, and has been remarkably persistent. The concept of the “Victorian Slum'’has been questioned in relation to modern cities, but the concept also appears to lack validity in Victorian cities.
Brain metabolite concentration and dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease: A 1H MRS study

Objective: 1 H-MRS studies have shown abnormalities in brain levels of myo -inositol (mI) and N -acetyl aspartate (NAA) in AD, but the relation of these abnormalities with dementia severity was not examined. The authors sought to determine whether altered brain levels of mI and other metabolites occur in mild AD and whether they change as dementia severity worsens. Methods: The authors used 1 H-MRS with external standards to measure absolute brain concentrations of mI, NAA, total creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho)-containing compounds in 21 subjects with AD and 17 age- and sex-matched controls in occipital and left and right parietal regions. Results: Concentrations of NAA were significantly decreased, whereas mI and Cr concentrations were significantly increased in all three brain regions in subjects with AD compared with controls. Higher concentrations of mI and Cr occurred even in mild AD. A discriminant analysis of the 1 H-MRS data combined with CSF volume measurements distinguished subjects with AD, ranging from mild to severe dementia, from controls with 100% correct classification. NAA concentration, though not other metabolites, was positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination score. Conclusion: The measurements with 1 H-MRS of absolute metabolite concentrations in the neocortex showed abnormal concentrations of brain metabolites in AD; these metabolite concentrations do not necessarily correlate with disease severity. Although changes in myo -inositol and creatine occur in the early stages of AD, abnormalities of N -acetyl aspartate do not occur in mild AD but progressively change with dementia severity. Further, subjects with mild AD can be differentiated from controls with 1 H-MRS.