cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin, Scalp, and Nail

The skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis (superficial) and the dermis (under the epidermis). The thickness of the skin varies from 0.5– 3.0 mm.
A SAW Interferometer Direction - Finding and Frequency Identification Method

A technique is described, whereby both frequency and angle of arrival (AOA) information can be measured with high accuracy, on multiple simultaneously received signals. Such a technique is required in signal processing applications used to identify and locate agile parameter emitters in high density signal environments. This signal processing technique will be compared to other standard microwave signal detection, frequency, and AOA measurement methods.
The generation and expression of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in laboratory rodents

Publisher Summary Two emerging concepts in the study of intestinal nematode rejection include the view that there are multiple independent mechanisms of rejection and that the primary rodent species—mice and rats—may differ in their final effector mechanisms against individual parasite species. It is noted that immunoparasitology has gained independence and recognition as it is realized that helminthic infections can help explain the basic immunological paradigm then dominating research endeavor—the T h 1 and T h 2 model of CD4 cell function. This seemed an opportune point at which the strengths and weaknesses of past approaches can be examined to develop new and more direct means of investigating host responsiveness in the future. A key element of this view is that nematode parasites are the ancient adversaries of the immune system, which has evolved specific strategies for dealing with them that owe little to other infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses. Moreover, there is little novelty in host adaptive mechanisms of defense and these have probably all been defined —antibody and activated cells of several lineages. The novelty is the way they are brought together for different parasitic organisms.
EPR of VO2+ in Cd(NH4)2(SO4)2 · 6H2O and Mg(NH4)2(SO4)2 · 6H2O single crystals

Abstract Detailed X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of the VO2+ ion have been carried out in the single crystals of Tutton salts Cd(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O (CASH) and Mg(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O (MASH) at 295, 80 and 4.2 K. F or both samples the data are indicative of the presence of two magnetically inequivalent, but physically equivalent, VO2+ sites in the unit cell, each consisting of three magnetically inequivalent VO2+ ions, with one of them being present with a very small probability. Each vanadyl hyperfine line is characterized by an anisotropic quintet superhyperfine (SHF) splitting, with the intensity ratios 1:4:6:4:1. For any of the two samples investigated, the maximum separations of the SHF splitting for the two largely populated magnetically inequivalent VO2+ ions, corresponding to any one site, are observed when the orientations of the external magnetic field (B) are along the M2+-H2O(7), and the M2+-H2O(8) directions (M2+ = divalent metal ion, Cd2+ or Mg2+). The temperature dependence of the SHF splitting was found to be different for the two samples. The principal values and direction cosines of the principal axes of the g2 and A2 tensors are evaluated from a simultaneous fitting of the various EPR line positions, using a least-squares fitting program. The following details apply to both the samples: an impurity model of the vanadyl ion, described by the [VO(H2O)5]2+ complex, is found to explain the data adequately. The orientations of the V4+-O2- bonds have been deduced to lie close to either the M2+-H2O(7) and M2+-H2O(8) directions. The SHF structure is explained to be due to the interaction of the unpaired electron of the VO2+ ion with the four protons of its two nearest-neighbor H2O(9) molecules. The principal values and orientations of the principal axes of the SHF interaction tensor have been estimated. Using the reported optical absorption- and the present EPR data, the bonding coefficients of the [VO(H2O)5]2+ complex have been estimated.
Valence Bond Methods: Second row heteronuclear diatomics

The consideration of isoelectronic sequences can provide considerable physical understanding of structural details. We here give details of the calculation of a series of isoelectronic diatomic molecules from the second row of the periodic table, N 2 , CO, BF, and BeNe. By studying this sequence we see how the competition between nuclear charges affects bonding. All of these are closed-shell singlet systems, and, at least in the cases of the first two, conventional bonding arguments say there is a triple bond between the two atoms. We expect, at most, only a Van der Waals type of bond between Be and Ne, of course. Our calculations should predict this. The three polar molecules in the series are interesting because they all have anomalous directions to their dipole moments, i.e., the direction is different from that predicted by an elementary application of the idea of electronegativity, accepting the fact that there may be ambiguity in the definition of electronegativity for Ne. We will see how VB ideas interpret these anomalous dipole moments. We do the calculations with a 6-31G* basis in the same way as was done in Chapter 11 and for three arrangements of STO3G bases. This will allow us both to judge the stability of the qualitative predictions to the basis and to assess the ability of the calculations to obtain quantitative answers. We have already treated N 2 in Chapter 11, but will look at it here from a somewhat different point of view.
Oral contraceptives and exacerbation of lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Drug reactions are frequent in patients with lupus erythematosus (LE), and drugs may also lead to an exacerbation of the lupus process. Documented association of oral contraceptives with flares of LE is rare. Two such cases are presented and the pertinent literature is reviewed. Although reports of LE patients showing exacerbation while taking oral contraceptives are uncommon, where contraception is indicated for women with LE, nonhormonal methods would seem preferable.
ADAPTATION OF A PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER TO A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING AND STORING DATA IN A CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY.

In order to facilitate data processing in the clinical laboratory, a system was devised for colorimetric analysis in which the necessary calculations for hemoglobin measurement were performed automatically using analog and digital computer programs singly and combined. The technics described are essential steps toward an over-all system for obtaining, calculating, storing, and retrieving data in a clinical laboratory.
P22 Arc repressor: Enhanced expression of unstable mutants by addition of polar C‐terminal sequences

Many mutant variants of the P22 Arc repressor are subject to intracellular proteolysis in Escherichia coli, which precludes their expression at levels sufficient for purification and subsequent biochemical characterization. Here we examine the effects of several different C-terminal extension sequences on the expression and activity of a set of Arc mutants. We show that two tail sequences, KNQHE (st5) and H6KNQHE (st11), increase the expression levels of most mutants from 10- to 20-fold and, in some cases, result in restoration of biological activity in the cell. A third tail sequence, HHHHHH (st6), was not as effective in increasing mutant expression levels. All three tail sequences are functionally and structurally silent, as judged by their lack of effects on the DNA binding activity and stability of otherwise wild-type Arc. The properties of the st11 tail sequence make it an efficient system for the expression and purification of mutant Arc proteins, both because mutant expression levels are increased and because the proteins can be rapidly purified using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. Arc mutants containing the EA28, RL31, and SA32 mutations were purified in the st11 background. The thermodynamic stability of the EA28 mutant (delta delta Gu approximately -0.4 kcal/mol) is reduced modestly compared to the st11 parent, whereas the RL31 mutant (delta delta Gu approximately -3.0 kcal/mol) and SA32 mutant (delta delta Gu approximately -3.3 kcal/mol) are substantially less stable.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids of rat small intestinal microvillus and basolateral membranes

Glycoprotein and glycolipid constituents were examined in purified microvillus and basolateral membranes isolated from rat small intestinal epithelial cells. SDS—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weights of most of the major proteins from microvillus membranes were over 100 kD, whereas the majority of those from basolateral membranes tended to have lower molecular weights. Glycoprotein profiles were also examined using three labeling methods, and in each case marked differences were observed between microvillus and basolateral membranes. In both membranes, lectins with a specificity toward N-linked sugar chains bound to the majority of the glycoproteins, in contrast to those lectins which preferentially bind to O-linked sugar chains. Glycolipids were labeled in vivo and isolated from both membrane fractions. Some differences were observed in the fucolipids and neutral glycolipids suggesting a more complex pattern in microvillus membranes. These results indicate that there are differences in the glycoprotein and glycolipid compositions of microvillus and basolateral membranes that may reflect the functional polarity of intestinal epithelial cells.
Cyclodextrin-Mediated Hydrolyses of Novel Phosphotriesters†

The basic cleavages (pH 10) of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate (1, PNPDPP), p-nitrophenyl 1,8-naphthyl phosphate (2, PNPNP), and p-nitrophenyl biphenyl phosphate (3, PNPBPP) were mediated by α-, β...
On recognizing and formulating mathematical problems

When mathematics is used to help people cope with real-life situations, a three-stage intellectual process is involved. First, a person becomes aware of a problem-situation which stimulates him to generate a problem-statement, a verbal story-problem. This may be in writing, expressed orally, or merely thought and evidenced by other behavior. Second, he transforms the verbal problem-statement into a mathematical formulation. Third, he analyzes this mathematically stated problem into subproblems to which the solution is more immediate. We propose an operational instrument for assessing how a person moves from the first to the second and third stage. This involves coding questions asked, actions taken, hesitancy and latency. Results of using this procedure in experimental situations were used to determine reliability. We also propose and compare methods for effecting and accelerating motion from the first to the third stage. These involve operant conditioning, need arousal cues, controlled verbal instructions. Experience with one such technique to teach problem-formulation in actual teaching practice is reported. The theoretical basis for these experiments is developed by showing how to program a computer to go through these stages for a reasonably large and interesting class of problem-situations to which mathematics is applicable.
Phase shift analysis of H3(p, p), H3(p, n) and He3(n, n) reactions

Abstract A least-squares phase shift analysis has been made to experimental cross sections and angular distributions of the H3(p, p), H3(p, n) and He3(n, n) reactions up to 1.5 MeV energy in the p+T c.m. system. The energy variation of the phase shifts considered was parametrized as follows: 1S by the Breit-Wigner single level formalism, 3S, 1P and 3P by an effective range approximation of Shaw and Ross. In agreement with earlier work of Werntz, evidence has been found for a 0+ state in He4, peaking at approximately 20.1 MeV excitation energy and having a total reduced width close to the single particle value. The P wave phase shifts point to a p+T interaction which would appear experimentally as a state in He4 peaking around 22 MeV excitation energy. Recent H3(p, n) polarization measurements are consistent with a spin 1− for this state. An analysis by Tombrello of the He3(p, p) reaction supports a tentative conclusion that both the He4 states have T = 0. The present work shows also that the Wigner cusp phenomena in the T(p, p) reaction can be well explained over a wide range of energies by the reaction formalisms used in this analysis.
The occurrence of lysozyme in the cerebrospinal fluidand serum of infants and children

Summary Measurements of lysozyme weremade upon specimens of blood serum and of cerebrospinal fluid from infants and children with and without acute infectious disease of the central nervous system. The technique employed depended upon the lysis of M. lysideikticus . Lysozyme was invariably present in serum and showed little or no fluctuation in titer under different circumstances. Lysozyme was usually not detectablein the cerebrospinal fluid of normal children but was found to be present during the course of inflammatory disease involving the central nervous system. The highest titers of lysozyme in cerebrospinal fluid were found in patients with purulent bacterial meningitis. Elevated titers were also encountered in the absence of pleocytosis. The evidence indicated that lysozyme in cerebrospinal fluid is derived mainly from sources intrinsic to the host, and, in certain instances, may be a sensitive index of inflammatory disease involving the central nervous system.
Ecological indicators of flood risk along the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Despite mounting economic losses from both acute and chronic flood events in coastal areas of the U.S., little empirical research has been conducted on the importance of existing landscape-level ecological components in mitigating the economic impacts to vulnerable coastal communities over the long term. In recognition of this lack of knowledge base, we examine several ecological indicators across 144 counties bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Specifically, we identify and measure the following four indicators: floodplain area, soil porosity, naturally occurring wetlands, and pervious surfaces. We then statistically test the degree to which these indicators reduce insured flood losses observed across the study area over a five-year period from 2001 to 2005. Results based on multiple regression models controlling for various environmental and socioeconomic characteristics support the notion that certain features of the natural environment help mitigate the negative economic consequences that arise from floods. The findings provide guidance to local and regional policy makers on where to guide future development. Reducing the amount of flood losses helps building more flood-resilient human communities along the Gulf coast not only in terms of economic savings but also to reduce human loss.
The role of the approach response in secondary reinforcement

Kindergarten Ss received two light stimuli during training on a push-button task, one (positive) on candy reinforced trials, and one (negative) on all other trials. During extinction all responses yielded the positive stimulus for half the groups, the negative stimulus for the others. A door over the slot-tray was added for experimental groups, and was locked during extinction for half the Ss. For three control groups there was no door present. Least extinction responses were made by the locked door groups, and the positive stimulus groups. The locked door groups also made the least number of approach responses.
A Study of The Relationship between The Interleukin‐6 Gene and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Because obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, we examined the relationship between OSA and polymorphisms for interleukin-6 (IL6). Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within IL6 were genotyped in 259 African Americans from the Cleveland Family Study with replication conducted in the Cardiovascular Health Study (n= 124). OSA was dichotomized into apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 15, or on treatment versus absent: AHI < 5. Logistic regression was conducted, adjusting for age and sex in models with and without body mass index (BMI). SNP IL6–6021 was associated with a decreased risk of OSA after adjusting for BMI (Odds Ratio for T allele 0.24, 95%CI [0.09–0.67], p= 0.006, q= 0.07) under an additive model. This same allele was associated with increased BMI. The results from the replication sample were consistent in direction though not statistically significant (p= 0.23). The SNPs were studied in European- Americans, although, the minor allele frequency in IL6–6021 was too low (4%) for meaningful comparisons. A synonymous SNP within the IL6 coding region was protective of OSA in African Americans; with qualitatively similar findings observed in another cohort. This suggests that variants in IL6 may influence the risk of OSA in a pathway that is not explained by obesity. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 337–339
First-principles studies of quasiparticle band structures of cubic YH 3 and LaH 3

Quasiparticle band structures for the cubic trihydrides ${\mathrm{YH}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{3}$ have been calculated by evaluating the self-energy in the $\mathrm{GW}$ approximation using ab initio pseudopotentials and plane waves. These are the prototype metal hydrides that exhibit switchable optical properties. For both materials, the local-density approximation (LDA) yields semimetallic energy bands with a direct overlap of about 1 eV. We find the self-energy correction to the LDA energies opens a gap at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ of 0.8--0.9 eV for ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{3}$ and 0.2--0.3 eV for ${\mathrm{YH}}_{3},$ where the latter is in sharp contrast to a previous study using linear-muffin-tin orbitals. The quasiparticle band gaps are analyzed as a function of an initial shift in the LDA bands used to evaluate the random-phase approximation screening in constructing the self-energy. We also make a comparison of results obtained by using two different pseudopotentials, each designed to better approximate exchange and correlation between the semicore states and valence states of Y and La.
Deep vein thrombosis and prostatectomy

A research protocol to evaluate the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in sequential patients undergoing prostatectomy is presented. There is an overall incidence of deep vein thrombosis in 8 per cent of patients. There was no advantage with intermittent leg compression when compared with elastic stockings.
Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area Related to Learning and Performance During a Sequential Visuomotor Task

Monkeys were trained in a serial reaction time task to produce hand movements according to changing locations of visual targets. In most trials, targets followed the same sequence repeatedly, whereas in other trials targets were presented in random locations or switched unpredictably between two alternative sequences. Single-unit activity was recorded from the caudal supplementary motor area (SMA-proper). Based on the activity associated with random movement sequences, effects of hand position and movement direction were evaluated. Activity was influenced by the hand position in ~60% of the neurons, and the movement direction influenced the activity of 51% of the neurons. In addition, 37 and 71% of SMA neurons displayed nonstationarity in their activity across successive movements within a given trial and across trials, respectively. Such nonstationarity in the ongoing neural activity and the effects of performance-related variables were evaluated using a regression model and separated from learning-related activity changes. About a third of SMA neurons displayed gradual changes in neural activity related to experience with a movement sequence across trials. Furthermore, about a quarter of SMA neurons showed similar changes within individual trials. When the individual movements included in the frequently repeated movement sequences were introduced unexpectedly, learning-related changes in neural activity were reduced, indicating that many SMA neurons changed their activity in relation to the learning of particular movement sequences. These results suggest that the pattern of neural activity in the cortical network involved in the control of movement sequences can be modified continuously by experience.
Rapid Development of Resistance to Clarithromycin Following Monotherapy for Disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae Infection in a Heart Transplant Patient

Mycobacterium chelonae (formerly known as M. chelonae subspecies chelonae) is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that can cause disseminated infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. The bacterium is typically resistant to antimicrobial agents; less than 20% of M. chelonae isolates are susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, erythromycin, or ciprofloxacin. Findings in a recent study suggested that clarithromycin may be the drug of choice for the treatment of cutaneous (disseminated) disease due to M. chelonae. We describe a 60-year-old heart transplant patient with disseminated M. chelonae infection for whom monotherapy with clarithromycin failed because of the rapid development of resistance to the drug.
Potential canopy interception of nitrogen in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Abstract Nitrogen deposition is increasing worldwide from anthropogenic sources and encroaching upon previously N limited ecosystems. Recent literature reports increases in inorganic N deposition in Pacific Northwest forests of the United States due to expanding urbanization. We examined the contributions of atmospheric deposition of inorganic N to old-growth and second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in the Cascade Mountains of southern Washington State. We used ion exchange resin lysimeters (IERs) to measure throughfall and compared it to data from a nearby atmospheric deposition recording station. Observed differences led us to install IERs above and throughout the canopy of an old- and second-growth forest stand at the Wind River Canopy Crane Research Facility. Total NH4-N and NO3-N deposition was 4.06 and 2.06 kg/ha, respectively, with NH4-N inputs varying seasonally. Canopy interception in the first 5 m of canopy was >80% of NO3-N deposition during the winter months, with negative net canopy exchange (NCE) accounting for nearly 90% of NO3-N input (uptake). NCE for NH4-N during the winter months was negligible. During the summer months, both NH4-N and NO3-N were taken up within the canopy. Contrary to the winter period, nearly all NH4-N entering the canopy was retained. Although the pattern of canopy interception varied according to canopy architecture and age of stand, all species were extremely efficient in reducing the input of inorganic N to the forest floor. Greater deposition in these stands as compared to the nearby NADP site was attributed to higher precipitation. Needle concentrations of N and δ15N showed no differences throughout the canopy profile, in contrast to both C and δ13C that exhibited significant increases from top to the lower levels. Differences in concentrations of C, δ13C, N and δ15N were noted among the old-growth species.
Intraoperative Sonographic Localization of Renal Calculi

Intraoperative ultrasound is a quick and safe method for aiding in the surgical removal of renal calculi. Multiple calculi may be identified readily, resulting in a time effective and thorough surgical procedure.
A Method for Preparation, Storage, and Activation of Large Populations of Immotile Sea Urchin Sperm

Reversible protein phosphorylation is associated with initiation and modulation of sperm flagellar motility. Many studies aimed at examining the signal transduction mechanisms underlying the expression of motility have relied on detergent-permeabilized sperm reactivated with exogenous 32 P-ATP. However, the reactivation conditions allow variable levels of motility to be expressed and phosphorylation of many proteins that appear to be unrelated to sperm motility. Thus, identification of the few relevant proteins is difficult. We have developed a method to collect and keep sperm immotile until reactivated for analysis to normal motility levels. Artificial sea water (ASW) buffered with 5 mM 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid at pH 6.0 and containing 50 mM KCI, allows collection and storage of immotile sea urchin sperm for up to 96 h at 4-5 C. Motility under these conditions is essentially zero, but sperm is rapidly reactivated to normal motility by diluting with ASW to standard pH (8.0) and KCI concentration (10 mM).
Design of a small-satellite-based MWIR imaging spectrometer

Many experimental measurement goals can best be accomplished with imaging sensors which have high spatial, spectral, and/or temporal resolution. The design and construction of new types of IR imaging systems have become feasible with the availability of reliable, relatively low cost focal plane arrays (FPA's). This paper presents the design and modeling investigations of an imaging grating spectrometer utilizing a 256 X 256 InSb FPA for Earth observing measurements in the 3 - 5 micrometers region. The design includes an optically filtered, radiometric, imaging mode for increased temporal and spatial resolution. Modeling efforts verify the conceptual feasibility and identify practical limitations in sensitivity and dynamic range. The design concepts and performance were verified experimentally by building and testing a prototype imaging spectrometer using commercially available optics, FPA, electronics, and computer equipment. Data is presented which illustrate the simultaneous spectra and spatial measurement features and the versatility of the sensor system. Both the model and the measurement results show the impact of instrument self-emissions, FPA noise, and FPA non-uniformities on the sensor system. In addition, the impact of system dynamic range and FPA pixel integration timing and read-out electronics are discussed.
866 HEMOGLOBIN AIc IN JUVENILE DIABETICS, AND IN CHILDREN IN HEMODIALYSIS OR PARENTERAL ALIMENTATION

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIc) is thought to reflect blood sugar concentration existing during the lifetime of the erythrocyte. We measured HbAIc by ion exchange chromatography (Bio-Rex(R) 70) in hemolysates of blood specimens obtained from volunteers (NL); from juvenile diabetics (JD): (A) controlled, attending outpatient clinic; (B) uncontrolled, hospitalized; from children on hemodialysis for renal failure (D) or on parenteral alimentation (PA) for: (1) less than 2 weeks; (2) more than 1 month. Results are as follows (in mean values, percent of total hemoglobin ± 1S.D.; N = number of assays): These results indicate the possibility that (1) juvenile diabetics have markedly elevated HbAIc (2) HbAIc is higher in uncontrolled than in controlled juvenile diabetics (3) children on hemodialysis have slightly elevated HbAIc (4) patients on long term parenteral alimentation have elevated HbAIc similar to that of our ambulatory juvenile diabetics.
LPS-Induced NF-κB Activation and TNF-α Release in Human Monocytes Are Protein Tyrosine Kinase Dependent and Protein Kinase C Independent

Background.Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important mediator of septic shock. Endotoxin (LPS) signal transduction in human monocytes leads to activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and TNF-α release. Previous studies have implicated activation of both protein kinase C (PKC) and protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) in LPS-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production. We hypothesized that inhibition of either PKC or PTK would decrease LPS-induced NF-κB DNA binding and TNF-α release in human monocytes. Materials and methods.Human monocytes were stimulated with PMA (50 ng/ml) alone or LPS (100 ng/ml) with and without a nonspecific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (Stauro), a specific pan-PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (Bis), or an inhibitor of PTK genistein (Gen). TNF-α release in culture supernatants was measured by an ELISA. NF-κB DNA binding was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results.LPS increased NF-κB DNA binding and TNF-α release in human monocytes. Nonspecific protein kinase inhibition inhibited NF-κB activation and TNF-α release, while specific PKC inhibition with Bis had no effect on LPS-induced NF-κB DNA binding or TNF-α release. PTK inhibition with Gen attenuated both LPS-induced NF-κB DNA binding and TNF-α production in human monocytes. Direct activation of PKC with PMA induced both NF-κB activation and TNF-α production by human monocytes. Conclusions.These results suggest that LPS-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α release in human monocytes are independent of PKC activity. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that PTK plays a role in LPS-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α release in human monocytes and thus could be a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory states.
A psychosocial model of smoking cessation and maintenance of cessation

Abstract The long-term cessation rates obtained in smoking control programs have been disappointing. In order to provide a better understanding of the problems of smoking cessation and maintenance of cessation, and to facilitate the development of more effective smoking control programs, a model of smoking cessation is offered in which stress, or “life events”, is a major determinant of the success of this process. The model assumes that chronic smoking is a maladaptive behavior, helping the smoker to deal with the discomfort generated by stress by providing a means he can use to maintain a “vital balance”. A smoker's ability to handle stress without cigarettes is conditioned by the presence of personal and social resources or “psychosocial assets”. Personal security, an individual's belief that he can control what happens to him, an ability to respond to stress with a low level of negative affect, and the availability of social supports provide a cushion or buffer against the effects of stress. It is therefore the combined effect of stress and the psychosocial variables which determines whether or not a smoker can successfully eliminate smoking from his repertoire of coping responses.
Misoprostol use in developing countries: results from a multicountry study

Objective: To identify information and service delivery needs for obstetric/gynecologic uses of misoprostol in developing countries. Methods: The study included a survey of reproductive health providers in 23 countries and a qualitative study of misoprostol use in four developing countries. Researchers used purposive sampling methods for the survey and qualitative study and conducted a descriptive statistical analysis of survey data and computer-assisted text-based content analysis of qualitative data. Results: In some developing countries, women frequently access misoprostol through pharmacies and self-medicate to induce early abortion. Some clinicians expressed concern about this use of misoprostol, but many stated that its availability had reduced serious complications resulting from unsafe abortions. Conclusion: Although misoprostol is routinely used for a range of off-label obstetric/gynecologic indications, evidence-based, up-to-date information about safety, effectiveness, and appropriate regimens is not widely available. This information is requested by providers, including pharmacists. Women need information and guidance about its use.
Signaling via the RIP2 Adaptor Protein in Central Nervous System-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells Promotes Inflammation and Autoimmunity

Peripheral peptidolgycan (PGN) is present within antigen-presenting cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, possibly playing a role in neuroinflammation. Accordingly, PGN is linked with disease progression in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the role of specific PGN-sensing proteins is unknown. Here we report that the progression of EAE was dependent on the intracellular PGN sensors NOD1 and NOD2 and their common downstream adaptor molecule, receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2; also known as RIPK2 and RICK). We found that RIP2, but not toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), played a critical role in the activation of CNS-infiltrating dendritic cells. Our results suggest that PGN in the CNS is involved in the pathogenesis of EAE through the activation of infiltrating dendritic cells via NOD1-, NOD2-, and RIP2-mediated pathways.
Effects of Fin Removal on Survival and Growth of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Natural Environment

Abstract The long-term survival of fin-clipped and unmarked rainbow trout was studied in Castle Lake, California. The results of this study confirmed the generally held belief among fishery workers that fin removal has a serious detrimental effect on fingerling salmonids. Moreover, the relative magnitude of this effect for each of the seven fins that could be removed was determined; viz.: (1) removal of the adipose fin may reduce survival by as much as 50%, (2) removal of a ventral fin may reduce survival by as much as 60 to 70%, (3) removal of a pectoral or dorsal fin may reduce survival by as much as 70 to 80%, and (4) removal of the anal fin may be no worse than removal of the pectoral or dorsal fins, but can have an inconsistent effect. The absence of a single fin did not reduce significantly the rate of growth of the members of a group possessing that mark.
Simultaneous immunologic studies of skin and kidney in systemic lupus erythematosus

Thirty-two biopsies of kidneys and of normal skin were performed simultaneously on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to determine whether the deposition of immune reactants in skin was correlated with the severity of renal injury or with several serologic measures of systemic disease activity. Immunofluorescent deposits at the dermal-epidermal junction (lupus band test) did not correlate with any clinical or histologic measures of glomerulonephritis or with serologic abnormalities. Immune deposits in dermal venules were found in 56% of the skin biopsies and were correlated with hypocomplementemia and higher levels of immune complexes in serum, and possibly with glomerular subendothelial electron dense deposits. Azathioprine therapy was correlated with absence of both sub-epidermal and vascular immune deposits. Immuno-fluorescent findings on serial skin biopsies on 13 patients were highly inconsistent. It is concluded that the lupus band test is clinically useful only as a diagnostic aid but not helpful in assessing renal or serologic activity of lupus, and that dermal vascular deposits of immunoglobulin or complement are more frequent than previoulsy recognized and correlate with measures of circulating immune complexes.
Effect of antacid on imatinib absorption.

Purpose Imatinib often causes gastric upset resulting in frequent co-administration of an antacid. Elevated gastric pH, delayed gastric emptying, or introduction of Mg2+/Al3+ could potentially change imatinib absorption, thereby affecting the therapeutic effectiveness of imatinib. Indeed, antacid co-administration with dasatinib does result in a twofold decrease in dasatinib absorption. We aimed to define the effect of antacid on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib.
Curare-like effects of the amphetamine isomers on neuromuscular transmission

The neuromuscular blocking effects of (+)- and (-)-amphetamine were evaluated for possible actions via the adrenergic and cholinergic systems employing the isolated rat phrenic-nerve diaphragm preparation. Dopaminergic and α- and β-adrenergic receptor blockers failed to modify the blocking effects of amphetamine on nerve-stimulated diaphragms suggesting the absence of catecholaminergic involvement. In chronically denervated diaphragms, amphetamine (2.7–4.05 × 10−4M) and the non-depolarizing blocker (+)-tubocurarine (10−7M) shifted the acetylcholine concentration-response curve to the right and failed to produce muscle contracture; the latter effect was produced by the depolarizing blocker succinylcholine (10−5M). Physostigmine (1(10−5M) and KCl (11mM) reversed amphetamine (5.4 × 10−4M) and tubocurarine (5 × 10−7 M) blockade, but not that elicited by succinylcholine (10−5 M). Tetanus and post-tetanic potentiation were depressed in a concentration-dependent manner by the amphetamine isomers, with the (+)-isomer 1.8 times more potent than its (-)-enantiomer. These results indicate that amphetamine exhibits post-synaptic neuromuscular inhibition resembling curare-like nondepolarizing blockade, and that (+) -amphetamine is more potent as a neuromuscular blocker than its (-)-isomer.
Fermi-edge singularities and backscattering in a weakly interacting one-dimensional electron gas

The photon-absorption edge in a weakly interacting one-dimensional electron gas is studied, treating backscattering of conduction electrons from the core hole exactly. Close to threshold, there is a power-law singularity in the absorption, I(\ensuremath{\epsilon})\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, with \ensuremath{\alpha}=3/8+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{+}$/\ensuremath{\pi}-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{+}^{2}$/2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{+}$ is the forward-scattering phase shift of the core hole. In contrast to previous theories, \ensuremath{\alpha} is finite (and universal) in the limit of weak core-hole potential. In the case of weak backscattering U(2${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$), the exponent in the power-law dependence of absorption on energy crosses over to a value \ensuremath{\alpha}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{+}$/\ensuremath{\pi}-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{+}^{2}$/2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}$ above an energy scale ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\sim}[U(2${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$)${]}^{1/\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, where \ensuremath{\gamma} is a dimensionless measure of the electron-electron interactions.
Vegetated Roof Water-Balance Model: Experimental and Model Results

AbstractA five parameter, daily vegetated roof water balance model (VR-WBM) was developed, calibrated, and validated by using experimental vegetated roof data from the Seacoast, New Hampshire region. The lysimeter experiment on a sedum canopy characterized water storage with a 0.051 mm resolution. Overall, the results show that the average stormwater runoff reduction was 32% for the study period, and an average reduction per storm was 57%. Average daily evapotranspiration (ET) rates were 1.24 mm/day during the warmest month and 0.52 mm/day during the coolest month. For well-watered conditions, the ET losses were well-modeled by using a grass reference evapotranspiration (ET) value with a crop coefficient of 0.53 for the study’s sedum canopy in which the onset of stomatal closure occurs when the soil moisture is 0.11 m3/m3. When soil moisture content values are lower than 0.11 m3/m3, evapotranspiration rates decrease linearly with declining soil wetness. The VR-WBM does an excellent job predicting runo...
Activity of newer fluoroquinolones in vitro against gram-positive bacteria.

Several newer fluoroquinolones, which have been recently introduced or are under investigation, display substantially greater potency against Gram-positive organisms than the older generation agents of this class. Nevertheless, for problem organisms including methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and many Enterococcus faecium, concentrations of newer antimicrobials required to inhibit 90% of organisms in the collections studied remain above those that are projected to be achievable with clinical use. Nevertheless, enhanced potency of several newer quinolones may result in a favourable pharmacodynamic profile leading to improved outcomes against Gram-positive infections and possibly to the delayed or diminished emergence of resistance to these agents.
Estimating AIS Coverage from Received Transmissions

This paper proposes a new method for estimating Automatic Identification System (AIS) coverage empirically from received transmissions. The method is appropriate for stationary coverage assets, as distinct from aircraft and satellites. The key idea behind the method is to interpolate probabilistically between AIS reports in order to reconstruct where the missed transmissions might have occurred. These hypothetical missed transmissions then supplement the received ones in a coverage estimate based on a Bayesian treatment of a binomial model of reception. The final estimate of the coverage is implemented over a spatial grid. The method is demonstrated on simulated AIS data and was found to have lower mean squared error than a previously published method. Assumptions and potential weaknesses of the new method are discussed.
Phase noise measurements of a dual-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser

We present phase-noise measurements of microwave signals generated by our dual-wavelength Brillouin fiber laser that approach the performance of commercially available frequency synthesizers. We demonstrate the invariance of the phase-noise spectrum with respect to carrier frequency. Methods for further improving performance are also discussed.
Universal cycles of classes of restricted words

It is well known that Universal cycles (U-cycles) of k-letter words on an n-letter alphabet exist for all k and n. In this paper, we prove that Universal cycles exist for several restricted classes of words, including non-bijections, ''equitable'' words (under suitable restrictions), ranked permutations, and ''passwords''. In each case, proving the connectedness of the underlying de Bruijn digraph is a non-trivial step.
Arm Use After Left or Right Hemiparesis Is Influenced by Hand Preference

Background and Purpose— Despite strong evidence for hand preference and its impact on motor performance, its influence on stroke rehabilitation has not been routinely considered. Previous research demonstrates that patients with hemiparetic stroke use their ipsilesional, nonparetic arm 5 to 6 times more frequently than their paretic arm, but it is unknown if such use varies with laterality of hemiparesis. The purpose of our study was to determine if the right arm is used more frequently in right-handed patients with stroke. Methods— We assessed relative use of the right, left, and both arms with wrist accelerometers on patients with unilateral, paretic stroke matched for degree of paresis (12 with right hemisphere damage, 17 with left hemisphere damage) and 25 neurologically intact control participants as they performed the Arm Motor Ability Test. Results— We showed: (1) ipsilesional arm use was greater after right hemisphere damage than left hemisphere damage; (2) the left hemisphere damage group used bo...
Docetaxel associated pathways in cisplatin resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study.

Purpose: This is a pilot study to identify changes in gene and protein expressions after treatment with docetaxel in cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: Two cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell lines, HN30 and HN12, were treated with either docetaxel or cisplatin. After 48 hours, differential gene expression between the two treatment groups (docetaxel-treated cells and cisplatin-treated cells) was analyzed using cDNA microarray. Differential protein expression between these two treatment groups was determined using PowerBlot and Western Blot analysis Results: A total of 150 genes and proteins were found to have differential expression patterns in HNSCC after treatment with docetaxel versus cisplatin. Many of these differentially expressed genes and proteins were involved in the cell cycle (decreased E2F), apoptosis (increased bax), angiogenesis (increased thrombospondin), and signal transduction (decreased epidermoid growth factor receptor) regulatory pathways. Conclusions: Gene and protein expression are different and distinct between cells treated with docetaxel and cells treated with cisplatin. This finding provides evidence that different molecular pathways leading to cell death are targeted by docetaxel and cisplatin. Future studies focusing on these differentially expressed genes and proteins may improve our understanding, at the molecular level, of the mechanisms responsible for docetaxel-induced apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant HNSCC. Furthermore, these differentially expressed genes and proteins can be exploited as useful surrogate endpoint biomarkers in future clinical trials using docetaxel.
α-Methylacyl Coenzyme A Racemase as a Tissue Biomarker for Prostate Cancer

ContextMolecular profiling of prostate cancer has led to the identification of candidate biomarkers and regulatory genes. Discoveries from these genome-scale approaches may have applicability in the analysis of diagnostic prostate specimens.ObjectivesTo determine the expression and clinical utility of α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR), a gene identified as being overexpressed in prostate cancer by global profiling strategies.DesignFour gene expression data sets from independent DNA microarray analyses were examined to identify genes expressed in prostate cancer (n = 128 specimens). A lead candidate gene, AMACR, was validated at the transcript level by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and at the protein level by immunoblot and immunohistochemical analysis. AMACR levels were examined using prostate cancer tissue microarrays in 342 samples representing different stages of prostate cancer progression. Protein expression was characterized as negative (score = 1), weak (2), moderate (3), or strong (4). Clinical utility of AMACR was evaluated using 94 prostate needle biopsy specimens.Main Outcome MeasuresMessenger RNA transcript and protein levels of AMACR; sensitivity and specificity of AMACR as a tissue biomarker for prostate cancer in needle biopsy specimens.ResultsThree of 4 independent DNA microarray analyses (n = 128 specimens) revealed significant overexpression of AMACR in prostate cancer (P<.001). AMACR up-regulation in prostate cancer was confirmed by both RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an increased expression of AMACR in malignant prostate epithelia relative to benign epithelia. Tissue microarrays to assess AMACR expression in specimens consisting of benign prostate (n = 108 samples), atrophic prostate (n = 26), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 75), localized prostate cancer (n = 116), and metastatic prostate cancer (n = 17) demonstrated mean AMACR protein staining intensity of 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-1.40), 2.33 (95% CI, 2.13-2.52), 2.67 (95% CI, 2.52-2.81), 3.20 (95% CI, 3.10-3.28), and 2.50 (95% CI, 2.20-2.80), respectively (P<.001). Pairwise comparisons demonstrated significant differences in staining intensity between clinically localized prostate cancer compared with benign prostate tissue, with mean expression scores of 3.2 and 1.3, respectively (mean difference, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.1; P<.001). Using moderate or strong staining intensity as positive (score = 3 or 4), evaluation of AMACR protein expression in 94 prostate needle biopsy specimens demonstrated 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting prostate cancer.ConclusionsAMACR was shown to be overexpressed in prostate cancer using independent experimental methods and prostate cancer specimens. AMACR may be useful in the interpretation of prostate needle biopsy specimens that are diagnostically challenging.