cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Indians and sentencing disparity: An Arizona test

Although a proliferation of research exists examining the extent to which African American criminal defendants receive more harsh sentences relative to Caucasians, comparatively little research has examined the issue of discrimination in relation to other minority groups. This article examines disparities in sentence length received between American Indian and Caucasian inmates incarcerated in Arizona state correctional facilities. Regression analyses were used to predict the sentences received by American Indian and Caucasian inmates convicted of six crimes (homicide, sexual assault, robbery, assault, burglary, and larceny). After prior felony record and other demographic variables were controlled in these crime-specific models, the crimes of robbery and burglary were the only crimes in which American Indians received longer sentences than Caucasians convicted of the same offense. Caucasian defendants received significantly longer sentences than American Indians for cases of homicide. A defendant's prior felony record was the only variable that consistently increased the length of sentence received by defendants across all types of crime. These findings are discussed and interpreted using various theoretical arguments.
Reaction of oral mucous membranes to selected dental materials.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative reaction of oral mucous membrances to topical exposure to selected liquid dental materials. Elven adult mongrel dogs and five different liquid dental materials (50% citric acid, mercury, 50% phosphoric acid, eugenol and methyl methacrylate) were selected for this study. Each material was applied bilaterally to a specific area of the ventral surface of the tongue for 5 min. Sites were examined at 30 min and visual observations recorded. Animals were sacrificed 24 hr after application. hematoxylin and eosin stained microsections were examined without knowledge of the material used. Citric acid and phosphoric acid were associated with the most severe response, characterized clinically by surface necrosis and histologically by a dense, diffuse, neutrophilic infiltrate. Eugenol was associated with erythema, and in some cases, ulcers, with a moderate diffuse inflammatory infiltrate, histologically. Methyl methacrylate resulted in immediate surface dehydration followed by mild erythema with mild local inflammatory infiltration. Mercury produced no observable clinical or microscopic tissue response. This is a simple method for evaluating acute mucous membrane toxicity which may be used for screening liquid dental materials.
The retroviral cyclin of walleye dermal sarcoma virus binds cyclin-dependent kinases 3 and 8

Abstract Walleye dermal sarcoma virus encodes a retroviral cyclin (rv-cyclin) with a cyclin box fold and transcription activation domain (AD). Co-immune precipitation (co-IP) identified an association of rv-cyclin with cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8). Cdk8 is dependent upon cyclin C and regulates transcription with the Mediator complex, a co-activator of transcription. Mutation of cyclin residues, required for cdk binding, disrupts rv-cyclin–cdk8 co-IP. Mutation or removal of the AD has no effect on cdk8 interaction. Direct rv-cyclin–cdk8 binding is demonstrated by pulldown of active cdk8 and by GST-rv-cyclin binding to recombinant cdk8. Cdk3 is also activated by cyclin C and phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein to initiate entry into the cell division cycle. Co-IP and pulldowns demonstrate direct rv-cyclin binding to cdk3 as well. The rv-cyclin functions as a structural ortholog of cyclin C in spite of its limited amino acid sequence identity with C cyclins or with any known cyclins.
Creep behavior of interfaces in fiber reinforced metal–matrix composites

Abstract The elevated temperature deformation behavior of interfaces in model single fiber composites was isolated and studied using a fiber push-down approach, whereby the interface is loaded in shear. Two fiber–matrix systems, one with no mutual solubility (quartz–lead) and the other with limited mutual solubility (nickel–lead), were investigated. In both systems, the matrix and fiber underwent sliding relative to each other, with the interface acting as a high diffusivity path. The mechanism of sliding was inferred to be interface-diffusion-controlled diffusional creep with a threshold stress (Bingham flow). The behavior was modeled analytically using a continuum approach, and an expression for the constitutive creep behavior of the interface was derived. The model provided a physical basis for the observed threshold behavior, which was found to be directly related to the normal (radial) residual stress acting on the fiber–matrix interface. The results are deemed to be significant because: (1) in some instances, interfacial sliding may be instrumental in determining the overall creep/thermal cycling response of a composite; and (2) they offer an alternative rationalization of threshold behavior during diffusional flow (besides interface reaction control) and may be useful in understanding creep in multi-phase systems with internal stresses.
Expanding the Electorate: Comparing the Noncitizen Voting Practices of 25 Democracies

Historically, citizenship has been the sine qua non for the franchise. Yet in the last several decades, dozens of democracies have created some form of voting rights for resident aliens. Noncitizen voting rights are conceptually important because they suggest some democracies have fundamentally redefined the body politic. What explains the emergence of the noncitizen franchise? Why do some democracies limit these rights to municipal elections while others allow resident aliens to vote in parliamentary elections? To answer these questions, this study tests two competing theses: the national process thesis that emphasizes domestic institutional constraints and political contestation, and the liberal convergence thesis that emphasizes international and transnational factors that shape states’ citizenship regimes. The study uses a time-series cross-section research design to explain both variations in the content of noncitizen voting rights and the timing of these policy changes. The study finds that although international factors may explain the timing of enfranchisement of noncitizens, domestic factors explain why the content of these rights vary considerably from state to state.
Complacency and crisis management in large organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the nature and importance of crises management in large organizations. The paper highlights factors that lead to complacency in large organizations and the dialectic relationship between complacency and crises. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews current crises, especially at General Motors. It refers to recent debates on the state of management crises and the failure of some large corporations to tackle these crises effectively. Findings – The paper differentiates between complacency and crisis and clarifies how the first leads to crisis. The paper, too, underscores that crisis should not only be viewed from an economic perspective. Rather, its social cost in today’s world must also be considered. Originality/value – The paper provides unique perspectives on the link between complacency and crises and explores avenues to prevent crises or neutralize their impact should they take place.
Keukentafel economics and the history of British Imperialism

I visited South Africa for the first time in September of 2006, thanks to Grietjie Verhoef and a great number of hosts around the country, for nearly two and a half weeks. In that time I watched some South African TV in English, and when English subtitles were provided I could follow the Afrikaans soap operas, too, noting the interesting contrasts with Dutch. I spoke at some length about the country with a couple of dozen South Africans. I read hurriedly most of Robert Ross's Concise history of South Africa and some of Leonard Thompson's A history of South Africa, as well as certain relevant parts of the Lonely Planet's travel guide to South Africa. On Professor Verhoef's recommendation I bought and read Robert Guest's The shackled continent. And I have at last bought Nelson Mandela's autobiography and some poetry in Afrikaans.
Oxygen-utilizing reactions and symbiotic colonization of the squid light organ by Vibrio fischeri

A major goal in microbiology is to understand the processes by which bacteria successfully colonize host tissue. Although a wealth of studies focusing on pathogenic microorganisms has revealed much about the rare interactions that result in disease, far less is known about the regulation of the ubiquitous, long-term, cooperative associations of bacteria with their animal hosts.
RNA recognition and translational regulation by a homeodomain protein

In Drosophila, the primary determinant of anterior pattern is the gradient morphogen bicoid (bcd), a homeodomain protein that binds DNA and transcriptionally activates target genes at different threshold concentrations. Here we present evidence that bcd also binds RNA and acts as a translational repressor to generate an opposing gradient of the homeodomain protein caudal (cad). RNA binding by bcd seems to involve direct interactions between the bcd homeodomain and discrete target sequences within the 3' untranslated region of the cad messenger RNA and to block the initiation of cad translation.
The relation between perinatal conditions and developmental outcome in low birthweight infants. Comparison of two cohorts.

. We have compared the relations between perinatal conditions and developmental outcomes at age four years for two cohorts of children with birthweights 2 300 g or less, who did not develop cerebral plasy—one from Southeastern Wisconsin (children born 1975-76) and the other from Copenhagen (children born 1980-82). We examined the general effects of parental education and socioeconomic status, the use of Cesarean section, the degree of prematurity and neonatal complications on outcome. The methods of latent path structural analysis were used to form two models among 15 latent variables: one for children from Copenhagen and a similar model for children from Wisconsin. The impact of parental education and socioeconomic status was somewhat greater in Wisconsin. Several neonatal complications were related to outcome in Wisconsin: the early condition of the infant, use of a respirator, pneumothorax, and anemia/apnea. The only neonatal complication with a significant relation to outcome in Copenhagen was pneumothorax and to a much lesser degree major germinal layer haemorrhage. The degree of prematurity per se had a greater impact in Copenhagen. The use of Cesarean section and mechanical ventilation in the smallest infants was much more frequent in Denmark, but no association could be shown between this increased use and improved developmental outcome.
Somatostatin modulation of glucagon secretion and its importance in human glucose homeostasis

Abstract The ability of somatostatin to inhibit glucagon and insulin release from the pancreas without directly affecting substrate metabolism 1–3 has provided investigators with a potent tool for studying the physiological and pathological interaction of insulin and glucagon in man. The presence of somatostatin itself in D cells of human pancreatic islets 4 and in those of other species 5–9 suggests that local release of somatostatin may regulate glucagon and insulin secretion and, thus, that somatostatin may also indirectly be an important determinant of substrate homeostasis. Finally, since glucagon 10 and growth hormone 11 both appear to have adverse effects in human diabetes, the ability of somatostatin to suppress release of these hormones may find therapeutic application in the treatment of diabetes.
The Role of Pulmonary Hypertension and Thromboembolism in the Production of Pulmonary Arteriosclerosis

Thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension have been assessed as factors in the production of pulmonary arteriosclerosis. A study was made of autopsy records and tissue sections from 59 cases of congenital heart disease with anomalies permitting shunting of blood from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation and 31 cases of pulmonary stenosis with septal defect. Pulmonary arteriosclerosis was found to be common and of equal frequency in the two groups of cases, indicating that hypertension is not a necessary factor. There was a close correlation between the presence of pulmonary arterial thrombi and pulmonary arteriosclerosis.
Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated polytene nuclei of Drosophila hydei

DNA synthesis has been studied in polytene nuclei isolated from larval salivary glands of Drosophila hydei. The incubation conditions employed promote maximum incorporation of TTP-H3 and retention of normal polytene chromosome morphology. The chromosome structure is sensitive to the Mg2+ concentration; a normal banding pattern is observed between 4 and 10 mM Mg2+. At the optimum pH of 7.8, incorporation continues for over an hour. All four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are required for maximum incorporation. The reaction is stimulated by 0.6 mmATP and strongly inhibited at higher ATP concentrations. Competition experiments demonstrate that either TDP or TTP is the effective labeled precursor. The labeled product is sensitive to DNase and has a density identical to that of nuclear DNA. Autoradiographs prepared from spread chromosomes demonstrate that discontinuous and continuous labeling patterns observed in vivo are also produced with isolated nuclei in the absence of cytoplasmic factors. Incubation of the isolated nuclei results in a low level of uniform incorporation that is superimposed on the normal autoradiographic pattern obtained after in vivo labeling. This background incorporation can be greatly increased by prior irradiation of the glands. The presence of exogenous DNA during nuclear incubation stimulates total incorporation. These observations demonstrate that the isolated nuclei possess a reserve synthetic capacity. About 20% of the isolated nuclei are inactive in DNA synthesis.
Jet Lag From A Physics Point Of View

While the common believe is that dark/light timing causes jet lag, we argue that physics, not the biological clock, may be the main reason for this air travel disorder. We explored the change in voltage in the human brain due to the added voltage induced by flying over the magnetic field of the Earth, and we think that this induced voltage in the brain is significant enough to cause neurological changes that may trigger jet lag or other illnesses.
The dynamics of the population sex ratio in India, 1971-96.

This paper reconstructs the trend in the population sex ratio in India between 1971 and 1996 from available information on changes in sex differentials in mortality in the country since the beginning of the century. It is estimated that, although the mortality of females relative to that of males in India has improved since 1968, the population sex ratio increased between 1971 and 1981, stayed constant between 1981 and 1991, and started to decrease only after 1991. This implies that the recorded decrease and increase in the periods 1971-81 and 1981-91 respectively were both spurious and were the results of undercounts of females in 1971 and 1991. Another implication of this finding is that, owing to the lagged effect of past mortality on current trends in the population sex ratio, this ratio is a bad proxy for use in the study of changes in differential mortality by sex.
Linear Actions of Unipotent Groups

Invariant theory originally concerned itself with groups of vector space transformations, so the linear algebraic \(\mathbb{G}_{a}\)-actions were the first \(\mathbb{G}_{a}\)-actions to be studied. The action of \(SL_{2}(\mathbb{C})\) on the vector space V n of binary forms of degree n has an especially rich history, dating back to the mid-Nineteenth Century. The ring of SL2-invariants, together with the ring of \(\mathbb{G}_{a}\)-invariants for the subgroup \(\mathbb{G}_{a} \subset SL_{2}(\mathbb{C})\), were the focus of much research at the time. A fundamental result due to Gordan (1868) is that both \(k[V _{n}]^{SL_{2}(\mathbb{C})}\) and \(k[V _{n}]^{\mathbb{G}_{a}}\) are finitely generated [182]. Gordan calculated generators for these rings up to n = 6. These historical developments are discussed in Sect. 6.3.1 .
Coupled oscillator based agile beam transmitters and receivers: a review of work at JPL

This is a review of the work done at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the past decade on development of the coupled oscillator technology in phased array applications to spacecraft telecommunications. First, some historical background is provided to set the work in context. However, this is by no means intended to be a comprehensive review of all work in this area. Rather, the focus is on the JPL contribution with some mention of other work which provided either insight or motivation. In the mid 1990s, R. A. York, and collaborators proposed that an array of mutually injection locked electronic oscillators could provide appropriately phased signals to the radiating elements of an array antenna such that the radiated beam could be steered merely by tuning the end or perimeter oscillators of the array. York, et al. also proposed a receiving system based on such oscillator arrays in which the oscillators provide properly phased local oscillator signals to be mixed with the signals received by the array elements to remove the phase due to angle of arrival of the incident wave. These concepts were viewed as a promising simplification of the beam steering control system that could result in significant cost, mass, and prime power reduction and were therefore attractive for possible space application. The initial work at JPL was largely theoretical and, in collaboration with York and Maccarini, Pogorzelski developed a linearized formulation of the analysis of such arrays that provided considerable insight into the dynamic behavior of the aperture phase as a function of oscillator tuning. The key results (and limitations) of this theoretical work and their implications for array performance are reviewed here. Subsequently, several experimental arrays were designed, fabricated, and tested. These arrays are described and the salient experimental results are outlined. The body of work described has brought JPL from mere awareness of the concept a decade ago, through development of several experimental transmitters and receivers based on the concept, to the brink of a current effort to integrate the transmit and receive functions in a single unit to be developed for future fight application.
Composite device model enhances worst case simulation of bipolar analog ASICs

It is shown that practical simulations of worst-case performance of analog ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) designs are enhanced by the use of a composite device model containing low, typical, and high sets of parameters. The composite model allows process related parameters, mismatch effects, and correlation between parameters to be included in single sets of simulations using sensitivity and Monte Carlo techniques. Results of these simulations provide the designer with design optimization data, sensitivity, test limits, and yield data. >
Recent research results in stereo 3-D pictorial displays at Langley Research Center

Results from a NASA Langley Research Center program which addressed stereo 3-D pictorial displays from a comprehensive standpoint are reviewed. The program dealt with human factors issues and display technology aspects, as well as flight display applications. The human factors findings include addressing a fundamental issue challenging the application of stereoscopic displays in head-down flight applications, with the determination that stereoacuity is unaffected by the short-term use of stereo 3-D displays. While stereoacuity has been a traditional measurement of depth perception abilities, it is a measure of relative depth, rather than actual depth (absolute depth). Therefore, depth perception effects based on size and distance judgments and long-term stereo exposure remain issues to be investigated. The applications of stereo 3-D to pictorial flight displays within the program have repeatedly demonstrated increases in pilot situational awareness and task performance improvements. These improvements have been obtained within the constraints of the limited viewing volume available with conventional stereo displays. A number of stereo 3-D pictorial display applications are described, including recovery from flight-path offset, helicopter hover, and emulated helmet-mounted display. >
Models and approaches to dissect host-symbiont specificity

Animals are symbiotic superorganisms, composed of eukaryotic cells and specific microbial residents that perform essential functions for their host. As humans, we are beginning to appreciate the diversity and function of our own microbiota, but model systems are leading the field in illustrating the molecular mechanisms that allow specific relationships to be recapitulated during each host generation. This review focuses on models in which genetic screens, coupled with genomics, imaging, phylogenetics and population biology, have begun to allow a remarkably detailed investigation into the molecular dissection of the evolution of host specificity in animal symbionts.
extending the scope of formal analysis: a technique for integrating analysis of kinship relations with analyses of other dyadic relations

A native domain of formally labeled dyadic relationships, including consanguineal and affinal ties, various ceremonial relationships, and relatedness in general is subjected to a formal semantic analysis. A decision model is then used to explain the natives' choices among alternative terms. Because the model predicts term choices with a high degree of success and easily encompasses many different types of relationships, it should be applicable to a wide range of societies.
Apparent Digenic Inheritance of Waardenburg Syndrome Type 2 (WS2) and Autosomal Recessive Ocular Albinism (AROA)

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease accounting for >2% of the congenitally deaf population. It is characterized by deafness in association with pigmentary anomalies and various defects of neural crest-derived tissues. At least four types are recognized (WS1, WS2, WS3 and WS4) on the basis of clinical and genetic criteria. Two previously described families seemed to delineate a new subtype characterized by WS2 in conjunction with ocular albinism (OA). Since mutations in the MITF gene are responsible for some instances of WS2, we screened for mutations in one of the WS2-OA families and discovered a 1 bp deletion in exon 8 of MITF. OA previously has been associated with compound heterozygosity for a mutant TYR allele and the TYR(R402Q) allele, a functionally significant polymorphism that is associated with moderately reduced tyrosinase catalytic activity. In this family, all of the individuals with the OA phenotype are either homozygous or heterozygous for TYR(R402Q), and heterozyous for the 1 bp deletion in MITF This suggests that the WS2-OA phenotype may result from digenic interaction between a gene for a transcription factor (MITF) and a gene that it regulates (TYR).
Long-term adaptations to changes in the transverse dimension in children and adolescents: An overview

Can the transverse dimensions of the dental arches be widened in a stable fashion over the long term? This question continues to challenge clinicians and researchers. 1 Most orthodontists cite the correction of crossbite as the primary reason for altering the transverse dimension with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). A less obvious but more common orthodontic problem, whose etiology in part is related to imbalances in the transverse dimension, is a discrepancy between tooth size and arch size. The most frequently observed type of malocclusion in routine orthodontic practice is dental crowding, an underlying imbalance between aggregate tooth size and available arch perimeter. This relationship also might be expressed clinically as protrusion and flaring of the teeth relative to the underlying basal bone. Proposed solutions include extraction, interproximal reduction, and orthodontic and orthopedic expansion of the dental arches. 2
EVERGLADES RIDGE AND SLOUGH CONCEPTUAL ECOLOGICAL MODEL

A conceptual ecological model of the effects of the major anthropogenic stressors on the Everglades ridge and slough system was developed as a planning tool for designing and assessing the Everglades restoration program. The pre-drainage Everglades ridge and slough system was an expansive, hydrologically integrated, long-hydroperiod, low-nutrient freshwater marsh, characterized by low-velocity sheet-flow, long-term water storage capacity, moderate-to-deep organic soils, and alternating sawgrass ridges and more open-water slough communities. Depth, distribution, and duration of surface flooding in this environment largely determined vegetation patterns, as well as distribution, abundance, seasonal movements, and reproductive dynamics of all aquatic and many terrestrial animals. Drivers on the system are urban and agricultural expansion, industrial and agricultural practices, water management practices, and human influences on species composition. These drivers lead to five major ecosystem stressors: reduced spatial extent, degraded water quality, reduced water storage capacity, compartmentalization, and exotic species. Attributes that are affected by these stressors and can be used as indicators of restoration success include periphyton, marsh plant communities, tree islands, alligators, wading birds, and marsh fishes, invertebrates, and herpetofauna.
Discussing Fertility Preservation with Breast Cancer Patients

Approximately 180,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. Of these patients, over 16,000 are younger than age 45 [1]. Receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer is difficult regardless of the patient’s age. Simultaneously, the impact of this diagnosis for younger premenopausal patients may be particularly traumatic as the implications of the diagnosis may have an added morbidity of fertility loss. Navigating the issue of fertility in the midst of a new cancer diagnosis is complex for both the patient and the physician.
Some Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on Triethylenetetraminehexaacetic Acid in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract Aqueous solutions of triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid (TTHA) in the pH range 4 to 11 have been studied by NMR. Chemical shifts as a function of pH are reported and a structure proposed for TTHA on the basis of these data. The influence of complex formation of metal ions with TTHA, in varying ratios, on NMR spectra is discussed.
Retinal carbonic anhydrase: a comparative study

Activity levels of carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1) were measured in the retina and pigment epithelium of thirteen vertebrate species. The animals cover five taxonomic classes and among them illustrate four different retinal vascular supply patterns. The species can also be grouped according to their temperature regulatory mechanisms; i.e., homeothermic or poikilothermic. Significant differences are observed when the enzyme activities are examined by taxonomic class-birds and reptiles appear to have very high levels of enzyme activity; mammals and fish, moderate levels; and amphibia, low levels. When the enzyme activities are regrouped according to either vascular structure or temperature regulation, no significant differences are observed. From this, it is concluded that the level of carbonic anhydrase required by retinal tissue is not directly related to either of these factors. Carbonic anhydrase activity in kidney was compared with that in retina/pigment epithelium. Retina/pigment epithelium values are as great or greater than those in kidney but show a wider range. Only mammalian and avian kidney CA activity levels are high. We suggest that carbonic anhydrase levels in retina/pigment epithelium may be responsive to factors which influence vitreo-retinal ion and pH gradients.
The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 2)

This is the second part of a three-part article that looks at the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the repercussions of those events in the Soviet Union. The first part focused on the “direct” spillover from Eastern Europe into the Soviet Union, whereas this segment examines the “indirect” spillover, which took four forms:(1) the discrediting of Marxist-Leninist ideology, (2) the heightened sense of the Soviet regime's own vulnerability, (3) the diminished potential for the use of force in the USSR to curb internal unrest, and (4) the “demonstration effect” and “contagiousness” of regime change and democratization in Eastern Europe. These factors together made it considerably more difficult for Gorbachev to prevent the Soviet Union from unraveling. The final part of the article will be published in the next issue of the journal.
METHOD AND CODE FOR THE VISUALIZATION OF MULTIVARIATE SOLIDS

This paper is devoted to a method and computer code for the automatic visualization of multivariate solids. Example of a multivariate solids arise in computer aided geometric design when a geometric entity is swept in space, where the totality of points touched by the entity is called the swept volume and is characterized by an equation of many parameters. The method and code are presented in an integrated manner and are aimed at providing the reader with a replicable computer algorithm. The formulation for is based on the implicit function theorem; is applicable to the visualization of solids of any number of parameters; and produces the exact boundary representation. Considering the solid as a manifold (possibly with boundaries), it is shown that further stratification of the various submanifolds yields varieties that can be depicted in R 3 . A measure of the computational complexity is presented to give the reader a sense of robustness of the method. The code is developed using a symbolic manipulator and is presented with a number of examples.
The resistive transition and superconducting properties of optically illuminated tin microstrips

We report on experiments in which superconducting tin microstrips at temperatures >1/2T/sub c/ were illuminated, both cw and pulsed, by an argon laser. The illuminated films cannot in general be modeled in terms of a spatially uniform effective temperature. Even when care is taken to ensure that the illumination is spatially uniform to within approx.5% over the area of the strips, the resistive transition far from T/sub c/ extends over a range of laser powers which is approx.25% of the power necessary to drive the strips completely normal. The critical current of each strip decreases smoothly to zero and the current--voltage characteristics smoothly approach that of the normal state as the laser power is increased, indicating the probable absence of a first-order transition in any section of the strips. However, the behavior of the current--voltage characteristics of one strip is consistent with what might be expected if a spatially inhomogeneous state were to develop suddenly as the laser power is increased. Possible explanations are discussed.
Interpersonal Media Used by Couples in Non-Proximal Romantic Relationships: Implications for Psychological Practice

Abstract Modern communication technologies provide communicative spaces for distanced interpersonal relationships. The present chapter will focus on understanding characteristics, benefits/advantages, and challenges unique to the communication patterns and technology that are part of non-proximal romantic relationships (NPRRs), what many people think of as long distance romantic relationships. However, NPRR is a broader term that includes separations not solely characterized by physical distance, including college students, military couples, dual career commuter couples, industry workers, and cyber/Internet relationships. The manner in which relationship maintenance strategies interface with technology for NPRR couples is examined. Cognitive processes, nuances, and intention behind selecting and utilizing various computer-mediated communication media, including electronic mail (e-mail), video chat, mobile phone texting, and instant messaging, is explored. The use of various technology media is discussed within the framework of cue multiplicity, synchronicity, and mobility. Minimal research exists on how technology impacts NPRRs in different ways compared with couples in proximal romantic relationships who live within close physical proximity. This chapter describes implications for understanding distance relating, communication dynamics, and relationship maintenance as these concepts relate to clinical approaches targeted at assisting couples in NPRRs.
Hemostasis Abnormalities Associated With Prosthetic Devices and Organ Transplantation

The use of prosthetic devices and organ transplantation has become common in clinical practice. Many devices and transplantation procedures are associated with coagulation defects, which are often complex and sometimes severe. These defects are reviewed with the hope that familiarity will allow for early detection and successful management.
Experimental Study of Relative Permeability of Porous Media Used in PEM Fuel Cells

This study investigated gas and liquid relative permeability, one of the important two-phase transport properties of the porous media used in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The experiment showed that the gas relative permeability obtained by the gravimetric analysis and neutron imaging agreed at low saturation levels, but differs at high saturation levels. The liquid relative permeability in the saturation level range of 0.3 to 0.8 was measured by neutron imaging. Because of dead air pockets in the porous materials and certain saturation levels are required to establish continuous flow of liquid water through gas diffusion media, liquid permeability at both high and low saturation levels could not be obtained. It was shown that the 3rd-order power correlation of gas permeability generally used in numerical simulation only fitted the porous media of A1 and A3 at low saturation levels.
The Analytical Study of Phonetic Explanation of Smart Guide which is Used for Tourism

This paper probes into the technique of phonetic explanation of smart guide in the scenic spots,and discusses the possibilities of accessing data,data matching and phonetic explanation.In the aspect of accessing data,we provide two methods of ensuring scenic scale.And We solve the repeating of playing phonetic explanation by software programming.
The role of morphologic features, phenotype, genotype, and anatomic site in defining extranodal T-cell or NK-cell neoplasms

Excluding mycosis fungoides, almost one third of T-cell lymphomas arise as primary tumors in extranodal sites, and these lymphomas are biologically different from their nodal counterparts. The revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms and the World Health Organization classification have emphasized the importance of site in defining T-cell neoplasms and have included such new categories as hepatosplenic gamma delta T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, nasal and nasal-type T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma, and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Although site is important, different lymphomas may occur at a particular location, and multiple parameters are required to define each type precisely. Cytologic features usually are not specific, and there are no morphologic correlates, such as follicular nodulation or plasmacytic differentiation in the B-cell system, to help define T-cell neoplasms. The T-cell system is biologically complex, consisting of populations with alpha beta and gamma delta receptors and helper and suppressor/cytotoxic phenotypes. In addition, NK cells resemble T cells in antigen expression, function, and patterns of disease, adding to the difficulty in defining T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms. Therefore, a complete workup with a combination of clinical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic studies often is necessary to characterize these neoplasms. The role of each of these parameters in the diagnosis of T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms is discussed.
Analysis of conformational changes in rhodopsin by histidine hydrogen-deuterium exchange

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) is a technique that measures the exchange of protein hydrogens for deuteriums in a D2O-containing buffer, providing readout of the structural dynamics. Histidine hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (His-HDX-MS) is a variation of this technique that measures the slow HDX of imidazole C2 hydrogens of histidines. This measurement, when accompanied by pH titration, provides both pK as and half-lives (t 1/2) of the HDX reaction for individual histidine residues in proteins. The pK a and t 1/2 values indicate the electrostatic environment and the degree of side-chain solvent accessibility of the histidine residues, respectively. Herein we describe an experimental protocol to characterize rhodopsin by His-HDX-MS. This technique can be used to monitor different states of rhodopsin and might be useful for monitoring longtime scale events in other GPCRs.
Disparities of breast cancer burden between China and western countries and its implication

The disease burden of breast cancer in China is growing, and its proportion contributed to the global burden is increasing accordingly. The western countries have achieved reduction of mortality and slow growth of incidence, while the breast cancer incidence and mortality rates have been increasing constantly with lower survival rates in China. The remarkable characteristics of breast cancer burden in China is the disparities of the current status and time trends of incidence, mortality and survival between urban and rural area. The breast cancer disease distributions and time trends in China and the differential from the developed countries are described, which may be benefit to draw the international experience on prevention, early detection, medical care and survival management. Assessment of the existing evidence, elaboration of the prevention, control strategies in consideration of Chinese social-economic and culture situation would be beneficial to rise to the future challenge.
Interview with John Kaas.

Jon Kaas received a Ph.D. in Psychology with Irving Diamond at Duke University and completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Clinton Woolsey in neurophysiology at the University of Wisconsin, where he also collaborated with Ray Guillery. After 4 years as an Assistant Professor in Neurophysiology at Wisconsin, he moved to the Department of Psychology at Vanderbilt University where he is currently Centennial Professor. Awards include the Earl Sutherland Prize, Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award, Krieg Cortical Discoverer Award, and American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.
The Erotic Phenomenology in Kierkegaard’s Mozart

1843 was a crowded and eventful year for Kierkegaard. His decision to break his engagement to Regina Olsen, two years before, came as the culmination of his agonizing self-questioning, and it prompted still further questioning which now flowed into some of his highest creativity. Could the decision about Regina be justified on rational grounds? In Fear and Trembling (May, 1843), his “sacrifice” of Regina was transformed into Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac, with the conclusion that a choice is truly “religious” when it is based on no criteria whatever. Could love itself be reiterated, recaptured, without being corrupted by the experience of love itself? In Repetition (May), he asks whether a return to innocence is at all possible, a return to Adam’s state prior to the fall, and the question therefore touches on the possibility of spiritual redemption itself. In Either/Or (February), he weighs the choice between the “aesthetic” life of cool detachment and the “ethical” life of obligation, as in marriage. The choice is by no means a “neat” one for him; he can in no way remain objective and uninvolved. There is some help for him in the fact that these books, crowding upon one another (along with the Edifying Discourses to accompany each) in such a compressed space in that one year, are written pseudonymously, giving him a distance denied by time.
Segmented and Interactive Modules for Teaching Secure Coding: A Pilot Study

Learners can experience content disorientation in web based learning modules. The security injection modules developed by Towson University have increased students’ secure coding awareness and ability to apply secure coding principles, but feedback from instructors indicate that students tend to skim or skip the module contents and proceed directly to the laboratory assignment. In this paper, we describe the factors that cause cognitive overload in hypertext readers and address the pertinent issues and describe the process we used to enhance the effectiveness of the modules. Security Injections 2.0 incorporates principles of segmentation - breaking large module content into smaller sections and presenting each section one at a time, dialoguing - answering questions and receiving corrective or explanatory feedback, and controlling - reading and learning content at learners own pace. Segmentation, dialoguing, and controlling engage learners and retain concepts. Pilot study results indicate 77 % of the students scored above 70 % in concept retention assessment.
Bias against Pregnant Medical Residents

Regulations prohibit discrimination against women and caregivers who are being considered for hiring and promotion. Hospital residency programs also must adapt to comply with those regulations. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The Clinical Eye: Concerns about Undergraduate Semiology Training in Developing Countries

Toro-Huamanchumo and Arce-Villalobos recently commented the need to improve the teaching of semiology in undergraduate medical education, emphasizing the training of undergraduate students. They highlighted the semiology techniques and listed some reasons that put it in a secondary place in developing countries. Hossain et al. evaluated the perceptions of Pakistani medical students about physicians’ migration, and focused the future of medical students claiming for changes in the public health infrastructure, and incentives. Both of them stressed the poor public health resources to control common diseases in the low income areas, which might be diagnosed by better applying the routine techniques of semiology in daily clinical practices. Comments after five decades of teaching semiology are added about the clinical eye and the art of medicine; and the role of opinions of students and young doctors about reforms in health care and medical education.
The roles of engineering notebooks in shaping elementary engineering student discourse and practice

ABSTRACTEngineering design challenges offer important opportunities for students to learn science and engineering knowledge and practices. This study examines how students’ engineering notebooks across four units of the curriculum Engineering is Elementary (EiE) support student work during design challenges. Through educational ethnography and discourse analysis, transcripts of student talk and action were created and coded around the uses of notebooks in the accomplishment of engineering tasks. Our coding process identified two broad categories of roles of the notebooks: they scaffold student activity and support epistemic practices of engineering. The study showed the importance of prompts to engage students in effective uses of writing, the roles the notebook assumes in the students’ small groups, and the ways design challenges motivate children to write and communicate.
Healthcare burden of osteoporosis

Abstract Osteoporosis is responsible for a global medical and economic burden that will grow as the elderly population doubles over the next 20 years. Measuring the cost of the effects of osteoporosis on treatment of spinal disorders is important as we prioritize distribution of resources in the healthcare community. This article examines the monetary cost of osteoporotic disorders associated with spinal care, specifically compression fractures, complications of spinal fusions, and medical treatment of osteoporosis. Examining these costs will allow us to focus further research into the primary cost drivers associated with osteoporosis.
Estradiol Membrane-Initiated Signaling in the Brain Mediates Reproduction

Over the past few years our understanding of estrogen signaling in the brain has expanded rapidly. Estrogens are synthesized in the periphery and in the brain, acting on multiple receptors to regulate gene transcription, neural function, and behavior. Various estrogen-sensitive signaling pathways often operate in concert within the same cell, increasing the complexity of the system. In females, estrogen concentrations fluctuate over the estrous/menstrual cycle, dynamically modulating estrogen receptor (ER) expression, activity, and trafficking. These dynamic changes influence multiple behaviors but are particularly important for reproduction. Using the female rodent model, we review our current understanding of estradiol signaling in the regulation of sexual receptivity.
The Econocene and the Delta

October 2013 San Francisco Estuary & Watershed Science: A Broad Perspective The Econocene and the California Delta Richard B. Norgaard Professor Emeritus Energy and Resources Group University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA norgaard@berkeley.edu Member, Delta Independent Science Board Considering the 50-fold increase and the globalization of economic activity during the 20 th century, we are now in the Econocene: an era where our economy has become the major driver of rapid global change. Managing the California Delta will require policies that facilitate looking ahead and continually working with change rather than looking back and trying to secure a static past. Simply making modest adjustments in the current science–policy interface will be insufficient. Impractical changes—that is, those well beyond existing practice—are called for across the public, private, and non-governmental sectors. Dealing with the variability of nature has been central to human survival, indeed to all species. Being social and smart, people have organized collective strategies to live with nature’s capriciousness. Water management, in particular, has long been central to the cultures and structures of many successful societies around the world. With the rise of modern nations in the 19 th century, being social and smart took the form of progressive, or scientific, governance of land and water. Central to science a century and a half ago was the premise that nature varies in knowable ways around an invariable mean. Those concerned with the big questions of geological history and the evolution of life saw dynamics, but hydrologists and ecologists at the time saw stability. For water science, this led to classifications such as a 100-year flood and 10-year drought, as well as management concepts such as reser- voir operating rules. For fish and wildlife, the concepts of sustained yield and critical thresholds were developed through an understanding of nature having set properties. Similarly, water rights—indeed our concepts of property in general—are rooted in a known nature that varies around a mean. Importantly, this allowed nature to be divid- ed up, owned, and exchanged. Equally important for this essay, our understanding of responsible environmental management and accountability, whether in the private or