cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National Survey of Neonatal Transfusion Practices: I. Red Blood Cell Therapy

Neonatal blood component transfusion practices during 1989 were surveyed via a questionnaire developed by the Pediatric Hemotherapy Committee of the American Association of Blood Banks. Of 1790 questionnaires mailed, 452 were selected to form the database for this analysis because they were from institutions in which neonates were transfused. Nearly all institutions contained intensive care units directed by neonatologists and were involved in the management of high-risk infants. Results from institutions serving as the primary pediatric teaching hospital of a medical school were compared with those with no medical school affiliation. Thirty-six percent of primary pediatric teaching hospitals and 52% of hospitals with no medical school affiliation performed pretransfusion testing in excess of that required, resulting in additional blood loss in neonates. Sixty-six percent of primary pediatric teaching hospitals used fresh frozen plasma to adjust the hematocrit of red blood cell concentrates prior to transfusion (a practice increasing donor exposure), compared with only 29% of hospitals with no medical school affiliation. The usual indication for small-volume red blood cell transfusions in severely ill neonates was to maintain a desired hematocrit level, whereas for stable infants, red blood cell transfusions were given to treat symptomatic anemia, rather than to maintain a predetermined hematocrit. As found in 1985, neonatal transfusion practices in 1989 were variable. However, improvements have occurred since 1985 to suggest that further research and educational efforts may serve to promote even better neonatal transfusion therapy.
Removal of nuisance signals from limited and sparse 1H MRSI data using a union-of-subspaces model.

Purpose To remove nuisance signals (e.g., water and lipid signals) for 1H MRSI data collected from the brain with limited and/or sparse (k, t)-space coverage. Methods A union-of-subspace model is proposed for removing nuisance signals. The model exploits the partial separability of both the nuisance signals and the metabolite signal, and decomposes an MRSI dataset into several sets of generalized voxels that share the same spectral distributions. This model enables the estimation of the nuisance signals from an MRSI dataset that has limited and/or sparse (k, t)-space coverage. Results The proposed method has been evaluated using in vivo MRSI data. For conventional chemical shift imaging data with limited k-space coverage, the proposed method produced “lipid-free” spectra without lipid suppression during data acquisition at 130 ms echo time. For sparse (k, t)-space data acquired with conventional pulses for water and lipid suppression, the proposed method was also able to remove the remaining water and lipid signals with negligible residuals. Conclusion Nuisance signals in 1H MRSI data reside in low-dimensional subspaces. This property can be utilized for estimation and removal of nuisance signals from 1H MRSI data even when they have limited and/or sparse coverage of (k, t)-space. The proposed method should prove useful especially for accelerated high-resolution 1H MRSI of the brain. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maximizing Information Spread through Influence Structures in Social Networks

Finding the most influential nodes in a network is a much discussed research topic of recent time in the area of network science, especially in social network analysis. The topic of this paper is a related, but harder problem. Given a social network where neighbors can influence each other, the problem is to identify k nodes such that if a piece of information is placed on each of those k nodes, the overall spread of that information (via word-of-mouth or other methods of influence flow) is maximized. The amount of information spread can be measured using existing information propagation models. Recent studies, which focus on how quickly k high-influential nodes can be found, tend to ignore the overall effect of the information spread. On the other hand some legacy methods, which look at all possible propagation paths to compute a globally optimal target set, present severe scalability challenges in large-scale networks. We present a simple, yet scalable (polynomial time) algorithm that outperforms the existing state-of-the-art, and its success does not depend significantly on any kind of tuning parameter. To be more precise, when compared to the existing algorithms, the output set of k nodes produced by our algorithm facilitates higher information spread -- in almost all the instances, consistently across the commonly used information propagation models. The original algorithm in this paper, although scalable, can have higher running time than some standard approaches, e.g. simply picking the top k nodes with highest degree or highest PageRank value. To that end, we provide an optional speedup mechanism that considerably reduces the time complexity while not significantly affecting the quality of results vis-a-vis the full version of our algorithm.
Radiation-induced malignant and atypical peripheral nerve sheath tumors

The reported peripheral nerve complications of therapeutic irradiation in humans include brachial and lumbar plexus fibrosis and cranial and peripheral nerve atrophy. We have encountered 9 patients with malignant (7) and atypical (2) peripheral nerve tumors occurring in an irradiated site suggesting that such tumors represent another delayed effect of radiation treatment on peripheral nerve. In all instances the radio-theray was within an acceptable radiation dosage, yet 3 patients developed local radiation-induced skin and bony abnormalities. The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors developed only in the radiation port. Animal studies support the clinical observation that malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can occur as a delayed effect of irradiation.
C-FOS AND BONE LOSS : A PROTO-ONCOGENE REGULATES OSTEOCLAST LINEAGE DETERMINATION

Development of gene transfer systems provides a key tool for understanding gene function. Exciting and often unexpected consequences from embryo manipulations are yielding insights into molecular mechanisms underlying development under normal and pathogenic states, and are providing animal models for diseases. Contributing to this progress is the elegant work on c-fos, where Wagner and coworkers identify this proto-oncogene as a primary factor which directs cell differentiation along the osteoclast/macrophage lineages, and thus regulates bone remodeling. Their studies support a link between skeletogenesis, marrow formation and hematopoiesis, and may help to delineate mechanisms underlying the oncogenic transformation of skeletal and hematopoietic cells.
CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Lymphocytes Inhibit Microbially Induced Colon Cancer in Rag2-Deficient Mice

Inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, increase the risk of colorectal cancer in humans. It has been recently shown in humans and animal models that intestinal microbiota and host immunity are integral in the progression of large bowel diseases. Lymphocytes are widely believed to prevent bacterially induced inflammation in the bowel, and lymphocytes are also critical in protecting against primary tumors of intestinal epithelia in mice. Taken together, this raises the possibility that lymphocytes may inhibit colon carcinogenesis by reducing bacterially driven inflammation. To examine the role of bacteria, lymphocytes, and inflammatory bowel disease in the development of colon cancer, 129/SvEv Rag-2-deficient and congenic wild-type mice were orally inoculated with a widespread enteric mouse bacterial pathogen, Helicobacter hepaticus, or sham-dosed with media only. H. hepaticus-infected Rag2-/-, but not sham-dosed Rag2-/- mice, rapidly developed colitis and large bowel carcinoma. This demonstrated a link between microbially driven inflammation and cancer in the lower bowel and suggested that innate immune dysregulation may have an important role in inflammatory bowel disease and progression to cancer. H. hepaticus-infected wild-type mice did not develop inflammation or carcinoma showing that lymphocytes were required to prevent bacterially induced cancer at this site. Adoptive transfer with CD4+ CD45RBlo CD25+ regulatory T cells into Rag-deficient hosts significantly inhibited H. hepaticus-induced inflammation and development of cancer. These results suggested that the ability of CD4+ T cells to protect against intestinal cancer was correlated with their ability to reduce bacterially induced inflammatory bowel disease. Further, regulatory T cells may act directly on the innate immune system to reduce or prevent disease. These roles for T cells in protection against colon carcinoma may have implications for new modes of prevention and treatment of cancer in humans.
A quantitative system for the study of collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in vitro

Abstract The relationship of various parameters to the biosynthesis of connective tissue proteins and polysaccharides in rabbit sponge capsular tissue in vitro is presented. A linear relationship of isotope incorporation to microsomal RNA and DNA content per flask was found. Enzymatic analysis of 1 M NaCl-soluble products indicates that the [14C]proline-rich macromolecule is at least 50% procollagen and d -[I-14C]glucosamine-containing polymer is 60–70% hyaluronate and 28% glycoprotein. [14C]Tyrosine was found to be rapidly incorporated into 1 M NaCl-soluble, collagenase-resistant proteins. Applications of these methods to the study of the connective tissue requirements for glucose and other simple metabolites is presented. The effects of alcohol, steroid hormones and insulin on connective tissue synthesis is also included.
A MODEL OF FACILITATED TRANSPORT IN CONCENTRATED TWO-PHASE DISPERSIONS

Abstract A mathematical analysis is given of steady-state, reaction-enhanced diffusion through a heterogeneous medium consisting of a highly concentrated dispersion of quasi-spherical particles or cells suspended in a continuous phase. The paniculate or cellular phase is assumed to contain one or more mobile carrier species which undergo reversible homogeneous chemical reaction with several permeant species that are free to move in either phase. Thus, this type of system can serve as a model of facilitated transport in biological systems, such as oxygen transport in whole blood or in muscle tissue. The present work is addressed to the limiting case of rapid reaction with very large equilibrium enhancement and, hence, it provides something of a theoretical upper limit for the rate of transport in dispersions. In this limit, the main resistance to diffusional transport arises from the thin layers of extracellular phase separating individual cells and from the adjacent reaction boundary layers situated just ...
Reassessing the impact of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation

New antiviral agents and practice guidelines have been implemented to address cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in organ transplantation. We hypothesized that such measures would reduce rates of symptomatic CMV infection, CMV disease, and CMV seroconversion and associated complications in renal transplant and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. We analyzed the impact of CMV in 1,424 renal transplant and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients, transplanted at our center between January 1, 1994 and June 30, 1999. Most patients received quadruple sequential immunosuppression with high-dose acyclovir (800 mg four times daily) for 12 weeks as prophylaxis. High-risk patients (donor CMV-positive/recipient CMV-negative) received ganciclovir (500 to 1,000 mg three times daily) beginning in 1998, again for 12 weeks. One hundred and one renal transplant (9.0%) and 40 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (13.4%) recipients experienced symptomatic CMV infection or CMV disease. Donor CMV-positive/recipient CMV-negative patients had the greatest rates of CMV infection or CMV disease (25.2%; P = 0.0001 versus all other categories). The impact of CMV on outcomes was evaluated in a proportional hazards model. Symptomatic CMV infection or CMV disease increased the risk for subsequent rejection (relative risk, 2.11; P = 0.003) and non-CMV infection (relative risk, 2.24; P = 0.001). To determine if the effects of ganciclovir were masked by pre-1998 data, CMV infection and CMV disease rates for ganciclovir-treated patients (n = 62) were censored at 1 year and compared with acyclovir-treated patients (n = 287). Ganciclovir was associated with trends toward lower rates of infection and disease. It also delayed the time to infection or disease. Serologic testing in high-risk patients also showed late seroconversion, with 20% of patients seroconverting by 6 months, 12 weeks after the prophylaxis period. These data suggest that despite better prophylaxis strategies, CMV remains an important pathogen in renal transplant and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients. This finding may require reassessment of prophylaxis strategies and the development of alternative or novel anti-CMV regimens.
Characterization of the PCB Substrate Range of Microbial Dechlorination Process LP

We have characterized the substrate range of Process LP, a PCB dechlorination activity mediated by anaerobic bacteria, in Housatonic River sediment (Lenox, MA). Process LP has the rare ability to remove unflanked para chlorines from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We used 2,6-difluoro-4-chlorobiphenyl (DFCB) to activate Process LP in anoxic sediment microcosms and tested its ability to dechlorinate 34 potential PCB substrates, all of which are significant components of PCB mixtures found in contaminated sediments. We used gas chromatography−mass spectrometry to monitor the dechlorination of DFCB and PCBs and the appearance of products. The preferred substrates for Process LP were PCB congeners in which the target para chlorines were flanked by meta chlorines, such as those having 3,4- and 2,4,5-chlorophenyl rings. The unflanked para chlorines on PCBs with 2,4-, 2,4,6-, and sometimes 4-chlorophenyl rings, were also substrates. Furthermore, the data revealed that Process LP can also meta-dechlorinate 2,3-...
Zonal flow production in the L–H transition in Alcator C-Mod

Transitions of tokamak confinement regimes from low- to high-confinement are studied on Alcator C-Mod (Hutchinson et al 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 1511) tokamak using gas-puff-imaging, with a focus on the interaction between the edge drift-turbulence and the local shear flow. Results show that the nonlinear turbulent kinetic energy transfer rate into the shear flow becomes comparable to the estimated value of the drift turbulence growth rate at the time the turbulent kinetic energy starts to drop, leading to a net energy transfer that is comparable to the observed turbulence losses. A corresponding growth is observed in the shear flow kinetic energy. The above behavior is demonstrated across a series of experiments. Thus both the drive of the edge zonal flow and the initial reduction of turbulence fluctuation power are shown to be consistent with a lossless kinetic energy conversion mechanism, which consequently mediates the transition into H-mode. The edge pressure gradient is then observed to build on a slower (1 ms) timescale, locking in the H-mode state. These results unambiguously establish the time sequence of the transition as: first the peaking of the normalized Reynolds power, then the collapse of the turbulence, and finally the rise of the diamagnetic electric field shear as the L–H transition occurs.
Design of Triple-Passband Microwave Filters Using Frequency Transformations

This paper introduces a synthesis method for triple-passband microwave filters. A frequency transformation is developed for finding the locations of poles and zeros of the triple-passband filter. The poles and zeros obtained as such are optimized to achieve a transfer function with a reduced number of transmission zeros in order to reduce the number of cross-couplings. Six- and 12-pole triple-passband filters are synthesized for validation of this proposed method. A 12-pole triple-passband filter is fabricated with a microstripline structure and shown to provide good agreement between synthesis and measurement results. Finally, the frequency transformation for asymmetric triple-passband filters is briefly discussed.
Purification and properties of a bacteriolytic enzyme from a soil amoeba Hartmannella glebae.

Abstract A 74-fold purification of the bacteriolytic enzyme from a soil amoeba, Hartmannella glebae grown on an agar lawn of Aerobacter aerogenes has been achieved by fractionation of the crude extract with acetone and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The optimal pH for lytic activity is 8.0. Digestion of the cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus results in the rapid solubilization of walls, accompanied by the liberation of acetylglucosamine, free amino groups, and reducing groups. The amount of reducing groups released was twice as much as acetylglucosamine. This enzyme appears to be different from lysozyme, which releases only one-third of both acetylamino sugars and reducing groups, and approximately the same amount of free amino groups in comparison with the amoebic enzyme. The crude extract and acetone fraction demonstrated very low proteolytic activity. There was no detectable activity, however, in concentrated fractions from column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The results suggest that the amoebic enzyme is an N -acetylmuramidase.
A Review and Analysis of the Clinical- and Cost-effectiveness Studies of Comprehensive Health Promotion and Disease Management Programs at the Worksite: 1998–2000 Update

Abstract Purpose. This article is the fifth in a series of critical reviews of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive, multifactorial health promotion and disease management programs conducted in worksites. As with the previous reviews, the purpose of this article is to review and assess the randomized control trials that have focused on both clinical and cost outcomes of worksite health promotion and disease management programs. For this current review, a new category of quasi-experimental studies has been added because this represents a major new trend in such interventions over the last 2 years. Comprehensive worksite programs are those that provide an ongoing, integrated program of health promotion and disease prevention that integrates specific components into a coherent, ongoing program that is consistent with corporate objectives and includes program evaluations of both clinical and cost outcomes. Data Sources. A comprehensive search was conducted using a multist...
Illiterate lamp men and other problems in geodesy

Geodesy, 4th Edn. By G. Bomford. Pp.855. ISBN 0-19-851946-X. (Oxford University Press: 1980.) £49, $139.
Ia-like antigens on freshly explanted human melanoma.

Abstract Human Ia-like antigens have unexpectedly been found on human melanoma cells maintained in long-term culture. Since these antigens may play a role in the biology of melanoma and in the interaction of the tumor with the host's immune system, tissues surgically removed from 16 patients in different stages of the disease were tested in indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and operationally specific xenoantisera to framework determinants of Ia-like antigens. All of the samples which included primary, metastatic, and recurrent lesions specifically reacted with anti Ia-like antigen antibodies. Melanoma cells can synthesize Ia-like antigens since they reappeared on cells cultured in vitro following treatment with pronase. The number of Ia-like antigen-positive cells in the melanoma lesions ranged from 15 to 90% and was unrelated to the presence of melanine and to the clinical stage of the disease; however, a low number of Ia-like antigen-bearing cells was found in primary tumors with high levels of invasivity (Clark's staging) and in lesions from patients with massive metastatic spreading. Intradermic nevi surgically removed from 14 patients did not react with anti Ia-like antigen xenoantibodies. If these results are confirmed with a large number of lesions then testing of tumor biopsies for Ia-like antigens may aid to solve controversial diagnosis of melanoma.
Sub-Doppler Spectral Resolution and Improved Sensitivity in a Cesium Resonance Fluorescence Imaging Monochromator

Improvements in spectral resolution and sensitivity of a cesium based resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator (RFIM) are described. Alignment of the two lasers used in the excitation scheme in a co-propagating geometry have resulted in a detector spectral bandpass (270 MHz) that is narrower than the Doppler broadened profile (380 MHz) of cesium vapor at room temperature. Improvements in the experimental design, namely the addition of an image intensifier and cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, have resulted in increased sensitivity; we report a limit of detection of 108 photons per pixel limited by image intensifier noise. Images of the cesium D2 line emission (852.12 nm) from a cesium hollow cathode lamp were compared to an argon emission line (4So1/2 → 4P3/2) at 852.14 nm from a silver/argon hollow cathode lamp as a demonstration of the spectral resolution. The ability of the RFIM to discriminate between photons exciting the F = 4 vs. F = 3 ground state hyperfine level (a frequency difference of 9.2 GHz) of the cesium 62S1/2 state was also investigated to further demonstrate the spectral selectivity. The potential use of the described RFIM for chemical imaging applications is discussed.
Cardiomyocyte-specific expression of CRNK, the C-terminal domain of PYK2, maintains ventricular function and slows ventricular remodeling in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy.

Up-regulation and activation of PYK2, a member of the FAK family of protein tyrosine kinases, is involved in the pathogenesis of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure (HF). PYK2 activation can be prevented by CRNK, the C-terminal domain of PYK2. We previously demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated CRNK gene transfer improved survival and LV function, and slowed LV remodeling in a rat model of coronary artery ligation-induced HF. We now interrogate whether cardiomyocyte-specific, transgenic CRNK expression prevents LV remodeling and HF in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) caused by constitutively active Protein Kinase Ce (caPKCe). Transgenic (TG; FVB/N background) mice were engineered to express rat CRNK under control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter, and crossed with FVB/N mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of caPKCe to create double TG mice. LV structure, function, and gene expression were evaluated in all 4 groups (nonTG FVB/N; caPKCe(+/-); CRNK(+/-); and caPKCe×CRNK (PXC) double TG mice) at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12mo of age. CRNK expression followed a Mendelian distribution, and CRNK mice developed and survived normally through 12mo. Cardiac structure, function and selected gene expression of CRNK mice were similar to nonTG littermates. CRNK had no effect on caPKCe expression and vice versa. PYK2 was up-regulated ~6-fold in caPKCe mice, who developed a non-hypertrophic, progressive DCM with reduced systolic (Contractility Index=151±5 vs. 90±4s(-1)) and diastolic (Tau=7.5±0.5 vs. 14.7±1.3ms) function, and LV dilatation (LV Remodeling Index (LVRI)=4.2±0.1 vs. 6.0±0.3 for FVB/N vs. caPKCe mice, respectively; P<0.05 for each at 12mo). In double TG PXC mice, CRNK expression significantly prolonged survival, improved contractile function (Contractile Index=115±8s(-1); Tau=9.5±1.0ms), and reduced LV remodeling (LVRI=4.9±0.1). Cardiomyocyte-specific expression of CRNK improves contractile function and slows LV remodeling in a mouse model of DCM.
Robotic Resistance/Assistance Training Improves Locomotor Function in Individuals Poststroke: A Randomized Controlled Study

Objective To determine whether providing a controlled resistance versus assistance to the paretic leg at the ankle during treadmill training will improve walking function in individuals poststroke.
Exploring the Complexities of Community Engaged GIS

Participatory GIS projects are increasingly popular in urban governance. This paper explores the complexities of a community involved pilot project that was implemented in the town of Verona, Wisconsin and critically examines their GIS Geographic Information Systems practices and the support structures that played an important role in facilitating GIS use. The paper first traces the evolution of the project, and the role of the various actors in shaping it and then shows that relations between key institutions and actors played a crucial role in shaping the pilot project. While inherently supportive, these actors occupied a dominant power position, setting a top down tone to the project from its onset. As such, the project simultaneously enhanced and constricted the process of participation and spatial knowledge production of the community residents.
Absence of an in vitro thyroxine effect on oxygen consumption and sodium or water transport by anuran skin and bladder

Thyroid hormones applied in vitro to skin or the urinary bladder of several species of toads and frogs failed to stimulate active sodium transport, respiratory rate, or the flow of water along transepithelial osmotic gradients. This is in sharp contrast to a series of reports from another laboratory and tends to discount the hypothesis that thyroxine participates directly in the physiological regulation of these functions in adult anurans.
Situating Experience: Agency, Perception, and the Given

William Alston has been a long-time critic of the arguments of Wilfrid Sellars, and he has recently revisited the arguments made by Sellars in “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind.” Alston's work attempts to show how Sellarsian views fail to account for our understanding of perception by making a two-part attack on Sellars's account: part one of the attack takes up the Sellarsian approach to ‘looks’-talk, and part two concerns Sellars's thoroughgoing conceptualism with regard to perception. In this article, I argue that there is much in Alston's view that does violence to our understanding of theoretical and practical reason by removing concepts (and thereby constraint by norms) from perception, and I show that Alston's two-pronged attack fails due to its inadequate reading of “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind” and its problematic underlying epistemology.
Image Registration Using A Fast Adaptive Algorithm

A three stage algorithm based on central moments and an adaptive classifier is developed to estimate the position of a noisy subimage with unknown angular misalignment within an image. The first stage derives the zero-order moment of pixels inside a circular window recursively and by comparing them to that of the reference image, a number of likely positions are selected. The second stage improves on the first stage by using several concentric circular windows. The third stage compares the higher order moments for the likely position obtained in the second stage. An adaptive classifier is used in parallel with the third stage in order to decide whether the computationally intensive high order moments should be calculated for a given neighborhood of the likely positions. This classifier ex-ploits the fact that the measure of similarity of the neighboring pixels does not vary substantially. Implementation of the algorithm on real images has indicated that, in many cases, the exact location of the rotated object within a noisy image can be determined.
An experimental investigation of aerosol collection utilizing packed beds of silica aerogel microspheres

Abstract Packed beds of silica aerogel microspheres were used as a collection medium for aerosol particles in the viral and bacterial size range (20–2000 nm). Airflow characteristics were determined by measuring the differential pressure across beds of silica aerogel microspheres as a function of flowrate. These measurements showed a permeability of 2.2×10 −7 cm 2 for the bed of aerogel microspheres. The beds were then used to capture airborne particles in the 20–2000 nm size range. The aerosol collection performance for the test beds was investigated at three flowrates corresponding to face velocities typically encountered in aerosol filtration work. As face velocity was increased from 3.4 to 20 to 40 cm/s it was determined that the minimum collection efficiency went from 93% to 76% to 64%. It was also determined that the aerosol particle size resulting in minimum collection efficiency shifted from 570 to 315 to 300 nm with increasing face velocity. The flow regime determined from the first experiment was used to explain aerosol deposition in the test beds of silica aerogel microspheres.
Chronic polyarthritis associated with hypogammaglobulinemia

Two adult patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic synovitis were studied. Synovial tissue and fluid were examined by histologic, virologic, and immunologic methods. The synovium lacked characteristic histologic features of rheumatoid arthritis, and B lymphocytes were absent from the synovial tissue, fluid, and peripheral blood. These 2 patients may represent a form of chronic synovitis produced in the absence of any B lymphocyte response.
The stand-alone microprobe at Livermore

Abstract Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Sandia National Laboratories/California have jointly constructed a new stand-alone microprobe facility. Although the facility was built to develop a method to rapidly locate and determine elemental concentrations of micron scale particulates on various media using PIXE, the facility has found numerous applications in biology and materials science. The facility is located at LLNL and uses a General Ionex Corporation Model 358 duoplasmatron negative ion source, a National Electrostatics Corporation 5SDH-2 tandem accelerator, and an Oxford triplet lens. Features of the system include complete computer control of the beam transport using LabVIEW™ for Macintosh, computer controlled beam collimating and divergence limiting slits, automated sample positioning to micron resolution, and video optics for beam positioning and sample observation. Data collection is accomplished with the simultaneous use of as many as four EG&G Ortec IGLET-X™ X-Ray detectors, digital amplifiers made by X-Ray Instruments and Associates (XIA), and LabVIEW™ for Macintosh acquisition software.
Marking boundaries, marking time: the Iranian past and the construction of the self by Qajar thinkers

(1996). Marking boundaries, marking time: the Iranian past and the construction of the self by Qajar thinkers. Iranian Studies: Vol. 29, No. 1-2, pp. 35-56.
Frequent Users of the Emergency Department: Can We Intervene?

Objective: To determine whether the use of individualized patient care plans and multidisciplinary case management would decrease ED utilization by frequent ED users. Methods: The authors performed a prospective, randomized clinical trial of the impact of a care plan on ED use by adults with frequent ED visits. Patients with >10 ED visits to a university hospital in 1993 were identified. Patients were matched for age, sex, and number of visits and then randomized into 2 groups. The control group received standard emergency care. The treatment group was managed by a multidisciplinary team and treated in the ED according to individualized care plans. ED use was tracked at the university hospital and at the other 5 community hospitals in the city. Results: Of the 70 enrolled patients, 25 of 37 control patients and 27 of 33 treatment patients made visits to the university hospital during the 1-year study period. Only those patients with follow-up visits were included in the data analysis. Patients remaining in the control group made 247 total visits (range 1–65) to the university hospital and 179 total visits (range 0–38) to the community hospitals during the study period. Patients in the treatment group made 320 total visits (range 1–72) to the university hospital and 254 total visits (range 0–135) to the community hospitals during the study period. There was no significant difference in the median number of visits made to either the university hospital or the community hospitals by the patients in the control group and those in the treatment group. Conclusions: The use of individualized care plans and case management did not significantly decrease ED utilization by frequent ED users. However, the impact of individualized care plans and case management on other quality-of-care measures (e.g., patient satisfaction, ED length of stay, hospitalizations, primary care visits, and health care costs) remains to be determined.
Surgeons, Sleep, and Patient Safety

Sleep deprivation is assumed detrimental to physician performance. Over the past 30 years, increased efforts and attention to this issue have resulted in restriction of physician work hours. Since the death of Libby Zion in 1984, debate has raged among educators, sleep scientists, practitioners, and regulatory and legislative bodies about the contribution of lack of physician sleep to adverse patient outcomes.1 Investigation of this event by the Bell Commission culminated in the first law to restrict resident physician work hours in New York State to 80 hours per week.2 Between the enactment of that law (1989) and 2002, many attempts were made to establish an 80-hour work week standard for residents throughout the United States. Pressure from trainee unions such as the Committee of Interns and Residents/Service Employees International Union (CIR/SEIU) and Public Citizen, caused the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the US Department of Labor to consider enacting regulations limiting work hours for trainees.3
The Expansion Power of the English Banking System

Scope and purpose of study, 1.— I. Reserve policies of London Clearing House banks: primary expansion, 2.— Customary reserve ratios, 2.— Coefficients of expansion: commercial banking system, 8.— Individual commercial banks, 10.— II. Reserve policies of the Bank of England: systemic expansion, 16. — Deposit expansion, 17. — Currency and deposit expansion, 27.— III. Coefficients of expansion as guides for banking policy and reform, 35.
Robotics safety: Exclusion guarding for industrial operations

Abstract Hamilton, J.E. and Hancock, P.A., 1986. Robotics safety: Exclusion guarding for industrial operations. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 8: 69–78. From early concept to present reality, this paper catalogs the development of reprogrammable, multifunctional, industrial manipulators: Robots. A summary of published studies concerning the safety aspects of the large scale application of robots by industry outside the United States is presented. From this and our own survey observations, a proposal for performance guidelines in the guarding of industrial robots is presented.
Revisiting the issue of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory's internal consistency in adolescent samples.

Abstract Purpose Although the Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory is generally considered to be a reliable screening tool for assessing child physical abuse risk, there is concern that it may lack internal consistency when completed by adolescents (Blinn-Pike and Mingus, J Adolesc 2000;23:107–11). This concern has been reflected in subsequent reviews summarizing the CAP's psychometric properties (Walker and Davies, J Fam Violence 2010;25:215–27), and calls for data on the reliability of the CAP Inventory as completed by adolescents have been issued (Blinn-Pike, J Adolesc Health 2002;30:148). The purpose of this study was to provide additional data examining the internal consistency of the CAP Inventory as completed by adolescents in a variety of contexts. Method This study included five samples comprising 3,281 adolescent and adult respondents who completed the CAP Inventory. Two samples included at-risk mothers who were enrolled in home-visiting services and were participating in program evaluations. Three samples included college students the majority of whom were nonparents participating in the research to explore the risk of physical abuse among children. Results The analyses showed high internal consistency estimates for the CAP Inventory abuse scale as completed by adolescent mothers (Kuder–Richardson reliability coefficient range=.90–.96). Moreover, regardless of the sampling technique, parental status, or demographic characteristics, our analyses revealed overall good to excellent internal consistency estimates for the CAP Inventory abuse scale as completed by adolescent respondents. Indeed, the internal consistency estimates obtained from adolescent respondents were similar to the estimates obtained for adult respondents in each of these same samples. Conclusion Our results provide strong support for a claim of good to excellent internal consistency of the CAP Inventory with adolescent samples.
Platanna (Xenopus laevis) as a test organism for determining the embryotoxic effects of environmental chemicals

It has been successfully demonstrated that platanna (Xenopus laevis) allows the artificial induction of spawning at any time during the year. The number of eggs collected from a female ranged between 500 and 2400, the fertilization rate varying between 10 and 85%. When unaffected by chemicals, the embryonic development of the larvae took between 8 and 30 weeks. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), methylmercury chloride, and the thalidomide analog EM 12 were used for the experiments described. DEHP at a concentration of 2 ppm retarded the development of the larvae and caused reduced pigmentation of the tadpoles. Methylmercury chloride has been found to have teratogenic and embryolethal effects at a concentration as low as 0.01 ppm. The following teratogenic effects have been determined: bent tails of the larvae, retarded development of the filter system, disturbed osmotic regulation, deranged positional and spatial orientation. EM 12 has been proven to have embryolethal effects at concentrations around 100 ppm. At lower concentrations this substance has teratogenic effects, i.e., it interferes in various ways with the development of the limbs.
A photometric approach for estimating normals and tangents

This paper presents a technique for acquiring the shape of real-world objects with complex isotropic and anisotropic reflectance. Our method estimates the local normal and tangent vectors at each pixel in a reference view from a sequence of images taken under varying point lighting. We show that for many real-world materials and a restricted set of light positions, the 2D slice of the BRDF obtained by fixing the local view direction is symmetric under reflections of the halfway vector across the normal-tangent and normal-binormal planes. Based on this analysis, we develop an optimization that estimates the local surface frame by identifying these planes of symmetry in the measured BRDF. As with other photometric methods, a key benefit of our approach is that the input is easy to acquire and is less sensitive to calibration errors than stereo or multi-view techniques. Unlike prior work, our approach allows estimating the surface tangent in the case of anisotropic reflectance. We confirm the accuracy and reliability of our approach with analytic and measured data, present several normal and tangent fields acquired with our technique, and demonstrate applications to appearance editing.
Fibrin glue treatment of persistent pneumothorax in a premature infant

Fibrin glue pleurodesis has been used to treat bronchopleural fistulas in adults. We report the successful use of fibrin glue in a premature infant to seal a pneumothorax that had persisted for more than 3 weeks despite high-frequency ventilation.
Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands

Compared were concentrations of Al,Cd,Ca,Cu,Fe,Hg,Pb,Mg,Mn,Ni,P, and Zn in water, plants and aquatic insects of three acidified (pH [approximately] 5.0) and three nonacidified (pH [approximately] 6.5) constructed wetlands. Concentrations of Zn in water and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) were higher in acidified wetlands than in nonacidified wetlands. Floating nonrooted plants contained mean concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Mn that were higher than recommended maximum levels for poultry feed. The mean concentrations of all metals in insects were below recommended maximum levels for poultry feed and below levels that cause toxic effects in wild birds. Smaller than expected increases of metal concentrations in the water of acidified wetlands were probably due to limited mobilization of metals from the sediments and insignificant changes in sedimentation of aqueous metals. Calcium was lower in acidified than in nonacidified wetland water, but the Ca content of insects and bur-reed was not lower. Low concentrations of Ca in aquatic insects from both groups of wetlands indicated that calcium-rich crustaceans and mollusks are probably important to female waterfowl and their young during the spring, when invertebrates make up the majority of the diet. Although toxic effects from metal ingestion seem to be unlikely consequences of wetland acidification, the adversemore » effect of low pH on the occurrence of crustaceans and mollusks could threatened egg production and development of young.« less
Mass Formulas and Baryon States in SU ( 6 ) Symmetry

The mass formulas of baryon states in $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ symmetry are examined in detail to exhibit (a) the deep structural similarity between the 56- and 70-dimensional representations and (b) the existence of a hierarchy of mass-breaking terms in these formulas which suggest strongly the dominance of the contribution due to the 35 representation. Implications of this form resemblance for the existence of a possible higher symmetry, in particular relativistic generalizations of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$, are briefly discussed. Finally a critical analysis is made of the basis for a ${(70)}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ representation of baryon states.
Laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic for temperature and velocity measurements in a hydrogen arcjet plume

A diagnostic has been developed to measure velocity and translational temperature in the plume of a 1-kW-class arcjet thruster operating on hydrogen. Laser-induced fluorescence with a narrow-band cw laser is used to probe the Balmer α transition of excited atomic hydrogen. The velocity is determined from the Doppler shift of the fluorescence excitation spectrum, whereas the temperature is inferred from the lineshape. Analysis shows that although Doppler broadening is the only significant broadening mechanism, the fine structure of the transition must be taken into account. Near the exit plane, axial velocities vary from 4 to 14 km/s, radial velocities vary from 0 to 4 km/s, and swirl velocities are shown to be relatively small. Temperatures from 1000 to 5000 K indicate high dissociation fractions.
Ineffectiveness of Topical Idoxuridine in Dimethyl Sulfoxide for Therapy for Genital Herpes

The efficacy and toxicity of topical applications of 30% idoxuridine in dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfoxide alone, or saline in 96 recurrent and 39 first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection were compared. Drug was applied to lesions four times daily for seven days. In recurrent episodes, the duration of viral shedding after beginning idoxuridine in dimethyl sulfoxide use was significantly shorter (0.6 days) than with dimethyl sulfoxide (1.4 days) or saline (2.0 days) (P (JAMA1982;248:953-959)
James Joyce, the Cinematographic Modernist

In David Trotter's impressive chapter on James Joyce in Cinema and Modernism, the author points to James Joyce having “long made a habit out of movie going” (88). As Trotter points out, Joyce opene...
Effects of vibratory microscreening on proximate composition and recovery of poultry processing wastewater particulate matter

Experiments were conducted to compare the effects of tertiary microscreen gap size on the proximate composition and rate of recovery of particulate matter from poultry processing wastewater (PPW). A high-speed vibratory screen was installed within the wastewater treatment area of a southeast US broiler slaughter plant after the existing primary and secondary mechanical rotary screens. Microscreen panels with nominal gap size openings of 212, 106 and 45mum were investigated. The particulate matter samples recovered were subjected to proximate analysis to determine percent moisture, fat, protein, crude fiber and ash. The average percent wet weight moisture (%WW) content for all samples was 79.1. The average percent dry matter (%DM) fat, protein, crude fiber and ash were 63.5, 17.5, 4.8 and 1.5, respectively. The mean concentration of total solids (TS) recovered from all microscreen runs was 668mg/L, which represents a potential additional daily offal recovery rate of 12.1metric tons (MT) per 3.78 million L (1.0 million gallons US) of PPW. There was no significant difference in the performance of the three microscreen gap sizes with regard to proximate composition or mass of particulate matter recovered.
Ontogeny ofHybocrinus punctatus (Miller and Gurley), an ordovician crinoid

Relative growth of the Ordovician crinoid Hybocrinus punctatus (Miller and Gurley)was studied using regression, correlation, and R-mode factor analysis. Systematic growth gradients of both initial intercepts and slopes existed throughout the calyx. Development of a single plate was best correlated with growth of the directly adjacent plates and was less well correlated with that of more distant plates. A total of 86 percent of the R-mode correlation matrix variance is associated with overall size increase of all dimensions and size-correlated shape changes. Most of the remaining variance is linked with divergent growth of small groups of specimens with respect to various shape parameters.
Reference Services and Media in Academic Libraries

Summary This paper examines the impact of new and developing media on academic libraries, specifically discussing technology which enables video and movie clips to be transferred over intranets and the Internet. This Web technology could have implications for other electronic media and databases, for offering extended services, including training and orientation for new staff and students; and for online library instruction modules. More generally, the article will discuss some issues, ramifications, protocols, and legal implications involved when libraries introduce and implement new multimedia services and other web-based resources.
A comparison of acceleration control and pulse control in simulated spacecraft docking maneuvers

Results are reported from a study designed to compare acceleration control with pulse control in simulated spacecraft docking maneuvers. Nine commercial airline pilots served as test subjects and the simulated remote dockings of an orbital maneuvering vehicle (OMV) to a space station were initiated from 50, 100, and 150 meters along the station's minus velocity vector. The trials were grouped into blocks of 18 consisting of six repetitions of the three ranges. It was found that mission duration was lower with pulse mode, while fuel consumption was lower with acceleration mode. It is suggested that this result is most likely specific to the thruster values that are being used.
Recovery from Retrograde Amnesia: A Learning Process

Retrograde amnesia was produced in rats by electroconvulsive shock. Memory recovered if the animals were given repeated test trials. Memory did not recover if steps were taken to reduce the conditioning properties of the test trials; the manipulations included eliminating the response, altering the apparatus cues, or extinguishing conditioned "fear" by confining animals to the apparatus during the first test trial.