cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily thermal fluctuations to a range of subzero temperatures enhance cold hardiness of winter-acclimated turtles

Although seasonal increases in cold hardiness are well documented for temperate and polar ectotherms, relatively little is known about supplemental increases in cold hardiness during winter. Because many animals are exposed to considerable thermal variation in winter, they may benefit from a quick enhancement of cold tolerance prior to extreme low temperature. Hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) overwintering in their natal nests experience substantial thermal variation in winter, and recently, it was found that brief subzero chilling of winter-acclimated hatchlings decreases subsequent chilling-induced mortality, increases blood concentrations of glucose and lactate, and protects the brain from cryoinjury. Here, we further characterize that phenomenon, termed 'cold conditioning', by exposing winter-acclimated hatchling turtles to -3.5, -7.0, or -10.5 °C gradually or repeatedly via daily thermal fluctuations over the course of 5 days and assessing their survival of a subsequent cold shock to a discriminating temperature of -12.7 °C. To better understand the physiological response to cold conditioning, we measured changes in glucose and lactate concentrations in the liver, blood, and brain. Cold conditioning significantly increased cold-shock survival, from 9% in reference turtles up to 74% in cold-conditioned turtles, and ecologically relevant daily thermal fluctuations were at least as effective at conferring cryoprotection as was gradual cold conditioning. Cold conditioning increased glucose concentrations, up to 25 μmol g-1, and lactate concentrations, up to 30 μmol g-1, in the liver, blood, and brain. Turtles that were cold conditioned with daily thermal fluctuations accumulated more glucose in the liver, blood, and brain, and had lower brain lactate, than those gradually cold conditioned. Given the thermal variation to which hatchling painted turtles are exposed in winter, we suggest that the supplemental protection conferred by cold conditioning, especially that induced by daily thermal fluctuations, may be important for their overwinter survival. Investigation into the duration of the cold-conditioning induced protection and its occurrence in natural field conditions is needed to better understand its ecological significance. We suggest that future work exploring the underlying mechanisms of cold conditioning should focus on non-colligative effects of glucose, expression of small Hsps, changes in membrane structure, and ion homeostasis.
SAMI3 prediction of the impact of the 21 August 2017 total solar eclipse on the ionosphere/plasmasphere system

We present quantitative predictions of the impact of the upcoming total solar eclipse on the ionosphere and plasmasphere using the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) model Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI3). The eclipse will occur over the continental United States on 21 August 2017. Our simulation results indicate that in the vicinity of the eclipse (1) the total electron content (TEC) decreases by up to ∼ 5 TEC units (TECU; 1 TECU = ×1016 m−2) which is a ∼ 35% decrease in TEC, (2) the electron density decreases by a factor of ∼ 50% in the F region, (3) the electron temperature decreases by up to ∼800 K in the plasmasphere, and (4) the O+ velocity changes from ∼40 m s−1 upward to ∼20 m s−1 downward in the F region. Interestingly, the continental size modification of the ionospheric conductance modifies the global electric field, which should lead to measurable changes in the TEC in the southern conjugate hemisphere ( ≲1 TECU).
Structure and function of the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site

Human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes and the viral infection often develops into chronic disease, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Saito et al. 1990; Plagemann 1991; Ruiz et al. 1992). Currently HCV infections account for about 80% of posttransfusion hepatitis worldwide. To date HCV has not been successfully grown in any cultured cells (Shimizu et al. 1993) which precludes the biological studies of this virus. The discovery of the human HCV stems from an unprecedented use of molecular cloning techniques rather than by the conventional method of virus isolation (Choo et al. 1989). Nucleic acids extracted from the sera of chimpanzees infected with infectious non-A, non-B hepatitis plasma were usedto prepare a λ gt11 library which was then immunoscreened with non-A, non-B hepatitis serum (Choo et al. 1989). The viral RNA genome cloned as a cDNA was characterized by nucleotide sequence determination to uncover the genetic order of the coding potential. Further comparison of the complete HCV genome to other known viral genomes placed this virus in the family of Flaviviridae (Miller and Purcell 1990; Houghton et al. 1991). Members of this virus group include human flaviviruses (e.g., Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus) and animal pestiviruses (e.g., bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus).
Hearing Loss in the Newborn Infant: Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

Significant advances in health care have occurred since the 1980s and currently more than 97% of newborns in the United States undergo hearing screening, resulting in earlier identification, intervention, and improved outcomes. (1) Current technology, however, does not identify all hearing loss including mild, late onset, and progressive hearing loss. Therefore, although the rate of hearing loss at birth is approximately 1 to 2 per 1,000, it approaches 5 per 1,000 by early school age. This supports the need for continued surveillance of language milestones and hearing skills in the medical home. Types of permanent hearing loss include sensorineural, conductive, and auditory neuropathy, which occurs most commonly in NICU graduates. Multidisciplinary care is needed to ensure early access to language. Both early intervention and early amplification, no later than 6 months of age, are critical components of the formula for success.
Physical Educators' Habitual Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy for Regular Exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine physical education teachers’ habitual physical activity and self-efficacy for regular exercise. In-service physical education teachers (N = 168) voluntarily completed an online questionnaire that included items to collect demographic information (gender, race/ethnicity, years of teaching experience, and perceived weight status), self-efficacy, and habitual physical activity. The physical educators reported a high level of physical activity with an estimated total weekly MET-minutes > 3,000, and a relatively high self-efficacy for exercise. A multiple regression analysis showed years of teaching experience as a significant negative predictor (? = -.35, p < .05), but self-efficacy as a positive predictor (? = .39, p < .05) for physical educators’ daily moderate to vigorous physical activity. These findings illustrate the positive role of self-efficacy for promoting physical activity participation, but indicate diminishing physical activity as a function of years of teaching experience among physical educators.Subscribe to TPE
Effect of pellet die diameter on density and durability of pellets made from high moisture woody and herbaceous biomass

Abstract Densified products produced from pellet mill are commercially used as a commodity type product for energy applications that are transported nationally and internationally. The quality of the pelletized biomass produced depends on the process variables such as die diameter, length to diameter (L/D) ratio, die speed, preheating, and steam conditioning; and feedstock variables such as feedstock type, moisture content, and particle size and shape. In the present study, pelleting tests were conducted with both woody (i.e., lodgepole pine and pinyon-juniper) and herbaceous (i.e., corn stover, wheat straw, and energy sorghum) biomass. A high level of feedstock moisture content of 33% (w.b.) was selected, while the die speed and preheating temperature process variables were kept at 60 Hz (380 rpm) and 70 °C. Results indicated that during the pelleting and cooling process, an approximate 10–13% (w.b.) moisture loss in both the woody and herbaceous biomass was observed. The high moisture pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70 °C for three hours to reduce the moisture content of the pellets to 1133, >580, >620 kg/m 3 ) and the woody biomass lodgepole pine (e.g., >1037, >568, >641 kg/m 3 ), respectively. In the case of durability for the 8 mm diameter pellets, wheat straw and corn stover recorded a maximum of about 96%, respectively, while the lodgepole pine and pinion juniper recorded a maximum of >96%, respectively.
Almost split sequences for TrD-periodic modules

In this paper we associate to each TrD-periodic module, over an artin algebra, a diagram and show that the diagram is one of the Dynkin diagrams or one of the Open image in new window
High yields of synthesis gas by millisecond partial oxidation of higher hydrocarbons

Cyclohexane, n-hexane, and isooctane were reacted with air in a Rh-monolith reactor and converted into synthesis gas (H2+CO) in yields exceeding 90%, with >95% conversion of fuels and 100% conversion of oxygen. The best catalyst was an 80 ppi washcoated alumina monolith containing 5 wt% Rh. There was a small effect of catalyst contact time on syngas selectivity and conversions for gas space velocities from 3×105 to 3×106 h−1. Preheating the feed enhances syngas selectivities slightly, but no reactor preheat is necessary provided the fuel remains vaporized. Addition of 25 mol% toluene to isooctane also produces syngas, olefins, and methane with 90% yield, including ∼70% yield to syngas. Partial oxidation of gasoline–air mixtures was attempted but the catalysts were poisoned after several hours, probably by sulfur and/or metals.
Channeling vorticity: modeling the filter-feeding mechanism in silver carp using μCT and 3D PIV

Invasive silver carp are thriving within eutrophic environments in the United States due in part to their highly efficient filter-feeding mechanism. Like many filter feeding fishes, silver carp utilize modified gill rakers to capture a specific range of food; however, the greatly modified filtering morphology of silver carp allows them to feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton ranging in size from 4-85μm. The filtering apparatus of silver carp is comprised of rigid filtering plates where the outer anatomy of these plates is characterized by long parallel channels (riddled with openings of different sizes) that change in orientation along the length of the plate. Here we investigate the underlying morphology and concomitant hydrodynamics that support the filtration mechanisms of silver and bighead carp. Bighead carp are also invasive filter feeders but their filtering apparatus is morphologically distinct from silver carp composed of thin, flattened individual rakers more similar to that of filter feeders such as Brevoortia sp. or Anchoa sp . Gill rakers from adult silver and bighead carp were scanned using a micro CT scanner at 15.2 micron and 17.0 micron voxel resolution, respectively. Scans were segmented and reconstructed in 3D, printed as a 3D structure in resin, and placed in a 2200 L recirculating flow tank (into which 50 micron buoyant particles had been added) with water flowing across the model in an anteroposterior direction. Using 3D PIV, we determined how particles and fluid interact with the surface of the gill rakers/plates. Filtering plates in silver carp induce strong directed vortical flow whereas the filtering apparatus of bighead carp resulted in a type of haphazard crossflow filtration. The organized vortical flow established by silver carp likely increased the number of interactions that the particle-filled water has with the filtering membrane. This strong vortical organization is maintained only at 0.75BL(body lengths)/s and vortical flow is poorly developed and maintained at slower and faster speeds. Moreover, we found that absolute vorticity magnitude in silver carp is an order of magnitude greater than in bighead carp. Vortical flow established in the silver carp model suggests that this species is a more effective and likely efficient filter feeder than bighead carp, perhaps explaining the success of silver carp as an invasive species.
BEOL Reliability for More- Than-Moore Devices

For Moore's law technology qualifications, the Back-End of Line (BEOL) reliability focuses on electromigration, stress migration, Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB), and Chip-Package Interaction (CPI). For More-Than-Moore technology qualifications, some additional BEOL reliability tests are often required. Power semiconductors used in automotive applications are exposed to higher temperatures and higher currents than devices used in consumer products. Hence, the BEOL reliability includes power-temperature cycling stresses, high current pulsed stresses, high temperature storage above 200°C, and unique package connections such as 2mil Cu wirebonds or Cu clips.
How to develop machine learning models for healthcare.

Rapid progress in machine learning is enabling opportunities for improved clinical decision support. Importantly, however, developing, validating and implementing machine learning models for healthcare entail some particular considerations to increase the chances of eventually improving patient care.
Household member substance problems and children's health in the United States

Abstract A sizable number of children are exposed to household member substance problems, an adverse childhood experience (ACE), yet little research uses a nationally representative sample of U.S. children to examine this association. We used newly released data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized children in the United States, and logistic regression models to investigate the relationship between household member substance problems and 14 indicators of children's health. We find 9.0% of children in the United States have experienced household member substance problems. We also find children exposed to household member substance problems are more likely to have health problems than children not exposed to household member substance problems, but that most of these descriptive differences can be explained by household characteristics and other ACEs. Children exposed to household member substance problems are a vulnerable population. Given that household member substance problems are concentrated among socioeconomically disadvantaged children, children at a greater risk of health problems than their counterparts, this ACE may exacerbate existing socioeconomic inequalities in children's health.
Environmental Justice and Third Wave Ecocritical Approaches to Literature and Film

Key words: environmental justice, globalization, indigenous peoples, third wave ecocriticism Using films such as Babel directed by Alejandro Gonzalez Inartu, or novels such as Almanac of the Dead by Leslie Marmon Silko can raise consciousness on environmental justice issues and the consequences of globalization and free trade agreements for different communities around the world. Both works illustrate quite poignantly the meaning of such landmark manifestos such as the United Nations Declaration on the the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the 17 Principles of Environmental Justice or the Earth Charter. Likewise these approaches constitute the third wave of ecocriticism whose interests lie in exploring human experience from eco-global perspectives which transcend ethnic and national borders in research. Palabras clave: justicia medioambiental, globalizacion, pueblos indigenas, tercera oleada de la ecocriticaIncorporar al aula largometrajes como Babel de Alejandro Gonzalez Inartu o novelas como Almanac of the Dead de Leslie Marmon Silko puede redundar en un aumento de la concienciacion sobre la justicia medioambiental y fomentar la reflexion sobre las consecuencias de la globalizacion y del comercio libre en distintas comunidades que coexisten en el planeta. Ambos documentos resultan utiles para ilustrar el significado de otros tan importantes como la Declaracion de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indigenas, los 17 principios para la justicia ambiental y la Carta de la Tierra, al mismo tiempo que se inscriben en la tercera oleada de la ecocritica cuyos intereses se centran en explorar la experiencia humana desde perspectivas ecoglobales y trascender las fronteras etnicas y nacionales en la investigacion.
Effects of insulin, biguanide antihyperglycaemic agents and β-adrenergic agonists on pathways of myocardial proteolysis

Pathways of bulk protein degradation controlled by insulin and isoprenaline (isoproterenol) were distinguished in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. Proteins were biosynthetically labelled in vitro with [3H]leucine, followed by addition of 2 mM non-radioactive leucine to competitively prevent reincorporation. Rapidly degraded proteins were eliminated during a 3 h preliminary perfusion period without insulin. One third of bulk myocardial protein degradation was inhibited by isoprenaline as described previously. An insulin concentration of 5 nM maximally inhibited proteolysis, beginning within 2 min. Inhibition reached 32% within 1.25 h and 35% after 1.5 h. The minimum effective insulin concentration was approx. 10-50 pM, which caused 10-20% inhibition. Following 3 h of perfusion without insulin, the lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine (30 microM), inhibited 38% of bulk degradation. The 35% proteolytic inhibition caused by insulin was followed by very little further inhibition on subsequent concurrent infusion of chloroquine, i.e. the inhibitory effects of insulin and chloroquine were not additive. In contrast, prior inhibition of lysosomal proteolysis by insulin or chloroquine did not prevent the subsequent additive inhibition caused by isoprenaline. Insulin and beta-agonists additively inhibited approx. two-thirds of bulk degradation. The biguanide antihyperglycaemic agent phenformin (2 microM) inhibited 35% of bulk degradation, beginning at 2 min and reaching a near maximum at approx. 1.25-1.5 h. Following inhibition of proteolysis with phenformin (20 microM), subsequent infusion of chloroquine (30 microM) produced only a slight additional inhibition. Following inhibition of 35% of degradation by 1.5 h of perfusion with insulin (5 nM), subsequent exposure to phenformin (2 microM) produced only a slight additional inhibition which did not exceed 38% of basal proteolysis. Thus insulin and phenformin both inhibit lysosomal proteolysis; however, the adrenergic-responsive pathway is distinct.
Trends of temporal bone cancer: SEER database.

Abstract Objective This retrospective review aims to analyze epidemiological trends related to temporal bone cancer, and primarily of the squamous cell subtype. Potential trends analyzed included age, gender, and geographical location. Data sources This retrospective review analyzed data found in the National Cancer Institute's SEER Database for cases of carcinomas of the middle ear. Cases were selected between 1975 and 2016 and using the primary site of Middle Ear (Site code C30.1), and then narrowed using additional variables, which included age, sex, and state-county. Languages covered included English. Data extraction The extracted data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet for further analysis in SPSS Version 25. Data synthesis An Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and a Bonferroni correction were applied to the data for further analysis of significant trends. The data was then placed into tables outlining the distribution of cases among select patient characteristics of age and sex, and significant age group pairwise comparisons. Conclusions Age at diagnosis of temporal bone cancer is strongly associated with the prevalence of temporal bone cancer. We urge providers to consider subtypes of temporal bone cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, when evaluating older adults with risk factors for temporal bone cancer and an abnormal physical exam.
Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, and Resiliency Within the Unique Population of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Survivors.

Background Mental health after spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), a cause of myocardial infarction in young women, remains largely unexplored. We assessed the prevalence and severity of...
Strategies for Sustaining Fidelity: A Multi-state Qualitative Analysis in Housing First Programs

Little is known about long-term fidelity of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) under changing conditions. This study examines how staff at ‘mature’ (eight or more years in operation) Housing First (HF) programs strategize to sustain EBI fit in different geographic areas in the Mid-Atlantic/Northeastern United States. Six focus groups (FGs) at three purposively selected HF programs were conducted with separate FGs for case managers and supervisors at each site. FG discussions elicited participants’ service approaches and strategies in addressing fidelity amidst ongoing changes affecting each program. Thematic content analysis of FG transcripts was conducted using the five HF fidelity domains (housing choice/structure, separation of housing and services, service philosophy, service array, and program structure) as a priori themes with inductive content analyses conducted on data in each theme. Strategies for rigor were employed. Case managers (N = 17) and supervisors (N = 16) were predominantly white (76%) and female (60%). Across the themes, challenges included lack of affordable housing and choice, funders’ restrictions and practice ‘drift.’ Strategies included community engagement and hiring, strong leadership and ‘bending the rules.’ There were no differences across sites. Later-stage implementation challenges show the need for continued vigilance in fidelity to EBIs. Among the strategies used to address fidelity in this study, the pursuit of pro-active community engagement to attract knowledgeable staff as well as increase local buy-in was considered pivotal at all three sites. These findings underscore the need to attend to the external setting as well as to internal program operations.
Trends in Leadership at Orthopedic Surgery Adult Reconstruction Fellowships.

Abstract Background Fellowship directors (FDs) in adult reconstruction have a profound impact on current and future trainees within orthopedics. Our group sought to evaluate the shared characteristics among current adult reconstruction FDs to provide a framework for those aspiring to achieve this position and identify possible areas of improvement. Methods Fellowship programs were identified using the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Directory. Data for each FD were gathered via electronic mail, telephone, curriculum vitae, and online searches. Demographic information collected included age, gender, ethnicity, residency/fellowship training, residency/fellowship graduation year, year hired by current institution, time since training completion until FD appointment, length in FD role, and Scopus H-index. Results Information was gathered for 94 FDs. Of these, 100% were males; 80.6% were Caucasian, 12.90% were Asian American, 5.38% were Hispanic, and 1.08% were African American. The average age (52.6 years old), H-index (16.54), year of residency (2000) and fellowship (2001) graduation, and time since training until FD appointment (9.55 years) were analyzed. The top training programs to produce future FDs were Mayo Clinic (residency) and Harvard University (fellowship). Conclusion Adult reconstruction FDs are frequently distinguished by their level of research productivity and experience, but certainly more demographic diversity is needed within this cohort. Specific training programs may inherently have a vital role in the development of individuals for future leadership positions. These developments could be a result of unique features inherent to the training programs or because of a subset of applicants who pursue specific programs with aspirations of subsequent leadership opportunities.
Added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with increased postpartum weight gain and soluble fiber intake is associated with postpartum weight loss in Hispanic women from Southern California.

BACKGROUND Obesity prevalence remains high in the United States, and there is an increased risk among women who do not lose their gestational weight gain during the postpartum period. Indicators of dietary carbohydrate quality including added sugar consumption, glycemic load, and glycemic index have been linked with weight gain, whereas fiber may protect against obesity. However, these dietary factors have not been examined during the postpartum period. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sugars and fiber intake were associated with changes in postpartum weight. METHODS We examined Hispanic women from the longitudinal Southern California Mother's Milk Study (n = 99) at 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Maternal assessments included height, weight, and dietary intake based on 24-h diet recalls. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relation between maternal diet and change in postpartum weight after adjusting for maternal age, height, and energy intake. RESULTS Higher intake of added sugar was associated with postpartum weight gain (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.10; P = 0.05). In addition, a half 8-ounce (8 fluid ounces = 236.6 mL) serving per day increase in soft drinks was associated with a 1.52-kg increase in weight (95% CI: 0.70, 2.34 kg; P < 0.001). A high glycemic index (β: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.42; P = 0.006) and glycemic load (β: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.08; P = 0.04) were associated with postpartum weight gain. Higher soluble fiber was associated with a decrease in postpartum weight (β: -0.82 kg; 95% CI: -1.35, -0.29 kg; P = 0.003) and the negative effects of added sugar, sugary beverages, and high-glycemic-index and -load diets were partially attenuated after adjusting for soluble fiber intake. CONCLUSIONS Increased consumption of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and high-glycemic diets were associated with greater weight gain in the first 6 mo postpartum. In addition, increased consumption of soluble fiber was associated with postpartum weight loss, which may partially offset the obesogenic effects of some dietary sugars.
Improving the Attitudes to Homeless Persons in a Family Medicine Residency

Introduction:Family medicine providers are at the forefront of serving homeless persons. It is important to prepare family medicine residents for this responsibility during residency. In the curren...
Exploring General versus Academic English Proficiency as Predictors of Adolescent EFL Essay Writing.

Language learning is context-dependent and requires learners to employ different sets of language skills to fulfill various tasks. Yet standardized English as a foreign language assessments tend to...
Limitations of Collaborative Public Management in American Fiscal Federalism

This chapter examines collaborative public management (CPM) in the context of the existing, fragmented regional governance structure. In particular, the chapter discusses the limitations of CPM in managing orderly land use planning and intra-regional fiscal inequity due to the inherent tension between localism and regionalism in American fiscal federalism. Researchers have shown that it is unlikely to solve issues involved in equity and redistribution by relying on voluntary inter-local collaboration. At the same time, however, they also acknowledge that local governments have resisted to a regional government and that state governments have hesitated to take action to create a politically accountable regional government. The challenge is to find a way of state’s direct action for region-wide planning and intra-regional redistribution while preserving local governments’ autonomy. As one of the examples, this chapter provides a regional fiscal redistributive policy, tax-base sharing that has been implemented in the Twin Cities metropolitan area since 1975.
Singularly Perturbed Wide-Band Noise Driven Systems

In this chapter, the ideas of Chapter 7 will be used to extend the results in Chapters 4 and 5 to the singular perturbation problem for wide band noise driven systems. The actual physical models for many practical systems are driven by wide band noise and it is important to know how to approximate these models and the associated control problems by simple diffusion models and control problems.
Batch Fabricated Amperometric Biosensors

This chapter elaborates batch fabricated amperometric biosensors. An important barrier to the broad use of biosensors has been an inability to batch fabricates devices having a wide enough range of applicability. A means for batch fabrication that has only been partially realized is the application of semiconductor processing technology. The compatible batch electrode formation and enzyme immobilization technologies for fabricating amperometric biosensors are demonstrated. Electrodes are made using semiconductor thin film processes, and multiple enzymes are selectively immobilized on electrode surfaces using precision screen printing technology. This technique has been proven effective for depositing ionophore-doped membranes in the formation of solid-contact ion selective electrodes. This immobilization technique should be useful for many enzymatic, and immunochemical methods. In addition, all processes described are industry compatible with bulk CMOS technology, allowing for easy integration of active circuitry.
Electric-field-controlled MRAM using voltage control of magnetic anisotropy: Progress, scaling, and challenges

Magnetic Random Access Memory based on the Spin Transfer Torque effect (STT-MRAM) is entering the initial commercialization stage, with increasing chip capacities and manufacturing volumes. At the same time, novel mechanisms such as voltage control and spin-orbit torques for switching and control of magnetization are of increasing importance and interest. This search for new device concepts is driven primarily by considerations of energy efficiency, bit density, and scalability.
Partial Differential Equations

An ordinary differential equation (ODE) of order n has a general solution (excluding singular solutions) which depends on n arbitrary constants of integration. In the case of partial differential equations (PDE) the situation is more complicated. The general solution of a PDE does not depend on arbitrary constants, but on arbitrary functions. In general (excluding again the case of singular solutions), the number of these arbitrary functions is equal to the order of the equation. The arbitrary functions depend on one variable less than the solution itself.
Robot motion planning for sensor-based control with uncertainties

This paper describes a new representation for sensing and control uncertainties in sensor-based robot control, and presents motion planning algorithms that use this representation. The planning algorithms employ a robot's sensing capabilities as needed to accomplish a task, by activating sensors at points or intervals during motion. A sensor is represented by three quantities: a domain, which is the set of robot configurations at which a valid measurement can be taken; an absolute sensing uncertainty held, which describes the sensor's absolute (global) accuracy; and an incremental motion uncertainty, which describes the sensor's relative (pertaining to displacements) accuracy. Control uncertainty represents the ability of a controller to drive the measured error near zero. These descriptions of sensing and control capability determine the evolution of uncertainty in a sensor-based motion plan. Two complementary algorithms for motion planning with the new representation are presented. One is a backprojection algorithm which searches globally (in configuration space and the available sensors) for ways to achieve a particular subgoal. The other searches locally (in path space) to satisfy all the constraints in a planning problem. Examples of uncertainty evaluation and motion planning in two degrees of freedom are presented.
Exploratory celiotomy for surgical staging of cervical cancer

Abstract Exploratory celiotomy has been evaluated for surgical staging of cervical cancer prior to therapy. In an 18 month period, 70 of 82 patients with untreated cervical cancer were explored abdominally prior to definitive treatment. Exploration revealed that clinical staging was inaccurate in 38.6 per cent of patients studied. Fourteen and three tenths per cent of the patients had aortic lymph node metastasis. Surgical staging modified therapy considerably whether primary therapy was by radical operation or radiation. This approach to cervical cancer hopefully will improve the over-all 5 year survival rate.
Chapter 10 Transformations involving folate and biopterin cofactors

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the reactions of enzymes that employ tetrahydrobiopterin or derivatives of tetrahydropteroyl poly-γ-glutamates for promoting transformations involving hydroxylation and 1-carbon unit transfer. The transfer of 1-carbon units at this oxidation level originally was thought to involve two derivatives of H 4 -folate, 10-formyl-H 4 -folate and 5,10-methenyl-H 4 -folate, which acted as cofactors for the two transformylases in de novo purine biosynthesis. However, recent work has shown that the glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR TFase) from E. coli and from avian liver utilize 10-formyl-H 4 -folate as the actual cofactor. The preference for 10-formyl-H,-folate was masked by the presence of the opposite, unreactive diastereomer (R at C-6 in H 4 -folate), which is an excellent competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. The apparent reactivity of the 5,10-methenyl-H 4 -folate in the same assay arose because of a contaminating cyclohydrolase activity capable of selectively hydrolyzing it to the correct diastereomer of 10-formyl-H 4 -folate. The further examination of both GAR TFase and AICAR TFase with 5- and/or 8-deazafolate analogs formylated at N-10 has eliminated mechanisms requiring cyclization to the 5,10-methenyl species prior to 1-carbon unit transfer.
Drug use disorders in the polydrug context: new epidemiological evidence from a foodborne outbreak approach

As epidemiologists studying foodborne illness outbreaks, we do not ask luncheon attendees to say which food caused their illnesses. Instead, we use measurement and analysis methods to estimate food-specific risk variations. Here, we adapt the foodborne outbreak approach to develop new estimates of drug use disorder risk for single-drug and polydrug users, without attributing the syndrome to a specific drug when multiple drugs have been used. We estimate drug use disorder risk for cannabis-only users as a reference value. We then derive comparative relative risk estimates for users of other drug subtypes, including polydrug combinations. Data are from the 2002 to 2003 U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative sample of household residents (18+ years), with standardized drug use and drug dependence assessments. Multiple logistic regression provides odds ratio estimates of relative risk. With this approach, for every 1000 cannabis-only users, an estimated 17 had become cases (1.7%). By comparison, polydrug users and cocaine-only users had much greater cumulative incidence (>10%), even with adjustment for covariates and local area matching (P < 0.001). Using this approach, we find exceptionally low risk for cannabis-only users and greater risk for polydrug and cocaine-only users.
Exploring common ground: US Writing Center/Library Collaboration

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how library reference departments and writing centers have extended their services to reach audiences beyond their respective locations, and to analyze the experiences of one university in collaboration between the two entities. The aim is to provide insight into the advantages and disadvantages of two approaches toward collaboration: that of a reference librarian holding office hours in a writing center, and writing center consultants providing service hours within the library.Design/methodology/approach – Reference/consultation logs and input from participating consultants and librarians are utilized to explore the usage and effectiveness of the two collaborative approaches.Findings – Analyzing student participation in the library and writing center services indicate that, while students are not likely to seek library reference services in the writing center, they appreciate having writing consultation services available within the library at times when ...
Anagram solving as influenced by solution word frequency, anagram transition probability, and subject’s vocabulary level

A total of 128 female undergraduates served as volunteer subjects in an anagram problem solving experiment. The variables manipulated were Thorndike-Lorge frequency of the solution words (common, uncommon), anagram transition probability (low, high), and subject’s vocabulary level (low, high). All combinations of these variables yielded a total of eight independent groups (each n=16). The main findings were: (1) anagram transition probability is effective when anagrams are based on Thorndike-Lorge common, but not uncommon, words; and (2) the vocabulary size effect (i.e., the finding that high-vocabulary subjects tend to solve more anagrams than low-vocabulary subjects) appears to be due strictly to the number of words stored in memory and not to any retrieval efficiency differences among these subjects.
The Performance Of Actinide-Containing Srl 165 Type Glass In Unsaturated Conditions

As part of the effort by the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations (NNWSI) Project to evaluate the volcanic tuff beds of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as a repository for the permanent storage of high-level nuclear waste, the interaction of actinide-doped Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) 165 type glass with the unsaturated repository environment has been studied. The NNWSI Unsaturated Test method has been used, and the results from batch and continuous tests completed through 18 months demonstrate that several interactions are important for controlling both the reaction of the glass and the release of radionuclides. These interactions include (1) the reaction between the glass and moist air with interludes of liquid water contact, which results in the release of alkali metals from the glass; and (2) the reaction between standing water, glass, and presensitized 304 L type stainless steel which results in breakdown of the glass matrix and the release of radionuclides from the glass-metal assemblage. A comparison of the results of the Unsaturated Test with those of parametric experiments illustrates the importance of presensitized steel in enhancing the glass reaction, and demonstrates the applicability of the Unsaturated Test to those conditions anticipated to exist in the NNWSI repository horizon. 10 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
Effect of temperature and strain rate on the compressive flow of aluminum composites containing submicron alumina particles

Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on aluminum composites containing 34 and 37 vol pct submicron alumina particles, to study the effect of temperature and strain rate on their flow stress. For temperatures between 25 °C and 600 °C and strain rates between 10−3 and 1 s−1, the flow stress of the composites is significantly higher than that of unreinforced aluminum tested under similar conditions. This can be attributed to direct strengthening of the composites due to load sharing between the particles and the matrix, and an enhanced in-situ matrix flow stress resulting from a particle-induced increase in dislocation density. The composites, however, exhibit the same stress dependence on temperature and strain rate as unreinforced aluminum, indicating a common hardening mechanism, i.e., forest dislocation interactions. The forest hardening present under the explored testing conditions masks the effects of direct dispersion strengthening operative at lower deformation rates in these materials.
Interictal metabolic anatomy of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

• Objective. —To examine patterns of temporal and extratemporal regional interictal glucose hypometabolism in individual patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Previous reports disagree on which extratemporal areas can be hypometabolic in TLE. Design. —Case series of patients with TLE who underwent interictal fludeoxyglucose F 18 positron emission tomography, compared quantitatively with normal positron emission tomography. Setting. —Patients referred for surgical treatment of medically refractory complex partial seizures. Patients and Other Participants. —Ten normal volunteers; 27 patients with TLE selected to exclude seizures of bilateral temporal or extratemporal onset. Results. —Regional hypometabolism occurred in 25 patients. Hypometabolic regions were ipsilateral to seizure onset and included lateral temporal (in 78% of patients), mesial temporal (70%), thalamic (63%), basal ganglial (41%), frontal (30%), parietal (26%), and occipital (4%). Specific patterns of temporal and extratemporal hypometabolism varied considerably across the TLE group. Conclusions. —Any of the previously reported anatomic areas of hypometabolism can occur in individual patients with TLE. The prevalence of thalamic hypometabolism suggests a pathophysiologic role for the thalamus in initiation or propagation of temporal lobe seizures or in the interictal cognitive dysfunction of TLE.
Three New Ultra-High-Frequency Triodes

The design requirements affecting power tubes at high frequencies are discussed and their application in the development of three new water-and forced-air-cooled triodes are outlined. For water-cooled operation these three types have the following ratings: Characteristics and constructional details of the new tubes are described. The use of a re-entrant anode in the largest type is of particular interest. By this design, in which the anode is folded back on itself twice, the length of internal leads to the grid and filament structures is reduced to approximately one quarter the length required in conventional designs. Fin-type coolers for forced-air cooling of the anode are described.
A random distribution (spectrum) of mechanical relaxation/retardation rate constants and its influence on tensile strength of imperfect (real, visco-elastic) polymer fibers in constant strain-rate extension

Abstract A random distribution of relaxation/retardation rate constants is derived and incorporated into the thermodynamic theory of strength of imperfect (real) polymer fibers, which is used to analyze empirical polyethylene (fiber) strength data. The results, weighted equally with previous results, give for the perfect polyethylene fiber — the only unique reference state — at 25°C: σ c ( strength )≈7.5 GPa , K c ( modulus )≈325 GPa , ec(strain)≈0.023, and W c ( failure work )≈0.087 GPa . These numbers represent the best currently available for the characterization constants of a perfect fibrilliform single crystal of finite molecular weight polyethylene. The widths of uncertainty are ca. 15%. Also, these numbers are exactly those calculated with the thermodynamic theory of failure based on stress-induced fusion with a constant heat of fusion. Such figures indicate the general strength of the fusion theory.
Ethical implications of computer-mediated evaluation

New technologies challenge conventional notions of research ethics, thus requiring evaluators to creatively address new kinds of threats to privacy, confidentiality, anonymity, and the disposition of data and to develop alternative notions of professional identity and responsibility.
A cross validation test of four models for quantifying multiattribute preferences

This paper examines the internal predictive validity of four multiattribute preference models: (a) a self-explicated model with equal importance weights; (b) a self-explicated model with unequal weights; (c) Sawtooth Software's Adaptive Conjoint Analysis (ACA); and (d) full profile conjoint analysis. We also discuss the problem of choosing criterion measures for comparing cross validations across models.
Effect of captopril on cardiovascular, sympathetic and vasopressin responses to hemorrhage.

Abstract Spontaneous blood pressure recovery following hemorrhage in anesthetized rats in almost completely blocked by administration of captopril. This occurs despite comparable or enhanced increases in plasma levels of catecholamines and vasopressin. These findings suggest that angiotensin II, the formation of which is blocked by captopril, is essential to acute blood pressure recovery following hemorrhage and that changes in catecholamines or vasopressin are insufficient to sustain pressure recovery. The data also indicate that angiotensin II formation is not essential in the hemorrhagic stimulation of vasopressin or catecholamines.
Studies of kainate-induced wet-dog shakes in the rat.

Abstract Four experiments were undertaken to investigate the specificity of kainate-induced wet-dog shakes (WDS) to glutamate and morphine sensitive brain systems. It was shown that intraventricular (icv) administration was much more effective than intracisternal (ic) administration of kainate in producing WDS. This difference was shown not to be due to etherization of the animals during intracisternal injections. Also, like endorphin-induced WDS, kainate-induced WDS were blocked by naloxone. Kainate-induced WDS were substantially reduced by the glutamate receptor blocking agent GDEE. In a study of the relationship between morphine and kainate, behaviors induced by a low dose of morphine (such as grooming and darting movements) were blocked by subsequent administration of kainate. However, kainate-induced WDS were not affected by the morphine treatment.
Macrocyclic polyamino carboxylate complexes of Gd(III) as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

Abstract Lanthanides are being used in medicine, diagnostics and therapeutics. A major area of their use is in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents. In the present article, a summary of the studies on lanthanide chelates is presented which is useful in the design of MRI contrast agents with enhanced relaxivity, tolerance and tissue specificity. The properties of four potential hepatobiliary MRI contrast agents, which are being used clinically and preclinically, are also presented.