cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of endogenous ions in intercellular fluid using capillary ultrafiltration and microdialysis probes.

Abstract Capillary ultrafiltration probes are novel sampling tools for continuously monitoring small molecules in the extracellular fluid of awake animals. Capillary ultrafiltration uses a vacuum applied to hydrophilic membrane fibres and extracts intercellular fluid and quantitatively recovers many small hydrophilic molecules. The effects of continuously removing a small amount of fluid from the interstitial space are not known. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calicium and inorganic phosphorus were determined in the collected ultrafiltrates from subcutaneous tissue. These values were compared to literature values and to concentrations determined for the same animals using microdialysis. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and inorganic phosphorous were found to be 140 ± 4, 3.7 ± 0.1, 1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.7 ± 0.1 mM, respectively, in the subcutaneous ultrafiltrates obtained from rats. These corresponded very well with literature values and microdialysates obtained, using pure water as the perfusate, in subcutaneous tissue. The concentration of sodium and potassium were determined to be 142 ± 2 mM and 3.6 ± 0.2 mM, respectively, for the dialysates. Hyperinsulinemic-induced decrease in intercellular potassium levels under a euglycemic clamp were monitored using capillary ultrafiltration probes in rats to further validate this technique for monitoring small molecule dynamics in the intercellular space. The intercellular level of potassium in rats decreased from 3.6 ± 0.5 to 2.6 ± 0.3 mM after an acute dose of pork insulin.
Developmental effects and spatial hearing in young children with normal-hearing sensitivity.

OBJECTIVES: Previous research suggests that young children have significant difficulty recognizing speech in the presence of background noise as compared with older children and adults. However, limited research exists that examines the developmental effects of speech recognition in noise in separate age groups of young children, especially in a classroom setting. The lack of research may relate to the limited number of tests with multiple, equally intelligible lists in noise that are also appropriate for young children. As a result, the goals of the present study include investigating (1) effects of age and (2) benefits of spatial separation of speech and noise sources on the speech recognition in noise performance of young children with normal-hearing sensitivity. A secondary goal of the study was to establish the validity and reliability of the Phrases in Noise Test (PINT) for assessing the 50% correct speech-in-noise threshold of young children. DESIGN: The investigators used a two-way repeated measures design to examine the main effects of age and spatial separation. Sixty-eight children in separate groups of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds and 17 adults completed two speech-recognition conditions with (1) speech and noise from the same loudspeaker at 0-degree azimuth (S0/N0) and (2) speech and noise from separate loudspeakers at 0- and 180-degree azimuth (S0/N180). Recruiting sites included local preschools and school districts for children and a university for adults. RESULTS: The results of this investigation suggest that younger children (<4 years of age) have significantly poorer speech-in-noise thresholds than older children and adults, and 4- and 5-year-old children also have significantly poorer performance than adults when speech and noise are presented from the same spatial location. All participants obtained significant spatial release from masking. On a parent and teacher screening questionnaire to assess educational risk, five of 12 children with at-risk behaviors had poor speech-in-noise thresholds relative to their peers. When two lists of the PINT are used, the test seems to be a valid and reliable measure for assessing young children's speech-in-noise thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: Young children exhibit significantly poorer speech recognition than do older children and adults in a classroom, especially when speech and noise are presented from the same location. Given the poor acoustics of typical classrooms, and the earlier age at which many children are educated, special modifications to classrooms may be necessary to improve listening through acoustic modifications or classroom amplification. A combination of a parent or teacher questionnaire and the PINT may be helpful in identifying children who are at risk for educational delays and listening difficulties in classrooms with typically poor acoustics.
Viscosity effects on the thermal decomposition of bis(perfluoro-2-N-propoxypropionyl) peroxide in dense carbon dioxide and fluorinated solvents.

The thermal decomposition of the free-radical initiator bis(perfluoro-2-N-propoxyprionyl) peroxide (BPPP) was studied in dense carbon dioxide and a series of fluorinated solvents. For the fluorinat...
Phylogenetic analysis of the Pacific cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki ssp.: Salmonidae) based on partial mtDNA ND4 sequences: a closer look at the highly fragmented inland species.

Abstract The genus Oncorhynchus includes Pacific salmon and trout (anadromous and land-locked) species of the western United States and Mexico. All species and subspecies in this group are threatened, endangered, sensitive, or species of conservation concern in portions of their native ranges. To examine the relationships of the species within Oncorhynchus we sequenced a 768 bp fragment of the protein-encoding ND4 mtDNA region. We included all six recognized subspecies of O. clarki (cutthroat trout), O. gilae gilae (Gila trout) and O. g. apache (Apache trout). Gene trees from likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed that Salvelinus was the sister group to Oncorhynchus, and as expected based on previous studies, O. clarki was sister to a clade that consisted of O. mykiss plus O. g. gilae and O. g. apache. Within the cutthroat clade (O. clarki), the coastal form O. c. clarki was basal with the Rio Grande cutthroat (O. c. virginalis) most derived. Divergence dating based on a fossil calibration molecular clock showed the oldest clade (mean node age) was O. masou ssp., which diverged roughly 7.6 MYA. Highest probability density intervals for divergence of O. masou overlapped with divergence (6.3 MYA) of Pacific salmon clades ((O. gorbuscha + O. nerka) and (O. tshawytscha + O. kisutch)). The Pacific trout clade ((O. mykiss + O. gilae ssp.) + (O. clarki ssp.)) diverged from the Pacific salmon around 6.3 MYA, with most of the diversification within the O. clarki clade occurring in the last 1 MY.
A catalase microbiosensor for detecting hydrogen peroxide

A microbiosensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was constructed by immobilizing catalase in a polyacrylamide gel on the tip of a Clark-type oxygen microelectrode. The outer tip diameter was 15–40 μm. The sensors had response times of 0.7–1.2 s, and could detect as little as 2–4 μM H2O2. They could measure with a spatial resolution of about 100μm and remained operational for up to three weeks.
Cell Targeting with Hybrid Qβ Virus-Like Particles Displaying Epidermal Growth Factor

Structurally uniform protein nanoparticles derived from the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins are attractive platforms for the multivalent display of cell-targeting motifs for use in nanomedicine. Virus-based nanoparticles are of particular interest because the scaffold can be manipulated both genetically and chemically to simultaneously display targeting groups and carry a functional payload. Here, we displayed the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the exterior surface of bacteriophage Qβ as a C-terminal genetic fusion to the Qβ capsid protein. The co-assembly of wild-type Qβ and EGF-modified subunits resulted in structurally homogeneous nanoparticles displaying between 5 and 12 copies of EGF on their exterior surface. The particles were found to be amenable to bioconjugation via standard methods as well as the high-fidelity copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). Such chemical derivatization did not impair the ability of the particles to specifically interact with the EGF receptor. Additionally, the particle-displayed EGF remained biologically active promoting auto-phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and apoptosis of A431 cells. These results suggest that hybrid Qβ-EGF nanoparticles could be useful vehicles for targeted delivery of imaging and/or therapeutic agents.
Stratigraphy and Hydrology of the Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Oregon

The relationship between wetland soils and hydrology can be better understood by linking soil geomorphological features to the measurement of groundwater depths in the soil. Soil stratigraphic analysis and long-term measurements of soil water levels in piezometers were used at the Jackson-Frazier wetland in western Oregon to investigate the interaction between local geomorphological history and the hydrology of the wetland. Morphological descriptions confirm the presence of a recent smectitic alluvial deposit (80-180 cm) overlying Malpass clay (35 cm thick), which overlies Irish Bend Silt. X-ray diffraction and isotope analysis support the conclusion of the presence of the Holocene alluvium and Irish Bend Silt, but are inconclusive regarding the Malpass clay. Piezometer data from 1992 to 1996 show that the smectitic alluvium controls saturation and drying of the wetland surface. and that a separate water table is present below the Malpass clay in the Irish Bend silt. The recent alluvium and Malpass clay act as an aquitard that restricts the vertical infiltration of surface water and helps restrict the groundwater table in the Irish Bend silt deposit. These stratigraphic relationships and associated hydrologic responses provide a means to identify wetlands and predict hydrologic conditions on similar wetland landscapes.
Staphylococcus prostatitis treated with staphylococcus toxoid

I N the twenty-seven cases of prostatitis reported here, staphyIococcus was either the onIy or the predominant organism present. The staphyIococcus is considered to be of pathoIogic significance only when the prostaiic smear, as we11 as the prostatic cuIture, is strongIy positive. It must be remembered that staphyIococcus is the organism normaIIy found about the gIans penis, prepuce, and fossa navicuIaris. Staphylococcus albus is found much more frequentIy than Staphyloioccus aureus, especiaIIy in urethra1 discharges. Staphylococcus aureus, when present, causes more profuse suppuration and more severe constitutiona1 effects. It is suggested that staphyIococci normaIIy present may become pathogenic when the Iining of the genitourinary tract becomes damaged. It is aIso whoIIy possibIe that a descending infection from the upper genitourinary tract may give rise to a staphyIococcus infection in the Iower genitourinary tract. burning on urination; (7) genera1 maIaise; (8) posterior urethral discomfort; (9) burning at the tip of the penis; (IO) perinea1 discomfort (itching and crawIing sensations) ; (I I) pain in the inguina1 region. Tenderness of the prostate was a more or Iess constant finding in a11 the cases studied, sometimes accompanied by hypertrophy. Cases occurring in men from 30 to 50 years of age were intentionaIIy seIected in order to ruIe out the compIicating probIem of such hypertrophy. Each of the twenty-seven patients studied underwent the foIIowing treatment: I. Smear and cuIture of the prostatic fluid. 2. Grading of the type of prostatic enIargement. 3. InitiaI intraderma1 skin dose of .OI C.C. of the toxoidt on the voIar aspect of the forearm.
A new electronic band system of PbO

Abstract The chemiluminescence spectrum of atomic Pb reacting with O3 under single-collision conditions includes a series of 55 bands in the regions 450–850 nm. A vibrational analysis is obtained which shows emission is to the ground state of PbO from excited electronic states not previously analyzed. Forty-nine of the bands are assigned to the a(1)-X(0+) transition and the remaining six are tentatively identified as the forbidden b(0−)-X(0+) transition. Both the a and b states are believed to be Hund's case (c) components of the 3Σ+ states arising from the configuration σ 2 π 3 π ∗ . The vibrational parameters of the a state are ν4 = 16 029 ± 8, ωe′ = 478.7 ± 1.9, and ωexe′ = 2.292 ± 0.128 cm−1, where the uncertainties represent two standard deviations of the least-squares fit. Emission is also observed from the PbO B state produced in the reaction of metastable Pb atoms with O3. Using pulsed laser excitation, an attempt is made to determine radiative lifetimes. We find for the PbO A(0+) state τ = 3.74 ± 0.3 μsec, and for the PbO B(1) state τ = 2.58 ± 0.3 μsec, while for the a(1) state τ is estimated to be greater than 10 μsec. From the vibrational analysis, energy conservation arguments place a lower limits to the ground state dissociation energy of D 0 0 ( PbO ) ≥ 3.74 ± 0.03 eV (86.2 ± 0.7 kcal/mole). For the Pb + O3 reaction we find less than 1% of the products are PbO∗ molecules that emit in the visible. Correlations are made with the low-lying states of other Group IV chalconides based on the assignment of the PbO a 3 Σ + (1) state and the correspondence between the low-lying triplet states of PbO and CO.
Synthesis of monofunctionalized gold nanoparticles by fmoc solid-phase reactions.

In this communication, solid-phase reactions for the synthesis of Lys-monofunctionalized gold nanoparticles are described. A controlled and selective fabrication of linear nanoparticle arrays can be achieved through peptide linkage systems, and therefore it is essential to prepare Fmoc amino acid nanoparticle building blocks susceptible to Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Gold nanoparticles containing carboxylic acids (2) in the organic shell were covalently ligated to Lys on solid supports through amide bond coupling reactions. We employed Fmoc-Lys-substituted polymer resins such as Fmoc-Lys-Wang or Fmoc-Lys-HMPA-PEGA. The low density of Lys on the matrix enabled 2 nm-sized gold nanoparticles to react with Lys in a 1:1 ratio. Subsequent cleavage reactions using 60% TFA reagent resulted in Lys transfer from the solid matrix to gold nanoparticles, and the Fmoc-Lys-monofunctionalized gold nanoparticles (5) were obtained with 3−15% yield. Synthesis using HMPA-PEGA resin increased productivity due to the s...
Acoustic-emission diagnostics of the initiation of fatigue fracture of 1201-T aluminum alloy

We consider the specific features of generation of acoustic emission caused by the fatigue fracture of thermally strengthened 1201-T aluminum alloy. Based on the metallographic and fractographic investigations and analysis of typical signals, we establish that this alloy is destroyed by the brittle-ductile mechanism. The character of acoustic-emission radiation depends on the alloy microstructure and mechanical properties, and the area of the formed defect is proportional to the sum of amplitudes of the recorded signals. The passage from the initiation of a fatigue crack to its stable propagation is accompanied by a sharp jump of the acoustic-emission activity.
New developments in the application of synchrotron radiation to material science.

Recent developments in the application of synchrotrons radiation to materials science are discussed, using techniques which exploit the high brilliance of the newer synchrotrons sources, such as microbeam techniques and correlation spectroscopy. These include studies of environmental systems, residual stress, slow dynamics of condensed matter systems and studies of liquid surfaces and thin magnetic films.
Electrical Activation During Ventricular Fibrillation in the Subacute and Chronic Phases of Healing Canine Myocardial Infarction

Background Little information is available regarding the effects of myocardial infarction on the characteristics of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Epicardial activation during VF can be characterized by the cycle length and by the characteristics of activation wave fronts. Methods and Results VF was induced by programmed stimulation in 6 dogs with subacute healing (1 week) myocardial infarction (MI), 5 dogs with chronic (8 week) healing MI, and 6 dogs without MI. Using a plaque electrode array with a 2.5-mm interelectrode distance, 112 electrograms were recorded and 91 vector loops were created for each cycle of VF from either the anterior (infarcted) or lateral (noninfarcted) wall. Direction of maximum epicardial activation was determined at each site for the first 10 cycles of VF (early) and for 10 cycles after 5 seconds of VF (late). Wave front size was determined based on a similarity in epicardial activation directions within a given area and by a statistical analysis that determined the degree of sp...
Disparities in Cervical Cancer Mortality Rates as Determined by the Longitudinal Hyperbolastic Mixed-Effects Type II Model

Background The main purpose of this study was to model and analyze the dynamics of cervical cancer mortality rates for African American (Black) and White women residing in 13 states located in the eastern half of the United States of America from 1975 through 2010. Methods The cervical cancer mortality rates of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) were used to model and analyze the dynamics of cervical cancer mortality. A longitudinal hyperbolastic mixed-effects type II model was used to model the cervical cancer mortality data and SAS PROC NLMIXED and Mathematica were utilized to perform the computations. Results Despite decreasing trends in cervical cancer mortality rates for both races, racial disparities in mortality rates still exist. In all 13 states, Black women had higher mortality rates at all times. The degree of disparities and pace of decline in mortality rates over time differed among these states. Determining the paces of decline over 36 years showed that Tennessee had the most rapid decline in cervical cancer mortality for Black women, and Mississippi had the most rapid decline for White Women. In contrast, slow declines in cervical cancer mortality were noted for Black women in Florida and for White women in Maryland. Conclusions In all 13 states, cervical cancer mortality rates for both racial groups have fallen. Disparities in the pace of decline in mortality rates in these states may be due to differences in the rates of screening for cervical cancers. Of note, the gap in cervical cancer mortality rates between Black women and White women is narrowing.
Perceptions Regarding Value Orientation and Legitimate Opportunity: Delinquents and Non-Delinquents

Using the delinquency subculture theories of Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin as a basis, a study was conducted of the attitudes and socialization patterns of adolescent boys and girls. Attitude scales measuring value orientation, awareness of limited opportunity, and delinquency proneness were administered to a sample of 1,030 sixth and ninth grade Negro and white public school children and 515 institutionalized delinquents. The findings show significant variation for age, sex, race, and social class subgroups. Secondly, the findings indicate that rejection of middle class values and feelings of limited opportunity are related to a higher level of delinquency proneness and delinquency involvement. M any sociologists and criminologists are turning their attention to the group or ..j gang delinquency that is characteristic of our larger urban centers. As Bordua and others have pointed out, the explanations or causal theories offered for this type of delinquent behavior are many and varied.1 Theories have examined the general characteristics of a social structure based on competition and acquisition of wealth and material goods, have hypotlhesized the presence of a universal crosscultural adolescent revolt, or have assigned significance to the peculiar characteristics of a particular social class.2 Scientific tests of these *The total project of which this paper is a part was supported by a stipend from the Ford Foundation, and by the Ohio State University Delinquency Research Proj ect directed by Walter C. Reckless. 1 David J. Bordua, "Delinquent Subcultures: Sociological Interpretations of Gang Delinquency," The Anttnals of the Amcericac Academty of Political ani-d Social Science, 338 (November 1961), pp. 120136. 2 See for example, Walter B. Miller, "Lower Class Culture as a Generatinig Milieu of Ganig DeThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.96 on Sun, 02 Oct 2016 06:15:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Replication of Legionella Pneumophila in Human Cells: Why are We Susceptible?

Abstract Legionella is the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, a serious and often fatal form of pneumonia, in AIDS and immunocompromised patients. Humans are susceptible host for Legionella. This susceptibility arises from the ability of this intracellular pathogen to multiply in the alveolar macrophages and human monocytes. Legionella also replicates in several professional and non-professional phagocytic human-derived cell lines. With the exception of the A/J mouse strain, most mice strains are restrictive, thus they do not support Legionella replication. Therefore, A/J mice and their corresponding bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and alveolar macrophages have been used extensively to study Legionella replication. On the other hand, in the susceptible human hosts, Legionella utilizes several strategies to ensure intracellular replication and protect itself against the host immune system. Most of these strategies diverge toward preventing the fusion of the Legionella phagosome with the lysosome, inhibiting host cell apoptosis, activating survival pathways and sequestering essential nutrients for replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize survival mechanisms employed by Legionella to maintain its replication in human cells. In addition, we highlight different human-derived cell lines that support the multiplication of this intracellular bacterium. Therefore, these in vitro models can be applicable and are reproducible when investigating Legionella/macrophage interactions at the molecular and cellular levels.
Bridging the generation gaps with a new class of fermions

We discuss the possible existence of intergenerational fermions with masses at about a hundred GeV. We show how they are naturally related to the recently proposed gauge model of generation nonuniversality, and why their discovery would enhance our theoretical understanding of the generation problem.
Explaining the relationship between CO2 emissions and national income—The role of energy consumption

I estimate a simultaneous equation system in which GDP and CO2 emissions are jointly determined. I find that including energy consumption in the regression implies a negative relationship between income and CO2 emissions, which is contrary to previous findings.
CA6-02: Collaborative Goal Setting and HbA1c Control Among Patients With Diabetes

Background/Aims Helping patients set and follow up on goals may be an effective way to help patients improve their confidence (self-efficacy) and commitment to improve diabetes self- management. We evaluate associations among patient-reported use of collaborative goal setting with clinicians, patient-reported self-efficacy, and clinical control (measured by HbA1c) among patients with diabetes.
Variability in the performance of the seven‐day fathead minnow (pimephales promelas) larval survival and growth test: An intra‐ and interlaboratory study

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a “Seven-Day Fathead Minnow Larval Survival and Growth Test” for measuring the toxicity of effluents. This study evaluated the ease and performance and the intra- and interlaboratory variability of this 7-d test using two reference toxicants (sodium pentachlorophenate and potassium dichromate), two refinery effluents, and one low-volume internal waste stream from an electric power plant. Ten different laboratories representing academia, private industry, contractors, the state EPA, and the U.S. EPA participated in this study. The reference toxicants were tested twice during two separate test periods, and each effluent and waste stream was tested once. Using EPA's criteria for a successful test, 90% of the 140 planned tests were completed as valid tests. The intralaboratory variability of the survival (LC50) and growth (IC50) results for tests conducted concurrently (spatial variability), expressed as the coefficient of variation (C.V.), ranged between 5.9 and 15.6% and between 9.1 and 26.1%, respectively. The intralaboratory variability of the survival (LC50) and growth (IC50) results for tests conducted at two different times (temporal variability), expressed as C.V., ranged between 14.5 and 25.3% and between 17.6 and 22.7%, respectively. The interlaboratory variability of the survival (LC50) and growth (IC50) results, expressed as C.V., ranged between 24.1 and 43.7% and between 22.4 and 88.0%, respectively. Overall, the variability of the 7-d fathead minnow test was similar to the variability observed with other toxicity tests and with analytical chemistry measurements of environmental samples.
Measuring faculty reflection on adverse patient events: development and initial validation of a case-based learning system.

BACKGROUND Critical reflection by faculty physicians on adverse patient events is important for changing physician’s behaviors. However, there is little research regarding physician reflection on quality improvement (QI).
Control of chromatic adaptation: signals from separate cone classes interact

Match stimuli presented on one side of a contextual image were adjusted to have the same appearance as test stimuli presented on the other side. Both full color and isochromatic contextual images were used. Contextual image pairs were constructed that had identical S-cone image planes, while their L- and M-cone image planes differed. The data show that the S-cone component of the matches depends on the L- and M-cone planes of the contextual image. This dependence means that matches obtained using isochromatic stimuli (lightness matches) may not be used directly to predict full color matches.
Separate auxin- and cation-dependent mechanisms for glutamate utilization by normal and crown-gall teratoma cells of tobacco in culture.

Crown-gall teratoma tissues of tobacco, when grown in culture, require exogeneous auxin (α-naphthaleneacetic acid) or high concentrations of K+ in the medium to utilize ammonium glutamate as a nitrogen source. These factors are not required to utilize NO 3 - or glutamine. The effects of K+ and auxin on glutamate utilization differ in that NH 4 + is required for the action of K+, but not for the action of auxin. The tissues grew optimally when the ratio of NH 4 + to glutamate was approximately one or greater. These results indicate that glutamate utilization involves at least two different mechanisms: one mechanism requires K+ and stoichiometric amounts of NH 4 + , the other mechanism requires auxin. Experiments using explants of tobacco pith show that both mechanisms function in normal as well as crown-gall tissues of tobacco.
A computational framework for mechanical response of macromolecules: application to the salt concentration dependence of DNA bendability.

A computational framework is presented for studying the mechanical response of macromolecules. The method combines a continuum mechanics (CM) model for the mechanical properties of the macromolecule with a continuum electrostatic (CE) treatment of solvation. The molecules are represented by their shape and key physicochemical characteristics such as the distribution of materials properties and charge. As a test case, we apply the model to the effect of added salt on the bending of DNA. With a simple representation of DNA, the CM/CE framework using a Debye-Huckel model leads to results that are in good agreement with both analytical theories and recent experiments, including a modified Odijk-Skolnick-Fixman theory that takes the finite length of DNA into consideration. Calculations using a more sophisticated CE model (Poisson-Boltzmann), however, suffer from convergence problems, highlighting the importance of balancing numerical accuracy in the CM and CE models when dealing with very large systems, particularly those with a high degree of symmetry.
The pimple sign of progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome.

Background: Some patients with progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome (PSPS) demonstrate a focal area of midbrain hypometabolism on FDG-PET scans which we call the ‘pimple sign’. We assessed its association with midbrain atrophy, its reliability and its ability to differentiate PSPS from corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods: We identified 67 patients with PSPS, CBS or MSA who had volumetric MRI as well as FDG-PET imaging. Midbrain volume was measured and expressed as a percentage of total intracranial volume. Two independent, blinded specialists rated the ‘pimple sign’ on FDG-PET as ‘absent’, ‘possible’ or ‘definite’. Midbrain volumes were compared across these groups and reliability assessed with the kappa statistic. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using CBS and MSA patients as controls. Results: Midbrain volume was decreased in the ‘definite’ group compared to the ‘absent’ and ‘possible’ groups (p ¼ 0.0036). Inter-rater reliability for the pimple sign was high ( k ¼ 0.90). A ‘definite pimple sign’ had a high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (29%) for PSPS, whilst the presence of a possible or definite sign had a sensitivity of 79%. Conclusion: The ‘pimple sign’ of PSPS is associated with midbrain atrophy, and may be helpful in differentiating PSPS from CBS and MSA.
Escherichia coli 0157:H7: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Aspects of Human Infection

E. coli O157:H7 is one of many E. coli organisms that contain genes encoding one or more toxins similar in structure and function to Shiga toxin. E. coli O157:H7 is the most frequently isolated diarrheagenic type of E. coli isolated in North America today; this pathogen can cause serious, even fatal disease. Syndromes caused by E. coli O157:H7 include diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and HUS. Poorly cooked ground beef has been the most frequently implicated vehicle of transmission, but additional vehicles are being identified. Treatment consists of rehydration during hemorrhagic colitis and support of the patient during the multiple systemic complications of HUS. A policy of routine screening for E. coli O157:H7 in clinical microbiology laboratories, without reliance on the physician to request that this organism be sought or the technician to notice blood in the stool, is the most effective way to find cases. Timely and accurate diagnosis can prevent secondary transmission, avert unnecessary and possibly dangerous procedures and/or therapies, and detect continuing outbreaks. SLTEC strains other than E. coli O157:H7 may cause diseases similar to or less severe than those caused by E. coli O157:H7. At present, however, screening for such pathogens in clinical laboratories is too labor-intensive to be practical. Education and legislation should promote safe food-preparation and food-handling practices. Research should be directed at reducing the carriage of E. coli O157:H7 at its bovine source, minimizing the microbial content of food and water, and averting systemic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia after infection with this pathogen.
PARAXIAL GHOST IMAGE ANALYSIS

This paper develops a methodology to model ghost images that are formed by two reflections between the surfaces of a multi-element lens system in the paraxial regime. An algorithm is presented to generate the ghost layouts from the nominal layout. For each possible ghost layout, paraxial ray tracing is performed to determine the ghost Gaussian cardinal points, the size of the ghost image at the nominal image plane, the location and diameter of the ghost entrance and exit pupils, and the location and diameter for the ghost entrance and exit windows. The paraxial ghost irradiance point spread function is obtained by adding up the irradiance contributions for all ghosts. Ghost simulation results for a simple lens system are provided. This approach provides a quick way to analyze ghost images in the paraxial regime.
Chemical insight from crystallographic disorder-structural studies of supramolecular photochemical systems. Part 3. The β-cyclodextrin–7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin inclusion complex: direct observation of photodimerization by X-ray crystallography

As part of an ongoing structural study of supramolecular photochemical β-cyclodextrin(β-CD)–coumarin derivatives systems the crystal structure of the β-CD–7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin complex has been determined for the unreacted crystal and for a crystal exposed to UV light for 6 days. The 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin molecules form a crystalline 2∶2 host–guest (H–G) complex with β-CD. The guest molecules are disordered, with pairs of guest molecules similarly oriented with respect to each other distributed over three sites. The guest molecules are oriented with their reactive double bonds separated by about 3.5–3.7 A and oriented parallel to each other. Crystallographic analysis of the photoreacted crystal shows the reaction proceeds within the crystal to produce the topochemically predicted anti-HT photodimer. The system is appropriately described as a “reaction nano-vessel”, where the inter-molecular interactions of import to the outcome of the reaction are confined to a single β-CD dimer cavity. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the conformation of the anti-HT 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin photodimer show that the preferred gas-phase geometry for the cyclobutyl ring is planar, the same as that observed in the β-CD complex. This provides further evidence for classifying the β-CD dimer environment as non-constraining.
Identification and biochemical characterization of a eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinase and its cognate phosphatase in Streptococcus pyogenes : Their biological functions and substrate identification

A eukaryotic-type signaling system in group A Streptococcus (GAS) was identified and characterized. This system comprises primarily the products of two co-transcribed genes, a eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr kinase (SP-STK) and phosphatase (SP-STP) and their endogenous substrate histone-like protein (SP-HLP). Enzyme activities of SP-STK and SP-STP primarily depended on Mn(2+). The site on the substrate for reversible phosphorylation by these enzymes was found to be only the threonine residue. Using specific antibodies generated against these proteins, SP-STK was found to be membrane-associated with its N-terminal kinase domain facing the cytoplasm and its C-terminal repeat domain outside the membrane and cell-wall associated. Further, SP-STP, primarily a cytoplasmic protein, was found to be a major secretory protein of GAS and essential for bacterial survival. Three isogenic mutants, lacking either the entire SP-STK, or one of its two domains, were found displaying distinct pleiotropic effects on growth, colony morphology, cell division/septation, surface protein/virulence factor expression, bacterial ability to adhere to and invade human pharyngeal cells, and resist phagocytosis by human neutrophils. In addition to these properties, the ability of these three proteins to modulate the expression of the major virulence factors, the M protein and the capsule, indicates that these proteins are structurally and functionally distinct from the kinases and phosphatases described in other microorganisms and play a key role in GAS pathogenesis.
Optical transmission in disordered media.

The scale dependence of transmission in wedged random media containing titania microstructures is measured. The diffusion coefficient and absorption length are determined from the total transmission versus thickness. These parameters are observed to determine the scale dependence of the correlation frequency of fluctuations in intensity within the transmitted speckle pattern as the laser frequency is scanned. Mean free paths as short as 1.4 and 0.35 \ensuremath{\mu}m are observed.
Notes from the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium II. The Herbaria of Charles Warfield Trow and Albert T. Beals

Two private herbaria have been donated to the Garden. The Trow herbarium consists of 87 mounted plants collected in Massachusetts between 1895 and 1900. The Beals herbarium contains 325 mounted plants from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, collected between 1898 and 1901.
43.3: Slot Die Coating for OLED Displays

Slot die coating is a cost-effective, scalable process for applying continuous organic layers in OLED displays. Uniform submicron coatings can be obtained on patterned OLED backplanes from low viscosity fluids. Coating and drying defects can be reduced by adjusting fluid properties, e.g., surface tension, viscosity and concentration.
Predicting depressive symptoms and self-care in patients with heart failure.

OBJECTIVE To examine relationships among heart failure (HF) physical symptoms, social support, social problem-solving, depressive symptoms, and self-care behaviors in outpatients with HF. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from 201 outpatients. Structural equation modeling was used in this preliminary analysis to examine the relationships among the study variables. RESULTS HF physical symptoms and social support were predictors of depressive symptoms and self-care behaviors. Social problem-solving also predicted self-care behaviors. Social support mediated the relationship between HF physical symptoms and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Social support may influence depressive symptoms and self-care behaviors, whereas social problem-solving may impact self-care behaviors. Future research should examine causality and sub-components of social problem-solving on these outcome variables.
First order kaon condensate

First order Bose condensation in asymmetric nuclear matter and in neutron stars is studied, with particular reference to kaon condensation. We demonstrate explicitly why the Maxwell construction fails to assure equilibrium in multicomponent substances. Gibbs conditions and conservation laws require that for phase equilibrium, the charge density must have opposite sign in the two phases of isospin asymmetric nuclear matter. The mixed phase will therefore form a Coulomb lattice with the rare phase occupying lattice sites in the dominant phase. Moreover, the kaon condensed phase differs from the normal phase, not by the mere presence of kaons in the first, but also by a difference in the nucleon effective masses. The mixed phase region, which occupies a large radial extent amounting to some kilometers in our model neutron stars, is thus highly heterogeneous. It should be particularly interesting in connection with the pulsar glitch phenomenon as well as transport properties.
The Interplay between PP2A and microRNAs in Leukemia

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase family whose members have been implicated in tumor suppression in many cancer models. In many cancers, loss of PP2A activity has been associated with tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Loss of PP2A results in failure to turn off survival signaling cascades that drive drug resistance such as those regulated by protein kinase B. PP2A is responsible for modulating function and controlling expression of tumor suppressors such as p53 and oncogenes such as BCL2 and MYC. Thus, PP2A has diverse functions regulating cell survival. The importance of microRNAs (miRs) is emerging in cancer biology. A role for miR regulation of PP2A is not well understood; however, recent studies suggest a number of clinically significant miRs such as miR-155 and miR-19 may include PP2A targets. We have recently found that a PP2A B subunit (B55α) can regulate a number of miRs in acute myeloid leukemia cells. The identification of a miR/PP2A axis represents a novel regulatory pathway in cellular homeostasis. The ability of miRs to suppress specific PP2A targets and for PP2A to control such miRs can add an extra level of control in signaling that could be used as a rheostat for many signaling cascades that maintain cellular homeostasis. As such, loss of PP2A or expression of miRs relevant for PP2A function could promote tumorigenesis or at least result in drug resistance. In this review, we will cover the current state of miR regulation of PP2A with a focus on leukemia. We will also briefly discuss what is known of PP2A regulation of miR expression.
INTERPRETATION OF MASS ASYMMETRY IN FISSION BASED ON DEFORMATION ENERGY SURFACES

Abstract The deformation energy surfaces of fissioning nuclei have been studied to quantitatively interpret the experimentally observed mass asymmetry in fission. These studies use the calculated deformation energy surfaces which have recently been shown to have reflection asymmetric saddle-point shapes in the second (outer) fission barriers of actinide nuclei. Quantitative estimates of the mass asymmetry in fission, characterized by the peak-to-valley mass-yield ratio, have been calculated from an analysis of the fission probabilities over the outer barrier. The probability distributions were determined using the simple Fermi-gas level density and the WKB barrier-penetration formulae. Good correlations have been obtained for all known radiochemically determined peak-to-valley ratios of doubly even fissioning nuclei for which deformation energy surface calculations are available. One is able to understand by this analysis the recently discovered apparently anomalous results that the thermal-neutron-induced fission of 257Fm yields a symmetric mass division while the spontaneous fission of 256Fm is fission asymmetric. Apossible explanation for the triple-peaked mass-yield fission of nuclei near 226Ra is proposed based also on the deformation energy surfaces. Further experiments are suggested to test the present theory, in particular, to discriminate between analyses based on the fission barrier in the deformation energy surfaces and those based on fragment shell effects.
Characterization of human primary enamel organ epithelial cells in vitro

Summary Tooth enamel is formed by ameloblasts, which are derived from the epithelial cells of the enamel organ. Objective: The purpose of this study was to grow human ameloblast-like epithelial cells in culture. Design: Human fetal tooth organs were isolated, and the cells were separated by digestion in collagenase/dispase. The cells were cultured in KGM-2 media with and without serum and at different calcium concentrations. The expression of enamel matrix proteins was analyzed by RT-PCR and cytokeratin 14 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The cells were further characterized by osteogenesis/odontogenesis-related DNA array. Results: Cells isolated from the tooth organs grown in KGM-2 media containing 2–10% serum, were mixture of cobblestone and spindle shaped cells. Culturing these cells in KGM-2 with 0.05 mM calcium was selective for cobblestone ameloblasts-like cells (CAB), which were immunopositive for cytokeratin 14. Amelogenin, ameloblastin, enamelin, MMP-20 and KLK-4 were detected in CAB cells by RT-PCR. Osteogenesis SuperArray analyses could not detect the presence of typical molecules related to mesenchymal odontoblast or osteoblast lineage cells in these cultures. Conclusions: These studies showed that cobblestone-shaped ameloblast-like cells are selected from the tooth organ cells, by culture in KGM-2 media with 0.05 mM calcium.
A comparison of nalbuphine and meperidine in treatment of postoperative pain.

The analgesic efficacy and side effect profile of nalbuphine 20 mg IV and of nalbuphine 40 mg IV were compared to those of meperidine 75 mg 1M in the immediate postoperative period. Pain intensity, pain relief, additional analgesic requirements and the overall acceptability of the treatment were recorded for 150 patients. No significant differences were found between the groups for any of the efficacy variables. Peak analgesic effects occurred at 15 minutes in both nalbuphine groups and at 30 minutes in the meperidine group. The mean time to additional analgesic medication was approximately 207 minutes in each group. The incidence of nausea and vomiting with meperidine was 22 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 10 to 34 per cent) and with nalbuphine 20 mg the incidence was two per cent (95%Cl -2 to 6 per cent). This difference was significant (p< 0.01). The difference between nalbuphine 40 mg (10 per cent, 95%CI 1 to 19 per cent) and meperidine, was not considered statistically significant (p = 0.17).
Automatic Control and Electronics

The past fifty years have seen the automatic control and electronic fields come close together and form an effective means for increasing man's productivity and his ability to control energy and materials. By extending automatic control concepts to new processes, by developing more flexible controls capable of changing their characteristics to optimize performance of the process being controlled, and by increasing the capability of the sensing means in difficult environments, man will be able to make even more effective his ability to control automatically in the years ahead. Electronics is increasingly able to provide physical means for providing the realization of automatic control principles and concepts. Increasing effort to achieve reliable electronic automatic control means must be continued in the years ahead to make possible the realization of the promised gains indicated by the automatic control theory. In addition, more use should be made of standardized design ranges of electrical and mechanical features so that all automatic control equipment can be made in less time and at a lower relative cost. The future appears bright for expanded use of automatic control and electronics as we look ahead for the next fifty years of the IRE.
A model for cochlear outer hair cell deformations in micropipette aspiration experiments: An analytical solution

We propose a mathematical model to describe the deformations of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) in the micropipette aspiration experiments. The bending effect is considered, and the OHC is treated as a cylindrical shell. The pipette effect is modeled by two-dimensional normal loading. Considering the OHC wall as an infinitely long cylinder, we obtain solution in terms of Fourier series with respect to the circumferential coordinate, where coefficients are expressed by closed formulae. We keep leading terms in fourier series and derive a closed formula for the length of tongue of the aspirated cell surface in terms of pipette pressure, cell geometry, and elastic moduli. To demonstrate application of the theory, we use data recently reported from the micropipette aspiration experiments and obtain an estimate of the elastic shear modulus for the OHC lateral wall.
Psychosocial adaptation of fathers of children with autism, down syndrome, and normal development

Fathers have been largely neglected in previous research of families of autistic children. We compared fathers of 20 autistic, 20 Down syndrome, and 20 developmentally normal children on several measures of psychosocial adaptation. Groups were matched on child's adaptive behavior age equivalent, gender, birth order, family size, and SES. The three groups differed significantly on measures of intrapersonal and family functioning but not on social-ecological variables. Fathers of children with autism or Down syndrome reported more frequent use of wish-fulfilling fantasy and information seeking as coping strategies as well as more financial impact and disruption of family activities than did fathers of developmentally normal children. There were few significant differences between fathers of children with autism and those of children with Down syndrome. These results suggest that fathers adapt relatively well to the demands associated with raising a child with a developmental disability.