cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic Randomized Controlled Trials Published in General Medical Journals Are Associated With Higher Altmetric Attention Scores and Social Media Attention Than Nonorthopaedic Randomized Controlled Trials.

Purpose To (1) compare the Altmetric Attention Score (AAS) and citation rates between orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 5 high-impact medical journals and (2) identify general characteristics of these articles associated with greater exposure on social media platforms. Methods Articles published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Lancet, The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Annals of Internal Medicine, and Archives of Internal Medicine between January 2011 and December 2016 were analyzed. These journals were selected based on retaining high impact factors with rigorous publication standards and availability of the AAS for their publications. The queried time frame was chosen to balance the inception of the AAS with an optimal period for citation accrual. A total of 14 article characteristics, in addition to number of Tweets, Facebook shares, news mentions, and the AAS, were extracted. Inclusion criteria were orthopaedic RCTs reporting on outcomes after surgical intervention. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between publication characteristics and the AAS and social media attention. Results A total of 9 orthopaedic and 59 nonorthopaedic RCTs were included. The mean AASs were significantly different (574 ± 565.7 versus 256.9 ± 222.3, P = .003), whereas citation rate was not (192.2 ± 117.1 versus 382.3 ± 560.3, P = .317). Orthopaedic RCTs had a significantly greater number of mentions on Twitter and Facebook (P Conclusion Orthopaedic RCTs published in 5 high-impact general medical journals had a significantly greater mean AAS relative to nonorthopaedic RCTs, with no differences in citation rates. Additionally, there was a strong association between the AAS and citation rate of orthopaedic RCTs. Orthopaedic RCTs had greater social media exposure on both Twitter and Facebook. Clinical relevance Orthopaedic surgeons, researchers, and providers who publish RCTs in high-impact medical journals can anticipate extensive social media attention for their articles relative to other nonorthopaedic RCTs in the same journals. Social media attention may be related to operative versus nonoperative management topics. This study provides further evidence for the increasing use of the AAS and its association with citation accrual.
Parametric study of deteriorating precast concrete double-tee girder bridges using computational models

Abstract This paper aims to study the effects of different parameters of precast concrete double-tee (DT) girder bridges on the live-load distribution factors (LLDFs) using 3D computational models. The models were created for two DT girder bridges (including 584 mm deep and 762 mm deep bridges) tested with a rating truck using solid and shell elements in CSi Bridge. From the field tests, LLDFs were initially calculated. The models were calibrated with the field LLDFs and then different parameters, encompassing span length, concrete strength, deck width, diaphragm usage, and width to length ratio, were adjusted individually to explore the variation in LLDFs. Each of the parameters was investigated in this study for DT girder bridges. The AASHTO LRFD interior LLDFs were generally accurate for the DT girder bridges with significant joint damage. It was demonstrated that the deck width, concrete strength, and diaphragm location had very little influence on the LLDFs, whereas the span length and width to length ratio had significantly affected the LLDFs. Strictly speaking, the exterior and interior LLDFs decreased as the span length increased. The pattern for the interior LLDFs is only in agreement with the AASHTO LRFD specifications, while the pattern for the exterior LLDFs is not consistent with the AASHTO LRFD LLDFs calculated using the lever rule without consideration of span length. As a final point, as the width to length ratio increased, the LLDFs increased.
Supervenience Physicalism and the Berry Paradox

This paper intervenes in an argument over the number of thoughts that could be thought. The argument has important implications for supervenience physicalism, the thesis that all is physical or supervenient on the physical. If, per quantum mechanics, the number of possible physical states is finite while the number of possible thoughts is infinite, then the latter exceeds the former in number, and supervenience phyicalsim fails. Abelson (1970) first argued that possible thoughts are infinite as we can think of any of the infinite natural numbers. Subsequently, physicist Max Tegmark (2009b) argued that we cannot think of all the numbers there are, that some are simultaneously too large and too nondescript to reference. Porpora (2013) offered a brief proof countering Tegmark. Curtis (2015) then countered Porpora, arguing that Porpora’s argument runs afoul of the Berry paradox. This paper shows that while Curtis does offer an analogous proof that does fall prey to the Berry paradox, Porpora’s does not. The result reinstates Porpora’s argument with all its implications for supervenience physicalism and offers a clearer lesson from the Berry Paradox.
Chloride Oxidation as an Alternative to the Oxygen-Evolution Reaction on HxWO3 Photoelectrodes

A comparison of photoelectrochemical oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) and chloride oxidation is performed on semiconducting HxWO3 thin films. Over a 3 h controlled potential coulometry (CPC) experim...
A Temperature Compensated Variable Gain Phase Shifter Based on GaN HEMTs

This paper presents a temperature compensated variable gain phase shifter (VGPS), composed of an active phase shifter followed by a variable gain amplifier (VGA). A temperature sensor adjusts the biasing of the phase shifter block and suppresses temperature effects on its insertion phase. Further, a self-compensation mechanism compensates the gain reduction at the VGA stage. The circuit is designed and laid out in 0.15 μm GaN HEMT technology. Post layout simulation results show that the proposed VGPS achieves over 180 °C of the relative phase shift for the frequency range of 4.5 to 5 GHz over the temperature ranging from 25 °C to 250 °C. The gain of the VGPS can be controlled from 5 dB to 17 dB.
La “reagrupación familiar” como concepto y límite a los poderes del Estado de Chile en materia migratoria

The purpose of this paper aims to identify and specify the concept/principle of family reunification as a limit to the powers of the State Administration in migration matters. Based on a review of international standards and the jurisprudence of Supranational Courts on human rights it is possible identify some criteria that have been applied in this area giving content to this principle This analysis serves as the basis for analyzing Chilean legislation and jurisprudence in this topic, noting how it has been progressively applied, having now full recognition in domestic law, both in terms of refugee protection and migration legislation in general.
Activation, Conversion, or Reinforcement? The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Vote Choice

This study uses multiwave panel data from the 2008 presidential election to investigate the impact of partisan news exposure on changes in vote preferences over time. Overcoming key limitations of prior research, the analysis distinguishes among the potential effects originally delineated by Lazarsfeld and colleagues (): (1) activation�motivating partisans who initially say they are undecided or planning to defect to shift their vote back to their own party's candidate; (2) conversion�motivating partisans to shift their vote to the opposing party's candidate; and (3) reinforcement�strengthening partisans� preference for their initial vote choice. The results reveal only modest evidence that partisan news reinforces existing vote preferences. Surprisingly, partisan news plays a more robust role motivating changes in vote choice: news slanted toward citizens� own partisanship increased the odds of activation and decreased the odds of conversion, while news slanted away from citizens� own partisanship proved a strong counterforce working in the opposite direction.
Repetitive DNA: Evolution

Repetitive DNA sequences form a substantial fraction of the genomes of most eukaryotes. Far from conferring fitness benefits to their host, in most cases repetitive sequences are maintained solely by their ability to replicate within the genome. Keywords: tandem-repetitive DNA; transposable elements; ‘selfish DNA’ hypothesis; mechanisms of copy-number change; natural selection; copy-number variation
Mission Revision Is Critical Component Of Re-Accreditation Strategies In Schools Of Business

Many business schools in the United States and abroad market themselves as having quality programs, in part based on the level of external validation they have received through the attainment of accreditation. The most recent AACSB-IME standards seem to indicate that schools will be evaluated based on the alignment of the policies, curricula, educational programs and practices with the business school’s mission. This requires that the institutions have a clear understanding of who they are, want to be become, who/what they wish to produce and who they serve. This study examines a single AACSB-IME accredited institution’s efforts to revise its mission statement in an environment undergoing a major cultural shift from a baccalaureate to Master’s I institution, as well as changes in key leadership.
Overview of the NASA Lewis component technology program for Stirling power converters

An update is presented on the NASA Lewis Stirling component technology program. The component technology program has been organized as part of the NASA Lewis effort to develop Stirling converter technology for space power applications. The Stirling space power project is part of the High Capacity Power element of the NASA Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI). Lewis is also providing technical management of a DOE funded project to develop Stirling converter systems for distributed dish solar terrestrial power applications. The primary contractors for the space power and solar terrestrial projects develop component technologies directly related to their project goals. This Lewis component technology program, while coordinated with these main projects, is aimed at longer term issues, advanced technologies, and independent assessments. Topics to be discussed include bearings, linear alternators, controls and load interaction, materials/life assessment, and heat exchangers.
INTRACISTRONIC MAPPING OF ELECTROPHORETIC SITES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: FIDELITY OF INFORMATION TRANSFER BY GENE CONVERSION

A convenient method is described for the intracistronic mapping of genetic sites responsible for electrophoretic variation of a specific protein in Drosophila melanogaster. A number of wild-type isoalleles of the rosy locus have been isolated which are associated with the production of electrophoretically distinguishable xanthine dehydrogenases. Large-scale recombination experiments were carried out involving null enzyme mutants induced on electrophoretically distinct wild-type isoalleles, the genetic basis for which is followed as a nonselective marker in the cross. Additionally, a large-scale recombination experiment was carried out involving null enzyme rosy mutants induced on the same wild-type isoallele. Examination of the electrophoretic character of crossover and convertant products recovered from the latter experiment revealed that all exhibited the same parental electrophoretic character. In addition to documenting the stability of the xanthine dehydrogenase electrophoretic character, this observation argues against a special mutagenesis hypothesis to explain conversions resulting from allele recombination studies.
New ORNL pellet injection system and installation/initial operations on MST

A compact pellet injection system that was recently developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been installed on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) at University of Wisconsin and used in initial plasma fueling experiments. The system, referred to as a ''pellet injector in a suitcase,'' is a pipe gun device with a four-barrel capability (presently equipped with two 1.0-mm-bore barrels), and it uses a cryogenic refrigerator for in-situ hydrogen pellet formation (typically, D{sub 2} pellets). This new, portable, stand-alone pellet injection system was developed to provide a flexible means of plasma fueling on a wide variety of magnetic confinement devices, with relatively low costs for installation and operation. The injector has already been used to produce useful results with pellets on MST plasmas, including significant and rapid increases (almost 100%) in the line average density, and effectively depositing fuel in the plasma core (central densities of [approximately equal to] 1.4 x 10{sup 19} m{sup -3}). In this paper, the injection system, its performance, and reliability will be described, and results from some initial MST pellet experiments will be highlighted.
Complications associated with the use of meniscal arrows.

Meniscal repair has been shown to be beneficial and safe. 5,8,21 Many methods of repair have been developed, with three basic techniques being most commonly used: inside-out, outside-in, and the all-inside technique. The all-inside technique described in 1991 by Morgan 17 was developed for posterocentral tears of the meniscus and is technically demanding, often requiring the use of a 70° arthroscope and posterior portal placement. Other types of all-inside repairs have evolved, such as the suture hook and T-fix (Smith & Nephew, Andover, Massachusetts) suture anchor, both of which require arthroscopic knot-tying techniques. The use of bioabsorbable implants in meniscal repair and ACL reconstructions has become increasingly popular. The application of bioabsorbable implants for osteochondral fractures, interference screw fixation, and meniscal repair is an effective alternative to the use of metallic implants. 6,10,16 The polylactic acid meniscal arrow, originally reported in 1993 by Albrecht-Olsen et al., 1 was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1997. The absorbable implant does not require a posterior portal or rely on arthroscopic knot tying. This was thought to provide a safe and simplified all-inside technique. The reported complications from use of this technique have been limited. 3,5,7,9,13,19,20 Two surgeons at our institution performed 28 all-inside meniscal repairs using meniscal arrows over a 2-year period; all repairs were done using the manufacturer's suggested technique. The cross-bow insertion device was not used. Retrospectively, complications were noted in five patients reported as a series of cases.
Integrating Universal Design and Response to Intervention in Methods Courses for General Education Mathematics Teachers

Traditionally, teacher education programs have placed little emphasis on preparing mathematics teachers to work with students who struggle in mathematics. Therefore, it is crucial that mathematics teacher educators explicitly prepare prospective teachers to instruct students who struggle with mathematics by providing strategies and practices that specifically address their needs. In this study, we describe the principles of Universal Design for Learning and Response to Intervention. More specifically, we discuss how one Mathematics Teacher Educator uses these frame works in her mathematics methods course to help prospective teachers become cognizant of early interventions and effective strategies that can be implemented to provide all students with the greatest opportunity to learn.
Photoionization rates in the night-time E- and F-region ionosphere∗

Abstract Quantitative estimates of ionization sources that maintain the night-time E - and F -region ionosphere are given. Starlight (stellar continuum radiation in the spectral inverval 911–1026 A) and resonance scattering of solar Ly- β into the night sector are the most important sources in the E -region and are capable of maintaining observable electron densities of order (1–4) × 10 3 cm −3 . Starlight ionization rates have substantial variations (factors of 2–4) with latitude and time of year since the brightest stars in the night sky occur in the southern Milky Way and Orion regions. In the lower F -region the major O + source in the equatorial ionosphere is 910 A radiation from the O + recombination in the F 2-region, whereas in the extratropical ionosphere interplanetary 584 A radiation only exceeds resonance scattering of solar 584 and 304 A radiation as the dominant O + source during the month of December.
Directed Evolution of a Novel Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Vector That Crosses the Seizure-compromised Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB)

DNA shuffling and directed evolution were employed to develop a novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector capable of crossing the seizure-compromised blood–brain barrier (BBB) and transducing cells in the brain. Capsid DNA from AAV serotypes 1–6, 8, and 9 were shuffled and recombined to create a library of chimeric AAVs. One day after kainic acid–induced limbic seizure activity in rats, the virus library was infused intravenously (i.v.), and 3 days later, neuron-rich cells were mechanically dissociated from seizure-sensitive brain sites, collected and viral DNA extracted. After three cycles of selection, green fluorescent protein (GFP)–packaged clones were administered directly into brain or i.v. 1 day after kainic acid–induced seizures. Several clones that were effective after intracranial administration did not transduce brain cells after the i.v. administration. However, two clones (32 and 83) transduced the cells after direct brain infusion and after i.v. administration transduced the cells that were localized to the piriform cortex and ventral hippocampus, areas exhibiting a seizure-compromised BBB. No transduction occurred in areas devoid of BBB compromise. Only one parental serotype (AAV8) exhibited a similar expression profile, but the biodistribution of 32 and 83 diverged dramatically from this parental serotype. Thus, novel AAV vectors have been created that can selectively cross the seizure-compromised BBB and transduce cells.
The surface composition of Trojan asteroids: constraints set by scattering theory

Abstract We present the results of spectral modeling of 17 Trojan asteroids. The surface composition of this group of objects (located just beyond the main belt, trapped in Jupiter's stable Lagrange points) remains uncertain due to an absence of diagnostic absorption features in their spectra. We quantitatively analyze spectra of these objects covering the range 0.3–4.0 μm using the formulation for scattering in a particulate medium developed by Hapke. Since the widest spectral range possible is desired to provide the most robust results, recently measured near-IR spectra are combined with previously published visible and near-IR data. These composite spectra are converted to and modeled in terms of geometric albedo to provide the additional constraint of the absolute brightness of the asteroids. It is important that this modeling is performed for a large number of objects, and results are derived based on trends among best-fit models. Under this rigorous examination, we find that it is unlikely that the red spectral slope is a result of organics on the surfaces, due mainly to the lack of absorptions in the L-band. Instead, anhydrous silicates adequately describe the spectral characteristics of this group of objects. A significant fraction of carbonaceous material is also likely present, but is not responsible for the red spectral slope in these models. Also, using these models, we estimate that these surfaces contain at most a few wt% of H 2 O ice and no more than 10–30 wt% of hydrated silicates.
Germanium incorporation into the silica of diatom cell walls

1. The diatoms, Nitzschia alba, Navicula pelliculosa, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and Cyclotella nana, took up radioisotopically labelled germanic acid, 68Ge(OH)4, from their growth media and incorporated up to 80% of it into the silica of their cell walls. Silicification appeared to be required for germanium incorporation. 2. The uptake and incorporation of germanic acid was dependent upon the relative concentrations of Ge(OH)4 and Si(OH)4, i.e., the [Ge]/[Si]. 3. At [Ge]/[Si] of 0.01, no inhibition of growth or of silicic acid uptake by N. alba was observed. The cell morphology was also normal. 60 to 80% of the 68Ge(OH)4 taken up was incorporated. 4. At [Ge]/[Si] of 0.1, silicic acid uptake and growth of N. alba were inhibited by about 95%. Concomitantly, striking morphological aberrations occurred. 10 to 20% of the 68Ge(OH)4 taken up was incorporated. 5. The possible use of 68Ge(OH)4 for the study of silicon metabolism is discussed.
“Conscious” versus “Unconscious” Learning

This article examines the concept of consciousness in second language research. After defining theoretical assumptions and reviewing a number of controversies in the psycholinguistic and second language literature, I argue that although the terms conscious and unconscious have a place in our prescientific vocabulary, they have acquired too much surplus meaning and should be abandoned in favor of clearly defined empirical concepts. Lacking an adequate theory of mind that allows us to decide that particular mental states or operations are “conscious” or “unconscious,” one cannot falsify claims regarding consciousness in second language learning.
The role of augmentative visual training in auditory human-machine-interface performance

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of augmentative visual feedback training on performance using auditory feedback alone for human-machine interface (HMI) control. Sixteen healthy participants used bilateral facial surface electromyography to achieve two-dimensional control to reach vowel targets. Eight participants trained with combined visual and auditory feedback, while eight participants trained with real-time auditory feedback only. Each subject participated in four sessions over three days; three sessions with their designated feedback modality (auditory only or auditory with supplementary visual) and a fourth session on the third day using novel vowel targets to test generalization of auditory-motor learning. Analyses of variance performed on the percentage of total targets reached demonstrated a main effect of group and the interaction of group and session. Individuals provided with augmentative visual feedback during training outperformed individuals using auditory feedback alone in initial training sessions. However, training with augmentative visual feedback had no effect on individuals' training and generalization performance using auditory feedback alone after three days of training.
The bone tissue of the canine mandible is elastically isotropic.

Abstract This paper reports experimental measurements which show that canine mandibular bone tissue is elastically isotropic. Earlier work has established that human, canine and bovine cortical bone tissue of the femur, tibia and skull are elastically anisotropic and therefore the reported isotropy of mandibular tissue was unexpected. The isotropic elastic moduli of the canine mandible are represented by a Young's modulus of 7.5 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.4. Earlier work gave the three orthotropic Young's moduli of the cortical bone of the canine femur as 12.8 GPa, 15.6 GPa and 20.1 GPa. The experimental technique employed is elastic wave propagation at ultrasonic frequencies.
Paleoceanographic record of the last glacial/interglacial cycle in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Abstract Hydrographic conditions in the Red Sea are strongly controlled by regional climatic conditions and the restricted water exchange with the Gulf of Aden (Indian Ocean). In turn, intermediate and deep water masses in the Gulf of Aden reflect the nature of Red Sea outflow. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal faunas, and the lithology and mineralogy of Red Sea and Gulf of Aden sediments were studied in order to evaluate changes in water mass conditions in the two basins during the last 18,000 years. The results indicate that changes in the local climate and circulation regime during this period resulted in significant hydrographic changes in surface and bottom waters in the Red Sea and intermediate waters in the Gulf of Aden. During the last glacial maximum, high aridity and glacio-eustatic sea level lowering resulted in surface and bottom water salinities in the Red Sea which were considerably higher than at present. In the Gulf of Aden, glacial surface salinities and temperatures remained similar to Holocene values, while surface water productivity may have been lower. Surface salinities in the Red Sea decreased after 18,000 years B.P. as the connection between the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden was reestablished. However, bottom water salinities remained high until at least 11,000 years B.P. Pluvial conditions during deglaciation enhanced the density difference between surface and bottom waters in the Red Sea, and resulted in a decrease in the oxygen content of the bottom waters. Hydrographic conditions in the western Gulf of Aden reflect a change in the properties of outflowing Red Sea water during deglaciation.
WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION BY DISCRIMINANT ANALYSES OF LAKEWATER‐CHEMISTRY AND TERRESTRIAL CHARACTERISTICS

We used canonical discriminant analyses to improve an existing classification scheme by identifying those lakewater-chemistry and terrestrial variables that can jointly differentiate among a set of lakes in the Adirondack region of the northeastern USA. We then used predictive discriminant analysis to examine the ability of the models constructed in predicting class membership for lakes with unknown hydrogeological settings into known classes. We used two sets of data collected during summers of 1984-1987 and 1994. For both periods, two main underlying dimensions were identified reflecting watershed hydro- geology and lake dissolved organic carbon. The hydrogeological construct was defined by lakewater concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and Si. This construct provides a continuous index from several previously assigned class variables and can help in data reduction and elim- ination of multicolinearity in further multivariate studies of ecosystem processes in the study lakes. The importance of Ca in defining the hydrogeological construct decreased from 1984-1987 to 1994, due to differential decrease in Ca concentration in the lake classes. The periodic decrease in Ca concentration of many drainage lakes suggests that they con- tinue to lose buffering capacity to acidic deposition and that the current decreased emission and deposition of acidic S compounds may not be sufficient for chemical recovery of these lakes. The construct reflecting lakewater concentration of dissolved organic carbon was defined by lakewater Fe concentration and the lake-volume-weighted watershed areas cov- ered by wetlands and forest. Our methodology and results should provide useful information for studies conducted in the Adirondack watersheds and may be applicable to other regions with properties and environmental issues comparable to those in the Adirondack region.
THE RELATION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS TO THE CONJUNCTIVAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN MICE OF THE PRINCETON STRAIN

A selected colony free from ocular infection with pleuropneumonia-like organisms of the conjunctival type was developed from young Princeton mice delivered by cesarean section and reared by uninfected Swiss foster mothers. Young mice from this colony continued to show sporadic ocular manifestations similar to those observed in infected mice. This reaction was non-inflammatory in nature. The organisms previously recovered from the altered conjunctivae of Princeton mice were established on the conjunctivae of selected mice of the special colony both by direct contact and by the local implantation of ocular washings and concentrated cultures. The factors associated with the conjunctival reaction in infected Princeton mice are discussed.
Optimization of down-conversion phosphor films for high efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes

White light emitting devices were fabricated using blue emitting organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and down-conversion phosphor mixtures. Three different thicknesses of yellow and mixtures of yellow and red luminescent phosphor films were prepared on separate glass slides using a silicone matrix. The down-conversion films were optimized by varying the thickness and phosphor to silicone weight ratio. The phosphor films with different thickness were coupled to an optimized blue emitting OLED with a refractive index matching gel. Optimized down-conversion phosphor layers integrated with blue OLEDs exhibited 2× enhancement of efficiency (lumens per electrical Watt) for white to that of the blue OLED. The International Commission of Illumination color coordinates and average color rendering index for this device were (0.43, 0.46) and >80, respectively.
Middleware alternatives for storm surge predictions in Windows Azure

Cloud computing is a resource of significant value to computational science, but has proven itself to be not immediately realizable by the researcher. The cloud providers that offer a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) platform should, in theory, offer a sound alternative to infrastructure-as-a-service as it could be easier to take advantage of for computational science kinds of problems. The objective of our study is to assess how well the Azure platform as a service can serve a particular class of computational science application. We conduct a performance evaluation using three approaches to executing a high-throughput storm surge application: using Sigiri, a large scale resource abstraction tool, Windows Azure HPC scheduler, and Daytona, an Iterative Map-reduce runtime for Azure. The differences in the approaches including early performance measures for up to 500 instances are discussed.
Three-dimensional confocal imaging of objects embedded within thick diffusing media

Confocal scanning methods are modified to allow 3-D imaging of objects embedded within thick diffusing media. A method called exfoliative deconvolution is used to sharpen a volume image in which the blur is depth variant. Experimental results are presented.
Reduction of endothelial cell related TGFbeta activity by thiols.

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) may play an important role in diseases characterized by pulmonary fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated that thiols inhibit the pro-oxidant effects of TGFβ1 in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC). To help define the mechanism of this observation we have examined the effect of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and cysteine (CYS) on the biological activity of a) TGFβ released by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) into culture medium, and b) commercially available porcine platelet TGFβ1. The biological activity of TGFβ (following activation) released into the medium from cultured BPAEC was significantly reduced when the cells were cultured in the presence of 10 mM GSH or 10 mM NAC for 24 h (10 mM GSH: 85.7 ± 50 pg/ml/106 cells and 10 mM NAC: 127.3 ± 35 pg/ml/106 cells, compared with control: 541 ± 8.9 pg/ml/106 cells; p < 0.05). Thiols (10 mM GSH, 10 mM NAC and 5 mM cysteine), added directly to cell-free...
Effects of glycine receptor antagonism on spreading depression in the rat.

Abstract Spreading depression (SD) in the rat brain is inhibited by N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Because the NMDA receptor glycine recognition site must be occupied for activation of the NMDA ionophore, we hypothesized that antagonism of the glycine receptor would also affect SD. In halothane anesthetized rats, SD was initiated by electrocortical stimulation. Both the initiation threshold and propagation rate of SD were recorded. Rats were then administered the glycine receptor antagonist ACEA-1021 (or vehicle only) or ketamine and the stimulus was repeated. Rats were then killed and terminal depolarization was observed for. Ketamine completely inhibited initiation of SD. In contrast, all rats treated with ACEA-1021 exhibited SD. While ACEA-1021 caused no difference in the stimulation threshold for SD, propagation rate was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion. Terminal depolarization occurred in all rats. Antagonism of glycine at the NMDA receptor recognition site did not inhibit initiation of SD but played a modulatory role in the mechanism of its propagation.
Fully abstract semantics for observably sequential languages

Abstract One of the major challenges in denotational semantics is the construction of a fully abstract semantics for a higher-order sequential programming language. For the past fifteen years, research on this problem has focused on developing a semantics for PCF, an idealized functional programming language based on the typed λ-calculus. Unlike most practical languages, PCF has no facilities for observing and exploiting the evaluation order of arguments to procedures. Since we believe that these facilities play a crucial role in sequential computation, this paper focuses on a sequential extension of PCF, called SPCF, that includes two classes of control operators: a possibly empty set of error generators and a collection of catch and throw constructs. For each set of error generators, the paper presents a fully abstract semantics for SPCF. If the set of error generators is empty, the semantics interprets all procedures-including catch and throw-as Berry-Curien sequential algorithms. If the language contains error generators, procedures denote manifestly sequential functions. The manifestly sequential functions form a Scott domain that is isomorphic to a domain of decision trees, which is the natural extension of the Berry-Curien domain of sequential algorithms in the presence of errors.
Rationale and clinical results of using leucocyte-derived immunosupportive therapies in HIV disease.

Leucocyte dialysates contain a number of substances which exert important effects on human cell-mediated immunity. In this report, we describe several properties of a designated subfraction, IMREGR-1, which is obtained by a second dialysis against a membrane having a 3500 m.w. cutoff. These include the ability to augment and accelerate reactions of delayed hypersensitivity against antigens to which the test subject has been previously sensitized, and the ability to enhance the expression in vitro on CD4 lymphocytes of the p55 subunit of the receptor for Interleukin-2. We also report our observation that in a patient with advanced HIV disease whose lymphocytes had lost there ability to properly express the IL-2 receptor, treatment with IMREGR-1 over a period of months restored the expression of the IL-2 receptor on the patient’s CD4+ lymphocytes towards normal.
INHERITED DEFICIENCIES OF COMPLEMENT IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Inherited complement deficiencies are rare but occur with increased frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus. This selective review summarizes the fundamentals of complement activation and biology and focuses on recent findings. system lupus erythematosus is highly associated with homozygous C1q deficiencies and with C4A null allotypes, and homozygous C2 and C3 deficiencies are less uniformly associated with autoimmune disease. This hierarchy of disease associations suggests the importance of an intact early classic activation pathway in preventing systemic lupus erythematosus. Assays of complement activation products may have greater sensitivity and specificity for systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity and lupus flares.
Measuring Student Self-Perceptions of Writing Skills in Programs of Journalism and Mass Communication

This study explored student self-perceptions of writing skills in journalism and mass communication programs at thirteen public state universities in the mid-Atlantic region. Factor analysis reveal...
Thermodynamic representation of phase equilibria of mixed‐solvent electrolyte systems

The electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid model proposed by Chen and Evans provides a thermodynamically consistent framework for representation of the phase equilibria of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems. Using only binary adjustable parameters, the model satisfactorily correlates the vapor-liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems over the entire range of temperature and concentrations.
Molecular images by electron-wave holography

IMAGES of electron clouds in gas-phase atoms have been photographed1,2 at a resolution limit of 0.1 A through a two-stage holographic microscope based on Gabor's principle of image reconstruction3. Information encoded on to holograms with electron radiation in the first stage was transformed into a portrayal of electron density in the second stage with the aid of an optical laser. Suitable pictures of gas-phase molecules could not be obtained because of signal-to-noise problems. These problems have now been overcome to a considerable extent and we report here the reconstruction of spherically averaged molecular images displaying light atoms in the vicinity of heavy atoms. Bond lengths can easily be measured with a ruler.
An Assessment of Student and Teacher Behavior in Treatment and Mainstreamed Classes for Preschool and Kindergarten.

Abstract Data were collected in mainstreamed and treatment classrooms on the rate and form of problem behaviors to identify conditions under which children, referred for special services due to learning and behavior problems, differed from normative classmates. In general, children who were referred exhibited higher rates, longer episodes, and more forms of inappropriate behavior than their nonreferred peers. Higher rates of teacher attention also were associated consistently with the referred children's higher rates of inappropriate behavior. Analysis of common class activities further indicated that referred children exhibited individual differences in terms of the activities in which they were most inappropriate. Finally, an examination of several environmental factors, such as group size and teacher presence, indicated that these factors were not associated consistently with high or low rates of inappropriate behavior.
Predictive modeling of multi-track laser hardening of AISI 4140 steel

Abstract Laser hardening provides benefits over the conventional hardening processes, including minimum distortion in the parts and the absence of a quenchant. This process is also faster than conventional hardening processes and can be used for selective hardening of specific areas of components. One known problem with laser hardening in steels, however, is back tempering when a large area is hardened by multiple, overlapping passes. This study focused on the development of a numerical model to predict the back tempering in multi-track laser hardening. A tempering model was combined with existing models of thermal behavior and phase change kinetics, which were developed earlier in the authors’ group, to predict three-dimensional hardness profiles after multiple track laser hardening. The combined model was first validated through multi-track laser hardening tests and then used to predict and optimize the laser hardened case depth in multi-track laser hardening of AISI 4140 steel. The predictions and parameters optimized to obtain maximum case depth with the least variation along width of the hardened zone were experimentally verified. Case depths up to 2 mm were obtained with 5 mm overlapping of laser tracks.
Development of testing metrics for military robotics

The use of robotics or unmanned systems offers significant benefits to the military user by enhancing mobility, logistics, material handling, command and control, reconnaissance, and protection. The evaluation and selection process for the procurement of an unmanned robotic system involves comparison of performance and physical characteristics such as operating environment, application, payloads and performance criteria. Testing an unmanned system for operation in an unstructured environment using emerging technologies, which have not yet been fully tested, presents unique challenges for the testing community. Standard metrics, test procedures, terminologies, and methodologies simplify comparison of different systems. A procedure was developed to standardize the test and evaluation process for UGVs. This procedure breaks the UGV into three components: the platform, the payload, and the command and control link. Standardized metrics were developed for these components which permit unbiased comparison of different systems. The development of these metrics and their application will be presented.
Estrogen induction of specific soluble proteins in the hypothalamus of the immature rat.

Abstract Estrogen administration to immature female rats results in the increased synthesis of specific soluble hypothalamic proteins which can be detected using double isotope labeling and polyacrylamide electrophoretic fractionation. Increase in hormone-specific protein synthesis is detectable after 15 minutes, is maximal after 1 hour, and declines to control levels 2 hours after hormone administration. Electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels with other proteins of known molecular weights indicates an approximate subunit molecular weight of 18,000. These data suggest that early estrogen action in the central nervous system may be similar to its action in other target organs.
Mixed applicative and imperative programs

Abstract In this paper we describe an interface for combining routines written in conventional imperative languages like FORTRAN with those written in newer applicative languages. The purpose is to allow re-use of extant software without change in combination with applicative code that has potential for highly parallel execution. In this way the conversion of some conventional library software to exploit new parallel machines is avoided entirely, and subsystems that require parallelism for required performance can be redone without totally rewriting applications. We describe this interface in terms of the SISAL programming language. Our solution centers on parallelism control and conventional code re-use, and not on other ‘mixed language programming’ issues. Conventional computers operate by changing the global machine state, and imperative operations reflect this in the statements of a programming language. Programs in applicative languages have no such state, and combining them with routines in conventional languages requires us to reconcile this difference. In our design a definition (a la Oberon) may give the interface to some conventional routines. We define a SISAL type for the collected state of imperative subroutines. Values of that type are explicitly created, passed into the routines, and new values (altered states) return from the routines. We describe how a modified compiler for a conventional language, and a new loader, can automatically analyze and modify the conventional code to work with the interface defined in the SISAL definition. So only recompilation is necessary, not manual alteration of the codes. The definition may also specify that some SISAL functions will be called from code written in an imperative language. Well-understood techniques are available for solving some of the associated problems, so we do not include a discussion here. Several examples are included to explain both the SISAL language and the operation of the necessary software.
Multicore fiber 4 TX + 4 RX optical transceiver based on holey SiGe IC

A novel optical transceiver with 4 transmitter plus 4 receiver channels designed for coupling to multicore multimode fiber has been fabricated and characterized. The transceiver is based on the holey Optochip concept where 4-channel VCSEL and photodiode arrays are flip-chip attached to a single-chip SiGe IC using AuSn solder. Optical vias (holes) are fabricated into the SiGe IC to enable optical access to the conventional topside emitting 850-nm optoelectronic arrays. The optoelectronic arrays are arranged in a quad-VCSEL and quad-photodiode configuration where the 4 devices are on a 2 × 2 array on a dense 50-μm pitch. The transceiver module is completed by flip-chip soldering the Optochip onto a 8 mm × 8 mm high-speed high-density organic carrier. Optical access through the backside of the IC is provided through 2 optical vias. Electrical I/O is supplied through BGA pads on 0.8 mm pitch at the bottom of the module. High-speed characterization was carried out between 2 modules soldered to test cards, a transmitter (TX) and a receiver (RX) module. Each of the 4 optical outputs from the TX Optochip was coupled into a MMF and directed to individual photodiodes in the RX module. Eye-diagrams were measured for TX outputs as well as TX-to-RX links at data rates 20 Gb/s to 42 Gb/s. The 4 optical links operate error free up to 40 Gb/s, achieving a record data rate for multimode parallel optical transceivers.
Mechatronic curriculum: retrospect and prospect

Recently, many attempts have been pursued to devise an engineering curriculum that will allow students to successfully enter the engineering fields. Mechatronics is a unifying theme that permeates and comprehends modern engineering. One weakness of the computer, electrical, and mechanical engineering curricula is the failure to achieve sufficient background, knowledge, depth, and breadth in integrative multidisciplinary areas to solve complex engineering problems. To overcome this weakness, the integration and developments are sought through mechatronics. The mechatronic curriculum can be viewed as the vehicle by which students are introduced to subject matter, multidisciplinary areas, and disciplines, e.g., electrical, mechanical, and computer engineering fields of study. Mechatronics is a part of the modern integrated (confluent) curriculum due to interaction, interpretation, relevance, and systematization. Efficient and effective means to assess the current trends in modern engineering with assessments analysis and outcome prediction must be devised through the mechatronic paradigm. The multidisciplinary mechatronic courses, combined with the variety of active student learning processes and synergetic teaching styles, will produce a level of overall student accomplishments that is greater than any achievements which can be produced by refining the conventional electrical and mechanical curricula. The multidisciplinary mechatronic paradigm serves very important purposes because it brings new depth to electrical, mechanical, and computer areas, advances students knowledge and background, provides students with the basic problem-solving skills that need to cope with advanced electromechanical systems controlled by microprocessors or digital signal processors (DSPs), covers state-of-the-art hardware, and applies modern software environments. Through the mechatronic curriculum, important program objectives and goals can be achieved and assessed. The integration of mechatronic courses into the engineering curriculum is reported in this article.