cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Remedies from Theory to Practice

Remedies is about how different, disparate things fit together. The Remedies course provides an analytical framework to explore the varied goals of substantive doctrinal courses, showing how discreet bodies of law connect. At the same time, Remedies presents its own doctrines and goals, which may run parallel or in contrast to the goals of underlying doctrinal bodies of law. Further, it shows the philosophical shortcomings of the law when a proven right fails to yield a remedy. The Remedies course thus naturally lends itself to rich discussion regarding where and why there is commonality or contrast among the substantive doctrinal causes of action as well as the law of Remedies. The course also addresses the practical reality of relief, i.e., what the court can do for winning claimant.Teaching Remedies raises a host of provocative legal issues ripe for scholarly contribution, including the restitution revival from a Remedies perspective. This movement seeks to streamline an otherwise complex body of law, in a language the modern lawyer can understand, e.g., considering the way in which remedies such as disgorgement serve or disserve the substantive goals of contract law. However, Restitution has largely vanished from the American law school experience. Where taught at all, it is as a part of the Remedies course. Both subjects need the attention of professors passionate about teaching them; professors can impress upon students the importance of the strategic decisions they make regarding causes of action, remedies, and defenses. Institutions need to throw their academic weight behind the teaching of both Remedies and Restitution.
Two application case studies of short switchboards in obstructed electrical rooms

A hotel switchboard located in an attached below-grade garage was corroded at its base from water entering through the building wall during extended, high-volume rainfall events. The owner requested replacement of the 35-year-old switchboard to correct several issues, even though several efforts to stop water ingress were not successful. Elevation of the replacement switchboard to guard from contact with rainwater ingress was at first thought infeasible due to low deck-to-deck height in the parking garage. An alternate construction switchboard of shorter height was specified to permit elevation of a replacement switchboard at the original location. An office building interior was thoroughly renovated, with emphasis on flooding resiliency for ground-floor elements including a service switchboard. Sandbags at exterior doors and other evidence of occasional minor flooding of the ground floor emphasized the need for design measures to protect equipment. The electrical room floor-to-ceiling height was only 8′0″, leaving little room for device elevation beyond a standard concrete housekeeping pad. An alternate construction switchboard of shorter height was specified to permit an 18″ elevation in the original location. Overhead working space was retained for use in routing feeder conduits.
Restricted Reduced Forms, Forecasting and the GLSEM

This paper examines the problem of forecasting from a dynamic simultaneous equations model through its final form representation. It derives the limiting distribution of the estimators of the structural parameters and those of the final form; thus, it obtains approximations for the distribution of actual forecasts, in a finite sample context, on the assumption that the sequence of exogenous variables, over the forecasting horizon, is correctly specified, that the model does not undergo structural change and that the basic structural errors are independent.
The Third Galactic Carbon Symbiotic

Of the more than 100 symbiotic stars now known in our Galaxy, only two have previously been reported to contain carbon stars as their cool components. We here present observations of a third such object, which we wish to call Weaver’s star since Weaver (1972) first identified it as a symbiotic.
Explanatory Power and Classification

The general explanatory successes of the wave theory did not persuade Brewster, who on many occasions admired the merits of the wave theory in accounting for some optical phenomena, but always insisted that its explanatory power was not good enough to allow it to replace the particle theory. To understand Brewster’s judgment, we need to examine how Brewster and other historical actors measured the explanatory power of the wave theory. During the early nineteenth century, there was a consensus in the scientific community that explanatory power consisted not only in the ability to give accounts for numerous phenomena but, more importantly, for various phenomena. If a theory’s successes were restricted to a few classes, its explanatory power was very limited, despite the number of its explanations. Herschel thus insisted that theories should be evaluated with respect to facts “purposely selected so as to include every variety of case” (Herschel 1831, 208). However, how many different classes of phenomena a theory can explain also depends upon how the subject domain is classified, upon which kind of taxonomy is adopted to provide a foundation for categorization and classification. The measurement of a theory’s explanatory power may vary under different taxonomic systems, especially when a new taxonomic system classifies previously homogeneous phenomena as different kinds, or groups previously different phenomena together into one category. This chapter documents an evolution of optical taxonomy accompanying the dramatic changes of optical theory during the early 1830s. These taxonomic shifts affected evaluations of the two rival theories of light. Without the introduction of taxonomic systems with revolutionary structures, the explanatory merits of the wave theory would have gone unrecognized, and the replacement of the particle theory by the wave theory would have been impossible.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System Functioning and Experiences of Peer Exclusion: Links to Internalizing Problems in Early Adolescence

This study examines the moderating effect of both branches of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) on associations between peer exclusion and internalizing behaviors. Young adolescents (N = 68) self-reported their perceptions of peer exclusion and internalizing problems and participated in stress-inducing public speaking tasks. Skin conductance and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were assessed at baseline (skin conductance baseline, SCLB; respiratory sinus arrhythmia baseline, RSAB) and during the challenge task to provide measures of physiological reactivity (skin conductance reactivity, SCLR; respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity, delta RSA). Youth with high delta RSA (low vagal suppression) had higher levels of internalizing problems when they perceived more peer exclusion in their social environments. The combination of low SCLR and high delta RSA (reciprocal parasympathetic) predicted higher levels of internalizing problems, whereas the combination of high SCLR and high delta RSA (coactivation) predicted lower levels of internalizing problems. The association between peer exclusion and youth internalizing problems was not moderated by ANS reactivity profiles which reflected combinations of SCLR and delta RSA.
A mini-open transspinous approach for resection of intramedullary spinal cavernous malformations.

Abstract Background and importance Advances in minimally invasive (MIS) and mini-open surgical approaches have led to reductions in perioperative morbidity without compromising rates of resection of non-degenerative intradural spinal pathologies. Whether these approaches may be adapted for the surgical resection for intramedullary vascular malformations – such as cavernous malformations (CMs) – has yet to be reported. The authors describe a mini-open transspinous approach to resect a ruptured intramedullary CM of the conus medullaris. Clinical Presentation A 28-year-old man presented with sudden onset of bilateral lower extremity weakness, urinary retention and saddle anesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a ruptured CM within the conus medullaris with pronounced extralesional hemorrhage. A mini-open transspinous approach with an expandable tubular retractor was successfully applied to facilitate microsurgical resection of the CM and evacuation of the associated hematoma. The patient made a good neurologic recovery, and postoperative imaging confirmed a gross total resection of the CM. Conclusion A mini-open transspinous approach utilizing an expandable tubular retractor offers feasible less invasive alternative to provide dorsal midline access for the microsurgical resection of intramedullary spinal CMs. Larger case series or future randomized prospective trials are warranted to fully explore suitability of MIS techniques for the surgical management of intradural spinal cord vascular pathologies – such as CMs.
Mailed FIT (fecal immunochemical test), navigation or patient reminders? Using microsimulation to inform selection of interventions to increase colorectal cancer screening in Medicaid enrollees.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be effectively prevented or detected with guideline concordant screening, yet Medicaid enrollees experience disparities. We used microsimulation to project CRC screening patterns, CRC cases averted, and life-years gained in the population of 68,077 Oregon Medicaid enrollees 50–64 over a five year period starting in January 2019. The simulation estimated the cost-effectiveness of five intervention scenarios - academic detailing plus provider audit and feedback (Detailing+), patient reminders (Reminders), mailing a Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) directly to the patient's home (Mailed FIT), patient navigation (Navigation), and mailed FIT with Navigation (Mailed FIT + Navigation) – compared to usual care. Each intervention scenario raised CRC screening rates compared to usual care, with improvements as high as 11.6 percentage points (Mailed FIT + Navigation) and as low as 2.5 percentage points (Reminders) after one year. Compared to usual care, Mailed FIT + Navigation would raise CRC screening rates 20.2 percentage points after five years - averting nearly 77 cancer cases (a reduction of 113 per 100,000) and exceeding national screening targets. Over a five year period, Reminders, Mailed FIT and Mailed FIT + Navigation were expected to be cost effective if stakeholders were willing to pay $230 or less per additional year up-to-date (at a cost of $22, $59, and $227 respectively), whereas Detailing+ and Navigation were more costly for the same benefits. To approach national CRC screening targets, health system stakeholders are encouraged to implement Mailed FIT with or without Navigation and Reminders.
How Do Defaults Affect Lead Arranger Reputation in the Loan Syndication Market

Do reputation concerns of a lead arranger help alleviate agency problems with participant lenders in the loan syndication market? We investigate this question by measuring how defaults by a lead arranger's borrowers affect its subsequent lending activity. Defaults appear to diminish a lead arranger's ability to syndicate loans: fewer loans are syndicated and lead arrangers retain a larger fraction of loans they do syndicate. This is consistent with a loss of lead arranger reputation, and contrary to defaults affecting subsequent lending only via a reduction in lead arranger capital. The effects are stronger when lead arrangers are small and when the defaults are less expected; e.g., when few other lead arrangers experience defaults, when the loans are low-yield loans and when defaults occur soon after loan origination. Lenders continuing to participate in the lead arranger's syndicates tend to be small, less diversified and to have a strong prior relationship with the lead arranger. Overall, there is a significant decline in the lead arranger's lending activity following defaults, suggestive of an erosion in capital in addition to a loss of reputation. Our results support the disciplining role of reputation concerns in the loan syndication market, and also highlight the limitations of a reputation-based disciplining mechanism.
Pattern of recovery and outcomes of patient reported physical function and pain interference after ankle fusion: a retrospective cohort study

Research on outcomes after ankle fusion focuses on basic activities of daily living, fusion rates, and gait parameters. Little has been reported on the patient’s perspective after surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the change in patient reported physical function and pain interference after ankle fusion surgery to guide patient expectations and improve provider communication. This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) data in 88 ankle arthrodesis procedures performed from May 2015 to March 2018. The PROMIS Physical function (PF) and pain interference (PI) measures were collected as routine care. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences at each follow-up point for PF and PI. Preoperative to last follow-up in the 120–365 day interval was assessed using analysis of variance. Outcomes included T-scores, z-scores, and PROMIS-Preference (PROPr) utility scores for PF and PI and the percentage of patients improving by at least 4 T-score points. The linear mixed model analysis for PF after the 120–149 days, and for PI, after 90–119 days, indicated recovery plateaued at 39–40 for PF and 57–59 for PI T-scores. The change in the PI T-score was the greatest with a mean T-score improvement of − 5.4 (95% CI − 7.7 to − 3.1). The proportion of patients improving more than 4 points was 66.2% for either PF or PI or both. The change in utility T-scores for both PF (0.06, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.11) and PI (0.15, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.20) was significantly improved, however, only PI approached clinical significance. Average patients undergoing ankle fusion experience clinically meaningful improvement in pain more so than physical function. Average patient recovery showed progressive improvement in pain and function until the four-month postoperative time point. Traditional dogma states that recovery after an ankle fusion maximizes at a year, however based on the findings in this study, 4 months is a more accurate marker of recovery. A decline in function or an increase in pain after 4 months from surgery may help to predict nonunion and other complications after ankle arthrodesis. Level II, prospective single cohort study.
Reunification for young children of color with substance removals: An intersectional analysis of longitudinal national data.

Abstract Background The opioid epidemic has resulted in increasing attention to the effect of parental substance use disorders on child welfare system involvement, including foster care utilization. Opioid use disorders are more common among whites than people of color, however. Objective This study sought to determine number and proportion of children of color with substance removals and whether disparities exist in likelihood of reunification compared to white children. Participants & setting This study used U.S. Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) data to determine rates of foster care entries and outcomes between 2007–2017 across intersections of child race/ethnicity, age, and substance removal status. Methods Survival analyses were employed to test the primary research questions. Results During the 10 year period observed, the number and proportion of white children with substance removals (ages 0−4 and 5+) in foster care increased two- to three-fold compared to children of color with substance removals depending on child age. However, children of color, particularly ages 0−4, faced disadvantages respecting foster care outcomes. Results of the multivariate proportional hazards models revealed that reunification was significantly and substantially more likely for every group compared to young (0−4) children of color with substance removals. Further probing revealed that racial disparities were driven primarily by Black/African American children. Conclusions Children of color with substance removals, particularly Black/African American children, are at higher risk of poor child welfare outcomes compared to their white peers.
Health Care Use Among Latinx Children After 2017 Executive Actions on Immigration.

BACKGROUND: US immigration policy changes may affect health care use among Latinx children. We hypothesized that January 2017 restrictive immigration executive actions would lead to decreased health care use among Latinx children. METHODS: We used controlled interrupted time series to estimate the effect of executive actions on outpatient cancellation or no-show rates from October 2016 to March 2017 (“immigration action period”) among Latinx children in 4 health care systems in North Carolina. We included control groups of (1) non-Latinx children and (2) Latinx children from the same period in the previous year (“control period”) to account for natural trends such as seasonality. RESULTS: In the immigration action period, 114 627 children contributed 314 092 appointments. In the control period, 107 657 children contributed 295 993 appointments. Relative to the control period, there was an immediate 5.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40%–10.9%) decrease in cancellation rates among all Latinx children, but no sustained change in trend of cancellations and no change in no-show rates after executive immigration actions. Among uninsured Latinx children, there was an immediate 12.7% (95% CI: 2.3%–23.1%) decrease in cancellations; however, cancellations then increased by 2.4% (95% CI: 0.89%–3.9%) per week after immigration actions, an absolute increase of 15.5 cancellations per 100 appointments made. CONCLUSIONS: There was a sustained increase in cancellations among uninsured Latinx children after immigration actions, suggesting decreased health care use among uninsured Latinx children. Continued monitoring of effects of immigration policy on child health is needed, along with measures to ensure that all children receive necessary health care.
Dr. Zahir’s dilemma: money and morals in India’s private medical networks

Public health experts often describe care in India’s private sector as ‘chaotic,’ ‘substandard,’ ‘profit-driven,’ and ‘arbitrary.’ Discourse tends to focus on the ‘predatory behavior' of doctors who demand consultation fees and kickbacks for everything from medicine, to laboratory tests, to specialist referrals, and even hospital stays. These practices are ethnographically observable. However, this discourse does not take into account the multiple uncertainties, ethical complexity, and personal relationships involved in providing care in exchange for money in a setting of scarce personal and public resources. Situated at the very end of a value chain designed to make money from health, or the lack thereof, private physicians find themselves embroiled in moral peril. In this article, I engage what it means to make a livelihood in a context such as this by considering the economic, moral, and epistemic practices that physicians and their patients use to create and evaluate the value of pharmaceuticals in Mumbai’s slums. Based on over a year of clinic ethnography and interviews with family physicians, specialists, pharmacists, and pharmaceutical wholesalers, I trace how physicians manage the effects of a pharmaceutical value chain that produces profit by fulfilling patient’s health needs and desires.
Prediction of Paired-Comparison and Magnitude-Estimation Judgments of Noisiness

Paired comparisons and magnitude estimations of the subjective noisiness or unacceptability of noises that differed with respect to both spectral and temporal characteristics were obtained from some 72 subjects. In the present tests, subjects making repetitive judgments of noises that vary simultaneously with respect to several physical dimensions appear to base their judgments primarily on the peak levels reached by each noise. The results indicate that subjective noisiness of complex sounds can be better predicted by the physical measures that have been designated as PNdBM and dBD2 than by dBA or by the recently proposed units, PLdB and dBE. The method of magnitude estimation is a much more efficient and effective procedure, for present purposes, than the method of paired comparisons.
Safe Data-Driven Secondary Control of Distributed Energy Resources

In this paper, we present a data-driven secondary controller for regulating to some desired values several state variables of interest in an inverter-based power system, namely, electrical frequency, voltage magnitudes at critical buses, and active power flows through critical lines. The secondary controller is based on online feedback optimization, leveraging the learned sensitivities of changes in the state variables to changes in inverter active and reactive power setpoints. To learn the sensitivities accurately from data, the feedback optimization has a built-in mechanism for keeping the secondary control inputs persistently exciting without degrading its performance or compromising system operational reliability. To ensure safe and reliable operation, we present an approach based on Gaussian process regression that, by making an inference about the modeling uncertainties not accounted for in the sensitivity-based prediction model, allows the controller to correct the predictions and find safe control actions, for which the prediction errors are more likely to be small. The feedback optimization also utilizes the learned power-voltage characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) arrays to compute DC-link voltage setpoints so as to allow the PV arrays to track the power setpoints. To learn the power-voltage characteristics, we separately execute a data-driven approach that fits a concave polynomial to the collected power-voltage measurements by solving a sum-of-squares (SoS) optimization. We showcase the secondary controller using the modified IEEE-14 bus test system, in which conventional energy sources are replaced with inverter-interfaced DERs.
The Relationship between Comfort with Writing and Comfort Working with Numbers in STEM

Informed by writer-identity theory explaining links between emotion and identity, this study explores college STEM students’ feelings of comfort pertaining to math literacy, quantitative literacy, writing in STEM, and writing in general. Survey data from STEM majors (N = 134) was analyzed with Spearman rho tests of association. Results indicated that feelings of comfort working with numbers was significantly associated with comfort writing about numbers (rs = .504, p < .001); comfort writing about numbers was significantly associated with comfort writing in STEM (rs = .265, p = .002); and comfort writing in STEM was significantly associated with comfort writing in general (rs = .558, p < .001). This study suggests links between positive emotional experiences, which are implicated in identity performances, of quantitative writing, disciplinary writing, and writing in general. Future research on emotional experience and writer identity across the curriculum and in the disciplines is called for.
Smart Navigation for In-pipe Robots with Multi-phase Motion Control and Particle Filter.

In-pipe robots are promising solutions for condition assessment, leak detection, water quality monitoring in a variety of other tasks in pipeline networks. Smart navigation is an extremely challenging task for these robots as a result of highly uncertain and disturbing environment for operation. Wireless communication to control these robots during operation is not feasible if the pipe material is metal since the radio signals are destroyed in the pipe environment, and hence, this challenge is still unsolved. In this paper, we introduce a method for smart navigation for our previously designed in-pipe robot [1] based on particle filtering and a two-phase motion controller. The robot is given the map of the operation path with a novel approach and the particle filtering determines the straight and non-straight configurations of the pipeline. In the straight paths, the robot follows a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based controller that stabilizes the robot and tracks a desired velocity. In non-straight paths, the robot follows the trajectory that a motion trajectory generator block plans for the robot. The proposed method is a promising solution for smart navigation without the need for wireless communication and capable of inspecting long distances in water distribution systems.
Understanding Digital Cinema : A Professional Handbook

Foreword, How New Technology Has Shaped Motion Pictures: A Short History Introduction The New Workflow For Post Production Color in Cinema The Mastering Process Compression Security Audio Distribution Projection Theatre Systems The International Perspective: The View from Europe by Peter Wilson The International Perspective: The View from Asia & Latin America The Future of Digital Cinema
Kynurenine formamidase. Purification and characterization of the adult chicken liver enzyme and immunochemical analyses of the enzyme of developing chicks.

Abstract Kynurenine formamidase activity found in the livers of chicks 2 days after hatching is 6- to 8-fold higher than enzyme levels found just before hatching. In order to study this phenomenon, the enzyme was purified from adult chicken livers. Certain properties of the purified enzyme were studied: (a) formamidase is optimally active between pH 6.0 and 8.5, (b) its Km for formylkynurenine was determined to be 1.4 x 10-4 m, (c) its activity is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents but is strongly inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, p-nitrophenyldiethyl phosphoric acid, and 1 m urea, (d) its molecular weight as determined by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography was estimated to be 59,000, and as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 30,000. Homogeneous antibody was prepared and the enzymes from crude liver homogenates of 19-day-old embryos, 2-day-old chicks, and adult chickens were compared by equivalence point determinations and by Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis. The formamidase in newly hatched chicks was found to be immunologically identical to the adult enzyme, whereas the enzyme in chick embryos is not immunologically related to the enzyme from newly hatched chick or adult chickens, i.e. it was not inactivated by antibody to the adult enzyme nor was it visibly precipitated by the antibody. Kynurenine formamidase activity in extracts of chick livers could also be distinguished from the activity present in extracts of embryo livers on the basis of precipitation by different concentrations of ammonium sulfate. It is concluded, therefore, that the activity measured in embryo liver extracts is due to an enzyme different from the one present in adult chicken and newly hatched chick liver extracts.
Spanish and American Executives' Ethical Judgments and Intentions

This study explores differences between executives in the U.S. and Spain in their perceptions of ethical issues in pricing, specifically comparing a domestic firm's actions affecting a foreign market versus a foreign firm's actions affecting the domestic market. Overall, Spanish and American executives provided somewhat different responses to the scenarios. Findings indicate that ethical judgments and intentions among Spanish executives did not vary based on which country was harmed. U.S. executives generally perceived that a morally questionable act directed at a foreign country was more unethical than a morally questionable act directed at the United States. Possible explanations for these findings are suggested.
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: A Current Perspective1

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on theory of cognitive dissonance. The proliferation of research testing and extending dissonance theory results for the most part from the generality and simplicity of the theory. Although it has been applied primarily in social psychological settings, it is not limited to social psychological phenomena such as interpersonal relations or feelings toward a communicator and his communication. Rather, its domain is in the widest of places—the skull of an individual organism. The core notion of the theory is extremely simple: Dissonance is a negative drive state that occurs whenever an individual simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent. The very simplicity of the core of the theory is its greatest strength and most serious weakness. Many of the hypotheses that are obvious derivations from the theory are unique to that theory—that is, they could not be derived from any other theory. One of the intriguing aspects of dissonance theory is that it frequently leads to predictions that stand in apparent contradiction to those made by other theoretical approaches, most notably, to a general reward-incentive theory. The implication of the chapter is that dissonant situations are ubiquitous and that man expends a great deal of time and energy attempting to reduce dissonance. It should be obvious that man does many other things as well.
Pathways Responsible for the Adaptive Increase in Ethanol Utilization Following Chronic Treatment with Ethanol: Inhibitor Studies with the Hemoglobin-Free Perfused Rat Liver

The perfused rat liver was chosen as a model to study the metabolism of the adaptive increase in ethanol metabolism resulting from chronic treatment with ethanol. This model allows for the continuous monitoring of intracellular pigments nondestructively (pyridine nucleotide and flavoprotein fluorescence; catalase-H2O2 absorption), which are qualitative monitors of the alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase pathways in the liver cell. The specificity of 4-methylpyrazole for alcohol dehydrogenase and of aminotriazole for catalase has been verified in this model with these techniques. Ethanol metabolism was activated 60% over controls as a result of chronic treatment with ethanol. Rates in both groups were nearly completely abolished (less than 16 µmoles/g/hr) by 4-methylpyrazole. Similar inhibition was observed with inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (rotenone and antimycin A) and atractyloside, an inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase. The adaptive increase was completely abolished with ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium-plus potassium-activated ATPase. Basal respiratory rates (127 µmoles/g/hr) were markedly elevated (205 µmoles/g/hr) as a result of treatment with ethanol. However, succinate-dependent respiration of isolated mitochondria was either unaffected or slightly depressed in livers from ethanol-treated animals. A direct relationship between oxygen uptake and ethanol oxidation in the perfused liver was observed. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary event in enhanced ethanol metabolism following chronic treatment with ethanol is an increase in ATPase activity, most likely due to the sodium pump. The ADP produced from enhanced ion movement enters the mitochondrial space and stimulates electron transport and oxygen uptake. As a consequence of these events, a greater rate of NADH reoxidation occurs, resulting in a greater rate of production of NAD+, which stimulates ethanol oxidation via alcohol dehydrogenase.
Memory, Nation, and National Commemoration of War Dead: A Study of Japanese Public Opinion on the Yasukuni Controversy

The Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo is arguably one of the most controversial lieux de memoire (sites of memory) in Asia. While the literature on the Yasukuni controversy has been growing, not much has been explored on the nature of Japanese public reactions to it. This study delves into Japanese public opinion during the Koizumi premiership (2001–2006) and reveals relatively coherent and structural, yet changing, public opinion on (1) the official Yasukuni visits by Prime Minister Koizumi, (2) the idea of building an alternative nonreligious national memorial, and (3) the anti-Japanese riots in China (and their ramifications on the understanding about the Yasukuni issue). Overall, the study highlights the observable gaps between Prime Minister Koizumi's Yasukuni policies and the underlying public perceptions of them, which also calls into question the conventional elite-led model of public opinion formation.
A network science approach to open source data fusion and analytics for disaster response

Network science is often used to understand underlying phenomena that are reflected through data. In real-world applications, this understanding supports decision makers attempting to solve complex problems. Practitioners designing such systems must overcome difficulties due to the practical limitations of the data and the fidelity of a network abstraction. This paper explores the design of a network science solution for the disaster relief domain with the goal of increasing the efficiency of disaster response efforts. Various real-world network science challenges are discussed relating to entity disambiguation and relationship estimation as well as general data science challenges such as limited access to representative data and learning inference models in this environment. A novel graph-based information management system was designed and prototyped to access and aggregate data from multiple sources. The system consists of five main parts: data ingestion, graph construction, inference, situational awareness, and evaluation. Data from open sources, such as social media, are ingested and fused to represent people, places, and social media users as a coherent social graph. This graph can be displayed to first responders to increase situational awareness or used as inputs to algorithms for graph analytics that support response efforts. Due to the lack of historical data from disaster events, an agent-based simulation was developed to create representative social graphs.
Markedness: Reduction and Preservation in Phonology

Preface Acknowledgements Symbols and abbreviations 1. What is markedness? 2. Theory 3. Markedness reduction 4. Preservation of the marked 5. Conflation in reduction 6. Markedness conflation in preservation 7. Markedness conflict: vowels 8. Prediction and alternatives 9. Conclusions References Subject index Language index.
Quantitive measurements of DNA content of cervical cancer cells before and after test dose radiation

Abstract The DNA content of cervix cancer cells before and after a test dose of irradiation was measured by microspectrophotometry in 36 patients. Many cells with increased DNA value appear after radiation, allowing a classification into three groups that conform generally to our RST criteria of radiation responsiveness. It would appear that early radiation change affects mitotic division sooner than it arrests biosynthesis of DNA. There was no evidence that value of stem-line, range of DNA distribution, or change after radiation had any correlation with clinical stage, age of patient, or degree of differentiation of the tumor.
Chromosomal deletions and tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer

Chromosomal deletion appears to be the earliest as well as the most frequent somatic genetic alteration during carcinogenesis. It inactivates a tumor suppressor gene in three ways, that is, revealing a gene mutation through loss of heterozygosity as proposed in the two-hit theory, inducing haploinsufficiency through quantitative hemizygous deletion and associated loss of expression, and truncating a genome by homozygous deletion. Whereas the two-hit theory has guided the isolation of many tumor suppressor genes, the haploinsufficiency hypothesis seems to be also useful in identifying target genes of chromosomal deletions, especially for the deletions detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). At present, a number of chromosomal regions have been identified for their frequent deletions in prostate cancer, including 2q13-q33, 5q14-q23, 6q16-q22, 7q22-q32, 8p21-p22, 9p21-p22, 10q23-q24, 12p12-13, 13q14-q21, 16q22-24, and 18q21-q24. Strong candidate genes have been identified for some of these regions, including NKX3.1 from 8p21, PTEN from 10q23, p27/Kip1 from 12p13, and KLF5 from 13q21. In addition to their location in a region with frequent deletion, there are functional and/or genetic evidence supporting the candidacy of these genes. Thus far PTEN is the most frequently mutated gene in prostate cancer, and KLF5 showed the most frequent hemizygous deletion and loss of expression. A tumor suppressor role has been demonstrated for NKX3.1, PTEN, and p27/Kip1 in knockout mice models. Such genes are important targets of investigation for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic regimens.
Ineluctable Complexity of High Temperature Superconductivity Elucidated

So-called “ineluctable” aspects of the titled materials are easily understood using percolative network models similar to those used to describe network glasses. Multiply connected percolative models quantitatively explain many recent experiments, which are “ineluctable” in simply connected models.
Acute myeloid leukemia developing during imatinib mesylate therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia in the absence of new cytogenetic abnormalities

The BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate produces a high rate of cytogenetic responses in patients with Philadelphia (Ph)-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but secondary clonal chromosome abnormalities may develop in Ph-negative cells, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been reported in patients with secondary chromosome abnormalities. We report a patient who developed AML during imatinib treatment of Ph-positive CML despite a cytogenetic response and absence of secondary chromosome abnormalities. Thus, development of AML as a rare event in CML patients with cytogenetic responses to imatinib therapy does not depend on the development of secondary cytogenetic abnormalities.
National Health and Medical Services Response to Incidents of Chemical and Biological Terrorism

In response to the growing threat of terrorism with chemical and biological weapons, the US government has developed a national concept of operations for emergency health and medical services response. This capability was developed and tested for the first time during the Atlanta Olympic Games in the summer of 1996. In the event of a chemical or biological terrorist incident that exceeded local and state-level response capabilities, federal agencies would provide specialized teams and equipment to help manage the consequences of the attack and treat, decontaminate, and evacuate casualties. The US Congress has also established a Domestic Preparedness Program that provides for enhanced training of local first-responders and the formation of metropolitan medical strike teams in major cities around the country. While these national response capabilities are promising, their implementation to date has been problematic and their ultimate effectiveness is uncertain.
Study of the Density of Bulk Gap States in Undoped a-Si:H by Depletion Width Modulation Electron Spin Resonance

The density of gap states in the bulk of intrinsic a-SiH has been probed using depletion width modulation electron spin resonance spectroscopy (DWM ESR) as well as complementary capacitance techniques. Our sample consists of a 2.85 micron thick layer of undoped a-Si:H sandwiched between a large area Pd Schottky barrier contact and a p+ c-Si substrate, allowing charge-counting capacitance and spin-counting ESR measurements to be performed on the same sample. DWM ESR measures the spin change that occurs when electrons are removed from gap states by increasing reverse bias on a Schottky barrier. The phase of the signal indicates whether unpaired spins are created or destroyed with increasing bias, thus revealing the defect charge state at the Fermi level The DWM ESR signal from our sample indicates that removing electrons from gap states leads to a reduction of the spin signal. This is qualitatively consistent with a band of Do states near EFo. However, for all metastable states and at all temperatures studied, the magnitude of the DWM ESR signal account for only about 14% of the responding charge as determined by junction capacitance. This would occur only if the majority of the filled bulk gap states were doubly occupied with a small correlation energy Ueff. In that case the majority of transitions caused by depletion width modulation would be D−/D+ which would produce no spin change. Model calculations show that the small observed Do/D+ DWM ESR signal would indeed result from the occupation statistics for a near zero value of Ueff at the moderate temperatures of the experiment. Comparison with our data sets the overall limits If −20meV < Ueff < 50 meV. Implication for recent models of the density of states in intrinsic a-Si:H are discussed.
Longitudinal Changes in Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease with and without Dementia

Background: The longitudinal cognitive course in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with and without dementia remains undefined. We compared cross-sectional models of cognition in PD (both wi
Diffractive optics as beam-shaping elements for plastics laser welding

This work reviews the use of diffractive optics for beam-shaping of high-power lasers (50–100 W) for welding and microwelding of plastics. While the use of lasers to weld plastics is well known, the use of diffractive optics to reshape lasers for welding of plastics has not been previously reported. By using inverse Fourier transformations diffractive lenses were designed and fabricated. An 80 W fiber laser with a wavelength of 1084 nm was coupled in air to the diffractive optical element (DOE) to shape the beam into predetermined patterns. These patterns were then reduced with standard optics to a desired size. Weld quality was assessed in terms of fidelity and replication of the original bitmap image that was used to design the DOE. Good results were obtained for both image fidelity and replication. In many cases the weld image retained the individual bitmap elements of the original artwork used to encode the DOE. It was also found that the overall efficiencies of the system were as high as 59% and weld times were less than 1 s. Weld joints were also determined to be relatively strong and weld circles as small as a few hundreds of µm in diameter could be formed.
The high temperature oxidation of butadiene

1,3-Butadiene oxidation and pyrolysis at approximately 1100 K were studied by obtaining species profiles in a chemical kinetic flow reactor. The mechanism postulated for the oxidation of butadiene is based on the intermediate species observed, their relative order of maximum concentration, some assumptions about the high temperature reactions of radicals and atoms with olefins and reveals that: (I) butadiene decay in the presence of oxygen seems to be the result of a true oxidation process rather than a pure or oxidative pyrolysis at 1100 K; (2) the oxidation of butadiene appears to occur through O atom addition to the double bond though abstraction reactions involving OH and H to form the important radical, C 4 H 5 , seem also to be significant; (3) the formation of acrolein appears to result from the reaction of allyl radical with either O atom or HO 2 ; and many routes lead to the formation of the copious amounts of ethylene and acetylene that were observed.
Effect of Dystocia on Yield, Fertility, and Cow Losses and an Economic Evaluation of Dystocia Scores for Holsteins

Lactation records of US Holstein cows were analyzed with mixed models to determine the effect of dystocia on 305-d milk, fat, and protein yields, days open, number of services, and cow losses and to estimate the economic loss associated with dystocia. The data were 122,715 records of 71,618 cows from 1980 to 1991. The single-trait animal model included herd-year-season, sex of calf, age of dam, and dystocia score as fixed effects and animal and permanent environment as random effects. The effect of dystocia was significant (P < 0.01) on all traits within and across parities. Over multiple parities, the differences between score 5 (extreme difficulty) versus score 1 (no problem) for milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, days open, number of services, and cow deaths were 703.6 kg, 24.1 kg, 20.8 kg, 33 d, 0.2 services, and 4.1%, respectively. The losses associated with traits were priced and summed to determine the total economic loss associated with dystocia. In addition, calf mortality was considered to be a cost. Across parities, estimates of costs were $0.00, $50.45, $96.48, $159.82, and $379.61 for scores 1 to 5, respectively. Cost of dystocia was relatively higher on a per incidence basis than would be expected from the mean of the population. The total cost associated with dystocia (i. e., within-parity sum of costs associated with dystocia scores weighted by the probability of occurrence) was $28.53 for an average heifer and about $10.00 for an average cow for other parities.
Mental models of robotic assistants

If robotic assistants are to be successful, people will need appropriate mental models of what these robots can do and how they operate. We are developing techniques for measuring people's mental models of interactive robots and social agents. We aim to measure the content of these models--if they are anthropomorphic or mechanistic--and the richness of these models (how elaborate or sparse they are; how much confidence people have in them). We report progress here.
HPLC Determination of Valproic Acid in Human Serum Using Ultraviolet Detection

Abstract A sensitive HPLC method with minimal sample preparation and good reproducibility for the determination of valproic acid in serum is described. Serum samples were precipitated using acetonitrile containing diazepam as the internal standard. Chromatography was performed on a Hewlett Packard model 1090 equipped with an octadecylsilane column and a Beckman model 163 variable wavelength detector. The drug and internal standard were eluted isocratically using a mobile phase consisting of 0.01M sodium phosphate monobasic solution, pH 2.3 and acetonitrile (63:37 v/v) followed by a gradient to flush the column before the next sample injection. The flow rate was 2.5 mL/min, the injection volume was 25 μL and the effluent was monitored at 210 nm. The serum standard curve was linear from 2.5-200.0 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. Day-to-day precision for quality control samples (10.0, 25.0, 75.0 μg/mL serum) ranged from 5.6-9.6% CV. Possible interferences from other drugs which might be admini...
Coupling finite element and integral equation solutions using decoupled boundary meshes (electromagnetic scattering)

A method is outlined for calculating scattered fields from inhomogeneous penetrable objects using a coupled finite element-integral equation solution. The finite element equation can efficiently model fields in penetrable and inhomogeneous regions, while the integral equation exactly models fields on the finite element mesh boundary and in the exterior region. By decoupling the interior finite element and exterior integral equation meshes, considerable flexibility is found in both the number of field expansion points as well as their density. Only the nonmetal portions of the object need be modeled using a finite element expansion; exterior perfect conducting surfaces are modeled using an integral equation with a single unknown field since E/sub tan/ is identically zero on these surfaces. Numerical convergence, accuracy, and stability at interior resonant frequencies are studied in detail. >