cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar

Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to Korean grammar. It presents a thorough yet accessible overview of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Korean. The book moves from the alphabet and pronunciation through morphology and word classes to a detailed analysis of sentence structures and semantic features such as aspect, tense, speech styles and negation. Avoiding complex grammatical terminology, the Grammar provides practical information regarding how these grammatical patterns are used in real-world conversation. Through the provision of realistic and lively examples, the book presents readers with Korean grammatical patterns in context. An extensive index and numbered sections provide readers with easy access to the information they require. The depth and range of Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar makes it an essential reference source for the learner and user of Korean irrespective of level. For the beginner, the book offers clear explanations of essential basic grammar points while for the more advanced learner it provides detailed descriptions of less frequent grammatical patterns.
A fault-tolerant forwarding strategy for interest-based information centric networks

We show that the forwarding strategies in the named data networking (NDN) architecture and the original content centric networking (CCN) architecture cannot ensure that Interests return the requested data objects when routing-table loops exist in a stable or dynamic network. We also show that no correct Interest forwarding strategy that allows Interest aggregation can be designed solely on the basis of identifying Interests uniquely in order to detect Interest loops. We introduce SIFAH (Strategy for Interest Forwarding and Aggregation with Hop-Counts). SIFAH prevents or detects Interest loops when Interests are aggregated or forwarded over one or multiple paths. As a result, it is far more efficient than the forwarding strategy in NDN and the original CCN proposal. SIFAH operates by having forwarding information bases (FIB) store the next hops and number of hops to named content prefixes, and by using Interests that state the names of requested content and hop counts that reflect the information in their FIBs.
The O-type Spectroscopic Binary System HD 93206

The star HD 93206 (=QZ Carinae) is a double-lined (Conti et al. 1977), eclipsing (Moffat and Seggewiss 1972) binary with a period of 6 d. Walborn (1973) classified it 09.7Ib:(n). Since the star is probably a member of the cluster Collander 228 (which is near η Carinae), its distance can be assumed to be 2600 pc. In principle, one can determine the masses of the components of HD 93206 from observations of the radial velocities and the light curve, and a spectroscopic orbit is the object of this investigation. A mass determination for an evolved star such as this one is especially important for checking recently computed evolutionary tracks with mass loss for massive stars (de Loore et al. 1977, Chiosi et al. 1978, Dearborn et al. 1978).
The vaginal-psoas suspension repair of uterovaginal prolapse.

Abstract BACKGROUND: This article introduces a novel technique for the abdominal suspension of the prolapsed vagina. A Gore-Tex (WL Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) graft interposition between the vaginal apex and the right psoas muscle is performed under direct visualization to effect the repair. STUDY DESIGN: Between June 1998 and June 2001, seven consecutive cases of uterovaginal prolapse were repaired abdominally using the vaginal-psoas technique as outlined here. Patients were followed postoperatively for recurrent prolapse, urinary incontinence, and the development of new or progressive pelvic support defects. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 134 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 160 mL for all procedures. One patient was lost to followup after 2 months. The remaining six patients have a median followup of 22 months (range 4 to 36 months), and in these patients, there have been no instances of recurrent prolapse or urinary dysfunction. One patient developed a progression of her rectocele. There were no peroperative or postoperative complications directly related to the procedure. Specifically, there were no instances of hemorrhage, transfusion, small bowel obstruction, graft erosion, or genitofemoral neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The vaginal-psoas colposuspension appears to be a simple, efficacious technique for the repair of uterovaginal prolapse. No significant morbidity directly related to the procedure has occurred to date. Further studies with longer followup will be required in the future before definitive conclusions can be reached.
Computerized Atlas-Guided Positioning of Deep Brain Stimulators: A Feasibility Study

Optimal placement of a deep brain stimulator (DBS) is an iterative procedure. A target is chosen preoperatively based on anatomical landmarks identified on MR images. This point is used as an initial position that is refined intraoperatively using both micro-electrode recordings and macrostimulation. Because the length of the procedure increases with the time it takes to adjust the DBS to its final position, a good initial position is critical. In this work we ex- plore the possibility of using an atlas and non-rigid registration algorithms to select the initial position automatically. We compare the initial DBS position obtained with this approach and the initial position selected by a neurosurgeon with the final position for eight STN (subthalamic nucleus) cases. Our results show that the automatic method leads to initial positions that are closer to the final positions than the initial positions selected manually.
Labor decreases the lung water content of newborn rabbits

To test the prevailing concept that drainage of fetal lung liquid begins after birth, we measured extravascular lung water content of 47 fetal rabbits born at term gestation, with or without prior labor. Rabbits born after labor, either vaginally or operatively, had less water in their lungs than those delivered by cesarean section without preceding labor; there was no difference in lung water content between rabbits born vaginally or operatively after labor. These results suggest that reduction in the volume of fetal lung liquid in rabbits normally begins before birth and depends on the experience of labor, not the mode of delivery.
Power in Numbers: The Effect of Target Set Size on Prospective Person Memory in an Analog Missing Child Scenario

Summary Efforts to find missing or wanted individuals have been characterized as an example of event-based prospective memory called prospective person memory. We examined prospective person memory in the context of missing children. Participants studied 4 or 12 mock missing child posters. In Experiment 1, we equated total time per poster and found no difference between conditions in prospective person memory accuracy. In Experiment 2, we equated total time for all posters and found evidence of a decrease in prospective person memory accuracy in the 12-poster condition. In Experiment 3, we allowed free study and also found a decrease in prospective person memory accuracy. Across all three experiments, we also found evidence of a more liberal response bias in the 12-poster condition. Results are discussed in terms of both practical and theoretical implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth temperature reversibly modulates the virulence of Legionella pneumophila.

In chemostat culture, the virulence of two strains of Legionella pneumophila was shown to be significantly (P
An indirect fluorescent antibody test for the rapid detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in tissues.

. An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test was developed to detect viral antigen in tissue sections prepared from rainbow trout experimentally inoculated with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Specific fluorescence was present in the pancreatic acinar tissue and occurred as brilliant fluorescence throughout the mesentery surrounding the pyloric caeca and intestines. In addition, multiple foci of fluorescent cells were seen occasionally in the kidneys and liver of infected fry. Fluorescence was not observed in tissues other than the pancreas, kidneys, and liver. The IFA test was found to be quite specific and offers a rapid means of diagnosing IPN during acute outbreaks.
Assessing the Reliability of Fisher Self-Sampling Programs

Abstract The transition to catch share management for groundfish fisheries in the waters off the northeastern USA will require more monitoring than is presently obtained through traditional programs. Other types of at-sea reporting may be necessary to address data gaps and complement other sampling programs like the Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP). Validation of fisher self-sampling programs, such as the study fleet program of the School for Marine Science and Technology (University of Massachusetts Dartmouth), provides another monitoring option to be used in conjunction with existing systems. In this paper, data from the study fleet program were compared with other fisheries-dependent data sources in the region. We tested for significant differences in catch at the trip, species, and haul levels by disposition (i.e., kept and discarded). Effort and length measurements for six commercial species were also analyzed. Catch results were mixed but similar for commercial species across comparisons...
Themes and Cohesiveness Observed in a Depressed Women's Support Group

Basic themes in groups have been observed and documented. Cohesiveness is a group phenomenon that facilitates meaningful interaction among participants. Chronic low-level depression among women in this society has been documented. Support groups have been identified as a useful approach to promoting mental health and preventing illness. To help women cope with stress more effectively there is a need to gain an understanding of their concerns and problems and ways used to further this understanding of women in the middle years and the use of a support group to facilitate coping. A 10-week 90-minute-per-session support group was attended by nine women 40–60 years of age. The volunteers were assigned to experimental and control groups and were pre- and posttested with a battery of psychological tests. The group sessions with the nine women in the experimental group were taped. These tapes were analyzed independently by psychiatric nurse experts for evidence of themes and cohesiveness. Evidence of themes and ...
China and India in the ‘Receding’ Arctic: Rhetoric, Routes and Resources

In popular, academic and official discourses of climate change, the Circumpolar Arctic—marked by retreating ice, opening sea routes and intense resource geopolitics—has come to embody the greatest ...
Novel strong PUF based on nonlinearity of MOSFET subthreshold operation

Many strong silicon physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are known to be vulnerable to machine-learning attacks due to linear separability of the output function. This significantly limits their potential as reliable security primitives. We introduce a novel strong silicon PUF based on the exponential current-voltage behavior in subthreshold region of FET operation which injects strong nonlinearity into the response of the PUF. The PUF, which we term subthreshold current array (SCA) PUF, is implemented as a pair of two-dimensional n × k transistor arrays with all devices subject to stochastic variability operating in subthreshold region. Our PUF is fundamentally different from earlier attempts to inject nonlinearity via digital control techniques, which could also be used with SCA-PUF. Voltages produced by nominally identical arrays are compared to produce a random binary response. SCA-PUF shows excellent security properties. The average inter-class Hamming distance, a measure of uniqueness, is 50.2%. The average intra-class Hamming distance, a measure of response stability, is 4.17%. Crucially, we demonstrate that the introduced PUF is much less vulnerable to modeling attacks. Using machine-learning techniques of support-vector machine with radial basis function kernel and logistic regression for best nonlinear learnability, we observe that “information leakage” (rate of error reduction with learning) is much lower than for delay-based PUFs. Over a wide range of the number of observed challenge-response pairs, the error rate is 3-35X higher than for the delay-based PUF. We also demonstrate an enhanced SCAPUF design utilizing XOR scrambling and show that it has an up to 30X higher error rate compared to the XOR delay-based PUF.
Superconducting Proximity Effects in Ferromagnet/Superconductor Heterostructures

We consider in this paper superconducting proximity effects in clean Ferromagnet/Ferromagnet/Superconductor (F1/F2/S) heterostructures. We make use of a numerical self-consistent solution of the microscopic Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations to investigate the superconducting transition temperatures as a function of the angle α between the magnetizations in the ferromagnetic layers. Unlike in F1/S/F2 trilayers, we find that the superconducting transition temperature is a nonmonotonic function of α.
Description of Diffraction Grating Behavior in Direction Cosine Space

It is well known that the angular separation of non-paraxial diffracted orders from a linear grating varies drastically with incident angle. Furthermore, for oblique incident angles (conical diffraction), it is rather cumbersome both analytically and graphically to describe the number and angular position of the various propagating orders. One can readily demonstrate that wide-angle diffraction phenomena (including conical diffraction from gratings) are shift-invariant with respect to incident angle in direction cosine space. Only when the grating equation is expressed in terms of the direction cosines of the propagation vectors of the incident beam and the diffracted orders can we apply the Fourier techniques resulting from linear systems theory. This formulation has proven extremely useful for small-angle diffraction phenomena and in modern, image formation theory. New insight and an intuitive understanding of diffraction grating behavior results from a simple direction cosine diagram.
Natural Disasters and the Economy — A Survey

This paper surveys the state of the economic literature examining the aggregate impacts of natural disasters. The paper reviews the main disaster data sources available, discusses the determinants of the direct effects of disasters, and distinguishes between short- and long-run indirect effects. The paper then examines some of the relevant policy questions and follows up with a survey of current projections about the likelihood of future disasters. The paper ends by identifying several significant gaps in the literature.
The Electric Resonance Method of Radiofrequency Spectroscopy The Moment of Inertia and Electric Dipole Moment of CsF

This paper describes a new method of radiofrequency spectroscopy in which transitions between the energy levels of a single rotational state of a linear rotator in an electric field are caused by a superimposed radiofrequency field. The method utilizes a molecular beam and has been applied to the measurement of the moment of inertia, $I$, and the electric dipole moment, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, of CsF. Values for these quantities are: $I=(187\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}22){10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}=7.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ Debye. The internuclear distance, derived from the moment of inertia, is 2.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16 angstroms.
Structure-activity relationships of benzohydroxamic acid inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase.

A structure–activity relationship study of 28 substituted benzohydroxamic acids that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase was undertaken to discern the structural features of the molecule contributing to the inhibitory potency of these compounds. An equation containing three molecular connectivity indexes, but not including Hammett σ values, was developed which gives close correlation with observed values for ribonucleotide reductase inhibition. It is postulated that the inhibitory potency involves two parts of the benzohydroxamic acid molecule. One is the hydroxamic portion, which complexes with the metal component of the enzyme, providing a qualitative effect. The other is an interaction involving the benzene ring and its substituents and may provide the quantitative aspect of the observed inhibition values.
Efficiency of Protease-Activatable Virus Nanonodes Tuned Through Incorporation of Wild-Type Capsid Subunits

Virus nanonodes, a tunable multi-input protease-responsive gene delivery platform, was recently built by exploiting the self-assembly property of adeno-associated virus capsids. Upon detection of specific inputs (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases—MMPs), the engineered viruses output gene delivery to targeted cells. The first generation protease-activatable viruses (PAVs) displayed the desired protease-activated cellular receptor binding and transduction behaviors. However, the less than wild type (WT) level of gene delivery achieved by the prototype viruses has left room for improvement. In this report, we have devised a method to tackle this efficiency problem. Specifically, by controlling the ratio of WT to protease-activatable subunits in the assembled 60-mer virus capsid, we can easily increase the level of overall transduction achieved by the PAVs. Since a number of MMPs are overexpressed in a vast range of human pathologies, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, the protease-sensing viruses may find broad clinical use in future gene therapy applications.
Therapeutic vaccines: the ultimate personalized therapy?

Personalized therapy is directed at obtaining maximal therapeutic effect on diseased tissue with minimal off-target side effects. Many classes of therapeutics have attempted to reach this ideal, only to fall well short. Therapeutic vaccines represent a novel class of therapies that can induce a dynamic immune response that, in theory, can continue to adapt and expand following initiation of vaccination. This adaptability, through epitope spreading or antigen cascade, can continuously refine a therapeutic immune response, making it more relevant to the patient’s tumor. This active, dynamic, iterative process can continue long after the vaccine course has been completed. Recent clinical trials have provided further insight into the clinical activity of therapeutic vaccines, and offer guidance on clinical expectations following vaccine. The ongoing active sculpting of the immune response, along with the lack of significant side effects, uniquely positions therapeutic vaccines as perhaps the ultimate in personalized therapy.
WORKING-CLASS WOMEN AND THE CONTEST FOR CONSUMER CONTROL IN VICTORIAN COUNTY COURTS

Cet article echafaude les lignes de debat sur les classes et les sexes pendant la revolution industrielle en Angleterre, en sondant les perceptions par les classes moyennes de la dette populaire. En explorant un ensemble de questions fort peu etudiees sur les liens qui unissaient hommes et femmes au travail et sur les marches de consommation, il souligne le developpement par lequel les identites de sexe, de classe et de consommation ont brise les conceptions victoriennes de l'agencement economique et de la ont contribue au declin de l'individualisme liberal qui a marque la culture britannique de la fin du XIXe siecle et du debut du XXe.
Volvulus of the gallbladder: laparoscopic detorsion and removal

A 73-year-old woman who presented with symptoms of acute cholecystitis was found to have a gangrenous gallbladder wrapped in three complete rotations around its pedicle. Detorsion and removal of the gallbladder were accomplished laparoscopically. Our review of the literature found no other case in which this degree of torsion was successfully treated laparoscopically.
Subcircuit modeling of magnetic cores with hysteresis in PSpice

A methodology to develop subcircuit models of magnetic cores with hysteresis using analog behavioral modeling (ABM) in PSpice is presented. A subcircuit equivalent to the Jiles-Atherton model is developed to model the static ferromagnetic hysteresis. The Hammerstein configuration, which includes a nonlinear static block followed by a linear dynamic block, is further employed to capture the rate dependencies. The nonlinear static block is realized by the Jiles-Atherton model, and linear dynamic block by a low-pass filter. Interface subcircuits are provided to couple the voltage induced by the magnetic flux to the winding model of an inductor or a transformer. The hysteresis-related waveforms predicted by the developed inductor and transformer subcircuit models have been verified experimentally.
Lupus-Like Syndrome Attributable to Anti—Tumor Necrosis Factor α Therapy in 14 Patients During an 8-Year Period at Mayo Clinic

OBJECTIVE To examine clinical characteristics, laboratory features, and outcomes of patients with lupus-like syndrome attributable to anti—tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of patients with lupus-like syndrome attributable to anti—TNF-α therapy at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, between July 1, 2000, and June 30, 2008. RESULTS Of 14 patients (mean age at disease onset, 46.2 years), 12 (86%) were female. Ten patients (71%) had Crohn disease, and 4 (29%) had rheumatoid arthritis. Thirteen patients (93%) originally were treated with infliximab, and 1 (7%) was treated with adalimumab. A lupus-ike syndrome occurred after a mean treatment duration of 16.2 months. Features of lupus included presence of antinuclear antibodies (14 patients [100%]), arthritis (13 patients [93%]), anti—double-stranded-DNA antibodies (10 patients [71%]), cutaneous findings (malar rash, discoid rash, or photosensitivity, 4 patients [29%]), serositis (4 patients [29%]), hematologic abnormalities (4 patients [29%]), oral ulcers (4 patients [29%]), and lupus anticoagulant (1 patient [7%]). No patient had renal or neurologic abnormalities. All patients improved after stopping anti—TNF-α therapy (mean time to improvement, 2.9 months). Four (80%) of 5 patients tolerated an alternative TNF-α inhibitor (adalimumab, 3 patients; etanercept, 1 patient) without recurrence of lupus-like syndrome. CONCLUSION Compared with previous studies, cutaneous findings were less frequent and arthritis was more frequent in our cohort of patients. Some patients were able to tolerate an alternative TNF-α inhibitor without recurrence of lupus-like syndrome.
On the Kinetics of Charged Contaminant Removal from Soils Using Electric Fields

A basic model is presented for the electric-field-driven removal of toxic ionic species from a porous medium followed by the replacement of the toxic species by nontoxic species having the same charge. The model takes into account only the principal mechanism of contaminant transport which, in the case of a charged contaminant, is electromigration. In the diffusionless approximation, the process of contaminant removal is described by a set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations which are similar to those arising in gas dynamics, chromatography, and electrophoresis. Analysis of these equations is carried out for the simple case of a ternary system consisting of two replacing cations and one anion. Depending on the relative mobilities of the toxic and nontoxic species, the medium is shown to be subdivided into either two or three moving zones with qualitatively different distributions of the species. The velocities of the zone boundaries and the time for complete removal of the contaminant from the medium are calculated analytically and interpreted physically for both constant electric current and constant potential difference across the porous medium. Theoretical predictions from the model are tested by comparing the calculated and experimentally measured conductivities of the medium, which vary with time in the course of the replacement of the toxic species by the nontoxic species of different mobilities. Conclusions regarding the process performance and efficiency are derived from the results.
Video capsule endoscopy in the emergency department: a prospective study of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Study objective Video capsule endoscopy has been used to diagnose gastrointestinal hemorrhage and other small bowel diseases but has not been tested in an emergency department (ED) setting. The objectives in this pilot study are to demonstrate the ability of emergency physicians to detect blood in the upper gastrointestinal tract with capsule endoscopy after a short training period, measure ED patient acceptance of capsule endoscopy, and estimate the test characteristics of capsule endoscopy to detect acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Methods During a 6-month period at a single academic hospital, eligible patients underwent video capsule endoscopy (Pillcam Eso2; Given Imaging) in the ED. Video images were reviewed by 4 blinded physicians (2 emergency physicians with brief training in capsule endoscopy interpretation and 2 gastroenterologists with capsule endoscopy experience). Results A total of 25 subjects with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were enrolled. There was excellent agreement between gastroenterologists and emergency physicians for the presence of fresh or coffee-ground blood (0.96 overall agreement; κ=0.90). Capsule endoscopy was well tolerated by 96% of patients and showed an 88% sensitivity (95% confidence interval 65% to 100%) and 64% specificity (95% confidence interval 35% to 92%) for the detection of fresh blood. Capsule endoscopy missed 1 bleeding lesion located in the postpyloric region, which was not imaged because of expired battery life. Conclusion Video capsule endoscopy is a sensitive way to identify upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the ED. It is well tolerated and there is excellent agreement in interpretation between gastroenterologists and emergency physicians.
Estimating cell populations

An important step in the diagnosis of a cervical cytology specimen is estimating the proportions of the various cell types present. This is usually done with a cell classifier, the error rates of which can be expressed as a confusion matrix. We show how to use the confusion matrix to obtain an unbiased estimate of the desired proportions. We show that the mean square error of this estimate depends on a 'befuddlement matrix' derived from the confusion matrix, and how this, in turn, leads to a figure of merit for cell classifiers. Finally, we work out the two-class problem in detail and present examples to illustrate the theory.
The role of microporous surface area in the gasification of chars from a sub-bituminous coal

Abstract The role of microporous surface area in the CO 2 gasification of chars from a sub-bituminous coal was investigated. There is evidence that the reaction primarily takes place outside the microporous network on the surfaces of larger pores. The rate of gasification is insensitive to large changes in total surface area occurring during heat treatment or reaction. This behaviour is consistent with the occurrence of reaction on active sites lying preferentially outside the micropores. Mechanisms which can lead to an enhancement of the active site concentration on large pore surfaces are discussed.
Diet-induced alterations of hGH secretion in man

Studies were designed to determine whether variations in diet composition could modify the secretion of human growth hormone. Eight men and seven women ingested experimental diets for 10-12 days. Each experimental diet was preceded by a control diet for five days. Experimental diets studied in men were a) 2300 calorie, 80% carbohydrate (8 men); b) 2300 calorie, 75% high-fat (7 men); c) 2300 calorie, 70% high-protein (5 men); d) 3600 calorie, "control" (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat, 20% protein) (5 men); and e) 3600 calorie, 80% high-carbohydrate (5 men). A control diet and a high-carbohydrate (5 men). A control diet and a high-carbohydrate diet at the 2300 calorie level were studied in women. Each diet study was terminated by a 72 hour fast. Serum samples were collected hourly for 24 hours after each control period, on the eigth, ninth, or tenth day of each study, and during the final day of each fast. High-carbohydrate diets at the 2300 calorie level caused a significant decrease of growth hormone values in serum in each of eight men (sign test of significance, P less than .01). The mean figures were likewise significantly decreased. Isocaloric diets of high fat and high protein did not alter growth hormone concentrations in serum. A high-caloric diet similar to the control diet in composition was without effect on growth hormone secretion in men; however, a high-carbohydrate diet at the higher caloric level again depressed growth hormone values in plasma. On the third day of a 72 hour fast, growth hormone values in serum increased 287% in men, from a mean control serum concentration of 4.4 +/- 0.8 ng/ml to 11.9 +/- 5.0 ng/ml (P less than .01). Women, unlike men, had no significant decrease in growth hormone concentrations in serum over a 24 hour period after the high-carbohydrate diet, and the increase after starvation was significantly less than that in men, achieving significance only when evaluated by paired analysis. Growth hormone values in serum after the infusion of arginine followed a similar pattern, i.e., decreased after high carbohydrate but unaffected by other diets in men; high carbohydrate diets did not alter the growth hormone response of women to arginine.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Emission Tomography and other Medical Imaging Techniques

As an introduction to Monte Carlo simulation of emission tomography, this paper reviews the history and principles of Monte Carlo simulation, then applies these principles to emission tomography using the public domain simulation package SimSET (a Simulation System for Emission Tomography) as an example. Finally, the paper discusses how the methods are modified for X‐ray computed tomography and radiotherapy simulations.
Maximization of entropy, kinetic equations, and irreversible thermodynamics

By an extension to the dense-fluid regime of a method based upon maximization of entropy subject to constraints, first exploited by Lewis to obtain the Boltzmann equation, kinetic equations for one-particle and two-particle classical distribution functions are obtained. For the hard-sphere potential and a one-particle constraint, the kinetic equation (for the one-particle distribution function) of the revised Enskog theory is obtained; for a two-particle constraint a more general kinetic equation (for the two-particle distribution function) than that studied by Livingston and Curtiss is obtained. For a pair potential with hard-sphere core plus smooth attractive tail, a new mean-field kinetic equation is obtained on the one-particle level. In the Kac-tail limit the equation takes the form of an Enskog-Vlasov equation. The method yields an explicit entropy functional in each case. Explicit demonstration of an $H$ theorem is made for the one-particle theories in a novel way that illustrates the roles of the reversible and irreversible parts of the hard-sphere piece of the collision integral. The latter part leads to the classical form of entropy-production density as described by linear irreversible thermodynamics and so possesses many of the features of the Boltzmann collision integral. The former part introduces new elements into the entropy-production term. It is noted that the kinetic coefficients of the revised Enskog theory exhibit Onsager reciprocity in the linear regime. Upon consideration of the standard Enskog theory in the linear regime, we construct an entropy-production density and identify conjugate fluxes and forces and also kinetic coefficients which are shown to exhibit Onsager reciprocity. The standard theory is in disagreement, however, with the results of phenomenological irreversible thermodynamics for the conventional forms of fluxes and forces.
Towards a General Platform to Study Single-Bond Chemistry Under Force

The application of force to reagents that participate in a chemical reaction can probe the transition state of the reaction with sub-Angstrom resolution. Using single-molecule force-clamp spectroscopy, this approach has been extensively applied to the cleavage of disulfide bonds in proteins. However, to date there is no methodology that can expand this class of experiments to bonds not naturally present in proteins. Here, we introduce an experimental platform with the potential to fulfill the requirements to perform single-bond rupture determinations on any covalent bond. We engineered polyproteins based on the I27 domain of titin including two cysteine residues. Bifunctional crosslinking molecules specific for thiol groups were then used to generate intradomain covalent bridges between the engineered cysteines, much similar to the manner disulfides link polypeptide chains. Different bismaleimide reagents containing cleavable covalent bonds were tested for their ability to crosslink the I27 domain. We used single-molecule force- spectroscopy to pull from the modified polyproteins. Successfully crosslinked domains gave rise to lower increments in contour length after mechanical unfolding, consistent with the number of amino acids protected in the protein loop formed by the covalent bridge. Using our new strategy, virtually any covalent bond can be used to generate intradomain crosslinks in proteins. Our method can be adapted to produce hybrids between proteins and sugars, peptides or nucleic acids, which may be useful to study catalysis by enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, proteases or nucleases. This new generation of substrates holds the promise of becoming a key tool to study single-bond chemistry under force.
Transverse acoustic actuation of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals

This paper describes a novel approach for the actuation of a Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal in the martensite phase using transverse acoustic waves. The acoustic waves, generated by piezoelectric stacks, produce shear stress levels high enough to induce twin boundary motion in the Ni-Mn-Ga crystal. By using repeated asymmetric pulses, the crystal can be made to transform reversibly from one of two variants to the other. The resulting engineering shear strain as the crystal transforms is theoretically as high as 12%. Two experimental apparatuses were developed that are able to produce actuation through this acoustic mechanism. In the first, two 33-mode piezoelectric stacks are mounted at a 45 deg angle to the base of a single Ni-Mn-Ga crystal. This geometry allows the longitudinal motion of each stack to be converted into transverse motion of the Ni-Mn-Ga crystal. In experiments using this apparatus, we were able to obtain 7.7% engineering shear strain over the length of the Ni-Mn-Ga crystal, and about 10.6% engineering shear strain over that portion of the crystal that exhibited twin boundary motion, close to the theoretical maximum. Some portions of the crystal appeared to be inactive, due to locking of incompatible twin systems. In the second apparatus, a single 15-mode piezoelectric stack was used to generate shear waves directly. In preliminary testing, we were able to achieve only about 1.9% engineering shear strain, probably due to incomplete conditioning of the Ni-Mn-Ga crystal to improve twin boundary motion.
Gas Turbine Online Waterwash for DDG-51 Class U.S. Navy Ships

Currently, the U.S. Navy DDG-51 class ships employ a system of piping, tanks, and nozzles for washing the four Gas Turbine Main (GTM) engines and three Ship Service Gas Turbine Generator (SSGTG) engines. The wash system employed, referred to as the crankwash system, allows the user to wash the compressor section of a gas turbine only when the turbine in question is not operating. On a DDG-51 class ship, it is possible to utilize the existing crankwash piping, tank, and overall architecture to supply water to an online water wash system. An online water wash system allows the compressor section to be cleaned while the gas turbine is in operation. This is intended to reduce the periodicity of crankwashing and associated starter cycling costs. Online water wash is also intended to maintain compressor cleanliness in the interval between crankwashes. NAVSEA Philadelphia researched appropriate online water wash system designs, methods for collecting data to address fuel savings and engine performance issues, and installation methods. GTM and SSGTG Online Water Wash Systems were then installed on USS PREBLE (DDG-88) in late 2008. USS PREBLE subsequently deployed for a period of six months beginning January 2009. During the deployment, data was collected as the systems were operated. This paper will discuss the system design, provide data analysis results, and discuss lessons learned.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
733-3 Successful Transplantation of Myoblasts into Adult Porcine Myocardium: A Potential Method to Repair a Failing Heart

The profound shortage of organ donors continues to fuel the search for other methods to refurbish a failing heart. The use of transgenic cells transplanted (Tx) in syngeneic rodents has shown modest success, but allogeneic and xenogeneic transplants have not been uniformly successful. To assess the feasibility of xenogeneic and allogeneic myoblast transplantation, six adult swine underwent transplantation of murine atrial tumor cells (Xenogeneic) and neonatal porcine myocytes (Allogeneic) into the left ventricular wall. Following general anesthesia, isolated cells were injected along the anterior and posterior wall ofthe porcine left ventricle (six sites per animal). All the animals were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine and prednisone and were followed for 1 month post-injection and then sacrificed. Results are as follows: In all 36 injected sites, the Tx cells proliferated within the host myocardium with no significant rejection. CPK MB did not increase after the procedure indicating that there was no damage to the host myocardium from the injection of cells. Moreover, Tx cells formed close associations with host myocytes that resembled intercalated discs on electron microscopy, and were composed of PAN cadherin on immunofluorescent staining. These cells also contained myofibrils and other cell architecture that resembled normal AT-l or neonatal myocytes. Additionally, these cells produced angiogenic factors resulting in a proliferation of the surrounding microvasculature. In conclusion, these findings indicate successful xenogeneic and allogeneic myocyte cell transplantation in a large animal model. These experiments set the stage for future studies testing the ability of these cells to form a syncitium, contract, and thereby “repair” a damaged heart.
Automated lower limb prosthesis design

The design of lower limb prostheses requires definitive geometric data to customize socket shape. Optical surface imaging and spiral x-ray computed tomography were applied to geometric analysis of limb residua in below knee (BK) amputees. Residua (limb remnants after amputation) of BK amputees were digitized and measured. Surface (optical) and volumetric (CT) data of the residuum were used to generate solid models and specify socket shape in (SDRC I-DEAS) CAD software. Volume measurements on the solid models were found to correspond within 2% of surface models and direct determinations made using Archimedean weighing. Anatomic 3D reconstruction of the residuum by optical surface and spiral x-ray computed tomography imaging are feasible modalities for prosthesis design.
Investigation of Vertical and Horizontal Momentum Transfer in the Gulf of Mexico Using Empirical Mode Decomposition Method

Data from a series of deep mooring stations in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) have been analyzed with the newly developed empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectral analysis method, abbreviated as Hilbert–Huang transformation (HHT). The flows in the GOM near the shelf/slope region are treated as a two-layer system, with the 800-m permanent thermocline as the dividing depth. When the data are treated with HHT, motions of different temporal scales are identified. The top layer (depth less than 800 m) is controlled by inertia flow with episodic Loop Current eddies, while the lower layer (depth greater than 800 m) is controlled primarily by the topographic Rossby waves and small-scale cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Using a cross-correlation analysis between the appropriate intrinsic mode components from the data, the wavelength, the phase velocity, and the vertical trapping depth for the topographic Rossby waves were determined. Observations are in general agreement with the modeled results by Oey and Lee.
Challenging autonomous models of literacy: Street's call to action

Abstract This article reviews Brian Street's (1995) book Social Literacies: Critical Approaches to Literacy Development, Ethnography, and Education in light of current debates in literacy and education. This essay review will discuss Street's analysis of current issues in the field of literacy with specific focus on his definitions of autonomous and ideological models of literacy and how the shift from autonomous to ideological models will transform literacy practices. The review concludes with a challenge to researchers to think specifically about how Street's work might impact their own research.
A new computational method for the solution of flow problems of microstructured fluids. Part 2. Inhomogeneous shear flow of a suspension

A numerical investigation is conducted into the flow of a dilute suspension of rigid rod-like particles between parallel flat plates, driven by a uniform pressure gradient. The particles are assumed to be small relative to lengthscales of the flow with the effect that particle orientations evolve according to the local velocity gradient; the particles are also assumed to be small in an absolute sense, with the consequence that Brownian motions are of consequence. The calculations are performed using a novel approach, with a theoretical basis that has been developed previously in a companion paper (Szeri & Leal 1992). The new approach permits one to solve flow problems of microstructured fluids (such as suspensions, liquid crystals, polymer solutions and melts) without ‘pre-averaging’ or closure approximations. In the present work, the new approach is used to expose previously unknown pathological, non-physical predictions in various constitutive models derived using closure approximations. This appears to have passed unnoticed in prior work. In addition, the new approach is shown to possess several computational advantages. The determination of the orientation distribution of particles is self-adaptive; this leads, in effect, to a very efficient solution of the associated Smoluchowski (or Fokker–Planck) equation. Moreover, the new approach is highly suited to parallel (and vector) implementation on modern computers. These issues are explored in detail in the context of the example flow.
Tests of Equations for the Electrical Conductance of Electrolyte Mixtures: Measurements of Association of NaCl (Aq) and Na2SO4 (Aq) at High Temperatures

A review of requirements for equations to calculate the conductivity of a mixture of ions in low dielectric constant solvents (i.e., water at high temperatures) shows that there are conceptual difficulties with all current equations. To explore whether these difficulties limit our ability to predict mixtures, four models for the activity coefficients, two models for the conductivity of a single strong electrolyte, and an equation for the change in equivalent conductivity on mixing single strong electrolytes were chosen. These equations were then tested on the theoretical equation of Turq et al. (J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 822−827) for three ion mixtures. Next the equations were tested on a single 1−1 electrolyte, NaCl (aq) at 652.6 K and 22.75 MPa measured by Gruskiewicz and Wood (J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 61549−6559) and new measurements at 623.9 K and 19.79 MPa. Then it was tested with new measurements on Na2SO4 (aq) from 300 to 574 K because, in water at high temperatures, this salt produces a solution...
Practical considerations in the application of neural networks to the identification of harmonic loads

Abstract The application of artificial neural networks to the identification of harmonic loads has been demonstrated before with great success. In this paper, practical aspects of such an application are discussed. While it is known that the selection of features, the choice of the architecture (number of hidden layers) and topology (number of hidden units in each hidden layer) of the neural network are heuristic decisions involving engineering judgment, this paper shows one such way and claims success in that implementation. A supervised learning procedure is adopted and the familiar back-propagation technique is used in training the network. The need for preprocessing raw data from a power system before being input to a neural network is examined. Finally, the performance of the neural network is evaluated with the aid of a benchmark case.
Secretory immunoglobulin binding to bacteria in the mouse uterus after mating.

Abstract Bacteria of several species were present in the mouse uterus on the morning after mating, as demonstrated by bacteriol cultures and microscopic examination of Gram-stained uterine luminal contents. The similarity between bacteria cultured from the vagina before mating and from the uterus after mating suggested that bacteria were introduced into the uterus from the vagina, possibly by coitus. The bacteria were cleared from the uterus about two days after mating. Immunohistochemical labeling of smears of the luminal contents on the morning after mating demonstrated IgA, IgG, and possibly IgM bound to many of the bacteria. The bacteria were often agglutinated, and there was a correlation between the intensity of immunoglobulin labeling on bacteria and the extent of agglutination. The amount of antibody bound to bacteria in multiparous mice was about the same as in mice that had not been mated previously. We observed both IgG and IgA on bacteria when organisms from vaginal cultures were incubated for 60 min in the uteri of estrogen-primed, virgin, female mice. This indicated that the uterus was the source of at least part of the immunoglobulins bound to bacteria. We did not demonstrate that the immunoglobulins bound to bacteria were specific anti-bacterial antibodies, but the binding persisted through three washing steps and there wasno immunoglobulin binding to sperm in the same preparations. Neutrophils in the uterine lumen on the day after mating contained phagocytosed bacteria. These results suggest that the secretory immune system in the female mouse reproductive tract may play a role in returning the uterus to an aseptic state after mating by at least three mechanisms: direct blocking of attachment sites involved in bacterial binding to mucosal epithelium, agglutination of bacteria and thus reduction in the number of organisms available for binding to the epithelium, and opsonization of bacteria for phagocytosis by neutrophils.