cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast multipole boundary element method for solving the thin plate bending problem

A fast multipole boundary element method (BEM) for solving large-scale thin plate bending problems is presented in this paper. The method is based on the Kirchhoff thin plate bending theory and the biharmonic equation governing the deflection of the plate. First, the direct boundary integral equations and the conventional BEM for thin plate bending problems are reviewed. Second, the complex notation of the kernel functions, expansions and translations in the fast multipole BEM are presented. Finally, a few numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of the fast multipole BEM in solving thin plate bending problems. The bending rigidity of a perforated plate is evaluated using the developed code. It is shown that the fast multipole BEM can be applied to solve plate bending problems with good accuracy. Possible improvements in the efficiency of the method are discussed.
Biodeterioration of plastics

The deterioration of plastics by biological agents of considerable concern not only to the U. S. Department of Defense but to the national economy as a whole. Although the importance of the subject was recognized by some since the early days of the plastics industry, widespread investigation first began during World War II when serious problems were encountered in the tropics with electrical and electronic equipment. In the recent past the great developments in oceanography have emphasized that marine biodeterioration of plastics requires much more investigation. Biodeterioration of plastics is characterized according to that caused by microbiological agents, macrobiological agents, and marine biological agents. the important past and recent knowledge in each category is summarized.
Extreme skewing of X chromosome inactivation in mothers of homosexual men

Human sexual preference is a sexually dimorphic trait with a substantial genetic component. Linkage of male sexual orientation to markers on the X chromosome has been reported in some families. Here, we measured X chromosome inactivation ratios in 97 mothers of homosexual men and 103 age-matched control women without gay sons. The number of women with extreme skewing of X-inactivation was significantly higher in mothers of gay men (13/97=13%) compared to controls (4/103=4%) and increased in mothers with two or more gay sons (10/44=23%). Our findings support a role for the X chromosome in regulating sexual orientation in a subgroup of gay men.
Extremely low birth weight and infant mortality rates in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Infant mortality rates (IMR) and neonatal mortality rates (NMR) in the United States have not decreased recently. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of birth weight and gestational age subgroups to the IMR and NMR in the United States. METHODS: We used the most recent (1983–2005) US linked birth and infant death data and simple regression analysis to determine the contributions of specific birth weight and gestational age subgroups to trends in IMR and NMR. RESULTS: IMR and NMR decreased between 1983 and 2005 for all birth weight and gestational age subgroups. There was an increase in births of very low birth weight infants from 1.2% to 1.5% (P CONCLUSIONS: The increased proportions of infants
Why were Latin America's tariffs so much higher than Asia's before 1950?

Latin America had the highest tariffs in the world before 1914; Asia had the lowest. Heavily protected Latin America also boasted some of the most explosive belle epoque growth, while open Asia registered some of the least. What brought the two regions to the opposite ends of the tariff policy spectrum? We find that limits to Asian tariff policy autonomy may have lowered tariffs substantially there, but by themselves they cannot explain why Asian tariffs were so much lower than the Latin American tariffs before 1914; that natural barriers, domestic political economy and strategic tariff policy seems to have contributed much to the difference and that the origins of Asian post-World War 2 import-substitution policies seem to lie in the interwar years when Asian tariff levels caught up with those of Latin America.
Effect of Using a Treadmill Workstation on Performance of Simulated Office Work Tasks

Although using a treadmill workstation may change the sedentary nature of desk jobs, it is unknown if walking while working affects performance on office-work related tasks. Purpose: To assess differences between seated and walking conditions on motor skills and cognitive function tests. Methods: Eleven males (24.6 ± 3.5 y) and 9 females (27.0 ± 3.9 y) completed a test battery to assess selective attention and processing speed, typing speed, mouse clicking/drag-and-drop speed, and GRE math and reading comprehension. Testing was performed under seated and walking conditions on 2 separate days using a counterbalanced, within subjects design. Participants did not have an acclimation period before the walking condition. Results: Paired t tests (P < .05) revealed that in the seated condition, completion times were shorter for mouse clicking (26.6 ± 3.0 vs. 28.2 ± 2.5s) and drag-and-drop (40.3 ± 4.2 vs. 43.9 ± 2.5s) tests, typing speed was greater (40.2 ± 9.1 vs. 36.9 ± 10.2 adjusted words · min−1), and math sc...
The velocity of streamer tips in impulse point-to-plane corona in air, using Lichtenberg figure techniques

Positive and negative streamer lengths were measured in point-to-plane impulse corona in air at atmospheric pressure using Lichtenberg figure technique. Applying short time pulses from 9 to 40 nsec duration time-distance plots were obtained, which allowed one to determine the streamer tip velocity. For a 4 cm gap, a 1 mm diameter point, and a 30 kV pulse an average tip velocity of 1.8×108 cm/sec was found. Comparing these data withHudson's photomultiplier measurement, we may identify the Lichtenberg figure with the “primary” streamer ofHudson. The negative streamer tip velocity in the cathode part of the gap was approximately an order of magnitude smaller than the positive streamer velocity.
Nurturing fathers: a qualitative examination of child–father attachment

This research investigates the meaning of child–father attachment where the child feels close to the father but distant from the mother. A categorical‐content narrative analysis was conducted of four transcripts of interviews with women who were becoming mothers for the first time and who exhibited this pattern. The analysis suggests the importance of nurturing fathering, and also that these fathers can differ in their motivations and in the social contexts of their fathering. Self‐assertive fathering and compensatory fathering are concepts suggested to capture this difference. The link between father involvement and child–father attachment is explored. Implications for practice and for future research are presented.
Spinal cord injury: prognosis for ambulation based on quadriceps recovery

The purpose of this study was to determine if early recovery of quadricep muscle strength post spinal cord injury (SCI) is a useful predictor of future ambulation. Seventeen C4-T10 motor incomplete (Frankel C) spinal cord injured patients adimitted to our center between March 1988 and April 1990 were examined within 72 hours to one week post injury. All patients had initial quadricep strengths ^ 2/5 in both legs. Strength in the strongest quadricep was followed prospectively at intervals from admission to one year post injury. Recovery time to a > 3/5 quadricep was established for each patient. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: FA (n = 11) were those patients who achieved functional ambulation and NA (n = 6) were those subjects who were nonambu-lators. Functional ambulators were defined as those patients who were able to walk in the household and/or the community while non ambulators were those who either did not ambulate or did so only for exercise. All patients (n = 9) who achieved a > 3/5 quadricep by 2 months post SCI became functional ambulators whereas in the group of 8 patients who did not achieve a > 3/5 by 2 months, only 2 became functional ambulators. This result was found to be significant using a point-by-serial correlation with /? 3/5 quadricep strength by 2 months post injury had an excellent prognosis for subsequent ambulation by 6 months post injury.
Aurora: An Approach to High Throughput Parallel Simulation

A master/worker paradigm for executing large-scale parallel discrete event simulation programs over networkenabled computational resources is proposed and evaluated. In contrast to conventional approaches to parallel simulation, a client/server architecture is proposed where clients (workers) repeatedly download state vectors of logical processes and associated message data from a server (master), perform simulation computations locally at the client, and then return the results back to the server. This process offers several potential advantages over conventional parallel discrete event simulation systems, including support for execution over heterogeneous distributed computing platforms, load balancing, efficient execution on shared platforms, easy addition or removal of client machines during program execution, simpler fault tolerance, and improved portability. A prototype implementation called the Aurora Parallel and Distributed Simulation System (Aurora) is described. The structure and interaction of the Aurora components is described. Results of an experimental performance evaluation are presented detailing primitive timings and application performance on both dedicated and shared computing platforms.
Parental Involvement That Works . . . Because It's Age-Appropriate

AbstractWith the right kind of support from both teachers and parents, students may achieve better academic outcomes. This analysis of the literature on parental involvement in their children's academic life uncovers the most important types of interactions for students at different age levels.
Calcium regulates folding and disulfide-bond formation in α-lactalbumin

Abstract Refolding and disulfide bond formation in reduced denatured bovine α-lactalbumin is shown to be Ca 2+ -dependent. Whereas in the absence of Ca 2+ only about 2% of the native active protein is regenerated, in the presence of Ca 2+ , almost quantitative renaturation is obtained. A close coupling between Ca 2+ -binding and native disulfide bond formation is also indicated by spontaneous disulfide scrambling in the apoprotein in the presence of low concentrations of thiols. This phenomenon is not found in other disulfide-containing proteins including the homologous chicken lysozyme. It is proposed that the α-lactalbumin Ca 2+ -binding site has the in vivo function of imposing Ca 2+ regulation on the folding of nascent α-lactalbumin and thereby on lactose synthesis.
Coupling of orthogonal polarization states in a nonlinear birefringent cavity

We discuss the coupling of orthogonally polarized beams in a nonlinear cavity and show experimentally how this can be used to implement gates or latches in which one polarization state is switched by another. These devices must be reset by interrupting a light beam and thus must dissipate energy to switch down. The possibility of up and down switching with positive pulses only is also discussed.
A vector quantizer with fully pipelined data and control flow

Previously proposed linear array structures for vector quantization tend to treat memory access as an independent issue, implying that load and store operations are performed through separate data and control pins. For most applications, it is essential to adaptively update code vectors during normal operation. We present a design where global wiring is restricted to power and clock supplies, thus making the architecture truly scalable. Since data and control signals are not broadcast but propagated through local connections, they have to be accessed by the host via processing elements at the array boundary. The contribution of this paper is to ensure these desirable properties while maintaining its pipelined and parallel operation. An important objective is to demonstrate that our proposed linear array architecture using a data-driven control scheme exhibits flexibility and expandability which make it very attractive for VLSI implementation.
Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites: A comparison of Facebook and MySpace

It is not well understood how privacy concern and trust influence social interactions within social networking sites. An online survey of two popular social networking sites, Facebook and MySpace, compared perceptions of trust and privacy concern, along with willingness to share information and develop new relationships. Members of both sites reported similar levels of privacy concern. Facebook members expressed significantly greater trust in both Facebook and its members, and were more willing to share identifying information. Even so, MySpace members reported significantly more experience using the site to meet new people. These results suggest that in online interaction, trust is not as necessary in the building of new relationships as it is in face to face encounters. They also show that in an online site, the existence of trust and the willingness to share information do not automatically translate into new social interaction. This study demonstrates online relationships can develop in sites where perceived trust and privacy safeguards are weak.
2D Traveling Wave Array Employing a Trapezoidal Dielectric Wedge for Beam Steering

This presentation addresses the progress made so far in the development of an antenna array with reconfigurable transmission line feeds connecting each element in series. In particular, 2D traveling wave array employing trapezoidal Dielectric Wedge for Beam Steering will be discussed. The presentation includes current status of the effort and suggested future work. The work is being done as part of the NASA Office of the Chief Technologist's Space Technology Research Fellowship (NSTRF).
Cord blood banking and quality issues.

BACKGROUND Food and Drug Administration guidelines are designed to assure the quality and safety of the cord blood product used for transplantation. It is valuable to determine whether the actions called for in these guidelines are effective. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We applied our cell therapy quality system to all cord blood units shipped into our cellular therapy laboratory for transplant at the University of Minnesota between 2011 and 2013. The quality issues were categorized as likely, potentially, or unlikely to have a clinical impact. RESULTS A total of 249 units of umbilical cord blood (UCB) were received from 16 cord blood banks. A total of 159 units (64%) had a total of 245 issues. Of these, 117 (48%) pertained to medical history, 120 (49%) to quality control, and eight (3%) to labeling and documentation. Units with quality issues were no more likely to fail to engraft, and no specific kind of quality issue was associated with failure to engraft. Compared to a similar study 10 years ago, there was a decrease in the number of issues per unit. DISCUSSION The cost of collecting, testing, processing, and storing UCB is very high. However, there may be activities that do not contribute to the quality or safety of the cord blood. The guidelines could be reviewed to determine their value based on years of experience.
OSTEITIS DEFORMANS, "PAGET'S DISEASE", WITH FRACTURE OF THE FEMUR AND PROMPT UNION

A case of osteitis deformans of Paget is reported, which presents several unusual features,—namely: 1. Fracture through upper third of femur from a trivial cause. 2. A rapid and uneventful convalescence. 3. Prompt union of the fracture with profuse callus formation. 4. Early return of function with full weight-bearing in eight weeks' time. In view of the fact that in cases of osteitis deformans there are in the thickened cortex of the bone intermingled areas of rarefaction and sclerosis and a positive balance in the intake and output of calcium, it is apparent that there is an increase in bone metabolism. Therefore, it is not surprising that, in cases of fracture in such patients, prompt union occurs with hyperproduction of callus.
Medical Therapies for the Treatment of Overactive Pelvic Floor

Overactive pelvic floor (OPF) is understood to be a multifactorial condition requiring a multidisciplinary medical, psychological, and physical therapy team. Pelvic floor overactivity rarely exists as an isolated condition, but is related to several neurological, musculoskeletal, urological, oncological, gynecological, and gastroenterological presentations. The following chapter examines the evidence-based literature regarding medical interventions for the treatment of OPF muscle dysfunction. Medications that can be used to decrease muscular hypertonus and reduce neuronal activity will be examined.
Increasing the Early Retirement Age Under Social Security: Health, Work, and Financial Resources

Policies that would reduce or eliminate Social Security benefits for early retirees could have adverse consequences for older workers in poor health. This Brief documents the health and financial status of people aged 62-64 who receive reduced Social Security benefits as retired workers, spouses, and widowed spouses. Although most of these early retirees do not have a serious health condition, almost half report some type of health problem. About 25 percent are estimated to have health problems that substantially impair their ability to work. When compared to other early retirees, those who have severe health problems have lower lifetime earnings, are more reliant on Social Security benefits, have fewer financial assets, and are less likely to have health insurance. About 12 percent of early retirees are estimated to meet the strict disability criteria for receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) or Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Many of them do not receive DI because they lack sufficient work histories to qualify. Another larger subgroup does not meet the test of low income and limited financial assets for means-tested SSI disability benefits. About as many 62-64 year olds classified as severely disabled receive early retirement benefits as receive disability benefits from DI or SSI. The evidence suggests that Social Security early retirement benefits serve as a substantial, albeit unofficial, disability program for some early retirees.
The Immigrant or “Outsider” Experiences as Metaphor for Becoming An Educated person in the Modern World: Mary Antin, Richard Wright and Eva Hoffman

A great deal of thinking about educating people who move from one culture to another has gone on in this country in the twentieth century. At its best, this thinking has focused on the ways in which equality of opportunity could be enhanced for an immigrant population through educational means. At its very best, questions of cultural identity, and a concern with the value of the native culture of immigrants, have been included. At its worst, concerns with order and with a careless assimilation have occupied center stage. In all of this, those moving from one culture to another have been viewed as presenting an educational problem. There surely are senses in which that is the case. But it is also the case that for some persons the experience of moving between or among cultures is undergone in ways that are profoundly educational. Further, an analysis of the educational dimensions of this experience raises questions about our understanding of educational purposes. I will argue that the immigrant experience serves as metaphor for what it means to be genuinely educated in the modern world.
Thermocapillary Patterning of Nanoscale Polymer Films

We investigate a method for non-contact patterning of molten polymer nanofilms based on thermocapillary modulation. Imposed thermal distributions along the surface of the film generate spatial gradients in surface tension. The resulting interfacial stresses are used to shape and mold nanofilms into 3D structures, which rapidly solidify when cooled to room temperature. Finite element simulations of the evolution of molten shapes illustrate how this technique can be used to fabricate features of different heights and separation distances in a single process step. These results provide useful guidelines for controlling proximity effects during evolution of adjacent structures.
Pacification, resistance, and territoriality: prospects for a space of peace in East Timor

Despite current United Nations-sponsored negotiations on East Timor between Indonesia and Portugal, there is little prospect for success given the overwhelming advantages Indonesia enjoys in the struggle for control over the territory. The territorialization of Indonesian power in East Timor over the last two decades has given Jakarta a level of dominance that has allowed it to avoid serious negotiations aimed at resolving the conflict. By interrogating social power in conjunction with Knight's (1994) three key components of statehood (territory, population, and sovereignty) on a variety of geographical scales, however, it becomes clear that East Timor is a far more contested terrain than it first appears. This paper illustrates that the peace process can succeed in a manner consistent with international law and human rights only by a strengthening of the forces of resistance, which necessarily entails the West's altering its relationship of criminal complicity with Indonesia.
Operator product expansion beyond leading order for two-component fermions

We consider a homogeneous, balanced gas of strongly interacting fermions in two spin states interacting through a large scattering length. Finite-range corrections are needed for a quantitative description of data which experiments and numerical simulations have provided. We use a perturbative field-theoretical framework and a tool called the operator product expansion (OPE), which together allow for the expression of finite-range corrections to the universal relations and momentum distribution. By using the OPE, we derive the $1/{k}^{6}$ part of the momentum tail, which is related to the sum of the derivative of the energy with respect to the finite range and the averaged kinetic energy of opposite spin pairs. By comparing the $1/{k}^{4}$ term and the $1/{k}^{6}$ correction in the momentum distribution to provided quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) data, we show that including the $1/{k}^{6}$ part offers marked improvements. Our field-theoretical approach allows for a clear understanding of the role of the scattering length and finite effective range in the universal relations and the momentum distribution.
Condyloma latum of the toe webs: an unusual manifestation of secondary syphilis. A report of two cases.

The incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States peaked in 1990, exceeding the number of reported cases since 1948. Uncommon manifestations of secondary syphilis seen more frequently in the preantibiotic era may be less well recognized today. One such manifestation is the condyloma latum, or split papule of the toe web. Two patients with condyloma latum of the toe web are presented and the previous literature is reviewed. Condyloma latum is a common manifestation of secondary syphilis ; however, condyloma latum of the toe webs is unusual. Failure to recognize toe web condyloma latum may delay diagnosis and treatment
Observing the Lesson

Diane articulates a unique discomfort many teachers experience when they anticipate a visit by an outsider to their classroom. While teachers spend hours each day in front of their students, it is rare to have another adult in the room, observing and providing feedback about the lesson.
Why humour matters

Has big science killed "deep jokes"? Robert P Crease hopes not and asks for your funny tales.
Branding India: Constructing a reputation for responsibility in the nuclear order

Nation-branding professionals have the same goal as diplomats and politicians – the goal of endowing the nation with specific qualities in the minds of the target audience, so that it is identified with those qualities. In other words, they are constructing an identity for the country. Insights from the commercial practice of nation branding can illuminate the process of identity construction by states. As an illustration, the paper investigates the case of India’s branding/self-presentation as a responsible holder of nuclear weapons. In 1998, India declared itself a Nuclear Weapon State (NWS). Since India has not been granted NWS status under the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, this breach of international norms triggered condemnation. Today, however, India is being incorporated into the governance mechanisms of the nuclear order, to the extent that it is considered a de facto NWS. The paper identifies four strategies – differentiation, standardization, total branding, and crisis management – from a review of the nation-branding literature, and relates them to India’s foreign policy strategies in the nuclear issue area in the last two decades. This paper is an initial attempt to build a bridge between the International Relations and place-branding literatures.
Temperature-Dependent Partitioning of Coumarin 152 in Phosphatidylcholine Lipid Bilayers

Partitioning of coumarin 152 (C152) in phosphatidylcholine vesicles was quantified using time-resolved fluorescence emission. Phospholipid vesicles were comprised of 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (12:0 DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14:0 DMPC), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0 DPPC). C152 fluorescence emission decays were fit to three lifetimes, corresponding to C152 solvated by the aqueous buffer, embedded in polar lipid headgroups, and surrounded by the nonpolar lipid membrane core. Partitioning was measured as a function of sample temperature and vesicle composition. C152 in all three lipid systems showed qualitatively similar partitioning behavior. Partitioning into a gel phase membrane was thermoneutral and slightly entropically favored. Partitioning of C152 near the lipid membrane headgroups was entropically driven and endothermic. Well above the melting temperature, exsolvation of C152 from the membrane back into the aqueous buffer was enthalpic...
Large Deviations and the Discrete Ideal Gas

In the next three chapters we apply the theory of large deviations to analyze some basic models in equilibrium statistical mechanics.1 This branch of physics applies probability theory to study equilibrium properties of systems consisting of a large number of particles. The systems fall into two groups: continuous systems, which include the solids, liquids, and gases common to everyday experience; and lattice systems, of which ferromagnets are the main example. This chapter introduces the continuous theory by treating a simple model called a discrete ideal gas. This model, which has no interactions, is a physical analog of i.i.d. random variables.
Cell-free production of a therapeutic protein: Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant streptokinase using a CHO lysate.

The use of cell-free systems to produce recombinant proteins has grown rapidly over the past decade. In particular, cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems based on mammalian cells provide alternative methods for the production of many proteins, including those that contain disulfide bonds, glycosylation, and complex structures such as monoclonal antibodies. In the present study, we show robust production of turbo green fluorescent protein (tGFP) and streptokinase in a cell-free system using instrumented mini-bioreactors for highly reproducible protein production. We achieved recombinant protein production (∼600 μg/ml of tGFP and 500 μg/ml streptokinase) in 2.5 hr of expression time, comparable to previously reported yields for cell-free protein expression. Also, we demonstrate the use of two different affinity tags for product capture and compare those to a tag-free self-cleaving intein capture technology. The intein purification method provided a product recovery of 86%, compared with 52% for conventionally tagged proteins, while resulting in a 30% increase in total units of activity of purified recombinant streptokinase compared with conventionally tagged proteins. These promising beneficial features combined with the intein technology makes feasible the development of dose-level production of therapeutic proteins at the point-of-care.
Cold platelets for trauma-associated bleeding: regulatory approval, accreditation approval, and practice implementation-just the "tip of the iceberg".

BACKGROUND Laboratory and clinical evidence suggest that cold-stored platelets (CS-PLTs) might be preferable to room temperature platelets (RT-PLTs) for active bleeding. Ease of prehospital use plus potential hemostatic superiority led our facility to pursue approval of CS-PLTs for actively bleeding trauma patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS From November 18, 2013, through October 8, 2015, correspondence was exchanged between our facility, the AABB, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). An initial AABB variance request was for 5-day CS-PLTs without agitation. The AABB deferred its decision pending FDA approval to use our platelet (PLT) bags for CS-PLTs. On March 27, 2015, the FDA approved 3-day CS-PLTs without agitation. On October 8, 2015, the AABB approved 3-day CS-PLTs without agitation and without bacterial testing for actively bleeding trauma patients. Our facility's goal is to carry CS-PLTs on air ambulances. RESULTS CS-PLTs have been used for trauma patients at our facility since October 2015. As of August 2016, a total of 21 (19.1%) of 119 CS-PLTs have been transfused. The short 3-day storage period combined with the formation of clots in plasma-rich CS-PLTs during storage have been the major causes of a high (80.9%) discard rate. CONCLUSION In the future, pathogen-reduced (PR), PLT additive solution (PAS) CS-PLTs seem more practical due to low risks of bacterial contamination and storage-related clotting. This should make longer storage of CS-PLTs feasible (e.g., 10 days or more). With a longer shelf life, PR PAS CS-PLTs could potentially be used in a wider range of patient populations.
Inhibition of Human Amylin Amyloidogenesis by Human Amylin-Fragment Peptides: Exploring the Effects of Serine Residues and Oligomerization upon Inhibitory Potency.

To date, fragments from within the amyloidogenic-patch region of human amylin (hAM) have been shown to aggregate independently of the full-length peptide. In this study, we show that under certain conditions, both oligomers of NFGAILSS and the monomeric form are capable of inhibiting the aggregation of the full-length hAM sequence. The inhibition, rather than aggregate seeding, observed with the soluble portion of aged NFGAILSS solutions was particularly striking occurring at far substoichiometric levels. Apparently, the oligomer form of this fragment is responsible for inhibiting the transition from random coil to β-sheet or serves as a disaggregator of hAM β-oligomers. Sequential deletion of the serine residues from NFGAILSS results in a decrease of inhibition, indicating that these residues are important to the activity of this fragment. We, like others, observed instances of α-helix-like CD spectra prior to β-sheet formation as part of the amyloidogenesis pathway. The partially aggregated sample and t...
The Future of the Past: Reclassification of ‘Culturally Unidentifiable’ Human Remains Under NAGPRA

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990 provided specific instructions for the documentation and repatriation of culturally affiliated Native American human remains held by museums and federal agencies. The original legislation, however, left the issue of remains classified as “culturally unidentifiable”-- those that could not be affiliated with federally recognized tribes-- untouched and in legal limbo. Many of these human remains have undergone reclassification since first inventoried, particularly since the passage of new legislation that created new guidelines for the disposition of culturally unidentifiable remains in 2010. As of early 2017, 8,217 human remains in the United States originally inventoried as “culturally unidentifiable” have been classed as culturally affiliated with a federally recognized tribe. These reclassifications call into question the utility and symbolic significance of the term “culturally unidentifiable.” The classification criteria of the deceased under NAGPRA are established by the United States government and reworked when federal rules change. Such politics over the inclusiveness of the criteria evidences Native Americans’ continuous struggle for recognition in American classification schemes—a struggle originating at European contact and continuing through the centuries including present-day issues surrounding “federal recognition” of native tribes. Establishing “cultural affiliation” criteria for the inclusion or exclusion of human remains works in symbolic, semiotic, and pragmatic domains to continue to mediate, by legal languages and practices, the control over Native American groups both living and deceased.
Sex Practices by HIV Awareness and Engagement in the Continuum of Care Among MSM: A National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Analysis in 21 U.S. Cities.

Using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) cross-sectional survey and HIV testing data in 21 U.S. metropolitan areas, we identify sex practices among sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) associated with: (1) awareness of HIV status, and (2) engagement in the HIV care continuum. Data from 2008, 2011, and 2014 were aggregated, yielding a sample of 5079 sexually active MSM living with HIV (MLWH). Participants were classified into HIV status categories: (1) unaware; (2) aware and out of care; (3) aware and in care without antiretroviral therapy (ART); and (4) aware and on ART. Analyses were conducted examining sex practices (e.g. condomless sex, discordant condomless sex, and number of sex partners) by HIV status. Approximately 30, 5, 10 and 55% of the sample was classified as unaware, aware and out of care, aware and in care without ART, and aware and on ART, respectively. Unaware MLWH were more likely to report condomless anal sex with a last male partner of discordant or unknown HIV status (25.9%) than aware MLWH (18.0%, p value < 0.0001). Unaware MLWH were 3 times as likely to report a female sex partner in the prior 12 months as aware MLWH (17.3 and 5.6%, p-value < 0.0001). When examining trends across the continuum of care, reports of any condomless anal sex with a male partner in the past year (ranging from 65.0 to 70.0%), condomless anal sex with a male partner of discordant or unknown HIV status (ranging from 17.7 to 21.3%), and median number of both male and female sex partners were similar. In conclusion, awareness of HIV and engagement in care was not consistently associated with protective sex practices, highlighting the need for continued prevention efforts.
OBGYN screening for environmental exposures: A call for action.

Background Prenatal exposures have known adverse effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Professional societies recommend routine screening for environmental, occupational, and dietary exposures to reduce exposures and their associated sequelae. Objective Our objective was to determine the frequency of environmental exposure screening by obstetricians and gynecologists (OBGYNs) at initial patient visits. Study design Practicing OBGYNs were approached at the University of Colorado and by social media. The survey instrument queried demographics, environmental literacy, and screening practices. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and two-sample t-test. Results We received 312 online survey responses (response rate of 12%). Responding OBGYNs were predominantly female (96%), board-certified (78%), generalists (65%) with a mean age of 37.1 years. Fewer than half of physicians screened for the following factors: occupational exposures, environmental chemicals, air pollution, pesticide use, personal care products, household cleaners, water source, use of plastics for food storage, and lead and mercury exposure. Eighty five percent of respondents reported that they did not feel comfortable obtaining an environmental history and 58% respondents reported that they performed no regular screening of environmental exposures. A higher frequency of screening was associated with > 4 years of practice (p = 0.001), and having read the environmental committee opinion (p = Conclusion The majority of OBGYNs did not incorporate screening for known environmental exposures into routine practice. Reading the environmental committee opinions was strongly and significantly associated with a higher rate of screening. Improving physician comfort in counseling patients may enhance screening for exposures that affect reproductive health.
The Mechanism of the Ubiquinol: Cytochrome c Oxidoreductases of Mitochondria and of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Enzymic complexes which oxidize quinol are essential components of all major electron-transport chains. For mitochondria (for reviews, see Trumpower and Katki, 1979; Trumpower, 1981; Slater, 1981; Bowyer and Trumpower, 1981a), photosynthetic bacteria (Gabellini et al., 1982; Yu and Yu, 1982), and chloroplasts (Nelson and Neuman, 1972; Rich and Bendall, 1981; Hurt and Hauska, 1981), quinol-oxidizing complexes have been isolated and shown to function independently of other enzymic complexes, requiring only a quinol as reductant and a mobile, small aqueous protein (cytochrome c, cytochrome c 2, plastocyanin) as oxidant. An excellent comparative review by Hauska et al. (1983) has recently appeared. The question of whether or not the complexes in situ act independently has been controversial. In the simplest view, the quinone species act as shuttles of reducing (hydrogen) equivalents, operating in the lipid phase between the substrate dehydrogenase complexes of respiratory systems (or the photochemical reaction centers of photosynthetic systems) which act as quinone reductases, and the quinol oxidizing complexes (Green and Wharton, 1963; Kroger and Klingenberg, 1967; Schneider et al., 1980; Sowers and Hackenbrock, 1981; Schneider et al., 1982). A corollary of this classical picture was the role of cytochrome c (cytochrome c 2, or plastocyanin) as a shuttle of electrons between the cytochrome c reductase site of the complex, and the cytochrome c oxidase (or photooxidase). In contrast, largely as the result of experiments in both photosynthetic and respiratory systems which have identified specific bound quinones as reactants in the chain (Ohnishi and Trumpower, 1980; DeVries et al., 1980; King, 1981; Prince et 1978; Wraight, 1977; Vermeglio, 1977; Wraight, 1981), it has been suggested that the electron-transfer chains may operate as supercomplexes, operating in an integrated fashion with electron or hydrogen transfer occurring between complexes through bound quinone prosthetic groups (for reviews, see Dutton and Prince, 1978b; Prince et al., 1982).
Toughness vs. Fairness: Police Policies and Practices for Managing the Risk of Terrorism

This chapter asks how the police can best police against the risk of terror attacks. It argues that the police benefit when they have the active willing cooperation of the people in the communities that might be inclined to provide support for terrorist activities. Research suggests that such willing cooperation is linked to the fairness of the procedures used by the police to create and implement their policies and practices in the community. Hence, effective policing against terrorism requires a focus on how police practices are perceived by the people living in policed communities.
Adrenal Medullary Dysfunction

Catecholamine-secreting tumors that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are termed pheochromocytomas. Although pheochromocytomas are rare—annual incidence of 2–8 cases per million people [1]—it is important to suspect, confirm, localize, and resect these tumors because: there is the risk of a lethal paroxysm, the associated hypertension is curable with surgical removal of the tumor, and 5%–10% of the adrenal medullary neoplasms are malignant. These tumors occur with equal frequency in men and women, primarily in the third through fifth decades. Because of the widespread use of computerized imaging, up to half of pheochromocytomas are discovered incidentally in patients lacking symptoms related to the neoplasm [2, 3]. The remaining pheochromocytoma patients may present with symptoms and signs caused by the pharmacologic effects of catecholamine hypersecretion. The resulting hypertension may be sustained or paroxysmal. Episodic symptoms may occur in ‘‘spells’’, or paroxysms, that can be extremely variable in presentation but typically include forceful heartbeat, pallor, tremor, headache, and diaphoresis. Spells may be either spontaneous or precipitated by postural change, anxiety, medications (e.g., metoclopramide, anesthetic agents), exercise, medical procedures (e.g., colonoscopy) or maneuvers that increase intra-abdominal pressure. Although the types of spells experienced across all patients with pheochromocytoma are highly W.F. Young (*) Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905 E-mail: Young.William@Mayo.edu
INDIVIDUAL VALUES FOR PROTECTING IDENTITY IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

Consequences of loss of identity are severe and abuse by criminal elements is a real threat. Any effort to institute identity protection controls requires a strategic focus where objectives of individuals need to be understood and established. In this paper we undertake an extensive study to develop individual identity protection objectives. Using concepts rooted in value theory and value-focused thinking, we define five fundamental and fourteen means objectives. Our fundamental objectives for identity protection include: Maximizing end user trust; Ensuring development of social networking ethics; Ensuring authenticity of user identity; Maximizing identity management to make social networks useful; Maximizing social networking infrastructure protection. Our means objectives range from protecting individual identity from commercial exploitation to private and public segregation of information and maximizing communication richness. All together the fundamental and means objectives ensure protection of individual identity in social networking environments.
The Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a common problem encountered in the outpatient clinic and in hospitalized patients. Although the differential diagnosis is broad, making a correct diagnosis is generally straightforward. Identifying the mediator of hypercalcemia narrows the possible diagnoses and facilitates a diagnosis. Outpatients with asymptomatic hypercalcemia detected on routine testing are most likely to have primary hyperparathyroidism. Most patients hospitalized for symptomatic hypercalcemia have an underlying malignancy. For asymptomatic outpatients with hypercalcemia, evaluating in a stepwise manner, starting with PTH, is reasonable, only testing for other mediators when PTH is suppressed. The other mediators, PTHrP, 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH) 2 D, serum and urine protein immunoelectrophoresis, should be done when PTH is suppressed in outpatients and on admission in patients hospitalized for symptomatic hypercalcemia. Since PTH controls 1,25(OH) 2 D production, when PTH is suppressed and 1,25(OH) 2 D is “inappropriately normal,” 1,25(OH) 2 D is the mediator of the hypercalcemia. The most recently discovered cause of hypercalcemia, loss-of-function mutations in CYP24A1 , should be considered when 25(OH)D and/or 1,25(OH) 2 D are elevated in a patient with no evidence of malignancy or granulomatous disease. With a pathophysiological approach to diagnosis, the cause of hypercalcemia can be easily identified in most patients.
Normal saline versus Normosol™-R in sepsis resuscitation: A retrospective cohort study.

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of Normosol™-R as compared to normal saline on the outcomes of acute kidney injury and the need for renal replacement therapy in the resuscitation phase of sepsis.D...
PW 2071 Save kids lives through the school and communities

The Philippines with a population of 106 Million and with students in Public Elementary Schools of almost 15 Million, unintentional injuries specifically Road Traffic Injuries is a major concern. We at Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines (SKWP) have been conducting successfully since 2004 the Walk This Way Pedestrian Road Safety Teaching Module in 5 cities to grades 4 to 6. Educating children below 10 years old coupled with educating their parents is also a priority need. SKWP supported by Fundacion MAPFRE has started a pilot program to develop an education module for Primary School children with a complementary module for parents. The Program developed is an age-appropriate teaching program for 9 years old and below. A team of experienced teachers on Road Safety supported by Communications Specialists evaluated the existing teaching module and adopted the relevant items as well as supplement with age appropriate methods of effective teaching of the Road Safety topics for the primary school children. An audio-visual module was developed and produced to effectively impart the concepts and instructions on pedestrian safety. Student interactions such as games and exercises will also be incorporated in the wholistic experience of the children for relevance and retention. The Program involves a pilot study and implementation with three (3) Public Elementary School located side-by-side and in one village (called Barangay). A baseline study examined the environment with respect to walkability safety concerns and the current engineering safety condition. Stakeholders from the 3 schools and the community were organized to address the issues of road traffic crashes and injuries. Furthermore a system of road traffic enforcement and of data gathering and reporting were designed to help reduce traffic injuries and establish evidence-based data in road traffic injuries.
RNA expression preoperatively and postoperatively following total knee replacement: a pilot study in patients with and without chronic postsurgical pain

Background and objective Differences in gene expression may provide insight into the biological pathways involved in chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). We compared blood RNA microarrays preoperatively and postoperatively following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with and without CPSP. Methods Patients scheduled for primary TKA had whole blood samples obtained preoperatively and at 48 hours and 6 months postsurgery. RNA expression (54 613 transcripts) were assayed using the “Affymetrix HG-U133 plus 2.0” microarray. Genes that met the threshold criteria of ±1.5-fold differential change in expression (CPSP vs non-CPSP), with p Results Four of 16 (25%) patients had CPSP at 6 months. Preoperatively, 325 (0.6%) genes met the criteria, with 292 (89.9%) having greater expression in the CPSP group. Twelve biological pathways were affected, with the mitogen-activated kinase, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase–protein kinase B–mammalian target of rapamycin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathways having known association with pain. At 48 hours, 26 genes met the criteria; 7 pathways were affected, including transforming growth factor-β with known association with pain. At 6 months 55 genes met the criteria, with 49 increased in the CPSP group. Four biological pathways were affected, with only the chemokine signaling pathway having known association with pain. Conclusions Despite a lack of clinical differences, patients who develop CPSP have upregulated pain pathways preoperatively; however, only the chemokine pathway remained differentially upregulated at 6 months postsurgery.