cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building Multirail InfiniBand Clusters: MPI-Level Design and Performance Evaluation

In the area of cluster computing, InfiniBand is becoming increasingly popular due to its open standard and high performance. However, even with InfiniBand, network bandwidth can still become the performance bottleneck for some of todays most demanding applications. In this paper, we study the problem of how to overcome the bandwidth bottleneck by using multirail networks. We present different ways of setting up multirail networks with InfiniBand and propose a unified MPI design that can support all these approaches. We have also discussed various important design issues and provided in-depth discussions of different policies of using multirail networks, including an adaptive striping scheme that can dynamically change the striping parameters based on current system condition. We have implemented our design and evaluated it using both microbenchmarks and applications. Our performance results show that multirail networks can significant improve MPI communication performance. With a two rail InfiniBand cluster, we have achieved almost twice the bandwidth and half the latency for large messages compared with the original MPI. At the application level, the multirail MPI can significantly reduce communication time as well as running time depending on the communication pattern. We have also shown that the adaptive striping scheme can achieve excellent performance without a priori knowledge of the bandwidth of each rail.
Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide and carbachol on neonatal insulin secretory dynamics.

Abstract The effects of glucose, sulfated cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), or carbachol on insulin secretory dynamics were studied in pancreatic islets isolated from 1- and 3-day-old neonatal rats. When challenged with glucose, 1-day islets responded with a definite first phase and elevated secretion during the latter part of the stimulation period; 3-day islets had a first phase and a rising, sustained second phase. The presence of stimulatory concentrations of CCK-8 or carbachol in addition to glucose caused dramatic changes in the release pattern in both islet populations. In 1-day islets, carbachol stimulated mainly first phase secretion whereas CCK-8 enhanced first phase release and produced a definite second phase response. The two secretagogues increased significantly both phases of release in 3-day islets with no differences between the two agents in their effects. These results indicate that CCK-8 and carbachol differentially stimulate neonatal insulin secretion, possible through different steps in the stimulussecretion pathway. They also suggest that the cellular mechanism for second phase release is present in 1-day islets and can be activated by CCK-8.
In-Situ Investigation of Plasticity at Nano-Scale

Mechanical behavior of crystals is dictated by dislocation motion in response to applied force. While it is extremely difficult to directly observe the motion of individual dislocations, several correlations can be made between the microscopic stress-strain behavior and dislocation activity. Here, we present for the first time the differences observed between mechanical behavior in two fundamental types of crystals: face-centered cubic, fcc (Au, Cu, AI, Ni, etc.) and body-centered cubic, bcc (W, Cr, Mo, Nb, etc.) with sub-micron dimensions subjected to in-situ micro-compression in SEM chamber. In a striking deviation from classical mechanics, there is a significant increase in strength as crystal size is reduced to 100nm; however in gold crystals (fcc) the highest strength achieved represents 44% of its theoretical strength while in molybdenum crystals (bcc) it is only 7%. Moreover, unlike in bulk where plasticity commences in a smooth fashion, both nano-crystals exhibit numerous discrete strain bursts during plastic deformation. These remarkable differences in mechanical response of fcc and bcc crystals to uniaxial micro-compression challenge the applicability of conventional strain-hardening to nano-scale crystals. We postulate that they arise from significant differences in dislocation behavior between fcc and bcc crystals at nanoscale and serve as the fundamental reason for the observed differences in their plastic deformation. Namely, dislocation starvation is the predominant mechanism of plasticity in nano-scale fcc crystals while junction formation and subsequent hardening characterize bcc plasticity, as confirmed by the microstructural electron microscopy. Experimentally obtained stress-strain curves together with video frames during deformation and cross-sectional TEM analysis are presented, and a statistical analysis of avalanche-like strain bursts is performed for both crystals and compared with stochastic models.
On iterates of Möbius transformations on fields

Let p be a quadratic polynomial over a splitting field K, and S be the set of zeros of p. We define an associative and commutative binary relation on G ≡ K ∪ {∞} - S so that every Mobius transformation with fixed point set S is of the form x plus c for some c. This permits an easy proof of Aitken acceleration as well as generalizations of known results concerning Newton's method, the secant method, Halley's method, and higher order methods. If K is equipped with a norm, then we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the iterates of a Mobius transformation m to converge (necessarily to one of its fixed points) in the norm topology. Finally, we show that if the fixed points of m are distinct and the iterates of m converge, then Newton's method converges with order 2, and higher order generalizations converge accordingly.
Gel electrophoresis with discontinuous rotation of the gel: An alternative to gel electrophoresis with changing direction of the electrical field

When using agarose gel electrophoresis to fractionate linear DNA longer than 40–60 kilobases (kB), improved resolution by length has previously been obtained by periodically and discontinuously changing the direction the electrical field. This change of the field's direction was accomplished by alternately activating two sets of electrodes. However, some of the procedures used produce inhomogeneous electrical fields and with all of these procedures it is comparatively difficult to either change the angle between the two directions of the field or suppress formation of local pH gradients. To overcome these problems, a procedure is presented for changing the direction of the electrical field by rotating the gel. During agarose gel electrophoresis, a commercially available stepping motor and indexer are used to periodically rotate a gel on a circular disk within a conventional, horizontal, submerged gel electrophoresis apparatus. Because of the homogeneous field used, DNA forms comparatively sharp, undistorted bands. The previously achieved improved resolution of 40–166 kB, linear, double-stranded DNA has been achieved here by rotating the gel. Dependence of length resolution on both the angle of rotation and the temperature has been measured.
Magnetic properties of HfZn2

Abstract HfZn2 is known to be an exchange enhanced paramagnet, with a strongly temperature dependent susceptibility. In a new study, a sample of HfZn2 has been prepared, which is even more strongly enhanced and hence closer to ordering ferromagnetically than found in a previous study. The values of the electronic contribution to the specific heat, the magnetic susceptibility at T = 0, χ(0) and the Stoner exchange enhancement factor S = 1/| N(EF)I−1| have all been found to increase substantially compared to earlier results.
Explaining Government Productivity

This article revises our understanding of the conditions under which the federal government produces important legislation. I reevaluate and only mildly vindicate Mayhew's findings about the effect public opinion has on the productivity of the federal government. By revealing the size of the nation's debt to be an important determinant of productivity, however, I suggest that Mayhew's work overlooked the relationship between fiscal conditions and policy output. I also examine empirically the claims of Krehbiel's theoretical work about gridlock.
Outcomes of Boston Keratoprosthesis in Aniridia: A Retrospective Multicenter Study

Purpose To evaluate the long-term outcomes of keratoprosthesis as an alternative surgical procedure in the management of aniridic keratopathy. Design Retrospective, multicenter case series. Methods Fifteen adult patients (16 eyes) with aniridia who were deemed at high risk for regular donor corneal transplantation underwent a Boston type I keratoprosthesis procedure for visual rehabilitation. Device retention rate, preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were studied. Results The mean age of the patients was 45 (median 50) years. Six of the patients were females. Eleven patients had previously undergone donor corneal transplantations (average two grafts), with failure. In 10 patients, the keratoprosthesis surgery was combined with other procedures such as cataract extraction, tube shunt implantation, vitrectomy, and intraocular lens removal. No intraoperative complications were encountered. The follow-up ranged from two months to 85 months, with a median of 17 months. All devices remained in situ throughout the entire follow-up period. The visual acuity improved in all but one patient from a median of counting fingers (light perception to 20/300) to 20/200 (hand motions to 20/60). Comorbid preoperative conditions particularly optic nerve and foveal hypoplasia limited the final postoperative vision. No endophthalmitis or extrusion of the device occurred. One device required repair procedure without necessitating a removal. Conclusions Keratoprosthesis offers significant vision benefits in this patient group.
Holographic storage capacity in multiple-exposure dye-polymer films with saturation

Holographic storage capacity in multiple-exposure dye-polymer films with saturationTizhi Huang and Kelvin WagnerOptoelectronic Computing Systems CenterDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Colorado at BoulderBoulder, CO 80309-0425ABSTRACTAngular multiplexed holograms in saturable organic media are theoretically investigated. An exposure schedulewhich produces uniform diffraction efficiency for multiplexed holograms is presented showing that the scheduling
The characterization of wetwood in western hemlock

One of the problem areas in the kiln drying of western hemlock lumber is the wide variation in final moisture content of the wood. This variation in moisture content is due to the presence of sinker or wetwood in the heartwood. The features of wetwood which differentiate it from the normal heartwood include higher specific gravity, higher extractives content, and lower permeability. The apparent higher specific gravity can be fully accounted for by the higher extractives content. The principial extractive is α-conidendrin. The wetwood in western hemlock often occurs together with ring shake and under these circumstances the white deposit on the shake surfaces is also α-conidendrin and not matairesinol, the substance usually associated with ring shake in western hemlock.
Chemoimmunotherapy in conjunction with surgery: strategies for management of murine neuroblastoma.

Abstract The combination of biological response modifiers with cytotoxic drugs has proven to be synergistic in several tumor systems. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF) has been shown to enhance the antitumor efficacy of etoposide (VP-16) in the treatment of C1300 murine neuroblastoma. However, after completion of therapy, tumor growth resumes and results in subsequent death. In an effort to assess the impact of combining surgery with rhTNF/VP-16 therapy, AJ mice bearing the C1300 murine neuroblastoma were treated within adjuvant or neoadjuvant protocols. Adjuvant-treated animals had a longer interval to disease recurrence ( P = .01) and smaller average recurrent tumor volumes postexcision ( P P = .03) and smaller average recurrent tumor volumes up to 14 days postexcision ( P
Detecting selection using a single genome sequence of M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum.

Selective pressures on proteins are usually measured by comparing nucleotide sequences1. Here we introduce a method to detect selection on the basis of a single genome sequence. We catalogue the relative strength of selection on each gene in the entire genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum. Our analysis confirms that most antigens are under strong selection for amino-acid substitutions, particularly the PE/PPE family2 of putative surface proteins in M. tuberculosis and the EMP1 family3 of cytoadhering surface proteins in P. falciparum. We also identify many uncharacterized proteins that are under strong selection in each pathogen. We provide a genome-wide analysis of natural selection acting on different stages of an organism's life cycle: genes expressed in the ring stage4 of P. falciparum are under stronger positive selection than those expressed in other stages of the parasite's life cycle. Our method of estimating selective pressures requires far fewer data than comparative sequence analysis, and it measures selection across an entire genome; the method can readily be applied to a large range of sequenced organisms.
Displaying the sacred past: Ancient Christian inscriptions in early modern Rome

This article looks at the history of collecting early Christian inscriptions from Rome and its relationship to the study and presentation of classical epigraphy. The epigraphic collection gathered by Marco Antonio Boldetti at the church of S. Maria, in Trastevere exemplifies the increasing visibility of Christian inscriptions both in academic writing and in the actual walls of churches around the city. Yet, the motivations for collecting and the mechanisms for displaying the early Christian inscriptions were fundamentally conditioned by their perceived value not only as historical documents, but also religious objects.
Beyond Amnesia: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Future of America

Then as the voices of artists and family and millions of black people (and their votes, and their nonblack allies) began to build, the sad wisdom of Hines's words seemed to sharpen and to cut deeper at every moment. For it became increasingly clear that most of those who were leading the campaign for the national holiday had chosen, consciously or unconsciously, to allow King to become a convenient hero, to try to tailor him to the shape and mood of mainstream, liberal/moderate America. Symbolic of the direction given the campaign has been the unremitting focus
Speech recognition in noise by children with minimal degrees of sensorineural hearing loss.

AbstractIt is well recognized that the acoustical environment in a classroom is an important variable in the psychoeducational achievement of hearing-impaired children. To date, however, there remains a paucity of information concerning the importance of classroom acoustics for children with minimal
Characterization of flare on Intel’s EUV MET

Measurements of flare as a function of feature size and orientation have been made on Intel's EUV Micro-Exposure Tool (MET). The predicted value for intrinsic flare from Mid-Spatial Frequency Roughness (MSFR) of mirror surfaces is 3.5%. After addition of the contribution to flare from figure error to that from MSFR, the modeled value is in excellent agreement to the measured flare for the 1 um line of 4.5%. The measured flare in the Horizontal (H) direction is 5% and is slightly higher than the flare in the Vertical (V) direction. Flare variation across the field is less than 1%.
WAVEGUIDE-COUPLED ALGAAS/GAAS MICROCAVITY RING AND DISK RESONATORS WITH HIGH FINESSE AND 21.6-NM FREE SPECTRAL RANGE

We report the realization and demonstration of novel semiconductor waveguide-coupled microcavity ring and disk resonators. For a 10.5-microm-diameter disk resonator, we measure a finesse of 120, a resonant linewidth of 0.18 nm, and a free-spectral range of 21.6 nm in the 1.55-mum-wavelength region. We present the nanofabrication methods and the experimental results for 10.5- and 20.5-mum-diameter ring and disk resonators to show the feasibility of such devices.
Similes and metaphors I: A nature walk through benign gynecologic cytology

Similes and metaphors useful in benign gynecologic cytology are presented. Included are those pertaining to normal cellular elements, organisms, contaminants, and benign changes.
Potent, Selective and Orally Bioavailable Dihydropyrimidine Inhibitors of Rho Kinase (ROCK1) as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Cardiovascular Diseases

Recent studies using known Rho-associated kinase isoform 1 (ROCK1) inhibitors along with cellular and molecular biology data have revealed a pivotal role of this enzyme in many aspects of cardiovascular function. Here we report a series of ROCK1 inhibitors which were originally derived from a dihydropyrimidinone core 1. Our efforts focused on the optimization of dihydropyrimidine 2, which resulted in the identification of a series of dihydropyrimidines with improved pharmacokinetics and P450 properties.
A simple and accurate approximation for a coupled system-bath: locally propagating gaussians

Abstract A simple method that incorporates coupling between bath and system and between individual bath modes is proposed. In the new locally propagating gaussian (LPG) approximation, the bath is modeled by Gaussians at each system site that propagate in time. Each site couples to others by the overlap of their Gaussians. In a test case with weak but non-negligible coupling, LPG is nearly as rapid as TDSCF but more closely follows exact calculations. LPG can be extended to larger simulations. Strongly coupled system coordinates will be treated with a grid-type calculation and weakly coupled bath modes will be handled by LPG.
The influence of aging on spontaneous shifts of attention from external stimuli to the contents of consciousness

In a series of studies using laboratory procedures and retrospective reports it has been established that with increasing age adults less frequently have unbidden task-unrelated image and thought intrusions (TUITs). TUITs--also referred to as daydreams--have been linked to the "current concerns" and "unfinished business" of the individual, and old adults have been shown to express fewer current concerns than young adults. It has also been hypothesized that selective loss of neurons in old age might interfere with thought production, resulting in fewer unbidden thoughts and spontaneous shifts of attention to them. In this article we examine the extent to which intraindividual change in the frequency of TUITs over 6 to 8 years is consistent with the decrease expected from the prior cross-sectional studies. In particular, we examine the frequency of daydreams based upon retrospective self-reports using the Daydreaming Frequency scale of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The longitudinal sample consisted of 93 women and 169 men. Significant and equivalent decreases in Daydreaming Frequency scale values occurred at all ages. Longitudinal decreases were consistent with cross-sectional age differences. Thus, spontaneous shifts of attention to the contents of consciousness were seen to decrease over a 6 to 8 year interval within individuals--a result consistent with a within-individual change in conditions leading to spontaneous shifts.
Acute hospitalization and discharge outcome of neurologically intact trauma patients sustaining thoracolumbar vertebral fractures managed conservatively with thoracolumbosacral orthoses and physical therapy.

Abstract Objectives: To identify the acute hospital discharge functional status achieved and the amount of physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) received by neurologically intact patients with thoracolumbar vertebral fractures managed only by bracing with a custom-molded thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO). These patients would be expected to ambulate independently soon after receiving their TLSOs unless they had concomitant lower extremity injuries, but they may need assistance with lower extremity activities of daily living. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Urban, level I trauma center. Patients: Twenty-seven subjects who sustained one or more thoracolumbar fractures, were neurologically intact, and were managed nonoperatively with a custom-molded TLSO. Outcome Measures: Median time to TLSO arrival, start of PT, number of PT sessions, time to ambulate independently from admission, and length of stay (LOS). Results: Median time to TLSO arrival was 2 days, start of PT was 4 days, number of PT sessions was one, time to ambulate independently from admission was 312 days, and LOS was 5 days. Subjects with lower extremity fractures required significantly ( p Conclusions: A majority of neurologically intact patients with thoracolumbar fractures managed conservatively with a TLSO ambulate independently after receiving one or two sessions of PT and can be discharged home on the same day of PT clearance. Patients with lower-extremity fractures need more PT to achieve independent ambulation. The consequences of a minority of these patients being evaluated and seen by OT are not fully known. Future research may be able to document the need for more OT services.
Abundances in the Oldest Populations: the Field Stars Versus the Globular Clusters

Abstract The oldest known populations of stars in the Galaxy are members of the globular clusters as well as the field halo. An examination of certain abundance patterns in the globular cluster stars and the field halo stars reveal significant differences between these two old populations: they do not exhibit the same abundance patterns in certain key elements. The elements showing the most striking differences are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sodium, plus the heavier neutron-rich r-process species.
Professionalism as ideology: a socio-historical analysis of the discourse of professionalism in nursing

For most of this century, extensive and heated discourse has surrounded defining, conceptualizing, and implementing nursing professionalism. These discussions, for the most part, have approached professionalism as a set of universal, unchanging, objectively-measured criteria. This study explores professionalism as an ideology; an image that a social group gives of itself to itself, as a community with a history and identity. Analyses of eight decades of the American Journal of Nursing identify ways that the language of professionalism gives meaning to changing and competing social structures through rationalization and legitimation. The study further identifies how change has often been illusionary, illuminating how the language of professionalism has served to legitimate, and conceal reality. Identifying and understanding how political, social, and economic domination and asymmetry are rationalized and legitimated through language and ideology will allow nursing to demystify constraints and coercion in the delivery of health care.
Influence of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin on the third stage of labor: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the influence of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin on the third stage of labor. Five minutes after delivery, 37 women received 10 units of oxytocin diluted in physiologic saline solution to a total volume of 20 ml; 41 women received 20 ml of saline solution alone. There was no significant difference between groups in mean (±SD) injection-placental expulsion interval (9 ± 7 versus 10 ± 8 minutes).
Using MicroCT Imaging Technique to Quantify Heat Generation Distribution Induced by Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatments

Magnetic nanoparticles have been used in clinical and animal studies to generate localized heating for tumor treatments when the particles are subject to an external alternating magnetic field. Currently since most tissue is opaque, the detailed information of the nanoparticle spreading in the tissue after injections cannot be visualized directly and is often quantified by indirect methods, such as temperature measurements, to inversely determine the particle distribution. In this study, we use a high resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) imaging system to investigate nanoparticle concentration distribution in a tissue-equivalent agarose gel. The local density variations induced by the nanoparticles in the vicinity of the injection site can be detected and analyzed by the microCT system. Heating experiments are performed to measure the initial temperature rise rate to determine the nanoparticle-induced volumetric heat generation rates (or specific absorption rate (SAR Wlm 3 )) at various gel locations. A linear relationship between the measured SARs and their corresponding microCT pixel index numbers is established. The results suggest that the microCT pixel index number can be used to represent the nanoparticle concentration in the media since the SAR is proportional to the local nanoparticle concentration. Experiments are also performed to study how the injection amount, gel concentration, and nanoparticle concentration in the nanofluid affect the nanoparticle spreading in the gel. The nanoparticle transport pattern in gels suggests that convection and diffusion are important mechanisms in particle transport in the gel. Although the particle spreading patterns in the gel may not be directly applied to real tissue, we believe that the current study lays the foundation to use microCT imaging systems to guantitatively study nanoparticle distribution in opaque tumor.
Site-Directed Spin Labeling Reveals Multiple Modes for Regulating Protein-Protein Interactions in Bacterial Outer Membrane Transport

Structural transitions in three outer-membrane bacterial transport proteins have been investigated using site-directed spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy. In the vitamin B12 transporter BtuB and the ferric citrate transporter FecA, EPR spectra reveal the existence of a substrate-dependent order-to-disorder transition in the energy coupling motif (Ton box), which is localized at the periplasmic surface of the transporter. In BtuB, the Ton box unfolds into the periplasm, and in FecA, an N-terminal transcriptional domain disengages from the Ton box. Both these events expose the Ton box and initiate interactions with the inner membrane protein TonB, which drives transport. However, this disorder transition is not observed in all transporters, and in the ferrichrome transporter FhuA the EPR spectra indicate that the Ton box is constitutively disordered. Distance measurements using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) indicate how the FhuA Ton box is regulated, and each transporter regulates interactions with the inner membrane protein TonB using a distinct molecular mechanism. This work indicates that a variety of mechanisms may used to regulate protein-protein interactions in a single transporter family.
Validation of geriatric depression scale-5 scores among sedentary older adults

This study examined the validity of Geriatric Depression Scale–5 (GDS-5) scores among older sedentary adults based on its structural properties and relationship with external criteria. Participants...
Culture Counts: Why Current Treatment Models Fail Hispanic Women With Type 2 Diabetes:

PURPOSEThe purpose of this article is to evaluate whether current treatment models adequately address the cultural factors involved in treatment adherence in Hispanic females with Type 2 diabetes.METHODSA review of relevant professional literature was conducted.RESULTSEstablished health behavior models do not adequately address the unique needs of the female Hispanic population, especially those older women who hold traditional religious and cultural beliefs.CONCLUSIONSTo decrease the devastating effects of Type 2 diabetes among Hispanic women, interventions must be based on a comprehensive, culturally sensitive model that works with cultural values, not against them.
Electrochemical and peroxidase-catalyzed redox chemistry of 9-Methyl uric acid

Abstract The electrochemical and peroxidase/H2O2 oxidation of 9-methyl uric acid has been studied over a wide pH range. Electrochemical, spectral, kinetic and analytical results support the view that the electrochemical and enzymic oxidations proceed by virtually identical mechanisms.
Reagents for Bioorganic Synthesis. 6. The Design and Synthesis of Two Novel Polyfunctional Organic Reagents for Biomacromolecular Modification

Abstract The design, synthesis, structure, and properties of two tetrafunctional organic reagents, namely, 2,2′-sulfonylbis[3-(carboxymethylamino)(E,E)-N-(2-chloroethyl)propenamide] (SBCCP) (1) and 2,2′-sulfonylbis[3-(carboxymethylamino)(E,E)-N-(2-oxoethyl)propenamide] (SBCOP) (2) are reported. Reagents 1 and 2 contain reactive bis(alkyl halide) and bis(aldehyde) functions, respectively, as well as bis(carboxylic acid) moieties. The reagents have potential applications for biomacromolecular cross-linking, in particular for the cross-linking of hemoglobin sub- units. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of synthetic intermediates (4,5, and 12) provided information about structural features and tether lengths of the target reagents.
Cystectomy in the elderly: does the survival benefit in younger patients translate to the octogenarians?

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the survival benefit achieved with radical cystectomy (RC, the reference standard for treating muscle-invasive bladder cancer) in younger patients justifies its use in octogenarians. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data of the National Cancer Institute and identified 10 807 patients from 1992-2004 who were diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and were treated with either RC or radiotherapy. The data were analysed for age, gender, race, extent of lymphadenectomy and cause of death. We stratified the patients by age groups ( 79 years), and used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to compare treatment strategies by age group. RESULTS In all, 8034 patients had RC and 2773 radiotherapy; RC was the primary method of treatment in all age groups except for octogenarians. Those who had RC had a sizeable overall survival advantage in all age groups, except for the octogenarians (18 vs 15 months). This small survival advantage improved only slightly (23 vs 15 months) when excluding patients having nodal or distant metastasis. The octogenarians who have RC with a limited pelvic lymph node dissection or RC alone receive little (16 vs 15 months) or no survival benefit. However, cancer-specific survival was significantly higher in those who had RC, including octogenarians. CONCLUSIONS Octogenarians have some benefit to cancer-specific survival from RC if it includes a standard lymphadenectomy. The issue is how to better select the patients, as the overall survival advantage in these patients over radiotherapy is negligible.
Individual Differences in Online Consumer Behaviors in Relation to Brand Prominence

Brand prominence describes the conspicuousness of a brand on a product. This study seeks to understand the unique ways in which consumers engage in online brand prominence behaviors. A survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 300 U.S. adults. Participants were shown photographs of two pairs of clothing articles for three brands: Abercrombie & Fitch, Lacoste, and Armani. For each pair, one clothing article displayed the brand logo prominently whereas the other did not, and participants were asked which article of clothing they would prefer to wear. This study shows that factors such as gender, race, age, education, and household income are indicators of future brand prominence behaviors.
Antithymocyte globulin induction therapy adjusted for immunologic risk after heart transplantation.

Introduction. The efficacy of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction in the therapy of immunologically low- and high-risk patients after heart transplantation is not known. Methods. All patients who received ATG induction from January 2000 through January 2010 were divided into two groups based on the risk of rejection. A higher-risk group (age younger than 60 years, multiparous females, African Americans, panel-reactive antibody >10%, or positive cross-match) received ATG (1.5 mg/kg) for 7 days (ATG7), and the remaining lower-risk group received ATG for 5 days (ATG5), all followed by calcineurin inhibitor, mycophenolate, and prednisone. Endomyocardial biopsies were performed based a standard protocol for up to 3 years after heart transplantation, and for suspected rejection. Results. Of 253 heart transplant recipients, 87 received ATG5 and 166 ATG7. Absolute lymphocyte count <200 per microliter was achieved within 10 days in 88% of ATG5 and 86% of ATG7. Baseline creatinine was 1.3 � 0.8 pre-transplantation, 1.8 � 0.9 post
Cryptococcus Pneumonia Complicating Churg-Strauss Syndrome

Crytpococcus neoformans usually infects individuals who are HIV-infected or immunosuppressed for other reasons and clinically presents as meningoencephalitis, pneumonia or disseminated disease. We describe a 57-year-old man with history of asthma, allergic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps and chronic receipt of low dose steroids who presented to the emergency department with fever, dry cough, respiratory distress and hematuria. His laboratory studies showed leukocytosis and eosinophilia with a negative HIV antibody test. CT scan of the chest showed right lower lobe patchy opacities. The patient deteriorated during hospitalization, developed hemoptysis and hypoxia, and was electively intubated. Repeat CT scan of the chest showed diffuse alveolar and interstitial opacities with mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (C-ANCA) was markedly elevated and the patient was diagnosed with Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS). Culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid yielded growth of Cryptococcus neoformans . The patient responded well to treatment with cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids, plasmapharesis and fluconazole. This case highlights the possibility that Cryptococcus neoformans can either infect or colonize patients who are immunosuppressed, including those with CSS. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc755w
Recognition models to predict DNA-binding specificities of homeodomain proteins

Motivation: Recognition models for protein-DNA interactions, which allow the prediction of specificity for a DNA-binding domain based only on its sequence or the alteration of specificity through rational design, have long been a goal of computational biology. There has been some progress in constructing useful models, especially for C2H2 zinc finger proteins, but it remains a challenging problem with ample room for improvement. For most families of transcription factors the best available methods utilize k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms to make specificity predictions based on the average of the specificities of the k most similar proteins with defined specificities. Homeodomain (HD) proteins are the second most abundant family of transcription factors, after zinc fingers, in most metazoan genomes, and as a consequence an effective recognition model for this family would facilitate predictive models of many transcriptional regulatory networks within these genomes. Results: Using extensive experimental data, we have tested several machine learning approaches and find that both support vector machines and random forests (RFs) can produce recognition models for HD proteins that are significant improvements over KNN-based methods. Cross-validation analyses show that the resulting models are capable of predicting specificities with high accuracy. We have produced a web-based prediction tool, PreMoTF (Predicted Motifs for Transcription Factors) ( http://stormo.wustl.edu/PreMoTF), for predicting position frequency matrices from protein sequence using a RF-based model. Contact: [email protected]
Development and Distribution of Pathologic Lesions Are Related to Immune Status and Tissue Deposition of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent—Infected Cells in a Murine Model System

To evaluate pathology and the role of immune status in a murine model system of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), C3H/HeJ, C3H-SCID, and Peromyscus leucopus mice were infected with an HGE agent. All mice remained healthy. Ehrlichemia was not detected after day 14 in P. leucopus and C3H/HeJ mice but increased between days 14 and 90 in C3H-SCID mice. In tissues examined at day 21 and later, infection was rarely detected in immunocompetent mice but was present in all C3H-SCID mice and included pulmonary endothelialitis and hepatic mononuclear cell aggregates with apoptoses. HGE agent was demonstrated in mature and immature myeloid cells in hematopoietic tissues and infrequently in lung and liver lesions with deposition of infected cells. HGE agent infection in immunocompromised mice progresses slowly, has a higher infectious burden and more tissue pathology and is persistent. A murine model for HGE may be useful to assess pathologic lesions, transmission, and persistence.
MOTOR SKILLS BIBLIOGRAPHY: LVII.BALDWIN'S DICTIONARY THROUGH 1893

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Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions

Abstract With the projected growth in demand for commercial aviation, many anticipate increased environmental impacts associated with noise, air quality, and climate change. Therefore, decision-makers and stakeholders are seeking policies, technologies, and operational procedures that balance environmental and economic interests. The main objective of this paper is to address shortcomings in current decision-making practices for aviation environmental policies. We review knowledge of the noise, air quality, and climate impacts of aviation, and demonstrate how including environmental impact assessment and quantifying uncertainties can enable a more comprehensive evaluation of aviation environmental policies. A comparison is presented between the cost-effectiveness analysis currently used for aviation environmental policy decision-making and an illustrative cost–benefit analysis. We focus on assessing a subset of the engine NOX emissions certification stringency options considered at the eighth meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection. The FAA Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT) is employed to conduct the policy assessments. We show that different conclusions may be drawn about the same policy options depending on whether benefits and interdependencies are estimated in terms of health and welfare impacts versus changes in NOX emissions inventories as is the typical practice. We also show that these conclusions are sensitive to a variety of modeling uncertainties. While our more comprehensive analysis makes the best policy option less clear, it represents a more accurate characterization of the scientific and economic uncertainties underlying impacts and the policy choices.
The role of structural redundancy in the perception of visual targets

Most visual images contain “gross shapes” which are highly correlated with less perceptable “details,” e.g., the gross outline of a head and details such as eyes, ears, etc. The role of such structural redundancy in perception is considered both from a “syntactical” and “spatial-frequency” view of structure. An experiment is reported and evaluated in terms of a simple mathematical model which allows one to isolate the influence of several factors in the perceptual process, particularly the observer’s actual sensitivity to specific details and the influence of the redundant (correlated) information in “higher order forms,” The basic idea is that one decides whether a particular (target) detail is present in a briefly presented image by integrating impressions from various parts of the image in a weighted manner, with the weights determined by redundant information in “higher order forms.” Furthermore, the results are generally consistent with the notion that an increase in the number of attended letters does not reduce the information extracted from each letter.
Elastic wave propagation in a Timoshenko beam spinning about its longitudinal axis

Abstract Elastic wave propagation in a circular Timoshenko beam rotating about its longitudinal axis is studied. Gyroscopic effects are included. Both infinite and simply supported finite beams are treated. The characteristic frequency equation for harmonic wave propagation is determined in the case of an infinite beam. Results are presented for the frequencies and group velocities as functions of the wave number. As expected, the beam's rotation bifurcates each wave velocity branch of the non-rotating beam into two. Transient wave propagation in a simply supported finite beam subjected to a simulated transverse impulse is treated using multi-integral transform techniques. Numerical results are given for the direct and gyroscopically induced components of the beam's displacement as functions of time and position. A significant finding is that the out-of-plane displacements can grow to be of the same order of magnitude as the in-plane displacements.
Effect of acute transdermal estrogen administration on basal, mental stress and cold pressor-induced sympathetic responses in postmenopausal women.

Administration of estrogen has vascular effects through poorly defined mechanisms that may include sympathetic withdrawal. To define the effects of acute estrogen administration on sympathetic responses, nineteen healthy postmenopausal women (age 54±2 years) were studied after application of a placebo or estrogen patch for 36 hours, in random order. A p-value, adjusted for multiple comparisons, of <0.017 was used to determine statistical significance. Heart rate, blood pressure, and norepinephrine spillover were measured at rest, during mental stress (Stroop test), and during a cold pressor test. Estrogen did not attenuate basal or stimulated hemodynamic responses significantly. The increase in mean arterial pressure after the Stroop test (5.9±1.2mm/ Hg on placebo vs 6.1±1.6mm/Hg on estrogen, p=0.9) and after the cold pressor test (12.6±2.4mm/Hg on placebo vs 13.0±2.2 mm/Hg on estrogen, p=0.8) did not differ. Basal, mental stress and cold pressor-stimulated norepinephrine spillover were not significantly affected by short-term estrogen administration. Norepinephrine spillover tended to be higher after estrogen (1296.2±238 ng/min) than placebo (832.5±129 ng/min) (p=0.02) at baseline and after the Stroop test (1881.1±330 ng/min vs 1014.6±249 ng/min) (p=0.02). Acute transdermal estrogen administration did not attenuate norepinephrine spillover or sympathetically mediated hemodynamic responses.
Fragment shuffling: an automated workflow for three-dimensional fragment-based ligand design.

Fragment-based approaches display a promising alternative in lead discovery. Herein, we present the automated fragment shuffling workflow for the identification of novel lead compounds combining central elements from fragment-based lead identification and structure-based de novo design. Our method is based on sets of aligned 3D ligand structures binding to the same target or target family. The implementation comprises three different ligand fragmentation methods, a scoring scheme assigning individual scores to each fragment, and the incremental construction of novel ligands based on a greedy search algorithm guided by the calculated fragment scores. The validation of our 3D ligand design workflow is presented on the basis of two pharmaceutically relevant drug targets. A retrospective study based on a selected protein kinase data set revealed that the fragment shuffling approach realizes extended results compared to the well-known BREED technique. Furthermore, we applied our approach in a prospective study...
Acquiring Variable Moment Arms for Index Finger Using a Robotic Testbed

Human level of dexterity has not been duplicated in a robotic form to date. Dexterity is achieved in part due to the biomechanical structure of the human body and in part due to the neural control of movement. We have developed an anatomically correct testbed (ACT) hand to investigate the importance and behavioral consequences of anatomical features and neural control strategies of the human hand. One of the critical aspects of understanding dexterity is the analysis of the relationships between the hand muscle movements and joint movements, defined by the moment arms of the muscles. It is known that the moment arms for the hand muscles are configuration-dependent and vary substantially with change in posture. This paper presents a methodology for determining continuous variations in the moment arms with respect to multiple joints moving simultaneously. To determine variations in the moment arms of the ACT hand index finger muscles, we employed a nonparametric regression method called Gaussian processes (GPs). GPs give a functional mapping between the joint angles and muscle excursions, and the gradients of these mappings are the muscle moment arms. We compared the moment arm relationships of the ACT hand with those determined from the available cadaver data. We present the implications of the determination of variable moment arms toward understanding of the biomechanical properties of the human hand and for the neuromuscular control for the ACT hand index finger movements.
Security Blanket or Crutch? Crib Card Usage Depends on Students’ Abilities

This study investigated whether students use crib cards as a security blanket or a crutch by asking students to tally the number of times they used them during exams in a statistics class. There was a negative correlation between the number of times students used their crib cards and exam performance. High-achieving students did not utilize their crib cards very much, and this did not appreciably change over the course of the semester, implying that they may be merely a security blanket. Moderate- and low-achieving students increased their crib card usage throughout the semester, suggesting support for the dependency hypothesis. This research indicates that student ability may be a key moderator for the crib card literature to consider.