cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone responsiveness to social challenge in adolescents with internalizing problems.

Background: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an adrenal androgen which is stress responsive and a trigger for pubertal maturation. Studies on basal DHEA suggest protective benefits against anxiety and depression, yet it is unknown whether DHEA responsivity is protective. Methods: Structural equation modeling examined salivary DHEA responses to a public speaking task (PST) and parent‐child conflict discussion paradigm (CDP) in adolescents. Results and conclusions: DHEA levels were higher in girls than boys, and in older and more physically developed adolescents, indicative of DHEA’s function during pubertal maturation. DHEA levels increased during the PST, indicating responsiveness of DHEA to acute stressors. Across both tasks, girls with internalizing problems showed sharper rises in DHEA by 40 minutes post-task, ending with the highest DHEA. In internalizing adolescent girls, DHEA may serve as a marker of responsivity in stressful or conflictual contexts. A failure of these girls with internalizing problems to show a normal diurnal decline in the afternoon extended this conclusion to naturalistic environments. DHEA may be one possible mechanism linking stress responsivity and physical maturation that helps to explain adolescents’ risk for psychopathology within a biobehavioral framework. Keywords: Puberty, adolescence, depression, stress, hormones, behavior problems, gender, structural equation modeling. Abbreviations: DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEAS: dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate; ACTH: adrenocorticotropin hormone; CDP: conflict discussion paradigm; PST: public speaking task; SEM: structural equation modeling; MTMM: multi-trait, multimethod; CFI: Comparative Fit Index; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; YSR: Youth Self Report; DISC: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children.
Theoretical study of mutual injection locking of two individual lasers

Mutual injection-locking of two individual lasers through an external combining section was theoretically studied. We found that larger lockable range can be obtained with lower Q-factors for individual lasers.
Orteronel for the treatment of prostate cancer

Orteronel (also known as TAK-700) is a novel hormonal therapy that is currently in testing for the treatment of prostate cancer. Orteronel inhibits the 17,20 lyase activity of the enzyme CYP17A1, which is important for androgen synthesis in the testes, adrenal glands and prostate cancer cells. Preclinical studies demonstrate that orteronel treatment suppresses androgen levels and causes shrinkage of androgen-dependent organs, such as the prostate gland. Early reports of clinical studies demonstrate that orteronel treatment leads to reduced prostate-specific antigen levels, a marker of prostate cancer tumor burden, and more complete suppression of androgen synthesis than conventional androgen deprivation therapies that act in the testes alone. Treatment with single-agent orteronel has been well tolerated with fatigue as the most common adverse event, while febrile neutropenia was the dose-limiting toxicity in a combination study of orteronel with docetaxel. Recently, the ELM-PC5 Phase III clinical trial in patients with advanced-stage prostate cancer who had received prior docetaxel was unblinded as the overall survival primary end point was not achieved. However, additional Phase III orteronel trials are ongoing in men with earlier stages of prostate cancer.
An object-oriented toolkit for evolutionary algorithms

Describes the design of a toolkit for implementing evolutionary algorithms which use a simplified model of natural evolution as their core problem-solving technique. Our goal is to identify high-level concepts required to describe a wide range of such algorithms and implement these concepts as an extensible collection of interoperable components. This collection will allow both researchers and practitioners to rapidly create a wide variety of task-specific evolutionary algorithms. Instead of directly coding these algorithms in a programming language, toolkit users can define them by assembling a graph, whose nodes are selected from a pre-defined set of transformations. By using object-oriented techniques, we allow for easy customization or definition of new toolkit components.
Consequences of Combining Strength and Endurance Training Regimens

A common belief among many clinicians and trainers is that intensive simultaneous training for muscle strength and cardiovascular endurance is counterproductive. To test this premise, 14 healthy, untrained men trained four days per week for 20 weeks on a bicycle ergometer for endurance (END Group, n = 4), on an isokinetic device for increased torque production (ITP Group, n = 5), or on both devices (COMBO Group, n = 5). The ITP and COMBO groups had equal torque gains throughout the study (234 +/- 45 and 232 +/- 23 N.m, respectively). After 11 weeks, both END and COMBO groups had similar gains in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute). During the last half of the study, however, the END Group had a significant gain in VO2max (p less than .05) of 4.7 +/- 1.2 mL.kg-1.min-1, whereas the COMBO Group had a nonsignificant gain (p greater than .05) of 1.8 +/- 0.6 mL.kg-1.min-1. In harmony with this finding, the END Group showed a significant increase (p less than .05) in citrate synthase activity (15.5 +/- 7.9 mumol.g-1.min-1), whereas the COMBO Group had no significant increase. The authors concluded that simultaneous training may inhibit the normal adaptation to either training program when performed alone. The extent of the interference probably depends on the nature and intensity of the individual training program. [Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Loy SF, et al: Consequences of combining strength and endurance training regimens.
Pulmonary edema and coagulopathy following intrauterine instillation of 32% dextran-70 (Hyskon).

Abstract Hysteroscopy using 32 % Dextran-70 in 10 % dextrose (Hyskon) is a common outpatient procedure. We report a case of pulmonary edema and coagulopathy in a 38-year-old, 48 kg female who had hysteroscopy and removal of an endocervical polyp using 700 ml of Hyskon over a 2-hour period. Low percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and vaginal bleeding developed postoperatively. A vaginal hysterectomy was performed. The coagulation profile showed coagulopathy, which was treated with transfusions of fresh frozen plasma and platelets. The patient developed overt pulmonary edema following the hysterectomy and was treated with positive pressure ventilation. The pathophysiology for the development of pulmonary edema and coagulopathy is discussed. Recommended limits for Hyskon volumes and instillation times are emphasized, as is careful recording of these parameters.
Permutation Complexity Bound on Out-Sample Error

We define a data dependent permutation complexity for a hypothesis set H, which is similar to a Rademacher complexity or maximum discrepancy. The permutation complexity is based (like the maximum discrepancy) on dependent sampling. We prove a uniform bound on the generalization error, as well as a concentration result which means that the permutation estimate can be efficiently estimated.
Role of the Virion Host Shutoff (vhs) of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Latency and Pathogenesis

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UL41 gene product, virion host shutoff (vhs), has homologs among five alphaherpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, pseudorabies virus, varicella-zoster virus, and equine herpesvirus 1), suggesting a role for this protein in neurotropism. A mutant virus, termed UL41NHB, which carries a nonsense linker in the UL41 open reading frame at amino acid position 238 was generated. UL41NHB and a marker-rescued virus, UL41NHB-R, were characterized in vitro and tested for their ability to replicate in vitro and in vivo and to establish and reactivate from latency in a mouse eye model. As demonstrated by Western blotting (immunoblotting) and Northern (RNA) blotting procedures, UL41NHB encodes an appropriately truncated vhs protein and, as expected for a vhs null mutant, fails to induce the degradation of cellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA. The growth of UL41NHB was not significantly altered in one-step growth curves in Vero or mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells but was impaired in corneas, in trigeminal ganglia, and in brains of mice compared with the growth of KOS and UL41NHB-R. As a measure of establishment of latency, quantitative DNA PCR showed that the amount of viral DNA within trigeminal ganglia latently infected with UL41NHB was reduced by approximately 30-fold compared with that in KOS-infected ganglia and by 50-fold compared with that in UL41NHB-R-infected ganglia. Explant cocultivation studies revealed a low reactivation frequency for UL41NHB (1 of 28 ganglia, or 4%) compared with that for KOS (56 of 76, or 74%) or UL41NHB-R (13 of 20 or 65%). Taken together, these results demonstrate that vhs represents a determinant of viral pathogenesis.
A mixer computer-aided design tool based in the time domain

A time-domain-based technique for computer-aided mixer analysis and design is presented. The design tool uses SPICE to arrive at the steady-state solution of the network equations in the mixer circuit. These nonsinusoidal waveforms are studied to understand the interaction of diode, circuit, and drive conditions. Graphically derived criteria are developed to optimize mixer performance. Circuit characteristics such as conversion loss, input and output impedances at small-signal frequencies are rapidly calculated by using a fast Hartley transform (FHT) to generate the Fourier transform of the required waveforms. This technique can be used to analyze mixers that can be described in terms of transmission lines, lumped components or any other element blocks available with SPICE. >
Thrombocytogenesis in surgical patients.

Comparative studies of peripheral blood and bone marrow have shown that the postoperative marked and sustained reduction of blood platelets is accompanied by a block in the mechanism of delivery of platelets into the blood stream and a delay in maturation of blast cells of the megakaryocyte lineage.
Poplar as a feedstock for biofuels: A review of compositional characteristics

The growing demand for transportation fuels, along with concerns about the harmful effects of greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, has assured a viable future for the development of alternative fuels from renewable resources, such as lignocellulosic biomass. The effi cient utilization of these biomass resources is critically dependant on the in-depth knowledge of their chemical constituents. This, together with the desired fuel properties, helps tailor the chemical and/or enzymatic processes involved in converting biomass to biofuels. Hybrid poplars are among the fastest growing temperate trees in the world and a very promising feedstock for biofuels and other value-added products. Sequencing of the poplar genome has paved the way for tailoring new cultivars and clones optimized for biofuels production. Our objective is to review published research on the composition of the key chemical constituents of hybrid poplar species used for biofuels. Biomass yields, elemental composition, carbohy- drate and lignin content and composition are some of the characteristics reviewed, with emphasis on lignin struc- ture. Genetic modifi cations used to alter lignin content and composition, with the aim of improving biofuels yields, are also examined. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Post-Katrina Juvenile Competency Determinations: A Tale of Two Systems

Natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina have resulted in the displacement of families to locations throughout the nation. Juvenile courts have been affected by this mass migration of youths. Post-disaster recovery has been slow. Consequently, a cohort of youths has aged out of the juvenile justice system before their juvenile competency hearings could be held. Some of these young adults now face charges as adults in criminal courts. The author explores what happens when youths awaiting juvenile competency determinations age out of the system and face charges as adults. The evolution of the problem, the current situation, case examples, and possible solutions are reviewed.
Fast-response fiber-optic anemometer with temperature self-compensation

We report a novel fiber-optic anemometer with self-temperature compensation capability based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) formed by a thin silicon film attached to the end face of a single-mode fiber. Guided in the fiber are a visible laser beam from a 635 nm diode laser used to heat the FPI and a white-light in the infrared wavelength range as the signal light to interrogate the optical length of the FPI. Cooling effects on the heated sensor head by wind is converted to a wavelength blueshift of the reflection spectral fringes of the FPI. Self-temperature-compensated measurement of wind speed is achieved by recording the difference in fringe wavelengths when the heating laser is turned on and then off. Large thermal-optic coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient of silicon render a high sensitivity that can also be easily tuned by altering the heating laser power. Furthermore, the large thermal diffusivity and the small mass of the thin silicon film endow a fast sensor response.
Experimental and simulated analysis of p a-Si:H defects on silicon heterojunction solar cells: trade-offs between VOC and FF

We investigate the effects of p a-Si:H emitter layer defects on n-type silicon heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) by experimental and simulated device analysis. Simulation of interdigitated back contact heterojunction (IBC-SHJ) solar cells shows that reducing the p-layer dangling bond density (Ddb) > 5×1018 cm−3eV−1 is an effective way to simultaneously increase VOC and FF. We use front and rear heterojunction test structures to diagnose the trade-offs between VOC and FF. Analysis of the dark current-voltage (JV) characteristics and suns-VOC curves of IBC-SHJ cells with different emitter p-layers shows the benefits of a low-high doping stack emitter structure where the lowly doped layer has less defects, providing low surface recombination, while the high doped layer enhances carrier transport and contacting. By utilizing the stack emitter structure we achieved IBC-SHJ solar cell with 20.2% efficiency.
A rare cause of small bowel obstruction due to bezoar in a virgin abdomen

Abstract Introduction Bezoar is an unusual cause of small bowel obstruction accounting for 0.4–4% of all mechanical bowel obstruction. The common site of obstruction is terminal ileum. Case report A 28-year-old male with no past surgical history, known to have severe mental retardation presented with anorexia. CT scan demonstrated dilated small bowel loops and intraluminal ileal mass with mottled appearance. At exploratory laparotomy, a bezoar was found impacted in the terminal ileum 5–6 inches away from the ileocecal valve and was removed through an enterotomy. Discussion Bezoars are concretions of fibers or foreign bodies in the alimentary tract. Small bowel obstruction is one of common clinical symptoms. The typical finding of well-defined intraluminal mass with mottled gas pattern in CT scan is suggestive of an intestinal bezoar. The treatment option of bezoar is surgery including manual fragmentation of bezoar and pushing it toward cecum, enterotomy or segmental bowel resection. Thorough exploration of abdominal cavity should be done to exclude the presence of concomitant bezoars. Recurrence is common unless underlying predisposing condition is corrected. Conclusions Bezoar-induced small bowel obstruction remains an uncommon diagnosis. It should be suspected in patients with an increased risk of bezoar formation, such as in the presence of previous gastric surgery, a history suggestive of increased fiber intake, or patient with psychiatric disorders. CT scan is helpful for preoperative diagnosis.
Expression of PEPC Gene, Lipid Content and Photosynthesis in Anabaena 7120

The aim of this work was to prepare a material for biodiesel. Filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120 was mutated by DNA recombination technique. Anti and sense vectors, harbering phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene fragment pepcA, were constructed and transformed Anabaena 7120. The down-regulating mutant decreased PEPC activity to 12.9% ofthat in wild type cells, and its lipid content elevated 54.7% of that in wild type cells. The lipid content may increase to 54.15% of dry weigh. The mutant elevated net photosynthetic activity 51%–77% higher than that in wild type cells, and the activity in BG11(-N) medium was higher than in BG11(+N) medium. Also, its tolerance to higher light intensity and temperature was enhanced. From these data, the mutant contained more lipid, grew fast, tolerated high light intensity and temperature, harvested easily and the species of cyanobacterium was no toxic. So, using the mutant as a feedstock for biodiesel production may reduce the cost.
Energy Levels of Rh 103 from the Decay of Pd 103 and Ru 103

The decay schemes of ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{103}$ and ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{103}$ have been studied with the use of two scintillation spectrometers in coincidence. It has been observed that the electron capture activity of ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{103}$ is accompanied by faint $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ radiation having the several quantum energies of 40, 65, 300, 365, and 495 kev with absolute intensities per disintegration of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, 1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, 6.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, and 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The gamma rays of energy 65 and 300 kev were found to be in coincidence. The inner bremsstrahlung spectrum associated with the capture transition leading to the 57-minute isomeric level in ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{103}$ is of intensity small in comparison with that of the aforementioned gamma rays. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{103}$ is accompanied by gamma rays of energies 55, 440, 495, 555, and 610 kev with absolute intensities per disintegration of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, 0.90, 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. A $\ensuremath{\beta}$ spectrum of end point 110\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 kev is coincident with the 610-kev gamma ray. A level scheme for ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{103}$ with probable orbitals has been proposed.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling of a Fluidic Actuator for Flow Control

The development of a computer model demonstrating the switching dynamics of the flow within the actuator body has been accomplished. The model has shown good correlation to experimental data taken in the lab using rapid prototyped test articles and switching control with miniature pneumatic operator valves. The computer model is being used to refine the design of the fluidic body in order to improve the speed of the switching characteristics and determine the optimum location and magnitude of the control force. The momentum-flux ratio between the control jet and the inlet flow has been identified as a controlling parameter in order to produce reliable switching for a bistable nozzle flow. The maximum switching frequency for the conditions and test article considered in this report for one cycle was determined both experimentally and computationally to be 250 Hz.
On Pedagogy of Personality Assessment: Application of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

In this article, Bloom's ( 1956 ) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, a pedagogical tool that can help instructors of personality assessment to develop effective and student-centered instructional design, is discussed. Bloom's taxonomy provides a progressive sequence of educational objectives used for lesson planning, needs assessment, and measurement of learning outcomes. The taxonomy comprises 6 categories of objectives that are ordered hierarchically, from the simplest to the most advanced. The levels are knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. I explain how the taxonomy can be applied to the teaching of personality assessment and discuss the implications for assessment pedagogy. I provide examples of effective instructional activities, overview the signs of learners at each level, and highlight typical errors that students make in their oral and written work. Strategies to help learners progress to higher order thinking are also addressed.
Probing Surface Hydrogen Bonding and Dynamics by Natural Abundance, Multidimensional, 17O DNP-NMR Spectroscopy

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used as a tool for the atomic-level characterization of surface sites. DNP surface-enhanced SSNMR spectroscopy of materials has, however, been limited to studying relatively receptive nuclei, and the particularly rare 17O nuclide, which is of great interest for materials science, has not been utilized. We demonstrate that advanced 17O SSNMR experiments can be performed on surface species at natural isotopic abundance using DNP. We use 17O DNP surface-enhanced 2D SSNMR to measure 17O{1H} HETCOR spectra as well as dipolar oscillations on a series of thermally treated mesoporous silica nanoparticle samples having different pore diameters. These experiments allow for a nonintrusive and unambiguous characterization of hydrogen bonding and dynamics at the surface of the material; no other single experiment can give such details about the interactions at the surface. Our data show that, u...
Neuroplastic Response After Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Pilot Study.

Purpose Clinically effective measurement of cognitive toxicity from photon radiation therapy (XRT) should be accurate, sensitive, and specific. This pilot study tested translational findings on phasic changes in children's memory systems that are sensitive and insensitive to toxic XRT effects to identify a possible neuroplastic effect. Methods and Materials Memory processes were prospectively tested before XRT and at 3 later time points up to 2 years in 35 children with mixed primary brain tumors who had not experienced recurrence. Memory processes were verbal-semantic, visual-semantic, and visual-perceptual, including accuracy, speed to recall, encoding, retrieval, and recognition. The mixed-effects model included time (to estimate slope), covariates (age, tumor locus, XRT field, and medications) as fixed effects, and individual random intercepts. A sensitivity analysis examined the influence of XRT dose to the hippocampi on memory. Results Retrieval from long-term verbal-semantic memory declined 2 months after completing XRT, as seen in adults, and was lowest at 1 year, which was delayed in comparison with adults. Double dissociation from visual-perceptual memory at baseline and 2 months was found, consistent with adults. Recovery was demonstrated 2 years after XRT. Patterns were unchanged when dose to hippocampus was included in the model. Conclusions Verbal and semantic long-term retrieval is specifically sensitive to XRT-related cognitive dysfunction, without effect on visual-perceptual memory. Children reached nadir in XRT-sensitive memory 1 year after XRT and recovered by 2 years, which is later than that observed in adults. The protracted period of post-XRT injury may represent the maturation of the human hippocampus and white matter into late adolescence.
SQUIDs: Magnetic Microscopy

Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) can be scanned relative to a sample to image the magnetic fields above the surface. SQUID microscopy has the advantages of high sensitivity and an easily calibrated, linear response, and the disadvantages of modest spatial resolution and the requirement of a cooled sensor. This article describes some of the operating modes of SQUID microscopy and a few key applications.
Survey of Regularity Results

In 1962, Wendell Fleming proved a regularity result that at first sounds too good to be true. His theorem states that a two-dimensional, area-minimizing rectifiable current T in R 3 is a smooth, embedded manifold on the interior. In the classical theory, such complete regularity fails. Herbert Federer's theorem states that an ( n — 1)-dimensional, area-minimizing rectifiable current T in R n is a smooth, embedded manifold on the interior except for a singular set of Hausdorff dimension at most n — 8. The complete interior regularity results for area-minimizing hypersurfaces are given by this theorem of Herbert Federer. Regularity in higher codimension, for an m -dimensional area-minimizing rectifiable current T in R n , with m n — 1, is much harder. In a major advance, Almgren proved the conclusive regularity theorem. His theorem states that an m -dimensional, area-minimizing rectifiable current in R n is a smooth, embedded manifold on the interior except for a singular set of Hausdorff dimension at most m — 2. In 1979, Hardt and Simon proved the conclusive boundary regularity theorem for area-minimizing hypersurfaces.
Water soluble, chiral, verdazyl radicals derived from aldoses

Abstract Condensation of 2,4-diisopropylcarbonobis(hydrazide) bis-hydrochloride with a series of aldoses gives rise to tetrazanes that can be oxidized with potassium ferricyanide to give stable verdazyl radicals in good yield. The radicals are stable under ambient conditions, and are soluble in water and polar organic solvents. Aqueous solutions are stable over a range of both acidic and basic pH and do not react significantly with ascorbic acid or hydrogen peroxide. The radicals quench fluorescence from long lived fluorophores such as pyrene, or when there is an association between the radicals and the fluorophore. These radicals thus provide the foundations of a new series of radical probes and fluorescence quenchers.
Stationary Theory of Scattering

As soon as quantum mechanics was formulated by Schrodinger [1] as an eigenvalue problem, the problem of continuous spectrum arose as something new that did not exist (or was not recognized as such) in classical mathematical physics. The continuous spectrum is an essential ingredient of the Hamiltonian operator, and one is naturally led to the question of completeness for the (discrete and continuous) set of eigenfunctions. (It is strange that the same question for classical continuum mechanics was not considered until 1950 s, when Weyl [2] started to study the existence of solutions for the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for exterior domains.)
Heterolytic OO bond cleavage: Functional role of Glu113 during bis-Fe(IV) formation in MauG

The diheme enzyme MauG utilizes H2O2 to perform oxidative posttranslational modification on a protein substrate. A bis-Fe(IV) species of MauG was previously identified as a key intermediate in this reaction. Heterolytic cleavage of the OO bond of H2O2 drives the formation of the bis-Fe(IV) intermediate. In this work, we tested a hypothesis that a glutamate residue, Glu113 in the distal pocket of the pentacoordinate heme of MauG, facilitates heterolytic OO bond cleavage, thereby leading to bis-Fe(IV) formation. This hypothesis was proposed based on sequence alignment and structural comparison with other H2O2-utilizing hemoenzymes, especially those from the diheme enzyme superfamily that MauG belongs to. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterization of the reaction between MauG and H2O2 revealed that mutation of Glu113 inhibited heterolytic OO bond cleavage, in agreement with our hypothesis. This result was further confirmed by the HPLC study in which an analog of H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, was used to probe the pattern of OO bond cleavage. Together, our data suggest that Glu113 functions as an acid-base catalyst to assist heterolytic OO bond cleavage during the early stage of the catalytic reaction. This work advances our mechanistic understanding of the H2O2-activation process during bis-Fe(IV) formation in MauG.
High power and beam quality of a c-cut Tm,Ho:YAP laser pumped by two laser diodes

We report on a high power and beam quality of a c-cut Tm,Ho:YAP laser double-pass pumped by two 794.0-nm laser diodes. In a temperature of 77 K, an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 38.8% and a slope efficiency of 41.1% were achieved with the maximum continuous-wave (CW) output power of 14.0 W at 2044 nm. The beam quality factor M2≈1.1 is acquired from the Tm,Ho:YAP laser by a knife-edge method.
Occupational Exposure to Vapor-Gas, Dust, and Fumes in a Cohort of Rural Adults in Iowa Compared with a Cohort of Urban Adults.

Problem/condition Many rural residents work in the field of agriculture; however, employment in nonagricultural jobs also is common. Because previous studies in rural communities often have focused on agricultural workers, much less is known about the occupational exposures in other types of jobs in rural settings. Characterizing airborne occupational exposures that can contribute to respiratory diseases is important so that differences between rural and urban working populations can be assessed. Reporting period 1994-2011. Description of system This investigation used data from the baseline questionnaire completed by adult rural residents participating in the Keokuk County Rural Health Study (KCRHS). The distribution of jobs and occupational exposures to vapor-gas, dust, and fumes (VGDF) among all participants was analyzed and stratified by farming status (current, former, and never) then compared with a cohort of urban workers from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Occupational exposure in the last job was assessed with a job-exposure matrix (JEM) developed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The COPD JEM assesses VGDF exposure at levels of none or low, medium, and high. Results The 1,699 KCRHS (rural) participants were more likely to have medium or high occupational VGDF exposure (43.2%) at their last job than their urban MESA counterparts (15.0% of 3,667 participants). One fifth (20.8%) of the rural participants currently farmed, 43.1% were former farmers, and approximately one third (36.1%) had never farmed. These three farming groups differed in VGDF exposure at the last job, with the prevalence of medium or high exposure at 80.2% for current farmers, 38.7% for former farmers, and 27.4% for never farmers, and all three percentages were higher than the 15.0% medium or high level of VGDF exposure for urban workers. Interpretation Rural workers, including those who had never farmed, were more likely to experience occupational VGDF exposure than urban workers. Public health action The occupational exposures of rural adults assessed using the COPD JEM will be used to investigate their potential association with obstructive respiratory health problems (e.g., airflow limitation and chronic bronchitis). This assessment might highlight occupations in need of preventive interventions.
Unit Activity in the Septal Nuclei During Water Deprivation, Drinking, and Rehydration

Extensive evidence implicates the septal nuclei in consummatory behavior. Lesions in the septal area cause hyperdipsia in rats (3,9,13). Electrical stimulation of the septal area reduces the water intake both of rats with water available ad libitum and of those on 23 hour water deprivation schedules (15). Carbachol stimulation of the septal area increases drinking (7), and atropine blockage of the medial septal nucleus reduces drinking (8). According to Bridge and Hatton (5), septal unit firing in rats anesthetized with urethane is usually faster during and after stimuli which are associated with or which induce dehydration (water deprivation; subcutaneous and carotid injections of hypertonic saline) than during and after stimuli which are associated with or which induce hydration (the 0.5 hour drink period of a 23.5 hour water deprivation schedule; carotid injections of hypotonic saline; stomach loads of tap water).
Opioid Sparing in Cleft Palate Surgery.

Objective:This study aimed to determine whether intraoperative acetaminophen was able to decrease opioid consumption, pain scores, and length of stay while increasing oral intake in cleft palate su...
LEPTOSPIRA ANTIBODIES DETECTED IN WILDLIFE IN THE USA AND THE US VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Abstract: From 2011 to 2017, 4,534 serum samples from 13 wildlife species collected across the US and in one territory (US Virgin Islands) were tested for exposure to Leptospira serovars Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona. Of 1,759 canids, 1,043 cervids, 23 small Indian mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), 1,704 raccoons (Procyon lotor), and five striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 27.0, 44.4, 30.4, 40.8, and 60%, respectively, were antibody positive for any of the six serovars. The most commonly detected serovars across all species were Bratislava and Grippotyphosa. Our results indicate that Leptospira titers are very common in a wide variety of wildlife species. These species may act as important reservoirs in the epidemiological cycle of the pathogen. Additional studies to determine the relationship between serologic evidence and shedding of the pathogen by wildlife are necessary to better understand the risk.
The Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS): Psychometric update based on a United States sample.

ABSTRACTBackground: Some have suggested that text messaging is an addictive behavior. However, this characterization is uncertain, partly due to lack of well-validated measures of text messaging at...
The Distribution of Student Errors Across Schools: An Initial Study

The little previous research comparing student errors across schools indicates that student “bugs” do not transfer --that is, the distribution of students' systematic errors in one school does not significantly match those in other schools. The issue has practical implications as cognitive (or “model-tracing”) tutors rely on the modeling of student errors in order to provide targeted remediation. In this study we examine the responses of students at three schools to a middle-school mathematics problem. We find the same error is the most common error across all schools, and this single error accounts for some half of all incorrect responses at each school. The top five errors are similar across schools and account for some 2/3 of errors at each school. We conclude that in this example, there appears to be considerable overlap of student errors across schools.
Pilot Preferences for Information Provided and Its Format for Status, Alerts, and Controls

With the increased use of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in flight decks and the computing power available, it is possible to combine status screens, alerts/procedures screens, and control screens onto a single display. This report presents the results of a survey designed to assess the perceived helpfulness and need of various pieces of information that could be included on status and control screens. The results from the survey indicate that operators want parameter ranges that change depending on the current aircraft configuration shown on bow-tie or dial displays. These displays should show the current value, normal range, alert type and range, and predictive information. Respondents wanted to see system relationships to one another for both component control and menu selection. When bringing up these various displays, this information should come up with a single button push. Finally, checklists should sense when a component has changed to the desired state.
Vascular immunotargeting of glucose oxidase to the endothelial antigens induces distinct forms of oxidant acute lung injury: targeting to thrombomodulin, but not to PECAM-1, causes pulmonary thrombosis and neutrophil transmigration.

Oxidative endothelial stress, leukocyte transmigration, and pulmonary thrombosis are important pathological factors in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). Vascular immunotargeting of the H 2 O 2 -generating enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) to the pulmonary endothelium causes an acute oxidative lung injury in mice. 1 In the present study we compared the pulmonary thrombosis and leukocyte transmigration caused by GOX targeting to the endothelial antigens platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and thrombomodulin (TM). Both anti-PECAM and anti-TM delivered similar amounts of 125 I-GOX to the lungs and caused a dose-dependent, tissue-selective lung injury manifested within 2 to 4 hours by high lethality, vascular congestion, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) sequestration in the pulmonary vasculature, severe pulmonary edema, and tissue oxidation, yet at an equal dose, anti-TM/GOX inflicted more severe lung injury than anti-PECAM/GOX. Moreover, anti-TM/GOX-induced injury was accompanied by PMN transmigration in the alveolar space, whereas anti-PECAM/GOX-induced injury was accompanied by PMN degranulation within vascular lumen without PMN transmigration, likely because of PECAM blockage. Anti-TM/GOX caused markedly more severe pulmonary thrombosis than anti-PECAM/GOX, likely because of TM inhibition. These results indicate that blocking of specific endothelial antigens by GOX immunotargeting modulates important pathological features of the lung injury initiated by local generation of H 2 O 2 and that this approach provides specific and robust models of diverse variants of human ALI/ARDS in mice. In particular, anti-TM/GOX causes lung injury combining oxidative, prothrombotic, and inflammatory components characteristic of the complex pathological picture seen in human ALI/ARDS.
Psychobiological Theories of Personality

Most modern psychobiological theories of personality have their roots in much older theories of temperament. Table 6.1 outlines some of these origins and their modern areas of application. Most of the theories of origin were prescientific in that they had no methods for assessing and testing the biological aspects of the psychobiological model. Some, such as the ancient Greek humoral theory and the phrenological theory, were totally erroneous because they were based on flawed assumptions about the relationships between observable biological variables—for example, the shape of the skull—and personality traits. Although our methods have become more precise, we can expect that unforeseen developments in methodology will drastically revise our current models.
Introduction: Exploring the Mathematical Education of Teachers Using TEDS-M Data

How does teacher education contribute to the learning outcomes of future teachers? Are there programs that are more successful than others in helping teachers learn to teach? How do local and national policy environments contribute to teacher education outcomes? This chapter introduces the book to readers and invites them to explore these questions across a large number of settings. The chapter illustrates why investigating the impact of pre-service teacher education on teachers’ learning outcomes is a necessary component to understanding variation in the quality of teachers who enter the field. The chapter also provides an overview of the Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M) a cross-national study of primary and secondary mathematics teacher education sponsored by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), and funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and participating countries. The book includes original work that explores new facets of the TEDS-M methodology and data, along with results and policy implications; and illustrates the challenges and possibilities in engaging in systematic research on teacher education. Because we lack models to frame research on teacher education processes and outcomes, the book seeks to provide guidance to future research in this area by outlining the methodology followed by the TEDS-M study as well as findings from secondary analyses of the rich TEDS-M database.
KRAB Zinc Finger Proteins: A Family of Repressors Mediating Heterochromatin-Associated Gene Silencing

Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain, present at the N terminus of mammalian C2H2 zinc finger proteins, binds KAP-1 (also named TIF1β or KRIP-1) that binds HP1α and SETDB1 (H3-K9 methyltransferase) as well as NuRD complexes (histone deacetylases). The KRAB domain tethers these binding proteins to a specific gene recognized by zinc fingers, resulting in a heterochromatin-associated, strong, long-term repression of the gene. The importance of such repression is reflected in the large number (two hundred ninety) of the KRAB zinc finger protein genes in the human genome and revealed by early stage-development failure of mouse embryos lacking the common corepressor, KAP-1 (TIF1β). Many reports have described KRAB zinc finger proteins that participate in a variety of cellular processes including development of organs and cell types such as heart, bone, sperm and hematopoietic cells. Some KRAB zinc finger proteins have an additional repression mechanism that is KRAB domain-independent and involves histone deactylases or NSD1 histone lysine methyltrasferase.
Snowpack measurements suggest role for multi-year sea ice regions in Arctic atmospheric bromine and chlorine chemistry.

As sources of reactive halogens, snowpacks in sea ice regions control the oxidative capacity of the Arctic atmosphere. However, measurements of snowpack halide concentrations remain sparse, particularly in the high Arctic, limiting our understanding of and ability to parameterize snowpack participation in tropospheric halogen chemistry. To address this gap, we measured concentrations of chloride, bromide, and sodium in snow samples collected during polar spring above remote multi-year sea ice (MYI) and first-year­ sea ­ice­(FYI) ­north ­of ­Greenland­ and ­Alask, ­as­ well­ as ­in ­the ­central ­Arctic, ­and ­compared these measurements to a larger dataset collected in the Alaskan coastal Arctic by Krnavek et al. (2012). Regardless of sea ice region, these surface snow samples generally featured lower salinities, compared to­ coastal ­snow. ­­Surface­ snow­ in ­FYI­ regions ­was ­typically­ enriched ­in bromide ­and­ chloride ­compared ­to seawater, indicating snowpack deposition of bromine and chlorine-containing trace gases and an ability of the snowpack to participate further in bromine and chlorine activation processes. In contrast, surface snow in MYI regions was more often depleted in bromide, indicating it served as a source of bromine-containing trace gases to the atmosphere prior to sampling. Measurements at various snow depths indicate that the deposition of sea salt aerosols and halogen-containing trace gases to the snowpack surface played a larger role in determining surface snow halide concentrations compared to upward brine migration from sea ice. Calculated enrichment factors for bromide and chloride, relative to sodium, in the MYI snow­ samples ­suggests ­that ­MYI­ regions, ­in addition ­to ­FYI­ regions, ­have ­the ­potential ­to ­play ­an ­active role in Arctic boundary layer bromine and chlorine chemistry. The ability of MYI regions to participate in springtime atmospheric halogen chemistry should be considered in regional modeling of halogen activation and interpretation of satellite-based tropospheric bromine monoxide column measurements.
Autophagy Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insights and New Therapeutic Opportunities.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss due to aberrant accumulation of misfolded proteins inside and outside neurons and glial cells, leading to a loss of cellular protein homeostasis. Today, no therapy is available to block or slow down AD progression, and the mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway crucial to maintaining cellular homeostasis by clearing damaged organelles, pathogens, and unwanted protein aggregates. In recent years, autophagy dysfunction has gained considerable attention in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases because it has been linked to the accumulation of misfolded proteins that ultimately causes neuronal death in many of these disorders. Interestingly, autophagy-activating compounds have also shown some promising results in both clinical trials and preclinical studies. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on autophagy dysfunction in the context of AD pathophysiology, providing recent mechanistic insights on AD-mediated autophagic flux disruption and highlighting potential and novel therapeutic opportunities that target this system for AD therapy.
Uncoupling of Granulopoietic Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by Methylthioadenosine

The human bone marrow exhibits remarkable precision and flexibility, both in meeting steady-state blood cell requirements and in responding to hematopoietic stress. Despite production by the bone marrow of massive numbers of terminally differeniated cells (more than 1011 granulocytes per day), levels of circulating blood cells are maintained within remarkably narrow limits. In addition, the bone marrow has the ability to expand production dramatically in response to stress. This increased production is largely restricted to the specific cell type appropriate to a particular stress (e.g., increased granulopoiesis in response to bacterial infection). Taken together, these observations imply that proliferation and differentiation within the bone marrow are modulated by sensitive biological regulatory systems.
Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training

Abstract Background Physicians, particularly trainees and those in surgical subspecialties, are at risk for burnout. Mistreatment (i.e., discrimination, verbal or physical abuse, and sexual harassm...
Precise scheduling of mixed-criticality tasks by varying processor speed

In this paper, we extend the imprecise mixed-criticality (IMC) model to precise scheduling of tasks. We also integrate the IMC model with the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique to enable energy minimization. The challenge in precise scheduling of MC systems is to guarantee the timing correctness all tasks under both pessimistic and optimistic assumptions simultaneously. To our knowledge, this is the first work to address the integration of DVFS energy-conserving techniques with precise scheduling of all tasks of the MC model. We present utilization based schedulability tests and sufficient conditions for such systems under two well-known MC frameworks, EDF-VD and MCF. A quantitative study in the forms of speedup bound and approximation ratio are derived for the unified model. Empirical studies based on randomly generated sets are conducted to verify the theoretical results as well as the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.