cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiral recognition model for the resolution of ephedrine and related α,β-aminoalcohols as enantiomeric oxazolidine derivatives

The mechanism of chiral recognition has been investigated for a series of enantiomeric cis-oxazolidines on a commercially available high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phase (HPLC-CSP). The oxazolidine molecules were synthesized through the condensation of ephedrine and ephedrine-related molecules with aromatic aldehydes. The resulting molecules are rigid five-membered rings whose configuration has been determined by proton magnetic resonance and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The oxazolidines derived from the condensation of ephedrine and aldehydes containing a pi-basic moiety such as naphthaldehyde were resolved on the HPLC-CSP as were those oxazolidines synthesized by using a pi-acidic aldehyde such as p-nitrobenzaldehyde. However, there was a reversal in the elution order for the two types of oxazolidines. Oxazolidines resulting from the condensation of ephedrine and a pi-neutral aldehyde such as benzaldehyde were not resolved. The results of this study suggest a chiral recognition model based on the formation of diastereomeric solute-CSP complexes through a single attractive interaction and chiral discrimination resulting from the difference in steric fit.
The impact of search engine optimization on online advertising market

Online advertising market is becoming a popular area of academic research. Among other types of advertising, search engine advertising is leading the growth in terms of revenue. In general, there are two types of search engine advertising: paid placement and search engine optimization (SEO). This study aims to analyze the condition under which SEO exist and further, its impact on the advertising market. With an analytical model, several interesting insights are generated. The results of the study fill the gap of SEO in academic research and help managers in online advertising make informed advertising decisions.
Bulk amorphous metal—An emerging engineering material

During the last two decades, researchers have developed families of metal alloys that exhibit exceptional resistance to crystallization in the undercooled liquid state. Upon cooling, these alloys readily form glass or vitrify to form bulk amorphous alloys or bulk metallic glasses. The stability of the undercooled molten alloys with respect to crystallization has enabled studies of liquid thermodynamics, rheology, atomic diffusion, and the glass transition previously not possible in metallic systems. Bulk amorphous alloys exhibit very high strength, specific strength, and elastic strain limit, along with unusual combinations of other engineering properties. These factors, taken together, suggest that bulk amorphous metals will become widely used engineering materials during the next decade.
The Ability of the DETERMINE Checklist to Predict Dietary Intake of White, Rural, Elderly, Community-Dwelling Women

Abstract Using a stratified random sample of 249 older rural community-dwelling women, this study evaluated the ability of the DETERMINE checklist to identify those with at-n'sk dietary intakes. A modified DETERMINE checklist found 7% and 42% of the sample to be at high and moderate nutrition risk respectively. Dietary analysis of the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire found 93% of the women to be at-risk for at least one of eight key nutrients. Over one-fourth were at-risk for four or more nutrients. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that only three questions from the DETERMINE checklist were predictive of at-risk nutrient intake. Neither total DETERMINE checklist score, nor a score of ≥3 nor ≥6 was predictive of at-risk nutrient intake.
Digital shearing laser interferometry for heterodyne array phasing

A laser radar using an array of heterodyne detectors offers the possibility of fine resolution angle-angle imaging. The heterodyne measurements, however, are subject to phase errors due to atmospheric turbulence and mechanical misalignment. A method is described that employs digital shearing of the heterodyne measurements as a means to remove phase errors. By this method large phase errors can be corrected without requiring a beacon or a glint. This digital shearing laser interferometry method was investigated theoretically and demonstrated via computer simulations which included photon noise and various types of phase errors. The method was also successfully applied to data collected in a simple laboratory experiment.
Microfluidics-based extraction of viral RNA from infected mammalian cells for disposable molecular diagnostics

Abstract A disposable plastic microfluidic device capable of extracting viral RNA from complex biological mixtures has been developed as a step towards building low-cost, mass produced molecular diagnostic systems for infectious diseases. The device offers a robust, easy-to-use sample preparation platform for rapid processing of clinical samples for nucleic acid-based diagnostics for pathogens. As a platform model, we have successfully isolated viral RNA from mammalian cells infected with influenza A (H1N1) virus. The microfluidic chip was fabricated in cyclic polyolefin by hot-embossing with a nickel–cobalt electroformed master mold. The isolation of total RNA was done on-chip with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) system formed by trapping silica particles in a porous polymer monolith. Separation of RNA is achieved through reversible binding of the nucleic acids to the silica particles in the monolith. The μSPE system allows isolation of intact total RNA from a mixture of infected whole cell lysates and serum supplemented cell culture supernatant. The system requires minimal user-handling, so the isolated RNA sample has low risk of degradation. The μSPE system also significantly reduces the required hands-on time for extraction compared to the conventional bench-top extraction procedures. The sample preparation platform presented here uses a very compact design that can be easily coupled with downstream amplification and detection modules to form a fully integrated lab-on-a-chip for nucleic acid analysis.
WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT AS A GIFT OR BURDEN? Marital Power Across Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage

Based on interviews with a random sample of white women who are in a second marriage, this article examines changes in women's marital power across marriage, divorce, and remarriage. In some marriages, women's market work is not considered a resource and hence does not have a positive effect on marital power, particularly when husbands are employed in low-status occupations. Conversely, women who are domestically oriented do not necessarily suffer a loss of power. Hochschild's concept of “economy of gratitude” illuminates the way that marital power is affected by the meanings couples assign to women's paid and unpaid labor. Furthermore, women's previous market work and marital and divorce experiences affect the meaning of their paid and unpaid labor upon remarriage, as well as their desire for each.
Modeling pH and Ionic Strength Effects on Proton and Calcium Complexation of Fulvic Acid: A Tool for Drinking Water-NOM Studies

It is widely recognized that organic charge and metal complexation by natural organic matter (NOM) is critical to a wide range of adsorption and precipitation technologies used for the removal of NOM during water treatment. Due to a variety of analytical limitations, these properties are frequently measured under conditions that are not typical of water treatment system (e.g., high ionic strength). In this paper a mathematical model, similar to one described in Bartschat et al. (Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 284−294) has been used to describe (A) the effect of ionic strength on proton complexation of fulvic acid and (B) the effect of pH and ionic strength on the calcium complexation of fulvic acid. The model incorporates molecular size information by assuming these molecules to be impenetrable spheres of some experimentally determined average size. It also incorporates electrostatics by using the Poisson−Boltzmann equation to calculate the surface potential of the average size molecules. The model desc...
Correlation of α-Linolenate to Photosynthetic O2 Production in Chlorella

Photosynthetic oxygen evolution per milligram of chlorophyll in Chlorella vulgaris varies with the age of the culture. The rate of oxygen evolution is low in the starting cells, it rises to a maximum after 24 hours of growth and then declines to the initial low value after 72 to 90 hours. These changes in photosynthetic competence of chlorophyll in Chlorella are paralleled by changes in alpha-linolenate per milligram of chlorophyll. In general the magnitude of the photosynthetic competence of chlorophyll is directly proportional to the magnitude of the ratio of alpha-linolenate to chlorophyll, regardless of whether high ratios are due to high alpha-linolenates or low chlorophyll values. This relationship holds when the cultures are grown either under continuous or intermittent illumination.
New K-Ar dates and the late Pliocene to Holocene geomorphic history of the central Rio Grande region, New Mexico

The aerial distribution, dissection, and stratigraphic relations of Pliocene and younger mafic volcanic flows indicate that the Rio Grande in central New Mexico became a throughflowing drainage system during late Pliocene time (between about 3.0 and 4.5 m.y. ago). K-Ar dates indicate that the course of the Rio Grande was established more than 4.0 m.y. ago in central New Mexico and about 3.0+ m.y. ago in north-central New Mexico. The Ortiz geomorphic surface was probably graded to the ancestral Rio Grande about 3 m.y. ago and is considerably older than the Llano de Albuquerque surface. The central Rio Grande region has been warped and faulted since late Pliocene time. A complex fault block in the southeastern part of the Albuquerque-Belen Basin includes volcanic rocks more than 20 m.y. old that originated from southwestern New Mexico before rifting of the Rio Grande depression.
Micron-Sized Feature Overlay Alignment on Large Flexible Substrates for Electronic and Display Systems

Roll-to-roll (R2R) flexible electronics manufacturing technologies can enable continuous production of flexible electronic devices with a potential significant cost reduction. One of the critical applications of R2R flexible electronic technologies is the manufacturing of flexible display backplanes. In the manufacturing process, multi-layer device registration and overlay alignment is critical. Typically used flexible polymer substrates, though, compared with conventional glass substrates, have relatively large dimensional instability. From the authors' previous work, baseline data using a R2R photolithography system has been reported for fabrication, registration and overlay of micron-sized patterns on both unsupported discrete plastic substrates and carried by a web. Micron-sized features with 1micron overlay accuracy have been achieved on unsupported discrete 5 mil (125 micron) thick substrates of Dupont Melinex® ST507 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with photoresist , . In this paper, a vector model based on experimental results is designed to investigate and map the substrate deformation and overlay alignment in a R2R photolithography process. The vector model quantifies the significance of distortion offsets caused by elastic deformation in the overlay process on R2R based substrates. Furthermore, the relationship between the placement of the alignment fiducials and the local overlay offsets is also initially investigated. Finally, the overlay alignment processes and registration capability are applied to dimensionally stable flexible glass substrates.
Response of Gonadotropins and Testosterone to Clomiphene Stimulation in a Pubertal Boy

ABSTRACT Clomiphene citrate was given for 6 days (50 mg q 8 hr) to a normal 15 2/12-yr-old-boy at midpuberty and 11 months later when he was in late puberty. No increments of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or testosterone (T) were found at midpuberty. During late puberty there were increases in LH, FSH and T of 208, 29 and 99%, respectively. Clomiphene appears to be an ineffective stimulator of gonadotropin release until advanced puberty becomes clinically evident.
Strategic Capability: A Concept And Framework for Analysis

The central purpose of this paper is to identify a concept and an analytical framework for evaluating the capability of an organization to undertake strategic action. Implications for theory building and practical application are discussed.
The effect of dislocations on the open-circuit voltage of gallium arsenide solar cells

The effect of dislocations on GaAs solar cell performance is modeled with a focus on open-circuit voltage as a measure of device quality. On the basis of the properties of GaAs grain boundaries and surfaces, dislocations in n-type GaAs are assumed to be arsenic-rich regions that form inverted p-type regions. The inverted regions are assumed to form a low-voltage Schottky barrier or heterojunction with the metal or conductive substrate at the n-type surface. This approach successfully predicts the open-circuit voltage of GaAs solar cells on Si substrates at their reported dislocation density. >
Viruses of Entamoeba histolytica I. Identification of Transmissible Virus-Like Agents

This and a companion report deal with the identification and morphogenesis of viruses in axenized cultures of Entamoeba histolytica. There are probably two different types of virus each producing a different pathological picture in different amoebal strains, or, less likely, there is one type of agent having widely different morphological and morphogenetical pictures in different strains of E. histolytica. Both types of agent produce a lytic response in axenized amoebae and have been serially passaged to an extent assuring their replicating nature. One appears to replicate in the nucleus as multiple clusters of fine filaments which ultimately lyse the nucleus, causing cell death. The second type of agent appears to be a typical polyhedral virus, seen only in the cytoplasm and also resulting in lysis of the cell. A particle morphologically indistinguishable from this second agent is also found in late passages of the agent producing the nuclear pathology.
Recycling Textile Waste: An Issue of Interest to Sewn Products Manufacturers

Interest in recycling textile waste has grown over the last two decades because of increasing costs associated with disposal in landfills and increasing concern for protecting the environment. The ...
Relationships between Sex-Role Orientation and Attitudes toward Women as Managers:

The relationship between attitudes toward women performing in managerial roles and sex-role orientation was examined by correlating scores on subscales of the Women as Managers Scale with scores de...
Implementing high definition video codec on TI DM6467 SOC

The emergence of high-definition video into mainstream applications has imposed a challenge to researchers and engineers in the field: achieving optimal balance between programmability and hardware efficiency. The DM6467 System-on-Chip (SOC) from Texas Instruments provides both DSP-like design flexibility and ASIC-like performance at the same time for codec designs. In this paper, we investigate how to efficiently implement H.264 HD encoder and decoder based on a C64+ DSP core accompanied by the on-chip coprocessor. The overall system provides full programmability on critical coding toolsets that impact codec quality, such as motion estimation and rate control, while at the same time, utilize base functions that are fully hardware accelerated. We provide performance analysis based on such a system, in terms of system loading for HD encoders.
Education of Exceptional Children in Perspective.

A few years ago a group of school administrators responsible for local special education programs met to share their concerns. Soon the discussion turned sour and discouraging. These individuals, employed to carry out local, state, and federal policies in behalf of exceptional children and youth, were bewailing their plights-regulations were excessive, the courts were intrusive, and parents were unreasonable. Many of these school people were involved in professional education in the earlier days of the special education movement which culminated in passing federal and state legislation. Now, several years later, they had some doubts: Where would it all end? Could schools meet the law's intent? Would funding levels be sufficient for service delivery? And, what is the definition of education anyway? An intelligent consideration of these questions requires a historical perspective. It may also provide an understanding as to how parents and educators came to work in behalf of an important segment of the school's population-exceptional children and youth.
Findings from the 2006 Ozone Scientific Assessment for the Montreal Protocol

The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer called for global action to reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. In addition, it requested periodic expert assessments of, among other things, the available scientific information related to the Earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. Since 1987, the Parties have used the scientific assessment information as part of the basis for their decisions to amend or adjust the Montreal Protocol to strengthen its protection of the ozone layer. Observations now show that ozone-depleting substances in the lower atmosphere as well as in the stratosphere are decreasing, and the ozone layer is showing some early signs of recovery. A member of the 2006 Assessment Scientific Steering Committee, Dr. Ravishankara will discuss the findings of the current Science assessment, whose preparation involved more than 300 scientists from 34 countries as lead authors, co-authors, contributors, and reviewers.
A Critique of Plesko's "An Evaluation of Alternative Measures of Corporate Tax Rates"

In a recent working paper, Plesko (1999) uses confidential tax return data to evaluate alternative measures of corporate average and marginal tax rates and concludes “The results suggest that commonly used measures of average tax rates provide little insight about annual corporate tax burdens, and may introduce substantial bias into statistical models. Marginal tax rate proxies perform better, but there appears to be little, if any, empirical value added by methods that go beyond easily constructed measures traditionally used in the literature.” I caution readers in accepting the above inferences because of conceptual flaws in Plesko’s evaluation. In evaluating financial statement based average tax rates, Plesko assumes researchers are attempting to estimate statutory tax burdens (tax payable as a percent of taxable income) whereas I would argue that most researchers are attempting to examine a more general concept of corporate tax burdens (tax payable as a percent of book income). Which tax burden is appropriate depends on the research question but Plesko assumes the statutory tax burden is always the appropriate measure. In evaluating financial statement based marginal tax rates, Plesko uses a single period measure which fails to take into account the effects of carryback and carryforward rules in calculating taxable income. Thus his marginal tax rate benchmark is flawed.
Does variability in salivary protein concentrations influence oral microbial ecology and oral health

Salivary protein interactions with oral microbes in vitro include aggregation, adherence, cell-killing, inhibition of metabolism, and nutrition. Such interactions might be expected to influence oral ecology. However, inconsistent results have been obtained from in vivo tests of the hypothesis that quantitative variation in salivary protein concentrations will affect oral disease prevalence. Results may have been influenced by choices made during study design, including saliva source, stimulation status, control for flow rate, and assay methods. Salivary protein concentrations also may be subject to circadian variation. Values for saliva collected at the same time of day tend to remain consistent within subjects, but events such as stress, inflammation, infection, menstruation, or pregnancy may induce short-term changes. Long-term factors such as aging, systemic disease, or medication likewise may influence salivary protein concentrations. Such sources of variation may increase the sample size needed to find statistically significant differences. Clinical studies also must consider factors such as human population variation, strain and species differences in protein-microbe interactions, protein polymorphism, and synergistic or antagonistic interaction between proteins. Salivary proteins may form heterotypic complexes with unique effects, and different proteins may exert redundant effects. Patterns of protein-microbe interaction also may differ between oral sites. Future clinical studies must take those factors into account. Promising approaches might involve meta-analysis or multi-center studies, retrospective and prospective longitudinal designs, short-term measurement of salivary protein effects, and consideration of individual variation in multiple protein effects such as aggregation, adherence, and cell-killing.
Studies on taxadiene synthase: interception of the cyclization cascade at the verticillene stage and rearrangement to phomactatriene

Abstract The cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) to taxadiene catalyzed by taxadiene synthase has been suggested to proceed in stages, involving a transient bicyclic verticillyl carbocation intermediate, which also has been proposed in the biosynthetic pathway leading to phomactatriene by marine fungi of Phoma sp. On incubation with des-7-methylGGDP, which would be expected to decrease the stability of a carbocation produced by hydride migration, taxadiene synthase produced phomactatrienes as major products. This indicates that the verticillyl carbocation was indeed formed but underwent further skeletal rearrangements, diverging from the usual pathway taken by GGDP en route to taxadiene. Products were identified using GC–MS, one- and two-dimensional NMR, and X-ray crystallography.
A Simple Method for Determining Differential Diffusion Coefficients from Aqueous Electrolyte Diaphragm Cell Data at Temperatures Below 0°C

First introduced in 1928 by Northrop and Anson, 1 the diaphragm cell method for determining diffusion coefficients is still commonly used due to its simplicity and low cost. The method has a number of limitations, but remains an excellent choice for aggressive solutions that cannot be easily tested with interferometric methods. Stokes 2 introduced a graphical method for extracting differential diffusion coefficients from integral diffusion data, but for aqueous solutions, this method is limited to temperatures at or above 0 8C. In this paper, a new method is proposed that can be used at lower temperatures and that reduces the number of solution steps to a single linear regression procedure.
Insights into mentorship for endocrinologists.

Context: Effective mentorship is considered a prerequisite for success during medical training and an ensuing professional career in academic medicine. The Endocrine Society established sessions on mentorship at the Trainee Day during several annual meetings. These requests motivated a group of endocrinologists at the University of Virginia to assess prior literature on mentorship and collect opinions on the importance of the various characteristics of mentorship from endocrinologists, general faculty, and trainees. This information served as the basis for in-depth reflection and discussions on mentorship. Objective: The goal was to identify and prioritize the quintessential elements involved in mentorship and to reach practical conclusions that would be beneficial to academic endocrinologists. Commentary: A multigenerational mentorship tree emphasizes that successful mentors can influence generations of mentees and that this represents a multiplier effect. The authors propose that trainees who are inform...
Canine kidney glucagon receptor: evidence for a structurally-different, tissue-specific variant of the glucagon receptor

125I-Glucagon was directly cross-linked to its receptor sites on the MDCK plasma membranes using a UV irradiation procedure. Analysis of the affinity labeled membranes by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, demonstrated the presence of a single band at 74 kDa. The incorporation of radiolabeled glucagon into this band was abolished by the presence of excess unlabeled hormones, thus indicating a specificity of labeling. Also this band was observed in affinity labeled dog kidney plasma membranes. The size of the MDCK and the dog kidney glucagon receptors were consistently larger than that of the dog liver receptor as judged by electrophoretic mobility. Treatments with neuraminidase, endoglycosidase F, or N-glycanase failed to convert the renal form into the hepatic form of the receptor. Proteolytic mapping of the MDCK and the dog liver glucagon receptors revealed that major domains of both proteins are remarkably similar, yet transient variations in the size of the fragments could be detected after short duration digestions. Overall the data presents evidence that the dog renal receptor represents a structurally unique isoform of the glucagon receptor.
A tale of three campuses: Unearthing theories of residential life that shape the student learning experience

Frank Shushok Jr., T. Laine Scales, Rishi Sriram, and Vera Kidd share some initial thoughts about responses to their Campus Residential Experience Survey. Do you recognize your institution?
Synthesis and characterization of silica doped alumina catalyst support with superior thermal stability and unique pore properties

A facile, solvent-deficient, one-pot synthesis of a thermally stable silica-doped alumina, having high surface area, large pore volume and uniquely large pores, has been developed. Silica-doped alumina (SDA) was synthesized by adding 5 wt% silica from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to aluminum isoproxide (AIP), a 1:5 mol ratio AIP to water, and a 1:2 mol ratio TEOS to water in the absence of a template. The structure of silica-doped alumina was studied by in situ high-temperature powder XRD, nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, solid-state NMR, and TEM. The addition of silica significantly increases the stability of γ-Al2O3 phase to 1200 °C while maintaining a high surface area, a large pore volume and a large pore diameter. After calcination at 1100 °C for 2 h, a surface area of 160 m2/g, pore volume of 0.99 cm3/g, and a bimodal pore size distribution of 23 and 52 nm are observed. Compared to a commercial silica-doped alumina, after calcination for 24 h at 1100 °C, the surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter SDA are higher by 46, 155, and 94 %, respectively. Results reveal that Si stabilizes the porous structure of γ-Al2O3 up to 1200 °C, while unstabilized alumina is stable to only 900 °C. From our data, we infer that Si enters tetrahedral vacancies in the defect spinel structure of alumina without moving Al from tetrahedral positions and forms a silica–alumina interface.
Base-pairing energies of proton-bound homodimers determined by guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry: application to cytosine and 5-substituted cytosines.

Base-pairing interactions in proton-bound dimers of cytosine (C+·C) are the major forces responsible for stabilization of DNA i-motif conformations. Permethylation of cytosine in extended (CCG)·(CGG)n trinucleotide repeats has been shown to cause fragile-X syndrome, the most widespread inherited cause of mental retardation in humans. Oligonucleotides containing 5-bromo- or 5-fluorocytosine can bind to proteins that selectively bind methylated DNA, suggesting that halogenated cytosine damage products can potentially mimic methylation signals. However, the influence of methylation or halogenation on the base-pairing energies (BPEs) of proton-bound dimers of cytosine and their impact on the stability of DNA i-motif conformations is presently unknown. To address this, proton-bound homodimers of cytosine and 5-methyl-, 5-fluoro-, 5-bromo-, and 5-iodocytosine are investigated in detail both experimentally and theoretically. The BPEs of proton-bound homodimers of cytosine and the modified cytosines are measured ...
Relationship between Acoustic Tones and Flow Structure in Transonic Rectangular Cavity Flow

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements quantified the coherent structure of acoustic tones in a Mach 0.94 cavity flow. Stereoscopic PIV measurements were performed at 10-Hz and two-component, time-resolved data were obtained using a pulse-burst laser. The cavity had a square planform, a length-to-depth ratio of five, and an incoming turbulent boundary layer. Simultaneous fast-response pressure signals were bandpass filtered about each cavity tone frequency. The 10-Hz PIV data were then phase-averaged according to the bandpassed pressures to reveal the flow structure associated with the resonant tones. The first Rossiter mode was associated with large scale oscillations in the shear layer, while the second and third modes contained organized structures consistent with convecting vortical disturbances. The spacing between coherent structures suggested the convective velocity of downstream-propagating disturbances was less than that typically used in the Rossiter relation. The time-resolved PIV data were bandpass filtered about the cavity tone frequencies to reveal flow structure associated with specific resonant modes. Similar to the phase-averaged results, two-point correlations of vertical velocity gave convective velocities lower than those typically used in the Rossiter relation, whose magnitudes appear to be dependent on cavity mode number.
Adsorption and Desorption of HCl on Pt(111)

The adsorption and desorption of HCl on Pt(111) is investigated by temperature programmed desorption, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction. Five peaks are identified in the desorption spectra prior to the onset of multilayer desorption. At low coverage (ϑ < 0.25 monolayers (ML)), desorption peaks at ∼135 and 200 K are observed and assigned to recombinative desorption of dissociated HCl. At higher coverages, desorption peaks at 70, 77, and 84 K are observed. These peaks are assigned to the desorption of molecularly adsorbed HCl. The infrared spectra are in agreement with these assignments and show that HCl deposited at 20 K is amorphous but crystallizes when heated above 60 K. Kinetic analysis of the desorption spectra reveals a strong repulsive coverage dependence for the desorption energy of the low coverage features (ϑ < 0.25 ML). The diffraction data indicate that at low temperature the adsorbed HCl clusters into ordered islands with a (3 × 3) structure and a...
Computational Annotations: SCDL-NL as a Structured Annotation Language

In this paper, we categorize “semantics” into “taxonomical semantics”, “syntactical semantics” and “formal semantics”. We propose a declarative meta-language SCDL-NL as the foundation of a general annotation language in which “taxonomical and syntactical semantic” information of a sentence can be clearly defined. Since pure natural language is too complicated to be used as a general annotation language, the annotation language imposes some restrictions on the English grammar so that it can be easily translated into SCDL-NL to facilitate information retrieval.
Observations on the Behavioral Development of Mockingbirds

Summary.-Mockingbird parents' influence on their young's acquisition of behavior other than singiig has seldom been reported. Two instances are described of behavior by young mockingbirds in the presence of an adult which suggest learning of behaviors through modeling. The probability that young mockingbirds (Mzmus polyglottos) learn their song through imitating their parents has been discussed in the literature on that species (Howard, 1974); however, the influence of parents on other aspects of behavioral development has seldom received the attention of researchers. Here, two instances of behavior by young mockingbirds in the presence of an adult suggest learning of behaviors through modeling. The behaviors - were observed in New Orleans, LA. The first instance, which occurred in April, began with an adult mockingbird and two juveniles perched in a large tree. Both young were giving the "cheep" call which is the care-soliciting signal of the species. The adult flew down to a sidewalk and pecked in the bordergrass at the edge of the walk. After several pecks the adult stood motionless on the walk and one of the young flew down beside it. The adult pecked again in the grass; this was followed by the juvenile's pecking there also. Similarly, Mitchener and Mitchener (1935) observed young mockingbirds accompany their parents to a food tray and feed there. The behavior is not unlike that in other species associated with learning about feeding. The second case, which occurred in August, involved vocalization of the "tch'ip" call which is associated with nonbreeding territoriality in mockingbirds. This episode began with an adult perched in the top of a Japanese plum tree and a juvenile below and to one side. The adult began to give the "tch'ip" call for about 7 minutes followed by silence. Shortly after the adult started calling, the juvenile also gave the call but with a less harsh voice. While calling, the adult constantly hopped from branch to branch with occasional wing-flashing; the juvenile behaved in a similar manner while calling. After the adult had stopped calling, it flew to a nearby tree whereupon the juvenile stopped cahng. In the ethological paradigm exemplified by the work of Tinbergen
High Speed Magnetic Tweezers at 10,000fps with Reflected Hg-Lamp Illumination

The magnetic tweezer is a simple and stable single-molecule manipulation instrument. However, the standard probe-tracking methods have typically failed to reach the high resolution (∼0.3 nm) needed to measure motor protein stepping. In this paper we present a novel illumination geometry, based on an inverted microscope with Hg lamp illumination, that aims to push the resolution of magnetic tweezers to their ultimate thermal limits. Using a metal-coated coverslip and motorized magnets, we convert a standard inverted microscope into a high-resolution magnetic tweezers instrument. Our novel optical geometry reduces the restrictions on magnet design inherent to transmission-based illumination, and does not require fiber-optic coupling. We introduce a high-speed CMOS camera as the optical detector, and demonstrate how an improvement in temporal resolution directly impacts the spatial resolution.
Surgery - Still an 'old boys' club'?

Background. Currently more than 40% of first-year medicaol students are female, yet less than 20% of those entering surgical residencies are women. It has been suggested that the surgical environment experienced during medical school clinical clerkships may be perceived as being unfavorable to female students, thus accouting for this disparity. Methods. One hundred and five medical students at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine responded to a questionnaire administered before graduation to assess career choice, the influence of a number of conditions on choice of specially, the perception of a specialty's attitudes toward their gender, and the student's experiences during clinical rotations
AC Losses in Nb-Ti Measured by Magnetization and Complex Susceptibility

DC magnetization and complex ac susceptibility were measured at 4 K as functions of longitudinal dc field for a multifilamentary Nb-Ti superconductor with no transport current. Minor hysteresis loops were obtained in the dc measurements. The full-penetration field, Hp, a function of applied field, H, was deduced directly for each minor loop. The values for Hp were fit to the Kim-type equation, Hp (H) = Hp (0)/(1+H/Hk), where Hp (0) and Hk are constants. The minor hysteresis-loop areas gave losses thlt were in excellent agreement with Carr’s theoretical critical-state equation, W = (4μ0H0Hp /3)(1-Hp/2H0), where H0 is the maximum applied field for each loop.
INTERESTING MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS

Metastatic or primary bone tumors frequently offer difficult problems for diagnosis. Subjective symptoms may be present for a long time before positive x-ray findings are obtained. In cases of suspected metastatic bone lesions, radiation therapy should be given for relief of pain, even with negative roentgenograms. Other findings from the cases studied are as follows: Case 1: There is apparently no definite time limit for bone metastases to follow carcinoma of the breast, even after radical surgery. This is another example of how little faith we can place in our so called five-year cure for cancer. Occasionally, generalized metastatic carcinoma may be confused with our growing knowledge of hyperparathyroidism. Case 2: In primary neoplasms of the pelvis, pain is radiated to one or both knees without early physical signs. Later, contractures develop and the roentgenographic findings become manifest. This has been true in our two cases of malignant pelvic tumors and may be of help in diagnosis. Case 3: Alleviation of pain is the important treatment for Hodgkin's disease, particularly when bone is involved, and x-ray therapy plays its part here. Periostitis in bone lesions frequently confounds the diagnosis instead of aiding in its clarification. Case 4: This case represents a tumor which gives all the clinical evidence of being primary, but pathologically is proved to be of secondary origin. It is well recognized that small undiagnosable primary lesions frequently exist and the only evidence is their secondary manifestations. Case 5: This is a case of proved epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix, which was apparently cured by radium and x-ray therapy nine months after admission, as far as the original lesion was concerned. Yet, within fourteen months of the first admission, the patient died of extensive generalized metastatic lesions, some of which were unusually located. Case 6: Telangiectatic sarcoma is a rapidly growing and fatal form of bone malignancy. Early radical surgery is the patient's only salvation. Technically perfect roentgenograms of the chest are of the utmost importance in ruling out metastases.
Edgeworth Expansions and the Bootstrap

This chapter outlines the proof of the validity of a properly formulated version of the formal Edgeworth expansion, and derives from it the precise asymptotic rate of the coverage error of Efron’s bootstrap. A number of other applications of Edgeworth expansions are outlined.
Dynamic Reports and the Cloud

In the preceding chapters, you saw how Shiny delivers interactive environments based on dynamic data. Dynamic reports and the live dashboards have many similarities. On the other hand, this chapter, because the reports end up as PDFs, is less interactive. Reports are a fact of life in many fields, and stakeholders tend to require snapshots in time rather than fully interactive environments. Through the knitr and rmarkdown packages, we create documents (for example, PDF, HTML, or Microsoft Word) based on data input. For regular reports that build on continuously changing data, yet that have the same structure overall, this is a great time-saver.
A 10-Year Review of Total Hospital-Onset ICU Bloodstream Infections at an Academic Medical Center.

Background The rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in U.S. ICUs have decreased significantly, and a parallel reduction in the rates of total hospital-onset bacteremias in these units should also be expected. We report 10-year trends for total hospital-onset ICU-associated bacteremias at a tertiary-care academic medical center. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all positive-result blood cultures among patients admitted to seven adult ICUs for fiscal year 2005 (FY2005) through FY2014 according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network definitions. The rate of change for primary and secondary hospital-onset BSIs was determined, as was the distribution of organisms responsible for these BSIs. Data from three medical, two general surgical, one combined neurosurgical/trauma, and one cardiac/cardiac surgery adult ICU were analyzed. Results Across all ICUs, the rates of primary BSIs progressively fell from 2.11/1,000 patient days in FY2005 to 0.32/1,000 patient days in FY2014; an 85.0% decrease ( P P Conclusions An increased focus on reducing hospital-onset infections at the academic medical center since 2005, including multimodal multidisciplinary efforts to prevent central line-associated BSIs, pneumonia, Clostridium difficile disease, surgical site infections, and urinary tract infections, was associated with progressive and sustained decreases for both primary and secondary hospital-onset BSIs.
SHOCK SYNTHESIS OF SILICIDES

Niobium, molybdenum, and titanium silicides were synthesized by shock waves travelling through mixtures of elemental powders; the explosively generated impact experiments were carried out on powders at ambient temperature and pre-heated to 500°C. The unreacted, partially reacted, and fully reacted regions were mapped and correlated with pressure and energy levels predicted from computations. Characterization of the partially reacted regions (for Nb-Si) showed that melting of silicon is a critical requirement for the initiation of the reaction; niobium dissilicide spherules nucleate and grow at the Nb-Si interface and eventually detach themselves. Concurrently, solid state diffusion of Si into Nb creates Nb5Si3, which acts as a barrier for further reaction. In parallel experiments on Nb-Si diffusion couples heated to 1200°C, it is found that the same reaction sequence occurs (NbSi2 → Nb5Si3). A preliminary analysis is conducted based on the requirement for silicon melting for reaction to occur. This analysis predicts critical melt pool sizes for reactions, which can be correlated to shock energy. Two important parameters in this analysis are: the heat of reaction and the thermal diffusivity of the components.
Behavior change following HIV diagnosis: findings from a Cohort of Los Angeles MSM

The effect of an HIV diagnosis on subsequent behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) remains unclear. From 2009 to 2012 the NIDA funded Metromates Study enrolled and followed for one year MSM seeking testing for HIV in Los Angeles, assessing those with new HIV diagnoses for acute/recent HIV infection. Behavioral data were collected via Computer-Assisted Self-Interview from 321 men of whom 125 were classified as recently HIV infected, 91 as not recently HIV infected, and 105 as HIV-negative. Differences over time between those with recent HIV infection, not recent HIV infection, and no HIV were evaluated using bivariate and multivariable analyses for repeat measures to assess associations between HIV group, behaviors and condomless receptive (CRAI), intersertive (CIAI), or any condomless anal intercourse (CAI). Participants were mostly young (59% < 30 years of age) and minority. Median number of partners reported in past year dropped significantly over time among recently infected MSM (10 to 5) and HIV negative men (5 to 3) but not for not recently HIV infected. No changes comparing baseline to follow-up were noted in reports of CAI within each HIV-group. Based on GEE multivariable analyses adjusting for age, and race/ethnicity after HIV testing recently HIV infected and not recently HIV infected men practiced more CAI within serodiscordant partnerships than HIV negative MSM: more CRAI than the HIV negatives (AOR = 4.90; 95% CI 1.80-13.29 and AOR = 5.01; 95% CI 1.77-14.16 among recently infected and not recently infected, respectively) but only more CIAI among not recently infected (AOR 3.48; 95% CI 1.31-9.24) when compared to HIV negatives. For MSM seeking HIV testing in Los Angeles at that time, there was little indication of behavior change following HIV diagnosis and continued CAI, suggesting that without rapid linkage to care and viral suppression significant transmissions may have been ongoing.
Ultra-sensitive fiber sensors using structural slow light

Slow-light fiber Bragg gratings exhibit very narrow resonances that can be used to fabricate sensors with unprecedented resolutions. Their principles of operation and properties will be illustrated with strain, temperature, and acoustic sensors.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Human Clinical Isolate of emm28 Streptococcus pyogenes Causing Necrotizing Fasciitis Acquired Contemporaneously with Hurricane Harvey

ABSTRACT We discovered an emm28 Streptococcus pyogenes isolate causing necrotizing fasciitis in a patient exposed to the floodwaters of Hurricane Harvey in the Houston, TX, metropolitan area in August 2017. The Oxford Nanopore MinION instrument provided sufficient genome sequence data within 1 h of beginning sequencing to close the genome.
De Top Cat a Don Gato: acerca del doblaje de animación

De todas las animaciones de Hanna-Barbera, Top Cat (1961-1962) fue, y sigue siendo, ampliamente popular en Mexico como Don Gato y su Pandilla. Al adaptar el libreto y dar voz a los personajes, traductores y actores de voz locales aseguraron el exito de la serie, cuya historia se centra en los fallidos planes para enriquecerse de seis gatos callejeros de la ciudad de Nueva York. Aunque su condicion marginal facilito la atraccion del publico, fueron la traduccion y el doblaje los que aseguraron su incondicional aceptacion en Mexico al trasformar estos gatos en personajes facilmente asimilables. Don Gato ilustra como los paises latinoamericanos logran apropiarse de los productos hegemonicos norteamericanos para difundir tematicas locales: mientras el componente visual se mantiene inalterado, el dialogo y las voces de los personajes son, inconfundiblemente, mexicanos.
The Rural Inpatient Mortality Study: Does Urban-Rural County Classification Predict Hospital Mortality in California?

CONTEXT Evidence suggests an association between rurality and decreased life expectancy. OBJECTIVE To determine whether rural hospitals have higher hospital mortality, given that very sick patients may be transferred to regional hospitals. DESIGN In this ecologic study, we combined Medicare hospital mortality ratings (N = 1267) with US census data, critical access hospital classification, and National Center for Health Statistics urban-rural county classifications. Ratings included mortality for coronary artery bypass grafting, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia across 277 California hospitals between July 2011 and June 2014. We used generalized estimating equations to evaluate the association of urban-rural county classifications on mortality ratings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Unfavorable Medicare hospital mortality rating "worse than the national rate" compared with "better" or "same." RESULTS Compared with large central "metro" (metropolitan) counties, hospitals in medium-sized metro counties had 6.4 times the odds of rating "worse than the national rate" for hospital mortality (95% confidence interval = 2.8-14.8, p < 0.001). For hospitals in small metro counties, the odds of having such a rating were 3.7 times greater (95% confidence interval = 0.7-23.4, p = 0.12), although not statistically significant. Few ratings were provided for rural counties, and analysis of rural counties was underpowered. CONCLUSION Hospitals in medium-sized metro counties are associated with unfavorable Medicare mortality ratings, but current methods to assign mortality ratings may hinder fair comparisons. Patient transfers from rural locations to regional medical centers may contribute to these results, a potential factor that future research should examine.