cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suicide mortality among firefighters: Results from a large, urban fire department

BACKGROUND: Research regarding suicide mortality among firefighters within the U.S. has been sparse and has yielded inconsistent findings. This study aimed to: (i) describe suicide rates within a large, urban fire department; and (ii) compare firefighter suicide rates with demographically adjusted general population suicide rates. METHODS: Rosters were obtained from the Philadelphia Fire Department (PFD) for all members employed by or separated from the department between 1993 and 2014 (N = 4,395). Vital statistics for each member were obtained from the CDC's National Death Index. RESULTS: Overall, 272 deaths were recorded; 11 (4.0%) were certified as suicides. The overall suicide rate among firefighter affiliates of the PFD between 1993 and 2014 was 11.61 per 100,000 person-years. CONCLUSIONS: The suicide rate among firefighters appears comparable to, and perhaps lower than, demographically adjusted general population estimates. Infrastructure to triangulate and monitor suicide rates from multiple departments, both career and volunteer, is needed to derive a more representative and informative estimate of firefighter suicide rates. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Comparison of Infectious Dose of Listeria monocytogenes F5817 as Determined for Normal Versus Compromised C57B1/6J Mice.

The infectious dose of Listeria monocytogenes F5817, a serotype 4b human patient isolate, was determined following oral challenge in normal and compromised C57B1/6J mice. In an attempt to mimic human populations previously shown to be at risk to ingestion of L. monocytogenes , groups of mice used in this study consisted of the following: mice pretreated with hydrocortisone acetate or cimetidine; pregnant mice (12-14 d gestation); or beige mutants of C57B1/6J mice (deficient in lysosome production within monocytes and granulocytes). Mice were gavaged with varying levels of L. monocytogenes suspended in sterile 11% non-fat milk solids (NFMS). Upon expiration, the spleen, liver, lung, and brain were aseptically removed from mice. Organs were plated on LPM agar, and colonies were enumerated and biochemically confirmed as L. monocytogenes . Mice were considered infected if L. monocytogenes was recovered from at least one of the examined organs. In normal resistant C57B1/6J mice, the infectious dose 50 (ID50) ranged from 3.24-4.55 log10 CFU. In comparison, the ID50 for mice treated with 2.5 mg hydrocortisone acetate/day for 3d prior to infection decreased to 0.41 log10 CFU (range -1.91-2.74 log10 CFU). Administration of 0.25 mg hydrocortisone acetate/day for 3d prior to infection resulted in an ID50 similar to that calculated for normal mice. The ID50 calculated for pregnant mice was 2.48 log10 CFU, a value not significantly different from that of normal control mice. The response of beige mutants and cimetidine treated mice was comparable to that of normal controls, with ID50 values of 4.00 and 3.30 log10 CFU, respectively.
Social Desirability, Hidden Biases, and Support for Hillary Clinton

An emerging consensus suggests that women are underrepresented in government because of biases in the recruitment process instead of biases at the ballot box. These results, however, are largely for legislative offices, and research suggests that “male” characteristics are generally associated with executive positions like the presidency. At the same time, some research demonstrates social desirability masks gender biases against women who seek the highest office in the land. We use the historic candidacy of Hillary Clinton to examine if she faces hidden biases in either the primaries or the general election. Two different methods for uncovering hidden biases embedded in national surveys demonstrate small hidden biases that are likely electorally inconsequential.
Entropy-Vanishing Transition and Glassy Dynamics in Frustrated Spins

In an effort to understand the glass transition, the dynamics of a nonrandomly frustrated spin model has been analyzed. The phenomenology of the spin model is similar to that of a supercooled liquid undergoing the glass transition. The slow dynamics can be associated with the presence of extended stringlike structures which demarcate regions of fast spin flips. An entropy-vanishing transition, with the string density as the order parameter, is related to the observed glass transition in the spin model.
Imaging Advances in Urolithiasis

The prevalence of urinary stones in the United States has been described as 1 in 11 persons reporting a history of stones. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis, management, and follow-up for these patients and imaging technology over the last 100 years has advanced as the disease prevalence has increased. CT remains the gold standard for imaging urolithiasis and changes in this technology, with the addition of multidetector CT and dual-energy CT, as well as the changes in utilization of CT, have decreased the radiation dose encountered by patients and allowed for improved stone detection. The use of digital tomography has been introduced for follow-up of recurrent stone formers offering the potential to lower radiation exposure over the course of a patient's lifelong treatment. However, there is still a demand for improved imaging techniques to detect smaller stones and stones in larger patients at lower radiation doses as well as the continued need for the judicious use of all imaging modalities for healthcare cost containment and patient safety.
Chronic Opioid Use Following Surgery for Oral Cavity Cancer.

Importance Opioid misuse and overuse has become an epidemic. Chronic opioid use among oral cavity cancer patients after surgery has not been described. Objectives To assess the prevalence of chronic opioid use in patients undergoing surgery for oral cavity cancer, and evaluate possible associated clinical factors; and the association between opioid use and survival. Design, Setting, and Participants For this retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing surgery for oral cavity cancer a consecutive sample of 99 patients between January 1, 2011, and September 30, 2016, were identified through the institutional cancer registry from a single academic center. Exposures Surgery for oral cavity cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures Chronic opioid use, defined as more than 90 days from surgery. Factors associated with chronic opioid use were investigated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess overall survival and disease-free survival. Results The mean (SD) patient age was 62.6 (14.3) years; 60 patients (60%) were male. Chronic opioid use was observed in 41 patients (41%). On multivariable logistic regression, preoperative opioid use (odds ratio [OR], 5.6; 95% CI, 2.2-14.3), tobacco use (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.0-8.0), and development of persistence, recurrence, or a second primary tumor (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.0-7.4) were associated with chronic opioid use. Among preoperative opioid users, estimated overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.1) was decreased, and chronic opioid use was associated with decreased disease-free survival (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.6). Conclusions and Relevance In patients undergoing surgery for oral cavity tumors, the prevalence of chronic opioid use was considerable. Preoperative opioid use, tobacco use, and development of persistence, recurrence, or a second primary tumor were associated with chronic opioid use after surgery, and both preoperative and chronic opioid use were associated with decreased survival.
Multi-feature fusion and PCA based approach for efficient human detection

Detection of human beings in a complex background environment is a great challenge in the area of computer vision. For such a difficult task, most of the time no single feature algorithm is rich enough to capture all the relevant information available in the image. To improve the detection accuracy we propose a new descriptor that fuses the local phase information, image gradient, and texture features as a single descriptor and is denoted as fused phase, gradient and texture features (FPGT). The gradient and the phase congruency concepts are used to capture the shape features, and a center-symmetric local binary pattern (CSLBP) approach is used to capture the texture of the image. The fusing of these complementary features yields the ability to localize a broad range of the human structural information and different appearance details which allow for more robust and better detection performance. The proposed descriptor is formed by computing the phase congruency, the gradient, and the CSLBP value of each pixel with respect to its neighborhood. The histogram of oriented phase and histogram of oriented gradient, in addition to CSLBP histogram are extracted for each local region. These histograms are concatenated to construct the FPGT descriptor. Principal components analysis (PCA) is performed to reduce the dimensionality of the resultant features. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the detection performance of the proposed descriptor. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used in these experiments to classify the FPGT features. The results show that the proposed algorithm has better detection performance in comparison with the state of art feature extraction methodologies.
Sexuality Education and Implications for Quality of Care for Individuals with Adult Onset Disability: A Review of Current Literature

ABSTRACTPurpose: To investigate the need for sexuality education for individuals with adult onset physical disabilities as it relates to quality of life and to identify current trends in the provis...
Patient- and caregiver-identified preferences: Dimensions of change in developmental therapy treatment goals.

Objective: To describe patterns in preferred dimensions of change in therapy goals identified by individuals with developmental disability and their caregivers.Methods: A retrospective chart review...
The glycoprotein GPNMB attenuates astrocyte inflammatory responses through the CD44 receptor.

Neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, is a characteristic of the inflammatory response. Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that releases a soluble signaling peptide when cleaved by ADAM10 or other extracellular proteases. GPNMB has demonstrated a neuroprotective role in animal models of ALS and ischemia. However, the mechanism of this protection has not been well established. CD44 is a receptor expressed on astrocytes that can bind GPNMB, and CD44 activation has been demonstrated to reduce NFκB activation and subsequent inflammatory responses in macrophages. GPNMB signaling has not been investigated in models of PD or specifically in astrocytes. More recently, genetic studies have linked polymorphisms in GPNMB with risk for PD. Therefore, it is important to understand the role this signaling protein plays in PD. We used data mining techniques to evaluate mRNA expression of GPNMB and its receptor CD44 in the substantia nigra of PD and control brains. Immunofluorescence and qPCR techniques were used to assess GPNMB and CD44 levels in mice treated with MPTP. In vitro experiments utilized the immortalized mouse astrocyte cell line IMA2.1 and purified primary mouse astrocytes. The effects of recombinant GPNMB on cytokine-induced astrocyte activation was determined by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and measurement of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen production. Increased GPNMB and CD44 expression was observed in the substantia nigra of human PD brains and in GFAP-positive astrocytes in an animal model of PD. GPNMB treatment attenuated cytokine-induced levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in an astrocyte cell line and primary mouse astrocytes. Using primary mouse astrocytes from CD44 knockout mice, we found that the anti-inflammatory effects of GPNMB are CD44-mediated. These results demonstrate that GPNMB may exert its neuroprotective effect through reducing astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in a CD44-dependent manner, providing novel mechanistic insight into the neuroprotective properties of GPNMB.
Einstein and the 3-Sphere

In 1917 Einstein viewed the universe (at any instant in time) as a 3-sphere. This chapter concerns Einstein’s comments surrounding the 3-sphere as expressed within his book Ideas and Opinions
A Technique for Increasing the Maximum Range-Velocity Product of Pulsed Doppler Systems

When an ultrasound pulsed doppler system is used to measure flow. the repetition rate fr of the transmitted signal is kept so low, that the echo of each transmitted signal is received by the transducer before another signal is transmitted. This procedure ensures the absence of range ambiguity. To avoid frequency aliasing in the pulsed output of the doppler system, it is necessary that the maximum doppler frequency to be measured not exceed $$ \frac{1}{2}{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{r}}}{\rm{.}} $$ Combining these two requirements leads to the well known relation for the maximum range-velocity product that can be measured by a pulsed r.f. doppler system $$ {\left[ {{\rm{Rv}}} \right]_{\max }}{\rm{ \bar < }}\frac{{{{\rm{c}}^2}}}{{8{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{o}}}}} $$ For our present purposes this relation can be written more convenIently in the form $$ {\left[ {{\rm{fR}}} \right]_{\max }}\bar < {\rm{ }}\frac{{\rm{c}}}{4} $$ (1) where c is the velocity of sound, fo the center frequency of the transmitted spectrum, and f the doppler frequency.
Ambient Air Pollutant PM10 and Risk of Preterm Birth in Lanzhou, China

Backgroud: Exposure to high levels of ambient air pollutant PM10 during pregnancy has been suggested as a risk factor for preterm birth. However results from limited epidemiological studies have be...
Hypotensive Response to IV Acetaminophen in Pediatric Cardiac Patients.

Objectives:Acetaminophen is ubiquitously used as antipyretic/analgesic administered IV to patients undergoing surgery and to critically ill patients when enteral routes are not possible. Widely believed to be safe and free of adverse side effects, concerns have developed in adult literature regardin
Differentiating and Predicting Cyberattack Behaviors Using LSTM

Classifying and predicting cyberattack behaviors are outstanding challenges due to the changing and broad attack surfaces as attackers penetrate into enterprise networks. The rise of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for temporally structured data in machine learning presents an opportunity to address these challenges, though it would require sufficient data and reasonable labels indicative of attack behaviors. This paper presents the use of RNNs to model penetration behaviors exhibited by ten teams in the 2017 Collegiate Penetration Testing Competition (CPTC'17). The Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) models obtained by training on the CPTC data enable the assessment of the differentiability of attack behaviors across teams and the predictability of future actions. This first-of-its kind attempt presents observations and insights for how earlier attack actions may or may not be indicative of future behaviors. The paper concludes with future considerations to integrate the LSTM models and enable predictive analytics to defend against complex, multistage cyberattacks.
El cómic en la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera

La experiencia practica que voy a relatar pretende mostrar las posibilidades que el comic tiene, como producto cultural, dentro de las clases de espanol para extranjeros. Mi relacion con las clases de espanol como lengua extranjera (E/LE) se cine a estudiantes universitarios de un nivel avanzado, esto es, aquellos que han cursado las clases basicas de gramatica y quieren profundizar en la lengua y la cultura hispanicas. Dentro de este marco es donde encuadro la presente experiencia. Los estudiantes con los que he trabajado provienen, en su mayoria, de The University of Georgia en los EE.UU. y cursan un semestre en Valencia (Espana) para perfeccionar el idioma. Mi relacion profesional con esta universidad norteamericana data de hace mas de 4 anos, primero como profesor asistente de espanol en los EE.UU. y luego como coordinador y profesor dentro del programa academico UGA en Espana, en Valencia.
Managing news nerds: strategizing about institutional change in the news industry

Technological developments, along with associated economic realities and social changes, continue to disrupt current practices of the news media industry, which creates substantial impacts on news ...
Doctoral Students’ Perspectives on Their Training as Researchers in Higher Education

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article was to examine Kinesiology Doctoral Students’ (DS) perspectives on their pedagogical training received during doctoral study. Using the Kinesiology Doctoral Stud...
Broadband rotational spectroscopy of trans 3-pentenenitrile and 4-pentenenitrile.

Titan, a moon of Saturn, has a nitrogen- and methane-rich atmosphere that is similar to prebiotic earth, and is replete with organic nitriles. Pentenenitriles have not yet been detected in Titan's atmosphere or in molecular clouds, but are potential precursors to hetero-aromatic compounds such as pyridine. We performed broadband microwave studies in the 8–18 GHz range on the trans isomer of 3-pentenenitrile (3-PN) and 4-pentenenitrile (4-PN) under jet-cooled conditions. Strong-field coherence breaking (SFCB) was used to selectively modulate the intensities of microwave transitions in a conformer-specific manner for 3-PN, aiding analysis. Two conformers of 3-PN and five conformers of 4-PN were identified and the rotational transitions were assigned. Evidence for methyl internal rotation splitting was observed for both the conformers of 3-PN, and the barrier heights of both conformers was determined experimentally. Comparison is made of the conformational preferences, stability and isomerization barriers through the acquired rotational spectra and potential energy surface (PES) calculations of the structural isomers 3-PN and 4-PN.
On beta waves of extremely high frequency in the conventional electroencephalogram

Extrem hochfrequente fronto-prazentrale Betawellen von 30/sec und hoheren Frequenzen wurden in unterschiedlicher Auspragung in 115 von 10 000 (1,15%) EEG gefunden. 90% der mehrmals untersuchten Personen zeigten wiederholt dieses EEG-Muster. Eine Konstanz der Wellen wurde maximal uber einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren beobachtet.
Health Care Transition Planning Among Youth with ASD and Other Mental, Behavioral, and Developmental Disorders

To estimate the prevalence of health care transition components among youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 12–17 using the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), compared to youth with other mental, behavioral, or developmental disorders (MBDDs) or youth without MBDDs. The 2016 NSCH is a nationally and state representative survey that explores issues of health and well-being among children ages 0–17. Within the NSCH, parents of a subset of youth, ages 12–17, are asked a series of questions about their youth’s eventual transition into the adult health care system. The current study explores components of this transition, comparing youth diagnosed with ASD, youth with other mental, behavioral, or developmental disorders (MBDDs), and youth without MBDDs. Approximately 1-in-4 youth with ASD had actively worked with their doctor to understand future changes to their health care, significantly less than youth with other MBDDs and youth without MBDDs. Fewer than 2-in-5 youth with ASD had met with their doctor privately or had a parent who knew how their youth would be insured when they reached adulthood. The current analysis of a nationally representative sample of youth reveals discrepancies in the proportion of youth with ASD receiving appropriate health care transition planning compared to youth with other MBDDs and youth without MBDDs. These findings suggest the potential for barriers among youth with ASD to effectively transitioning into the adult health care system.
Partisan Intensity in Congress: Evidence from Brett Kavanaugh’s Supreme Court Nomination:

Partisan disputes are ubiquitous in Congress. Yet, participation in this bickering varies among legislators. Some eagerly join these fights while others abstain. What explains this variation? Previ...
C-Term magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy in paramagnetic transition metal and f-element organometallic chemistry

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy is a powerful experiment used to probe the electronic structure and bonding in paramagnetic metal-based complexes. While C-term MCD spectroscopy has been utilized in many areas of chemistry, it has been underutilized in studying paramagnetic organometallic transition metal and f-element complexes. From the analysis of isolated organometallic complexes to the study of in situ generated species, MCD can provide information regarding ligand interactions, oxidation and spin state, and geometry and coordination environment of paramagnetic species. The pratical aspects of this technique, such as air-free sample preparation and cryogenic experimental temperatures, allow for the study of highly unstable species, something that is often difficult with other spectroscopic techniques. This perspective highlights MCD studies of both transition metal and f-element organometallic complexes, including in situ generated reactive intermediates, to demonstrate the utility of this technique in probing electronic structure, bonding and mechanism in paramagnetic organometallic chemistry.
Simulation studies of the effects of low–heat–rejection on turbocompound diesel engine performance

A computer simulation of a turbocharged turbo compound diesel engine has been developed to study the effects of low–heat–rejection on system performance. It is shown that high combustion chamber wall surface temperatures cause a significant drop in volumetric efficiency. As a result, even a fully–insulated engine achieves a modest thermal efficiency improvement (less than 5 per cent) over a base line cooled engine. The efficiency benefit can be somewhat increased if a comprehensive optimisation of key system variables such as injection timing, compound turbine gear ratio, strategy of insulation, and turbomachinery performance is carried out for a given low–heat–rejection configuration. Substantial thermal efficiency gains (up to 15 percent) can be achieved if the system approaches a truly adiabatic condition. This requires that the wall surface temperatures follow the variation in gas temperatures. For practical ceramic materials, cyclic surface temperature variations up to 250 K are expected. However, the resulting improvement in thermal efficiency is associated with a marked increase in component thermal loading.
Cessation of gamma activity in the dorsomedial nucleus associated with loss of consciousness during focal seizures.

Abstract Rationale Impaired consciousness during seizures may be mediated by ictal propagation to the thalamus. Functions of individual thalamic nuclei with respect to consciousness, however, are largely unknown. The dorsomedial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus likely plays a role in arousal and cognition. We propose that alterations of firing patterns within the DM nucleus contribute to impaired arousal during focal seizures. Methods Electroencephalograph data were collected from electrodes within the left DM thalamus and midcingulate cortex (MCC) in a patient undergoing seizure monitoring. Spectral power was computed across ictal states (preictal, ictal, and postictal) and level of consciousness (stupor/sleep vs. awake) in the DM nucleus and MCC. Results Eighty-seven seizures of multifocal left frontal and temporal onsets were analyzed, characterized by loss of consciousness. At baseline, the left DM nucleus demonstrated rhythmic bursts of gamma activity, most frequently and with greatest amplitude during wakefulness. This activity ceased as ictal discharges spread to the MCC, and consciousness was impaired, and it recurred at the end of each seizure as awareness was regained. The analysis of gamma (30–40 Hz) power demonstrated that when seizures occurred during wakefulness, there was lower DM ictal power (p Conclusions Data revealed a characteristic pattern of DM gamma bursts during wakefulness, which disappeared during partial seizures associated with impaired consciousness. The findings are consistent with studies suggesting that the DM nucleus participates in cognition and arousal.
A Modified Recursive Triangular Factorization for Cauchy-like Systems

We derive new algorithms for solving strongly nonsingular Cauchy-like systems of linear equations \(C\tilde x = \tilde v{\kern 1pt} in{\kern 1pt} O(n{\log ^2}n)\) running time, where F is a field and \(\tilde v \in {F^{n \times 1}}\) is a vector, C ∈ F n×n is a strongly nonsingular Cauchy-like matrix. Morf, Bitmead and Anderson presented the efficient algorithms to solve strongly nonsingular Toeplitz-like equations of linear systems by using the Recursive Triangular Factorization in 1980. Recently, Pan and Zheng extended the Recursive Triangular Factorization to solve Cauchy-like systems with the complexity of O(n log3 n) operations. This is the best known complexity bound by using the direct approach of Recursive Triangular Factorization in Cauchy-like cases. However, these algorithms are still slower than the well known algorithms with the asymptotic bound of O(n log2 n) operations, which have been proposed by the means of reducing Cauchy-like matrices into Toeplitz-like matrices. In our present paper, we will modify the Recursive Triangular Factorization so that the complexity bound of the direct recursive approach can be decreased to O(n log2 n)operations. This matches the asymptotic bound without transforming to Toeplitzlike matrices. Our improvement of the direct recursive approach is by a factor off log n due to changing the original vectors which expressed in the given Cauchy-like matrix into the special vectors, where the entries are unit roots. The applications of structured matrices include Nevanlinna-Pick tangential interpolation problems.
Comparative survival of enteric viruses and bacteria in Atlantic Ocean seawater

The survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei , poliovirus type 1 and a parvovirus (Minute Virus of Mice) was determined in seawater. Seeded seawater was incubated in the laboratory at 6, 12, 20 and 28°C for up to 40 d. In-situ survival studies were done seasonally (winter, spring, summer and fall) using seeded microbial dialysis equipment placed in the Atlantic Ocean off coastal North Carolina at water depths of 3–10 m. In laboratory studies all test microbes survived longer at lower temperatures with typical times for 90% inactivation (T 90 ) of 1–3 d at the highest temperature and >10 d at the lowest temperature. Of the microbes tested, E. coli survived least well while S. typhi and Sh. sonnei survived similar to or greater than enteric viruses. Parvovirus survival was similar to that of poliovirus. Under in-situ conditions, E. coli also survived least well of all microbes tested with T 90 values of 0.9–3.9 d depending upon season. All other test microbes had generally similar survivals. Overall, microbial survival in seawater was greater under laboratory conditions than under in-situ conditions. There was no clear association between microbial survival and water temperature. The lower survival of E. coli compared to the bacterial and viral pathogens under laboratory conditions raises concerns because it is a key microbial indicator of faecal contamination.
Two-dimensional numerical simulation of a Stirling engine heat exchanger

The first phase of an effort to develop multidimensional models of Stirling engine components is described. The ultimate goal is to model an entire engine working space. Parallel plate and tubular heat exchanger models are described, with emphasis on the central part of the channel (i.e., ignoring hydrodynamic and thermal end effects). The model assumes laminar, incompressible flow with constant thermophysical properties. In addition, a constant axial temperature gradient is imposed. The governing equations describing the model have been solved using the finite-difference scheme. Model predictions are compared with analytical solutions for oscillating/reversing flow and heat transfer in order to check numerical accuracy. Excellent agreement is obtained for flow both in circular tubes and between parallel plates. The computational heat transfer results are in good agreement with the analytical heat transfer results for parallel plates. >
'Democratic Experimentalism': A Separation of Powers for Our Time?

The separation of powers became the ambivalent, largely rhetorical tradition it is today as a result of the plasticity of its core concepts, power, authority, and liberty. Throughout the Progressive and New Deal eras its basic meaning was complicated by an experimentalist reinvention of its traditional institutional faces. This experimentalism resulted in new institutional forms and new theories of legitimate legal rulemaking. But these eras built from the doctrine's past more than they departed from it. Moreover, the experimentalist attitude was perhaps most important for the reaction it engendered: a legalist attitude of critique and opposition to the very premises of experimentalism. The tensions between these two, in fact, are what set the stage for the specification of administrative law's core construct separating powers/authorities and protecting liberty in the administrative state - the APA. This is most evident in its creation of notice and comment rulemaking. I argue that these competing arrangements of the separation of powers' pieces - legalism and experimentalism - lie behind the instability within the tradition today. My claim is that, if we are to actively shape any of the broad institutional changes that result from this instability, we must first grasp the fissures set out in the historical and analytical reconstructions of this study.
Defective CD8+ T Cell Peripheral Tolerance in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop spontaneous autoimmune diabetes that involves participation of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Previous studies have demonstrated spontaneous reactivity to self-Ags within the CD4 + T cell compartment in this strain. Whether CD8 + T cells in NOD mice achieve and maintain tolerance to self-Ags has not previously been evaluated. To investigate this issue, we have assessed the extent of tolerance to a model pancreatic Ag, the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule of influenza virus, that is transgenically expressed by pancreatic islet β cells in InsHA mice. Previous studies have demonstrated that BALB/c and B10.D2 mice that express this transgene exhibit tolerance of HA and retain only low-avidity CD8 + T cells specific for the dominant peptide epitope of HA. In this study, we present data that demonstrate a deficiency in peripheral tolerance within the CD8 + T cell repertoire of NOD-InsHA mice. CD8 + T cells can be obtained from NOD-InsHA mice that exhibit high avidity for HA, as measured by tetramer (K d HA) binding and dose titration analysis. Significantly, these autoreactive CD8 + T cells can cause diabetes very rapidly upon adoptive transfer into NOD-InsHA recipient mice. The data presented demonstrate a retention in the repertoire of CD8 + T cells with high avidity for islet Ags that could contribute to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
Developing a Novel Approach for Teaching Biopsychosocial Formulation

Psychiatrists are asked to evaluate and treat a range of complex patients. To be successful requires sophisticated interpretive skills: clinicians must be able to efficiently integrate all available data about each patient into a formulation that can be translated into an effective treatment plan. A variety of methods have been developed for helping psychiatrists formulate cases. One of the most popular and widespread is the biopsychosocial (BPS) model, first introduced by Engel [1]. He provided a well-articulated proposal for a new, integrated approach, which sought to give attention to the biological, psychological, and social aspects of a patient’s care. BPS formulation is now considered a core competency for practicing psychiatrists by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and has also been designated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education as its own Patient Care Milestone for Psychiatry. A diversity of approaches exists evenwithin the auspices of biopsychosocial formulation. The core approach that we teach in our programwas developed and described by Campbell and Rohrbaugh [2] and has been used to teach our postgraduate year 1 residents for more than 20 years. We find this approach to be a particularly effective framework for teaching formulation to beginning residents as it outlines a stepwise approach to identifying pertinent data from a case presentation, organizing the data into a database, and using the database framework to create a BPS formulation and treatment plan. Importantly, the approach is explicitly open, inclusive, and hypothesis driven: the goal is to identify pertinent data from any possible domain and imagine how they might be relevant for building a comprehensive treatment plan. The approach also attempts to reconcile diverse theoretical perspectives, especially in the psychological formulation, in such a way that ensures the approach is compatible with more advanced psychological formulations from a cognitive behavior therapy, psychodynamic, or other perspective. We will describe challenges intrinsic to the teaching of biopsychosocial formulation and the process by which we have developed a novel method for teaching this crucial skill.
ANALYSIS OF WORD FREQUENCIES IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE OF CHILDREN.

Zipf (1935) states that a statistical relationship has been established between high frequency, small variety and shortness in length of words, a relationship which is presumably valid for language in general. Zipf based his work on the analysis of written language. The present study is concerned with discovering whether this law also holds for spoken language of children and if age differences influence the relationship between variety and frequency of occurrence of words, as well as the frequency of specific word groups (such as negative words, self-reference, etc.). For this purpose 15 12-year-old and 15 16-year-old boys of average intelligence were each given a small tape recorder to use in recording their verbal output. Forty thousand words of each of the groups were analysed with the Starkweather programme on an IBM 7094 computer. The results are presented in terms of lists of words used, the ratios of the number of different words spoken to the number of total words, and the ratio of variety to fre...
Chronic maternal methanol inhalation in nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis): Exposure and toxicokinetics prior to and during pregnancy

Toxicokinetic studies were conducted following daily inhalation exposure to methanol vapor prior to and throughout pregnancy in adult female Macaca fascicularis monkeys. They were part of a larger study to investigate the effects of chronic methanol exposure on maternal reproductive performance and early offspring effects. In a two-cohort study design, 48 females (24/cohort) were assigned to parallel exposure groups at 0 (control), 200, 600, or 1800 ppm methanol vapor for approximately 2.5 h/day, 7 days/week throughout breeding and pregnancy. Blood methanol at 30 min postexposure was monitored biweekly. The time course for the clearance of blood MeOH concentrations following exposure was characterized on four occasions: twice during the prebreeding period and during mid- and late pregnancy. Average blood methanol concentrations at 30 min postexposure were 5, 11, and 35 microg/ml across all four toxicokinetic studies in the 200, 600 and 1800 ppm groups, respectively. Blood concentrations in the 200 ppm group were barely above basal (preexposure) blood methanol concentrations or those observed in the control group (approximately 3 microg/ml). Nonlinear elimination kinetics were observed in most of the 1800 ppm group females. There was a decrease in elimination half-life (7-20%) and an increase in clearance (30%) after 3-months of daily MeOH exposure compared to the initial exposure. There were no statistically significant changes in the first-order blood methanol half-life or clearance during pregnancy, but the mean distribution volume per kilogram body weight decreased by 22% and 17% in the 600 and 1800 ppm groups. Plasma formate levels did not differ between the methanol and control exposure groups. Plasma formate and serum folate concentrations increased slightly over the course of this study in both the exposed and control groups but these increases were not related to methanol exposure.
Modified Enskog theory for fluid mixtures

We show how the modified Enskog theory for single-component fluids may be extended to the case of mixtures. The extended theory uses the Enskog kinetic theory for hard-sphere mixtures and equilibrium virial coefficient data to provide predictions of the transport coefficients of real mixtures. We show that the extended theory provides reasonable predictions of the ratio \ensuremath{\eta}/${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{0}$ in the case of He-Ar and Ne-Ar mixtures, where \ensuremath{\eta} is the shear viscosity and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{0}$ is the shear viscosity in the low-density limit.
Experimental investigation of the beam-scanning capabilities of a stub-loaded half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna

Microstrip leaky wave antennas find applications in such fields as radar and direction finding because of their wide bandwidth and low profile. For this class of antennas, the main beam direction typically changes with frequency. It is sometimes desirable, however, that the beam direction be held constant over a frequency range. It has been found that such beam control can be achieved by reactively loading the edge of microstrip leaky wave antennas; selective control of the beam can thus be obtained with the use of lumped capacitors. A problem that arises with the use of lumped capacitors is the difficulty in obtaining exact capacitance values. As such, a reactive loading method that utilizes etched elements as opposed to lumped capacitors in the form of the stub-loaded microstrip leaky wave antenna has been found to be feasible through simulations.
Pets, Vets, and Frets: What Relationship-Centered Care Research Has to Offer Veterinary Medicine

Communication skills are an important and underrepresented area of education, research, and practice in veterinary medicine. In a 1999 survey, practicing veterinarians identified communication skills as one area in which their training was inadequate and should be improved. At the same time, when owners/clients were asked about the most important factors in selecting a veterinarian, they identified caring and kindness, respectful treatment, and ‘‘informativeness’’ as most important.
Medical and forensic evaluation of the adolescent after sexual assault

Abstract The emergency department evaluation of the adolescent sexual assault victim must be a coordinated effort of medical and psychological services provided in a private and protective environment. The goals of this evaluation include provision of emotional support for the victim, documentation and treatment of injuries, detection and prophylaxis of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy, forensic evidence collection, communication with law enforcement and social services agencies, and referral for medical and psychological follow-up care.
Common-arm counter propagating phase bridge for vibration sensitivity measurement

Current methods for measuring the vibration sensitivity of microwave devices are limited primarily by choice of cables connecting a stationary platform to a vibrating actuator. We experimentally compare the current (“conventional”) method with a new (“modified”) common-arm counter propagating (CACP) technique for evaluation of two-port devices. We demonstrate that a CACP method reduces the vibrational noise floor of an optimized measurement system at 10 GHz by up to 25 dB. Common-mode disturbances from the vibration of cables and circulators contained in the measurement loop are rejected to first order. The CACP method enables accurate measurement of devices with low vibration sensitivity. The sensitivity measurement of such devices is normally limited by a conventional measurement system's noise floor. Our system is based on similar work at optical frequencies by Nelson et al. [2]
Seeking the constant in what is transient: Karl Ernst von Baer's vision of organic formation.

A well-established narrative in the history of science has it that the years around 1800 saw the end of a purely descriptive, classificatory and static natural history. The emergence of a temporal understanding of nature and the new developmental-history approach, it is thought, permitted the formation of modern biology. This paper questions that historical narrative by closely analysing the concepts of development, history and time set out in Karl Ernst von Baer's study of the mammalian egg (1827). I show that Baer's research on embryogenesis aimed not simply to explain temporal changes, but to inscribe the formation of new individual organisms into a continuous, unending organic process. I confront Baer's views with other explanations of embryogenesis arising in the 1820s and 1830s, especially those of Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Jean-Louis Prevost and of Theodor Schwann. By highlighting divergences between these scientists, especially as to their view of the role of gender differences in reproduction, I argue that biology evolved not from a homogeneous concept of developmental history but out of various, even opposing, views and research programmes. Thus, the birth of biology did not imply the end of all natural history's thought models.
Alumina as a textural promoter of iron synthetic ammonia catalysts

Abstract The location of the Al 2 O 3 in a reduced singly promoted iron catalyst (3% Al 2 O 3 with 250 A iron particles) was determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. A mildly reduced catalyst exhibits a paramagnetic phase which disappears upon further reduction. The hyperfine parameters of the reduced catalyst agree with those of pure α-Fe. These observations are best reconciled with the idea that the Al 2 O 3 is present in the α-iron in the form of ca. 30 A inclusions consisting of FeAl 2 O 3 in the incompletely reduced catalyst and of Al 2 O 3 itself after thorough reduction.
139. Assessing prepulse inhibition and P50 suppression in a single test session

schizophrenia. Interestingly, no significant changes are observed in GAD65 mRNA and immunoreactivity levels. We hypothesize that sequences within the reelin gene are responsible for the observed down-regulation of its’ mRNA and protein. We have been studying the promoter and 59 untranslated region (UTR) of the human reelin gene to explore determinants operative in modulating its expression. Within the 59 UTR, we have found a polymorphic CGG repeat which lies immediately upstream of the ATG initiation codon. Seven different alleles have been identified thus far which vary in the length of the repeat unit. Transient transfection results obtained using genomic DNA containing 514 bp upstream of the reelin RNA start site are active in driving expression of a reporter construct following transfection into human neuroblastoma cells (approximately 50 fold over the reporter-less vector). These sequences are also active in driving expression in human colon carcinoma cells, but at reduced levels in comparison to the neuronal cells (;10 fold above the promoter-less construct). Additional data will be presented to provide an appropriate framework for understanding the regulatory motifs operative in mediating transcriptional regulation of the reelin gene. These data may allow us to formulate hypotheses as to the mechanism by which reelin down regulation occurs in the brains of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients.
Effects of Self-Efficacy and Vividness on the Persuasiveness of Health Communications

We use the literature on self-efficacy and vividness to predict and explain the conditions under which vivid information will be more persuasive than nonvivid information in a health communication. Our results on sexually transmitted diseases (Experiment 1) and skin cancer (Experiment 2) demonstrate higher preferences for vivid over nonvivid material when participants believe they can follow the recommendations in the message (high self-efficacy). This vividness effect disappears under low self-efficacy. In addition, vivid information was considered more persuasive among high rather than low self-efficacy participants. The pattern of thoughts about the recommendations and consequences contained in the message provides insight on the process underlying the self-efficacy by vividness interaction.
Immune responses to p53 in patients with cancer: enrichment in tetramer+ p53 peptide-specific T cells and regulatory T cells at tumor sites.

Objective: A majority of human cancers, including head and neck cancer (HNC), “overexpress” p53. Although T cells specific for wild-type (wt) sequence p53 peptides are detectable in the peripheral blood of patients with HNC, it is unknown whether such T cells accumulate in tumor-involved tissues. Also, the localization of “regulatory” T cells (Treg) to tumor sites in HNC has not been investigated to date. Methods: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), tumor-involved or non-involved lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 24 HLA-A2.1+ patients with HNC. Using tetramers and four-color flow cytometry, the frequency of Treg and CD3+CD8+ T cells specific for wt p53 epitopes as well as their functional attributes were determined. Results: The CD3+CD8+ tetramer+ cell frequency was significantly higher (P<0.001) in TIL than autologous PBMC as was the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells (P<0.003). TIL were enriched in FOXp3+, GITR+ and CTLA-4+ Treg. CD8+ TIL had low Ζ expression and produced little IFN-γ after ex vivo stimulation relative to autologous PBMC or PBMC from NC. Conclusions: Anti-wt p53 epitope-specific T cells and Treg preferentially localize to tumor sites in patients with HNC. However, despite enrichment in tumor peptide-specific T cells, the effector cell population (CD3+CD8+) in TIL or PBMC was unresponsive to activation in the tumor microenvironment enriched in Treg.