cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Interactions between Geostrophic and Ageostrophic Modes in a Simple Model

Abstract We examine some properties of the extratropical atmosphere which act to maintain quasi-geostrophic balance. A nonlinear, f-plane, primitive equation, two-layer model is used. The momentum and temperature fields are described in terms of normal modes of the system given by the model's linear terms. These modes are classified as either geostrophic or ageostrophic depending on their associated eigenvalues. The original nonlinear equations are transformed into a system in which the modulations of the modal amplitudes by nonlinear effects are explicitly expressed in terms of the modal amplitudes themselves. This transformation facilitates a multiple-time-scale analysis. The stability of simple finite-amplitude geostrophic solutions with respect to infinitesimal perturbations in other modes is investigated. Results are discussed for nondimensional unperturbed-state amplitudes of magnitude ϵ < 1. These geostrophic solutions may be unstable with respect to further geostrophic perturbations, with growth r...
State of water in starch–water systems in the gelatinization temperature range as investigated using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy

Abstract The dielectric response of native wheat starch–water slurries containing 5–60% starch (w/w) was measured in the frequency range of 0.2–20 GHz after heating the slurries to 7 different temperatures between 25 and 90 °C for 30 min. Three relaxations, with relaxation time range of 4–9 ps, 20–25 ps and 230–620 ps at 25 °C, were identified from the dielectric spectra of starch slurries. The fastest relaxation process (4–9 ps) was attributed to bulk water while the two slower relaxations were attributed to the confined water molecules present in the starch–water system. The amount of water exhibiting the slowest relaxation (230–620 ps) was calculated to be 0.08–0.16 g water/g starch, which was close to the monolayer water associated with wheat starch. Mobility of bulk water was significantly reduced ( P P > 0.19) by gelatinization at all starch concentrations.
Discharge and duration of stay experience in nursing homes

MOST of the information currently available about nursing home patients has been obtained by sample or enumeration studies of the patients found in one or more homes as of a given date. Such studies have ascertained the demographic characteristics of the nursing home patient-population and have obtained information about the physicial condition of the patients, including ambulatory status, types and extent of infirmity and diagnosis, and their need for specific types of nursing and personal services. Because the studies have been cross-sectional in nature rather than longitudinal, they have not provided information about discharge and death in the nursing home patient-population nor about the duration of patient stay up to the point of discharge or death. Yet information about discharge and death rates and analysis of factors to which they are related can improve our capacity to estimate the need for nursing home beds. It can also shed light on the degree to which bed needs may be affected by changes in such parameters as (1) the eligibility requirements which determine the number of public assistance patients in nursing homes, and (2) the closeness of nursing home-hospital relationships which influences the number of patients admitted into nursing homes from general hospitals. This paper presents the data obtained about discharge, death and duration of stay that were obtained in a longitudinal study and the results of the analysis of some of the factors to which these are related.
PS1-33: Cancer Screening Guideline Development, Implementation and Dissemination: Connection Points for Researchers and Health Care Delivery Systems for Comparative Effectiveness Research

Background/Aims Cancer Screening Effectiveness And Research in Community-based Healthcare (SEARCH) involves 8 Cancer Research Network (CRN) sites and includes two comparative effectiveness research (CER) proof-of-principle studies anchored in colorectal and cervical cancer screening. This portion of the project was designed to: understand how cancer screening guidelines are developed, implemented and disseminated at each site; identify the appropriate clinical leads within each health plan to further engage in bidirectional discussions about future comparative effectiveness cancer screening research and to help disseminate SEARCH findings across the CRN sites; and identify opportunities for researchers and clinical leaders to collaborate on informing each other and/or conducting comparative effectiveness research together. Methods We conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with clinical leaders across 8 health plans (GHC, Geisinger, Marshfield, Fallon, Harvard Pilgrim, Kaiser: Northwest, Hawaii, Northern California) and with one State-wide quality improvement group.
Solubility of copper (I) bromide in aqueous solutions of potassium bromide

The solubilities of cuprous bromide were measured at 24.8°C in aqueous KBr and in aqueous KBr-KNO3 mixtures. The results have been analyzed to give equilibrium constanns from formation of neutral and negatively charged complexes of CuBr, and sets of virial parameters suitable for calculation of activity coefficients for the complexes.
Crystal structure of a pol alpha family DNA polymerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus sp. 9 degrees N-7.

The 2.25 A resolution crystal structure of a pol alpha family (family B) DNA polymerase from the hyperthermophilic marine archaeon Thermococcus sp. 9 degrees N-7 (9 degrees N-7 pol) provides new insight into the mechanism of pol alpha family polymerases that include essentially all of the eukaryotic replicative and viral DNA polymerases. The structure is folded into NH(2)- terminal, editing 3'-5' exonuclease, and polymerase domains that are topologically similar to the two other known pol alpha family structures (bacteriophage RB69 and the recently determined Thermococcus gorgonarius), but differ in their relative orientation and conformation. The 9 degrees N-7 polymerase domain structure is reminiscent of the "closed" conformation characteristic of ternary complexes of the pol I polymerase family obtained in the presence of their dNTP and DNA substrates. In the apo-9 degrees N-7 structure, this conformation appears to be stabilized by an ion pair. Thus far, the other apo-pol alpha structures that have been determined adopt open conformations. These results therefore suggest that the pol alpha polymerases undergo a series of conformational transitions during the catalytic cycle similar to those proposed for the pol I family. Furthermore, comparison of the orientations of the fingers and exonuclease (sub)domains relative to the palm subdomain that contains the pol active site suggests that the exonuclease domain and the fingers subdomain of the polymerase can move as a unit and may do so as part of the catalytic cycle. This provides a possible structural explanation for the interdependence of polymerization and editing exonuclease activities unique to pol alpha family polymerases. We suggest that the NH(2)-terminal domain of 9 degrees N-7 pol may be structurally related to an RNA-binding motif, which appears to be conserved among archaeal polymerases. The presence of such a putative RNA- binding domain suggests a mechanism for the observed autoregulation of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase synthesis by binding to its own mRNA. Furthermore, conservation of this domain could indicate that such regulation of pol expression may be a characteristic of archaea. Comparion of the 9 degrees N-7 pol structure to its mesostable homolog from bacteriophage RB69 suggests that thermostability is achieved by shortening loops, forming two disulfide bridges, and increasing electrostatic interactions at subdomain interfaces.
Direct rapid-prototyping fabrication of computer-generated volume holograms in the millimeter-wave and terahertz regime.

Computer-generated volume holograms (CGVHs) are gradient refractive index (GRIN) devices that consist of a superposition of multiple periodic diffraction gratings. Fabrication of these components for the visible range is difficult due to the small length-scale requirements but is more tenable in the terahertz (THz), as the length scales become more practical (≥ 10−5 m). We successfully utilized polymer-based 3D additive rapid-prototyping technology to fabricate, to our knowledge, the world’s first 3D THz CGVH in approximately 50 minutes, using $12 of consumables. This demonstration suggests that this technique could be extended to fabricate THz volumetric optics with arbitrary electromagnetic profiles.
Expression of receptors for plasminogen activators on endothelial cell surface depends on their origin

Receptors for plasminogen activators present on endothelial cell (EC) surface regulate local plasmin activity. Plasmin generation by human ECs, derived from cerebral cortex, skin and lung, iliac artery, iliac vein, aorta and coronary artery, was studied. The respective ECs were treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or with recombinant urokinase-type plasminogen activator (ru-PA), washed, plasminogen added and the plasmin generated then assayed. The largest amounts of plasmin were generated by cerebral ECs, under baseline conditions or after exposure to rt-PA or ru-PA (P < 0.0001). Exposure to rt-PA also resulted in more plasmin generation than ru-PA in the cerebral ECs (P < 0.0001) but not in the other ECs. Heparin enhanced plasmin generation by both rt-PA and ru-PA. Specific antibody against annexin II, a t-PA receptor, blocked plasmin generation by rt-PA. Western blotting showed higher amounts of annexin II on the cell membrane in cerebral ECs. This suggests that expression of annexin II in ECs depends on their location, being greatest in cerebral ECs. In contrast, expression of u-PA receptor was the same for all ECs. This has implications for higher risk of intracranial bleeding during thrombolytic therapy, and for a role of t-PA in neurological development and function.
The Association between Top Management Involvement and Compensation and Information Security Breaches

ABSTRACT: This paper examines how an information technology (IT) executive's position in a top management team and how his/her compensation are associated with the likelihood of information security breaches. Using a sample drawn from multiple sources in the period from 2003 to 2008, we show that an IT executive's involvement in the top management team is negatively related to the possibility of information security breaches. We also find that the amount of behavior-based (i.e., salary) compensation and the pay differences of outcome-based (i.e., bonuses, stock awards, and stock options) compensation between IT and non-IT executives are negatively associated with the likelihood of information security breaches. Our findings shed light on how an IT executive's status in the top management team and the composition of his/her compensation can be related to a firm's IT governance mechanisms.
The sulfone linker in solid-phase synthesis: preparation of 3,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones.

The preparation of functionalized 3,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones via a solid-phase sulfone linker strategy is described. Polystyrene/divinylbenzene sulfinate 1 underwent S-alkylation followed by α,α-dialkylation with cis-1,4-dichloro-2-butene to form polymer-bound 3-phenylsulfonylcyclopentenes 8. Subsequent epoxidation of the cyclopentene moiety in 8 was accomplished by treatment of mCPBA, and the resulting oxirane ring in resin 9 was opened with various nucleophiles, i.e., Grignard and cuprate reagents, azide ion, and amines. To complete the sulfone-based linker strategy, Swern or TPAP oxidation of 10 gave a transient γ-ketosulfone, which underwent sulfinate elimination, thus cleaving the sulfone linker. Eleven 3,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones (11) were prepared with this five-step process in 18−40% overall yield from solid-phase benzene sulfinate 1.
Separation of Catecholamines by Paper Chromatography

ONE of the difficulties encountered in investigating the metabolism and distribution of catecholamines has been the inadequate separation and isolation of these substances from tissue extracts1. Various solvent systems have been used for developing chromatograms of the catecholamines2–4; but none has effected a complete separation. The method described here involves a novel technique of 180° solvent-reversal paper chromatography utilizing two different solvent systems, which makes possible separation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), 3-hydroxytyramine (dopamine), norepinephrine, epinephrine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, on a single paper strip.
The impact of diagenesis on high-precision UPb dating of ancient carbonates: An example from the Late Permian of New Mexico

We have applied UPb, trace element, and Sr isotopic analyses to subsamples of a single specimen of the Capitan Formation from the Permian Reef Complex of New Mexico with the goal of calibrating the Late Permian time scale and understanding the factors that set and later alter the initial U/Pb ratio and Pb isotopic composition of the limestone. The data indicate a limestone UPb isochron age of 249.8 ± 4.7 Ma (2σ) and a PbPb age of 249 ± 18 Ma. In addition, with μ values (≜238U/204Pb) ranging up to 4200, among the highest ever recorded for a limestone, we also obtain precise single sample 206Pb*/238U, 207Pb*/235U and 207Pb*/206Pb* ages indicating averages of 250.2 ± 3.2 Ma, 250.0 ± 2.8 Ma, and 256.3 ± 3.5 Ma, respectively. Comparison of the average Pb*/U age of 250 ± 3 Ma for the latest Guadalupian with published radiometric constraints for the Late Permian suggests preservation of essentially the depositional age. Trace element and Sr isotopic analyses highlight four samples that preserve a chemical signature expected for primary marine aragonite, including high Sr (> 3000 μg/g), high U (> 2900 ng/g), low initial Pb ( 26 μg/g), and 87Sr/86Sr (> 0.7073) as well as the lower U and higher Pb, Mg, and Fe expected for a diagenetically altered carbonate. These data clearly delineate the diagenetic alteration of the limestone and allow us to demonstrate the critical importance of diagenesis in controlling the spread in μ values, primarily through the expulsion of U but with some incorporation of Pb. The high μ are simply a function of preservation of original carbonate chemistry and not of U scavenging by Fe oxyhydroxides or phosphates. Although it has long been suspected that limestone UPb and PbPb isochron ages reflect the timing of early diagenesis, as opposed to a strictly depositional age, this is the first study in which this is conclusively demonstrated to be the case. The UPb data also suggest a late-stage (Neogene) alteration that disturbed the system mainly via the redistribution of U. Intriguingly, the four samples that best retain their primary marine aragonitic geochemistry also best maintained a closed UPb system. Most of the subsamples with comparably high μ values but clearly altered trace element compositions showed UPb systematics indicating late disturbance. Unfortunately it is not yet possible to determine which processes are responsible for this late-stage alteration and it is unclear exactly how to avoid such alteration in future work.
Role of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Cell Contraction and Barrier Function

Thrombin-induced endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction is highly dependent upon phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues present on myosin light chains (MLC) catalyzed by a novel EC myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) isoform. In this study, we examined the participation of tyrosine protein phosphorylation in EC contraction, gap formation and barrier dysfunction. We first determined that thrombin significantly increases protein tyrosine kinase activity and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in bovine pulmonary artery EC. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and 2,5 DHC, reduced EC tyrosine kinase activities, however, only genistein significantly attenuated thrombin-mediated increases in albumin clearance and reductions in transendothelial electrical resistance. Similarly, genistein but not 2,5 DHC, decreased basal and thrombin-induced Ca2+ increases and MLC phosphorylation in the absence of alterations in Type 1 or 2A serine/threonine phosphatase activities. Immunoprecipitation of the EC MLCK isoform revealed a 214 kD immunoreactive phosphotyrosine protein and genistein pretreatment significantly reduced MLCK activity in MLCK immunoprecipitates. Although thrombin induced the translocation of p60src from the cytosol to the EC cytoskeleton, a detectable increase in the level of MLCK tyrosine phosphorylation was not noted after thrombin challenge. Taken together, our data suggest that genistein-sensitive tyrosine kinase activities are involved in thrombin-mediated EC MLCK activation, MLC phosphorylation, and barrier dysfunction.
Spinocerebellar degeneration and slow saccades in three generations of a kinship: clinical and electrophysiologic findings.

Four members of a family with spinocerebellar degeneration and slow saccadic eye movements are described. Detailed electrophysiological studies revealed abnormalities of neurological pathways not apparent clinically. The patients had slow saccades as mesasured electrophysiologically, as well as absence of rapid eye movements (REM) despite REM stages of sleep. These studies suggest that although saccadic eye movement and REM are mediated through the pontine paramedian reticular formation, other characteristics of REM sleep are not necessarily mediated through the same neurons.
Experimental example of NMR spectroscopic imaging by projection reconstruction involving an intrinsic frequency dimension

On presente une methode de formation d'image spectroscopique qui permet de reconstruire a la fois les distributions spatiales et les spectres de frequence intrinseques des signaux RMN a partir d'un ensemble de projections obtenu en presence de gradients spatiaux fixes de diverses puissance et orientation
Slow Light Propagation in Waveguides with Strong Anisotropy

We demonstrate slow light propagation in dielectric waveguides with strong anisotropy (epsilon_parallel > 0 , epsilon_perp < 0).
Remote sensing of wave patterns with oceanographic implications

Abstract First, a general review is presented of wave-current interaction processes ( for horizontal shears) and their effect on radar backscatter and radar imagery ( SAR/ RAR ) Then numerical results on the refraction of wave energy trajectories by complex bottom topography (finite depth) and a linear shear current are presented. For deep water, the wave-energy trajectories are given for mesoscale currents ( e.g. eddies and double-vortex configurations). The focusing of wave energy by variable currents found here should have important influence on the spatial scale of wind stress over the ocean, and on optical and acoustic properties of the upper layer of the ocean.
Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by a combined treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid, interferon-α2a, and α-tocopherol in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Background. We have previously conducted phase II trials with a combination of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA), interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a), and α-tocopherol (α-TF) in patients with advanced oral premalignant lesions and locally advanced head and neck cancer in the adjuvant settings and achieved promising outcomes. The present study was conducted in vitro to elucidate the mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of this 3-drug combination in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Methods. Five SCCHN cell lines were treated with 13-cRA, IFN-α2a, and α-TF as single agents or 2- to 3-drug combinations for 72 hours. Inhibition of cell growth and cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis by the treatments were evaluated. Results. Our results demonstrated that although each single-agent and 2-drug combination showed a certain level of cell growth inhibition, the 3-drug combination apparently further inhibited cell growth in comparison to any single agents and 2-drug combinations in the 5 SCCHN cell lines. Cell cycle analysis on Tu212 and 886LN cells by flow cytometry exhibited significant accumulation of the cells at S phase in the 3-drug combination. On the other hand, Annexin-V binding assay demonstrated that the 3-drug combination induced more profound apoptosis than any of the single agents or 2-drug combinations. In parallel, proteolytic cleavages of pro-caspase-8, -9, -3 and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase as well as caspase-3 activity induced by the 3-drug treatment were observed. Conclusions. Our data suggests that 3-drug combination biochemopreventive regimen has cooperative inhibitory effect on the growth of SCCHN cells. Both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis contribute to cell growth inhibition of this 3-drug combination therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007.
Funding biomedical research: A common ground for concern?☆

Abstract Despite record levels of support, concerns over the ability of individual investigators to obtain funding for their research have been growing within the biomedical research community. The concerns have been focused almost exclusively upon the outcomes of funding decisions, and have ignored the pressures that produce them. Yet, it is those pressures that constitute our ‘commonground for concern’. Resources committed in response to the pressures from special interest groups are unavailable for general competition based upon scientific merit. We in the biomedical research community must recognize that such self-interested efforts to dedicate resources undermine the integrity of the existing processes for making funding decisions. As a community, we should instead attempt to ensure that adequate resources are available to support the best quality research.
A 2D MAS solid-state NMR method to recover the amplified heteronuclear dipolar and chemical shift anisotropic interactions.

Abstract A two-dimensional solid-state NMR method for the measurement of chemical shift anisotropy tensors of X nuclei ( 15 N or 13 C ) from multiple sites of a polypeptide powder sample is presented. This method employs rotor-synchronized π pulses to amplify the magnitude of the inhomogeneous X–CSA and 1 H –X dipolar coupling interactions. A combination of on-resonance and magic angle rf irradiation of protons is used to vary the ratio of the magnitudes of the 1 H –X dipolar and X–CSA interactions which are recovered under MAS, in addition to suppressing the 1 H –1H dipolar interactions. The increased number of spinning sidebands in the recovered anisotropic interactions is useful to determine the CSA tensors accurately. The performance of this method is examined for powder samples of N-acetyl-15N- l -valine (NAV), N -acetyl- 15 N- l -valyl- 15 N- l -leucine (NAVL), and α- 13 C- l -leucine. The sources of experimental errors in the measurement of CSA tensors and the application of the pulse sequences under high-field fast MAS operations are discussed.
Effects of Estrogen on Thyroxine-binding Globulin Metabolism in Rhesus Monkeys

To investigate the effects of estrogen on thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) metabolism, 4 female Rhesus monkeys were studied before and 3-4 weeks after implantation of beta-estradiol (E2)-containing capsules. In addition, 2 of the animals were also studied for the first 7 days after the start of E2. Serum E2 increased 10-fold from 20 +/- 7 to 212 +/- 41 pg/ml. Serum TBG, initially 20.2 +/- 6 mug/ml, was elevated by 24 h after E2 implantation, and reached a steady level of 46.8 +/- 5.0 mug/ml by 7-10 days. For the turnover studies, highly purified [125I]iodo-TBG was injected iv and serum [125I]PBI and urinary 125I excretion were measured daily. TBG kinetics were evaluated by use of a compartmental model. Although a 2-compartment model was sufficient to fit the control and late E2 data, a 3-compartment model was developed in order to account for the modifications observed during the early E2 period. The final decay rate (k) of TBG was 0.26 +/- 0.01/day during the control period and was slightly lower after E2 (0.23 +/- 0.01/day). In the 2 monkeys studied during the early E2 period, the major effect of E2 was a stimulation of the TBG production rate. This was simulated in the model by a stepwise increase occurring in the last quarter of the first day after E2. There was also an abrupt redistribution of TBG in the compartments defined by the model. The total distribution or serum equivalent volume of TBG after 3-4 weeks of E2 increased 1.4-fold, from 338 +/- 37 ml to 458 +/- 22 ml, and the metabolic clearance rate increased 1.3-fold, from 90 +/- 10 ml/d to 113 +/- 12 ml/d. The increase in the final TBG production rate (2.9-fold) was only slightly greater than the rate calculated for the early E2 period, and was similar to the increase we have recently found in monkey hepatocytes studied in vitro after isolation from E2-treated animals. It appears that stimulation of hepatic synthesis of TBG accounts for the elevated serum levels of TBG observed after estrogen.
Towards building a word similarity dictionary for personality bias classification of phishing email contents

Phishing attacks are a form of social engineering technique used for stealing private information from users through emails. A general approach for phishing susceptibility analysis is to profile the user's personality using personality models such as the Five Factor Model (FFM) and find out the susceptibility for a set of phishing attempts. The FFM is a personality profiling system that scores participants on five separate personality traits: openness to experience (O), conscientiousness (C), extraversion (E), agreeableness (A), and neuroticism (N). However, existing approaches don't take into account the fact that based on the content, for example, a phishing email offering an enticing free prize might be very effective on a dominant O-personality (curious, open to new experience), but not to an N-personality (tendency of experiencing negative emotion). Therefore, it is necessary to consider the personality bias of the phishing email contents during the susceptibility analysis. In this paper, we have proposed a method to construct a dictionary based on the semantic similarity of prospective words describing the FFM. Words generated through this dictionary can be used to label the phishing emails according to the personality bias and serve as the key component of a personality bias classification system of phishing emails. We have validated our dictionary construction using a large public corpus of phishing email data which shows the potential of the proposed system in anti-phishing research.
Multifunctional ZnO nanostructures: from material growth to novel applications

ZnO is a superior multifunctional material with broad applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and piezoelectric transducers. The nanowire (NW) morphology is an ideal system for studying transport process in one-dimensionally (1D) confined objects and developing new generation nanodevices with high performance. This paper will review we will review the self-catalyzed growth of ZnO nanostructures. An interesting cluster drifting phenomenon was discovered, which evidenced this growth mechanism and provide a control toward the morphology. In addition, a strainversus- dislocation (SVD) model will be discussed to explain the growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanostructures on heterogeneous substrates. Finally, a novel application of using the piezoelectric ZnO NWs for converting nano-scale mechanical energy into electric energy is presented.
Attention and Other Cognitive Deficits in Aphasia: Presence and Relation to Language and Communication Measures

Purpose This study was designed to further elucidate the relationship between cognition and aphasia, with a focus on attention. It was hypothesized that individuals with aphasia would display varia...
The Genome of Turkey Herpesvirus

Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) is a ubiquitous, nonpathogenic virus of domestic turkeys (15, 78–80), and it is classified as the third serotype within the Marek's disease virus (MDV) group of antigenically and genetically related lymphotropic avian herpesviruses (15). This group also includes MDV serotype 1 (MDV1), which is the etiologic agent of the globally and economically significant Marek's disease in chickens (15). MDV1 is pathogenic in chickens, causing cytolytic infection in B cells, latent infection in T cells, and induction of T-cell lymphoma. MDV2 is nonpathogenic or of low pathogenicity in chickens (15). HVT is nonpathogenic in chickens, but it does induce a viremia which is associated with induction of protective immune responses against MDV1 (15). Chickens infected with HVT become persistently infected and maintain long-lasting immunity (15, 29, 44, 53, 80). HVT appears to replicate less efficiently in skin than does MDV1, a phenotype that may be involved in the relatively infrequent transmission of HVT among chickens compared to attenuated strains of MDV1 and MDV2 (15–17). HVT and combinations of HVT and nonpathogenic strains of MDV1 and MDV2 have been used extensively and effectively as vaccines against virulent MDV1 since the early 1970s (15, 44, 53, 80). Other benefits of HVT vaccines include the ability to genetically modify the virus for expression of protective heterologous antigens and the potential for in ovo vaccination. HVT vectors expressing genes from Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus confer protective systemic immune responses against these pathogens (19, 54, 58, 86). In ovo vaccination of late-stage (16- to 18-day) embryos with HVT leaves newly hatched chickens immune to challenge with pathogenic MDV1 (62, 63). Although current vaccination strategies will effectively protect against most MDV1 isolates, they are not completely effective against newly emerging MDV1 strains of greater virulence (77). These strains which pose a constant threat to the poultry industry, are characterized by higher cytolytic activity, unusual tissue tropism, increased atrophy of lymphoid organs, immunosuppression, enhanced capacity to transform T cells, and earlier host death (77). The genetic basis underlying differences in viral virulence, oncogenicity, and host range among MDV strains is poorly understood. Comparative genomics has proven useful in identifying genes with functions involving virulence and host range. The genomes of two MDV1 strains (GA and Md5) have been sequenced (45, 74), and the unique long and unique short (UL and US, respectively) regions of MDV2 are available (37). However, less than 30% of the HVT genome has been sequenced (5, 41, 43, 48, 68, 83, 85). Here we present the complete sequence of HVT strain FC-126 (Burmenester), with analysis and comparison to MDV1 and MDV2.
Psychotherapy in Pediatric Palliative Care

Psychotherapy for children who have life-threatening illness is unique in its challenges and rich in its rewards. Most of these children enter into psychotherapy because of the stress engendered by the illness rather than more general intrapsychic or interpersonal concerns. The facilitation of psychological adjustment is a common goal and brought about by managing anxiety related to great un-certainty and anticipatory grief. Siblings and other family members are incorporated into the work as they play a pivotal role in sustaining and strengthening emotional resources. Critical losses.around control, personal identity, and interpersonal relationships are common themes throughout the therapeutic process.
Salpingitis, salpingoliths, and serous tumors of the ovaries: is there a connection?

Summary:We have observed luminal and mucosal calcifications frequently surrounded by a mantle of bland epithelium in the fallopian tubes (“salpingoliths”) of women with serous tumors of the ovaries. These lesions resemble noninvasive peritoneal “implants” in women with advanced stage atypical prolif
MANP: A Novel Designer Natriuretic Peptide for Cardiometabolic Disease

Introduction: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone that plays an important role in blood pressure regulation via the guanylyl cyclase receptor A (GC-A) and cGMP. ANP also induces lipolysis in vitro and in vivo and we have reported that an ANP genetic variant (rs5068), which is associated with higher circulating levels of ANP is also associated with lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a US general population. MANP is a newly Mayo engineered designer natriuretic peptide (NP) consisting of the native ANP with 12-amino-acid C-terminus extension. Studies in canines established that MANP has greater blood pressure (BP) lowering, natriuretic, and aldosterone-suppressing properties than ANP. To date, the metabolic actions of MANP remain unexplored. Hypothesis: MANP possesses not only cardiovascular but also metabolic properties. Methods: For in vitro studies, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells transfected with either GC-A or guanylyl cyclase receptor B (GC-B), and human subcutaneous and visceral preadipocytes were assessed for cGMP production by MANP. Cells were treated with 10 M, 10 8 M, or 10 M MANP for 10 min. In vivo, we defined the BP lowering and metabolic actions of acute MANP (30 pmol/kg/min, iv) or vehicle in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. After equilibration (45 minutes) MANP was administered iv for 75 min. Results: In vitro, MANP induced cGMP production in GC-A but not GC-B expressing HEK cells. MANP significantly increased cGMP in human subcutaneous and visceral preadipocytes. In vivo, infusion of MANP significantly increased plasma MANP levels compared to vehicle (222 vs 10 pg/ml, p50.019). MANP infusion decreased BP when compared to baseline (91 vs 100 mmHg, p50.016), vehicle had no significant effect (92 vs 95 mmHg, p5 0.19). Plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), a marker for lipolysis, tended to be higher after infusion of MANP than after vehicle (598 vs 462 mg/dl, p5 0.06). Conclusions: The designer NP MANP demonstrates specificity for GC-A and activates cGMP in human subcutaneous and visceral preadipocytes. In vivo, MANP possesses blood pressure lowering actions and causes an increase in NEFA plasma levels suggesting a lipolytic effect. Further studies are warranted to better define the cardiorenal and metabolic actions of MANP and its possible therapeutic roles in cardiometabolic disease which is a risk factor for future heart failure.
On the processing of regular and irregular forms of verbs and nouns: evidence from neuropsychology

Abstract Following acquired brain damage, a native English speaking patient (AW) encountered problems accessing phonology in speech production, while her ability to access word meaning appeared to be intact. In a series of tasks, AW was presented either with a verb, and was asked to produce its past tense or past participle (walk → “walked”), or with a noun, and was asked to produce its plural (glove → “gloves”). A stark dissociation was found: while AW responded accurately with regular forms of verbs (walked) and nouns (gloves), performance was significantly less accurate with irregular forms (found; children). The appearance of a selective deficit for irregular forms in conditions of impaired lexical access is in line with dual-mechanism accounts, which proposes that irregular forms are specified in the lexicon whereas regular forms are computed via rule-based mechanisms. In contrast, AW's data are problematic for connectionist accounts that do not posit separate mechanisms for processing regular and irregular forms, including the connectionist model recently proposed by Joanisse and Seidenberg (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96 (1999) 7592) which successfully simulated a variety of earlier neuropsychological findings. Analyses of AW's responses shed light on further details of the representation and processing of regular and irregular inflected forms.
Soil Salinity Effects on Crop Growth and Yield - Illustration of an Analysis and Mapping Methodology for Sugarcane

Summary The effects of soil salinity on growth and yield of sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. hybrids) are used to illustrate how soil and plant samples («ground truths), digital videographic or SPOT HRV spectral observations, and image analysis by unsupervised classification can be used jointly to quantify and map variations in weighted electrical conductivity (WEC, dS m -1 ) of the root zone and YIELD (metric tons of millable stalks ha -1 ). The combined data for the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons of the study showed that each dS m -1 increase in WEC reduced stalk population by 0.6 stalks m -2 , stalk weight by 0.14 kg, and stalk yields by 13.7 metric tons ha -1 . Sugarcane growth and yield were not affected by root zone salinities less than about 2dS m -1 , but no millable stalks were produced at salinities in excess of 10 dS m -1 . The 25 pixels ha -1 of SPOT is a good scale for mapping salt stress patterns and taking site-specific ameliorative actions. The combination of satellite or aerial spectral observations, ground truth, and image classification procedures demonstrated in this study is readily applicable to other vegetation stresses.
The social constitution of emotion

The critical claim of social constructionism is that social and psychological reality is an intellectual construction according to the linguistic conventions of a culturally and historically specific form of life: “Social constructionism views discourse about the world not as a reflection or a map of the world but as an artifact of communal interchange” (Gergen, 1985, p. 266). Two radical consequences are held to more or less immediately follow from this. Ths first is that there can be no objectivity with respect to individual or collective representations of social reality, since there is no independent reality that serves as the putative object of such representations. The same physical behaviors can be constructed as diverse actions or practices according to the different definitions of different individuals or social groups. The police officer or police community may construct the officer’s behavior as an arrest. The black youth and the black community may construct the officer’s behavior as harassment. Analogously, different historical periods and cultures may construct different ontologies of the social world. A behavior such as homosexuality may be sacreligious in some medieval communities but a normal human relationship in ancient Greek and some contemporary societies, and a mark of divinity in some Indian tribes. The second consequence is that there can be no objectivity with respect to causal explanations of actions and practices, since socially constructed actions and practices may not be reidentifiable cross-culturally and transhistorically.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY IN ROOTS OF IPOMOEA PURPUREA. II. INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY ROOTS

In seedlings of Iponioea purpurea secondary roots are initiated in the primary root pericycle opposite immature protoxylem. Cells derived from immature endodermis, pericycle, and incipient protoxylem and stelar parenchyma contribute to the primordium. The derivatives of the endodermis become a uniseriate covering over the tip and flanks of the primordium and emerged secondary root; the endodermal covering is sloughed off when the lateral root reaches 1-5 mm in length. A series of periclinal and anticlinal divisions in the pericycle and its derivatives gives rise to the main body of the secondary root. The initials for the vascular cylinder, cortex, and rootcap-epidermis complex are established very early during primordium enlargement. After emergence from the primary root, the cortical initials undergo significant structural modifications related to enlargement of the ground meristem and cortex, and the rootcapepidermal initials are partitioned into columellar initials and lateral rootcap-epidermal initials. Procambium diameter increases by periclinal divisions in peripheral sectors. The mature vascular cylinder is comprised of several vascular patterns, ranging from diarch to pentarch, that are probably related ontogenetically. Cells derived from incipient protoxylem and stelar parenchyma cells of the primary root form the vascuar connection between primary and secondary roots.
Estimating economic and resilience consequences of potential navigation infrastructure failures: A case study of the Monongahela River

The paper examines the potential effects of failure of heavily used, outdated locks and dams on the Monongahela River in southwestern Pennsylvania. Catastrophic failure would result in lengthy outage of barge traffic. The displaced volume of coal shipments from mines to power plants is estimated using Energy Information Administration survey data. The resilience of the impacted facilities, the viability of their shipping alternatives, and their ability to re-organize into new markets is assessed. Lost revenues are estimated for facilities that close due to an inability to adapt, as well as the replacement cost of towboats and barges trapped by a catastrophic and sudden failure. The aggregate costs to these facilities as a result of a year-long closure are estimated at $0.56-1.7 billion.
SU-FF-T-73: Evaluation of Inverse Planning Dose Optimization for HDR Brachytherapy in Treatment of Cervical Cancer

Purpose: We investigated the differences between geometrical optimization and inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA) for the treatment of cervical cancer.Methods and Materials: Patients were selected and two optimization plans for each patient were generated with geometrical optimization and IPSA. The clinic target volume and critical organs were contoured using Oncentra MasterPlan Version 3.1(Nucletron Corp., Veenendaal, The Netherlands). For each patient, the dose constrains and optimization parameters were set to meet clinic goal for all plans. The dose volume histograms (DVH) of target and critical organs were generated for comparison. Results: We found that IPSA significantly improved the target dose homogeneity compared with geometrical optimization. For the tumors adjacent to critical structures, IPSA dramatically spared the volume of the critical structures to be irradiated. Conclusions: IPSA is superior over geometrical optimization in terms of target coverage and minimizing normal structures irradiated.
Further Development of a Theory of Lee Cyclogenesis

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to further develop, and then apply, the “lee wave” theory of lee cyclogenesis described by Smith. The two-dimensional time-dependent quasi-geostrophic theory is shown to give closed form asymptotic solutions which clarify the cyclone growth mechanism and the catalytic influence of orography. Ageostrophic effects are considered and found to have little influence on the Ice cyclone unless a low lying inertial wave critical layer is present. When a rigid lid is added to the model thus allowing baroclinic instability, a rapid two-phase cyclone growth is found. Without a resonant orographic phase, the unstable growth is small. The theory is applied to three mountain ranges: the Alps, the Colorado Rockies, and the southern Appalachians. The results suggest that the “iee wave” model may be partially correct in the first two regions but Problematic in the third.
Predicting Wall Pressure Fluctuation over a Backward-Facing Step Using Detached Eddy Simulation

Numerical simulations of a turbulent flow over a backward-facing step are performed. The governing equations are solved by the finite volume code Cobalt. Unsteady three-dimensional detached eddy simulations are carried out with Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model acting as a subgrid-scale model. Mean flow quantities such as pressure, velocity, and skin-friction coefficients are accurately predicted. Velocity and pressure fluctuations are resolved by the three-dimensional computations. The dominant frequency is in good agreement with existing experimental data, and power spectral analysis of wall pressure fluctuation is consistent with empirical relations found in the literature for several operating conditions.
Practical aspects and uncertainty analysis of biological effective dose (BED) regarding its three-dimensional calculation in multiphase radiotherapy treatment plans.

Purpose: There is a growing interest in the radiation oncology community to use the biological effective dose (BED) rather than the physical dose (PD) in treatment plan evaluation and optimization due to its stronger correlation with radiobiological effects. Radiotherapy patients may receive treatments involving a single only phase or multiple phases (e.g., primary and boost). Since most treatment planning systems cannot calculate the analytical BED distribution in multiphase treatments, an approximate multiphase BED expression, which is based on the total physical dose distribution, has been used. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the mathematical properties of the approximate BED formulation, relative to the true BED. Methods: The mathematical properties of the approximate multiphase BED equation are analyzed and evaluated. In order to better understand the accuracy of the approximate multiphase BED equation, the true multiphase BED equation was derived and the mathematical differences between the true and approximate multiphase BED equations were determined. The magnitude of its inaccuracies under common clinical circumstances was also studied. All calculations were performed on a voxel-by-voxel basis using the three-dimensional dose matrices. Results: Results showed that the approximate multiphase BED equation is accurate only when the dose-per-fractions (DPFs) in both the first and second phases are equal, which occur when the dose distribution does not significantly change between the phases. In the case of heterogeneous dose distributions, which significantly vary between the phases, there are fewer occurrences of equal DPFs and hence the inaccuracy of the approximate multiphase BED is greater. These characteristics are usually seen in the dose distributions being delivered to organs at risk rather than to targets. Conclusions: The finding of this study indicates that the true multiphase BED equation should be implemented in the treatment planning systems due to the inconsistent accuracy of the approximate multiphase BED equation in most of the clinical situations.
Evidence Implicating Dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde as an Intermediate in Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Biosynthesis

3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an osmoprotectant accumulated by certain flowering plants and algae. In Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. (Compositae) the first intermediate in DMSP biosynthesis has been shown to be S-methylmethionine (SMM) (A.D. Hanson, J. Rivoal, L. Paquet, D.A. Gage [1994] Plant Physiol 105: 103-110). Other possible intermediates were investigated by radiolabeling methods using W. biflora leaf discs. In pulse-chase experiments with [35S]SMM, 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde (DMSP-ald) acquired label rapidly and lost it during the chase period. Conversely, 3-dimethylsulfoniopropylamine (DMSP-amine), 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionamide (DMSP-amide), and 4-dimethylsulfonio-2-hydroxybutyrate (DMSHB) labeled slowly and continuously during both pulse and chase. When unlabeled compounds were supplied along with [35S]SMM, DMSP-ald promoted [35S]DMSP-ald accumulation but DMSHB, DMSP-amide, and DMSP-amine had no such trapping effect. These data indicate that DMSP-ald is an intermediate in DMSP biosynthesis and that the other three compounds are not. Consistent with this, [35S]DMSHB was not metabolized to DMSP. Although [14C]DMSP-amine and [14C]DMSP-amide were converted slowly to DMSP, similar or higher conversion rates were found in plants that do not naturally accumulate DMSP, indicating that nonspecific reactions were responsible. These nonaccumulating species did not form [35S]DMSP-ald from [35S]SMM, implying that DMSP-ald is specific to DMSP biosynthesis. W. biflora leaf discs catabolized supplied sulfonium compounds to dimethylsulfide at differing rates, in the order DMSP-ald >> DMSP-amine > SMM > DMSP-amide > DMSHB > DMSP.