cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmeceutical Effects of Galactomannan Fraction from Arenga pinnata Fruits In vitro.

Background Cosmeceuticals refer to natural cosmetics with medical-like benefits due to their bioactive contents. Sugar palm fruit (Arenga pinnata) extract has been claimed for its anti-aging effect in vitro. However, its active compounds for cosmeceuticals is still unclear. Objective This study was aimed to extract galactomannan from A. pinnata fruits and test its efficacy for tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activities in vitro. Materials and methods Galactomannan from A. pinnata fruits was extracted by freeze drying and identified for its chemical compounds by using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS). Galactomannan was tested for its tyrosinase inhibition in both cell-based (melanocytes) and enzymatic assays, antioxidant activity using ferrous ion chelating assay (FCA) assay, and anti-photoaging activity for inhibiting the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 in macrophages using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results Identification of galactomannan fraction from A. pinnata fruits by py-GC/MS mainly consisted of oxonium ion and glucosides. For cellular assay, galactomannan at 5 μg/mL inhibited >50% of tyrosinase activity in melanocytes induced by phorbol myristate acetate. At the enzymatic level, galactomannan at similar concentration showed less tyrosinase activity inhibition (~20%). FCA results showed that galactomannan at 10 μg/mL exerted >50% of antioxidant activity. The qRT-PCR data indicated that galactomannan at 5 μg/mL inhibited >50% of MMP-1 and MMP-13 gene expressions in ultraviolet B-treated macrophages. Conclusion Galactomannan fraction from A. pinnata fruits has efficacy for enlightening effect, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activity in the dose-independent pattern, indicating its cosmeceutical effects for skin healthcare. Summary A. pinnata fruit containing galactomannan has cosmeceutical potentials through enlightening effect, antioxidant, and anti-photoaging activity in vitro.Galactomannan fraction has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity in both cellular melanocytes and enzymatic systems.Galactomannan fraction has strong protection against UVB-irradiation effect by inhibiting collagenase genes (MMP-1 and MMP-13) in macrophages. Abbreviations Used: Py-GC/MS: Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; FCA: Ferrous chelating activity; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; qRT-PCR: Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; PMA: Phorbol myristate acetate; UV: Ultraviolet; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle media; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; MTT: 3-(4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide; L-DOPA: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl; SPF: Sun protection factor.
In Their Own Words: Young Adults' Menthol Cigarette Initiation, Perceptions, Experiences and Regulation Perspectives.

Background Menthol cigarettes are disproportionately used by young people and have been called smoking starter products. However, limited qualitative research exists on young adults' perceptions of and experiences with these products, with much of it based on document reviews of the tobacco industry's research. Methods We conducted six focus groups with young adult (ages 18-24) menthol smokers in New Jersey (half with black smokers) between December 2014 and March 2015. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their menthol smoking initiation, preference reasons, substitution behaviors, and perceptions of menthol cigarette risks and regulation. Results Participants' menthol cigarette initiation and preference were influenced by their perceived popularity, brand recognition, taste, smoothness, satisfaction and access (including as "loosies," typically available for Newport). Some believed menthol cigarettes were less harmful than non-menthol cigarettes when initiating smoking. Many currently believed menthol cigarettes were more harmful because they contained extra "additives," were stronger (ie, requiring fewer cigarettes to feel satisfied), and/or based on hearsay. Many had tried new brand Camel Crush, which was perceived to be especially minty, fun, and attractive for newer smokers. While some used non-menthol cigarettes when menthols were unavailable, many said they would never or almost never substitute. Many acknowledged a menthol cigarettes ban would likely help them quit smoking, even though they did not support the idea. Conclusions Menthol cigarette initiation is influenced by an interplay of multiple factors including their sensory properties, marketing, perceived popularity and availability. The FDA should continue to pursue closing this flavored cigarette loophole. Implications In this first qualitative study of menthol cigarette use among young adults, we found further evidence that menthol cigarettes can act as starter products because they are perceived as easier to smoke and taste and smell better than non-menthol cigarettes. We also add to the literature in finding that menthol cigarettes are perceived by young people who smoke menthol cigarettes as delivering satisfaction with fewer cigarettes, being accessible as "loosies", and being popular among their peers. Many did not understand the reasons behind a potential menthol ban. Any future regulation of menthol cigarettes should include a public educational campaign to support buy-in.
The Solution is Better Science, Not Less Science

Response to David Colander’s column “Economists should stop doing it with Models (and start doing it with Heuristics)” in this issue of the EEJ.
Nonlinear multilevel iterative methods for multiscale models of air/water flow in porous media

Richards' equation and the two-phase flow equations are well-known degenerate parabolic models of air/water flow in porous media. Poor iterative solver performance and small time steps during transient simulations are often reported in field-scale simulations. In this work we study Newton-multigrid and nonlinear multigrid methods applied to discrete air/water flow models. The models are discretized using standard continuous finite element spaces. Due to strong nonlinearity and potential degeneracy in the coefficients, we stabilize the models using a multiscale approach. We present computational results comparing iterative solver perfomance and solution accuracy, focusing particularly on the effects of degenerate coefficients in wetting and drying problems.
Embodied minds and their aural imaginings

Sonic Virtuality: Sound as Emergent Perception, which grows out of Mark Grimshaw and Tom Garner’s previous collaborative research on sound in computer games, aims to provide a general account of so...
Altered macromolecular pattern and content in the aging human brain

The resonances originating from proteins underlie those of metabolites in brain 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. These resonances have different physical properties from those of metabolites, such as shorter T1 and T2 relaxation time constants. The age dependence of the macromolecular pattern and content in the human brain was investigated with a focus on adults over 66 years of age using ultrahigh-field in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eighteen young and 23 cognitively normal older adults were studied at 7 T. Metabolite spectra were acquired in the occipital cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex with single-voxel stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) spectroscopy in 14 young and 20 older adults. Macromolecular spectra were acquired in the occipital cortex using an inversion recovery STEAM sequence in four young and three older adults. The macromolecular pattern was apparent over the 0.5-4.5-ppm range in the inversion recovery spectra and the 0.5-2-ppm range in the metabolite spectra. Macromolecular content was quantified from metabolite spectra using LCModel and from inversion recovery spectra using integration. Age-associated differences in the macromolecular pattern were apparent via both types of spectra, with the largest difference observed for the 1.7- and 2-ppm macromolecular resonances. A higher macromolecular content was observed in the older adults for both brain regions. Age-specific macromolecular spectra are needed when comparing metabolite spectra from subjects of differing ages because of age-associated differences in macromolecular pattern. Age-associated pattern and content differences may provide information about the aging process.
Effect of Hyperglycemia on Purinergic and Nitrergic Inhibitory Neuromuscular Transmission in the Antrum of the Stomach: Implications for Fast Gastric Emptying.

Background: Hyperglycemia has been reported to enhance vagovagal reflex that causes the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, nitric oxide, at the neuromuscular junction in the antrum to relax the antrum and slow gastric emptying by stimulating glucose-sensitive afferent neurons. However, hyperglycemia has also been reported to cause fast gastric emptying that may be due to suppression of the inhibitory motor neurons. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in inhibitory NMT in the gastric antrum due to hyperglycemia. Methods: Inhibitory electrical junction potentials were recorded from gastric antral muscle strips, using intracellular electrodes under non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions. Studies were performed in non-hyperglycemic NOD (NH-NOD), NOD mice as they develop hyperglycemia (H-NOD) and their age-matched controls. The purinergic (pIJP) and nitrergic (nIJP) were isolated pharmacologically. Results: The control pIJP was large, around -18 mV and nIJP was small, around -9mV. In NH-NOD the IJPs were not affected, but in H-NOD pIJP was nearly abolished and nIJP was significantly reduced. In H-NOD mice, membrane hyperpolarization caused by exogenous α, s-MeATP or DNO was similar to that in WT controls (p>0.05). H-NOD smooth muscles were significantly depolarized as compared to NH-NOD smooth muscles. Conclusions: These observations show that hyperglycemia causes suppression of purinergic and nitrergic transmission by acting on the motor neurons that form the last neuron in the vagovagal circuit. Moreover, the loss the neurotransmission is due to a defect in neurotransmitter release rather than a defect in signal transduction. Hyperglycemia also causes depolarization of smooth muscles that may increase their excitability.
Correcting for targeted and control agent signal differences in paired-agent molecular imaging of cancer cell-surface receptors.

Paired-agent kinetic modeling protocols provide one means of estimating cancer cell-surface receptors with in vivo molecular imaging. The protocols employ the coadministration of a control imaging agent with one or more targeted imaging agent to account for the nonspecific uptake and retention of the targeted agent. These methods require the targeted and control agent data be converted to equivalent units of concentration, typically requiring specialized equipment and calibration, and/or complex algorithms that raise the barrier to adoption. This work evaluates a kinetic model capable of correcting for targeted and control agent signal differences. This approach was compared with an existing simplified paired-agent model (SPAM), and modified SPAM that accounts for signal differences by early time point normalization of targeted and control signals (SPAMPN). The scaling factor model (SPAMSF) outperformed both SPAM and SPAMPN in terms of accuracy and precision when the scale differences between targeted and imaging agent signals (α) were not equal to 1, and it matched the performance of SPAM for α = 1. This model could have wide-reaching implications for quantitative cancer receptor imaging using any imaging modalities, or combinations of imaging modalities, capable of concurrent detection of at least two distinct imaging agents (e.g., SPECT, optical, and PET/MR).
Design of Response Models

The design of response models involves variables, relations among variables, functional forms, and data. Variables represent the building blocks of a response study. An analysis of price elasticity, for example, would require at least two variables, price and unit sales. Relations are the connections among variables. To answer a question about the magnitude of price elasticity, it would be necessary to examine the special relation of price to unit sales. Functional forms refer to the nature of a relation. One form of a relation between price and sales could be linear; a form like this would give both mathematical and substantive meaning to the relation. Finally, data are the actual realizations of variables. Taken together, these four elements provide the materials for building a response model.
Influence of Nitrogen Dioxide on Xenobiotic Metabolism in Animals

Potential extrapulmonary effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on hepatic xenobiotic metabolism were examined. Initial studies were conducted using pentobarbital (PEN)-induced sleeping time (S.T.) in mice as an indicator of integrated mechanisms of xenobiotic clearance. A 3 hr. exposure to concentrations as low as 0.47 mg NO2/m3 (0.25 ppm) caused a significant increase in PEN-induced S.T. in female mice. When exposures were repeated for several days, the magnitude of the effect diminished. Investigation of sex sensitivity indicated that female mice were affected by acute exposure (3 hr./day, 1 or 2 days), but males were not. It was also observed that a 4 day (3 hr./day) exposure to 1.88 mg NO2/m3 (1.0 ppm) induced tolerance to the effects of 9.4 mg NO2/m3 (5.0 ppm). Mechanisms for the increase in PEN-induced S.T. were sought by evaluating hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels and the activity of 3 hepatic mixed function oxidases (aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase) in female mice exposed to concentrations of NO2 causing an increase in PEN-induced S.T. No significant effects were observed. A 3 hr. exposure to 9.4 mg NO2/m3 increased cytochrome P-450 levels in the lung, but not the liver, of rabbits.
The virtues and vices of social comparisons: examining assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to characters in a narrative

Based on social comparison theory, this study investigates how awareness of one’s morality and exposure to a character in a narrative affect emotions associated with four types of social comparisons—upward assimilative, downward contrastive, upward contrastive, and downward assimilative. A 2 (Morality Salience: virtue, vice) X 2 (Character: moral, immoral) experiment (N = 106) revealed that those whose vices were made salient elicited stronger: (1) contempt (a downward contrastive emotion) toward an immoral character than a moral character, and (2) envy (an upward contrastive emotion) toward a moral character than an immoral character. Whereas envy decreased positive affect, contempt increased it. Implications for assimilative and contrastive social comparisons with media characters that lead to distinct affective outcomes are discussed.
Why Chinese bank internationalisation is gradual - an historical institutional perspective

Chinese banks have opted for slow, organic growth in their overseas network expansion rather extensive bank acquisitions, but their future impacts on international banking and financial systems are...
Does Residency Selection Criteria Predict Performance in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency

More than 1000 candidates applied for orthopaedic residency positions in 2014, and the competition is intense; approximately one-third of the candidates failed to secure a position in the match. However, the criteria used in the selection process often are subjective and studies have differed in terms of which criteria predict either objective measures or subjective ratings of resident performance by faculty. Do preresidency selection factors serve as predictors of success in residency? Specifically, we asked which preresidency selection factors are associated or correlated with (1) objective measures of resident knowledge and performance; and (2) subjective ratings by faculty. Charts of 60 orthopaedic residents from our institution were reviewed. Preresidency selection criteria examined included United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 scores, Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores, number of clinical clerkship honors, number of letters of recommendation, number of away rotations, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) honor medical society membership, fourth-year subinternship at our institution, and number of publications. Resident performance was assessed using objective measures including American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) Part I scores and Orthopaedics In-Training Exam (OITE) scores and subjective ratings by faculty including global evaluation scores and faculty rankings of residents. We tested associations between preresidency criteria and the subsequent objective and subjective metrics using linear correlation analysis and Mann-Whitney tests when appropriate. Objective measures of resident performance namely, ABOS Part I scores, had a moderate linear correlation with the USMLE Step 2 scores (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) and number of clinical honors received in medical school (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). OITE scores had a weak linear correlation with the number of clinical honors (r = 0.35, p = 0.009) and USMLE Step 2 scores (r = 0.29, p = 0.02). With regards to subjective outcomes, AOA membership was associated with higher scores on the global evaluation (p = 0.005). AOA membership also correlated with higher global evaluation scores (r = 0.60, p = 0.005) with the strongest correlation existing between AOA membership and the “interpersonal and communication skills” subsection of the global evaluations. We found that USMLE Step 2, number of honors in medical school clerkships, and AOA membership demonstrated the strongest correlations with resident performance. Our goal in analyzing these data was to provide residency programs at large a sense of which criteria may be “high yield” in ranking applicants by analyzing data from within our own pool of residents. Similar studies across a broader scope of programs are warranted to confirm applicability of our findings. The continually emerging complexities of the field of orthopaedic surgery lend increasing importance to future work on the appropriate selection and training of orthopaedic residents.
Radiation chronotherapy—clinical impact of treatment time-of-day: a systematic review

Many brain tumor patients suffer from radiation-induced toxicities. Chronotherapy is a treatment modality that utilizes circadian rhythms to optimize the effect on tumor while minimizing negative outcomes on healthy tissue. This review aims to systematically examine the literature on the application of a radiation chronotherapeutic for all cancers and determine the possible advantages of incorporating a circadian-based fixed time-of-day for radiotherapy into CNS cancers. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in two electronic databases from inception to February 1, 2019. Primary research manuscripts were screened for those related to adult human subjects exposed to ionizing radiation using the chronotherapy technique. Nine manuscripts were included in the review from 79 eligible articles. Three were prospective randomized trails and 6 were retrospective reviews. This survey revealed that overall survival and tumor control do not have consistent effects with only 60% and 55.5% of paper which included the variables having some significance, respectively. Treatment symptoms were the primary endpoint for both the prospective trials and were examined in 3 of the retrospective reviews; effects were observed in sensitive tissue for all 5 studies including mucosal linings and skin basal layer. Existing literature suggests that the application of radiation chronotherapy may reduce negative symptom outcome within highly proliferative tissues. Further examination of radiation chronotherapy in well-designed prospective trials and studies in brain tumor patients are merited.
The spatial organization of craft production at the Kura-Araxes settlement of Köhne Shahar in northwestern Iran: A zooarchaeological approach

The Kura-Araxes cultural tradition (ca. 3500-2200 BCE) was one of the most widespread archaeological horizons in Southwest Asian prehistory, spanning from the Caucasus to the southern Levant. Although several decades of research have considerably increased our knowledge about this Early Bronze Age tradition, the social and economic organization of its communities remains a matter of much debate. Interpretations of the organization of Kura-Araxes craft economies range from need-based household production to extra-household specialized production for exchange and elite consumption. This issue stems from the absence of a systematic approach to studying the spatial organization of craft production; that is the study of the spatial distribution of archaeological material across multiple contexts to reconstruct the location of various activities involved in craft production. Extensive evidence for craft production at Kohne Shahar (KSH)-one of the largest Kura-Araxes sites ever discovered-provides an opportunity for such a study. Faunal remains are among the most abundant types of remains recovered at KSH Phases IV and V (ca. 2800-2500 BCE), where bone and antler were cached and then shaped into tools that were used to manufacture other objects like beads. We use zooarchaeology to study the spatial distribution of worked and unworked animal remains to analyze the function of several structures and spaces in the craft production areas to ultimately gain better insight into the organization of labor and the social organization of the community. We identify evidence for two antler storage units, numerous waste dumps, and several workshops. Some workshops manufactured a similar range of small, possibly ornamental objects, while others specialized in the manufacture of certain goods, textiles, and objects made of animal horn. When combined with other lines of evidence, our observations point to a community-wide production economy with little direct evidence for a stratified social organization. We argue that the absence of a strict social hierarchy at KSH and across the Kura-Araxes world is not evidence of the absence of social complexity, but the presence of a horizontal or heterarchical social order.
Urban redevelopment as soft memory-work in Montgomery, Alabama

ABSTRACTScholars are increasingly studying memory-work as an essential place-defining force within cities, but few scholars have analyzed urban redevelopers as agents of memory-work. Using the Mont...
Performance of structural concrete using Waste-to-Energy (WTE) combined ash

Abstract In the U.S., about 27 million metric tons of municipal solid waste are used as fuel in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) power plants, generating about seven million tons of mixed bottom ash and fly ash (combined ash) annually, which are disposed of in landfills after metal separation. This study assessed the effect of using combined ash as a substitute of mined stone aggregates on the mechanical properties and leachability of cement mortar and concrete. The as-received combined ash was separated into three fractions: fine (
Numerical analysis of energy conversion efficiency and thermal reliability of novel, unileg segmented thermoelectric generation systems

Despite their great potential to recover waste heat, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) find limited usage since thermoelectric materials are only efficient within a limited temperature range. Using multiple materials in segmented TEGs can significantly enhance the overall energy conversion efficiency. However, thermal reliability is questionable in these systems especially at elevated temperatures and in annular configurations. This study explores the feasibility of utilizing unileg (single material) segmented TEG configuration as a remedy for the thermal stress problem. This study introduces the concept of unileg, segmented thermoelectric configurations (flat and annular) for the first time, and three-dimensional finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the thermoelectric performance and thermal reliability analysis in comparison with the conventional unicouple (dual material) systems. Results indicate that thermal stresses are significantly lowered in unileg systems compared to the unicouple configuration. In addition to the enhanced thermal reliability, power generation and thermoelectric conversion efficiency are higher in unileg systems since the material with higher performance is used solely eliminating the need of poorly performing, second thermoelectric leg material.
Structural topic modelling segmentation: a segmentation method combining latent content and customer context

This research introduces a method for segmenting customers using Structural Topic Modelling (STM), a text analysis tool capable of capturing topical content and topical prevalence differences acros...
Terminal Delirium in Hospice: The Experiences and Perspectives of Caregivers Providing Care to Terminally Ill Patients in Home Settings.

Objectives:Little is known about the experiences of caregivers who provide care to persons with terminal delirium (TD) in home settings. This scarcity of information is suggestive that further rese...
Types of Craniosynostosis and their Etiology, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology

Cranial sutures correspond to the junction sites of the different bones of the skull, remaining permeable and allowing cranial growth during the first years of life. The closure of these sutures in an abnormal and premature way represents a pathological condition that directly affects the function and cognitive development of the child, this disease represents a challenge for diagnosis and treatment in a timely manner and thus allow optimal development.
Disordered Micelle Regime in a Conformationally Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Melt

We report results from Monte Carlo field-theoretic simulations (MC-FTS) of a compositionally asymmetric diblock copolymer melt (fA = 0.2) at an invariant degree of polymerization of N = 104 for bo...
Hydraulic Design of Columbia River Basin Navigation Locks

Design features of Bonneville, Connerville, Dalles, Ice Harbor, and McNary locks; Ice Harbor lock has 100 ft lift; John Day lock will be even higher with 113 ft lift; improvements in filling systems are reflected by almost complete lack of turbulence in lock chambers of McNary and Dalles locks as compared to very turbulent condition in Bonneville lock; model studies indicate less turbulence in Ice Harbor lock.
The cost of Jointness : insights from environmental monitoring systems in low Earth orbit

Thesis: Ph. D. in Technology, Management and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, February 2015.
Noise and /spl Delta/M/spl perp/ analysis of a Cr-rich Co-Cr perpendicular medium for an MR head

The medium noise in a Cr-rich Co-Cr alloy perpendicular medium was investigated by using an MR head designed for longitudinal recording. Medium with a Cr content of 28 at.% showed a high crystalline orientation and a low write-demagnetization effect. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the medium was higher than that of conventional Co-Cr perpendicular media for inductive heads. The advantages of the medium derive from the large inter-particle perpendicular magnetic interaction (/spl Delta/M/spl perp/) of media, which increased linearly with the Cr content, reaching a maximum value at 28 at.%. This strong interaction in the medium results in a high S/N for a recording system using a single-layer perpendicular medium and an MR head.
Adrenal vein sampling in the diagnosis of aldosteronism

Primary aldosteronism causes 15%-25% of cases of drug-resistant hypertension. Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is a procedure entailing the measurement of aldosterone from both adrenal veins, to diagnose an adrenal source of excess aldosterone secretion. Because unilateral adrenal etiologies of primary aldosteronism may be surgically resected, identifying these sources by venous sampling is critical. Technical aspects of the procedure are reviewed,
Angular Dependence of Ultrasonic Attenuation at Hcl in YBa2Cu3O7 Single Crystal

The resistive behavior of type-II superconductors in the superconducting state is largely influenced by the materials' ability to pin magnetic flux lines. While an externally applied magnetic field leads to an ordered flux-lattice in defect-free superconductors, spatial variations in the superconducting order parameter tend to deform the vortex system. This has immediate implications for the temperatureand field-dependence of the critical current density. Simple estimates of the balance between the intervortex interaction and the vortexpinsite interaction allow for qualitative predictions of the temperature- and field-dependent resistive behavior of type-II superconductors. A low frequency ultrasonic technique was developed, which was used to study the viscous properties of the vortex system.
Sample Design for Customer-Focused Research

Firms routinely gather data from customers using surveys when developing their strategy. A crucial element in collecting data is deciding upon the sample of customers: (1) who should be surveyed, (2) how many customers should be surveyed, (3) understanding issues about non-response, and (4) understanding the implications of survey response rate on statistical analysis. This paper provides a managerial overview of issues related to sampling design for business research.
Oncology pharmacy education and training in the United States Schools of Pharmacy

Abstract Objectives (1) To assess the number of hours devoted to oncology education in both the didactic and experiential rotations; (2) to further identify the specific oncology topics that are offered in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy; and (3) to delineate activities that are required of students during their experiential activities. Methods Surveys were sent to Chairs or Associate Chairs of Clinical Departments of 131 pharmacy schools. Qualtrics Survey Software was utilized to administer the survey. Results Overall, 62 schools responded for a 47% response rate. All schools reported teaching oncology in the didactic portion of its curriculum and nearly all schools (92%) offered Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) electives in oncology. Most schools (64%) incorporated pharmacotherapy into a block of lectures during a general therapeutics course, while 34% of schools taught it as an individual required course. We found that the median number of hours spent on didactic oncology coursework was 42 hours. The median number of hours spent teaching oncology pathophysiology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy was 10, 9, and 20 hours, respectively. About 73% offered fewer than 30 oncology APPE rotation slots to students each year. Schools established more than 15 years ago offered a median of 30 slots compared to 16 slots for schools Conclusions These results expand upon the prior recommendations about the amount of didactics and the types of oncology practice experiences offered to students attending pharmacy school. We recommend that 40 hours of didactics and four to six weeks of experiential rotations be the minimum standard that pharmacy schools provide as oncology education.
The geometric structure of nonholonomic mechanics

Many important problems in multibody dynamics, the dynamics of wheeled vehicles and motion generation, involve nonholonomic mechanics. Many of these systems have symmetry, such as the group of Euclidean motions in the plane or in space and this symmetry plays an important role in the theory. Despite considerable advances on both Hamiltonian and Lagrangian sides of the theory, there remains much to do. We report on progress on two of these fronts. The first is a Poisson description of the equations that is equivalent to those given by Lagrangian reduction, and second, a deeper understanding of holonomy for such systems. These results promise to lead to further progress on the stability issues and on locomotion generation.
Corporate Yield Spreads and Systematic Liquidity

I investigate commonality in liquidity and its implications for corporate bond pricing. I demonstrate the extent of liquidity commonality within and across the corporate bond and equity markets using latent liquidity factors. Shocks to systematic liquidity factors help explain time-series variation in yield spreads. Bonds with greater exposure to across-market liquidity shocks have higher spreads cross-sectionally. The results are robust to credit risk and liquidity level controls. High liquidity-beta bonds exhibit a larger CDS-bond basis, the difference between an issuer’s credit default swap premium and the bond-implied premium, suggesting that bond markets exhibit greater exposure to liquidity risk than CDS markets.
Strain Rate History Effects in Body-Centered-Cubic Metals

This paper presents a discussion of the strain rate history effects that occur during the deformation of body-centered-cubic (BCC) metals. It is divided into two parts: a brief review of previous work, which also includessome new data, followed by an analysis of material behavior based on previous and new results. The review discusses early experiments on steels and other BCC metals in which interrupted tests were performed. These tests consist of loading initially at one strain rate, unloading, and reloading at a second strain rate, either higher or lower than the first. Early experiments of this type had revealed a substantial difference in response between BCC and face-centered-cubic (FCC) metals. The review also includes results of incremental strain rate tests with large jumps in strain rate, augmented by a series of experiments designed to study strain rate history effects in steel. The latter consist of incremental tests performed on specimens of an AISI 1020 hot-rolled steel over the temperature range 83 K ≤ T ≤ 494 K. Results indicate that at temperatures near the ambient and for relatively small shear strains (up to γ 0.20) strain rate history effects play a minor role compared with strain rate effects per se. However, for low temperatures and for dynamic aging temperatures, strain rate history effects are shown to be of considerable importance. The second part of the paper concentrates on an analytical discussion of adiabatic coupling during deformation and on constitutive modeling of deformation in BCC metals.
Understanding therapeutic action in the analytic situation: a second look at the developmental metaphor

A root metaphor for the psychoanalytic therapeutic process is the mother-infant caretaking relationship. This developmental metaphor has assumed a dominant role for some analysts in how the psychoanalytic process and therapeutic relationship are conceptualized. In this paper, a distinction is made between two uses of the developmental metaphor--naive and informed. The naive view as commonly applied constrains our view of the unique relationship between analyst and analysand. The informed view takes into account current research in early social development that has emerged in the last decade of empirical studies with infants, young children, and their parents. While the parent-child relationship may be an inexact model for the analytic connection, some of the implications of the former, as they become more clearly understood in the course of careful research, may provide useful information about how change does or does not occur as a result of the analytic process, and how an analytic process needs to be in place in the analysand before that change can occur.
Topical link analysis for web search

Traditional web link-based ranking schemes use a single score to measure a page's authority without concern of the community from which that authority is derived. As a result, a resource that is highly popular for one topic may dominate the results of another topic in which it is less authoritative. To address this problem, we suggest calculating a score vector for each page to distinguish the contribution from different topics, using a random walk model that probabilistically combines page topic distribution and link structure. We show how to incorporate the topical model within both PageRank and HITS without affecting the overall property and still render insight into topic-level transition. Experiments on multiple datasets indicate that our technique outperforms other ranking approaches that incorporate textual analysis.
Vitamin D3 improves impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in the vitamin D-deficient rat in vivo

It has previously been shown in this laboratory that vitamin D3 is essential for normal insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. In this present study, the influence of vitamin D status on insulin secretion in vivo was investigated. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on conscious vitamin D-deficient rats (-D), vitamin D-replete rats fed ad libitum (+D AL), and vitamin D-replete rats pair fed to the D-deficient animals (+D PF). Vitamin D deficiency, easily recognizable by low daily dietary intake and depressed plasma calcium levels, was found to impair plasma glucose clearance as characterized by an elevated KG value (representing a function of the area beneath the tolerance curve). KG values for the +D AL, +D PF, and -D groups were 504 +/- 15, 480 +/- 46, and 641 +/- 28, respectively. The increase in KG corresponded to a significant reduction in glucose-mediated insulin secretion as compared to the +D animals. This difference appeared not to be related to the increase caloric intake associated with vitamin D repletion, since +D rats which had been pair fed to the -D animals also exhibited restored plasma insulin levels in response to glucose. Plasma phosphorus concentrations were comparable in all three groups, and thus this parameter is also unlikely to be a contributory factor in the observed phenomenon. Additional experiments were conducted to evaluate the involvement of hypocalcemia in the observed impaired glucose tolerance. Normalization of plasma calcium levels (from 4.8 mg/100 ml to 9.6/100 ml) of the -D rats, by dietary calcium and phosphorus manipulation, failed to improve glucose clearance (KG for -D normocalcemic rats = 639 +/- 61) or insulin secretion. These results support the concept that vitamin D plays a physiological role in insulin secretion, acting, at least in part, independently of nutritional factors and the prevailing plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations.
952 A NEW GENETIC DISORDER OF NEUTROPHIL OXIDATIVE METABOLISM

Investigations of neutrophil function in a 7 y/o M with recurrent Pseudomonas cepacia pneumonia demonstrated Impaired intracelluar killing of catalase - positive bacteria; other functions including directed migration, phagocytosis, adherence & secretion (1° & 2° granule) were normal. Quantitative NBT reduction and chemiluminesence (CL) evolution by patient neutrophils (PN) were profoundly diminished (0.1-9% of normal) in response to soluble stimulants (PMA, A23187, NaF) (p<.001 to each), but were in a low normal range (31-77% nl) during phagocytosis or during adherence to plastic substrates. Similarly, superoxlde (O2−) generation and hexose monophosphate shunt activity of PN were profoundly diminished (0-3% nl) in response to soluble stimulants (p<.001), but demonstrated low normal activities (25-51% nl) during particle ingestlon. Maternal neutrophils (MN) demonstrated intermediate abnormalities of NBT reduction, CL evolution and O2− generation in response to soluble stimulants, but responses during phagocytosis were normal. Further studies to determine the mechanism of impaired oxldatlve activity showed elevated levels of cytochrome b245 on the surface of MN (470% nl), those of a half brother (550% nl) & PN (200% nl). However, during recovery from Pseudomonas cepacia pneumonia, cytochrome b245 was undetectable on PN. These findings indicate that defective oxidative metabolic activity in this disorder is related to abnormal regulation of cytochrome b245 expression on the neutrophil surface.
Phosphorylation coupled to oxidation of thiol groups (GSH) by cytochrome c with disulfide (GSSG) as an essential catalyst III. Uncoupling and uncoupler-dependent ATPase

Abstract Phosphorylation coupled to electron transfer from GSH to cytochrome c is uncoupled by 10 μM 2,4-dinitrophenol, 10 μM dicoumarol, 3 μ,M pentachlorophenol, and 1 μM carbonyl-cyanide-m chlorophenylhydrazone under anaerobic conditions, and by oxygen. When the uncouplers are added 2 minutes before the enzymatic trapping system, all of the ATP disappears. Added ATP is hydrolyzed within 2 minutes in uncoupler-dependent ATPase reversal of the phosphorylation reaction. These characteristics of the system emphasize the fact that oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria may depend on the same fundamental properties of thiol and disulfide.
A comparative study of root defect coverage using an acellular dermal matrix with and without a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor.

Background: The objective of this case series is to compare root defect coverage results and healing responses of bilateral recession defects treated with acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with and without recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF). Methods: Seventeen patients with 40 bilateral gingival recession defects were compared. Each defect was ‡2 mm and treated with ADM and a coronally advanced flap. Using split-mouth design, the controlside ADM was hydrated in sterile saline, whereas the test-side ADM was hydrated in rhPDGF. The patients were evaluated at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Standardized measurements were taken preoperatively at 3 and 6 months. Healing was clinically assessed at 1 week and 1 month post-surgically. Results: Both test and control groups showed significant gain in root defect coverage over the 6-month period for all individuals, with the test group showing a 69.0% gain and the control group showing a 76.7% gain. Patients divided into Miller Class I and Class III defects were also found to have a significant gain in root defect coverage over 6 months. The test group showed 84.1% gain, and the control group showed 84.7% gain for Miller Class I defects. For Miller Class III defects, the test group showed 51.5% gain, and the control group showed a 60.8% gain. One week after surgery, 35% of the test group showed better healing, whereas 15% of the control group showed better healing. One month after surgery, 20% of the test group showed better healing, whereas 15% of the control group showed better healing. Conclusion: Based on the results of this case series, there were no statistically or clinically significant differences in root defect coverage, keratinized tissue, clinical attachment level, or clinical healing for treatment of root recession with a coronally advanced flap and ADM with and without rhPDGF. J Periodontol 2012;83:893-901.
Purification and separation of alpha- and beta-galactosidases from spinach leaves.

Abstract α-Galactosidase (α- d -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) and β-galactosidase (β- d -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) were extracted from spinach leaves and separated from each other by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and by Sephadex gel filtration. The α-galactosidase was purified 15–30-fold and β-galactosidase over 1000-fold. Using p- nitrophenyl galactosides, α-galactosidase had an optimal pH at 5.3 and a K m of 0.3 mM; it hydrolyzed melibiose at 1.5% of the rate of hydrolysis of the p- nitrophenyl α-galactoside. This enzyme still had phosphatase, sulfatase and esterase activities. β-Galactosidases had an optimal pH at 4.2 and a K m of 0.4 mM. It hydrolyzed lactose at 2% of the rate of hydrolysis of p- nitrophenyl β-galactoside. The enzyme was free of α- or β-glucosidase, phosphatase or esterase; it still had considerable sulfatase activity. Monogalactosyldiglyceride, adsorbed onto celite was hydrolyzed by the β-galactosidase at a 250-fold lesser rate than that of p- nitrophenyl β-galactoside. Neither enzyme hydrolyzed digalactosyldiglyceride from Anacystis nidulans.
Effects of Composting On Removal of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium from Sawdust Amended with Chicken Litter

A six month study evaluated composting affects on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) leaching from hardwood and furniture sawdust amended with 20% and 30% chicken litter. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was obtained from substrates. Moisture was provided through precipitation, and the substrate was aerated once or twice per week, depending on the amount of rainfall. Samples were collected at 45 day intervals for analysis. A significant reduction in N and K concentrations occurred for all amended compost by day 180. Hardwood substrate matured quicker than furniture compost based on a radish seed germination test. Toxicity reduction occurred in every treatment by day 180. Chicken litter control showed the best overall weight loss; however, its toxicity levels were still much higher on day 180.
Vitamin D and the heart

Vitamin D receptors (VDR) are found in cells throughout the cardiovascular system. A variety of experimental studies indicate that the liganded VDR may play an important role in controlling cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, regulating blood pressure, and suppressing the development of atherosclerosis. Some, but not all, observational studies in humans provide support for these experimental findings, raising the possibility that vitamin D or its analogs might prove useful therapeutically in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease.
INTRAPARENTAL GAMETE COMPETITION PROVIDES A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID STERILITY VIA MEIOTIC DRIVE

Hybrid sterility can have evolutionary significance and varies substantially by taxon, but few models attempt to predict or explain this variability. Hybrid sterility is commonly observed and develops early in isolation, at odds with straightforward models that predict it would develop slowly and rarely be seen. Meiotic drive might explain the rapid development of hybrid sterility, but drive is rarely observed, modifiers are expected to repress it, and no precise testable predictions are available. Here I develop population genetic models for the establishment of meiotic drive based on how it spreads by benefiting carrier gametes competing with noncarrier gametes from the same parent, or intraparental gamete competition. The resulting models predict that meiotic drive can often produce substantial hybrid sterility over time even in the presence of repressors, yet observable drive will be rare. They also make quantitative predictions of the degree of sterility based on observable parameters of reproductive ecology, including frequency of multiple mating, effective dispersal of offspring, and population size. Finally, they suggest explanations for the association of heterochromatin changes with speciation. Experimental evidence is discussed showing that drive alleles at least sometimes contribute to hybrid sterility.
The Role of the Medical Science Liaison in Industry

Health care vendors (ie, industry) can be credited with developing products and medications that improve perioperative clinician and patient safety. The role of the medical science liaison in industry is to provide education about these products and facilitate research partnerships between clinicians and industry that can result in new products and innovations.