cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Genetics and Semantics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

We read with interest the article by Maron et al.1 We would like to commend them for utilizing the term, “hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,” in this report, instead of the term, “asymmetric septal hypertrophy,” which has now proven rather nonspecific. We were also pleased to note that Maron et al1 now recognize that asymmetric septal hypertrophy is not pathognomonic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, we are concerned about the use of the term, “disproportionate ventricular septal thickening,” which seems to further confuse the semantics. It would appear that there may be some difference between disproportionate ventricular septal thickening and asymmetric septal hypertrophy, particularly in view of the following opening statement in a previous report: “Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) or
A Comprehensive Assessment of Gait Accelerometry Signals in Time, Frequency and Time-Frequency Domains

Gait accelerometry is a promising tool to assess human walking and reveal deteriorating gait characteristics in patients and can be a rich source of clinically relevant information about functional declines in older adults. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive set of signal features that may be used to extract clinically valuable information from gait accelerometry signals. To achieve our goal, we collected tri-axial gait accelerometry signals from 35 adults 65 years of age and older. Fourteen subjects were healthy controls, 10 participants were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, and 11 participants were diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy. The data were collected while the participants walked on a treadmill at a preferred walking speed. Accelerometer signal features in time, frequency and time-frequency domains were extracted. The results of our analysis showed that some of the extracted features were able to differentiate between healthy and clinical populations. Signal features in all three domains were able to emphasize variability among different groups, and also revealed valuable information about variability of the signals between anterior-posterior, mediolateral, and vertical directions within subjects. The current results imply that the proposed signal features can be valuable tools for the analysis of gait accelerometry data and should be utilized in future studies.
A cytological study of the changes occurring in the oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn. during the larval and pupal periods of development

A study of the cytological changes occurring in the larval oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn., correlating those changes with the molting cycles. Preceding each larval molt, vacuoles, apparently of nuclear origin, are found in the cytoplasm from which they are eliminated at the time of the molt. The accumulation of vacuoles is not so striking at the times of pupation and the emergence of the imago, but occurs nevertheless. Beginning with pupation or just previous to it, the larval oenocytes seemingly undergo a process of deterioration, decreasing in size and presenting a ragged appearance. The fat-cells are closely associated morphologically with the larval oenocytes, and it seems that there is a probable physiological relationship also, since the fat-cells undergo a series of changes at the same time the oenocytes are exhibiting their cyclic behavior. Furthermore, it has been observed that in many instances there is a greater accumulation of vacuoles in that part of the cytoplasm of the oenocytes which is adjacent to the fat-cells than elsewhere.
Relocation of Intermediate Depth Earthquakes in the Central Aleutians by Seismic Ray Tracing

THE spatial distribution of intermediate depth (>70 km) earthquakes within slabs of lithosphere which descend into the mantle provides an important clue to the response of materials to the subduction process. Here I relocate intermediate depth earthquakes detected by the Amchitka network in the Central Aleutians using seismic ray tracing through a plate model 80 km thick incorporating a 7% increase in velocity from the surrounding mantle. The relocated hypocentres define a Benioff zone about 10 km thick in the upper half of the plate. The position of this zone corresponds closely to the colder, more brittle region of the slab suggested by thermal models.
Atomic scale lattice distortions and domain wall profiles

We present an atomic scale theory of lattice distortions using strain-related variables and their constraint equations. Our approach connects constrained atomic length scale variations to continuum elasticity and describes elasticity at several length scales. We apply the approach to a two-dimensional square lattice with a monatomic basis and find the elastic deformations and hierarchical atomic relaxations in the vicinity of a domain wall between two different homogeneous strain states. We clarify the microscopic origin of gradient terms, some of which are included phenomenologically in Ginzburg-Landau theory, by showing that they are anisotropic.
A note on the sensitivity of the EOQ

Abstract We show that results indicating that the EOQ can be very sensitive to errors in the demand forecast are derived from a potentially inconsistent set of assumptions. Depending on the resolution of these inconsistencies, we show that the sensitivity of the EOQ to these forecast errors is generally negligible. Finally, we also provide evidence that when demand is modelled as a stochastic process, the EOQ is insensitive to the variance of the process. Handled by the Editor-in-Chief.
Homosexuals and the Ku Klux Klan: a Contextual Analysis of Political Tolerance

in protest of homosexuality. The Klansmen were escorted and protected by 800 members of the Houston Police Department. Though most members of the gay community purposely boycotted the demonstration, the Klansmen were jeered by roughly 2,000 counterdemonstrators. Protection for the Klansmen cost the City of Houston $60,000, but the authorities were successful both at preventing any violence and in protecting the civil liberties of the members of the Ku Klux Klan.
Electrochemical Measurements and Modeling Predictions in Boiling Water Reactors Under Various Operating Conditions

Abstract One important issue for providing life extension to operating boiling water nuclear reactors (BWRs) is the control of stress corrosion cracking in all sections of the primary coolant circuit. This paper links experimental and theoretical methods that provide understanding and measurements of the critical parameter, the electrochemical potential (ECP), and its application to determining crack growth rates among and within the family of BWRs. Measurement of in-core ECP required the development of a new family of radiation-resistant sensors. With these sensors, ECPs were measured in the core and piping of two operating BWRs. Concurrent crack growth measurements were used to benchmark a crack growth prediction algorithm with measured ECPs. Future studies obtaining in situ crack growth measurements with measured and calculated ECPs are necessary to increase both capability and confidence in using the predictive approach. The modeling of the concentration of potential-determining species in various par...
Growth rates and production of heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton in the North Pacific subtropical gyre

In field work conducted at 26°N, 155°W, in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, phytoplankton growth rates μp estimated from 14C labeling of chlorophyll a (chl a) averaged approximately one doubling per day in the euphotic zone (0–150 m). Microbial (microalgal plus heterotrophic bacterial) growth rates μm calculated from the incorporation of 3H-adenine into DNA were comparable to or exceeded phytoplankton growth rates at most depths in the euphotic zone. Photosynthetic rates averaged 727 mg C m−2 day−1 Phytoplankton carbon biomass, calculated from 14C labeling of chl a, averaged 7.2 mg m−3 in the euphotic zone. Vertical profiles of particulate DNA and ATP suggested that no more than 15% of particulate DNA was associated with actively growing cells. Heterotrophic bacterial carbon biomass was estimated from a two-year average at station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°W) of flow cytometric counts of unpigmented, bacteria-size particles which bound DAPI on the assumption that 15% of the particles were actively growing cells and that heterotrophic bacterial cells contained 20 fg C cell−1 The heterotrophic bacterial carbon so calculated averaged 1.1 mg m−3 in the euphotic zone. Heterotrophic bacterial production was estimated to be 164 mg C m−2 day−1 or 23% of the calculated photosynthetic rate. Estimated heterotrophic bacterial growth rates averaged 0.97 day−1 in the euphotic zone and reached 4.7 day− at a depth of 20 m. Most heterotrophic bacterial production occurred in the upper 40 m of the euphotic zone, suggesting that direct excretion by phytoplankton, perhaps due to photorespiration or ultraviolet light effects, was a significant source of dissolved organic carbon for the bacteria.
Prediction of particulate characteristics in an expanding laser plume

We present a mathematical model of particulate formation and dynamics in the laser ablation plume. This model is presented in a practical layout and applied to an example problem predicting the behavior of silicon, a material commonly used in the fabrication of microdevices. Additionally, we examine an intermediate intensity regime of laser ablation, in which there are multiple cooling mechanisms that can be considered important, but plume ionization is not significant. Results are discussed with an emphasis on pulsed laser ablation manufacturing processes, which often take place at atmospheric pressure. Important observations derived from this work are as follows: (1) The plume is quickly condensed and stopped in less than a microsecond in a distance of less than a millimeter at atmospheric pressure. (2) Particulates predicted by this model are on the order of 10 angstrom in diameter, the majority of which condense back onto the target surface.
Generalization of Fermat's principle for photons in random media: The least mean square curvature of paths and photon diffusion on the velocity sphere

Photon migration in highly forward scattering random media can be described as a non-Euclidean diffusion (NED) on the velocity sphere. An exact path-integral solution of the corresponding NED equation in the photon five-dimensional phase space has been obtained. The solution leads to a ``generalized Fermat principle'' (GFP) for the most probable photon paths in turbid media: GFP requires the least mean-square curvature of the path. An explicitly analytic description of an ultrashort laser pulse propagation in random media based on NED equation is presented. Experiments have been performed to verify the NED theory. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Toward a professionalized community college professoriate

In this chapter, relevant research literature and results from the Center for the Study of Community Colleges (CSCC) study are used to explore the development of a professional identity for community college faculty.
Cost-effectiveness of Bone Densitometry Followed by Treatment of Osteoporosis in Older Men

ContextOsteoporotic fractures are common among elderly men.ObjectiveTo evaluate among older men the cost-effectiveness of bone densitometry followed by 5 years of oral bisphosphonate therapy to prevent fractures for those found to have osteoporosis (femoral neck T score ≤−2.5), compared with no intervention.Design, Setting, and PopulationComputer Markov microsimulation model using a societal perspective and a lifetime horizon. Simulations were performed for hypothetical cohorts of white men aged 65, 70, 75, 80, or 85 years, with or without prior clinical fracture. Data sources for model parameters included the Rochester Epidemiology Project for fracture costs and population-based age-specific fracture rates; the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study and published meta-analyses for the associations among prior fractures, bone density, and incident fractures; and published studies of fracture disutility.Main Outcome MeasuresCosts per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained for the densitometry and follow-up treatment strategy compared with no intervention, calculated from lifetime costs and accumulated QALYs for each strategy.ResultsLifetime costs per QALY gained for the densitometry and follow-up treatment strategy were less than $50 000 for men aged 65 years or older with a prior clinical fracture and for men aged 80 years or older without a prior fracture. These results were most sensitive to oral bisphosphonate cost and fracture reduction efficacy, the strength of association between bone mineral density and fractures, fracture rates and disutility, and medication adherence.ConclusionsBone densitometry followed by bisphosphonate therapy for those with osteoporosis may be cost-effective for men aged 65 years or older with a self-reported prior clinical fracture and for men aged 80 to 85 years with no prior fracture. This strategy may also be cost-effective for men as young as 70 years without a prior clinical fracture if oral bisphosphonate costs are less than $500 per year or if the societal willingness to pay per QALY gained is $100 000.
Sublethal Effects of Environmental Toxicants on Oligochaete Escape Reflexes

SYNOPSIS. Soft-bodied oligochaetes that reside in soil and benthic environments are frequently exposed to pesticides and other environmental toxicants. Using noninvasive electrical recording techniques, some of the sublethal neurophysiological effects of these toxicants have been assessed in selected terrestrial and freshwater oligochaetes: Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia foetida, and Lumbriculus variegatus. Under laboratory conditions, short-term cutaneous exposure to a wide variety of toxicants produces sublethal and reversible disruptions of giant nerve fiber spike activity and other bioelectric events that mediate rapid escape reflexes. Generally, electrophysiological effects include one or more of the following: (a) hypo- or hyper-excitability of giant fibers to mechanosensory stimulation, (b) reduction in giant fiber conduction velocity, (c) induction of abnormal giant fiber activity (i.e., spontaneous, rebound, or ectopic spiking), (d) increased delay or block of central transmission between the medial giant interneuron (MGF) and its associated pool of motorneurons, and (e) attenuation of MGF-mediated electrical potentials in longitudinal muscle. These efforts to describe the systemic impact and time course of neurotoxicant effects in vivo are necessary steps in ultimately predicting the ecological consequences of neurotoxicant exposure in situ.
Methionine loading test is necessary for detection of hyperhomocysteinemia

Hyperhomocysteinemia, defined as an elevated concentration of homocysteine in the fasting state or after methionine loading, is an independent risk factor for premature atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. The role of the methionine loading test (MLT) is, however, controversial. To determine the additional value of the MLT for diagnosis of hyperhomocysteinemia, we prospectively studied 281 patients with premature arterial disease and 148 of their first-degree relatives in the outpatient clinic of a general hospital. Total plasma homocysteine (fasting and 6 hours after methionine loading), folic acid, cobalamin, pyridoxine, and creatinine concentrations were measured. Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as a fasting homocysteine concentration and/or an increase in homocysteine concentration after methionine loading exceeding the 95th percentile of a healthy control group. Hyperhomocysteinemia was found in 141 (33%) of the 429 subjects: 15% were diagnosed by fasting homocysteine concentration and 18% by MLT. Seventy-eight (55%) of the 141 hyperhomocysteinemic persons were diagnosed only by the MLT. Folic acid was lower in the group with an elevated fasting homocysteine concentration than in those with only an abnormal MLT result (11 versus 15 nmol/L, p = 0.002). Folic acid was significantly negatively correlated, and creatinine significantly positively correlated, with both fasting homocysteine concentration and increase in homocysteine concentration. Negative correlations of cobalamin and pyridoxine with fasting homocysteine concentration were found. In conclusion, the MLT is necessary for diagnosis of hyperhomocysteinemia, because a considerable number of hyperhomocysteinemic persons (55%) remain undiagnosed with the determination of a fasting homocysteine concentration alone.
An Open and Scalable Emulation Infrastructure for Large-Scale Real-Time Network Simulations

We present a software infrastructure that embeds physical hosts in a simulated network. Aiming to create a large-scale real-time virtual network testbed, our real-time interactive simulation approach combines the advantages of both simulation and emulation, by maintaining flexibility of the simulation models and increasing fidelity as real systems are included in the simulation. In our approach, real-world distributed applications and network services can run together with the real-time simulator; real packets are injected into the simulation and subject to the simulated network conditions computed as a result of both real and virtual traffic competing for network resources. A prototype of the proposed emulation infrastructure has been implemented based on virtual private network (VPN). One distinct advantage of our approach is that it does not require special hardware. Furthermore, it is flexible, secure, and scalable-attributes inherited directly from the VPN implementation. We conducted a set of preliminary experiments to assess the performance limitations of our emulation infrastructure. We also present an interesting case study to demonstrate the capability of our approach.
Problems in the Clinical and Roentgenographic Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Young Children

The difficulty of diagnosing pneumonia by chest x-ray in children less than 4 years of age was studied by comparing the chest roentgenograms of 34 healthy children with the chest roentgen ograms of 34 children previously diagnosed as having pneumonia. Review of these films without knowledge of the previous interpretation and without clinical information disclosed variations regarding the roentgenographic confirmation of pneumonia in 24 percent of the cases and variations regarding the location of the lesion in about 50 percent of the cases.
Alternating direction along flow lines in a fluid flow problem

Abstract An improved, Galerkin alternating-direction approach has been used to solve the governing equations for miscible displacement in porous media. Alternating-direction methods treat problems in two or three spatial dimensions as a series of one-dimensional problems, which results in very low storage requirements and execution times. The improved algorithm described here has the ability to handle curvilinear grids where element sizes may vary by several orders of magnitude. This method has been implemented for a five-spot model problem in reservoir engineering and the results are compared with a standard Galerkin approximation. Execution times and storage requirements are presented for a scalar computer (CYBER 175 at the University of Texas at Austin) and for a vector computer (CYBER 205 at Colorado State University at Fort Collins). These results show that the alternating-direction method produces accurate concentration profiles and has much lower time and storage requirements as compared to traditional solution techniques.
English common law in Virginia

(1985). English common law in Virginia. The Journal of Legal History: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 249-256.
Off-target platelet activation in macaques unique to a therapeutic monoclonal antibody

AMG X, a human neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a soluble human protein, caused thrombocytopenia, platelet activation, reduced mean arterial pressure, and transient loss of consciousness in cynomolgus monkeys after first intravenous administration. In vitro, AMG X induced activation in platelets from macaque species but not from humans or baboons. Other similar mAbs against the same pharmacological target failed to induce these in vivo and in vitro effects. In addition, the target protein was known to not be expressed on platelets, suggesting that platelet activation occurred through an off-target mechanism. AMG X bound directly to cynomolgus platelets and required both the Fab and Fc portion of the mAb for platelet activation. Binding to platelets was inhibited by preincubation of AMG X with its pharmacological target or with anti-human Fc antibodies or by preincubation of platelets with AMG X F(ab')(2) or human immunoglobulin (IVIG). AMG X F(ab')(2) did not activate platelets. Thus, platelet activation required both recognition/binding of a platelet ligand with the Fab domain and interaction of platelet Fc receptors (i.e., FcγRIIa) with the Fc domain. These findings reflect the complexity of the mechanism of action of mAbs and the increasing awareness of potential for unintended effects in preclinical species.
Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, to changes in ice-shelf and basal conditions: a model study

We use a finite-element model of coupled ice-stream/ice-shelf flow to study the sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, to changes in ice-shelf and basal conditions. By tuning a softening coefficient of the ice along the glacier margins, and a basal friction coefficient controlling the distribution of basal shear stress underneath the ice stream, we are able to match model velocity to that observed with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). We use the model to investigate the effect of small perturbations on ice flow. We find that a 5.5 13% reduction in our initial ice-shelf area increases the glacier velocity by 3.5 10% at the grounding line. The removal of the entire ice shelf increases the grounding-line velocity by > 70%. The changes in velocity associated with ice-shelf reduction are felt several tens of km inland. Alternatively, a 5% reduction in basal shear stress increases the glacier velocity by 13% at the grounding line. By contrast, softening of the glacier side margins would have to be increased a lot more to produce a comparable change in ice velocity. Hence, both the ice-shelf buttressing and the basal shear stress contribute significant resistance to the flow of Pine Island Glacier.
Targeted disruption of NF-κB1 (p50) augments cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and emphysema in mice: a critical role of p50 in chromatin remodeling

NF-kappaB-mediated proinflammatory response to cigarette smoke (CS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The heterodimer of RelA/p65-p50 (subunits of NF-kappaB) is involved in transactivation of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, but interestingly p50 has no transactivation domain. The endogenous role of p50 subunit, particularly in regulation of CS-mediated inflammation in vivo, is not known. We therefore hypothesized that p50 subunit plays a regulatory role on RelA/p65, and genetic ablation of p50 (p50(-/-)) leads to increased lung inflammation and lung destruction in response to CS exposure in mouse. To test this hypothesis, p50-knockout and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to CS for 3 days to 6 mo, and inflammatory responses as well as air space enlargement were assessed. Lungs of p50-deficient mice showed augmented proinflammatory response to acute and chronic CS exposures as evidenced by increased inflammatory cell influx and proinflammatory mediators release such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) compared with WT mice. IKK2 inhibitor (IMD-0354), which reduces the nuclear translocation of RelA/p65, attenuated CS-mediated neutrophil influx in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cytokine (MCP-1 and IP-10) levels in lungs of WT but not in p50-deficient mice. Importantly, p50 deficiency resulted in increased phosphorylation (Ser276 and Ser536), acetylation (Lys310), and DNA binding activity of RelA/p65 in mouse lung, associated with increased chromatin remodeling evidenced by specific phosphoacetylation of histone H3 (Ser10/Lys9) and acetylation of H4 (Lys12) in response to CS exposure. Surprisingly, p50-null mice showed spontaneous air space enlargement, which was further increased after CS exposure compared with WT mice. Thus our data showed that p50 endogenously regulates the activity of RelA/p65 by decreasing its phosphoacetylation and DNA binding activity and specific histone modifications and that genetic ablation of p50 leads to air space enlargement in mouse.
Optical-fiber birefringence measurement using a photo-elastic modulator

A new birefringence measurement technique for single-mode optical fibers using a photo-elastic birefringence modulator is described. The method is compared to an existing static measurement method to illustrate the sensitivity, accuracy, and speed made available. Experimental results on both low- and high-birefringence fibers are presented.
Fluctuating asymmetry in Ichthyophonus -sp. infected newts, Notophthalmus viridescens , from Vermont

Measures of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) have been used to assess the significance of stress in amphibian populations. When animals with bilateral body plans are challenged by environmental stressors, departures from bilateral symmetry can emerge during development. The tendency for FA to develop has been linked to greater susceptibility to pathogens in many organisms. In our study, newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) infected with Ichthyophonus-sp. exhibited greater size-corrected FA of the hind limbs than uninfected animals from the same population. Among infected animals, however, the intensity of infection and the extent of hind limb asymmetry were not correlated, suggesting that asymmetry did not arise following infection, but rather that newts having greater FA may have been more susceptible to infection as a result of the same stresses that produced the increase in FA. There was no relationship between dorsal spot pattern FA and infection status or hind limb FA. We suggest that spot pattern may be less canalized than hind limb development. Newts are widely distributed and important components of freshwater communities in eastern North America and, thus, any change in their vitality may affect the composition of those communities. Analyses of hind limb FA may be a useful and non-invasive tool for identifying potentially vulnerable amphibian
Analysis and design of a fully-integrated current sharing scheme for multi-phase adaptive on -time modulated switching regulators

Multi-phase, interleaved dc-dc converters employing current mode control with adaptive on-time modulation are ideally suited for low-voltage, high current processor power supply applications because of their fast load transient response and minimal external components having simple feedback loop compensation, while maintaining almost constant switching frequency. Like other multi-phase converters, to achieve optimal thermal performance and utilize all the benefits of interleaving, accurate current balancing among all the phases is necessary and paramount. This paper introduces a novel current-sharing scheme for multi-phase, current-mode, adaptive on-time modulated, switching dc-dc converters where the on-time for each phase is adjusted based current sharing error between phase currents. Careful analysis of the share-loop transfer function reveals that a low gain but high bandwidth feedback loop can be designed to achieve accurate and fast current sharing without interfering with voltage and/or current loop of the power supply. As a result, the proposed scheme provides a low cost solution because it does not require any external phase compensation element and additional pin in the controller IC. Experimental results from two-phase prototype step-down converter utilizing the proposed current-sharing scheme with input voltage range of 7-28 V and output voltage of 0.3 -1.5 V with a maximum load current of 44 A are presented in this paper. During steady-state operation, current sharing error between two phases is less than 5% for half-to-full load current. Furthermore, accurate current balancing is maintained during transient events, such as phase add or drop, and load-step insertion or release.
PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Method for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Environmental Waters without Microscopic Confirmation

We developed an alternative nested-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) protocol for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in environmental samples that obviates the need for microscopic examination. The RFLP method, with the restriction enzyme AluI, differentiates the amplified target sequence from C. cayetanensis from those that may cross-react. This new protocol was used to reexamine a subset (121 of 180) of surface water samples. Samples previously positive when the CYCF3E and CYCR4B primers (33) and RFLP with MnlI (20) were used were also PCR positive with the new primers; however, they were RFLP negative. We verified, by sequencing these amplicons, that while two were most likely other Cyclospora species, they were not C. cayetanensis. We can detect as few as one oocyst seeded into an autoclaved pellet flocculated from 10 liters of surface water. This new protocol should be of great use for environmental microbiologists and public health laboratories.
Frequency domain topology optimization methodology for a double data rate (DDR) 333 Mbps synchronous DRAM data interface

We propose a novel topology optimization methodology in the frequency domain for a high-speed interface that selects an optimum topology and reduces the time-domain simulation matrix. The method is demonstrated on a DDR333 data interface.
Azomethines of sec‐butylamine for the control of penicillium decay of oranges

Imines, synthesised by the reaction of sec-butylamine (SBA, 2-amino-butane) with pentan-2-one, heptan-2-one, octan-2-one, undecan-2-one, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde, were evaluated as vapour-phase treatments to prevent the infection of oranges by Penicillium digitatum. All the imines provided decay control equivalent to SBA when they were introduced into the fruit container at a rate equivalent to 16.4 mg SBA litre−1 air volume. The carbonyl compound component of the imines, tested alone at a five-fold higher rate, did not reduce fruit decay. All the imines were stable in the gaseous state in dry air. The imines of pentan-2-one and undecan-2-one were hydrolysed rapidly in a humid environment, indicating that their action against P. digitatum was due to the release of SBA into the atmosphere around the fruit. The instability of the imines of the aliphatic ketones makes them unsuitable as generators of SBA in packages. The imines derived from benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde were stable in moist air, but were hydrolysed to a significant degree on moist filter paper, especially at pH < 7. These aromatic imines were absorbed from the atmosphere by the fruit and were hydrolysed rapidly in water, and in a buffer solution that represented the environment in fresh injuries on fruit. Apparently all the imines tested generated SBA in the fruit environment, and this SBA accumulated at potential infection sites, where it prevented the development of decay.
Identities for the fundamental solution of thin plate bending problems and the nonuniqueness of the hypersingular BIE solution for multi-connected domains

Abstract Four integral identities for the fundamental solution of thin plate bending problems are presented in this paper. These identities can be derived by imposing rigid-body translation and rotation solutions to the two direct boundary integral equations (BIEs) for plate bending problems, or by integrating directly the governing equation for the fundamental solution. These integral identities can be used to develop weakly-singular and nonsingular forms of the BIEs for plate bending problems. They can also be employed to show the nonuniqueness of the solution of the hypersingular BIE for plates on multi-connected (or multiply-connected) domains. This nonuniqueness is shown for the first time in this paper. It is shown that the solution of the singular (deflection) BIE is unique, while the hypersingular (rotation) BIE can admit an arbitrary rigid-body translation term in the deflection solution, on the edge of a hole. However, since both the singular and hypersingular BIEs are required in solving a plate bending problem using the boundary element method (BEM), the BEM solution is always unique on edges of holes in plates on multi-connected domains. Numerical examples of plates with holes are presented to show the correctness and effectiveness of the BEM for multi-connected domain problems.
Complications After TEM (Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery) and TAMIS (Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery)

The techniques of local excision for rectal adenocarcinoma have changed dramatically in recent years. The transsacral, transsphincteric, and conventional transanal approaches have evolved into endoscopic transanal procedures that use a variety of platforms. These platforms provide better visualization, resulting in less morbidity and potentially better oncologic outcomes. Major septic complications associated with these procedures are rare. However, as the indications for local excision continue to expand—and now encompass more proximal tumors, and select patients who have undergone neoadjuvant radiation—knowledge about the risk factors, diagnosis, and management of these complications is of critical importance.
The Sewall-Boyden technique of reconstructing the frontonasal tract

The Sewall-Boyden flap reconstruction of the surgically created frontonasal tract created during a classic Lynch frontoethmoidectomy is a procedure that philosophically is in keeping with modern concepts of sinus and mucosa preservation that are the hallmarks of successful modern endoscopic sinus surgery. Although the procedure is now mostly of historical interest, the basis of the “frontal sinus rescue” operation and basic tenets of frontal sinus surgery owe some of their intellectual development to this mucosal flap–based tract reconstruction technique. This article provides a step by step description with detailed drawings of the technique to provide a basis for study of the procedure. Although occasionally used adjunctively today for narrow indications, the Sewall-Boyden technique has been largely replaced by endoscopic transnasal surgery procedures such as the Endoscopic Lothrop and the Draf 3.
Enhancing Interaction in a Difficult-To-Test Child The PPVT-TV Technique

A technique is described for smoothing the transition from informal to more structured diagnostic tasks among preschool children demonstrating separation anxiety or reluc-tance to interact cooperatively. Capitalizing on preschoolers' preexistent relationship with television, the procedure employs video equipment as a mediator in the establish-ment of clinical rapport and a medium through which to conduct formal evaluation.
Solid-state high-oxygen-fugacity processing of BSCCO-2212 superconductors

Silver-sheathed powder-in-tube processed tapes and thick films of the Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 1/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8/spl plusmn//spl delta//-type (Bi-2212) superconductor have been annealed under high temperature, high oxygen fugacity (i.e.fO/sub 2/>0.1 MPa) conditions. At sufficiently high temperatures and oxygen fugacities, the Bi-2212 phase decomposes into a mixture of solid oxides: a Bi/sub 2/(Sr,Ca)/sub 2/Cu/sub 1/O/sub 8/spl plusmn//spl delta//-type (Bi-2201) phase, an alkaline-earth bismuthate Bi/sub 9/Sr/sub 1/1Ca/sub 5/O/sub y/-type (Bi-91_1_5) phase and CuO. Subsequent reformation of Bi-2212 in pure, flowing oxygen at 0.1 MPa and 860/spl deg/C has yielded plate-like grains with enhanced 00l texture (as discerned from X-ray pole figure analyses and electron microscopy). The values of oxygen fugacity leading to sub-solidus decomposition and reformation of Bi-2212 at 500 to 860/spl deg/C are given. XRD and SEM analyses, as well as preliminary critical current measurements of decomposed and reformed Bi-2212 tapes, are presented.
Peninsular Malaysia's Protected Areas' Coverage, 1903–92: Creation, Rescission, Excision, and Intrusion

As in other former British colonies, the earliest protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia were game reserves. There were twenty protected areas at the end of the colonial period (1957), and twenty-five in 1992. The outstanding achievement of the colonial period was the creation of King George V National Park (now Taman Negara), but unfortunately too much reliance was subsequently placed upon it. Protected areas were established in economically undesirable or (formerly) remote areas, largely on an ad hoc basis and mainly as a kind of ‘residual’ land-use. The protected areas have long suffered from rescissions, excisions, and encroachments, primarily for three reasons: because commercial interests have always prevailed; because of insecurity of land tenure; and because ordinary people have been denied a stake in such areas.I estimate that the ‘effective’ protected-area coverage in 1992 was probably no greater than that of about AD 1940 (when, unlike the situation today, most of the Peninsula still remained forested). The Malaysian states have been reluctant to create new protected areas, and the federal government has been unwilling to invoke certain of its constitutional powers in order to acquire state lands for national parks. Consequently, proposals for additional protected areas have produced few results. Yet owing to the rapid pace of anthropogenic forest change, the Peninsula is running out of potential sites for new protected ares.Reserved forests comprise virtually all of the Peninsula's remaining forest cover (see Fig. 1). Set aside mainly for productive and protective purposes, it is these forests, not the protected areas, that harbour most of the region's wildlife. This being the case, and keeping in mind that almost all of the wild species are forest-dwelling, it follows that wildlife conservation must come to rely more and more heavily on the reserved forests. Studies conducted by Johns (e.g. 1983, 1986, 1987) at Sungai Tekam, Pahang, on the impact of logging on wildlife, reveal that most species can adapt to the altered conditions of logged forests; or, more precisely, that this appears to be the case following a single logging operation. But this topic, interesting and important as it is, takes us beyond the scope of this paper.The matter of species adaptability, however, brings to mind a more general theme, which is the need to implement the principles of conservation everywhere, not just in specially protected areas. There is, in short, no effective alternative to rational land-use planning and to making conservation an integral part of all production processes.
Geography and the Global Environment

T he study of the human relationship to the environment is one of the major traditions of geography, bridging physical and human geography, and echoing many of the major debates in the discipline (Manners and Mikesell 1974; Johnston 1983, 1986; Goudie 1986; Kates 1987; Demko 1988; FitzSimmons 1989; Peet and Thrift 1989; Turner 1989; Cooke 1992; Wilbanks 1994). This paper offers some reflections on twenty-five years of continuity and change in the human-environment tradition of geography, and examines how geography has interacted with broader shifts in scholarship and policy on the environment. I have chosen to concentrate on geography and international environmental policy over the last twenty-five years (1972-1997), and especially on global-change research, because this period and theme allows me to provide a more personal perspective on continuities and changes. I discuss policy as well as scholarship because I am interested in how geographers have tried to change the world as well as study it, especially in the international arena. The first part of the paper examines the development of international environmental policy from the 1972 U.N. Stockholm conference to the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, assessing the geographic contributions and the changing nature of geographic research over the period. The second section discusses the contemporary agenda of global-change research and policy, particularly the human dimensions, and proposes ways in which geographers might contribute to improved understanding.
Comparison of the accuracy and consistency of likelihood‐based estimation routines for genetic stock identification

Summary Genetic stock identification (GSI) frequently is used to assess spawning/breeding population contributions to mixtures of individuals. Although multiple estimation routines are available for conducting GSI, their performance may vary depending on characteristics of assessed source populations and mixtures and of employed genetic markers. We conducted simulations to compare performance of several likelihood-based GSI estimation routines. Estimation routines were implemented in SPAM, ONCOR and AD Model Builder (ADMB). Two ADMB routines were evaluated, one based on conditional maximum likelihood estimation (ADMB-MLE), similar to SPAM and ONCOR, and one based on conditional penalized maximum likelihood estimation (ADMB-PMLE). The simulations examined how performance varied by number of source populations, population divergence levels, number of evaluated loci, and source population and mixture sample sizes. Evaluations included scenarios with many loci with low levels of polymorphism for assessing performance when single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are incorporated in analyses. Mixture sample size and source population genetic divergence accounted for most of the explained variability in simulation results. Overall, routines based on conditional maximum likelihood estimation (SPAM, ONCOR and ADMB-MLE) had similar levels of accuracy, including scenarios mimicking SNP markers, with SPAM having slightly better accuracy than ONCOR and ADMB-MLE. The accuracy of the ADMB-PMLE routine in many scenarios was noticeably poorer than the other routines, although in some instances accuracy of the ADMB-PMLE estimates approached the other routines with large mixture sample sizes. SPAM, ONCOR and ADMB-MLE also generally had similar levels of performance with respect to consistency, whereas ADMB-PMLE varied widely in consistency due in part to poor accuracy. Because SPAM and ONCOR typically performed better than the ADMB-MLE routine, there appears to be little need for users to program their own likelihood-based estimation routines for standard GSI analyses, although for specialized applications (e.g. modelling contributions as functions of ecological or demographic features), it may be necessary for users to program their own routines. Given the performance of the ADMB-PMLE routine, additional research is needed to determine an appropriate configuration (e.g. penalty, optimization algorithm) for a penalized maximum likelihood GSI estimator.
A New Method of Prediction for Spatial Regression Models with Correlated Errors

SUMMARY This paper deals with minimum mean-squared error, unbiased linear interpolation of a continuous domain spatial process based on a sparse set of irregularly spaced observations. The process is assumed to be governed by a linear regression model with errors that follow a second-order stationary Gaussian random field. A new method of prediction is developed that is compatible with the parameter estimation procedures of Vecchia. The result is a new likelihood-based method for joint parameter estimation and prediction that can be applied to large or small data sets with irregularly spaced data. Simulated and observed data sets are analysed to illustrate the methods.
Impact of urinary incontinence on medical rehabilitation inpatients.

Aims To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its association with rehabilitation outcomes in patients receiving inpatient medical rehabilitation in the United States. Methods A retrospective, cohort study of 425,547 Medicare patients discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) in 2005. We examined prevalence of UI at admission and discharge for 5 impairment groups. We examined the impact of demographics, health, and functional status on the primary outcome, change in continence status, and secondary outcomes of discharge location and 6-month mortality. Results Approximately one-quarter (26.6%) of men were incontinent at admission compared to 22.2% of women. In all diagnostic groups, continence status remains largely unchanged from admission to discharge. Patients who are older, have cognitive difficulties, less functional improvement, and longer lengths of stay (LOS), are more likely to remain incontinent, compared to those who improved, after controlling for patient factors and clinical variables. UI was significantly associated with discharge to another post-acute setting (PAC). For orthopedic patients, UI was associated with a 71% increase in the likelihood of discharge to an institutional setting after controlling for patient factors and clinical variables. UI was not associated with death at 6 months post-discharge. Conclusions UI is highly prevalent in IRF patients and is associated with increased likelihood of discharge to institutional care, particularly for orthopedic patients. Greater attention to identifying and treating UI in IRF patients may reduce medical expenditures and improve other outcomes. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:176-183, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corrugated Box- Packaging Industries Workers Job Satisfaction : A Study

The purpose of this research is to find the key facture which are useful for the satisfaction of the workers i.e. workplace reward and recognition, environment, training and development and Work of team . These Causes help to make the planning effective and through this effectiveness, efficiency takes place in The management process. The study was conducted in year 2014-15 and covered 70 Respondent Small Scale Corrugated Box Packaging industries workers from the territory of Kaprada and Pardi taluk of Gujarat state .hypothesis test For Chi-Square Applied.
Cutaneous manifestations of IgG4-related disease (RD): A systematic review.

Background IgG4-related disease (RD) is a recently described fibroinflammatory condition with both cutaneous and systemic manifestations. To our knowledge, the cutaneous manifestations have not been well characterized or systematically investigated to date in the literature. Objective We sought to describe the cutaneous manifestations of IgG4-RD to guide clinical practice, aid in the diagnosis of IgG4-RD, and contribute to the creation of robust cutaneous diagnostic criteria. Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed publications pertaining to cutaneous manifestations of IgG4-RD yielded 56 cases from 32 case reports and series. The clinical findings among the diagnostic categories were compared. Results Forty cases of IgG4-RD with cutaneous disease were identified. Cutaneous head and neck involvement was significantly associated with a diagnosis of IgG4-RD ( P = .02). Macules and bullae were not described in any of the included cases. Among cases of systemic IgG4-RD, cutaneous head and neck involvement was most common and statistically significantly associated with the diagnosis of IgG4-RD ( P = .001). Limitations These findings are limited by reporting and publication bias of particular cases and by small sample size. Conclusions Papules, plaques, and nodules of the head and neck appear to characterize patients with cutaneous IgG4-RD, which nevertheless usually presents with systemic manifestations.
Endemosarca: A New Genus with Proteomyxid Affinities

A new family, the Endemosarcidae, one new genus, Endemosarca, and two new species are described to accommodate two recently discovered plasmodial organisms with anteriorly biflagellate zoospores an...