cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of platelet aggregation, plasma factor activity, and megathrombocytes in diabetic subjects with and without vascular disease☆

Abstract Second-phase platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and epinephrine was measured in fasting platelet-rich plasma in normals, “prediabetics”, and diabetics with or without vascular disease. “Plasma factor” potentiation of ADP-induced second-phase platelet aggregation was also estimated, as were megathrombocyte numbers in the same patient groups. There was an increased sensitivity of second-phase platelet aggregation noted with both aggregating agents in all diabetic groups except for the prediabetics. This activity was paralleled by an increase in plasma factor activity. In vivo evidence of an increased turnover of platelets in frank diabetics was suggested by increased numbers of megathrombocytes. These studies demonstrate that platelets from diabetics are sensitive to aggregating agents and that this sensitivity may be related to plasma factor(s) present in diabetics. In vivo platelet aggregation may be present in diabetics. Longitudinal studies will be necessary to establish the relationship of these findings to the genesis of diabetic vascular disease.
A Study of intramolecular charge transfer in mixed Ar/CO dimer and trimer ions using the photoion-photoelectron coincidence method

Abstract The photoion-photoelectron coincidence (PIPECO) spectra for ArCO + in the wavelength region of 620–940 A have been measured at different nozzle expansion conditions. The ionization energy (IE) for CO + (≈X)·Ar is determined to be 13.33±0.06 eV (930±4 A). Using this value, the IE for CO + (≈X), and the estimated binding energy for Ar·CO, we calculate a value of 0.70 ± 0.06 eV for the dissociation energy of CO + (X)·Ar. The excited Ar + ( 2 P J )·CO and CO + (≈A or ≈B)·Ar dimer ions formed by the photoionization of ArCO are found to be dissociative. The dissociation of Ar + ( 2 P J )·CO is rationalized by a stepwise mechanism involving the formation of a vibrationally excited CO + (≈X,ν′)·Ar complex by near-resonance intramolecular charge transfer and the subsequent dissociation of the complex by vibrational predissociation. Assuming that the radiative lifetimes of CO + (≈A,≈B) and CO + (≈A,≈B)·Ar are identical, we estimate that the dissociation lifetimes of·ar CO + (≈A)·Ar and CO + (≈B)·Ar are shorter than the radiative lifetimes of CO + (≈A) (≈4 μs) and CO + (≈B) (≈50 ns), respectively. The formation of ArCO + and (CO) 2 + from the fragmentation of excited Ar + ( 2 P J )·(CO) 2 and Ar + ( 2 P J )·(ArCO) trimer ions is efficient. The good agreement found in the comparison of the measured vibrational distribution of CO + (≈X,ν′) produced in the Ar + ( 2 P 3 2 )+CO charge transfer reaction and the profile for the ArCO + and (CO) 2 + coincidence electronic bands arisen from the dissociation of Ar + ( 2 P 3 2 )·(CO) 2 and/ or Ar + ( 2 P 3 2 )·(ArCO) implies the involvement of near-resonance intramolecular charge transfer between Ar + ( 2 P 3 2 ) and a CO molecule in the trimer ions prior to their decomposition. Evidence supporting a binding energy for Ar + ( 2 P 3 2 )·CO to lie in the range of 0.66–0.97 eV is found.
Optimal placement of actuators in actively controlled structures using genetic algorithms

The actuator location selection problem is cast in the framework of a zero-one optimization problem. A genetic algorithmic approach is developed. To obtain successive generations that yield the solution corresponding to the maximum fitness value, this approach involves three basic operations: reproduction, crossover, and mutation.
Syndromal frontonasal dysostosis in a child with a complex translocation involving chromosomes 3, 7, and 11

We report on a 4-year-old boy with typical frontonasal dysostosis and an apparently balanced de novo translocation involving chromosomes 3, 7, and 11, and four breakpoints. The karyotype was 46,XY,t(7;3)(3;11) (7pter-->7q21.3::3q27-->3qter;3pter-->3 q23::11q21-->11qter; 11pter-->11q21::3q23-->3q27::7q21.3-->7 qter). In situ hybridization with a chromosome 3 painting probe confirmed the interpretation from GTG banding. The child had a widow's peak, marked hypertelorism, absence of the nasal tip, and widely separated nares. He also had an atrial septal defect, micropenis, small testes, clubfeet, scoliosis, block C2-4, and structural brain abnormalities on MRI. In review we found two other cases of frontonasal dysostosis with chromosome abnormalities, neither of which was similar to our case. The presence of a de novo (apparently) balanced translocation in our patient may help to locate the gene(s) for frontonasal dysplasia and perhaps other midline craniofacial malformations.
Chromotomographic imager field demonstration results

A field deployable hyperspectral imager utilizing chromotomography (CT), with a direct vision prism (DVP) as the dispersive element, has been constructed at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT). A "shift and add" reconstruction algorithm was used to resolve spectral and spatial content of the collected data. The AFIT instrument is currently the fastest known imaging DVP based hyperspectral CT instrument of its type and is a prototype for a space-based system. The imager captured images at rates up to 900 frames per second (fps) and acquired data cube information in 55 ms, during testing. This instrument has the ability to capture spatial and spectral data of static and transient scenes. During testing, the imager captured spectral data of a rapidly evolving scene (a firecracker detonation) lasting approximately 0.12 s. Spectral results included potassium and sodium emission lines present during the explosion and an absorption feature as the fireball extinguishes. Spatial and spectral reconstruction of a scene in which an explosion occurs during the middle of the collection period is also presented in this paper. The instrument is capable of acquiring data required to identify, classify and characterize transient battlespace events, such as explosions.
Social Organization and Mating Success in Local Song Populations of Village Indigobirds, Vidua chalybeata

Behavioral interactions among color-marked individual Vidua chalybeata that shared common song dialects were observed for 5 years in two populations at Lochinvar National Park, Zambia. Social interactions involved males visiting and competing for mating sites and female visiting male in an apparent sampling of potential copulating partners. Differences in mating success among the polygynous males were compared with male behavior and territory resources, and criteria were developed to test the importance of intrasexual male competition and female mate choice in explaining the mating system of the populations. Song behavior best explained differences in mating success of males, with lesser effects of neighboring males and the defensible resources around the call-sites. The social organization of song populations resembles that of a dispersed lek with females visiting many males but mating with few males. We discuss the observations on indigobirds in relation to behavioral selection, sexual selection, and mating systems. Mating systems of certain populations and species are compared using statistics of individual mating success.
Two experimental orientations toward a stressful situation and their related somatic and visceral responses.

Experiential orientations toward a stressor, a threat of very painful electric shock, were found to be related to some visceral and somatic responses. Under such conditions, subjects either attempted to confront or avoid the stressor. Moreover, in the stress situation, a confronting orientation showed significantly higher trapezius electromyograms (EMGs) when compared to an avoiding orientation, and avoiding significantly higher heart rates (HRs) when compared to confronting. The existence of stress in this situation was based upon both physiological changes toward activation and subject feedback (i.e., self reports). Attention targets were suggested as another way of conceptualizing these two experiential orientations. The results indicated that these specific stress orientations expressed themselves in the body through specific physiological response profiles.
Setting the Stage: Adults in Higher Education

Who are adult learners in higher education, and how do they differ from younger college students? In this chapter, the author presents an overview of adult student enrollment patterns, their participation motivators, and their lifestyle differences from younger college students.
Atoms, molecules and the life they lead

The objective of this educational course is to use the inter-relation between chemistry, physics (electromagnetism and modern physics) and material science to gain an understanding of matter. Through the use of real-time interaction, animation, 3-D graphics, and simple artificial intelligence it is hoped that the student will gain a perspective of science not usually obtained from conventional textbooks. The format is to present a series of short modules each of which presents a concept which builds on the previous concept. Each module is expected to include a tutorial of the concept with graphical and/or animated illustrations, and an interactive component which allows the student to test their understanding of the concept. >
Urinothorax: An uncommon cause of pleural effusion

Abstract Urinothorax is a rare cause of pleural effusion, and is typically the result of either obstructive uropathy or injury to the kidney or urinary tract. We report a case of a man who developed a right-sided urinothorax following percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and briefly discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this uncommon problem.
Approach to the rehabilitation of spasticity and neuromuscular disorders in children

The management of children and adults with upper motor neuron disorder is complex and multifaceted. This article reviews new information and potential treatment. As part of the upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS), spasticity may occur in cerebral palsy, congenital brain malformation, head injury, or other etiologies. Within the UMNS the most recognizable clinical concern is the frequent abnormality of tone, which may have a significant functional impact. Tone reduction is not itself a goal, but is performed for the functional benefits it may allow. New approaches to treatment and management of hypertonia recently have become available. There are many other associated features of the UMNS that affect patient functioning. Ones that frequently occur are abnormalities of speech and other areas of oral motor control. A new area of intervention combines the use of botulinum toxin and ultrasonography to address the common problem of slalorrhea, which is a potential medical issue and a substantial social barrier in affected patients. This article also reviews new information and potential treatment for neuromuscular disorders.
Biomarker Validation of Dietary Intervention in Two Multiethnic Populations

INTRODUCTION Intervention studies have been designed to change dietary and lifestyle factors associated with chronic diseases, but self-reported behavior change may incorporate intervention-related bias. This study examines plasma nutrient concentration and correlations with self-reports in the Healthy Directions intervention study. The Healthy Directions intervention studies were designed to increase multivitamin use, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity in working-class, multiethnic populations. METHODS Participants in both studies completed interviewer-administered questionnaires that collected information on sociodemographic and health behavior characteristics. Postintervention blood samples were collected from 209 participants and pooled in pairs within study and within intervention group. RESULTS We found significantly higher plasma concentrations of retinol (P = .01) and alpha-carotene (P = .03) in the intervention than in the usual care group. Self-reported multivitamin users had significantly higher concentrations of retinol (P < .001), beta-carotene (P = .02), and alpha-tocopherol (P < .001). Those who reported four or more fruit and vegetable servings per day had higher lutein and zeaxanthin (P = .05) and beta-cryptoxanthin (P = .05) concentrations than those consuming fewer. Plasma nutrient concentrations were associated with reported multivitamin use and fruit and vegetable intake, but the correlations were generally higher in the usual care group. CONCLUSION We found significant postintervention differences in plasma carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations by treatment group, multivitamin use, and fruit and vegetable intake. However, because we only obtained postintervention blood samples, we were unable to assess preintervention-to-postintervention changes in plasma nutrients. Self-reported intakes were significantly correlated with plasma nutrient concentrations, but the strength of the correlations differed by group, suggesting some intervention-related bias in the questionnaire responses.
A formulation for calculating the translational velocity of a vortex ring or pair

Cephalopods, among other marine animals, use jet propulsion for swimming. A simple actuator is designed to loosely mimic pulsatile jet formation in squid and jellyfish. The actuator is comprised of a cavity with an oscillating diaphragm and an exit orifice. Periodic oscillation of the diaphragm results in the formation of an array of vortex rings and eventually could generate a periodic pulsatile jet. A general formulation for calculating the velocity of a steadily translating vortical structure in two-dimensional and axi-symmetric shear flows is presented. This technique is based on taking the variational derivative of an energetic function at its critical point. This technique is general, applicable to vortices in liquid and gas media, with no limitation on the relative size of the vortex core. The technique is then implemented to estimate the translational velocity of a vortex ring in a Helmholtz vortex ring generator.
Vibrational Energy Transfer in High Explosives: Nitromethane

Time resolved vibrational spectroscopy with picosecond tunable mid-infrared pulses is used to measure the rates and investigate the detailed mechanisms of multiphonon up-pumping and vibrational cooling in a condensed high explosive, nitromethane. Both processes occur on the 100 ps time scale under ambient conditions. The mechanisms involve sequential climbing or descending the ladder of molecular vibrations. Efficient intermolecular vibrational energy transfer from various molecules to the symmetric stretching excitation of NO2 is observed. The implications of these measurements for understanding shock initiation to detonation and the sensitivities of energetic materials to shock initiation are discussed briefly.
Rapid warming of cryopreserved biological tissues in a single-mode microwave resonance cavity

A 3-D numerical model has been developed to simulate warming process of the cryopreserved tissues in a single-mode (TE/sub 210/) microwave cavity. Using ice as a model tissue sample, the effect of sample volume and microwave power on the temporal and spatial temperature distribution as well as warming rates were investigated. The results show that rapid and uniform warming can be achieved. With an increase of microwave power, average warming rate increases linearly without changing uniformity of the heating.
An Adenovirus Recombinant that Expresses the Human Cytomegalovirus Major Envelope Glycoprotein and Induces Neutralizing Antibodies

The gene of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major envelope glycoprotein, gB, was cloned from the Towne strain and inserted into adenovirus type 5 downstream of the E3 promoter. The recombinant virus, Ad-gB, expressed antigenically related proteins of 58, 30, 25, and 23 kDa in A549 and MRC-5 cells; the 58-kDa protein had the same mobility as the native gB from HCMV-infected MRC-5 cells and virions. All four proteins were detected by a monospecific polyclonal antiserum and by a monoclonal antibody in immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays. Hamsters infected intranasally with live Ad-gB developed protein-specific and HCMV-neutralizing antibody. This study confirms the importance of gB in the generation of the neutralizing immune response to HCMV and demonstrates the potential of live adenoviruses as vaccine vectors.
Invaded cluster algorithm for Potts models.

The invaded cluster algorithm, a method for simulating phase transitions, is described in detail. Theoretical, albeit nonrigorous, justification of the method is presented and the algorithm is applied to Potts models in two and three dimensions. The algorithm is shown to be useful for both first-order and continuous transitions and evidently provides an efficient way to distinguish between these possibilities. The dynamic properties of the invaded cluster algorithm are studied. Numerical evidence suggests that the algorithm has no critical slowing for Ising models. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Development of a web-based introduction to software engineering short course for working professionals

This paper describes the conversion of an existing two-day Introduction to Software Engineering workshop taught to working professionals in a "stand-up" forum into a web-based class. The conversion was performed by the author in conjunction with instructional specialists from Arizona State University's distance learning center and industry advisors. The goal was to create a highly interactive course that engages the participants and would be taught over a two week period of time. This paper discusses the strategy taken in the course for engaging the students in the content and providing them with a "workshop" type environment in a web-based format. The structure of the class is presented as well as examples of the types of interactions generated. The paper concludes with lessons learned from the development activity.
Teaching Health Care Ethics: why we should teach nursing and medical students together

This article argues that teaching medical and nursing students health care ethics in an interdisciplinary setting is beneficial for them. Doing so produces an education that is theoretically more consistent with the goals of health care ethics, can help to reduce moral stress and burnout, and can improve patient care. Based on a literature review, theoretical arguments and individual observation, this article will show that the benefits of interdisciplinary education, specifically in ethics, outweigh the difficulties many schools may have in developing such courses.
Designing effec tive and effic ient incentive policies for renewable in generation expansion planning

We present a bilevel optimization approach to designing effective and efficient incentive policies for promoting renewable energy. The effectiveness of an incentive policy is its capability to achieve a goal that would not be achievable without it. Renewable portfolio standard is used in this thesis as the policy goal. The efficiency of an incentive policy is measured by the amount of intervention, such as taxes collected and subsidies paid, to achieve the policy goal. We obtain the most effective and efficient incentive policies in the context of generation expansion planning, in which a planner makes investment decisions to serve project demand of electricity. A case study is conducted on an integrated coal and electricity network representing the contiguous United States. Numerical analysis from the case study provides insights on the comparison of various incentive policies. The sensitivity of the incentive policies with respect to coal production, energy investment costs, and transmission capacity is also studied.
Stopping-Set Enumerator Approximations for Finite-Length Protograph LDPC Codes

Asymptotic analysis of low-density parity-check (LDPC) code weight and stopping-set enumerators, for codewords and stopping sets which grow linearly with codelength, has aided in designing codes with linear minimum distance and low error floors. However, the analysis cannot capture the behavior of codewords and stopping sets that grow sublinearly with codelength. Thus, it is unclear how well the analysis describes behavior for finite codelengths, particularly for short codes. In this paper, we provide another perspective on protograph-based and standard LDPC ensemble enumerators, based on analysis of stopping sets with sublinear growth, which brings new insight into sublinear stopping-set behavior, protograph structure, and preceding. Using approximations to the stopping-set enumerators, we show that for stopping sets that grow at most logarithmically with codelength, the enumerators follow a polynomial relationship with codelength, unlike the exponential relationship for linearly- growing stopping sets. Further, we analyze for what stopping-set sizes and codelengths the approximations apply.
Magnetic Field Dependence of Critical Current Density in Silver-Doped Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductors

Effects of silver doping on critical current density in the bulk superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O system are investigated by measuring the variation of critical current density in low magnetic fields. Below a newly defined characteristic field value Hc’, the critical current is mainly controlled by intergranular effects due to Josephson weak-link coupling. This field Hc’, which signifies a crossover between regions dominated by inter- and intra-granular effects, is found to vary with the silver content. An optimum enhancement of both the critical current density and Hc’ is obtained with silver doping around 5 – 10%. These results lend direct support to the interpretation that the Josephson coupling is enhanced due to the presence of silver atoms along the grain boundaries in the material.
Exploring oxidative ageing behaviour of hydrocarbons using ab initio molecular dynamics analysis

ABSTRACTWith a proper approximate solution to the Schrodinger Equation of a multi-electron system, the method of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) performs first-principles molecular dynamics analysis without pre-defining interatomic potentials as are mandatory in traditional molecular dynamics analyses. The objective of this study is to determine the oxidative-ageing pathway of petroleum asphalt as a typical hydrocarbon system, using the AIMD method. This objective was accomplished in three steps, including (1) identifying a group of representative asphalt molecules to model, (2) determining an atomistic modelling method that can effectively simulate the production of critical functional groups in oxidative ageing of hydrocarbons and (3) evaluating the oxidative-ageing pathway of a hydrocarbon system. The determination of oxidative-ageing pathway of hydrocarbons was done by tracking the generations of critical functional groups in the course of oxidative ageing. The chemical elements of carbon, nitroge...
Insoluble, Low Dielectric Polyimides

Studies have been conducted at NASA Langley establishing structure-property relationships in polyimides that provide a means of lowering dielectric constants by reducing chain-chain electronic interactions and by incorporation of fluorine into the polymer molecular structure. The resulting polyimides exhibit excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength, improved resistance to moisture and enhanced solubility. Most polyimides containing fluorine in only one monomer are at least partially soluble in common organic solvents, and polyimides containing fluorine in both the dianhydride and the diamine are fully soluble. Although this enhanced solubility aides processability and is desirable for many applications, it is a severe disadvantage for aircraft applications where exposure to hydraulic fluids and other chemicals is likely to occur. This work involves the development of insoluble, low dielectric polymers prepared from 2, 2-bis[4-(3, 4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane dianhydride (BFDA) and selected fluorine-containing diamines. BFDA-containing polyimide films had dielectric constants that ranged from 2.44 to 2.53 at 10 GHz and exhibited insolubility in solvents including N, N-dimethylacetamide, chloroform, diglyme and N-methylpyrrolidinone.
Abstract 909: Activation of NF-κB and its downstream targets play a key role in the dramatic induction of hepatocarcinogenesis in metallothioneinnullmice

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Although hepatitis C and fatty liver disease appear to be the main risk factors in most western countries other factors including alcohol, tobacco, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders can also increase the likelihood of HCC development. HCC is believed to develop through a tumor promoting mechanism involving inflammation and oxidative stress. We have previously shown that metallothionein (MT), a ubiquitously expressed free radical scavenger, is dramatically downregulated in human and rodent HCCs. To test the hypothesis that MT protects the liver from carcinogenesis by relieving oxidative stress, MT knockout (MTKO) mice were injected with Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a potent liver carcinogen. When compared to wild-type DEN treated mice, the MTKO groups exhibited significantly higher (5-fold) incidence and an accelerated rate of hepatocarcinogenesis. Gene expression analysis at the preneoplastic stage revealed a dramatic increase in the levels of Serpine-1 in the MTKO mice, which was validated by real-time PCR. Serpine-1, a tissue glycoprotein and an active suppressor of fibrinolysis through the inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator, is also believed to increase cell migration and angiogenesis. Real-time PCR analysis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines known to induce Serpine-1 revealed substantial upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the MTKO/DEN mice compared to the WT/DEN and untreated controls. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed differential activation of NF-κB, a downstream effector of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducer of Serpine-1 expression, in the MTKO/DEN mice at the preneoplastic stage. These data demonstrate that Serpine-1 and NF- κB act in concert at the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis when free radical scavenging is compromised. These data show the protective role of MT against HCC induction in a mouse model and provide the rationale for an alternate therapeutic strategy in HCC therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 909. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-909
Is There a “ Halakhic” Response to the Problem of Evil?

On the face of it, the very title of this paper may appear puzzling. Responses to the problem of evil are by their nature theological or philosophical, whereas halakha, or Jewish law, is about behavior. In what sense, then, can there be a halakhic response to the problem of evil?
190 COMPARISON OF CENTRAL PROJECTIONS FROM T12 SPINAL NERVE IN MUTANT HAIRLESS MICE VERSUS SWISS WEBSTER MICE

Recent studies have revealed extensive plasticity in cutaneous sensory terminals in mutant hairless (Hr) mice after hair loss, evidenced by a reorganization of cutaneous innervation and subsequent hyperinnervation in the epidermis over the entire body. Many of the fibers newly innervating the epidermis appear to be C fibers. Our study aimed to determine whether the remodeling seen in the peripheral territory of the T12 spinal nerve of Hr mice would be reflected in the spinal cord dorsal horn targets. We also assessed cells in the T11-L1 dorsal root ganglia contributing to T12 spinal nerve, identified by retrograde tracing with FluoroGold (FG) from the T12 nerve, to determine whether there are detectible biochemical alterations related to peripheral alterations. Sections from spinal cord dorsal horns and T11-L1 dorsal root ganglia from 8 Hr and 8 control Swiss-Webster (SW) mice were labeled by immunofluorescence using antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), and substance P, predominant C-fiber neuropeptides, and by lectin histochemistry using fluorescent-conjugated Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA) which identifies a discrete, non-peptidergic C-fiber population. In the table below: *mean area measurements (μm2) of labeled spinal cord territories; **mean cell number per section of immuno-/lectin-positive DRG cells identified by retrograde FG transport; and ***corresponding P values (significant at P ≤ 0.05). Our data revealed no significant differences between Hr and SW in the biochemistry of the FG-labeled neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of T11-L1 or in the patterns of central dorsal horn projections, suggesting that morphological changes to afferents in the periphery are not reflected centrally in the spinal cord of Hr. These data stand in contrast to a companion study examining similar issues in the trigeminal brainstem projections of Hr compared to SW, in which there is significant expansion of CGRP- and GSA-positive central territories. Collectively, these results suggest that there are differences in central processing of inputs from the body compared to inputs from the face in Hr.
The nasal late-phase response--an in vivo model.

The allergic rhinitis model has helped shed light on the roles of mast cells and basophils in mediator release, the existence of a distinctive basophil histamine-releasing factor, and the heterogeneity of human IgE. The nasal model has also elucidated a phenomenon closely related to the late-phase response: nonallergenic stimulation of allergic mediators by cold air and exercise.
Protein and metabolite identification

Abstract The most fundamental piece of knowledge about any protein or metabolite is its identity. Regardless of the type of analytical method used to measure proteins and metabolites, the result is a signal provided by a protein or metabolite. If these signals cannot be assigned to a specific molecule, the measurement is of little value. In previous eras, when most studies focused on only a few molecules per experiment, molecular identification was accomplished through comparison with standards. Today, when thousands of signals are recorded in mass spectrometry-based proteomic and metabolomic experiments, trying to identify as many of these molecules has become a major effort. Fortunately, the development of high-performance mass spectrometers and sophisticated software algorithms has enabled broad identification of hundreds, and in some cases thousands, of proteins and metabolites in single experiments. This chapter describes some of the approaches used to identify analytical signals acquired during proteomic and metabolite studies.
Nondestructive measurements for determining the adequacy of a dielectric

In order to determine the adequacy of a dielectric, a testing program must be devised that covers the three areas of possible dielectric deficiencies. These modes of dielectric failure may be reviewed briefly as follows: The intrinsic strength of a solid dielectric is that which relates to its atomic structure. The breakdown mechanism of this mode takes place when the applied electric field is strong enough that a considerable number of the initial free electrons in the conduction band and in the localized donor levels acquire energies greater than the X-ray absorption limit. These electrons are then likely to expel electrons from the valence band. The electrons so freed have similar chance of abstracting sufficient energy from the field for further ionization.
What Are the Most Powerful Immunogen Design Vaccine Strategies? Reverse Vaccinology 2.0 Shows Great Promise

Functional antibodies, i.e., those with antipathogen activity in in vitro assays, are generally the best correlate of vaccine protection. Mimics of natural infection, including live attenuated and killed pathogens, which induce such antibodies in vivo, have generated highly successful vaccines. However, pathogens that induce functional antibodies at lower levels or more sporadically have been more refractory to vaccine design. Such pathogens are being tackled by more systematic approaches involving identifying functional antibodies, templating immunogens from the antibodies, and then evaluating the immunogens iteratively. I believe this is a powerful new approach to vaccine design as discussed below.
Growth performance of immunologically castrated pigs slaughtered at 5, 7, or 9 weeks after the second Improvest dose and fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles.

Growth performance of immunologically castrated (IC) pigs (863 total) was determined at increasing time intervals between the second Improvest (gonadotropin releasing factor analog-diphtheria toxoid conjugate; Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ) dose and slaughter (TD) and with 4 different dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding strategies (FS) in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The feeding period was divided into 4 separate diet phases. Dietary treatments included 1) corn-soybean meal control diets (PCon), 2) a gradual decrease of dietary DDGS inclusion rate from 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10% in phases 1 to 4 (GD), respectively, 3) feeding 40% DDGS diets in phases 1 to 3 and removal of DDGS from the phase 4 diet (WD), and 4) feeding 40% DDGS diets in all 4 phases (NCon). Pigs received the second Improvest dose at 9 (TD9), 7 (TD7), or 5 (TD5) wk before slaughter. In each group, all pigs were slaughtered on the same day. There were no 3-way interactions among FS, TD, and week of feeding period for any measure of growth performance. Pigs fed PCon and WD had greater ( 0.05) in pigs fed PCon, GD, and NCon. Overall G:F was improved ( 0.05) to those of pigs fed PCon (0.427 ± 0.005 and 0.96 ± 0.03 kg/d, respectively). Growth performance of pigs fed GD more closely reflected that of pigs fed PCon than that of pigs fed WD. Delaying the second dose of Improvest from 9 to 5 wk before slaughter resulted in improved growth performance.
Small and Large Intestine

Only neoplasms of the small intestine will be reviewed in this chapter. Approximately 5% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms arise in the small intestine. In descending order of frequency, the common benign neoplasms arising in the small intestine are leiomyoma, lipoma, adenoma, adenomatous polyp, angioma, and fibroma.1
Bonobo anatomy reveals stasis and mosaicism in chimpanzee evolution, and supports bonobos as the most appropriate extant model for the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans

Common chimps and bonobos are our closest living relatives but almost nothing is known about bonobo internal anatomy. We present the first phylogenetic analysis to include musculoskeletal data obtained from a recent ﻿dissection of bonobos. Notably, chimpanzees, and in particular bonobos, provide a remarkable case of evolutionary stasis for since the chimpanzee-human split c.8 Ma among >120 head-neck (HN) and forelimb (FL) muscles there were only four minor changes in﻿ the chimpanzee clade, and all were reversions to the ancestral condition. Moreover, since the common chimpanzee-bonobo split c.2 Ma there have been no changes in bonobos, so with respect to HN-FL musculature bonobos are the better model for the last common ancestor (LCA) of chimpanzees/bonobos and humans. Moreover, in the hindlimb there are only two muscle absence/presence differences between common chimpanzees and bonobos. Puzzlingly, there is an evolutionary mosaicism between each of these species and humans. We discuss these data in the context of available genomic information and debates on whether the common chimpanzee-bonobo divergence is linked to heterochrony.
101 Tips for Managing R&D More Effectively—I

(1990). 101 Tips for Managing R&D More Effectively—I. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 31-36.
In-Class Introduction of the Case Methodology in Comparison to the Lecture Methodology

The purpose of this chapter is to show how professors can use entertaining metaphors when introducing the case method to their students. Students are often educated by the lecture method and, therefore, the use of the case method is new and frustrating to them. They require an introduction to the case method which is both foundational and friendly. The foundation of the case method is best introduced in simple terms and should be compared with the lecture method, with which students are most familiar. The friendly environment is best created with an approach which is most comforting to them, i.e., entertainment. This chapter shows how such a foundational and friendly introduction can be made by utilizing entertaining metaphors.
Behavior of hexane on graphite at near-monolayer densities: Molecular dynamics study

We present the results of molecular-dynamics studies of hexane physisorbed onto graphite for eight coverages in the range 0.875 1.05 in units of monolayers. At low temperatures, the adsorbate molecules form a uniaxially incommensurate herringbone solid. At high coverages, the solid consists of adsorbate molecules that are primarily rolled on their side perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. As the coverage is decreased, the amount of molecular rolling diminishes until = 0.933, where it disappears molecules become primarily parallel to the surface. If the density is decreased enough, vacancies appear. As the temperature is increased, we observe a three-phase regime for 0.933 with an orientationally ordered nematic mesophase; for lower coverages, the system melts directly to the disordered and isotropic liquid phase. The solid-nematic transition temperature is very sensitive to coverage, whereas the melting temperature is quite insensitive to it, except for at low coverages where increased in-plane space and, ultimately, vacancies soften the solid phase and lower the melting temperature. Our results signal the importance of molecular rolling and tilting which result from the competition between molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions for the formation of the intermediate phase, while the insensitivity of the system’s melting temperature to changing density is understood in terms of in-plane space occupation through rolling. Comparisons to experimental results are discussed.
MCM-DSSS with DPSK Modulation and Equal Gain Combining in Delay and Doppler-Spread Rician Fading

The bit error probability (BEP) of multi-carrier modulated (MCM) direct sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) using differentially coherent phase-shift keying (DPSK) with equal gain combining in Doppler spread Rician fading is given. Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature integration of the moment generating function of the decision statistic at the combiner output is used. The technique is extended to delay and Doppler spread fading, but with Rayleigh amplitude statistics. It is based on diagonalizaton of the subcarrier correlation matrix.
It's not easy assessing greenness: A comparison of NDVI datasets and neighborhood types and their associations with self-rated health in New York City

Growing evidence suggests that exposure to greenness benefits health, but studies assess greenness differently. We hypothesize greenness-health associations vary by exposure assessment method. To test this, we considered four vegetation datasets (three Normalized Difference Vegetation Index datasets with different spatial resolutions and a finely-resolved land cover dataset), and six aggregation units (five radial buffer sizes and self-described neighborhoods) of each dataset. We compared associations of self-rated health and these metrics of greenness among a sample of New York City residents. Associations with self-rated health varied more by aggregation unit than by vegetation dataset; larger buffers and self-described neighborhoods showed more positive associations. Researchers should consider spatial exposure misclassification in future greenness and health research.
Considering a Holistic Focus of Attention as an Alternative to an External Focus

Empirical findings consistently suggest that an external focus of attention leads to superior performance when compared to an internal focus by encouraging more automatic processing. However, for c...
Calculating the band structure of 3C-SiC using sp 3 d 5 s * + ∆ model

We report on a semiempirical tight-binding model for 3C-SiC including the effect of sp3d5s* orbitals and spin–orbit coupling (∆). In this work, we illustrate in detail the method to develop such a model for semiconductors with zincblende structure, based on Slater–Koster integrals, and we explain the optimization method used to fit the experimental results with such a model. This method shows high accuracy for the evaluation of 3C-SiC band diagram in terms of both the experimental energy levels at high symmetry points and the effective masses.
New clues to ancient water on Itokawa

We performed the first measurements of hydrogen isotopic composition and water content in nominally anhydrous minerals collected by the Hayabusa mission from the S-type asteroid Itokawa. The hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of the measured pyroxene grains is −79 to −53‰, which is indistinguishable from that in chondritic meteorites, achondrites, and terrestrial rocks. Itokawa minerals contain water contents of 698 to 988 parts per million (ppm) weight, after correcting for water loss during parent body processes and impact events that elevated the temperature of the parent body. We infer that the Bulk Silicate Itokawa parent body originally had 160 to 510 ppm water. Asteroids like Itokawa that formed interior to the snow line could therefore have been a potential source of water (up to 0.5 Earth’s oceans) during the formation of Earth and other terrestrial planets.
Multiculturalism in the British Commonwealth : Comparative Perspectives on Theory and Practice

Multiculturalism in the British Commonwealth examines cultural diversity across the postwar Commonwealth, situating modern multiculturalism in its national, international, and historical contexts. Bringing together practitioners from across the humanities and social sciences to explore the legal, political, and philosophical issues involved, these essays address common questions: What is postwar multiculturalism? Why did it come about? How have social actors responded to it? In addition to chapters on Australia, Britain, Canada, and New Zealand, this volume also covers India, Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, and Trinidad, tracing the historical roots of contemporary dilemmas back to the intertwined legacies of imperialism and liberalism. In so doing, it demonstrates that multiculturalism has implications that stretch far beyond current formulations in public and academic discourse. “This volume makes a significant contribution to the history and politics of crossnational multiculturalism within the English-speaking world. I expect this book to quickly become a principal text.” ANDREW FAGAN, author of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity “Ashcroft and Bevir have put together an excellent collection of essays by a first-rate group of scholars. I’d recommend this book to anyone interested in the challenges posed by cultural and national identity to liberal democratic states.” PHIL PARVIN, author of Karl Popper RICHARD T. ASHCROFT is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and in the International and Area Studies Program at the University of California, Berkeley. His research has been published in the Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy and The Political Quarterly. MARK BEVIR is Professor of Political Science and the Director of the Center for British Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also Professor of Governance at the United Nations University and a Distinguished Research Professor at Swansea University. He is the author of A Theory of Governance, The Making of British Socialism, and Democratic Governance.
Youssou N'dour: I Bring What I Love (2008) as a Window into the Frictions between Islam and Popular Music in Senegal

An important body of scholarship has explored the salience of Sufism (‘mystical Islam’) in Senegal. Approaches have emphasized its social and political dimensions, while little attention has been d...
Critical Illness Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI)

Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) is a relative adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients characterized by dysregulated systemic inflammation resulting in inadequate glucocorticoid activity for the severity of the patient’s illness (Annane et al., Crit Care Med. 45:2078–88, 2017). CIRCI may be secondary to dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and/or tissue resistance to glucocorticoids. CIRCI is associated with a broad spectrum of critical illness such as septic shock, community acquired pneumonia (CAP), cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, cardiac arrest, and trauma. CIRCI should be suspected when patients with such illnesses have refractory hypotension that fails to respond to conventional therapies. Patients with CIRCI may benefit from corticosteroids, but the evidence is conflicting, and routine cortisol measurement or ACTH stimulation testing in patients admitted to the intensive care unit is not recommended.
Tuberculosis–Cancer Parallels in Immune Response Regulation

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and cancer are two diseases with proclivity for the development of resistance to the host immune system. Mechanisms behind resistance can be host derived or disease mediated, but they usually depend on the balance of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory immune signals. Immunotherapies have been the focus of efforts to shift that balance and drive the response required for diseases eradication. The immune response to tuberculosis has widely been thought to be T cell dependent, with the majority of research focused on T cell responses. However, the past decade has seen greater recognition of the importance of the innate immune response, highlighting factors such as trained innate immunity and macrophage polarization to mycobacterial clearance. At the same time, there has been a renaissance of immunotherapy treatments for cancer since the first checkpoint inhibitor passed clinical trials, in addition to work highlighting the importance of innate immune responses to cancer. However, there is still much to learn about host-derived responses and the development of resistance to new cancer therapies. This review examines the similarities between the immune responses to cancer and tuberculosis with the hope that their commonalities will facilitate research collaboration and discovery.
Oregon’s Clean Fuels Program: A Review and Status Update:

Oregon implemented a fuel carbon policy called the Clean Fuels Program (CFP) in 2016. Modeled largely on the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) operated by California, the CFP sets a declining target ...