cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addendum to Chapter 9 Mutagenesis Studies with Escherichia coli Mutants with Known Amino Acid (and Base-Pair) Changes

Detection of a mutagen-induced change in a gene specifying the amino acid sequence of a protein depends upon recognition of an effect on the functional capacity of the mutationally altered enzyme. If the protein is inactivated by a single amino acid substitution, a limited number of specific amino acid changes will be capable of restoring catalytic activity. We expect that in some instances, because of strict functional requirements, activity, and prototrophy, will be restored by only one amino acid change, the substitution which is the reverse of the one responsible for enzyme inactivity. If a set of strains of the latter type could be obtained, each specifically reverting as a result of a different base-pair change, it should be possible to determine rapidly and unamibiguously the base-change specificies of new mutagens. Unfortunately, very few strains of the type described are available. There are several reasons for this, the most important being that reversion spectra of only a few mutants have been analyzed in terms of the amino acid substitutions which restore function. In addition, strains of the type sought are rare because most mutants are reverted by several different base changes. A further complication is that missense suppressors frequently mutate and restore a small amount of functional protein.
Use of Finite-Element Stress Analysis in the Design of a Tank-Cannon-Launched Training Projectile

Abstract : The U.S. Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center (ARDEC) recently expressed a need for a tank-cannon-launched training projectile with reduced penetration capability. The expressed primary design goals for this projectile were to minimize the probability of personnel injury and materiel loss in the event of an accidental impact during a training exercise. In order to meet these design goals, the solid-steel flight body of a current kinetic energy (KE) training projectile, the M865IP, was replaced with a hollow aluminum configuration. Because of the incorporation of aluminum, the structural integrity of the entire projectile during launch was questioned. Thus, a thorough stress analysis of the new design was conducted to alleviate concerns about its structural integrity. Two-dimensional, axisymmetric, quasi-static stress analyses were performed on two new KE training projectile designs. The first analysis indicated that structural failure was possible in the aft portion of the projectile due to compressive loading by the gun gases. Structural failure in this case would be circumferential yielding of the hollow flight body. The aft portion of the round was redesigned, and subsequent stress analysis showed that the possibility of structural failure needed to be resolved. The finite-element modeling approach, the applied boundary conditions, and the results of the stress analyses conducted, based on use of the von Mises failure criterion, will be discussed in detail.
Microchips and Macroharvests

Since the early 1960s, many large Southwestern agricultural employers have been working with plant breeders and electrical engineers to recast fruit and vegetable growing into a rationalized production system. Theirs is a vision of agriculture dominated by prosperous firms continuously producing perishable commodities with the aid of the latest advances in bioengineering and manufacturing technologies. Evidence of incremental success in their venture is abundant in California, Arizona, Florida and, increasingly, larger segments of U.S. agriculture.1 In the early 1960s, for example, the breeding of new tomato varieties, durable enough to withstand the rough and tumble of mechanical harvesting, made it possible for growers to cut the labor force by two-thirds, increase yields, and achieve greater reliability in the timing of deliveries.2 Tomatoes, once picked and sorted by hand, are now uprooted and “destalked” mechanically and sorted with the aid of electro-optic sensors.3 Equally impressive, in the early 1970s scientists and engineers employed microelectronics to devise harvesting machines which can “select” mature lettuce heads for cutting, thus allowing multiple passes through a field as the crop ripens.4
Evolution of the Elephant Brain: A Paradox between Brain Size and Cognitive Behavior

Elephants have the greatest volume of cerebral cortex of any terrestrial mammal, exceeding that of humans by threefold. Paradoxically perhaps, their performance in tests of primate-like, time-sensitive, or intricate cognitive tasks is unimpressive compared with even chimpanzees. This paradox may be explained on the basis that, rather than evolving toward increasing localization of neuronal projections in the cerebral cortex to maintain interconnectivity and speed of information processing, as seen in large-brained primates, the elephant brain evolved with a bias toward more global, transcortical projections, with reduced local circuit interactions and greatly prolonged information-processing time. On the other hand, this cytoarchitectural model for the elephant brain would appear to provide the neurological basis for the extraordinary long-term and extensive spatial–temporal and social memory abilities of elephants.
The Effect of Positive Medial Cortical Support in Reduction of Pertrochanteric Fractures with Posteromedial Wall Defect Using a Dynamic Hip Screw.

Background We evaluated the radiological and clinical results of reduction using a dynamic hip screw according to the grade of medial cortical support in patients with AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification type 31-A2 pertrochanteric fractures. Methods We enrolled 100 patients with AO/OTA type 31-A2 fractures with displaced lesser trochanter fragments (length of the cortical area longer than 20 mm on the pelvis anteroposterior view). Patients with positive medial cortical support were assigned to group 1 (n = 28); neutral medial cortical support, group 2 (n = 42); and negative medial cortical support, group 3 (n = 30). Radiological evaluation was done by measuring the change in the femoral neck-shaft angle and sliding distance of the lag screw. Clinical outcomes of each group were compared by means of the walking ability score proposed by Ceder. Results Group 1 showed significantly less changes in the femoral neck-shaft angle and shorter sliding distance than groups 2 and 3. Group 2 showed significantly less changes in the femoral neck-shaft angle and shorter sliding distance than group 3. Group 1 showed significantly higher walking ability scores than group 3 (p = 0.00). The use of trochanter stabilizing plates or fixation using wires for posteromedial wall defect resulted in no significant changes in terms of the femoral neck-shaft angle or sliding distance. Conclusions In the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures accompanied by posteromedial wall defect using a dynamic hip screw, reduction with negative cortical support should be avoided.
Testing Multi-Threaded Applications Using Answer Set Programming

We introduce a technique to formally represent and specify race conditions in multithreaded applications. Answer set programming (ASP) is a logic-based knowledge representation paradigm to formally...
Weight Loss in Parkinson's Disease: No Evidence for Role of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth.

Background and objective Weight loss and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to study the relationship between weight loss and SIBO in PD. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with a prospective, interventional component. Consecutive patients seen in the PD clinic who agreed to participate underwent extensive history, movement exam, SIBO breath testing and answered questionnaires. A subset of those in the weight loss group were treated with rifaximin for 14 days and returned 3 months later for an assessment of their weight, GI symptoms, quality of life and SIBO status. All analyses were adjusted for age and disease duration. Results Fifty-one patients participated in the study; 37 without weight loss and 14 with weight loss. Total energy intake including the distribution of macronutrient intake was similar between groups while physical activity was less in those with weight loss. PD severity scores did not differ between groups; however, PD-specific quality of life scores were significantly worse for the summary index and the subscales of emotional well-being, social support and communication. The prevalence of constipation, dyspepsia and abdominal pain/discomfort was higher in those with weight loss. The prevalence of SIBO was 14% in the weight loss group and was not different between groups. Eight PD patients with weight loss were treated with rifaximin; no significant change in GI symptoms, quality of life or weight was seen 3 months later. Conclusion Although a number of differences were identified in quality of life and gastrointestinal symptoms between groups with and without weight loss, SIBO was not associated with weight loss in patients with PD. Given the exploratory nature and small number of patients with weight loss, however, further study is suggested.
Health care for individuals with Fragile X Syndrome: Understanding access and quality

Abstract Background Previous research suggests that individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD) may experience challenges accessing quality health care. Objective/Hypothesis This study explored parent perceptions of access and quality of health care services for children with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading hereditary cause of intellectual/developmental disabilities. Methods Nearly 600 primary caregivers of at least one child with FXS completed an online survey on access, barriers, and quality of health care for their family member with FXS (N = 731). Results In a convenience sample of well-educated and affluent caregivers, the majority did not report experiencing difficulties with access to services. Caregivers of younger children and those with lower family incomes reported greater challenges with health care access. Nearly 40% of caregivers indicated that their child's PCP was not as knowledgeable about FXS-related needs as they would prefer, indicating a possible knowledge gap on the part of providers. Conclusions These factors represent potential barriers to quality health care for individuals with FXS, with potential lifelong effects ranging from delayed age of diagnosis to difficulty accessing a PCP in adulthood.
Personalizing Feedback Using Voice Comments

While text-based feedback is normally used by college instructors to help students improve their written assignments, it is important to consider using voice comment tools for further personalization. New and easily-accessible technologies provide this option. Our study focused on surveying undergraduates who received voice comments on their written assignments. Students were queried on their preferences for feedback delivery and survey questions probed student responses both quantitatively and qualitatively. Two voice comment tools were used: Adobe Acrobat Reader and Kaizena voice comments. Results showed the majority (66.7%) of students surveyed preferred the addition of voice comment feedback over written comments alone. Appendices supply tool information, full data sets and extensive student commentary regarding their experience after receiving voice comments.
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Four “GEMS”—Geriatric Evaluation and Management Strategies When Admitting an Acutely Ill Older Adult to the Hospital

To help hospitalists routinely and efficiently assess functional and cognitive decline brought on by acute illness in older patients, we suggest hospitalists use 4 GEMS (Geriatric Evaluation and Ma...
Targeted and Intensive Consultation for Increasing Head Start and Elementary Teachers' Behavior Specific Praise

School-based consultation is effective for improving teachers’ use of evidence-based classroom management strategies. However, teachers often respond differentially to varying types of consultation strategies. This study utilized a multiple baseline design across four teachers (i.e., two preschool and two elementary) to examine the effectiveness of a tiered consultation model for increasing teachers’ rate of behavior-specific praise and concomitant child outcomes. Tiers in this study included large-group didactic training (Tier 1), digital performance feedback (Tier 2), and a tactile prompt (Tier 3). Results indicated that three of four teachers increased their rate of behavior-specific praise during Tier 2 consultation, with two maintaining following termination of Tier 2 consultation. One teacher required Tier 3 consultation, which resulted in increased rates of behavior-specific praise. Furthermore, results indicated that children’s display of appropriately engaged behavior increased and disruptive behavior decreased in three of the four classrooms. Implications for practice, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
The effect of midazolam or lidocaine administration prior to etomidate induction of anesthesia on heart rate, arterial pressure, intraocular pressure and serum cortisol concentration in healthy dogs.

Abstract Objective To evaluate selected effects of midazolam or lidocaine administered prior to etomidate for co-induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs. Study design Prospective crossover experimental study. Animals A group of 12 healthy adult female Beagle dogs. Methods Dogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) butorphanol (0.3 mg kg–1), and anesthesia was induced with etomidate following midazolam (0.3 mg kg–1), lidocaine (2 mg kg–1) or physiologic saline (1 mL) IV. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate (fR) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded following butorphanol, after co-induction administration, after etomidate administration and immediately following intubation. Baseline IOP values were also obtained prior to sedation. Etomidate dose requirements and the presence of myoclonus, as well as coughing or gagging during intubation were recorded. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured prior to premedication and 6 hours following etomidate administration. Results Blood pressure, fR and IOP were similar among treatments. Blood pressure decreased in all treatments following etomidate administration and generally returned to sedated values following intubation. HR increased following intubation with midazolam and lidocaine but remained stable in the saline treatment. The dose of etomidate (median, interquartile range, range) required for intubation was lower following midazolam (2.2, 2.1–2.6, 1.7–4.1 mg kg−1) compared with lidocaine (2.7, 2.4–3.6, 2.2–5.1 mg kg−1, p = 0.012) or saline (3.0, 2.8–3.8, 1.9–5.1 mg kg−1, p = 0.015). Coughing or gagging was less frequent with midazolam compared with saline. Myoclonus was not observed. Changes in serum cortisol concentrations were not different among treatments. Conclusions and clinical relevance Midazolam administration reduced etomidate dose requirements and improved intubation conditions compared with lidocaine or saline treatments. Neither co-induction agent caused clinically relevant differences in measured cardiopulmonary function, IOP or cortisol concentrations compared with saline in healthy dogs. Apnea was noted in all treatments following the induction of anesthesia and preoxygenation is recommended.
Femoral Origin Anatomy of the Medial Patellofemoral Complex: Implications for Reconstruction.

Purpose To report the shape and orientation of the medial patellofemoral complex (MPFC) footprint on the medial femur and describe the difference between the proximal (medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament, MQTFL) and distal (medial patellofemoral ligament, MPFL) fibers. Methods In 20 cadaveric knees, the MPFC footprint on the medial femur was exposed. Images of the medial femur were analyzed using ImageJ software. The length and width of the MPFC footprint were described to the nearest 0.1 mm; the angle of its long axis was described relative to the axis of the femoral shaft (0.1°). The footprint’s most proximal and distal margins were described in relation to the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle. The differences between each were compared using paired t tests. Results 17 knees from 10 cadavers were included in this study. The MPFC footprint had a length of 11.7 ± 1.8 mm and a width of 1.7 ± 0.4 mm. The long axis of the footprint was at an angle 14.6° ± 16.6° anterior to the axis of the femoral shaft. The most proximal (MQTFL) fibers originated 7.4 ± 3.8 mm anterior and 1.8 ± 4.7 mm distal to the adductor tubercle and 4.1 ± 2.9 mm posterior and 8.4 ± 5.6 mm proximal to the medial epicondyle. The most distal (MPFL) fibers originated 4.9 ± 4.2 mm anterior and 12.7 ± 4.3 mm distal to the adductor tubercle, as well as 7.1 ± 2.4 mm posterior and 0.5 ± 5.6 mm distal to the medial epicondyle. The distal margin of the femoral MPFC footprint was 10.9 ± 1.7 mm distal (p Conclusions The femoral footprint of the MPFC has a length almost 7 times greater than its width, with the distal margin being 10.9 mm distal and 2.6 mm posterior to the proximal margin. Clinical Relevance This differential anatomy within the femoral origin suggests that MPFL and MQTFL reconstruction may require separate positions of femoral fixation to recreate the anatomy of these fibers.
Restoration of Uterine Cavity Measurements after Surgical Correction

Objective: We sought to define the uterine and uterine cavity dimensions of subseptate uteri before and after hysteroscopic surgical incision, and compare them to those obtained in normal uteri with 3-D ultrasound. Methods: Two cohorts of consecutive women with normal-appearing uterine cavity and women diagnosed with uterine subseptations, before and after undergoing hysteroscopic incision. 3-D ultrasound was used to measure the uterine cavity width, length, and area on a frozen coronal view of the uterus. Results: A total of 215 women were included: 89 in the normal, and 126 in the subseptate uterus, groups. Uterine length and height were similar in the pre-operative, post-operative subseptate uteri, and in the normal uteri, while the uterine width was significantly greater in the pre-operative (5.1 + 0.8 cm) than post-operative (4.7 + 0.8 cm) and normal uterus (4.6 + 0.7 cm; p < 0.001) groups. The pre-operative uterine cavity length (3.3 + 0.5 cm), width (3.2 + 0.7 cm), and area (4.4 + 1.2 cm2), were significantly greater than the post-operative ones (length 2.9 + 0.4 cm; width 2.6 + 0.6 cm; area 3.7 + 0.8 cm; overall p < 0.001), and became similar to the dimensions of the normal uterus. Of the patients who subsequently conceived, 2.6% miscarried in the corrected subseptation group and 28.8% miscarried in the normal uterus group. Conclusions: We defined the ultrasound dimensions of the uterine cavity in subseptate uteri and their change after surgical correction. Uterine cavity length, width, and area show very little variability in adult normal uteri, while they are increased in uteri with a subseptation greater than 5.9 mm in length, and regain normal measurements after surgical correction.
Electrospray ionization with higher-energy collision dissociation tandem mass spectrometry toward characterization of ceramides as [M + Li]+ ions: Mechanisms of fragmentation and structural identification

Abstract Ceramide is a huge lipid family consisting of diversified structures in which various modifications are seen in the fatty acyl chain and the long chain base (LCB). In this contribution, a higher collision energy (HCD) linear ion-trap mass spectrometric method (LIT MSn) was applied to study the mechanisms underlying the fragmentation processes of ceramide molecules in 12 subclasses, which were desorbed by ESI as the [M + Li]+ ions. Multiple sets of fragment ions reflecting the fatty acyl chain and LCB were observed in the HCD MS2 spectra for all the ceramide classes, resulting in unambiguous definition of the ceramide structures, including the chain length and the modification (α-hydroxy-, β-hydroxy-, ω-hydroxy-FA) of the fatty acyl moiety, and the types of LCB (sphingosine, phytosphigosine, 6-hydroxy-sphingosine). Thereby, this approach permits differentiation of isomeric structures and ceramide species in the biological specimen can be unveiled in detail. By application of sequential MS3, the double bond position along the fatty acyl chain of the molecule can be located, and a complete structural characterization of ceramides can be achieved.
Feed additives for beef cattle

New products have complicated cattle feeding and management. A multitude of feed additives are available to add to cattle rations. These compounds generally do not supply essential nutrients to the cattle. Instead, they are designed to increase growth rate and/or improve the efficiency .of growth through manipulating rumen fermentation or through controlling liver abscesses, digestive disorders, bloat, coccidiosis, and other conditions. One point of confusion for many is at what point of inclusion does a nutritional supplement become a feed additive. Nutrient supplements are fed to supply essential nutrition. Once this level is grossly exceeded, the product is no longer a supplement and should be classified as an additive. Feeding levels of trace minerals or vitamins that exceed levels necessary to compensate for unavoidable low intakes is considered an extra label use by FDA. and is therefore illegal. Feed additives can be generally divided into six broad categories: 1) ionophores, 2) antibiotics, 3) coccidiostats, 4) estrus suppressants, 5) buffers, and 6) others. Each feed additive has its own properties, recommended level offeeding, and label clearances. A thorough understanding of these characteristics is necessary to achieve optimum response and maximum cost effectiveness. The objective of this paper is to provide a basis for understanding the use and limitations offeed additives. Nonnutritive additives as well as vitamins and minerals are discussed in this paper.
Combining Hyperbranched and Linear Structures in Solid Polymer Electrolytes to Enhance Mechanical Properties and Room-Temperature Ion Transport.

Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based polymers are commonly studied for use as a solid polymer electrolyte for rechargeable Li-ion batteries; however, simultaneously achieving sufficient mechanical integrity and ionic conductivity has been a challenge. To address this problem, a customized polymer architecture is demonstrated wherein PEO bottle-brush arms are hyperbranched into a star architecture and then functionalized with end-grafted, linear PEO chains. The hierarchical architecture is designed to minimize crystallinity and therefore enhance ion transport via hyperbranching, while simultaneously addressing the need for mechanical integrity via the grafting of long, PEO chains (M n = 10,000). The polymers are doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI), creating hierarchically hyperbranched (HB) solid polymer electrolytes. Compared to electrolytes prepared with linear PEO of equivalent molecular weight, the HB PEO electrolytes increase the room temperature ionic conductivity from ∼2.5 × 10-6 to 2.5 × 10-5 S/cm. The conductivity increases by an additional 50% by increasing the block length of the linear PEO in the bottle brush arms from M n = 1,000 to 2,000. The mechanical properties are improved by end-grafting linear PEO (M n = 10,000) onto the terminal groups of the HB PEO bottle-brush. Specifically, the Young's modulus increases by two orders of magnitude to a level comparable to commercial PEO films, while only reducing the conductivity by 50% below the HB electrolyte without grafted PEO. This study addresses the trade-off between ion conductivity and mechanical properties, and shows that while significant improvements can be made to the mechanical properties with hierarchical grafting of long, linear chains, only modest gains are made in the room temperature conductivity.
Molecular phylogeny: Applications and implications for marine microbiology

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of modern molecular biological techniques to marine microbiology. Promising molecular based applications are also viable alternatives such as fluorescent in situ hydridization (FISH) of group-specific oligonucleotide probes or the high-throughput method of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) used to track specific populations through space and time. Numerous studies using these molecular biological approaches have significantly changed the understanding of marine microbiology, fueling new avenues of research—for example, (1) the initial dissections of bacterioplankton communities in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, (2) the discovery of archaeoplankton, and (3) the discovery of dominant populations of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at hydrothermal vents. This approach is used in marine microbiology to apply phylogenetic analysis to establish evolutionary relationships among organisms, and to use this information as a framework for making inferences about community structure, genetic and thereby inferred organismal diversity, and (to a lesser degree) to infer physiological adaptation when applicable. The experimental design based on molecular biological techniques can yield information regarding both autecology and synecology, in terms of community structure and phylogenetic diversity, and is analogous to taking a census of a community and estimating a roadmap of evolutionary relationships for individual populations contained within.
Some Thoughts on Article 82 Jurisprudence - If the Government Always Wins, Should Private Litigants Win as Well?

If you want to know where you are going, it helps to know where you are. As we see the European Commission moving deeper into limiting what allegedly dominant companies can and cannot do, the question arises whether the same rules being applied in cases brought by the Commission should also apply if and when such cases are brought by private parties. To answer this question, we start with the current law under Article 82. We then take a step back to examine the philosophical underpinnings of the doctrines that are leading to the court decisions, and we then examine whether those underpinnings justify applying the same rules to private party suits.
Purification and characterization of two types of soluble inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterases from rat brain.

Abstract Two soluble forms of inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase have been partially purified and characterized from rat brain and are referred to as type 1 and type 2 according to their order of elution from DEAE-Sepharose. Together, these enzymes represent 26 +/- 3% (mean +/- S.E., n = 4) of the total inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) phosphatase activity assayed in crude brain homogenate and are present in approximately equal total activities in a 100,000 x g supernatant, with the remainder being membrane-bound. Both soluble enzymes require Mg2+ for activity, are moderately inhibited by Ca2+ in the micromolar range, and can be inhibited by millimolar concentrations of a variety of phosphorylated compounds. The type 1 enzyme has been purified to a specific activity of 1.06 mumol/min/mg protein. It elutes as a 60-kDa protein on Sephacryl S-200. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the type 1 enzyme correlates with a pair of protein bands of 66 and 60 kDa. It has apparent Km values of 3 and 0.8 microM for Ins(1,4,5)P3 and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4), respectively, and hydrolyses Ins(1,4,5)P3 approximately 12 times faster than Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. The type 2 enzyme has been purified to a specific activity of 15.2 mumol/min/mg protein, elutes as a protein of 160 kDa on Sephacryl S-300, and migrates as a similarly sized subunit on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has an apparent Km for Ins(1,4,5)P3 of 18 microM. Its apparent Km for Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, however, is greater than 150 microM, suggesting that this enzyme is primarily an Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphomonoesterase. The relationship of these two enzymes to the inositol tris/tetrakisphosphate pathway is discussed.
Bioethics, technology and human dignity: the Roman Catholic viewpoint

Many important questions dealing with human dignity in medical research are raised by new medical technologies. The paper presents the Roman Catholic approach to the use of new technologies, the research on human embryos, the ethical aspects of studies on human genome. The concept of “human ecology”, as proposed by John Paul II, is to reconcile human dignity, the academic freedom of research, the sacredness of life understood as its quality so important for the cultural growth of Homo sapiens. To protect human ecology it is our moral duty to defend human dignity and to recognize the importance of those values that are fundamental in the process of development of human species.
Health Behaviors and Obesity among Hispanics with Depression, United States 2006

Objective: To examine the differences in health behaviors, and obesity between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites with depression. Design: Depression data were gathered from 38 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands using the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based random-digit-dialed telephone survey of adults aged ≥18 years (n=156,991). The Patient Health Questionnaire 8 was used to determine current depression. Lifetime diagnosis of depression was assessed by self-report of physician diagnosis. Prevalence ratios were calculated to examine the racial/ethnic differences in leisure-time physical activity, cigarette smoking, binge drinking, heavy drinking and obesity among people with current depression and lifetime diagnosis of depression. Results: There were significant differences in age, education, and health care coverage between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites with current depression and lifetime diagnosis of depression. Hispanics with current depression and with lifetime diagnosis of depression were more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic Whites. After adjusting for demographic factors, health care coverage, and self-rated health status, Hispanics with current depression were 17% more likely not to participate in leisure time physical activity and 42% less likely to be a current cigarette smoker compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics with lifetime diagnosis of depression were 14% more likely not to participate in leisure-time physical activity and 44% less likely to be a current cigarette smoker than non-Hispanic Whites after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Public health intervention programs are needed to promote healthy behaviors especially physical activity participation with in the Hispanic community, and paying particular attention to people who already are depressed. (Ethn Dis. 2014;24[1]:92–96)
Investigation of the Primary Cosmic Radiation with Nuclear Photographic Emulsions

Several methods for determining the charge and energy of heavy nuclei found to be present in the primary cosmic radiation, are discussed. The application to a number of tracks of the heavy primary cosmic-ray component in Ilford ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ emulsions shows the presence of nuclei from the neighborhood of carbon in the periodic system up to the neighborhood of iron ($Z\ensuremath{\approx}20\textdiv{}30$).A nuclear explosion caused by the collision of a \ensuremath{\gtrsim}3-Bev carbon or oxygen nucleus with a silver nucleus of the emulsion is discussed.It is shown that both the magnitude of the flux and the distribution of ranges of the nuclei of the heavy primary cosmic-ray component may give valuable information regarding the origin of cosmic rays.
Expanding the Use of Non‐Custodial Sentencing Options: An Evaluation of the Kansas Community Corrections Act

Part II of the recent Green Paper Punishment, Custody and the Community has focussed attention on non-custodial sentencing options. A similar emphasis on community- based sanctions is currently to be found in the United States, where severe pkon crowding conditions have resulted in court-imposed restrictions on custodial sentences in several states, Partly in response to this problem a small number of states have introduced comprehensive Community &orrections Acts (C.C.A.s) which seek to prouidc viable 'alternatiues to incarceration'. Research euatuations of such programmes have high~igh&ed several probltm areas, particularly surrounding the issues of diuersion and public safety. While the 'nothing works' label is clearb inappropriate there is scepticism about the e_fficag of extending the use of community based programmes. This paper discusses these issues and draws on th$ndings of a recent assessment of the Community Corrections Act of Kansas. Part I1 of the recent government Green Paper Punishment, Custo4 and the Community (Home Ofice 1988) discusses the potential for further developing non-custodial sentencing within the current legislative frame- work. The renewed attention to non-custodial strategies is, to a large extent, in direct response to the worsening prison crowding problem. In many ways the underlying problem and the response to it correspond to the situation in the United States almost a decade ago. In particular, interest in Great Britain now focusses on the implementation of intensive supervision programmes (1.S.P.s) similar to those adopted in many U.S. states. Indeed, 1.S.P.s in the United States often comprise part of a broader approach to community-based corrections in which states have introduced Comprehensive Community Corrections Acts (C.C.A.s) . While the Acts differ somewhat by state in terms of implementation procedure they have common philosophical goals, namely the provision of intermediate sanctions between probation and prison which would serve to reduce prison commitments, shift the responsibility for handling some offenders away from the state to the local (county) level and provide a less costly, less personally damaging correctional environment than prison. Evaluations of these programmes have not been uniformly positive, pointing to problems of increased public risk, net-widening and increased
Optrode arrays for infrared neural stimulation

Penetrating waveguide arrays made of glass (SiOO) and silicon were fabricated for infared (IR) neural stimulation to provide 3D access to the brain or peripheral nerves for selective deep-tissue stimulation with different spatiotemporal patterns. Comprehensive bench characterization was performed to determine light delivery and loss mechanisms. Fused silica/quartz arrays have optrodes of constant geometry with a pyramidal tip at the end of a straight-edge shank; length, width, and tip angle of each optrode can be varied independently from array to array. Undoped silicon arrays are similar in form to the Utah Slant Electrode Array, which has tapered microneedles of varying length in one direction. Light transmission efficiency was investigated with input from different optical fibers. With a 120-μmm wide and 1.5-mm long glass optrode having a tip taper angle of 45° with respect to the optical axis, 70% of IR light from a butt-coupled 50-μm fiber is transmitted out of the tips; shank length and tip taper does not affect the output power. However, transmission is only 39% for a 1.5- mm long Si optrode, and less for shorter more tapered optrodes. Similar beam profiles were obtained for both arrays when glass optrodes have a 45° tip taper; decreasing the glass optrode tip angle to 30° increases the full-angle divergence from 15° to 55°, which leads to a wider yet shallower illumination volume. Results reveal that the dominant source of loss in both devices is from total internal reflection within the tips. Additional losses in silicon include tapered shank radiation and reflection from its high refractive index.
Ising Field Theory: Quadratic Difference Equations for the n -Point Green's Functions on the Lattice

For the two-dimensional Ising model at arbitrary temperature, a system of quadratic difference equations is presented, involving the correlations of $n$ order variables and that of $n\ensuremath{-}2$ order and two disorder variables. With suitable boundary conditions these equations specify the correlations.
Controlling for the underreporting of remittances

Empirical studies that use self-reported data on remittances to measure the latter's impact on microeconomic incentives mostly ignore the potential errors associated with reporting/measurement issues. An econometric procedure to control for these errors is developed and applied to household level data from Armenia. We find evidence of systematic underreporting of remittances. After controlling for this, we find a strong negative impact of remittances on incentives to work.
He [CSC]i[/CSC] 10830 Å Wing Asymmetry in Polar Coronal Holes: Evidence for Radial Outflows

Imaging spectroscopy of the Sun, carried out across the the solar poles, yielded several thousand profiles of the He I 10830 A chromospheric absorption line with effective spatial pixels of 1.1 × 2 arcsec2. Profiles of He I 10830 A show the relative blue-wing absorption is stronger in the coronal holes than in the quiet Sun, creating an asymmetric profile indicative of mass outflow. Within the coronal holes, blueshifted line wings are found where He I absorption is weak, corresponding to the center of supergranular cells. However, in the quiet Sun, there is no line wing shift in supergranular centers. Spatially compact regions of strong red-wing absorption also occur across the disk. Within the polar coronal holes, the amplitude of the wing shift shows a linear dependence with cos θ (where the angle θ is measured with respect to an outward normal to the Sun's surface), suggesting that a radial outflow occurs with a characteristic speed of ~8 km s-1. These observations represent the first detection of systematic outflows near the chromosphere transition region interface that appear to mark the origin of the high-speed wind acceleration from the solar surface.
cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates stimulation of L-type calcium current by cGMP in rabbit atrial cells.

Objectives: cGMP has been shown to exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on cardiac L-type calcium current ( I Ca). The physiological role of cGMP in regulation of cardiac activity is still controversial. cGMP may be of importance in regulation of I Ca in atrial cells. The present study was focused on the role of cGMP in the modulation of I Ca in rabbit atrial cells. Methods: Enzymatically isolated adult rabbit atrial cells were used to measure I Ca using whole cell voltage clamp. Expressed levels of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) were determined by Western blotting using PKG specific antibody in homogenates from atrial and ventricular cells. Results: Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a nitric oxide donor that stimulates soluble guanylyl-cyclase to elevate cGMP levels increased I Ca while soluble G-cyclase inhibitors, ODQ or methylene blue inhibited I Ca. Intracellular application of 8BrcGMP increased I Ca and blocked the inhibitory effect of methylene blue. KT-5823, an inhibitor of PKG inhibited I Ca and the stimulatory effect of GSNO was completely blocked ODQ or KT-5823. Inhibition of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) by the 6–22 peptide completely blocked the stimulation of I Ca by the β-agonist isoproterenol but not by GSNO. The potency of isoproterenol to stimulate I Ca was very high for atrial cells (EC50 2.4±0.6 nM) and only 100 nM isoproterenol was required to stimulate I Ca maximally (21.4±0.7 pA/pF) to a level (23.8±1.6 pA/pF) achieved with the inclusion of 100 μM cAMP in the pipette solution. GSNO produced an additive effect on I Ca already stimulated by either 10 μM isobutylmethylxanthine (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) or a low concentration (1 nM) isoproterenol but failed to produce any effect on I Ca maximally stimulated by 100 nM isoproterenol. Inhibition of PKG by KT-5823 significantly decreased the efficacy of isoproterenol and the maximal I Ca achieved with 100 nM isoproterenol was decreased to 8.2±0.6 pA/pF in the presence of KT-5823. Western blot analysis showed much higher expression of PKG in atrial cells compared to ventricular cells. Conclusions: These findings suggest that stimulatory effects of cGMP on I Ca in rabbit atrial cells are likely to be mediated via PKG dependent phosphorylation of calcium channels or associated proteins and that the effects of cGMP are not antagonistic to cAMP. PKG is highly expressed in atrial cells and PKG dependent phosphorylation may be necessary for maintaining basal I Ca and fully stimulating I Ca by β-adrenergic activation in atrial cells.
Temporary anchorage devices in orthodontics: A paradigm shift

Orthodontists are accustomed to using teeth and auxiliary appliances, both intraoral and extraoral, to control anchorage. These methods are limited in that it is often difficult to achieve results commensurate with our idealistic goals. Recently, a number of case reports have appeared in the orthodontic literature documenting the possibility of overcoming anchorage limitations via the use of temporary anchorage devices—biocompatible devices fixed to bone for the purpose of moving teeth, with the devices being subsequently removed after treatment. This article defines and classifies these devices, covers their historical development, outlines some of the basic biologic parameters for their use, and articulates questions that need to be addressed with further experiments before broad scale incorporation into everyday practice.
Effects of natal origin on localized distributions of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in the marine waters of Puget Sound, Washington

Abstract The inland marine waters of Puget Sound, Washington, and the Strait of Georgia and associated waters of British Columbia (the Salish Sea) have long been recognized as alternative rearing habitat to the continental shelf for Chinook and coho salmon. Recent analyses have indicated that these fish (termed residents) comprise a substantial fraction of the Chinook salmon populations originating from Puget Sound rivers. However, the extent to which these resident salmon remain within their natal region or move within Puget Sound has not been studied. Analysis of two decades of coded-wire tagging data revealed several clear patterns. First, the salmon showed spatial distributions that varied systematically with area of origin. In general, they were caught in the vicinity of their origin, indicating limited net movement during several years at large; however this pattern was not universal. Second, recovery distributions were highly influenced by marine age and showed region specific spatial patterns, with the largest differences between the youngest (marine age 1) and oldest (marine age 4) individuals.
Axillary lymph node metastases in patients with a final diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ

Abstract Background Recent studies report the incidence of axillary metastases in patients with ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) approaches 13%. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of axillary micrometastases in patients with pure DCIS before and after the introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Methods Patients with a final diagnosis of DCIS form the basis of this study. Data were entered prospectively into an Institutional Review Board approved Oracle database from January 1997 through July 2002. Results One hundred and thirty-four patients had lymph nodes evaluated. Ninety-eight percent of patients had no evidence of metastatic disease and 2% were found to have micrometastases. This was consistent in those who had level I or II lymph node sampling or both and those who had lymphatic mapping and a sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure. Conclusions These data do not support axillary lymph node removal of any type in patients with pure DCIS.
A geometric model for coarsening during spiral-mode growth of thin films

Abstract We study the coarsening observed in spiral-mode growth of thin films. The high-temperature superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ provides a suitable model system. The density of spirals at the surface decreases as the film gets thicker. In other words, the grain size coarsens with distance from the substrate. We propose a simple mechanism for this coarsening, based on geometrical competition of spirals with different vertical growth rates. The consequences of this mechanism are developed both analytically and numerically in the limit where adatom attachment is controlled by surface diffusion. In particular, we show how the time-evolution of spiral density, film thickness, and surface roughness depend on the spiral growth rate statistics.
The political economy of organized crime: providing protection when the state does not

Organized crime emerges out of the power vaccuum that is created by the absence of state enforcement, and which can have many sources: geographic, social, and ethnic distance, prohibition, or simply collapse of state institutions. Mafias and gangs are hierarchically organized and can be thought of as providing primitive state functions, with economic costs that are typically much higher than those associated with modern governance. Though organized crime cannot be completely eradicated, its control is necessary, since it can easily corrupt existing institutions of governance. Some thoughts on what can be done to control organized crime are offered.
The Priority of the Question: Focus Questions for Sustained Reasoning in Science

Science education standards place a high priority on promoting the skills and dispositions associated with inquiry at all levels of learning. Yet, the questions teachers employ to foster sustained reasoning are most likely borrowed from a textbook, lab manual, or worksheet. Such generic questions generated for a mass audience, lack authenticity and contextual cues that allow learners to immediately appreciate a question’s relevance. Teacher queries intended to motivate, guide, and foster learning through inquiry are known as focus questions. This theoretical article draws upon science education research to present a typology and conceptual framework intended to support science teacher educators as they identify, develop, and evaluate focus questions with their students.
Comparisons of flow structure and local Nusselt numbers in channels with parallel- and crossed-rib turbulators

Abstract Spatially-resolved-local flow structure, spatially-averaged flow structure, and surface Nusselt numbers are presented and compared for stationary channels with aspect ratios of 4 and rib turbulators inclined at 45°. Two different rib arrangements with perpendicular and parallel orientations on two opposite surfaces are investigated at Reynolds numbers (based on channel height), Re H from 480 to 18,300. Comparisons show important local Nusselt number differences for the two rib arrangements, especially just upstream of the ribs, which are due to significant differences in global and local primary- and secondary-flow characteristics.