cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chip-integrated plasmonic flat optics for mid-infrared full-Stokes polarization detection

Flat optics presents a new path to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization state of light with ultracompact devices. Here we demonstrate chip-integrated metasurface devices for polarization detection of mid-infrared light with arbitrary polarization states. Six high-performance microscale linear and circular polarization filters based on vertically stacked plasmonic metasurfaces (with total thickness <600 nm) are integrated on the same chip to obtain all four Stokes parameters of light with high accuracy. The device designs can be tailored to operate at any wavelength in the mid-infrared spectral region and are feasible for on-chip integration with mid-infrared (mid-IR) photodetectors and imager arrays. Our work will enable on-chip mid-IR polarimeters and polarimetric imaging systems, which are highly desirable for many applications, such as clinical diagnosis, target detection, and space exploration.
Conducting Polyphonic Human-Robot Communication: Mastering Crescendos and Diminuendos in Transparency

Intelligent Agent-based transparency is an important tool for improving trust and reliance calibration in human-agent teaming. Further, flexibility in amount and type of transparency information provided to human collaborators may allow for the accommodation of known biases (e.g., misuse and disuse). To understand the utility of transparency manipulation, it is important to consider the context of the manipulation. This report considers two contextual factors that might influence the impact of transparency: hysteresis and face threat. We describe the nature of the influence of these factors, and provide a short demonstration of their influence. Outcomes show that order of transparency and face threat affect the impact of transparency information on performance, reliance, and trust. This demonstration makes the case that an adaptive transparency paradigm should consider other aspects of human-agent interaction for successful application.
Finding the Brain in the Nose

Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.
Invariants of Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Affine Geometry

Using the method of moving frames we analyze the algebra of differential invariants for surfaces in three-dimensional affine geometry. For elliptic, hyperbolic, and parabolic points, we show that if the algebra of differential invariants is non-trivial, then it is generically generated by a single invariant.
Abstract 519: Exploring the potential of human nanobodies against thymidine kinase 1 for the targeting of lung cancer cells

Single domain antibodies or nanobodies (Nbs) have positively proved effective for the targeting of multiple tumor targets. This study describes the isolation of human Nbs against the tumor proliferation biomarker thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). The anti-TK1 Nbs were used to target membrane associated TK1 in the non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines NCI-H460 and A549 cells. TK1 is a pyrimidine salvage enzyme that is upregulated in malignant tissues. Recently, we have reported the presence of a TK1 form that is associated to the cell membrane in breast, lung and colon tumors as well as leukemia. Our findings suggest that targeting of TK1 in proliferating cancer cells may be an alternative approach for the treatment of cancer. Using phage display technology, we isolated a total of 237 nanobodies from the Daniel Christ DAb library. After 2-4 rounds of selection the affinity of the nanobodies to TK1 was tested with monoclonal phage ELISA using human recombinant TK1. Ten of the most sensitive anti-TK1 Nbs were then selected and evaluated with dose response curves as possible candidates for preclinical testing. The dose response curves showed R squares values ranging from 0.9738-0.9980 fitting a sigmoidal curve. Thus, indicating a strong antibody dose response relationship specific for TK1. In addition, the specificity of the TK1 antibodies was tested by screening against unrelated proteins and cell lysate from an siRNA TK1 knockdown using monoclonal phage ELISA. Nanobodies showed negligible binding when screened against TK1 non related proteins. Validation of the anti-TK1 Nbs with TK1 siRNA knockdown showed a significant reduction on the Nbs binding compared to wild type. The sensitivity of the anti-TK1 Nbs to detect TK1 was within the nanomolar range (between 100-20 ng/ml) and had thermostable standing temperatures between 50-75 °C. The anti-TK1 Nbs were used to detect membrane associated TK1 in the non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines NCI-H460 and A549. The phage nanobodies showed binding capacity to TK1 on cancer cells with 30- 60% of positive cells for NCI-H460 and 25 to 40% for A549 cells. Human Nbs represent a valuable resource for the detection and the targeting of TK1 in proliferating tumor cells. Further work is required to enable the exploration of the therapeutic uses of anti-TK1 Nb-based therapies and their incorporation to cell adoptive therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies. Citation Format: Edwin J. Velazquez, Jordan D. Cress, Kathryn R. Smith, David M. Bellini, Jonathan R. Skidmore, Zachary D. Ewell, Richard A. Robison, Kim L. O9Neill. Exploring the potential of human nanobodies against thymidine kinase 1 for the targeting of lung cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 519.
Three-Dimensional Stochastic Modelling of Wavy Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are frequently used as the nanoscale filler materials. It has been observed that when they are added to the polymer matrix by a small fraction, they are able to form a strong yet light-weight multifunctional composite materials. Previous studies found these properties to be significantly influenced by the morphology of CNTs embedded in the matrix. In general, long CNTs become wavy and randomly oriented when dispersed in the matrix material. Collectively, they form an interconnected network. Over the past several decades, many theoretical and computational studies have been carried out to capture the mechanics of CNT-reinforced nanocomposites. In most of these models, CNTs are modeled as straight fibers. In addition, a perfect interphase between CNT and epoxy is generally assumed. As such, these models may not capture the realistic morphology of CNT reinforced composites. In the current study, we have developed a method to construct stochastic three-dimensional finite element models of wavy CNT reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Both aligned type and randomly distributed type are considered. Uniform random distributions are assumed for both waviness and orientation angles of the dispersed CNTs. To study the effect of waviness on the elastic properties, finite element models with maximum CNT waviness angles of 0° (straight), 10° , 20° , and 30° are generated for CNT volume fractions ranging from 0.1 to 1%. A significant decrease in the properties is observed as the maximum allowable waviness angle (θmax) of the embedded CNTs in the epoxy is increased. The obtained values are compared with the theoretical models available in the literature. The three-phase model including CNTs, CNT/epoxy interphase and matrix is also studied to evaluate the effect of ‘soft’ (Ei = 10–75% Em) as well as ‘hard’ interphase (Ei = 110–175% Em) on the composite modulus. These results suggest that due to ineffective load transfer between CNT and epoxy in the presence of CNT waviness, the elastic modulus of the CNT composites is compromised by 4–8%. The modulus is further decreased by nearly 2.5% as the CNT/epoxy interphase modulus decreases by 90%. The ‘hard’ interphase model confirms an efficient load transfer from matrix to CNT fibers, leading to the increase in composite stiffness. It is found that the composite modulus is more sensitive to the ‘soft’ interphase.
Risk factors for de novo and therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are classified as de novo and therapy-related (tMDS). We evaluated associations between MDS risk factors separately for de novo and tMDS. The study population included 346 de novo MDS cases, 37 tMDS cases and 682 population controls frequency matched by age and sex. Polytomous logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). After adjustment, former smoking status (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.10–1.93), personal history of autoimmune disease (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.99–1.82) and exposure to benzene (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.00–2.19) were associated with de novo MDS. Risk estimates for the associations between smoking, autoimmune disease, and benzene exposure were similar in magnitude but non-significant in tMDS cases. Among individuals with a previous diagnosis of cancer, de novo MDS cases and controls were more likely to have had a previous solid tumor, while tMDS cases more commonly had a previous hematologic malignancy. We observed similar associations between smoking, history of autoimmune disease and benzene exposure in de novo and tMDS although estimates for tMDS were imprecise due to small sample sizes. Future analyses with larger sample sizes will be required to confirm whether environmental factors influence risk of tMDS.
Disparities in Trial of Labor among Women with Twin Gestations in the United States

Objective The aim of the study is to examine clinical and demographic factors associated with trial of labor (TOL) among women with twin gestations eligible for a vaginal delivery. Study design This was a population-based cohort study of women giving birth to twin gestations in the United States (2012-2014). Inclusion criteria for the analysis included live births greater than 23 weeks' gestation and a cephalic presenting twin. Women with prior cesarean delivery were excluded. Women were categorized by whether they underwent a TOL. Clinical and demographic characteristics associated with TOL status were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Secondary analyses with stratification by parity and by second twin presentation were performed. Results Of 90,000 women eligible for inclusion, a minority (39.3%) underwent TOL. Women who had a greater gestational age at delivery were more likely to have a TOL. In contrast, several demographic factors were associated with decreased likelihood of TOL, including maternal age >35 years and identifying as Hispanic or Asian compared with non-Hispanic White. No differences in odds of TOL were observed for women who were identified as non-Hispanic Black versus non-Hispanic White, nor were other demographic factors such as marital status, insurance status, or educational attainment associated with undergoing TOL. Clinical factors associated with decreased odds of TOL included nulliparity, obesity, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Results did not substantively change when stratified by parity or second twin presentation, nor did findings differ in the subgroup who delivered at 32 weeks of gestation or greater. Conclusion In this large population of women with twins who were eligible for a TOL, a minority of individuals attempted a vaginal delivery. Demographic and clinical factors such as older maternal age, Asian or Hispanic racial or ethnic identification, nulliparity, and obesity are associated with decreased odds of undergoing TOL. Key points · Understanding disparities in trial of labor among patients with twins is key to promoting equity.. · Older maternal age and identifying as Hispanic or Asian were associated with lower odds of TOL.. · Nulliparity, obesity, and hypertension were associated with decreased odds of TOL..
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Robotic vs. Laparoscopic Hepatectomy: A Propensity-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study of American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database

BackgroundRobotic and laparoscopic hepatectomies having increased utilization as minimally invasive techniques are explored for hepatobiliary malignancies. Although the data on outcomes from these ...
Transport information geometry: Riemannian calculus on probability simplex

We formulate the Riemannian calculus of the probability set embedded with $$L^2$$ -Wasserstein metric. This is an initial work of transport information geometry. Our investigation starts with the probability simplex (probability manifold) supported on vertices of a finite graph. The main idea is to embed the probability manifold as a submanifold of the positive measure space with a weighted graph Laplacian operator. By this viewpoint, we establish torsion–free Christoffel symbols, Levi–Civita connections, curvature tensors and volume forms in the probability manifold by Euclidean coordinates. As a consequence, the Jacobi equation, Laplace-Beltrami, Hessian operators and diffusion processes on the probability manifold are derived. These geometric computations are also provided in the infinite-dimensional density space (density manifold) supported on a finite-dimensional manifold. In particular, we present an identity connecting among Baker–Emery $$\Gamma _2$$ operator (carre du champ itere), Fisher–Rao metric and optimal transport metric. Several examples are demonstrated.
Negative Molecular Ion Analysis of Inorganic Sulfur-Oxygen Salts by SIMS

An important feature of secondary ion mass spectra is the presence of polyatomic ions. Due to the low mass resolutions of most SIMS instruments, these ions were initially regarded as a serious mass interference problem for SIMS elemental analysis. Currently, several research groups are exploring the analytical potential of molecular secondary ions for providing bonding structural information. This paper describes an investigation of the relationship between secondary ion emission and anion stoichiometry in inorganic salts. Three simple sulfur-oxygen anions, SO4 −2, SO3 −2, and S2O3 −2 were examined. A clear relationship between the anion stoichiometry and the negative molecular secondary ion emission pattern was established.
Effects of Pre- and Post-natal smoke exposure on airway neural responses

Abundant epidemiological data shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy or second-hand smoke exposure during neonatal life and infancy increases the incidence of respiratory illnesses later in life. However, underlying mechanisms initiated in early life but affecting adult disease remain undefined. Neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are neurotrophic factors essential in promoting and maintaining differentiation, growth, and survival of central and peripheral nervous system. The goal of this proposal is to examine the potential role of neurotrophin release in mediating long-term effects of prenatal and early postnatal smoke exposure. Our studies showed that an initial exposure to smoke during prenatal and early postnatal periods significantly changed lung function, substance P (SP) innervation in trachea and the level of NGF in BAL fluid after re-exposure to smoke on adult (postnatal day (PD) 60). In controls, smoke exposure (PD 28) with a subsequent re-exposure at PD 60 did not affect lung function or SP innervation or NGF levels. PCR array revealed enhanced expression of multiple genes including NGF and its receptor by smoke exposure only during early prenatal periods. These data suggest that a critical period of exposure exists in early periods of development. Increased expression of NGF and its receptor in airway caused by smoke exposure may enhance susceptibility to respiratory illnesses in adult. These findings have obvious and significant implication both for smoking during pregnancy and the effects of second hand tobacco smoke exposure. The study provides evidence that prenatal and early postnatal life are periods of enhanced susceptibility to detrimental effects of cigarette smoke. These effects appear to be mediated through the release of neurotrophic factors like NGF which regulate growth and maturation of the airway during these susceptible periods.
Effects of Summer Programs on the Self-Concepts of Gifted Children.

The self-concepts of gifted students are often measured as a part of the assessment of program outcomes. This study examined the self-concepts of 508 gifted students in grades five through ten who participated in three summer residential programs. Two self-concept measures, the ME Scale and the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale, were administered at the beginning and at the end of each of the programs. Self-concept scores across all grade levels and programs were significantly higher at the end of the programs. Sex differences were found in one program with the scores of sixth grade boys declining somewhat. In general, summer residential programs appear to enhance the self-concepts of gifted participants.
All around Australia and overseas: Christianity and indigenous identities in Central Australia 1988

This paper discusses the themes and practices of Christian performance at the Western Desert Aboriginal community of Warlungurru in 1988,1 six years after the Pintupi return to their homelands (see Myers 1986; McMillan 1988; Nathan & Japanangka Leichleitner 1983) and the enthusiastic Christian revival—nightly Gospel singing, a ban on gambling—experienced in the first years of their return. My concern is with how a distinctively Lutheran focus in Pintupi Christianity (in opposition to competing Pentecostal orientations in Central Australia at that time) was grasped by some Pintupi as a structure organising relations between Indigenous people and others in the world, and how specialised knowledge constituted positions of prestige and authority. Thus, I explore certain convergences between prior Indigenous formulations of personhood and relatedness and the way in which Lutheran Christianity was articulated during this period.
Transcription of the herpes simplex virus genome during productive and latent infection.

Publisher Summary Herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating, icosahedral, and enveloped DNA viruses that infect members of all groups of vertebrates. Herpesviruses are generally grouped into three divisions—namely, α-herpesviruses, β-herpesviruses, and γ-herpesviruses. Productive replication of all herpesviruses studied to date involves a regulated cascade of viral gene products in which control of viral messenger RNA abundance plays a central role. The plasticity in the structure and organization of herpesvirus genomes is indicative of a basic feature of productive viral replication—herpesvirus genomes are promoter-rich and generally the expression of a given protein is mediated by a specific promoter mapping at that gene. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) is the prototype and best studied representative of the α-herpesvirus group. It is neurotropic and establishes latent infections in sensory neurons. It is characterized by an extremely rapid productive replication cycle and can replicate in a large group of animals, tissues, and cultured cells. Productive infection of a cell by HSV involves a number of stages representing different levels of viral gene expression and interaction of viral gene products with host machinery. Virus entry requires sequential interaction between specific viral membrane glycoproteins and cellular receptors, notably heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The transcriptional events occurring during the programmed interplay between virus and host are shown in the chapter. All of the HSV promoters extensively analyzed are clearly representative of the types of cellular promoters and require cellular transcription factors for activity.
Obtaining Hardware Performance Metrics for the BlueGene/L Supercomputer

Hardware performance monitoring is the basis of modern performance analysis tools for application optimization. We are interested in providing such performance analysis tools for the new BlueGene/L supercomputer as early as possible, so that applications can be tuned for that machine. We are faced with two challenges in achieving that goal. First, the machine is still going through its final design and assembly stages and, therefore, it is not yet available to system and application programmers. Second, and most important, key hardware performance metrics, such as instruction counters and Level 1 cache behavior counters, are missing from the BlueGene/L architecture. Our solution to those problems has been to implement a set of nonarchitected performance counters in an instruction-set simulator of BlueGene/L, and to provide a mechanism for executing code to retrieve the value of those counters. Using that mechanism, we have ported a version of the libHPM performance analysis library. We validate our implementation by comparing our results for BlueGene/L to analytical models and to results from a real machine.
Pathophysiology of endotoxin shock in the primate

Abstract The intravenous administration of coliform endotoxin to healthy baboons produced a precipitous fall in renal artery flow, a profound drop in the platelet count, and a marked increase in plasma norepinephrine levels within 3 minutes. There was no significant change in aortic pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, or circulation time over this period. After 3 to 10 minutes, simultaneous shortening of the plastic clotting time and intensive stimulation of the fibrinolytic system occurred. By 60 minutes, progressive deterioration of the coagulation mechanism had occurred. After the initial rise, the plasma norepinephrine levels began to fall and were near normal at 120 minutes. Response of isolated atria from baboons pretreated with endotoxin showed that endotoxin pretreatment caused reduced responsiveness to l-norepinephrine and tyramine. These studies have clarified the pathophysiology of endotoxin shock in the primate to some degree, suggesting that selective vasospasm, intravascular coagulation, and reduced myocardial response all play a part.
Financial video games: A financial literacy tool for social workers

The purpose of this article is to describe a new approach to practice for social workers, providing financial education services to their clients through the use of personal-finance video games. Addressing the financial concerns of individuals and families has long been part of social work practice. However, video games designed for educational purposes (i.e. digital game-based learning) provide a new interactive teaching method which emphasizes experiential learning. Some technological advantages to using video games for educational purposes are: interactivity, accessibility, individualization, low cost per user, the ease of updating the content, and the attractiveness of the graphics. Educational video games support and strengthen: school achievement, cognitive abilities, motivation towards learning, attention and concentration. Overall, the literature indicates that digital game-based learning is a viable and promising method for social workers to provide financial educational services to their clients.
Interparticle Spacing and Structural Ordering in Superlattice PbS Nanocrystal Solids Undergoing Ligand Exchange

Controlling the interparticle spacing in quantum dot (QD) solids is the most readily accessible way to control transport rates between neighboring QDs and a critical strategy for device optimization. Here, we use X-ray scattering to accurately measure the interparticle spacing in films of highly monodisperse lead sulfide (PbS) QDs that have undergone a variety of device-relevant ligand exchanges. We tabulate these values for use in simulations and to assist in data interpretation. We find that monothiol and dithiol ligand species typically result in interparticle spacings that are equal to the length of a single monothiol or dithiol ligand. Additionally, we find that spin-coating a thick film of QDs followed by a long-duration ligand exchange results in a significantly closer-packed arrangement than spin-coating many thin layers with short-duration ligand exchanges in between (layer-by-layer method). The former method preserves a remarkable degree of the superlattice order that was present in the film pri...
The European Union and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Continuing the Development of European Ocean Use Management

The European Union has been engaged in an effort to develop a marine strategy to protect the marine environment and a more encompassing integrated maritime policy that would provide a comprehensive system for the management of the uses of the marine areas of Europe. An earlier article by the author described the beginnings of this policy development; this article examines the subsequent 2008 Directive of the European Parliament and the Council, which establishes a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive provides a plan of action with designated responsibilities and obligations and a schedule that is to be adhered to by member states and the European Commission. It represents a significant step in the European endeavor to advance ocean use management and sets the stage for future development of European marine policy.
Fiscal systems and uneven regional development in China, 1978–1991

Abstract This paper investigates China's changing fiscal system and its impact on uneven regional development. It reveals that Mao's fiscal system was featured by centralized revenue collection and inter-regional budget transfers, giving few incentives to the provinces. Post-Mao China has partially changed Mao's fiscal system, mainly through the introduction of the contracting system and fiscal decentralization. Fiscal decentralization has reduced the fiscal control of the central government and given the provinces more autonomy and incentives in economic development. However, the decentralization of expenditure responsibilities has been slower than that of revenue generation and market-oriented adjustment mechanisms have not been successfully established. Moreover, the provinces were not equally treated by the central government in revenue sharing and tax collection. The coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Fujian received more preferential fiscal policies while the three provincial-level municipalities of Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin were still tightly controlled. The proliferation of extrabudgetary funds has further differentiated the provinces in local spending. Different fiscal systems in different provinces have significantly contributed to uneven regional development in post-Mao China where some coastal regions experienced dramatic growth while others fell behind.
Flexible pyramids array 2D diffraction grating for in-situ measurement of fluid refractive index and pressure

Flexible 2D grating with nano-pyramids array used for in-situ and highly sensitive measurement of refractive index and pressure of fluid is demonstrated for potential application in blood monitoring in dialysis.
Exponential upwinding and integrating factors for symmetrization

Exponential upwinding in the Petrov–Galerkin method for convection diffusion problems is related to the use of integrating factors for transforming the problem to a (symmetric) self-adjoint form. The technique yields non-oscillatory approximations on coarse meshes.
Can the Media Discipline Chinese Firms’ Pollution Behaviors? The Mediating Effects of the Public and Government

Extant stakeholder studies posit that the media have a direct impact on firms’ pollution behaviors. By integrating agenda-setting theory with the stakeholder framework, we propose the media exert an influence on firms’ pollution behaviors through two primary stakeholders: the government and the public. Longitudinal archival data collected from Chinese newspapers in 2009 indicate that the government tends to take actions upon the official newspaper reports, while the public acts upon the reports from commercialized papers. Both the government’s and the public’s actions can prompt the firm to provide solutions to its pollution problems. In addition, the government’s actions mediate the relationship between official media coverage and firm solutions, and the public’s actions mediate the link between commercialized media coverage and firm solutions.
Unsteady Aerodynamic Analysis of a Bird-Damaged Turbofan

The unsteady aerodynamic behavior of a bird-damaged fan stage at the inlet of a highbypass turbofan engine is examined with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) aerodynamic model suitable for use in an aeroelastic response calculation. ANSYS CFX, a commercially available CFD solver, is utilized to perform the steady-state and unsteady CFD calculations for the undamaged and damaged fan. The damaged fan sector consists of 5 damaged blades that correspond to the geometry resulting from a bird strike. An automated mesh deformation scheme using radial basis function interpolation is developed to generate a high quality computational mesh for the damaged geometry. The steadystate calculations of the undamaged fan are verified against those from an industry CFD solver. The steady-state calculations of the damaged fan predict a flow loss of 14.7% with the operating point being near the stall point of the characteristic curve. Furthermore, significant separation and recirculation of the flow results from the damaged blades. The unsteady calculations of the damaged fan exhibit a periodic behavior in which the mass flow rate and total pressure ratio oscillate due to the progression and regression of a region of stalled flow emanating from the damaged sector.
Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel.

Background Trials of a vaginal Tenofovir gel for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV have given conflicting results. Knowledge of concentrations of Tenofovir and its active form Tenofovir diphosphate, at putative sites of anti-HIV functioning, is central to understanding trial outcomes and design of products and dosage regimens. Topical Tenofovir delivery to the vaginal environment is complex, multivariate and non-linear; determinants relate to drug, vehicle, dosage regimen, and environment. Experimental PK methods cannot yield mechanistic understanding of this process, and have uncontrolled variability in drug sampling. Mechanistic modeling of the process could help delineate its determinants, and be a tool in design and interpretation of products and trials. Methods and Findings We created a four-compartment mass transport model for Tenofovir delivery by a gel: gel, epithelium, stroma, blood. Transport was diffusion-driven in vaginal compartments; blood concentration was time-varying but homogeneous. Parameters for the model derived from in vitro and in vivo PK data, to which model predictions gave good agreement. Steep concentration gradients occurred in stroma ≤8 hours after gel release. Increasing epithelial thickness delayed initial TFV delivery to stroma and its decline: tmax increased but AUC at 24 hours was not significantly altered. At 24 and 48 hours, stromal concentrations were 6.3% and 0.2% of Cmax. Concentrations in simulated biopsies overestimated stromal concentrations, as much as ∼5X, depending upon time of sampling, biopsy thickness and epithelial thickness. Conclusions There was reasonably good agreement of model predictions with clinical PK data. Conversion of TFV to TFV-DP was not included, but PK data suggest a linear relationship between them. Thus contrasts predicted by this model can inform design of gels and dosage regimens in clinical trials, and interpretation of PK data. This mass transport based approach can be extended to TFV conversion to TFV-DP, and to other drugs and dosage forms.
Geometric and physical scaling of river dimensions

Abstract The objective of this paper is to determine how the mensuration and hydrodynamics of a mature river system changes when some parameter such as length varies. The development permits scaling the dimensions of a terrestrial river directly to its lunar homologue. The theory puts on a firm basis the fundamental relations of the hydraulic geometry of rivers on the Earth.
Flexor tendon forces: In vivo measurements

S-shaped force transducers were developed for measurement of the forces along intact tendons. After calibration, the transducers were applied to the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons of the index finger in five patients operated on for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. The tendon forces generated during passive and active motion of the wrist and fingers were recorded. For pinch function, the amount of the applied load was measured with a special pinch meter. Tendon forces in the range of 0.1 to 0.6 kgf were measured during passive mobilization of the wrist. Tendon forces up to 0.9 kgf were present during passive mobilization of the fingers. Tendon forces up to 3.5 kgf were present during active unresisted finger motion. Tendon forces up to 12.0 kgf were recorded during tip pinch, with a mean applied pinch force of 3.5 kgf. These results have potential application in determining the amount of force that a tendon repair would have to resist during passive as well as active postsurgical mobilizations.
Some aspects of the chemistry of cilia and flagella.

Abstract 1. 1. It is possible now to begin to define the cohesive forces responsible for the structure of the ciliary shaft and to begin the analytical dissection and isolation of the morphological components of the cilium. A simple scheme of the structuring forces is presented. From this, it is proposed that the cylinder of nine outer fibers serves, at least, as the compression element needed in the production of bending couples. 2. 2. A survey of some enzymatic properties of cilia and flagella are presented and compared. 3. 3. Evidence is summarized which allows some distinction between the mechanisms of ciliary and flagellar movement.
A hybrid display frame buffer architecture for energy efficient display subsystems

Our principal motivation is to reduce the energy consumption of display subsystems in mobile devices by introducing a hybrid frame buffer architecture into the platform. We observed that display contents on a screen are quite static for certain mobile workloads, such as web browsing. As a result, data reading from the display frame is much more frequent than the writing of new data onto the frame buffer, a state we refer to as read dominance. Based on this observation, we propose a hybrid frame buffer architecture that exploits the display contents' read-dominant property to improve the energy efficiency of display subsystems. Specifically, we employ two memory types: DRAM and Phase-Change Memory (PCM), in the display frame buffer to exploit their different read/write energy characteristics. We also present an analysis of the energy efficiency of the hybrid frame buffer based on our display content and energy consumption models. Our evaluation results show that the proposed hybrid frame buffer reduces frame buffer energy consumption by up to 43%, compared to the conventional DRAM-only frame buffer.
Marriage and Family Therapy Graduate Students’ Satisfaction with Training Regarding Religion and Spirituality

Marriage and family therapists are likely to encounter religious or spiritual clients in their career and thus are encouraged to be aware of their clients’ religious and spirituality. This awareness is often fostered within graduate training programs. This study aims to examine graduate students’ incorporation of religion and spirituality in therapy and their satisfaction with the quality and amount of training programs’ adherence to religion and spirituality. A sample of 135 graduate students from American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy accredited programs completed the survey. Findings showed that graduate students with greater levels of religiosity and spirituality were more likely to perceive it important to address religion/spirituality in therapy and to perceive there is a need for religious/spiritual education. When controlling for religious and spiritual orientations, overall regression results revealed that not having a course on religion and spirituality and perceiving a need for religious/spirituality in education predicted lower satisfaction with the amount and quality of current training surrounding these dimensions. Implications demonstrate the need to address religious/spiritual concepts in the curriculum, supervision, and in marriage and family therapy training.
Spectroscopy and photoabsorption cross sections of FNO

The spectroscopy and photoabsorption cross sections of nitrosyl fluoride are investigated in the spectral region 350-180 nm. Results for 350-250 nm are in good agreement with the initial measurements of Johnston and Bertin and later measurements from Solgadi and Flament and Huber et al. The spectrum is assigned to a series of vibrational progressions which arise from (0, 0, 0)[double prime] and involve excitation of the [nu][sub 1][prime] mode. Excitations to (n, 0, 0)[prime] and (n, 0, 1)[prime] make up the bulk of the spectrum, with promotions to (n, 1, 0)[prime], (n, 0, 2)[prime], and (n, 1, 2)[prime] becoming dominant at higher energies. Analysis of the spectrum results in values of [nu][sub 1][prime] = 1,096 cm[sup [minus]1], [nu][sub 2][prime] = 480 cm[sup [minus]1] and [nu][sub 3][prime] and [nu][sub 3][prime] is distinctly stronger than that for [nu][sub 2][prime]. Below 250 nm, a broad, featureless continuum absorption is observed, which rises in intensity from [sigma] = 1.77 [times] 10[sup [minus]20] cm[sub 2] at 245 nm to 5.24 [times] 10[sup [minus]19] cm[sub 2] at 180 nm.
Christian trophies or Asmat ethnografica?: Fr. Zegwaard and the American Museum of Natural History Asmat Collection,1958-9

Missionary collections have been considered to be scarcely more than curious accumulations of Christian trophies, collected trappings of ‘savagery’ and ‘heathenism’ and articles displaying a readin...
A GC-box is required for expression of the human vimentin gene.

Abstract Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein normally expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin. The promoter of the human vimentin gene (−1416 to +73) was shown to contain two positive-acting regions, separated by a negative region, and at least eight GC-boxes as determined by sequence homology (Rittling, S.R., Baserga, R., 1987. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3908–3915). We have analyzed the region −900 to +41 for protein binding by in vivo footprinting experiments using ligation-mediated PCR. For the various GC-boxes, we detect protein binding only to that GC-box (at position −64 and −55) closest to the transcriptional start site. Transient transfection assays of various vimentin 5′-end fragments and mutations thereof fused to the reporter gene cat indicate that this sequence is indispensable for promoter function regardless of the inclusion of upstream DNA sequences. In vitro binding studies confirm that this region binds protein specifically. We suggest that this GC-box and its binding factor are required for regulated expression of the human vimentin gene.
Considerations in choice of a clinical endpoint for AIDS clinical trials

In most clinical trials of antiretroviral therapy for patients infected with HIV, the major outcome variable has been the combined clinical endpoint of any new or recurrent AIDS defining event. We review features of combined endpoints and use data from the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA) to evaluate this outcome measure in terms of relevance, diagnostic certainty and sensitivity. We conclude that this endpoint is not relevant because: (i) the 19 different events constituting the combined endpoint are equally weighted in analyses even though they vary considerably in terms of risk of death; and (ii) events after the first are ignored, thus the event profile of patients is not taken into account in making treatment comparisons. We also conclude that power may be low with use of this endpoint if treatments under study do not have an immediate impact on disease progression, if some events which occur soon after randomization represent a disease process that has already begun to incubate, or if treatment differences for the various events constituting the combined endpoint are differentially effected by treatment. Since the ease and certainty of diagnosis of each of the 19 events also vary, we recommend that survival be the primary endpoint of antiretroviral trials, and that all opportunistic events experienced by patients, not just the first, be collected and summarized. Trial reports should include comparisons of incidence of each event by treatment group so that readers can rank events as they please. A single summary measure which considers severity and the entire event profile, as described here, would also be useful for assessing the impact of treatments on quality of life. Further research on approaches for weighting and combining multiple outcome measures is needed.
Ecological Psychology: Potential Contributions to Social Justice and Advocacy in School Settings

Inequities and disparities of various forms exist in public schools that significantly impact the academic success and healthy development of many students. The detrimental effects of social injustices within schools are often ignored by school-based professionals (SBPs) because an entrenched intrapsychic perspective dominates the professional discourse. In this article we explain how the medical model, and its discursive articulation in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), discourages SBPs from engaging in social justice advocacy in school settings. Next, we describe the ecological paradigm necessary for assessing and treating environmental-based problems within the ecosystem of students. We then argue that ecological psychology provides SBPs with a professional discourse that frames the need for social justice advocacy and action. Finally, we provide specific ways in which SBPs can become knowledgeable and empowered advoc...
Goldfish Retina: Sign of the Rod Input in Opponent Color Ganglion Cells

After light adaptation, all "on-center" ganglion cells in the dark became "red on-center," and all "off-center" cells turned into "red off-center" cells. On a chance basis, this similitude of effect between the rods and the red cones in opponent color cells was not expected. These findings indicate that in the goldfish there is some similarity between the connections of the rods and of the long-wavelength cones.
Molecular and pharmacologic targeting of angiogenesis factors — the example of pleiotrophin

Polypeptide growth factors contribute to the development and maintenance of normal tissues and are essential for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. During tumor progression these factors function as autocrine stimulators of tumor cells and/or serve to recruit stromal tissue and blood supply to the expanding tumor. In particular, tumor-induced angiogenesis appears to be significant not only for local tumor growth but also for metastasis to distant organ sites. We purified several years ago the heparin-binding growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN) from the supernatants of human breast cancer cells and demonstrated that PTN can serve as an angiogenesis factor. We found the gene expressed in a number of human tumor cell lines as well as in human tumor tissues. Here we present different approaches to inhibit production and function of this growth factor. Finally we discuss how the experience from this growth factor can be applied to improve our understanding of the role of other factors thought to contribute to tumor angiogenesis.
Domain Knowledge and Data Quality Perceptions in Genome Curation Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand genomics scientists’ perceptions in data quality assurances based on their domain knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a survey method to collect responses from 149 genomics scientists grouped by domain knowledge. They ranked the top-five quality criteria based on hypothetical curation scenarios. The results were compared using χ2 test. Findings – Scientists with domain knowledge of biology, bioinformatics, and computational science did not reach a consensus in ranking data quality criteria. Findings showed that biologists cared more about curated data that can be concise and traceable. They were also concerned about skills dealing with information overloading. Computational scientists on the other hand value making curation understandable. They paid more attention to the specific skills for data wrangling. Originality/value – This study takes a new approach in comparing the data quality perceptions for scientists across different dom...
Comparing the frequency of unrecognized attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in injured versus noninjured patients presenting for care in the pediatric emergency department.

INTRODUCTION:: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common pediatric mental health problems but often goes unrecognized. Children with ADHD have an increased risk of injuries. Whether injured children presenting to the emergency department (ED) have an increased frequency of unrecognized ADHD symptoms compared to noninjured children is not known. PURPOSE:: Examine the association of medically unrecognized ADHD symptoms in injured compared to noninjured children presenting to a pediatric ED. METHODS:: A prospective age- and sex-matched cross-sectional comparison design of parent reported ADHD symptoms based on the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale in injured and noninjured children ages 5 to 18 years. Families were excluded if ADHD was listed in the medical history by nurses or physicians or if the child was currently taking medications for ADHD. Injured children were matched with noninjured children who presented with medical complaints. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. Proportions of children with ADHD symptoms in injured and noninjured children were compared with the chi statistic. RESULTS:: One hundred sixty-four mothers of children were enrolled into the study: 82 in the injured and 82 noninjured group. The frequency of parent reported ADHD symptoms was the same in the 2 groups (9.8%). CONCLUSIONS:: Children presenting with injuries are no more likely than a noninjured age- and sex-matched group to have unrecognized ADHD based on parental screen. Targeting injured children for ADHD screening is not supported by this study. Language: en