cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery-based design for variation-tolerant SoCs

Parameter variations have emerged as a significant threat to continued CMOS scaling in the nanometer regime. Due to increasing performance penalties associated with worst-case design, recovery based design has emerged as a promising approach for dealing with the impact of variations. Previous work has applied recovery based design at the circuit and micro-architecture levels of abstraction. In this work, we address the problem of designing variation-tolerant SoCs using the recovery based design paradigm. We demonstrate that a monolithic implementation of recovery based design fails to scale for large SoCs. We propose the concept of recovery islands, wherein each island consists of one or more SoC components that can recover independent of the rest of the SoC, and demonstrate how our proposal can be easily realized via minor changes to a traditional SoC design flow. We study the tradeoffs involved in applying recovery based design at the system level. We demonstrate that it is critical to account for (i) the inherent diversity of the error-voltage profiles among various components in an SoC, and (ii) the impact of error recovery in a component on overall system performance. We then propose a systematic recovery-based SoC design methodology that partitions a given SoC into recovery islands and also computes the optimal operating points for each island, taking into account the various system level trade-offs involved. We evaluate our framework on three different SoC designs, an 802.11b MAC processor, an MPEG encoder and a Wireless Video Capture system and demonstrate an average of 32% energy savings over conventional designs.
Functional stability of messenger RNA in potato tuber slices

Abstract 1. The functional stability of messenger RNA (mRNA) was determined on potato tuber slices that had either an active or inactive metabolic rate. 2. Using the decline of amino acid incorporation in the presence of actinomycin as an index, the functional half-life during the inactive phase was 1.6 h. During the same period, the RNA required for the respiratory increase (4-fold in one day) had a half-life of 1.7 h. 3. The functional stability during the active phase (> 20 h incubation) was comprised of three types; one possessing a half-life of 1.6 h, one a half-life of over 2 h and a third that may have been pre-existing, but inactive.
In Sickness and in Health: Recent Judicial Developments in Americans with Disabilities Act Association Discrimination Cases

A little-known provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits covered employers from taking an adverse employment action against a qualified employee if a determinative factor in the adverse employment action is the disability of an associate or relative of the employee. A review of the reported court opinions indicates that plaintiff employees often encounter difficulty in these cases. Some plaintiffs are unable to prove that they are “qualified” employees at the time of the adverse employment action, and other plaintiffs find it difficult to prove that a determinative factor in the adverse employment action was the disability of the associate or relative. However, plaintiffs have achieved some success as evidenced in the 2008 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals holdings in Dewitt v. Proctor Hospital and Trujillo v. PacifiCorp. This paper describes reported U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals opinions about ADA association discrimination, its relationship to the Family and Medical Leave Act and Employee Retirement Income Security Act, and the implications for employers, employees, and lawmakers. It also offers practical guidance to both employees and employers for asserting and managing rights and potential liability in this area.
Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation for two decades: Are the results of new techniques equivalent to the Cox maze III procedure?

Objectives A significant evolution has occurred in surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) toward alternate energy sources, lesion sets, and approaches, with the intent of simplifying the Cox maze III operation and maintaining similar outcomes. Because no large comparative studies with long-term follow-up exist, we have reviewed our experience. Methods From January 1993 to January 2011, 1540 patients underwent surgical ablation for AF. The operations were performed in conjunction with repair of congenital heart disease in 351 (30%) and adult-acquired disease in 1189 patients (70%). In the 1189 patients, preoperative AF was paroxysmal in 598 (50%) and persistent in 591 (50%). The energy sources included cut and sew in 521 (44%), cryothermy in 267 (22%), radiofrequency in 262 (22%), and a combination in 139 patients (12%). The lesion sets included biatrial in 810 (68%), isolated pulmonary vein isolation in 269 (23%), and isolated left atrial in 110 (9%). AF ablation was performed during isolated mitral valve surgery in 516 patients (43%). Results The median follow-up was 33 months (maximum, 20.3 years), and late rhythm follow-up was available for 80%. The cut and sew Cox maze III procedure was superior at each follow-up interval ( P = .01, P = .03, and P P 5 years (hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.42; P 5 years (hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.66; P = .007). Conclusions The cut and sew Cox maze III procedure appears to offer significantly greater freedom from AF without antiarrhythmic medications compared with alternate energy sources and lesion sets. Although alternate energy sources offer the advantage of quicker application and the possibility of minimally invasive applications, the Cox maze III operation arguably remains the reference standard for the surgical treatment of AF and should still be considered, especially for patients for whom AF ablation is of critical importance.
Single drop breakup in developing turbulent pipe flow

An experimental study was made on the breakup of a single drop in two phase liquid-liquid developing turbulent pipe flow. The predominant breakup mechanism was controlled by dynamic pressure forces, and the drop breakup was characterized by one or two smaller drops breaking off a larger drop. The effect on the increase in interfacial area and the resulting size distribution of the fragmented drops of drop velocity, interfacial tension, initial drop size, and the distance down the pipe was studied. Regression analysis was used to determine the significant effects. Most of these regression equations had significant cubic and two-factor interactions, which is indicative of the complexity of drop breakup. The size distribution of the fragmented drops can be approximated by a normal distribution. However, the steady state distribution was not fully developed in the work here.
Dissipative Losses in Nonlinear Internal Waves Propagating across the Continental Shelf

Abstract A single nonlinear internal wave tracked more than 100 wavelengths across Oregon’s continental shelf over a 12-h period exhibited nearly constant wave speed, c = 0.75 m s−1, and amplitude, a = 15 m. The wavelength L gradually decreased from 220 m in 170-m water depth to 60 m in 70-m water depth. As the water shallowed beyond 50 m, the wave became unrecognizable as such. The total energy decreased from 1.1 to 0.5 MJ m−1. The rate at which wave energy was lost, −dE/dt = 14 [7, 22] W m−1, was approximately equal to the energy lost to turbulence dissipation, ρe = 10 [7, 14] W m−1, as inferred from turbulence measurements in the wave cores plus estimates in the wave-induced bottom boundary layer. The approximate balance, dE/dt = −ρe, differs from the solibore model of Henyey and Hoering in which the potential energy across the wave balances ρe. However, other evidence suggests that the wave evolved from a solibore-like state to a dissipative solitary wavelike state over the observed propagation path.
HDL-induced cardiac prostacyclin synthesis: Relative contribution of HDL apoprotein and lipid

Summary The objective of this study was to determine if the apoprotein or lipid constituents of high density lipoproteins (HDL) mediate HDLinduced prostacyclin synthesis in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. Acetylation, acetoacetylation, or partial removal by trypsin digestion of HDL apoprotein did not reduce the ability of the lipoprotein to stimulate cardiac prostacyclin synthesis. Delipidated apoproteins were less effective in stimulating cardiac prostacyclin synthesis in comparison to intact HDL. In contrast, protein-free lipid vesicles, made from HDL lipids, caused a pronounced stimulation of cardiac prostacyclin synthesis. These results suggest that HDL apoproteins, in their native state, are not essential for HDL-induced cardiac prostacyclin synthesis. The stimulation of cardiac prostacyclin synthesis by HDL may depend on the lipoprotein's lipid rather than on its apoprotein constituents.
Clinical Suppression of Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia with Oral Bretylium Not Predicted by Electrophysiologic Drug Testing

We report the findings in a patient in whom intravenous bretylium was the only effective agent to suppress refractory ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. After attempts to switch the patient to amiodarone and bethanidine (an oral analogue of bretylium) caused proarrhythmic effects, he was successfully converted to oral therapy with bretylium. Electrophysiologic testing was not predictive of the clinical response from oral bretylium. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a proarrhythmic effect from bethanadine and it suggests a divergence in the actions of various class 3 antiarrhythmic agents.
Genomic characterization of a novel pair of ID genes in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Summary The ID (inhibitors of DNA binding/differentiation) proteins represent a family of dominant negative regulators of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors whose activities result in delayed cell differentiation and prolonged proliferation. A pair of expressed sequence tag clones with homologies to the ID proteins were identified and used to screen a rainbow trout bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library to identify clones containing homologues sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences revealed close similarities to the rainbow trout ID1 protein, the genes were therefore classified as rainbow trout ID1B and ID1C. Genome characterization based on BAC sequencing showed each gene to have two exons separated by a small intron. The genes are 83% similar in their transcribed regions, yet they are only 64 and 65% similar in the upstream and downstream sequences, respectively. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found both genes to be expressed in a variety of tissues in the adult rainbow trout.
Origin of plagioclase-olivine inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites

Plagioclase-Olivine Inclusions (POIs) are an abundant group of chondrule-like objects with igneous textures found in carbonaceous chondrites. POIs consist of plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel, and cover a wide range of compositions between Type C Ca-Al-rich Inclusions (CAIs) and ferromagnesian chondrules. POIs are distinguished from CAIs by the absence of melilite, lack of refractory siderophile-rich opaque assemblages, more sodic plagioclase, and abundance of olivine and aluminousenstatite. Rare accessory minerals including armalcolite, zirconolite, rutile, and sapphirine are found in several POIs. The petrographie and chemical properties of POIs indicate that they are not condensates or evaporative residues but formed by melting or partial melting of pre-existing solids. Seven of fourteen POIs contain isotopically fractionated Mg, and despite their textures these POIs are not isotopically homogeneous. Spinel is the major carrier of fractionated Mg in six POIs. The magnitude of Mg isotopic fractionation (FMg) of spinel ranges from −8 to +11%./amu among the POIs but F_(Mg) is always either positive or negative within an individual POL Within a single inclusion, F_(Mg) of coexisting spinel is not constant but varies by up to 7%./amu. Isotopic fractionation of Mg in silicates is less common and always positive (F_(Mg) > 0). Pyroxenes in two POIs and plagioclase in a third contain isotopically heavy Mg. Radiogenic ^(26)Mg∗ is rare in POIs as only two inclusions show evidence of excess ^(26)Mg with ^(26)Mg^∗/^(27)Al ~ 4 × 10^(−6). The preservation of isotopic heterogeneity in objects whose igneous textures suggest crystallization from a homogeneous melt implies that melting was incomplete, allowing survival of relict phases. A comparison of the essential characteristics of POIs and CAIs suggests that the major processes leading to formation of POIs—including condensation, dust/gas fractionation, aggregation of chemically and isotopically disparate materials, and partial melting—are common to most CAIs and chondrules. We present a scenario for the formation of these objects and conclude that the homogeneity of the final assemblage—CAI, POI, or chondrule—is primarily a reflection of the thermal history rather than the nature of precursor materials.
Norepinephrine- and Epinephrine-deficient Mice Gain Weight Normally on a High-fat Diet

Objective: Signaling through adrenergic receptors (ARs) by norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) regulates weight gain when mice are fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by controlling diet-induced thermogenesis. Thus, one would predict that mice unable to make NE/Epi because of inactivation of the dopamine β-hydroxylase gene (Dbh-null mice) would have a propensity to become obese. We characterized the response of Dbh-null and control mice to a HFD. Research Methods and Procedures: Dbh-null and control mice were fed an HFD or a regular diet (RD) for 2 months. Body weight, adiposity, muscle triglyceride levels, and adipocyte size were measured, as were circulating leptin, adiponectin, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin levels. A glucose tolerance test was also preformed. Results: Dbh-null mice gain weight normally on an HFD and have the same adiposity. Their serum triglyceride and leptin levels are normal, but adipocytes are ∼30% smaller than controls. Dbh-null mice maintain low blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance when exposed to the HFD in contrast to controls. Discussion: Complete lack of NE/Epi does not predispose to obesity. Because mice lacking all three βARs become obese on an HFD, an imbalance of signaling through α- and βARs seems to be responsible for obesity. Surprisingly, Dbh-null mice maintain glucose tolerance.
Sexual Victimization Among African American Adolescent Females Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the Sexual Experiences Survey

Adolescent females are disproportionately represented among reported cases of sexual victimization. Because sexual victimization is associated with an array of negative sequelae (e.g., depression, alcohol abuse), psychometrically sound instruments are urgently needed to assess sexual victimization or coercion. The investigation conducts a preliminary analysis of the reliability and validity of the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) for a sample drawn from a high-risk population-African American adolescent females. Our analyses indicate good internal consistency for the SES with this sample. Convergent validity is demonstrated. Specifically, scores on the SES are associated with significantly lower levels of self-esteem and mastery, higher levels of depression, lower levels of family cohesion, higher levels of family conflict, and higher levels of using alcohol and being a smoker. Preliminary support for discriminant validity is also obtained. This study is a stepping stone for future investigations into the psychometric evaluation of the SES.
Assessing perceptions of occupational-family integration

Consideration of how to integrate occupational and family roles is crucial to the psychological development of adolescents and young adults today. This paper reports on a self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of involvement in occupational and family roles in young women and men. The Orientations to Occupational-Family Integration consists of three separate scales that reflect three types of orientation—(1) male traditional, (2) female traditional, and (3) male and female atraditional. Reliability and validity data are reported from two studies, one with 81 adolescent girls and one with 122 college women and men. Uses of the measure for research and educational purposes are described briefly.
Characterization of wear of tungsten carbide burs

As each restorative material has individual properties, use of tungsten carbide burs should be limited to the cutting of certain materials. Although abrasion is the primary cause of diminution of cutting efficiency of tungsten carbide burs when used to cut composite restorations, a secondary cause is adhesion of the melted resins to the flutes.
Resistance of Moniliformis dubius to the defense reactions of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana

The successful development of Moniliformis dubius is apparently dependent upon its ability to inhibit the phenoloxidase system of its host, Periplaneta americana. Inhibition of the phenoloxidase system may be directly associated with the polyanionic mucins found in the trilaminate envelope surrounding the developing acanthocephalan larva or cystacanth. It is suggested that these polyanionic mucins complex with the divalent cation, Cu2+, needed for activation of tyrosinase. Injection of an immunogen prepared from M. dubius acanthella and cystacanths apparently decreases the titer of tyrosinase but does not lead to the production of new hemolymph proteins. Changes in the female hemolymph protein pattern after saline or immunogen injection and bleeding are described. A naturally occuring agglutinin may also be present.
Error estimates for the semidiscrete finite-element approximation of a damped wave equation with a smoothing property

Error estimates are given for the semidiscrete finite-element approximation of an inhomogeneous wave equation, damped by a constant times the positive square root of the elliptic operator in the wave equation times the time derivative of the solution. The damping term smooths the solution. The smoothing property is used to obtain higher-order error estimates for positive time, even when the initial data are non-smooth.
Modal wavefront reconstruction from its gradient

Several wavefront sensing techniques provide direct or indirect measurements of the wavefront error gradient, for example the Shack–Hartmann sensor, the Foucault knife-edge test, shearing interferometry, and many others. We developed and tested a noniterative method to reconstruct the wavefront error from its gradient. The method is based on the projection of the measured gradients onto a basis derived from multiple directional derivatives that have been combined into an intermediate set of orthogonal functions. To reduce errors that arise from linear approximations, the intermediate functions can be calculated with parameters that match the known experimental conditions. This method can be implemented using any convenient set of smooth polynomials defined on a two-dimensional domain, and it is not computationally intensive. In this paper we describe the method in detail, provide an example of a possible implementation, and discuss the effect that random noise in the measured gradient has on the reconstruction.
An aufwuchs chamber slide for high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy and stereo imaging of microbial communities in natural biofilms.

Aufwuchs chamber slides were constructed by attaching a silicone rubber gasket to a glass slide with epoxy cement. For biofilm growth, the slides were suspended in Cayuga Lake near Ithaca, NY, for 27 days. Biofilms in the chamber were stained with 0.05% acridine orange. After rinsing, the chamber was filled with molten 1% agarose to stabilize filaments and delicate polymer structures at the biofilm surface. Areas of biofilm ~0.5 mm thick on the inner face of the wall of the chamber were selected for side-on optical sectioning in a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Stacks of high-resolution optical images captured by the CLSM z-sectioning software, were used to create left-right stereo image pairs. At low magnification the stereo pairs showed 3-D details of the microbial landscape in the mature biofilms. Channels, pores, and other structural features of the biofilm matrix were observed in peripheral regions. Higher magnification images revealed the 3-D distribution of specific biofilm components such as filaments of sheathed bacteria projecting outward into the liquid milieu, and organic coatings, including bacterial cells on the surfaces of mineral particles.
The Doomsday Clock Still Ticks

The article examines how continued excuses for the nuclear aggression of some countries, such as Iran, make the world an unsafe place. An overview of a meeting hosted by the “Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists” on January 13-14, 2010 is presented. The author discusses why he feels that ridding the world of nuclear weapons is the most important issue regarding the long- and short-term health and security of humanity.
Flow differentiation, phenocryst alignment, and compositional trends within a dolerite dike at Rockport, Massachusetts

Systematic variations in the volume percent, size, and orientation of plagioclase phenocrysts up to 12.0 cm long occur across a 5.6-m-thick porphyritic, alkaline dolerite dike in Rockport, Massachusetts. Field measurements indicate that phenocryst concentrations increase from nearly zero at the dike margin to 46.0 vol. % at its center. Average phenocryst size increases inward from 4.1 × 2.2 mm at the dike margin to 19.2 × 7.9 mm at the center. The increase in size and abundance of phenocrysts toward the center of the dike is interpreted as resulting from flow differentiation. The magma-flow direction is assumed to have been upward and parallel to the dike margins (N7°W stiike, 88°E dip). The strikes and dips of all elongate phenocrysts (viewed in cross section) within one traverse across the dike were measured and compared to the dike attitude to determine the degree of flow alignment across the dike. Average phenocryst strike deviations from dike strike increase inward 21.8° from the dike margin to its midpoint. Phenocryst dip-angle deviations from dike dip increase inward by 18.8°. This more pronounced Clow alignment of phenocrysts nearer the dike margins is interpreted as being a function of the more extreme velocity gradients (and resulting shear due to flow) within the marginal zones of the magma than within its interior. At least the outer few centimetres of phenocryst-free chilled dike margins may form primarily by rapid quenching of phenocryst-free magma rather than by flow differentiation. Whole-rock, major- and minor-element trends across this dike may be produced, in part, by flow differentiation. A1 2 O 3 , CaO, P 2 O 5 , and Na 2 O increase inward with plagioclase phenocryst concentrations, whereas SiO 2 , K 2 O, FeO, TiO 2 , MgO, and MnO decrease. This inward decrease in certain oxides, together with an inward (within-dike) decrease in the anorthite content of the cores of plagioclase phenocrysts, cannot be attributed to flow differentiation. The inward-decreasing chemical trends are believed to have resulted from one or a combination of several of the following processes: the concentration of silica and incompatible elements in glass (now devitrified) within chilled dike margins compared to interiors; plagioclase fractionation; continuous tapping of partial melts increasingly depleted of silica and incompatible elements; tapping of a zoned magma chamber; and greater crustal contamination of marginal liquids. Superposed on the chemical trends, the inward decrease in plagioclase anorthite content resulted from fractional crystallization.
Anorexia Nervosa and Obesity are Associated with Opposite Brain Reward Response

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder associated with food avoidance and malnutrition. In this study, we wanted to test whether we would find brain reward alterations in AN, compared with individuals with normal or increased body weight. We studied 21 underweight, restricting-type AN (age M 22.5, SD 5.8 years), 19 obese (age M 27.1, SD 6.7 years), and 23 healthy control women (age M 24.8, SD 5.6 years), using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance brain imaging together with a reward-conditioning task. This paradigm involves learning the association between conditioned visual stimuli and unconditioned taste stimuli, as well as the unexpected violation of those learned associations. The task has been associated with activation of brain dopamine reward circuits, and it allows the comparison of actual brain response with expected brain activation based on established neuronal models. A group-by-task condition analysis (family-wise-error-corrected P<0.05) indicated that the orbitofrontal cortex differentiated all three groups. The dopamine model reward-learning signal distinguished groups in the anteroventral striatum, insula, and prefrontal cortex (P<0.001, 25 voxel cluster threshold), with brain responses that were greater in the AN group, but lesser in the obese group, compared with controls. These results suggest that brain reward circuits are more responsive to food stimuli in AN, but less responsive in obese women. The mechanism for this association is uncertain, but these brain reward response patterns could be biomarkers for the respective weight state.
Occurrence and Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Beach Sand along the California Coast

This report documents the presence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in sand at 53 California marine beaches using both culture-dependent and -independent (PCR and quantitative PCR [QPCR]) methods. Fecal indicator bacteria were widespread in California beach sand, with Escherichia coli and enterococci detected at 68% and 94% of the beaches surveyed, respectively. Somatic coliphages and a Bacteroidales human-specific fecal marker were detected at 43% and 13% of the beaches, respectively. Dry sand samples from almost 30% of the beaches contained at least one of the following pathogens: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which were detected at 15%, 13%, 14%, and 3% of tested beaches, respectively. Fecal indicators and pathogens were poorly correlated to one another and to land cover. Sands were dry at the time of collection, and those with relatively high moisture tended to have higher concentrations or a more frequent occurrence of both indicators and pathogens. Using culture-dependent assays, fecal indicators decayed faster than pathogens in microcosm experiments using unaltered beach sand seeded with sewage and assessed by culture-dependent assays. The following order of persistence was observed (listed from most to least persistent): Campylobacter > Salmonella > somatic coliphages > enterococci > E. coli > F(+) phages. In contrast, pathogens decayed faster than fecal indicators in culture-independent assays: enterococci > Bacteroidales human-specific marker > Salmonella > Campylobacter. Microcosm experiments demonstrated that both indicators and pathogens were mobilized by wetting with seawater. Decay rates measured by QPCR were lower than those measured with culture-dependent methods. Enterococcal persistence and possible growth were observed for wetted microcosms relative to unwetted controls.
Formal specification of information flow security policies and their enforcement in security critical systems

We propose the view that formal specification of a security critical system can be realized by placing suitable restrictions on the otherwise unrestricted functional behavior of its entities. We propose a framework based on traces for developing the specification of such a system. We come up with the characterization of a specification that maximizes functionality of the system with respect to the security policy that it is required to satisfy. The utility of the concepts developed in this paper are illustrated by considering the implementation of MLS policy expressed as restrictions on the information flow relations using the access control mechanisms provided by the take-grant model. >
On the asymptotic properties of a residential heater/air conditioner duty cycle

The asymptotic properties of two probabilistic solutions for the duty cycle of a residential thermostat controlled heater/air conditioner unit was considered. The probabilistic solutions were derived previously from a physical thermodynamical model of the indoor temperature of a residential house as seen by a thermostat. The duty cycle solutions considered are functions of the house parameters, outdoor temperature, and the random effects of household activities (driving noise process). It is shown that the conventional (deterministic) duty cycle represents, as expected, a special case of the two solutions. >
Distributed Beamforming and Rate Allocation in Multi-Antenna Cognitive Radio Networks

We consider decentralized multi-antenna cognitive radio networks where secondary (cognitive) users are granted simultaneous spectrum access along with license-holding (primary) users. We investigate the problem of designing beamformers for the secondary users by maximizing the minimum rate, subject to a limited sum-power budget and constraints on the interference level imposed on each primary receiver. We consider two scenarios: the first one allows only single-user decoding at each secondary receiver whereas in the second case each secondary receiver is allowed to employ advanced multi-user decoding and is free to decode any subset of secondary users. We provide an optimal distributed algorithm for the first scenario and an explicit formulation of the optimization problem corresponding to the second scenario. This problem however is non-convex and hence cannot be efficiently solved even in a centralized setup. As a remedy, we suggest a two-step approach. In particular, the beamformers are first designed assuming single user decoding at each secondary receiver. An optimal distributed low-complexity algorithm is then proposed to allocate excess rates to the secondary users, which are made possible due to the use of advanced decoders at the secondary receivers. Simulation results demonstrate the gains yielded by the optimal beamformers as well as the rate allocation algorithms.
Bringing the Partner Into Attachment Theory and Research

In this commentary, we discuss the significant role that relationship partners assume in the everyday lives of individuals. As Shaver and Mikulincer's excellent review indicates, the partner seems to be missing from large sections of attachment theory and research. This is problematic because partners are often the most salient and important feature in an individual's daily environment. We discuss why partners are “missing,” why their inclusion in research is essential, and how bringing the partner more directly into attachment theory and research will provide novel and important insights into romantic relationships. We highlight these points by discussing research that has examined the impact of partners on relationships in the context of Simpson and Rholes's (2012) attachment diathesis-stress process model.
Metabolism of phenylpropanoid compounds in Salvia. II. Biosynthesis of phenolic cinnamic acids.

p-Coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids were found to occur in Salvia splendens Sello in alkali-labile compounds of unknown constitution. A number of C14-labelled compounds were administere...
The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults.

Results Compared with the BRFSS and the PACE, the RAPA was more positively correlated with the CHAMPS moderate caloric expenditure (r = 0.54 for RAPA, r = 0.40 for BRFSS, and r = 0.44 for PACE) and showed as good or better sensitivity (81%), positive predictive value (77%), and negative predictive value (75%) as the other tools. Specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value of the questions on flexibility and strength training were in the 80% range, except for specificity of flexibility questions (62%). Mean caloric expenditure per week calculated from the CHAMPS was compared between those who did and those who did not meet minimum recommendations for moderate or vigorous physical activity based on these selfreport questionnaires. The RAPA outperformed the PACE and the BRFSS. Conclusion
Lung Vascular Injury

I n this paper I introduce some new developments in the study of lung vascular injury and revisit some older approaches that need a fresh look. Lung vascular injury is becoming more and more fascinating as findings and techniques in other fields are adapted to lung vessels. Most topics of the Aspen Conference related to lung vascular injury; I tried to avoid duplication and concentrated on a few interesting areas.
Design, Modeling and Testing of Polysilicon Optothermal Actuators for Power Scavenging Wireless Microrobots

The biggest hurdle to be solved, in order to create autonomous Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microrobots, is generating power for their actuator engines. Most present actuators require orders of magnitude more power than is presently available from micropower sources. To enable smaller microrobots, this research investigated a simplified power concept that eliminates the need for on-board power supplies and control circuitry by using actuators powered wirelessly from the environment. The use of lasers to directly power micrometer scale silicon thermal actuators was explored. Optothermal actuators, intended for use on a small wirelessly propelled autonomous MEMS microrobot, were modeled, designed, fabricated and tested, using the PolyMUMPs silicon-metal chip fabrication process. A 760 µm by 710 µm prototype MEMS polysilicon-based microrobot, using optothermal actuators, was designed, fabricated and tested. Each of its parts was demonstrated to provide actuation using energy from an external laser. The optothermal actuators provided 2 µm of deflection to the microrobot drive shaft, with 60 mW of pulsed laser power. The results of these experiments demonstrated the validity of a new class of wireless polysilicon actuators for MEMS devices, which are not directly dependant on electrical power for actuation. The experiments also demonstrated a potentially viable design that could be used to propel the worlds smallest autonomous MEMS microrobot.
Effects of Bisphenol-A and Other Endocrine Disruptors Compared With Abnormalities of Schizophrenia: An Endocrine-Disruption Theory of Schizophrenia

In recent years, numerous substances have been identified as so-called “endocrine disruptors” because exposure to them results in disruption of normal endocrine function with possible adverse health outcomes. The pathologic and behavioral abnormalities attributed to exposure to endocrine disruptors like bisphenol-A (BPA) have been studied in animals. Mental conditions ranging from cognitive impairment to autism have been linked to BPA exposure by more than one investigation. Concurrent with these developments in BPA research, schizophrenia research has continued to find evidence of possible endocrine or neuroendocrine involvement in the disease. Sufficient information now exists for a comparison of the neurotoxicological and behavioral pathology associated with exposure to BPA and other endocrine disruptors to the abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. This review summarizes these findings and proposes a theory of endocrine disruption, like that observed from BPA exposure, as a pathway of schizophrenia pathogenesis. The review shows similarities exist between the effects of exposure to BPA and other related chemicals with schizophrenia. These similarities can be observed in 11 broad categories of abnormality: physical development, brain anatomy, cellular anatomy, hormone function, neurotransmitters and receptors, proteins and factors, processes and substances, immunology, sexual development, social behaviors or physiological responses, and other behaviors. Some of these similarities are sexually dimorphic and support theories that sexual dimorphisms may be important to schizophrenia pathogenesis. Research recommendations for further elaboration of the theory are proposed.
The Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Cardiac Function

Today, anesthesia is considered necessary for many types of surgeries and procedures. In general, anesthesia may provide analgesia, amnesia, hypnosis, and muscle relaxation. The depth of administered anesthesia can vary from minimal sedation to general anesthesia (Table 1). General anesthesia typically causes significant alterations in hemodynamics, especially during induction of anesthesia. Importantly, both inhalational and intravenous anesthetics can affect cardiovascular performance; this includes effects on cardiac output, heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac conduction system, myocardial contractility, coronary blood flow, or blood pressures. Yet, the choice of inhalational and intravenous anesthetics is typically associated with the patient’s underlying cardiovascular status, such as the presence of heart failure and hypovolemia. The primary goal of this chapter is to make commonly employed methodologies and anesthetics more familiar to the reader, with particular attention to the potential influences on the cardiovascular system.
Handwritten word recognition using lexicon free and lexicon directed word recognition algorithms

The paper discusses the relative merits and complexities of two word recognition algorithms: lexicon directed and lexicon free techniques. This algorithm operates on a pre-segmented word image and yields the optimum concatenation of the image segments for each word in the lexicon. However, the computational complexity of this algorithm is quite high, as the optimum concatenation is required for every word in the lexicon. In the lexicon free word matching process, the character likelihood for all the letters are calculated and the maximum likelihood value and the associated letter are determined. In this approach an optimum string results from the concatenation process. The word matching process is applied only once for an input word image. Comparative results with regard to accuracy, speed and size of lexicon are presented.
A 12b 250 MS/s Pipelined ADC With Virtual Ground Reference Buffers

The virtual ground reference buffer (VGRB) technique is introduced as a means to improve the performance of switched-capacitor circuits. The technique enhances the performance by improving the feedback factor of the op-amp without affecting the signal gain. The bootstrapping action of the level-shifting buffers relaxes key op-amp performance requirements including unity-gain bandwidth, noise, open-loop gain and offset compared with conventional circuits. This reduces the design complexity and the power consumption of op-amp based circuits. Based on this technique, a 12 b pipelined ADC is implemented in 65 nm CMOS that achieves 67.0 dB SNDR at 250 MS/s and consumes 49.7 mW of power from a 1.2 V power supply.
Effect of specimen collection and storage on blood glucose and lactate concentrations in healthy, hyperthyroid and diabetic cats.

The objective of this study was to compare and investigate differences in glucose and lactate con- centrations in sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (NaF/Ox) plasma and serum in healthy cats and cats with metabolic disease. Glucose and lactate concentrations were determined in routinely processed serum and NaF/Ox plasma obtained from healthy (n = 30), hyperthyroid (n = 27) and diabetic (n = 30) cats, and in samples from 6 healthy cats stored at 25°C or 4°C for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 hours. The packed cell volume (PCV) of blood col- lected in NaF/Ox was compared with that of blood collected in EDTA. Mean glucose concentration was signif- icantly (P < .05) lower in NaF/Ox plasma than in serum in all groups of cats, by 0.7-2.5 mmol/L (11-45 mg/dL); the difference was greater in cats with hyperglycemia. Mean lactate concentration was significantly higher in serum than in NaF/Ox plasma in all groups of cats, by 0.4-1.2 mmol/L (3.6-10.8 mg/dL); the difference was greater in hyperthyroid and diabetic cats. In vitro, only serum stored on the clot for ≥ 1hour at 25°C had signif- icantly lower glucose and higher lactate concentrations. The PCV of NaF/Ox-anticoagulated blood was lower than that of EDTA-anticoagulated blood, by 7.0% ± 1.4% (P < .01). In conclusion, collection of feline blood in NaF/Ox was necessary to prevent in vitro increases in lactate concentration; however, NaF/Ox artifactually decreased plasma glucose concentration because of RBC shrinkage. The PCV should not be determined on blood collected in NaF/Ox. (Vet Clin Pathol 2000;29:22-28)
Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), otherwise referred to as pervasive developmental disorders, first appeared in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). Since the debut of this spectrum of disorders 29 years ago, changes in diagnostic criteria as well as increased recognition and available assessments have been thought to increase the prevalence of ASD over time (Rutter, 2005; Wing & Potter, 2002). With the development of instruments to assess for ASD among those with Intellectual Disability (ID) and the increased knowledge of ASD, adults with ID living in a variety of settings began to be assessed and given a comorbid ASD diagnosis. Currently, up to 70% of individuals with ASD also have a diagnosis of ID (Fombonne, 2005; La Malfa, Lassi, Bertelli, Salvini, & Placidi, 2004; Matson & Shoemaker, 2009).
On Learning from Nest-Seeking Honeybees and House-Hunting Ants: Collective Decision-Making and its Implications for a Condercetian Normative Theory of Foreign Law Application in U.S. Courts

This article presents a critique of Eric Posner’s and Cass Sunstein’s claim that Condorcet’s Jury Theorem provides a normative framework for the application of foreign law in U.S. courts. Through an examination of several biological studies testing the implications of the jury theorem in situations of consensus decisionmaking, I conclude that there are threshold, decisional, and perspectival flaws in the use of Condorcet in this context. The Jury Theorem does not provide a rationale or justification for the invocation of foreign law in any given case nor does it explain recourse to foreign law in one case but forbearance on such reliance in another. The Jury Theorem cannot adequately account for the necessary independence in the U.S. adjudicator during the decisionmaking process and thus cannot provide any touchstone basis on which or by which foreign law can be applied in U.S. courts. Finally, the schematic used by Posner and Sunstein fails to account for the fact that in many cases the U.S. will have already registered the relevant “vote” regarding the subject legal dispute. That being the case, the Jury Theorem presents no compelling argument as to why the U.S. should be made to change its vote simply because that vote places it in the minority of states. Thus, Condorcet does not provide an adequate or sufficient normative framework by which to govern the application of foreign law in U.S. courts.
Forced two-phase helium cooling scheme for the Mu2e transport solenoid

The Mu2e Transport Solenoid (TS) is an S-shaped magnet formed by two separate but similar magnets, TS-u and TS-d. Each magnet is quarter-toroid shaped with a centerline radius of approximately 3 m utilizing a helium cooling loop consisting of 25 to 27 horizontal-axis rings connected in series. This cooling loop configuration has been deemed adequate for cooling via forced single phase liquid helium; however it presents major challenges to forced two-phase flow such as "garden hose" pressure drop, concerns of flow separation from tube walls, difficulty of calculation, etc. Even with these disadvantages, forced two-phase flow has certain inherent advantages which make it a more attractive option than forced single phase flow. It is for this reason that the use of forced two-phase flow was studied for the TS magnets. This paper will describe the analysis using helium-specific pressure drop correlations, conservative engineering approach, helium properties calculated and updated at over fifty points, and how the results compared with those in literature. Based on the findings, the use of forced-two phase helium is determined to be feasible for steady-state cooling of the TS solenoids.
Ferroelectric surface chemistry: First-principles study of the PbTiO 3 surface

Ferroelectric surfaces provide a promising method for modifying surface reactions via an external electric field, which can potentially provide an avenue for tunable molecular binding and surface catalysis. Using first-principles density functional theory, we investigate how the properties of the PbTiO${}_{3}$ surface vary with polarization and how these changes affect CO${}_{2}$ and H${}_{2}$O adsorption. We find that the polarized stoichiometric surfaces cancel the depolarizing field with an electronic reconstruction, which has a large effect on molecular binding energies. However, thermodynamically, the system will instead cancel the depolarizing field by adjusting the surface stoichiometry. Variation of the polarization and the environmental conditions can thus be used to systematically tune the surface chemistry over a wide range. In addition, we consider the addition of several different catalytic monolayers to the PbTiO${}_{3}$ surface, and we find that additional surface layers can be used to modify the binding of molecules to the surface while still responding to the polarization of the substrate.
Seismicity in the Rangely, Colorado, area: 1962-1970

abstract Seismic data recorded for a 7-year period at the Uinta Basin Observatory were searched for earthquakes originating near an oil field at Rangely, Colorado, 65 km ESE of the observatory. Changes in the number of earthquakes recorded per year appear to correlate with changes in the quantity of fluid injected per year. Between November 1962 and January 1970, 976 earthquakes were detected near the oil field by the UBO station; 320 earthquakes were larger than magnitude 1. Richter local magnitudes are estimated from both S -wave and P -wave measurements; a method based on the duration of the seismic signal is used to estimate the magnitude of the larger shocks. Magnitude of the two largest shocks was 3.4 and 3.3. The total seismic energy released was 10 17 ergs. During this same period, the energy used for water injection, measured at the wellhead, was 10 21 ergs.
Fatigue of Materials: Small fatigue cracks

The practice of characterizing the growth of fatigue cracks on the basis of fracture mechanics primarily relies on laboratory fatigue tests on specimens containing ‘long’ flaws which are typically tens of millimeters in length. There are, however, a number of fatigue-critical engineering components, such as turbine discs and blades, whose design requires an understanding of the propagation of fatigue cracks of significantly smaller dimensions. In the majority of investigations where continuum approaches have been adopted for the characterization of small fatigue flaws (of size range from a fraction of a millimeter to several millimeters), it has been shown that the growth rates of small flaws can be significantly greater than the corresponding rates of long flaws when characterized in terms of the same nominal driving force (see Fig. 15.1). The direct application of laboratory data (derived from experiments on long fatigue cracks) to design against the failure of safety-critical components containing short flaws can, therefore, lead to dangerous overestimates of fatigue lives. Research effort in this area has led to an awareness of the apparently anomalous behavior of short fatigue cracks and has provided possible ways in which many seemingly conflicting viewpoints of total-life and defect-tolerant fatigue approaches can be rationalized in a unified fashion. To focus attention on the practical significance of the ‘short crack problem’, consider the effect of crack growth characterization on the estimated fatigue life of a commercial alloy, Fig. 15.2.