cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative food networks and food provisioning as a gendered act

Alternative food networks (AFNs) are exemplified by organic, fair trade and local foods, and promote forms of food provisioning that are ‘corrective’ to conventional agriculture and food (agrifood) systems. Despite enthusiasm for AFNs, scholars have increasingly interrogated whether inequalities are perpetuated by AFNs. Reproduction of gender inequality in AFNs, particularly at the level of consumption, has often been left empirically unexamined, however. This is problematic given that women continue to be predominantly responsible for food provisioning in the US, and that this responsibility can lead to negative physical, psychological and social outcomes. Using quantitative methods and data from the 2012 Ohio Survey of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Issues, this paper examines the extent to which gender inequality in the division of labor is reproduced in AFNs by focusing on the potential persistence of gender inequality in food provisioning among AFN participants. Findings suggest that among AFN participants, particularly those utilizing local food systems, women, compared to men, remain predominantly responsible for food provisioning, spend more time in food provisioning, and engage in more food provisioning from scratch. This research confirms that food provisioning remains a gendered act amongst AFN participants, calling attention to the persistence of gender inequality in AFNs. The paper concludes by suggesting that AFNs are positioned as a place to create change, albeit small scale, in the gendered division of household labor in the US, and provides some practical suggestions for how this might occur.
scarcity and disputing: zeroing-in on compromise decisions1

This paper examines critically the ways in which the concepts “compromise” and “zero-sum game” have been used to describe the outcomes of disputes. In particular, it questions the assumption that disputants with multiplex ties will try to compromise their differences, because their goal will be maintenance of the relationship, rather than “winning.” A re-analysis of case materials from three societies indicates that many persons in multiplex relations seek and obtain zero-sum outcomes to disputes. It is suggested that this can be explained if (1) the goals of the disputants are distinguished from the goals of the third party, and (2) the relative rank and power of the disputants is considered. It is further suggested that people with on-going relations will seek zero-sum outcomes to disputes when they are attempting to gain control over land or some other resource in a scarcity situation, because control over that resource is a crucial factor in maintaining and altering power differences.
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: an American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee systematic review.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to review evidence-based data addressing key clinical questions regarding parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis (PNAC) and parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD) in children. Data Source Data were obtained from PubMed, Medicine databases of the English literature (up to October 2010), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Study Selection The review of PNAC/PNALD has been divided into 4 areas to simplify one's understanding of the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease: (1) nonnutrient risk factors associated with PNAC, (2) PNAC and lipid emulsions, (3) nutritional (nonlipid) considerations in the prevention of PNAC, and (4) supplemental medications in the prevention and treatment of PNAC. Results The data for each topic area relevant to the clinical practice of pediatric surgery were reviewed, evaluated, graded, and summarized. Conclusions Although the conditions of PNAC and PNALD have been well recognized for more than 30 years, only a few concrete associations and treatment protocols have been established.
Role of antimutagens/anticarcinogens in cancer prevention

Recently it has become increasingly clear that chemicals found in our foods and beverages can prevent the genetic damage that leads to cancer initiation. Such substances may also affect subsequent events in the pathways that lead to cancer, and may have the potential to inhibit the mutations that allow tumor cells to become resistant to antitumor agents. We describe here the antimutagenic potential of Glabrene analogs against EMS-induced mutations utilizing modified Ames tests in S. typhimurium TA 100 and E. coli JC 5088. Results of studies of the ability of well-known antioxidants such as EGCG and related compounds to prevent drug resistance mutations in microorganisms are described, and their possible significance in the prevention of chemotherapeutic drug-resistance in tumor cells is discussed.
Effects of the kar gene on cytoplasmic mixing and mitochondrial genome suppressiveness, and consequences for cytoduction of petite DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During a series of cytoduction experiments to transfer Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial genomes from one nuclear background to another, using the karl-1 nuclear fusion mutation, one of the five petite genomes used proved difficult to transfer. This genome, ϱ- F13, was highly suppressive (90%) in its original nuclear background. Molecular and genetic studies on the putative karl-1 ϱ−F13 cytoductant were done to discover the nature of this difficulty. They showed that while the ϱ−F13 was maintained in a karl-l background, zygotes from a mating with a ϱ0 strain showed poor cytoplasmic mixing and therefore inefficient ϱ−F 13 DNA transfer into first zygotic buds. This also caused a reduction of ϱ−F13 suppressiveness to 20–30% in crosses with different ϱ+ strains. The effect was genome specific since another highly suppressive petite in the karl-l background did not show suppressiveness reduction when crossed to ϱ+. The nature of suppressiveness modulation is discussed. Since the ϱ−F13 genome was eventually transferred using a modification of the original scheme, the problems were not caused by the inability of the acceptor nuclear background to maintain the ϱ−F13 genome.
Determinants of pain in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Background Carpal tunnel syndrome causes numbness, weakness, and atrophy. Pain without numbness is not characteristic of this disease.
Notch and Wnt Signaling Mediated Rod Photoreceptor Regeneration by Müller Cells in Adult Mammalian Retina

Background: Evidence emerging from a variety of approaches used in different species suggests that Muller cell function may extend beyond its role of maintaining retinal homeostasis to that of progenitors in the adult retina. Enriched Muller cells in vitro or those that re-enter cell cycle in response to neurotoxin-damage to retina in vivo display multipotential and self-renewing capacities, the cardinal features of stem cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: We demonstrate that Notch and Wnt signaling activate Muller cells through their canonical pathways and that a rare subset of activated Muller cells differentiates along rod photoreceptor lineage in the outer nuclear layer. The differentiation of activated Muller cells along photoreceptor lineage is confirmed by multiple approaches that included Hoechst dye efflux analysis, genetic analysis using retina from Nrl-GFP mice, and lineage tracing using GS-GFP lentivirus in wild type and rd mice in vitro and S334ter rats in vivo. Examination of S334ter rats for head-neck tracking of visual stimuli, a behavioral measure of light perception, demonstrates a significant improvement in light perception in animals treated to activate Muller cells. The number of activated Muller cells with rod photoreceptor phenotype in treated animals correlates with the improvement in their light perception. Conclusion/Significance: In summary, our results provide a proof of principle for non-neurotoxin-mediated activation of Muller cells through Notch and Wnt signaling toward the regeneration of rod photoreceptors.
Listeria monocytogenes: a Continuing Challenge

As a leading cause of death from a foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes continues to cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of illness. The most recent of these outbreaks in the United States involved consumption of hot dogs, with 101 cases of illness and 21 deaths reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the years 1998-1999. Epidemiologic analysis determined that contamination levels in hot dogs were remarkably low (0.3 CFU [colony-forming units] L monocytogenes serotype 4b/g). That same year, manufacturers of hot dogs and luncheon meats collectively recalled more than 500,000 pounds of product owing to possible Listeria contamination. This article, through focus on issues such as reexamination of zero-tolerance policies, improvements in detection and enumeration procedures, the impact of epidemiologic innovations, and measures needed to further reduce the incidence of listeriosis will highlight why L monocytogenes remains a continuing challenge for the food industry.
Identification and quantification of p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid in groundwater

Abstract Infrared spectra of various extracts were used to identify p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid in groundwater, and several derivatives were prepared for confirmation. A reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method was developed to quantify the compound. Groundwater from the Stringfellow Superfund site was used as a test sample, p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid was determined to be the predominant organic species in the water, comprising as much as 50% of the organic carbon.
Vattimo’s Renunciation of Violence

For Gianni Vattimo, the renunciation of violence is the starting point for constructing a post foundational politics. So far, criticism of Vattimo’s argument has focused on his larger commitment to metaphysical nihilism and whether the renunciation of violence is a thicker principle than his post foundational philosophy can support. I argue that Vattimo’s renunciation of violence can also be criticized for two other reasons. First, Vattimo attempts to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable uses of violence through an under developed idea of self-defense. Second, despite his attention to the political and philosophical impact of mass communications technology, Vattimo ignores emerging technological challenges to our understanding of violence. Nonetheless, I argue that Vattimo’s renunciation can still serve as a useful starting point for contemporary political thinking. What Vattimo’s logic shows is that we can enhance the moral standing of democracy by decisively detaching its practices and institutions from historical artifacts of political violence.
Grammatical Characteristics of a Spanish-English Bilingual Child with Specific Language Impairment:

These case studies describe and compare the language characteristics of two bilingual children: one with specific language impairment (SLI) and one with normal language development (NL). Using spontaneous language sampling, we found that the linguistic skills of the bilingual child with SLI were qualitatively different from those of the NL child across languages. The child with SLI produced significantly more morphosyntactic errors and less variety of grammatical forms and sentence types in both languages as compared to the NL child. In addition, some of those errors were different from those typically produced by monolingual children with SLI or speakers of English as a second language. Furthermore, the bilingual child with SLI demonstrated significant first- language loss. These findings support the hypothesis that there are cross-linguistic variations of grammatical SLI markers, and they highlight the importance of early intervention in preventing first-language loss. Moreover, the findings suggest tha...
Holocene climate change in the Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence from sediment and diatom analysis

We present the first study from the Bransfield Basin that extends through the Holocene, recording the variable climate history back to the decoupling of the ice sheet from the continental shelf ~10 650 calendar years before present (cal yr bp). Detailed sediment analysis reveals three stratigraphic units in PC-61 concomitant with three sedimentary environments, similar to sedimentary facies reported elsewhere: 1) subglacial, 2) glacial proximal/sub-ice shelf, and 3) open marine. These interpretations are based on a variety of sedimentological criteria, supported by ten AMS radiocarbon dates and detailed diatom analysis. We note two significant volcanic ash layers (tephra) at 3870 and 5500 cal yr bp from nearby Deception Island. Based on diatom assemblage analysis, we identify five separate climate regimes, highlighting a significantly shorter Mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum than reported by other studies (6800–5900 cal yr bp). This period is marked by the highest Eucampia antarctica var. antarctica and Fragilariopsis curta abundance, total diatom abundance, sediment accumulation rates, and low magnetic susceptibility. We also identify a less pronounced Neoglacial period relative to other studies, which includes an increase of Cocconeis/Rhizosolenia spp. assemblage related to unstable surface water conditions. Such observations probably reflect important regional variations in atmospheric or ocean circulation patterns.
Case‐relevant vs. case‐irrelevant questioning in experimental lie detection

Observers (N = 121) judged the veracity of four communicators. Before making veracity judgments, observers viewed one of three baseline interview segments for each communicator: (1) a case‐relevant segment, (2) a case‐irrelevant segment, or (3) both case‐relevant and irrelevant segments. Observers were also cued to use one of three judgmental priming cues while making their veracity attribution. Specifically, observers were instructed to pay close attention to another's: (1) verbal message (plausibility), (2) nonverbal message, or (3) nervousness. A fourth control group of observers were not cued to use any specific cue while watching the videotapes. It was predicted that observers watching a case‐relevant baseline interview would detect deception more accurately than observers watching a case‐irrelevant baseline interview. Results indicated that individuals who viewed a case‐relevant baseline segment before judging deception were more accurate than individuals who viewed a case‐irrelevant baseline segmen...
Piezoresistive sensors: the pressure goes on

Advancements in producing piezoresistive pressure sensors have opened up exciting new markets for these pressure determining devices. Up to 10 times more sensitive than the old transducers, and with response times as rapid as a millisecond, the new sensors are used in applications as diverse as automotive, hi‐fi, aerospace and medical equipment industries.
Optimization of a two-stage recombinant fermentation process: the dilution rate effect.

The effects of dilution rates on the performance of a two-stage fermentation system for a recombinant Escherichia coli culture were studied. Dilution rate determines the apparent or averaged specific growth rate of a heterogeneous population of cells in the recombinant culture. The specific growht rate affects the genetic parameters involved in product formation in the second stage, such as plasmid stability, plasmid content, and specific gene expression rate. Kinetic models and correlations were developed for these parameters based on experimental data. Simulations of plasmid stability in the first stage showed that for longer fermentation periods, plasmid stability is better at higher dilution rates. However, the plasmid content is lower at these dilution rates. The optimal apparent specific growth rate for maximum productivity in the second stage was determined using two methods: (1) direct search for a constant specific growth rate, and (2) dynamic optimization using the maximum principle for a time-dependent specific growth rate profile. The results of the calculations showed that the optimum constant apparent specific growth rate for maximum over-all productivity is 0.40 h−1. This coincides with the optimal specific growht rate for maximum plasmid content in the expressed stage. A 3.5% increase in overall productivity can be obtained by using a linear time dependent apparent specific growth rate control, μ2(t) = 0.0007t, in the course of the fermentation time.
Inhibition of ferritin reduction by pyrazolo(3,4d)pyrimidines.

Abstract The characteristics of inhibition of the ferritin reductase function of xanthine oxidase by three pyrazolopyrimidines is described. Under anaerobic conditions, the ferritin reduction coupled to hypoxanthine oxidation was inhibited by the three pyrazolopyrimidines tested, 4-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine, 4,6-dihydroxypyrazolopyrimidine, and 4-mercaptopyrazolopyrimidine. Under the same conditions, four purine analogs were devoid of inhibitory activity, and 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine were weakly inhibitory.
Reviewing and Changing Answers on Computerized Fixed-Item Vocabulary Tests:

Results obtained from computerized vocabulary tests were compared under conditions in which item review was permitted and not permitted. Comparisons between the review and no-review conditions yielded no statistically significant differences in number correct scores, ability estimates, or measurement error, but examinees in both conditions strongly desired review opportunities. Comparisons of answers before and after review within the review condition showed that only a small percentage of answers was changed (3.63%), that more answers were changed from wrong to right than from right to wrong (by a ratio of 2.25 to 1), that a large proportion of examinees (45%) changed answers to at least some questions, and that most examinees who changed answers improved their performance by doing so (by a ratio of 2.44 to 1). The results revealed that performance gains after review were greater for examinees of higher ability and that review was desired more by examinees with higher test anxiety. The major drawback to ...
A multiray model for calculating electron pencil beam distribution

Based on the Fermi–Eyges theory, a set of recursion relations was derived for calculating electron distributions in the layered geometry. The electron distribution at a specific depth was obtained by convolving the upstream electron distribution with a kernel determined by the scattering parameters of the layer. Modifications were made to overcome some inherent limitations of the Fermi–Eyges theory. For each point in the medium, the most probable, or mean, path traversed by the electrons in reaching the point was derived. The skewness of the mean paths and the related energy degradation were included in a multiray model for pencil beam calculations. The resultant electron planar fluence distributions are no longer Gaussian as predicted by the original theory. The effects of edges or localized inhomogeneities are also included. Comparisons between our calculations and Monte Carlo simulations show good agreement.
Implementing and programming causal distributed shared memory

A simple owner protocol for implementing a causal distributed shared memory (DSM) is presented, and it is argued that this implementation is more efficient than comparable coherent DSM implementations. Moreover, it is shown that writing programs for causal memory is no more difficult than writing programs for atomic shared memory. >
DOA estimation with hexagonal arrays

Hexagonal arrays are widely used in practice but have received less attention in the optimum array processing literature. In this paper, we show how unitary ESPRIT can be applied to hexagonal arrays for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. The resulting estimates exhibit good threshold behavior, and are close to the Cramer-Rao bound above threshold. We also show how to use spatial smoothing in hexagonal arrays for DOA estimation in the presence of coherent signals.
Vestibular inputs to propriospinal interneurons in the feline C1-C2 spinal cord projecting to the C5-C6 ventral horn.

The resting length of respiratory muscles must be altered during changes in posture in order to maintain stable ventilation. Prior studies showed that although the vestibular system contributes to these adjustments in respiratory muscle activity, the medullary respiratory groups receive little vestibular input. Additionally, previous transneuronal tracing studies demonstrated that propriospinal interneurons in the C1-C2 spinal cord send projections to the ipsilateral diaphragm motor pool. The present study tested the hypothesis that C1-C2 interneurons mediate vestibular influences on diaphragm activity. Recordings were made from 145 C1-C2 neurons that could be antidromically activated from the ipsilateral C5-C6 ventral horn, 60 of which had spontaneous activity, during stimulation of vestibular receptors using electric current pulses or whole-body rotations in vertical planes. The firing of 19 of 31 spontaneously active neurons was modulated by vertical vestibular stimulation; the response vector orientations of many of these cells were closer to the pitch plane than the roll plane, and their response gains remained relatively constant across stimulus frequencies. Virtually all spontaneously active neurons responded robustly to electrical vestibular stimulation, and their response latencies were typically shorter than those for diaphragm motoneurons. Nonetheless, respiratory muscle responses to vestibular stimulation were still present after inactivation of the C1-C2 cord using large injections of either muscimol or ibotenic acid. These data suggest that C1-C2 propriospinal interneurons contribute to regulating posturally related responses of the diaphragm, although additional pathways are also involved in generating this activity.
Nanoparticle concentration profile in polymer-based solar cells

Polymer-based solar cell performance is dictated by nanoscale structures since the active layer suffers from extremely short exciton diffusion lengths. To understand the structures' effect on cell performance we use neutron reflectivity to investigate the thin film morphology containing a 1 : 1 by weight blend of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) nanoparticles and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Neutron reflectivity is uniquely suited to this system due to the large scattering length density contrast between the two components, other techniques do not have this contrast. Here we find a higher PCBM concentration at the substrate and near, but not at, the air interface. Annealing the active layer shows a qualitatively similar profile with slightly different interfacial concentrations. Regardless, it is clear the resulting morphology is not optimal for device performance as we show for working solar cells.
Adult Spinal Motoneurons Remain Viable Despite Prolonged Absence of Functional Synaptic Contact with Muscle

Several rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) motor axons were allowed to regenerate into normally innervated muscle. Under these conditions, synapse formation is known to be prevented by the existence of the original innervation of the host muscle. A study was made of the ability of the implanted spinal motoneurons to acquire and retrogradely transport horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the host muscle at various postoperative intervals. HRP-labeled MG motoneurons on the implanted side were observed at postoperative intervals as long as 290 days. A comparison of the number of labeled MG motoneurons on the implanted side versus the number on the unoperated, control side indicated no significant differences. At all investigated postoperative intervals except the earliest (7 DPO), a significant decrease in the mean MG motoneuron soma cross-sectional area was observed relative to the unoperated, control side. Analysis of labeled motoneuron size distributions showed that postoperative atrophy of larger, presumably alpha, motoneurons occurred at a significantly faster rate than in smaller, presumably gamma, motoneurons. These results demonstrate that axotomized adult spinal motoneurons survive and remain viable for prolonged periods when denied the opportunity to reinnervate muscle but do so in an atrophied state. The results indicate further that alpha and gamma motoneurons differ quantitatively in their responses to peripheral axotomy.
Personally familiar proper names are relatively successfully processed in the human right hemisphere; or, the missing link

Abstract Responding to our abstract in Brain and Language (Ohnesorge & Van Lancker, 1999), which proposed that famous proper nouns are successfully processed in both cerebral hemispheres, Schweinberger, Landgrebe, Mohr, and Kaufmann (2001) claimed that the “link” between personal names and the right hemisphere is “illusory.” Ohnesorge and Van Lancker (2001) further described six experimental studies in which LVF/RH recognition of famous proper nouns was influenced by task conditions and stimulus familiarity. Here presenting two more experiments performed to explore the refutation presented by Schweinberger et al., this article confirms an ability of the right hemisphere to recognize famous proper nouns and explains why appropriate stimulus development and task conditions are essential in furthering our understanding of the role of the right hemisphere in processing personal relevance.
The BLUPs are not "best" when it comes to bootstrapping

In the setting of mixed models, some researchers may construct a semiparametric bootstrap by sampling from the best linear unbiased predictor residuals. This paper demonstrates both mathematically and by simulation that such a bootstrap will consistently underestimate the variation in the data in 3nite samples. c � 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
The role of the lateral line and vision on body kinematics and hydrodynamic preference of rainbow trout in turbulent flow

The ability to detect water flow using the hair cells of the lateral line system is a unique feature found in anamniotic aquatic vertebrates. Fishes use their lateral line to locate prey, escape from predators and form cohesive schooling patterns. Despite the prevalence of complex flows in nature, almost nothing is known about the function of the lateral line and its relationship to other sensory modalities for freely swimming fishes in turbulent flows. Past studies indicate that under certain conditions the lateral line is not needed to swim steadily in uniform flow. This paper examines how the lateral line and vision affect body kinematics and hydrodynamic habitat selection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to vortices generated behind a cylinder. Trout Karman gaiting (i.e. exploiting vortices to hold station in a vortex street) with a pharmacologically blocked lateral line display altered kinematics; body wavelength and wave speed increase compared to control animals. When visual cues are withheld by performing experiments in the dark, almost all Karman gait kinematics measured for fish with and without a functional lateral line are the same. The lateral line, rather than vision, plays a larger role in affecting body kinematics when trout hold station in a vortex street. Trout show a preference to Karman gait in the light but not in the dark, which may be attributed to physiological state rather than hydrodynamic or sensorimotor reasons. In the dark, trout both with and without a functional lateral line hold station near the downstream suction region of the cylinder wake (i.e. entraining) and avoid the vortex street. Vision therefore plays a larger role in the preference to associate with a turbulent vortex street. Trout in the light with a blocked lateral line show individual variation in their preference to Karman gait or entrain. In the dark, entraining trout with an intact lateral line will alternate between right and left sides of the cylinder throughout the experiment, showing an ability to explore their environment. By contrast, when the lateral line is blocked these fish display a strong fidelity to one side of the cylinder and are not inclined to explore other regions of the flow tank. Both entraining and Karman gaiting probably represent energetically favorable strategies for holding station relative to the earth frame of reference in fast flows. The ability to decipher how organisms collect and process sensory input from their environment has great potential in revealing the mechanistic basis of how locomotor behaviors are produced as well as how habitat selection is modulated.
Patient factors may predict anastomotic complications after rectal cancer surgery: Anastomotic complications in rectal cancer

Purpose Anastomotic complications following rectal cancer surgery occur with varying frequency. Preoperative radiation, BMI, and low anastomoses have been implicated as predictors in previous studies, but their definitive role is still under review. The objective of our study was to identify patient and operative factors that may be predictive of anastomotic complications.
Infrainguinal bypass in patients with end-stage renal disease.

Background. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in a high-risk subset of patients with end-stage renal disease. Methods. We reviewed the medical records of 44 patients requiring maintenance dialysis and undergoing 57 infrainguinal bypass procedures for limb salvage from 1986 to 1992. These included 16 (28%) femoropopliteal and 41 (72%) tibial or pedal bypasses with autogenous (82%), prosthetic (12%), or composite (6%) graft materials. The principal indications for operation were ischemic ulceration or gangrene (79%) and rest pain (21%). Angiographic evaluation most frequently showed single-vessel runoff (56%). Risk factors included age (mean, 63 years), diabetes (75%), hypertension (93%), coronary artery disease (52%), smoking (39%), previous myocardial infarction (20%), and contralateral amputation (18%). Infection was present in 22 limbs (39%). Results. Early (30-day) surgical morbidity rate was 39%, including wound breakdown (19%), graft thrombosis (9%), and major amputation (4%). Perioperative mortality rate was 9%. Cumulative primary graft patency rates were 71% and 63%, secondary patency rates were 80% and 66%, and limb salvage rates were 70% and 52% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Limb loss correlated most highly with the presence of preoperative infection (p=0.036; log-rank method). Patient survival rate was 52% at 2 years. Conclusions. Life-table analysis confirms a poor life expectancy for this population but indicates that an acceptable level of limb salvage may be achieved with arterial reconstruction in properly selected patients.
Seasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation in termites

1. Termite nitrogenase activity was highest in autumn and spring (≈ 3 μg N2 fixed termite fresh mass (g)–1 day–1) and lowest in winter and summer (≈ 0·8 μg N2 fixed termite fresh mass (g)–1 day–1). 2. The nitrogenase activity of worker termites was significantly higher than all other castes (1·58 ± 0·27 μg N2 fixed termite fresh mass (g)–1 day–1). 3. Worker termites constituted the largest proportion of all the castes throughout the study period (≈ 90%). 4. The localized input of fixed nitrogen by termites may reach 15·3 mg N log–1 day–1 and 5·6 g N log–1 year–1.
Trade Restrictiveness and Deadweight Losses from US Tariffs

This paper calculates a partial equilibrium version of the Anderson-Neary (2005) trade restrictiveness index (TRI) for the United States using nearly a century of data on import tariffs. The TRI is defined as the uniform tariff that yields the same welfare loss as an existing tariff structure. The results show that the standard import-weighted average tariff understates the TRI by about 75 percent over this period. This approach also yields annual estimates of the static welfare loss from the U.S. tariff structure over a period that encompasses the high-tariff protectionism of the late nineteenth century through the trade liberalization that began in the mid1930s. The deadweight losses are largest immediately after the Civil War, amounting to about one percent of GDP, but they fall almost continuously thereafter to less than one-tenth of one percent of GDP by the early 1960s. On average, import duties resulted in a welfare loss of 40 cents for every dollar of revenue generated, slightly higher than contemporary estimates of the marginal welfare cost of taxation.
Temporal bone histopathological findings in campomelic dysplasia.

Both temporal bones of a newborn (35 gestational weeks old) with campomelic syndrome were studied histopathologically. This is to our knowledge the second temporal bone report (third case) of this syndrome. The findings included: abnormal cartilagenous and osseous tissues and abnormality in the globuli interossei in the otic capsule; deformities of the vestibule and semicircular canals, probably due to compression by the abnormal cartilaginous tissue; hypoplastic cochleaand semicircular canals; aberrant course of the facial nerve; wide dehiscence of the facial canal in the tympanic portion; slight hypoplasia of the malleus and anomalies in the incus and stapes; and large epitympanic space. These findings closely resembled those of the first report, and suggest that: 1) campomelic dysplasia is a definite disease entity with consistent pathogenesis, and 2) similar otologic manifestations may be expected in the majority of patients with this syndrome.
Frontal and Parietal Components of a Cerebral Network Mediating Voluntary Attention to Novel Events

Despite the important role that attending to novel events plays in human behavior, there is limited information about the neuroanatomical underpinnings of this vital activity. This study investigated the relative contributions of the frontal and posterior parietal lobes to the differential processing of novel and target stimuli under an experimental condition in which subjects actively directed attention to novel events. Event-related potentials were recorded from well-matched frontal patients, parietal patients, and non-brain-injured subjects who controlled their viewing duration (by button press) of line drawings that included a frequent, repetitive background stimulus, an infrequent target stimulus, and infrequent, novel visual stimuli. Subjects also responded to target stimuli by pressing a foot pedal. Damage to the frontal cortex resulted in a much greater disruption of response to novel stimuli than to designated targets. Frontal patients exhibited a widely distributed, profound reduction of the novelty P3 response and a marked diminution of the viewing duration of novel events. In contrast, damage to posterior parietal lobes was associated with a substantial reduction of both target P3 and novelty P3 amplitude; however, there was less disruption of the processing of novel than of target stimuli. We conclude that two nodes of the neuroanatomical network for responding to and processing novelty are the prefrontal and posterior parietal regions, which participate in the voluntary allocation of attention to novel events. Injury to this network is indexed by reduced novelty P3 amplitude, which is tightly associated with diminished attention to novel stimuli. The prefrontal cortex may serve as the central node in determining the allocation of attentional resources to novel events, whereas the posterior parietal lobe may provide the neural substrate for the dynamic process of updating one's internal model of the environment to take into account a novel event.
Experimenting with global governance: understanding the potential for generational change

The appropriate role for the United Nations in international dispute resolution is a matter of high profile discussion and controversy. This paper begins with this ambivalence about the appropriate role for the United Nations in the world and examines several sets of issues that relate to the future of support for the UN within the US and the prospects for global governance more generally. First, we briefly review two thematic strands in previous and contemporary scholarship:(1) arguments for increased global governance in contemporary world affairs, driven by perceptions of the changing nature of the political, social, economic and military challenges in the contemporary world system. This debate is also put in the context of the relevance of public support for global governance institutions; and (2) why it is valuable to study how the current generation of adolescents perceive issues of global governance and the impact that their views may have on that nexus in the coming years. We then move to an analy...
The Trajectory of Biomarkers in Symptom Management for Older Adults With Cancer

Objectives To provide an overview of the trajectory of select biomarkers and their potential usefulness in symptom management in the older individual with cancer. Data Sources Empirical data and literature review. Conclusion Biomarkers offer significant opportunities to understand the biological impact of cancer and its treatment on older adults whose response is likely different from their younger counterparts. Large well-designed multi-site clinical trials with adequate numbers and power are necessary to create evidenced-based practice changes. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses need to understand the science and implications of biomarkers to develop interventions in response to the mechanisms of symptoms experienced by older adults with cancer.
Analysis of G-quadruplex conformations using Raman and polarized Raman spectroscopy

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are four-stranded DNA structures formed within nucleic acid sequences that are rich in guanines. G4 formation within DNA strands is believed to have significant biological relevance for the control of cell replication and gene expression. Therefore, the development and validation of experimental techniques that can easily and reliably characterize G4 structures under biologically relevant measurement conditions, like Raman spectroscopy, are desirable for G4-targeted structure based drug design. Here we report Raman and polarized Raman studies of solutions of three oligonucleotides, thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) 5′-GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG-3′, human telomeric (HT) 5′-(TTAGGG)4-3′, and a modified c-Myc NHE-III1 sequence (MycL1) 5′-TGAGGGTGGGTAGGGTGGGTAA-3′, which were previously reported to form four distinct intramolecular G4 structures in the presence of Na+ or K+, as determined by NMR. Our results support the previously proposed antiparallel (TBA), antiparallel and hybrid (HT), and parallel with double-chain reversal (DCR) loop (MycL1) structures. Large sample-dependent variations in the intensity of bands associated with deoxyribose backbone modes in the 840–930 cm−1 and 1420–1460 cm−1 spectral regions were observed. Most notably, a highly polarized deoxyribose ring symmetric stretch (~930 cm−1) appeared strongly in the solution spectra for HT and TBA, but was very weak or absent in the solution spectrum for MycL1 and the drop deposition (dried sample) spectra for all three oligonucleotides. It is hypothesized that the intensity of this band is likely controlled by furanose ring structure uniformity and/or solvent accessibility to certain nucleotide binding sites. Raman depolarization ratios measured for the G4s in solution were generally very similar to those previously reported for canonical B DNA, with the possible exception of base ring modes that consistently yielded slightly lower depolarization ratios for G4s compared to B DNA. The results further underscore the utility of Raman and polarized Raman spectroscopy for G4 structure elucidation under biologically relevant solution conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy dissipation and high-strain rate dynamic response of E-glass fiber composites with anchored carbon nanotubes

Abstract This study explores the mechanical properties of an E-glass fabric composite reinforced with anchored multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs were grown on the E-glass fabric using a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition procedure. The E-glass fabric with attached CNTs was then incorporated into resin based composites and compared to similar composites without CNTs. Long and short beam bending tests, uniaxial compression measurements for energy dissipation, high strain-rate Split-Hopkinson pressure bar measurements, and ballistic performance (V50) tests were performed to characterize the mechanical properties of the CNT composites. The CNT composites showed a reduction in interlaminar shear strength by 25.9%. They also showed an increase in the specific energy absorption by 106% at high strain rates and an increase in energy density dissipation by 64.3% after 5 cycles at quasi-static strain rates. In ballistic V50 tests, the CNT based composites showed a higher V50 value by 11.1%. Due to their reduced weight and energy dissipation properties, the direct growth of CNTs on E-glass fabrics incorporated into composites have potential defense applications such as blast protection.
Claiming Credit: Stories of Movement Influence as Outcomes

Taking credit for achieving some desirable outcome is an essential element of politics, and the stakes of doing so are particularly high for social protest movements. Popular narratives of social change assign some movements a critical role for promoting change, but ignore the influence of others. Winning acceptance of a preferred narrative of influence is a neglected, but important, social movement outcome. I use disparate stories of movement success in claiming credit to underscore the analytical problem of why some challengers end up deriving credit, both in the short and long term, for their efforts, while others don't. Movement activists and their competitors offer narratives of past influence as a kind of claims-making activity to serve current political goals. In this way, the process of claiming credit is analogous to that of establishing a reputation. I examine contextual factors likely to affect why some social movements, and some social movement actors, may be better positioned, or more interes...
From prophecy to apocalypse: the verb tenses of Jerusalem in Robert the Monk's Historia of the First Crusade

ABSTRACTIn the prologue to his Historia of the First Crusade, Robert the Monk posed this rhetorical question: ‘since the creation of the world what more miraculous undertaking has there been (other than the mystery of the redeeming Cross) than what was achieved in our own time by the journey of our own people to Jerusalem?’ For Robert, the answer was of course simple: nothing was more miraculous. Yet when we answer that question along with Robert, we lose sight of its significance, and how staggering that claim actually would have been in the early twelfth century. For Robert, the events of 1095–9 signalled a new moment in sacred history. Old Testament prophecy had come true in his own day. What ‘was to come’ became what simply ‘was’. For Robert the Monk, prophecy became apocalypse.
GENERALIZED BN–S STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL FOR OPTION PRICING

In this paper, a class of generalized Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (BN–S) models is investigated from the viewpoint of derivative asset analysis. Incompleteness of this type of markets is studied in terms of equivalent martingale measures (EMM). Variance process is studied in details for the case of Inverse-Gaussian distribution. Various structure preserving subclasses of EMMs are derived. The model is then effectively used for pricing European style options and fitting implied volatility smiles.
The effect of added complex carbohydrates or added dietary fiber on necrotic enteritis lesions in broiler chickens

Two trials utilizing two corn diets and four wheat diets were conducted. In Trial 2, all chicks were crop-infused at 9 d of age with Eimeria acervulina. In both trials, a broth culture of Clostridium perfringens was mixed with the diets for 3 consecutive d. Necrotic enteritis lesion scores were lowest in chickens consuming the corn diet with no C. perfringens and highest in chickens fed the wheat diets with C. perfringens. Chickens consuming a wheat diet with no added complex carbohydrates or added fiber exhibited the highest lesion score. Chickens on wheat diets with 4% new, ground, pine shavings had intestinal lesion scores intermediate to those of chickens that consumed the wheat or corn diets. Chickens consuming corn diets yielded the lowest lesion scores. Chickens provided diets containing either guar gum or pectin were not fully consumed and thus probably reduced the number of challenge organisms ingested.
Innovation and role of corruption and diversity A cross-country study

Research has established that various socioeconomic and institutional factors affect the rate of country-level innovation. However, little attention has been given to the effects of corruption and cultural diversity on innovation in cross-country analyses. It is widely accepted that innovation is a major engine of national economic growth, and policy makers and business leaders have recognized the need to create environments that foster innovative activities. This study builds on previous research using the Global Innovation Index (GII, 2009) to empirically explore the impact of corruption and its interactive relationship with economic development, in addition to the effect of three different measures of diversity on country-level innovation. The results of this analysis suggest that corruption significantly harms innovation activities across countries, but the effect is mitigated in wealthier countries. As expected, ethnic diversity weakens innovation activities; however, religious diversity, which can b...
Amorphous Materials: An experimental study of phosphorous and aluminosilicate speciation in and partitioning between aqueous fluids and silicate melts determined in-situ at high temperature and pressure

The structure of phosphorus-bearing, H 2 O-saturated silicate melts, silicate-saturated aqueous fluids, and silicate-rich single phase (supercritical) liquids has been characterized in situ to 800 °C and 1486 MPa in an Ir-gasketed hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) with the aid of both confocal microRaman and FTIR spectroscopy. Temperature and pressure in the HDAC were recorded with thermocouples (±1 °C uncertainty) and pressure- and temperature-dependent Raman shift of 13 C diamonds (±40 MPa uncertainty). Starting materials were aluminum-free Na 2 O·4SiO 2 (NS4) and with 10 mol% Al 2 O 3 (NA10) substituting for SiO 2 , both with 5 mol% P 2 O 5 . Aluminosilicate species of Q 0 , Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 type exist in coexisting fluid and melt and in single phase liquid together with phosphate species, PO 4 , P 2 O 7 , and Q n P. In the Q n P species, n O atoms bridge between Si 4+ and P 5+ , whereas there is no Si-to-P linkage in the PO 4 and P 2 O 7 species. In melts, the abundance of the most depolymerized silicate species, Q 0 , is positively correlated with temperature and pressure, whereas that of the most polymerized species, Q 3 , decreases with temperature and pressure. In the silicate solute of aqueous fluids, the opposite relationship exists with Q 0 abundance decreasing and Q 3 (and Q 1 and Q 2 ) abundance increasing with increasing temperature and pressure. The silicate melts, therefore, become increasingly depolymerized and the silicate solute in aqueous fluids decreasingly depolymerized because increasing H 2 O solubility in melts causes melt depolymerization, whereas increasing silicate solute abundance in fluids results in silicate polymerization. The P 2 O 7 and Q n P are the dominant phosphate species in fluid, melt, and single phase liquid with orthophosphate, PO 4 , playing a subordinate role. The fluid/melt partition coefficients for P 2 O 7 and Q n P species are in the 0.15–0.7 range with that of Q n P being greater than that of P 2 O 7 . The PO 4 fluid/melt partition coefficients are 2 O 3 on partition coefficients. Hence, it appears that P-bearing complexes in fluids and melts are associated with Na + that becomes available as silicate species polymerize. The mobility of phosphorus during metamorphic processes is principally governed by the availability of alkali metals (and perhaps alkaline earths).