cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of high-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing

Abstract This paper discusses the development of a sensing and feedback–feedforward control system for Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing. E-jet printing is a nano-manufacturing process that uses electric field induced fluid jet printing through nano-scale nozzles for achieving better control and resolution than traditional jet printing processes. The printing process is controlled by changing the voltage potential between the nozzle and the substrate. However, it is difficult to maintain constant operating conditions such as standoff height during a run of the printing process. The change in operating conditions results in fluctuating jet frequency and droplet diameter. For stabilizing the jetting frequency across a single run, a two degree of freedom (2 DOF) control algorithm is implemented. The feedforward voltage signal is used to compensate for repeatable changes in the operating conditions and is obtained using an Iterative Learning Control (ILC) algorithm. The feedback controller compensates for uncertainty in jetting operating conditions. The jetting frequency is determined in real time by recording electric current pulses when ink droplets are released from the nozzle. This frequency measurement is then used to control the voltage profile across a run to compensate for changing operating conditions. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed control method.
Total Hip Arthroplasty at the Rothman Institute

Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful surgical interventions devised in modern times. Attempts to change the current THA procedure with unproven innovations bring the risk of increased failure rates while trying to improve the benefit of the surgery.
Estrogen Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery after Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability and death. It is well accepted that the principal mammalian estrogen (E2), 17-β estradiol, provides robust neuroprotection in a variety of brain injury models in animals of both sexes. E2 enhances neurogenesis after stroke in the subventricular zone; however, it is unknown if these cells survive long-term or enhance functional recovery. In this study, we examined stroke-induced neurogenesis in male, gonadally intact female, and ovariectomized female mice 2 and 6 weeks after stroke. Treatment with 17-β estradiol increased 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-labeled cells at both time points in both the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone; the majority were colabeled with doublecortin at 2 weeks and with NeuN at 6 weeks. Stroke-induced neurogenesis was reduced in estrogen receptor knockout mice, as well as in mice lacking the gene for aromatase, which converts testosterone into E2. Improved behavioral deficits were seen in E2-treated mice, suggesting that E2-induced increases in poststroke neurogenesis contribute to poststroke recovery.
Sputum processing for evaluation of inflammatory mediators.

Neutrophil-dominated inflammation is prominent in the cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic bronchitis (CB) airways. We assessed the degree of airway inflammation by measuring the sputum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-8, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We determined the relationship among the concentrations of these mediators and investigated methodological problems that may be responsible for reported variability in measurements. Sputa obtained from 31 patients were solubilized with phosphate-buffered saline, dithiothreitol (DTT) (0.1% or 1%), or dornase alfa (0.2 mg/mL). The sputum concentration of IL-8 and MPO was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and DNA was measured using microfluorimetry. There was a significant relationship among sputum IL-8, MPO, and DNA. For MPO (means +/- SD), CF was 1,392 +/- 771 vs. CB at 75 +/- 65 mcg/mL; P < 0.0001. For IL-8: CF was 239 +/- 154 vs. CB at 121 +/- 108 ng/mL; P = 0.0002. For DNA, CF was 1.707 +/- 1.25 vs. CB at 0.184 +/- 0.272 mg/mL; P < 0.0001. The MPO concentration in CF sputum was approximately double after in vitro treatment with dornase alfa (P < 0.0001). There is a greater concentration of IL-8, MPO, and DNA in CF than in CB sputa. There is a significant relationship among these inflammatory markers in sputum. DNA polymers bind myeloperoxidase in the sputum, and we speculate that treatment with dornase alfa may remove a source of MPO inhibition.
Immunity and depression: Insomnia, Retardation, and reduction of natural killer cell activity

Depressed patients show a reduction of natural killer (NK) cell activity which may be associated with specific depressive symptoms. The present study demonstrated that sleep disturbance and retardation, but not other depressive symptoms, were negatively correlated with NK activity in 38 depressed patients. Specific behavioral changes in depression such as sleep disturbance and retardation were found to predict 16% of the variance of cytotoxicity levels in depression.
Effective Frontal Plane Vectorcardiogram of Rana Pipiens

A technic is described which provides highly accurate registration of the effective frontal plane vectorcardiogram of Rana pipiens . A comparative study with one of the conventional vectorcardiographic systems illustrates some of the inherent defects of the latter method. Another potentially useful aspect of effective vectorcardiograms is that they may be calibrated in a manner which presents heart vectors in their physically correct units of dimension.
Theory of symmetric electrolyte solutions: Field-theoretic approach

Presentation de traitements perturbatifs, non perturbatifs, et de groupe de renormalisation pour le probleme de l'electrolyte symetrique, qui permettent d'obtenir les corrections au resultat connu de Debye-Huckel. De plus, des methodes non perturbatives permettent d'obtenir des resultats dans le cas d'electrolytes denses
Downsizing in libraries: experiences and expectations

A 1995 survey of 119 academic and public library directors in North Carolina, USA, examined the degree to which their libraries had experienced downsizing and the expectations of these librarians regarding downsizing. While 27 per cent of the respondents had downsized in the past two to three years, only 7 per cent expected to do so in the near future. Likewise, fewer respondents expected to reduce personnel as a response to downsizing than had done so when downsizing did take place and, by contrast, more respondents expected to reduce or eliminate specific services than had actually done so when downsizing did take place. The survey also found that few libraries were prepared for downsizing; only 28 per cent of the respondents reported feeling at least well prepared, and only 2 per cent of the respondents felt very well prepared.
Center Wavelength Shift Dependence on Substrate Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Optical Thin-Film Interference Filters Deposited by Ion-Beam Sputtering

Single-layer films of Ta2O5 and multilayer thin-film filters of Ta2O5 and SiO2 were deposited by ion-beam-sputter deposition. Postdeposition annealing of the structures resulted in increased optical thickness of the films, resulting in an upward shift in the wavelength of the transmission-reflection spectra. Modeling of the single-layer films by means of the effective media approximation indicates an increase in the void fraction of the film after annealing. This increase is consistent with an observed decrease in refractive index and an increase in physical film thickness. The multilayer structures, deposited on substrates of varying coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), were annealed at various temperatures, and the change in the center wavelength was measured. The measured change is dependent on the annealing temperature and the substrate CTE, indicating that the increase in the void fraction is caused in part by thermally induced stress during the annealing process. A simple model is proposed that relates the void fraction present in the films after annealing with the substrate CTE and the annealing temperature.
Survey on Fall Detection and Fall Prevention Using Wearable and External Sensors

According to nihseniorhealth.gov (a website for older adults), falling represents a great threat as people get older, and providing mechanisms to detect and prevent falls is critical to improve people's lives. Over 1.6 million U.S. adults are treated for fall-related injuries in emergency rooms every year suffering fractures, loss of independence, and even death. It is clear then, that this problem must be addressed in a prompt manner, and the use of pervasive computing plays a key role to achieve this. Fall detection (FD) and fall prevention (FP) are research areas that have been active for over a decade, and they both strive for improving people's lives through the use of pervasive computing. This paper surveys the state of the art in FD and FP systems, including qualitative comparisons among various studies. It aims to serve as a point of reference for future research on the mentioned systems. A general description of FD and FP systems is provided, including the different types of sensors used in both approaches. Challenges and current solutions are presented and described in great detail. A 3-level taxonomy associated with the risk factors of a fall is proposed. Finally, cutting edge FD and FP systems are thoroughly reviewed and qualitatively compared, in terms of design issues and other parameters.
Almost All Roots of ζ(s) = a Are Arbitrarily Close to σ = 1/2

Abstract Let s = σ + it. For any complex a, all but O(1/log log T) of the roots of ζ(s) = a in T < t < 2T lie in|σ - 1/2| < (log log T)2/log T. The results extend easily to other functions satisfying a functional equation such as the Dirichlet L-functions, the Lerch functions, etc.
Spontaneous receptor-independent heterotrimeric G-protein signalling in an RGS mutant.

Tripartite G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest groups of signal transducers, transmitting signals from hormones, neuropeptides, odorants, food and light1,2. Ligand-bound receptors catalyse GDP/GTP exchange on the G-protein α-subunit (Gα), leading to α-GTP separation from the βγ subunits and pathway activation. Activating mutations in the receptors or G proteins underlie many human diseases, including some cancers, dwarfism and premature puberty. Regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS proteins) are known to modulate the level and duration of ligand-induced signalling by accelerating the intrinsic GTPase activity of the Gα subunit, and thus reformation of the inactive GDP-bound Gα3,4,5. Here we find that even in the absence of receptor, mutation of the RGS family member Sst2 (refs 6–9) permits spontaneous activation of the G-protein-coupled mating pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at levels normally seen only in the presence of ligand. Our work demonstrates the occurence of spontaneous tripartite G-protein signalling in vivo and identifies a requirement for RGS proteins in preventing such receptor-independent activation.
Current Management of Retinoblastoma

Objective The recommended management of retinoblastoma based on personal experience with the assessment and treatment of more than 450 children with this intraocular malignant lesion is presented. Recommendations Although retinoblastoma is usually managed by enucleation, the treatment of each case must be individualized; in an increasing number of children, the techniques of irradiation, photocoagulation, or cryotherapy are being used. In some patients, a combination of these techniques is necessary. Chemotherapy is often used to prevent distant metastatic involvement, although its effectiveness as a prophylactic treatment has not been clearly established. Because metastatic retinoblastoma is often fatal, intense chemotherapy is recommended in this setting. Conclusion The prognosis for vision and life in patients with retinoblastoma has improved considerably during the past century, primarily because of earlier recognition of the tumor and use of modern therapeutic methods. All children of parents with a family history of retinoblastoma should be examined by a qualified ophthalmologist immediately after birth in order to detect and treat this condition as early as possible.
Children's ability to comprehend main ideas in content textbooks

Abstract This article describes an applied educational study which explored third and sixth graders’ ability to comprehend main ideas after reading natural expository reading materials taken directly from elementary social studies textbooks. Results indicated that elementary students have much difficulty comprehending main ideas in textbook prose, and that the manner in which main idea comprehension is measured interacts with this ability. The discussion emphasizes concrete, practical suggestions elementary classroom teachers can employ to (a) develop strategies for teaching main ideas which require students to practice this skill within the medium of content textbooks, and (b) provide students more exposure to expository textbook prose in order to familiarize them with this distinctive genre and hence develop a schema for expository prose.
Methadone Therapy in Underserved Urban Community: QTc Prolongation and Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Summary Aims Methadone has been associated with QTc prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias but the prevalence of QTc prolongation and association with ventricular arrhythmias remains unclear. We investigated this in our inner city urban community (Bronx, New York) that has a large number of patients on methadone. Methods Telemetry records, nursing documentation and electronic charts of 291 patients spanning856 encounters were evaluated. QT was manually measured from ECG utilizing standardized QT measurement guidelines and was corrected for heart rate using Hodges formula. QTc >470 ms in males and >480 ms in females was considered to be prolonged. Results Patients had prolonged QTc, QTc >500 ms and ventricular arrhythmias during 25.6%, 14.1% and 3.4% of encounters, respectively. There was a very weak dose dependent relationship between methadone dose and QTc (Spearman's rho = 0.09).In addition to methadone, patients were on at least one QT prolonging drugs during 39% of the encounters. Patients who were receiving two interacting drugs in addition to methadone had the highest prevalence (29%) of QTc prolongation. Conclusion Although the prevalence of QTc prolongation among patients on methadone therapy is high, the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia is relatively low. Hospitalized patients on sustained methadone therapy are frequently on multiple additional QTc prolonging drugs. There is no significant dose dependent relationship between methadone dose and QTc. However, the concurrent use of methadone and interacting drugs lead to an increased prevalence of QTc prolongation.
MEDATA: a new concept in medical records management

The potential applications for computers in expediting medical research and improving patient care are well recognized. However, in a medical environment full exploitation of the latent powers of available electronic devices depends on one vital factor. That is, giving the physicians, research scientists, or administrators direct control of the type of information acquired and stored, how it is related, and the timing of acquisition and retrieval. From the viewpoint of these professional users, the paramount goal is to achieve such direct control without sacrificing the valuable time and effort required to become experts in the esoteric art of computer programming and systems operation. This concept of immediate control was the basis for developing MEDATA, an amalgamation of techniques which allows the user to organize, collect, store, and retrieve all types of medical data without resorting to the intricacies of formal computer science.
The Role of Audiometry in the Rehabilitation of the Laryngectomized Patient

Summary Hearing loss is the most prevalent handicap in the general population and it is a problem that increases in frequency with increase in age. Because most laryngectomized patients are middle-aged or older males and because of the alteration in the anatomy and physiology during surgery, audiometry can play a vital role in rehabilitation. The benefits of accurate audiometry are: 1—objective evidence regarding otologic management and its effectiveness; 2—ruling out of hypacusis as a deterrent to esophageal speech progress or mastery of the artificial larynx and 3—utilization of amplification techniques during transient periods of acute middle ear problems. The communicative disorder specialist is the logical professional to conduct this audiometric monitoring but adequate management of the patient involves the close teamwork of the speech pathologist, the audiologist and the otolaryngologist.
Photocreation and photobleaching of a-Si N1.6: H/c-Si interface states studied by photocapacitance transient spectroscopy

Abstract The a-Si N1.6:H/c-Si interface density of states is studied by the photocapacitance transient spectroscopy (PCTS) technique. After illumination with 4.13 eV photons, the PCTS reveals an interface defect creation while the midgap voltage shift indicates a hole injection from c-Si and subsequent hole trapping into the nitride. Both processes are enhanced by a moderate negative gate bias. We show that the interface defect density and the net positive charge are not simply proportional: for a given level of positive charge trapping, the interface defect creation is higher after UV irradiation than after bias-stressing.
What Banding Tells Us About the Movement Ecology of Raptors

Abstract We examined banding encounter records from 1920 to 2006 for three raptors that are commonly banded in North America: American Kestrel (Falco sparverius, 4707 encounters), Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus; 5256), and Cooper's Hawk (A. cooperii; 3848). We selected birds banded during summer or autumn migration and encountered during winter to investigate movement distances and winter latitudes by sex, age, year banded, banding latitude, and flyway. Female American Kestrels migrated farther than males, but travel distances did not vary by age. Distance moved to wintering sites declined with encounter year for American Kestrels, suggesting that migratory short-stopping may be occurring across North America. Movements of the three species typically showed a chain migration pattern; however, female American Kestrels from the most northern latitudes demonstrated a leapfrog pattern, moving beyond mid-latitude birds to more southerly wintering latitudes. Female American Kestrels and Cooper's Hawks m...
A dual band passive RFID design in 0.18µm CMOS technology

This paper presents a novel fully integrated passive X-band RFID transponder, implemented in IBM 0.18-μm RF CMOS technology. The tag was designed to keep the current dissipation in the whole system to a minimum, with special emphasis on RF-DC rectifier and the voltage sensor. Interaction between the building blocks of the RFID tag was investigated and the key design issues addressed in this paper include the design of low-power RFID building blocks. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed low-power RFID transponder can properly operate under very low input power as well as complying with the universal RFID communication standard.
Structure-function relationships of 12,13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins in cell culture: comparison to whole animal lethality.

Abstract W. L. Thompson and R. W. Wannemacher , Jr . Structure - function relationships of 12,13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins in cell culture: comparison to whole animal lethality. Toxicon24, 985 – 994, 1986. — Nineteen 12, 13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins were tested for their relative capabilities to inhibit protein synthesis in Vero cells and rat spleen lymphocytes. Although the lymphocytes were generally more sensitive to the mycotoxins, good correlation existed between the relative potencies of the various trichothecenes in the two cell systems. The most potent mycotoxins (T-2, verrucarin A and roridin A) have acetyl side groups on, or a hydrocarbon chain between, carbons 4 and 15 of the basic ring structure. Loss of side groups from either of these positions or an isovaleryl group at carbon 8 resulted in reduced protein synthesis inhibition (T-2 to HT-2, neosolaniol or diacetoxyscirpenol). Any combination of loss from all three positions (T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, 15-monoacetyl DAS, scirpentriol, fusarenon X and deoxynivalenol) further weakens their effect. Reduction of the hydroxyl groups to hydroxides, forming verrucarol and deoxyverrucarol, reduced their effectiveness by over a thousand-fold compared to the most potent mycotoxins. Addition of side groups resulted in reduced effectiveness only when an acetyl group was added to the carbon 3 position of T-2 (acetyl T-2) and deoxynivalenol (3-acetyl deoxynivalenol) or on substitution of an epoxide across the 9,10 carbons of diacetoxyscirpenol (β-epoxide DAS). Effects of combining these and other mycotoxins were additive and showed no synergism or competition for binding to the active site. When in vitro effects of the mycotoxins were compared with results from whole animal lethality tests, several of the trichothecenes were weak inhibitors of protein synthesis in vitro but had in vivo toxicities similar to that of T-2 toxin. Thus, the in vitro cell response of a given trichothecene is not always an accurate predictor of toxicity in whole animals.
A low-frequency enhanced S-parameter handling scheme for time domain simulation of high speed interconnects

A multi-resolution scheme is proposed to efficiently handle the S parameter with rapid change at low frequency in time domain simulation. It is demonstrated by numerical results that, with the aid of the proposed scheme, the accuracy of time domain simulation based on aforementioned S parameter can be significantly improved without substantial increase of computation costs.
Analog LSI Implementation of an Auto-Adaptive Network for Real-Time Separation of Independent Signals

We present experimental data from an analog CMOS LSI chip that implements the Herault-Jutten adaptive neural network. Testing procedures and results in time and frequency-domain are described. These include weight convergence trajectories, extraction of a signal in noise, and separation of statistically complex signals such as speech.
On 2-factors with a bounded number of odd components

A 2-factor in a graph is a spanning 2-regular subgraph, or equivalently a spanning collection of disjoint cycles. In this paper we investigate the existence of 2-factors with a bounded number of odd cycles in a graph. We extend results of Ryjacek, Saito, and Schelp (1999) and show that the number of odd components of a 2-factor in a claw-free graph is stable under Ryjacek's closure operation. We also consider conditions that ensure the existence of a pair of disjoint 1-factors in a claw-free graph, as the union of such a pair is a 2-factor with no odd cycles.
The intertextual origins of public opinion: constructing Ebonics in the New York Times

In this article, I revisit the 1996 Oakland School Board (OSB) resolution on Ebonics and perform a discourse analysis of the NeW York Times coverage of the decision. Using the framework of intertextuality, I consider how reported speech allows authors to appropriate authority and construct various stances toward the OSB decision. I discuss how other framing devices work in tandem with intertextuality to discursively construct ideologies of Ebonics. I also analyze how language from early articles is incorporated in subsequent news items, and emphasize the need to consider both discursive reproduction processes and cognitive processes of reception when using intertextual analysis to understand the origin of language ideologies. I suggest that this approach to media discourse analysis can be utilized by linguists who wish to actively shape attitudes toward stigmatized language varieties.
Neuro-fuzzy CBR hybridization: Healthcare application

As the total cost of healthcare continues to rise, computerized methods are sought to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems. In this application, the focus is on healthcare claim payment processing, which is a major component of administrative healthcare costs. Due to the complexity of healthcare data, current methods require a large amount of healthcare claim payment processing to occur through manual intervention by human operators. This limitation necessitates the inclusion of machine learning techniques to create a hybrid system for automation of healthcare claim payments. Further automation of claims payment processing will lead to improved quality cost components of healthcare delivery. Machine learning techniques are used to demonstrate the feasibility of a hybrid system for healthcare claim payment automation, leading to reduced administrative costs and increased efficiencies. When the administrative cost savings are applied to the industry, this contributes to lowering the overall cost of healthcare.
Behavioral Manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease

Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nearly all patients eventually exhibit some form of behavioral change. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a valid and reliable means of assessing behavioral alterations in patients with AD and other dementias. The NPI assesses ten common types of behavioral changes evident in AD and has a caregiver distress scale allowing assessment of the amount of distress engendered by each of the behavioral changes. Investigations using the NPI and neuroimaging have demonstrated correlations between apathy and diminished medial frontal perfusion and psychosis and disproportionately reduced perfusion of left medial orbital frontal, left anterior cingulate, left and right dorsolateral frontal, left dorsal lateral parietal, left pulmonar, left ventral striatum, and left cerebellum. High scores on the dysphoria subscale of the NPI correlate with reduced metabolism in the left and right superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate gyrus. The NPI also allows assessment of the response of behaviors to psychopharmacological interventions. Reductions in behavioral pathology have been demonstrated with cholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, donepezil, metrifonate, galantamine, and rivastigmine) as well as antipsychotic agents (olanzapine).
Variability in in situ ruminal degradation parameters causes imprecision in estimated ruminal digestibility.

The ruminal digestibility of dietary ingredients is frequently estimated with degradation parameters (e.g., rate and extent of degradation). Mean degradation parameters (e.g., those in a feed library) are often used, but limited data suggest considerable variation around these means, potentially leading to imprecise digestibility estimates. This experiment quantified degradation parameter variation for forage hays and determined the impact of this variation on the precision of ruminal digestibility estimates. Degradation data were those previously published by our laboratory and included degradation rate, λd (h−1), fraction instantly degraded, a (g·g−1), potential extent of degradation, (a + b) (g·g−1), and fraction not instantly degraded that is potentially degradable, b (g·g−1) of alfalfa, grass, and grass-legume hays. Ruminal digestibilities of chemical fractions (dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, crude protein) were estimated using these data. Ninety-five percent confidence limits of digestibility were determined using propagation of uncertainty with measured standard deviations of degradation parameters. Values for coefficients of variation of degradation parameters were large; averaged across chemical fractions, they were 24.8, 28.6, 20.7, and 12.6% for λd, a, b, and (a + b). Ninety-five percent confidence limits of digestibility were large (80.5% of digestibility means) and often overlapped each other, even when digestibility means differed greatly numerically. Consequently, digestibility values computed with mean degradation parameters may have little biological and practical significance. When uncertainty in all parameters but λd was set to zero (λd alone had uncertainty), 95% confidence limits still encompassed 54.5% of digestibility means. Thus, uncertainty in λd alone caused considerable imprecision in estimated digestibility. These results caution against using mean degradation parameters to estimate digestibility.
Pathologic Effects of Aflatoxin in Pigs

Several reports concerning the toxic effects on pigs of feeds naturally or experimentally contaminated with aflatoxins, metabolites of AspergiLLm Jlavwl6, have been publishedl-33 5-8,12. A British group 35$ has reported the results of inclusion of small to moderate amounts of aflatoxin in the feed of pigs during their growth from 40 to 200 lb live weight. They concluded that concentrations of 280 and 410 parts per billion @pb) of affatoxin B1 in the feed significantly depressed rate of growth and efficiency of feed conversion, primarily in the 40-140 lb live-weight range. Microscopic lesions were minimal except in pigs receiving 410 ppb of aflatoxin B1. This paper presents the pathologic findings in a study designed to determine the effects of low to moderate levels of aflatoxin, primarily BI, in growing pigs from weanling to market-weight age. The results differ in several important respects from those previously reported. The effect on gain in weight and efficiency of feed conversion in the pigs has been reported by HINTZ et a].*.
Critical Uncertainties Confronting Human Resource Development

The problem and the solution. Human resource development (HRD) is influenced by trends in other disciplines, demographics, politics, technology, and a number of other domains. To gain insight about the future, those trends can be assessed and sorted into categories. The intent of this article is to present the trends that are deemed the most uncertain and have the highest potential impact on the discipline of HRD. Furthermore, this article examines what we can learn from considering the implications of such trends, how our thinking might change from what we learn, and what decisions we might make differently as a result of having considered them.
Resilience among Japanese atomic bomb survivors.

KNOWLES A. (2011) Resilience among Japanese atomic bomb survivors. International Nursing Review58, 54–60 Aim: The purpose of the study was to explore the experience of atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Background: Never has the world experienced such extreme devastation as with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945. Although significant quantitative research has been completed about the medical effects following radiation, the literature lacks qualitative exploration from a holistic health perspective. Methods: This was a qualitative descriptive study, using methods of narrative analysis, oral history and ethnography. The sample for this research included eight individuals who were exposed to the atomic bombings in Japan and currently reside in the United States. Findings: Findings provide insight to the resilience that the survivors exhibited immediately following the bomb, as well as throughout the 65 years following the event. From ethnographic data and interviews with survivors, a thematic structure was developed that depicts the essential elements of the atomic bomb experience. Two ways of being in the world followed the bombing: surviving and thriving, with resilience serving as a lever, allowing for fluid movement over time across the continuum. Individuals experiencing surviving exhibited anxiety about their personal and family members' health, expressed mistrust, and felt a stigma associated with being a survivor. For those who were thriving, peace activism, overcoming and forgiveness were typically displayed. Conclusion: Findings from this study add to the disaster nursing literature and highlight the role resilience plays in the atomic bomb survivors' life perspective.
He's got rhythm: single neurons signal timing on a scale of seconds

Little is known about how the brain processes timing information, particularly at the medium time-scales over which rhythmic patterns are perceived. New evidence that individual neurons respond to specific temporal patterns suggests a model for how rhythms may be encoded.
Adequate enteral feeding in the pediatric intensive care unit may be associated with fewer nosocomial infections and deaths

Commentary on: Mehta NM, Bechard LJ, Cahill N, et al. Nutritional practices and their relationship to clinical outcomes in critically ill children: an international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med 2012; 40: 2204– 11.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Adequate nutritional support is a keystone to prevent vulnerable critically ill children from becoming undernourished. However, there is often a marked discrepancy in prescribed and delivered energy and protein intake. Several barriers explaining these inadequate nutritional practices have been identified. Consequently, cumulative energy and protein deficits develop, which result in anthropometric deterioration as shown in a cohort of 293 paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients.1 So far, multicentre studies describing nutritional practices in PICUs in large cohorts of critically ill children have been lacking and the association between nutritional practices and clinical outcome has not been described. In a prospective multicentre cohort study, Mehta and colleagues studied nutritional practices in 500 children admitted into 31 participating PICUs. This study … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCritical%2Bcare%2Bmedicine%26rft.stitle%253DCrit%2BCare%2BMed%26rft.aulast%253DMehta%26rft.auinit1%253DN.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D40%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D2204%26rft.epage%253D2211%26rft.atitle%253DNutritional%2Bpractices%2Band%2Btheir%2Brelationship%2Bto%2Bclinical%2Boutcomes%2Bin%2Bcritically%2Bill%2Bchildren--an%2Binternational%2Bmulticenter%2Bcohort%2Bstudy%2A.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252FCCM.0b013e31824e18a8%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22564954%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31824e18a8&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22564954&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F4%2F151.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000305767800026&link_type=ISI
The Multiple Angle Testing Method for the Evaluation of Muscle Strength

The Multiple Angle Testing Method for the Evaluation of Muscle Strength JAY BENDER;HAROLD KAPLAN; The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
The Reaction of NH3 With TiN: Implications for CVD

Since NH{sub 3} is an important component of TiN chemical vapor deposition processes, understanding the NH{sub 3}/TiN surface interaction is crucial to developing a model for the overall reaction. Temperature programmed desorption experiments show that NH{sub 3} adsorbs molecularly on amorphous TiN surfaces. Chemisorption occurs at only {approximately}5% of the surface sites, with an activation energy for desorption of 24 kcavmol. The sticking probability into this state is 0.06 at 100 K. In addition, NH{sub 3} adsorbs with high probability into a multilayer state with an activation energy for desorption of 7.3 kcal/mol, similar to that found in other systems. NH{sub 3} does not dissociate on TiN. Under CVD conditions, however, the reactivity of NH{sub 3} on TiN may increase and surface reactions may play a part in film growth.
Bearing Bad News

Bad news is inevitable during litigation but waiting to discuss it or failing to have a timely discussion of it only makes the process worse. This article details how to best break bad news to your client.
Flea Beetle Movement in a Broccoli Monoculture and Diculture

Colonization of broccoli monocultures and broccoli–white clover dicultures by Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was observed at Ithaca, N.Y. A simple continuous time model of P. cruciferae movement was developed, and instantaneous immigration and emigration rates were estimated. The movement model fit the observed colonization data extremely well ( r 2 = 0.971). Immigration was 1.3 times faster into broccoli monocultures than into dicultures, and emigration was about 2 times faster from dicultures than from monocultures. This differential movement in monocultures and dicultures resulted both from differences in host plant quality and presence or absence of white clover. Our results provide strong, direct support for Root's (1973) hypothesis that host plants are harder to find and easier to lose in vegetationally diverse habitats than in monocultures. In addition, after perturbation, population densities rapidly returned to unperturbed levels. This implies that P. cruciferae can rapidly respond to changes in its environment, which might underlie its success as a crop pest.
A NOTE ON THE BUSH TAX CUTS: DID THEY SUCCEED IN STIMULATING BUSINESS INVESTMENT?

Traditional regression models have reported conflicting results on the effectiveness of tax incentives in stimulating business investment. This study investigates the effects of the Bush tax cuts on U.S. investment using intervention analysis in conjunction with regression analysis that controls for relevant variables. Although intervention analysis has the advantage of allowing the behavior of investment to be influenced only by the time path of exogenous shocks such as tax reforms, control variables can test for the robustness of the results. We have found that the two tax reforms enacted in 2001 and 2003 had little impact on marginal investment incentives. The intervention analysis results are further reinforced by the evidence provided by alternative regression models that control for a host of variables. The failure of the tax reforms to stimulate investment spending may be attributable to several factors, such as a global savings glut, cheap global money, inappropriate designs for tax incentives, and budget deficits.
Cutaneous complications of cancer chemotherapy.

The agents used in cancer chemotherapy are highly potent and have only a slight margin of safety between the tumoricidal and toxic doses. The skin is a frequent target for the side effects of these drugs. Major cutaneous manifestations of toxicity include alopecia, cellulitis, hyperpigmentation, hemorrhage, and infection.
Understanding Latency Variation in Modern DRAM Chips: Experimental Characterization, Analysis, and Optimization

Long DRAM latency is a critical performance bottleneck in current systems. DRAM access latency is defined by three fundamental operations that take place within the DRAM cell array: (i) activation of a memory row, which opens the row to perform accesses; (ii) precharge, which prepares the cell array for the next memory access; and (iii) restoration of the row, which restores the values of cells in the row that were destroyed due to activation. There is significant latency variation for each of these operations across the cells of a single DRAM chip due to irregularity in the manufacturing process. As a result, some cells are inherently faster to access, while others are inherently slower. Unfortunately, existing systems do not exploit this variation. The goal of this work is to (i) experimentally characterize and understand the latency variation across cells within a DRAM chip for these three fundamental DRAM operations, and (ii) develop new mechanisms that exploit our understanding of the latency variation to reliably improve performance. To this end, we comprehensively characterize 240 DRAM chips from three major vendors, and make several new observations about latency variation within DRAM. We find that (i) there is large latency variation across the cells for each of the three operations; (ii) variation characteristics exhibit significant spatial locality: slower cells are clustered in certain regions of a DRAM chip; and (iii) the three fundamental operations exhibit different reliability characteristics when the latency of each operation is reduced. Based on our observations, we propose Flexible-LatencY DRAM (FLY-DRAM), a mechanism that exploits latency variation across DRAM cells within a DRAM chip to improve system performance. The key idea of FLY-DRAM is to exploit the spatial locality of slower cells within DRAM, and access the faster DRAM regions with reduced latencies for the fundamental operations. Our evaluations show that FLY-DRAM improves the performance of a wide range of applications by 13.3%, 17.6%, and 19.5%, on average, for each of the three different vendors' real DRAM chips, in a simulated 8-core system. We conclude that the experimental characterization and analysis of latency variation within modern DRAM, provided by this work, can lead to new techniques that improve DRAM and system performance.
Neurodevelopmental Considerations with Antiepileptic Drug Use During Pregnancy

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed for both neurologic and psychiatric indications throughout the life span. However, taking AEDs during pregnancy is associated with potential risks since in utero AED exposure may incur increased risks of major congenital malformations and negative cognitive or behavioral effects. Cognitive and behavioral risks do not appear uniform across all medications. For the AEDs that have been adequately studied, fetal valproate (VPA) exposure is associated with the greatest risks including decreased cognition and risk of autism spectrum disorder, a fact that has been recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration. Phenobarbital also has risk based on limited data. In utero exposure to other AEDs including carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, or phenytoin appear to have less cognitive and behavioral risks than VPA, although it is unlikely that these medications are risk-free. Little or no information exists on newer medications. Women with epilepsy of child bearing potential should take folate as a supplement. Since AED exposure from breast milk appears low, there is no reason to discourage mothers from breast feeding their children.
Single nucleotide variants in metastasis-related genes are associated with breast cancer risk, by lymph node involvement and estrogen receptor status, in women with European and African ancestry

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pathways influencing lymph node (LN) metastasis and estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer may partially explain inter-patient variability in prognosis. We examined 154 SNPs in 12 metastasis-related genes for associations with breast cancer risk, stratified by LN and ER status, in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) women. Two-thousand six hundred and seventy-one women enrolled in the Women's Circle of Health Study were genotyped. Pathway analyses were conducted using the adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) method, with pARTP ≤ 0.10 as significant. Multi-allelic risk scores were created for the ARTP-significant gene(s). Single-SNP and risk score associations were modeled using logistic regression, with false discovery rate (FDR) P-value adjustment. Although single-SNP associations were not significant at pFDR < 0.05, several genes were significant in the ARTP analyses. In AA women, significant ARTP gene-level associations included CDH1 with LN+ (pARTP = 0.10; multi-allelic OR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.07-1.19, pFDR = 0.0003) and SIPA1 with ER- breast cancer (pARTP = 0.10; multi-allelic OR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.02-1.31, pFDR = 0.03). In EA women, MTA2 was associated with overall breast cancer risk (pARTP = 0.004), regardless of ER status, and with LN- disease (pARTP = 0.01). Also significant were SATB1 in ER- (pARTP = 0.03; multi-allelic OR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.05-1.20, pFDR = 0.003) and KISS1 in LN- (pARTP = 0.10; multi-allelic OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.08-1.29, pFDR = 0.002) analyses. Among LN+ cases, significant ARTP associations were observed for SNAI1, CD82, NME1, and CTNNB1 (multi-allelic OR = 1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.14, pFDR = 0.001). Our findings suggest that variants in several metastasis genes may affect breast cancer risk by LN or ER status, although verification in larger studies is required. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case Study 2. Proving Prehistory: William Pengelly and Scientific Excavation

Science is empirical, based on sensory observations. Those observations must be repeated or repeatable and objective. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the study of natural history developed from a hobby of the educated elite, often reporting isolated or unsystematic observations, to a profession with careful methodologies. William Pengelly, the subject of this chapter, developed a system of careful excavation and recording of finds at prehistoric sites that is still in use today.
A Modified Tracking Algorithm for UWB Pilot-Assisted Receivers

The satisfactory performance of classical tracking circuits presumes that acquisition (coarse synchronization) has provided a good estimate of the correct symbol or frame timing (typically within a fraction of the chip duration). This might not be a reasonable assumption for pilot-assisted UWB receivers in dense multipath, where initial acquisition of the LOS component is highly problematic, and coarse synchronization is more likely to detect an arbitrary multipath component. In this paper, we propose a tracking algorithm for pilot-assisted receivers based on a variant of the early-late gate approach, where the circuit's correlation template is matched to the received pulse shape rather than the transmit pulse shape. The algorithm is mathematically analyzed then tested by simulation, and it is shown that it can potentially correct timing errors much larger than the transmit pulse duration.
Totality of Science

Science is complicated because the idea includes “method” (philosophy of science), “organization” (sociology of science), “events” (history of science), and “funding” (politics of science). What we will do is integrate these different aspects of the idea of science into a complete description of scientific research – a totality of science. And we will use an odd term for this integration; we will call it “managing science.”
Regulation of Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase Activity

Insofar as is known at present, a cell can regulate its content of cyclic AMP in only two ways — by modifying the activity of adenylate cyclase which controls the rate of cyclic AMP formation, and by altering the activity of the phosphodiesterases which convert cyclic AMP to 5’-AMP1. Conceivably, control could also be exerted through processes related to extrusion of cyclic AMP from the cells or through enzymes that might catalyze the conversion of cyclic AMP to compounds other than 5’-AMP. There is today, however, no evidence that such mechanisms do play a role in regulation of cyclic AMP concentration in mammalian cells.
The lipids of the myocardium, conducting bundle, and valves of beef heart

The lipids of myocardium, conducting bundle, and valves of beef heart were investigated. The atrioventricular valves contained the highest content of total lipid, most of which was triglyceride. The lipids of myocardium and semilunar valves contained the highest amount of phosphatides and cholesterol. The plasmalogens were localized predominantly in the phosphatide fraction of the myocardium and conducting bundle. An analysis of the individual phosphatides showed that with respect to the total lipid phosphorus, the polyglycerolphosphatide was localized in the myocardium and conducting bundle, sphingomyelin occurred in highest amount in the conducting bundle, and lecithin occurred in highest amount in the valves.