cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute stress causes mucin release from rat colon: role of corticotropin releasing factor and mast cells

We determined the effects of immobilization stress on rat colonic mucus release and mast cell degranulation and examined whether corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) was involved in these responses. After 30-min immobilization, rats were killed, colonic mucosal explants were cultured, and levels of rat mast cell protease II (RMCP II) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured. Mucin release from explants was assayed by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into colonic mucin and by histological evaluation of goblet cell depletion. Stress caused significant increases of colonic RMCP II, PGE2, and mucin release and fecal pellet output and caused an approximately 10-fold increase in colonic mucosal levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA. These stress-associated changes were reproduced by intravenous or intracerebral injection of CRF in conscious, nonstressed rats. Pretreatment of rats with the CRF antagonist alpha-helical-CRF9-41, hexamethonium, atropine, or bretylium, or the mast cell stabilizer lodoxamide inhibited stress-induced release of RMCP II, PGE2, and mucin, whereas indomethacin prevented mucin release but not mast cell degranulation. Hexamethonium and CP-96,345, a substance P antagonist, inhibited fecal pellet output caused by stress. We conclude that CRF released during immobilization stress increases colonic transit via a neuronal pathway and stimulates colonic mucin secretion via activation of neurons and mast cells.
Searching for new physics at the frontiers with lattice quantum chromodynamics

Numerical lattice-quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulations, when combined with experimental measurements, allow the determination of fundamental parameters of the particle-physics Standard Model and enable searches for physics beyond-the-Standard Model. We present the current status of lattice-QCD weak matrix element calculations needed to obtain the elements and phase of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix and to test the Standard Model in the quark-flavor sector. We then discuss evidence that may hint at the presence of new physics beyond the Standard Model CKM framework. Finally, we discuss two opportunities where we expect lattice QCD to play a pivotal role in searching for, and possibly discovery of, new physics at upcoming high-intensity experiments: rare decays and the muon anomalous magnetic moment. The next several years may witness the discovery of new elementary particles at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The interplay between lattice QCD, high-energy experiments at the LHC, and high-intensity experiments will be needed to determine the underlying structure of whatever physics beyond-the-Standard Model is realized in nature.
Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua

Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua. Laura J. Enriquez. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.206 pp.
Abstract PR01: Genome wide profiling reveals stimulus-specific functions of p53 in human embryonic stem cells

p53 is a critical guardian of somatic cells in the face of cellular stress and genomic challenges. Recent work shows that functions of transcription factor p53 go beyond its well-studied roles in tumor suppression. In addition to functions in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, p53 is a functional barrier to reprogramming adult cells into induced pluripotent (iPS) cells that are phenotypically similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells. How p53 is regulated and functions in stem cells, is poorly understood. Previously we have shown that p53 plays a significant role that depends on its transcriptional activity in early differentiation of human ES cells (hESCs), as induced in vitro by retinoic acid (RA). In order to delineate p53 transcriptional functions during differentiation and how p53 selectively responds to specific signals in hESCs we performed genome wide profiling of p53 chromatin interactions and target gene expression in hESCs in response to early differentiation or DNA damage. The majority of p53 binding sites is unique to each state and defines stimulus-specific p53 response in hESCs. p53 binding regions specific to differentiation significantly overlap with those of core-pluripotency factors OCT4 and NANOG. Differentiation-specific p53 targets are highly expressed, and include many developmental transcription factors, poised by OCT4/NANOG and bivalent histone marks (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) in pluripotent hESCs. Activation of poised genes during differentiation is associated with elimination of H3K27me3 marks, which is largely dependent on p53. During hESC differentiation, p53 interacts with H3K37me3 specific de-methylases (JMJD3 and UTX) that are enriched at the upstream regions of poised genes resulting in alteration of bivalent histone status and subsequent gene activation. These studies suggest that p53 plays essential roles in regulating epigenetic bivalency in ES cells. In contrast, genes associated with cell migration and motility are bound by p53 specifically after DNA damage. Surveillance functions of p53 in cell death and cell cycle regulation are conserved in both DNA damage and differentiation. Thus, our findings expand the registry of p53-regulated genes to define p53-mediated opposition to pluripotency during early differentiation, a process highly distinct from stress-induced p53 response in hESCs. This abstract is also presented as poster A68. Citation Format: Abhinav K. Jain, Kadir C. Akdemir, Kendra Allton, Bruce Aronow, Xueping Xu, Austin J. Cooney, Wei Li, Michelle C. Barton. Genome wide profiling reveals stimulus-specific functions of p53 in human embryonic stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
The diphtheroid agent of ovine ptoshitis: Its relationship to Corynebacterium renale

Abstract The three types of C. renale characterized by Yanagawa et al. (1967) were compared with three Australian cultures from ovine posthitis and 17 cultures from various sources in the United States. Cultural, morphological, biochemical and immunological characteristics were studied. The organisms associated with ovine posthitis were indistinguishable from some bovine biotypes, and bovine isolates with characteristics more prevalent among ovine posthitis strains were seen. The diphtheroid organisms associated with ovine posthitis in Australia and in California are, therefore, considered to be Corynebacterium renale .
Increased resistance of peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatic lesions to iron overload in rats

Altered areas (AA), neoplastic nodules (NN) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) induced by chronic administration of ciprofibrate and Wy-14,643 were examined for iron accumulation after systemic iron overload. Eighty percent of AA, 90% NN and 100% HCC showed increased resistance to iron accumulation. However, marked heterogeneity was observed in the amount of iron from area to area within the same lesion with some cells containing no iron, while others showing blue reaction to iron. These findings indicate, that putative preneoplastic and neoplastic hepatic lesions induced by peroxisome proliferators exclude iron in a fashion similar to that of hepatic nodules and carcinomas induced by DNA damaging carcinogens.
Dual-task performance using degraded speech in a sentence-verification task

The results of a preliminary study on the effects of reduced speech intelligibility on dual-task performance are reported. The speech task was a sentence-verification task, and speech degradation was accomplished using a narrowband digital voice-transmission system operating with and without random bit errors. The second task was a visual picture-sorting task. There was a dualtask decrement on the sorting task and, in addition, there was a further decrease in sorts per minute as the speech was increasingly degraded. Reaction time for the speech task increased with the concurrent sorting task, but the dual-task condition did not affect speech-task error rates.
Therapy: Lenvatinib and radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers.

Over the past decade, several multikinase inhibitors have shown considerable effectiveness against metastatic radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers in early stage clinical trials. On the basis of some remarkable results in a phase III clinical trial, lenvatinib now joins sorafenib as another multikinase inhibitor approved by the FDA for this disease.
Map models for the emergence of ordered states out of chaos

Abstract Investigation is made of one dimensional maps xn+1 = (1−r)Mp(xn)+rMq(xn). Mp and Mq are assumed to be chaotic attractors characterized by p and q critical points respectively and r is a control parameter bounded by 0 ⩽r⩽1. For a particular class or maps, Mα(xn)=cos[(α + 1)θn] {xn=cos(θn)}, multiplicities of periodic orbits can coexist over a range of the control parameter which model a dynamics for the emergence of ordered states out of chaos.
Software visualization in the desert environment

While software visualization has been widely used for navigation, its use for understanding has been much more limited. Software visualizations are expensive to develop, require large amounts of information that is often difficult to collect, and even then, are good only at addressing the specific task for which they were developed. Our work on software visualization in the Desert environment is aimed at making software visualization a viable approach to understanding. We do this by providing ready access to a variety of information about the system at hand, a range of high-quality, high-density visualizations, and a simple interface that lets the programmer rapidly create new software visualizations for understanding problems as they arise. In this paper we describe the approach we have taken.
Second-trimester genetic sonography in patients with advanced maternal age and normal triple screen.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the value of second-trimester genetic sonography in detecting fetal Down syndrome in patients with advanced maternal age (at least 35 years) and normal triple screen. METHODS: Since July 1999, a prospective collection and recording of all individual triple screen risks for fetal Down syndrome was initiated for all patients with advanced maternal age presenting in our ultrasound unit for second-trimester genetic sonography. Genetic sonography evaluated the presence or absence of multiple aneuploidy markers. Outcome information included the results of genetic amniocentesis, if performed, and the results of pediatric assessment and follow-up after birth. RESULTS: By June 2001, 959 patients with advanced maternal age and normal triple screen were identified. Outcome information was obtained in 768 patients. The median risk for fetal Down syndrome based on maternal age was 1:213 (range 1:37–1:274). The median risk for fetal Down syndrome based on triple screen results was 1:1069 (range 1:275–1:40,000). A total of 673 patients had normal genetic sonography, and none (0%) had Down syndrome; 95 had one or more aneuploidy markers present, and four (4.2%) had fetuses with Down syndrome. The triple screen risks for these four fetuses ranged from 1:319 to 1:833. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients with advanced maternal age and normal genetic sonography carried very little risk for Down syndrome. The use of genetic sonography may increase the detection rate of fetal Down syndrome in this group of pregnant women.
Rapid Access for Emergency Dialysis

Vascular access for acute hemodialysis or ultrafiltration in critically ill patients frequently requires cannulation of large-caliber veins. Repeated cannulation of these vessels present a finite risk of hemorrhage or hematoma. A teflon catheter introducer sheath system (TIS) allows for repeated use of the central circulation, requires only one major vascular entry, and can be adapted for either hemodynamic monitoring or emergecy hemodialysis. Forty-six acute hemodialyses have been performed in 25 critically ill patients who have had TIS in place for hemodynamic monitoring. Dialysis was performed by inserting a femoral dialysis catheter through the TIS in place of the SwanGanz catheter. We have had no complications using the approach for emergency hemodialysis, and adequate dialysis was accomplished.
Nonoperative management of solid organ injuries in children results in decreased blood utilization.

Abstract Background: The administration of blood products to injured children has been recognized as a potential risk of nonoperative management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood utilization in the management of solid organ injuries in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma victims. Methods: One hundred sixty-one children (≤16 years old) with solid organ injuries over an 8-year study period (1990 through 1997) were identified from the trauma registries at 2 urban regional trauma centers. Results: Mean age of the study patients was 7.9 ± 0.4 years, 95 (59%) were boys, and their mean injury severity score (ISS) was 17.8 ± 1.2. Patients were divided into 4-year study cohorts (1990 through 1993 and 1994 through 1997) to examine changes in operative management and blood utilization. For each time period examined, those treated nonoperatively received fewer blood transfusions (46% v 9% and 44% v 13%, P v 5.0 ± 0.7 and 7.8 ± 1.9 v 4.2 ± 0.4 days, P Conclusions: The appropriate nonoperative management of injured children actually reduces the risks of receiving blood transfusion and decreases the length of hospital stay compared with aggressive operative intervention. Blood transfusion should be reserved only for those injured children with solid organ injuries who are hemodynamically unstable.
Calcium-41 as a long-term biological tracer for bone resorption

Abstract The use of 41 Ca (half-life 1 × 10 5 yr) as a tracer for studying calcium metabolism in living systems is compared to the shorter-lived radionuclides 45 Ca (165 d) and 47 Ca (45 d) and the stable isotopes 42 Ca and 44 Ca. The feasibility of using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of 41 Ca for studying multi-year calcium resorption in humans was tested as part of a companion study that used 45 Ca to measure the effects of dietary cadmium on calcium metabolism in dogs. It was shown that Ca resorbed from prelabeled bones correlates well with 45 Ca for a period of 28 weeks. The advantage of 41 Ca is that, even with a negligible radiation dose, it can be measured by AMS long after the 45 Ca becomes unmeasurable.
Production of Poly(hydroxybutyrate) Homopolymer and Copolymer from Ethanol and Propanol in a Fed‐Batch Culture

Production of poly (hydroxy butyrate) (PHB) homopolymer and poly(hydroxybutyrate-valerate) (PHBV) copolymer by a mutant strain of Alcaligenes eutrophus was studied in a 7-L fed-batch fermentor using ethanol and propan-1-o1 as sole carbon sources. Decreasing the initial phosphate concentration to 20% of the original Repaske medium allowed exhaustion of the phosphate during logarithmic growth and was an effective means of PHB(V) induction. Up to 74% PHB by weight was obtained with 63 g/L of dry cell mass. The copolymer content increased with a higher fraction of propan-1-o1 in the feed and reached a maximum of 35.2 mol % from pure propan-1-o1. Gradual oxygen limitation during the late log phase induced 21.9% PHB by weight.
MicroRNA-147b regulates vascular endothelial barrier function by targeting ADAM15 expression.

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase15 (ADAM15) has been shown to be upregulated and mediate endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammation and sepsis. This molecule contains multiple functional domains with the ability to modulate diverse cellular processes including cell adhesion, extracellular matrix degradation, and ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins. These characteristics make ADAM15 an attractive therapeutic target in various diseases. The lack of pharmacological inhibitors specific to ADAM15 prompted our efforts to identify biological or molecular tools to alter its expression for further studying its function and therapeutic implications. The goal of this study was to determine if ADAM15-targeting microRNAs altered ADAM15-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction during septic challenge by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An in silico analysis followed by luciferase reporter assay in human vascular endothelial cells identified miR-147b with the ability to target the 3′ UTR of ADAM15. Transfection with a miR-147b mimic led to decreased total, as well as cell surface expression of ADAM15 in endothelial cells, while miR-147b antagomir produced an opposite effect. Functionally, LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, evidenced by a reduction in transendothelial electric resistance and increase in albumin flux across endothelial monolayers, was attenuated in cells treated with miR-147b mimics. In contrast, miR-147b antagomir exerted a permeability-increasing effect in vascular endothelial cells similar to that caused by LPS. Taken together, these data suggest the potential role of miR147b in regulating endothelial barrier function by targeting ADAM15 expression.
Asymptotic properties of a double penalized maximum likelihood estimator in logistic regression

Maximum likelihood estimates in logistic regression may encounter serious bias or even non-existence with many covariates or with highly correlated covariates. In this paper, we show that a double penalized maximum likelihood estimator is asymptotically consistent in large samples.
Upper and lower bounds for the frequencies of clamped orthotropic plates

Abstract Upper and lower bounds are given for the three lowest frequencies of vibration of clamped rectangular orthotropic plates. The bounds were obtained by using a recently developed method which gives estimates for the vibrational frequencies in terms of easily evaluated integrals of trial functions. Important features of the method are that rigorous, improvable upper and lower bounds on the frequencies are obtained and that the trial functions need not satisfy any boundary conditions.
The Prevalence of Mental Illness in California Sex Offenders on Parole: A Comparison of Those Who Recidivated with a New Sex Crime versus Those Who Did Not

How much of a risk factor is mental illness for sexual reoffending? This study examined a group of sex offenders on parole in the state of California from 2001 to 2008 who were reincarcerated for a sexual crime versus a group of sex offenders on parole from 2001 to 2005 who did not return to prison for any crime or violation. The most recent mental health status was coded from 320 correctional files. Sex offenders who recidivated sexually were much more likely to be mentally ill than sex offenders who did not recidivate while on parole, even when controlling for race, residence/social support, and employment. The implications of this finding are examined and potential policies are considered.
It Depends: Environmental Context and the Effects of Faultlines on Top Management Team Performance

Informational faultlines, the alignment of team member task-related attributes to form subgroups, are important in explaining team performance. Although informational faultlines may promote specialization and division of labor, they may also increase communication and coordination costs. Integrating work on the categorization-elaboration model, social identity theory, and contingency theory, we posit that facets of a team's external environment moderate the effects of informational faultlines on performance. Using a sample of 380 top management teams, we examine moderation effects of environmental dynamism, complexity, and munificence. We find that informational faultline strength positively affects firm performance under low environmental dynamism, high complexity, and high munificence, but it negatively affects firm performance under high environmental dynamism, low complexity, and low munificence. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory and practice.
An approximation algorithm for network design problems with downwards-monotone demand functions

Building on an existing 2-approximate algorithm for the class of network design problems with downwards-monotone demand functions, many of which are NP-hard, we present an algorithm that produces solutions that are at least as good as and typically better than solutions produced by the existing algorithm.
Fluorescence Immunoassay for the Detection of Latent Tuberculosis Antigens with Single Molecule Sensitivity

The successful identification and detection at the single molecule level of Antigen 85b, an antigen released by tuberculosis, was accomplished using a fluorescence-based immunoassay. This work enables a method for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis.
On The Minors Defined By A Generic Matrix

In this paper, the second syzygies of minors defined by a generic matrix are studied for certain sizes of minors. The syzygies are explicitly given and are constructed by utilizing the division algorithm and the associated standard bases (also known as Grobner bases) theory on the polynomial ring over integers that the author studied in a separate paper, cf. Ma (1994) stemed from Buchberger's celeberated pioneering work on the theory, c.f., Buchberger (1985), a good source for such study.
The calculation of the properties of metallic hydrogen using Monte Carlo

Abstract The application of Monte Carlo to hydrogen at zero temperature is discussed. The trial function is a generalization of the pair product type used for jellium. Preliminary results for the metallic phase are given.
Fibrous histiocytoma of the trachea: management of a rare cause of upper airway obstruction.

Abstract We describe a case of fibrous histiocytoma of the trachea diagnosed in a 17-year-old female who presented with symptoms of ‘asthma’. Management included rigid bronchoscopy with biopsy and debulking of this obstructing tumor, later excised with partial tracheal resection. Although tracheal tumors are quite rare in children, the majority ( 6 9 ) of reported cases of fibrous histiocytoma of the trachea have been described in the pediatric age group. The possibility of a tracheal neoplasm as a cause of wheezing, stridor or hemoptysis in children should be recognized. Control of the airway without tracheotomy may facilitate surgical cure via tracheal resection in such cases.
A piezoresistive MEMS sensor for acoustic noise measurements

A MEMS piezoresistive acoustic sensor has been developed for measurement of jet screech noise. The new sensor was calibrated in the sound field of an air siren. Two sensors with a size of 510 and 710 pm were tested and compared to commercial sensors. The results show that the MEMS sensors are five to eight times more sensitive than the smallest commercially available piezoresistive sensors. Furthermore, the sensors are stable as demonstrated by the agreement between calibrations conducted over two months period. However, the bandwidth of this first generation sensors is somewhat limited by the damping of the diaphragm motion. This effect will be remedied in the next generation sensors through careful minimization of damping effects and increase of the sensors natural
The role of ubiquitin in plant senescence and stress responses

Ubiquitin is a small, highly conserved protein found in all eukaryotes. Within the cell, ubiquitin is covalently linked to substrate proteins, often targeting them for degradation via the ubiquitin pathway. This pathway has been demonstrated to be required for both the bulk degradation of cellular proteins and the targeted proteolysis of specific regulatory proteins. There is increasing biochemical and molecular evidence for involvement of the ubiquitin pathway in plant senescence and in response to stress. It appears that the role of ubiquitin during senescence could be to facilitate bulk protein degradation for nitrogen recycling. In the wound response, the pathway could have a role in altering the overall protein profile.
Remark on the transition-operator boson

The transition-operator boson introduced by Dreizler and Klein has been analyzed in detail, and the exact expression for angular momentum operators in terms of the boson has been obtained. The method is found to be applicable only in the asymptotic limit of the large nuclear number. Its relation to another representation due to Holstein and Primakoff has also been investigated.
A simple bioassay for detecting and characterising insecticide resistance

A simple and rapid paralysis assay was developed to detect and characterise knockdown resistance in larvae of the house fly and pink bollworm. Pyrethroidtreated larvae unable to perform a stereotypic curling movement when probed with a warm needle, 10 min (house fly) or 60 min (pink bollworm) after treatment, were considered to be paralysed. Responses in a susceptible strain of house fly were compared with those of the pyrethroid-resistant strains kdr and super-kdr. In this assay, the kdr strain displayed over 28 fold resistance to deltamethrin, and super-kdr larvae were unaffected by doses up to 100μg. These results are in good qualitative agreement with previous studies. The assay detected no significant fenvalerate resistance in pink bollworm larvae collected from the field; this was consistent with mortality bioassays performed on wild adult males. The limitations and potential utility of the paralysis bioassay in resistance screening are discussed.
Dopa oxidase activity in human hairbulbs measured by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for measuring the dopa oxidase (DO) activity of human hair bulb tyrosinase has been developed and the results of this method have been compared with the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity of hair bulb tyrosinase for brown-, black-, blond-, and red-haired subjects. The method takes advantage of the rapid trapping of dopaquinone by cysteine with the subsequent formation of cysteinyldopas which can be measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. 5-S-Cysteinyldopa (5SCD) and 2-S-cysteinyldopa (2SCD) were detected in the reaction products. Formation of 5SCD correlated with the TH activity over the full range of hair colors and enzyme activity, while 2SCD appeared to be formed nonenzymatically. The absolute amount of 2SCD was constant for each individual but did not correlate with hair color or TH activity. The formation of 5SCD was linear for 60 min while most of the 2SCD was formed within seconds and did not change with time. White hair bulbs which demonstrated no TH activity formed 2SCD, but not 5SCD. We conclude that tyrosinase activity can be quantitated in human hair bulbs by this method, and that TH and DO are coordinate functions of tyrosinase over a broad range of hair color and enzyme activity.
Silver complexation and tandem mass spectrometry for differentiation of isomeric flavonoid diglycosides.

For detection and differentiation of isomeric flavonoids, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used to generate silver complexes of the type (Ag + flavonoid)+. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) of the resulting 1:1 silver/flavonoid complexes allows isomer differentiation of flavonoids. Eighteen flavonoid diglycosides constituting seven isomeric series are distinguishable from each other based on the CAD patterns of their silver complexes. Characteristic dissociation pathways allow identification of the site of glycosylation, the type of disaccharide (rutinose versus neohesperidose), and the type of aglycon (flavonol versus flavone versus flavanone). This silver complexation method is more universal than previous metal complexation methods, as intense silver complexes are observed even for flavonoids that lack the typical metal chelation sites. To demonstrate the feasibility of using silver complexation and tandem mass spectrometry to characterize flavonoids in complex mixtures, flavonoids...
The process of recovery from schizophrenia

To facilitate future research on recovery from schizophrenia a qualitative, longitudinal analysis was conducted with individuals participating in rehabilitation to identify themes associated with improvement in functioning and subjective experience. Twelve individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomly selected from a just concluded two-year study of psychiatric rehabilitation. Each individual was followed for an additional four years. Every four to eight months each person participated in a semistructured,audiotaped interview about his or her current life experiences. Tapes were evaluated independently by three assessors for themes and phases that emerged from these life experiences. The qualitative analysis characterized the process of recovery as having phases, dimensions, indicators, and barriers to recovery. This empirically derived description of the process of recovery, from the perspective of people who are experiencing it, can be used to generate research ...
An autoradiographic study of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the posterior nucleus in the cat

Injections of small quantities of tritiated amino acid were made in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and the adjacent posterior nucleus (PN), and the cortical projections of these nuclei were studied using the autoradiographic tracing method. It was concluded that the laminar division of LGNd projects only to areas 17 and 18 of the ipsilateral hemisphere. That portion of LGNd designated the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) projects to areas 18, 19 and the Clare—Bishop are (CB). PN was found to project to areas 19, CB, and a region within the splenial sulcus. No subcortical projections of LGNd or PN were observed. The distribution of transported label within cortical laminae showed that terminations occur largely in layer IV of all cortical areas studied, and that a relatively small number of terminations take place in layers I–III and in layer V. The cortical labeling pattern in areas 17 and 18 indicated that a substantial number of terminations may also exist in layer VI. The initial trajectory of PN and MIN axons was studied. PN fibers coursed laterally and remained closely applied to the dorsal border of LGNd before turning dorsally into the visual radiations. Most MIN fibers, on the other hand, passed laterally through the laminae of LGNd before ascending to the cortex.
EFFECT OF EXTRACELLULAR PALMITATE ON 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN MUSCLE FROM AD LIBITUM FED AND CALORIE RESTRICTED RATS

We studied the effect of a high physiologic concentration of palmitate (1mM) onin vitro2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) uptake by flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle fromad libitumfed rats (AL) and rats fed 60% ofad libitumintake (CR) for 20 days. CR did not alter muscle 2DG uptake in the absence of insulin, but relative to AL, CR significantly (p<0.01) increased 2DG uptake in the presence of 20,000μU/ml insulin. This effect of CR persisted in the presence of 1mM palmitate. The presence of 1mM palmitate significantly (p<0.01) impaired 2DG glucose uptake, both in the presence and absence of insulin, to the same extent in AL and CR muscle, despite an 18% decrease in FABPpm expression with CR. Thus, although CR profoundly affects insulin-mediated muscle glucose uptake, it does not alter the ability of extracellular fatty acid to modulate glucose utilization by skeletal muscle.
Placement Opportunities for Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics Professionals: Part II: Academic and Internship Positions:

This paper describes placement opportunities for HFE and ergonomics professionals in academic and internship positions, which were contained in the position announcements distributed by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) Placement Service during 1994–1995. Ten academic and twenty internship positions were announced. The features of the position announcement examined include: degree requirements, major field of study, areas of expertise, required work experience, salary, geographic location, job description and skills required. Academic positions were most frequently available in industrial engineering, and human factors ergonomics. Expertise in the area of industrial ergonomics and consumer products was most frequently desired. The most frequently cited courses to be taught were human factors/ergonomics and statistics. Among internships, knowledge of human-computer interaction was most frequently cited. Professional skills and expectations of interns are also discussed.
FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF UNSTEADY AND UNSATURATED FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

Publisher Summary The flow of water through soils in many practical situations is unsteady and unsaturated. It is unsteady because the moisture content changes as a function of time. This chapter presents a finite element solution of unsteady and unsaturated flow in porous media. It also presents an unsteady, unsaturated, one-dimensional, horizontal flow in a soil of constant cross section and finite length. A finite element weighted residual process has been applied to both linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. From the linear cases, the method proves to be very accurate, and with the decreasing of the size of the finite elements the solution converges to the exact solution. For the nonlinear cases, the results depend upon the careful choice of parameters that are listed in the previous section. The results presented demonstrate the usefulness of the method in obtaining solutions to one-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations. Further, the method presents an efficient alternative to other solution methods in which the iteration procedure arises directly from the problem itself. The method presented is more general in that nonlinear algebraic equations are generated and solved using a subroutine specifically designed for them.
A Family Systems Approach for the Career Counselor.

Career counselors may find a systems perspective and strategies beneficial for the indecisive adult client who seems to be drowning in a sea of possibilities.
Effects of Bilateral Adrenalectomy and Continuous Light on the Circadian Rhythm of Corticotropin in Female Rats1

The rhythm of plasma corticosterone in intact female rats exposed to constant light for 8 weeks was compared with that in control group exposed to alternating lightdarkness: corticosterone levels were depressed and the peak ablated in the experimental group. The daily rhythm of corticotropin in plasma and pituitary tissue was measured by bioassay in groups of adult female adrenalectomized rats. The first group was exposed to alternating light for 7 days and the second and third to alternating light and to constant light, respectively, for 8 weeks. A definite rhythm of corticotropin secretion was observed and the peak value appeared at 1 pm (1300 hr) in the 7-day adrenalectomy group. Constant light was associated with a diminution of plasma levels and a suppression of the rhythmic secretion of corticotropin. The results suggest a dominating neural mechanism for the control of the circadian rhythm of corticotropin, which is depressed by exposure to constant light. (Endocrinology 82: 1117, 1968)
MO‐A‐I‐617‐01: PET Systems: Instrumentation and Data Acquisition

Positron emission tomography or PET is now considered one of the most important clinical imaging modalities, particularly in the fields of oncology and neurology. In addition, the application of PET to cardiology is swiftly growing. This presentation will discuss the instrumentation as well as the data acquisition associated with state‐of‐the‐art PET systems including PET‐CT. This talk will review the basics of positron emission, annihilation coincidence detection and instrumentation design. It will review detector designs in state‐of‐the‐art PET systems including the choice of detector materials. We will also describe both 2D and 3D PETdata acquisition modes and the merits of each. We will discuss random coincidences, scatter and attenuation correction and current approaches being used to correct for these. For attenuation correction, calculated methods, measured methods using rotating rod sources as well as the use of CT will be discussed. At the end of this presentation, the participants will be able to: 1. list 3 detector materials routinely used in PET and at least one advantage or disadvantage of each, 2. describe the difference between 2D and 3D PETdata acquisition. 3. discuss 3 current methods of attenuation correction used in PET and
End vertices in interval graphs

Given an interval representation of an interval graph G, an interval is an end interval if its right (or left) endpoint is further to the right (left) of all other intervals in the collection. We characterize those vertices v in interval graphs for which there is some representation of G where the interval corresponding to v is an end interval. We also present a short proof of a characterization of homogeneously representable interval graphs.
On deletions of largest bonds in graphs

A well-known conjecture of Scott Smith is that any two distinct longest cycles of a k-connected graph must meet in at least k vertices when k>=2. We provide a dual version of this conjecture for two distinct largest bonds in a graph. This dual conjecture is established for k=<6.
Increased breakpoints on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by IV cocaine are associated with reduced locomotor activation and reduced dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens shell in rats

Rationale It has been hypothesized that sensitization of the neurochemical effects within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system might account for specific aspects of the addiction process. We have recently developed a self-administration procedure which produces increases in responding reinforced by cocaine on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. This may reflect an increased motivation to self-administer cocaine, one hallmark of addiction.
Suprathermal ions and MHD turbulence observed upstream of an interplanetary shock by Advanced Composition Explorer

Observations of a beam-like ion distribution upstream of an interplanetary shock near 1 AU are presented in this paper. Such observations upstream of interplanetary shocks are rare, with only one known example in the literature, a shock studied by Voyager 1 at about 2.25 AU. The ions are observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) and Energetic Proton Alpha Monitor (EPAM) instruments and associated MHD fluctuations are observed by the ACE Bartol Research Institute Magnetometer (MAG) instrument. The energy per charge of the ions observed by SWEPAM extends from ∼700 eV/q to ∼3 keV/q in the spacecraft frame, while the ions seen by EPAM extend to ∼100 keV in the spacecraft frame. The fluctuating fields observed by MAG have spacecraft frame frequencies from about 0.03 to 0.3 Hz. The particle and field data are combined to determine the ion phase space density parallel and perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, and the results suggest that a field-aligned beam moving away from the shock is observed. Linear Vlasov theory predicts that the observed ions can drive fluctuations with the observed frequencies and polarization. In addition, fluctuating field amplitudes are in qualitative agreement with simulation predictions.
Surface intervalley scattering on GaAs(110): Direct observation with picosecond laser photoemission.

Angle-resolved laser photoemission investigations of the laser-excited GaAs(110) surface have revealed a previously unobserved valley of the ${C}_{3}$ unoccupied surface band whose minimum is at $\overline{X}$ in the surface Brillouin zone. Electron population in this valley increases only as a result of scattering from the directly photoexcited valley at $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$. With high momentum resolution, we have isolated the dynamic electron population changes at both $\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ and $\overline{X}$ and deduced the scattering time between the two valleys.
What is reference for

Much discussion has taken place about the future of reference work and its place within the library and the emerging information environment. It seems reasonable, then, to reflect briefly on the purposes and motivations of reference – past, present and future – to see if those do not help us get a better handle on what we should be doing in the years to come.
Norm-linear and norm-additive operators between uniform algebras

Abstract Let A ⊂ C ( X ) and B ⊂ C ( Y ) be uniform algebras with Choquet boundaries δA and δB. A map T : A → B is called norm-linear if ‖ λ T f + μ T g ‖ = ‖ λ f + μ g ‖ ; norm-additive, if ‖ T f + T g ‖ = ‖ f + g ‖ , and norm-additive in modulus, if ‖ | T f | + | T g | ‖ = ‖ | f | + | g | ‖ for each λ , μ ∈ C and all algebra elements f and g. We show that for any norm-linear surjection T : A → B there exists a homeomorphism ψ : δ A → δ B such that | ( T f ) ( y ) | = | f ( ψ ( y ) ) | for every f ∈ A and y ∈ δ B . Sufficient conditions for norm-additive and norm-linear surjections, not assumed a priori to be linear, or continuous, to be unital isometric algebra isomorphisms are given. We prove that any unital norm-linear surjection T for which T ( i ) = i , or which preserves the peripheral spectra of C -peaking functions of A, is a unital isometric algebra isomorphism. In particular, we show that if a linear operator between two uniform algebras, which is surjective and norm-preserving, is unital, or preserves the peripheral spectra of C -peaking functions, then it is automatically multiplicative and, in fact, an algebra isomorphism.
ON BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS AS FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE

1. The critical thermal increments are calculated for respiratory processes (O(2) consumption, CO(2) production) in various plants and animals. They are characteristically found to be of two, possibly three, types: micro = 11,500, and 16,100 or 16,700. The first is commonly encountered above 15 degrees , the second below that temperature, but these relations may be reversed. (The value of micro may be significantly changed in inanition.) 2. For reduction of methylene blue by bacteria, through removal of H from succinic acid, micro = 16,700. This process (Quastel and Whetham, 1924) at constant temperature is a function of the hydroxyl ion concentration. The suggestive identity is pointed out of the critical increment for this reduction phenomenon with that deduced for biological respirations in which a dehydrogenation mechanism is supposed to be of widespread occurrence, and in connection with which Fe very likely has a catalytic role. The action of OH' is believed to be revealed in the value micro = 11,500, frequently obtained in connection with respiration. 3. A somewhat lower micro (16,140) is associated with the oxidation of Fe'', and may be compared with (1) that of respiration in sea urchin eggs, for which (Warburg) iron is catalyst, and (2) that for some simple reactions in which Fe is known to serve as catalyst; it is not found for oxidative reactions in which Fe is not involved. 4. The bearing of these findings is discussed in relation to the theory of functional analysis of concurrent catalyzed reactions in protoplasm. It is shown that for a number of activities in which the effects of respiration may safely be assumed, the values of the critical increments are consistent with those determined for processes of respiration. 5. The further development of these views may lead to an extremely important method of identifying controlling reactions in undisturbed living matter.
Phorbol Myristate Acetate-induced Hypertrophy of Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes is Associated with Decreased Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ATPase (SERCA2) Gene Expression and Calcium Reuptake

The decreased expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase associated with cardiac hypertrophy was investigated in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Northern blot analysis indicated a significant 55-60% decrease in Ca(2+)-ATPase mRNA levels and after 12 and 24 h of treatment with the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Myocytes treated with the phorbol ester for 80 h showed a significant 34% decrease (relative to vehicle-treated control cells) in the levels of Ca(2+)-ATPase protein, and a significant 38% increase in the levels of alpha-sarcomeric actin, as assessed by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies. Immunocytochemistry of myocytes treated for 72 h with the phorbol ester revealed a hypertrophied cell morphology, and showed a marked decrease in Ca(2+)-ATPase staining intensity. Contractile calcium transients were evaluated through the use of indo-1. It was found that the t1/2 for the decline of calcium transient was significantly prolonged by PMA treatment (0.51 +/- 0.15) when compared to controls (0.38 +/- 0.17, P < 0.001). Treatment of myocytes with endothelin-1 also led to a 35% decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase mRNA levels. It is concluded that phorbol ester treatment of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes induces similar changes in Ca(2+)-ATPase mRNA levels. It is concluded that phorbol ester treatment of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes induces similar changes in Ca(2+)-ATPase gene expression as observed in vivo in the hypertrophied and failing heart. The observed prolongation in t1/2 for [Ca2+]i decline might be due to the observed depressed levels for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase in PMA treated cells.
Asteroidal resources for space manufacturing

Abstract Earth-approaching asteroids (Apollos and Amors) may be competitive candidates as raw materials for space manufacturing. The total energy per unit mass required to transfer material from some of these bodies to high Earth orbit is comparable to that for lunar material. Recent optical studies suggest ordinary and carbonaceous chondrite compositions for these asteroids, with some containing large quantities of metallic iron and nickel, and others, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Discoveries of several new candidate asteroids over the next few years will allow for a better selection of materials and mission possibilities. Material from one of these asteroids, either in raw or manufactured form, could be returned to the vicinity of the Earth by a solar-powered mass-driver reaction engine. With a requirement of ∼60 shuttle flights, and with minimal development costs, an automated mission to a 200-m dia. (107 ton) metal-rich asteroid could be carried out by a mass-driver tug assembled in low Earth orbit using shuttle tankage as reaction mass. Such a tug could, within a few years, move the asteroid into high Earth orbit for the manufacturing of ∼ 20 satellite power stations using a portion of the asteroid itself as reaction mass. In the next few years over 100 asteroids in this size range could be discovered, orbits determined and composition types classified using existing earthbased and spaceborne search techniques.
Reproductive Health Under Managed Care: Expanding Provider Obligations

The discussion of ethical issues in managed care can be focused on two general areas. The first of these is the impact of the shift toward managed care on the fiduciary relationship between health care professional and patient, including the issue of trust, the potential for conflict of interest, and the impact of cost-saving strategies on the clinician's ability to address a patient's health care needs. The second is the attention to justice that managed care demands. Health care professionals must take issues in both areas into account, attempting to balance obligations to individual patients with obligations to patients collectively. Strategies for doing so are discussed.
Residual thermal stresses in ceramic composites, Part II: with short fibers

The residual thermal stresses in ceramic composites containing short fibers (i.e., fibers of finite length) are analyzed. Whereas the residual stresses in an embedded ellipsoidal inclusion are uniform, the residual stresses in an embedded short fiber are non-uniform. These non-uniform stresses in the fiber are analyzed using a shear lag model. To satisfy the continuity condition at the fiber ends, a technique of assuming imaginary fibers in the composite is adopted in the present study. The predicted residual axial strain along the fiber length is compared with the experimental measurements. Effects of (1) the distance between the fiber end and the free surface of the composite and (2) the aspect ratio of the fiber on the residual stresses are examined.