cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Intercalibration of Ultraviolet Solar Actinometers

Ultraviolet (UV) sunlight actinometers were developed based on the photolysis of nitrate and nitrite. Photon exposures (i.e. time-integrated irradiances) were quantified from the photochemical production of salicylic acid (SA) or p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with benzoic acid. The solar response bandwidth for the nitrate actinometer in quartz tubing was 322 ± 11 nm during the Spring of 1999, while the response bandwidth of the Mylar D-filtered nitrite actinometer was 355 ± 25 nm. Intercomparisons of the nitrate and nitrite actinometers with a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center SR-18 scanning UV-B radiometer (SERC SR-18) and an Optronics OL-754 spectroradiometer (OL-754) were performed during the summer of 1998, and the winter and spring of 1999. Photon exposures determined by the nitrate actinometer were in excellent agreement with the SERC SR-18, with a slope (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.98 ± 0.01 based on SA production and 0.94 ± 0.02 based on pHBA production. Excellent agreement was also found between the nitrite actinometer and the OL-754, with a slope (95% CI) of 1.00 ± 0.01 using SA production and 1.00 ± 0.02 using pHBA production. These actinometers are well suited for use in the water column and are sufficiently sensitive to determine photon exposures below the 0.1% UV light-level.
The effect of hydrogenous species on the properties and reliability of the dielectrics and metals used in multilevel metallization

The most important metallization problems in the electronics industry arise from the mass transport induced by either a chemical potential gradient (interdiffusion) or high current density (electromigration). There is ample evidence that hydrogen can provide substantial reduction of the mass transport caused by these two forces and also of the 1/f noise. Hydrogenous species are also found to play an important role in controlling electrical and mechanical properties of the insulators generally used on the chips. Such effects will play a critical role in changing our materials and their processing paths as well as their use. In this paper we bring focus to these effects by presenting and discussing the results of our investigations of the effect of hydrogen on (a) the interactions of copper with Ti, Mg, CoSi/sub 2/ and (b) the resistance and noise in gold metallization, (c) the electromigration in Al, and (d) the electrical and mechanical properties of the SiO/sub 2/ films.
In Vivo Priming and Activation of Memory Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes (CTL) by a Chimeric Simian Virus 40 T Antigen Expressing an Eight Amino Acid Residue Herpes Simplex Virus gB CTL Epitope

The simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen was used as an immunogenic vector to express a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB), H-2Kb-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition epitope corresponding to amino acid residues 498-505. Immunization of naive, C57BL/6 mice with a cell line, B6/350gB, expressing the chimeric T antigen was able to induce the generation of gB498-505-specific CTL in both the lymph nodes and the spleen. Splenic-derived, gB498-505-specific memory CTL (CTLm) were detected in these mice for at least 6 months following immunization at a slightly lower frequency than in those mice immunized with infectious HSV-1. B6/350gB was also able to activate in vitro gB498-505-specific memory CTL obtained from mice previously challenged with HSV. Overall, these findings support the use of a chimeric T antigen as a vector in determining the immunogenic potential of individual CTL epitopes and to assess their potential contribution in inducing a protective immune response in vivo.
Distribution and Growth of Larval Rainbow Smelt in Eastern Lake Michigan, 1978–1981

Abstract Distribution and growth of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax larvae are described from samples collected in eastern Lake Michigan during 1978–1981 with plankton nets and benthic sleds deployed in water 1–15 m deep. Rainbow smelt larvae less than 25.5 mm total length were caught from May to early August, whereas young of the year 25.5 mm and larger occurred from July to September. Newly hatched larvae were found mostly during May; however, some hatching occurred in late June or early July, apparently due to slower incubation of eggs in deep cooler water. After hatching, rainbow smelt larvae were distributed in shallow water for a short period; from June to early August larvae were widely dispersed. Larvae concentrated inshore in late August. They generally were found at a few random depth strata from May to early August. In late August larvae concentrated near bottom. Larval rainbow smelt were most common at water temperatures of 10 to 16 C. Rainbow smelt averaged from 5.3 to 6.1 mm in May; they grew t...
Spatial gestures using a tactile-proprioceptive display

Proprioception --the human ability to sense the orientation of limbs without vision or hearing-- is one of the main drivers of motor operations and plays a significant role in input modalities such as touch and gestures. As an output modality proprioception has remained largely unexplored --though it can convey information to a user using their own body. Spatial interaction requires users to visually acquire the location of an object, which can then be manipulated using a touch or gesture. This is challenging if you are unable to see or in mobile contexts where the use of a display may be undesirable. This paper evaluates a tactile-proprioceptive display for eye and ear free 2D target acquisition and spatial interaction.
Differential information in option volume and stock volume

We find that option volumes and stock volumes contain differential information in the setting of the final forecasted stock price. For situations in which the forecasted stock price is expected to increase, the upper bound may be established by call buy volumes and the lower bound by put sell volumes. With implicit stock price decreases, we find bounds based on call sell volumes and put buy volumes. Other limits are imposed by the information contained in short sale volumes and the exercise price. Within these limits, market makers use the information contained in stock buy and sell volumes to determine future stock bid and ask quotes.
The empty lot: Passage of a mental health center through a black American Urban community

American psychiatry and academic psychiatric departments currently have a diminished role in the direction, staffing and training of community mental health centers as compared to the beginning of the center movement two decades ago. Lacking sufficient psychiatric staffing, the poor and disadvantaged populations served by these centers will continue to receive inadequate mental health care. Many academic psychiatry departments consider community mental health centers to be administratively and fiscally burdensome. A frequent issue has been the problematic relationship of psychiatrists and academic psychiatry departments to community mental health center boards — particularly boards dominated by disadvantaged minority groups. However, accurate reports of these psychiatry-community board relationships are not readily available. This paper will report and analyze the organizational history of a mental health center with an active minority-dominated community board. Based upon this case study and the review of relevant literature, the author concludes: 1. Urban community mental health boards controlled by black minority members can support community-wide mental health service programs that are both relevant to expressed community goals and of high professional quality. 2. Leadership crises arise from staff conflicts and not staff-community confrontations. 3. Leadership crises result from the ill-defined relationships of Center supporting agencies to the organized communities. 4. Community boards must have clear and legitimized relationships with other supervising organizations if they are to effectively and constructively participate in Center governance.
Mercury-induced autoimmunity in Brown Norway rats: kinetics of changes in RT6+ T lymphocytes correlated with IgG isotypes of circulating autoantibodies to laminin 1.

Abstract Repeated exposure to mercury causes various autoimmune effects in rats of the Brown Norway (BN) strain. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that on day 15 of HgCl2 treatment BN rats exhibit a relative decrease in RT6.2+ T cells. At the same time, they produce high levels of autoantibodies to renal antigens and experience a membranous glomerulonephropathy. In contrast, Lewis (LEW) rats are resistant to autoimmunity caused by mercury and do not demonstrate a decrease in RT6+ cells after administration of HgCl2. In the present paper we provide novel information on the correlation between changes in RT6.2+ lymph node T cells and the production of autoantibodies to laminin 1, obtained by detailed kinetic studies of HgCl2-treated BN rats. We have confirmed a decrease in the percentage of RT6.2+ lymphocytes on day 15 of mercury treatment, despite a significant increase in the number of peripheral lymphocytes. No such changes were observed in LEW rats. We have determined that on day 15 the percentage decrease in RT6+ cells is evident in both RT6.2+CD4+ and RT6.2+CD8+ T cell subsets. Kinetic studies demonstrated that significant changes in the percentage of RT6.2+ cells are first observed by day 8 and continue through days 11 and 15. We have also observed a significant percent decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as an increase in CD4−CD8− cells. The dramatic increase in the percentage of these double negative cells at the level of peripheral lymphoid tissues does not appear to be due to higher thymic output, since there was a decrease in the percentage of TCR+Thy1+ cells, a phenotype that is associated with recent thymic emigrants. Finally, we have demonstrated that 100% of HgCl2-treated BN rats had circulating antibodies that reacted with both mouse and rat laminin 1, i.e. are autoantibodies to laminin 1. These autoantibodies were predominantly of the IgG1 and IgG2a isotype, possibly as the result of a polarized autoimmune response driven by Type 2 cytokines. A kinetic investigation showed that significant levels of IgG1 and IgG2a autoantibodies to laminin 1 were first present in the circulation by day 11. The inverse correlation between levels of RT6.2+ T lymphocytes and autoantibodies to laminin 1 suggests that mercury may induce autoimmune responses in BN rats by its effects on these immunoregulatory cells.
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND BRUXISM

Responses of 18 smokers and 165 nonsmokers to two items which assessed experience with symptoms of bruxism were compared. Smokers were about three times more likely to experience symptoms of bruxism but not over-all stressful experience.
Latin American Society and Legal Culture: A Bibliography

This is the first comprehensive bibliography of the major readings in English, Spanish, and Portuguese relating to the legal systems of Latin America and to the political, economic, and social developments that helped to shape them. Snyder's bibliography is arranged according to a convenient and detailed outline of issues and subject areas. References appear under three principle categories: the influence of history and tradition; the interplay of politics, economics, ideology, and convention in the evolution of legal thought and legal systems; and the legal implications of Latin American responses to colonial dependency and to the challenges of development.
Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of cell-based toxicity assay results.

The field of toxicology is currently undergoing a global paradigm shift to use of in vitro approaches for assessing the risks of chemicals and drugs in a more mechanistic and high throughput manner than current approaches relying primarily on in vivo testing. However, reliance on in vitro data entails a number of new challenges associated with translating the in vitro results to corresponding in vivo exposures. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling provides an effective framework for conducting quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE). Their physiological structure facilitates the incorporation of in silico- and in vitro-derived chemical-specific parameters in order to predict in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In particular, the combination of in silico- and in vitro parameter estimation with PBPK modeling can be used to predict the in vivo exposure conditions that would produce chemical concentrations in the target tissue equivalent to the concentr...
DNA Polymerase β and Flap Endonuclease 1 Enzymatic Specificities Sustain DNA Synthesis for Long Patch Base Excision Repair

DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) are key players in pol beta-mediated long-patch base excision repair (LP-BER). It was proposed that this type of LP-BER is accomplished through FEN1 removal of a 2- to 11-nucleotide flap created by pol beta strand displacement DNA synthesis. To understand how these enzymes might cooperate during LP-BER, we characterized purified human pol beta DNA synthesis by utilizing various BER intermediates, including single-nucleotide-gapped DNA, nicked DNA, and nicked DNA with various lengths of flaps all with a 5'-terminal tetrahydrofuran (THF) residue. We observed that nicked DNA and nicked-THF flap DNA were poor substrates for pol beta-mediated DNA synthesis; yet, DNA synthesis was strongly stimulated by purified human FEN1. FEN1 did not improve pol beta substrate binding. FEN1 cleavage activity was required for the stimulation, suggesting that FEN1 removed a barrier to pol beta DNA synthesis. In addition, FEN1 cleavage on both nicked and nicked-THF flap DNA resulted in a one-nucleotide gapped DNA molecule that was an ideal substrate for pol beta. This study demonstrates that pol beta cooperates with FEN1 to remove DNA damage via a "Hit and Run" mechanism, involving alternating short gap production by FEN1 and gap filling by pol beta, rather than through coordinated formation and removal of a strand-displaced flap.
Identifying parent-daughter relationships among duplicated genes.

In this paper we use the length of the shared synteny between genes to identify “parent” orthologs among multiple lineage specific duplicated genes. Genes in the region around each duplicated paralog are compared with the genes flanking an outgroup ortholog to estimate the probability of observing homologs in syntenic vs. non-syntenic regions. The length of the shared synteny is introduced as a hidden variable and is estimated using Expectation-Maximization for each lineage specific paralog. Assuming that the original, parental gene will preserve the longest synteny with the outgroup gene, and that any daughter genes will have a shorter syntenic block, we are able to determine parentdaughter relationships. We apply this method to lineage specific duplications in the human genome, and show that we are able to determine the direction and size of the duplication events that have created hundreds of genes.
Genetic evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates competitive interactions between individual cortical neurons

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a secreted protein important for development and function of neocortical circuitry. Although it is well established that BDNF contributes to the sculpting of dendrite structure and modulation of synapse strength, the range and directionality of BDNF signaling underlying these functions are incompletely understood. To gain insights into the role of BDNF at the level of individual neurons, we tested the cell-autonomous requirements for Bdnf in visual cortical layer 2/3 neurons. We found that the number of functional Bdnf alleles a neuron carries relative to the prevailing genotype determines its density of dendritic spines, the structures at which most excitatory synapses are made. This requirement for Bdnf exists both during postnatal development and in adulthood, suggesting that the amount of BDNF a neuron is capable of producing determines its success in ongoing competition in the environment of the neocortex. Our results suggest that BDNF may perform a long-sought function for a secreted growth factor in mediating the competitive events that shape individual neurons and their circuits.
Hazard rate ratio and prospective epidemiological studies

Analysis of prospective follow-up data usually includes a Cox regression model. When a hazard rate ratio, obtained as the exponential of an estimated regression coefficient from the Cox model, is greater than 1.0, it consistently exceeds relative risk, and is exceeded by the odds ratio. The divergence of these distinct epidemiologic measures increases with the product of three factors: (1) the length of follow-up, (2) the average rate of the end point occurence over the follow-up period, and (3) the magnitude of risk, either above or below 1. Cornfield's rare disease assumption is basically the product of the first two of these factors. However, risks in excess of 2.5 have a powerful effect on the divergence of these measures, and this point has received less emphasis. Conversely, and as seen frequently in applications, relative risk, hazard rate ratio, and odds ratio numerically approximate one another with shorter follow-up, rarer end points, and risks closer to 1. Although the hazard rate ratio is not always distinguished from relative risk, it is commonly close to, and is always between, relative risk and the odds ratio. Consistent and accurate terminology would have us use hazard rate ratio with Cox regression and odds ratio with logistic regression. The term "relative risk" seems to be a default choice, regardless of the model being used. However, when relative risk is the object of the model chosen, as in a Poisson regression approximation of two binomial proportions or an equivalent weighted least squares, then for us, relative risk is the accurate terminology.
Acid of Krypton and Its Barium Salt

An acid of krypton is formed when krypton tetrafluoride is slowly hydrolyzed by ice at —30° to —60°C. The yield is 2 to 3 percent (mole). A barium salt of this acid, thermally stable at room temperature, is formed by the hydrolysis of krypton tetrafluoride with a 0.35N solution of barium hydroxide at O° to 5°C in a yield of approximately 7 percent by weight.
Remote Sensing of Cloud Parameters

Day and night mapping of the global distributions of the horizontal cloud covers and the corresponding cloud-top pressure levels are derived from the same set of infrared radiance data used to retrieve clear-column temperature profiles. General formulation of the problem is presented with illustrations for the simple case of a single layer of non-reflecting clouds. Experimental verification is obtained using 15 micron data measured by the NOAA-VTPR infrared sounder. After correcting for water vapor emission, the results show that the effective cloud cover derived from 15 micron data is less than that obtained from visible data.
Rietveld structure refinement of MgGeO3 post-perovskite phase to 1 Mbar

Using the CaIrO{sub 3}-type structure model (space group Cmcm), lattice parameters and atomic positions of the MgGeO{sub 3} post-perovskite (pPv) phase were determined based on Rietveld refinements at 78--109 GPa and first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The reproducibility of structural parameters obtained for different samples, consistency with theoretical calculations, and good agreement with expected bond lengths based on structurally similar materials all provide evidence for both validity of CaIrO{sub 3}-type structure model for the pPv phase in MgGeO{sub 3} exceeding 1 Mbar and reliability of structural parameters obtained by Rietveld refinements approaching 1 Mbar. The MgGeO{sub 3} pPv phase exhibits strong anisotropy in axial compressibility, with the b-axis being most compressible. The polyhedral bulk modulus for the GeO{sub 6} octahedron is 1.9x larger than that for the MgO{sub 8} hendecahedron. Examination of neighboring O-O distances shows that the O-O distance aligned along the a direction is one of the longest and that aligned along c is one of the shortest, and these may be related to the lower compressibility along c compared with a. Comparison of structural features of MgGeO{sub 3} pPv with those for MgSiO{sub 3}, NaMgF{sub 3}, and CaIrO{sub 3} pPv show that MgSiO{sub 3} pPvmore » has more similarity with NaMgF{sub 3} and MgGeO{sub 3} pPv than with CaIrO{sub 3} pPv in such parameters as degree of octahedral distortion, implying that both NaMgF{sub 3} and MgGeO{sub 3} pPv are better analogs to MgSiO{sub 3} pPv than CaIrO{sub 3} pPv.« less
The internationalization of emerging stock markets

Stock markets in developing countries today account for about 7 per cent of world equity market capitalization, and this share is rising rapidly. Foreign investors have in the past often faced restrictive barriers to access to these emerging markets. A growing number of developing countries have now started to dismantle these barriers, however, resulting in an increasing interest by international portfolio managers in these emerging stock markets.
Sucrose cycling, Rubisco expression, and prediction of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated atmospheric CO2

Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO 2 cannot presently be predicted due to our limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic signals that regulate photosynthetic gene expression. We have examined acclimation by comparing changes in the leaf content of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) with changes in the transcripts of Rubisco subunit genes and with leaf carbohydrate metabolism. When grown at 1000 mm 3 dm -3 CO 2 , 12 of 16 crop species at peak vegetative growth had a 15-44% decrease in leaf Rubisco protein, but with no specific association with changes in transcript levels measured at midday. Species with only modest reductions in Rubisco content (10-20%) often had a large reduction in Rubisco small subunit gene mRNAs (> 30%), with no reduction in large subunit gene mRNAs. However, species with a very large reduction in Rubisco content generally had only small reductions in transcript mRNAs. Photosynthetic acclimation also was not specifically associated with a change in the level of any particular carbohydrate measured at midday. However, a threshold relationship was found between the reduction in Rubisco content at high CO 2 and absolute levels of soluble acid invertase activity measured in plants grown at ambient or high CO 2 . This relationship was valid for 15 of the 16 species examined. There also occurred a similar, albeit less robust, threshold relationship between the leaf hexose/sucrose ratio at high CO 2 and a reduced photosynthetic capacity ≥ 20%. These data indicate that carbohydrate repression of photosynthetic gene expression at elevated CO 2 may involve leaf sucrose cycling through acid invertase and hexokinase.
Salivary Gland Malignancy and Radioiodine Therapy for Thyroid Cancer

Background: The risk of second primary malignancies in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer is of special interest because of the common use of radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation and/or treatment of these patients and the theoretical risk of subsequent nonthyroid malignancies associated with the radiation exposure. This brief report focuses specifically on the occurrence of second primary malignancies of the salivary glands. RAI residency within salivary tissues is known to have both acute and chronic consequences on salivary function, but secondary neoplasia is quite unusual. Summary: We present a very rare case of a patient with papillary thyroid cancer treated with 600 mCi of RAI, who subsequently developed salivary gland cancer. Conclusions: We recommend salivary gland protection to diminish potential side effects after the exposure to radioiodine. On the basis of our experience we suggest administration of sialogogues (such as lemon juice) continuously, every 30–60 minutes for 24 hours, af...
GaAs growth using tertiarybutylarsine and trimethylgallium

Abstract Tertiarybutylarsine (TBAs) is an ideal alternative to highly toxic AsH 3 for organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). Its decomposition was studied in a flow tube reactor using D 2 as the carrier gas. The products were analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The major products are isobutane (C 4 H 10 ), isobutene (C 4 H 8 ) and AsH 3 . The decomposition proceeds via two routes: intramolecular coupling, to produce C 4 H 10 and AsH, and β-elimination at higher temperatures which yields C 4 H 8 and AsH 3 . Addition or trimethylgallium (TMGa) has little effect on the rate and product distribution of TBAs decomposition; however, the pyrolysis of TMGa is altered greatly by the presence of TBAs. Numerical modeling shows that the main pathway to remove TMGa is via reaction with the AsH from the coupling step. In OMVPE growth the substrate temperatures are high enough that some TMGa decomposes independently, in which case the AsH serves to prevent adsorption of the CH 3 radicals and thus results in low carbon contamination.
Treebank parsing and knowledge of language: a cognitive perspective

Over the past 15 years, there has been increasing use of linguistically annotated sentence collections such as the LDC Penn Tree Bank (PTB) for constructing statistically based parsers. While these parsers have generally been built for engineering purposes, more recently such approaches have been advanced as potential cognitive solutions, e.g., for the problem of human language acquisition. Here we examine this possibility critically: we assess how well these Treebank parsers actually approach human/child language competence. We find that such systems fail to replicate many, perhaps most, empirically attested grammaticality judgments; seem overly sensitive, rather than robust, to training data idiosyncrasies; and easily acquire unnatural syntactic constructions never attested in human languages. Overall, we conclude that existing statistically based treebank parsers fail to incorporate much knowledge of language in these three senses. We discuss the implications of these results for the improvement of Treebank parsers and their cognitive relevance. Joint work with Professor Sandiway Fong, University of Arizona.
Visualizing protein–protein interactions in living animals

A variety of techniques have been developed to analyze protein-protein interactions in vitro and in cultured cells. However, these methods do not determine how protein interactions affect and are regulated by physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions in living animals. This article describes methodology for detecting and quantifying protein interactions in living mice, using an inducible two-hybrid system developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We discuss the methods to establish stably transfected cells with components of the imaging system, create tumor xenografts, synthesize PET radiopharmaceuticals used to visualize the imaging reporter, perform microPET imaging, and analyze data from imaging studies. Development and application of technologies for molecular imaging of protein-protein interactions in vivo should enable researchers to investigate intrinsic binding specificities of proteins during normal development and disease progression as well as aid drug development through direct interrogation of molecular targets within intact animals.
Congenital craniofacial anomalies.

Purpose of reviewCongenital abnormalities of the cranium and face present complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the ophthalmologist.Recent findingsPatients with craniofacial anomalies are best treated by a multidisciplinary team that includes specialists from plastic surgery, neurosurgery
Rostral cerebellar malformation (rcm/rcm) : a murine mutant to study regionalization of the cerebellum

A recently described recessive mouse mutant, rostral cerebellar malformation (rcm/rcm), demonstrates a swaying gait at approximately 12 days of age (Lane et al. [1992] J. Hered. 83:315–318). The mutant cerebellar (Cb) phenotype consists of cerebellar tissue that extends rostrally, beyond the usual distinct anterior cerebellar boundary, into the midbrain (Lane et al. [1992] J. Hered. 83:315–318; Ackerman et al. [1997] Nature 386:838–842). Interestingly, the cerebellar ectopia occurs in the absence of any significant alterations in the distribution of nuclear groups within the brainstem. The ectopic Cb tissue is 1) adherent to the posterior and lateral aspects of the inferior colliculus and to the lateral aspect of the rostral brainstem and 2) contains acellular regions within the inner granular layer (igl) and ectopic, calbindin-immunoreactive Purkinje cells (PCs) deep to the igl. Within the Cb proper, PC organization, as revealed by zebrin II immunoreactivity, is generally normal. In the ectopic Cb tissue PCs also exhibit a banded zebrin distribution. Analysis of the spinocerebellar projection in the mutant suggests a lobular distribution similar to that seen in the normal mouse. Within the anterior region, however, the normal parasagittal banding pattern is somewhat obscured. Spinocerebellar innervation of the ectopic Cb tissue exists, but it is almost exclusively to the region adjacent to the caudal inferior colliculus. In conjunction with the recent finding that the mutation appears to affect a UNC-5-like receptor protein for netrin-1, a molecule that may be involved in axonal guidance and cell migration (Ackerman et al. [1997] Nature 386:838–842), our results suggest that this mutant is an important model for the analysis of cerebellar development and regionalization. J. Comp. Neurol. 394:106–117, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the potential for genotoxic carcinogenicity of methyl isocyanate.

Abstract The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection method was used to predict the probability of carcinogenicity of methyl isocyanate (MIC) based upon the results of short-term tests. The analysis predicts that MIC has a significant potential for inducing cancer in rodents. However, the pattern of responses suggests that the carcinogenic potency would be low. Obviously, the realization of the identified risk would be dependent upon level, duration, and mode of exposure.
Spectral hole burning in free perylene and in small clusters with methane and alkyl halides

Abstract Pump-probe experiments have been used to sample hole-burning phenomena in the spectra of molecular clusters isolated under supersonic-jet conditions. By using two dye-laser pulses of −1 bandwidth, spaced by ≈60 ns, the spectra of different components of a supersonic expansion can be readily separated. In particular, details such as low-frequency mode structure can be examined for different structural isomers at the same level of aggregation. Data are given for methane/perylene clusters up to 3:1 and for different isomers of perylene/1-chlorobutane at the 1:1 level of aggregation.
Motivated changes of auditory sensitivity in a simple detection task

Recently both neurophysiological and psychophysical theories have suggested that the sensitivity of receptors, or of the whole organism, may change through “efferent control” or as a result of “motivation.” A psychophysical method has been devised to investigate changes in a listener’s ability to detect signals in a noisy background, which are elicited “on demand” by the E, and when the time course of the changes may be in the order of seconds rather than minutes orhours. Observed effects, which are consistent with the hypotheses of active control of sensitivity, are found to be orderly but quite small, generally less than that associated with a 1–2 dB increase in the level of a tonal signal. While the average increment in performance is thus slight, it is found that the variance between Ss is significantly reduced when strong motivating stimuli are introduced. This reduction in variance may reflect an upper limit on the performance of real listeners, which might be fruitfully compared with the theoretical limits proposed in the theory of signal detectability.
Trace metal distributions in the Hudson River estuary

Concentations of reactive PO 4 , particulate Al and dissolved and particulate Cd, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu and Mn were measured in the Hudson River estuary. Soluble trace metal concentrations ranged from 1 to 7 parts 10 −9 Cu; 1 to 60 parts 10 −9 Mn; 0·8 to 11 parts 10 −9 Ni; 3 to 33 parts 10 −9 Zn; 0·1 to 0·5 parts 10 −9 Cd and 5 to 96 parts 10 −9 Fe. The particulate levels were 0·2 to 6 parts 10 −9 Cu; 0·2 to 40 parts 10 −9 Mn; 0·1 to 8 parts 10 −9 Ni; 0·04 to 14 parts 10 −9 Zn; 0·005 to 0·3 parts 10 −9 Cd and 7 to 2200 parts 10 −9 Fe. With the exception of iron, the discharge of these metals with Manhattan/New Jersey sewage was comparable to the riverine flux. Anthropogenic Zn, Ni and Mn inputs were reflected in dissolved concentration maxima in New York Harbor. Mass-balance calculations demonstrate that the anthropogenic fraction of these metals left the Harbor in the dissolved form. Anthropogenic Cd, Fe and Cu were associated with solids and these metals were deposited in Harbor sediments.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in lamprey central nervous system.

Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in the CNS of larval and adult sea lampreys and adult river lampreys. In larval sea lampreys, the pituitary complex contained approx. 609 pg TRH/mg, brain contained 43.5 ± 5.5 pg/mg (mean ± S.E.M.). while the spinal cord contained 11.2 ± 2.3 pg/mg. Corresponding levels in the adult sea and river lampreys were similar. Complete spinal transection did not significantly alter TRH levels below the lesion. Thus, the spinal cord contains TRH independent of supraspinal axonal projections.
Sustainable change (or the end of change) at the U.S. Mint: A case exercise

Abstract This teaching resource describes an in-class, multi-part exercise that explores the challenges of getting consumers to alter the forms of cash they use in economic transactions. The objective of the exercise is to use a universal daily practice to illustrate issues in human behaviour and change management. Participants are tasked with advising the U.S. Mint on ways to promote greater use of dollar coins. It is presented in three parts each of which adds complexity and historical background. The exercise can be adapted to different class settings and formats depending on time frame and instructor preferences. The exercise is oriented towards courses in organisational behaviour, change management, and consulting but would also be useful in discussions on public policy and consumer behaviour. The case offers a contemporary and personal example of the challenges in promoting change at multiple levels.
Gene transfer in Drosophila melanogaster: cytological alterations in the salivary chromosomes of transformed stocks.

Cytological abnormalities are observed in salivary chromosomes of stocks of Drosophila melanogaster possessing DNA-induced, v+ transformations mapping either at 1∓0.0 or 1∓33.0. In initial studies, the untransformed control stock and six transformed stocks were assigned code numbers prior to cytological examination. Salivary chromosome regions 1B9 · 10—1C2 · 3 and 10A1 · 2—10B1 · 2 were carefully examined in each of the coded stocks. (Band 1B11 is tentatively identified as the site of the suppressor-of-sable locus at 1∓0.0 and band 10A1 is the site of the vermilion locus at 1∓33.0.) When cytological studies were complete each of the stocks was identified. In every transformed stock examined, anomalies had been scored in association with the chromosome region corresponding to the map position of the DNA-induced alteration. In the control stock, anomalies were observed at neither position. — Approximately 10–15% of the nuclei in transformed stocks exhibit significant departure from normality in the pertinent chromosome region. The perturbations range from minor alterations of banding pattern to apparent pieces of extra chromatin in the most extreme cases. In stocks with v+ transformations mapping at 1∓33.0, apparent extra chromatin is observed with frequencies varying from 0.05 to 0.02. In these cases the abnormal structures are associated with salivary band 10A1 · 2, forming a band-like structure, frequently an almost perfect doublet (open or closed), often lying in an abnormal position, and with fine chromatin threads connecting to the chromosomal doublet. In stocks with v+ transformations mapping at 1∓0.0, apparent extra chromatin is observed with a frequency of about 0.001. These abnormal structures are frequently thread-like, lying to the side or off the tip of the chromosome, with compact regions which sometimes resemble chromomeres, and with fine threads connecting to the chromosomal 1B11 region.
Luminescent silole nanoparticles as chemoselective sensors for Cr(VI).

Colloidal suspensions of 3-aminopropylmethyl(tetraphenyl)silole nanoparticles can be used as selective chemosensors for carcinogenic chromium(VI) analyte. Methylhydrosilole is functionalized by hydrosilation of allylamine, and the colloid is prepared by the rapid addition of water to a THF solution of the silole. The method of detection is through electron-transfer quenching of the fluorescence of the silole colloid (λem = 485 nm at 360 nm excitation) by the analytes, with hundred parts per billion detection limits. Stern−Volmer plots are linear up to 10 ppm in the case of chromium, but exhibit saturation behavior near 5−10 ppm for arsenic. Dynamic light scattering experiments and AFM measurements show the particle sizes to be around 100 nm in diameter and dependent on solvent composition, with a particle size dispersity of ±25%. The fluorescence lifetimes of the silole in solution and colloid are ∼31 ps and ∼4.3 ns, respectively, while the silole has a lifetime of 6 ns in the bulk solid. A minimum volume...
Food preferences and the opioid peptide system

Abstract The pleasure response to palatable foods, notably those rich in sugar and fat, may be mediated through the endogenous opioid peptide system. In a recent study, infusions of the opioid antagonist naloxone were shown to reduce taste preferences for sugar-fat mixtures and to decrease the consumption of sweet and high-fat foods. The effects were more pronounced among women characterized as compulsive ‘binge-eaters’ than among control subjects. Cravings by obese or bulimic women for chocolate and other sweet, fat-rich desserts may be under opioid control.
Malignant pheochromocytoma: a review.

Abstract Background Pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine-secreting tumors. Approximately 10 percent of pheochromocytomas are malignant. Traditionally, there has been no reliable method available to predict the malignant potential of pheochromocytoma. However, recent research has increased focus on differentiating at the time of surgery/diagnosis those pheochromocytoma tumors which have malignant potential. In this review, we discuss the current information known of malignant pheochromocytomas. Data sources The PubMed database was searched for articles on malignant pheochromocytoma published between 1993 and 2010. Conclusions The difficult task of predicting the malignant potential of a pheochromocytoma has yet to be answered definitively. However, all the studies presented give an idea of what we may look for in these tumors at the time of diagnosis. We have provided an algorithm based on the most current information known. A much larger study should be performed to test many of these theories with enough power to determine a standard of care.
Two Cases of Pancreatic Carcinoma

AbstractThree cases of pancreatic carcinoma possibly induced by cancer treatment have been previously documented. These include one case following radiation for lymphoma (1), one case following chemotherapy for leukemia (2), and one case after both radiation and chemotherapy for lymphoma (3). We report two additional cases of pancreatic carcinoma following radiation and chemotherapy for lymphoma.
Regulation of Somatomedin-C/Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Plasma

A variety of factors regulate Sm-C/IGF-I, and it seems certain that the regulatory mechanisms for this peptide are as complex as those for classical hormones. Nutritional status seems to be an overriding factor, not only in determining Sm-C/IGF-I concentrations but in modulating the response to hormones. Understanding the factors that regulate this peptide is made more difficult by the possibility that many (or most) of its actions might be mediated by autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, making it possible that the Sm-C/ IGF-I measured in serum might not be involved in the stimulation of biological events.
From Commodity to Gift: Gender, Class, and the Mmning of Breast Milk in the Twentieth Century

(1996). From Commodity to Gift: Gender, Class, and the Mmning of Breast Milk in the Twentieth Century. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 75-87.
An environment for interpreter-based programming language projects

This paper discusses the programming language course and presents an approach to some of the pedagogical challenges presented. We aim to expose students to all the concepts central to a traditional programming language course but also give experience with the implementation of various languages. To this end, we are developing a software environment, MULE, which supports this teaching goal. This paper gives an overview of MULE and discusses our recent experiences using MULE as a teaching tool.
Isolation-induced fighting in mice and regional brain monoamine utilization

The utilization of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin was measured in ten brain regions of isolated fighting mice and resting control animals. Fighting produced a markedly significant change in the utilization of dopamine (P greater than 0.006), but not in norepinephrine or serotonin. However, important trends were identified in the latter systems which warrant further testing. This study highlights the importance of dopaminergic participation in fighting behavior.
Defeating the Runge phenomenon for equispaced polynomial interpolation via Tikhonov regularization

Abstract Runge showed that polynomial interpolation using an equispaced grid often diverges as the degree N of the interpolating polynomial f X increases, even when f(x) is analytic over the whole interval. We suppress Runge divergence by defining the approximating polynomial as the minimizer of the sum of the interpolation residual plus a constant - times a smoothness norm. The Tikhonov parameter - can be determined easily through the method of the L-shaped curve. The resulting “Tikhonov approximant” is at least as accurate as the truncated, N th degree Chebyshev series for the same function.
Intravascular inertial cavitation activity detection and quantification in vivo with Optison

Abstract Inertial cavitation (IC) is an important mechanism by which ultrasound (US)-induced bioeffects can be produced. It has been reported that US-induced in vitro mechanical bioeffects with the presence of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) are highly correlated with quantified IC “dose” (ICD: cumulated root-mean-squared broadband noise amplitude in the frequency domain). The ICD has also been used to quantify IC activity in ex vivo perfused rabbit ear vessels. The in vivo experiments reported here using a rabbit ear vessel model were designed to: (1) detect and quantify IC activity in vivo within the constrained environment of rabbit auricular veins with the presence of Optison and (2) measure the temporal evolution of microbubble IC activity and the ICD generated during insonation treatment, as a function of acoustic parameters. Preselected regions-of-interest (ROI) in the rabbit ear vein were exposed to pulsed focused US (1.17 MHz, 1 Hz PRF). Experimental acoustic variables included peak rarefaction pressure amplitude ([PRPA]: 1.1, 3.0, 6.5 or 9.0 MPa) and pulse length (20, 100, 500 or 1000 cycles). ICD was quantified based on passive cavitation detection (PCD) measurements. The results show that: (1) after Optison injection, the time to onset of measurable microbubble IC activity was relatively consistent, approximately 20 s; (2) after reaching its peak value, the IC activity decayed exponentially and the half-life decay coefficient (t 1/2 ) increased with increasing PRPA and pulse length; and (3) the normalized ICD generated by pulsed US exposure increased significantly with increasing PRPA and pulse length. (E-mail: juantu@u.washington.edu )
RELEASE PROPERTIES OF ISOLATED NEUROMUSCULAR BOUTONS OF THE GARTER SNAKE

1. Motor nerve terminals innervating fibres in the transversus abdominis muscle of the garter snake comprise discrete boutons. Using a combination of enzymatic digestion and mechanical manipulation, individual boutons were removed from living terminals for study in isolation. 2. Boutons freed from terminals were usually allowed to remain in their original location on the endplate ('attached' one-bouton synapse). Alternatively, they were removed from the endplate, and then placed on the same or another vacant endplate site to form a 'reconstructed' one-bouton synapse. When removed from the endplate, boutons were 2-4 microns in diameter and nearly spherical in shape, in contrast to the variety of complex shapes seen among boutons still in contact with muscle fibre endplates. 3. Transmitter release was assessed by intracellular recording from the postsynaptic fibre. Boutons produced spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) of nearly normal amplitude; extracellular stimulation elicited endplate potentials (EPPs) which resembled MEPPs. Typical EPP amplitudes fluctuated between zero and five quanta per stimulus. For low-frequency stimulation under normal physiological conditions, mean quantal content, m, averaged 1.4; the binomial number of release sites, n, averaged 2.4; and the binomial probability of release, p, averaged 0.57. Statistics of the quantal fluctuations recorded from single boutons agreed only approximately with predictions of simple binomial theory, the discrepancy being that the apparent number of quanta released exceeded n in 5% of the events. 4. In separate experiments, activity-dependent probes were used to locate rare naturally occurring nerve terminals comprising a single bouton. Activation of these small synapses evoked quantal responses similar to those of attached and reconstructed one-bouton synapses described above.
Effect of indium on the physical vapor transport growth of AlN

Abstract AlN bulk single crystals were grown by spontaneous nucleation on the side wall of a hot pressed BN crucible, using both aluminum metal and AlN powder as source materials in an open system. Optimization of reactor pressure, temperature profile, and crucible design yielded AlN crystals with an a -plane platelet morphology. The crystals had low (1 1 2¯ 0) ω rocking curve full-width at half-maximum values of 17–60 arcsecs indicative of their high crystalline quality. Further, the addition of 1% indium by weight to the source material was found to significantly influence growth. When Al metal was used as a source material, the addition of indium to the source material resulted in an increase in the average crystal size by roughly an order of magnitude. When AlN powder was used as a source material, the indium addition resulted in a decrease in the total number of nucleation sites. The results show that the addition of indium is a promising method for improving the physical vapor transport growth of AlN.