cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopic identification of supercoiled regions in complex DNA structures

When intracellular lambda replicative intermediates (theta structures) are intercalated with psoralen and then irradiated with long wavelength ultraviolet light (u.v.), interstrand crosslinks are produced. After purification and denaturation of these theta structures, a global difference in denaturation can be observed by electron microscopy; parental sections are essentially native whereas daughter segments are highly denatured. This difference can be explained if parental sections are covalently continuous (and therefore able to supercoil) and daughter segments are not. Due to the higher thermal stability of supercoiled DNA, parental DNA will remain native while daughter sections will denature. Because these structures are crosslinked, the thermal treatment does not lead to dissociation of the highly denatured daughter strands. Experiments with simple negatively supercoiled plasmid circles support the above conclusions. When circles are crosslinked with psoralen-u.v. and then denatured, they remain native because of the higher thermal stability of covalently closed structures. If the circles are linearized before heating but after the psoralen-u.v. treatment, the thermal stability effect is eliminated and the molecules become highly denatured. In this case, however, the crosslinking density is found to be higher than in samples linearized before psoralen-u.v. treatment. This, therefore, shows that crosslinking density also reflects the superhelical state of the molecule at the time of psoralen-u.v. treatment. Two different properties can be used to discriminate between supercoiled and covalently discontinuous domains in complex DNA structures. First, supercoiled regions remain native while covalently discontinuous segments denature following a thermal treatment. This effect requires that covalent continuity exists up to and during the heating treatment. Second, because negative superhelicity enhances psoralen intercalation, crosslinking density is higher in these regions. Even if supercoiled domains are destroyed after the psoralen-u.v. treatment, the imprint of superhelicity is retained and can be recognized as a higher than normal crosslinking density.
Oral toxicity of 1,2-dichloropropane: acute, short-term, and long-term studies in rats

The objective of this investigation was to characterize the acute and short- and long-term toxic potency of orally administered 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP). In the acute and short-term studies, male rats of 250-300 g were gavaged with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg DCP/kg in corn oil once daily for up to 10 consecutive days. Although ingestion of DCP caused body weight loss and CNS depression, few other toxic effects were manifest 24 hr after a single dose of the chemical. Morphological changes were limited to liver centrilobular cells in 500 and 1000 mg/kg rats. Similarly, elevated activity of some serum enzymes occurred only at these two highest dose levels. Hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPS) levels were decreased and renal NPS levels increased at 24 hr. In the short-term study resistance developed to DCP hepatotoxicity over the 10 consecutive days of exposure, as reflected by progressively lower serum enzyme levels and by decreases in the severity and incidence of toxic hepatitis and periportal vacuolization. Nucleolar enlargement in hepatocytes, however, was observed at all dosage levels at 5 and 10 days. There were a number of manifestations of hemolytic anemia, including erythrophagocytosis in the liver, splenic hemosiderosis and hyperplasia of erythropoietic elements of the red pulp, renal tubular cell hemosiderosis, and hyperbilirubinemia. Urinalyses and histopathology revealed no evidence of nephrotoxicity. In the long-term study, male rats initially weighing 180-200 g were gavaged five times weekly for up to 13 weeks with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 750 mg DCP/kg. As over one-half the 750 mg/kg group died within 10 days, the survivors were sacrificed. Histopathological changes in the 750 mg/kg animals included mild hepatitis and splenic hemosiderosis, as well as adrenal medullary vacuolization and cortical lipidosis, testicular degeneration and a reduction in sperm, and increased number of degenerate spermatogonia in the epididymis in some members of the group. Similar testicular and epididymal degenerative change also were observed in some 500 mg/kg animals after 13 weeks of dosing. There was a progressive increase in the number of deaths in the 500 mg/kg group, such that more than 50% were dead by 13 weeks. No deaths occurred in the 100 or 250 mg/kg groups. The DCP dosage regimen also produced a dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain. DCP exhibited very limited hepatotoxic potential and no apparent nephrotoxic potential in the long-term study. Slight elevations in serum ornithine-carbamyltransferase activity, periportal vacuolization, and active fibroplasia in the liver were seen in the 500 mg/kg animals.
Titania Particle Size Effect on the Overall Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In this paper, we report the solar cell performance of titania (TiO2) film electrodes with various particle sizes. It was found that the TiO2 nanoparticle film with smaller particles ∼10 nm in diameter resulted in a lower overall light conversion efficiency of ∼1.4% with an open-circuit voltage of ∼730 mV, a short-circuit current density of ∼3.6 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of ∼54%. Larger particles ∼23 nm in diameter resulted in a higher efficiency ∼5.2% with an open-circuit voltage of ∼730 mV, a short-circuit current density of ∼12.2 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of ∼58%. Although it was anticipated that particles with smaller diameters would adsorb more dye because of their larger surface area, it was found that particles with larger diameters had better dye adsorption for increased electron−hole generation, resulting in higher short-circuit current density and overall light conversion efficiency. Larger particles were shown to have better dye adsorption, indicating that films consisting of larger particles h...
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Signal Enhancement of Peptides after Selective Extraction with Polymeric Reverse Micelles

Extraction of peptides by reverse micelle-forming amphiphilic homopolymers and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) detection of these peptides in the presence of these polymers can significantly enhance peptide ion signals. Here, the mechanism of this MALDI signal enhancement is investigated. We find that the signal enhancement is caused by coalescence of polymer−peptide conjugates into “hotspots” on the MALDI target. Hotspot formation is observed only on hydrophilic surfaces and not hydrophobic surfaces. With the use of an Anchorchip MALDI target, which contains very small hydrophilic spots surrounded by a larger hydrophobic area, we find that this hotspot formation can be further exploited for ultrasensitive MALDI-MS analyses of peptides and peptide mixtures. MALDI-MS signals can be enhanced by 3−5 orders of magnitude when peptides are extracted by the amphiphilic homopolymers and detected on the Anchorchip MALDI target. This signal enhancement combined wi...
Design of Plane Mirror Systems

It is shown that the rotation of an optical image by a system of plane mirrors relates directly to the angles between the successive planes into which the optical axis reflects. This permits simpler visualization of mirror systems and rapid design of such systems for particular image rotations. Tables of the rotation are presented in terms of angles easily measured and specified in the laboratory.
Changes in plasma coagulation factors during blood storage

Abstract Changes in plasma coagulation factors during blood storage primarily consist of a gradual reduction in biologic activity. The major exception is the more rapid loss of coagulation factor V and VIII activity due to their lability. By 35 days of storage of whole blood in CPD-Adenine, factor V falls to 15–21% activity and factor VIII 16–20%. Only slight declines are seen in factor II and X during the same time, while other factors, except for factor VII, are virtually unchanged. Factor VII may be activated in the cold, but otherwise declines slightly. In fresh frozen plasma stored for a year only factor VIII declines, and this is reduced by more rapid freezing to lower temperatures. In platelet concentrates, coagulation factors are well maintained, with the exception of the labile factors. Paradoxically, factor V falls more rapidly with room temperature storage and agitation while factor VIII decline is lessened.
Insights from models of rhythmic motor systems

Computational models of rhythmic motor systems are valuable tools for the study of motor pattern generation and control. Recent modeling advances, together with experimental results, suggest that rhythmic behaviors, such as breathing or walking, are influenced by complex interactions among motor system components. Such interactions occur at all levels of organization, from the subcellular through to the cellular, synaptic, and network levels to the level of neuromuscular interactions and that of the whole organism. Simultaneously, safety mechanisms at all levels contribute to network stability and the generation of robust motor patterns.
Magnetotransport of One-Dimensional Chains of CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Ordered along DNA

We have investigated the magnetotransport properties of 5 nm CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles aligned into one-dimensional chains using a DNA guide. The chemically synthesized particles were capped with a positively charged ligand molecule that drives the electrostatic assembly when incubated in solutions containing DNA. To test the transport, these nanoparticle-coated DNA strands were adsorbed onto microfabricated devices. Large room-temperature magnetoresistance is observed at high fields in these samples.
Why neuroscience matters to cognitive neuropsychology

The broad issue in this paper is the relationship between cognitive psychology and neuroscience. That issue arises particularly sharply for cognitive neurospsychology, some of whose practitioners claim a methodological autonomy for their discipline. They hold that behavioural data from neuropsychological impairments are sufficient to justify assumptions about the underlying modular structure of human cognitive architecture, as well as to make inferences about its various components. But this claim to methodological autonomy can be challenged on both philosophical and empirical grounds. A priori considerations about (cognitive) multiple realisability challenge the thesis on philosophical grounds, and neuroscientific findings from developmental disorders substantiate that challenge empirically. The conclusion is that behavioural evidence alone is inadequate for scientific progress since appearances of modularity can be thoroughly deceptive, obscuring both the dynamic processes of neural development and the endstate network architecture of real cognitive systems.
Barium Fluoride and glass combinations for short-wave infrared designs

Achromatic doublet theory is recast for the 1-2.5μm short-wavelength infrared band, suggesting the desirability of combining barium fluoride with specific high index optical glasses having large differences in primary SWIR dispersion and small differences in partial SWIR dispersion. Candidate combinations of materials are screened empirically using the performance of optimized f/3 airspaced achromatic doublets employing barium fluoride as the positive element. Polychromatic RMS geometric image spot sizes appear to increase quadratically with difference in partial SWIR dispersion between barium fluoride and the complementary glasses. Examples of complex (fast, wide field) systems demonstrate the utility of the most promising combinations.
Effects of carboxylmethylation by a purified torpedo californica methylase on the functional properties of the acetylcholine receptor in reconstituted membranes

Abstract The functional effects of carboxylmethylation of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor by an endogenous Torpedo methylase were examined. Both the receptor and the methylase were purified to increase the level of methylation and the sensitivity of the functional assays. The methylase catalyzed the carboxylmethylation of all four receptor subunits (α, β, γ, δ) with preferential labeling of the α and γ subunits. For all the reactions, S-adenosylmethionine was used as the methyl donor. Functional effects of methylation were assessed by measuring ligand binding and ligand-activated ion permeability responses in reconstituted membranes containing purified acetylcholine receptors. Methylation of receptor to a level of 20 mol% had no significant effect on agonist or antagonist binding nor did methylation affect the transition from low-to-high affinity binding triggered by agonists. In contrast, 20% methylation led to a 20% reduction in the agonist-stimulated flux of cations across the receptor-containing membranes. The results suggest that methylation inhibits the ion permeability control properties of acetylcholine receptors.
Yeast transcription factors

Studies of yeast transcription factors have contributed greatly to understanding basic molecular mechanisms of eukaryotic gene regulation, largely due to powerful genetic approaches that are unavailable in other organisms. The broad outlines of these mechanisms are fairly well understood, and there is an increasing number of examples where detailed information is available.
Analyzing the behavior of event processing applications

Event processing application development is a relatively new discipline that poses challenges when applying state-of-the-art software engineering practices. Specifically, the temporal semantics of event processing requires careful validation of the actual behavior against the expected behavior to avoid temporal fallacies. Event processing application development is typically an evolutional process; modifications and extensions to existing applications are very common, thus continuous validation and verification against the requirements and specifications is often required. While small applications are relatively easy to maintain, modifying and extending larger applications with tens and hundreds of assets may be laborious and error-prone. Part of the contemporary platforms has support for modeling, debugging, and testing event processing applications. However, they typically do not practice advanced methods for application validation for correctness and logical integrity.We introduce a novel approach for analyzing the behavior of event processing applications, utilizing static and dynamic analysis techniques, thus providing an ability to draw observations such as: finding event consequences and provenance, possible termination problems, tracing event impact, application artifacts evaluation and coverage. Formal verification methods are leveraged for advanced logical integrity observations. Combined with the techniques mentioned above, this forms a powerful framework for the verification, validation, and auditing of event processing applications.
Effect of Vitamin A and Protein Levels on Growth and Semen Quality of Turkeys

Abstract Forty-five Broad Breasted White males were divided into five groups of nine birds each and fed diets varying in protein (%) and vitamin A (I.U./kg.) during 5–8 weeks and 8–16 weeks, respectively, as follows: (1) 28–24%, 4000 A; (2) 28–24%, 100A; (3) 28–24%, 8000 A; (4) 22–18%, 100 A; (5) 22–18%, 8000 A. Vitamin A was increased to 4000 I.U./kg. during 10–16 weeks in groups 2 and 4 because of the weakened condition of the poults. After 16 weeks, protein was lowered to 21% in groups 1, 2 and 3; 14% in groups 4 and 5; and the vitamin A changed to 1000 I.U./kg. in groups 2 and 4. Body weights through 51 weeks were not significantly affected by the level of protein or vitamin A, except for the period between 16 and 34 weeks when groups 2 and 4, fed low-A diets, were recovering from an early coccidiosis infection. Group 2 was eliminated at 39 weeks because of high early mortality from coccidiosis. Males fed the high protein, low-A diet were more susceptible to coccidiosis, from 10—16 weeks, than those fed the low protein, low-A diets. Testes growth was delayed in groups fed low-A diets. There were no significant differences in sperm volume or sperm concentration after 34 weeks of age as a result of dietary treatments. Fertility of eggs from hens inseminated with semen from the respective groups of males fed the various protein and vitamin A diets was not significantly different.
Alliance and balance: The Anglo‐American relationship and Egyptian nationalism, 1950–57

(1996). Alliance and balance: The Anglo‐American relationship and Egyptian nationalism, 1950–57. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 631-651.
Detection and Analysis of Chimeric Tertiary Structures by Backbone Thioester Exchange: Packing of an α Helix against an α/β‐Peptide Helix

Efforts to extrapolate from well-folded biopolymers, such as proteins, to synthetic oligomers with unnatural backbones that display discrete conformational propensities, or foldamers, have led to many recent advances.[1–3] Early foldamer studies tended to focus on discovery of new secondary structures, a goal that remains important, but recent efforts have expanded to include tertiary and quaternary structure.[4–14] Chimeric examples, in which one portion or partner is composed entirely of α amino acid residues and the other is foldameric, have emerged as particularly interesting systems. Protein analogues in which a small discrete element of secondary structure is replaced by an oligo-β-amino acid (“β-peptide”) segment constitute chimeric systems with defined tertiary structure.[15,16] Chimeric quaternary structures have been formed between proteins and helix-forming foldamers, with the latter designed to mimic natural helical binding partners for the protein component.[17–21] The few examples to date in these two categories suggest that it may be possible to create a wide range of chimeric structures based on interweaving of protein and foldamer subunits.
Energetics of sodium efflux from Escherichia coli

When energy-starved cells of Escherichia coli were passively loaded with 22Na+, efflux of sodium could be initiated by addition of a source of metabolic energy. Conditions were established where the source of energy was phosphate bond energy, an electrochemical proton gradient, or both. Only an electrochemical proton gradient was required for efflux from intact cells. These results are consistent with secondary exchange of Na+ for H+ catalyzed by a sodium/proton antiporter.
Accelerated Target Selection By Repair Enzymes Through Charge Transport

A Charge Transport (CT) mechanism has been proposed in several papers (for example see Yavin et al. PNAS 102, 3546 (2005)) to explain the co-localization of Base Excision Repair (BER) enzymes to lesions (damaged bases) on DNA. The CT mechanism relies on the presence of iron-sulfur clusters on the enzymes; these clusters can undergo redox reactions to modify the enzymes’ binding affinity. The redox reactions are mediated by the DNA strand and involve the exchange of electrons between individual BER enzymes. This process effectively increases the desorption rate of enzymes to promote their redistribution and co-localization to lesions.We study the search times of BER enzymes to lesions by using a mass action model of enzyme dynamics and electron transport. We show that when the enzyme copy number is small, the CT mechanism reduces the search time of otherwise “passive” enzymes that simply attach to the DNA without desorbing. Other physical effects in our enzyme model include an explicit treatment of their dynamics in solution, diffusion along the DNA and facilitated adsorption by guanine radicals.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
CONSTRUCTION CONGESTION COST (CO3) TRAFFIC IMPACT AND CONSTRUCTION COST

The Construction Congestion Cost System (CO³) is an integrated set of tools to estimate impact of traffic maintenance contract provisions on congestion, road user cost, and construction cost. Engineers use CO³ to produce realistic budgets and select practical contracting methods that provide an acceptable balance between construction cost and congestion. This paper demonstrates computation of impacts associated with alternative methods of maintaining traffic during construction. The Routes Sheet computes equivalent average vehicle routes for complex diversion routes. The Input Sheet provides for documentation of vehicle and route inputs and computes user cost for individual trips through the work zone, diversions, and cancellations. The Traffic Sheet computes daily traffic impacts and user costs for each construction method. The Construction Sheet computes impact of different construction methods on construction costs. The Impact Sheet summarizes daily impacts and computes total project traffic impacts, road user costs, and construction costs for all alternatives. These tools provide practical information with which engineers select construction methods whose impacts are acceptable.
Civic Aspirations as a Protective Factor against College Students' Abuse of Alcohol

This study examines the potential protective nature of aspirations that are civically oriented against alcohol abuse among college students. We examined the drinking behaviors and academic/professional aspirations of two incoming first-year student cohorts at a large private university. Chi-square analysis revealed significant and consistent findings across cohorts: students who selected their major because they “wanted to make a difference in the world and contribute to society” (intrinsic aspiration) reported lower alcohol use and higher abstinence than their peers. Students aspiring to “make a lot of money” (extrinsic aspiration) had relatively higher rates of alcohol use. Our findings support the potential benefits of civic engagement and its implications for substance abuse prevention in higher education.
FOXO1 is Required for Binding of PR on IRF4, Novel Transcriptional Regulator of Endometrial Stromal Decidualization

The forkhead box O1A (FOXO1) is an early-induced target of the protein kinase A pathway during the decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs). In this study we identified the cistrome and transcriptome of FOXO1 and its role as a transcriptional regulator of the progesterone receptor (PR). Direct targets of FOXO1 were identified by integrating RNA sequencing with chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that FOXO1 regulates a subset of genes in decidualization such as those involved in cancer, p53 signaling, focal adhesions, and Wnt signaling. An overlap of the FOXO1 and PR chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing intervals revealed the co-occupancy of FOXO1 in more than 75% of PR binding intervals. Among these intervals were highly enriched motifs for the interferon regulatory factor member 4 (IRF4). IRF4 was determined to be a genomic target of both FOXO1 and PR and also to be differentially regulated in HESCs treated with small interfering RNA targeting FOXO1 or PR prior to decidualization stimulus. Ablation of FOXO1 was found to abolish binding of PR to the shared binding interval downstream of the IRF4 gene. Finally, small interfering RNA-mediated ablation of IRF4 was shown to compromise morphological transformation of decidualized HESCs and to attenuate the expression of the decidual markers IGFBP1, PRL, and WNT4. These results provide the first evidence that FOXO1 is functionally required for the binding of PR to genomic targets. Most notably, FOXO1 and PR are required for the regulation of IRF4, a novel transcriptional regulator of decidualization in HESCs.
J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Faith Development Portrait

J. Robert Oppenheimer was among the most important and enigmatic figures in 20th century science. He is best known for successfully directing the Manhattan Project that produced the first atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan at the end of World War II. Subsequently, he became a scientist and statesman who advised the United States government in the areas of atomic weapons development and public policy. He later became subject to an investigation in 1954 into his previous political affiliations and his personal behavior that ended in the revoking of his security clearance. This essay seeks to chronicle Oppenheimer’s coming of age as a public intellectual with a view toward his own psychological history and most especially in relationship to the stages of faith development articulated by James Fowler and colleagues. Moreover, though not conventionally religious, Oppenheimer’s life and thought were permeated with themes and ideas of a religious and ethical nature that shaped his adult character and informed his view of the world. This essay was originally presented at The Richardson History of Psychiatry Research Seminar at Weill Cornell Medical College.
Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia associated with high obstruction of the small bowel

A review of the last 48 patients admitted to the Surgical Service of The Children'sHospital of Philadelphia for duodenal atresia, annular pancreas, and jejunal atresia reveals that approximately one half of the infants developed hyperbilirubinemia. Forty-four per cent of the infants with duodenal atresia and annular pancreas also had mongolism. None of the infants with jejunal atresia had mongolism. No excessive bleeding was encountered at or following surgery in those infants who had exchange transfusions prior to operation.
Chondroitin sulfate: an indicator of atresia in bovine follicles.

Estrogen (E), progesterone (P), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) concentrations in follicular fluid from 172 small (5-mm), 213 medium (6- to 10-mm), and 91 large (11- to 20-mm) individual bovine follicles were measured. Follicular health was classified by three methods; 1) histological examination for mitotic and pyknotic granulosa cell nuclei, 2) follicular E concentrations, and 3) the ratio of E to P (E/P). All three methods were significantly correlated. The highest correlation existed between follicular E concentrations and E to P ratio. Atretic follicles contained significantly less E and greater concentrations of P and CS than healthy follicles. CS concentrations significantly decreased as follicle size increased. E and P values did not change in relation to follicle size regardless of follicle health. Concentrations of E were significantly negatively correlated to P and CS, but P and CS were significantly positively correlated among all follicles. Thus, healthy follicles had elevated concentrations of ...
Impairment in the Epidemiological Measurement of Childhood Psychopathology in the Community

Abstract The desirability of incorporating a measure of impairment to the categorization of childhood psychopathology in the community is examined. The use of the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) for this purpose is recommended. The choice of 61 (definite case) and 71 (probable case) as cutpoints on the Children's Global Assessment Scale is supported empirically by the data on service utilization, parental perceived need, and behavior problem scores obtained in the Puerto Rico Child Psychiatry Epidemiological Study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1990, 29. 5:796–803.
What i learned about user support from bartending

User support and bartending might seem to be worlds apart, but they have many aspects in common-if one knows where to look. Each is a type of customer service and each benefits from effective communication with the audience.Drawing on bartending experience, as well as more conventional training, the author uses analogies and stories to illustrate various communication and customer service principles and tips. The following concepts are included as well as other relevant observations.Effective Communication:Basic communication principles.The power of listening.Methods that help you get your message heard.How communication skills can make your job easier, whatever your job.Customer Service: How keeping the customer in mind benefits you.Dealing with the "challenging" customer.
How far does the liquid penetrate in a Diesel engine : Computed results vs. measurements?

A multidimensional model is used to study the penetration of the liquid fuel in a constant volume chamber under normal Diesel engine conditions. Comparisons of the liquid fuel penetration as predicted by the model with results from recent experiments show inadequate agreement but, more importantly, a sensitivity to the numerical resolution. A possible origin of this sensitivity is identified through a series of systematic studies of the different components of the spray model. These studies show that the sensitivity of the liquid penetration to the numerical resolution may be related to a dependence of the computed Sauter Mean Radius (SMR) of the drops on the grid resolution. A detailed study of this dependence relates it to the non-uniformity of the spatial distribution of drops in the chamber, in particular, within about 100 diameters of the injector orifice. This non-uniformity leads to the estimate of different number densities and, hence, different collision frequencies, on different grids. The non-u...
Treatment outcomes for nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children based on the type of surgical intervention.

Objective To report treatment outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cervicofacial lymphadenitis. Study Design A retrospective study from 1995 to 2006. Subjects and Methods Fifty-one patients (mean age, 30.3 months). Results All but one patient presented with lymphadenopathy. The mean time from symptoms to diagnosis was 42.3 days. Tuberculin skin testing (TST) was performed on 21 of 51 patients and was positive on 14 of 21 patients. Imaging was ordered in 23; 19 had CT scans. Pathology confirmed caseating granuloma in 45 (88%); cultures grew Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex in 46 of 51. Interventions included fine-needle aspiration (5, 10%), incision and drainage ± curettage (24, 46%), and complete excisional biopsy (20, 38%). Of those who underwent complete excisional biopsy initially, 95 percent were cured compared with 32 of 51 (63%) with nonexcisional surgery. Macrolides and rifampin were more likely to be recommended in referred cases and when nonexcisional surgical treatment was not feasible or had failed. The average total duration of antibiotic therapy was 89.1 days. Conclusion NTM infections require high levels of suspicion for timely diagnosis, and complete excisional biopsy results in least likelihood of persistent/recurrent disease.
The isolation and some enzymatic properties of des-arginylleucine-lysozyme☆

Abstract The use of the exopeptidases as sequence determinants for peptides and proteins is well documented ( Fraenkel-Conrat et al. , 1955 ). The exopeptidases have also been employed in studies which attempted to relate enzyme structure and function ( Potts et al. , 1964 ; Jolles and Jolles, 1966 ). This report describes the effects of the carboxypeptidases (Cpases) on hen's egg-white lysozyme (N-acetylmuramide glycanohydrolase: EC 3.2.1.17). A des-arginylleucine-lysozyme was isolated which exhibited different activity from the native molecule, under conditions which affect the ionic state of proteins.
Using a coherent hydrophone array for observing sperm whale range, classification, and shallow-water dive profiles

Sperm whales in the New England continental shelf and slope were passively localized, in both range and bearing, and classified using a single low-frequency (<2500 Hz), densely sampled, towed horizontal coherent hydrophone array system. Whale bearings were estimated using time-domain beamforming that provided high coherent array gain in sperm whale click signal-to-noise ratio. Whale ranges from the receiver array center were estimated using the moving array triangulation technique from a sequence of whale bearing measurements. Multiple concurrently vocalizing sperm whales, in the far-field of the horizontal receiver array, were distinguished and classified based on their horizontal spatial locations and the inter-pulse intervals of their vocalized click signals. The dive profile was estimated for a sperm whale in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Maine with 160 m water-column depth located close to the array's near-field where depth estimation was feasible by employing time difference of arrival of the direct and multiply reflected click signals received on the horizontal array. By accounting for transmission loss modeled using an ocean waveguide-acoustic propagation model, the sperm whale detection range was found to exceed 60 km in low to moderate sea state conditions after coherent array processing.
Pion-Mass Extrapolations and Partial Conservation of Axial-Vector Current

It is proposed, as suggested by a recent study, that the observed 10% corrections to the Goldberger-Treiman relation cannot be accounted for on the basis of unsubtracted dispersion relations. To incorporate the possibility of a small subtraction in the matrix elements of the divergence of the axial-vector current, a supersmooth pion field is defined from the weak interactions by $i{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{(+)}(\mathrm{x})=(\frac{2M{g}_{A}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}}{\sqrt{2}g}){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{(+)}(x)\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}{f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\square}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{(+)}(x)$, with $\ensuremath{\Delta}=1\ensuremath{-}\frac{2M{g}_{A}}{\sqrt{2}g {f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}\ensuremath{\simeq}+0.1$ representing the 10% correction. With this definition and the supersmoothness hypothesis the extrapolation of exact current-algebra threshold theorems for weak amplitudes to relate hadron amplitudes is relatively simple and eliminates a major ambiguity in performing such extrapolations in the virtual pion mass.
Reaching for the ring: the study of mitochondrial genome structure

The linear molecules that comprise most of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from most organisms result from the artifactual degradation of circular genomes that exist within mitochondria. This view has been adopted by most investigators and is based on DNA fragment mapping data as well as analogy to the genome-sized circular mtDNA molecules obtained in high yield from animals. The alternative view that linear molecules actually represent the major form of DNA within mitochondria is supported by two observations; (1) over a 1000-fold range of genome size among fungi and plants we find the same size distribution of linear mtDNA molecules, and (2) linear mtDNA molecules much larger than genome size can be found for some fungi and plants. The circles that represent only a small fraction of the mtDNA obtained from most eukaryotes could be optional sequence forms unimportant for mitochondrial function; they may also participate in mtDNA replication. The circles might result from incidental recombination events between directly repeated sequences within or between tandemly arrayed genome units on linear mtDNA molecules.
Targeted Inhibition of β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase-1–Associated Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Activity Preserves β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling and Prolongs Survival in Heart Failure Induced by Calsequestrin Overexpression

Objectives Desensitization and down-regulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are prominent features of heart failure largely mediated by increased levels of βAR kinase-1 (βARK1). Background β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 interacts with phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), and upon agonist stimulation, the βARK1/PI3K complex is recruited to agonist-stimulated βARs. Here we tested the hypothesis that in vivo selective inhibition of βARK1-associated PI3K activity would preserve βAR signaling and, therefore, improve cardiac function and survival in experimental heart failure. Methods We used a murine model of heart failure induced by calsequestrin (CSQ) cardiac-specific overexpression; CSQ mice were crossed with mice overexpressing in the heart a catalytically inactive PI3Kγ (PI3Kγinact) to competitively displace endogenous PI3K from βARK1. Results Catalytically inactive PI3KγPI3K overexpression in CSQ mice inhibited βARK1-associated PI3K activity, normalized βAR levels, and preserved βAR responsiveness to isoproterenol (ISO). Restoration of βAR signaling via PI3Kγinactoverexpression resulted in marked improvement of cardiac function and a significant prolongation of survival. Importantly, the effects of PI3Kγinactoverexpression were restricted to βAR signaling, because cellular PI3K signaling was unaltered, as shown by the similar activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways in both CSQ and CSQ/PI3Kγinactmice. Conclusions These data in the CSQ model of cardiac dysfunction indicate that membrane-targeted PI3K activity plays a detrimental role in heart failure, and its inhibition represents a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and improve survival.
Effect of Bacitracin on in vitro Phagocytosis

PREVIOUS investigations of the influence of antimicrobial compounds on phagocytosis indicated that polypeptide antibiotics like bacitracin and polymyxin B retarded ingestion of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles or Staphylococcus aureus by guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN)1. Although the levels of antibiotic necessary to produce this inhibition exceeded the therapeutic level for the guinea-pig, it was of interest to discern the mode of action of this peptide on the ingestion process and possibly gain further insight as to the basic mechanism of phagocytosis. This communication embodies some of the evidence for the chelating effect of the peptide and the essential participation of metal ions in phagocytosis.
Diffractive scattering of the hydrogen dimer from ordered adsorbates on nickel (110)

Abstract Hydrogen dimers are scattered coherently from Ni (110) + H (2 × 1) and Ni (11 O ) + C 0(2 × 1). Analysis of the diffraction intensity compared to helium and the hydrogen monomer scattering indicates that only about 0.4% of the dimers are scattered elastically and survive fragmentation. In comparison with earlier studies on LiF it is suggested that phonon interactions are enhanced on this system, contributing to more fragmentation of the dimer bond.
The reflection of low energy phonons at the free surface of liquid4He

Using a heater and bolometer as source and detector, the reflection of a pulsed beam of phonons at the free surface of liquid4He has been measured for angles of incidence between 30° and 80°. The reflection appears to be specular within the accuracy of the experiment. The reflection coefficient is unity within the experimental error; the weighted mean value is 1.001±0.025.
Comparison of the effects of viscoat and healon on postoperative intraocular pressure

We compared the effects of Viscoat and Healon on postoperative increases in intraocular pressure in patients undergoing uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in a prospective, randomized, single-masked study. Eleven eyes received Viscoat and 13 received Healon. The Viscoat or Healon was aspirated from the anterior chamber with the irrigation-aspiration tip of an automated irrigation-aspiration system at the end of the procedure. No prophylactic intraoperative or postoperative ocular hypotensive agents were used. Intraocular pressure was measured at three, six, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Compared with preoperative intraocular pressure, postoperative intraocular pressure was significantly increased in both the Viscoat group and the Healon group. Some postoperative intraocular pressures were as high as 50 to 60 mm Hg, despite removal of the viscoelastic substance at the end of surgery. There was no significant difference in the postoperative intraocular pressures of the Viscoat group and the Healon group.
Abstract 5133: Identification of FC101-interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation

Fusarochromanone (FC 101) is a small toxic metabolite produced by Fusarium equiseti, a fungus found on decaying cereal plants and food grains. FC101 has been shown to exhibit anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activity on various mammalian cells. Previous studies have revealed that FC101 inhibits growth of 35 human cancer cells and reduces mouse tumor size almost two-fold with increased caspase3 expression in FC101-treated tumors. cDNA microarray analysis and RT-qPCR were used to identify differentially expressed genes in human bladder cancer cell lines (UM-UC14) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) exposed to different concentrations of FC101. These genes encode proteins that represent possible molecular targets of FC101. The objective of this study is to identify proteins that interact with FC101 by immunopercipitation using an FC101 antibody in UM-UC14 cells. We predict FC101 molecular targets will be verified in future animal studies and eventually FC101 may be used as a chemotherapeutic agent. Citation Format: Dominique C. Washington, Amber D. Williams, Tara Williams-Hart. Identification of FC101-interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5133. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5133
Secondary organic aerosol-forming reactions of glyoxal with amino acids.

Glyoxal, the simplest and most abundant α-dicarbonyl compound in the atmosphere, is scavenged by clouds and aerosol, where it reacts with nucleophiles to form low-volatility products. Here we examine the reactions of glyoxal with five amino acids common in clouds. When glyoxal and glycine, serine, aspartic acid or ornithine are present at concentrations as low as 30 μM in evaporating aqueous droplets or bulk solutions, 1,3-disubstituted imidazoles are formed in irreversible second-order reactions detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In contrast, glyoxal reacts with arginine preferentially at side chain amino groups, forming nonaromatic five-membered rings. All reactions were accompanied by browning. The uptake of 45 ppb glyoxal by solid-phase glycine aerosol at 50% RH was also studied and found to cause particle growth and the production of imidazole measured by scanning mobility particle sizing and AMS, respe...
Effects of phencyclidine, d-amphetamine and pentobarbital on schedule-controlled behavior in rats

The effects of phencyclidine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital on responding maintained under a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 3-min fixed-ratio (FR) 30 schedule of food presentation were studied in rats. Phencyclidine (0.32-7.5 mg/kg) had a biphasic effect on overall response rate in both components; response rate increased and then decreased as the dose was increased. The FR was slightly more sensitive to the rate-decreasing effects of phencyclidine than the FI. The effects of d-amphetamine (0.1-7.5 mg/kg) on overall response rate were qualitatively similar to those of phencyclidine. The FI tended to be slightly more sensitive than the FR to the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine. Pentobarbital (1-18 mg/kg) produced little or no rate-increasing effects in the FR at low doses and decreased FR response rate at higher doses. In the FI, pentobarbital produced small increases in overall rate at intermediate doses while decreasing response rate at higher doses. The FR tended to be more sensitive than the FI to the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital. Unlike d-amphetamine and pentobarbital, phencyclidine produced smaller rate-increasing effects when the dose-effect curves were redetermined. Within the FI, the effects of phencyclidine and d-amphetamine on response rate were generally independent of the control rate of responding.
Multi-Frequency Cobweb Model: Decomposition of the Hog Cycle: Comment

if the inequality is reversed. In case of equality, the ellipse reduces to a circle. Larson's model, which implicitly assumes equality between price and quantity amplitudes, will always give a circle. The direction in which the point (Pn, Qn) describes its locus is determined as follows. Let 0 be the directed angle pictured in figure 1. Then the sign of dO/dt determines the direction of the motioncounterclockwise if dO/dt > 0 and clockwise if dO/dt < 0. From figure 1, 0 = tan-l(Pn/Qn), and therefore
Back-door selling: Violation of cultural versus professional ethics by salespeople and purchaser choice of the supplier

Abstract A survey of purchasing managers was conducted to investigate the perceived ethics of back-door selling and how the practice would affect the purchaser's choice of a supplier. The practice was rated unethical and was significantly related to both choice of supplier and the effect of the practice on the purchaser's career. Both the ethical perception of the practice and the effect on the purchaser's career strongly influence supplier choice.
Experimental measurements and modeling of convective heat transfer in the transitional rarefied regime

We present experimental measurements and numerical simulations of convective heat transfer performance in the transitional rarefied regime for an isolated rectangular beam geometry. Experiments were performed using single crystalline silicon beam elements having width-to-thickness aspect ratios of 8.5 and 17.4. Devices were enclosed in a vacuum chamber and heated resistively using a DC power supply. A range of pressures corresponding to Knudsen numbers between 0.096 and 43.2 in terms of device thickness were swept, adjusting applied power to maintain a constant temperature of 50 K above the ambient temperature. Both parasitic electrical resistance associated with the hardware and radiative exchange with the environment were removed from measured data, allowing purely convective heat flux to be extracted. Numerical simulations were carried out deterministically through solution of the Ellipsoidal Statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook collision model of the Boltzmann equation. Results agree with experimental data, revealing a strong coupling between dissipated heat flux and thermal stresses within the flowfield as well as a nonlinear transition between the free-molecule and continuum regimes.