cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The origin of citrus flavor components—II.

Abstract Steam-distilled leaf oils from 11 varieties of citrus were analysed and 28 compounds identified as constituents of one or more oils. Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) analyses were carried out on both analytical and semi-preparatory scales. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) data was obtained using both silica gel and aluminum oxide coated plates in conjunction with solvent systems of varying polarity. Mass spectral (MS) studies were conducted on a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
Competition matters! Self-efficacy, effort, and performance in crowdsourcing teams

Abstract Advances in information technologies (IT) have enabled organizations to seek solutions for their business problems from beyond their own workforce through digital crowdsourcing platforms. In the most common form of crowdsourcing, teams that offer solutions compete for rewards. Thus, a question of interest is whether competition is a key crowdsourcing characteristic that influences how teams allocate their effort and achieve desired performance. Motivated by this question, we investigate how competition moderates the relationship between self-efficacy and effort using comprehensive, time-variant data collected from crowdsourcing teams that completed a project under competitive and non-competitive conditions. Under competitive conditions, self-efficacy shows a positive effect on effort, which in turn, affects performance positively. Whereas, under noncompetitive conditions, self-efficacy has a negative effect on effort and subsequently on performance. Our results also show a recursive relationship between self-efficacy and performance, in which performance subsequently affects self-efficacy positively. Thus, inducing a sense of competition through competitive reward structures and IT-based “gaming elements” helps improve team effort and subsequent performance. We also tested for mediation of team motivation in the self-efficacy and effort relationship, and we found that motivation partially mediates the relationship. Based on our findings, implications for both theory and practice are discussed.
Responses in area hMT+ reflect tuning for both auditory frequency and motion after blindness early in life

Previous studies report that human middle temporal complex (hMT+) is sensitive to auditory motion in early-blind individuals. Here, we show that hMT+ also develops selectivity for auditory frequency after early blindness, and that this selectivity is maintained after sight recovery in adulthood. Frequency selectivity was assessed using both moving band-pass and stationary pure-tone stimuli. As expected, within primary auditory cortex, both moving and stationary stimuli successfully elicited frequency-selective responses, organized in a tonotopic map, for all subjects. In early-blind and sight-recovery subjects, we saw evidence for frequency selectivity within hMT+ for the auditory stimulus that contained motion. We did not find frequency-tuned responses within hMT+ when using the stationary stimulus in either early-blind or sight-recovery subjects. We saw no evidence for auditory frequency selectivity in hMT+ in sighted subjects using either stimulus. Thus, after early blindness, hMT+ can exhibit selectivity for auditory frequency. Remarkably, this auditory frequency tuning persists in two adult sight-recovery subjects, showing that, in these subjects, auditory frequency-tuned responses can coexist with visually driven responses in hMT+.
Shame and guilt among ice hockey players in the penalty box

Shame and guilt proneness are negative emotional dispositions that diverge in their behavioral responses. After a wrongdoing, shame tends to have a maladaptive influence on behavior, and guilt tends to have an adaptive influence on behavior. The current study sought to investigate shame and guilt tendencies among children and adolescents in a real-world context that has all the characteristics to generate these feelings: the hockey penalty box. We surveyed children and adolescent ice hockey players with experience serving time in the penalty box (N = 123). Findings showed that players who were higher in guilt proneness recalled experiencing more guilt-related feelings and cognitions in the penalty box than players lower in guilt proneness. The different cognitions relate to more anticipation of improving their playing. Players higher in shame proneness experienced more shame-related feelings and cognitions than players lower in shame proneness, which was related to more self-blaming. These findings have implications for the development and consequences of prosocial behaviors.
The importance of ongoing observations in educational spaces to understand and reflect changing acoustical environments

In the past, observations to understand room acoustics were considered as an important tool and were performed to establish and develop acoustic experiments, parameters, and measurements. As the objective data have been collected, the standardized methods have been playing important roles in judgment and improvement of acoustical environments in educational spaces. These days, the standards for experiments or measurements have been commonly used to understand the quality of acoustic environments. Architectural soundscape has strongly suggested ongoing observations in order to reflect changing acoustic environments even though they show reliable and concrete data. For example, as the transition of educational environments has been made, the roles of teachers and students have been expanding to ones of each other. Also, the perceptions of sound have been rapidly changing since teachers’ and students’ diverse experience of industrial and electrical sonic environments have been changing rapidly. In this paper, observations on acoustic events in classrooms were taken to understand the changes in acoustical environments based on architectural soundscape in order how to change measurement settings or analysis methods. Also, acoustical measurements were conducted with diverse measurements setting including various positions of sound sources and receivers based on diverse educational arrangements shown in the results of the observations.
Chapter 6 Anthropogenic changes in tropical cyclones and its impacts

Abstract Intense tropical cyclones cause death and destruction somewhere on Earth every year. Global warming due to human consumption of fossil fuels and the resultant change in the composition of the atmosphere will result in more intense tropical cyclones with the strongest storms causing even more damage than today. Increasing forecast skill has reduced fatalities in developed nations but the developing nations, particularly island states, remain at significant risk.
Terahertz Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Dipeptide L-Carnosine

Terahertz spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to study the dipeptide l-carnosine. In this paper, we expand the range of materials described with THz measurements and DFT calculations from amino acids to dipeptides. Three clear resonances were detected in the experimental spectrum at 1.5 THz, 1.9 THz, and 2.3 THz. Additionally, we performed periodic boundary condition DFT calculations. The computational spectrum accurately reproduces the experimental one.
Noninvasive three-state sleep-wake staging in mice using electric field sensors.

Abstract Study Objective Validate a novel method for sleep-wake staging in mice using noninvasive electric field (EF) sensors. Methods Mice were implanted with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes and housed individually. Noninvasive EF sensors were attached to the exterior of each chamber to record respiration and other movement simultaneously with EEG, EMG, and video. A sleep-wake scoring method based on EF sensor data was developed with reference to EEG/EMG and then validated by three expert scorers. Additionally, novice scorers without sleep-wake scoring experience were self-trained to score sleep using only the EF sensor data, and results were compared to those from expert scorers. Lastly, ability to capture three-state sleep-wake staging with EF sensors attached to traditional mouse home-cages was tested. Results EF sensors quantified wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep with high agreement (>93%) and comparable inter- and intra-scorer error as EEG/EMG. Novice scorers successfully learned sleep-wake scoring using only EF sensor data and scoring criteria, and achieved high agreement with expert scorers (>91%). When applied to traditional home-cages, EF sensors enabled classification of three-state (wake, NREM and REM) sleep-wake independent of EEG/EMG. Conclusions EF sensors score three-state sleep-wake architecture with high agreement to conventional EEG/EMG sleep-wake scoring 1) without invasive surgery, 2) from outside the home-cage, and 3) and without requiring specialized training or equipment. EF sensors provide an alternative method to assess rodent sleep for animal models and research laboratories in which EEG/EMG is not possible or where noninvasive approaches are preferred.
Modeling the Effects of Product Temperature, Product Moisture, and Process Humidity on Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella in Pistachios during Hot-Air Heating.

ABSTRACT Prior efforts to model bacterial thermal inactivation in and on low-moisture foods generally have been based on isothermal and iso-moisture experiments and have rarely included dynamic product and process variables. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test appropriate secondary models to quantify the effect of product temperature, product moisture, and process humidity on thermal inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 on pistachios subjected to dynamic dry- or moist-air heating. In-shell pistachios were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis PT30, equilibrated in controlled-humidity chambers (to target water activities [aw] of 0.45 or 0.65), and in some cases, subjected to a presoak treatment prior to heating in a laboratory-scale, moist-air convection oven at multiple combinations (in duplicate) of dry bulb (104.4 or 118.3°C) and dew point (∼23.8, 54.4, or 69.4°C) temperatures, with air speed of ∼1.3 m/s. Salmonella survivors, pistachio moisture content, and aw were quantified at six time points for each condition, targeting cumulative lethality of ∼3 to 5 log. The resulting data were used to estimate parameters for five candidate secondary models that included combinations of product temperature, product moisture, aw, and/or process dew point (coupled with a log-linear primary model). A model describing the D-value as a function of temperature and dew point fit the data well (root mean squared error [RMSE] = 0.86 log CFU/g); however, adding a term to account for dynamic product moisture improved the fit (RMSE = 0.83 log CFU/g). In addition, product moisture content yielded better model outcomes, as compared with aw, particularly in the case of the presoaked pistachios. When validated at the pilot scale, the model was conservative, always underpredicting the experimental log reductions. Both dynamic product moisture and process humidity were critical factors in modeling thermal inactivation of Salmonella in a low-moisture product heated in an air-convection system. HIGHLIGHTS
Designing the catbus: interactive support for early childhood emotional well-being in education

There is a relative lack of affective technology to support young children in communicating their emotions, particularly in educational contexts. This paper is concerned with discussing prior design challenges and vision for creating an emotion-communication technology for young children. We describe a system - the Catbus - which conceptualizes a digital and interactive storytelling of children's emotions fed through their wristbands, as well as online resources to support adoption by educators and students.
Early Achievement of Enteral Nutrition Protein Goals by Intensive Care Unit Day 4 is Associated With Fewer Complications in Critically Injured Adults.

: Objective: We hypothesized that failure to achieve protein goals early in the critical care course via enteral nutrition is associated with increased complications. Background Although robust randomized controlled trials are lacking, present data suggest that early, adequate nutrition is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill patients. Injured patients are at risk of accumulating significant protein debt due to interrupted feedings and intolerance. Methods Critically injured adults who were unable to be volitionally fed were included in this retrospective review. Data collected included demographics, injury characteristics, number and types of operations, total prescribed and delivered protein and calories during the first 7 days of critical care admission, complications, and outcomes. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify subgroups with similar feeding trajectories in the cohort. Results There were 274 patients included (71.2% male). Mean age was 50.56 ± 19.76 years. Group-based trajectory modeling revealed 5 Groups with varying trajectories of protein goal achievement. Group 5 fails to achieve protein goals, includes more patients with digestive tract injuries (33%, P = 0.0002), and the highest mean number of complications (1.52, P = 0.0086). Group 2, who achieves protein goals within 4 days, has the lowest mean number of complications (0.62, P = 0.0086) and operations (0.74, P = 0.001). Conclusions There is heterogeneity in the trajectory of protein goal achievement among various injury pattern Groups. There is a sharp decline in complication rates when protein goals are reached within 4 days of critical care admission, calling into question the application of current guidelines to healthy trauma patients to tolerate up to 7 days of nil per os status and further reinforcing recommendations for early enteral nutrition when feasible.
The UV/X-ray radiation fields and particle (CME) flows of M dwarf exoplanet host stars

The high energy X-ray and UV radiation fields of host stars play a crucial role in determining the atmospheric conditions and habitability of potentially-habitable exoplanets. This paper focuses on the major surveys of the UV/X-ray emissions of M- and K-type exoplanet hosts that have been undertaken by the MUSCLES and MegaMUSCLES Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Treasury programs and associated contemporaneous X-ray and ground-based observations. The quiescent and flaring radiation (both photons and implied particles) were observed from this extensive sample of relatively old, low mass, exoplanet host stars and show that, from the viewpoint of a habitable-zone exoplanet, there is no such thing as an “inactive” M dwarf star. The resulting implications are significant for planetary habitability. Extensive monitoring of the X-ray/UV emission from a representative younger M dwarf is also presented and the direct stellar effects that influence exoplanets during the earlier phases of their formation and evolution discussed.
Taking the message to the rural patient: evidence-based PTSD care

The Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) Clinical Practice Guideline for PTSD recommends against the use of benzodiazepines. Despite the recommendation, clinicians continue potentially inappropriate benzodiazepine prescribing practices for veterans with PTSD. We designed an educational product aimed at decreasing benzodiazepine use in PTSD care. Using VA data, the booklet was mailed to over 1300 New England veterans. Veterans were advised to discuss the booklet's information with their medical provider on their next appointment. The intervention resulted in a significant decrease in benzodiazepine use in veterans with PTSD, with 66% of the sample showing a dose reduction from pre- to post-booklet time points. Longitudinal analyses noted that rural veterans were significantly more likely to reduce benzodiazepine use than those in urban settings. Direct to consumer education appears to be an effective strategy to empower rural veterans to improve benzodiazepine prescribing safety and quality.
Regadenoson Mycardial Contrast Echocardiography Perfusion Imaging for Detection of Allograft Coronary Vasculopathy

Purpose Due to the often asymptomatic nature of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) serial surveillance is recommended for all cardiac transplant (OHT) recipients. Ideally, CAV surveillance should be non-invasive, not involve ionizing radiation, and discriminate diffuse CAV from focal obstructions. We hypothesized that vasodilator stress myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) perfusion imaging can non-invasively detect microvascular impact of diffuse or focal CAV. Methods The study was a retrospective, single center analysis of OHT recipients undergoing MCE between 1/20 and 10/20 (n=11). MCE at rest and after regadenoson was performed using a continuous infusion of lipid-shelled microbubbles. Images were analyzed by evaluating time-intensity after a destructive pulse sequence in all vascular territories. MCE data were correlated with wall motion assessment by conventional stress echocardiography and invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Grading of MCE as normal, mild, severe; and focal vs. diffuse was performed by one experienced reviewer in a blinded fashion. Results Mean age was 63 ± 3.3 years post OHT, at an average of 10.8 ± 3.3 years post OHT. Severe perfusion abnormalities during MCE were able to distinguish high grade CAV (2+) from low grade CAV (0-1) utilizing ICA as the gold standard. While stress echocardiographic wall motion assessment failed to indicate early CAV grade 1, abnormal MCE perfusion was found in 3 of 7 cases with angiographic CAV grade 1. Conclusion MCE is a practical, non-invasive perfusion imaging technique that may be useful for detecting significant CAV in OHT recipients. Perfusion deficits correlate with significant coronary artery stenosis identified by standard stress echocardiography and ICA, and may identify diffuse small vessel disease more effectively than current noninvasive techniques. Larger, prospective studies are needed to support this hypothesis and ultimately provide a rationale for routine use of MCE for CAV surveillance.
The influence of stress and coping on diabetes self-care activities among college students.

Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to examine relationships between perceived stress, coping, and diabetes self-care activities among college students with type 1 diabetes. Participants College students, self-reported as diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Methods Students responded to an online self-report questionnaire (Perceived Stress Scale, Brief COPE, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities). Results ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between levels of perceived stress for healthy diet and foot care. Simple linear regression analysis showed significant relationships between healthy diet and active coping, positive reframing, and planning; between exercise and humor; between blood glucose testing and active coping, planning, and acceptance; and between foot care and active coping and positive reframing. Conclusions Our results indicate that effective stress management and coping skills will positively impact diabetes self-care. Educational programs for college students with type 1 diabetes should address self-care activities as well as psychosocial factors that affect health.
An unusual case of orthodeoxia

Abstract Progressive hypoxia in hospitalized patients can be due to many etiologies, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities. More unusual causes of hypoxia, such as patent foramen ovale (PFO) with a right to left shunting in the absence of elevated right atrial pressures, should be considered when workup does not reveal a specific etiology. Learning objectives: Hypoxemia due to a right-to-left atrial shunt with normal pulmonary arterial pressures can be seen in the aortic aneurysm patients.
Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Expression of Lex Lata or De Lega Ferenda? Status in International Law and Implications on the Law on International Peace and Security

This article critically investigates the claim that the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are binding. It traces the beginnings of the Principles to a lacuna in international law and the shared concern for the human rights of individuals, international peace, and security. Despite the fact that the Principles are, indeed, not a mere re-expression of the lex lata during their creation, it is now more uncertain if the lex for the domestically displaced has evolved due to the nature of the law being in flux. Although the Guiding Principles predate much of the developments in this field, the Principles’ relationship with the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) are more pronounced today, and they are now a tool for the maintenance of international peace and security.
A Review of “A Home for Every Child: The Washington Children's Home Society in the Progressive Era”: Hart, Patricia Susan, Seattle: University of Washington Press 272 pp., $29.95, ISBN 978-0295990644 Publication Date: November 2010

For migrants looking for a fresh start in the Pacific Northwest at the beginning of the twentieth century, no one could imagine that their pursuit of a better life would ultimately lead to the disi...
Biomedical Engineering for Global Health

Preface 1. Emerging medical technologies: high stakes science and the need for technology assessment 2. Bioengineering and technology assessment 3. Health and economic data: a global comparison 4. World health and global health challenges 5. Healthcare systems: a global comparison 6. Healthcare costs vs time: trends and drivers 7. The evolution of technology: scientific method, engineering design, and translational research 8. Prevention of infectious disease 9. Ethics of clinical research 10. Technologies for early detection and prevention of cancer 11. Cost-effectiveness of screening for disease 12. Technologies for treatment of heart disease 13. Clinical trial design and sample size calculation 14. Technology diffusion 15. Regulation of health care technologies 16. Future of bioengineering and world health Index.
The case against preoperative biliary drainage with pancreatic resection

The majority of patients with periampullary malignancies currently undergo biliary drainage before pancreaticoduodenectomy. Placement of an endoprosthesis reliably ameliorates jaundice and pruritus. However, preoperative biliary drainage leads to bile colonization and increases the risk of postoperative wound infection after pancreatic resection. Preoperative biliary drainage does not appear to lower postoperative morbidity or mortality following pancreatic resection and does not lower but probably increases costs associated with pancreatic resection. Preoperative biliary drainage is frequently used with little clinical benefit and its utilization should be limited to specific clinical indications, i.e. patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy, patients waiting several weeks or more for surgical evaluation and resection, patients with cholangitis.
Lipid and cationic polymer based transduction of botulinum holotoxin, or toxin protease alone, extends the target cell range and improves the efficiency of intoxication

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) heavy chain (Hc) facilitates receptor-mediated endocytosis into neuronal cells and transport of the light chain (Lc) protease to the cytosol where neurotransmission is inhibited as a result of SNARE protein cleavage. Here we show that the role of BoNT Hc in cell intoxication can be replaced by commercial lipid-based and polycationic polymer DNA transfection reagents. BoNT "transduction" by these reagents permits efficient intoxication of neuronal cells as well as some non-neuronal cell lines normally refractory to BoNT. Surprisingly, the reagents facilitate delivery of recombinant BoNT Lc protease to the cytosol of both neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the absence of BoNT Hc, and with sensitivities approaching that of BoNT holotoxin. Transduction of BoNT, as with natural intoxication, is inhibited by bafilomycin A1, methylamine and ammonium chloride indicating that both pathways require endosome acidification. DNA transfection reagents facilitate intoxication by holotoxins, or isolated Lc proteases, of all three BoNT serotypes tested (A, B, E). These results suggest that lipid and cationic polymer transfection reagents facilitate cytosolic delivery of BoNT holotoxins and isolated Lc proteases by an endosomal uptake pathway.
Statistical analysis of physical-chemical properties and prediction of protein-protein interfaces

We have developed a fully automated method, InterProSurf, to predict interacting amino acid residues on protein surfaces of monomeric 3D structures. Potential interacting residues are predicted based on solvent accessible surface areas, a new scale for interface propensities, and a cluster algorithm to locate surface exposed areas with high interface propensities. Previous studies have shown the importance of hydrophobic residues and specific charge distribution as characteristics for interfaces. Here we show differences in interface and surface regions of all physical chemical properties of residues as represented by five quantitative descriptors. In the current study a set of 72 protein complexes with known 3D structures were analyzed to obtain interface propensities of residues, and to find differences in the distribution of five quantitative descriptors for amino acid residues. We also investigated spatial pair correlations of solvent accessible residues in interface and surface areas, and compared log-odds ratios for interface and surface areas. A new scoring method to predict potential functional sites on the protein surface was developed and tested for a new dataset of 21 protein complexes, which were not included in the original training dataset. Empirically we found that the algorithm achieves a good balance in the accuracy of precision and sensitivity by selecting the top eight highest scoring clusters as interface regions. The performance of the method is illustrated for a dimeric ATPase of the hyperthermophile, Methanococcus jannaschii, and the capsid protein of Human Hepatitis B virus. An automated version of the method can be accessed from our web server at http://curie.utmb.edu/prosurf.html.
Fast Pitch Softball Injuries

The popularity of fast pitch softball in the US and throughout the world is well documented. Along with this popularity, there has been a concomitant increase in the number of injuries. Nearly 52% of cases qualify as major disabling injuries requiring 3 weeks or more of treatment and 2% require surgery. Interestingly, 75% of injuries occur during away games and approximately 31% of traumas occur during nonpositional and conditioning drills. Injuries range from contusions and tendinitis to ligamentous disorders and fractures. Although head and neck traumas account for 4 to 12% of cases, upper extremity traumas account for 23 to 47% of all injuries and up to 19% of cases involve the knee. Approximately 34 to 42% of injuries occur when the athlete collides with another individual or object. Other factors involved include the quality of playing surface, athlete's age and experience level, and the excessive physical demands associated with the sport. Nearly 24% of injuries involve base running and are due to poor judgement, sliding technique, current stationary base design, unorthodox joint and extremity position during ground impact and catching of cleats. The increasing prevalence of overtraining syndrome among athletes has been attributed to an unclear definition of an optimal training zone, poor communication between player and coach, and the limited ability of bone and connective tissue to quickly respond to match the demands of the sport. This has led routinely to arm, shoulder and lumbar instability, chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and time loss injuries in 45% of pitching staff during a single season. Specific attention to a safer playing environment, coaching and player education, and sport-specific training and conditioning would reduce the risk, rate and severity of fast pitch traumas. Padding of walls, backstops, rails and dugout areas, as well as minimising use of indoor facilities, is suggested to decrease the number of collision injuries. Coaches should be cognisant of overtraining, vary day-to-day training routines to decrease repetitive musculoskeletal stress, focus on motor skills with equal emphasis on speed and efficiency of movement, and use drills that reinforce sport-specific, decision making processes to minimise mental mistakes. Conditioning programs that emphasise a combination of power, acceleration, flexibility, technical skill, functional capacity and injury prevention are recommended. Due to the limited body of knowledge presently available on this sport, a greater focus on injury surveillance would provide a clearer picture of injury causation and effective management procedures, leading toward safer participation and successful player development.
A framework for designing the enterprise-wide e-commerce portal for evolving organizations

The number of organizations offering e-commerce solutions is growing exponentially each year. Without a doubt, e-commerce will no longer be a choice for organizations rather it will be a competitive necessity to ensure business prosperity. Integral to the success of e-commerce is having good e-commerce software that can enable organizations to offer online products and services as well as integrate their business processes and supply chains within and with their collaborators or partners in a perfect, seamless manner. One of the main obstacles for adoption of e-commerce faced by many organizations; however, has been the lack of such proper integrated e-commerce software. There have been few ready-made software solutions offered by vendors, which can be customized for organizations' business models and processes, and these solutions are based on "piece meal" approaches and thus lack much of the enterprise capabilities organizations need to adopt. In this paper, we suggest a framework for developing an enterprise-wide integrated e-commerce portal for evolving organizations. Such a framework will help any organization to design a distributed, extensible, cross-platform, collaborative and integrated e-commerce portal.
Ischemic preconditioning of the liver: a few perspectives from the bench to bedside translation.

Utilization of ischemic preconditioning to ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion injury has been extensively studied in various organs and species for the past two decades. While hepatic ischemic preconditioning in animals has been largely beneficial, translational efforts in the two clinical contexts—liver resection and decreased donor liver transplantation—have yielded mixed results. This review is intended to critically examine the translational data and identify some potential reasons for the disparate clinical results, and highlight some issues for further studies. Liver Transpl 14:1569–1577, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.
Adsorption equilibria for ethane and propane gas mixtures on activated carbon

Abstract We measured the transmission curves of binary gas mixtures of esthane and propane (and also of each gas alone) flowing through an adsorber bed at 25°C packed with (Columbia 4LXC 12/28) activated carbon. The adsorption isotherms for pure ethane and propane are described well by a modified Langmuir isotherm known as the Chakravarti-Dhar isotherm. Ethane in the binary mixtures exhibits smaller adsorption capacities than that of pure ethane; however, the presence of ethane does not significantly reduce the adsorption capacity of propane in the mixtures. The ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) of Myers and Prausnitz and the semiempirical method of Cook and Basmadjian (C-B) are applied to predict adsorption equilibrium properties of the binary mixtures from the known pure gas isotherms. The pure ethane isotherm data at pressures higher than 10 mmHg are obtained from a correlation formula. Good agreement between the predicted results from the IAST and C-B methods and the experimental results indicates...
Proximal Interruption of a Pulmonary Arch (Absence of One Pulmonary Artery): Case Report and a New Embryologic Interpretation

Congenital absence of the right or left pulmonary artery is a rare anomaly, with less than 50 cases in the medical literature. Although FrantzeP is generally credited with having described the first case of this type, his case was atypical, since it involved an “aortic-pulmonic” defect and had a right pulmonary artery arising from the ascending aorta. This pulmonary artery was probably an “ectopic” pulmonary artery, resulting from abnormal aortic-pulmonic septum formation, and not an “absent pulmonary artery” in the usual sense. The first typical autopsied case to be reported was that by DOring.2 Subsequent cases have been diagnosed at autopsy3#{176} and at operation.7’ 8 Madoff, et al,#{176} in their review of the subject in 1952, were the first to report the successful clinical diagnosis of this condition, utilizing angiocardiography. Since
Crystallographic studies of the catalytic and a second site in fumarase C from Escherichia coli.

Fumarase C catalyzes the stereospecific interconversion of fumarate to l-malate as part of the metabolic citric acid or Kreb's cycle. The recent three-dimensional structure of fumarase C from Esche...
Vacuum Pyrolysis−Matrix Isolation FTIR and Density Functional Theoretical Studies of Transient Dimethylgermanone, (CH3)2GeO

The transient organic germanone (CH3)2GeO (1) was generated by vacuum pyrolysis from three precursors, 3,3-dimethyl-6-oxa-3-germabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (2) and its 1,3,3,5-tetramethyl analogue (3) an...
Modal technique for three-dimensional global/local stress analysis of plain weave composites

Abstract A global/local method based on modal analysis was developed which facilitates the three-dimensional stress analysis of plain weave composite structures. This requires minimal computational effort while retaining reasonable accuracy. Homogenized material properties were used for the global analysis. The global response of a region of interest was decomposed into a few fundamental macroscopic modes which were either strain modes or stress modes. The strain modes were calculated from the boundary displacements and the stress modes were calculated from the boundary forces. To obtain the detailed local solution for the region of interest, unit modal solutions were scaled by the modal magnitudes and then superposed. The unit modal solutions were calculated a priori using a refined local model. A short cantilevered plate subjected to end moment and transverse end load was analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Failure initiation predicted by the proposed method was found to match reasonably well with the conventional finite element prediction obtained using a detailed mesh for the entire plate.
Sacrificial layer electrophoretic deposition of free-standing multilayered nanoparticle films

Sacrificial layer electrophoretic deposition (SLED) is a technique to assemble nanoparticles that yields free-standing, multilayered nanoparticle films with macroscopic lateral dimensions after the sacrificial layer is dissolved.
Levodopa administration and multiple primary cutaneous melanomas.

• Malignant melanoma derives from melanocytic cells that possess the special biochemical pathway for the conversion of levodopa to melanin. Levodopa is widely employed in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and several patients receiving levodopa have been observed to have acquired melanomas, raising concern about a possible relationship between this drug and the tumor. We encountered a 74-year-old woman in whom three distinct primary melanomas developed after she had been receiving long-term therapy with levodopa and a decarboxylase inhibitor. These lesions could be distinguished histologically from epidermotropic metastatic melanoma. Although the association between levodopa and melanoma is tenuous, careful monitoring of pigmentary changes in patients receiving levodopa is advised. ( Arch Dermatol 116:1041-1044, 1980)
Interpretation of spray behavior in complex aerodynamic flows using phase Doppler interferometry and planar-liquid-laser-induced fluorescence

The increasing need to mitigate pollutants produced by liquid fired combustion systems is leading to critical assessment of current systems in an effort to sufficiently refine them. These systems typically feature complex aerodynamic flows which serve to stabilize the reaction and are often the result of years of trail and error testing. In order to advance current systems suitable for future environmentally sensitive applications, basic understanding of the processes occurring is required. Recent developments in optical diagnostic techniques are providing the opportunity to attain such understanding. The present work applies a relatively well established technique (phase Doppler interferometry - PDI) to study the complex behavior of two-phase flows. PDI provides a wealth of information about the droplet size and velocity distributions as well as droplet concentration at discrete points within the flow. In addition, a relatively new technique (planar liquid laser induced fluorescence - PLLIF) is applied in order to extend the understanding of the structure of the flow. The PLLIF technique provides, in principle, the spatial distribution of liquid mass within a plane through the spray. This information is important because, in combustion systems, the homogeneity of the spatial distribution of fuel can play a significant role in the formation of pollutants. The results demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of the PLLIF technique. In addition, basic understanding of the complex flow structure is provided by combining the results from the two techniques.
Is Caffeine Addictive?—A Review of the Literature

The common-sense use of the term addiction is that regular consumption is irresistible and that it creates problems. Caffeine use does not fit this profile. Its intake does no harm to the individual or to society and its users are not compelled to consume it. Though cessation of regular use may result in symptoms such as headache and lethargy, these are easily and reliably reversed by ingestion of caffeine. Some have argued that continued caffeine use is an attempt to suppress low grade withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness and lethargy. In some moderate users, this is possible; however, in experimental contexts, the phenomenon is too inconsistent to constitute a reliably valid syndrome.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PERFECT CYCLOPIA BY REMOVAL OF THE TELENCEPHALON AND REVERSAL OF BILATERALIZATION IN SOMITE-STAGE CHICKS.

The telencephalon was removed with iridectomy scissors in stages from 1 to 20 somites, with the vast majority of operated chicks being at 5 to 10 somites. The most chance of successfully producing cyclopia appears to be at 6 to 7 somites. Twelve cyclopean embryos, with operated stages ranging from 5 to 10 somites, were produced among the first 271 operations. Subsequently, 398 operations, concentrated on 9- to 10-somite embryos, proved that cyclopia is very much less apt to follow this sort of operation at these stages than at the very slightly younger stages. Serial sections of the cyclopean embryos were stained with a modification of the Bodian protargol stain. An oral hypophysis is usually present in these embryos, making them in this respect similar to the majority of cyclopean embryos for which this point is reported in the literature, but making them different from experimentally produced cyclopean amphibian embryos reported in the literature. The sequence of fusion of extrinsic ocular muscle components and the patterns of their nerves, as the cyclopean defect becomes more severe, indicates that the reversal of bilateralization is a ventralization. Coupled with biochemical work on the chick and the more recent of the biochemical work of others on amphibia, the results allow one to suggest that experimental stimuli resulting in the cyclopean mode of development may act either on prechordal substrate or on neural tissue of telencephalon and diencephalon, or on both substrate and neural tissue, and that they may be effective over a considerable period of time, up to and including the period of actual bilateralization of the optic primordia.
An Experimental and Modeling Study Into Using Normal and ISO Cetane Fuel Blends as a Surrogate for a Hydro-Processed Renewable Diesel (HRD) Fuel

A new Hydro-processed Renewable Diesel (HRD) fuel is comprised of both straight chain and branched alkane fuel components. In an effort to find a research surrogate for this fuel, single cylinder engine testing was performed with various blends of n-hexadecane (cetane) and isocetane in order to find a binary surrogate mixture with similar performance characteristics to that of the HRD. A blend of approximately two-thirds n-hexadecane with one-third isocetane showed the most similar behavior based on conventional combustion metrics. Companion combustion modeling was then pursued using a combined detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for both n-hexadecane and isocetane. These modeling results show both the importance of isocetane in lengthening ignition delay, as well as the overall importance of chemical ignition delay as the dominating effect in the overall ignition delay of these binary blend fuels.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Belief and probability: A general theory of probability cores

This paper considers varieties of probabilism capable of distilling paradox-free qualitative doxastic notions (e.g., full belief, expectation, and plain belief) from a notion of probability taken as a primitive. We show that core systems, collections of nested propositions expressible in the underlying algebra, can play a crucial role in these derivations. We demonstrate how the notion of a probability core can be naturally generalized to high probability, giving rise to what we call a high probability core, a notion that when formulated in terms of classical monadic probability coincides with the notion of stability proposed by Hannes Leitgeb [32]. Our work continues by one of us in collaboration with Rohit Parikh [7]. In turn, the latter work was inspired by the seminal work of Bas van Fraassen [46]. We argue that the adoption of dyadic probability as a primitive (as articulated by van Fraassen [46]) admits a smoother connection with the standard theory of probability cores as well as a better model in which to situate doxastic notions like full belief. We also illustrate how the basic structure underlying a system of cores naturally leads to alternative probabilistic acceptance rules, like the so-called ratio rule initially proposed by Isaac Levi [34]. Core systems in their various guises are ubiquitous in many areas of formal epistemology (e.g., belief revision, the semantics of conditionals, modal logic, etc.). We argue that core systems can also play a natural and important role in Bayesian epistemology and decision theory. In fact, the final part of the article shows that probabilistic core systems are naturally derivable from basic decision-theoretic axioms which incorporate only qualitative aspects of core systems; that the qualitative aspects of core systems alone can be naturally integrated in the articulation of coherence of primitive conditional probability; and that the guiding idea behind the primary qualitative features of a core system gives rise to the formulation of lexicographic decision rules.
An osmic tetroxide vapor fixation chamber.

A chamber for fixing bacterial cells with vapor from osmium tetroxide crystals was made from a cap style weighing bottle. This apparatus is simple to use, greatly prolongs the life of the crystals, and should be useful for many processes in which cells are exposed to various vapors.
Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia.

Abstract DiMarco AF, Takaoka Y, Kowalski KE. Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1200–7. Objective To evaluate the usefulness of combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to maintain independence from mechanical ventilation. Design A prospective trial. Setting Clinical research center at a large tertiary hospital. Participants Four ventilator-dependent subjects with spinal cord injury with only unilateral phrenic nerve function. Intervention During an initial surgical procedure, a multipolar epidural disk electrode was positioned on the ventral surface of the upper-thoracic spinal cord via a hemilaminectomy to activate the inspiratory intercostal muscles. A phrenic nerve electrode was implanted unilaterally via the thoracic approach. Main Outcome Measures Inspired volume production and duration that subjects could be comfortably maintained when off mechanical ventilatory support. Results Initial maximum inspired volumes from combined intercostal and diaphragm stimulation ranged between .23 and .93L and significantly increased over the course of reconditioning period to between 0.55 and 1.31L; subjects could be maintained off mechanical ventilation between 16 and 24 hours a day. Conclusions Combined intercostal and unilateral diaphragm pacing may be a useful therapeutic modality capable of maintaining long-term ventilatory support in patients with only unilateral phrenic nerve function.
MICE DEFICIENT IN ICAM-1 EXPRESSION AND WITH REDUCED CD18 EXPRESSION HAVE INCREASES IN HYPEROXIC LUNG INFLAMMATION AND INJURY. • 2337

Treatment with supplemental oxygen is frequently used in premature infants because of abnormal lung function. While frequently essential to sustain life, the treatment may cause lung injury. Recently, there has been renewed interest in lung inflammation in hyperoxic lung injury. Investigators have determined that inhibition of the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and neutrophil (PMN) β2 integrins with monoclonal antibodies (mab) inhibits lung inflammation and injury in hyperoxic mice. However, mab administration may not be entirely specific so that mabs may have effects other than inhibiting adhesion molecules. We therefore placed mice with absent ICAM-1 expression, and mice with reduced β2-integrin expression in >95% oxygen and measured lung inflammation and injury as a function of hyperoxia-exposure time. In all studies wild-type mice on the same genetic background were used as controls. In the two mutant strains of mice there were increases in lung PMN counts when compared to the wild-type controls. In addition, lung weights were significantly greater in ICAM-1 deficient mice than in C57/BL6 at 72 h of hyperoxia-exposure. When mice were exposed to hyperoxia for 84 hours there were 12/12, 3/6 and 0/6 survivors in C57/BL6, ICAM-1 and β2 integrin mice respectively (P<0.05). In conclusion, mice with defects in ICAM-1 and β2-integrin expression are more susceptible to hyperoxic lung injury and have increased lung inflammation than their wild type counterparts. The apparent contradiction in our results with the mab studies suggests that the role of lung neutrophil accumulation in hyperoxic lung injury is more complex than previously appreciated, and that PMN accumulation occurring late in the course of hyperoxia-exposure is ICAM-1/β2 integrin independent.Table
Preliminary histological observation on internal blackspot in potatoes

A variety of histological conditions characterize the internal blackspot that results from bruising of potatoes. Phenolics, principally chlorogenic acid, accumulate in the injured area. Melanin forms on intracellular surfaces of the protoplasts and also inner cell wall surfaces. Cell wall suberization is sporadic in small blackspot sites, but more general in larger ones. Some lignification, increases in hemicelluloses, and change in pectins also may occur. Changes in distribution of intracellular lipids also was observed. Initiation of wound phellogen was observed only in situations where the original periderm had been broken and where crushing of internal cells had occurred. Cell wall suberization, increases in hemicelluloses, and increase in chlorogenic acid are common to both blackspot and physiological necrosis.