cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic structure and chemical order in Ge-As sulfide glasses : a combined Ge and As K-edge EXAFS study

Abstract The coordination environments of Ge and As atoms in Ge x As x S 100−2 x glasses with 13.3⩽ x ⩽32.5 have been studied with Ge and As K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy. Ge and As atoms are fourfold- and threefold-coordinated, respectively, in all glasses. The atomic structures of the stoichiometric and S-excess glasses are found to consist of GeS 4 tetrahedra and AsS 3 trigonal pyramids implying the preservation of chemical order at least over the length scale of the first coordination shell. As–As homopolar bonds are found to appear at low and intermediate levels of S-deficiency. Ge–Ge bonds are formed in extremely S-deficient glasses only after all As atoms participate in homopolar As–As bonds, implying clustering of like metal atoms and violation of chemical order in S-deficient glasses. Intermediate-range structural order induced by such clustering is shown to play a critical role in controlling the compositional variation of physical properties in these glasses.
Lipid Oxidation and Sensory Analysis of Cooked Pork and Turkey Stored under Modified Atmospheres

Precooked pork and turkey were stored at 4°C for 18 hr and at - 20°C for 3 months in vacuum and in atmospheres of air, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. For both short-term refrigerated storage and long-term frozen storage, vacuum-packaging of precooked turkey and pork resulted in more meaty and less warmed-over flavor and aroma than the other packaging treatments. Samples stored in carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheres were less “oxidized” as indicated by sensory scores and TBA values than those stored in air but were more “oxidized” than vacuum-packaged meat. Warmed-over and rancid flavor and aroma scores correlated highly and consistently with TBA values, but inconsistently with the less sensitive fluorescence method. Vacuum-packaged turkey was darker and redder than other samples after frozen storage.
Aortic rupture in a previously undiagnosed case of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Rupture of the thoracic aorta in a 12-year-old boy with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and his sudden death are discussed. A review of the literature substantiates the rarity of major vascular catastrophies of any sort in children.
Sono-chemical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulose derived materials.

This study examined the production of cellulose nanocrystals from microcrystalline wood cellulose, Avicel and recycled pulp of wood pulp using sono-chemical-assisted hydrolysis. Two hydrolysis systems: deionized water and maleic acid were evaluated. In deionized water, Avicel produced cellulose nanocrystals with average diameter of 21 ± 5 nm (minimum 15 nm and maximum 32 nm). Cellulose nanocrystals from recycled pulp were not distinctively spherical and had an average diameter of 23 ± 4 nm (minimum 14 nm and maximum 32 nm). Maleic acid (50 mM) sono-chemical assisted hydrolysis of Avicel at 15 °C and 90% power output for 9 min produced cellulose nanocrystals which were cylindrical in shape and were of dimensions, length 65 ± 19 nm and width 15 nm.
How do sex and stress hormones affect nerve cells

Gonadal and adrenal hormones regulate both structure and neurochemical function in neurons that express receptors for them. Gonadal hormone effects mediate sexual differentiation of the brain and reproductive tract, and their actions during early development program groups of cells in the nervous system to respond in male- or female-typical ways to hormones in adulthood. Induction of synapse formation is one consequences of brain sexual differentiation, but hormonally directed synaptic plasticity is by no means confined to early development and in fact occurs cyclically during reproductive cycles in a number of brain regions of the female rat, including the hippocampus. The hippocampus responds to adrenal steroids as well and undergoes changes in dendritic branching as a result of repeated stress. Implications of hormonally directed changes in brain structure and neurochemistry are discussed with respect to human pathophysiology.
Platinum and palladium imido and oxo complexes with small natural bite angle diphosphine ligands.

Treatment of L(2)MCl(2) (M = Pt, Pd; L(2) = Ph(2)PCMe(2)PPh(2) (dppip), Ph(2)PNMePPh(2) (dppma)) with AgX (X = OTf, BF(4), NO(3)) in wet CH(2)Cl(2) yields the dinuclear dihydroxo complexes [L(2)M(mu-OH)](2)(X)(2), the mononuclear aqua complexes [L(2)M(OH(2))(2)](X)(2), the mononuclear anion complexes L(2)MX(2), or mixtures of complexes. Addition of aromatic amines to these complexes or mixtures gives the dinuclear diamido complexes [L(2)Pt(mu-NHAr)](2)(BF(4))(2), the mononuclear amine complexes [L(2)M(NH(2)Ar)(2)](X)(2), or the dinuclear amido-hydroxo complex [Pt(2)(mu-OH)(mu-NHAr)(dppip)(2)](BF(4))(2). Deprotonation of the Pd and Pt amine or diamido complexes with M'N(SiMe(3))(2) (M' = Li, Na, K) gives the diimido complexes [L(2)M(mu-NAr)](2) associated with M' salts. Structural studies of the Li derivatives indicate association through coordination of the imido nitrogen atoms to Li(+). Deprotonation of the amido-hydroxo complex gives the imido-oxo complex [Pt(2)(mu-O)(mu-NAr)(dppip)(2)].LiBF(4).LiN(SiMe(3))(2), and deprotonation of the dppip Pt hydroxo complex gives the dioxo complex [Pt(mu-O)(dppip)](2).LiN(SiMe(3))(2).2LiBF(4).
Pleiotropic changes in cycloheximide-resistant insect cell clones.

Somatic cell mutants resistant to drugs that interact with the eukaryotic ribosome provide a useful tool for studies on ribosome structure, function, and genetics. FromAedes albopictus (mosquito) cells, cycloheximide-resistant mutants (Cx-705 and Cx-738) that were about 30-fold more resistant to cycloheximide than the parental cells have been obtained. The observation that protein synthesis in cell-free lysates from Cx-705 and Cx-738 cells was resistant to cycloheximide led us to suspect that the alteration in these mutants might affect the ribosome. The present studies show that the cycloheximide-resistant cells grow poorly and eventually die at 34.5°C, a temperature at which wild-type cells grow normally. Relative to control cells, the cycloheximide-resistant cells show there were no differences between cycloheximide-resistant cells and wild-type cells in sensitivity to puromycin, emetine, or cryptopleurine. Cx-705 cells were predominantly diploid; in contrast, the frequency of tetraploid nuclei in Cx-738 cells was about 40%.
Immunization of rhesus monkeys against schistosome infection by cercariae exposed to high doses of x-radiation.

SummaryStrong acquired resistance against schistosome infection in rhesus monkeys can be induced by previous immunizations with cercariae exposed to large amounts of X-radiation; i.e., 24,000 or 48,000 R. This indicates that acquired resistance against schistosome infection can be induced exclusively from functional antigen produced after contact or deterioration of the schistosomular stage in the dermal tissues.
Equivalent composition operators

If ϕ is an analytic function taking the unit disk into itself then the composition operatorCϕ can be defined on the Hardy spaceHp(D) byCϕ(f)=foϕ. In this work, the question of when two of these operators are equivalent in some sense is studied. In some cases, it turns out that the only equivalences are those that are induced by an invertible composition operator. However, other cases are exhibited in which there are equivalences that are not induced by an invertible composition operator.
Li+-intercalation electrochemical/electrochromic properties of vanadium pentoxide films by sol electrophoretic deposition

Abstract Thin films of orthorhombic V 2 O 5 have been prepared by sol electrophoretic deposition (EPD) followed by post-treatment at 500 °C. Their electrochemical and optical performances have been investigated for possible applications in electrochemical/electrochromic devices. Li + -intercalation properties of the films have been explored in two voltage ranges: 0.4 to −1.1 V and 0.4 to −1.6 V versus Ag/Ag + , respectively. High capacities of over 300 mAh/g are acquired in the wider voltage range at a current density of 50 μA/cm 2 and moderate capacities of 140 and 110 mAh/g are obtained in the narrower voltage range at a current density of 25 and 50 μA/cm 2 , respectively. Electrochemical measurements have shown that the films demonstrate good cyclability in both voltage ranges. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical spectra have been used to examine the changes in crystallinity, microstructure, morphology and transmittance of the films during cycling. Films cycled to a deeper voltage of −1.6 V versus Ag/Ag + deliver higher capacity with appreciable morphological change, while films cycled in the narrower voltage range show moderate capacity and maintain the morphology, optical responses and crystalline structure. Voltage range can be optimized in between to acquire both high capacity and stability in structure, electrochemical and optical properties. High Li + -intercalation capacity and good cyclic stability are attributed to the porous structure of V 2 O 5 films prepared by EPD.
Two efficient and low-complexity iterative reliability-based majority-logic decoding algorithms for LDPC codes

This paper presents two novel iterative reliability-based majority-logic algorithms for decoding LDPC codes. Both algorithms are binary message-passing algorithms and require only logical operations and integer additions. Consequently, they can be implemented with simple combinational logic circuits. They either outperform or perform just well as the existing weighted bit-flipping or other reliability-based decoding algorithms for LDPC codes in error performance with a faster rate of decoding convergence and less decoding complexity. Compared to the sum-product algorithm for LDPC codes, they offer effective trade-offs between performance and decoding complexity.
Country ownership requires public sector health system strengthening

We appreciate the views of Chris Collins and Chris Beyrer, who represent a non-governmental organisation (amfAR) that has worked closely with the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) for many years. They caution that “quick transitions” to govern ment ownership of AIDS program ming “could seriously undermine sustainability”. One of the primary fl aws of PEPFAR was that it failed to invest much (certainly initially) in health system strengthening, and therefore the health gains from treatment intervention were entirely unsustainable without continued donor involvement. Country ownership should mean government ownership, because only governments are accountable to populations, especially the very poor. Lessons from the transition of India’s Avahan HIV prevention programme to government ownership are helpful. This programme, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, was designed with transition to the government in mind, with the programme’s focus, goals, and priorities aligned with those of the Indian Government from the very start. Collins and Beyrer urge funders to go slow in their transition to government ownership to ensure no disruption in HIV treatment pro grammes. We argue that to sustain care, countries are better served by a rapid scaleup in public-sector health system strengthening. The greatest burden of disease in all countries is from the many non-HIV illnesses and injuries, so scale-up can have broad eff ects on the overall burden of disease. The success realised by PEPFAR should now give way to an even more massive scale-up, of Marshall Plan proportions, to strengthen every low-income country health system. Only with strong health systems can we sustain our gains on HIV/AIDS while also working towards real progress on the Millennium Development Goals and the enormous burden of other health problems. The extent to which donors and implementers involve themselves in direct governmentsector investment mirrors their confi dence in the strengths of health systems to care for the full spectrum of diseases and their commitment to true country leadership and ownership.
Roadway traffic monitoring from an unmanned aerial vehicle

Roadway networks span large distances and can be difficult to monitor. Most efforts to collect roadway usage data either require a large fixed infrastructure or are labor intensive. Technological advances in electronics and communication have recently enabled an alternative, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAVs capable of carrying sensors and communications hardware to relay data to the ground are becoming available on the commercial market. UAVs can cover large areas and focus resources. They can travel at higher speeds than ground vehicles and are not restricted to travelling on the road network. We investigate the use of a UAV to monitor roadway traffic and develop and demonstrate several applications using data collected from a UAV flying in an urban environment. We describe our use of the data to determine level of service, average annual daily traffic, intersection operations, origin–destination flows on a small network, and parking lot utilization. Our ability to determine these measures illustrates the feasibility of extracting useful information from images sampled from a UAV for both off-line planning and real-time management applications, and our discussion of the methods indicates the challenges and opportunities images obtained from such a platform pose and entail.
Optimizing aggregate array computations in loops

An aggregate array computation is a loop that computes accumulated quantities over array elements. Such computations are common in programs that use arrays, and the array elements involved in such computations often overlap, especially across iterations of loops, resulting in significant redundancy in the overall computations. This article presents a method and algorithms that eliminate such overlapping aggregate array redundancies and shows analytical and experimental performance improvements. The method is based on incrementalization, that is, updating the values of aggregate array computations from iteration to iteration rather than computing them from scratch in each iteration. This involves maintaining additional values not maintained in the original program. We reduce various analysis problems to solving inequality constraints on loop variables and array subscripts, and we apply results from work on array data dependence analysis. For aggregate array computations that have significant redundancy, incrementalization produces drastic speedup compared to previous optimizations; when there is little redundancy, the benefit might be offset by cache effects and other factors. Previous methods for loop optimizations of arrays do not perform incrementalization, and previous techniques for loop incrementalization do not handle arrays.
Arigioscopy of Arm Vein Infrainguinal Bypass Grafts

Between January 1988 and December 1990, 56 patients underwent 66 arm vein infrainguinal bypass grafts for limb salvage. Thirty-nine grafts were intraoperatively monitored by the standard methods of continuous wave Doppler alone (30) and arteriography (9). Twenty-seven grafts were prepared and monitored by intraoperative angioscopy. No significant findings requiring intraoperative revision or correction were noted in the grafts monitored by the standard methods. However, in those grafts prepared and monitored by angioscopy, intraluminal abnormalities of the arm veins were detected and corrected in 20/27 (74%). None of the grafts prepared or monitored by angioscopy occluded within 30 days, whereas, in those grafts monitored by continuous wave Doppler and arteriography, 7/39 failed within 30 days, a primary patency rate of 32/39 (82%) (x2 with yates correction, p = 0.055). This study shows that angioscopic preparation and monitoring of arm vein bypass grafts allows the detection and correction of unsuspected intraluminal abnormalities, which appears to improve the early primary patency of arm vein infrainguinal bypass grafts.
3. The Immunobiological Control of the Immune Response of the Fowl

Abstract THE immunological responses in the fowl are dependent on the normal development of invariant structures which include the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, or infrequent structures such as the accessory spleens, or a collection of cells located in a host tissue, e.g., tonsilla caecalis. All of these cell complexes may be collectively referred to as immunobiological tissue (IBT). Comprehensive reviews of the literature dealing with the invariant structures, bursa or thymus, are available (Glick, 1960, 1964; Warner and Szenberg, 1964; and Warner, 1967). This review will cover the development and the functional relationships in the fowl of IBT as a general grouping. The first appearance of the anlage, for the bursa of Fabricius and thymus occur on approximately day 5 of embryonic development (Romanoff, 1960). Subsequently lymphoid development is observed between day 7 and 11 in the thymus (Ackerman and Knouff, 1964) and between day 12 and 15 in…
Eye position and visual motor coordination

Abstract We tested the ability of split-brain humans to locate accurately a point in space using an ipsilateral hemisphere-hand combination. Positive results were only obtained when the non-seeing hemisphere had target information in the form of knowledge of eye position. The results confirm the view that a main mechanism in the interhemispheric integration is cross-cued information.
Estrogen and the brain: beyond ER-α and ER-β

17beta-Estradiol is a greatly under-appreciated neural growth and trophic factor for the mammalian brain of all ages. Like other growth factors, such as the neurotrophins, 17beta-estradiol influences neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal survival of its targets throughout life. Estrogen elicits developmentally regulated differentiative effects, which are not normally seen in the adult brain. However, re-expression of this developmental response occurs in the adult, following loss of trophic support, whether induced by estrogen deprivation or brain injury. In addition to the classical intranuclear estrogen receptors (ER) ER-alpha and ER-beta, we have recently identified a novel, plasma membrane-associated, putative ER that is neither ER-alpha nor ER-beta, which we have designated 'ER-X'. ER-X is a developmentally regulated estrogen-binding protein, present in wild-type, ER-alpha gene-disrupted (alphaERKO) and ER-alpha null mice, which is re-expressed following ischemic brain injury. The preferred ligand of ER-X is 17alpha-estradiol. Although ER-X shares some homology with the C-terminus of ER-alpha, it is not an alternative splicing variant and may be a new gene. While ER-X appears to mediate 17alpha- and 17beta-estradiol activation of the MAPK cascade, ER-alpha, in contrast, is inhibitory to its activation. Estradiol activation of MAPK/ERK may be particularly relevant for neuroprotection during aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Loss of Estrogen Receptor (ER) Expression in Endometrial Tumors Is Not Associated with de Novo Methylation of the 5′ End of the ER Gene

Normal endometrium, an estrogen-responsive tissue, expresses the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene. Loss of ER expression, the basis for which is currently unknown, is often seen in advanced stage, poor prognosis endometrial tumors. The ER gene undergoes de novo methylation with high frequency in a wide variety of human tumors, including ER-negative breast cancers. In this study, we used several bisulfite-based detection methods to assess whether loss of ER positivity in endometrial tumors is associated with aberrant methylation of the ER gene. Although extensive methylation of a 600-bp region at the 5' end of the gene was seen in two endometrial carcinoma cell lines, none of the 55 CpGs in this region was methylated in 25 of 26 ER-deficient endometrial carcinomas.
The Other-Race Effect in Face Processing Among African American and Caucasian Individuals With Schizophrenia

Objective: Studies of emotion recognition abilities in schizophrenia show greater impairment for non-Caucasians with schizophrenia compared with Caucasians. These studies, however, included only Caucasian faces as stimuli. There is evidence from healthy individuals for a performance disadvantage on face memory and emotion recognition when processing faces from a different ethnicity. The authors sought to measure the “other-race effect” in schizophrenia, which could account for previous findings and provide information about sensitivity to such social cues in patients. Method: The study included 540 participants from four groups: African Americans with schizophrenia (N=135), Caucasians with schizophrenia (N=135), African American community comparison subjects (N=135), and Caucasian community comparison subjects (N=135). All participants completed face recognition and facial emotion identification tasks that included both Caucasian and African American faces as stimuli. Results: Although comparison particip...
Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities across the Life Span.

Existing representations of cognitive ability structure are exclusively based on linear patterns of interrelations. However, a number of developmental and cognitive theories predict that abilities are differentially related across ages (age differentiation-dedifferentiation) and across levels of functioning (ability differentiation). Nonlinear factor analytic models were applied to multivariate cognitive ability data from 6,273 individuals, ages 4 to 101 years, who were selected to be nationally representative of the U.S. population. Results consistently supported ability differentiation but were less clear with respect to age differentiation-dedifferentiation. Little evidence for age modification of ability differentiation was found. These findings are particularly informative about the nature of individual differences in cognition and about the developmental course of cognitive ability level and structure.
Early Soy Exposure via Maternal Diet Regulates Rat Mammary Epithelial Differentiation by Paracrine Signaling from Stromal Adipocytes

Diet-mediated changes in transcriptional programs that promote the early differentiation of the mammary gland may lead to reduced breast cancer risk. The disparity in adult breast cancer incidence between Asian women and Western counterparts is attributed partly to high soy food intake. Here, we conducted genome-wide profiling of mammary tissues of weanling rats exposed to soy protein isolate (SPI) or control casein (CAS) via maternal diet to evaluate the contribution of early exposure on mammary gene expression. Of the identified 18 up- and 39 downregulated genes with SPI relative to CAS, a subset was associated with lipid metabolic pathways, consistent with reduced mammary adipocyte size and suggesting stromal adipocyte-specific genomic changes. Female offspring of rats fed SPI tended to have fewer terminal end buds (P ¼ 0.06) and had significantly lower body weight and abdominal fat mass. To demonstrate the functional consequence of SPI-mediated adipocyte metabolic changes on neighboring mammary epithelium, the expression of in vivo regulated genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with soy isoflavone genistein and effects of the resultant conditioned medium (CM) on the differentiation of HC11 mammary epithelial cells were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and/or Western immunoblots. In differentiated 3T3-L1, genistein decreased fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase and increased hydroxysteroid 11-b dehydrogenase 1 expression. CM from genistein-treated adipocytes had higher adiponectin levels and augmented prolactin-induced, glucocorticoid-regulated b-casein levels. These findings suggest that soy-associated components, by targeting mammary adipocytes, alter paracrine signaling to enhance mammary epithelial differentiation, with important implications for the prevention of breast cancer associated with obesity and obesity-related diseases. J. Nutr. 139: 945‐951, 2009.
D-Cyclins Repress Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Cells by Controlling Death Receptor Fas and Its Ligand FasL

D-type cyclins (D1, D2, and D3) are components of the mammalian core cell-cycle machinery and function to drive cell proliferation. Here, we report that D-cyclins perform a rate-limiting antiapoptotic function in vivo. We found that acute shutdown of all three D-cyclins in bone marrow of adult mice resulted in massive apoptosis of all hematopoietic cell types. We demonstrate that adult hematopoietic stem cells are particularly dependent on D-cyclins for survival and that they are especially sensitive to cyclin D loss. Surprisingly, we found that the antiapoptotic function of D-cyclins also operates in quiescent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Our analyses revealed that D-cyclins repress the expression of the death receptor Fas and its ligand, FasL. Acute ablation of D-cyclins upregulated these proapoptotic genes and led to Fas- and caspase 8-dependent apoptosis. These results reveal an unexpected function of cell-cycle proteins in controlling apoptosis in normal cell homeostasis.
A Capabilities-Based Perspective on Target Selection in Acquisitions

We develop a capabilities-based theory of acquirer target selection, arguing that acquirers will pursue both low capability targets in existing contexts to deploy existing capabilities, and high capability targets in new contexts to acquire new capabilities. These arguments are formalized in an analytical model that jointly considers the benefits and costs of acquisition as a function of target capability level and context. The predictions from this model are tested in the Chinese Brewing industry (1998-2007), with results showing that acquirers strongly prefer inferior targets in existing geographic markets, but are relatively more likely to choose superior targets in new markets, especially if they have strong acquisition capabilities. Our study provides insight into the factors driving target selection, and contributes to a capabilities-based understanding of acquisitions.
Illiquid Alternative Asset Fund Modeling

A financial model that enables institutional investors to project future asset values and cash flows for funds in illiquid alternative asset classes such as venture capital, leveraged buyouts, real estate, and natural resources is the subject of this article. The model presented incorporates actual historical information to provide a base for forecasts. It allows investors with a portfolio of alternative assets to assess various scenarios with different fund commitment levels and different assumptions regarding contributions, distributions, and underlying net returns.
Habitat and recreational fishing opportunity in Tampa Bay: Linking ecological and ecosystem services to human beneficiaries

Abstract Estimating value of estuarine habitat to human beneficiaries requires that we understand how habitat alteration impacts function through both production and delivery of ecosystem goods and services (EGS). Here we expand on the habitat valuation technique of Bell (1997) with an estimate of recreational angler willingness-to-pay combined with estimates of angler effort, fish population size, and fish and angler distribution. Results suggest species-specific fishery value is impacted by angler interest and stock status, as the most targeted fish (spotted seatrout) did not have the highest specific value (fish −1 ). Reduced population size and higher size at capture resulted in higher specific value for common snook. Habitat value estimated from recreational fishing value and fish-angler distributions supported an association between seagrass and habitat value, yet this relationship was also impacted by distance to access points. This analysis does not provide complete valuation of habitat as it considers only one service (fishing), but demonstrates a methodology to consider functional equivalency of all habitat features as a part of a habitat mosaic rather than in isolation, as well as how to consider both EGS production and delivery to humans (e.g., anglers) in any habitat valuation, which are critical for a transition to ecosystem management.
Tungstate sorption mechanisms on boehmite: Systematic uptake studies and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis

Mechanisms of tungstate sorption on the mineral boehmite (γ-AlOOH) were studied using batch uptake experiments and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Batch uptake experiments over the pH range 4-8 and [W]=50-2000 μM show typical oxyanion behavior, and isotherm experiments reveal continued uptake with increasing tungstate concentration without any clear uptake maximum. Desorption experiments showed that sorption is irreversible at pH 4 and partly reversible at pH 8. Tungsten L1- and L3-edge XANES spectroscopy indicates that all sorbed tungstates are octahedrally coordinated, even though the dominant solution species at pH 8 is a tetrahedral monotungstate. Tungsten L3-edge EXAFS analysis shows that sorbed tungstate occurs as polymeric form(s), as indicated by the presence of corner- and edge-sharing of distorted tungstate octahedra. The occurrence of polymeric tungstate on the surface at pH 8 indicates that sorption is accompanied by polymerization and a coordination change from tetrahedral (in solution) to distorted octahedral (on the surface). The strong tendency for tungstate polymerization on boehmite can explain the continued uptake without an apparent maximum in sorption, and the limited desorption behavior. Our results provide the basis for a predictive model of tungstate uptake by boehmite, which can be important for understanding tungstate mobility, toxicity, and bioavailability.
Equivalence Principle and the Baryon Acoustic Peak

We study the dominant effect of a long wavelength density perturbation $\ensuremath{\delta}({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L})$ on short distance physics. In the nonrelativistic limit, the result is a uniform acceleration, fixed by the equivalence principle, and typically has no effect on statistical averages due to translational invariance. This same reasoning has been formalized to obtain a ``consistency condition'' on the cosmological correlation functions. In the presence of a feature, such as the acoustic peak at ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{\mathrm{BAO}}$, this naive expectation breaks down for ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L}l{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{\mathrm{BAO}}$. We calculate a universal piece of the three-point correlation function in this regime. The same effect is shown to underlie the spread of the acoustic peak, and is calculable to all orders in the long modes. This can be used to improve the result of perturbative calculations---a technique known as ``infra-red resummation''---and is explicitly applied to the one-loop calculation of the power spectrum. Finally, the success of baryon acoustic oscillation reconstruction schemes is argued to be another empirical evidence for the validity of the results.
Diffusion tensor imaging in the normal breast: influences of fibroglandular tissue composition and background parenchymal enhancement

Abstract Objective To evaluate effects of fibroglandular tissue (FGT) composition and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters in normal breast tissue. Methods DTI analysis was performed on 35 breasts with regions of interest drawn to include only normal tissue. Breasts were dichotomized by FGT composition and by BPE; DTI parameters were compared. Results The λ 1 principal diffusion coefficient was lower in breasts with moderate/marked BPE versus those with minimal/mild BPE ( P =.039). All other parameters were unaffected. Conclusion λ 1 is sensitive to differences in BPE within normal breast tissue that should be taken into account in DTI evaluation.
Body image and face image in Asian American and white women: Examining associations with surveillance, construal of self, perfectionism, and sociocultural pressures

Asian American women experience sociocultural pressures that could place them at increased risk for experiencing body and face dissatisfaction. Asian American and White women completed measures of appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, face satisfaction, face dissatisfaction frequency, perfectionism, surveillance, interdependent and independent self-construal, and perceived sociocultural pressures. In Study 1 (N=182), Asian American women were more likely than White women to report low appearance evaluation (24% vs. 12%; d=-0.50) and to be sometimes-always dissatisfied with the appearance of their eyes (38% vs. 6%; d=0.90) and face overall (59% vs. 34%; d=0.41). In Study 2 (N=488), they were more likely to report low appearance evaluation (36% vs. 23%; d=-0.31) and were less likely to report high eye appearance satisfaction (59% vs. 88%; d=-0.84). The findings highlight the importance of considering ethnic differences when assessing body and face image.
Colloid carcinoma of the breast.

A series of 42 cases of colloid carcinoma of the breast (28 pure and 14 also containing infiltrating carcinoma of non-colloid type) is reported. Pure colloid carcinomas occurred in older women, were associated with longer durations of symptoms, and tended to present as larger masses than did either the mixed colloid tumors or a comparison group of infiltrating duct carcinomas. The pure colloid tumors also differed from the other two groups in having low tumor grades, predominantly pushing rather than infiltrating tumor margins, less frequent axillary lymph nodal metastases, and better 5-year survival. The presence of noninfiltrating non-colloid carcinoma in otherwise pure colloid tumors did not change these clinical and pathologic findings to resemble those of the mixed colloid group. The authors feel that although pure colloid carcinomas form a distinct category with an excellent prognosis, there is insufficient evidence that their treamtent should be more conservative than that for other infiltrative mammary carcinomas.
THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY AND COMPOSITION ON VIABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The ability of organisms of a given genotype, relative to that of other genotypes, to transmit their genes to future generations has been shown repeatedly to be a function of the environment in which these organisms develop and reproduce. This ability, the adaptive value of the genotype, may vary markedly from one environment to another or may be quite uniform under a wide variety of environmental circumstances. A striking illustration of this can be found in the work of Dobzhansky and Spassky (1944). These authors investigated the viability, from egg to adult, of a number of genotypes isolated from natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura, when the larvae were raised at three different temperatures. While some genotypes showed no difference in larval survival frotm one temperature to another, others showed distinct differences. Thus, one genotype, although lethal at 25.50C., showed a nearly normal larval survival at 16.50 C. The dependence of the adaptive value of a genotype on the environment should extend to biotic as well as physical factors of the ecology. Indeed, a large portion of ecological research has been devoted to studies on the interrelation of species as well as on the effect of varying population densities within a species. The relative abundance of a species is dependent upon the kind and abundance of other species around it. Moreover, the abundance of a given species at one stage of its life cycle is a function, and often not a simple function, of its abund-
Criterion by criterion, mycosis fungoides

A wide variety of histologic features have been associated with mycosis fungoides. Virtually all these features can be seen at least episodically in some inflammatory conditions, and little is known regarding which histologic features are most useful in establishing a diagnosis of this challenging condition. Three recent blind histologic studies have addressed this topic, however, and their results and those of other studies are reviewed and compared herein.
State-to-State Modeling of CO for Mars Entry Applications

This work addresses the study of the dynamics of the excited states of CO in shock heated Mars’s atmosphere. The model accounts for thermal non-equilibrium between the translational energy mode of the gas and the vibrational energy mode of individual molecules. Furthermore, electronic states of molecules are treated as separate species, allowing for non-Boltzmann distributions of their populations. Two approaches have been considered and compared: i) state-to-state and ii) quasi-steady state. Both strategies are applied to the modeling of the flow behind a normal shock wave, for Mars entry conditions. The results indicate that the use of a quasi-steady state approach can lead to a substantial dissociation of the excited CO molecules, thus leading to a drastic underestimation of the radiation heat flux.
A Method for the Implementation of Boundary Conditions in High-Accuracy Finite-Difference Schemes

This work is concerned with the implementation strategy for boundary conditions in a high-accuracy finite-difference code. In such codes, the effect of a boundary condition on the local flow can be instantaneously propagated many mesh points into the computational domain, affecting the evolution of the flow solution away from the boundary. With such a large stencil footprint, the numerical implementation of the boundary condition has a large effect on code stability and accuracy.
Decision making model of the circulation of professionals and the corresponding countermeasures

The circulation of professionals is a way to realize their dynamic management. The circulation of professionals is limited by many social, organizational and individual factors. This paper develops a decision making model of professional circulation, and explains its original causes, on which the countermeasures for rational professional circulation have been put forward.
Dissipationless conductance in a topological coaxial cable

We present a dynamical mechanism leading to dissipationless conductance, whose quantized value is controllable in a (3+1)-dimensional electronic system. The mechanism is exemplified by a theory of Weyl fermions coupled to a Higgs field, also known as an axion insulator. We show that the insertion of an axial gauge flux can induce vortex lines in the Higgs field, similar to the development of vortices in a superconductor upon the insertion of magnetic flux. We further show that the necessary axial gauge flux can be generated using Rashba spin-orbit coupling or a magnetic field. Vortex lines in the Higgs field are known to bind chiral fermionic modes, each of which serves as a one-way channel for electric charge with conductance ${e}^{2}/h$. Combining these elements, we present a physical picture, the ``topological coaxial cable,'' illustrating how the value of the quantized conductance could be controlled in such an axion insulator.
Acute phosphate depletion inhibits the Na+/H+ antiporter in a cultured renal cell line

We studied the effect of acute Pi depletion on the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in the OK opossum kidney cell line by using the pH-sensitive dye 2'7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Cell recovery from an NH4Cl acid load in HCO3-free buffer disclosed an Na(+)-dependent component blocked by amiloride and a smaller Na(+)-independent component that increased on exposure of the cells to a high-K+ buffer. After 24-h incubation of the cells in phosphate-free medium, pHi recovery by the Na+/H+ exchanger was markedly inhibited, whereas the Na(+)-independent pHi recovery was not affected. The inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange was reversible on correction of cellular Pi deficit. A similar phenomenon was observed when cellular Pi depletion was induced by acute exposure (min) to fructose. Pi depletion shifted the pHi dependence of the exchanger and also reduced its maximal activity. Time-course studies revealed that the effect of Pi depletion could not be attributed to attenuation of Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase activity and resultant diminution of the transmembrane gradient for the Na+ influx. We conclude that acute Pi depletion in cultured proximal tubular cells leads to reversible inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger. This in vitro finding may relate to the in vivo observation of impaired HCO3 reabsorption and bicarbonaturia in acute Pi depletion.
Cybersecurity in China

It is probably fair to say that China has accorded a higher priority than most major countries for CS. Explained in the chapter are the internal and external pressures facing the Chinese government and other key drivers that have contributed to the development of data privacy regulations. This chapter also takes a look at the roles of the private sector and special interest groups in shaping the Chinese approach to CS. This chapter also discusses how the contexts, mechanisms and consequences associated with China’s CS regulations contrast sharply with other major economies. For completeness this chapter discusses how Chinese CS regulations have reflected a greater emphasis on the government’s cyber-control measures and shows how this approach is different from the European Union data privacy regulations that are characterized by a strong emphasis on the protection of personal data, and the U.S. approach which places a high priority on self-regulation by businesses in an attempt to encourage marketing and innovation.
The first definitive record of the giant larvacean, Bathochordaeus charon, since its original description in 1900 and a range extension to the northeast Pacific Ocean

Larvaceans in the genus Bathochordaeus are large, often abundant filter feeders found throughout much of the world ocean. The first described species, Bathochordaeus charon, was reported over 100 years ago by Chun. However in the time since, few specimens have matched Chun’s original description, resulting in ambiguity on the validity of B. charon as a species. Specimens of Bathochordaeus charon were identified based on morphological traits, molecular data and observations made on high definition video. The first records of Bathochordaeus charon from the northeast Pacific Ocean off central California and Oregon, USA are reported. Morphology and molecular data clearly distinguish B. charon from its congener, B. stygius. This paper establishes the first review of Bathochordaeus charon since its original description, extends the range of this species to the northeast Pacific Ocean, and provides the first molecular evidence for two species of Bathochordaeus.
Central Nervous System Hemorrhage Following Lumbar Puncture for Intrathecal Chemotherapy in a Pediatric Oncology Patient

In the pediatric oncology patients, a lumbar puncture (LP) may be performed to administer intrathecal chemotherapy and obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Although it is generally safe and devoid of adverse effects, with insertion and advancement of the spinal needle, there may be a risk of bleeding especially in patients with inherited or acquired defects of coagulation function. We report a 3-year-old child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and associated thrombocytopenia who developed spinal and intraventricular hemorrhage following an LP for the administration of intrathecal chemotherapy. The etiology of such complications is discussed, previous reports are reviewed, and guidelines are suggested to prevent these complications. J Med Cases. 2016;7(10):461-466 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2656w
Imaging the Global Vertical Density Structure from the Ground and Space

Although satellite observations demonstrate that there are large longitudinal differences in ionospheric density distributions, the availability of uneven distribution of ground-based instruments hinders understanding the physics behind the global ionospheric density distributions. For example, understanding the physics behind the unique equatorial ionospheric irregularities in the African sector is still a problem due to lack of ground-based instruments. The space-based GPS measurements on board Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites are rather good datasets to monitor the ionosphere and plasmasphere on a global scale. In this chapter, we present different capabilities of GPS measurements on board LEO satellites, providing (1) radio occultation (RO) density profiles to routinely monitor the global ionospheric region below the LEO orbiting altitude and (2) topside ionosphere and plasmasphere integrated density values that can be used for space-based tomographic reconstruction techniques to remotely image the vertical structure of the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere density profiles.
Axon degeneration induces glial responses through Draper-TRAF4-JNK signalling.

Draper/Ced-1/MEGF-10 is an engulfment receptor that promotes clearance of cellular debris in C. elegans, Drosophila and mammals. Draper signals through an evolutionarily conserved Src family kinase cascade to drive cytoskeletal rearrangements and target engulfment through Rac1. Glia also alter gene expression patterns in response to axonal injury but pathways mediating these responses are poorly defined. We show Draper is cell autonomously required for glial activation of transcriptional reporters after axonal injury. We identify TNF receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) as a novel Draper binding partner that is required for reporter activation and phagocytosis of axonal debris. TRAF4 and misshapen (MSN) act downstream of Draper to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling in glia, resulting in changes in transcriptional reporters that are dependent on Drosophila AP-1 (dAP-1) and STAT92E. Our data argue injury signals received by Draper at the membrane are important regulators of downstream transcriptional responses in reactive glia. The engulfment receptor Draper is known to promote glial activation and phagocytosis of debris upon axonal injury. Luet al. identify TNF receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) as a binding partner of Draper, and map out the signalling cascade leading to reactive gliosis in Drosophila.
Use of clinical history (CH) for Lynch syndrome (LS) risk assessment: An economic decision analysis.

1514 Background: Previous studies comparing screening strategies (STs) for LS concluded that immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based STs are most cost effective. However, these analyses generally exclude ...
Patient Understanding, Expectations, and Satisfaction Regarding Rotator Cuff Injuries and Surgical Management.

Rotator cuff injuries are among the most common in orthopaedics, with rotator cuff repair surgery consistently reported as one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. Patient satisfaction is becoming an increasingly important outcome metric as health care continues to evolve with regard to quality measures affecting physician reimbursement. Evidence supports that postoperative patient satisfaction, an important quality outcome metric, is highly influenced by preoperative patient expectations, which are in turn governed by patient knowledge and understanding. Many authors have delineated patient-, injury-, and surgery-specific variables associated with high preoperative expectations and satisfaction after rotator cuff surgery. Specifically, large rotator cuff tears, subscapularis tears, persistence of postoperative pain and dysfunction, worker's compensation cases, lower education level, and preoperative disability have been seen more frequently in patients reporting poor satisfaction. Others have reported variables associated with higher patient satisfaction such as being married, employed, and of older age at the time of surgery (>55 years old) predictive of higher satisfaction. Patient education preoperatively regarding details about the surgery and the postoperative plan both immediately after the procedure and for rehabilitation are critical in helping set patients' preoperative expectations that have a known effect on patients' subjective clinical outcomes.