cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habituation without NMDA Receptor-Dependent Desensitization of Hering–Breuer Apnea Reflex in a Mecp2+/− Mutant Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome

Nonassociative learning is a basic neuroadaptive behavior exhibited in almost all animal species and sensory modalities but its functions and mechanisms in the mammalian brain are poorly understood. Previous studies have identified two distinct forms of nonassociative learning in the classic Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) induced apnea in rats: NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-independent habituation in a primary vagal pathway and NMDAR-dependent desensitization in a secondary pontine pathway. Here, we show that abnormal nonassociative learning of the HBIR may underlie the endophenotypic tachypnea in an animal model of Rett syndrome (RTT), an autism-spectrum disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Mecp2+/- symptomatic mice on a mixed-strain background demonstrated significantly increased resting respiratory frequency with shortened expiration and normal inspiratory duration compared with asymptomatic mutants and wild-type controls, a phenotype that is characteristic of girls with RTT. Low-intensity electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve elicited fictive HBIR with time-dependent habituation in both Mecp2+/- and wild-type mice. However, time-dependent desensitization of the HBIR was evidenced only in wild-type controls and asymptomatic mutant mice but was absent or suppressed in Mecp2+/- symptomatic mice or in wild-type mice after blockade of NMDAR with dizocilpine. Remarkably, ~50% of the Mecp2+/- mice developed these X-linked phenotypes despite somatic mosaicism. Such RTT-like respiratory endophenotypes in mixed-strain Mecp2+/- mice differed from those previously reported in Mecp2-/y mice on pure C57BL/6J background. These findings provide the first evidence indicating that impaired NMDAR-dependent desensitization of the HBIR may contribute to the endophenotypic tachypnea in RTT.
The Carboxyl Terminus of Peptidoglycan Stem Peptides Is a Determinant for Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

A mecA-containing Staphylococcus aureus strain was grown in the presence of high concentrations of D-serine, D-threonine, and D-phenylalanine. These growth conditions resulted in the replacement of the carboxyl-terminal (fifth) D-alanine residue of peptidoglycan stem peptides with the D-amino acid present in the growth medium and a reduced ability to grow in the presence of methicillin. The most dramatic effect was seen with D-serine. With 32 mM D-serine, strains that had been able to grow in the presence of 800 micro g of methicillin per ml were only able to grow in the presence of less than 50 micro g/ml. The results also suggest that in S. aureus vancomycin resistance mediated through the incorporation of precursors not terminating in D-alanyl-D-alanine would be mutually exclusive with expression of mecA-mediated methicillin resistance.
Fuzzy logic-based gene regulatory network

DNA microarray technology enables a parallel analysis of the expression of genes in an organism. The wealth of spatio-temporal data generated by this technology allows researchers to potentially reverse engineer the genetic network. Fuzzy logic has been proposed as a method to analyze the relationships between genes. This method can identify interacting genes that fit a known fuzzy model of gene interaction by testing all combinations of gene expression profiles. However, this approach is slow and computationally complex. This paper introduces improvements made in terms of reducing computation time and generalizing the gene regulatory model to accommodate co-activators and co-repressors. Improvement in computation time is achieved by using clustering as a pre-processing method, thereby reducing the total number of gene combinations analyzed. This will allow the algorithm to run in a shorter amount of time with minimal effect on the results. The proposed technique will pave the way towards the creation of a generalized gene interaction model that can accommodate any combination of genes.
New Species of the Rare Early Eocene Creodont Galecyon and the Radiation of Early Hyaenodontidae

Galecyon is one of the first appearing hyaenodontid creodonts, as well as one of the most poorly known. New specimens greatly improve our understanding of the morphology of this early Eocene genus, thereby enhance knowledge of the earliest radiation of Hyaenodontidae, and include the first associated upper dental remains, as well as fragmentary cranial remains. The new records substantially expand the stratigraphic range of the genus and allow recognition of two new species. The first, Galecyon peregrinus n. sp., is a small, early species that includes the first records of Galecyon from the earliest Eocene Wa-0 interval. The second, Galecyon chronius n. sp., is a large, terminal species, represented by numerous specimens that extend the range of the genus into the late Wasatchian. The type species, G. mordax, is restricted to specimens that are intermediate in size and stratigraphic position. Phylogenetic analysis of early hyaenodontids confirms the monophyly of Galecyon and places it basal to Prolimnocyon, Prototomus, and Pyrocyon. Arfia is identified as the earliest diverging hyaenodontid sampled, contrasting with prior support for a more crownward position. Prototomus martis is more closely allied to Pyrocyon than to other species of Prototomus. The three North American species of Galecyon form a probable anagenetic lineage.
Incorporating the Security Mindset into Introductory Programming Courses

The inherent problems of computer security are becoming increasingly important, and it is critical that our students gain the necessary skills and knowledge, early in their academic programs, to handle these problems. Specifically, the lack of security mindset is responsible for many overlooked and exploitable security bugs in the computer programs that these students design. While learning the security concepts generally requires a more advanced knowledge of computer science, learning the security mindset can be, and should be, addressed as early as CS 1. Although the primary focus of any traditional CS 1 course is that of basic programming concepts, we believe that teaching the security mindset in this course is valuable and effective. In this paper we discuss the course that we have taught for four terms ¾ an introductory course that teaches the security mindset to beginner programmers. We start out by using the term-long incremental development of a security-sensitive program ¾ the login program. Students develop the security mindset by thinking as both hackers and defenders, in order to catch and fix the logical and run-time errors that may lead to security breaches in the program.
Urinary Phthalate Metabolites in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Selected Florida Wetlands

Phthalates have been shown to cause endocrine disruption in laboratory animals and are associated with altered development of the reproductive system in humans. Further, human have significant exposure to phthalates. However, little is known concerning the exposure of wildlife to phthalates. We report urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations from fifty juvenile alligators from three Florida lakes and a site in the Everglades. Urinary phthalate monoester concentrations varied widely among alligators from the different sites but also among alligators from the same site. Mono-2-ethylhexy phthalate and monobutyl phthalate were found in most samples of alligator urine with maximums of 35,700 ng/mL and 193 ng/mL, respectively. Monobenzyl phthalate was found in 5 alligators with a maximum of 66.7 ng/mL. Other monoesters were found in only one or two alligator urine samples. The wide variation within and among sites, in addition to the high levels of mEHP, mBP and mBzP, is consistent with exposure arising from the intermittent spraying of herbicide formulations to control invasive aquatic plants in Florida freshwater sites. Phthalate diesters are used as adjuvants in many of these formulations.
The Act of Remembering, the Xianchang of Recording: The Folk/Minjian Memory Project in China

The Minjian jiyi yingxiang jihua or Folk/Minjian Memory Project of Caochangdi (CCD) Workstation in Beijing, led by Wu Wenguang and Wen Hui, provides a multi-media effort springing from interviews by a team of young people in the countryside about the Great Leap Forward Famine of the late 1950s. The project combines feature documentaries with the archiving of oral history video, and embeds the resulting digital work in theatrical performances. This essay concentrates upon several of its early documentaries that combine the aesthetics of “making-of” films with a “filial quest,” a search for historical news to expand the self in history, in a human time that is counted in generations. Amid ongoing and constantly remade filial obligation and attachments of love and anger, these documentary makers and the people they film wrestle with this fact: while memories are objectifications of the past, remembering is an act in the present.
Editor's Introduction: Environmental Concern in International and Cross-National Context: Insights and Challenges for Future Research

Research reveals environmental concerns to be important in public opinion surveys and polls worldwide. Simultaneously, research reveals questions that remain and areas ripe for inquiry, yielding insights to inform and pose challenges for future investigations. For instance, although environmental concerns are prominent, they differ across national and cultural contexts and are composed of many multidimensional facets. In this introduction, I provide a brief overview of research on environmental concern that highlights national, international, and comparative research, major themes and theories investigated, and measures of environmental concern examined in these works. I place special emphasis on comparative and cross-national work published in the past decade as background for discussion of secondary data sets available for analyzing environmental issues and concerns comparatively. I then briefly outline how the articles in this issue fit within this broader context and provide important groundwork for f...
D-Serine and Serine Racemase Are Associated with PSD-95 and Glutamatergic Synapse Stability

D-serine is an endogenous coagonist at the glycine site of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), synthesized by serine racemase (SR) through conversion of L-serine. It is crucial for synaptic plasticity and is implicated in schizophrenia. Our previous studies demonstrated specific loss of SR, D-serine-responsive synaptic NMDARs, and glutamatergic synapses in cortical neurons lacking α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which promotes glutamatergic synapse formation and maturation during development. We thus hypothesize that D-serine and SR (D-serine/SR) are associated with glutamatergic synaptic development. Using morphological and molecular studies in cortical neuronal cultures, we demonstrate that D-serine/SR are associated with PSD-95 and NMDARs in postsynaptic neurons and with glutamatergic synapse stability during synaptic development. Endogenous D-serine and SR colocalize with PSD-95, but not presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), in glutamatergic synapses of cultured cortical neurons. Low-density astrocytes in cortical neuronal cultures lack SR expression but contain enriched D-serine in large vesicle-like structures, suggesting possible synthesis of D-serine in postsynaptic neurons and storage in astrocytes. More interestingly, endogenous D-serine and SR colocalize with PSD-95 in the postsynaptic terminals of glutamatergic synapses during early and late synaptic development, implicating involvement of D-serine/SR in glutamatergic synaptic development. Exogenous application of D-serine enhances the interactions of SR with PSD-95 and NR1, and increases the number of VGLUT1- and PSD-95-positive glutamatergic synapses, suggesting that exogenous D-serine enhances postsynaptic SR/PSD-95 signaling and stabilizes glutamatergic synapses during cortical synaptic development. This is blocked by NMDAR antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) and 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-CK), a specific antagonist at the glycine site of NMDARs, demonstrating that D-serine effects are mediated through postsynaptic NMDARs. Conversely, exogenous application of glycine has no such effects, suggesting D-serine, rather than glycine, modulates postsynaptic events. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that D-serine/SR are associated with PSD-95 and NMDARs in postsynaptic neurons and with glutamatergic synapse stability during synaptic development, implicating D-serine/SR as regulators of cortical synaptic and circuit development.
Use of Sex Pheromone Traps to Monitor Azinphosmethyl Resistance in Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The use of sex pheromone traps to monitor the susceptibility of adult male tufted apple bud moths, Platynota idaeusalts (Walker), to azinphosmethyl was investigated in laboratory experiments and field trials in a number of apple orchards in southcentral Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Two techniques were compared: the topical treatment of males caught on the trap's sticky surface and the incorporation of the insecticide directly into the adhesive. For both techniques, the site of application (dorsal compared with ventral), the duration of the assay, and the sexof the insect were important in laboratory experiments. However, moth age and mating status were not significant factors in topical application bioassays.Compared with the laboratory strain, LD50's of populations from apple orchards were 2 to 8 times greater in the topical application bioassays and 6 to 18 times greater in the adhesive incorporation assay. Significant changes in male response to azinphosmethyl were found among broods in some orchards. These changes appeared to be correlated with the seasonalinsecticide use patterns. Topical application bioassaysindicated a sublethal effect from prior field insecticide sprays up to 2 d after application.
Detection and analysis of Enterobacteriaceae and other bacteria in commercial infant formula powder in Lanzhou city

Objective:To investigate the contamination status of Enterobacteriaceae and other bacteria in infant formula powder sold in Lanzhou city.Methods: Bacteria from 98 infant formula powder samples were isolated and identified using conventional microbiological methods.Results: Six kinds of bacteria were isolated from five samples(representing 5.10% of the total number of samples),and four kinds of them belonged to Enterobacteriaceae(accounting for 87.50% of the isolated bacterial strains).The species were Klebsiella oxytoc,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Serratia ficaria,Pantoea spp,Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia.The former four kinds were all included in Enterobacteriaceae,and the latter two belonged to other bacteria families(accounting for 12.50% of the isolated bacterial strains).Conclusion: Infant formula powder sold in Lanzhou city were contaminated by several kinds of bacteria,which could result in potential hazards to infants,and the main contaminating bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae.
Epidemiology of chronic congenital and perinatal infections of man.

Rubella vims, cytomegaloviruses, herpes simplex, hepatitis B virus, and Toxoplasma gondii all commonly produce acute disease in the pregnant mother and can result in insidious disease in the infected baby which may not be manifest for years after delivery. Some of these infections may be truly chronic, in that there is continuing replication of the organism; some may be latent with periodic reactivations; and some may be persistent in some other quiescent form capable of recrudescent activity. Widespread application of laboratory detection techniques and longitudinal clinical studies have permitted more precise definition of the public health significance of these infections.
Cardiac time-insensitive predictive instruments (TIPIs): real-time emergency clinical decision aids and tools for the retrospective assessment of care.

In the United States, acute cardiac ischemia (ACI), including both unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and an enormous consumer of health care resources. Accordingly, the use of hospital and intensive care beds for patients suspected to have ACI is a major health care expense. Yet of the approximately three million patients hospitalized for suspected ACI each year, over half prove not to have true ACI, and less than half of those with ACI have AMI.1-3 These unnecessary hospital and coronary care unit (CCU) admissions represent a substantial waste; the direct costs alone are several billion dollars annually.4
Technological and Global Forces Shaping Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in the Global South

Andreas (2011, p. 404) observed that drug traffickers are “routinely defying borders, mocking law enforcement, and sometimes even violently challenging the state”. This statement is even more relevant to illicit online activities, in which the criminals can engage in such activities in a borderless cyberspace by living in countries with corrupt and inefficient law enforcement and judicial institutions and a lack of international collaborations and cooperation.
The Use of Optimization Techniques to Design Controlled Diffusion Compressor Blading

A method for automating compressor blade design using numerical optimization, and applied to the design of a controlled diffusion stator blade row is presented. A general purpose optimization procedure is employed, based on conjugate directions for locally unconstrained problems and on feasible directions for locally constrained problems. Coupled to the optimizer is an analysis package consisting of three analysis programs which calculate blade geometry, inviscid flow, and blade surface boundary layers. The optimizing concepts and selection of design objective and constraints are described. The procedure for automating the design of a two dimensional blade section is discussed, and design results are presented.
Effects of Visual Variables on the Perception of Distance in Off-Screen Landmarks: Size, Color Value, and Crispness

Maps on mobile devices provide the convenience of accessing spatial information of the surroundings. They also raise the concern that the small screen size impacts user’s acquisition of spatial knowledge as the small size causes the fragmentation of spatial knowledge. This fragmentation leads to the expense of more cognitive efforts and degradation of spatial knowledge. Following some effective approaches of representing distance to off-screen locations as contextual cues, this paper reports a design that incorporates not only the direction but also the distance using symbols. In addition, this study uses three different visual variables including size, color value, and crispness at the ordinal level of measurement and then compares their effectiveness on the perception of distance. Results show that color value contributes the least to the perception of distance. Size leads to slightly higher accuracy than crispness in comparing distances of off-screen landmarks. This study provides valuable information to further explore the impacts of different visual variables that could facilitate the acquisition of spatial knowledge on mobile devices. This study also points out the necessity of follow-up studies to clarify some issues in the current design as well as its impact on actual wayfinding performance.
Considering individual cognitive ability in the provision of usable navigation assistance

It is noted that the design of vehicle navigation aids has tended to emphasize hardware innovations and software optimized to this hardware. User interfaces generally adopt a single paradigm for the presentation of navigation information. It is argued that this assumes a homogeneous user community and ignores individual driver ability in spatial cognition, attention, and other problem-solving issues. It is suggested that the next generation of aids should be designed with more attention to the manner in which people structure, recall, and utilize spatial information naturally. Literature on spatial knowledge, individual differences, and human subject categorization is reviewed. Recommendations are made for the design of future user interfaces in order to provide more usable navigation assistance to individual drivers. >
Grain structure dependent self-assembled bioactive coating on Mg-2Zn-2Gd alloy: Mechanism of degradation at biointerfaces

Abstract Metallic biomedical devices with ultrafine-sized grains (UFGs) provide surfaces that are different from their coarse-grained (CG) (tens of micrometer) counterpart in terms of increased fraction of grain boundaries (UFG > 50%; CG ⁎ Corresponding author.
How Frequent is Precipitation over the Contiguous United States? Perspectives from Ground-Based and Spaceborne Radars

AbstractHigh temporal and spatial resolution observations of precipitation occurrence from the NEXRAD-based Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system are compared to matched observations from CloudSat for 3 years over the contiguous United States (CONUS). Across the CONUS, precipitation is generally reported more frequently by CloudSat (7.8%) than by MRMS (6.3%), with dependence on factors such as the NEXRAD beam height, the near-surface air temperature, and the surface elevation. There is general agreement between ground-based and satellite-derived precipitation events over flat surfaces, especially in widespread precipitation events and when the NEXRAD beam heights are low. Within 100 km of the nearest NEXRAD site, MRMS reports a precipitation frequency of 7.54% while CloudSat reports 7.38%. However, further inspection reveals offsetting biases between the products, where CloudSat reports more snow and MRMS reports more rain. The magnitudes of these discrepancies correlate with elevation, but they are obse...
Solid-State NMR Study of the Cicada Wing.

Wings of flying insects are part of the cuticle which forms the exoskeleton. The primary molecular components of cuticle are protein, chitin, and lipid. How these components interact with one another to form the exoskeleton is not completely understood. The difficulty in characterizing the cuticle arises because it is insoluble and noncrystalline. These properties severely limit the experimental tools that can be used for molecular characterization. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments have been used in the past to characterize the exoskeleton of beetles and have found that chitin and protein make comparable contributions to the molecular matrix. However, little work has been done to characterize the components of the wing, which includes vein and membrane. In this work, solid-state NMR was used to characterize the wing of the 17-year cycle cicada (Magicicada cassini) that appeared in northern West Virginia during the summer of 2016. The NMR results show noticeable differences between the mo...
Current declines of Pecos River (New Mexico, USA) streamflow in a 700-year context:

The Pecos River provides an important source of water for New Mexico and Texas, US, and Mexico. Severe and prolonged drought combined with increasing temperatures during the early 21st century boosted attention on water resources and allocation management in the American West. We provide a tree-ring-based streamflow reconstruction for the Pecos River for the period 1310–2013 CE for the overarching purpose of placing the current Pecos River streamflow declines in a multi-century context. Over the past ca. 700 years, dry events (n = 93) that lasted at least 2 years were more common than wet events (n = 76), wherein flow was below/above the instrumental mean (61.6 m3 s−1). Although more prolonged droughts occurred during the 15th and 18th centuries, the gage record (1930–2013 CE) captures the full range and variability of flow extremes within the context of the past 700 years. The 11-year drought of 1772–1782 was the highest ranked based on magnitude + intensity below the instrumental mean, slightly edging o...
Gateway to the Americas: Underwater Archeological Survey in Beringia and the North Pacific

Understanding the archaeology of the Bering Land Bridge and adjacent regions is essential to reconstruct past cultural relationships and exchanges between Asia and North America. It is in this region the two continents come closest together, and where they were connected in the past by a land bridge. During the last Ice Age when sea level was lower, plants, animals, and people inhabited the continental shelves that are now below sea level. Beneath the cold ocean water is a “lost world” that may contain the tangible evidence of ancient human habitation. However, underwater archaeology in this vast area is preliminary with only three scientific studies conducted in 35 years. Since the first underwater survey was conducted in the Bering Sea in 1976 (Dixon, A predictive model for the distribution of archaeological sites on the Bering Continental Shelf, 1979), there have been significant improvements in technology, geologic data essential for modeling, and navigational aids for underwater archaeological survey.
Charge-Density Wave Phenomena in One-Dimensional Metals: TTF-TCNQ and Related Organic Conductors

Considerable effort has been devoted toward understanding the one-dimensional metallic behavior of tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ).(1) There are two overlapping aspects of this interest: the study of TTF-TCNQ as a prototype one-dimensional metallic system, and the study of TTF-TCNQ as an example of a metallic system made up of organic molecules with molecular properties that might be changed and improved by design and synthesis.(2) In this chapter we will focus primarily on TTF-TCNQ as a one-dimensional system; the molecular properties will be brought in as a means of understanding, on a microscopic basis, the origin of the competing intermolecular and intramolecular interactions that lead ultimately to the metallic solid.
Low Frequency Flexural Wave Propagation in Laminated Composite Plates

Shear deformation and rotary inertia are included in plate theory to determine the dispersion curves for flexural waves propagating in laminated composite plates. The results of a unidirectional laminate are compared with the elasticity solutions for flexural waves traveling in transversely isotropic plates to determine the shear correction factors in the low frequency, long wavelength range. The values of the shear correction factors for the unidirectional composite laminate are in good agreement with the theoretical values calculated from static cylindrical bending. An acousto-ultrasonic technique using narrowband excitation frequencies is used to obtain experimental data for flexural waves. By measuring the phase velocities for different excitation frequencies, dispersion curves are generated. There is excellent agreement between the experimentally determined values and the theoretical results for aluminum and unidirectional composite plates. For symmetric cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates, the data definitely have the characteristic of a dispersion curve for flexural waves, although the agreement between analytic and experimental results is not quite as good. The results of the present work indicate that the inclusion of shear deformation and rotary inertia in plate theory improves the prediction of dispersion curves for flexural waves propagating in composite laminates and suggest that the acousto-ultrasonic technique can be used to characterize composite plates with and without damage since each material and stacking sequence gives distinct dispersion curves.
Vanpooling and its effect on commuter stress

Abstract Vanpools are used in the United States as a form of commuter transportation, with up to 15 people commuting together in one shared vehicle. This research examined commuter behavior to determine if those who use a vanpool to and from work experience a different level of stress than their single-occupant vehicle counterparts. The outcome of this study is important to refining future studies to include vanpool participants as a standalone category to uniquely consider all specific modes individually. Follow-on research must continue to answer the additional questions of behavior choice to determine if knowledge of lowered stress will prompt users to change said behavior. Within the emerging field of Mobility as a Service, it is useful to understand the differences in commute experience to fully support a holistic mobility framework, accounting for multiple modes that address a specific journey requirement. In this study, performed over the course of two weeks, questionnaire respondents rated their personally-perceived level of stress before and after their commute on a Likert scale of 1 and 10. Overall, the aggregated data revealed that vanpoolers experienced a 21% lower rate of self-reported commuting stress than their single-occupant vehicle counterparts. The difference between commute types was strongest for the after-work-to home portion of the commute. In that instance, vanpool commuters experienced a significant decrease in stress compared to their single-occupant counterparts even though their initial stress prior to the evening commute was higher. This indicates that the commute by vanpool helped them overcome a portion of the stress realized as a result of the experiences of their day.
Good news for environmental self-regulation? Finding the right link

Abstract We investigate the stock market response to firm disclosure of positive environmental information and the link from that information to environmental outcomes. We classify environmental media releases by informational content and value relevance, and assess the abnormal stock returns of each type of event. While announcements of future environmental activities lead to the largest favorable stock market reactions, there is no guaranteed link from this type of information to environmental outcomes. Further analysis of the abnormal returns shows that the magnitude of the stock market reaction depends on firm financial characteristics across all event types rather than on firm environmental performance. Our results indicate that the ability for voluntary environmental information disclosure to induce environmental self-regulation is limited to the extent that firms are able to follow through with their announcements of planned environmental activities.
Traveling Exhibitions in the Field: Settlements, War-Economy, and the Collaborative Practice of Seeing, 1919–1925

Over more than four decades, the Austrian economist, sociologist, and philosopher, Otto Neurath made unique contributions to the fields of museology and curation, which culminated in the founding of the Social and Economic Museum of Vienna and its mobile exhibitions in the 1920s. But until today, Neurath’s involvement in the organization of portable “field exhibitions,” which predated those at the Social and Economic Museum by at least half a decade remains understudied. In this essay, I argue that field exhibitions, which were informed by Neurath’s theories on war economy, are instructive in analyzing his overall curatorial ideas. Staged on the outskirts of the city in collaboration with allotment garden and settlement cooperatives, these exhibitions utilized plans and diagrams to convey social and political statements of facts through pictorial statistics and everyday objects. By pairing abstract graphic information with commonplace objects, they invited inhabitants into a conversation about the material world as well as the future by drawing on personal experience. As such, these field exhibitions created a communal environment for viewing and debating information and championed what I call “a collaborative practice of seeing.”
The New Jersey Bowel Preparation Scale: A More Objective and Detailed Scoring System for Screening Colonoscopies.

Goals. The goal of this study was to develop an objective and detailed scoring system to assess the quality of bowel preparation. Background. The quality of bowel preparation impacts the success of the colonoscopy. We developed and compared a new bowel preparation scoring system, the New Jersey Bowel Preparation Scale (NJBPS), with existing systems that are limited by a lack of detail and objectivity in the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) and the Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale (OBPS). Methods. This was a single-center, prospective, dual-observer study performed at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School University Hospital. Patients who were at medium risk for colorectal cancer and undergoing outpatient screening colonoscopy were enrolled in the study, and their bowel preparation was assessed separately by an attending and a fellow using each of the bowel preparation scoring systems. Results. 98 patients were analyzed in the study, of which 59% were female. Most of the patient population was African American (65%) or Hispanic (25%). The average age of the patient was 60 years. Chi-squared analysis using SPSS software revealed intraclass correlation coefficient values between attending and fellow scores for each scale. The NJBPS had the highest value at 0.988, while the BBPS and OBPS had values of 0.883 and 0.894. Limitations. Single-center study. Conclusions. The NJBPS and BBPS scores demonstrated a statistically significant agreement with each other. Overall, there was good interobserver agreement for all three scoring systems when comparing attendings to fellows for the same scoring system. However, the NJBPS possessed a stronger correlation.
Impact of Clean-Label Antimicrobials and Nitrite Derived from Natural Sources on the Outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens during Cooling of Deli-Style Turkey Breast.

Organic acids and sodium nitrite have long been shown to provide antimicrobial activity during chilling of cured meat products. However, neither purified organic acids nor NaNO2 is permitted in products labeled natural and both are generally avoided in clean-label formulations; efficacy of their replacement is not well understood. Natural and clean-label antimicrobial alternatives were evaluated in both uncured and in alternative cured (a process that uses natural sources of nitrite) deli-style turkey breast to determine inhibition of Clostridium perfringens outgrowth during 15 h of chilling. Ten treatments of ground turkey breast (76% moisture, 1.2% salt) included a control and four antimicrobials: 1.0% tropical fruit extract, 0.7% dried vinegar, 1.0% cultured sugar–vinegar blend, and 2.0% lemon-vinegar blend. Each treatment was formulated without (uncured) and with nitrite (PCN; 50 ppm of NaNO2 from cultured celery juice powder). Treatments were inoculated with C. perfringens spores (three-strain mixtur...
Developmental opioid exposures: Neurobiological underpinnings, behavioral impacts, and policy implications:

The devastating impact of opioid abuse and dependence on the individual, family, and society are well known but extremely difficult to combat. During pregnancy, opioid drugs and withdrawal also aff...
[Investigation on sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments and Clonorchis sinensis intermediate host infection in a city of Pearl River Delta region, China].

Objective To understand the current status of the sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments, and Clonorchis sinensis infection of freshwater fish in the aquaculture and market in a city of Pearl River Delta region, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of clonorchiasis sinensis. Methods In 2016, based on the distribution of freshwater aquaculture, 36 freshwater fish ponds among 14 towns were selected for sampling and investigation, and 10-20 pieces were collected from each pond. Besides, 3 aquatic product wholesale markets were included, among which 3-6 stalls were selected from each market, and 20-30 pieces were collected from each stall. The metacercaria in the fish was examined by the digestion method. Results In the 36 fish ponds, there were no toilets with the stool being drained into fish ponds directly, and there was only one pond with duck sheds with the stool being drained into fish ponds directly. Totally 437 pieces of freshwater fish from ponds were detected, with a metacercaria positive rate of 4.35% (19/437). The metacercaria positive fish were distributed in 50% (7/14) of towns and 25% (9/36) ponds. The positive rates of crucian carp, grass carp, dace, aristichthysnobilis, and tilapia were 13.95% (6/43), 4.76% (9/189), 4.44 (2/45), 1.55% (2/129), and 0 (0/31) respectively, with statistically significant difference (χ2 = 13.46, P = 0.01). Totally 307 pieces of freshwater fish were collected from the wholesale markets, with a total positive rate of 1.95% (6/307). The positive rate of grass carp and aristichthysnobilis were 3.20% (4/125) and 2.78% (2/72) respectively, and no positive samples were found in crucian carp, dace and tilapia, with no statistically significant difference among the different fish in the infection rate (Fisher exact P = 0.75). Conclusions The sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments in a city of Pearl River Delta region is relative good. However, there are different degrees of Clonorchis sinensis infection of freshwater fish in some aquaculture environments and markets.
Extreme Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles: A Technology Overview

With the number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the rise, there is a need for an adequate charging infrastructure to serve these vehicles. The emerging extreme fast-charging (XFC) technology has the potential to provide a refueling experience similar to that of gasoline vehicles. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art EV charging infrastructure and focus on the XFC technology, which will be necessary to support the current and future EV refueling needs. We present the design considerations of the XFC stations and review the typical power electronics converter topologies suitable to deliver XFC. We consider the benefits of using the solid-state transformers (SSTs) in the XFC stations to replace the conventional line-frequency transformers and further provide a comprehensive review of the medium-voltage SST designs for the XFC application.
Affine and Projective Planes

This chapter gives fundamental results on finite affine and projective planes. It provides detailed proofs on various counting results concerning these planes such as the number of points, lines, points on a line, and lines through a point. It describes the canonical relation between affine planes and mutually orthogonal Latin squares.
Simultaneous Crowd Counting and Localization by WiFi CSI

Crowd estimation is considered as an attractive technique for indoor energy saving, route guidance, etc. Generally, crowd estimation consists of crowd density estimation and crowd counting. In vision-based approach of crowd estimation, there are several researches addressing both crowd counting and localization. However, most of sensor or radio-based approaches are focusing on crowd counting only. In this study, we assess the potential of simultaneous crowd counting and localization by using WiFi CSI and machine learning.
Buchwald–Hartwig Amination, High-Throughput Experimentation, and Process Chemistry: An Introduction via Undergraduate Laboratory Experimentation

This three-part laboratory experiment investigates key aspects of the Buchwald–Hartwig amination cross-coupling reaction through guided-inquiry learning strategies. The first part of this experiment utilizes high-throughput experimentation techniques to reinforce, explore, and extend fundamental concepts that are represented in the classroom, including the use of air-free Schlenk techniques and heteronuclear NMR analysis. The second component challenges students to evaluate their results to design, set up, and perform a preparative-scale Buchwald–Hartwig amination. Finally, students purify and isolate their products using column chromatography allowing them to fully characterize their target molecules through a variety of analytical techniques. This experiment represents one of the final experiments performed in the fourth-year undergraduate chemistry curriculum and serves as a capstone learning experience for students.
Second-Order Circuits

If a response (that is, an output) can be described by a second-order differential equation, this circuit is referred to as a second-order circuit. An RLC circuit is a second-order circuit. Sometimes (but not always), the order of the circuit can be estimated by the total number of inductors and capacitors in the circuit.
HGG-33. EXPLOITING METABOLIC DEFECTS WITH NAMPT INHIBITORS IN DIPG

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) are universally lethal pediatric brain tumors with limited treatment options. We recently performed synthetic lethal drug screen with a panel of DNA repair and metabolic inhibitors in vitro, in patient-derived DIPG cells and isogenic cell lines engineered to contain key DIPG-associated mutations. Nearly 80% of DIPGs harbor a recurrent H3K27M mutation in H3.3 (H3F3A) or H3.1 (HIST1H3B) histones. This has prompted us to consider H3K27M mutation-induced exploitable defects for a therapeutic gain. This screen identified synthetic lethal interactions between H3K27M mutations and the nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) inhibitor, FK866. The association between H3K27M mutations and NAMPTi sensitivity was validated in follow-up studies using isogenic WT and H3K27M-mutant expressing pairs of human immortalized astrocytes and neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In addition, we tested the effects of FK866 in a panel of unique DIPG patient-derived tumor neurospheres in short-term viability assays. We found that FK866 induced depletion of NAD and exhibited toxicity towards H3K27M mutant DIPG cell lines with an IC50 of ~2.5 nM. These findings were consistent across three structurally unique NAMPT inhibitors. Finally, we found that inducible expression of mutant H3K27M results in a gradual, 50% decrease in cellular NAD levels over the course of five days, suggesting that H3K27M mutations may induce an inherent NAD metabolic defect that is exploited by NAMPTi’s. We now seek to understand the mechanistic basis for the observed metabolic defect and NAMPTi sensitivity associated with mutant H3K27M. In addition, we aim to identify specific NAMPTi and DNA damaging agent combinations which maximally exploit this H3K27M-associated NAD metabolic defects.
The Effect of Social Anxiety on the Risk of Sexual Victimization via Assertiveness in an Ethnically Diverse Sample.

Preliminary evidence suggests social anxiety may increase the risk of sexual victimization via decreased sexual assertiveness. A sample of 2,043 undergraduate students completed an online survey. A...
Minimal Associations between Short-Term Dietary Intake and Salivary Microbiome Composition.

Background: Increasing evidence points to the esophageal microbiome as an important co-factor in esophageal neoplasia. Esophageal microbiome composition is strongly influenced by the oral microbiome. Salivary microbiome assessment has emerged as a potential non-invasive tool to identify patients at risk for esophageal cancer, but key host and environmental factors that may affect the salivary microbiome have not been well-defined. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of short-term dietary intake on salivary microbiome composition. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 69 subjects prior to upper endoscopy who completed the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment. Salivary microbiome composition was determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results: There was no significant correlation between alpha diversity and primary measures of short-term dietary intake (total daily calories, fat, fiber, fruit/vegetables, red meat intake, and fasting time). There was no evidence of clustering on beta diversity analyses. Very few taxonomic alterations were found for short-term dietary intake; an increased relative abundance of Neisseria oralis and Lautropia sp. was associated with high fruit and vegetable intake, and an increased relative abundance of a taxon in the family Gemellaceae was associated with increased red meat intake. Conclusions: Short-term dietary intake was associated with only minimal salivary microbiome alterations and does not appear to have a major impact on the potential use of the salivary microbiome as a biomarker for esophageal neoplasia.
ADHD and ODD Dimensions: Time Varying Prediction of Internalizing Problems from Childhood to Adolescence.

ObjectiveAlthough childhood ADHD is a risk factor for internalizing problems, it consists of separable inattention and hyperactivity dimensions that differentially predict outcomes. Oppositional de...
The accidentology of sport in France through the prism of the legitimacy theory: A first multilevel quantitative approach:

In many so-called developed countries, participation to at least one physical activity or sport is a mass phenomenon. More, the combination of a high involvement rate and omnivorousness/voraciousne...
Calming the Fire: How a Negligence Standard and Broad Cost-RecoveryCan Help Restore National Forests After Wildfires

This Note provides an overview of the statutory and common law relating to forest fires, with a particular focus on fires started by power lines in National Forests. Fire is a constant threat to America’s forests and is capable of doing enormous damage to critical ecological systems. Yet the legal ramifications of forest fires are often determined by state law, which leads to doctrinal inconsistency. Recently, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has joined California courts in allowing the federal government to bring broad damages claims against utility companies responsible for forest fires. Other states, by contrast, limit the types of damages that the government can claim. The standard of liability for forest fires can be similarly ambiguous. The best way forward, from an environmental perspective, is to condition recovery on a showing of negligence, while granting restoration costs in cases where culpability is clear.
Histology of aging. IV. Cartilage and bone tissues.

This review focuses on some of the basic structural alterations taking place in the aging central nervous system including cerebral neuroglial changes in both human and animal models. The survey compiled reports regarding cell loss in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum and the brainstem. It focuses on some functional changes associated with nuclei degenerations, including the nucleus basalis (suspected to be at the origin of Alzheimer's disease). Microscopic changes reviewed include those associated with specific cell organelles and pigment depots in nerve and neuroglial cells. By this article, completing a series of reviews on Histology of Aging, the authors hope to educate students in order stimulate discussions and point out fields of most needed future research in this topic.
Cosmically Lipschitz set-valued mappings

This paper introduces a kind of sub-Lipschitz continuity for set-valued mappings based on the cosmic metric. This type of Lipschitz behavior has applications with regards to necessary optimality conditions, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, and invariance of unbounded differential inclusions. Cosmically Lipschitz assumptions allow for broader applications than previously allowed under Lipschitz assumptions. It is also shown that a cosmically Lipschitz mapping can be characterized by the normal cones to its graph using the coderivative, and various rules are presented in order to more easily identify such a mapping.
The CRITTER system: analyzing digital circuits by propagating behaviors and specifications

CRITTER is a system that reasons about digital hardware designs, using a a declarative representation that can represent components and signals at arbitrary levels of abstraction. CRITTER can derive the behaviors of a component's outputs given the behaviors of the inputs, it can derive the specifications a component's inputs must meet in order for some given specifications on the outputs to be met, and it can verify that a given signal behavior satisfies a given specification. By combining these operations, it evaluates both the correctness and the robustness of the overall design.