cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis and design methodology for belief sharing in large groups

Many applications require that a group of agents share a coherent distributed picture of the world given communication constraints. This paper describes an analysis and design methodology for coordination algorithms for extremely large groups of agents maintaining a distributed belief. This design methodology creates a probability distribution which relates global properties of the system to agent interaction dynamics using the tools of statistical mechanics. Using this probability distribution we show that this system undergoes a rapid phase transition between low divergence and high divergence in the distributed belief at a critical value of system temperature. We also show empirically that at the critical system temperature the number of messages passed and belief divergence between agents is optimal. Finally, we use this fact to develop an algorithm using system temperature as a local decision parameter for an agent.
Extraordinary pigment composition of a prokaryotic alga

WE report an anomalous unicellular alga with a prokaryotic cellular organisation like that of a blue-green alga, but with a pigment composition characteristic of green algae and higher plants.
Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex.

The association cortices, those regions interposed between the primary sensory and primary motor areas, are thought to mediate a variety of cognitive functions. Among these, the prefrontal cortex has traditionally been considered the least understood and most complex. The only point that seems to marshall agreement among basic neuroscientists is that prefrontal functions and operations, acknowledged to be important in human behavior, are less accessible to analysis than are many other areas of the cortex. One reason for this perception may be the lack of an agreed upon anatomical blueprint that firmly establishes the relationship between prefrontal cortex and other, better understood, parts of the brain. However, this circumstance has changed radically in the last decade, and the structure and functions of the frontal lobes, particularly the prefrontal "silent" portion, which have intrigued investigators since the last century (Ferrier 1886, Bianchi 1895, Franz 1907), have recently again become the subject of intense interest (for reviews, see Damasio 1979, Fuster 1980, Goldman-Rakic 1984, 1987, Milner et al 1985, Mesulam 1986, Ingvar 1983, Stuss & Benson 1984). The availability of solid new findings in experimental animals and human patients and the promise of further discoveries are undoubtedly the basis of this renewed interest. Several extraordinarily influential papers paved the way for the modern era of frontal lobe research. Without a doubt, anatomical studies of pre­ frontal cortex were stimulated by Nauta's 1971 paper on "The Problem of the Frontal Lobe: A Reinterpretation." This review made an indelible impression both for its eloquence and fundamental validity, suggesting as
Evaluation of a fluorocarbon bonded silica using packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography

A newly commercialized fluorinated silica, Fluofix 120N [1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H-tridecafluoro(4,4-dimethylheptyl)silyl bonded spherical microporous silica gel], was used as a packing material for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The performance and stability of this fluorinated phase were examined under different experimental conditions. The SFC behavior of this phase was compared with a conventional C18 bonded reversed phase. The excellent separation power of the Fluofix 120N phase for fluorinated compounds was demonstrated by high-resolution separations of different perfluorinated polymers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of hydrological and geophysical factors on formation of standing water and FIB reservoirs at a Lake Michigan beach

Abstract Water quality impairment of Great Lakes beaches is caused by fecal pollution from point and nonpoint sources. Erosion due to wind or wave action, invasive vegetation and chronically wet, flooded or standing water are conditions that can magnify water quality problems at beaches. We investigated the hydrological and geophysical characteristics of the Bradford Beach on Lake Michigan (Milwaukee, WI) and the linkage between standing water and persistent contamination by fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Our study showed that there is a positive correlation between high concentrations of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) in sand and high moisture content caused by standing water. The main factor associated with the formation of standing water was rainfall. There were also notable differences in standing water and/or wet sand conditions in the northern and southern parts of the beach. These differences could be accounted for by differences in ground water elevations and beach erosion and accretion patterns. Other important physical features of the beach were the presence of rain gardens and mean grain diameter (d 50 ). Rain gardens above the beach face that capture runoff contributed to transient increases in the water table, facilitating standing water formation. Standing water, stormwater runoff infiltrating through the sand and into groundwater as well as wave run up that delivered contaminated surface water to the back beach area were of health concern following heavy rainfall events. The outcomes of this study will likely be useful to beach managers investigating mechanisms/sources of fecal indicator bacteria loading and potential mitigative approaches.
Optical Measurement and Control of Spin Diffusion in n-Doped GaAs Quantum Wells

Transient spin gratings are used to study spin diffusion in lightly n-doped GaAs quantum wells at low temperatures. The spin grating is shown to form in the excess electrons from doping, providing spin relaxation and transport properties of the carriers most relevant to spintronic applications. We demonstrate that spin diffusion of the these carriers is accelerated by increasing the density or energy of the optically excited carriers. These results can be used to better understand and even control spin transport in experiments that optically excite spin-polarized carriers.
Reproducibility of mantle irradiation with daily imaging films

Daily mantle imaging films were reviewed to evaluate the accuracy of daily treatments for 28 de novopatients with Hodgkin's disease treated with curative intent between September 1978 and September 1983. Each film was compared with the original simulation film by compared with the original simulation film by three independent observers. Each observer graded each film for accuracy in the supervisor mediastinal, axillary, and inferior mediastinal areas and for overall conformity to the minor deviations greater than 0.5 cm but with no tumor or prophylactic treatment areas shielded, and grade 3 denoted an unacceptable setup. The results treatment plan. Grades ranged from 1 to 3: grade 1 denoted accuracy within ±0.5 cm of the treatment plan, grade 2 denoted minor deviations greater than 0.5 cm but with no tumor or prophylactic treatment areas shield, and grade 3 denoted an unacceptable setup. The results in 28 patients (1,186 films) showed that 84% of the films were within 0.5 cm of original plan, 15% had minor deviations, and 1% were considered unacceptatble. Three patients in the study developed recurrence of Hodgkin's disease in the chest. In one of these patients, 4 of 40 films were unacceptable, but recurrence was in lung parenchyma in an area not designated for treatment. Errors in treatment setup in this small sample were not a factor in the likehood of disease recurrence in the chest. Daily imaging films have helped decrease the number of minor deviations and unacceptable setups, compared with previous experiences.
Fiber-mosaic adenovirus as a novel approach to design genetically modified adenoviral vectors.

Abstract Genetic modification of the adenovirus (Ad) capsid is one of the successful strategies to achieve viral retargeting. However, it has been widely recognized that structural constraints imposed by viral proteins limit the number and nature of incorporated targeting ligands and often hamper viral propagation. To address this issue, we propose a genetic fiber-mosaic virus (having two distinct fibers in one viral particle) as a means to facilitate fiber modifications. Fiber-mosaic virus having tandem fibers: a wild type (wt) fiber and second adjunctive fiber, will utilize natural viral entry for the conventional propagation of the vectors whereas, adjunctive fiber will serve multiple potential purposes such as targeting, purification, or imaging of viral particles via genetic incorporation of the corresponding functional moieties. We generated the mosaic adenovirus vector encoding two fibers: wild-type and adjunctive fiber—Fiber-Fibritin (FF) and confirmed incorporation of FF in the mosaic viral particles. We investigated binding specificity of the mosaic virus and the possible interference of the two fibers during virus life cycle. Fiber-mosaic Ad attained new binding properties provided by the second fiber, while preserving the binding ability attributed to the wt fiber. Our results suggest that the two fibers being presented and structurally separated on the viral particle may also function separately as binding counterparts for virus attachment. Therefore, the mosaic setting will allow more flexibility in Ad retargeting approaches.
Different Biochemical Properties of Nuclear and Microsomal Estrone-3-Sulfatases: Evidence for the Presence of a Nuclear Isozyme☆

In female rats,totalestrone-3-sulfatase activity per liver in the nuclear fraction is comparable to the total activity per liver in the microsomal fraction. The combined estrone-3-sulfatase activity in the other fractions (lysosomal, mitochondrial, and cytosolic fractions) is negligible and only accounts for <5% of the total nuclear or microsomal sulfatase activity. Nuclear and microsomal estrone-3-sulfatases have different pH optima (pH 8.0 and 7.2, respectively). The apparent Km values for the nuclear and microsomal estrone-3-sulfatases are 2.5 and 10.1 μM, respectively, suggesting that the nuclear sulfatase has a considerably higher affinity for estrone-3-sulfate than the microsomal sulfatase. Moreover, the nuclear estrone-3-sulfatase is more sensitive to inhibition by several steroids than the microsomal sulfatase. The results suggest that estrone-3-sulfatase in the nuclear fraction is a different isozyme than that in the microsomal fraction.
Hailey-Hailey Disease Keratinocytes: Normal Assembly of Cell-Cell Junctions In Vitro

The blisters in the inherited disorder, Hailey-Hailey disease, may be caused by defective epidermal junctional complexes. We evaluated these structural complexes in vivo and in vitro. We induced a vesicular lesion in the apparently normal skin of a patient with Hailey-Hailey disease and studied a biopsy of this lesion by transmission electron microscopy. To determine whether acantholysis was related to a defect in the number or assembly of intercellular junctions, we cultured Hailey-Hailey disease keratinocytes in medium containing 0.1 mM Ca2+ and increased the [Ca2+] to 1.1 mM in order to induce assembly of cell-cell junctions. Keratinocytes were examined by double immunofluorescence with antibodies to the desmosome protein, desmoplakin, and the adherens junction protein, vinculin, at intervals after the increase in [Ca2+]. Characteristic Hailey-Hailey disease histopathology was observed by electron microscopy of the patient's skin after trauma, but we found no splitting of desmosomes. Based on the location, intensity, and rate of change of immunofluorescent staining, Hailey-Hailey and normal keratinocytes did not differ in their ability to assemble desmosomes and adherens junctions. Furthermore, we observed no significant morphologic differences between normal and Hailey-Hailey keratinocytes cultured in low and high [Ca2+]-containing media; Hailey-Hailey cells contained abundant normal-appearing desmosomes in 1.1 mM [Ca2+]. Since Hailey-Hailey disease keratinocytes can assemble normal-appearing adherens junctions and desmosomes in vitro, the functional defect may not lie in assembly of cell-cell adhering junctions, or additional perturbation may be required to expose the defect.
Fully automatic 2D to 3D conversion with aid of high-level image features

With the recent advent in 3D display technology, there is an increasing need for conversion of existing 2D content into rendered 3D views. We propose a fully automatic 2D to 3D conversion algorithm that assigns relative depth values to the various objects in a given 2D image/scene and generates two different views (stereo pair) using a Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR) algorithm for 3D displays. The algorithm described in this paper creates a scene model for each image based on certain low-level features like texture, gradient and pixel location and estimates a pseudo depth map. Since the capture environment is unknown, using low-level features alone creates inaccuracies in the depth map. Using such flawed depth map for 3D rendering will result in various artifacts, causing an unpleasant viewing experience. The proposed algorithm also uses certain high-level image features to overcome these imperfections and generates an enhanced depth map for improved viewing experience. Finally, we show several 3D results generated with our algorithm in the results section.
Studies of a prototype linear stationary X-ray source for tomosynthesis imaging

A prototype linear x-ray source to implement stationary source–stationary detector tomosynthesis (TS) imaging has been studied. Potential applications include human breast and small animal imaging. The source is comprised of ten x-ray source elements each consisting of a field emission cathode, electrostatic lens, and target. The electrostatic lens and target are common to all elements. The source elements form x-ray focal spots with minimum diameters of 0.3–0.4 mm at electron beam currents of up to 40 mA with a beam voltage of 40 kV. The x-ray flux versus time was quantified from each source. X-ray bremsstrahlung spectra from tungsten targets were produced using electron beam energies from 35 to 50 keV. The half-value layer was measured to be 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 mm, respectively, for the 35, 40, and 45 kV tube potentials using the tungsten target. The suppression of voltage breakdown events, particularly during source operation, and the use of a modified form of the standard cold-cathode geometry, enhanced source reliability. The prototype linear source was used to collect tomographic data sets of a mouse phantom using digital TS reconstruction methods and demonstrated a slice-sensitivity profile with a full-width-half-maximum of 1.3 mm. Lastly, preliminary studies of tomographic imaging of flow through the mouse phantom were performed.
The Combined Effects of Self-Referent Information Processing and Ruminative Responses on Adolescent Depression

Adolescents who develop depression have worse interpersonal and affective experiences and are more likely to develop substance problems and/or suicidal ideation compared to adolescents who do not develop depression. This study examined the combined effects of negative self-referent information processing and rumination (i.e., brooding and reflection) on adolescent depressive symptoms. It was hypothesized that the interaction of negative self-referent information processing and brooding would significantly predict depressive symptoms, while the interaction of negative self-referent information processing and reflection would not predict depressive symptoms. Adolescents (n = 92; 13–15 years; 34.7 % female) participated in a 6-month longitudinal study. Self-report instruments measured depressive symptoms and rumination; a cognitive task measured information processing. Path modelling in Amos 19.0 analyzed the data. The interaction of negative information processing and brooding significantly predicted an increase in depressive symptoms 6 months later. The interaction of negative information processing and reflection did not significantly predict depression, however, the model not meet a priori standards to accept the null hypothesis. Results suggest clinicians working with adolescents at-risk for depression should consider focusing on the reduction of brooding and negative information processing to reduce long-term depressive symptoms.
Gray Scale Operation Of A Multichannel Optical Convolver Using The Semetex Magnetooptic Spatial Light Modulator

A new multichannel optical correlator/convolver architecture which uses an acoustooptic light modulator for the input channel and a Semetex magnetooptic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) for the set of parallel reference channels is presented. Details of the anamorphic optical system are discussed. Experimental results illustrate the use of the system as a convolver for performing digital multiplication by analog convolution (DMAC). A limited gray scale capability for data stored by the MOSLM is demonstrated by implementing this DMAC algorithm with trinary logic. Use of the MOSLM allows the number of parallel channels for the convolver to be increased significantly compared with previously reported techniques while retaining the capability for updating both channels at high speeds.
An archaeal trkA homolog near dnaK and dnaJ

The first trkA gene homolog in the phylogenetic domain Archaea is reported. The gene is located near the dnaK-dnaJ gene cluster in the genome of Methanosarcina mazei S-6, and encodes a protein homologous to the only other TrkA known, i.e., that of the bacterium Escherichia coli, involved in K+ transport. This finding supports an essential, evolutionarily early, and conserved role for this gene in cell survival and adaptation.
A nitrone-based synthesis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid croalbinecine

Abstract A highly stereoselective and efficient nitrone-based synthesis of dl-croabinecine is recorded herein
Public goods, crowding, and value equilibrium

ModeL of urban resource allocation can be classified according to twc basic characteristics. The first characteristic concerns the extent. of the ma;.ket for urban space : In a ‘closed’ model one assumes a fixed (household) pbpulatiori in conjunction with a defined set of urban opportunities, and solves for household utility levels that are consistent with spatial equilibrium. Here, the urban place is treated in isolation, with resource allocation determined by competition amoug the fixed number of households, or according to a welfare function defined over the given household set. F.lternatively, in an ‘open’ modei one assumes that the urban place is small vis-ii-vis the mark;. for urban space. Households’ demands for the deflned urban opportunities ar. :anditioned by the welfare level they can enjoy elsewllere; this is g;j en a: P tlx4 opportunity cost of participation. Then, urban population size and resource allocation are solved for, with competition for urban space eliminating any welfare difleretitials.’ Spatial equilibrium in an open model is attained through Ihe adjustment of land rents or other participation prices. The s-:cond characteristic of urban models ccJucems the nature of the allocation mec;tanism. ‘Optimal* models presume the existence of a central planning function hat maximizes social welfare or minimizes social cost subject to side constraints. In the c!osed model context, the constraints include the given population size. Closed optiimal models are ideally suited for analyzing the resolution of urban extematlities such as traffic congestion.2 ‘Market’ models on the other hand leave :resource allocation t:o individual action expressed in competitively organized markets. ln the open model context this results in city size and land rents adjusting to ‘price out’ any (potential) welfare differences as individual households act to maximize their private returns.
THE INFLUENCE ON COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPLICITLY URGING ACTION AND POLICY CONSEQUENCES.

Abstract Will the explicit recommendation of action and policy consequences that people might find undesirable produce a less favorable change in their evaluation of an attitude object to which these consequences are attached and less willingness to accept the consequences than if no mention is made of them? 144 Ss were exposed to a communication on the usefulness of a course in the history of science, or to a communication which had an additional final paragraph containing explicitly stated consequences, or to no communication at all. The results indicated that, among the initially unfavorable Ss, those exposed to the explicit version exhibited greater favorableness toward the idea of such a course than did the other Ss. Acceptance of the explicitly stated consequences was not differentially affected by the communications. But Ss given the nonexplicit communication were less likely than the others to reject the possibility of registering for such a course, an action not explicitly mentioned in either version.
A Study of the Divacancy in Irradiated Silicon Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Infrared Photoconductivity Measurements

The annealing behavior and the uniaxial stress response of radiation-induced defects in Si causing the 1.8-, 3.3-, and 3.9- ? infrared absorption bands, and the EC-0.39 and Ec-0.54eV photoconductivity levels were studied after 1.5 and 45MeV electron and fast neutron irradiation. In addition, photoconductivity associated with the 0.32eV (3.9?) band is reported. Correlating all of the above results with those obtained previously in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies leads to the conclusion that the defect responsible is the divacancy, i. e., one in which two adjacent Si atoms are knocked out of the lattice to form the intrinsic divacancy defect. The predictions of the divacancy model of Watkins and Corbett(l) is found to give good agreement with the experimental results, in particular as the results are correlated on a microscopic scale with EPR measurements.
NMR relaxation study of internal motions in Staphylococcal nuclease

Abstract 13C nuclear spin relaxation times (T1 and T2) were measured for three glycine α-carbon atoms in aqueous staphylococcal nuclease. Three forms of the protein were studied: the uncomplexed nuclease, its calcium complex, and a ternary complex with calcium and an inhibitor. The NMR data were used to calculate order parameters and effective correlation times that describe internal motion. Major sources of experimental error were identified, and statistical analyses were used to examine the accuracy of the method. Results showed that when the inhibitor binds to the protein, a significant increase in stiffness occurs at glycines near the calcium binding site.
Adaptive landscapes and emergent phenotypes: why do cancers have high glycolysis?

Investigating the causes of increased aerobic glycolysis in tumors (Warburg Effect) has gone in and out of fashion many times since it was first described almost a century ago. The field is currently in ascendance due to two factors. Over a million FDG-PET studies have unequivocally identified increased glucose uptake as a hallmark of metastatic cancer in humans. These observations, combined with new molecular insights with HIF-1α and c-myc, have rekindled an interest in this important phenotype. A preponderance of work has been focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect, with the expectation that a mechanistic understanding may lead to novel therapeutic approaches. There is also an implicit assumption that a mechanistic understanding, although fundamentally reductionist, will nonetheless lead to a more profound teleological understanding of the need for altered metabolism in invasive cancers. In this communication, we describe an alternative approach that begins with teleology; i.e. adaptive landscapes and selection pressures that promote emergence of aerobic glycolysis during the somatic evolution of invasive cancer. Mathematical models and empirical observations are used to define the adaptive advantage of aerobic glycolysis that would explain its remarkable prevalence in human cancers. These studies have led to the hypothesis that increased consumption of glucose in metastatic lesions is not used for substantial energy production via Embden-Meyerhoff glycolysis, but rather for production of acid, which gives the cancer cells a competitive advantage for invasion. Alternative hypotheses, wherein the glucose is used for generation of reducing equivalents (NADPH) or anabolic precursors (ribose) are also discussed.
The discrete Green's function and the discrete kernel function

In this paper discrete analogs of the @?/@?z and @?/@[email protected]? operators and a new line integral are defined and used to establish the relationship between the discrete Green's function and the Bergman kernel for the Hilbert space of discrete analytic functions on a discrete region which is the union of net squares.
Exercise and mitochondrial calcium transport in the BIO 14.6 hamster.

To examine the effects of exhaustive swimming in normal and myopathic hamsters on muscle mitochondrial Ca2+ metabolism, sedentary normal and BIO 14.6 dystrophic Syrian hamsters swam individually in 35‡ C water until exhaustion occurred. Although the normal hamsters swam three times longer than did the BIO 14.6 hamsters, both swimming groups had a comparable two-fold increase in blood lactate. Contrary to exhaustive running, exhaustive swimming did not significantly affect mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in either cardiac or skeletal muscle, regardless of the disease state. However, in general, the coefficients of variation for mitochondrial Ca2+ metabolism increased as a function of exercise, with the BIO 14.6 swimmers more variable than the normal swimmers. This suggests that the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake process may be affected in some manner by exhaustive swimming, so that deviations from the norm are more apparent. The results provide further evidence that mitochondrial Ca2+ metabolism adapts to the specific type of exercise utilized to produce exhaustion.
Resources and Cultural Complexity: Implications for Sustainability

In the cosmology of Western industrial societies, “progress” results from human creativity enacted in facilitating circumstances. In human history, creativity leading to progress was supposedly enabled by the development of agriculture, which provided surplus energy and freed people from needing to spend full time in subsistence pursuits. Applying this belief to the matter of sustainability today leads to the supposition that we can voluntarily reduce resource use by choosing a simpler way of life with lower consumption. Recent research suggests that these beliefs are deeply inaccurate. Humans develop complex behaviors and institutions to solve problems. Complexity and problem solving carry costs and require resources. Rather than emerging from surplus energy, cultural complexity often precedes the availability of energy and compels increases in its production. This suggests that, with major problems converging in coming decades, voluntary reductions in resource consumption may not be feasible. Future sus...
Tetrahydrobiopterin: a novel antihypertensive therapy

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor for the nitric oxide (NO) synthase enzymes, such that its insufficiency results in uncoupling of the enzyme, leading to release of superoxide rather than NO in disease states, including hypertension. We hypothesized that oral BH4 will reduce arterial blood pressure (BP) and improve endothelial function in hypertensive subjects. Oral BH4 was given to subjects with poorly controlled hypertension (BP >135/85 mm Hg) and weekly measurements of BP and endothelial function made. In Study 1, 5 or 10 mg kg−1 day−1 of BH4 (n=8) was administered orally for 8 weeks, and in Study 2, 200 and 400 mg of BH4 (n=16) was given in divided doses for 4 weeks. Study 1: significant reductions in systolic (P=0.005) and mean BP (P=0.01) were observed with both doses of BH4. Systolic BP was 15±15 mm Hg (P=0.04) lower after 5 weeks and persisted for the 8-week study period. Study 2: subjects given 400 mg BH4 had decreased systolic (P=0.03) and mean BP (P=0.04), with a peak decline of 16±19 mm Hg (P=0.04) at 3 weeks. BP returned to baseline 4 weeks after discontinuation. Significant improvement in endothelial function was observed in Study 1 subjects and those receiving 400 mg BH4. There was no significant change in subjects given the 200 mg dose. This pilot investigation indicates that oral BH4 at a daily dose of 400 mg or higher has a significant and sustained antihypertensive effect in subjects with poorly controlled hypertension, an effect that is associated with improved endothelial NO bioavailability.
Clinical consequences of hyperglycemia during remission induction therapy for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Hyperglycemia adversely affects outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but its impact on children with this disease is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between hyperglycemia during remission induction therapy and clinical outcomes among pediatric patients with ALL. We reviewed the records of patients enrolled on four consecutive ALL protocols (Total Therapy protocols XIIIA, XIIIB, XIV and XV) at St Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1991 to 2007 and identified those who experienced hyperglycemia (glucose >or=200 mg per 100 ml) during remission induction. Complete remission (CR) rates at the end of induction, event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), cumulative incidence of relapse and occurrence of infections were compared between those who did and did not experience hyperglycemia. Of 871 patients analyzed, 141 (16%) experienced hyperglycemia during remission induction. Patients with hyperglycemia were significantly older than the other patients (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in CR rate (P=0.92), EFS (P=0.80), OS (P=0.28), cumulative incidence of relapse (P=0.59) or in the probability or types of infection between patients who did and did not experience hyperglycemia. Pediatric patients with or without hyperglycemia during remission induction for ALL have similar clinical outcome. Occurrence of hyperglycemia does not warrant alteration of the antileukemic regimen.
Grain size dependence of dielectric and electrostriction of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-based ceramics

The dielectric and electrostrictive properties of relaxor ferroelectric Pb (Mg1/3Wb2/3)O3-based ceramics are strongly affected by the microstructure with emphasis on the grain size. Both the dielectric constant K and electrostrictive field coefficient (M) were found to increase with increasing grain size whereas the electrostrictive polarization coefficient Q was essentially independent of preparation. It was observed, however, that factors other than grain size, such as diffuseness of the phase transition, must also be taken into account to explain microstructural effects on various properties of relaxor dielectrics.
SU‐D‐144‐03: Respiratory Motion Management for High‐Precision Small Animal Irradiation

Purpose: The ability to produce precisely targeted beams as small as 1 mm necessitates the understanding and management of intra‐fraction motion. This study evaluated lung motion in free‐breathing mice and compared free‐breathing imaging (3D and 4D reconstruction) to breath‐hold imaging for use in treatment planning. Methods: Five mice were imaged weekly for six weeks using the X‐RAD 225Cx system. Each week, CBCT projections were acquired during free‐breathing imaging under anesthesia and reconstructed into 3D and 4D images (6 phases). Superior‐inferior, anterior‐posterior, and right‐left motion were evaluated using deformable registration of the 4D images, and confirmed by manual measurements on fluoroscopic images. Next, the mice were intubated and their breath was held at full‐inhale for 20 seconds during image acquisition. Breath‐hold scans from the same session were compared to assess reproducibility. Results: The average voxel motion in the lungs of free‐breathing mice was 1.3 mm (stdev = 0.2mm) while the average maximum motion was 3.4 mm (stdev = 0.3mm). To ensure tumor coverage in free‐breathing mice we can apply the ITV concept to 3D‐CBCTs, using added margins defined by the 4D‐CBCT image sets. However, in an area of maximum motion, the expanded target volume could cover 30% the length of the lung. Adding this margin could Result in substantial normal tissue toxicity. Breath‐hold imaging was reproducible to within 0.6 mm except in areas close to the heart due to cardiac motion. A visual comparison of image quality found that the breath‐hold images were substantially sharper than both the 3D and 4D free‐breathing images due to blurring and reconstruction artifacts. Conclusion: Given the large respiratory motion relative to lung size in mice, breath‐hold imaging offers clear advantages in motion management and image quality. Breath‐hold treatments using IGRT are feasible and are recommended in cases of large tumor motion.
Carbon dioxide production from glucose by the preimplantation mouse embryo.

Abstract There is a 22-fold increase in glucose oxidation from ovulation to the morula stage, and an 8000-fold increase from ovulation to implantation in the rabbit embryo. The average ratio of CO 2 formed from glucose labelled in the C 1 position to glucose labelled in the C 6 position was 9.2 for preblastocyst cleavage stages and 1.4 for the blastocyst stages. Approx. 46 per cent of the carbon dioxide formed before blastocyst formation was from the C 1 position of glucose.
Gain measurements in Ho:Tm:YLiF4

The small signal gain coefficients of Ho:Tm:YLiF4 (Ho:Tm:YLF) have been measured as a function of pump energy fluence and Ho concentration, in order to determine the optimum conditions for efficient pulse amplification. The results show that, for Ho:Tm:YLF amplifier systems, the available pump energy fluence ultimately dictates the Ho concentration.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the definition and separation of fundamental process functions

Abstract The three fundamental process functions performed by the unit operations in processing separation circuits — roughing, cleaning and scavenging — can be accurately defined. In our age of engineering specialization, the trend is to separate process functions from one another since different functions require specialized operating and design conditions. Separating different functions allows the engineer to control more exactly the operating conditions in each unit. Seven combinations of the three functions are possible in any unit operation. A circuit analysis function separation methodology has been developed for readily redesigning circuits to separate the three functions when they are combined in a single unit operation. Function separation was found to lead to lower unit operation feed loadings which in most instances can be expected to lead to improve circuit performance. This methodology may become a significant new tool in mineral circuit design.
B-DNA structure is intrinsically polymorphic: even at the level of base pair positions

Increasingly exact measurement of single crystal X-ray diffraction data offers detailed characterization of DNA conformation, hydration and electrostatics. However, instead of providing a more clear and unambiguous image of DNA, highly accurate diffraction data reveal polymorphism of the DNA atomic positions and conformation and hydration. Here we describe an accurate X-ray structure of B-DNA, painstakingly fit to a multistate model that contains multiple competing positions of most of the backbone and of entire base pairs. Two of ten base-pairs of CCAGGCCTGG are in multiple states distinguished primarily by differences in slide. Similarly, all the surrounding ions are seen to fractionally occupy discrete competing and overlapping sites. And finally, the vast majority of water molecules show strong evidence of multiple competing sites. Conventional resolution appears to give a false sense of homogeneity in conformation and interactions of DNA. In addition, conventional resolution yields an average structure that is not accurate, in that it is different from any of the multiple discrete structures observed at high resolution. Because base pair positional heterogeneity has not always been incorporated into model-building, even some high and ultrahigh-resolution structures of DNA do not indicate the full extent of conformational polymorphism.
Children's development within peer groups: using composite social maps to identify peer networks and to study their influences.

The author discusses the conceptual and methodological bases of a network assessment technique and presents specific examples to show how group experiences affect children's behavior.
Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses.

Objective—To determine whether the method of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (intermittent vs continuous) affects the magnitude and duration of the systemic inflammatory response in horses and whether prolonged (48 hours) endotoxemia induces laminitis. Animals—12 healthy adult horses (10 mares and 2 geldings). Procedures—Horses were randomly assigned to receive LPS (total dose, 80 μg; n = 4) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (80 mL/h; 4) via constant rate infusion or 8 bolus IV injections of LPS (10 μg, q 6 h;4) during a 48-hour period. Physical examinations were performed every 4 hours, inflammatory cytokine gene expression was determined for blood samples obtained every 8 hours, and IV glucose tolerance tests were performed. Results—All LPS-treated horses had signs of depression and mild colic; those signs abated as the study progressed. Administration of LPS increased expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, but results were not significantly different between LPS treatment ...
An analysis of the location decision of young primary care physicians

The major objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing the first-time location decision of young primary care physicians. Employing a county-based data set that includes a host of health industry characteristics, demographic attributes, and economic factors, this study explores the factors that come into play when a young primary care physician decides where to practice medicine. In the demand side of the market, it was found that young physicians have an affinity for locating in moderately populated areas. Supply factors also come into play as young physicians appear most willing to locate in counties free of crime, poverty, and excessive taxes and where there is a strong academic presence. A moderate cost of living was also important.
The neural basis of image segmentation in the primate brain

Image segmentation is a fundamental aspect of vision and a critical part of scene understanding. Our visual system rapidly and effortlessly segments scenes into component objects but the underlying neural basis is unknown. We studied single neurons in area V4 while monkeys discriminated partially occluded shapes. We found that many neurons tuned to boundary curvature maintained their shape selectivity over a large range of occlusion levels as compared to neurons that are not tuned to boundary curvature. This lends support to the hypothesis that segmentation in the face of occlusion may be solved by contour grouping.
Early twentieth century Japanese girls' magazine Stories: Examining Shōjo voice in Hanamonogatari (Flower Tales)

Si la culture des jeunes filles au Japon s'est developpee dans le sillage de l'imitation de l'Occident au tournant du 20 eme siecle (college girls' culture), elle a cependant cree son propre chemin ainsi qu'un mouvement de creativite narrative. L'A. se propose d'introduire a une oeuvre maitresse - et qui a fait epoque - de la litterature d'imagination de cette culture, Hanamonogatari, une oeuvre oubliee par l'histoire litteraire masculine. Il s'agit d'une collection de nouvelles publiees dans le magazine Shōjo Gaho entre 1916 et 1924. Presentant des expressions de desir et de sexualite similaires a celles des jeunes Americaines, ces recits de collegiennes representent cependant l'âme japonaise ; ce sont des recits d'imagination, contrairement aux recits occidentaux. Alors qu'elles etaient ignorees et considerees comme immatures, l'examen de ces nouvelles permet d'observer comment elles incorporent de facon remarquable des interrogations feministes et sur la sexualite, et comment l'immaturite de ces ecrits contient le pouvoir de leur creativite.
Inhibiting Action of Oxidized Pork Fat on the Germination of Spores of Bacillus Subtilisa

SUMMARY Rancid lard, as determined by peroxide number, iodine number, and TBA values, inhibited the germination and/or growth of Bacillus subtilis spores. As peroxide numbers and TBA values increased and iodine numbers decreased, the number of B. subtilis spores which germinated and produced visible colonies decreased at constant incubation time. This inhibitory effect may be used as a criterion of pork fat rancidity.
Systems research and the hierarchy of world systems: General systems in special chaos

The hierarchy of systems is described as parallel to the hierarchy of military titles: general systems as the universe; Major General Systems as the earth; the Major Systems of earth—physical, biological and social—each with its subsystems; ‘kernel’ systems, which try to describe the ‘core of the diverse major systems’ (these divide into ecological–evolutionary systems which have the quality of being ‘resurgent’) and ‘corporal’ systems, such as organisms and organizations. Then there are the ‘private’ systems, which are the ‘minute particulars’ of the real world. Cutting across this hierarchy are the ideologies, which might well be called ‘lieutenant’ systems, as they are in place of images of the more complex systems of the real world. The General Systems movement might help ideologies to become more realistic; it is showing some ecological resurgence, and it has to sustain both its ‘special’ aspect as mathematical modelling and its more general, philosophical aspect. It must also be aware that systems emerge from a matrix of chaos, and that all reality is not systematic.
Are emotions feelings?: A further look at hedonic theories of emotions

Many philosophers sharply distinguish emotions from feelings. Emotions are not feelings, and having an emotion does not necessitate having some feeling, they think. In this paper I reply to a set of arguments people use sharply to distinguish emotions from feelings. In response to some arguments these “anti-feeling theorists” use I examine and entertain a hedonic theory of emotion that avoids various anti-feeling objections. Proponents of this hedonic theory analyze an emotion by reference to forms of cognition (e.g., thought, belief, judgment) and a pleasant or an unpleasant feeling. Given this theory, emotions are feelings in some important sense of “feelings”, and these feelings are identified as particular emotions by reference to their hedonic character and the cognitive state that causes the hedonic feelings.
Inequalities for Jacobian elliptic functions and Gauss lemniscate functions

Abstract A new proof of inequalities involving Jacobian elliptic functions and their inverse functions are obtained. Similar results for the Gauss lemniscate functions are also established. Upper bounds for the inverse Jacobian elliptic functions and for the Gauss arc lemniscate functions are derived.
Novel tertiary structures and stereospecificities of periplasmic binding proteins involved in active transport and chemotaxis

Binding proteins, which are located in the periplasmic space of Gram-negative bacteria, are essential components of osmotic shock-sensitive active transport systems and Chemotaxis. Described briefly herein are the high resolution molecular structures of four binding proteins specific for (i) L-arabinose, (ii) sulphate, (iii) D-galactose, and (iv) leucine, isoleucine or valine which we have recently determined. The first three proteins contained bound substrates. Several novel substrate binding properties of the arabinose- and sulphate-binding proteins as revealed by structure refinement at 1.7 A resolution are also presented. These results have profound significance in understanding both protein structures and substrate-protein interactions.
Influence of solid-state CaS-CaO-CaSO4 deposits on corrosion of high-temperature alloys in simulated FBC environments

This study addresses questions concerning the likelihood of sulfidation attack of heat-exchanger alloys beneath deposits of sulfur-sorbent material in fluidized-bed combustors. Alloy specimens were exposed at 900°C in calcium sulfate-calcium oxide and calcium sulfide-calcium oxide mixtures, in environments in which the oxygen partial pressures were fixed at values corresponding to the equilibrium values for each solids mixture, using controlled ratios of CO and CO2. The only source of sulfur in these systems was the calcium sulfate or sulfide. Sulfidation attack of nickel-base alloys occurred in both mixtures, the calcium sulfide-calcium oxide mixture being the more aggressive. Iron-base alloys were less susceptible to attack, although susceptibility increased with increasing nickel content. FeCrAlY-type alloys were resistant to attack. Comparison with corrosion behavior under conditions in which the oxygen and sulfur partial pressures were the same as those used here, but in which the sulfur source was in the gas phase, indicates that the form of the sulfidation attack is similar but that its progress is much slower under solid deposits.
Ultra-intense lasers: Beyond a petawatt

Increasing the power of ultra-high-intensity lasers requires crystal amplifiers and metre-scale optical compression gratings that are ever more difficult to build. Simulations suggest that Raman amplification in a plasma could permit the generation of laser intensities many orders of magnitude higher than currently possible.
Generating suggestions through document structure mapping

Abstract In this article we discuss the role of analogical reasoning for decision making and creativity support. In particular, we investigate the issue of how to apply structure mapping theory of analogical reasoning so that when requested information is not available, a new document can be generated through analogical reasoning using structure mapping. We also describe an implementation using schema-free relational databases, in which document structure mapping is realized as new tuple generation in schema-free relational databases.
The Neoclassical Theorem and Distribution of Income and Wealth

The neoclassical theorem, provided by Mrs Robinson and others, states that per capita consumption is maximized in the state of balanced growth (or the Golden Age) if the rate of profit is equal to the rate of growth. In such a state, the average saving ratio should be equal to the relative profit share. Except for this condition, “it does not matter at all who does the saving so long as the rate of profit is equal to the rate of growth,” in Mrs Robinson’s words ([1], p. 226). Commenting on this theorem, Samuelson states that “it has nothing essential to do with saving propensities” in the sense that “it is really a theorem about technology and production” ([1], p. 251). An identical comment is also given by Solow ([1], p. 257).
Cardiac imaging at 4 Tesla.

Although higher magnetic field strength is a means to increase SNR in MRI, cardiac imaging has been difficult at high fields due to decreased RF penetration. Using a tailored cardiac coil constructed of two transmit surface coils with a four-element multicoil for signal reception, the authors demonstrate high-quality heart images acquired on a 4-T scanner. These images show an increase in SNR of approximately 2.5-fold over imaging at 1.5 T. This improvement in image quality can be used to increase in-plane resolution, reduce slice thickness, or reduce total scan time. Magn Reson Med 45:176-178, 2001.