cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of 5′-ribonucleoside monophosphates by ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The isocratic separation of six naturally occurring 5′-ribonucleoside monophosphates by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been achieved using solvents containing tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, or tetrabutylammonium ions. Their effectiveness in resolving the nucleoside monophosphates increases with increasing akyl chain length (butyl > ethyl > methyl). In an acidic aqueous solvent containing methanol, these ion-pair reagents effect discrete separations of all the nucleoside monophosphates. The systems described also provide for virtually quantitative recovery of the separated nucleotides and utilize phosphate-free solvents comprised of volatile components easily removed by evaporation.
Phylogeny‐based developmental analyses illuminate evolution of inflorescence architectures in dogwoods (Cornus s. l., Cornaceae)

Summary •Inflorescence architecture is important to angiosperm reproduction, but our knowledge of the developmental basis underlying the evolution of inflorescence architectures is limited. Using a phylogeny-based comparative analysis of developmental pathways, we tested the long-standing hypothesis that umbel evolved from elongated inflorescences by suppression of inflorescence branches, while head evolved from umbels by suppression of pedicels. •The developmental pathways of six species of Cornus producing different inflorescence types were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological analysis. Critical developmental events were traced over the molecular phylogeny to identify evolutionary changes leading to the formation of umbels and heads using methods accounting for evolutionary time and phylogenetic uncertainty. •We defined 24 developmental events describing the developmental progression of the different inflorescence types. The evolutionary transition from paniculate cymes to umbels and heads required alterations of seven developmental events occurring at different evolutionary times. •Our results indicate that heads and umbels evolved independently in Cornus from elongated forms via an umbellate dichasium ancestor and this process involved several independent changes. Our findings shed novel insights into head and umbel evolution concealed by outer morphology. Our work illustrates the importance of combining developmental and phylogenetic data to better define morphological evolutionary processes.
Experimental evaluation of a prototype thermoelectric system integrated with PCM (phase change material) for space cooling

Abstract A prototype thermoelectric system integrated with PCM (phase change material) heat storage unit for space cooling has been introduced in this work. The PCM heat storage functions as cooling source and carries, partially at least, the cooling load during cooling operation. A simplified analytical model for the thermoelectric module has been adopted to investigate the theoretical performance characteristics of the modules. The experimental test in a reduced-scale chamber has achieved 7 °C temperature difference between “indoor” and “outdoor” environments and realized an average cooling COP (coefficient of performance) of 0.87 for the thermoelectric cooling system, with the maximum cooling COP of 1.22. Another comparison test for efficacy of PCM heat storage unit shows that 35.3% electrical energy has been saved from using PCM heat storage. During PCM charging (melting) process, natural convection has been observed playing a key effect factor of heat transfer in PCM.
Improving the utilization of clinical laboratory tests

Reimbursement policies for health care services are greatly diminishing in the U.S. and Western Europe. Hence, there is an increasing need for doctors and other care givers to reduce costs without compromising the quality of the care being delivered. The clinical laboratory is viewed as an area of high costs where significant reductions have been targeted. Efficient utilization of laboratory services can be achieved by elimination of the general health panel, removal of old tests or those that provide redundant information, a reduction in the use of standing orders, more judicious use of drug assays, acceptance of clinical practice guidelines, and use of reflex testing algorithms. New technologies such as DNA probes can substantially improve diagnostic efficiency. Point-of-care testing devices which have higher costs than incremental central laboratory expenses should only be used if they reduce overall operating expenses. Implementation of expert systems can make remaining tests more effective. Doctors and laboratorians must collaborate to achieve more efficient utilization practices.
IS HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE ENOUGH? A STUDY OF YOUNG CHILDREN'S VIEWS OF SINKING AND FLOATING OBJECTS

Hands-on experiences are considered by many to be the essential condition for acquiring new concepts or understandings. But is experience itself enough? In this study with 113 five and six-year-old children, the effect of direct manipulative experiences with objects that sink and float were contrasted with the effect of instructional experiences which incorporated discrepant events. Using a pretest-treatment-posttest design, children were permitted to predict which objects would sink or float, try out their predictions, and then give explanations about how the sinkers were different from the floaters. No evidence was found that the opportunity to make these predictions and explanations after manipulating the objects was adequate to help children change their concept of sinking and floating. There was evidence that instruction in which children were actively involved in searching for a pattern to explain the differences between sinkers and floaters was a significant contributor to their modification of conceptual frameworks. The evidence supported a conclusion that direct experiences coupled with instructional conversations are essential to helping children change their view of sinking and floating objects.
On robust adaptive control of robot manipulators

Abstract In this paper we present a robust adaptive control scheme for robot manipulators with time-varying parameters and unmodeled dynamics. Our scheme ensures that all signals in the closed-loop robot system are bounded and the tracking error is of the order of the parameter variations and unmodeled dynamics in the mean.
Reconfigurable transformation optics based surface plasmon polariton wave adapter

In this paper, we propose the design of a reconfigurable surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave adapter designed by transformation optics, which can control the confinement of SPP waves on un-even metal surfaces. The proposed plasmonic device is constructed using homogeneously tunable materials (i.e. liquid crystals) so that the corresponding SPP wave transmission can be reconfigured by applying different voltages. Different types of modified design are investigated. Their performance is verified by full-wave simulations. The proposed devices will pave the way towards developing tunable plasmonic devices.
Cross-national policy borrowing: understanding reception and translation

The article examines two key concepts in research on policy borrowing and lending that are often used to explain why and how educational reforms travel across national boundaries: reception and translation. The studies on reception analyse the political, economic, and cultural reasons that account for the attractiveness of a reform from elsewhere. Translation, in turn, captures the act of local adaptation, modification, or re-framing of an imported reform. Strikingly, in most cases the act of policy borrowing is deterritorialized and draws on broadly defined international standards or “best practices”. The exceptions are references to the league leaders in international student achievement tests such as, most recently, Singapore, Finland, and Shanghai. The article makes the argument that policy analysts in other countries only emulate the system features of league leaders if it fits their own domestic policy agenda. Furthermore, there is a new body of research emerging in comparative education that invest...
The Origin of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of 4,4′-Biphenyldicarboxylate on Silver Substrates

We combine scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and tools of computational chemistry to investigate the origin of Raman scattering of 4,4’-biphenyldicarboxylic acid adsorbed as 4,4’-biphenyldicarboxylate on two different silver substrates. The first consists of a 100 nm deep cylindrical aperture embedded in an array of cylindrical nano-holes featuring an average diameter of 350 nm and a periodicity of 700 nm. The second is a nano-junction formed by a 100 nm silver nano-particle coated with the adsorbate and a flat silver surface. We find that the underlying background signal in the SERS spectra collected from the former strongly resemble the SERS spectra of the nano-sphere-featuring substrate, engineered to operate in the charge transfer plasmon limit. Our analysis of a series of SERS spectra consecutively collected from one nano-cylinder suggests that the optical response of a single molecule can be extracted, its brightest Raman active mode enhanced by a factor of 7.4 x 106.
Frequency of Strong Year-Classes: Implications on Fishery Dynamics for Three Life History Strategies of Fishes

Abstract Many studies have examined variation in year-class strength and associated density-dependent growth of fishes. Few studies, however, have considered the effects of these factors on fishery quality. We examined how the frequency of strong year-classes affects fish harvest and size structure for three species with varying life histories. We modeled both random and systematic occurrences of strong year-classes for white bass Morone chrysops (short-lived species), largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (species with intermediate longevity), and blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus (long-lived species). For white bass and largemouth bass, intermediate frequencies of strong year-classes (i.e., every 3–10 years) incrementally reduced harvest but improved the proportional size distribution (PSD) under current fishing regulations. The greatest improvements in PSD with minimal effects on harvest (relative to annual strong year-classes) occurred when strong year-classes were produced every 3 years for white bass ...
Registers, schools and scales: comments on language and identity in twenty-first century Catalonia

For an outsider, I have for years followed the sociolinguistic situation of Catalonia rather closely. Oddly, this is because my own research is with Hungarian speakers. Due to the nineteenth centur...
Arthur on a Quest in Baltimore Mythic Archetypes, Social Criticism, and Civic Self-Promotion in …And Justice for All

Three separate agendas were at work during the making of the legal drama …And Justice for All (1979). Screenwriter Barry Levinson incorporated archetypes from Arthurian myth into a contemporary Ame...
An Occupational Neurosis: A Psychoanalytic Case History of a Rabbi

In consultation with Sigmund Freud, the Viennese psychoanalyst Wilhelm Stekel (1868–1940) treated the first Jewish cleric known to undergo analysis, in 1903. According to the case history, published in 1908, a forty-two-year-old rabbi suffered from a Berufsneurose, an occupational neurosis associated with the pressures of his career. Stekel's case history forms an indelible portrait of a religious patient who submitted himself to the highly experimental treatment of psychoanalysis in the early years of the discipline. However, scholars never integrated the rabbi's case into the social history of psychoanalysis, more as a consequence of Freud's professional disparagement of Stekel than of the case history's original reception. Psychoanalytic historiography has largely dismissed Stekel's legacy, resulting in a lack of serious scholarly consideration of his prodigious publications compared to the attention paid to the work of some of Freud's other disciples. Stekel's most recent biographers, however, credit him as the “unsung populariser of psychoanalysis,” and claim that he is due for reconsideration. But in his published case history of the rabbi, Stekel also warrants introduction to the field of Jewish studies, not only because of the literary treatment of the rabbinical profession by a secular Jewish psychoanalyst, but also because the rabbi incorporated aspects of that experience into his own intellectual framework after treatment.
Pediatric Thoracic Imaging

co m Among the numerous technological advances that have occurred in medicine over the past decade, none has created a greater change in clinical practice than those that employ state-of-the-art imaging modalities and imaging processing techniques. The increased capability to detect and diagnose various congenital and acquired thoracic diseases in infants and children is an especially compelling example of the paradigm shift created by these advances. With these technological developments, however, there are also new challenges for radiologists who must clearly understand these advances in technology in order to implement new applications and protocols in the field of pediatric thoracic imaging. The overarching goal of this issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America is to address these challenges by providing the readers with an up-to-date review of what is new and also currently relevant to the practice of pediatric thoracic radiology. As the guest editor for this issue, I have selected topics that are considered to be helpful not only for understanding recent and innovative technological advances of imaging studies but also for providing optimal management of pediatric patients with various thoracic disorders. The major aim of this issue is to facilitate the reader’s ability to successfully employ these imaging studies for evaluating thoracic diseases in infants and children in daily clinical practice. An additional goal of this review is to close the gap that presently exists between knowledgeandpracticewith a view towardcreating
In-situ high-pressure transmission electron microscopy for Earth and materials sciences

Transmission electron microscopy in combination with in situ high-pressure and high-temperature measurements is uniquely able to provide high-resolution data about materials under conditions resembling those in Earth’s interior. By using nanocontainers made of graphitized carbon, it is possible to achieve pressures and temperatures up to at least 40 GPa and 1500 °C, respectively. A wide range of relatively simple minerals have been studied using this approach. Results to date show the influence of crystallographic defects in concentrating and storing carbon within analogs to minerals occurring deep inside Earth.
DCC categories of cohomological dimension one

Abstract A characterization of dcc categories of cohomological dimension one is given from which a characterization of dcc posets of cohomological dimension one is deduced.
Occlusive wound dressings to prevent bacterial invasion and wound infection

This study was designed to examine the possibility that some occlusive dressings are barriers to wound penetration by pathogenic bacteria. Two common skin pathogens, the nonmotile, Staphylococcus aureus , and the motile, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , were used to challenge dressings placed on partial-thickness wounds in swine. S. aureus was recovered from 100% of air-exposed wounds (log, 5.5 ± 1.1) and from 50% of Op-Site-treated and Vigilon-treated wounds (log, 6.1 ± 1.1). S. aureus was not isolated from DuoDERM-covered wounds, P. aeruginosa was recovered from 100% of air-exposed wounds (log, 5.1 ± 0.5) and 100% of Op-Site-covered and Vigilon-covered wounds (log, 5.8 ± 1.8). P. aeruginosa was not recovered from DuoDERM-covered wounds. These studies lend support to the idea that dressings may protect wounds from invasion by pathogenic bacteria and demonstrate the need to evaluate their bacterial barrier properties in situ.
Job Satisfaction in Network News: The Relationship between Producers and the News Reporters and Newsmagazine Correspondents They Supervise

The relationship between television news producers and anchors/reporters has been studied at the local level, but it hasn't been examined at the national level. This study's authors surveyed correspondents of the traditional news offerings at ABC, CBS, CNN, PBS, and NBC and of newsmagazine offerings at ABC, CBS, and NBC. We found that most respondents reported at least a good relationship with their producers and thought the producers improved their story quality and edited the stories adequately. However, there were differences between the two groups. Newsmagazine correspondents had a better relationship with their producers and felt producers improved the quality of the product more than traditional news correspondents believed the same of their producers. Correspondents who reported a poor relationship with a producer had lower job satisfaction than those with a good relationship. In fact, more than one-fourth of the correspondents' job satisfaction was linked to the producer relationship.
Pelvic reconstructive surgery in renal transplant recipients

Introduction and hypothesis Thousands of women undergo renal transplantation each year. Many develop pelvic floor conditions after transplantation requiring surgical correction. This study describes our experience with pelvic reconstructive surgery in renal transplant recipients.
Analyzing communication errors in an air medical transport service.

Abstract Introduction Poor communication can result in adverse events. Presently, no standards exist for classifying and analyzing air medical communication errors. This study sought to determine the frequency and types of communication errors reported within an air medical quality and safety assurance reporting system. Methods Of 825 quality assurance reports submitted in 2009, 278 were randomly selected and analyzed for communication errors. Each communication error was classified and mapped to Clark's communication level hierarchy (ie, levels 1–4). Descriptive statistics were performed, and comparisons were evaluated using chi-square analysis. Results Sixty-four communication errors were identified in 58 reports (21% of 278). Of the 64 identified communication errors, only 18 (28%) were classified by the staff to be communication errors. Communication errors occurred most often at level 1 (n = 42/64, 66%) followed by level 4 (21/64, 33%). Level 2 and 3 communication failures were rare (, 1%). Conclusion Communication errors were found in a fifth of quality and safety assurance reports. The reporting staff identified less than a third of these errors. Nearly all communication errors (99%) occurred at either the lowest level of communication (level 1, 66%) or the highest level (level 4, 33%). An air medical communication ontology is necessary to improve the recognition and analysis of communication errors.
Electron Transfer within Nitrogenase: Evidence for a Deficit-Spending Mechanism

The reduction of substrates catalyzed by nitrogenase utilizes an electron transfer (ET) chain comprised of three metalloclusters distributed between the two component proteins, designated as the Fe protein and the MoFe protein. The flow of electrons through these three metalloclusters involves ET from the [4Fe-4S] cluster located within the Fe protein to an [8Fe-7S] cluster, called the P cluster, located within the MoFe protein and ET from the P cluster to the active site [7Fe-9S-X-Mo-homocitrate] cluster called FeMo-cofactor, also located within the MoFe protein. The order of these two electron transfer events, the relevant oxidation states of the P-cluster, and the role(s) of ATP, which is obligatory for ET, remain unknown. In the present work, the electron transfer process was examined by stopped-flow spectrophotometry using the wild-type MoFe protein and two variant MoFe proteins, one having the β-188Ser residue substituted by cysteine and the other having the β-153Cys residue deleted. The data suppor...
Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of Delalutin (17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate) in mice

Swiss Webster female mice weighing 25–30 gm were injected subcutaneously on days 6–15 of gestation with the synthetic sex steroid Delalutin (17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate). Treatment was given daily in doses ranging from 42 to 833 mg/kg body weight, or 10, 100, and 200 times the human therapeutic dose. On day 18 fetuses were removed from the uterus and examined for malformations and other fetotoxic effects. Prenatal treatment with the two higher doses resulted in 8 and 13% maternal deaths, and all doses resulted in a slight increase (4–12% above control) in resorption frequency. Treatment with Delalutin did not significantly affect intrauterine growth, sex ratio, or malformation rate of the offspring. The results of the present study confirm other reports that Delalutin is not androgenic, and that it, like progesterone and certain other sex steroids, does not alter the development of nonreproductive organs.
On a question by Erdos about edge-magic graphs

Abstract A ( p , q ) graph is edge-magic if the vertices and edges can be labeled with distinct elements from the set 1,2,…, p + q in such a way that the sum is the same along any edge. We give some general results about edge-magic graphs and show precisely which complete graphs are edge-magic.
Relationships among tomato aspermy, aspermy-related viruses from chrysanthemum, and two strains of cucumber mosaic virus

Abstract The British type culture of tomato aspermy virus (TAV-B) shares some antigenic determinants with the Y strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y), and the Imperial 78 strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-I). Three virus isolates from chrysanthemum are related serologically to TAV-B but not to CMV-Y or CMV-I. TAV-B and the chrysanthemum isolates induce similar symptoms on several test plants which differ from CMV reactions. I propose that the name tomato aspermy virus be retained only for the type culture and for other isolates of the aspermy virus that are closely related serologically to this isolate. The virus isolates from chrysanthemum which are closely related to each other serologically and unrelated to CMV should be distinguished from TAV-B.
Cooperativity of actin and microtubule elements during replication of respiratory syncytial virus

Many paramyxoviruses appear to require cytoskeletal elements for particular steps in the virus life cycle. Measles virus and Sendai virus exhibit a requirement for microtubules in replication in vitro, whereas parainfluenza virus type 3 and RSV require actin for replication. To further elucidate the role of cytoskeletal function and rearrangement in the viral life cycle of RSV, we investigated the efficiency of virus entry, transcription, replication, and budding in the presence of a variety of pharmacological agents that stabilize or depolymerize actin or microtubules. We found that alteration of microtubule or actin function resulted in blocks at entry, formation of cell-associated virus, virus release, local cell-to-cell spread, and syncytium formation. Actin and microtubules act in cooperation to facilitate replication of RSV, although microtubules play a dominant role in the formation of cell-associated virus while actin plays a more prominent role in virus release.
Genetic analysis of the tomato golden mosaic virus II. The product of the AL1 coding sequence is required for replication

Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) belongs to the geminivirus subgroup that is characterized by a split genome consisting of two single-stranded circular DNAs. The TGMV A genome component encodes the virus coat protein as well as all of the functions necessary for viral DNA replication. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence indicates that the TGMV A component has, in addition to the coat protein encoding ORF, four overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) with the potential to encode proteins of greater than 10 kD. We have investigated the functions of these putative proteins in both symptom formation and DNA replication by creating mutations in each of the ORFs. Our results show that the AL4 ORF, which is encoded within the N-terminal region of ORF AL1, is not essential for normal virus infection. In contrast, we find that disruption of the AL3 ORF results in delay and attenuation of symptom formation. We also report that the products of the AL1 and AL2 ORFs are absolutely required for symptom formation. Studies of DNA replication show that only the AL1 open reading frame is essential for viral DNA synthesis. The significance of these results for the development of vectors from the geminiviruses is discussed.
Atomic structure of Tb(112-bar0).

A low-energy electron-diffraction intensity analysis of a Tb(112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) surface finds that the atomic structure of this surface is different from bulk structure in two ways: The spacing between the first and the second layer, which have two inequivalent atoms in the unit mesh, is contracted by 3.3% (0.06 \AA{}), and the two inequivalent atoms in the first layer translate parallel to the surface by equal and opposite amounts of 0.21 \AA{}. Thus the change in registration of the composite surface layer preserves both the size and the symmetry of the unit mesh of parallel bulk layers. This kind of surface rearrangement is different from that reported by others for the (112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) surfaces of other rare-earth metals, such as Y, Gd, and Ho.
Reading American readings of Beijing 2008.

At the 2008 Beijing Olympics China bested the US in the gold medal count by 51 to 36 while the US topped China in the overall tally by 110 to 100. Ignoring claims from China and elsewhere that the Chinese had ‘won' the mythical Olympic ‘championship', American interpreters employed a clever calculus of the medal data to stake their claim to a convincing US triumph. The American efforts follow a long history of selective national readings of Olympic results to favour the US in constructing explanatory narratives for the games. Indeed, since the original modern Olympics in 1896, the US has consistently recalculated results to celebrate American prowess. American readings of the Beijing Olympics fit neatly into this tradition. From media accounts and official US Olympic Committee statements emerged a discourse that downplayed Chinese achievements and marginalized events they won while simultaneously celebrating US victories in sports American favour.
Organization and incentives in the age of sail

Abstract The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.
Interspecific hybrids between kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus ) and roselle ( H. sabdariffa )

The successful interspecific cross is reported for the first time between kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), a diploid species (2n=36) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a tetraploid species (2n=72). Kenaf, grown for its bast fiber and also under investigation as a source of paper pulp, is fast-growing and well adapted to mechanical harvesting, but susceptible to root-knot nematodes. Roselle, also grown for its bast fiber, is slower growing, not well adapted to mechanical harvesting, but certain varieties are resistant to root-knot nematodes. Five hybrid plants were produced from the pollination of 4,445 flowers of kenaf with pollen from roselle; no hybrid plants were produced from 2,655 pollinations made in the reciprocal direction. One line of roselle was the parent of 3 of the 5 hybrids; one line of kenaf was the parent of 2 of these 3. The F1 hybrids were triploid, and varied in vigor, growth habit and vegetative morphology, but had similar flowers. Two of the F1 hybrids showed high pollen fertility, apparently as a result of restitution at first meiotic division leading to unreduced spores. These two hybrids each produced a small amount of seed, which gave rise to an F2 population of 22 plants. The F2 plants vary in vigor but are morphologically uniform, have thick leaves with mosaic sectors, and are presumably spontaneous allohexaploids. The theoretical possibilities of increasing the percentage of recovery of the F1 interspecific hybrids and of developing a synthesized hybrid variety useful for bast fiber and paper pulp are discussed.
Therapeutic significance of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in patients without previous myocardial infarction☆

Abstract Twelve patients with exercise-induced ST-segment elevation without prior myocardial infarction, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block underwent thallium-201 tomography immediately after exercise and 4 hours later. Coronary angiography and left ventriculography were performed within an average of 8 days of exercise testing. Five patients had repeat exercise thallium-201 tomography after medical therapy or revascularization. All patients had large, reversible perfusion defects (average defect size 33.5 ± 13%), with 11 of 12 patients having a ≥25% stress perfusion defect. In 10 patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, the average stenosis of the involved vessel was 93 ± 9% (range 70 to 100). The electrocardiographic leads with ST-segment elevation predicted the site of reversible hypoperfusion. Two patients had extensive, reversible anterior hypopeifusion due to exercise-induced spasm of minimally stenosed left anterior descending coronary arteries. Follow-up exercise testing in 5 patients showed abolition of reversible hypoperfusion and ST changes after medical therapy or revascularization. In patients without prior myocardial infarction, exercise-induced ST-segment elevation signifies extensive, reversible hypoperfusion that can be abolished by revascularization in patients with critical coronary stenoses and by medical therapy in those with coronary vasospasm.
A hybrid adjoint approach applied to turbulent flow simulations

Adjoint-based techniques can provide the sensitivity of an objective function to any number of parameters of a simulation inexpensively at roughly the cost of a single additional flow calculation. This information can be used to perform sensitivity analyses, aerodynamic shape optimization, and to estimate the error in the objective function due to numerical discretization. Existing approaches to derive the numerically discretized adjoint equations involve the so-called discrete and continuous methods, which differ in the order at which discretization and linearization steps are performed. The effect of these contrasting approaches is that they have both strengths and weaknesses over each other in the form of complexity of the formulation and computational expense of the solution. In this paper, we further develop the hybrid approach of Taylor et al. (2012) that combines elements of the continuous and discrete methods with the intention of capturing both their advantages: reducing the time spent on mathematical derivation of the continuous adjoint equations, lowering the computational requirements of the discrete adjoint equations, and generally improving the quality of the adjoint solution. The specific approach investigated in this paper treats the flow conservation equations in a continuous manner and the turbulence transport equations discretely. The framework is designed such that additional transport equations for any turbulence model can be seamlessly included in a discrete fashion for coupling with the mean flow equations. The methodology is demonstrated in an optimization problem of lift-constrained drag minimization of an airfoil in transonic turbulent flow.
Does Homophily Predict Consensus Times? Testing a Model of Network Structure via a Dynamic Process

We test theoretical results from Golub and Jackson (2012a), which are based on a random network model, regarding time to convergence of a learning/behavior-updating process. In particular, we see how well those theoretical results match the process when it is simulated on empirically observed high school friendship networks. This tests whether a parsimonious random network model mimics real-world networks with regard to predicting properties of a class of behavioral processes. It also tests whether our theoretical predictions on asymptotically large societies are accurate when applied to populations ranging from thirty to three thousand individuals. We nd that the theoretical results account for more than half of the variation in convergence times on the real networks. We conclude that a simple multi-type random network model with types dened by simple observable attributes (age, sex, race) captures aspects of real networks that are relevant for a class of iterated updating processes.
Cross species analysis of microarray expression data

Motivation: Many biological systems operate in a similar manner across a large number of species or conditions. Cross-species analysis of sequence and interaction data is often applied to determine the function of new genes. In contrast to these static measurements, microarrays measure the dynamic, condition-specific response of complex biological systems. The recent exponential growth in microarray expression datasets allows researchers to combine expression experiments from multiple species to identify genes that are not only conserved in sequence but also operated in a similar way in the different species studied. Results: In this review we discuss the computational and technical challenges associated with these studies, the approaches that have been developed to address these challenges and the advantages of cross-species analysis of microarray data. We show how successful application of these methods lead to insights that cannot be obtained when analyzing data from a single species. We also highlight current open problems and discuss possible ways to address them. Contact: zivbj@cs.cmu.edu
A Mutation in the Decoding Center of Thermus thermophilus 16S rRNA Suggests a Novel Mechanism of Streptomycin Resistance

A spontaneous kanamycin resistance and capreomycin resistance mutation, A1408G, in the decoding center of 16S rRNA, was identified in the extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus. Unexpectedly, this mutation also confers resistance to streptomycin. We propose a novel mechanism of streptomycin resistance by which A1408G influences conformational changes in 16S rRNA during tRNA selection.
Dental Anomalies Associated with Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) is a rare genetic disorder encompassing hyperostosis of craniofacial bones and metaphyseal widening of tubular bones. Dental abnormalities are features of CMD that have been little discussed in the literature. We performed dentofacial examination of patients with CMD and evaluated consequences of orthodontic movement in a mouse model carrying a CMD knock-in (KI) mutation (Phe377del) in the Ank gene. All patients have a history of delayed eruption of permanent teeth. Analysis of data obtained by cone-beam computed tomography showed significant bucco-lingual expansion of jawbones, more pronounced in mandibles than in maxillae. There was no measurable increase in bone density compared with that in unaffected individuals. Orthodontic cephalometric analysis showed that patients with CMD tend to have a short anterior cranial base, short upper facial height, and short maxillary length. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis in homozygous Ank (KI/KI) mice, a model for CMD, showed that molars can be moved by orthodontic force without ankylosis, however, at a slower rate compared with those in wild-type Ank (+/+) mice (p < .05). Histological analysis of molars in Ank (KI/KI) mice revealed decreased numbers of TRAP(+) osteoclasts on the bone surface of pressure sides. Based on these findings, recommendations for the dental treatment of patients with CMD are provided.
Rastering strategy for screening and centring of microcrystal samples of human membrane proteins with a sub-10 µm size X-ray synchrotron beam

Crystallization of human membrane proteins in lipidic cubic phase often results in very small but highly ordered crystals. Advent of the sub-10 m minibeam at the APS GM/CA CAT has enabled the colle...
Investigation into the mechanism of gamma interferon-mediated inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii in murine astrocytes.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is a common opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system in AIDS patients. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) alone or in combination with interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor alpha significantly inhibits the growth of T. gondii in murine astrocytes, suggesting these are important nonimmune effector cells in the brain. Inhibition was found to be independent of a nitric oxide-mediated or tryptophan starvation mechanism. Both reactive oxygen intermediates and iron deprivation are IFN-γ-mediated mechanisms known to operate against intracellular parasites in other cell types. Astrocytes generated from mice genetically deficient in the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (phox−/− mice) were found to inhibit growth of T. gondii when stimulated with IFN-γ alone or in combination with other cytokines. The reactive oxygen inhibitor catalase and the reactive oxygen scavengers mannitol and thiourea failed to reverse the IFN-γ-induced inhibition of T. gondii in astrocytes. These data indicate that IFN-γ-induced inhibition in astrocytes is independent of reactive oxygen intermediates. IFN-γ-induced inhibition could not be reversed by the addition of iron salts, ferric citrate, ferric nitrate, or ferric transferrin. Pretreatment of astrocytes with desferrioxamine also did not induce the inhibition of T. gondii. These data indicate that the mechanism of IFN-γ inhibition was not due to iron deprivation. IFN-γ had no effect on T. gondii invasion of astrocytes, but inhibition of growth and loss of tachyzoite vacuoles were evident in IFN-γ-treated astrocytes by 24 h after invasion. Overall, these data suggest that IFN-γ-activated astrocytes inhibit T. gondii by an as-yet-unknown mechanism.
Schur type algorithms for spatial LS estimation with highly pipelined architectures

A family of Schur-type spatial least-squares algorithms is presented for solving the spatial LS estimation problem, in which the correlation matrix is neither Toeplitz nor near-Toeplitz, by order recursion. Normalized spatial Levinson- and Schur-type algorithms are also derived. Highly pipelined architectures are designed to realize these recursions. The reflection coefficients are first computed using the spatial Schur type recursions. Then, the forward and backward filter parameters are calculated by the spatial Levinson-type recursions. A pyramid systolic array is demonstrated to calculate not only the filter parameters but also the LDU decomposition of the inverse cross-correlation matrix at every clock phase. This pyramid array can be mapped onto a two-dimensional systolic array which has a simpler structure. A square systolic array is developed to implement the Levinson- and Schur-type temporal recursive LS (RLS) algorithms. A highly concurrent architecture which exploits the parallelism of the spatial Schur-type recursions is illustrated to perform the LDU decomposition of the cross-correlation matrix. >
Selecting barrenness: the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis by congenitally infertile women to select for infertility.

AbstractCongenitally infertile woman such as those with Turner syndrome or Mayer Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome have available the technologies of oocyte harvestation, cryropreservation, in-vitro fertilization, and gestational surrogacy in order to have genetically related offspring. Since congenital infertility results in a variety of experiences that impacts on nearly every aspect of a person's life, in the future it is possible that these women might desire a congenitally infertile child through the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis so as to share this common bond. While infertility results in a relatively normal quality of life, it is morally wrong to necessitate the future use of infertility services with its variable success rate on a child. Also, whereas the woman has fundamental reproductive autonomy, she lacks the substantive autonomy regarding the specific characteristics of her child. Finally, the infertile community does exhibit a strong presence, but it lacks characteristics that de...
Diet-Induced Obesity Enhances Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Tenascin-C/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling.

Obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tenascin-C (TnC), an extracellular matrix protein, is transiently expressed during tissue injury and plays a role in fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic role of TnC signaling in the development of HCC remains unknown. We developed a diet-induced obesity HCC mouse model and examined TnC expression and liver injury. To determine the cellular mechanism of TnC signaling in promoting inflammation and hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration, we used primary hepatocytes and hepatoma and macrophage cell lines. Further, to determine whether elevated TnC expression correlated with obesity-associated HCC, we measured plasma TnC in obese patients with various levels of liver injury. Increased tissue inflammation accompanied with elevated hepatic stellate cell-derived TnC and Toll-like receptor 4 expression was observed in the diet-induced obesity HCC animal model. In vitro studies found enhanced Toll-like receptor 4 signaling activated by TnC, promoting an increased inflammatory response, hepatocyte transformation, and migration. Further, obese patients with cirrhosis alone and in combination with HCC showed significant increases in plasma TnC compared with healthy volunteers and patients with less severe liver injury. Overall, these studies suggest TnC/Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as an important regulator in HCC; inhibiting this signaling axis may be a viable therapeutic target for impeding HCC.
Rotavirus alters paracellular permeability and energy metabolism in Caco-2 cells.

Rotaviruses infect epithelial cells of the small intestine, but the pathophysiology of the resulting severe diarrhea is incompletely understood. Histological damage to intestinal epithelium is not ...
Cost Benefit Analysis of Using Grafted Transplants for Root-knot Nematode Management in Organic Heirloom Tomato Production

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. sensitivity analysis, partial budget analysis, Meloidogyne sp., Solanum lycopersicum · S. habrochaites, rootstock, scion SUMMARY. Growers are looking for sustainable alternatives to methyl bromide as a soil fumigant that are effective and economical. Increased demand for organically produced fruits and vegetables has also contributed to the need for environmentally friendly soil-borne disease control methods. Grafting may be a valuable tool for vegetable growers to cope with pest management challenges in production of cucurbits and solanaceous crops; however, there are concerns regarding the higher costs associated with the use of grafted plants in the United States. The main objective of this 2-year study was to determine if grafting with a resistant rootstock could be cost-effective to overcome root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne sp.) and maintain fruit yield in organic heirloom tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in Florida’s sandy soils. The heirloom tomato cultivar Brandywine was grafted onto the rootstock ‘Multifort’. Nongrafted and grafted ‘Brandywine’ plants were grown organically in two fields that exhibited different levels of RKN infestations. Grafted and nongrafted transplants were estimated to cost $0.78 and $0.17 per plant, respectively. The cost of rootstock seeds accounted for 36% ($0.28/plant) of the total cost of the grafted transplants and 46% of the cost difference between grafted and nongrafted plants. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using these estimated transplant production costs and crop yield data from the field trials as well as price information for heirloom tomato. Results showed that under severe RKN pressure, grafting may be an economically feasible pest control measure to help maintain a profitable production given that the risk of economic crop losses due to RKN outweighed the higher cost of grafted transplants.
Hermes in the Anthropocene: A dogologue

In this dogologue, a writer and the dog who sits near her desk as she works speak. The dog is concerned about the fate of the world in the hands of humans. His urgent questions send the writer into the world of her own memories when she was a child alone with a horse in nature. Karen Malpede kmalpede@jjay.cuny.edu, ecofeminist playwright, is author of 17 fulllength produced plays, most recently, "Extreme Whether,” about climate change. She is cofounder of Theater Three Collaborative and adjunct professor of Theater and Environmental Studies at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Hermes is a ten-year-old merle, though mainly black, cocker spaniel. He has always spoken and his human companion, a writer, has always voiced his words and answered him back. http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/faculty/karen-malpede I was in conversation with my dog, Hermes. He lay on the floor next to my desk. “Kawhren,” Herm said. He has trouble with “r” sounds and speaks with a slight accent that must be cocker spaniel. “Why cannot people, undewhrstrand?” “I don’t know, Herm,” I said. I find I often answer his questions this way. He returned to gently licking his left paw, then asked: “Do you rwhemembwer the days of yowre?” “Herm, whatever are you talking about?” “The days of yoehre, Kawhren. (pause) Befowre ...” He turned to grooming his right paw. Hermes has huge feet of which he is quite proud. Finished grooming himself, he stretched and did upward and downward dog on the rug, wagging his tale in recognition of his perfect form. Then he looked up at me. “When you was young.” He said. “Oh, yes, I do remember, Hermes,” I said. “I used to ride my bicycle down streets lined with old elms whose branches touched forming a canopy above my head. That was before Dutch Elm disease.” “Why would anyone hurt a twree?” Hermes asked, aghast. “You pee on trees,” I reminded him. “Big twrees, only, Kawhren, nevewhr pee on little twrees.” Hermes lay down; his two back legs splayed out, head on his paws, brown eyes wide open, contemplating what I’d said.
Corporate Philanthropy, Employees and Misconduct

Corporate charitable programs help attract and retain socially aware employees and directors. As these employees and directors are likely to be conscious of the social harm caused by corporate misconduct, they are less likely to tolerate wrongdoing. Consistent with this notion, we document that employees at philanthropic firms are more likely to whistle blow when they observe wrongdoing. Moreover, directors at giving firms are more likely to force out a CEO after misconduct is revealed. The higher likelihood of whistle blowing along with greater penalties upon discovery should lower the propensity to engage in misconduct. In line with this, we find that corporate philanthropy is associated with less misconduct. To address the endogeneity of corporate giving, we instrument it by peer giving, with qualitatively similar results. The results are robust to differing approaches for defining misconduct and employer attractiveness, and also in different subsamples of the data. Our findings highlight the role of non-financial imperatives of employees and directors in mitigating misconduct.