cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Street Men, Family Men: Race and Men's Extended Family Integration

Disorganization theories postulate that black men have largely abandoned their familial roles. Using the NSFH data, this article refutes the hypothesis of black men's familial disengagement by focusing on extended family integration. Black men are more likely than white men to live with or near extended kin, as well as to frequently see kin in person. Men are similar across race in terms of emotional and practical help, although black men are less likely than white men to provide financial assistance. The racial differences can be mostly attributed to the socioeconomic disadvantage of black men. The similarities emerge because blacks' economic disadvantage hinders their involvement, but cultural values and extended family structure bring their involvement to the levels of the more economically advantaged whites.
Inclusive education for preschool children with disabilities

This article by Susan Gregory reviews the rationale for the inclusion of disabilities in preschool programmes in the United States. Recommendations are given for facilitating this process and a particular project is highlighted.
Marketing P2–CP to business – past, present, and possible future

Abstract For over a decade, organizations involved in promoting pollution prevention/cleaner production (P2–CP) to businesses have been asking business managers to change the way they think. But perhaps the greatest adoption of P2–CP will occur when organizations take advantage of the way business managers already think, using strategies of business-to-business (B2B) marketing. In this paper, we trace the evolution of P2–CP promotion from an Educational Strategy, through a Diffusion Strategy, and finally to the B2B Strategy. We argue that P2–CP adoption can be significantly increased if organizations apply the techniques of companies that make their living from selling innovations to businesses and use the B2B markets to bring P2–CP innovations to businesses.
Risk assessment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in acutely and/or critically ill patients.

Both undetected and clinically evident venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism (VTE) can seriously impact the prognosis of acutely and/or critically ill patients. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is harder to diagnose in the acutely and/or critically ill, many of whom also have developed respiratory failure for other reasons. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the upper and lower extremities can subsequently complicate insertion of central venous catheters, leading to PE, sepsis and septic shock. Recovery from the original critical illness (e.g. weaning from mechanical ventilation) can be adversely affected by these complications. There are recent data suggesting that, for prophylaxis, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is more effective than unfractionated heparin (UFH) in critically ill trauma patients, and that high-dose LMWH is more effective than placebo or low-dose LMWH in seriously ill medical patients. In both populations, LMWH appeared safe. While LMWH appears superior to UFH in acute stroke patients to prevent venographically-proven lower-extremity DVT, whether it provides a superior long-term outcome after acute stroke is uncertain. One study found that a high dosage of the LMWH dalteparin was more effective than placebo in preventing left ventricular thrombi after acute myocardial infarction, but there was a significant safety cost. Current questions surrounding prophylaxis of VTE and the use of LMWH in acutely and/or critically ill patients include whether monitoring levels and dosage adjustment in some of these patients would improve outcome, and whether the diagnosis of VTE can be improved so that treatment can be instituted when prophylaxis has failed.
Characteristics of growth of encephalomyocarditis virus in cultures of mouse muscle.

Conclusions1. Encephalomyocarditis virus grows readily in cultures of abdominal muscle of mice. 2. A characteristic cytopathic effect is produced; complete destruction of cultures occurs in about 72 hours. 3. The cellular changes are not due to activation of a virus latent in mouse muscle but to the agent of encephalomyocarditis.
Deaths Between Bedrails and Air Pressure Mattresses

OBJECTIVES: To describe how patients die by becoming trapped between therapeutic air pressure mattresses and bed rails. DESIGN: A retrospective review of all voluntary reports deaths in beds with air mattresses that can be found in the Food and Drug Administration's on-line databases of adverse medical events that cover 1994 to 2001. SETTING: Death reports come from manufacturers, medical staff, and coroners and describe deaths in hospitals, nursing homes, and home care, although type of care site is often not given. MEASUREMENTS: Event descriptions were reviewed to determine how the person became entrapped in the rail and how responsibility for the event was allocated. RESULTS: There were 35 deaths involving many product lines. Twenty-one deaths involved overlay air mattresses placed on top of a regular mattress. Thirteen patients died in beds with built-in air mattresses. Compression of the mattress allowed an off-center person to slide against the rail where reexpansion of the mattress kept the person compressed against the rail. Two patterns were seen. In one, the mattress bunched up behind a person who was lying on the side of the bed, pushing the neck against a bedrail. In the second type, a patient died after sliding off the bed and having the neck or chest compressed between the rail and bed. Manufacturers attributed the deaths to poor clinical decision-making or inadequate monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Lethal asphyxiation in beds with air pressure mattresses is a variant of bedrail-mattress entrapment that requires redesign by bed manufacturers and risk awareness by clinicians.
The spatial agglomeration of educated people in Colombia

Over the past few decades, Colombia's education system has been growing in terms of access and coverage. However, this development has taken place mainly in bigger cities, and displays an agglomeration of graduates in tertiary education. The purpose of this article is to test this hypothesis of agglomeration and attempt to find out which factors are associated to this phenomena: quality of life, the effects of income, political safety, and supply of education. Using empirical evidence derived from real data obtained by DANE in the 2005 Census and a variable of violence from the IEPRI, spatial econometric models are set out to understand its dynamics, to stop and reverse this agglomeration, and to create benefits for smaller municipalities.
Obesity as a consequence of undernutrition

The role of early undernutrition as a risk factor for adult obesity is supported by data from epidemiologic, clinical, and animal studies. In experimental animals, maternal energy restriction results in pups of reduced body size but with increased fat depots and hyperphagia. Similarly, reduced lean mass with relative increase in fat mass in the newborn have been described in gestational energy restriction in human populations. When coupled with the appropriate environmental conditions (widely available energy-dense foods, low energy expenditure) those factors predispose a person to excess weight gain and body fat accumulation in adult life. This combination of early biologic factors with environmental factors is best exemplified in the situation of populations from developing countries undergoing economic and nutritional transition, where high prevalence of low birth weight now is combined with an urban, sedentary lifestyle and increased access to low-cost, energy-dense foods. Thus reducing the prevalence of intrauterine growth retardation and early undernutrition should be an important component of our effort to control the worldwide obesity epidemic.
Bayes Error Estimation Using Parzen and k-NN Procedures

The use of k nearest neighbor (k-NN) and Parzen density estimates to obtain estimates of the Bayes error is investigated under limited design set conditions. By drawing analogies between the k-NN and Parzen procedures, new procedures are suggested, and experimental results are given which indicate that these procedures yield a significant improvement over the conventional k-NN and Parzen procedures. We show that, by varying the decision threshold, many of the biases associated with the k-NN or Parzen density estimates may be compensated, and successful error estimation may be performed in spite of these biases. Experimental results are given which demonstrate the effect of kernel size and shape (Parzen), the size of k (k-NN), and the number of samples in the design set.
Further studies of the pulsation period and orbital elements of Centaurus X-3

The long- and short-term variability of the 4.8-s pulsation and the 2.1-day orbital periods of Centaurus X-3 are studied. The pulsation period decreases over 4 yr with a fractional change of -0.00028 per yr, but with rms fluctuations of 0.0002 s. In August-September 1972, a continuous transition from speedup to slowdown was observed. The orbital period also decreases over 4 yr with decrease of approximately 8 millionths per yr, and with significant fluctuations of the order of 0.00001 day over months. The orbital eccentricity is found to be about 0.0008. The pulsation-period variability is found to be consistent with a near balance between the Alfven and corotation radii in an accretion-disk model. The orbital-period variability is interpreted in terms of tidal circularization and possible mass transfer and loss.
Double-Dip-Some Afterthoughts

The double-dip hypothesis of Lee Sigelman is highly provocative. Nonetheless, ambivalent perceptions of bureaucracy are otherwise explainable. More important, Sigelman's bureaucratization scale is not a time scale, meaning that dysfunctionalities may be encountered at slow rates and thus minimized or countered. As a result, the "dips" may be quite shallow or scarcely existent. Complications with the model also arise from definition of the variables used and the possible affects of other variables.
Density of states and lasing at the edge of a photonic stop band in dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals

We present simulations of optical propagation in cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) films and find a stop band in which the wave is evanescent and the density of states is zero. Sharp structure is found in the calculated transmission spectra near the band edge. This corresponds to enhanced residence times and lower group velocities, as well as to significant enhancements of the energy density and of the density of states within the samples. These simulation are consistent with our measurements of suppressed emission within the stop band and of enhanced emission at the band edge for dye molecules doped into CLCs. We also observe spatially coherent emission from the CLC sample with narrow spectral lines at the edge of the stop band and a distinct threshold behavior for the coherent emission. The results of computer simulations together with observations of emission and lasing demonstrate that the optical properties of CLCs, including laser action at the modes closest to the band edge, are consequences of its band gap structure. The compact nature of these structures and the ease with which they ca be fabricated suggest that they may be useful for producing integrated lasers and photonic devices.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HIV Stigma Mechanisms and Well-Being Among PLWH: A Test of the HIV Stigma Framework

The current work evaluates the HIV Stigma Framework in a sample of 95 people living with HIV recruited from an inner-city clinic in the Bronx, NY. To determine the contributions of each HIV stigma mechanism (internalized, enacted, and anticipated) on indicators of health and well-being, we conducted an interviewer-delivered survey and abstracted data from medical records. Results suggest that internalized stigma associates significantly with indicators of affective (i.e., helplessness regarding, acceptance of, and perceived benefits of HIV) and behavioral (i.e., days in medical care gaps and ARV non-adherence) health and well-being. Enacted and anticipated stigma associate with indicators of physical health and well-being (i.e., CD4 count less than 200 and chronic illness comorbidity respectively). By differentiating between HIV stigma mechanisms, researchers may gain a more nuanced understanding of how HIV stigma impacts health and well-being and better inform targeted interventions to improve specific outcomes among people living with HIV.
Seasonal oceanic heat transports computed from an atmospheric model and ocean temperature climatology

Abstract Seasonal estimates of the oceanic poleward heat transport are obtained using surface heat fluxes from a global atmospheric general circulation model on an 8° × 10° grid and using rates of ocean heat storage to 1500 m calculated from the seasonal climatological ocean temperature data of Levitus. The rate of change of heat storage in the deep ocean (below 1500 m) is assumed to be spatially uniform. The global oceanic meridional transports for each latitude are calculated. The results are compared with those of Russell et al., in which seasonal ocean transports were calculated using the same method except that in that study the rate of change of heat storage was calculated using observed surface temperatures and mixed-layer depths. In the present study, the maximum meridional transports are about the same magnitude, but shifted to earlier in the year; the transports are near zero outside the band between 30°N and 30°S and no secondary maximum of northward transports occurs in the Southern Hemisphere in the first half of the year. The use of the Levitus seasonal temperature data to calculate heat storage to 1500 m did not reduce the amplitude of the annual rate of heat storage change in the deep ocean below the 11 W m −2 value obtained by Russell et al. The amplitude, however, was reduced by about half when the calculations were redone using the Levitus temperature data only down to 300 m. Sensitivity studies were carried out to assess the effects of errors in the Levitus temperature climatology on the ocean heat transports. The sparse data in the Southern Hemisphere caused larger errors in the Southern Hemisphere transports.
Providing Culturally Conscious Mental Health Treatment for African American Muslim Women Living With Spousal Abuse

African American Muslim women seeking outpatient mental health counseling for spousal abuse face a variety of inter- and intrapersonal barriers that may prevent them from accessing services. Many of these barriers stem from the lack of cultural awareness in the mental health field of the differences between various Muslim populations. This article addresses how racial and religious identities may influence the counseling process for African American Muslim women who are in abusive relationships. To address how counselors can support African American Muslim women averting spousal abuse, we present a revised version of the transtheoretical model incorporating racial and religious identity factors.
Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the cross-bridge cycle in rabbit psoas muscle fibers

The effect of temperature on elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle was investigated with sinusoidal analysis technique in skinned rabbit psoas fibers. We studied the effect of MgATP on exponential process (C) to characterize the MgATP binding step and cross-bridge detachment step at six different temperatures in the range 5–30 degrees C. Similarly, we studied the effect of MgADP on exponential process (C) to characterize the MgADP binding step. We also studied the effect of phosphate (Pi) on exponential process (B) to characterize the force generation step and Pi-release step. From the results of these studies, we deduced the temperature dependence of the kinetic constants of the elementary steps and their thermodynamic properties. We found that the MgADP association constant (K0) and the MgATP association constant (K1) significantly decreased when the temperature was increased from 5 to 20 degrees C, implying that nucleotide binding became weaker at higher temperatures. K0 and K1 did not change much in the 20–30 degree C range. The association constant of Pi to cross-bridges (K5) did not change much with temperature. We found that Q10 for the cross-bridge detachment step (k2) was 2.6, and for its reversal step (k-2) was 3.0. We found that Q10 for the force generation step (Pi-isomerization step, k4) was 6.8, and its reversal step (k-4) was 1.6. The equilibrium constant of the detachment step (K2) was not affected much by temperature, whereas the equilibrium constant of the force generation step (K4) increased significantly with temperature increase. Thus, the force generation step consists of an endothermic reaction. The rate constant of the rate-limiting step (k6) did not change much with temperature, whereas the ATP hydrolysis rate increased significantly with temperature increase. We found that the force generation step accompanies a large entropy increase and a small free energy change; hence, this step is an entropy-driven reaction. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the hydrophobic interaction between residues of actin and myosin underlies the mechanism of force generation. We conclude that the force generation step is the most temperature-sensitive step among elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle, which explains increased isometric tension at high temperatures in rabbit psoas fibers.
The value of onsite adequacy assessment of thyroid fine-needle aspirations is a function of operator experience.

BACKGROUND Cytotechnologists and pathologists often perform onsite evaluations of thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) to provide immediate feedback regarding whether adequate material has been obtained for cytologic diagnosis. The current study was designed to determine whether onsite adequacy assessment results in a significant decrease in nondiagnostic specimens between ultrasound (US)-guided FNAs of the thyroid and those performed by palpation alone. METHODS A search was performed to identify in-house thyroid FNAs performed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003 that were obtained under US guidance or by palpation only. It was then recorded whether an onsite adequacy assessment was performed. The submitting physician and final diagnosis also were recorded for each case. Contingency tables were constructed and evaluated using chi-square analysis. RESULTS Of 1502 in-house thyroid FNAs included in the current study, 981 (65.3%) were performed under US guidance and 521 (34.7%) were performed with palpation alone. Onsite adequacy assessment of the aspirated material was performed in 323 cases (21.5%), whereas 1179 cases (78.5%) were performed without onsite evaluation. Of the 418 palpation-guided FNAs that were performed without adequacy assessment, 70 (16.7%) were reported to be nondiagnostic, whereas of the 103 palpation-guided FNAs with immediate evaluation, only 7 (6.8%) were determined to be inadequate for diagnosis. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.025). Of 761 US-guided FNAs without immediate adequacy assessment, 54 (7.1%) were nondiagnostic, which was not statistically different from the nondiagnostic rate of 4.5% (10 of 220 cases) for US-guided FNAs with onsite evaluation. However, when these US-guided FNAs were divided further into 2 groups based on the experience of the radiologist performing the FNA, the nondiagnostic rate in the group of experienced radiologists was only 5.4% (or 32 of 592 US-guided FNAs), even though onsite evaluation was not performed. Among radiologists with less experience, adequacy assessment significantly reduced the nondiagnostic rate from 13.0% (22 of 169 FNAs without adequacy assessment) to 4.5% (10 of 220 FNAs with adequacy assessment) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrate that onsite adequacy assessment of thyroid FNAs significantly reduces the number of nondiagnostic aspirates. However, the benefit of onsite evaluation, at least for US-guided FNAs, depends on the experience of the radiologist. In the current study, experienced radiologists with a relatively low nondiagnostic rate did not benefit from onsite adequacy assessment. This finding confirms the importance of experience in the performance of FNA, but suggests that onsite adequacy assessment may assist the less experienced operator. Cancer (Cancer Cytppathol) 2005. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Tomlins et al. reply

Replying to: Carver, B. S. et al. , 10.1038/nature07738 (2009) Carver 1 question our recent report that mice expressing ETV1 under the control of the probasin promoter (ARR2Pb) develop mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN)2. They report the generation of transgenic ARR2Pb-ERG mice with no phenotypic differences from control mice. They propose that this demonstrates that ETS genetic rearrangements do not initiate prostate tumorigenesis and use data from human prostate cancer studies to propose that ETS rearrangements are associated with progression from PIN to prostate cancer. Although we and others have shown that ARR2Pb-ETV1 and ARR2Pb-ERG mice develop mPIN, we have consistently proposed that in human prostate cancer development, ETS rearrangements mediate the transition from PIN to cancer.
Variations in apparent spatial frequency with stimulus orientation: IL Matching data collected under normal and interferometric viewing conditions

Using an adjustment procedure, human observers matched the apparent spatial frequencies of sinusoidal gratings presented in different orientations (0, 45, 90, and 135 deg). Matches were made between all possible pairwise orientation combinations. Significant match deviations indicated that the apparent frequency of a grating depends on its orientation. The most consistent deviations were found between horizontal and vertical gratings, with horizontal gratings appearing to be of a lower spatial frequency than vertical gratings. These effects were relatively independent of stimulus contrast and persisted when the optics of the eye were bypassed with laser interferometry. A neurophysiological explanation of these effects is proposed.
Analgesic applications for a subcutaneous implant that continuously releases hydromorphone

Opioids remain a critical component of the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Although the preferred method of opioid administration is oral, additional administration routes include intravenous, subcutaneous, transdermal, transbuccal, rectal, or intraspinal. Subcutaneous opioids have been used extensively in both in-patient and out-patient settings. The most commonly used subcutaneous opioids in the United States are morphine and hydromorphone which are administered by intermittent subcutaneous injections or via a subcutaneous needle attached to an external pump which provides either a continuous infusion or a continuous infusion combined with patient controlled analgesia boluses as needed for breakthrough pain. A novel subcutaneous implant is currently under development that will provide a continuous subcutaneous infusion of hydromorphone for 1–3 months. This could significantly affect the management of patients with cancer or other painful conditions as well as animals with chronic or post-operative pain. This manuscript reviews the potential therapeutic opportunities as well as the challenges in introducing and using this novel polymeric implant to treat pain in patients and companion animals.
Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian AnthroNotes

Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian AnthroNotes. by Ruth Osterweis Selig and Marilyn. London. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. 348pp.
Analysis of a cogeneration system

Abstract An analysis is presented which matches a cogeneration system with a thermal load. Two parameters are developed, the cogeneration parameter, which should be selected near unity, and the hot water tank parameter, near 0.15. Selection of these values for the two parameters would result in near continuous operation of the cogenerator system with limited operation of the auxiliary hot water heating system during periods of high hot water demand and limited engine shutdown during periods of low hot water demand. Installation of the cogenerator system would be economically attractive when electric rates are above about 7 cents/kWh. Moreover, the economics of installation is independent of the price of natural gas between 30 and 60 cents/CCF.
Physiological and physical factors associated with warm discomfort in sedentary man

Abstract Thermal discomfort, defined as an expression of man's dissatisfaction with his thermal environment and measured by the magnitude estimates method, has been observed: (1) during humidity transients, when the ambient temperature is held constant at 32, 36, and 40°C; (2) during transients of the ambient temperature at constant relative humidity; and (3) during transients caused by both radiant heat and humidity while the ambient temperature is held at 32°C. The best single physiological index of thermal discomfort, especially without the presence of thermal radiation, is skin wettedness, which is defined as the ratio of the observed skin evaporative heat loss to the maximum evaporative capacity of the environment for a completely wet skin surface. Radiant heat (RH), by raising mean skin temperature by 1.5–2°C, causes the rate of rise of thermal discomfort with skin wettedness to increase. A biophysical effective temperature (ET ), defined as the temperature of a black enclosure at 50% RH, in which man would exchange the same heat by radiation, convection, and evaporation as in the observed environment, correlates well with thermal discomfort regardless of the complexity of the thermal environment. The discomfort, caused by skin wettedness itself, may be attributed to the increasing strain caused first by the internal drive to secrete regulatory sweat, and second by the increased peripheral resistance at the skin surface.
Rodent Repellent Studies. IV. Preparation and Properties of Trinitrobenzene-Aryl Amine Complexes

Data are presented on methods of preparation, chemical and physical characteristics, toxicity, and repellency to rodents of complexes of symmetrical trinitrobenzene with various aromatic amines. When applied in suitable carriers or incorporated in plastic films, members of this series of materials were shown to offer significant increases in time required by wild rodents to damage common packaging materials.
Preparation of carbon molecular sieves by propylene pyrolysis over nickel-impregnated activated carbons

Exploratory runs have shown it to be possible to produce a sieve for the separation of O2 from Ar by depositing carbon from propylene in or over an activated carbon (AC) previously impregnated with Ni. It is thought that preferential cracking of propylene at the Ni sites within the pores of the AC particles and/or at the particle exterior surface introduces apertures of size 0.54–0.57 nm—the size required for this separation.
Coronary artery surgery in octogenarians.

Abstract Coronary surgery is being performed increasingly in older patients who may have more extensive disease as well as other factors that may lead to more frequent complications and death. 1–3 Several studies have shown that the rate of complications and mortality in elderly patients are higher than in younger ones. 4–7 Advanced age has also been shown to correlate with late mortality after cardiac surgery. 8 Because of these data, there has been uncertainty as to use of cardiac surgery in older patients, especially in those aged ≥80 years. This report presents results of coronary artery bypass grafting both in hospital and at follow-up in patients aged ≥80.
Increased sodium intake is somehow induced in rats by intravenous angiotensin II

Abstract Adult male rats maintained on dry food, water, and 3% NaCl solution received continuous infusion of angiotensin II (A II) via right atrial catheters. A II was delivered in 0.315 ml/hr at doses of 15, 30, and 60 ng/min/rat for 3 to 5 days. At the higher doses mean daily salt solution intake rose from very low preinfusion levels to 18.7 and 19.6 ml, respectively. Daily water intakes increased in some animals and decreased in others on the first day of infusion but were double preinfusion levels by the second day. Persistence of the sodium appetite after the end of A II infusion was seen in most of the rats which received the highest dose. The mechanisms which might underlie the effect of blood-borne A II on sodium intake are discussed and three possibilities considered: (1) that A II may act on the brain to stimulate sodium appetite, (2) that A II may act via the adrenal cortex, and that the sodium appetite may arise as a result of increased plasma levels of adrenal steroids, and (3) that A II may act via the kidney, producing a natriuresis. According to this view, sodium appetite would arise as a result of loss of body sodium and/or blood volume.
Field reliability of plastic encapsulated transistors and integrated circuits

Abstract To this point in time a great deal of attention has been directed toward determining the moisture resistance capability of plastic semiconductors and integrated circuits. This has for the most part involved a variety of laboratory type tests including pressure cookers, cycled and noncycled moisture resistance tests, biased and non-biased. This paper describes results of tests performed under field conditions and compares these results against one type of laboratory test. The data reveals that the laboratory test results are not always indicative of field performance. A far more disturbing problem is raised, one relating to open or intermittent wire bonds. The paper concludes that far more attention be directed toward this latter point.
Errors in EEG Interpretation and Misdiagnosis of Epilepsy

Background/Aims: The overinterpretation of EEGs is common and is an important contributor to the misdiagnosis of epilepsy. We reviewed our experience in order to clarify which EEG p
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia caused by infected intravenous catheters

A prospective study of all cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) has been ongoing at our institution since April 1983. Data collected as of December 1984 reveal that of 79 episodes of SAB identified, 28 (35%) were caused by infected intravenous catheters; 14 of these were peripheral catheters and 14 were subclavian catheters. Endocarditis or metastatic infection was not recognized; two patients, one with a prosthetic heart valve and the other with recurrent SAB, did not meet the criteria for these complications but the clinical circumstances were strongly suggestive. Six of the 28 patients (21%) died of their infection, and local complications (inflammation or purulent drainage at the insertion site) were common. Only four of 22 patients who recovered were administered antibiotics for greater than 14 days. We conclude that patients with SAB caused by an infected intravenous catheter have a low risk of endocarditis or metastatic infection when the infected catheter is promptly removed and no risk factors (valvular heart disease or a prosthetic valve) are present that favor development of endocarditis. The duration of antimicrobial therapy need not exceed 2 weeks in this situation. The mortality related to SAB, however, was high and emphasizes the need to develop methods to prevent this infection.
Multifrequency Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform ESR: An X/Ku Band Spectrometer

A two-dimensional Fourier Transform ESR (2D FT ESR) spectrometer operating at 9.25 and 17.35 GHz is described. The Ku-band bridge uses an efficient heterodyne technique wherein 9.25 GHz is the intermediate frequency. At Ku-band the sensitivity is increased by almost an order of magnitude. One may routinely collect a full 2D ELDOR spectrum in less than 20 min for a sample containing 0.5-5 nmol of nitroxide spin-probe in the slow-motional regime. Broad spectral coverage at Ku-band is obtained by use of a bridged loop-gap resonator (BLGR) and of a dielectric ring resonator (DR). It is shown that an even more uniform spectral excitation is obtained by using shorter microwave pulses of about 3 ns duration. The dead-time at Ku-band is just 30-40 ns, yielding an improved SNR in 2D ELDOR spectra of nitroxide spin-probes with T2 as short as 20-30 ns. A comparison of 2D ELDOR spectra obtained at 9.25 and 17. 35 GHz for spin-labeled phospholipid probes (16PC) in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DMPG) membrane vesicles showed that both spectra could be satisfactorily simulated using the same set of model parameters even though they are markedly different in appearance. The improved sensitivity and shorter dead-time at Ku-band made it possible to obtain orientation-dependent 2D ELDOR spectra of the Cholestane (CSL) spin-probe in macroscopically aligned lipid bilayers of egg yolk PC using samples containing only 1 mg of lipid and just 5 nmol of spin-probe.
Contribution of internal bony trabeculae to the mechanical properties of the humerus of the pigeon (Columba livia)

Mechanical properties of the pigeon humerus are significantly influenced by internal bony trabeculae. Experimental testing of braced (intact trabeculae) and unbraced (trabeculae experimentally removed) humerus pairs extracted from the same individuals demonstrates that the flexural rigidity, strength and toughness (work of fracture) of the pigeon humerus are all augmented by an intact framework of trabeculae. Measured differences in mechanical properties in braced/unbraced comparisons generally exceed discrepancies attributable to random variation in construction and thus cannot be ascribed to inherent skeletal asymmetry. The structural contribution of bony trabeculae is apparently greater in subadult birds, possibly due to thickening of cortical bone and/or increasing mineralization of bone tissue with age.
Anxiety among Black and Latina Mothers of Premature Infants at Social-Environmental Risk.

Abstract Anxiety is heightened for mothers of premature infants, potentially interfering with early mothering. This study describes relationships among race/ethnicity, language, and anxiety for women at social-environmental risk who deliver a premature infant. Postnatal baseline interview data from a randomized trial testing a behavioral intervention for mothers and infants (29–34 weeks gestational age) were used to examine maternal state (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y1) and trait (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y2) anxiety among blacks and Latinas, and by language preference. Latinas (n = 97) had an elevated prevalence of high (≥ 40) state anxiety compared to blacks (n = 97), with Latinas preferring a Spanish to an English interview reporting the highest levels of state anxiety. Trait anxiety did not differ across groups. Culturally appropriate interventions are needed to reduce anxiety among Latina mothers delivering premature infants, especially among those with limited English language proficiency. The combination of a racially/ethnically diverse workforce, bilingual healthcare providers, and trained medical interpreters may help to ensure better outcomes.
Determination of Arbitrary Tooth Displacements

The noninvasive, modern technique based on the method of double-exposure hologram interferometry was used to measure arbitrary displacements of teeth in the three dimensional space. The experimental studies were carried out on an idealized model of the maxillary central incisor. The results show that the experimental data, based on component loading, are inadequate to accurately predict tooth displacement from an arbitrary force acting in the three dimensional space.
Retour d’expérience d’une nouvelle technique de préputioplastie comme alternative à la circoncision

Resume La prise en charge chirurgicale du phimosis est requise lors de la presence d’un anneau sclereux ou lorsque la prise en charge medicale premiere par application de corticoides se solde par un echec. La circoncision est souvent proposee alors qu’une technique conservatrice peut etre utilisee. Cette chirurgie radicale entraine des consequences psychologiques non negligeables et lorsqu’elle n’est pas en accord avec les convictions religieuses du patient et sa famille peut-etre mal vecue. De plus, certaines methodes permettant la conservation preputiale donnent de mauvais resultats esthetiques avec un exces cutane. Le but de cette etude est d’evaluer notre nouvelle technique de preputioplastie en fonction du diagnostic initial retenu (phimosis sur prepuce sclereux ou sur prepuce long et etroit), dans des situations ou la circoncision serait indiquee pour d’autres. La facilite du decalottage, l’absence de phimosis postoperatoire ainsi que l’aspect esthetique de la verge ont ete evalues. Quatre-vingt-dix-neuf enfants ayant beneficie de cette technique ont ete suivis. La moyenne d’âge etait de 7,9 ans pour 32 enfants dans le groupe prepuce sclereux et 6,8 ans pour 58 enfants dans le groupe long et etroit. Avec un recul moyen de 1,4 ans, un decalottage complet sans recidive a ete enregistre chez 100 % des enfants presentant un phimosis resistant a un traitement medical premier associant decalottage progressif et application locale de corticoides, et ayant beneficie de cette chirurgie. L’aspect esthetique de la verge est excellent avec notamment une absence d’hypertrophie cutanee preputiale chez tous nos sujets.
Uptake of 22-carbon fatty acids into rat retina and brain

Rat retina accumulates high levels of 22-carbon (C22) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 omega 3), in rod outer segment (ROS) phospholipids (PL). However, plasma, the source of retina lipids, is enriched in 20-carbon (C20) fatty acids instead of C22 PUFA. This suggests that the retina has a mechanism(s) for selective uptake of C22 PUFA from the blood. It is not known if the selective uptake is specific for the carbon number alone, or if the number of double bonds is also important. To address this question, the following study was carried out using erucic acid (22:1 omega 9) as a metabolic marker molecule. Albino rats were raised from birth on a diet containing 10% (by weight) of either rapeseed oil (43% 22:1 omega 9) or blended canola oil (0.4% 22:1 omega 9). At 4 months of age, plasma, liver, adrenal gland, brain and retina were collected, lipids were extracted, and fatty acids were determined. In those rats fed rapeseed oil, 22:1 omega 9 was incorporated into the lipids of plasma (2.3%), liver (0.6%), and adrenal gland (17.6%), indicating that this fatty acid was absorbed, transported, and metabolized by the rats. However, 22:1 omega 9 was not incorporated into the lipids of retinal ROS or brain. Our results suggest that both the carbon number and degree of unsaturation are important determinants in the selective uptake of C22 fatty acids from plasma into both the brain and the retina.
Calculations of carrier gas effects in non-dispersive infrared analyzers. II. Comparisons with experiment

A numerical model for calculating carrier gas effects in non-dispersive infrared gas analyzers was presented in the preceding paper. This model is applied here to sets of data from several analyzers used in measuring atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at a world-wide network of baseline stations. The agreement between the model and the experimental results is generally satisfactory, and the model can be used to better understand the behaviour of non-dispersive analyzers.DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01828.x
The regulated expression of β-globin genes introduced into mouse erythroleukemia cells

We have introduced a hybrid mouse-human beta-globin gene as well as the intact human beta-globin gene into murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells and have demonstrated that these genes are appropriately regulated during differentiation of the MEL cell in culture. The addition of chemical inducers to cotransformed cells results in a 5 to 50 fold increase in the level of mRNA transcribed from the exogenous globin gene. S1 nuclease and primer extension analyses demonstrate that these mRNAs initiate and terminate correctly. Nuclear transcription experiments indicate that induction of hybrid mRNA results at least in part from the increase in the rate of globin gene transcription. Furthermore, the induction appears to be specific for globin genes within an erythroid cell. These results permit the study of expression of the globin gene during erythroid differentiation and suggest that the specific induction of the globin gene is an inherent property of DNA sequences within or flanking the beta-globin genes. Moreover, the fact that the human and hybrid globin genes are both inducible in MEL cells suggests that these regulatory sequences are conserved between mouse and human cells.
Tensile properties of a thermomechanically processed ductile iron

A ductile cast iron was continuously hot-and-warm-rolled or one-step-forged from a temperature in the austenite range (900 °C to 1100 °C) to a temperature below the A 1 temperature. Various amounts of reduction were used (from 60 to more than 90 pct). Tensile properties including tensile strength and total elongation were measured along the directions parallel and transverse to the rolling direction and along the direction transverse to the forging direction. The tensile ductility and strength both increase with a decrease in the amount of hot-and-warm working (HWW). Compared with the results obtained by other investigators, the present results showed higher strengths and ductilities over the same range of reduction in thickness. The improvement in properties is related to the lower temperature of the postprocessing heat treatment given in this study (600 °C) compared to other studies (900 °C). The low temperature of heat treatment leads to a structure of fine graphite in a matrix of ferrite and carbides, whereas the high temperature of heat treatment leads to coarse graphite in a matrix of carbide-free ferrite. The delay in failure from the presence of the small graphite constituent results in an increase in tensile ductility with an accompanying increase in tensile strength.
Does context matter? Engineering students' approaches to global vs. local problems

While realistic projects make learning activities more authentic and contextualized, the context of the problem may affect how students approach the problem and what and how much they learn during the process. This study investigated how engineering students in dyads approached problems about clean water need differently when the problem was embedded in a local or a global context. Differences in both solutions and information gathering behaviors were evident. Dyads solving the problem with a global context started their process by researching information about the location. They also gathered information about the water quality, water resources, and weather at this location. Dyads solving the problem with a local context started their information gathering by researching information on average water consumption by humans. Findings from this qualitative study can be used to inform future studies that employ design experimentation methods.
PERSISTENT LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA, FIBROUS REMNANT OF THE RIGHT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA AND VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT.

Abstract We have reported a case of persistent left superior vena cava associated with a nonfunctional right superior vena cava. Twenty-nine cases of this venous pattern with anatomic study were found in the literature. Among these, as in the case here reported, only 3 showed an anatomic vestige, in the form of an atretic cord, of the right superior vena cava. In our case a ventricular septal defect was also present, which yielded certain features like those in origin of both great vessels from the right ventricle. The venous anomalies yielded an unusual course of the catheter during cardiac catheterization. These anomalies were identified by venous angiocardiography.
Types of Information Physicians Provide when Prescribing Antidepressants

BACKGROUND: Providing antidepressant information to patients may foster greater adherence to therapy.
GLOSSARY OF MANAGED CARE TERMS

The terminology of managed care and healthspeak are confusing and foreign-sounding to many physicians. The acronyms have been described as "thick alphabet soup." A glossary of these terms and acronyms is presented to aid the reader in understanding the articles in this issue.
Approximating Ito integrals of differential forms and geodesic deviation

Suppose X is a semimartingale on a differential manifold M with a linear connection Γ. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the „Ito integral“ (with respect to Γ) of a differential form along the path of X is the limit in probability of certain Riemann sums, constructed in a natural way using the exponential map in differential geometry. For this, we study the deviation between the stochastic development of X in the tangent space at some point, and the image of X under the inverse of the exponential map at the point.
Housing costs and the geography of family migration outcomes

This paper takes a geographical approach towards assessing the ‘returns’ to family migration by addressing explicitly the impacts of differences in the cost of housing between the place of origin and place of destination for family migrants. While numerous studies have examined differences in labour-force participation and wages subsequent to migration, particularly on the part of wives, few studies have considered the local housing and labour market contexts of these events. This study examines the adjusted earnings outcomes resulting from migration for husbands, wives and families in the United States in the context of local housing costs. Our findings challenge the assumption of simple economic gains and instead indicate that who gains and who loses from family migration is quite complex. The geographical context of family migration is critical in determining gains and losses, and is interrelated with moves in and out of the labour market on the part of wives. Our research indicates that wives who leave the labour market after a move are very likely to have moved to a more affordable housing market. Conversely, wives are found to enter the labour market when the move is to a more expensive housing market. For this group, wives' earnings considerably mitigate the impact on overall family earnings. This paper provides an important contribution to understanding family migration by positioning the analysis of migration outcomes within the context of labour markets and local housing market costs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.