cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR EVALUATING OSTEOGENESIS IN VITRO.

A simple, rapid method is presented which permits qualitative evaluation of osteogenesis in tissue culture. Eleven-day embryonic chick tibiae, with distal and proximal condyles removed, were grown in organ culture for two weeks. Explants demonstrated subperiosteal osteogenesis, bridging of fracture defects, and formation of bone, de novo, over the cut cartilaginous end surfaces of explants. The method presented herein has several advantages over those previously described and may be adopted for an in vitro assay of materials to determine direct effects on osteogenesis. Large quantities of explants can be prepared easily and cultured to yield consistantly abundant quantities of osteoid. Bone which is formed over ends of anlage is particularly significant by virtue of its position. New bone formed elsewhere in explants, with the possible exception of the fracture sites, however, is difficult to distinguish from bone present before onset of cultivation. Further more, osteogenesis which occurs over the cut cartilaginous ends after a week of culture, probably results from favorable environmental conditions in vitro and not from cellular activity “preprogrammed” in ovo. In addition to osteogenesis, alteration of cartilage cells and matrix were observed in this system. Chondrocytes in the cut ends of the anlagen became spheroidal and resembled osteoblasts. Bone formation, however, was not observed about these cells. In and about lacunae of degenerating chondrocytes at the ends of the anlagen, collagen fibers appeared.
Holographic transmission elements using improved photopolymer films

Volume phase holographic gratings provide the high diffraction efficiency often required from holographic optical elements. In order to provide wide angular bandwidth, high index modulation is also required. A new addition to the family of Du Pont holographic photopolymer films has significantly higher index modulation for the grating spacings typical of holographic transmission elements. In this paper, the recording of volume phase transmission gratings in this holographic photopolymer is described. The dependence of holographic properties on exposure conditions, grating characteristics, and processing are discussed. The performance characteristics of holographic optical elements produced in this material are also presented.
The copula: a tool for simulating speckle dynamics

Use of a copula for generating a sequence of correlated speckle patterns is introduced. The chief characteristic of this algorithm is that it generates a continuous speckle sequence with a specified evolution of the correlation and does so with just two arrays of random numbers. Thus, physically realistic temporally varying speckle patterns with proper first- and second-order statistics are easily realized. We illustrate use of the algorithm for generating sequences with prescribed Gaussian, exponential, and equal-interval correlations and demonstrate how correlation times can be specified independently. This approach to generating sequences of random realizations with prescribed correlations should prove useful in modeling such phenomena as dynamic light scatter, flow-dependent laser speckle contrast, and propagation of spatial coherence.
Using Knowledge Space Theory to Assess Student Understanding of Chemistry

The subject of chemistry is challenging to many secondary school and college students because it requires conceptualization and visualization skills as well as mathematical and problem solving skills. It further requires the ability to integrate different representations of the chemical phenomena at the macroscopic, molecular, symbolic, and graphical level. Many students have trouble making logical connections among the different representations and integrating them with underlying chemical concepts and principles (Kozma and Russell, 1997). These difficulties influence their success in general chemistry and their attitudes towards the science.
Demonstrating the Use of American Housing Survey Data in Cross-Sectional Studies

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of the American Housing Survey so that more researchers will be inclined to use the AHS data in studies concerning urban housing patterns, real estate finance, appraisal, property management, and marketing. The American Housing Survey—conducted by the Census Bureau as agent for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development—is designed to provide a current series of information on the size and composition of the housing inventory, including information about household demographics and neighborhood quality. The AHS consists of a national survey about of 60,000 households taken every other year and a metropolitan survey conducted on a rotating basis every year among 11 out of 44 urban areas. Sample sizes range from 2,000 to 4,000 per metro area. The AHS contains a wealth of information available at low cost to all who wish to make use of it.
A New Lanthus (Odonata:Gomphidae) from Eastern North America with Adult and Nymphal Keys to American Octogomphines

A brief taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Lanthus parvulus (Selys) and Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen) are given, and the adults and nymphs of L. parvulus and L. vernalis n. sp. described. The new species may be readily distinguished from L. parvulus by the confluence of the mesanepimeral and metanepisternal pale stripes above the metathoracic spiracle. The type locality of L. vernalis n. sp. is in western Virginia, and the type series includes specimens from Maine to Georgia. Both species of Lanthus prefer pristine upland streams and are valuable biological indicators. Species keys for the determination of adults and nymphs are given, and the taxonomic position of the genus Lanthus and related genera discussed.
Safe-play knowledge, aggression, and head-impact biomechanics in adolescent ice hockey players

Context: Addressing safe-play knowledge and player aggression could potentially improve ice hockey sport safety. Objectives: To compare (1) safe-play knowledge and aggression between male and femal...
Hard real-time serial communication program design for UAV flight controller

The real-time property of the serial communication program for UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) flight controller was studied. The hard real-time serial receiving program which dealt with totally four different data frames was designed with four techniques: data frame picking-up in interrupt serve program, finite state machine theory, buffer sharing and code optimizing. Test results show that the program has reasonable time consumption and ideal hard real-time property. Meanwhile, it has an outstanding data frame picking-up ratio with high reliability and satisfies the requirement to control the UAV craft by serial communication.
Humane care model in free posture deliveries

Objective To analyze the service model of humane care in the free posture childbirth effect.Methods 120 patients were randomly divided into observation group and the control group from June 2012 to January 2013,60 cases in each group,the observation group were treated with the mode of delivery of the free posture combined with humane care services,and the control group were treated with routine care and compared of the two groups maternal birth outcomes and neonatal.Results Two groups were compared,the second stage of labor and total labor time is shorter,less the average amount of bleeding,neonatal distress incidence,infection rates are low,and maternal VAS pain scores,neonatal Apgar score and higher maternal satisfaction ratings,and the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05).Conclusion The application of humane care model can reduce maternal birth process,reduce the rate and infection rate of fetal distress,reduce the amount of maternal hemorrhage,maternal satisfaction,improve the nurse-patient relationship,reduce medical risks of the free posture childbirth maternal.
Historical dominance of low-severity fire in dry and wet mixed-conifer forest habitats of the endangered terrestrial Jemez Mountains salamander ( Plethodon neomexicanus )

Abstract Anthropogenic alteration of ecosystem processes confounds forest management and conservation of rare, declining species. Restoration of forest structure and fire hazard reduction are central goals of forest management policy in the western United States, but restoration priorities and treatments have become increasingly contentious. Numerous studies have documented changes in fire regimes, forest stand structure and species composition following a century of fire exclusion in dry, frequent-fire forests of the western U.S. (e.g., ponderosa pine and dry mixed-conifer). In contrast, wet mixed-conifer forests are thought to have historically burned infrequently with mixed- or high-severity fire—resulting in reduced impacts from fire exclusion and low restoration need—but data are limited. In this study we quantified the current forest habitat of the federally endangered, terrestrial Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) and compared it to dendroecological reconstructions of historical habitat (e.g., stand structure and composition), and fire regime parameters along a gradient from upper ponderosa pine to wet mixed-conifer forests. We found that current fire-free intervals in Jemez Mountains salamander habitat (116–165 years) are significantly longer than historical intervals, even in wet mixed-conifer forests. Historical mean fire intervals ranged from 10 to 42 years along the forest gradient. Low-severity fires were historically dominant across all forest types (92 of 102 fires). Although some mixed- or high-severity fire historically occurred at 67% of the plots over the last four centuries, complete mortality within 1.0 ha plots was rare, and asynchronous within and among sites. Climate was an important driver of temporal variability in fire severity, such that mixed- and high-severity fires were associated with more extreme drought than low-severity fires. Tree density in dry conifer forests historically ranged from open (90 trees ha−1) to moderately dense (400 trees ha−1), but has doubled on average since fire exclusion. Infill of fire-sensitive tree species has contributed to the conversion of historically dry mixed-conifer to wet mixed-conifer forest. We conclude that low-severity fire, which has been absent for over a century, was a critical ecosystem process across the forest gradient in Jemez Mountains salamander habitat, and thus is an important element of ecosystem restoration, resilience, and rare species recovery.
Extraperitoneal Gas Following Nephrectomy: Patterns and Duration

AbstractThe amount and duration of extraperitoneal gas in normal patients after major renal operations have not been documented. This air may be difficult to separate from that owing to abdominal abscess and, therefore, can be a potential source of diagnostic error in the febrile postoperative patient. A prospective study was performed on 41 postoperative patients to determine the incidence, duration and pattern of extraperitoneal gas in patients undergoing renal operations. No patient had an abscess. Of the abdominal films obtained between 1 and 4 days postoperatively 92 per cent demonstrated gas, 71 per cent were positive between 5 and 8 days and 61 per cent were positive between 9 and 12 days postoperatively. Over-all, 34 of 41 patients had extraperitoneal gas demonstrated on the postoperative abdominal radiographs. Linear and bubbly patterns were demonstrated and, in many cases, the appearance was indistinguishable from that of an abscess. It is important that the benign nature of this postoperative g...
Epidemiology of Fractures

Publisher Summary There is increasing awareness that osteoporosis in men is an important public health issue. The main clinical consequence of osteoporosis, be it in men or women, is a fracture. Osteoporotic fractures in general, but particularly of the hip, are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, which appear to be worse for men than women. It is important to note that not all fractures in men are related to osteoporosis. Fractures at certain bone sites appear to be more likely to be secondary to bone fragility than others. Furthermore, fracture incidence in men relates not only to diminished bone strength as seen in osteoporosis, but also to frequency of exposure to trauma of sufficient force which can result in fracture, irrespective of bone strength. In fact, the differences in fracture incidence observed between men and women, as well as between men from various racial/ethnic backgrounds or geographic locations, may relate not only to bone strength but also to trauma exposure. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of fractures in men with particular distinction between overall and osteoporotic fractures, as well as differences, where applicable, between men and women, races/ethnicity and geographic locations which, together, may provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of osteoporotic fractures in men.
Homesick Blues: Excavating Crooked Intimacies in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Jook Joints

This article traverses the bittersweet antagonisms of home and disorienting counter-privates inhabited by Black laborers during the decades following U.S. Reconstruction. I chart the inception of modern African American homes and the disorderly stages that queered homeliness. Drawing from snippets of oral history, blues lyrics, archival documents, and photographs, I excavate the material and spatial fabric of Black homes and their unruly counterparts—jook houses. This article facilitates a cross-disciplinary engagement with affect theory, queer theory, and ontological approaches to materiality in an attempt to understand how jook atmospheres generated disruptive intimacies. In doing so, this article examines how a coalescence of crooked bodies and homesick feelings threatened to throw the order of home into chaos. The assemblage of performers and materials that once resided in these rural spaces crafts a focal point for understanding the transformative possibilities of pleasure erupting in queer Black histories.
Probabilistic time-series segmentation

Abstract Among the major challenges in the realization of practical health monitoring systems is the identification of short-duration events from larger signals. Time-series segmentation refers to the challenge of subdividing a continuous stream of data into discrete windows, which are individually processed using statistical classifiers to recognize various activities or events. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic algorithm for segmenting time-series signals, in which window boundaries are dynamically adjusted when the probability of correct classification is low. Our proposed scheme is benchmarked using an audio-based nutrition-monitoring case-study. Our evaluation shows that the algorithm improves the number of correctly classified instances from a baseline of 75%–94% using the RandomForest classifier.
Making Students' Thinking Visible During Active Learning.

Active learning has grown in importance in pharmacy education over the years as seen with its emphasis in the previous and current Doctor of Pharmacy Program Accreditation Standards.[1,2][1] Searching the term “active learning” in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education resulted in 1,
Ecological Theory and Method for Behavioral Assessment.

In order to increase the ecological validity of their behavioral assessments and interventions, school psychologists need to acquire both a broad diagnostic perspective and scientifically sound pro...
A Nicotine-Focused Framework for Public Health

The FDA’s new tobacco strategy aims to reduce the addictiveness of combustible cigarettes while recognizing and clarifying the role that potentially less harmful tobacco products could play in improving public health.
Propagandizing the Healthy, Bolshevik Life in the Early USSR.

This essay outlines the problems facing Soviet health authorities at the inception of the People’s Commissariat of Public Health in 1918 and the innovative methods employed in sanitary enlightenment propaganda in Russia throughout the 1920s. Beset by funding issues and supply problems, the emissaries of health chose the cheapest means of health improvement (propaganda) with the most cost-effective method (prevention), and crowed of great successes even as large portions of the nation still suffered from lack of contact with sanitary authorities. Targeting Soviet citizens at every stage and space of life, the envoys of public health spread the message of prophylaxis.
Effective data curation for frequently asked questions

Frequently-asked-question (FAQ) systems are effective in operating and reducing costs of IT services. Basically, FAQ data preparation requires data curation of available heterogeneous question-and-answer (QA) data sets and creating FAQ clusters. We identified that the labor intensiveness of data curation is a major problem and that it strongly affects the final FAQ output quality. To deal with this problem, we designed a FAQ creation system with a strong focus on the effectiveness of its data-curation component. We conducted a field study by inspecting two sources: incident reports and a QA forum. The first source of incident reports showed a high F-score of 89.9% (precision: 82.5%, recall: 100%). We also applied the same set of parameters to 300 entries of the QA forum and achieved an F-score of 94.3% (precision: 94.9%, recall: 93.8%).
Between Neoliberalism and Identity Politics: Academic Librarianship, Democracy and November 8, 2016

Abstract Recent calls for papers (CFPs) in academic librarianship have drawn heavily on the language of identity politics. This presents a number of problems: 1) the confusions between identity politics and its close allies like diversity or professional identity; 2) the confusions within identity politics; 3) the backlash to identity politics represented by November 8, 2016; and 4) controversies over the concept within its allies - personified by Mark Lilla. This paper seeks to chart a path among these ideas to formulate a practical political response to these developments.
Anodically Coupled Electrolysis for the Heterodifunctionalization of Alkenes

The emergence of new catalytic strategies that cleverly adopt concepts and techniques frequently used in areas such as photochemistry and electrochemistry has yielded a myriad of new organic reactions that would be challenging to achieve using orthodox methods. Herein, we discuss the strategic use of anodically coupled electrolysis, an electrochemical process that combines two parallel oxidative events, as a complementary approach to existing methods for redox organic transformations. Specifically, we demonstrate anodically coupled electrolysis in the regio- and chemoselective chlorotrifluoromethylation of alkenes.
Varying effects of subgoal labeled expository text in programming, chemistry, and statistics

Originally intended as a replication study, this study discusses differences in problem solving performance among different domains caused by the same instructional intervention. The learning sciences acknowledges similarities in the learners’ cognitive architecture that allow interventions to apply across domains, but it also argues that each domain has characteristics that might affect how interventions impact learning. The present study uses an instructional design technique that had previously improved learners’ problem solving performance in programming: subgoal labeled expository text and subgoal labeled worked examples. It intended to replicate this effect for solving problems in statistics and chemistry. However, each of the experiments in the three domains had a different pattern of results for problem solving performance. While the subgoal labeled worked example consistently improved performance, the subgoal labeled expository text, which interacted with subgoal labeled worked examples in programming, had an additive effect with subgoal labeled worked examples in chemistry and no effect in statistics. Differences in patterns of results are believed to be due to complexity of the content to be learned, especially in terms of mapping problem solving procedures to solving problems, and the familiarity of tools used to solve problems in the domain. Subgoal labeled expository text was effective only when students learned more complex content and used unfamiliar problem solving tools.
Nonlinear saturation of the slab ITG instability and zonal flow generation with fully kinetic ions

Fully kinetic turbulence models are of interest for their potential to validate or replace gyrokinetic models in plasma regimes where the gyrokinetic expansion parameters are marginal. Here, we demonstrate fully kinetic ion capability by simulating the growth and nonlinear saturation of the ion-temperature-gradient instability in shearless slab geometry assuming adiabatic electrons and including zonal flow dynamics. The ion trajectories are integrated using the Lorentz force, and the cyclotron motion is fully resolved. Linear growth and nonlinear saturation characteristics show excellent agreement with analogous gyrokinetic simulations across a wide range of parameters. The fully kinetic simulation accurately reproduces the nonlinearly generated zonal flow. This work demonstrates nonlinear capability, resolution of weak gradient drive, and zonal flow physics, which are critical aspects of modeling plasma turbulence with full ion dynamics.
Poster: Searching for High-Performing Software Configurations with Metaheuristic Algorithms

Modern systems often have complex configuration spaces. Research has shown that people often just use default settings. This practice leaves significant performance potential unrealized. In this work, we propose an approach that uses metaheuristic search algorithms to explore the configuration space of Hadoop for high-performing configurations. We present results of a set of experiments to show that our approach can find configurations that perform significantly better than defaults. We tested two metaheuristic search algorithms---coordinate descent and genetic algorithms---for three common MapReduce programs---Wordcount, Sort, and Terasort---for a total of six experiments. Our results suggest that metaheuristic search can find configurations cost-effectively that perform significantly better than baseline default configurations.
Gain-Guided Diode-Laser Oscillators

The distinction between diode-laser array oscillators, the subject of this chapter, as well as Chaps. 6 and 7, and diode-laser amplifiers, the subject of Chap. 8, is being made because of the difference in the mode-discrimination mechanisms. Laser oscillators will have both forward and backward propagating waves that provide feedback to the active region in the optical cavity; whereas laser amplifiers are injected with an external-traveling wave that determines the modal properties. Some or all elements of a laser-array oscillator are mutually coupled; however in amplifier arrays the coupling is predominantly unidirectional, with the direction being determined by the propagation direction of the dominant traveling wave, which typically originates from a single-mode oscillator section.
The Mathematical Education of Secondary Teachers

This chapter explores the influence of pre-service teacher education on future secondary teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching across several of the countries/regions that participated in the Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M) including Chile, Chinese Taipei, Germany, Malaysia, the Philippines, Poland, the Russian Federation, Singapore, Switzerland, and Thailand, and paying particular attention to the situation in the United States of America. This chapter uses survey and knowledge assessment data collected by TEDS-M from representative samples of teacher education programs and their future secondary teachers across these countries/regions. Multilevel analyses show wide variability in the knowledge for teaching mathematics future secondary teachers attain. Previous mathematics knowledge as a requirement for entry into teacher education and mathematics-rich opportunities to learn were associated with higher and deeper levels of mathematical and mathematical pedagogical knowledge, after controlling for individual characteristics. Beliefs espousing traditional orientations to learning mathematics were associated with lower levels of performance in the knowledge assessments. The discussion highlights the importance of self-study and self-regulation in teacher education.
Evidence that a respiratory shield in Escherichia coli protects a low-molecular-mass FeII pool from O2-dependent oxidation

Iron is critical for virtually all organisms, yet major questions remain regarding the systems-level understanding of iron in whole cells. Here, we obtained Mossbauer and EPR spectra of Escherichia coli cells prepared under different nutrient iron concentrations, carbon sources, growth phases, and O2 concentrations to better understand their global iron content. We investigated WT cells and those lacking Fur, FtnA, Bfr, and Dps proteins. The coarse-grain iron content of exponentially growing cells consisted of iron-sulfur clusters, variable amounts of nonheme high-spin FeII species, and an unassigned residual quadrupole doublet. The iron in stationary-phase cells was dominated by magnetically ordered FeIII ions due to oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. Analysis of cytosolic extracts by size-exclusion chromatography detected by an online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer revealed a low-molecular-mass (LMM) FeII pool consisting of two iron complexes with masses of ∼500 (major) and ∼1300 (minor) Da. They appeared to be high-spin FeII species with mostly oxygen donor ligands, perhaps a few nitrogen donors, and probably no sulfur donors. Surprisingly, the iron content of E. coli and its reactivity with O2 were remarkably similar to those of mitochondria. In both cases, a "respiratory shield" composed of membrane-bound iron-rich respiratory complexes may protect the LMM FeII pool from reacting with O2 When exponentially growing cells transition to stationary phase, the shield deactivates as metabolic activity declines. Given the universality of oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic biology, the iron content and respiratory shield in other aerobic prokaryotes might be similar to those of E. coli and mitochondria.
An inhibitor of NOX2 activation prevents lung injury following LPS administration

We have identified a peptide (called PIP-2) that specifically inhibits the activation of NADPH oxidase, type 2 (NOX2). Mice (C57Bl/6) were administered intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS derived from E.coli) at 5 μg/g body wt. Lungs from mice that were evaluated at 12, 16, or 24 hours after LPS showed inflammation (increased cells and protein in the lung lavage fluid), oxidative stress (increased TBARS, 8-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyls in the lung homogenate ), and lung edema (increased lung wet to dry weight ratio). These indices of acute lung injury (ALI) were stable through 24 hr with partial recovery at 48 hr after LPS. Treatment with PIP-2 at 0, 12, or 16 hr after LPS resulted in a complete resolution of the indices of lung injury when lungs were examined at 24 hr. We interpret these results as a reflection of ongoing injury and repair processes in the lung following LPS. In control LPS-treated lungs, ongoing injury and repair were essentially in balance so that the manifestations of acute lung injury remained constant between 12 and 24 hr after LPS administration. However, with administration of PIP-2 at 12 or 16 hr, inhibition of NOX2 activation allowed the lung to fully repair prior to its examination at 24 hr. Thus, inhibition of NOX2 activation can protect lungs against inflammatory lung injury associated with administration of LPS. The non-toxic PIP-2 peptide could be a useful therapeutic agent to prevent oxidative lung injury.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of single-tooth dental implants placed in grafted extraction sites: a one-year report.

Objective The aim of this report was to clinically and radiographically evaluate changes to the hard and soft tissues around implants placed in extraction sockets grafted with medical grade calcium sulfate hemihydrate (MGCSH) mixed with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and a collagen resorbable plug after one year of function. Methods This evaluation was part of a previous study conducted to evaluate extraction socket grafts. Fourteen subjects out of 16 were evaluated. After tooth extraction, eight subjects received MGCSH mixed with PRP in the extraction sockets (test group), and six subjects received collagen resorbable plug dressing material (control group). After three months of bone healing, dental implants were placed. Three months after implant installation, provisional restorations were placed and implants were loaded in function for one month followed by definitive restorations. Follow-up examinations and intraoral digital radiographs were made at baseline and one year after definitive restorations to evaluate the marginal bone level in each subject. Results At the one-year follow-up, the survival and success rate was 100% for all implants. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of vertical bone loss between groups after 1 year (p > 0.05). For the test group, there was a mean mesial bone loss of -0.8 +/- 0.6mm and a mean distal bone loss of -0.5 +/- 0.4mm. For the control group, there was a mean mesial bone loss of -1.1 +/- 0.7mm and a mean distal bone loss of -0.6 +/- 0.6mm. Conclusions At the one-year follow-up, the implant placement in grafted sockets was not affected by the type of the graft material. Implants placed in sockets grafted with MGCSH mixed with PRP showed less marginal bone loss after one year in comparison to those with collagen resorbable grafts.
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: A Case Study in Translational Research

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the most recently approved class of diabetes drugs. Unlike other agents, SGLT2 inhibitors act on the kidney to promote urinary glucose excretion. SGLT2 inhibitors provide multiple benefits, including decreased HbA1c, body weight, and blood pressure. These drugs have received special attention because they decrease the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and slow progression of diabetic kidney disease (1-3). Balanced against these impressive benefits, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved prescribing information describes a long list of side effects: genitourinary infections, ketoacidosis, bone fractures, amputations, acute kidney injury, perineal necrotizing fasciitis, and hyperkalemia. This review provides a physiological perspective to understanding the multiple actions of these drugs complemented by a clinical perspective toward balancing benefits and risks.
Differences In Nutritional And Physical Health Indicators Among Older African Americans, European Americans, And Hispanic Americans.

AbstractInadequate protein intake contributes to poor nutritional status, reduced muscle mass, strength and function, and increased mortality. Evaluating differences in protein intake and related h...
Examining the Technical Adequacy of the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener:

Many schools attempt to identify and service students at risk for poor mental health outcomes within a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS). Universal screening within a MTSS requires technically ...
Effectiveness of volunteer-led strategy instruction on the story writing of third grade students experiencing difficulties learning to write

Teaching students strategies for carrying out writing processes has been an effective method for improving children’s writing, especially when the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model is used to teach writing strategies. While this is an effective approach, particularly with students who experience difficulty learning to write, it is a complex and time consuming process. This study examined if supplemental SRSD instruction in writing can be delivered effectively by adult volunteers. Adult volunteers can potentially provide teachers with assistance in making sure struggling writers receive the supplementary instruction needed to be successful. Three adult volunteers delivered SRSD instruction for story writing to six third-grade students’ experiencing difficulty learning to write. A multiple-probe design was used to assess the effectiveness of SRSD instruction. Volunteers were able to deliver instruction with high levels of treatment fidelity. Even more importantly, students’ writing improved. All students demonstrated increases in the number of essential elements included in stories and the quality of their stories improved as well.
Age and gender differences in emergency takeover from automated to manual driving on simulator.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore how age and sex impact the ability to respond to an emergency when in a self-driving vehicle.Methods: For this study, 60 drivers (male: 48%, female: 52%) of different age groups (teens: aged 16-19, 32%, adults: aged 35-54, 37%, seniors: aged 65+, 32%) were recruited to share their perspectives on self-driving technology. They were invited to ride in a driving simulator that mimicked a vehicle in autopilot mode (longitudinal and lateral control).Results: In a scenario where the automated vehicle unexpectedly drives toward a closed highway exit, 21% of drivers did not react at all. For this event, where drivers had 6.2 s to avoid a crash, 40% of drivers crashed. Adults aged 35-54 crashed less than other age groups (33% crash rate), whereas teens crashed more (47% crash rate). Seniors had the highest crash rate (50% crash rate). Males (38% crash rate) crashed less than females (43% crash rate). All participants with a reaction time less than 4 s were able to avoid the crash.Conclusions: The results from the simulation drives show that humans lose focus when they do not actively drive so that their response in an emergency does not allow them to reclaim control quickly enough to avoid a crash.
Failure progression in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon electrodes

Abstract Maintaining an electrochemically and mechanically stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is of fundamental importance to the performance of high capacity anode materials such as silicon. In this study, a novel approach is utilized to apply controlled strains to SEI films on patterned Si electrodes. Mechanical failure mechanisms of SEI are investigated with integrated in situ AFM, ex situ FIB measurements and finite element modeling. Cross-sectional images reveal that the SEI has a bilayer structure, and through-thickness cracks appear inside of the outer SEI and arrest at the outer and inner SEI interface. The absence of cracking of the inner SEI layer implies that it has a high fracture toughness, and that it is possible to create an inner SEI which exhibits excellent strain tolerance compared to the outer layer. Interfacial delamination occurs between the outer and inner SEI layers while the inner layer is still well adhered to the underlying Si. The experimental and modeling results indicate that the inner SEI layer is sufficient for passivation of the Si surface. More broadly, the present work provides important guidelines for producing inner SEI layers that can simultaneously satisfy both electrochemical and mechanical criteria for long term passivation of silicon electrode surfaces.
Small bowel obstruction with situs inversus abdominalis: A case report.

Abstract Introduction Situs inversus abdominalis (SIA) is an uncommon condition that causes intestinal malrotation in the paediatric population as its primary complication (Brown, 2017). Presentations of acute surgical emergencies in adults, secondary to SIA, are extremely rare (Brown, 2017). Presentation of Case A 38-year-old female with situs inversus abdominalis (SIA) presented with small bowel obstruction (SBO). The patient had a background history of a paediatric omphalocele repair. The patient failed conservative management and required surgical intervention including a laparotomy and adhesiolysis without intestinal resection for resolution of her symptoms. Discussion Only 2 cases of SBO secondary to SIA have been documented in the literature; both resulting in bowel resection with a 50% mortality rate (Mallick, 2006). This is the third reported case and the only case to avoid bowel ischemia. We attribute this to early presentation by the patient, prompt imaging, careful surgical planning with consultant led surgical intervention and a multidisciplinary team approach to recovery. Conclusion Acute surgical emergencies in patients with congenital anomalies should have a low threshold for imaging and intervention with detailed pre-operative planning and a senior surgeon led approach.
Maternal caregiver's typologies and internalized behaviors in African American adolescents living in urban public housing

AIMS This study explores how variations in maternal caregiver types may be associated with adolescents' internalized behaviors (i.e., depressive symptoms) and resources (i.e., attitudes toward delinquent behaviors and efficacious beliefs). METHOD Using a sample of 375 African American youth from public housing in three large US cities, we used Latent Profile Analysis to identify various maternal caregiver classes. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess whether youth can be correctly classified into maternal caregiver classes based on their internalized behaviors. RESULTS Three maternal caregiver classes were identified. Results suggest youth living with high encouragement and high (supervision) maternal caregivers were associated with more conventional attitudes, higher self-efficacy, and lower depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Findings highlight how maternal caregivers can influence the internalizing behaviors of African American youth in US public housing. Individual, community, and system-level interventions can be leveraged to support the impact of these maternal caregivers.
Delayed Onset of Osteomyelitis in Fetal Limb Amputation Secondary to Amniotic Band Syndrome: A Case Report.

CASE We present the case of an infant with an amputation from amniotic band syndrome and no other complications. During the seventh week of life, the infant developed severe pain in the affected limb that was ultimately found to be indicative of osteomyelitis. CONCLUSION The infant displayed minimal systemic response, and cultures that grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were needed to confirm the diagnosis. Surgical debridement, stump revision, and oral antibiotic therapy provided definitive treatment for our patient. The reader is encouraged to consider the possibility of osteomyelitis in similar circumstances.
Analytical Solutions for General Two-Wedge Stability

AbstractA force-based limit equilibrium analysis is presented for the stability of a general two-dimensional, two-wedge sliding mass of soil, including a vertical or nonvertical wedge interface. Th...
Persistent Exposure to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol during Adolescence Does Not Affect Nociceptive Responding in Adult Mice.

Evidence suggests that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the intoxicating component of cannabis, may cause enduring changes in the structure and function of adolescent brain circuits implicated in nociceptive responding. Yet, whether such changes might persistently disrupt nociceptive behaviors remains unknown. In the present study, we subjected C57BL6/J mice of both sexes to once-daily injections of Δ9-THC (5 mg-kg-1, intraperitoneal) or vehicle throughout adolescence (PND 30-43) and, when the animals had reached adulthood (PND 70), assessed nociceptive behavior using the formalin and chronic constriction injury (CCI) tests. We also investigated, using the tail immersion test, the antinociceptive effects of morphine and the development of tolerance to such effects. The results show that adolescent Δ9-THC exposure does not significantly impair nociceptive responding or morphine-related antinociception and tolerance. The findings suggest that frequent exposure to a moderate dose of Δ9-THC during adolescence does not permanently alter nociceptive circuits in male or female mice. Significance Statement The endocannabinoid system serves critical functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including regulation of pain, and can be modified by prolonged exposure to the intoxicating constituent of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This raises the possibility that regular use of Δ9-THC-containing cannabis during adolescence might cause changes in nociception that persist into adulthood. We found that frequent early-life exposure to a moderate dose of Δ9-THC does not permanently alter nociceptive function in male or female mice.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and U.S. Workers: Prevalence, Trends, and Attributable Cases Associated With Work.

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. Workplace exposures are important modifiable contributors to the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among U.S. workers, 19% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cases are attributable to workplace exposures. This study examines the trends in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence during 2012–2018 among workers and assesses the population attributable fraction for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with work by smoking status, industry, and occupation. Methods The 2012–2018 National Health Interview Survey data for workers aged ≥18 years employed during the 12 months before the interview were analyzed in 2019. Annual trends were examined using the Poisson regression model. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted prevalence ORs. Results During 2012–2018, an estimated age-adjusted annual average of 4.1% of workers had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prevalence varied by industry and occupation. Overall, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence increased by an estimated annual average of 1.5% (p Conclusions Public health efforts to increase the awareness and understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with occupational risk factors are needed to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among workers, especially among those employed in industries and occupations with increasing prevalence trends.
Assessing the investment climate for climate investments : a comparative framework for clean energy investments in South Asia in a global context

One of the strong messages that came out of the recent United Nations Climate Change conference in Durban was that the private sector has to play an important role if we are to globally move toward a low carbon, climate resilient -- or "climate compatible" -- future. However, private investment will only flow at the scale and pace necessary if it is supported by clear, credible, and long-term policy frameworks that shift the risk-reward balance in favor of less carbon-intensive investment. The private sector also needs information on where to invest in clean energy in emerging markets, and it needs policy support to lower investment risk. Barriers to low carbon investments often include unclear and inconsistent energy policies, monopoly structures for existing producers, stronger incentives for conventional energy than clean energy, and a domestic financial sector not experienced in new technologies. With the long-term goal of promoting and accelerating the implementation of climate mitigation technologies, this study aims to facilitate development of a policy framework for promoting sustainable investment climates for clean energy investments in South Asia and elsewhere. A key aspect of the study is also the pilot construction of the Climate Investment Readiness Index for several countries. The index is a tool to objectively evaluate the enabling environment for supporting private sector investment in select climate mitigation or low carbon technologies.
Lithium In Population II Stars

Since the work of Spite & Spite (1982), halo main sequence turn-off stars have usually been considered a site where Li synthesized in the Big-Bang is wholly preserved and uncontaminated by other Li sources. However, the interpretation of halo dwarf Li abundances has become more complex as new samples of halo star Li I observations have become available. Linking the Li plateau abundance identically with the cosmological Li fraction is no longer warranted. At present, observational evidence favors a scenario where most—but not all—of the plateau abundance is cosmological in origin and a non-negligible amount is contributed subsequently by Galactic nucleosynthesis; severe, uniform Li depletion is constrained but not yet completely ruled out.
Flight Control Technology: An Overview

Abstract Over the past twenty years, the spectrum of flight control technology has greatly expanded from the original concept of mechanical control1inkages and autopilots to one of multidisciplinary control integration technology. Control integration now exerts a major influence on aircraft design, air combat effectiveness, and aircraft survivability. Flight control functions as the information manager and nerve center between the pilot-and the vehicle optimizing the aircraft''s controllability, performance, safety, and mission effectiveness. This paper will discuss present and future flight control technologies, with emphasis in the pilot-vehicle interface. Moreover, modem flight control technologies will have a major impact on a broad class, not only of current manned. aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles, but through the year 2000 and beyond.
Progress on the optical lattice clock

Abstract Optical lattice clocks have made significant leaps forward in recent years, demonstrating the ability to measure time/frequency at unprecedented levels. Here we highlight this progress, with a particular focus on research efforts at NIST and JILA. We discuss advances in frequency instability and the characterization of key systematic effects, with a brief outlook to the future.
Topological study of steady state, three dimensional flow over a backward facing step

Abstract The topology and evolution of flow over a backward facing step in three dimensional channel flow is examined from creeping flow conditions up to Re = 950 with aspect ratio 1:40 and expansion ratio 1:2. Direct numerical simulations were performed via the parallel finite element code “FEM-3D”. Analysis of the results is performed using the three dimensional theory of separation. Results reveal the existence of a primary spanwise vortex that emanates from the lateral wall and is present for all Reynolds numbers immediately downstream from the step. Frictional (shear) stresses along the lateral wall create multiple tornado like vortices. Another spanwise vortex along the top wall appears at Re = 400 . As the Reynolds number increases, the top vortex increases both in spanwise and streamwise length and stunts the growth of the primary vortex. The downstream motion of the top vortex releases frictional stress thus destroying some critical points upstream while creating new ones downstream. Finally, at Re = 900 and 950, the primary and top vortices are twisting severely.
Valuation of Plant Variety Protection Certificates

Hedonic pricing is used to value certificates of plant variety protection for soybean seed in New York. The estimated price premium of 2.3 percent (0.7/lb) is low, and another indicator that U.S. Plant Breeders' Rights protection likely provides inadequate incentives for breeding investment. Soon, Congress will decide on amending the Plant Variety Protection Act to strengthen protection. The current results suggest strengthening is needed, but additional study is required to determine if the proposed amendments are optimal.
The Use of Nutrient Assimilation Services in Performance-based Water Quality Incentive Programs

This paper reviews water quality investments that can increase the environment’s capacity to remove nutrients. The nutrient removal effectiveness, uncertainty, and cost of removing nutrients directly from ambient waters is compared to agricultural nonpoint source reductions in the context of water quality credit trading and payment for environmental services programs.