cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of magnetic forces to suppress convection in the crystallization process

Over the past decades a significant amount of effort has been invested in the endeavor to grow large macromolecular crystals under microgravity conditions, for use in x-ray crystallographic studies of molecular structure. A major limitation on crystal growth is the effect of convection. On earth, a convective cell is established as the fluid surrounding the crystal is depleted of protein material. This cell transports fresh materiil to the solid surface, keeping the growth rate too high to form high quality crystals. In space, convection is absent, and the growth rate is slower, controlled by diffusion. We describe a technique to suppress the convective effect on earth in a solution with one precipitating component, using magnetic forces. With existing technology, magnetic levitation is achievable for materiils with an absolute mass susceptibility > 0.35x10-” cc/gm, which includes many common materials. The application of a magnetic force at the molecular level is one of the few ways to truly cancel gravitational forces throughout the precipitating fluid while crystals are forming, as opposed to supporting it with surface acting forces such as buoyancy. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade a significant amount of effort has been invested in an endeavor to grow various relatively large macromolecular crystals under microgravity conditions for use in x-ray crystallographic studies of their molecular structure. This work has borne fruit in a number of interesting cases, from bovine and human insulin to canavalin and satellite tobacco mosaic virus, and will continue to be actively pursued during the Space Station era. It is considered one of the most valuable applications of the microgravity environment to the problems of humanity. Since microgravity time is so limited, and will remain so for years to come, it would seem valuable if new methods could be found to grow a significant fraction of the crystals of interest on the ground. Copyright
Trend of the Rural Collective Land Ownership Reform from the Perspective of Urban and Rural Integrated Development

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the possibility and necessity of the existence and the evolution of the collective land ownership regarding the national strategy of urban and rural integrated development. Methods used include deductive method and reduction to absurdity. The results indicate that the basis of the rural collective land ownership will be lost in the future and also the function of the rural collective land ownership will be lost according to the goal of the integrated development. Eventually, the rural collective land ownership will disappear. Additionally, it is not a solution to use the private ownership to substitute rural collective land ownership. The paper concludes that on the basis of constructing the rural usufructuary right system, using the state ownership to replace the rural collective land ownership will be the positive solution. It will be in accordance with the basic economy system, keeping the uniformity of land law and really achieving the market-oriented reform of land resources allocation.
Fiction,Nonfiction and the Film of Presumptive Assertion:Analysis of Concepts

The paper aims at analyzing the authenticity of documentary which has long been discussed but remained controversial. By defining fiction,nonfiction and film of presumptive assertion,the paper summarizes the range and methods of defining the authenticity of documentary. Concepts of presentation and representation are distinguished in the first place. They cannot be discerned by external features of texts such as style or media form. Even though presentation and representation can be discerned,they cannot be used to differentiate fiction and nonfiction. Just as the concept of documentary proposed by John Grieson,there is presentation in nonfiction and representation in fiction. The paper holds that only when the audience recognize the producer's intension and make presumptive imagination,can fiction film be defined,and nonfiction can be defined vice verse.In view of this,documentary is film of presumptive assertions,producer's intension and message resource index being an important basis of presumptive assertion.
Atheroprotective laminar flow inhibits Hippo pathway effector YAP in endothelial cells

Atherosclerosis is a mechanobiology-related disease that preferentially develops in the aortic arch and arterial branches, which are exposed to disturbed/turbulent blood flow but less in thoracic aorta where the flow pattern is steady laminar flow (LF). Increasing evidence supports that steady LF with high shear stress is protective against atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of LF-mediated atheroprotection remain incompletely understood. Hippo/YAP (yes-associated protein) pathway senses and effects mechanical cues and has been reported to be a master regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here, we show that LF inhibits YAP activity in endothelial cells (ECs). We observed that YAP is highly expressed in mouse EC–enriched tissues (lung and aorta) and in human ECs. Furthermore, we found in apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE -/- ) mice and human ECs, LF decreased the level of nuclear YAP protein and YAP target gene expression (connective tissue growth factor and cysteine-rich protein 61) through promoting Hippo kinases LATS1/2-dependent YAP (Serine 127) phosphorylation. Functionally, we revealed that YAP depletion in ECs phenocopying LF responses, reduced the expression of cell cycle gene cyclin A1 ( CCNA1 ) and proinflammatory gene CCL2 ( MCP-1 ). Taken together, we demonstrate that atheroprotective LF inhibits endothelial YAP activation, which may contribute to LF-mediated ECs quiescence and anti-inflammation.
Moments of Intense Social Visualisation: Winifred Holtby, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Patrick Hamilton

One response to fiction maintains that an author re-creates a given time and place with insight, then is unable to accommodate change or loses the talent when he or she applies it somewhere or sometime else. An example is the career of H. E. Bates. During the 1930s, Bates wrote fine fiction, principally short stories, about the repressed male confronting and respecting female sexuality in specific settings that were graphically documentary. As his sympathies expanded and his observations of class intensified, he gained both a popular audience and greater critical approval with his stories about Flying Officer X at the beginning of the Second World War. The moment was less a moment of talent than of the time and place of subject, for, after the war, he produced his most searching novels, like A Moment in Time (1964), which brilliantly chronicled a young woman’s growing understanding of class and sexuality in the midst of the warm, frightening spring and summer of 1940, a ‘sanguine’ moment that ‘like Churchill, fit both optimistic and bloody at the same time’. Another excellent novel, The Triple Echo (1968), is set in the same time-frame, and, on a slightly less searching level, Love for Lydia (1952), set in 1929–32, deals with the obsession of a middle class young man in a Midlands town for a young woman of the enervated aristocracy in the Great House, although it gains its force from the historical observations about dances, taxis, economics and social customs.
Limbic Pathway Correlates of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Distinct injuries to various limbic white matter pathways have been reported to be associated with different aspects of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) offers a noninvasive method to map tissue microstructural organization. We utilized quantitative magnetic resonance imaging methods to analyze the main limbic system—white matter structures in MS patients with cognitive impairment (CI). METHODS Ten cognitively nonimpaired MS (MSNI) patients and 36 patients with diagnosed CI (MSCI) underwent the minimal assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS) battery. DTI measures of fornix, cingulum, uncinate fasciculus (UF) included tract volume and corresponding fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial (AD) diffusivities. These were statistically analyzed for associations with CI after adjusting for the confounders. RESULTS Fornix FA and RD, left cingulum FA, MD, and RD, right cingulum FA, MD, and RD, and left UF FA showed significant differences between MSNI and MSCI (P < .001). Fornix FA (r = −.6) and RD (r = .52), and right cingulum FA (r = −.54) and RD (r = .5) correlated significantly with CI in regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS The extent of disruption of microstructural disorganization in the main limbic pathways using DTI impacts the extent of CI seen in subjects with MS.
Contaminated Marine Sediments As a Source of Cesium Radioisotopes for Benthic Fauna near Fukushima.

Marine animals, seawater, and sediment near Fukushima, Japan have become contaminated with 134Cs and 137Cs released in March 2011 from the damaged Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. Radiocesium concentrations in some benthic fauna declined more slowly than in pelagic fish in the same region. We tested the hypothesis that benthic fish remained more contaminated due to the bioavailability of radiocesium in sediments. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the assimilation efficiency of 137Cs was 16% in polychaetes ingesting Fukushima sediment, up to 55% in crabs ingesting polychaetes, and about 80% in fish ingesting worms. In addition, all animals acquired Cs directly from the aqueous phase, but this accounted for only 1.2–2.5% of their total body burden. Thus, diet accounted for nearly all of the total body burden of Cs in these animals. Rate constants of Cs loss from animal tissues were 20% d–1 for polychaetes, 10% d–1 for crabs, and 6% d–1 for fish after acquisition of Cs from water; rate constant...
Effects of Social Facilitation on Perceived Workload, Subjective Stress, and Vigilance-Related Anxiety:

Vigilance, or sustained attention, refers to the capability of an individual to maintain attention to a stimulus over extended periods of time. Typically, vigilance tasks are associated with high l...
Sound settlement: noise surpasses land cover in explaining breeding habitat selection of secondary cavity-nesting birds.

Birds breeding in heterogeneous landscapes select nest sites by cueing in on a variety of factors from landscape features and social information to the presence of natural enemies. We focus on determining the relative impact of anthropogenic noise on nest site occupancy, compared to amount of forest cover, which is known to strongly influence the selection process. We examine chronic, industrial noise from natural gas wells directly measured at the nest box as well as site-averaged noise, using a well-established field experimental system in northwestern New Mexico. We hypothesized that high levels of noise, both at the nest site and in the environment, would decrease nest box occupancy. We set up nest boxes using a geospatially paired control and experimental site design and analyzed four years of occupancy data from four secondary cavity nesting birds common to the Colorado Plateau. We found different effects of noise and landscape features depending on species, with strong effects of noise observed in breeding habitat selection of Myiarchus cinerascens, the ash-throated flycatcher, and Sialia currucoides, the mountain bluebird. In contrast, percent forest cover less frequently explained habitat selection for those species or had a smaller standardized effect than the acoustic environment. Although forest cover characterization and management is commonly employed by natural resource managers, our results show that characterizing and managing the acoustic environment should be an important tool in protected area management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
EPOP Interacts with Elongin BC and USP7 to Modulate the Chromatin Landscape

Gene regulatory networks are pivotal for many biological processes. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), the transcriptional network can be divided into three functionally distinct modules: Polycomb, Core, and Myc. The Polycomb module represses developmental genes, while the Myc module is associated with proliferative functions, and its mis-regulation is linked to cancer development. Here, we show that, in mESCs, the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-associated protein EPOP (Elongin BC and Polycomb Repressive Complex 2-associated protein; a.k.a. C17orf96, esPRC2p48, and E130012A19Rik) co-localizes at chromatin with members of the Myc and Polycomb module. EPOP interacts with the transcription elongation factor Elongin BC and the H2B deubiquitinase USP7 to modulate transcriptional processes in mESCs similar to MYC. EPOP is commonly upregulated in human cancer, and its loss impairs the proliferation of several human cancer cell lines. Our findings establish EPOP as a transcriptional modulator, which impacts both Polycomb and active gene transcription in mammalian cells.
Differences in brain networks during consecutive swallows detected using an optimized vertex-frequency algorithm.

Abstract Patients with dysphagia can have higher risks of aspiration after repetitive swallowing activity due to the “fatigue effect”. However, it is still unknown how consecutive swallows affect brain activity. Therefore, we sought to investigate differences in swallowing brain networks formed during consecutive swallows using a signal processing on graph approach. Data were collected from 55 healthy people using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Participants performed dry swallows (i.e., saliva swallows) and wet swallows (i.e., water, nectar-thick, and honey thick swallows). After standard pre-processing of the EEG time series, brain networks were formed using the time–frequency-based synchrony measure, while signals on graphs were formed as a line graph of the brain networks. For calculating the vertex frequency information from the signals on graphs, the proposed algorithm was based on the optimized window size for calculating the windowed graph Fourier transform and the graph S-transform. The proposed algorithms were tested using synthetic signals and showed improved energy concentration in comparison to the original algorithm. When applied to EEG swallowing data, the optimized windowed graph Fourier transform and the optimized graph S-transform showed that differences exist in brain activity between consecutive swallows. In addition, the results showed higher differences between consecutive swallows for thicker liquids.
The seasonal climate niche predicts phenology and distribution of an ephemeral annual plant, Mollugo verticillata

Summary Many short-lived species complete their life cycles during brief seasonal windows of favourable environmental conditions. Such species may persist in the face of climate warming by migration to track their seasonal climate niche in space and/or by phenological shifts to track favourable conditions in time within the year. To describe the seasonal climate niche of the short-lived annual Mollugo verticillata in California, we used data from herbarium specimens and historic climate records to estimate environmental conditions at the location, month and year of each collection. We used these data in a MaxEnt framework to construct a seasonal species distribution model (SDM) of the species’ climate niche within the total climate space available across all seasons and locations in California. The model provides fine-scale spatial and temporal predictions of habitat suitability, predicting both where and when the species should be observed. We compared the predictions of the model to those from a conventional SDM based on mean annual climate data. Both models showed that M. verticillata is limited to warm environments within California. However, the seasonal SDM also predicted phenology by mapping climate suitability across the state for each month of the year. Mollugo verticillata is limited to warm months, and its seasonal climate niche shifts in space across California in the course of the year. We used the seasonal SDM to map the predicted future species distribution for each month of the year under three warming scenarios. The species is predicted to expand its range and occur earlier in the year in most locations; in the warmest locations, seasonal suitability is predicted to decline in the warmest months, which may result in bimodal phenology with a mid-summer gap. Synthesis. We developed a novel species distribution model using herbarium records and monthly weather data, which predicts not only where a short-lived species should be found but also when during the year it is predicted to occur in those areas. This model can be used to predict how climate change will affect the species distribution in space as well as seasonal phenology across the landscape.
Golden-ratio rotated stack-of-stars acquisition for improved volumetric MRI.

Purpose To develop and evaluate an improved stack-of-stars radial sampling strategy for reducing streaking artifacts. Methods The conventional stack-of-stars sampling strategy collects the same radial angle for every partition (slice) encoding. In an undersampled acquisition, such an aligned acquisition generates coherent aliasing patterns and introduces strong streaking artifacts. We show that by rotating the radial spokes in a golden-angle manner along the partition-encoding direction, the aliasing pattern is modified, resulting in improved image quality for gridding and more advanced reconstruction methods. Computer simulations were performed and phantom as well as in vivo images for three different applications were acquired. Results Simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments confirmed that the proposed method was able to generate images with less streaking artifact and sharper structures based on undersampled acquisitions in comparison with the conventional aligned approach at the same acceleration factors. By combining parallel imaging and compressed sensing in the reconstruction, streaking artifacts were mostly removed with improved delineation of fine structures using the proposed strategy. Conclusions We present a simple method to reduce streaking artifacts and improve image quality in 3D stack-of-stars acquisitions by re-arranging the radial spoke angles in the 3D partition direction, which can be used for rapid volumetric imaging. Magn Reson Med 78:2290–2298, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Factor analysis linking functions for simultaneously modeling neural and behavioral data

A growing number of researchers have advocated for the advancement of cognitive neuroscience by blending cognitive models with neurophysiology. The recently proposed joint modeling framework is one way to bridge the gap between the abstractions assumed by cognitive models and the neurophysiology obtained by modern methods in neuroscience. Despite this advancement, the current method for linking the two domains is hindered by the dimensionality of the neural data. In this article, we present a new linking function based on factor analysis that allows joint models to grow linearly in complexity with increases in the number of neural features. The new linking function is then evaluated in two simulation studies. The first simulation study shows how the model parameters can be accurately recovered when there are many neural features, that mimics real-world applications. The second simulation shows how the new linking function can (1) properly recover a representation of the data generating model, even in the case of model misspecification, and (2) outperform the previous linking function in a cross-validation test. We close by applying a model equipped with the new linking function to real-world data from a perceptual decision making task. The model allows us to understand how differences in the model parameters emerge as a function of differences in brain function across speed and accuracy instruction.
Versatile Bottom-Up Synthesis of Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes on Nanoelectronic Biosensor Devices.

Interfacing nanoelectronic devices with cell membranes can enable multiplexed detection of fundamental biological processes (such as signal transduction, electrophysiology, and import/export control) even down to the single ion channel level, which can lead to a variety of applications in pharmacology and clinical diagnosis. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and control the chemical and electrical interface between the device and the lipid bilayer membrane. Here, we develop a simple bottom-up approach to assemble tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) on silicon wafers and glass slides, using a covalent tether attachment chemistry based on silane functionalization, followed by step-by-step stacking of two other functional molecular building blocks (oligo-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lipid). A standard vesicle fusion process was used to complete the bilayer formation. The monolayer synthetic scheme includes three well-established chemical reactions: self-assembly, epoxy-amine reaction, and EDC/...
Fossil Hominins, the Bipedal Primates

The earliest hominins are from the late Miocene of Africa.The relationships among the three Miocene genera are unclear, but all had reduced canine teeth and were probably bipedal to some extent. The genus Australopithecus is a widespread, paraphyletic taxon known from Pliocene deposits throughout Africa. Compared with living humans, Australopithecus had large molar teeth with thick enamel and a small brain; it was an herbivorous biped but also showed forelimb features, such a curved phalanges and a cranially oriented scapula, suggesting arboreal abilities. Paranthropus from the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene had even larger molar and premolar teeth and a short broad face. The genus Homo is characterized by a reduced dentition, a larger brain, a more slender truck, and use of stone tools. Our genus first appeared in the latest Pliocene, and there were several species in the early Pleistocene. Homo erectus is the first hominin that dispersed from Africa and in the early Pleistocene is found in both western and Eastern Asia as well as Africa. Homo erectus used stone tools, and seems to have relied on animal food. Its success may have been due to its abilities to run as well as walk, and an ability to cook food. The middle Pleistocene Homo heidelbergensis is a paraphyletic taxon that probably gave rise to H. neanderthalensis in Europe and to the lineage leading to Homo sapiens in Africa. Homo floresiensis , the “Hobbit”, in a late Pleistocene species from southeast Asia that seems to be a relic lineage from the earliest Pleistocene. Modern humans, H. sapiens , appear in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago, but only dispersed to Eurasia and Australia in the last 100,000 years, and into the Americas in the last 20,000 years. Compared with other, earlier hominin species, modern humans are characterized by a rich archeological record containing a wide array of tools, art, and language.
Temporal Evolution and Management of Fast Flow Vascular Anomalies in PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome.

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is characterized by formation of recurrent benign tumors described as PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue that may contain fast flow vascular anomalies (FFVA). The purpose of this study is to review the temporal evolution and management of FFVA in PHTS. A retrospective review of 22 patients (9 males), age 1 to 18 (median 9) years diagnosed with PHTS at a tertiary care pediatric hospital between October 2002 and August 2017 revealed 4 patients with FFVA. Imaging, management, and treatment complications were reviewed. During median follow-up of 8 (range: 4–13) years, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging performed for recurrent pain, showed progressive increase in the size of hamartomas and development of new FFVA in three-fourth patients. Medical management included pain medications, oral sirolimus, and physical and psychiatric therapy. Surgical excision of hamartoma ( n = 1) resulted in recurrence within 3 months. Between 4 and 24 (average 1.5/year) embolizations were performed per patient. Pain related to FFVA responded well to embolization. Pain secondary to PTEN hamartoma responded poorly to percutaneous sclerosant injection, but demonstrated improvement with sirolimus. There was no correlation between serum sirolimus levels and frequency/timing of recurrence of FFVA/hamartoma. Complications included sclerosant migration into digital arteries ( n = 1), subclavian vein stenosis due to glue migration ( n = 1), oral mucositis ( n = 4), and elevated triglycerides ( n = 4). Patients with PHTS present with recurrent pain requiring life-long management with a multi-disciplinary team. Pain due to FFVA responds to embolization, and pain due to hamartoma responds to sirolimus. This improves quality of life, but does not prevent disease progression.
Cholesterol significantly affects drug interactions with membranes

Abstract The pharmacokinetic profile of many drugs that target integral membrane proteins can be largely dictated by their interactions with the cell membrane at the molecular level. This includes a drugs' fast or slow passage through cell membranes en route to their target site of action and final compartmentalization in a membrane reservoir which contains the target protein. These interactions which can be distinctly different for each drug could help to explain both onset and duration of drug action. For many drugs, increasing amounts of cholesterol present in membranes, decreases the concentration of these drugs within the membrane buffer compartment. Membrane cholesterol can also affect the washout rate of drugs from membranes as well as the molecular location of drugs within the lipid bilayer of membranes. Some drugs are more or less tolerant to the presence of cholesterol in membranes, a property that is especially important in light of the finding that diet, disease and other factors can change cholesterol levels in membranes. These factors combine to make drugs within a given class more or less potent and can dictate how long they will remain within the therapeutic window of activity. This ‘membrane control’ mechanism of a given drug's clinical pharmacokinetics allows for optimal interaction between the drug and its final protein receptor target.
The planetary and interstellar components of meteorites - A review

Recent analyses show that, although most meteorites are collisional debris of asteroids, three meteorites collected on the Antarctic ice sheet were projected to earth from the highlands of the moon, and eight meteorites have chemical and isotopic compositions suggestive of derivation from Mars. Although meteorites are primarily of interest to planetary scientists for the abundance of clues they hold to the materials and processes that formed the solar system, they have begun to engage the attention of astrochemists because of isotopic and mineralogical indications that they contain interstellar components. Although each individual observation to this effect is inconclusive, the body of evidence is becoming ever more persuasive. This paper reviews the main classes of meteorites and their probable sources, with special emphasis on components that appear to be exotic to the solar system.
The legacy of the Gulf oil spill: analyzing acute public health effects and predicting chronic ones in Louisiana.

Objectives: To describe the acute health impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in Louisiana as compared with the acute health impacts reported from prior crude oil spills. To predict potential chronic health impacts in Louisiana as compared with the chronic health impacts reported from prior crude oil spills. Setting: Offshore and onshore coastal southeastern Louisiana. Patients and participants: Oil spill offshore and onshore cleanup workers and the general population of coastal southeastern Louisiana. Interventions: Not applicable to an observational study. Main outcome measures: Adverse acute health effects of petrochemical and dispersant exposures in highly exposed offshore and onshore cleanup workers and the general population; prior chronic adverse health effects reported from prior oil spills; and predicted chronic adverse health effects based on intensity of chemical exposures and on seroprevalences of genetic polymorphisms. Results: Acute health effects in cleanup workers mirrored those reported in cleanup workers following prior oil spills as ranked by systems (and by symptoms). Acute health effects in lesser exposed members of the general population mirrored those reported in similar coastal residents following prior oil spills but differed from cleanup workers as ranked by systems (and symptoms). Conclusions: Subpopulations of cleanup workers and the general population with specific conditions or genetic polymorphisms in enzyme systems that detoxify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petrochemicals and glycols in dispersants will require long-term surveillance for chronic adverse health effects including cancer, liver and kidney diseases, mental health disorders, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Enabling deep-tissue networking for miniature medical devices

We present IVN (In-Vivo Networking), a system that enables powering up and communicating with miniature sensors implanted or injected in deep tissues. IVN overcomes fundamental challenges which have prevented past systems from powering up miniature sensors beyond superficial depths. These challenges include the significant signal attenuation caused by bodily tissues and the miniature antennas of the implantable sensors. IVN's key contribution is a novel beamforming algorithm that can focus its energy toward an implantable device, despite its inability to estimate its channel or its location. We implement a multi-antenna prototype of IVN, and perform extensive evaluations via in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo tests in a pig. Our results demonstrate that it can power up and communicate with millimeter-sized sensors at over 10 cm depths in fluids, as well as battery-free tags placed in a central organ of a swine. The implications of our new beamforming technology extend beyond miniature implantables. In particular, our results demonstrate that IVN can power up off-the-shelf passive RFIDs at distances of 38 m, i.e., 7.6X larger than the operation range of the same RFIDs.
Mass loss in red giants

On high-dispersion spectrograms of some luminous M giants, the zero-volt lines of all abundant atoms and ions are double. (Fig. 1 (a), Pl. I, p. 112). This spectroscopic peculiarity was discovered by W. S. Adams and Miss MacCormack (1935), who wrote that “a possible explanation of the origin of the abnormal lines…… may be an envelope of gas surrounding the stars and expanding with a moderate velocity”. Recently it was found that some of the abnormal lines which occur in the M 5 II star α Herculis can also be seen in the spectrum of its visual companion, a giant G-type star. In this system, it is clear that the Adams-MacCormack model is correct: both stars are enveloped in gas that has been ejected from the M star (Fig. 2). Moreover, the circumstellar envelope of α Herculis must measure at least 2000 astronomical units in diameter, and in it the gas velocity exceeds the velocity of escape. The M star is clearly losing mass to the interstellar medium at a rate that has been estimated to be a about 10 −7 solar masses per year.
In the Eye of Beholder: Joint Learning of Gaze and Actions in First Person Video

We address the task of jointly determining what a person is doing and where they are looking based on the analysis of video captured by a headworn camera. We propose a novel deep model for joint gaze estimation and action recognition in First Person Vision. Our method describes the participant’s gaze as a probabilistic variable and models its distribution using stochastic units in a deep network. We sample from these stochastic units to generate an attention map. This attention map guides the aggregation of visual features in action recognition, thereby providing coupling between gaze and action. We evaluate our method on the standard EGTEA dataset and demonstrate performance that exceeds the state-of-the-art by a significant margin of \(3.5\%\).
Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background/Objectives: Inner-city Black women may be more susceptible to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than White women, although mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Living i...
VOLTERRA-WIENER ANALYSIS OF A CLASS OF NONLINEAR FEEDBACK SYSTEMS AND APPLICATION TO SENSORY BIOSYSTEMS

This article addresses an issue that sits at the confluence of two important, yet marginally explored, problems: the Volterra-Wiener expansions of nonlinear differential equations and the Wiener (white noise) analysis of nonlinear feedback systems. These two problems can be addressed in the same methodological context, as explained below. The importance of this issue derives from the desire to relate parametric (i.e., differential equations) models with nonparametric (i.e., Volterra-Wiener functional expansions) models for nonlinear dynamic systems whose internal structure and functional organization are inadequately known to the investigator to allow the development of an explicit mathematical model on the basis of physical/chemical principles („black box“ formulation). This problem has been addressed extensively in the linear case (linear realization theory) and practical methods have been developed for this purpose. However, this problem has received little attention in the nonlinear case, not for lack of importance but because of its considerable complexity. Notable efforts have been made for development of a „nonlinear realization theory“ (e.g., Rugh, 1981) but no practical methods are currently available that can be employed by investigators who study nonlinear physiological „black box“ systems in order to arrive at parametric (nonlinear differential equation) models from inputoutput experimental data. On the other hand, many investigators have followed the Wiener approach to obtain nonparametric models (in the form of Volterra-Wiener expansions) of nonlinear physiological systems in recent years.
A Call to Society for Supported Decision-Making: Theoretical and Legal Reasoning

We call attention to the need for supported decision-making (SDM) in place of substituted decision-making (e.g., guardianship). SDM allows individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities to make their own life choices with self-appointed supporters. Whereas there is a growing recognition that SDM is a needed practice, America’s deep-rooted paternalistic culture makes it difficult to fully embrace SDM models. Recent court rulings portray an evolution of decision making towards SDM as an option for individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. These court rulings along with widely accepted theories and emerging research supporting SDM have an increasingly critical influence on policymakers in further advancing the rights of persons with disabilities.
Characterization of electro-mechanical response in novel carbon fiber composite materials:

A comprehensive experimental parametric study is performed to investigate the electro-mechanical response of novel three-dimensional conductive multi-functional carbon/epoxy composite materials. Th...
Lattice disorder in Br, Cl, and F implanted CdS - Channeling study

Backscattering of 2 MeV He+ has been used to examine lattice disorder production and annealing of CdS implanted with keV Br, Cl, and F at fluences ranging between 1 × 1014 cm-2 to 1 × 1017 cm-2. Using a calculated value of 60 eV/A for the dE/dx of 1.80 MeV He+ in CdS, the measured depths of the disorder peaks are 82 A, 144 A, and 422 A, respectively. The measured depths of the Cl and Br disorder peaks are only 42% as deep as their calculated projected ranges, whereas the measured F peak is 71% as deep as that calculated. For each ion species, the number of scattering centers produced increased linearly with log fluence, and for Br a satxiration value of 2.4 × 1016 atoms/cm2 was reached. The Cl implants approach a saturation greater than 5.3 × 1016 atoms/cm2, and no saturation was observed for the F implants. The rates at which Cd atoms are displaced from the lattice are 10 atoms/Br ion, 3 atoms/Cl ion, and 2.5 atoms/F ion. The backscattering spectra do not indicate amorphous layer formation for the saturation Br implants, but do indicate this for the 8 × 1016 Cl/cm2 and the 1 × 1017 F/cm2 implants. The saturation fluence for Br appears consistent with qualitative electron microscopy results for Ag implants in CdS which indicate fluences greater than 1 x× 1015 Ag/ cm2 are required to produce overlapping of discrete disorder clusters observed at lower fluences.
2019 Update on Medical Overuse: A Review

Importance Medical overuse is an important cause of patient harm and medical waste. Observation This structured literature review of English-language articles supplemented by examination of tables of contents of high-impact journals published in 2018 identified articles related to medical overuse. Articles were appraised for their methodologic quality, clinical relevance, and influence on patients. Of 1499 candidate articles, 839 addressed medical overuse. Of these, 117 were deemed to be most significant, with the 10 highest-ranking articles selected by author consensus. The most important articles on medical overuse identified issues with testing, including that procalcitonin does not affect antibiotic duration in patients with lower respiratory tract infection (4.2 vs 4.3 days); incidentalomas are present in 22% to 38% of common magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography studies; 9% of women dying of stage IV cancer are still screened with mammography; and computed tomography lung cancer screening offers stable benefit and higher rates of harm for patients at lower risk. Articles related to overtreatment reported that urgent care clinics commonly overprescribe antibiotics (in 39% of all visits, patients received antibiotics) and that treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism had no effect on clinical outcomes. Three studies highlighted services that should be questioned, including using opioids for chronic noncancer pain (meta-analysis found no clinically significant benefit), stress ulcer prophylaxis for intensive care unit patients (mortality, 31.1% with pantoprazole vs 30.4% with placebo), and supplemental oxygen for patients with normal oxygen levels (mortality relative risk, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.43). A policy article found that state medical liability reform was associated with reduced invasive testing for coronary artery disease, including 24% fewer angiograms. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that many tests are overused, overtreatment is common, and unnecessary care can lead to patient harm. This review of these 2018 findings aims to inform practitioners who wish to reduce overuse and improve patient care.
Candombe: aproximación sociológica afro centrista al Candombe uruguayo

El articulo refiere al candombe, musica nacional del Uruguay, desde una perspectiva sociologica afro centrica donde se omiten sus caracteristicas folcloricas y musicales para abordar dicha expresion artistica como fenomeno social de resistencia cultural creado por los descendientes africanos durante la colonizacion espanola en el Rio de la Plata. El ensayo analiza brevemente el desarrollo historico del Candombe desde su origen como “musica de los negros” hasta su actualidad considerada “musica nacional uruguaya”. Se presenta una breve sinopsis historica del termino candombe, su diferenciacion con el candomble, la organizacion participativa que supone la ejecucion de este, su relacion actual con la sociedad uruguaya en terminos de aceptacion en base a los resultados obtenidos en estudios multidisciplinarios realizados por historiadores, musicologos y antropologos desde inicios del siglo XX. Ese trabajo destaca el origen del candombe desde una perspectiva interna a la comunidad afro donde se visualiza su rol central de resistencia y conservacion de los valores culturales de las distintas naciones africanas llegadas al Rio de la Plata durante el siglo XVIII, regiones donde hoy se localizan Argentina y Uruguay.
The paradox of low academic achievement but high self-esteem in African American students: An attributional account.

Despite evidencing on average lower academic achievement than White students, African American students are usually found to have higher self-esteem. An attributional account is provided to explain this paradox. This account focuses on the expectancies, attributions, and self-esteem of African American college students. The existing literature with regard to attributions, expectancies, and self-esteem is reviewed, and the findings from two recent studies are introduced. Finally, some implications for education are discussed. It is concluded that concerns over threats to self-esteem in African American students may be misplaced. Instead, the data show that African American college students experience increasing doubts that their efforts will be rewarded in ways equivalent to those of White students, and they make increasingly external attributions. The results suggest the need to address the issue of ethnicity and opportunity more directly in our educational institutions.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Barrett's Esophagus: Have We Gone Too Far, or Not Far Enough?

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition of the esophagus associated with an increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a safe and effective first-line treatment for dysplastic BE and early stage EAC. This report reviews clinically relevant evidence published over the last 3 years regarding RFA for BE. Our use of this technology has simultaneously gone too far, in that many patients who may not derive a benefit from these treatments are receiving them, and not far enough, in that many patients who would be eligible for ablative therapy never undergo screening exams to assess them for dysplastic BE, or do not have endoscopic therapy considered part of the treatment of superficial invasive cancer. Research to better identify patients with BE, risk stratify those patients, improve the quality of RFA treatment, and inform surveillance practices has the potential to optimize the benefit of RFA, and minimize the harms, costs, and risks.
Reciprocity, Partner Pressure, and Emotional Labor: Women Discuss Negotiations Around Oral and Anal Sex

Tensions between emotional labor, agency, entitlement, and coercion all underlie women’s ability or inability to negotiate, consent to, and refuse oral and anal sex. In this study, we analyzed semi-structured interviews with twenty women from a diverse 2014 community sample collected in a large Southwestern U.S. city in order to examine the context around women’s negotiations of oral and anal sex, particularly how, when, why, and with whom they engage in, and refuse, such activities. There were three themes in how women negotiated oral and anal sex with their partner(s): (1) not expecting sexual reciprocity; (2) partner pressure; and (3) emotional labor. Implications for how women negotiate sex, and what meanings they bring to these negotiations, are explored. Women’s beliefs about (men’s) sexual entitlement and cultural expectations for non-vaginal sex further complicate women’s negotiations of oral and anal sex as well as their ability to enthusiastically consent to such activities. Clinical practice implications and the importance of clinicians both broadening definitions of sex and openly discussing women’s entitlement to refuse sex are discussed.
Experimental prediction of material deformation in large-scale additive manufacturing of concrete

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) of cementitious material has become a popular subject over the last decade. The multidisciplinary nature of this topic has led researchers from multiple areas of expertise such as architecture, engineering, and materials science to collaborate to improve the technology, which does not permit yet to print mixtures with coarse aggregates, but is often referred to as AM of “concrete” or “concrete” printing. An important aspect of research in the area is finding a Portland cement-based mortar with adequate rheological, hardening and strength properties for printing architectural structures. In addition, the properties of fresh and hardened mortar and its deformation behavior affect the shape accuracy of the printed geometries and require designers to adjust the toolpaths and technology to account for issues in the printing. This paper is aimed at studying the deformation of a printed concrete mix, which previous studies have shown to be printable. It is focused on the effect of the number of layers, the number of beads and time on layer height and width. It proceeds through a series of experimental tests and it uses regression analysis to model material behavior. The resulting equations can be used in toolpath design to compensate for such deformation and have more accurate printed geometries subsequently. Future studies will be concerned with linking material properties with material deformation and use results to develop a more generic toolpath generator.
Colitis-induced IL11 promotes colon carcinogenesis

Colitis increases the risk of colorectal cancer; however, the mechanism of the association between colitis and cancer remains largely unknown. To identify colitis-associated cancer promoting factors, we investigated gene expression changes caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. By analyzing gene expression profiles, we found that IL11 was upregulated in DSS-induced colitis tissue and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine (PhIP)/DSS-induced colon tumours in mice as well as in human colorectal cancer. By characterizing the activation/phosphorylation of STAT3 (pSTAT3), we found that pSTAT3 was induced transiently in colitis, but maintained at higher levels from hyper-proliferative dysplastic lesions to tumours. Using the IL11 receptor (IL11Rα1) knockout mice, we found that pSTAT3 in the newly regenerated crypt epithelial cells in colitis is abolished in IL11Rα1+/- and -/- mice, suggesting that colitis-induced IL11 activates STAT3 in colon crypt epithelial cells. Moreover, colitis-promoted colon carcinogenesis was significantly reduced in IL11Rα1+/- and -/- mice. To determine the roles of the IL11 in colitis, we found that the inhibition of IL11 signalling by recombinant IL11 antagonist mutein during colitis was sufficient to attenuate colitis-promoted carcinogenesis. Together, our results demonstrated that colitis-induced IL11 plays critical roles in creating cancer promoting microenvironment to facilitate the development of colon cancer from dormant premalignant cells.
Variation of the Inpatient Cost of Care in the Treatment of Isolated Geriatric Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures.

Introduction:Geriatric hip fractures are a major, costly public health issue, expected to increase in incidence and expense with the aging population. As healthcare transitions towards value-based ...