cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Front-End Distortion Characterization via Mutual Coupling Measurements in Phased Array Systems

In pursuit of digital-at-every-element phased array radars, research is ongoing investigating the application of memory-polynomial predistortion for correcting nonlinear distortion effects observed in high-power amplifiers operating in saturation. This paper describes the motivation behind and several experiments from a project exploring whether distortion models may be trained using data captured from an active array via mutual coupling between elements, a method which could theoretically provide a complete description of the distortion affecting each element from the digital-to-analog converter to antenna. For the first time, this paper addresses the concept of combining mutual coupling with digital predistortion.
P32 Evaluation of Multilevel Nutrition Interventions among Urban Clients on Charitable Food Assistance

Background Decreased accessibility to farmland and food insecurity in urban areas have expanded the need for emergency food assistance. The culture of food banks is evolving from a system that supplied non-perishable foods for immediate needs to more sustainable initiatives that emphasize access to healthier foods and nutrition education due to the rise of obesity and chronic diseases. Furthermore, minimal evaluation on produce consumption behaviors of underserved clients using resources from local and federal programs has been conducted. Objective Evaluate the relationship between usage of federal nutrition programs, local resources, and fresh produce consumption among clients on charitable food assistance. Study Design, Setting, Participants A cross-sectional design during Summer 2018 was implemented with 91 respondents (87% African American and 13% other) who met inclusion criteria for socioeconomic status at 5 faith-based and healthcare food pantries and clinics in Washington DC. Subjects completed informed consent, demographics, and the Eating at America's Table survey of fruit and vegetable consumption patterns. Measurable Outcome/Analysis R software version 3.5.3 was used for data analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Fisher Test measured the relationship between number of federal programs used and mean intakes of fresh produce as well as number of local nutrition resources used and mean intakes of fresh produce. ANOVA findings were confirmed via Tukey, Scheffe, and least square difference testing. Results Subjects who reported participation in 1 or more federal programs reported higher intakes of fruit, potatoes, non-starchy vegetables, and beans than those who did not (P Conclusions To improve food security and sustainability, urban communities, especially underserved areas, may benefit from multiple subsystems, including local food production and nutrition support from federal and decentralized community resources.
Planning, participation, and power in a shrinking city: The Detroit Works Project

Scholars and practitioners have argued that authentic public participation is crucial in developing strategic plans for so-called shrinking cities, not only for informing the content of the resulti...
Manipulation of the interlayer exchange coupling in perpendicular magnetized thin films via tunable magnetic-layer and spacer thicknesses

In this work, we fabricated interlayer exchange-coupled magnetic thin films with ferromagnetic layers separated by a spacer layer. We investigated the dependencies of the sign and strength of the interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) and magnetic configurations on both the ferromagnetic layer thicknesses and the spacer thickness. The change of sign of the IEC between the ferromagnetic layers can occur for a thickness change of ferromagnetic layers by as small as approximately 0.1 nm. By comparison, a minimum of approximately 0.2 nm spacer thickness change is required for the same transformation. We attribute the ferromagnetic layer thickness dependence of the IEC to changes in thermal magnon excitations and quantum interferences inside ferromagnetic layers that affect interactions between the ferromagnetic layers and the spacer layer. Our experimental results suggest that the IEC modifications via changing the magnetic-layer thickness can be more efficient for magnetic memory and sensing applications.
Frequency domain analysis of learning systems

Frequency domain arguments on a general learning law are presented to verify claims of convergence which relax earlier requirements on the learning law transfer function. Known convergence properties are used to develop a pole-placement interpretation for an example for which simulations using a proportional-derivative learning law form are carried out. Physically relevant disturbances are introduced, and the ability of the learning law to damp out their effects is studied. A significant state-dependent disturbance is shown to be attenuated for reliable trajectory tracking. >
Boron-nitrogen compounds: XCVIII. Preparation and reactions of 2-(azol-1′-yl)-1,3,2-diazaboracycloalkanes☆

Abstract The preparation of several 1,3-dimethyl-2-(azol-l′-yl)-1,3,2-diazaboracyclohexanes is described and their NMR spectra are interpreted. The reaction of 2-(pyrazol-1′-yl)-1,3,2,-diazaboracyclohexanes with pyrazoles was found to lead to 1/1 molar adducts which exist in equlibrium with the uncomplexed species, whereas B-tetraalkylpyrazaboles are obtained on reaction with (dimethylamino)dialkylboranes. Similar reactions of 2-(pyrazol-l′-yl)-1,3,2-diazaboracyclopentanes with several other nitrogen donor molecules were examined. The chemistry of the various species was found to be greatly affected by the NBN bond angle of the 1,3,2-diazaboracycloalkane ring. The reaction of pyrazabole with monoamines requires very high temperatures which, however, promote extensive ligand redistribution; no monomeric pyrazol-l-ylboranes could be obtained from the process.
How Lawyers (Ought to) Think

This short essay discusses the problem of cognition errors in law practice. There are substantial literatures is some professions - medicine, clinical psychology, and social work, for example - addressing the need to recognize and correct for cognition errors. Interestingly, very little has been written on the subject for lawyers, and even less for judges. It is deeply regrettable that judges are not more attuned to potential cognition errors, although it is understandable given that they are subject to extreme confirmation bias. A judge's resolution of disputed facts is self-confirming, seldom disturbed even on appeal, thus providing little occasion for reexamination. Taking cognition bias to the extreme, Justice Antonin Scalia once remarked about death penalty appeals that, "I have been on the court for 20 years and I have not seen a case where I thought there was the slightest doubt about the person's innocence." Statistically, that would seem to be nearly impossible; but heuristically, it makes perfect sense. Practicing lawyers face a different challenge. They need to be aware of their own possible cognition errors, which can cause problems interviewing clients, negotiating with other counsel, assessing witnesses, or evaluating evidence. Uniquely among professionals, however, trial lawyers must also consider the potential cognition errors of judges and jurors, in order to counteract the most likely mistakes or, to put it politely, to accommodate them.
Relationship between Monocyte/Macrophage Activation Marker Soluble CD163 and Insulin Resistance in Obese and Normal-Weight Subjects

Summary Context The relationship of monocyte/macrophage activation to insulin resistance in obesity is unknown. Objective To investigate a marker of macrophage activation, soluble CD163 (sCD163), in relationship to insulin resistance and metabolic parameters in obese and normal-weight subjects. Design and Participants Ninety-five healthy subjects (65 obese and 30 normal-weight) were studied. Plasma concentrations of sCD163 were assessed, as well as markers of glucose homeostasis, anthropometrics, cytokines and adipokines. The relationships between sCD163 and these parameters were investigated, and multiple regression modelling assessing the contribution of sCD163 to insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was performed. Results Soluble CD163 was significantly increased in obese subjects compared with normal-weight controls [974 (657, 1272) ng/ml vs 599 (423, 892) ng/ml, median (IQR); P < 0·0001]. sCD163 was strongly associated with HOMA-IR (Spearman’s ρ = 0·37, P = 0·0003) and other metabolic parameters. In multiple regression modelling for log HOMA-IR, sCD163 remained significantly associated (P = 0·005) controlling for known mediators of insulin resistance including age, gender, visceral adiposity and inflammatory markers (model R2 = 0·54, P < 0·0001). Additional nested multiple regression models for log HOMA-IR showed that sCD163 added more than other adipokines and inflammatory markers to the prediction of HOMA-IR. Conclusions Monocyte/macrophage activation, as reflected by sCD163 levels, is strongly associated with HOMA-IR in normal-weight and obese subjects after controlling for known mediators of insulin resistance. Moreover, sCD163 adds to standard risk markers for predicting insulin resistance. These data suggest that monocyte/macrophage activation may be an important determinant of insulin resistance in obesity.
Review of Translucency Determinations and Applications to Dental Materials

Statement of Problem There are several ways to measure the translucency of materials, as various basic colorimetric concepts have been used to describe the translucency of natural and esthetic dental materials. There are currently no guidelines regarding which method to use to describe the translucency of these materials. Purposes of Study Two initial purposes of this study are to review the initial developments of the major translucency measurement methods first in the color science literature and then in the dentistry literature, and to review in the dentistry literature the recent uses of the various translucency measurement methods in light of the objectives of the presented research. Material and Methods A major color science textbook was reviewed to obtain the background information and selected references regarding the original methods of opacity measurement and the original references regarding the development and use of a translucency parameter were also reviewed. Then the recent dentistry literature was reviewed to describe the uses of the various methods of opacity or translucency determinations for various dental materials. Results The three major methods of translucency measurement were found to be contrast ratio, transmittance, and translucency parameter, with the contrast ratio and transmittance methods each having the possibility of being either luminous or spectral. Translucency measurements were mainly used to describe dental resin composites and dental ceramic materials, but prosthetic elastomers, fiber posts, orthodontic brackets, natural tooth dentine and enamel, and combinations of materials were also studied using at least one of these methods. Conclusions The more-developed use of models that relate the thickness of the translucent materials to the translucency measurement of interest is encouraged. Also, care must be taken when comparing previously generated translucency measurements with any newly generated data because technical details of the thickness and the backings used in previous research must be matched or adjustments must be made to make any newly generated data comparable with published values. Clinical Significance The method of specifying the translucency of esthetic dental materials may be based on clinical appearance requirements of the patient, on technical demands of optimizing the setting of underlying material, or on both. The method or methods used to describe translucency may provide clinically relevant information in order for the clinician to select the optimum material to satisfy these requirements.
Coordinación regional de proyectos de desarrollo: el caso de Jamaica

"... es un hecho penoso... el que la planificacion sea la primera victima de las crisis. Esto es particularmente cierto en economias pequenas y abiertas como las nuestras, donde la crisis es, con frecuencia, de origen externo y nos recuerda con crudeza el limitado control que ejercernos sobre nuestra vida economica. Es nuestra experiencia reciente el que los problemas economicos que hemos experimentado nos han forzado a tal proceso de administracion de crisis, en contra de una ordenada planificacion del desarrollo de nuestra sociedad, me aventuro a sugerir que exactamente lo contrario seria necesario. Es precisamente la urgencia de inmediatez de estos problemas las que remarcan la necesidad de planificar...".
Sequence-specific DNA binding by the v-erbA oncogene protein of avian erythroblastosis virus.

Abstract The v-erbA oncogene, a transduced copy of a thyroid hormone receptor, plays an important role in establishment of the transformed cell phenotype induced by avian erythroblastosis virus. The ability of thyroid hormone receptors to bind to specific sites on chromatin and to thereby modify the expression of adjacent target genes is a crucial element in their mechanism of action in the normal cell. The v-erbA protein also bound at high affinity to a set of DNA fragments recognized by the rat thyroid hormone receptor, but the relative affinity of the v-erbA protein for the different binding sites was distinct from that previously reported for the thyroid hormone receptors.
The antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model

Objective To determine whether the newer fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as trovafloxacin posses enhanced activity against Gram-positive organisms, including Streptococcus pneumoniae , because the clinical activity of older quinolones against pneumococci has been questioned. Methods In this study, the bactericidal activities of ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin against six strains of penicillin-resistant and -sensitive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were compared using an in vitro model that simulates human pharmacokinetics. Ciprofloxacin was administered at 750 mg every 12 h, higher than the usual daily dose of 500 mg twice a day. Trovafloxacin was administered at 300 mg every 24 h for the six strains and at 200 mg every 24 h for three of the strains. Results The single 300-mg dose of trovafloxacin killed five of the six strains in 4 h, with no bacterial regrowth. Ciprofloxacin reduced the initial inoculum by 3–5 logs by 24 h. Although the 300-mg dose of trovafloxacin more rapidly eradicated susceptible strains, the activity of trovafloxacin at 200 mg every 24 h was similar to that of ciprofloxacin at 750 mg every 12 h against the three strains tested. Conclusion Trovafloxacin (and ciprofloxacin at high doses) eradicates susceptible strains of pneumococci in an in vitrc dynamic model.
Numerical Methods for Stochastic Control Problems in Continuous Time

A powerful and usable class of methods for numerically approximating the solutions to optimal stochastic control problems for diffusion, reflected diffusion, or jump-diffusion models is discussed. The basic idea involves uconsistent approximation of the model by a Markov chain, and then solving an appropriate optimization problem for the Murkoy chain model. A general method for obtaining a useful approximation is given. All the standard classes of cost functions can be handled here, for illustrative purposes, discounted and average cost per unit time problems with both reflecting and nonreflecting diffusions are concentrated on. Both the drift and the variance can be controlled. Owing to its increasing importance and to lack of material on numerical methods, an application to the control of queueing and production systems in heavy traffic is developed in detail. The methods of proof of convergence are relatively simple, using only some basic ideas in the theory of weak convergence of a sequence of probabi...
A laboratory exercise to determine human ABO blood type by noninvasive methods

Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and their association with diseases and nondisease phenotypes is of growing importance in human biology studies. In this laboratory exercise, students determine the genetic basis for their ABO blood type; however, no blood is drawn. Students isolate genomic DNA from buccal mucosa cells that are present in saliva and analyze the DNA on an agarose gel. Subsequently, this DNA is used as a PCR template to amplify exons 6 and 7 of the gene that determines the human ABO phenotype. These PCR products are digested and run on agarose gels to examine the restriction fragment length polymorphisms. A deletion in the O1 allele converts the BstE II site in exon 6 into a Kpn I site, and this feature is used to determine the presence of O1 alleles. The pattern of exon 7 digest products allows students to distinguish among four other common ABO alleles: A1, A2, B, and O2. This exercise introduces students to commonly used molecular biology techniques, such as genomic DNA isolation, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and restriction digests.
Community Policing and Homeland Security Policing: Friend or Foe?

The past three decades have seen police agencies move toward the adoption of community policing. However, since 9/11, the policing focus has appeared to shift toward homeland security. Whether this...
Lead removal via soil washing and leaching

A soil washing and leaching process was tested for removing lead from soils. A soil-washing circuit, including size and gravity separations, was employed to remove the coarse metallic lead particles, while the leaching was applied to remove fine metallic lead particles and other lead species. The soil-washing tests proved that the metallic lead particles larger than 0.15 mm (100 mesh) could be effectively removed. The sodium-chloride-based leaching solution with ferric chloride or sodium hypochlorite as oxidants was adopted in the leaching. The leaching experimental results indicated that under the pH of 2 and Eh of 1,300 mV, the metallic lead particles smaller than 0.15 mm and other lead species can be dissolved in the leaching solution within 60 minutes.
Biochemical changes in pulmonary cells following manganese oxide inhalation.

Inhalation of manganese oxide (Mn dose, 879,0 μg/m 3 ) for 2 h reduced the total number of alveolar macrophages obtained by endotracheal lavage in pulmonary cell populations, slightly reduced cellular viability, and reduced both phagocytic capability and total protein in sonicated pulmonary cells. Increases in intracellular adenosine triphosphate and acid phosphatase specific activity were also exhibited by the pulmonary cells, but sonicated cells obtained from the exposed mice showed no change in lactic acid dehydrogenase specific activity. A slight increase in extracellular protein in the fluid phase of the lavage suspension was observed after manganese oxide exposure.
A gyrotron-powered standing-wave electromagnetic wiggler experiment

Abstract Experimental results on a gyrotron-powered standing-wave electromagnetic wiggler are presented. The gyrotron interaction cavity and the standing-wave storage cavity are designed as a single unit. The gyrotron was operated at a high field intensity and short interaction length regime. The operating mode is the TE 13 mode at 129.5 GHz. A value of 0.0057 is obtained for the normalized vector potential of the wiggler field. The experimental results indicate that higher wiggler field strengths should be feasible with higher-power electron beams; such an advance would make possible the development of compact, low-voltage, near-IR FELs.
For our time: Thinking the popularity of the postcolonial

This essay thinks the conjuncture, of the postcolonial and the popular, primarily through the event of the 1970s Samoan rugby player, Bryan Williams, representing the All Blacks in apartheid South Africa. Designated, improperly, a ‘Maori' by the apartheid media and the South African public, ‘For our time' offers a critique of Williams' exceptionality – the singular All Black who is not subject to the racism of apartheid law. Williams is explicated here both as an exemplary figure of the conjuncture and, as importantly, who can (or must, now) be interrogated precisely because of that exceptionality – his standing outside, above, apartheid law. Understanding Williams in this complex way is achieved, in part, by situating himself alongside the Trinidadian anti-colonialist and cricket lover, C.L.R. James, and the event of the 2008 West Indies cricket team's visit to Dunedin, New Zealand.
Graded expression of interferon regulatory factor-4 coordinates isotype switching with plasma cell differentiation.

Summary Molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination of isotype switching with plasma cell differentiation are poorly understood. We show that interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4) regulates both processes by controlling the expression of the Aicda and Prdm1 genes, which encode AID and Blimp-1, respectively. Genome-wide analysis demonstrated that Irf4 −/− B cells failed to induce the entire Blimp-1-dependent plasma cell program. Restoration of AID or Blimp-1 expression in Irf4 −/− B cells promoted isotype switching or secretion, respectively. IRF-4 was expressed in a graded manner in differentiating B cells and targeted Prdm1 . Higher concentration of IRF-4 induced Prdm1 and consequently the transition from a germinal center gene expression program to that of a plasma cell. We propose a gene-regulatory network in which graded expression of IRF-4 developmentally coordinates isotype switching with plasma cell differentiation.
Transient Analysis of Grounding Systems

This paper addresses the problem of computing the ground potential rise of grounding systems during transients. Finite element analysis is employed to model the constituent parts of a grounding system. Short lengths of earth embedded electrodes are characterized as transmission lines with distributed inductance, capacitance and leakage resistance to earth. Leakage resistance to earth is accurately computed with the method of moments. The other parameters of the finite element, namely inductance and capacitance, are computed from the resistance utilizing Maxwell's equations. This modeling enables the computation of the transient response of substation grounding systems to fast or slow waves striking the substation. The result is obtained in terms of a convolution of the step response of the system and the striking wave. In this way the impedance of substation systems to 60 cycles is accurately computed. Results demonstrate the dependence of the 60 cycle impedance on system parameters. The methodology allows to interface this model of a substation ground mat with the Electromagnetic Transient Analysis Program thus, allowing explicit representation of earth effects in electromagmatic transients computations.
On the centrifugal separation of a bulk mixture

Abstract The centrifugal separation of a mixture of particles and fluid in an axisymmetric container is examined. The flow consists of three distinct regions—mixture, sediment and purified fluid—with Ekman boundary layers at the interfaces and walls. In the settling process, the mixture and pure fluid acquire retrograde and prograde rotations relative to the tank. This flow pattern, and the shape and locus of the interface which are easily determined, provide another simple means to compare mixture theory and experiment. It is shown that when the Coriolis force is important, the pure fluid layer on the “outwardly” inclined wall is not thin. Moreover the interface between the mixture and the pure fluid is not perpendicular to the centrifugal force. Both features contrast those of the gravitational Boycott effect. As a consequence, there is no obvious enhancement of settling due to geometrical configuration.
Continuous production of ethyl esters of grease using an immobilized lipase

The continous production of ethyl esters of grease using a phyllosilicate sol-gel immobilized lipase from Burkholderias cepacia (IM BS-30) as catalyst was investigated. Enzymatic transesterification was carried out in a recirculating packed-column reactor using IM BS-30 as the stationary phase and ethanol and restaurant grease as the substrates without solvent. The bioreactor was operated at various temperatures (40–60°C), flow rates (5–50 mL/min), and times (8–48 h) to optimize ester production. Under the optimal operating conditions (flow rate, 30 mL/min; temperature, 50°C; mole ratio of substrates, 4∶1 ethanol/grease; reaction time, 48 h), the ester yields were >96%. The IM BS-30 could be reused in the reactor for continous ester production. The conversion of grease to ester was monitored by HPLC and GC, whereas free and total glycerol content in the product was determined by GC. Either water-washing or silica column chromatography reduced the free and total glycerol content of the ethyl ester preparation to acceptable levels.
Decreased Reactivity of Lymphocytes in Mixed-Leukocyte Culture from Patients with Rheumatic Fever

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cellular immune responsiveness. in patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained for culture from patients who had ARF within the past 2-3 months. No patient was receiving steroids at the time of the study. Peripheral lymphocytes were also obtained from normal control individuals. Lymphocyte cultures were maintained for 7 days in minimum essential medium with 10% fetal calf serum in a 5% CO 2 environment. Cellular responsiveness was checked concomitantly with pokeweed mitogen and/or phytohemagglutinin. Mixed-lymphocyte cultures were studied between patients with ARF and between patients with ARF and normal controls. Normal responses were arbitrarily defined as a threefold increase over baseline counts. ARF cells were capable of stimulating other ARF cells in only three of 14 instances and were able to stimulate control cells in only three of 11 studies. Conversely, ARF lymphocytes were capable of being stimulated by control normal cells in five of 10 experiments. Thus decreased cellular responsiveness and abnormalities in cellular immunity are present in many patients with ARF, since lymphocytes from patients with ARF are usually incapable of stimulating normal or other ARF cells. However, ARF cells are capable of being stimulated by normal control cells in 50% of studies performed.
THE ATOMIC-TO-MOLECULAR TRANSITION IN GALAXIES. II: H I AND H2 COLUMN DENSITIES

Gas in galactic disks is collected by gravitational instabilities into giant atomic-molecular complexes, but only the inner, molecular parts of these structures are able to collapse to form stars. Determining what controls the ratio of atomic-to-molecular hydrogen in complexes is, therefore, a significant problem in star formation and galactic evolution. In this paper, we use the model of H2 formation, dissociation, and shielding developed in the previous paper in this series to make theoretical predictions for atomic-to-molecular ratios as a function of galactic properties. We find that the molecular fraction in a galaxy is determined primarily by its column density and secondarily by its metallicity, and is to a good approximation independent of the strength of the interstellar radiation field. We show that the column of atomic hydrogen required to shield a molecular region against dissociation is ~10 M ☉ pc–2 at solar metallicity. We compare our model to data from recent surveys of the Milky Way and of nearby galaxies, and show that the both the primary dependence of molecular fraction on column density and the secondary dependence on metallicity that we predict are in good agreement with observed galaxy properties.
A reassessment of fasting plasma glucose concentrations in population screening for diabetes mellitus in a community of northern European ancestry: the Wadena City Health Study.

In current clinical and research practice, the determination of diabetic status depends largely on plasma glucose levels 2 h after the ingestion of a standard 75-g glucose load, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The OGTT, however, remains inconvenient, not highly reproducible, and costly, especially for large-scale studies and population screening tests. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) determinations are convenient, reliable, and valid measures of glucose intolerance, but the currently prescribed cut-off point of 140 mg/dl (7.8 mM) lacks sensitivity. We evaluated the reliability and validity of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values compared with other measures of hyperglycemia for a diagnosis of diabetes in a populationbased study of carbohydrate metabolism in Wadena, Minnesota, a community of predominantly northern European ancestry. As a part of this effort, a random sample of Wadena adults, stratified by age and gender, plus all known, previously diagnosed diabetics participated in 2 days of baseline testing and were followed prospectively and retested 5 years later. Cross-sectional analyses of baseline data are presented in this article. Diabetic status was ascertained by administering a standard OGTT according to National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) specifications. Sensitivity and specificity levels obtained when using a FPG cut-off point of 6.4 mM were 95.2% and 97.4%, respectively. In study subjects with no known diagnosis of diabetes, the FPG cut-off point of 6.4 mM performed reasonably well with a sensitivity and specificity of 67.7% and 97.4%, respectively. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that FPG consistently performed better than glycosylated hemoglobin in distinguishing diabetic from non-diabetic subjects. FPG concentrations accurately and reliably discriminate diabetic from non-diabetic individuals in a population-based study of Caucasians of northern European ancestry.
Patterns of emotional responses to affective situations: Relations among happiness, sadness, anger, fear, depression, and anxiety.

Although emotion research and clinical practice often implicitly entail judgments about the patterns and situational appropriateness of a person's emotional reactions, we have little empirical knowledge of how emotions typically interrelate during various affective situations. To assess patterns of response to normative situations, a questionnaire was constructed and validated to include items primarily eliciting one of six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, depression, and anxiety) and one of three intensities (low, moderate, and high). A total of 216 persons rated one of four forms of the questionnaire on each of the six emotional categories. Each of the six types of situations generated significantly different patterns of emotion. As Izard (1972) predicted, depression situations elicited more complex patterns of emotion than sadness situations, including significantly more anger, fear, and anxiety. In contrast, anxiety situations did not elicit more complex patterns than fear situations. Rather, the evidence was more consistent with the conclusion that fear is a particular type of anxiety. Various other relations among specific emotions are discussed, as well as some subtle sex differences and intensity effects. The data highlight the sensitivity with which the assessment of patterns of emotions associated with specific situations can produce new information about the nature of affective experience.
Technology Review in IC Engine Applications

When a company designs an engine, mandates by the federal government regarding fuel efficiency, safety and emissions must be met. Consumers demand power, reliability, and creature comforts of the vehicles they choose to purchase. Car manufacturers must meet all of these needs and desires as well as maintain profitability.The present paper reviews the application of recent advances in IC engines. It covers the four specific areas of (a) Electronic Applications (b) Air Flow Management (c) Fuel Injection / Combustion and (d) Loss Reduction technologies to address the needs of engine performance enhancement. Finally it provides a future direction of the technology for IC engine applications.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ventricular fibrillation in a swine model of acute pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest

Abstract Study objective: To determine cardiac rhythms in a swine model of acute pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. Design: Prospective electrocardiographic evaluation of 36 piglets. Setting: University hospital laboratory. Intervention: Piglets were acutely asphyxiated by endotracheal tube clamping until 10 min after loss of aortic pulsations. Resuscitative efforts were then provided. Results: None of the animals had ventricular fibrillation (VF) when loss of aortic pulsations occurred (11 ± 2 mm after clamping). Fourteen of the 36 piglets exhibited VF during the asphyxial insult. VF converted to asystole in four piglets prior to resuscitation. Immediately prior to resuscitation, VF occurred in 10 piglets, asystole in 19 piglets, and bradyarrhythmias in seven piglets. Conclusion: VF occurs frequently in this piglet model of prolonged asphyxial cardiac arrest, consistent with recent observations in pediatric prehospital cardiac arrests. VF occurred late in the asphyxial process.
Surface Chemistry for Atomic Layer Growth

Atomic layer controlled film growth is an important technological and scientific goal that is closely tied to many issues in surface chemistry. This article first reviews the basic concepts of atomic layer growth using molecular precursors and binary reaction sequence chemistry. Many examples are given for the various films that have been grown using this atomic layer growth technique. The paradigms for atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and atomic layer processing (ALP) are then discussed in terms of self-limiting surface reactions. Recent investigations of the surface chemistry of SiO2 and Al2O3 ALP and GaAs ALE are examined and used to illustrate the possible mechanisms of atomic layer growth. Subsequently, the characteristics of film deposition using atomic layer growth techniques are explored using recent examples for Al2O3 ALP. The structure of the deposited films is also reviewed using results from previous Al2O3 deposition investigations. This article then concludes by discussing possible complications to...
Fit to be tied: conformation-directed macrocyclization of peptoid foldamers.

Covalent macrocyclic constraints can be readily installed on N-substituted glycine “peptoid” oligomer substrates. Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions were conducted on solid support to ligate peptoid side chain azide and alkyne functionalities. Intramolecular macrocycle formation is facilitated by preorganizing the reactive groups across one turn of the helical secondary structure. These results confirm that conformational ordering can be exploited to assist the macrocyclization of folded oligomers.
Management of patients infected with airborne-spread diseases: An algorithm for infection control professionals

Background Many US hospitals lack the capacity to house safely a surge of potentially infectious patients, increasing the risk of secondary transmission. Respiratory protection and negative-pressure rooms are needed to prevent transmission of airborne-spread diseases, but US hospitals lack available and/or properly functioning negative-pressure rooms. Creating new rooms or retrofitting existing facilities is time-consuming and expensive. Methods Safe methods of managing patients with airborne-spread diseases and establishing temporary negative-pressure and/or protective environments were determined by a literature review. Relevant data were analyzed and synthesized to generate a response algorithm. Results Ideal patient management and placement guidelines, including instructions for choosing respiratory protection and creating temporary negative-pressure or other protective environments, were delineated. Findings were summarized in a treatment algorithm. Conclusion The threat of bioterrorism and emerging infections increases health care's need for negative-pressure and/or protective environments. The algorithm outlines appropriate response steps to decrease transmission risk until an ideal protective environment can be utilized. Using this algorithm will prepare infection control professionals to respond more effectively during a surge of potentially infectious patients following a bioterrorism attack or emerging infectious disease outbreak.
Structural cooperativity in spectrin type repeats motifs of dystrophin

Dystrophin is a member of the spectrin family of proteins, which are characterized as being predominantly composed the spectrin-type-repeat, a triple alpha-helical bundle motif present in multiple tandem copies, producing a rod-like shape. Whether or not this motif, which is determined by sequence homology, is correlated with biophysical domains in the intact protein is uncertain. The nature of the domain structure impacts the flexibility and shape of the rod region of this protein, which is a target for modification in several therapeutic approaches aimed at Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, a common and fatal genetic disease caused by defective dystrophin. We examined three such motifs in dystrophin, expressing them recombinantly both singly and in tandem, and studying their thermodynamic properties by solvent and thermal denaturation. We have found that the degree to which they are independently stable and expressible varies considerably. The fourth motif appears to be largely stable and independent, whereas the third and second motifs interact strongly.
Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy with the T268G Mutant of Human Carboxypeptidase A1: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies with Prodrugs of Methotrexate and the Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors GW1031 and GW1843

Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is a technique to increase antitumor selectivity in cancer chemotherapy. Our approach to this technology has been to design a mutant of human carboxypeptidase A (hCPA1-T268G) which is capable of hydrolyzing in vivo stable prodrugs of MTX and targeting this enzyme to tumors on an Ep-CAM1-specific antibody, ING1. Through the use of this >99% human enzyme which is capable of catalyzing a completely nonhuman reaction, we hope to increase ADEPT selectivity while decreasing overall immunogenicity of the enzyme−antibody conjugate. In the current report, prodrugs of the thymidylate synthase inhibitors GW1031 and GW1843 and the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor methotrexate were studied for their wild-type and mutant hCPA enzyme hydrolysis, their in vivo stability, and their use in therapy. Prodrugs with high kcat/Km ratios for mutated versus wild-type hCPA1 were examined in vitro for their stability in human pancreatic juice, and in vivo for their stability in mous...
Adenylate cyclase permanently uncoupled from hormone receptors in a novel variant of S49 mouse lymphoma cells.

Abstract A novel variant of the S49 mouse lymphoma has been selected from wild-type cells by growth in medium containing the beta-adrenergic agonist terbutaline and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. In contrast to the situation in the wild-type clone, synthesis of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is not stimulated by beta-adrenergic agonists or by prostaglandin E1 either in intact variant cells or in membrane preparations of such clones. However, basal and NaF-stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizine), EC 4.6.1.1] are normal, enzyme activity is stimulated by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], and intact cells accumulate cyclic AMP when exposed to cholera toxin. Furthermore, variant cell membranes possess ligand-binding activity consistent with the conclusion that a normal or an excessive number of beta-adrenergic receptors is present. Thus, interaction between the hormone-binding and the catalytic moieties of the adenylate cyclase system is lost. This variant phenotype, designated as uncoupled (UNC), has been stable for more than 100 generations without exposure to the drugs used for selection. Such cells should be useful for the elucidation of methanisms of transmission of information from hormone receptors to adenylate cyclase.
GAMMA GLOBULIN METABOLISM IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH AUTOLOGOUS DENATURED GAMMA GLOBULIN.

Antibodies resembling rheumatoid factor (RF) were produced in rabbits by immunization with alkali denatured autologous gamma globulin (RGG) in Freund's adjuvant. Gamma globulin metabolism was studied with I131 labeled gamma globulin in 5 such rabbits and in 4 control rabbits treated with Freund's adjuvant alone. Albumin metabolism was studied in 4 immunized rabbits and in 4 rabbits treated with adjuvant alone employing rabbit albumin I131 (RSA-I131). The two groups differed in that only the immunized group of rabbits demonstrated rheumatoid factor like antibodies while the adjuvant treated animals lacked these antibodies. Gamma globulin levels, pool size and degradation increased in equivalent degree in both groups. Consequently the increase in gamma globulin degradation appears to be unrelated to the presence of this antibody and probably reflects the increase in gamma globulin pool size. Albumin degradation was not significantly affected. Anticorpore simile a factor rheumatoide esseva producite in conilios per immunisation con globulina gamma autologe, disnaturate per alcali, in adjuvante de Freund. Le metabolismo de globulina gamma esseva studiate per medio de globulina gamma marcate con iodo radioactive in 5 tal conilios e in 4 conilios de controlo tractate con adjuvante de Freund sol. Le metabolismo de albumina esseva studiate in 4 immunisate conilios e in 4 conilios tractate con adjuvante sol. In iste studio, albumina de conilio con marcage per iodo radioactive esseva usate. Le duo gruppos differeva in tanto que solmente le immunisate gruppo de conilios monstrava le presentia de anticorpore simile a factor rheumatoide. Le animales tractate con le adjuvante sol non possedeva ille anticorpore. Le nivellos de globulina, magnitude del reserva, e degradation cresceva in grados equivalente in ambe gruppos. Consequentemente, le augmento del degradation de globulina gamma pare esser independente del presentia del anticorpore in question e reflecte probabilemente le augmento in le magnitude del reserva de globulina gamma. Le degradation de albumina non esseva afficite significativemente.
Photoemission studies of the BiSrCaCuO valence band

Abstract We review the photoemission literature relating to studies of the valence band region of the BiSrCaCuO (BiSCCO) family of high temperature superconductors. Through studies of the copper satellite and the low binding energy features, a picture has emerged of strongly correlated properties mixed with delocalized, band-like ones. We discuss the different aspects of this dual nature, as well as the superconducting properties as seen in photoemission results. In addition, we survey the experimental details of BiSCCO studies and discuss methods to ensure consistent, repeatable results.
Measurement of Diffusion in Flowing Complex Fluids

A microfluidic device for the measurement of solute diffusion as well as particle diffusion and migration in flowing complex fluids is described. The device is particularly suited to obtaining diffusivities in such fluids, which require a desired flow state to be maintained during measurement. A method based on the Loschmidt diffusion theory and short times of exposure is presented to allow calculation of diffusivities from concentration differences in the flow streams leaving the cell.
Flow-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

A new technique for detecting blood flow in magnetic resonance imaging is proposed. This technique is tailored to enhance areas containing flow while suppressing static and nonsignal areas with the objective of optimizing the contrast of vascularized tumors. Unlike flow phase imaging, in‐plane flow directionality (parallel versus antiparallel to applied flow gradient) is removed by the proposed method to reduce phase cancellation of flow signals. This signal loss is apt to occur in instances of complicated vascularity patterns consisting of many small vessels having multiple flow directions. The new flow‐enhanced imaging method is compared to flow phase imaging by computer simulation of simple objects containing many small vessels. The results indicate that flow‐enhanced imaging yields significantly greater detectability of regions of complicated small‐vessel patterns than phase imaging.
Object lessons: How children with autism spectrum disorders use objects to interact with the physical and social environments

Abstract Most of the literature on young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has emphasized their interactions with people, as opposed to objects. An assessment instrument designed to describe object interaction skills in nonverbal children with severe disabilities, Hands-On Learning [Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. D. (2003). Hands-On Learning at Home/School. Portland, OR: Oregon Health & Science University] was administered to 2–5-year-old children with ASD by their teachers and parents and to 1–5-year-old children without disabilities by their parents. The instrument includes four strands: Ways to Obtain Objects, Practical Uses of Objects, Representational Uses of Objects and Social Uses of Objects. Parent and teacher assessments showed high levels of agreement. Children with ASD scored significantly lower than age peers on all four strands of the instrument, with lowest performance and greatest discrepancies on representational and social uses of objects. Despite these delays, acquisition of the object interaction skills investigated follows a similar course for both groups of children.
Experimental neonatal syphilis. I. Evidence of resistance to symptomatic infection in neonatal rabbits following intradermal inoculation with Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain).

Summary: Resistance of 5-to 8-day-old neonatal rabbits to dermal lesion development after intradermal inoculation of Treponema pallidum was demonstrated. Clinical evidence of infection following inoculation of 1 × 106 Treponema pallidum at each of two sites was either minimal or absent. Atypical, nonprogressive, nonulcerative lesions occurred in 59% of the inoculated neonates and at 45% of inoculated sites. Differences in incubation periods, duration, and maximum diameters of lesions among adult controls versus neonatal rabbits were significant. The age of waning resistance was determined by inoculating groups of neonates ranging from 1 to 7 weeks of age. Five-week-old (31-36 days) neonates demonstrated waning resistance by the appearance of typically ulcerative, progressive lesions, though their parameters (duration, size) were not yet those of adult control lesions. The resistance demonstrated by neonates may be due in part to group housing (nesting) which could create unfavorable temperatures for T. pallidum survival; comparison of lesion development between nesting and individually housed neonates, 31 to 46 days of age, revealed a greater percentage of typical lesions developing among those individually housed (95 versus 52%). However, these differences may reflect the variability of typical lesion development found among animals of this age when resistance begins to wane. In both groups, the duration of typical lesions was significantly shorter than for adult controls. A heat-stable serum factor(s) was demonstrated in 19 of 20 basal sera from neonates 4 to 6 days of age; this presented another possible mechanism of resistance. The neutralizing serum factor(s) was not demonstrable in the sera of does either before mating, during gestation, or shortly after kindling. The relationship of temperature, serum factors, and nutritional factors to neonatal resistance following intradermal inoculation with T. pallidum is discussed.