cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
C-terminal binding protein and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase 1 contribute to repression of the p21 waf1/cip1 promoter

Transcriptional repression by the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) is proposed to require nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NAD(H). Previous studies have implicated CtBP in transcriptional repression of the p21(waf1/cip1) gene. Similarly, the NAD-dependent poly(adenosine diphosphate)ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) may affect p21 expression via its NAD-dependent enzymatic activity; we therefore asked if PARP1 and CtBP were functionally linked in regulating p21 transcription. We found that restraint of basal p21 transcription requires both CtBP and PARP1. PARP inhibition attenuated activation of p21 transcription by both p53-independent and p53-dependent processes, in a CtBP-dependent manner. CtBP1+2 or PARP1+2 knockdown partially activated p21 gene expression, suggesting relief of a corepressor function dependent on both proteins. We localized CtBP-responsive repression elements to the proximal promoter region, and found ZBRK1 overexpression could also overcome DNA damage-dependent, but not p53-dependent activation through this region. By chromatin immunoprecipitation we find dismissal of CtBP from the proximal promoter following DNA-damage, and that PARP1 associates with a CtBP corepressor complex in nuclear extracts. We propose a model in which both CtBP and PARP functionally interact in a corepressor complex as components of a molecular switch necessary for p21 repression, and following DNA damage signals activation of p21 transcription by corepressor dismissal and co-activator recruitment.
Direct structure identification of linear multivariable systems from operating records

A structure identification algorithm for linear multivariable systems is described that permits colored measurement and process noise as well as control inputs. An apparently new canonical form for matrix fraction descriptions (MFD), the Structure Canonical form, is used to develop the algorithm. The identification is made from operating records rather than responses to special inputs, is noniterative and is thus termed direct identification. The algorithm requires testing a noise corrupted matrix for singularity and a threshold test for singularity using singular values is developed. The results extend those of previous studies which consider white measurement and process noise and do not allow control inputs. They can be interpreted as generalizing to the multivariable case partial autocorrelation techniques used in time series analysis.
“We Share the Same Biology…” Cultivating Cross‐Cultural Empathy and Global Ethics Through Multilingualism

The “language-culture tesseract” hypothesized in the September 2010 issue of Mind, Brain, and Education suggests successive links between non-native language (NNL) acquisition, the development of cross-cultural empathy, and prosocial global ethics. Invoking Goethe's (1833/1999) aphorism, “those who do not know other languages know nothing of their own,” it was argued that becoming plurilingual constitutes an essential step toward metalinguistic and metacultural awareness; and that “what is true of water for a fish is also true of the mother tongue and of the native culture for a human being.” In this article, we would like to elaborate on that argument and submit to the MBE community the idea of applying the developing understanding of empathy in the brain toward the design of new approaches to NNL education that maximize its potential to cultivate a positive local–global dialectic in students.
Region‐specific distribution of catecholamine afferents in primate cerebral cortex: A fluorescence histochemical analysis

The density, laminar distribution, spatial orientation, and intrahemispheric pathways of norepinephrine (NE)- and dopamine (DA)- containing axons were analyzed in a wide range of cytoarchitectonically distinct areas of cerebral cortex in the adult rhesus monkey by fluorescence histochemistry. Although the boundaries between most areas were rarely sharp, there were marked regional differences in density and distribution of monoamine afferents in different cortical regions. Fibers exhibiting typical DA-like morphology were found only in the temporal and frontal lobes including motor and premotor areas as well as anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices. In contrast, NE-containing axons were present in all cerebral lobes, with notably high density in the somatosensory area and low numbers in primary visual cortex. Intracerebral distribution was characterized by a network of large preterminal axons coursing both anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally in layer VI and in the subjacent white matter. In most cytoarchitectonic regions examined, catecholamine (CA)-containing axons exhibited a bilaminar distribution into one superficial and one deep fiber band. The location and width of the two dense bands, as well as the orientation and relative density of fibers within them, was region specific. Although fluorescent axons were found at all cortical depths, layers I, and IV usually contained relatively few fluorescent axons while layers II-III and IV-V were often densely innervated. An observation that may reflect a specialization in gyrencephalic brains is the particularly dense CA innervation around sulcal invaginations in all cerebral lobes. The present results confirm previous biochemical evidence of regional heterogeneity in the concentration of DA and NE in the primate neocortex (Brown and Goldman, '77:Brain Res. 124:576-550) an provide the first anatomical demonstration of corresponding differences in the pattern and density of CA innervation in diverse cytoarchitectonic areas in rhesus monkey. These findings raise the possibility of selective targets and functions for CA fibers in different layers and regions of the primate cortex.
‘Corollary discharge’ neurons in cat superior colliculus

A new type of saccade-related neuron has been encountered in the superior colliculus of the alert cat. These cells discharge with and during, but rarely before, saccades of all directions and amplitudes. Their response properties suggest that they may be conveying a corollary discharge to the superior colliculus, thus providing a signal which allows visual neurons to distinguish real movement from self-induced movement.
Space geodesy and the global forecast of earthquakes

In view of the unprecedented increase in population in the developing nations and the apparent concentration of much of this population in urban centers within regions of seismic risk, we recommend the implementation of geodetic networks with a scale and distribution appropriate to characterizing earthquake risk in these nations. Synopsis of resolution adopted by Inter-Union Commission on the Lithosphere (ICL Working Group 1), Belem, Brazil, November 1988.
Role of orbitally induced changes in tundra area in the onset of glaciation

THE link between glacial–interglacial cycles and changes in insolation due to variations in the Earth's orbital parameters is well established1–4. But of the attempts to simulate incipient glaciation using three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs) driven by orbital forcing alone5–10, only one10 has been successful. GCM experiments7,11 show that reduced summer insolation 115,000 years ago (during an interglacial-to-glacial climate shift) produces sufficient high-latitude cooling to cause expansion of tundra at the expense of boreal forest11, which in turn can induce more cooling11–14. Here we show, using a global climate model, that the increase in surface albedo (under snow-covered conditions) that results from a biome model estimate11 of tundra expansion 115,000 years ago is sufficient to induce glaciation over extreme-northeastern Canada. If the additional cooling from this estimated tundra expansion induces further expansion, then widespread glaciation occurs at latitudes above 65° N. These results suggest that the climate feedback from high-latitude tundra expansion might have contributed to the onset of the most recent glaciation.
Effect of Variation for Major Growth Habit Genes on Maturity and Yield in Five Spring Wheat Populations

Segregation at major genes controlling plant height, photoperiod response, and vernalization response in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) may have pleiotropic effects on several traits. Allelic variation at these loci can be monitored using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers. The effect of segregation at these loci on maturity and agronomic traits was measured for sets of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed from five crosses between spring wheat lines adapted to Montana and the Northern Great Plains. Results from field trials grown in multiple years in Bozeman, MT, showed that variation at Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 had large effects on most agronomic traits in two populations, including grain yield, grain protein concentration, and test weight. Variation at photoperiod response loci Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 influenced both heading date and date of flag leaf senescence under field conditions for two of three populations in which they were segregating. The insensitive allele at Ppd-B1 was associated with higher grain yield in one population. Variation at Vrn-B1 had a significant effect on heading date in the field for both populations in which it was segregating, with spring allele lines being earlier. Our results suggest that variation at Rht loci impacting plant height had large pleiotropic effects. Variation at photoperiod and vernalization loci impacted maturity characteristics but had less consistent effects on economic characteristics such as grain yield, test weight, and grain protein concentration.
An investigation of the relationship between therapist characteristics and alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations.

AbstractBackground: Alliance is a well-studied construct; however, little research has investigated predictors of alliance in a group context.Aims: This study investigates the relationship between therapist characteristics and group alliance in 65 individuals with schizophrenia receiving outpatient group therapy for treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations.Methods: Raters coded 120 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy or supportive therapy for therapist warmth and friendliness, therapist exploration and negative therapist attitude. Alliance was assessed at week six.Results: Higher average levels of therapist warmth and friendliness and lower average levels of negative therapist attitude in sessions one to five were associated with stronger alliance at week six at the trend level (p < 0.10). Therapist exploration did not predict alliance at week six. Higher negative therapist attitude at treatment engagement was associated with higher post-treatment symptom scores.Conclusions: Our results suggest th...
Magnetic Properties of Nickel–Zinc Ferrite Toroids Prepared from Nanoparticles

Toroids comprised of silica-coated 10 nm diameter nickel–zinc (Ni–Fe) ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been fabricated by careful control of both the coating process and subsequent densification by viscous sintering. A narrow processing window is identified between a maximum temperature at which the nanoparticles coarsen, losing their super-paramagnetic properties, and a lower temperature required for viscous flow densification. Key to the successful fabrication was drying and cold isostatic pressing of the silica-coated nanoparticles; other routes invariably led to cracking during either drying or sintering. The super-paramagnetic blocking temperature, the coercive field, and remanent magnetization could all be controlled over a wide range by varying the thickness of the silica coating from 1 to 15 nm. The dipole–dipole coupling distance is estimated to be 4 nm. The high-frequency (1–500 MHz) properties were sensitive to the sintering temperature as well as the thickness of the silica coating. Toroids sintered at 1000°C or less exhibited no high-frequency magnetic losses and their permeability decreased with increasing temperature, suggesting that the permeability was controlled by thermally activated magnetization relaxation.
The Separation of 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid from 12-Molybdosilicic Acid by Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography

Abstract The separation of 12-molybdophosphoric Acid (12-MPA) from 12-molybdosilicic (12-MSA) acid by reverse phase liquid chromatography is described with UV-visible detection. The system utilizes a commercially available styrene-divinylbenzene column (Hamilton PRP-1) and a acetonitrile-water mobile phase which is 0.1 F in HCLO4 and 1.2 × 10−2 in molybdate ion. In solutions with acetonitrile concentrations of between 30 and 35% (V/V), 12-MPA is completely retained on the column and 12-MSA has a capacity factor between 1.2 and .6. In solutions with acetonitrile concentrations of between 50 and 60% (V/V) 12-MSA is unretained and 12-MPA has a capacity factor between 2.2 and 1.6. The detection limit is 5 × 10−7 M phosphate or silicate anion in 100 uL of injected sample. The linear dynamic range extends to 1.3 × 10−5 M for either anion. The relative standard deviation of the technique at the 5 × 10−6 M level is 2% for both silicate and phosphate. The analysis of phosphate in silicate rock is described.
Fast simplifications for Tarski formulas based on monomial inequalities

We define the ''combinatorial part'' of a Tarski formula in which equalities and inequalities are in factored or partially-factored form. The combinatorial part of a formula contains only ''monomial inequalities'', which are sign conditions on monomials. We give efficient algorithms for answering some basic questions about conjunctions of monomial inequalities and prove the NP-Completeness/Hardness of some others. By simplifying the combinatorial part of a Tarski formula, and mapping the simplified combinatorial part back to a Tarski formula, we obtain non-trivial simplifications without algebraic operations.
Copper and zinc recycling in Australia: potential quantities and policy options

Abstract This paper presents relevant data for industry and governmental policy makers with the aim of increasing the recycling rate of end-of-life copper and zinc in Australia in a technically and economically feasible way. The methodology used to quantify and spatially distribute end-of-life flows of copper and zinc is based on existing and anticipated in-use stocks, their residence times, and their historical and anticipated future evolution. Australia currently (ca. 2000) generates about 72 Gg/year and 57 Gg/year of end-of-life copper and zinc, respectively. Some 70% of all discarded copper and 40% of all discarded zinc generated in Australia are currently being recycled. A detailed assessment shows that about 75% of all end-of-life material in Australia comes from the three states New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. In Australia, about 70–75% of waste copper and waste zinc is generated in urban areas. Residential applications account for about 40% (copper) and 60% (zinc) of the generated discards; commercial and industrial applications account for the remainder. By 2030, the discard flows are predicted to increase by about 105% and 155%, to 150 Gg Cu/year and 145 Gg Zn/year, providing substantially increased opportunities for recovery and re-use. Priority targets for the improvement of copper and zinc recycling in Australia are buildings under renovation, urban infrastructure, the transportation sector, and also consumer and business durables. Urban centres are particularly attractive locations for recycling facilities, especially in Perth and Adelaide.
Multimodal therapy improves survival in patients with CNS metastasis from uterine cancer: A retrospective analysis and literature review

Abstract Objective. Brain metastasis from uterine cancer is a rare event. Consequently, the optimal management strategy is not defined. We reviewed our institution's experience with brain metastasis from endometrial cancer along with the extant medical literature to develop management recommendations. Methods. Twenty patients with CNS metastasis were identified. Information regarding symptoms, treatment, and survival was collected. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to compare survival data. Results. The incidence of CNS metastasis was 0.97%. Median patient age at initial diagnosis of endometrial cancer was 62.0 years and 64.0 years at diagnosis of brain metastasis. Most patients initially presented with advanced FIGO stage: 9 stage IVB, 4 stage IIIC, 4 stage IIIA, 2 stage IB, and 1 stage IA. The median interval from diagnosis of endometrial cancer to diagnosis of brain metastasis was 11.5 months (range 0.6–73.6). Median survival after diagnosis of brain metastasis was 2.0 months (range 0.1–39.2). Improved survival was seen in patients treated with multimodal therapy compared to patients who only received whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) ( p =0.0001) or compared to patients who received no treatment ( p =0.009). No difference in survival was seen between patients treated with WBRT versus no therapy. The survival advantage associated with multimodal therapy was also supported by case reports and case series in the literature. Conclusions. Based upon the data presented along with the medical literature, multimodal therapy appears to improve the survival of patients with CNS metastasis from uterine cancer.
1H, 15N, and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments for the Ig3 domain of palladin.

As part of our NMR structure determination of the palladin Ig3 domain, we report nearly complete NMR chemical shift assignments for the 1H, 13C, and 15N nuclei.
Relations between On‐Site and Aerial Measurements of Streamside Features and Cover for Trout in Alluvial Valley Streams in Wyoming

Abstract We assessed relations between measurements of streamside features on site and from aerial photographs for determining the amount of cover available to brown trout Salmo trutta and other salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. in alluvial valley streams in Wyoming. We found that a riparian vegetation index (RVI) measured from aerial photographs accounted for much of the variation in cover among 36 study reaches. When the RVI model was tested with independent data collected on site from 16 stream reaches, cover estimates were highly correlated. Fisheries managers may be able to reduce field work and alleviate problems with land access and budget constraints by using aerial photographs to assess habitat conditions for trout in streams.
Membrane Properties of Barnacle Muscle Fiber

Membrane properties of the giant muscle fiber of the barnacle Balanus nubilus were studied by controlling the ionic composition of the external and internal media. The resting potential decreases with increasing external K-concentration, [K+]out, and decreasing internal K-concentration, [K+]in, over a considerable range. Spike potentials are elicited when the internal calcium ions are removed, and the overshoot is determined by the ratio between [Ca++]out and [K+]in and not by the external or internal [Na+].
Quality of life, ethical decisions, and the patient's story

Advances in health care technology have the potential to increase longevity and relieve suffering. However, not all people will benefit; the quality of their lives may not be better. Consequently, use of this advanced technology creates ethical situations for health care providers and their patients. Quality of life becomes a key factor to consider; yet, this is an illusive idea. Since quality of life is subjective, multidimensional, and contextual, there is a need to hear the patient's story. What is important to the individual patient and produces the most satisfaction for the patient should become the primary criteria to consider when these ethical situations arise.
Determination of imipramine in plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography and field ionization mass spectrometry: Increased senditivity in comparison with gas chromatography mass spectrometry

A quantitative method is reported for the determination of imipramine in plasma samples in the low nanogram and subnanogram range. The sensitivity and precision of the technique, which involves high pressure liquid chromatography and direct probe field ionization mass spectrometry, are approximately an order of magnitude greater than are offered by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring using deuterated or other types of internal standards. [2H6]Imipramine, labeled in the ethylene bridge and in the aromatic rings, serves as the isotopic diluent. The method has been used for the determination of the comparative bioavailabilities of two different commercial preparations of imipramine. In these tests, subjects ingested a 25 mg tablet of one or the other drug preparation together with a solution containing an equivalent amount of imipramine deuterated in the ethylene bridge ([2H2]imipramine). The latter served as an internal check for intrasubject variability in absorption of the imipramine tablets. Typical results from one of the subjects are presented.
A simple analytical model for the crawl stroke

Abstract A simple analytical model for the crawl stroke is described. The swimmer is modelled as a torso with arms rotating like paddle wheels; for simplicity the kick is ignored. Starting with theoretical and experimental estimates for drag coefficents and anatomical data from a male collegiate swimming team, the model was adjusted to fit certain tethered and free swimming data. Its behavior was then compared to that of real swimmers in five different experimental situations and good general agreement was observed. The model was found to require much lower drag forces than are measured experimentally, however, perhaps because the kick was not considered. The model provides insight into several aspects of swimming research, including the relationship between tethered swimming forces and actual propulsive forces during free swimming.
How galaxies acquire their neutrino haloes

One-dimensional simulations of the nonlinear growth of structure in a universe dominated by a population of nonrelativistic collisionless particles such as massive neutrinos show that a subpopulation of slowly moving particles exists within the ‘pancakes’ that form1. These particles can cluster in a low velocity condensate around any seed perturbation which may be present. The schematic calculation of this aggregation presented here suggests that the properties of neutrino clusters depend only weakly on seed mass but substantially on seed separation. Their mass and velocity dispersion may be quite comparable with the values inferred for the haloes of ‘dark’ matter surrounding real galaxies.
Risk aversion and the earnings of US immigrants and natives

The literature on the earnings of natives and immigrants has heretofore ignored differences in compensating wages for job risks. It is possible that the risk involved in migration may indicate a greater willingness on the part of immigrants to accept riskier jobs than natives. Alternatively, immigrants may attempt to protect their migration investment by choosing occupations with less risk, indicating a higher degree of risk aversion. This paper examines differences in risk aversion between US immigrants and natives, and corresponding differentials in wage premiums for job risk. Our analysis suggests that on average immigrants are exposed to 21% less risk than natives, but receive a 25% higher risk premium. The higher degree of risk aversion of immigrants and their lower exposure to risk, and thus lower earnings, explains 5% of the higher observed earnings of natives. We also find that earlier immigrant cohorts (pre-1970) are employed in riskier jobs than are recent cohorts, but the difference accounts fo...
Effects of delay and uncertainty on control-system performance

It is shown that, when an optimal control law is implemented with a delay in the state information to the controller, better control-system performance can be obtained with inaccurate (uncertain) state observations.
Minimal energy spherical splines on Clough-Tocher triangulations for Hermite interpolation

We present a study of the minimal energy method applied to the Hermite interpolation problem over Clough-Tocher partitions on the unit sphere. A subset of spline coefficients is found by satisfying nodal interpolating conditions. The rest of the coefficients are found through energy minimization subject to C^1 conditions. We show that the error in approximation of a given sufficiently smooth function by the minimal energy Hermite interpolating spline depends on the mesh size of the underlying triangulation cubically. In addition, we prove that minimizers of energy functionals with different homogeneous extensions are equivalent in the sense that they all converge to the sampled function, and the order of convergence is independent of the extension. We conclude with numerical examples.
TU‐A‐WAB‐07: Evaluation of Local Therapy Response for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (LAPC) Using PET/CT

Purpose: To quantify local treatment response for pancreatic radiotherapy using PET/CT, and investigate prediction of residual high‐uptake areas using Pre‐radiotherapy scans. Methods: 18FDG‐PET/CT scans were obtained from ten LAPC patients, pre‐RT, 8–12 weeks following treatment (Post‐RT), and at 2 to 4month follow‐up intervals. Four patients received 3 follow‐up scans; others had at least one follow‐up scan. All PET/CT images were registered to the planning CT using object‐specific deformable registration which preserves target volume rigidity while deforming surrounding tissue. Therapy response evaluation is performed by comparing changes in SUVmax and volume pre‐RT and post‐RT. Local response is further evaluated by dividing the volume of interest into 4.8×4.8×4.8mm^3 subvolumes. Each subvolume is characterized with mean uptakes (SUVpre, SUVpost), SUVdiff=SUVpre‐SUVpost, and treatment dose. Local response is evaluated using 3 volumes (VOIs): (1) ITV, (2) volume between PTV and ITV, (3) 3mm expansion around the PTV. For each VOI, the quantified response index is calculated [QR = (#subvolumes with SUVdiff>0)/(#subvolumes)]. A large QR suggests better local control. Subvolumes with SUVdiff 0.75 [ITV: 0.97+/−0.07, PTV‐ITV: 0.84+/−0.18, 3mm PTV expansion: 0.76+/−0.29]. Global disease volumes (identified by high‐uptake values) are reduced >70%, global SUVmaxs are reduced more than 50%. Three partial response patients have QR=0.50–0.75 (0.62+/−0.11 for ITV volumes). Two cases (failures) have QR<0.4, with mean 0.26+/−0.06. Conclusion: Quantification of local metabolic response provides a feasible approach for evaluating efficacy of local control of pancreatic cancer treatment. The results can be used to identify persistent and local failure of disease, toward implementing response‐driven adaptive radiotherapy.
Ischemia/reperfusion-induced necrosis and apoptosis in the cells isolated from rat skeletal muscle

Necrosis was considered to be the solo mechanism for ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cell death. Recent evidence from I/R models of the heart, liver, kidney, and brain indicates that apoptosis is a major contributor to I/R-induced cell death. However, evidence of I/R-induced apoptosis in skeletal muscle is sparse and divided. The purpose for the present study was to investigate I/R-induced necrosis and apoptosis in the cells isolated from rat skeletal muscle. A rat gracilis muscle model was used. After surgical preparation, clamps were applied on the vascular pedicle to create 4 h of ischemia and released for 24 h of reperfusion (I/R, n = 10). Clamping was omitted in sham I/R rats (sham I/R, n = 10). The muscle samples were harvested after 24 h of reperfusion for the process of cell isolation. Cells were stained by Propidium Iodide (PI) or Annexin V-FITC or both. Twenty thousand cells from each muscle sample were scanned and analyzed by flow cytometry. The average percentage of live cells was 45 ± 2% in the I/R group versus 65 ± 3% in the sham I/R group (p < 0.01). The average percentage of necrotic cells was 18 ± 1% in I/R versus 12 ± 1% in sham I/R (p < 0.01). The average percentage of apoptotic cells was 40 ± 3% in I/R versus 27 ± 3% in sham I/R (p < 0.01). Our results clearly demonstrated that I/R not only causes necrosis, but also accelerates apoptosis in the cells isolated from rat skeletal muscle. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:351–356, 2008
Accretion disk boundary layers in cataclysmic variables. 1: Optically thick boundary layers

We develop numerical models of accretions disks in cataclysmic variables (CVs), including and emphasizing the boundary layer region where the accretion disk meets the accreting white dwarf. We confine ourselves to solutions where the boundary layer region is vertically optically thick, and find that these solutions share several common features. The angular and radial velocities of the accreting material drop rapidly in a dynamical boundary layer, which has a radial width approximately 1%-3% of the white dwarf radius. The energy dissipated in this region diffuses through the inner part of the disk and is radiated from the disk surface in a thermal boundary layer, which has a radial width comparable to the disk thickness, approximately 5%-15% of the white dwarf radius. We examine the dependence of the boundary layer structure on the mass accretion rate, the white dwarf mass and rotation rate, and the viscosity parameter alpha. We delineate the boundary between optically thick and optically thin boundary layer solutions as a function of these parameters and suggest that by means of a careful comparison with observations it may be possible to estimate alpha in CVs. We derive an expression for the total boundary layer luminosities as a function of the parameters and show that it agrees well with the luminosites of our numerical solutions. Finally, we calcuate simple blackbody continuum spectra of the boundary layer and disk emission for our solutions and compare these to soft X-ray, EUV, and He II emission-line observations of CVs. We show that, through such comparisons, it may be possible to determine the rotation rates of the accreting stars in CVs, and perhaps also the white dwarf masses and the accretion rates. The spectra are quite insensitive to alpha, so the uncertainty in this parameter does not affect such comparisons.
Sources of job satisfaction among police officers: A test of demographic and work environment models

Knowledge about police officers' job satisfaction to date has been limited to empirical inquiry based on individual officers' educational level, ethnicity, gender, and rank/years of service. This study explores the effect of the agency work environment on officers' job satisfaction in addition to the usual demographic variables. Until now, the police work environment primarily has been viewed in a pejorative context, synonymous with workers' stress, job burnout, cynicism, and alienation. Analysis of survey data from a medium-sized police department in the northwestern United States suggests that a police agency's work environment is a principal source of job satisfaction, regardless of the measure of the dependent variable employed.
Antifungal resistance in non- albicans Candida species.

Abstract Non- Candida albicans species have emerged as important bloodstream pathogens. They tend to have decreased susceptibility to antifungal agents in vitro and cause infections associated with high morbidity and mortality. Fluconazole resistance can emerge in any Candida spp., but is most commonly seen with Candida krusei , for which resistance is universal, and with Candida glabrata . Amphotericin B resistance has also been increasingly reported, most notably in isolates of Candida lusitaniae and Candida guilliermondii . Efforts are underway to correlate in-vitro antifungal susceptibility of individual Candida isolates with response to therapy of patients with candidemia. Future advances in this field might allow physicians to identify Candida isolates resistant to specific antifungal agents and thereby tailor therapy of candidemia.
Variegated Iridescent Halo

ABOUT noon of January 28 the sky was overcast by a horizontal cloud, and an iridescent halo appeared directly beneath the sun. The length of the arc was not measured, but appeared to be nearly or quite 90°. The most of the halo was of a bright yellow colour, but not far from the middle of the arc was a spot of green separated on each side from the yellow arcs by a short neutral tract. The green spot was nearly round, and its breadth (as measured from the sun) was nearly the same as that of the yellow arcs, and the angular distances from the sun of both the yellow and green arcs were approximately equal. Iridescent halos are seen here every year, usually as complete circles about the sun, and often showing all or several of the prismatic colours, each forming its own definite ring at different distances from the sun. Such halos appear through a thick haze, or quite thin cloud. This variegated halo appeared through a cloud so dense that the position of the sun could barely be made out by the eye, and it was of very variable density. The borders of the coloured arcs were not clearly defined, and apparently the light had been somewhat scattered by reflection upon the lower cloud particles. The temperature was several degrees below the freezing-point of water. Twice before during the present winter short monochromatic arcs of halos have appeared, once a yellowish-green, once a bright red.
The Impact of Poverty on the School Experience

(2004). The Impact of Poverty on the School Experience. Journal of Poverty: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 131-135.
In Vitro Bile Acid Binding Capacity of Milled Wheat Bran and Milled Extruded Wheat Bran at Five Specific Mechanical Energy Levels

ABSTRACT The in vitro binding of bile acids of milled wheat bran (MWB) and milled extruded wheat bran (MEB) at five specific mechanical energy (SME) levels of 120 (MEB-120), 177 (MEB-177), 234 (MEB-234), 291 (MEB-291), and 358 (MEB-358) Whr/kg on a fat-free dry weight basis was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at duodenal physiological pH 6.3. Relative to cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol lowering drug) in vitro bile acid binding capacity on dry matter, total dietary fiber (TDF), and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) basis was for MWB: 21, 43, 45%; the range for MEB was 18–21%, 34–41%, and 36–43%, respectively. MWB resulted in significantly higher bile acid binding than that of MEB at 120, 234, and 291 Whr/kg on a dry matter, TDF, and IDF basis. These results demonstrate the relative health-promoting potential of MWB = MEB-177 = MEB-358 > MEB-120 = MEB-234 = MEB-291 as indicated by the bile acid binding on a dry matter basis. Data suggest that significant improvemen...
CdZnTe room-temperature semiconductor gamma-ray detector for national-security applications

One important mission of the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration is to develop reliable gamma-ray detectors to meet the widespread needs of users for effective techniques to detect and identify special nuclear- and radioactive-materials. Accordingly, the Nonproliferation and National Security Department at Brookhaven National Laboratory was tasked to evaluate existing technology and to develop improved room-temperature detectors based on semiconductors, such as CdZnTe (CZT). Our research covers two important areas: Improving the quality of CZT material, and exploring new CZT-based gamma-ray detectors. In this paper, we report on our recent findings from the material characterization and tests of actual CZT devices fabricated in our laboratory and from materials/detectors supplied by different commercial vendors. In particular, we emphasize the critical role of secondary phases in the current CZT material and issues in fabricating the CZT detectors, both of which affect their performance.
Analysis of Rayleigh wave refraction from three‐component seismic spectra

SUMMARY Lateral refraction of intermediate period surface waves is caused by horizontal gradients in local phase velocity in the vicinity of the source-receiver minor arc. For smooth structural perturbations, this is manifested by an off-azimuth arrival (azimuth deviation) of the Airy phase. We present a method for estimating azimuth deviation as a function of frequency for Rayleigh waves observed on a three-component seismogram. By taking advantage of the different dispersion characteristics of the Rayleigh and Love wave group arrivals, the method essentially constructs an optimal narrow-band taper for each frequency component, in order to minimize the effect of Love wave contamination in the Rayleigh wave azimuth estimation. We have measured the frequency-dependent azimuth deviation of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves of period 20-100s under a variety of conditions. The most coherent results are obtained for (1) seismic records with a relatively high Rayleigh wave excitation, (2) ray paths which are confined to purely oceanic or purely continental lithosphere, and (3) ray paths of intermediate offset (30°-50°).
Total utility, overlapping generations and social security

Abstract In Gigliotti (1983), necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimal path were found in an overlapping generations model that maximized the infinite discounted sum of total utility per generation. Here we show, as Samuelson (1975b) did in the per capita utility model, that, with an appropriate social security system, individuals, acting to maximize their own utility, will save enough to finance the optimal steady state growth of the economy in a total utility model.
Lipid Lowering Reduces Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Cell Activation in Rabbit Atheroma

Background— Lipid lowering may reduce acute coronary events in patients in part by reducing vascular inflammation. Oxidative stress induces endothelial cell (EC) expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and reduces levels of atheroprotective NO, leading to monocyte recruitment and macrophage accumulation. This study tested the hypothesis that lipid lowering decreases oxidative stress and improves EC functions related to inflammatory cell accumulation. Methods and Results— Rabbits consumed an atherogenic diet for 4 months to produce atheroma, followed by a purified chow diet for 16 months. Atherosclerotic aortas from hypercholesterolemic rabbits produced high levels of reactive oxygen species. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) accumulated in atheroma underlying ECs that overexpress VCAM-1. In contrast, few if any ECs in atheroma stained for endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Lipid lowering reduced reactive oxygen species production, oxLDL accumulation, and pla...
The social role of scent marking in beaver (Castor Canadensis)

Beaver colonies with close neighbors constructed more “scent mounds” than did isolated colonies, and the number of scent mounds at each active lodge is correlated with the distance to the nearest occupied lodge. The scent mounds were typically located at trails, also on lodges and dams. The beaver rebuilt experimentally removed scent mounds. Experimentally scent-marked unoccupied lodges were less often visited or inhabited than unscented control lodges. Resident beaver responded to artificial scent marks near their lodges with aggressive behavior and increased activity. We conclude that scent mounds serve in delineating family territories and are effective in deterring transient beaver from utilizing existing but uninhabited lodges.
Particle lengths of whitefly-transmitted criniviruses.

An improved method for particle length measurement was used for six members of the genus Crinivirus. Particle measurements were conducted with a CCD-72S solid state camera, which was interfaced with a Zeiss EM 109 electron microscope, and analyzed using the analysis 2.1 Image Analysis Software. In comparisons of specimen preparation methods, the leaf dip method is more representative and reproducible than the antibody capture method or preparation from purified virions. Particle length (nm) ranges of whitefly-transmitted criniviruses are: Abutilon yellows virus (AYV), 800 to 850; Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), 750 to 800; Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV), 800 to 850; Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), 700 to 750; Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), 800 to 850; and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), 850 to 900.
A likelihood ratio test of population Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for case-control studies.

Testing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the control group is commonly used to detect genotyping errors in genetic association studies. We propose a likelihood ratio test for testing HWE in the study population using both case and control samples. This test incorporates underlying association models. Another feature is that, when we infer the disease-genotype association, we explicitly incorporate HWE or a possible departure from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (DHWE) into the model. Our unified framework enables us to infer the disease-genotype association when a detected DHWE needs to be part of the model after causes for the DHWE are explored. Real datasets are used to illustrate the application of the methodology and its implication in genetic association studies. Our analysis and interpretation touch on genotyping errors, population selection, population stratification, or the study sampling plan, all delicate issues that could be the cause of DHWE.
Dynamical amplification of polar warming

[1] This paper presents theoretical and modeling evidence suggesting that the atmospheric poleward heat transport can lead to a polar warming amplification (i) by redistributing part of the extra energy intercepted by the low-latitude atmosphere to high latitudes, and (ii) by strengthening the water vapor feedback in high latitudes. For an anthropogenic radiative forcing of 4 Wm−2, we illustrate that the dynamical amplifier contributes to about 1/4 (1/10) of the total high-latitude (global) surface warming in winter in a simple coupled atmosphere-surface moist radiative-transportive climate model. Budget analysis of the radiation fluxes at the top of the atmosphere derived from IPCC AR4 CGCM climate simulations seems to support the dynamical amplifier theory for the larger warming in high latitudes.
Molecular Origin of Solvent Resistance of Polyacrylonitrile

We report on the first in-situ sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy characterization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) interfacial interactions with air, sapphire, water, and heptane. Using the shift in the resonance frequency of CN at various interfaces, we demonstrated that PAN interacts with the surface hydroxyl of sapphire substrate through the lone pair orbital of nitrogen in the "end-on" configuration (σ-H bond). We also demonstrated that the CN-CN interaction is the main reason for the superior chemical resistance property of PAN. At room temperature the interaction between the polymer chains is much stronger than the interaction between the polymer and solvent molecules including water and heptane. At high temperatures, however, the interaction between the nitrile groups of the polymer weakens, making interaction possible between the nitrile groups and the surface hydroxyls of the substrate and water. These results provide an important insight as to why acrylonitrile when copolymerized with butadiene to form nitrile rubber results in one of the best known synthetic oil-resistant rubber.
A software “tool kit” in c for the application of spherical geodesic grids in paleoclimatology

Abstract A popular technique in paleoclimatology is the definition of occurrences of climate-sensitive lithofacies, such as evaporite deposits, using a global grid system. The simplest and most widely used grid systems in paleoclimatology are orthogonal grids that use lines of latitude and longitude as grid-cell boundaries. Occurrences defined using orthogonal grids, however, can differ greatly in size and shape because lines of longitude converge at the poles, distorting the shape of the grid system. As a result of this distortion, the latitude at which the occurrences were defined can affect the number and distribution of occurrences. As an alternative, spherical geodesic systems can be used. Spherical geodesic systems have near-equal area and near-equal shape grid-cells for the entire sphere, which significantly reduce biases introduced by the grid system. Spherical geodesic systems can make paleoclimatic studies using occurrences of climate-sensitive lithofacies more reliable. To make spherical geodesic systems practical for paleoclimate applications, a “tool kit” of programs written in C has been assembled. Four programs are included in the tool kit: DESIGNER, which designs spherical geodesic grids, PLOTTER, which generates import files for Terra Mobilis™ and PGIS/Mac™ to display the grids, MAPPER, which defines occurrences using the grids, and ROTATOR, which rotates data about Euler poles. Middle Devonian evaporite data for North America were compiled to demonstrate each of the functions.
Method for the quantification of current use and persistent pesticides in cow milk, human milk and baby formula using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the quantification of organochlorine (OC), organophosphate (OP), carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticide residues in cow milk, human milk, and baby formula. A total of 25 compounds were included in this method. Sample extraction procedures combined liquid-liquid extraction, freezing-lipid filtration, dispersive primary-secondary amine cleanup, and solid-phase extraction together for effective extraction and elimination of matrix interferences. Target compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron impact ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Average extraction recoveries obtained from cow milk samples fortified at two different concentrations (10 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL), ranged from 34% to 102%, with recoveries for the majority of target compounds falling between 60% and 80%. Similar ranges were found for formula fortified at 25 ng/mL. The estimated limits of detection for most target analytes were in the low pg/mL level (range 3-1600 pg/mL). The accuracies and precisions were within the range of 80-120% and less than 15%, respectively. This method was tested for its viability by analyzing 10 human milk samples collected from anonymous donors, 10 cow milk samples and 10 baby formula samples purchased from local grocery stores in the United States. Hexachlorobenzene, p,p-dicofol, o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, and chlorpyrifos were found in all samples analyzed. We found detectable levels of permethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenvalerate in some of the cow milk samples but not in human milk or baby formula samples. Some of the pesticides, such as azinphos-methyl, heptachlor epoxide, and the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide, were detected in some of the cow milk and human milk samples but not in baby formula samples.
Comparative amino acid composition of calcified and non-calcified polychaete worm tubes

Abstract 1. 1. The proteinaceous cement of non-calcified sabellariid worm tubes consists primarily of glycine and serine. 2. 2. Calcified protein from serpulid worm tubes consists of about 30 per cent acidic amino acids. 3. 3. The protein composition of serpulid tubes is similar to that of some mollusk shells.