cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A physics-informed and hierarchically regularized data-driven model for predicting fluid flow through porous media

Abstract This paper presents a new deep learning data-driven model for predicting structure dependent pore-fluid velocity fields in rock. The model is based on a Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE) artificial neural network capable of learning from image data generated by direct numerical simulations of fluid flow through pore-structures, such as by Lattice Boltzmann or molecular dynamics methods. The main novelty of the model in comparison to previous CAE-based data-driven approaches consists of three parts. The first is a methodology for decomposing the full-domain of the porous media into sub-regions, or “sub-domains”, in order to reduce the overall size of the CAE, batch process the sub-domains in parallel, and enable the CAE to learn local and generalizable nonlinear mappings of pore-fluid velocities. The second consists of embedding the finite difference solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes and continuity equations into convolutional layers prior to the CAE in order to provide the CAE with knowledge of fluid dynamics physics (PhyFlow). The third main novelty is that the training of the CAE is regularized with a hierarchical loss function that encourages the learning of fluid flow patterns (in a way similar to ranked modes in principal component analysis), ranking from most to least important. This is shown to increase the stability in learning, reduce over-fitting, and promote interpretability of the CAE neural network layers (HierCAE). The comprehensive new data-driven model, which we call the PhyFlow-HierCAE model, is shown to exhibit improved accuracy and generalizability of flow field predictions over conventional CAE models, attributable to the embedded physical knowledge and the hierarchical regularization, as well as realize orders of magnitude speed-ups in computation times as a surrogate for the direct numerical simulations. Examples of training and forward predictions on unseen pore-structures are provided and evaluated for data from Lattice Boltzmann and molecular dynamics simulations of pore-fluid flow. The model is shown to be a fast and accurate emulator (or “surrogate”) for predicting effective permeability of unseen pore-structures based on learning from relatively small direct numerical simulation datasets.
Pupal behavior emerges from unstructured muscle activity in response to neuromodulation in Drosophila.

How do we find out how the brain works? One way is to use imaging techniques to visualise an animal’s brain in action as it performs simple behaviours: as the animal moves, parts of its brain light up under the microscope. For laboratory animals like fruit flies, which have relatively small brains, this lets us observe their brain activity right down to the level of individual brain cells. The brain directs movements via collective activity of the body’s muscles. Our ability to track the activity of individual muscles is, however, more limited than our ability to observe single brain cells: even modern imaging technology still cannot monitor the activity of all the muscle cells in an animal’s body as it moves about. Yet this is precisely the information that scientists need to fully understand how the brain generates behaviour. Fruit flies perform specific behaviours at certain stages of their life cycle. When the fly pupa begins to metamorphose into an adult insect, it performs a fixed sequence of movements involving a set number of muscles, which is called the pupal ecdysis sequence. This initial movement sequence and the rest of metamorphosis both occur within the confines of the pupal case, which is a small, hardened shell surrounding the whole animal. Elliott et al. set out to determine if the fruit fly pupa’s ecdysis sequence could be used as a kind of model, to describe a simple behaviour at the level of individual muscles. Imaging experiments used fly pupae that were genetically engineered to produce an activity-dependent fluorescent protein in their muscle cells. Pupal cases were treated with a chemical to make them transparent, allowing easy observation of their visually ‘labelled’ muscles. This yielded a near-complete record of muscle activity during metamorphosis. Initially, individual muscles became active in small groups. The groups then synchronised with each other over the different regions of the pupa’s body to form distinct movements, much as syllables join to form words. This synchronisation was key to progression through metamorphosis and was co-ordinated at each step by specialised nerve cells that produce or respond to specific hormones. These results reveal how the brain might direct muscle activity to produce movement patterns. In the future, Elliott et al. hope to compare data on muscle activity with comprehensive records of brain cell activity, to shed new light on how the brain, muscles, and other factors work together to control behaviour.
Monetary policy surprises and interest rates: Evidence from the Fed funds futures market

Abstract This paper estimates the impact of monetary policy actions on bill, note, and bond yields, using data from the futures market for Federal funds to separate changes in the target funds rate into anticipated and unanticipated components. Interest rates’ response to anticipated target rate changes is small, while their response to unanticipated changes is large and highly significant. These responses are generally consistent with the expectations hypothesis of the term structure. Surprise target rate changes have little effect on expectations of future actions, however, which helps to explain the lack of empirical support for the expectations hypothesis at the short end of the yield curve.
Hypothesized Pathway and Bias

Science proceeds by a progressive process of posing scientific hypotheses and conducting experiments to test them. When this process is directed toward a treatment to improve human health, it is called a clinical trial. The great philosophers of science argued that a good scientific hypothesis “sticks its neck out” with a quantified prediction which can only be tested in an experiment that is free of bias. They further argued that failure should be welcomed as an opportunity to refine and progress, and replication is the best route available to obtain conclusive evidence that a treatment works. In behavioral clinical trials, the scientific hypothesis is translated as the hypothesized pathway. It is the quantified path by which a behavioral treatment is hypothesized to improve a behavioral, biomedical, or chronic disease endpoint. It guides the design of the trial, the interpretation of results, and the next step in a progressive, translational program of research. A trial is inconclusive when it falls prey to any of a number of known biases. Because a behavioral trial synthesizes a behavioral treatment with a health endpoint, biases identified in behavioral sciences, medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics can all pose potential problems. Mastery of this complete range of potential biases will promote the rigor and conclusiveness of any single behavioral trial.
Utilizing Virtual Worlds for Personalized Search: Developing the PAsSIVE Framework

Search engine technology has greatly enhanced our ability to filter through the chaos of finding relevant information online. Despite the current capabilities, however, there is the promise of further improvement through the use of personalization and alternative interfaces. In this paper we examine one such alternative named PAsSIVE (Personalized Assisted Search in a Virtual Environment). PAsSIVE immerses the user in the virtual world of Second Life in which results are rendered. As part of this research, we investigate the design and development of a 3D search interface, and reflect on insights gained. This paper also discusses future work related to personalization and proactive search.
Capitalism by Gaslight: Illuminating the Economy of Nineteenth-Century America

Introduction-Brian P. Luskey and Wendy A. Woloson Chapter 1. The Loomis Gang's Market Revolution-Will B. Mackintosh Chapter 2. The Promiscuous Economy: Cultural and Commercial Geographies of Secondhand in the Antebellum City-Robert J. Gamble Chapter 3. The Era of Shinplasters: Making Sense of Unregulated Paper Money-Joshua R. Greenberg Chapter 4. The Rag Race: Jewish Secondhand Clothing Dealers in England and America-Adam Mendelsohn Chapter 5. Lickspittles and Land Sharks: The Immigrant Exploitation Business in Antebellum New York-Brendan P. O'Malley Chapter 6. "The World Is But One Vast Mock Auction": Fraud and Capitalism in Nineteenth-Century America-Corey Goettsch Chapter 7. Underground on the High Seas: Commerce, Character, and Complicity in the Illegal Slave Trade-Craig B. Hollander Chapter 8. "Some Rascally Business": Thieving Slaves, Unscrupulous Whites, and Charleston's Illicit Waterfront Trade-Michael D. Thompson Chapter 9. Selling Sex and Intimacy in the City: The Changing Business of Prostitution in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore-Katie M. Hemphill Chapter 10. Economies of Print in the Nineteenth-Century City-Paul Erickson Chapter 11. Back Number Budd: An African American Pioneer in the Old Newspaper and Information Management Business-Ellen Gruber Garvey Conclusion-Brian P. Luskey and Wendy A. Woloson Notes Index List of Contributors Acknowledgments
Estriol determinations in diabetic pregnancies complicated by nephropathy

Abstract In order to study the effect of renal disease on urinary estriol clearance rate, we have measured the concentrations of plasma and urinary estriol (E 3 ) in pregnancies of 69 diabetic patients, 25 of whom had nephropathy. No correlation was found between endogenous creatinine clearance (CCr) and estriol clearance (CE 3 ) rates (r = 0.07), and mean CE 3 of diabetic patients with diminished CCr ( 3 could be used to assess fetoplacental function.
Mega-Analysis of Meta-Analysis: An Examination of Meta-Analysis with an Emphasis on Once-Daily Aminoglycoside Comparative Trials

Meta-analysis is increasingly performed to try and answer clinical questions around which controversy exists. We performed meta-analyses using three different methods as examples to illustrate problems and points to consider when doing such work. The questions of interest were comparing frequency of nephrotoxicity and clinical effectiveness with once-daily aminoglycoside regimens versus multiple-daily dose aminoglycoside regimens. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established. Studies were obtained from literature searches, and included published studies and abstracts. The overall odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for nephrotoxicity and clinical effectiveness meta-analyses of these studies using the Mantel-Haenszel-Peto method were 0.70 (0.51-0.94, p = 0.042) and 0.79 (0.59-1.07, p = 0.09), respectively. Analyzing the data by Fisher's combined test and the Mean-P method showed agreement with the other methods' conclusions for nephrotoxicity but not for clinical effectiveness. Meta-analysis is not an exact procedure and contains various problems and inconsistencies. Combining studies of poor quality is not ideal for answering unresolved clinical questions.
Redox sensing: orthogonal control in cell cycle and apoptosis signalling.

Living systems have three major types of cell signaling systems that are dependent upon high-energy chemicals, redox environment and transmembranal ion gating mechanisms. Development of integrated systems biology descriptions of cell signaling require conceptual models incorporating all three. Recent advances in redox biology show that thiol/disulfide redox systems are regulated under dynamic, non-equilibrium conditions, progressively oxidized with the life cycle of cells and distinct in terms of redox potentials among subcellular compartments. The present article uses these observations as a basis to distinguish “redox-sensing” mechanisms, which are more global biologic redox control mechanisms, from “redox signaling”, which involves conveyance of discrete activating or inactivating signals. Both redox sensing and redox signaling use sulfur switches, especially cysteine (Cys) residues in proteins which are sensitive to reversible oxidation, nitrosylation, glutathionylation, acylation, sulfhydration or metal binding. Unlike specific signaling mechanisms, the redox-sensing mechanisms provide means to globally affect the rates and activities of the high-energy, ion gating and redox-signaling systems by controlling sensitivity, distribution, macromolecular interactions and mobility of signaling proteins. Effects mediated through Cys residues not directly involved in signaling means redox-sensing control can be orthogonal to the signaling mechanisms. This provides a capability to integrate signals according to cell cycle and physiologic state without fundamentally altering the signaling mechanisms. Recent findings that thiol/disulfide pools in humans are oxidized with age, environmental exposures and disease risk suggest that redox-sensing thiols could provide a central mechanistic link in disease development and progression.
Studies on the Mechanism of Squalene Biosynthesis: THE STRUCTURE OF PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE

The isolation and characterization of an intermediate between farnesyl pyrophosphate and squalene is described. This intermediate, presqualene pyrophosphate, has been identified as 2-(2,6,10-trimethyl-1,6,9-undecatriene)-3-methyl-3-(4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadiene)-cyclopropylcarbinyl-pyrophosphate. Chemical reduction of presqualene pyrophosphate by LiAlH4 yielded an alcohol and a mixture of hydrocarbons. The mass spectrum of the alcohol had a fragmentation pattern characteristic of a primary alcohol and showed the alcohol to have the formula C30H49OH. A deuterated isomer of the alcohol was prepared from presqualene pyrophosphate which had been synthesized from farnesyl-1,1-2H-pyrophosphate. The mass spectrum of this alcohol established the origin of the carbinol carbon of the intermediate as C-1 of one farnesyl substituent and showed the loss of a hydrogen from C-1 of the other farnesyl moiety in the carbon system of presqualene pyrophosphate. The presence of a cyclopropane ring in presqualene pyrophosphate was indicated by the behavior of its derivatives on catalytic hydrogenation. The position of the cyclopropane ring was established by the mass spectra of the hydrogenated hydrocarbons derived from presqualene pyrophosphate. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of presqualene pyrophosphate and presqualene alcohol were consistent with the proposed structure. Consideration of the mechanism of synthesis of presqualene pyrophosphate has led us to postulate a configuration for the substituents on the cyclopropane ring. A mechanism for the conversion of the intermediate to squalene based on analogy with the reactions of similar organic compounds is in accord with the stereochemical requirements established for squalene biosynthesis.
Maternal and fetal cardiovascular effects of nicotine infusion in pregnant sheep

Abstract The effects of nicotine on uterine and umbilical hemodynamics were studied in seven pregnant ewes equipped with electromagnetic flow probes around the main uterine and common umbilical arteries, and with polyvinyl catheters inserted into the fetal aorta and maternal femoral vessels. Maternal systemic infusions of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/min significantly decreased uterine blood flow by 42% (p
Algorithmic representation of visual information

Sow and Eleftheriadis (see Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Germany, p.188, 1997) have introduced complexity distortion theory, a mathematical framework characterizing the design of programmable communication systems. In this paper, we show how complexity distortion theory fits in the MPEG-4 context and more generally in any system allowing programmability, by formalizing the concept of programmable decoders. We also show how it can be used to design intelligent encoders at two flexibility levels: the first one corresponding to the case where flexibility in the algorithm selection is allowed and the second where downloading of new tools for representation is also allowed.
Diagnosis of Patterns in Partially-Observed Discrete-Event Systems

This paper studies the problem of diagnosis of a pattern in a partially-observed discrete-event system. Two different types of pattern diagnosability are defined in the context of formal languages: (i) S-type for patterns in the form of subsequences of sequences of events and (ii) T-type for patterns in the form of substrings of sequences of events. These two notions of pattern diagnosability generalize the notion of diagnosability of single events in prior works. Implementable necessary and sufficient conditions for both types of pattern diagnosability in systems modeled by regular languages are presented.
External consistency in a network environment

Paradigms for information integrity in computer systems have focused in the past on modeling a computer’s internal mechanisms. Biba integrity and recent attempts to “latticize” any computer-based policy are examples. Traditional paradigms for enterprise integrity focus on business procedures without regard to computer systems, double-entry bookkeeping being one example. Taking cues from the 1987 work of Clark and Wilson, we have modeled the interface between an enterprise and its computer system. In earlier work, we described a rigorous external-consistency model that defines user and computer responsibilities and the relationships between them. In this white paper we raise issues for a new paradigm to extend our external consistency model to the interface between an enterprise and a distributed automated system.
Direction-direction correlations of oriented polymers

We calculate the direction-direction correlations between the tangent vectors of an oriented self-avoiding walk (SAW). LetJ μ (x) andJ v (0) be components of unit-length tangent vectors of an oriented SAW, at the spatial pointsx and 0, respectively. Then for distances |x| much less than the average distance between the endpoints of the walk, the correlation function ofJ μ (x) withJ v (0) has, ind dimensions, the form\(\left\langle {J^\mu (x){\text{ }}J^\nu (0)} \right\rangle = k(d)(x^\mu x^\nu - \tfrac{1}{2}x^2 \delta ^{\mu \nu } )/\left| x \right|^{2d} \). The dimensionless amplitudek(d) is universal, and can be calculated exactly in two dimensions by using Coulomb gas techniques, where it is found to bek(2)=12/25π2. In three dimensions, the e-expansion to second order in e together with the exact value ofk(2)in two dimensions allows the estimatek(3)=0.0178±0.0005. In dimensionsd⩾4, the universal amplitudek(d) of the direction-direction correlation functions of an oriented SAW is the same as the universal amplitude of the direction-direction correlation functions of an oriented random walk, and is given byk(d)=Γ2(d/2)/(d−2)π d .
Discovery of a Candidate Isolated Neutron Star in a New Supernova Remnant Near CTB 1

We have discovered a neutron star candidate in the region near the supernova remnant CTB 1 (G116.9+0.2). The source is located near the center of a previously unknown shell of soft X-ray emission (G117.7+0.6), which is consistent with a middle-aged supernova remnant. The X-ray emission is periodic at the 99% confidence level with a period of 0.24181 s. The thermal X-ray emission is probably residual heat of formation from the cooling neutron star. We cannot entirely rule out a less likely possibility that the X-rays have an origin in the magnetosphere. A comparison of the neutron star age and temperature with cooling theories is presented.
Novel post-translational regulation of TCR expression in CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes influenced by CD4

Expression of the multicomponent T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex on the surface of thymocytes is developmentally controlled. Most immature CD4-CD8- 'double negative' and CD4+CD8+ 'double positive' thymocytes express either no or few TCR on their surface, and maturation to CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+ 'single positive' thymocytes is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the number of surface TCR complexes. Although the initial appearance of TCR during differentiation results from rearrangement and initiation of transcription of TCR genes in the thymus, the mechanisms regulating the quantitative changes in TCR expression during intrathymic differentiation are unknown. Surface TCR levels in T-hybridoma cells can be quantitatively regulated by a series of post-translational processes, including sorting to alternative intracellular compartments and degradation, which ensure that only fully and correctly assembled receptor complexes are efficiently transported to the cell surface. Quantitative increases in TCR expression on the surface of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes occur in vivo in response to anti-CD4 antibody treatment. Here we present evidence that immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes normally retain and degrade in the endoplasmic reticulum greater than 90% of some endogenously synthesized TCR chains, and that the increased surface TCR expression on immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes induced by anti-CD4 is due to an increase in the escape of newly synthesized receptor chains from the endoplasmic reticulum, and is not due to increases in RNA levels, translation, or assembly. Post-translational mechanisms therefore control the levels of TCR complexes on CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, and these mechanisms can be modulated by signalling through CD4 surface molecules.
Identification of Risk Factors Associated With Injury Severity of Work Zone Crashes

Work zone safety has become a major concern to many highway agencies and the highway safety community is looking at various ways of improving the situation. Accordingly, this paper describes an application of ordered probit modeling methodology to identify the factors associated with the injury severity of work zone crashes using a state level dataset. According to the findings of the severity model, work zone crashes involving trucks, following too close, non-deployment of airbags, sideswipe collision of the same direction vehicles, crashes occurring on roadway, and crashes occurred while vehicles were taking left/right turns in work zone area are some of the factors that are contributing towards higher injury severity in work zone crashes.
Supercompactness and measurable limits of strong cardinals

In this paper, two theorems concerning measurable limits of strong cardinals and supercompactness are proven. This generalizes earlier work, both individual and joint with Shelah.
Gene targeting of CK2 catalytic subunits

Protein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved and ubiquitous serine–threonine kinase. It is a tetrameric enzyme that is made up of two regulatory CK2β subunits and two catalytic subunits, either CK2α/CK2α, CK2α/CK2α′, or CK2α′/CK2α′. Although the two catalytic subunits diverge in their C termini, their enzymatic activities are similar. To identify the specific function of the two catalytic subunits in development, we have deleted them individually from the mouse genome by homologous recombination. We have previously reported that CK2α′ is essential for male germ cell development, and we now demonstrate that CK2α has an essential role in embryogenesis, as mice lacking CK2α die in mid-embryogenesis, with cardiac and neural tube defects.
Patient-centered tools for medication information search

Recent research focused on online health information seeking highlights a heavy reliance on general-purpose search engines. However, current general-purpose search interfaces do not necessarily provide adequate support for non-experts in identifying suitable sources of health information. Popular search engines have recently introduced search tools in their user interfaces for a range of topics. In this work, we explore how such tools can support non-expert, patient-centered health information search. Scoping the current work to medication-related search, we report on findings from a formative study focused on the design of patient-centered, medication-information search tools. Our study included qualitative interviews with patients, family members, and domain experts, as well as observations of their use of Remedy, a technology probe embodying a set of search tools. Post-operative cardio-thoracic surgery patients and their visiting family members used the tools to find information about their hospital medications and were interviewed before and after their use. Domain experts conducted similar search tasks and provided qualitative feedback on their preferences and recommendations for designing these tools. Findings from our study suggest the importance of four valuation principles underlying our tools: credibility, readability, consumer perspective, and topical relevance.
Insulin-Sensitive, Serum-Sensitive Protein Kinase Activity that Phosphorylates Ribosomal Protein S6 in Cultured Fibroblast-Melanoma Hybrid Cells

A protein kinase activity (S6PK) that phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6 has been detected in cytosolic extracts prepared from an insulin-sensitive mouse fibroblast-melanoma hybrid cell line. The activity of this enzyme is greatly increased in cells that have been stimulated with insulin or serum for 30 min before preparation of the extract. In the parental melanoma cells, which are insensitive to the growth-stimulatory action of insulin, the activity of the enzyme is lower than in the hybrid cells and is not increased in response to insulin. The insulin-sensitive, serum-sensitive S6PK from the hybrid cells is eluted as a single peak from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose between 0.15 and 0.2 M KCl. The apparent mol wt of the enzyme, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, is approximately 105,000. A second S6 kinase activity from the hybrid cells is trypsin dependent and elutes from DEAE-cellulose at a lower salt concentration than S6PK. In contrast to S6PK, the trypsin-dependent S6 kinase activity does not vary in a consistent manner in response to insulin or serum. Fractions obtained from DEAE-cellulose chromatography of extracts of the hybrid cells have also been assayed for ability to phosphorylate the synthetic octapeptide Arg-Arg-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Arg-Ala (S6-1), the structure of which is based on a phosphorylated region of the S6 protein. Two trypsin-dependent peaks of protein kinase activity have been found to phosphorylate this peptide, one eluting at 0.05 M KCl and the other at 0.10-0.15 M KCl. The first peak elutes at the same salt concentration as the trypsin-dependent protein kinase(s) that phosphorylate ribosomal protein S6, while the second elutes slightly, but reproducibly ahead of S6PK. Several properties of the second peak of S6-1 phosphorylating activity suggest that it is not S6PK.
Advanced education in general dentistry.

Editor's note: This paper was presented at the Southeast Regional Conference of the American Association of Hospital Dentists on April 21, 1979. Even though the newer form of advanced general dentistry programming was approved by the Council on Dental Education, the editor believes that the detailed argumentation in this paper should be published to provide future readers with the documentation and logic behind this newer form of advanced general dentistry education.
Pediatric Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Patients with a high tumor burden may develop tumor lysis syndrome. Tumor lysis syndrome consists of at least 2 metabolic abnormalities, which may include hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, or hyperuricemia. The goal of standard therapy is to prevent tumor lysis syndrome. Prophylactic therapy includes hydration, alkalinization, and treatment to lower uric acid with either allopurinol or rasburicase. Other metabolic abnormalities are treated as they occur.
Effects of intensification of agricultural practices on emission of greenhouse gases

Abstract Poor quality diets of ruminant farm animals in developing countries lead to relatively large emissions of methane (a gas implicated in global climate change) per unit of useful animal product. Production of high quality feed requires intensive agronomic practices that result in increased emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which also contribute to global climate change. Focusing on India, we estimate that improved diets could reduce by one-third greenhouse gas production (expressed as CO2 equivalents) per kg of milk. On the other hand, replacement of bullocks with tractors is projected to result in a greater than two-fold increase in CO2 equivalents.
Erosion and redeposition of divertor and wall materials during abnormal events

High energy deposition to in-vessel components of fusion reactors is expected to occur during abnormal operating conditions. This high energy dump in short times may result in very high surface temperatures and can cause severe erosion as a result of melting and vaporization of these components. One abnormal operating condition results from plasma disruptions where the plasma loses confinement and dumps its energy on reactor components. Another abnormal condition occurs when a neutral beam used in heating the plasma shines through the vacuum vessel to parts of the wall with no plasma present in the chamber. A third abnormal event that results in high energy deposition is caused by the runaway electrons to chamber components following a disruption. The failure of these components under the expected high heat loads can severely limit the operation of the fusion device. The redeposition of the eroded materials from these abnormal events over the first wall and other components may cause additional problems. Such problems are associated with tritium accumulation in the freshly deposited materials, charge exchange sputtering and additional impurity sources, and material compatibility issues.
Computer processing of dates outside the twentieth century

This paper presents practical solutions to problems envisioned in extending computer processing of dates beyond the twentieth century. Many data processing managers are concerned with processing cross-century dates, and in doing so using existing systems, with a minimum of disruption to normal operations. The use of existing date formats can eliminate the need for massive system modifications. Methods of using existing date formats across century boundaries are explained. The use of a format termed the Lilian date format in honor of Luigi Lilio, the inventor of the Gregorian calendar, is introduced. The requirements for an effective date-processing algorithm are presented.
Cellular aspects of genetic defects in Con A mitogenesis

The cellular basis for genetically determined low Con A stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from two inbred lines of chickens was investigated. A simple shift in the dose-response curve was not responsible for the low stimulation. In addition, proliferation was neither accelerated nor delayed. The results of mitogen and cell mixing experiments showed that the low Con A stimulation in both strains was not mediated by suppression. Furthermore, cocultures of lymphocytes from the two low Con A responder lines complemented to give high Con A stimulation. These results indicate that at least two distinct genes, apparently expressed in different cell populations, can confer low Con A responses in chickens.
Electric field induced alignment and self-assembly of rods on fluid–fluid interfaces

Abstract In this paper we show that an external electric field normal to a fluid–fluid interface can align rods floating on the interface as well as adjust the lattice spacing of a monolayer of rods. The method consists of sprinkling rods onto a fluid interface, with the fluids contained in a chamber subjected to a vertical electric field. The rods are attracted to one another and cluster under the action of capillary forces. A rod floating on the fluid interface experiences both a lateral force and a torque normal to the interface due to capillarity, and in the presence of an electric field, it is also subjected to an electric force and torque. While the electric force affects the approach velocity of the rods’ the torque aligns the rods parallel to each other. In the absence of an electric field, two rods that are initially more than one rod length away from each other come in contact so that they are either perpendicular or parallel to the line joining their centers, depending on their initial orientations. In the latter case, their ends are touching. Our experiments show that in an electric field of sufficiently large strength, only the latter arrangement is stable. Experiments also show that the electric field causes the rods of the monolayer to align parallel to one another and that the lattice spacing of a self-assembled monolayer of rods increases. The alignment, however, is not complete since the rods physically block one another and the direction of the alignment is arbitrary in the sense that it only depends on the initial orientations of the rods.
History Lessons The Birth of Impersonal Exchange: The Community Responsibility System and Impartial Justice

This occasional feature will discuss episodes and events drawn from economichistory that have lessons for current topics in policy and research. Responses to thiscolumn and suggestions for future ones should be sent to Kenneth Sokoloff, c/oJournal of Economic Perspectives, Department of Economics, University of Cali-fornia, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, California 90095-1477.
Worldwide patterns in mode of development in calyptraeid gastropods

The mode of development in marine invertebrates is believed to have consequences for dispersal, gene flow, geographic range, and speciation and extinction rates. The factors responsible for among-species differences in mode of development are not well understood and patterns of vari- ation in mode of development have not been documented for many groups. I present a compiled data set of developmental characters for 78 species of calyptraeid gastropods: 53 Crepidula, 9 Calyptraea, 11 Crucibulum and 5 other species. Analysis of this data set shows that egg- and hatching-size distri- butions are strongly positively skewed. As expected, egg size correlates with hatching size and time to hatching in species without nurse eggs. Egg size is not significantly different between species with planktotrophic development and species with direct development with nurse eggs. Hatching size of direct developers with and without nurse eggs do not differ. Developmental characters do not vary with adult body size among species. There are strong latitudinal effects in mode of development, the frequency of planktotrophic species decreases with increasing latitude while the proportion of direct developers increases. There is also a striking latitudinal pattern in the occurrence of nurse eggs; almost all species with nurse eggs occur in the southern hemisphere. These latitudinal patterns do not appear to be explained by sea surface temperature. Comparisons with other gastropods for which similar compilations are available show a striking difference between heterobranchs (opisthobranchs and pulmonates) and caenogastropods in developmental characteristics.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the complestatin biosynthetic gene cluster

Streptomyces lavendulae produces complestatin, a cyclic peptide natural product that antagonizes pharmacologically relevant protein–protein interactions including formation of the C4b,2b complex in the complement cascade and gp120-CD4 binding in the HIV life cycle. Complestatin, a member of the vancomycin group of natural products, consists of an α-ketoacyl hexapeptide backbone modified by oxidative phenolic couplings and halogenations. The entire complestatin biosynthetic and regulatory gene cluster spanning ca. 50 kb was cloned and sequenced. It consisted of 16 ORFs, encoding proteins homologous to nonribosomal peptide synthetases, cytochrome P450-related oxidases, ferredoxins, nonheme halogenases, four enzymes involved in 4-hydroxyphenylglycine (Hpg) biosynthesis, transcriptional regulators, and ABC transporters. The nonribosomal peptide synthetase consisted of a priming module, six extending modules, and a terminal thioesterase; their arrangement and domain content was entirely consistent with functions required for the biosynthesis of a heptapeptide or α-ketoacyl hexapeptide backbone. Two oxidase genes were proposed to be responsible for the construction of the unique aryl-ether-aryl-aryl linkage on the linear heptapeptide intermediate. Hpg, 3,5-dichloro-Hpg, and 3,5-dichloro-hydroxybenzoylformate are unusual building blocks that repesent five of the seven requisite monomers in the complestatin peptide. Heterologous expression and biochemical analysis of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine transaminon confirmed its role as an aminotransferase responsible for formation of all three precursors. The close similarity but functional divergence between complestatin and chloroeremomycin biosynthetic genes also presents a unique opportunity for the construction of hybrid vancomycin-type antibiotics.
The vitamin B6 derivatives structurally analogous to thiamine and their biological activity.

Biological antagonism between 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine and pyridoxine has been demonstrated in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (A.T.C.C. 4228). The inhibition index (I/S) for half maximal growth was < 500–1000. The growth inhibition by the pyrimidine was not due to the possible increase, if any, of endogenous thiamine. The condensate of 4-methyl-5-(β-hydroxyethyl)thiazole and 5-monobromopyridoxamine depressed growth of Lactobacillus fermenti 36 (A.T.C.C. 9338). Thiamine or thiamine pyrophosphate was unable to reverse this effect, which was, however, completely overcome upon supplementation with some HS-compounds, such as l- and d-cysteine, l-homocysteine, reduced glutathione, and thioglycolic acid. This inhibition was superficially similar to that of iodoacetic acid, and an HS-group(s) appeared to be involved directly or indirectly in the inhibition mechanism, which, however, is yet to be studied. The condensate of the thiazole and 5-monobromo-4-deoxypyridoxine, failed to show a toxicity for the growth of L. fermenti 36.
FPGA based on integration of memristors and CMOS devices

This paper introduces a novel CMOS-memristor hybrid reconfigurable architecture, mFPGA. Different from the existing crossbar-based CMOS-memristor architectures, mFPGA mainly consists of lTlM-like structures that can be fabricated by using a CMOS-compatible process. These devices can efficiently establish FPGA block memories. More importantly, novel CMOS-memristor routing switches are developed to replace the CMOS routing switches to achieve significant density enhancement and power reduction. The simulation results demonstrate that 2D and 3D mFPGAs provide at least a 2X to 3X overall improvement in terms of area reduction, and a 20% lower power consumption, compared with corresponding CMOS FPGA architectures.
Thermal responses of large area toroidal limiters in TFTR

Abstract A toroidal limiter will be used in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) to shape the plasma, to absorb heat flux, and to protect the vacuum vessel. For nondisruptive plasmas the largest anticipated heat fluxes will be 1 kW/cm 2 . The thermal responses of several designs were analysed using a two-dimensional, finite element, heat transfer model. If the limiter is cooled only by its thermal radiation, the peak temperatures will be about 590°C in the backing plates, and 1850 or 1050°C on the title surfaces depending on whether they are TiC or vanadium. If the backing plates are actively cooled with water, the peak temperatures will be about 200–300°C cooler.
Investigating protein-protein interactions in living cells using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is now routinely used for dynamic measurements of signaling events inside living cells, including detection of protein-protein interactions. An understanding of the basic physics of fluorescence lifetime measurements is required to use this technique. In this protocol, we describe both the time-correlated single photon counting and the frequency-domain methods for FLIM data acquisition and analysis. We describe calibration of both FLIM systems, and demonstrate how they are used to measure the quenched donor fluorescence lifetime that results from Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We then show how the FLIM-FRET methods are used to detect the dimerization of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α in live mouse pituitary cell nuclei. Notably, the factors required for accurate determination and reproducibility of lifetime measurements are described. With either method, the entire protocol including specimen preparation, imaging and data analysis takes ∼2 d.
Detectability of thermal signatures associated with active formation of ‘chaos terrain’ on Europa

Abstract A recent study by Schmidt et al. (2011) suggests that Thera Macula, one of the “chaos regions” on Europa, may be actively forming over a large liquid water lens. Such a process could conceivably produce a thermal anomaly detectable by a future Europa orbiter or flyby mission, allowing for a direct verification of this finding. Here, we present a set of models that quantitatively assess the surface and subsurface temperatures associated with an actively resurfacing chaos region using constraints from Thera Macula. The results of this numerical study suggest that the surface temperature over an active chaos region can be as high as ∼ 200 K . However, low-resolution Galileo Photo-Polarimeter Radiometer (PPR) observations indicate temperatures below 120 K over Thera Macula. This suggests that Thera Macula is not currently active unless an insulating layer of at least a few centimeters in thickness is present, or activity is confined to small regions, reducing the overall intensity of the thermal signature. Alternatively, Thera may have been cooling for at least 10–100 yr and still contain a subsurface lake, which can take ∼300,000 yr to crystallize. According to the present study, a more sensitive instrument capable of detecting anomalies ∼5 K above ambient could detect activity at Thera Macula even if an insulating layer of ∼50 cm is present.
Endoscopic versus open saphenous vein harvest: a comparison of postoperative wound complications

Abstract Background . Wound complications associated with long incisions used to harvest the greater saphenous vein are well documented. Recent reports suggest that techniques of endoscopic vein harvest may result in decreased wound complications. A prospective, nonrandomized study was developed to compare outcomes of open versus endoscopic vein harvest procedures. Methods . There were 106 patients in the open vein harvest group, and 154 patients in the endoscopic vein harvest group. Patient characteristics and demographics were similar in both groups. Wound complications identified were dehiscence, drainage for greater than 2 weeks postoperatively, cellulitis, hematoma, and seroma/lymphocele. Results . Wound complications were significantly less in the endoscopic vein harvest group (9 of 133, 6.8%) versus the open vein harvest group (26 of 92, 28.3%), p less than 0.001. By multivariable analysis with logistic regression, the open vein harvest technique was the only risk factor for postoperative leg wound complication (relative risk 4.0). Conclusions . Endoscopic vein harvest offered improved patient outcomes in terms of wound healing compared with the open vein harvest technique.
Training Responses of Speed Skaters during a Competitive Season

(1982). Training Responses of Speed Skaters during a Competitive Season. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 243-246.
Stage IB and IIA-B Carcinoma of the Intact Uterine Cervix: Impact of Tumor Volume and the Role of Adjuvant Hysterectomy.

A review of parameters influencing the prognosis of patients with stages IB and IIA-B carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy alone is presented. The effect of tumor diameter, a factor not included in the international Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system, is emphasized. Potential alternative treatment strategies, particularly adjuvant hysterectomy, are addressed.
Sterile Preparation Evolves: A USP Implementation Story:

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) revised and renumbered the chapter describing sterile product preparation. Renumbering the document resulted in enforceable requirements for sterile preparation. This document, the infamous Chapter , will improve sterile preparation in many institutions. The regulation change was a result of contaminated preparations following attempts to standardize sterile guidelines.The process to understand, review, plan, and implement change and improvement in sterile preparation process is an initially vast, but ongoing task. The journey of USP implementation at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) involved education, gap analysis, reorganization, and training. Sections of Chapter posed particular challenges and issues in areas including environmental and equipment, product preparation, storage, and dating, as well as, personnel training and testing.Financial implications of fully implementing the recommendations can be overwhelming. Regardless, institutions...
Theory of photoinduced ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors

We study the photoinduced ferromagnetism in the dilute magnetic semiconductors by solving a Hamiltonian model that consists of localized magnetic moments interacting with the photoexcited itinerant carriers. The spin states of the itinerant carriers are split due to the interaction with the localized magnetic moments, which are assumed to be in thermal equilibrium in the local magnetic field due to the carriers. The time dependence of the light-matter interaction term is eliminated by a unitary transformation and the resulting Hamiltonian is solved by making a Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation or by a variational approach using a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-type wave function. Without incident light, there are no carriers present to mediate magnetic interaction between the localized spins, so that the system is nonmagnetic. When light is present, the photoexcited carriers mediate a ferromagnetic interaction between the localized moments resulting in a ferromagnetic state, with a transition to a paramagnetic state as temperature is increased beyond ${T}_{c}$. The magnitude of ${T}_{c}$ is determined by the parameters of the system such as the strength of the light-matter coupling, the frequency of light, interaction strength of the carriers with the localized moments, etc. Even for a sub-band-gap light frequency, there are induced carriers, primarily due to the Rabi oscillations, leading to a small but nonzero ${T}_{c}$. We find that for typical parameters, ${T}_{c}$ is about a fraction of a Kelvin or so, which is sizable. In systems which are already ferromagnetic such as GaAs(Mn), the incident light would enhance the ${T}_{c}$ by this amount, an effect which has been recently observed.
A Continuum Model of Thrombus Growth and Flow Impingement

A species transport model of thrombosis is developed, which includes effects of thrombus impingement on the flow and finite platelet size. The model is implemented in commercial CFD package for easy transfer. Preliminary calculations, neglecting platelet activation kinetics, are consistent with experiments, and model the deflection of flow around the growing thrombus.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The chrysotile content of the wear debris of brake linings

Abstract Electron microscopy of the wear debris from brake linings has indicated that the particle size is about 10 nm, the characteristic chrysotile asbestos fibre being almost absent. No evidence of the chrysotile structure was found by either X-ray diffraction or thermal analysis and it is suggested that the structure has been reduced to an amorphous state or to forsterite.
DNA Replication: Keep Moving and Don't Mind the Gap

As the replication fork progresses, synthesis of the discontinuous lagging strand requires frequent priming and cycling of the lagging strand polymerase to the new primers. It appears that this mechanism also permits bypass of template lesions on both strands, leaving the damage behind in a single-strand gap and precluding fork stalling or collapse.