cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The desktop, or the top of the desk? The relative usefulness of household features for personal health information management

Abstract Sixty percent of the US population manages at least one chronic illness. For these patients, personal health information management (PHIM) is an integral part of daily life, and largely occurs within the home. However, the way in which the home supports PHIM has not been systematically investigated. The present study examined how members of the diabetic population use features of the home environment to support PHIM. Participants (N = 60) explored a simulated home environment, the VR CAVE, and identified the most useful features for performing three examples of PHIM tasks. The computer was perceived as the most useful feature for PHIM. However, perceived usefulness of features varied based on the PHIM task performed and the rooms in which features appeared. We conclude that a detailed study of the affordances of features is necessary to ease the burden of managing chronic illness, particularly diabetes mellitus, in the sociotechnical system of the home.
Application Research of Multiple Detection Technology in Equipment Fault Diagnosis

With the development of detection technology, there are more and more detection methods for devices[1,2] . Multiple detection technologies[3,4] make targeted detection of devices to make the state judgment of devices more comprehensive. In the detection of auxiliary equipment in thermal power plants, vibration detection is generally used, but infrared and ultrasonic detection technology analyzes the fault state diagnosis of auxiliary equipment from another aspect, which plays a very important role. Multi-tech detection and mutual verification more and more methods are applied to equipment detection.
Transcriptomic and functional studies reveal undermined chemotactic and angiostimulatory properties of aged microglia during stroke recovery

Age-dependent alterations in microglia behavior have been implicated in neurodegeneration and CNS injuries. Here, we compared the transcriptional profiles of young versus aged microglia during stro...
Advancing zebrafish as a model for studying developmental neurotoxicology

The cover photo shows the developing zebrafish nervous system at 5 days post-fertilization. Axon tracts are labeled with an anti-acetylated alpha tubulin antibody. The image, which was acquired on a Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope, is a maximum intensity projection of a z-stack that has been color-coded for depth. Major brain regions such as the olfactory bulb, forebrain, habenula, optic tectum, cerebellum, hindbrain, and eye are identifiable. This image is part of a study (Plavicki Lab, Brown University) focused on understanding the impact of toxicant exposures on brain development and activity with the goal of identifyingenvironmental factors that contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Systematic review with meta-analysis: efficacy and safety of treatments for opioid-induced constipation.

Background When opioid-induced constipation is treated with centrally acting opioid antagonists, there may be opioid withdrawal or aggravation of pain due to inhibition of μ-opioid analgesia. This led to the development of peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs). Aim To evaluate the efficacy of available PAMORAs and other approved or experimental treatments for relieving constipation in patients with opioid-induced constipation, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Methods A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and EBM Reviews Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was completed in July 2019 for randomised trials compared to placebo. FDA approved doses or highest studied dose was evaluated. Efficacy was based on diverse endpoints, including continuous variables (the bowel function index, number of spontaneous bowel movements and stool consistency based on Bristol Stool Form Scale), or responder analysis (combination of >3 spontaneous bowel movements or complete spontaneous bowel movements plus 1 spontaneous bowel movement or complete spontaneous bowel movements, respectively, over baseline [so-called FDA endpoints]). Adverse effects evaluated included central opioid withdrawal, serious adverse events, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Results We included 35 trials at low risk of bias enrolling 13 566 patients. All PAMORAs demonstrated efficacy on diverse patient response endpoints. There was greater efficacy with approved doses of the PAMORAs (methylnaltrexone, naloxegol and naldemidine), with lower efficacy or lower efficacy and greater adverse effects with combination oxycodone with naloxone, lubiprostone and linaclotide. Conclusions Therapeutic response in opioid-induced constipation is best achieved with the PAMORAs, methylnaltrexone, naloxegol and naldemidine, which are associated with low risk of serious adverse events.
Temperature dependence of the anomalous Nernst coefficient for Ni80Fe20 determined with metallic nonlocal spin valves

The anomalous Nernst effect, which generates an out-of-plane charge voltage in response to a thermal gradient perpendicular to the magnetization of a ferromagnet, can play a significant role in many spintronic devices where large thermal gradients exist. Since they typically include features deep within the submicron regime, nonlocal spin valves can be made very sensitive to this effect by lowering the substrate thermal conductance. Here, we use nonlocal spin valves suspended on thin silicon nitride membranes to determine the temperature dependence of the anomalous Nernst coefficient of 35 nm thick permalloy (Ni80Fe20) from 78 K to 300 K. In a device with a simple ferromagnet geometry, the transverse Seebeck coefficient shows a weak temperature dependence, with values at all T near 2.5 μV/K. Assuming previously measured values of the Seebeck coefficient for permalloy, which has a near-linear dependence on T, leads to a low temperature upturn in the anomalous Nernst coefficient RN. We also show that the temperature dependence of this coefficient is different when a constricted nanowire is used as the ferromagnetic detector element.
Coding of featural information in visual working memory in 2.5-year-old toddlers.

Abstract The number of objects that infants can remember in visual working memory (VWM) increases rapidly during the first few years of life ( Kaldy & Leslie, 2005 ; Ross-Sheehy, Oakes, & Luck, 2003 ). However, less is understood about the representational format of VWM: whether storage is determined by fixed-precision memory slots, or the allocation of a limited continuous resource. In the current study, we adapted the Delayed Match Retrieval eye-tracking paradigm ( Kaldy, Guillory, & Blaser, 2016 ), to test 2.5-year-old toddlers’ ability to remember three object-location bindings when the to-be-remembered objects were all unique (Experiment 1) versus when they shared features such as color or shape (Experiment 2). 2.5-year-olds succeeded in Experiment 1, but only performed marginally better than chance in Experiment 2. Interestingly, when incorrect, participants in Experiment 2 were no more likely to select a decoy item that shared a feature with the target item. It seems that the increased similarity of to-be-remembered objects did not impair memory for the objects directly, but instead increased the likelihood of catastrophic forgetting.
Ethical Considerations in Ethnographies of Science Education: Toward Humanizing Science Education Research

An increasing number of science education researchers employ ethnography as their methodological approach. Moving away from post-positivistic perspectives, ethnographers in science education perceive science learning as a sociocultural process that is situated in macroscopic contexts and tend to have a high commitment to transforming the practices of science and lives of underserved learners (Brandt CB, Carlone H, Ethnogr Educ 7:143–150, 2012). In the ethnographic framework, researchers interact with participants and local communities for an extended period of time, immerse themselves in the research setting, and collect in-depth data based on the relationships built with them. While valuable, these methods also pose ethical questions. In this chapter, I present ethical quandaries that I have run into while conducting two ethnographic studies along three foci: benefiting study participants and their communities, building relationships with study participants, and constructing stories to tell from the study. Then, I discuss my research practices in response to those ethical quandaries, building on the ideas of humanizing research (Paris D, Winn MT, Humanizing research: decolonizing qualitative inquiry with youth and communities. SAGE, Thousand Oaks, 2014). This chapter will call for enhanced reflexivity, relevance, and reciprocity throughout a research process especially when working with marginalized individuals and communities on the basis of race, class, and language among others.
Nucleotide and Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of All Genes Encoded by the 3′ Genomic Portion (9.5 kb) of Respiratory Bovine Coronaviruses and Comparisons Among Respiratory and Enteric Coronaviruses

The 3′-ends of the genomes (9538 bp) of two wild-type respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) isolates LSU and OK were obtained by cDNA sequencing. In addition, the 3′-end of the genome (9545) of the wild-type enteric bovine coronavirus (EBCV) strain LY-138 was assembled from available sequences and by cDNA sequencing of unknown genomic regions. Comparative analyses of RBCV and EBCV nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that RBCV-specific nucleotide and amino acid differences were disproportionally concentrated within the S gene and the genomic region between the S and E genes. Comparisons among virulent and avirulent BCV strains revealed that virulence-specific nucleotide and amino acid changes were located within the S and E genes, and the 32 kDa open reading frame.
Temporal Profile of Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19

ObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with olfactory dysfunction, but the evolution of the olfactory loss and timeline to recovery are largely unknown. This study examines chan...
The Function of Horn Ridges for Impact Damping

This study investigates the role of ridges of ram horns with regard to damping of mechanical impacts arising from ramming. We measured ram horn ridges from eight specimens of six different species and analyzed the ridges’ pitch distributions. Also, using finite element analysis, a ridged horn model was compared with a non-ridged horn model. The results demonstrate three functions of ram horn ridges; 1) transferring longitudinal waves to shear waves, 2) filtering out shear waves, and 3) stabilizing structures by reducing excessive strain.
Library Web Development: Beyond Tips and Tricks: by Jason Bengtson, Chicago, IL, ALA Editions, 2019, 144 pp., $69.99, ISBN: 978-0-8389-1830-2

For library professionals wanting to enhance their web development skills, Bengtson offers a series of simple strategies for progressive do-it-yourself web coding. Bengtson, an experienced library ...
The relevance of post-traumatic stress disorder as a moderator of the relationship between experience of violent or sexual assault and opioid use in adulthood.

BACKGROUND Past research has indicated that individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may demonstrate increased sensitivity to stress exposure following onset of the disorder. Thus, having PTSD may amplify the effects of subsequent stressors. This has been found to be relevant in some forms of substance use but relationships between PTSD, new stress and opioid use specifically has not been examined. AIMS To explore interactions between PTSD, new victimisation and opioid use and test the hypothesis that PTSD will moderate any victimisation-opioid use relationship. METHODS The pathways to desistance data were used in analyses. A series of logistic regression models were used to test both direct effects of victimisation and PTSD on opioid use and interactions between them. RESULTS The sample was comprised of a male majority (male N = 1,170; female N = 184). Results indicated that neither PTSD nor victimisation were significant predictors of opioid use. PTSD was found to moderate the relationship between victimisation and opioid use in the hypothesised manner. CONCLUSIONS There may be clinical implications of these results relating to both inpatient and outpatient treatment. Regular trauma screening, additional victims' services and trauma-informed care may help to reduce the risk of opioid use among individuals suffering from PTSD.
Geoscience Information Sources and Services from the User’s Viewpoint

Affecting the geoscience information user are a number of factors inherent in the field itself: its interdisciplinary nature; the wide variety of sources, ranging from monographs and journals to guidebooks and aerial photographs; and the relative usefulness of older material. This paper addresses specific concerns of the user within the context of some of the stages in geoscience information processing and management--production of primary sources, acquisition and storage, organization and control, identification and location, and physical access. Problem areas include new journal formats, escalating costs and time lags throughout the process, inadequate indexing and abstracting, and proliferation of primary data.
The films of Jean-Luc Godard : seeing the invisible

1. Introduction 2. Breathless 3. My Life to Live 4. Weekend 5. Numero deux 6. Hail Mary 7. Nouvelle vague 8. Video and television.
Role of Nitric Oxide and Other Radicals in Signal Transduction

Publisher Summary Free radicals derived from nitrogen and oxygen have been found to have a significant role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Originally, free radicals were believed to be associated exclusively with cellular damage. Free radicals are now widely implicated in cellular signaling, a fact that attacks the classic notion of biological mediators utilizing receptor-ligand interactions in a “lock and key” manner. Free-radical signaling is mainly based on redox chemistry, a unique mode of signal transduction. Nitric oxide is synthesized in most tissues, is diffusible, and can take on several chemical forms, each of which has its own reactive specificity. The major chemical modification produced by these species is nitrosation of the target, generally a protein iron or thiol. The direct interaction of nitric oxide with the protein target may result in either activation, inactivation, or switching of protein function and subsequent modulation of gene expression. Some physiological events regulated by this type of signaling include vasodilation, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and synaptic plasticity. Reactive oxygen species aid in propagating signals triggered by growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. This chapter attempts to explain the mechanistic basis of cell signaling by nitrogen- and oxygen-derived chemical species, and discusses their cellular targets and the physiological events they regulate.
Slow Strain-Rate Stress Corrosion Testing of Metals in Gaseous Atmospheres at Elevated Temperatures

A total of six different alloys-stainless steel (SS) Types 310, 310S, 347, and 446, and nickel alloys 800 and 671-were tested using the slow strain-rate test technique in oxidizing/sulfidizing and in oxidizing/sulfidizing/carburizing simulated coal gasification environments, and in helium (and other inert environments) at both 450 and 600°C at a strain rate of 10 - 6 /s. Of the six alloys, four (Types 310 stainless steel and 310S stainless steel, nickel alloy 800, and nickel alloy 671) were found to be susceptible to cracking at 600°C by possibly different mechanisms, however, all were detected by the slow strain-rate technique. For cracking, the nickel alloy 671 required no reactive environment; it suffered internal cracking in helium and all other test environments used. However, the stainless steel Type 310, Type 310S, and nickel alloy 800, all of which failed through surface initiated cracking, required increasingly severe environments for cracking. The Type 310 stainless steel required very little reactive environment; it cracked not only in the simulated coal gasification gases but also in low vapor pressure O 2 or water (H 2 O)environments, or both (for example, helium), as did the Type 310S stainless steel, although with greater ductility than the Type 310 stainless steel. The nickel alloy 800 required the rather reactive environment of the simulated coal gasification gases; it did not crack in the low vapor pressure O 2 and H 2 O environments. The detection of the environmentally independent failure of Alloy 671 shows that the use of the slow strain-rate technique need not be limited to use for testing for susceptibility to cracking by stress corrosion cracking. The slow strain-rate technique is shown to be a viable testing method for detecting an alloy's propensity to premature failure in simulated coal gasification environments.
Learning to Learn: The Role of Imitation and Trade in Technological Diffusion *

An endogenous growth model is developed demonstrating both static and dynamic gains from trade for developing nations due to the beneficial effects of trade on imitation and technological diffusion. The concept of learning-to-l earn in both imitative and innovative processes is incorporated into a quality-ladder model with North-South trade. Domestic technological progress occurs via innovation or imitation, while growth is driven by technological advances in the quality of domestically available inputs, regardless of country of origin. In the absence of trade, Southern imitation of Northern technology leads to asymptotic conditional convergence between the two countries, demonstrating the positive effect of imitation on Southern growth. Free trade generally results in a positive feedback effect between Southern imitation and Northern innovation yielding a higher common steady-state growth rate. Immediate conditional convergence occurs. Thus, trade in this model confers dynamic as well as static benefits to the less developed South, even when specializing in imitative processes.
Genetic Dissection of Vα14Jα18 Natural T Cell Number and Function in Autoimmune-Prone Mice

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for type I diabetes (TID), have reduced numbers of invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR α-chain-positive natural T (iNKT) cells that do not release IL-4 in response to in vivo activation through their Ag receptor. The deficit in iNKT cell number and function is implicated in immune dysregulation and the etiology of TID. Therefore, we reasoned that the genetic determinant(s) that controls iNKT cell number and function might lie within Idd (insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility locus) regions, which are known to contain TID resistance or susceptibility genes. A systematic analysis of iNKT cell number and function in Idd congenic mice revealed that neither iNKT cell number nor their inability to rapidly secrete IL-4 in response to acute in vivo activation by Ag underlies the mechanism of protection from diabetes in Idd congenic mice. Moreover, the regulation of iNKT cell number and function appears to be under the control of several genes. The most notable of these map to the Idd4 , Idd5 , Idd9.1 , and Idd13 regions of the mouse genome. Together these findings provide a clue to the genetic mechanism(s) underlying iNKT cell deficiency in NOD mice.
Tissue Amino Acid Flux After Exposure of Rats to Diplococcus pneumoniae

The concentration of 21 individual free amino acids in serum, liver, and skeletal muscle was determined in rats during the incubation, acute illness, and terminal stages of experimental infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae. By 4 hr after subcutaneous inoculation with bacteria, the concentration of total and many individual free amino acids in serum, liver, and muscle was significantly decreased in comparison to findings in noninfected, pair-fed control rats. By use of a nonmetabolizable amino acid analogue (cycloleucine), it was possible to detect a flux of amino acids from muscle to liver in the infected rat. The endogenous amino acids which moved to the liver were rapidly utilized for the synthesis of serum proteins.
Comparative effectiveness of amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium in acute paranasal sinus infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two antimicrobial preparations, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium (Augmentin), in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in children 2 to 16 years of age. Of 171 children with persistent (ten to 30 days' duration) nasal discharge or daytime cough or both, 136 (80%) had abnormal maxillary sinus radiographs. These children were stratified by age and severity of symptoms and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, or placebo. After the exclusion of 28 children with throat cultures positive for group A Streptococcus and 15 who did not complete their medication, the remaining 93 children were evaluated: 30 received amoxicillin, 28 received amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, and 35 received placebo. Clinical assessment was performed at three and ten days. On each occasion, children treated with an antibiotic were more likely to be cured than children receiving placebo (P less than .01 at three days, P less than .05 at ten days). The overall cure rate was 67% for amoxicillin, 64% for amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, and 43% for placebo.
Cross-Coupling of Cobalt-Complexed Propargyl Radicals: Metal Core- and α- and γ-Aryl-Induced Chemo- and Diastereoselectivity†

Chemo- and diastereoselectivities of homo- and cross-coupling reactions of Co2(CO)6-complexed propargyl radicals were studied. The alternative radical generation methodsreduction of respective cati...
Transendoscopic Nd:YAG Laser Surgery for Treatment of Epiglottal Entrapment and Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in the Horse

Transendoscopic neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was used to treat 12 standing horses with epiglottic entrapment (EE) or dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), or both. In four horses, transendoscopic laser staphylectomy was performed. The most common presenting complaints were respiratory stridor, cough, and exercise intolerance. Ten horses with EE healed without epiglottic complications; in one horse, partial adhesion of the aryepiglottic fold to one side of the epiglottis was corrected surgically through a laryngotomy incision. One horse with DDSP had no further signs, one continued to have continual DDSP, and two had induced DDSP. Transendoscopic Nd:YAG laser proved to be a feasible means of correcting EE and selected cases of DDSP.
Infrared spectrum of gaseous trimethylamine

Abstract The infrared spectrum of gaseous trimethylamine was recorded over the spectral region 2–25 μ, at the maximum resolution available with NaCl and KBr optics, and was found to be in general agreement with the reported Raman spectrum. A torsional frequency (263 cm −1 ) has been deduced from one of the combination bands. Two observations have yet to be satisfactorily explained: the absence of an absorption in the region of 24 μ and the splitting of the Q branch of the 12.1-μ band.
Managing the semiotics of skin tone: Race and aesthetic labor in the fashion modeling industry:

This article explores the aesthetic labor of embodying race. The author’s research on fashion models in New York City uncovered a demand for aesthetic labor that differs along racial lines, namely, black models must fit themselves to a narrower set of standards, and experience their race as both an asset and a liability. This difference is evident in the context of the market for black models, where the “white gaze,” and the “corporate gaze” intersect. Yet both employers’ desire for workers with a particular “look,” and workers’ willingness to call on personal resources to style that “look” for the job foster a structural bias toward racist practices that are masked by appeals to “aesthetics.” Managing one’s racial appearance reveals a unique quality of aesthetic labor that emerges only when race is taken into account, arguing for its inclusion among the characteristics workers manipulate when their work is studied as aesthetic labor.
Differential Cellular Requirements for Activation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Early (tk) and Late (gC) Promoters by ICP4

The herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein, ICP4, activates the transcription of viral early and late genes and is essential for viral growth. It has been shown to bind DNA and interact with components of the general transcription machinery to activate or repress viral transcription, depending upon promoter context. Since early and late gene promoters have different architectures and cellular metabolism may be very different at early and late times after infection, the cellular requirements for ICP4-mediated activation of early and late genes may differ. This hypothesis was tested using tk and gC as representative early and late promoters, respectively. Nuclear extracts and phosphocellulose column fractions derived from nuclear extracts were able to reconstitute basal and ICP4-activated transcription of both promoters in vitro. When examining the contribution of the general transcription factors on the ability of ICP4 to activate transcription, the fraction containing the general transcription factor TFIIA was not essential for ICP4 activation of the gC promoter, but it was required for efficient activation of the tk promoter. The addition of recombinant TFIIA restored the ability of ICP4 to efficiently activate the tk promoter, but it had no net effect on activation of the gC promoter. The dispensability of TFIIA for ICP4 activation of the gC promoter required an intact INR element. In addition, microarray and Northern blot analysis indicated that TFIIA abundance may be reduced at late times of infection. This decrease in TFIIA expression during infection and its dispensability for activation of late but not early genes suggest one of possibly many mechanisms for the transition from viral early to late gene expression.
A comparative study of the effects of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and platelet activating factor on histamine and leukotriene C4 release from human leukocytes

Abstract Background: IgE-mediated stimulation of human basophils and lung mast cells causes the synthesis of larger amounts of 1-acyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC) than 1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating factor [PAF]). Methods: To study the biologic activity of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC, we compared its effects and those of PAF on histamine and leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4 ) release from human mixed leukocytes that contained basophils. Results: 1-Acyl-2-acetyl-GPC (0.1 to 10 μmol/L) failed to release significant amounts of histamine (≥ 10%) in most donors tested (20 of 24), whereas PAF (0.01 to 1 μmol/L) was active in 58%. 1-Acyl-2-acetyl-GPC (0.1 to 10 μmol/L) was a stimulus for LTC 4 release (132 ± 30 ng/μg of histamine) with a potency of about 1000 times less than PAF. The kinetics of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC-activated LTC 4 release were similar to those of PAF (half-life ≅ 2 minutes). The specific PAF receptor antagonist, WEB 2086 (10 nmol/L to 10 μmol/L), inhibited both 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC- and PAF-mediated LTC 4 release with the same potency (inhibitory concentration of 50% ≅ 1.5 μmol/L). Brief (2-minute) cell preincubation with 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ induced a decrease in the subsequent Ca 2+ dependent activation of PAF. Similarly, 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC (0.1 to 10 μmol/L) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of PAF-activated histamine secretion (inhibitory concentration of 50% ≅ 0.2 μmol/L). Conclusions: Our data suggest that 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC may represent, under certain circumstances, a modulator of human basophil mediator release via mechanisms shared with PAF.
Biochemistry of Mitochondrial Nitric-oxide Synthase *

We reported that the generation of nitric oxide by mitochondria is catalyzed by a constitutive, mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase (mtNOS). Given that this production may establish the basis for a novel regulatory pathway of energy metabolism, oxygen consumption, and oxygen free radical production, it becomes imperative to identify unequivocally and characterize this enzyme to provide a basis for its regulation. The mitochondrial localization of mtNOS was supported by following the hepatic distribution of mtNOS, immunoblotting submitochondrial fractions, and immunohistochemistry of liver tissues. mtNOS was identified as brain NOSα by various methods (mass spectrometry of proteolytic fragments, amino acid analysis, molecular weight, pI, and analysis of PCR fragments), excluding the occurrence of a novel isoform or other splice variants. Distribution of mtNOS transcript indicated its occurrence in liver, brain, heart, muscle, kidney, lung, testis, and spleen. In contrast to brain NOS, mtNOS has two post-translational modifications: acylation with myristic acid and phosphorylation at the C terminus. The former modification is a reversible and post-translational process, which may serve for subcellular targeting or membrane anchoring. The latter modification could be linked to enzymatic regulation. These results are discussed in terms of the role that nitric oxide may have in cellular bioenergetics.
Aerodynamic effects of leading-edge tape on aerofoils at low Reynolds numbers

A systematic wind tunnel study was conducted to gain an understanding of the aerodynamic effects of leading-edge tape, which is typically used on small wind turbines as a protection from blade erosion. The wind tunnel tests included lift and drag measurements over the Reynolds number range from 150,000 to 500,000. In addition, flow visualization experiments were carried out. Various tape configurations were tested on five aerofoils, namely the BW-3, FX 63-137, S822, SG6042 and SG6051. Although the magnitude of the aerodynamic effects of the tape was aerofoil-dependent, it was found that extending the tape beyond 5% chord and staggering multiple tape layers were most beneficial in minimizing the loss in aerofoil performance. The practical significance of the results on wind turbine performance is discussed. In particular, the data for the SG6042 aerofoil were used to quantify the effects of the tape on the power coefficient of small variable-speed wind turbines. Overall, the different tape configurations tested reduced the power coefficient by no more than 2·1%. From the trends shown, however, larger reductions in power coefficient should be expected for larger wind turbines than those considered, particularly if two layers of tape are used. In light of this study, guidelines for optimum application are suggested. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Was Dodd‐Frank justified in granting internal control audit exemption to small firms?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the cost of the internal control audit for small firms and assess whether the costs are scalable or, alternatively, whether they are higher in relation to firm size for small firms than for larger firms.Design/methodology/approach – The method estimates the Section 404 audit fee premium for companies that became accelerated filers for the first time in 2006 and 2007. The authors use the estimated audit fee premium as a proxy for the premium that non‐accelerated filers would have to pay if they were required to obtain an internal control audit.Findings – The main finding shows that the Section 404(b) estimated cost of the internal control audit divided by assets are significantly higher for non‐accelerated filers and first‐time filers than for those of larger firms.Research limitations/implications – One limitation of the study is that, while it shows that the costs of the Section 404 audit are not scalable to firm size, it does not prove that the costs of...
Contingent Legal Fees on Settlements and Awards and the Calculation of Gross Income by Individuals for United States Federal Income Tax Purposes

Lawsuits involving contingent legal fees are reasonably common. This paper focuses on the appropriateness of the inclusion in plaintiff's gross income for individual federal tax purposes of the portion of settlements going to attorneys for contingent legal fees. We present an example of the significant difference in taxes payable by a plaintiff under the two competing tax treatments. We also recap the current position of the various Circuit Courts on the issue using the opposing views of the Sixth to the Second and Seventh Circuits to frame a discussion of the issue and then discuss the treatment of securities classaction settlement proceeds that are apparently treated differently for tax purposes. The Supreme Court has recently granted certiorari in two cases and will be addressing the inclusion of contingent legal fees in gross income. We advocate that although taking the broader Sixth Circuit approach of excluding contingent attorney's fees on a joint endeavor theory would lead to more equitable result...
Open field activity and EtOH activation of ?-PKC null mutants

Null mutants of the neural-specific gamma-isotype of protein kinase C (gamma-PKC) have demonstrated differential responses to acute administration of ethanol in comparison with wild-type animals. Previous studies have shown that the mutants are less sensitive to ethanol-induced loss of righting response. Null mutants also consume more ethanol and exhibit less behavioral inhibition. In order to determine if these sensitivity differences extend to ethanol activation of locomotor activity in an open-field arena, baseline activity and the effect of two low doses of ethanol were assessed in gamma-PKC null mutants and wild-type littermates. Null mutants demonstrated higher levels of baseline activity than did their wild-type counterparts. Further analysis revealed that a 1.0 g/kg dose of ethanol increased locomotor activity in males and females of both genotypes, whereas only null mutant males were activated by a 1.25 g/kg ethanol dose. The current study demonstrates that male gamma-PKC null mutants exhibit increased sensitivity to activating doses of ethanol in contrast to previous findings of decreased sensitivity to higher, depressive doses. This reflects the pleiotropic effects of the gamma-PKC null mutation on the behavioral effects of ethanol.
The interventionist account of causation and the basing relation

It is commonplace to distinguish between propositional justification (having good reasons for believing p) and doxastic justification (believing p on the basis of those good reasons).One necessary requirement for bridging the gap between S’s merely having propositional justification that p and S’s having doxastic justification that p is that S base her belief that p on her reasons (propositional justification).A plausible suggestion for what it takes for S’s belief to be based on her reasons is that her reasons must contribute causally to S’s having that belief. Though this suggestion is plausible, causal accounts of the basing relation that have been proposed have not fared well. In particular, cases involving causal deviancy and cases involving over-determination have posed serious problems for causal accounts of the basing relation. Although previous causal accounts of the basing relation seem to fall before these problems, it is possible to construct an acceptable causal account of the basing relation. That is, it is possible to construct a causal account of the basing relation that not only fits our intuitions about doxastic justification in general, but also is not susceptible to the problems posed by causal deviancy and causal over-determination. The interventionist account of causation provides the tools for constructing such an account. My aim is to make use of the insights of the interventionist account of causation to develop and defend an adequate causal account of the basing relation.
Perceived Participation in the Budget Process and Motivation to Achieve the Budget

This research examined relationships between perceived participation in the budget process and both motivation to achieve the budget and level in the organizational hierarchy. Need for authoritaria...
Expanding the digital camera's reach

Digital cameras and large-capacity portable storage devices could soon be integrated into compact cell phones that establish symbiotic relationships with stationary devices in the environment, providing users with the ability to view and share images in many new settings and enabling the creation of several novel applications.
Tuning the ferroelectric state in multiferroic TbMnO3 single crystal by a trapped-charge-induced internal electric field

The pyroelectric current effects in multiferroic TbMnO3 single crystal are reinvestigated in a wide temperature range. We report a pyroelectric current peak occurring around T = 107 K, which is much higher than the magnetic phase transition temperatures, after poling the sample from T ≥ 60 K to low temperatures, and we attribute it to the thermal release of trapped-charges in TbMnO3. We also show that the trapped-charges form a strong internal electric field that remarkably controls the ferroelectric polarization state induced by the cycloidal Mn3+ spins at lower temperature.
Personality Factors and Results of Lumbar Disc Surgery

Patients undergoing surgery for herniated lumbar discs were evaluated prospectively with a battery of psychological tests. Personality factors in patients having a good outcome were compared to those in patients having a bad outcome. Both groups had similar surgical findings. Patients with a good outcome were more stable, cautious, efficiently defensive, self-confident, realistically concerned with their illness, mildly depressed, generally optimistic regarding outcome, and able to withstand setbacks without resorting to emergency reactions. Patients with a bad outcome were less stable, were unpredictable, had inefficient defenses, were more obviously depressed, and were less able to withstand stress and breakdown. However, even the degree of psychological testing used in this study does not definitely predict outcome.
Dispersion relations for gravity waves in a deep fluid : second sound in a stormy sea

We consider the nonlinear processes of interaction between a random field of short deep gravity waves and a deep long gravity wave, as well as the effects of nonlinear interactions among the driven short waves. The interactions are characterized by two types of invariants. First, the short waves possess an adiabatic invariant as regards their interaction with the long waves. Second, a collision between short waves conserves frequency and wave vector. As a consequence of these invariants, extra degrees of freedom appear. This results in a two-fluid description at the surface of the liquid for the mean flow of the long wave plus a distribution of waves. The two-fluid theory implies a spectrum of oscillations of the surface where, besides the usual gravity waves, there exists a surface mode with longitudinal oscillations. The regimes of validity of this hydrodynamic description are discussed, and the solutions for the dispersion relation are also presented. The power spectrum of a stormy sea is derived within the framework of nonlinear wave interactions. Finally, we comment on the relevance of the results to phase-velocity measurements in a wind-wave laboratory experiment, as well as possible experiments to observe the theoretically predicted new mode.
Contributions of international food aid to diets of Nicaraguan children

The results of the dietary component of a nutritional status survey of 463 Miskito Indian children (0–60 months) in northeast Nicaragua are presented. Supplements provided by an international food aid program contributed as much as 12 percent to the food intake of non‐breastfed.children. Low dietary diversity was indicated by the average consumption of only six different foods per day. During the five‐month study, the total number of different foods consumed was only 29. The diets of breastfed and non‐breastfed children were almost identical in variety due to limited food supplies. Significant fluctuations in diet adequacy were found on a daily as well as bi‐monthly basis. Diets were more deficient in energy than in protein and, for one month, mean intakes of riboftavin and calcium were only 26 and 33 percent, respectively, of the WHO standard. The total number of servings of food consumed per child per day was a simple indicator of dietary adequacy.
BAPV modules: Installed-NOCT and temperature coefficients after 1-year exposure

Building applied photovoltaics (BAPV) is one of the major applications for photovoltaic (PV) modules. The performance of PV modules is heavily influenced by their operating temperature; for example, the power of crystalline silicon drops at a rate of about 0.5%/°C. The operating temperature is primarily dictated by three major parameters: ambient temperature, irradiance and wind speed. The magnitude of the influence of these parameters depends on the type of installation: open-rack or building-applied. Recognizing these issues, the design qualification standard of PV modules, IEC 61215, requires reporting NOCT (nominal operating cell temperature) values for the open-rack but not for the BAPV modules. This paper deals with the NOCT determination of BAPV modules, herein called installed-NOCT (INOCT). The effect of air gap (between module and rooftop) on INOCT values is also quantitatively determined in this work. The INOCT values determined for different air gaps (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4-inch) using the conventional thermal model of IEC 61215 are also compared with the values determined using the BAPV thermal model previously developed by Arizona State University. Furthermore, it is commonly assumed that the temperature coefficients of PV modules do not change over time in the field and all the energy yield calculations are performed based on the temperature coefficients of fresh modules. This work investigates if this assumption is accurate or not, through the determination of temperature coefficients of 14 modules before and after 1-year of rooftop exposure.
SOL-GEL AR Films for Solar Applications

Sol-gel derived antireflective films have been prepared for a variety of solar applications. The optical properties of the films are optimized by microstructure tailoring in solution by aging and/or in the film by heating and etching. The resulting film provides a quarter-wave, single layer interference surface with a reflectance minimum of <1% at 600 nm. We have applied sol-gel derived AR films to glass and plastics for solar thermal and photovoltaic applications, e.g., parabolic trough collector envelopes, plastic Fresnel lenses, and glazing materials for flat plate collectors.
Chlorohydrocarbons in lake superior lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Polychlorinated hydrocarbons used as pes t ic ides and as indust r ia l chemica l s have been recognized as being ecological ly significant c o m pounds s ince they a r e metabol ica l ly quite r e c a l c i t r a n t and thus tend to accumula te in va r ious global e c o s y s t e m s (ABBOTT et al. 1966; JENSEN et al. 1969; RISEBROUGH et al. 1968). Genera l ly the higher t rophic level o r g a n i s m s , such as b i rds , f ish, and some m a r i n e and t e r r e s t r i a l an ima l s , contain i n c r e a s e d concent ra t ions of chlor inated hydroca rbons . Studies have indicated that some f ish taken f r o m the Grea t Lakes p o s s e s s ch lo rohydroca rbon pes t ic ide r e s idue concentra t ions in excess of 5.0 p p m t h e i n t e r i m admin i s t r a t i ve l im i t for DDT in food se t by the United States Food and Drug Admin is t ra t ion (FDA) (HENDERSON et al . 1969; POFF and DEGURSE 1970; REINERT 1970). Recently, po lych lo r inated biphenyls (PCBs) usual ly identified as Aroc lo r and the pes t ic ide m i r e x ~ have been identified in Lake Ontario fish (KAISER 1974).
Interaction of dependent and non-dependent regions of the acutely injured lung during a stepwise recruitment manoeuvre

The benefit of treating acute lung injury with recruitment manoeuvres is controversial. An impediment to settling this debate is the difficulty in visualizing how distinct lung regions respond to the manoeuvre. Here, regional lung mechanics were studied by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) during a stepwise recruitment manoeuvre in a porcine model with acute lung injury. The following interaction between dependent and non-dependent regions consistently occurred: atelectasis in the most dependent region was reversed only after the non-dependent region became overdistended. EIT estimates of overdistension and atelectasis were validated by histological examination of lung tissue, confirming that the dependent region was primarily atelectatic and the non-dependent region was primarily overdistended. The pulmonary pressure?volume equation, originally designed for modelling measurements at the airway opening, was adapted for EIT-based regional estimates of overdistension and atelectasis. The adaptation accurately modelled the regional EIT data from dependent and non-dependent regions (R2?> 0.93, P < 0.0001) and predicted their interaction during recruitment. In conclusion, EIT imaging of regional lung mechanics reveals that overdistension in the non-dependent region precedes atelectasis reversal in the dependent region during a stepwise recruitment manoeuvre.
Kineto-elastodynamics - A review of the state of the art and trends

Abstract Kineto-Elastodynamics is the study of the motion of mechanisms consisting of elements which may deflect due to external loads or internal body forces. The requirement for machines to run at higher speeds brought to the surface many problems, such as balancing and vibrations, which were not serious factors at lower speeds. This review presents a general summary and attempts to organize the nomenclature of mechanism dynamics. It also indicates the current trend in the literature of kineto-elastodynamics and points the way to a possible unification of all dynamic effects.
Molecular size variants of prolactin and growth hormone in mouse serum: strain differences and alterations of concentrations by physiological and pharmacological stimuli.

Molecular size heterogeneities of PRL and GH in mice of the high mammary tumor C3H/St strain and low mammary tumor C57BL/St strain were compared under different physiological states. At least three size variants, the big (void volume), the intermediate (dimeric), and the little (monomeric) forms, of both hormones were detected in the sera and pituitary extracts. The big and the little forms of each hormone were the most prevalent; the intermediate form was detectable in only a few instances. In both strains, only big PRL was found in the sera of 15-day-old mice of both sexes. At 80 days of age, males of both strains still had only big PRL, but females of the low tumor C57BL/St strain now possessed only the little PRL, whereas those of the high tumor C3H/St strain continued to have mainly the big PRL. This pattern held true during late pregnancy. It is probable that this strain difference in the molecular size profile of PRL in adult females may be related to their incidence of mammary tumors. Lactation, n...