cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accounting for adaptation in assessing impact of climatic variations on crop yields: an empirical study of Arizona

The goal of this paper is to analyze the impacts of climatic variation around current normals on crop yields and explore corresponding adaptation effects in Arizona, using a unique panel data. The empirical results suggest that both fertilizer use and irrigation are important adaptations to climate change in crop production. Fertilizer use has a positive impact on crop yields as expected. When accounting for irrigation and its interaction with temperature, a moderate temperature increase tends to be beneficial to both cotton and hay yields. The empirical model in this paper features with two methodological innovations, identifying the effects of temperature change conditional on adaptations and incorporating potential spatial spillover effects among input use.
Sex behaviors and HIV infection status among men who have sex with men in Chongqing,2010- 2013

Objective To understand the prevalence of risk sex behaviors and HIV infection status among men who have sex w ith men in Chongqing in recent several years.Methods Face to face questionnaire survey w as conducted among the MSM recruited by snow balling methods in the communities in Chongqing from 2010 to 2013.All the data w ere analyzed w ith SPSS 13.0 softw are.Results Only 6% of the MSM aged 30 years w ere got married,but the aw areness of AIDS related know ledge w as high among them.Most MSM surveyed had anal sex in the past 6 months,but the condom use rate w as less than 50%.The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibodies w ere high in age group 34 years.From 2010 to 2013,the HIV infection rate increased from 11.4% to 17.6% in age group 18- 24 years and from 10.5% to 26.4% in age group 30- 34 years.The result of logistic regression analysis show ed that influencing factors of HIV infection included education level,condom usage in recent 6 months,HIV test history and syphilis infection.Conclusion Although the MSM had high aw areness of AIDS related know ledge and behavior interventions had been conducted among them in Chongqing,the HIV infection rate w as still high.It is urgent to conduct early antiretroviral treatment and more effective targeted behavior interventions in MSM.
Appropriate Caution as an Ingredient of the Solution

This chapter elaborates on the perspective that appropriate caution is often a valuable component of solution focused anxiety management. There is discussion of the concept of defensive pessimism and its relationship to this program. Acceptance of a preference for routine and the predictable can be viewed as a personal style rather than as “psychopathology” that needs to be eliminated. Case examples illustrate these principles in individual solution focused anxiety management with clients who have received diagnoses of obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The chapter provides some examples of how these ideas may emerge both in individual sessions and in discussion in the class.
Distribution and Diversity of Nearshore Ostracoda: Environmental Control in the Early Permian

Limestone and shale beds in the lower Americus Limestone (Permian, Wolfcampian) of the Midcontinent of North America were deposited in four contemporaneous environments: tidal flat, incipient lagoon, carbonate shoal, and open-marine shelf. Morphology of tabular cryptalgal limestones in the basal few centimeters of the Americus suggests that the four environments devel-oped quite early in the depositional history of the Americus. An abundant but low-diversity, characteristically nearshore ostracode fauna of sixteen species was extracted from the cryptalgal limestones by crushing them and then following standard micropaleontological procedures. The dominant species in the ostracode assemblages are Paraparchites humerosus, Sansabella bollia-formis , and Bairdia beedei . All three are typical of rocks deposited in nearshore, Midcontinent environments of the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian. In terrigenous rocks, however, they are rarely dominant. On the other hand, such species as Cavellina nebrascensis, Hollinella bassleri, Pseudobythocypris pediformis , and Healdia simplex , the typically dominant species in nearshore terrigeous rocks, are comparatively rare in these cryptalgal limestones. Paraparchites humerosus was most abundant in the lagoon and adjacent parts of the carbonate shoal and tidal flat. Sansabella bolliaformis increased in abundance from the tidal flat across the lagoon and the carbonate shoal to the open-marine shelf. Bairdia beedei is less common than the other two dominant species. It was least abundant on the carbonate shoal and increased in abundance both landward onto the tidal flat and seaward toward the open-marine environment. The index of species diversity from infor-mation theory increases from the tidal flat to the open-marine environment.
One For Me, One For You: Cause‐Related Marketing with Buy‐One Give‐One Promotions

A Buy-one Give-one (BOGO) donation model features the donation of a physical entity and is a popular cause-related marketing (CM) promotion format. Little is known about factors that underlie consumer response to BOGO-format promotions. The current studies, collectively, indicate BOGO promotions evoke a concrete construal mindset [(Trope & Liberman 2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110, 403–421], which influences consumer response in a distinct manner: BOGO promotions enhance promotion attitudes and purchase intention when bundled with utilitarian products, and enhance consumer response through perceived helpfulness of the donated entity.
A Quantitative System for Technical Assessment and Training of Skills (STATS) for Surgical Performance

Venkat N. Krovi is an associate professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, with adjunct appointments in Electrical Engineering, Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, and Gynecology-Obstetrics. In September 2001, Krovi joined the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the State University of New York at Buffalo as a tenure-track assistant professor and received tenure in June 2007. At Buffalo, Krovi directs the Automation, Robotics and Mechatronics (ARM) Lab and the Computer Integrated Surgery (CIS) Lab. His research program focuses on lifecycle treatment (design, modeling, analysis, control, implementation, and verification) of novel mechanical and mechatronic systems with emphasis on both the theoretical formulation and experimental validation. The rich theory of kinematics, dynamics, and control of constrained articulated mechanical systems forms the intellectual basis of his research.
A 660 MHz self-resetting 8 port, 32/spl times/64 bits register file and latch in 0.25 /spl mu/m SOI technology

Design issues associated with dynamic circuits such as collisions, pulse widening, and noise margins are anticipated to be very sensitive to SOI process and device conditions. Multi-port dynamic register files and latches are important elements in current microprocessors. We designed such a register file and latch for bulk silicon technology, but it can be fabricated in SOI technology without any body contacts. The register file and latch function at frequencies higher than 660 MHz. The salient features are low voltage operability, fully collision-free operation and minimum noise. A robust design is demonstrated with respect to input pulse width variation and skew margins. Charge sharing noise and noise due to leakage coupling and power supply variations are controlled using half latches on the dynamic nodes and by properly optimizing circuits and layouts.
The Painful Woman: Complaints, Symptoms, and Illness

These words by the satirist H. L. Mencken were no less inflammatory in 1922 than they are today. They were the product not only of a curmudgeonly journalist but also of the social climate in which they were written. The suggestion that women often were complainers racked with pain was abundantly promoted from the stage by playwrights of the day. Today, more modern versions of the same theme, that women are the “weaker(and sicker) sex,” find their way into cartoons, medical advertisements, and other media.
Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Uses of and Attitudes Toward Computers

(1987). Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Uses of and Attitudes Toward Computers. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 200-216.
Managing Abnormal Cervical Cytology and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

About 70% of the nearly 60 million women who undergo Papanicolaou (Pap) testing each year in the United States will be told they have abnormal results. In the past, deciding who gets a colposcopy, when to repeat the Pap test, and which patients should be treated has been both confusing and controversial. The publication of two sets of guidelines from the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) has greatly clarified these issues. These new evidence-supported consensus-based guidelines provide algorithms for managing cervical cytological abnormalities and histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). They were developed out of a consensus workshop convened by ASCCP in 2001 and subsequently published in JAMA and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. These new guidelines were preceded by revisions to the Bethesda System of nomenclature for cervical cytology. This updated terminology, as well as advances in the understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a cervical cancer precursor and the increased use of advanced technologies like liquid-based cervical cytology and HPV-DNA typing, were key in developing these guidelines.
Developing a Tool for the Detection of the Relative Amount of Water in Shale Cores Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy

Abstract Recent investigation of positron lifetime in Barnett Shale samples has shown a small intensity of positronium (Ps) formation. The samples studied have XRF information on 35 elements and chemical information on total organic carbon (TOC). Previous research has shown that Ps is not formed in dry quartz-rich sandstone, calcite-rich limestone or dolomite-rich rocks, which contain minerals that also constitute a significant part of most shale samples. Recent study of twenty-five different common rock-forming minerals has helped to clarify the Ps contribution of different minerals commonly found in shale and the effect of hydration of some minerals on Ps formation. As a result, a better understanding of how Ps is formed in the shale samples is now available. It is suggested that the observed variation in Ps intensity in shale is due to variation in water content in the samples. While there is still no information about the possible Ps contribution of organic carbon in the sample, it is expected to be small. Development of a novel laboratory tool for the characterization of the amount of water in shale core using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy is discussed.
Connections and distinctions: Perspectives on design activity from industrial design and electrical engineering

The goal of this paper is to provide a forum to discuss design activity from two different perspectives: industrial design and electrical engineering. We start with a general overview of design activity as defined by Larson and Dorst[1]. Next, perspectives on design are presented by two of the paper's authors, specifically in the following areas: identifying and framing design problems, design representations, the iterative process, reflection, and evaluation. Finally distinctions and connections across the perspectives are described. A deeper understanding of the differences and similarities in the perspectives of design activity across the two fields of design and engineering, that engage in design help identify spaces for shared language or where abstractions may be necessary, enabling better collaboration and thus, adding to the technical literacy of all design related areas.
Design and applications of lattice plasmon resonances

With their unique optical properties associated with the excitation of surface plasmons, metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in optical sensors and devices. The organization of these NPs into arrays can induce coupling effects to engineer new optical responses. In particular, lattice plasmon resonances (LPRs), which arise from coherent interactions and coupling among NPs in periodic arrays, have shown great promise for realizing narrow linewidths, angle-dependent dispersions, and high wavelength tunability of optical spectra. By engineering the materials, shapes, sizes, and spatial arrangements of NPs within arrays, one can tune the LPR-based spectral responses and electromagnetic field distributions to deliver a multitude of improvements, including a high figure-of-merit, superior light–matter interaction, and multiband operation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in designing and applying new metal nanostructures for LPR-based applications. We conclude this review with our perspective on the future opportunities and challenges of LPR-based devices.
Parent depressive symptoms and offspring executive functioning.

Introduction: Previous research has found mixed results when assessing the association between a parent’s history of depressive symptoms and a child’s abilities on measures of executive functioning...
Creative strategies to address challenges in access.

215Background: The Cancer Center is structured across multiple campuses with clinics at three different locations. Patients, providers and referring offices encountered difficulty accessing service...
Reciprocity and Scholarly Connections: Faculty Perspectives about the Role of Community-Engaged Work in Their Career Vitality.

This qualitative study examined 25 faculty members representing varying ranks, institutional types, disciplines, racial/ethnic backgrounds, and gender with current or recent participation in community-engaged research, service, and/or teaching. The study explored their perspectives on whether or not and, if applicable, in what ways their participation in community-engaged work influenced their vitality. For 23 of the 25 participants, community-engaged work positively affected their vitality. Interview analysis and document review revealed two aspects of this work as most significant: reciprocity (mutual benefits between faculty and community partners) and scholarly connections (integrating content expertise and community work). Implications for practice are discussed.
Using Local and Global Divergence Measures to Identify Road Similarity in Different Road Network Datasets

These days we live in a digital era where most societies rely on applications that depend on geospatial data. In addition, most of the recent road network maps are represented in vector format and they have accurate road points coordinates that form the road segments representing the roads. However, there are data discrepancies between maps for various reasons. Therefore, if there is a matching process between vector-vector road network datasets, the data discrepancy will cause some incorrect matching pairs. This paper presents a novel solution inspired by Hausdorff distance to confirm if the candidate similar roads from different maps are really similar to each other or not. We use local divergence measurements that make sure these candidate roads have approximately the same length and also run in parallel to each other, which preserves the shape between them. Confirming the similarity requires also a global divergence measurement to be met that ensures the candidate roads are for the same road, not different roads that happen to be beside each other having similar length and shape. Moreover, this approach has the capability to identify the similar roads when one of the roads has either missing road segments or extra incorrect road segments. The experiments for our method shows promising results.
Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol During Aging of Biomass Burning Smoke From Fresh Fuels and Its Relationship to VOC Precursors

Author(s): Ahern, A. T; Robinson, E. S; Tkacik, D. S; Saleh, R.; Hatch, L. E; Barsanti, K. C; Stockwell, C. E; Yokelson, R. J; Presto, A. A; Robinson, A. L; Sullivan, R. C; Donahue, N. M
Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 Maintains Mitochondrial and Metabolic Quiescence in Naive CD4+ T Cells

Summary Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed by CD4+ T cells and tempers their homeostatic expansion. Because CD4+ T cell proliferation is tightly coupled to bioenergetics, we investigate the role of LAG-3 in modulating naive CD4+ T cell metabolism. LAG-3 deficiency enhances the metabolic profile of naive CD4+ T cells by elevating levels of mitochondrial biogenesis. In vivo, LAG-3 blockade partially restores expansion and the metabolic phenotype of wild-type CD4+ T cells to levels of Lag3−/− CD4+ T cells, solidifying that LAG-3 controls these processes. Lag3−/− CD4+ T cells also demonstrate greater signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) activation, enabling resistance to interleukin-7 (IL-7) deprivation. These results implicate this pathway as a target of LAG-3-mediated inhibition. Additionally, enhancement of STAT5 activation, as a result of LAG-3 deficiency, contributes to greater activation potential in these cells. These results identify an additional mode of regulation elicited by LAG-3 in controlling CD4+ T cell responses.
Sequential Parallel Switching for Drain-Source Synchronous Rectifier Efficiency and Light-Load Stability Improvement

Drain-source synchronous rectification (SR) is a technique used to reduce the secondary-side conduction loss of an LLC resonant converter. In drain-source sensed SR, an early turn off issue can be observed due to parasitics in the drain-source voltage sensing loop. In LLC converter rectifiers where multiple SR switches are paralleled, sequential parallel switching (SPS) can be implemented to sequentially turn off the SR FETs to reduce the effect of these parasitics. By turning off SR FETs one by one over batch turn-off, the drain-source voltage signal near the turn-off moment can be enhanced, mitigating the effects of parasitics and the subsequent early turn-off issue. This method also reduces the amount of turn-off jitter experienced with low on-resistance (R DS,on ) FETs, which can start a detrimental resonance at light load conditions. Since the SR conduction time is prolonged, SPS can decrease body-diode/anti-parallel-diode conduction loss in the rectifier. This results in a net increase in converter efficiency, despite a slight increase in the SR FET’s channel conduction loss. The concept and operation of SPS is proposed, explained, and simulated in this paper. Finally, SPS is implemented and verified at light load on a LLC resonant converter with paralleled GaN SR FETs.
Healthy fats and exclusion-zone size

Abstract A fourth phase of water, labeled exclusion-zone or “EZ,” extends from hydrophilic surfaces. Salient features include exclusion of colloidal and molecular solutes, and characteristic light absorbance at 270 nm. In cell systems, EZ water interfaces with membranes, macromolecules, and organelles, and its buildup appears to be vital for function. For years thought to build health, fats have gained a negative reputation over the last few decades. While their exact role in health remains unclear, now they have become more accepted. We tested several fats for their capacity to generate EZ water. Large EZs formed next to ghee, coconut oil, lard, organic clarified butter, and ‘Brain Octane®’ oil. Cold ghee surfaces produced especially large EZs. Thus, EZ growth, confirmed by microsphere exclusion and UV–VIS absorbance spectroscopy of samples flanking the fat, may be an important factor in cellular hydration and might well underlie the health-promoting function of fats.
Imbruvica (Ibrutinib) induced subcutaneous hematoma: A case report

Abstract Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is one of the lymphoid neoplasms mainly affecting adults over age 55. Ibrutinib (Imbruvica) is currently the first-line therapy for various stages of CLL. It inhibits Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK). The most common adverse drug reactions include diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, rash, fever, and peripheral edema. Here, we report a case of subcutaneous hematoma in an 81-year-old male patient with CLL who was recently prescribed Imbruvica. At initial presentation, he had intermittently high WBC count (range: 15,000–16,000). Bone marrow biopsy showed low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder consistent with CLL. After 2 years into the diagnosis, leukocyte count began to rise, approaching 45,000 associated with worsening fatigue. Given the propensity of rapid progression and poor prognostic markers, Imbruvica was started. About two months into the therapy, he developed a reddish rash on both forearms and noticed increased bruising involving upper extremities consistent with ecchymoses. Imbruvica was stopped and later restarted at a lower dose of 140 mg daily. Leukocytosis responded well to the reduced dose. However, within a month, he again developed a rash on one of his forearm similar to the previous rash. Simultaneously, he developed redness and swelling of the left leg consistent with hematoma. INR was in therapeutic range (2.8) and the platelet count was 64,000/L (baseline range: 60,000/L–70,000/L). Review of system and physical examination were negative for a bleeding diathesis from any other organ system. Imbruvica was finally discontinued. His symptoms improved thereafter. Even though rare, Imbruvica induced hematoma is a serious adverse drug reaction. As per current guidelines, in case of major hemorrhage (Grade III-IV) the treatment should be stopped immediately. A frequent close follow up is recommended to ensure early recognition of progression of hematoma into a catastrophic pathology such as limb compartment syndrome. Alternate therapy like Acalabrutinib should be considered and the treatment-free period should be kept as short as possible especially in patients with aggressive disease course. Acalabrutinib also carries high risk of bleeding in such patients.
Psychological Impact of Ambiguous Health Messages about COVID-19.

Perceiving ambiguity in health information—that is, uncertainty elicited from believing information lacks credibility, reliability, or adequacy—is typically associated with pessimistic appraisals (e.g., high perceived disease risk) and behavioral avoidance. We examined the effect of ambiguous health information about COVID-19 on health cognitions and vaccination intentions, and tested a “normalized-uncertainty” intervention. Two studies with identical methodology (online adult sample: n = 299, undergraduate sample: n = 150) were conducted in March to April 2020. Participants were randomly assigned to read one of three health messages about COVID-19 that emphasized what was currently unknown (ambiguity condition), what was currently unknown but that scientific uncertainty is expected (intervention condition), or what was currently known (control condition). The ambiguity condition led to greater perceived ambiguity than the control condition and perceived ambiguity in the intervention condition was comparable to the ambiguity condition. There were few differences in health cognitions, and no differences in vaccination intentions, when examining pairwise comparisons across the three conditions. Correlational analyses collapsing across condition indicated evidence of pessimistic appraisal but not behavioral avoidance among individuals who perceived greater ambiguity. Future research should examine longer, more detailed normalized-uncertainty interventions.
A multiple-entry, modular memory system

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a general approach to memory in the form of a model of memory called a “multiple-entry, modular memory system” (MEM). The model proposes that the multiple functions that memory serves are accomplished by several interacting but distinguishable subsystems. This model tries to resolve or clarify a number of issues—for example, the controversy between the trace and constructive theories of memory, the role of attention in establishing long-term memories, and the relations among various measures of memory. MEM provides a framework for generating new hypotheses about a number of other areas—for example, the relation between memory and emotion, the relation between specific autobiographical memories and general knowledge, and the problem of characterizing memory disorders. A malfunction in the reflection system would tend to result in a disconnection between memories and personal identity such as is found in amnesics. Different memory tasks draw differentially on different subsystems in MEM; hence, an entry not revealed by one memory task may be revealed by another.
Cell-Cell Signaling within Crown Gall Tumors

It has been 100 years since Agrobacterium tumefaciens was demonstrated to cause crown gall tumors at plant wound sites. This chapter first presents background information relevant to quorum sensing in A. tumefaciens and then focuses on our current knowledge of the molecular biology of the TraR-TraI system. Regulation of TraR activity is complex and occurs at the levels of transcription, protein folding, resistance to proteolysis, and the formation of quaternary complexes with other TraR subunits or with two different antiactivators of TraR. Control of traR expression by opines therefore has evolved independently in these two types of Ti plasmids. The genes of the arc operon and occ operon are not similar, except for traR. LysR and AccR are also dissimilar, as OccR is a LysR-type transcriptional activator that binds to promoter DNA both in the presence and absence of the inducing signal. Overproduction of TraR can fully overcome inhibition, suggesting that TraM acts by making stoichiometric contacts with TraR. Direct interactions were confirmed by yeast two-hybrid assays and by far Western immunoblots. The author recently used gene arrays to profile the TraR transcriptome and found that all induced genes were Ti plasmid-encoded. These genes include the tra and trb genes, which are involved in conjugal transfer; the rep genes, which are required for vegetative replication and plasmid partitioning into daughter cells; and traM.
A Human-Centered Model for Detecting Technology Engagement

This paper proposes a human-centered engagement model for developing interactive media technology. The human-centered engagement model builds on previous interaction models for publicly located ambient displays. It is designed from ethnographic observation with the aim of informing technological innovation from the perspective of the user. The model will be presented along with technological mechanisms to detect human behavior with the aim of responsive media technology development.
THE KINETICS OF SO2 OXIDATION FOR VARIOUS CATALYST COMPOSITIONS

The sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide conversion has been measured for three different automotive exhaust catalysts. Two of the catalysts were 1975 production catalysts (Engelhard IIB and Matthey-Bishop 3C) and the third is a palladium catalyst on a monolith support. The measurements were made using a flow reactor with simulated exhaust gas and show that, while the carbon monoxide and propylene conversions were very similar for all three catalysts, there was a wide range of sulfur dioxide conversions. /GMRL/
Orthogonal tandem catalysis.

One-pot tandem reactions are attractive for both waste and time reduction, but can also enable transformations otherwise unobtainable in single-step processes. This Perspective covers recent advances in orthogonal tandem catalysis, while introducing the concept of thermodynamically leveraging multiple catalytic systems together to perform challenging transformations.
On the inviscid acoustic-mode instability of supersonic shear flows

The same methods used previously to study acoustic-mode instability in supersonic boundary layers are applied to free shear layers, and new calculations are made for boundary layers with cooling and suction. The objective is to obtain additional information about acoustic-mode instability, and to find what features of the instability are common to boundary layers and free shear flows. Acoustic modes exist whenever there is an embedded region of locally supersonic flow relative to the phase speed of the instability wave. Consequently, they can be found in boundary layers, wakes, and jets, but not in mixing layers unless the flow is confined. In this first part of a two-part paper, attention is directed principally to two-dimensional waves. The linear, inviscid stability theory is used to calculate spatial amplification rates at Mach number 3 for the sinuous and varicose modes of a single wake flow and a single jet flow, each made up of the same mixing-layer profile plus a central region of uniform flow. Along with sequences of sinuous and varicose unstable modes clearly identifiable as acoustic modes, both of these flows, unlike the boundary layer, have a lowest sinuous mode that is the most unstable. The unstable modes include both subsonic and radiating disturbances with large amplification rates. The latter phenomenon is also found for highly cooled boundary layers with suction. In these boundary layers, suction is generally stabilizing for nonradiating acoustic disturbances, but destabilizing for radiating disturbances.
Effects of dietary histidine and arginine on plasma amino acid and urea concentrations of men fed a low nitrogen diet

The effects of dietary histidine and arginine on fasting and 1 and 2 hour postprandial plasma free amino acid and urea concentrations were studied in six young men. For 1 week each, they were fed six different diets containing 6.3 g of nitrogen daily. Each diet contained eight indispensable amino acids, cystine and tyrosine proportioned as in casein and a different mixture of dispensable nitrogen: A) six dispensable amino acids plus argine (diet 1) or plus histidine and arginine (diet 2) in the casein pattern, or B) an isonitrogenous amount of glycine and diammonium citrate alone (diet 3), with histidine (diet 4), with arginine (diet 5) or with histidine and arginine (diet 6). The fasting plasma concentrations of the seven indispensable amino acids assayed and their similar postprandial patterns were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Both fasting and postprandial plasma histidine concentrations were significantly lower when the histidine-low diets were fed than when the histidine-supplemented diets were fed. Histidine supplementation promoted a reduction in fasting plasma urea nitrogens. Proline concentrations were lowered significantly when proline was removed from the dietary amino acid mixtures, but plasma arginine concentrations were unaffected by arginine removal. Plasma histidine was maintained at lower concentrations in dietary histidine deficiency than when histidine was added to the low nitrogen diets.
Inconsistent Approaches to Research Involving Cognitively Impaired Adults: Why the Broad View of Substituted Judgment Is Our Best Guide.

This case study highlights some of the most challenging ethical issues in biomedical research: When and how can we justifiably use cognitively impaired adults to benefit other people? Forty years a...
Multiethnicity, pluralism, and migration in the south central Andes: An alternate path to state expansion

The south central Andes is known as a region of enduring multiethnic diversity, yet it is also the cradle of one the South America’s first successful expansive-state societies. Social structures that encouraged the maintenance of separate identities among coexistent ethnic groups may explain this apparent contradiction. Although the early expansion of the Tiwanaku state (A.D. 600–1000) is often interpreted according to a centralized model derived from Old World precedents, recent archaeological research suggests a reappraisal of the socio-political organization of Tiwanaku civilization, both for the diversity of social entities within its core region and for the multiple agencies behind its wider program of agropastoral colonization. Tiwanaku’s sociopolitical pluralism in both its homeland and colonies tempers some of archaeology’s global assumptions about the predominant role of centralized institutions in archaic states.
Networks and chain coverings in partial orders and their products

For an arbitrary poset P, subposets {P i : 1≤i≤k} form a transitive basis of P if P is the transitive closure of their union. Let u be the minimum size of a covering of P by chains within posets of the basis, s the maximum size of a family of elements with no pair comparable in any basis poset, and a the maximum size of an antichain in P. Define a dense covering to be a collection D of chains within basis posets such that each element belongs to a chain in D within each basis poset and is the top of at least k-1 chains and the bottom of at least k-1 chains in D. Dense coverings generalize ordinary chain coverings of poset. Let d=min {|D|−(k−1)|P|}. For an arbitrary poset and transitive basis, a convenient network model for dense coverings yields the following: Theorem 1: d≥a, with equality iff P has a minimum chain decomposition in which every pair of consecutive elements on each chain are comparable in some basis poset. Theorem 2: u≥s≥d≥a. Theorem 3: s=d iff s=a. The most interesting special case is where the transitive basis expresses P as the product of two posets, in which case u and s measure the minimum and maximum sizes of unichain coverings and semiantichains.
Excess Capacity of the Iron Regulatory Protein System

Iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) are master regulators of cellular iron metabolism. IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) present in the untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding proteins of iron storage, uptake, transport, and export. Because simultaneous knockout of IRP1 and IRP2 is embryonically lethal, it has not been possible to use dual knockouts to explore the consequences of loss of both IRP1 and IRP2 in mammalian cells. In this report, we describe the use of small interfering RNA to assess the relative contributions of IRP1 and IRP2 in epithelial cells. Stable cell lines were created in which either IRP1, IRP2, or both were knocked down. Knockdown of IRP1 decreased IRE binding activity but did not affect ferritin H and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression, whereas knockdown of IRP2 marginally affected IRE binding activity but caused an increase in ferritin H and a decrease in TfR1. Knockdown of both IRPs resulted in a greater reduction of IRE binding activity and more severe perturbation of ferritin H and TfR1 expression compared with single IRP knockdown. Even though the knockdown of IRP-1, IRP-2, or both was efficient, resulting in nondetectable protein and under 5% of wild type levels of mRNA, all stable knockdowns retained an ability to modulate ferritin H and TfR1 appropriately in response to iron challenge. However, further knockdown of IRPs accomplished by transient transfection of small interfering RNA in stable knockdown cells completely abolished the response of ferritin H and TfR1 to iron challenge, demonstrating an extensive excess capacity of the IRP system.
The Tamer Tamed: A Dramaturg's Perspective

This article recounts an American dramaturg's experiences directing John Fletcher's The Tamer Tamed in repertory with Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. Like the Royal Shakespeare Company's paired productions running at the same time, this American pairing used through‐casting but without treating Fletcher's play as the simple sequel to Shakespeare's; instead, they were set in different times with contrasting contexts. Treating Fletcher's play more complexly as a response to Shakespeare's enabled the practitioners to discover characterological and plot subtleties that might otherwise remain unobserved.
Determination of the anisotropy of surface free energy of fine metal particles

Abstract Relative values of the anisotropic surface free energy of several metallic powders have been obtained by examining the crystallography of ultrafine particles (
A single‐server priority queueing‐location model

This paper considers the problem of locating a single server on a network, relaxing the assumption that the server is always available for service, and explicitly accounting for queueing. The resulting queueing-location model allows for an arbitrary number of priority classes. Properties of the objective function are developed and algorithms presented for obtaining the optimal location on tree and cyclic networks. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the average arrival rate of calls is investigated. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the results of this paper. The major conclusions of the paper include: (a) the optimal location need not be at a node of the network, (b) the optimal location changes as a function of the arrival rate of calls into the system, (c) the optimal location is usually different from that obtained by grouping all calls into one priority class.
Porous covalent electron-rich organonitridic frameworks as highly selective sorbents for methane and carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide capture from point sources like coal-fired power plants is considered to be a solution for stabilizing the CO(2) level in the atmosphere to avoid global warming. Methane is an important energy source that is often highly diluted by nitrogen in natural gas. For the separation of CO(2) and CH(4) from N(2) in flue gas and natural gas, respectively, sorbents with high and reversible gas uptake, high gas selectivity, good chemical and thermal stability, and low cost are desired. Here we report the synthesis and CO(2), CH(4), and N(2) adsorption properties of hierarchically porous electron-rich covalent organonitridic frameworks (PECONFs). These were prepared by simple condensation reactions between inexpensive, commercially available nitridic and electron-rich aromatic building units. The PECONF materials exhibit high and reversible CO(2) and CH(4) uptake and exceptional selectivities of these gases over N(2). The materials do not oxidize in air up to temperature of 400 °C.
Immunologic test for chorionic gonadotropin in serum of the pregnant monkey (Macaca mulatta).

This study attempted to assess the accuracy of a commerical human pregnancy test in diagnosing monkey pregnancy. The UCG titration test used contains antiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and red blood cells treated with HCG. Addition of test material containing HCG or monkey chrionic gonadotropin (MCG) causes inhibition of hemagglutination and formation of a ring at the bottom of the test tube in a positive test. The test is sufficiently sensitive to detect concentrations of HCG as low as 500 I.U. per liter. A total of 37 monkeys were tested over a 2-year period. Pregnancy was determined by rectal palpation. Length of pregnancy was determined by mating records. Pregnancy tests were negative in 42 of 48 samples taken from nonpregnant monkeys. There were 6 false positive tests. The tests did not detect MCG prior to Day 20 of pregnancy but between Days 20-33 of pregnancy 17 of 20 tests were positive. By Day 20 an experienced investigator can tell by rectal palpation whether the monkey is pregnant. This test has limited usefulness.
Imaging interferometric lithography: extending optics to fundamental limits and beyond

Optical lithography has been the mainstay VLSI/ULSI manufacturing technique throughout the entire history of the integrated circuit. The "end" of optical lithography has been oft predicted, and just as often proven premature. Even today, despite all the recent investigation of next-generation lithographies (NGL), it now appears certain that optics will be used for 100-nm critical dimensions (CD) and likely, that optical tools will extend at least to initial stages of the 70-nm CD roadmap node as well, cxtending optical lithography to deep sub-wavelength CDs.
Socially Valid Problem Situations in Outpatient Cancer Chemotherapy

This article reports social validity data from the problem-specification stage of the behavior analytic model for assessing how cancer patients cope with outpatient chemotherapy. Forty-seven problem situations were generated, and social validity data were collected from 73 voluntary participants. The top 10 socially valid problem situations are presneted here, as are grouped data for 6 categories of problem situations, according to their reported frequency and severity.
Molar-tooth structures: A geochemical perspective on a proterozoic enigma

“Molar-tooth” structures are microcrystalline calcite-filled features of long-debated origin that are common in Mesoproterozoic and early Neoproterozoic fine-grained, shallow-water carbonates. We have constrained the environment of their formation from the standpoint of depositional and diagenetic conditions inferred on the basis of petrographic and geochemical data derived from examples in the Helena Formation, a calcareous marine interval within the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup. The collective data set supports an early-diagenetic origin for molar-tooth structures and implies environmental factors that promoted rapid precipitation of calcite into CO 2 -generated voids in cohesive muds. We propose that the temporally restricted distribution of molar-tooth structures in the geologic record reflects a unique combination of the environmental parameters that control their formation. Of these factors, the most fundamental include CaCO 3 saturation and redox conditions in shallow marine waters that promote prolific carbonate production, tectonic quiescence and the availability of extensive epicratonic sites for carbonate accumulation, and the absence of bioturbators.
Mammary epithelial reorganization on extracellular matrix is mediated by cell surface galactosyltransferase

Abstract When plated at appropriate densities in serum-free media, the COMMA-D mammary epithelial cell line rapidly reorganizes into multicellular spheres on the basement membrane matrix derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine tumor. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy, four stages of reorganization were discerned during the first 24 h of culture. In the first few hours, cells attached to the matrix, elongated, migrated, and formed chains. In the next 6 h, chains of cells linked together in anastomosing networks. In the period between 8 and 18 h postplating, the networks contracted, resulting in dense cords radiating from central aggregates. During the final 6 h, the cords were drawn into the aggregates, which condensed further into spheres. The events occurring during mammary epithelial cell reorganization on the matrix were shown to be mediated by cell surface β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase), a receptor that binds N-acetylglucosamine residues on glycosylated proteins. GalTase activity was evident at the surface of cells cultured on reconstituted matrix for 3 h but was absent from cells on glass. The protein α-lactalbumin (α-LA) inhibits the association of GalTase with N-acetylglucosamine. α-LA present from the beginning of culture on reconstituted matrix had no effect on cell attachment but caused concentration-dependent inhibition of the first two steps of reorganization, i.e., cell elongation and network formation, which then interfered with subsequent events. These observations were replicated using polyclonal antibodies to GalTase. Reorganization was impaired when α-LA was added during the first two stages but no effect was observed when it was added during the last two stages. Cells cultured on plastic, which lack surface GalTase activity, were unperturbed by incubation with α-LA. Thus certain events (cell elongation and network elaboration) during mammary epithelial cell reorganization on reconstituted matrix are GalTase dependent, while others (attachment, network contraction, and compaction) are not. The functional and temporal specificity of GalTase involvement indicates that GalTase mediates cell-matrix, but not cell-cell, interactions during epithelial morphogenetic events in culture.
Autotuning OpenACC work distribution via direct search

OpenACC provides a high-productivity API for programming GPUs and similar accelerator devices. One of the last steps in tuning OpenACC programs is selecting values for the num_gangs and vector_length clauses, which control how a parallel workload is distributed to an accelerator's processing units. In this paper, we present OptACC, an autotuner that can assist the programmer in selecting high-quality values for these parameters, and we evaluate the effectiveness of two direct search methods in finding solutions. We assess the quality of the the num_gangs and vector_length values found by our autotuner by comparing them to the values found by a bounded exhaustive search; we also compare the kernel execution times to those of the untuned kernel. On a suite of 36 OpenACC kernels, one or both of our autotuner's direct search methods identified values within the top 5% for 29 of the kernels, within the top 10% for five kernels, and within the top 25% for the remaining two. Eleven of the kernels achieved a speedup greater than 2x over the compiler's defaults, and the autotuner required only 7--11 runs of the target program, on average.
Varying vectorcardiographic patterns in anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery.

Abstract Five patients with LCPA (anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery) were studied. Three of them underwent ligation of the anomalous vessel (Group I), whereas 2 had undergone pericardial phenolization some years previously (Group II). In the preoperative vectorcardiograms, morphologic configuration of the QRS vector loop in the horizontal plane was found to be variable. Clockwise inscription was found to be related to a very extensive infarction of the left ventricle. Counterclockwise inscription, on the other hand, was found in a patient with a more localized area of infarction which showed quick regression after ligation of LCPA. The patient with a loop inscribed partly counterclockwise and partly clockwise appeared to fall into an intermediate position with respect to area of infarction. It is suggested that this spectrum of morphologic configuration may serve to indicate the severity of infarction and the general outlook. Time vector analysis was found to provide useful information. After ligation of LCPA in one patient, changes indicative of regression of infarction appeared: widening of the QRS loop to the left and anteriorly in the horizontal plane and leftward shift of the mean axis in the frontal plane. Evidence of intraventricular conduction defect with features suggestive of periinfarction block was seen. On the electrocardiogram the features of interest were abnormal QRS transition in the precordial leads, varying distribution of abnormal Q waves, and slurring of QRS complexes with or without widening. Vectorcardiographic analyses were found to be useful in evaluating the severity and extent of infarction and as a guide to its regression after surgery.
Single tunable laser interrogation of slab-coupled optical sensors through resonance tuning

This paper describes a method for tuning the resonant wavelengths of slab-coupled optical fiber sensors (SCOSs). This method allows multiple sensors to be interrogated simultaneously with a single tunable laser. The resonances are tuned by rotating a biaxial slab waveguide relative to an optical D-fiber. As the slab waveguide rotates, its effective index of refraction changes causing the coupling wavelengths of the slab waveguide and D-fiber to shift. A SCOS fabricated with potassium titanyl phosphate crystal as the slab waveguide is shown to have resonance tuning ranges of 6.67 and 22.24 nm, respectively, for TM and TE polarized modes.
Size-dependence of growth inhibition among juvenile lobsters (Homarus)

Abstract Growth inhibition of post-larval lobsters (Homarus) in compartments immediately downstream from older individuals was found to depend upon size relative to the upstream animals, but not upon species or age combination per se at least within the species, age, and size combinations used in this experiment. The growth of juveniles downstream from smaller individuals was greater than that downstream from juveniles their own size, confirming previous indications of disinhibition of growth by smaller upstream individuals.