cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Economic Theory of Political Communication Effects: How the Economy Conditions Political Learning

Politics and economics are inextricably linked. This article argues that the economy has been an underdeveloped contextual variable capable of coordinating the process and consequences of political communication. A theoretical model connecting microindividual outcomes to macrosocial functioning is proposed to capture the dynamic ecology of citizens’ political involvement. In particular, the economic environment is theorized to impact voters’ news media use and political learning through a series of mechanisms. It is maintained that the study of political communication benefits from considering macroeconomic variables, which brings more explanatory power to models of political communication effects, tests the economic rationality of the electorate in response to variegated social settings, and builds a political communication effects theory that addresses both micro- and macrofactors.
Multivariate convex regression with adaptive partitioning

We propose a new, nonparametric method for multivariate regression subject to convexity or concavity constraints on the response function. Convexity constraints are common in economics, statistics, operations research, financial engineering and optimization, but there is currently no multivariate method that is stable and computationally feasible for more than a few thousand observations. We introduce convex adaptive partitioning (CAP), which creates a globally convex regression model from locally linear estimates fit on adaptively selected covariate partitions. CAP is a computationally efficient, consistent method for convex regression. We demonstrate empirical performance by comparing the performance of CAP to other shape-constrained and unconstrained regression methods for predicting weekly wages and value function approximation for pricing American basket options.
Multivariate Monte Carlo Methods for the Reflection Grating Spectrometers on XMM-Newton

We propose a novel multivariate Monte Carlo method as an efficient and flexible approach to analyzing extended X-ray sources with the reflection grating spectrometers (RGS) on XMM-Newton. A multidimensional interpolation method is used to efficiently calculate the response function for the RGS in conjunction with an arbitrary spatially varying spectral model. Several methods of event comparison that effectively compare the multivariate RGS data are discussed. The use of a multidimensional instrument Monte Carlo method also creates many opportunities for the use of complex astrophysical Monte Carlo calculations in diffuse X-ray spectroscopy. The methods presented here could be generalized to other X-ray instruments as well.
Fence Safety Clearances for Electric Supply Stations

Recommended clearances for substation fences from energized live parts within an electric supply station are not addressed in the National Electrical Safety Code. This paper documents the activities of the authors to develop guidelines for establishing such fence safety clearances. Results of questionnaires designed to determine present practices and the balloting process for the initial recommendation are summarized. Also, a final suggestion for fence safety clearances is presented with example applications. The intent of this paper is to generate discussions and obtain comments on the suggested safety clearances.
Equilibrium and equilibration in a gluon plasma with improved matrix elements

The hot and dense matter created in the early stage of a relativistic heavy ion collision is composed mainly of gluons. Radiative processes can play an important role for the thermalization of such partonic systems. The simplest parton number changing processes are commonly described by the Gunion-Bertsch formula. We show that the cross section from the exact matrix element for the lowest order radiative process could be significantly smaller than that based on the Gunion-Bertsch formula. In light of this, we discuss the role of radiative processes on the equilibrium and equilibration of a gluon plasma.
Tanzania's tea sector: constraints and challenges

In 1968, the government initiated a smallholder tea development program in which all aspects of smallholder tea marketing and trade were turned over to the Tanzania Tea Authority which assumed a wide array of responsibilities. The Authority promoted smallholder tea production. Most of the smallholder tea leaf went to the eight Tea Authority-owned factories for processing, and the rest to factories owned by the estates. Despite its apparent success, there were numerous signs of distress in the smallholder sector. This note describes the constraints and challenges faced by the production of tea in Tanzania.
High‐q‐resolution neutron scattering technique using triple‐axis spectrometers

A new technique is presented that gives a substantial increase in the wavevector q resolution of triple-axis spectrometers by matching the measurement wavevector q to the reflection taua of a perfect-crystal analyzer. A relative Bragg width of deltaq/Q approximately 10(-4) can be achieved with reasonable collimation settings. This technique is very useful in measuring small structural changes and line broadenings that cannot be accurately measured with conventional set-ups, while keeping all the strengths of a triple-axis spectrometer.
Adverse Selection and Renegotiation in Procurement

As was shown by Dewatripont, optimal long-term contracts are generally not sequentially optimal. The parties ex-post renegotiate them to their mutual advantage. This paper fully characterizes the equilibrium of a simple two-period procurement situation and studies the extent to which renegotiation reduces ex-ante welfare: i) A central result is that, like in the non-commitment case, the second period allocation is optimal for the principal conditionally on his posterior beliefs about the agent. ii) The first period allocation exhibits an increasing amount of pooling when the discount factor grows. iii) With a continuum of types, it is never optimal to induce full separation. The paper also analyzes whether renegotiated long-term contracts yield outcomes resembling those under either unnegotiated long-term contracts or a sequence of short-term contracts and it links the analysis with the multiple unit durable good monopoly problem.
Palladium(0)/PAr3‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of C(sp3) ? H Bonds: Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids

An intermolecular C(sp(3))-H amination using a Pd(0) /PAr3 catalyst was developed. The reaction begins with oxidative addition of R2 N-OBz to a Pd(0) /PAr3 catalyst and subsequent cleavage of a C(sp(3))-H bond by the generated Pd-NR2 intermediate. The catalytic cycle proceeds without the need for external oxidants in a similar manner to the extensively studied palladium(0)-catalyzed C-H arylation reactions. The electron-deficient triarylphosphine ligand is crucial for this C(sp(3))-H amination reaction to occur.
Chemical and spectroscopic aspects of polymer ablation: Special features and novel directions

In 1982, the first reports of laser ablation of polymers were issued almost simultaneously by Y. Kawamura et al.1 and R. Srinivasan et al.2 Srinivasan went on to become a leader in the field of polymer ablation. Srinivasan probably also coined the terms laser ablation and ablative photodecomposition, now in common use. The onset of material removal by laser ablation characteristically occurs at a well-defined laser fluence (energy per unit area). As the fluence is raised above this threshold, the ablation rate increases. The threshold fluence (F0 or Fth) is material and laser wavelength dependent and can vary from tens of mJ cm-2 to more than 1 J cm-2. The discovery of laser ablation of polymers sparked research in this field in many groups around the world. Many aspects of polymer ablation, and laser processing in general, are reviewed by Bauerle.3 Today, commercial applications of polymer laser ablation include the preparation of viaholes in polyimide for multichip modules at IBM4 and the production of inkjet printer nozzles (also polyimide).5 Considerable progress has been made in understanding polymer ablation since the last series of reviews a decade ago.6-8 New developments in polymer ablation include the application of femtosecond laser pulses, vacuum ultraviolet lasers (VUV), and free electron lasers (FEL). Some of these techniques have a great potential for the development of new applications and research tools. Much of this progress is discussed in this and other articles appearing in this special issue of Chemical Reviews. Current research on polymer ablation may be divided into two areas: (i) Applications of laser ablation, novel materials, and techniques. (ii) Studies of ablation mechanisms (databased modeling). The first area will be discussed in detail in this article, while the mechanistic aspects, especially the theoretical part, are discussed in other articles in this special issue. Many experimental methods and experimental polymers have been designed with a view toward improving our understanding of ablation mechanisms. It is often impossible to completely separate experiments designed to illuminate ablation mech† Paul Scherrer Institut. ‡ Washington State University. 453 Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 453−485
Route to stabilized ultrabroadband microresonator-based frequency combs

We perform the first theoretical modeling of the full spectral-temporal dynamics of octave-spanning parametric microresonator comb generation through use of the Lugiato-Lefever model extended to include higher-order dispersion and self-steepening. We show that three distinct stages are necessary to achieve single-pulse modelocking and discuss the dispersion characteristics required for ultrabroadband, stabilized comb generation. Our simulations agree well with previous experimental demonstrations and predict many of the observed features, including multipulse generation, dispersive wave generation, modelocking, and comb stabilization.
Influence tactics in virtual teams

Virtual team members use FtF influence tactics in new ways with ICT.Ambiguity reduction techniques is a new influence tactic in virtual teams.Lower status virtual team members successfully influenced higher status members.Peer virtual team members were less successful influencing each other.Strategies of documenting information and developing relationships emerged. Most current studies of influence tactics in virtual teams assume that these constructs operate in a similar manner as they do in the face-to-face (FtF) environment. However, important differences between these contexts may alter how influence tactics are expressed in virtual teams. Using status characteristics as the theoretical lens, this study intensively examines how influence tactics are manifested in virtual teams and which are most successful. Twenty-three members of different virtual teams were interviewed about their previous attempts to influence team members. The main findings are that while some influence tactics are present in both FtF and online environments, there is a tendency to use harder (i.e., more assertive) influence tactics in virtual teams. Second, some influence tactics used in both FtF and virtual environments are enacted in novel ways in virtual teams. Further, virtual team members have developed a new technique which reduces the ambiguity of virtual communications in order to influence their team members. Finally, status affects influence success in novel and unexpected ways.
Binary Search Trees and File Organization

Binary search trees are an important technique for organizing large files, because they are efficient for both random and sequential access of records, and for modification of a file. Because of this, they have received a great deal of attention in recent years, and their properties are now better understood than those of most other file organization methods. This paper surveys the main results which have been obtained.
HexNet: Hexagon-based localization technique for wireless sensor networks

Developing efficient localization techniques to allow sensors to estimate their positions has been a hot research topic for long time. Sensory readings are almost meaningless if they are not associated with the locations in which these readings were taken. Getting location information through recording positions manually or through an expensive GPS chip are not valid options for sensor networks. We propose and evaluate, a new localization protocol for sensor networks. Although our technique is presented using only a single anchor, it can be extended easily to benefit from the existence of several anchors. The proposed technique starts by hypothetically tiling the deployment area around the anchor node using identical hexagons. After that, the closest sensor node to the center of each of these hypothetical hexagons is determined, we refer to these nodes as backbone sensors. The positions of hexagon centers hence the positions of backbone sensors are estimated geometrically. After that, backbone sensors are treated as beacons and the positions of all non-backbone sensors are estimated using the centroid approach. Simulation results under noise-free and noisy conditions show that the proposed protocol achieves a localization accuracy that makes it useful for most WSN applications.
Abelian varieties without homotheties

A celebrated theorem of Bogomolov asserts that the $\ell$-adic Lie algebra attached to the Galois action on the Tate module of an abelian variety over a number field contains all homotheties. This is not the case in characteristic $p$: a ``counterexample" is provided by an ordinary elliptic curve defined over a finite field. In this note we discuss (and explicitly construct) more interesting examples of ``non-constant" absolutely simple abelian varieties (without homotheties) over global fields in characteristic $p$.
Titanium‐Mediated Oxidative Arylation of Homoallylic Alcohols

The addition of aryl groups to unactivated olefins represents a direct approach to C!C bond construction. Pd-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with alkenes, the Heck reaction, offers a viable approach to arylation. However, terminal unactivated olefins often display low reactivity in Heck reactions and can yield mixtures of styrenes and allyl arenes owing to poor regiocontrol in the b-hydride elimination. High selectivity for styrene products has been observed with oxidative couplings between aryl boronic acids and terminal olefins. In this context, we wondered if inexpensive Group 4 transition metals could promote oxidative couplings between olefins and aryl organometallic reagents. Indeed zirconocene and titanocene catalysts as well as stoichiometric titanium(IV) reagents are capable of effecting the carbometalation of terminal alkenes with a variety of nucleophilic partners, including alkylaluminum species and alkyl Grignard reagents. However these methodologies are limited to the addition of simple alkyl groups and cyclization reactions. More recently, titanacyclopropanes and titanacyclopropenes have been shown to effect alkylation and vinylation of alkenols and alkynols. These methods involved the generation of low-valent titanium complexes through bhydride elimination/reductive elimination pathways. Therefore, we were uncertain if substrates lacking this ability, for example, aryl groups, would participate in addition reactions. Here we report an oxidative coupling of homoallylic alcohols and aryl Grignards [Eq. (1)]. This work demonstrates the ability of aryl titanium complexes to add to unactivated olefins and therefore reveals a new reaction manifold for Group 4 transition metals.
Dependence of Interfacial Excess on the Threshold Value of the Isoconcentration Surface

The proximity histogram (or proxigram for short) is used for analyzing data collected by a three-dimensional atom probe microscope. The interfacial excess of Re (2.41 +/- 0.68 atoms/sq nm) is calculated by employing a proxigram in a completely geometrically independent way for gamma/gamma' interfaces in Rene N6, a third-generation single-crystal Ni-based superalloy. A possible dependence of interfacial excess on the variation of the threshold value of an isoconcentration surface is investigated using the data collected for Rene N6 alloy. It is demonstrated that the dependence of the interfacial excess value on the threshold value of the isoconcentration surface is weak.
Experimental and Simulation Studies of Sequestration of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Depleted Gas Reservoirs

This paper presents experimental and simulation studies to evaluate the feasibility of sequestering supercritical CO 2 in depleted gas reservoirs. Experimental results were simulated to obtain gas-liquid relative permeability curves used in the field simulation study. A 3D simulation model of one-eighth of a five-spot pattern was constructed to evaluate injection of supercritical CO 2 under typical field conditions.
Age-related differences in responses to affective vs. rational ads for hedonic vs. utilitarian products

This research investigated the moderating role of product category type (hedonic vs. utilitarian) on age-related differences in responses to affective vs. rational ads. An experiment showed that elderly consumers (age 65 plus) had more favorable attitudes toward affective (vs. rational) ads, regardless of product category type. In contrast, young adult consumers (age 18–25) favored affective ads only for hedonic products. They favored rational ads for utilitarian products. Results of the experiment imply that, to explain age-related differences in decision making, researchers must take into account age-related differences in motivational states apart from apparent shortfalls in cognition.
The Convergence of Contrastive Divergences

This paper analyses the Contrastive Divergence algorithm for learning statistical parameters. We relate the algorithm to the stochastic approximation literature. This enables us to specify conditions under which the algorithm is guaranteed to converge to the optimal solution (with probability 1). This includes necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution to be unbiased.
Eutrophication and trophic state in rivers and streams

Many natural streams are net heterotrophic, so I propose that trophic state be divided into autotrophic and heterotrophic state. This division allows consideration of the influence of external carbon sources as well as nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Empirical results suggest that phosphorus and nitrogen are the most important nutrients regulating autotrophic state in flowing waters and that benthic algal biomass is positively correlated to gross primary production in streams. Reference (minimally influenced by human activities) nutrient concentrations and correlations of nutrients with algal biomass are used to characterize reference distributions of stream autotrophic state. Only when reference nutrient concentrations are in the upper one third of those expected in the United States, is maximum benthic chlorophyll projected to exceed 100 mg m 22 (a concentration commonly used to indicate nuisance levels) .30% of the time. Average reference nutrient concentrations lead to sestonic chlorophyll concentrations above those considered typical of eutrophic lakes (. 8m g m 23 ) less than half the time. Preliminary analysis suggests that autotrophic state is variable in small pristine streams because it is influenced by canopy cover (light), but heterotrophic state is less variable because it can be based on allochthonous or autochthonous production. Nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment can influence both heterotrophic and autotrophic state, and these effects could cascade to animal communities. Stoichiometry should be considered because carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are all involved in trophic state. The proposed definition of trophic state offers a starting conceptual framework for such considerations.
Modeling of Triangular Lattice Space Structures with Curved Battens

Techniques for simulating an assembly process of lattice structures with curved battens were developed. The shape of the curved battens, the tension in the diagonals, and the compression in the battens were predicted for the assembled model. To be able to pe rform the assembly simulation, a cable-pulley element was implemented, and geometrically nonlinear finite element analyses were performed. Three types of finite element models were created from assembled lattice structures for studying the effects of desi gn and modeling variations on the load carrying capability. Discrepancies in the predictions from these models were discussed. The effects of diagonal constraint failure were also studied.
Selective effects of alfentanil on nociceptive-related neurotransmission in neonatal rat spinal cord

We have examined the effects of alfentanil on nociceptive-related neurotransmission in isolated neonatal rat spinal cord, with particular attention to acute tolerance. Electrical stimulation of a lumbar dorsal root was used to evoke the monosynaptic reflex (MSR), a slow ventral root potential (sVRP), and the dorsal root potential (DRP). Alfentanil (0.5 nmol litre−1 to 1 μmol litre−1) depressed sVRP area by a maximum of 85%; EC50 was approximately 2 nmol litre−1. The effects of alfentanil were selective for very slow, metabotropically mediated sVRP components compared with faster NM DA receptor-mediated components. The MSR was unaffected. Alfentanil depressed DRP area by a maximum of 50% at 1 μmol litre−1. Naloxone antagonized all alfentanil effects. Morphine depressed sVRP area with an approximate EC50 of 90 nmol litre−1, giving an alfentanil:morphine potency ratio of 45:1. The effects of alfentanil on sVRP showed no biphasic time dependence up to 60 min. Naloxone administered after alfentanil produced a significant rebound in sVRP area to a level of 143 (SD 21.3)% above control. Thus, in this study there was no evidence for acute tolerance, as measured by a decrease in effectiveness over time, but there was evidence as measured by rebound following naloxone.
The High Cost of Free Parking

Urban planners typically set minimum parking requirements to meet the peak demand for parking at each land use, without considering either the price motorists pay for parking or the cost of providing the required parking spaces. By reducing the market price of parking, minimum parking requirements provide subsidies that inflate parking demand, and this inflated demand is then used to set minimum parking requirements. When considered as an impact fee, minimum parking requirements can increase development costs by more than 10 times the impact fees for all other public purposes combined. Eliminating minimum parking requirements would reduce the cost of urban development, improve urban design, reduce automobile dependency, and restrain urban sprawl.
Holographic Duality with a View Toward Many-Body Physics

These are notes based on a series of lectures given at the KITP workshop Quantum Criticality and the AdS/CFT Correspondence in July, 2009. The goal of the lectures was to introduce condensed matter physicists to the AdS/CFT correspondence. Discussion of string theory and of supersymmetry is avoided to the extent possible.
Systematic evaluation of monometallic catalytic materials for lean-burn NOx reduction using combinatorial methods

Abstract A library of about 1000 distinct catalytic materials were prepared and tested systematically for their NO reduction activities using array channel microreactors and mass spectrometry. Catalysts were prepared by individually impregnating 42 elements from the periodic table into five support materials of γ-Al2O3, CeO2, SiO2, TiO2 and Y-ZrO2 at five different loadings. They were tested at 1 atm pressure, in the temperature range 100–500 °C, and at a GHSV of 60,000 h−1. The feed gas used was 500 ppmv NO, 500 ppmv C3H6, 1400 ppmv CO, 8% O2, 10% H2O, and the balance helium. The most significant leads were Pt/TiO2 and Pt/SiO2, both of which exhibited superior performances, reducing the levels of NO by 25 and 20%, respectively.
Present and potential future contributions of sulfate, black and organic carbon aerosols from China to global air quality, premature mortality and radiative forcing

Aerosols are harmful to human health and have both direct and indirect effects on climate. China is a major contributor to global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a sulfate (SO4� ) precursor, organic carbon (OC), and black carbon (BC) aerosols. Although increasingly examined, the effect of present and potential future levels of these emissions on global premature mortality and climate change has not been well quantified. Through both direct radiative effects and indirect effects on clouds, SO4� and OC exert negative radiative forcing (cooling) while BC exerts positive forcing (warming). We analyze the effect of China's emissions of SO2 ,S O 4� , OC and BC in 2000 and for three emission scenarios in 2030 on global surface aerosol concentrations, premature mortality, and radiative forcing (RF). Using global models of chemical transport (MOZART-2) and radiative transfer (GFDL RTM), and combining simulation results with gridded population data, mortality rates, and concentration-response relationships from the epidemiological literature, we estimate the contribution of Chinese aerosols to global annual premature mortality and to RF in 2000 and 2030. In 2000, we estimate these aerosols cause approximately 470 000 premature deaths in China and an additional 30 000 deaths globally. In 2030, aggressive emission
Complexes containing multiple bonding interactions between lanthanoid elements and main-group fragments

In this review we detail recent developments in the synthesis of lanthanoid complexes (group III and lanthanide elements) containing multiple bonding interactions with tetrel, pnictogen and chalcogen main group elements.
Executive Compensation: A Multidisciplinary Review of Recent Developments

The failure to document a consistent and robust relationship between executive pay and firm performance has frustrated scholars and practitioners for over three quarters of a century. Although recent compensation research has revealed alternative theoretical frameworks and findings that hold the potential to significantly improve our understanding of executive compensation, to date this diverse literature lacks theoretical integration. Accordingly, we develop a framework to organize and review these recent findings. We further identify methodological issues and concerns, discuss the implications of these concerns, and provide recommendations for future research aimed at developing a more integrated research agenda.
Multidimensional Ehrhart Reciprocity

In an earlier paper (1999, Electron. J. Combin.6, R37), the author generalized Ehrhart's idea of counting lattice points in dilated rational polytopes: Given a rational polytope, that is, a polytope with rational vertices, we use its description as the intersection of halfspaces, which determine the facets of the polytope. Instead of just a single dilation factor, we allow different dilation factors for each of these facets. We proved that, if our polytope is a simplex, the lattice point counts in the interior and closure of such a vector-dilated simplex are quasipolynomials satisfying an Ehrhart-type reciprocity law. This generalizes the classical reciprocity law for rational polytopes. In the present paper we complete the picture by extending this result to general rational polytopes. As a corollary, we also generalize a reciprocity theorem of Stanley.
A simple framework for the dynamic response of cirrus clouds to local diabatic radiative heating

Thispaperpresentsasimpleanalyticalframeworkforthedynamicresponseofcirrustoalocalradiativeflux convergence, expressible in terms of three independent modes of cloud evolution. Horizontally narrow and tenuous clouds within a stable environment adjust to radiative heating by ascending gradually across isentropes while spreading sufficiently fast that isentropic surfaces stay nearly flat. Alternatively, optically dense cloudsexperience very concentrated heating,andifthey arealsoverybroad,theydevelopaconvectingmixed layer.Along-isentropicspreadingstilloccurs,butintheformofturbulentdensitycurrentsratherthanlaminar flows. A third adjustment mode relates to evaporation, which erodes cloudy air as it lofts, regardless of its optical density. The dominant mode is determined from two dimensionless numbers, whose predictive power is shown in comparisons with high-resolution numerical cloud simulations. The power and simplicity of the approach hints that fast, subgrid-scale radiative‐dynamic atmospheric interactions might be efficiently parameterized within slower, coarse-grid climate models.
GPS-less low-cost outdoor localization for very small devices

Instrumenting the physical world through large networks of wireless sensor nodes, particularly for applications like environmental monitoring of water and soil, requires that these nodes be very small, lightweight, untethered, and unobtrusive. The problem of localization, that is, determining where a given node is physically located in a network, is a challenging one, and yet extremely crucial for many of these applications. Practical considerations such as the small size, form factor, cost and power constraints of nodes preclude the reliance on GPS of all nodes in these networks. We review localization techniques and evaluate the effectiveness of a very simple connectivity metric method for localization in outdoor environments that makes use of the inherent RF communications capabilities of these devices. A fixed number of reference points in the network with overlapping regions of coverage transmit periodic beacon signals. Nodes use a simple connectivity metric, which is more robust to environmental vagaries, to infer proximity to a given subset of these reference points. Nodes localize themselves to the centroid of their proximate reference points. The accuracy of localization is then dependent on the separation distance between two-adjacent reference points and the transmission range of these reference points. Initial experimental results show that the accuracy for 90 percent of our data points is within one-third of the separation distance. However, future work is needed to extend the technique to more cluttered environments.
Electroceramics from Source Materials via Molecular Intermediates: BaTiO3 from TiO2 via (Ti(catecholate)3)2‐

The precursor [NH4]2[Ti(catecholate)3] · 2H2O is known to react with Ba(OH)2· 8H2O in an acid/base process that generates Ba[Ti(catecholate)3] · 3H2O, a compound which undergoes low-temperatue calcination to produce BaTiO3 powder. Attempts to develop similar routes to PbTiO3 have been frustrated, since lead(II) hydroxide does not exist. The amphoteric yellow PbO and the basic oxide, Pb6O(OH)64+, are both insufficiently basic to react with [NH4]2[Ti(catecholate)3] · 2H2O. Based on the large sizes of both the [Ti(catecholate)3]2- anion and the Pb2+ cation, a precipitation method has been developed in which lead nitrate and [NH4]2[Ti(catecholate)3] · 2H2O are added together in an aqueous medium causing precipitation and leaving only NH4NO3 in solution. The lead-titanium-catecholate complex that forms in this manner undergoes low-temperature pyrolysis to produce PbTiO3. SEM indicates a submicrometer ultimate crystallite size.
Butanol fermentation liquor production and separation by reverse osmosis

The problem of dilute solvent concentration in butanol-acetone fermentations can be solved by using reverse osmosis to dewater the fermentation liquor. Polyamide membranes have a potential application in a butanol-acetone fermentation and exhibited rejection rates as high as 98%. Optimum rejection of butanol in the fermentation liquor occurred at recoveries of 20-45%. Flux ranged from 0.05 to 0.6 L m(-2) min(-1).
Quantum deep learning

In recent years, deep learning has had a profound impact on machine learning and artificial intelligence. At the same time, algorithms for quantum computers have been shown to efficiently solve some problems that are intractable on conventional, classical computers. We show that quantum computing not only reduces the time required to train a deep restricted Boltzmann machine, but also provides a richer and more comprehensive framework for deep learning than classical computing and leads to significant improvements in the optimization of the underlying objective function. Our quantum methods also permit efficient training of multilayer and fully connected models.
The formal total synthesis of dragmacidin B, trans-dragmacidin C, and cis- and trans-dihydrohamacanthins A

A facile formal total synthesis of dragmacidin B, trans-dragmacidin C, and cis- and trans-dihydrohamacanthins A is presented. Our approach to these bis(indole) alkaloids involves a one-pot, four-step cross-coupling/deprotection sequence where complete halogen selectivity is observed. A related approach to access the dihydrohamacanthins is also described.
Asymmetric catalytic synthesis of the proposed structure of trocheliophorolide B.

A concise catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the proposed structure of trocheliophorolide B is reported. The synthetic sequence notably features an asymmetric acetaldehyde alkynylation, a Ru-catalyzed alder–ene reaction, and a Zn-ProPhenol ynone aldol condensation. Comparison with the reported data suggests a misassignment of the natural product structure.
Towards a general theory of action and time

Abstract A formalism for reasoning about actions is proposed that is based on a temporal logic. It allows a much wider range of actions to be described than with previous approaches such as the situation calculus. This formalism is then used to characterize the different types of events, processes, actions, and properties that can be described in simple English sentences. In addressing this problem, we consider actions that involve non-activity as well as actions that can only be defined in terms of the beliefs and intentions of the actors. Finally, a framework for planning in a dynamic world with external events and multiple agents is suggested.
Assessing the Initial Step in the Persuasion Process: META Tags on Destination Marketing Websites

It is argued that within the context of travelers' trip planning META tags, especially the “description” tag, are important information which guides website selection. Thus, from a destination marketing organization perspective they are an important means within which to convey persuasive messages to travelers. This study examines the extent to which META tags are used on DMO websites in Northeastern United States. Managerial implications and agenda for future research are discussed.
Fault-tolerant sorting in SIMD hypercubes

This paper considers sorting in SIMD hypercube multiprocessors in the presence of node failures. The proposed algorithm correctly sorts up to 2/sup n/=N keys in a faulty SIMD hypercube of dimension n containing up to n-1 faulty nodes. The proposed fault-tolerant algorithm employs radix sort. We use a pair of flood dimensions which helps to route data around the faulty processors during the movement of data. If all the key values to be sorted belong to the range 0 to M-1, sorting can be accomplished efficiently in O(log M*log N)+O(log/sup 2/N) time. >
Cost Allocation for Joint Replenishment Models

We consider the one-warehouse multiple retailer inventory model with a submodular joint setup cost function. The objective of this model is to determine an inventory replenishment policy that minimizes the long-run average system cost over an infinite time horizon. Although the optimal policy for this problem is still unknown, a class of easy-to-implement power-of-two policies are 98% effective. This paper focuses on how the cost, under an optimal power-of-two policy, should be allocated to the retailers. This question generates an interesting cooperative game. We prove that this cooperative game has a nonempty core. The key to our result is a strong duality theorem for the one-warehouse multiple retailer problem under power-of-two policies.
On the design of time-varying, linear closed loop systems with the aid of a new transform technique

Methods for employing a new transform technique for the design of feedback control systems for linear, time-varying, discrete-time systems are presented. Assuming that the operation of a plant can be characterized by an N\timesN matrix P , the transform technique, is based on the decomposition of P in the form P = (Y \Delta f)\LambdaX^{T} , where XTis an N\timesN matrix which acts as a direct transform, Λ is an N\timesN diagonal matrix which acts as a transfer function, and ( Y \Delta f ) is an N\timesN matrix which acts as an inverse transform. System matrices G and H , for the cascade and feedback parts of a compensation system, are selected through a consideration of the desired closed loop system response and the desired closed loop system sensitivity to changes in plant parameters. It is shown that the transform technique allows this design to be carried out with relatively straightforward calculations which yield insight into system behavior at each stage. Use of this design procedure is illustrated with a significant example
On some transformation invariants under retiming and resynthesis

Transformations using retiming and resynthesis operations are the most important and practical (if not the only) techniques used in optimizing synchronous hardware systems. Although these transformations have been studied extensively for over a decade, questions about their optimization capability and verification complexity are not answered fully. Resolving these questions may be crucial in developing more effective synthesis and verification algorithms. This paper settles the above two open problems. The optimization potential is resolved through a constructive algorithm which determines if two given finite state machines (FSMs) are transformable to each other via retiming and resynthesis operations. Verifying the equivalence of two FSMs under such transformations, when the history of iterative transformation is unknown, is proved to be PSPACE-complete and hence just as hard as general equivalence checking, contrary to a common belief. As a result, we advocate a conservative design methodology for the optimization of synchronous hardware systems to ameliorate verifiability. Our analysis reveals some properties about initializing FSMs transformed under retiming and resynthesis. On the positive side, established is a lag-independent bound on the length increase of initialization sequences for FSMs under retiming. It allows a simpler incremental construction of initialization sequences compared to prior approaches. On the negative side, we show that there is no analogous transformation-independent bound when resynthesis and retiming are iterated. Fortunately, an algorithm computing the exact length increase is presented.
Development of Freeze-Form Extrusion Fabrication With Use of Sacrificial Material

The development of freeze-form extrusion fabrication (FEF) process to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) ceramic parts with use of sacrificial material to build support sections during the fabrication process is presented in this paper. FEF is an environmentally friendly, additive manufacturing (AM) process that builds 3D parts in a freezing environment layer-by-layer by computer controlled extrusion and deposition of aqueous colloidal pastes based on computer-aided design (CAD) models. Methyl cellulose was identified as the support material, and alumina was used as the main material in this study. After characterizing the dynamics of extruding alumina and methyl cellulose pastes, a general tracking controller (GTC) was developed and applied to control the extrusion force in depositing both alumina and methyl cellulose pastes. The controller was able to reduce the time constant of the closed-loop system by more than 65% in comparison to the open-loop control system. Freeze-drying was used to remove the water content after the part has been built. The support material was then removed in the binder burnout process. Finally, sintering was done to densify the ceramic part. The fabrication of a cube-shaped part with a square hole in each side that requires depositing the sacrificial material during the FEF process was demonstrated.
Jumps in Financial Markets: A New Nonparametric Test and Jump Dynamics

This paper introduces a new nonparametric test to detect jump arrival times and realized jump sizes in asset prices up to the intra-day level. We demonstrate that the likelihood of misclassiflcation of jumps becomes negligible when we use high-frequency returns. Using our test, we examine jump dynamics and their distributions in the U.S. equity markets. The results show that individual stock jumps are associated with prescheduled earnings announcements and other company-speciflc news events. Additionally, S&P 500 Index jumps are associated with general market news announcements. This suggests difierent pricing models for individual equity options versus index op
Computers and Productivity: Are Aggregation Effects Important?

This paper examines the empirical implications of aggregation bias when measuring the productive impact of computers. To isolate two specific aggregation problems relating to “aggregation in variables” and “aggregation in relations,” we compare various production function estimates across a range of specifications, econometric estimators, and data levels. The results show that both sources of bias are important, especially as one moves from the sector to the economy level, and when the elasticity of all types of non-computer capital are incorrectly restricted to be equal. In terms of computers, however, the estimated elasticity is surprisingly stable between industry and sector regressions and does not appear to be biased by the incorporation of a restrictive measure of non-computer capital. The data consistently show that computers have a large impact on output.
An alternative Yukawa unified SUSY scenario

Supersymmetric SO(10) Grand Unified Theories with Yukawa unification represent an appealing possibility for physics beyond the Standard Model. However Yukawa unification is made difficult by large threshold corrections to the bottommass. Generally one is led to consider models where the sfermion masses are large in order to suppress these corrections. Here we present another possibility, in which the top and bottom GUT scale Yukawa couplings are equal to a component of the charged lepton Yukawa matrix at the GUT scale in a basis where this matrix is not diagonal. Physically, this weak eigenstate Yukawa unification scenario corresponds to the case where the charged leptons that are in the 16 of SO(10) containing the top and bottom quarks mix with their counterparts in another SO(10) multiplet. Diagonalizing the resulting Yukawa matrix introduces mixings in the neutrino sector. Specifically we find that for a large region of parameter space with relatively light sparticles, and which has not been ruled out by current LHC or other data, the mixing induced in the neutrino sector is such that sin 2 2θ23 ≈ 1, in agreement with data. The phenomenological implications are analyzed in some detail.
Civic (Re)socialisation: The Educative Effects of Deliberative Participation

This article examines the subjective experience of cognitive and behavioural change following public deliberation in two different nations. It examines short- and long-term survey data from two hig...
The Elusive Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax: The State Case:

A recurring theme in the literature on taxation has been uncertainty about the incidence of the corporate income tax. The answer may be even more elusive for state taxes than for federal taxes. As seen by one state, a corporate income tax levied on the basis oformula apportionment of total income is a composite of taxes levied on whatever factors enter the state's apportionment formula. Such a tax is likely to be borne primarily by residents of the taxing state, as consumers, immobile workers, and owners of land and immobile capital. Substantial shifting to consumers or capitalists throughout the nation is unlikely.
Gamma ray pulsars: Observations

High-energy gamma rays are a valuable tool for studying particle acceleration and radiation in the magnetospheres of energetic pulsars. The six or more pulsars seen by CGRO/EGRET show that: the light curves usually have double-peak structures (suggesting a broad cone of emission); gamma rays are frequently the dominant component of the radiated power; and all the spectra show evidence of a high-energy turnover. Unless a new pulsed component appears at higher energies, progress in gamma-ray pulsar studies will be greatest in the 1–20 GeV range. Ground-based telescopes whose energy ranges extend downward toward 10 GeV should make important measurements of the spectral cutoffs. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), now in planning for a launch in 2005, will provide a major advance in sensitivity, energy range, and sky coverage.
Deadline analysis of interrupt-driven software

Real-time, reactive, and embedded systems are increasingly used throughout society (e.g., flight control, railway signaling, vehicle management, medical devices, and many others). For real-time, interrupt-driven software, timely interrupt handling is part of correctness. It is vital for software verification in such systems to check that all specified deadlines for interrupt handling are met. Such verification is a daunting task because of the large number of different possible interrupt arrival scenarios. For example, for a Z86-based microcontroller, there can be up to six interrupt sources and each interrupt can arrive during any clock cycle. Verification of such systems has traditionally relied upon lengthy and tedious testing; even under the best of circumstances, testing is likely to cover only a fraction of the state space in interrupt-driven systems. This paper presents the Zilog architecture resource bounding infrastructure (ZARBI), a tool for deadline analysis of interrupt-driven Z86-based software. The main idea is to use static analysis to significantly decrease the required testing effort by automatically identifying and isolating the segments of code that need the most testing. Our tool combines multiresolution static analysis and testing oracles in such a way that only the oracles need to be verified by testing. Each oracle specifies the worst-case execution time from one program point to another, which is then used by the static analysis to improve precision. For six commercial microcontroller systems, our experiments show that a moderate number of testing oracles are sufficient to do precise deadline analysis.
The generation and reactions of non-stabilized α-aminocarbanions

Abstract α-Aminocarbanions are important synthetic intermediates in modern organic synthesis. Due to the difficult generation of the non-stabilized α-aminocarbanions, stabilized α-aminocarbanions have been employed in the most synthetic applications. However, in many cases, two steps (protection and deprotection) could be saved by using non-stabilized α-aminocarbanions for the same process. This report discussed important recent progress in the generation of the non-stabilized α-aminocarbanions, and will hopefully stimulate the further use of non-stabilized α-aminocarbanions in synthesis. The physical properties and reactivities of non-stabilized α-aminocarbanions were also presented.
Lyapunov-stable discrete-time model reference adaptive control

Discrete-time model reference adaptive control (MRAC) has been studied extensively. Although the framework of the analyses is very general, the results obtained are restricted to boundedness and convergence and the important question of Lyapunov stability is not addressed. Lyapunov functions are an important tool for understanding and quantifying transient response, robustness and disturbance rejection, and thus merit attention. In this paper we investigate the use of a logarithmic Lyapunov function to establish Lyapunov stability of MRAC in the deterministic setting. A complete Lyapunov proof is given for stability and convergence. The results extend the approach of R. Johansson, 1989, to include Lyapunov stability for MRAC when the normalized projection algorithm is used for parameter identification.