cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Estimators for Variance-Based Device-Free Localization and Tracking

Device-free localization systems, such as variance-based radio tomographic imaging (VRTI), use received signal strength (RSS) variations caused by human motion in a static wireless network to locate and track people in the area of the network, even through walls. However, intrinsic motion, such as branches moving in the wind or rotating or vibrating machinery, also causes RSS variations which degrade the performance of a localization system. In this paper, we propose a new estimator, least squares variance-based radio tomography (LSVRT), which reduces the impact of the variations caused by intrinsic motion. We compare the novel method to subspace variance-based radio tomography (SubVRT) and VRTI. SubVRT also reduces intrinsic noise compared to VRTI, but LSVRT achieves better localization accuracy and does not require manually tuning additional parameters compared to VRTI. We also propose and test an online calibration method so that LSVRT and SubVRT do not require “empty-area” calibration and thus can be used in emergency situations. Experimental results from five data sets collected during three experimental deployments show that both estimators, using online calibration, can reduce localization root mean squared error by more than 40 percent compared to VRTI. In addition, the Kalman filter tracking results from both estimators have 97th percentile error of 1.3 m, a 60 percent reduction compared to VRTI.
The Cohomology Algebra of the Semi-Infinite Weil Complex

In 1993, Lian-Zuckerman constructed two cohomology operations on the BRST complex of a conformal vertex algebra with central charge 26. They gave explicit generators and relations for the cohomology algebra equipped with these operations in the case of the c = 1 model. In this paper, we describe another such example, namely, the semi-infinite Weil complex of the Virasoro algebra. The semi-infinite Weil complex of a tame \(\mathbb{Z}\)-graded Lie algebra was defined in 1991 by Feigin-Frenkel, and they computed the linear structure of its cohomology in the case of the Virasoro algebra. We build on this result by giving an explicit generator for each non-zero cohomology class, and describing all algebraic relations in the sense of Lian-Zuckerman, among these generators.
Nature of chemisorbed species on metal oxide surfaces. Electron transfer and bond-breaking processes

Abstract Highly ionic insulator oxides, in particular MgO, can be prepared in high surface area form possessing many surface defect sites. The nature of these thermally robust defects are either structural (edges, planes, kinks, cation and anion vacancies) or electronic (electron excess or deficient sites). Extremely basic, electron rich sites are capable of strongly interacting with chemisorbing molecules. Proton abstraction, electron transfer, molecular oligomerization, base condensation, and radical trapping reactions have been observed with various adsorbing organic molecules. Adsorbed species can be readily detected with appropriate spectroscopic tools. Further technological use of thermally activated MgO and other oxides appear promising, especially in such areas as selective hydrocarbon H-D exchange catalysts, and destructive adsorbants for air purification purposes.
The Interaction of Water with Solid Surfaces: Fundamental Aspects Revisited

Abstract Water is perhaps the most important and most pervasive chemical on our planet. The influence of water permeates virtually all areas of biochemical, chemical and physical importance, and is especially evident in phenomena occurring at the interfaces of solid surfaces. Since 1987, when Thiel and Madey (TM) published their review titled ‘The interaction of water with solid surfaces: fundamental aspects’ in Surface Science Reports, there has been considerable progress made in further understanding the fundamental interactions of water with solid surfaces. In the decade and a half, the increased capability of surface scientists to probe at the molecular-level has resulted in more detailed information of the properties of water on progressively more complicated materials and under more stringent conditions. This progress in understanding the properties of water on solid surfaces is evident both in areas for which surface science methodology has traditionally been strong (catalysis and electronic materials) and also in new areas not traditionally studied by surface scientists such as electrochemistry, photoconversion, mineralogy, adhesion, sensors, atmospheric chemistry and tribology. Researchers in all these fields grapple with very basic questions regarding the interactions of water with solid surfaces such as how is water adsorbed, what are the chemical and electrostatic forces that constitute the adsorbed layer, how is water thermally or non-thermally activated and how do coadsorbates influence these properties of water. The attention paid to these and other fundamental questions in the past decade and a half has been immense. In this review, experimental studies published since the TM review are assimilated with those covered by TM to provide a current picture of the fundamental interactions of water with solid surfaces.
Work hard, not smart: Stock options in executive compensation

Abstract This paper examines the optimal equity compensation for executives. When executives choose a level of effort to devote to gathering information and a criterion for acting on the information gathered, the optimal exercise price involves a trade-off; a higher exercise price moves the executive's decision criterion away from first-best but provides leverage that moves the executive's effort toward first-best. This trade-off depends on a variety of factors, including the potential influence of decisions on firm value. We document empirical regularities consistent with the theory such as that options are relatively less prevalent in the equity compensation of more-senior executives.
Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events. A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective. —To assess the relationship between body temperature and cardiac morbidity during the perioperative period. Design. —Randomized controlled trial comparing routine thermal care (hypothermic group) to additional supplemental warming care (normothermic group). Setting. —Operating rooms and surgical intensive care unit at an academic medical center. Subjects. —Three hundred patients undergoing abdominal, thoracic, or vascular surgical procedures who either had documented coronary artery disease or were at high risk for coronary disease. Outcome Measure. —The relative risk of a morbid cardiac event (unstable angina/ischemia, cardiac arrest, or myocardial infarction) according to thermal treatment. Cardiac outcomes were assessed in a double-blind fashion. Results. —Mean core temperature after surgery was lower in the hypothermic group (35.4±0.1°C) than in the normothermic group (36.7±0.1°C) ( P P =.02). Hypothermia was an independent predictor of morbid cardiac events by multivariate analysis (relative risk, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.7; P =.04), indicating a 55% reduction in risk when normothermia was maintained. Postoperative ventricular tachycardia also occurred less frequently in the normothermic group than in the hypothermic group (2.4% vs 7.9%; P =.04). Conclusion. —In patients with cardiac risk factors who are undergoing noncardiac surgery, the perioperative maintenance of normothermia is associated with a reduced incidence of morbid cardiac events and ventricular tachycardia.
A physical, mechanistic and fully coupled hillslope hydrology model

SUMMARY We present the mathematical development and numerical solution of a new model ofow processes on an inltrating hillslope. We also present validation and sample applications. The model is a dis- tributed, mechanistic, physically based hillslope hydrologic model. The model describes the small-scale processes associated with overlandow, erosion, and sediment transport on an inltrating surface and is capable of capturing small-scale variations inow depth, �ow velocities, interactive inltration, erosion rates, and sediment transport. The model couples the fully two-dimensional hydrodynamic equations for overlandow, the one-dimensional Richards equation for inltration, and a sediment detachment and transport model. Two simulations are presented highlighting the model's ability to capture and de- scribe the interaction between precipitation, overlandow, erosion and inltration at very small scales. Results of the two-dimensional simulations indicate the system of equations produces hillslopes pos- sessing characteristics of self-organization as observed in real world systems. Copyright ? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pacific Ocean climate change: atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation and ecosystem response

A major climate change event that affected atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation and ecosystem structure of the Pacific Ocean began in the mid-1970s. Changes in biomass, and presumably productivity, of the lower trophic levels (phytoplankton and Zooplankton) were directly attributed to this event. It also appears that some individual species at higher trophic levels were influenced, but cause-and-effect relationships are more difficult to document at the species level. Recent work shows that at least five major pelagic ecosystems responded to this event, but in different ways, and both increases and decreases in biomass were seen. Changes of this magnitude are well documented in the paleo-oceanographic record. However, it remains to be determined to what extent the changes were caused by natural cycles versus anthropogenic change (global warming).
Jejunal and ileal absorptive function after a model of canine jejunoileal autotransplantation.

Abstract The effects of intestinal transplantation on the physiologic functions of the gut are not well understood. Our aim was to determine the effect of a large animal model of small intestinal transplantation (disruption of all neural and lymphatic continuity) on selected absorptive functions of the jejunoileum. Seven dogs were studied before and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks after a model of jejunoileal autotransplantation, which avoids confounding factors of immune rejection, immunosuppression, and harvest ischemia. Jejunal function was assessed by quantitative [3H]-folate and d -xylose absorption and ileal function by quantitative 57Co-vitamin B12 absorption. The role of lymphatic continuity was assessed by fecal fat recovery following 5 days of a controlled, high fat diet (75 g/day). All dogs developed a profuse, watery diarrhea that persisted for 6 to 12 weeks and lost about 15% body weight; however, absorption of d -xylose, folate, and vitamin B12 was unaffected at any time point. Fat absorption postoperatively was only mildly abnormal (⩽8 g/day) at all time points in five of seven dogs despite complete lymphatic disruption. We concluded that jejunoileal autotransplantation does not markedly affect these specific jejunoileal absorptive functions. Fat absorption in most dogs surprisingly remains almost normal. Anatomic and physiologic consequences of intestinal transplantation do not appear to induce global abnormalities in all absorptive functions in the nonrejecting jejunoileum.
Materials for electromagnetic interference shielding

Materials for the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of electronics and radiation sources are reviewed, with emphasis on composite materials and resilient EMI gasket materials, which shield mainly by reflection of the radiation at a high frequency.
Stagnation Film Cooling and Heat Transfer, Including Its Effect Within the Hole Pattern

Etude du refroidissement par film avec point d'arret ainsi que des transferts de chaleur en tenant compte de l'influence de la distribution des orifices
The role of viscoelastic contrast in orientation selection of block copolymer lamellar phases under oscillatory shear

The mesoscale rheology of a lamellar phase of a block copolymer is modeled as a structured fluid of uniaxial symmetry. The model predicts a viscoelastic response that depends on the angle between the local lamellar planes and velocity gradients. We focus on the stability under oscillatory shear of a two layer configuration comprising a parallel and a perpendicularly oriented domain, so that the two layers have a different viscoelastic modulus G*(ω). A long wave, low Reynolds number expansion is introduced to analytically obtain the region of stability. When the response of the two layers is purely viscous, we recover earlier results according to which the interface is unstable for non-zero Reynolds number flows when the thinner layer is more viscous. On the other hand, when viscoelasticity is included, we find that the interface can become unstable even for zero Reynolds number. The interfacial instability is argued to dynamically favor perpendicular relative to parallel orientation, and hence we suggest that the perpendicular orientation would be selected in a multi domain configuration in the range of frequency ω in which viscoelastic contrast among orientations is appreciable.
New considerations in brachial plexus anesthesia

Understanding relevant brachial plexus anatomy, ensuring precise needle location in the brachial plexus, and injection of appropriate local anesthetic volumes are fundamental to achieving consistent success with brachial plexus anesthesia. Knowledge of brachial plexus anatomy is crucial for understanding resulting distribution of sensory anesthesia and motor blockade, and it minimizes complications as well. The approach to the plexus determines the characteristics of the resulting anesthesia. Recent clinical studies have supported use of high local anesthetic volumes to ensure more complete anesthetic distribution throughout the brachial plexus sheath. Various techniques to access the plexus have been described and can be matched to the approach to enhance clinical success. These include transarterial, paresthesia, and nerve stimulator techniques. Physiological consequences of brachial plexus block may include Horner's syndrome, hoarseness, cough, or phrenic nerve paresis. Side effects and common complications can be explained through a knowledge of the underlying anatomy of the brachial plexus and its anatomical relations. By paying attention to these details, brachial plexus block can be made to work on the same level and scale as general anesthesia, with pronounced benefits for the patient.
Direct measurement of skin friction on a porous flat plate with massinjection.

An experimental investigation of skin friction in the presence of mass injection on a porous flat plate, in supersonic, turbulent flow, has been carried out. Useful data have been obtained at Mach number 3.2 (nominal) and at two Reynolds numbers of the order of 10. Measurements were made with a skin-friction balance which permitted mass injection through its friction surface. The injectant gas was nitrogen. The results of the experiments are in essential agreement with the theory of Rubesin as regards skin-friction reduction with mass injection. In addition, correlation of the skin-friction data with heat-transfer measurements, conducted previously by Bartle and Leadon, tend to verify the "Reynolds analogy" between skin friction and heat transfer developed by Rubesin.
Automated classification of x-ray sources in stellar clusters

The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) is generating a tremendous amount of multi-dimensional X-ray data of exceptional quality. Currently, astronomers analyze these data one X-ray source at a time, via model-fitting techniques, to determine source physical conditions. More efficient methods of spectral and temporal classification would greatly benefit analysis of observations of rich fields of X-ray sources, such as stellar clusters. A combination of techniques from the fields of multivariate statistics and pattern recognition may provide new insight into, as well as an improvement in the speed and accuracy of, the classification of stellar X-ray spectra. We are adapting and applying such techniques, in the context of analysis of CXO and X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) imaging spectroscopy of star formation regions, to group pre-main-sequence X-ray sources into clusters based on spectral attributes. An automated spectral classification technique for the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) population of greater than 1000 X-ray emitting young stars has been developed. As an initial test of the algorithm, deep CXO images of the ONC were analyzed. Clustering results are being compared with known optical, infrared, and radio properties of the young stellar population of the ONC, to assess the algorithm's ability to identify groups of sources that share common attributes.
Photoperiod Sensitivity during Flower Development of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Abstract Photoperiod is a major factor in flower development of the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L. ‘album DC’) which is a long-day plant. Predicting time to flower in field-grown opium poppy requires knowledge of which stages of growth are sensitive to photoperiod and how the rate of flower development is influenced by photoperiod. The objective of this work was to determine when poppy plants first become sensitive to photoperiod and how long photoperiod continues to influence the time to first flower under consistent temperature conditions. Plants were grown in artificially-lit growth chambers with either a 16-h photoperiod (highly flower inductive) or a 9-h photoperiod (non-inductive). Plants were transferred at 1 to 3-d intervals from a 16- to a 9-h photoperiod and vice versa . All chambers were maintained at a 12-h thermoperiod of 25/20 °C. Poppy plants became sensitive to photoperiod 4 d after emergence and required a minimum of four inductive cycles (short dark periods) before the plant flowered. Additional inductive cycles, up to a maximum of nine, hastened flowering. After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by photoperiod. These results indicate that the interval between emergence and first flower can be divided into four phases: (1) a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP); (2) a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP); (3) a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP); and (4) a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). The minimum durations of these phases for Papaver somniferum ‘album DC’ under the conditions of our experiment were determined as 4 d, 4 d, 9 d, and 14 d, respectively.
Ultimate ownership and control in Russia

Abstract I investigate ultimate control and ownership patterns in Russian publicly traded companies. I show that these companies are controlled either by the state or by anonymous private owners. Federal and regional governments’ control is exercised through extensive use of pyramids. Private owners widely exploit legal loopholes that allow them to mask their holdings and identities through nominee and foreign offshore arrangements. The comparison of formal and informal ownership disclosure reveals that the typical anonymous owners are insiders and that in virtually all cases the market participants “know” who the real owners are. Collectively, the evidence suggests that the legal weaknesses in disclosure requirements are important determinants of country-specific ownership and control structures.
A more comprehensive and highly practical solution to enantioselective aldehyde crotylation.

The enantioselective crotylation of aldehydes with 1,2-diaminochlorocrotylsilane reagents is effectively catalyzed by Sc(OTf)3. The one significant limitation on the utility of these reagents − substrate scope − has thus been addressed. The net result is the most comprehensive and highly practical method for enantioselective aldehyde crotylation yet advanced.
Cyclic carbopalladation of alkynes terminated by carbonylative amidation

Abstract Termination of cyclic carbopalladation of alkynes via carbonylative lactamization can be achieved more satisfactorily with alkenyl or aryl halides containing an ω-sulfonamido group than with those containing an ω-amino group. The method appears to be generally satisfactory for the preparation of fused cyclic systems consisting of six-membered rings, while the other cases require further development.
Near insensitivity of linear feedback systems

Abstract In this paper, the notion of near insensitivity with respect to disturbance and parameter variations is introduced as a performance measure for linear feedback systems and conditions for near insensitivity are derived. It is shown that near insensitivity is attainable with high gain feedback provided that certain geometric conditions relating the system matrices and the parameter variation matrices are satisfied.
Note on separability of the Werner states in arbitrary dimensions

Great progress has been made recently in establishing conditions for separability of a particular class of Werner densities on the tensor product space of n d-level systems (qudits). In this brief note we complete the process of establishing necessary and sufficient conditions for separability of these Werner densities by proving the sufficient condition for general n and d.
Origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in homogeneous (In,Mn)As thin films

Abstract The microstructure of (In,Mn)As thin films grown using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) was investigated to determine the origin of room temperature ferromagnetism in these films. Transmission electron microscopy based techniques were used to investigate phase purity and compositional homogeneity. Microanalysis of an In 1− x Mn x As film with x =0.01 and a Curie temperature of 330 K exhibited a homogeneous distribution of Mn. High Mn concentration films with x =0.20 exhibited MnAs precipitates within the (In,Mn)As matrix. The analysis indicates that room temperature ferromagnetic, single-phase (In,Mn)As can be formed by MOVPE. The origin of ferromagnetism is attributed to (In,Mn)As solid solution rather than distinct secondary Mn-rich magnetic phase(s).
Ruddlesden-Popper zirconium sulfides—a novel preparation method and characterization of electronic structure

Abstract Barium zirconium sulfides, Ba2ZrS4 and Ba3Zr2S7, were prepared by a novel precursor method. Ba2ZrS4 forms in the K2NiF4-type tetragonal ( I4 mmm ) structure with a = 4.8379(5) A and c = 15.916(2) A . Ba3Zr2S7 forms in a distorted variant of the Ba3Zr2O7 Ruddlesden-Popper-type orthorhombic (Cccm) structure with a = 7.067(1) A , b = 25.557(4) A and c = 7.059(1) A Four probe electrical resistivity measurements show that the Ban + 1ZrnS2n + 1 (n = 1, 2, ∞) phases are semiconducting. The conductivity increases with increasing n. Seebeck measurements show that the majority charge carriers are holes. X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements probing the electronic structure of these materials as viewed from the S and Zr sites are also discussed.
Learning, experimentation, and monetary policy

Abstract We present a model of monetary policy where the policymaker faces uncertainty about which he is learning in a Bayesian fashion. A fixed money supply rule is not optimal since the learning leads to adjustments in the monetary action. We present cases in which it is optimal to bear some cost in terms of current output performance in order to gain information that can be used in the formulation of future monetary policy: experimentation therefore pays. We also show that even passive learning without experimentation still leads to an activist monetary policy, i.e., one that is responsive to new information.
Suppressing Linear Power on Dwarf Galaxy Halo Scales

Recently, it has been suggested that the dearth of small halos around the Milky Way arises because of a modification of the primordial power spectrum of fluctuations from inflation. Such modifications would be expected to alter the formation of structure from bottom-up to top-down on scales near where the short-scale power has been suppressed. Using cosmological simulations, we study the effects of such a modification of the initial power spectrum. While the halo multiplicity function depends primarily on the linear-theory power spectrum, most other probes of power are more sensitive to the nonlinear power spectrum. Collapse of large-scale structures as they go nonlinear regenerates a "tail" in the power spectrum, masking small-scale modifications to the primordial power spectrum except at very high z. Even the small-scale (k > 2 h Mpc-1) clustering of the Lyα forest is affected by this process, so that cold dark matter (CDM) models with sufficient power suppression to reduce the number of 1010 M☉ halos by a factor of ~5 give similar Lyα forest power spectrum results. We conclude that other observations that depend more directly on the number density of collapsed objects, such as the number of damped Lyα systems or the redshift of reionization, may provide the most sensitive tests of these models.
Polar coding for fading channels: Binary and exponential channel cases

This work presents a polar coding scheme for fading channels, focusing primarily on fading binary symmetric and additive exponential noise channels. For fading binary symmetric channels, a hierarchical coding scheme is presented, utilizing polar coding both over channel uses and over fading blocks. The receiver uses its channel state information (CSI) to distinguish states, thus constructing an overlay erasure channel over the underlying fading channels. By using this scheme, the capacity of a fading binary symmetric channel is achieved without CSI at the transmitter. Noting that a fading AWGN channel with BPSK modulation and demodulation corresponds to a fading binary symmetric channel, this result covers a fairly large set of practically relevant channel settings. For fading additive exponential noise channels, expansion coding is used in conjunction to polar codes. Expansion coding transforms the continuous-valued channel to multiple (independent) discrete-valued ones. For each level after expansion, the approach described previously for fading binary symmetric channels is used. Both theoretical analysis and numerical results are presented, showing that the proposed coding scheme approaches the capacity in the high SNR regime. Overall, utilizing polar codes in this (hierarchical) fashion enables coding without CSI at the transmitter, while approaching the capacity with low complexity.
Provably-secure programming languages for remote evaluation

Remote evaluation and dynamically-extensible systems pose serious safety and security risks. Programming language design has a major role in overcoming some of these risks. Important research areas include designing suitable languages for remote evaluation, identifying appropriate security and safety properties for them, and developing provably-sound logics for reasoning about the properties in the context of separate compilation and dynamic linking.
Interpreting the projective hierarchy in expansions of the real line

We give a criterion when an expansion of the ordered set of real numbers defines the image of (R,+, ·,N) under a semialgebraic injection. In particular, we show that for a non-quadratic irrational number α, the expansion of the ordered Q(α)-vector space of real numbers by N defines multiplication on R.
Subgaleal Endoscopic Browlift with Absorbable Fixation

The browlift has been a part of the aesthetic surgeon’s armamentarium for rejuvenation of the upper third of the face for almost a century. Early descriptions by Passot [1] recommended excision of ellipses of skin along the hairline to raise the brow and soften crow’s feet. Since then, numerous approaches have been developed to address the ptotic brow and smooth forehead rhytids, including coronal, trichophytic, midforehead, direct brow, endoscopic, and transblepharoplasty techniques. In modern aesthetic surgery, the coronal incision with subgaleal dissection and myotomy of the procerus, corrugator, and frontalis was initially the gold standard [2–5]. However, since the first published descriptions of the endoscopic browlift in by Isse [6], there has been a strong trend toward approaching the upper third via minimally invasive techniques. Indications for browlift have traditionally included ptotic aging brow with or without upper lid dermatochalasis, elimination of glabellar and frontalis rhytids, and avoidance of temporal bunching in revision facelift [7]. Occasionally, there is a functional indication for unilateral brow lift such as with facial nerve paralysis. Despite the fact that most coronal brow lifts are performed in the subgaleal plane [2–5,7,8] many investigators espouse endoscopic brow lift in the subperiosteal plane [6,9–15]. This could be attributed to early technique reports, which suggested a more favorable optical chamber could be achieved with a subperiosteal dissection [12]. However, an early endoscopic report by Isse [16] describes either subgaleal or subperiosteal dissection to 3 cm above supraorbital rims and then subperiosteal dissection around the neurovascular bundles.
Contact effects in polymer field-effect transistors

Contact resistances often contribute significantly to the overall device resistance in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Understanding charge injection at the metal-organic interface is critical to optimizing OFET device performance. We have performed a series of experiments using bottom-contact poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) OFETs in the shallow channel limit to examine the injection process. When contacts are ohmic we find that contact resistivity is inversely proportional to carrier mobility, consistent with diffusion-limited injection. However, data from devices with other electrode materials indicate that this simple picture is inadequate to describe contacts with significant barriers. A generalized transmission line method allows the analysis of nonohmic contacts, and we find reasonable agreement with a model for injection that accounts for the hopping nature of conduction in the polymer. Variation of the (unintentional) dopant concentration in the P3HT can significantly alter the injection process via changes in metal-organic band alignment. At very low doping levels, transport suggests the formation of a barrier at the Au/P3HT interface, while Pt/P3HT contacts remain ohmic with comparatively low resistance. We recently observed that self-assembled monolayers on the metal source/drain electrodes can significantly decrease contact resistance and maintain ohmic conduction under conditions that would result in nonohmic, high resistance contacts to untreated electrodes. Finally, we discuss measurements on extremely short channel devices, in the initial steps toward examining transport through individual polymer chains.
Schwinger model in the light-cone representation

I present a solution to the Schwinger model in the light-cone representation which corrects an error in a previous work. I emphasize the details of the mechanism by which the physical vacuum is different than the perturbative vacuum. I suggest that the method of analyzing vacuum structure presented here may be of use in more complicated theories such as QCD.
Culture and depression.

The way in which depression is confronted, discussed, and managed varies among social worlds. Dr. Arthur Kleinman examines how cultural meanings and practices shape the course of depression.
The G-Fredholm Property of the \(\bar{\partial}\) -Neumann Problem

Let G be a unimodular Lie group, X a compact manifold with boundary, and M be the total space of a principal bundle G→M→X so that M is also a strongly pseudoconvex complex manifold. In this work, we show that if G acts by holomorphic transformations in M, then the Laplacian $\square=\bar{\partial}^{*}\bar{\partial}+\bar{\partial}\bar{\partial}^{*}$ on M has the following properties: The kernel of □ restricted to the forms Λ p,q with q>0 is a closed, G-invariant subspace in L 2(M,Λ p,q ) of finite G-dimension. Secondly, we show that if q>0, then the image of □ contains a closed, G-invariant subspace of finite G-codimension in L 2(M,Λ p,q ). These two properties taken together amount to saying that □ is a G-Fredholm operator. It is a corollary of the first property mentioned that the reduced L 2-Dolbeault cohomology spaces $L^{2}\bar{H}^{p,q}(M)$ of M are finite G-dimensional for q>0. The boundary Laplacian □ b has similar properties.
Where-Fi: a dynamic energy-efficient multimedia distribution framework for MANETs

Next generation mobile ad-hoc applications will revolve around users' need for sharing content/presence information with co-located devices. However, keeping such information fresh requires frequent meta-data exchanges, which could result in significant energy overheads. To address this issue, we propose distributed algorithms for energy efficient dissemination of presence and content usage information between nodes in mobile ad-hoc networks. First, we introduce a content dissemination protocol (called CPMP) for effectively distributing frequent small meta-data updates between co-located devices using multicast. We then develop two distributed algorithms that use the CPMP protocol to achieve "phase locked" wake up cycles for all the participating nodes in the network. The first algorithm is designed for fully-connected networks and then extended in the second to handle hidden terminals. The "phase locked" schedules are then exploited to adaptively transition the network interface to a deep sleep state for energy savings. We have implemented a prototype system (called "Where-Fi") on several Motorola Linux-based cell phone models. Our experimental results show that for all network topologies our algorithms were able to achieve "phase locking" between nodes even in the presence of hidden terminals. Moreover, we achieved battery lifetime extensions of as much as 28% for fully connected networks and about 20% for partially connected networks.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Statistical analysis of ground-based chorus observations during geomagnetic storms

Chorus observations from two ground-based, Antarctic receiving stations are analyzed for a set of geomagnetic storms from 2000 to 2010. Superposed epoch analysis is performed together with statistical hypothesis testing to determine whether the observed quantities (geomagnetic indices, outer belt energetic electron fluxes, and chorus properties) are statistically significantly different as functions of storm phase, storm size, and storm type. Waves generated in the outer dayside magnetosphere and observed on the ground at South Pole Station are suppressed during main phase and are statistically unchanged from random intervals during recovery phase. Waves generated in the inner magnetosphere and observed on the ground at Palmer Station are significantly enhanced during storm main phase and for about 3 days into recovery. During main phase, there are larger enhancements in chorus occurrence, amplitude, and frequency extent as observed at Palmer during larger storms. During recovery phase, there are larger enhancements in chorus occurrence, amplitude, and frequency extent as observed at Palmer during larger storms and during storms where the average rate of electron flux increase, averaged across the outer belt, is higher.
AMBIPOLAR DIFFUSION IN MOLECULAR CLOUD CORES AND THE GRAVOMAGNETO CATASTROPHE

This paper reexamines the problem of ambipolar diffusion as a mechanism for the production and runaway evolution of centrally condensed molecular cloud cores, a process that has been termed the gravomagneto catastrophe. Our calculation applies in the geometric limit of a highly flattened core and allows for a semianalytic treatment of the full problem, although physical fixes are required to resolve a poor representation of the central region. A noteworthy feature of the overall formulation is that the solutions for the ambipolar diffusion portion of the evolution for negative times (t 0). The treatment shows that the resulting cores display nonzero, but submagnetosonic, inward velocities at the end of the diffusion epoch, in agreement with current observations. Another important result is the derivation of an analytic relationship between the dimensionless mass-to-flux ratio ?0 ? f of the central regions produced by runaway core condensation and the dimensionless measure of the rate of ambipolar diffusion . In conjunction with previous work showing that ambipolar diffusion takes place more quickly in the presence of turbulent fluctuations, i.e., that the effective value of can be enhanced by turbulence, the resultant theory provides a viable working hypothesis for the formation of isolated molecular cloud cores and their subsequent collapse to form stars and planetary systems.
The origin of the universe and the arrow of time

One of the most obvious facts about the universe is that the past is different from the future. The world around us is full of irreversible processes: we can turn an egg into an omelet, but can't turn an omelet into an egg. Physicists have codified this difference into the Second Law of Thermodynamics: the entropy of a closed system always increases with time. But why? The ultimate explanation is to be found in cosmology: special conditions in the early universe are responsible for the arrow of time. I will talk about the nature of time, the origin of entropy, and how what happened before the Big Bang may be responsible for the arrow of time we observe today.
Low‐energy electron intensities at large distances over the Earth's polar cap

The results of the character and temporal fluctuations study of electron intensities in the energy range of hundreds of electron volts, are reported which were measured at high latitudes and altitudes on geomagnetic field lines corresponding to those of the polar cap and magnetotail lobes. It is concluded that such electron intensities are diminutive relative to those found in other regions of the magnetosphere. Severe variations of intensities were found and the magnitudes of electron intensities appear to be strongly coupled to the directions of the interplanetary magnetic fields.
Median regression for ordered discrete response

Abstract We introduce a semiparametric median regression approach to ordered discrete responses, generalizing the maximum score estimation of Manski (1985) for binary response. The identification and a.s. consistency are proved. We assume that there exists a latent continuous variable, and several variations of the median regression approach depending on the restriction on the thresholds for the latent variable are examined. For some cases, bounds for the scale are derived. We also derive bounds for the finite sample breakdown point of the median regression method to show its robustness.
Outer irregular satellites of the planets and their relationship with asteroids, comets and Kuiper Belt objects

Outer satellites of the planets have distant, eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. These irregular orbits cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion and are likely products of early capture from heliocentric orbit. The irregular satellites may be the only small bodies remaining which are still relatively near their formation locations within the giant planet region. The study of the irregular satellites provides a unique window on processes operating in the young solar system and allows us to probe possible planet formation mechanisms and the composition of the solar nebula between the rocky objects in the main asteroid belt and the very volatile rich objects in the Kuiper Belt. The gas and ice giant planets all appear to have very similar irregular satellite systems irrespective of their mass or formation timescales and mechanisms. Water ice has been detected on some of the outer satellites of Saturn and Neptune whereas none has been observed on Jupiter's outer satellites.
On the determination and investigation of the terrestrial ionospheric refractive indices using GEOS‐3/ATS‐6 satellite‐to‐satellite tracking data

An analysis of the shortening and lengthening of the phase of satellite-to-satellite (SST) data that passed within 40-700 km above the earth surface during its ATS-6 to GEOS-3 to ATS-6 path resulted in refractivity vs height profiles. The SST Doppler data were used directly to adjust the GEOS-3 orbit. Perturbations from the moon, sun, and a 15th-order/degree earth gravity field were included in the orbit solution. This orbit was continued through the occulation period and a model ionosphere was estimated by a least-squares adjustment of the Chapman ionosphere parameters from the SST data residuals. The refractivity profile obtained by this model ionosphere was compared to a refractivity profile obtained by a direct integral inversion of the SST data residuals. Systematic differences between the two methods were caused by orbital errors, which propagated into the solution.
A Political Agency Theory of Central Bank Independence

We propose a theory to explain why, and under what circumstances, a politician endogenously gives up rent and delegates policy tasks to an independent agency. We apply this theory to mon- etary policy by extending a stochastic general equilibrium model. This model provides a theory of central bank independence that is unrelated to the standard time inconsistency problem which underlies all formalized theories of central bank independence. We derive five key predictions of the model and show that they are broadly consistent with the data. Finally, we show that while instrument independence of the central bank is desirable, goal independence is not.
Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds with chemical and physical properties that allow the compounds to move freely between the water and air phases of the environment. VOCs are widespread in the environment because of this mobility. Many VOCs have properties that make them suspected or known hazards to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. Consequently, understanding the processes affecting the concentration and distribution of VOCs in the environment is necessary. The transport, behavior, and fate of VOCs in streams are determined by combinations of chemical, physical, and biological processes. These processes are volatilization, absorption, wet and dry deposition, microbial degradation, sorption, hydrolysis, aquatic photolysis, oxidation, chemical reaction, biocon-centration, advection, and dispersion. The relative importance of each of these processes depends on the characteristics of the VOC and the stream. The U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program selected ...
Numerical modeling of the radio nebula from the 2004 december 27 giant flare of SGR 1806-20

We use the relativistic hydrodynamics code Cosmos++ to model the evolution of the radio nebula triggered by the 2004 December 27 giant flare event of SGR 1806-20. We primarily focus on the rebrightening and centroid motion occurring subsequent to day 20 following the flare event. We model this period as a mildly relativistic (γ ~ 1.07-1.67) jetted outflow expanding into the ISM. We demonstrate that a jet with total energy ~1046 ergs confined to a half opening angle ~20° fits the key observables of this event, e.g., the flux light curve, emission map centroid position, and aspect ratio. In particular, we find excellent agreement with observations if the rebrightening is due to the jet, moving at 0.5c and inclined ~0°-40° toward the observer, colliding with a density discontinuity in the ISM at a radius of several times 1016 cm. We also find that a jet with a higher velocity, 0.7c, and larger inclination, 70°, moving into a uniform ISM can fit the observations in general but tends to miss the details of rebrightening. The latter, uniform ISM model predicts an ISM density more than 100 times lower than that of the former model and thus suggests an independent test that might discriminate between the two. One of the strongest constraints of both models is that the data seem to require a nonuniform jet in order to be well fitted.
An Improved Multiaxial Creep-Rupture Strength Criterion

Nouveau modele prenant en compte 3 parametres de contrainte independants et faisant la difference entre la duree de vie sous contrainte de traction ou de compression. Des essais de fluage-rupture sous tension biaxiale effectues sur l'acier inoxydable 304 a 593 C montrent que ce modele est plus precis que ceux de von Mises, Tresca ou Rankine
A Real-Space Renormalization Group for Random Surfaces

Abstract We propose a new real-space renormalization group transformation for dynamical triangulations. It is shown to preserve geometrical exponents such as the string susceptibility and Hausdorff dimension. We furthermore show evidence for a fixed point structure both in pure gravity and gravity coupled to a critical Ising system. In the latter case we are able to extract estimates for the gravitationally dressed exponents which agree to within 2–3% of the KPZ formula.
A Unified Finite-Element Solution From Zero Frequency to Microwave Frequencies for Full-Wave Modeling of Large-Scale Three-Dimensional On-Chip Interconnect Structures

It has been observed that a full-wave finite-element-based solution breaks down at low frequencies. This hinders its application to on-chip problems in which broadband modeling from direct current to microwave frequencies is required. Although a static formulation and a full-wave formulation can be stitched together to solve this problem, it is cumbersome to implement both static and full-wave solvers and make transitions between these two when necessary. In this work, a unified finite-element solution from zero frequency to microwave frequencies is developed for full-wave modeling of large-scale three-dimensional on-chip interconnect structures. In this solution, a single full-wave formulation is used. No switching to a static formulation is needed at low frequencies. This is achieved by first identifying the reason why a full-wave eigenvalue-based solution breaks down at low frequencies, and then developing an approach to eliminate the reason. The low frequency breakdown problem was found to be attributed to the discrepant frequency dependence of the real part and the imaginary part of the eigenvalues, which leads to an ill-conditioned eigenvalue system at low frequencies. The discrepant frequency dependence of the real part and the imaginary part is further attributed to the different scaling of the transverse and longitudinal fields with respect to frequency in a transmission-line type structure. By extracting transverse and longitudinal fields separately in the framework of a full-wave formulation, we avoid the numerical difficulty of solving an ill-conditioned eigen-system at low frequencies. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated by numerical and experimental results.