cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A macroscopic constitutive law for porous solids with pressure-sensitive matrices and its implications to plastic flow localization

A macroscopic yield criterion for porous solids with pressure-sensitive matrices modeled by Coulomb's yield criterion is obtained by generalizing Gurson's yield criterion with consideration of the hydrostatic yield stress for a spherical thick-walled shell and by fitting the finite element results of a voided cube. From the macroscopic yield criterion, a plastic potential function for porous solids is derived for either plastic normality or non-normality flow for pressure-sensitive matrices. In addition, the elastic relation, an evolution rule for the plastic behavior of the matrices, the consistency equation and the void volume evolution equation are presented to complete a set of constitutive relations for porous solids with rate-dependent pressure-sensitive matrices. Based on the constitutive relations, plastic flow localization is analysed for porous solids with various pressure-sensitive dilatant matrices with power-law strain hardening or with intrinsic strain softening under plane strain tension, axisymmetric tension and plane stress biaxial loading. Our numerical results indicate that the non-normality of the pressure-sensitive matrices promotes localization under plane strain tension. Under axisymmetric tension the critical strain at localization decreases significantly as the pressure sensitivity of the matrices increases. Under plane stress biaxial loading conditions, the pressure sensitivity of the matrices with normality retards localization significantly. However, the pressure sensitivity of the matrices with non-normality retards localization slightly for positive strain ratios and promotes localization slightly for negative strain ratios. Under all three deformation modes, the strain softening coupled with a moderate amount of void volume inhomogeneity is shown to have a dominant role in plastic flow localization.
The effects of strychnine on recently acquired and reactivated passive avoidance memories.

Abstract Rats were trained on passive avoidance (PA) or were given equivalent handling and footshocks (FS) prior to injection with either strychnine (1 mg/kg IP) or saline. Twenty-four hr after injection, rats in the PA-strychnine condition took significantly more trials to learn active avoidance than did animals in any of the other conditions. In Experiment 2, the interval between PA training and the strychnine treatment was extended to 72 hr. Using this interval, retarded active avoidance acquisition occurred only when the memory of PA training was reactivated just prior to the strychnine injection. Results were interpreted as indicating that strychnine enhanced the memory of the PA training requirements, thus interfering with the acquisition of active avoidance. However, this enhancement did not appear to depend on the influence of strychnine on the consolidation of the PA memory.
Longitudinal and Transverse Inelastic Electron Scattering from Fe 56

Inelastic-electron-scattering cross sections for /sup 56/Fe have been measured in the continuum region. The longitudinal and transverse inelastic response functions have been determined for vector momentum transfers, q, from 210--410 MeV/c and for energy losses 0<..omega.. < or = 220 MeV.
Compensation for multimode fiber dispersion by adaptive optics.

Adaptive optics is used to compensate for modal dispersion in digital transmission through multimode fiber (MMF). At the transmitter, a spatial light modulator (SLM) controls the launched field pattern. An estimate of intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by modal dispersion is formed at the receiver and fed back to the transmitter, where the SLM is adjusted to minimize ISI. Error-free transmission of 10 Gbit∕s non-return-to-zero signals through standard 50 μm graded-index MMFs up to 11.1 km long is demonstrated. It is shown that a single SLM can compensate for modal dispersion across a 600 GHz bandwidth.
The Global Role of US Philosophy

This essay focuses on the danger of complicity. American philosophers, given their country’s hegemonic position, exert global influence; what form should it take? Comparison is made with the situation of France when it still controlled Algeria. French philosophers, until near the time of Algerian independence, generally accepted and sometimes profited from this extremely unjust situation. An important exception was Sartre, particularly in his Preface to Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth. It is argued that elements of complicity with American global dominance, some of the more unjust aspects of which are listed, are to be found in such widely read philosophers as Rawls and Rorty. It is suggested that a rethinking of the problem of evil, in its political and not just its religious aspects, is in order. Finally, a broader view of what ‘American philosophy’ means, including, for instance, the voices of African American and Native American philosophers, is urged.
Hydrophobic characteristics ofBacillus spores

Spores from severalBacillus species displayed a strong affinity for hexadecane and other hydrophobic solvents. The binding ofBacillus subtilis spore suspensions to octyl-Sepharose was enhanced by ammonium sulfate and other salts, but was inhibited by detergents. Treatment of spore suspensions with strong denaturants promoted their adherence to hexadecane, presumably by exposing hydrophobic residues in coat proteins. The hydrophobic characteristics of spores may be important in the ecological adaptation of certain bacteria.
Re: Lasso-de-la-Vega et al. gabapentin as a probable cause of hepatotoxicity and eosinophilia

Re: Lasso-de-la-Vega et al. gabapentin as a probable cause of hepatotoxicity and eosinophilia
Effects of lesions in hippocampus-entorhinal cortex on maze performance and activity in rats

Five rats with lesions in the hippocampus plus entorhinal cortex, seven rats with lesions in the hippocampus that did not invade the entorhinal cortex, and 10 operated control rats were tested in an open field activity box and in a Lashley-III maze. Only Ss with lesions in hippocampus plus entorhinal cortex showed significantly enhanced activity, but both experimental groups were impaired in maze performance.
Efficacy of the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in the Elderly

Abstract Objectives. We sought to assess the effect of advanced age on the outcome of patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Background. ICDs are effective in preventing sudden cardiac death in susceptible patients, but their beneficial effect on survival is attenuated by the high rate of nonsudden cardiac death in those treated. Although advanced age is an important variable in determining cardiovascular mortality, its impact on the outcome of patients with an ICD has been inadequately studied. Methods. We performed multivariate analysis of a data base consisting of 769 consecutive patients with an ICD. Seventy-four patients ≥75 years old at ICD implantation (Group 1) were compared with the remaining 695 patients (Group 2). Results. The two groups were similar in clinical presentation, left ventricular function and gender distribution. The mean follow-up time was 29 and 42 months, respectively, for patients in Group 1 and Group 2. Actuarial survival at 4 years was 57% in Group 1 versus 78% in Group 2 (p = 0.0001). This difference was primarily due to a higher rate of nonsudden cardiac death in Group 1. On multivariate analysis, age ≥75 years, New York Heart Association functional class III, left ventricular ejection fraction Conclusions. Among patients with similar functional class and ejection fraction, the mortality risk is increased threefold in those ≥75 years old at the time of ICD implantation. Extrapolation of results from younger patients is likely to overestimate ICD benefit in the elderly. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:556–60)
The interplay between cyclic AMP, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways in response to proinflammatory signals in microglia

Cyclic AMP is an important intracellular regulator of microglial cell homeostasis and its negative perturbation through proinflammatory signaling results in microglial cell activation. Though cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, decrease intracellular cyclic AMP, the mechanism by which this occurs is poorly understood. The current study examined which signaling pathways are responsible for decreasing cyclic AMP in microglia following TNF-α stimulation and sought to identify the role cyclic AMP plays in regulating these pathways. In EOC2 microglia, TNF-α produced a dramatic reduction in cyclic AMP and increased cyclic AMP-dependent PDE activity that could be antagonized by Rolipram, myristoylated-PKI, PD98059, or JSH-23, implicating a role for PDE4, PKA, MEK, and NF-κB in this regulation. Following TNF-α there were significant increases in iNOS and COX-2 immunoreactivity, phosphorylated ERK1/2 and NF-κB-p65, IκB degradation, and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, which were reduced in the presence of high levels of cyclic AMP, indicating that reductions in cyclic AMP during cytokine stimulation are important for removing its inhibitory action on NF-κB activation and subsequent proinflammatory gene expression. Further elucidation of the signaling crosstalk involved in decreasing cyclic AMP in response to inflammatory signals may provide novel therapeutic targets for modulating microglial cell activation during neurological injury and disease.
Bibliometrics and beyond: some thoughts on web-based citation analysis:

The idea of a unified citation index to the literature of science was first outlined by Eugene Garfield [1] in 1955 in the journal Science. Science Citation Index has since established itself as the gold standard for scientific information retrieval. It has also become the database of choice for citation analysts and evaluative bibliometricians worldwide. As scientific publication moves to the web, and novel approaches to scholarly communication and peer review establish themselves, new methods of citation and link analysis will emerge to capture often liminal expressions of peer esteem, influence and approbation. The web thus affords bibliometricians rich opportunities to apply and adapt their techniques to new contexts and content: the age of ‘bibliometric spectroscopy’ [2] is dawning.
Toxoplasma gondii Activates Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF) by Stabilizing the HIF-1α Subunit via Type I Activin-like Receptor Kinase Receptor Signaling

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that can cause devastating disease in fetuses and immune-compromised individuals. We previously reported that the α subunit of the host cell transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), is up-regulated by infection and necessary for Toxoplasma growth. Under basal conditions, HIF-1α is constitutively expressed but rapidly targeted for proteasomal degradation after two proline residues are hydroxylated by a family of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). The PHDs are α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that have low Km values for oxygen, making them important cellular oxygen sensors. Thus, when oxygen levels decrease, HIF-1α is not hydroxylated, and HIF-1 is activated. How Toxoplasma activates HIF-1 under normoxic conditions remains unknown. Here, we report that Toxoplasma infection increases HIF-1α stability by preventing HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation. Infection significantly decreases PHD2 abundance, which is the key prolyl hydroxylase for regulating HIF-1α. The effects of Toxoplasma on HIF-1α abundance and prolyl hydroxylase activity require activin-like receptor kinase signaling. Finally, parasite growth is severely diminished when signaling from this family of receptors is inhibited. Together, these data indicate that PHD2 is a key host cell factor for T. gondii growth and represent a novel mechanism by which a microbial pathogen subverts host cell signaling and transcription to establish its replicative niche.
State dependency of the effects of microinjection of cholinergic drugs into the nucleus pontis oralis.

Abstract The microinjection of cholinergic drugs into the pontine reticular formation elicits active sleep-like states that are comprised of the principal physiological patterns of activity that characterize naturally-occurring active sleep i.e., EEG desynchronization, PGO waves, rapid eye movements and atonia. We have reported that other behavioral states arise even when cholinergic drugs are injected into the exact same reticular location [21]. The present study was conducted to explore the basis for the differences in the drug effect. A combination of acetylcholine and neostigmine was injected by microiontophoresis into the dorsal region of the nucleus pontis oralis in four chronic, unanesthetizes cats. The states that were induced by cholinergic drug injection depended on the state of the animal at the time of the injection. When the animal was awake, cholinergic injections resulted in a waking-dissociated state, which as characterized by EEG desynchronization and muscle atonia in a cat that appeared to be awake and was able to track objects in its visual field. If the cat was in quiet sleep at the time of the injection, an active sleep-like state followed that was indistinguishable from naturally-occuring active sleep; on a few occasions following cholinergic injections during quiet sleep there was a quiet sleep-dissociated state, which was characterized by PGO waves and muscle atonia in the cat that by other indices appeared to be in quiet sleep. The results of this study indicate that the state of the animal at the time of drug injection is a critical variable that influences the responses which are induced by cholinergic stimulation of the pontine reticular formation.
Comparison of Biomechanics of Lumbar-Pelvis Segment With Posterior Screw-Rod Versus Interspinous Plate Fixation System

Spinal fusion is the traditional surgical option to improve the clinical outcome of patients with advanced lumbar degenerative disease. Various techniques including posterolateral arthrodesis, interbody arthrodesis, and circumferential arthrodesis are being pursued as fusion strategies to eliminate segmental instability, which is a recognized cause of low back pain [1]. There are several drawbacks associated with pedicle-screw fixation constructs including failure of implant components and back-out of the screws [2,3].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Neurocognitive screening with the Brigance Preschool screen‐II in 3‐year‐old children with sickle cell disease

Background Neurocognitive deficits have been described in school age children with sickle cell disease (SCD), even in the absence of stroke or silent infarcts. However, the age of onset and factors contributing to this problem have not been well studied. We hypothesized that in children with SCD the failure rate with Brigance screening would be higher than in the normal population. Methods We reviewed retrospectively the Brigance Preschool Screen-II test results in 3-year-old children with SCD. Findings were correlated with hemoglobinopathy genotype, hemoglobin level, transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) velocities, and treatment with hydroxyurea, as well as with psychosocial factors. Results Eighty-eight children with SCD followed by the St. Jude Sickle Cell Center (mean age 3.5 years) had neurocognitive screening during their regular clinic visits. Forty-four (50%) children had scores below the normal cut-off value for their age (twice the national failure rate of 25%). Failures were associated with less parental education (P = 0.005 for maternal and P = 0.03 for paternal education levels) and with speech deficits (P = 0.01), but were not associated with sickle cell genotype or hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion These preliminary data suggest that psychosocial factors may have more profound effects on early childhood development than disease-related factors in this group of young sickle cell patients. A larger prospective study with appropriate controls is warranted to validate these findings, which have implications for the etiology and prevention of neurocognitive decline in children with SCD. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:620–624. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Special nutrition challenges: current approach to acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is defined as a sudden decline in glomerular filtration rate with accumulation of metabolic waste products, toxins, and drugs, as well as alteration in the intrinsic functions of the kidney. Reports of mortality are as high as 80%, with numerous contributing causes including infection, cardiorespiratory complications, and cardiovascular disease. Concurrent with the high prevalence of critical illness in this population is the protein energy wasting (PEW), seen in up to 42% of patients upon intensive care unit admission. The pathophysiologic derangements of critical illness, the low energy and protein stores, and uremic complications require early nutrition intervention to attenuate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, improve endothelial function, stabilize blood sugar, and preserve lean body mass. This article addresses the unique challenges of nutrition support for the patient with AKI in the setting of critical illness and r...
Digestibility and nitrogen retention in llamas and goats fed alfalfa, C3 grass, and C4 grass hays

The objective of this experiment was to determine the relative digestive capabilities and N retention between goats and llamas fed three forages. Four llamas (2 yrs; 125 ± 7.3 kg BW) and four Boer-cross goats (2 yrs; 53 ± 8.4 kg BW) were housed in metabolism crates and fed alfalfa (Medicago sativa; ALF), temperate C3 grass (Festuca arundinacea; C3G) and tropical C4 grass (Cynodon dactylon; C4G) hays. Each forage was fed for 21 d during which time the animals were adapted to the forage, followed by a 5 d period of urine and feces sample collection. Dry matter intake species differences, when adjusted to metabolic body weight (kg BW 0.75 ; MW), were noted for ALF and C3G (P < 0.01), while the goats showed a difference between all three forages (P < 0.05; 61.6, 31.0 and 46.2 g/(d kg 0.75 ) for ALF, C3G and C4G, respectively), the llamas showed a difference between the grasses (40.4, 52.1 and 38.5 g/(d kg 0.75 ) for ALF, C3G and C4G, respectively). Digestible DM relative to MW (DDM/MW) was higher for ALF and C4G for the goats versus the llamas (P < 0.03; 42.5 and 29.0 g/(d kg 0.75 ) for goat ALF and C4G and 27.9 and 23.2 g/(d kg 0.75 ) for the llama ALF and C4G, respectively). Llamas had a higher DDM/MW for the C3G, 19.6 and 28.9 g/(d kg 0.75 ) than goats. Both animal species were in positive N balance for all three forages; llamas and goats retained more N on the high-protein ALF, 0.60 and 0.22 g/(d kg 0.75 ), respectively, than they did on either of the grasses (P < 0.05; 0.15 and 0.04 g/(d kg 0.75 ) for C3G and 0.35 and 0.14 g/(d kg 0.75 ) for C4G). Unexpectedly, however, both species retained more N on C4G than on C3G. These results demonstrate that, under these circumstances, llamas do not have a higher digestive efficiency than goats, and goats retained more DM and N than llamas. Thus the goats appear to be more efficient on these forages than the llamas. Feeding strategy and morphology difference may account for these findings. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Prostacyclin production in tryptase and thrombin stimulated human bladder endothelial cells: effect of pretreatment with phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

Purpose: Thrombin and tryptase stimulation of human bladder microvascular endothelial cells (Cambrex Bioscience, Walkersville, Maryland) results in the production of multiple membrane phospholipid derived inflammatory mediators via the activation of a calcium independent phospholipase A2 that may have important implications in bladder inflammatory conditions, such as interstitial cystitis. We examined the effect of multiple phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the immediate release of prostacyclin from human bladder microvascular endothelial cells.Materials and Methods: We stimulated confluent human bladder microvascular endothelial cell monolayers with thrombin or tryptase and measured the immediate release of prostacyclin. Human bladder microvascular endothelial cells were pretreated with several selective phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase inhibitors before thrombin or tryptase stimulation to determine which combination of phospholipase A2/cyclooxygenase isoforms was involved in this proc...
Use of White Blood Cell Count and Negative Appendectomy Rate

BACKGROUND: Despite increased utilization of laboratory, radiologic imaging, and scoring systems, negative appendectomy (NA) rates in children remain above 3% nationwide. We reviewed the clinical data of patients undergoing appendectomy to further reduce our NA rate. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all appendectomies performed for suspected appendicitis at a tertiary children’s hospital during a 42-month period. Preoperative clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data were collected. Variables absent or normal in more than half of NAs were further analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for continuous variables by using appropriate cutoff points to determine sensitivity and false-positive rates. The results were validated by analyzing the 12 months immediately after the establishment of these rules. RESULTS: Of 847 appendectomies performed, 22 (2.6%) had a pathologically normal appendix. The only variables found to be normal in more than half of NAs were white blood cell (WBC) count (89%) and neutrophil count (79%). A receiver operating characteristic curve indicates that using WBC cutoffs of 9000 and 8000 per µL yielded sensitivities of 92% and 95%, respectively, and reduction in NA rates by 77% and 36%, respectively. Results observed in the subsequent 12 months confirmed these expected sensitivities and specificities. CONCLUSIONS: Absence of an elevated WBC count is a risk factor for NA. Withholding appendectomy for WBC counts
Parenting Practices and Tobacco Use in Middle School Students in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

BACKGROUND Parenting practices have been shown to have a strong influence on adolescent tobacco use in high-income countries. This study examined whether parenting practices also were associated with tobacco use by middle school students (approximately ages 13-15) in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS A secondary analysis was performed on data from 106,041 middle school students in 27 countries who participated in the Global School-Based Health Survey conducted between 2003 and 2007. RESULTS In nearly all countries, boys and older students were significantly more likely to use tobacco than girls and younger students. In most countries, students who reported a high level of parental understanding or a high level of parental awareness of their children's activities were significantly less likely to use tobacco than other students. The children of parents who used tobacco were significantly more likely to use tobacco than children of non-users. After adjustment for age, sex, and parental tobacco use, the associations between parental understanding and awareness were statistically significant in 16 and 24 countries, respectively, of the 26 countries with parental tobacco use data. CONCLUSION This multivariate analysis shows that positive parenting practices are significantly associated with decreased tobacco use among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries, which matches previous findings from high-income countries. Educating parents on the importance of their parenting practices may be an effective component of school-based programs aimed at reducing adolescent tobacco use.
Molecules with enhanced two-photon absorptivities for two-photon optical recording in photopolymers

Summary form only given. Molecules exhibiting strong two-photon absorption hold great potential for a wide range of applications, including 3D optical data storage. In particular, two-photon initiated polymerization holds tremendous promise for ultra high-density optical memory. One can selectively polymerize very small volumes of polymer near the focus of a laser beam, thus creating a change in refractive index and permitting high data storage densities. We have observed large two-photon absorptivities in bis-donor diphenylpolyene derivatives that appear to be correlated to simultaneous charge transfer from the end groups to the /spl Pi/-conjugated bridge in the molecule.
The case for incorporating heterogeneity and malleability of patient screening behavior in simulation models

Simulation models have been used extensively to evaluate and aid in planning of health screening strategies in health care. In typical simulation models, patient screening behavior is often assumed as homogeneous (patient characteristics do not influence the probability of undergoing screening) and rigid (invariant with time, and not malleable by screening interventions), and modeled as such. However, patient screening behavior in reality is heterogeneous and malleable. Disregarding these realities affect the model functionality and modeling outcomes. We propose two general simulation model structures: one representing a typical existing simulation model and another representing a simulation model that incorporates heterogeneity and malleability of patient screening behavior. We then illustrate both model structures by implementing it in the case of Diabetic Retinopathy eye screening. Comparison of the two resulting models indicate that heterogeneity and malleability of patient screening behavior should be addressed in simulation models to improve model functionality and precision of outcome estimates.
Single-pass flaw detector for magnetic media

A simple flaw detector that enables reliable single-pass defect location in magnetic media is described and analyzed. The envelope of the playback signal is detected in a phase-independent manner, small variations in envelope indicate the presence of a defect. The detector may be configured as a biased or unbiased estimator of the envelope of the input signal. Synchronous, asynchronous, analog, digital, biased, and unbiased forms are discussed. >
Diffusion immunoassay for protein analytes

The diffusion immunoassay, a new microfluidic assay technique, may be an enabling technology for the development of point-of-care immunoassay systems. We have previously described this novel, clinically significant, quantitative, immunoassay technique based on the differences in the diffusivity of an analyte and the complex of that analyte and a specific antibody; it assayed phenytoin in whole blood. In this report, DIAs for two model protein analytes - horseradish peroxidase and IgG - are described. The key parameters in the DIA and how they interact to change the performance of the DIA when proteins are the analytes are discussed. Simulations for several protein DIAs and preliminary results that suggest that the simulations are accurate are presented. Several methods for increasing, the signal are discussed and simulated.
The gene locus yijP contributes to Escherichia coli K1 invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Most cases of Escherichia coli meningitis develop as a result of hematogenous spread, but it is not clear how circulating E. coli crosses the blood-brain barrier. A TnphoA mutant of E. coli K1 RS218 was shown to be significantly less invasive than its parent strain in bovine and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. More importantly, traversal of the blood-brain barrier was significantly less with this mutant than with the parent strain in newborn rats with experimental hematogenous meningitis. A DNA segment containing the TnphoA insertion site was cloned from RS218, and the cloned DNA complemented the TnphoA mutant in invasion of BMEC. Nucleotide sequence revealed a near identity to that of a hypothetical yijP gene (also called f577) in the E. coli K-12 genome. Sequence analysis indicated that the E. coli K1 yijP gene likely encodes a 66.6-kDa membrane protein. Deletion and complementation experiments indicated that the yijP gene was involved in E. coli K1 invasion of BMEC, i.e., the invasive ability of E. coli K1 was significantly reduced after yijP was deleted and was restored by complementation with a plasmid containing the yijP open reading frame. This is the first demonstration that the yijP gene locus plays a role in the pathogenesis of E. coli K1 meningitis.
An update of sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ

Objective: The purpose of our study is to further clarify the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients that are upstaged upon final pathology and/or have metastatic disease in the axilla. Methods: All patients were diagnosed with DCIS or DCIS with microinvasion (DCISm) on their diagnostic biopsy and received a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy between 1994 and 2004. Six hundred seventy-five patients were divided into 613 patients with DCIS and 62 patients with DCISm. Results: Sixty-six of 675 (10%) were upstaged to invasive cancer. Fifty-five of 613 (9%) patients with DCIS were upstaged, whereas 11 of 62 (18%) patients with DCISm were upstaged. Forty-nine of 675 (7%) patients had SLN. Twenty-two of 49 (45%) patients with SLN had invasive carcinoma or DCISm on final histology. Conclusions: After review of histology, grade, type of biopsy, and mammographic findings, the combined findings of high grade, mass by mammography, and microinvasion predict patients at higher risk for invasive carcinoma. Selective utilization of SLN biopsy in DCIS is recommended. © 2005 Excerpta Medica Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Response of Supersonic Airflow to a Fin Protrusion Situated on a Curved Surface

Aerodynamic heating of an airfoil with a short fin attached to its surface is computationally investigated. This research is motivated by the fact that the gap fillers inserted between the insulation tiles of the space shuttle thermal protection system may sometimes get loose and extend beyond the surface and cause an uneven aerodynamic heating of the surface. It is often difficult for engineers to determine whether the protruded gap filler would cause an undesirable effect in the boundary layer including early turbulence transition or shockwaves that could cause an unsafe increase in surface temperature. In this investigation, the supersonic flow over NACA 0012 airfoil on which a short fin is attached is studied using a computational approach. The method is validated by the experimental data available in published literature. The results indicate a significant increase in the surface temperature in the vicinity of the fin. This elevated temperature extends downstream beyond the location of the fin and covers a large portion of the airfoil downstream of the fin. The fin induces an oblique shockwave followed by an I expansion wave.
Nanophotonic ionization for ultratrace and single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry.

Recent mechanistic studies have indicated that at subwavelength post diameters and selected aspect ratios nanopost arrays (NAPA) exhibit ion yield resonances (Walker, B. N., Stolee, J. A., Pickel, D. L., Retterer, S. T., and Vertes, A.J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 4835−4840). In this contribution we explore the analytical utility of these optimized structures as matrix-free platforms for laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Using NAPA, we show that high ionization efficiencies enable the detection of ultratrace amounts of analytes (e.g., ∼800 zmol of verapamil) with a dynamic range spanning up to 4 orders of magnitude. Due to the clean nanofabrication process and the lack of matrix material, minimal background interferences are present in the low-mass range. We demonstrate that LDI from NAPA ionizes a broad class of small molecules including pharmaceuticals, natural products, metabolites, and explosives. Quantitation of resveratrol in red wine samples shows that the analysis of targeted a...
Modeling Manifest and Latent Dimensions of Association in Two-Way Cross-Classifications

In this article, the author develops a model that combines the RC(M) association model with the linear-by-linear association model for the analysis of two-way contingency tables. This combination provides a useful extension of both models that is applicable under many research conditions. A primary advantage of the model is that it allows the researcher to assess the influence of manifest factors on the row/column association while controlling for significant latent effects. The model also enables a partitioning of the association into that percentage due to the manifest component(s) and that percentage due to the latent component(s). Data from the 1991 General Social Survey are used to construct a cross-classification of occupations by job-related responsibilities which, in turn, is used to develop and illustrate (a) interpretation of parameter estimates, (b) row/column distance measures and plots in oblique space, and (c) a partitioning of the explained association in the table.
Non-negative matrix factorization of multimodal MRI, fMRI and phenotypic data reveals differential changes in default mode subnetworks in ADHD

In the multimodal neuroimaging framework, data on a single subject are collected from inherently different sources such as functional MRI, structural MRI, behavioral and/or phenotypic information. The information each source provides is not independent; a subset of features from each modality maps to one or more common latent dimensions, which can be interpreted using generative models. These latent dimensions, or "topics," provide a sparse summary of the generative process behind the features for each individual. Topic modeling, an unsupervised generative model, has been used to map seemingly disparate features to a common domain. We use Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to infer the latent structure of multimodal ADHD data containing fMRI, MRI, phenotypic and behavioral measurements. We compare four different NMF algorithms and find that the sparsest decomposition is also the most differentiating between ADHD and healthy patients. We identify dimensions that map to interpretable, recognizable dimensions such as motion, default mode network activity, and other such features of the input data. For example, structural and functional graph theory features related to default mode subnetworks clustered with the ADHD-Inattentive diagnosis. Structural measurements of the default mode network (DMN) regions such as the posterior cingulate, precuneus, and parahippocampal regions were all related to the ADHD-Inattentive diagnosis. Ventral DMN subnetworks may have more functional connections in ADHD-I, while dorsal DMN may have less. ADHD topics are dependent upon diagnostic site, suggesting diagnostic differences across geographic locations. We assess our findings in light of the ADHD-200 classification competition, and contrast our unsupervised, nominated topics with previously published supervised learning methods. Finally, we demonstrate the validity of these latent variables as biomarkers by using them for classification of ADHD in 730 patients. Cumulatively, this manuscript addresses how multimodal data in ADHD can be interpreted by latent dimensions.
A Process Analysis of the Effects of Humorous Advertising Executions on Brand Claims Memory

We report 2 studies that examined how the strength of humorous advertising executions and their relevance to the brand claims in the advertisement influence consumer memory for the claims. We infer the underlying memory processes by testing claims memory using recall, recognition, and indirect tests following incidental exposure to advertisements manipulating humor strength and claims relevance. Memory for the humor component was checked as corroborating evidence. We also validated these inferences by contrasting these effects on claims and humor memory with those under instructed elaboration. Study 1 shows that for humor of low claims relevance, brand claims memory is an inverted U-shaped function of humor strength. Compared to both nonhumor and high-strength humor, moderate humor facilitates both encoding and retrieval of the claims. The patterns of humor memory and instructed elaboration effects suggest that low-relevance humor is not spontaneously linked to the claims even when processing resources are available. Study 2 shows that when strong humor is made more relevant, brand claims memory improves even during incidental exposure. Corresponding humor memory and instructed elaboration effects imply that relevance encourages the formation of humor-claims links that facilitate encoding and retrieval of the claims. The results show that although strong humor inhibits the processing received by the brand claims, enhancing its claims relevance can compensate for such inhibition.
Knowledge acquisition from real-world texts: some lessons learned

In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) has experienced a dramatic research shift by focusing on the processing of real-world texts, rather than on restricted domains. This shift of focus has been an acid test for the core components of NLP, namely parsing and semantic interpretation. For the last few years, we have been working on knowledge acquisition from texts (F. Gomez, 1985; F. Gomez and C. Segani, 1989). The research started as a set of theoretical ideas and, then, gradually we built a system that embodies the theory. The system could be at first called a "toy system", that works in restricted domains. Recently, we have extended every component of the system to handle "real-world" texts. The model has been implemented in a program that reads unedited texts from The World Book Encyclopedia (1994), and acquires new concepts and conceptual relations about topics dealing with the dietary habits of animals, their classifications and habitats. The program is also able to answer an ample set of questions about the database that it has automatically acquired. Some of the major lessons that derive from the research are presented. >
Distribution of onium salt photoinitiators in a two‐phase epoxy system

A phase-separated epoxy blend containing a sulfonium salt cationic photoinitiator was studied. The onium salt was found to be preferentially soluble in one of the resins of the system. Scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analyses were done to determine the concentration distribution in the phases and the results compared to a model based on liquid extraction distribution coefficient behavior. Finally, the photolithographic behavior of various blends of the epoxy resins is discussed and the results compared to the behavior predicted by the photoinitiator distribution. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An application-level parallel I/O library for Earth system models

We describe the design and implementation of an application-level parallel I/O (PIO) library for the reading and writing of distributed arrays to several common scientific data formats. PIO provides the flexibility to control the number of I/O tasks through data rearrangement to an I/O friendly decomposition. This flexibility enables reductions in per task memory usage and improvements in disk I/O performance versus a serial I/O approach. We illustrate the impact various features within PIO have on memory usage and disk I/O bandwidth on a Cray XT5 system.
Bistatic Dual-Polarization Scattering from Rain and Hail at S- and C-Band Frequencies

Abstract Bistatic dual-polarization radar parameters at S- and C-band frequencies are simulated for rain and hail. The goal is to determine their potential for discriminating the two precipitation types and for estimating the parameters of an exponential size distribution for hail. Raindrops and hailstones are modeled as oblate spheroids with canting distributions representing their fall behavior. Three hailstone composition models are used to illustrate the effects of melting. Most of the bistatic radar parameters are significantly affected by the amount of liquid water in the hailstones, which may prove useful in determining the melting level from the vertical profiles of these parameters. For single-polarized transmission, such as vertical (v) or horizontal (h) polarization, the four bistatic radar parameters of interest are effective reflectivity factor (Zv or Zh), bistatic-to-backscattering reflectivity ratio (BBRv or BBRh), linear depolarization ratio (LDRv or LDRh), and magnitude of the correlation...
Iterative Algorithms for Deconvolution and Reconstruction of Multidimensional Signals from Their Projections

A common framework is presented for treating the nominally dissimilar problems of signal deconvolution and the reconstruction of multidimensional signals from projections. Iterative solutions to both problems are given which permit constraints to be imposed on the class of feasible solutions. Variations on these solutions which permit the utilization of statistical knowledge about the signal and its distortion are given and these are related to problems in recursive least squares estimation.
Cultural Practices in Relation to Mexican Bean Beetle Control

The effect of spacing of bean plants on injury caused by the Mexican bean beetle ( Epilachna corrupta ) and on effectiveness of control measures is discussed.
JIT II: the ultimate customer-supplier partnership.

JIT II, conceived and implemented by the Bose Corporation in 1987, is currently being reviewed and tried in other U.S. companies, possibly because it fits well with two cutting-edge concepts, partnering and concurrent reengineering. This article presents a brief introduction to JIT II, lists the benefits that Bose has been able to obtain by implementing it, and indicates where it can be used to best effect.
An Enlightenment Legacy

It should not surprise us to learn that Locke spent the last morning before his death on the afternoon of 28 October 1704 listening to Damaris Masham read the Psalms, or that the night before the entire Masham family had met in his room for evening prayers. He was said to have reminded those present that the continued practice of their duties, together with a regular and attentive reading of Holy Scriptures, would bring them happiness in this world and ‘possession of eternal felicity in the other’. In one of his last letters written before his death, Locke told the Deist Anthony Collins that the vanity of this life was only compensated by ‘the consciousness of doeing well and in the hopes of an other life’. Locke composed an epitaph for his gravestone which stated that his virtues, if any, were too slight to serve as an example to others; at any rate, the best examples were to be found in the Gospels. He was buried, following the instructions in his will, in the churchyard of High Laver, Essex, near the Masham home at Oates. He requested an unadorned wooden coffin and a small private ceremony, and both of these entreaties were, to the best of our knowledge, honoured by his nephew and closest living relative, Peter King.
Economic Leadership as an Antidote to Fear

When the global economy last faced the fears of a financial meltdown, it responded in the way that humans typically respond to fear. It blamed other countries and imposed trade barriers. Countries adopted Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism in frustration with prevailing political systems. Capitalism was rescued only by the promise of Keynes and President Roosevelt that the economy could be reformed, albeit at a cost of much more government control. This contract with capitalism, through government spending and regulation, was unbroken until the deregulations that began when President Reagan unwound much of the New Deal policies.
Electric-Field Shielding and Measurement

Using quasi-static relationships, a fairly simple derivation for the electric-to-electric-field shielding effectiveness was demonstrated. Shielding-effectiveness computations based on this simple approach appear identical to those based on a more rigorous formulation using scattering theory and numerical integration. If transient penetration is of interest, a "circuit approach" which characterizes the transient penetration is also possible; and results using the "circuit approach" reasonably approximate the transient penetrating waveform based on scattering theory.
Examining the Relationship Between Scheduling and the Outcomes of Regular Season Games in the National Football League

Nontraditional scheduling in the National Football League (NFL) has created variation in the rest/preparation time among opponents. Using data from the 2011 to 2015 NFL seasons, regression analysis...
Effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri for prevention and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants, children and adolescents (Review)

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) with their extremely high prevalence and important influence on patients’ quality of life and health costs represent a major problem. Their etiopathogenesis is multifactorial and disturbances in a composition of intestinal microbiota as well as specific potentially pathogenic microorganisms seem to have crucial role in it. Probiotics with their broad spectrum of actions, including strengthening of colonisatiton resistance against pathogens, enhancement of barrier function, regulation of intestinal immune response, alleviation of inflammation, and both direct and indirect influence on gut motility or sensitivity, represent one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for these disorders. Numerous clinical studies revealed their efficacy in different FGIDs. However, the pathogenesis of different types of disorders is not similar, and neither are mechanisms of action of different probiotic strains. Several Lactobacillus reuteri strains exhibit various characteristics such as secretion of antimicrobial reuterin, production of short-chain fatty acids, down-regulation of inflammatory immune response, and direct influence on enteric nervous system among the others, which render them good candidates for prevention and treatment of various FGIDs. This paper reviews clinical studies on the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri in the therapy of FGIDs in infants, children and adolescents. Results of multiple studies support its use for prevention and treatment of infant colic and improvement of delayed gastric emptying and regurgitation. In addition, individual studies suggest potential usefulness of specific Lactobacillus reuteri strains for the alleviation of constipation and functional abdominal pain.
The Vagaries of Becoming (and Remaining) a Marketing Research Methodologist

Recently, I received an e-mail from Terry Clark, editor of the Journal of Marketing’s Book Review section, asking me to: ... talk about your development over the years as a marketing scholar. Why did Paul Green get into marketing? Who/what influenced him? What twists and turns has his career taken? How does he go about doing research? How does he pick his topics? What are his idiosyncrasies?