cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Issues The place of Physiological Psychology in Neuroscience

The development of Neuroscience has raised questions about the place of Physiological Psychology in both Psychology and Neuroscience. The present paper addresses the identity crisis of Physiological Psychology by focusing on the concept of the localization of function in the explanation of brain-behavior relationships. The physiological psychologist, dependent upon the reductionistic assumption that behavior can be explained by reduction to some brain event, and the notion that we have a firm understanding of behavioral events and processes, has turned to Neuroscience for both academic identity and research sustenance. But Neuroscience lacks a molar framework, and the consequence of the flight into Neuroscience has been the deterrence of integrative theorizing about brain-behavior relationships. Only through a return to the basic intellectual tradition of our discipline can we negate this trend. By attempting to identify and understand the natural fracture lines of complex adaptive behavioral functions, physiological psychologists can begin to develop the integrative theories that will foster an understanding of brain-behavioral relationships. Doing so has significant implications for what we teach, as well as for the role we play in the Psychology-Neuroscience endeavor of the future.
The multifaceted structure of nursing: an Aristotelian analysis†

A careful reading of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics focusing on his treatment of politics reveals a multifaceted discipline with political science, legislation, practice and ethics. These aspects of the discipline bear clear resemblance to the multiple conceptions of nursing. The potential that nursing is a multifaceted discipline, with nursing science as just one facet challenges the author's own conception of nursing as a practical science. Aristotle's discussion would seem to argue that nursing science is nursing, but nursing is more. Nursing is also ethical practice, or art, and legislative for health. The multifaceted discipline of politics is united by the end, the common good, a just community that makes human happiness possible. Reasoning in this way, nursing is unified by its end, health of individuals and communities. Since nursing is not unique in having health as its end, this discussion ends with the question of where its uniqueness lies, i.e. within the activities or the personal presence of its practitioners. This discussion also contains some of the contemporary ethical and legislative challenges with which nursing is confronted.
A communication-aware framework for robotic field estimation

In this paper, we consider the problem where a fixed fusion center utilizes a number of mobile sensors in order to estimate the spatial variations of a field. The sensors measure the variations of the field in regions around their current positions and send their sensory data back to the fixed fusion center, by communicating over realistic fading wireless channels. The goal is to maximize the estimation performance at the fusion center, while maintaining the connectivity of the mobile sensors to it. In order to achieve this, we propose a localized gradient-based exploration strategy, which is based on switching between three modes of operation. The proposed approach is aimed at maintaining the connectivity of the mobile sensors and exploring the entire connected region, in the presence of realistic channels that experience path loss and fading. Our simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed framework.
On the Evolution of Biochemical Syntheses

Although it has been recognized for a long time that the biochemistry of the organism is conditioned by its genetic constitution, a more precise definition of this dependence has not been possible until recently. A considerable amount of evidence now exists for the view that there is a one-to-one correspondence between genes and biochemical reactions. This concept, foreshadowed in the work of Garrod(1) on human alcaptonuria, accounts in a satisfactory way for the inheritance of pigment formation in guinea pigs,(2) insects(3) and flowers,(4) and the synthesis of essential growth factors in Neurospora.(5) It appears from these studies that each synthesis is controlled by a set of non-allelic genes, each gene governing a different step in the synthesis. As to the nature of this control, it is probable that the primary action of the gene is concerned with enzyme production. That genes can direct the specificities of proteins has been shown in the case of many antigens,(6) while several mutations demonstrably affecting the production of enzymes have been reported.(6) Evidence on the postulated gene-enzyme relationship is in most cases, however, still circumstantial; this is partly because of technical difficulties involved in the study of synthetic, or free-energy consuming reactions in vitro, and partly because of the insufficiency of biochemical information on those reactions which happen to be susceptible of genetic analysis.
Application of horse-radish peroxidase linked chemiluminescence to determine the production mechanism of Shiga-like toxins by E. coli O157:H7

A sandwiched immunoassay consisting of toxin capture by immunomagnetic beads (IMB) and toxin detection by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) linked chemiluminescence was used to follow the production of Shiga-like toxins (SLT) by E. coli O157:H7. The intensity of luminescence generated by the oxidation of luminol-liked compounds was used to represent the concentration of toxins produced. The time-course of SLT production by E. coli O157:H7 under different conditions was investigated. In pure culture, optimal generation of SLT showed a significant delay than the steady state of cell growth. In mixed cultures of SLT producing E. coli O157:H7 and non-SLT producing E. coli K-12 strain, the production of toxins was substantially decreased. However, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 was not affected by the presence of K-12 strain. This decrease in SLT production was also observed in radiation-sterile ground beef. In regular ground beef that might contain numerous other bacteria, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in EC media was not significantly affected but the lowered production of SLT was observed. The results showed that mechanism of inducing SLT production was complex with both the growth time and growth environment could influence SLT production. The addition of homo-serine lactone to the growth media enhanced the production of SLT. Thus, possibly cell-cell communication may have a role in SLT production by E. coli O157:H7.
Evaluating an Anti-Drinking and Driving Advertising Campaign With a Sample Survey and Time Series Intervention Analysis

The impact of a paid advertising campaign targeted at reducing youthful male drinking-driving behavior is examined using (1) pretest and posttest sample surveys taken at both a campaign site and a control site and (2) time series intervention modeling of monthly traffic accident data from both sites. These compatible analyses provide collaborative evidence that the advertising campaign reduced youthful male drinking and driving behavior and, consequently, traffic accidents.
R-U-in?: doing what you like, with people whom you like

This paper presents R-U-In? - a social networking application that leverages Web 2.0 and IMS-based Converged Networks technologies to create a rich next-generation service. R-U-In? allows a user to search (in real-time) and solicit participation of like-minded partners for an activity of mutual interest (e.g. a rock concert, a soccer game, or a movie). It is an example of a situational mashup application that exploits content and capabilities of a Telecom operator, blended with Web 2.0 technologies, to provide an enhanced, value-added service experience.
Applications of surface analysis and surface theory in tribology

Tribology, the study of adhesion, friction and wear of materials, is a complex field which requires a knowledge of solid state physics, surface physics, chemistry, material science, and mechanical engineering. It has been dominated, however, by the more practical need to make equipment work. With the advent of surface analysis and advances in surface and solid-state theory, a new dimension has been added to the analysis of interactions at tribological interfaces. In this paper the applications of tribological studies and their limitations are presented. Examples from research at the NASA Lewis Research Center are given. Emphasis is on fundamental studies involving the effects of monolayer coverage and thick films on friction and wear. A summary of the current status of theoretical calculations of defect energetics is presented. In addition, some new theoretical techniques which enable simplified quantitative calculations of adhesion, fracture, and friction are discussed.
Central diabetes insipidus misdiagnosed as acute gastroenteritis in a pediatric patient

This case report describes an unusual presentation of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, which was misdiagnosed as acute gastroenteritis in a 6-year-old girl. The patient later returned to the emergency department (ED) with severe dehydration from idiopathic central diabetes insipidus (DI). At her first visit, this previously healthy patient presented with mild dehydration, signs of acute gastroenteritis and normal urine output. Her brother had experienced similar symptoms a few days earlier. She tolerated an oral fluid challenge and was discharged from the ED with stable vital signs. Two days later, the patient returned with severe dehydration, resolving diarrhea and persistent vomiting. She was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Magnetic resonance imaging illustrated an absent posterior pituitary enhancing signal, which demonstrated a loss of function in that region. There were no other abnormalities. The patient subsequently received desmopressin with improving clinical status and was discharged on the eighth hospital day. DI is a rare disease, but can be fatal if left undiagnosed. It should, therefore, be considered in the differential diagnosis of a dehydrated patient with an unexpectedly low urine specific gravity.
Association of weekend continuity of care with hospital length of stay.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of physician continuity of care with length of stay, likelihood of weekend discharge, in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission. Design. A cohort study of hospitalized medical patients. The primary exposure was the weekend usual provider continuity (UPC) over the initial weekend of care. This metric was adapted from an outpatient continuity of care index. Regression models were developed to determine the association between UPC and outcomes. Setting. An academic medical center. Main outcome measure. Length of stay which was calculated as the number of days from the first Saturday of the hospitalization to the day of discharge. Results. Of the 3391 patients included in this study, the prevalence of low, moderate and high UPC for the initial weekend of hospitalization was 58.7, 22.3 and 19.1%, respectively. When compared with low continuity of care, both moderate and high continuity of care were associated with reduced length of stay, with adjusted rate ratios of 0.92 (95% CI 0.86–1.00) and 0.64 (95% CI 0.53–0.76), respectively. High continuity of care was associated with likelihood of weekend discharge (adjusted odds ratio 2.84, 95% CI 2.11–3.83) but was not significantly associated with mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.29–1.80) or readmission (adjusted odds ratio 0.88, 95% CI 0.68–1.14) when compared with low continuity of care. Conclusions. Increased weekend continuity of care is associated with reduced length of stay. Improvement in weekend crosscoverage and patient handoffs may be useful to improve clinical outcomes.
In-vivo communication using blood vessels as the transport channel

An in-vivo body network is an interconnection of implanted medical devices without a wired or wireless connection. In this paradigm, the body's own circulatory network is utilized as the channel. Instead of electrical or electromagnetic signals, inert nano particles are used as the signal carrier. A framework for in-vivo communication along with a computer based model is developed. Simulation results with a transmitter and receiver placed at two ends of the human aorta is presented. Blood vessels behave similar to electromagnetic channels. Re-circulation and dispersion results in inter symbol interference (ISI) and delay spread. On-off keying (OOK) modulation with receiver equalization is shown to provide a reliable in-vivo communication link.
Regulated expression of the c‐myb and c‐myc oncogenes during erythrdid differentiation

We have investigated the expression of the genes c-myb, c-myc, and alpha globin in murine erythroid cells at different stages of development, in viral-induced erythroleukemias, as well as in two mouse erythroleukemia cell lines that can be induced to terminally differentiate when exposed to dimethylsulfoxide. We find that there is a reciprocal correlation between the cell's production of messenger RNA for c-myb and globin. c-myc message shows a similar but less dramatic decrease coincident with globin RNA production. Initially with the administration of an inducing agent, dimethylsulfoxide, there is a rapid decrease of myc and myb mRNA, which is followed by signs of differentiation in the induced culture. We conclude that these oncogenes function in early maturational stages of development of these cells. In the erythroleukemic state these genes are down-regulated by forced differentiation and may play a direct role in influencing the state of differentiation of these cells.
Work in Progress: A Quantitative Study of GUI versus Text-based Object-Oriented Instruction

Introductory object-oriented programming is considered difficult to teach and a number of different methodologies have been proposed, such as using graphical user interfaces (GUI's). The GUI methodology as reported in the literature is mostly evaluated using a qualitative assessment through the use of student feedback. In contrast, this paper reports on a quantitative study for this methodology so as to provide a more complete evaluation of this teaching approach. The research question for this study is as follows. Is there any difference in learning outcomes between the control group and the test group? Quantitative data was collected from the final exams of each group. The same five multiple choice questions and one open question were placed on the final exam for each group, and the results of the exam questions were statistically analyzed and compared. The results show that there was no negative result using GUI's as a basis for teaching object oriented programming.
Role of the area postrema in angiotensin II modulation of baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious mice

This study reports the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II), arginine vasopression (AVP), phenylephrine (PE), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on baroreflex control of heart rate in the presence and ab...
The hidden ion population of the magnetosphere

The presence of a cold ion population in the magnetosphere which is normally hidden from particle detector observation by the positive charging of the spacecraft is reported. Ion and electron data were obtained from particle detectors on the ATS 6 and SCATHA satellites designed to measure the 1-eV to 80-keV plasma population. The cold, isotropic ion population, with temperature 1 eV and density 10-100/cu cm, was detected only when the spacecraft were in eclipse, when spacecraft potential had dropped from +10 V in sunlight to +4 to +5 V. The hidden ion population was found at geosynchronous altitude only during geomagnetically quiet times and when there has been an absence of geomagnetic activity for several hours, and appears to coexist with the plasma sheet. More consistent measurements of the cold ion population at midnight or at other local times would require the biasing of the ion detector with respect to the spacecraft, or the controlling of spacecraft potential.
Scary cities: urban geographies of fear, difference and belonging

The city can evoke a multitude of images ranging from skyscrapers to crowds, from crime to pollution. These images can affect our everyday geographies and our interactions with the city. We often c...
Target detection from coregistered visual-thermal-range images

A method to automatically detect targets from sets of pixel-registered visual, thermal, and range images is outlined. It uses operations specifically designed to work on the different kinds of images to exploit the information given by each of them. Five features are used to distinguish the targets from the clutter: texture, brightness, temperature, surface planarity, and height. The results from individual detectors are then combined to improve the detection rate while reducing the number of false alarms. A morphological operation called "erosion of strength n" is also introduced and utilized as a powerful tool for removal of spurious information. The excellent results obtained for detection support the suitability of this approach for other ATR (automatic target recognition) problems.
Preventive Intervention with Stepfamilies

Remarriage presents a crisis point at which workers can offer brief preventive interven tions to family members in multiple parenting situations. The author makes an analogy between separation experi ences of children in placement and those of children in step families to emphasize the chil dren's need to mourn losses and to develop a sense of iden tity through continuity with significant adults, prior to be ginning new bonding relation ships. Suggestions are made for attracting stepfamilies to agencies for help with prob lems faced in transitional stages of the life cycle.
Effective Monitor Placement in Internet Networks

Various network monitoring and performance evaluation schemes generate considerable amount of traf- fic, which affects network performance. In this paper we describe a method for minimizing network monitoring overhead based on Shortest Path Tree (SPT) protocol. We describe two different variations of the problem: the A Problem and the E -Problem and prove that finding optimal solutions for both A - and E -problems is NP -hard. We also show that in general, an A -problem solution requires a significantly higher network overhead than an E -problem solution. We propose optimal approximation algorithms for the A - and E -problems and few different heuristics for the E -problem. Namely, we show that one can compute in polynomial time an O(ln|V |) -approximate solution for each of these problems. We analyze the performance of our approximation algorithms and heuristics on large graphs generated using Power-Law model. Performance results show that our heuristic algorithms for both problems achieve from 50% to 90% improvement in the network overhead comparatively with earlier algorithms that appeared in literature.
The Degradation of Bonding Wires and Sealing Glasses with Extended Thermal Cycling

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there was a detrimental effect on internal bonded wires of ceramic dual-in-line and ceramic flat packages, which had been subjected to thermal cycling for up to 1000 cycles. Several manufacturers' parts were used - three ceramic dual-in-line packages (CDIP) and two flat packages. All parts were stressed to MIL-STD-883, Method 1010, Condition C (?65°C. to +150°C) or Method 1011, Condition C. Samples were removed at various steps throughout the cycling program. All parts were decapped and wires pulled. Pull strength and failure locations were recorded. This investigation indicated that end-of-life due to temperature cycling, can be observed to start within 1000 cycles, but due to the slow mean degradation rate, the calculated mean cycles to failure is very large (>1018 cycles). Thermal shock cause much less degradation of the wire bond strengths than did temperature cycling at this condition C level. The results show that Method 1010-C does cause slight degradation in mean pull strength, almost no degradation in maximum value observed, and extensive degradation to lowest values observed. Zero wirepull strengths were obtained after 240 temperature cycles and "percent fail less than 0.5 gram-force" increases significantly with increasing cycles from 240 to 1000. The purpose of the second part of this investigation was to determine if there was a degradation in CERDIP sealing glass strength of parts subjected to 1000 cycles of MIL-STD-883, Method 1011, Condition A (0 - 100°C) Thermal Shock.
Comparative study of thermoradiosensitization by misonidazole and metronidazole in vivo: antitumour effect and pharmacokinetics

Tumour control by local hyperthermia (43.5 degrees C, 30 min) and radiation (20 Gy) given in combination with misonidazole (MISO) or metronidazole (METRO) was studied using FSa-II murine fibrosarcoma. When MISO or METRO (5 mmol/kg) was given 30 min before heat and subsequently treated with radiation, tumour regression was observed for both agents. Radiation dose-response curves for MISO and METRO with heating at 43.5 degrees C for 30 min were identical. Mouse foot reaction was used to evaluate local toxicity following combined heat, a nitroimidazole and radiation treatment. MISO enhanced the magnitude of foot reaction and prolonged the recovery time compared with heat plus radiation controls. There were no observable differences of foot reaction between animals treated with heat plus radiation and those animals treated with heat, radiation and METRO. Pharmacokinetics of the nitroimidazoles heated at 43.5 degrees C for 30 min in FSa-II tumours were investigated as a possible mechanism of thermal sensitization. Local hyperthermia did not alter the pharmacokinetics of METRO. Tumour concentration and tumour/plasma ratio of MISO were slightly decreased during heating. Since the hypoxic metabolism of the nitroimidazoles did not increase significantly during the heat treatment, the thermal enhancement of MISO or METRO radiosensitization cannot be explained by the increase in hypoxic cytotoxicity of the nitroimidazoles at elevated temperature alone. The two nitroimidazoles also were not accumulated in the tumour after heating. Therefore, alternation of pharmacokinetics is not the major mechanism for the thermal enhancement of nitroimidazole radiosensitization. The METRO radiosensitization effect became identical to that of MISO at elevated temperatures is of particular importance in clinical radiosensitization. The very low local and systemic toxicity together with the high efficacy of METRO at elevated temperatures will make it an attractive candidate as a future clinical radiosensitizer.
Retesting Selectorate Theory: Separating the Effects of W from Other Elements of Democracy

Kevin Clarke and Randall Stone (2008) offer a methodological critique of some of our tests of the selectorate theory in The Logic of Political Survival (Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003). We accept their critique of residualization for control variables in those tests, but reject the contention that the size of the winning coalition does not predict the provision of public goods and private benefits. We present new tests that control for elements of democracy other than W and that do not use residualization. These new tests show that selectorate theory is strongly and robustly supported. Our measure of the size of the winning coalition is in the theoretically predicted direction and is statistically significant for 28 out of 31 different public goods and private benefits. Aspects of democracy not contained in the selectorate theory explain less of the variance than does the theory's core factor, namely, winning coalition size, for 25 of the 31 public goods and private benefits.
Nonperturbative regime in QCD resummation for gauge boson production at hadron colliders.

We study the nonperturbative functions in the Collins-Soper-Sterman resummation formalism by examining Drell-Yan data in both fixed target and collider experiments and then predict the transverse momentum distributions of the ${\mathit{W}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${\mathit{Z}}^{0}$ bosons at the Fermilab Tevatron. Our results differ from those in the literature and agree better with published CDF data. Using statistical arguments, we find a 1 ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ luminosity at the Tevatron should be able to provide useful constraints on the nonperturbative functions.
Relationship between container ship underwater noise levels and ship design, operational and oceanographic conditions

Relationship between container ship underwater noise levels and ship design, operational and oceanographic conditions
Shock waves on current-carrying metal thin films

It is demonstrated that an electrical current can produce abrupt macroscopic steps that retain their shape as they propagate on the surface of a miscut single-crystal metal thin film. A simple kinematic theory is developed that shows why these shock waves form, and that gives their velocity. We then derive an approximate equation of motion that allows us to study the structure and interactions of shocks that propagate along the applied electric field, as well as the propagation and structure of oblique shocks. If the surface height is independent of the transverse coordinate, the approximate equation of motion reduces to the Burgers equation. In general, the equation of motion is the dissipative Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation.
EXPLORING THE MOON WITH THE LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER CAMERA

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) consists of three imaging systems: a Wide Angle Camera (WAC) and two Narrow Angle Cameras (NACs). Since entering lunar orbit in June of 2009, LROC has collected over 700,000 images. A subset of WAC images were reduced into a global morphologic basemap, a near-global digital elevation model, and multitemporal movie sequences that characterize illumination conditions of the polar regions. In addition, NAC observations were reduced to meter scale maps and digital elevation models of select regions of interest. These Reduced Data Record (RDR) products were publicly released through NASA’s Planetary Data System to aid scientists and engineers in planning future lunar missions and addressing key science questions.
Parametric Empirical Bayes Rules for Selecting the Most Probable Multinomial Event

Consider a multinomial population with k(≥ 2) cells and the associated probability vector \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{p} \, = \,\left( {{p_1},...,{p_k}} \right)\). Let \({p_{\left[ k \right]}}\, = \,\mathop {\max }\limits_{1 \leqslant i \leqslant k} \,{p_i}\). A cell associated with \({p_{\left[ k \right]}}\) is called the most probable event. We are interested in selecting the most probable event. Let i denote the index of the selected cell. Under the loss function \(L\left( {\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{p} ,i} \right) = {p_{\left[ k \right]}}\, - \,{p_i}\), this statistical selection problem is studied via a parametric empirical Bayes approach. Two empirical Bayes selection rules are proposed. They are shown to be asymptotically optimal at least of order 0(exp\(( - {c_{i\,}}n)\)) for some positive constants ci. i = 1,2, where n is the number of accumulated past experiences observations) at hand. Finally, for the problem of selecting the least probable event associated with p [1] under the loss \({p_i}\) − p [i], two empirical Bayes selection rules are also proposed. The corresponding rates of convergence are found to be at least of order 0(exp\(( - {c_{i\,}}n)\)) for some positive constants c i, i = 3, 4.
Quantitative studies of davies pulsed ENDOR

Abstract The results of quantitative and systematic studies of the dependence of two-pulse spin-echo intensity on the pulse widths and of the Davies ENDOR response on the width of the preparation pulse, t p are reported. A formula that describes the Davies ENDOR response as a function of the selectivity parameter, η η = A n t p is presented. These measurements, which employ a variety of small molecules and metalloenzymes, not only provide information about the Davies ENDOR technique, but also give a quantitative description of the recently described POSHE method for hyperfine selection of heteronuclear pulsed ENDOR spectra through manipulation of pulse widths in the Davies ENDOR sequence. This procedure involves suppression of weakly coupled proton pattern and optimization of strongly coupled heteronuclei signals. It is demonstrated with single-crystal data for Cu(II)-doped Zn(glycinato) 2 and frozen solution data for the blue copper protein Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin.
Metal sensor proteins: nature's metalloregulated allosteric switches.

Metalloregulatory proteins control the expression of genes that allow organisms to quickly adapt to chronic toxicity or deprivation of both biologically essential metal ions and heavy metal pollutants found in their microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that metal ion homeostasis and resistance defines an important tug-of-war in human host–bacterial pathogen interactions. This adaptive response originates with the formation of “metal receptor” complexes of exquisite selectivity. In this perspective, we summarize consensus structural features of metal sensing coordination complexes and the evolution of distinct metal selectivities within seven characterized metal sensor protein families. In addition, we place recent efforts to understand the structural basis of metal-induced allosteric switching of these metalloregulatory proteins in a thermodynamic framework, and review the degree to which coordination chemistry drives changes in protein structure and dynamics in selected metal sensor systems. New insights into how metal sensor proteins function in the complex intracellular milieu of the cytoplasm of cells will require a more sophisticated understanding of the “metallome” and will benefit greatly from ongoing collaborative efforts in bioinorganic, biophysical and analytical chemistry, structural biology and microbiology.
Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving

From the Publisher: Combines the theoretical foundations of intelligent problem-solving with he data structures and algorithms needed for its implementation. The book presents logic, rule, object and agent-based architectures, along with example programs written in LISP and PROLOG. The practical applications of AI have been kept within the context of its broader goal: understanding the patterns of intelligence as it operates in this world of uncertainty, complexity and change. The introductory and concluding chapters take a new look at the potentials and challenges facing artificial intelligence and cognitive science. An extended treatment of knowledge-based problem-solving is given including model-based and case-based reasoning. Includes new material on: Fundamentals of search, inference and knowledge representation AI algorithms and data structures in LISP and PROLOG Production systems, blackboards, and meta-interpreters including planers, rule-based reasoners, and inheritance systems. Machine-learning including ID3 with bagging and boosting, explanation based learning, PAC learning, and other forms of induction Neural networks, including perceptrons, back propogation, Kohonen networks, Hopfield networks, Grossberg learning, and counterpropagation. Emergent and social methods of learning and adaptation, including genetic algorithms, genetic programming and artificial life. Object and agent-based problem solving and other forms of advanced knowledge representation
Elmore model for energy estimation in RC trees

This paper presents analysis methods for energy estimation in RC trees driven by time-varying voltage sources, e.g., buffers, time-varying power supplies, and resonant clock generators. An Elmore energy model that is the computational analog of the conventional Elmore delay model for RC trees is described. Simulation results indicate that the error in energy estimation is less than 2.5% in the worst-case in comparison to HSPICE simulations, with over a 1000/spl times/ speed-up.
Catastrophe: Plowing Up the Ground of Reason

This essay discusses whether, as Judith Shklar might argue, catastrophes are better framed as injustices. Rejecting this view, the paper argues for a definition of catastrophes as events that overturn our normative categories themselves. Using the Book of Job as an extended example, the essay argues that our usual responses to catastrophes, denial or nihilism, leave out the possibility of a stance of openness that allows for heroism and grace to appear.
Transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors

Transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors (NRs) involves the recruitment of distinct classes of co-activators and other transcription-related factors to target promoters in the chromatin environment of the nucleus. Chromatin has a general repressive effect on transcription, but also provides opportunities for NRs to regulate transcription by directing specific patterns of chromatin remodelling and histone modification. Ultimately, the transcription of hormone-regulated genes by NRs is critically dependent on co-ordinated physical and functional interactions among the receptors, chromatin, co-activators with chromatin-, histone- and factor-modifying activities, and the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery. In addition, several mechanisms exist to terminate or attenuate NR-dependent signalling, including modification, recycling, subcellular redistribution and degradation of the receptors or their associated cofactors. The complexity of NR-dependent transcription provides multiple targets for regulatory inputs, thus allowing each hormone-responsive cell to direct its transcriptional output in a physiologically appropriate manner.
Decreasing renewal dichotomous Markov noise shock model with hypothesis testing applications

In this paper, we investigate the probabilistic characteristics of systems driven by dichotomous Markov noise (DMN), described by an external random increasing and decreasing shocks. Based on the DMN, we define two new aging classes of the increasing/decreasing renewal dichotomous Markov noise (IRDMN/DRDMN), which are separated by an exponential steady state regime in the long time behavior. In addition, a moment inequality is derived for the system whose life belongs to DRDMN class. This inequality to devise a nonparametric testing procedure for exponentiality against an alternative DRDMN life distributions.
Quasiparticle band structure calculation of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk MoS 2

Quasiparticle self-consistent $GW$ calculations of the band structures and related effective-mass parameters are carried out for bulk, monolayer, and bilayer MoS${}_{2}$. Including excitonic effects within the Mott-Wannier theory, quantitative agreement is obtained between the $A$, $B$ excitons, measured by absorption [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010)], and the calculated exciton gap energies at $K$. The $A$-$B$ splitting arises from the valence-band splitting which in the monolayer is entirely due to spin-orbit coupling and leads to spin-split states, while in the bilayer it is a combined effect of interlayer and spin-orbit coupling.
Mail Survey Premiums and Response Bias

Does the inclusion of a premium in a mail survey not only increase the response rate, but also bias the responses? An analysis comparing respondents who were sent a premium with those who were not ...
Grain Orientation Mapping and Spatially Resolved Strain Measurements for Polycrystalline Films by X-Ray Microdiffraction

We describe spatially resolved grain orientation mapping of polycrystalline films using a synchrotron-based x-ray microdiffraction system. The system consists of a tapered glass capillary as a white x-ray concentrator, an energy-dispersive solid state detector and an x-y-z sample stage. Two mapping modes are discussed: reciprocal-space mapping and real-space mapping. Information about the orientations of grains within the irradiated volume is determined by reciprocal-space mapping. The locations of grains having a specified orientation are determined by real-space mapping. Examples are shown for blanket films of Al(4 wt.% Cu) 4µm-thick and 0.5µm thick. Results are also shown for 10µm-wide and lµm-wide pure Al lines. X-ray beams of 10µm diameter were used for these measurements. Spatially resolved thermal strain measurements were made for a single 10µm-wide, 200µm-long passivated Al line, and they were found to be consistent with calculations based on equi-biaxial thermal stress within the line.
The response of flowering time to global warming in a high-altitude plant: the impact of genetics and the environment

In high-altitude habitats, an increase in temperature and greater precipitation in the form of rain represent climate changes typically associated with global warming. We determined whether phenoty...
Planning — Success or Failure?

As we have seen, educational planning in California has been decentralized, and diffuse. The system is kept together and articulated, by the cooptation, cooperation and informal coordination of many semi-independent administrators in all levels of the system. At the state wide level, public education as a whole attempts to present a united front to the legislature and the public at large. But within its ranks, conflict between the various segments is inevitable as each and all vie for limited state support. The Master Plan of 1960, which set the pattern for planning higher education, was more concerned with defining the role of the various segments (or levels) of higher education than in attempting to reorient the output of education.
Primary finance behavior of enterprise's excessive financing

The paper proposed suggestions about how to rationally use fund,promote the effectiveness of capital,avoid its waste and risks of breaking agreement.
All Things Complement

The complement (C) cascade is an ancient system of proteins whose primary role is to initiate and modulate immune responses. During C activation, circulating proteins are cleaved and nascent cleavage fragments participate in a broad range of downstream innate and adaptive immune functions. Although the majority of these functions are either homeostatic or protective, a large body of experimental and clinical evidence also highlights a central role for the C system in the pathogenesis of many types of glomerular disease. From classic pathway activation in lupus nephritis to alternative pathway dysregulation in C3 glomerulopathy, our understanding of the spectrum of C involvement in kidney disease has expanded greatly in recent years. However, the characteristics that make the glomerulus so uniquely susceptible to C-mediated injury are not fully understood, and this remains an area of ongoing investigation. Several C inhibitors have been approved for clinical use, and additional C inhibitory drugs are in development. The use of these drugs in patients with kidney disease will expand our understanding of the benefits and limitations of C inhibition.
Poor people's lives and politics: The things a political ethnographer knows (and doesn't know) after 15 years of fieldwork

This paper reflects on a decade and a half of ethnographic research on five different topics: patronage politics, the intricate relationship between clientelism and collective action, the role of clandestine connections in politics, urban marginality and environmental suffering, and poor people's waiting as a way of experiencing political domination. The paper examines the contributions that political ethnography can make to a better understanding of these themes and highlights areas for further empirical and theoretical work.
Horse Behavior and Safe Medical Nursing for the Veterinary Technician Student: A Proposal for Visually Rich DVD Education that Works

AbstractThis paper describes a visually rich development project that utilizes current interactive technology to promote safety in school and practical environments while providing medical care for horses. It describes the initial, start-up phase of an innovative, student-led development project that has the potential to reach far beyond the classroom to help all professionals who work with horse care.
Impact of chronic kidney disease in patients undergoing percutaneous or surgical carotid artery revascularization: Insights of the healthcare cost and utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample.

Abstract Background/Purpose Carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) are complementary techniques for management of patients with carotid artery stenosis. This study investigates the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and age on outcomes after carotid artery revascularization. Methods/Materials National Inpatient Sample was surveyed for CAS and CEA among stage 3 and 4 CKD and stage 5/end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients from 2004 to 2012. Primary endpoint was in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) stratified by kidney function and age. Regression analysis and propensity score matching were utilized. Results There were 3299 patients that underwent CEA and 652 underwent CAS with stage 3 and 4 CKD. Whereas, 1630 patients underwent CEA and 511 patients underwent CAS with stage 5 CKD/ESRD. Patients undergoing CAS had more in-hospital MACCE. Coronary artery disease (OR1.35, 95%CI:1.07–1.70) and CAS (OR1.35, 95%CI:1.02–1.77) were independently associated with MACCE for stage 3 and 4 CKD patients. For the stage 5 CKD/ESRD cohort, CAS (OR1.75, 95%CI:1.29–2.37) was independently associated with MACCE. Stratifying by age, showed no difference in event rates except for higher MACCE among patients Conclusions Among CKD cohorts studied nationally, in-hospital MACCE were higher for patients that underwent CAS. Overall, age group analyses showed that there was no difference in MACCE rates between CAS and CEA. Although CAS was independently associated with MACCE, propensity score matching showed no risk difference of MACCE between CAS and CEA for either CKD cohort.
Filling the Gaps in Solar Big Data: Interpolation of Solar Filament Event Instances

This paper introduces a new interpolation method that fills the gap in missing solar filament big data that are captured every day from numerous ground-based and space-based observatories. It proposes a new algorithm that takes two filament event instances and interpolates between them given a cadence. The method combines K-means clustering algorithm, time series shape representation, and linear interpolation to generate the missing filament polygons. This is the first research of this kind that attempts to address the problem of solar big data interpolation. We evaluate the proposed method using area, shape, and distance accuracy criteria. Finally, we outline future improvements and opportunities for solar data interpolation.
Spatial Effects in Modeling Neutron Diffusion: One-Group Models

The fundamental aspect of keeping a reactor critical was discussed in Chap. 2, and we found out that the most principle evaluation quantity of the nuclear design calculation is the effective multiplication factor (\( \overline{\sigma}\left(v,T\right)=\frac{1}{v}{\displaystyle \int {d}^3V\left|v-V\right|\sigma \left(\left|v-V\right|\right)}M\left(V,T\right) \)) and neutron flux distribution. We also so far have noticed that the excess reactivity, control rod worth, reactivity coefficient, power distribution, etc., are undoubtedly inseparable from the nuclear design calculation. Some quantities among them can be derived by secondary calculations from the effective multiplication factor or neutron flux distribution that was also discussed in Sect. 2.15 of Chap. 2. In this chapter we treat the theory and mechanism to be able to analysis and calculate the effective multiplication factor and neutron flux distribution and possibly show numerical analysis and computer codes involved with solving the diffusion equation in a one-dimensional and one-group models. The goal of this chapter is also for readers to understand simple reactor systems, the notion of criticality, what it means both physically and mathematically, how to analytically solve steady-state flux for simple geometries, and finally how to numerically solve the steady state for more arbitrarily complex geometries.
Antioxidant Supplementation Is Not Associated with Long-term Quality of Life in Stage-II Colorectal Cancer Survivors: A Follow-up of the Study of Colorectal Cancer Survivors Cohort.

Cancer survivors are motivated to change lifestyle following diagnosis, but studies investigating the outcomes are scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between antioxid...
Nursing student evaluation of NIOSH workplace violence prevention for nurses online course

Abstract Introduction: As primary targets of workplace violence in health care settings, nurses may suffer negative physical and psychological consequences. NIOSH created an online course to educate nurses about violence prevention techniques. Method: A mixed-methods approach assessed workplace violence awareness and knowledge among nursing students. A pre/post/post-test survey and focus group discussions evaluated participant awareness and knowledge, assessed course design, and solicited recommendations for increasing participation and strategies for improving message retention. Results: The mean awareness scores differed significantly between pre-course and both post-course time points (Wilk's λ = 0.319, F(2, 46) = 49.01, p Conclusions: The results indicate that NIOSH and its partners created an effective online workplace violence awareness and prevention course. Practical applications: Nursing students and professionals can be effectively educated about workplace violence using an online format.
Image-Guided Transarterial Chemoembolization With Drug-Eluting Beads Loaded with Doxorubicin (DEBDOX) for Unresectable Hepatic Metastases from Melanoma: Technique and Outcomes

Hepatic metastasis from melanoma represents a therapeutic dilemma, with limited effective options for the 85% of cases deemed unresectable. Systemic agents confer toxicity and, along with traditional local hepatic arterial-directed therapies such as transarterial chemoembolization, have not led to a significant increase in survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and dose-limiting toxicity of DEBDOX for the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases from melanoma. A multicenter (University of Louisville, Thomas Jefferson University, MD Anderson Cancer Center), prospective, non-controlled treatment trial (NCT01010984) of hepatic-directed therapy with DEBDOX for the treatment of melanoma liver metastasis was reviewed. Primary endpoints were response rates by modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors, hepatic progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Twenty patients received a total of 61 DEBDOX treatments from January 2010 to March 2013. The median hepatic tumor burden was 40% (range 20–55), 18 patients (90%) had bilobar disease, and 13 patients (65%) had concomitant extrahepatic disease. At median assessment of 2.5 months, 11 patients (55%) exhibited a tumor response and 16 (80%) exhibited disease control. Median follow-up was 5 months (range 1.1–34.3 months). Median hepatic PFS was 3 months (95% CI 1.4, 3.4), and OS was 5 months (95% CI 3.3, 10.5). Directed arterial therapy with DEBDOX is effective in managing unresectable liver-dominant metastasis from melanoma and should be considered a therapeutic option in the multidisciplinary treatment of this disease. Concurrent systemic therapy is merited given the high rate of extrahepatic progression. NCT01010984.