cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Las agencias de informes crediticios en la Argentina: una aproximación al funcionamiento de los mecanismos informativos en el mercado crediticio (1892-c.1935)

Resumen ?Como mitigar los efectos de la informacion asimetrica en la extension del credito? Los principales objetivos de este trabajo son enfatizar la severidad del problema informativo dentro de la extension del credito comercial en la Argentina de principios del siglo XX y resumir los rasgos basicos del surgimiento de empresas destinadas especificamente a proveer informes comerciales. Para ello, el articulo centra su atencion en la comunidad mercantil e intenta mostrar la complementariedad de distintas vias —internas y externas— para acceder a la informacion sobre los posibles prestatarios por parte de los proveedores, facilitando con ello el acceso al credito comercial. La organizacion de la primera agencia de informes comerciales en la Argentina es el punto de partida de este articulo para culminar en los anos treinta, cuando confluyeron una serie de procesos que renovaron los desafios para la consolidacion y regulacion de este sector.
Association of Statins and Risk of Fractures in a Military Health System A Propensity Score–Matched Analysis

Background: Contradictory evidence exists regarding statin use and risk of osteoporotic fractures. Objective: The study objective was to examine the effect of statins on fracture risk in a Military Healthcare System (MHS) with similar access and standard of health care for its beneficiaries. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients enrolled in an MHS encompassing the period from October 1, 2003, to March 1, 2010. Statin users were defined as those receiving a statin for ≥90 days in Fiscal Year 2005, whereas nonusers were defined as individuals not receiving a statin throughout the study period. A propensity score–matched cohort of statin users and nonusers was created using 42 variables. The outcomes were identified using ICD-9-CM codes in the follow-up period (October 1, 2006, to March 1, 2010). In all, 4 outcomes were examined: all fractures, femoral neck fractures, upper-extremity fractures, and lower-extremity fractures. Results: Of 46 249 patients, 6967 pairs of statin users and nonusers we...
An investigation into the mechanism and kinetics of dimethoxymethane carbonylation over FAU and MFI zeolites

In situ IR spectroscopy was used to observe the intermediates formed on zeolites FAU and MFI during the synthesis of methyl methoxyacetate (MMAc) via carbonylation of dimethoxymethane (DMM) and the disproportionation of DMM to dimethyl ether (DME) and methyl formate (MF). Both reactions are initiated by the reaction of DMM with the Bronsted acid protons of the zeolite to form methanol and methoxymethoxy groups (MMZ). The latter species then undergoes one of two processes – carbonylation to form methoxyacetyl species, the precursors to MMAc, or reaction with DMM, resulting in DMM disproportionation. Surface intermediates for both DMM carbonylation and disproportionation respond to changes in reaction conditions in a manner consistent with observed steady-state kinetics. DMM carbonylation occurred more rapidly in the presence than absence of physisorbed DMM, a phenomenon attributed to solvation of the carbocationic transition state involved in the addition of CO to MMZ predicted by DFT calculations. The surface concentration of the methoxyacetyl species at steady state was 10 times smaller on FAU than on MFI, consistent with the higher rate of DMM carbonylation on FAU. Rate expressions for the formation of each product, based on the proposed mechanisms, in combination with a suitable set of rate coefficients, give a good description of the experimentally observed dependences of the rates of product formation on temperature and the feed partial pressures of CO and DMM.
Advances in Oceanography through Flow Cytometry

As forecast by Boyd (1978) well over a decade ago, the analysis of individual plankton cells by flow cytometry has become a powerful tool in oceanography, and it has given us a new window through which to look at the plankton community. Here we illustrate some of the ways in which flow cytometry has already advanced the science of oceanography (with emphasis on direct field applications) and point out some of the directions in which further advances can be expected. We will also address some of the limitations of existing technology and the efforts needed to overcome these limitations.
Semiconductor technologies for powering micro chips in the information age: from source to load

The electric power generated from various sources (oil, gas, fossil fuels, nuclear sources, etc.) flows through long transmission lines and is eventually tapped by various loads from the electric utility grids. The same electric power flows through a host of electronic appliances, including those that power the Internet. In every electronic device, wired or wireless, semiconductor microchips are present and consume a significant amount of this electric energy. The cost, performance and reliability of this "PowerNet" are of paramount importance in this century since they ultimately decide the quality of information and life. This paper will discuss the current status and emerging trends in key semiconductor power electronic switching devices used in the PowerNet at various stages of power conditioning.
Growth of vaccina virus in x-irradiated chick embryo tissues as studied in tissue culture.

SummaryThe effect of X-radiation of chick embryonic tissue has been studied in regard to its subsequent ability to support the multiplication of vaccinia virus in tissue cultures. Under the stated experimental conditions radiation of the tissue in vitro had no significant effect; in contrast, exposure of the embryonic tissue to radiation in ovo appeared to diminish its ability to support viral growth in tissue culture. The differences noted were fairly uniform throughout the period studied. Evidence suggesting that the differences noted are due chiefly to secondary radiation effects is discussed.
Image reconstruction for computer tomography with missing projections using the bimodal optical computer

Image reconstruction for computer tomography with missing projections using the bimodal optical computer (BOC) is studied. The computer simulation results are reported. Two real-time processing algorithms for image enhancement are used.
Common-Mode Differential-Mode (CMDM) Method for Double-Nuclear MR Signal Excitation and Reception at Ultrahigh Fields

Double-tuned radio-frequency (RF) coils for heteronuclear mangentic resonance (MR) require sufficient electromagnetic isolation between the two resonators operating at two Larmor frequencies and independent tuning in order to attain highly efficient signal acquisition at each frequency. In this work, a novel method for double-tuned coil design at 7T based on the concept of common-mode differential-mode (CMDM) was developed and tested. Common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) currents exist within two coupled parallel transmission lines, e.g., microstrip lines, yielding two different current distributions. The electromagnetic (EM) fields of the CM and DM are orthogonal to each other, and thus, the two modes are intrinsically EM decoupled. The modes can be tuned independently to desired frequencies, thus satisfying the requirement of dual-frequency MR applications. To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed CMDM technique, CMDM surface coils and volume coils using microstrip transmission line for 1H and 13C MRI/MRSI were designed, constructed, and tested at 7T. Bench test results showed that the isolations between the two frequency channels of the CMDM surface coil and volume coil were better than -30 and -25 dB, respectively. High quality MR phantom images were also obtained using the CMDM coils. The performance of the CMDM technique was validated through a comparison with the conventional two-pole design method at 7T. The proposed CMDM technique can be also implemented by using other coil techniques such as lumped element method, and can be applied to designing double-tuned parallel imaging coil arrays. Furthermore, if the two resonant modes of a CMDM coil were tuned to the same frequency, the CMDM coil becomes a quadrature coil due to the intrinsic orthogonal field distribution of CM and DM.
Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis reveals low percentage of bone marrow hematogones in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) could be difficult. We explored the usefulness of the enumeration of maturing B-lineage precursors (hematogones) by multiparameter flow cytometric analysis in the diagnosis of MDS in bone marrow (BM) specimens. We evaluated 111 MDS, 120 non-MDS (most with cytopenias; control group 1), and 41 noncytopenic lymphoma staging BM (control group 2) specimens. The percentage of total hematogones was significantly lower in MDS (median, 0%; mean, 0.10%) compared with non-MDS (control group 1, median, 0.38%, and mean, 0.91%; control group 2, median, 0.38%, and mean, 0.60%; P < .0001), as was the percentage of the most immature (stage I) hematogones. Thus, hematogone enumeration may serve as a biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of MDS. Interestingly, the percentage of hematogones was not significantly different between MDS subgroups or patients with MDS with and without chromosomal abnormalities, implying that a defect in maturing B-cell precursors may be an early event in the pathogenesis of MDS. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases characterized by dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more of the major myeloid cell lines, and progression to acute myelogenous leukemia. 1-3 Despite the well-established diagnostic criteria and everexpanding battery of cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic assays, diagnosis of MDS, especially low-grade MDS, is not always straightforward. The reasons for such difficulty are multiple, including the significant interobserver disparity in documenting the extent of dysplasia, especially when dysplasia is mild to moderate, 4 and frequent lack of detectable chromosomal abnormalities. 5 Moreover, the morphologic dysplastic features do not in themselves establish the diagnosis. Conditions other than MDS could induce dysplastic changes (eg, nutritional deficiency, congenital hematologic disorders, toxin exposure, medication effects, and viral infections). This highlights the need for a reliable diagnostic biomarker to aid in the diagnosis of MDS, in particular for low-grade and karyotypically normal MDS. Recent complementary DNA microarray analyses on CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with MDS
Photosensitivity of rare-earth-doped ZBLAN fluoride glasses

We have performed experiments to elucidate the mechanism of photosensitivity in rare-earth-doped fluorozirconate (ZBLAN) glasses. Glasses doped with Ce, Tb, Tm, and Pr were studied. Permanent holographic gratings were written in bulk samples using 248 nm light, with the strongest gratings observed in Ce:ZBLAN. Ultraviolet (UV) induced changes in both absorption and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were observed. In the Ce-doped glasses, the grating formation dynamics were recorded as a function of write beam intensity and Ce concentration. The results indicate that the mechanism of photosensitivity involves color center(s) creation through a stepwise two photon excitation of a Ce ion. The color center(s) can be subsequently bleached by a single photon at 248 nm.
Disaster experience and hospital information systems: an examination of perceived information assurance, risk, resilience, and his usefulness

This paper examines how an individual's disaster experience affects his or her perceptions of sociotechnical safety factors (risk, information assurance, resilience) and perceived usefulness of hospital information systems (HIS). This paper consists of two studies focusing on different aspects: a quasi-field experiment conducted with employees in three hospitals affected by a severe snowstorm (labeled a federal disaster) (N = 103), where we compare the perceptual factors in the context of the disaster experience (with versus without recall), and a comparative study between a first sample group (with disaster experience) and a second, contrast sample group (with no disaster experience) of hospital employees (N= 179) from two similar hospitals. The results show that the disaster experience changes the relationships among the perceptual factors that affect perceived usefulness. Individuals tend to perceive negative factors (such as risk) as having greater effects when they actually have direct experience in a disaster situation than in a normal situation. Positive factors (such as information assurance and resilience) have a lesser impact among individuals who have disaster experience (with versus without recall).
High-Frequency Tunneling Magnetic Loss in Soft Ferrites

This paper considers high-frequency (200 kHz-1.0 MHz) losses in MnZn power ferrites and shows that none of the three well-known magnetic loss mechanisms (namely, hysteresis, classical eddy-current loss, and excess eddy-current loss) can account for the experimentally observed dependence of the loss on the frequency and flux density. In order to investigate the origin of this discrepancy, the electric field that is induced in the typical core when the material is driven at high frequencies and flux densities was estimated. The estimates show that these electric fields can be quite large. The paper presents experimental data on the electrical conductivity for such large electric fields, which shows a highly nonlinear behavior that can give rise to a modified eddy-current loss mechanism. By a simple curve fit to the nonlinear conductivity, the experimentally observed flux density dependence of the high-frequency loss, which previously could not be explained, can be reproduced by using this modified eddy-current loss mechanism. A modified ferrite structure can eliminate most of these extra losses by reducing the electric field generated at the grain boundaries due to high frequencies and flux densities
Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and associated diseases.

Adrenal corticosteroids, i.e. glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, play important physiological roles in humans. Their actions are mediated by intracellular receptor molecules, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which function as hormone-dependent transcription factors. Ligand-activated receptors modulate the transcription rates of responsive genes by interacting with responsive elements in the promoters of these genes or by influencing the activities of other transcription factors, via protein-protein interactions. Natural inactivating mutations of the GR or MR genes have been reported in humans with significant clinical phenotypes. The former causes sporadic or familial glucocorticoid resistance characterized by generalized partial insensitivity of tissues to glucocorticoids and subsequent activation of the hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal axis with resultant hyperandrogenism in children and women and/or mineralocorticoid excess symptoms in both sexes. The latter develop pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, i.e. hypotension and hyperkalaemic acidosis, as a result of reduced aldosterone actions in the kidney. An activating mutation in the MR gene causing early-onset, periodic hypertension was reported recently. The biological relevance of the GR and MR receptors was also addressed in mice whose GR or MR genes were inactivated or modified by gene targeting. The results were generally confirmatory of the concepts obtained by the human studies. Similarly, natural, compensated glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid 9resistance9 were described in several mammalian species, including non-human primates and rodents. Here we discuss the actions of GR and MR and the molecular defects of naturally occuring mutations in these receptors with associated pathophysiological changes.
A Butterfly Theorem for Quadrilaterals

1. Grant Cairns, Margaret McIntyre, and John Strantzen, Geometric proofs of some recent results of Yang Lu, this MAGAZINE 66:4 (October 1993), 263-265. 2. N. A. Court, Modern Pure Solid Geometry, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1964. 3. H. L. Davies, Packings of spherical triangles, Proceedings of The Colloquium on Convexity, Copenhagen, August 1965, pp. 42-51. 4. W. J. M'Clelland and T. Preston, A Treatise on Spherical Trigonometry with Applications to Spherical Geometry Part I, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1907, and Part II, 1909. 5. Patrick J. Ryan, Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry, An Analytic Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney, 1986. 6. D. M. Y. Sommerville, Division of space by congruent triangles and tetrahedra, Proceedings of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 43 (1923) pp. 85-116. 7. I. Todhunter and J. G Leatham, Spherical Trigonometry, Macmillan and Co. Limited, St. Martin's Street, London, 1943. 8. Jeffrey R. Weeks, The Shape of Space, 2nd ed., Marcel Decker, Inc., New York, Basel, 2002.
Total Goproporphyrin I Excretion in Pernicious Anemia

The mechanism of the disturbed metabolism of the respiratory pigments in pernicious anemia has been a matter of controversy.1-4 Theoretically, qualitative and quantitative disturbance may occur at any stage in the construction and destruction of the hemoglobin molecule, but it is not clear whether the increased bile-pigment production and excretion is consequent to a quantitatively increased destruction of hemoglobin similar to that of hemolytic jaundice, or whether it is due to a partial or total pathologic metabolism of the precursors of hemoglobin.Porphyrin and urobilin excretion in a case of pernicious anemia have been investigated quantitatively. It has been reported that an increased coproporphyrin I excretion in both the urine and feces is present during relapse, and that lower values are present during remissions.5, 6, 7 However, because of the lack of adequate methods the reported data are inconclusive. Watson8 reported adequate data on feces, but omitted determinations of the porphyrin in the ur...
Innovative Interactive Videodisc Units for Teaching of Pathology Laboratory Cases: Five Years’ Experience

Seven computer-assisted interactive videodisc instruction units, based on laboratory cases in the General Pathology course for first-year medical students, were developed. Images from the laser videodisc Slice of Life, contributed previously by one of the authors, and the program "Hypercard stack 2.1" were used to develop these units to provide students with interactive software for independent supplemental review of the laboratory cases studied in the course. With the dual-screen system developed, specific picture frames from the videodisc are retrieved on one screen while the other screen displays the corresponding text. The seven units include two units each on cell injury, inflammation, and neoplasia, and one on opportunistic infections. Each unit contains several case studies, each of which consists of the following: a clinical profile, gross pictures and description of the tissue removed, sequential photomicrographs at successively higher magnifications from various fields of tissue slides and their descriptions, comparison with normal histology of the organ involved, interpretation of the observations and comments, final diagnosis, and a quiz. The histopathologic features are specifically emphasized with programmed, computer-generated pointers to indicate specific cells or structures on the images. Each case also contains a glossary to define terms not familiar to first-year students. Although no comparative performance data are available, evaluation of the units obtained from nine terms of use in the last 5 years indicates that these units are extremely valuable supplemental tools for students for independent review of the laboratory cases.
Are we on a path to solar cells that utilize iron

By mass, iron is the most common element on earth and the most widely utilized metal in industry. Over 30 years of research have shown that iron is a poor choice for practical applications in solar energy conversion. Hematite and other ferric oxide polymorphs are competent for water oxidation in photoelectrochemical cells, but just barely. Photovoltaics based on iron oxide or sulfide materials are inefficient and the inclusion of even trace iron in silicon significantly lowers the efficiency of today’s commercial photovoltaics. In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), inclusion of an iron center in a dye molecule results in devices with poor efficiencies that are of no practical value.1 Iron-based materials and compounds function for light-driven electron transfer and catalysis, but just well enough to give some hope to highly optimistic scientists in academic labs. In the final analysis, iron consistently continues to disappoint and one can safely conclude that it is best to keep iron out of solar cells. Until now Harlang et al.2 found that the iron compound shown in Figure 1 harvests sunlight through most of the visible region with subsequent excited state electron transfer to a TiO2 semiconductor with efficiencies >90%. Such a breakthrough in efficiency is remarkable, particularly when one considers the decades of prior research that failed to accomplish anything even close. This breakthrough raises the question, are we on a path to solar cells that utilize iron? Before addressing this question, it is worthwhile to consider the impact an iron center has on a dye molecule.
He Says You Are Finished

Whatever happened to my patient belonged completely to me, and I would have to live with it. It wasn't a bad feeling but rather a deep, visceral sense of responsibility I had never felt before.
The PACO index

Abstract Given the growth and maturity of the field of business and peace, the authors of this article call for the creation of an index that would present a scorecard of company behaviors. The authors call this the PACO index, which is an acronym for Peaceful Attributes of Companies and is the word for peace in Esperanto. The authors provide a set of principles and drivers that would be necessary for the creation of such an index.
Effect of Hurricane Sandy on Health Care Services Utilization Under Medicaid.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation assessed changes in utilization of inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, and pharmacy services in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 8 counties in New York affected by the storm. METHODS: Medicaid data for enrollees residing in 8 counties in New York were used to obtain aggregated daily counts of claims for 4 service types over immediate, 3-month, and 1-year periods following the storm. Negative binomial regression was used to compare service utilization in the storm year with the 2 prior years, within areas differentially affected by the storm. RESULTS: Changes in service utilization within areas inside or outside the storm zone were most pronounced over the 1-year effect period. Differences in service utilization by year were the same by storm zone designation over the immediate effect period for all services. CONCLUSIONS: Results are consistent with previous investigations demonstrating that some of the greatest effects of a disaster on health services utilization occur well beyond the initial event. One-year effects, combined with some 3-month effects, suggests that storm recovery, with its effect on health care services utilization, may have followed different paths in areas designated as inside or outside the storm zone. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 13). Language: en
The gender-related issues in malignant melanoma.

The problem of malignant melanoma is important in the United States, in the world as a whole, and particularly in Hawaii with its high levels of ultraviolet radiation. It is estimated that 32,000 Americans will develop melanoma and 6,800 will die of this tumor in 1993. Melanoma is now the seventh most frequent cancer in the United States. It is more common than ovarian, cervical, CNS cancer and leukemia. Both incidence and mortality from melanoma are rapidly increasing. The incidence of melanoma has consistently increased 6% a year and the death rate has increased 2% a year since 1950. At current rates, one in 400 will die of this tumor. Should this rate of increase continue, by the year 2000, it is estimated that one in 75 Americans will develop melanoma during a lifetime. The highest melanoma incidence in the U.S. is found in Hawaii. Melanoma is increasing faster than any other cancer in the United States and all over the world.
The relationship between prostaglandins and histamine in the ovulatory process as determined with the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary

The process of follicle rupture has been described as an inflammatory reaction in which prostaglandins (PGs) and/or histamine may be involved. With an in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation, experiments were carried out for determination of whether a relationship exists among PGs, histamine, and ovulation. PGF 2α alone was capable of inducing ovulation when added to the perfusion fluid at 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml. Effectiveness in achieving ovulation varied directly with the dosage; however, the ovulatory efficiency of PGF 2α -treated ovaries was lower than that of ovaries exposed to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 100 IU). PGF 2α -induced ovulation could not be blocked by the H 2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine. The PG synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, did not prevent histamine-induced ovulation. Ovulation induced by hCG was partially blocked by the administration of indomethacin; however, the concomitant administration of cimetidine was not associated with further reduction in ovulation. In all but one experimental group, the majority of ovulated ova did not progress beyond the intact germinal vesicle stage unless the ovaries had been exposed to hCG. On the basis of these experiments, PGs and histamine do not appear to be interdependent in their effects on the ovulatory process in vitro.
Consequences of Mutations that Alter Telomeres in the Yeast K. lactis

Telomeres are the structures that comprise the functional ends of eukaryotic chromosomes (For recent reviews, see Blackburn, 1994; Zakian, 1995). In the great majority of eukaryotes, including vertebrates and yeasts, telomeric DNA is composed of tandem arrays of a short repeated sequence. Because the ends of linear DNA molecules cannot be fully replicated by standard DNA polymerases, a specialized means of maintaining chromosome ends is required. In a variety of organisms, these telomeric repeat arrays are known to be maintained by telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that synthesizes single strand copies of the unit telomeric repeat onto the 3’ end of the chromosomal terminus by using part of its RNA subunit as a template (Blackburn, 1994; Zakian, 1995).
Melissa A. Vogel, The Casma city of El Purgatorio: ancient urbanism in the Andes

Melissa A. Vogel’s new volume, The Casma City of El Purgatorio: Ancient Urbanism in the Andes, provides a much-needed alternative perspective of the changes that occurred on the north coast of Peru...
A Comparison of Approaches to Student Pharmacist Business Planning in Pharmacy Practice Management

Objective. To compare second-year student pharmacists’ perspectives on two approaches for completing a pharmacy practice management business planning project.Methods. A mixed-methods approach was used to compare two options (traditional and experimental) for completing business plan projects that were offered to teams of second-year student pharmacists as part of a required pharmacy management course. Teams who chose the traditional project were required to develop a unique, pharmacy-related business plan while those who chose the experimental concept were paired with a pharmacy-focused firm within Tennessee and tasked with designing a potential service for the firm’s consideration. At semester’s end, all students were asked to complete a brief survey to provide insight on their experiences with either of the group projects. Students and firm stakeholders were also asked to participate in a group and individual interview, respectively.Results. Student group comparisons indicated that the experimental proj...
Adaptive transmit and receive waveforms for low frequency radar: Abstract for the 2006 international waveform diversity & design conference

Proposed and existing SAR radar systems operate in the VHF/UHF band for foliage penetration [1]. These systems have large relative bandwidths (UWB) for fine range resolution. There is significant RFI in these bands. Digital TV has the most adverse effect, due to its large bandwidth [2]. Amplitude, frequency and phase estimates for tone removal would soon be inaccurate due to the short correlation time. Conversely, uncontrolled transmission would interfere with TV reception and important communication and navigational aid systems.
MULTIPLICITY OF ISOZYMES OF LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE AND PHOSPHOLIPASE A

ABSTRACT. Six major and two minor molecular forms of lipoamide dehydrogenase are found in pig heart mitochondria. Three of the main components are associated with 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and the other three with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Uncomplexed lipoamide dehydrogenase originates, in the main, from the latter complex. The number of electrophoretically distinct forms detected are, in part, due to the conditions of preparation and analysis of the enzyme. The chemical basis of the differences among the molecular forms is as yet uncertain, but similarities in electrophoretic patterns from several species, as well as lack of difference in catalytic properties, amino acid composition, and immunochemical properties within a given species indicate conformational isomerism to be a possibility.
Medieval Europe and Premodern Africa, Australia, and the Americas

This chapter explores the re-emergence of formal theatre in Western Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire (and restrictions in Byzantium), with English monks performing liturgical drama and the Saxon canoness Hroswitha writing miracle plays in Latin. It considers vernacular biblical plays inside and outside churches, along with an early morality play by the nun, Hildegard von Bingen. It explores the full development of miracle, biblical, and morality plays with specific examples, plus various performance practices, including Jewish Purim plays. It maps distinctive premodern rituals and entertainments in Africa (Malawi, Ethiopia, Egypt, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). And it considers the deep history of indigenous performances in Australia (with corroborees) and the Americas (in Adena and Cahokia cultures, ancestral Puebloans, Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas).
Clinical and Public Policy Implications of Pre-Formed DSA and Transplant Outcomes.

According to data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, as of May 6, 2019, approximately 95,000 candidates are awaiting kidney transplantation in the United States alone. Of these, approximately 12% have a prior failed kidney transplant and nearly 30% have a calculated panel
Disassembly Automation for Recycling End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

Rapid advances in the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and electric grid storage have led to a large number of end-of-life (EOL) LIBs awaiting recycling to reclaim critical materials and eliminate environmental hazards. This article studies automatic mechanical separation methodology for EOL pouch LIBs with Z-folded electrode-separator compounds (ESC). Customized handling tools are designed, manufactured, and assembled into an automatic disassembly system prototype that consists of three modules. Verification experiments utilizing dummy cells prove that the main components of pouch LIBs (cathode sheets, anode sheets, separators, and polymer-laminated aluminum film housing) can be automatically separated and extracted with well-preserved integrity using our proposed disassembly strategy.
Toward Flexible Microwave Ablation Antennas With a Balun-Free Helical Dipole Design

We present a balun-free dipole antenna for generating localized heating patterns in microwave ablation. The dipole antenna is created by extending the outer and inner conductors of the coaxial cable. One dipole arm is a helical outer conductor encompassing the other arm that is the extended inner conductor. The overall lengths of the helix and the extended inner conductor are three quarters and one quarter of a wavelength, respectively. The helix’s current direction reverses a quarter of a wavelength away from the feed point, becoming aligned with the extended inner conductor’s current. This creates a relatively low-input impedance, choking the current on the outer surface of the outer conductor. The fields produced by the currents flowing on the dipole arms destructively interfere closer to the feed point, while constructively interfering further from it. This helps the antenna produce nearly spherical ablation zones. A 1.9 GHz prototype of the antenna was fabricated and its ablation performance was experimentally verified in egg white. Measurement results showed good agreement with the simulations and confirmed the antenna’s effectiveness in generating localized ablation zones. Our proposed design can serve as a promising candidate for performing minimally invasive ablation therapy within flexible and maneuverable embodiments.
Leverage Dynamics with Reputation

This work analyzes the classic trade-off theory of capital structure in a dynamic model where equity holders do not have any dynamic commitment power. The equilibrium analyzed in this paper depends on the firm's whole history instead of just the firm's current income and debt level. I have developed a methodology to determine whether a debt issuance policy is supportable in equilibrium. This work proves that under mild conditions, the equity value in non-Markov equilibrium is higher than the equity value in Markov equilibrium, the one depicted in DeMarzo and He (2017). The equity holders get benefits when the financial market considers the firm's whole history which I call as reputation. This work shows that equity holders can implement a Leverage Target policy in equilibrium under certain conditions. The Leverage Target policy breaks the Leverage Ratchet Effect discussed in Admati, DeMarzo, Hellwig and Pfleiderer (2018). With a specific leverage target and certain parameters, the equity value of the Leverage Target policy is the largest one among all equilibrium equity values.
Crisis Counseling: Conceptualizations and General Principles

This paper introduces the topic of crisis counseling and intervention and serves as a foundation for the other articles in this mini-series. It contains a brief history of crisis intervention stres...
Outcomes of Treatment of Monteggia Fractures with Reduction and Internal Titanium Elastic Nail Fixation of the Ulna.

Background The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the usefulness of radiographic indices of humero-radial joint instability in order to predict treatment outcomes in Monteggia fractures. Material and methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in a group of patients who underwent closed reduction and internal titanium elastic nail (TEN) fixation of the ulna and closed reduction of a dislocation of the radial head between 2016 and 2018. The indications for intrame-dullary fixation comprised transverse or short oblique fractures. The direction of the dislocation was classified according to Bado. The following radiographic indies were assessed: Radiocapitellar Line, Lateral Humeral Line, Proximity Index, and Radial Head Displacement Index. Results Treatment outcomes were assessed with the Oxford Elbow Score and Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and com-plications were assessed with a modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink scale. No coincidence between poor functional and radio-graphic outcomes was demonstrated. Conclusions 1. Regardless of the severity of the injury, eligibility for surgery and correctly performed surgical treatment guarantee a good final outcome. 2. Patients treated with TEN regain their preoperative mobility. 3. There was no coincidence between poor functional and radiographic outcomes, except for one patient in whom subluxation of the radial head persisted despite surgery and was confirmed radiographically and functionally. 4. It would be beneficial for clinical practice to introduce simple, reproducible radiographic parameters for unambiguous assessment of the effectiveness of treatment and predicting treatment outcomes; unfortunately none of the parameters we investigated were sufficiently reliable. 5. The radiographic parameters analysed in this paper are dependent on the quality of the radiological examinations performed.
Decoupling of the phase transitions and its effect on the magnetocaloric properties of Heusler alloys

Abstract The phase transitions and associated magnetic entropy changes in the Ni2Mn0.70Cu0.30Ga Heusler alloy have been investigated. A tetragonal crystal structure was observed at room temperature, and upon heating, the material exhibited a partially coupled first order magnetostructural martensitic phase transition near ~ 345 K. The coupling of the magnetic and structural phase transitions enhanced during cooling, which was evident in the large variation in the magnetocaloric properties of the material when the measurements were done while heating and cooling. For a field change of 50 kOe, the peak magnetic entropy change obtained while heating was −17 J kg−1K−1. Interestingly, the peak value was −33 J kg−1K−1 when the measurements were done while cooling from 400 K to lower temperatures. The phase transitions were accompanied by sharp anomalies in the electrical resistivity of the material. The experimental results indicated that the magnetocaloric properties of Heusler alloys may be precisely controlled by manipulating the overlap of the first order martensitic and the second order ferromagnetic phase transitions.
From Religion vs. Science to Science vs. Religion: McMullin on the Church and Galileo

This essay is a critical examination of the volume The Church and Galileo (2005), edited by Ernan McMullin and containing thirteen contributions by various scholars. I provide a description of the origin and content of the volume, and a brief account of its minor blemishes. I then focus on two issues stressed by McMullin, reflected in the book’s title, and discussed in his editorial introduction. One is the issue of the similarities and differences between the original trial of Galileo (which can be characterized in terms of the Church’s persecution of a scientist) and the subsequent and continuing controversy about it (which can be characterized in terms of science’s criticism of the Church); the other issue is the so-called rehabilitation of Galileo by Pope Saint John Paul II in 1979–1992. Although I give McMullin and other contributors credit for calling attention to these two issues and for some sound suggestions, I argue that much more remains to be done, and I undertake to sketch a satisfactory account.
Thinking Clearly About Biology and Childhood Adversity: Next Steps for Continued Progress.

In a previous Perspectives article, we described conceptual problems that pose challenges for research on the effects of childhood adversity and offered promising directions for future research on ...
Directions for Future Research

Future research on the retail electricity sector should focus on several areas. These include the viability of direct load-control approaches to demand response, valuation of storage technologies and their participation in energy and ancillary services markets, spatial and temporal pricing of distribution network services, and strategies for retailers to market dynamic pricing and low-carbon energy solutions to consumers. Some of these research topics are more urgent in regions where a forward-looking approach is going to be taken. We discuss who will benefit from future research and how it can be approached in different phases and across different regions.
Wind power production from very large offshore wind farms

Summary We provide the first quantitative assessment of power production and wake generation from offshore wind energy lease areas along the U.S. east coast. Deploying 15-MW wind turbines, with spacing equal to the European average, yields electricity production of 116 TWh/year or 3% of current national supply. However, power production is reduced by one-third due to wakes caused by upwind wind turbines and wind farms. Under some flow conditions whole wind-farm wakes can extend up to 90 km downwind of the largest lease areas, and the frequency-weighted average area with a 5% velocity deficit is 2.6 times the footprint of the lease areas. Simulations including maritime corridors demonstrate reduction in the wake effects leading to power-efficiency gains and may offer contingent benefits. First-order scaling rules are developed that describe how “wake shadows” from large offshore wind farms scale with prevailing meteorology and wind turbine installed densities.
Spatially Evolving Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow over a Wall-Mounted Cube

Turbulent flow over a wall-mounted cube presents an important canonical problem with applications in circuit design, urban building design, or aerodynamics. Flow over a cube placed in a fully devel...
Outcomes of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) and Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases (NSCLCBM) Patients.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of brain metastases. Systemic therapies and radiation therapy are both potential treatment options for NSCLCBM patients. ICIs have been designated as a promising alternative in patients without targetable molecular alterations, while SRS has also grown into favor, as it is non-invasive and irradiates only the lesion. In our retrospective study, we evaluated overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) between NSCLCBM patients who received ICIs, SRS, and a combination of both treatments. We hypothesize that the combination of ICIs and SRS will be associated with improved OS and PFS when compared to either treatment alone. MATERIALS/METHODS We investigated all NSCLCBM patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2019. Molecular marker status, types of therapies used, and dates of progression were collected. OS was defined as the start date of either type of therapy to the date of last follow-up or death. Most NSCLCBM patients who received SRS or ICIs therapies also received standard chemotherapy. The Cox proportional model was used to estimate OS and PFS. RESULTS A total of 2989 NSCLCBM patients were analyzed. 286 patients received only ICIs, 916 received only SRS, and 469 were treated with both SRS and ICIs. The median OS (mOS) in patients treated with ICI was 17.2 months, while the mOS in patients treated with SRS or both ICI and SRS were 23.2 months (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68, 0.92), P-value (P) < 0.002) and 48.2 months (HR = 0.45) (95% CI = 0.38, 0.54), P < 0.001), respectively. The median PFS (mPFS) in patients treated with ICIs, SRS, and both SRS and ICIs was 9.92 months, 23.25 months (HR = 0.56 (95% CI = 0.48, 0.64), P < 0.001), and 29.33 months (HR = 0.45 (95% CI = 0.39, 0.53), P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION ICIs and SRS are both common therapies in the field of NSCLCBM. Our retrospective study data showed improved mOS and mPFS in patients who received SRS or the combination of SRS and ICIs when compared to those who received ICIs. Though there was longer mOS and mPFS in the combination group compared to the SRS group, the statistical significance has yet to be analyzed. However, our data is encouraging that there may be a synergistic survival benefit in the combination of SRS and ICIs cohort, which could be especially beneficial in patients with strong PDL1 expression.
The palatability of monosodium glutamate-enhanced vegetables as rated by Cuban-American older adults at a congregate meal site

OF THE THESIS THE PALATABILITY OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE-ENHANCED VEGETABLES AS RATED BY CUBAN-AMERICAN OLDER ADULTS AT A CONGREGATE MEAL SITE by Elissa A. Beltranena Florida International University, 2002 Miami, Florida Professor Victoria Castellanos, Major Professor The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a means to increase palatability and prospective consumption of vegetables at a congregate meal site with Cuban-American clients. Thirty to 32 subjects participated in hedonic testing each day. MSG-enhanced (2 g MSG/500 g vegetable) and non-enhanced beets, string beans, carrots and peas were evaluated for palatability, preference and prospective consumption. Results showed that MSG significantly increased both palatability and prospective consumption of string beans (ps < .05) but not of the other 3 vegetables tested. These findings provide some evidence that MSG can be used to increase the palatability of vegetables served at congregate meal sites. However, these results suggest that older adults may not find the palatability of some vegetables to be improved by MSG and that optimal flavor enhancement cannot be achieved by adding the same amount of MSG to every vegetable.
Role of Degradative Enzymes in Wound Healing

Several degradative enzymes active on extracellular matrix components play major roles in the different stages of wound repair. Among the most important are the plasminogen activators, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and elastase, which are discussed in this chapter. (See Chapter 8 for a discussion of elastase.)
Pathways of absorption of retinal and retinoic acid in the rat

The chemical and anatomical pathways of absorption of dietary retinal, retinoic acid, and retinol were examined in rats containing lymph, bile, and duodenal cannulae. The experiments were designed to maintain physiological conditions to the greatest possible extent. In each rat an uninterrupted flow of bile into the duodenum was maintained by connecting the duodenal cannula to the bile duct of a second rat. Labeled vitamin A compounds were introduced into the duodenum in very small amounts (7-14 micrograms) in the form of a bile-lipid mixture resembling normal intestinal contents. Under these conditions, most (70-80%) of the radioactivity recovered after the feeding of labeled retinol or retinal was found in the lymph, predominantly in saturated retinyl esters. In contrast, 92-95% of the radioactivity recovered after the feeding of labeled retinoic acid was found in the bile, and was contained in a mixture of polar metabolites, most of them more polar than free retinoic acid. Two-thirds of the small amount of radioactivity found in lymph after retinoic acid-(14)C feeding was in the form of free retinoic acid. The results indicate that under normal conditions the major pathway of retinal absorption involves its reduction to retinol, which is then esterified and transported via the lymphatics in a manner similar to that of dietary retinol. A small proportion of retinal is apparently normally oxidized, and is then transported via the portal vein and excreted in the bile in a manner similar to that of dietary retinoic acid. The relative importance, in quantitative terms, of these two pathways of retinal metabolism can vary, depending on the status of the animal.
Choosing the Right Interpreter: Reflections on My Experience

Hoy en dia, es frecuente que los musicoterapeutas se encuentren trabajando fuera de su propia cultura, con individuos que hablan un idioma distinto. Si bien la musica puede resultar un vehiculo para conectarse y comunicarse con los pacientes, muchas veces sigue siendo necesario la presencia de un interprete. Este trabajo presenta mi experiencia personal, trabajando con interpretes en diversos encuadres. Se expondran los beneficios y desafios del trabajo con un interprete, asi como tambien recomendaciones para el trabajo con estos. Se espera que este articulo propicie un dialogo entre la comunidad de Voices sohre este tema.