cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wordsmithing in medical toxicology: a primer on portmanteaus.

port•man•teau1 a large suitcase a word or morpheme whose form and meaning are derived from a blending of two or more distinct forms (as smog from smoke and fog) The history of language is littered with neologisms. When different cultures met, some words were subsumed - “hamburgesa,” the Spanish word for hamburger is an example. Sometimes spelling is changed in order to denote a cultural difference. There are a number of words that end in ‘er’ in American English, but finish with a ‘re’ in the British usage. Finally, some words are simply combined, deriving their meaning from their individual components, but in their artistry and simplicity are able to exceed the sum of their parts. Words such as these, a particular form of neologism called a portmanteau, can denote an entire idea in a single instant and provide the wordsmith with a particular type of joy. The art of the portmanteau has had a recent resurgence. In popular culture names such as ”TomKat,” “Brangelina,” and “Bennifer” have been used ad nauseam to refer to celebrity couples. When discussing the weather, it has been difficult to avoid “snowpocalypse” or “snowmageddon.” These types of terms have other more pervasive entries into everyday life - who hasn’t had a Frappuccino® while enjoying a brunch, perhaps using a spork to do so? The benefit to these shortcuts involves speaking in a more efficient manner. The practice of medicine itself frequently employs not only portmanteaus, but also other neologistic shortcuts, such as by turning acronyms into words in the case of “cabbage” (CABG), “foosh” (fall on an outstretched hand), or the very well known “cat scan” (computed axial tomography). Emergency Medicine also has its own lexicon: “rectalizing” when needing to perform a rectal exam and “antibiosing” when one plans to provide antibiotics are examples. Even our staffing patterns are fair game, with “nocturnalists” frequently providing our overnight emergency department coverage. Finally, other terms such as “dilaudopenic” or “opiophilic” are self-explanatory. The art and practice of Medical Toxicology plays well to this type of verbal repartee, and it is in this vein the following terms are shared:
EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION OF THIOACETAMIDE OR TESTOSTERONE ON CHROMOSOME-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY.

Abstract This report deals with the isolation and analysis of liver cell nuclei from rats receiving thioacetamide daily, and of kidney cell nuclei from rats in which the testosterone balance had been altered in various ways. The results indicate that in the enlargement of liver cell nuclei produced by thioacetamide administration, there is a large increase in nuclear RNA and a large increase in “residue” protein. In the enlargement of kidney cell nuclei produced by testosterone administration, there is no increase in nuclear RNA, and there is a slight decrease in “residue” protein per milligram of DNA. Neither treatment produced any quantitative change in the capacity of the chromosomes to bind the “soluble” (saline-extractable) proteins. The values for nuclear RNA, “residue” protein, and “soluble” protein per milligram of DNA are all considerably higher for liver cell nuclei than the corresponding values for kidney cell nuclei.
Platelet thromboxane A2 secretion in patients with major depression responsive to electroconvulsive therapy.

Objective To determine a) whether clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with decreased platelet activation in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and b) if any medical/demographic characteristics predict response to ECT or changes in platelet activation. Increased platelet activation may underlie the increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with MDD. Methods Before their first and sixth ECT treatments, study patients (n = 44) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. Activity of the platelet thromboxane (TBX) A(2) pathway was assessed by measuring the morning spot urinary concentrations of 11-dehydroxy-thromboxane B(2) (11-D-TBX B(2)), a major metabolite of platelet-derived TBX A(2). Results Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that improvement on the BDI was significantly more likely in patients without a history of hypertension (p = .02) and in patients who were prescribed a greater number of "platelet-altering" medications (p = .03). During a course of ECT, a decrease in urinary 11-D-TBX B(2) was significantly more likely to occur in ECT nonresponders (p = .01) and younger patients (p = .02). Conclusions Clinical response to ECT coadministered may not be associated with decreases in platelet-derived TBX. Future studies will confirm which somatic "antidepression" treatments offer optimal thrombovascular benefits for depressed patients with multiple risk factors for, or clinically evident, cerebral disease or CAD.
Effect of verbenone on response ofDendroctonus brevicomis toexo-Brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene

exo-Brevicomin (E), frontalin (F), and myrcene (M) were released at two rates 10-fold apart with verbenone at four rates 10-fold apart, and without verbenone in plots with one trap on a vertical cylinder at the pheromone source and one trap on each of four cylinders 5 m away. Catch of the western pine beetleDendroctonus brevicomis decreased with increasing levels of verbenone at both release rates of EFM, but not all differences in catch were statistically significant. Significantly more beetles were caught at the high rate of EFM than at the low rate, combining all rates of verbenone. The percent of total beetles caught at the center trap tended to decrease with increasing rates of verbenone, but the only statistically significant differences were at the low rate of EFM.
Social Policy Implications of Soup Kitchen Research

Soup kitchens throughout the United States serve a daily meal to the hungry and homeless in a "no questions asked" atmosphere. In More Than Bread: Ethnography of a Soup Kitchen (University of Alabama Press, 1988), I presented five years of field research conducted in the Tabernacle Soup Kitchen (a pseudonym) in a former mill town in Connecticut. This article presents some program and policy implications based on my observations of daily life and culture in this dining room where one hundred or more people gather for coffee, doughnuts, and a hot noontime meal. My primary research method was participant observation, which was most compatible with the "no questions asked" atmosphere. I supplemented this with a detailed health interview with 74 guests. This article uses both sets of data.
Some “Cloze” Technique Studies of Language Capability in the Deaf

The performances of 40 deaf adolescents (18 year olds) and 40 sixth-grade hearing students were compared on a multiple-choice sentence completion test. The deaf subjects' scores were significantly ...
Thermodynamics of SOFC efficiency and fuel utilization as functions of fuel mixtures and operating conditions

This paper develops a new thermodynamic model that predicts maximum fuel-cell efficiency and fuel utilization as a function of fuel composition and operating conditions. Interestingly, it is shown that maximum possible efficiency is independent of membrane-electrode assembly characteristics and internal polarization losses. However, because the power density depends on internal polarization losses, the cell size needed to achieve maximum efficiency depends greatly on cell architecture. A very detailed fuel-cell model is used to validate the thermodynamic model and to provide further insight on practical considerations such as power density. The model is illustrated using solid-oxide fuel cell examples.
China's Environmental Challenges and Implications for the World

After three decades of exceptional economic growth, China has become a global economic powerhouse. As the economy has grown, though, so have China's environmental challenges, causing enormous socioeconomic consequences for China and the rest of the world. The global financial crisis has prompted China to create more domestic demand for consumption and implement massive infrastructure construction. Although China has the second-largest total gross domestic product (GDP) in the world, its per capita GDP is still much lower than per capita GDP of developed countries: there is much room for further increase in GDP and consequent environmental challenges. Despite China's many efforts to protect the environment and improve resource use efficiency, increasing environmental pollution and resource scarcity have become a severe bottleneck for sustainable development. Because of China's size, these and other challenges and opportunities have huge implications for the world. However, literature related to China's var...
Integrating thermal comfort field data analysis in a case-based building simulation environment

Abstract Despite the obvious importance of thermal comfort in the design of indoor environments, it has not been effectively integrated with design support tools. The reasons can be attributed in part to an absence of modular and flexible software architecture that facilitates dynamic data transfer between building performance simulation modules. Research has shown that the mathematical models of thermal comfort sometimes fail to accurately describe or predict thermal comfort in workplace settings even when the values of environmental and personal parameters are known. Thus, there is a critical need to provide a thermal comfort evaluation framework that, in addition to the algorithmic implementation of mathematical thermal comfort prediction models, would make use of the empirical knowledge base accumulated over the last 20 years from field experiments around the world. This paper first talks about an integrated simulation environment SEMPER that allows for multiple performance evaluation including thermal comfort analysis from a shared object model of building. Then, it discusses the results of a detailed thermal comfort analysis performed to find the reasons for the discrepancy between the predicted and observed values and the factors responsible for such discrepancy. Finally, the paper shows how the results of the empirical thermal comfort analysis can be used in designing better thermal environments.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in the polychaete Nereis virens

Abstract In vivo and in vitro metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was investigated in the polychaete Nereis virens. Polychaetes exposed to [14C]benz[a]anthracene contaminated sediment, water or diets for periods of days to weeks rapidly accumulated and metabolized this PAH primarily to water soluble and unextractable compounds. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity measured in vitro in microsomes prepared from homogenates of the polychaetes in these experiments or in microsomes prepared from intestinal tissue homogenates from polychaetes injected with 3-methylcholanthrene were indistinguishable from those measured in control organisms. These data indicate that forms of cytochrome P-450 responsible for aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in this species may be constitutive.
Effect of multiple rewinds and temperature cycles on time base errors in video tape packs

Abstract This is a continuation of an earlier study of time base errors in video tape packs. The tape is viscoelastic. If a wound pack is stored at room temperature or subjected to multiple rewinds or environmental temperature cycles, the stresses relax and the tape creeps. Consequently, inelastic strains in the tape during playback cause distortion in the pictures. Time base error is a measure of inelastic longitudinal strain in the tape at playback. In this paper, the mathematical model developed earlier is extended to predict the effect of multiple rewinds and temperature cycles on time base error. Comparison with experiments shows very good correlation for the multiple rewind case and reasonable correlation for the temperature cycling case.
The term structure of interest rates in real and monetary economies

Abstract This paper modifies standard asset pricing models by introducing capital, a variable labor supply, and money. A surprising, but very positive, result is that in a real production economy the interest rate is close to a random walk. This result is found to be true even if there is no persistence in the driving process of the model. In this paper, we generalize the standard cash-in-advance constraint by using a shopping-time technology. This generalization makes it possible to match observed variability for the velocity of money. This type of monetary model, however, is not successful in matching observed behavior of bond prices.
Communication Media Acceptance in Organizations: An Alternative Research Model:

This paper describes an alternative approach to examining the role of situational, technological, and physiological factors in electronic media use in organizations. Existing models of media use tend to focus on one dimension of the communication process. Major theories discussed are Social Presence (Short, Williams, and Christie, 1976), Information Richness (Daft and Lengel, 1984; 1986), and Social Information Processing (Fulk, Steinfield, Schmitz, and Power, 1987). The authors” perspective derives from a combination of elements of these theories. In our view, communication media use is affected by interactions of three dimensions of factors: media characteristics, situational demands, and individual and organizational acceptance. The authors” current research is briefly described, with a sample of results which support the hypotheses of multidimensional interactions in acceptability of communication media in organizations.
Geometrically infinite surfaces with discrete length spectra

It is well-known that the length spectrum of a geometrically finite hyperbolic manifold is discrete. In this paper, we begin a study of the length spectrum for geometrically infinite hyperbolic surfaces. In this generality, it is possible that the spectrum is not discrete and the main focus of this work is to find necessary and sufficient conditions for a geometrically infinite surface to have a discrete spectrum. After deriving a number of properties of the length spectrum, we show that every topological surface of infinite type admits both an infinite dimensional family of quasiconformally distinct hyperbolic structures having a discrete length spectrum, and an infinite dimensional family of quasiconformally distinct structures with a nondiscrete spectrum. Moreover, there exists such an infinite dimensional subspace arbitrarily close to (in the Fenchel-Nielsen topology) any hyperbolic structure.
Interactions of organisms at root/soil and litter/ soil interfaces in terrestrial ecosystems

Abstract Invertebrates and micro-organisms have numerous interactions in soils. Because resource qualities and quantities are more often optimal in root/soil and litter/soil interfaces, our studies have been focused on mineralization and nutrient-cycling processes in these microhabitats. We address general aspects of resource qualities and interfaces, and then some specific results from our research in agro-ecosystems in Colorado and in the Georgia Piedmont. The paper concludes with suggestions for possible directions of new research in soil ecology.
Brain catecholamines and human sleep.

WE have previously noted what seemed to be marked discrepancies between human and other mammalian species in the association of serotonin and sleep1–3. Furthermore, L-dopa, the immediate precursor of dopamine and noradrenaline, by producing a decrease in human rapid eye movement (REM) sleep4 (an opposite effect from the predictions based on animal studies5), indicated that there might also be differences between human and other mammalian species in the adrenergic system. To further determine the role of the adrenergic nervous system in human sleep we studied the effect of depleting brain Catecholamines by administration of alpha-methyl-d 1-paratyrosine (AMPT) and alpha-methyl-P-phenylalanine (AMPHe), which are potent and specific inhibitors of catecholamine synthesis6,7.
CONTINGENT ORGANISING FOR GAMES OF INNOVATION: DIVERSE CONFIGURATIONS OF CORE PRINCIPLES FOR INNOVATIVE ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN

This paper leverages current thinking on organising for innovation to create new ideas on contingent organising for innovation. I argue that all successfully innovative organisations need to be built on the same higher-level principles of innovative organising, but the relative emphasis on which principles and how they are implemented will vary by game of innovation. I focus on four organising activities: defining the work that will be done, differentiating that work into coherent units, integrating those differentiated units, and controlling the whole system over time. I synthesise the literature into four principles of innovative organising: defining innovative work as professional practice; differentiating innovative work into domains of practice; integrating these domains via strategic sensemaking, and controlling the work with social rules. Finally, particular configurations of these principles are developed for various MINE games of innovation, based on the dynamics of each game.
Opportunity to Learn and English Learner Achievement: Is Increased Content Exposure Beneficial?.

This investigation examined the impact of opportunity to learn content and skills targeted by a writing assessment on the achievement of English learners (ELs), including the potential for differential impact of increased exposure to literary analysis and writing instruction. Results revealed several factors contributing to students' writing performance. Student-level and teacher-level variables were found to significantly contribute to writing performance. Although exposure to writing and literary analysis was found to positively impact student scores, our findings also suggest that the achievement gap between ELs and non-ELs increases as teacher reports of content coverage in writing increase. Implications are discussed.
Energy comparison in three cases of pesticide versus bio-control pest management

Abstract The deletrious effects of chemical pesticides on many plant and animal populations have been described. Rapidly increasing costs of convenient energy sources have increased cost-benefit ratios of chemical pesticides used. We compared biological control techniques versus chemical pesticides for inputs of human labor, machinery, and fuel per hectare at each pertinent step of the production procedure. Three pest-crop systems were selected and all applicable factors converted into kilocalories of energy required. These were: (1) citrus-red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), using oil as a chemical and the predator wasp, Aphytis melinus as a biological control; (2) greenhouse cucumbers-white fly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), using Orthene or the wasp, Encarsia formosa; (3) tomato-hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) using Sevin or the bacterium, Bacillus thurengiensis. For citrus-red scale, the pesticide required 5 248 405 kcal, the use of A. melinus 100 793 kcal; for cucumber-white fly the pesticide required 29 300 kcal, E. formosa 154 500 kcal; for tomato-hornworm the pesticide 26 693, B. thurengiensis 207 240 kcal.
Aspects of Non-Verbal Accommodation to Language in a Bilingual Montreal Hospital Setting

Bilingual physicians, both Anglophone and Francophone dominant, do not vary their non-verbal behavior when switching from one language to another to accommodate a monolingual patient. However, when communicating with frail elderly patients, or in situations where the need for explicit communication is high, bilingual physicians and family practice residents will be more precise in paralanguage and use broader, more careful gestures and body motions.
Re-examining the role of prostate-specific antigen density in predicting outcome for clinically localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the prognostic significance of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) in clinically localized prostate cancer and determine whether this index is independent of or superior to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in predicting outcome of patients treated with external beam radiotherapy. Methods Between January 1989 and December 1993, 175 evaluable patients with clinically localized prostate cancer received definitive radiotherapy using computed tomography (CT)-guided conformal techniques. PSAD was defined as the ratio of the pretreatment serum PSA to the prostate volume measured from CT treatment planning scans by one investigator. All PSA values were determined using the Hybritech assay. Biochemical failure was defined as two consecutive elevations in PSA separated by at least 3 months and a final PSA value greater than 1 ng/mL. Results Multivariate analysis including PSA and Gleason score revealed both to be statistically significant predictors of biochemical disease-free survival (P = 0.048 and P Conclusions These data do not suggest that PSAD is either an independent prognostic factor or a stronger discriminant of outcome than PSA in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with definitive external beam radiotherapy. Larger patient numbers with longer follow-up data, use of a clinical end point, or an analysis restricted to the appropriate subgroup may demonstrate the utility of PSAD in the future.
Conductivity and magnetoresistance in magnetic granular films (invited)

The transport properties in magnetic granular films are modeled by considering the spin‐dependent impurity scattering within the granules and the interface roughness scattering at the boundaries of the granules. The magnetoresistance for these films is derived by using the formalism developed for layered structures with currents perpendicular to the plane of the layers and which is applicable to random systems. With this model, various features of the magnetoresistance observed in recent experiments can be explained and the optimal choice of parameters to maximize the magnetoresistance can be determined.
L-forms ofHaemophilus influenzae: Growth and reversion as influenced by a strain ofNeisseria perflava

Factors excreted into the medium by various bacteria and fungi exert a significant effect on the growth and revertibility of bacterial L-forms. Studies with L-forms ofHaemophilus influenzae have been facilitated by a strain ofNeisseria perflava, which not only promotes the growth of the L-forms on media of normal osmolarity (horse blood agar), but also enhances the revertibility of the L-forms to the parent bacterium. L-forms derived fromN. perflava also exhibit this growth-enhacing property, an effect that does not appear to be related to X and V factors. Preliminary characterization of the active component produced byNeisseria perflava indicates that it is present in broth filtrate, diffusible through agar, heat labile, and of large molecular size.
The Poll Results Hypothesis

This empirical study seeks to broaden the interpretation of the rational voter model so as to reflect the potential impact of the results of polls of likely voters’ Presidential candidate preferences on the expected benefits of voting and hence on the voter participation rate. This study introduces the poll results hypothesis: in any given state, given the existence of the Electoral College, the greater the lead of a principal Presidential candidate over his/her closest rival as revealed in polls of likely voters, the lower, for at least some portion of prospective voters, the expected gross benefits of voting in that state and hence the lower the aggregate voter participation rate in that state. In a cross-section study of the 50 states during the 2004 general election, it is found, after allowing for a variety of other factors, that the greater the lead (as revealed in polls of likely voters) of either of the principal Presidential candidates over the other in any given state, the lower the voter turnout rate in that state.
Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after surgical treatment for pancreatic cancer: Minimally invasive angiographic techniques as the preferred treatment

Background: Delayed intra-abdominal bleeding related to hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a potentially lethal complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer. Locally advanced tumors, which result in vessel erosion or extensive operative skeletonization, may contribute to weakness of the arterial wall. Reoperation is often technically difficult with high rate of mortality; therefore, alternative less invasive options are ideal. Aims: The study was to present an alternative endovascular treatment of a large hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after pancreatic resection for locally advanced multicystic adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Transcatheteric mesenteric angiography with deployment of detachable coils in the pseudoaneurysm sac was utilized to manage the hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm. Results: Completion angiography confirmed cessation of contrast enhancement in the pseudoaneurysm sac with preservation of normal antegrade hepatic artery flow. Conclusion: Minimally invasive angiographic technique is the preferred treatment for hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after pancreatic resections.
Morphological Differentiation of Oligodendrocytes Requires Activation of Fyn Tyrosine Kinase

In the central nervous system, myelination of axons occurs when oligodendrocyte progenitors undergo terminal differentiation and initiate process formation and axonal ensheathment. Although it is hypothesized that neuron-oligodendrocyte contact initiates this process, the molecular signals are not known. Here we find that Fyn tyrosine kinase activity is upregulated very early during oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. Concomitant with this increase is the appearance of several tyrosine phosphorylated proteins present only in differentiated cells. The increased tyrosine kinase activity is specific to Fyn, as other Src family members are not active in oligodendrocytes. To investigate the function of Fyn activation on differentiation, we used Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PP1 and PP2, in cultures of differentiating oligodendrocyte progenitors. Treatment of progenitors with these compounds prevented activation of Fyn and reduced process extension and myelin membrane formation. This inhibition was reversible and not observed with related inactive analogues. A similar effect was observed when a dominant negative Fyn was introduced in progenitor cells. These findings strongly suggest that activation of Fyn is an essential signaling component for the morphological differentiation of oligodendrocytes.
System identification and model-predictive control of office buildings with integrated photovoltaic-thermal collectors, radiant floor heating and active thermal storage

Abstract The present study explores efficient integration approaches of photovoltaic-thermal systems coupled with corrugated transpired solar collectors (building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal, BIPV/T), Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and thermal storage devices, to enable optimal collection and utilization of solar energy in high performance buildings. The objective is to (a) develop models that capture the relevant system dynamics and are computationally efficient for subsequent use within model-predictive control (MPC) algorithms; (b) evaluate the energy saving potential of the integrated system and the predictive controller in comparison with baseline operation strategies. An open plan office space at Purdue’s Living Laboratory is used as test-bed, in which the BIPV/T system preheats ventilation air, while also, it is coupled with the building through an air-to-water heat pump and a thermal energy storage (TES) tank that serves as the heat source for the radiant floor heating (RFH). A detailed energy prediction model developed in TRNSYS is considered as a true representation of the building and it is used to identify the parameters of low-order linear time-invariant state-space models. Both gray-box and subspace state-space system identification (4SID) methods are investigated. A simulation study is performed using TMY3 data for West Lafayette, IN during the heating period. The results show that implementation of a deterministic MPC algorithm for the optimal set-point trajectory of the TES tank can reduce the electrical energy consumption of the heat pump by 34.5%. For the BIPV/T configurations tested, the energy saving of the integrated solar system can be up to 45% compared to the baseline operation of the radiant floor heating. The study also investigates the impact of forecast uncertainty for the horizontal solar irradiance on the performance of the predictive controller, with the results showing considerable impact on thermal comfort conditions when the prediction error is higher than 38%.
Pralatrexate: treatment of T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Pralatrexate is a folate analogue metabolic inhibitor manufactured by Allos Therapeutics, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In both preclinical and clinical studies, pralatrexate demonstrated activity in lymphoma. Pralatrexate was US FDA approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma in 2009. Approval was based on data from the PROPEL trial that demonstrated an overall response rate of 29% in a heavily pretreated patient population. The dose and schedule of pralatrexate is 30-mg/m(2) weekly for 6 weeks, given in 7-week cycles. Folate and vitamin B12 supplementation are required to minimize toxicity. The most common toxicities are mucositis, thrombocytopenia, nausea and fatigue.
When the Trees Obscure the Forest--Modern and Postmodern Approaches to the Study of Work and Relationships: Comment on Tokar et al. (2003).

As a reaction to the article by D. M. Tokar, J. R. Withrow, R. J. Hall, and B. Moradi (2003), this commentary discusses the most pressing methodological and theoretical challenges embedded in the study of family relationship factors in the career decision making of college students. A number of the outstanding theoretical and empirical issues characteristic of structural equation modeling are reviewed, with a focus on the dilemmas that emerged in the Tokar et al. study. The use of a measure of vocational self-concept crystallization as a mediational variable is also assessed. A more expansive look at these issues culminates in a broader analysis of how modem and postmodern approaches to psychological research could be used to generate the needed knowledge on how relationships and work are interrelated.
Amine-Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas

Ordered mesoporous materials have been synthesized by co-condensation of bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane and N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS) under basic conditions with supramolecular templates of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride as structure-directing agents. Incorporation of the templates into the mesoscopic composite was followed by surfactant extraction to form periodic mesoporous organosilicas. These materials have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen gas sorption, metal ion adsorption, elemental analysis, and high resolution thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of AAPTS concentration in the initial solutions on the chemical and structural properties of the final products are examined.
Biophysical dissection of membrane proteins

The first atomic-resolution structure of a membrane protein was solved in 1985. Twenty-four years and more than 180 unique structures later, what have we have learned? An examination of the atomic details of several diverse membrane proteins reveals some remarkable biophysical features and suggests that we can expect to achieve much more in the decades to come.
Maternal Pertussis Immunization: Can It Help Infants?

Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease that is preventable by vaccination. However, the incidence of whooping cough has increased despite having high vaccine coverage rates in the United States.1 Infants younger than 12 months are especially susceptible to pertussis, and those younger than 2 months—too young to start their diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination series—represent many of the pertussis cases, hospitalizations, and deaths.2
Intravascular and extravascular hemolysis accompanying extracorporeal circulation. A clinical study.

Eleven patients undergoing open heart surgery were studied by means of a technic previously developed by us to quantitate intravascular and extravascular hemolysis. Endogenous production of carbon monoxide, which correlates quantitatively with red blood cell and hemoglobin catabolism, was measured preoperatively, 5 hr postoperatively, and 24 hr postoperatively. Rates of plasma hemoglobin catabolism and intravascular hemolysis were calculated from serial plasma hemoglobin determinations. Extravascular hemolysis results from catabolism of erythrocytes damaged during perfusion and subsequently sequestered in the reticuloendothelial system. Intravascular hemolysis occurred only during perfusion and averaged 252.22 ± se 49.64 µmoles heme. Extravascular hemolysis measured for the first 5 hr after perfusion averaged 462.48 ± se 68.70 µmoles heme, or 64% of the total calculated red blood cell destruction. In all but one of the eight patients studied 24 hr after perfusion, heme catabolism remained elevated (mean, 46.76 ± se 13.05 µmoles heme/hr compared to a normal value of ≦22 µmoles heme/hr), indicating that extravascular hemolysis was still occurring. This extravascular destruction probably resulted from alterations in the cell membrane induced during the pumping procedure.
Role of optical flux and of current density in gradual degradation of GaAs injection lasers

A GaAs dual-diode laser structure was used to give electrical control of the laser threshold and so permit separate study of the effect of optical flux on gradual degradation. At a given current density, degradation occurs under nonlasing conditions at about the same rate as under normal lasing conditions. The degradation rate is a superlinear function of current density. Degradation is an erratic process in which the rate varies sporadically during operation.
Facile modulation of single source precursors: the synthesis and characterization of single source precursors for deposition of ternary chalcopyrite materials

Abstract In this paper, the syntheses and thermal modulation of ternary single source precursors, based on the [{ER3}2Cu(YR′)2In(YR′)2] architecture in good yields are described (E=P, As, Sb; Y=S, Se, and R=alkyl, aryl). Most importantly, we have successfully prepared the first liquid CuInS2 (CIS) single source precursors, (when R=Bu, Y=S, and R′=Et, or Pr). These new compounds were utilized for spray chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of copper indium disulfide, an absorber layer for the fabrication of thin-film solar cells. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Differential Scanning Caloriometry (DSC) demonstrate that controlled manipulation of the steric and electronic properties of either the group five donor and/or chalcogenide moiety permits directed adjustment of the thermal stability and physical properties of the precursor. Preliminary studies show that these derivatives produce CuInS2 thin-films at low temperature. X-Ray diffraction studies, EDS and SEM confirmed the formation of the single-phase CuInS2 thin-films.
First principles calculations of the chemisorption properties of nitro-containing molecules on the Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/(0001) surface

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been used to study the adsorption of nitromethane (NM) and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX7) molecules on the basal plane of /spl alpha/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ crystal. The calculations employ a (2/spl times/2) supercell slab model and 3D periodic boundary conditions. Based on these calculations we have determined that both NM and FOX7 molecules can adsorb nondissociatively on the surface, with the most stable adsorption configurations parallel to the surface. The corresponding binding energies are found in the range 25.3-26.0 kcal/mol for NM and 35.6-48.3 kcal/mol for FOX7 depending on the relative molecular orientation and the corresponding surface sites. The minimum energy pathways for NM dissociation have been determined and a low energy pathway leading to H elimination with formation of adsorbed CH/sub 2/NO/sub 2/ and hydroxyl species has been identified. Additional calculations have focused on adsorption properties of aci-nitromethane tautomers and on description of the energetic pathways connecting adsorbed nitromethane molecule with these tautomers.
CD4 T suppressor cells mediate interferon tau protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Interferon tau is a type I IFN that was originally identified as a pregnancy recognition hormone produced by trophoblast cells. It is as potent an antiviral agent as IFN alpha and IFN beta, but lacks the toxicity associated with high concentrations of these IFNs in tissue culture and in animal studies. We recently showed that IFN tau, like IFN beta, can prevent the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). We report here that IFN tau prevents EAE in mice by induction of suppressor cells and suppressor factors. Suppressor cells can be induced by IFN tau in tissue culture, and in vivo by either intraperitoneal injection or by oral administration to mice. Incubation of suppressor cells with myelin basic protein (MBP)-sensitized T cells blocked or delayed the MBP-induced proliferation. Further intraperitoneal injection of suppressor cells into mice blocked induction of EAE by MBP. Suppressor cells possessed the CD4 T cell phenotype, and produced soluble suppressor factors that inhibited MBP activation of T cells from EAE mice. The suppressor factors were found to be IL-10 and TGF beta, which acted synergistically to inhibit the MBP activation of T cells from EAE mice. These findings are important for understanding the mechanism(s) by which type I IFNs protect against autoimmune disease.
3,5-Dimethylpyrazole promoted sulfonation of acetic anhydride by H2SO4 to sulfoacetic acid and methanedisulfonic acid, and crystal structures of the complexes with Co2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ and Cs+

Abstract Sulfuric acid can sulfonate acetic anhydride (but not acetic acid) to sulfoacetic acid, and also to methanedisulfonic acid in the presence of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. Under the experimental conditions employed, sulfonation of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole with concentrated sulfuric acid in acetic anhydride/acetic acid as solvent leads to a mixture of approximately 47 mol% 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-4-sulfonic acid, 34 mol% sulfoacetic acid and 19 mol% methanedisulfonic acid, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The Co2+, Zn2+, Ba2+ and Pb2+ complexes of the sulfoacetate ligand, as well as the Cs+ complex of the methanedisulfonate ligand were isolated upon crystallization of the compounds obtained from the reaction of the above ligand mixture with the corresponding metal oxide or carbonate in water. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography of Co(O3SCH2CO2)(H2O)3, Zn(O3SCH2CO2)(H2O)3, Ba(O3SCH2CO2)(H2O), Pb(O3SCH2CO2)(H2O) and Cs2(O3SCH2SO3) reveals a variety of new coordination modes of the two sulfonated ligands within those structures.
A critique of an oral reading miscue analysis

(1980). A critique of an oral reading miscue analysis. Reading World: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 254-264.
Hall Effect and Magnetoresistivity in Carbons and Polycrystalline Graphites

The Hall constant and magnetoresistance of a carbon (soft type) were investigated as a function of heat treatment temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{ht}}$, (that is, crystallite size) at two ambient temperatures $T$ (78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The maximum in the Hall constant shifts toward higher heat treatments as the ambient temperature is lowered, in much the same way as does the maximum in the thermoelectric effect. Anomalies in the Hall curves in the range $1600l{T}_{\mathrm{ht}}l1900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C are shown to be due to impurities. No magnetoresistance is detectable for ${T}_{\mathrm{ht}}l1700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C; the magnetoresistance was found to be negative in the range $1700l{T}_{\mathrm{ht}}l2300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C and to be positive and rapidly increasing with ${T}_{\mathrm{ht}}$ above that. For both ambient temperatures the maximum of negative magnetoresistance occurs at about the same ${T}_{\mathrm{ht}}$ as the maximum of the Hall constant. Introduction of acceptors changes the magnetoresistance in the direction of lower ${T}_{\mathrm{ht}}$. The value of magnetoresistance and of Hall constant show a sensitive dependence on the alignment of crystallites in the samples. The results are interpreted in terms of the band model. It is concluded that the lower (full) and upper (empty) bands are slightly overlapping in graphite crystals, and furthermore, that the negative magnetoresistance is due to holes in the lower band and the positive magnetoresistance as well as the high diamagnetic susceptibility are due to electrons in the upper band. Remarks about the thermoelectric effect and electrical resistance are also included.
Attribution of personal characteristics as a function of the degree of touch on initial contact and sex

The current study was designed to measure the effects of degree of touch on initial contact on interpersonal judgment. Subjects (60 male and 60 female) reporting for an experiment on interpersonal judgment were met by the experimenter and another subject. The second subject was in fact a confederate. As the “subjects” were introduced, the confederate responded in one of three ways: a nod of the head (no touch); a firm handshake; or a firm handshake accompanied by a squeeze on the subject's right upper arm by the confederate's left hand. Half of the subjects met a male and half met a female confederate. Subjects were then placed in separate cubicles and asked to complete the Byrne interpersonal judgment questionnaire about the person they had just briefly met. This scale has six items (intelligence, knowledge of current events, morality, personal feelings, participation in experiments, and adjustment) for same-sex pairs and four additional items for opposite-sex pairs (dating, marriage, physical and sexual attraction). The results indicated that the variations in the type of initial contact between subject and confederate resulted in several significantly different interpersonal judgments. Of particular interest was the finding that a male confederate greeting a female subject was viewed as a more acceptable marriage partner the more touch was invoved in the initial contact. A female confederate greeting a male subject was viewed as a less acceptable marriage partner the more touch that was involved. The degree of touch also affected judgments of knowledge of current events, adjustment, dating, and physical attraction. Typically, the more touch, the higher the rating for the male confederate, whereas the female confederate was typically rated highest on the nod or handshake plus the additional touch to the arm, and least when she simply shook hands. The relevance of these findings to first impressions and role stereotyping are discussed.
The Integration of Environmental Education into Two Elementary Preservice Science Methods Courses: A Content-Based and a Method-Based Approach

To examine the notion of environmental education (EE) as context for integrating the elementary curricula, we engaged in a multi-case study analysis (Yin 2009) of two preservice elementary science methods courses that utilized an experiential reflective approach—case one (University A) through a science content focus (i.e., sustainability) and case two (University B) through a method focus (i.e., problem-based learning). We examined preservice teachers’ understandings of EE, their ideas to incorporate EE into their future teaching, and their conceptions of EE as a context for integration. Results indicate that both foci (content and method) were successful in building EE content, helping preservice teachers to envision EE in their future classrooms, and promoting EE as a context for integrating their instruction. Based on these results, we offer recommendations for the incorporation of EE as a context for integration into the elementary science methods course.
Xanthophylls as a factor in the biological availability of vegetable carotenes

Abstract 1. 1. A total of 176 young rats, depleted of vitamin A under the conditions of the vitamin A bipassay, were fed β-carotene for 4 weeks in amounts of 6.3 and 12.6 μg. weekly, either alone or accompanied by 63, 126, or 252 μg. lutein. Other groups were given either no supplement, or 63, and 126 μg. lutein. Weight gains were measured for the animals which received carotene, and survival times for the negative controls and those receiving lutein alone. 2. 2. Lutein was without effect upon the utilization of carotene for growth, in any of the combinations employed. 3. 3. These observations are in contrast to the data reported by other investigators who have found that xanthophyll decreased the storage of carotene in the vitamin A-depleted rat. 4. 4. The results of these studies indicate that the difference between the green and yellow vegetables in availability of carotene content is not explicable on the basis of the xanthophylls which are present in large amounts in the green leaves, but almost wholly lacking in the yellow vegetables.
Ethics, Institutional Review Boards, and the Changing Face of Educational Research:

Educational research has enjoyed special exemptions from formal ethical oversight of research on human subjects since the original mandate from the federal government that such oversight must occur. Although interpreting these exemptions has always been a potential source of controversy and conflict for university Institutional Review Boards, the burgeoning use of qualitative methods has further complicated matters. This article discusses the original rationale for special exemptions for educational research and then examines which varieties of qualitative educational research are consistent with it and which varieties are not. The article also examines the formal ethical oversight of student research practica, an issue also complicated by the advent of qualitative methods. Specific policies are offered both for determining which varieties of qualitative research should qualify for the special educational exemptions and for formally overseeing student research practica.
Threshold-based feature selection techniques for high-dimensional bioinformatics data

Analysis conducted for bioinformatics applications often requires the use of feature selection methodologies to handle datasets with very high dimensionality. We propose 11 new threshold-based feature selection techniques and compare the performance of these new techniques to that of six standard filter-based feature selection procedures. Unlike other comparisons of feature selection techniques, we directly compare the feature rankings produced by each technique using Kendall’s Tau rank correlation, showing that the newly proposed techniques exhibit substantially different behaviors than the standard filter-based feature selection methods. Our experiments consider 17 different bioinformatics datasets, and the similarities of the feature selection techniques are analyzed using the Frobenius norm. The feature selection techniques are also compared by using Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine algorithms to learn from the training datasets. The experimental results show that the new procedures perform very well compared to the standard filters, and hence are useful feature selection methodologies for the analysis of bioinformatics data.