cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agro-hydrologic Landscapes in the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River Basins

A critical part of increasing conservation effectiveness is targeting the “right practice” to the “right place” where it can intercept pollutant flowpaths. Conceptually, these flowpaths can be inferred from soil and slope characteristics, and in this study, we developed an agro-hydrologic classification to identify N and P loss pathways and priority conservation practices in small watersheds in the U.S. Midwest. We developed a GIS framework to classify 11,010 small watersheds in the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River basins based on soil permeability and slope characteristics of agricultural cropland areas in each watershed. The amount of cropland in any given watershed varied from 60 %. Cropland areas were classified into five main categories, with slope classes of 5 %, and soil drainage classes of poorly and well drained. Watersheds in the Upper Mississippi River basin (UMRB) were dominated by cropland areas in low slopes and poorly drained soils, whereas less-intensively cropped watersheds in Wisconsin and Minnesota (in the UMRB) and throughout the Ohio River basin were overwhelmingly well drained. Hydrologic differences in cropped systems indicate that a one-size-fits-all approach to conservation selection will not work. Consulting the classification scheme proposed herein may be an appropriate first-step in identifying those conservation practices that might be most appropriate for small watersheds in the basin.
Moist Stability of a Baroclinic Zonal Flow with Conditionally Unstable Stratification

Abstract The moist stability of a midlatitude zonal flow with a conditionally unstable layer in the presence of an Ekman layer is investigated. The vertical velocity employed in a simplified Kuo's parameterization is sustained by baroclinic wave forcing, diabatic heating and Ekman pumping. A general dispersion relation and eigenfunction are derived analytically for a class of flows with various vertical heating profiles. The moist unstable mode may be regarded as a baroclinic wave modified by the bulk effect of the convective heating, for which the fundamental dependences of the baroclinic growth rate on the Burger number and vertical shear remain qualitatively valid. Waves longer than the Rossby radius of deformation are not appreciably affected, while the shorter waves are significantly destablized by the convective heating. The growth rates and wavelengths of the most unstable modes are nonlinear functions of the averaged specific humidity of the moist layer, and there is an optimum specific humidity t...
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE ON Fc AND C3b RECEPTOR-MEDIATED PHAGOCYTOSIS IN PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the inhibitory effect of 2-deoxy- D -glucose on Fc and third component of complement (C3b) receptor-mediated phagocytosis in phagocytic cells. The ability to phagocytize particulate materials is a function of many mammalian cells. Macrophages contain on their plasma membranes receptors for these ligands, the cleaved C3b and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG). The ingestion of immunoglobulin G- or complement-coated particles proceeds by the sequential and circumferential interaction of these ligands with the Fc or complement receptors on the plasma membrane of the phagocyte. The ultrastructural examination of these preparations verified that the ingested lymphocytes were diffusely coated with anti-immunoglobulin that was labeled with the enzyme peroxidase to form an electron-dense reaction product. 2-Deoxy- D -glucose inhibits the phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G, or complement-coated sheep erythrocytes by mouse peritoneal macrophages, but does not inhibit the phagocytosis of latex or zymosan particles by the same cells. The capacity of 2-deoxy-O-glucose-treated macrophages to ingest latex and zymosan particles indicates that 2-deoxy-O-glucose does not have a toxic effect on the ingestion process.
Structural characterization of aqueous solution poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl methacrylate)-grafted silica nanoparticles.

The structure of aqueous dispersions of poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl methacrylate)-grafted silica nanoparticles was characterized using contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering studies. Modeling the low hybrid concentration dispersion scattering data using a fuzzy sphere and a polydisperse core–shell model, demonstrated that the polymer chains are highly swollen in the dispersions as compared to the dimensions of the free polymer chains in dilute solution. At higher hybrid concentrations, the dispersions were well described using a Percus–Yevick approximation to describe the structure factor. These structural characterization tools are excellent starting points for effective molecular level descriptors of dewetting and macroscopic phase transitions for polymer tethered hybrid nanoparticle systems.
Capillary Circulation with Changes in Sympathetic Activity.∗ I. Blood Sludge from Sympathetic Stimulation:

SummaryStimulation of the cervical sympathetic trunk, application of local epinephrin, and injection of epinephrin intravenously has been found to produce, not only the classical picture of decreas...
Observation of improved adherence with frequent urine drug testing in patients with pain

Objective: To determine the relationship between urine drug testing (UDT) frequency and patient adherence for prescribed buprenorphine, carisoprodol, fentanyl, hydrocodone, methadone, morphine, and oxycodone. Setting: Patients with pain routinely seen by private practitioners. Design: A retrospective analysis was conducted on urinary excretion data analyzed by Millennium Laboratories between March 2008 and May 2011. Patient participants: Patients in the United States with chronic pain who underwent routine UDT to confirm adherence for prescribed medications. Interventions: Adherence for the urine drug test was defined as the presence of parent drug and/or metabolite(s) greater than or equal to the lower limit of quantitation. The percent of adherence for prescribed medications was compared to the average percent of the same in subjects with five or more visits. Main outcomes: Correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between adherence for prescribed medications and number of visits. Results: There were 255,168 specimens submitted for testing from 166,755 individuals. When monitoring with more frequent visits ( >= 5 visits) adherence was higher by 1 percent for buprenorphine (89 percent vs 88 percent); 8 percent for carisoprodol (77 percent vs 69 percent); 5 percent for fentanyl (95 percent vs 90 percent); 7 percent for hydrocodone (83 percent vs 76 percent); 3 percent for methadone (96 percent vs 93 percent); 5 percent for morphine (92 percent vs 87 percent); and 8 percent for oxycodone (90 percent vs 82 percent). Conclusions: Adherence for prescribed medications is higher with frequent urine monitoring. UDT can be used as tool that may help improve this in patients with chronic pain.
Development of a Practical and Efficient Synthesis of Chloromethyl 2-Ethoxy-2-methylpropanoate

An efficient synthesis of chloromethyl 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropanoate from 2-bromoisobutyric acid is reported. Four developments were key to this route: (i) a mild, base-mediated ethanolysis of a tertiary alkyl bromide, (ii) a sodium bisulfite purge of 2-methylacrylic acid, (iii) preparation of a thiomethyl ester via a formal Pummerer process with DMSO, and (iv) improved conversion of a thiomethyl ester to a chloromethyl ester through suppression of a competing chlorination pathway.
Tuning Enzyme Kinetics through Designed Intermolecular Interactions Far from the Active Site

Enzyme–DNA nanostructures were designed to introduce new substrate–enzyme interactions into their reactions, which altered enzyme kinetics in a predictable manner. The designed enzymes demonstrate a new strategy of enzyme engineering based on the rational design of intermolecular interactions outside of the active site that enhance and control enzyme kinetics. Binding interactions between tetramethylbenzidine and DNA attached to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in a reduced Michaelis constant (KM) for the substrate. The enhancement increased with stronger interactions in the micromolar range, resulting in a 2.6 fold increase in kcat/KM. The inhibition effect of 4-nitrobenzoic hydrazide on HRP was also significantly enhanced by tuning the binding to HRP–DNA. Lastly, binding of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) cofactor mimic, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN(H)), to an aldo-keto reductase (AdhD) was enhanced by introducing NMN(H)–DNA interactions.
Analysis of physical characteristics of DR images from different DR systems based on wavelet transform texture

As an important instrument in clinical application,DR(digital radiography) system has become the most popular and significant method in physical examination.The image processing system which the DR system has may cause different results of seeing.The reason for which is that the image processing system depends on the DR system itself,which comes from different providers.This article is mainly about the analysis of characters of the images from different DR systems.
Fast, flexible, and fluid: The continuing success of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg hospital authority in an era of public hospital crisis

The changing face of health care delivery continues to challenge public hospitals, and many of these hospitals are in danger of closing. Increasing numbers of uninsured patients, coupled with state and federal cuts in Medicaid spending, threaten to worsen the situation. These facilities' survival may well depend upon their ability to create integrated delivery systems (IDSs). However, public hospitals are likely to face significant barriers in forming and participating in IDSs. This article present some of the barriers facing public hospitals as they attempt to form an IDS. Additionally, the authors present a brief case study of a public hospital whose successful efforts to form an IDS began before the IDS concept became popular. In forming an IDS this public hospital has strengthened its commitment to research, education, and the delivery of quality public health care.
Abstract CN05-02: Exploiting aspirin's mechanism of action for combination chemoprevention

In human populations, aspirin has emerged as the agent with the most consistently observed chemopreventive effect on cancer, particularly of the colorectum. Remarkably consistent data demonstrating aspirin9s efficacy have accumulated from prospective studies and randomized controlled trials conducted for the prevention of polyp recurrence, hereditary colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, and overall cancer. In addition, there are now convincing data supporting an association between aspirin use and lower risk of metastases and improved survival among colorectal cancer patients. This substantial evidence base has stimulated interest in the molecular underpinnings of aspirin9s mode of action. Although a complete understanding of aspirin9s anti-cancer mechanism remains elusive, several interrelated biological pathways have been uncovered which appear to, at least in part, mediate aspirin9s effect on both tumor initiation and progression. These include fundamental pathways of prostaglandin synthesis and Wnt signaling, offering additional molecular targets for chemopreventive intervention that may enhance aspirin9s effectiveness and/or reduce its associated toxicities. In this presentation, we will provide an update on investigation into the mechanistic basis of the effect of aspirin on cancer with a focus on potential molecularly-targeted strategies for combinatorial chemoprevention. Citation Format: Andrew T. Chan. Exploiting aspirin9s mechanism of action for combination chemoprevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr CN05-02.
Multimodale Therapie des Analkarzinoms

Zielsetzung: Die Radio-Chemo-Therapie gilt als Therapie der Wahl zur Behandlung des Analkarzinoms. Als Qualitatsmerkmale dieser Therapie gelten eine moglichst hohe Heilungsrate und Erhalt bestmoglicher Lebensqualitat, d.h. die Vermeidung einer Kolostomie bzw. Verlangerung des kolostomiefreien Intervalls. Material und Methoden: In einer retrospektiven Studie wurde bei 52 Patienten ein differenziertes Therapiekonzept wie die RCT nach NIGRO, die Kombination von RCT mit Operation und die Intensivierung der Therapiedauer und Dosierung der RCT verglichen (Cisplatin, 5-FU, 20 Gy). Ergebnisse: Bei 44 Patienten waren die Tumoren im Analkanal und 7mal am Analrand lokalisiert. Die Klassifizierung ergab 7mal ein T1, 28mal ein T2 und 10mal ein T3 und 7mal ein T4 Stadium. 34 Patienten waren nodal negativ, bei 7 fand sich ein N1, bei 6 ein N2 und bei 5 eine N3 Stadium. Dreimal lagen zum Diagnosezeitpunkt Fernmetastasen vor. Bei 31 Patienten ergab die Histologie ein Plattenepithelkarzinom, 21 mal ein Ubergangsepithelkarzinom. Bei 19 Patienten wurde nur die RCT. Bei weiteren 19 Kombination mit einer Operation durchgefuhrt. Operativ wurden 6 Patienten, bestrahlt 4, und weitere 4 konnten nur palliativ therapiert werden. Fur das gesamte Kollektiv ergab sich eine 5-Jahres-uberlebensrate von 76%, fur das tumorfreie Uberleben von 65% und mit erhaltener Kontinenz 60% Die 5-Jahres-Uberlebensrate fur die RCT-Gruppe lag bei 84%, fur RCT und OP bei 86% und fur intensivierte RCT bei 87%. Die 5-Jahres rezidivfreie Zeit (NED) bzw. die 5-Jahres-Kolostomiefreiheit lag fur die alleinige RCT bei 70 bzw. 75% fur RCT + OP bei 67 bzw. 56% und nach intensivierter RCT bei 75 bzw. 80%. Zusammenfassungg: Nur die Intensivierung der RCT mit 5-FU, Cisplatin und Aufsattigung auf 50 Gy fuhrt zu einer Verbesserung der NED- und kolostomiefreien Zeit, wahrend die Kombination von RCT mit OP die Ergebnisse nicht verbessert. Eine Verbesserung der 5-Jahres-Uberlebensrate war nicht signifikant.
Nondimer Damage in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation

Pyrimidine dimers of the cyclobutane-type are the major photoproducts formed in ultraviolet(UV)-irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). [For a review of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA, see Patrick and Rahn (1976).] The biological consequences of UV irradiation are generally ascribed to the formation of these dimers (see Jagger, 1976), although it is not a simple matter to directly relate pyrimidine dimer concentration with cell killing. Schenley et al. (1976), e.g., show that cells of Escherichia coli surviving UV irradiation excise the same number of dimers as nonviable cells. Hence, studies are needed to trace the sequence of biochemical and physiological events leading from pyrimidine dimers to cell death (see Swenson, 1976). Nevertheless, it shall be assumed that under normal circumstances DNA is the target of UV radiation, that pyrimidine dimers are formed in readily detected quantities, and that cells lacking the capacity to enzymatically recognize and repair pyrimidine damage are more susceptible to UV inactivation. In particular, enzymatic photoreactivation, which acts exclusively on pyrimidine dimers, can be used to demonstrate that pyrimidine dimers account for 50–90% of the UV inactivation of certain bacteria (Harm, 1976).
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Rebound Firing In Vivo: Much Ado About Almost Nothing?

How the output neurons of the cerebellum, the neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), encode information remains a matter of much debate. DCN neurons have the requisite biophysical characteristics to exhibit rebound firing and fire a brief but high-frequency burst of action potentials after pauses brought about by strong hyperpolarizations. Rebound firing is an attractive coding mechanism as it can provide a timed signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio to downstream motor areas. However, whether DCN rebound firing is a common signaling mechanism under physiological conditions remains to be demonstrated. We analyzed postpause firing rates of DCN neurons in awake animals in vivo under a number of behavioral conditions, including cerebellar-intensive behaviors such as balancing on a beam and walking on a treadmill. We did not find any evidence in support of a role for rebound firing in encoding information under any of these behavioral conditions.
Hospital days attributable to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in persons living with HIV before and after the 2012 DHHS HIV guidelines.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can manifest with initiation or reintroduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in persons living with HIV (PLWH). In 2012, updated United States treatment guidelines recommended initiation of ART for all PLWH regardless of CD4 count. The objectives of this study were to quantify hospital usage attributable to IRIS and assess the reasons for hospitalization in PLWH before and after the guideline update. Subjects were PLWH between 18–89 years of age who were hospitalized between November 1, 2009 and July 31, 2014. Equivalent time periods before and after updated treatment guidelines were considered, and designated as Time Period 1 and Time Period 2, respectively. IRIS-attributable hospitalizations were identified by ICD9 codes and electronic medical record searches with subsequent review and confirmation. For hospitalizations that were not confirmed as being IRIS-attributable, primary discharge diagnoses were reviewed. A total of 278 PLWH were hospitalized 521 times throughout the study period. Time Period 1 had 9 PLWH with 12 IRIS-attributable hospitalizations while Time Period 2 had 6 PLWH with 9 IRIS-attributable hospitalizations. A larger proportion of IRIS-attributable hospital days was observed in Time Period 1 compared to Time Period 2 (7.5 vs 4.2%; p < 0.001). Median length of stay for IRIS-attributable hospitalizations was longer than for other diagnoses, particularly during Time Period 1 (12.0 vs 4.0; p = 0.05). The most common causes for hospitalizations in PLWH were non AIDS-defining infection, AIDS-defining malignancy, and gastrointestinal. PLWH who had HIV viral suppression (<200 copies/mL) accounted for 34 and 24% of hospitalizations in Time Periods 1 and 2 respectively. Hospitalizations for PLWH continue at high rates and IRIS is a significant contributing factor. In our single-center study, there was a lower number of IRIS-attributable hospitalizations and IRIS-attributable hospital days in Time Period 2 compared with Time Period 1. The hospital burden of IRIS may decrease over time as more PLWH are started on ART earlier in the course of infection. This study highlights the continued importance of early diagnosis and linkage to care of those infected with HIV, so that morbidity and costs associated with IRIS continue to decline.
Non-Hermiticity-induced flat band

We demonstrate the emergence of an entire flat band with no complex component embedded in dispersive bands at the exceptional point of a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric photonic lattice. For this to occur, the gain and loss parameter effectively alters the size of the partial flat band windows and band gap of the photonic lattice simultaneously. The mode associated with the entire flat band is robust against changes in the system size and survives even at the edge of the lattice. Our proposal offers a route for controllable localization of light in non-Hermitian systems and a technique for measuring non-Hermiticity via localization.
Partitioning evapotranspiration using long-term carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes

The separate components of evapotranspiration (ET) elucidate the pathways and time scales over which water is returned to the atmosphere, but ecosystem-scale measurements of transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) remain elusive. We propose a novel determination of E and T using multiyear eddy covariance estimates of ET and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP). The method is applicable at water-limited sites over time periods during which a linear regression between GEP (abscissa) and ET (ordinate) yields a positive ET axis intercept, an estimate of E. At four summer-rainfall semiarid sites, T/ET increases to a peak coincident with maximum GEP and remains elevated as the growing season progresses, consistent with previous, direct measurements. The seasonal course of T/ET is related to increasing leaf area index and declining frequency of rainy days—an index of the wet surface conditions that promote E—suggesting both surface and climatic controls on ET partitioning.
Adaptive potential of a drug-targeted viral protein as a function of positive selection

RNA viruses are notorious for their ability to evolve rapidly under positive selection in novel environments. It is known that the high mutation rate of RNA viruses can generate huge genetic diversity to facilitate viral adaptation. However, less attention has been paid to the underlying fitness landscape that represents the selection forces on viral genomes. Here we systematically quantified the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of about 1,600 single amino acid substitutions in the drug-targeted region of NS5A protein of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). We found that the majority of non-synonymous substitutions incur large fitness costs, suggesting that NS5A protein is highly optimized in natural conditions. We characterized the adaptive potential of HCV by subjecting the mutant viruses to positive selection by the NS5A inhibitor Daclatasvir. Both the selection coefficient and the number of beneficial mutations are found to increase with the strength of positive selection, which is modulated by the concentration of Daclatasvir. The shift in the spectrum of beneficial mutations in NS5A protein can be explained by a pharmacodynamics model describing viral fitness as a function of drug concentration. Finally, our large-scale fitness data of mutant viruses also provide insights into the biophysical basis of evolutionary constraints in protein evolution.
Trends in cause-specific mortality among adults with and without diagnosed diabetes in the USA: an epidemiological analysis of linked national survey and vital statistics data

Summary Background Large reductions in diabetes complications have altered diabetes-related morbidity in the USA. It is unclear whether similar trends have occurred in causes of death. Methods Using data from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality files from 1985 to 2015, we estimated age-specific death rates and proportional mortality from all causes, vascular causes, cancers, and non-vascular, non-cancer causes among US adults by diabetes status. Findings From 1988–94, to 2010–15, all-cause death rates declined by 20% every 10 years among US adults with diabetes (from 23·1 [95% CI 20·1–26·0] to 15·2 [14·6–15·8] per 1000 person-years), while death from vascular causes decreased 32% every 10 years (from 11·0 [9·2–12·2] to 5·2 [4·8–5·6] per 1000 person-years), deaths from cancers decreased 16% every 10 years (from 4·4 [3·2–5·5] to 3·0 [2·8–3·3] per 1000 person-years), and the rate of non-vascular, non-cancer deaths declined by 8% every 10 years (from 7·7 [6·3–9·2] to 7·1 [6·6–7·5]). Death rates also declined significantly among people without diagnosed diabetes for all four major mortality categories. However, the declines in death rates were significantly greater among people with diabetes for all-causes (p interaction interaction =0·0214), and non-vascular, non-cancer causes (p interation Interpretation Declining rates of vascular disease mortality are leading to a diversification of forms of diabetes-related mortality with implications for clinical management, prevention, and disease monitoring. Funding None.
Distributed optimization and flight control using collectives

The increasing complexity of aerospace systems demands new approaches for their design and control. Approaches are required to address the trend towards aerospace systems comprised of a large number of inherently distributed and highly nonlinear components with complex and sometimes competing interactions. This work introduces collectives to address these challenges. Although collectives have been used for distributed optimization problems in computer science, recent developments based upon Probability Collectives (PC) theory enhance their applicability to discrete, continuous, mixed, and constrained optimization problems. Further, they are naturally applied to distributed systems and those involving uncertainty, such as control in the presence of noise and disturbances. This work describes collectives theory and its implementation, including its connections to multi-agent systems, machine learning, statistics, and gradient-based optimization. To demonstrate the approach, two experiments were developed. These experiments built upon recent advances in actuator technology that resulted in small, simple flow control devices. Miniature-Trailing Edge Effectors (MiTE), consisting of a small, 1-5% chord, moveable surface mounted at the wing trailing edge, are used for the experiments. The high bandwidth, distributed placement, and good control authority make these ideal candidates for rigid and flexible mode control of flight vehicles. This is demonstrated in two experiments: flutter suppression of a flexible wing, and flight control of a remotely piloted aircraft. The first experiment successfully increased the flutter speed by over 25%. The second experiment included a novel distributed flight control system based upon the MiTEs that includes distributed sensing, logic, and actuation. Flight tests validated the control capability of the MiTEs and the associated flight control architecture. The collectives approach was used to design controllers for the distributed flight control system. These controllers increased the flight vehicle stability by 85% and alleviated gust loads by 78%, when compared with open loop. This work demonstrates the use of collectives for the range of optimization problems of interest in aerospace systems, provides the mathematical foundations and implementation details, and focuses on applications to nonlinear, robust, distributed control. The two successful experiments validate both the collectives approach and the use of MiTEs for the control of flight vehicles.
HEEGAARD DIAGRAMS FOR CLOSED 4-MANIFOLDS

Let W4=H0∪λH1∪μH2∪γH3∪H4 be a handle decomposition of a closed, orientable PL 4-manifold. Let M4=H0∪λH1∪μH2 and let N4=N4(γ)=γH3∪H4=γ#(S1×B3). Then W4 is M4∪N4, identified along ∂M4=∂N4=γ#(S1×S2). The first observation in this paper is that W4 does not depend upon the method of attaching N4, as a consequence of a theorem of F. Laudenbach and V. Poenaru [Bull. Soc. Math. France 100 (1972), 337–344;], who showed (implicitly) that the homotopy group of ∂N4 is generated by maps which extend to N4. Dually, W4 does not depend upon the method of attaching H0∪λH1≅N4(λ). Hence W4 depends only on the cobordism C(λ,γ) from λ#(S1×S2) to γ#(S1×S2) defined by the 2-handles. The author calls (W4,C(λ,γ)) a Heegaard splitting of W4. The associated Heegaard diagram is a pair (λ#S1×S2,w) where w is a framed link in λ#S1×S2. It is noted that an arbitrary pair (λ#S1×S2,w) need not be a Heegaard diagram for a 4-manifold. Two diagrams are equivalent if there is a homeomorphism of pairs which preserves the framings. Moves are given which relate any two Heegaard diagrams for the same 4-manifold. The completeness of these moves is proved in Theorem 3 (and also Theorem 3′). A concept of a dual diagram is introduced. It is not known whether each Heegaard diagram is geometrically realizable as the diagram for some closed 4-manifold.
Leadership, Management, and the Common Good

The one essential property of a true profession is that, when practiced properly, it promotes the common good. Other attributes of occupations that have traditionally been regarded as professions are accidental properties. Because it possesses the one essential property, the occupation of leadership and management is a true profession theoretically. It is not generally taught and practiced as a true profession, however, because it is not generally understood to be a true profession. It is imperative that we understand, teach, and practice leadership and management as a true profession, so that leaders and managers can actualize their full potential to promote the common good. This is especially true at a time when some of the traditional professions are increasingly considered to be branches of business.
Management of primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia in the era of targeted therapies

Primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), or primary induction failure, represents a continued challenge in clinical management. This review presents an overview of primary refractory disease and a discussion of risk factors for induction failure, including current evidence regarding the impact of karyotype and molecular mutation status on responsiveness to chemotherapy. We review the evidence for various treatment options for refractory AML including salvage chemotherapy regimens, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, targeted agents, and non-intensive therapies such as hypomethylating agents. A therapeutic approach to this patient population is presented, and several new and emerging therapies are reviewed.
Examining Barriers and Facilitators to Delivering SNAP-Ed Direct Nutrition Education in Rural Communities.

Purpose:To better understand the barriers to implementing Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) direct education programming in rural communities, as well as strategies to o...
Into the gray-zone: update on the diagnosis and classification of a rare lymphoma

Gray-zone lymphoma (GZL), or B-cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), is a diagnosis that spans ...
This is supposed to happen here: American gun culture and the rhetoric of child sacrifice:

Recent years have seen the god Molech invoked within American gun control discourse as an accusation implying indifference to the loss of children in mass shootings. The historical record on child ...
Ketamine for acute suicidality in the emergency department: A systematic review.

Abstract Introduction There are no emergent pharmaceutical interventions for acute suicidal ideation, a common presenting complaint in the ED. Ketamine is a NMDA agonist frequently used by ED physicians for sedation and analgesia. Prior evidence from studies conducted in inpatient psychiatry units suggests that ketamine may have a role in alleviating treatment-resistant depression as well as suicidal ideation. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane reviews were queried for articles related to keywords ketamine, suicidality, suicidal ideation, and emergency department/room. Relevant articles were selected and reviewed by two separate authors. Results Three relevant, prospective studies were identified with a mean sample size of 25.7. Each was performed using 0.2 mg/kg ketamine for individuals receiving active treatment. Each study reported a decrease in depressive symptoms among those receiving ketamine. One study reported a significant reduction in SI when compared to placebo at 90 min that became non-significant by 230 min. No significant adverse events were reported in any study. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that ketamine is a promising, safe potential intervention for acute suicidality in the ED. Convincing evidence for efficacy of ketamine for acute suicidal ideation remains lacking, and this promising potential intervention should be further investigated.
Niche theory for within-host parasite dynamics: Analogies to food web modules via feedback loops

Why do parasites exhibit a wide dynamical range within their hosts? For instance, why can a parasite only sometimes successfully infect its host? Why do some parasites exhibit large fluctuations? Why do two parasites coinfect, exclude each other, or win only sometimes over another (via priority effects)? For insights, we turn to food webs. An omnivory model (IGP) blueprints one parasite competing with immune cells for host energy (PIE), and a competition model (keystone predation, KP) mirrors a new coinfection model (2PIE). We then draw analogies between models using feedback loops. We translate those loops into the intraspecific direct (DE) and indirect effects (IE) that create various dynamics. Three points arise. First, a prey or parasite can flip between stable and oscillatory coexistence with their enemy with weakening IE and strengthening DE. Second, even with comparable loop structure, a parasite cannot exhibit priority effects seen in IGP due to constraints imposed by production of immune cells. Third, despite simpler loop structure, KP predicts parallel outcomes in the two-parasite model due to comparable structure of interactions between competing victims and their resources and enemies. Hence, food web models offer powerful if imperfect analogies to feedbacks underlying the dynamical repertoire of parasites within hosts.
Philebus 23c-26d: Peras, Apeiron, and Meikton as Measure Theory

At Philebus 23c4-26d10 Socrates makes a division into three kinds: Unbounded (apeiron), Bound (peras), and Mix (meikton). I review problems for the main interpretations of Unbounded and Mix and review kinds of scales defined in abstract measurement theory. Then I take 23c4-26d10 speech by speech, interpreting the Unbounded as a kind containing partial scales, Bound as the kind containing the relations and quantities needed to turn partial scales into appropriate ratio scales, and Mix as the kind containing ratio scales appropriate for the good things that come to be in the world.
Classical Adiabatic Annealing in Memristor Hopfield Neural Networks for Combinatorial Optimization

There is an intense search for supplements to digital computer processors to solve computationally hard problems, such as gene sequencing. Quantum computing has gained popularity in this search, which exploits quantum tunneling to achieve adiabatic annealing. However, quantum annealing requires very low temperatures and precise control, which lead to unreasonably high costs. Here we show via simulations, alongside experimental instantiations, that computational advantages qualitatively similar to those gained by quantum annealing can be achieved at room temperature in classical systems by using a memristor Hopfield neural network to solve computationally hard problems.
Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling Reveals Epigenetic Changes in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Associated With Cross-Generational Effects of Adolescent THC Exposure.

Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling Reveals Epigenetic Changes in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Associated With Cross-Generational Effects of Adolescent THC Exposure
Economic factors in the future delivery of spinal healthcare.

The current trajectory of healthcare-related spending in the United States is unsustainable. Currently, the predominant form of reimbursement is the form of a fee-for-service system in which surgeons are reimbursed for each discrete unit of care provided. This system does factor the cost, quality, or outcomes of service provided. For the purposes of cost containment, the bundled episode reimbursement has gained popularity as a potential alternative to the current fee-for-service system. In the newer model, the spinal surgeon will become increasingly responsible for controlling costs. The bundled payment system will initially offer financial incentives to initiate a meaningful national transition from the fee-for-service model. The difficulty will be ensuring that the services of surgeons continue to be valued past this initiation period. However, greater financial responsibilities will be placed upon the individual surgeon in this new system. Over time, the evolving interests of hospital systems could result in the devaluation of the surgeons’ services. Significant cooperation on behalf of all involved healthcare providers will be necessary to ensure that quality of care does not suffer while efforts for cost containment continue.
Isolation and Culture of Lichenicolous Fungi

The lichenicolous fungi are characterised by their habit of growing on lichens. Hawksworth (1982) has estimated that as many as 1000 fungal species within 300 genera can be assigned to this group, and it is clear that they form a myriad of associations with lichens. Many attack living lichens and are obviously parasitic (mycoparasites) or pathogenic, but with levels of virulence that vary considerably. There are parasites that cause massive destruction of lichen tissues, but many cause little or no damage. Of these, some (called parasymbionts) appear to be lichen-forming fungi that share the photosynthate produced by another lichen’s captured photobiont cells. Still others are saprophytic and colonise only dead lichen tissues. Because lichens are now known to harbour many opportunistic fungi that are not restricted to lichens (e.g., Petrini et al. 1990), some investigators (Rambold and Triebel 1992) prefer to exclude saprophytes from the lichenicolous fungi. I will restrict my discussion here to those lichenicolous fungi that are obviously parasitic or pathogenic.
Influence of Fertilizer Source and Rate on Buffalograss Divot Recovery

Application of quick-release nitrogen fertilizer increased buffalograss divot recovery. A quick-release fertilizer at 1 lb N/1,000 ft2 resulted in 50% divot recovery 6.3 days quicker compared to the untreated control.
Transglycosylation and transfer reaction activities of endo-α-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase from Diplococcus (Streptococcus) pneumoniae

Abstract Endo-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase from Diplococcus pneumoniae was shown to have transglycosylation and transfer reaction (reversed hydrolysis) activities. Treatment of asialoglycoproteins having Gal beta 1----3GalNAc alpha 1----Ser/Thr linkages with enzyme preparations containing glycerol resulted in formation of nonreducing trisaccharides. The structure of the main trisaccharide (approximately 80%) was deduced to be Gal beta 1----3GalNAc alpha 1----1(3)-glycerol by analysis of sugar composition and the results of exoglycosidase treatment and periodate oxidation. The ability of the endoglycosidase to catalyze transfer of Gal beta 1----3GalNAc to various acceptors was also demonstrated by incubation of the enzyme with the disaccharide and the test compound. The following were found to show acceptor activity: glycerol, Tris, p-nitrophenol, threonine, serine, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fucose, and 6-O-methylgalactose. Transfer to the primary hydroxyl groups of glycerol and hexoses appears to be favored since the major glycerol product was 1(3)-substituted and transfer to D-fucose and 6-O-methyl-D-galactose was less than that to D-galactose. In order to avoid spurious results, it is necessary to carry out incubations with this enzyme in the absence of glycerol and other hydroxy compounds. The potential use of this endoglycosidase in the synthesis of glycosides is indicated by our studies.
Tribal Epistemologies: Essays in the Philosophy of Anthropology

Tribal Epistemologies: Essays in the Philosophy of Anthropology. Helmut Wautischer. ed. Andershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 1998. 240 pp.
Re-enslavement of Black Loyalists: Mary Postell in South Carolina, East Florida, and Nova Scotia

SYLVIA HAMILTON’S CONTEMPORARY POEM “Potato Lady” acknowledges Mary Postell, an icon of Black Loyalists and their perils as settlers in Atlantic Canada following the American Revolutionary War. Postell’s name and some aspects of her legal plight in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1786 and 1791 appear on many Internet sites devoted to Black Loyalists and African Canadian history. These sketches attest to Postell’s status as a touchstone for the affirmation and dissemination of black history during the era of the American Revolution. Her significance as a present-day symbol points to the need for a more detailed examination of Postell’s pre-1786 story. Mary Postell joins long-known David George, Boston King, John Marrant, and Thomas Peters – along with the recently elucidated Harry Washington, John Moseley, and Mary Perth – as individuals whose life details enliven contemporary perceptions of the revolutionary era in the Atlantic world and raise some portion of the veil that obscures the shared past. King, Marrant, and George left personal narratives, mediated by co-religionists.2
Chapter 17 - Global Atmospheric Modeling Using a Geodesic Grid with an Isentropic Vertical Coordinate

The chapter explains that geodesic grids, which were experimentally applied to the simulation of the global atmospheric circulation in the 1960s, are now emerging as the computational foundations of full-fledged atmospheric general circulation models. A geodesic grid is constructed by starting with an ordinary icosahedron inscribed inside a unit sphere. The vorticity and divergence equations are well suited for use on geodesic grids. Use of the vorticity and divergence equations without horizontal staggering allows realistic simulation of geostrophic adjustment regardless of the ratio of the grid spacing to the radius of deformation. Geodesic grids hold a great deal of promise for the future of atmospheric general circulation modeling. Multigrid solvers permit efficient inversion of the Laplacian as well as semi-implicit time differencing on geodesic grids. The chapter also discusses the advantages of the isentropic vertical coordinate for numerical modeling of the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere. A full-physics geodesic general circulation model with the generalized σ coordinate is tested. Preliminary results indicate that this approach can give realistic and computationally efficient simulations of the atmospheric general circulation.
Rat serum induces a differentiated phenotype in a rat parotid acinar cell line

To establish a continuous cell line, freshly prepared rat parotid acinar cells were stably transfected with a plasmid vector containing the SV40 large T antigen. The acinar origin of these cells was confirmed by Western blotting, enzyme analysis, and morphological analysis. Transformed cells grown in 10% rat serum showed a modest reduction in cell number after 7 days and a concentration- and time-dependent increase in amylase levels approximately 16 times greater than those observed in fetal bovine serum-treated cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that cells grown in rat serum harbored protein-filled secretory granules localized adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum, and punctate amylase-specific immunofluorescence distributed throughout the cytoplasm was consistent with the presence of amylase in secretory organelles. Clonal cells express tissue-specific proline-rich proteins and the four protein kinase C isozymes present in primary culture. Carbachol and isoproterenol stimulated [3H]protein secretion and isoproterenol enhanced amylase secretion from cells grown in rat serum. Moreover, norepinephrine, carbachol, and substance P produced a time- and concentration-dependent rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+. This continuous cell line of parotid acinar cells, which after treatment with rat serum retains the basic structural and functional properties of primary culture cells, will be utilized as a model system for studying long-term biological processes that regulate parotid cell function.
Econometric Tests of Alternative Scale Variables in Money Demand in Open Economies International Evidence from Selected OECD Countries

The choice of the scale variable in the money demand function is important because of its striking implications on the magnitude and direction of the domestic monetary and fiscal policy effects and effectiveness of international policy coordination. In this study several tests are applied to the money demand functions of Japan, Germany, Canada, France, and Italy in an open economy context to determine the appropriate scale variable for each country. Both narrow and broad definitions of money are used. Income, disposable income, consumption, private spending, and domestic absorption are investigated as contenders for the scale variable. The findings indicate that the scale variable is country-specific, rather than universal, and it is sensitive to the definition of money.
Genome Sequence and Transcriptome Analyses of Chrysochromulina tobin: Metabolic Tools for Enhanced Algal Fitness in the Prominent Order Prymnesiales (Haptophyceae)

Haptophytes are recognized as seminal players in aquatic ecosystem function. These algae are important in global carbon sequestration, form destructive harmful blooms, and given their rich fatty acid content, serve as a highly nutritive food source to a broad range of eco-cohorts. Haptophyte dominance in both fresh and marine waters is supported by the mixotrophic nature of many taxa. Despite their importance the nuclear genome sequence of only one haptophyte, Emiliania huxleyi (Isochrysidales), is available. Here we report the draft genome sequence of Chrysochromulina tobin (Prymnesiales), and transcriptome data collected at seven time points over a 24-hour light/dark cycle. The nuclear genome of C. tobin is small (59 Mb), compact (∼40% of the genome is protein coding) and encodes approximately 16,777 genes. Genes important to fatty acid synthesis, modification, and catabolism show distinct patterns of expression when monitored over the circadian photoperiod. The C. tobin genome harbors the first hybrid polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthase gene complex reported for an algal species, and encodes potential anti-microbial peptides and proteins involved in multidrug and toxic compound extrusion. A new haptophyte xanthorhodopsin was also identified, together with two “red” RuBisCO activases that are shared across many algal lineages. The Chrysochromulina tobin genome sequence provides new information on the evolutionary history, ecology and economic importance of haptophytes.
Summary—What we need to learn

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a summary on human papillomavirus (HPV). HPVs cause a variety of important epithelial lesions, which at the most severe end of the spectrum lead to life threatening malignant disease. Epidemiological studies over the past decade ensure that the viruses are the causative agent of the various premalignant and malignant diseases. While infection with certain HPV viruses is essential for premalignant disease, other cellular changes are required for subsequent malignant disease. An important aspect of HPV biology is that some viral types cause benign disease, while others are associated with malignant disease. All papillomaviruses have to stimulate a differentiating keratinocyte into S-phase so that there are sufficient supplies of the replicative machinery for viral DNA replication.. Almost all of the biological properties exhibited by the high-risk viruses in tissue culture are not found with low-risk types. One interesting biological similarity between the high and the low risk viruses is that both groups of viruses can maintain episomal viral DNA replication in cycling human keratinocytes. The activities of HPV proteins—especially E6 and E7, have helped to understand more about the cell and the pathways involved in cell cycle progression and protein degradation.
Low temperature or low water potential effects on the microbial decomposition of wheat residue

Abstract To predict the amount of crop residue remaining on a field at a given time, the rates of residue decomposition under conditions of low temperature or low water potentials need to be known. Laboratory experiments were made in which temperature and moisture were controlled. The amount of CO2 evolved from soils treated with wheat residue was used as a measure of decomposition. After 30 days at 20°C and −33 kPa, 38% of the surface-applied wheat residue was lost as CO2-C. Decomposition decreased as the temperature decreased, the 30 day CO2-C losses were 32.7, 28.6, 21.7 and 17.2% at 15, 10. 5 and 0°C, respectively. When water potential at 20°C was varied, decomposition decreased as the water potential decreased with 35.4, 25.1, 22.1, 17.0 and 10.1% of the residue decomposing at −150 kPa and −1.0, −1.5, −2.5 and −5.0 MPa, respectively. The results obtained with residue incorporated into soil were similar to those with surface-applied residue. Equations for the relationship between the amount of residue decomposition after 30 days and temperature or water potential are presented.