cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Hypercholesterolemia in Pigs

Genetic factors contribute approximately 50% to the variability in plasma cholesterol. The best-characterized cholesterol-elevating mutations are those of the LDL receptor locus. Together, these mutations account for approximately 1% of the incidence of hypercholesterolemia in the human population. Since the estimated heritability coefficient for hypercholesterolemia is approximately 0.5, the quest is on to identify other gene loci that contribute to hypercholesterolemia.
Productivity Measurement at the Level of the Firm

The sluggishness of U.S. productivity growth that has characterized much of the 1970s is of pivotal concern to policymakers. This concern is reflected in the 1979 Economic Report, in which 4’the Carter Administration told Congress… that lagging economic productivity had reduced the country’s capacity to create more jobs and higher living standards” (New York Times, January 26, 1979, p. D1).
Convolution Models for FMRI

Although the complex biophysical mechanisms by which neural signal is transformed into blood oxygen level-dependent data are still not fully known, this article will review how these data can be effectively modeled and analyzed using the concepts underlying linear time-invariant systems. The principles of convolution and the flexibility of temporal basis functions for analyzing both linear and nonlinear behaviors in functional magnetic resonance imaging data will be reviewed.
Fisheries Stock Assessment, Environmental Variability, and CalCOFI

Stock assessments of commercially important fishes are conducted knowing that environmentally-driven variability in population dynamics is an important factor in the fluctuations of stock sizes. The ways in which this variability can be incorporated into assessments are controversial and there are few assessments that explicitly incorporate environmental factors in any way. Long-term databases have been increasingly mined in the last 20 years to develop indices or indicators that summarize environmental variability. Even when environmental time series are not used, the fishery-independent time series from ichthyoplankton surveys have proven invaluable to estimate spawning stock biomass trends for stock assessments. Univariate or multivariate indices are used in management frameworks either to assess performance of a fishery or to provide thresholds for management action. The Pacific sardine is one of the few assessments with an environmental control rule to provide a threshold for management action. I discuss the development of this indicator and its use in management. I use the sardine example to highlight some problems that can arise when environmental indices are reassessed. I also discuss the development of new and potentially more robust indicators.
Parallel Multi-Theory Annotations of Syntactic Structure

We present an approach to creating a treebank of sentences using multiple notations or linguistic theories simultaneously. We illustrate the method by annotating sentences from the Penn Treebank II in three different theories in parallel: the original PTB notation, a Functional Dependency Grammar notation, and a Government and Binding style notation. Sentences annotated with all of these theories are represented in XML as a directed acyclic graph where nodes and edges may carry extra information depending on the theory encoded.
Critically civic teacher perception, posture and pedagogy: Negating civic archetypes

Abstract Critical pedagogy is an optimistic approach for achieving transformative agency, which remains an elusive and vital aspect of civic education. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the pedagogical approach of three critically identifying teachers. Specifically, this study was interested in understanding participant teacher critically civic ontological postures. The posture implies an understanding of the power inherent to civic relation and pedagogy. Participant teachers uniquely demonstrated postures that allowed them to address conceptual, personal, and material aspects of civics education. Participants achieved this first by making clear temporal connections between citizenship and disciplines; second, by incorporating student experiences; and lastly by utilizing a range of instructional approaches to negate traditional civic archetypes. Findings suggest that critical civic ontological postures are dynamic, contextual, and disciplinarily situated. Authentically critically civic ontological postures include developing intellectual solidarity with students and those in educational communities.
From confrontations to civil liberties: Newspaper photo framing of police brutality and riots in Los Angeles 1992 and Ferguson, Missouri 2014:

This study compares the news media’s visual framing of the Los Angeles Riots of 1992 and the Ferguson, Missouri, riots of 2014. A visual content analysis of 387 news images published in the New Yor...
Online Education Policy and Practice: The Past, Present, and Future of the Digital University

Online Education Policy and Practice examines the past, present, and future of networked learning environments and the changing role of faculty within them. As digital technologies in higher education increasingly enable blended classrooms, collaborative assignments, and wider student access, an understanding of the creation and ongoing developments of these platforms is needed more than ever. By investigating the history of online education, the rise and critique of MOOCs, the mainstreaming of social media, mobile devices, gaming in instruction, and more, this expansive book outlines a variety of potential scenarios likely to become realities in higher education over the next decade.
Cooking and Meal Planning as Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and BMI in First-Year College Students

The objective was to determine if cooking skills and meal planning behaviors are associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake and lower body mass index (BMI) in first-year college students who are at risk for excessive weight gain. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from a multi-state research project aimed at preventing weight gain in first-year college students. Cooking type, frequency and confidence, self-instruction for healthful mealtime behavior intention, self-regulation of healthful mealtime behavior, and cup equivalents of fruits and vegetables (FV) were measured using validated surveys. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight. First-year students (n = 1108) considered at risk for weight gain from eight universities completed baseline assessments within the first month of entering college. Multiple linear regression was used to determine associations among independent variables of cooking patterns, meal planning behaviors, and dependent variables of fruit and vegetable intake and BMI, after controlling for the influence of sex. Cooking more frequently, cooking with greater skills, and practicing meal planning behaviors are associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake and lower BMI in first-year college students. Interventions aimed at improving health in college students may be enhanced by incorporating cooking and meal planning components.
Tuning mitochondrial structure and function to criticality by fluctuation-driven mechanotransduction

Cells in vascular walls are exposed to blood pressure variability (BPV)-induced cycle-by-cycle fluctuations in mechanical forces which vary considerably with pathology. For example, BPV is elevated in hypertension but reduced under anesthesia. We hypothesized that the extent of mechanical fluctuations applied to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) regulates mitochondrial network structure near the percolation transition, which also influences ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We stretched VSMCs in culture with cycle-by-cycle variability in area strain ranging from no variability (0%), as in standard laboratory conditions, through abnormally small (6%) and physiological (25%) to pathologically high (50%) variability mimicking hypertension, superimposed on 0.1 mean area strain. To explore how oxidative stress and ATP-dependent metabolism affect mitochondria, experiments were repeated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and AMP-PNP, an ATP analog and competitive inhibitor of ATPases. Physiological 25% variability maintained activated mitochondrial cluster structure at percolation with a power law distribution and exponent matching the theoretical value in 2 dimensions. The 25% variability also maximized ATP and minimized cellular and mitochondrial ROS production via selective control of fission and fusion proteins (mitofusins, OPA1 and DRP1) as well as through stretch-sensitive regulation of the ATP synthase and VDAC1, the channel that releases ATP into the cytosol. Furthermore, pathologically low or high variability moved mitochondria away from percolation which reduced the effectiveness of the electron transport chain by lowering ATP and increasing ROS productions. We conclude that normal BPV is required for maintaining optimal mitochondrial structure and function in VSMCs.
Changing how archaeology is done in Native American contexts: An Ndee (Apache) case study:

The White Mountain Apache Tribe Cultural Heritage Resource Best Management Practices (WMATCHRBMPs) present and delineate in guideline form cultural heritage resource definitions, management, and ne...
Contribution of a Solid Insulator to an Electron Avalanche in Nitrogen Gas

A one dimensional simulation of electron avalanches has been performed near a solid insulator in nitrogen gas at 101.3 kPa. The solid insulator is assumed to modify the growth of electron avalanche in the nitrogen gas by (i) causing a non-uniform field and (ii) photoemission of electrons. Three different profiles of photoemissive contribution have been assumed. An electron avalanche simulated by assuming an exponentially decreasing contribution of photoemissive electrons appears very similar to the one obtained by an experiment.
Boll Weevil Eradication: A Success Story of Science in the Service of Policy and Industry

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an infamous pest of commercially cultivated cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae). Once the most important agricultural pest in the United States, the boll weevil spurred an unprecedented mobilization of federal support and cooperation among stakeholders, culminating in the eventual eradication of the species from 98% of its invasive range in the United States. The US Boll Weevil Eradication Program, a joint effort of local, state, and federal governments and agencies, university and agency researchers, and the cotton producers themselves, is a prime example of a successful implementation of a community-wide integrated pest management (IPM). The program also dramatically reduced the use of insecticides in cotton production which led to further positive economic outcomes for producers and reduced the non-target impacts from those chemicals. Though the boll weevil has been mostly eradicated in the United States, the insect remains one of the most important and impactful cotton pests in Central and South America. In this review, we will revisit the agro-economic history of the boll weevil and examine the success of the US Boll Weevil Eradication Program. In doing so, we will learn how we can apply those lessons to boll weevil management abroad and community-wide management of other agricultural or invasive pests. Finally, we will conclude with a brief summary of the ongoing science that continues in service of eradication today.
Effect of degree of sanitation from slaughter through fabrication on the microbiological and sensory characteristics of beef

Steers were slaughtered, dressed, and fabricated using conventional procedures or strict sanitary procedures. Strict sanitary procedures involved antemortem washing of steers, use of disposable gloves, careful handling of carcasses to prevent cross-contamination, and spraying of carcasses with hot (55°C) 1% L-lactic acid before evisceration and before entering the chill cooler. Mean aerobic plate counts (APC, log10/cm2) of carcasses slaughtered under strict sanitary conditions and of subprimals (boneless strip loins and ribs) from animals handled under strict sanitary conditions and stored at 1°C in high-oxygen barrier (HOB) film (0 to 80 d) were lower than those of carcasses and subprimals from animals slaughtered and fabricated using conventional procedures. In most cases, APCs of steaks displayed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film for 0 to 6 d from animals and subprimals handled under strict conditions were lower than those of steaks from animals and subprimals handled under conventional procedures. Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., and yeasts were the dominant (50% or more of microflora) microbial types on carcasses that were slaughtered and dressed using strict sanitary conditions. For carcasses slaughtered using conventional procedures, Micrococcus spp. and to a lesser extent Streptococcus , coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and/or coryneform bacteria were the dominant microbial types. After 20 d of storage, there were no consistent differences in the percentage distribution of microbial types on the two groups of subprimals. Lactobacilli dominated the microflora of subprimals at that time. When scores for lean color, surface discoloration, fat color, overall appearance, and odor of steaks from subprimals handled under strict sanitary conditions were significantly different (P<0.05) from controls, treated steaks were more desirable than those of comparable steaks from control subprimals.
The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development With A Mathematical Appendix

I. Gratification over advances of others: the tunnel effect introduced, 545. — II. Some evidence, 548. — III. Consequences for integration and revolution, 550. — IV. From gratification to indignation, 552. — V. The tunnel effect: social, historical, cultural, and institutional determinants of its strength, 553. — VI. An alternative reaction: apprehension over advances of others, 559. — VII. Concluding remarks, 560. — Mathematical appendix, 562.
Programming robots with associative memories

Today, there are several drawbacks that impede the necessary and much needed use of robot learning techniques in real applications. First, the time needed to achieve the synthesis of any behavior is prohibitive. Second, the robot behavior during the learning phase is by definition bad, it may even be dangerous. Third, except within the lazy learning approach, a new behavior implies a new learning phase. We propose in this paper to use self-organizing maps to encode the nonexplicit model of the robot-world interaction sampled by the lazy memory, and then generate a robot behavior by means of situations to be achieved, i.e., points on the self-organizing maps. Any behavior can instantaneously be synthesized by the definition of a goal situation. Its performance will be minimal (not evidently bad) and will improve by the mere repetition of the behavior.
A green engineering framework for concurrent design of products and processes

In this paper we present a green engineering framework for the integrated design of product and processes. The primary objective in green engineering is to eliminate the waste or scrap generated as a result of design and manufacturing decisions if possible, otherwise reduce it to the best possible limits. We present a Physical System Theoretic approach for modelling and analysis of waste generated by jointly considering engineering design and manufacturing issues. A mathematical programming model is developed to concurrently decide the product tolerances and manufacturing technology. >
Estrogen metabolism in patients at high risk for endometrial carcinoma. II. The role of androstenedione as an estrogen precursor in postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma.

Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated an ill-defined relationship between the development of endometrial neoplasia and estrogen production. We have previously demonstrated that postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma excrete less estriol glucosiduronate in proportion to estrone glucosiduronate than do normal women. This study investigated the per cent of conversion of androstenedione in the production of such women. Twenty-one postmenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma received tagged estrone and androstenedione. Twelve healthy postmenopausal women served as controls. It was demonstrated that significant amounts of androstenedione are metabolized to estrone. There was a significantly greater percentage of conversion of androstenedione to estrone as compared to that found in healthy postmenopausal women in the control study.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Optical emission from a plasma occurs primarily through the electron impact excitation of atoms or molecules to an excited state, followed by a relaxation to a lower energy state releasing a photon containing an energy equal to the difference between these two energy states. Analysis of the photon energy (wavelength of light) and spectral emission information of species can therefore be used to infer the composition of the species that produced it.
The effect of some variations in procedure on response repetition following verbal outcomes

Three experiments were performed to assess the effects of some variations in procedure on the extent to which S s repeat responses which have been called Right , or Wrong , or followed by no information. When a single informationless trial precedes the trial on which these various outcomes occur, there is more repetition than when these outcomes occur on the first trial on a list of items. Variations in the types of outcomes used on a single trial have no effect on the amount of repetition following a given outcome.
Stability of 124, 123, and 247 superconductors

Abstract The 124 phase YBa2Cu4O8 is synthesized by solid state reaction at 930°C in P(O2)>62;30 bar, while the 247 phase Y2Ba4Cu7O15−x is favored in the narrow range of P(O2) between 10 and 30 bar. The 123 phase YBa2Cu3O7−δ forms at P(O2) 62;6.6) may be thermodynamically unstable to decomposition into 124 (plus non-superconducting compounds) at all temperatures, with synthesis of 124 at low temperatures and oxygen pressure limited only by kinetics. Since very high oxygen pressures are not required, synthesis of the 124 and 247 phases is relatively easy, this may have considerable practical importance.
Transfer as a function of stimulus selection

Each of 72 Ss learned two paired-associate lists employing compound stimuli which consisted of color-nonsense syllable combinations. For the NP groups the nonsense syllable stimuli (along with the response) conformed to an A-B, A-B paradigm of positive transfer while the colors conformed to an A-B, A-Br paradigm of negative transfer. For the CP groups the opposite arrangement was employed so that colors conformed to an A-B, A-B paradigm and nonsense syllables conformed to an A-B, A-Br paradigm. Two levels of meaning-fulness (93% or 20% associations value nonsense syllables) were employed so that with the two control groups the design was a 2 by 3 factorial. Negative transfer was found in the NP group when nonsense meaningfulness was low while positive transfer was found in the other groups. The results indicate that stimulus selection is a function of the meaning-fulness of the verbal units employed.
Rapid high resolution MHC class I genotyping of Chinese rhesus macaques by capillary reference strand mediated conformational analysis

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant of these differences is the complement of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I sequences expressed by each animal. Although previous studies have reported strong associations between MHC expression and disease outcome, a rapid, cost-effective method for high-resolution MHC genotyping in macaques is lacking. In this study, we adapted a modified heteroduplex assay, reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer for macaque MHC class I genotyping. For validation, we investigated the concordance of RSCA genotyping for 14 MHC class I sequences in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques whose genotypes were established through complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of MHC class I sequences. We observed a concordance greater than 98% between RSCA and the cloning and sequencing data. Furthermore, RSCA confirmed the presence of MHC haplotype sharing between three macaques as predicted previously by microsatellite analysis. RSCA genotyping of an additional 25 Chinese rhesus macaques demonstrated that the frequency of these 14 MHC class I sequences ranged from 5% to 32%, with the Mamu-A1*2601 sequence being most common in this cohort. Capillary RSCA genotyping has the potential to enable researchers to rapidly evaluate MHC class I genotypes in rhesus macaques and associate specific MHC sequences with disease susceptibility.
Stepwise climate change recorded in Eocene-Oligocene paleosol sequences from Central Oregon

Successions of paleosols bounded by erosional surfaces in fluvial sediments of the Eocene‐Oligocene strata of Central Oregon can be interpreted as terrestrial equivalents of the unconformity‐bound units of sequence stratigraphy. In the upper part of the upper Eocene Clarno Formation and in the lower part of the lower Eocene‐lower Miocene John Day Formation, truncation surfaces separate otherwise conformable alluvial deposits and allow for stratigraphic subdivision into informal members (lower and upper “Red Hill” claystones in the Clarno Formation and lower, middle, and upper Big Basin Members and lower Turtle Cove Member in the John Day Formation). Paleosols in each member show a stepwise change in the degree of weathering of the most strongly developed paleosols: kaolinite‐rich, Ultisollike paleosols in lower “Red Hill” claystones (late Eocene, 42‐43 Ma), smectite‐rich Alfisol‐like paleosols in the upper “Red Hill” claystones (late Eocene, 41‐42 Ma), Alfisols and Ultisol‐like paleosols in the lower Big ...
Fixational eye movements and binocular vision.

During attempted visual fixation, small involuntary eye movements –called fixational eye movements--continuously change of our gaze’s position. Disagreement between the left and right eye positions during such motions can produce diplopia (double vision). Thus, the ability to properly coordinate the two eyes during gaze fixation is critical for stable perception. For the last 50 years, researchers have studied the binocular characteristics of fixational eye movements. Here we review classical and recent studies on the binocular coordination (i.e. degree of conjugacy) of each fixational eye movement type: microsaccades, drift and tremor, and its perceptual contribution to increasing or reducing binocular disparity. We also discuss how amblyopia and other visual pathologies affect the binocular coordination of fixational eye movements.
Transforming the Operating Room Team Through Simulation Training

The operating room (OR) is a highly dynamic work environment in which effective teamwork is essential for patient safety. Unfortunately, current team function in the OR is less than ideal. Too often, it is characterized by poor communication and disruptive behavior. The field of human factors studies the interaction of man with his environment. Adapting principles from it to the OR can help improve teamwork. High fidelity simulation is a powerful tool in teaching and improving how interdisciplinary OR teams work together. Bringing simulation to the point of care has many advantages. We have developed a portable simulation system, the mobile mock operating room, for implementing interdisciplinary team training at the point of care.
Awareness of anticancer vaccines among Asian American women with limited english proficiency: an opportunity for improved public health communication.

Background. Asian Americans suffer from liver and cervical cancers, both vaccine preventable, yet vaccine awareness has not been described. Methods. Cross-sectional survey (6 languages, 380 adult women). Results. Those with limited English proficiency (LEP) were less likely to have accurate knowledge of cervical cancer vaccine (44% vs. 76%, among the 34% aware of any cancer-preventive vaccines) and were more likely to believe vaccines existed for nonvaccine-preventable cancers. Awareness of anti-liver cancer vaccine was low for both LEP and non-LEP women. Conclusion. There is a great need to educate Asian Americans about vaccinepreventable cancers, especially among LEP women.
Optimal time-varying cell-voltage control of a parallel-plate reactor

As a means to illustrate the calculation of an optimal cell-voltage control for a parallel-plate reactor, we determine the time-varying cell voltage that maximizes p-aminophenol produced from the electroreduction of nitrobenzene in a differential-conversion reactor operated in a batch mode; that is, the electrolyte is continuously recirculated from a batch holding tank through the reactor in which a low conversion per pass occurs. A rationale is given for restricting the search for the optimal control for this particular reaction network to a chattering-cell voltage that switches between a priori chosen minimum and maximum values. The optimal, time-varying duty cycle is computed using a gradient-search technique. The predicted concentrations are dependent upon the reaction time; for the conditions examined here, an improvement of twenty-five percent in the production and nine-hundred percent in the selectivity of p-aminophenol may be achieved by using the optimal, time-varying voltage in comparison to the best steady value. Since a chattering control is a mathematical construct, we illustrate that a rectangular, high-frequency waveform may be applied to yield results which are indistinguishable from those effected by a chattering cell voltage. The period of the waveform must be short enough so that surface concentrations are time invariant over it and yet, simultaneously, must be long enough so that double-layer charging does not account for a significant passage of coulombs.
Metabolic regulation: could Mn2+ be involved?

Abstract It is possible that Mn 2+ acts as a regulatory signal in metabolism. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a regulated enzyme of hepatic gluconeogenesis, is considered as a prototypic enzyme for which Mn 2+ may act as a regulatory ion.
Nanostructured FeRh in metallic and insulating films

Abstract The formation of nanostructured FeRh in nonmagnetic metallic and insulating matrices is investigated and correlated with their structural and magnetic properties, with the goal of clarifying synthesis–structure–property relationships in confined geometries. Films containing FeRh with Al2O3 and Cu matrices were deposited on Si substrates using RF sputtering and then annealed up to 1073 K to form chemically-ordered FeRh particles with the B2 structure. FeRh nanostructures formed within the refractory Al2O3 matrix are rounded in shape and have a smaller average particle size of 60 nm, compared to the more irregular nanostructures obtained in the metallic Cu–FeRh sample with a larger average particle size ~150 nm. The different morphology of the two samples is explained in terms of the dissimilar properties of the matrices, and opens pathways for potential control of the fabrication of FeRh nanostructures. Keywords: FeRh, Magneto caloric effect, Magneto structural transition, Ferromagnetism.
Review of Dissertations : Hidden treasures in the history of psychiatry:

Editor's note. The editor is grateful to Dr Erlen for compiling this excellent list of dissertations on topics related to the history of psychiatry. Their thematic richness is immensely reassuring and suggests that the discipline is doing very well. Let us hope that many of the authors will remain in this field. For understandable reasons, the lists are biased in favour of works in English. We are sure that research of similar high quality is going on in other languages, and History of Psychiatry would be pleased to publish compilations from as many languages as possible.
Calcium-Mediated Second Messengers Modulate the Expression of Behavioral Sensitization to Cocaine

To assess the influence of calcium channel antagonists on the expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine, the L-type calcium channel antagonist diltiazem or the N-type calcium channel antagonist omega-conotoxin GVIA was microinjected into the medial nucleus accumbens before a systemic cocaine challenge injection among rats that were previously treated with daily systemic saline or cocaine injections. The results indicated that both of these drugs attenuated the expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Among saline-pretreated rats, diltiazem did not influence the behavioral response to an acute injection of cocaine, whereas omega-conotoxin significantly impaired acute cocaine-induced behavioral hyperactivity. A second series of experiments assessed the influence of protein kinases on the expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Inhibitors of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (KN-93, N-[2-[[[3-(4'-chlorophenyl)-2-propenyl]methylamino]methyl]phenyl]-N-( 2-hydroxyethyl)-4'-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide phosphate), protein kinase A (H-89, N-[2((p-bromocinnamyl)amino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide) or calcium-dependent protein kinase C (bisindolymaleimide I, 2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-maleimi de) were microinjected into the medial nucleus accumbens before a challenge injection of cocaine among rats repeatedly administered either saline or cocaine. None of the kinase inhibitors influenced the behavioral response induced by cocaine in saline-pretreated rats. Among cocaine-sensitized animals, the microinjection of KN-93 or bisindolymaleimide I blocked the expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine, whereas H-89 had no effect. Taken together, these results indicate that neuronal calcium, acting via calcium-dependent kinases, promotes the expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine.
Changes in myocardial threshold. Physiologic and pharmacologic factors in patients with implanted pacemakers

Abstract Seventy-one controlled threshold studies were performed on 14 patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers. Eating and sleeping raised myocardial threshold significantly, whereas exercise had a reverse effect. A solution of insulin and potassium in dextrose, 3 per cent NaCl, and aldosterone also increased threshold. Epinephrine, methylprednisolone, and potassium chloride in Ringer's solution lowered threshold. Isoproterenol caused an initial fall in threshold, followed by a marked rise. No significant changes were demonstrated with 10 per cent dextrose, normal saline, calcium gluconate, lanatoside C, procaine amide, atropine, or morphine at those dosages that were arbitrarily chosen for this study. The results demonstrate that myocardial threshold in man is labile, and that it can be manipulated by physiologic activities and pharmacologic agents.
Design of testable VLSI circuits with minimum area overhead

One of the techniques used to tackle the increasing complexity of testing VLSI circuits is to incorporate built-in self-test (BIST) structures. However, incorporation of such BIST structures calls for increased area overhead due to additional logic gates and interconnections. It is very important to keep this area overhead to a minimum. The authors present a simple graph model of the area overhead minimization problem, for circuits into which BIST modifications are to be incorporated. Although the graph model does not account for a mixed type of BIST structure usage, it can be extended to include them at the cost of increased complexity. >
OPTICAL SWITCHES WITH COMBINED BRAGG REFLECTORS AND DOPING SUPERLATTICES

We discuss new studies of a multiple quantum well hetero n-i-p-i structure which combines the advantages of multiple quantum wells and doping superlattices. The structure exhibits large changes in its absorption coefficient and refractive index for intensities of only a few mW/cm2. We propose incorporating the structure into a semiconductor dielectric mirror for use as an all optical switch with very low operating intensities.
Class I MHC allochimeric presentation of composite immunogenic and self epitopes induces tolerance to genetically diverse rat strains.

Functional topography of rat class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule was studied. The α1-helical sequences that are shared by class I RT1.Al and RT1.Au were substituted in the RT1.Aa molecule to produce the composite [α1hl/u]-RT1.Aa MHC class I allochimeric molecule. Dominant immunogenic epitopes that induce accelerated rejection were identified within the hypervariable regions of the α1 domain of RT1.Aa, RT1.Al, and RT1.Au. Peri-transplant portal venous delivery of MHC class I allochimeric proteins, that included composite α1 helical immunodominant epitopes of RT1.Au and RT1.Al, induced donor-specific tolerance to RT1u (Wistar Furth, WF) and RT1l Lewis, LEW) disparate cardiac allografts in ACI (RT1a) hosts. Allochimeric generated tolerance was characterized by absence of T cell deletion or anergy. Donor specific IgM allo-Abs was not detected, while IgG alloresponse was markedly attenuated in sera of tolerant hosts. Further, long-term allografts in allochimeric-conditioned hosts exhibited moderate B cell infiltration when compared to rejecting controls. Analysis of intragraft cytokines revealed selective upregulation of IL-10 and marked inhibition of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4. Our findings indicate the emergence of a peripherally induced tolerant state, afforded by the novel approach of soluble class I allochimeric conditioning that presents donor immunogenic epitopes in the context of recipient class I determinants.
Normalization and its Discontents Constructing the ‘Irreconcilable’ Female Political Prisoner in Northern Ireland

This article accounts for the official construction of women political prisoners as the intractable and problematic subjects of political decarceration in Northern Ireland. The discussion firstly locates the processes of penal ‘normalization’ in Northern Ireland in a hegemonic struggle which preceded the managerialist era usually associated with political decarceration. Secondly, it traces the emergence of ideal-typical sites of negotiation and contestation between women political prisoners and the authorities. Thirdly, it utilizes feminist critiques of contemporary penal governmentalities to identify the formation of politico-gendered penal controls, concluding with summary of the era's punitive excesses with respect to women prisoners.
Rovibrationally averaged properties of H2 using Monte Carlo methods

Using variational Monte Carlo and a simple explicitly correlated wave function, we have computed 18 molecular properties of the hydrogen molecule (X1∑) at 24 internuclear distances. These properties have been combined with rapidly convergent rovibrational wave functions to produce rovibrationally averaged properties for several of the lowest rotational and vibrational levels of this system. Our results are in very good agreement with previous values found in the literature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Several effects of a baroclinic current on the cross-stream propagation of inertial-internal waves

Several effects of a baroclinic current on inertial‐internal waves at constant frequency are investigated, primarily through use of the method of characteristics. The special case of waves propagating transverse to a baroclinic current is considered. When the slope of an isopycnal is of the same order of magnitude as the slope of the characteristics, appreciable asymmetries are induced in the characteristics, the phase and group velocities, and the solution itself. These asymmetric effects are especially significant for waves at the low frequency end of the passband for free waves. Also, modifications occur to the passband, resulting in anomalously high and low frequency bands. The effective local inertial frequency, σf = [f(f+vx )]1/2, separates the normal and anomalously low frequency bands. Hence, the low frequency limit of the normal frequency band increases or decreases depending upon whether the horizontal shear in the mean flow is cyclonic or anticyclonic. In the anomalous frequency bands, the slop...
Sparse representations for classification of high dimensional multi-sensor geospatial data

Modern active and passive geospatial sensing modalities often result in high dimensional feature spaces. Hyper-spectral imagery results in per-pixel spectral “signatures” that represent the reflectance/radiance over hundreds of contiguous spectral bands. Likewise, full-waveform LiDAR systems record the entire waveform of the return Laser pulse. Although the resulting feature spaces are high dimensional, the underlying dimensionality of the information content is often small (i.e., information resides in a lower dimensional subspace), and such data is often sparsely represented in an appropriate dictionary. In recent work, sparse representation based classification has been utilized for effective face recognition tasks. The traditional solution is posed as an optimization problem to learn the representation of test samples using the entire training dictionary under the constraint of sparsity — i.e., Sparse Representation based Classification (SRC). Although this has resulted in promising performance for face recognition tasks (where the number of classes is very large), and to some extent for geospatial image analysis tasks, we contend that the SRC formulation should be modified to yield robust performance for traditional image analysis tasks where the number of classes is not large. In recent work, we developed an alternate approach to use sparse representations for classification of hyperspectral imagery. In this paper, we develop a subspace learning preprocessing that effectively reduces the dimensionality of high dimensional geospatial data (both hyperspectral imagery, and full-waveform LiDAR data), and demonstrate its efficacy when combined with this recently developed sparse representation approach.
Photovoltaic Effects in Tetracene Crystals

Abstract Studies on the photovoltaic effect in tetracene single crystals have shown that, in general, two photovoltaic mechanisms yielding signals of opposite sign can be observed. On illuminating the crystal, a fast photovoltage response is obtained which is eventually dominated by a more slowly rising photovoltage of the opposite sign. The action spectrum of the fast response is closely related to the absorption spectrum of the crystal. The slow response is more effectively induced by light in spectral regions where the crystal absorbs light weakly. Temperature higher than room temperature decrease the response time of the slow photovoltage. The results are discussed in terms of photovoltage mechanisms which involve singlet excitons and photoinduced detrapping of trapped charge.
Factors Impacting Influenza Vaccination of Urban Low-Income Latino Children Under Nine Years Requiring Two Doses in the 2010–2011 Season

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that certain children under 9 years of age receive two influenza vaccine doses in a season for optimal protection. Recent data indicate that many of these children fail to receive one or both of these needed doses. Contributing factors to under-vaccination of this population remain unclear. Caregivers of children aged 6 months-8 years requiring two influenza vaccine doses in the 2010-2011 season were identified from households enrolled in four urban Head Start programs. Recruitment and survey administration were conducted between March and June 2011. The impact of caregiver, provider, and practice-based factors on influenza vaccine receipt was assessed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Caregivers (n = 128) were predominantly mothers, Latina, Spanish-speaking, and non-U.S. born. Few children received one (31 %) or both (7 %) influenza vaccine doses. Caregivers who discussed influenza vaccination with providers were more likely to know their child needed two doses (55 vs. 35 %, p < 0.05) and have a fully vaccinated child (11 vs. 0 %, p < 0.05). Among caregivers whose child received the first dose, those who reported being told when to return for the second dose were also more likely to have a fully vaccinated child (35 vs. 0 %, p = 0.05). Belief in influenza vaccine effectiveness was positively associated with vaccination (p < 0.001), while safety concerns were negatively associated (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of provider-family communication about the two-dose regimen as well as influenza vaccine effectiveness and safety.
Sex differences in dendritic response to differential experience in the rat visual cortex.

Abstract Male and female hooded rats were raised from weaning in either a complex or an isolated environment. After one month, the visual cortex was Golgi—Cox-stained and layers III and V pyramidal and layer IV stellate neurons were quantified: (1) analyses of dendritic branch numbers and total dendritic length revealed that females exhibited smaller differences in response to the rearing environment than males in both apical oblique and basilar branches of layer III pyramidal neurons; (2) a similar but much weaker trend towards a sex by environment interaction was seen in layer IV stellate neurons, while in layer V pyramidal neurons the sexes showed equal amounts of dendritic response; (3) the terminal dendrites in every cell population were longer in the rats from the complex environment regardless of sex; (4) males had longer terminal branches in both environments in layer IV stellates and layer V lower apical oblique branches. Thus the sex differences that appeared across environments were small. The more prominent sex differences were seen when the rearing environment was varied, with females showing less susceptibility to environmental influences in some neuronal populations.
The use of Artistic Media in Norse Greenland

Abstract The choice of material (or artistic medium) is an important part of the creation of an artifact. At the same time, it is also an indicator of artistic traditions and cultural influences. This article offers an overview of the use of some of the most widely used and, in cultural terms, most significant materials (metal, bone, ivory, wood, and soapstone) as artistic media in Norse Greenland, with special attention to availability (and its limitations), the choice of alternative media, and the influence of the Church on the use of artistic media. The survey reveals, on the one hand, some level of resourcefulness of the Norsemen in Greenland to adapt to local circumstances, and on the other, their strong adherence to European Christian culture.
Leakage radiation microscope for observation of non-transparent samples: erratum

This erratum provides the missing Acknowledgments section from paper [Opt. Express 19, 22895 (2014)].
Comparison of image-formation properties of coherent nonlinear microscopy by means of double-sided Feynman diagrams

We report a theoretical study on the optical resolution of coherent nonlinear microscopy by means of double-sided Feynman diagrams. Through the use of the diagrams, we offer a simple technique to calculate the coherent transfer function (CTF), which is employed as the indicator of the optical resolution. In particular, we deal with the CTFs of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. Our results show that CARS and SRS microscopy possess nearly identical optical resolutions if a molecular-vibrational frequency of interest is assumed to be negligible compared with excitation photon energy. The peculiar image-formation properties of third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy also can be explained by our technique.
Ruthenium Alkylidene Initiated Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of 3-Substituted Cyclobutenes

The synthesis and living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of substituted cyclobutenes were investigated with the functional group tolerant initiators (PCy3)2Cl2RuCHCHCPh2 (1) and (PCy3)2Cl2RuCHPh (2). Synthetic methodology was developed for the synthesis of a wide variety of 3-functionalized cyclobutenes containing ether, ester, alcohol, amine, amide, and carboxylic acid substituents. Coordination of these functional groups to the propagating carbene was observed, resulting in the formation of a chelated propagating species with concomitant loss of one phosphine ligand from the metal center. Studies aimed at understanding this chelation and its effect on the polymerization were undertaken. On the basis of these results, the synthesis of a series of functionalized cyclobutenes was accomplished which minimized this chelation and allowed for living polymerizations. A new class of functionalized poly(butadiene)s were synthesized and their thermal properties analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis ...
Restorativeness, Procedural Justice, and Defiance as Predictors of Reoffending of Participants in Family Group Conferences

Prior research has suggested that family group conferences (FGCs), a particular form of restorative justice, hold promise in reducing reoffending among youths, at least for some types of offenses. Most prior research, however, has simply assessed whether participation in a FGC resulted in reduced rates of reoffending compared with control or comparison groups in court or diversion programs. These prior recidivism studies have largely left unaddressed the characteristics of the FGCs that may produce differences in reoffending. The exceptions are two studies, from New Zealand and Australia, respectively, that relied on variation analyses to assess whether differences in the FGC processes affected future offending. This research builds on these two studies and tests as to whether FGC characteristics derived from reintegrative shaming, procedural justice, and defiance theory account for variations in reoffending. The data have been obtained from a sample of youths (N = 215) who participated in a FGC as part o...
Neural network-based software sensor: training set design and application to a continuous pulp digester

A neural network-based strategy for detection of feedstock variations in a continuous pulp digester is presented. A feedforward two-layer perceptron network is trained to detect and isolate unmeasured variations in the feedstock. Training and validation data sets are generated using a rigorous first principles model. The most important issue discussed here is the design of the data set required to train the artificial neural network. Efficiency and limitation of such an approach are demonstrated using simulations.
Dextranomer in dermatologic conditions.

: Dextranomer, a high molecular weight dextran derivative, was evaluated in 43 patients, and found to be the treatment of choice for decubitus ulcers. It is useful in most leg ulcers and cutaneous wounds, and can aid in the nursing care of terminal patients with gangrene or ulcerating carcinoma. Dextranomer hastens the postoperative course in dermabrasion patients. Although patients with bacterial infection show no change with dextranomer, it is useful in hastening the resolution of herpes simplex and herpes zoster lesions.
Transforming growth factor-β-related genes in Drosophila and vertebrate development

The Drosophila decapentaplegic gene, the Xenopus activin genes and the genes encoding the mouse bone morphogenetic proteins are transforming growth factor-beta-related genes whose roles in development are the focus of current studies. They exhibit elaborate patterns of expression during development, and the protein products have potent effects on the differentiation of specific cell types.