cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative evaluation of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins used in tandem for removing organic solutes from water

Abstract The combined XAD-8 and XAD-4 resin procedure for the isolation of dissolved organic solutes from water was found to isolate 85% or more of the organic solutes from Lake Skjervatjern in Norway. Approximately 65% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was first removed on XAD-8 resin, and then an additional 20% of the DOC was removed on XAD-4 resin. Approximately 15% of the DOC solutes (primarily hydrophilic neutrals) were not sorbed or concentrated by the procedure. Of the 65% of the solutes removed on XAD-8 resin, 40% were fulvic acids, 16% were humic acids, and 9% were hydrophobic neutrals. Approximately 20% of the hydrophilic solutes that pass through the XAD-8 resin were sorbed solutes on the second resin, XAD-4 (i.e., they were hydrophobic relative to the XAD-4 resin). The fraction sorbed on XAD-4 resin was called XAD-4 acids because it represented approximately 85–90% of the hydrophilic XAD-8 acid fraction according to the original XAD-8 fractionation procedure. The recovery of hydrophobic acids (fulvic acids and humic acids) and the hydrophobic neutral fraction from XAD-8 resin was essentially quantitative at 96%, 98%, and 86%, respectively. The recovery of XAD-4 acids from the XAD-4 resin was only about 50%. The exact reason for this moderately low recovery is unknown, but could result from π-π bonding between these organic solutes and the aromatic matrix of XAD-4. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic solute separation on XAD-8 resin for water from background Side A and Side B of the lake was almost identical at 65 and 67%, respectively. This result suggested that both sides of the lake are similar in organic chemical composition even though the DOC variation from side to side is 20%.
MOF phosphorylation by ATM regulates 53BP1-mediated double-strand break repair pathway choice

Cell-cycle phase is a critical determinant of the choice between DNA damage repair by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Here, we report that double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce ATM-dependent MOF (a histone H4 acetyl-transferase) phosphorylation (p-T392-MOF) and that phosphorylated MOF colocalizes with γ-H2AX, ATM, and 53BP1 foci. Mutation of the phosphorylation site (MOF-T392A) impedes DNA repair in S and G2 phase but not G1 phase cells. Expression of MOF-T392A also blocks the reduction in DSB-associated 53BP1 seen in wild-type S/G2 phase cells, resulting in enhanced 53BP1 and reduced BRCA1 association. Decreased BRCA1 levels at DSB sites correlates with defective repairosome formation, reduced HR repair, and decreased cell survival following irradiation. These data support a model whereby ATM-mediated MOF-T392 phosphorylation modulates 53BP1 function to facilitate the subsequent recruitment of HR repair proteins, uncovering a regulatory role for MOF in DSB repair pathway choice during S/G2 phase.
The radiobiology of radiosurgery: Rationale for different treatment regimes for AVMs and malignancies

Abstract Based on basic radiobiological principles, we suggest that the radiosurgery technique of delivering a radiation dose in a single fraction, whilst appropriate for benign brain lesions such as arteriovenous malformations (AVM), is not optimal for treating malignant tumors. Radiosurgery was originally developed to treat benign lesions in the brain, such as AVMs, and has been successfully used for this purpose for over four decades. Recently, the technique has been adopted for treating small primary malignant brain tumors or single metastases. We argue, and derive radiobiological data to support the view that, treating malignant tumors with a single fraction will result in a suboptimal therapeutic ratio between tumor control and late effects, even for small tumors; and that improved therapeutic ratios would be expected if the treatment were fractionated into a small number of fractions. On the other hand, no therapeutic gain is to be expected from fractionating treatment of AVMs. A new generation of noninvasive relocatable stereotactic head frames makes feasible the use of fractionated stereotactic external-beam radiotherapy, and may allow significant benefits over single, radiosurgical, treatments for malignant brain tumors. As stereotactic fractionation/protraction regimes become more widespread, a uniform approach for determining equivalent fractionation schemes becomes important for intercomparing clinical results, and such calculations can be reliably carried out using the linear-quadratic formalism.
Affective Style, Humor Styles and Happiness

The present study examined the relationships between dispositional approach and avoidance motives, humor styles, and happiness. In keeping with previous research, approach motives and the two positive humor styles (self-enhancing and affiliative) positively correlated with happiness, whereas avoidance motives and the two negative humor styles (self-defeating and aggressive) negatively correlated with happiness. Also, we found support for three new hypotheses. First, approach motives correlated positively with self-enhancing and affiliative humor styles. Second, avoidance motives correlated positively with self-defeating humor style, and third, the positive relationship between approach motives and happiness was mediated by self-enhancing humor style.
The crystallographic structure of brome mosaic virus.

The structure of brome mosaic virus (BMV), the type member of the bromoviridae family, has been determined from a single rhombohedral crystal by X-ray diffraction, and refined to an R value of 0.237 for data in the range 3.4-40.0 A. The structure, which represents the native, compact form at pH 5.2 in the presence of 0.1 M Mg(2+), was solved by molecular replacement using the model of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), which BMV closely resembles. The BMV model contains amino acid residues 41-189 for the pentameric capsid A subunits, and residues 25-189 and 1-189 for the B and C subunits, respectively, which compose the hexameric capsomeres. In the model there are two Mg ions and one molecule of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The first 25 amino acid residues of the C subunit are modeled as polyalanine. The coat protein has the canonical "jellyroll" beta-barrel topology with extended amino-terminal polypeptides as seen in other icosahedral plant viruses. Mass spectrometry shows that in native BMV virions, a significant fraction of the amino-terminal peptides are apparently cleaved. No recognizable nucleic acid residue is visible in the electron density maps except at low resolution where it appears to exhibit a layered arrangement in the virion interior. It is juxtaposed closely with the interior surface of the capsid but does not interpenetrate. The protein subunits forming hexameric capsomeres, and particularly dimers, appear to interact extensively, but the subunits otherwise contact one another sparsely about the 5-fold and quasi 3-fold axes. Thus, the virion appears to be an assembly of loosely associated hexameric capsomeres, which may be the basis for the swelling and dissociation that occurs at neutral pH and elevated salt concentration. A Mg ion is observed to lie exactly on the quasi-3-fold axis and is closely coordinated by side-chains of three quasi-symmetry-related residues glutamates 84, with possible participation of side-chains from threonines 145, and asparagines 148. A presumptive Mg(2+) is also present on the 5-fold axis where there is a concentration of negatively charged side-chains, but the precise coordination is unclear. In both cases these cations appear to be essential for maintenance of virion stability. Density that is contiguous with the viral interior is present on the 3-fold axis at the center of the hexameric capsomere, where there is a pore of about 6 A diameter. The density cannot be attributed to cations and it was modeled as a PEG molecule.
Microsatellite-based cancer detection using capillary array electrophoresis and energy-transfer fluorescent primers

The development of sensitive, rapid, and accurate methods and apparatus for high-throughput short tandem repeat (STR) analysis will be critical for the use of microsatellite alteration in cancer screening. Here we show that STR-based bladder cancer diagnosis can be performed using capillary array electrophoresis and two-color labeling with energy-transfer (ET) fluorescent primers. Rapid (< or = 35 min) separations are achieved on capillary arrays using replaceable separation matrices and the allelic ratios are quantitatively determined with a precision of +/- 10%. With this precision, a variation of 20% was considered diagnostically significant. These methods provide a significant improvement in the speed, ease, and precision of STR analyses compared to slab gel electrophoresis.
An Overview of Muscle Regeneration Following Acute Injury

The focus of this research was to investigate the efects of acute blunt trauma, on the ultrastructural and protein content of skeletal muscles. A simple device for producing a humane and reproducible experimental model of blunt trauma to rat muscle was used. Ultrastructural events in the traumatized muscle were observed over 14 days. From 0 to 2 days after trauma there was a marked loss of muscle protein content, associated with an acute inflammatory response. From day 3 to 14 days, the muscle underwent regeneration with a rapid proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei, activation of satellite cells, and the restoration of sarcomeres. By three days post trauma, muscle protein content decreased (35-47%) compared to muscle of control rats (p>0.05).
Essential role for focal adhesion kinase in regulating stress hematopoiesis.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that has been extensively studied in fibroblasts; however its function in hematopoiesis remains an enigma. FAK is thought to be expressed in myeloid and erythroid progenitors, and its expression is enhanced in response to cytokines such as granu-locyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, bone marrow cells cultured in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor show active migration and chemoattractant-induced polarization, which correlates with FAK induction. While loss of FAK in mice results in embryonic lethality, we have deleted FAK in the adult bone marrow. We show an essential role for FAK in regulating hemolytic, myelotoxic, as well as acute inflammatory stress responses in vivo. In vitro, loss of FAK in erythroid and myeloid progenitor's results in impaired cytokine induced growth and survival, as well as defects in the activation and expression of antiapoptotic proteins caspase 3 and Bcl-xL. Additionally, reduced migration and adhesion of myeloid cells on extracellular matrix proteins, as well as impaired activation of Rac GTPase is also observed in the absence of FAK. Our studies reveal an essential role for FAK in integrating growth/survival and adhesion based functions in myeloid and erythroid cells predominantly under conditions of stress.
Straight-line programs and torsion points on elliptic curves

In this paper, we show several connections between the L-conjecture, proposed by Burgisser, and the boundedness theorem for the torsion points on elliptic curves. Assuming the WL-conjecture, which is a much weaker version of the L-conjecture, a sharper bound is obtained for the number of torsion points over extensions of k on an elliptic curve over a number field k, which improves Masser's result. It is also shown that the Torsion Theorem for elliptic curves follows directly from the WL-conjecture. Since the current proof of the Torsion Theorem for elliptic curves uses considerable machinery from arithmetic geometry, and the WL-conjecture differs from the trivial lower bound only at a constant factor, these results provide an interesting example where increasing the constant factor in a trivial lower bound of straight-line complexity is very difficult. Our results suggest that the Torsion Theorem may be viewed as a lower bound result in algebraic complexity, and a lot can be learned from the proof of the Uniform Boundedness Theorem to construct the proofs of the WL-conjecture or even the L-conjecture.
Mechanical and tribological behavior of polyester reinforced with short glass fibers

Abstract The effect of the reinforcement of thermosetting polyester with short glass fibers has been investigated in terms of the resulting mechanical properties and tribological behavior. The optimum catalyst proportion for maximum strengthening was determined and the effect of coupling agent on both the mechanical and the tribological properties was investigated. The proportion by weight of fiber-glass used for the reinforcement of the polymer was varied from 0 to 50%. The friction and wear behavior was studied as a function of sliding speed and fiber-glass proportion. The possibility of oxidation of the unsaturated cross-linked polyester during sliding was examined by infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the wear surfaces. The variation in wear rate was finally examined in terms of observations related to the variation in coefficient of friction, temperature rise, wear particle size and electron microscopy studies.
Articulating Practices: Methods and Experiences: Resonances from within the Practice: Social Poetics in a Mentorship Program

In this article we describe an experimental mentoring program conducted in a major medical school in the Northeast of the United States. In it, primary care physicians mentored medical students in the course of conducting their daily practices. All involved were trained in a special reflecting practice that led them to focus on, and to discuss, concrete events occurring during the day. We illustrate how, both in pairs and in larger meetings, in discussing events within their practice together that they were 'struck by', student-mentees not only came to a more practical grasp of the medical knowledge of the classroom and textbook, but that all involved in the program came to create between them a resourceful community. At work within this program was a practice that functioned, not only to help the students, but the whole ongoing practice: for within it, besides moments of teaching, where other kinds of shared moments to do with the details of clinical practice, ethical issues, administrative problems, and so on — with all involved helping each other with what we have called the appreciative evaluation and elaboration of their practices.
The Use of Credit Ceilings in the Presence of Indirect Monetary InstrumentsAn Analytical Framework

In this paper, we introduce credit ceilings in the standard model of the money multiplier and analyze their role in central bank`s management of money supply in the presence of indirect monetary instruments. We show that under a regime of total credit ceilings, their optimal value equals the desired growth rate of the adjusted monetary base. Under a regime of partial credit ceilings, their optimal value depends on the desired growth rate of the adjusted monetary base, the degree of substitutability between the regulated and unregulated types of banks' earning assets, and the autonomous growth rate of the latter.
Auditory localization: The importance of eye movements and a textured visual environment

Two experiments were designed to investigate the factors involved in the visual facilitation of auditory localization. In both experiments, adult human Ss pointed to targets in a variety of visual conditions. The results of the first experiment showed that target-directed eye movements were important. In the second experiment, eye localization was assessed, along with pointing localization. Both eye and hand localization of the hidden auditory targets were better when target-directed eye movements were made in a lighted environment than when made in the dark. Data also suggested that Ss have better knowledge of their eye position in the light. Possible mechanisms for the involvement of eye movements were suggested, and the theoretical importance of the results was discussed. Several studies have shown that auditory function in humans is influenced by visual stimulation. For example, Hartmann (1934) and Child and Wendt (1938) demonstrated that pitch and intensity discriminations were better in the light than in the dark. Auditory localization is also affected by visual stimulation. Jackson (1953) showed that localization of an auditory target was biased toward the position of a discrepant and simultaneously presented visual stimulus. Similarly, Pick, Warren, and Hay (1969) found that judgments of the position of an auditory target were biased toward the discrepant apparent visual position of the same target. Another aspect of visual involvement in auditory localization was demonstrated by Warren (1970),
Scalable quality of service across multiple domains

Several state-less scheduling protocols have been proposed in the literature that achieve the same level of quality of service as state-full protocols. Thus, the scheduling accuracy of state-full protocols is combined with the scalability of state-less protocols. However, these new protocols treat each flow as an independent unit. In this paper, we present a state-less scheduling protocol that aggregates flows together in order to increase the number of flows that can be accepted into the network without violating their delay requirements. In addition, we present a state-less signaling protocol that may be used in combination with our state-less scheduling protocol. Contrary to sampling techniques, our signaling protocol is accurate yet requires only a constant amount of state at each node. Finally, our protocols can be used across multiple core networks.
Laminar heat transfer in the oil groove of a wet clutch

Abstract Numerical results for the analysis of heat transfer to laminar flow in radial grooves of wet clutch friction faces are presented. It is shown that a thin oil film intervening between the friction face and the metal separator plate has an important effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient between the metal plate and the oil flowing in the groove. Experiments carried out under continuously slipping conditions on an actual clutch are described and the measured overall heat transfer coefficients are compared to the results of the numerical analysis. The agreement between the numerical and the experimental results is within an r.m.s. deviation of 10.7%. The experimental error is estimated tobe 10.1%. The good agreement allows the use of numerically calculated heat transfer coefficients for a complete thermal analysis of the wet clutch.
First-principles study of site occupancy of dilute 3d, 4d and 5d transition metal solutes in L10 TiAl

Abstract Using a statistical-mechanical Wagner–Schottky model parametrized by first-principles density-functional (DFT-GGA) calculations on 32-atom supercells, we predict the lattice site occupancy of 3d (Ti–Cu), 4d (Zr–Ag) and 5d (Hf–Au) transition-metal elements in L10 TiAl intermetallic compound as a function of both alloy composition and temperature. The effects of local atomic relaxations, anisotropic lattice distortions, as well as magnetism on point defect energetics are fully taken into account. Our calculations show that, at all alloy compositions and temperatures, Zr and Hf consistently show a preference for the Ti sublattice, while Co, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au consistently show a preference for the Al sublattice. In contrast, the site preference of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ta and W strongly depend on both alloy stoichiometry and temperature. Our calculated results compare favorably with the existing theoretical and experimental studies in the literature.
Assessment of parallel acquisition techniques in adrenal magnetic resonance imaging: does increased temporal resolution significantly improve visualization of adrenal lesions?

Abstract Rationale and objectives To compare conventional radiofrequency coil reception techniques with parallel coil array acquisition methods in adrenal tissue visualization and to evaluate the dependence of temporal resolution on image quality in adrenal magnetic resonance magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Material and methods Using a 1.5 T MR imager, conventional and parallel sampled sequences were acquired in 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with adrenal lesions. The imaging protocol consisted of: conventional (TR/TE 4,730/125 ms; FA 150°; NA 1; AT 25 s), and two parallel imaging SMASH techniques (TR/TE 4,090/125 ms; FA 150°; NA 1 resulting in an AT of 12 s, as well as NA 2 resulting in an AT of 24 s) with generalized autocalibration T 2 –weighted turbo spin echo sequences with 5 mm slice thickness, 1.6 mm in-plane resolution, and an acceleration factor 2. Severity of breathing motion and aliasing artifact and overall image quality were rated on five-point scales and evaluated with student’s t test; a differential receiver operating characteristic (DROC) analysis was performed. Results Adrenal gland findings included adenomas, metastases, and hemorrhages. Acceleration of conventional turbo spin echo sequence with one signal average led to an increase in diagnostic power (DROC 0.362) as well as significant improvement in overall image quality ( P Volunteers = .017; P Patients = .042) and reduction of breathing motion artifact in patients ( P Patients = .012) while improving the temporal resolution. Parallel imaging with two signal averages resulted in further improvement of image quality over conventional imaging (DROC 0.303), ( P Volunteers = .045; P Patients = .022), in the same acquisition time as the conventional method. Conclusion Parallel acceleration of sequences used for adrenal tissue visualization leads to a significant increase in diagnostic quality by significantly reducing breathing motion artifacts without sacrificing contrast indispensable for adrenal lesion characterization.
Asymptotically optimal estimation

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of asymptotic methods in the design of optimal state estimators for nonlinear systems and to use these methods to estimate the complexity of such filters. More specifically, we develop expansions for the autocorrelation function of the solution of a stochastic differential equation which is close to linear in a suitable sense. We then construct a realization of the corresponding autocorrelation function using a linear system driven by white noise. Finally, we explore the significance of the structure of this linear filter in the original nonlinear context.
Paediatric sedation techniques

Abstract Large numbers of children require sedation for procedures in hospital. Unlike adult practice, true conscious sedation is generally not a practical proposition for children. It is therefore essential that the same standards of care be applied to paediatric sedation as would be appropriate for paediatric anaesthesia. Patients should be examined in order to assess suitability for sedation and fasted as for general anaesthesia. One person should have sole responsibility for adminstering the sedative drugs, monitoring the child during sedation and keeping a clinical record. Appropriate equipment and adequate recovery facilities must be available. Drugs should be used in a way unlikely to produce inadvertent anaesthesia. When sedation is administered by non-anaesthetists, potent anaesthetic drugs should be avoided. When intravenous sedation is used, drug doses should be titrated to effect. The use of simple local anaesthesia during painful procedures limits the need for very deep sedation. Opioids should be reserved for painful procedures, and great care is required whenever opiates are combined with sedatives. A rational approach to choosing a sedation technique permits safe, effective paediatric sedation.
Educating and interacting with your patients

As the epidemic of diseases related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to grow, . so does the probability that more dentists will be treating infected persons. Because early manifestations of HIV disease are often oral, the dentist may be the first health care provider to identify changes associated with HIV infection. Dentists must be aware of the impact of HIV diagnostic processes and pre­ pare patients through an edu­ cative and emotionally suppor­ tive professional relationship. Dentists must also examine their own attitudes about HIV disease and be prepared to cope with the stressors involved in treatment. This article discusses how to obtain HIV-related informa­ tion, educate patients and den­ tal team, allay fears that patients and team may have, cope with stressors, and prepare to deliver a differential diagnosis. The following suggested prepara­ tory guidelines will support patients and the dental team. Setting the stage
Constraints on formation processes of two coarse‐grained calcium‐ aluminum‐rich inclusions: A study of mantles, islands and cores

— Many coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) contain features that are inconsistent with equilibrium liquid crystallization models of origin. Spinel-free islands (SFIs) in spinel-rich cores of Type B CAIs are examples of such features. One model previously proposed for the origin of Allende 5241, a Type B1 CAI containing SFIs, involves the capture and assimilation of xenoliths by a liquid droplet in the solar nebula (El Goresy et al., 1985; MacPherson et al., 1989). This study reports new textural and chemical zoning data from 5241 and identifies previously unrecognized chemical zoning patterns in the melilite mantle and in a SFI. These zoning patterns are identified by large-scale elemental mapping techniques. The compositional zoning is completely independent of, and cross-cuts individual melilite crystals in the mantle, a relation that suggests the mantle was deposited or accreted onto a preexisting core of the inclusion. Lack of correlation with individual mantle crystals also suggests that the mantle totally recrystallized at subsolidus temperatures. Sodium distribution maps demonstrate that most of the Na in 5241 was introduced during the secondary alteration process. Major- and trace-element data from the SFI boundary in a second type B1 CAI, Allende 3529Z, were obtained. The boundary bisects a large fassaite crystal. If the SFI is a relict xenolith, then chemical differences are likely to be present across the boundary. Electron microprobe analysis of the fassaite crystal reveals concentric zoning of Ti, which is unrelated to the SFI boundary, as well as distinct zones enriched in Al and depleted in Ti+3. Ion microprobe analyses at the SFI boundary show no significant variation in Ba, Sc, V, Cr, Sr, Zr, Nb and REE in fassaite. There is no evidence that requires the capture of a xenolith in 3529Z. Based on chemical zoning and textural arguments, it is suggested that both of these CAIs formed by a process of partial melting of precursors, which contained either vesicles or spinel-free grains. Allende 5241 shows evidence for vapor condensation and accretion and/or introduction of a second liquid to form the melilite mantle. Chemical zoning patterns in the mantles of the inclusions indicate that 3529Z experienced a higher degree of partial melting than 5241, but it was not high enough to melt spinel or completely melt and homogenize relict fassaite components.
Housing in the broader context in the United States

Abstract Housing is central to participation in the economic mainstream, yet housing policy has been fragmented by competing, if not contradictory, goals. This article proposes an expanded policy that incorporates a stronger link between housing and economic inequality. Through examples, it argues that housing policy should be a tool for economic development, strengthening families, and building community. Definitions of adequate housing must go beyond minimum physical standards to include issues that are central to people's ability to become successful members of society; housing can be an economic entity, a consumer item, or a spatial location. Going beyond bricks and mortar—making connections between housing policy and seemingly separate areas—allows policy to be more coherent. The article examines the links between housing and three vital areas: family life, community economic development, and social mobility. This analysis suggests that the most important housing problems are affordability, neighborh...
How We Manage Patients With Major Aorta Pulmonary Collaterals

Patients with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries usually present in one of three ways: either with marked heart failure because of lung overflow, cyanotic because of reduced lung flow, or fairly well balanced with systemic oxygen saturations in the high 70s to low 80s. All patients require a planned cardiologic surgical approach, with careful investigation to delineate the collateral morphology. A carefully coordinated, combined approach between surgery and cardiology intervention is required throughout the treatment of these patients. The majority of these patients now enter a program of reconstruction of the collaterals to a valved right ventricular pulmonary artery conduit with or without ventricular septal defect closure. Further catheter intervention to stretch and enlarge the pulmonary arteries may be necessary, followed by staged ventricular septal defect closure. Other techniques to enlarge central pulmonary arteries or to recruit collaterals can be used. Outcomes over the last 20 years have been satisfactory, with survival of 80% over 10 years, which is a marked improvement on the natural survival in this group of patients.
Ground-Based Sensing of Temperature Profiles from Angular and Multi-Spectral Microwave Emission Measurements

Abstract The use of angular-scan and multi-spectral techniques for Inferring temperature profiles from ground-based radiometric observations of emission by atmospheric oxygen is discussed. A recently developed multi-frequency radiometer used to evaluate, experimentally, the two techniques is described. Temperature profiles inferred from emission measurements are compared to radiosonde profiles recorded simultaneously with the radiometric data. It is concluded that a combination of angular-scan and multi-spectral input data yields a more accurate profile recovery than other sets of input data.
Wet Cocker Spaniel Therapy: An Essay on Technique in Family Therapy

Wet Cocker Spaniel Therapy is a metaphor for the therapist's use of spontaneous techniques arising from the specific therapeutic situation rather than planned techniques from the therapist's training or allegiances. The paper proposes a problem-oriented, rather than technique-oriented, approach to family therapy. Most therapy can be performed in a calm, polite, rational, straightforward manner without any tricks or therapeutic razzle-dazzle. From time to time, the therapist may have to startle or jerk the family past a snag point and into change. Ideally, the therapist's techniques should arise from the content of the hour and the symbolism of the family and should be applied sparingly. I hope this paper will make therapists feel more comfortable being sane, polite, and practical, and unashamed when not being brilliant.
An experimental study on the thermal decomposition of catechol

In order to better elucidate the role of thermal decomposition products in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from complex fuels, we have performed pyrolysis experiments in a tubularflow reactor, using the model fuel catechol (ortho-dihydroxybenzene), a phenol-type compound representative of structural entities in biomass, coal, and wood. Catechol pyrolysis at temperatures of 700–1000 C and a residence time of 0.4 s produces a range of C1–C6 products, which have been analysed by nondispersive infrared analysis and by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. Quantification of product yields versus temperature reveals that the major products are CO, acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, phenol, cyclopentadiene, benzene, and ethylene; minor products are methane, ethane, propyne, propadiene, and propylene. CO is the highest yield catechol pyrolysis product at all temperatures. Among the hydrocarbons, 1,3-butadiene is the highest yield product at temperatures up to 800 C; above 800 C, acetylene is. The structural features of catechol and the experimental product yield data—considered with the established reactions for phenol decomposition—suggest that the major products of catechol decomposition come from the following routes: (1) phenol and benzene from H displacement of OH on catechol and phenol, respectively, (2) cyclopentadiene from unimolecular decomposition of the phenoxy radical, and (3) 1,3-butadiene, acetylene, and CO from decomposition of the hydroxy-substituted phenoxy radical (but with different oxygenated C5 intermediates). The remaining C1–C3 products appear to arise chiefly from the decomposition of key radicals such as cyclopentadienyl, propargyl, and 1,3-butadienyl. The results presented in this work, in concert with those from a complementary study of the C7–C28 catechol products, provide the basis for the development of a detailed kinetic model for both pyrolytic catechol decomposition and PAH formation and growth.
Critical point detection in fluid flow images using dynamical system properties

This paper introduces an algorithm for critical point detection in textured fluid flow images. A new measure is defined, based on dynamical system properties, that identifies candidate critical points in an orientation field. The candidates are verified or rejected based on estimates of the local flow field properties. The algorithm can locate partially occluded and degraded flow structures, and applications of this algorithm to experimental flow imagery are included. The algorithm performance is quantified, and it is compared to other detectors.
A modeling study of anaerobic biofilm systems: I. Detailed biofilm modeling

A detailed model acetate-utilizing methanogenic biofilms accounting for the diffusion of neutral and ionic species, chemical equilibrium, electroneutrality, gas production within the biofilm, pH-dependent Monod kinetics, and the presence of a concentration boundary layer is presented. The model qualitatively fits the pH profiles that are reported for acetate-utilizing methanogenic aggregates. A sensitivity analysis on the biological parameters showed that the flux of acetate is sensitive to the maximum utilization rate, half-saturation constant, and biofilm density for the bulk conditions investigated. Criteria when traditional biofilm models can be used to predict the flux of acetate into the biofilm are established. If the maximum pH change predicted using a hypothetical system is within +/-0.05, the traditional model predicts the flux to within +/-5% of the value calculated with the model developed in this study. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Teaching sociology within the speech and language therapy curriculum.

In the United Kingdom, the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists suggests that sociology should be included within the speech and language therapy curriculum. However, in spite of this, sociology is seldom given priority. Although the role of sociology with the curricula of other professions has been discussed, the role of sociology within speech and language therapy has not. Given the contemporary climate of competence-based training, the position of subjects such as sociology is being compromised. This paper sets out three reasons in support of including sociology within speech and language therapy by drawing on the distinction between a ""personal education"" and a ""semantic conjunction"" model of the relationship between theory and professional practice. First, it is argued that sociology makes a valid contribution to an holistic approach to care–which is rapidly becoming the cornerstone of speech and language therapy practice. Second, this paper suggests that the inherent reflexivity within the discipline provides health professionals with an invaluable tool with which to engage in reflexive practice. Finally, it is argued that given the global emphasis on evidence-based practice, the study of sociology and sociological research methods equips therapists to interpret and conduct empirical research. This paper concludes by arguing that sociology should be viewed as an essential component of the speech and language therapy curriculum.
Redesigning the Auxiliary Power Unit Bleed Air Venturi

This paper examines the analysis of re-designing the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) bleed air spool piece used on the Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC). The APU supplies bleed air for main engine (ME) starting, anti-icing of the propeller shrouds during cold weather conditions and anti-icing of the filtration system that supplies both ME compartment cooling air and the APU gas turbine combustion air. An air-blast cockpit windshield cleaning system is also powered by APU bleed air. A spool piece is a venturi whose function is to limit a specific amount of airflow as it passes through a system. The current spool piece venturi dimensions allow an excess in APU bleed air to on-craft components, resulting in an exhaust gas temperature (EGT) over-temp in the gas turbine power producer. Such operating conditions occur during cold weather testing, when port and starboard propeller shroud anti-ice systems and APU combustion air/main engine compartment cooling air anti-ice systems are operating. In order to rectify this issue, a model analysis was created, determining the proper dimension of the spool piece venturi. Because spool piece venturies have been implemented fleet wide, it was a priority to reduce fabrication expenses of new materials. To best achieve this, the analysis will determine the size of a plain venturi that can be installed within the existing spool pieces. Referring to engine specifications, APU bleed air was limited to a certain flow rate. However, anti-ice components also required a specific mass flow rate in order to operate properly. It is within these boundaries that the proper diameter of the venturi was determined. This issue further expands upon the analysis of thermal testing, inlet and outlet pressures and the mass flow rate of the new venturi dimension.
Party organizational strength and party unity in post-communist Europe

The existing comparative literature focuses on political institutions to explain party unity in parliament, and largely ignores the role of party characteristics in this process. This study argues that the strength of political party organization directly and independently influences the level of party unity. Organizational strength makes the party a valuable asset to individual legislators, thus increasing their willingness to be disciplined. Therefore, parties with strong organizations are likely to be more unified in parliament than those with weak organizations. I find support for this argument with data from four post-communist democracies: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland. Narratives suggest that the proposed causal mechanism is plausible.
Calcium paradox of aldosteronism and the role of the parathyroid glands.

The hypercalciuria and hypermagnesuria that accompany aldosteronism contribute to a fall in plasma ionized extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]o and [Mg2+]o). Despite these losses and...
Lung lining fluid modification of asbestos bioactivity for the alveolar macrophage.

Abstract It is likely that chrysotile fibers deposited in the lower respiratory tract become rapidly coated by components of lung lining fluid. Therefore, we have used lung lining fluid and its components as part of an in vitro model to study chrysotile stimulation of superoxide anion production by the alveolar macrophage. In terms of superoxide anion production, lung lining fluid-treated chrysotile was 50% as effective as the untreated fibers. Fractionated lung lining fluid components and pure phospholipids were tested individually for their effects on chrysotile bioactivity. Pretreatment of chrysotile with lung surfactant isolated from a 30,000g pellet of lung lining fluid decreased chrysotile-stimulated superoxide anion production by 90%. The inhibitory activity of lung surfactant was found to reside in a chloroform extract containing hydrophobic proteins and lipids. Total proteolysis of the proteins did not affect the inhibitory activity of the chloroform extract, but treatment with phospholipase C significantly decreased its inhibitory activity. The inhibitory effects of lung surfactant could be simulated with phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol at concentrations equivalent to those found in lung lining fluid. These results strongly suggest that phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatdlyglycerol in lung lining fluid can modify chrysotile bioactivity for the alveolar macrophage. Together with previous results indicating that IgG enhances asbestos bioactivity, it would appear that lung lining fluid contains components that can either inhibit or enhance the bioactivity of asbestos and that it is the relative amounts of these components that determines the overall bioactivity of the fiber.
A theoretically-based normalization of environmental effects on foliage temperature

Abstract Recent studies have normalized foliage minus air temperature ( T f − T a ) values by the saturation deficit, in an attempt to account for environmental influences on T f − T a . For a well-watered crop, a linear relationship between these two variables has been proposed. However, T f − T a values are also influenced by net radiation and wind. It is demonstrated theoretically that a linear relationship between T f − T a and saturation deficit can only exist if net radiation and turbulent transport characteristics are invariant. Using a data set for well-watered alfalfa, T f − T a vs. saturation deficit was plotted for a region of significant environmental variability. As predicted, the scatter was quite large. This approach seems of limited use in such environments. A theoretically-based methodology is proposed for properly normalizing T f − T a values for all important environmental variables. Using similarity theory it is possible to nondimensionalize T f − T a and saturation deficit by T∗ and E∗ , respectively. These two non-dimensional forms were plotted against each other using the identical data set used in the previous analysis. A well-defined relationship resulted, with a large reduction in scatter. The shape of this relationship was shown to be the result of atmospheric stability effects, as embodied by the formulations for the similarity parameters used. It is suggested that a unique relationship should exist for a given foliage resistance value. These results suggest that this approach properly accounts for all atmospheric influences on T f − T a . This should allow a proper separation of atmospheric and physiological effects on foliage temperatures.
Construct Validity of the OASIS Interest Schedule

This study compared the Occupational Aptitude Survey and Interest Schedule (OASIS) scores of 135 community college students with different academic majors. Eighteen one-way ANOVAs were run with the OASIS subtests as the dependent variables and academic major as the independent variable. Students with mechanical-related majors scored higher on the Mechanical interest scale, students with business-related majors scored higher on the Business-Detail interest scale, and students with humanitarian-related majors scored higher on the Humanitarian interest scale than did other groups, providing evidence for the construct validity of the OASIS Interest Schedule.
Negotiating Being as Visible as Goliath, Yet as Smart as David: Democratic Constraints and the Fight Against Terrorism

Democracies at War Against Terrorism: A Comparative Perspective. Edited by Cohen Samy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 280 pp., $84.95 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-230-60456-8). The Trouble With Terror: Liberty, Security, and the Response to Terrorism. By Meisels Tamar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 250 pp., $80.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-89948-2); $25.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-72832-4). War, Torture and Terrorism: Rethinking the Rules of International Security. Edited by Amanda Russell Lang Jr., Anthony F. Beattie. Routledge, 2009. 232 pp., $160 hardcover (ISBN: 978-0-415-46521-2); $42.95 paperback (ISBN: 978-0-415-46522-9). In the world of asymmetric threats in which visible, recognized, and often democratic social organizations known as states clash with often amorphous, difficult to define nonstate terrorist actors—actors that fall outside of the limits of international law—policy, legal, and ethical questions of critical importance arise. How does one fight an enemy that seems to follow no recognized international rules? What methods should be applied in that combat? How does one weigh the human rights of a confirmed terrorist withholding information that may save hundreds or thousands of lives against the human rights of the intended innocent victims? How should one fight terrorists without succumbing to the zero-sum, nondiscretionary line of conduct that terrorists are seemingly employing and, arguably, want to drag democracies into? And finally, to what extent is terrorism a matter of law enforcement and to what extent should it be dealt with by military means? The three books reviewed here take on the formidable challenge of discussing these and more questions related to terrorism and democracies fighting it, joining the body of literature on this difficult subject (cf. Boulden and Weiss 2004; Elshtain 2004; Heymann 2004; Franke 2005; Frey 2005; Bunker 2006; Kenney 2008; Kilcullen 2009). Democracies at War Against Terrorism , edited by Sammy Cohen, focuses on the challenges democracies face when fighting irregular, nonstate actors. Combat against such threats often pushes democratic states into the realm of operations violating international law or human rights. Can democracies effectively fight terrorist organizations without resorting to extrajudicial methods and tactics? Are norms of war still in effect, and should they be when fighting an enemy that does not recognize the laws of war? The book is dived into three parts. The first one focuses on historical and legal perspectives of fighting …
Superfluid Helium Orbital Resupply: The Status Of The SHOOT Flight Experiment And Preliminary User Requirements

The Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) flight experiment is designed to demonstrate the components and techniques necessary to resupply superfluid helium to satellites or Space Station based facilities. A top level description as well as the development status of the critical components to be used in SHOOT are discussed. Some of these components include the thermomechanical pump, the fluid acquisition system, the normal helium and superfluid helium phase separators, Venturi flow meter, cryogenic valves, burst disks, and astronaut-compatible EVA coupler and transfer line. The requirements for the control electronics and software are given. A preliminary description of the requirements that must be met by a satellite requiring superfluid helium servicing is given. In particular, minimum and optimum plumbing arrangements are shown, transfer line flow impedance and heat input impacts are assessed, instrumentation is described, and performance parameters are considered.
Readability Techniques for Authors and Editors

Described are techniques which relate to the impact of communications on the reader. An awareness by authors and editors of the techniques available through readability research studies leads to significant savings in time and effort, as well as increased benefits in comprehension and learning of the reader. Examples of use in technical publications show how exchanges between author and reader can be more effective and productive. The techniques have wide application also to publications of all kinds, and provide a valuable resource to achieve optimum results in communication or information products. The discussion is based on the knowledge and experience gained by the writer through academic and practical applications in editing and preparing a wide variety of general and technical communications.