cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and evaluation of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline antifolates with activity against methotrexate-resistant human tumor cells

Abstract In an attempt to find potent antifolates with selectivity against tumor cells with intrinsic or acquired resistance to methotrexate, eleven nonclassical 2,4-diaminoquinazoline antifolates were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from L5178Y cells. Several compounds appeared to be good enzyme inhibitors, with I 50 values around 1 nM. Two of the compounds were also good inhibitors of cell growth in vitro . One of these (PKC-32, 9-(2,4-diamino-5-methylquinazoline-6-methylene)aminophenanthrene) appeared to be 100-fold more potent than methotrexate as an inhibitor of growth of a methotrexate-resistant cell line with impaired transport for methotrexate. PKC-32 and PKC-155 were also tested against mouse tumors in vivo . PKC-32 was modestly active in vivo as compared with methotrexate. This drug may be a useful agent in the treatment of methotrexate-resistant tumors.
Toxicity of oleic acid anilide in rats.

In the present investigation, we have studied the toxic potential of oleic acid anilide (OAA) and heated oleic acid anilide (HOAA) in relation to the toxic oil syndrome (TOS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 250 mg/kg of OAA or HOAA in mineral oil by gavage, on alternate days for 2 weeks (total 7 doses). The control rats received an equal volume of mineral oil only. The animals were sacrificed at days 1, 7, and 28 following the last dose. Ratio of organ-to-body weight showed increases in spleen and kidney of HOAA and OAA treated rats, respectively, at day 1 while this ratio for liver in HOAA treated group showed a decrease at day 1. Among blood parameters, white blood cells increased in HOAA treated group at day 1 and in both OAA and HOAA groups at day 28. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV) also showed increases in the HOAA treated rats at days 7 and 28. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) decreased in both OAA and HOAA treated rats at day 1, while at day 7 the decrease was confined only to the HOAA group. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities also decreased at most of the time points. Liver mitochondrial ATPase activity decreased in the HOAA group at day 7 and in the OAA group at day 28. Among serum immunoglobulins, IgA levels increased throughout the study but the changes were more pronounced in HOAA treated rats. Splenic T-lymphocyte number decreased in the HOAA treated rats at day 1, recovered at day 7, and then showed an increase at day 28. The B-cell population remained steady at all time points. The T-helper and T-suppressor cell numbers in both OAA and HOAA groups decreased at day 1. However, at days 7 and 28, T-helper cell numbers increased in HOAA group, whereas T-suppressor cells showed an increase in both OAA and HOAA treated rats at day 28. The changes observed as a result of exposure to OAA and HOAA and more so by HOAA, further support that fatty acid anilides may play a role in the pathogenesis of TOS.
A simplified approach to stem cell mobilization in multiple myeloma patients not previously treated with alkylating agents

High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue is considered a standard part of initial therapy for patients with multiple myeloma. Therefore, potential transplant candidates are generally treated with dexamethasone-based programs rather than alkylating agents to avoid stem cell toxicity. The optimal mobilizing regimen for patients with multiple myeloma has not been defined. However, aggressive chemotherapy may result in excessive morbidity and cost in this older, immunocompromised population. We retrospectively examined our experience with a well-tolerated regimen of 1.5 g/m(2) cyclophosphamide on day -10 followed by 10 microg/kg G-CSF beginning on day -7 in 50 consecutive patients with multiple myeloma and no prior alkylating agent therapy. Median stem cell collection was 4.88 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg per apheresis and 44 patients collected >5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg within 2 days. In 36 patients, more than 10 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg were collected including 33 patients who required 1-2 days of collection. One patient required hospitalization for fever/neutropenia and two required weekend apheresis. We conclude that 1.5 g/m(2) cyclophosphamide plus 10 microg/kg G-CSF is a safe, effective, highly predictable mobilizing program that uniformly provided enough stem cells for one transplant and enough stem cells for two transplants.
A generalized fault simulator for combinational logic circuits

Abstract A generalized approach to the design of fault simulator using a library of simulation primitives is presented in this paper. A comprehensive set of simulation primitives has been developed using C programming language on the IBM PC. This library of simulation primitives has been used in realizing a fault simulator for automatic test pattern generation in combinational logic circuits. The fault simulator employs a combination of random pattern generation, concurrent fault simulation and the FAN algorithm for generating the complete set of test vectors to cover all the faults in the fault dictionary of the circuit under test. The library of simulation primitives is general enough to facilitate the development of fault simulators using any other test algorithms such as DALG or PODEM.
Observations on a heifer with cutaneous lymphosarcoma

Cutaneous lesions are exceedingly rare in cattle with lymphosarcoma in the United States. Such cases are of particular interest because of a widely held belief, on epidemiologic grounds, that the etiology and pathogenesis of “skin leucosis” differs from the more typical adult form of the disease. Except for cutaneous lesions, a 20-month-old grade Holstein heifer originating on a Pennsylvania farm showed the clinical configuration, pathological alterations and laboratory findings commonly observed in cattle with generalized lymphosarcoma. It is, therefore, difficult to accept the view that the etiology and pathogenesis of lymphosarcoma in this animal with skin manifestations (one of many possible expressions of the disease) was fundamentally different from other forms of lymphosarcoma.
On the interaction of a finite amplitude pressure pulse with a combustion region

The present work is concerned with the study of the interaction of a finite amplitude pressure pulse with the combustion region at the surface of a burning solid propellant. The problem is assumed to be one dimensional with the propagation of the pulse taking place normal to the plane of the surface of the propellant. The combustion region is divided into three zones: a decomposition zone, an induction zone, and a flame zone. Large amounts of heat are assumed to be released in the decomposition and flame zones with the heat-release rates governed by Arrhenius-type functions. The induction zone is assumed to be a preparation zone where heating of the gases takes place. The propellant, which is assumed to decompose directly from a solid to a gas at its surface, is treated as an elastic solid of semi-infinite extent. The only transport process included in the analysis is heat transfer, since preliminary calculations indicated that the effects of molecular diffusion and bulk viscosity upon the amplification of the pulse were of higher order. The unsteady conservation equations applicable to the solution of the problem and the transformed conservation equations employed in making the numerical integration are given. The properties and physical characteristics for the combustion region were assigned based upon the assumption that the propellant being burned was composed of 80 per cent ammonium perchlorate and 20 per cent polybutadiene-acrylic acid by weight. Numerical results were obtained for initial pulse amplitudes ranging from 2.5 to 50 psi and for combustion pressures of 250, 500, and 1000 psia. Results of the analysis indicate that for a given initial pulse amplitude the amplification of the pulse decreases with increasing combustion pressure, and that for a given combustion pressure the amplification of the pulse decreases with increasing initial pulse amplitude. An investigation of the mechanism which produces amplification of the pulse by the combustion region revealed that the main effect amplifying the pulse is the heat addition in the combustion region. The main attenuating effects are the absorption of heat by the propellant and the attenuation of the pulse upon reflection from the propellant surface. It was also noted that the amplifying effect of the heat addition was multiplied by the expression γ-1, which indicates that if the gas mixture in the combustion region has a specific heat ratio near unity, the pulse should experience little amplification upon interaction with that combustion region. The over-all results of the analysis are in qualitative agreement with available experimental data.
Approximating k-cuts via network strength

Let G = (V, E) be an undirected connected graph with edge weights s: E → IR+. An edge set A ⊆ E is called a k-cut if G′ = (V,E\A) has k connected components. The k-cut problem is to compute a minimum weight k-cut in G.The k-cut problem is known to be NP-hard. Saran and Vazirani [3] gave a combinatorial (2-2/k)-approximation which successively finds minimum cuts until the graph is partitioned into k components. Recently, Naor and Rabani [2] gave an integer program formulation of the problem, and showed that its integrality gap is 2.1.1 Our Contributions. We provide a new combinatorial polynomial-time approximation algorithm to the k-cut problem, with worst-case performance ratio 2. We also provide a new combinatorial lower bound, which is provably at least as good as the Naor-Rabani LP lower bound.1.2 Network Strength and Attack. For an edge set A, let k (A) denote the number of connected components in G′ = (V,E\A). Define s(A) = ∑eeAs (e). The strength of the edge set A is defined to be σ(A) := s(A)/(k(A) - 1), and the strength of the graph G is σ(G) :=minA⊆Eσ(A). The strength of a singleton node is defined to be infinity.For an edge set A and a real number b > 0, define gA(b) := s(A) - b(k(A) - 1). Let g(b) := minA⊆EgA(b) be the attack value of the network. We use e(b) to denote the edge set which achieves this minimum. Define k(b) := k(e(b)). Note that g(b) is always non-positive, since letting A = O achieves g(b) = O.Cunningham [1] provided polynomial-time algorithms to compute both the strength and the attack value of a network. We use Cunningham's algorithms as a subroutine in our algorithm.
The Branding of Candidates and Parties: The U.S. News Media and the Legitimization of a New Political Term

Political marketing research indicates that brands and branding are a robust aspect of politics. However, little is known of the broader cultural appreciation of political branding. Through a content analysis of major U.S. newspapers over a 40-year period, we provide evidence that the U.S. news media is increasingly aware of political branding. Moreover, we present a typology of media treatment that indicates that the national media in the U.S. increasingly perceive brands and branding in the public sphere as an innate, multifaceted, and effective part of modern politics.
Differential effects of butylated hydroxytoluene analogs on bull sperm subjected to cold-induced membrane stress.

Previous reports established that butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) minimized cold-induced membrane rupture in sperm from several species. No data regarding the specificity of its effect is available. In this study 25 BHT analogs were tested for their effect on bovine sperm membrane stability. Fourteen were membrane lytic at 25 °C and 6 were neither membrane lytic nor membrane stabilizing. The remaining 5 compounds, a family of 2,6-tert-butyl phenols with substitutions at position 4 of hydrogen, methyl (BHT), ethyl, butyl, hexyl, or octyl, afforded effective membrane protection to cold shock. Since membrane protection is a function of both the ability of a compound to partition into the membrane and a molecule's effectiveness once there, an analysis of each analog's membrane partitioning, assessed by measuring the cellular analog/cholesterol ratio, showed the following extents of transfer for the analogs: ethyl = butyl > methyl = hydrogen > hexyl > octyl. Thus, an optimum chain length exists for partitioning from micellar donors into cells. A separate experiment established that all analogs, when incorporated in equivalent amounts, protect equally plasma and mitochondrial membranes from cold shock. No effect on acrosomal membrane stability was noted. BHT, but not the other analogs, reduced sperm motility. Addition of egg yolk to extender containing BHT analog protected sperm motility from cold shock but had little effect on membrane stabilization. Analysis of sperm membrane compartments revealed that little to no analog was partitioned into the outer acrosomal membrane or the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome, but rather was localized in other portions of the sperm. We conclude that (a) the effective BHT analogs, if partitioned into the membrane, are indistinguishable with regard to their capacity to eliminate cold-induced membrane lysis; (b) membrane-linked events (e.g., motility) are uniquely disrupted by a subset of this analog family; and (c) when concentrations of egg yolk and BHT analogs are carefully controlled, unique synergistic effects are noted.
Variational Quantum Monte Carlo Nonlocal Pseudopotential Approach to Solids: Cohesive and Structural Properties of Diamond

A new method of calculating total energies of solids using nonlocal pseudopotentials in conjunction with the variational quantum Monte Carlo approach is presented. By use of pseudopotentials, the large fluctuations of the energies in the core region of the atoms which occur in quantum Monte Carlo all-electron calculations are avoided. The method is applied to calculate the binding energy and structural properties of diamond. The results are in excellent agreement with experiment.
Urticaria after administration of warfarin sodium.

W ARFARIN SODIUM,~ which is 3-(cr-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin sodium, is a synthetic anticoagulant that was isolated in the laboratories of Dr. Karl P. Link.’ It has become widely used recently because of its rapid onset of action and relatively stable maintenance dose.2-5 Further, its solubility permits parenteral administration.4-6 Toxic manifestations other than those due to its anticoagulant properties have not been described in its administration to nearly 800 patients.2-js7-16 In addition, approx:mately 200 patients have received warfarin at the Mayo Clinic since the report of Wolff and associates.16 This is the first report of an urticarial reaction to develop after administration of this agent.
Lichen planus in children: review of 26 cases

Lichen Planus (LP) is a common, very itchy papulosquamous disorder. Most reports of LP in children have come from the Indian subcontinent, suggesting that children of South Asian origin are more susceptible to developing LP. We conducted a retrospective, open, observational study of children with LP over a 10-year period, comparing the proportion of ethnicity in this group with the background ethnicity using UK census data from 2001. Of 26 children included in the study, 21 (80.8%) were from the Indian subcontinent, whereas the majority of the child population of Birmingham (0-17 years) was white (58%), with only 28% of the population being South Asian. Statistical analysis showed that the over-representation of South Asians in our series is significant (P < 0.001, 95% CI 56-91%). To our knowledge, this is the largest study on LP in children outside the Indian subcontinent.
Report of a 45, X male with monoorchism and distal hypospadias.

We present the rare case of a 5-year-old boy with a 45, X karyotype. The boy's family pedigree analysis was unremarkable. On admission, he was 97.4 cm tall (2.0 SD below normal references) and weighed 13.9 kg (1.0 SD below normal references). Mild mental retardation was suspected on the PPVT scale. Physical examination revealed a well-developed penis with subglanular hypospadias. His left testis was located well down at the bottom of the scrotum and the right testis was impalpable. Unilateral testicular agenesis and persistence of mullerian remnants within the hernia sac were noted on the previous records of inguinal exploration on the right side. The left testis was biopsied through a scrotal incision and prepubertal testicular tissue was confirmed. No ovary was found on laparotomy exploration. Hypospadias was repaired with meatal advancement and glanuloplasty (MAGPI) urethroplasty. His postoperative course was uneventful. Our report represents a rare case of a boy with a 45, X karyotype. Current theories for testicular development were reviewed.
Hydrogen Solubility in Pd/V 2 O 5 Composites Formed by Internal Oxidization and Hydrogen Isotherms in Un-oxidized Pd-V Alloys

Pd-V alloys were internally oxidized (IOed) resulting in composites of nano-particle V2O5 precipitates within Pd matrices. These composites were found to interact with H2 to form hydrogen bronzes, HxV2O5, within the Pd matrix where x can vary between 1.65 and 2.20. Relative partial molar enthalpies for H intercalation into the H-bronze within the Pd/V2O5 composite were measured calorimetrically as a function of the H content of the bronze, and these molar enthalpies decrease in magnitude from about −75 to −20 kJ/mol H as the H content increases. H2 isotherms have also been measured in disordered, fcc Pd0.96V0.04, Pd0.945V0.055, and Pd0.93V0.07 alloys from 273 K to 343 K (0 °C to 70 °C). Thermodynamic data have been derived from these isotherms. The relative partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution of H, \(\Updelta H_{\hbox{H}}^\circ,\) increase with atom fraction V, X\(_{\hbox{V}},\) while the corresponding standard partial molar entropies, \(\Updelta \hbox{S}_{\hbox{H}}^\circ,\) decrease with \(\hbox{X}_{\hbox{V}}.\) The first-order term, g1, in a polynomial expansion of the excess or non-ideal chemical potential of H in r = H-to-metal, mol ratio, decreases in magnitude with \(\hbox{X}_{\hbox{V}}\) at a given temperature.
Predictors of poor outcome at hospital discharge following a spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (S-ICH) often leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical scoring systems can predict the mortality and functional outcome after ICH (FUNC score). FOUR score is a recently developed coma scale that incorporates brainstem reflexes. We propose that the combination of FUNC and FOUR scores will be a better prognostic indicator than either FUNC or FOUR score alone for S-ICH patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all S-ICH patients (>18 years of age) from January 2008 to May 2010. ICH volume was calculated using the ABC/2 formula. FUNC (≤5 or >5) and FOUR (≤10 and >10) scores were calculated from admission data. Statistical analyses included chi-square test, positive predictive value, and relative risk assessment. Results: Total number of patients was 92. The mean age of presentation was 64.6 ± 15.6 years (range: 27–95 years). Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Combined FUNC score ≤ 5 and FOUR score ≤ 10 (F2 score; 95%) h...
Crack Face Friction Effects on Mode II Stress Intensities for a Surface-Cracked Coating in Two-Dimensional Rolling Contact

This work focuses on the effects of crack free friction on Mode II stress intensity factors, KII, for a vertical surface crack in a two-dimensional finite element model of TiN/steel subject to rolling line contact. Second-order extrapolation of KI and KII from nodal stresses ahead of the crack tip is found to be a more consistent technique than linear extrapolation. Results indicate that maximum KJJ values, which occur when the load is adjacent to the crack, may be significantly reduced in the presence of crack face friction. The reduction is more significant for thick coatings than for thin. Crack extension and increased layer thickness result in increased KII values. The effect of crack face friction on compressive KI values appears negligible. Comparative results are presented for MoS2/steel and diamond-like carbon/Ti systems. Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio May 19–23, 1996
Bacillus subtilis biofilm induction by plant polysaccharides

Bacillus subtilis is a plant-beneficial Gram-positive bacterium widely used as a biofertilizer. However, relatively little is known regarding the molecular processes underlying this bacterium's ability to colonize roots. In contrast, much is known about how this bacterium forms matrix-enclosed multicellular communities (biofilms) in vitro. Here, we show that, when B. subtilis colonizes Arabidopsis thaliana roots it forms biofilms that depend on the same matrix genes required in vitro. B. subtilis biofilm formation was triggered by certain plant polysaccharides. These polysaccharides served as a signal for biofilm formation transduced via the kinases controlling the phosphorylation state of the master regulator Spo0A. In addition, plant polysaccharides are used as a source of sugars for the synthesis of the matrix exopolysaccharide. The bacterium's response to plant polysaccharides was observed across several different strains of the species, some of which are known to have beneficial effects on plants. These observations provide evidence that biofilm genes are crucial for Arabidopsis root colonization by B. subtilis and provide insights into how matrix synthesis may be triggered by this plant.
Technical Advice: Design of Experiments, Response Surface Methodology, and Sequential Experimentation

Technical advice on design of experiments, response surface methodology, and sequential experimentation.
Towards modelling the effects of national culture on IT implementation and acceptance

Two of the most significant forces shaping organizations are globalization and the continued, rapid and, some would say, radical changes taking place in information technology (IT). To date, the extant literature has centred on the technology acceptance model (TAM) because it is arguably one of the most widely cited and influential models used for explaining the acceptance of IT. However, this literature has remained relatively silent with respect to the role that differences in national culture might play in IT acceptance as globalization continues. In order to begin to address this deficit, this paper offers a series of research propositions that explore the potential impact of differences in national culture on IT implementation and acceptance. Specifically, the paper explores the effects of culturally induced beliefs - including individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, long-/short-term orientation and power distance - on the implementation processes that impact on key variables in the TAM. The paper then discusses the potential importance of the revisions it has made for both researchers interested in employing the model for predicting IT acceptance in cross-cultural contexts and for managers faced with introducing new IT in a global organization.
The delocalization of SF6 in helium clusters

Abstract Variational calculations of the ground state structure and the excitation spectrum of 4He clusters doped with an SF6 molecule show that, for clusters size larger than approximately 100 atoms, a spherically symmetric configuration with the impurity molecule at the center of the cluster is unstable. The instability is indicated by the ‘softening’ of the droplet's collective dipole excitation. This instability strongly suggests that the SF6 molecule is delocalized inside larger helium droplets and may be found near a non-isotropic environment such as the surface.
Responses of maize seedlings to microwave irradiations

Abstract Electromagnetic microwave radiations caused environmental reactions not only in higher animals but also in higher plants. Seedlings of Zea mays L. were the most resistant when irradiated at sunrise and the least at sunset. Burns along the vascular system and damage to the photosynthetic system appeared. The production of carotenes and anthocyanins was significant in plants irradiated at noon.
Simian Varicella Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques Recapitulates Essential Features of Varicella Zoster Virus Infection in Humans

Simian varicella virus (SVV), the etiologic agent of naturally occurring varicella in primates, is genetically and antigenically closely related to human varicella zoster virus (VZV). Early attempts to develop a model of VZV pathogenesis and latency in nonhuman primates (NHP) resulted in persistent infection. More recent models successfully produced latency; however, only a minority of monkeys became viremic and seroconverted. Thus, previous NHP models were not ideally suited to analyze the immune response to SVV during acute infection and the transition to latency. Here, we show for the first time that intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques with SVV closely mimics naturally occurring varicella (chickenpox) in humans. Infected monkeys developed varicella and viremia that resolved 21 days after infection. Months later, viral DNA was detected only in ganglia and not in non-ganglionic tissues. Like VZV latency in human ganglia, transcripts corresponding to SVV ORFs 21, 62, 63 and 66, but not ORF 40, were detected by RT-PCR. In addition, as described for VZV, SVV ORF 63 protein was detected in the cytoplasm of neurons in latently infected monkey ganglia by immunohistochemistry. We also present the first in depth analysis of the immune response to SVV. Infected animals produced a strong humoral and cell-mediated immune response to SVV, as assessed by immunohistology, serology and flow cytometry. Intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques with SVV provides a novel model to analyze viral and immunological mechanisms of VZV latency and reactivation.
Cor Triatriatum Review of the Surgical Aspects with a Follow-up Report on the First Patient Successfully Treated with Surgery

A follow-up report on the first patient with cor triatriatum to undergo successful surgical treatment is presented. A second procedure was necessary 9½ years later because of stenosis of the initial surgically created orifice in the anomalous diaphragm. A review and ananalysis have been made of 17 cases from the literature reporting successful operations for this lesion. Total excision of the accessory septum utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass is presently the appropriate surgical treatment of this entity. Preoperative and postoperative hemodynamic data are discussed. Recognition and correction of this defect are emphasized in order to avoid permanent pulmonary vascular changes attended by a relatively fixed cardiac output.
Chemical Sensors in Oceanography

About 40 years ago, I served as graduate student labor on the International Indian Ocean Expedition, where I carried out what seemed to be vast numbers of routine chemical analyses of sea water. I vowed, as have many others, that on my return I would find a better way. From this effort, the first uses of “autoanalyzers” for sea water emerged. Over the years, the demand for fundamental scientific data from the oceans has increased enormously, as has the range of properties and the need for precision and rapidity. The recent global ocean survey of carbon dioxide and related properties carried out by the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, and World Ocean Circulation Experiment, cruises is but one example of the huge effort involved. There has long been a desire for a set of sophisticated yet robust sensors that would do the job with minimum labor and produce data of maximum quality in environments ranging from the sea surface to the ocean floor. This is quite a tall order!
Unsteady flow in cavitating turbopumps

Unsteady flow in a cavitating axial inducer pump is analyzed with the help of a simple two-dimensional cascade model. This problem was motivated by a desire to study the effect of unsteady cavitation on the so-called POGO instability in the operation of liquid rocket engines. Here, an important feature is a closed loop coupling between several different modes of oscillation, one of which is due to the basic unsteady characterisitcs of the cavitation itself. The approaching and leaving flow velocities up- and downstream of the inducer oscillate, and the cavity-blade system participates dynamically with the basic pulsating flow. In the present work, attention is focused on finding a transfer matrix that relates the set of upstream variables to those downstream. This quantity, which is essentially equivalent to cavitation compliance in the quasistatic analyses, is found to be complex and frequency dependent. It represents the primary effect of the fluctuating cavity in the system. The analysis is based on a linearized free streamline theory.
Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy for Intractable Plantar Keratoses

A relatively simple distal osteotomy of the metatarsal necks is presented. Twenty-one feet were followed for an average of 31 months with a diagnosis of intractable plantar keratosis causing metatarsalgia. A treatment plan is given that indicates which metatarsals to osteotomize, depending on location of the keratosis. Results and complications are discussed.
Fire risk in buildings: Frequency of exposure and physical model

This work proposes a methodology for assessing the frequency of exposure of a consumer product in a building to an ignition source and presents a heat transfer model for use in a scenario where, as an example, upholstered furniture is the target product and an auxiliary heating device (electric heaters, wood stoves) is the ignition source. A probability distribution of the frequency of exposure of consumer products to these auxiliary heating devices is presented and a discussion on the use and verification of the heat transfer model is given. Discussion on the coupling of these results with explicit scenario analyses to arrive at the ignition frequency of a product is also provided.
Relationships of vowel characteristics to listener ratings of breathiness.

This experiment was designed to investigate the relationships of listener ratings of breathiness to vowel duration, speaking rate, and the relative energy in three frequency ranges (100–500, 1500–2...
Nitrogen Fixation (Acetylene Reduction) in Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum

Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum strain MS-1 and two nonmagnetic mutants derived from it reduced C2H2 microaerobically but not anaerobically even with NO3 −. This organism apparently is not capable of NO3 −-dependent nitrogen fixation. Cells ofA. magnetotacticum reduced C2H2 at rates comparable to those ofAzospirillum lipoferum grown under similar conditions, but much lower than that ofAzotobacter vinelandii grown aerobically. Cells ofA. magnetotacticum in anaerobic cultures lacking NO3 − did not reduce C2H2 until O2 was introduced. Optimum rates of C2H2 reduction byA. magnetotacticum were obtained at 200 Pa O2. C2H2 reduction was inhibited by more than 1 kPa O2 or 0.2 mM NO3 − or NH4 +. These results suggest thatA. magnetotacticum fixes N2 only under microaerobic, N-limited conditions.
An Annotated Listing of Host Plants of Lygus hesperus Knight

For many years, species of the Mirid genus Lygus (Hahn) have been known as destructive pests of many crops. Of these species, L. hesperus Knight is probably the most important in the western regions of the United States and Canada. It attacks the reproductive parts—buds, flowers and developing seed—of many crop plants, as well as sucking sap from leaves and stems. However, the attacks on the flowers and seeds are the most important. According to Butler, L. hesperus must feed on these plant parts, or have a sugar source, for reproduction. Also, Bryan et al. report that, in the laboratory, the species will reproduce faster when supplied with a source of animal protein.
C. Wright Mills as Designer: Personal Practice and Two Public Talks

C. Wright Mills repeatedly assumed two main roles throughout his life: those of designer and craftsman. Indeed, design and craftsmanship influenced, substantively and stylistically, most everything he did. Mills’s implementation of these two qualities extended to a number of areas including writing books and building houses, but also to motorcycle mechanics, photography, and carpentry. After consideration of Mills’s biography and philosophy in the context of design, style, and craftsmanship, two talks that he delivered in Aspen and Toronto, in 1958 and 1959 respectively, are examined. In both cases he addressed his remarks, specifically, to engineers, city planners, artists, and architects. Mills’s handwritten notes and various excerpts as well as published sources are consulted to show that Mills—through his biographical exemplification as designer and craftsman, as well as through his writings on power and the cultural apparatus—has had a decisive influence on the sociological study of design and designers; indeed, on designers themselves and on our understanding of design culture. But more than that, I contend that just as sociology and sociologists have wholly embraced Mills’s notion of the sociological imagination, so too must they fully espouse and embody his ideals and practices on design and craftsmanship. It is in this way that the discipline and its practitioners can strive for the standard of excellence that Mills set for himself and for his work.
Collective modes and sound propagation in a magnetic field in superfluid3He-B

A high-resolution, ultrasonic (12–89 MHz) acoustic impedance technique has been used to investigate the order parameter collective modes in superfluid3He-B over a pressure range of 0–15 bar and in magnetic fields up to 180 mT. In agreement with earlier experiments, theJ=2 real squashing mode has been observed to split into five components in small magnetic fields. However, contrary to earlier theoretical estimates, the Zeeman shifts have been found to become extremely nonlinear as the magnetic field is increased. The extent of this nonlinearity is largest at low pressures and at temperatures close toTc. In comparison with recent theoretical work, the nonlinear Zeeman shifts may be explained as a result of two effects. First, there is a significant distortion of the B-phase energy gap in large magnetic fields. Second, there is an important coupling between the sameJzsubstates of the differentJ modes. In this sense the nonlinear evolution of the real squashing mode constitutes the observation of the Paschen-Back effect in3He-B. A comparison of the observed Zeeman shifts with theoretical expressions has yielded information about particle-particle and particle-hole interaction effects in the superfluid. In the limitT → 0 and above a threshold field, the real squashing mode has been found to possess additional structure. TheJz=0 substate has been observed to split into a doublet. The separation between the two components of the doublet is of the order of 100–200 kHz and remains independent of the magnetic field. The origin of the doublet may be understood in terms of a recent theory which postulates a texture-dependent collective mode frequency. Further, at extremely small fields the effects due to dispersion of the real squashing modes have been found to be important. The magnitude of the dispersion-induced mode splitting in zero field is found to be consistent with theoretical predictions. TheJ=2 squashing mode has also been studied in the presence of a magnetic field. TheJz=0 state of the squashing mode is observed to shift to lower temperatures in a magnetic field. An additional field dependence of the observed acoustic impedance is interpreted as the evolution of theJz=−1, −2 states, but appears to be inconsistent with theoretical predictions.
Effects of roads and forest successional age on experimental plant invasions

Anthropogenic activities can promote plant invasions by changing habitat conditions and the dispersal of invasive plant propagules. Invasions are often more common near roads and in young habitats than in interior and mature habitats, but it is unknown if these patterns are due to differences in habitat conditions or to dispersal limitation. We tested if reduced colonization of interior and mature forests by invasive plants is due to unfavorable habitat conditions. We experimentally introduced seeds and seedlings of three invasive and three native species at six distances from roads in a series of young and mature forests. Seed germination and seedling survival, growth, and herbivore damage were quantified over three years. Exotics had higher germination rates than natives with the greatest difference in mature forests. Both native and exotic seedling growth declined with increasing distance from roads. Overall, seedling growth was much greater in young compared to mature forests. Despite growth rate differences, more than 75% of exotic and native seedlings survived over the experiment. Native species suffered significantly more herbivory than exotic species, suggesting that their growth may be suppressed by herbivory. In general, conditions along roads and in young forests promoted invasive shrub growth but invasions were not entirely limited by conditions in interior and mature forests. Our results show that two common landscape features, roads, and successional age heterogeneity, can influence the distribution of plant invasions. To better manage these invasive species, mature forests should be maintained and disturbances such as road–building should be avoided.
The electrical conductivity of single and polycrystalline copper(I) chloride

Abstract The electrical conductivity of polycrystalline and single crystal CuCl has been measured by small-signal impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 5Hz to 13 MHz, at temperatures between 40 °C and 390 °C, with copper electrodes. Single-crystal and polycrystalline samples rendered well-defined single arc spectra, as predicted by J.R. Macdonald for binary electrolytes in the absence of inhomogeneities, slow interfacial transfer kinetics and concentration polarization. In polycrystalline samples no evidence of an extra arc associated with slow grain-boundary transport was found at lower frequencies, which confirms the general assumption that the bulk conductivity in halides is lower than or comparable to the conductivity along the grain boundaries. The significance of earlier conductivity data on CuCl obtained at 1 KHz is assessed. The possibility of mixed ionic and electronic conduction in CuCl is considered, and the limitations of impedance spectroscopy to separate ionic and electronic contributions are discussed. When reversible electrodes of the parent metal are used, as in the present case, the thermodynamic state of the sample is well-defined, but electronic contributions need to be evaluated with a complementary technique, e.g. the Hebb-Wagner polarization technique. The combination of the results here obtained by impedance spectroscopy with earlier polarization data indicate that ionic transport is the dominant mechanism in CuCl, at least in the temperature range investigated and also for temperatures at which an extrapolation is reasonable. Activation energies for ionic and electronic transport are compared and found nearly equal.
Lys75 of Anabaena Ferredoxin−NADP+ Reductase Is a Critical Residue for Binding Ferredoxin and Flavodoxin during Electron Transfer†

Previous studies, and the three-dimensional structure of Anabaena PCC 7119 ferredoxin- NADP + reductase (FNR), indicate that the positive charge of Lys75 might be directly involved in the interaction between FNR and its protein partners, ferredoxin (Fd) and flavodoxin (Fld). To assess this possibility, this residue has been replaced by another positively charged residue, Arg, by two uncharged residues, Gln and Ser, and by a negatively charged residue, Glu. UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopies of these FNR mutants (Lys75Arg, Lys75Gln, Lys75Ser, and Lys75Glu) indicate that all the mutated proteins folded properly and that significant protein structural rearrangements did not occur. Steady-state kinetic parameters for these FNR mutants, utilizing the diaphorase activity with DCPIP, indicate that Lys75 is not a critical residue for complex formation and electron transfer (ET) between FNR and NADP + or NADPH. However, steady-state kinetic activities requiring complex formation and ET between FNR and Fd or Fld were appreciably affected when the positive charge at position of Lys75 was removed, and the ET reaction was not even measurable if a negatively charged residue was placed at this position. These kinetic parameters also suggest that it is complex formation that is affected by mutation. Consistent with this, when dissociation constants (Kd) for FNRox-Fdox (differential spectroscopy) and FNRox-Fdrd (laser flash photolysis) were measured, it was found that neutralization of the positive charge at position 75 increased the Kd values by 50-100-fold, and that no complex formation could be detected upon introduction of a negative charge at this position. Fast transient kinetic studies also corroborated the fact that removal of the positive charge at position 75 of FNR appreciably affects the complex formation process with its protein partners but indicates that ET is still achieved in all the reactions. This study thus clearly establishes the requirement of a positive charge at position Lys75 for complex formation during ET between FNR and its physiological protein partners. The results also suggest that the interaction of this residue with its protein partners is not structurally specific, since Lys75 can still be efficiently substituted by an arginine, but is definitely charge specific.
Trend and Variability of China Precipitation in Spring and Summer: Linkage to Sea Surface Temperatures

Observational records in the past 50 years show an upward trend of boreal-summer precipitation over central eastern China and a downward trend over northern China. During boreal spring, the trend is upward over southeastern China and downward over central eastern China. This study explores the forcing mechanism of these trends in association with the global sea-surface temperature (SST) variations on the interannual and inter-decadal timescales. Results based on Singular Value Decomposition analyses (SVD) show that the interannual variability of China precipitation in boreal spring and summer can be well defined by two centers of actions for each season, which are co-varying with two interannual modes of SSTs. The first SVD modes of precipitation in spring and summer, which are centered in southeastern China and northern China, respectively, are linked to an ENSO-like mode of SSTs. The second SVD modes of precipitation in both seasons are confined to central eastern China, and are primarily linked to SST variations over the warm pool and Indian Ocean. Features of the anomalous 850-hPa winds and 700-Wa geopotential height corresponding to these modes support a physical mechanism that explains the causal links between the modal variations of precipitation and SSTs. On the decadal and longer timescale, similar causal links are found between the same modes of precipitation and SSTs, except for the case of springtime precipitation over central eastern China. For this case, while the interannual mode of precipitation is positively correlated with the interannual variations of SSTs over the warm pool and Indian Ocean; the inter-decadal mode is negatively correlated with a different SST mode, the North Pacific mode. The later is responsible for the observed downward trend of springtime precipitation over central eastern China. For all other cases, both the interannual and inter-decadal variations of precipitation can be explained by the same mode of SSTs. The upward trend of springtime precipitation over southeastern China and downward trend of summertime precipitation over northern China are attributable to the warming trend of the ENSO-like mode. The recent frequent summertime floods over central eastern China are linked to the warming trend of SSTs over the warm pool and Indian Ocean.
THE FEASIBILITY OF CONTROLLING UNCONFINED RELEASES OF TOXIC GASES BY LIQUID SPRAYING

The technical and theoretical feasibility of liquid spraying as a means to control accidental unconfincd releases of toxic gases is investigated. Experimental and field information on water spraying of hazardous gases is analyzed, and the effectiveness of i) dilution, and ii) absorption is assessed. In addition, a mass-transfer model is developed and used to determine theoretically the effectiveness of liquid spraying in absorbing and inactivating unconfined releases of toxic gases. It is shown that the dilution achieved by water spraying is insufficient for toxic gases which pose health hazards at very low concentrations, whereas absorption and chemical reaction of the gas in the liquid phase can be a very effective control.
Organ and functional preservation in the management of anorectal cancers.

(1995). Organ and Functional Preservation in the Management of Anorectal Cancers. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 96-107.
Emerging Class in Papua New Guinea: The Telling of Difference

This accessible 1999 study of social class in contemporary Papua New Guinea deals with the new elite, its culture and its institutions, and its relationship to the broader society. The Papua New Guinea described here is not a place of exotic tribesmen, but a modernising society, shaped by global forces, and increasingly divided on class lines. The authors describes the life-style of the elite Wewak, a typical commercial centre, their golf clubs and Rotary gatherings, and bring home the ways in which differences of status are created, experienced and justified. In a country with a long tradition of egalitarianism, it has become at once possible and plausible for relatively affluent 'nationals' to present themselves in a wide range of contexts as fundamentally superior to 'bushy' people, to blame the poor for their misfortunes, and to turn their backs on their less successful relatives.
Io: A source for Jupiter's inner plasmasphere

Abstract Photoionization of Io's neutral hydrogen ring combined with cross- L diffusion by flux-tube interchange is shown to be a possible source and transport mechanism for the inner low-energy plasma regime discovered by Pioneer 10. The diffusion coefficient calculated from the number density profile inferred from the Pioneer 10 data is consistent with that required to supply the energy for the synchrotron radiation by the same diffusion process. The proposed mechanism is supported by showing that alternative loss mechanisms to balance the photoion production rate are improbable. Because of the equatorial confinement of the ions and the corotational energy that they acquire, both intrinsic features of the Io source, the proposed mechanism is shown to be free of serious difficulties associated with a Jovian ionosphere source for the inner plasma regime. With Io as the source for the inner plasma regime, the main objection is removed for interpreting the outer plasma regime in terms of the predicted plasmasphere of Ioannidis and Brice.
Spread of Squamous Cell Carcinoma From the Thumb to the Small Finger via the Flexor Tendon Sheaths

We report the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma at the tip of the small finger following the development of a thumb distal phalanx squamous cell carcinoma caused by chronic osteomyelitis. The spread of hand infections from the flexor tendons of the thumb to the small finger through a tendon sheath connection at the wrist is a well-described phenomenon. The evidence from this case suggests that the spread of the squamous cell carcinoma from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the small finger occurred in a similar fashion. This information is important in understanding how malignant tumors spread in the hand and wrist, and it might influence the management of such tumors.