cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Plural Book and the Authorial Portrait

In 1800 Friedrich Schlegel proposed that “in a perfect literature all books should be only a single book, and in such an eternally developing book, the gospel of humanity and culture will be revealed” (Ideas 95.102–3). While this cultural ensemble is “the new, eternal gospel [which] will appear as a bible,” it is also “a system of books,” seemingly a system of all the divinely inspired books which like “all the classical poems of the ancients are coherent, inseparable; they form an organic whole” (Ideas 95). Conversely, Schlegel recognized that the singular proto-book, the Bible, is in itself “actually a system of books” and is presumably constituted of the sorts of fragments that he describes in Athenaeum 77 in terms of dialogue, letters, and memoirs: “A dialogue is a chain or garland of fragments. An exchange of letters is a dialogue on a larger scale, and memoirs constitute a system of fragments” (Athenaeum 77.27). My concern in this chapter is not with Schlegel’s argument at the macro or cultural level, that “all books should be only a single book” or that each is organically “a necessary part in a system of all the sciences.” Rather, at the micro level I wish to pursue his suggestion that each book is itself fragmentary and, as Phillipe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy suggest, plural: materially configured in “a chain or garland of fragments.” As we saw in the last chapter, Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy note that for early German romantics such as Schlegel who seek to counter Kant’s monolithic critical system, “fragmentation constitutes the properly romantic vision of the system, if by ‘System’ … one understands not the so-called systematic ordering of an ensemble, but that by which and as which an ensemble holds together” (46). The statement emphasizes not system in its wholeness but the diverse parts of an ensemble that system somehow “holds together,” and one of the ensembles cited by Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy is the book. For such early romantics as Schlegel, if “the bible remains or once more becomes the model of the book, it does so, as can be seen in several instances … as the plural book (la biblia), and as such, as One” (Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy 45).
Diagnostic Accuracy and Confidence in the Clinical Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Early-Stage Parkinson Disease.

Background/Aims:Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is present in up to 34% of patients with early-stage Parkinson disease (PD); however, it is difficult to detect subtle impairment without objective c...
Understanding the optical effects of substituting on the 1,8 and 1,5 positions of corannulene

Abstract Corannulene's outer rim was regio-selectively functionalized with ethynyl units at both 1,8 and 1,5-positions and later coupled with phenyl and anthracenyl moieties to study the extent of conjugation through the aromatic framework of corannulene via absorption/emission spectra. Experimental observations were compared with TD-DFT calculations at the level of CAMB3LYP/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G*. Laser excitation experiments reveal blue emission for 1,8-bis(phenylethynyl)corannulene and 1,5-bis(phenylethynyl)corannulene which quickly transforms into intense blueish-green in the case of 1,8-bis(9-anthranyl)corannulene and 1,5-bis(9-anthranyl)corannulene.
Sampling Distributions I: Confidence

You have been studying a strategy for data collection which involves the use of randomization. At first glance, it might seem that this deliberate introduction of uncertainty would only compound the problem of drawing reliable conclusions from the data collected. On the contrary, you will discover that the randomness actually produces very predictable long-term patterns of variation. The knowledge of these long-term patterns of variation forms the basis for using sample results to draw inferences about populations.
Compounding of Discriminative Stimuli Associated with Schedules Controlling Different Rates of Responding in the Absence of the Stimuli

Rats were maintained on a fixed-interval (FI) 10-sec. schedule of food reinforcement during light and tone. Either variable-interval (VI) 33, 43, or 90 sec. or tandem variable-time (tand VT) 25.5 or 35.5 sec. differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) 7.5-sec. schedules of food reinforcement were associated with the absence of light and tone. The VI schedules maintained rates of responding substantially greater than zero (20.0, 10.4 and 7.2 responses/min. for VI 33, 43, and 90 sec., respectively). The tandem schedules controlled near cessation of responding (1.6 and 1.0 responses/min. for the 25.5- and 35.5-sec. components, respectively). Each of these rates was significantly less than the rate of responding controlled by the respective light- and tone-associated FI schedules. When light and tone were combined, frequent and significant additive summation occurred only when the tandem schedules were associated with the absence of light and tone. That is, the compound controlled a higher rate of responding than did either light or tone. With the VI schedules there was no significant difference between the rates during the compound and at least one of the single stimuli. The distribution of reinforcers and absolute differences in responding in the presence of the stimuli relative to those in their absence could not account for the differences obtained between the VI and tandem schedules during compounding. It was concluded that in order for significant additive summation to occur, the rate of responding in the absence of the stimuli must be near zero.
An end-to-end optimization approach to drastically reduce cross-polarization in offset mmWave reflector antennas

High cross-polarization is a well-known issue for offset reflectors, especially designs with low F/D ratios. In this paper, we explore the possibility in using spline-profiled horns to create a feed aperture distribution reducing reflector cross-polarization. We optimize two smooth-walled, spline-profiled horn designs to lower the reflector cross-polarization, where one design has a set of pins optimized to excite higher-order modes. The design with pins is able to dramatically reduce the cross-polarization to levels less than −45 dB. Furthermore, the design can be fabricated with a 2-axis CNC lathe and radial hole postprocessing.
Using Correlative Properties of Neighboring Pixels to Improve Gray-White Differentiation in Pediatric Head CT Images.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A lower radiation dose can have a detrimental effect on the quality of head CT images. The aim of this study performed in a pediatric population was to test whether an image-processing algorithm (Correlative Image Enhancement) based on the correlation among intensities of neighboring pixels can improve gray-white differentiation in head CTs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty baseline head CT images with normal findings obtained from scans of 30 children were processed using Correlative Image Enhancement to produce corresponding enhanced images. Gray-white differentiation in baseline and enhanced images was assessed quantitatively by calculating the contrast-to-noise ratio and conspicuity in equivalent ROIs in gray and white matter. Two masked readers rated the images for visibility of gray-white differentiation on a 5-point Likert scale. Differences in both quantitative and qualitative measures of gray-white differentiation between baseline and enhanced images were tested for statistical significance. P values RESULTS: Image processing resulted in improvement in the contrast-to-noise ratio (from 1.86 ± 0.94 to 2.26 ± 1.00, P = .02) as well as conspicuity (from 37.28 ± 11.56 to 46.4 ± 11.5, P CONCLUSIONS: Image processing using Correlative Image Enhancement had a beneficial effect on quantitative measures of gray-white differentiation. This translated into improved perception of gray-white differentiation by readers. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of such image processing on the detection of disease processes using head CTs.
Thermal Stability of Malonic Acid Dissolved in Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and Other Polymeric Matrices

The present study employs thermogravimetric analysis to explore the thermal stability of malonic acid (MA) dissolved in several polymer matrices that include poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). It is found that PVP/MA system decomposes at markedly lower temperature than PMMA/MA and PVAc/MA systems. Isoconversional kinetic analysis indicates that the Arrhenius parameters for decomposition of PMMA/MA and PVAc/MA systems are virtually the same as for pure MA. For the PVP/MA system, the Arrhenius parameters differ significantly from the respective parameters for pure MA. The diminished thermal stability of PVP/MA system is linked to the rate constant being considerably larger than in all other systems under study. The effect is explained by a catalytic action of an amino group of PVP, which is similar to the known effect of catalysis of decarboxylation reactions by tertiary amines. The results obtained have important implications for the widespread u...
Influence of defects and doping on phonon transport properties of monolayer MoSe 2

The doping of monolayer MoSe2 by tungsten (W) can suppress the Se vacancy concentration, but how doping and resulting change in defect concentration can tune its thermal properties is not understood yet. We use first-principles density functional theory (DFT) along with the phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) to study the phonon transport properties of pristine MoSe2 and W doped MoSe2 with and without the presence of Se vacancies. We found that for samples without Se vacancy, the W doping could enhance the thermal transport of monolayer MoSe2 due to reduced three-phonon scattering phase space. For example, we observed that the 16.7% W doping increases the thermal conductivity of the monolayer MoSe2 with 2% Se vacancy by 80% if all vacancies can be suppressed by W-doping. However, the W doping in the defective MoSe2 amplifies the influence of the phonon scattering caused by the Se vacancies, which results in a further decrease in thermal conductivity of monolayer MoSe2 with defects. This is found to be related with higher phonon density of states of Mo0.83W0.17Se2 and larger mass difference between W and Se atoms compared to Mo and Se atoms. This study deciphers the effect of defects and doping on the thermal conductivity of monolayer MoSe2, which helps us understand the mechanism of defect-induced phonon transport, and provides insights into enhancing the heat dissipation in MoSe2-based electronic devices.
Classification and Current Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive primary liver cancer that arises in a background of hepatic cirrhosis. In the United States, HCC has been increasing due to an increasing prevalence of the Hepatitis C virus which causes cirrhosis. Curative treatment of HCC is indicated when tumors are small and may include surgical resection, liver transplant, or radiofrequency ablation. Locoregional treatment includes transarterial chemoembolization and transarterial radioembolization which can be used as eithera an adjunct to surgical care or as primary therapy. This review article will examine the initial surveillance of patients at risk for HCC, the current guidelines related to diagnosis and staging of HCC, and will conclude with a review of best practices related to the treatment of HCC.
International Education and Holistic Thinking for Engineers

The dramatic rise in popularity of study abroad programs in the past 30 years has not seen participation by students majoring in engineering and science in US colleges and universities at rates anywhere near the national averages. Despite the increasing awareness of the importance of a global perspective in the increasingly interconnected, flat, hot, and crowded world (Friedman, 2005, 2008), these students have been constrained from participation by the academic requirements of their majors and the demands of their laboratories.
The Auto Warranty Service Shortfall

This paper discusses the researchers’ empirical study and considers: 1) The importance of specifically measuring satisfaction/dissatisfaction (S/D) of consumers with their auto warranty service versus letting sales or profits "tell the tale"; 2) The existance of past auto buying S/D; 3) The relationship between auto warranty service S/D and repurchase intentions; and 4) The usage of this study’s findings for management decision making purposes.
Patients Taking Antithrombotic Medications Present Less Frequently with Ruptured Aneurysms.

Background Conflicting findings exist on the protective role of aspirin against aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this retrospective analysis, we compare the risk of SAH at presentation between patients treated microsurgically who were regularly taking an antithrombotic medication versus those who were not. Methods Consecutive patients with solitary aneurysms treated by the senior author using a microsurgical approach were included from a database of patients treated between January 2010 and April 2013 at a tertiary academic medical center. χ2 and logistic regression analysis were performed, comparing the risk of SAH with antithrombotic use. Results A total of 347 patients were included in the study, 156 (45%) of whom presented with SAH. A total of 63 patients (18%) were taking an antithrombotic medication (aspirin, 53; clopidogrel, 6; both, 4) and 12 (4%) were on anticoagulation medication. Multivariate analysis was conducted using SAH as the primary outcome and included patient age (odds ratio [OR], 0.99), gender (male, OR, 0.65), tobacco use (OR, 1.43), alcohol use (OR, 1.02), coronary artery disease (OR, 1.84), diabetes (OR, 1.03), hypertension (OR 0.91), and posterior circulation location (OR, 1.47). This analysis found that only antithrombotic use (OR, 0.20) was associated with a significantly lower rate of rupture at the time of presentation (P Conclusions Patients taking an antithrombotic were less likely to present with ruptured aneurysms. No difference was found for those taking anticoagulants. Patient outcomes did not differ between those on an antithrombotic versus those without. A randomized controlled trial is needed to further investigate the application of antithrombotics for preventing SAH.
Short-term risk of suicide attempt associated with patterns of patient-reported alcohol use determined by routine AUDIT-C among adults receiving mental healthcare.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between alcohol use routinely reported during outpatient mental healthcare visits and short-term risk of subsequent suicide attempt. Methods Using a longitudinal retrospective-cohort design, electronic health records identified adult outpatient visits to a mental health provider (1/1/2010–6/30/2015) at Kaiser Permanente Washington with a documented Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption [AUDIT-C]. Suicide attempts within 90 days of AUDIT-C documentation were defined using death certificate cause-of-death and diagnosis codes (non-lethal). Visit-level analyses used generalized estimating equations to account for correlation between multiple AUDIT-Cs for individuals. Separate models evaluated the association between (1) level of consumption and (2) frequency of heavy drinking episodes and suicide attempts, adjusted for visit year, demographics, depressive symptom, and suicidal ideation. Results Of 59,382 patient visits, 0.62% (N = 371) were followed by a suicide attempt within 90 days. Patients reporting high-level alcohol use were 1.77 times (95% CI, 1.22–2.57) more likely to attempt suicide than those reporting low-level use. Patients reporting daily or almost daily heavy drinking episodes were 2.33 times (95% CI, 1.38–3.93) more likely to attempt suicide than those reporting none. Conclusions and relevance The AUDIT-C is a valuable tool for assessing patterns of patient-reported alcohol use associated with subsequent suicide attempt.
Fashion Consumers’ Adoption of AR-Based Virtual Fitting Rooms: Effects of Perceived Interactivity and Augmentation

Virtual Fitting Rooms (VFRs), simulation technologies that enable consumers to virtually try on inventories, have received tremendous attention from online retailers as the way to provide in-store like fitting experiences (Gultepe & Gudukbay, 2014). VFRs have recently evolved into a new format that primarily utilizes Augmented Reality (AR) for the basis of virtual fitting (Javornik, Rogers, Moutinho, & Freeman, 2016). Unlike typical VFRs, AR-based VFRs can precisely replicate users and their surrounding environment in a more realistic way using a camera-based technology with the exception of products that are virtually simulated (Javornik et al., 2016). Hence, it can generate a mixed reality with the unique features, bringing different psychological processes of users with the subsequent effects on their responses (Javornik, 2016). However, despite the great potentials of AR-based VFRs, VFRs are still considered in the early stage of adoption. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of perceived media characteristics and subsequent immersive experiences on their attitude and adoption intention toward AR-based VFRs. Additionally, the moderating effect of a particular personal trait, sensation seeking tendency, was examined to account the influence of individual differences in their usage, skills, and experience of technology.
Heart transplantation from donation after circulatory death donors: Present and future

The first successful human heart transplantation was reported on 3 December 1967, by Christiaan Barnard in South Africa. Since then this life-saving procedure has been performed in over 120 000 patients. A limitation to the performance of this procedure is the availability of donor hearts with as many as 20% of patients dying before a donor's heart is available for transplant. Today, hearts for transplantation are procured from individuals experiencing donation after brain death (DBD). Interestingly, this, however, was not always the case as the first heart transplants occurred after circulatory death. Revisiting the availability of hearts for transplant from those experiencing donation after circulatory death (DCD) could further expand the number of hearts suitable for transplantation. There are several considerations pertinent to transplanting hearts from those undergoing circulatory death. In this review, we summarize the main distinctions between DBD and DCD heart donation and discuss the research relevant to increasing the number of hearts available for transplantation by including individual's hearts that experience circulatory death.
Intelligent Trash Bin (ITB) with Trash Collection Efficiency Optimization using IoT Sensing

As population increases rapidly with the passage of time due to which waste production is also increasing which badly effects the environment. All wastes cannot be decomposed and may produce bad smell and methane gas, increasing land and water pollution. Hence serious waste management is required. Concerned authorities face numerous problems while collecting waste like continuous checking of trash bins status (empty or full) to remove all waste at appropriate time. Existing manual systems of waste management are more costly and require more human resources This research proposes a solution for the sustainability of waste management. The system is divided into two parts: 1) Intelligent Trash Bin (ITB) and 2) Efficiency optimization for trash Collection. ITB is an IoT based automated trash bin which sends notification autonomously to the concerned authority, when it gets filled or fire is detected in it. Android application is used to receive notification from server and waste collector gets navigation targeted ITB's location. The Efficiency optimization for trash Collection is achieved as System checks status of every trash bin within 500 meters radius of vehicle to optimize waste collection efficiency.
Seven Axes of Bias

I shall first summarize, in the form of four “general hypotheses,” the framework of assumptions underlying this methodology. Next I shall state a series of special hypotheses, each of which formulates a particular axis of bias. This material is stated Y. hypothetically in order to emphasize the heuristic point of view adopted here: I am not claiming to have discovered an ultimate truth about human nature; I am merely arguing that this way of approaching the study of theoretical behavior is useful — that it has the pragmatic value of enabling us to deal with materials that otherwise tend to elude us because of their complexity and obscurity. I distinguish between “general” and “special” hypotheses because I want to emphasize the difference between (1) the basic concept of there being a group of biases, or dispositional sets, which influence theoretical behavior and (2) the specific set of biases formulated here. Even if the particular axes introduced here are rejected, the general line of approach, i.e., the postulation of an underlying constellation of style-preferences, may nevertheless be a helpful methodological tool.
Shifting evolutionary sands: transcriptome characterization of the Aptostichus atomarius species complex.

Mygalomorph spiders represent a diverse, yet understudied lineage for which genomic level data has only recently become accessible through high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic sequencing methods. The Aptostichus atomarius species complex (family Euctenizidae) includes two coastal dune endemic members, each with inland sister species – affording exploration of dune adaptation associated patterns at the transcriptomic level. We apply an RNAseq approach to examine gene family conservation across the species complex and test for patterns of positive selection along branches leading to dune endemic species. An average of ~ 44,000 contigs were assembled for eight spiders representing dune (n = 2), inland (n = 4), and atomarius species complex outgroup taxa (n = 2). Transcriptomes were estimated to be 64% complete on average with 77 spider reference orthologs missing from all taxa. Over 18,000 orthologous gene clusters were identified within the atomarius complex members, > 5000 were detected in all species, and ~ 4700 were shared between species complex members and outgroup Aptostichus species. Gene family analysis with the FUSTr pipeline identified 47 gene families appearing to be under selection in the atomarius ingroup; four of the five top clusters include sequences strongly resembling other arthropod venom peptides. The COATS pipeline identified six gene clusters under positive selection on branches leading to dune species, three of which reflected the preferred species tree. Genes under selection were identified as Cytochrome P450 2c15 (also recovered in the FUSTr analysis), Niemann 2 Pick C1-like, and Kainate 2 isoform X1. We have generated eight draft transcriptomes for a closely related and ecologically diverse group of trapdoor spiders, identifying venom gene families potentially under selection across the Aptostichus atomarius complex and chemosensory-associated gene families under selection in dune endemic lineages.
Utilization of a fiber optic biosensor to assess uptake of a fluorescent camptothecin in human tumor xenografts

4158 Drug delivery to tumors and the associated tumor pharmacokinetics is a critical issue in anticancer drug development. Emerging knowledge of tumor vasculature suggests that tumor pharmacokinetics could be quite different from that in plasma, which is routinely used as a surrogate. To address this problem, a fiber optic biosensor has been developed to directly quantify fluorescent drug accumulation in vivo. We report initial characterization of this technology in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma xenografts implanted in the flanks of immuno-compromised mice and rats. Uptake of the highly fluorescent, water soluble camptothecin analog 7-butyl-10-amino-(20S)-β-alanine-lysine (BACPTDP) was monitored in both tumor and normal tissues for up to 24 h. The coefficient of variation in the pre-injection murine tumor baseline was 12%, (n=9), while that in larger rat tumors was 30% (n=4). In mice, tumor uptake was variable but maximal by 40 minutes following a single i.p. injection of 50-100 μg. Maximum tumor fluorescence ranged from 1.5 to 2.7 times baseline (mean 2.1). Likewise, in rats administered 500 μg drug i.v., uptake was rapid in both normal and tumor tissues with maximum tumor fluorescence ranging from 2 to 5-fold baseline (mean 3.7). In general, the tumor to normal fluorescence ratio was less than one in both species, indicating that drug delivery to tumor was sub-optimal. HPLC analyses of rat tumor extracts indicated that the observed fluorescence represented primarily the active lactone form of BACPT, the lipophilic hydrolysis product of BACPTDP. These results demonstrate that therapeutic monitoring of fluorescent anticancer drugs like BACPTDP is feasible with the new biosensor technology. The combination of fluorescent drug and an implantable version of the fluorescence biosensor will enable pharmacokinetically-guided clinical trials based on drug accumulation directly in tumors rather than relying on less accurate plasma levels.
Quantum Annealing via Path-Integral Monte Carlo With Data Augmentation

This article considers quantum annealing in the Ising framework for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The path-integral Monte Carlo simulation approach is often used to approximate quant...
Indigenous Communities and COVID 19: Reporting on Resources and Resilience

Many Indigenous tribes in the United States count on gaming revenue to provide basic services to their people, but gaming was a critical resource that was lost during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through...
Copper Complex-Coated Nanopatterned Fiber-Tip Guided Mode Resonance Device for Selective Detection of Ethylene

Ethylene (C2H4) has many commercial usage and in agriculture it plays a key role in climacteric fruit ripening. This paper reports on a copper complex-coated nanostructures patterned on the cleaved facet of an optical fiber to realize a high-performance ethylene gas sensor. The novelty of this paper lies in fiber-optic based sensitive and selective monitoring of gaseous ethylene with excellent performance. A periodic array of polymer nanoposts are formed at the fiber tip and coated with titanium dioxide to serve as a guided mode resonant (GMR) device. A direct method of selectivity is developed for recognizing ethylene, by applying a copper (I) complex coating atop the GMR fiber-tip. The nanopatterned fiber-tip GMR sensor exhibits resonance sensitivity to variations in refractive index at the surface. For repeated use, a simple and cost-effective controllable heater is also integrated at the fiber tip to achieve a complete desorption of the analyte molecules from the sensor surface. This is a first-of-its-kind heater-integrated fiber optic sensor utilizing guided mode resonance and coated with a copper (I) complex coating, that is demonstrated for tracking the ethylene-promoted ripening and senescence of banana. The proposed sensor provides a maximum sensitivity of 60 pm/ppm to ethylene gas with a limit of detection of ~4.7 ppm. Compared to our earlier non-specific fiber-tip gas sensor, we improved the limit of detection for ethylene by 170-fold and sensitivity by 60-fold.
Relative strain is a novel predictor of aneurysmal degeneration of the thoracic aorta: An ex vivo mechanical study.

Objective Current guidelines for prophylactic replacement of the thoracic aorta, primarily based on size alone, may not be adequate in identifying patients at risk for either progression of disease or aortic catastrophe. We undertook the current study to determine whether the mechanical properties of the aorta might be able to predict aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta using a clinical database and benchtop mechanical testing of human aortic tissue. Methods Using over 400 samples from 31 patients, mechanical properties were studied in (a) normal aorta and then (b) between normal and diseased aorta using linear mixed-effects models. A machine learning technique was used to predict aortic growth rate over time using mechanical properties and baseline clinical characteristics. Results Healthy aortic tissue under in vivo loading conditions, after accounting for aortic segment location, had lower longitudinal elastic modulus compared with circumferential elastic modulus: -166.8 kPa (95% confidence interval [CI]: -210.8 to -122.7, P < .001). Fracture toughness was also lower in the longitudinal vs circumferential direction: -201.2 J/m3 (95% CI: -272.9 to -129.5, P < .001). Finally, relative strain was lower in the longitudinal direction compared with the circumferential direction: -0.01 (95% CI: -0.02 to -0.004, P = .002). Patients with diseased aorta, after accounting for segment location and sample direction, had decreased toughness compared with normal aorta, -431.7 J/m3 (95% CI: -628.6 to -234.8, P < .001), and increased relative strain, 0.09 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.14, P = .003). Conclusions Increasing relative strain was identified as a novel independent predictor of aneurysmal degeneration. Noninvasive measurement of relative strain may aid in the identification and monitoring of patients at risk for aneurysmal degeneration. (JVS-Vascular Science 2021;2:1-12.). Clinical Relevance Aortic aneurysm surveillance and prophylactic surgical recommendations are based on computed tomographic angiogram aortic dimensions and growth rate measurements. However, aortic catastrophes may occur at small sizes, confounding current risk stratification models. Herein, we report that increasing aortic relative strain, that is, greater distensibility, is associated with growth over time, thus potentially identifying patients at risk for dissection/rupture.
Cryogenic and Thermal Aspects of the SIRTF Warm Launch Concept

A fundamentally new concept is being explored for cryogenic operation of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). In this concept, the helium dewar and instruments would be launched at liquid helium temperature while the telescope and external radiation shields are at room temperature. Once on-orbit, the telescope and the radiation shields would be cooled radiatively to about 70 K. Helium vapor is then used to bring the telescope down to its final operating temperature of 5.5 K. We present a design which meets SIRTF requirements and discuss its merit.
Le variété des solutions d'une équation hyperbolique, non linéaire d'ordre 2

Je voudrais parler de quelques resultats concernant 1'extension des theories mathematiques de la mecanique rationelle et des equations hyperboliques a la theorie physique des champs quantifies. Comme il est bien connu,cette theorie etait en proie a beaucoup de difficultes concernant sa signification precise, et tombait dans le mepris, dont elle ne fut delivree que temporairement et partiellement par le programme de renormalisation. La difficulte de donner une signification exacte aux symboles et operations de la theorie a conduit a la formation des ecoles axiomatiques. Ces ecoles ont contribue beaucoup a la clarification logique du sujet, mais elles ont souffert de deux problemes fondamentaux, qui sont restes sans solution:
Perceived Control, Motivation, & Coping

Introduction Meta-Theoretical Assumptions Constructs of Control Antecedents of Perceived Control Consequences of Perceived Control Development of Perceived Control Intervention into the Competence System Empirical Study of Perceived Control
Can Independent Blockholding Really Play Much of a Role in Indian Corporate Governance

How important are active independent shareholders in a framework for sound corporate governance? Hedge funds, institutional investors, the "Warren Buffets" of the world, and other share blockholders can conceivably guard against abusive behavior by monitoring a firm's activities. As India enters its new era of corporate governance - ushered in by the Clause 49 reforms - many commentators and regulators are endorsing blockholding as an effective antidote against dysfunctional governance. While this idea has some theoretical merit, this paper argues that the present ownership structure of India's public firms does not yet lend itself to a sound blockholding strategy. To make this point, I empirically examine how stock ownership at fifty large public companies on the National Stock Exchange of India (the "S&P CNX Nifty") is split between insiders, the Indian government, and independent investors. This work suggests that many (but not all) firms currently lack enough of an outside shareholder presence to provide a meaningful governance counterbalance. Share blockholding and investor vigilance may indeed have a significant role to play in Indian corporate governance, but it will likely take some time before reform efforts in this area generate much impact.
Effect of the equivalent refractive index on intraocular lens power prediction with ray tracing after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose To determine the impact of the equivalent refractive index (ERI) on intraocular lens (IOL) power prediction for eyes with previous myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using custom ray tracing. Setting AMO B.V., Groningen, the Netherlands, and the Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective data analysis. Methods The ERI was calculated individually from the post-LASIK total corneal power. Two methods to account for the posterior corneal surface were tested; that is, calculation from pre-LASIK data or from post-LASIK data only. Four IOL power predictions were generated using a computer-based ray-tracing technique, including individual ERI results from both calculation methods, a mean ERI over the whole population, and the ERI for normal patients. For each patient, IOL power results calculated from the four predictions as well as those obtained with the Haigis-L were compared with the optimum IOL power calculated after cataract surgery. Results The study evaluated 25 patients. The mean and range of ERI values determined using post-LASIK data were similar to those determined from pre-LASIK data. Introducing individual or an average ERI in the ray-tracing IOL power calculation procedure resulted in mean IOL power errors that were not significantly different from zero. The ray-tracing procedure that includes an average ERI gave a greater percentage of eyes with an IOL power prediction error within ±0.5 diopter than the Haigis-L (84% versus 52%). Conclusion For IOL power determination in post-LASIK patients, custom ray tracing including a modified ERI was an accurate procedure that exceeded the current standards for normal eyes. Financial Disclosure Dr. Canovas, Mr. van der Mooren, Dr. Piers, and Dr. Artal hold a provisional patent application on the ray-tracing procedure. Dr. Canovas, Mr. van der Mooren, Dr. Rosen, and Dr. Piers are employees of AMO Groningen B.V. Dr. Koch is a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., and Alcon Laboratories, Inc. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Stable Isotopes Record Ecological Change, but a Sampling Network Will Be Critical

Publisher Summary This volume focuses on how stable isotope analyses have contributed to understanding ecological changes within atmospheric gasses and a vast array of materials collected from aquatic, terrestrial and marine ecosystems. It is noteworthy that biochemical, physiological and ecological processes, as well as climatological cycles, operate on different temporal and spatial scales. This requires that an isotopic proxy correctly match and record the changes on interest. One of the key challenges in using isotopes as recorders of ecological change is to ensure that activities of the isotope recorder properly match both the process, as well as the temporal and spatial scales of the process of interest. Considering the metabolism of an animal that gets recorded sequentially in hair; on shorter timescales, changes in dietary inputs are reflected in the carbon dioxide of breath and the isotopic of blood. Yet, because here the time constant of change is so short, the isotopic signal may be quite dynamic, responding to individual meals and making it challenging to interpret an ecological pattern. In this chapter, Cerling et al. address ways in which shorter-term dietary dynamics can be extracted from longer-term records (hair).
Reductive metallation : A general preparative method for hydrocarbon allylmetallic compounds

Abstract Because of the great ease of preparation of allyl phenyl sulfides and their smooth reductive lithiation using lithium naphthalenide or 1-(dimethylamino)naphthalenide, these are ideal substrates for a particularly versatile preparative method for allylic anions. The lithio compounds react with aldehydes and ketones readily and with moderate regioselectivity. The allyltitanium compounds formed by addition of titanium tetraisopropoxide react with enals with very high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. The allyltilanium compound derived from 2-phenylthio-1-methylenecyclohexane adds in a 1,2-fashion to crotonaldehyde at the secondary terminus of the allylic system. The potassium salt of this adduct undergoes the anion-accelerated oxy Cope rearrangement to the product of formal 1,4-addition of the crotonaldehyde to the primary terminus. The rearrangement product is an aldehyde which is also synthetically useful, undergoing the Lewis acid catalyzed ene reaction to produce a ring-closed product.
Basics of Fusion-Fission Research Facility (FFRF) as a Fusion Neutron Source

FFRF, standing for the Fusion-Fission Research Facility represents an option for the next step project of ASIPP (Hefei, China) aiming to a first fusion-fission multifunctional device [1]. FFRF strongly relies on new, Lithium Wall Fusion plasma regimes, the development of which has already started in the US and China. With R/a=4/1m/m, Ipl=5 MA, Btor=4-6 T, PDT=50- 100 MW, Pfission=80-4000MW, 1 m thick blanket, FFRF has a unique fusion mission of a stationary fusion neutron source. Its pioneering mission of merging fusion and fission consists in accumulation of design, experimental, and operational data for future hybrid applications.
The Carboxymethylation of Human Carbonic Anhydrase B I. THE NATURE OF THE REACTION

Abstract The active site of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B was explored with iodoacetate. Iodoacetate binds reversibly to carbonic anhydrase to produce a completely inactive enzyme-inhibitor complex. It also reacts irreversibly and extremely rapidly with the 3'-nitrogen of only 1 out of 11 histidines present in the native enzyme. Chromatographically pure carboxymethyl carbonic anhydrase retains approximately 5% of the original CO2-hydrating activity. Several lines of evidence indicate that the reaction occurs at the active site. (a) The loss of esterase activity parallels the production of 3-carboxymethylhistidine. (b) Iodoacetate inactivates the enzyme irreversibly only while bound as a reversible inhibitor. (c) Sulfanilamide protects against irreversible inactivation. (d) The native conformation of the enzyme is required for rapid alkylation; in the presence of 8 m urea the rapid reaction with histidine is no longer observed. No gross conformational changes accompany carboxymethylation. The s20,w value and the optical rotatory dispersion are the same for native and modified enzymes. Both the reversible and irreversible interactions of carbonic anhydrase with iodoacetate were studied as functions of pH. The reversible binding of iodoacetate requires the acid form of a group on the enzyme with a pK of 6.9. The irreversible reaction at saturation with iodoacetate is controlled by a group on the enzyme-inhibitor complex with a pK of 5.8. Only the basic form reacts. The data are interpreted as follows. The pK at 6.9 is assigned to a water molecule bound to the zinc, and that at 5.8 to the reactive histidine. The presence of residual activity in the irreversibly inactivated enzyme suggests that this histidine does not play an essential role in catalysis.
The herpes simplex virus 1 UL15 gene encodes two proteins and is required for cleavage of genomic viral DNA.

Previous studies have shown that a ts mutant [herpes simplex virus 1 (mP)ts66.4] in the UL15 gene fails to package viral DNA into capsids (A. P. W. Poon and B. Roizman, J. Virol. 67:4497-4503, 1993) and that although the intron separating the first and second exons of the UL15 gene contains UL16 and UL17 open reading frames, replacement of the first exon with a cDNA copy of the entire gene does not affect viral replication (J.D. Baines, and B. Roizman, J. Virol. 66:5621-5626, 1992). We report that (i) a polyclonal rabbit antiserum generated against a chimeric protein consisting of the bacterial maltose-binding protein fused in frame to the majority of sequences contained in the second exon of the UL15 gene reacted with two proteins with M(r) of 35,000 and 75,000, respectively, in cells infected with a virus containing the authentic gene yielding a spliced mRNA or with a virus in which the authentic UL15 gene was replaced with a cDNA copy. (ii) Insertion of 20 additional codons into the C terminus of UL15 exon II caused a reduction in the electrophoretic mobility of both the apparently 35,000- and 75,000-M(r) proteins, unambiguously demonstrating that both share the carboxyl terminus of the UL15 exon II. (iii) Accumulation of the 35,000-M(r) protein was reduced in cells infected and maintained in the presence of phosphonoacetate, an inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis. (iv) The UL15 proteins were localized in the perinuclear space at 6 h after infection and largely in the nucleus at 12 h after infection. (v) Viral DNA accumulating in cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1(mP)ts66.4 and maintained at the nonpermissive temperature was in an endless (concatemeric) form, and therefore UL15 is required for the cleavage of mature, unit-length molecules for packaging into capsids.
Value of surgical resection in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.

Background The value of gross total resection (GTR) for children with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) is controversial. We hypothesized that patients undergoing GTR would demonstrate improved overall survival (OS) compared those having <GTR. Methods Using a single institutional database, we reviewed the medical records of all children with high-risk NB undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as part of multimodality therapy from 1990 to 2012. Children had received surgical care at multiple institutions (n = 14) prior to HSCT and were divided into two groups based on extent of surgical resection: GTR (no visible or palpable disease at end of operation) and <GTR (no surgery, biopsy only, or subtotal resection). Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox hazards models evaluated differences in overall survival (OS). Results One hundred four children underwent HSCT, and 87 (83.6%) had adequate data for analysis. Thirty eight percent had GTR while 62% had 90% resection compared to 90% vs. <90% resection but no difference in GTR vs. <GTR. Conclusion Gross total resection prior to HSCT in high-risk NB patients is not associated with improved OS compared to 90% resection is associated with improved OS compared to less than 90% resection. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1529–1535. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel Tensor Compression for Large-Scale Scientific Data

As parallel computing trends towards the exascale, scientific data produced by high-fidelity simulations are growing increasingly massive. For instance, a simulation on a three-dimensional spatial grid with 512 points per dimension that tracks 64 variables per grid point for 128 time steps yields 8 TB of data, assuming double precision. By viewing the data as a dense five-way tensor, we can compute a Tucker decomposition to find inherent low-dimensional multilinear structure, achieving compression ratios of up to 5000 on real-world data sets with negligible loss in accuracy. So that we can operate on such massive data, we present the first-ever distributed-memory parallel implementation for the Tucker decomposition, whose key computations correspond to parallel linear algebra operations, albeit with nonstandard data layouts. Our approach specifies a data distribution for tensors that avoids any tensor data redistribution, either locally or in parallel. We provide accompanying analysis of the computation and communication costs of the algorithms. To demonstrate the compression and accuracy of the method, we apply our approach to real-world data sets from combustion science simulations. We also provide detailed performance results, including parallel performance in both weak and strong scaling experiments.
Orientation of intense Z-pinch instabilities from an intense aurora as recorded in antiquity: Western USA

Summary form only given. Based on the compilation and analysis of the order of 100,000 digitally logged petroglyphs, we have identified several dozen general categories of instabilities generally associated with sub-gigaampere Z-pinches as might occur in a very intense aurora. But if prehistory man recorded an aurora in the sky, then petroglyphs must possess a preferred orientation overall. An initial study of the GPS database above shows a definite orientation to the Earth's south seeking pole in the Western USA. The figure below is typical of all sites, either thousands of glyphs or a single glyph. Generally all have a either a westerly or easterly normal and a preferred southerly tangent. While a substantial number also have northerly components, cliffs and slabs that lack a west-south-east view of the horizon are void of glyphs. Voids occur along the mile-long cliff of 5,000 glyphs where the cliff turns away from south.
Microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic detection limits of C02 in fluid inclusions and the Raman spectroscopic characterization of C02

Abstract In many geologic environments, dominantly aqueous solutions contain low concentrations of CO2. At ambient temperature, the typical phase assemblage in fluid inclusions which trap these solutions, consists of a CO2-rich vapor (where PrmCO2 ≈ Pinternal and an aqueous phase containing dissolved salts and CO2. In this study, the CO2 detection limits (DLs) using microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy are established in terms of PCO2 using synthetic H2O CO2 inclusions of known composition. The purpose of the microthermomeri experiments was to identify the diagnostic CO2 phase changes and determine the quantity of CO2 necessary to result in observable solid CO2 melting. The results of these experiments show that an observable solid CO2 melting event in liquid-rich aqueous inclusions requires PCO2 ≥ 45 bars at 25°C. The Raman spectroscopic detection limits were investigated using a multichannel Raman spectrometer. The CO2 DLs were obtained by determining signal-to-noise ratios for both the upper and lower ν1-2ν2 bands as a function of CO2 pressure (5–60 bars) over a range of integration times and incident laser power. The resulting CO2 DLs are on the order of 1 bar for the instrument used. The band splitting of the ν1-2ν2 diad as a function of CO2 pressure, converted to CO2 density, was measured up to 500 bars at ambient temperature. The results are given in terms of the frequency separation between the upper and lower bands and are compared to results of previous studies. An analysis of the estimated errors indicates that the technique can be used to determine CO2 densities in fluid inclusions containing a homogeneous, free CO2 phase to a precision of approximately ± 0.02 g/cm3. The temperature dependence of the intensity ratio of the hot bands to the ν1-2ν2 diad was measured from 270–315 K. The close agreement between the calculated and observed resultindicates that laser induced sample heating is not significant. The intensity ratio can be used to estimate the CO2 temperature and, combined with the Raman density determination, allows calculation of the CO2 pressure.