cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverse uncultivated ultra-small bacterial cells in groundwater

Bacteria from phyla lacking cultivated representatives are widespread in natural systems and some have very small genomes. Here we test the hypothesis that these cells are small and thus might be enriched by filtration for coupled genomic and ultrastructural characterization. Metagenomic analysis of groundwater that passed through a ~0.2-μm filter reveals a wide diversity of bacteria from the WWE3, OP11 and OD1 candidate phyla. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that, despite morphological variation, cells consistently have small cell size (0.009±0.002 μm(3)). Ultrastructural features potentially related to cell and genome size minimization include tightly packed spirals inferred to be DNA, few densely packed ribosomes and a variety of pili-like structures that might enable inter-organism interactions that compensate for biosynthetic capacities inferred to be missing from genomic data. The results suggest that extremely small cell size is associated with these relatively common, yet little known organisms.
Amplification of femtosecond pulses to above 1 J with large-aperture Cr:LiSrAlF6 amplifiers

The authors have developed a chirped pulse amplification system capable of producing femtosecond pulses with energy above one joule. This is accomplished by using a large aperture, flashlamp pumped Cr-LiSrAlF{sub 6} (Cr:LiSAF) amplifier. Optimum design of the 19 mm diameter amplifier results in a single pass gain of 5 with good beam quality. This amplifier produces 1.05 J pulses after compression with a width of < 125 fs at a repetition rate of 0.05 Hz.
The relationship between matrix elements of position and momentum in vibronic coupling

Abstract A general expression is derived that relates the matrix elements of position and momentum allowing for the possibility of a mixed basis. It is shown that when Born-Oppenheimer wavefunctions for two different electronic states are used as basis functions, the use of the usual expression relating matrix elements of position and momentum can lead to results that may not be of the correct order of magnitude.
Temperature dependence of voltage-gated H+ currents in human neutrophils, rat alveolar epithelial cells, and mammalian phagocytes.

H+ currents in human neutrophils, rat alveolar epithelial cells, and several mammalian phagocyte cell lines were studied using whole-cell and excised-patch tight-seal voltage clamp techniques at temperatures between 6 and 42 degrees C. Effects of temperature on gating kinetics were distinguished from effects on the H+ current amplitude. The activation and deactivation of H+ currents were both highly temperature sensitive, with a Q10 of 6-9 (activation energy, Ea, approximately 30-38 kcal/mol), greater than for most other ion channels. The similarity of Ea for channel opening and closing suggests that the same step may be rate determining. In addition, when the turn-on of H+ currents with depolarization was fitted by a delay and single exponential, both the delay and the time constant (tauact) had similarly high Q10. These results could be explained if H+ channels were composed of several subunits, each of which undergoes a single rate-determining gating transition. H+ current gating in all mammalian cells studied had similarly strong temperature dependences. The H+ conductance increased markedly with temperature, with Q10 >/= 2 in whole-cell experiments. In excised patches where depletion would affect the measurement less, the Q10 was 2.8 at >20 degrees C and 5.3 at <20 degrees C. This temperature sensitivity is much greater than for most other ion channels and for H+ conduction in aqueous solution, but is in the range reported for H+ transport mechanisms other than channels; e.g., carriers and pumps. Evidently, under the conditions employed, the rate-determining step in H+ permeation occurs not in the diffusional approach but during permeation through the channel itself. The large Ea of permeation intrinsically limits the conductance of this channel, and appears inconsistent with the channel being a water-filled pore. At physiological temperature, H+ channels provide mammalian cells with an enormous capacity for proton extrusion.
Determinants of Family Size for Low‐Income Families: Sex Role Orientation and Value of Children

The purpose of the study was to examine the determinants of family size in a sample of low- income married couples. The model used in the study views the relationship between sociodemographic variables, sex role orientation, value of children, and family size as a developmental sequence. The data for the study were gathered by interviewing 120 midwestern low-income married couples (n = 240). Path regression analysis was used to test the model for the husbands and wives separately. Since the husbands and wives in the study are couples, a one-fold nested-error design was used to assess the difference in path regression coefficients for the husbands and wives. The results show that a pooled coefficient (common) can be used for length of marriage and sex role orientation, length of marriage and family size, age of marriage and family size, and education and value of children. According to this study, separate coefficients for wives and husbands are needed for the influence of sex role on value of children.
Distributed coding of sound locations in the auditory cortex

Although the auditory cortex plays an important role in sound localization, that role is not well understood. In this paper, we examine the nature of spatial representation within the auditory cortex, focusing on three questions. First, are sound-source locations encoded by individual sharply tuned neurons or by activity distributed across larger neuronal populations? Second, do temporal features of neural responses carry information about sound-source location? Third, are any fields of the auditory cortex specialized for spatial processing? We present a brief review of recent work relevant to these questions along with the results of our investigations of spatial sensitivity in cat auditory cortex. Together, they strongly suggest that space is represented in a distributed manner, that response timing (notably first-spike latency) is a critical information-bearing feature of cortical responses, and that neurons in various cortical fields differ in both their degree of spatial sensitivity and their manner of spatial coding. The posterior auditory field (PAF), in particular, is well suited for the distributed coding of space and encodes sound-source locations partly by modulations of response latency. Studies of neurons recorded simultaneously from PAF and/or A1 reveal that spatial information can be decoded from the relative spike times of pairs of neurons --- particularly when responses are compared between the two fields --- thus partially compensating for the absence of an absolute reference to stimulus onset.
Human Adenovirus Complement-Fixing Antibodies in New York Family Dogs

SummaryA survey of New York dog serums for adenovirus CF antibodies showed an incidence of 2.2%. Such a low incidence suggests that dogs are only incidental hosts for agents that evoke antibodies which fix complement with human adenovirus CF antigens. Infections of dogs by non-primate adeno-viruses could not be excluded since these may also evoke antibodies which fix complement with human type adenovirus antigens. A previous suggestion that alien adenovirus infections in dogs might partially account for the varied clinical and serological responses seen when dogs are infected with ICH virus now appears unlikely.
The efficacy of a modified Theory of Reasoned Action to explain gambling behavior in college students.

Recently, Thrasher et al. (College Student Affairs Journal 27(1): 57–75, 2007) explored the efficacy of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA; Ajzen and Fishbein, Attitudes, personality, and behavior, 1980) in explaining gambling behavior of college students. However, their study found the TRA only predicted small amounts of variance in gambling intentions. Heeding their call to enhance the efficacy of the TRA through the addition of explanatory variables to the model, the present study incorporated gambling motivations and locus of control as moderating variables within the TRA to test the potential of a modified TRA in explaining gambling behavior of college students. A total of 345 students at a major metropolitan research university in the Midwest volunteered to participate in the study. A series of hierarchical linear regressions indicated intrinsic motivation to accomplish (p = .002) significantly moderated the relationship between gambling attitudes and gambling intentions. Further, internal locus of control (p < .001), chance locus of control (p < .001), and powerful others locus of control (p < .001) also significantly moderated the relationship between gambling attitudes and gambling intentions. The significant impact of the moderating variables on the relationship between gambling attitudes and intentions suggests intrinsic motivation and locus of control can alter the impact of the relationship between gambling attitudes and gambling intentions.
A broadband superconducting detector suitable for use in large arrays

Cryogenic detectors are extremely sensitive and have a wide variety of applications (particularly in astronomy), but are difficult to integrate into large arrays like a modern CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. As current detectors of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) already have sensitivities comparable to the noise arising from the random arrival of CMB photons, the further gains in sensitivity needed to probe the very early Universe will have to arise from large arrays. A similar situation is encountered at other wavelengths. Single-pixel X-ray detectors now have a resolving power of ΔE < 5 eV for single 6-keV photons, and future X-ray astronomy missions anticipate the need for 1,000-pixel arrays. Here we report the demonstration of a superconducting detector that is easily fabricated and can readily be incorporated into such an array. Its sensitivity is already within an order of magnitude of that needed for CMB observations, and its energy resolution is similarly close to the targets required for future X-ray astronomy missions.
Intermittent incomplete bundle-branch block☆

Abstract Three cases of intermittent incomplete bundle-branch block are presented with clinical notes and a discussion of the electrocardiograms. Certain features in these three cases warrant further emphasis. In all instances there was evidence of myocardial disease without endocardial valvular involvement. Cardiac enlargement was not marked in any case and slight dependent edema occurred in only one instance. Acute cardiac decompensation was present in two cases as evidenced by pulmonary edema, while in the other case no clinical decompensation occurred. These cases demonstrate that apparent profound disturbances in ventricular conduction may be evanescent, with or without cardiac decompensation. It is important to emphasize further that the electrocardiograph may be the first and only means of detecting serious myocardial changes, as is illustrated in Case 1.
An investigation of the photothermal deflection spectroscopy technique for temperature measurements in a flame

The technique of photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PTDS) is investigated for temperature measurements in a flame. The spatial distribution of temperature is measured in two different types of burners operating with methane and oxygen, and methane and air. The spatial distributions of the temperature are in qualitative agreement with our expectations. At two points, the temperatures measured by PTDS have been compared with those measured by Boltzmann distributions. The measurements agree within their uncertainties. All the effects that affect the reliability of this technique are investigated and discussed. Finally, the pros and cons of the PTDS technique for temperature measurement are discussed.
The misuse of asthma drugs

There are three major problems with asthma care in the USA and misuse of asthma drug therapy contributes to each. Asthma patients suffer from symptoms regularly partly because healthcare providers do not understand the Expert Panel Report III (EPR3) recommendations on assessing asthma symptoms to determine drug treatment and, consequently, undertreat the disease. Asthma patients experience exacerbations often in part because the EPR3 provides limited guidance on using exacerbation risk to guide asthma treatment, again leading to undertreatment. The EPR3 recommends inhaled corticosteroids as the preferred therapy for mild persistent asthma but American healthcare providers disregard this recommendation based on different perceptions about the risks and benefits of inhaled corticosteroids and choose drug treatments with higher healthcare costs.
Factors affecting reliability coefficients of health attitude scales.

: This study determined the minimum number of health attitude items and minimum sample size required to achieve maximum scale reliability coefficients, using different methods of estimating reliability. A 54-item alcohol attitude scale was administered to 700 participants. The scale produced .96 and .91 reliability coefficients, using the Cronbach Alpha (CA) and the Split-half (S-B) methods, respectively. A computer program randomly selected groups of participants and items from the pool of participants and items using different increments. A matrix of coefficients of reliability for both methods was calculated for different groups of items and sample size. To replicate the study, a 30-item cancer attitude scale was administered to more than 1,000 representative participants and produced reliability coefficients of .94 (using CA) and .82 (using S-B). The same computer and statistical procedures were repeated for the second data set. Results from both analyses consistently demonstrated that sample size has an insignificant effect on the coefficient values of reliability. Reliability increased as the number of items reached 18. Adding more items only negligibly increased the coefficients. Overall, the CA method consistently produced higher coefficient values of reliability compared to the S-B method.
Plasmodium berghei: in vitro incorporation of purine derivatives into nucleic acids.

Abstract Uptake of radioactive adenosine by Plasmodium berghei parasitized erythrocytes is sensitive to competition for uptake over a wide range of concentrations of nonradioactive adenosine. Infection points in the uptake curve for adenosine-8- 3 H occur between 10 −4 to 10 −5 and 10 −9 to 10 −10 m nonradioactive adenosine. This finding prompted study of the optimal conditions for the in vitro incorporation of radioactivity from AMP-8- 3 H into DNA and RNA of erythrocyte-free parasites. These conditions include: incubation temperature (37C), pH (7.4), amount of tritiated precursor (2.5 μCi), and stability of free parasite preparations upon storage in the cold (up to 4 hr at 4C). Whether a deoxyribose (deoxyadenosine-8- 3 H) or ribose (adenosine-8- 3 H) form of purine nucleoside is used, radioactivity associates primarily with parasite RNA (95% of total incorporation) but only slightly with parasite DNA (5% of total incorporation). The ratio is similar for incorporation of radioactivity from other precursors (purine nucleotides: AMP-8- 3 H, ADP-8- 3 H, ATP-8- 3 H, GTP-8- 3 H). During the first 20 min of incubation, radioequivalent amounts (2.5 μCi) of exogenous adenine derivatives incorporate into parasite nucleic acids in decreasing order as follows: AMP-8- 3 H > ADP-8- 3 H > ATP-8- 3 H > adenosine-8- 3 H > adenine8- 3 H > cyclic-3′,5′-AMP-8- 3 H. No detectable incorporation into free parasite nucleic acids occurs when either ATP-α- 32 P or ATP-β-γ- 32 P is added as substrate. Incorporation into either RNA or DNA is greatest when exogenous AMP-8- 3 H is used as substrate. Incorporation of radioactivity from AMP-8- 3 H into nucleic acids of erythrocyte-free parasites is twofold greater than into nucleic acids of the parasitizedblood equivalent. Incorporation from AMP-8- 3 H into free parasite nucleic acids is sensitive to competition for incorporation by nonradioactive AMP (10 −5 m nonradioactive AMP decreases incorporation from AMP-8- 3 H by 54%; 10 −3 m nonradioactive AMP decreases incorporation from AMP-8- 3 H by 98%). Similarly, over a range of concentrations, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) competes for and decreases incorporation of label from exogenous AMP-8- 3 H.
Associations among false belief understanding, counterfactual reasoning, and executive function

The primary purposes of the present study were to clarify previous work on the association between counterfactual thinking and false belief performance to determine (1) whether these two variables are related and (2) if so, whether executive function skills mediate the relationship. A total of 92 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds completed false belief, counterfactual, working memory, representational flexibility, and language measures. Counterfactual reasoning accounted for limited unique variance in false belief. Both working memory and representational flexibility partially mediated the relationship between counterfactual and false belief. Children, like adults, also generated various types of counterfactual statements to differing degrees. Results demonstrated the importance of language and executive function for both counterfactual and false belief. Implications are discussed.
Systemic lupus erythematosus–associated neutrophilic dermatosis—an underrecognized neutrophilic dermatosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Neutrophilic dermatoses are an uncommon manifestation of lupus. We describe the clinical and histopathologic features of 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neutrophilic dermatoses, 2 of whom had no prior history of SLE. Thirteen patients were female, ranging in age from 27 to 62 years (mean age, 42.8 years). One patient was a 20-year-old man. Most lesions were described as erythematous papules and plaques and showed annular morphology in 6 patients and a photodistribution in 2 patients. Histopathologic examination in all cases showed an interstitial neutrophilic infiltrate with leukocytoclasis that ranged from sparse in 5 cases and moderate to dense in 9 cases. With one exception, those cases with moderate to dense infiltrates resembled Sweet's syndrome at scanning magnification. Two cases resembled bullous SLE, and 1 case showed overlapping features of bullous SLE and Sweet's syndrome. Interface changes were seen in 8 patients, which were subtle and vacuolar in 7. One case was associated with a florid interface tissue reaction. Dermal mucin was seen in 4 cases and was a prominent feature in only one of these. One case showed a minute discrete focus resembling palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis. It is important to consider SLE-associated neutrophilic dermatosis in the differential diagnosis of neutrophilic tissue reactions particularly because some patients will have no prior history of lupus. It is also important to be aware of the broad histologic spectrum that may be encountered in SLE-associated neutrophilic dermatosis, ranging from subtle paucicellular lesions to florid Sweet's-like lesions associated with a dense neutrophilic infiltrate.
Peptides by Extension at the N- or C-terminii of Lysine

Dipeptides 3a–g, (3a + 3a′), (3d + 3d′), (3l + 3l′)a and tripeptides 6a–e, (6b + 6b′), (6e + 6e′) incorporating Ze-Lys were prepared in high yields (70–95%) and enantiopurity (≥97%) in partially aqueous acetonitrile solution by coupling using (i) Ze-Lys with N-(Z- and Fmoc-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles 1a–g, (ii) Ze-Lys with N-Z-dipeptidoylbenzotriazoles 5a–c, and (iii) N-Fmocα-Ze-l-Lys-Bt 1h and amino acids 2a,c–e. Unnatural dipeptides 3h–j, (3h + 3h′) and tripeptides 6f were similarly prepared from Zα-Lys. Retention of chirality was demonstrated by parallel experiments involving l-Ala, dl-Ala, l-Met, and dl-Met by NMR and HPLC analysis.
Continuum-many Boolean algebras of the form Borel

We examine the question of how many Boolean algebras, distinct up to isomorphism, that are quotients of the powerset of the naturals by Borel ideals, can be proved to exist in ZFC alone. The maximum possible value is easily seen to be the cardinality of the continuum 2ℵ0; earlier work by Ilijas Farah had shown that this was the value in models of Martin’s Maximum or some similar forcing axiom, but it was open whether there could be fewer in models of the Continuum Hypothesis. We develop and apply a new technique for constructing many ideals whose quotients must be nonisomorphic in any model of ZFC. The technique depends on isolating a kind of ideal, called shallow, that can be distinguished from the ideal of all finite sets even after any isomorphic embedding, and then piecing together various copies of the ideal of all finite sets using distinct shallow ideals. In this way we are able to demonstrate that there are continuum-many distinct quotients by Borel ideals, indeed by analytic P-ideals, and in fact that there is in an appropriate sense a Borel embedding of the Vitali equivalence relation into the equivalence relation of isomorphism of quotients by analytic P-ideals. We also show that there is an uncountable definable wellordered collection of Borel ideals with distinct quotients.
Grasshopper Systematics: Past, Present and Future

Abstract For the past 250 y, tremendous advances have been made in the field of grasshopper systematics. There have been several breakthroughs that have pushed the field forward, and behind these breakthroughs were numerous visionary taxonomists. This article is a celebration of those taxonomists and their achievements. In this review, I provide a general overview of the field and describe major advances that have shaped our understanding of grasshopper systematics. Specifically, I review the pattern of species description in Acridomorpha (Orthoptera: Caelifera) since Linnaeus, and highlight the achievements of important taxonomists. Finally, I end with some of the problems that we grasshopper taxonomists are facing today and challenge the field as a whole to move forward.
Effects of Firing Synchrony on Signal Propagation in Layered Networks

Spiking neurons which integrate to threshold and fire were used to study the transmission of frequency modulated (FM) signals through layered networks. Firing correlations between cells in the input layer were found to modulate the transmission of FM signals under certain dynamical conditions. A tonic level of activity was maintained by providing each cell with a source of Poisson-distributed synaptic input. When the average membrane depolarization produced by the synaptic input was sufficiently below threshold, the firing correlations between cells in the input layer could greatly amplify the signal present in subsequent layers. When the depolarization was sufficiently close to threshold, however, the firing synchrony between cells in the initial layers could no longer effect the propagation of FM signals. In this latter case, integrate-and-fire neurons could be effectively modeled by simpler analog elements governed by a linear input-output relation.
Prediction of Outcome in Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma by the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (HLA-DR, DP, DQ) and Class I (HLA-A, B, C) Phenotype.

Ninety-nine consecutive diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) patients were studied by immunohistochemistry to determine whether clinical outcome was predicted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen phenotypic expression. Statistically significantly shorter disease free survival (p = 0.005), but not overall survival (p = 0.47), was observed when patient lymphomas failed to express class I MHC antigens. We also observed significantly reduced survival of class II MHC HLA-DP negative patients (p = 0.038). This extends our previous finding of poor outcome with absent class II MHC HLA-DR in DLCL1 to other MHC antigens and demonstrates that the phenomenon of defective class II antigen expression comprises 16% of these DLCL patients. Known clinical parameters predictive of prognosis were equally distributed between phenotypic groups. These findings indicate that aberrancy of immune phenotype in DLCL is critical to patient outcome and we speculate that loss of MHC expression may confound host immunosurvei...
PMH13: PRE-TREATMENT PATIENT DIFFERENCES: CHOICE OF DRUG THERAPY WITHIN SCHIZOPHRENIA

OBJECTIVE: To examine pre-treatment differences in characteristics of patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine and risperidone, as reported in epidemiologic studies. METHOD: All 15 non-randomized studies with olanzapine and risperidone cited in Medline or presented at major conferences (APA, ECNP, WPA, ISPOR) through 1999 were included. The direction, magnitude, and statistical significance from all comparisons of pre-treatment characteristics for schizophrenia patients initiating therapy on olanzapine or risperidone are summarized. RESULTS: Several studies found olanzapine patients were more likely to be younger and male. One of six studies found younger mean age at onset, though prior duration of illness results had no consistent direction. Other specific comparisons were included in only one or two studies. History of hospital admission results were mixed, though olanzapine patients had significantly higher prior hospitalization costs in the one study with that measure. Patients initiated on olanzapine were more likely to have prior use of clozapine, depot antipsychotics, and/or antidepressants, whereas patients initiated on risperidone were more likely to have anticholinergic use at therapy start. In one study, patients initiated on olanzapine had mean CGI scores and/or GAF scores indicative of greater severity. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluated, significant pre-treatment patient differences were often found. Physicians may be choosing olanzapine therapy for more complicated schizophrenic patients, indicated by prior hospitalization cost, medication use, and clinical assessment scores.
Robust Solar Sail Trajectory Control for Large Pre-Launch Modeling Errors

Solar sail missions will be designed for speciOc propulsion models of a sail, however due to uncertainties in sail performance and degradation these models must always be conservative and provide excess thrust. It is not simple to shed excess thrust on a solar sail, and it may not be feasible or wise to continually re-optimize and re-target the trajectory based on the current performance of the sail. We present an alternate control methodology that dumps excess thrust by forcing the sail to \orbit" about the nominal solution in a quasi-circular motion constrained to lie in the plane perpendicular to the nominal thrust direction. The excess thrust is balanced by the centripetal acceleration necessary to maintain the motion. A feedback control scheme can be used to asymptotically stabilize this orbital motion and an estimation strategy to track changing sail performance parameters. Implementation strategies for this approach are also discussed.
"The Federalist" and V. Ostrom on Concurrent Taxation and Federalism

Vincent Ostrom viewed concurrent federal and state taxation as a key element of the theory of the compound republic. Alexander Hamilton viewed his theory of concurrent tax jurisdiction elaborated in The Federalist as an important intellectual achievement and device for convincing readers that the new federal government needed, and could be entrusted with, an unhampered tax power because citizens would be able to control that power through their House of Representatives, federal taxes would ordinarily be moderate, and the states would retain their sovereign tax powers. Furthermore, the dual federalism arising from this concurrent jurisdiction would be cooperative in two important respects: the federal and state governments would practice mutual forbearance in tax policy making, and the federal government would employ state officers for tax collection.
Neuropeptide Y Gates a Stress-Induced, Long-Lasting Plasticity in the Sympathetic Nervous System

Acute stress evokes the fight-or-flight reflex, which via release of the catecholamine hormones affects the function of every major organ. Although the reflex is transient, it has lasting consequences that produce an exaggerated response when stress is reexperienced. How this change is encoded is not known. We investigated whether the reflex affects the adrenal component of the sympathetic nervous system, a major branch of the stress response. Mice were briefly exposed to the cold-water forced swim test (FST) which evoked an increase in circulating catecholamines. Although this hormonal response was transient, the FST led to a long-lasting increase in the catecholamine secretory capacity measured amperometrically from chromaffin cells and in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. A variety of approaches indicate that these changes are regulated postsynaptically by neuropeptide Y (NPY), an adrenal cotransmitter. Using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and NPY(GFP) BAC mice, we find that NPY is synthesized by all chromaffin cells. Stress failed to increase secretory capacity in NPY knock-out mice. Genetic or pharmacological interference with NPY and Y1 (but not Y2 or Y5) receptor signaling attenuated the stress-induced change in tyrosine hydroxylase expression. These results indicate that, under basal conditions, adrenal signaling is tonically inhibited by NPY, but stress overrides this autocrine negative feedback loop. Because acute stress leads to a lasting increase in secretory capacity in vivo but does not alter sympathetic tone, these postsynaptic changes appear to be an adaptive response. We conclude that the sympathetic limb of the stress response exhibits an activity-dependent form of long-lasting plasticity.
Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampus

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a method for modulating cortical excitability by weak constant electrical current that is applied through scalp electrodes. Although often described in terms of anodal or cathodal stimulation, depending on which scalp electrode pole is proximal to the cortical region of interest, it is the orientation of neuronal structures relative to the direct current (DC) vector that determines the effect of tDCS. To investigate the contribution of neural pathway orientation, we studied DCS-mediated neuromodulation in an in vitro rat hippocampal slice preparation. We examined the contribution of dendritic orientation to the direct current stimulation (DCS) neuromodulatory effect by recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in apical and basal dendrites of CA1 neurons within a constant DC field. In addition, we assessed the contribution of axonal orientation by recording CA1 and CA3 apical fEPSPs generated by stimulation of oppositely oriented Schaffer collateral and mossy fiber axons, respectively, during DCS. Finally, nonsynaptic excitatory signal propagation was measured along antidromically stimulated CA1 axons at different DCS amplitudes and polarity. We find that modulation of both the fEPSP and population spike depends on axonal orientation relative to the electric field vector. Axonal orientation determines whether the DC field is excitatory or inhibitory and dendritic orientation affects the magnitude, but not the overall direction, of the DC effect. These data suggest that tDCS may oppositely affect neurons in a stimulated cortical volume if these neurons are excited by oppositely orientated axons in a constant electrical field.
The Maize macrohairless1 Locus Specifically Promotes Leaf Blade Macrohair Initiation and Responds to Factors Regulating Leaf Identity

The leaf surfaces of almost all plant species possess specialized epidermal cell types that form hairs or trichomes. Maize leaves produce three distinct types of hairs, the most prominent being the macrohairs that serve as a marker for adult leaf identity and may contribute to insect resistance. This report describes the maize macrohairless1 (mhl1) locus, which promotes macrohair initiation specifically in the leaf blade. Each of seven recessive mhl1 mutant alleles significantly reduces or eliminates macrohairs in the leaf blade. The mhl1 mutations block macrohair initiation rather than interfering with macrohair morphogenesis. Genetic mapping placed mhl1 within bin 4 on chromosome 9. A second independently segregating locus was found to partially suppress the mhl1 mutant phenotype in certain genetic backgrounds. Macrohair density was observed to increase during early adult vegetative development and then progressively decline, suggesting macrohair initiation frequency is affected by factors that act throughout shoot development. Genetic analyses demonstrated that mhl1 acts in the same pathway but downstream of factors that either promote or repress adult leaf identity. Thus, mhl1 plays a key role in integrating developmental programs that regulate leaf identity during shoot development with those that specify macrohair initiation within the leaf blade.
A comparison of two methods for online delivery of biorenewable resources and technology course content

In 2007, a Virtual Education Center for Biorenewable Resources was initiated (Raman, Brown, Brumm, Anex, Euken, Nokes, Crofcheck, Van Gerpen, and He, 2006). The Center offered three courses through distance education, including Biorenewable Resources and Technology (BRT) 501 – Fundamentals of Biorenewable Resources and Technology. The main objectives for this study were to: 1. Determine if student learning in BRT 501 was influenced by course delivery method. Two methods were used – video lecture and menu-driven autotutorial presentations (MDAP) delivered via Flash. The influence of student major and gender on learning were also studied. 2. Assess student perceptions of the two delivery methods. 3. Compare instructor time commitment for classroom lecture, video lecture, and MDAP delivery methods. Student learning experience was measured in the online course of BRT 501 at Iowa State University during spring semester 2010. Data were gathered from the WebCT grade book and student survey, which were supplemented by online research. The sample size was 46 for delivery method, student major, and gender comparisons. Students were divided into two academically equal groups, one receiving lecture content in a video lecture format and the other in a MDAP format. We found that BRT 501 student learning was not significantly affected by the module delivery method. Students with agricultural majors were outperformed by students with non-agricultural majors, most of whom were engineering students, on the midterm and final exams, and course grade. Female
CD80 binding polyproline helical peptide inhibits T cell activation.

The critical role played by the CD28/CD152-CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules in mediating T cell activation and suppression provides attractive targets for therapeutic strategies. CD28 and CD152 share a conserved polyproline motif in the ligand-binding region. Similar proline-rich regions in globular domains preferentially adopt a polyproline type II (PP) helical conformation and are involved in transient IIprotein-protein interactions. Interestingly, in the human CD80-CD152 complex, Pro102 of CD152 restricts the preceding proline to PPII helix in the binding orientation in relation to the shallow binding pocket of CD80. Peptide agents derived from binding sites of receptors that mimic the bioactive conformation have been shown to block receptor-ligand interactions. Contact preferences of the interface amino acids at the protein-protein interaction sites and the propensity of each residue to form PPII helix were integrated in the design of novel peptide agents referred to as CD80 competitive antagonist peptides. Structural and functional studies suggest potential therapeutic value for select CD80 competitive antagonist peptides.
Quantitative changes in endogenous DNA adducts correlate with conazole in vivo mutagenicity and tumorigenicity

The mouse liver tumorigenic conazole fungicides triadimefon and propiconazole have previously been shown to be in vivo mouse liver mutagens in the Big Blue™ transgenic mutation assay when administered in feed at tumorigenic doses, whereas the nontumorigenic conazole myclobutanil was not mutagenic. DNA sequencing of the mutants recovered from each treatment group as well as from animals receiving control diet revealed that propiconazole- and triadimefon-induced mutations do not represent general clonal expansion of background mutations, and support the hypothesis that they arise from the accumulation of endogenous reactive metabolic intermediates within the liver in vivo. We therefore measured the spectra of endogenous DNA adducts in the livers of mice from these studies to determine if there were quantitative or qualitative differences between mice receiving tumorigenic or nontumorigenic conazoles compared to concurrent control animals. We resolved and quantitated 16 individual adduct spots by (32)P postlabelling and thin layer chromatography using three solvent systems. Qualitatively, we observed the same DNA adducts in control mice as in mice receiving conazoles. However, the 13 adducts with the highest chromatographic mobility were, as a group, present at significantly higher amounts in the livers of mice treated with propiconazole and triadimefon than in their concurrent controls, whereas this same group of DNA adducts in the myclobutanil-treated mice was not different from controls. This same group of endogenous adducts were significantly correlated with mutant frequency across all treatment groups (P = 0.002), as were total endogenous DNA adduct levels (P = 0.005). We hypothesise that this treatment-related increase in endogenous DNA adducts, together with concomitant increases in cell proliferation previously reported to be induced by conazoles, explain the observed increased in vivo mutation frequencies previously reported to be induced by treatment with propiconazole and triadimefon.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR GREEN CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION: SUSTAINABILITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GREEN-COLLAR WORKFORCE

Background/Context: In this paper sustainability is explored as an emerging paradigm for career and technical education (CTE). The current context of the sustainability or green movement is discussed and CTE is compared to environmental education. A sustainability literacy conceptual framework is then applied to career and technical education. Purpose/Focus of Study: An argument is presented that CTE programs should green their curriculum and instruction to meet the needs of students, employers, business/industry and the environment. It is then argued that a sustainability literacy conceptual framework is needed to assess current efforts by CTE programs to green their curriculum and instruction, shape and inform future efforts and to assess sustainability efforts in CTE. Research Design: This paper is an analytic essay in which the historical, philosophical, and theoretical foundations of CTE are reviewed and then related to environmental education. Sustainability is defined, examined and applied through a sustainability literacy conceptual framework to CTE. Conclusion: Green CTE represents a new paradigm for the field and sustainability is a complex not yet well understood concept. This paper is intended to stimulate conversation about the purpose(s) of CTE as well as the possible role CTE has in contributing to sustainability through local actions.
Test reuse in the spreadsheet paradigm

Spreadsheet languages are widely used by a variety of end users to perform many important tasks. Despite their perceived simplicity, spreadsheets often contain faults. Furthermore, users modify their spreadsheets frequently, which can render previously correct spreadsheets faulty. To address this problem, we previously introduced a visual approach by which users can systematically test their spreadsheets, see where new tests are required after changes, and request automated generation of potentially useful test inputs. To date, however, this approach has not taken advantage of previously developed test cases, which means that users of the approach cannot benefit, when re-testing following changes, from prior testing efforts. We have therefore been investigating ways to add support for test re-use into our spreadsheet testing methodology. In this paper we present a test re-use strategy for spreadsheets, and the algorithms that implement it, and describe their integration into our spreadsheet testing methodology. We report results of a case study examining the application of this strategy.
Comment on the Status of Systematic Desensitization

Articles about systematic desensitization that appeared in mainstream behavior therapy journals between the years 1970 and 2002 were counted. Graphic displays of the data point to a sudden and lasting decline of interest in systematic desensitization among academics and researchers. A questionnaire concerning clinical use of orthodox systematic desensitization was mailed to 310 selected providers. Returns from 171 of those providers show that use of systematic desensitization has declined but continues to be fairly widespread. The decline of interest in systematic desensitization is explained; arguments are offered that revitalized interest would be beneficial but is not likely to occur.
A VLSI system architecture for optical flow computation

The computation of optical flow in video sequences is a challenging task in most camera based scene interpretation systems. In the past, most optical flow computation algorithms has been either implemented in software running on general purpose processors or designed as an application specific hardware. However, these implementations either cannot support real-time processing requirements or result in excessive inaccuracies in the computed velocity values. In this work, we propose a efficient VLSI system architecture for computing the optical flow in video sequences using the Lucas-Kanade (L-K) algorithm. The algorithm is converted into high speed RTL implementation by exploiting the inherent paralellism in the data flow graph. Clever pipelining strategies has been used throughout the design to further improve the speedup of velocity computation. We have mapped the RTL design on a Xilinx Virtex II Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) supported with Kingston DIMM DDR memory module, and a Pixel-Plus 2.0 Mega-pixel camera on the XUPV2P FPGA board. Experimental results of our proposed design showed significant improvements in accuracy with a speedup of five times when compared with other recent hardware implementations.
The specification and schedulability analysis of real-time systems using ACSR

To engineer reliable real-time systems, it is desirable to detect timing anomalies early in the development process. However, there is little work addressing the problem of accurately predicting timing properties of real-time systems before implementations are developed. This paper describes an approach to the specification and schedulability analysis of real-time systems based on the timed process algebra ACSR-VP, which is an extension of algebra of communicating shared resources (ACSR) with value-passing communication and dynamic priorities. Combined with the existing features of ACSR for representing time, synchronization and resource requirements, ACSR-VP is capable of specifying a variety of real-time systems with different scheduling disciplines in a modular fashion. Moreover, we can perform schedulability analysis on real-time systems specified in ACSR-VP automatically by checking for a certain bisimulation relation.
Solid-State C-13 NMR Studies of Vulcanized Elastomers X. N-t-Butyl-2-Benzothiazole Sulfenamide Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization of cis-Polyisoprene at 75.5 MHz

Abstract Accelerated sulfur vulcanized cis-polyisoprene was analyzed using C-13 solid-state NMR to determine the chemical microstructure of the network. Three formulations were analyzed consisting of varying accelerator/sulfur ratios. All formulations yielded similar network structures, but the amount of sulfurization varied with sulfur concentration. At low percent cure, only polysulfidic A-type cis-structures were found. For longer cure times, the A-type structures shortened to monosulfldic, and B-type polysulfidic structures, both cis and trans, were formed. The amount of trans-sulfurized product was constant with cure once this resonance appeared. No isomerization, chain scission, saturation, or double bond migration was detected. The NMR measurements appeared to show fairly good agreement with equilibrium swelling measurements.
Growth and root penetration by large crabgrass and bermudagrass through mulch and fabric barriers.

Abstract Four polypropylene fabrics and five polyethylene (plastic) films, covered with shredded pinebark mulch, were compared for suppression of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) shoot and root growth, and root penetration. No covering completely controlled either grass, but significant differences existed between materials, with Weed-X giving the best overall shoot suppression. Penetration of both grasses' roots was less through Weed-X, Weed Control and brown polyethylene than through Weed Barrier, Duon, Typar, WeedBlock, Magic Mat and Weedstop. Weed growth in the mulch layers atop the fabrics and films are significant. Resistance to weed root penetration was possibly related to the percent of open versus closed areas of the fabrics and films. Fabrics or perforated films with greater root penetration resistance should generally provide greater overall landscape weed control than those allowing greater root penetration.
Fracture Origins and Maximum Principal Stresses in Rectangular Glass Lites

AbstractData were studied from tests of new and weathered rectangular annealed glass samples, each consisting of numerous specimens, loaded to fracture. The maximum principal tensile stress at the fracture origin was compared with the single largest maximum principal tensile stress (SLMPTS) within each specimen. The findings indicated that maximum principal tensile stresses at the fracture origins were always less, often significantly so, than SLMPTS in the specimens. In addition, fracture origins rarely, if ever, coincided with the location of SLMPTS in a rectangular glass lite specimen. These results support the notion that glass thickness selection should not be based on a maximum principal stress method.
High Baseline Postconcussion Symptom Scores and Concussion Outcomes in Athletes

Context: Some healthy athletes report high levels of baseline concussion symptoms, which may be attributable to several factors (eg, illness, personality, somaticizing). However, the role of baseline symptoms in outcomes after sport-related concussion (SRC) has not been empirically examined. Objective: To determine if athletes with high symptom scores at baseline performed worse than athletes without baseline symptoms on neurocognitive testing after SRC. Design: Cohort study. Setting: High school and collegiate athletic programs. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 670 high school and collegiate athletes participated in the study. Participants were divided into groups with either no baseline symptoms (Postconcussion Symptom Scale [PCSS] score = 0, n = 247) or a high level of baseline symptoms (PCSS score > 18 [top 10% of sample], n = 68). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants were evaluated at baseline and 2 to 7 days after SRC with the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test and PC...
CRT-200.73 Risk Assessment and Clinical Outcomes for Surgically Rejected Octogenarians Undergoing Left Main Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Elderly patients are well known to have higher mortality rates associated with coronary surgical revascularization. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score and the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II are well known risk stratification models in which age plays