cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophy in a New Century: Selected Essays

John R. Searle has made profoundly influential contributions to three areas of philosophy: philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of society. This volume gathers together in accessible form a selection of his essays in these areas. They range widely across social ontology, where Searle presents concise and informative statements of positions developed in more detail elsewhere; artificial intelligence and cognitive science, where Searle assesses the current state of the debate and develops his most recent thoughts; and philosophy of language, where Searle connects ideas from various strands of his work in order to develop original answers to fundamental questions. There are also explorations of the limitations of phenomenological inquiry, the mind-body problem, and the nature and future of philosophy. This rich collection from one of America's leading contemporary philosophers will be valuable for all who are interested in these central philosophical questions.
Carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Pentapeptides of Glycine Containing Central Residues of Aliphatic Amino Acids

Abstract Pentapeptides containing either glycine, l-alanine, l-valine, l-leucine, or l-isoleucine as central residue in the pattern glycylglycyl-X-glycylglycine have been studied by proton-decoupled natural abundance 13C Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Resonances were assigned by comparison with the free amino acids and by detailed observation of changes in chemical shifts with pH over the range 1.32 to 10.43. The effect of varying the central residue on the chemical shifts of the flanking glycine residues was established. Small effects ascribable to incipient aggregation were noted, both in terms of chemical shifts and relaxation properties. Each resonance was categorized according to the degree of sensitivity to the state of protonation of the terminal groups, and the pK values at 26° for those groups were determined from the pH dependence of the most sensitive resonances. The sensitive terminal resonances undergo broadening which is maximum near the pK. Spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, of protonated carbon nuclei were measured at two or more pH values in all cases except for the glycine pentapeptide. For each peptide Cα resonances showed gradients in increasing T1 to each side from the central residue, indicative of contributions from segmental motion and internal rotation along the backbone in addition to the over-all rotational motion of the molecule. Internal rotational modes are expressed as well in the aliphatic side chains, especially by the most peripheral methyl groups for which spinning around the attaching bond is clearly prominent. Comparison of the anionic and cationic forms of the alanine, valine, and leucine peptides indicates that the rate of internal rotation of Cα of the NH2-terminal glycine residues increases with deprotonation of the ammonium group.
Similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin

The ability to adapt successfully to periods of relative hypoxia is crucial to the survival of all higher life forms. Several genes have previously been identified which are up-regulated in response to hypoxia; these include the genes encoding erythropoietin (Epo), platelet-derived growth factor B chain, endothelin, interleukin-1 alpha, ornithine decarboxylase, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia is sensed remain enigmatic. In addition, it is unknown whether the genes mentioned share a common oxygen-sensing signal transduction pathway. In this report we demonstrate multiple similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of VEGF and Epo. The expression of both mRNAs is significantly up-regulated by hypoxia and cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and the half-life of both mRNAs is markedly prolonged by cycloheximide. In addition, hypoxic induction of both Epo and VEGF is inhibited by carbon monoxide. As part of our investigation into the signal transduction pathway responsible for the hypoxia and cobalt induction of these genes, we discovered that the expression of members of the jun and fos protooncogene families is also up-regulated early after exposure to either of these stimuli. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the mechanism(s) by which hypoxia is sensed at a molecular level may be highly conserved and tightly regulated.
Laser-Frequency Stabilization Based on Steady-State Spectral-Hole Burning in Eu(3+)∶Y(2)SiO(5).

Crystals doped with rare-earth ions, and cooled to 4 K, can be optically pumped so that they are transparent over narrow frequency ranges. Using these crystals as spectral windows could allow for reliable, long-term laser frequency stabilization.
Political Competition, Partisanship, and Policy Making in Latin American Public Utilities

This book studies policymaking in the Latin American electricity and telecommunication sectors. Murillo's analysis of the Latin American electricity and telecommunications sectors shows that different degrees of electoral competition and the partisan composition of the government were crucial in resolving policymakers' tension between the interests of voters and the economic incentives generated by international financial markets and private corporations in the context of capital scarcity. Electoral competition by credible challengers dissuaded politicians from adopting policies deemed necessary to attract capital inflows. When electoral competition was low, financial pressures prevailed, but the partisan orientation of reformers shaped the regulatory design of market-friendly reforms. In the post-reform period, moreover, electoral competition and policymakers' partisanship shaped regulatory redistribution between residential consumers, large users, and privatized providers.
Stateless near optimal flow control with poly-logarithmic convergence

We design completely local, stateless, and self-stabilizing flow control mechanism to be executed by "greedy" agents associated with individual flow paths. Our mechanism is very natural and can be described in a single line: If a path has many "congested" edges, decrease the flow on the path by a small multiplicative factor, otherwise increase its flow by a small multiplicative factor. The mechanism does not require any initialization or coordination between the agents. We show that starting from an arbitrary feasible flow, the mechanism always maintains feasibility and reaches, after poly-logarithmic number of rounds, a 1+Ɛ approximation of the maximum throughput multicommodity flow. Moreover, the total number of rounds in which the solution is not 1+Ɛ approximate is also poly-logarithmic. Previous distributed solutions in our model either required a state since they used a primal-dual approach or had very slow (polynomial) convergence.
Chapter 2 Minority-Carrier Lifetime in III–V Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on the development of mathematical tools for analyzing time-resolved photoluminescence data. The chapter presents the development of these tools and provides an abbreviated discussion of the primary recombination mechanisms that are important in III-V minority-carrier physics. The chapter discusses the important aspects of light emission. It focuses on the PL decay analysis of various device structures and on high-injection effects. The present preferred method of lifetime measurement is time-resolved photoluminescence. However, this method has not proven to be applicable to weak light emitters and the smaller-bandgap materials. The latter problem is instrument-related and may well be solved by new technology in the near future. The chapter highlights the experimental data on lifetime in GaAs DH structures and reviews present data related to minority-carrier lifetime in AIxGa1-xAs.
Listening for Ringing Black Holes

The gravitational radiation produced by binary black holes during their inspiral, merger, and ringdown phases is a promising candidate for detection by the first or second generation of kilometer-scale interferometric gravitational wave antennas. Waveforms for the last phase, the quasinormal ringing, are well understood. I discuss the feasibility of detection of the quasinormal ringing of a black hole based on an analysis of the Caltech 40-meter interferometer data.
Development of a light-weight robot end-effector using polymeric piezoelectric bimorph

The development of a lightweight piezoelectric end-effector (multifinger type) for robotic applications is reported. The fundamental configuration of each finger is a simple piezoelectric bimorph structure made of a piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride material. Injection of a controlled high voltage into the finger can induce a deformation in a prescribed direction. Depending on the applied voltage, the effector can hold an object from outside or inside. The theoretical predictions are verified by the experimental and finite-element simulation results. This end effector is designed for lightweight objects such as electronic chips, and for high-precision (or even micro-precision) operation. Gripping force can always be enhanced by injecting higher voltage. Coordinating the applied voltage in two fingers can also compensate the position offset if misalignment exists in the setup. >
Individualized Behavioral Supports at 15 Years: It's Still Lonely at the Top

Positive behavior support (PBS) has evolved over the past 15 years from an individualized approach to behavior management to one with an increased focus on universal applications. Although there ar...
Modeling of the plasma sintering process at reduced pressures

Numerical simulation of the thermal behavior of sintering specimen under RF plasma conditions at reduced pressure is considered. A two-dimensional approach is adopted for describing flow, temperature, and electromagnetic fields in the reactor with appropriate boundary conditions. Slip boundary conditions are imposed for the velocity field at the sample surface and at the wall of the reactor, and corresponding jump boundary conditions are specified for the temperature field. Simple kinetic theory is employed for the calculation of the heat flux from the plasma to the specimen. The so-called capture-radiative-cascade model is adopted for ionization and recombination processes. The results indicate that ion-electron surface recombination is the dominant heat transfer mechanism to the sintering specimen under reduced pressure conditions.
Microfabricated mounts for high-throughput macromolecular cryocrystallography

A new approach is described for mounting microcrystals of biological macromolecules for cryocrystallography. The sample mounts are prepared by patterning thin polyimide films by standard microfabrication techniques. The patterned structures contain a small hole for the crystal connected to a larger hole via a drainage channel, allowing removal of excess liquid and easier manipulation in viscous solutions. These polyimide structures are wrapped around small metal rods. The resulting curvature increases their rigidity and allows a convenient scoop-like action in retrieving crystals. The polyimide contributes minimally to X-ray background and absorption, and can be treated to obtain desired hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. The new mounts are fully compatible with existing automated sample-handling hardware for cryocrystallography. Their potential advantages include completely reproducible sample hole sizes to below 10 µm; accurate and reproducible sample positioning and good sample-to-mount contrast, simplifying alignment; more convenient manipulation of small crystals; easier removal of excess liquid and reduced background scatter; reduced thermal mass and more rapid flash-cooling; and easy design customization and mass production. They are especially well suited to data collection from the smaller crystals produced in high-throughput crystallization trials, and are suitable for automated crystal retrieval. They should be more generally useful for X-ray data collection from small organic and inorganic crystals of all types.
Conversion: fact or chimera?

For nineteenth century psychiatrists, especially in France, dissociation was viewed as the basic mechanism responsible for the formation of hysterical symptoms. To explain how dissociation occurred, Freud advanced the concept of repression and proposed that hysterical symptoms arose from the conversion of repressed psychic excitations into somatic symptoms. The notion of conversion has since become synonymous with hysteria and has been extended to include processes mediated over the autonomic as well as the sensori-motor nervous system. It is suggested that conversion is an unnecessary hypothesis involving untestable theories of energy transformation, that preoccupation with the concept has diverted scientific attention from the phenomena of dissociation, and that through renewed investigation of the latter will come further understanding of brain-behavior correlations and the genesis of psychosomatic symptoms.
Influence of crystallography on aspects of solid-solid nucleation theory

Expressions for the major variables in the general rate equation for solid-solid nucleation were developed on the basis of various models of the critical nucleus shape during homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation. These models are based upon spheres, but in some a facet was incorporated at one boundary orientation to represent the presence of a partially or fully coherent structure. Gibbs’ relationship for the critical radius is applicable to all of the models. The other variables in the nucleation rate equation are affected by the model and by faceting. Reduction of AG* by faceting is concluded to be the primary cause for the presence of reproducible lattice orientation relationships and for the existence of transition phases during precipitation from solid solutions.
Adhesion, atomic structure, and bonding at the Al(111)/α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) interface: A first principles study

We have performed a series of ab initio calculations to determine the atomic structure, ideal work of adhesion $({\mathcal{W}}_{\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{}}),$ and bonding character of the $\mathrm{Al}(111)/\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ interface. Six candidate interface geometries were considered, including Al and O terminations of the oxide. Minimization of the Hellman-Feynman forces resulted in substantial changes to the atomic structure of the metal near the interface, wherein some atoms adopted positions consistent with a continuation of the oxide's Al-sublattice crystal structure across the interface. Consequently, the lowest-energy structures (i.e., having the largest ${\mathcal{W}}_{\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{}})$ are those that facilitate this ``oxide extension'' mechanism. By applying several methods of analysis we have thoroughly characterized the electronic structure and have determined that Al-O bonds constitute the primary interfacial bonding interaction. These bonds are very similar to the cation-anion bonds found in the oxide bulk and are mainly ionic, yet maintain a small amount of covalent character. In addition, there is evidence of metal-cation bonding at the optimal Al-terminated interface. Taking into account recent theoretical and experimental evidence suggesting an Al termination of the clean oxide surface, our calculations predict ${\mathcal{W}}_{\mathrm{ad}\mathrm{}}=1.36{\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ [local density approximation (LDA)] and 1.06 ${\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ [generalized gradient approximation (GGA)] for the optimal Al-terminated structure, which are in good agreement with the experimental value of 1.13 ${\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ as scaled to 0 K. These values are approximately an order of magnitude smaller than what is found for the optimal O-terminated interface: 10.70 ${\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ (LDA) and 9.73 ${\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ (GGA). Although cleavage preferentially occurs at the interface for the Al termination, strong bonding at the O-terminated interface favors cleavage within the metal.
Thermal effects on retention of resin-bonded retainers.

Abstract Composite resin-retained, fixed partial dentures are subjected to a wide range of temperatures in the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on bond strengths of perforated and electrolytically etched resin-bonded retainers. Shear bond strengths of both retainer designs were adversely affected by thermocycling while tensile bond strengths remained unaltered. Bond strengths of electrolytically etched castings were consistently stronger than those of the perforated design.
Near Field Optical Spectroscopy Studies of Carrier Localization in Al x Ga 1-x N Alloys

Using UV-near-field optical spectroscopy and AlGaN layers that exhibit a strong, red- shifted emission band, we demonstrate the existence of different localization regions that can be excited selectively with excitation below the bandgap.
Agency in the Making: Adult Immigrants' Accounts of Language Learning and Work

This article considers language learner agency from a poststructuralist perspective, focusing on how agency is discursively constituted as individuals position themselves and are positioned as (potential) agents within ideologically defined spaces. As such, I regard agency as inherently unstable and as a discursively mobilized capacity to act. Drawing on a corpus of 18 interviews with adult immigrant small business owners in the United States, this study uses both quantitative and qualitative discourse analytic approaches in considering (a) recurrent linguistic constructs used across interviews to position interviewees as (in)agentive characters in the story worlds of their autobiographical accounts; (b) how these constructs are mobilized in the co-constructed positioning work of interviewer and interviewees; and (c) so-called common sense ideological discourses by which the interviewees are constituted as agents who rationally and responsibly make self-generated choices and act on them. This multilayered positioning work constrained interviewees to speaking from positions of language learner or immigrant or small business owner, but at the same time such positioning mobilized recognizable subjectivities for them, enabling them to act in interpretable and meaningful ways.
Upper mantle structure of southern Africa from Rayleigh wave tomography

[1] Rayleigh wave phase velocities in southern Africa have been obtained at 18 periods from 20 to 167 s using a two-plane wave method. These phase velocities are utilized in subsequent inversions to solve for shear wave structure in the crust and upper mantle of southern Africa. A fast lithosphere lid is imaged beneath most parts of southern Africa. The lid thickness is estimated on the basis of the variation of shear wave velocity with depth and ranges from ∼80 km beneath the Namaqua-Natal belt to 180 ± 20 km beneath the Kaapvaal craton. Relative low velocities are observed under the Cape Fold Belt and beneath the tectonic border regions in the shallow upper mantle. The Bushveld Complex is relatively slower than its surroundings above 100 km, probably because of high iron content that resulted from an intracratonic intrusion at 2.05 Ga. A relative low-velocity zone (LVZ) is observed at the depths of 160–260 km across southern Africa with an average velocity of ∼4.5 km/s. This layer, although not absolutely slow, is ∼4% slower than the fast lithosphere above it. The velocity reduction in this layer varies from 4.8% at the edges of the Kaapvaal craton to 1.5% at its center. Such a large velocity reduction and a strong lateral variation in the LVZ cannot be totally attributed to compositional and petrologic effects. Our preferred interpretation is that the LVZ is largely caused by high temperature. It is probably associated with sublithospheric mantle convection and should make contributions to supporting the high elevation of southern Africa.
A vector-concurrent application of a conjugate gradient FFT algorithm to electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems

A vector-concurrent form of a nonlinear iterative technique, namely the conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (CGFFT), is considered. The vectorizable nature of the CGFFT algorithm is exploited by identifying the major processes involved in a given iteration, including the fast Fourier transforms, vector dot products, and norm calculations. Since many operations within the iteration loop are not interdependent, substantial vectorization can be achieved, resulting in improved computational speed. The optimized CGFFT algorithm is used for scattering computations associated with large planar structures. It is shown that the optimization results in considerable improvement in the algorithm's speed, especially for larger size geometries. >
Neural stages of spoken, written, and signed word processing in beginning second language learners.

We combined magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine how sensory modality, language type, and language proficiency interact during two fundamental stages of word processing: (1) an early word encoding stage, and (2) a later supramodal lexico-semantic stage. Adult native English speakers who were learning American Sign Language (ASL) performed a semantic task for spoken and written English words, and ASL signs. During the early time window, written words evoked responses in left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, and spoken words in left superior temporal cortex. Signed words evoked activity in right intraparietal sulcus that was marginally greater than for written words. During the later time window, all three types of words showed significant activity in the classical left fronto-temporal language network, the first demonstration of such activity in individuals with so little second language (L2) instruction in sign. In addition, a dissociation between semantic congruity effects and overall MEG response magnitude for ASL responses suggested shallower and more effortful processing, presumably reflecting novice L2 learning. Consistent with previous research on non-dominant language processing in spoken languages, the L2 ASL learners also showed recruitment of right hemisphere and lateral occipital cortex. These results demonstrate that late lexico-semantic processing utilizes a common substrate, independent of modality, and that proficiency effects in sign language are comparable to those in spoken language.
Study of underpotential deposition of metals using the quartz crystal microbalance

Abstract Underpotential deposition (UPD) of the metals lead, cadmium and thallium, onto a polycrystalline silver substrate, has been studied. The amount of charge and mass transferred during the UPD process is examined, in situ , with voltammetry and with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), simultaneously. The measured charge and mass consumptions show good agreement with the expected values for Cd 2+ /Ag up to 1.5 monolayers (ML) and for Pb 2+ /Ag up to 0.7 ML. An anomaly occurs in the UPD of Tl + /Ag. While the measured mass change is consistent with the expected value, each Tl ion seems to contribute approximately two charges upon adsorption before the completion of the first UPD layer instead of one. In the second UPD layer the value of discharge returns to the valence number z = 1.
Host–guest interactions in a series of self-assembled As2L2Cl2macrocycles

The reaction of AsCl3 with H2L (where L = a rigid dithiolate) results in the self-assembly of As2L2Cl2 supramolecular macrocycles. For ligands 4,4′-bis(mercaptomethyl)biphenyl (H21), 4,4′-bis(mercaptomethyl)-trans-stilbene (H22), and 1,4-dimethoxy-2,5-bis(mercaptomethyl)benzene (H23), the macrocyclic cavities of the resulting assemblies are large enough to host aromatic solvent molecules, as revealed by single crystal X-ray structures of the inclusion complexes. As2L2Cl2macrocycles form in solution as a mixture of diastereomers, but the diastereomers can be selectively crystallized and separated. Crystallization of syn- or anti-As232Cl2 can be controlled using host–guest interactions by the prudent choice of crystallization solvents. anti-As232Cl2 crystallizes exclusively from chloroform and benzene, while a [(syn-As232Cl2)2·p-xylene] dimer crystallizes from p-xylene and a mixture of [(syn-As232Cl2)(anti-As232Cl2)·toluene] and [(syn-As232Cl2)2·toluene] dimers crystallize from toluene.
Examples of 3-knots with no minimal Seifert manifolds

We work throughout in the smooth category. Homomorphisms of fundamental and homology groups are induced by inclusion. An n-knot, form n ≥ 1, is an embedded n-sphere K ⊂ Sn+2. A Seifert manifold for K is a compact, connected, orientable (n + 1)-manifold V ⊂ Sn+2 with boundary ∂V = K. By [9] Seifert manifolds always exist. As in [9] let Y denote Sn+2 split along V; Y is a compact manifold with ∂Y = V0 ∪ V1, where Vt ≈ V. We say that V is a minimal Seifert manifold for K if π1Vt → π1Y is a monomorphism for t = 0, 1. (Here and throughout basepoint considerations are suppressed.)
The Segal–Bargmann Transform on a Symmetric Space of Compact Type☆

Abstract We study the Segal–Bargmann transform on a symmetric space X of compact type, mapping L 2 ( X ) into holomorphic functions on the complexification X C . We invert this transform by integrating against a “dual” heat kernel measure in the fibers of a natural fibration of X C over X . We prove that the Segal–Bargmann transform is an isometry from L 2 ( X ) onto the space of holomorphic functions on X C which are square integrable with respect to a natural measure. These results extend those of B. Hall in the compact group case.
Stability theorems for projections of convex sets

LetH n−1 denote the set of all (n − 1)-dimensional linear subspaces of euclideann-dimensional spaceE n (n≧3), and letJ andK be two compact convex subsets ofE n. It is well-known thatJ andK are translation equivalent (or homothetic) if for allH ∈H n−1 the respective orthogonal projections, sayJ H, KH, are translation equivalent (or homothetic). This fact gives rise to the following stability problem: Ife≧0 is given, and if for everyH ∈H n−1 a translate (or homothetic copy) ofK H is within Hausdorff distancee ofJ H, how close isJ to a nearest translate (or homothetic copy) ofK? In the case of translations it is shown that under the above assumptions there is always a translate ofK within Hausdorff distance (1 + 2√2)e ofJ. Similar results for homothetic transformations are proved and applications regarding the stability of characterizations of centrally symmetric sets and spheres are given. Furthermore, it is shown that these results hold even ifH n−1 is replaced by a rather small (but explicitly specified) subset ofH n−1.
Delineating Compartmentalized Control of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

One out of every five photosynthetically fixed carbon atoms is estimated to enter the phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP), ultimately leading to the production of a myriad of secondary metabolites. In plant cells, the initial enzymatic steps of the core PPP are putatively localized to the cytosolic compartment, and can control key features of secondary metabolism. The enzyme PAL (an ammonia-lyase) utilizes the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine to produce (E)-cinnamic acid, and C4H (a monooxygenase) converts (E)-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid. These three core chemical compounds are precursors to thousands of secondary metabolites, such as lignins, flavonoids, phenolic volatiles, coumarins, tannins, stilbenes, phytoalexins, and at least one phytohormone (Vogt 2010). As uite ofPAL genes has been identified in most plant species examined; whereas one or two C4H gene copies are common. PAL and C4H can form a heterologous multi-protein association, thereby establishing a metabolic channel that converts phenylalanine to p-coumaric acid without allowing exposure of the biosynthetic intermediate, (E)-cinnamic acid, to other cytosolic constituents. Total PAL activity can be negatively regulated by a feed-back mechanism involving (E)-cinnamic acid, which functions as a critical control point in the metabolic flux of the PPP. The dynamic interplay between PAL and C4H appears to be a key feature for directing carbon flux through the core PPP without negatively affecting overall PAL activity, and thus, total carbon flux subsequent of PAL action. However, a problem then exists for biological situations in which elevated quantities of (E)-cinnamic acid are needed for the production of derived compounds such as volatile benzenoids. A relatively simple plant system that produces considerable levels of benzenoid compounds is Petunia x hybrida cv ‘Mitchell Diploid’ .T his petunia cultivar has relatively large, white flowers that when open, emit large amounts of floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) compounds (∼100 ug/ gfw/h), and thus can be a suitable biological system for understanding early stages of phenylalanine metabolism. The last common precursor in FVBP biosynthesis is phenylalanine; however, the majority of FVBPs are produced from the PPP intermediates (E)-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid (i.e. three metabolites from the core PPP—three branches of the FVBP pathway). Metabolite regulation of the core PPP, whether by enzyme kinetics, allosteric regulation, metabolic channeling, and/or compartmentalization may be crucial to the overall volatile blend these flowers emit; but the regulatory complexities remain scientifically under-explored. In short, the petunia petal limb cell must synthesize enough (E)-cinnamic acid to supply the eventual biosynthesis and emission of volatile benzenoids without stimulating a negative feed-back regulatory mechanism. Writ large, a similar challenge may have resulted in thePAL/C4Hproteincomplex‘solution’forsupplyingp-coumaricacidderived compounds without affecting PAL activity.
Improved Reconfiguration Algorithm for the Dual Ring Network by Token Reversal

An improved algorithm is proposed to further enhance the reliability of the dual-ring network over the existing reconfiguration algorithm in the case of topological alteration due to link failures. The improvement is caused by accommodating the reversal of token flow instead of the loopback operation.
The synthesis and hydrolysis of N-benzyl-S-methylisothiazolidinium salts

A series of N-benzyl-S-methylisothiazolidinium salts were obtained by iodinic oxidation of the corresponding N-benzyl-3-methylthiopropylamines at neutral pH followed by their isolation as the chloride salts. The parent N-benzyl-3-methylthiopropylamines were prepared by reacting substituted benzaldehydes with 3-methylthiopropylamine and sodium cyanoborohydride. Acid hydrolysis of the isothiazolidinium salts resulted in their quantitative conversion to the corresponding N-benzyl-3-methylsulfenylpropylamines. Although methylsulfenylpropylamine formation also predominated in alkaline solution, a significant fraction was converted to the parent benzaldehyde and presumably, 3-methylthiopropylamine. The latter conversion is believed to involve opening of the isothiazolidine ring via an elimination reaction followed by hydrolysis of the resulting Schiff's base.
Delamination and delamination magmatism

Abstract Lithospheric delamination is the foundering of dense lithosphere into less dense asthenosphere. The causes for this density inversion are thermal, compositional, and due to phase changes. For delamination to occur in the specific, and probably common, case where lithospheric mantle is intrinsically less dense than underlying asthenosphere due to compositional differences, a critical amount of shortening is required for the densifying effect of cooler temperature to counterbalance the effect of composition. Crustal thickening that results from shortening may result in a crustal root that, due to phase changes, becomes denser than the underlying mantle lithosphere and should delaminate with it: most of the negative buoyancy resides at the top of the mantle and the bottom of the crust. In most cases composition is not known well enough to calculate the driving energy of delamination from densities of equilibrium mineral assemblages in a lithospheric column. Poorly known kinetics of phase changes contribute additional uncertainties. In all cases however, the effects of delamination under a region are readily recognizable: rapid uplift and stress change, and profound changes in crustal and mantle-derived magmatism (a reflection of changes in thermal and compositional structure). Characteristics of delamination magmatism are exhibited in the Southern Puna Plateau, central Andes. The consequences of delamination for theories of crustal and mantle evolution remain speculative, but could be important. Recognition of delamination-related magmas in older (including Archean) orogens may be the best way to recognize past delamination events, because the magmas are among the most indelible and least ambiguous of delamination indicators.
Biologically damaging radiation amplified by ozone depletions

Many recent studies1–3 indicate that releases of chlorofluoro-carbons (CFCs)—mainly chlorofluoromethanes (CFMs)—into the atmosphere deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Potentially dangerous consequences of these ozone depletions, such as increases in skin cancer, are expected due to a subsequent increase in biologically damaging solar UV radiation reaching the ground. The biological effectiveness of this radiation amplification can be quantified by a radiation amplification factor (RAF) for which a value of 2 has been previously assumed: RAF = 2 means, for example, that a 1% ozone depletion will result in a 2% increase in damaging UV dose at ground level. Using accurate radiative transfer calculations together with a detailed modern data base, we calculate here the RAFs for erythemally and DNA-weighted UV–B dose assuming ozone depletions as resulting from a two-dimensional model, as well as a global ozone depletion of 10%. The amplification factor as a function of latitude and season is found to be between 1.9 and 2.2 for erythema and between 2.5 and 2.8 for DNA. This is a smaller range variation than previously claimed.
Noninvasive measurements of cavity parameters by use of squeezed vacuum

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a method for noninvasive measurements of cavity parameters by injection of squeezed vacuum into an optical cavity. The principle behind this technique is the destruction of the correlation between upper and lower quantum sidebands with respect to the carrier frequency when the squeezed field is incident on the cavity. This method is especially useful for ultrahigh-$Q$ cavities, such as whispering-gallery-mode cavities, in which absorption and scattering by light-induced nonlinear processes inhibit precise measurements of the cavity parameters. We show that the linewidth of a test cavity is measured to be $\ensuremath{\gamma}=844\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}$, which agrees with the classically measured linewidth of the cavity within the uncertainty $(\ensuremath{\gamma}=856\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}34\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz})$.
Numerical Techniques for Approximating Lyapunov Exponents and Their Implementation

The algorithms behind a toolbox for approximating Lyapunov exponents of nonlinear differential systems by QR methods are described. The basic solvers perform integration of the trajectory and approximation of the Lyapunov exponents simultaneously. That is, they integrate for the trajectory at the same time, and with the same underlying schemes, as is carried out for integration of the Lyapunov exponents. Separate computational procedures solve small systems for which the Jacobian matrix can be computed and stored, and for large systems for which the Jacobian cannot be stored, and may not even be explicitly known. If it is known, the user has the option to provide the action of the Jacobian on a vector. An alternative strategy is also presented in which one may want to approximate the trajectory with a specialized solver, linearize around the computed trajectory, and then carry out the approximation of the Lyapunov exponents using techniques for linear problems.
Commentary: Facing the Challenge of Gene-Environment Interaction: The Two-by-Four Table and Beyond

As a result of the Human Genome Project, epidemiologists can study thousands of genes and their interaction with the environment. The challenge is how to best present and analyze such studies of multiple genetic and environmental factors. The authors suggest emphasizing the fundamental core of gene-environment interaction-the separate assessment of the effects of individual and joint risk factors. In the simple analysis of one genotype and an exposure (both dichotomous), such study can be summarized in a two-by-four table. The advantages of such a table for data presentation and analysis are many: The table displays the data efficiently and highlights sample size issues; it allows for evaluation of the independent and joint roles of genotype and exposure on disease risk; and it emphasizes effect estimation over model testing. Researchers can easily estimate relative risks and attributable fractions and test different models of interaction. The two-by-four table is a useful tool for presenting, analyzing, and synthesizing data on gene-environment interaction. To highlight the role of gene-environment interaction in disease causation, the authors propose that the two-by-four table is the fundamental unit of epidemiologic analysis.
Regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

An evaluation and a comparison of left ventricular regional wall motion were performed in 32 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, none of whom had coronary artery diameter stenosis exceeding 20% in any major artery, and 17 control subjects, using frame by frame video intensity analysis of digitized ventriculograms. This technique evaluates the whole cardiac cycle in short overlapping intervals and yields information for systolic and diastolic events, without assumptions regarding the position and orientation of the ventricle. Diastolic regional wall motion abnormalities were found in 31 of 32 patients and systolic abnormalities were present in 16 patients. Asynchronous regions most commonly detected during diastole were anteroapical and apical; they were found in 19 of 32 patients. Regional contraction abnormality was observed in the apical and the anteroapical regions in 6 of 16 patients. Dilatation-induced changes in left ventricular shape exaggerate the phenomenon of higher wall stress at the apex of the normal ventricle. Basal wall motion is thus relatively preserved in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Error in estimation of rate and time inferred from the early amniote fossil record and avian molecular clocks.

The best reconstructions of the history of life will use both molecular time estimates and fossil data. Errors in molecular rate estimation typically are unaccounted for and no attempts have been made to quantify this uncertainty comprehensively. Here, focus is primarily on fossil calibration error because this error is least well understood and nearly universally disregarded. Our quantification of errors in the synapsid–diapsid calibration illustrates that although some error can derive from geological dating of sedimentary rocks, the absence of good stem fossils makes phylogenetic error the most critical. We therefore propose the use of calibration ages that are based on the first undisputed synapsid and diapsid. This approach yields minimum age estimates and standard errors of 306.1 ± 8.5 MYR for the divergence leading to birds and mammals. Because this upper bound overlaps with the recent use of 310 MYR, we do not support the notion that several metazoan divergence times are significantly overestimated because of serious miscalibration (sensu Lee 1999). However, the propagation of relevant errors reduces the statistical significance of the pre-K–T boundary diversification of many bird lineages despite retaining similar point time estimates. Our results demand renewed investigation into suitable loci and fossil calibrations for constructing evolutionary timescales.
Contribution of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins to prostaglandin hyperalgesia in the rat.

Abstract The contribution of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (G s ) to prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 )-induced hyperalgesia was investigated in the hairy skin of the rat hindpaw using the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test. Although without effect alone, guanosine-5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate (GTPγS) and cholera toxin — which activate G s — both increased, while guanosine-5′-[β-thio] diphosphate (GDPsS) — which prevents the activation of G s — decresed the hyperalgesia induced by PGE 2 . These data support the hypothesis that the action of PGE 2 on primary afferent nociceptors leading to decreases in paw-withdrawal threshold is G s -mediated.
Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Small Stream

ABSTRACT Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were monitored seasonally and during rainstorms in a small stream (watershed area approximately 60 ha) in central Pennsylvania. Total DOC and DOC 10,000 MW. During rainstorms higher concentrations of DOC were found as flow rates increased. The increased concentrations observed during rain events were due primarily to the 10,000 MW fraction.
Kinetics of tyrosine phosphorylation when IgE dimers bind to FC receptors on rat basophilic leukemia cells.

Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that aggregates of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcϵRI), formed by the binding of chemically cross-linked oligomers of IgE, continue to signal early and late cellular responses long after the formation of new aggregates is blocked. In the present work, we explore quantitatively the relationship between aggregation of the receptors and one of the earliest biochemical changes this initiates. We compare the time course of aggregate formation, inferred from studies of the binding of dimers of IgE, and the time course of phosphorylation of tyrosines on receptor subunits when the receptors are aggregated. A simple model does not fit the data. It appears that aggregates formed late in the response are less effective signaling units than those formed initially. We propose new explanations for the persistence of the response and the unusual kinetics.
Ferrimagnetism in the RbMg1−xCoxF3 system

Abstract Ferrimagnetism has been discovered in the RbMg 1− x Co x F 3 system for hexagonal compositions between x = 0.35 and x = 0.68. Magnetic moment data, taken on single crystals, are consistent with a model of a colinear 1 3 − 2 3 ferrimagnet.
Test of Parity Conservation in p-p Scattering

We report a result of (1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ for the parity-nonconserving component in the $p\ensuremath{-}p$ nuclear cross section at 15 MeV. Our experiment uses rapid spin reversal of a longitudinally polarized proton beam and an unpolarized ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ target. Sources of systematic error are discussed and found to be ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$.
Microsecond Melting of a Folding Intermediate in a Coiled-Coil Peptide, Monitored by T-jump/UV Raman Spectroscopy†

A truncated version of the GCN4 coiled-coil peptide has been studied by ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy with 197 nm excitation, where amide modes are optimally enhanced. Although th...
Feasibility of vagus nerve stimulation-synchronized blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI

Bohning DE, Lomarev MP, Denslow S, et al. Feasibility of vagus nerve stimulation–synchronized blood oxygenation level– dependent functional MRI. Invest Radiol 2001;36:470–479.rationale and objectives. Left cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) by use of an implanted neurocybernetic prosthesis (NCP)
Flux-flow noise in superconductors

Abstract Time-dependent voltages in magnetic flux-containing superconductors are attributable to the motion of singly-quantized flux vortices in type-II superconductors and multiply-quantized flux tubes or domains in type-I superconductors. A theoretical framework for the understanding of these voltages is reviewed, in which the instantaneous voltage is regarded as a linear superposition of contributions from all moving flux in the specimen. The key results of recent experiments designed to test these ideas are summarized, and several remaining problems are outlined.
Bad advice, herding and bubbles

Prior to the crash of the housing market, many experts told the public that the upward trend in housing prices was not a bubble, it could be explained by fundamentals. This paper shows that an increase in the propensity of individuals to herd toward trend-chasing behavior caused, for example, by bad advice from experts, increases the likelihood that a destructive bubble will occur.
Contractile vacuole function in Pseudocohnilembus persalinus: responses to variations in ion and total solute concentration.

Abstract 1. The response of the contractile vacuole of Pseudocohnilembus persalinus. from Great Salt Lake, to changes in solute concentration and specific inorganic ions has been studied. 2. Response of the contractile vacuole is influenced both by total solute concentration and by the presence of specific inorganic salts. 3. Evidence suggests that sodium is transported into the vacuole, probably prior to entry of water.
A Unique Diaminomalonate Derivatve useful for Building Novel Heterocycles

Abstract The synthetic utility of a unique diaminomalonate derivative (1) for constructing novel heterocycles, e.g. 5, has been demonstrated.
A methodology for comparing classification methods through the assessment of model stability and validity in variable selection

Classification analysis utilizes features for separating observations into distinct groups for decision-making purposes. This study provides a systematic design for comparing the performance of six classification methods using Monte Carlo simulations and illustrates that the variable selection process is integral in comparing methodologies to ensure minimal bias, enhanced stability, and optimize performance. We quantify the variable selection bias and show that, for sufficiently large samples, this bias is minimized so that methods can be compared. We address topics relevant to model building and provide prescriptions for future comparisons so as to build a body of evidence for recommending their use.