cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical characteristics of flours of faba bean as influenced by processing methods

Wet- and dry-processing with and without heating treatments were used to dehull faba beans for preparation of flours from the cotyledons. Flour qualities were assessed by levels of tannin and trypsin inhibitor and other measures of proximate composition. High roasting temperature and shorter process time that improved the recovered cotyledon yields were verified significant by path analysis methodologies. In turn, the higher cotyledon recoveries correlated with higher protein levels and inversely with the measured tannin levels. Ash reductions were correlated to the wet processing options in hull removal while reductions in the insoluble dietary fiber were notably influenced by level of heating temperatures applied. Trypsin inhibitor levels ranged from 42 to 56% of the original with reductions tied to applications of wet and/or heat processing in each case improved by increased durations and temperatures of treatments.
Oxidized lipoproteins, beta amyloid peptides and Alzheimer's disease.

Recent studies have provided strong evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and beta-amyloid peptides (Ap) have been implicated to play an important role in mediating these oxidative events. Lipoproteins (LP) in the brain are likely targets of oxidative insult and together enhance Ap-mediated toxicity to neurons. We hypothesize that uptake of oxidized LP by neuron leads to an acceleration of the intracellular oxidative pathways and exacerbation of neuron cell death. In our previous studies, we demonstrated the ability of oxidized low-density LP from plasma to induce cell death in PC12 cells. In this study, a synthetic LP fraction was prepared using lipids extracted from rat brain and incubated with albumin and apoE. This brain lipid-derived LP (BLP) was subjected to oxidation by incubation with Fe3+ and subsequently tested with primary cortical neurons in culture. To study uptake of the BLP, native and oxidized BLP containing apoE3 or apoE4 were labeled with [14C]cholesterol or the fluorescent probe 3,3-dioctadecylindo-carbocy-anine (Di-I) prior to exposing to cultured neurons. Results showed that regardless of the labeling method, oxidized BLP were more effectively taken up by the neurons than the native BLP. Cell viability was assessed by assaying the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the medium and by determining the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe-nyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), an agent depicting mitochondrial activity. While exposure of neurons to oxidized BLP and aggregated A6 (1–42) alone could result in MTT reduction (24%), greater reduction (40%) could be observed when oxidized LP was added together with Ap. Neuronal cell death due to oxidized BLP could be ameliorated by resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound known for its antioxidant properties. Taken together, these results are in agreement with the notion that Ap and oxidized BLP can synergistically enhance oxidative damage in neurons and antioxidants such as resveratrol can ameliorate these damages.
Enhanced Enamel F Uptake by Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate Gels

Application of DCPD-forming solutions has been shown to increase substantially the enamel reactivity toward F. The effectiveness of a variation of this treatment procedure, in which the DCPD-forming solution was replaced by a viscous carboxymethylcellulose gel containing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), was evaluated by use of 12 extracted human molars. The MCPM gel was highly effective in enhancing the F uptake by enamel. The mean F uptakes by teeth treated with MCPM gel, followed by exposure to a F solution, were 3972 ( ± 565), 2383 ( ± 312), and 1751 (± 313) ppm, respectively, in the outer 5-, 10-, and 15-μm depths in enamel. These uptakes were 2374, 1273, and 852 ppm more than those of the control teeth. Because the F solution was undersaturated with respect to CaF2, the F incorporated into the enamel was believed to be in apatitic form and not as CaF2. The MCPM gel has advantages over the DCPD-forming solution because (1) much longer gel-tooth contact times can be achieved, and (2) the treat...
A Monolithic Micro Four-Bar Mechanism With Flexure Hinges

A monolithic micro four-bar mechanism was fabricated in silicon to examine motion amplification as well as the effect of non-ideal geometric profiles in its flexure hinges. Through-wafer deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) was used to produce high-aspect-ratio flexure joints that allow compliant motion within the plane of a silicon wafer. The flexures were approximately 20 microns wide and 530 microns deep, micromachined through the entire wafer thickness. A taper angle of approximately 0.5 degree narrowing toward the bottom of the wafer was measured in the flexure cross section. A finite element model was developed to predict the output rotation of one link in response to the displacement applied at the drive link. For a 1-micron linear input, the model predicted a 0.39-degree angular displacement for the output link. This showed close agreement with experimental data that measured 0.41 degree. An enhanced finite element model that accounted for the tapered cross-section, however, predicted a slightly smaller input/output relation of 0.37 degree per micron.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Independent characterization of thymidine transport and subsequent metabolism in Hymenolepis diminuta--II. Purification and preliminary analysis of thymidine kinase.

Abstract 1. 1. An affinity column for the purification of thymidine kinase (TK) from the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta is described. Using an epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B affinity column containing thymidine as a ligand, a 698-fold purification of thymidine kinase was obtained. 2. 2. Thymidine kinase eluted from this affinity column was partially characterized as having an apparent K m value of 3.94 μM thymidine. This value is very similar to those observed in mammalian systems. 3. 3. Thymidine kinase appears to be an extremely active and ubiquitous enzyme, whose primary function is to rapidly phosphorylate incoming thymidine and thus “trap” it for the cell's use, reducing efflux to a minimum. 4. 4. The apparent K m for TK is two orders of magnitude lower than the K t for thymidine transport. Thus, theories postulating that long-term (2 min) uptake kinetics for thymidine actually represent subsequent metabolism must look further along the thymidine phosphorylating pathway, beyond TK and its very active role.
A Murine Toolbox for Imaging the Neurovascular Unit

The neurovascular unit (NVU) coordinates many essential functions in the brain including blood flow control, nutrient delivery, and maintenance of BBB integrity. These functions are the result of a cellular and molecular interplay that we are just beginning to understand. Cells of the NVU can now be investigated in the intact brain through the combined use of high-resolution in vivo imaging and non-invasive molecular tools to observe and manipulate cell function. Mouse lines that target transgene expression to cells of the NVU will be of great value in future work. However, a detailed evaluation of target cell specificity and expression pattern within the brain is required for many existing lines. The purpose of this review was to catalog mouse lines available to cerebrovascular biologists and to discuss their utility and limitations in future imaging studies.
Demonstration of failure identification methodology incorporating sensor degradation

The long-term goal of this project is the development of embedded, optimally distributed, multi-scale sensing methodologies that can be integrated into material systems for failure identification in structural systems. The coupling of sensor data fusion with a three-dimensional predictive framework will provide insight and understanding of events that are difficult, if not impossible, in any experimental study, such as subsurface damage and crack nucleation in structural systems. The current work presents an experimental study of the survivability and degradation behavior of an optical fiber Bragg grating sensor, surface mounted on a woven fiber composite material system during multiple low velocity impacts. The results reveal that as sensor degradation occurs, additional coupling phenomena other than Bragg reflection are observed in the grating sensor. From these additional modes, information on the sensor/host bond and fiber degradation is obtained.
Magnetoconductive effects in an effectively two-dimensional system. Weak Anderson localization

Experimental results pertaining to the transport properties of thin indium oxide films are given and discussed. The data presented for the resistivity, the transverse magnetoresistance, the Hall constant, and their temperature dependences give consistent support to the basic ideas underlying weak-localization theories. In particular, the Hall constant, measured in small fields, is temperature independent.
Numerical simulation of temperature-dependent minority-hole transport in n+ silicon emitters

Abstract A one-dimensional numerical computer simulation of minority-hole transport in heavily doped n+ silicon emitters is developed accounting for significant temperature dependences. The model includes the most recent insights regarding heavy-doping effects, which indeed facilitate the accounting for the temperature dependences. Measurements of base current in polysilicon-contacted n+pn transistors over a wide temperature range, carefully interpreted by accounting for unavoidable device/ambient temperature discrepancies, support the model and demonstrate its utility, for example in characterizing the electrical properties of the polysilicon emitter contact.
A child's-eye view of parent methamphetamine abuse: Implications for helping foster families to succeed

Abstract This report focuses on the experiences and perspectives of rural, Midwestern children aged 7–14 years who were involved with the public child welfare system because of their parents' methamphetamine abuse. Eighteen children participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews focusing on their families of origin. Children reported exposure not only to their parents' and non-kin adults' methamphetamine and other substance abuse, but to a constellation of activities related to drug use or drug seeking behavior including violence within their homes and other criminal behavior. Children responded to the contexts in which they were reared in a variety of ways including accepting or actively resisting socialization messages that normalized substance abuse. The majority of children described involvement with law enforcement and child welfare as a “sad” and “scary” time in their families. Far from embracing their placement within safe and stable families, many children continued to express sadness, distress and resistance to legal and child welfare interventions even after months in foster care. Implications for facilitating the adjustment of children to foster care and beyond are discussed including providing foster parents with support and information about the contexts in which children have been reared and children's understanding of those contexts in order that they may interpret and respond to challenges that may emerge.
The supervision dance: Learning to lead and follow a student teacher

This article chronicles the journey of a student teaching supervisor as she worked with one of her student teachers. Early in their relationship, the supervisor's assessment of the student teacher's dispositions for teaching triggered concern. In this self-study, the supervisor was guided by Nel Noddings' (2003) phenomenological description of ethical care as she tried to engage the student teacher in dialogue about his growth as a beginning educator. The supervisor intended to include the student teacher's goals along with her assessments to support his professional development. Exchanging the lead in the supervision dance warranted ethical considerations. The supervisor, working within the limited timeframe of the student teaching experience, had the dual responsibilities of coaching and assessing the student teacher's performance as he worked toward licensure. She also had to manage her limited time for attending to the needs of the student teacher. The repercussions included the supervisor taking cent...
Plant Species and Plant Incubation Conditions Influence Variability in Epiphytic Bacterial Population Size.

The influences of plant species and plant incubation conditions on the variability in bacterial population sizes among leaves were investigated in field and growth chamber studies. Pseudomonas syringae strains TLP2 and Cit7 were inoculated onto plants and population sizes were measured at intervals after inoculation. Total bacterial population sizes were also assessed in field studies. Levels of leaf-to-leaf variability in both P. syringae population size and bacterial community size differed significantly among plant species. For all plant species, variability among leaves in population sizes of inoculated bacteria was consistently greater than the leaf-to-leaf variability in numbers of total bacteria. Considering levels of variability in population size immediately prior to and following incubation under either wet or dry physical conditions, leaf-to-leaf variability in the population sizes of inoculated P. syringae strains increased significantly following incubation under dry, but not under wet, conditions. Measurements of leaf-to-leaf variability immediately prior to and following incubation were positively correlated regardless of whether the incubation was under wet or dry conditions, though the correlation was greater following dry incubation. These data provide insight into the biological and physical factors that may be important in generating variability in bacterial population sizes among leaves, and they have important implications for the design of appropriate strategies for sampling leaf surface microbial populations.
Preoperative Identification of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer

Preoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis would justify a single axillary operation. We hypothesized that ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (USGCNB) of a morphologically normal or abnormal lymph node in the anatomic position of the SLN would accomplish this goal. A total of 179 clinically N0 breast cancer patients underwent high-resolution lower axillary ultrasound (US) evaluation with core needle biopsy and microclip placement of a node when feasible. SLN biopsy was performed in 131 patients and the node X-rayed when appropriate. The node was removed surgically, and the one identified and analyzed preoperatively was compared with it clinically, radiologically and/or pathologically. A node was seen on US in 145 (81%) of 179 patients, and a core needle biopsy was performed in 121 patients. A total of 3.5 ± 1.38 (mean ± SD) core samples were obtained per node. Of those node biopsy samples, 55 (45.5%) had metastases. Metastasis size was 14.9 ± 10.1 mm. Metastases were found in 9 (13.6%) of 66 patients in whom the needle core was negative; in these falsely negative biopsy samples, the node metastases were 8.73 ± 6.24 mm (P = .120). Eight (33.3%) of 24 nodes that did not undergo biopsy had metastases. Seven (20.6%) of 34 of those not seen on US had SLN metastases. In 47 (78.3%) of 60 patients, the node that underwent core needle biopsy was the SLN found by the surgeon during surgery (P < .001). Preoperative identification, core needle biopsy, and documentation of metastasis in the first SLN in breast cancer was achieved by focused lower ipsilateral axillary US. Knowledge of the lymph node status might change the patient’s planned surgery.
Opioid-induced latent sensitization in a model of non-inflammatory viscerosomatic hypersensitivity

Exposure to opioids can induce a state of "latent sensitization" characterized by long-lasting enhanced responses to subsequent cutaneous injury. Here, we explored the possibility that prior treatment with morphine could induce a state of latent sensitization to visceral pain conditions. Following butyrate enemas to induce non-inflammatory visceral pain, acute morphine administration produced dose-related inhibition of referred viscerosomatic hypersensitivity. Treatment with morphine for a period of six days resulted in a persistent hyperalgesia that resolved many days after termination of drug administration. In morphine pre-exposed rats, butyrate-induced referred hypersensitivity was enhanced and extended in duration. No differences were observed in the morphine dose-response curve in suppression of acute nociception (i.e., the hot-plate assay) when morphine pre-exposed rats were compared to naive rats indicating that opioid antinociceptive tolerance was not present. However, the morphine dose-response curve to suppress evoked viscerosomatic hypersensitivity was displaced to the right by approximately 4-fold in morphine pre-exposed rats. Induction of viscerosomatic hypersensitivity resulted in an increased labeling of CGRP-, but not substance P-positive cells in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia; increased labeling was not affected by prior exposure to morphine. The data indicate that a period of morphine exposure can induce a state of "latent sensitization" to subsequent visceral pain characterized by extended duration of hypersensitivity. This condition likely reflects enhanced visceral "pain" intensity as a consequence of persistent pronociceptive adaptive changes.
Automatic two-stage IR and MMW image registration algorithm for concealed weapons detection

A two-stage registration scheme for the concealed weapons detection (CWD) problem is developed. The goal is to automatically register images taken simultaneously from two different (infrared (IR) and millimetre wave (MMW)) but parallel sensors whose lines of sight (LOS) are close to each other. The purpose of the first stage is to register the images coarsely. A feature-based image registration algorithm based on human body silhouettes is developed at this stage. The pose parameters found at this stage are used as the starting search point for the second stage of the registration algorithm. At the second stage, maximisation of the mutual information measure between IR and MMW images is performed to improve the pose parameters obtained at the first stage. Two-dimensional partial volume interpolation is employed to estimate the joint histogram that is needed to calculate mutual information. The simplex search algorithm is utilised to maximise the MI measure. In both stages, the distortion between the two images is assumed to be a rigid body transformation. Experimental results indicate that the automated two-stage registration algorithm performs fairly well.
Mouse Blastocysts Pulse Labeled with 14C-Glucosamine: Incorporation and Ultrastructural Analysis

In vitro pulse labeling of early mouse blastocysts (90 h p.c.) with 4C-glucosamine yielded linear time profiles for both total uptake of radioactivity and incorporation into acid precipitable material.Radioautographic finestructuralanalysis of pulse labeled embryos demonstrated distinct intra- and inter-cellularsitesof labeling.Among these are precipitatedfibrillarmaterial in the blastocoel,trophoblast cellsurfaces,lipiddroplets,microtubules, Golgi complex, mitochondria, the nuclear envelope and nucleolarassociatedchromatin regions.
Freshman Health Topics

This article examines a cluster of health topics that are frequently selected by students in lower division classes. Topics address issues relating to addictive substances, including alcohol and tobacco, eating disorders, obesity, and dieting. Analysis of the topics examines their interrelationships and organization in the reference literature. Reviews of recent reference titles in this area provide suggestions for both reference services and collection development.
New Perspectives on the Use of GPS and GIS to Support a Highway Performance Study

In recent decades, rapid growth of travel volume has resulted in a significant increase in traffic congestion, accidents, environmental pollution and energy consumption. Accurate traffic data are drastically needed for effective evaluation of traffic systems in order to alleviate the impacts of increasing travel volume of the quality of life and economic development of urban areas. This article provides a discussion on a data acquisition methodology for highway traffic pattern recognition and congestion analysis by integrating data from the global positioning system (GPS) with a geographic information system (GIS). The GPS technology is a powerful tool in capturing continuous positioning and timing information, whereas the GIS is capable of storing, managing, manipulating, analyzing and displaying the acquired spatial information. Compared to previous studies, the effective integration of the two technologies allows for traffic analysis to be conducted at a finer resolution. The proposed method is illustrated with a case study on multiple major highway segments in Columbus, Ohio.
Hot forging characteristics of fine-grained ZrO2 and Al2O3/ZrO2 ceramics

Preliminary results indicate that large strains (∼80%) and strain rates (0.001 s−1) can be obtained without tearing (or cracking) in fine-grain ZrO2 (0.3 μm) and Al2O3/ZrO2 (1 μm) ceramics. Alumina develops crystallographic and morphological texture as previously reported by Heuer et al.1
The properties of asphalt binder blended with variable quantities of recycled asphalt using short term and long term aging simulations

Abstract The objective of this paper is to characterize the rheological properties of asphalt binders blended with various amounts of asphalt extracted from a recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) mixture. Three asphalt binder aging states were simulated and evaluated: unaged, rolling thin film oven (RTFO) aged, and pressure aging vessel (PAV) aged. A Superpave PG 58-28 binder was applied as control binder and another four RAP binder percentages were studied in this research, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100%. Rotational viscosity testing was conducted with a Brookfield viscometer. Temperature and frequency sweep tests were conducted using a dynamic shear rheometer. Master curves were constructed based on the dynamic shear moduli (G∗). The results showed that there are significant differences in dynamic shear moduli (G∗) master curve performance for high percentage RAP binder blends versus virgin binders at the three aging states. Increasing RAP concentration and further aging conditions contribute to the increased stiffness and viscosity of RAP binder blends.
Virtual Development of Engine ECU by Modeling Technology

Along with the evolution of vehicle electronic systems from domain-specific control to the integrated control of the entire vehicle system, ECU systems have become increasingly complicated and large-scale. This has made it difficult to set out an optimal architecture of the ECU system efficiently at the early planning stages. As well, the conventional ECU development methodology is also becoming difficult to achieve the increasingly strict requirements for safety design based on multi-ECU systems. Conventionally, optimizing electronic systems requires fabricating many prototypes and evaluating them repeatedly, but with their increasing scale, this method has become impractical. We therefore believe virtual development is a required step. Although functional-level simulators and implementation-level simulators are being used currently, these are both separate and independent. Because of this, it is necessary to introduce virtual development as a new physical-level development environment to connect functional-level and implementation-level. In terms of not only function but also safety design, virtual development has the ability to inject failures that are difficult to recreate in an actual device. Therefore we have started introducing the virtual development of ECU systems by using system level modeling and simulation technology with SystemC language which provides the concept of time. In the phase of physical-level design, because a virtual ECU system is developed by designing each functional model of system such as ADC and drive circuit and connecting these models as a system, the behavior of the whole ECU system can be verified easily without having actual devices. Therefore the optimized structure of ECU, such as microcomputer, software and peripheral LSI, can be determined efficiently at the early stages of ECU development. Safety design can also be achieved efficiently because the data transferred in the system can be changed to failure data forcibly by covering functional models with failure models. We believe that maximizing the performance of ECUs in electronic systems, and ensuring that these systems meet safety design requirements will require methods to visualize things that are difficult to visualize, and that this visualization is needed both before and after manufacturing. Virtual development of ECU systems by using system level modeling and simulation technology with SystemC language provides a useful method to achieve these requirements.
Boom event analyzer recorder - Unmanned sonic boom monitor

A series of automatic sonic boom monitors has been developed for unattended field use. These monitors are referred to as the boom event analyzer recorders (BEAR). The BEAR captures the full waveform of sonic booms while excluding other acoustic events. The signatures are stored in a digital format for easy retrieval and analysis. The first units, developed in 1986, were battery powered and operated up to 10 days in the field and stored 100 normal duration sonic booms. In 1992, a second version was developed. An upgraded version developed in 1992 included auxiliary solar power, improved power management, remote communication link via cellular phones, increased memory storage, direct data retrieval to laptop computer, enhanced user interface, autocalibration, power history data, and summary report of stored signatures. These BEAR systems have been used successfully in several sonic boom field studies. This article summarizes the data collection algorithms, the operation procedures, data storage and retrieval routines, and the hardware and software of the BEAR systems in order to understand how the U.S. Air Force currently measures sonic booms.
The relationship of hypochondriasis to anxiety disorders

There is evidence from the literature of phenomenological overlap between hypochondriasis and several anxiety disorders, including specific phobia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Even though the boundaries of these disorders are specifically addressed in the DSM-IV criteria, there is evidence of anxiety and phobic symptoms among hypochondriacal patients and hypochondriacal concerns among patients with these various anxiety disorders. Beyond that there appears to be considerable shared comorbidity. However, the data remain limited and few direct comparisons have been made between hypochondriacal and anxious patients belonging to particular diagnostic categories. Subtypes of hypochondriasis may exist. In fact, the clearest link would seem to be between the illness phobia subtype and other phobic disorders, although this subgroup has had little study. Thus, hypochondriasis is distinct from the anxiety disorders but, because of phenomenological similarities and extensive comorbidity, consideration should be given to classifying it among them.
Assessing Empowerment: The Role of Women&s Organizations in Global Negotiations for Persistent Organic Pollutants

This case study of women's influence on international environmental health policy making examines the development and implementation of the May 2004 Stockholm Convention for Persistent Organic Pollutants. The role of women's non-governmental organizations and theoretical concepts of empowerment are analyzed. Specific "gender" strategies are identified as part of advocacy by women in negotiations leading to the Convention. Findings from a 2004 survey of governments are presented outlining national activities with respect to clauses of the agreement relevant for women and children.
Sentiment extraction from natural audio streams

Automatic sentiment extraction for natural audio streams containing spontaneous speech is a challenging area of research that has received little attention. In this study, we propose a system for automatic sentiment detection in natural audio streams such as those found in YouTube. The proposed technique uses POS (part of speech) tagging and Maximum Entropy modeling (ME) to develop a text-based sentiment detection model. Additionally, we propose a tuning technique which dramatically reduces the number of model parameters in ME while retaining classification capability. Finally, using decoded ASR (automatic speech recognition) transcripts and the ME sentiment model, the proposed system is able to estimate the sentiment in the YouTube video. In our experimental evaluation, we obtain encouraging classification accuracy given the challenging nature of the data. Our results show that it is possible to perform sentiment analysis on natural spontaneous speech data despite poor WER (word error rates).
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate: a study of 42 cases

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is a rare type of prostatic cancer. With the exception of 1 study, the morphologic features and patient outcomes have been reported only in relatively small case series and individual reports. We examined transurethral resection, needle biopsy, and radical prost
Laboratory host range testing of Neomusotima conspurcatalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) - a potential biological control agent of the invasive weed, Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae).

Abstract Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum, is a serious invasive weed in south Florida. Development of biological control is vital for sustainable management of L. microphyllum. Neomusotima conspurcatalis was discovered in Hong Kong in 1997 and was subsequently found causing feeding damage on L. microphyllum in much of its native range in Asia. Quarantine testing of N. conspurcatalis used 37 non-Lygodium fern species representative of New World genera of cultivated ferns and fern allies, one gymnosperm, three crop species, six Lygodium species, and the primary host L. microphyllum. No significant oviposition or feeding was observed on any of the 41 non-Lygodium species evaluated. Oviposition and feeding occurred on all Lygodium species, but amounts were low and usually significantly less than observed on L. microphyllum. The exception was L. japonicum, which was preferred as an oviposition host. Neomusotima conspurcatalis was only able to complete development on L. japonicum and L. palmatum,...
Molecular evolution of Phox -related regulatory subunits for NADPH oxidase enzymes

The reactive oxygen-generating N ADPH ox idases (Noxes) function in a variety of biological roles, and can be broadly classified into those that are regulated by subunit interactions and those that are regulated by calcium. The prototypical subunit-regulated Nox, Nox2, is the membrane-associated catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH-oxidase. Nox2 forms a heterodimer with the integral membrane protein, p22phox, and this heterodimer binds to the regulatory subunits p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and the small GTPase Rac, triggering superoxide generation. Nox-organizer protein 1 (NOXO1) and Nox-activator 1 (NOXA1), respective homologs of p47phox and p67phox, together with p22phox and Rac, activate Nox1, a non-phagocytic homolog of Nox2. NOXO1 and p22phox also regulate Nox3, whereas Nox4 requires only p22phox. In this study, we have assembled and analyzed amino acid sequences of Nox regulatory subunit orthologs from vertebrates, a urochordate, an echinoderm, a mollusc, a cnidarian, a choanoflagellate, fungi and a slime mold amoeba to investigate the evolutionary history of these subunits. Ancestral p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox genes are broadly seen in the metazoa, except for the ecdysozoans. The choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis, the unicellular organism that is the closest relatives of multicellular animals, encodes early prototypes of p22phox, p47phox as well as the earliest known Nox2-like ancestor of the Nox1-3 subfamily. p67phox- and p47phox-like genes are seen in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the limpet Lottia gigantea that also possess Nox2-like co-orthologs of vertebrate Nox1-3. Duplication of primordial p47phox and p67phox genes occurred in vertebrates, with the duplicated branches evolving into NOXO1 and NOXA1. Analysis of characteristic domains of regulatory subunits suggests a novel view of the evolution of Nox: in fish, p40phox participated in regulating both Nox1 and Nox2, but after the appearance of mammals, Nox1 (but not Nox2) became independent of p40phox. In the fish Oryzias latipes, a NOXO1 ortholog retains an autoinhibitory region that is characteristic of mammalian p47phox, and this was subsequently lost from NOXO1 in later vertebrates. Detailed amino acid sequence comparisons identified both putative key residues conserved in characteristic domains and previously unidentified conserved regions. Also, candidate organizer/activator proteins in fungi and amoeba are identified and hypothetical activation models are suggested. This is the first report to provide the comprehensive view of the molecular evolution of regulatory subunits for Nox enzymes. This approach provides clues for understanding the evolution of biochemical and physiological functions for regulatory-subunit-dependent Nox enzymes.
Stem cells for ischemic brain injury: A critical review

No effective therapy is currently available to promote recovery following ischemic stroke. Stem cells have been proposed as a potential source of new cells to replace those lost due to central nervous system injury, as well as a source of trophic molecules to minimize damage and promote recovery. We undertook a detailed review of data from recent basic science and preclinical studies to investigate the potential application of endogenous and exogenous stem cell therapies for treatment of cerebral ischemia. To date, spontaneous endogenous neurogenesis has been observed in response to ischemic injury, and can be enhanced via infusion of appropriate cytokines. Exogenous stem cells from multiple sources can generate neural cells that survive and form synaptic connections after transplantation in the stroke-injured brain. Stem cells from multiple sources cells also exhibit neuroprotective properties that may ameliorate stroke deficits. In many cases, functional benefits observed are likely independent of neural differentiation, although the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Future studies of neuroregeneration will require the demonstration of function in endogenously born neurons following focal ischemia. Further, methods are currently lacking to demonstrate definitively the therapeutic effect of newly introduced neural cells. Increased plasticity following stroke may facilitate the functional integration of new neurons, but the loss of appropriate guidance cues and supporting architecture in the infarct cavity will likely impede the restoration of lost circuitry. Thus careful investigation of the mechanisms underlying trophic benefits will be essential. Evidence to date suggests that continued development of stem cell therapies may ultimately lead to viable treatment options for ischemic brain injury.
Augmenting heat transfer from fail-safe magneto-rheological fluid dampers using fins

This paper presents a lumped system model for predicting the heat transfer from fail-safe magneto-rheological fluid dampers. For this study, a fail-safe damper is defined as a damper which retains a moderate damping capacity in the event of a power systems failure. To evaluate the validity of the theoretical model, two automotive size dampers were constructed, one with fins to augment heat transfer and one without fins. The results show that the model slightly over predicts the temperature rise when compared to experimental data. Despite the error, both the experimental and theoretical results clearly demonstrate that the heat transfer can be considerably enhanced with the use of the fins. Finally, the results also indicate that both the mechanical and electrical power input contribute substantially to the temperature rise.
Convergence of a :20new capitalism” and a :20new socialism”: economic systems in an information age

(1988). CONVERGENCE OF A “NEW CAPITALISM” AND A “NEW SOCIALISM” : ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN AN INFORMATION AGE. Cybernetics and Systems: Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 553-572.
Observation of diminished specular reflectivity from phase-conjugate mirrors.

We observe that the specular reflectivity from the input face of a ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ phase-conjugate mirror decreases by over 600% relative to the standard Fresnel reflectivity value upon the onset of phase conjugation, or wave-front reversal. Reasonable agreement is obtained using a model involving the destructive interference of the Fresnel-reflected beam with a series of phase-conjugate wave generated internal to the crystal. The basic diminishing effect should be universal and hence observable in other classes of self-pumped and externally pumped phase conjugators.
Supervisors' Emphases in the Master's Practicum

Supervisors and trainees form 14 counselor education prgrams used the Supervisor Emphasis Rating Scale to rate the degree of emphasis placed on 60 training objectives in the beginning Master's practicum. The two groups showed a high degree of agreement in ratings. Supervisors emphasized the acquisition of basic communication skills and the communication of the "core conditions" of counseling. Supervisors placed much less emphasis on the acquisition of professional behavior and on critical thinking. Implications of these results for supervision practice and research are discussed.
Comparison of the effects of nitroprusside and nifedipine on diastolic properties in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: altered left ventricular loading or improved muscle inactivation?

The calcium channel blocking agent, nifedipine, has been shown to improve indexes of left ventricular relaxation, diastolic filling and compliance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The mechanism of action of nifedipine on diastolic properties in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is unclear and could result from an improvement in myocardial inactivation or from systemic vasodilation and left ventricular unloading. To distinguish between these mechanisms, the effects of nifedipine and the vasodilator nitroprusside on left ventricular diastolic properties were compared in 10 patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using simultaneous micromanometer left ventricular pressure and echocardiographic measurements. Left ventricular peak systolic pressure was comparable during nitroprusside infusion (132 ± 38 mm Hg) and after nifedipine (132 ± 32 mm Hg). During nitroprusside infusion, the decrease in left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (22 ± 11 to 17 ± 11 mm Hg, p These data suggest that the effects of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, on diastolic mechanics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy result not only from systemic vasodilation but also from improved cardiac muscle inactivation.
Urinary Peptidomic Analysis Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Acute Rejection of Renal Transplantation

Human urine is a complex matrix of proteins, endogenous peptides, lipids, and metabolites. The level of any or all of these components can reflect the pathophysiological status of an individual especially of the kidney at the time of urine collection. The naturally occurring endogenous urinary peptides which are thought to be the product of several proteolytic and degradation processes may provide clinically useful biomarkers for different renal and systemic diseases. To examine if specific differences in the urinary peptidome (<10 kDa) occur at the time of acute renal transplant rejection (AR), we undertook a study of urine samples collected from biopsy-proven AR (n = 10), stable graft function (n = 10), and healthy normal control (n = 10). The peptides (<10 kDa) were extracted and fractionated with high-performance liquid chromatography followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. We identified 54 endogenous peptides, including multiple peptides for Tamm–Horsfall protein (UMOD). A panel of peptides are identified which discriminate renal transplant patients with AR from stable graft. We have shown that liquid chromatography followed by MALDI is a useful tool to identify potential biomarkers, which after verification with larger patient cohort can be used as a non-invasive monitoring tool for renal transplant rejection.
Design of ultra wideband microstrip 180 degree phase shifter

A Ultra Wideband microstrip 180 degree phase shifter is presented. It is obtained by a novel design of Microstrip-to-Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)-to-Microstrip transition. Via holes are used to transfer the current from the top to the bottom substrate layer and vice versa. The presented phase shifter is operating in a wide bandwidth between 5.5 and 17.2 GHz, with low insertion loss and reflection coefficients. This phase shifter can be used in phased arrays and power combiners. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1841–1844, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23487
Effect of anisotropic thermal conductivity on the morphological stability of a binary alloy

A linear morphological stability analysis is presented for a planar interface during unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy, in the case of a crystal having an anisotropic thermal conductivity. A dispersion relation shows that the onset of instability depends on the orientation of the growth direction with respect to principal crystallographic axes and on the orientation of the wavevector of the perturbation. The onset of instability can be either oscillatory (traveling waves) or nonoscillatory in time. For growth along a principal axis of the crystal there is an exchange of stabilities, and the onset of instability is nonoscillatory.
Geometries of inhomogeneities with minimum field concentration

Abstract This paper is devoted to the study of geometries of inhomogeneities with minimum strain or stress concentration. The solutions are achieved by the indirect method of first deriving lower bounds and then constructing the geometries to attain the lower bounds. In particular, we show that a new class of geometries, namely, E-inclusions and periodic E-inclusions, are the optimal geometries with minimum field concentrations. We also obtain the explicit relation between the shape matrix of E-inclusion and remote applied strain which will be convenient for engineering applications of these new geometries.
Understanding the Effects of MTV's 16 and Pregnant on Adolescent Girls' Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions Toward Teen Pregnancy

This article examines the impact of a popular documentary series about teen pregnancy, MTV's 16 and Pregnant, on adolescent girls' pregnancy-related attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions. The results suggest that girls who watched 16 and Pregnant, compared with a control group, reported a lower perception of their own risk for pregnancy and a greater perception that the benefits of teen pregnancy outweigh the risks. The authors also examined the relationships between homophily and parasocial interaction with the teen moms featured in 16 and Pregnant and attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions, finding that homophily predicted lower risk perceptions, greater acceptance of myths about teen pregnancy, and more favorable attitudes about teen pregnancy. Parasocial interaction demonstrated the same pattern of results, with the addition of also predicting fewer behavioral intentions to avoid teen pregnancy. Last, results revealed that teen girls' perceptions that the message of 16 and Pregnant was encouraging of teen pregnancy predicted homophily and parasocial interaction with the teen moms. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Effect of subjective choices on the objective analysis of sea surface temperature data in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Abstract Many subjective choices are required to perform an objective interpolation (OI) analysis of environmental variables. Herein, we consider the effects on the statistical analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) using (1) a structure function or covariance analysis, (2) different analytical expressions to represent the statistics of the raw data, and (3) different historical SST data sets. The historical data sets are the well-sampled Comprehensive Ocean–Atmospheric Data Set (COADS) and the poorly sampled historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data set. Results from these analyses are used to generate error maps for a poorly-sampled, two month XBT array and a proposed well-sampled profiling float array. For the relatively data-rich COADS analysis, decorrelation scales are the same using either the structure function or covariance analyses. Results differ for the data-poor XBT analysis. Representative decorrelation scales in the Pacific (Atlantic) are about 11–14 (6–10) degrees in the zonal direction and 4–7 (3–6) degrees in the meridional direction. As COADS SST data are less precise than XBT SST data, error and signal variances are greater for the former. The choice of analytical fit to the raw data (needed to generate error maps) has a dramatic effect on the resulting uncertainty fields. Gaussian fits, because of their parabolic shape near the origin, result in smaller errors than exponential fits for the same observing array. Finally, the proposed float array can achieve the accuracies needed to resolve satisfactory upper layer heat content changes over larger areas than the present XBT network. © 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS objective analysis / sea surface temperature / structure function / statistical analysis / objective interpolation
Dance in Interdisciplinary Teaching and Learning

Abstract Dance is often positioned in contrast to more “academic” disciplines. Its marginalized status in pre-collegiate education means that it is too often absent from schooling. When taught at all, it is often used for the purpose of increasing student engagement or advancing understanding in another subject. In such a role, the standards, concepts, and methods of dance are not usually upheld. An alternative approach to combining dance with another subject can be found in interdisciplinary learning where dance and another discipline are brought together, with each discipline equally valued for its contribution to understanding a complex topic. The two disciplines come together to complement and challenge each other, and to provide insights into a multifaceted phenomenon that cannot adequately be understood through a single disciplinary perspective. This article introduces a framework for interdisciplinary teaching and learning, grounds it in a portrait of practice at the intersection of dance and anthr...