cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Private coins versus public coins in interactive proof systems

An interactive proof system is a method by which one party of unlimited resources, called the prover, can convince a party of limited resources, call the verifier, of the truth of a proposition. The verifier may toss coins, ask repeated questions of the prover, and run efficient tests upon the prover's responses before deciding whether to be convinced. This extends the familiar proof system implicit in the notion of NP in that there the verifier may not toss coins or speak, but only listen and verify. Interactive proof systems may not yield proof in the strict mathematical sense: the "proofs" are probabilistic with an exponentially small, though non-zero chance of error. We consider two notions of interactive proof system. One, defined by Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff [GMR] permits the verifier a coin that can be tossed in private, i.e., a secret source of randomness. The Permission to copy without ice all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. © 1986 ACM 0-89791-193-8/86/0500/0059 $00.75 second, due to Babai, [B] requires that the outcome of the verifier's coin tosses be public and thus accessible to the prover. Our main result is that these two systems are equivalent in power with respect to language recognition. The notion of interactive proof system may be seen to yield a probabilistic analog to NP much as BPP is the probabilistic analog to P. We define the probabilistic, nondeterministic, polynomial time Turing machine and show that it is also equivalent in power to these systems.
Thermal oxidation of silicon: New experimental results and models

Abstract Most studies of Si oxidation commence with a discussion of the linear-parabolic oxidation model developed by a number of workers in the 1960's. The limits of the model are pure diffusion of oxidant for thick SiO2 films and a surface reaction limitation for thin films. The steady state picture of this series reaction scheme is discussed and used to explain new experimental results. New data relevant to Si oxidation is presented on the following subjects: five orientations of Si; photonic excitement; intrinsic film stress; silicide oxidation. The role of electrons on the oxidation kinetics is elucidated. A thermionic emission model for the initial stages of oxidation is proposed.
Beyond ideological cleavages: A unifying framework for industrial policies and other public interventions

Abstract This paper introduces a new framework to characterize the diversity of public policies and interventions to spur investment and growth. Going beyond ideological cleavages on this topic, we argue that two orthogonal features determine how much interventions depart fundamentally from neutral policies: (1) their degree of selectivity (in terms of sectors or other targeted categories of firms) and (2) the extent of price subsidies embedded in such interventions. These two characteristics of interventions respond to different types of justifications, and they do not necessarily need to go hand in hand, even if they often do in practice. Depending on their selectivity and/or the extent of price subsidies, interventions are shown to vary in their distortions, their benefits, and their opportunity costs. The framework is used to illustrate how different country characteristics affect these pros and cons of interventionism. In particular, we look at the effects of the initial state of the investment climate, the country's institutional capacity, its political economy context and the nature of the State-business interaction. Using the examples of poor countries with a small undiversified industrial base, we show that it is often in the situations where interventions may be the most needed, that the conditions for their success are likely to be the weakest, which does not mean either that some interventions cannot succeed in low-income countries.
The Impact of Supply Chain Management Research: You Can't Unring a Bell!

With the assistance of 12 guest editors, the Journal of Business Logistics (JBL) has initiated a sequence of special topics forums (STFs) intended to stimulate research on themes that are both fundamental and timely. In an attempt to complement the quality and depth of the impact of research published in JBL, the objective of this strategy is to continue to increase the breadth of the impact of JBL on research in our discipline. A small number of articles have the preponderance of impact: 1% of the articles published in JBL account for over 20% of all JBL citations and half of the articles account for 95% of all citations. Our selection of the STFs is aimed at increasing the breadth of impact of the research published in JBL. Each STF that is discussed in this Editorial addresses relevant and timely research questions that should have a lasting impact on theory and practice.
Processing of fused silicide coatings for carbon-based materials

The processing and oxidation resistance of fused Al-Si and Ni-Si slurry coatings on ATJ graphite was studied. Ni-Si coatings in the 70 to 90 percent Si range were successfully processed to melt, wet, and bond to the graphite. The molten coatings also infiltrated the porosity in graphite and reacted with it to form SiC in the coating. Cyclic oxidation at 1200 C showed that these coatings were not totally protective because of local attack of the substrate, due to the extreme thinness of the coatings in combination with coating cracks. Previously announced in STAR as N83-27019
Using Social Network Analysis to Predict Early Collaboration Within Health Advocacy Coalitions

Within coalitions of consumer advocates formed to advance health insurance coverage expansions, engaging in united advocacy activities soon after formation might be an important precursor to attaining coalition effectiveness in shaping policy. In this article, the authors apply social network analysis (SNA) to examine how organizational characteristics and interorganizational relationships related to early collaboration on advocacy activities within advocacy coalitions. All interorganizational relationships the authors assessed were significantly associated with early collaboration in advocacy activities, with communication most associated with the differences in collaboration observed across coalitions. Among organizational characteristics, having more resources—as measured by the number of recent policy maker contacts and being the organization that directly received the grant—were statistically significant. Their findings suggest that even organizations that have not worked together before can become e...
Laminated ferrite memory

This paper describes a random access magnetic memory consisting of a monolithic sheet of ferrite with embedded conductors made by a simple batch fabrication technique: lamination of ferrites. Its tightly packed elements with closed flux paths of only two to three mils in equivalent diameters are the smallest yet realized by any technique. This smallness is being exploited for high speed. Cycle times as short as 100 nanoseconds have been demonstrated. The smallness of the elements leading to modest drive requirements of only a few tens of milliamperes combined with the inherently low cost "integrated" batch fabrication technique opens the possibility of low cost memories of very large capacities: tens or hundreds of millions of bits. A significant cost reduction for the whole memory system is possible because this type of "integrated" magnetic structure lends itself particularly well to be integrated with integrated semiconductor driving and sensing circuits.
An investigation of the effect of image size on the color appearance of softcopy reproductions using a contrast matching technique

Many art objects have a size much larger than their softcopy reproductions. In order to develop a multiscale model that accounts for the effect of image size on image appearance, a digital projector and LCD display were colorimetrically characterized and used in a contrast matching experiment. At three different sizes and three levels of contrast and luminance, a total of 63 images of noise patterns were rendered for both displays using three cosine log filters. Fourteen observers adjusted mean luminance level and contrast of images on the projector screen to match the images displayed on the LCD. The contrasts of the low frequency images on the screen were boosted while their mean luminance values were decreased relative to the smaller LCD images. Conversely, the contrast of projected high frequency images were reduced for the same images on LCD with a smaller size. The effect was more pronounced in the matching of projected image to the smaller images on the LCD display. Compared to the mean luminance level of the LCD images, a reduction of the mean luminance level of the adjusted images was observed for low frequency noise patterns. This decrease was more pronounced for smaller images with lower contrast and high mean luminance level.
Growth, Corporate Profitability, and Value Creation

Associating corporate performance and shareholder value creation with growth in earnings (or sales) has been the modus operandi in the investment industry. It has greatly influenced managerial compensation schemes and portfolio decisions. We shed light on the relationship between growth and performance by addressing two broad questions. First, what is the relationship between corporate profitability metrics, such as economic value added, and the company's earnings or sales growth rate? Second, does maximizing corporate profitability necessarily enhance shareholder value (as measured by Jensen's alpha)? Using multivariate analysis, we show that, although the corporate profitability measures generally rise with earnings and sales growth, an optimal point exists beyond which further growth destroys shareholder value and adversely affects profitability.
User interface and display management design for multiple-robot command and control

Regardless of the level of autonomy provided by the individual robots, teams of mobile robots will always require human command and control for tasking, monitoring, error remediation, and coordination. Multiple mobile robot systems are hard real-time multi-agent systems and are often employed in hazardous or inaccessible environments. Thus, it is necessary that human-robot interfaces (HRIs) be developed and tailored specifically to multiple mobile robot systems. These HRIs will be different from single-robot control interfaces because of the heterogeneity of the robots, the multi-tasking nature of the application, and the divided attention demands on the operator. In addition to the requisite command and control functions of the unit (e.g., a graphical user interface, communications network management, and sensor data acquisition channels), the HRI will require efficient multi-agent planning and tasking interfaces and a feedback display and execution monitoring system able to fuse diverse data. In this paper we will discuss the characteristics of multirobot HRIs and present data that should guide the design of such interfaces. In particular, we will discuss the design of multi-modal command/feedback interfaces, alert-driven presentation managers, and graphical user interfaces. Experiments and ongoing work from the DARPA Tactical Mobile Robot (TMR) program will be presented that indicate current progress in the design and implementation of such systems.
The influence of location on productivity: manufacturing technology in rural and urban areas

ABSTRACT Policies to counter the growing discrepancy between economic opportunities in rural and urban areas have focused predominantly on expanding manufacturing in rural areas. Fundamental to the design of these strategies are the relative costs of production and productivity of manufacturing in rural compared to urban areas. This study develops information that can be used to assess the productivity of manufacturing in rural and urban areas. Production functions are estimated for the meat-products and household-furniture industries to investigate selected aspects of location and productivity. The results show that the effect of location on productivity varies with industry, size, and the timing of entry. Although the analysis is specific to two industries, it suggests that development policies targeting manufacturing can be more effective if they focus on industries and plants with characteristics that predispose them to the locations they support.
Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen-II. Analysis of the discrepancy of theory and experiment

Abstract Currently, both the g factor measurement of the muon as well as the Lamb shift 2 S –2 P measurement in muonic hydrogen are in disagreement with theory. Here, we investigate possible theoretical explanations, including proton structure effects and small modifications of the vacuum polarization potential. In particular, we investigate a conceivable small modification of the spectral function of vacuum polarization in between the electron and muon energy scales due to a virtual millicharged particle and due to an unstable vector boson originating from a hidden sector of an extended standard model. We find that a virtual millicharged particle which could explain the muonic Lamb shift discrepancy alters theoretical predictions for the muon anomalous magnetic moment by many standard deviations and therefore is in conflict with experiment. Also, we find no parameterizations of an unstable virtual vector boson which could simultaneously explain both “muonic” discrepancies without significantly altering theoretical predictions for electronic hydrogen, where theory and experiment currently are in excellent agreement. A process-dependent correction involving electron screening is evaluated to have the right sign and order-of-magnitude to explain the observed effect in muonic hydrogen. Additional experimental evidence from light muonic atoms and ions is needed in order to reach further clarification.
The predictability of stock returns – a nonparametric approach

This paper reexamines the predictability of stock returns with a nonparametric model. We first identify, through a set of diagnostic tests, five lagged predictive factors from a linear model. Using these factors, we predict one-month-ahead stock index returns with a nonparametric approach. We find that our nonparametricmodel. We first identify, through a set of diagnostic tests, five lagged predictive factors from a linear model. Using these factors, we predict on -month-ahead stock index returns with a nonparametric approach. We find that our nonparametric model can correctly predict about 74% of stock index return signs. With various ex ante trading rules based on nonparametric predictions and transaction cost schedules, we then compare the performance of "managed" portfolios with that of the buy and hold portfolios. We fmd that the managed portfolios are mean-variance dominant over the buy-and-hold strategies when no or low transaction costs are assumed. When high transaction costs are assumed instead,...
Determinantal processes and completeness of random exponentials: the critical case

For a locally finite point set \(\Lambda \subset \mathbb {R}\), consider the collection of exponential functions given by \(\mathcal {E}_{\Lambda }:=\{ e^{i \lambda x } : \lambda \in \Lambda \}\). We examine the question whether \(\mathcal {E}_{\Lambda }\) spans the Hilbert space \(L^2[-\pi ,\pi ]\), when \(\Lambda \) is random. For several point processes of interest, this belongs to a certain critical case of the corresponding question for deterministic \(\Lambda \), about which little is known. For \(\Lambda \) the continuum sine kernel process, obtained as the bulk limit of GUE eigenvalues, we establish that \(\mathcal {E}_{\Lambda }\) is indeed complete almost surely. We also answer an analogous question on \(\mathbb {C}\) for the Ginibre ensemble, arising as weak limits of the spectra of certain non-Hermitian Gaussian random matrices. In fact we establish completeness for any “rigid” determinantal point process in a general setting. In addition, we partially answer two questions of Lyons and Steif about stationary determinantal processes on \(\mathbb {Z}^d\).
AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ELECTRON RICH BISPHOSPHINES CONTAINING HOMOCHIRAL BACKBONES

Abstract An eminently practical method for the synthesis of homochiral bisphosphines is described. This procedure entails the sequential reaction of homochiral ditosylate with the appropriate dialkylphosphine-borane anion followed by BH 3 decomplexation mediated by HBF 4 ·OMe 2 .
Spectroscopic signatures of structural aufbau in (benzene)n; n=7–19

Optical spectra of larger (benzene)n clusters, n=7–19, have been investigated in detail using the molecular B2u←A1g000 and 610 transitions. The clusters are formed in a helium jet and are detected mass selectively by two‐color resonant two‐photon ionization spectroscopy at moderate resolution. The association of spectral line shifts with distinct molecular sites leads to a simple picture of the building up of clusters of nonpolar molecules, as proposed earlier [Easter et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 157, 277 (1989)]. Coarse band shapes and fingerprintlike fine structure are discussed in terms of the numbers and multiplicities of sites predicted by the icosahedral aufbau sequence, and yield a particularly clear correspondence around B13, whose quasiicosahedral structure (as determined by minimum‐energy simulations) forms the sequence’s core. Distinctive multiplet structure observed in the center of the 610 band for n=12–15 is attributed to exciton interactions among equivalent sites.
A Foundation for research

The return on investment in scientific research during the first 25 years of support by NSF is discussed.
Some activities of MISSE 6 Mission

The objective of the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is to study the performance of novel materials when subjected to the synergistic effects of the harsh space environment for several months. In this paper, a few laser and optical elements from NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) that have been flown on MISSE 6 mission will be discussed. These items were characterized and packed inside a ruggedized Passive Experiment Container (PEC) that resembles a suitcase. The PEC was tested for survivability due to launch conditions. Subsequently, the MISSE 6 PEC was transported by the STS-123 mission to International Space Station (ISS) on March 11, 2008. The astronauts successfully attached the PEC to external handrails and opened the PEC for long term exposure to the space environment. The plan is to retrieve the MISSE 6 PEC by STS-128 mission in August 2009.
Information manipulation and rational investment booms and busts

Abstract A model of endogenous investment booms and busts with rational agents is presented where outside investors are uncertain about both industry (aggregate) and firm-specific capital productivity, and insiders manipulate information through strategic productivity disclosures. For intermediate and high levels of agency conflict, there are aggregate investment distortions along the equilibrium path, investment dynamics are history-dependent, and depict patterns of persistent investment booms or investment busts even though investors design optimal incentive contracts based on Bayes-rational beliefs. Moreover, the aggregate uncertainty may not be resolved in the limit, as the number of firms and disclosures gets arbitrarily large.
The effects of salivas on occlusal forces

Contacting surfaces of opposing teeth produce friction that, when altered, changes the contact force direction and/or magnitude. As friction can be influenced by several factors, including lubrication and the contacting materials, the aim of this study was to measure the occlusal load alterations experienced by teeth with the introduction of different salivas and dental restorative materials. Pairs of molar teeth were set into occlusion with a weighted maxillary tooth mounted onto a vertical sliding assembly and the mandibular tooth supported by a load cell. The load components on the mandibular tooth were measured with three opposing pairs of dental restorative materials (plastic denture, all-ceramic and stainless steel), four (human and three artificial) salivas and 16 occlusal configurations. All lateral force component measurements were significantly different (P < 0·0001) from the dry (control) surface regardless of the crown material or occlusal configuration, while the effects of the artificial salivas compared to each other and to human saliva depended on the crown material.
On the structure of the Witt group of braided fusion categories

We analyze the structure of the Witt group $${\mathcal{W}}$$ of braided fusion categories introduced in Davydov et al. (Journal fur die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelle’s Journal), eprint arXiv: 1009.2117 [math.QA], 2010). We define a “super” version of the categorical Witt group, namely, the group $${s\mathcal{W}}$$ of slightly degenerate braided fusion categories. We prove that $${s\mathcal{W}}$$ is a direct sum of the classical part, an elementary Abelian 2-group, and a free Abelian group. Furthermore, we show that the kernel of the canonical homomorphism $${S : \mathcal{W} \to s\mathcal{W}}$$ is generated by Ising categories and is isomorphic to $${{\mathbb{Z}}/16\mathbb{Z}}$$ . Finally, we give a complete description of etale algebras in tensor products of braided fusion categories.
Rapid evolution of the sex determining locus in Old World mice and rats

THE Y chromosome-linked sex determining locus (Sry) responsible for testis determination in mammals1–5 contains a DNA-binding motif (HMG box) that is conserved across species of marsupial and placental mammals (infraclasses Metatheria and Eutheria, respectively)1,4,6,7. But little to no sequence similarity is observed in flanking sequences between these two infraclasses, or among orders within each infraclass. We investigated the rate and pattern of evolution for the coding sequence of Sry in Old World mice and rats (subfamily Murinae). We found typical rates of synonymous substitution throughout the gene, but high rates of non-synonymous substitution, especially in the C-terminal (non-HMG box) region, when compared to other genes8. This region is also characterized by a frame-shift mutation and variation in a trinucleotide repeat motif. These data suggest that the non-box region is either functionally unconstrained or has undergone species-specific adaptive divergence.
Literature survey: Mathematical models in the analysis of durable goods with emphasis on information systems and operations management issues

Durable goods account for a significant portion of the economy and have been of considerable interest to academic researchers, especially economists, over the last four decades. Given the importance of strategic issues concerning durable goods markets to IS and OM researchers, our objective is to present a broad perspective of the research in this field that can serve as a starting point for their modeling efforts when analyzing these markets. Due to the complexity of these markets and the strategic interlinkage of decisions over time, a careful examination of the models is essential for the proper understanding and interpretation of the results from the literature. This paper provides a macro perspective of the research problems, a simple integrative framework for modeling durable goods, an introduction to the models and solution concepts commonly used in the literature, and a discussion of the primary results in the context of their modeling choices. Potentially interesting directions for future IS and OM research in this area are also identified.
Real time computer communications and the public interest

The development of remote computer access has resulted in among other things, the employment, by the data processing industry, of an important new raw material---telecommunication services. In the United States the principal source of this raw material is the communications common carrier industry. Each member is a "regulated common carrier"; a firm granted certain monopoly privileges and which, in return, must subject itself to review and regulation by the Federal Communications Commission (or appropriate state regulatory bodies) acting to safeguard the public interest. All of this might be very interesting but, until now, has been of relatively little concern to members of the data processing industry. However, as the computer becomes more dependent upon communications services, so too does the data processing industry become more subject to the structure and practices of an industry that has now become a principal supplier of one of its key inputs of raw material.
Inhomogeneous Superconducting State and Intrinsic Tc: Near Room Temperature Superconductivity in the Cuprates

Doped cuprates are inhomogeneous superconductors. The concept of an intrinsic critical temperature, \(T_{c}^{\mathrm{intr.}} \equiv T_{c}^{*}\), whose value greatly exceeds that for the resistive \(T_{c}^{\mathrm{res.}}\equiv T_{c}\), is supported by a number of experimental studies, including those performed recently. These data are discussed in this review. The anomalous diamagnetism observed at \(T_{c}^{\mathrm{res.}} <T< T_{c}^{*}\) is a manifestation of the presence of superconducting clusters embedded into a normal metallic matrix. The value of intrinsic critical temperature in some cuprates reaches a value which is close to room temperature. The a.c. properties of such inhomogeneous systems are discussed.
An Isoperimetric Inequality for Fundamental Tones of Free Plates.

We establish an isoperimetric inequality for the fundamental tone (first nonzero eigenvalue) of the free plate of a given area, proving the ball is maximal. Given τ > 0, the free plate eigenvalues ω and eigenfunctions u are determined by the equation ΔΔu − τΔu = ωu together with certain natural boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are complicated but arise naturally from the plate Rayleigh quotient, which contains a Hessian squared term |D 2 u|2. We adapt Weinberger’s method from the corresponding free membrane problem, taking the fundamental modes of the unit ball as trial functions. These solutions are a linear combination of Bessel and modified Bessel functions.
Convenient Strecker Reactions of Piperidine Derivatives with Cyclic Ketones under Aqueous Conditions

Abstract Strecker reactions convenient for the preparation of piperidinyl acetonitrile compounds under aqueous conditions are described. The use of TsOH · H2O is the key to afford the desired products in good and reproducible yield.
Entropy of Non-Extreme Rotating Black Holes in String Theories

Abstract We formulate the Rindler space description of rotating black holes in string theories. We argue that the comoving frame is the natural frame for studying the thermodynamics of rotating black holes and the statistical analysis of rotating black holes gets simplified in this frame. We also calculate statistical entropies of a general class of rotating black holes in heterotic strings on tori by applying the D-brane description and the correspondence principle. We find at least a qualitative agreement between the Bekenstein-Hawking entropies and the statistical entropies of those black hole solutions.
Deep western boundary current variability off northeastern Brazil

Abstract Observations from a year-long deep current meter mooring at 8°N, 52°W are used to describe the structure and variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) in the tropical Atlantic. The DWBC has a deep core near 4300 m depth, is extremely swift and narrow (35 cm s −1 core speed, 60 km width), and shows a total transport of 22 Sv between 2500 m and the bottom. Approximately 3 Sv of the DWBC transport are carried in near-bottom layers below θ =1.8° C , which appears to be recirculating in the western tropical Atlantic north of about 4°N. Variations in the DWBC are dominated by large-amplitude vertical displacements of the deep temperature field at 60–70 day periodicities that cause significant changes in the deep stratification and vertical transport structure of the DWBC. These fluctuaions appear to be related to periodic surges of cold bottom waters up onto the base of the continental rise that become entrained in the DWBC. While the forcing mechanism for these deep fluctuations remains unexplained, the picture emerging from these data is that of a highly active abyssal layer in the tropical Atlantic.
MEMS for high-frequency applications

In this paper, we reviewed some of the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) research efforts for high frequency applications. The efforts can generally be divided into two areas: planar reconfigurable transceivers and phased arrays using MEMS devices. For the planar transceivers, the interest is in demonstration of RF MEMS devices with a focus on integration issues including architectures and fabrication. Our goal is to establish building blocks for compact, smart transceivers that have beam forming and tuning functionality. For phased-array applications, system architectures were demonstrated for quasi-optical systems and phased arrays. The purpose is to demonstrate beam forming and steering functionality using MEMS devices instead of expensive phase shifters.
Ability sorting and the returns to college major

Large earnings and ability differences exist across majors. This paper seeks to estimate the monetary returns to particular majors as well as find the causes of the ability sorting across majors. In order to accomplish this, I estimate a dynamic model of college and major choice. Even after controlling for selection, large earnings premiums exist for certain majors. Differences in monetary returns explain little of the ability sorting across majors; virtually all ability sorting is because of preferences for particular majors in college and the workplace, with the former being larger than the latter.
Strategies for the Construction of Supramolecular Compounds through Coordination Chemistry

Synthetic organic chemists enjoy the luxury of having a large collection of reliable reactions at their disposal for preparing small molecules, mesoscopic structures, and polymers. Coordination chemists, on the other hand, are faced with the fact that transition metal chemistry, when normalized for the number of transition metals, has relatively few high-yielding reactions, when compared to the chemistry of carbon, for preparing even small molecule structures. This lack of control is manifested, in large part, in the weak metal-ligand interactions found in coordination complexes as compared with the strong covalent bonds in organic compounds. Weak bonding often translates into many reaction pathways that are not substantially different from an energetic point of view, and therefore, results in poor selectivity. As a result, many coordination chemists in recent years have come to the realization that it may be easier and more productive to develop straightforward and reliable routes to mesoscopic supramolecular structures by capitalizing on the modest collection of high-yielding reactions in coordination chemistry, the directional bonding afforded by metal centers, and strategies aimed at taking advantage of the weak metal bonds found in coordination complexes. Three emerging synthetic strategies, the symmetry-interaction, directional-bonding, and weak-link synthetic approaches, all use metal centers as structural building blocks to rationally assemble molecular components into supramolecular metallocyclophanes. These three approaches are discussed herein, and the fundamental principles underlying each as well as their capabilities are compared and contrasted.
Angiotensin AT2 receptor agonist prevents salt-sensitive hypertension in obese Zucker rats

High-sodium intake is a risk factor for the pathogenesis of hypertension, especially in obesity. The present study is designed to investigate whether angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) activation w...
Breathers on a background: periodic and quasiperiodic solutions of extended discrete nonlinear wave systems

In this paper we investigate the emergence of time-periodic and time quasiperiodic (sometimes infinitely long-lived and sometimes very long-lived or metastable) solutions of discrete nonlinear wave equations: discrete sine Gordon, discrete φ4 and discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation(DNLS). The solutions we consider are periodic oscillations on a kink or standing wave breather background. The origin of these oscillations is the presence of internal modes, associated with the static ground state. Some of these modes are associated with the breaking of translational invariance, in going from a spatially continuous to a spatially discrete system. Others are associated with discrete modes which bifurcate from the continuous spectrum. It is also possible that such modes exist in the continuum limit and persist in the discrete case. The regimes of existence, stability and metastablilty of states as the lattice spacing is varied are investigated analytically and numerically. A consequence of our analysis is a class of spatially localiszed, time quasiperiodic solutions of the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We demonstrate, however, that this class of quasiperiodic solutions is rather special and that its natural generalizations yield only metastable quasiperiodic solutions.
The Star Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569

We examine star clusters in the irregular starburst galaxy NGC 1569 from Hubble Space Telescope images taken with filters F336W, F555W, and F814W. In addition to the two super–star clusters that are well known, we identify 45 other clusters that are compact but resolved. Integrated UVI colors of the clusters span a large range, and comparison with coeval evolutionary models suggests that the ages range from 2–3 Myr to 1 Gyr. Most of the clusters have colors consistent with ages of ≤30 Myr, placing them at the end of the recent burst of star formation. We examine the radial surface brightness profiles of four of the clusters and fit King models to three of them. The colors of the clusters are approximately constant with radius. The four clusters have half-light radii and core radii that are in the range observed in present-day globular clusters in our Galaxy. However, they are somewhat less concentrated than the average globular cluster. The two well-known super–star clusters have luminosities (and one has a known mass) that are comparable to those of typical globular clusters. The other two clusters and likely numerous others in the sample are similar to a small globular cluster and to R136 in the LMC. The conditions that produced the recent starburst, therefore, have also been those necessary for producing compact bright star clusters. We examine resolved stars in the outer parts of the super–star clusters. We find that cluster A contains many bright blue stars. Some of the blue stars are bright enough to be evolved massive stars. There is also a small population of red supergiants. Components A1 and A2 within cluster A have similar colors, and a two-dimensional color map does not offer evidence that one component is dominated by red supergiants and the other is not. The apparent contradiction of the presence of red supergiants with Wolf-Rayet stars is allowed by the evolution of massive stars or may instead be due to an age spread within cluster A. The stars that we resolve around cluster B, on the other hand, contain a small population of more normal blue massive stars and a large population of red supergiants. The presence of the red supergiants is consistent with the view that cluster B is in its red supergiant phase. The presence of the red supergiant stars in clusters A and B is also verified in near-infrared spectra, where we find strong stellar CO absorption features. The various age indicators are consistent with a picture in which cluster B is of order 10–20 Myr old, the older stars in cluster A are ≥7 Myr old. The timescale to form the holes seen in Hα and H I is comparable to the age of cluster B.
Noncalcemic, Antiproliferative, Transcriptionally Active, 24-Fluorinated Hybrid Analogues of the Hormone 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation

Four new hybrid analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1) have been synthesized in a convergent manner by joining A-ring and C,D-ring fragments. Each hybrid analogue, having a noncalcemic 1-hydroxymethyl group and a potentiating 16-ene 24,24-difluorinated C,D-ring side chain, was designed to be lipophilic and inert toward 24-hydroxylase enzyme catabolism. Each hybrid analogue with 1β,3α-substituent stereochemistry (i.e., analogues 3b and 4b) showed a pharmacologically desirable combination of in vitro high antiproliferative activity in two different cell lines and high transcriptional activity with also low calcemic activity in vivo.
Adaptive implicit-explicit finite element algorithms for fluid mechanics problems

Abstract The adaptive implicit-explicit (AIE) approach is presented for the finite element solution of various problems in computational fluid mechanics. In the AIE approach the elements are dynamically (adaptively) arranged into differently treated groups. The differences in treatment could be based on considerations such as the cost efficiency, the type of spatial or temporal discretization employed, the choice of field equations, etc. Several numerical tests are performed to demonstrate that with this approach substantial savings in the CPU time and memory can be achieved.
Detecting changes in terrain using unmanned aerial vehicles

In recent years, small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used for more than the thrill they bring to model airplane enthusiasts. Their flexibility and low cost have made them a viable option for low-altitude reconnaissance. In a recent effort, we acquired video data from a small UAV during several passes over the same flight path. The objective of the exercise was to determine if objects had been added to the terrain along the flight path between flight passes. Several issues accrue to this simple-sounding problem: (1) lighting variations may cause false detection of objects because of changes in shadow orientation and strength between passes; (2) variations in the flight path due to wind-speed, and heading change may cause misalignment of gross features making the task of detecting changes between the frames very difficult; and (3) changes in the aircraft orientation and altitude lead to a change in size of the features from frame-to-frame making a comparison difficult. In this paper, we discuss our efforts to perform this change detection, and the lessons that we learned from this exercise.
Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness Measurements of Artificially Produced Surface Dents and Grooves

Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) film thickness measurements using optical interferometry have been made of artificially produced dents and grooves under rolling and sliding conditions. These measurements are compared to stylus traces of the dent and groove profiles to determine the local deformation associated with micro-EHD pressure generation. The surface geometry associated with the dents and grooves is seen to become intimately involved in the lubrication process itself, creating local pressure variations that substantially deform the local surface geometry, particularly under sliding conditions. The rolling results have implications concerning surface initiated fatigue and the sliding results show clearly the EHD surface interactions that must occur prior to scuffing failure. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference in Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 24–26, 1978
The Economics and Politics of Trade Policy: An Empirical Analysis of ITC Decision Making

The paper studies the determinants of trade policy decisions, focusing specifically on antidumping and countervailing duty statutes administered by the International Trade Commission (ITC). Using detailed industry, import, and political pressure data, ITC decision making is modeled, weighing the relative impact of economic and political factors in predicting policy outcomes. It is found that the ITC’s decision making is significantly influenced by both economic and political factors. However, because an industry has much greater ability to create political pressure than induce economic injury, the results highlight the strategic importance of oversight representation and PAC contributions in an industry’s bid for protection.
Optimum Design of a Compound Helicopter

A design and aeromechanics investigation was conducted for a 100,000-lb compound helicopter with a single main rotor, which is to cruise at 250 knots at 4000 ft/95 deg F condition. Performance, stability, and control analyses were conducted with the comprehensive rotorcraft analysis CAMRAD II. Wind tunnel test measurements of the performance of the H-34 and UH-1D rotors at high advance ratio were compared with calculations to assess the accuracy of the analysis for the design of a high speed helicopter. In general, good correlation was obtained when an increase of drag coefficients in the reverse flow region was implemented. An assessment of various design parameters (disk loading, blade loading, wing loading) on the performance of the compound helicopter was conducted. Lower wing loading (larger wing area) and higher blade loading (smaller blade chord) increased aircraft lift-to-drag ratio. However, disk loading has a small influence on aircraft lift-to-drag ratio. A rotor parametric study showed that most of the benefit of slowing the rotor occurred at the initial 20 to 30% reduction of the advancing blade tip Mach number. No stability issues were observed with the current design. Control derivatives did not change significantly with speed, but the did exhibit significant coupling.
Conformal mapping in microlithography

We show that a conformal mapping of the type, W = z π/α, describes how a shape of a 45° rotated cross transforms into a contact hole. We discuss its relevance to corner rounding seen on raster beam pattern generators.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Near-Field Radiation Calculated With an Improved Dielectric Function Model for Doped Silicon

This paper describes a theoretical investigation of near-field radiative heat transfer between doped silicon surfaces separated by a vacuum gap. An improved dielectric function model for heavily doped silicon is employed. The effects of doping level, polarization, and vacuum gap width on the spectral and total radiative transfer are studied based on the fluctuational electrodynamics. It is observed that increasing the doping concentration does not necessarily enhance the energy transfer in the near-field. The energy streamline method is used to model the lateral shift of the energy pathway, which is the trace of the Poynting vectors in the vacuum gap. The local density of states near the emitter is calculated with and without the receiver. The results from this study can help improve the understanding of near-field radiation for applications such as thermophotovoltaic energy conversion, nanoscale thermal imaging, and nanothermal manufacturing.
Untangling influences of hydrophobicity on protein sequences and structures.

We perform a statistical analysis of solvent accessibility and hydrophobicity profiles of a representative set of proteins. The joint probability distribution is well fitted to a multivariable Gaussian, which takes a relatively simple form when expressed in terms of the Fourier transforms of the profiles. This allows us to quantify the asymmetric manner by which these profiles influence each other. For example, the α-helix periodicity in sequence hydrophobicity is dictated by the solvent accessibility of structures, and not vice versa, possibly indicating the faster evolution of sequences compared to structures. The decorrelated hydrophobicity and solvent accessibility profiles show distinct behaviors at long periods, where sequence hydrophobicity fluctuates less, while solvent accessibility fluctuates more than average. The correlations between the two profiles can be interpreted as the Boltzmann weight of the solvation energy at room temperature, consistent with earlier observations. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Systemic Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection

Background:Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product used to treat acute and chronic tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries in over 86,000 athletes in the United States annually. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned intramuscular PRP injections in competitive athletes in 2010 because of concerns that it may increase performance-enhancing growth factors. The ban on PRP was removed in 2011 because of limited evidence for a systemic ergogenic effect of PRP, but the growth factors within PRP remain prohibited.Purpose:To quantify the effect of PRP injection on systemic growth factors with performance-enhancing effects and to identify molecular markers to detect treated athletes.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Six ergogenic growth factors monitored by WADA—human growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factor–1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein–3 (IGFBP-3), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and pla...
Thermodynamic perturbation theory for self assembling mixtures of multi-patch colloids and colloids with spherically symmetric attractions

In this paper we extend our previous theory [B. D. Marshall and W.G. Chapman, J. Chem. Phys., 2013, 139, 104904] for mixtures of single patch colloids (p colloids) and colloids with spherically symmetric attractions (s colloids) to the case that the p colloids can have multiple patches. The theory is then applied to the case of a binary mixture of bi-functional p colloids which have an A and B type patch and s colloids which are not attracted to other s colloids and are attracted to only patch A on the p colloids. This mixture reversibly self assembles into both colloidal star molecules, where the s colloid is the articulation segment and the p colloids form the arms, and free chains composed of only p colloids. It is shown that temperature, density, composition and relative attractive strengths can all be varied to manipulate the number of arms per colloidal star molecule, average arm length and the fraction of chains (free chains + arms) which are star arms.
Syntheses, structures, and characterization of open-framework uranyl germanates.

Three uranyl germanates, Cs2[(UO2)(Ge2O6)](H2O) (1), Ag[(UO2)2(HGe2O7)](H2O) (2), and Ag2[(UO2)3(GeO4)2](H2O)2 (3) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, and their structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in space group P21/n, a = 7.9159(2) A, b = 21.5949(5) A, c = 12.4659(3) A, β = 96.964(1)°, V = 2115.24(9) A3, Z = 8; 2 is orthorhombic Ama2, a = 7.124(1) A, b = 10.771(2) A, c = 14.024(1) A, V = 1076.2(4) A3, Z = 4; 3 is orthorhombic Pnma, a = 10.0462(6) A, b = 7.4699(5) A, c = 17.776(1) A, V = 1334.0(2) A3, Z = 4. These compounds are frameworks of uranyl square (1) or pentagonal (2, 3) bipyramids and four-membered rings of germanate tetrahedra (1), dimers of germanate tetrahedra (2), or chains of GeO5 triangular bipyramids (3). There are channels through each of the frameworks that contain the low-valence cations and the H2O groups. Compound 1 dehydrates upon heating, but the framework remains intact to at least 900 °C.
Approaches toward the total syntheses of astins A, B, and C

Abstract Two nonessential amino acids, (+)-(S)-2-aminobutanoic acid and the methyl ester of L-β-phenylalanine [(+)- (R)-3-amino-3-phenyl propanoic acid], were synthesized to provide a tripeptide which will be used in the total syntheses of astins A, B, and C.