cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edge and surface free energies at the solid-gas interface

Abstract Based on the fundamental physical concepts of surface and edge free energies for unrelated gas-solid interfaces, effects of the functional style of intermolecular potential and the crystal lattice structure on the ratio between the two free energies were studied on an equivalent basis. It was found that the surface free energy estimated from the edge free energy of the monolayer through the customary method of multiplying it by the step height, σ e , is always smaller than the true surface free energy σ. As the range of intermolecular potential function increased, σ e became significantly smaller than σ, whereas both values converged when the range became short. The ratio σ e /σ was also shown to depend on the crystal structure. It was suggested that the difference between σ e and σ would make the operation of the two-dimensional nucleation mechanism easier for crystal plane growth as well as epitaxial processes.
Numerical simulation of Fresnel-regime wave propagation: the light-tube model

The numerical simulation of the propagation of optical wave fields for large propagation distances can require increasingly larger numbers of numerical samples because of the diffraction spreading of the wave. Such spreading can be avoided if a positive lens is used to confine the propagating field to a tube between input and back focal plane. A one-to-one mapping allows the confined light-tube propagation to be substituted for the unconfined free-space propagation, with a resulting reduction in number of samples required. With proper choice of lens focal length, the number of samples needed for propagation from input to far field remains essentially constant at approximately twice the space-bandwidth product of the input.
Resolving the Burgers vector for individual GaN dislocations by electron channeling contrast imaging

We report evidence for non-destructive determination of dislocation type and Burgers vector direction in GaN using electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) inside a scanning electron microscope. Forescattered electron intensity fluctuations generated by threading dislocations exhibit characteristic spatial profiles indicative of dislocation type (screw, edge) and Burgers vector direction. Simulated channeling contrast features by two-beam dynamical diffraction calculations show qualitative agreement with recorded images. Forescatter ECCI sensitivity to atomic steps and low-angle grain boundaries in GaN allow for additional confirmation.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 7B mRNA: an unfavorable characteristic in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

A cost- and time-efficient means to define the prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is desirable but does not yet exist. Based on evidence that CLL cells have enhanced expression of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoform 7B (PDE7B), we hypothesized that PDE7B expression might provide such information. We assessed PDE7B mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 85 patients and 30 normal subjects. We compared PDE7B mRNA expression with that of other disease features to determine if its expression correlates with the prognosis of patients with CLL. We found that CLL patients with PDE7B mRNA levels in the top quartile (>9-fold elevation relative to normal controls) have a several-year shorter median time-to-treatment (TTT, 36 months) compared to that of patients whose CLL cells express lower levels of PDE7B mRNA (TTT, 77 months, P=0.001). High PDE7B mRNA expression correlates with expression of Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70), unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) region genes and β2 microglobulin (β2M), but use of a multivariate Cox model revealed that high PDE7B mRNA expression independently predicts a short TTT, even after adjusting for several other disease characteristics (ZAP-70 or CD38 expression, IGHV mutation status, Rai status). High expression of PDE7B is an unfavorable characteristic in CLL. Assessment of PDE7B mRNA expression thus appears to be a clinically useful biomarker to define the prognosis of patients with CLL.
Use of a cyclic high-pressure sodium lamp to inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum and velvet sage

Abstract Photoperiod is commonly controlled in the commercial production of ornamental crops to induce or prevent flowering. Flower induction in short-day (SD) plants can be prevented or delayed when the natural daylength is short by providing low-intensity lighting during the dark period. A stationary high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp with an oscillating aluminum parabolic reflector (cyclic HPS) has been developed to provide intermittent lighting to greenhouse crops. We determined the efficacy of a cyclic HPS lamp at preventing flowering in SD plants garden chrysanthemum [Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.] ‘Bianca’, pot chrysanthemum ‘Auburn’, and velvet sage (Salvia leucantha L.) relative to traditional night interruption (NI) lighting strategies. Plants were grown in a glass-glazed greenhouse at a mean daily temperature of 19.5–20.7 °C with natural SD photoperiods. NI lighting was delivered during the middle of the night (2230–0230 h) from a 600 W cyclic HPS lamp mounted at one gable end of the greenhouse or from incandescent (INC) lamps that were illuminated for the entire 4 h (CONT INC) or for 6 min every 30 min for 4 h. Plants under cyclic HPS were grown at lateral distances of 1, 4, 7, 10, or 13 m from under the lamp. Control plants were grown under an uninterrupted 15 h skotoperiod. As the distance from the cyclic HPS lamp increased from 1 to 13 m, the maximum irradiance measured during the NI decreased from 25.4 to 0.3 μmol m−2 s−1 and time to visible inflorescence (VI) and the number of nodes at VI decreased. All species had a VI within 54 d, but ≤10% of plants flowered when grown at a lateral distance of 1 or 4 m from the cyclic HPS lamp or under CONT INC. Plants grown without NI had a VI 2 to 15 d earlier and flowered 7 to 24 d earlier than plants grown at 10 or 13 m from the cyclic HPS. All garden chrysanthemums flowered under cyclic INC, whereas velvet sage and pot chrysanthemum had 15% and 35% flowering, respectively. These results indicate that a cyclic HPS lamp can be used effectively to delay flower induction and prevent flowering in these species when NI is delivered at ≥2.4 μmol m−2 s−1.
Prospects for imaging with TOF-SIMS using gold liquid metal ion sources

Abstract Gold liquid metal ion sources produce high quality TOF-SIMS spectra with excellent prospects for imaging using either Au++, Au+ or Au2+ primary ions. The beam is stable and exhibits a long lifetime when employing eutectic alloys of Si or Ge. In general, the yields are found to be considerably higher than when using Ga beams, but the increased yield associated with using dimer ions is also associated with an increase in surface damage. Finally, it appears that Au++ ion bombardment may yield improved spectra for certain types of compounds.
Hispanics' use of Internet health information: an exploratory study.

Purpose: The research examined use of the Internet to seek health information among Hispanics in the United States. Methods: A secondary analysis used the Impact of the Internet and Advertising on Patients and Physicians, 2000–2001, survey data. Pearson's χ2 test, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and independent samples t tests were conducted to test for relationships and differences between facets of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white online health information seeking. Results: Findings indicated lower Internet health information seeking among Hispanics (28.9%, n=72) than non-Hispanic whites (35.6%, n=883). On a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree), Hispanics were likely to agree that Internet health information improves understanding of medical conditions and treatments (M=1.65), gives patients confidence to talk to doctors about health concerns (M=1.67), and helps patients get treatment they would not otherwise receive (M=2.23). Hispanics viewed their skills in assessing Internet health information as good. Overall ratings were also positive for items related to sharing Internet health information with a doctor. Conflicting with these findings, Hispanics (M=3.33) and non-Hispanic whites (M=3.46) reported that physician-patient relationships worsened as a result of bringing online health information to a visit (scale 1=a lot better to 5=a lot worse). Conclusion: This study provides further evidence of differences in Internet health information seeking among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Cultural discordance may be a possible explanation for Hispanics' view that the Internet negatively impacts physician-patient relationships. Strategies to increase Hispanics' access to Internet health information will likely help them become empowered and educated consumers, potentially having a favorable impact on health outcomes.
Exploring Categorical Structuralism

Some issues for categorical foundations for mathematics are explored. Among them: how categorical foundations assert the existence of their objects and arrows, and how categorical set theory motivates its own axiom scheme of replacement. Two interpretations of ZF into categorical set theory are explicitly compared. One is homophonic but partial; the other is total and uses membership trees.
Remote plasma-deposited GeO2 with quartz-like Ge- and O-local bonding: Band-edge state and O-vacancy comparisons with SiO2

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and many-electron theory are combined to describe symmetries and degeneracies for intrinsic bonding defects in remote plasma-deposited (rpd-) non-crystalline (nc-), rpd-nc-GeO"2 and rpd-nc-SiO"2", hereafter simply GeO"2 and SiO"2. GeO"2 is emerging as an alternative gate dielectric for nano-CMOS devices. High resolution O-vacancy spectral features in O K pre-edge spectra for SiO"2 have been assigned to multiplet transitions and negative ion states based on an extended d^2equivalent model, including both weaker singlet and as well the stronger triplet transitions discussed in previous publications. This has revealed predominantly mid-gap Ge and Si singlet and triplet bonding arrangements for the electrons in O-vacancy sites. These have been examined as a function of post deposition rapid thermal annealing in Ar ambients for GeO"2 deposited at 300^oC on both Si and Ge substrates, identifying different post-deposition thermal budget processing windows for low defect density GeO"2 on Si and Ge substrates. For ultra thin nitrided SiO"x, x<2 interfacial layers on Si, this is at least 700^oC, but on Ge, independent of surface processing it less than 600^oC.
The Maple package SyNRAC and its application to robust control design

We have been developing a toolbox on Maple, called SyNRAC, for solving real algebraic constraints derived from various engineering problems. Its main tools are real quantifier elimination and the simplification of quantifier-free formulas. We illustrate algorithms implemented in SyNRAC, give some examples of how its commands are used, and present its application to design problems in systems and control theory.
Infusion of GAT1-saporin into the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band disrupts self-movement cue processing and spares mnemonic function

Degeneration of the septohippocampal system is associated with the progression of Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). Impairments in mnemonic function and spatial orientation become more severe as DAT progresses. Although evidence supports a role for cholinergic function in these impairments, relatively few studies have examined the contribution of the septohippocampal GABAergic component to mnemonic function or spatial orientation. The current study uses the rat food-hoarding paradigm and water maze tasks to characterize the mnemonic and spatial impairments associated with infusing GAT1-Saporin into the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band (MS/VDB). Although infusion of GAT1-Saporin significantly reduced parvalbumin-positive cells in the MS/VDB, no reductions in markers of cholinergic function were observed in the hippocampus. In general, performance was spared during spatial tasks that provided access to environmental cues. In contrast, GAT1-Saporin rats did not accurately carry the food pellet to the refuge during the dark probe. These observations are consistent with infusion of GAT1-Saporin into the MS/VDB resulting in spared mnemonic function and use of environmental cues; however, self-movement cue processing was compromised. This interpretation is consistent with a growing literature demonstrating a role for the septohippocampal system in self-movement cue processing.
Gas and air embolization during hysteroscopic electrosurgical vaporization: comparison of gas generation using bipolar and monopolar electrodes in an experimental model.

Abstract Study Objective To compare the composition of gases generated by bipolar hysteroscopic vaporizing electrodes using electrolyte-rich medium (normal saline) with those of monopolar vaporizing electrodes using nonelectrolytic medium (1.5% glycine). Design In vitro study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). Setting Laboratory. Intervention Fresh morbid bovine cardiac muscle was fully immersed in normal saline for the bipolar vaporizing electrode and 1.5% glycine for the monopolar vaporizing electrode. Standard hysteroscopic electrodes were activated at usual and maximum power outputs from radiofrequency electrosurgical generators appropriate for each system. The gases generated were captured and analyzed by gas chromatography and fast Fourier transform. Measurements and Main Results Gaseous by-products of electrosurgical vaporization of test tissues largely consisted of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The composition of gases generated by hysteroscopic monopolar and bipolar electrodes in this laboratory model appear to be similar. Conclusion These gases are all highly soluble in serum. This observation suggests that emboli of gaseous by-products of electrosurgery are unlikely to have an adverse impact on patients. On the other hand, air emboli, largely composed of relatively insoluble nitrogen, are more likely to result in clinically significant cardiopulmonary events.
Participation of pre-existing ribosomes in the induced synthesis of β-galactosidase

Abstract 1. 1. The synthesis of ribosomes by a uracil-less mutant of Escherichia coli which was induced to synthesize β-galactosidase (β- d -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) has been investigated during carbon-source and uracil starvation. 2. 2. The study depends upon the separation of 15N-containing ribosomes from 14N-containing ribosomes in a CsCl-density gradient, and upon the separation of ribosomes from messenger RNA in a sucrose-density gradient. 3. 3. It has been found that, under such starvation conditions, there is no synthesis of new ribosomes while the synthesis of messenger RNA continues. 4. 4. It is therefore concluded that pre-existing ribosomes can make a new species of bacterial protein.
Partial trisomy 2q: Report of a patient with dup (2)(q33.1q35)

The partial trisomy 2q phenotype has been well described in the literature, primarily through cases of unbalanced translocations. While these reports contributed to the initial delineation of the phenotype, reports of de novo duplications are valuable in that they exist in the absence of an accompanying monosomy. We describe a 16-month-old female with a de novo duplication of 2q from bands q33.1 to q35. The clinical findings of this patient include a congenital heart defect, dysmorphic facial features, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and developmental delay. In contrast to most reported individuals with trisomy 2q, this patient demonstrates only mild developmental delays. We compare our findings with other case reports of partial trisomy 2q.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer.

This report reflects the best data available at the time the report was prepared, but caution should be exercised in interpreting the data; and the results of future studies may require alteration of the conclusions or recommendations set forth in this report.
Development of a Very Brief Measure of ADHD: The CHAOS Scale.

Objective: We sought to develop a brief, easy to use behavior checklist to address common limitations in the use of ADHD rating scales in busy clinical settings. Method: Items for the CHAOS (Conduct-Hyperactive-Attention Problem-Oppositional Symptom) scale were developed based on the ratings of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria provided by experienced clinicians. The scale was administered to mothers of 205 clinically referred children for the purpose of subscale creation based on principal components analysis (PCA). Reliability and validity were analyzed using a separate sample of 139 children referred for psychological testing. Results: PCA resulted in four subscales (Attention Problems, Hyperactivity-Impulsivity, Oppositional Behavior, and Conduct Problems), which demonstrated moderate to high test–retest and interrater reliability. Subscale scores correlated significantly with subscales from a DSM-referenced behavior checklist, along with tests of executi...
RECENT STUDIES ON GROWTH OF THE BODY AND FACE

Abstract Through materials drawn mainly from one research program, it has been shown that during the last decade (1) knowledge on bodily and facial growth in childhood has increased substantially, and (2) progress has been made in utilizing research data to derive clinically useful reference charts.
Development of the cardiac conduction system involves recruitment within a multipotent cardiomyogenic lineage

The cardiac pacemaking and conduction system sets and maintains the rhythmic pumping action of the heart. Previously, we have shown that peripheral cells of the conduction network in chick (periarterial Purkinje fibers) are selected within a cardiomyogenic lineage and that this recruitment occurs as a result of paracrine cues from coronary arteries. At present, the cellular derivation of other elements of this specialized system (e.g. the nodes and bundles of the central conduction system) are controversial, with some proposing that the evidence supports a neurogenic and others a myogenic origin for these tissues. While such ontological questions remain, it is unlikely that progress can be made on the molecular mechanisms governing patterning and induction of the central conduction system. Here, we have undertaken lineage-tracing strategies based on the distinct properties of replication-incompetent adenoviral and retroviral lacZ-expressing constructs. Using these complementary approaches, it is shown that cells constituting both peripheral and central conduction tissues originate from cardiomyogenic progenitors present in the looped, tubular heart with no detectable contribution by migratory neuroectoderm-derived populations. Moreover, clonal analyses of retrovirally infected cells incorporated within any part of the conduction system suggest that such cells share closer lineage relationships with nearby contractive myocytes than with other, more distal elements of the conduction system. Differentiation birthdating by label dilution using [(3)H]thymidine also demonstrates the occurrence of ongoing myocyte conscription to conductive specialization and provides a time course for this active and localized selection process in different parts of the system. Together, these data suggest that the cardiac conduction system does not develop by outgrowth from a prespecified pool of 'primary' myogenic progenitors. Rather, its assembly and elaboration occur via processes that include progressive and localized recruitment of multipotent cardiomyogenic cells to the developing network of specialized cardiac tissues.
Biological and physical properties of autogenous vascularized fibular grafts in dogs

The biological and biomechanical properties of normal fibulae, fibulae that had had a sham operation, and both vascularized and non-vascularized autogenous grafts were studied in dogs at three months after the operation. The study was designed to quantify and correlate changes in these properties in orthotopic, stably fixed, weight-bearing grafts and to provide a baseline for additional studies of allografts. The grafts were eight centimeters long and internally fixed. The mechanical properties of the grafts were studied by torsional testing. Metabolic turnover of the grafts was evaluated by preoperative labeling of the dogs with 3H-tetracycline for resorption of bone mineral and with 3H-proline for turnover of collagen. Cortical bone area and porosity were measured. Postoperative formation of bone was evaluated by sequential labeling with fluorochrome. The vascularized grafts resembled the fibulae that had had a sham operation and those that had not had an operation with regard to the total number of osteons and the remodeling process, as measured both morphometrically and metabolically. The vascularized grafts were stronger and stiffer than the non-vascularized grafts and were not different from the bones that had had a sham operation. In contrast, the non-vascularized grafts were smaller, weaker, less stiff, and more porotic, had fewer osteons, and demonstrated increased turnover and resorption compared with the vascularized grafts, the bones that had had a sham operation, and the bones that had not been operated on.
Systemic α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist inhibits neointimal growth after balloon injury of rat carotid artery

Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that norepinephrine, acting through α1A-adrenoceptors, stimulates hypertrophy, proliferation, and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and adve...
Suppression of Premature Stop Codons for the Treatment of a Subset of Patients with Genetic Disorders

The concept of personalized medicine has been extended to recognize the fact that variations in the genetic makeup of individuals can greatly alter their responsiveness to drug treatments for a variety of disorders. An important corollary to this concept is that patients may have one of a number of different genetic diseases due to the same type of mutation in the disease-causing gene. This creates the possibility of a very different paradigm within personalized medicine, in which a drug can be designed to treat a specific genetic mutation, rather than a specific disease. The first example of this paradigm is drug-based suppression of a premature stop codon. There are a large number of individuals collectively afflicted by genetic disorders resulting form premature stop codons. Development of a drug-based therapy that can suppress this class of mutations could allow treatment of subsets of patients across a large number of genetic disorders, and thus address a substantial unmet medical need.
Human Papillomavirus DNA in LEEP Plume

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) plumes. Methods: Forty-nine consecutive patients with colposcopic and cytologic evidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were tested. Smoke plumes were collected through a filter placed in the suction tubing. DNA was harvested by proteinase K digest of the filters and prepared for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by L1 consensus primers. Results: Thirty-nine (80%) tissue samples were positive for HPV, with types 6/11 in 4, 16/18 in 19, 31/33/35 in 2, and other types in 6 patients. The tissue sample was inadequate for typing in 8 patients. HPV DNA was detected in 18 (37%) filters. Conclusions: Although the consequences of HPV in LEEP plume are unknown, it would be prudent to adopt stringent control procedures.
CMC SINGULARITY AVOIDANCE USING VSCMG NULL MOTION

A Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscope (VSCMG) null motion steering law is introduced that continuously attempts to minimize the condition number of the control influence matrix. By doing so the gimbal angles are rearranged to less singular configurations without exerting a torque onto the spacecraft. By allowing the reaction wheel speeds to be variable in this steering law, more general reconfigurations are possible than what are possible with conventional CMGs. No apriori calculations of preferred sets of gimbal angles are necessary -with this method. Numerical studies show that superimposing this VSCMG null motion on the VSCMG steering law can result in a drastic reduction in the required reaction wheel power consumption when operating near CMG singular gimbal configurations. The reaction wheel torque required by this VSCMG steering law is typically very small and achievable with existing CMG hardware.
Becoming a Firefighter

Why do individuals seek out high-risk occupations when safer ways of earning a living are available? How do they become acclimated to the dangers of their profession? This article addresses these questions by examining how individuals become wildland firefighters. Drawing on in-depth ethnographic data I collected while serving as a wildland firefighter employed by the US Forest Service, I explore how individual competences and dispositions acquired from a certain family and class background pre-condition rural working-class men for the rigors of firefighting. In Bourdieu’s terms, I investigate how the primary habitus of self-described ‘country boys’ transforms into the specific habitus of wildland firefighters. Answers pertaining to why young men join firecrews and how they become seasoned to the hazards of wildfire are found not by examining processes of organizational socialization alone but by analyzing how processes of organizational socialization are specified extensions of earlier processes of socia...
Effects of Operational Frequency Scaling in Multi-Degree of Freedom MEMS Gyroscopes

This paper analyzes the design tradeoffs associated with increasing the operational frequency of single-axis microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes with multi-degree of freedom (DOF) sense modes. Previously, a z-axis multi-DOF gyroscope (1-DOF drive, 2-DOF sense) was shown to be robust to thermal variations using a prototype with a subkilohertz operational frequency; automotive applications, however, require higher frequencies of operation to suppress the effect of ambient vibrations. To study scaling effects on the multi-DOF concept, design equations were obtained in terms of operational frequency. These revealed a constraint on system parameters that introduces two scaling methods that dictate a tradeoff between gain, die size, and sense capacitance. Second generation multi-DOF gyroscopes were designed and fabricated resulting in 0.7-, 3.1-, and 5.1-kHz devices with smaller sense mode resonant frequency spacings than previously achievable. Experimental rate characterization resulted in scale factors of 14.2, 5.08, and 2.34 mu V/deg /s, respectively, confirming the predicted scaling effects while also demonstrating the feasibility of increased frequency multi-DOF gyroscopes.
Polyketide Synthase Genes from Marine Dinoflagellates

Rapidly developing techniques for manipulating the pathways of polyketide biosynthesis at the genomic level have created the demand for new pathways with novel biosynthetic capability. Polyketides derived from dinoflagellates are among the most complex and unique structures identified thus far, yet no studies of the biosynthesis of dinoflagellate-derived polyketides at the genomic level have been reported. Nine strains representing 7 different species of dinoflagellates were screened for the presence of type I and type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR. Seven of the 9 strains yielded products that were homologous with known and putative type I PKSs. Unexpectedly, a PKS gene was amplified from cultures of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, a saxitoxin producer, which is not known to produce a polyketide. In each case the presence of a PKS gene was correlated with the presence of bacteria in the cultures as identified by amplification of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. However, amplification from polyadenylated RNA, the lack of PKS expression in light-deprived cultures, residual phylogenetic signals, resistance to methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, and the lack of hybridization to bacterial isolates support a dinoflagellate origin for most of these genes.
Mitochondrial Phylogeography of Vegetable Pest Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Divergent Clades and Invasive Populations

The leafmining fly Liriomyza sativae Blanchard is an important polyphagous pest of vegetables crops in the United States and around the world. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence variation indicates that L. sativae harbors distinct mitochondrial clades suggestive of the presence of cryptic species. Two of the major mitochondrial clades exhibited polyphagy, with members feeding on hosts in at least three plant families. Only one of the major clades was present in introduced populations, causing total mitochondrial variation exhibited by introduced populations to be considerably reduced compared with that observed within the native range.
‘Muprints’ of the lac operon demonstrate physiological control over the randomness of in vivo transposition

A method called Muprinting has been developed that uses PCR to generate a detailed picture of the bacteriophage Mu transposition sites in chosen domains of the bacterial chromosome. Muprinting experiments in Escherichia coli show that the frequency of phage integration changes dramatically near two repressor binding sites in the lac operon. When the lac operon was repressed, hotspots for Mu transposition were found near the O1 and O2 operators that are proposed to make a repression loop. When cells were grown in lactose, Mu transposition near these operators was greatly diminished. Striking changes in transposition frequencies were limited to the control region and were not found in a region of the lacZ gene lying beyond the O2 operator. Muprints of the bgl operon showed a different pattern; hotspots for Mu transposition detected in sequences upstream of the bglC promoter when the operon was silenced changed when the operon became activated by mutation. By targeting transposition to the regulatory regions around non-expressed genes, Mu may demonstrate a self-restraint mechanism that allows the virus to move through its host genome without disrupting the functions that contribute to a healthy cell physiology.
Novel orthogonal codes for DS-CDMA with improved crosscorrelation characteristics in multipath fading channels

In today's DS-CDMA systems, Hadamard-Walsh (HW) codes are employed as spreading codes in the downlink to maintain the orthogonality between users. However, after transmission through multipath fading channels, interference arises between different paths, leading to MPI (multi-path interference) in the DS-CDMA RAKE receiver. This, in turn, degrades the DS-CDMA system's probability of error performance. We propose a set of novel complex spreading codes called carrier interferometry (CI) codes, and we demonstrate how these novel orthogonal spreading codes achieve crosscorrelations independent of the phase offsets between different paths (after transmission over a multipath fading channel). This improved crosscorrelation property (relative to HW codes) leads to higher SIR in the DS-CDMA RAKE receiver, and, as a direct result, better performance in terms of probability of error.
Growth Factors and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Mammalian cells respond to external stimuli by activation of a variety of signal transduction pathways, which culminate in stereotypical responses, such as proliferation, growth arrest, hypertrophy, differentiation, or apoptosis. In vertebrates the actions of many stimuli resulting in proliferative or hypertrophic growth converge on a set of cellular kinase cascades, which are collectively called the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades. These MAP kinases have been implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and hypertrophy, responses that are central to the pathophysiology of hypertension. In this review, we will examine how proliferative and hypertrophic stimuli activate these MAP kinase cascades, what are the consequences of that activation on gene expression, and how do these signals drive the cell into one of the stereotypical responses noted above.
Sustainability and Measuring its Effect on Firm Value

The current interest in sustainable resources by business begs the questions: does sustainability affect the value of the firm, and if so, would it's effect be detectable on the firm value? I propose a model where a possibly polluting input is part of the firm's production function. I find that in a neo-classical model where the firm is a price taker in both the input and output markets, that use of the polluting resource does affect firm value, but whether it would be detectable is dependent upon if the polluting input is taxed.
Platinum-based drug cytotoxicity is enhanced by the antidepressant desipramine.

C237 This abstract reports on an unprecedented synergistic enhancement of platinum drug cytotoxicity in the presence of desipramine. These findings arose from our interest in studying mechanisms of cellular uptake pertinent to the clinical role of platinum drugs. The three major pharmacological factors contributing to the intrinsic cytotoxicity of, and cellular resistance to, platinum drugs are (i) cellular uptake and efflux of platinum, (ii) the frequency and nature of Pt-DNA adducts and (iii) deactivating metabolic reactions with sulfur-containing nucleophiles. Modulation of one or other of these factors may result in greater potency or a broader spectrum of treatable tumors. The use of cellular copper transporters has been documented as one mechanism of active uptake of platinum drugs. A second set of transporters more recently studied for their effect on platinum drug uptake are the organic cation transporters. These carriers (commonly referred to as OCT1,2 and 3) are plasma membrane transporters of the SLC22A family and have been characterized functionally and their molecular components identified. A common approach to study involvement of transporters in drug uptake is the use of specific inhibitors and/or competing substrates. Cimetidine as an inhibitor or tetraethylammonium chloride as a competing substrate significantly decreased c-DDP renal cell accumulation. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin, but not carboplatin or nedaplatin, have been reported as substrates for human OCTs. We have now found that the choice of inhibitor is a critical determinant of cytotoxicity. When desipramine, rather than cimetidine, is used in a variety of colon cancer cell lines, cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin and the Phase II candidate BBR3464 was synergistically enhanced. Desipramine enhanced cispaltin cellular uptake, but had no effect on the accumulation of BBR3464 or oxaliplatin, suggesting that enhanced uptake was not a consistent means by which desipramine altered platinum drug-mediated cytotoxicity. The synergic effect of desipramine resulted in increased activation of p53, mitochondrial damage, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. The effect of desipramine was still observed using p53 deficient (p53-/-) HCT116 cells. The results show that desipramine, a safe and effective antidepressant already in use for cancer treatment, greatly augments the cytotoxicity of platinum-based chemotherapeutics. These effects correlated with enhanced activation of the p53- mitochondrial death pathway, but a p53-independent mechanism is also apparent. The study argues that desipramine may be a means of enhancing chemo-responsiveness, and warrants further investigation. Clinical cancer treatment currently involves the use of a combination regimen involving one or more drugs. Understanding how drug-target interactions affect cellular signaling pathways is critical to development of rational combination chemotherapy approaches. Supported by NCI RO1CA78754
Fluid Dynamic Instabilities in Drawn Fibers

The nonlinear stability analysis of viscoelastic fibers is presented. The molten fiber is modeled as a Maxwellian viscoelastic fluid and the zeroth order equations governing its behavior given. Linear stability analysis is performed to determine the influence of winder speed and impedance as well as viscosity and elasticity. The results of numerical solution of the nonlinear equations are given.
The Stream-Flow Controversy: A Conservation Turning Point

H ISTORIANS have long recognized that scientific theories and scientific evidence have made important contributions to the rise of the organized conservation movement in the United States.' Even those individuals who advocated conservation for economic or aesthetic reasons frequently strengthened their cause by basing it upon scientific data, and scientific institutions often were the vehicles by which conservationists advanced their specific crusades. One important component of forest conservation theory was the hypothesis that deforestation radically affects runoff and stream flow. More specifically, conservationists argued that the clearing of timber increases the level and frequency of floods, accelerates soil erosion, and retards precipitation, and all of these results are disastrous for waterpower, commerce, irrigation, agriculture, and natural beauty. Conservationists predicted that the United States, because of its mistreatment of the forest, would follow many ancient civilizations-China, Palestine, Lebanon, Greece, Rome-down the irretraceable path of desiccation and destruction. This thesis, widely publicized in manuals of forestry, popular and technical conservation journals, and in the general press, was further disseminated by forestry organizations and sympathetic politicians skilled in advocating their views in the mass media.2 Yet because of the scientific, economic, and political implications of this theory, various interests sharply challenged it; the resultant controversy over its validity and impact illuminates one of the appeals of the progressive conservation movement-its use of science-and
Distribution properties of digestive enzyme of Hyriopsis cumingii and morphological configuration of crystalline style

Enzyme analytical method was used to investigate the activities and distributions of protease, amylase, cellulase in straight intestine, middle intestine, inner intestine, digestive gland, stomach and crystalline from three different styles of Hyriopsis cumingii. The morphology and structure of crystalline style were also examined by paraffin section, light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the relationship among digestive enzymes activities in all the six kinds of digestive organs was amylasecellulaseprotease, and amylase activity was significantly higher than cellulase and protease. Both protease and amylase activities were significantly higher in crystalline style, while cellulase activities were higher in stomach and orstraight. In contrast to a marked rise in protease activity, the amylase and cellulase demonstrated pronounced decreasing trend accompanied by the increasing wet weight of Hyriopsis cumingii. Compared to the solid line of crystalline style under starvation, a food channel was formed when Hyriopsis cumingii was full, which circumgyrated in one direction to mill, separate, enwrap food and digested them finally.
Minerals in cardiovascular disease.

Reviewed here are the relationships between soft-water regions and total cardiovascular disease, between cadmium and sodium on the one hand and hypertension on the other, and finally between chromium and diabetes-related atherosclerosis
Assessing Temperament as a Predictor of Oral Sedation Success Using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire Short Form.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate whether temperament, as measured by the Children's Behavior Questionnaire Short Form (CBQ-SF), was associated with success in oral sedation. Methods Child-caregiver dyads were enrolled from patients presenting for midazolam, meperidine, and hydroxyzine oral sedation. Children between 36 and 95 months of age, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification I or II, with diagnostic radiographs, whose parents believed he/she would swallow oral medications, were enrolled. To assess child temperament, caregivers completed the CBQ-SF. Behavior during sedation and overall sedation results were recorded using the Houpt Behavior Rating Scale. Failure was defined by Houpt overall ratings of fair or worse. The presence of disruptive behavior was also quantified. Results The sample population consisted of 61 patient-caregiver dyads. The overall sedation success rate was 87 percent (N equals 53). Disruptive behavior was present during 28 percent (N equals 17) of total cases. There was not a significant difference in failure rate or presence of disruptive behavior by age, sex, ASA status, insurance status, reason for sedation, or type of treatment provided. High impulsivity scores were significantly associated with disruptive behavior (P=.04). Conclusions Impulsivity may be a determinant of a child's behavior during sedation.
Transforming the Health Care Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Addressing “Wicked Problems”

This Viewpoint discusses Kaiser Permanente’s systems model approach to addressing intimate partner violence using patient messaging, electronic health records, quality improvement, and implementation science.
Abstract 4051: Protection from CTL mediated killing by iNOS expression in a mouse model of melanoma

The presence of peroxynitrite (PNT) in tumor tissue, as measured by its surrogate tissue marker, nitrotyrosine (NT), is correlated with poor clinical prognosis and poor response to immunotherapy. The production of PNT at the tissue can be attributed to multiple sources. For example, many tumors are characterized by extensive infiltration by immature myeloid cells with robust immuno-suppresive activity. These myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are known to produce high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and the reaction of these two species is a major source of PNT at the tumor site. In addition to MDSC, iNOS expression in tumor cells themselves can act as a major source of PNT. Here we show that B16 melanoma cells are protected from CTL mediated lysis via iNOS expression. This effect is independent of effects on the T cells themselves as ability to lyse iNOS expressing and non-expressing cells was assessed in the same culture. Previously it was shown that peroxynitrite treated cells bound certain exogenous MHC class I peptides with lower affinity than their non-treated counterparts. Using a system of endogenous iNOS expression, our data supports the existence of a similar phenomenon for endogenously processed and presented peptide antigens, suggesting that the repertoire of surface bound immunogenic peptides is different in tumors when compared to the presentation of those same antigens in the tumor draining lymph node, where PNT is less prevalent. As a result, immune responses generated in the lymph node are against antigens which are not relevant and will fail to control tumor growth. Additionally, our data suggests that pharmaceutical intervention to reduce intratumoral PNT levels may buoy concurrent immunotherapy. Citation Format: Douglas M. Marvel, Dmitry Gabrilovich. Protection from CTL mediated killing by iNOS expression in a mouse model of melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4051. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4051
Radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer

Differentiated thyroid cancer, when it has the ability to concentrate radioactive iodine, lends itself nicely to postthyroidectomy radioiodine therapy (Fig. 1). The term radioiodine therapy is used to designate the treatment of residual recurrent, or metastatic thyroid cancer (1–6). Radioiodine ablation, on the other hand, is used to describe the removal of noncancerous thyroid tissue, particularly that which is left after thyroidectomy. The distinction between these terms is frequently blurred, for when thyroid cancer has been diagnosed, and near-total thyroidectomy performed, one cannot assume that there is no residual cancer. Many thyroid cancers are multicentric (8–10). Others show evidence of extrathyroidal extension or capsular penetration. It may be prudent to consider that residual thyroid cancer is present (4) and that treatment is not complete until all vestiges of thyroid tissue are gone.
Dynamic Nature of Knowledge: Fragmentation and Flow

Chapter Summary In this chapter, we propose that knowledge can be reduced to its elementary (elemental) size. Each element consisting of quantized noun object(s), their quantized verb function(s), and the incremental type(s) the convolutions that bind such noun objects and verb functions. Even though knowledge may not be quantized as finely and as definitively as matter can be quantized in physics, these elements of knowledge form building block for larger and practical bodies of knowledge. These elements of knowledge ( kels ) exhibit statistical properties and their dynamics are based on the properties of kels , their origin, their environment, the media, and their recipients. Further, we define the elementary particles as a kuantum of knowledge, even though a kuantum is not a quantum in the traditional sense. In maintaining a working relation with other sciences, we explore the flow of these kels to and from larger practical objects to complete social and real functions. A quantum of knowledge ( kel ) is like a particle of matter with a pulse of energy that can be coupled. We present this concept to investigate if such kels will explain all the intricacies in the flow of knowledge in societies, cultures, and groups. Even though a kel is not as defined precisely as quantum (an electron) in physics, but in the framework of theory presented here, the statistical properties of kels explains statistical differences in the way in which noun objects communicate, i.e., transmit and receive such kuanta and kels . This approach holds the maximum promise but the quantization of a kel to a workable size becomes unique and depends on the direction in which knowledge is being explored and/or constituted. The generic quantum of knowledge or kel still appears as a mystic entity, even though specific kuanta are feasible that the modern computers can tackle, build, process, constitute, reconstitute, reprocess to generate “artificial knowledge.” Such artificial knowledge is then verified, validated, and accepted or challenged, disputed, and rejected by AI routines and by natural intelligence of human beings to build large and realistic bodies of knowledge ( bok ) or knowledge centric objects ( kcos ) of any size, shape, or form.
A Unified ILP Framework for Genome Median, Halving, and Aliquoting Problems Under DCJ

One of the key computational problems in comparative genomics is the reconstruction of genomes of ancestral species based on genomes of extant species. Since most dramatic changes in genomic architectures are caused by genome rearrangements, this problem is often posed as minimization of the number of genome rearrangements between extant and ancestral genomes. The basic case of three given genomes is known as the genome median problem. Whole genome duplications (WGDs) represent yet another type of dramatic evolutionary events and inspire the reconstruction of pre-duplicated ancestral genomes, referred to as the genome halving problem. Generalization of WGDs to whole genome multiplication events leads to the genome aliquoting problem.
Palliative Coverage of Cranial Defect following Failed Cranial Flap for Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Case Report

Abstract Introduction: With advanced-stage head and neck cancers, patients may develop large and/or complex wounds despite multiple reconstruction attempts. Wound coverage may require novel approac...