cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criminal Justice and Behavior An Editorial Retrospective

Official Publication of the International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology www.ia4cfp.org Philip R. Magaletta, Federal Bureau of Prisons Douglas B. Marlowe, University of Pennsylvania Mary McMurran, University of Nottingham, UK Edwin I. Megargee, Florida State University Holly A. Miller, Sam Houston State University Robert Morgan, Texas Tech University David Nussbaum, University of Toronto Scarborough; Ontario Shores, Whitby Randy Otto, University of South Florida Christina A. Pietz, U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners Devon Polaschek, Victoria University of Wellington Richard E. Redding, Chapman University Marnie E. Rice, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care Richard Rogers, University of North Texas R. Barry Ruback, Pennsylvania State University Randall T. Salekin, University of Alabama Jeffrey Sandler, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene David J. Simourd, Aces Inc., Kingston, Ontario Brent Snook, Memorial University of Newfoundland Tony Toneatto, University of Toronto Glenn D. Walters, Kutztown University Jennifer Wareham, Wayne State University Stephen Wormith, University of Saskatchewan Michael G. Aamodt, Radford University Curt R. Bartol, Glenville, New York Kevin M. Beaver, Florida State University Craig Bennell, Carleton University Guy Bourgon, Public Safety Canada Stanley L. Brodsky, University of Alabama Barry R. Burkhart, Auburn University David DeMatteo, Drexel University Naomi J. Freeman, New York State Office of Mental Health David S. Glenwick, Fordham University Alan M. Goldstein, John Jay College of Criminal Justice J. Thomas Grisso, University of Massachusetts R. Karl Hanson, Public Safety Canada Robert D. Hare, University of British Columbia Kirk Heilbrun, Drexel University Jaime Henderson, Temple University Robert Homant, University of Detroit–Mercy Kayleen Islam-Zwart, Eastern Washington University J. B. Kingree, Clemson University Calvin M. Langton, University of Toronto Arthur J. Lurigio, Loyola University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR: Joseph Eastwood ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Jody L. Sundt MANAGING EDITOR: Margaret J. Freeland Braun EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Breanna Schlingheyde FOUNDING EDITOR: Stanley L. Brodsky
A Nonlinear Variation of Constants Formula for Volterra Equations.

Abstract : A variation of constants formula is developed for nonlinear Volterra integral and integro-differential equations. This formula is suited to the study of various perturbation problems for Volterra equations. (Author)
A flexible gate array for high speed and high density applications

A scaleable gate array has been designed in half-micron CMOS for a wide range of high-speed and high-density applications. Transistor size and position within the basecell provide an efficient implementation of flip-flops, combinational gates, and memory. Design benchmarks have demonstrated 2700 gates/mm/sup 2/ routed density in a 0.5 /spl mu/m TLM CMOS gate array. Compared to previous 5 V 0.7 /spl mu/m gate arrays, the new basecell provides a 2.5/spl times/ density improvement, 30% speed-up, and 70% lower power. NAND-2 delays are 170 ps (FO=2, 3.3 V). Metal-programmable two-port SRAMs feature 3.9 ns typical access times. The new architecture has been implemented in a CMOS gate array family which offers up to 1.15 million available gates and 700 I/O positions.
Foliar phloem infrastructure in support of photosynthesis

Acclimatory adjustments of foliar minor loading veins in response to growth at different temperatures and light intensities are evaluated. These adjustments are related to their role in providing infrastructure for the export of photosynthetic products as a prerequisite for full acclimation of photosynthesis to the respective environmental conditions. Among winter-active apoplastic loaders, higher photosynthesis rates were associated with greater numbers of sieve elements per minor vein as well as an increased apparent total membrane area of cells involved in phloem loading (greater numbers of cells and/or greater cell wall invaginations). Among summer-active apoplastic loaders, higher photosynthesis rates were associated with increased vein density and, possibly, a greater number of sieve elements and companion cells per minor vein. Among symplastic loaders, minor loading vein architecture (number per vein and arrangement of cells) was apparently constrained, but higher photosynthesis rates were associated with higher foliar vein densities and larger intermediary cells (presumably providing a greater volume for enzymes involved in active raffinose sugar synthesis). Winter-active apoplastic loaders thus apparently place emphasis on adjustments of cell membrane area (presumably available for transport proteins active in loading of minor veins), while symplastic loaders apparently place emphasis on increasing the volume of cells in which their active loading step takes place. Presumably to accommodate a greater flux of photosynthate through the foliar veins, winter-active apoplastic loaders also have a higher number of sieve elements per minor loading vein, whereas symplastic loaders and summer-active apoplastic loaders have a higher total number of veins per leaf area. These latter adjustments in the vasculature (during leaf development) may also apply to the xylem (via greater numbers of tracheids per vein and/or greater vein density per leaf area) serving to
Cellular scan test generation for sequential circuits

The authors re-examine the concept of test machine embedding and present a new test machine architecture: cellular scan. Unlike the traditional scan machine architecture, the cellular scan machine requires no scan-out pin. A dynamic scan test generation algorithm, DYNASTEE, is introduced. It reduces test sequence length when compared to existing static test generation algorithms for scan architectures. It is shown that test sequence length can be minimized further by re-ordering the scan chain. >
Bringing a 'best practices' theme to Family Practice.

Greetings to the international community of Family Practice readers, authors and peer reviewers. I’m honoured to succeed Brendan Delaney as the new editorin-chief. In this inaugural editorial, I would like to introduce myself and discuss a few plans that have emerged from a recent strategic planning initiative. Best regards to Brendan and editorial assistant, Vivienne Tsimbili, both of whom will focus on new endeavours (Brendan will remain on as an associate editor). Our new editorial assistant is Louise Whelan, who has worked in publishing for >10 years, with experience as a production editor, team leader and journal publishing manager. She also worked as a freelance editorial assistant for a number of titles, where she acquired experience with the peer-review process and the ScholarOne manuscript management system. Louise holds a degree in marine biology, and she is an on-call marine mammal medic for the British Divers Marine Mammal Rescue organization. You can contact Louise at fampra.editorialoffice@oxfordjournals .org. I am confident that you will find her a pleasure to work with. Although there is a lot to learn about the Family Practice editorial processes from the perspective of the editor-in-chief, I have served as an associate editor since 2006. A year ago, I started as editor-elect focusing on strategic planning, which included a survey of the editorial board to obtain suggestions for process improvements and future directions. This resulted in a review of procedures to identify opportunities for reducing the time lag from manuscript submission to first decision. To that end, we have already instituted changes that take greater advantage of the efficiencies provided by the Scholar One system. A current project underway includes expanding the keyword list to improve our ability to match reviewers to manuscripts. Other process improvements will be opaque to authors and readers but should contribute to our objective to improve response time. Additional suggestions from the editorial board survey included: refresh the peer reviewer data base, increase the visibility of Family Practice internationally and develop a mechanism to acknowledge the service contributions of peer reviewers for the purpose of supporting applications for tenure or promotion. We are working on all of these! My own research interests currently center on identifying research best practices specific to primary care research and practice-based research network (PBRN) settings. Recently, I conducted a study titled
First tip-tilt correction with the Palomar 200-in. adaptive optics system

During the nights of 18-22 March 1998, the Palomar 200 adaptive optics (AO) breathed its first breathe of life, closing lock on a natural guide star for the first time. We present telescope result obtained during the initial closed- loop tip/tilt test of the AO system at the 5m Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain. (PHARO). Early tip/tilt correction result demonstrate a factor of approximately 1.3 improvement in peak IR irradiance for several second exposures. The facility AO and PHARO systems are scheduled for a series of engineering runs throughout 1998. Initial closure of the 241 actuator high order natural guide star adaptive loop is expected this summer.
Celect Inferior Vena Cava Wall Strut Perforation Begets Additional Strut Perforation

Abstract Purpose To identify risk factors for strut perforation following Celect inferior vena cava (IVC) filter (IVCF) placement and to use finite element modeling to predict the mechanical impact of long-dwelling filters. Materials and Methods Ninety-one patients with three computed tomography (CT) studies were evaluated following Celect IVCF placement (2007–2013). Three-dimensional finite element models of the Celect IVCF were developed to simulate mechanical deformation of the IVCF encountered in vivo. Simulated forces applied by the primary struts on the IVC wall were measured as a function of luminal area and tilt angle. Results Although 33 patients (36%) showed primary strut perforation on initial follow-up CT, 60 patients (66%) showed progressive perforation over time ( P P = .004) and those with malignancy history ( P = .01) had significantly higher perforation rates at a given time. Caval area also decreased after primary filter strut perforation, and we therefore proposed that this was the mechanism for progressive perforation. Consistent with this mechanism, three-dimensional finite element modeling demonstrated increasing strut force with decreasing IVC diameter. Conclusions Celect IVCF primary strut perforation is progressive over time and is more common in female patients and those with a history of malignancy. In addition, this progressive perforation may be predicted by three-dimensional finite element modeling. These patient populations may require closer follow-up after IVCF placement to prevent or reduce the risk for filter complication or worsening perforation.
The complexity of the California recall election

The October 7, 2003 California Recall Election strained California’s direct democracy. In recent California politics there has not been a statewide election conducted on such short notice; county election officials were informed on July 24 that the election would be held on October 7. Nor has California recently seen a ballot with so many candidates running for a single statewide office (see Mueller 1970). Under easy ballot access requirements, Secretary of State Kevin Shelley certified 135 candidates for the official ballot on August 13^1. In the recall, voters cast votes on (1) whether to recall Governor Davis from office, and (2) his possible successor. These two voting decisions were made independent by the federal district court’s decision on July 29. The court’s decision invalidated a state law requiring a vote on the recall question in order for a vote on the successor election to be counted (Partnoy et al. 2003). The abbreviated election calendar also led to many improvisations, including a dramatically reduced number of precinct poll sites throughout the state and the unprecedented ability of military personnel, their dependents, and civilians living overseas to return their absentee ballots by fax. These problems produced litigation and speculation that substantial problems would mar the election and throw the outcome of both the recall and a possible successor’s election into doubt. In the end, the litigation failed to stall the recall election, and the large final vote margins on both the recall question and the successor ballot seemingly overwhelmed Election Day problems. In this paper, we concentrate on some of the problems produced by the complexity of the recall election, but we do not attempt an exhaustive presentation of these problems. We focus on polling place problems on election day, the problems associated with translating the complicated recall election ballot into six languages, how the long ballot influenced voter behavior, and voter difficulties with the ballot measured with survey data. We conclude with a short discussion of the possible impact of these problems on the recall election.
The Polycomb group gene Posterior Sex Combs encodes a chromosomal protein

The Posterior Sex Combs (Psc) gene of Drosophila has been studied at the molecular level both because it is a Polycomb group (Pc-G) gene and hence required for the maintenance of segmental determination, and because it is the Drosophila homolog of the murine bmi-1 oncogene. Although genetic interactions indicated that Psc functioned as a Pc-G gene, the zygotic mutant phenotype of Psc showed little evidence of segmental transformations. We have examined mutant embryos derived from a mutant maternal germ line and found a stronger mutant phenotype, indicating that the weak zygotic phenotype of Psc is due to maternal rescue. We have found that Psc RNA accumulates in developing oocytes and this maternal RNA is presumably responsible for the maternal rescue. We have studied the expression of the Psc gene at both the RNA and protein levels. On northern blots, we find evidence for two Psc mRNAs and, on western blots, we find evidence for two Psc proteins that are altered either in abundance or size in Psc mutants. The Psc protein accumulates in all regions of the embryo and also in many tissues in a variety of developmental stages. In all cases, it is nuclear, as is its mammalian homolog, the bmi-1 protein. On polytene chromosomes, we find Psc at 45 chromosomal loci where two other Pc-G proteins are present.
Effect of Calcium, N-Ethylmaleimide and Casein upon Heat-Induced Whey Protein Aggregation

Abstract Low- and high-speed centrifugation, Sephadex gel-filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were employed to further investigate the nature and extent of protein aggregation produced by heating whey and skimmilk systems. Results indicated that protein aggregation in heated whey systems is a multi-reaction process involving a) denaturation of whey proteins through thiol-disulfide group, hydrogen and hydrophobic bond reactions; b) aggregation to form intermediate-sized protein particles which were excluded from Sephadex G-100 and G-200 gels and sedimentable at 144,000g but not sedimentable at 1,000g, primarily through thiol-disulfide group reactions; and c) gross aggregation of the above protein particles in the presence of calcium ions to sizes sufficient to be sedimentable at 1,000g. n-Ethylmaleimide prevented heat-induced, irreversible whey protein denaturation and interaction of whey proteins with casein by thiol-disulfide group reactions, but did not interfere with the ability of whole casein to stabilize the whey proteins against gross aggregation. Therefore, it is proposed that in addition to the more specific thiol-disulfide group reaction between β -lactoglobulin and κ -casein, denatured whey proteins are stabilized against heat-induced gross aggregation in skimmilk by complexing with casein micelles through calcium-dependent linkages.
Intestinal lymphangiectasia mimicking primary peritoneal carcinoma

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is an obstruction of the lymphatic system. We report on a patient with mesenteric adenopathy and an elevated CA125 level, which were suspicious for peritoneal carcinoma. Further evaluation and bowel resection identified intestinal lymphangiectasia. This disease should be considered in patients with mesenteric adenopathy and a small bowel mass.
The concept of self-organization in cellular architecture

In vivo microscopy has recently revealed the dynamic nature of many cellular organelles. The dynamic properties of several cellular structures are consistent with a role for self-organization in their formation, maintenance, and function; therefore, self-organization might be a general principle in cellular organization.
Toward switching motor control

Traditionally focused on applications where humans are safely out of reach, the field of robotics was developed to perform repetitive tasks with high precision and accuracy. In contrast, recent developments have opened up a new subfield of robotics in which users are in direct contact with robotic devices. This physical interaction requires the device to be sensitive to human contact while maintaining performance. While hardware designs have progressed to fill this new area, the underlying controller remains nearly the same as that developed for industrial robots decades ago, imposing limits on the performance of the overall system. To address the unique requirements of these human-interactive robotic devices, we are working to replace the traditional amplifier with a high-speed switching controller. Combining the simplicity and efficiency of pulsewidth modulation with the high bandwidth of linear amplifiers, this approach demonstrates performance gains when implemented as a closed-loop current controller. We also extend this design to the proposal of a third-order architecture to combine an amplifier and servo controller into an integrated system with the potential to overcome the fundamental limits of today's systems and enable the future of human-interactive robotics.
A sufficient condition for the stability of interval matrix polynomials

The root location of sets of scalar polynomials whose coefficients are confined to intervals and the associated extension to eigenvalues of sets of constant matrices whose coefficients are contained in intervals are reviewed. A central result for complex scalar interval polynomials is a theorem developed by V.L. Kharatonov (1978), which states that each member of a set of such polynomials is stable if and only if eight special polynomials from the set are stable. The case of interval matrix polynomials is examined, and a Kharitonov-like result for their strong stability is provided. This in turn yields a sufficient condition for stability of a set of interval matrix polynomials. >
Blind indentifiability of a band-limited nonminimum phase system from its output autocorrelation

The authors address the problem of blind identification of a band-limited nonminimum-phase channel from its output autocorrelation when the input is a discrete-time white noise sequence. It has been well established in the literature that when the input to a linear-time-invariant (LTI) channel (system) is a continuous-time white noise, the identification of the phase of the channel from its output autocorrelation is impossible. To make the channel identification from its output autocorrelation unique, it is necessary to know a priori the whole phase response of the channel. It is shown that when the input is a discrete-time white noise sequence, what is needed to make the channel identification from its output autocorrelation unique is reduced to the phase response in the frequency range of -1/2T >
Geoelectrical inference of mass transfer parameters using temporal moments

[1] We present an approach to infer mass transfer parameters based on (1) an analytical model that relates the temporal moments of mobile and bulk concentration and (2) a bicontinuum modification to Archie's law. Whereas conventional geochemical measurements preferentially sample from the mobile domain, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is sensitive to bulk electrical conductivity and, thus, electrolytic solute in both the mobile and immobile domains. We demonstrate the new approach, in which temporal moments of collocated mobile domain conductivity (i.e., conventional sampling) and ERT-estimated bulk conductivity are used to calculate heterogeneous mass transfer rate and immobile porosity fractions in a series of numerical column experiments.
User-optimized activity recognition for exergaming

This paper presents SoccAR, a wearable exergame with fine-grain activity recognition; the exergame involves high-intensity movements as the basis for control. A multiple model approach was developed for a generalized, large, multiclass recognition algorithm, with an F Score of a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation greater than 0.9 using various features, models, and kernels to the underlying support vector machine (SVM). The exergaming environment provided an opportunity for user-specific optimization, where the expected movement can assist in better identifying a particular user's movements when incorrectly predicted; a single model SVM with a radial basis function kernel improved 12.5% with this user optimization.
Single muscle fiber enzyme shifts with hindlimb suspension and immobilization.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how models of weightlessness, hindlimb suspension (HS), and hindlimb immobilization (HI) affect the metabolic enzyme profile in the slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) fibers of rat hindlimb. After 1, 2, or 4 wk of HS or HI, single fibers were isolated from freeze-dried soleus and gastrocnemius muscles; a small section of each fiber was run on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels to identify fiber type, and the remaining piece was assayed for either lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and citrate synthase (CS) or phosphofructokinase (PFK) and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-OH-acyl-CoA). Two weeks of HS induced an almost twofold increase in the activity of CS (2.13 +/- 0.13 vs. 3.60 +/- 0.26 mol.kg dry wt-1.h-1) in the SO fiber of the soleus, and the activity stayed high at 4 wk. Although the FOG fiber had significantly higher CS activity (3.85 +/- 0.29) than either the SO or FG (1.59 +/- 0.16 mol.kg dry wt-1.h-1) fiber, neither fast fiber type was altered by HS. The glycolytic enzymes LDH and PFK were both elevated in the SO fiber after HS. The increase in LDH occurred by 1 wk (14.80 +/- 1.51 vs. 8.83 +/- 0.78), whereas the activity of PFK was not significantly changed until 4 wk (1.16 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.68 +/- 0.05 mol.kg dry wt-1.h-1). The control FG fiber had the highest LDH (44.30 +/- 2.29) and PFK (2.40 +/- 0.16) activities, followed by the FOG fiber (LDH, 34.10 +/- 2.83; PFK, 1.62 +/- 0.17 mol.kg dry wt-1.h-1); however, the activities of these glycolytic enzymes in the fast fiber types were unaltered by HS. The activity of beta-OH-acyl-CoA was not affected by HS in either the slow or fast fiber types. HI showed qualitatively similar changes to those observed with HS; however, the enzyme shifts developed with a slower time course. In conclusion, both HS and HI shifted the SO fiber enzyme pattern toward that of the control FOG fiber; however, a complete conversion from the SO to FOG fiber did not occur within the 4-wk treatment period.
Hilton, Matthew, James McKay, Nicholas Crowson, and Jean-Francois Mouhot: The Politics of Expertise: How NGOs Shaped Modern Britain: Oxford: Oxford University Press 336 pp., $65.00, ISBN 978-0-19-969187-6 Date of Publication: June 2013

Against prominent and, in some instances, politically expedient lamentations about the decline of civic engagement, the authors of The Politics of Expertise: How NGOs Shaped Modern Britain offer a ...
INNOVATION, FIRM PERFORMANCE, AND APPROPRIATION: A META-ANALYSIS

Although innovation is considered the lifeblood of many organisations, firms are often challenged to derive the anticipated performance benefits of innovation. Research on the performance outcomes of innovation is similarly beset with mixed results and ambiguity. Through a meta-analysis of 62 studies over 20 years, this paper confirms a strong linkage between innovation and performance and reveals several contingencies. First, we find that inconsistency across performance outcomes is driven in part by stakeholder appropriation. Second, we find that hypercompetition is persistent over time and across industries. Finally, our aggregation of the evidence shows the integration of product and process innovation yields stronger performance gains than product innovation alone, and large firms reap greater performance benefits from innovation than small firms do. We build on these findings to bring focus to areas in which managers may improve performance gains from innovation, and highlight additional areas that can be informed by future research.
The Impact of Inferential Beliefs on Product Evaluations

Though most observers acknowledge that consumers make inferences among product attributes, the influence of such inferences on product evaluation is much less clear. Study respondents evaluated pro...
Paramagnetic interactions in the 31P NMR spectroscopy of rare earth element orthophosphate (REPO4, monazite/xenotime) solid solutions

We present the results of a variable-temperature (VT) 31P magic angle spinning NMR (MAS-NMR) study of a series of solid solutions between different synthetic rare earth (RE = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Dy) orthophosphates (REPO4) taking either the monoclinic monazite or tetragonal xenotime (zircon) crystal structure. Solid solutions were formed by mixing a small amount of a paramagnetic REPO4 material (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Dy) with either diamagnetic LaPO4 or YPO4, which take the monoclinic and tetragonal crystal structures, respectively. Mixtures were made with up to 10 mol% (nominal content) of the paramagnetic component. 31P spectra of these materials contained several paramagnetically shifted resonances indicating some dissolution of the paramagnetic rare earth into the host LaPO4 or YPO4 phase; however, it is clear that none of the samples studied here reached a state of complete solid solution. The use of multiple paramagnetic species in dilute solid solution with two diamagnetic materials taking different crystal structures enabled an investigation of the probable mechanisms of paramagnetic interactions in the 31P NMR experiments. A peak assignment model is introduced for the 31P spectra. Our analysis indicates that the paramagnetic interactions are dominated by the Fermi contact shift with a secondary contribution from the so-called “pseudocontact” shift.
Factors to Consider in Selecting Appropriate Computer Monitor Placement

Two studies were designed to explore visual and musculoskeletal strain associated with computer monitor placement. Effects of viewing angle, monitor size, keyboard familiarity, and task were studied in a lab setting. Outcome measures assessed visual and musculoskeletal strain, preference, and performance. To follow-up, participants in a field study were exposed to two of the placements tested in the lab. Preferences were split, but for most field subjects matched the placement associated with the least neck discomfort. Results of these studies and others suggest that, in consideration of individual differences and task requirements, the best solution may be providing users with a range of placement options and the ability and training to explore them.
Effect of petroselinic and stearic acids on the alkyl diacyl glycerides of Novikoff hepatoma cells.

SummaryDifferences in the metabolism of petroselinic (n 12-18:1) and stearic (18:0) acids were compared in Novikoff hepatoma cells cultivated in vitro. Addition of 100 μg of 18:0/ml to the growth medium of the cells increased their size and the concentrations of polar, neutral, total lipid, and protein, as well as the dry weight. Inclusion of the same amount of n12-18:1 in the culture medium produced similar changes but of a smaller magnitude than those of 18:0. Cells grown in the presence of 18:0 contained an amount of alkyl diacyl glycerides (ADG) similar to that found in cells grown in unsupplemented medium, whereas the cells grown in culture with n 12-18:1 contained only about 33% of this amount of ADG.There was no change in the amount of total lipid with time of incubation when the cells were grown in unsupplemented medium, whereas when the cells were grown in the presence of n12-18:1 or 18:0, 30 and 25%, respectively, of the total fatty acids were utilized in 48 hr.
An extended micromechanics method for probing interphase properties in polymer nanocomposites

Abstract Inclusions comprised on filler particles and interphase regions commonly form complex morphologies in polymer nanocomposites. Addressing these morphologies as systems of overlapping simple shapes allows for the study of dilute particles, clustered particles, and interacting interphases all in one general modeling framework. To account for the material properties in these overlapping geometries, weighted-mean and additive overlapping conditions are introduced and the corresponding inclusion-wise integral equations are formulated. An extended micromechanics method based on these overlapping conditions for linear elastic and viscoelastic heterogeneous material is then developed. An important feature of the proposed approach is that the effect of both the geometric overlapping (clustered particles) and physical overlapping (interacting interphases) on the effective properties can be distinguished. We apply the extended micromechanics method to a viscoelastic polymer nanocomposite with interphase regions, and estimate the properties and thickness of the interphase region based on experimental data for carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubbers.
Growth and metastasis of surgical specimens of human breast carcinomas in SCID mice

Purpose We have studied the growth and metastatic potential of surgical specimens of breast carcinomas engrafted into the large abdominal (gonadal) fat pad of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. We present results of this study, details of the implantation protocol and histologic characterization of several of the tumor xenografts. Materials and methods We evaluated the growth within SCID mice of 48 breast carcinoma specimens derived from 46 patients (45 primary breast cancers or local recurrences and 3 regional metastatic lymph nodes) obtained from resected tissues at this Institute over a 3-year period. The growth of each transplant was assessed by histologic examination of the xenografts at various times after implantation or upon passage into additional mice. Results We observed that placement of human breast tumors within the gonadal fat pad could result in tumors that grew either rapidly, slowly, or not at all. Of 48 tumors studied, 12 (25%), including one of the three lymph node-derived tumors, grew rapidly enough within some or all of the implanted mice (i.e., the tumors reached a diameter of 2-3 cm within 2-6 months) to allow repeated passage. Metastatic spread to the SCID mouse lung, liver, and/or diaphragm and other sites was observed with the xenografts derived from 8 of these 12 rapidly growing tumors. Tumors in a second category often took from 6 months to over 1 year to only double or triple in size. This slow-growth group consisted of 25 patients' tumors (53%), including the remaining two metastatic lymph node-derived tumors. These xenografts would usually maintain a slow growth rate even upon later passage into new animals. A third category consisted ofpatients' tumors (23%) that failed to grow at all (i.e., no evidence of tumor growth in any of the mice implanted), as discerned by histologic evaluation at various times after implantation. Histologic examination of tumor xenografts and metastatic tumors revealed considerable variation in histopathology among the different patients' tumors. Discussion Further examination of the heterogeneous properties of primary human breast carcinomas within SCID mice may provide a simple yet valuable new approach for the long-term study of human breast cancer biology. Importantly, use of the protocol described here can often permit the isolation of substantial quantities of human breast cancer cells for biochemical and molecular analyses. The ability to passage patients' breast tumors into large numbers of mice will permit the preclinical testing of new therapies for the treatment and prevention of this disease.
Comparison of bioprosthetic and mechanical valve replacement for active endocarditis.

The choice between bioprosthetic or mechanical prosthetic valve replacement for active valvular endocarditis has been controversial. To establish the role of each, we reviewed the case histories of 185 patients who underwent valve replacement for active valvular endocarditis during the past 5 years. All patients had life-threatening, active bacterial endocarditis of a native or prosthetic valve. Group I (88 patients) had replacement with the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial valve and Group II (97 patients) with the St Jude Medical valve. The male/female distribution, age range, and functional classification were the same in the two groups. Mean follow-up was approximately 20 months for both groups. Valve replacement was done because of native valve endocarditis in 76 patients in Group I and 49 patients in Group II. Of the remainder of the Group I patients, six had endocarditis of a bioprosthesis and six of a mechanical valve; of the remainder of Group II patients, 30 had endocarditis of a bioprosthesis and 18 of a mechanical valve. Early mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (14 deaths in each group). Of the 74 survivors in Group I, 15 underwent valve reoperation, 10 because of recurrent endocarditis and five because of sterile perivalvular leakage. The frequency of reoperation was significantly different (p
Prospects and limitations of recombinant poxviruses for prostate cancer immunotherapy

Prostate cancer is a disease that may be amenable to immunotherapy approaches, as evidenced by the ability to induce human cytotoxic immune responses against prostate cancer cells. Recent interest in recombinant poxvirus vaccines coupled with the need for new prostate cancer therapies has led to the development of several recombinant poxvirus agents designed for prostate cancer treatment. Whether these agents will be effective in treating prostate cancer is under investigation in several ongoing and upcoming clinical trials. In the meantime, data from preclinical tumor models have provided information that may aid in improving recombinant poxviruses for clinical use. While animal studies have shown the ability of recombinant poxvirus vaccination to induce an immune response that protects against lethal tumor, these antitumor effects are variable and depend on a number of factors. Co-expression of immunomodulating gene products, such as cytokines and costimulatory molecules, have been shown to influence antitumor immunity; in fact, cytokine delivery alone can be enough to protect against tumor-related death. Patterns and levels of recombinant antigen expression also affect the immune response to that antigen, as seen by studies of various poxvirus promoters and cell compartment-targeting sequences. In addition, vaccine strategies targeting self-antigens have shown that immunological tolerance can negatively impact the induction of antitumor and antigen-specific immunity. Although vaccinia virus has been most intensely studied thus far, other poxviruses, including fowlpox and canarypox, are also promising vaccine candidates. These alternative vectors may circumvent some of the disadvantages associated with vaccinia virus, such as pre-existing vaccinia immunity. A deeper understanding of these factors and others that impact the development of antitumor immunity will be necessary to guide the development of recombinant poxviruses for prostate cancer therapy.
Effects on carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity 24 h post exercise in young healthy adults

Arterial stiffness, often measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), is a subclinical marker of cardiovascular disease that is known to be reduced by exercise training. Exercise is also known to have acute vascular effects, yet it is unclear whether exercise 24 h before cfPWV testing influences this outcome. Thirty healthy, young adults completed a supervised, 30-min bout of moderate-to-vigorous intensity treadmill running. cfPWV, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured both before (after 48 h of abstaining from exercise) and 24 h after (with no additional exercise) the exercise session. From pre-exercise to 24 h post exercise, cfPWV decreased from 6.05±0.82 to 5.84±0.87 m s(-1) (P=0.02), SBP from 119.7±13.8 to 116.8±11.4 mm Hg (P=0.03) and DBP from 65.1±5.7 to 63.2±5.4 mm Hg (P=0.02), with no significant changes in HR. cfPWV was positively correlated with SBP pre-exercise (r=0.54, P<0.01) and post exercise (r=0.53, P<0.01). Changes in blood pressure explained 4-5% of the variability in cfPWV change; adjustments slightly attenuated the 24-h effects of exercise on cfPWV. Some evidence of gender differences was observed with higher cfPWV in males across assessments (P<0.05) and statistically significant reductions in cfPWV in males (-0.36±0.54 m s(-1) (P=0.02)) but not in females (-0.07±0.31 m s(-1) (P=0.41)). In conclusion, cfPWV decreased 24 h after an exercise bout, suggesting that exercise completed in the past 24 h should be considered before cfPWV testing.
MONETARY POLICY AND THE INVENTORY CYCLE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the monetary policy and the inventory cycle model. The inventory cycle model can converge to equilibrium over a wide range of values of the policy parameter π, yet the business cycle persists. The chapter describes the modification of the Metzler inventory cycle model to allow for the influence of the rate of interest on desired inventories. Unless the expectations coefficient is large, the Metzler inventory cycle model can always be stabilized by the monetary authorities, and this is so even if the central bank considers only a quite simple type of response to cyclical disturbances. However, for a more complicated structure of expectations than originally considered by Metzler, instability may be inevitable regardless of how abruptly the monetary authorities adjust interest rates in response to changes in output. Furthermore, short sawtooth cycles are likely to be generated if expectations are regressive. Monetary policy can be either too vigorous or too conservative, and the appropriate stabilization strategy cannot be determined by the monetary authorities without detailed knowledge of the magnitude of the parameters of the model.
Appendix to Chapter 4: The Distribution of Power in Democracy

Introduction In this appendix, we discuss the models that underpin the analysis of distribution of political power in democracy in the last section of Chapter 4. There we argued that, under some circumstances, the equilibrium policy in democracy could be thought of as maximizing a weighted sum of the indirect utilities of the rich and the poor. We now develop a series of models that can provide microfoundations for those claims and clarify what those “circumstances” are. Probabilistic Voting Models Probabilistic Voting and Existence of Equilibrium Before we discuss the probabilistic voting model, it is useful to revisit the nonexistence of voting equilibria in models without single-peaked preferences. Recall that the MVT applies only when the policy space is single-dimensional and preferences are single-peaked. Although in this book we obtained a lot of mileage from models that satisfy these assumptions, many real-world situations – where there are cross-cutting coalitions and multidimensional differences – do not. In these situations in which the MVT does not apply, the party competition game often does not have an equilibrium in terms of pure strategies. Although in these situations mixed-strategy equilibria exist, it is often unappealing to think of parties mixing over their platforms. The probabilistic voting model first introduced by Lindeck and Weibull (1987) is useful not only as an alternative approach to policy determination but also because it provides a potential way out of the nonexistence problems that arise in the standard model.
A Thumbnail Survey of Marxist Crisis Theories

Most defenses of Marx’s vision of capitalist crisis have focused on the theory of the falling rate of profit, attempting to defend that theory against the critical assault described in Chapter 4. Before resuming the main line of development of this book — the positive theory of accumulation, technical change, structural trends, cyclical and secular crisis — it may be useful to address briefly some of the strategies that have been adopted by the defense.
Lesotho's Landmark 2012 Election: The Conditions Promoting a Peaceful Transfer of Power to the Opposition

Protest, unrest and insurrection have followed most prior elections In Lesotho. In 2007 the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy manipulated its mixed member electoral system to gain additional seats through proportional representation. Diplomatic intervention by SADC and mediation by the Lesotho Christian Council led to resolution of the dispute only shortly before the 2012 election. Despite belated enactment of electoral reforms and the last minute split in the ruling LCD, the election proceeded peacefully resulting in the formation of a new coalition government led by Motsoahae Thomas Thabane and his All Basotho Convention. Former Prime Minister Mosisili handed over power publicly and graciously to his bitter rivals. This paper argues that Lesotho's revised mixed member system provided a less complex and more decisive format that contributed to southern Africa's first post liberation transfer of power from a ruling party to its former opposition. It notes the critical role of the incumbent leader in facilitating the transfer of power, given the malign precedent set by Lesotho's incumbent government in 1970 which refused to transfer power to the electoral victors. The paper contends that Lesotho's electoral system provides a useful model for states with either all proportional or constituency based electoral systems.
Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Scottish Brown Trout and Sea Trout (Salmo Trutta L.)

1. Adult brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) of both sea-run (sea trout) and fresh-water stream (brown trout) forms were captured in the vicinity of Aberdeen and acclimatized to full-strength sea water for periods of up to 5 months. 2. Blood serum samples from these fish were analysed for freezing-point depression, chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations. 3. The patterns of regulation of these concentrations are very nearly the same in both forms. Brown trout and sea trout, at least in eastern Scotland, thus appear to be virtually identical in osmotic and ionic regulatory abilities. However, there is a possibility that there is a difference between the two forms with respect to mechanisms controlling blood acid-base balance. 4. The patterns of regulation shown by Scottish fish are the same as those shown by American hatchery fish treated similarly. The different populations of the species seem not to have diverged significantly from one another in this regard after many generations of more or less complete genetic isolation. 5. The species Salmo trutta is strongly homoiosmotic. Internal concentrations are either unchanged or increase by less than 10% above fresh-water levels with long-term acclimatizations to half and full sea water. The brown trout is the first salmonid species known to regulate so well.
Using the GEMS system for cancer diagnosis and biomarker discovery from microarray gene expression data

We will demonstrate the GEMS system for automated development and evaluation of high-quality cancer diagnostic models and biomarker discovery from microarray gene expression data. The development of GEMS was informed by the results of an extensive algorithmic evaluation using 11 microarray datasets. The system was further evaluated in two cross-dataset applications and using 5 microarray datasets. The performance of models produced by GEMS is comparable or better than the results obtained by human analysts, and these models generalize well to independent samples in cross-dataset applications. The system is freely available for download from http://www.gems-system.org for noncommercial use.
The Behavior of Active and Passive Particles in a Chaotic Flow

In this paper we examine the behavior of particles in the exterior flow of a Kida vortex which is known to have a relatively large chaotic zone surrounding the entire ellipse. The variability of the finite time spreading rate of particles located in the chaotic region is presented. It is shown that the particles which have a high spreading rate are particles which pass near a stagnation point. We also show that the tendency of these particles to separate can be significantly reduced or even eliminated by increasing the circulation of each particle.
Cytogenetics of Plasma Cell Neoplasms

Plasma cell (PC) malignancies are characterized by the clonal evolution of complex cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations. Multiple myeloma (MM) is considered to be comprised of two basic cytogenetic subtypes: a hyperdiploid subtype consisting of a distinctive set of odd numbered trisomies, and a non-hyperdiploid subtype (hypodiploid) without trisomies and with one of several types of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) rearrangements. In general the hypodiploid subgroup with t(4;14)(p16;q32) or t(14;16)(q32;q23) is considered higher-risk, while the hyperdiploid patients with t(11;14)(q13;q32) are considered a better prognostic group. During the genetic progression of PC disorders secondary chromosomal aberrations begin to accumulate, resulting in complex structural aberrations involving the c-MYC locus, deletions of 1p, 17p, and amplification of 1q21. To help facilitate the identification of high-risk patients the International Myeloma Working Group recommends the use of interphase FISH probes for the t(4;14) translocation and the copy number aberrations of 17p− and +1q21. In this chapter the relevant findings from both interphase and conventional metaphase studies will provide a framework for the understanding of the origin of cytogenetically more evolved subclones in PC disorders.
Collapse and recovery of forage fish populations prior to commercial exploitation

We use a new, well-calibrated 500 year paleorecord off southern California to determine collapse frequency, cross correlation, persistence, and return times of exploited forage fish populations. The paleorecord shows that “collapse” (defined as <10% of the mean peak biomass) is a normal state repeatedly experienced by northern anchovy, Pacific hake, and Pacific sardine which were collapsed 29–40% of the time, prior to commercial fishing exploitation. Mean (± SD) persistence of “fishable biomass” (defined as one third mean peak biomass from the paleorecord) was 19 ± 18, 15 ± 17, and 12 ± 7 years for anchovy, hake, and sardine. Mean return times to the same biomass was 8 years for anchovy but 22 years for sardine and hake. Further, we find that sardine and anchovy are positively correlated over 400 years, consistent with coherent declines of both species off California. Persistence and return times combined with positive sardine-anchovy correlation indicate that on average 1–2 decades of fishable biomass will be followed by 1–2 decades of low forage. Forage populations are resilient on the 500 year time scale, but their collapse and recovery cycle (based on the paleorecord) are suited to alternating periods of high fishing mortality and periods of little or no fishing.