cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying the types of major El Niño events since 1870

This study develops a pattern correlation method to determine the type of major El Nino events since 1870 from a reconstructed sea surface temperature dataset. Different from other identification methods, this method allows an El Nino event to be of the Central-Pacific (CP) type, the Eastern-Pacific (EP) type, or the Mixed type (i.e. the both types coexist). Application of this method to the 39 major El Nino events identified by the Ocean Nino Index during the period 1870–2010 results in 8 events that are categorized to be of the EP type, 16 of the CP type, and 15 of Mixed type. Before the 1910s, the El Nino events are mostly of the EP type, but are mostly the CP type after 2000, while in between both types occurred. The consistencies and inconsistencies between the El Nino types identified by this method and other three methods, which have been proposed recently for El Nino-type classification, are examined and discussed. All four methods consistently identify the El Nino events occurring in the following years to be of the EP types: 1876–1877, 1881, 1884–1885, 1895–1896, 1896–1897, 1918–1919, 1982–1983, and 1997–1998; and the events occurring in the following years to be of the CP type: 1968–1969, 1977–1978, 1994–1995, 2004–2005, and 2009–2010. It is evident that the characteristics of the EP type of El Nino are more robust in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, whereas the characteristics of the CP type of El Nino is more robust in the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The list of the El Nino types produced by this study can be used for selecting El Nino events to further study the dynamics and climate impacts of the EP, CP, and Mixed types of El Nino.
Concentric laminated bodies. Ultrastructural demonstration of muscle fiber type specificity.

Abstract Concentric laminated bodies were identified in the skeletal muscle of 3 children affected by muscle weakness and hypotonia with probable cerebral involvement. The mean Z-line and M-line widths from each of 11 muscle fibers containing the concentric laminated bodies were calculated. The mean Z-line widths were 61–81 nm and the mean M-line widths from 7 out of 11 fibers were 54–65 nm. According to our present system of fiber typing, the majority of these fibers would be classified as subtype IIB. The possible pathogenesis and fiber type specificity of the concentric laminated body is discussed.
Leaky Gut Syndrome, Dysbiosis, Ama, Free Radicals, and Natural Antioxidants

The functioning of the gastrointestinal (G.I.) system has wide-ranging influences on the body that go far beyond the G.I. tract. According to Ayurveda-the ancient natural health care system of India - proper diet and digestion are one of the major pillars of health. Altered digestive functioning can lead to the production of Ama, a toxic material that initiates and promotes disease processes throughout the body. Optimal functioning of the G.I. tract requires proper mucosal integrity and a balanced microflora. Compromised mucosal integrity which leads to 'leaky gut syndrome,' and imbalances in the microflora known as 'dysbiosis,' result in the formation of Ama. Ama is also produced at other levels of the physiology, including the cellular level. Excessive formation of free radicals contributes to the formation of Ama. A variety of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during cellular metabolism. Excessive amounts of these reactive molecules can cause damage, starting the disease process. They are believed to be causative agents in nearly every disease. The ability to control their concentrations may be helpful for the prevention and treatment of many disorders. Antioxidants 'scavenge' free radicals and ROS, and render them harmless. Antioxidants can be lipid- or water-soluble; some are produced in the body and others are obtained from food or dietary supplements. Natural antioxidants range from vitamins to enzymes to herbal mixtures. Powerful antioxidants are present in the bioflavonoids found in concentrated form in Ayurvedic herbal mixtures known as Rasayanas. The use of these Rasayanas will be helpful in neutralizing the excessive free radical activity that contributes to Ama formation. However, the accumulated Ama in the body will not be removed by the use of Rasayanas and antioxidants alone. Other Ayurvedic methodologies are required to eradicate accumulated Ama. Rasayanas are best utilized to neutralize ongoing damage to the physiology and regenerate the system.
Effect of Palmitic Acid Utilization on Cell Division in Mycobacterium avium

Mycobacterium avium, a facultative pathogen for humans, undergoes a life cycle in which selected small cells elongate and then fragment to form coccobacilli. M. avium cells of uniform size were selected by membrane filtration and tested for growth and division in the presence or absence of palmitic acid. Growth was measured by increased cellular protein, and cell division was determined by increased colony-forming units on agar or, electronically, by increased numbers of particles. Both growth and division rates of M. avium were found to be dependent upon the initial concentration of palmitic acid presented to the cells. The division constant varied from 0.05 to 0.13 when the concentration of palmitic acid ranged from 0 to 175 nmol/ml of medium. With [(14)C]palmitic acid as a tracer, it was found that rapid cell division began upon cessation of fatty acid uptake. During division, new lipid materials were released which contained (14)C derived from [(14)C]palmitic acid. Limited cell division and no fragmentation occurred in fatty acid-starved cultures. During fatty acid starvation, the transparent colony form, considered a pathogen, underwent a transition to the colony form considered a nonpathogen. The possible relationships between the organism's dependence on fatty acid and its ability to infect humans are discussed.
Against Yin-Yang

Forcing some uneasy encounters between the universalizing feminism of Irigaray, Lacan’s concept of sexuation, the communism of Badiou and Žižek, and Daoism, this article argues that feminism is not a kind of identity politics but an entirely necessary accompaniment to any radical, that is, planetary, project of emancipation. The ancient Chinese dialectic of yin-yang, however, as implicitly discernible in Irigaray, has a complementary and harmonious conception of the sexual binary. Instead, it is the more abstract and paradoxical versions of Daoist ontology that could inspire the kind of subversive universalism capable of overthrowing patriarchal world-capitalism, which is, as we know, currently as much US- as China-made.
Rates of Return Earned on Investment in Formal Technical Education in the Ante-Bellum American Economy

This study is concerned with the rates of return earned on investments in technical education in ante-bellum America. Such investments before the Civil War created the stock of technically trained individuals who midwifed the transportation revolution. The provision of individuals with skills seemingly so vital to early American economic growth deserves investigation. The sources of technical proficiency in ante-bellum America included formal schooling, plus the on-the-job training provided by internal improvements projects. Lack of data prevents direct estimation of rates of return to on-the-job training. However, we present below some hypothetical, but plausible, figures on the costs of on-the-job training, which suggest that it must have exhibited a high rate of return. We focus primarily upon formal technical education; and of the various sources of such schooling available to the ante-bellum economy, we concentrate upon the training provided to graduates of the United States Military Academy during the years 1817 through 1835. Three considerations dictate such a choice. First, excellent biographical data exist upon the Academy graduates. Second, time prevents broadening this study to include other sources of formal training (a deficiency which I am currently engaged in remedying). Finally, West Point was undoubtedly the single most important source of formal technical education in the antebellum economy. Using evidence drawn from a number of sources, including membership lists of various ante-bellum scientific and engineering societies, we estimate that Academy graduates constituted between 10 percent and 15 percent of the stock of practicing scientists and engineers throughout the pre-Civil War period. Our study is not confined to an irrelevantly minor portion of those individuals with technical training. We begin our study with the class of 1817 because before that date, graduates tended to be of widely differing, and often indifferent, merit. Our decision to end with the class of 1835 is essentially arbitrary. However, our estimates of the yearly rates of return to these graduating classes reveal no significant trend. Hence, it is unlikely that our failure to consider the post-1835 classes results in an underestimation of the importance of West Point education. If such education made a significant contribution to the ante-bellum economy, investigation of the 1817-1835 graduating classes ought to reveal it. Measuring the rates of return to technical education requires that we estimate both the costs of, and returns to, such education. Costs logically divide into the expenses of running the Military Academy ("direct costs"),
Memory Liabilities Associated with Hypnosis: Does Low Hypnotizability Confer Immunity?

Retrospective analyses of data from the authors' program of research on hypnosis and memory are presented, with special emphasis on effects observed among low hypnotizable individuals. In Experiment 1, participants completed seven forced-recall trials in an attempt to remember a series of pictures that had been shown 1 week earlier. For half the participants, the middle five trials were carried out using hypnotic procedures; the remaining participants performed all recall attempts in a motivated waking condition. Hypnosis failed to enhance correct recall for either high or low hypnotizable participants beyond the hypermnesia and reminiscence effects associated with repeated retrieval attempts over time. However, whereas high hypnotizable participants produced substantial numbers of confident recall errors (i.e., intrusions) independent of the use of hypnosis, low hypnotizable participants exposed to hypnotic procedures reported significantly more intrusions than their counterparts in the waking condition. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to identify whether specific recollections, reported during two forced-interrogatory recall tests conducted 1 week earlier, had originated in the first or second of those tests. A general bias to misattribute previously reported recollections to the first of two recall occasions was observed; however, the effect was greatest among low hypnotizables who had undergone the second recall attempt in hypnosis. The findings imply that highly hypnotizable individuals are not unique in their vulnerability to distortions of memory induced by hypnotic techniques. Individuals of lesser hypnotic capacity also manifest memory alterations when exposed to such procedures.
EFFECTS OF BILATERAL CORTICAL LESIONS ON BAR-PRESSING BEHAVIOR IN THE WHITE RAT

Summary.-It was s:~own that bilateral lesions in either the anterior or posterior neocortex are followed by partial disruption of a previously acquired food reinforced bar-pressing habit. The second experiment, which included a control posterior lesion group, revealed that small posterior lesions resulted in a similar performance decrement. In addition, Ss with bilateral lesions in both anterior and posterior areas exhibited approximately twice the reduction in barpressing rate as found in Ss with lesions in only one area. It was suggested that amount of tissue damage irrespective of the specific lesion site is perhaps the critical factor in determining postoperative rate at this stage. Although the literature contains numerous references to the behavioral sequelae of anterior (prefrontal) neocortical destruction, the description of behaviors mediated by this region of the rat's brain remains unquestionably incomplete. Since the majority of earlier reports have been concerned with the possible disruptive effects of frontal cortex removal on preoperatively conditioned response patcerns motivated by noxious stimulation (e.g., Streb & Smith, 1955; Thompson, 1959; Maher & McIntyre, 1960; Maher, Elder, & Noblin, 1962) or anticipation and perseveration responses (e.g., Epstein & Morgan, 1943; Carpenter, 1952; Maher, 1955; Meyer, King, & Meyer, 1960), this study was designed to observe the possible effects of prefrontal lesions on a previously acquired lever-pressing response reinforced by food. The first of two experiments was carried out co determine whether small bilateral ancerior lesions of che rat's neocortex would produce a difference in rate of bar pressing for food reward. Also, the number of preoperative training sessions was varied to ascertain whether the degree of change in postoperative performance was relaced to the strength of the acquired inscrumental response. Since a postoperative response decrement was observed, a second study was performed in order to determine whether a s~m~lar decrease might resulc from lesions localized in posterior rather than the anterior sector of the cortex.
Morphology and microstructure of hydrating portland cement and its constituents II. Changes in hydration of calcium silicates alone and in the presence of triethanolamine and calcium lignosulphonate, both with and without gypsum

Abstract Systematic sequential observations with the electron microscope were made of the morphological changes which occurred during hydration of C 3 S ∗ and C 2 S pastes, with and without the presence of gypsum. The specific effects of each of two admixtures were studied: triethanolamine and calcium lignosulphonate. Water to C 3 S or C 2 S ratio was 0.5 and admixture dosage was 0.5%. The admixtures had some effect on changes in microstructure, but they had a pronounced influence on the rate of the hydration processes.
Data analysis for rotationally resolved spectra: A simulated annealing approach

A new method for the analysis of rotationally resolved spectra is presented. The method employs a simulated annealing algorithm with two modifications. First, the standard simulated annealing process is extended to take advantage of parallel computing. Second, rather than using a continuous random search of the parameter space, at distinct intervals new optimization processes are started at points in parameter space that have promising χ2 values. Together these modifications make more efficient use of computer time than a standard simulated annealing approach. The technique is applied to the analysis of simulated data as well as real high-resolution experimental spectra to demonstrate the effectiveness of the parallel simulated annealing algorithm.
Flux entry fields in amorphous superconductors

We have measured the flux entry fields (lower critical fieldsH c1) of homogeneous and inhomogeneous extreme type II amorphous superconductors based on zirconium. Samples are prepared by melt quenching at both ambient and elevated substrate temperatures. The degree of homogeneity is classified according to the widths of both inductive and resistive transitions. TheH c1 (T) curves for “powdered” homogeneous samples with weak flux pinning are found to be in good agreement with Maki's theory. Taking into account the electron-phonon renormalization effect, we deduce the zero-temperature energy gap values 2Δo/k B T c to be BCS like. On the other hand, anomalousH c1 (T) curves are observed in “powdered” inhomogeneous samples and strips from homogeneous samples parallel to the applied field. Appreciable irreversibility effects are also observed. The latter results are discussed qualitatively in terms of bulk and surface inhomogeneity effects.
Man with a Forehead Mass: Detection of a Forehead Pseudoaneurysm with Bedside Ultrasonography

A vascular pseudoaneurysm can present similarly to an abscess; yet incision and drainage of a pseudoaneurysm can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and expose the patient to further morbidity. This is a case of a patient with a forehead pseudoaneurysm who presented to our emergency room after blunt head trauma. Here we review different diagnostic modalities as well as some of the treatment options that are described in the literature.
Mass storage: A broad review

The application of electromechanical mass storage devices to computers is rapidly increasing in importance. Mass storage units are being assigned key general systems functions and are basic to many developing applications such as time sharing, communication, and on-line processing. In this paper, the characteristics of typically available hardware in the drum, disk-file, and tape-strip categories are discussed. Next, the most important applications of mass storage devices are reviewed. The special considerations in the design of computer systems which use mass storage are outlined. Commonly used and certain important proposed techniques of file organization and processing are then described. The paper concludes with a discussion of the technology used, some aspects of control unit design, and future possibilities in both hardware and software. Major challenges to designers of future hardware are identified as reduction of the cost per bit of removable media, economical devices with storage capacities larger than 109bits, and a solution to the dilemma of increasing access time with increasing storage capacity.
"Attractively packaged but unripe fruit": the UK's commercialization of musical history in the 1980s

The decade from 1980 proved to be truly significant in the development of historical performance, as recreations of post-Baroque repertory gradually became the norm. At its close, three complete cycles of Beethoven Symphonies had been recorded on “period” instruments, implicitly demonstrating the complexity of the spectrum between practical expediency and historical accuracy. By 1991, Clive Brown was issuing a timely warning that the pedigree of many of the instruments on these recordings was of doubtful authenticity. The commercially-motivated rush to push period-instrument performance ever more rapidly into the nineteenth century did not offer much hope for the consolidation of historical playing styles. Despite some revelations, he felt that there was infinitely more to historically sensitive performance than merely employing the right equipment, and the public was in danger of being offered “attractively packaged but unripe fruit.” Brown noted an uneasy synthesis between modern baroque style applied to Beethoven alongside modern styles applied to old instruments.
Hyperbaric gas effects on critical flicker frequency in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Effects of exposures to hyperbaric pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon on CFF were investigated using the rhesus monkey. Nitrogen and argon at pressures of up to 10 atm produced no change in CFF, but exposure to equivalent partial pressures of oxygen at 2 atm absolute pressure resulted in a dose-related depression of CFF. Concomitant measures of response rate on a VR schedule of reinforcement revealed dose-related depressions in the presence of hyperbaric nitrogen and argon but not in the presence of oxygen. The results were interpreted in terms of existing theories of the behavioral effects of hyperbaric exposure and were shown to imply that a reevaluation of these views may be necessary.
p27Kip1 is essential for the antiproliferative action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in primary, but not immortalized, mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

Abstract 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3) inhibits the growth of numerous cancer cell types. The intracellular proteins that mediate 1,25(OH)2D3-induced growth inhibition are poorly defined, although it is speculated that p21 and p27 are involved. We tested the requirement of p21 and p27 by treating primary wild-type, p21−/−, and p27−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with 100 nm1,25(OH)2D3. In response to treatment, the wild-type and p21−/− MEFs exhibited 54 and 60% growth inhibition (p < 0.05), respectively, whereas the growth of p27−/− MEFs was unaffected. Western analyses indicated that p27 expression is induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in wild-type and p21−/− MEFs. p21 expression is also induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in wild-type and p27−/− MEFs, although the effect is less robust than for p27. Next, we spontaneously immortalized each MEF strain, which resulted in a gain of responsiveness to 1,25(OH)2D3 by the p27−/− MEFs, as exhibited by 87% growth inhibition (p < 0.05). Both wild-type and p21−/− MEFs retained responsiveness (43 and 72% growth inhibition (p < 0.05), respectively). These data from primary and immortalized MEFs demonstrate that there are both p27-dependent and -independent pathways that mediate the antiproliferative action of 1,25(OH)2D3.
Na,K-ATPase α- and β-isoform expression in developing skeletal muscles: α2 correlates with t-tubule formation

This study examined the developmental expression of Na,K-ATPase α- and β-subunit isoforms in different skeletal muscles of the mouse, and the relationship of Na,K-ATPase α2 isoform expression to the developing transverse tubules (t-tubules). We measured Na,K-ATPase and dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) mRNA and protein in the diaphragm and hindlimb muscles from embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) to 6 weeks postnatal, using DHPR expression to mark the timing of t-tubule formation. The Na,K-ATPase subunits showed developmental age-dependent and muscle-specific expression that was controlled by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The α1 isoform is expressed at more constant levels in both diaphragm and hindlimb muscles, while the α2 and β2 isoforms increase postnatally and show greater muscle variation. β1 is the sole expressed β-subunit in the diaphragm throughout development, and in the hindlimb muscles at birth. The Na,K-ATPase α2 subunit is expressed during development when the t-tubules form. These results suggest that the α2 isoform may serve, in part, a physiological role in the muscle t-tubules.
Oxygen in wound healing--more than a nutrient.

This article provides an overview of the role of oxygen in wound healing. The understanding of this role has undergone a major evolution from its long-recognized importance as an essential factor for oxidative metabolism, to its recognition as an important cell signal interacting with growth factors and other signals to regulate signal transduction pathways. Our laboratory has been engaged in thestudy of animal models of skin ischemia to explore in vivo the impact of hypoxia as well as the use of oxygen as a therapeutic agent either alone or in combination with other agents such as growth factors. We have demonstrated a synergistic effect of systemic hyperbaric oxygen and growth factors that has been substantiated by Hunt’s group. Within the past 10 years research in the field of wound healing has given new insight into the mechanism of action of hypoxia and hyperoxia as modifiers of the normal time-course of wound healing. The article concludes with a discussion of why hypoxia and hyperoxia intercurrently play an important role in wound healing. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is crucial in that interplay.
Normal renocortical blood flow in experimental acute renal failure

Normal renocortical blood flow in experimental acute renal failure. Renal cortical blood flow of rats with postischemic, myohemoglobinuric, and mercury-induced acute renal failure was measured by the hydrogen washout technique using implanted platinum electrodes. Total renal blood flow was determined by venous cannulation in separate series of rats. The values obtained with the two methods were in excellent qualitative agreement (r = 0.99, P Debit sanguin renal cortical normal au cours de l'insuffisance renale aigue experimentale. Le debit sanguin renal cortical de rats atteints d'insuffisances renales aigues experimentales post ischemique, myoglobinurique ou induite par le mercure a ete mesure par la technique du "washout" de l'hydrogene a l'aide d'electrodes de platine implantees. Le debit sanguin renal total a ete determine par canulation veineuse dans des groupes de rats distincts. Les valeurs obtenues par les deux methodes montrent un excellent accord qualitatif (r = 0,99; P 2 a raison de 4,7 mg/kg poids corporel determine un debit cortical superieur de 30% a la valeur obtenue 24hr apres l'injection. Une dose de 12 mg/kg poids corporel ne modifie pas le debit. La clearance de l'inuline est notablement abaissee dans tous ces modeles a tous les temps de l'etude. Ainsi, a la difference de l'insuffisance renale aigue humaine, une ischemie renale corticale importante n'est pas un caractere essentiel de ces differentes formes d'insuffisance renale aigue murine.
Kinetic study of the reaction CF3O+O3→CF3O2+O2

Abstract A relative rate approach has been used to measure the reactivity of CF3O radicals towards ozone. Using k(CF3O+NO2)=2.7×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 as the reference reaction, an upper limit of k(CF3O+O3) ⪕3×10−4 cm3 molecule−1 was determined at 295 K and 700 Torr of O2 diluent. The implications for the atmospheric chemistry of HFCs are discussed.
Some Noise Comparisons of Data-Collection Arrays for Emission Tomography-Systems Having Time-of-Flight Measurements

The noise performance of an emission tomography system having time-of-flight measurements is shown in several examples to be superior for a confidence-weighted data array compared to a most likely position data array. The examples range from a point to a planar distribution of radioactivity, and include a crude model of the left ventricle of a heart containing radioactive palmitate.
Gene therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Gene therapy for mesothelioma is in its infancy, yet the results of recent phase I clinical trials and ongoing preclinical studies offer significant promise for the future. Intrapleural and intratumoral injections of viral and nonviral vectors encoding therapeutic genes have proved safe in humans with evidence of intratumoral gene transfer and expression of therapeutic proteins. Anecdotal tumor responses have been seen in suicide gene therapy trials, either as a result of direct cytotoxicity or via induction of bystander immunologic phenomena. Our group is vigorously pursuing an immuno-gene therapy approach with an adenovirus expressing interferon-β. Expanding knowledge of the cellular and molecular abnormalities responsible for the carcinogenesis of mesothelioma has led to the development of new gene therapy approaches targeting oncoproteins and mutant tumor suppressor genes. Implementation of these experimental modalities on a routine basis for mesothelioma patients remains several years in the future. Nevertheless, the lack of significant benefit from standard anticancer treatments in the disease argues strongly for patient enrollment in clinical studies of various gene therapy approaches to determine safety, toxicity, and efficacy, as well as to guide future laboratory investigation.
Dispersion of solute by electrokinetic flow through post arrays and wavy-walled channels.

In this work, we simulate electrokinetically driven transport of unretained solute bands in a variety of two-dimensional spatially periodic geometries (post arrays as well as sinuous/varicose channels), in the thin Debye layer limit. Potential flow fields are calculated using either an inverse method or a Schwarz−Christoffel transform, and transport is modeled using a Monte Carlo method in the transformed plane. In this way, spurious “numerical diffusion” transverse to streamlines is completely eliminated, and streamwise numerical diffusion is reduced to arbitrary precision. Late-time longitudinal dispersion coefficients are calculated for Peclet numbers from 0.1 to 3162. In most geometries, a Taylor−Aris-like scaling law for the dispersion coefficient DL/DL0 = 1 + Pe2/α underpredicts dispersion when Pe ∼ O(α1/2) (here DL0 is the effective axial diffusion coefficient in the periodic geometry). A two-parameter correlation widely used in the porous media literature, DL/DL0 = 1 + Pen/α, agrees slightly bette...
The β-phosphoro[35S]thioate analogue of UDP-Glc is efficiently utilized by the glucose phosphotransferase and is relatively resistant to hydrolytic degradation

The beta-phosphoro[35S]thioate analogue of UDP-glucose ((beta-35S)UDP-Glc) is utilized with approximately the same efficiency as the parent compound by the UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucose-1-phosphotransferase (glucosyltransferase), which catalyzes the transfer of alpha Glc-1-P from UDP-Glc to mannose-containing oligosaccharides on acceptor glycoproteins. The same endogenous acceptor glycoproteins are labeled by the glucosyltransferase using [beta-32P]UDP-Glc and (beta-35S)UDP-Glc. However, in liver homogenates, incorporation from [beta-32P]UDP-Glc ceases to increase after about 4 min of incubation, while incorporation from (beta-35S)UDP-Glc persists for at least 1 h. This difference is due to an approx. 10-fold slower hydrolytic rate for the phosphorothioate analogue than for the parent compound, a finding similar to previous work showing that a variety of nucleases and phosphodiesterases are less efficient in cleaving phosphorothioate DNA than the native polymer.
Calculation of Absolute Resonance Raman Intensities: Vibronic Theory vs Short-Time Approximation†

We present the absolute resonance Raman scattering (RRS) intensities of uracil, rhodamine 6G (R6G), and iron(II) porphyrin with imidazole and CO ligands (FePImCO) calculated using density functional theory (DFT). The spectra are calculated using both the vibronic theory and the short-time approximation. We find that the absolute RRS intensities calculated using the short-time approximation are severely overestimated, as compared with results obtained using the vibronic theory. This issue is attributed to the sensitivity of the absolute RRS intensities to the adjustable damping factor within the short-time approximation. This is illustrated for uracil, for which the relative intensities were predicted accurately using the short-time approximation, but the absolute intensities were still overestimated. Although intensities comparable to that obtained with the vibronic theory could be obtained using the short-time approximation, it requires a large damping factor, roughly twice that estimated from the absorp...
The role of chemical bonding in grain boundary embrittlement

Abstract Brittle intergranular fracture occurs when impurity elements segregate to the grain boundaries of a material and lower their cohesive strength. Although many embrittling elements have been identified by experimental studies, the reason why these elements cause embrittlement has remained elusive. This paper presents results of fully quantum mechanical cluster calculations which address this question. It will be shown that strong embrittling elements draw charge from the neighboring metal atoms onto themselves. They thus remove charge from the metal-metal bonds which hold the grain boundary together and weaken them. Cohesive enhancers do not draw charge off the metal atoms and thus do not weaken the metal-metal bond network. In addition, they form rather homopolar bonds with the metal atoms and thus provide an added increment of bonding in the grain boundary.
Effect of device mobility and phased array antennas on 60 GHz wireless networks

This paper investigates the relationship among the device mobility, types of array antennas, and 60 GHz wireless link quality. For the device mobility, linear and circular motions are modeled. A linear, a rectangular, and a square array antenna are designed and used for the simulations to quantify the 60 GHz link quality together with the device mobility. The simulation results show that the linear array antenna may need more frequent re-beamforming due to the device mobility than the rectangular or the square array antenna. The simulation results also show that the circular motion of the device may break the link more frequently than the linear motion and thus this need to be taken into account for the protocol and 60 GHz system designs.
The Relationship between Environmental Conditions and Transfer Rates of Selected Rural Community Colleges: A Pilot Study.

Defining external and internal environmental conditions as indepen-dent variables and institutional transfer rate as the dependent variable, the authors investigate the relationship between transfer rates and conditions that are beyond an institution's control (such as service area demographics and the degree of specificity in state articulation and transfer policies). Based on a three-phase analysis that involved multiple regression, factor analyses, and two-tailed t tests, the authors define negative and positive influences on transfer rates and discuss recommendations for further research.
Follicular dendritic cell tumor presenting in the lung: A case report☆

An example of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) presenting in the lung, a heretofore unreported site, is described. Macroscopically, a 9.5-cm, tan-white, dominant mass and multiple smaller parenchymal and pleural nodules were identified. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of spindled cells with uniform cytologic features arranged in short, intersecting fascicles and intermixed small lymphocytes and plasma cells. One of 4 peribronchial and hilar lymph nodes evaluated microscopically was focally involved by the process. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic spindled cells expressed complement receptors CD21 and CD35 and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor but did not express keratin (AE1/AE3 and CAM5.2), CD45 (leukocyte common antigen), CD20 (L26), S-100 protein, muscle-specific actin, or gp100 protein (HMB45). Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells have complex interdigitating cell surface processes and desmosomes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was not detected in the tumor cells by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA or by polymerase chain reaction for viral DNA. FDCS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any spindled-cell tumor with interspersed chronic inflammatory cells occurring in the lung. An immunohistochemical panel, including anti-CD21 and -CD35, can assist in its diagnosis, especially with small bronchial biopsy specimens. 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Responding to catastrophic errors: a design technique for fault-tolerant software

Abstract The usual classification of software-caused system errors as internal, external, or pervasive assumes a rippling propagation of errors through a hierarchy of structures. As a result, most fault-tolerant software handles errors through nested detection and recovery mechanisms. In many cases, particularly in distributed systems, this assumption may not hold; catastrophic errors may occur that can evade the boundaries of the usual mechanisms and cause large-scale system failure. System designers must consider the possibility of failure from the first stages of system development, define the circumstances under which these failures might occur, and analyze the costs of dealing with such failures. Fault-tolerance techniques can be applied to reduce the effect of catastrophic errors. One such technique, dynamic reconfiguration, is described here as an example of a practical way for a system to respond to a detected error. Dynamic reconfiguration can be used not only to recover from software errors but also to remove the faults that caused the errors. An example of the design of a life-critical software system using dynamic configuration to handle potentially catastrophic errors is presented.
Factors Affecting Walleye Catch in Short-Term Gill-Net Sets in a Large Minnesota Lake

Abstract Gill nets are a versatile fish sampling gear used for many species and habitats; however, their usefulness may be limited by selectivity patterns and reliance on fish movement, which can be influenced by several factors. We evaluated the effect of net length, time of day, sampling date, surface water temperature, soak time, water depth, and location on the number, length, and initial mortality of walleyes Sander vitreus caught in short-term (mean, 38.8 min; range, 10–200 min) gill nets set in Mille Lacs Lake, Minnesota. The number of walleyes caught was best described by a generalized additive model (GAM) that contained all seven covariates and explained 35% of the variation in catch. The length of walleyes caught was best described by a GAM that contained time of day, sampling date, soak time, and sampling location as covariates and explained 11% of the variation in fish length. The initial mortality of walleyes was best described by a GAM that included surface water temperature and soak time as...
Regional dimensions of factor and fuel substitution in U.S. manufacturing

Abstract This paper analyzes the regional responses to price increases in U.S. manufacturing in the form of fuel and factor substitution. A translog specification of a production process with eight inputs organized into a two stage optimization process — optimizing the mix of four fuels that constitute the energy input and then optimizing the input mix of physical capital, working capital, labor and aggregate energy — is used. Sectoral and regional variations in factor and fuel substitutions as evident from econometric estimation of the model at the level of 50 states and four census regions are discussed and interpreted.
An Improved Model for Segmentation and Recognition of Fine-Grained Activities with Application to Surgical Training Tasks

Automated segmentation and recognition of fine-grained activities is important for enabling new applications in industrial automation, human-robot collaboration, and surgical training. Many existing approaches to activity recognition assume that a video has already been segmented and perform classification using an abstract representation based on spatio-temporal features. While some approaches perform joint activity segmentation and recognition, they typically suffer from a poor modeling of the transitions between actions and a representation that does not incorporate contextual information about the scene. In this paper, we propose a model for action segmentation and recognition that improves upon existing work in two directions. First, we develop a variation of the Skip-Chain Conditional Random Field that captures long-range state transitions between actions by using higher-order temporal relationships. Second, we argue that in constrained environments, where the relevant set of objects is known, it is better to develop features using high-level object relationships that have semantic meaning instead of relying on abstract features. We apply our approach to a set of tasks common for training in robotic surgery: suturing, knot tying, and needle passing, and show that our method increases micro and macro accuracy by 18.46% and 44.13% relative to the state of the art on a widely used robotic surgery dataset.
Pediatric epilepsy: Five new things.

Summary Epilepsy in children can be very different from epilepsy in adults, both in seizure type and epilepsy syndrome. The goal in treating children is seizure freedom, no treatment side effects, and function that is no different from the general population. In a significant percentage of patients, this goal remains unachievable, but many aspects of epilepsy are becoming clearer. This review will highlight 5 areas where progress is being made to achieve these goals in pediatric epilepsy. Specific research animal models are being developed to reflect the unique features of different pediatric epilepsies. As genetic syndromes are better identified, for some patients this has led to improved treatment. New advances in drug therapy have led to 3 new medications approved for children. More effective drug choices can now be recommended due to comparative drug trials and better overall care of children can be provided due to awareness of the comorbidities of epilepsy.
Current readings: blood-based biomarkers for lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide largely owing to diagnosis of the disease at an advanced stage. Recent advances in blood-based biomarker research have the potential to reduce mortality by providing a means for detecting lung cancer at an earlier stage. Since the publication of the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial demonstrating reduction in mortality with computed tomography (CT) scan screening, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has released a draft statement recommending annual low-dose CT scan screening for high-risk patients. However, CT screening has a high false-positive rate leading to the need for additional imaging and invasive procedures. In this article, we review recent literature on blood-based lung cancer biomarkers that we believe will have a significant role in enhancing screening efficacy in the near future.
Bionomics of Brachys tessellatus in Coastal Plain Scrub Oak Communities

Brachys tessellatus (Fabr.) is a leaf miner of turkey oak, Quercus laevis Walter, in coastal plain sandhill communities of the southeastern United States. Adult beetles emerged in March coincidentally with bud break on host trees. Adult feeding in March and April preceded oviposition from April through June. Eggs were placed singly on the upper leaf surface against major veins and near leaf margins. Larval development through five instars occurred from May through September. Pupation and transformation occurred in leaf mines in the fall and winter. The sex ratio (female to male) was 1 to 0.24. A life table study showed only 13% of eggs hatched; the balance were lost to various physical, genetic, developmental, parasitic or predatory agencies. Only 15% of larvae and 43% of pupae completed development. Parasitoids and predators accounted for the majority of losses in these stages. Fourteen natural enemies, including two eulophid egg parasitoids, nine eulophid larval parasitoids, two chalcidid pupal parasitoids, and one clerid larval predator, were identified. Observations on adult behavior were related to temperature. Developmental patterns were found to minimize the impact of miner feeding on host leaves.
Comparison of prostaglandin E1- and prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia in the rat.

Abstract We have studied prostaglandin E1-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat hindpaw, by assessing paw-withdrawal thresholds, before and after injecting prostaglandin E1 alone or with other agents, in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In normal and diabetic rats, prostaglandin E1 (1–1000 ng) produced a dose-dependent decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold. In diabetic rats, prostaglandin E1 was more potent than in normal rats, in producing hyperalgesia, whereas prostaglandin E2 hyperalgesia was not changed in normal and diabetic rats. Prostaglandin Ei-induced hyperalgesia was not inhibited by E-type 1 prostaglandin receptor antagonists, SC 19220 or SC51089, either in normal or diabetic rats. In fact, in the presence of SC19220, prostaglandin E1 produced enhanced hyperalgesia, in normal rats. Prostaglandin E1 hyperalgesia was not significantly modified by sympathectomy or indomethacin. Unlike prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin E1 hyperalgesia was not blocked by the inhibitor of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein, guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate). It is suggested that prostaglandin E1 decreases primary afferent nociceptive threshold directly, by activating a prostaglandin receptor other than the E-type 1 prostaglandin receptor, and that this receptor is not coupled to a stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein.
Biologically programmed synthesis of core-shell CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals

Here we report a biomimetic method to synthsize core-shell CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals using a bi-functional peptide; the resulting nanocrystals had a defect free crystallinity and a clearly observed core-shell structure; the results are significant as this is the first report of core-shell semiconductor nanocrystal synthesis using a peptide template.
Severe bone disease and low bone mineral density after juvenile renal failure.

Severe bone disease and low bone mineral density after juvenile renal failure. Background Little is known about the late effects of juvenile end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on bone integrity. To establish clinical manifestations of metabolic bone disease and bone mineral density (BMD) in young adult patients with juvenile ESRD, we performed a long-term outcome study. Methods A cohort was formed of all Dutch patients with onset of ESRD between 1972 and 1992 at age 0 to 14 years, born before 1979. Data were collected by review of medical charts, current history, physical examination, and performing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Results Clinical information was retrieved in 247 out of 249 patients. Of all of these patients, 61.4% had severe growth retardation ( Conclusion Bone disease is a major clinical problem in young adults with pediatric ESRD. Further follow-up is needed to establish the impact of the low bone mineral densities found in these patients.
Nature in the city: Horace Cleveland's aesthetic

Abstract Horace Cleveland, a Nineteenth Century landscape architect, conceived of the city as a work of art. The development of Cleveland's aesthetic can be traced directly to ideas about the American landscape that were explored in significant works of American literature. Cleveland was influenced by the writing of Washington Irving, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The communicative potential of the landscape as presented in Irving's writing influenced Cleveland's thinking as he considered the affective potential of designed landscapes. The writing of Longfellow and Emerson influenced Cleveland's ideas about his social responsibility as an artist in the landscape. Cleveland was also influenced by Emerson's aesthetic theories that maintained that the artist in the landscape should be true to the place in which he worked. Those ideas about the landscape and landscape design were first tested by Cleveland (with his partner Robert Morris Copeland) in the design of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Emerson's burial place in Concord, MA. By the 1870s Cleveland decided that his calling was in the west. He first moved to Chicago, but the greatest success of his career came with the design of the Minneapolis Park System, a design that was in keeping with the aesthetic principles that he gleaned from American literature. Cleveland's last important work was Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis—an important literary garden owing to the connection with Longfellow's ‘This Song off Hiawatha’—whiich added the final link to the Minneapolis Park System.
A SMALL STUDY OF TRAINING IN MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING: DOES ONE WORKSHOP CHANGE CLINICIAN AND CLIENT BEHAVIOR?

Professional training in motivational interviewing, as on many other topics, is often delivered via a one-time clinical workshop. To what extent do practitioners actually acquire skillfulness through such training? Twenty-two counselors participated in training, of whom 15 completed a study of changes in practice behavior up to 4 months after a motivational interviewing workshop. In addition to self-report questionnaires, they provided taped practice samples before and after training, which were coded for counselor and client behavior. On paper-and-pencil measures, participants reported large increases in motivational interviewing skills. Observational measures reflected more modest changes in practice behavior that were often retained 4 months after training. Clients, however, did not show the response changes that have been found to be predictive of better outcomes with motivational interviewing. While practice behavior changed to a statistically significant extent, the effect of training was apparently not large enough to make a difference in client response. Possible implications for training and quality control of psychotherapies are considered.