cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use and Effectiveness of Mobile Apps for Depression: Results From a Fully Remote Clinical Trial.

Background: Mobile apps for mental health have the potential to overcome access barriers to mental health care, but there is little information on whether patients use the interventions as intended and the impact they have on mental health outcomes. Objective: The objective of our study was to document and compare use patterns and clinical outcomes across the United States between 3 different self-guided mobile apps for depression. Methods: Participants were recruited through Web-based advertisements and social media and were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 mood apps. Treatment and assessment were conducted remotely on each participant’s smartphone or tablet with minimal contact with study staff. We enrolled 626 English-speaking adults (≥18 years old) with mild to moderate depression as determined by a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score ≥5, or if their score on item 10 was ≥2. The apps were (1) Project: EVO, a cognitive training app theorized to mitigate depressive symptoms by improving cognitive control, (2) iPST, an app based on an evidence-based psychotherapy for depression, and (3) Health Tips, a treatment control. Outcomes were scores on the PHQ-9 and the Sheehan Disability Scale. Adherence to treatment was measured as number of times participants opened and used the apps as instructed. Results: We randomly assigned 211 participants to iPST, 209 to Project: EVO, and 206 to Health Tips. Among the participants, 77.0% (482/626) had a PHQ-9 score >10 (moderately depressed). Among the participants using the 2 active apps, 57.9% (243/420) did not download their assigned intervention app but did not differ demographically from those who did. Differential treatment effects were present in participants with baseline PHQ-9 score >10, with the cognitive training and problem-solving apps resulting in greater effects on mood than the information control app (χ22=6.46, P=.04). Conclusions: Mobile apps for depression appear to have their greatest impact on people with more moderate levels of depression. In particular, an app that is designed to engage cognitive correlates of depression had the strongest effect on depressed mood in this sample. This study suggests that mobile apps reach many people and are useful for more moderate levels of depression. ClinicalTrial: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00540865; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00540865 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6mj8IPqQr) [J Med Internet Res 2016;18(12):e330]
Depression symptoms in older adults with cancer: A multilevel longitudinal study.

ABSTRACTObjective: Data from the Health and Retirement Study were used to test a conceptual model integrating stress and coping, conservation of resources, and life-course theories, to investigate predictors of depression symptoms over 8 years among a nationally representative sample of older adults aged 50–91 years. The main investigative questions were: (1) Do older adults with cancer have a different 8-year symptomatic depression trajectory than those without cancer? (2) Do the differences in life-course factors, internal, external, and health-related resources within and between older adults have a differential effect on 8-year symptomatic depression trajectories for individuals with and without a cancer diagnosis? Methods: We used a two-level longitudinal panel design to test a multilevel growth model. We examined individual differences in depression symptoms between 2000 and 2008, and tested multiple potential predictors. All those with a first diagnosis of cancer in 1998–2000 were included in the s...
Management of the Abnormal Pap Smear in HIV Positive Patients

Condylomaacuminata, anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer are diseases that commonly afflict men who have sex with men (MSM). The disease process may often be complicated by a coexisting infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Other than patients with HIV and MSM populations, transplant recipients on immunosuppression or other immunosuppressed states, and women with a history of genital cancers are at increased risk [1, 2] High risk populations have been encouraged to undergo screening with anal pap smear with increasing frequency and intensity over recent years. However, the appropriate follow-up, diagnostic work-up and treatment modality for patients with a positive smear remains nebulous.
When Should Employers Be Liable for Factoring Biased Customer Feedback into Employment Decisions

In today’s customer-centric business environment, firms seek feedback from consumers seemingly at every turn. Firms factor customer feedback into a host of decisions, including employment-related decisions such as who to hire, promote, and fire; how much to pay employees; and what tasks to assign them. Increasingly, researchers are discovering that customer feedback is often biased against certain populations, such as women and racial minorities. Sometimes customers explicitly declare their biases, but more often their prejudices are harder to detect — either because they intentionally hide their biases in their ratings or because the customers do not realize their own biases, and thus unknowingly allow such biases to skew their perceptions, and consequently their ratings, of service exchanges. When firms rely on tainted customer feedback to make employment decisions, they indirectly discriminate against employees. Although the law makes clear that employers cannot discriminate against employees based on customers’ explicit discriminatory preferences, it has yet to address whether and to what extent employers are liable for factoring biased customer feedback into employment decisions. This Article argues that employers should not get a free pass to discriminate simply because it is the customers who bear the discriminatory animus; nor should employers be liable in every instance where biased customer feedback taints an employment decision. To strike an appropriate balance, employers should be held to a negligence standard, whereby their liability for using biased feedback depends on whether they knew, or reasonably should have known, the data was tainted, and if so, whether they acted reasonably in response by taking appropriate preventive or corrective measures. A major advantage of this framework is that it works in both the easy cases, where discriminatory feedback is explicit and obvious, as well as in the hard cases, where bias in customer feedback is obscured, by tying employer liability to the ease with which customer bias can be detected. Where customer bias is obvious, the law would impose on employers a heightened duty in terms of both knowledge and response, whereas if bias is hidden, employers would be held to a lower standard.
Expert Systems: An Overview and the Relationship with Decision Support Systems

(1989). Expert Systems: An Overview and the Relationship with Decision Support Systems. Journal of Computer Information Systems: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 9-12.
Training-based Workforce Development in Advanced Computing for Research and Education (ACoRE)

Data proliferation across all domains is enabled by the advancement in data sharing and procurement that has led to explosion in volume of data worldwide. The exponential growth in data has provided opportunities for machine learning algorithms and computational algorithms that benefit from greater availability of data. Access to robust and resilient high performance computing (HPC) resources is available through campus and/or national centers. The growth in demand for advanced computing resources from non-traditional HPC research community leads to an increasing strain on user-support at local centers and/or national programs such as XSEDE, which creates challenges. At Georgia State University (GSU), we have a diverse HPC user community of over 300 users whom represent more than 40 disciplines and use about four million CPU hours annually. We implemented a workforce development model to support our HPC community through a combination of local and external workshops as well as integration of HPC training within classes such as Big Data Programming, Scientific Computing, Parallel and Distributed Computing (PDC). As part of our approach, we consolidated our three disparate local HPC resources under one management system that provides a similar user environment to that of national resources part of XSEDE, which simplifies user transition from local to national resources.
Examining the Climatology of Shortwave Radiation in the Northeastern United States

AbstractAs demand for renewable energy grows, so does the need for an improved understanding of renewable energy sources. Paradoxically, the climate change mitigation strategy of fossil fuel divestment is in itself subject to shifts in weather patterns resulting from climate change. This is particularly true with solar power, which depends on local cloud cover. However, because observed shortwave radiation data usually span a decade or less, persistent long-term trends may not be identified. A simple linear regression model is created here using diurnal temperature range (DTR) during 2002–15 as a predictor variable to estimate long-term shortwave radiation (SR) values in the northeastern United States. Using an extended DTR dataset, SR values are computed for 1956–2015. Statistically significant decreases in shortwave radiation are identified that are dominated by changes during the summer months. Because this coincides with the season of greatest insolation and the highest potential for energy production...
Acquired 5-oxoproline acidemia successfully treated with N-acetylcysteine

Acquired 5-oxoprolinemia is increasingly recognized as a cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis. It predominantly occurs in chronically ill, malnourished women with impaired renal function and chronic acetaminophen ingestion. Depletion of glutathione and cysteine stores leads to elevated 5-oxoproline levels. N-acetylcysteine, given its effect in repleting glutathione and cysteine stores, has been proposed as a potential treatment for 5-oxoprolinemia, though reports of its successful use are lacking. We present a case of 5-oxoproline metabolic acidosis that persisted despite discontinuation of acetaminophen. However, the acidosis rapidly resolved with N-acetylcysteine administration.
Theoretical evaluation of ethylene carbonate anion transport and its impact on solid electrolyte interphase formation

Abstract Despite its critical role in determining the performance of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), evolution of the chemical composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on graphite negative electrodes remains poorly described even for a conventional electrolyte consisting of 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which is considered here. The EC− radical anion produced from one-electron reduction of EC is known to be a key intermediate responsible for the formation of two commonly found products in the SEI, carbonate (CO32−) and ethylene dicarbonate (EDC2−). We evaluate the diffusion behavior of EC− associated with solvent reorganization near the graphite electrode using molecular dynamics (MD) and metadynamics simulations. The predicted free energy profiles of EC− transport at the onset of SEI formation show two distinct minima, depending on the EC:DMC ratio of the solvent and the voltage applied to the electrode. EC− radical intermediates trapped in the free energy well located at z = 0.65 nm (or z = 1.5 nm) from the electrode surface may favorably undergo further reduction to CO32− (or a combination reaction with another EC− to form EDC2−). Moreover, suppressed EC− migration could contribute to the formation of a thin, compact SEI layer. This study highlights that in addition to the kinetics and thermodynamics of solvent reduction, the near-electrode transport of reaction intermediates/products should be considered in modeling of SEI structure and growth.
Splenic microenvironment is important in the survival and growth of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in mice

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), the most common adult leukemia in the western world, is characterized by accumulation of clonally expanded CD5 + CD19 + B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid organs. CLL cell survival is dependent on B cell receptor signaling and cross-talk within the leukemia microenvironment. CLL presents with enlargement of the spleen, and lymph nodes due to accumulation of long-lived lymphocytes with impaired apoptotic mechanisms. The Eμ-Tcl1 mice, with a B cell specific overexpression of the oncogene, T cell Leukemia 1 (Tcl1), serve as an excellent model to study CLL as they develop a CLL like disease by 9–13 months of age. They exhibit splenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes and a high peripheral blood white count. Adoptive transfer of primary CD5 + CD19 + CLL cells from the Eμ-Tcl1 mice into syngeneic recipients leads to rapid disease development. Ultrasonography of recipient mice showed a dramatic enlargement of the spleen, which preceded detection of CLL cells in the blood. Unlike various genetic modifications, which can only delay the onset of CLL, splenectomy in these models, cures or significantly delays disease development from 30–35 days to 250–270 days. Interestingly, splenectomy did not delay CLL development as significantly in animals deficient for prostate apoptotic response-4 (Par-4) compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. Par-4 is a known tumor suppressor protein that can be secreted and induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Par-4 appears to regulate a specific microenvironment required for CLL growth. Presently we are investigating the role of Par-4 in the microenvironment and the cell types that are critical for CLL growth within the splenic niche.
Metastatic melanoma with balloon/histiocytoid cytomorphology after treatment with immunotherapy: A histologic mimic and diagnostic pitfall

Epithelioid cells with foamy cytoplasm (histiocytoid features) are typical histopathologic findings among benign and malignant histiocytic neoplasms such as xanthoma and atypical fibroxanthoma. However, these changes are unusual in melanoma, which is typically composed of nested and variably pigmented atypical epithelioid cells. Here, we report a patient with metastatic melanoma in lymph nodes presenting with prominent balloon cell/histiocytoid features expressing melanocytic markers, after treatment with nivolumab. This report suggests that the spectrum of neoplasms with histiocytoid features should be expanded to include melanoma, a pattern that, to the best of our knowledge, is uncommon, especially in the setting of post-neoadjuvant therapy.
Lunch eating behavior of preschool children. Effects of age, gender, and type of beverage served.

Abstract To examine the eating behavior of preschool children offered chocolate-flavored or plain milk at lunch, food consumption by 135 children, aged 18–66 months, was measured. Four different menus were served six times during a 12-week period, each menu being presented twice with each of three test beverages, plain milk (18.1 kcal/oz), sucrose-sweetened chocolate milk (29.4 kcal/oz), or aspartame-sweetened chocolate milk (18.6 kcal/oz). The type of milk beverage served had no significant effect on the consumption of other food items offered at that meal. Subjects did drink significantly more chocolate milk than plain milk during all meals and consequently consumed significantly more energy during those meals in which sucrose-sweetened chocolate milk was served. A macronutrient analysis of lunchtime food intake for each menu revealed significant differences in protein, fat, and carbohydrate content among the four menus. Older children consumed significantly more milk and more energy per lunchtime meal than did younger preschoolers, but no other consistent age-related differences were observed. No significant gender differences were detected in any of the statistical analyses conducted. These findings suggest that young children do not reduce the intake of other food items at a meal to compensate for the increased energy intake that results from excessive sucrose-sweetened milk consumption. Aspartame-sweetened milk increases milk intake in small children without providing them with the additional calories of sucrose-sweetened milk.
Analysis of Tamoxifen and its Metabolites

Tamoxifen is a non-steroidal anti-oestrogen used extensively in the treatment of breast cancer [l]. The usefulness of the drug and the interest in its mechanism of action have focused attention upon its pharmacokinetics and metabolism in animals and man (recently reviewed [2]). Several metabolites have been identified: metabolite B [3, 4], metabolite X [5] and metabolite Y [6,7]. Convenient assay systems are required for clinical monitoring of patients and for pharmacological studies.
Recent Advances in the Preparation and Use of Perfluorodecalin Emulsions for Tissue Perfusion

At the present time there are no perfusion media, aside from those containing red blood cells, which carry sufficient oxygen to maintain organs having a high QO2. Resort is made to hypothermia, hyperbaria, and perhaps abnormally high flow rates. There is a need for better perfusion media and for artificial blood.
Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on neuropsychological outcomes in children aged 1-11 years: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Normalisation of medicinal and recreational marijuana use has increased the importance of fully understanding effects of marijuana use on individual-and population-level health, including prenatal exposure effects on child development. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to examine the long-term effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on neuropsychological function in children aged 1-11 years. METHODS Primary research publications were searched from Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL EbscoHost, Cochrane Library, Global Health and ERIC (1980-2018). Eligible articles documented neuropsychological outcomes in children 1-11 years who had been prenatally exposed to marijuana. Studies of exposure to multiple prenatal drugs were included if results for marijuana exposure were reported separately from other substances. Data abstraction was independently performed by two reviewers using a standardised protocol. RESULTS The eligible articles (n = 21) on data from seven independent longitudinal studies had high quality based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Some analyses found associations (P < 0.05) between prenatal marijuana exposure and decreased performance on memory, impulse control, problem-solving, quantitative reasoning, verbal development and visual analysis tests; as well as increased performance on attention and global motion perception tests. Limitations included concurrent use of other substances among study participants, potential under-reporting and publication biases, non-generalisable samples and limited published results preventing direct comparison of analyses. CONCLUSIONS The specific effects of prenatal marijuana exposure remain unclear and warrant further research. The larger number of neuropsychological domains that exhibit decreased versus increased psychological and behavioural functions suggests that exposure to marijuana may be harmful for brain development and function.
Effects of weighting the ends of a tubular bell on modular frequencies

This paper presents a mathematical analysis of a modified tubular bell. Tubular bells are often modeled as a vibrating beam with free boundary conditions. However, most orchestral tubular bells con...
Low Cost Hybrid Spin-CMOS Compressor for Stochastic Neural Networks

With expansion of neural network (NN) applications lowering their hardware implementation cost becomes an urgent task especially in back-end applications where the power-supply is limited. Stochastic computing (SC) is a promising solution to realize low-cost hardware designs. Implementation of matrix multiplication has been a bottleneck in previous stochastic neural networks (SC-NNs). In this paper, we introduce spintronic components into the design of SC-NNs. A novel spin-CMOS matrix multiplier is proposed in which the stochastic multiplications are performed by CMOS AND gates while the sum of products is implemented by spintronic compressor gates. The experimental results indicate that compared to the conventional binary implementations the proposed hybrid spin-CMOS architecture can achieve over 125x, 4.5x and 43x; reduction in terms of power, energy and area consumptions, respectively. Moreover, compared to previous CMOS-based SC-NNs, our design saves the power by 3.1x - 7.3x, reduces energy consumption by 3.1x - 7.3x and decreases area by 1.4x - 7.6x while maintaining similar recognition rates.
Alpha, Omega, and the Letters in Between: LGBTQI Conservative Christians Undoing Gender:

Sociologists studying gender have debated West and Zimmerman’s premise that “doing gender is unavoidable,” seeking to ascertain whether people can “undo” or only “redo” gender. While sociologists h...
Sedentary Behavior and Quality of Life in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease:

Background. Sedentary behavior is a growing public health concern and may have particular relevance for the Parkinson disease (PD) population. However, the influence of sedentary time on factors associated with quality of life (QOL) in PD is unknown. The primary purpose of this study was to examine relationships between sedentary behaviors and markers of PD-specific QOL. A secondary purpose was to examine relationships between physical activity behaviors and QOL. Methods. We assessed sedentary and active behaviors using objective and interview measures and examined relationships between these behaviors and a measure of PD-specific QOL in individuals with PD. Results. Results demonstrated that sedentary time was significantly related to several aspects of QOL, including perceived deficits in the domains of mobility, cognitive processing, and communication. Additionally, results showed that time spent watching television was more strongly associated with lower levels of QOL than other more engaging sedentary activities. For physical activity, relationships between objective measures and QOL were weaker and only significantly associated with mobility. Time spent doing housework was associated with lower levels of QOL, whereas time spent in recreational activity was associated with lower levels of discomfort. Discussion. These results suggest that targeting decreases in sedentary behaviors (eg, reducing time spent watching television, breaking up prolonged bouts of sedentary time) may be effective for improving QOL in individuals with PD.
Building Trust Through Punk Rock

It needn't have been punk rock or death metal. We might have found something else to connect us. We simply had to take the time to look.
Using parallelized incremental meta-docking can solve the conformational sampling issue when docking large ligands to proteins

Docking large ligands, and especially peptides, to protein receptors is still considered a challenge in computational structural biology. Besides the issue of accurately scoring the binding modes of a protein-ligand complex produced by a molecular docking tool, the conformational sampling of a large ligand is also often considered a challenge because of its underlying combinatorial complexity. In this study, we evaluate the impact of using parallelized and incremental paradigms on the accuracy and performance of conformational sampling when docking large ligands. We use five datasets of protein-ligand complexes involving ligands that could not be accurately docked by classical protein-ligand docking tools in previous similar studies. Our computational evaluation shows that simply increasing the amount of conformational sampling performed by a protein-ligand docking tool, such as Vina, by running it for longer is rarely beneficial. Instead, it is more efficient and advantageous to run several short instances of this docking tool in parallel and group their results together, in a straightforward parallelized docking protocol. Even greater accuracy and efficiency are achieved by our parallelized incremental meta-docking tool, DINC, showing the additional benefits of its incremental paradigm. Using DINC, we could accurately reproduce the vast majority of the protein-ligand complexes we considered. Our study suggests that, even when trying to dock large ligands to proteins, the conformational sampling of the ligand should no longer be considered an issue, as simple docking protocols using existing tools can solve it. Therefore, scoring should currently be regarded as the biggest unmet challenge in molecular docking.
Philosophy: Underpinnings of Knowledge Organization

As we saw in the chapter just past, the province of knowledge organization is much broader than many suspect. It is not simply the matter of indexing documents for retrieval. As Hjorland (2008) points out so eloquently, knowledge organization is closely related to the theory of knowledge itself, in a primary way. If the essential phenomenon of our domain is knowledge, then obvious questions arise as to what is known, and how it is known. The fundamental question of knowledge organization brings us to an even more basic level as we seek always to ask “what is?” Therefore, it is essential that we have a proper grounding in ontology (the study of being) and epistemology (the study of knowing), and we are best served as a multidisciplinary science by turning to philosophy for answers unfiltered by the activities of scholars in other domains touching on our own. Here I begin with some basic definitions that will to understand the nature of knowledge, and therefore, of how it can be organized.
Guidance for the Next Generation Accelerated Pavement Testing Facilities

Full-scale Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facilities are constantly evolving since their inception in terms of their contributions to research/engineering, funding, and facility operations. This paper is intended to serve as a guidance to new facilities that are being initiated, as well as a long-term vision for longstanding facilities such as the Minnesota Department of Transportation’s Road Research Facility (MnROAD) and the National Center for Asphalt Technology’s (NCAT) Pavement Test Track. The recommendations provided are based on decades of experience at both facilities. Both facilities have recognized the importance of collaboration and partnership in improving data quality, research impacts, and fiscal responsibility. The benefits of various types of collaborations and partnerships from both facilities are presented. Each facility has learned to cater their research objectives to different customer types or funding sources. MnROAD and NCAT have found it beneficial to utilize their facilities for non-pavement research to offset operating costs and improve relationships with parent agencies and sponsors.
Travel Time Variability and Congestion Assessment for Origin–Destination Clusters through the Experience of Mobility Companies:

Reliability is a measure of network performance that reflects the ability of the network to provide predictable travel times. Deviations from planned travel times can increase travel costs for user...
Recent Advances in Electrical Neural Interface Engineering: Minimal Invasiveness, Longevity, and Scalability

Electrical neural interfaces serve as direct communication pathways that connect the nervous system with the external world. Technological advances in this domain are providing increasingly more powerful tools to study, restore, and augment neural functions. Yet, the complexities of the nervous system give rise to substantial challenges in the design, fabrication, and system-level integration of these functional devices. In this review, we present snapshots of the latest progresses in electrical neural interfaces, with an emphasis on advances that expand the spatiotemporal resolution and extent of mapping and manipulating brain circuits. We include discussions of large-scale, long-lasting neural recording; wireless, miniaturized implants; signal transmission, amplification, and processing; as well as the integration of interfaces with optical modalities. We outline the background and rationale of these developments and share insights into the future directions and new opportunities they enable.
Rate of surgery and baseline characteristics associated with surgery progression in young athletes with prearthritic hip disorders

Background:Prearthritic hip disorders (PAHD), such as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), acetabular dysplasia, and acetabular labral tears, are a common cause of pain and dysfunction in adolescent...
Present Applications of Humanoid Robots and Fuzzy Control

In this chapter, after given short information about humanoid robots and fuzzy control, recent applications and research papers of humanoid robots related with fuzzy control are reviewed. Studies about the humanoid robots and fuzzy logic-based control have been grouped under four major topic; the first one is stability and reliability control, the second one is walking pattern detection and the third one is navigation, and the final one is obstacle avoidance. In fact, these four topics are basic components of autonomous humanoid robots as similar as the other type robots. But the implementation of the control approach for each problem is special for humanoid robots in this chapter. As a result, this chapter reveals that various adaptations of the fuzzy logic-based control approach are used effectively to solve the different control problems of humanoid robots. Fuzzy logic-based control approaches are one of the basic control approaches that are widely used in humanoid robots, just like other robotic systems. Studies on this subject in the literature are gathered, grouped and presented in a structure that is easily accessible to the reader within this chapter.
A National Mental Health Profile of Parents of Children With Medical Complexity.

OBJECTIVES The mental health of parents of children with medical complexity (CMC) is poorly understood, yet it drives child and family health outcomes. For parents of CMC, compared with parents of noncomplex children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and children without special health care needs (non-CSHCN), we examined self-reported mental health, knowledge of community sources for help, and emotional support. METHODS Using parent-reported data from the combined 2016–2017 National Survey of Children’s Health, we divided the population into 3 groups: households with CMC, noncomplex CSHCN, and non-CSHCN. We compared these groups regarding the following: (1) parents’ risks for poor or fair mental health and knowledge of where to go for community help and (2) parent-reported sources of emotional support. RESULTS Of 63c955c588 parent-child dyads (weighted from a sample of 65c204), parents of CMC had greater adjusted odds of reporting poor or fair mental health compared with parents of noncomplex CSHCN (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.8) and non-CSHCN (aOR 4.6; 95% CI 2.5–8.6). Parents of CMC had greater odds of not knowing where to find community help compared with parents of noncomplex CSHCN (aOR 2.1; 95% CI 1.4–3.1) and non-CSHCN (aOR 2.9; 95% CI 2.0–4.3). However, parents of CMC were most likely to report receiving emotional support from health care providers and advocacy groups (P CONCLUSIONS Among all parents, those with CMC are at the highest risk to report suboptimal mental health. They more often report that they do not know where to find community help, but they do say that they receive emotional support from health care providers and advocacy groups. Future researchers should identify ways to directly support the emotional wellness of parents of CMC.
Do Gray Whales Count Calories? Comparing Energetic Values of Gray Whale Prey Across Two Different Feeding Grounds in the Eastern North Pacific

Predators must consume enough prey to support costly events, such as reproduction. Meeting high energetic requirements is particularly challenging for migrating baleen whales as their feeding seasons are typically restricted to a limited temporal window and marine prey are notoriously patchy. We assessed the energetic value of the six most common nearshore zooplankton species collected within the Oregon, USA range of the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) feeding grounds, and compared these results to the energetic value of the predominant amphipod species fed on by Eastern North Pacific (ENP) gray whales in the Arctic. Energetic values of Oregon zooplankton differed significantly between species (Kruskal-Wallis 2 = 123.38, df = 5, p<0.0001), with Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) megalopae displaying the highest mean caloric content of all tested species (4.21  1.27 kJ g-1). This value, as well as the mean energetic value of the mysid Neomysis rayii (2.42  1.06 kJ g-1), are higher than the mean caloric content of Ampelisca macrocephala, the predominant Arctic amphipod. Extrapolations of these results to daily energetic requirements of gray whales indicate that lactating and pregnant gray whales feeding in the PCFG range would require between 0.7-1.03 and 0.22-0.33 metric tons of prey less per day if they fed on Dungeness crab megalopae or N. rayii, respectively, than a whale feeding on A. macrocephala in the Arctic. Yet, these results do not account for differences in availability of these prey species to foraging gray whales. We therefore suggest that other factors, such as prey density, energetic costs of feeding, or natal philopatry and foraging site fidelity play a role in the differences in population sizes between the PCFG and ENP gray whales. Climate change is implicated in causing reduced body condition and increased mortality of both PCFG and ENP gray whales due to decreased prey availability and abundance. Therefore, improved understanding of prey dynamics in response to environmental variability in both regions is critical.
Recombinant allergens

In the near future, it can be anticipated that recombinant allergens will be used extensively for research purposes, including structural analysis of allergens, determination of T-cell function, and in animal and human experiments on allergen-induced inflammatory reactions. These is good evidence that recombinant allergen cocktails will be able to substitute or replace natural allergen extracts for diagnostic purposes. They will also be useful for the development of novel, patient-based diagnostic tests. Recombinant allergens will also allow clinical trials of new forms of immunotherapy and may, ultimately allows prophylactic allergy vaccines to be developed.
Algebra and Geometry in R n

The subject of Chapter 8 was paths in Rn and functions from R1 to Rn.The next step is surfaces in Rn and functions from Rm to Rn. But first it is necessary to take a close look at the simplest case in which the surfaces are planes and the functions are linear.
New Indications for HSP90 and HSP70 Inhibitors as Antiviral Drugs

Viruses infect host cells and elicit a broad range of ailments. The viral genome is relatively small and therefore viruses are reliant on host factors throughout the viral lifecycle. The molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) and 90 (HSP90), have been shown to be host factors that are utilized by a wide range of viruses, including HIV, influenza, polioviurs, and dengue virus for replication and propagation. There is an observed increase in HSP70 and HSP90 expression following viral infection. Additionally, HSP70 and HSP90 regulate anti-apoptotic pathways and assist in the proper folding of newly synthesized proteins during the viral lifecycle. The utilization of HSP70 and HSP90 in viral propagation is similar to the roles of these proteins in cancer progression. Small molecule inhibitors have been developed for both HSP70 and HSP90 as anticancer therapeutics, but there is recent evidence to suggest these inhibitors have indications as antiviral drugs. This chapter aims to highlight the roles of HSP70 and HSP90 in the lifecycle of numerous viruses. Furthermore, this will highlight the potential for already developed HSP70 and HSP90 inhibitors as antivirals and the development of further antiviral drugs targeting these proteins.
The Ideological Origins of the British Empire: Liberty and empire

Empire is of two kinds, Domestick and National , or Forrain and Provinciall . The dilemma of providing simultaneous and equally persuasive justifications of both dominium and imperium bedevilled theorists of real property and of maritime law. The dilemma was not necessarily insoluble, because there was no paradox involved in making such parallel claims to property and jurisdiction: the one did not necessarily threaten the other, though, as the Spanish Monarchy had discovered decades before the English and Scottish Crowns would, the two claims were not dependent upon one another, and each needed a separate and distinct argument. A more intractable dilemma arose from the tension between the competing demands of two overwhelmingly desirable but ultimately irreconcilable goals, liberty and empire. A variety of solutions to this dilemma had emerged by the later seventeenth century and, as William Petty noted in the 1680s, it may have been more apparent than real. However, for the classical – above all, Roman – historical and moral traditions within which the majority of early-modern British theorists had been educated, libertas and imperium remained seemingly incompatible values. This was hardly confined to those who asserted the primacy of Roman moral and political thought as a means of contemporary self-understanding. So widespread was knowledge of classical history, among the generally educated as well as the more technically learned, that the problem of how to achieve empire while sustaining liberty became a defining concern of British imperial ideology from the late sixteenth century onwards.
Chemical vapor deposition of WNxCy using the tungsten piperidylhydrazido complex Cl4(CH3CN)W(N-pip): Deposition, characterization, and diffusion barrier evaluation

The tungsten piperidylhydrazido complex Cl4(CH3CN)W(N-pip) (1) was used for film growth of tungsten carbonitride (WNxCy) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in the absence and presence of ammonia (NH3) in H2 carrier. The microstructure of films deposited with NH3 was x-ray amorphous between 300 and 450°C. The chemical composition of films deposited with NH3 exhibited increased N levels and decreased C levels over the entire deposition temperature range (300–700°C) as compared to films deposited without NH3. As determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, W is primarily bonded to N and C for films deposited at 400°C, but at lower deposition temperature the binding energy of the W–O bond becomes more evident. The growth rates of films deposited with NH3 varied from 0.6A∕min at 300°C to 4.2A∕min at 600°C. Over 600°C, the growth rate decreased when using NH3 presumably due to parasitic gas phase reactions that deplete the precursor. Diffusion barrier properties were investigated using Cu∕WNxCy...
Reversible Inhibition of Adenine Nucleotide Translocation by Long Chain Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Esters in Liver Mitochondria of Diabetic and Hibernating Animals

The sluggish respiratory response to ADP in liver mitochondria of alloxan diabetic rats and hibernating ground squirrels was overcome by addition of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting that poor penetration of ADP prevented maximum oxygen consumption. The in vivo depression of adenine nucleotide translocation through the inner mitochondrial membrane was confirmed directly by measurements of [14C]ADP translocase and 32Pi-ATP exchange reactions. The inhibition of adenine nucleotide penetration was considered to be a consequence of increased hepatic lipid content, particularly long chain acyl-CoA esters, which occur in diabetes and hibernation. Demonstrated changes in the pattern of mitochondrial long chain fatty acids may be responsible for the altered spectral characteristics of the cytochromes observed in these animals. The inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation could be reproduced in vitro with normal rat liver mitochondria by production of, or upon addition of certain esters of long chain fatty acids. Simultaneous addition of pyruvate or α-ketoglutarate with the free fatty acid prevented formation of the acyl-CoA ester and inhibition of translocation. Selective reversal of the inhibition by carnitine provided strong evidence implicating the acyl-CoA ester rather than the free fatty acid as the inhibitory agent. From these results, it is postulated that certain long chain acyl-CoA esters, acting as natural effectors of adenine nucleotide translocation, can perform a physiological role in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
Taking Conscience Seriously

For too long, the conventional account of morality in medicine has placed conscience firmly on one side of the moral divide. The archetypal doctor who refuses to participate in controversial treatments — most commonly end-of-life care, abortion, sterilization, and contraception — has been the lodestar of legislative efforts and scholarly accounts. In the name of institutional conscience, healthcare facilities have also been permitted to assert moral or religious objections to care and impose them on employees and affiliates of all beliefs and backgrounds. Doctors, nurses, and institutions that are willing to deliver controversial care have been virtually absent from discussions.This Article aims to reframe the debate by taking conscience seriously. Through engagement with the moral philosophical literature, it makes two inter-related arguments. First, conscience equally may compel a doctor or nurse to deliver a controversial treatment to a patient in need. Yet existing legislation meant to protect conscience, paradoxically, has undermined the consciences of these doctors and nurses. Second, endowing healthcare institutions with conscience via legislation is theoretically and practically problematic. By privileging the institutions’ rights to refuse to provide certain treatments, legislation impinges on the rights of individual providers to provide care they feel obligated by conscience to deliver. Ultimately, if legislation is to protect conscience, it must negotiate between competing claims of conscience of health providers and the facilities in which they work — regardless of whether they refuse or are willing to provide controversial care. This Article introduces a new framework for achieving a better balance between the interests of institutions, individual doctors and nurses, and the patients who depend on them for care.
The Sexual Abuse Paradigm in Historical Perspective: Passivity and Emotion in Mid-Twentieth-Century America

WHAT MORE CAN HISTORIANS say about the sexual abuse recovery movement of the 1980s and 1990s? Its rise and fall are now well known. In the early 1980s Americans were shocked to learn that incest and child sexual abuse, formerly believed rare, were widespread. Mandatory reporting laws were passed. Statistics skyrocketed, with the percentage of American women who were "survivors of childhood sexual trauma" estimated
Compatibility between AISI441 alloy interconnect and representative seal glasses in solid oxide fuel/electrolyzer cells

Abstract AISI441 alloy, an advanced ferritic stainless steel, is considered as a promising metallic interconnect material for solid oxide fuel/electrolyzer cells. In this work, the compatibility between the AISI441 alloy and four representative seal glasses (YSO-4, G18, SABS-0, and SCAN2) has been studied. The AISI441/glass couples are thermally treated in both air and H 2 /H 2 O atmospheres at 800 °C for up to 500 h. Interfacial morphology shows that the YSO-4 glass and the SCAN2 glass have relatively high reaction tendency with the AISI441 alloy; the G18 glass devitrifies extensively during the thermal treatment; and the SABS-0 glass shows very little interaction or devitrification. In the H 2 /H 2 O atmosphere, the AISI441 alloy has less interaction with the sealing glasses compared with the air condition. Different phases from interfacial reaction and devitrification have been identified for each of the sealing glasses. Diffusion, devitrification, and reaction are the events occurring at the interface. Overall, the AISI441/SABS-0 glass couple shows the least interfacial reaction and devitrification and the best thermal stability.
Mechanisms of defect formation and growth during thermal ramping and annealing in oxygen implanted silicon-on-insulator material

Abstract The development of defects in high-dose oxygen implanted silicon-on-insulator (SIMOX) material during thermal ramping and annealing was directly studied by weak beam and high resolution electron microscopy. The ramping and annealing cycle was simulated by annealing a series of samples for 2 h at temperatures from 700 to 1250°C. Short stacking faults, 10–30 nm lenght, are present in as-implanted material in the superficial silicon layer with some extending to the wafer surface from small, near-surface precipitates. During annealing from 900 to 1100°C the near-surface precipitates grow and generate additional stacking faults, some of which grow downward through the superficial silicon layer toward the buried oxide. At higher annealing temperatures the near-surface precipitates dissolve, but stacking faults are stabilized by the wafer free surface and by precipitates near the buried oxide. Lateral dislocation segments also from between precipitates near the buried oxide during thermal ramping. At the latter stages of high temperature annealing, precipitates and lateral pinned dislocations are incorporated into the buried oxide, but defects running through the superficial silicon layer are stabilized by the wafer surface and by the buried oxide, resulting in a high defect density of 10 9 cm −2 . Techniques for processing SIMOX for defect density reduction are discussed in terms of the role of the defect formation mechanisms.
The mechanism of AH receptor protein down-regulation (degradation) and its impact on AH receptor-mediated gene regulation.

The proteolytic degradation of transcription factors is an established mechanism of regulating signal transduction pathways. Recent reports have suggested that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) protein is rapidly downregulated (degraded) following ligand binding. The downregulation of AHR has been observed in nine distinct cells culture lines derived from human and rodent tissues and has also been observed in rodent models following exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The downregulation of AHR appears to be ubiquitin mediated and occurs via the 26S proteasome pathway following nuclear export of AHR. The consequence of blocking AHR degradation in cell culture appears to be an increase in both the magnitude and duration of gene regulation by the AHR.ARNT complex. Thus, the physiological role of AHR degradation may be to modulate AHR-mediated gene regulation. This review provides analysis of the studies that have focused on the degradation of AHR in vivo and in vitro and the hypothesis that the downregulation of AHR is critical in the attenuation of AHR-mediated gene regulation.