cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of intravenous and oral midazolam

Purpose To evaluate the population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) midazolam (MDZ) with predictive covariates and to optimize dosing and sampling design for a clinical CYP3A inhibition study. Methods. PK data were combined from 5 similar studies consisting of 112 healthy adults (>3000 observations), 68 female, 44 male, 20 - 81 yrs of age and 42 -113 kg weight (WT). Subjects were administered MDZ in PO (tablet, 15N solution or syrup) or IV formulations on 2 to 5 occasions. Simultaneous IV and PO (15N-MDZ) data were available in 82% of subjects. IV MDZ dose (30-min infusion) was 0.05 mg/kg and PO doses ranged 2.5 - 15 mg. The PPK model was developed using nonlinear-mixed effect model (NONMEM). Simulations (Pharsight TS2) were used to assess sample size effect on covariate identification and for model validation using Posterior Predictive Checks. Results. A three-compartment open model described MDZ PK with first-order absorption and elimination. CL was described by blood flow and intrinsic clearance (CLint). Blood flow was a power function of WT. CYP2D6 genotype and formulation influenced Clint and bioavailability. WT is a predictor on volume. Inter-occasion variability on CL was 19%. Conclusions. A robust validated PPK model for MDZ has been developed. Simulations supported the power of the study to identify covariate effects. Optimal dosing and sampling schemes were selected based on simulations for a semi-simultaneous CYP3A inhibition study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P91–P91; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.348
Indicators of Consumer Behavior: The University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers

THE Survey Research Center at The University of Michigan began a series of periodic consumer surveys more than 35 years ago, under the direction of George Katona. The Surveys of Consumers were developed and based on a theoretical view designated as behavioral or psychological economics (Katona, 1951; 1956; 1964; 1975; 1978; 1980). The underlying theory focuses on the human factor in economic affairs. During the past several decades, changes in consumer expenditures for housing and vehicles have played a major role in determining whether the entire economy slipped into recession or moved toward recovery and growth. The consumer, rather than business or the government, has become the dominant actor in shaping the course of the aggregate economy. For the analysis of short-run fluctuations in economic activity, consumer outlays can be roughly categorized as either necessary or discretionary expenditures. The aggregate level of expenditures for necessary budget items is more stable over time and shows only small cyclical variation. Consumer decisions regarding necessary expenditures are frequently governed by need and guided by the force of habit, and in some cases, by contractual requirements-as for example, expenditures on shelter or loan repayments. Discretionary expenditures, in contrast, more frequently involve active decision mak
Central Photorefractlve Keratectomy for Myopia: Partially Sighted and Normally Sighted Eyes

Abstract Ten partially sighted and 19 normally sighted eyes underwent excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for the correction of myopia. Nine of the partially sighted and 17 of the normally sighted eyes had 12 months of follow-up. Epithelial healing was complete in all eyes by day 6. None of the eyes had recurrent erosions, infections, or other medical complications. An increase in corneal haze after surgery was followed by a slow trend toward clearing. Average uncorrected visual acuity in the 7 normally sighted eyes with attempted corrections of 5 diopters (D) or less was 20/40 from month 2 on; the eyes with greater than 5 D attempted corrections had an average of 20/80- at month 2, which declined to 20/200- by month 6. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was within ±1 Snellen line of preoperative values in 14 of the normally sighted eyes, improved 2 or more lines in 2 eyes, and worsened two or more lines in two eyes. Hard contact lens overcorrection restored all of the two-line loss in 1 eye and 1 line of the 3-line loss in the other. Refraction and keratometry indicated corneal flattening without induced astigmatism.
The Body Temperature of Tenebrionid Beetles in the Namib Desert of Southern Africa

1. In direct sunshine the abdomen of living Onymacris brincki , which is covered by white elytra, was 3-4 °C cooler than its thorax, while in the same conditions the abdomen and thorax of O. rugatipemtis , which is an entirely black beetle, had the same temperature. Since similar effects were observed in dead beetles, the warmer thorax was not due to muscular activity. When the white elytra of brincki were covered with carbon black, its abdominal temperature rose to equal that of rugatipenntis . Models, made of pieces of black and white elytra, showed similar effects. 2. The smaller species Stenocara eburnea (with white elytra) showed a smaller and less consistent temperature depression when compared with the similar-sized species S. depressa (which is black). Abdomens of O. rugatipennis, O. laeviceps and Physosterna cribripes (all large black beetles) were from 3-5 °C wanner than O. brincki , but showed no consistent difference among themselves. 3. When O. rugatipennis was oriented head-on to the sun in its natural environment its thorax was about 4 °C cooler than when its long axis was normal to the sun9s rays. Beetles exposed to sunshine were 12-15 °C warmer than they were in the shade. When transferred from one to the other, the greater part of temperature equilibration occurred in about 2 min and equilibration was complete in about 4 min. 4. Observation suggested that beetles thermoregulate by moving between sunshine and shade. Measurements showed that a beetle exposed to alternating periods of 10 sec in sunshine and 30 sec in shade reached a steady temperature of about 33 °C, while the reverse conditions (10 sec in the shade and 30 sec in sunshine) led to a temperature of about 38 °C. In continuous alternations thoracic temperatures remained constant within about 1 °C. 5. Laboratory experiments in which the angle of incidence of the sun9s rays was varied through 180° confirmed the field results and showed that white elytra lower the abdominal temperature of living and dead beetles. 6. Upper lethal temperatures for 30 min in saturated air varied from 50 °C for the desert tenebrionid Onymacris plana to 42.5 °C for the mesic species Trigonopus capicola . In general, upper lethal temperatures correlated well with habitat and habit. 7. Making certain assumptions, analysis of the heat balance of beetles during one exposure in sunshine suggests that the difference between the white elytra of brincki and the black ones of rugatipennis as regards the amount of short-wave radiation reflected is 0.227 cal cm -2 min -1 , and further, that the reflectivities of the two surfaces are 79% and 38% respectively. 8. The selective advantage of white elytra probably has little to do with heat balance; the vivid contrast between white and black suggests that the pattern may be aposematic.
Effect of acute exercise on glycogen levels in adrenalectomized rats

In animal and human populations the resting level of muscle glycogen is an important determinant of an exercise response. Since the hormonal mechanisms are obscure, the effectof a single bout of exercise on muscle and liver glycogen levels was studied in adrenalectomized, adrenaldemedullated, and sham-operated Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma FFA levels, 11-OHCS levels and blood glucose values were also measured in rats who were approximately 50 days old at the time of surgery. One week after surgery, the animals were “exhausted” by running on a treadmill for 60-70 min at grades between 0-15% and speeds ranging from 8.8 to 22.8 m⁄min. The plasma 11-OHCS and FFA levels indicated that the surgical and exercise procedures were effective and strenuous. Resting muscle glycogen results from nonexercised animals showed that the adrenal-demedullated group had the highest concentration of all groups.Immediately after exercise,liver and muscle glycogen stores were significantly reduced in every group whilethe plasma FFA...
Incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing models

Stable isotopes are often used as natural labels to quantify the contributions of multiple sources to a mixture. For example, C and N isotopic signatures can be used to determine the fraction of three food sources in a consumer's diet. The standard dual isotope, three source linear mixing model assumes that the proportional contribution of a source to a mixture is the same for both elements (e.g., C, N). This may be a reasonable assumption if the concentrations are similar among all sources. However, one source is often particularly rich or poor in one element (e.g., N), which logically leads to a proportionate increase or decrease in the contribution of that source to the mixture for that element relative to the other element (e.g., C). We have developed a concentration-weighted linear mixing model, which assumes that for each element, a source's contribution is proportional to the contributed mass times the elemental concentration in that source. The model is outlined for two elements and three sources, but can be generalized to n elements and n+1 sources. Sensitivity analyses for C and N in three sources indicated that varying the N concentration of just one source had large and differing effects on the estimated source contributions of mass, C, and N. The same was true for a case study of bears feeding on salmon, moose, and N-poor plants. In this example, the estimated biomass contribution of salmon from the concentration-weighted model was markedly less than the standard model estimate. Application of the model to a captive feeding study of captive mink fed on salmon, lean beef, and C-rich, N-poor beef fat reproduced very closely the known dietary proportions, whereas the standard model failed to yield a set of positive source proportions. Use of this concentration-weighted model is recommended whenever the elemental concentrations vary substantially among the sources, which may occur in a variety of ecological and geochemical applications of stable isotope analysis. Possible examples besides dietary and food web studies include stable isotope analysis of water sources in soils, plants, or water bodies; geological sources for soils or marine systems; decomposition and soil organic matter dynamics, and tracing animal migration patterns. A spreadsheet for performing the calculations for this model is available at http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/models.htm.
System-Assigned Strategies and CBI

Presents a theoretical framework for designing computer-based systems that guide students in the selection of learning strategies. Reviews the relationship between learning strategies and instructional strategies. Compares theories for determining when system-assigned learning strategies will promote acquisition of knowledge and skills. Discusses task-relevant aptitude as a factor in the assignment of learning strategies. Describes advantages of learning strategies as stimuli to effective cognitive processing; postulated benefits include improved relevance of processing to performance measures, and increased working memory. Outlines potential applications of system-assigned learning strategies in the design of computer-based instructional systems.
FlhA, a Component of the Flagellum Assembly Apparatus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Plays a Role in Internalization by Corneal Epithelial Cells

Pseudomonas aeruginosa invades various epithelial cell types in vitro and in vivo. The P. aeruginosa genome possesses a gene (flhA) which encodes a protein that is believed to be part of the export apparatus for flagellum assembly and which is homologous to invA of Salmonella spp. Because invA is required for invasion ofSalmonella spp., a role for flhA in P. aeruginosa invasion was explored using cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells. An flhA mutant of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was constructed and was shown to be nonmotile. Complementation with flhA in transrestored motility. Corneal cells were infected for 3 h with the wild type (PAO1), the flhA mutant, the flhA mutant complemented with flhA in trans, anflhA mutant containing the plasmid vector control, or anfliC mutant (nonmotile mutant control). Invasion was quantified by amikacin exclusion assays. Both the flhA and the fliC mutants invaded at a lower level than the wild-type strain did, suggesting that both fliC andflhA played roles in invasion. However, loss of motility was not sufficient to explain the reduced invasion by flhAmutants, since centrifugation of bacteria onto cells did not restore invasion to wild-type levels. Unexpectedly, the flhA mutant adhered significantly better to corneal epithelial cells than wild-type bacteria or the fliC mutant did. The percentage of adherent bacteria that invaded was reduced by ∼80% for the flhAmutant and ∼50% for the fliC mutant, showing that only part of the role of flhA in invasion involvesfliC. Invasion was restored by complementing theflhA mutant with flhA in trans but not by the plasmid vector control. Intracellular survival assays, in which intracellular bacteria were enumerated after continued incubation in the presence of antibiotics, showed that although flhAand fliC mutants had a reduced capacity for epithelial cell entry, they were not defective in their ability to survive within those cells after entry. These results suggest that the flagellum assembly type III secretion system plays a role in P. aeruginosainvasion of epithelial cells. Since the flhA mutants were not defective in their ability to adhere to corneal epithelial cells, to retain viability at the cell surface, or to survive inside epithelial cells after entry, the role of flhA in invasion of epithelial cells is likely to occur during the process of bacterial internalization.
PLIN1 gene: fat keeper and prevention switcher

it has long been recognized that the ability to become an elite athlete has a strong genetic basis. Support for this notion does not require the use of sophisticated laboratory genetic analyses, but just being a passive spectator of sporting events. When it comes to athletics (specifically, track
Budd-Chiari Syndrome Due to Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction

Summary A patient is described with a Budd-Chiari syndrome due to membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava above the orifice of the right hepatic vein. Symptoms and findings were limited to right upper quadrant pain and mild hepatomegaly, and the Budd-Chiari syndrome was suspected only because of characteristic hepatic histology.
Integrating Theoretical Perspectives Of Student Rating Behavior

This paper examines attribution, grade-leniency/stringency, motivation, and construct validity theories of student-rating behavior. Previous research has tended to treat these theories as mutually exclusive. However, our findings suggest that these theoretical perspectives should be integrated into a unified theory of student-rating behavior. The R-squares found in this study are larger than in any previous research, which we attribute largely to the rigor of using structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. The significant bias that was found in this study suggests the need to rethink the use of student ratings when evaluating faculty performance.
The Analysis of the Impact of a Mild, Low-iodine, Lotion Soap on the Reduction of Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A New Opportunity for Surveillance by Objectives

A significant unremitting increase in the incidence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in a 500-bed acute care community teaching hospital prompted reevaluation of the efficacy of the infection control measures used. A well-accepted, low-iodine, antimicrobial soap was used to replace a liquid natural handsoap in two areas with the highest incidence of MRSA--the intensive care unit, and a medical division. Over a two-year period, an analysis was made of the effect of soap replacement on nosocomial infections and pathogens. Soap changeover occurred at the midpoint of the two-year period. From year to year, the nosocomial MRSA rate decreased 80% (t test, P = 0.005). Other pathogens that demonstrated a dramatic decrease included methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), infections where no pathogens were isolated, and various gram-negative infections. Categories of nosocomial infections that decreased included surgical wound infections, primary bacteremias, and respiratory tract infections. The overall nosocomial infection rate of the two combined areas decreased 21.5%, representing a year-to-year savings of $109,500. As a result, the decision was made to install the low-iodine handsoap permanently at all sinks within the hospital.
A junction-by-junction feedback-based strategy with convergence analysis for dynamic traffic assignment

By considering the traffic assignment problem as a control problem, this paper develops a new realtime route guidance strategy for accurate convergence of the traffic flows to user equilibrium (UE) or system optimum (SO), in the presence of drivers’ response uncertainties. With the new guidance strategy, the drivers make routing decisions based on the route guidance information from junction to junction. Specifically, instead of total travel cost of every route from origin to destination, the travel cost of every alternative link plus the average cost to destination from the next junction corresponding to the alternative link is sent to the drivers at each specific junction. The drivers’ response to the route guidance information is directly modeled by the splitting rates at the junctions, which are simply negatively correlated with the comparison of related cost information and are able to take into account the drivers’ response uncertainties. With the proposed route guidance strategy, in the case of fixed travel demands, the accurate convergence of the traffic flows to a UE is guaranteed in the presence of drivers’ response uncertainties by using LaSalle’s invariance principle. When marginal travel cost information, instead of travel cost information, is sent to the drivers, a system optimum can be achieved under a mild condition on the marginal cost function.
The homogenization of the three dimensional skew polynomial algebras of type I

This paper studies a special case of graded central extensions of three dimen-sional Artin-Schelter regular algebras, see [9, §3]. The algebras are homoge-nizations of two classes of three dimensional skew polynomial algebras. We refer to these algebras as Type I and Type II algebras. We describe the non-commutative projective geometry and compute the finite dimensional simple modules for the homogenization of Type I algebras in the case that α is not a primitive root of unity. In this case, all finite dimensional simple modules are quotients of line modules that are homogenizations of Verma modules.
Birth as a Grave Misfortune: The Traditional Doctrine of Hell and Christian Salvific Exclusivism

Christians typically view it as morally good for married persons to have children, although some believe that there are limits to how many children it is good to have. In this essay, I wish to argue from the standpoint of ordinary moral intuitions that if Christian exclusivism and the traditional doctrine of hell are true, then this view is mistaken. In particular, I argue that it is morally wrong, given these traditional Christian doctrines, to bring a child in the world when the odds that he or she will spend an eternal afterlife suffering the torments of hell are as significantly high as they would be if these two doctrines are true.
Shell model studies in89Nb

Experimental data on89Nb are analyzed in terms of shell model calculations using 1g9/2 and 2p1/2 valence nucleon orbits. The agreement between theory and experiment for the excitation energies and decay modes of the observed levels is very good. The possible properties of levels involved in weak or contaminated transitions at 2,523.7, 2,728.2 and 2,935.1 keV are indicated.
NEW VIBRATION DEPRESSION METHOD OF PCB AND ITS DYNAMIC SIMULATION UNDER STOCHASTIC VIBRATION EXCITATION

The plug-in mode of PCB is a normal assembly form used in military electronic devices.In order to depress the PCB's acceleration response under stochastic vibration,some trails with different boundary conditions have been designed to find out the propagation path of vibration energy and then the potential betterment way is discovered from the results.According to the stochastic vibration term in GJB150,the dynamic model for ANSYS use is created,the calculation process of response spectrum of multiple degrees of freedom system is deduced in addition,and the magnitude of acceleration response and the spectrum curve of PSD are obtained.The betterment is validated by the experiment data,which decrease the magnitude of acceleration response by more than 30%.
The Impact of Defence Expenditures on the Saudi Arabian Private Sector

Saudi Arabia faces a major economic challenge.1 Recent events in world oil markets have led to a significant decline in oil income, the ultimate source of government expenditures and stimulus to the economy. Crude oil output and oil revenues have fallen precipitously, from a high of 9.9 million barrels per day (mbd) and $101.8 billion in revenue in 1981 to 4.3 mbd and $23 billion in 1986.2 While both revenues and production rates have improved since the latter part of 1986, they are still not close to the levels obtained in the early 1980s, nor are they likely to return to those levels in the foreseeable future. As a result in 1986 the country’s deficit on current account was second only to that of United States. To finance its current account deficits the government has been forced gradually to liquidate its long-term foreign capital holdings — estimates vary considerably, but the general consensus seems to be that the country’s foreign asset holdings have declined from about $150 billion in 1981 to around $60 billion by the start of 1987. In short, the 1987 situation contrasts markedly with Saudi Arabia’s experiences since 1973.
Coming in First: Sound and Embodiment in Spelling Bees

The increasingly intense level of competition of the National Spelling Bee in recent years suggests that this “brain sport” has become a complex site for the politics of language standardization, media, and childhood competition. In this article I delve into this nexus to explore its heart: sound. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at spelling bees and with spellers, families, officials, and media broadcasters, I examine how spellers experience the word as a melange of sounds, the embodied processes that inform their orthographic choices, and how this sensory process made viewable for media audiences who may know little about orthography. Employing what Steve Feld (2015) has called “acoustemology,” I analyze competitive spelling through the lens of “firstness,” a concept the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1955) identified as a mode of being replete with unmediated feelings and qualities. Two-minute spelling bee turns serve as ethnographic examples of language materiality that reveal the complex routines that spellers undertake in each spelling bee round. This onstage sensorium also provides a basis upon which media broadcasters create metasemiotic frameworks through which to observe and understand the complexity this sensory activity. Video abstract: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TOnAokn96E
Design Choices In Specification Languages And Verification Systems

We describe some of the design choices that should be considered in the development and application of specification languages and verification systems. A principal issue is the need to reconcile the desire for expressiveness in the specification language with the ability to provide effective mechanical support. We argue that this reconciliation is assisted by a novel approach to specification language design that requires theorem proving to be used during typechecking. A second key requirement is for the theorem prover to be specialized towards the needs of verification. This means that the theorem prover must assist in the rapid identification of the sources of errors in incorrect theorems as well as in the certification of true theorems, and that it must produce a proof suitable for human review. We argue that a combination of powerful automation (including decision procedures) at the low level, and user-guidance at the high level, provides ihe most efledive approach to these goals.
Parallel hybrid bispectrum-multiframe blind deconvolution algorithm for horizontal imaging

This paper presents a massively parallel hybrid, bispectrum speckle imaging (SI) and multi-frame blind deconvolution (B-MFBD) image reconstruction technique for anisoplanatic, long horizontal path imaging. We use a fast initial estimate, generated using parallel bispectrum SI technique, to initialize the parallel multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) algorithm. The proposed hybrid B-MFBD technique, through massive parallelization, significantly speedups both existing iterative bispectrum SI and MFBD parts of the hybrid algorithm. We report a speedup factor of 7.31 with respect to sequential implementation of the same algorithm for an image size of 256 × 256.
Survival and Growth of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria in Refrigerated Pickle Products

We examined 10 lactic acid bacteria that have been previously characterized for commercial use as probiotic cultures, mostly for dairy products, including 1 Pediococcus and 9 Lactobacilli. Our objectives were to develop a rapid procedure for determining the long-term survivability of these cultures in acidified vegetable products and to identify suitable cultures for probiotic brined vegetable products. We therefore developed assays to measure acid resistance of these cultures to lactic and acetic acids, which are present in pickled vegetable products. We used relatively high acid concentrations (compared to commercial products) of 360 mM lactic acid and 420 mM acetic acid to determine acid resistance with a 1 h treatment. Growth rates were measured in a cucumber juice medium at pH 5.3, 4.2, and 3.8, at 30 °C and 0% to 2% NaCl. Significant differences in acid resistance and growth rates were found among the 10 cultures. In general, the acid resistant strains had slower growth rates than the acid sensitive strains. Based on the acid resistance data, selected cultures were tested for long-term survival in a simulated acidified refrigerated cucumber product. We found that one of the most acid resistant strains (Lactobacillus casei) could survive for up to 63 d at 4 °C without significant loss of viability at 108 CFU/mL. These data may aid in the development of commercial probiotic refrigerated pickle products.
Therapy of acute myeloid leukemia.

The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) has recently reviewed the outcome for more than 1,400 patients with previously untreated AML entered on five successive clinical trials.5,6 Each trial included daunorubicin and cytarabine for induction. Successive trials in this analysis included postremission therapy with increasingly more intensive consolidation. Among 1,414 patients,62% achieved CR, but 76% have relapsed or died. The overall survival (OS) rate for all patients at 5 years is only 15%. Patients aged 55 years or older fared particularly poorly. The 5-year OS rate was 9%33% for patients less than 55 years of age and 6%-15% for patients aged 55 years and older.5,6 Among patients less than age 55 years, both the DFS and OS increased with more intensive postremission strategies.
Reflections on Editing the Journal of Finance, 2006-2012

Over my six years as editor at the Journal of Finance (2006-2012), I handled approximately 7,500 submissions. Even at the point of my “retirement” on July 1, 2012, I still had more than 500 manuscripts under my control. This paper gives some of the historical background as well as offering some insights about editing, submission strategies for authors, as well as advice for referees.
Selectivity tuning over monometallic and bimetallic dehydrogenation catalysts: effects of support and particle size

The efficacy of tandem dehydrogenation–condensation catalysts for the upgrade of bio-derived intermediates is largely determined by their relative (de-)hydrogenation and decarbonylation activity. Here, the effects of support and particle size of heterogeneous PdCu alloy catalysts on (de-)hydrogenation and decarbonlylation reactions were investigated using kinetic measurements, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). The chemical mismatch of Cu2+ with Ti4+ and Ca2+ prevents the substitution of Cu into the lattice of TiO2 or hydroxyapatite supports, and facilitates its alloying with Pd, resulting in improved selectivity for hydrogenation–dehydrogenation reactions compared to decarbonylation reactions. Based on kinetic measurements of butyraldehyde reactions over Pd and PdCu/SiO2 model catalysts, decarbonylation activity is attributed to the presence of Pd surface ensembles, while (de-)hydrogenation reactions are catalyzed by PdCu sites on the surface. This is consistent with selectivity and CO coverage trends with increasing conversion, and DFT-based microkinetic modeling. Selectivity control can also be achieved using the PdCu nanocluster size. Smaller nanoparticles favor the C–CO bond scission step of the decarbonylation reaction, due to the stronger binding of CO and alkyl species to sites of lower coordination. CO-induced segregation of reactive Pd atoms to under-coordinated step/edge sites also amplifies the geometric effect on the catalytic behavior.
Chasing Their Tails: Why Do Firms Subsidize Underperforming Business Units?

Firms repeatedly fail to exit from underperforming lines of business. To explore the managerial motives of exit delay, this paper joins theory on scope economies and real options with a theory of internal capital market efficiency. I show that economies of scope, along with characteristics of the firm’s chief executive officer (CEO), play a significant role in the managerial decision to delay exit from an underperforming line of business. In the final stage of the analysis, I present evidence that managers may be overestimating the scope economies and option values behind their investment decisions, and that these decisions may also be subject to an escalation of commitment.
Building a CAR Garage: Preparing for the Delivery of Commercial CAR T Cell Products at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

Abstract Two commercial chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for CD19-expressing B cell malignancies, Kymriah and Yescarta, have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The administration of CAR T cells is a complex endeavor involving cell manufacture, tracking and shipping of apheresis products, and management of novel and severe toxicities. At Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, we have identified 8 essential tasks that define the CAR T cell workflow. In this review, we discuss practical aspects of CAR T cell program development, including clinical, administrative, and regulatory challenges for successful implementation.
Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in Non-Liver Organ Transplantation Programs

Solid organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for many patients with end organ damage. Hepatitis C (HCV) infection is prevalent among solid organ candidates and recipients and remains to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality for this population. New therapies are currently available for this population. In the following review, we will outline HCV treatment strategies in non-liver transplantation candidates and recipients. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have drastically modified the treatment landscape of HCV. New DAA agents have been studied in patients with chronic diseases, transplantation candidates, and transplantation recipients. The safety and efficacy of DAAs in patients awaiting liver transplantation and liver transplantation recipients has provided us with guidance on how to use them effectively for patients who received or are awaiting non-liver solid organ transplantations.
Thriving in scrubs: a qualitative study of resident resilience

Physician well-being impacts both doctors and patients. In light of high rates of physician burnout, enhancing resilience is a priority. To inform effective interventions, educators need to understand how resilience develops during residency. A qualitative study using grounded theory examined the lived experience of resilience in residents. A cohort of obstetrics and gynecology residents were selected as a purposive, intensity sample.. Eighteen residents in all years of training participated in semi-structured interviews. A three-phase process of open coding, analytic coding and thematic analysis generated a conceptual model for resilience among residents. Resilience among residents emerged as rooted in the resident’s calling to the work of medicine. Drive to overcome obstacles arose from personal identity and aspiration to professional ideals. Adversity caused residents to examine and cultivate coping mechanisms. Personal connections to peers and mentors as well as to patients and the work helped buffer the stress and conflicts that present. Resilience in this context is a developmental phenomenon that grows through engagement with uncertainty and adversity. Resilience in residents is rooted in personal and professional identity, and requires engagement with adversity to develop. Connections within the medical community, finding personal fulfillment in the work, and developing self-care practices enhance resilience.
Performance comparison of Cross Memory Attach capable MPI vs. Multithreaded Optimistic Parallel Simulations

The growth in many-core CPUs has motivated development of shared-memory, multithreaded solutions to minimize communication and synchronization overheads in Parallel Discrete Event Simulations (PDES). Analogous capabilities, such as Cross Memory Attach (CMA) based approaches have been added to Message Passing Interface (MPI) libraries. CMA permits MPI-processes to directly read/write data from/to a different process's virtual memory space to exchange messages. This paper compares the performance of CMA capable, MPI-based version to our fine-tuned multithreaded version. The paper also discusses implementation and optimization of the multithreaded infrastructure to elucidate the design alternatives being compared and assessed. Our experiments conducted using 2-28 threads and a fine-grained (time per event 0.7 us) version of PHOLD benchmark shows that message-passing outperforms multithreading (by 10%-20%) in many scenarios but underperforms in others. The complex performance landscape inferred from our experiments suggest that more in-depth analysis of model characteristics is needed to decide between shared-memory multithreading versus message-passing approaches.
Motivational contraints: Die Teilnahmeentscheidung

Im vorigen Kapitel beschaftigten wir uns mit der individuellen Motivation zur Leistungserbringung und beschrieben das Verhalten der Beschaftigten innerhalb eines allgemeinen Entscheidungsrahmens. Wir fuhrten an, das bei Entscheidungen der Beschaftigten zur Teilnahme an der Organisation andere Uberlegungen eine Rolle spielen als bei Entscheidungen zur Leistungserbringung. In diesem Kapitel wollen wir uns mit der Entscheidung zur Teilnahme an einer Organisation beschaftigen. Die Entscheidung zur Teilnahme bildet den Kern der von Barnard (1938) und Simon (1947) entwickelten Theorie des „organisatorischen Gleichgewichts“; Sie beschaftigt sich mit den Bedingungen fur das Uberleben einer Organisation. Ein Gleichgewichtszustand zeigt an, das es der Organisation gelungen ist, die Zahlungen an die Organisationsteilnehmer so zu gestalten, das sie zu einer weiteren Teilnahme motiviert werden. In diesem Kapitel wollen wir uns zunachst mit der allgemeinen Theorie des organisatorischen Gleichgewichts beschaftigen. Mit Hilfe dieser Theorie werden wir die wichtigsten Organisationsteilnehmer identifizieren und die Faktoren aufzeigen, welche deren Teilnahmeentscheidung beeinflussen. Aus verschiedenen Grunden wollen wir unser Hauptaugenmerk den Beschaftigten zuwenden, doch werden wir zeigen, wie dieselben allgemeinen Hypothesen auch fur andere Teilnehmer Geltung haben.
The Effect of Rotary Vestibular Stimulation on a Stereotypic Behavior: A Case Study

Rotary vestibular stimulation (RVS) was evaluated as a treatment for the stereotypic behavior of a 50-year-old developmentally disabled woman. Stereotypy was significantly reduced in both a one-session/day and a two-session/day phase in which the rate of presession stereotypy was compared to postsession. In the two-session/day phase stereotypy was reduced more in the second session than in the first. Stereotypy was not reduced in an attention-only phase that included no RVS.
Correlates of Loudness

This chapter reviews two issues related to responses correlated with loudness. First, the physiological effects of loud sounds are examined. Then, specific indirect measures, both perceptual and physiological that correlate with loudness growth, are summarized.
SOLIDIFICATION STRUCTURE OF A STRIP-CAST AL-Si-Cu ALLOYS

ABSTRACT Microstructures of as-cast 1060 and 380 (Al-9.2% Si-3.3% Cu) aluminum alloys made by a twin-rollcaster were determined. A cellular structure was found in 1060. In the case of 380 alloy a dendritic structure of αAlwas formed along with the eutectic Al-Si-Al2Cu in the interdendritique regions. The segregation in the 380 alloy shows thatthe central zone corresponds to higher microsegregation for the Al, Si, Cu and Fe with also the presence of microporosity. Thermal analysis was conducted on casting in a static horizontal mold and a solidification model has been devised for thecalculation of the heat transfer coefficient, which was found to be in the range of 1.6 - 2.0kW/m2·K·. The secondary dendrite arm spacing, λ, in 380 alloy shows a linearrelationship on a logarithmic scale with the distance from the wheel. By using the heat flow model, it was found that λis related to the local solidification time by the equation λ = 10.10 tf0·43. The value of theheat transfer coefficient for the strip casting of the aluminum alloys is around 9 KW/m2·K, which ismuch higher than in the static case.
Sports, Economics of

Sport is organized among individuals and among teams, and is professional or amateur. Most of the interesting questions on the economics of sport relate to professional team sport, which is the focus here. Over their histories, and until very recently, in some leagues, players have been restricted from moving between clubs within a league. Club owners have claimed that reservation of players or the imposition of transfer fees were necessary to maintain financial soundness of small clubs and to preserve competitive balance within leagues. In this article pay and performance under player reservation and under free agency are evaluated, along with issues relating to competitive balance. Under player reservation, player pay is less than the players' contribution to club incremental revenue. Under free agency, the players, ultimately, receive all of the incremental revenue. It is shown that the intra-team salary structure, with its wide pay differential between starting and backup players is rational and wealth maximizing. Competitive balance is value maximizing, also. The effect of free agency, revenue sharing among clubs, team salary caps, and syndicate ownership on competitive balance are evaluated.
Isonitriles in Fischer–Tropsch catalysis

The growth of saturated carbon–carbon chains has been detected in the reaction of isonitriles with Raney nickel and Raney cobalt in liquid ammonia and under hydrogen pressure. The plausible mechanism for this Fischer–Tropsch‐like reaction with isonitrile instead of carbon monoxide is discussed.
Creativity in Recreation

(1961). Creativity in Recreation. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 18-19.
Identifying natural catchment landscape influences on tropical stream organisms: classifying stream reaches of the Hawaiian Islands

Stream classifications can be used to understand patterns within and across river networks and are most informative when they offer insight into patterns in stream habitat or biology. We developed a classification of Hawaiian stream reaches based on influences of natural landscape features on distributions of stream organisms to understand patterns in ecological potential across five Hawaiian Islands. Our objectives were to (1) identify natural landscape variables strongly associated with species distributions and likely to affect stream habitat; and (2) classify Hawaiian stream reaches based on relationships between landscape variables and distributions of native stream taxa. We used canonical correspondence analysis to identify natural landscape variables associated with distributions of nine native stream taxa. To classify reaches, we then used a conditional inference tree that identified significant influences of natural landscape variables on taxa distributions and showed that elevation, channel slope, hydrologic soil grouping, and rainfall were all important predictors of species distributions. Results were used to develop reach classes that describe differences in stream habitat. Our research adds to current understanding of landscape controls on the biota of tropical island streams and provides a tool for decision makers tasked with developing conservation and adaptation strategies.
Recurrent schilder's disease

Schilder's disease is a rare and aggressive central nervous system demyelinating disorder that is typically monophasic and steroid responsive. Here, we present an unusual case of a teenager with Schilder's disease who was treated with corticosteroids and had a clinical and radiographic recurrence nearly one year after the initial presentation.
Yield of biliary stent cytology: Is it time to think lean?

Background and study aims During evaluation of pancreaticobiliary strictures, it is common practice to send biliary stents for cytologic analysis. However, in recent years, complementary tissue acquisition techniques ranging from cholangioscopy to fine-needle biopsy have improved the ability to acquire tissue and diagnose malignancy. Data are limited on the current diagnostic yield and cost effectiveness of biliary stent analysis. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective study of all pancreaticobiliary stents sent for analysis in a tertiary care academic medical center from June 2013 to September 2016. Patient demographics, stent information, and final diagnosis history were collected through chart review. Costs were determined using published reimbursement rates for Medicare. Results Two hundred thirty-one stents from 175 patients were sent for cytologic analysis during the study period. Of the 62 stents obtained from patients ultimately diagnosed with malignancy, only one (1.6 %) had positive cytology for malignant cells, while the others were acellular/non-diagnostic (2/62, 3.2 %), negative (48/62, 77.4 %), or atypical (11/62, 17.7 %). The sensitivity of stent cytology for diagnosis of malignancy was 1.6 % (1/62). No cases were identified in which stent cytology changed clinical management. From a payer perspective, the mean estimated cost for each stent cytologic analysis is greater than $ 70.00. Conclusions While stent cytologic analysis is a common clinical practice, the diagnostic yield and cost effectiveness of the practice must be reevaluated. With the rise of newer diagnostic technologies such as digital cholangioscopy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy, it may be time to “think lean” and acknowledge a sunset for biliary stent cytology.
Monetary base and federal government debt in the long‐run: A non‐linear analysis

Government bonds are usually traded between the financial institutions and the Fed during the open market operations. These operations impact the bank reserves, subsequently influencing the monetary base. The monetary base and government bonds may portray a common trend and government debt could potentially bind the central bank to debt monetization. This paper, using monthly data on federal government debt and the monetary base from 1947:1 to 2018:10, investigates the presence of a long‐run equilibrium relationship between the two variables and as to how the long‐run equilibrium relationship vary in the short‐run. Threshold cointegration tests find evidence of a long‐run equilibrium relationship. Estimates of the threshold vector error‐correction model find statistically significant evidence of contraction in the monetary base growth in the short‐run in regime 1. In regime 2, the growth in the monetary base does not adjust to accommodate faster government debt growth. These estimates find no evidence of debt monetization or otherwise in either of the regimes in the United States. The Fed, by reducing the monetary base, perhaps focuses more on the inflation target. The findings also suggest a potential scenario where the Fed and the fiscal authority are not conjoined with each other in their operations.
Tin asymmetric membranes for high capacity sodium ion battery anodes

Abstract Sodium-ion batteries have attracted tremendous research attention as promising candidates for next generation energy storage systems due to low-cost and high abundancy. However, comparing to current Li-ion battery technology, limitations on the anode side seriously hinder the cell performance since sodium does not easily intercalate into graphite materials. Here, tin nanoparticles embedded in various asymmetric membrane structures were developed to leverage the high capacity of tin (847 mA h g−1 based on Na15Sn4) and accommodate the significant volume expansion for long cycle life. It was demonstrated 762 mA h g−1 reversible capacity at 50 mA g−1 and stable cycling performance over 100 cycles with 92.1% capacity retention at 100 mA g−1 can be achieved for the tin asymmetric membrane electrode synthesized using polysulfone and tin tert-butoxide precursor.
A Scoping Review of Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Criminal Justice System

The authors conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed, empirical studies to summarize literature examining the interface between individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the criminal justice system (CJS). The authors searched 13 professional databases and 28 journals using key terms related to ASD and the CJS. From a total of 678 articles, 55 met inclusion criteria and the authors organized studies into five thematic categories: (a) prevalence of ASD in CJS settings, (b) characteristics of individuals with ASD in CJS settings, (c) ASD experiences and perceptions of the CJS, (d) interviewing individuals with ASD in CJS settings, and (e) knowledge, perceptions, awareness, and training by CJS professionals. The review revealed a growing increase in ASD-CJS research and identified areas of future research.