cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A heuristic approach to RNA secondary structure prediction

The overall research context for this endeavor is the creation of an object-oriented representation scheme to facilitate phylogenetic analysis. As an initial and nontrivial subtask of this undertaking, we recognize the need to accomplish sequence alignment preceded by secondary structure prediction due to the length of the RNA strands with which we are working, namely 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Secondary structure prediction is the focus of this paper. Though this topic has been addressed for the past two decades, our efforts concentrate on the introduction of heuristic techniques to make tractable an otherwise intractable problem. We introduce an object-oriented representation scheme to facilitate the utilization of biologist expertise and phylogenetic context into the arrival of secondary structures.
Fracture Resistance of a Transparent Magnesium Aluminate Spinel

The fracture resistance of a fully dense, transparent, polycrystalline magnesium aluminate spinel was measured from room temperature to 1400°C using the chevron-notched beam and the straight-notched beam macroflaw techniques, as well as the indentation-induced, controlled-microflaw test method, all in three-point bending. Flexural strengths were also measured for the same range of temperatures to compare with the fracture toughness measurements. From the load vs load-line displacement (P-u) curves of the chevronnotched test specimens, the crack growth resistance curves (R-curves) and the total work-of-fracture were determined. It was observed that polycrystalline MgAl2O4 exhibits rising R-curve behavior which increases with increasing test temperature. The R-curve increases are attributed to the geometric constraints due to grain bridging and grain wedging phenomena as well as secondary grain boundary microcracking processes, all of which occurred in the wake region behind the advancing crack. The work-of-fracture and the R-curves increased rapidly above 800°C coincident with the onset of increased secondary grain boundary microcracking.
Synthetic Studies of Trichloroleucine Marine Natural Products. Michael Addition of LiCCl3 to N-Crotonylcamphor Sultam

Conjugate addition of trichloromethyllithium to N-crotonylcamphorsultam occurs in good yield at −98 °C in THF−hexanes. The formal incorporation of the “CCl3-” anion by 1,4-addition allows subsequent transformation to useful trichloromethyl-substituted intermediates.
Procedural results and intermediate clinical outcomes after multiple saphenous vein graft stenting

OBJECTIVES We evaluated the early and mid-term (18-month) clinical events in a consecutive series of patients undergoing a nonstaged multiple saphenous vein grafting (SVG) intervention with stents as compared with a single SVG stent procedure. BACKGROUND Saphenous vein graft angioplasty has been limited by high rates of distal embolization, myocardial infarction, restenosis and late mortality. It is unknown whether stenting of multiple, different SVGs at the same setting is associated with higher risk. METHODS We evaluated in-hospital and mid-term clinical outcomes (death, Q wave myocardial infarction [MI] and repeat revascularization rates up to 18 months) in 70 consecutive patients treated with coronary stents in 2 (93% of patients) or 3 SVGs, as compared with 649 patients undergoing stenting of a single SVG between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1997. RESULTS Overall procedural success was obtained in 97% of patients with 2 or 3 SVGs and 97% of patients with a single SVG (p = 0.94). Procedural complications were also similar (2.8% for multiple SVGs vs. 2.7% for a single SVG, p = 0.94). There was a higher prevalence of periprocedural non-Q wave MI (28% vs. 16%, p = 0.009) in the multiple SVG group. During follow-up (18 months), target lesion revascularization was 11% in multiple SVG and 15% in single SVG interventions (p = 0.19), and repeat revascularization (calculated per treated patient) was also similar for both groups (19% vs. 18%, p = 0.94). There was no difference in death (5.6% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.92) and Q wave MI rate (4.3% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.55) after the multiple SVG intervention. Overall cardiac event-free survival was similar for both groups (62% vs. 60%, p = 0.75). The study was powered to detect a clinically meaningful difference of 10% in mortality; smaller differences could not be evaluated on the basis of this sample size. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous stenting of multiple SVGs in carefully selected patients has similar in-hospital procedural success and major complications rates, as well as mid-term (18-month) clinical outcomes, as compared with single SVG stenting. Thus, multiple SVG interventions using stents may be a viable revascularization strategy for carefully selected patients and suitable lesions in multiple SVG disease.
Measurements of the California current in March 1958

Abstract Two sets of drogues were placed approximately normal to the usual flow and followed for one and three days respectively. The first set, which extended thirty miles offshore, drifted south-eastward. The second set, which extended from thirty to seventy miles offshore, also moved south-eastward but with considerable variation in speed and direction along the line. In the latter set two rapidly moving streams appeared with a body of slower water between.
Microwave absorption study of a lead chevrel-phase compound

Microwave surface impedance measurements on PbMo6S8 show granular characteristics with fluxon absorption at fields well below the bulk Hc1. Such behavior is very similar to that of the high-temperature perovskite superconductors. Weakly modulated absorption signals, which have a maximum near Hc1* and change sign on reversal of the field sweep, are observed for both materials. Hc1* = (47π/c)λJc is the threshold for the establishment of a critical state, where Jc is the critical current for depinning and λ. a relaxation length. For modulation fields larger than a few Oersteds, the sign of the signal becomes independent of the direction of field sweep as for the high-temperature superconductors. In powdered samples the absorption contains a line spectrum similar to that obtained in powdered ceramic YBa2Cu3O7-δ.
Left Ventricular Tension and Stress in Man

A method is described for calculating tension and stress acting within the wall of the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. This method is based upon ventricular pressure observations and measurements of left ventricular dimensions and wall thickness made from biplane angiocardiograms. To calculate wall tension and stress, it is assumed that the left ventricle can be represented as an ellipsoid of revolution with a relatively thin wall. The relative importance of ventricular pressure, volume, shape and wall thickness in determining the magnitude of wall tension and stress is illustrated and discussed.
U.S. M&A Market Lags Corporate Performance

During 2013, the U.S. M&A market was somewhat weak-it lagged overall corporate performance. The author explains why this has happened, takes a close look at the factors that caused it, and projects what we may expect for the future. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A branch-and-cut algorithm for nonconvex quadratic programs with box constraints

We present the implementation of a branch-and-cut algorithm for bound constrained nonconvex quadratic programs. We use a class of inequalities developed in [12] as cutting planes. We present various branching strategies and compare the algorithm to several other methods to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Sulfurylation of estradiol-17B by extracts of ovary, corpus luteum, testis and adrenal cortex1

Abstract Soluble enzyme preparations from bovine ovary, corpus luteum and adrenal cortex and from rat testis sulfurylated estradiol-17β in the presence of ATP and Mg++. Two major products were tentatively identified by chromatographic comparisons as estradiol-3-sulfate and estrone sulfate2. In addition, two unidentified, highly-polar derivatives were formed from estradiol-17β in relatively small amounts by ovary, corpus luteum and testis. Estradiol-17-sulfate, which was formed readily in similar extracts of rat liver, was not formed in detectable amounts by the extracts of ovary, corpus luteum, testis, and adrenal cortex under the conditions described.
Planetary magnetism and the interiors of the moon and Mercury

Various theories regarding lunar and Mercurian magnetic properties are discussed in terms of the thermal evolutions of these bodies. In particular, the extinct dynamo, the primordial field of external origin, local mechanisms, and the active dynamo hypotheses are reviewed. The theory involving magnetization by an internal dynamo is applied to Mercury, noting that it implies the existence of a molten metallic core, or shell. Possible sources of the energy required for core differentiation are discussed, including accretional heating, long-lived radioactive isotopes, and other radioactive heat sources. Thermal processes which might keep the core molten are suggested along with processes permitting the flow of heat through the mantle. Conclusions suggested by the dynamo hypothesis are reviewed in terms of current models of the thermal evolution of Mercury and the moon.
Overall Clinical Experience with Aztreonam in the Treatment of Obstetric-Gynecologic Infections

Gynecologic infections (primarily endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease) in 73 women were evaluated for clinical and microbiologic response to treatment with aztreonam plus clindamycin or a control regimen. The dosage of aztreonam used most frequently was 1 g three times daily. For 72 of the 73 women, a microbiologic cure and a satisfactory clinical response were achieved. Twenty-three of the 73 patients were treated with aztreonam in an open study; all experienced a microbiologic cure and a favorable clinical response. Fifty of the 73 patients treated with aztreonam plus clindamycin were entered into a comparative study that included 38 patients who received gentamicin (3-5 mg/kg per day) plus clindamycin (600 mg three times a day). In 49 (98%) of the aztreonam-treated patients and in 36 (95%) of the gentamicin-treated patients, the causative organism was eradicated, and in 98% and 89% of the patients, respectively, a favorable clinical response was achieved.
Diminished microtubules in fibroblast cells derived from inherited dystrophic muscle explants.

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY of the Duchenne type is inherited in a recessive, sex-linked fashion. The aetiology of the disease is still unclear but biochemical and morphological studies strongly suggest a cell surface membrane abnormality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy1–7. Even though there are artefacts due to surface condensation of water, freeze-fracture studies of skeletal muscle from patients with Duchenne dystrophy show a depletion of intramembrane particles in the protoplasmic and environmental faces of the muscle Plasma membrane8,9. In contrast, Ketelsen's freeze-fracture studies indicated that the number of particles in the inner membrane fracture face in muscular dystrophy increased two- or threefold beyond normal10. In other studies, it was demonstrated that patients and carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy exhibited diminished cap formation in their lymphocytes11,12. Although these experiments clearly support a membrane defect in muscular dystrophy, whether this is related to the aetiology of the disease is not yet clear. Several of these studies indicate that this membrane defect is an early and perhaps primary one in the aetiology of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy7. Even though the primary lesion in muscular dystrophy is usually thought to be myogenic or neurogenic the reported abnormalities in the lymphocyte11,12 and erythrocyte membrane13 indicate that the expression of muscular dystrophy may not necessarily be restricted to these tissues. There have been many studies on the dynamic interrelationships between cytoplasmic structures and the cell surface14,15 and models have been proposed which suggest that changes in the state of the cytoplasmic microfilaments and microtubules can alter the mobility and distribution of membrane surface receptors16. In an attempt to determine if the membrane defect in muscular dystrophy might be correlated with a cytoskeletal alteration, we have studied the distribution of cytoplasmic microfilaments (actin) and micro-tubules (tubulin) in fibroblasts derived from muscle expiants of both normal and dystrophic inbred chickens using indirect immunofluorescence methods with monospecific antibodies directed against actin and tubulin. We report here that fibroblasts from expiants of cardiac and skeletal muscle of dystrophic chickens show a dramatic reduction in the appearance of intact interphase microtubules compared with those from normal chickens.
Erpobdella punctata (Hirudinea: Erpobdellidae) as phoronts on Ambystoma maculatum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae)

Adult spotted salamanders Ambystoma maculatum with leeches Erpobdella punctata attached were observed frequently during a survey of the amphibians from a temporary woodland pond in southern Beaufort County in South Carolina. In the present study, the occurrence of E. punctata was examined in a population of A. maculatum with regards to the salamander's sex and body length. In February 1994, 57 salamanders were collected using minnow traps and examined for leeches. The main attachment site was near the forelimb of the salamander. The percentage of salamanders used as hosts by the leeches was 49·12% (28/57); only male salamnders served as hosts. The mean intensity of occurrence was 1·04 leeches per salamander. No significant difference in occurrence was observed based on host body length; nor were the body lengths of the host correlated with those of the phoronts. This salamander-leech association appears to be a phoretic relationship. Phoresy may provide the leech with mobility within and without the origi...
Semitransparent curtains for control of optical radiation hazards

The purposes and functions of semitransparent eye protective curtains are analyzed. Based upon this analysis, functional requirements are developed, and design requirements are specified for optimum curtains to be used with open arc welding and arc cutting processes. Such curtains also protect against other high intensity broad-spectral-band sources such as compact arc lamps. The requirements for filtering our hazardous UV radiation and blue light must be balanced against the need for transparency in the visible spectrum and the need for reduced glare. Infrared attenuation is shown to be of very little importance.
Calibration of the Raman effect in α–Al2O3 ceramic for residual stress measurements

The pressure shifts of the 418 and 379 cm−1 Raman lines of polycrystalline α-Al2O3 ceramic were measured at room temperature to 3190 MPa. A diamond anvil high pressure cell was used in conjunction with a microRaman spectrometer system. Pressures were measured by the ruby fluorescence method. Distilled water was used as the pressure transmitting medium. The pressure dependence of the wave number for the hydrostatic range (to 1585 MPa) was found to be 0.00220 ± 0.00007 cm−1 MPa−1 for the 418 cm−1 Raman line and 0.0011 ± 0.0001 cm−1 MPa−1 for the 379 cm−1 line. Both shifts are based on a linear least squares fit to the data within a 95% confidence interval. Measurements that included the nonhydrostatic regime (to 3190 MPa) gave similar shifts, but with almost twice the uncertainty. Absolute residual stresses in alumina ceramics are in the 200 to 600 MPa range with higher values, 1790 MPa, reported for single-crystal alumina. For the 418 cm−1 Raman line, these values correspond to shifts of 0.4, 1.4, and 3.9 cm−1, respectively. The sensitivity of the microRaman technique is sufficient to detect and measure residual stresses of this magnitude.
Satellite-Observed Characteristics of Winter Monsoon Cloud Clusters

Abstract An objective algorithm is devised which is capable of touting tropical cloud clusters at the point of initiation, tracking them to the paint of dissipation and thereby accumulating statistics on their size distributions and preferred geographical locations and times of occurrence. The technique is able to account for periods of growth, mergers, splits and decay, which take place during the lifetime of an individual cluster. It is used to derive statistics on cloud clusters observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment, which was conducted in the region of the “maritime continent,” near Borneo, in December, 1978. The size distribution of the clusters identified and tracked shows that by far most of the cumulative cloud cover was accounted for by a few very large clusters. This result implies that the vertical distribution of diabatic heating in the region of the experiment was strongly influenced by dynamical and radiative processes in the widespread stratiform cloud and precipitation areas that t...
Expert Systems and Job Shop Scheduling

Job shop scheduling has been the focus of much research. Heuristic rules to assist in this endeavour abound in the literature. However, rules leading to the optimum schedule have been elusive. The predominant scheduling methods now used are specifically tailored to the type of job shop. Generally, various rules are tried and those giving the best result are used as a starting point. The human expert sifts the schedule through his experience filter, negotiates with affected parties, and finalizes a schedule. Expert systems are beginning to impact in this area. By assuming some of the filtering and negotiating roles of the human expert, they can allow schedulers to look at more alternatives and/or produce more timely schedules. Contains an extensive review of the literature pertaining to expert systems and job shop scheduling. Conclusions are drawn in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of these applications. Finally, recommendations for future directions are given.
Evaluation of SiC JFETs for a Three-Phase Current-Source Rectifier with High Switching Frequency

This paper presents the switching characterization of 1200 V, 5 A SiC JFET prototype devices for application in an AC three-phase current-source rectifier (CSR) with a switching frequency of 150 kHz. The result of device on-resistance is shown as a function of junction temperature. Using a simplified gate drive design, the switching characteristics of the SiC JFET are measured experimentally at voltage levels up to 600 V, current up to 5 A, junction temperature up to 200 °C, and varying gate resistance. From these measurements, the switching times and energies are calculated and plotted for various conditions. Finally, the application of the SiC JFET in the CSR is discussed, and conduction and switching losses are calculated. Results show that the SiC JFET provides low switching loss, even at high switching frequencies.
Theoretical Aspects of Phase Transitions in Internal Interfaces

Phase transitions which are possible in internal interfaces are grouped into several classes. Simple examples of these transitions, corresponding to coherent interphase boundaries and antiphase boundaries, are given for each class. Lattice models may be used to study these transitions. Interfacial phase behavior closely connected with bulk phase transitions is also discussed. Implications for extended faults bounded by partial dislocations are suggested.
Contributions of Sexual Portrayals to Viewers’ Responses to Graphic Horror

An experiment was conducted to explore the role of sexual portrayals in viewers’ responses to graphic horror. Subjects rated a 10‐minute video of a horror film that varied the gender of victim and the sexuality in the portrayal. Sexual portrayals increased viewers’ enjoyment, and particularly so among male subjects and subjects who scored higher on measures of sexual permissiveness. Sexual portrayals also increased physiological arousal during the sexual scenes themselves and during subsequently occurring suspenseful scenes (though not during subsequent portrayals of death). For male subjects, sexual portrayals also increased perceptions that the film was frightening.
Excitant Action of Morphine on the Long-surviving Decorticated Cat.

SummaryThe long-surviving cat after bilateral cerebral decortication with degenerative changes in the striate nuclei responds to morphine with an excitement which is quite similar to the effect on intact cats, but with certain modifications described in the text. The excitant action of morphine must, therefore, be mediated by subcortical centers.
Classic Articles as Primary Source Reading in Introductory Psychology

Given the frequent use of primary source readings by introductory psychology teachers, especially at liberal arts colleges, we compiled the citation frequencies of classic articles in introductory textbooks to help teachers select readings for their courses. Using a random sample of 24 of the most recent introductory texts (copyright dates 2004–2006), we checked for citation of the 40 classic studies that Gorenflo and McConnell (1991) identified as cited in a simple majority of textbooks in the late 1980s. We found that 22 of these articles still met this citation criterion. We discuss the general content of these articles and ways to supplement them to comprise a sufficiently diverse set of possible readings for the introductory course.
The effects of ethanol upon threshold and response rate for self-stimulation.

The hypothesis that ethanol would reduce the threshold for self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle was not supported. Ten rats, implanted with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus, were shaped to bar press for electrical brain stimulation. The effects of 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 g/kg ethanol injections upon threshold and response rate for self-stimulation were measured. The lowest dose had no effect upon self-stimulation threshold while 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg ethanol raised thresholds. Rate of bar pressing was increased by 0.6 g/kg ethanol but was not affected by higher dose. Results were discussed in terms of a postulated dual effect of ethanol upon a brain arousal system and upon a reward system.
Methylation of the T-DNA in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and In several crown gall tumors

Abstract Methylation of the T-DNA in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and in four octopine-type (A6S/2, E9, 15955/1, 15955/01) and one nopaline-type (HT37#15) crown gall tumors was investigated using the isoschizomeric restriction endonucleases Msp I and Hpa II. T-DNA in the octopine-type Ti-plasmid pTiB6(806) was not methylated at the sequence 5'CCGG3' in Agrobacterium. With two possible exceptions, neither was the T-DNA of the nopaline-type Ti-plasmid pTiT37 methylated in the bacterium. In all tumor lines investigated, at least one copy of the T-DNA was not methylated. DNA methylation was not detected in the lines A6S/2, 15955/1, HT37#15, and the TL region of E9. DNA methylation of some copies of TR in the E9 tumor line, and possibly in the 15955/01 line, was detected. The methylation of some copies of TR in the E9 line may indicate that not all copies of TR are transcribed in this tumor.
Inexpensive apparatus for preparation of multiple discontinuous gradient

Abstract A simple inexpensive hydraulic system for preparing uniform discontinuous gradients is described. The apparatus consists of five syringes, a three-way valve, plastic tubing, and three plastic rectangles. The apparatus is capable of delivering virtually any reasonable volume at any desired rate. It has been applied to the separation of platelets by centrifugation in discontinuous sucrose gradients.
On measuring ethical judgments

We critique a series of recent papers in which Reidenbach and Robin developed a multidimensional ethics scale. Our critique raises four problems for the scale. First, it is not clear what the scale measures. Second, the semantic differential items used in the scale seem problematic. Third, the scale omits several important ethical rationales. Finally, no caveats accompany the scale to alert managers about its proper and improper use.
Protein Synthesis Enhanced in the Liver of Rats Force-Fed a Threonine-Devoid Diet

There is enhanced incorporation of leucine-C(14) into proteins in cell-free preparations from livers of young rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. This increased protein synthesis in the liver is related predominantly to enhanced activity of ribosomes. The aggregates of liver ribosomes (ergosonmes or polysomes) as measured in a sucrose gradient indicated a shift from lighter toward heavier ergosomes with a decrease in monomers.
Changes in distribution of mitochondria in the developing chick retina.

Abstract The distribution of mitochondria in the developing chick retina was examined by enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Two distinct phenomena were observed: (1) progressive segregation of mitochondria in specific locations in the developing tissue; and (2) progressive loss of mitochondrial activity from the inner retina as it matures. Densitometric scans of stained tissue sections were used to quantitate the relative amounts of mitochondrial activity in the retinal layers. Mitochondria were localized to tissue regions by transmission electron microscopy, enzyme histochemistry for the inner membrane bound mitochondrial enzymes succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase, a combined histochemical and ultrastructural method for cytochrome oxidase, and immunolocalization of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. Seven-day embryonic chick retina has a high number of mitochondrial structures and a high level of activity. As development proceeds, the mitochondria organize into layers within the tissue. However, the relative activity of mitochondria in much of the inner retina decreases. In the post-hatch retina, 50% of the mitochondrial activity is found in less than 10% of the tissue area, in the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells.
Visualization of experimental data at the Naval Research Laboratory

The role of scientific visualization in understanding experimental data sets is examined. The difficulty in extracting parameters of interest from the measurements is described for five diverse application areas: physical oceanography, electronic warfare, molecular modeling, underwater acoustics, and synthetic-aperture radar. The role of digital imaging and signal processing is noted. >
Anticipation of Coincidence, Gender, and Sports Classification

This study investigated the effects of sport classification and gender on anticipation of coincidence. 102 undergraduate male and female students from open skills, closed skills, and nonathletic gr...
SINGLE-STEP HYDRIDE TRANSFER FROM CPMO(CO)2(PPH3)H TO PROTONATED KETONES

The only alcohol complex formed during the ionic hydrogenation of acetone by CpMo(CO)2(PPh3)H (1b) and CF3SO3H in acetonitrile is trans-CpMo(CO)2(PPh3)(i-PrOH)+ (4); on standing the coordinated isopropyl alcohol of 4 is replaced by solvent, forming trans-CpMo(CO)2(PPh3)(CH3CN)+ (2b). Treatment of 1b in the same solvent with CF3SO3H alone yields the more stable cis acetonitrile complex 3b. The final products from treating an acetonitrile solution of acetone and 1b with CF3SO3H thus include both 2b and 3b. The trans stereochemistry of 4 implies that the ionic hydrogenation of acetone by 1b involves a single-step hydride transfer rather than separate e- and H• transfers. The equilibrium constant for the protonation of acetone by CF3SO3H in CH3CN at 25 °C is 2.4 × 10-2, and the rate constant for hydride transfer from 1b to Me2COH+ is 12 300 M-1 s-1 under the same conditions. Other ketones undergo ionic hydrogenation more slowly.
Spermidine surprise for a long life

Identifying therapies to slow down ageing and delay age-associated diseases is a primary goal of ageing-related research. Resveratrol and rapamycin were first found to promote longevity in yeast, and their effects were then extended to several organisms. Spermidine is a new longevity drug that can increase life span in yeast, nematodes and flies, possibly through an effect on chromatin-mediated regulation of gene expression.
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) in the service of other analyses: Determination of calcium

The calcium concentration in bone samples which contain 0 to 37% calcium is readily measured rapidly by neutron activation analysis. Sample and data processing can be minimal and conditions can be adjusted according to sample type and precision desired. Such determinations have contributed important reference data in support of biomedical and archaeometric studies. Repeatability of measurements can be better than 3% relative overall, and better than 5% even for irregularly shaped samples (based on one standard deviation).
Growing up as an abandoned child in nineteenth-century Italy

In the debate over “maternal indifference” and, more generally, over the ways in which children were viewed and treated in the European past, the care of abandoned children has attracted a good deal of attention. Huge numbers of newborns were consigned to foundling homes in past centuries, and attempts to keep the children alive depended heavily on placing them with rural wetnurses and foster families. In general, scholars have portrayed these foster families as having little concern for the welfare of their charges. One consequence of this view is the presumed instability of foster home arrangements for foundlings. Using archival sources, this article investigates the relationships between foster families and foundlings by examining the lives of babies abandoned at the foundling home in Bologna, Italy over the course of the nineteenth century. The study provides grounds for questioning the received wisdom on the subject of foundling care in nineteenth-century Italy and beyond.
Partitioning by regularity extraction

The authors present a general methodology for extracting regularity at any level of hierarchy, and explore the problem of digital system partitioning by extraction of regularity. They consider system-level partitioning to demonstrate that regularity can lead to reduced design costs. The digital system is modeled with cyclic directed graphs. A prototype system based on these ideas has been built. Some examples are discussed. >
NSF sponsors Antarctic research camp

The remote and geologically complex Northern Victoria Land region of Antarctica (cover) has been chosen for the site of a major research camp to be established during the 1981–1982 Antarctic summer. The program is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Researchers from six countries have expressed interest in carrying out projects in geology, geophysics, glaciology, cartography, and biology. Among the suggested projects are a paleomagnetic program for construction of the polar wander path in the Paleozoic; determination of whether Granite Harbor and Admiralty Intrusives are distinct groups; investigation of Cenozoic volcanics, with visits to 50 or 60 scoria cones; airborne geophysics (aeromagnetics) of the region; and fission track geochronology of granitic rocks. The deadline for proposals is June 1, 1980.
In Vivo Phenotypic Screening for Treating Chronic Neuropathic Pain: Modification of C2-Arylethynyl Group of Conformationally Constrained A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists

(N)-Methanocarba adenosine 5′-methyluronamides containing 2-arylethynyl groups were synthesized as A3 adenosine receptor (AR) agonists and screened in vivo (po) for reduction of neuropathic pain. A small N6-methyl group maintained binding affinity, with human > mouse A3AR and MW 3 h). Selected analogues were docked to an A3AR homology model to explore the environment of receptor-bound C2 and N6 groups. Var...
Poison Centers as Information Resources for Volunteer EMS in a Suspected Chemical Exposure

In the early part of chemical terrorism or hazardous materials events, protective actions and patient care require empirical decisions because reliable and accurate information may not be readily available. It has become increasingly important to identify reliable information resources that are the most likely to be accessed for information during these events. We sought to identify information resources that volunteer Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers would use during a suspected chemical exposure. Survey questionnaires were completed by 116 of 151 (76.8%) suburban and rural EMS providers. In the past 12 months, most participants used medical journals and textbooks (59.5%), internet sites (57.8%), and poison centers (55.2%) as information resources. For two hypothetical scenarios involving chemical exposures, poison centers were most frequently chosen as likely contacts for information regarding the identity of the agent (case 1: 52.6%, case 2: 48.3%), treatment (74.1%, 64.7%, respectively), and antidote (59.5%, 49.1%, respectively). Fire department hazardous materials team tied with poison centers as the highest for chemical agent in the second scenario (48.3%) and was ranked highest both for decontamination (75.0%, 64.7%, respectively) and personal protection (56.9%, 45.7%, respectively). Poison centers were selected as the best resource for timely information (70.7%), availability (69.0%), and ease of contact (72.4%), and second highest for knowledge of chemical agents (44.0%), after CHEMTREC (56.9%). Finally, poison centers and CHEMTREC received the highest overall ratings (28.4% and 26.7%, respectively). Poison centers are viewed as an important information resource by EMS providers and may be the most commonly sought resource for various information needs during a suspected chemical exposure.
Effect of substitution of low linolenic acid soybean oil for hydrogenated soybean oil on fatty acid intake

Low linolenic acid soybean oil (LLSO) has been developed as a substitute for hydrogenated soybean oil to reduce intake of trans FA while improving stability and functionality in processed foods. We assessed the dietary impact of substitution of LLSO for hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO) used in several food categories. All substitutions were done using an assumption of 100% market penetration. The impact of this substitution on the intake of five FA and trans FA was assessed. Substitution of LLSO for current versions of HSBO resulted in a 45% decrease in intake of trans FA. Impacts on other FA intakes were within the realm of typical dietary intakes. No decrease in intake of α-linolenic acid was associated with the use of LLSO in place of HSBO because LLSO substitutes for HSBO that are already low in α-linolenic acid.
The journal club in postgraduate medical education: a systematic review

An investigation was made as to whether studies have found journal clubs for physicians in training to be effective for improving patient. care, teaching critical appraisal skills, improving reading habits, increasing knowledge of clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, and increasing the use of medical literature in clinical practice. A literature search was undertaken using 10 databases and retrieval systems and hand searches of journals, conference proceedings and personal files. The rigor of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was analyzed using a protocol based on methods established by the Cochrane Collaboration. One randomized controlled trial found an improvement in knowledge of clinical epidemiology and biostaristics, reading habits, and the use of medical literature in practice, but no improvement in critical appraisal skills. Six less methodologically rigorous studies found possible improvement in critical appraisal skills. It is concluded that journal clubs may improve knowledge of clinica...
Learning Affect, Embodying Race: Youth, Blackness, and Neoliberal Emotions in Latino Newark

This article examines everyday constructions of racial subjects, the affective worlds of those subjects, and the potential material consequences behind emotional ethos that are oftentimes in alignment with the interests of state and market imperatives. Under neoliberalism, there has been an intensification in the cultural standardization and organization of feelings and sentiments (Haskell 1985). I examine how feelings and sentiments intersect with everyday evaluations of racial difference and processes of racial learning, particularly among Latin American migrant and U.S.-born Latino youth. What do individuals’ affective worlds tell us about multi-scale experiences of race, racial ideologies, and racialization practices? What kinds of emotional work do embodied practices of learning race require? How does becoming a transnational racial subject in the United States alter one's affective world and perspectives on the emotional subjectivities of racialized others? I approach these questions by drawing from ethnographic materials gathered from fieldwork conducted in public high schools in the Puerto Rican area of North Broadway and the largely Brazilian Ironbound, two predominantly Latino neighborhoods in Newark, New Jersey, between 2001 and 2008. To a lesser extent, I also draw from research conducted in private and public high schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and Santurce, Puerto Rico, over several months in 2004, 2005, and 2006. I argue that Latin American and Latino populations in urban areas of the United States navigate unfamiliar racial situations through the development of a quotidian emotional epistemology; that is, through the deployment of a set of rules and assumptions about affect and its adequate expression, interpretations of how others feel or should feel, and the creation or performance of an affective persona. As I demonstrate in the essay, these rules and assumptions are informed by transnational racial ideologies, social practices around performances of Blackness, socioeconomic hierarchies, and expectations of belonging on multiple scales, like the neighborhood, nation state, and the market. I am particularly attentive to how Latin American migrant and U.S.-born Latino youth engage in a process of racial learning that renders them “street therapists” dedicated to observing and correcting “defective” forms of Blackness, developing appropriate feeling rules, and hesitantly embracing a docility valued in an exploitative service sector economy.
Registering Drosophila embryos at cellular resolution to build a quantitative 3D atlas of gene expression patterns and morphology

The Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Network Project is developing a suite of methods to convert volumetric data generated by confocal fluorescence microscopy into numerical three dimensional representations of gene expression at cellular resolution. One key difficulty is that fluorescence microscopy can only capture expression levels for a few gene products in a given animal. We report on a method for registering 3D expression data from different Drosophila embryos stained for overlapping subsets of gene products in order to build a composite atlas, ultimately containing co-expression information for thousands of genes. Our techniques have also allowed the discovery of a complex pattern of cell density across the blastula that changes over time and may play a role in gastrulation.
The Plasma Membrane Flattens Out to Fuel Cell-Surface Growth during Drosophila Cellularization

Cell-shape change demands cell-surface growth, but how growth is fueled and choreographed is still debated. Here we use cellularization, the first complete cytokinetic event in Drosophila embryos, to show that cleavage furrow ingression is kinetically coupled to the loss of surface microvilli. We modulate furrow kinetics with RNAi against the Rho1-GTPase regulator slam and show that furrow ingression controls the rate of microvillar depletion. Finally, we directly track the microvillar membrane and see it move along the cell surface and into ingressing furrows, independent of endocytosis. Together, our results demonstrate that the kinetics of the ingressing furrow regulate the utilization of a microvillar membrane reservoir. Because membranes of the furrow and microvilli are contiguous, we suggest that ingression drives unfolding of the microvilli and incorporation of microvillar membrane into the furrow. We conclude that plasma membrane folding/unfolding can contribute to the cell-shape changes that promote embryonic morphogenesis.
Easter Egg Hunt Dermatitis: Systemic Allergic Contact Dermatitis Associated with Chocolate Ingestion

Pediatric systemic allergic contact dermatitis to nickel has previously been reported in association with cocoa. We present four clinical cases of hypersensitivity temporally associated with chocolate consumption at Easter. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for foods high in nickel to provoke patients with known nickel sensitivity and systemic dermatitis.
The Effect of Dietary l-Carnitine on Semen Traits of White Leghorns

A previous study conducted in our laboratory showed that feeding 500 ppm of dietary L-carnitine to young and aging White Leghorns for 5 wk improved sperm concentration and reduced sperm lipid peroxidation during the last half of supplementation. The current study examined the effect of feeding dosimetric as well as lower levels of L-carnitine for longer durations on semen traits of White Leghorns. In experiments 1 and 2, White Leghorns consumed diets supplemented with 0, 125, 250, or 500 mg of L-carnitine/kg of feed. For experiment 1, an 8-wk trial was conducted with 48 White Leghorns from 46 to 54 wk of age. For experiment 2, a 17-wk trial was conducted with 96 White Leghorn roosters from 46 to 63 wk of age. For experiment 3, 84 roosters were provided for ad libitum consumption a diet formulated to contain 0 or 125 ppm of L-carnitine beginning at hatch until 37 wk of age. Long-term consumption of 125 ppm of L-carnitine beginning at hatch was the only dietary treatment that sustained a persistent increase in sperm concentration. These results suggest that L-carnitine's antioxidant influence on sperm production begins before the onset of sexual maturity.
Modelling ultrasound-induced mild hyperthermia of hyperplasia in vascular grafts

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts frequently develop occlusive neointimal hyperplasia as a result of myofibroblast over-growth, leading to graft failure. ePTFE exhibits higher ultrasound attenuation than native soft tissues. We modelled the selective absorption of ultrasound by ePTFE, and explored the feasibility of preventing hyperplasia in ePTFE grafts by ultrasound heating. Specifically, we simulated the temperature profiles of implanted grafts and nearby soft tissues and blood under ultrasound exposure. The goal was to determine whether ultrasound exposure of an ePTFE graft can generate temperatures sufficient to prevent cell growth on the graft without damaging nearby soft tissues and blood. Ultrasound beams from two transducers (1.5 and 3.2 MHz) were simulated in two graft/tissue models, with and without an intra-graft cellular layer mimicking hyperplasia, using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The resulting power deposition patterns were used as a heat source for the Pennes bioheat equation in a COMSOL® Multiphysics heat transfer model. 50°C is known to cause cell death and therefore the transducer powers were adjusted to produce a 13°C temperature rise from 37°C in the ePTFE. Simulations showed that both the frequency of the transducers and the presence of hyperplasia significantly affect the power deposition patterns and subsequent temperature profiles on the grafts and nearby tissues. While neither transducer significantly raised the temperature of the blood, the 1.5-MHz transducer was less focused and heated larger volumes of the graft and nearby soft tissues than the 3.2-MHz transducer. The presence of hyperplasia had little effect on the blood's temperature, but further increased the temperature of the graft and nearby soft tissues in response to either transducer. Skin cooling and blood flow play a significant role in preventing overheating of the native tissues. Modelling shows that ultrasound can selectively heat ePTFE grafts and produce temperatures that cause cell death on the graft. The temperature increase in blood is negligible and that in the adjacent soft tissues may be minimized by skin cooling and using appropriate transducers. Therefore, ultrasound heating may have the potential to reduce neointimal hyperplasia and failure of ePTFE vascular grafts.
Noncoherent detection based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods for block fading channels

In this work we study joint channel decoding and noncoherent detection for block fading channels. We propose a novel, low-complexity noncoherent detection method based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The MCMC noncoherent detector makes it possible to use large constellations such as 16 QAM and transmit at higher rates of 1 or 1.6 bits/channel use. By employing joint channel decoding and noncoherent detection, the proposed schemes achieve within 1.2-1.4 dB of the noncoherent channel capacity. Moreover, for the same transmission rates, the proposed single transmit antenna system performs 4-6 dB better than published results of the two transmit antenna systems that employ unitary space-time codes or orthogonal space-time codes
More Practice Effect Tables for More Effective Practice: Practitioner's Guide to Evaluating Change with Intellectual Assessment Instruments, R.J. McCaffrey, K. Duff, and H.J. Westervelt (Eds.). 2001. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 280 pp., $69.95 (PB).

Clinicians owe a debt of gratitude to McCaffrey and his team for developing not just one (McCaffrey et al., 2000) but now a second set of tables providing an extensive compilation of test–retest data for tests commonly used in neuropsychological assessment. The newest Practitioner's Guide presents the retest findings for all four versions of the adult Wechsler Intelligence Scale [Wechsler-Bellevue, the original Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and its variants: WAIS–R, WAIS–III, WAIS–RNI], plus the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) with its variants (WISC–R, WISC–III) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. For each of Wechsler's batteries this guide provides retest data for the scores in common use (e.g., IQ, VIQ, PIQ, each individual test, and WAIS–III index scores). In addition retest findings are given for the North American Reading Test, Raven's Progressive Matrices, Shipley-Hartford Institute of Living Scale, and for 13 Stanford-Binet studies (form L-M, judging from study dates; all but five are IQ scores).
Mapping of Purkinje Neuron Loss and Polyglucosan Body Accumulation in Hereditary Cerebellar Degeneration in Scottish Terriers

A hereditary cerebellar degenerative disorder has emerged in Scottish Terriers. The aims of this study were to describe and quantify polyglucosan body accumulation and quantify Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of affected and control dogs. The brains of 6 affected Scottish Terriers ranging in age from 8 to 15 years and 8 age-matched control dogs were examined histopathologically. Counts of Purkinje neurons and polyglucosan bodies were performed in control and affected dogs on cerebellar sections stained with periodic acid–Schiff. Affected dogs showed a significant loss of Purkinje neurons compared with control dogs (vermis: P < .0001; hemisphere: P = .0104). The degeneration was significantly more pronounced dorsally than ventrally (P < .0001). There were significantly more polyglucosan bodies in the ventral half of the vermis when compared with the dorsal half (P < .0001) in affected dogs. In addition, there were more polyglucosan bodies in the ventral half of the vermis in affected dogs than in contro...