cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The growth of silicon in horizontal reactors

Abstract In a previous paper a theory was proposed to explain the epitaxial growth of silicon in horizontal reactors operating under conditions such that growth rates are limited solely by diffusion of the reactant species to the reacting surface. Results for growth by the hydrogen reduction of trichlorosilane established the general validity of the theory and in this paper the results are extended to include growth by the hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride and also by the pyrolysis of silane. It is shown that under certain experimental conditions departures from the theory are evident for both types of growth. In the case of the reduction of silicon tetrachloride these are due to the onset of growth rate limitation by the kinetics of the reduction reaction, whilst the departures by the pyrolysis of silane are of a different nature and remain as yet unexplained.
Observation of the A-X electronic transition of the 1-C3H7O2 and 2-C3H7O2 radicals using cavity ringdown spectroscopy.

Cavity ringdown spectra of the A−X electronic transition of the 1-propyl and 2-propyl peroxy radicals are reported. Spectroscopic assignments are facilitated by implementing several production mechanisms, either isomer-specific or not. Assignments of specific spectral lines to particular conformers of a given isomer are suggested. Observations on the temporal decay of the various species are reported.
Alternative management considerations for ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas.

BACKGROUND Ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas (EDAFs) are an unusual type of intracranial vascular lesion that commonly present with acute hemorrhage. They are often best treated surgically; however, recent endovascular advances raise questions concerning the best therapeutic approach. METHODS We present 7 cases of EDAFs managed at this institution over a 6-year period, which demonstrate the broad spectrum of clinical behavior associated with the lesions. Four patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage, 1 patient with rapidly progressive dementia, 1 patient with a proptotic, red eye, and 1 with a retro-orbital headache. RESULTS One patient underwent no treatment, 1 underwent embolization alone, 2 underwent embolization and resection, and 3 patients underwent resection alone. There was complete obliteration of the EDAF in all of the patients who underwent surgical resection. Embolization was performed through the external carotid circulation and not the ophthalmic artery. There were no treatment-related neurologic deficits. CONCLUSIONS Treatment is best managed with a multidisciplinary approach, which emphasizes complete resection of the lesions with assistance from interventional neuroradiology techniques. However, each patient must be evaluated independently as treatment may vary depending on the angioarchitecture of the lesion.
The Perfect Storm--Genetic Engineering, Science, and Ethics.

Uncertainty about ethics has been a major factor in societal rejection of biotechnology. Six factors help create a societal “perfect storm” regarding ethics and biotechnology: Social demand for ethical discussion; societal scientific illiteracy; poor social understanding of ethics; a “Gresham’s Law for Ethics;” Scientific Ideology; vested interests dominating ethical discussion. How this can be remedied is discussed.
Consistent scaling and parameter choice for linear and Generalized Lotka-Volterra models used in community ecology

Many variants of linear and Generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) models have been employed in theoretical community ecology. In order to assess what has been learned from these, this paper proposes standard representations and presents results that facilitate comparison of alternative formulations and evaluation of choice of parameter values. Wigner's “semi-circle law” for large random matrices as adapted by May for ecological models is revised and extended using interactance as a measure of system complexity. Diagonal dominance and May's proposed complexity limit for stability are shown to be too conservative for moderate size systems. Biological arguments for choice of parameter values in GLV models are also found to be difficult to sustain. Exploration of linear and GLV models as mathematical systems does, however, suggest questions about the construction and turnover of ecological communities.
The Effects of Passengers on Mutual Coupling in a Simplified Fuselage: Simulations and Measurements

In this paper, the effects of human passengers on mutual coupling in a rectangular simplified scale model Boeing 757 fuselage are examined. The coupling effects are compared to those in an empty fuselage. Both measured and finite-difference time-domain-simulated results are presented.
Simplified Solution for a Class of Fading Memory Filters

A fading memory filter is a least squares estimator (LSE) thatapplies an exponentially decaying weight to past measurements.When compared with a standard Kalman filter, its key advantagesare asymptotic stability and reduced sensitivity to modeling errors.This paper derives a simple solution for a class of fading memoryfilters, resulting in a reduction in computational complexity. Steadystate filter solutions are obtained for second-and third-order filtersused in a global positioning system (GPS) receiver for high dynamicvehicles.
Tune-up of the LAMPF high-energy pion channel

Abstract The LAMPF high-energy pion channel was tuned by tracing individual particles through the channel using multiwire proportional counters. Beam spot sizes, divergences, dispersions, and correlations between angle, displacement, and momentum were measured and optimized in an on-line least-squares search. The results are compared to predictions made by the TRANSPORT computer code, and it is found that the experimental results are in agreement with computer calculations.
Wave transport of deep mantle material

Fluid with a certain density and viscosity can rise by buoyant Poiseuille flow through a conduit1 within a second fluid of greater density and viscosity. Such conduits exhibit a rich behaviour characteristic of nonlinear systems, an aspect of which is the formation of solitary waves2,3. Here we present theoretical and experimental studies of these systems. Both approaches reveal that solitary waves trap material in a cell with closed streamlines and that the central streamline velocity is faster than the wave speed. Hence, parcels of deep material are transported directly upward over large distances. This is in contrast to the usual situation in which wave propagation through a medium causes only small displacement of fluid particles. Material in these parcels will be far less contaminated by diffusion from the surroundings than would be material in ordinary pipe flow. In addition, solitary waves are more efficient than buoyant spheres at conveying material upward. We suggest that such waves might exist in the Earth's mantle, conveying uncontaminated deep mantle material to the surface of the Earth.
Reconstruction of mammalian cells from nuclear and cytoplasmic components separated by treatment with cytochalasin B.

Abstract Mouse L929 cells were separated into enucleated cytoplasmic components (cytoplasts) and nucleated subcellular fractions (karyoplasts) in the presence of cytochalasin B. Karyoplasts from cells containing tritiated nuclei were fused, using inactivated Sendai virus, to cytoplasts from cells containing large (1.0-μm diameter) latex spheres in the cytoplasm. Mononucleated cells containing radioactive nuclei and large latex spheres in the cytoplasm were observed among the products of the fusion reaction. Some of these cells were in mitotic configurations. The results indicate that cells capable of undergoing mitosis can be reconstructed from the products of cellular enucleation in the presence of cytochalasin B.
Vector extremal systems in cross-constrained games of regulatory policy analysis and synthesis☆

Abstract Vector extremal solutions for games with cross-constrained strategy sets are applied to new games for analysis and synthesis of regulatory policy developed herein. They provide constructively, without recourse to point-to-set maps or quasi-variational inequalities, a set of solutions (not just one Nash equilibrium generalization) forecasting normatively players' behavior. A new method of vectorization of player's objectives provides dual problem relations at optimality which for a large class reduces the solution mathematics to ordinary convex programming. This method is developed in the context of a hypothetical example drawn from the privatization of British Telecom.
Coupling constant renormalization due to instantons in the O(3) non-linear sigma model

Abstract The renormalized lattice coupling constant for the O(3) non-linear sigma model is calculated, including instanton effects, and the correlation length estimated. The results are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulation of Shenker and Tobochnik. The topological charge density is also discussed in the light of recent Monte Carlo simulations.
Preparing future teachers to anticipate student difficulties in physics in a graduate-level course in physics, pedagogy, and education research

(Received 10 November 2009; revised manuscript received 4 February 2011; published 20 May 2011) We describe courses designed to help future teachers reflect on and discuss both physics content and student knowledge thereof. We use three kinds of activities: reading and discussing the literature, experiencing research-based curricular materials, and learning to use the basic research methods of physics education research. We present a general overview of the two courses we have designed as well as a framework for assessing student performance on physics content knowledge and one aspect of pedagogical content knowledge—knowledge of student ideas—about one particular content area: electric circuits. We find that the quality of future teachers’ responses, especially on questions dealing with knowledge of student ideas, can be successfully categorized and may be higher for those with a nonphysics background than those with a physics background.
The use of subatmospheric pressure dressing therapy to close lymphocutaneous fistulas of the groin

Groin lymphorrhea is an uncommon but serious complication of vascular and cardiac surgery as well as interventional procedures that cannulate the femoral vessels. Treatment options are somewhat controversial. For lymphocutaneous fistulas, a commonly used current modality is early surgical ligation with the assistance of blue-dye staining of the lymphatic anatomy. The purpose of this case series is to give the first description of a new, less invasive, approach using subatmospheric pressure dressing therapy for the treatment of the challenging problem of lymphocutaneous fistulas of the groin.
Field Dependence-Independence and Language Testing: Evidence from Six Pacific Island Cultures

This study analyzes the relationship between field sensitivity and cloze test performance for 286 subjects between the ages of 15 and 19 in six Pacific island cultures. Hawaiian students were found to be significantly more field independent than Samoan, Tongan, Fijian, Indian-Fijian, and Tahitian students. In the South Pacific samples, males were significantly more field independent than females, whereas in Hawaii there was no statistically significant relationship between sex and cognitive style. When the sample was taken as a whole, a significant relationship was found between field dependence/independence and cloze scores. Sizable group differences for subgroups within the sample, however, indicate that the relationship may not be significant for all cultures. Within cultures, the subgroups having lower scholastic achievement showed a significant relationship between cognitive style and cloze test score, while the high achievers did not.
Work sampling: The application of an industrial research technique to school library media centers

Work sampling is a research technique where workers are observed at random times and their activities recorded. The data collected can be converted to percentages indicating the overall distribution of how their time is spent in various categories. This methodology, commonly used in industry, has had limited applications in library settings. A background of work sampling, its history in libraries, and the planning and implementation of a school library media study is discussed here.
Tooth eruption molecules enhance MCP-1 gene expression in the dental follicle of the rat.

Tooth eruption is a localized developmental event that requires the presence of the dental follicle, a loose connective tissue sac that surrounds each tooth. Early postnatally in the first mandibular molar of the rat there is an influx into the follicle of mononuclear cells (monocytes) which, in turn, fuse to form osteoclasts that resorb the bone to form an eruption pathway. The chemoattractant that may attract the mononuclear cells to the follicle to initiate the cellular events of eruption is monocyte chemotactic protein-one (MCP-1). MCP-1 is secreted by the dental follicle cells and its gene is expressed maximally at an early postnatal age, correlating with the monocyte influx into the follicle. In this study, we show that other potential tooth eruption molecules—EGF, IL-1α, TGF-β1 and CSF-1—all enhance the expression of the MCP-1 gene in the cultured dental follicle cells. In vivo, injections of IL-1α or EGF also enhance the gene expression of MCP-1 in the follicle with maximal enhancement occurring in the early postnatal days. Thus, there appears to be a redundant function of the different tooth eruption genes to ensure that the MCP-1 gene is expressed. In turn, expression of MCP-1 may be critical for recruiting the monocytes to the dental follicle to initiate the cellular events of tooth eruption. Dev. Dyn. 1998;212:346–351. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patterns of response to sex pheromone by young and mature adult male cockroaches, Periplaneta americana

Abstract Male American cockroaches were isolated from females upon becoming adults and were exposed one single time to sex pheromone on days 1 to 11, 13, or 15 after adult ecdysis. The behavioural components of adult male sexual behaviour are rapid antennation, erect body posture, locomotion, running, wing raising, and abdominal extension. These components appear after the adult ecdysis in the same sequence as they appear in later adult life in response to different concentrations of sex pheromone. The appearance of these behavioural components is described using two theoretical concepts, threshold and a “sequencer”. It is proposed that the components are ordered sequentially before or during ecdysis by the same “sequencer” that organizes the responses to different concentrations of pheromone. The appearance of the components during development is due to decreasing thresholds as the adult male matures.
Multiple daily injections in young patients using the ezy-BICC bolus insulin calculation card, compared to mixed insulin and CSII.

Objective: To describe the easy bolus insulin calculation card (ezy-BICC) approach to multiple daily injections and to compare in an observational study, the haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) achieved while using ezy-BICC, mixed insulin injections and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Methods: HbA1c results from 7121 clinic visits by 573 patients aged 1–20 yr using the three methods between June 2000 and July 2008 were reviewed. Results: For mixed insulin median, mean and SD HbA1c were 8.3%, 8.3%, 1.33, for ezy-BICC, 7.6%, 7.7%, 1.40, and for CSII, 7.6%, 7.8%, 1.31. HbA1c increases with age significantly more in those using CSII (p 12 yr, HbA1c is lower while using ezy-BICC than CSII. HbA1c increases 0.2% per yr following diagnosis for 2.8 yr. In those who change from mixed insulin to ezy-BICC after this time, the mean HbA1c is 0.5% lower by 9 months, 0.7% lower at 21 months and 0.6% lower at 24 months (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ezy-BICC system is inexpensive and convenient and allows patients to vary meal size. Subjects achieve lower HbA1c while using CSII and ezy-BICC MDI than with mixed insulin. Very young subjects achieve excellent HbA1c using CSII, but for 12 to 20 yr-old patients, ezy-BICC results in lower HbA1c than CSII for a lower cost.
Biostratigraphy Of Crinoids From the Wymps Gap Member of the Greenbrier Formation (Mississippian, Chesterian) in Northern West Virginia

Abstract Crowns of four crinoid species, Talarocrinus planus Weller, 1920, Phacelocrinus longidactylus (McChesney, 1860), Ampelocrinus mundus? Kirk, 1942, and Phanocrinus maniformis (Yandell and Shumard, 1847) are reported from the limestones of the Wymps Gap Member of the Greenbrier Formation in northern West Virginia. Collectively these species indicate an early Chesterian age for the Wymps Gap Member, with the occurrence of T. planus indicating correlation with the Ridenhower (Paint Creek) Formation of the Illinois Basin. A review of the 17 species currently placed in Talarocrinus suggests that the Talarocrinus zone ranges no higher than the Ridenhower Formation in the Upper Gnathodus bilineatus conodont zone of the late Visean. The new occurrence of A. mundus extends its range upwards from the Genevievian substage of the Chesterian. Previous studies have used sequence stratigraphy to correlate the Wymps Gap Member with the lower part of the Union Limestone Formation of the Greenbrier Group in southern...
Parameter Identification of a Ground-Water Contaminant Transport Model

A parameter identification (PI) procedure is developed and implemented with the United States Geological Survey's Method of Characteristics (USGS-MOC) model. The PI procedure can be used to estimate selected model parameters from limited observations by quadratic programming. The code combining the PI procedure and the USGS-MOC model has been tested by two numerical examples from a hypothetical aquifer. The test results show that the proposed algorithm can identify transmissivity and dispersivity accurately under ideal situations. The effects of using a simple characterization of the aquifer on parameter estimation and model are shown. Because of the improved efficiency in model calibration, extended application to field conditions is encouraged. However, it is cautioned that the interested users should be aware of the difficulties in field applications of PI, and it is recommended that sound engineering and scientific judgements are always needed in the use of the proposed, or any other PI method.
Who Marries Differently Aged Spouses? Ability, Education, Occupation, Earnings, and Appearance

In direct contrast to conventional wisdom and most economic models of marital age gaps, we present robust evidence that men and women who are married to differently-aged spouses are negatively selected. Empirical results show lower cognitive ability, lower educational attainment, lower occupational wages, lower earnings, and less attractive appearance among those married to a differently-aged spouse. These results, obtained using samples of first marriages and controlling for age of marriage, are consistent with a model in which individuals with more schooling and more upwardly-mobile occupations interact more heavily with similarly-aged peers and are ultimately more likely to marry similarly-aged spouses.
Etiology of Neonatal Seizures

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Name the primary causes of neonatal seizures today. 2. Describe the cerebral malformations associated with neonatal seizures. 3. Name the metabolic disorders that are associated with neonatal seizures. 4. Compare the characteristics of familial or idiopathic epilepsies. 5. List appropriate diagnostic tests for neonates who have seizures. 6. Provide a prognosis based on the cause of neonatal seizures. Neonatal seizures are a common problem in the newborn nursery and can occur in infants at any gestational age. Seizures in a newborn infant evoke a sense of urgency among neonatologists because they often indicate a disturbance of the central nervous system (CNS). Causes of neonatal seizures encompass virtually the entire spectrum of neurologic disorders of infancy, but most neonatal seizures today are due to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage. The proper treatment of neonatal seizures depends on the cause. For example, neonatal seizures due to a transient metabolic disturbance, such as hypocalcemia or hypoglycemia, are treated by correcting the underlying metabolic derangement. However, seizures due to such transient disturbances are relatively infrequent today because of improved neonatal care. For neonates who have seizures caused by a systemic infection (sepsis) or CNS infection (meningitis and encephalitis), the underlying infection must be treated appropriately. The specific cause also has prognostic implications. More common etiologies of neonatal seizures are discussed in this review (Table 1). As discussed in the review on neonatal electroencephalography (EEG) in this issue of NeoReviews , proper identification of epileptic seizures is important. The most common seizure types are: focal or multifocal clonic, tonic, and myoclonic and subtle. Subtle seizures comprise a variety of motor and autonomic phenomena and are more common in neonates who have severe encephalopathies. However, neonates often have abnormal paroxysmal motor activity, such as oral-buccal-lingual movements, pedaling, stepping, and rotatory arm …
Durable Effect of Radioactive Iodine in a Patient with Metastatic Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

Objective. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and fastest increasing of all cancers in both men and women in the United States. Traditionally, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) carries a good prognosis when diagnosed early, but increasingly patients are presenting with late-stage disease and bone metastasis which carries a poor prognosis. Treatment of DTC involves surgical resection followed by radioactive iodine (RAI), which conventionally is thought to reach maximal effectiveness between 6 and 12 months following treatment. We report a case and review the literature surrounding long-term effect of radioactive iodine treatment in metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Methods. Patient clinical encounter and the literature review. Results. We describe a 49-year-old woman with symptomatic metastatic follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) to the spine and radiographic evidence of spinal cord compression who was effectively treated with RAI. Her initial serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels following total thyroidectomy were 1,343 ng/mL which dramatically dropped to less than 100 ng/mL following RAI. Forty-three months following treatment with RAI, she has experienced complete resolution of her symptoms and continues to maintain persistently low-thyroglobulin levels of less than 100 ng/mL. Conclusions. RAI is believed to reach peak efficacy within 6–12 months; however, little has been reported regarding the long-term duration of benefit. This case demonstrates that the benefits of RAI therapy may be enduring, even in patients with widely metastatic thyroid cancer. It suggests in clinically stable patients with declining thyroglobulin after treatment, that there may not be an immediate need for additional therapy as RAI treatment may provide lasting effects.
Refractive errors and ocular findings in children with intellectual disability: a controlled study.

Purpose To evaluate the ocular findings and refractive errors in children with intellectual disability and in controls of average intellectual development of similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods The study was conducted at Diskapi Children's Hospital in Ankara, Turkey: 724 subjects with intellectual disability and 151 control subjects were evaluated. The subjects with intellectual disability were subdivided into mild (IQ 50-69, n = 490), moderate (IQ 35-49, n = 164), and severe (IQ Results Seventy-seven percent of subjects with intellectual disability, and 42.4% of controls, had ocular findings. The children with intellectual disability had significantly more nystagmus, strabismus, astigmatism, and hypermetropia than controls. Children with syndromic intellectual disability had significantly more nystagmus, strabismus, astigmatism, and hypermetropia than subjects with nonsyndromic intellectual disability. Increasing severity of intellectual disability was related to higher prevalence of nystagmus, strabismus, astigmatism, hypermetropia, and anisometropia. Conclusions From a public health perspective, evaluation and treatment of ocular and refractive findings in children with moderate, severe, and syndromic intellectual disability categories is urgently needed and likely to be highly effective in alleviating future health and social care costs, as well as improving the productive lives of individuals with intellectual disability.
The student factory at Auburn University

Electrical Engineering curriculums typically concentrate first on electronic circuit analysis and then on design. However, elegant circuit designs often do not translate into commercially successful products. Business, safety, manufacturing and marketing issues are also key elements in viable product development. To involve the students in the broader scope of electronic product development, a two quarter Student Factory Senior Design project has been created. In this class, students progress from product concept to actual product sales and cover all of the steps in between. The objective of the course is to provide the students with firsthand experience in the complex interactions involved with product development and commercialization. This paper describes the class organization and operation. The product developed, a desktop thermometer, is also discussed.
The Social Context of Social Comparison Reality Versus Reassurance

Research on social comparison has largely ignored the social context in which opinion evaluation may occur. In the present study, subject groups were initially exposed to descriptions of a target issue that emphasized the importance of either informational considerations (facts) or value judgments. Evaluation of the issue and formulation of an issue opinion were defined as either an individual or a group goal. After announcing their own position on the issue, subjects indicated their preference for including in the group a deviant member whose issue position differed from the others' The results revealed that subjects in the group goal condition were more rejecting of the deviant than those in the individual goal condition. This difference was due largely to subjects who perceived the issue in informational terms. The implications of these findings for opinion evaluation as a collective enterprise were discussed.
Applications of operator separation in reflection seismology

The principle of operator separation, a generalization of operator splitting, is applied to some problems in reflection seismology. In particular, the examples of wave-equation migration of seismic data in a three-dimensional medium and accurate depth migration in a laterally varying medium are considered in light of this theory. For the case of a stratified three-dimensional medium, the standard dimensional splitting technique used in the downward-continuation step of the migration process can be replaced with full dimensional separation. The computational implications of this result are that the wave field array need only be transposed once during the downward continuation rather than 2n times, where n is the number of finite-difference steps taken in the calculation. For the example of downward continuation in a laterally varying medium, the ideas of operator separation can be used to split the downward continuation operator into two parts, one that looks like the conventional downward-continuation operator for a stratified medium, and a second that represents the correction for the effects of lateral variation.
Collagenolysis-dependent Angiogenesis Mediated by Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (Collagenase-3)

We have demonstrated previously that new blood vessel formation induced by angiogenic growth factors in onplants placed on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryos is critically dependent on the cleavage of fibrillar collagen by a previously unidentified interstitial collagenase. In the present study we have used a quantitative CAM angiogenesis system to search for and functionally characterize host avian collagenases responsible for the collagen remodeling associated with angiogenesis. Among the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) identified in the CAM onplant tissue, the chicken MMP-13 (chMMP-13) was the only enzyme whose induction and expression coincided with the onset of angiogenesis and blood vessel formation. The chMMP-13 cDNA has been cloned and recombinantly expressed. The chMMP-13 protein has been purified, characterized in vitro, and examined in situ in the CAM. MMP-13-positive cells appear in the CAM shortly after angiogenic stimulation and then accumulate in the collagen onplant tissue. Morphologically, the chMMP-13-containing cells appear as hematopoietic cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. In vitro, the chMMP-13 proenzyme is rapidly and efficiently activated through the urokinase plasminogen activator/plasminogen/plasmin cascade into a collagenase capable of cleaving native but not the (r/r) mutant collagenase-resistant collagen. Surprisingly, nanogram levels of purified chMMP-13 elicit an angiogenic response in the CAM onplants comparable with that induced by the angiogenic growth factors. The chMMP-13-mediated response was efficiently blocked by select protease inhibitors indicating that plasmin-activated chMMP-13 can function as an angiogenic factor in vivo. Altogether, the results of this study extend the physiological role of MMP-13, previously associated with cartilage/bone resorption, to the collagen remodeling involved in the angiogenic cascade.
Real-time cardiac MRI without triggering, gating, or breath holding

State-of-the-art cardiac MRI can perform real-time 2D scans without cardiac triggering during a single breath hold; however, real-time cardiac MRI in rats is difficult due to the high heart rate (330 bpm) and presence of respiratory motion. These challenges are overcome by using a dynamic imaging method based on Partially Separable Function (PSF) theory with an acceleration factor of 256. This paper demonstrates that this method can be used in the study of transplanted rat hearts for both anatomical and perfusion applications. The study was carried out with a 200 μm in-plane resolution with a 17.2 msec temporal resolution, and the results show improved spatial resolution (2x) and reduced acquisition time (3x) relative to Electrocardiogram (ECG) triggered, respiratory gated cine imaging.
The chelate effect in binding, catalysis, and chemotherapy

Cyclodextrin (CD) dimers bind amino acid side chains, and such binding can dissociate aggregated proteins, including citrate synthase (dimer) and lactic dehydrogenase (tetramer). A CD dimer can bind a hydrophobic photosensitizer that, upon irradiation, generates singlet oxygen. This cleaves the dimer and releases the photosensitizer. CD dimers in a cytochrome P-450 mimic steer catalyzed hydroxylation to a bound steroid with geometric control. Chelate binding has also led to a group of cytodifferentiating agents whose mechanism has been recently established. They have promising anticancer properties, and are currently entering human trials as therapeutic agents.
Shape and the information in medical images: a decade of the morphometric synthesis

This keynote address reviews several techniques from morphometrics (the multivariate biometrics of shape) developed mainly in the context of medical image analysis over the last decade. The new techniques provide powerful tools for geometric tasks that arise in the course of most analyses of medical images in groups. These tasks include standardizing against Euclidean similarity transformations or shear transformations, encoding informative prior knowledge about shape variation, and detecting, testing, and visualizing linear statistical patterns of variation within or between groups. The author reviews the features of the present toolkit, the standard underlying data models entailed and some of the extensions that reach out to the additional information content of medical images for common clinical or scientific applications.
Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei

The jets of active galactic nuclei can carry a large fraction of the accreted power of the black hole system into interstellar and even extragalactic space. They radiate profusely from radio to X-ray and γ-ray frequencies. In the most extreme cases, the outward flow speeds correspond to high Lorentz factors that can reach 40 or more. This chapter displays images at various wavebands as well as light curves and continuum spectra that illustrate the variability with location, time, and frequency of the emission from compact, parsec-, and subparsec-scale jets. It presents a physical framework for investigating many aspects of the structure and dynamical processes from such data.
Distant side-walls cause slow amplitude modulation of cellular convection

The effect of vertical boundaries on convection in a shallow layer of fluid heated from below is considered. By means of a multiple-scale perturbation analysis, results for horizontally unbounded layers are modified so that they ‘fit in’ to a rectangular region. The critical Rayleigh number and critical wave-number are determined. Motion is predicted to have the form of finite ‘rolls’ whose axes are parallel to the shorter sides of the dish. Aspects of the non-linear development and stability of this motion are studied. The general question of convective pattern selection in a bounded layer is discussed in the light of available theoretical and experimental results. This paper deals with an aspect of the theory of convection in a bounded horizontal layer of fluid heated from below. Almost all previous theoretical investigations of this problem have assumed that the layer is unbounded. (When we speak of an unbounded or a bounded layer we shall be referring to whether or not the layer extends to infinity in horizontal directions.) A premise of such investigations has been that the inevitable presence of side-walls has little or no effect in a sufficiently shallow layer. What follows is a first attempt to demonstrate that the concept of slow amplitude modulation can be employed to show how shallow the layer need be if the side-walls are to have ‘essentially ’ no effect and to estimate what their effect is if that effect is not too large. Readers unfamiliar with developments in convection theory for unbounded layers might find it useful to consult one or more of the surveys by Brindley (1967), Gortler & Velte (1967), or Segel (1966). Directly relevant is the recent paper by Davis (1967), who considered rectangular dishes with length to depth ratios which varied from to 6. His linear stability analysis, using the Galerkin method, showed that convection should commence in the form of finite rolls parallel to the shorter side-wall of the dish. If co-ordinates are chosen so that the side-walls are parallel to the 5- and y-axes then the two possible types of finite rolls are calledfinite y rolls andfinite x rolls. The latter is a motion which is periodic (or nearly so) in the 2-direction and has a zero velocity component in the y-direction (v 3 0). Finite y rolls have a corresponding definition. As Davis did, we emphasize the three-dimensional nature of finite rolls, which have no velocity component in the axial direction but depend on all three spatial co-ordinates.
Traditional vs. contemporary attitudes: How emergency department patients view the health care system

The "contemporary" versus "traditional" attitudes of patients using an emergency department were measured in order to develop explanations for increased emergency department use. Results indicated that frequency of emergency department visits significantly affected patient attitudes. More frequent use resulted in a more traditional attitude. Parents with children in the newborn to 16-year-old age range had a traditional attitude for their children. Patients instructed by their physician to go to the emergency department had a traditional attitude. Contrary to expectation, nonemergent patients did not have a contemporary attitude and emergent patients a traditional attitude. Our study indicated no difference in attitudes regardless of the urgency of the patient's condition and raises the question of why patients with traditional attitudes use the emergency department.
Computationally Efficient Fluid-Particle Dynamics Simulations of Arterial Systems

Realistic and accurate computer simulations of the particle-hemodynamics in arterial systems can be a valuable tool for numerous biomedical applications. Examples include optimal by-pass grafting and optimal drug-delivery, as well as best medical management concerning the cardio-vascular system. However, such numerical analyses require large computer resources which may become prohibitive for extended sets of arterial bifurcations. A remedy is to develop a hybrid model where the first few generations of the bifurcating arteries of interest are simulated in full 3-D, while a 1-D model is then coupled for subsequent bifurcations. Alternatively, a 1-D computer model can be directly employed to simulate fluid-particle transport in complex bifurcating networks.Relying on a representative axial velocity profile, a physiological 1-D model has been developed and validated, which is capable of predicting with reasonable accuracy arterial flow, pressure field and elastic wall interaction as well as particle transport. The usefulness of the novel 1-D simulation approach is demonstrated via a comparison to 3-D blood flow and microsphere transport in a hepatic artery system, featuring as outlets one major branch and four small daughter vessels. Compared to the 3-D simulation, the 1-D analysis requires only about 1% of computational time. The hybrid modeling approach would be also applicable to the human respiratory tract to evaluate the fate of inhaled aerosols.A simple and cost-effective way to simulate particle-hemodynamics is using a 1-D model for simulating arterial pressures and flow rates as well as microsphere transport, based on assumptions involving the use of a simple algebraic pressure-area relation, an exponential elasticity model for the vessels, and considering only unidirectional flow with a representative skewed velocity profile. In summary, the novel contributions are:• Particle tracking in arteries via 1-D fluid modeling and selection of an averaged, skewed velocity profile based on 3-D simulation results to provide more realistic friction and inertia term values for modeling a flow system with bifurcations.• The 1-D model can be coupled to a 3-D model so that simulations can be run for larger regions of vascular or lung-airway systems.
Optimal source localization and tracking from passive array measurements

If the signal of a moving source is observed at several spatially separated locations during a common time interval, the received signals exhibit differential delays and Doppler shifts which provide information about source location and velocity. This paper deals with the optimal (in the minimum mean-square error sense) source localization and tracking by utilizing differential delay and Doppler observations at a linear array of receivers. We shall be concerned with source ranges large compared with array baseline and with the distance traversed by the source during the observation interval. It is shown that the optimal estimation procedure can be carried out in two sequential steps without any loss in performance. In the first step source location is estimated from the differential delay group of measurements. In the second step source velocity is estimated from the differential Doppler group of measurements and the outcome of the first step. Furthermore, by employing an intermediate track-dependent parameter set, the two-step algorithm yields a closed form solution of the estimation problem.
Density-functional errors in ionization potential with increasing system size

This work investigates the effects of molecular size on the accuracy of density-functional ionization potentials for a set of 28 hydrocarbons, including series of alkanes, alkenes, and oligoacenes. As the system size increases, delocalization error introduces a systematic underestimation of the ionization potential, which is rationalized by considering the fractional-charge behavior of the electronic energies. The computation of the ionization potential with many density-functional approximations is not size-extensive due to excessive delocalization of the incipient positive charge. While inclusion of exact exchange reduces the observed errors, system-specific tuning of long-range corrected functionals does not generally improve accuracy. These results emphasize that good performance of a functional for small molecules is not necessarily transferable to larger systems.
On the parallelization of blocked LU factorization algorithms on distributed memory architectures

The authors present the parallelization of blocked algorithms for LU factorization. They isolate problems inherent in sequential blocked algorithms and provide approaches to overcome them on distributed memory architectures. The performances of the parallelized versions of three blocked algorithms suited to column oriented Fortran are compared. Experiments are performed on the iPSC/860 hypercube. It is shown that it is not intuitively clear which algorithm might perform best on a given architecture; this is dependent on the problem size and the number of available parameters. >
Radiology of male periurethral structures

Themaleanterior urethra(Figs.1and2)extends fromtheexternal meatus totheurogenital diaphragm andcoursesthrough thecorpus spongiosum. ItislinedbytheglandsofLittre,whosesecretions lubricate theurethra. TheaccessorysexglandsofCowper arepairedstructures thatlieoneithersideofthemembranous urethra; theirductsextend approxi-mately2cmcaudally andentertheproximal bulbarurethra.Theverumontanum liesintheposterior walloftheprostaticurethra; itisasmallmoundoftissuewhosedistalendmarksthebeginning ofthemembranous urethra. Asmallsacculardepression inthecenter oftheverumontanum, theutricle,represents amUllerian remnant. Justdistaltotheutriclearetheorificesofthepairedejaculatory ducts,whichbifurcate at
Diagnosis of Early Relapse in Ovarian Cancer Using Serum Proteomic Profiling

Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry data has been increasingly analyzed for identifying biomarkers to help early detection of the disease. Ovarian cancer commonly recurs at the rate of 75% within a few months or several years later after standard treatment. Since recurrent ovarian cancer is relatively difficult to be diagnosed and small tumors generally respond better to treatment, new methods for the detection of early relapse in ovarian cancer are urgently needed. Here, we propose a new algorithm SVM-MB/RFE (SVM-Markov Blanket/Recursive Feature Elimination) based on SVM-RFE, which identifies biomarkers for predicting the early recurrence of ovarian cancer. In this approach, we first apply t-test for feature pruning and then binning using 5-fold cross validation. Finally, 58 peaks are obtained from 27,000 of the raw data. Such dramatically reduced features relax the computational burden in the next step of our algorithm. We compare the performance of three feature selection algorithms and demonstrate that SVM-MB/RFE outperforms other methods.
Predictability of Time-Averaged Atmospheric States

A parallel pair of 15-year atmospheric model integrations are used to assess the impact of interannually varying ocean surface temperatures on the variability of various atmospheric states characterized by different degrees of spatial and temporal averaging. The two experiments have identical mean forcing but one allows anomalous forcing on a month-by-month basis. The basic hypothesis is that if enhanced variability of a particular atmospheric state results from the interannually varying forcing, then a potential predictability of those extreme atmospheric anomalies is said to exist by relating them to specific anomalous forcings. From a variety of objective statistical testing procedures, consistent judgments of potential predictability result for the tropics but not for the midlatitudes.
Effects of exenatide on weight and appetite in overweight adolescents and young adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.

SummaryBackground Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is associated with hyperphagia and hyperghrelinemia with major morbidity because of obesity without effective medical treatment targeting hyperphagia. Exenatide (Byetta [synthetic Exendin-4]; AstraZeneca, Wilmington DE) is a GLP-1 receptor agonist which reduces appetite and weight and may be an effective treatment in PWS. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the effect of a 6-month trial of exenatide on appetite, weight and gut hormones in youth with PWS. Methods Ten overweight and obese subjects with PWS (13–25 years) were recruited for a 6-month open-label, non-randomized, longitudinal study conducted at Children's Hospital Los Angeles. Exenatide was given using standard diabetes dosing without dietary modifications. Weight, body mass index (BMI), truncal fat, appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin were measured over 6 months. Mixed meal tolerance tests were performed at 0 and 6 months. Results Appetite scores significantly decreased from baseline (32.2 ± 8.7) after 1, 3 and 6 moths of treatment (27.5 ± 8.8, 25.4 ± 9.3, and 25.4 ± 7.2 respectively; p = 0.004). Hemoglobin A1c decreased significantly after treatment, but weight, BMI z-score and adiposity did not. There was no significant change in ghrelin. Conclusions This is the first longitudinal investigation of the effects of exenatide in subjects with PWS. It was effective in decreasing appetite, without change in weight or BMI in the short term. Larger, controlled, longer-term trials in patients with PWS are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of exenatide and to evaluate whether its use might induce weight loss when given in conjunction with behavioural modification.
Less favorable body composition and adipokines in South Asians compared with other US ethnic groups: results from the MASALA and MESA studies.

Less favorable body composition and adipokines in South Asians compared with other US ethnic groups: results from the MASALA and MESA studies
Propensity score analysis of endoscopic and open approaches to malignant paranasal and anterior skull base tumor outcomes.

Objectives/Hypothesis Malignant sinonasal and skull base tumors are now being resected using an endoscopic technique, but there has been controversy regarding the oncologic safety of this approach. Various studies have compared the outcomes from endoscopic surgery to those from open techniques; however, all have been limited by substantial differences in the patient populations receiving each approach. In this study we compare outcomes of open and endoscopic techniques and use propensity score matching to control for these differences in the patient populations. Study Design Retrospective cohort study including all patients > 18 years old receiving primary surgery for malignant sinonasal or skull base tumors at our institution from 2002 to 2013. Results One hundred twenty-four patients met criteria; 82 received endoscopic-only surgery, and 42 had an open component to their approach. There was an 86% 3-year overall survival and a 74% disease-free survival. Without controlling for differences in the groups, the endoscopic patients fared significantly better in survival, recurrence rates, wound infections, and length of hospital stay. When using propensity score matching to account for patient comorbidities and tumor size, there were no significant differences in any outcomes except length of the hospital stay. A multivariate regression analysis yielded the same results. Conclusion In this study, endoscopic surgery was shown to be a safe alternative to the open technique, even when controlling for the favorable patient and tumor characteristics in endoscopic patients. This is the first study to account for these differences with a rigorous statistical methodology. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2015