cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of new sites of binding and activation of the murine α1(I) collagen promoter by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β

The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) was previously shown to bind to the alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter at -365 to -335 (site 1) and to activate it. Acetaldehyde also activates the promoter, and this effect is mediated by an increase in stellate-cell C/EBPbeta protein and C/EBPbeta binding. The present study identified two additional distal sites (sites 2 and 3) of binding of C/EBPbeta, in the nuclear extracts of stellate cells, at -399 to -370 and -623 to -592 in the alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter. The C/EBPbeta protein activates the promoter at all three sites. Acetaldehyde increases C/EBPbeta binding to all three sites. Activation by acetaldehyde is abrogated in the transfected promoter mutated at either site 1 or site 3 but is not affected by mutation at site 2. Binding of the 20-kDa C/EBPbeta isoform (p20C/EBPbeta), which is eliminated by mutation at the distal site 3 of C/EBP binding, is necessary for the activation by acetaldehyde of the alpha(1)(I) collagen promoter.
Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: A review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis

Abstract Published data relevant to the geochemistry of vanadium were used to evaluate processes and conditions that control vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks. Reduction, adsorption, and complexation of dissolved vanadium favor addition of vanadium to sediments rich in organic carbon. Dissolved vanadate (V(V)) species predominate in oxic seawater and are reduced to vanadyl ion (V(IV)) by organic compounds or H 2 S. Vanadyl ion readily adsorbs to particle surfaces and is added to the sediment as the particles settle. The large vanadium concentrations of rocks deposited in marine as compared to lacustrine environments are the result of the relatively large amount of vanadium provided by circulating ocean water compared to terrestrial runoff. Vanadium-rich carbonaceous rocks typically have high contents of organically bound sulfur and are stratigraphically associated with phosphate-rich units. A correspondence between vanadium content and organically bound sulfur is consistent with high activities of H 2 S during sediment deposition. Excess H 2 S exited the sediment into bottom waters and favored reduction of dissolved V(V) to V(IV) or possibly V(III). The stratigraphic association of vanadiferous and phosphatic rocks reflects temporal and spatial shifts in bottom water chemistry from suboxic (phosphate concentrated) to more reducing (euxinic?) conditions that favor vanadium accumulation. During diagenesis some vanadium-organic complexes migrate with petroleum out of carbonaceous rocks, but significant amounts of vanadium are retained in refractory organic matter or clay minerals. As carbon in the rock evolves toward graphite during metamorphism, vanadium is incorporated into silicate minerals.
On the use of heuristics to approximate competitors’ private information

Abstract Firms often lack knowledge of the nature of the uncertainty they or their opponents face and use heuristics or approximations to determine their strategy. We define and analyze one type of “heuristic strategy”, in which firms choose strategies based on the expectation of their opponents’ private information rather than the full information about the distribution of that private information. We find that, in equilibrium, the degree to which the heuristic strategy differs from the Bayesian strategy depends on: (1) the convexity of a firm's marginal profits with respect to their opponents’ private information and (2) whether firm strategies are complementary or substitutable. Under certain conditions, firms’ equilibrium profits are greater when all firms use heuristics than when all firms use the full information. Our results provide insight into incentives firms may have to either facilitate or impede access to industry information.
Transpupillary thermotherapy of occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transpupillary thermotherapy for the treatment of occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Design A retrospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Sixteen eyes of 15 consecutive patients who presented with occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Intervention After informed consent was obtained, 16 eyes of 15 patients were treated with transpupillary thermotherapy. All patients underwent pretreatment fluorescein angiography and were deemed untreatable by the Macular Photocoagulation Study standard. Transpupillary thermotherapy was delivered using a diode laser at 810 nm. A variable spot size of 1.2 mm, 2.0 mm, or 3.0 mm was used depending on the size of CNV. The diode laser was delivered through a contact lens, and treatment was initiated in one spot for 60 seconds’ duration at a power range between 360 and 1000 mW. The end point was an area of no visible color change to a light-gray appearance. Main outcome measures In all eyes, outcome was assessed by Snellen chart visual acuity and clinical examination. In 10 of 16 eyes, preoperative and postoperative fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were available. In the remaining 6 of 16 eyes, exudation was measured by postoperative clinical examination alone. Results Three eyes (19%) showed a two-or-more-line improvement in visual acuity over a period of 6 to 25 months. Mean follow-up was 13 months. Visual acuity remained stable (no change or one-line improvement) in nine treated eyes (56%). The remaining four eyes (25%) showed a decline (equal to one-line worsening or greater) in visual acuity. Fifteen eyes (94%) demonstrated decreased exudation on fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and/or clinical examination. Conclusions Transpupillary thermotherapy shows no deleterious side effects in treating occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. A randomized, prospective study is necessary to evaluate treatment efficacy.
Treatment of diabetes mellitus: The future☆

For more than half a century the management of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus has included rigid diets and intermittent subcutaneous insulin administration. These methods have been totally unsuccessful in restoring glucose homeostasis to normal in most diabetic patients. This review focuses on techniques that offer promise as alternatives or adjuncts to the current modalities of treatment. Specific areas discussed include pancreatic transplantation, islet cell transplantation, artificial beta cell devices, and the glucagon-suppressing agent somatostatin. Although many of these show promise for the future, a cure for the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes is not imminent.
Impairment of delayed matching in monkeys by chlorpromazine and pentobarbital.

Monkeys trained to perform in a delayed matching test under five delay conditions were given chlorpromazine hydrochloride (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) and pentobarbital sodium (1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) before test sessions. Both drugs decreased response rate proportionally as dose increased. Chlorpromazine initially depressed accuracy, but showed no specific effects as delay interval increased. Pentobarbital had little effect upon accuracy, although impairment on the simultaneous conditions was seen at the highest dose. It is concluded that neither drug produced specific effects upon short-term memory.
Soil Nutrient and Fescue (Festuca spp.) Responses To Compost and Hydroseed on a Disturbed Roadside

Inadequate nutrients and poor soil quality pose challenges for turfgrass establishment on disturbed soils. Compost amendment has been shown to mitigate poor soil quality. This research was conducted to compare surface applications of compost to standard hydroseeding for improving soil chemical properties and turfgrass establishment. Plots established with either hydroseed or compost in spring 2007 were evaluated for soil pH, Mehlich-I extractable K, Mg, Zn, P, total N, organic C, and percent ground cover, fescue coverage and biomass production of tall (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and chewing's fescue [Festuca rubra L. ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman]. Two years after plot establishment, the compost treatment had significantly increased Mehlich-I extractable soil P, K and Zn. Phosphorus increased 566% in the compost soil but only 17% in the hydroseeded soil. Higher percentages of ground coverage were reported in the compost than the hydroseed treatments with coverage in treatments declining from 2008 to 2009....
Compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with engineering plastics

Seven oil immersion studies were completed at both 20 and 60C. Test bars used in this study fall within the manufacturer specification limits of physical consistency and integrity. Refrigerant Immersion studies at ambient and 60C are also complete. Equilibrium refrigerant gas solubilities of the 32 ISO VG branched acid polyolester with all ten refrigerants have been determined and completed at 20C. Finally, the thermal aging of plastics at constant refrigerant pressure exposure with seventeen refrigerant lubricant combinations have been completed.
Not all developmental assets are related to positive health outcomes in college students

Background The purpose of this investigation was to model the relationships between developmental assets, life satisfaction, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among a stratified, random sample (n = 765, 56% response rate) of college students.
Rapidly adaptive nulling of interference

We present a simpler and more general analysis of our previously proposed Principal Component Inverse (PCI) method of rapidly adaptive nulling of interference. We assume that the interference consists of a strong gaussian component with a rank deficient covariance matrix plus a weak component of white gaussian background noise. We derive an approximate Beta probability density function of the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the PCI method. Using our theoretically derived formulas, we show that the PCI method requires much less data to produce a given, needed level of SNR with high probability than the Sample Matrix Inverse (SMI) method based on the inverse of the sample covariance matrix. The approximations and the final probability density function are tested through computer simulation. They accurately explain the experimental results.
On Continuous-Time Optimal Advertising Under S-Shaped Response

Continuous-time monopolistic models of advertising expenditure that rely on strict response concavity have been shown to prescribe eventual spending at a constant rate. However, analyses of discrete analogs have suggested thatS-shaped response (convexity for low expenditure levels) may allow for the periodic optima encountered in actual practice. Casting the dynamic between advertising and sales in a common format (an autonomous, first-order relationship), the present paper explores extensions along three dimensions: an S-shaped response function, the value of the discount rate, and the possibility of diffusion-like response. Supplementing the treatment by Mahajan and Muller (1986), a flexible class of S-shaped response models is formulated for which it is demonstrated that, in contrast to findings in the literature on discretized advertising models, continuous periodic optima cannot be supported. Further, a set of conditions on the advertising response function are derived, that contains and extends that suggested by Sasieni (1971). Collectively, these results both suggest a set of baseline properties that reasonable models should possess and cast doubt on the ability of first-order models to capture effects of known managerial relevance.
The Role of AMPK and mTOR in Nutrient Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of the energy status of the cell, based on its unique ability to respond directly to fluctuations in the ratio of AMP:ATP. Because glucose and amino acids stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells by the regulation of metabolic intermediates, AMPK represents an attractive candidate for control of β-cell function. Here, we show that inhibition of AMPK in β-cells by high glucose inversely correlates with activation of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, another cellular sensor for nutritional conditions. Forced activation of AMPK by AICAR, phenformin, or oligomycin significantly blocked phosphorylation of p70S6K, a downstream target of mTOR, in response to the combination of glucose and amino acids. Amino acids also suppressed the activity of AMPK, and this at a minimum required the presence of leucine and glutamine. It is unlikely that the ability of AMPK to sense both glucose and amino acids plays a role in regulation of insulin secretion, as inhibition of AMPK by amino acids did not influence insulin secretion. Moreover, activation of AMPK by AICAR or phenformin did not antagonize glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and insulin secretion was also unaffected in response to suppression of AMPK activity by expression of a dominant negative AMPK construct (K45R). Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of AMPK activity by glucose and amino acids might be an important component of the mechanism for nutrient-stimulated mTOR activity but not insulin secretion in the β-cell.
Starting Scholarly Conversations: A Scholarly Communication Outreach Program

As the scholarly communication system continues to evolve, academic librarians should take an active role in both developing their own knowledge and educating their campus communities about emergent topics. At Furman University, librarians developed an outreach program, aimed primarily at faculty, to increase awareness of current scholarly communication issues. Expert speakers were recruited to present throughout the year on open access, altmetrics, author’s rights, and other relevant topics. This program addressed a number of needs simultaneously— outreach to faculty; education for Furman librarians; and education for the greater library community—and affirmed the importance of providing opportunities to discuss these issues beyond the libraries. The program also further established Furman University Libraries’ role in educating and guiding its campus community through changes in scholarly communication models and practices.
Compensation, tuning, and trimming of MEMS resonators

Fundamental characteristics of MEMS resonators such as acoustic velocity and energy dissipation may have strong temperature and process dependencies that must be carefully compensated in applications requiring high degrees of stability and accuracy. This paper presents an overview of compensation, tuning, and trimming techniques for MEMS resonators. The use of these techniques in implementation of high precision and high performance MEMS resonators is described, and the benefits and challenges of different approaches are discussed and compared.
MicroRNA-Targeted and Small Interfering RNA–Mediated mRNA Degradation Is Regulated by Argonaute, Dicer, and RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase in Arabidopsis

ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) of Arabidopsis thaliana mediates the cleavage of microRNA (miRNA)-targeted mRNAs, and it has also been implicated in the posttranscriptional silencing of transgenes and the maintenance of chromatin structure. Mutations in AGO1 severely disrupt plant development, indicating that miRNA function and possibly other aspects of RNA interference are essential for maintaining normal patterns of gene expression. Using microarrays, we found that 1 to 6% of genes display significant expression changes in several alleles of ago1 at multiple developmental stages, with the majority showing higher levels. Several classes of known miRNA targets increased markedly in ago1, whereas others showed little or no change. Cleavage of mRNAs within miRNA-homologous sites was reduced but not abolished in an ago1 -null background, indicating that redundant slicer activity exists in Arabidopsis. Small interfering RNAs and larger 30- to 60-nucleotide RNA fragments corresponding to highly upregulated miRNA target genes accumulated in wild-type plants but not in ago1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase mutants rdr2 and rdr6, or the Dicer-like mutants dcl1 and dcl3. Both sense and antisense RNAs corresponding to these miRNA targets accumulated in the ago1 and dcl1 backgrounds. These results indicate that a subset of endogenous mRNA targets of RNA interference may be regulated through a mechanism of second-strand RNA synthesis and degradation initiated by or in addition to miRNA-mediated cleavage.
Effect of Vitamin E and A on Humoral Immunity and Phagocytosis in E. coli Infected Chicken

Abstract Dietary supplementation of either vitamin E (300 mg./kg. diet) or vitamin A (60,000 I.U./kg. diet) significantly reduced E. coli caused mortality, but the combination of the two vitamins did not. Protection was attributed to increased antibody production and increased phagocytosis, although neither factor alone gave a significant correlation with mortality. Vitamin E level significantly increased especially in the spleen of supplemented chicks, but vitamin A suppressed this increase, partially explaining the lack of protection in vitamin E and A supplemented chicks.
Tribracchial Lariat Ethers: Syntheses, Binding, and Formation of an Intramolecular Macroring-Sidearm Complex in the Absence of Any Cation

Details of a new synthetic approach to 4,10,16-triaza-18-crown-6 (‘triaza-18-crown-6’) are reported, along with the preparation and binding properties of the following derivatives having the indicated sidearms: CH2C=CH, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH2OCH3, COCH2OCH3,CH2COOCH2CH3, CH2C6H5, and CH2C6H4-2-NO2. A key intermediate in the synthesis of triaza-18-crown-6 is 4-N-toluenesulfonyl-1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane-9,17-dione. This compound is found by solid state structure analysis to fold to form an intramolecular, doubly-hydrogen bonded complex in which the two N—H protons interact with the two tosyl group oxygens. Details of the structure are reported.
On a stress resultant geometrically exact shell model. Part VI: Conserving algorithms for non‐linear dynamics

In Parts I to V of the present work, the formulation and finite element implementation of a non-linear stress resultant shell model are considered in detail. This paper is concerned with the extension of these results to incorporate completely general non-linear dynamic response. Of special interest here is the dynamics of very flexible shells undergoing large overall motion which conserves the total linear and angular momentum and, for the Hamiltonian case, the total energy. A main goal of this paper is the design of non-linear time-stepping algorithms, and the construction of finite element interpolations, which preserve exactly these fundamental constants of motion. It is shown that only a very special class of algorithms, namely a formulation of the mid-point rule in conservation form, exactly preserves the total linear and angular momentum. For the Hamiltonian case, a somewhat surprising result is proved: regardless of the degree of non-linearity in the stored-energy function, a generalized mid-point rule algorithm always exists which exactly conserves energy The conservation properties of a time-stepping algorithm need not, and in general will not, be preserved by the spatial discretization. Precise conditions which ensure preservation of these conservation properties are derived. A number of numerical simulations are presented which illustrate the exact conservation properties of the proposed methodology.
The protective role of coastal marshes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Salt marshes lie between many human communities and the coast and have been presumed to protect these communities from coastal hazards by providing important ecosystem services. However, previous characterizations of these ecosystem services have typically been based on a small number of historical studies, and the consistency and extent to which marshes provide these services has not been investigated. Here, we review the current evidence for the specific processes of wave attenuation, shoreline stabilization and floodwater attenuation to determine if and under what conditions salt marshes offer these coastal protection services. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a thorough search and synthesis of the literature with reference to these processes. Seventy-five publications met our selection criteria, and we conducted meta-analyses for publications with sufficient data available for quantitative analysis. We found that combined across all studies (n = 7), salt marsh vegetation had a significant positive effect on wave attenuation as measured by reductions in wave height per unit distance across marsh vegetation. Salt marsh vegetation also had a significant positive effect on shoreline stabilization as measured by accretion, lateral erosion reduction, and marsh surface elevation change (n = 30). Salt marsh characteristics that were positively correlated to both wave attenuation and shoreline stabilization were vegetation density, biomass production, and marsh size. Although we could not find studies quantitatively evaluating floodwater attenuation within salt marshes, there are several studies noting the negative effects of wetland alteration on water quantity regulation within coastal areas. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that salt marshes have value for coastal hazard mitigation and climate change adaptation. Because we do not yet fully understand the magnitude of this value, we propose that decision makers employ natural systems to maximize the benefits and ecosystem services provided by salt marshes and exercise caution when making decisions that erode these services.
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis in a Holstein Steer

A young, partially blind Holstein steer was affected by mild cerebral atrophy. Formalin-fixed cerebral gray matter was diffusely yellow brown. Microscopically, there were eosinophilic, autofluorescent granules primarily in the cytoplasm of cerebral neurons. There was also extensive retinal atrophy with complete loss of the rod and cone layers. Ultrastructural examination of affected cerebral neurons revealed a mixture of granular osmiophilic and lamellar patterns in the cytoplasmic storage bodies. This suggests the existence of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis in the Holstein breed.
GENERALIZED KOOPMANS' THEOREM

Koopmans' theorem states that if the wave function of a many-electron system is approximated by a Slater determinant of Hartree-Fock one-electron wave functions, with one-electron energies defined as the difference in energy of (N + 1)- and N-particle systems, then these one-electron energies are given by the expectation value of the HartreeFock Hamiltonian with respect to the one-electron wave functions. Koopmans' theorem is generalized to include correlation effects by using Hubbard's expression for the total energy of a free-electron gas. The resulting oneelectron Hamiltonian contains in first-order screened exchange. Hubbard's lowest polarization diagram gives, in addition, part of the screened second-order Coulomb interactions, which is small for metallic densities. Collective terms are also obtained. Comparison with the Bohm-Pines Hamiltonian shows a one-to-one correspondence, but with different cutoff functions in each term. Following Hubbard, -the method to include the effects of a periodic potential to first order is extended. The resulting one-electron Hamiltonian provides a convenient and accurate basis for self consistent energy band calculations including exchange and correlation in metals and semiconductors. (auth)
Fabrication and evaluation of plasma sprayed nanostructured alumina-titania coatings with superior properties

Reconstituted nanostructured powders were plasma sprayed using various processing conditions to produce nanostructured alumina‐titania coatings. Properties of the nanostructured coatings were related to processing conditions through a critical plasma spray parameter (CPSP) that in turn, can be related to the amount of unmelted powder incorporated into the final coating. Those coatings that retain a significant amount of unmelted powder show optimum microstructure and properties. Selected physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical and electron microscopy, quantitative image analysis and mechanical testing. Constituent phases and the microstructure of the reconstituted particles and plasma sprayed coatings were examined with the aid of quantitative image analysis as a function of processing conditions. Mechanical properties including hardness, indentation crack growth resistance, adhesion strength, spallation resistance during bend- and cup-tests, abrasive wear resistance and sliding wear resistance were also evaluated. These properties were compared with a commercial plasma sprayed alumina‐titania coating with similar composition. Superior properties were demonstrated for nanostructured alumina‐titania coatings plasma sprayed at optimum processing conditions. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Space-time adaptive processing using circular arrays

A direct data-domain (D/sup 3/) least-squares space-time adaptive-processing (STAP) approach is presented for adaptively enhancing radar signals in a non-homogeneous environment of jammers, clutter, and thermal noise, utilizing a circular antenna array. The non-homogeneous environment may consist of non-stationary clutter. The D/sup 3/ approach is applied directly to the data collected by a circular antenna array (utilizing space), and in time (Doppler) diversity. Conventional STAP generally utilizes statistical methodologies, based on estimating a covariance matrix of the interference, using the data from various range cells of the circular array and assuming that it is a uniform linear array. However, for highly transient and inhomogeneous environments, the conventional statistical methodology may be difficult to apply. Moreover, the error in forming the covariance matrix by assuming that the data collected by the circular array is assumed to be a uniform linear array is highly problem dependent. Hence the D/sup 3/ method is presented, as it analyzes the data in space and time over each range cell separately. However, it treats the antenna array as circular, i.e., it deals with the antenna structure in its proper form. Limited examples are presented to illustrate the application of this approach.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Low Back Pain: General Principles and Clinical Issues

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the general principles of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including signal generation and image interpretation. Additionally, a discussion of the clinical usefulness as it relates to lumbar MRI is presented using degenerative disk disease as an example. Lumbar MRI provides high-resolution, multiaxial, multiplanar views that have high contrast between soft tissues. Obtaining these images in vivo creates minimal risk for patients and provides examiners with an excellent mechanism to study anatomic detail and the biochemical composition of the lumbar spine. Different tissue characteristics known as T1, T2, and proton density may be accentuated, allowing examiners to detect variations in tissue shape and hydration that may correspond to disease processes. There is strong agreement that lumbar MRI is indicated for the evaluation of patients with risk factors for neoplastic or infectious disorders or in persons with coexisting evidence of neurologic impairment. The utilization of lumbar MRI in patients with low back pain (LBP), however, is controversial. Lumbar MRI has a high technical capacity to detect degenerative disk disease, bulging and herniated disks, and distortions in the thecal sac or nerve roots associated with these conditions. The diagnostic accuracy, however, of most lumbar anatomic impairments related to the symptoms of LBP is low or unknown. Although lumbar MRI remains as an excellent tool to study morphology, findings must be related to data from clinical examinations to provide meaningful judgments.
At-sea Activity and Diving Behavior of a Radio-tagged Marbled Murrelet in Central California

Abstract Radio-telemetry was used to continuously monitor the at-sea activity of an adult Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) nesting in Santa Cruz County, California. From 05.39 h on 28 May 1997, to 05.14 h on 29 May 1997, the murrelet was followed by tracking teams at Ano Nuevo Bay. Between 05.44 h and 20.19 h on 28 May, the bird engaged in eleven dive bouts, with a mean duration of 18.8 ± 5.4 min. Mean dive duration was 24.8 ± 15.7 s; mean surface between dives was 15.2 ± 12.7 s. No dives were initiated after 20.19 h. The bird spent 12.3% of the at-sea period and 23.4% of daylight hours engaged in diving bouts. This relatively small amount of time spent diving allows for considerable flexibility in activity budget.
Surgical Anatomy of the Hand and Upper Extremity

This textbook is coauthored by two hand surgeons who individually have made relevant and unique contributions to the understanding of hand surgery anatomy during their careers. Their collaboration has produced a convenient stand-alone comprehensive reference resource consisting of a collection of material from multiple texts and journals. The textbook is organized into two main sections. The first, entitled “Systems Anatomy,” consists of four chapters that separate the anatomy into skeletal, muscle, nerve, and vascular systems. The chapter on muscle anatomy includes a wonderful appendix that summarizes the origin, insertion, action, and innervations of all of the muscles of the upper extremity. These four pages will probably be cherished and carried around by every hand fellow for years to come. The chapter on vascular systems includes a brief description of vascularized bone grafts; however, illustrations are omitted and there is no description of the intercompartmental supraretinacular arterial supply, which one would expect to find here. The second section, entitled “Regional Anatomy,” consists of six chapters that divide …
Neutrons from (α, n) sources

Abstract The neutron energy spectra and yields for several (α, n ) neutron sources are calculated and compared with experimental values.
The right to die and physician-assisted suicide: medical, legal, and ethical aspects (Part II).

Part 1 of this paper examines the issue of the "Right to Die", and its relationship to the discipline of Bioethics and the doctrine of Informed Consent. The discussion underlines the role and rights of the patient. A number of relevant judgments are quoted, with their implications. Part 2, to be published in our next issue, continues the discussion, with emphasis on the subject of physician-assisted suicide and the activities of Dr. Kevorkian. Further legal cases are quoted with relevant analysis, together with proposed legislation under the title "Death with Dignity". Finally, the author points to possible future developments in this controversial issue.
Frog Virus 3 dissemination in the brain of tadpoles, but not in adult Xenopus, involves blood brain barrier dysfunction

While increasing evidence points to a key role of monocytes in amphibian host defenses, monocytes are also thought to be important in the dissemination and persistent infection caused by ranavirus. However, little is known about the fate of infected macrophages or if ranavirus exploits immune privileged organs, such as the brain, in order to establish a reservoir. The amphibian Xenopus laevis and Frog Virus 3 (FV3) were established as an experimental platform for investigating in vivo whether ranavirus could disseminate to the brain. Our data show that the FV3 infection alters the BBB integrity, possibly mediated by an inflammatory response, which leads to viral dissemination into the central nervous system in X. laevis tadpole but not adult. Furthermore, our data suggest that the macrophages play a major role in viral dissemination by carrying the virus into the neural tissues.
Ion Mixing of Near-Noble Transition Metal Films on Evaporated and Large-Grained Aluminum Substrates

Ion mixing experiments using Xe ions at temperatures ranging from 77K to about 450K were conducted on Al/Ni and Al/Pt couples. Evaporated polycrystalline Al films and large-grained Al crystals were used as substrates. Xenon irradiation of Al/Pt bilayers achieves considerable intermixing and a temperature dependence is observed. Only moderate interfacial mixing with little temperature dependence is observed in Al/Ni bilayers. The mixing efficiency of Al/Ni is consistent with the phenomenological model of thermal spike mixing, and so is the absence of a pronounced temperature dependence below 450K. No significant difference is noted in ion mixing of evaporated and large-grained Al substrates. In contrast to ion mixing, Al/Pt and Al/Ni samples behave similarly upon thermal annealing and form well-defined compounds. The results are also compared with Si/metal systems, where silicides can be formed readily by low temperature thermal annealing as well as by ion mixing of bilayer samples.
The presence of chronic bee paralysis virus infection in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the USA

(2011). The presence of chronic bee paralysis virus infection in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the USA. Journal of Apicultural Research: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 85-86.
RHYTHMICITY IN THE EARLY SWIMMING OF ANURAN LARVAE.

Previous observations of the development of somatic movements in amphibians concentrated their attention on ‘reflex’ mechanisms (for review, see Hooker, 1952). Extensive study has been made of the types of movement evoked by tactile stimulation at different stages in early development and on the anatomical basis for such responses. Emphasis was thus placed upon the formation of direct pathways through the central nervous system from receptor to effector. For the swimming movements, this approach was able to account for ( a ) the cranio-caudal wave of somite contractions, in response to sensory input from any part of the body surface, and ( b ) the existence of a phase difference between the waves on the two sides of the body. A quantitative characterization of behavior at successive stages has also been made, in terms of the distances travelled per response (cf. Detwiler, 1948; Sladecek, 1960).
Understanding the densification process of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x round wires with overpressure processing and its effect on critical current density.

Overpressure (OP) processing increases the critical current density (JC ) of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (2212) round wires by shrinking the surrounding Ag matrix around the 2212 filaments, driving them close to full density and greatly increasing the 2212 grain connectivity. Indeed densification is vital for attaining the highest JC . Here, we investigate the time and temperature dependence of the wire densification. We find that the wire diameter decreases by 3.8 ± 0.3 % after full heat treatment at 50 atm and 100 atm OP. At 50 atm OP pressure, the filaments start densifying above 700 °C and reach a 3.30 ± 0.07 % smaller diameter after 2 h at 820 °C, which is below the melting point of 2212 powder. The densification is homogeneous and does not change the filament shape before melting. The growth of non-superconducting phases is observed at 820 °C, suggesting that time should be minimized at high temperature prior to melting the 2212 powder. Study of an open-ended 2.2 m long wire sample shows that full densification and the high OP JC (JC varies by about 3.1 times over the 2.2 m long wire) is reached about 1 m from the open ends, thus showing that coil-length wires can be protected from leaky seals by adding at least 1 m of sacrificial wire at each end.
Synthesis and optical characterization of mixed nanostructured aluminum–gallium oxy-hydroxide

ABSTRACTNanostructured oxy-hydroxide materials with varied compositions of aluminum and gallium were synthesized in an environmentally friendly way with water as the only solvent. The tunability of optical properties of these materials through concentration ranges is particularly of interest for organic/inorganic hybrid materials in optoelectronic devices. Size comparisons of the materials were performed using dynamic light scattering measurements. The measured size of the particles decreased with increasing Al. This supports the blue shift seen from the GaOOH emission wavelength to the Al0.5Ga0.5OOH emission wavelength in the photoluminescence spectra. The X-ray diffraction showed the formation of a possible amorphous layer in Al0.5Ga0.5OOH and Al0.2Ga0.8OOH.
A good student subject: a Foucauldian discourse analysis of an adolescent writer negotiating subject positions

In this article, we draw on the work of Michel Foucault to analyze one student’s subject development in an expository writing classroom. James, the participant, was embarking on the project of becoming a good student, as he understood it, after struggling and leaving school previously. Drawing on interviews, classroom observations and written artifacts, we use Foucauldian concepts and discourse analysis, along with one James Gee’s discourse analysis tools – the identities building tool – to conduct a microanalysis of James’s efforts to objectify himself as a good student subject. The data show how James acquiesced to the truths and practices of the regime of school, including how he mobilized truths of the regime through a process we call masked confession. That is, he negotiated his good student subject position by masking or silencing other subject positions. James’s masked confession was his way of negotiating the realm of ‘multiple truths,’ or multiple subject positions.
Nanovoid growth in BCC α-Fe: influences of initial void geometry

The growth of voids has a great impact on the mechanical properties of ductile materials by altering their microstructures. Exploring the process of void growth at the nanoscale helps in understanding the dynamic fracture of metals. While some very recent studies looked into the effects of the initial geometry of an elliptic void on the plastic deformation of face-centered cubic metals, a systematic study of the initial void ellipticity and orientation angle in body-centered cubic (BCC) metals is still lacking. In this paper, large scale molecular dynamics simulations with millions of atoms are conducted, investigating the void growth process during tensile loading of metallic thin films in BCC α-Fe. Our simulations elucidate the intertwined influences on void growth of the initial ellipticity and initial orientation angle of the void. It is shown that these two geometric parameters play an important role in the stress–strain response, the nucleation and evolution of defects, as well as the void size/outline evolution in α-Fe thin films. Results suggest that, together with void size, different initial void geometries should be taken into account if a continuum model is to be applied to nanoscale damage progression.
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in Turkey Carcass Processing and Further Processing of Turkey Products.

Presence of Campylobacter jejuni was determined at various locations in turkey carcass processing and further processing of turkey products (wieners, ham and boneless breast). Contamination of turkey carcasses with C. jejuni, in most cases, occurred on the surface of the skin or on the surface of the abdominal cavity lining. No contamination of interior muscle tissue was observed. The percentage of turkeys containing C. jejuni upon entering the processing plant varied (50 to 100%). Large numbers of C. jejuni were killed during scalding of carcasses, but extensive recontamination occurred during mechanical defeathering. After scalding, numbers of C. jejuni peaked during evisceration, but dropped to lower levels after washing. Few or no C. jejuni were recovered from the carcasses after leaving the chill tank. No C. jejuni were detected on frozen turkey carcasses, including the drip, at the wholesale or retail level. However, Campylobacter coli was detected in the drip of a few carcasses that had been in fro...
MUSK: Uniform sampling of k maximal patterns

Recent research in frequent pattern mining (FPM) has shifted from obtaining the complete set of frequent patterns to generating only a representative (summary) subset of frequent patterns. Most of the existing approaches to this problem adopt a two-step solution; in the first step, they obtain all the frequent patterns, and in the second step, some form of clustering is used to obtain the summary pattern set. However, the twostep method is inefficient and sometimes infeasible since the first step itself may fail to finish in a reasonable amount of time. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to mining frequent pattern representatives based on a uniform sampling of the output space. Our new algorithm, Musk, obtains representative patterns by sampling uniformly from the pool of all frequent maximal patterns; uniformity is achieved by a variant of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. Musk simulates a random walk on the frequent pattern partial order graph with a prescribed transition probability matrix, whose values are computed locally during the simulation. In the stationary distribution of the random walk, all maximal frequent pattern nodes in the partial order graph are sampled uniformly. Experiments on various kind of graph and itemset databases validate the effectiveness of our approach.
Adult Distal Radius Fractures

A common injury, distal radius fractures (see Fig. 15.1) require timely sensory and motor evaluation along with associated wounds for possible open fracture. Median nerve paresthesia or pain out of proportion suggests acute carpal tunnel syndrome.
The Effect of Movement Frequency on Interlimb Coupling during Recumbent Stepping

During passive lower limb movement, active use of the upper limbs increases unintentional lower limb muscle activation. We hypothesized that faster movement frequencies would amplify lower limb muscle activation during upper limb exertion but would not affect lower limb muscle activation when the upper limbs were relaxed. We studied 10 healthy participants exercising on a recumbent stepping machine that mechanically coupled the four limbs via handles and pedals. Participants exercised at four frequencies (30, 60, 90, 120 steps/min) under four conditions of active and passive movement. Self-driven lower limb motion resulted in greater muscle activation compared to externally driven lower limb motion. Muscle activation amplitude increased with frequency for all conditions except for externally driven stepping. These results indicate that fast upper limb movement facilitates neuromuscular recruitment of lower limb muscles during stepping tasks. If a similar effect occurs in neurologically impaired individuals during active stepping, self-assisted exercise might enhance neuromuscular recruitment during rehabilitation.
Narrating Indigenous Boundaries: Postcolonial and Decolonial Storytelling in Northern Minnesota

This article examines two narrative case studies, one biography and one traditional indigenous story, as they inform the dynamics of community, politics, and nationhood for Anishinaabe indigenous people in northern Minnesota. The narratives both provide power and legitimacy to Anishinaabe national identity but inform different political projects of decolonial and postcolonial nationalism, respectively, complicating both settler and indigenous attempts to define indigenous nationhood in a way that is fixed and static. This finding is used to critique the dominant nation-state centric notions of nationhood and to propose alternative modes of understanding nationhood in the context of indigenous politics.
Implications of Sex Guilt: A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of the literature examining the outcomes related to feelings of sex guilt was conducted. The analysis demonstrates gendered differences in the experience of sex guilt and myriad att...
DCSR: A Digital Circuit Sketch Recognition System for Education

Digital logic is an important part of any engineering curriculum in today’s digital era, and it is often taught visually through circuit diagrams. However, for students just learning logic, this process can be non-interactive, with students typically drawing and solving diagrams that will only be evaluated by a human grader later. This paper presents DCSR (Digital Circuit Sketch Recognition), a system that recognizes hand-drawn digital logic circuits through a web interface and calculates the truth value of its output based on students’ input. It allows users to draw freely and gives immediate feedback; DCSR aims to provide an interactive, sketch-based approach for educators to assist students in learning digital logic. It was evaluated by 15 electrical engineering students.
To move more but sit less: The roles of students’ attitudes and knowledge:

An important goal of physical education (PE) is to educate children to become physically literate and active of their own accord. This study capitalized on examining the roles of students’ attitude...
The Serre Spectral Sequence

In this chapter we study the Serre spectral sequence \(\{ E_{*,*}^r (p),d^r \} \) over \(\mathbb{K}\, = \mathbb{Z}\), and ℤ2, of the path space fibration $$ p\,:\,P(M) \to M, $$ with \(M = \,\mathbb{F}_k (\mathbb{R}^{n + 1} )\) or \(\mathbb{F}_{k + 1} (S^{n + 1} )\). Here the paths are based at an appropriate basepoint.
Structure of Atypical Immunoglobulins—Relationship to Genetic Control Mechanisms

Much of the knowledge of antibody function and structure has been obtained from studies of the homogeneous proteins produced by patients with neoplasms of plasma cells and lymphocytes. There is now little doubt that most of the homogeneous proteins in these patients are structurally normal antibodies or immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules. This conclusion has received further support from the discovery of myeloma proteins and macroglobulins possessing antibody activity. Under normal conditions the synthesis of heavy (H) and light (L) chains is approximately balanced, and plasma cells secrete primarily complete Ig molecules. In certain disease states, however, unbalanced synthesis most commonly manifested by the production of free L chains [Bence Jones proteins (BJP’s)] can occur. Only since the discovery of defective H chains in humans [heavy-chain-disease (HCD) proteins (Franklin et al., 1964; Osserman and Takatsuki, 1964)] and of half-molecule IgA proteins in mice (Potter and Kuff, 1964) has the existence of structurally altered molecules in association with plasma-cell and lymphocytic neoplasms been recognized. Since that time, an increasing number of studies have attempted to use mutant proteins and the tumors producing them to obtain structural and genetic information that could not be derived from studies of intact molecules. Since progress in this area has been dependent on the chance occurrence and recognition of structurally altered proteins, attempts have recently been made to induce such mutations in clones of plasma-cell tumors and to study the products of such mutated cells (Baumal et al., 1973; Milstein et al., 1974; Scharff, 1974). The most commonly observed changes are the loss of H- or of both H- and L-chain production. Recent studies, however, have also demonstrated several H-chain variants that resemble quite strikingly some of those previously noted to arise spontaneously in human plasma-cell tumors (Frangione and Franklin, 1973).
Isomorphism Theory for the Linear Groups

Let V and V′ be vector spaces of finite dimensions n and n′ over division rings D and D′ respectively. Assume that there exists a semilinear isomorphism from V or its dual space onto V′. Then n = n′ and either D or D°P is isomorphic to D′.