cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nested Grid Models for Ocean Processes

This paper presents a novel two-way nested grid scheme that allows information to travel freely through the computational boundaries of the grid interface. The method tentatively assumes the pressure boundary conditions between subdomains, but uses a receding boundary approach to minimize the pressure errors. Initially, the domains overlap, but within a few time steps the overlap is eliminated by the receding boundaries, so repeated use of approximate boundary conditions is avoided. This prevents the accumulation of errors on the subdomain boundaries and, furthermore, decreases the transfer of errors to the rest of the domain by continuously discarding boundary data. To avoid continuous shrinking of the subdomains, the boundaries are reset to their original positions every few time steps. Successful applications of the method are presented for surface wave propagation, gravity currents and a combination of both surface and internal waves.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Studies of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Menkes' Disease

Summary Three patients with Menkes' disease, an inherited disorder of copper transport, were studied to determine whether the copper deficiency was associated with a lipoprotein disorder. Hypocuprinemia was documented in all three cases. Two patients had severe copper and ceruloplasmin deficiencies, whereas the third patient had a less severe deficiency. Hypertriglyceridemia was observed in the first patient, and elevations in triglyceride, cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and apolipoprotein GI11 (ApoC-111) occurred predominantly in the very low density lipoprotein fraction (VLDL). This patient had normal lipoprotein lipase activity but mild glucose intolerance. The second patient had a borderline high cholesterol level with normal plasma triglycerides and apolipoproteins, whereas the third patient appeared to have normal total cholesterol but slightly higher triglycerides with elevated plasma apolipoprotein E (ApoE). No striking differences were observed in the chemical composition of all lipoprotein subfractions between patients and controls except that the neutral lipid content of VLDL was higher in patients than in controls. The ApoB was initially normal in molecular weight but degraded faster than the controls during storage. The appearance of the major low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of the first two patients was opaque white, in contrast to clear yellow in the third patient and in the age- and diet-matched controls. This abnormal appearance of LDL in
Entitlement Disorder The Colonial Traditions of Power as White Male Resistance to Affirmative Action

In the aftermath of Western colonization, White males have regarded previously colonized populations as less than equal in negotiating quality-of-life issues. By tradition, quality of life in Ameri...
Interferon-related and other immune genes are downregulated in peripheral blood leukocytes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

Interaction between the endocrine and the immune systems has been suggested by observations of sexual dimorphism of the immune response, differential susceptibility to autoimmunity between the sexes, changes in autoimmune disease activity during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy and in vitro studies of hormonal influence on cytokine production. We hypothesized that if there is hormonal regulation of the immune response, this would be manifest in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) at different phases of the menstrual cycle. In this study, we describe gene profiling of PBLs from the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. We observe important differences in immune gene expression, with significant downregulation of the Th1 immune response in the luteal phase. A significant number of interferon (IFN)-related genes are amongst the downregulated genes. These results support significant hormonal regulation of the immune system and may have therapeutic implications in diseases of autoimmunity in ...
Composition-dependent sensing mechanism of electrospun conductive polymer composite nanofibers

Abstract Electrospinning provides a means to synthesize nanofibrous structures with very high surface area-to-volume ratio, which enhance the sensitivity of conductive polymer (CP)-based gas sensors in a cost effective manner. To enhance processability, insulating host polymers are often used with the CP for electrospinning. Unlike CPs, however, the contribution of insulating polymers on overall sensing performance of composites has not been systemically investigated. In this study, we examined the effects of insulating polymers in electrospun composite nanofibers on the sensitivity to various analytes. Different composition ratios of polyaniline (PANI)/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers were produced by electrospinning, and their structure and chemistry were characterized. The PANI/PCL electrospun composite nanofibers were configured in a chemiresistor and subjected to different analytes, including H2O vapor, NH3, and NO2. H2O vapor and NO2 showed a polarity change in sensitivity, having a compositional threshold of PANI-to-PCL ratio. To investigate this polarity change, the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity was examined. When H2O vapor was exposed to the composite with the highest PANI content at 20 wt%, there was a decrease in hopping distance; on the other hand, an increase in hopping distance was observed when H2O vapor was exposed to the composite with the lowest PANI content at 9 wt%. These results show an existence of competition between the conductive polymer, PANI, and the insulating host polymer, PCL, for analyte interaction, both of which integratively determine the overall sensitivity. The work demonstrates that the host polymer plays an important role in structural swelling as well as chemical interaction with analytes, which critically modulate sensing behavior.
On the dome effect of Eppley pyrgeometers and pyranometers

Pyrgeometers and Pyranometers are fundamental instruments widely used for quantifying atmosphere-surface energetics in climate studies. The dome effect of these instruments can cause a measurement uncertainty larger than 10 W m−2. Based on careful analysis, the dome factors of our two new pyrgeometers are found to lie in the range between 1.1 and 2.0. These values are far smaller than the value of 4.0 suggested by the World Meteorological Organization. The laboratory-determined dome factors fall within this range, if pyrgeometers approach equilibrium with the blackbody target during calibration cycles. From recent field campaigns, consistent results for the dome factors are also obtained by analyzing nighttime pyrgeometer measurements, which were regarded as approaching equilibrium state. Furthermore, we utilized an energy balance equation to describe the thermal dome effect of pyranometers that is commonly referred to as the nighttime negative outputs or the dark-offset. Lacking direct measurements of the dome and case temperatures of pyranometer, we used measurements from a pyrgeometer to derive and to account for the thermal dome effect of collocated pyranometers. This approximation revealed a reasonable agreement between calculations and measurements.
Practical Philosophies: Interpretations of Religion and Spirituality by African American and European American Elders

SUMMARY This study explored practical philosophies, religious and spiritual definitions articulated by 42 African American and 37 European American low-income community dwelling older adults in a convenience sample (N = 79). The European American group was predominantly Jewish (89%). The purpose of this research was to uncover how older adults view the role of religion and spirituality in their daily lives. Religion was described primarily as beliefs, while spirituality was primarily identified as a feeling in the heart. Neither interpretation was exclusive to one of the two domains. Unique descriptors of religion included heritage, basic principles, a way of thinking, and duty. Unique descriptors of spirituality included connection with God, relationships with other people, communication with nature, and choice. African Americans were less likely to make a distinction between the two concepts, while European American respondents were more likely to separate them. Results suggest that individual interpret...
National Characters: Playing Against Type in the Ballet des Muses (1666–67)

AbstractAlthough exotic figures were a staple of the ballet de cour under Louis XIV, critics of the genre have tended to dismiss these masquerades as rehearsals of ignorant stereotypes about foreign peoples and places. This essay argues instead that the ballets' seemingly grotesque citations of preconceptions about other countries were often informed by a subtle understanding of the discursive force of national tropes. Through an examination of the sophisticated use of national stereotypes in Benserade, Lully, and Moliere's Ballet des Muses (1666–67), particularly in the Spanish masquerade, Moliere's Sicilian comedy and the Moorish dance, I aim to show that this work explicitly figures national character as a formal commonplace rather than a meaningful category. By enacting well-known stereotypes in ways that divorce them from any notion of original identity, the ballet's performers made space for a critique of more essentialist interpretations of nationality, including those used to underpin French claim...
Identification via orthogonality for a class of hyperbolic distributed parameter processes

Hyperbolic or wave like distributed parameter processes occur in a number of physical settings. Several identification techniques are discussed in this paper which are based on orthogonality relationships of these hyperbolic processes in the time variable, and on characteristic theory, respectively. The paper discusses and interprets the parameter identification process, its measurement requirements, and examples of both identifiable and non-identifiable processes.
Restrictions of Fourier transforms and extension of Fourier sequences

Abstract In this paper we discuss relations between Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of (bounded Borel) measures on (−∞, ∞) and sequences of Fourier-Stieltjes coefficients of measures on [0, 2π). We show (Theorem B) that if \ gm is the Fourier-Stieltjes transform of a measure μ on (−∞, ∞), then { \ gm(n)} n = −∞ ∞ is the sequence of Fourier-Stieltjes coefficients of some measure on [0, 2π). In the other direction we show (Theorem F) that if {an}n = −∞∞ is the sequence of Fourier-Stieltjes coefficients of some measure on [0, 2π), then the function whose graph consists of the line segments successively joining the points (n, an) must be the Fourier-Stieltjes transform of a measure on (−∞, ∞). We also prove a similar theorem for distributions.
Gravitational effects on volume distribution in a model of partial and total liquid ventilation.

Abstract To estimate regional lung volume during ventilation with liquids (e.g. perfluorochemicals, PFC) we developed a multi-compartment mathematical model of a lung and thorax. The height of the fluid column and the fluid’s density determine alveolar pressure (P a ). The weight of thoracic contents above any given gravitational plane influences pleural pressure (P pl ). Transpulmonary pressure (P tp =P a− P pl ) and compliance of the lung and chest wall permit estimation of volumes. The results indicate the lung inflates almost uniformly during total liquid ventilation despite a substantial vertical P a gradient. Inflation uniformity is due to the offsetting vertical P pl gradient created by the added weight of the PFC and sustained by the relative rigidity of the chest wall. During partial liquid ventilation our model indicates that the combination of uniform P a with a large vertical gradient in P pl leads to a vertical P tp gradient and therefore relative over-inflation of the top of the lung. This effect increases with increasing PFC dose and with lung height.
A survey of carers in the North West Health District of New South Wales

Abstract A questionnaire survey was posted to twenty six carers of palliative care patients in the home in the North West Health District of New South Wales with the help of community nurses. Results confirmed that carers were most commonly older wives giving help to family members, especially husbands, with support from community nurses and general practitioners. Differences between this survey and others were found in those co-residing with the patient, the employment status of the carers, night help, help from the family and hospital admissions. This study reports for the first time the prior formal nursing training of carers, the carers use of medication and the cost of home care.
Hybrot: Towards Improved Performance in Hybrid SLC-MLC Devices

There are two types of NAND flash memory - MLC (Multi -- Level Cell) and SLC (Single -- Level Cell). Low endurance and slower write performance in MLC NAND flash memory is a limitation to its usage in large scale solid state drives. On the other hand SLC NAND flash memory which has higher endurance and faster write performance is much more expensive than MLC devices. Hybrid SLC-MLC devices bridge the gap between the two by providing improved reliability at a low cost. In this paper, we propose an efficient architecture called Hybrot that aims at providing improved performance in hybrid SLC -- MLC devices and at the same time ensures maximum lifetime for the flash blocks. We propose a gray box approach for managing the SLC and MLC blocks which achieves the target write performance irrespective of the underlying flash management algorithms.
Pseudo-score confidence intervals for parameters in discrete statistical models

We propose pseudo-score confidence intervals for parameters in models for discrete data. The confidence interval is obtained by inverting a test that uses a Pearson chi-squared statistic to compare fitted values for the working model with fitted values of the model when a parameter of interest takes various fixed values. For multinomial models, the pseudo-score method simplifies to the score method when the model is saturated and otherwise it is asymptotically equivalent to score and likelihood ratio test-based inferences. For cases in which ordinary score methods are impractical, such as when the likelihood function is not an explicit function of model parameters, the pseudo-score method is feasible. We illustrate the method for four such examples. Generalizations of the method are also presented for future research, including inference for complex sampling designs using a quasilikelihood Pearson statistic that compares fitted values for two models relative to the variance of the observations under the simpler model.
Interference by detergents, chelating agents, and buffers with the Lowry protein determination.

Abstract EDTA distorts the Lowry method even at the concentration of 0.5 m m . The effect of EDTA, glycine, glycylglycine, Tricine, and Tris on the Lowry method can be calibrated only at a fixed concentration of the chemicals. The effect of succinic acid, sodium citrate, and Bicine on the Lowry method changes depending on the concentration of the chemicals, but the changes were not as significant as in the case of the chemicals mentioned above. Sodium phosphate at pH 8.9, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sucrose, and urea do not affect the Lowry method when a reference containing only the chemical is used.
Experimental Evaluation of Derivative Free Model Reference Adaptive Control

Modern flight control systems are expected to perform beyond their conventional flight envelopes and exhibit robustness and adaptability to uncertain environments and failures. Adaptive control has been shown to improve the performance of a flight control system in the presence of uncertainties and failures. Recently, a new adaptive design named DF-MRAC has been developed which offers the possibility of improved adaptation and smoother error transient characteristics compared to conventional MRAC designs. In this paper flight test results using a small twin engine aircraft with DF-MRAC design is evaluated and compared with conventional MRAC design in the presence of failures.
ROLE OF VASOPRESSIN ANTAGONISTS

Alterations in intracellular calcium homeostasis and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate likely underlie the increased cell proliferation and fluid secretion in polycystic kidney disease. Hormone receptors that affect cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate and are preferentially expressed in affected tissues are logical treatment targets. There is a sound rationale for considering the arginine vasopressin V2 receptor as a target. The arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists OPC-31260 and tolvaptan inhibit the development of polycystic kidney disease in cpk mice and in three animal orthologs to human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (PCK rat), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (Pkd2-/WS25 mice), and nephronophthisis(pcy mouse). PCK rats that are homozygous for an arginine vasopressin mutation and lack circulating vasopressin are markedly protected. Administration of V2 receptor agonist 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin to these animals completely recovers the cystic phenotype. Administration of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin to PCK rats with normal arginine vasopressin aggravates the disease. Suppression of arginine vasopressin release by high water intake is protective. V2 receptor antagonists may have additional beneficial effects on hypertension and chronic kidney disease progression. A number of clinical studies in polycystic kidney disease have been performed or are currently active. The results of phase 2 and 2-3 studies indicate that tolvaptan seems to be safe and well tolerated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A phase 3,placebo-controlled, double-blind study in 18- to 50-yr-old patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and preserved renal function but relatively rapid progression, as indicated by a total kidney volume >750 ml, has been initiated.
Laboratory model for the study and treatment of traumatic tattoos with the Q-switched ruby laser

The outcome of laser tattoo removal is dependent on the type of laser and characteristics of the tattoo. A rabbit model was developed to study the Q-switched ruby laser in the treatment of traumatic tattooing. On the backs of white New Zealand rabbits, three 3 cm patches were dermabraded and dressed with carbon black and antibiotic ointment. After a healing period of eight weeks, pre-treatment biopsies were obtained, and the rabbits were treated with the Q- switched ruby laser at various fluence settings with a pulse width of 34 nsec. At set intervals, further biopsies were obtained and studied with light and electron microscopic analysis, and photodocumentation was performed. Grossly, clearance of the tattooed areas was noted in the laser treated specimens. More effective clearance was observed with higher fluence treatment. No infections occurred, and hair regrowth was noted in all cases, though the rate seemed to be altered by laser treatment.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A sensitivity analysis of a randomized controlled trial of zinc in treatment of falciparum malaria in children.

Abstract Background The randomized trial has long been recognized as a means to assess the efficacy of new interventions, because the investigator can reduce or eliminate many sources of error. As such, clinical trials often do not include quantitative assessments of the extent that systematic error could affect their results. We examined the impact of different sources of bias on a randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of zinc as an adjuvant to malaria therapy in reducing time to total parasite clearance. Methods Using data from a previously published study, we identified two sources of bias and used the sensitivity analysis technique developed by Lash and Fink to assess the impact of each source of bias on the outcome. Results After correcting for each source of bias and reincorporating random error into our results, the point estimate of effect comparing those who received placebo to those who received zinc changed slightly (SMR changed from 0.92 to 0.90) but the 95% interval increased 22% (changing from 0.73–1.16 in the conventional analysis to 0.65–1.26 in the sensitivity analysis). Conclusions The findings of this sensitivity analysis serve as a reminder that the frequentist confidence interval underestimates the total error, even in a randomized controlled trial. Authors of randomized controlled trial investigations ought to conduct a complete assessment of the impact of potential sources of bias in their studies. CONSORT guidelines for reporting trial results should be updated to encourage authors to assess the impact of non-random errors on their studies.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α (PPARα) Agonist Treatment Reverses PPARα Dysfunction and Abnormalities in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ethanol-fed Mice

Proper function of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is essential for the regulation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acid levels are increased in liver during the metabolism of ethanol and should activate PPARalpha. However, recent in vitro data showed that ethanol metabolism inhibited the function of PPARalpha. We now report that ethanol feeding impairs fatty acid catabolism in the liver in part via blocking PPARalpha-mediated responses in C57BL/6J mice. Ethanol feeding decreased PPARalpha/retinoid X receptor alpha binding in electrophoretic mobility shift assay of liver nuclear extracts. mRNAs for PPAR-regulated genes were reduced (long chain and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases) or failed to be induced (acyl-CoA oxidase, liver carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase, very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase, very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) in livers of the ethanol-fed animals, and ethanol feeding did not increase the rate of fatty acid beta-oxidation. Wy14,643, a PPARalpha agonist, restored the DNA binding activity of PPARalpha/retinoid X receptor alpha, induced mRNA levels of PPARalpha target genes, stimulated the rate of fatty acid beta-oxidation, and prevented fatty liver in ethanol-fed animals. Impairment of PPARalpha function during ethanol consumption contributes to the development of alcoholic fatty liver, which can be overcome by Wy14,643.
Uniform time-sampling Fourier transform spectroscopy

We show that uniform time sampling of both the reference and the target channels in a continuous scanning Fourier transform spectrometer is a simple and versatile way of extending the Nyquist limit shorter than the wavelength of the reference channel. We also discuss the benefits of recording the reference channel when intensity calibrating the target data.
Obesity–insulin targeted genes in the 3p26-25 region in human studies and LG/J and SM/J mice

Identifying metabolic syndrome (MetS) genes is important for novel drug development and health care. This study extends the findings on human chromosome 3p26-25 for an identified obesity-insulin factor QTL, with an LOD score above 3. A focused association analysis comprising up to 9578 African American and Caucasian subjects from the HyperGEN Network (908 African Americans and 1025 whites), the Family Heart Study (3035 whites in time 1 and 1943 in time 2), and the Framingham Heart Study (1317 in Offspring and 1320 in Generation 3) was performed. The homologous mouse region was explored in an F(16) generation of an advanced intercross between the LG/J and SM/J inbred strains, in an experiment where 1002 animals were fed low-fat (247 males; 254 females) or high-fat (253 males; 248 females) diets. Association results in humans indicate pleiotropic effects for SNPs within or surrounding CNTN4 on obesity, lipids and blood pressure traits and for SNPs near IL5RA, TRNT1, CRBN, and LRRN1 on central obesity and blood pressure. Linkage analyses of this region in LG/J×SM/J mice identify a highly significant pleiotropic QTL peak for insulin and glucose levels, as well as response to glucose challenge. The mouse results show that insulin and glucose levels interact with high and low fat diets and differential gene expression was identified for Crbn and Arl8b. In humans, ARL8B resides ~137kbps away from BHLHE40, expression of which shows up-regulation in response to insulin treatment. This focused human genetic analysis, incorporating mouse research evidenced that 3p26-25 has important genetic contributions to MetS components. Several of the candidate genes have functions in the brain. Their interaction with MetS and the brain warrants further investigation.
Bowel and bladder dysfunction following surgery within the presacral space: an overview of neuroanatomy, function, and dysfunction

Introduction and hypothesis The presacral space contains a dense and complex network of nerves that have significant effects on the innervation of the pelvic viscera and support structures. The proximity of this space to the bony promontory of the sacrum has lead to its involvement in an array of corrective surgical procedures for pelvic floor disorders including sacrocolpopexy and rectopexy. Other procedures involving the same space include presacral neurectomy which involves intentional transection of the contained neural plexus to relieve refractory pelvic pain and resection of retrorectal or presacral tumors. Potential complications of these procedures are postoperative constipation and voiding dysfunction.
OR Practice-Selecting a Portfolio of Environmental Programs for a Synthetic Fuels Facility

This article describes how a U.S. Department of Energy steering committee used a decision analysis procedure to develop a portfolio of environmental and health research programs for a commercial-scale synthetic fuels facility. The procedure used information and insights from decision analyses conducted in five technical areas to support decision analysis at the portfolio level. The problem was complex because it included many combinations of studies that could be funded; multiple objectives in the five technical areas, as well as at the portfolio level; and uncertainties about research needs, the availability of technical data, and research costs. The article discusses: the rationale for using formal decision analysis, the main features of the procedure, and how the procedure provided the steering committee with a logical basis for evaluating a large number of diverse technical projects and, with the help of health and environmental experts, established research priorities and budget allocations in a logical and defensible manner.
Adaptive extremum control using approximate process models

The proposed on-line adaptive optimization technique incorporates a priori knowledge in the form of approximate steady-state models. The steady-state geometric characteristics of the model are periodically recalculated using a Hammerstein system and recursive least squares. The algorithm is self-tuning in the sense that it converges to the optimal performance provided that a matching condition is satisfied and that the data are persistently exited. Simulation and experimental studies performed on a continuous fermentation system have been conducted to illustrate the performance of the optimization algorithm and demonstrate the viability of adaptive extremum control.
Optimal stage duration in dobutamine stress echocardiography.

Objectives. This study attempted to determine the benefit of a 5-min dobutamine stress echocardiographic stage versus a 3-min stage in a canine model. Background. Dobutamine stress echocardiography, as currently performed, uses a variety of different protocols. Among the many aspects of dobutamine stress echocardiographic protocols that vary is stage duration. Because dobutamine has specific pharmacodynamics, it is possible that stages of different durations may have different cardiovascular effects. Methods. Paired dobutamine stress echocardiograms were obtained in 10 open chest instrumented dogs. The stage duration for the initial dobutamine stress echocardiogram was randomly allocated to either 3 or 5 min, and all hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables were allowed to return to baseline before the second dobutamine stress echocardiogram was obtained using the alternative stage duration. At each stage, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, coronary flow, myocardial wall thickness and left ventricular cavity area were recorded. Cavity obliteration, hypotension, ventricular tachycardia or a maximal dose of 40 μ/kg body weight per min served as the dobutamine stress echocardiographic end point. Results. At baseline, no difference was detected between the 3-or 5-min protocols for heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rate-pressure product, coronary blood flow, wall thickness or percent area change. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and coronary flow increased more by the 10-μ/kg per min dose with the 5-min protocol than with the 3-min protocol. The dobutamine stress echocardiographic end points were achieved at a lower dobutamine dose (15.0 ± 4.1 vs. 11.0 ± 2.1 μg/kg per min [mean ±SD], p = 0.01) with the longer stage duration. Conclusions. In this canine model, a longer stage produced a greater hemodynamic effect at a lower peak dose. Thus, extending stage duration in clinical dobutamine stress echocardiography may achieve equivalent physiologic stress at lower doses and contribute to the optimization of dobutamine stress echocardiographic protocols.
Some Contemporary Developments in Sub-Saharan Africa

SYNOPSIS Racial tensions in Africa revolve round questions of the status of the black man and his security in land tenure. The African's cultural adjustment to his changing environment has four main aspects: (a) his desire for western education; (b) his re‐assessment of his social institutions in the light of that education; (c) his reaction to foreign immigrants ; and (d) a new cultural rationale for racism. Racial tensions are highest in South Africa where European settlement has the longest history, and similar tensions are now developing elsewhere in Africa. Various Governments have adopted different methods for dealing with the resulting problems. New arguments such as those of Dr. J. C. Carothers in The African Mind in Health and Disease, are employed to justify the Europeans' claims to superiority over Africans. These arguments are criticized. Ed.
Cognitive views of creativity: Creative teaching for creative learning

Abstract What is creativity and how can we foster it in our students? According to cognitive views of creativity, creative problem solving can be defined as producing a novel method of solving a new problem. Creative teaching occurs when a teacher teaches subject matter in ways that help students to transfer what they have learned to creative problem solving. Three examples involving science, mathematics, and computing problems are presented to show how teaching with analogical models can lead to improvements in students' creativity. Creative learning occurs when students use active learning strategies for mentally representing new material in ways that lead to problem solving transfer. Three examples involving science, mathematics, and computing problems are presented to demonstrate how learning strategies for forming mental representations can lead to improvements in students' creativity. New developments in cognitive theories of transfer, mental models, and learning strategies are likely to contribute to our understanding of how to foster creativity in our students.
Applying the guidelines of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child.

Although the wisdom of the guidelines advocated inBeyond the Best Interests of the Child for making custody and visitation decisions is widely proclaimed, the realities of existing statutes and procedural systems preclude their simple application to present-day custody cases. It is the purpose of this paper to join the efforts of others in attempting to delineate how the theoretical policies and abstract strategies comprising these guidelines can be implemented under the constraints of present realities. This effort takes the form of three disguised cases to which is added the author's commentary on his interventions and recommendations.
Structured vs unstructured visual-motor tests for educable retarded children.

Summary.-To determine correlations among test scores on Berry Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integraaon (Berry), a structured test, and the Bender-Gestalt (Bender), an unstructured one, half of 24 children (IQs ranging from 50 to 80) were given each test first. Developmental age scores and/or equivalents were obtained. Both Koppitz and Bender methods were used to score the Bender protocols. Intercorrelations between the Bender (Koppitz and Bender scoring) and Berry were statistically significant (fi < .01). For this sample a structured booklet for visual-motor testing (Berry) measures visualmotor skills in a manner comparable to the unstructured Bender. The purpose of this study was to obtain correlations of test scores from educable mentally retarded youngsters on the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration (Berry) and Bender-Gestalt (Bender), using both Koppitz and Bender scoring methods. Three questions were asked: (1) Are the Bender and Berry test scores of educable mentally retarded children positively correlated? (2) Are age and IQ correlated with the Bender and Berry tests? (3) DO the group means of the Bender and Berry tests differ for such children? It has been reported that mentally retarded youngsters perform better on more structured tasks than on less structured ones (Kirk & Johnson, 1951; Kolstoe, 1970; Smith, 1968). Since the Berry test includes a more structured visualmotor task than the Bender test, it was felt educable mentally retarded students might perform better on it. The more structured test was defined as having specified page positions, page locations, and boundary requirements for each stimulus design. The less structured test, on the other hand, did not require Ss to keep the page "straight in front of them," reproduce the design in any specified area, or specify any particular size for the reproduction.
Subsolidus Equilibria in the System MgO–GeO2–MgF2

Four MgO-GeO2-MgF2 compounds, analogous to the humite minerals, were synthesized by solid state reaction by substituting germanium for silicon. The 43 selected compositions were sintered at 800° to 1200°C. Solid state compatibility relations were established from petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses. The optical properties and characteristic X-ray diffraction data for the four MgO-GeO2-MgF2 compounds were determined, and 2MgO.GeO2 MgF2, 4MgO.2GeO2 MgF2, and 6MgO.3GeO2 MgF2 were indexed by Ito's method.
Fictions, factions, and functions of behavior therapy

Behavior therapy is extraordinarily diverse in its theoretical approaches, research methods, and therapeutic techniques. The diversity has raised problems in generating a uniform definition of behavior therapy that adequately reflects the multifaceted nature of the field and at the same time accurately portrays the many different approaches. The present paper examines the nature of contemporary behavior therapy by presenting many misconceptions about its distinguishing features (fictions), discrepant views, approaches, and theoretical orientations within the field (factions), and some of the important contributions that behavior therapy has made to psychology in general (functions). Elaborating the fictions, factions, and functions of behavior therapy not only conveys the diversity within the field but also the evolution of what behavior therapy is as an area of research and practice.
Forward and inverse modeling of land surface energy balance using surface temperature measurements

Land surface temperature measurements have been widely used to estimate surface energy balance. However, because land surface temperature and energy balance both depend on a complex suite of factors, precise estimation of surface energy exchanges using thermal remote sensing is difficult. In recent years, a variety of methods have been developed that overcome previous limitations and show substantial promise for robust estimation of surface fluxes from remote sensing. This paper reviews recent progress in this domain and describes a two-layer energy balance model designed for use with thermal remote sensing. An important aspect of the model is that it is specifically designed to account for the complex micrometeorology and thermal properties of land surfaces possessing a range of density in vegetation. Further, the physics underlying this model are complementary to the physics of land surface thermal remote sensing. Comparisons between field measurements and modeled fluxes show good agreement, which suggests that the model describes land surface energy balance processes with good realism. More importantly, these results reinforce the conclusions of other recent studies that have demonstrated the compatibility of two-layer energy balance models with remote sensing observations and, by extension, the viability of using thermal remote sensing to model surface energy balance.
Engineering and Performance (NEMA and Animal) of a Lower-Cost Higher-Resolution Animal PET/CT Scanner Using Photomultiplier-Quadrant-Sharing Detectors

The dedicated murine PET (MuPET) scanner is a high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and low-cost preclinical PET camera designed and manufactured at our laboratory. In this article, we report its performance according to the NU 4-2008 standards of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). We also report the results of additional phantom and mouse studies. Methods: The MuPET scanner, which is integrated with a CT camera, is based on the photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing concept and comprises 180 blocks of 13 × 13 lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystals (1.24 × 1.4 × 9.5 mm3) and 210 low-cost 19-mm photomultipliers. The camera has 78 detector rings, with an 11.6-cm axial field of view and a ring diameter of 16.6 cm. We measured the energy resolution, scatter fraction, sensitivity, spatial resolution, and counting rate performance of the scanner. In addition, we scanned the NEMA image-quality phantom, Micro Deluxe and Ultra-Micro Hot Spot phantoms, and 2 healthy mice. Results: The system average energy resolution was 14% at 511 keV. The average spatial resolution at the center of the field of view was about 1.2 mm, improving to 0.8 mm and remaining below 1.2 mm in the central 6-cm field of view when a resolution-recovery method was used. The absolute sensitivity of the camera was 6.38% for an energy window of 350–650 keV and a coincidence timing window of 3.4 ns. The system scatter fraction was 11.9% for the NEMA mouselike phantom and 28% for the ratlike phantom. The maximum noise-equivalent counting rate was 1,100 at 57 MBq for the mouselike phantom and 352 kcps at 65 MBq for the ratlike phantom. The 1-mm fillable rod was clearly observable using the NEMA image-quality phantom. The images of the Ultra-Micro Hot Spot phantom also showed the 1-mm hot rods. In the mouse studies, both the left and right ventricle walls were clearly observable, as were the Harderian glands. Conclusion: The MuPET camera has excellent resolution, sensitivity, counting rate, and imaging performance. The data show it is a powerful scanner for preclinical animal study and pharmaceutical development.
Assessing Accuracy on the Front Lines: A Pragmatic Approach for Single-Donor Proficiency Testing

Proficiency testing (PT),2 also known as external quality assessment (EQA), has earned a well-deserved position as one of the most important elements of a laboratory's quality management program (1). By assessing its performance on blinded samples, a laboratory can determine to what extent its results agree with those of its peers or, ideally, with the reference method. Unfortunately, as has been emphasized recently (1), the most frequently used PT materials are noncommutable, meaning that they do not behave exactly like real patient samples. Conclusions drawn from such materials are, of necessity, limited to understanding how well any given peer group performs rather than knowing whether the results on patient samples are, in fact, accurate (2). In the case of a method lacking a true peer group (including, for example, the overwhelming majority of mass spectrometry methods and other laboratory developed tests), even this limited type of comparison may not be possible. Additionally, when there are differences between peer groups comprising laboratories that use homogeneous systems (single manufacturer's instruments, calibrators, and reagents), the differences are often ascribed to lack of commutability (matrix effects) of the materials, although the differences may in fact be real and reflected in patient samples as well (3, 4). So-called accuracy-based surveys, which use commutable materials and reference method target values, are becoming more widespread and have generated several improvements (5) and interesting findings (6, 7). These surveys face some unique challenges. It is difficult to obtain sufficient materials to supply the number of laboratories participating in conventional surveys. It is also difficult to achieve the full range of concentrations one would like; manipulating commutable materials may render them noncommutable (for example, spiking analyte …
The masters degree program in computer science

The Curriculum Committee on Computer Science (C3S) of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is involved in a study of the masters degree curriculum. As visualized by the working group, such programs have two basic objectives:(a) Providing the student with training in Computer Science preparing him for major positions in the industry.(b) Testing and preparing the student for more advanced work leading to a doctorate.Though it is not the intention of the Committee to provide a guide to the formation of a graduate program in Computer Science, it is recognized that many new programs are being developed, and thus it is hoped that the final guidelines will serve as a standard on which the various programs can be measured. To this time efforts have been concentrated on programs directed to the above objectives. It should be recognized that the question of special masters programs such as those for teachers, are not now under consideration.The structure of the proposed program will be presented, as well as the underlying philosophy of the program. The proposal has been reviewed in several meetings of C3S, and by several departments now offering masters degrees in Computer Science.The comments and suggestions of the various Committee members and interested professionals will be summarized, and the program will be compared with existing masters degree programs.This presentation will be of a working document. One of the motivations for presentation of the proposal is to elicit further comments and suggestions from those attending the National Computer Conference.
Real and Illusory Contour Processing in Area V1 of the Primate: a Cortical Balancing Act

It is known that neurons in area V2 (the second visual area) can signal the orientation of illusory contours in the primate. Whether area V1 (primary visual cortex) can signal illusory contour orientation is more controversial. While some electrophysiology studies have ruled out illusory signaling in V1, other reports suggest that V1 shows some illusory-specific response. Here, using optical imaging and single unit electrophysiology, we report that primate V1 does show an orientation-specific response to the ‘abutting line grating’ illusory contour. However, this response does not signal an illusory contour in the conventional sense. Rather, we find that illusory contour stimulation leads to an activation map that, after appropriate subtraction of real line signal, is inversely related to the real orientation map. The illusory contour orientation is thus negatively signaled or de-emphasized in V1. This ‘activation reversal’ is robust, is not due merely to presence of line ends, is not dependent on inducer orientation, and is not due to precise position of line end stimulation of V1 cells. These data suggest a resolution for previous apparently contradictory experimental findings. We propose that the de-emphasis of illusory contour orientation in V1 may be an important signal of contour identity and may, together with illusory signal from V2, provide a unique signature for illusory contour representation.
High Speed Trephine Lung Biopsy: Methods and Results

Seventy-five patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease have had lung biopsies by the high speed rotating trephine method. The yield of lung tissue was 45 percent in the first 20 patients while learning the details of performing this procedure adequately. Once proficiency was achieved, the yield was 89 percent in the last 44 cases. Complications have included pneumothoraces requiring catheter drainage in 39 percent of our cases, minimal hemoptysis in 7 percent of the cases and one death from massive hemoptysis. This report amplifies the technical aspects of the procedure in order to avoid problems. With experience this procedure can provide lung tissue for diagnosis in 90 percent of instances, is safe and easily performed, with minimal risk and discomfort to the patient.
A local discontinuous Galerkin method for directly solving Hamilton-Jacobi equations

In this paper we propose a new local discontinuous Galerkin method to directly solve Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The scheme is a natural extension of the monotone scheme. For the linear case with constant coefficients, the method is equivalent to the discontinuous Galerkin method for conservation laws. Thus, stability and error analysis are obtained under the framework of conservation laws. For both convex and noneconvex Hamiltonian, optimal (k+1)th order of accuracy for smooth solutions are obtained with piecewise kth order polynomial approximations. The scheme is numerically tested on a variety of one and two dimensional problems. The method works well to capture sharp corners (discontinuous derivatives) and have the solution converges to the viscosity solution.
Soil microbial community variation correlates most strongly with plant species identity, followed by soil chemistry, spatial location and plant genus

Soil ecologists have debated the relative importance of dispersal limitation and ecological factors in determining the structure of soil microbial communities. Recent evidence suggests that 'everything is not everywhere', and that microbial communities are influenced by both dispersal limitation and ecological factors. However, we still do not understand the relative explanatory power of spatial and ecological factors, including plant species identity and even plant relatedness, for different fractions of the soil microbial community (i.e. bacterial and fungal communities). To ask whether factors such as plant species, soil chemistry, spatial location and plant relatedness influence rhizosphere community composition, we examined field-collected rhizosphere soil of seven congener pairs that occur at Bodega Bay Marine Reserve, CA, USA. We characterized differences in bacterial and fungal communities using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Plant species identity was the single best statistical predictor of both bacterial and fungal community composition in the root zone. Soil microbial community structure was also correlated with soil chemistry. The third best predictor of bacterial and fungal communities was spatial location, confirming that everything is not everywhere. Variation in microbial community composition was also related to combinations of spatial location, soil chemistry and plant relatedness, suggesting that these factors do not act independently. Plant relatedness explained less of the variation than plant species, soil chemistry, or spatial location. Despite some congeners occupying different habitats and being spatially distant, rhizosphere fungal communities of plant congeners were more similar than expected by chance. Bacterial communities from the same samples were only weakly similar between plant congeners. Thus, plant relatedness might influence soil fungal, more than soil bacterial, community composition.