cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress and Challenges for Memtransistors in Neuromorphic Circuits and Systems.

Due to the increasing importance of artificial intelligence (AI), significant recent effort has been devoted to the development of neuromorphic circuits that seek to emulate the energy-efficient information processing of the brain. While non-volatile memory (NVM) based on resistive switching, phase-change memory, and magnetic tunnel junctions have shown potential for implementing neural networks, additional multi-terminal device concepts are required for more sophisticated bio-realistic functions. Of particular interest are memtransistors based on low-dimensional nanomaterials, which are capable of electrostatically tuning memory and learning behavior at the device level. In this Perspective, a conceptual overview of the memtransistor is provided in the context of neuromorphic circuits. Recent progress is surveyed for memtransistors and related multi-terminal NVM devices including dual-gated floating-gate memories, dual-gated ferroelectric transistors, and dual-gated van der Waals heterojunctions. The different materials systems and device architectures are classified based on the degree of control and relative tunability of synaptic behavior, with an emphasis on device concepts that harness the reduced dimensionality, weak electrostatic screening, and phase changes properties of nanomaterials. Finally, strategies for achieving wafer-scale integration of memtransistors and multi-terminal NVM devices are delineated, with specific attention given to the materials challenges for practical neuromorphic circuits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Global stabilization of linear discrete-time systems with bounded controls-a model predictive control approach

A linear discrete-time system is globally stabilizable with bounded controls if and only if the system is stabilizable and all its poles are in the closed unit disk. In this paper, the authors propose an implementable model predictive control algorithm to globally stabilize such systems. The authors show that with this scheme a linear discrete-time system with n poles on the unit disk (with any multiplicity) can be globally stabilized if the number of control moves is at least n+1. For pure integrating systems, this condition is also necessary. Moreover the authors show that global asymptotic stability is preserved for any asymptotically constant disturbance entering at the plant input.
Genetic Reprogramming of Transcription Factor Ap-2γ in Bovine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Preimplantation Embryos and Placentomes

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) efficiency remains very low despite a tremendous amount of research devoted to its improvement over the past decade. Frequent early and mid-gestational losses are commonly accompanied by placental abnormalities. A transcription factor, activating protein AP-2gamma, has been shown to be necessary for proper placental development in the mouse. We first evaluated the expression of the gene coding for AP-2gamma (Tfap2c) in several bovine fibroblast donor cell lines and found it was not expressed. Subsequently we determined the expression profile of Tfap2c in oocytes and various stages of preimplantation in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. Tfap2c was undetectable in oocytes and early embryos, and was detectable at relatively high levels in morula and blastocyst IVF embryos. The lack of expression in oocytes and donor cells means Tfap2c must be induced in the zygote at the morula stage in properly reprogrammed embryos. SCNT embryos expressed Tfap2c at the eight-cell stage, 2 days earlier than control embryos. Control embryos first expressed Tfap2c at the morula stage, and at this stage Tfap2c was significantly lower in the SCNT embryos. No differences in expression were detected at the blastocyst stage. To determine whether Tfap2c was properly reprogrammed in the placenta of SCNT pregnancies, we evaluated its expression in cotyledons and caruncles of SCNT and control pregnancies between days 55 and 90 gestation. Expression of Tfap2c in caruncles significantly increased between days 55 and 90, while expression in cotyledons was relatively consistent over that same period. Expression levels in SCNT tissues were not different from controls. This data indicates Tfap2c expression is altered in early preimplantation SCNT embryos, which may have developmental consequences resulting from genes influenced by Tfap2c, but expression was not different at the blastocyst stage and in placentomes.
Identification and characterization of the molecular interactions of persistent organic pollutants with the multidrug resistance transport protein ABCB1 (974.4)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters, from the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, are thought to act as determinants of chemical accumulation in cells. Despite a long history of research on the interactions of MDR proteins with pharmaceuticals, little is known about the molecular basis of their interactions with environmental compounds such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This research is urgently needed to further understanding of substrate recognition by the transporters and to test the hypothesis that pollutant persistence relates to predictable patterns of interaction with the major MDR transporter ABCB1. We use purified recombinant P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) from mouse and yellowfin tuna to measure pollutant-transporter interaction kinetics via ATPase stimulation and fluorophore knock-off experiments. These kinetic will be compared to what is observed with ABCB1 overexpressed in whole cells. Previously analyzed data on “real-world” pollutant levels in the cosmopolitan and widely consumed...
Mott insulator-superfluid phase transition in a detuned multi-connected Jaynes-Cummings lattice

The connectivity and tunability of superconducting quantum devices provide a rich platform to build quantum simulators and study novel many-body physics. Here we study quantum phase transition in a detuned multi-connected Jaynes-Cummings lattice, which can be constructed with superconducting circuits. This model is composed of alternatively connected qubits and cavity modes. Using a numerical method, we show that by varying the detuning between the qubits and the cavities, a phase transition from the superfluid phase to the Mott insulator phase occurs at commensurate fillings in a one-dimensional array. We study the phase transition in lattices with symmetric and asymmetric couplings, respectively.
Agents' agreement and partial equilibrium pricing in incomplete markets

We consider two risk-averse nancial agents who negotiate the price of an illiquid indivisible contingent claim in an incomplete semimartingale market environment. Under the assumption that the agents are exponential utility maximizers with non-traded random endowments, we provide necessary and sucient conditions for negotiation to be successful, i.e., for the trade to occur. We also study the asymptotic case where the size of the claim is small compared to the random endowments and we give a full characterization in this case. Finally, we study a partial-equilibrium problem for a bundle of divisible claims and establish existence and uniqueness. A number of technical results on conditional indierence prices is provided.
The Resource Requirements of an Industrial Economy

The political events of the interval between the war and the im pending political changes have given new urgency to the critical analysis of the industrial ambitions of undeveloped regions. The older industrial regions face readjustments of substantial magnitude. Every feature of the world economy is distressingly unstable. Cultural and institutional factors will be of importance in determining the rapidity of change and the degree of efficiency achieved in the management of resources, but the direction of change and the magnitudes, of the changes will be conditioned by the basic resources of the various regions. Resource analysis can furnish a concrete background for the various policy problems of the older and newer centers of industrialization.
Prior extended daily access to cocaine elevates the reward threshold in a conditioned place preference test

We have previously shown that extended-access subjects exhibit heightened motivation for cocaine in the runway model, as reflected by reduced number of retreats. This heightened motivation could reflect either an increase in cocaine-induced reward or a decrease in cocaine-induced aversion. The current experiment was therefore devised to assess the cocaine-induced reward and aversion in extended-access rats using a place conditioning test. Rats trained to lever press for intravenous (IV) cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion) were provided 6-hour daily access to the drug over 10 days. Lever pressing in control subjects produced IV infusions of saline. Following drug self-administration, subjects underwent place conditioning for the immediate or delayed effects of cocaine (1.0 or 2.5 mg/kg, IV). In control subjects, the immediate effects of the low dose of cocaine produced conditioned places preferences (CPPs), while the delayed effects produced conditioned place aversions (CPAs). In contrast, the animals receiving low cocaine dose for 6 hours, exhibited place aversions but not preferences; an effect that was reversed when the dose of cocaine was increased. Additionally, in the 6-hour group, delayed conditioning was associated with a reduction in zif268 immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens shell while immediate conditioning was associated with an increase in zif268-positive cells in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Collectively, these data suggest that extended daily access to cocaine produces a shift in the subject's perceived reward threshold that is paralleled by alterations in the activity of both the reward and stress pathways.
PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS AFFECTING TRIPLET ENERGY TRANSFER IN BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS

The efficiency of triplet energy transfer from the special pair (P) to the carotenoid (C) in photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) from a large family of mutant strains has been investigated. The mutants carry substitutions at positions L181 and/or M208 near chlorophyll-based cofactors on the inactive and active sides of the complex, respectively. Light-modulated electron paramagnetic resonance at 10 K, where triplet energy transfer is thermally prohibited, reveals that the mutations do not perturb the electronic distribution of P. At temperatures > or = 70 K, we observe reduced signals from the carotenoid in most of the RCs with L181 substitutions. In particular, triplet transfer efficiency is reduced in all RCs in which a lysine at L181 donates a sixth ligand to the monomeric bacteriochlorophyll B(B). Replacement of the native Tyr at M208 on the active side of the complex with several polar residues increased transfer efficiency. The difference in the efficiencies of transfer in the RCs demonstrates the ability of the protein environment to influence the electronic overlap of the chromophores and thus the thermal barrier for triplet energy transfer.
Cardiovascular risk in minority and underserved women in Appalachian Tennessee: a descriptive study.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to translate current knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors, screening, and prevention to a disparate population of women and to ascertain the cardiovascular health status and risk factors in a sample of minority and underserved Appalachian women. Data sources: Demographic data were collected from a voluntary sample of women from a disparate population living in Appalachian Tennessee. A coronary risk profile recorded family health history, personal health history, and lifestyle habits affecting risk for cardiovascular disease. Physiologic measurements included body mass index, blood pressure, fasting glucose, cholesterol levels, ankle brachial index, and carotid artery stenosis. Conclusions: Women in Appalachia Tennessee from a disparate population have high risks for heart disease and stroke. This is a critical time to address any modifiable risk factors and aggressively treat underlying cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners (NPs) often provide primary care to women who may not be aware of their cardiovascular risks or actual disease. NPs can ensure that their practice incorporates primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention through screening, individual health education, and aggressive evidence-based treatment plans for women.
The application of the transfer entropy to gappy time series

Abstract The application of the transfer entropy to gappy symbolic time series is discussed. Although the transfer entropy can fail to correctly identify the drive–response relationship, it is able to robustly detect phase relationships. Hence, it might still be of use in applications requiring the detection of changes in these relationships.
Clar and Fries numbers for benzenoids

A Kekule structure of a benzenoid or a fullerene $$\Gamma $$ is a set of edges $$K$$ such that each vertex of $$\Gamma $$ is incident with exactly one edge in $$K$$ . The set of faces in $$\Gamma $$ that have exactly three edges in $$K$$ are called the benzene faces of $$K$$ . The Fries number of $$\Gamma $$ is the maximum number of benzene faces over all possible Kekule structures for $$\Gamma $$ . The Clar number is the maximum number of independent benzene faces over all possible Kekule structures for $$\Gamma $$ . It is often assumed, but never proved, that some set of independent benzene faces giving the Clar number is a subset of a set of benzene faces giving the Fries number. In Hartung (The Clar structure of fullerenes, Ph.D. Dissertation. Syracuse University, 2012) it is shown that this assumption is false for a large class of fullerenes. In this paper, we prove that this assumption is valid for a large a class of benzenoids.
Effects of gemfibrozil on very-low-density lipoprotein composition and low-density lipoprotein size in patients with hypertriglyceridemia or combined hyperlipidemia

To examine the effects of gemfibrozil on very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) composition and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size, five men with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) alone and five men with HTG and hypercholesterolemia (combined hyperlipidemia, CHLP) were randomized for 8 weeks to Lopid SR (slow-release gemfibrozil; two 600-mg tablets once per day) or placebo in a crossover study. Drug therapy versus placebo significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (68%), and VLDL (77%), and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (25%); total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein[a] concentrations did not change significantly. With drug, mean total apoE in plasma was 53% lower in patients with HTG and 39% lower in patients with CHLP. Gemfibrozil significantly affected VLDL composition: protein increased 26%, molar ratio of apoE to apoB reduced 48%, apoC-II increased 19%, and apoC-III decreased 9%. LDL cholesteryl ester significantly increased with drug treatment. VLDL subfractions were separated and classified as heparin binding (VLDLR, apoE rich) or nonbinding (VLDLNR-1 and VLDLNR-2, both apoE poor). All VLDL subfractions were significantly lower with drug therapy, and the differences for total VLDL and for VLDL subfractions were greater in patients with HTG. With placebo, VLDLR accounted for 41.8% of VLDL in HTG and 49.0% of VLDL in CHLP, reduced to 27.6% and 38.6%, respectively, with gemfibrozil. Taken together, these results suggest that treatment with gemfibrozil reduces plasma concentrations of VLDL and alters the apoprotein composition of VLDL in a manner that may favor LDL- and VLDL-receptor-mediated clearance of the apoE-rich VLDL subfraction, thereby reducing TG-rich particle concentrations, and possibly reducing risk for coronary heart disease.
Ciprofloxacin safety in a pediatric population.

Objective. We conducted a retrospective study primarily to estimate the risk of musculoskeletal toxicities associated with ciprofloxacin administration in a pediatric population. In addition risks of hepatic and renal disorders associated with ciprofloxacin therapy were calculated. Methods. Adverse events in this study were restricted to those that required physician referral or hospitalization and occurred within 45 days of receiving a prescription for ciprofloxacin. From 2 resource databases, >1700 patients ≤17 years who received at least 1 ciprofloxacin prescription were identified between January, 1988, and December, 1993. Results. In this population there were no cases of newly diagnosed acute arthritis or serious liver or kidney disease that were likely ciprofloxacin-induced. One patient was diagnosed with hemolytic-uremic syndrome, which may have been exacerbated by ciprofloxacin therapy. Conclusion. Surveillance of ciprofloxacin usage in a pediatric population failed to demonstrate serious or unusually high rates of any adverse events, including joint toxicity.
Effect of vitamin B12 and analogs on the respiration of a marine bacterium

Abstract Resting cells of a B12-deficient marine bacterium oxidized propionate only in the presence of cobamides. Cyanocobalamin, 2-methyladenylcobamide cyanide, adenylcobamide cyanide, and cobamide cyanide were equally effective in promoting the oxidation. Cobinamide was inactive. The evidence suggested that B12-active compounds function as cofactors in the isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. The rate of oxidation of n-valerate, n-heptanoate, isovalerate, 3-methylvalerate, isoleucine, norleucine, and valine was markedly stimulated by cobamides, presumably as a result of the production of propionyl CoA or methylmalonyl CoA as intermediate products during the degradation of these substrates.
Experimental investigations of the effects of acid gas (H2S / CO2 ) exposure under geological sequestration conditions

Abstract Acid gas (mixed CO 2 and H 2 S) injection into geological formations is increasingly used as a disposal option. For example, more than 40 acid gas injection projects are currently operating in Alberta, Canada . In contrast to pure CO 2 injection, there is little understanding of the possible effects of acid gases under geological sequestration conditions on exposed materials ranging from reactions with reservoir minerals to the stability of proppants injected to improve oil recovery to the possible failure of wellbore cements. The number of laboratory studies investigating effects of acid gas has been limited by safety concerns and the difficulty in preparing and maintaining single-phase H 2 S/ CO 2 mixtures under the experimental pressures and temperatures required. In an effort to address the lack of experimental data addressing the potential effects of acid gas injection, the Plains CO 2 Reduction Partnership (PCOR) in the United States has developed approaches using conventional syringe pumps (ISCO 260D pumps) and reactor vessels (Parr Instruments) to prepare and maintain H 2 S/ CO 2 mixtures under relevant sequestration conditions of temperature, pressure, and exposure to water and dissolved salts. Exposures up to several months can be conducted at temperatures and pressures up to 350 °C and 414 bar (6000 psi) using any desired H 2 S/ CO 2 mole ratio. Up to 16 individual samples racked in separate glass vials can be exposed at one time, and the use of separate glass vessels allows different salt brine concentrations to be evaluated. In addition to performing static exposure experiments, the pumps and vessels are sufficiently leakfree that reaction rates can be determined by monitoring mass flow at the pumps. Interestingly, this is much easier to perform for reactions with H 2 S than with CO 2 , because H 2 S is much less compressible and has lower Joule–Thompson heating/cooling effects than CO 2 . Thus, obtaining accurate values for the mass of CO 2 used during an experiment based on pump volume is much more difficult than for H 2 S, although controlling the pump cylinder temperature with a water jacket allows reasonable measurements to be made. These systems have been used to determine reaction rates of model systems, such as the formation of magnesium carbonate from magnesium silicate and the formation of pyrite from iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ). For example, the use of H 2 S (as measured at the pump) was steady at ca. 0.5 grams per day (for 18.6 grams of Fe 3 O 4 ) until the reaction was complete. The half-life of the reaction was 20 days, and the mass balance (0.54 moles H 2 S actual compared to 0.48 moles theoretical) was reasonable.
Firing properties of identified superior laryngeal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus in the rat

Superior laryngeal motoneurons control muscles in the larynx and recent work has shown they also have axon collaterals that project to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. The present study was undertaken to identify and examine the firing properties of superior laryngeal neurons (SLNs) in the rat. SLNs typically fired spontaneously and repetitively at a rate of 4-7 Hz. The firing was continuous and showed little bursting activity. Firing evoked afterhyperpolarizations were insensitive to apamin but blocked by charybdotoxin. The voltage-gated currents in SLNs consist of a TTX-sensitive Na current and a 4-aminopyridine sensitive K current. It is likely that the activity of these neurons not only control respiratory laryngeal muscles, but may also provide an interaction between the respiratory system and the control of the heart rate.
The strength and fracture of alumina bonded with aluminum alloys

Abstract Alumina has been liquid state bonded with pure Al and Al-4 wt% Mg and the mechanical behavior of the bonds has been characterized. It has been shown that failure never occurs by interface cracking. Instead, when the bond layer is thick, the bond strength is limited either by plastic flow or by ductile fracture in the metal. Conversely, when the bond layer is thin, failure occurs in the ceramic, limited by the strength of the ceramic. The Al alloy bond has also been shown capable of arresting cracks by plastic blunting.
La calcificación arterial aumenta en las arterias distales de los pacientes con arteriopatía periférica

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existen diferencias significativas en la composicion de las placas entre los vasos popliteos y tibiales en pacientes con arteriopatia periferica (AP) grave. Cuarenta y cuatro pacientes con AP necesitaron una amputacion supragenicular (n = 38), infragenicular (n = 5), o genicular (n = 1) debido a una sepsis o gangrena del pie. Se obtuvieron 51 vasos (tibial anterior, n = 9; tibial posterior, n = 10; peroneo, n = 3; popliteo, n = 29) y fueron sometidos a una evaluacion mediante ecografia intravascular (IVUS) ex vivo a las 24 h de la amputacion. Se obtuvieron los datos de las IVUS secuenciales a intervalos conocidos a lo largo de todo el vaso y, posteriormente, se analizaron con tecnicas de radiofrecuencia para cuantificar la composicion de la placa, el volumen de la placa, y el volumen vascular total. La composicion de la placa se clasifico como fibrosa, fibroadiposa, nucleo necrotico, y calcio denso. Se obtuvieron los datos clinicos a traves de la revision de las historias clinicas electronicas en el momento de la amputacion. Se realizaron pruebas estadisticas bilaterales para comparar los componentes en cada placa. Los resultados se expresan como porcentaje medio ± error estandar de la media. Los vasos tibiales presentaron mas calcio denso dentro de estas placas que las arterias popliteas (33,8 ± 5,6 frente a 10,6 ± 1,9%, p
Structure of the QCD vacuum and excited hadronic matter

Abstract This talk describes the latest development in the theory of the QCD vacuum, as well as in theoretical and experimental efforts to study its “melting” into the so-called quark-gluon plasma phase by means of high energy collisions of hadrons and nuclei. This manuscript has been authored under contract number DE-AC02-76CH00016 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
Normal forms in a cyclically graded Lie algebra

In a 1999 paper published in JSC the second author and Martin Kummer proved ''that in all but one case the normal form of a real or complex Hamiltonian matrix which is irreducible and appropriately normalized can be computed by Lie series methods in formally the same manner as one computes the normal form of a nonlinear Hamiltonian function''. In this paper we handle the final case using an extension of those Lie series methods developed by the present authors. Those extended methods make use of spectral sequences and are developed in considerable generality, i.e., their applicability is by no means restricted to the Hamiltonian context of this paper. A specific example is worked out in detail.
In vitro studies of a new thrombus-specific ultrasound contrast agent

Abstract Ultrasound is used as a primary diagnostic technique for the detection of deep venous thrombosis. The purpose of this study is to describe the development of a new thrombus-specific ultrasound contrast agent: The linear hexapeptide (lysine-glutamine-alanine-glycine-aspartate-valine) was synthesized and coupled to a lipid moiety. The targeted lipid was then incorporated into the lipid blend for the contrast agent Aerosomes (ImaRx, Tucson, AZ, USA). The lipid blend was used to entrap perfluorobutane microbubbles. The microbubbles were sized and studied in vitro for acoustic stability, binding to blood clot, and ultrasound enhancement in vitro of blood clot. The results showed the mean size of the specific ultrasound contrast agent (MRX-408) was about 2.0 μm. The microbubbles appeared as smooth spherical structures. Microscopy showed that the targeted bubbles bound to blood clot whereas control, nontargeted bubbles did not bind to blood clot. In vitro acoustic study showed similar stability of the microbubbles compared with control microbubbles. The targeted microbubbles enhanced blood clot in vitro whereas nontargeted microbubbles did not enhance clot. Thus this promising new thrombus-specific ultrasound contrast agent could potentially improve detection of thrombosis by ultrasound and might be useful for distinguishing between new and old thrombosis. In vivo studies are in progress.
Transfer Solid Lubrication of Aluminum Sliding Contacts

The effects of transfer from solid lubricant sticks of unfilled, glass-filled, and bronze-filled PTFE on the room-temperature wear and friction of trailing primary contacts of aluminum (6061 T6) rods in repetitive intermittent contacts were investigated in a ring-on-rod configuration. The materials of the ring countersurfaces upon which the solid lubricants transferred and against which the trailing aluminum rods wore included steel, aluminum, copper, and an oxide dispersion-strengthened copper alloy. This sliding of the unlubricated copper ring countersurfaces against the aluminum led to the roughening of the copper as large (> 1 mm) aluminum particles embedded themselves upon the countersurface, with consequent transitions in the aluminum wear rate and the coefficient of friction to values exceeding 6 × 10− 3 mm3/Nm and 0.6, respectively, after an incubation period of several initial contacts of lower wear rate and friction. The other ring countersurface materials resulted in similarly high aluminum rod...
Influence of Carbohydrate Source on Liver Fat Accumulation in Hens

Four experiments were conducted with laying hens and one with broiler chicks to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source on fat accumulation in the liver. When corn and wheat in various proportions were fed to laying hens, the percent fat and total fat per liver increased as the proportion of corn increased. In comparison of different cereal grains and wheat samples in isocaloric diets, the total liver fat accumulated was the highest for hens fed grain sorghum, corn or triticale and the lowest for those fed barley, oats or rye. Intermediate levels of liver fat were obtained with wheat and similar liver fat contents were observed with hens fed different samples of West Coast wheat. There was no significant difference in liver fat of groups fed wheat diets made isocaloric with corn oil or animal fat, Liver fat accumulation of broiler chicks fed diets with corn or wheat was not significantly different. No difference in liver weight, liver fat content and total fat per liver was observed among hens fed diets containing either zero, one-half, or all glucose monohydrate substituted for corn. In comparisons of corn or wheat from different geographical area, no difference was observed in liver fat content of hens fed corn grown in Georgia or the Midwest or wheat grown in Georgia or in the Far West. Hens fed diets contaning corn had significantly more liver dry matter, liver fat, and total fat per liver than hens fed the isocaloric diets containing wheat. Considerably more fat accumulated in the livers of hens fed diets containing corn at Washington State University (15.4 to 19.6 g. fat/liver) than in hens fed corn at the University of Georgia (5.4 to 7.2 g. fat/liver), suggesting the existence of unidentified environmental factors affecting liver fat accumulation.
Identification and characterization of a novel protein histidine kinase in the islet β cell: evidence for its regulation by mastoparan, an activator of G-proteins and insulin secretion

Using insulin-secreting cells, we previously demonstrated that specific proteins associated with the cytosolic, secretory granule, and mitochondrial fractions undergo a novel type of phosphorylation on their histidine residues. Subsequently, we identified these proteins as the nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) [Kowluru and Metz, Biochemistry 1994;33:12495-503], the beta subunit of trimeric GTP-binding proteins [Kowluru et al., Biochem J 1996;313:97-107], and the alpha subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase [Kowluru, Diabetologia 2001;44:89-94], respectively. Since several other enzymes of intermediary metabolism (e.g. ATP-citrate lyase and glucose-6-phosphatase) also undergo histidine phosphorylation, these initial findings may have a more generalized significance to beta cells. Herein, we characterized a novel protein histidine kinase in pancreatic beta cells, and determined it to be acid- and heat-labile as well as alkali-resistant in its phosphorylation of histone 4. Such an activity was detected in normal rat islets, human islets, and clonal beta (HIT-T15 and INS-1) cells, and could utilize either ATP or GTP as a phosphoryl donor (with K(m) values in the range of 60-100 microM). On a size-exclusion column, its molecular mass was estimated to be in the range of 60-70 kDa. It was stimulated by divalent cations (Mg(2+)>Mn(2+)>control=Ca(2+)=Zn(2+)=Co(2+)), but was resistant to polyamines. It was inactivated by known in vitro inhibitors of protein histidine phosphorylation (e.g. UDP or cromoglycate). Mastoparan, a global activator of G-proteins and insulin secretion from isolated beta cells, but not mastoparan-17, its inactive analog, stimulated histidine kinase activity and histidine phosphorylation of G(beta) subunit and insulin secretion from isolated rat islets. These studies identify, for the first time, a protein kinase activity in the pancreatic beta cell that does not act on traditional -Ser, -Tyr, or -Thr residues. They also establish a possible link between histidine kinase activity and G(beta) phosphorylation in isolated beta cells.
B72-20 Computers in Busines&#8211;An Introduction, 2nd ed.

The author has two general objectives for his text: 1) to provide a general orientation to the stored program computer; and 2) to provide insight into the broad impact of computers on management and the managerial environment. The 18 chapters of the book are divided into three major parts to accomplish these objectives.
A factor analysis of different temperament domains in a border region in rural Southern California

Background Temperament has been described as an oligogenic model that confers attributes to individuals in their daily functioning. Understanding of these temperaments can help understanding psychiatric status and therapeutic needs of a patient population. As the Latino population grows providers need to become more familiar with their psychiatric status.
Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by mixed-metal trimetallic complexes of the form {[(bpy)2Ru(BL)]2IrCl2}5+ where bpy=2,2′-bipyridine and BL=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline (dpq) or 2,3-bis (2-pyridyl) benzoquinoxaline (dpb)

Abstract The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide can yield several products depending on the thermodynamic potential applied and the number of electrons transferred. Typical products resulting from the two-electron reduction of carbon dioxide are carbon monoxide and formic acid. Metal complexes can be used as catalysts to enhance the selectivity and efficiency of this process as well as dramatically lower the overpotential needed for this electrocatalysis. The heteronuclear trimetallic systems, {[(bpy)2Ru(BL)]2IrCl2}5+ where bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine and BL are the bridging ligands 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline (dpq) or 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline (dpb), represent a new family of catalysts for the reduction of CO2. These systems represent a new structural motif. The two remote Ru centers serve to tune the redox properties of the central catalytically active IrIII(BL)2Cl2 core. Reduction of the iridium metal center was necessary prior to the onset of catalysis. Controlled potential electrolysis experiments using these new trimetallic catalysts can give current efficiencies as high as 99% for CO production with high turnover numbers. This is in marked contrast to the lower current efficiency achieved using the monometallic [Ir(BL)2Cl2]1+ analogs which produce formate as a reduction product. These catalysts represent a new class of systems in which the redox properties of the catalytic site can be altered through remote metal coordination and variation without a change in the coordination environment of the catalytic iridium site.
Advances in the understanding of low molecular weight silicon formation and implications for control by AMC filters

1. ABSTRACT Trimethylsilanol (TMS) is a low molecular weight / low boilin g point silicon-containing, airborne contaminant that has received increased interest over the past few years as an important cause for contamination of optical surfaces in lithography equipment. TMS is not captured well by carbon-based filters, and hexame thyldisiloxane (HMDSO), even though captured well, can be converted to TMS when using acidic filter media comm only used for ammonia remova l. TMS and HMDSO co-exist in a chemical equilibrium, which is affected by the acidity and moisture of their environment. This publication shows that HMDSO is converted to TMS by acidic media at concentrations typically found in cleanroom environments. This is contrary to published results that show a re-combination of TMS to HMDSO on acid media. We also demonstrate that, based on its conversion to TMS, HMDSO is not a suitable test compound for hybrid chemical filter performance, as the apparent lifetime/capacity of the filter can be substantially skewed towards larger numbers when conversion to TMS is involved. We show lifetime test results with toluene and HMDSO on acidic and non-acidic filter media. Appropriately designed, asymmetric hybrid chemical filters significantly minimize or eliminate the conversion of HMDSO to TMS, thereby reducing the risk to scanner optical el ements. Similarly, such filters can also prevent or reduce acid-sensitive reactions of other AMC wh en passing through filter systems. Keywords: TMS, HMDSO, AMC, chemical filter, filter performance, silicon, silo xanes, photolithography, optics hazing. 2. INTRODUCTION Silicon containing hydrocarbons are a clas s of airborne molecular contamination (AMC) causing persistent degradation of UV exposure tool optical surfaces
Effect of periodic roughness and surface defects on the terahertz scattering behavior of cylindrical objects

This paper discusses the effect of periodic roughness and surface defects on the electromagnetic scattering of terahertz waves from cylindrical objects. The cylinders, possessing periodic roughness imparted during their fabrication process, had average roughness values ranging from approximately 0.1 μm - 0.50 μm. Metallic cylinders were fabricated from lathe-turned aluminum rods and dielectric cylinders were fabricated using a rapid prototype technique (stereolithography). The scattering behavior of the rough cylinders was measured in 160 GHz and 350 GHz compact radar ranges. In addition, the effect of seams and grooves on the scattering behavior of cylinders will also be presented.
Consequences of parathyroidectomy in patients with "mild" sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.

Background The use of a targeted, less-invasive approach is changing the operative indications in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (SPHPT). Now, patients with “mild” HPT are offered parathyroidectomy. However, the operative findings and outcome of these patients are unknown. This study reports the differences between “mild” and “classic” biochemical SPHPT in incidence of multiglandular disease (MGD) and operative outcome. Methods All 343 patients underwent parathyroidectomy guided by intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring (IPM). Among them, 301 patients (88%) had “classic” biochemical SPHPT (hypercalcemia and increased PTH) and 42 patients (12%) had “mild” HPT, which consisted of 28 patients with inappropriate secretion of PTH (ISP-hypercalcemia and normal PTH), and 14 patients with normocalcemic HPT (NCHPT-eucalcemia and increased PTH). Single or MGD was determined by IPM. Operative success is eucalcemia for greater than or equal to 6 months after operation and along with normal PTH levels in NCHPT. Results Thirty nine of 301 patients (13%) with “classic” biochemical SPHPT had MGD with an operative failure rate of 1% (3/301). In the “mild” HPT group, 14 of 42 patients (33%) had MGD with a failure rate of 5% (2/42). The incidence of MGD was statistically significant (P Conclusion The incidence of MGD and operative failure are higher in patients with “mild” HPT when compared with classic SPHPT. Patients and surgeons should be aware of these consequences when parathyroidectomy is offered to patients with “mild” HPT.
Pitfalls in preoperative staging in prostate cancer

Abstract Clinical staging in 60 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate was compared with pathologic staging to identify factors which may contribute to staging errors. Understaging was directly related to tumor stage and was documented in 0 per cent of A2, 26.5 per cent of B1, and 66.7 per cent of B2 patients. Capsular invasion was found in 11.8 per cent of B1 and 52.4 per cent of B2 patients, seminal vesicle extension in 17.7 per cent of B1 and 52.4 per cent of B2 patients, and lymph node metastases in 2.9 per cent of BI and 28.6 per cent of B2 patients. The majority of patients who had unnoticed gross extension of the tumor beyond the prostate underwent transurethral resection of the prostate or failed irradiation therapy prior to radical prostatectomy. The results suggest that intraprostatic or periprostatic changes caused by previous treatment to the prostate may interfere with the preoperative staging.
ROCK mediates phorbol ester-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via p21Cip1 up-regulation and JNK.

It is established that androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells undergo apoptosis upon treatment with phorbol esters and related analogs, an effect primarily mediated by PKCδ. Treatment of LNCaP prostate cancer cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) causes a strong and sustained activation of RhoA and its downstream effector ROCK (Rho kinase) as well as the formation of stress fibers. These effects are impaired in cells subjected to PKCδ RNA interference depletion. Functional studies revealed that expression of a dominant negative RhoA mutant or treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 inhibits the apoptotic effect of PMA in LNCaP cells. Remarkably, the cytoskeleton inhibitors cytochalasin B and blebbistatin blocked not only PMA-induced apoptosis but also the activation of JNK, a mediator of the cell death effect by the phorbol ester. In addition, we found that up-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21Cip1 is required for PMA-induced apoptosis and that inhibitors of ROCK or the cytoskeleton organization prevent p21Cip1 induction. Real time PCR analysis and reporter gene assay revealed that PMA induces p21Cip1 transcriptionally in a ROCK- and cytoskeleton-dependent manner. p21Cip1 promoter analysis revealed that PMA induction is dependent on Sp1 elements in the p21Cip1 promoter but independent of p53. Taken together, our studies implicate ROCK-mediated up-regulation of p21Cip1 and the cytoskeleton in PKCδ-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule Scores of Rural High School Students

A sample of 559 males and 986 females enrolled in three Wyoming High Schools were administered the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS). Percentile equivalents of the EPPS scores were derived for both males and females. No significant differences in mean scores of Edwards' college sample and the present high school sample were discerned. Sex differences on each of the scales did not uniformly follow those reported for Edwards' college sample.
Heat capacity measurements on Sn2S3 and the thermodynamic functions of the tin sulfides

Abstract The heat capacity of Sn2S3 was measured in the temperature range 110–610 K, employing a computer-interfaced differential scanning calorimeter. The sum of the known heat capacities of SnS and SnS2 agreed with the measured heat capacity of Sn2S3 from 100 to 610 K. Structural and bonding similarities between Sn2S3, SnS and SnS2 justify the extrapolation of the heat capacity of Sn2SnS3 from 110 to 0 K, using the sum of the heat capacities of SnS and SnS2. With the measured and extrapolated heat capacity data of Sn2S3, the absolute entropy, enthalpy and free enthalpy have been evaluated (S0298 = 163.6 ± 6 J K−1, mole−1, H0298 − H00 = 23.7 ± 1 kJ mole−1 and G0298 − H00 = −25.1 ± 2 kJ mole−1 for Sn2S3.
Multicasting in the presence of aggregated deliveries

An increasing number of distributed systems relies on forms of message correlation, which result in atomic delivery of multiple messages aggregated by following process-specific criteria. Generally, more than one process is aggregating messages, implying that messages are multicast. While delivery guarantees for multicast scenarios with single message delivery are well understood, existing systems and models for aggregated deliveries either consider only unicast, centralized setups, or focus on efficiency thus providing only best-effort guarantees. This paper investigates the foundations of Multi-Delivery Multicast (MDMcast) in asynchronous distributed systems with crash-stop failures. We first describe a succinct aggregation model with a concise and generic predicate grammar for expressing conjunctions on messages and properties for a corresponding multicast primitive, which we term Conjunction-MDMcast (C-MDMcast). We show that for processes interested in identical conjunctions to achieve agreement on delivered messages, a total order on individual messages (or equivalent oracle) is not only useful but necessary, which is clearly opposed to single-message deliveries. We show this indirectly by exhibiting an algorithm implementing C-MDMcast on top of Total Order Broadcast (TOBcast) and vice-versa for a majority of correct processes. Then, we extend our predicate grammar with disjunctions, leading to the specification of Disjunction-MDMcast (D-MDMcast). We exhibit an algorithm implementing D-MDMcast, derived from our algorithm implementing C-MDMcast. We formalize several additional properties for both of our specifications, including ordering properties on aggregated messages and a notion of agreement capturing non-identical yet ''related'' conjunctions, and show how our respective algorithms implement these.
Fatigue in Older Cancer Patients: Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms experienced by elderly cancer patients and by cancer survivors. However, this has not translated into an increase in clinical trials for assessment and therapy of CRF in this population. The early recognition and formal assessment of this symptom is important in order to be able to treat it, before it negatively impacts the patient's quality of life. All reversible causes like anemia, depression, anxiety, and hypothyroidism should be ruled out and treated appropriately. CRF can be treated with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures and possibly a combination of both measures. Pharmacologic measures that have been studied in cancer patients with fatigue include hematopoeitics, antidepressants, donepezil, modafinil, methylphenidate, and other agents. Exercise programs continue to be the most popular and widely studied nonpharmacologic intervention for CRF. Psychosocial interventions, energy conservation measures, and improvement of sleep also can lead to less fatigue in cancer patients. However, there continues to be a need for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating CRF specifically in elderly patients with cancer. This review provides a brief overview of CRF in elderly cancer patients and highlights the areas of required research in this patient population.
Ateration of platelet activating factor (PAF) metabolism in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages and plasma by cigarette smoking

The pathophysiological role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in smoking-induced disorders was examined in rats exposed daily to smoke for 10, 18 and 26 weeks. The concentration of PAF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the activities of PAF biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes in alveolar macrophages and in plasma were determined. The concentration of PAF in lavage fluid of the smoke-exposed group was significantly lower than that in the sham group for each duration of smoke exposure. The PAF biosynthetic enzyme, acetyl transferase, activity in alveolar macrophages of smoked group was less than that in the sham group although the difference was not statistically significant. PAF catabolic enzyme, acetyl hydrolase, activities in alveolar macrophages and in plasma were all significantly higher in every smoked group than in the sham group. These data indicate that cigarette smoking alters PAF metabolism in the respiratory tract and in plasma and such an alteration may contribute, at least in part, to smoking induced cardiopulmonary disorders.
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bipolar disorders in adolescents: a pilot study

Objectives: To develop a cognitive behavioral intervention for adolescents with bipolar disorders, test its feasibility and preliminary efficacy. Methods: Based on existing research, a manualized, individually delivered cognitive behavioral intervention was developed and tested with adolescents with bipolar disorders as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment. Using existing data, baseline characteristics and outcome were compared to a matched group of eight adolescents with bipolar disorders who did not receive any psychosocial intervention. Results: Preliminary results support the feasibility and efficacy of this manualized cognitive behavioral intervention. Conclusions: Individually delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment is feasible and associated with symptom improvement in adolescents with bipolar disorders. Randomized controlled studies are needed.