cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential loss of cellular constituents in cytocentrifuge preparations.

Eine quantitative mikroskopische Analyse von Zellen, die man bei 1000 U/min zytozentrifugiert hatte, zeigte, dass die Zellen Proteinbestandteile des Zytoplasmas verlieren, wahrend der DNS-Gehalt des Kerns unverandert bleibt. Untersuchungen von 8 verschiedenen Zellarten ergaben, dass die beobachteten Verluste spezifisch von der Zellart abhangen und mit der Struktur der Zellmembran zusammenhangen konnten.
Teaching Sustainability in the Anthropocene Era

In our roles as teachers in environmental studies programs at liberal arts colleges, we have mentored many young people whose abiding concern for the environment and for social justice drives a deep desire to live in a manner that lives up to the ideals of the newfound “sustainability” movement. Indeed, we share these values ourselves, doing our best to do our parts as good citizens who think globally and act locally. Still, we know all too well that one individual’s decision to drive a hybrid, eat low on the food chain, or recycle a beverage container is like one drop of water in the sea of forces that are pushing our world in the direction of a socially unjust, environmentally unsustainable future.
The Task of the Survivor in Ruth Klüger’s «weiter leben» (1992) and «Still Alive» (2001)

Ruth Kl u ger’s German and English memoirs provide a unique opportunity to consider intersections between memory, survival, and self-translation. A Benjaminian interpretation of Kl u ger’s memoirs, weiter leben: Eine Jugend (1992) and Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered (2001), addresses the question of what meanings accrue to survival as it unfolds over 50 years and in two memoirs and languages. Echoing the ethical interventions articulated by Benjamin in «The Task of the Translator», I identify the ways in which Still Alive asserts itself as a translation.
Implementation of a Versatile 3D ZMP Trajectory Optimization Algorithm on a Multi-Modal Legged Robotic Platform

This paper presents a multi-functioning light weight robotic system, the Autonomous Legged Personal Helper Robot with Enhanced Dynamics (ALPHRED), capable of both locomtion and manipulation. In addition, we extended a 2D zero moment point (ZMP) trajectory optimization (TO) algorithm to a 3D implementation. As well as adding the acceleration of the center of mass to the TO cost in order to smooth out the motion of the robot during trajectories with support polygons that do not intersect. By implementing this versatile TO algorithm on a multi-modal robotic platform we showed that many different forms of stable locomotion and manipulation were possible including a dynamic 0.7 m/s trot gait.
Mindful Parenting, Parenting Cognitions, and Parent-Youth Communication: Bidirectional Linkages and Mediational Processes.

Mindful parenting and parenting cognitions likely have important linkages to each other and to parent-child communication, but these linkages have not been tested. In this article, we test the bidirectional linkages between mindful parenting and parenting cognitions (sense of competence, parent-centered attributions) and the underlying mediational processes that link them to parent-child communication (parental solicitation and youth disclosure). Longitudinal, autoregressive cross-lagged models were run within a longitudinal sample of rural and suburban early adolescents and their mothers (n = 421; mean adolescent age = 12.14, 46% male, 73% white). Significant bidirectional linkages were found between mindful parenting and parenting cognitions across Time 1 and Time 2. Greater mindful parenting at Time 1 was associated with more positive parenting cognitions (e.g., greater perceptions of parental competence and fewer negative parent-centered attributions or self-blame) at Time 2. More positive parenting cognitions at Time 1 were also associated with greater levels of mindful parenting at Time 2. Mindful parenting at Time 2 mediated the association between parenting cognitions (both parent-centered attributions and sense of competence) at Time 1 and parental solicitation at Time 3. Mindful parenting and parenting cognitions influence each other over time. Parenting cognitions can affect parental solicitation via increases in mindful parenting. The discussion focuses on potential underlying processes.
From Determinism to Emergence: Systems Engineering a Step Change in Execution on Mars

Mars rover operators have traditionally controlled the execution of behaviors using meticulously compiled “master” sequences that enforce deterministic timing and ordering of activities. While the approach is effective at managing risk and complexity, it can be inefficient. Determinism demands conservatism in all things and is mitigated only at the cost of fidelity in ground modeling of flight behavior, an elusive goal. Direct manipulation, as well as inspection by mission operators of the automation layers used to build a schedule, is both feasible and time-consuming. The Mars 2020 rover mission plans to introduce a fundamentally different high-level scheduling and execution approach. Atomic activities are constrained by operators in time, resource usage, and a structure of state dependencies, from largely reusable first principles. The rover flight software will create and re-create a schedule of activities, responding to available energy, actual activity durations and execution status, observed temperatures, and other on-board state. The solution space of possible schedules is prohibitively large and probabilistic. Direct manipulation and inspection of automation are no longer possible on the shortened tactical timelines envisioned for the mission. Schedules are permitted and expected to change substantially as execution burns down the plan. Emergent behavior is accessible depending on the interaction of a given formulation of the plan with actual on-board state. The architecture must anticipate and provide capabilities in the flight software and/or ground tools to help steer emergence. It must leverage the facilities of a highly inherited system to the greatest extent feasible. It must function in that small sliver of computational capacity available in an already diminutive processor, lest it cannibalize from executing activities the efficiency it seeks to gain. This paper discusses the challenges and considerations in systems engineering the first planned autonomous high-level activity planner on Mars.
The Death of Democracy: Hitler‘s Rise to Power and the Downfall of the Weimar Republic. By Benjamin Carter Hett. (New York, NY: Henry Holt, 2018. Pp. xix, 280. $30.00.)

Benjamin Carter Hett opens this smart and engaging book by justifying the publication of yet another study of Hitler's ascent to the German chancellorship. Historians necessarily view the past thro...
Rheological and environmental characteristics of crumb rubber asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm mix asphalt additives

Abstract Introducing crumb rubber (CR) into asphalt binder can both provide environmental benefits such as conservation of natural resources and conservation of landfill space and significantly improve rheological and mechanical performance characteristics of asphalt binders. Incorporation of CR into asphalt binder demands some amount of kinematic energy to make modified asphalt binder sufficiently fluid for mixing and compaction purposes that liberates some greenhouse and fume emissions. By taking advantage of warm mix additives (WMA), it is possible to effectively reduce the production temperature of hot-mix asphalt mixtures to mitigate such environmental concerns. This study, Firstly, aims to investigate the CR dosage effect on the properties of asphalt binder containing different non-foaming warm mix additives: Sasobit and Evotherm M1. Secondly, the environmental concerns regarding CR inclusion into asphalt binder are evaluated by implementing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) test. Rheological and mechanical tests have provided deep insight into the effects of such combinations of WMA and CR in asphalt binders and results indicated that a crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt binder with 15–20% CR yielded optimum performance concerning rutting, fatigue, and cracking performance. Furthermore, while both WMA additives can significantly improve the workability and enhance the rutting performance of CRM asphalt binders, they have a slightly negative effect concerning fatigue and cracking performance of CRM asphalt binders. From the environmental aspect, application of WMA additives also could potentially result in a 63–75% reduction in total emission of CRM asphalt mixtures containing 10–25% CR. Relationship between temperature and the total emission of CRM binders is not linear and it is more than likely a second-order polynomial relationship. Moreover, the results of emission analysis showed that CRM binders deliberate some hazardous fumes due to high temperature, which can be alleviated by incorporating WMA additives into the modified blend.
Fast and scalable evaluation of pairwise potentials

Abstract Pair potentials or kernels, ψ ( | r | ) , play a critical role in a number of areas; these include biophysics, electrical engineering, fluid dynamics, diffusion physics, solid state physics, and many more. The need to evaluate these potentials rapidly for N particles gives rise to the classical N -body problem. In this paper, we present scalable parallel algorithms for evaluation of these potentials for highly non-uniform distributions. The underlying methodology for evaluating these potentials relies on the accelerated Cartesian expansion (ACE) framework that is quasi-kernel-independent with the requirement that the kernel be differentiable with known derivatives. The results presented demonstrate the accuracy control, low cost, and parallel scalability offered by this method for several example kernels and distributions of up to 5 billion particles on 16384 CPU cores. Potential applications of the algorithm include various disciplines of computational physics, engineering, machine learning, among others.
Descriptive analysis of social determinant factors in urban communities affected by COVID-19.

Objectives To provide a descriptive analysis of communities severely impacted by COVID-19 to that of communities moderately affected by COVID-19, with an emphasis on the social determinant factors within them. Methods To compare the communities with extremely high COVID-19 rates to that of communities with moderate COVID-19 cases, we selected six community districts in Queens, New York using public data from New York City Health Department that provides the percentage of positive COVID-19 cases by zip codes from March 1st, 2020 to April 17th, 2020. Results The results of the study showed that COVID-19 cases were 30% greater in communities with extremely high cases than in communities with moderate cases. There were also the several outstanding social determinants commonalities that were found in communities with extremely high COVID-19 cases. These include severe overcrowding, lower educational status, less access to healthcare, and more chronic diseases. Conclusion This study adds to existing literature on vulnerable urban communities affected by COVID-19. Future studies should focus on the underlying factors in each social determinant discussed in this study to better understand its association with the spread of COVID-19.
Filtration efficiency of surgical sterilization fabric for respiratory protection during COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background Due to COVID-19 and high demand for respirators, some healthcare professionals have been using the Halyard H600 fabric as an alternative to N95 respirators without testing the filtration efficiency of the fabric with established scientific methods. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of the Halyard H600 as a respirator filtering material as compared to the NIOSH-certified N95 and P100 filters, and determine if H600 is a good alternative for respiratory protection for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Three filter types (Halyard H600, N95, and P100) were challenged with salt particles inside an exposure chamber at a flow rate of 43 LPM and relative humidity of 40 ± 2%. N95 and P100 respirator filters were tested initially to establish the validity of the chamber, followed by the Halyard H600 fabric. Particle penetration was measured using an aerosol spectrometer. The filtration efficiency was calculated for different particle sizes by measuring the particle number concentration upstream and downstream of the filter. The pressure drop across the filter materials was measured using a manometer. Results The efficiency of the P100 for particles ≥250 nm was 100%. The N95 efficiency was 97 ± 1% at 275 nm, 99 ± 0% at 324 nm, and 100% for larger particles. The Halyard H600 fabric had a variable efficiency with an average of 62 ± 28% at 275 nm, 89 ± 8% at 324 nm, and 100% efficiency for particles >450 nm. The pressure drop values for P100 and N95 were 32 and 8 mmH2O, respectively. The Halyard H600 fabric resistance increased dramatically from 30 mmH2O at the start of the exposure to 65 mmH2O after 16-minutes of exposure. Conclusion The high variability in filter efficiency for particles ≤324 nm and the increased fabric breathing resistance demonstrate that the Halyard H600 has an inferior performance and is not a good substitute for N95 and P100. Thus, the use of the Halyard H600 fabric for respiratory protection is not recommended.
Masculinity and Silence in the Academic Struggles of American Male College Students

Women are outperforming men on many academic achievement metrics in tertiary education. Contributing factors may include the hegemonic masculine expectations for boys and men to be successful, stro...
Saver: A Peak Velocity Extraction Program for Advanced Photonic Doppler Velocimetry Analysis

Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) experiments offer a powerful, new tool for investigating materials strength at extreme strain rates, but obtaining peak velocities from the photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) results of such tests is often subjective and time consuming. A new, semi-automated program, SAVER, was developed to address these concerns and was tested on data sets from previous RMI studies. Extreme surface velocities extracted using SAVER agreed well with human-determined values, and peak spike velocities – a key RMI metric – were reproduced to within ~ 8% in all cases. A re-analysis of materials strength based on these new SAVER values resulted in an estimated increase of ~ 20%, but no objective measure exists at this time to verify this result. While SAVER proved robust with regards to spectrogram quality, scatter in extracted velocities was seen to increase with decreasing signal quality – emphasizing the importance of PDV instrumentation and processing.
Abstract P670: Obesity and Mortality After the First Ischemic Stroke: Is Obesity Paradox Real?

Introduction: Obesity is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke but the association of increased body mass index (BMI) with survival after ischemic stroke remains controversial. Many studie...
Data Pools (Précis)

This project examines the intellectual property policy implications of “big data pools” — a new type of collective rights organization (CRO) swiftly taking form in various industries. The recent formation of big data pools may herald a fundamental shift in the longstanding debate over whether data should be afforded sui generis intellectual property protection. Like earlier collective rights organizations (e.g., patent pools), these collectives appear to privately craft intellectual property-like protections through contracts. Specifically, they appear to induce their members to contribute valuable subject matter (data) by offering them a number of exclusive rights and shared privileges in return. If the foregoing characterization is accurate, then perhaps the proper subject of debate should shift away from sui generis data protection and toward the government’s power to foster the development of private data-sharing collectives.
The Effects of MsrA and MsrB in Anoxia Tolerance in Aging Drosophila melanogaster

Anoxia occurs when cells are deprived of oxygen. Throughout the animal kingdom, organisms respond differently to anoxia. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) enters a protective coma that allows it to withstand hours of anoxia. The greatest oxida-tive stress occurs during the period called reoxygenation. A burst of reactive oxygen spe-cies (ROS) is produced when oxygen is reintroduced to the cells. In humans, ROS cause oxidative damage to critical cellular molecules, which contributes to aging and develop-ment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Methionine, a common amino acid in proteins, is especially sensitive to oxidation by ROS. Two methionine sulfoxide reductas-es (MsrA and MsrB) effectively reduce the methionine sulfoxide residues back to func-tional methionine. Our lab is investigating a link between the Msr genes and anoxia re-covery using Drosophila. Currently, little is known about how the absence of Msr activi-ty affects the ability of Drosophila to recover from anoxia. In this study, MsrA and MsrB, single deletion mutants, were exposed to one hour of anoxia and the Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) recorded their recovery times. RNA interference (RNAi) lines were used to mimic the effect of these deletion lines by ubiquitously knocking down Msr expres-sion. My current data indicates that there was a significant difference in recovery time for the MsrA and MsrB single loss-of-function genetic mutants during middle age, but not near senescence. Insight into the role(s) of Msr genes under anoxic stress could lead to a better understanding of how these genes contribute to aging.
Abstract P186: “It Was Just For Us”: Qualitative Evaluation Of An Exercise Intervention For Older African-american Couples

Introduction: Promoting long-term exercise adherence should be a key focus for health and fitness professionals working to reduce obesity and cardiometabolic health disparities, and all-cause morta...
Long-Term Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Swiss Patient Group with Esophageal Atresia.

Introduction Surgical treatment of esophageal atresia (EA) has markedly improved, allowing the focus to shift from short-term complications and mortality to long-term complications and quality of life. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is variable and reported to range from reduced to unimpaired in patients with repaired EA. We assessed the HRQoL, determined the prevalence of long-term complications and their possible impact on the HRQoL in patients who had correction of EA in Switzerland. Further, we also investigated in the general well-being of their parents. Materials and Methods Patients with EA repair in Switzerland between 1985 and 2011 were enrolled. Long-term complications were assessed by enquiring disease-related symptoms, standardized clinical examinations, and analysis of radiographs. HRQoL was inquired using different validated questionnaires (KIDSCREEN-27, World Health Organization [WHO]-5, and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index [GIQLI]). Patients were grouped according to their age. In underage patients, general well-being of the parents was assessed using the WHO-5 questionnaire. Results Thirty patients were included with a mean age of 11.3 ± 5.7 years. Long-term complications were present in 63% of all patients. HRQoL in underage patients was comparable to the provided reference values and rated as good, while adult patients reported a reduced HRQoL. The presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms was associated with reduced HRQoL in underage patients. Parents of underage patients stated a good general well-being. Conclusion Long-term complications among patients with repair of EA in Switzerland are common. HRQoL in underage patients is good and general well-being of their parents is unimpaired. Adult patients reported a reduced HRQoL, consistent with other reports. As long-term complications may manifest only later in life, a structured follow-up of patients with an EA repair during childhood and adolescence is needed.
Drug effects and learning and memory processes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the drug effects and learning and memory processes. Pharmacological agents, one effect of which may suggest the modification of learning and/or memory processes, present a difficult issue to consider. It appears that one aspect of this issue is whether such an effect-facilitation or disruption-is a unique property of the drug molecule, perhaps shared by others of such a molecular family, or whether the effect is, perhaps, better dealt with in terms of a central nervous system event to which such an agent bears the proper time, locus, and site of action, as well as the event being one that is properly accorded a meaningful relationship to the cognitive processes which are drug-altered. The latter consideration-one of central mechanisms correlated with learning and memory processes-is often, of necessity, dealt with beyond the scope of traditional pharmacology, especially in those instances where concern with molecular substrates or models, cellular interactions, or subcellular sites of change necessitate cross-disciplinary investigative tools.
Investigations of Surface Processes with the Atom‐Probe Field Ion Microscope

Field ion microscopy ranges from the study of lattice defects to biomolecules. The atom-probe adds versatility by permitting the mass spectrometric identification of single atom spots selected by the observer. Noble image gas atoms are found to be adsorbed at the specimen surface under normal operating conditions of the FIM. Binding energies are derived and a new mechanism of field ionization by electron tunneling through the adsorbate atom is evidenced. In the presence of the field the substrate metal forms surface molecules with noble gases as well as with the common gases, while field-induced dissociation of adsorbed CO is also established. A modified atom-probe with partial retardation permits discrimination of energy deficits of field evaporating species from satellite signals due to hydride formation. Ion energy deficits are mostly caused by premature field evaporation, while the losses due to excitation of surface plasmons as suggested by Lucas do not seem to have the predicted magnitude. Feldionenmikroskopie umfast Untersuchungen von Gitterfehlern bis zu biologischen Molekulen. Die Atom-Sonde fugt neue Moglichkeiten hinzu durch die massenspektrometrische Identifizierung einzelner Atom-Bildpunkte, die der Beobachter auswahlen kann. Man findet Edelgasatome unter normalen Arbeitsbedingungen des FIM adsorbiert. Bindungsenergien werden gemessen, und ein neuer Mechanismus der Feldionisierung ist augenscheinlich bei dem Elektronen durch das adsorbierte Atom tunneln. Im Feld bildet das Metall Oberflachenmolekule mit Edelgasen sowohl wie mit den gewohnlichen Gasen, wahrend adsorbiertes CO dissoziiert. Eine modifizierte Atom-Sonde mit partieller Verzogerung erlaubt die Unterscheidung von Energiedefiziten feldverdampfender Teilchen von Begleitsignalen, die Hydridbildung anzeigen. Die Ionenenergiedefizite werden hauptsachlich durch vorzeitige Feldverdampfung verursacht, wahrend Verluste durch Anregung von Oberflachen-Plasmonen, die von Lucas vorgeschlagen wurden, nicht die vorausgesagte Grose zu haben scheinen.
Liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. I. Molecular ion intensities as a function of primary ion pulse frequency

Abstract A liquid matrix and high primary ion currents are employed on a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to produce molecular ions in a manner similar to that employed for fast atom bombardment (FAB) techniques on sector instruments. The primary ion beam is pulsed and the molecular yield is found to depend upon sample concentration, instantaneous primary ion current, and pulse repetition rate. The latter, in particular, indicates that a finite recovery time is required to repair radiation damage from high flux particle beams.
Site-directed mutagenesis of ribosomal RNA. Construction and characterization of deletion mutants.

Abstract We have used a genetic approach to the study of ribosomal RNA structure and function by using in vitro, site-directed mutagenesis techniques on a plasmid carrying the rrnB rRNA operon of Escherichia coli. By limited exonuclease digestion from chosen restriction sites in the parent plasmid, a series of mutant E. coli strains was constructed, each with a deletion at one of seven positions corresponding to bases 614, 704, 1384 and 1504 in 16 S rRNA and 365, 607 and 1984 in 23 S rRNA. We have selected for study plasmids containing small deletions of 1 to 30 bases in length in order to correlate distinct regions of the rRNA molecule with rRNA processing, its assembly into ribosomal subunits, and its function in ribosomes. The deletions were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing, and the mutant rRNAs were shown to be transcribed in vivo. The growth rates of strains that carry the altered plasmids, in addition to their normal complement of seven wild-type rRNA cistrons, are in many cases severely retarded. Some strains carrying plasmids with only a single base deletion have doubling times as much as twice that of the strain carrying the unaltered plasmid. In the case of one mutant, there is a spontaneous deletion at a second site that partially suppresses the effects of an initial single base mutation in 23 S RNA. The methodology described here for the construction and propagation of clones containing rDNA mutations provides an alternative approach to the study of rRNA structure and function. The accompanying paper by Stark et al. describes the analysis of the altered transcripts, their processing, assembly into subunits, and incorporation into ribosomes by a method that allows their detection separately from the host-encoded rRNA.
Chapter 12 Environmental trends of Early Triassic biofabrics: implications for understanding the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

Abstract The Lower Triassic Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation provides a holistic picture of the lag phase of the biotic recovery in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. This unit records deposition in siliciclastic and carbonate nearshore to mid-shelf palaeoenvironments in the western United States during latest Early Triassic (Spathian) time. Nearshore siliciclastic-dominated units are characterized by a relatively diverse trace fossil assemblage, including vertical traces such as Rhizocorallium and Arenicolites , but record low ichnofabric indices. Middle shelf carbonate-dominated units, however, contain a low diversity trace fossil assemblage dominated by simple horizontal traces and tend to record high ichnofabric indices. Subtidal microbial structures occur as wrinkle structures in siliciclastic strata and stromatolitic and thrombolitic buildups in carbonate strata. The strong variations in trace fossil assemblages, ichnofabric indices, and microbial development across the onshore-offshore transect demonstrate that an examination of a variety of facies in different palaeoenvironments is required to reveal the true picture of the biotic recovery. In addition, the prolonged absence of deep bioturbation during the Early Triassic and the distribution of microbial fabrics in subtidal carbonates and siliciclastics indicates a return to Early Phanerozoic-style substrates and suggests that latest Early Triassic shelf environments continued to experience environmental stress, perhaps episodically, for 4–7 million years after the end-Permian mass extinction.
Introduction to atmospheric chemistry

The questions and problems presented here are intended to supplement my book Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry (Princeton University Press, 1999). They are arranged following the different chapters of the book. In recent years I have added to my course lectures a chapter 14, ‘Aerosol Chemistry’ and a chapter 15, ‘Mercury in the Environment’. I have included here problems to support these chapters. All problems are from recent exams in my course. This 5 edition includes a number of new problems and a few corrections to the previous (August 2011) edition.
A Comparison of Course Delivery Methods: An Exercise in Experimental Economics

This paper compares student performance in traditional versus online classes using a methodological framework free from problems affecting past studies including self-selection bias. The data employed in this study consists of 1) students’ test scores in Principles of Macroeconomics courses, 2) students’ academic information collected from the registrar’s office, and 3) students’ personal information collected from a survey completed by students involved in the study. Employing a maximum likelihood estimation procedure, we find that the average grade for students in the online class is approximately one letter grade lower than the average grade for students in the traditional class, ceteris paribus.
Theory and analysis of operating modes in microplasmas assisted by field emitting cathodesa)

Motivated by the recent interest in the development of novel diamond-based cathodes, we study microplasmas assisted by field emitting cathodes with large field enhancement factors using a simplified model and comparisons with particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) simulations and experiments. The model used to determine current-voltage characteristics assumes a linearly varying electric field in the sheath and predicts transition from an abnormal glow to arc mode at moderate current densities in a 1 mm argon gap. The influence of an external circuit is also considered to show the dependence of current as a function of the applied voltage, including potential drop across external resistors. PIC-MCC simulations confirm the validity of the model and also show the significant non-equilibrium nature of these low-temperature microplasmas with electron temperatures ∼1 eV and ion temperatures ∼0.07 eV in the quasi-neutral region. The model is also used to explain experimental data reported for a 1 ...
Protein characterization in normal and abnormal cervical squamous mucosa--"pH signature".

Abstract In a continuing program of study of cervical carcinoma by special cell techniques, sections from cases of squamous metaplasia, atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma of the cervix were stained with methylene blue and light green in a range of pH. Staining intensity of various cellular structures in normal and abnormal epithelium was recorded on an arbitrary scale. Proteins can be characterized by their staining reaction in a pH range. Binding with basic dye was more intense in an alkaline medium. Binding with an acid dye was more intense in an acid medium. Mitoses stained with basic dye in relatively acid medium. No difference was demonstrable between normal and cancer cells with this approach. Considering morphology and especially hyperchromatism, atypical hyperplasia shared the characteristics of invasive and in situ cancer, while metaplastic epithelium more closely resembled the character of normal epithelium.
Entering Text and Using Views

In this chapter, I’ll show you how to enter text quickly in Word documents by using the extra features that Word provides, which go beyond those in the other apps. You’ll see how to select text in advanced ways with the pointing device and the keyboard, how to move around your documents using keyboard shortcuts and the Go To feature, and how to tell Word where to find your custom templates.
Comparison of Retention and Strain Energies of Stud Attachments for Implant Overdentures

Purpose: The retentive forces and the strain energies absorbed during dislodging of implant overdenture stud attachments are useful parameters to consider in the selection of attachments. The purpose of this study was to compare the retentive forces and strain energies of the Nobel Biocare standard ball, Nobel Biocare newer generation ball (Yorba Linda, CA), Zest Anchor, Zest Anchor Advanced Generation (Escondido, CA), Sterngold-Implamed ERA white, and Sterngold-Implamed orange attachments (Attleboro, MA) on an implant-retained in vitro overdenture model. Materials and Methods: The attachments were tested using two permanently placed Branemark system implants on a test model attached to an Instron machine. Each attachment had one part embedded in a denture-like housing, and the other part screwed into the implants. Dislodging tensile forces were applied to the housings in two directions simulating function: vertical and oblique. Eight tests were done in two directions with six specimens of each attachment. Retentive forces generated and strain energies absorbed during displacement were determined. A 1-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey studentized range test was used to determine groups that were significantly different at the p < 0.05 level. Results: The Zest Anchor Advanced Generation attachment had significantly the highest retentive vertical and oblique forces [37.2 (5.5) N and 25.9 (3.2) N, respectively]. The Zest Anchor had the lowest vertical force [10.8 (4.2) N], and Nobel Biocare Standard had the lowest oblique retentive force [10.6 (3.0) N]. The Nobel Biocare Standard Ball attachment had the highest strain energies [29.7 × 10−3 (11.9 × 10−3) J, 30.3 × 10−3(14.3 × 10−3) J, respectively, in the vertical and oblique directions]. The Sterngold-Implamed ERA White and Zest Anchor had the lowest strain energies [5.3 × 10−3 (3.2 × 10−3) J and 4.5 × 10−3 (1.1 × 10−3) J, respectively, in the vertical and oblique directions]. Conclusion: The retentive forces and strain energies of implant overdenture stud attachments are different and should be considered during prosthesis selection.
Enhancing Farm Profitability through Portfolio Analysis: The Case of Spatial Rice Variety Selection

This study applies portfolio theory to rice varietal selection decisions to find profit maximizing and risk minimizing outcomes. Results based on data from six counties in the Arkansas Delta for the period 1999–2006 suggest that sowing a portfolio of rice varieties could have increased profits from 3 to 26% (depending on the location) for rice producers in the Arkansas Delta. The major implication of this research is that data and statistical tools are available for rice producers to improve the choice of rice varieties to plant each year in specific locations. Specifically, there are large potential gains from combining varieties that are characterized by inverse yield responses to growing conditions such as drought, pest infestation, or the presence of a specific disease.
Antimicrobial resistance trends in medical centers using carbapenems: report of 1999 and 2000 results from the MYSTIC program (USA).

Abstract Trends in susceptibility to antimicrobials were assessed from United States participants using 4488 isolates in the MYSTIC Program, 1999 (10 centers) through 2000 (15 centers). Diverse types of hospitals (general service, university, cancer, federal, pediatric, cystic fibrosis) were enrolled from 13 states. In 2000, oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci were 100% susceptible to meropenem, imipenem, and cefepime; but only 88% of strains were susceptible to ceftazidime. Among Enterobacteriaceae, ≥96% of Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., and Serratia spp. were susceptible to meropenem, imipenem, and cefepime; but ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin/tazobactam had 5–20% resistance rates. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance rates in Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli (6–7% and 3–5%, respectively) were stable over 2 years. Acinetobacter spp. were 78–81% susceptible to carbapenems but only 63–72% susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Meropenem, tobramycin, and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but ciprofloxacin inhibited only 74% in 2000. Overall, meropenem remained the most potent agent, especially against ceftazidime- or piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant strains.
Cloning and characterization of the rat lysyl oxidase gene promoter: identification of core promoter elements and functional nuclear factor I-binding sites.

Lysyl oxidase (LO) stabilizes the extracellular matrix by cross-linking collagen and elastin. To assess the transcriptional regulation of LO, we cloned the 5′-flanking region with 3,979 bp of the rat LO gene. LO transcription started at multiple sites clustered at the region from –78 to –51 upstream of ATG. The downstream core promoter element functionally independent of the initiator predominantly activated the TATA-less LO gene. 5′ Deletion assays illustrated a sequence of 804 bp upstream of ATG sufficient for eliciting the maximal promoter activity and the region –709/–598 exhibiting strongly enhancing effects on the reporter gene expression in transiently transfected RFL6 cells. DNase I footprinting assays showed a protected pattern existing in the fragment –612/–580, which contains a nuclear factor I (NFI)-binding site at the region –594/–580 confirmed by electrophoretic mobility supershift assays. Mutations on this acting site decreased both NFI binding affinity in gel shift assays and stimulation of SV40 promoter activities in cells transfected with the NFI-binding site-SV40 promoter chimeric construct. Furthermore, at least two functional NFI-binding sites, including another one located at –147/–133, were identified in the LO promoter region –804/–1. Only NFI-A and NFI-B were expressed in rat lung fibroblasts, and their interaction with the LO gene was sensitively modulated by exogenous stimuli such as cigarette smoke condensate. In conclusion, the isolated rat LO gene promoter contains functionally independent initiator and downstream core promoter elements, and the conserved NFI-binding sites play a critical role in the LO gene activation.
Is calmodulin involved in the regulation of gap junction permeability

The cell-to-cell channels of gap junctions mediate the direct exchange of ions and small metabolites between neighboring cells. A number of studies have shown that these channels close when the intracellular free calcium or hydrogen concentration increases, the result being cell-to-cell uncoupling. Since most of the calcium-activated biological phenomena are mediated by calmodulin (CaM), an obvious question is whether or not CaM is involved in the mechanism of cell coupling regulation. Data from the present study, showing the inhibitory effects of a calmodulin blocker on electrical uncoupling in Xenopus embryo cells, suggest a possible CaM participation in the uncoupling mechanism.
Splatting without the blur

Splatting is a volume rendering algorithm that combines efficient volume projection with a sparse data representation: Only voxels that have values inside the iso-range need to be considered, and these voxels can be projected via efficient rasterization schemes. In splatting, each projected voxel is represented as a radially symmetric interpolation kernel, equivalent to a fuzzy ball. Projecting such a basis function leaves a fuzzy impression, called a footprint or splat, on the screen. Splatting traditionally classifies and shades the voxels prior to projection, and thus each voxel footprint is weighted by the assigned voxel color and opacity. Projecting these fuzzy color balls provides a uniform screen image for homogeneous object regions, but leads to a blurry appearance of object edges. The latter is clearly undesirable, especially when the view is zoomed on the object. In this work, we manipulate the rendering pipeline of splatting by performing the classification and shading process after the voxels have been projected onto the screen. In this way, volume contributions outside the iso-range never affect the image. Since shading requires gradients, we not only splat the density volume, using regular splats, but we also project the gradient volume, using gradient splats. However, alternative to gradient splats, we can also compute the gradients on the projection plane, using central differencing. This latter scheme cuts the number of footprint rasterization by a factor of four, since only the voxel densities have to be projected. Our new method renders objects with crisp edges and well-preserved surface detail. Added overhead is the calculation of the screen gradients and the per-pixel shading. Both of these operations, however, may be performed using fast techniques employing lookup tables.
Reed-Muller codes, the fourth cohomology group of a finite group, and the β-invariant ✩

We introduce the β-invariant b(ω) attached to a 4-cohomology class ω∈H4(G,Z), G a finite group. Roughly speaking, b(ω) keeps track of the restriction of ω to subgroups of G of order 2. If G is an elementary abelian 2-group, we observe that b defines a natural isomorphism from H4(G,Z) to the shortened third order Reed–Muller binary code. In general, restricting ω to elementary abelian 2-subgroups produces an array of Reed–Muller codewords which can be exploited. We give two main applications: (a) for many of the larger sporadic simple groups, the 2-part of H4(G,Z) lies in the nilpotent radical of the cohomology ring (Proposition 4.1); (b) up to gauge equivalence, the twisted quantum double Dω(G) has a trivial β-invariant (in the sense of quasi-Hopf algebras) if, and only if, ω is a nilpotent element in the cohomology ring (Proposition 5.2).
Alternative analytical analysis for improved Loschmidt diffusion cell

To measure gas phase diffusion coefficients across porous media, an apparatus called a Loschmidt diffusion cell is often utilized. In previous studies with such an apparatus, an infinite-length assumption is used to simplify the analytical solution. Experimentally, cell lengths must be quite long and measurement time is very brief to fulfill this assumption. In this study, Fick’s second law is applied, and separation of variables with shifted homogeneity technique is performed for data analysis to enable design of a more compact experimental apparatus with extended measurement times and improved precision. The analytical solution is proved by both the inverse-matrix method and finite-volume discretization. Finally, using the new analytical solution obtained, the effective diffusion coefficient is determined for porous media used in fuel cell applications.
Light dependence of quantum yields of Photosystem II and CO2 fixation in C3 and C4 plants

The light dependence of quantum yields of Photosystem II (ΦII) and of CO2 fixation were determined in C3 and C4 plants under atmospheric conditions where photorespiration was minimal. Calculations were made of the apparent quantum yield for CO2 fixation by dividing the measured rate of photosynthesis by the absorbed light [A/I=ΦCO2 and of the true quantum yield by dividing the estimated true rate of photosynthesis by absorbed light [(A+Rl)/Ia=ΦCO2·], where RL is the rate of respiration in the light. The dependence of the ΦII/ΦCO2 and ΦII/ΦCO2* ratios on light intensity was then evaluated. In both C3 and C4 plants there was little change in the ratio of ΦII/ΦCO2 at light intensities equivalent to 10–100% of full sunlight, whereas there was a dramatic increase in the ratio at lower light intensities. Changes in the ratio of ΦII/ΦCO2 can occur because respiratory losses are not accounted for, due to changes in the partitioning of energy between photosystems or changes in the relationship between PS II activity and CO2 fixation. The apparent decrease in efficiency of utilization of energy derived from PS II for CO2 fixation under low light intensity may be due to respiratory loss of CO2. Using dark respiration as an estimate of RL, the calculated ΦII/ΦCO2* ratio was nearly constant from full sunlight down to approx 5% of full sunlight, which suggests a strong linkage between the true rate of CO2 fixation and PS II activity under varying light intensity. Measurements of photosynthesis rates and ΦII were made by illuminating upper versus lower leaf surfaces of representative C3 and C4 monocots and dicots. With the monocots, the rate of photosynthesis and the ratio of ΦII/ΦCO2 exhibited a very similar patterns with leaves illuminated from the adaxial versus the abaxial surface, which may be due to uniformity in anatomy and lack of differences in light acclimation between the two surfaces. With dicots, the abaxial surface had both lower rates of photosynthesis and lower ΦII values than the adaxial surface which may be due to differences in anatomy (spongy versus palisade mesophyll cells) and/or light acclimation between the two surfaces. However, in each species the response of ΦII/ΦCO2 to varying light intensity was similar between the two surfaces, indicating a comparable linkage between PS II activity and CO2 fixation.
Geographic Variation in Length of Tail of White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Kansas

We examined geographic variation in length of tail, as well as length of body, ear, and hindfoot, in white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) in Kansas. Lengths of body and ear exhibited no pattern of geographic variation, whereas clinal change was observed for lengths of hindfoot and tail. Length of hindfoot decreased from eastern to western Kansas; however, this pattern disappeared when length of hindfoot was standardized for length of body. Length of tail increased from east to west and south to north, with length of tail 15% greater in northwestern than southeastern Kansas. In contrast to length of hindfoot, the pattern in length of tail was not related to size of body and was, in fact, strengthened when length of tail was standardized for length of body. This geographic pattern in length of tail suggests that P. leucopus becomes more arboreal, rather than more terrestrial, from east to west and south to north across Kansas.
Kinetic properties of turtle liver and kidney fructose diphosphatase

Abstract 1. 1. Turtle liver fructose diphosphatase (FDPase) displays hyperbolic kinetics with respect to substrate binding at 22°C. The K m ( FDP ) is 21 μM. Slight substrate inhibition is observed with concentrations of FDP greater than 0.1 mM. 2. 2. Turtle kidney FDPase displays sigmoidal kinetics with respect to substrate binding. The K 0.5 is 53 μm. Substrate inhibition is not observed. 3. 3. 5'AMP, ADP and ATP inhibit turtle liver FDPase activity. This inhibition is alleviated somewhat by increased FDP. 4. 4. Turtle liver FDPase activity is increased by both Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ . FDPase activity, however, is inhibited by very high concentrations of both divalent cations.
In Vivo Time Resolved X-Ray Diffraction Reveals Radial Motions of Myofilaments in Insect Flight Muscle

The constraint of constant volume for a contracting muscle cell implies a radial expansion that occurs during axial shortening will lead to increases in the radial spacing of the lattice of myofilaments. That change in filament spacing, in turn, can have a profound effect on the attachment rate of crossbridges (Williams et al. (2010) PLoS Comput Biol 6:e1001018.). At the same time, cross-bridges attaching to thin filaments and generating axial (longitudinal) forces and may simultaneously restrict the extent to which the filament lattice can expand or contract in the radial direction as muscle shortens. Here we examined radial changes in the lattice of the flight muscle of the hawk-moth Manduca sexta using high speed time resolved X-ray diffraction to directly measure the time course of changes in filament spacing as a function both the length of muscle and the timing of activation. Interestingly, the measured lattice spacing (1) strongly reflected activation timing and (2) varied considerably during the cycle of shortening and lengthening and (3) did not follow the pattern predicted by a constant lattice volume. Three key issues arise from these data. (1) Large changes in lattice spacing suggest that models of cross-bridge force generation should consider radial separation of thick and thin filaments; (2) cross-bridges may restrict the expansion of the filament lattice and may experience considerable radial force; and (3) the mismatch between measured and predicted radial motions of myofilaments indicates that there is fluid movement between subcellular compartments that has not been considered in the mechanics and energetics of force generation by muscle. Finally, radial tensions may play a key role in elastic energy storage for insect flight. Supported by NSF IOS-1022058 and NIH P41 GM103622-17.