cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern multiple myeloma therapy: deep, sustained treatment response and good clinical outcomes.

In the USA at the beginning of this century, the average overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma was about 3 years. Around that time, three drugs (bortezomib, lenalidomide and thalidomide) were introduced for the treatment of multiple myeloma and, in 2012, carfilzomib received accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Driven by access to better drugs, median overall survival in younger patients (aged 10 years by 2014. The FDA approved 14 new drugs for the treatment of cancer in 2015; four of these were approved for the treatment of myeloma (panobinostat, daratumumab, elotuzumab and ixazomib). In 2015 and 2016, expanded label indications were approved by the FDA for lenalidomide and carfilzomib, respectively. The recent increase in approved, highly effective combination therapies for patients with multiple myeloma has led the way to redefining the goals of therapy. Here, we review and provide a clinical perspective on the treatment goals and management of multiple myeloma in the era of modern therapy. Recent meta-analyses show that minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity is associated with longer progression-free and overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma. With the use of modern combination therapy, large proportions (>60–70%) of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients achieve complete responses and MRD negativity. Modern combination therapies induce rapid, deep and sustainable responses (including MRD negativity), supporting a treatment paradigm shift away from palliative two-drug combinations towards the use of modern, potent, three- or four-drug combination regimens in early lines of therapy. Data support the use of modern therapy upfront rather than reserving it for later stages of the disease. As survival time increases with modern combination therapies, development of early reliable surrogate end-points for survival, such as MRD negativity, are needed for expedited read-out of future randomized clinical trials.
Joint inversion for effective anisotropic velocity model and event locations using S-wave splitting measurements from downhole microseismic data

ABSTRACTAn accurate velocity model is essential in microseismic imaging. Layered sediments and subvertical cracks from tectonic stress and hydraulic fracturing make velocity models more complicated than isotropy or simple anisotropy, such as vertical transverse isotropy. Downhole microseismic acquisition usually cannot achieve sufficient ray coverage that is required to develop a low-symmetry anisotropic model from traveltimes alone. To solve this problem, we have developed a new type of data, S-wave splitting parameters (the delay time of the slow S-wave and fast S-wave polarization direction), to determine anisotropic models. A genetic algorithm inversion is adopted to solve for the locations of events and the stiffness tensor of an anisotropic medium simultaneously. We applied this method to synthetic waveforms from numerical modeling and successfully recovered the input event locations and the velocity model. The effectiveness of this method is further demonstrated by using real microseismic data acqu...
Distribution and Abundance of Millicoma Dace In the Coos River Basin, Oregon

Abstract The Millicoma Dace Rhinichthys cataractae is a form of Longnose Dace endemic to the Coos River drainage in southwestern Oregon. Sparse species records in the Oregon State University Ichthyology Collection and database and infrequent recent encounters prompted surveys to assess the current status and distribution of the species. In 2014, we surveyed locations that had historically supported Millicoma Dace using backpack electrofishing to describe their current distribution and abundance at these locations. In 2015, we extended these surveys further upstream in the South Coos River basin, outside of the documented historical range. We used an N-mixture model to estimate abundance and capture probability for Millicoma Dace at each sampling location. We evaluated the effects of habitat covariates on both capture probability and abundance at each sample site. We found Millicoma Dace were widespread throughout their historical range and in the South Coos River sites outside of their documented historic...
Swahili e, ka, and nge as signals of meaning

Swahili e, ka, and nge are hypothesized to be signals with meanings that deal with the degree of probability of an event taking place. All three forms grammatically assign a lack of certainty to the event. This is termed questioning the event. More specifically, e signals that although the event is questioned it is still relatively likely; nge signals questioned and relatively low likelihood; ka signals simply questioned and is neutral to higher or lower likelihood. Human inferential capacity allows a wide range of messages to be conveyed by the signaling of these unitary meanings in various contexts. Traditional analyses of these forms fail to distinguish between meaning and message and in so doing either (1) posit as meaning a part of the message range (as with ka ) or (2) categorize the messages into types and posit each type as a meaning (as with e and nge). Limitations of traditional theory thus inhibit the postulation of the underlying unitary meaning necessary to explain the actual distribution of a form.
Aus den Vorlesungen „Einleitung in die Philosophie“ von 1916 und 1918

Descartes’1 Meditationen gaben uns schon durch mehrere Vorlesungen hindurch den Stoff fur unsere historischen und systematischen Uberlegungen. In der Tat steht dieses Werk sozusagen als eine Ouverture am Eingang der neueren Philosophie. In ihm liegen die bedeutsamsten Motive fur die ferneren geistigen Bewegungen und gerade fur diejenigen, die uns so sehr interessieren, in denen namlich die Idee einer reinen Vernunftkritik und damit einer neuartigen Philosophie zu Tage drangt. Darin liegt aber, dass bis dahin in ihrer methodischen Grundart verborgene Probleme, solche, die nicht in der Ebene des naturlichen Denkens und zunachst auch noch nicht in derjenigen des naturwissenschaftlichenDenkens liegen, sich beiDescartes so zwingend fuhlbar machen, dass sie zu Triebkraften der Entwicklung werden. Freilich kommen sie erst am Ende langer historischer Entwicklung zu reiner Formulierung und 〈werden〉 zum Thema einer echtenWissenschaft.Um nun diese Probleme, wie es ihre voraussetzungsreiche Art erfordert, stufenweise zum Verstandnis zu bringen, vertiefen wir uns in den Geistesgehalt der „cartesianischen Zweifelsmethode“ und des durch sie als absolut zweifellos herausgestellten „cogito“.
The role of social capital and sense of ownership in rural community-managed water systems: Qualitative evidence from Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia

Abstract Many water systems in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries are community-managed. Ensuring the long-term sustainability of community-managed systems is important to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) six, which calls for universal access to safe water. Social capital and sense of ownership are theorized to influence the effectiveness of community-management. To explore this relationship, we conducted a qualitative study of how and why social capital and sense of ownership facilitate water system sustainability, and their relationship to one another. Individual interviews and focus group discussions with community members, water committee members, local leaders, and external support actors were conducted in eighteen communities with successful community-managed water systems in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia. We found that social capital facilitates water system solicitation, water committee elections, resource mobilization, and information sharing. Sense of ownership plays a role in organizing and enabling water system decision processes, physical labor, and resource mobilization. Both social capital and sense of ownership facilitate different forms of community participation that are crucial to processes which support water system sustainability. Further, our results suggest a new theoretical framework where social capital and sense of ownership are inherently linked through community participation and can thereby interact to magnify or undermine each other's effects. Results also suggest that social capital and sense of ownership can have meaningful effects on socioeconomic and gender equality in rural communities by creating opportunities for alternative resource mobilization and female participation. We suggest external support actors actively assess and leverage the social strengths of rural communities, identify successful and skilled community members, encourage female leadership, and emphasize activities and trainings that incorporate social capital and ownership.
Mixing properties of the dynamic Tobit model with mixing errors

Abstract Mixing properties for the dynamic Tobit model are shown for the case of mixing innovations. We show α or β -mixing given mixing assumptions on the errors. Additionally, we show that the results here hold for a more general class of nonlinear time series for which the dynamic Tobit model is a special case.
Improved FDTD method around dielectric and PEC interfaces using RBF-FD techniques

A high-order, radial basis function-generated finite difference (RBF-FD) method is prepared for simulation of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation near dielectric and perfectly conducting (PEC) interfaces. The method uses piecewise polynomial support along with RBFs to form explicit, FDTD-like updating equations that uphold high-order accuracy even when applied across a dielectric interface or near a PEC boundary. The method is tested on two 2D problems involving EM wave propagation around PEC and dielectric cylinders.
DNA transfer into cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are autotrophic prokaryotes capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. There are many striking similarities between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, and it is now well established that together they comprise a coherent phylogenetic group [ 1], as predicted by the endosymbiotic hypothesis [2]. The similarities between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts suggest the possibility of studying certain chloroplast-related processes in a prokaryote, putting many of the tools of prokaryotic genetics in the hands of the plant biologist. Because plastid promoters can drive transcription in cyanobacteria [3, 4], it should be possible in general to express plastid-encoded genes, without the necessity of providing them with cyanobacterial signals. Indeed, plastid genes encoding an antenna protein [4] and a Photosystem II (PSII) protein (T. Reiss et al., personal communication) have been functionally expressed in a cyanobacterium.
Delay Fault Diagnosis

Testing fabricated chips for correct temporal behavior is typically done by applying a set of input vector pairs at-speed to the chip under test, and comparing the sampled circuit outputs with their expected logic values. Assuming that the chip is functionally correct, i.e., it produces the correct output values given sufficient time, any discrepancy is the result of one or more delay faults in the fabricated chip. Literature in this context has primarily focused on finding minimal delay test sets with maximal coverage [67][68][69][70][71], i.e., finding a small number of tests which will detect as many delay faults in the circuit as possible. By generating tests which can detect many delay faults in a circuit, the ability to determine which delay fault caused the chip failure gets diminished. Diagnostic testing [87] [88] deals with enhancing the diagnostic ability of tests, i.e., finding test sets which can not only detect delay faults but also distinguish between them.
Delayed-Hypersensitivity Reactions in Patients with Cancer

A recent study of considerable interest has indicated that the ability to respond to the skin-sensitizer DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) signifies a favorable prognosis after cancer surgery whereas failure to respond heralds an unfavorable outcome [3]. This has also been our experience.
New Maleic-anhydride-modified and Long-chain-branched Polyolefins

This chapter discusses a facile and clean method to prepare maleic-anhydride (MA)-modified polyolefins with well-defined molecular structure offered by the reactive copolymer approach. The chemistry is benefited by metallocene technology that results in reactive copolymers with narrow molecular weight and composition distributions, as well as controlling the concentration and location of reactive co-monomer incorporation. The reactive groups in the copolymer provide the selective sites for MA modification reaction. Such a reaction minimizes the undesirable side reaction in the polyolefin backbone and preserves its important properties. The chapter discusses the well-defined MA-terminated polyolefins, especially polypropylene (PP) with controllable PP molecular weight and MA units at the polymer chain end. The new PP-MA block copolymers provide detailed information about the effects of PP-MA structure to the compatibility of the reactive PP/nylon blends. The new MA-modified polymers with various molecular structures also offer an excellent opportunity to prepare other segmental polymers. An example presented is the new long-chain branched polypropylene (LCBPP), which has a relatively well-defined molecular structure.
Sequence-of-Tense Phenomena in Adjunct Clauses

In this chapter, we will consider tense morphemes in adjunct clauses. We will study relative clauses and temporal adverbial clauses. As pointed out in Chapter 3, some traditional grammarians such as Jespersen (1931) discuss the SOT phenomena in terms of the direct speech vs. indirect speech contrast. They analyze the SOT phenomena in terms of a “rule” that relates direct speech to indirect speech. Since adjunct clauses have no “direct speech source,” the possibility that SOT phenomena are found in such clauses would not be considered under such a rule. On the other hand, Curme (1931) characterizes the phenomena in terms of syntactic properties of tense morphemes. Some modern linguists such as Ross (1967), Costa (1972), and Ladusaw (1977) adopt the latter perspective. The SOT rule proposed in Chapter 4 is in fact defined solely in structural terms and is not sensitive to the type of clause in which the target tense morpheme is found. In this chapter, I will apply this structural interpretation of the SOT rule to adjunct clauses and will present supporting evidence for it.
Initial Alignment of Large Azimuth Misalignment Angle in SINS based on Reduced Multiple Fading Factors Strong Tracking CKF

Aiming at the problem that Cubature Kalman Filter(CKF) has low accuracy and robustness under the condition of strapdown inertial navigation system(SINS) initial alignment due to model error and external disturbance, Reduced Multiple Strong Tracking Cubature Kalman Filter(RMSTCKF) is proposed, and the algorithm flow and sub-optimal solution of multiple fading factor are derived. Multiple fading factor can improve tracking ability under each state according to the degree of uncertainty of different states, having stronger adaptability and robustness. Applying RMSTCKF to large azimuth misalignment angle error function described by Euler platform error angle(EPEA), carrying out the simulation under two different conditions, namely noise mismatch and the base is disturbed, and making contrast between RSTCKF and RCKF, the simulation results show that the filter accuracy and convergence rate of RMSTCK when system noise mismatches with true noise are obviously better than RSTCKF and RCKF, having better practical value in engineering.
Chapter 73 – Vitamin D: Cardiovascular Effects and Vascular Calcification

Publisher Summary The role of vitamin D in skeletal physiology and calcium/phosphate homeostasis is well recognized. This chapter provides an overview of vitamin D in cardiovascular physiology and toxicology. Vitamin D plays a biphasic role in human health, with both insufficiency and intoxication compromising cardiovascular physiology. Vitamin D agonists (VDRAs) are vasculotropic hormones, and vitamin D insufficiency is associated with significant, undesirable changes in cardiovascular physiology and structure. In end-stage renal disease, benefits of pharmacological enhancement of vitamin D receptor (VDR) tone with VDRAs have emerged, likely via improvements in endothelial function and reductions in myocardial hypertrophic responses. Vitamin D intoxication also exerts significant undesirable actions on the cardiovascular system via elevations in serum phosphate and serum calcium/calciproteins, impairment of VSMC elastin biology, and inhibition of protective vascular PTH/PTHrP receptor signaling. Histoanatomic, molecular, and ethnic heterogeneities are emerging in the pathobiology of arteriosclerotic disease; these heterogeneities confound straightforward extrapolation of the downsides of insufficiency to benefits with repletion or supplementation. Dynamic interactions between the parathyroids, kidneys, and bone determine the toxicity threshold for vitamin D and calcium—i.e. whether hypervitaminosis D or excessive calcium intake is also associated with toxicity. The relationships between the VDR, its non-nuclear role in mitochondrial function and cardiovascular oxidative stress signaling have yet to be detailed.
Scalable controlled- not gate for linear optical quantum computing using microring resonators

We propose a scalable version of a Knill-Laflamme-Milburn (KLM) controlled-not (cnot) gate based upon integrated waveguide microring resonators (MRR), vs the original KLM approach using beam splitters. The core element of our KLM cnot gate is a nonlinear phase-shift gate (NLPSG) using three MRRs, which we examine in detail. We find an expanded parameter space for the NLPSG over that of the conventional version. Whereas in all prior proposals for bulk optical realizations of the NLPSG the optimal operating point is precisely a single zero-dimensional manifold within the parameter space of the device, we find conditions for effective transmission amplitudes which define a set of one-dimensional manifolds in the parameter spaces of the MRRs. This allows for an increased level of flexibility in operation of the NLPSG that allows for the fabrication of dynamically tunable MRR-based devices with high precision and low loss.
Incidentally identified genetic variants in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-associated genes among children undergoing exome sequencing reflect healthy population variation

Background With expanding use of clinical whole exome sequencing (WES), genetic variants of uncertain significance are increasingly identified. As pathologic mutations in genes associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) carry a risk of sudden death, determining the diagnostic relevance of incidentally identified variants associated with these genes is critical. Methods WES variants from a large, predominantly pediatric cohort (N = 7,066 probands) were obtained for nine ARVC-associated genes (Baylor Miraca). For comparison, a control cohort was derived from the gnomAD database and an ARVC case cohort (N = 1,379 probands) was established from ARVC cases in the literature. Topologic mapping was performed and signal-to-noise analysis was conducted normalizing WES, or case variants, against control variant frequencies. Retrospective chart review was performed of WES cases evaluated clinically (Texas Children's Hospital). Results Incidentally identified variants occurred in 14% of WES referrals and localized to genes which were rare among ARVC cases yet similar to controls. Amino acid-level signal-to-noise analysis of cases demonstrated "pathologic hotspots" localizing to critical domains of PKP2 and DSG2 while WES variants did not. PKP2 ARM7 and ARM8 domains and DSG2 N-terminal cadherin-repeat domains demonstrated high pathogenicity while normalized WES variant frequency was low. Review of clinical data available on WES referrals demonstrated none with evidence of ARVC among variant-positive individuals. Conclusions Incidentally identified variants are common among pediatric WES testing with gene frequencies similar to "background" variants. Incidentally identified variants are unlikely to be pathologic.
Human primary middle ear epithelial cell culture: A novel in vitro model to study otitis media

Objectives Otitis media (OM) is a ubiquitous pediatric disease leading to a significant health care burden. There is no medication beneficial to resolving COM fluid, highlighting the need for research in the field. Crucially, current human middle ear epithelial cell models are transformed cells not recapitulating physiological functions. Herein, we describe a new method to proliferate and differentiate pediatric primary middle ear epithelial cells (pMEEC) from patients as a physiological model for the study of OM. Methods We adapted a cell reprogramming protocol using irradiated fibroblast feeder medium in addition to Rho kinase inhibitor to proliferate pMEEC collected during cochlear implant surgery. Cells were plated on transwell membranes, proliferated with conditionally reprogrammed culture medium, and transferred to air-liquid interface (ALI). Cultures were maintained for 4 weeks at ALI, photos were taken and cell lysates and secretions were collected over time for characterization analysis using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western bolt, and proteomics. Keratins, MUC5B and MUC5AC mucins, and beta tubulin (TUBB) were analyzed at the mRNA and protein level. Results Cultures took a mean of 2 weeks to proliferate before transwell plating and forming a tight epithelium at ALI from 2 to 4 weeks. Although mRNA expression of MUC5B, MUC5AC, TUBB, and keratin 5 (KRT5) were variable depending on the differentiation stage and the patient, both TUBB and KRT5 proteins were detected until week 2. Conclusion We demonstrate a novel method to proliferate and differentiate pMEECs that express epithelial markers and that are able to secrete mucins for the study of OM. Level of evidence NA.
Improving the rheological properties of alkali-activated geopolymers using non-aqueous fluids for well cementing and lost circulation control purposes

Abstract Typical alkali-activated low-calcium fly ash (AAF) geopolymer formulations are yet to deliver acceptable rheologies for applications such as oil and gas well cementing, where the cement slurry needs to be pumped, and few effective superplasticizers have been identified. The work reported here centers on the discovery that the rheological properties (mixability and pumpability) of AAFs can be significantly improved by incorporating an organic-based non-aqueous fluid (NAF). NAFs such as oil-based muds and synthetic-based muds are water/brine-in-oil invert emulsions that are widely used in the oil and gas industry for drilling and completion operations. Adding NAF can significantly improve the rheological properties of AAF geopolymers, to the point where the rheology of the mixture approaches that of a Portland cement slurry. Overcoming the poor pumpability issue of AAF opens up a large variety of well cementing applications for AAF slurries including primary cementation and plug cementing in severe lost circulation zones. To modify the gelation and setting characteristics multiple fly ash sources and activators were considered in this study. The alkali activators tested in this study were sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide with addition of liquid or solid form sodium silicates. Sodium hydroxide activated AAFs showed improved rheological properties with the addition of NAFs. The liquid sodium silicate activated AAFs resulted in unfavorable rheology readings, gel strength measurements and accelerated the pumping time in comparison to use of pure sodium hydroxide activator. The addition of NAF further accelerated the pumping time, increased the viscosity of the AAF, leading to an unpumpable slurry with a rapid setting behavior. In contrast, activation with solid sodium silicate did not negatively affect the rheological behavior of AAF in the presence or absence of NAF. The use of a solid activator showed an initial high consistency peak that broke down with continued shearing. This early high consistency behavior may be exploited to combat lost circulation problems on troublesome oil and gas wells.
Challenges and Opportunities: Using Omics to Generate Testable Insights into Pathogenic Mechanisms in Preclinical Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis

Our knowledge of the phenotypic and immunologic features present during the preclinical period of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has rapidly evolved since the beginning of the 21st Century.
An Integrated Control System for Optimal Human Trunk Motion

A major desire of individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) is the ability to functionally move the trunk while at the same time maintaining a stable posture. The trunk movements can be actuated by Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (FNS), which applies low-level current to the peripheral nerves to activate the paralyzed muscle, and thus generate forces and joint moments sufficient to move the limbs. Ensuring the precision and stability of the movement requires powerful control methods as the musculoskeletal dynamics of the trunk are highly complex. In this paper, an integrated control loop, which combines a joint moment (JMT) controller and a muscle (MUS) controller, is developed to control trunk motions. The JMT controller which is comprised of a prior computed feedforward torque and a model predictive controller (MPC), determines the torque vector required to achieve the motion. However, the computed torque cannot be directly applied to an actual trunk system. This limitation motivates the MUS design, where a feed-forward activation map (FAM) determines the muscle activation that can generate the desired torque vector while a neural network (NN) based correction mechanism is adjusted by an anatomy-based updating law. Therefore, when the desired motion is determined, the corresponding activation can be found and applied to the muscles of the trunk. The integrated control system is validated in simulation, in which the trunk is moved to a variety of reference postures. Simulation performance suggests that the method has a high potential for trunk control applications in individuals with SCI and other impairments.
The Mechanobiome: A Goldmine for Cancer Therapeutics.

Cancer progression is dependent on heightened mechanical adaptation, both for the cells’ ability to change shape and to interact with varying mechanical environments. This type of adaptation is dep...
Application of Single-Site Catalysts in the Hydrogen Economy

Catalysts development is an evolutionary process. The generation of new single-metal-site catalysts, with isolated metal atoms dispersed on the surface of substrates, offers maximum atom-utilization efficiency, high specific activity, and novel properties. The unique structure of single-site catalysts also enables their potential to bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This field is at an early stage, characterized by important discoveries and novel demonstrations of catalytic properties associated with the fine structure of single metal sites; however, specific applications, especially catalytic hydrogenation reactions, are still lacking. The focus of this short review is on applications of single-site catalysts in the hydrogen economy based on our studies of hydrogen generation/storage via single-metal-site catalysts. We hope this work will inspire the development of single-site catalysts for other applications.
Ti3C2 MXene–polymer nanocomposites and their applications

MXene/polymer nanocomposites simultaneously benefit from the attractive properties of MXenes and the flexibility and facile processability of polymers. These composites have shown superior properties such as high light-to-heat conversion, excellent electromagnetic interference shielding, and high charge storage, compared to other nanocomposites. They have applications in chemical, materials, electrical, environmental, mechanical, and biomedical engineering as well as medicine. This property-based review on MXene/polymer nanocomposites critically describes findings and achievements in these areas and puts future research directions into perspective. It surveys novel reported applications of MXene-based polymeric nanocomposites. It also covers surface modification approaches that expand the applications of MXenes in nanocomposites.
The Intersection of Neurology and Religion: A Survey of Hospital Chaplains on Death by Neurologic Criteria

To enhance knowledge about religious objections to brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC), we surveyed hospital chaplains about their experience with and beliefs about BD/DNC. We distributed an online survey to five chaplaincy organizations between February and July 2019. There were 512 respondents from all regions of the USA; they were predominantly Christian (450 of 497; 91%), board certified (413 of 490; 84%), and employed by community hospitals (309 of 511; 61%). Half (274 of 508; 56%) of the respondents had been involved in a case in which a family objected to BD/DNC on the basis of their religious beliefs. In 20% of cases involving a religious objection, the patient was Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, or Muslim. Most respondents believed that a person who is declared brain dead in accordance with the American Academy of Neurology standard is dead (427 of 510; 84%). A minority of respondents believed that a family should be able to choose whether an assessment for determination of BD/DNC is performed (81 of 512; 16%) or whether organ support is discontinued after BD/DNC (154 of 510; 30%). These beliefs were all significantly related to lack of awareness that BD/DNC is the medical and legal equivalent of cardiopulmonary death throughout the USA and that organ support is routinely discontinued after BD/DNC, outside of organ donation. Hospital chaplains, who work at the intersection between religion and medicine, commonly encounter religious objections to BD/DNC. To prepare them for these situations, they should receive additional education about BD/DNC and management of religious objections to BD/DNC.
To Save the Country: A Lost Treatise on Martial Law, edited with an introduction by Will Smiley, and John Fabian Witt, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2019. Pp. 352. $55.00 hardcover (ISBN 9780300222548 )

With emergency measures in every state as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, and with reports that the Trump White House had contemplated invoking the Insurrection Act, legal academics will be more interested than ever in contemplating emergency's past in order to understand its present. According to the editors, who found the treatise among G. Norman Lieber's papers in the National Archives, the father–son duo probably both contributed to it over the course of several decades. The publication of the manuscript comes at an inflection point in the way that jurists conceptualize emergency. Since the opening of the Second Iraq War, the American legal academy has largely begun this story with Carl Schmitt, the Nazi jurist on sovereignty and exception.
Alexithymia, Assertiveness and Psychosocial Functioning in HIV: Implications for Medication Adherence and Disease Severity

Psychosocial function and adherence to antiretroviral regimen are key factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease management. Alexithymia (AL) is a trait deficit in the ability to identify and describe feelings, emotions and bodily sensations. A structural equation model was used to test whether high levels of AL indirectly relate to greater non-adherent behavior and HIV disease severity via psychosocial dysfunction. Blood draws for HIV-1 viral load and CD4 T-lymphocyte, along with psychosocial surveys were collected from 439 HIV positive adults aged 18-73 years. The structural model supports significant paths from: (1) AL to non-active patient involvement, psychological distress, and lower social support, (2) psychological distress and non-active involvement to non-adherent behavior, and (3) non-adherence to greater HIV disease severity (CFI = .97, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .05). A second model confirmed the intermediary effect of greater patient assertiveness on the path from AL to social support and non-active patient involvement (CFI = .94, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .05). Altogether, AL is indirectly linked with HIV disease management through it's association with poor psychosocial function, however greater patient assertiveness buffers the negative impact of AL on relationship quality with healthcare providers and members of one's social support network.
Training techniques for chemical searching online: considerations in designing a course in continuing education

Background considerations in the development of a continuing education course in “Searching the Chemical Literature in the Health Sciences” for the Medical Library Association are delineated. The interest of Association members in subject-oriented courses in online searching is discussed with special mention of the Standing Committee for Online Retrieval Education SCORE of the National Library of Medicine. The protocols involved in submitting course proposals to the MLA CE Committee are outlined. The first twenty sections of the Chemical Abstracts Service Subject Coverage are used as the basis for a discussion of training staff for searching potentially difficult topics, such as pharmacology, enzymology, immunochemistry and endocrinology. Distinctions between bibliographic and factual databases are outlined. The carryover of techniques learned on CATLINE, SERLINE, HISTLINE, and the MESH VOCABULARY files for learning chemical searching is discussed. A list of search guides and tools for accessing CA SEARCH, Excerpta Medica, BIOSIS and other files, as well as material from vendors, such as SDC, BRS, and Lockheed is given. Specific techniques are delineated, particularly the use of Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers and Enzyme Commission numbers and of online aids, such as the online chemical dictionary files. A prototype training manual for chemical searching is mentioned and steps in organizing a search listed. A decision-making model is recommended for manipulating system software commands and Boolean operators. Emphasis is on training staff to use print tools in conjunction with online thesauri. Interviewing techniques are evaluated and techniques for cross-database searching described.
La posición del PRI en la política mexicana

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated Mexican politics for over 70 years, but its fortunes have been sliding in the past two decades, capped by its loss of the presidency in 2000. The results for the PRI were even worse in 2006, with a third- place finish in the presidential race and significant losses in both houses of the legislature. This paper examines whether or not the PRI risks going from being a dominant party to a third party in a Mexican two-party system. The results suggest that the PRI has fallen be- hind, but that it may have a limited window to regroup based upon comparative regional advantage in the northern and southern states. Keywords: PRI, presidential elections 2000, presidential elections 2006, third party system.
Riding the Cassville Ferry

"Where's the Cassville ferry?" I had asked the girl in the gas station three years ago. "I've lived here all my life," she said. "Never heard of it." That was the first time Vic and I rode the Cassville ferry. This time we saw a sign, small and weathered, pointing down an untraveled road that could have been a farmer's driveway. Take a left off of Iowa 51 and drive three miles on Farnuff Road. Don't give up when you reach the "V" that splits into two unlikely paths. Go right. When it starts getting swampy, you'll know you're close. "Farnuff Road," Vic says. "Nice." Farnuff Road burrows along the Mississippi's bottomland, first through black, alluvial soil stubbled with rows of newly harvested corn, and then into a small wilderness of birds, raccoons, and drag onflies glittering like jeweled kites stalled on a slow breeze. It's pavement at first, goes by a farm where today two people are photo graphing horses in a field, corkscrews over a rusty railroad track, and just in case you still think you're en route to Wisconsin, it abruptly becomes a dirt track. About the time you've given up all hope, you'll come to a sign with a distinctly homemade look, "stop," it says. "Fee: Passengers $4, Cars $11, Semis...." There's an empty parking lot made of dead weeds and mud and a break in the trees that reveals
A Simple Method for Discovering Druggable, Specific Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Systems. Elucidation of Key Principles from Heparin/Heparan Sulfate-Binding Proteins.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) affect human physiology and pathology by modulating more than 500 proteins. GAG-protein interactions are generally assumed to be ionic and nonspecific, but specific interactions do exist. Here, we present a simple method to identify the GAG-binding site (GBS) on proteins that in turn helps predict high specific GAG–protein systems. Contrary to contemporary thinking, we found that the electrostatic potential at basic arginine and lysine residues neither identifies the GBS consistently, nor its specificity. GBSs are better identified by considering the potential at neutral hydrogen bond donors such as asparagine or glutamine sidechains. Our studies also reveal that an unusual constellation of ionic and non-ionic residues in the binding site leads to specificity. Nature engineers the local environment of Asn45 of antithrombin, Gln255 of 3-O-sulfotransferase 3, Gln163 and Asn167 of 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 and Asn27 of basic fibroblast growth factor in the respective GBSs to induce specificity. Such residues are distinct from other uncharged residues on the same protein structure in possessing a significantly higher electrostatic potential, resultant from the local topology. In contrast, uncharged residues on nonspecific GBSs such as thrombin and serum albumin possess a diffuse spread of electrostatic potential. Our findings also contradict the paradigm that GAG-binding sites are simply a collection of contiguous Arg/Lys residues. Our work demonstrates the basis for discovering specifically interacting and druggable GAG-protein systems based on the structure of protein alone, without requiring access to any structure-function relationship data.
Interdisciplinarity, Transdisciplinarity, and Beyond: The Brain, Story Sharing, and Social Organization

An apparent conflict between preferences for hierarchical as opposed to distributed organizations is evident in arguments about disciplinary and interdisciplinary organization. It characterizes as well a wide array of other arenas ranging from the biological to the political. In this article, parallels between biological, neurobiological, and social observations are explored in an effort to outline a general approach that may be useful in thinking about interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary activities as well as forms of social organization in general. A key element in the approach is an ongoing individual and collective process of story creation, sharing, and revising. The article is offered both as a contribution to better understanding interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary work and as an illustrative example of the potentials and problems of such work.
Two trans-acting regulatory genes (vir and mod) control antigenic modulation in Bordetella pertussis.

Abstract Expression of virulence factors by Bordetella pertussis is altered by environmental signals (antigenic modulation) and is dependent on an activator encoded by a gene called vir. We have used TnphoA (Tn5 IS50L::phoA) gene fusions to define two sets of genes whose expression is either activated (vag loci) or repressed (vrg loci) by modulation signals. Both groups of genes appear to be regulated by the vir gene product in that, in the absence of modulators, null mutations in vir lead to the repression of vag gene fusions and derepression of vrg gene fusions. Mutants of B. pertussis were isolated that constitutively express virulence factors in the presence of the modulator MgSO4, nicotinic acid, or low incubation temperature. We designate the gene that carries such mutations mod (modulation) and have characterized one (mod-1) of these mod constitutive mutations. A method was developed for the insertional inactivation of the vir gene by using the integration of a suicide replicon. Inactivation of the vir gene in the mod-1 mutant, followed by transcomplementation with the cloned wild-type vir gene, gives the Mod-1 constitutive phenotype, showing that the mod-1 mutation defines a gene distinct from vir. The gene carrying the mod-1 mutation is linked to vir and was cloned on a recombinant cosmid (pLAF-C1) which transcomplements the vir-1::Tn5 mutation in B. pertussis 347. Introduction of pLAF-C1 into vir mutant and vir+ B. pertussis strains also gives the Mod-1 constitutive phenotype, indicating that mod-1 is a dominant allele. These data suggest that the mod gene product could have sensory functions for the environmental signals that affect the expression of vir-regulated genes of B. pertussis. The mod constitutive strains and plasmids described here also have applications in pertussis vaccine development.
Early postnatal development of the monkey visual system. I. Growth of the lateral geniculate nucleus and striate cortex

The postnatal growth of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and the striate cortex (SCx) was compared in the same monkeys, by estimating LGNd volume, and the volume, surface area, and thickness of the SCx at birth, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 17 weeks. Shrinkage during histologic manipulations was determined in individual animals, and the above measurements were adjusted accordingly so that final volumes reflected a common, and, therefore, comparable state before processing. The volume of the LGNd increases approximately 17% between 2 and 4 weeks, and this growth primarily reflects that of the parvocellular laminae, the magnocellular components contributing a stable amount in absolute terms. Lamina 1 is larger than lamina 2 at all ages sampled. In contrast, the SCx expands about 75% in volume from birth to the oldest age examined without reaching an asymptote during the period of study. During the first 2 postnatal months, the growth results from increases in the thickness of the SCx whereas in the second 2 months it is caused by expansion in surface area. A comparison of exposed vs buried SCx does not reveal differences in the developmental patterns of regions subserving central vs peripheral visual fields, respectively, the exposed cortex being consistently greater in volume and area but thinner than the buried segment. No significant right/left asymmetries are found across the subjects in either of the structures studied. The findings indicate that the early postnatal development of the monkey visual system proceeds in a sequential fashion with the LGNd preceding that of the SCx.
Transmission electron microscopy of Ni/Ti neutron mirrors

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a revealing method to characterize the microstructure of multilayer thin film coatings. The performance of nickel mirrors, used for neutron spin polarization at grazing incident angles, may be enhanced by replacing the nickel coating with a Ni/Ti multilayer. Difficulties have historically arisen in fabricating defect-free multilayer structures. TEM of cross-sectioned multilayers provides a direct means to identify debilitating structural defects. During the sputter deposition of long-period Ni/Ti multilayers, an undesirable growth morphology has been prevalent, i.e. nodular. Modifications to sputter deposition processes have improved the quality of the multilayer coatings, hence their performance as efficient neutron mirrors should be improved as well. The origin of the nodular growth structure and the measures taken to curtail this morphology will be revealed in the TEM characterization of Ni/Ti neutron, multilayer mirrors.
The response of relay amplifiers with feedback

THE RELAY AMPLIFIER with feedback is a simple and economical solution to many power amplification problems. The configuration of the primitive relay amplifier is shown in Fig. 1. The relay is assumed to have both deadband and hysteresis as shown. Inasmuch as the low-pass filter is the only predominant lag in the feedback, it might be surmised that the relay amplifier is stable under normal conditions and indeed this may be shown.
Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms

Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms, first published in 2001, provides a comprehensive account of how the atmosphere and the ocean interact to control the global climate, what physical laws govern this interaction, and its prominent mechanisms. In the early twenty-first century air-sea interaction emerged as a subject in its own right, encompassing small-scale and large-scale processes in both air and sea. By developing its subject from basic physical (thermodynamic) principles, the book is broadly accessible to a wide audience. It is mainly directed towards graduate students and research scientists in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. The book will be of value on entry level courses in meteorology and oceanography, and also to the broader physics community interested in the treatment of transfer laws, and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean.
The genomic sequence for Prader-Willi/Angelman syndromes' loci of human is apparently conserved in the great apes

Chromosomal changes through pericentric inversions play an important role in the origin of species. Certain pericentric inversions are too minute to be detected cytogenetically, thus hindering the complete reconstruction of hominoid phylogeny. The advent of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique has facilitated the identification of many chromosomal segments, even at the single gene level. Therefore the cosmid probe for Prader-Willi (PWS)/Angelman syndrome to the loci on human chromosome 15 [ql 1-12] is being used as a marker to highlight the complementary sequence in higher primates. We hybridized metaphase chromosomes of chimpanzee (PTR), gorilla (GGO), and orangutan (PPY) with this probe (Oncor) to characterize the chromosomal segments because the nature of these pericentric inversions remains relatively unknown. Our observations suggest that a pericentric inversion has occurred in chimpanzee chromosome (PTR 16) which corresponds to human chromosome 15 at PTR 16 band pl 112, while in gorilla (GGO 15) and orangutan (PPY 16) the bands q11-12 complemented to human chromosome 15 band q11-12. This approach has proven to be a better avenue to characterize the pericentric inversions which have apparently occurred during human evolution. “Genetic” divergence in the speciation process which occurs through “chromosomal” rearrangement needs to be reevaluated and further explored using newer techniques.
Sergeant Davis's Stern Charge: The Obligation of Officers to Preserve the Humanity of Their Troops

Abstract This article examines what it might mean for officers to be held responsible for safeguarding not just the lives of their troops, but also the humanity of their troops. How should such a charge be understood, and can it be justified? Arguably, any experience of combat is an assault on the participants’ humanity. The idea that officers should try to shield their troops from combat altogether, however, is untenable, for reasons that are discussed (including the danger of selective conscientious objection). Nor, it is argued, can officers guarantee or ensure that they will never lead troops in conflicts that violate jus ad bellum criteria. If officers are to be held responsible for protecting their troops in any way beyond the physical, it must be against specific, severe threats to their humanity that occur in the course of waging war. Candidates for threats of this kind are considered, leading to the conclusion that the greatest threats arise from jus in bello violations that dehumanize the victim...