cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved atmospheric radiance calculations using CO2 P/R-branch line mixing

New high-spectral resolution satellite sounders will use channels located between CO2 lines for temperature retrievals. Transmittances for these channels are dominated by spectral line wings that are strongly influenced by line-mixing and duration-of-collision effects. Previous studies demonstrated the importance of Q-branch line mixing for atmospheric sounding in the 15 micrometer region. This work presents an improved model of P/R-branch line mixing and duration-of- collision effects on CO2 transmittances in the 4.3 micrometer and 15 micrometer regions, based on laboratory and spectroscopy data. Most line-by-line codes model non- Lorentzian behavior by using the Cousin chi-function. This empirical function incorporates both P/R line-mixing and duration-of-collision effects by using many parameters. It is common to use the Cousin model parameters obtained from the 4 micrometer band in the 15 micrometer region, overestimating the amount of line-mixing. Comparisons to radiance data taken with high resolution interferometers that fly on NASA's ER-2 partially validates our model. The biggest improvements are at 4.3 micrometer where the differences are reduced by more than 2K, compared to using the Cousin model.
Absorption from the omasum and subsequent metabolism of butyrate and acetate.

Abstract Labeled sodium salts of butyric or acetic acids were injected into the exteriorized omasum of four calves, with the objective of further characterizing absorption from that organ. Changes in, and subsequent use of, the absorbed butyrate also were studied. Organic acid levels and distribution of C 14 activity were determined in blood drawn simultaneously from the omasal vein and carotid artery at four times during 15min following injection. The animals then were sacrificed and similar determinations made on stomachs' ingesta. Butyrate-C 14 rapidly disappeared from the omasum. There was evidence of limited conversion of butyrate to other volatile fatty acids, both in the ingesta of the omasum and in the blood. The major portion of the C 14 from butyrate appeared in the blood as betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in close association with blood lactate. BHBA was separated from lactate by first preparing hydroxamate derivatives, then employing chromatographic-autoradiographic procedures. Most of the C 14 appeared in BHBA, regardless of whether the label had been on the first or third carbon of injected butyrate. Considerable radioactivity was found in blood bicarbonates following butyrate-1-C 14 injection. Acetate was absorbed and appeared in the blood.
J. Edgar Hoover Goes to the Movies: the FBI and the origins of Hollywood’s Cold War

John Sbardellati Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2012 vii+246 pp., illus., appendix and index, $27.95 (cloth) The CIA in Hollywood: how the agency shapes film and television Tricia Jenkins Au...
Parental correlates of physical activity in a racially/ethnically diverse adolescent sample

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate relationships between parents' and adolescents' physical activity and television usage and whether these relationships differed among adolescents from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. Methods: Adolescents and their parents were separately asked to report information about their eating, exercising, and weight-related behaviors. Among the 900 adolescents, 477 were girls and 423 were boys; 60% were in high school; 29% were white, 23% were black, 21% were Asian, 14% were Hispanic, and 13% were considered mixed or other race/ethnicity. Results: Parents' reported encouragement was positively related to physical activity in white (r = 0.39; p p = .007), and girls (all race/ethnic groups combined: r=0.15; p p = .009) but negatively related to television time in black boys (r = −0.23; p = .036). Parents' concern about their own fitness was negatively related to television time in white girls (r = −0.19; p = .029) but positively related in black girls (r = 0.23; p = .030). Conclusion: This study found significant, although modest, relationships between parents' and adolescents' physical activity attitudes and behaviors. Many of these relationships differed by race/ethnicity. Results from the present and previous studies suggest that factors other than parents' behavior and support explain adolescents' physical activity behaviors.
Homeostatic control of B lymphocyte subsets.

Lymphocyte homeostasis poses a multi-faceted biological puzzle, because steady pre-immune populations must be maintained at an acceptable steady state to yield effective protection, despite stringent selective events during their generation. In addition, activated, memory and both short- and long-term effectors must be governed by independent homeostatic mechanisms. Finally, advancing age is accompanied by substantial changes that impact the dynamics and behavior of these pools, leading to cumulative homeostatic perturbations and compensation. Our laboratory has focused on the overarching role of BLyS family ligands and receptors in these processes. These studies have led to a conceptual framework within which distinct homeostatic niches are specified by BLyS receptor signatures, which define the BLyS family ligands that can afford survival. The cues for establishing these receptor signatures, as well as the downstream survival mechanisms involved, are integrated with cell extrinsic inputs via cross talk among downstream mediators. A refined understanding of these relationships should yield insight into the selection and maintenance of B cell subsets, as well as an appreciation of how homeostatic mechanisms may contribute to immunosenescence.
T-junctions in inhomogeneous surrounds.

Abstract In an inhomogeneous checkerboard surround, the lighter check darkens an incremental test patch more than the darker check lightens it. However, decremental test patches are influenced equally [Schirillo & Shevell, 1996. Vision Research, 36, 1783–1796]. In the current study, we manipulate the spatial arrangement of a checkerboard surround to produce T-junctions that perceptually group the checks with the test patch. These stimuli alter the inducing effects of the checks. For one modified surround, increments appeared ∼8% darker and decrements appeared ∼10% lighter over the original checkerboard surround prior to modification. In a second modified surround, that resembled White's illusion [White, 1979. Perception, 8, 413–416], increments again appeared ∼8% darker, while decrements appeared a dramatic ∼23% lighter over the original checkerboard surround prior to modification. These enhanced induction effects are postulated to result from the addition of specific T-junctions. However, these grouping effects remain subservient to the asymmetrical induction effects found by Schirillo and Shevell (1996).
Demetallation of a Ni(II) tetraazamacrocyclic complex by cyanoxime resulting in the formation of a stereospecific trinuclear compound [Na(H2O)6]+[NaNi2L6]− (L = NC-C(NO)-C(O)NH )

The reaction between the NiA(ClO4)2 and NaHL2 {where A = 14ane[N4], the macrocyclic ligands derived from the product of template condensation of 2,6-diacetylpyridine with aliphatic 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine, NH2(CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2; and L = 2-cyano-2-isonitrosoacetamide anion, ACO− (amidecyanoxime, NC-C(NO)-C(O) )} has led to the formation of a highly unusual trimetallic bis-[ fac-(triscyanoximato) nickel(II)] anionic complex anion instead of the expected Ni(II) macrocyclic complex with coordinated cyanoxime ligands. Two equivalent and symmetric trigonal-prismatic NiL units are connected to form the [NaNi2L6]− anion by the presence of a central sodium cation. The latter is located between two NiL anions and has an octahedral NaO6 geometry comprised of oxygen atoms of the nitroso group of the cyanoxime ligand. The oxime ligand is planar and adopts a cis-anti configuration in the complex.
The Frasnian/Famennian boundary in central and eastern United States

Abstract The Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) Boundary in the northern Appalachian Basin is found in the Hanover Shale and equivalent strata where it is locally associated with a black shale interval equivalent to the Upper Kellwasser interval in Europe. The boundary is immediately below the Dunkirk–Huron black shale that represents the IIe T–R cycle transgression. In the southern Appalachian Basin, the southern edge of the Cincinnati Arch, and the southeastern Illinois Basin the F/F boundary is at or near the base of the Gassaway Member of the Chattanooga Shale or the Morgan Trail Member of the New Albany Shale, or was eroded during the IIe T–R cycle beginning in the Middle triangularis Zone. In the western Illinois Basin (Grassy Creek Shale), Michigan Basin (Lachine Member of Antrim Shale), and southern continental margin (Woodford Shale) the F/F boundary is within black shale strata, indicative of an earlier development of the IIe T–R transgression inboard of the Appalachian Basin or the juxtaposition of the IIe T–R transgression over the Upper Kellwasser black shale interval without significant or recognizable lithologic change.
The variant Arg130Gln of human IL-13 has enhanced activity in a mouse model compared with the wild type IL-13

Abstract Rationale IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, mediates allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. A polymorphic variant of human IL-13, R130Q, has been shown to display increased activity in vitro compared to wild type IL-13. We studied whether this variant has enhanced functional activity in vivo using a mouse model. Methods BALB/c mice were given 0.5-5.0 μg of IL-13 or IL-13 R130Q variant intratracheally daily for three days. Seventy-two hours after the last IL-13 treatment, airways hyperresponsiveness was measured by barometric whole body plethysmography in response to methacholine. The airway inflammation was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts and lung histology. Results At the highest dose, 5.0 μg, both R130 (wild type) and Q130 IL-13 resulted in significant airway hyperresponsiveness and near equivalent sensitivity to methacholine. Strikingly, at the lowest dose, 0.5 μg, Q130 IL-13 induced significant airway hyperresponsiveness. In contrast, 0.5 μg of R130 IL-13 had no effect over baseline. At the intermediate 1.0μg dose, the Q130 variant resulted in enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness as evidenced by increased sensitivity to methacholine compared with that observed in R130 IL-13-treated mice. Conclusions Q130 IL-13 variant has enhanced activity in vivo compared with wild type R130 IL-13.
Modified maximum intensity projections for surgical guidance

In interactive, image-guided surgery (IIGS) we use stacked slice tomographic image sets as 3D maps of the patient's anatomy. Such sets can provide exquisite information on bony anatomy, soft tissue structure and lesion definition or function. However, none of these tomographic sets clearly show the location and extent of vascular structures, which may be of critical importance to the surgical process. Conventional x-ray angiography (XRA) provides a high degree of spatial resolution but compresses 3D of tissue into a 2D image. New imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomography angiography can provide 3D information about the vascular location but in a format which makes vascular identification and location of vascular extremely difficult. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) is a post-processing technique which produces projection images using the maximum intensity value encountered on the projection line, as contrasted to the XRA process which uses the integral of line values for its projection. While each of the images are 2D representations of 3D volumes, the 3D ambiguities may be resolved by creating multiple projections angles and using motion parallax. Conventional MIP projections were developed for diagnostic purposes and radiology users. Intraoperative use in surgery brings with it a different set of constraints. In surgery, the surgeon cares about blood vessels in or near the surgical site. Projection images containing information from the contralateral side provide a superfluous distraction for the surgeon. We have developed a MIP procedure which is more appropriate for surgical applications.
Correlation Coefficient Goodness-of-Fit Test for the Extreme-Value Distribution

Abstract An important part of exploratory data analysis is to determine if the data at hand reasonably satisfy the assumptions underlying the statistical test to be performed. Parametric tests include assumptions about the distribution of the data, which are explored using goodness-of-fit tests. One of the easiest goodness-of-fit tests to use is the “correlation coefficient test.” This test requires special tables that are currently readily available only for testing for fit to the Normal distribution. This article presents tables for the Type 1 (Gumbel) extreme-value distribution.
Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture. US white women aged 65 years and older.

FRACTURE of the hip is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in persons 65 years of age and older. Incidence rates for hip fracture are known to vary by both sex and race. 1-4 There is also marked variability in hip fracture incidence by geographic region, with the highest rates found in Scandinavia, followed by the United States, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. 5,6 Within the United States, relatively little is known about the geographic pattern of hip fracture. Most studies have described the incidence of hip fracture for the country as a whole, 2,3 for limited geographic regions, 4,7,8 or by broadly defined Census divisions. 9 This study examines the geographic distribution of hip fracture incidence in the United States at the county level. To this end, data are obtained from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) that identify all hospital
Abstract 1978: Demonstrating a role for nuclear Adenomatous polyposis coli in intestinal cell differentiation.

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States, resulting in over 50,000 deaths annually. Approximately 80% of colon cancers begin with a mutation in the gene coding for the tumor suppressor protein Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, APC. APC protein can shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of cells, facilitated by two nuclear localization signals (NLS) and multiple nuclear export signals. To better understand functions of nuclear APC, our lab generated a “knock-in” mouse model with mutations introduced that inactivate both Apc NLS. These Apc mNLS/mNLS mice show a dramatic decrease in nuclear Apc. We previously showed increased proliferation and Wnt target gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells from Apc mNLS/mNLS mice, suggesting a role for nuclear APC in inhibition of proliferation and Wnt signaling. We also showed increased tumor number and size in Apc Min mice if they also harbor the Apc mNLS allele. Here we examine the role of nuclear Apc in intestinal epithelial differentiation and stem cell homeostasis. Paraffin-embedded tissue from the intestines of Apc +/+ and Apc mNLS/mNLS mice was sectioned and stained for markers of enterocytes (alkaline phosphatase) and goblet cells (alcian blue). Quantification of the positive cells indicated that Apc mNLS/mNLS mice had fewer differentiated enterocytes and goblet cells than their wild-type littermates. Intestines from Apc mNLS/mNLS mice were also stained for markers of quiescent and active stem cells, DCAMKL-1 and Lgr5 respectively. Quantification of the various stem cell populations will be described. Together, our data supports a role for nuclear Apc in promoting enterocyte and goblet cell differentiation, in suppression of tumors, and in inhibiting intestinal cell proliferation and Wnt signaling. Information gathered from analysis of Apc mNLS/mNLS mice will contribute to our understanding of the functions of nuclear APC in tumor suppression and ultimately the mechanism of intestinal tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Matthew A. Miller, Maged Zeineldin, Kristi L. Neufeld. Demonstrating a role for nuclear Adenomatous polyposis coli in intestinal cell differentiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1978. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1978
The role of social identity in internationalization of women‐owned small businesses in Sri Lanka

Purpose – Building on the social identity theory perspectives, by analyzing multiple qualitative case study data of successful and award‐winning women small business owner‐managers, this study aims to find that, in the Sri Lankan context, social identities of women play an important role.Design/methodology/approach – Social identities are understood to be individuals' popularity, reputation, worthiness, social recognition, competence, and power. Social identities act as self‐motivators for women to maintain excellence in quality standards, positive image, and venture into innovations. Women's social identities portrayed them as trustworthy entrepreneurs, while attracting new clients and building confidence within new clients early in the internationalization process of their small businesses.Findings – This study concludes that the social identity of women entrepreneurs enabled them to break glass ceilings and emerge as competent entrepreneurs who can be successful in international markets. Therefore, fav...
Impact of smart inverter control with PV systems on voltage regulators in active distribution networks

Multiple voltage regulating devices, such as on-load tap changer (OLTC), step voltage regulators (SVRs), switched capacitors banks work in tandem with each other to regulate voltage in the distribution network. These conventional devices can be controlled in various ways based on either centralized or decentralized management system. When photovoltaic (PV) systems are operated with smart inverters, SVRs need to coordinate with them in order to regulate the critical bus. Depending on the high ramp up or ramp down condition in the morning and late afternoon respectively, SVR operations may not be able to keep voltages within the acceptable band. This paper presents the relationship of PV active and reactive power with SVR step changes, and proposes an algorithm to coordinate the SVRs with the PV inverters capability to curtail active power and absorb reactive power as needed to improve the power quality. The algorithm is tested on the modified IEEE-13 bus test feeder.
Isohedral simple tilings: binodal and by tiles with ≤16 faces

All isohedral simple tilings of 3D Euclidian space by tiles with ≤16 faces have been determined. There are no such tilings by polyhedra with less than 14 faces. For simple polyhedra with 14, 15 and 16 faces, there are respectively 10, 65 and 434 that fill space and a total of 23, 136 and 710 distinct tilings. The tilings by 14-face polyhedra are described in detail as are binodal (vertex 2-transitive) isohedral simple tilings.
High temperature oxidation interfacial growth kinetics in YSZ thermal barrier coatings with bond coatings of NiCoCrAlY with 0.25% Hf

Abstract The results of an experimental study of the high-temperature isothermal oxidation behavior and microstructural evolution in two variations of air plasma sprayed ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are discussed in the paper. Two types of TBC specimens were produced for testing. These include a standard and vertically cracked APS. High temperature oxidation was carried out at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200 °C. The experiments were performed in air under isothermal conditions. At each temperature, the specimens were exposed for 25, 50, 75 and 100 h. The corresponding microstructures and microchemistries of the TBC layers were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Changes in the dimensions of the thermally grown oxide layer were determined as functions of time and temperature. The evolution of bond coat microstructures/interdiffusion zones and thermally grown oxide layers were compared in the TBC specimens with standard and vertically cracked microstructures.
Ag lending: the next generation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify relevant financial concepts and skills that are being taught and/or should be taught, as part of the financial management curriculum in undergraduate agricultural economics and agribusiness programs.Design/methodology/approach – The skill gap analysis uses survey respondents' rankings of the importance and competence scores of recent graduates' skills. The scores help to identify opportunities for improvement in the most critical areas of importance. The skill gap is calculated as (Average importance–Average competence)*Average importance.Findings – Generally, employers in the agricultural financial services sector saw greater opportunities for improvement in finance skills relative to non‐finance skills. The results also indicated a greater focus on business and financial risk might be helpful in increasing the competence of new hires. Finally, respondents strongly endorsed maintaining a focus on the problem‐solving skills in undergraduate agribusiness p...
Requirements of self-consistency in quantum field theories

It is shown that none of the known renormalizable quantum field theories other than quantum electrodynamics of spin-1/2 fermions is self-consistent in the sense of Baker and Johnson. It is argued that in a self-consistent quantum field theory, all particles lie on Regge trajectories of poles in the complex angular momentum plane, earlier found pathologies being automatically removed by the requirement of self-consistency.
Assay of calmodulin with Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase

Abstract Low levels of the calcium-dependent regulator protein, calmodulin, may be measured utilizing membranes prepared from Bordetella pertussis which contain and adenylate cyclase which is activated by this protein. The activation is dose dependent and tissue levels of calmodulin can be determined over a range from 2 pg to 100 ng with good reliability. We demonstrate how this bioassay may be employed to measure the levels of calmodulin in a variety of protein and cellular preparations.
Cross-Catalytic Replication of an RNA Ligase Ribozyme

A self-replicating RNA ligase ribozyme was converted to a cross-catalytic format whereby two ribozymes direct each other's synthesis from a total of four component substrates. Each ribozyme binds two RNA substrates and catalyzes their ligation to form the opposing ribozyme. The two ribozymes are not perfectly complementary, as is the case for replicating nucleic acid genomes in biology. Rather, the ribozymes contain both template elements, which are complementary, and catalytic elements, which are identical. The specificity of the template interactions allows the cross-catalytic pathway to dominate over all other reaction pathways. As the concentration of the two ribozymes increases, the rate of formation of additional ribozyme molecules increases, consistent with the overall autocatalytic behavior of the reaction system.
Investigation of durability and surface preparation associated defect criticality of composites bonded to concrete

Abstract Although fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are extensively used for the rehabilitation of concrete infrastructure there is a critical lack of information regarding the effect and criticality of defects making both inspection and assessment of integrity over the long-term difficult. In addition current empirical guidelines provide no guidance regarding progression over time, nor do they provide any guidance as related to environmental exposure effects. This paper reports on the use of a fracture based methodology for determination of criticality and discusses some results based on defect type associated with surface preparation, and exposure to a number of environments. It is shown that surface preparation has a significant effect on both fracture energy release rate and rate of crack propagation which can be accelerated by exposure. A damage tolerance approach to design is advocated based on an effect of defects methodology.
A study of some histochemical and phagocytic reactions of the reticuloendothelial system of the rabbit spleen.

Questions concerning the nature of the intermediary vascular pattern make up a considerable portion of the literature concerning splenic morphology. Evidence indicates there is a special association between the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and the intermediary capillary terminations. This study was undertaken to characterize the distribution of the RES in the rabbit spleen and to correlate this with the vascular pattern described by Snook ('58). Like cells of the RES throughout the animal body, splenic RE cells can be demonstrated by several histochemical and functional methods. They are metalophilic (argyrophilic), possess several hydrolytic enzymes, and phagocytose injected particulate matter. Cells demonstrated by these methods are found in the marginal zone, and in the lumen of the red pulp sinuses but most are localized in the red pulp cords. This distribution corresponds closely to the termination of arterial capillaries in the marginal zone and pulp cords in the rabbit spleen and supports the general hypothesis that there is a unique and intimate relationship between the vascular system and the RES at these points. The sinus lining cells react characteristically to the techniques employed. They are sporadically metalophilic, strongly positive for nonspecific esterase (endoplasmic reticulum), negative for acid phosphatase (lysosomal), and occasionally contain small particles of injected matter. They probably represent a functionally distinct cell population.
Effects of 14 MeV nickel ion irradiation on nickel-copper alloys observed in cross-section

Abstract Two Ni-Cu alloys, Ni-10 at% Cu and Ni-50 at% Cu, as well as pure Ni were irradiated with 14 MeV Ni ions at a homologous temperature of T / T m = 0.45 up to 100 dpa at the peak damage depth. Most of the samples were pre-injected with 5 MeV oxygen ions at room temperature before Ni ion irradiation. The depth dependence of the ion damage structure was studied by TEM with the samples prepared in cross-section. The results obtained from the Ni-Cu alloys and pure Ni are compared. While voids formed readily in the oxygen implanted Ni after Ni ion irradiation, most defect clusters in the irradiated Ni-Cu alloys were dislocation loops. Voids observed in Ni-10Cu alloy were mostly located in the oxygen implanted region, with only a few located at the peak damage depth. No voids were found in the Ni-50Cu alloy. The dislocation loop density in the Ni-50Cu samples was 5–7 times higher than that in the Ni-10Cu samples, however, the loop size was much larger in the latter. The mechanism of void suppression in Ni-Cu alloys is discussed in terms of the trapping of vacancies and gas atoms.
Methods for determining regularization for atmospheric retrieval problems

The atmosphere of Earth has already been investigated by several spaceborne instruments, and several further instruments will be launched, e.g., NASA's Earth Observing System Aura platform and the European Space Agency's Environmental Satellite. To stabilize the results in atmospheric retrievals, constraints are used in the iteration process. Therefore hard constraints (discretization of the retrieval grid) and soft constraints (regularization operators) are included in the retrieval. Tikhonov regularization is often used as a soft constraint. In this study, different types of Tikhonov operator were compared, and several new methods were developed to determine the optimal strength of the constraint operationally. The resulting regularization parameters were applied successfully to an ozone retrieval from simulated nadir sounding spectra like those expected to be measured by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, which is part of the Aura platform. Retrievals were characterized by means of estimated error, averaging kernel, vertical resolution, and degrees of freedom.
Fano resonances in transport across a quantum well in a tilted magnetic field.

Asymmetric Fano resonances are predicted to occur in the linear electronic conductance across a shallow quantum well in a high magnetic field. The Fano line shape results from the interference between direct transmission and transmission via a quasibound state in the well which is weakly mixed with the continuum by tilting the field. The resonance width increases with tilt angle but general S-matrix theory predicts that the line shapes remain approximately unchanged upon rescaling of the field. This reflects a general property of Fano resonances which may be tested experimentally.
Two detector MWPC positron camera with honeycomb lead converters for medical imaging: Performance and developments

A MWPC camera for nuclear medicine imaging with positron emitting isotopes has been built. The two planar detectors are converter coupled MWPC with sensitive area 48×48 cm2 placed 50 cm apart with clear space in between for the patient. The effective sensitivity of 5.8% for each detector with a spatial resolution of 7 mm fwhm on the image plane is achieved by use of honeycomb lead-on-plastic converters. Present performance in imaging test objects and in clinical applications is described, using various computer 3D reconstruction algorithms. Developments in progress include the use of small diameter lead oxide glass tube converters; techniques to eliminate multiple scatter events and improve the point response function; and electronics to provide accidental event subtraction.
Formulation and characterization of ultra-thick electrodes for high energy lithium-ion batteries employing tailored metal foams

Abstract Increasing the thickness of a battery electrode without comprising cell electrochemical performance, such as power density and cycling stability, is very challenging. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of 3D (three dimensional) Cu foam framework as a current collector for building carbon negative electrodes as thick as 1.2 mm. When tested in a bipolar configuration, electrodes of 1.2 and 0.6 mm thick delivered capacities of over 350 mAh g−1 (>95% of theoretical capacity) up to a C/5 rate. We have also assembled a full cell composed of a 1.2 mm thick negative electrode with Cu foam as the current collector and a 1.2 mm thick L333 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) positive electrode with Al foam as the current collector. The cell exhibited good capacity retention at low rates. These results underscore the promise of 3D foam structures in terms of enabling ultra-thick electrodes for high energy density battery applications.
Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the Elderly

Constipation and irritable bowel syndrome are very common in older persons. Constipation is over diagnosed and over treated in older persons. Lifestyle changes, osmotic laxatives, and lubiprostone are the approaches of choice for the management of constipation. Irritable bowel syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation in older persons.
Observation of anomalous elastic behavior in rock at low temperatures

We have measured qualitative elastic properties ofbasaltandBereasandstonefromroomtemperaturedown to 4 K using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS). A simple elastic solid should show a monotonic increase in the elastic constantsas temperature decreases. The basalt sam- ples show this gross behavior while the sandstone shows a veryunexpectedanomalous regimebetween40Kand200K wheretheelasticconstantsdecreasewithdecreasingtemper- ature. Bothrocks showtemperature-dependentstructurein both the modulus and internal friction, and also signicant hysteresis,indicatinghistoryandrate-dependentproperties. This data provides insight into the time and energy scales of dynamical eects observed in sandstones. The low tem- perature range (4K{300K) is of interest due to the renewed interest in Mars and Lunar rocks. shown to display hysteretic dynamical properties (Tencate and Shankland, 1996), and a Los Alamos basalt. RUS data allows us to determine the qualitative behavior of the elas- tic constants and the internal friction of a sample. The data show a remarkable dierence between these two rock samples, and previous work (Guyer et al., 1999) also sug- gests that the sandstone has exceptional elastic properties. We observe evidence of characteristic temperatures in both rocks, and a region of anomalous temperature coecient in thesandstone. Thecoolingandwarmingdatashowhystere- sis in both samples, with a signicant and repeatable loop apparent in the sandstone. We believe the processes asso- ciated with the characteristic temperatures evident in these data are related to the processes that produce the observed (Tencate and Shankland, 1996) strain-driven slow dynamics at room temperatures.
Cellular localization of human herpesvirus-6 in the brains of children with AIDS encephalopathy.

Human herpesvirus-6, the etiologic agent of exanthem subitum, is a ubiquitous virus that infects almost all children by the age of 2 years and that has previously been shown to be neuroinvasive. These characteristics suggest that human herpesvirus-6 may be important in the neuropathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated postmortem pediatric brain tissues for the presence of human herpesvirus-6 infection. Using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe for the large tegument protein gene of human herpesvirus-6, we detected nuclear signals in postmortem brain tissue from 4/5 children with human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. Human herpesvirus-6 DNA was found in numereous oligodendrocytes of the white matter and less frequently in astrocytes, macrophages, microglia and neurons. The human herpesvirus-6 positive cells detected by in situ hybridization were not immunoreactive either for human herpesvirus-6 early nucle...
Technology Characteristics Predicting End User Acceptance of Smart Intravenous Infusion Pumps

Technology acceptance is an important predictor of end user technology usage. Perceptions of technology characteristics relating to usability and technical performance are particularly important to understanding user acceptance. This paper reports on the implementation of Smart intravenous infusion pumps at a tertiary care hospital. Nurse user perceptions of the technology usability (five dimensions), technical performance, and acceptance were measured one month after implementation. Overall, 42% of nurses responded positively towards accepting the pump. For 21 of 23 usability characteristics and performance questions, nurses were more likely to report neutral perceptions than positive or negative perceptions. The highest positive perceptions were for ease of learning to operate the pump and reliability of the pump. Six characteristics predicted end-user acceptance. Perceptions that the IV pump enhanced job effectiveness, made the job easier, increased safety of care, and functioned as expected predicted ...
Biochemical changes in the gastric mucosa after injury in young and aged rats.

Changes in gastric mucosal thymidine kinase (TK) activity (an indicator of proliferative activity) were examined in young (4 month) and aged (24 month) Fischer-344 male rats 6 h after intragastric administration of either 2 M NaCl (1 ml/130 g b.w.) or an equivalent volume of water (control). These changes were related to the expression of c-myc gene, tyrosine kinase (Tyr-K) activity and tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of proteins in the gastric mucosa. Basal gastric mucosal TK activity (data from the controls) in the aged rats was found to be 75% (P < 0.001) above the young animals. This was accompanied by increased expression of c-myc gene and a 67% (P < 0.001) enhancement in Tyr-K activity. Intragastric administration of 2 M NaCl resulted in gastric mucosal damage (as evidenced by lesions index) in both age groups. However, in aged rats, the lesions index was found to be about 75% higher than in their younger counterparts. In young rats, mucosal injury resulted in a 95% rise in TK activity, whereas in aged rats it was increased by only 38%, when compared with corresponding controls. This 2-fold rise in TK activity in young rats was also associated with increased expression of the c-myc gene. In young rats, administration of hypertonic saline caused a 90% (P < 0.001) increment in Tyr-K activity and significantly stimulated tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of five mucosal proteins with an apparent molecular mass of 170, 120, 100, 55 and 43 kDa. On the other hand, administration of hypertonic saline to the aged rats caused only a small 16% (P < 0.025) increase in Tyr-K activity, and produced no apparent change in either expression of c-myc gene or tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of any of the proteins in the gastric mucosa, when compared with the corresponding controls. We conclude that aging increases the susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to damaging agents and diminishes its regenerative capacity. We also suggest that Tyr-K may play a role in determining these events.
Oxygen isotope fractionation between chlorite and water from 170 to 350°C: a preliminary assessment based on partial exchange and fluid/rock experiments

Abstract Oxygen isotope fractionations in laboratory systems have been determined between chlorite and water at 170–350°C. In one series of experiments, the Northrop-Clayton partial exchange method was used where three (sometimes four) isotopically different waters were reacted with chlorite [(∑Fe)/∑Fe+Mg = 0.483] for four durations (132–3282 h) at 350°C and 250 b. The percents of exchange determined for the four times from shortest to longest are 4.4, 6.5, 8.0, and 11.9. The fractionations calculated from the Northrop and Clayton (1966) method are in modest agreement for the four run durations: 0.13, 0.26, −0.46, and −0.55 per mil. Errors associated with each of these fractionations are quite large (e.g., ±1.2 per mil for the longest run). The value determined for the longest run of ∼20 weeks is the most reliable of the group and compares very closely with a value of ∼ −0.7 per mil estimated by Wenner and Taylor (1971) based on natural chlorites. Good agreement is also observed with the estimates, −1.2 and −1.3‰ calculated at 350°C for chlorite compositions with [(∑Fe)/∑Fe+Mg] = 0.313 and 0.444, respectively, from equations given by Savin and Lee (1988) based on their empirical bond-type method. Additional fractionation data have been estimated from hydrothermal granite-fluid experiments where chlorite formed from biotite. Detailed thin section, scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron microprobe analyses demonstrate that biotite is altered exclusively to chlorite in 13 granite-fluid experiments conducted at the following conditions: T = 170–300°C, P = vapor saturation − 200 b, salinity = H 2 O, 0.1 and 1 m NaCl, fluid/biotite mass ratios = 3−44, run durations = 122−772 h. The amount of chlorite, quantified through point counting and XRD, increased with increasing temperature, salinity, and time. The isotope compositions of chlorite were calculated from mass balance and compared to the final measured δ 18 O of the fluids. The 10 3 ln α values averaged 0.14, 0.8 and 2.9 per mil for 300°, 250°, and 200°C, respectively. A least-squares regression model of the combined data set (all T’s) gives the following expression for fractionation: 1000 ln α chl-w =2.693 (10 9 /T 3 )−6.342 (10 6 /T 2 )+2.969 (10 3 /T) The curve described by this equation is in very good agreement with empirical curves given by Wenner and Taylor (1971), Savin and Lee (1988), and Zheng (1993) .
Dissolved organic carbon and volatile fatty acids in marine sediment pore waters

Abstract The results of a study of the contribution of microbial metabolic products to total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in coastal sediments are presented. The data indicate that acidic volatile compounds make up a substantial fraction of pore water DOC's in both oxic and anoxic pore waters of coastal marine sediments. Formic, acetic and butyric acids are the principal volatile species identified at levels exceeding 10 μM. Acid concentrations are up to five times higher in anoxic pore waters than in oxic waters. Volatile organic acids show promise as indicators of diagenetic processes in marine sediments and of the ecological succession of microorganisms, in particular.
3-D eikonal solvers: First-arrival traveltimes

The article is concerned with the development and comparison of three different algorithms for the computation of first‐arrival traveltimes: the fast marching method (FMM), the group marching method (GMM), and a second‐order finite‐difference eikonal solver. GMM is introduced as a variant of FMM. It proceeds the solution by advancing a selected group of grid points at a time, rather than sorting the solution in the narrow band to march forward a single grid point. The second‐order eikonal solver studied in the article is an expanding‐box, essentially nonoscillatory scheme for which the stability is enforced by the introduction of a down ‘n’ out marching and a post‐sweeping iteration.Techniques such as the maximum angle condition, the average normal velocity, and cache‐based implementation are introduced for the algorithms to improve the numerical accuracy and efficiency. The algorithms are implemented for solving the eikonal equation in 3‐D isotropic media, and their performances are compared. GMM is nume...
Paleomagnetic results from Palau, West Caroline Islands: A constraint on Philippine Sea plate motion

Paleomagnetic results from the Palau Islands indicate that the islands have undergone 60°-70° of clockwise rotation since mid-Oligocene time. This post-mid-Oligocene rotation is interpreted to represent the motion of the Philippine Sea plate and not a local rotation for the following reasons: (1) lack of morphologic expression of the differential rotation along the Palau-Kyushu Ridge, (2) similarity to predicted rotations obtained by using phase-shifted magnetic anomaly data, and (3) ubiquitous clockwise rotations seen in paleomagnetic data from around the Philippine Sea plate. This strong clockwise rotation of the Philippine Sea plate provides a mechanism for oblique subduction and related transcurrent motion along the margin of the Philippine archipelago.
Link between caudal regression and vater syndromes

A variant between caudal and regression and Vater syndromes is presented which was significant anomalies of the genitourinary tract. The patient has a normal 46XX karyotype with the following urogenital anomalies: solitary pelvic kidney with megacalycosis, high ureteral bud or diverticulum, and ectopic insertion of the ureter into the proximal urethra; as well as, sacral agenesis, vaginal atresia, aberrant gonadal tissue, and uterine agenesis.
Thermal metamorphism of primitive meteorites. II - Ten trace elements in Abee enstatite chondrite heated at 400-1000 C

Abstract We used neutron activation analysis to determine ten trace elements retained in Abee (E4) samples heated at 400–1000°C for 1 week in a low-pressure (initially ~ 10−5atm H2) environment. Eight elements generally are lost progressively with increasing temperature although gas(es) evolved from the samples apparently affect retention of some elements. In the extreme, ‘open-system’ losses are: Se—23%, Cs—40%; Te—87%; Ag, Bi, In, Tl, Zn— ≥93%. Under these conditions Co is not lost; Ga is lost only at 1000°C. At 900°C elements are lost from Abee chips in the same relative order as from Abee powder but the loss is somewhat less facile. Three of the most mobile elements—Bi, In, Tl—are lost more readily from Abee than from Allende (C3), the only other primitive chondrite studied to date. Assuming that elemental loss is a kinetic process involving mobilization from spherical grains, Bi, In, Se, Tl and Zn have different activation energies at high and low temperatures either because each element was originally present in two different sites or each has more than one loss mechanism (diffusion or desorption) in different temperature ranges. Comparison of elemental abundance patterns, patterns of statistically-significant correlations, factor analysis results and two-element correlation diagrams indicate strong similarities between heated Abee and ‘as-received’ enstatite chondrites for mobile elements. These results are consistent with a two-stage evolutionary model for enstatite chondrites involving condensation of cosmochemically fractionated primitive nebular material and subsequent loss of mobile elements from parent material by metamorphism.
Hollow cylinder protein in the cytoplasm of human erythrocytes.

Abstract A ‘Hollow Cylinder Protein’ (HCP) similar to the protein originally isolated by Harris from human erythrocyte membranes (Harris, J.R. (1968) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 150, 534–537) is present in the cytosol of erythrocytes at a concentration of more than 15 μg/ml packed erythrocytes. When negatively stained and examined in the electron microscope, cytosol HCP is similar in morphology to the HCP associated with erythrocyte ghost membranes. Cytosol HCP can be purified by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.2 followed by repeated sucrose gradient centrifugation at alkaline pH. Negatively stained purified cytosol HCP appears as a hollow cylinder with apparent dimensions of 18.0 nm in length by 11.8 nm in diameter and contains a hollow core. Purified cytosol HCP migrates as a single band by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that it is composed of five peptides having apparent molecular weights 21 500, 23 500, 26 000, 27 500 and 29 000. Chymotryptic peptide maps of each of these bands indicate that each is a unique polypeptide chain. These results indicate that erythrocyte cytosol HCP is a macromolecular complex composed of multiple copies of five non-identical subunits arranged as a hollow cylinder.
Estimating asteroid density distributions from shape and gravity information

A least-squares approach for estimating the internal density distribution of an asteroid is presented and applied to a simple polyhedron asteroid shape. The method assumes that the asteroid gravity field is measured to a specified degree and order and that a polyhedral model of the asteroid is available and has been discretized into a finite number of constant density polyhedra. The approach is derived using several basic properties of spherical harmonic gravitational expansions and can explicitly accommodate a fully correlated covariance matrix for the estimated gravity field. For an asteroid shape discretized into M constant density polyhedra and a gravity field measured to degree and order N, the least-squares problem is under-determined if M>(N+1)2 and is over-determined if M<(N+1)2. For both cases a singular-value decomposition (SVD) approach will yield solutions. We apply our approach to a number of ideal test situations using an asteroid shape consisting of 508 tetrahedra. We show that the under-determined case is sensitive to non-uniform density distributions. The over-determined case shows very good performance independent of the initial density distribution guess.