cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of spreading critical exponents from the spatiotemporal evolution of emission regions in the nighttime aurora

[1] Recently, it has been found that the spatiotemporal evolution of auroral emission regions, as depicted by the ultraviolet imager (UVI) onboard the POLAR spacecraft, follows well-defined power law statistical relations characteristic of complex systems near criticality [Uritsky et al., 2002b]. In this study, we continue our investigation of scaling features in the auroral emissions with emphasis on their dynamical characteristics. Based on an analysis of more than 6,700 emission events, we estimate the so-called spreading critical exponents that govern the mean field evolution of localized perturbations in nonequilibrium systems with spatially extended degrees of freedom. We show that the auroral emissions display scale-free spreading behavior that manifests itself through characteristic power-law auroral emission area dynamics. The spreading exponents so obtained are consistent with scaling relations predicted for self-organized criticality.
Application of iron and zinc isotopes to track the sources and mechanisms of metal loading in a mountain watershed

Abstract Here the hydrogeochemical constraints of a tracer dilution study are combined with Fe and Zn isotopic measurements to pinpoint metal loading sources and attenuation mechanisms in an alpine watershed impacted by acid mine drainage. In the tested mountain catchment, δ56Fe and δ66Zn isotopic signatures of filtered stream water samples varied by ∼3.5‰ and 0.4‰, respectively. The inherent differences in the aqueous geochemistry of Fe and Zn provided complimentary isotopic information. For example, variations in δ56Fe were linked to redox and precipitation reactions occurring in the stream, while changes in δ66Zn were indicative of conservative mixing of different Zn sources. Fen environments contributed distinctively light dissolved Fe ( +0.4‰). Acidic drainage from mine wastes contributed heavier dissolved Fe (∼+0.5‰) and lighter Zn (∼+0.2‰) isotopes relative to the fen. Upwelling of Fe-rich groundwater near the mouth of the catchment was the major source of Fe (δ56Fe ∼ 0‰) leaving the watershed in surface flow, while runoff from mining wastes was the major source of Zn. The results suggest that given a strong framework for interpretation, Fe and Zn isotopes are useful tools for identifying and tracking metal sources and attenuation mechanisms in mountain watersheds.
Distributed Education and the Role of Online Learning in Training Professional Psychologists.

Distributed learning and its allied concept, distance education, have the potential to move graduate training beyond the physical classroom, providing "anytime" and "anyplace" educational opportunities to new groups of learners as well as to students in traditional campus-based programs. It is argued that the focus on online learning activities found in distributed learning institutions is most compatible with a model of pedagogy that emphasizes, among other things, asynchronous small group discussions, collaborative problem solving, reflective inquiry, competency-based outcomes, and the facilitator role of the instructor. The article concludes with suggestions for and challenges regarding the application of computer-based learning tools to the training of clinical psychologists.
Connections of functional areas in the mustached bat's auditory cortex with the auditory thalamus.

The auditory thalamus is the major target of the inferior colliculus and connects in turn with the auditory cortex. In the mustached bat, biosonar information is represented according to frequency in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) but according to response type in the cortex. In addition, the cortex has multiple areas with neurons of similar response type compared to the single tonotopic representation in the ICc. To investigate whether these transformations occur at the level of the thalamus, we injected anatomical tracers into physiologically defined locations in the mustached bat's auditory cortex. Injections in areas used for target ranging labeled contiguous regions of the auditory thalamus rather than separate patches corresponding to regions that respond to the different harmonic frequencies used for ranging. Injections in the two largest ranging areas produced labeling in separate locations. These results indicate that the thalamus is organized according to response type rather than frequency and that multiple mappings of response types exist. Injections in areas used for target detection labeled thalamic regions that were largely separate from those that interconnect with ranging areas. However, injections in an area used for determining target velocity overlapped with the areas connected to ranging areas and areas involved in target detection. Thus, separation by functional type and multiplication of areas with similar response type occurs by the thalamic level, but connections with the cortex segregate the functional types more completely than occurs in the thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:401–418, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prevention of lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.

Prevention is the best method for avoiding potentially serious complications of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. In this article, we discuss preventative measures that can be used by individuals or communities. Among the topics discussed are personal protective measures, tick reduction, reservoir reduction, and vaccination. Additionally, new preventative measures that are in development—including new Lyme disease vaccines, antitick vaccines, and reservoir-targeted vaccination—are discussed.
Tyrosine utilization by cultured melanoma cells: Analysis of melanin biosynthesis using [14C]tyrosine and [14C]thiouracil

Abstract Melanin pigment synthesis was investigated using RPMI 3460 hamster melanoma cell cultures. Optimal conditions for melanin synthesis were established and synthesis was correlated with tyrosine uptake. We observed that melanin did not undergo intracellular degradation, that the pool of melanin synthetic intermediates was very small and short-lived, and that the incorporation of both dl -[2-14C]tyrosine and 2-[2-14C]thiouracil into melanin probably reflected the actual rate of synthesis. Considerable melanin synthesis occurred in the absence of exogenous tyrosine. Experiments with cycloheximide indicated that while tyrosine incorporation into protein was inhibited >98%, melanin synthesis was enhanced approximately 30%. The stimulation cannot be explained by a change in tyrosinase activity, or by alterations in the intracellular tyrosine pool size. Stimulation was immediate and occurred even in the absence of exogenous tyrosine. Compartmentalized tyrosine may be used for this enhanced melanin synthesis.
Identification of human gene products from hybrid cells: A new approach

A method is described for detection of human polypeptides from hybrid cells, following high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total cellular protein.3H-labeled hybrid cell proteins are mixed with14C-labeled parental cell proteins, electrophoresis is carried out, and polypeptides that occur only in the3H-labeled preparation are detected by double-label autoradiography. The possibility of developing a standard human polypeptide two-dimensional gel map, which would allow identification of electrophoretically separable components as specific proteins, is discussed.
New 3‐D simulations of climate change in the thermosphere

Model simulations of temperature and density trends in the upper thermosphere are generally consistent with satellite drag data, but some discrepancies remain. The most important of these is that satellite drag analyses under solar minimum conditions have measured density change of about −5% per decade near 400 km altitude, while model simulations of upper atmosphere cooling due to anthropogenic increases in carbon dioxide and other trace gases have predicted about half that rate. For solar moderate and maximum conditions, agreement is better. The rate of change is less during higher solar activity, because higher levels of nitric oxide cooling compete with the anthropogenic cooling. However, some past modeling studies used global mean models, and others attempted to scale to decadal rates from scenarios where carbon dioxide was doubled. Both of these approaches have shortcomings. Therefore, we have performed new, fully 3-D simulations, using the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model, to better quantify secular change rates at various levels of solar activity. These simulations use a 12 year baseline (approximately one solar cycle) in order to more directly compare with measured rates. Our new findings are in better agreement with observations for solar minimum conditions, approximately −5% per decade at 400 km, and are also still in reasonable agreement at solar maximum, approximately −2% per decade. This confluence of observation and simulation strengthens the case that some of the best evidence of the impact of anthropogenic global change on the upper atmosphere is the continued systematic decrease of thermospheric density.
Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization for Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Coronary Care Unit

The purpose of this study was to determine the use of ultrasonic tissue characterization (UTC) for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Real-time UTC and conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography were performed with a research prototype and commercially available ultrasonoscope, respectively, in 60 consecutive patients with suspected AMI. Diagnosis of AMI was documented by the presence of 2 of the 3 following clinical criteria: (1) typical history, (2) characteristic electrocardiographic changes, and (3) an increase in creatine phosphokinase-MB. Myocardial infarction was present in 24 of 60 patients and absent in 36 of 60 patients. Tissue characterization correctly diagnosed the presence of myocardial infarction in 22 of 24 patients and the absence in 33 of 36 patients. Two-dimensional echocardiography detected the presence of myocardial infarction in 21 of 24 patients and the absence in 34 of 36 patients. UTC had 2 false-negative and 3 false-positive studies, all in the region of apical infarcts. Two-dimensional echocardiography had 3 false-negative studies in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and 2 false-positive studies in patients with complete left bundle branch block. Both techniques had a comparable sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.
Numerical simulation of steady turbulent flow through trileaflet aortic heart valves--II. Results on five models.

Abstract Turbulent flow simulations are run for five aortic trileaflet valve geometries, ranging from a valve leaflet orifice area of 1.1 cm2 (Model A1—very stenotic) to 5.0 cm2 (Model A5—natural valve). The simulated data compares well with experimental measurements made downstream of various aortic trileaflet valves by Woo (PhD Thesis, 1984). The location and approximate width and length of recirculation regions are correctly predicted. The less stenotic valve models reattach at the end of the aortic sinus region, 1.1 diameters downstream of the valve. The central jet exiting the less stenotic valve models is not significantly different from fully developed flow, and therefore recovers very quickly downstream of the reattachment point. The more stenotic valves disturb the flow to a greater degree, generating recirculation regions large enough to escape the sinuses and reattach further downstream. Peak turbulent shear stress values downstream of the aortic valve models which approximated prosthetic valves are 125 and 300 N m−2, very near experimental observations of 150 to 350 N m−2. The predicted Reynolds stress profiles also present the correct shape, a double peak profile, with the location of the peak occuring at the location of maximum velocity gradient, which occurs near the recirculation region. The pressure drop across model A2 (leaflet orifice area 1.6 cm2) is 20 mmHg at 1.6 diameters downstream. This compares well with values ranging from 19.5 to 26.2 mmHg for valves of similar orifice areas. The pressure drop decreases with decreasing valve stenosis, to a negligible value across the least stenotic valve model. Based on the good agreement between experimental measurements of velocity, shear stress and pressure drop, compared to the simulated data, the model has the potential to be a valuable tool in the analysis of heart valve designs.
Are communities as strong as we think

Many complex systems, from World Wide Web and online social networks to mobile networks, exhibit community structure in which nodes can be grouped into densely interconnected communities. This special structure has been exploited extensively to design better solutions for many operations and applications such as routing in wireless networks, worm containment and interest prediction in social networks. The outcome of these solutions are sensitive to the network structures, which raises an important question: can communities be broken easily in a network? To answer this question, we introduce a density-based problem formulation for analyzing the vulnerability of communities. Our approach includes the NP-completeness and a O(log k) approximation algorithm for solving the problem where k is the number of communities to be broken. Additionally, we analyze the vulnerability of communities in the context of arbitrary community detection algorithms. The empirical results show that communities are vulnerable to edge removal and in some cases the removal of a small fraction of edges can break the community structure.
Large elastic deformation of a spherical wedge

Abstract A large deformation analysis is presented for the distortion of an elastic spherical wedge. Assuming isotropy, homogeneity, and incompressibility, the formulation is reduced to that of four non-linear ordinary differential equations in four unknowns. Two special cases are considered in which specific analytic solutions are obtained, and the possible use of one of these for determining mechanical properties is suggested.
Organometallic bis(p-hydroxyphenyl) derivatives of group IV elements and related compounds

Abstract Dimethyl- and diphenylbis(p-hydroxyphenyl) Group IV metal compounds have been synthesized. Scope and limitations of the following methods were investigated: (a) reaction of the halogen-metal exchange product of p-bromophenol and n-butyllithium with organometallic dihalides; (b) protection of the phenolic group with trimethyl or benzyl groups and subsequent hydrolysis or hydrogenolysis. Only the first method is generally applicable. The synthesis and properties of p-hydroxyphenyl and p-benzyloxyphenyl derivatives of silicon, germanium, tin and lead are described.
Estimation of infarct size with MB rather than total CK.

Abstract We estimated infarct size in 95 patients with clinically uncomplicated infarction from total CK and results were compared to infarct size index based on plasma MB CK. Among patients with relatively low infarct size index indicative of relatively small infarctions (⩽20), estimates with total CK correlated closely with those based on MB CK ( r = 0.88). In contrast, among patients with larger infarcts (infarct size index > 20) the correlation was poor. In this group, values for infarct size index based on total CK were 67 ± 4 (SE)% greater than those based on MB CK. In the overall population, infarct size index based on MB (14 ± 1 (SE) CK-gram-equivalents/m 2 ) was less than that based on total CK (21 ± 2). These disparities appear to reflect occult release of non-cardiac CK in patients with more extensive infarction. Thus, even in patients without overt clinical complications enzymatic estimates of infarct size are more accurate when based on MB rather than total plasma CK.
On the state of the art of quantum chemistry

A brief general survey of the current state of the art of quantum chemistry is given with some aspects also towards the future. It is emphasized that, if one wants to incorporate such concepts as temperature, entropy, and free energy into quantum chemistry, it is necessary to make a transition from pure quantum mechanics based on wavefunctions to the more general “quantum statistics” based on density matrices and system operators. In addition to the Schrodinger equations, one obtains the Liouville equations, and it is shown that both the time-dependent and the time-independent equations may be solved in both cases by using analogous Hilbert-space methods. Some of the methods for solving the time-independent eigenvalue problems are reviewed, and the need for giant “number crunchers” in this connection are discussed. It is shown that the resolvent methods combined with the “inner projection” technique for the calculations provide a powerful tool for handling the eigenvalue problems in the future in both the Hamiltonian and Liouvillian formalisms. It is stressed that, by going over to supercomputers, one may gain a factor of 100, and that one may gain another factor of 100 by going over to more powerful theoretical methods; however, for programming reasons, it will take a long time before one can reach the combined efficiency factor 100 ✗ 100.
Market response to analyst recommendations in the “dartboard” column: the information and price-pressure effects

Abstract The market response to securities selected by analysts featured in the “Dartboard” column of The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is the subject of this study. Prior studies have reported significantly positive abnormal returns on the WSJ issue date, followed by a partial price reversal, suggesting that the initial response is partially attributable to price pressure. If we use a post-event instead of a pre-event estimation period, we find a similar event day response but no significant reversal. Though we are unable to reject the possibility of a price pressure effect, our results are generally consistent with the existence of an information effect. We also detect a differential response to securities recommended by analysts invited back to the contest and those recommended by newcomers, suggesting that the information effect is related to the market following recommendations of potentially superior analysts.
On the integer programming formulation of production scheduling optimisation algorithm for the hot rolling processes

This note is concerned with the formulation of scheduling of the hot rolling process (SHRP). Based on the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP), Chen et al. (Chen, A.L., Yang, G.K., and Wu, Z.M., 2008. Production scheduling optimization algorithm for the hot rolling processes. International Journal of Production Research, 46 (7), 1955–1973) proposed a nonlinear integer programming formulation of SHRP. Due to some deficiencies in the formulation, Kim (Kim, B.-I., 2010. Some comments on Chen et al. ‘Production scheduling optimization algorithm for the hot rolling processes’. International Journal of Production Research, 48 (7), 2165–2167) very recently gave some correction to the model. However, even with the correction the model has flaws. The purpose of this note is to give a complete, also based on CVRP, corrected formulation with substantial number of variables reduced.
Current Drug Treatment of Hyperlipidemia in Older Adults

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death, especially in older adults. Managing modifiable risk factors (e.g., hyperlipidemia, hypertension) remains the primary approach to prevent ASCVD events and ASCVD-related mortality. Statins are generally considered one of the most effective approaches to reduce ASCVD risk, especially for secondary prevention, yet remain underutilized in older adults. The evidence to support statin therapy in older adults is less robust than in their younger counterparts, especially in individuals aged 75 years and older. Recent lipid guidelines have raised this concern, yet statin therapy is recommended in 'at risk' older adults. Determining which older adults should receive statin therapy for primary prevention of ASCVD is challenging, as the currently available risk estimation tools are of limited use in those aged over 75 years. Furthermore, non-statin therapies have been de-emphasized in recent clinical practice guidelines and remain understudied in the older adult population. This is unfortunate given that older adults are less likely to tolerate moderate- to high-intensity statins. Non-statin therapies could be viable options in this population if more was understood about their ability to lower ASCVD risk and safety profiles. Nevertheless, lipid-lowering agents remain an integral component of the overall strategy to reduce atherogenic burden in older adults. Future research in this area should aim to enroll more older adults in clinical trials, determine the utility of ASCVD risk estimation for primary prevention, and investigate the role of non-statin therapies in this population.
Geriatric fecal incontinence

Fecal incontinence is a common problem in the elderly population,particularly in nursing homes, and is one of the common reasons for nursing home placement. In addition to the inconvenience of the incontinence for the patient and caregiver, it is associated with increased mortality. Identifiable physiologic changes in the anorectal region may contribute to the development of fecal incontinence.Fecal incontinence is a disorder of men and women, with an equal or greater prevalence in men in advancing years. All patients who have fecal incontinence warrant an initial medical evaluation,including the exclusion of fecal impaction. Cognitively impaired patients benefit most from habit training. Selected elderly patients who have fecal incontinence may benefit from biofeedback and surgical intervention.
Acute infective endocarditis due to Yersinia enterocolitica.

Y ersinia enterocolitica is capable of causing many improvement after antibiotics were started. Her chills clinical disease syndromes [l]. Y. enterocolitica disappeared, and her temperature began to decrease septicemia has been recognized increasingly in recent and she became afebrile after 10 days of antibiotic years [2], and cases with infected aneurysm [3] and therapy. Microscopic hematuria gradually disapinfected bullous skin lesions have been reported [4,5]. peared. Two-dimensional echocardiography detected Rarely, Y. enterocolitica has caused infective endocarno vegetation. Repeat blood cultures two days after ditis [2,4,6,7]. Reported herein is a case of Y. enterocothe antibiotic was started and after the antibiotic was litica endocarditis, cured with a two-week course of discontinued showed no growth. She remained well at ceftizoxime. 18 months follow-up. CASE REPORT COMMENTS A 74-year-old woman was admitted because of fever, chills, malaise, and occasional confusion after she susGram-negative bacilli are an uncommon cause of tained a fall four days before admission. The patient infective endocarditis in people who do not have a was treated for uterine cancer with hysterectomy and prosthetic valve and are not intravenous drug-abusers radiation 15 years earlier. She also has well-controlled [8]. Y. enterocolitica rarely causes infective endocarditemporal lobe seizure secondary to meningioma. Pertis. The first three cases of Y. enterocolitica infective tinent physical findings included a temperature of endocarditis were not reported until 1983 [4,6,7]; one 38.8”C, a grade 216 systolic ejection murmur over the more case was reported in 1986 [2]. The current report left sternal border, and a 2/6 holosystolic murmur at is the fifth known case of infective endocarditis due to the apex. The spleen was not palpable, and there were y. enterocolitica.
A cognitive-behavioral analysis of a patient with borderline personality disorder

Comments are made on case material from a patient likely to be diagnosable as borderline personality disorder. The author offers an analysis of the case as one reflecting emotional dysregulation and the complex interpersonal consequences of lack of control over turbulent storms of negative emotionality. A tentative treatment plan is outlined that involves a dialectical cognitive behavioral approach aimed at reducing emotional sensitivity and enabling the patient to cope better with her hitherto uncontrollable and frightening emotional lability and self-destructive behavior. Critical observations are offered on the risks of inferring childhood sexual and physical abuse from reports by clients who were treated by therapists whose theoretical or political orientation lead them to assume the presence of abuse in the past histories of people like those with borderline personality disorder.
Pentylenetetrazol and penicillin are selective antagonists of GABA-mediated post-synaptic inhibition in cultured mammalian neurones

PENTYLENETETRAZOL (PTZ) and penicillin (PCN) are potent convulsants commonly used to produce focal or generalised epileptiform discharges in the mammalian central nervous system1. Investigations of the cellular basis for their con-vulsant effects have been performed in various vertebrate and invertebrate preparations wtih two basic hypotheses dominating the literature: (1) that the convulsant effect is produced by pharmacological actions on synaptic transmissions to reduce inhibition2–8 and/or to enhance excitation9, or (2) that the convulsants directly enhance the excitability of neuronal membranes apart from effects on synaptic transmission10–16. We have studied the mechanism of their convulsant action in a mammalian tissue culture system and report here that both PTZ and PCN selectively antagonise post-synaptic responses to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a putative inhibitory neurotransmitter17. The results presented here provide direct evidence derived from the mammalian nervous system that the convulsant action of PTZ and PCN may be due ito a specific pharmacological action on GABA-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission.
Optimal Synthesis/Design of a Pem Fuel Cell Cogeneration System for Multi-Unit Residential Applications–Application of a Decomposition Strategy

The application of a decomposition methodology to the synthesis/design optimization of a stationary cogeneration proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system for residential applications is the focus of this paper. Detailed thermodynamic, economic, and geometric models were developed to describe the operation and cost of the fuel processing subsystem and the fuel cell stack sub-system. Details of these models are given in an accompanying paper by the authors. In the present paper, the case is made for the usefulness and need of decomposition in large-scale optimization. The types of decomposition strategies considered are conceptual, time, and physical decomposition. Specific solution approaches to the latter, namely Local-Global Optimization (LGO) are outlined in the paper Conceptual/time decomposition and physical decomposition using the LGO approach are applied to the fuel cell system. These techniques prove to be useful tools for simplifying the overall synthesis/design optimization problem of the fuel cell system. The results of the decomposed synthesis/design optimization indicate that this system is more economical for a relatively large cluster of residences (i.e. 50). Results also show that a unit cost of power production of less than 10 cents/kWh on an exergy basis requires the manufacture of more than 1500 fuel cell sub-system units per year. Finally, based on the off-design optimization results, the fuel cell system is unable by itself to satisfy the winter heat demands. Thus, the case is made for integrating the fuel cell system with another system, namely, a heat pump, to form what is called a total energy system.
An Advanced Measurement Concept: The Integrated Sensor

Abstract An integrated sensor is a complete measurement system that communicates its signals to a data collection and archival facility. The paper describes the concept, and how it developed from and relates to the more traditional systems. It includes a discussion of advantages and a summary of the characteristics that define an integrated sensor.
A fuzzy theoretic approach to simulation metamodeling

Abstract In this paper, we explore the potential application of fuzzy linear regression in developing simulation metamodels. It should be noted that the basic construct for simulation metamodels involves uncertainties and ambiguities that may be better addressed through fuzzy linear regression application. The solution techniques employed by fuzzy linear regression are very familiar, and the generation of fuzzy outputs may offer a wide range of solution space to the decision maker, thereby reducing the risk of making an incorrect economic decision. A numerical example is presented to show how a possibility distribution is used to capture the vagueness in a dependent variable for a regression metamodel.
Isolation of high-molecular-weight plant DNA for DNA damage quantitation: relative effects of solar 297 nm UVB and 365 nm radiation.

Quantitation of UV-induced DNA damages in nanogram quantities of non-radiactive DNA from irradiated plants by gel electrophoresis requires a prompt, efficient, high-yield method of isolating DNA yielding high-molecular-weight, enzymatically digestible DNA. To meet these criteria we devised a high-yield method for isolating from plant tissue, DNA whose single-strand molecular length is greater than about 170 kb. Leaf tissue is embedded in agarose plugs, digested with Proteinase K in the presence of detergent, and treated with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The agarose plugs are then soaked with buffer appropriate to the desired enzyme treatment. Evaluation of the DNA on neutral and alkaline gels indicates its high molecular length and low frequency of single-strand breaks. The DNA can be digested with damage-specific and other endonucleases. The method is especially suitable for DNA damage quantitation, as tissue processing is carried out immediately after harvesting (allowing DNA lesion measurement at precisely known times after irradiation), and many samples can be easily handled at once. It should also be useful for molecular analysis of large numbers of plant samples available only in small quantities. We here use this method to quantitate DNA damage induced by 297 and 365 nm radiation, and calculate the relative damaging effects of these wavebands in today's solar spectrum.
Neuropathology in Drosophila Mutants with Increased Seizure Susceptibility

Genetic factors are known to contribute to seizure susceptibility, although the long-term effects of these predisposing factors on neuronal viability remain unclear. To examine the consequences of genetic factors conferring increased seizure susceptibility, we surveyed a class of Drosophila mutants that exhibit seizures and paralysis following mechanical stimulation. These bang-sensitive seizure mutants exhibit shortened life spans and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Because the increased seizure susceptibility in these mutants likely results from altered metabolism and since the Na+/K+ ATPase consumes the majority of ATP in neurons, we examined the effect of ATPα mutations in combination with bang-sensitive mutations. We found that double mutants exhibit strikingly reduced life spans and age-dependent uncoordination and inactivity. These results emphasize the importance of proper cellular metabolism in maintaining both the activity and viability of neurons.
Drug targets: single-cell transcriptomics hastens unbiased discovery

Drug discovery in neuro- and psychopharmacology is lagging, and the most commonly mentioned cause is the scarcity of drug targets. Using NextGen 'sequencing based single-cell transcriptomics' (SBSCT), several hundred different receptors and channels can be identified in individual neurons, and the functional gene product can subsequently be validated. The use of single-cell transcriptome data to reveal the entire receptor repertoire is crucial, as the copy numbers of mRNAs encoding receptors are low, and when cells are pooled dilution of rare mRNAs leads to loss of signal. These overlooked receptors on key neurons often mediate robust effects that may be therapeutically useful. SBSCT also enables the identification of orphan receptors and can provide strong evidence for receptor heterodimers. Here, we compare SBSCT to other single-cell profiling methods. We argue that the unbiased nature of SBSCT makes it a powerful tool for the identification of new drug targets.
BASELINE LUNG FUNCTION AND INFLAMMATORY INDICES IN GUINEA PIGS : EFFECTS OF GROWTH , REPEATED LAVAGE, AND OROTRACHEAL INTUBATION

We examined the relationships between baseline lung function, weight, and indices of inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) liquid in unsensitized, anesthetized guinea pigs (GPs) and evaluated a model for performing orotracheal intubation and BAL without having to sacrifice the animal. Thirty-six GPs were anesthetized and orotracheally intubated. Lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) were measured. BAL was then performed with sterile saline, and the animal permitted to cover. White blood cells and differentials, total protein (TP), histamine, prostaglandins (PGs) D2, F2a, E2, leukotrienes (LTs) B4, and C4/D4/E4 were measured in the BAL liquid as indices of inflammation. Body weight (and by inference, age) directly correlated with BAL concentrations at TP and PGD2 and inversely correlated with LTC4/D4/E4 and % eosinophils. Significant correlations were found between PGD2 vs. TP (r = 0.54, p less than .001), histamine vs. % eosinophils (r = 0.45, p = 0.03), and % macrophages vs. % neutrophils (r = -0.76, p less than .001). RL and EL did not correlate with BAL measurements of cells or mediators. A second group of 9 animals was lavaged, permitted to recover, and relavaged 2 weeks later, with no significant changes noted in lung mechanics, BAL cell profiles, or mediators between study days. These data demonstrate that some baseline BAL inflammatory indices in the GP correlate well with body weight and with each other and that baseline BAL measurements of inflammatory mediators may vary with size or age of the animal, an important consideration in studies using the GP for BAL measurements of inflammatory mediators. The data further document the reproducibility and feasibility of reintubating and lavaging the same animal over a period separated by 2 weeks without having to sacrifice the animal.
Benzene derivatives adsorbed to the Ag(111) surface: Binding sites and electronic structure

Dispersion corrected Density Functional Theory calculations were employed to study the adsorption of benzenes derivatized with functional groups encompassing a large region of the activated/deactivated spectrum to the Ag(111) surface. Benzenes substituted with weak activating or deactivating groups, such as methyl and fluoro, do not have a strong preference for adsorbing to a particular site on the substrate, with the corrugations in the potential energy surface being similar to those of benzene. Strong activating (N(CH3)2) and deactivating (NO2) groups, on the other hand, possess a distinct site preference. The nitrogen in the former prefers to lie above a silver atom (top site), but in the latter a hollow hexagonal-closed-packed (Hhcp) site of the Ag(111) surface is favored instead. Benzenes derivatized with classic activating groups donate electron density from their highest occupied molecular orbital to the surface, and those functionalized with deactivating groups withdraw electron density from the surface into orbitals that are unoccupied in the gas phase. For benzenes functionalized with two substituents, the groups that are strongly activating or deactivating control the site preference and the other groups assume sites that are, to a large degree, dictated by their positions on the benzene ring. The relative stabilities of the ortho, meta, and para positional isomers of disubstituted benzenes can, in some cases, be modified by adsorption to the surface.
Small-Sample-Support Suppression of Interference to PN-Masked Data

In the context of secure wireless communications, pseudo-noise (PN) masking of transferred data has proven to be an effective technique against eavesdropping (notable examples are military-grade communication and global-positioning systems). At the same time, PN-masked transmissions are thought to be vulnerable to interference/jamming due to lack of a minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) disturbance suppressing solution. In this paper, for the first time we establish the MMSE operation for masked data in the form of a time (mask) varying linear filter, suggest an implementation that avoids repeated input autocorrelation matrix inversion, and develop an auxiliary-vector (AV) MMSE filter estimator with state-of-the-art short-data-record estimation performance. Simulation examples included herein illustrate the theoretical developments.
Thematic Analysis of the Intersection of Spirituality and Eating Disorder Symptoms

The authors interviewed 12 female participants about the intersection of their spiritual beliefs and eating disorder symptoms. Three main themes emerged from the data: (a) spiritual beliefs as helpful, (b) choice not to ask for spiritual help, and (c) guilt.
Empyema in children

Summary Empyema in children is discussed, with special emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Sixty cases in children less than 12 years of age are reviewed.
1196 ASSOCIATION OF CONGENITAL TRACHEAL OBSTRUCTION AND GENITOURINARY ANOMALIES IN THE NEWBORN

1196 ASSOCIATION OF CONGENITAL TRACHEAL OBSTRUCTION AND GENITOURINARY ANOMALIES IN THE NEWBORN
Stop me before I kill again

L'A. s'interroge sur la difference et la distinction entre les actions expressions de la volonte libre et les actions forcees. Il affirme que le compatibilisme simple est defendable et que confondre la question de la volonte libre avec la question de la responsabilite constitue une erreur
Combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment of essential hypertension.

Fifty-two pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients were randomized to one of four treatment groups: (1) diastolic blood pressure biofeedback, (2) progressive deep muscle relaxation training, (3) self-directed relaxation training, or (4) medication alone. Data collection occurred during baseline, treatment, and 1-year follow-up phases in a laboratory, a medical clinic, and the patient's own home. Patients from all four groups combined showed mean blood pressure reductions of −10.2/−5.5 mm Hg on clinic recordings and −2.4/−.7 mm Hg on home recordings, which were maintained throughout the follow-up period. There were no significant differences among the four groups in terms of blood pressure reduction. Patients given adjunctive behavioral treatment showed significantly larger reductions in medication usage compared to patients treated with medication alone, but there were no significant differences among the three behaviorally treated groups. Patients who showed medication reductions did not show subsequent blood pressure elevation. The results suggest that combined behavioral and pharmacological therapy may be superior to pharmacological therapy alone in the treatment of essential hypertension.
The Role of the Private Sector in Education in Vietnam: Evidence from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey

This paper uses data from the 1992-93 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to examine the nature of private schooling in Vietnam. Although the number of private schools is small, it is growing in both urban and rural areas, and the cost to parents of most private schools is not much higher than the cost of attending public schools. At a more general level, this paper demonstrates how detailed household survey data can be used to understand schooling choices in developing countries. Estimates of the determinants of the choice among public, private and semi-public schools indicate that better off households are less likely to send their children to semi-public schools but more likely to send them to private schools. Results also suggest that the marginal cost to households of switching from public to private schools may be small. No significant effects of religion or ethnicity are found. Wage regressions indicate that individuals who attended private school receive higher wages than individuals with the same level of school attainment from public schools. The importance of parental education as a determinant of children's ultimate attainment is confirmed. One implication is that any targeting efforts, such as voucher or scholarship provisions, should consider using parental education to determine eligibility.
α2-Adrenergic agonists reduce glutamate release and glutamate receptor-mediated calcium changes in hippocampal slices during hypoxia

The mechanisms by which α2-adrenergic agonists reduce ischemic brain damage are not clear. In ischemia-vulnerable hippocampal neurons we tested whether α2-agonists reduce glutamate efflux and glutamate receptor-mediated increase of cytosolic free calcium. Brain slices (300 μm thick) from rat hippocampus were loaded with fura-2 for measurements of cytosolic free calcium with a microscope fluorometer. Change of cytosolic calcium in CA1 neurons during application of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was measured, as were calcium changes during simulated ischemia (hypoxia, NaCN, iodoacetate) or hypoxia plus high glutamate concentration (pO2 = 25 mmHg, 3 mM glutamate). In other slices, glutamate efflux evoked by anoxia (pO2 = 25 mmHg, 100 μM NaCN) was measured. The selective α2-agonists mivazerol (1 μM) decreased NMDA receptor-mediated calcium changes in hippocampal CA1 neurons by 28% (p = 0.0079). With hypoxia and 3 mM glutamate, 1 μM mivazerol reduced early peak calcium changes in CA1 neurons by 57% (p = 0.0007). An α2-antagonist (rauwolscine, 1 μM) blocked this. Mivazerol did not reduce the rate of calcium change during simulated ischemia. Clonidine (0.1 μM), a partial α2-agonists, decreased glutamate/hypoxia-mediated calcium changes in CA1 (p = 0.01), but 1 μM clonidine, which stimulates α1-receptors, did not. Mivazerol decreased hypoxia and KCl-evoked glutamate release by 50% and 75% (p < 0.01), respectively. In addition, 1 μM mivazerol reduced lactate dehydrogenase leakage rate from brain slices during anoxia by 61% (p = 0.018). Thus, α2-receptors influence glutamate release, calcium changes, and cell damage in ischemia-vulnerable hippocampal neurons. These effects may contribute to the cerebroprotective actions of α2-agonists.
Mean lives and relative initial state populations of some states in He II using beam-foil excitation

He II 3s and 3d states mean lives and initial population as function of energy, analyzing emitted radiation intensity
Intraoperative balloon valvuloplasty for critical aortic valvular stenosis in neonates.

Abstract Critical aortic stenosis (AS) in the neonate represents a particularly severe form of AS where normal compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis, even at rest. Critical AS may be defined as aortic valve stenosis with congestive heart failure and signs of decreased systemic cardiac output. 1 When patients present in infancy with aortic valve stenosis and congestive heart failure, medical management is frequently unsuccessful. Various surgical procedures using both open and closed heart techniques have been attempted to relieve critical AS in infancy. 2–7 Percutaneous transluminal balloon valvuloplasty has been performed in patients with critical AS in infancy. 7 This procedure is technically difficult and at times impossible. The use of balloon valvuloplasty in the operating room has been described for the treatment of AS. 8,9 The technical aspects of intraoperative balloon valvuloplasty and the range of application are still being investigated. Reported complications include severe aortic regurgitation and disruption of an aortic valve cusp. This report describes the use of intraoperative balloon valvuloplasty in 4 neonates who presented with critical AS in the first week of life.
A new technique: right ventriculography using a preshaped catheter.

Right ventriculography with a preshaped catheter (J- or L-shaped) was evaluated in make the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Thirty normal subjects who did not have valvular disease showed no evidence of tricuspid regurgitation or premature ventricular contractions during injection except in one case. On the other hand, 24 patients with combined aortic and mitral valve disease showed mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation in 11 patients and severe tricuspid regurgitation in eight patients. Only two patients developed frequent run of premature ventricular contraction during injection. Seven patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation were found to have severe tricuspid regurgitation during surgery. No evidence of tricuspid regurgitation was found In all six patients with isolated aortic valve disease. We can conclude that right ventriculography by the preshaped catheter improves the diagnostic accuracy of tricuspid regurgitation and a grading system of tricuspid regurgitation by angiography is proposed.
QUANTUM TRANSPORT THROUGH FULLY CONNECTED BETHE LATTICES

We introduce a variant of the Bethe lattice, the fully connected Bethe lattice (FCBL); with every site in each shell of the Bethe lattice connected to every other site in the shell. A recently introduced decimation renormalization group (RG) method is utilized to obtain the quantum transmission through the Bethe lattice and FCBL. Although classically the extra intra-shell connections would not change the transmission, they have a large effect on the quantum transport and the wave functions.
Virus-host interaction minireview series: human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and influenza virus.

Viral agents of infectious disease such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 2 influenza virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) continue to pose daunting public health challenges. Substantial information is known about the multiplication cycles, the means of transmission, and the diseases caused by these three viruses, all of which are human pathogens that possess RNA genomes (1). Efforts to understand their viral multiplication schemes at the molecular level and to elucidate the interactions that occur between viral and cellular gene products that together determine the host's susceptibility to infection and disease have led to significant new insights about HIV, influenza, and HCV.
Morphometric factors in the formation of Great Lakes coastal wetlands

The Great Lakes basins were carved from ancient river valleys by continental ice sheets that receded from the region less than 10,000 years ago. Not only did the glaciers create the basins now holding the lakes, but they are responsible for many of the shallow depressions in the coastal margin that have since developed as coastal wetlands of various types. For the past four thousand years, coastal processes in the lakes have further modified the shore topography to form embayments, coastal lagoons, estuaries, deltas, and solution basins where thousands of hectares of wetlands have become established. This paper will explore the origin of the various morphometric forms which these wetlands have taken and their characteristic hydrologic processes.