cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 Siting of hazardous facilities

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the features of the siting problem that have made it difficult to find a home for noxious facilities and then proposes a set of guidelines for improving the process. The siting process involves global benefits and local costs and, typically, considerable uncertainties. The methodologies that are designed to improve siting outcomes must be coordinated carefully with a broader process view of siting. Hazardous materials transportation problems in the OR literature involve the determining of optimal routing and transport modes to minimize several criteria involving expected cost and consequences of accidents. The chapter provides an overview of recent research on the nature of the hazardous facility siting problem and related transportation problems with a focus on route-mode selection issues, facility location models and decision analysis for choosing between predetermined sites. Decision analysis (DA) has proven to be a useful approach for structuring the siting problem. The facility siting literature for hazardous or noxious facilities, including simultaneous choice of routing and facility choices is also reviewed in the chapter.
Microbial iron reduction by enrichment cultures isolated from estuarine sediments.

Microbial Fe reduction in acetate- and succinate-containing enrichment cultures initiated with an estuarine sediment inoculum was studied. Fe reduction was unaffected when SO42− reduction was inhibited by MoO42−, indicating that both processes could occur independently. Bacterially produced sulfide precipitated as FeS but was not completely responsible for Fe reduction. The separation of oxidized Fe particles from bacteria by dialysis tubing demonstrated that direct bacterial contact was necessary for Fe reduction. Fe reduction in cultures amended with NO3− was delayed until NO3− and NO2− were removed. However, bacterial attachment to oxidized Fe particles in NO3−-amended cultures occurred early during growth in a manner similar to NO3−-free cultures. During late stages of growth, bacteria not attached to Fe particles became pale and swollen, while attached cells remained bright blue when examined by 4′,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole epifluo-rescence microscopy. The presence of added oxidized Mn had no effect on Fe reduction. The results suggested that enzymatic Fe reduction was responsible for reducing Fe in these cultures even in the presence of sulfide and that cells incapable of Fe reduction became unhealthy when Fe(III) was the only available electron acceptor.
Designing Comprehensible Agents

For many applications, it is important that agents be not only correct, but also comprehensible to human users. Typically, people have tried to make agents' behavior and reasoning understandable by adding post-hoc special-purpose explanation systems, with often disappointing results. Here, I instead take the comprehensibility of agent behavior as a central agent design consideration from the start. I describe an agent architecture, the Expressivator, that supports comprehensibility on top of a behavior-based framework, using four technical innovations: (1) structuring the agent's behavior according to the signs and signifiers it is intended to communicate; (2) allowing the agent to keep track of its impression on the user with sign management, (3) using behavioral transitions to explain the reasons for agent, behavior, and (4) expressing behavioral interrelationships directly using meta-level controls.
E-box sites and a proximal regulatory region of the muscle creatine kinase gene differentially regulate expression in diverse skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle of transgenic mice

Previous analysis of the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene indicated that control elements required for transcription in adult mouse muscle differed from those required in cell culture, suggesting that distinct modes of muscle gene regulation occur in vivo. To examine this further, we measured the activity of MCK transgenes containing E-box and promoter deletions in a variety of striated muscles. Simultaneous mutation of three E boxes in the 1,256-bp MCK 5' region, which abolished transcription in muscle cultures, had strikingly different effects in mice. The mutations abolished transgene expression in cardiac and tongue muscle and caused a reduction in expression in the soleus muscle (a muscle with many slow fibers) but did not affect expression in predominantly fast muscles: quadriceps, abdominals, and extensor digitorum longus. Other regulatory sequences with muscle-type-specific activities were found within the 358-bp 5'-flanking region. This proximal region conferred relatively strong expression in limb and abdominal skeletal muscles but was inactive in cardiac and tongue muscles. However, when the 206-bp 5' enhancer was ligated to the 358-bp region, high levels of tissue-specific expression were restored in all muscle types. These results indicate that E boxes and a proximal regulatory region are differentially required for maximal MCK transgene expression in different striated muscles. The overall results also imply that within skeletal muscles, the steady-state expression of the MCK gene and possibly other muscle genes depends on transcriptional mechanisms that differ between fast and slow fibers as well as between the anatomical and physiological attributes of each specific muscle.
Txnip ablation reduces vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation and ameliorates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice

Objective Inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is intimately linked to atherosclerosis and other vascular inflammatory disease. Thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) is a key regulator of cellular sulfhydryl redox and a mediator of inflammasome activation. The goals of the present study were to examine the impact of Txnip ablation on inflammatory response to oxidative stress in VSMC and to determine the effect of Txnip ablation on atherosclerosis in vivo.
The Antibiotic Micrococcin Is a Potent Inhibitor of Growth and Protein Synthesis in the Malaria Parasite

The antibiotic micrococcin is a potent growth inhibitor of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 35 nM. This is comparable to or less than the corresponding levels of commonly used antimalarial drugs. Micrococcin, like thiostrepton, putatively targets protein synthesis in the plastid-like organelle of the parasite.
Parental Visiting of Children in Foster Care

develop new theory and practice principles related to children in placement and to their biological parents.1 Our developing understanding of attachment is most clear ly evidenced in the permanency planning movement with its emphasis on maintain ing and reunifying families. The primary mechanism for maintain ing attachment in families separated by foster care is visiting. To learn more about agency practices related to parent-child visiting and the impact of these practices, the authors studied the records of 326 children in foster care in Illinois. This article summarizes the results of that
The synthesis of a stereospecific pentadentate ligand and its bromo cobalt(III) complex

Abstract The synthesis of 7 - methyl - 4,10 - dithia - 1,7,13 - triazatridecane, NH2CH2CH2SCH2CH2N(CH3) CH2CH2SCH2CH2NH2, a flexible, linear pentadentate ligand is reported. The preparation of its bromo cobalt(III) complex is reported and its stereospecific attachment to cobalt(III) is discussed.
Anionenkoordination mit Amidliganden

Die Anionenerkennung ist ein aktives Forschungsgebiet der supramolekularen Chemie. Mittlerweile stehen ausreichend viele Strukturdaten zur Verfugung, um die Anionenkoordination formal nach Koordinationszahl und Koordinationsgeometrie einzuteilen, und zwar auf Basis der Wasserstoffbrucken zwischen Wirt (Ligand) und Gast (Anion). In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird nur eine Anionenrezeptorart behandelt, namlich Amidliganden. Fur funf Anionenformen werden die Strukturdaten nach der Koordinationszahl aufgelistet und Gemeinsamkeiten innerhalb einer gegebenen Anionentopologie ermittelt. Dabei zeigen sich Ahnlichkeiten zwischen der Koordination von Anionen und der von Ubergangsmetallionen.
AUTOSHAPED RESPONDING: A BASELINE FOR STUDYING STIMULUS PREFERENCE

In an autoshaping procedure with pigeons, trials consisted of the illumination of two keys, each with a different color, and then a response-independent feeder operation. Over successive conditions, all key-color pairs were arranged from the set of amber, red, green, and blue lamps. During sessions with a given pair, the left-right configuration of the colors varied irregularly, and the two colors alternated in illuminating the feeder. With one red and one green key, for example, red appeared sometimes on the left and sometimes on the right, and the feeder was alternately lit red or green on successive trials. Both total pecks and proportion of trials with at least one peck on a key of a given color were generally greater for red and amber than for green and blue, and relations among preferences were generally transitive across different color pairs. Repeating the procedure with decreased red and amber intensities and increased green and blue intensities reduced red and amber pecking relative to green and blue pecking, implying that differences in responding were determined more strongly by intensive than by chromatic properties of the stimuli.
Simulation of collision cascades and thermal spikes in ceramics

Abstract Classical molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to examine defect production by energetic recoils in UO 2 , Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 , Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and ZrSiO 4 . These atomistic simulations provide details of the nature and size distribution of defect clusters produced in collision cascades. The accommodation of recoil damage by lower energy cation exchange and greater occupation of anion structural vacancies is a contributing factor for the greater radiation tolerance of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 relative to Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 . In addition, electronic energy loss processes in UO 2 has been modeled in the form of a thermal spike to study the details of track formation and track structure. For thermal spikes with energy deposition of 4 keV/nm in UO 2 , a track was not formed and mainly isolated Frenkel pairs were produced.
A cross-shore model of barrier island migration over a compressible substrate

Abstract Barrier islands that overlie a compressible substrate, such as islands in deltaic environments or those that overlay mud or peat deposits, load and consolidate the underlying subsurface. Through time, the elevation and aerial extent of these islands are reduced, making them more susceptible to future inundation and overwash. Sand washed over the island and onto back-barrier marsh or into the bay or estuary begins the consolidation process on a previously non-loaded substrate, with time-dependent consolidation as a function of the magnitude of the load, duration of load, and characteristics of the substrate. The result is an increase in the overwash, migration, breaching, and segmentation of these islands. This research developed a two-dimensional (cross-shore) numerical model for evolution of a sandy barrier island that spans durations of years to decades as a function of erosion, runup, overwash, migration, and time-dependent consolidation of the underlying substrate as a function of loading by the island. The model was tested with field data and then applied to evaluate the effects of a compressible substrate on long-term barrier island evolution. Results illustrate that barrier islands overlying a compressible substrate are more likely to have reduced dune elevation due to consolidation, incur overall volumetric adjustment of the profile to fill in compressed regions outside the immediate footprint of the island, and experience increased overwash and migration when the dune reaches a critical elevation with respect to the prevalent storm conditions.
Impact of pretreatment with dilute sulfuric acid under moderate temperature on hydrolysis of corn stover with two enzyme systems.

Pretreatment of corn stover with dilute sulfuric acid at moderate temperature was investigated, and glucan digestibility by Cellic CTec2 and Celluclast on the pretreated biomass was compared. Pretreatments were carried out from 60 to 180 min at the temperature from 105 to 135 °C, with acid concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 % (w/v). Significant portion of xylan was removed during pretreatment, and the glucan digestibility by CTec2 was significantly better than that by Celluclast in all cases. Analysis showed that glucan digestibility by both two enzymes correlated directly with the extent of xylan removal in pretreatment. Confidence interval was built to give a more precise range of glucan conversion and to test the significant difference among pretreatment conditions. Response surface model was built to obtain the optimal pretreatment condition to achieve high glucan conversion after enzymatic hydrolysis. Considering the cost and energy savings, the optimal pretreatment condition of 1.75 % acid for 160 min at 135 °C was determined, and glucan conversion can achieve the range from 72.86 to 76.69 % at 95 % confidence level after enzymatic hydrolysis, making total glucan recovery up to the range from 89.42 to 93.25 %.
Vortex Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Amorphous Mo77Ge23 Films

We have investigated the effects of an applied current on the vortex dynamics in thin films of amorphous superconducting M${\mathrm{o}}_{77}$G${\mathrm{e}}_{23}$. At high currents, we see evidence of an ordering of the moving vortices in the flux flow regime. At lower currents and at very low temperatures, we see evidence of plastic and filamentary flow. We compare our data to recent theories of ordering and phase transitions in the moving vortex lattice.
SMALL‐SAMPLE EQUATING BY THE CIRCLE‐ARC METHOD

This paper suggests two new, related methods for estimating a test-score equating relationship from small samples of test takers. These methods do not require the estimated equating transformation to be linear. Instead, they constrain the estimated equating curve to pass through 2 prespecified end-points and a middle point determined from the data. Some preliminary results indicate that these methods outperform mean equating and other methods used for equating in small samples.
Accelerated 2D multi-slice first-pass contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion using through-time radial GRAPPA

Background Non-Cartesian parallel imaging is a promising approach for reducing the scan time in multi-slice first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging, allowing increasing volumetric coverage in comparison with standard techniques. Through-time radial GRAPPA has previously been demonstrated for real-time functional cardiac imaging [Seiberlich, et al. MRM 2011 Feb;65 (2):492-505]. In this work, the through-time radial GRAPPA technique is applied for the acquisition of fifteen slices per heartbeat during a contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion examination.
Effects of pergolide on intravenous cocaine self-administration in men and women

Clinical evidence suggests that pergolide, a D1/D2 dopamine receptor agonist, may be useful in maintaining cocaine abstinence. We investigated pergolide's effects in a laboratory model of IV cocaine self-administration by humans. Twelve inpatient volunteers (7M, 5F), who reported spending an average of $170/week on cocaine, received pergolide (0.05 mg BID) for 8 days and placebo for 8 days, with drug order balanced across subjects. Self-administration sessions occurred on the last 4 days of maintenance on each medication. A modified seven-trial progressive ratio choice procedure (0, 8, 16, 32 mg/70 kg cocaine versus $5) was utilized, with sessions consisting of: (a) two sample trials, where participants responded to receive the dose and tokens available that day, and (b) five choice trials, where participants chose between the available dose and tokens. Following each trial, the response requirement for the chosen option increased by 400. Maintenance on pergolide 1) decreased cocaine-induced increases in ratings of "High," "Stimulated," cocaine "Potency," estimates of street value, and heart rate, 2) increased ratings of "I want cocaine," and 3) had no effect on cocaine self-administration. The increased desire to use cocaine during pergolide maintenance suggests that it has limited treatment utility at this dose, but given the attenuation of cocaine's subjective and cardiovascular effects, an investigation of a wider range of pergolide doses on cocaine self-administration and subjective effects is warranted.
New anionic photoacid generator bound polymer resists for EUV lithography

A new series of functionalized anionic photoacid generators (PAGs) [methacrylate substituted benzene sulfonic PAGs (such as, NO2 PAG, CF3 PAG, and F4 FAG as reference)] and perfluoro alkanesulfonic PAG (MTFB PAG), as well as corresponding PAG bound polymeric resists (HS-EA-PAG) based on hydroxystyrene (HS) and 2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate (EA), were prepared and characterized. The acid generating efficiency of PAG bound polymers was in the range of 54−81%, which agrees well with the electron withdrawing effect of the substituents. With regard to the referenced F4 PAG bound polymer with 68% acid generating efficiency and our previously reported EUVL results of F4 PAG bound polymer photoresists, these new PAG bound polymers should be effective resists for EUV lithography.
A Unified Energy Field Theory of Physiology and Healing

The author describes his personal, professional path to an understanding of the need for western allopathic medicine to expand its current concepts of anatomy to include the human energy field, which is the foundation of Chinese and Indian medicine systems and of certain intuitive healers. This human energy field interacts with other ambient fields, including the fields of all other living organisms. Crucial to understanding the physiology of the human energy field is the role of the endocrine glands—in particular the pineal gland—which act as energy transducers. These glands/energy transducers convert external energy which impinges upon the human field in a variety of forms (eg sound, light, electromagnetism) into electrical and then chemical energy in the form of hormones and peptides. The author also suggests that expression of ‘relaxation hormones’ (eg anandamide, melatonin, beta-endorphin, the endogenous ligands of the benzodiazepene receptor) may occur when the brain is vibrating in alpha (8–12 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) wave frequencies. The unified energy field theory of physiology becomes a bridge to a new medical paradigm, an integrated medicine that unites eastern and western concepts of the human body, other systems of healing and wellness medicine. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium supplements: practical considerations.

The preferable source of calcium is a balanced diet, but medicinal supplements are sometimes necessary if patients are to reach desired intakes. A divided dose regimen (4x/d; i.e., with meals and at bedtime) results in substantially greater absorption of a supplement than does 1x/d dosing. However, differences in chemical solubility between supplement preparations are of little importance, with calcium carbonate preparations, for example, being absorbed as well or better than some much more highly soluble salts. Gastric acid is not necessary for absorption of even poorly soluble preparations, so long as they are taken with meals. Because typical patients exhibit a wide range of absorption efficiencies, it is desirable to assess absorption fraction before beginning a supplement regimen. (Some patients will need three times as large a dose as others to absorb the same amount of calcium.) Calcium intakes up to at least 62.5 mmol (2500 mg) are safe for virtually all patients.
U.S. Postlicensure safety surveillance for adolescent and adult tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccines: 2005-2007.

Abstract Background Pre-licensure clinical trials for two U.S. licensed tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines did not reveal any major safety concerns. However, routine use in large adolescent and adult populations could reveal rare and potentially serious adverse events (AEs). Methods To characterize reported AEs following Tdap vaccination and identify potential safety concerns warranting further evaluation, we analyzed data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) and assessed the frequency and proportions of AEs and reporting rates (reports per 100,000 vaccine doses distributed). Results A total of 2090 reports (7% were serious; 55% listed Tdap alone) involving Tdap vaccines were submitted to VAERS May 2005–June 2007. The crude reporting rate was 10.2 per 100,000 vaccine doses distributed. The median age of vaccinees was 22 years, and the female to male ratio was about 2 to 1. The majority of reports described common local and systemic signs and symptoms, such as injection site reactions, fever, and headache. Rarely reported AEs included myopericarditis, demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, Guillain–Barre Syndrome, syncope, encephalopathy/encephalitis, seizure, Bell's palsy, anaphylaxis, and thrombocytopenia. Conclusions Because adolescents and adults were not routinely vaccinated against pertussis in the past, this surveillance summary provides important – and reassuring – information about the use of Tdap in these age groups. Although subject to the limitations of passive surveillance, the findings of this VAERS review support the pre-licensure clinical trial data with regard to the safety of the U.S. licensed Tdap vaccines. Continued monitoring of clinically significant AEs that are temporally associated with Tdap vaccination and further assessment of such events using controlled observational studies may provide additional information about the safety of these vaccines.
The Link between Caregiver-Parent Relations and Children's Experiences in Daycare and at Home: What Does the Research Tell Us?.

The home‐daycare link has been attracting increasing attention among developmental researchers. The caregiver‐parent relationship has been specifically identified in this context as an important dimension in the complex ecology of daycare children. In the past two decades, research on the link between caregiver‐parent relations and children's experiences in daycare and at home has been accumulating. This paper critically reviews the literature on the implications of caregiver‐parent relationships for children in daycare and at home. The existing evidence regarding correlates and potential paths of influence in both contexts is reviewed. Methodological and conceptual problems in this literature are highlighted. Directions for future research are proposed.
The Road Ahead for the Affordable Care Act

The Supreme Court case on the ACA's constitutionality was the latest of many obstacles for health care reform. The next challenge comes with the November 6 elections. Until then, implementation continues, though the Court's ruling will result in some changes.
Family unpredictability, future discounting, and risk taking

Abstract Risk taking is predicted to vary with future discounting, as immediate rewards would be overvalued compared to those in the distant future. Degree of future discounting may be increased by unpredictability in the childhood environment. Here we assess relationships among risk taking, future discounting, the developmental environment, and biological factors, using surveys of 151 college students (19.2% men and 80.8% women; mean age 22.9). In structural equation models, environmental unpredictability had both direct and indirect effects on risk taking. Much but not all of its effect was mediated by future discounting.
In situ AFM study of amelogenin assembly and disassembly dynamics on charged surfaces provides insights on matrix protein self-assembly.

Because self-assembly of matrix proteins is a key step in hard tissue mineralization, developing an understanding of the assembly pathways and underlying mechanisms is likely to be important for successful hard tissue engineering. While many studies of matrix protein assembly have been performed on bulk solutions, in vivo these proteins are likely to be in contact with charged biological surfaces composed of lipids, proteins, or minerals. Here we report the results of an in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of self-assembly by amelogenin—the principal protein of the extracellular matrix in developing enamel—in contact with two different charged substrates: hydrophilic negatively charged bare mica and positively charged 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) silanized mica. First we demonstrate an AFM-based protocol for determining the size of both amelogenin monomers and oligomers. Using this protocol, we find that, although amelogenin exists primarily as ∼26 nm in diameter nanospheres in bulk solutio...
John Dewey's Theory of Practical Reasoning

(1999). John Dewey's Theory of Practical Reasoning. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 291-312.
Comparison of local-lesion and electron-microscope particle-count methods for assay of potato virus X from plants doubly infected by potato viruses X and Y☆

Abstract Evidence of large increases of potato virus X in plants also infected by potato virus Y was obtained by different methods of assay. Parallel assays by means of local lesions on plants of Gomphrena globosa and by electron-microscope particle counts were in agreement. Results of both methods showed that in tobacco plants simultaneously inoculated with both viruses the virus X concentration in extracted juice of the first noninoculated leaves to develop symptoms is up to ten times as great as in juice of comparable leaves infected with virus X alone. Smaller relative increases were recorded with juice from inoculated leaves and with juice from leaves in the chronic stage of the disease. A difference in virus content of doubly and singly infected plants was apparent early in the infection process. Parallel assays by the local-lesion method and by a serological method also were in agreement.
Interpretation of the echocardiographic pressure gradient across a pulmonary artery band in the setting of a univentricular heart.

Pulmonary artery (PA) banding has been established as a palliative surgical technique for congenital heart defects for over 50 years [1]. With the advent of earlier corrective surgery, the indications for PA banding have changed over time [2, 3]. Currently these include: (a) limitation of pulmonary blood flow in the setting of an excessive left-toright shunt; (b) regulation of pulmonary blood flow in the univentricular circulation; and (c) a training procedure for the left ventricle prior to conversion to the systemic pumping chamber (late presentation of D-transposition of the great arteries, or prior to a double-switch procedure with L-transposition).
Spermatic granuloma of vas deferens after vasectomy in rhesus monkeys and men: light and electron microscopic study.

Abstract Spermatic granuloma of the vas deferens is a common complication of vasectomy which has received scant morphologic study. This study investigated the light and electron microscopic structure of such granulomas detected in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and man after various modes of vasectomy and postoperative periods. Unilateral experimental vasectomy in monkeys was performed by either silk ligation or clasp occlusion; in 4 of 13 ligated animals and 5 of 5 clasp vasectomized animals granulomas developed at the site of vasectomy. In man, portions of the vas deferens were excised adjacent to the site of vasectomy preparatory to vasovasostomy. Of 5 patients studied, unilateral spermatic granulomas developed in 3. Such granulomas in both monkey and man were characterized by (1) masses of sperm surrounded by epithelioid cells and connective tissue, and (2) multiple epithelial-lined channels which often contained sperm and spermiophages. In both species, fine structural characteristics of the epithelium lining such channels closely resembled those of the principal cells of the normal vas. Spermiophagic cells included macrophages, epithelioid cells, and, in the monkey only, neutrophils. Lymphocytic invasion was a common feature of the human granulomas but was found only occasionally in the monkey granulomas. As a greater number of granulomas are studied in humans and monkeys, it is hoped that the processes underlying granuloma formation and the role of such granulomas in the development of complications after vasectomy will be clarified.
Evanescent sensing of biomolecules and cells

A technique using the evanescent field of tapered fibers is developed for rapid, convenient, and accurate sensing of biomolecules and cells using small volumes of analytes in the range of 150 μl. A tapered optical fiber was fabricated by heat pulling with a flame. A simple fiber-mounting device was developed to accommodate the optical fiber and provide a reaction chamber for analytes to interact with the tapered region. Using an analytical grade spectrofluorometer nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells at various concentrations were measured. A parameter, namely, the product of extinction coefficient and light path, is used to characterize detection sensitivity. Results from biomolecules and cells show that the sensitivity of the tapered fiber is at least an order of magnitude higher than that obtained in a cuvette arrangement.
Diseases Caused by Dematiaceous Fungal Pathogens as Potential Limiting Factors for Production of Bermudagrass on Swine Effluent Application Sites

Plant diseases that reduce the survival and productivity of forage crops on animal waste disposal sites may limit removal of waste-derived nutrients in harvested hay. However, no studies have documented the occurrence and importance of plant diseases on waste disposal sites in the southeastern USA. During 1998, symptoms of leaf, stem, crown, and root necrosis were observed in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on three swine waste disposal sites in Mississippi. Species of Exserohilum, Bipolaris, and Curvularia grew from 82 to 100% of leaf and stem tissues from symptomatic plants, and six species were identified among 266 isolates. E. rostratum (Drechs.) Leonard & Suggs and B. spicifera (Bainier) Subramanian were most frequent in samples from a severely diseased stand, and C. lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn and C. geniculata (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn were most frequent from moderately and slightly diseased stands. In inoculation experiments, E. rostratum was most virulent and caused extensive necrosis of bermudagrass leaves; B. stenospila (Drechs.) Shoemaker, B. cynodontis (Marignoni) Shoemaker, and B. spicifera were intermediate in virulence; and C. lunata and C. geniculata were least virulent. When samples of healthy and diseased bermudagrass from a severely diseased site were compared for forage production over three harvests in the greenhouse, mean dry matter yields of diseased grass were 37 to 52% of healthy yields. Results indicate that dematiaceous fungal diseases may cause stand decline and yield reduction of bermudagrass on swine effluent application sites, and that E. rostratum and Bipolaris spp. are the most damaging pathogens encountered to date.
Can the nutrient dynamics of a northern hardwood forest explain variation in its trophic structure

A time series of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillar) abundance and biomass in the northern hardwood forests of central New Hampshire, USA, shows large interannual fluctuations in aggregated caterpillar biomass (52-fold variation in mg caterpillars/ 8000 leaves) that were spatially correlated across a regional landscape. Primary production of these mature forests has not varied over this period, and many hundreds of Lepidoptera species share comparatively few host plants. Therefore, interannual changes in nutritional quality of even one host plant species may be capable of generating correlated population dynamics for many species in the Lepidoptera community. We tested the hypothesis that variation in soil nutrient availability influences foliar chemistry and ultimately produces a bottom-up force capable influencing the aggregated biomass of the forest's dominant herbivores. Over a period of four years, measures of nutritional quality for herbivores in three of the forest's four dominant understory tree species (Acer saccharum, Acer pensylvanicum, and Viburnum alnifolium) displayed considerable variation that was consistent across the landscape. Foliar nitrogen (N) content and two metrics of secondary metabolite concentration—total phenolics and condensed tannin—all varied by up to 20% among years. Resin bag extracts of NH4+, NO2- /NO3- and PO4+ showed soil mineral nutrient availability displayed six-fold variation that was consistent with the pattern in foliar N, and a whole tree in situ fertilization experimental manipulation produced rapid effects on foliar chemistry. Finally, variation in the forewing lengths of free-flying moths showed an interannual concordance among species within the group of early season feeders that was also consistent with patterns in foliar quality—suggesting collections of species experience correlated variations in larval growth performance.
Effect of changes in the outer structure of glycogen on the debranching activity of the transferase-glucosidase system☆

Abstract Limit dextrins of glycogen were prepared with phosphorylase and subsequently enlarged to a varying extent from glucose 1-phosphate. Incubation with oligo-1,4 → 1,4-glucantransferase-amylo-1,6-glucosidase resulted in inhibition of liberation of branch-point glucose which was parallel to the degree of enlargement. This effect was attributed to the addition of glucose units to the side chains of the limit dextrins as an expression of a more or less random action of phosphorylase. On the other hand, enlargement of limit dextrins from uridine diphosphate glucose resulted in structures having little or no addition of glucose units on the side chains, and these showed a decrease in iodine color after equilibration with phosphorylase. This is attributed to the fact that the side chains could act only as acceptors of glucose units during equilibration. A debranching enzyme prepared from A. aerogenes caused from 45 to 80% cleavage of the outer side chains of a limit dextrin, the extent of action depending on the average outer chain length. Prior debranching of a limit dextrin with this enzyme to the extent of 47%, had little effect on the initial yield of branch point glucose produced upon incubation with transferase-glucosidase. The possibility is considered that the limit dextrin contains uncovered branch-point glucose units.
A Cell for Resonance Raman Excitation with Lasers in Liquids

The experimental observation of the resonance Raman effect in solutions with laser excitation is restricted by the absorption of the sample. Due to the thermal lens effect it is not possible to get a sharp laser focus in highly absorbing media. Under ordinary circumstances one is required to compromise between absorption and emission of the scattered light—that means discovering optimal solution concentrations and suitable laser power or focusing conditions to get the smallest degradation of the laser beam.
The effect of SNCA 3′ region on the levels of SNCA -112 splicing variant

Genetic variability at the 3′ region of SNCA locus has been repeatedly associated with susceptibility to sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Accumulated evidence emphasizes the importance of SNCA dosage and expression levels in PD pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which the 3′ region of SNCA gene modulates the risk to develop sporadic PD remained elusive. We studied the effect of PD risk-associated variants at SNCA 3′ regions on SNCA112-mRNA (exon 5 in-frame skipping) levels in vivo in 117 neuropathologically normal, human brain frontal cortex samples. SNPs tagging the SNCA 3′ showed significant effects on the relative levels of SNCA112-mRNA from total SNCA transcripts levels. The “risk” alleles were correlated with increased expression ratio of SNCA112-mRNA from total. We provide evidence for functional consequences of PD-associated SNCA gene variants at the 3′ region, suggesting that genetic regulation of SNCA splicing plays an important role in the development of the disease. Further studies to determine the definite functional variant/s within SNCA 3′and to establish their association with PD pathology are necessary.
An alternative measure of intergenerational income mobility based on a random coefficient model

SUMMARY We propose an alternative measure of the degree to which income status is transmitted from one generation to another. Our indicator of intergenerational income mobility is based on a random coefficient model, which allows for variation in intergenerational mobility across families due to multiplicative unobserved family-specific characteristics. This alternative measure suggests that intergenerational income persistence is typically stronger than when intergenerational income mobility is measured using the standard elasticity of sons' income with respect to fathers' income. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operator Control Interface Configuration for Line-of-Sight Mobile Manipulation

Manipulator control interface development and optimization is a well researched topic covering both hardware and software implementations. Studies of this nature are intended to better understand the relationship between an operator and a teleoperated robotic platform. Few studies, however have conducted a systematic and statistical study of an operator's level of performance piloting a mobile manipulator platform in a line-of-sight, (LOS) situation based on the relationship between the degrees of freedom present on a controller and the degrees of freedom present on the robotic platform. This paper presents the development and results of different hardware controller interfaces for the ODIS-T2 mobile platform and an attached 4 degree of freedom manipulator, using both established and novel methodologies. Statistical results from operators' performance for each controller interface during line-of-sight operation along with operators' preferences and perceived workloads are used to make a conclusion with regards to the optimal controller configuration for the ODIS-T2 mobile manipulator platform.
A Search for Lyman-Alpha Emission in Beta Lyrae from Copernicus

High-resolution (0.2 A) spectrophotometric observations of the complex eclipsing binary beta Lyrae were obtained with the Princeton Telescope Spectrometer on the Copernicus satellite. We discuss the search for L-alpha emission in beta Lyrae and compare the Copernicus results with the OAO-2 observations of the same binary system. The possible L-alpha emission features observed from OAO-2 are identified as blends of the emission lines of other elements in the vicinity of L-alpha.
Assembling complete pole configurations for (over)constrained planar mechanisms

The complete pole configuration of a planar n-link mechanism having one instantaneous degree of mobility, possesses (3n-4)/2 independent poles determining (n-2)2/2 remaining poles of the configuration. The dependency is demonstrated through Desargues' Theorem and her generalizations. Simultaneously, pole configurations have been "elated" into three-dimensional point-lattices intersected by a plane. The insight obtained in these configurations allows the designer to find clues in building overconstrained linkage mechanisms meeting certain geometrical properties.
Effects of different liquid diets and sustained ethanol release on alcohol metabolism

Abstract The effects of two liquid diets, Sustacal and Shorey-AIN, on liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and ethanol clearance were tested in rats under conditions of high ethanol exposure for nine days. High blood ethanol levels (BEL) were produced through a combination of an initial intubated dose of ethanol, sustained ethanol release tube (SERT), and ethanol as 37% of total energy in the liquid diet. Under free-feeding conditions, rats consumed slightly more ethanol per unit body weight in the Shorey-AIN diet, a diet formulated for rodent nutrition, than in the Sustacal diet, a diet originally intended for human consumption. However, BEL were significantly higher in the Sustacal group than in the Shorey-AIN group. No differences in ethanol clearance rates were observed between the groups. On the other hand, total liver ADH activity was significantly reduced in both the Shorey AIN/ethanol and the Sustacal/ethanol groups, compared to lab chow controls. When the Sustacal diet was fortified with casein and methionine so that the protein content matched that of the Shorey AIN diet, the BEL were no longer significantly higher than those produced by the Shorey AIN/ethanol diet. The results demonstrate the effect of nutritional factors on BEL under conditions of high ethanol load. However, these factors do not appear to alter major characteristics of ethanol metabolism and clearance in our short-term experiments.
Solution to line loading of a semi-infinite solid in gradient elasticity

A semi-infinite elastic solid subjected to line loading is considered with higher order boundary conditions is utilized to obtain a general solution in terms of Fourier integral transforms for a symmetrical line loading with prescribed normal tractions. The boundary conditions are obtained by variational method and shown that they differ from the boundary conditions reported in the literature for the simple theory. Closed form solutions are then obtained for a concentrated normal force (the Flamant problem), for constant normal traction, and a typical Hertzian normal traction distribution from classical elasticity. It is verified that undesirable displacement singularity predicted by classical elasticity in the Flamant problem is eliminated by the gradient elasticity solution. The solution for constant normal tractions also illustrate the capability of gradient elasticity to predict size effect by taking into account the effect of micro-structure, which classical elasticity does not adequately describe.
ROLE OF GOLGI APPARATUS IN MUCILAGE PRODUCTION AND CYST FORMATION IN EUGLENA GRACILIS (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)1

Dark grown cells of Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z Pringsheim) encyst when placed in minus nitrogen media for 48–72 h in the dark. The number of cisternae per dictyosome decreases from 10–20 to 6–12 during encystment. Cisternae dilate and fill with mucilage within 12–18 h after induction. The material is secreted into the reservoir and deposited onto the cell surface. The encysting cells rotate as they develop resulting in the deposition of a thick mucilaginous layer over the cell surface. The secretion product has been identified as polysaccharide with the periodic acid-silver methenamine reaction. Mucilage has not been observed in the endoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the pellicle. The product present in the dictyosornes and on the cell surface react identically to the silver reagent.
Structure of Fab' New at 6 A resolution.

The structure of human immunoglobulin Fab′ fragment has been elucidated at a resolution of 6 A. There are two globular subunits, which presumably correspond to the variable and constant regions of the heavy and light polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins
Calcific tendinitis of the long head of the biceps brachii distal to the glenohumeral joint: plain film radiographic findings

Calcific tendinitis is a painful condition related to deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals; it favors large joints. The shoulder, specifically the tendons of the rotator cuff and the insertion of the long head of the biceps on the superior glenoid rim, is a well-recognized location for this abnormality. The purpose of this article is to describe a second site of calcific tendinitis of the biceps, distal to the joint and corresponding to the junction of the tendon and muscle. Radiographs in 119 cases of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, obtained between 1980 and 1988, were reviewed. Twenty had calcific tendinitis in the region of the tendon of the long head of the biceps (nine at the glenoid insertion and 11 adjacent to the humeral shaft). All 11 patients with calcific tendinitis at the more distal site had a small, homogeneous deposit adjacent to the proximal humeral shaft. The densities in these 11 cases followed the normal course of the tendon of the long head of the biceps and were therefore medial to the proximal humeral shaft on the internal rotation view, lateral to the proximal humeral shaft on the external rotation view, and anterior to the proximal humeral shaft on the axillary projection. The major differential diagnosis of calcific tendinitis of the tendon of the long head of the biceps is loose bodies trapped in the biceps tendon sheath. Although the position of the soft-tissue densities in these two entities is similar, loose bodies have an appearance of bone, and their source (degenerative arthritis or recurrent dislocations) is usually apparent. A site of calcific tendinitis distal to the glenohumeral joint that is detectable on plain films is reviewed. Accurate diagnosis depends on understanding the anatomy of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. The clinical charts of the 11 patients also are summarized, with emphasis on the association between the roentgen finding and bicipital tendinitis and impingement syndrome.
Optical Spectroscopy for In Vivo Estimation of Hemodynamics and Structural Properties of the Brain

A non-contact optical spectroscopy system was developed, using a wide-field illumination, to study the human brain in vivo. The optical signal recorded from a point on the exposed brain surface using this new system was a fraction of the total reflectance RTm(?). The system was designed to be used in conjunction with a reflectance standard with known optical properties in order to convert RTm(?) to the absolute total reflectance RTA(?). Furthermore, a new Monte-Carlo -based spectral interpretation algorithm was developed to retrieve hemodynamic and structural properties from RTA(?). Specifically, the algorithm was able to produce the ratio of the absorption and reduced scattering spectra (i.e., ?a(?)/?s'(?)), the level of hemoglobin oxygenation, and the scattering power. . A reflectance standard that can be used in conjunction with the non-contact spectroscopy system for in vivo measurements of RTA(?) was also developed. The system is currently used in the in vivo studies of pediatric brain tumors and epileptic lesions.
Bilateral Transfer: The Effects of Practice on the Transfer of Complex Dance Movement Patterns

Abstract The customary teaching methodology for dance classes is for the teacher to demonstrate the simple or complex motor pattern on the right side and for the students to practice and perform it on the right side. Then, without practice, the students perform the movement on the left side. This experiment tested the effects of practice on the bilateral transfer of complex movement patterns by having subjects learn two complex dance movement sequences in eight treatment conditions (a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design using naive and experienced ability, side preference and transfer of one-trial learning versus practice). An ANOVA yielded significant main effects for transfer (practice) and for side preference (non-preferred to preferred side). The implication for dance is that, intuitively, teachers have been correct in expecting students to bilaterally transfer complex movements which they have learned. However, teachers should teach to the nonpreferred side (i.e., the left side) to maximize learning through b...