cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of a Mathematical Model for Drug Distribution in Mammals

Previous work by Bischoff and Brown (1)(hereafter called I) was devoted to the beginning development of a mathematical model that could be used to simulate the transport behavior of the circulatory system. The major ultimate application of interest will be to predict the transport, diffusion, and reactions of drugs introduced into the circulatory system. Teorell (2) was an early worker to attempt this, but due to lack of computational facilities at the time, extensive calculations could not be made. Only a few regions of the body were considered: drug depot (intramuscular regions, etc.) blood volume, kidney (etc.) elimination, tissues, and tissue inactivation. Some effort was made to choose the parameters for the various regions so that they were based on known physiological information, but again this could not be carried too far.
Making the List—Your First Cut

The time has come to make your preliminary list of residencies. This is a working document that you will review and revise many times over the next few months. At this stage, it should be long and unfocused. It will include programs located near your medical school and programs far away. It should have highly competitive dream programs, intermediate ones, and some generally overlooked options as well. This list will be your first cut, but not your last. This is the list you will use to gather information, request brochures, and submit applications.
Encounters in Avalanche Country: A History of Survival in the Mountain West, 1821–1920. By Diana L. Di Stefano. (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2013. Pp. x, 171. $34.95.)

In this study, the author argues that the unique threat of avalanches forced westerners at high elevation to share information, resources, and risks in order to survive in the Mountain West. This s...
Genetic resistance to lethal flaviviral encephalitis

The replication of Banzi virus, a flavivirus, was comparedin vitro andin vivo in tissues of congenic mice genetically resistant (C3H/RV) or genetically susceptible (C3H/He) to lethal infection. Ultrastructural changes in brains of resistant and susceptible adult mice following intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation of virus also were compared.
Reflections on the Assumptions and Foundations of Work in Environmental Psychology

In my teaching, a frequent admonition to students when they are reviewing literature is that they consider the authors’ implicit and explicit assumptions as a way of understanding its origins, methodologies, and interpretations. This is not a simple task and is even more difficult when applied to one’s own work. However, at this stage in the development of environment-behavior studies some reflection by researchers on the underpinnings of our work can be valuable both to ourselves and the field with which we identify.
Multi-modal pain management for total knee replacement

Abstract Multi-modal pain management is probably the most important method adopted in past 10 years to improve post-operative recovery of total knee replacement patients. The goal is to provide sufficient pain relief to perform rehabilitation, while minimizing side effects from the treatment. A reduction in narcotic use will lessen side effects such as sedation, nausea, vomiting, ileus, urinary retention, and respiratory depression. Medications, nerve blocks, and peri-articular injections are directed toward the brain, dorsal root ganglia, and peripheral nerves. Improved post-operative recovery can be achieved lessening hospital stays and facilitate outpatient surgery. The author's current method of multi-modal pain management is described.
Canadian Hypertension Education Program Recommends the Use of Nonfasting Lipid Panels for Routine Laboratory Workup

Hypertension is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).2 Assessment of lipids, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and other CVD risk factors in this patient population is an essential component of disease management. The use of nonfasting samples for lipid panels has been a matter of ongoing debate. In 2009, Denmark was the first to use nonfasting lipid panels for routine testing based on recommendations from the Danish Society for Clinical Biochemistry. Although the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines preferred fasting samples for routine lipid panels, the choice of specimen type was left to the clinician's discretion. Recently, the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) made a strong …
Minimal Realizations of Nonlinear Systems

In this paper we shall describe some recent results that we have obtained on the existence and uniqueness of minimal realizations of finite-dimensional autonomous nonlinear systems• A detailed presentation of these results, with complete proofs and a precise specification of technical assumptions will be given elsewhere (cf. Sussmann 4-and 5). Here we shall limit ourselves to a general outline, and we shall attempt to emphasize the importance of the differential-geometric method which, in our opinion, goes far beyond its mere use as a tool for proving theorems. We believe that, in addition to this important role, the use of Differential Geometry in Systems Theory has other advantages, namely, that it can provide a good framework for the theory, and that it can suggest what are the appropriate questions to be asked, and what kind of answers one should “naturally” expect. Finally, the interaction of Geometry and Systems Theory can also be fruitful by raising interesting mathematical questions and by leading to results in Geometry, as illustrated by Sussmann 1,2 and 3.
Power system distributed dynamic state prediction

The security of the power system can be enhanced with the prediction of the dynamic state variables. To increase the security, a distributed predictor is developed based on the Elman Recurrent Neural Network (ERNN) in this study. To develop a scalable distributed predictor, the whole network is divided in a number of ERNNs. They take the current and the previous actual states from its own and its neighbors to predict the near future values of the states. The concept is inspired from the Cellular Computational Network (CCN) framework. Each ERNN is a cell in the CCN framework. Through simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed network is shown for a single step and a multi-step predictor and their accuracies are analyzed for IEEE 68-bus system.
Donor-Specific Antibodies in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Donor-specific antibodies have become an established biomarker predicting antibody-mediated rejection. Antibody-mediated rejection is the leading cause of graft loss after kidney transplant. There are several phenotypes of antibody-mediated rejection along post-transplant course that are determined by the timing and extent of humoral response and the various characteristics of donor-specific antibodies, such as antigen classes, specificity, antibody strength, IgG subclasses, and complement binding capacity. Preformed donor-specific antibodies in sensitized patients can trigger hyperacute rejection, accelerated acute rejection, and early acute antibody-mediated rejection. De novo donor-specific antibodies are associated with late acute antibody-mediated rejection, chronic antibody-mediated rejection, and transplant glomerulopathy. The pathogeneses of antibody-mediated rejection include not only complement-dependent cytotoxicity, but also complement-independent pathways of antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity and direct endothelial activation and proliferation. The novel assay for complement binding capacity has improved our ability to predict antibody-mediated rejection phenotypes. C1q binding donor-specific antibodies are closely associated with acute antibody-mediated rejection, more severe graft injuries, and early graft failure, whereas C1q nonbinding donor-specific antibodies correlate with subclinical or chronic antibody-mediated rejection and late graft loss. IgG subclasses have various abilities to activate complement and recruit effector cells through the Fc receptor. Complement binding IgG3 donor-specific antibodies are frequently associated with acute antibody-mediated rejection and severe graft injury, whereas noncomplement binding IgG4 donor-specific antibodies are more correlated with subclinical or chronic antibody-mediated rejection and transplant glomerulopathy. Our in-depth knowledge of complex characteristics of donor-specific antibodies can stratify the patient’s immunologic risk, can predict distinct phenotypes of antibody-mediated rejection, and hopefully, will guide our clinical practice to improve the transplant outcomes.
Evaluating the performance of very weak subgrade soils treated/stabilized with cementitious materials for sustainable pavements

Abstract This paper presents the results of laboratory tests that were conducted to determine the proper treatment/stabilization recipe of very weak subgrade soils at high moisture contents, and to evaluate the corresponding performance-related properties [e.g., the resilient modulus and permanent deformation] for use in the design of sustainable pavement structures. Four different subgrade soil types of different plasticity indices were considered in this study. Three different moisture contents were selected at the wet-side of optimum that correspond to a raw soil strength value of 172 kPa (25 psi) or less. All the soils were treated with different combinations of class C fly ash (or Portland cement type I) and hydrated lime to achieve a 7-day target strength values of 345 kPa (50 psi) to create a working platform and 690 kPa (100 psi) to stabilize the subgrade for subbase application. Repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests were performed on laboratory molded specimens to evaluate their resilient modulus and permanent deformation behavior under cyclic loading. The AASHTO T-307 procedure was followed in this study to conduct the resilient modulus tests. A good correlation was observed between the water/additive ratio and the resilient modulus/permanent deformation, such that the soil specimens prepared at low water/additive ratio showed better performance than those prepared at high water/additive ratio. The results of laboratory tests showed that the use of direct correlation between unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and resilient modulus for cementitiously treated/stabilized soils can be misleading.
The Soft Tissue Profile, Growth And Treatment Changes

Abstract No Abstract Available. *The author gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Dr. B. Holly Broadbent in making available serial cephalometric films from the files of the Bolton Fund, Western Reserve University.
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Storms

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is a potentially life-threatening complication of many acute neurologic disorders. It manifests with hypertension, tachyarrhythmias, hyperthermia, and hyperhidrosis. It may lead to intracranial hemorrhage, myocardial injury, fatal tachyarrhythmias, and neurogenic pulmonary edema. Common causes include head trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain stem lesions, autonomic dysreflexia, Guillain–Barre syndrome, and drug intoxication. Potential mechanisms include limbic seizures, activation of hypothalamic or brain stem sympathoexcitatory areas, segmental sympathetic reflexes, baroreflex failure, and activation of peripheral adrenergic receptors. Sympathetic hyperactivity should be managed in an intensive care unit. Management includes recognition and management of triggering factors such as pain. Drugs should be used with caution.
Quantal Density Functional Theory of the Density Amplitude

The Quantal density functional theory (Q-DFT) mapping from a system of electrons in an external electrostatic field in any state as described by Schrodinger theory to one of noninteracting bosons in their ground state but with the same density is described. The corresponding Schrodinger equation of the model bosons is for the density amplitude, with the sole eigenvalue being the negative of the ionization potential. Via the ‘Quantal Newtonian’ first law for the model system, the local potential representative of the many-body effects in this equation is the work done in a conservative effective field. The field is the sum of a component representative of electron correlations due to the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Coulomb repulsion, and another of Correlation-Kinetic effects—the difference between these effects for the interacting fermionic and noninteracting bosonic systems. The corresponding components of the total energy are expressed in integral virial form in terms of the respective fields. The traditional density functional theory definitions of these energies and potentials in terms of energy functionals of the density and their functional derivatives are given. The Levy-Perdew-Sahni definition of the local potential in terms of the wave function written as the product of a marginal and conditional probability amplitude is derived. The maps to the model systems of noninteracting bosons and fermions having the same density are related by the Pauli potential and Pauli kinetic energy. By Q–DFT, it is shown that these energies are not a consequence of the Pauli principle but rather a consequence of kinetic effects of the model systems. The Q–DFT definitions of these energies is given. Finally, the mapping to the model of noninteracting bosons is shown to be a special case of that to noninteracting fermions.
“Performing Wom[e]n” and the Gendered National Imagination: An Exploration of Shyam Benegal's Sardari Begum

Focusing on the eponymous Shyam Benegal film, Sardari Begum (1996), with intermittent reference as well to his Bhumika (The Role; 1976) and Mandi (Marketplace; 1983), this essay explores the relati...
Preoptic leptin signaling modulates energy balance independent of body temperature regulation

The adipokine leptin acts on the brain to regulate energy balance but specific functions in many brain areas remain poorly understood. Among these, the preoptic area (POA) is well known to regulate core body temperature by controlling brown fat thermogenesis, and we have previously shown that glutamatergic, long-form leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing neurons in the POA are stimulated by warm ambient temperature and suppress energy expenditure and food intake. Here we further investigate the role of POA leptin signaling in body weight regulation and its relationship to body temperature regulation in mice. We show that POA Lepr signaling modulates energy expenditure in response to internal energy state, and thus contributes to body weight homeostasis. However, POA leptin signaling is not involved in ambient temperature-dependent metabolic adaptations. Our study reveals a novel cell population through which leptin regulates body weight.
THE NATURE AND INFLUENCE OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING DURING THE NEW SOUTH MOVEMENT: THE CASE OF A CHARLESTON PRINTER*

This paper investigated the accounting system of Walker Evans & Cogswell, a printing company in Charleston, South Carolina, in order to ascertain the nature and influence of management accounting during the New South Movement. Through archival analysis, the accounting techniques used by the Company were found to be effective management tools for planning and control during the period in which the Southern economy was transformed from agrarian to manufacturing. The findings raise new questions about existing studies on nineteenth century managerial accounting, especially for the printing industry.
Hospitality Real Estate: A Relevant Hospitality Course

(1995). Hospitality Real Estate: A Relevant Hospitality Course. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 31-35.
The Influence of Various Body Fluids and pH on E. Coli MIC of Quinolone Derivatives

Great efforts have been made to treat chronic bacterial prostatitis but the results have been disappointing, possibly due to poor drug penetration in the prostate (9, 10).
Microarray Assistant clone organizer and array simulator

Microarrays are extensively used in molecular biology experiments. While several vendors offer microarrays on a variety of platforms, many researchers prefer to use custom microarrays with a select...
The evolving impact of violent non-state actors on North African foreign policies during the Arab Spring: insurgent groups, terrorists and foreign fighters

This article explores the evolving foreign policy influence of three violent non-state actors – insurgent groups, terrorist organisations and foreign fighters – in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco an...
Evaluation of a drug and alcohol safety education program in aviation using interrupted time series and the Kirkpatrick framework

Abstract Compliance with drug and alcohol regulations are required by 14 CFR Part 120/ and 49 CFR Part 40. These regulations affect approximately 7200 aviation-related companies and their associated services. Consequences for noncompliance can include loss of revenue from imposition of civil penalties, suspension, or revocation of the company’s certificate to conduct business. Front End Analysis (FEA) was conducted to determine specific performance problems and provide five tailored educational interventions to address them. Program evaluation was conducted using Interrupted Time Series (ITS) modeling. Results showed significant (p
U1 snRNP Telescripting: Suppression of Premature Transcription Termination in Introns as a New Layer of Gene Regulation

Recent observations showed that nascent RNA polymerase II transcripts, pre-mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs are highly susceptible to premature 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation (PCPA) from numerous intronic cryptic polyadenylation signals (PASs). The importance of this in gene regulation was not previously appreciated as PASs, despite their prevalence, were thought to be active in terminal exons at gene ends. Unexpectedly, antisense oligonucleotide interference with U1 snRNA base-pairing to 5' splice sites, which is necessary for U1 snRNP's (U1) function in splicing, caused widespread PCPA in metazoans. This uncovered U1's PCPA suppression activity, termed telescripting, as crucial for full-length transcription in thousands of vertebrate genes, providing a general role in transcription elongation control. Progressive intron-size expansion in metazoan evolution greatly increased PCPA vulnerability and dependence on U1 telescripting. We describe how these observations unfolded and discuss U1 telescripting's role in shaping the transcriptome.
Project-Based Inquiry (PBI) Global in Kindergarten Classroom: Inquiring About the World

In the current article, two kindergarten teachers and two university researchers explain how 45 kindergarten students collaboratively engaged in a specific inquiry approach called Project-Based Inquiry (PBI) Global. PBI Global consists of five-phases: (a) ask a compelling question, (b) gather and analyse sources, (c) creatively synthesize claims and evidences, (d) critically evaluate and revise, and (e) share, publish, and act. The teachers were in a master’s degree program that led to K-12 reading certification. The PBI Global was an assignment in the course, New Literacies and Media. Specifically, the teacher team addressed the question: How can teachers use inquiry and digital tools to teach global awareness with kindergarten students? Applying the PBI Global process, the teachers used the book, Same Same but Different (Kostecki-Shaw and Adam, 2015) as an anchor text to students’ exploration of the five senses through different cultural artifacts. Additionally, the kindergarten students utilized Flipgrids to explain their findings for an authentic audience of parents and community members. The article concludes with lessons learned about implementing the process and implications for other kindergarten teachers who may be interested in inquiry-based learning.
A quasilinear complexity algorithm for the numerical simulation of scattering from a two-dimensional radially symmetric potential

Abstract Standard solvers for the variable coefficient Helmholtz equation in two spatial dimensions have running times which grow at least quadratically with the wavenumber k. Here, we describe a solver which applies only when the scattering potential is radially symmetric but whose running time is O ( k log ⁡ ( k ) ) in typical cases. We also present the results of numerical experiments demonstrating the properties of our solver, the code for which is publicly available.
Quantifying Inter- and Intra-Observer Variability of Atlasing in Optical Intrinsic Signal Imaging

Aligning neuroimaging datasets to an “atlas” is a key step in analysis. We quantify the variability in atlasing arising from manual landmark selection. We propose an improved method using a “scout” image and demonstrate improvements.
Interstitial Cystitis or Painful Bladder Syndrome in a Premenopausal Female Precipitated by Oral Combined Contraceptives.

It has been well documented that female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of various autoimmune diseases. While the reason for this has been debated, one well-regarded theory is that increased estrogen and decreased testosterone play a role in this predisposition. Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome (PBS), is an autoimmune disorder that affects over nine million women in the United States. It presents with pelvic and bladder pain and urinary symptoms, both of which significantly and negatively affect the quality of life. Even so, very few studies have examined the pathophysiologic relationship between autoimmune disorders and hormonal contraceptives. In this report, we present a case of IC likely precipitated by oral contraceptives (OCPs) in a premenopausal female. Shortly after beginning OCPs, this patient developed symptoms of severe pelvic pain and increased urinary frequency. Over the course of a year, the patient was diagnosed and treated for a variety of conditions, such as urinary tract infection (UTI), fungal vaginitis, and nephrolithiasis. After consultation with a gynecologist, a normal abdominal CT scan, and unsuccessful cystoscopy due to pain, she was finally diagnosed with IC. The patient independently learned of a potential link between hormonal contraceptive pills and IC and decided to discontinue this method of birth control. Following this, her symptoms completely resolved within several months. The timing of her initiation and discontinuation of OCPs, alongside her symptomatology, suggest a connection to the development of IC. A literature review was performed, which supports this association. We, therefore, highlight this case as an important example of IC precipitated by OCPs.
Robust RNA-seq data analysis using an integrated method of ROC curve and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test

It is a common approach to dichotomize a continuous biomarker in clinical setting for the convenience of application. Analytically, results from using a dichotomized biomarker are often more reliab...
In chocolate we trust: The Hershey company town unwrapped, by Peter Kurie

Known as “the sweetest place on Earth,” Hershey, Pennsylvania, is central to the ethnography In Chocolate We Trust by Peter Kurie. The aim of the book is to explore the ways in which the Milton Her...
An Ethical Rabbit Hole: Model Rule 4.4, Intentional Interference with Former Employee Non-Disclosure Agreements and the Threat of Disqualification, Part I & Part II

The Model Rule 4.4 prohibition on the use of methods of obtaining evidence that violate the rights of third parties can be read to prohibit the informal questioning of a former employee with a non-disclosure agreement to advance a proposed or pending lawsuit, as this may constitute the tort of intentional interference with contract. The use of non-disclosure agreements is proliferating and, although actual tort liability in this context has hardly ever been litigated, it is easy to strategically use this tort to allege an ethical violation that can be the basis of a disqualification motion. The threat of such disqualification can severely chill such informal discovery as considerable attorney’s fees may be at stake. However, it is far from clear that such conduct by lawyers would really either subject them to tort liability or produce a breach of an enforceable contract. This legal uncertainty creates an “ethical rabbit hole.” Part I of this Article shows that the tort of intentional interference with contract is still evolving and shows considerable variation across jurisdictions along such elements as the knowledge required for intentional conduct and the litigation privilege. Although there are excellent arguments to suggest that lawyers should not be liable for such conduct, the possibility of such liability cannot be conclusively ruled out in many jurisdictions. In Part II of this Article, the analysis turns to the underlying non-disclosure agreement. It is argued that, as employers seek to extend non-disclosure agreements beyond information usually viewed as proprietary under the law to limit informal discovery of employer wrong-doing, serious public policy questions about the legitimate scope and enforceability of such agreements are raised. Finally, the question of whether such conduct should be viewed as unethical is addressed. I criticize the possible use of a rarely asserted and unpredictable tort to define ethical conduct as an improper and imprudent delegation of our professional power. Burdening informal discovery with a threat of disqualification will allow wrongdoing to be buried by employee confidentiality agreements. Legal ethics has a responsibility to enhance the possibility that justice can be achieved and must ensure that the rules of legal ethics do not undermine that effort.
Bulbar urethrocavernous fistula in setting of inflatable penile prosthesis: a case report

Urethral injury or erosion of an inflatable penile prosthetic (IPP) cylinder is a rare complication of IPP placement. It can present with varying symptoms and management can be difficult with risk for future complications. We present a patient with an eroded IPP who developed a secondary contralateral urethrocavernous fistula requiring repeat urethroplasty. We also describe the literature surrounding these complications and strategies to prevent them. A 69-year-old man with poorly controlled diabetes presented to our clinic with 6 months of intermittent white urethral discharge first noted after IPP removal and replacement by an outside urologist for device malfunction. Office cystoscopy revealed an eroded right-sided prosthetic cylinder in the bulbar urethra. The patient was taken to the operating room for IPP explantation with closure of right corporal defect, left sided malleable prosthesis placement, and primary excision with anastomosis of his bulbar urethra. A catheter was left in place for two weeks postoperatively, at which time a peri-catheter retrograde urethrogram was performed which showed no evidence of contrast extravasation and his catheter was subsequently removed. Several months later, he presented with recurrent urethral discharge without evidence of recurrent erosion on cystoscopy with development of scrotal abscesses following office cystoscopy, concerning for an unidentified urethral defect. He returned to the operating room for scrotal exploration and was noted on cystoscopy to have a pinpoint fistula between his left corporal body and his bulbar urethra. He underwent left sided malleable prosthetic explant, and non-transecting bulbar urethroplasty. Peri-catheter retrograde urethrogram two weeks later showed no contrast extravasation and he has had no recurrence of urethral discharge or scrotal abscesses since. Urethral erosion and urethrocavernous fistula formation are rare complications of penile prosthesis placement. Risks are elevated in patients with corporal fibrosis, diabetes, those undergoing penile implant revision surgery, and those requiring prolonged urethral catheterization.
Toxicity of sodium nitrite-based vertebrate pesticides for European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

In the 21st century, invasive animals rank second only to habitat destruction as the greatest threat to global biodiversity. Socially-acceptable and cost-effective strategies are needed to reduce the negative economic and environmental impacts of invasive animals. We investigated the potential for sodium nitrite (SN; CAS 7632-00-0) to serve as an avian toxicant for European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.). We also assessed the non-target hazard of an experimental formulation of SN that is being developed as a toxicant for invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa L.). In gavage experiments with European starlings, we identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for mortality of 2.40% technical SN (w/v; 120 mg SN/kg body mass) and a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for mortality of 1.30% technical SN (65 mg/kg). The exposure of ten starlings to the experimental formulation of SN (10% SN pig toxicant) resulted in one starling mortality during four days of exposure to the toxic bait. Sodium nitrite toxicity presented a moderate hazard to European starlings; thus, the future development of SN as an avian toxicant is dependent upon its cost-effectiveness. We discuss the management of toxic effects and non-target hazards of SN for wild birds, including best practices for toxic baiting of vertebrate pests and management of invasive wild pigs.
The scale matters: assessing body size with figure rating scales in a diverse sample of young adults

To explore intersectional differences in weight perception accuracy in a diverse sample of young adults using CDC-defined weight status labels and four separate figure rating scales (FRS). This cross-sectional study of 322 18–25-year-olds with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18.5 to 57.2 (MBMI = 26.01, SD = 6.46) enrolled participants as part of a larger university subject pool cohort in the U.S. MidSouth. Height and weight measurements were obtained. Participants (55% Black, 45% white; 74% female) selected images that best represented their current body size using four FRS and described their weight perception using five labels from “very underweight” to “very overweight/obese”. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to compare variability in classification of weight status by FRS and weight perception category across gender and race. Area under the curve (AUC) statistics indicated all scales were significantly better at classifying weight status than chance. Among Black females and Black males, the culturally adapted scale had the strongest discriminatory ability [(AUC = 0.93, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.89–0.97) and (AUC = 0.93, SE = 0.04, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.86–1.00), respectively]. Among white females, the silhouette scale had the strongest discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.93, SE = .03, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.88–0.99). Among white males, the photo-based scale had the strongest discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.84, SE = 0.06, p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.71–0.96). Across all groups, weight perception labels were the weakest classifier of weight status. Weight perception labels are an ineffective method of assessing weight status and FRS accuracy varies by race and gender, suggesting the value of gender- and culturally tailored scales. Level III. Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
Monotonicity-Based Symbolic Control for Safety in Driving Scenarios

We use a monotonicity-based approach to design a safety controller in two realistic driving situations: a vehicle-following scenario and an unprotected left turn scenario. For each scenario we construct a symbolic abstraction of the system and efficiently synthesize a safety controller by exploiting the monotonicity property of the dynamics. We show how monotonicity property makes it possible to deal with complex scenarios, such as the vehicle following scenario with safe impact and left turn scenario, while handling model uncertainty.
Predictive coding across the left fronto-temporal hierarchy during language comprehension

We used MEG and ERPs to track the time-course and localization of evoked activity produced by expected, unexpected plausible and implausible words during incremental language comprehension. We interpret the full pattern of evoked responses and functional connectivity within a hierarchical predictive coding framework in which evoked activity reflects residual information (error) that is passed up and down the cortical hierarchy. Between 300-500ms, the three conditions produced progressively larger responses within left temporal cortex (lexico-semantic prediction error), while implausible inputs produced a selectively enhanced response within left inferior frontal cortex (event-level prediction error). Between 600-1000ms, unexpected plausible words activated left inferior frontal and middle temporal cortices (feedback activity that induced top-down shifts of event-level and lexico-semantic representations), while highly implausible inputs activated posterior fusiform and medial temporal cortices, supporting orthographic reanalysis and new learning. Therefore, predictive coding may provide a unifying theory that links language comprehension to other domains of cognition.
What drives climate

Variation in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is usually taken to be the main cause of climate change on geological timescales. The apparent exceptions to the link threaten to undermine that view.
Manipulation of Independent Synthesis and Degradation of Polyphosphate in Escherichia coli for Investigation of Phosphate Secretion from the Cell

The genes involved in polyphosphate metabolism in Escherichia coli were cloned behind different inducible promoters on separate plasmids. The gene coding for polyphosphate kinase (PPK), the enzyme responsible for polyphosphate synthesis, was placed behind the Ptac promoter. Polyphosphatase, a polyphosphate depolymerase, was similarly expressed by using the arabinose-inducible PBAD promoter. The ability of cells containing these constructs to produce active enzymes only when induced was confirmed by polyphosphate extraction, enzyme assays, and RNA analysis. The inducer concentrations giving optimal expression of each enzyme were determined. Experiments were performed in which ppk was induced early in growth, overproducing PPK and allowing large amounts of polyphosphate to accumulate (80 mumol in phosphate monomer units per g of dry cell weight). The ppx gene was subsequently induced, and polyphosphate was degraded to inorganic phosphate. Approximately half of this polyphosphate was depleted in 210 min. The phosphate released from polyphosphate allowed the growth of phosphate-starved cells and was secreted into the medium, leading to a down-regulation of the phosphate-starvation response. In addition, the steady-state polyphosphate level was precisely controlled by manipulating the degree of ppx induction. The polyphosphate content varied from 98 to 12 mumol in phosphate monomer units per g of dry cell weight as the arabinose concentration was increased from 0 to 0.02% by weight.
Optimal Selling in Dynamic Auctions: Information versus Commitment

This paper analyzes optimal selling strategies of a monopolist facing forward-looking patient unit-demand bidders in a sequential auction-market. Such a seller faces a fundamental choice between two selling regimes: adaptive selling which involves learning about remaining demand from early prices, and commitment selling which foregoes such learning and makes all selling decisions in the beginning of the game. A model of the game between the seller and the bidders is proposed to characterize the optimal regime-choice. The model implies that the relative profitability of the two regimes depends on the expected gains from trade: when the expected gains from trade are low, commitment dominates adaptation and vice versa.
Erläuterungen zum mechanischen Teil

Der tragende Teil des Triebfahrzeuges ist der Bodenrahmen (der Hauptrahmen). Auf diesem sind Aufbauten, wie Fuhrerstande und Seitenwande, angeordnet. Das Ganze bildet oft zusammen eine selbsttragende geschweisste Einheit, den Kasten.
Examining Antecedents to Supply Chain Security Effectiveness: An Exploratory Study

In recent years there has been increasing emphasis on managing risk and security in supply chains. Despite this emphasis, there have been relatively few empirical studies dealing with this issue. In an attempt to partially address this lack of empirical research, the primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between security management practices and the perceived effectiveness of supply chain security. With a resource-based view of the firm and supply chain integration as theoretical underpinnings, the study utilized survey data to test propositions derived from the security literature. Internal and external integration efforts, a nodal planning focus, and proactive motivations related to security measures were found to be positively related to security effectiveness. The article concludes with implications for security stakeholders including suggestions for future research.
The removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions with the Q-switched ruby laser and the Q-switched neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. A comparative study.

background. The Q-switched ruby laser (QSRL) (694 nm) has been used successfully in the removal of tattoos and a variety of cutaneous pigmented lesions. The frequency-doubled Q-switched neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (QSNd: YAG) (1064 and 532 nm) has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of tattoos, however, little has been published regarding the QSNd:YAG laser in the removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions. objective. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy and side effect profile of the QSRL and the frequency-doubled QSNd:YAG lasers in the removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions, including lentigines, cafe-au-lait macules, nevus of Ota, nevus spilus, Becker's nevus, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and melasma. methods. Twenty patients with pigmented lesions were treated with the QSRL and the frequency-doubled QSNd:YAG lasers. Clinical lightening of the lesion was assessed 1 month after a Single treatment. Side effects and patient satisfaction were also evaluated. results. A minimum of 30% lightening was achieved in all patients after only one treatment with either the QSRL or the frequency-doubled QSNd.YAG laser. The QSRL seems to provide a slightly better treatment response than the QSNd:YAG laser. Neither laser caused scarring or textural change of the skin. Most patients found the QSRL to be more painful during treatment, but the QSNd:YAG laser caused more postoperative discomfort. conclusion. Both the QSRL and the frequency-doubled QSND:YAG laser are safe and effective methods of treatment of epidermal and dermal pigmented lesions.
aRrayLasso: a network-based approach to microarray interconversion

Summary: Robust conversion between microarray platforms is needed to leverage the wide variety of microarray expression studies that have been conducted to date. Currently available conversion methods rely on manufacturer annotations, which are often incomplete, or on direct alignment of probes from different platforms, which often fail to yield acceptable genewise correlation. Here, we describe aRrayLasso, which uses the Lasso-penalized generalized linear model to model the relationships between individual probes in different probe sets. We have implemented aRrayLasso in a set of five open-source R functions that allow the user to acquire data from public sources such as Gene Expression Omnibus, train a set of Lasso models on that data and directly map one microarray platform to another. aRrayLasso significantly predicts expression levels with similar fidelity to technical replicates of the same RNA pool, demonstrating its utility in the integration of datasets from different platforms. Availability and implementation: All functions are available, along with descriptions, at https://github.com/adam-sam-brown/aRrayLasso. Contact: ude.dravrah.smh@letap_garihc Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Transplant-lite: induction of graft-versus-malignancy using fludarabine-based nonablative chemotherapy and allogeneic blood progenitor-cell transplantation as treatment for lymphoid malignancies.

PURPOSETo investigate the use of a nonmyeloablative fludarabine-based preparative regimen to produce sufficient immunosuppression to allow engraftment of allogeneic stem cells and induction of graft-versus-leukemia/lymphoma (GVL) as the primary treatment modality for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoma.PATIENTS AND METHODSFifteen patients were studied. Six patients were in advanced refractory relapse, and induction therapy had failed in two patients. Patients with CLL or low-grade lymphoma received fludarabine 90 to 150 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 900 to 2,000 mg/m2. Patients with intermediate-grade lymphoma or in Richter's transformation received cisplatin 25 mg/m2 daily for 4 days; fludarabine 30 mg/m2; and cytarabine 500 mg/m2 daily for 2 days. Chemotherapy was followed by allogeneic stem-cell infusion from HLA-identical siblings. Patients with residual malignant cells or mixed chimerism could receive a donor lymphocyte infusion of 0.5 to 2 x 10(8) mononuclear cells/kg 2 to 3 m...
Strategies for neuroprotection with glutamate antagonists. Extrapolating from evidence taken from the first stroke and head injury studies.

Over fifty patients with severe head injury, and one hundred with stroke, have now been treated with the competitive NMDA antagonist CGS 19755 (selfotel). Preliminary analysis has shown possible evidence of benefit for both these clinical indications, and several other glutamate antagonists are now being evaluated for these indications in Phase II trials. The optimal dose of CGS 19755 (selfotel) for efficacy for severe head trauma has not yet been identified, but may be > 3 mg/kg, as at this dose there was evidence of an ICP lowering effect and improved CPP. For stroke, however, the maximal tolerated dose was 1.5 mg/kg, because these conscious patients developed hallucinations and agitation. There were no other significant drug-associated adverse events in either of these studies. It is difficult to determine the "neuroprotective" dose for this compound in humans. By extrapolating from animal studies the "best estimate" would be around 5 mg/kg in patients with severe head trauma. For stroke, behavioral side effects were the major limiting factor for dosing. Although several NMDA antagonists, including CGS 19755 (selfotel), are currently entering efficacy trials for stroke, based upon their tremendous potency in animal models, the problem of psychomimetic effects may necessitate the use of additional management strategies, e.g., more intensive monitoring and concomitant medications.
CD25− T Cells Generate CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells by Peripheral Expansion

Naturally occurring CD4(+) regulatory T cells are generally identified through their expression of CD25. However, in several experimental systems considerable T(reg) activity has been observed in the CD4(+)CD25(-) fraction. Upon adoptive transfer, the expression of CD25 in donor-derived cells is not stable, with CD4(+)CD25(+) cells appearing in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell-injected animals and vice versa. We show in this study that CD25(+) cells arising from donor CD25(-) cells upon homeostatic proliferation in recipient mice express markers of freshly isolated T(reg) cells, display an anergic state, and suppress the proliferation of other cells in vitro. The maintenance of CD25 expression by CD4(+)CD25(+) cells depends on IL-2 secreted by cotransferred CD4(+)CD25(-) or by Ag-stimulated T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs.
Estimates of the Length of Highway Guidelines and Spaces

Driving skills depend greatly upon efficient estimates of length and distance. The present study found that male and female subjects between the ages of 16–79 grossly underestimated the length of both the guidelines and the spaces between guidelines used on Massachusetts state highways when tested by memory and under actual driving conditions. It is proposed that this major illusion should be dealt with through driver education or through improvement of highway design.
Random matrix elements and eigenfunctions in chaotic systems

The expected root-mean-square value of a matrix element ${A}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ in a classically chaotic system, where $A$ is a smooth, $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}$-independent function of the coordinates and momenta, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ label different energy eigenstates, has been evaluated in the literature in two different ways: by treating the energy eigenfunctions as Gaussian random variables and averaging $|{A}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}{|}^{2}$ over them; and by relating $|{A}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}{|}^{2}$ to the classical time-correlation function of $A$. We show that these two methods give the same answer only if Berry's formula for the spatial correlations in the energy eigenfunctions (which is based on a microcanonical density in phase space) is modified at large separations in a manner that we previously proposed.
Forced withdrawal from a country market: Managing political risk

I n developing foreign market entry strategies, multinational corporations (MNCs) usually focus on two decisions: how to enter foreign markets and how to establish a strong foothold for long-term competitive growth. An important consideration generally overlooked in this strategy development process is how to exit from a country market when exiting becomes necessary. In general, MNCs give insufficient attention to exit decisions, although political risk may necessitate them. Torneden (19751, based on his analysis of firms’ behavior, notes that firms make exit decisions in a haphazard manner that bears little resemblance to rational economic behavior. Strategically, however, decisions regarding exiting a foreign market should be as important as those of entering a foreign market because of their long-term consequences on a firm’s performance. Socioeconomic and political environments invariably change, both within home and host countries. These changes sometimes create political risk that leaves no other option for a firm but to withdraw from a particular country market. Whereas most forced withdrawals from a host country have been the result of political changes within that country itself, withdrawals can also be forced upon companies by events outside the host country, as has been the case with MNCs of different nationalities operating in South Africa. A forced withdrawal is different from a market-determined withdrawal. In the case of the former, the firm leaves the market involuntarily; in the case of the latter, the exit is influenced by market forces and competitive considerations, ’ such as declining market share, product phaseout, or lack of economic incentives in the host country (Wilson 1980). Although the issue of forced withdrawal has become strategically imporManagers dealing with tant-as the experiences of many MNCs in South Afforeign operations must understand and plan rica suggest-a review of the literafor the possibility that ture indicates that business scholars they will no longer be have focused more welcome. on market-determined withdrawals than forced withdrawals. This is not surprising; instances of leaving the market voluntarily are far more frequent than being forced out of it. Furthermore, when examining the phenomenon of forced withdrawal from a political risk perspective, scholars have generally focused on withdrawals resulting from actions by host governments, such as expropriation, confiscation, and nationalization. Recent examples, however, suggest that withdrawals can also be forced upon firms by other groups or actions. As a result, there is a need to understand the phenomenon of forced withdrawals and to provide strategic guidelines to executives for managing the longterm interests of their corporations. This article attempts to answer the following questions: 1. Why are MNCs susceptible to political risk? 2. What are the socioeconomic and political forces that influence a firm’s withdrawal from a particular market? 3. What are the strategic considerations for a firm when withdrawal from a country market is forced?