cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmented baroreflex heart rate gain after moderate-intensity, dynamic exercise

The occurrence of a sustained vasodilation and hypotension after acute, dynamic exercise suggests that exercise may alter arterial baroreflex mechanisms. Therefore, we assessed systemic hemodynamics, baroreflex regulation of heart rate, and cardiac vagal tone after 60 min of cycling at 60% peak oxygen consumption in 12 healthy, untrained men and women (ages 21-28 yr). We derived sigmoidal carotid-cardiac baroreflex relations by measurement of R-R interval changes induced by ramped, stepwise, R-wave-triggered changes in external neck pressure from 40 to -65 mmHg. We estimated tonic cardiac vagal control with power spectral analysis of R-R interval variability in the respiratory frequency band (0.2-0.3 Hz) during frequency- and tidal volume-controlled breathing. Both mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance were reduced postexercise [pressure: from 86 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) to 81 +/- 2 mmHg; resistance: from 23 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 1 units; both P < 0.05]. Cardiac output was increased postexercise (from 3.9 +/- 0.3 to 5.5 +/- 0.5 l/min, P < 0.05). Both slope and range of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex relation were increased postexercise (slope: from 4.7 +/- 0.7 to 6.1 +/- 0.9 ms/mmHg; range: from 186 +/- 23 to 238 +/- 30 ms, P < 0.05). Respiratory R-R interval variability (cardiac vagal tone) was not changed at any time after exercise, whereas heart rate and plasma norepinephrine levels were elevated. Thus moderate-intensity, dynamic exercise increases heart rate and cardiac output, reduces peripheral vascular resistance, and augments baroreflex responsiveness. Our data suggest that augmented baroreflex heart rate gain restrains rather than contributes to postexercise hypotension, which appears to be mediated predominately by vasodilation.
Using Benfords Law To Detect Fraud In The Insurance Industry

Benford's Law is the mathematical phenomena that states that the first digits or left most digits in a list of numbers will occur with an expected logarithmic frequency. While this method has been used in industries such as oil and gas and manufacturing to identify fraudulent activity, it has not been applied to the health insurance industry. Since health insurance companies process a large number of claims each year and these claims are susceptible to fraud, the use of this method in this industry is appropriate. This paper examines the application of Benford's Law to four health insurance companies located in the Midwest. For each company, analysis was performed on the first digit distribution, the first two-digit distribution, and providers with high volumes of claims. The results show that the populations are similar to the frequencies predicted by Benfords Law. The findings also suggested possible fraudulent activity by specific providers, however, the com-panies determined that these results occurred due to abnormal billing practices and were not frau-dulent. The insurance companies that participated in this study will continue to use this method to further detect fraudulent claims.
Joint estimation of multiple precision matrices with common structures

Estimation of inverse covariance matrices, known as precision matrices, is important in various areas of statistical analysis. In this article, we consider estimation of multiple precision matrices sharing some common structures. In this setting, estimating each precision matrix separately can be suboptimal as it ignores potential common structures. This article proposes a new approach to parameterize each precision matrix as a sum of common and unique components and estimate multiple precision matrices in a constrained l1 minimization framework. We establish both estimation and selection consistency of the proposed estimator in the high dimensional setting. The proposed estimator achieves a faster convergence rate for the common structure in certain cases. Our numerical examples demonstrate that our new estimator can perform better than several existing methods in terms of the entropy loss and Frobenius loss. An application to a glioblastoma cancer data set reveals some interesting gene networks across multiple cancer subtypes.
Phycomyces : Phototropism and light-growth response to pulse stimuli

The relationship between phototropism and the light-growth response of Phycomyces blakesleeanus (Burgeff) sporangiophores was investigated. After dark adaptation, stage-IVb sporangiophores were exposed to short pulses of unilateral light at 450 nm wavelength. The sporangiophores show a complex reaction to pulses of 30 s duration: maximal positive bending at 3·10(-4) and 10(-1) J m(-2), but negative bending at 30 J m(-2). The fluence dependence for the light-growth response also is complex, but in a different way than for phototropism; the first maximal response occurs at 1.8·10(-3) J m(-2) with a lesser maximum at 30 J m(-2). A hypertropic mutant, L85 (madH), lacks the negative phototropism at 30 J m(-2) but gives results otherwise similar to the wild type. The reciprocity rule was tested for several combinations of fluence rates and pulse durations that ranged from 1 ms to 30 s. Near the threshold fluence (3·10(-5) J m(-2)), both responses increase for pulse durations below 67 ms and both have an optimum at 2 ms. At a fluence of 2.4·10(-3) J m(-2), both responses decrease for pulse durations below 67 ms. The hypertropic mutant (madH), investigated for low fluence only, gave similar results. In both strains, the time courses for phototropism and light-growth response, after single short pulses of various durations, show no clear correlation. These results imply that phototropism cannot be caused by linear superposition of localized light-growth responses; rather, they point to redistribution of growth substances as the cause of phototropism.
Are the cytosolic components of the nuclear, ER, and mitochondrial import apparatus functionally related?

David S. Goldfarb Department of Biology University of Rochester Rochester, New York 14627 The transport of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated bythe coop- erative action of two very different kinds of apparatus. In the ER, targeting specificity is determined by signal se- quences and cytosolic or membrane-associated signal receptors. Once on the membrane, the signals are trans- ferred from these primary receptors to translocation chan- nels. Chaperones are the second type of apparatus (Geth- ing and Sambrook, 1992). These conserved proteins appeared in prokaryotes as mediators of protein folding and assembly long before the evolution of the various eu- karyotic membranes and their companion targeting and translocation components. Because proteins cross the ER and mitochondrial membranes as extended polypeptide chains, the natural proclivity of proteins to fold is anathema to transport. The stress-70 chaperones are thought to pre- vent folding by binding to and stabilizing unfolded interme- diates. Following translocation, chaperones also assist in the tertiary and quaternary assembly of membrane and luminal proteins. Much of what we know about protein traff icking has been learned with the help of in vitro ER and mitochondrial trans- port assays. Similar approaches to fractionation and func- tional reconstitution now indicate that both kinds of appa- ratus-chaperones as well as signal sequences and their receptors-are also active in nuclear transport. While the basic strategy for import used by each membrane system is similar, the manner in which the two kinds of apparatus are deployed during transport reflects the creative scope of natural selection when it acts on differently constrained processes at the level of molecular mechanism. Developments in ER and mitochondrial transport have influenced hypotheses in the field of nuclear transport, but a unified molecular mechanism of nuclear transport that delineates its components and their organization along the import pathway has still not emerged. The difficulty may be due to the intrinsic complexity of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking with its multiple substrate types and bidirec- tional transport (Garcia-Bustos et al., 1991; Forbes, 1992). The structural complexity of the transport apparatus is apparent from images of the nuclear pore complex. At 125 megadaltons, it is a conglomerate of several architectur- ally distinct elements assembled with octagonal symmetry onto a 150 nm diameter membrane-associated scaffolding (Forbes, 1992; Figure 1). It is not known whether the large size of the nuclear pore complex is an indication of func- tional complexity or simply reflects the size needed to ac- commodate large substrates such as ribosomal subunits. Both in situ (Richardson et al., 1968) and in cell-free extracts (Newmeyer and Forbes, 1988), nuclear transport can be resolved into two steps: energy-independent tar-
Prognostic significance of keratinization in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Abstract Introduction: Keratinization may be a vulnerable aid in predicting response to therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: The presence or absence of keratin in biopsy specimens was correlated with tumor behavior, locoregional control, patterns of failure, and survival of patients irradiated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Results: Patients with keratinizing squamous-cell cancers (World Health Organization [WHO] type 1) had a higher incidence (76%) of locally advanced tumors than those with nonkeratinizing (WHO type 2) and undifferentiated (WHO type 3) cancers (55%). The former group of patients had a lower incidence (29%) of lymph node metastases than the later group (70%). Primary tumor was controlled in 62% and neck nodes were controlled in 82% of all patients. Primary tumor control rates were 29% in patients with keratinizing squamous-cell cancers and 79% in those with nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated cancers (P = .001). Nodal control rates were 76% for keratinizing squamous-cell cancer and 85% for nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated cancers (P = .001). The incidence of distant metastases was 6% in patients with keratinizing squamous-cell cancer and 33% in those with nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated cancers (P = .001). Patients with keratinizing squamous-cell cancers, even though they had a lower incidence of lymphatic and distant metastases, had a poorer survival rate because of a higher incidence of deaths from uncontrolled primary tumors and nodal metastases. The 5-year survival rates were 35% for all patients, 6% for those with keratinizing squamous-cell cancers, and 51% for nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated cancers respectively (P = .001). Conclusion: Higher doses of external beam radiotherapy with or without brachytherapy boost may be needed to improve local control and survival of patients with keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx, whereas an effective systemic therapy is needed for nonkeratinizing and undifferentiated cancers, which tend to metastasize.
Electrochemical oxidation and determination of heparin at electrodes modified with ruthenium oxide or copper oxide

The electrochemical oxidation of full-size heparin (13–15 kDa) is demonstrated in 1 M H3PO4 at a glassy carbon electrode coated with a ruthenium oxide film. The pathway apparently is analogous to chemical oxidation by periodate. By comparison to currents from inorganic species, it is apparent that only about 2 electrons per mole are involved. Flow injection analysis (FIA) allowed determinations down to 2 μM heparin, but the calibration plot was nonlinear. Low molecular weight heparin (5–6 kDa) was not electroactive with this system. In basic solution at a glassy carbon electrode that is modified with a film of Cu2O, both full-size and low molecular weight heparin are oxidized. The pathways involved oxidative desulfation and attack on saccharide units with evolution of CO2. Linear calibration plots which extended into the sub-μM level were obtained by FIA. The detection limits, which were based on a value of 3 for the ratio of the signal to the standard deviation of replicates, were 9 nM for full-size and 20–30 nM for various low molecular weight heparin samples.
A multi-start algorithm for signal adaptive subband systems (image coding)

A method for optimizing the filter coefficients of signal adaptive subband systems, in which the polyphase transfer matrix is paraunitary, using a mean-squared-error criterion is proposed. An efficient algorithm was developed for locating numerous local optima in the coefficient space, permitting a degree of confidence in the location of globally optimal or near-optimal solutions. Both separable systems and a particular class of nonseparable filter systems are studied. The application of the algorithm to a number of images is described. >
The Cysteine String Secretory Vesicle Protein Activates Hsc70 ATPase

Cysteine string protein (CSP) is a 34 kDa secretory vesicle protein bearing a "J-domain" as well as a palmitoylated cysteine-rich "string" region used for membrane attachment. Mutation of the CSP gene causes impaired presynaptic neuromuscular transmission in Drosophila melanogaster, implicating CSP as part of the exocytotic protein machinery. The J-domain of CSP shares homology with the universally conserved DnaJ family, a group of proteins that act as co-chaperones with Hsc70 and its homologs. Hsc70 is an abundant neural protein with coupled protein binding and ATPase activities. We have investigated the CSP modulation of Hsc70 ATPase activity. Here we demonstrated that CSP enhances Hsc70 ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. CSP activation of Hsc70 was maximal ( approximately 12 times) at 1:1 stoichiometry and above. We show that a J-domain-containing fragment (amino acids 1-82) of CSP is sufficient for the activation of Hsc70. Neither CSP nor the amino-terminal fragment stimulate the activity of the isolated Hsc70 ATPase domain (amino acids 1-386). CSP does not significantly increase the activity of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein, another ATPase required for transport vesicle function. Our results suggest that CSP, a DnaJ family member associated with the secretory vesicle cycle regulates Hsc70 functions. Hsc70 may function within the biochemical pathways of exo- and endocytosis to promote the formation or dissociation of multimeric complexes or to regulate conformational changes.
The enantioselective Birch-Cope sequence for the synthesis of carbocyclic quaternary stereocenters. Application to the synthesis of (+)-mesembrine.

A synthetic technique for generating carbocyclic quaternary stereocenters with exceptionally high levels of enantioselectivity is described. A sequence of three reactions, enantioselective Birch reduction−allylation, enol ether hydrolysis, and Cope rearrangement, is used to stereoselectively generate chiral quaternary centers on a 2-cyclohexen-1-one ring. The products of the sequence are 4,4-disubstituted-2-carboxamide-2-cyclohexen-1-one structures which are versatile intermediates in complex natural product synthesis. An application of the sequence to the synthesis of (+)-mesembrine illustrates the utility of these intermediates.
Tools for Polyp Histology Prediction

Although removal of adenomatous polyps has been shown to decrease the risk of colon cancer, distal hyperplastic polyps are thought to not have malignant potential. Most polyps detected during colonoscopy are diminutive (≤ 5 mm) and rarely harbor advanced histology, such as high-grade dysplasia or cancer. Therefore, predicting histology in real-time during colonoscopy can potentially decrease the enormous expenditure that ensues from universal histopathologic evaluation of polyps, and several novel imaging technologies have been developed and tested over the past decade for this purpose. Of these different technologies, electronic chromoendoscopy seems to strike a fair balance between accuracy, feasibility, and cost.
A versatile and efficient methodology for the preparation of choline ester auxin conjugates

Abstract A two-step synthetic strategy affords indole-3-acetylcholine (IAC) from indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) via the intermediacy of 2-dimethylaminoethyl indole-3-acetate. Thus, treatment of indole-3-acetate with 1-dimethylamino-2-chloroethane, followed by methylation with methyl iodide, yields 55–70% recrystallized IAC from IAA. Using the same methodology, six analogues of IAC have been prepared in overall yields ranging from 40 to 60%.
Species richness and abundance of small mammals inside and outside an African national park

Abstract To discover whether management practices designed to protect large mammals are effective in preserving other elements of biodiversity, small mammal traps were set at 12 sites inside a national park in western Tanzania and at 13 sites outside, in an area where people practised agriculture. Over 6145 trapnights spanning both dry and wet seasons, nine species of rodent and insectivore were captured. Average species diversity and measures of abundance were greater outside than inside the Park, particularly during the dry season. These results also held when traps set inside people's houses were excluded from analyses. Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus and the human commensal, Rattus rattus, were each found at significantly greater densities outside the protected area. These data on small mammal species' richness and abundance raise questions as to whether large mammals can act as effective umbrellas for conserving small mammal taxa in East Africa.
Institutions and Ethnic Trust: Evidence from Bosnia

Abstract This study considers the prospects for rebuilding trust in a multi-ethnic society with a history of ethnic violence. Findings are based on survey data from a stratified random sample of 681 Bosnian Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks, conducted between September 2003 and January 2004. The data indicate significant trust problems in Bosnian society both within and across ethnicity. However, the study also finds strong linkages between ethnic trust and trust in institutions, suggesting that institutions can play a vital role in restoring ethnic trust and promoting reconciliation.
A NUMERICAL SCHEME FOR THE QUANTUM BOLTZMANN EQUATION WITH STIFF COLLISION TERMS

Numerically solving the Boltzmann kinetic equations with the small Knudsen number is challenging due to the stiff nonlinear collision terms. A class of asymptotic-preserving schemes was introduced in (F. Filbet and S. Jin, J. Comput. Phys. 229 (2010) 7625-7648) to handle this kind of problems. The idea is to penalize the stiff collision term by a BGK type operator. This method, however, encounters its own difficulty when applied to the quantum Boltzmann equation. To define the quantum Maxwellian (Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac distribution) at each time step and every mesh point, one has to invert a nonlinear equation that connects the macroscopic quantity fugacity with density and internal energy. Setting a good initial guess for the iterative method is troublesome in most cases because of the complexity of the quantum functions (Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac function). In this paper, we propose to penalize the quantum collision term by a 'classical' BGK operator instead of the quantum one. This is based on the observation that the classical Maxwellian, with the temperature replaced by the internal energy, has the same first five moments as the quantum Maxwellian. The scheme so designed avoids the aforementioned difficulty, and one can show that the density distribution is still driven toward the quantum equilibrium. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the new scheme in both the hydrodynamic and kinetic regimes. We also develop a spectral method for the quantum collision operator.
The impact of hydrosalpinx on successful pregnancy in tubal factor infertility treated by in vitro fertilization.

Objective: To determine the impact of hydrosalpinx on pregnancy rates in patients undergoing IVF for infertility caused by tubal disease. Design: Review of the records of all patients who had undergone IVF for tubal factor infertility at our institution between May 1988 and October 1994. Setting: A university-sponsored, hospital-based IVF facility. Patient(s): Two hundred fifty patients were identified with infertility due to tubal disease; 67 of these had at least one documented hydrosalpinx whereas the remaining 183 did not. Main Outcome Measure(s): Numbers of oocytes retrieved and fertilized, the number of embryos transferred and implanting, and resulting pregnancy rates. Result(s): The groups were similar in age and cycle cancellation rates. The patients with hydrosalpinx had greater numbers of oocytes retrieved per cycle (15.0 versus 11.6) and embryos transferred per cycle then those without hydrosalpinges (4.21 versus 3.98). The hydrosalpinx group also undertook more cycles per patient (2.31 versus 1.96). Fertilization rates between the two groups were similar, but implantation rates were decreased in those with hydrosalpinx (8.5% versus 11.2%). Conclusion(s): Hydrosalpinx did not result in impaired ovarian stimulation or decreased oocyte fertilization. It did, however, interfere with implantation and reduce to some degree the success of IVF in achieving an ongoing pregnancy. The validity of routine salpingectomy for hydrosalpinx is debatable, but its use in selected individuals may well be appropriate.
Modeling the unknown: how to make a perfect whale.

Making a life-sized model of a blue whale is difficult. Making one to the exacting standards of ‘scientific accuracy’ is backbreaking. When, in the early 1960s, the American Museum of Natural History in New York undertook to fabricate a replica of the largest animal that ever lived, little was known about how blue whales really looked and behaved in the wild. Exhibitors like Richard Van Gelder guided themselves by old photographs, illustrations, tables of measurements and the experience of other institutions – as well as their own educated guesswork, and ideas of beauty, value and pride.
The need for a multi-level biochemical approach to defeat cancer that will also support the host

Summary Cited research papers support the main hypothesis that selected publications supply sufficient information for a combined multi-level treatment strategy against cancer that will also strengthen the host. The three major elements of the proposal are: (A) metastasis being separate from tumor growth requires specific antimetastatic treatments. For this, manipulation of the composition of phospholipids will alter cellular charge characteristics which are instrumental in adhesion. (B) Formate metabolism is at the center of many activities that are controlling tumor growth. The rational and consequences of this are as follows. Supply of formate depends mainly on serine, and consumption on conversion to CO 2 yielding needed NADPH. The remainder is used to complete IMP configuration with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (ZMP). At homeostasis residual ZMP activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to curb growth promoting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3PK). Residual ZMP also activates the oxidation of choline to betaine supplying methyl groups needed for global methylation of DNA while increased oxidation of choline also alters cellular phospholipid composition (refer to metastasis). At low formate level, increased accumulated ZMP becomes pyrophosporylated to ZTP. AMPK activation shifts to PI3PK activity for insulin action restoring formate supplied by serine derived from glycolysis. Increased NADPH-generating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is diminishing NADP + required for dehydrogenation of formate. This is restoring the formate balance while lowering ZMP levels to that of homeostasis. Evidence suggests that transformed cells exceed up-regulation of formate thus suppressing all ZMP accumulations resulting in limited AMPK activation, cessation of choline oxidation to betaine and loss of global methylation of DNA. This scenario appears to be tied to tumor survival, a state that could be altered by metabolic interventions using mild agents as described in the research reports cited. (C) Because of a preponderance of pyrimidines in cancer supporting UTP requiring immune evasion, exogenous IMP may offset this imbalance and thus hinder tumor anti-immune activities while strengthen host immune functions. For studies to confirm the proposal, the overall expected result is that a combined administration of all these agents cited here will outperform any single agent considered so far for anticancer treatment.
Perspective on object databases

Abstract Databases based on object-oriented and semantic database models (‘object databases’) represent significant advances over their record-based historical predecessors. In the context of general-purpose database management systems, the fundamentals of object database models are examined. Comparisons are made with record-based databases, as represented by relational database technology. The principal concepts underlying structurally object-oriented (semantic) database models are presented. Finally, a historical perspective on the evolution of object database technology is provided.
Interfacial Tension and Phase Behavior of Surfactant Systems

Perturbations of system parameters are shown to affect the surfactant partitioning between oil and water through changes in the relative standard chemical potentials of the surfactant in the 2 phases. For the systems investigated, low interfacial tensions are associated with near-unity values of the partition coefficient. The conditions necessary for optimum low tension and phase behavior at high surfactant concentrations are identical to those required for a tension minimum at low surfactant concentrations, where solibilization effects may not be visible. The effects of alcohol and other system parameters on surfactant chemical potential and hence on interfacial tension are noted. (18 refs.)
Interaction of metal ions with polynucleotides and related compounds. XX. Control of the conformation of polyriboadenylic acid by divalent metal ions

Abstract Divalent metal ions have profound effects on the conformation of poly A, as indicated by changes in optical rotatory dispersion and ultraviolet spectra, with different metal ions having distinctly different effects. At pH 6 and in the presence of 5 × 10 −2 M NaCl, two moles Ni(II) or Co(II) per mole of poly A residue stabilize the single helix; the same amount of Mg(II), Ca(II), Zn(II) or Mn(II) produce a mixture of double and single helix, while Cu(II) and Cd(II) induce the formation of a random coil structure. Under other conditions, these same metals have different effects, with the amount of added NaCl an important factor that can be used to control the way in which a particular divalent metal ion will induce the transition from a double helix to single helix or from helix to coil. The single helix is stabilized by metals binding to phosphate; the double helix is destabilized by metal ions binding to either phosphate or base, the former producing single helix and the latter random coil. The melting temperature of double helical poly A is diminished when metal ions bind to either type of site.
Mechanical precipitation of hemoglobin köln.

Abstract Hb Koln ( β 98 Val → Met) was found to precipitate rapidly during mechanical shaking. The rate of precipitation of Hb Koln is 5–6 times faster than that of Hb S. The kinetics of precipitation of the patient's hemolysate, which is a mixture of Hb Koln and Hb A, showed a biphasic curve indicating that Hb Koln precipitates independently from Hb A. The instability of Hb Koln may be attributed to the conformational change in the vicinity of heme. The mechanical shaking may be used as a new method for detection and quantitation of hemoglobin Koln and other unstable hemoglobins.
Execution and analysis of high-level tasks with dynamic obstacle anticipation

This paper uniquely embeds high-level robot controllers with sensor data obtained from abstracting probabilistic anticipation of the behavior of dynamic obstacles. An example problem of an autonomous vehicle operating in an urban environment, in the presence of other vehicles and pedestrians, is used as motivation. The correct-by-construction controller is automatically synthesized from a set of high-level tasks, specified as temporal logic formulas. The anticipated behavior of other vehicles is abstracted to a set of propositions describing the safety of road segments at intersections, and used as the output of high-level sensors for the controller. Such an input to the controller is inherently probabilistic, and this paper investigates the types of probabilistic guarantees that can be made about the system using both formal and statistical analysis.
Higher Education and Challenging Work: Open Admissions and Ethnic and Gender Differences in Job Complexity

While there has been much research on the influence of educational attainment on occupational status and earnings, relatively little is known about its impact on other qualities of work, such as job complexity. This article explores how educational credentials affect access to jobs that provide challenging work. To do so it uses longitudinal data on black, Hispanic, and white men and women who attended the City University of New York after it initiated its landmark open-admissions policy in 1970. That program was designed to boost educational attainments among disadvantaged minority students and to enhance opportunities for desirable jobs. Analyses reveal that overall the jobs held by these minorities involved less complex work than those held by whites. These inequalities are explained partly by disparities in educational attainment, but differences in employment sector also are important: the minorities were more often in the public sector, where work was generally less challenging. Gender differences in work complexity are related to the varying distribution of sex-typed jobs in the public and private sectors. Policies such as open admissions add to opportunity in the labor market, but effects are limited by wider institutional conditions.
Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth and the nitrate-nitrite reductase system of the Azolla mexicana -Anabaena azollae symbiosis

Abstract The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of the fern Azolla mexicana Presl. and the blue-green algae, Anabaena azollae Strasburger will grow solely on atmospheric nitrogen and/or added nitrogen sources such as nitrate and ammonium forms. Comparisons of the effects of these nitrogen sources on growth and induction, levels of activity and stability of nitrate and nitrite reductase were made. Both in vivo and in vitro assays were employed. Growth was not significantly increased by addition of nitrate-nitrogen over that obtained on atmospheric nitrogen alone. Both sources, however, gave more growth than ammonium-nitrogen. Nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase levels were 79 nmol nitrite used g fresh weight−1 h−1 and 67 nmol nitrite used g fresh weight−1 h−1, respectively. Nitrate reductase, unlike nitrite reductase, required its substrate for induction. Nitrate, but not nitrite reductase was increased 17-fold by 1 ppm simazine. Neither nitrate nor nitrite induced nitrite reductase in the fern. The majority of the nitrate reductase was localized in the fern fronds; a small amount (20%) was found in the roots.
Large‐magnitude extension along metamorphic core complexes of western Arizona and southeastern California: Evaluation with paleomagnetism

Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) and their associated structures (detachment faults and mylonites) are the products of large-magnitude Cenozoic extension. Paleomagnetic data from the Harquahala, Harcuvar, Buckskin, and Whipple MCCs of western Arizona and southeastern California (∼1900 samples; 191 of 278 sites accepted for inclusion in group and grand means) allow us to estimate the magnitude of footwall tilting associated with extension. All MCC crystalline rocks sampled are in the footwalls of associated brittle detachment faults. Rocks sampled include synkinematic, Miocene intrusions (dikes and plutons), Late Cretaceous granites, and Proterozoic host rocks. These rocks (with different levels of success at the site level) yield dual polarity, high unblocking temperature, and high to moderate coercivity magnetizations. Demagnetization behavior reveals that those sites with well-grouped magnetizations and high laboratory unblocking temperatures and/or high to moderate coercivities have characteristic remanent magnetizations carried by either magnetite, with minor hematite, or by hematite, with minor magnetite. Results of baked contact tests show that these footwall rocks possess thermoremanent magnetizations or high-temperature thermochemical remanent magnetizations acquired early in their cooling history, either before or during extension. Our overall interpretation of the paleomagnetic data is that during Cenozoic extension, MCC footwalls tilted (flattened) only a modest amount (<15°) in the direction of tectonic transport. We also interpret Harcuvar and Whipple MCC paleomagnetic data to indicate tectonic tilting (steepening) of the mylonitic zone to form a back dipping mylonitic front. The Whipple-Bullard-Eagle Eye detachment fault system and associated mylonites are interpreted to have originated with a low-angle dip (10° to 25° NE). We relate the small amount of footwall flattening in the direction of tectonic transport and the steepening of the back dipping mylonitic front to the buoyant rise of exhumed footwalls according to rolling-hinge/isostatic uplift models. Our interpretation refutes the widespread applicability of models that predict MCCs to represent strongly tilted crustal blocks, originally bounded by high/moderate-angle normal faults. Additionally, a fold test of Harquahala MCC data yielded “negative” results. This suggests that antiformal footwall arches represent the oldest structures of MCCs that developed prior to, or during mylonitization of footwall rocks (before acquisition of the remanent magnetizations carried by these rocks).
Reorientational dynamics of liquid CH3CCl3 by Raman spectroscopy

Spontaneous Raman spectra of the 2940 cm−1 signal of liquid 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE) were studied in order to obtain information concerning the molecular reorientation process. The reorientational correlation time was measured as a function of temperature between 255 and 298K giving an activation energy of 2.6 cal mol−1 for the tumbling motion of neat liquid TCE. Experimental results were compared with those from extended J-diffusion model, microviscosity theory and previous work. It was found that the TCE molecules underwent small-step rotational diffusion. The large variation of the reorientational correlation functions and rotational correlation times of TCE in dilute solutions of CCl4, CDCl3 and CD3CN suggested that the dipole moment contribution is an important factor in molecular reorientation in solutions as suggested by Larkin.
Household Saving Behavior and the Influence of Family-Owned Business

This study focused on the lifecycle income objective of business-owning (farm and nonfarm) households. We hypothesized that the complex relationship between household and business management decisions had the potential to challenge predictions from standard household savings theory. Specifically, we tested for differences in saving behavior of these entrepreneurial households relative to the average US household. A limited dependent variable model was performed, keying in on the saving behavior and ability of household respondents in the Survey of Consumer Finances for 2007. The estimation results indicated that, along with standard demographic influences of savings models, households owning a farm or nonfarm business had a significantly higher likelihood of maintaining private saving in a given year. Our results highlight the necessity for future research on household saving behavior to account for the differing objectives and choice sets faced by households that own businesses when conducting analyses of household saving.
Landscape indicators and thresholds of stream ecological impairment in an intensively mined Appalachian watershed

AbstractCoal-mine development is occurring at a rapid rate in the central Appalachians, but few tools exist to assess the consequences of cumulative effects of mining to downstream aquatic resources. We constructed and applied an index of mining intensity (MI) to the Lower Cheat River basin, northern West Virginia. Our objectives were to: 1) determine if the MI could be used to predict stream-water quality and biological conditions, 2) quantify the extent to which geology and the geographic position of mines modulate the effects of mining on in-stream conditions, and 3) identify thresholds of MI that produce quantifiable changes to benthic macroinvertebrate communities. We quantified water chemistry, habitat quality, and benthic macroinvertebrate communities from May 2002 to May 2003 in 39 stream segments randomly distributed across a range of MI, coal geology, elevation, and watershed area. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrates at an additional 41 validation sites in May 2002. The MI was positively corre...
Trimming the fat: a Brucella abortus survival strategy

Some microbes can circumvent phagocytosis by interfering with membrane transport systems. Brucella do this by making cyclic glucan molecules that interfere with lipid raft–mediated vacuole maturation.
The Rhetoric of Promoting Health

This article uses Chaim Perelman's theories of argumentation to examine a recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research (2000). The IOM's text explores social and behavioral research to devise multipronged intervention strategies; it focuses on social, economic, behavioral, and political health as a means of assuring population health—and thereby expands the conventional boundaries of public health. Since Chaim Perelman's rhetoric is seldom applied in the field of health communication, employing his ideas to consider the role of style, arrangement, and argument in such a cutting-edge document can illuminate public health writing, as well as shed new light on Perelmanian rhetoric.
Transient, lectin-like association of calreticulin with folding intermediates of cellular and viral glycoproteins.

The soluble, calcium-binding protein calreticulin shares high sequence homology with calnexin, a transmembrane chaperone of glycoprotein folding. Our experiments demonstrated that calreticulin, lik...
Ferroelectric-field-induced tuning of magnetism in the colossal magnetoresistive oxide La 1 − x Sr x MnO 3

A ferroelectric field effect approach is presented for modulating magnetism in the colossal magnetoresistive oxide ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ (LSMO). The ferromagnetic Curie temperature of ultrathin LSMO films was shifted by 35 K reversibly using the polarization field of the ferroelectric oxide $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in a field effect structure. This shift was also observed in magnetoresistance measurements, with the maximum magnetoresistance ratio at 6 T increasing from 64% to 77%. This model system approach does not introduce substitutional disorder or structural distortion, demonstrating that regulating the carrier concentration alone changes the magnetic phase transition temperature and leads to colossal effects.
MOLECULAR TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESIZED HYBRID ORIGIN OF TWO DIPLOID HELIANTHUS SPECIES (ASTERACEAE).

Enzyme electrophoresis and restriction-fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used to test the hypothesis that both Helianthus neglectus and H. paradoxus are stabilized hybrid derivatives of H. annuus and H. petiolaris. The four species are annuals, diploid outcrossers, and have the same chromosome number. Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris had the same allele in highest frequency for 16 of the 18 isozyme loci examined and had different majority alleles for only 6-Pgd3 and Pgi2. The two species had divergent rDNAs that could be distinguished by seven diagnostic restriction site mutations and three length mutations, and their cpDNAs could be differentiated by three diagnostic restriction site mutations. The alleles observed in H. neglectus were not a combination of those observed in H. annuus and H. petiolaris. Although H. neglectus had only one unique allele, it possessed none of the three alleles specific to H. annuus. In contrast, it had four of the seven alleles specific to H. petiolaris. Furthermore, H. neglectus had the same rDNA type as H. petiolaris and had the same cpDNA as that found in two populations of H. petiolaris ssp. fallax. These data allowed us to speculate that H. neglectus may be a recent derivative of H. petiolaris ssp. fallax, rather than a stabilized hybrid derivative as originally proposed. In contrast, H. paradoxus combined the alleles of H. annuus and H. petiolaris and had no unique alleles. At Adh2, H. paradoxus was monomorphic for an allele found only in H. petiolaris ssp. fallax, whereas at 6-Pgd3 and Pgi2, it was monomorphic for high frequency H. annuus alleles. Furthermore, H. paradoxus combined the rDNA repeat types of both proposed parents and had the chloroplast genome of H. annuus. These data provide compelling evidence that H. paradoxus, in contrast to H. neglectus, was derived via hybridization.
Misbehavior or Missed Opportunity? Challenges in Interpreting the Behavior of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are increasingly being included in early childhood classrooms that include typically developing peers and in general education classrooms once they enter school. Many of these learners have the requisite academic skills to be successful, yet their social communication and behavioral challenges often impede their successful inclusion in general education settings. The challenges educators may experience when interpreting and responding to some behaviors exhibited by young students with ASD are explored and analyzed using an illustrative case vignette of a Kindergarten child with ASD. Recommendations for analyzing the communicative function of children’s behavior and for embedding social communication opportunities in inclusive classroom settings are described.
Mnogaya leta: Advocate of a Russian church — Soviet state concordat

In 1974, the important Russian nationalist samizdat journal Veche was suppressed by the KGB after a three-year existence and its editor, Vladimir Osipov, sentenced to eight years in the camps. Though this has not been sufficiently understood in the West, Veche represented a publication of considerable political significance, serving as a sounding-board for most strands of contemporary ethnic Russian nationalism. In this respect, the title was most appropriate: the word veche refers to the medieval popular assembly. Today Veche remains the unsurpassed source for every student of this important ideological current in the USSR, a trend which, moreover, continues to have sympathisers in the ranks of the Party-state elite and the Soviet military. * The KGB has apparently resolved not to permit sequentially numbered Russian nationalist samizdat journals to appear in the future. Thus Obshchina (Community), a publication of the Moscow-based ReligioPhilosophical Seminar headed by Alexandr Ogorodnikov, now in prison, was the object of severe harassment and persecution by the authorities, as was the journal Mariya, organ of a most interesting Russian Orthodox women's club, whose leaders were expelled to the West (others have i~ince been arrested). Given this situation, it was with some surprise that one learned of the appearance in 1980 and 1981 of a samizdat almanac, Mnogaya teta (Many Years), l edited by the conservative nationalist Gennadi Shimanov. Each issue of the almanac contained approximately two hundred pages. One wondered why the regime would permit Shimanov and his authors' collective (Felix Karelin and Vladimir Ibragimov being the most noteworthy contributors) to engage tn such activity. An examination of Mnogaya teta, which is now available in the West,2 suggests an answer to this question. Whereas Veche, while professing its "loyalty" to the Soviet state, had focused on points of conflict between the regime and Russian nationalists for example, the widespread and
Nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in yeast

Abstract The search for an understanding of mitochondrial assembly and the expression of the mitochondrial genome is now focused on the nuclear genes involved.
‘No One Should Destroy the Forest': Using photo-based vignette interviews to understand Kenyan teachers' views of the environment

In the midst of the current environmental crisis, scientists, academics, authors, and politicians worldwide are urging citizens to create sustainable communities. However, there is little capability to build a sustainable society without an informed, active, and engaged populous. This requires more than just environmentally knowledgeable citizens. It requires a society that understands the principles of the environment and can also exemplify them in daily life. In order to create a more environmentally literate world, there has been a push for environmental education integrated into schools. This qualitative study sought to examine Kenyan teachers’ perspectives on the human–nature interaction by conducting vignette focus-group interviews. It is a subject not widely explored but vital for conservation not only in this area, but also other areas that seek to have an ecological informed populous. The vignettes were created using photographs and explanations of the photographs that the participants collected ...
POLICY ANALYSIS AS A HERMENEUTIC ACTIVITY

Any piece of policy analysis must be appropriate to the context of its intended use. Social science often fails as policy analysis due to insensitivity to context. This paper explores a number of different modes of policy analysis to determine the circumstances in which the application of each is appropriate. It is argued that each mode is appropriate only under a fairly limited set of conditions; many of the problems policy analysis encounters are a result of attempts to apply a mode outside its niche. Greater use should be made of what is developed here as a hermeneutic model of policy analysis, appropriate in a residual set of conditions which none of the traditional models of policy analysis copes with adequately.
Assembly of lipids and proteins in Escherichia coli membranes.

Presently there is much interest in the relationship between the structure and function of biological membranes. An approach to the understanding of this relationship has been the study of the effect of the modification of the membrane lipids on the function of membrane-associated activities. In our laboratories we have modified the apolar portion of the membrane lipids of unsaturated fatty-acid auxotrophs of Escherichia coli and investigated the effect of such modifications on enzymes of the electron-transport system. From these studies we were able to conclude that E. coli regulates the relative fatty-acid content of its phospholipids and maintains a certain membrane fluidity necessary for proper membrane function (1–3). We have also proposed that lipids are heterogeneously distributed within the membrane in domains of differing fluidity (4). The studies of McConnell, Chapman, and others (5–13) have corroborated these concepts and extended them to other biological and model membranes. In this paper we review some of our previous results and present evidence to show how NADH and D-lactate oxidases of E. coli membranes are influenced by the fluid states of membrane phospholipids. Preliminary evidence is also presented to show that biogenesis of membranes probably occurs by independent insertion into the membranes of lipids and proteins which upon subsequent interaction with each other form the functional lipoprotein units.