cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclophilin C‐associated protein is up‐regulated during wound healing

Cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP) is identified from macrophages. It locates in intracellular, membrane bound and extracellular, suggesting it has an important role, however both of its regulation and function have not been elucidated. The expression of CyCAP in skin and during wound healing is also unknown. We demonstrate that CyCAP is expressed in both dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In the dermis, the majority of CyCAP protein is located intracellular in a filamentous protein form while a lesser amount is in the extracellular matrix (ECM). CyCAP gene and protein expression is increased 1 day after skin wound healing in both fetal and adult rats and remains elevated level up to 1 week in adult rats. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrate that the increased CyCAP expression locates mainly to inflammatory cells, including macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes during wound healing. Interferon-γ increases CyCAP gene and protein expression in cultured rat fibroblasts. We also found that wound healing is slower and less collagen is expressed in skin of CyCAP null mice. These data are the first observations of CyCAP expression in skin and during wound repair. Our data indicates that CyCAP is regulated by IFNγ and may function on immune defense in macrophages, lymphocytes, dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes during wound healing. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 153–160, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Data warehousing in an integrated health system: building the business case

1. ABSTRACT Healthcare presents unique challenges for the architect of a data warehouse. Integrated health systems are shifting its focus away from the acute care setting and moving towards cross-continuum care management. Improving healthcare quality while reducing costs requires the elimination of unnecessary variation in the care process. This paper describes the lessons learned during the business case development for the project. Topics include establishing the need for a data warehouse, understanding data warehousing in healthcare, justifying the cost of a data warehouse, building the team, and setting achievable goals.
Family and Work Predictors of Psychological Well-Being Among Hispanic Women Professionals:

This study examines the relative contributions of job- and gender-related variables to the mental health of Hispanic women professionals. Hispanic women professionals, managers and business owners (n = 303) were surveyed using the mailing list of a Hispanic professional women's organization. Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that income and Hispanic group were consistently related to mental health measures. Spouse support and ethnicity of spouse were associated with measures of stress in balancing roles and psychological distress symptoms. Marital status was related to personal life satisfaction (married women reported more satisfaction), and having young children was negatively associated with personal and professional satisfaction. Experience of discrimination, job stress and peer support were also significantly related to mental health measures. Although preliminary, this study underscores the importance of both job- and gender-related factors in research on the effects of employment on ...
Fatty acid synthesis in isolated spermatocytes and spermatids of mouse testis

In vitro incorporation of [1-14C] acetate into fatty acids and lipid classes of spermatocytes, round spermatids and condensing spermatids enriched by Staput 1×g sedimentation was measured by thin layer and gas radiochromatography. All three cell fractions showed the full range of de novo synthetase, elongation and desaturase activities necessary for biosynthesis of fatty acids characteristic of mouse testis, but synthesis of fatty acids of >16 carbons declined with progressive stages of differentiation. The magnitudes and patterns of distribution of fatty acid synthesis in the germinal cells were similar to those of whole testis incubated in vitro or injected in vivo with [14C] acetate. On the other hand, complex lipid synthesis was much more variable and incorporation into triacylglycerol was generally much lower in dispersed germinal cells than in whole testis in vitro or in vivo. Cells remained viable throughout the 15-hr incubation. Thus, isolated germinal cells are fully capable of synthesizing their constituent fatty acids, including the long-chain polyenoic acids which they accumulate, but the intratubular environment or association with Sertoli cells may be necessary for maintenance of adequate complex lipid synthesis.
Onset Studies of Positive Point-to-Plane Corona in Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Positive point-to-plane corona studies in air have been continued with special emphasis on pre-onset region. Oscillographic and photographic studies show two kinds of current pulses occurring below onset voltages. Both types of pulses can be observed by inductive effects on a plate placed near the gap and by the ion currents produced. At lowest voltages for counting action, pulses lasting for about 0.003 second are recorded on the oscillograph and are accompanied by a glow around the point as described by Trichel for steady corona. These correspond to the regular corona process continuing for several thousand bursts after which space charge modification of the field causes extreme likelihood of extinction. At voltages approaching corona onset, streamers are observed which extend far out into the gap and which can propagate only into a space-chargefree gap. The steady corona process is normally initiated by one of these streamers. The mechanism for both bursts and streamers is shown to involve space charge intensification of the field. Streamer propagation and stable burst corona both depend on photoelectric ionization in the gas. Streamer length is found to depend primarily on point size and for very fine needle points no distinction can be made between bursts and streamers. By the use of a shielding screen to cut out the electrostatic pulse produced by a streamer or a group of bursts, it was possible to determine the number of ions produced. This was found to be approximately 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ ions per cm of visible streamer, and about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ ions in an average burst pulse. The time necessary for positive ions produced by a streamer to cross the gap was measured and found to be of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ second, and to vary with gap geometry in a way consistent with the minimum time between two consecutive streamers. Considerable photoelectric ionization was found to occur at the plate as much as 2.15 cm ahead of the visible streamers. Streamers occurring just prior to spark breakdown of the gap are associated with the pre-onset streamers. In this case the higher voltage near breakdown gives the high field necessary for streamer propagation despite space charge modification of the field by the stable corona process.
Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Background, and Psychosis-Proneness in a Diverse Sample of College Students

A sample of 915 college students completed the Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, and Schizotypal Personality Scales. No statistically significant differences were found between African-American (n=209) and European-American (n=591) students on these measures, except on the Perceptual Aberration Scale (p<0.01). Additional analyses revealed that this difference was mediated by the subjects’ gender and socioeconomic background. The results of the present study are consistent with previous studies that have examined the mediating role of socioeconomic background in the performance of African-Americans on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Personality Inventory (MCMI) and confirm that differences on schizotypy measures are best interpreted in the context of the sociocultural background of the subjects.
Persistence of zero modes in a gauged Dirac model for bilayer graphene

A recently constructed model for low-lying excitations in bilayer graphene exhibits midgap, zero-energy modes in its Dirac-type spectrum when a scalar order parameter takes a vortex profile. We show that these modes persist when the dynamics is extended by a gauge field interaction, which also renders finite the vortex energy. The effect of the gauge field on the zero-energy wave function is to shift the phase of the (damped) oscillatory component of the wave function in the absence of the gauge field.
Emergency preparedness for biological and chemical incidents: a survey of anesthesiology residency programs in the United States.

UNLABELLED We surveyed health care professionals about their preparations to manage the clinical problems associated with patients exposed to hazardous substances, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Training for WMD is considered a key part of public health policy and preparedness. Although such events are rare, when they do occur, they can cause mass casualties. In many models of mass casualty management, anesthesiology personnel are responsible for treating patients immediately on arrival at the hospital. We studied the extent of training offered to anesthesiology personnel in the use of WMD protective gear and patient management in United States (US) anesthesiology residency programs. Information was obtained via an online survey to all program directors and chair persons of anesthesiology programs. We polled all of the 135 US anesthesiology programs of which 90 (67%) responded. Only 37% had any form of training, and many of them did not repeat training after initial sessions. Twenty-eight percent of programs east of the Mississippi River reported some form of training whereas only 17% of programs west of it reported training available. The majority of anesthesia residency programs in the US that responded to our survey provided little or no training in the management of patients exposed to WMD. IMPLICATIONS In an attack involving weapons of mass destruction or toxic chemicals, anesthesiologists will provide care. Our survey of United States anesthesiology residency programs demonstrated that there is limited training of residents regarding the anesthetic management of patients injured by weapons of mass destruction. This has serious public health implications.
Age differences in life event qualities: Multivariate controlled analyses

Effects of age on the distribution of three life events qualities (expectation, valence, importance) for specific life events experienced during the past year by community-based adults were examined, controlling for sex, race, education, marital status, and place of residence. The controlled analyses were done using multiple regression. Data were gathered via personal interviews from 3,798 respondents aged 18 + years who participated in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) community survey from North Carolina. Respondents were placed into one of four age groups. Only 3 of the 19 life events examined demonstrated a significant age/life event quality association in the controlled analyses. Age differences occurred between the 25–44 and the 65 + age groups in the expectation quality for family member ill and in the valence quality for illness requiring hospitalization and retirement. Age differences were not found for the importance quality.
Embryonic and larval neural connectivity: progressive changes in synapse form and function at the neuromuscular junction mediated by cytoskeletal regulation

During development, precise formation of millions of synaptic connections is critical for the formation of a functional nervous system. Synaptogenesis is a complex multistep process in which axons follow gradients of secreted and cell surface guidance cues to reach their target area, at which point they must accurately distinguish their specific target. Upon target recognition, the axonal growth cone undergoes rapid growth and morphological changes, ultimately forming a functional synapse that continues to remodel during activity-dependent plasticity. Significant evidence suggests that the underlying actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons are key effectors throughout synaptogenesis downstream of numerous receptors and signaling pathways. An increasing number of cytoskeletal-associated proteins have been shown to influence actin and MT stability and dynamics and many of these regulators have been implicated during synaptic morphogenesis using both mammalian and invertebrate model systems. In this review, we present an overview of the role cytoskeletal regulators play during the formation of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.
Milk temperature in the claw piece of the milking machine and mammary surface temperature are predictors of internal mammary temperature in goats.

Summary Mammary internal and surface temperatures and milk temperature were correlated using five lactating goats. Internal mammary temperature was estimated using temperature-sensitive transmitters placed deep within the parenchyma of each mammary half. External mammary temperature was estimated using infrared thermography of four mammary skin sites: T1, teat end; T2, teat base; G1, about 20 mm above the teat base; and G2, about 20 mm ventral to the base of the gland deep to the thigh. The thermistor bead used for estimating milk temperature was placed in the claw piece where the short milk tube of the liner attaches. This placement minimized cooling effects of milk contact surfaces. The overall correlations of milk temperature with mammary temperatures ranged from 0. 45 to 0. 64. Correlations among the six paired values for the four external sites ranged from 0. 76 to 0. 92. Milk and surface temperatures, milking time, and milk weight were employed in various combinations as covariables; these were calculated within animal, within half. Milk temperature was the single most important predictor of internal mammary temperature in all models. Milk temperature alone or combined with covariables can be used to predict internal mammary temperature.
Characterization of phosphosilicate glass films obtained using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition from tetraethylorthosilicate and trimethylphosphite

We examine the deposition rate, step coverage and film thickness uniformity of 2 μm (8.4 wt.% P) phosphosilicate glass (PSG) films obtained using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), trimethylphosphite and O2 as reactants in an Ar diluent. A 26-2 fractional factorial screening equipment was performed to evaluate the effects of r.f. power, pressure, temperature, O2-to-TEOS feed ratio, plasma duty cycle and Ar flow in a batch PECVD reactor. Factor effects are considered to have a significant influence at an 85% confidence level. The deposition rate increases with increasing duty cycle, power and pressure and decreasing Ar flow. Step coverage is characterized for rectangular trenches with two initial aspect ratios, 0.64 and 2.5, by three ratios; (1) the film thickness S1 in the plane of the original trench mouth to the thickness T on the wafer surface, (2) the film thickness S2 where it is the thinnest at the base of the side wall to T and (3) the thickness B at the center of the base to T. S1/T increases with increasing duty cycle, pressure and temperature for an aspect ration of 0.64. For feature with an aspect ratio of 2.5; (1) S1/T increases with increasing temperature and decreasing Ar flow, (2) S2/T increases slightly with increasing temperature and (3) B/T increases with increasing temperature and Ar flow and decreasing O2-to-TEOS ratio and power. Step coverages are superior to those of low pressure chemical vapor deposited PSG films from SiH4, O2 and PH3. The inter-wafer film thickness uniformity is independent of the factor level settings in this experiment. The intra-wafer film thickness variability increases with increasing temperature and O2-to-TEOS ratios.
On the use of the arrhenius equation to describe cellulose and wood pyrolysis

Abstract The Arrhenius equation has been succesfully used in chemical reaction kinetics to describe the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant. However, in a recent communication, D.J. Brown suggested that application of the Arrhenius equation in cellulose and wood pyrolysis studies is inappropriate. Based on results from isothermal pyrolysis studies in which heat and mass transfer effects were negligible, it has been shown that the Arrhenius equation adequately describes the temperature dependence of the overall degradation rate constant for cellulose and wood pyrolysis. Although the Arrhenius equation has little physical significance in solid-state reactions, it may be assumed as a two-parameter model to correlate the data thereby minimizing the number of adjustable parameters.
Depth variation in copper, lead, and zinc concentrations and mass enrichment ratios in soils of an urban watershed

Previous studies in the Manoa watershed (Hawaii) have indicated significant anthropogenic enhancement of trace metals in road deposited sediment and fluvial bed sediments. This study was conducted to examine trace metal loadings with depth in soils of Manoa watershed. A total of 78 roadside (disturbed) and 10 background (control) soils were sampled at two depths for selected soil properties and for total and HCl-extractable (labile) concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Based on sample proximity to roads, typically <2 m, the automobile is considered the primary source of inputs. Concentration, mass loading, and mass per area enrichment ratio (MAER) data indicate that Pb was the most significantly enhanced trace metal. Labile Pb concentrations were log-normally distributed with maximum values of 2870 and 3560 mg kg -1 in topsoil and subsoil samples, respectively. Roadside labile Pb was four to five times higher than in background soils. Mass loading and MAER data indicate that subsoils were statistically more enriched in labile Cu and Pb, while Zn had similar values with depth. More than 50% of the subsoils were classified as having significant to extreme labile Pb anthropogenic signals. Trace metals in this study have undergone significant translocation, possibly through processes of colloidal transport and/or preferential flow. The environmental significance of this research is discussed in terms of potential influence of Pb mobility on ground and surface waters, and the continued contribution of high levels of labile Pb to road surfaces with erosion of exposed subsoil layers.
Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Small Communities

A sizable portion of the budget in many small communities is devoted to the treatment of wastewater (more commonly called sewage). A community of 5,000 persons may spend more than $150,000 annually (adjusted to a June 1978 base) for secondary wastewater treatment using trickling filters, a lowcost alternative for this size community. If, in addition, advanced wastewater treatment (AWT) is required to remove nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, in order to meet surface water quality standards, annual costs can increase to $391,000 and $443,000, depending on whether treatment techniques such as lime addition and nitrificationdenitrification are used (Young 1978). These processes can remove approximately 90% of the phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively, in municipal wastewater. As national policies to improve the quality of surface waters are implemented, increasing numbers of small communities in rural areas are being required to increase the level of treatment to include AWT. Research reported in this article shows that land treatment (LT) of municipal wastewaters can meet these increased surface water
Theory of transition radiation from a smoothly varying boundary

Some new results on transition radiation are presented. In particular, equations are developed for the situation where the boundaries of the medium are not sharp. These equations are then used to show that the sharp-boundary approximation is valid for relativistic particles since the distance over which the radiation develops is always large compared to the thickness of the boundary. (AIP)
Framing the Work of Art: Spirituality and Career Discourse in the Nonprofit Arts Sector

ABSTRACT Based on qualitative data from participant interviews, this study explores how nonprofit arts managers construct the notion of career, and more specifically, how they frame the nature of their work and career choices. Findings revealed that participants employed a spiritual framework of calling, service, sacrifice, and personal rewards to socially construct, understand, and legitimate their nonprofit careers. These framing devices provided the language for participants to make sense of their career decisions and to define their career successes in terms of their own values instead of traditional measures of extrinsic rewards. As contemporary workers place increasing importance on meaningful work, spiritually centered discourse has implications for career theory and organizational practices in both for-profit and nonprofit sectors.
EFFECT OF SELENIUM FERTILIZATION ON THE GLYCOALKALOID AND NITRATE-NITROGEN CONTENT OF POTATOES

The effect of soil applications of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) on the total glycoalkaloid (TGA) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) contents of Katahdin potatoes was studied over two storage periods (0 and 5 month) during each of two years. Sodium selenite was banded to the soil at rates of 0.0, 5.6 (2.5), 11.2 (5.0) and 18.0 (7.5) kg/ha (ppm). Selenium treatment, at all levels, resulted in significantly lower TGA and NO3-N contents than the controls. Applications of Na2SeO3 greater than 5.6 kg/ha did not result in further decreases in the TGA and NO3-N content. These results were consistent for the two storage periods.
Enthalpies of Formation of Rare Earth and Actinide(III) Hydroxides; their Acid-Base Relationships and Estimation of their Thermodynamic Properties

This paper reviews the literature on rare earth(III) and actinide(III) hydroxide thermodynamics, in particular the determination of their enthalpies of formation at 25{degree}C. The hydroxide unit-cell volumes, lanthanide/actinide ion sizes, and solid-solution stability trends have been correlated with a generalized acid-base strength model for oxides to estimate properties for heterogeneous equilibria that are relevant to nuclear waste modeling and to characterization of potential actinide environmental interactions. Enthalpies of formation and solubility-product constants of actinide(III) hydroxides are estimated.
Restrained Bend as Production Method of Laminated Aluminium-Polymer Composite Shapes

The structure and properties of advanced laminated aluminium-polymer composite (APC) shapes with small radius obtained by restrained bend (RB) method are described in this paper. These materials are composed of aluminium V95pchT2 (7075-T76 type) and D16ch T (2124-T3 type) alloy sheets (0,45 mm thick) and cross-ply or unidirectional organic and glass fibers/polymer combination interlayers (0,3–0,4 mm thick).
Response to comments on “Impact of California’s air pollution laws on black carbon and their implications for direct radiative forcing” by R. Bahadur et al.

We address possible sampling biases reported in an earlier work (Bahadur et al., 2011) relating decreases in black carbon (BC) measurements from the IMPROVE monitoring network to diesel emissions in California. A decrease in average BC concentration of between 40 and 60% is found at each site between 1988 and 2007, consistent with the statewide average of 50%. No significant regional biases are found to drive these trends, which are independent of latitude as well as mean BC concentration. We find no reason to revise the conclusions of Bahadur et al, in response to the methodological issues raised by Schichtel et al. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fusion burn dynamics in dense Z-pinches (DZP)

The fusion burn dynamics and energy yield of the dense Z-pinch (DZP) are examined using a profile-averaged, zero-dimensional, time-dependent model. A range of conditions (fuel, line density, voltage, fusion-product heating, enthalpy endloss, density and temperature profiles, current-rise rate, and electrode impurities) are examined. Magnetohydrodynamic stability is assumed, and initial conditions are based on those ideally existing after the melting and ionization of a solid fiber of fusion fuel. Plasma conditions required of neutron sources for materials testing and for possible commercial power production are examined. >
Understanding the Founding: The Crucial Questions – By Alan Gibson

In this lucid and often trenchant analysis of some of the most persistent questions surrounding the nation's founding, the author offers a study that is beneficial to specialists in the early Repub...
Effects of gamma irradiation on the available nitrogen status of soils

Five Hawaiian soils were irradiated at various levels of gamma irradiation and analysed for available (NH4 and NO3) nitrogen content immediately after irradiation, and after periods of incubation. The release of NH4-N generally increased with increasing dosages in all soils, while NO3-N decreased in some soils. Incubation studies showed that the loss of NO3-N continued even after several days of irradiation. The rate of NH4-N mineralisation in irradiated soils was highest during the first seven days and declined later on.
X-ray diffraction pattern reduction and computer-rendered line peak spectra for mineral analysis

Abstract The technique of creating line peak spectra for the representation of X-ray diffraction data and mineral identification presents a simplified and visual approach to analytical X-ray diffraction. Computerization of this technique enhances the application to qualitative identification of environmental materials, such as evaporite minerals. Data reduction of continuous diffraction patterns can be done manually from strip-chart output or alternatively by software from a diffractometer data-acquisition system. The line peak spectra use the same data as would be recorded during manual treatment: °2θ and peak intensity. Line peak spectra software (XRPD Condenser) developed for a Macintosh computer is introduced.
Three Amino Acid Mutations (F51L, T59A, and S390L) in the Capsid Protein of the Hepatitis E Virus Collectively Contribute to Virus Attenuation

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important but extremely understudied human pathogen, and the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are largely unknown. We previously identified an attenuated genotype 3 HEV mutant (pSHEV-1) containing three unique amino acid mutations (F51L, T59A, and S390L) in the capsid protein. To determine the role of each of these mutations, we constructed three HEV single mutants (rF51L, rT59A, and rS390L) which were all found to be replication competent in Huh7 liver cells. To determine the pathogenicities of the mutants, we utilized the specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pig model for HEV and a unique inoculation procedure that bypasses the need for propagating infectious HEV in vitro. A total of 60 pigs were intrahepatically inoculated, via an ultrasound-guided technique, with in vitro-transcribed full-length capped RNA transcripts from the infectious clones of each single mutant, the pSHEV-1 triple mutant, wild-type pSHEV-3, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer (n = 10). The results showed that the F51L mutation partially contributed to virus attenuation, whereas the T59A and S390L mutations resulted in more drastic attenuation of HEV in pigs, as evidenced by a significantly lower incidence of viremia, a delayed appearance and shorter duration of fecal virus shedding and viremia, and lower viral loads in liver, bile, and intestinal content collected at three different necropsy times. The results indicate that the three mutations in the capsid protein collectively contribute to HEV attenuation. This study has important implications for developing a modified live-attenuated vaccine against HEV.
Characterization of CZT materials for x-ray and gamma-ray detectors

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors possess a unique combination of the necessary material properties required for high photon detection efficiency, high resistivity, good photoconductivity and acceptable electrical transport properties, and a great of progress has been made to fabricate good spectroscopic grade detectors from the crystals. Despite these notable advantages, their widespread deployment remains limited due to material defects and to issues associated with manufacturing of the devices. Material defects, such as twins, grain boundaries, Te inclusions, and dislocations are routinely observed in these crystals, which are known to degrade the device performance. We explored and analyzed the defects in various CZT detector-grade materials revealed by different methods, including IR microscopy, chemical etching and high-spatial x-ray mapping. We correlated these data with the findings to disclose the characteristics of the defects. Besides materials issues, imperfection in processed crystals' surfaces like mechanical damage and chemical species formation influence the electric field within the device, and significantly affect its charge transport characteristics. Such surfaces enhance leakage current into the medium and create additional trapping centers, thereby adversely affecting the detector's performance. We prepared and processed the surfaces of some selected crystals and studied these treated surfaces by atomic force microscopy to identify the most efficient means of surface processing to yield the optimum quality surface for fabricating radiation detectors.
Reduced complexity adaptive array processing for multi-user communications

The problem of multi-user communications through channels such as the shallow water acoustic channel presents a challenge in managing receiver complexity. On one hand, the multi-access interference and extended time-varying multipath which are often encountered seemingly push for using arrays of hydrophones, complex algorithms, and a corresponding increase in computing power to successfully separate and demodulate received signals. On the other hand, the sometimes rapid rate of channel fluctuations which may need to be tracked and potential constraints on the available computing power can make the direct expansion of algorithms designed for less complex scenarios impractical. A new receiver structure is proposed which exploits channel structure to facilitate multi-user communications in the shallow water environment without a significant increase in receiver complexity.
Robust Stochastic Principal Component Analysis

We consider the problem of nding lower dimensional subspaces in the presence of outliers and noise in the online setting. In particular, we extend previous batch formulations of robust PCA to the stochastic setting with minimal storage requirements and runtime complexity. We introduce three novel stochastic approximation algorithms for robust PCA that are extensions of standard algorithms for PCA { the stochastic power method, incremental PCA and online PCA using matrix-exponentiated-gradient (MEG) updates. For robust online PCA we also give a sub-linear convergence guarantee. Our numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the the robust online method over the other robust stochastic methods and the advantage of robust methods over their non-robust counterparts in the presence of outliers in articial and real scenarios.
Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Objectives We sought to ascertain whether myocardial scarring occurs in living unselected patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Background Myocardial scarring is known to occur in select HCM patients, who were highly symptomatic prior to death or who died suddenly. The majority of HCM patients, however, are minimally symptomatic and have not suffered sudden death. Methods Cine and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 21 HCM patients who were predominantly asymptomatic. Gadolinium hyperenhancement was assumed to represent myocardial scar, and the extent of scar was compared to left ventricular (LV) morphology and function. Results Scarring was present in 17 patients (81%). Scarring occurred only in hypertrophied regions (≥10 mm), was patchy with multiple foci, and predominantly involved the middle third of the ventricular wall. All 17 patients had scarring at the junction of the interventricular septum and the right ventricular (RV) free wall. On a regional basis, the extent of scarring correlated positively with wall thickness (r = 0.36, p Conclusions Myocardial scarring is common in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic HCM patients who have not suffered sudden death. When present, scarring occurs in hypertrophied regions, is consistently localized to the junctions of the septum and RV free wall, and correlates positively with regional hypertrophy and inversely with regional contraction.
Shielding of a Lipooligosaccharide IgM Epitope Allows Evasion of Neutrophil-Mediated Killing of an Invasive Strain of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is a frequent cause of noninvasive mucosal inflammatory diseases but may also cause invasive diseases, such as sepsis and meningitis, especially in children and the elderly. Infection by nontypeable Haemophi- lus influenzae is characterized by recruitment of neutrophilic granulocytes. Despite the presence of a large number of neutro- phils, infections with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae are often not cleared effectively by the antimicrobial activity of these immune cells. Herein, we examined how nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae evades neutrophil-mediated killing. Transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) was used on an isolate resistant to neutrophil-mediated killing to identify genes required for its survival in the presence of human neutrophils and serum, which provided a source of complement and antibodies. Results show that non- typeable Haemophilus influenzae prevents complement-dependent neutrophil-mediated killing by expression of surface galactose-containing oligosaccharide structures. These outer-core structures block recognition of an inner-core lipooligosaccha- ride epitope containing glucose attached to heptose HepIII-1,2-Glc by replacement with galactose attached to HepIII or through shielding HepIII-1,2-Glc by phase-variable attachment of oligosaccharide chain extensions. When the HepIII-1,2- Glc-containing epitope is expressed and exposed, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is opsonized by naturally acquired IgM generally present in human serum and subsequently phagocytosed and killed by human neutrophils. Clinical nontypeable Hae- mophilus influenzae isolates containing galactose attached to HepIII that are not recognized by this IgM are more often found to cause invasive infections. IMPORTANCE Neutrophils are white blood cells that specialize in killing pathogens and are recruited to sites of inflammation. However, despite the presence of large numbers of neutrophils in the middle ear cavity and lungs of patients with otitis media or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respectively, the bacterium nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is often not effectively cleared from these locations by these immune cells. In order to understand how nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is able to cause inflammatory diseases in the presence of neutrophils, we determined the mechanism that underlies resistance to neutrophil-mediated killing. We have shown that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae prevents binding of antibodies of the IgM subtype through changes in their surface lipooligosaccharide structure, thereby preventing complement activation and clearance by human neutrophils.
Generation of Trees without Duplications

Recent emphasis on the use of electronic digital computers has focused attention on a number of practical problems which were hitherto treated on an "existence" basis. One problem which arises in computer analysis of electrical networks is the listing of all trees in the network. Any practically useful scheme must find all the trees of the network without generating duplicates (for practical networks the number of trees exceeds the fast memory of any computer and, hence, slows down search for duplicates). Also, the trees must be generated by replacement of one branch at a time in order to keep track of signs (for active network analysis). A practical procedure satisfying these conditions is presented in this paper.
Bioengineering and Imaging Research Opportunities Workshop V: Summary of Findings on Imaging and Characterizing Structure and Function in Native and Engineered Tissues

Editor's Note: Similar versions of this editorial are being published in Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Cytometry Part A: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, and Radiology so as to reach the readership of all three journals. The full report, of which this editorial represents a summary, appears in Medical Physics. The fifth Bioengineering and Imaging Research Opportunities Workshop (BIROW V) was held January 18–19, 2008. As with previous such meetings, the purpose of BIROW V was to identify and characterize research and engineering opportunities in biomedical engineering and imaging. The topic of the BIROW V meeting was “Imaging and Characterizing Structure and Function in Native and Engineered Tissues.”
Pharmacologic management of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response to an allergen. The induction and elicitation of this response can be divided into three sequential stages: (1) sensitization and production of allergenspecific IgE; (2) reexposure to the allergen, causing cross-linkage of mast cell- and basophil-bound IgE and the release of mediators that produces the acute allergic reaction; and (3) elicitation of late inflammatory reactions via transendothelial migration and activation of eosinophils, neutrophils, and T cells in the nasal mucosa. This third stage results in chronic allergic inflammation. Exposure to an allergen initially excites the early allergic response, which is a result of release and generation of mast cell mediators. The response is marked by immediate sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, and congestion. Thereafter, most persons experience cellular infiltration of the nasal mucosa, which causes the late-phase reaction. Late inflammation is associated with increased sensitivity to allergen after repeated exposures, and with hyperresponsiveness to irritants or certain pharmacologic agents. This is also known as priming. Accumulation of inflammatory cells (i.e., T cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils) is characteristic of chronic allergic rhinitis and is responsible for nasal congestion, anosmia, and nasal hyperreactivity. Histamine, which is released following exposure to a specific allergen, is responsible for most of the symptoms of acute allergic rhinitis. These include sneezing, nasal congestion and/or rhinorrhea, and pruritus of the eyes and/or nose.
Swing Up Control of the Pendubot Through Energy Management of the Underactuated Link

The control problem of the pendubot refers to the task of stabilizing its equilibrium configuration with the highest potential energy. Linearization of the dynamics of the pendubot about this equilibrium results in a completely controllable system and allows a linear controller to be designed for local asymptotic stability. Therefore, the real challenge is to design a control law for the underactuated system that will swing up both the links and brings the configuration variables of the system within the region of attraction of the equilibrium. This paper provides a method for swing-up control based on a series of start and stop maneuvers of the first link about its vertically upright configuration. The start and stop maneuvers are designed such that each maneuver results in a net gain in the energy of the second link. This results in swinging up of the second link and the pendubot configuration reaching the region of attraction of the desired equilibrium. A three step algorithm is provided for swing up control followed by stabilization. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Research opportunities to advance solar energy utilization

Major developments, as well as remaining challenges and the associated research opportunities, are evaluated for three technologically distinct approaches to solar energy utilization: solar electricity, solar thermal, and solar fuels technologies. Much progress has been made, but research opportunities are still present for all approaches. Both evolutionary and revolutionary technology development, involving foundational research, applied research, learning by doing, demonstration projects, and deployment at scale will be needed to continue this technology-innovation ecosystem. Most of the approaches still offer the potential to provide much higher efficiencies, much lower costs, improved scalability, and new functionality, relative to the embodiments of solar energy-conversion systems that have been developed to date.
Evaluation of body and organ weights in perinatal pathology: II. Weight of body and placenta of surviving and of autopsied infants

Abstract Normal standards for birth weight of surviving infants, weight at autopsy of infants who died in the perinatal period, and weight of the placenta for both of these groups are presented. They are given in relation to gestational age and, in the case of the placenta, also by body weight. Significance and usefulness of this information are briefly discussed, particularly with regard to discrepancy between gestational age and birth weight.
Taking cues from the extracellular matrix to design bone-mimetic regenerative scaffolds

There is an ongoing need for effective materials that can replace autologous bone grafts in the clinical treatment of bone injuries and deficiencies. In recent years, research efforts have shifted away from a focus on inert biomaterials to favor scaffolds that mimic the biochemistry and structure of the native bone extracellular matrix (ECM). The expectation is that such scaffolds will integrate with host tissue and actively promote osseous healing. To further enhance the osteoinductivity of bone graft substitutes, ECM-mimetic scaffolds are being engineered with a range of growth factors (GFs). The technologies used to generate GF-modified scaffolds are often inspired by natural processes that regulate the association between endogenous ECMs and GFs. The purpose of this review is to summarize research centered on the development of regenerative scaffolds that replicate the fundamental collagen-hydroxyapatite structure of native bone ECM, and the functionalization of these scaffolds with GFs that stimulate critical events in osteogenesis.
The Stability, After Frozen Storage, of an in Vivo Antigen-Antibody Bonding on Red Blood Cells

The concept that the autoantibodies of acquired hemolytic anemia always reacted nonspecifically with all human erythrocytes was discarded after Weiner and his associates demonstrated that these antibodies sometimes have blood group specificity. In most instances the specific autoantibodies have been directed against the Rh antigens, although other blood group antibodies have been implicated.'' There is also a group of patients who have acquired a positive direct Coombs test as a result of therapy with transfusion. In most instances, these persons have been transfused with blood possessing antigens for which their serum contained the corresponding antibody. An incompatibility may not have been noted before transfusion, either owing to the fact that the crossmatch technics used-were those by which the antibody in question is not detected, or the titer or the avidity of the antibody (or both) was too weak to be demonstrated by in vitro testing. There is also the possibility that the patient may have developed antibody to the donor cells after transfusion. If the sensitized cells are tested by the antiglobulin technic before they are eliminated from the circulation, a positive direct Coombs test will result. This group is designated as having an "iatrogenic positive direct Coombs test." This group accounts for a number of cases referred to our laboratory for antibody study. Correct grouping and typing of sensitized red blood cells is difficult because of their polyagglutinability in albumin typing serum or the necessity of using the indirect
Abundance and Seasonal Distribution of the Tabanidae of the Great Swamp, New Jersey. Part II. The Second Year

Continuation of a tabanid faunal study in a hardwood swamp in north-central New Jersey in 1967 produced 8678 adults representing 37 species—17 in Chrysops, 13 in Tabanus, and 7 in Hybomitra. In the 2-year study, 43 species in 4 genera were collected. The 1966 and 1967 faunas were very similar; only 8 species were collected in only 1 year (7 of these represented by 1 specimen). Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macquart), Tabanus lincola F., T. pumilus Macquart, and Chrysops vittatus Wiedemann were included in the 5 most abundant species in both years. The order of seasonal succession for each species was similar in the 1966 and 1967 faunas; annual in differences in date of appearance were marked only for C. celatus Pechuman (10 days) and T. similis Macquart (90 days). Peak numbers of most species appeared at about the same time in 1967 as they had in 1966. Considering-their small numbers, C. unvittatus Macquart, T. sparus var. milleri Whitney, and H. epistates (Osten Sacken) had long seasons as they had in 1966. The distributions of most dominants were more attenuated in 1967 than in 1966. Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland, a soil saprophyte, may have caused high mortality of C. vittatus populations in 1967.
Impurity-Induced Layer Disordering: Current Understanding and Areas for Future Investigation

The purpose of this work is to give an overview of the current phenomenological understanding of impurity-induced layer disordering (IILD). First, we identify key experimental findings such as the influence of the crystal surface-ambient interaction, the Fermi-level effect, and the impurity concentration on Al-Ga interdiffusion. Second, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing IILD models in consideration of the above mentioned experimental data. Finally, we discuss the pitfalls involved in generalizing the results of individual Al-Ga interdiffusion experiments in order to explain a broader collection of IILD data.
Impact of age and sex on the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiota in individuals with and without enteric infections

Abstract Purpose The intestinal microbiome is critical for human health and preventing colonization by enteric pathogens. There are notable differences in the microbiota composition among individuals with and without enteric infections, though the impact that age and gender has on the composition and abundance of intestinal microbes is not known. Methods A comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing study was performed on stool DNA from 200 patients with enteric infections and 75 healthy family members representing both sexes and multiple age groups. Results Microbial community profiles were affected by age and sex in patients with enteric infections and their healthy family members. Overall, we observed an increase in Bacteroides abundance and decrease in Escherichia abundance with age, though these differences were most apparent for patients with enteric infections. Genus Bacteroides was also higher in female communities while Escherichia predominated in males. Conclusions Because Escherichia abundance was previously linked to symptom severity, children with enteric infections may be most susceptible to severe disease outcomes due to high and low abundance of Escherichia and Bacteroides, respectively. Future studies should focus on classifying specific differences in the microbiome using metagenomics and identifying novel methods aimed at shifting the intestinal microbiome to a healthy state.