cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making End User Development More Natural

When end users approach a development task, they bring with them a set of techniques, expressions, and knowledge, which can be leveraged in order to make the process easier. The Natural Programming Project has been working for over twenty years to better understand how end users think about their tasks, and to develop new ways for users to express those tasks that will be more “natural,” by which we mean closer to the way they think. Our chapter in the previous book covered the first 10 years of this research; and here we summarize the most recent 10 years. This includes studies on barriers that impede EUD, and a new tool that helps with the understanding and debugging barriers by showing developers why their program has its current behavior. We also describe a tool that we created to help EUDs input, process, and transform data in the context of spreadsheets and web pages. Interaction designers are a class of EUDs that may need to program interactive behaviors, so we studied how they naturally express those behaviors, and then built a spreadsheet-like tool to allow them to author new behaviors. Another spreadsheet tool we created helps EUDs access web service data without writing code, and extends the familiar spreadsheet to support analyzing the acquired web-based hierarchical data and programming data-driven GUI applications. Finally, EUDs often need to engage in exploratory programming, where the goals and tasks are not well-formed in advance. We describe new tools to help users selectively undo past actions, along with on-going research to help EUDs create more efficient behaviors on smartphones and facilitate variations when performing data analysis.
Abstract 13852: Improved Long-Term Survival With Repeat Coronary Bypass Surgery Compared to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Previous Surgical Revascularization a 20 Year Experience

Introduction: We compared outcome of repeat CABG (RCABG) and PCI in patients with previous CABG. Hypothesis: RCABG may improve survival versus PCI. Methods: From 1993 through 2009, 3,058 patients u...
Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Binge Alcohol Exposure-Induced Uterine Artery Dysfunction in Pregnant Rat.

BACKGROUND A cardinal feature of fetal alcohol syndrome is growth restriction. Maternal uterine artery adaptations to pregnancy correlate with birthweight and survival. We hypothesized that gestational binge alcohol exposure impairs maternal uterine vascular function, affecting endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation. METHODS Pregnant rats grouped as pair-fed control or binge alcohol exposed received a once-daily, orogastric gavage of isocaloric maltose-dextrin or alcohol, respectively. On gestational day 20, primary uterine arteries were isolated, cannulated, and connected to a pressure transducer, and functional studies were conducted by dual-chamber arteriography. Uterine arteries maintained at constant intramural pressure (90 mm Hg) were maximally constricted with thromboxane, and a dose-response for acetylcholine (Ach) was recorded. RESULTS The alcohol group exhibited significantly impaired endothelium-dependent, Ach-induced uterine artery relaxation (↓∼30%). Subsequently, a dose-response was recorded following inhibition of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (apamin and TRAM-34) and prostacyclin (indomethacin). Ach-induced relaxation in the pair-fed control decreased by ~46%, and interestingly, relaxation in alcohol group further decreased by an additional ~48%, demonstrating that gestational binge alcohol impairs the NO system in the primary uterine artery. An endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside effect was not observed. Immunoblotting indicated that alcohol decreased the level of endothelial excitatory P-Ser1177 endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (p < 0.05) and total eNOS expression (p < 0.05) compared to both the normal and pair-fed controls. P-Ser1177 eNOS level was also confirmed by immunofluorescence imaging. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate maternal binge alcohol consumption during pregnancy disrupts uterine artery vascular function via impairment of the eNOS vasodilatory system.
The Processing of Species-Specific Complex Sounds by the Ascending and Descending Auditory Systems

Human speech and animal sounds share at least three basic acoustic patterns called information-bearing elements (IBE’s). These are constant frequency (CF), frequency modulated (FM) and noise burst (NB) components. Combinations of these IBE’s are important to the auditory behaviors of both humans and animals. The combinations are more or less stereotyped in animals, but vary enormously in human speech. The information-bearing parameters (IBP’s) characterizing individual IBE’s and combinations of IBE’s show significant variations between individual animals (speakers) and are used to recognize them. [An IBP is the limited part of the continuum that carries information for the species. IBP’s include parameters characterizing IBE’s of a sound, such as frequency, FM rate, FM depth, amplitude, AM rate, AM depth, duration, etc., and also interaural time and amplitude differences, intervals between signals (e.g., echo delay), sequences of signals and other parameters related to combinations of IBE’s. IBP’s can be different among species, and the same IBP’s can carry different information for different species (Suga, 1988a).]
Qualitative Data Archiving in the Digital Age: Strategies for Data Preservation and Sharing

Given the combination of recent mandates from funding agencies for data management plans and data sharing, and the explosion of data in digital form over the past two decades, it is time for the qualitative social science community to embrace digital archiving as an inherent component of research methodology. Archiving digital data ensures, at the least, that an individual scholar’s data is preserved and accessible to the user many decades into his or her career. Digital archiving also has the potential to preserve for the broader scholarly community, the full range of social science knowledge far beyond an individual researcher’s lifespan, or field site. However, the qualitative social science community has shown resistance to the archiving and data sharing movement. In this article I discuss the key debates around data archiving and sharing for qualitative research community, with particular attention to ethnographic data, and outline basic steps qualitative researchers can take as they begin to implement plans for digital archiving in their own research methodology.
Long-term effects of betamethasone on fetal development.

In previous studies, we noted that treatment of pregnant rhesus monkeys with betamethasone resulted in a marked increase in fetal lung distensibility. The purpose of the present was to determine whether these changes persisted during subsequent in utero development. Pregnant rhesus monkeys were treated with 2 mg of betamethasone intramuscularly from day 120 to day 133 and underwent delivery by cesarean section one month later. The treated fetuses were found to have smaller lungs (− 31%; p
Multinomial selection index

A linear selection index is developed assuming the phenotypic vector is distributed multinomially with both complete and incomplete data records. Utilizing all data, estimates of the phenotypic means and covariances are given, and those individuals with partial records are also indexed. Limited Monte Carlo simulation studies are presented in support of the optimality properties, and numerical comparisons are made between this index and a simpler index developed for multivariate normal phenotypic vectors.
Advances in Asphaltene Petroleomics. Part 3. Dominance of Island or Archipelago Structural Motif Is Sample Dependent

Asphaltene structure is one of the most controversial topics in petroleum chemistry. The controversy is centered on the organization of aromatic cores within asphaltene molecules (single aromatic core, island and multiple aromatic core, archipelago) and specifically the inconsistency between the island model and the composition of the products derived from asphaltene pyrolysis/thermal cracking. Such products are consistent with the coexistence of island and archipelago asphaltene structural motifs. However, the archipelago model continues to lack the widespread acceptance of the petroleum community, in part due to mass spectrometry results in support of the island model. In the first and second part of this series, we demonstrated that the disproportionally high atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) ionization efficiency (monomer ion yield) of island species is due to weak nanoaggregation of large aromatic cores which do not extensively aggregate in toluene, whereas more archipelago-dominant fractio...
Optical Potential and Removal Energies in Lepton Nucleus Scattering

We summarize some of the results presented in arXiv:1801.07975 [nucl-th]\cite{FSIpaper}(to be published in EPJC in 2018) on modeling electron and neutrino QE scattering on a variety of nuclei within the impulse approximation. We find that with three parameters we can describe the final state lepton energy for all of available electron QE data on Lithium, Carbon+Oxygen, Aluminum, Calcium+Argon, Iron and Lead+Gold. The first parameter, the removal energy $\epsilon^{P,N}$ is extracted from exclusive ee$^{\prime}$p spectral function data. The second parameter $V_{eff}$, which accounts for the interaction of final state leptons and protons with the Coulomb potential of the nucleus, is available from published comparisons of inclusive QE electron and positron cross section. We extract the third parameter $U_{FSI}(\vec {q}_3^2)$, which accounts for the interaction of the final state nucleon with the optical potential of the spectator nucleus (FSI), by fitting all available inclusive QE cross sections on nuclear targets. Here $q_3$ is the three momentum transfer. With these three parameters we can model the energy of final state electrons and nucleons for all available electron QE scattering data. At present the uncertainty in the value of the removal energy parameters is a the largest source of systematic error in the extraction of the neutrino oscillation parameter $\Delta{m}^2$. The use of the updated parameters in neutrino Monte Carlo generators reduces the systematic uncertainty in the combined removal energy (with FSI corrections) from $\pm$ 20 MeV to $\pm$ 5 MeV. In this short contribution we only summarize the results for Carbon+Oxygen and Calcium+Argon
14nm FinFET Device Boost via 2nd Generation Fins Optimized for High Performance CMOS Applications

3D TCAD (Technology Computer Aided Design) process and device simulation is used to show that taller and thinner fins at the 14nm device node enable significant DC and RO performance gains for both nFET and pFET short channel devices through improvement in charge inversion andleakage current control. In particular, simulations identify a maximum in the DC and RO performance as a function of the Fin Ratio, defined as the top fin width (TCD) over the bottom fin width (BCD). At long channel, TCAD simulation demonstrates that mobility degradation observed in nFET hardware devices (but not in pFET devices) is due to the effect of quantum confinement in the fin.
Investigation of Transitional Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions Using Direct Numerical Simulations

Interaction of a transitional boundary layer with a normal-shock is investigated using unstructured tetrahedral meshes under the numerical framework of the space-time conservation element, solution element (CESE) method. The computations mimic recent experimental efforts at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, where a Mach 2.0 flow interacts with a tall cylinder attached to a flat plate. The location of the cylinder with respect to the flat plate leading edge determines if the incoming boundary layer is laminar, transitional or fully turbulent. Four representative flow conditions exemplifying laminar and transitional boundary layers are analyzed by direct numerical simulations. Similar to what was observed in the experiments for the case of transitional interaction, the computations reveal an intermittent upstream influence (UI) shock that repeatedly travels upstream from the lambda-foot toward the leading edge before vanishing. Through detailed unsteady flow analysis obtained using Fourier analysis and dynamic mode decomposition techniques, the presence of disturbances with similar frequencies as those measured in experiments were identified in the flow along with locations that appear to influence the dynamics of the flow.
Emergence of Third Spaces: Exploring Trans Students’ Campus Climate Perceptions Within Collegiate Environments:

Our study aims to understand trans students’ perceptions of campus climate, with a particular focus on students’ demographics, academic experiences, and cocurricular experiences. We use Bhabha’s co...
Nonreciprocal wave phenomena in spring-mass chains with effective stiffness modulation induced by geometric nonlinearity.

Acoustic nonreciprocity has been shown to enable a plethora of effects analogous to phenomena seen in quantum physics and electromagnetics, such as immunity from backscattering and unidirectional band gaps, which could lead to the design of direction-dependent acoustic devices. One way to break reciprocity is by spatiotemporally modulating material properties, which breaks parity and time-reversal symmetries. In this paper, we present a model for a medium in which a slow nonlinear deformation modulates the effective material properties for small overlaid disturbances (often referred to as ``small-on-large'' propagation). The medium is modeled as a discrete spring-mass chain that undergoes large deformation via prescribed displacements of certain points in the unit cell. A multiple-scale perturbation analysis shows that, for sufficiently slow modulations, the small-scale waves can be described by a linear monatomic chain with time- and space-dependent on-site stiffness. The modulation depth can be tuned by changing the geometric and stiffness parameters of the unit cell. The accuracy of the small-on-large approximation is demonstrated using direct numerical simulations.
A framework for viral marketing replication and mutation

The value of successful viral marketing campaigns to marketing performance is widely acknowledged. As a result, a great deal of attention is paid to mechanisms that foster viral spread. However, due to the consumer-influenced nature of viral replication, it is also important to consider the malleability of such messages. Expanding the focus to include the potential for viral mutations is a critical step in understanding how viral messages evolve and in understanding which messages are most likely to spread and generate their desired impact. Further, there currently is no accepted model for the viral marketing replication process to guide research efforts. Therefore, this article defines viral message mutations, builds a framework for the viral replication process, and identifies susceptibility to mutation at various stages of that process. The proposed framework is then used to offer numerous avenues for future research.
Modeling of void formation in phase change memory devices

Abstract An empirical, versatile finite-element model is developed to predict void formation in as-deposited or melt-quenched amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 during annealing. This model incorporates void formation with nucleation and growth of the crystals along with thermal models that capture laser heating of the nano-structures during device fabrication. Modeling of void formation during Joule heating or furnace annealing can be implemented in a similar way. The modeling results are compared to example experimental results obtained from pore-cell phase change memory structures.
Epigenetics of Drug Addiction

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are chronic brain diseases characterized by transitions from recreational to compulsive drug use and aberrant drug craving that persists for months to years after abstinence is achieved. The transition to compulsive drug use implies that plasticity is occurring, altering the physiology of the brain to precipitate addicted states. Epigenetic phenomena represent a varied orchestra of transcriptional tuning mechanisms that, in response to environmental stimuli, create and maintain gene expression-mediated physiological outcomes. Therefore, epigenetic mechanisms represent a convergent regulatory framework through which the plasticity required to achieve an addicted state can arise and then persist long after drug use has ended. In the first section, we will introduce basic concepts in epigenetics, such as chromatin architecture, histones and their posttranslational modifications, DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and transcription factors, along with methods for their investigation. We will then examine the implications of these mechanisms in SUDs, with a particular focus on cocaine-mediated neuroepigenetic plasticity across multiple behavioral models of addiction.
The Effects of Foreign Aid on Rebel Governance: Evidence from a Large-Scale U.S. Aid Program in Syria

Most research underscores the inefficacy of foreign aid as an instrument for influencing local perceptions of governance in countries affected by conflict. In contrast, we argue that aid can improve public perceptions of governing institutions during civil wars when those institutions arise from popular uprisings against authoritarian regimes. To evaluate our theory, we analyze new perceptions-based data, both quantitative and qualitative, which was collected from residents of 27 opposition-held communities inside Syria from 2014 to 2016. We find a positive statistical relationship between aid and perceptions of local institutions, but only when the populace does not believe the institutions were imposed by an outside actor. These results are further supported by placebo tests and a case study of Raqqa City, in which we show that aid boosted citizens' views of the local councils until ISIS took over.
Hapless victims or empowered citizens? Understanding residents’ attitudes towards Airbnb using Weber’s Theory of Rationality and Foucauldian concepts

Airbnb has been criticized about its negative impacts on residents’ quality of life. Yet, extant research on the topic is limited, both in volume and theoretical and empirical efficacy. In light of...
Bioethics Advocacy in Ethos, Practice and Metrics.

Bioethicists in healthcare institutions have the skills and insights and can and must facilitate and promote measures that address deeply ingrained structural issues that exacerbate health inequity...
Correction to: The design and implementation of a longitudinal social medicine curriculum at the University of Vermont’s Larner College of Medicine

Despite an abundant literature advocating that social determinants of health (SDH) be taught during undergraduate medical education, there are few detailed descriptions of how to design and implement longitudinal core curricula that is delivered to all students and accomplishes this goal. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a social medicine curriculum at the University of Vermont’s Larner College of Medicine (UVM Larner). Using Kern’s principles, we designed a longitudinal curriculum that extends through both preclinical and clinical training for all students and focused on integrating SDH material directly into basic science and clinical training. We successfully developed and implemented two primary tools, a “Social Medicine Theme of the Week” (SMTW) in preclinical training, and SDH rounds in the clinical setting to deliver SDH content to all learners at UVM Larner. Extensive student-faculty partnerships, robust needs assessment, and focusing on longitudinal and integrated SDH content delivery to all students were key features that contributed to successful design and implementation.
The nucleolus as a polarized coaxial cable in which the rDNA axis is surrounded by dynamic subunit-specific phases

Summary In ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats, sequences encoding small-subunit (SSU) rRNA precede those encoding large-subunit (LSU) rRNAs. Processing the composite transcript and subunit assembly requires >100 subunit-specific nucleolar assembly factors (AFs). To investigate the functional organization of the nucleolus, we localized AFs in S. cerevisiae in which the rDNA axis was “linearized” to reduce its dimensionality, thereby revealing its coaxial organization. In this situation, rRNA synthesis and processing continue. The axis is embedded in an inner layer/phase of SSU AFs that is surrounded by an outer layer/phase of LSU AFs. When subunit production is inhibited, subsets of AFs differentially relocate between the inner and outer layers, as expected if there is a cycle of repeated relocation whereby “latent” AFs become “operative” when recruited to nascent subunits. Recognition of AF cycling and localization of segments of rRNA make it possible to infer the existence of assembly intermediates that span between the inner and outer layers and to chart the cotranscriptional assembly of each subunit. AF cycling also can explain how having more than one protein phase in the nucleolus makes possible “vectorial 2-phase partitioning” as a driving force for relocation of nascent rRNPs. Because nucleoplasmic AFs are also present in the outer layer, we propose that critical surface remodeling occurs at this site, thereby partitioning subunit precursors into the nucleoplasm for post-transcriptional maturation. Comparison to observations on higher eukaryotes shows that the coaxial paradigm is likely to be applicable for the many other organisms that have rDNA repeats.
Partial Dependency of Vowel Reduction on Stress Shift: Evidence from English -ion Nominalization

While classic theories utilize the comparison between comp[ɛ ]nsate going to comp[ə]nsation and cond[ɛ]nse going to cond[ ɛ ]nsation to argue that stressed vowels are immune to reduction in multiple affixations (e.g., SPE), this paper presents a corpus-based case study that looks into this quantitative interaction between vowel reduction and stress shift during English - ion nominalization and offers discoveries that go against the classic claim. After analyzing 1,047 verb-noun target pairs extracted from the CELEX2 dictionary corpus, this study claims that vowel reduction only partially depends on its stress-bearing feature and that the suffix type, the stress shift pattern, vowel tenseness, and crucially some lexically specific constraints also predict vowel reduction. This finding is further supported by an OT analysis and a statistical model. As a quantitative study that relies on an exhaustive list of English samples to derive theoretical analysis, this research not only provides new insights into this long-lasting debate but also aims to highlight the significance of incorporating large data samples for a complete understanding of phonological phenomena.
HI-511 Overcomes Melanoma Drug Resistance via Targeting AURKB and BRAF V600E

Background: Melanoma is an aggressive tumor of the skin. Drug resistance is still a major problem in melanoma therapy. Novel targets and effective agents to overcome drug resistant melanoma are urgently needed in clinical therapy. Methods: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, survival rate analysis were utilized to identify the candidate target. Anchorage-independent cell growth assay, flow cytometry, western blot and xenograft mouse model were conducted to study the function of AURKB in melanoma in both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant melanoma. Next, HI-511, a novel dual-target inhibitor of AURKB and BRAF V600E, was designed and confirmed by in vitro kinase assay. Anchorage-independent cell growth assay, flow cytometry. western blot, xenograft and BRAF V600E/PTEN-loss melanoma mouse models were conducted to demonstrate the effect of HI-511 on melanoma development in vitro and in vivo. Findings: AURKB is high expression in melanoma and even higher in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma, which correlated with patient's survival rate. Knocking down AURKB inhibits cells growth and induces apoptosis in melanoma, which is associated with BRAF/MEK/ERKs and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Importantly, we find HI-511 suppresses both vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib-resistant melanoma in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis and mediating the activation of BRAF/MEK/ERKs and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Interpretation: AURKB could be a potential target for melanoma treatment. HI-511, a novel dual-target inhibitor of both AURKB and BRAF V600E, could achieve durable suppression of melanoma, even drug-resistant melanoma. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the Hormel Foundation. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: All studies were performed following guidelines approved by the University of Minnesota Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Minneapolis, MN).
Virtual Framework for Development and Testing of Federation Software Stack

Softwarization of networked infrastructures combined with containerization of codes promises unprecedented computing capabilities distributed across the federations of computing systems and physical instruments. The development and testing of a software stack that implements these capabilities over an expensive physical production infrastructure is not cost-effective, and in the early stages, may potentially cause service disruptions. To address these aspects, we develop the Virtual Federated Science Instrument Environment (VFSIE), a digital twin of the physical infrastructure that emulates a multi-site federation. Each federated site is emulated using containers and virtual hosts that are connected over local-area networks, and the sites, in turn, are connected over an emulated wide-area network. We describe the framework design and implementation details. We also illustrate its application by emulating a federation of four laboratories that use Jupyter Notebook for computations and the EPICS software system for instrument control.
Optimal Load-Splitting and Distributed-Caching for Dynamic Content

In this work, we consider the problem of ‘fresh’ caching at distributed (front-end) local caches of content that is subject to ‘dynamic’ updates at the (back-end) database. We first provide new models and analyses of the average operational cost of a network of distributed edge-caches that utilizes wireless multicast to refresh aging content. We attack the problems of what to cache in each edge-cache and how to split the incoming demand amongst them (also called "loadsplitting" in the rest of the paper) in order to minimize the operational cost. While the general form of the problem comes with an NP-hard Knapsack structure, we were able to completely solve the problem by judiciously choosing the number of edge-caches to be deployed over the network. Interestingly, our findings reveal that the optimal caching policy necessitates unequal load-splitting over the edge-caches even when all conditions are symmetric. Moreover, we find that edge- caches with higher load will generally cache fewer but relatively more popular content. We further investigate the tradeoffs between cost reduction and cache savings when employing equal and optimal load-splitting solutions for demand with Zipf(z) popularity distribution. Our analysis reveals that equal load-splitting to edge-caches achieves close-to-optimal for less predictable demand (z 2), optimal load-splitting results in substantial cost gains while decreasing the cache occupancy.
The Prognostic Significance of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Patients With Glioblastoma.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Inflammation has been demonstrated to play a major role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Studies have demonstrated systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) correlates with patient survival in various solid malignancies such as non-small cell lung cancer. However, limited information is available on the prognostic implication of SII index in patients with Glioblastoma undergoing standard Stupp protocol: resection followed by radiotherapy with concurrent and maintenance temozolomide. MATERIALS/METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 158 patients who underwent standard Stupp protocol for glioblastoma with sufficient laboratory assessment from 2003 - 2018. SII index was determined using a complete metabolic count obtained at the start of treatment and calculated as platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count. Optimal SII cutoff value was determined by ROC curve analysis. The study cohort was subsequently stratified based on SII cutoff for further comparative analysis using Cox regression. Chi-squared analysis was used to compare categorical variables. RESULTS The median follow up time of the entire group was 8.4 months. At an optimal SII cutoff of 1635 (AUC 67.7%, P < 0.001), 62 patients (39.2%) were designated in the high SII group and 96 patients (60.8%) were designated in the low SII group. Median OS in high and low SII group was 7.6 months and 15.2 months respectively (P = 0.007). Achieving a gross total resection was associated with low SII (P = 0.020). Age and gender were not associated with SII. In the cox regression analysis, only high SII was independently associated with a worse OS (HR: 2.37, 95% CI: 2.83-1.91, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION High SII scores were independently associated with worse OS in patients with Glioblastoma undergoing Stupp Protocol. This study suggests that SII may be an effective pre-treatment prognostic indicator of patient mortality. SII may be a beneficial clinical tool to identify patients with poorer prognosis who may not benefit from aggressive therapy and instead opt for hypofractionation treatment, monomodality treatment, or even best supportive care. Furthermore, the relationship between SII with immunotherapy remains unknown and an investigation of the therapeutic potential in the setting of elevated SII is warranted. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE M. Hung: None. P. Xu: None. B.G. Coutu: None. C. Zhang: Research Grant; University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Special Consideration on Fluid and Electrolytes in Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Transplantation

A normal kidney regulatory function is essential in order to maintain optimal body fluid dynamics and preserve electrolyte homeostasis. Similarly, a good kidney function is dependent on adequacy of its perfusion. The initial phase of this review will highlight the progress made so far in a consensus definition of acute kidney injury (AKI). Emphasis on the prospect of a future application of tissue biomarkers as a more accurate diagnostic tool will follow. Second, the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of pre-renal azotemia and intrinsic AKI will be differentiated. The mechanisms of renal injury in the course of fluid and electrolyte disorders are then discussed. Finally, clinical management of AKI and the challenges of fluid and electrolyte status in surgical kidney transplantation are delineated.
The Diagnostic Process with Children

This chapter describes some of the techniques used in an in-depth psychiatric evaluation of a child, and provides rationales for their use. A thorough evaluation enables the diagnostician to understand the biological, intrapsychic, and environmental factors that have produced the existing symptom complex, to make a diagnosis, and to formulate a practical treatment plan that will be of the greatest benefit to the child and his or her family.
DEMAND FOR MONEY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY SETTING: A CASE OF INDIA

Since 1970s, just after Monetarists revolution that emphasized the stability of demand for money heavily, there have been numerous studies about demand for money estimation. While some studies showed that interest rate is not a very significant determinant of demand for money, some others pointed out the importance of it especially at very low levels ( a la liquidity trap). None of the studies, however, pointed out the demand for money stability in open economy setting. This paper, by pointing out increased role of international trade in India s economy, estimates the demand for money function in Indian case. The results are interesting, but not very supportive to conclude that external variables determine demand for money behavior. While there are some limitations for Indian case to be completely responsive to monetary sector, more studies are needed to explore this type of demand for money behavior.
Effect of a Loading Sequence on Threshold Stress Intensity Determination

The effect of a loading sequence on the stress corrosion cracking of AISI 4340 steel and Ladish D6AC steel in an aqueous environment has been studied with double-cantilever beam specimens. The loading sequence was found to influence an incubation time period for the initiation of crack propagation as the stress intensity (K) changed. When the stress intensity was decreased during stress-corrosion testing, the incubation time was dependent upon the change in stress intensity and the final stress intensity (K f ). When the stress intensity was increased, an incubation time was not found. However, the loading sequence did not influence the steady-state crack growth rates. The loading sequence effect is shown to cause interpretation problems when specific time periods are used for the determination of the threshold stress intensity (K I s c c ), especially after the specimens have been prestressed.
HIV Infection and AIDS

In the summer of 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported clusters of unusual infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, now called Pneumocystis jiroveci) and tumors (Kaposi sarcoma) among homosexual men in California and New York. This was the beginning of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. Initially, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appeared to be associated with homosexual activities, which led to the initial naming of gay-related immune deficiency syndrome. However, it soon became clear that heterosexual and direct blood contact could also transmit the newly recognized pathogen. Since then, HIV infection and AIDS have been spreading rapidly around the world, affecting millions of people and resulting in millions of deaths. In his speech at the 2003 International AIDS Conference in Paris, France, President Nelson Mandela declared HIV/AIDS the “greatest health crisis in human history.”
Update on the biological characteristics of the antioxidant micronutrients: vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids.

Abstract Under normal circumstances, free radicals that are produced through biological processes and in response to exogenous stimuli are controlled by various enzymes and antioxidants in the body. Laboratory evidence suggests that oxidative stress, which occurs when free radical formation exceeds the ability to protect against them, may form the biological basis of several acute medical problems, such as tissue injury after trauma, and chronic conditions, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. A potential role for the antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids) in modifying the risk for conditions that may result from oxidative stress has stimulated intense research efforts, increased interest in micronutrient supplements, and heightened consumer interest in these compounds. Much remains to be learned, however, about the bioavailability, tissue uptake, metabolism, and biological activities of these micronutrients. These biological characteristics will ultimately determine their clinical usefulness in modulating oxidative stress. Also, whether the antioxidant mechanism explains their relationship with risk for acute and chronic disease in epidemiologic studies remains to be determined. Increased knowledge in this area of nutrition science will have an impact on both clinical dietetics practice and public health nutrition guidelines. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:693–702.
The First RHIC Spin Run - at PHENIX and PP2PP

The RHIC spin program will probe the spin structure of the proton with polarized quarks and gluons by colliding beams of polarized protons at Brookhaven. The first collisions, at sqrt(s)=200GeV, were recorded this year in December 2001 and January 2002. This report describes the first run, and our plans for the next five+ years, with planned runs at sqrt(s)=200 and 500GeV, and luminosity L=2x10^{32} cm^{-2}s^{-1}. See also the presentation at Moriond by Bernd Surrow on the first run with the STAR detector. Here we include a first look at measurements with the PHENIX and PP2PP detectors.
Possible roles of bilirubin and breast milk in protection against retinopathy of prematurity.

Aim: To explore the association of serum bilirubin level and breast milk feeding with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants. Methods: We conducted a case–control study to examine the independent and combined effects of serum bilirubin and breast milk feeding on ROP risk in infants <32 weeks gestation or with birth weight <1500 g. Cases (66 infants with ROP) were matched with controls (66 infants without ROP) based on factors known to affect ROP risk. Results: When analysed using the paired t-test, the peak bilirubin levels were lower in ROP cases than in controls (mean 7.2 vs. 7.9 mg/dL; p = 0.045). Using conditional logistic regression, we found a negative association between highest serum bilirubin level and risk of ROP (OR = 0.82 per 1-mg/dL change in bilirubin; p = 0.06). There was no significant association between breast milk feeding and risk of ROP. Conclusion: Bilirubin may help to protect preterm infants against ROP.
Order of Scale Administration and Concurrent Validity of the Anxiety Rating Scale

The Anxiety Rating Scale-2 and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 were administered to 100 male university intramural volleyball players 15 min. before a match began. For 50 participants, the above order of presentation was used; for the other 50 the order was reversed. Correlations for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence between the two inventories were .47, .63, and .67, respectively, for scores from Order 1 and .56, .75, and .84 for Order 2.
A partition function for chain molecules applicable to high and low densities

The quantitative calculation of vapor-liquid equilibria in mixtures consisting in part of chain molecules requires a partition function valid at both low and high densities. A preliminary partition function for this purpose is described. It is based on the hole theory of liquids and incorporates the concepts of Prigogine and Hijmans for chain molecules. The new partition function is used to represent the vapor-liquid coexistence curves of long-chain n-alkanes.
Bax, Reactive Oxygen, and Cytochrome c Release in Neuronal Apoptosis

Half of all neurons produced during embryogenesis undergo apoptotic death shortly before birth or soon thereafter. Two cell culture models have been used extensively to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis during neuronal development: (a) sympathetic neurons deprived of their required neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and (b) cerebellar granule neurons deprived of serum in low-potassium medium. A dramatic increase in mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs during the apoptotic death of both of these cell types. These ROS lie downstream from the proapoptotic protein, Bax. Bax normally resides in the cytoplasm, but translocates to the outer mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis. Once associated with mitochondria, Bax causes release of apoptogenic factors from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, thus inducing or augmenting the apoptotic cascade. Although there is much controversy about the exact mechanism by which Bax causes release of these fac...
Growth of Single Crystals of BaTiO3 by Exaggerated Grain Growth

Grain-growth experiments with steep temperature gradients and with polycrystalline aggregates seeded with single crystals were carried out to explore the feasibility of growing large crystals of BaTiO3 in the solid state. It is shown that both methods resulted in a large increase in size of crystals normally obtained by sintering but that the rapid grain-boundary motion resulted in high porosity. Definite orientation dependence of grain-boundary velocity is demonstrated, and growth in a 〈110〉 direction was found to be at least as fast as 2 mm per hour.
The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk: Vol. 1. Transcription format and programs; Vol. 2. The database (3rd ed.). B. MacWhinney. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. 366 (Vol. 1); Pp. 418 (Vol. 2).

Since the late 1980s, the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) has defined the state of the art of collection, analysis, archiving, and data sharing of transcriptions of children's language. Starting from scratch in 1987, Brian MacWhinney, along with many other leaders in child language, developed highly useful tools for the computerization of transcripts and their analysis. I have used the transcription conventions and analysis programs since 1989 and have seen the system evolve from a simple DOS-based program to one that handles much broader and more complex analyses within more user-friendly Windows and Macintosh platforms. This latest (third) edition of the manual that accompanies the CHILDES system reflects a more stable version of the Conventions for Human Analysis of Transcripts (CHAT) and Child Language Analysis (CLAN) programs than prior editions, which felt like works in progress. This version is written as a finished product with procedures and programs that have settled down into stable patterns of operation.
Feedback Respiratory Training to Enhance Chest Expansion and Pulmonary Function in Chronic Stroke: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of feedback respiratory training on chest expansion and pulmonary function in patients with stroke. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty- seven patients with stroke were randomly assigned to two groups: the feedback respiratory training group (experimental) (n=13) and the control group (control) (n=14). Feedback respiratory training and conventional physical therapy were performed by the experimental group. Conventional physical therapy was performed by the control group. Both groups received training three times per week for four weeks. [Results] Significant improvements were observed in chest expansion after training in the experimental group. Gains in chest expansion were greater in the experimental than in control group. Values of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, peak expiratory flow, vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume in pulmonary function tests increased post-training in the experimental group. With the exception of expiratory reserve volume, all of these pulmonary function test measures showed greater gains in the experimental group than in the control group. [Conclusion] Feedback respiratory training is effective for the improvement of chest expansion and pulmonary function in patients with stroke.
Peroxidase and Resistance to Ceratocystis in Sweet Potato Increased by Volatile Materials

Increased peroxidase activity and resistance to black rot was found in sweet potato roots incubated above infected roots in closed containers when compared with similar tissue incubated above uninfected roots. The peroxidase increases were detected in unpurified extracts and in extracts subjected to gel electrophoresis.
Electrical conduction in paratellurite (TeO2) crystals

Electrical conduction measurements on TeO2 single crystals are made both for orientations ‖ and ⊥ to the tetragonal symmetry axis. Below ≈ 400°C, a single Arrhenius plot is obtained in each orientation, with activation energies E‖ = 0.54 and E⊥ = 0.42 eV. It is concluded that conductivity in this range is ionic, falling into the extrinsic dissociation range of behavior. Possibly, oxygenion vacancies are responsible. At high temperature the conductivity increases sharply due to reduction of the sample and the onset of electronic carriers. La conduction electrique de cristaux de TeO2 a ete measuree dans les deux principales directions, ‖ et ⊥ a l'axe tetragonal de symmetrie. En-dessous de 400°C et dans les deux directions, nous obtenons deux courbes d'Arrhenius ayant respectivement pour energie d'activation E‖ = 0,54 et E⊥ = 0,42 eV. Nous en concluons que, dans cet intervalle de temperatures la conduction est a caractere ionique et correspond a la region extrinsique dissocie. Les lacunes d'oxygene sont probablement les porteuses de charge. A haute temperature, la coductivite augmente considerablement, ceci etant dǔ a la reduction du cristal qui s'accompagne de l'apparition d'electrons porteurs.
Lectin histochemistry as a predictor of dysplasia grade in colorectal adenomas

Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that bind to specific cellular carbohydrates, commonly affecting cellular physiology. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA), ulex europaeus isoagglutinin-I (UEA-I), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) are among the most well studied lectins in various tissues. The purpose of this study was to detect the above lectins’ binding sites and so examine alterations in glycoconjugate expression in neoplastic cells of 52 colorectal adenomas with various clinicopathologic characteristics and proliferation rates. Lectin histochemistry was performed in paraffin sections with and without neuraminidase treatment. Proliferative fraction was determined by immunolabelling for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen. PHA was the more frequently positive lectin in the examined specimens; however, it was simultaneously detected in normal colonic mucosa and so was WGA. The frequency of high grade dysplasia was significantly greater in older patients and in samples with UEA-I positivity without neuraminidase pretreatment. UEA-I-reactive adenomas were generally characterized by high cell proliferation rates. A statistical model based on patients’ age and UEA-I binding without neuraminidase treatment can generally predict grade of dysplasia in 83% of adenomas and particularly high grade dysplasia in up to 93% of adenomas; so, such a model may be potentially useful for the early detection of neoplasia, for instance in exfoliative cells from the large intestine.
Curcumin treatment provides protection against Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, causes an acute myocarditis and chronic cardiomyopathy. The current therapeutic agents for this disease are not always effective and often have severe side effects. Curcumin, a plant polyphenol, has demonstrated a wide range of potential therapeutic effects. In this study, we examined the effect of curcumin on T. cruzi infection in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin pretreatment of fibroblasts inhibited parasite invasion. Treatment reduced the expression of the low density lipoprotein receptor, which is involved in T. cruzi host cell invasion. Curcumin treatment of T. cruzi-infected CD1 mice reduced parasitemia and decreased the parasitism of infected heart tissue. This was associated with a significant reduction in macrophage infiltration and inflammation in both the heart and liver; moreover, curcumin-treated infected mice displayed a 100% survival rate in contrast to the 60% survival rate commonly observed in untreated infected mice. These data are consistent with curcumin modulating infection-induced changes in signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These data suggest that curcumin and its derivatives could be a suitable drug for the amelioration of chagasic heart disease.