cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Nylon Suture Versus 2 Fibrin Glue Products for Delayed Nerve Coaptation in an Animal Model

Purpose To compare 2 different, commercially available fibrin glue products with nylon suture with regard to repair strength, muscle function, and axon regeneration after delayed nerve repair in an animal model. Methods A total of 120 Lewis rats underwent transection of the sciatic nerve. On day 3 after transection, the nerves were reexposed. A primary repair was performed on 40 rats from each group using nylon suture, Tisseel fibrin glue, or Evicel fibrin glue. On days 0, 3, and 7 after repair, 10 rats from each group underwent burst strength testing. Seventy days after repair, 10 rats from each group underwent functional muscle testing and histomorphic analysis of the nerve, with the contralateral limb serving as the control. Results There was no significant difference in burst strength among the groups on days 0 and 3. On day 7, the burst strength of the Evicel and nylon suture groups was significantly greater than that of the Tisseel group. There were 5 total coaptation failures in both fibrin glue groups and none in the suture group. Seventy days after repair, tetanic muscle strength, muscle mass, axon inner diameter, and g-ratio were equivalent among all groups. Axon counts were equivalent between the nylon suture and Evicel groups, although in the nylon group axon counts were higher than for the Tisseel group. Conclusions In an animal model with a 3-day delay in nerve repair, although dehiscences occurred, when the initial repair held, fibrin glue was not inferior to nylon suture with regard to repair strength and muscle recovery. Clinical relevance Historical concerns regarding spontaneous fibrin glue–based nerve repair dehiscences are well-founded. However, when coaptation is maintained, commercially available fibrin glues support nerve regeneration.
Towards an interdisciplinary framework about intelligence.

Abstract In recent years, advances in science, technology, and the way in which we view our world have led to an increasingly broad use of the term “intelligence”. As we learn more about biological systems, we find more and more examples of complex and precise adaptive behavior in animals and plants. Similarly, as we build more complex computational systems, we recognize the emergence of highly sophisticated structures capable of solving increasingly complex problems. These behaviors show characteristics in common with the sort of complex behaviors and learning capabilities we find in humans, and therefore it is common to see them referred to as “intelligent”. These analogies are problematic as the term intelligence is inextricably associated with human-like capabilities. While these issues have been discussed by leading researchers of AI and renowned psychologists and biologists highlighting the commonalities and differences between AI and biological intelligence, there have been few rigorous attempts to create an interdisciplinary approach to the modern problem of intelligence. This article proposes a comparative framework to discuss what we call “purposeful behavior”, a characteristic shared by systems capable of gathering and processing information from their surroundings and modifying their actions in order to fulfill a series of implicit or explicit goals. Our aim is twofold: on the one hand, the term purposeful behavior allows us to describe the behavior of these systems without using the term “intelligence”, avoiding the comparison with human capabilities. On the other hand, we hope that our framework encourages interdisciplinary discussion to help advance our understanding of the relationships among different systems and their capabilities.
A meta-analysis of vaccine effectiveness against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza-type 3 virus in cattle for bovine respiratory disease complex

Multiple commercial vaccines are available with the goal of decreasing risk and severity of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). The objective was to perform a systematic review of published literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of vaccinating cattle with available viral vaccine antigens to mitigate the effects of BRDC compared to unvaccinated controls.
Readability of the Most Commonly Accessed Online Patient Education Materials Pertaining to Surgical Treatments of the Spine.

Objective The American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health have recommended that patient education materials should be written at the sixth-grade reading level to maximize patient comprehension. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the readability of Internet information for the 9 most common spinal surgeries. Methods We reviewed 90 online patient educational materials regarding the 9 most common spinal surgeries as reported by the North American Spine Society. A Google search was performed on March 23, 2019 for each surgery, and the top 10 most visited websites for each surgery were assessed for reading level using the Flesch-Kincaid formula. Results Using the Flesch-Kincaid formula, the average grade reading level of the 90 websites included was 12.82, with a reading ease of 37.04 (“difficult college”). Only 6 websites relayed information to patients at or below the national average of an eighth-grade reading level. The websites for bone morphogenic protein had the highest average grade reading level at 15.88 ± 2.6. Lumbar microscopic discectomy had the lowest average grade reading level at 10.37 ± 2.89. All surgical options discussed had an average readability above the recommended sixth-grade reading level. Conclusions The most accessed online materials for common spinal surgeries, not only exceeded the readability limits recommended by both the American Medical Association and the National Institutes of Health, but they also exceeded the average reading ability of most adults in the United States. Patients, therefore, might not fully comprehend the information from commonly accessed websites regarding surgical spine treatment options.
Biochemical coordination of plasma cell genesis

Antibody-secreting plasma cells are a central component of short- and long-term adaptive immunity. Yet, many fundamental questions about how activated B cells decide to yield functional plasma cells have yet to be answered. Likewise, the biochemical processes underpinning the ability of plasma cells to generate and secrete large numbers of antibodies, the capacity of some plasma cell to sustain antibody secretion, presumably without interruption, for decades, and the capacity of long-lived plasma cells to avoid apoptosis despite the high-energy demands associated with sustained robust antibody synthesis and secretion each remain mysterious processes. Our objective here is to review what is currently known about these processes with an emphasis on the earliest phases of plasma cell genesis. Along the way, we will work toward developing a model that ties the biochemistry of plasma cell function and survival. The chief idea imbedded in this model is that progress toward understanding plasma cell survival mechanisms may require increased focus on the unique cell autonomous processes inherent in plasma cell differentiation and function.
Solid-phase epitaxial growth of the correlated-electron transparent conducting oxide SrV O 3

$\mathrm{SrV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ thin films with a high figure of merit for applications as transparent conductors were crystallized from amorphous layers using solid phase epitaxy (SPE). Epitaxial $\mathrm{SrV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ films crystallized on $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ using SPE exhibit room-temperature resistivities as low as $5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{--5}$ and $2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{--5}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$, residual resistivity ratios of 2.0 and 3.8, and visible light transmission maxima of 0.89 and 0.52 for film thicknesses of 16 and 60 nm, respectively. $\mathrm{SrV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ layers were deposited at room temperature using radiofrequency sputtering in an amorphous form and subsequently crystallized by heating in a controlled gas environment. The lattice parameters and mosaic angular width of x-ray reflections from the crystallized films are consistent with partial relaxation of the strain resulting from the epitaxial mismatch between $\mathrm{SrV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. A reflection high-energy electron diffraction study of the kinetics of SPE indicates that crystallization occurs via the thermally activated propagation of the crystalline/amorphous interface, like SPE phenomena in other perovskite oxides. Thermodynamic calculations based on density functional theory predict the temperature and oxygen partial pressure conditions required to produce the $\mathrm{SrV}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase and are consistent with the experiments. The separate control of deposition and crystallization conditions in SPE presents possibilities for the crystallization of transparent conductors in complex geometries and over large areas.
Procedure Planning in Instructional Videosvia Contextual Modeling and Model-based Policy Learning

Learning new skills by observing humans' behaviors is an essential capability of AI. In this work, we leverage instructional videos to study humans' decision-making processes, focusing on learning a model to plan goal-directed actions in real-life videos. In contrast to conventional action recognition, goal-directed actions are based on expectations of their outcomes requiring causal knowledge of potential consequences of actions. Thus, integrating the environment structure with goals is critical for solving this task. Previous works learn a single world model will fail to distinguish various tasks, resulting in an ambiguous latent space; planning through it will gradually neglect the desired outcomes since the global information of the future goal degrades quickly as the procedure evolves. We address these limitations with a new formulation of procedure planning and propose novel algorithms to model human behaviors through Bayesian Inference and model-based Imitation Learning. Experiments conducted on real-world instructional videos show that our method can achieve state-of-the-art performance in reaching the indicated goals. Furthermore, the learned contextual information presents interesting features for planning in a latent space.
Ab initio study of the effect of 2D layer rippling on the electronic properties of 2D/H-terminated diamond (100) heterostructures

We report an ab initio study of the effect of rippling on the structural and electronic properties of the hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) and graphene two-dimensional (2D) layers and heterostructures created by placing these layers on the Hydrogen-terminated (H-) diamond (100) surface. Surprisingly, in graphene, rippling does not open a band gap at the Dirac point but does cause the Dirac cone to be shifted and distorted. For the 2D/H-diamond (100) heterostructures, a combined sampling and a clustering approach were used to find the most favorable alignment of the 2D layers. Heterostructures with rippled layers were found to be the most stable. A larger charge transfer was observed in the heterostructures with rippled hBN (graphene) than their planner counterparts. Band offset analysis indicates a Type-II band alignment for both the wavy and planar heterostructures, with the corrugated structure having stronger hole confinement due to the larger valence band offset between the hBN layer and the H-diamond (100) surface.
Arch Dams: Economy of Concrete Dams

Safety and economy are considered in studies associated in final selection of type for large concrete dams; selection is further influenced by arrangement of dam and appurtenant works; pertinent unit cost data obtained from sources in various countries.
A Characterization of Orthogonal Simple Groups Pω(2n,q)

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a characterization of orthogonal simple groups PΩ(2n, q). The centralizer of an involution PΩ α (2n, q) in corresponding to an involution of Ω α (2n, q), which fixes the vectors of a (2n – 2)-dimensional subspace.
Creating Day and Night: Past, Present, and Future

The capability to produce compelling renderings of daylight and nocturnal environments has been a challenge both for flight simulation and for film and related entertainment venues. In this chapter, I compare and contrast the technologies and techniques that these communities have employed during the last half-century. In particular, I will examine the varying criteria (aesthetics-based, performance-based, information-based) employed to evaluate the “goodness” of the rendering. I will also discuss the future challenges awaiting the simulation community, as humans migrate to space environments whose lighting characteristics are decidedly non-terrestrial, and where the transition between “day” and “night” occurs, not at dusk, but at the edge of a boulder or crevasse.
EUKARYOTIC TRANSMEMBRANE SOLUTE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

A comprehensive classification system for transmembrane molecular transporters has been proposed. This system is based on (i) mode of transport and energy-coupling mechanism, (ii) protein phylogenetic family, (iii) phylogenetic cluster, and (iv) substrate specificity. The proposed “Transport Commission” (TC) system is superficially similar to that implemented decades ago by the Enzyme Commission for enzymes, but it differs from the latter system in that it uses phylogenetic and functional data for classification purposes. Very few families of transporters include members that do not function exclusively in transport. Analyses reported reveal that channels, primary carriers, secondary carriers (uni-, sym-, and antiporters), and group translocators comprise distinct categories of transporters, and that transport mode and energy coupling are relatively immutable characteristics. By contrast, substrate specificity and polarity of transport are often readily mutable. Thus, with very few exceptions, a unified family of transporters includes members that function by a single transport mode and energy-coupling mechanism although a variety of substrates may be transported with either inwardly or outwardly directed polarity. The TC system allows cross-referencing according to substrates transported and protein sequence database accession numbers. Thus, familial assignments of newly sequenced transport proteins are facilitated. In this article I examine families of transporters that are eukaryotic specific. These families include (i) channel proteins, mostly from animals; (ii) facilitators and secondary active transport carriers; (iii) a few ATP-dependent primary active transporters; and (iv) transporters of unknown mode of action or energy-coupling mechanism. None of the several ATP-independent primary active transport energy-coupling mechanisms found in prokaryotes is represented within the eukaryotic-specific families. The analyses reported provide insight into transporter families that may have arisen in eukaryotes after the separation of eukaryotes from archaea and bacteria. On the basis of the reported analyses, it is suggested that the horizontal transfer of genes encoding transport proteins between eukaryotes and members of the other two domains of life occurred very infrequently during evolutionary history.
High‐resolution rock magnetic cyclostratigraphy in an Eocene flysch, Spanish Pyrenees

[1] A rock magnetic cyclostratigraphy, based on anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) intensity variations, was developed for the Eocene Arguis Formation in the Spanish Pyrenees. The Arguis Formation was sampled for ARM cyclostratigraphy, rock magnetic, and paleomagnetic analyses. Rock magnetic measurements indicate that the dominant magnetic mineral controlling the ARM cyclostratigraphy is depositional magnetite. Using thermal demagnetization, a detailed magnetostratigraphy was developed for the Arguis to provide an absolute time framework for the ARM cyclostratigraphy. The magnetostratigraphy is carried by a combination of depositional magnetite and secondary iron sulfides. Spectral analysis of the magnetostratigraphically scaled ARM time series reveals the presence of significant Milankovitch frequencies including eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. The ARM time series was tuned to the orbital eccentricity model for the Eocene. Coherency analysis indicates that the eccentricity-tuned ARM is in phase with October–November insolation for this site's paleolatitude. Varying amounts of terrigenous input delivered by a fluvial source at orbital time scales, during the rainy season, and diluted by a relatively constant input of marine carbonate is the most likely explanation for the cyclicity of the ARM record. The absolute age resolution of the ARM chronostratigraphy is 1% or less based on an age offset with the reference chronology that was used for the Eocene. The offset in age between the two chronologies may be due, in part, to the uncertainty in the chron ages for this part of the Eocene. The relative age resolution within the ARM chronostratigraphy is much better.
Playing Healthy, Staying Healthy: A Prevention Program for Contagious Disease

This article provides guidelines for creating and promoting healthy environments in early childhood education in order to prevent and control the spread of contagious disease. Illness prevention strategies are offered along with practical suggestions for health education curriculum. Resources for children and adults are included for further reading.
Model-Based Assessments to Support Learning and Accountability: The Evolution of CRESST's Research on Multiple-Purpose Measures

This article describes the history, evidence warrants, and evolution of the Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing's (CRESST) model-based assessments. It considers alternative interpretations of scientific or practical models and illustrates how model-based assessment addresses both definitions. The components of the models, that is, research in support of domain-independent elements and research in support of domain-specific explication, are presented and justified in their application to multiple purposes of testing and assessment and validation thereof. Descriptions of research studies are presented as they clarify conceptions of validity for different purposes, fairness, and appropriate use. Summaries of major findings are given in the areas of test design and scoring and the linguistic demands of tests. The emphasis on transfer and generalization as a major validity element is described, in particular, the use of worked examples supported by schema theory to reduce cognitiv...
VLSI implementation of a feature mapping neural network

Modification of Kohonen's self-organizing feature map algorithm and its dedicated parallel hardware implementation are the focus of this paper. This work is motivated by the need to implement a 5/spl times/5 neural network using digital standard cells and high level VLSI system design tools. The neural net considered is a two layered, feed forward architecture that learns relationships among unknown input data patterns. The prototype system consists of 25 processing units (neurons). Each processing unit operates at 10 MHz. Communication among processing units is accomplished using a broadcast bus. Performance of the system is estimated to be 110,000 iterations per second. >
Treatment planning for a TCPC test case: a numerical investigation under rigid and moving wall assumptions.

SUMMARY The hemodynamics in patients with total cavopulmonary connections (TCPC) is generally very complex and characterized by patient-to-patient variability. To better understand its effect on patients’ outcome, CFD models are widely used, also to test and optimize surgical options before their implementation. These models often assume rigid geometries, despite the motion experienced by thoracic vessels that could influence the hemodynamics predictions. By improving their accuracy and expanding the range of simulated interventions, the benefit of treatment planning for patients is expected to increase. We simulate three types of intervention on a patient-specific 3D model, and compare their predicted outcome with baseline condition: a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance obtainable with medications; a surgical revision of the connection design; the introduction of a fenestration in the TCPC wall. The simulations are performed both with rigid wall assumption and including patient-specific TCPC wall motion, reconstructed from a 4DMRI dataset. The results show the effect of each option on clinically important metrics and highlight the impact of patient-specific wall motion. The largest differences between rigid and moving wall models are observed in measures of energetic efficiency of TCPC as well as in hepatic flow distribution and transit time of seeded particles through the connection.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate In Vivo, Antigen-Driven CD4+ T-Cell Proliferation in Mice

Our objective was to determine whether dietary lipids affect in vivo, antigen-driven, proliferation of naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes. To accomplish this, we adoptively transferred lymphocytes from T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic DO11.10 (i.e., donor) mice into syngeneic, nontransgenic BALB/c (i.e., recipient) mice. Before adoptive transfer, recipient mice were fed for 4 wk AIN93G-type diets that differed only in fat source: lard, low in PUFA, fish oil, rich in (n-3) PUFA, and soybean oil, rich in (n-6) PUFA. One week after transfer, recipient mice were immunized with antigen (i.e., ovalbumin), and expansion of CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes (LN) was measured by flow cytometry. Five days postimmunization (p.i.), at the peak of expansion, CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells in the draining LN and spleen were 5- to 10-fold higher than in unimmunized mice, then quickly declined during the contraction phase (i.e., 7 and 10 d p.i.). Recipients fed the (n-6) PUFA rich diet had approximately 25% greater in vivo expansion of CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells than lard- and fish oil-fed recipient mice at 5 d p.i. (P < 0.05). However, at 7 and 10 d p.i., CD4(+) T(DO11.10) cells in the draining lymph nodes did not differ between groups, nor in the spleen at 5, 7, and 10 d p.i. In summary, we are the first to demonstrate that dietary PUFAs affect antigen-driven expansion of naive CD4(+) T cells in vivo. Surprisingly, (n-3) PUFA consumption did not reduce CD4(+) T-cell expansion.
Über den Einfluß hoher Drucke auf das physikalische und chemische Verhalten fester Stoffe

Bei allen Besprechungen des Einflusses der Pressung auf feste Systeme ist es wesentlich, das wir den Unterschied zwischen den Wirkungen des gleichformigen Druckes und des ungleichformigen Druckes im Auge behalten; die Vernachlassigung dieser Unterscheidung ist die Ursache fur viele der scheinbar widersprechenden Angaben, die in der Literatur uber diesen Gegenstand zu finden sind.
Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States

ContextLittle is known about the long-term mental health of trauma-exposed refugees years after permanent resettlement in host countries.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of psychiatric disorders in the US Cambodian refugee community.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cross-sectional, face-to-face interview conducted in Khmer language on a random sample of households from the Cambodian community in Long Beach, Calif, the largest such community in the United States, between October 2003 and February 2005. A total of 586 adults aged 35 to 75 years who lived in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge reign and immigrated to the United States prior to 1993 were selected. One eligible individual was randomly sampled from each household, with an overall response rate (eligibility screening and interview) of 87% (n = 490).Main Outcome MeasuresExposure to trauma and violence before and after immigration (using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and Survey of Exposure to Community Violence); weighted past-year prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1); and alcohol use disorder (by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test).ResultsAll participants had been exposed to trauma before immigration. Ninety-nine percent (n = 483) experienced near-death due to starvation and 90% (n = 437) had a family member or friend murdered. Seventy percent (n = 338) reported exposure to violence after settlement in the United States. High rates of PTSD (62%, weighted), major depression (51%, weighted), and low rates of alcohol use disorder were found (4%, weighted). PTSD and major depression were highly comorbid in this population (n = 209; 42%, weighted) and each showed a strong dose-response relationship with measures of traumatic exposure. In bivariate analyses, older age, having poor English-speaking proficiency, unemployment, being retired or disabled, and living in poverty were also associated with higher rates of PTSD and major depression. Following multivariate analyses, premigration trauma remained associated with PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.37-3.16) and major depression (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.24-1.97); postmigration trauma with PTSD (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.21-2.26) and major depression (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.12-1.86); and older age with PTSD (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.46-2.13) and major depression (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.15-1.89).ConclusionMore than 2 decades have passed since the end of the Cambodian civil war and the subsequent resettlement of refugees in the United States; however, this population continues to have high rates of psychiatric disorders associated with trauma.
Task-dependent organization of pinch grip forces.

The organization of thumb and index finger forces in a pinch formation was investigated under conditions where kinetic constraints on interdigit force coupling were removed. Two visually guided isometric force tasks at submaximal levels were used to characterize the spatial and temporal aspects of interdigit force coupling. Task 1 provided an initial characterization of interdigit force coordination when the force relationship between the digits was not specified. Task 2 probed the extent to which a preferred coordination of the thumb and index finger could be decoupled, both temporally and with respect to force magnitude, by specifying the coordination between the digit forces. Digit forces were measured using a pinch apparatus that was instrumented to record the magnitude and direction of the thumb (F t) and index finger (F i) forces, independently. Two apparatus conditions allowed further examination of interdigit force coordination when the relationship between digit forces was mechanically constrained (pivot condition), and when the relationship between digit forces was not constrained, allowing the neuromotor system to select a preferred pattern of interdigit coordination (fixed condition). Sixteen right-handed adults exerted a pinch force against the apparatus to match a single-cycle sine wave that varied between 15 and 35% of each participant’s maximal voluntary pinch force. The target was presented with positive or negative target sense, to vary the order of force level and direction of force change across the trials. When the mechanical constraints allowed selection of a preferred coordination pattern, F t = F i was a robust result. In contrast, when the coordination between the digit forces was specified by the requirement to simultaneously produce and control independent thumb and index finger forces while acting on a stable object, subjects were able to produce forces that markedly deviated from the F t = F i coordination. The organization of pinch is characterized by a preferred, tight coupling of digit forces, which can be modified based on task demands.
A distinctive form of congenital stationary night blindness with cone ON-pathway dysfunction.

Abstract Purpose To characterize a distinctive form of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). Design Observational case report. Participants A 30-year-old male with a history of night blindness, several members of his family, a patient with "complete" congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1), and groups of age-similar control subjects. Methods Rod-system function was evaluated by measuring psychophysical dark-adapted thresholds, by recording dark-adapted electroretinograms (ERGs), and by fundus reflectometry. Cone-system function was evaluated by recording light-adapted ERGs, including those to sawtooth flicker, and by recording light-adapted visually evoked potentials (VEPs) to luminance increments and decrements. Main outcome measures Dark-adapted thresholds, ERGs, rhodopsin double densities, Goldmann visual fields, and VEPs. Results The patient's visual acuity, visual fields, and color vision were normal. His peripheral dark-adapted thresholds were rod-mediated but elevated by approximately 3 log units above normal. Rhodopsin double density and bleaching recovery were normal. His dark-adapted maximal-flash ERG showed a "negative" waveform, in which the b-wave was more reduced in amplitude than the a-wave, although the a-wave amplitude was also reduced. The rod photoreceptors contributed to the patient's dark-adapted ERGs, as illustrated by the unequal responses to cone-matched stimuli. The patient's cone-mediated thresholds for long-wavelength stimuli were within the normal range. However, his light-adapted brief-flash b-wave was abnormal in amplitude and implicit time. Selective abnormalities of the ON responses of the cone system were apparent in the patient's reduced b-wave amplitude to rapid-on flicker with a normal response to rapid-off flicker, and his prolonged VEP latencies to increments but not to decrements. Conclusions The overall pattern of findings distinguishes this patient from previously described forms of CSNB. The results suggest that two factors likely contribute to the patient's night blindness: (1) a rod phototransduction defect and (2) a postreceptoral defect. The results also indicate dysfunction within the cone ON pathway.
The Dreams of Blind Men and Women: A Replication and Extension of Previous Findings

Drawing on a sample of 372 dreams from 15 blind adults, we present two separate analyses that replicate and extend findings from previous studies. The first analysis employed DreamSearch, a software program designed for use with dream narratives, to examine the appearance of the five sensory modalities. It revealed that those blind since birth or very early childhood had (1) no visual imagery and (2) a very high percentage of gustatory, olfactory, and tactual sensory references. The second analysis found that both male and female participants differed from their sighted counterparts in the same ways on several Hall and Van de Castle (1966) coding categories, including a high percentage of locomotion/transportation dreams that contained at least one dreamer-involved misfortune. The findings on sensory references and dreamer-involved misfortunes in locomotion/transportation dreams are interpreted as evidence for the continuity between dream content and waking cognition.
Case manager job strain in public child welfare agencies: Job demands and job control's additive effects, and instrumental feedback's mediating role

Abstract Public child welfare agencies are universally acknowledged as highly stressful work environments. Organizational and occupational health scholars assert that reducing employee strain perceptions in challenging and strenuous workplace settings necessitates control over one's job. Consistent with this idea, the job demands–control (JD–C) model's additive hypothesis states that perceived job demands and perceived job control jointly impact perceptions of job strain. Over three decades of empirical testing, however, has yielded inconsistent findings. This study sought to clarify mixed research results using a sample of 349 public child welfare case managers. Specifically, self-report instrumental feedback was introduced as a possible mediator of the association between perceived job control and perceived job strain. In line with the literatures on indeterminate human service technologies and dynamic complex environments, two types of mediational (structural equation modeling and bootstrapping) analyses confirmed the construct's role as an intervening variable when job demands were perceived as challenging. Data are the first to uncover this mediated relationship within a JD–C framework. More importantly, data call into question the predictive validity and practice utility of the model's seminal additive hypothesis in public child welfare agencies. Practice implications for public child welfare case managers and ideas for advancing JD–C research are also presented.
A Few Comments on the Epigraphs to Margaret Atwood's ALIAS GRACE and Their Relation to the Novel as a Whole

Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace reaches deep into several dimensions of history, the human mind, and the craft of fiction. What remains purposefully unclear, however, is what precisely is reached wit...
RADIATIVE WIDTH OF THE A2 (1310)

Abstract Using the Primakoff formalism, we have extracted the radiative decay width of the A + 2 (1310) produced in coherent interactions of 200 GeV/ c π + mesons in nuclear targets. The width obtained is 295 ± 60 keV, a value consistent with quark-model predictions.
The inaudible geometry of nilmanifolds

We show that isospectral deformations of compact Riemannian two-step nilmanifolds can be systematically detected by simple changes in the behavior of their geodesics, in spite of the fact that the length spectrum (which measures the lengths of all closed geodesics) remains constant.
Development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during the hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Three children developed hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis three, eight, and 60 days after the onset of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. During hyperglycemia, the two patients studied had dramatically low insulin concentrations. Circulating islet-cell and insulin antibodies were not detected. These studies suggest that pancreatic beta cell dysfunction may occur during hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and that the serum glucose concentration should be closely monitored during this disease.
Necrotic tumor simulating intraabdominal abscess: A case report

The appearance of gas was observed within a lymphomatous mass at the time of therapy, simulating an abscess on computed tomography and abdominal radiography. There was no evidence that the tumor was infected. No fistula could be demonstrated between the mass and a hollow viscus, and phlegmonous necrosis of the tumor is suggested as an etiology.
Error immune logic for low-power probabilistic computing

Two novel theorems are developed which prove that certain logic functions are more robust to errors than others. These theorems are used to construct datapath circuits that give an increased immunity to error over other naive implementations. A link between probabilistic operation and ultra-low energy computing has been shown in prior work. These novel theorems and designs will be used to further improve probabilistic design of ultra-low power datapaths. This culminates in an asynchronous design for the maximum amount of energy savings per a given error rate. Spice simulation results using a commercially available and well-tested 0.25µm technology are given verifying the ultra-low power, probabilistic full-adder designs. Further, close to 6X energy savings is achieved for a probabilistic full-adder over the deterministic case.
Detrital zircons from Cretaceous midcontinent strata reveal an Appalachian Mountains–Cordilleran foreland basin connection

U-Pb ages ( n = 403) of detrital zircons from the Dakota Formation in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska provide evidence for westward-flowing fluvial systems that stretched from the Appalachian highlands to the western U.S. Cordilleran foreland basin during Albian–Cenomanian time. Approximately 78% of detrital zircon grains match the ages of Grenvillian (1.3–1.0 Ga), Pan-African (750–500 Ma), and Paleozoic (500–310 Ma) bedrock sources located within the present-day Appalachian Mountains. The presence of minor detrital zircon grains of Paleoproterozoic (2.5–1.5 Ga) or Archean age (>2.5 Ga) indicates that northern source regions in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Canada did not contribute a significant volume of sediment, as had been previously interpreted. Based on similarities between detrital zircon signatures in the midcontinent strata and time-equivalent Cordilleran foreland basin strata, Appalachian sources may have contributed a previously unrecognized volume of sediment to the Albian–Cenomanian foreland basin system. Sediment flux from the Appalachian region to the Cordilleran foreland basin during middle Cretaceous time may have been related to increased uplift and exhumation due to passage over a mantle plume track.
Parents' knowledge and attitudes about preventing injuries in motor vehicle accidents in children in Greece.

Objective. The aim of this study was to record parents' knowledge and perceptions about the adoption of the appropriate preventive measures in order to avoid serious injury or death of children (as passengers, pedestrians, or bicyclists) in case of motor vehicle accidents. Methods. A total of 1000 parents of children, aged 0–14 years old, served as the basis for this study; 854 were parents of students in kindergartens, elementary schools and high schools from both public and private sectors, and 146 were parents of children who visited the outpatient clinic of the Paediatric Department of three major hospitals in Athens, Greece, for various reasons, except for accidents, from Sept. 1, 2004, to Aug. 31, 2005. All participants answered an anonymous questionnaire structured for the needs of this study. Results. Over forty-one percent (41.4%) of the participants believed that they were not sufficiently informed about preventing childhood injuries in car accidents, while 80.4% insisted that children under 12 ...
A method for inter-conversion of microtrac and sieve size distributions

Abstract The difference in the definition of particle size measured by the Microtrac instrument and by sieving has been investigated. The mean Microtrac size is 1.25 times the mean sieve size for quartz, but a single screen interval of quartz reports to seven Microtrac size intervals. Since the Microtrac does not detect material below a lower detection limit and also misses significant amounts above an upper limiting size, there is an ambiguity when the size distribution is normalized within the instrument measurement range. A smooth overlap of uncorrected Microtrac and sieve size distribution can be obtained fortuitously when missed material compensates for the difference in the definition of size. A methodology has been developed for estimating the equivalent sieve size distribution from Microtrac size distribution, provided that the sieve size distribution can be approximated by a suitable mathematical function. The use of the technique on ball mill products which are known to have natural size distributions fitting Rosin—Rammler and Schuhmann forms is illustrated.
A new proof of Robinson's homeomorphism theorem for pl-normal maps

Abstract We study a certain class of piecewise linear functions from R n to R n , namely Robinson's normal maps induced by linear mappings and polyhedral convex sets, called pl-normal maps. Robinson's homeomorphism theorem characterizes the pl- normal maps which are homeomorphisms as those which have nonzero determinants of the same sign on all pieces of linearity. This paper presents a new shorter proof of the result. Pl-normal systems include many optimization and equilibrium problems. They arise from variational inequalities, or equivalently generalized equations, specified by linear maps and polyhedral convex sets. Unique, continuous solvability of these systems, which is important in theory and computation, is captured by the homeomorphism result.
Relations of Parent-Youth Interactive Exchanges to Adolescent Socioemotional Development

This study examined the relations of parent-youth agreement and disagreement during a joint problem-solving task and multi-methodological indices of socioemotional outcomes in adolescents (mean age = 13). One hundred and sixty-seven parents and their adolescent children participated. Each parent-youth pair played the interactive game 'Jenga', and their interactions were analyzed for frequency of elaborations (agreement during three or more conversational turns) and negotiations (disagreement during three or more conversational turns). Elaborations during parent-youth interactions were related to less negative classroom behavior, better self-regulation, and more task persistence in youth. Findings are discussed in light of the importance of parent-youth interaction and youth autonomy in adolescent socioemotional development.
Healing the ailing workplace

Does your workplace offer a healthy environment, meeting critical human requirements? If not, what can you do? Owning the five freedoms lets us develop healthy relationships and thus achieve "congruence", both inner and interpersonal. Six steps move us toward congruence; these apply to individuals and systems, and they begin with the individual: awareness, acceptance, authorship, articulation, application, and activism.
The unification of psychology and psychological organizations

The Tree of Knowledge is an imaginative attempt to construct a metatheoretical system that proposes to unify the discipline of psychology. However, it is limited in its appreciation of political factors, and so an optimistic view of the possibility of the system overlooks the power issues that beset the field.
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS OF THE ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

The cause of AIDS is unknown. In the absence of a specific etiologic agent or diagnostic test, a case can only be recognized when complications of the immune deficiency such as infection or Kaposi's sarcoma occur. Defective T-cell function is the principal immunologic defect; there are also defects, however, in B-cell function that may have some clinical significance. It has not yet been possible to reverse the immunologic deficiency, and this failure has been the principal prognostic factor in this illness. A number of the infectious complications of AIDS, however, can be diagnosed and successfully treated.
Intraocular transplants of olfactory neuroepithelium in rat.

Abstract Olfactory neuroepithelium of neonatal rat pups has been transplanted in the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rats. Structural and ultrastructural observations at 5, 10, 30, 50, 90 and 120 days show that mature neurons degenerate rapidly in the expiant (before 5 days) while the basal elements proliferate and produce a new population of young neurons between 1 and 10 days. At longer survivals (30–120 days) it is seen that the neurons acquire morphological maturity, and positivity to the olfactory marker protein, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods. Our observations show that new neurons can be generated in the transplanted neuroepithelium and that their generation and maturation occurs in the absence of connections with a brain target.
Recombinant expression of selectively sulfated proteins in Escherichia coli

Although tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification widespread across multicellular eukaryotes, its biological functions remain largely unknown. This is in part due to the difficulties of synthesizing selectively sulfated proteins. Here we report the selective incorporation of sulfotyrosine into proteins in bacteria by genetically encoding the modified amino acid in response to the amber nonsense codon TAG. Moreover, we show that this strategy enables direct expression in Escherichia coli of sulfo-hirudin, previously inaccessible through recombinant methods. The affinity of sulfo-hirudin toward human thrombin is enhanced more than tenfold over that of desulfo-hirudin, suggesting that sulfo-hirudin may offer clinical advantages for use as an anticoagulant. This general approach to the biosynthesis of sulfated proteins should facilitate further study and application of tyrosine sulfation.
Keeping Financially Afloat: The Influence of Resources and Social Capital on Financial Capital Acquisition by Small Biotechnology Firms from Large Pharmaceutical Firms at Alliance Formation

Strategic alliances with pharmaceutical firms allow small biotechnology firms to acquire needed financial capital in exchange for the sharing of new, cutting-edge technologies. While prior research has considered the importance of resources in biotech firm acquisition of financial capital through the formation of alliances, the role of social capital in this acquisition process has not been explored. This study draws from complementary aspects of the resource-based and social capital theories to examine the factors that influence the extent of financial capital biotech firms acquire upon the formation of alliances with pharmaceutical firms. Results of this study suggest that resource based factors play a greater role in biotech financial acquisition than social capital factors. Specifically, alliances associated with more developed technologies and greater pharmaceutical firm control are associated with greater acquisition of financial capital by the biotech firm. In addition, the credibility of the pharmaceutical firm enables greater biotech financial capital acquisition. However, the social capital of the biotech firm does not appear to enable capital acquisition.
William Cobbett: Philadelphia Bookseller and Publisher

The article concerns the libel suit brought by Dr. Benjamin Rush against Cobbett, who claimed Rush medical methods were worthless and subsequently Cobbett's dispute with his own defense lawyer, Robert Goodloe Harper, who lost the suit. The financil loses due to the suite were high. Cobbett was also Harper's publisher, so Cobbett demanded Harper deducted from his legal fees all the expenses related ito publishing Cobbett had done for him. The "Harper bill" for the publishing expenses is transcribed here.
Rare earth elements in silicate systems: I. Effects of composition on the coordination environments of La, Gd, and Yb

The structural environments of trace levels (≤0.2 wt%) of La3+, Gd3+, and Yb3+ in several silicate glasses were examined as a function of melt composition and polymerization using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Glass compositions were albite, sodium trisilicate, and a peralkaline composition approximately halfway between the two. Yb is 5–6 coordinated [d(Yb-O) = 2.21 A]. Gd coordination ranges from 6 in albite glass [d(Gd-O) = 2.30 A] through a mixture of 6 to 8 in peralkaline glass [d(Gd-O) = 2.36 A]to 8 in sodium trisilicate glass [(Gd-O) = 2.43 A]. La is 7-coordinated in the peralkaline and sodium trisilicate glasses [d(La-O) = 2.43 A], but has a coordination of 8–9 in albite glass [d(La-O) = 2.59 A]. Regularity of the rare earth site (i.e., the range of REE-O distances) appears to decrease as polymerization increases. This is caused, in part, by the decreasing number of non-bridging oxygens in the coordination sphere of the rare earth element with increasing melt polymerization. Regularity of the rare earth site also appears to increase as the size of the rare earth decreases. This is due to the greater ability of the smaller, higher field strength rare earths to compete for non-bridging oxygens. An exception to these trends is the La site in albite glass; it is more regular than in the other glasses because the large La ion is centered in the “cage” formed by interconnected rings of Si-and Al-tetrahedra, which leads to a more regular distribution of La-O bond lengths. As polymerization decreases, the rare earth's local environment is more strongly influenced by its bonding requirements and less influenced by network topology.