cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications of Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanowires: A Review

Cadmium chalcogenide nanowires have demonstrated superior electrical and optical properties, and have emerged as prominent building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. In addition to the effort devoted to advance techniques of fabricating high quality nanowires, much has been endeavored to elucidate their unique physical properties for better design and development of functional devices with low power consumption and high performance. Herein, this article provides a comprehensive review of the forefront research on cadmium chalcogenide nanowires, ranging from material synthesis, property characterizations, and device applications.
Determinantes del sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños en edad escolar en Perú

Obesity in children at school age is an increasing problem in Peru. It concentrates in urban areas, mainly in Lima where one out of three children is overweight. An initial study in 80 schools in Lima showed that the lack of physical activity would have a greater impact on overweight and obesity in school children than the amount of food intake. More detailed studies are required. In spite of the limited information available regarding its determining factors, it is necessary to implement culturally-sensitive measures to fight this problem as part of the current nutritional policies, and prevent the problem from spreading, making sure the sustainability of the health system is not affected.
Genetic mapping of the component chains of ia antigens.

The genes encoding the two polypeptide chains (α andβ) that comprise the murine Ia antigens were localized within distinct regions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This was accomplished by correlating allelic forms of theα andβ chains with the MHC congenic strains of mice from which they were isolated. Allelic forms ofα andβ chains were distinguished by their unique structural markers, such as isoelectric points, amino acid sequences or peptide maps. The results indicate that the structural genes for both the α andβ chains of I-A subregion antigens are located within the K to I-A genetic interval. In contrast, the gene encoding theβ chain of I-E subregion antigens is located outside of theI-E subregion and within the K to I-B genetic interval. These findings may have important implications for analysis of observations that complementation by twoI-region genes is sometimes required for development of immune responses.
Polypeptides containing highly conserved regions of transcription initiation factor σ70 exhibit specificity of binding to promoter DNA

The sigma 70 subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase is required for sequence-specific recognition of promoter DNA. Genetic studies and sequence analysis have indicated that sigma 70 contains two specific DNA-binding domains that recognize the two conserved portions of the prokaryotic promoter. However, intact sigma 70 does not bind to DNA. Using C-terminal and internal polypeptides of sigma 70, carrying one or both putative DNA-binding domains, we demonstrate that sigma 70 does contain two DNA-binding domains, but that N-terminal sequences inhibit the ability of intact sigma 70 to bind to DNA. Thus, we propose that sigma 70 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that normally functions through an allosteric interaction with the core subunits of RNA polymerase.
Ishihara test performance and dementia

Ishihara trail-tracing (TT) and number-naming (NN) tests were administered to a clinical sample of 378 demented patients. Error counts on TT and NN tests were best fit by a negative binomial (overdispersed Poisson) distribution. TT, NN, and combined (TT + NN) error counts were regressed on patient characteristics (sex, age, and education), severity of cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Exam: MMSE), dementia stage (Clinical Dementia Rating: CDR), etiology, onset age, and symptom duration in a negative binomial generalized linear model. Patient characteristics, onset age, and symptom duration had no significant effects on any error count. The effects of MMSE, CDR, and etiology, on the other hand, were highly significant and appear to help discriminate vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease. MMSE (which taps cognitive skills) correlated with both TT and NN errors. CDR (which taps both cognitive and functional skills) correlated only with TT errors and dementia etiology correlated only with NN errors. These distinct correlational patterns reflect differences between the TT and NN tasks (i.e., trail-tracing vs. number-naming) related to specific brain loci and associated functions. This aspect of the phenomenon suggests that Ishihara tests have useful clinical applications in dementia.
656. Combined Oncolysis and Anti-Angiogenesis Gene Therapy Using a Herpes Simplex Virus Expressing Endostatin in a Murine Lung Cancer Model

Top of pageAbstract Malignant pleural mesothelioma is unresponsive to most forms of therapy and often recurs after multimodality regimens. Oncolytic gene therapy using a replication-conditional Herpes virus in combination with anti-angiogenesis strategies may provide a novel adjunct to the treatment of this resistant tumor. The aim of this study is to evaluate a novel treatment strategy in a murine model of malignant mesothelioma. Since Herpes-mediated viral oncolysis alone is not sufficient to completely eradicate tumors in many animal models, we employed the use of angiogenesis inhibition to augment the anti-tumor effect. Endostatin is derived from the carboxyl-terminal end of collagen XVIII and is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and vascular permeability. To measure the in-vivo efficacy of endostatin, we created a stable transfectant expressing mouse endostatin in a murine mesothelioma cell line (AB12pEndo). In vitro proliferation of this transformed cell line demonstrated similar growth speed to the parent cell line. Compared to the parent cell line (AB12), tumor growth was markedly reduced (mean volume = 1274mm3 vs. 8 mm3 at 3 weeks) in a syngeneic flank model (see Figure 1). Circulating endostatin was elevated in the serum of mice bearing the transformed cell line when compared to control. Expression of endostatin and its associated anti-tumor affects were then evaluated in a replication-conditional Herpes virus constructed to harbor the endostatin transgene (HSV-endo). This HSV mutant replicates preferentially in neoplastic cells by virtue of inactivation of the gene (UL39) encoding viral ribonucleotide reductase. Quantitative western blot analysis demonstrated superior expression of endostatin in-vitro using HSV-endo at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) when compared to an equivalent cell number of AB12pEndo. Intra-tumoral treatment with HSV-endo displayed a marked anti-tumor effect compared to PBS treatment in a flank model of murine mesothelioma, but was virtually identical to a control Herpes virus harboring a lacZ transgene in lieu of endostatin. In conclusion, murine mesothelioma (AB12) appears quite sensitive to the oncolytic effect of this Herpes vector, but may be too sensitive to effectively evaluate the relative contribution of angiogenesis inhibition. Cell lines relatively resistant to Herpes oncolysis should be considered to adequately evaluate this novel reagent.
Uncertainty quantification of a guided wave structural health monitoring system for composite bolted joints

Assessing the robustness of a sensor system and the related predictions is a key step in structural health monitoring (SHM). In this paper, the SHM system under consideration uses macro fiber composite (MFC) sensors to generate ultrasonic guided waves for inspection of a composite bolted joint. Bolt bearing failure is introduced to a target hole through tensile loading. The MFC sensor-actuators are configured in a circular array around the target hole and used to send and receive the ultrasonic waves from many different directions. This strategy facilitates a scattering matrix approach to identifying the most effective actuation and sensing angles for damage detection. Multiple interrogation wavelengths are also utilized to study the effect of the wavelength relative to the size of hole being monitored. However, various other factors are expected to impact the ultrasonic signal and therefore the damage detection results. Particularly, the position and orientation of each sensor is precisely measured through image processing techniques in order to quantify the effects of sensor misalignment. Finally, the sensitivity of the ultrasonic inspection technique to variation in each phenomenon is compared to better understand the most significant effects on damage detection performance.
First principles simulations of the stability and structure of grain boundaries in Mg 2 SiO 4 forsterite

Our understanding of how grain boundaries (GBs) can dramatically influence key mineral properties such as creep and diffusion depends on knowledge of their detailed atomic and electronic structures. For this purpose, we simulate different types of tilt GBs, (0l1)/[100], (1l0)/[001] and (012)/[100] modeled with stepped and non-stepped surfaces in Mg2SiO4 forsterite using a first-principles approach based on density functional theory. Our results suggest that several configurations arising from Mg-terminated planes with tilt angles ranging from 16° to 67° are energetically competitive over the entire pressure regime (0–17 GPa) studied. At the ambient pressure, the predicted important features of the boundaries include distorted bonds (Si–O and Mg–O distances changed by 1 and 4 %, respectively), coordination defects (four and fivefold Mg–O coordination), and void spaces (0.2–0.9 × 10−10 m3/m2). Also, the interface induces splitting of electronic states from the conduction band and kinks at the top of the valence band. These structural and electronic features continue to exist at higher pressures. The formation enthalpy and excess volume for each boundary configuration studied were shown to systematically increase and decrease, respectively, with pressure. The predicted energy range (0.8–1.7 J/m2 at zero pressure) widens by a factor of two at 17 GPa (1.1–2.8 J/m2). The presence of low-density and structurally distorted regions imply that these GBs can serve as primary impurity segregation sites, fast diffusion pathways, and electron-trapped regions, which all are relevant for mantle rheology.
The role of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in maintaining hydromineral balance in larval salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Abstract 1. 1. Hypophysectomy and hypophysectomy combined with electrolytic lesions in the preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus did not change sodium fluxes in larval Ambystoma tigrinum . Operated animals were able to maintain hydromineral balance in pond water and to adapt to very dilute solutions as well as controls. 2. 2. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was reduced in salt-loaded animals and increased when they were replaced in pond water. But these changes were about the same in operated-lesioned animals as in controls. Therefore, the hypothalamo-hypophysial system is not important in controlling GFR. 3. 3. Water reabsorption in the excretory system (kidney plus urinary bladder) of normal animals was stimulated by salt-loading and dehydrating. Operated animals did not show this effect, and we conclude that renal antidiuresis in these animals is under hypothalamo-hypophysial control. Arginine vasotocin may be the active hormone in this phenomenon.
The phase reversal phenomenon at flow separation and reattachment

Tests were conducted on two different airfoils, one of them in a low-turbulence tunnel, to detect laminar separation and turbulent reattachment locations. A 'nonintrusive' multielement sensor consisting of a large number of closely spaced individual nickel films was vacuum deposited on a thin substrate and bonded to the airfoil model surface. Each sensor element was a part of an independent constant temperature anemometer system. Time history as well as spectral analysis of signals from surface film gauges were used to determine the surface shear flow characteristics. A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of phase reversal in low-frequency dynamic shear stress signals across regions of flow separation and reattachment.
Genetic variation and reproductive isolation among phenotypically divergent amphipod populations

We examined the degree of reproductive isolation and patterns of genetic structure and diversification within and among seven populations of the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Hyalella occurs across ecologically dissimilar habitats in southeastern Michigan and exhibits substantial, and apparently adaptive, genetically based phenotypic variation among populations. Habitats with predatory centrarchid fish contain a small-bodied Hyalella ecotype, whereas habitats lacking these predators contain a large-bodied ecotype. Hierarchical F statistics showed that allele frequency variation at six electrophoretic loci is greater among populations within an ecotype than between ecotypes, a result also reflected in a cluster analysis based on genetic distances among the seven populations. Despite the lack of clear genetic differentiation between ecotypes, gene flow between ecotypes appeared restricted or absent. Physically adjacent large- and small-ecotype populations in the same drainage differed appreciably in allele frequencies. Within-population genetic structuring also differed between ecotypes. Whereas genotype frequencies never differed from Hardy-Weinberg expectations in large-ecotype populations, all small-ecotype populations exhibited a significant deficiency of heterozygous genotypes at one or more loci. Interbreeding trials demonstrated that individuals from different populations of the same ecotype readily interbreed, but no interbreeding was observed in crosses involving individuals of dissimilar ecotypes. Interbreeding results, considered together with between-ecotype differences in allele and genotype structure, suggest that Hyalella ecotypes in southeast Michigan form at least two separate species. Furthermore, the lack of distinct allelic differences and the relative levels of allele frequency differentiation within and between ecotypes suggest recent local speciation in this taxon.
Use of interlock fibered detachable coils for occlusion of collaterals, coronary artery fistulae, and patent ductus arteriosus

Objective: To investigate the utility of Interlocking Detachable Coils™ (IDC) for transcatheter occlusion of vascular communications in congenital heart disease. Background: The IDC can be delivered in a retractable fashion through hydrophilic Renegade™ microcatheters. They incorporate thrombogenic synthetic fibers and cost less than comparable neurovascular coils. They are ideally suited for use in many forms of congenital heart disease. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients catheterized during the initial 18-month period of IDC availability at our institution was performed. Interlock coils were only used if traditional methods could not be used easily and safely. All congenital patients in whom IDC were used are described. Results: A total of 61 coils were deployed in 17 patients with various vessels not amenable to treatment with conventional coils. Coils were used in aortopulmonary collaterals (n = 7), veno-venous collaterals (n = 9), patent ductus arteriosus (n = 3), and coronary artery fistulae (CAF) (n = 2). Operators were able to control coils and withdraw into the catheter for repositioning without difficulty. Thirteen of 21 vessels demonstrated immediate occlusion. All late angiograms have demonstrated complete occlusion of all vessels, with one exception requiring reintervention. One coil migrated from a large CAF and was easily retrieved with a snare. No serious complications occurred. All patients had an uneventful postcatheterization course. Conclusions: Transcatheter vascular coil embolization with IDCs can be performed safely and effectively in a variety of circumstances. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Secretory responses to autonomic stimulation of rat salivary glands following reserpine treatment.

Abstract The response to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation to parotid or submandibular glands of reserpinized rats was altered from that of untreated rats. Thus, acute reserpinization, like other types of sympathectomy, resulted in increase in volume of parasympathetically-evoked parotid or submandibular saliva when comparison was made with evoked saliva from untreated glands. As norepinephrine is depleted by reserpine, there was no response to stimulation of sympathetic nerves to these reserpinized glands. Adrenergic receptors were normally activated by administration of autonomic agonists. Thus a single high dose of reserpine can cause the same effects as those induced by chronic administration of low doses of reserpine, i.e. a 3-fold increase in calcium (Ca) concentration of submandibular gland but no change in Ca concentration of parotid gland. Although sympathetic stimulation caused no change in Ca concentration of submandibular or parotid glands of reserpine (acute)-treated rats, stimulation with isoproterenol (25mg/kg, i.p., 60 min) produced a 32–35 per cent decrease in glandular Ca concentration from that of unstimulated reserpinized glands. Glands of untreated rats showed a 52 per cent depletion after 60 min of isoproterenol stimulation; however, Ca output in parotid saliva from reserpinized rat for 60 min of stimulation was not changed from that of untreated rats, but that of submandibular saliva was two times greater. Ca concentration of submandibular saliva was unchanged during 60 min-stimulation of reserpine-treated rats, but that of untreated rats decreased.
A class of systems with nearly zero distributed simulation overhead

Abstract We identify a class of systems that can be simulated by a distributed simulator with almost no overhead messages. In general terms, a system in this class is a network of processes that communicate with each other solely via messages in an asynchronous manner. The communication delays in this network are allowed to be arbitrary, though finite, and the communication lines are assumed to be first in, first out (FIFO). The class of systems defined in this paper includes many cyclic systems. To show that these systems can be simulated with nearly zero overhead, we present such a distributed simulation algorithm for systems in this class. By identifying this class of systems and designing a distributed simulation algorithm specifically geared for it, we have been able to avoid almost all overhead messages. By contrast, other distributed simulation algorithms are usually designed for more general systems and they usually require too many overhead messages. In particular, in simulating the class of systems defined in this paper, these general-purpose schemes would usually involve much more overhead than our distributed simulation algorithm.
Structure and [2+2] Cycloreversion of the Cyclobutane Radical Cation

The [2+2] cycloreversion reaction of the cyclobutane radical cation was studied using high-level MO and DFT methods. Three distinct, but energetically very similar, structures are located for the cyclobutane radical cation: a parallelogram that corresponds to the minimum on the Jahn−Teller surface, a rhombus, corresponding to a transition structure connecting two parallelograms, and a rectangle that is a second-order saddle point. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations show that the reaction proceeds in a concerted fashion. The calculated reaction mode is not consistent with a putative acyclic intermediate, but rather shifts the two ethylene fragments relative to each other. The transition structure connects the product complex to the parallelogram structure of the cyclobutane radical cation. The overall thermochemistry calculated by the QCISD(T)//QCISD and the B3LYP methods are in good agreement with the available experimental data. It is shown that the experimental hyperfine coupling constants do n...
Signal-detection, threshold, and dual-process models of recognition memory: ROCs and conscious recollection.

Abstract Threshold- and signal-detection-based models have dominated theorizing about recognition memory. Building upon these theoretical frameworks, we have argued for a dual-process model in which conscious recollection (a threshold process) and familiarity (a signal-detection process) contribute to memory performance. In the current paper we assessed several memory models by examining the effects of levels of processing and the number of presentations on recognition memory receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). In general, when the ROCs were plotted in probability space they exhibited an inverted U shape; however, when they were plotted inzspace they exhibited a U shape. An examination of the ROCs showed that the dual-process model could account for the observed ROCs, but that models based solely on either threshold or signal-detection processes failed to provide a sufficient account of the data. Furthermore, an examination of subjects' introspective reports using the remember/know procedure showed that subjects were aware of recollection and familiarity and were able to consistently report on their occurrence. The remember/know data were used to accurately predict the shapes of the ROCs, and estimates of recollection and familiarity derived from the ROC data mirrored the subjective reports of these processes.
Active and group learning in the computer architecture classroom

Lecture is the traditional instructional format in Computer Science (and in most disciplines) at the college level. However, research studies have shown what we all suspect -- lecture is not very effective. Students retain only a small fraction of the material covered, attendance only has a marginal effect on performance, and learning via lecture is independent of the lecturer's quality.This paper presents an alternative to the lecture format, i.e., active and group learning. Application of active and group learning to teaching Computer Architecture within a Computer Science program is described.
The Effects of Target Behavior Choice and Self-Management Skills Training on Compliance With Behavioral Self-Monitoring

Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two potential methods for increasing participant compliance with behavioral self-monitoring (BSM). Design. A randomized 2 × 2 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of target behavior choice (choice vs. assigned) and self-management skills training (training vs. no-training) on BSM compliance. In the choice manipulation, participants either chose or were assigned one of seven types of healthful or safe behaviors to self-monitor. In the training manipulation, participants either completed computer-based self-management skills training or received no training. Participants were then asked to complete daily BSM for 2 weeks. Setting. The study was conducted at a university and teaching hospital. Subjects. Participants (N = 60) were predominantly university and hospital employees. Measures. The primary dependent measure was percent compliance with BSM. Analysis. A factorial analysis of variance of compliance scores was performed. Results....
Cryptic biodiversity and phylogeographical patterns in a snapping shrimp species complex

Recent investigations suggest that marine biodiversity may be much higher than earlier estimates, and an important hidden source of diversity in marine systems is the phenomenon of cryptic species complexes. Such complexes are informative models for research into the evolutionary processes that govern species compositions of marine fauna. The snapping shrimp genera Alpheus and Synalpheus are known to harbour large numbers of cryptic species; here, I characterize the genetic structure of the Alpheus armillatus species complex in the northern Caribbean, west Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Over this geographical region, the complex harbours at least three lineages that are probable reproductively isolated species; all major lineages diverged subsequent to the close of the Isthmus of Panama. Only one lineage was present in the Gulf of Mexico, whereas outside the Gulf of Mexico there was no clear tendency for lineage dominance by geographical region, as most sites were populated by shrimp from at least two lineages. However, within each lineage, there was strong evidence of population genetic differentiation between geographical regions. All lineages showed strong signals of demographic expansion, and one lineage showed sharply reduced genetic diversity, suggestive of past population bottlenecks or recently founded populations with low gene flow from other sites. These results show that evolutionary processes leading to divergence and speciation have been common and recent in the snapping shrimp, and suggest that connectivity among shrimp populations may be limited.
The Role of Dopamine in Nonmodulating Hypertension

ABSTRACT Dopamine may exert a tonic inhibitory effect on aldosterone secretion and enhance renal sodium excretion. Nonmodulating hypertension in part is characterized by decreased aldosterone secretion in response to angiotensin II (All) as well as a decreased natriuretic response to a saline load. This study assesses whether an abnormally increased dopaminergic inhibition of aldosterone secretion underlies the adrenal defect in nonmodulating hypertension and whether abnormalities of renal dopamine formation contribute to sodium retention. We measured the plasma dopamine concentration in 39 patients with nonmodulating hypertension and in 32 patients with normal modulation on a 10-meq sodium intake. Dopamine levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in nonmodulators. The aldosterone response to All (3 ng/kg.min) was assessed before and during administration of the dopamine antagonist metoclopramide in 13 patients. Metoclopramide did not change the adrenal response to All in either hypertensive subgroup. ...
Calibration and Verification of SWMM for Low Impact Development

ABSTRACT: The Storm Water Management Model was used to simulate runoff and nutrient export from a lowimpact development (LID) watershed and a watershed using traditional runoff controls. Predictions werecompared to observed values. Uncalibrated simulations underpredicted weekly runoff volume and average peakﬂow rates from the multiple subcatchment LID watershed by over 80%; the single subcatchment traditionalwatershed had better predictions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Manning’s n for swales, and initial soilmoisture deﬁcit were sensitive parameters. After calibration, prediction of total weekly runoff volume for theLID and traditional watersheds improved to within 12 and 5% of observed values, respectively. For the valida-tion period, predicted total weekly runoff volumes for the LID and traditional watersheds were within 6 and 2%of observed values, respectively. Water quality simulation was less successful, Nash–Sutcliffe coefﬁcients >0.5for both calibration and validation periods were only achieved for prediction of total nitrogen export from theLID watershed. Simulation of a 100-year, 24-h storm resulted in a runoff coefﬁcient of 0.46 for the LIDwatershed and 0.59 for the traditional watershed. Results suggest either calibration is needed to improve predic-tions for LID watersheds or expanded look-up tables for Green–Ampt inﬁltration parameter values that accountfor compaction of urban soil and antecedent conditions are needed.(KEY TERMS: SWMM; low impact development; modeling; simulation; calibration; runoff; inﬁltration; nutri-ents.)Rosa, David J., John C. Clausen, and Michael E. Dietz, 2015. Calibration and Veriﬁcation of SWMM for LowImpact Development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-12. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12272INTRODUCTIONThe Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) isa widely used rainfall-runoff simulation model whoselatest version has the ability to model low impactdevelopment (LID) techniques (Rossman, 2009). Thegoal of LID is to maintain the pre-developmenthydrology of a site, thereby reducing negative effectson receiving waters (Prince George’s County, 1999a).Example LID practices include cluster development,bioretention areas, permeable pavement, and grassedswales that serve to reduce imperviousness and man-age stormwater runoff through storage, inﬁltration,evapotranspiration, and retention. LID practices usedat a watershed level have been demonstrated tosigniﬁcantly reduce stormwater runoff volume, peakﬂow and the mass exports of several pollutants instormwater compared with traditional development(Dietz and Clausen, 2008; Bedan and Clausen, 2009).LID design has traditionally been aimed at cap-turing and treating storms with return periods less
National and sub-national analysis of the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce maternal mortality in Afghanistan.

BACKGROUND: Afghanistan has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world. We assess the health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve the safety of pregnancy and childbirth in Afghanistan. METHODS: Using national and sub-national data, we adapted a previously validated model that simulates the natural history of pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications. We incorporated data on antenatal care, family planning, skilled birth attendance and information about access to transport, referral facilities and quality of care. We evaluated single interventions (e.g. family planning) and strategies that combined several interventions packaged as integrated services (transport, intrapartum care). Outcomes included pregnancy-related complications, maternal deaths, maternal mortality ratios, costs and cost-effectiveness ratios. FINDINGS: Model-projected reduction in maternal deaths between 1999-2002 and 2007-08 approximated 20%. Increasing family planning was the most effective individual intervention to further reduce maternal mortality; up to 1 in 3 pregnancy-related deaths could be prevented if contraception use approached 60%. Nevertheless, reductions in maternal mortality reached a threshold (∼30% to 40%) without strategies that assured women access to emergency obstetrical care. A stepwise approach that coupled improved family planning with incremental improvements in skilled attendance, transport, referral and appropriate intrapartum care and high-quality facilities prevented 3 of 4 maternal deaths. Such an approach would cost less than US$200 per year of life saved at the national level, well below Afghanistan's per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a common benchmark for cost-effectiveness. Similar results were noted sub-nationally. INTERPRETATION: Our findings reinforce the importance of early intensive efforts to increase family planning for spacing and limiting births and to provide control of fertility choices. While significant improvements in health delivery infrastructure will be required to meet Millennium Development Goal 5, a paced systematic effort that invests in scaling up capacity for integrated maternal health services as the total fertility rate declines appears feasible and cost-effective.
Intrauterine growth restriction and reduced glomerular number: role of apoptosis.

as proposed by barker ([2][1], [3][2]), limitations in fetal nutrition contribute to intrauterine growth restriction and the increased risk for development of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in later life. Although this observation was derived from numerous epidemiological studies,
Crime Rates and Police Behavior A Test of Two Hypotheses

Two hypotheses concerning the relationship between arrest rates for major and minor offenses are tested using 1971 and 1972 arrest data from Florida munic- ipalities. The results of a regression analysis using lagged variables in a system of difference equations support a dragnet interpretation of police behavior and discount a -displacement hypothesis. The data further suggest that the relationship between arrest rates for major and minor offenses achieves stability over time. The use of official police statistics in criminological research continues to be controversial. Although many criminologists maintain that such data are too in- accurate to provide meaningful indexes of criminal activity (Beattie; Cressey; Wilson), researchers still use them on the grounds that they reflect those as- pects of criminal activity which are sufficiently important to be of concern to a community, orthatthey are simplythe best available atthetime (Black; Suther- land and Cressey; Tittle). But some sociologists hold that the issue of the accu- racy of police statistics is irrelevant altogether since such data really reflect police behavior rather than criminal activity (Kitsuse and Cicourel). It is there- fore argued that criminal statistics should be used primarilyto study aspects of police organization. Despite such pleas, few studies have actually employed official crime data in an effort to understand the organizational behavior of police. This paper analyzes the relationship of arrest rates for serious and minor crimes in an effort to evaluate two contrasting hypotheses about police con- duct. One hypothesis, herein labeled the "displacement" hypothesis, postu- lates an inverse relationship between arrest for serious crimes and arrest for minor crimes. This presumably results from a shifting deployment of police personnel. When serious crimes abound, the police ignore or deemphasize minor crimes. But when serious crimes abate or cannot be effectively man- aged, then police concentrate on minor crimes to justify themselves. The "dragnet" hypothesis, on the other hand, postulates a positive rela- tionship between serious and minor arrests. According to this argument, when police are constrained by legal rules and other contingencies they must rely largely on arrests for minor crimes as a means of managing serious offenses. Since it is easierto establish probable cause for minor crimes, and since minor offenses are more subjectto proactive police work, suspicious individuals are arrested on minor charges in the expectation that the process will turn up evi- dence enabling police to make arrests for major offenses.
Tight-Binding Theory of Phase-Change Materials

A simple theory of Ge, Sb, and Te crystals and glasses, based upon atomic valence orbitals with coupling given by universal parameters, is outlined. It is seen how dangling hybrids from Ge atoms can behave as negative U centers. In contrast, in Sb the nonbonding s orbitals play essentially no role, except to produce three-fold coordination and 90° bond angles. Te also has nonbonding s states, but also nonbonding p states causing two-fold coordination. These nonbonding p states form the top of the valence band, rather than the bond orbitals which formed the valence-band in Ge. We argue against lumping these totally different behaviors together as “lone pairs”. In the glass, bonds can form between all atom types, but bonds between different elements are energetically favored. Further, when Sb or Te atoms are involved, bonds can switch between neighbors with small energy change, in a manner suggested by Kastner, Adler and Fritsche. It is seen how to estimate the energy for these various different geometric configurations.
Vulvar carcinoma with 0.5 mm of invasion and associated inguinal lymph node metastasis

A case of vulvar carcinoma with 0.5 mm of invasion treated by radical wide local excision only, which later developed ipsilateral inguinal lymph node recurrence, is presented. This represents the least amount of invasion reported resulting in inguinal lymph node metastasis. Review of the literature of stage I vulvar carcinoma with less than 1 mm of invasion indicates that this phenomenon occurs in only 1.6% of all patients who have undergone inguinal lymphadenectomy. Although this represents the second report of ipsilateral inguinal nodal metastasis associated with less than 1 mm of invasion, we continue to perform radical wide local excision without ipsilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy until more cases demonstrate a higher incidence of lymph node involvement. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Higher Ground: The Archaeology of North American Platform Mounds

Platform mounds, as forms of monumental architecture, have long been central to inquiries into Native American social complexity. The archaeological literature produced over the last 5 years that pertains to North American platform mounds in the Southeast and Southwest is reviewed. Chronologies, forms, and functions of platform mounds are summarized. There are similarities in the platform mound characteristics and construction sequences found in both regions. It is proposed that these characteristics reflect similar social processes of integration and differentiation.
Measurement Of The Photoelastic Contents Of Optical Materials

The photoelastic constants describe the effect of stress or strain on the refractive indices of materials. These coefficients are important in several applications. They are required for the computation of stress-induced optical distortion in optical systems such as high-power laser systems and they are needed for computing figures of merit for materials to be used in acousto-optic devices. Interferometric and polarimetric techniques are described for measuring piezo-optic coefficients under static load-ing conditions. Acousto-optic and Brillouin scattering techniques are described for measuring elasto-optic constants.
Bayesian Estimation of Latently-grouped Parameters in Undirected Graphical Models

In large-scale applications of undirected graphical models, such as social networks and biological networks, similar patterns occur frequently and give rise to similar parameters. In this situation, it is beneficial to group the parameters for more efficient learning. We show that even when the grouping is unknown, we can infer these parameter groups during learning via a Bayesian approach. We impose a Dirichlet process prior on the parameters. Posterior inference usually involves calculating intractable terms, and we propose two approximation algorithms, namely a Metropolis-Hastings algorithm with auxiliary variables and a Gibbs sampling algorithm with "stripped" Beta approximation (Gibbs_SBA). Simulations show that both algorithms outperform conventional maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Gibbs_SBA's performance is close to Gibbs sampling with exact likelihood calculation. Models learned with Gibbs_SBA also generalize better than the models learned by MLE on real-world Senate voting data.
In search of effective diversity: a six-language study of fault-tolerant flight control software

Multiversion software systems achieve fault tolerance through software redundancy and diversity. The authors investigated multiversion software systems using six different programming languages to create six versions of software for an automatic landing program. The rationale, preparation, execution, and evaluation of this investigation are reported. >
Retrospective Reporting of Household Wealth: Evidence From the 1983–1989 Survey of Consumer Finances

One way to obtain panel-like information on household wealth is to ask households about changes in their asset holdings. Yet the reliability of retrospective data is unclear, considering the potential for recall error. This article examines the reliability of retrospective reporting, using data from the 1983–1989 Survey of Consumer Finances. We find substantial inconsistencies between reported net investments in assets with measured changes in holdings. Inconsistencies are less severe for salient transactions like home sales and more severe for aggregated items like financial assets.
A Polyclonal Antibody to Protein Disulfide Isomerase Induces Platelet Aggregation and Secretion

Abstract Monoclonal mouse antiplatelet antibodies against a variety of platelet surface components can activate platelets, causing platelet aggregation and secretion. The mechanism involves binding of the Fab domain to a platelet surface antigen, and the activation occurs through an interaction of the Fc domain with the platelet FcγRII receptor. There is almost no information on FcγRII receptor-dependent activation of platelets by polyclonal rabbit antibodies. We presently report that a polyclonal rabbit antibody to a platelet surface antigen, protein disulfide isomerase, induces platelet aggregation and secretion. These effects are seen with concentrations of the antiprotein disulfide isomerase antibody as low as 25 to 40 μg/mL. Fab and F(ab′)2 preparations of the rabbit antiprotein disulfide isomerase antibody do not cause aggregation. Fab made from the rabbit antiprotein disulfide isomerase antibody as well as a monoclonal antibody to the FcγRII (IV.3) receptor block the aggregation and secretion responses. Aggregation and secretion are inhibited by an antiglycoprotein IIbIIIa antibody, which blocks fibrinogen binding and wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Aspirin, prostaglandin E1, and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) also block the platelet responses. These data suggest that activation of platelets by polyclonal antibodies occurs by mechanisms similar to those found with activating monoclonal antibodies.
Structuring and configuring distributed applications

An approach is described for designing configurable distributed applications. The main characteristics of this approach are: domain modeling where a domain model corresponds to an architecture for a family of systems, in which members of the family have some components in common and others that vary and the domain model captures the similarities and variations of the members of the family; target system generation where the architecture of the target system is generated from the domain model, based on the features (requirements) of the individual target system; and target system configuration when the instances of the target system components are generated and interconnected and the components are mapped onto a hardware configuration. The domain modeling approach models the application domain as a collection of concurrent objects that communicate by means of messages.
Serial Histologic and Immunohistochemical Changes in Anterior Digastric Myocytes in Response to Distraction Osteogenesis

Purpose To document histologic and immunohistochemical changes in the anterior digastric muscle during distraction osteogenesis (DO). Materials and Methods Nineteen Yucatan minipigs with mixed dentition were used for these experiments. Group A (n = 16) underwent unilateral mandibular distraction at a rate of 1 mm/day (no latency) for 12 days. Animals were killed at mid-DO (n = 5), end-DO (n = 5), mid-fixation (n = 4), and end-fixation (n = 2). Group B (n = 2) underwent acute 12-mm advancement, and group C (n = 1) dissection and osteotomy. Animals from groups B and C were killed at the end-DO time point. Digastric muscles from treatment and contralateral sides of all animals were harvested and embedded in paraffin. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin/eosin or immunohistochemically for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; total cell proliferation), paired Box-7 gene protein (Pax7; satellite cells), or myogenic differentiation 1 protein (MyoD; differentiating myoblasts). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed to compare groups (P ≤ .05 statistically significant). Results All animals survived the operation and observation period; there were no device failures. Two animals (1 at mid-DO, 1 at mid-fixation) were eliminated from the study because of postoperative infection. There was minimal digastric inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle fiber size variability during active DO. Immunohistochemical analysis showed statistically significant increases in PCNA (cellular proliferation), Pax7 (satellite cells), and MyoD (differentiating myoblasts) positive nuclei in digastrics at mid-DO and end-DO. Conclusions Results of this study indicate that there are minimal pathologic changes but significant increases in PCNA, Pax7, and MyoD positive nuclei during active distraction. This supports the hypothesis that the digastric muscle response to DO consists of proliferation and hypertrophy.
Role for cFMS in maintaining alternative macrophage polarization in SIV infection: implications for HIV neuropathogenesis

Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been implicated in HIV neuropathogenesis through its ability to modulate activation of macrophages (MΦs) and microglia, as well as enhance the susceptibility of these cells to infection and promote virus production. We have recently reported that MΦs accumulating perivascularly and within nodular lesions in archival brain tissue of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques with encephalitis (SIVE) express M-CSF. In contrast, IL-34, which shares the same receptor, cFMS, was observed more often in parenchymal cells. Frontal white and grey matter from non-infected and SIV-infected rhesus macaques with and without SIVE were examined by single- and double-label immunohistochemistry for M-CSF, IL-34, and CD163 expression. Primary rhesus macaque and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with and without 2.5 ng/ml M-CSF or IL-34 alone and with 470 nM or 4.7 μM of GW2580, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high specificity for cFMS. After 24 h, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to examine the effect of these cytokines on promoting an M2 monocyte/MΦ phenotype. Here, we demonstrate that in SIVE brain, accumulating M-CSF+ MΦs are also CD163+, while IL-34 does not appear to co-localize significantly with CD163 in the parenchyma. We further demonstrate that M-CSF and IL-34 are expressed by neurons in normal brain but are altered in SIV and SIVE. Through in vitro studies, we show that M-CSF and IL-34 upregulate CD163, a marker for type 2 activation of MΦs (M2), by primary monocytes, which is attenuated by the addition of GW2580. Together, these data suggest that both cFMS ligands may promote and/or prolong M2 activation of MΦs and microglia in brains of SIV-infected animals with encephalitis. As such, cFMS signaling may be an attractive target for eliminating long-lived MΦ reservoirs of HIV infection in brain, as well as other tissues.
Touring Traumascapes: Touristifcation of an Okinawan Battlefield Memorial

Keywords: commentary, tourism, commodification, war, peace movement, Okinawa, historical memory, trauma tourism, Himeyuri Cenotaph, Japan, Eastern Asia
Planning in Reward-Rich Domains via PAC Bandits

In some decision-making environments, successful solutions are common. If the evaluation of candidate solutions is noisy, however, the challenge is knowing when a “good enough” answer has been found. We formalize this problem as an infinite-armed bandit and provide upper and lower bounds on the number of evaluations or “pulls” needed to identify a solution whose evaluation exceeds a given threshold r0. We present several algorithms and use them to identify reliable strategies for solving screens from the video games Infinite Mario and Pitfall! We show order of magnitude improvements in sample complexity over a natural approach that pulls each arm until a good estimate of its success probability is known.
An augmented Lagrangian interior-point approach for large-scale NLP problems on graphics processing units

Abstract The demand for fast solution of nonlinear optimization problems, coupled with the emergence of new concurrent computing architectures, drives the need for parallel algorithms to solve challenging nonlinear programming (NLP) problems. In this paper, we propose an augmented Lagrangian interior-point approach for general NLP problems that solves in parallel on a Graphics processing unit (GPU). The algorithm is iterative at three levels. The first level replaces the original problem by a sequence of bound-constrained optimization problems using an augmented Lagrangian method. Each of these bound-constrained problems is solved using a nonlinear interior-point method. Inside the interior-point method, the barrier sub-problems are solved using a variation of Newton's method, where the linear system is solved using a preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method, which is implemented efficiently on a GPU in parallel. This algorithm shows an order of magnitude speedup on several test problems from the COPS test set.