cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Will the Right Islam Stand Up?1

Few issues that are examined by social scientists have a greater policy importance than the question of whether Islam is compatible with a liberal political regime, one that is based on a democratic form of government and respects human rights. Indeed, there is an academic cottage industry that studies whether democratic nations ever "do" war against other democracies. The implied point is that if Muslim regimes could be changed to become democratic, global security?and especially that of the United States and its allies?would be much enhanced. Moreover, democratization is assumed to be essential for domestic peace; it provides institutional outlets for resolving inevitable differences of interests and values; it allows people to trade bullets for ballots. I focus here on one part of this important issue: How hospitable are Muslim nations currently to Western types of regimes? The reason this question covers only part of the issue at hand is that Muslim nations that are now effectively opposed to democratization may come to embrace it in the future, as conditions change or as the efforts of the United States and its allies are recast. Nevertheless, given that a major objective of U.S. foreign policy (long before the Bush Administration) has been to promote liberal democratic regimes in Muslim as well as other (especially com munist) nations, the question stands: How receptive are these nations to these efforts at this stage of history? Those who study this question by drawing on public opinion polls are coming to startlingly different conclusions from those of many other observers, including anthropologists, area specialists, and seasoned report ers. In the following passages I briefly review these two contrasting sets of observations, and then suggest possible reasons such different conclusions
Mixing and Dispersion of Viscous Liquids and Powdered Solids

Publisher Summary Mixing and dispersion of viscous fluids—blending in the polymer processing literature—is the result of complex interaction between flow and events occurring at drop length-scales: breakup, coalescence, and hydrodynamic interactions. Similarly, mixing and dispersion of powdered solids in viscous liquids is the result of complex interaction between flow and events—erosion, fragmentation and aggregation—occurring at agglomerate length scales. Important applications of these processes include the compounding of molten polymers and the dispersion of fine particles in polymer melts. The modeling of mixing processes has undergone exciting progress in the past few years. Computations have reached maturity and exploitation of concepts and results in the context of realistic devices is now a reality. However, the advances have been restricted to single-phase fluids. Further research is needed to gain advancements in the dispersion of solids and liquids in viscous flows.
Abstract 247: Comparing radiation therapy and ipilimumab to ipilimumab alone in metastatic melanoma patients

Purpose/Objective: With evidence suggesting ipilimumab and intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) improves survival compared to SRS alone, we compared toxicity, response rates (RRs), and outcomes of metastatic melanoma patients receiving radiation (RT) and ipilimumab to ipilimumab alone. Methods and Materials: We reviewed records of metastatic melanoma patients receiving ipilimumab 3mg/kg between 2010-2014. RRs, measured by immune RECIST criteria, and toxicity were compared by Fischer9s exact text. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by the Kaplan Meier method. Results: 61 patients received ipilimumab, with 35 (57.4%) also receiving radiation within 4 months of ipilimumab. The radiation cohort was similar at baseline except for greater systemic burden of disease (82.9% vs. 42.3%, p = 0.005), higher dexamethasone use (14.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.048), and more brain involvement (74.3% vs. 0% p Conclusion: Despite poorer prognostic characteristics in the RT with ipilimumab cohort, toxicity, RR and OS were similar between the arms. Prospective studies investigating the ideal radiation fractionation to improve ipilimumab response rates are warranted. ALC Citation Format: Kirtesh R. Patel, Daniel E. Oliver, Derick Okwan-Dadu, Yuan Liu, Ragini R. Kudchadkar, David H. Lawson, Mohammad K. Khan. Comparing radiation therapy and ipilimumab to ipilimumab alone in metastatic melanoma patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 247. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-247
Fuse and Stis Observations of Intergalactic Absorption Towards PG 1259+593

We present preliminary results of a study of intergalactic absorption in the far-ultraviolet (FUV; 915-1730 A) along the line of sight to the quasar PG 1259+593, using high signal-to-noise data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). We have analyzed 135 intergalactic absorption features, including Lyman HI absorption and various metal lines. The combined FUV spectrum of PG 1259+593 exhibits several intervening O VI absorbers, which represent a significant baryon reservoir in the low-redshift Universe.
Targeted Deletion of CCR2 Impairs Deep Vein Thombosis Resolution in a Mouse Model

CCR2 is required for monocyte recruitment in many inflammatory processes, as well as conferring Th1 lymphokine responses. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resolution represents a specific inflammatory response whereby the thrombus must be dissolved for restoration of blood flow. Using a stasis model of DVT in the mouse, we investigated the role of CCR2 on DVT resolution. Genetic deletion of CCR2 (CCR2-/-) was associated with larger thrombi at early and later time points, increased thrombus collagen, fewer thrombus monocytes (F4/80), and significantly impaired neovascularization. IL-2 and IFN-gamma were significantly reduced in early CCR2-/- thrombi, whereas MCP-1 was significantly increased, and Th2 lymphokines were unaffected. Supplementation of CCR2-/- mice with IFN-gamma normalized early thrombus resolution without increasing monocyte influx. Neither Ab depletion of IFN-gamma nor genetic deletion of IFN-gamma impaired early DVT resolution. Early fibrinolysis was not impaired in CCR2-/- mice, but a significant reduction in both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity was observed. However, only MMP-9 activity was restored with administration of IFN-gamma. We conclude that an early CCR2-dependent Th1 lymphokine response predominates in normal DVT resolution, mediates this in part by MMP-9 activation, but is not solely dependent on IFN-gamma.
Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: Observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology

Summary Reasons for performing study: Diagnostic navicular bursoscopy has been described in limited cases. Review of greater numbers is needed to define its contribution to case management and prognostic values. Objectives: To report: 1) clinical, diagnostic and endoscopic findings in a series of cases, 2) surgical techniques and case outcomes and 3) prognostic values. The authors hypothesise: 1) lameness localising to the navicular bursa is commonly associated with dorsal border deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions, 2) endoscopy allows extent of injuries to be assessed and treated, 3) case outcome relates to severity of DDFT injury and 4) the technique is safe and associated with little morbidity. Materials and methods: All horses that underwent endoscopy of a forelimb navicular bursa for investigation of lameness were identified. Case files were reviewed and those with injuries within the bursa selected for further analysis. Results: One-hundred-and-fourteen horses were identified. Ninety-two had injuries within the bursa and DDFT injuries were identified in 98% of bursae. Of those examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 56% had combination injuries involving the DDFT and navicular bone. Sixty-one percent of horses returned to work sound, 42% returned to previous performance. Horses with extensive tearing and combination injuries of the DDFT and navicular bone identified with MRI, had worse outcomes. Conclusions: Lameness localising to the navicular bursa is commonly associated with injuries to the dorsal border of the DDFT. Endoscopy permits identification and characterisation of injuries within the navicular bursa and enables lesion management. Outcome following debridement is related to severity of injury but overall is reasonable. Potential relevance: Horses with lameness localising to the navicular bursa may have tears of the DDFT. Bursoscopy is able to contribute diagnostic and prognostic information and debridement of lesions improves outcome compared to cases managed conservatively.
Chemical analysis of diesel engine nanoparticles using a nano-DMA/thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer.

Diesel engines are known to emit high number concentrations of nanoparticles (diameter < 50 nm), but the physical and chemical mechanisms by which they form are not understood. Information on chemical composition is lacking because the small size, low mass concentration, and potential for contamination of samples obtained by standard techniques make nanoparticles difficult to analyze. A nano-differential mobility analyzer was used to size-select nanoparticles (mass median diameter ∼25−60 nm) from diesel engine exhaust for subsequent chemical analysis by thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometry. Mass spectra were used to identify and quantify nanoparticle components, and compound molecular weights and vapor pressures were estimated from calibrated desorption temperatures. Branched alkanes and alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes from unburned fuel and/or lubricating oil appear to contribute most of the diesel nanoparticle mass. The volatility of the organic fraction of the aerosol increases as the engi...
Ethos as Market Maker: The Creative Role of Technical Marketing Communication in an Aviation Start-Up

This study examines how a very light jet start-up, Eclipse Aviation, changed its ethos appeals in order to survive the loss of its principally declared innovation, a jet aircraft engine. Eclipse Av...
A free energy analysis by unfolding applied to 125-mers on a cubic lattice

Background : A common approach to the protein folding problem involves computer simulation of folding using lattice models of amino acid sequences. Key factors for good performance in such models are the correct choice of the temperature and the average interaction energy between residues. In order to push the lattice approach to its limit it is important to have a method to adjust these parameters for optimal folding that is not limited by our ability to successfully simulate folding in a reasonable time. Results : In this study, we adopt a simple cubic-lattice model and present a method for calculating the free energy of a chain as a function of the number of native contacts. This does not require that we are able to fold the sequence by simulation and it provides a method of estimating the folding transition temperature. For a given set of parameters, the free energy analysis also allows an estimate of foldability. By applying the method to sequences with 27 and 125 residues, we show that optimal folding occurs near the folding transition temperature and at either zero or small negative average interaction energy. We find ourselves able to fold only 125-mers that have significant short-range native contacts. Conclusions : A free energy analysis during unfolding is a useful tool for the study of foldability and should be applicable to a variety of folding models. In this way we are able to fold some 125-mer designed sequences and our results confirm the finding that short-range contacts contribute to foldability.
A Bioactive seco-Rosane Diterpenoid from Vellozia candida

Bioassay-directed fractionation of the bioactive alcoholic extracts of Vellozia candida yielded a new 6,7-seco-rosane diterpenoid, candidalactone (1), which showed moderate toxicity toward DNA repair-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Another new but inactive rosane diterpenoid, candidenodiol (3), was also obtained.
Hyperfine Structure of the Metastable Hydrogen Atom

The hyperfine separation $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(2S)$ of the metastable $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state has been measured by a new atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method. Rf transitions were detected by utilizing a property peculiar to metastable hydrogen atoms, namely, that atoms with ${m}_{J}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$ decay much more rapidly in passing through a magnetic field of about 575 gauss than do atoms with ${m}_{J}=+\frac{1}{2}$. We found that $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(2S)=177556.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ kc/sec. From this result and the very accurately known hyperfine separation $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(1S)$ of the ground state, we obtain $R\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(2S)}{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(1S)}=\frac{1}{8}(1.0000346\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0000003)$. The deviation of $R$ from the presently available theoretical value suggests the existence of a higher-order quantum-electrodynamic term.A method of velocity selection by electron impact is described.
Congenital thrombocytopenia and radio‐ulnar synostosis: a new familial syndrome

The association of bone marrow failure and skeletal defects has been frequently noted, however, the genetic basis for most of these syndromes remains unclear. We describe a previously uncharacterized autosomal dominant syndrome of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia associated with radial-ulnar synostosis. The clinical features of this syndrome appear to be distinct from other similar conditions, including Fanconi's anaemia and thrombocytopenia-absent radii (TAR). The physical findings at diagnosis and clinical management of each case are detailed, as well as a discussion of this disorder in the context of other syndromes in which marrow failure and skeletal defects are prominent features. We also review recent developments in molecular genetics that may provide important clues to the underlying aetiology of this condition.
Evaluation of nine oximes on in vivo reactivation of blood, brain, and tissue cholinesterase activity inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents at lethal dose.

The capability of several oximes (HI-6, HLo7, MMB-4, TMB-4, carboxime, ICD 585, ICD 692, ICD 3805, and 2-PAM) to reactivate in vivo AChE inhibited by the nerve agents sarin, cyclosarin, VX, or VR in blood, brain regions, and peripheral tissues in guinea pigs was examined and compared. Animals were injected subcutaneously with 1.0 LD(50) of sarin, cyclosarin, VR, or VX, and treated intramuscularly 5 min later with one of these compounds. Toxic signs and lethality were monitored, and tissue AChE activities were determined at 60 min after nerve agent. The animals exposed to sarin or cyclosarin, alone or with non-oxime treatment, some died within 60 min; however, when treated with an oxime, no animal died. For VR or VX, all animals survived for 60 min after exposure, with or without non-oxime or oxime therapy. These nerve agents caused differential degrees of inhibition: in whole blood sarin = cyclosarin > VR = VX; in brain regions sarin > cyclosarin > VX > VR; and in peripheral tissues sarin > VX > cyclosarin > VR. These oximes exhibited differential potency in reactivating nerve agent-inhibited AChE in various peripheral tissues, but not AChE activity in the brain regions. There was no difference in the AChE reactivating potency between the dichloride and dimethanesulfonate salts of HI-6. AChE inhibited by sarin was the most and cyclosarin the least susceptible to oxime reactivation. Overall, MMB-4 appeared to be, among all oximes tested, the most effective in vivo AChE reactivator against the broadest spectrum of nerve agents.
The effects of rate and irregularity on sympathetic nerve activity in human subjects.

Background We have recently shown that atrial fibrillation is associated with an increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) compared with sinus rhythm. It remains unclear, however, whether these findings are true at various rates and whether the magnitude of sympathoexcitation is related to the degree of irregularity. Objective To determine the role of irregularity in mediating the SNA changes at various pacing rates. Univariate analysis showed that as the irregularity increased, SBP increased ( r = 0.44, P Methods Using custom-made software, atrioventricular sequential pacing with predetermined rates (100, 120, and 140 bpm) and irregularities (standard deviation=0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% of mean cycle length) was performed in 23 patients referred for electrophysiologic evaluation. Pacing at each rate/irregularity was performed for 2 minutes, with 2 minutes of recovery in between. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), and SNA were measured at baseline and during pacing. Results Univariate analysis showed that as the irregularity increased, SBP increased ( r = 0.44, P r = 0.2, P = .04). A five-variable linear model using DBP, MAP, CVP, and degree of pacing irregularity to predict SNA was highly statistically significant ( r = 0.46, P Conclusion We have shown that greater degrees of irregularity cause greater sympathoexcitation and that the effects of irregular pacing on SNA are independent of the hemodynamic changes.
Classification and recognition of compounds in low-resolution open-path FT-IR spectrometry by Kohonen self-organizing maps

The possibility of using one- and two-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) to recognize similarities in low-resolution vapor-phase infrared spectra without any additional information, i.e., in an unsupervised mode, has been investigated. Full-range vapor-phase FT-IR reference spectra were first used to train the networks and the trained networks were then used to classify the reference spectra into several groups. The feasibility of reducing the spectral range to be consistent with the atmospheric windows used in open-path FT-IR spectrometry was also studied. Kohonen networks are shown to be relatively immune to the presence of noise. An example of using a trained Kohonen map to recognize the presence of selected compounds in field-measured open-path FT-IR spectra is given.
Constraint effects on crack-tip fields in elastic-perfectly plastic materials

Abstract Asymptotic crack-tip stress fields accounting for constraint effects are developed for a stationary plane strain crack under mode-I, mode-II or mixed-mode I/II loading. The mixed-mode loading is considered only within small-scale yielding. Materials are taken into account in incompressible, elastic-perfectly plastic materials, and plastic deformation of materials obeys von Mises yield criterion. This investigation is an extension of the solution obtained by Li and Hancock [Li, J., Hancock, J.W., 1999. Mode I and mixed mode fields with incomplete crack tip plasticity. International Journal of Solids and Structures 36 (5), 711–725] with special attention on what constraint parameters existed in the elastic-plastic crack-tip fields. Results indicate that the asymptotic crack-tip field is a 4-sector solution for mode-I cracks and a 6-sector solution for mixed-mode cracks, and is comprised of plastic sectors and elastic sector(s), and contain two undetermined parameters Tp and Tπ which are hydrostatic stresses ahead of the crack tip and on the crack flank, respectively. When Tp and Tπ vanish, the present elastic-plastic crack-tip field reduces to the fully plastic Prandtl slip-line field. Comparison shows that the asymptotic crack-tip stress fields can precisely match with elastic-plastic finite element results over all angles around a crack tip for various fracture specimens with constraint levels from high to low. The magnitudes of Tp and Tπ determine the level of crack-tip constraint in plastic sectors and in elastic sector, respectively, due to geometric and loading configurations or mode mixity. Thus the parameters Tp and Tπ can be used as constraint parameters to effectively characterize the entire crack-tip field in elastic-perfectly plastic materials under the plane strain conditions.
Great Captains: The Dean as a Military Commander

It will be argued that an academic dean, in common with most middle managers who deal with highly skilled professionals, must switch seamlessly from one role to another and fixate neither upon on the comptroller-like aspects of the post, nor upon its ceremonial aspects, nor upon its philosophical ones. Instead, the dean should behave rather like a military commander and pay enormous attention: (i) to bonding with the troops; (ii) to assigning tasks which are rational, unambiguous, and performable; (iiii) to issuing visible rewards and demerits; (iv) to choosing objectives wisely and acting decisively; and (v) to leading by example.
The time scale of the soil hydrology using a simple water budget model

A simple water budget model is used to get a characteristic time scale of the soil hydrology, which is defined as the time scale for the onset of agricultural droughts. Assuming that there is no rain, our estimation requires as input the knowledge of the initial soil moisture content and an evaluation of the potential evaporation. Two applications at a global scale are shown. In a first case an initially saturated soil is considered to get an estimation of the time needed by a climate model to adjust realistically to initial errors in the soil moisture distribution. In a second case climatological values are used as initial conditions to get a measure of the sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to the atmospheric forcing.
Jaundice: an important, poorly recognized risk factor for diminished survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas.

Objectives: Jaundice impairs cellular immunity, an important defence against the dissemination of cancer. Jaundice is a common mode of presentation in pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between preoperative jaundice and survival in patients who have undergone resection of such tumours. Methods: Thirty possible survival risk factors were evaluated in a database of over 400 resected patients. Univariate analysis was used to determine odds ratio for death. All factors for which a P-value of <0.30 was obtained were entered into a multivariate analysis using the Cox model with backward selection. Results: Preoperative jaundice, age, positive node status, poor differentiation and lymphatic invasion were significant indicators of poor outcome in multivariate analysis. Absence of jaundice was a highly favourable prognostic factor. Interaction emerged between jaundice and nodal status. The benefit conferred by the absence of jaundice was restricted to patients in whom negative node status was present. Five-year overall survival in this group was 66%. Jaundiced patients who underwent preoperative stenting had a survival advantage. Conclusions: Preoperative jaundice is a negative risk factor in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Additional studies are required to determine the exact mechanism for this effect.
Correlation of Serum Bactericidal Activity with Antimicrobial Agent Level and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration

Few data are available to show how serum dilution test results correlate with results of antimicrobial assays and determinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). Serum dilution tests were performed for 65 patients with bacteremia from serious infections. Assays for antimicrobial agent levels and determinations fo MICs and MBCs against the infecting organisms were performed simultaneously. Mueller-Hinton broth and Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with Ca++, Mg++, and pooled human serum were compared as diluents for the serum either medium yielded positive correlations, better correlations were found between measured and expected serum bactericidal activities when both ther serum dilution test dilutions and the MIC and MBC determinations were done in the supplemented MHB-human serum solution.
Room Temperature Negative Differential Resistance through Individual Organic Molecules on Silicon Surfaces

Room temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) has been measured through individual organic molecules on degenerately doped Si(100) surfaces using ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). For styrene molecules on n-type Si(100), NDR is observed only for negative sample bias because positive sample bias leads to electron stimulated desorption. By replacing styrene with a saturated organic molecule (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy), electron stimulated desorption is not observed at either bias polarity. In this case, NDR is observed only for negative sample bias on n-type Si(100) and for positive sample bias on p-type Si(100). This unique behavior is consistent with a resonant tunneling mechanism via molecular orbitals and opens new possibilities for silicon-based molecular electronic devices and chemical identification with STM at the single-molecule level.
WE‐D‐ValB‐09: Deformable Image Registration with Auto‐Mapped Control Volumes

Purpose: Conventional deformable registration treats all image volume equally and the calculations are “brute‐force” in nature. In reality, some regions can be mapped between the moving and fixed images with high confidence. In this work we investigate a strategy of using a priori knowledge about the system to reduce the dimensionality of the deformable image registration.Method and Materials: We propose a two‐stage deformable image registration algorithm that incorporates prior knowledge into the system through auto‐mapping of control volumes. In the first stage, a set of control volumes is selected on the fixed image. Each control volume is mapped on to the moving image using a rigid transformation. Control volumes are placed on distinct features for robust auto‐mapping. In the second stage, a BSpline grid is defined over the moving image. For each control volume, the nearest point on the grid is located based on the Euclidean distance. An upper bound that is dependent on the displacement of the control volume in the auto‐mapping is imposed on the corresponding grid point. The BSpline deformable transformation is determined for registration of the two images subject to the bounds on the displacements of the grid points as described. The utility of the new method is demonstrated by clinical case studies. Results: The algorithm was applied to register phases of 4D‐CT images for mapping lung and liver deformations. Experimental results show that the algorithm is fast, robust and practical with a registration accuracy of ∼2mm. Conclusions: We have developed a deformable registration mechanism that incorporates a priori system knowledge to improve the performance of registration. The algorithm is based on the BSpline deformable transform with displacement constraints based on auto‐mapped control volumes. The algorithm has been found to be practical for registration of phases of 4D‐CT images of lung and liver.
A theory for triple point spacing in overdriven detonation waves

Abstract Overdriven detonations for which the chemistry is modeled by one-step Arrhenius kinetics are examined in the asymptotic limit θ → ∞ where θ is the activation energy. A stability analysis is carried out in which the disturbances have a wavelength ∼ θδ and evolve on the time scale θδ u f , where δ is the detonation wave thickness and uf its speed. Instability is identified in which the growth rate is a monotonically decreasing function of wavenumber. A similar analysis carried out previously for wavelengths ∼θδ predicts a growth rate that is a monotonically increasing function of wavenumber. It follows that there is an intermediate wavelength for which the growth rate is a maximum, and it is shown that this has magnitude ∼θ 2 3 δ . It is argued that this wavelength will be selected from the continuum of values present in an arbitrary initial disturbance and will define the initial spacing of the triple points characteristic of unstable detonations.
The influence of varying the electrical frequency of sympathetic nerve stimulation on fluid and calcium secretion of the rat parotid salivary gland

Abstract The effects of varying this frequency were studied in the absence and presence of the specific adrenergic antagonists. There were no appreciable differences in fluid and calcium secretion at different frequencies of stimulation when the nerve was stimulated alone or in the presence of the selective antagonists. Thus, it is difficult to differentiate between the effects of α- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation by varying the frequency of nerve stimulation. The findings also confirmed that both types of receptors are activated together when the sympathetic nerve is stimulated, β-Adrenergic receptors play a major role in secretion of both fluid and Ca; α-adrenergic receptors seem to have a minor role in their regulation.
The Transcription Elongation Factor Spt5 Influences Transcription by RNA Polymerase I Positively and Negatively

Spt5p is a universally conserved transcription factor that plays multiple roles in eukaryotic transcription elongation. Spt5p forms a heterodimer with Spt4p and collaborates with other transcription factors to pause or promote RNA polymerase II transcription elongation. We have shown previously that Spt4p and Spt5p also influence synthesis of ribosomal RNA by RNA polymerase (Pol) I; however, previous studies only characterized defects in Pol I transcription induced by deletion of SPT4. Here we describe two new, partially active mutations in SPT5 and use these mutant strains to characterize the effect of Spt5p on Pol I transcription. Genetic interactions between spt5 and rpa49Δ mutations together with measurements of ribosomal RNA synthesis rates, rDNA copy number, and Pol I occupancy of the rDNA demonstrate that Spt5p plays both positive and negative roles in transcription by Pol I. Electron microscopic analysis of mutant and WT strains confirms these observations and supports the model that Spt4/5 may contribute to pausing of RNA polymerase I early during transcription elongation but promotes transcription elongation downstream of the pause(s). These findings bolster the model that Spt5p and related homologues serve diverse critical roles in the control of transcription.
Filial Imprinting in the Convict Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum

The convict cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, exhibits extended parental care in both the laboratory and the field. Families of this species were observed in Lake Xiloa', Nicaragua, during part of the breeding season. Young fry (less than 5 days free swimming) could be induced to follow a variety of "dummy" parents when their own parents were restrained at a distance. Older fry fled the dummies in the same manner as they fled predators. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze further the responses of convict cichlid fry to parental dummies. Experiment I demonstrated the following: 1. Fry showed consistent preferences in tests with 5 pairs of mechanically moved dummies. Some of these preferences involve species characteristic cues. 2. Responsiveness to dummies increased over time within a test and over repeated tests. Responsiveness changed non-monotonically with age; those tested at 1 to 3 days free swimming were most responsive, 6 to 8 day old fry were least responsive and 14 to 16 day old fry showed intermediate responsiveness. 3. Preferences were weaker in the older, less responsive fry but were generally in the same direction as in younger fry. Experiment II tested the effects of experience with a particular dummy on the preferences demonstrated in Experiment I. For all ages and for most dummy pairs there was a significant interaction between training condition (preferred vs non-preferred dummy) and preference. Experience with a single dummy also resulted in a general increase in responsiveness to the two dummies in the preference test. The present results are discussed in terms of selection pressures presumed to operate on natural populations of C. nigrofasciatum and also in terms of research on "imprinting" in precocial birds.
Solving geometric analogy problems through two-stage analogical mapping.

Evans’ 1968 ANALOGY system was the first computer model of analogy. This paper demonstrates that the structure mapping model of analogy, when combined with high-level visual processing and qualitative representations, can solve the same kinds of geometric analogy problems as were solved by ANALOGY. Importantly, the bulk of the computations are not particular to the model of this task but are general purpose: We use our existing sketch understanding system, CogSketch, to compute visual structure that is used by our existing analogical matcher, Structure Mapping Engine (SME). We show how SME can be used to facilitate high-level visual matching, proposing a role for structural alignment in mental rotation. We show how second-order analogies over differences computed via analogies between pictures provide a more elegant model of the geometric analogy task. We compare our model against human data on a set of problems, showing that the model aligns well with both the answers chosen by people and the reaction times required to choose the answers.
Scholarly nursing practice from the perspectives of early-career nurses.

Abstract Although clinical scholarship is an espoused professional ideal, how nurses develop and maintain a scholarly approach to nursing practice throughout different stages of their careers is not well understood. This qualitative study describes early-career nurses’ accounts of pursuing professional practice as a scholarly endeavor. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 early-career nurses purposively sampled from an ANCC Magnet-designated tertiary-care facility. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings center on four major themes. I Need Skills First and My Practice Evolves explain how early-career nurses conceptualized their practice in its initial stage. I Think I Know What It Looks Like and I Am Not There Yet reflect their assessment of how their current practice level in comparison with their understanding of scholarly nursing practice. Nursing needs requires a new scholarly practice development paradigm for a multistage career beginning with a concerted focus on the critical first stage of practice.
Wheat germ agglutinin binding to the micromeres and primary mesenchyme cells of sea urchin embryos

Abstract Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-FITC) binds exclusively to the primary mesenchyme cells when the lectin is microinjected into the blastocoels of living Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis embryos. WGA-FITC binding increases throughout the period of primary mesenchyme cell migration and aggregation. Similar binding is observed in embryos cultured in sulfate-free seawater (SFSW) but not in seawater (ASW) containing tunicamycin. The temporal expression of WGA-FITC binding sites in vivo is also correlated with the pattern of binding observed in vitro. Sixteen-cell stage Arbacia punctulata embryos were dissociated in Ca2+ and Mg2+-free seawater (CMFSW) and the micromeres isolated using sucrose gradients. Arbacia micromeres, cultured in ASW containing calf serum, first bind WGA-FITC during the period when primary mesenchyme cell ingression occurs in control embryos. Micromeres cultured in the presence of tunicamycin do not develop WGA binding sites. The temporal expression of WGA-FITC binding in micromere cultures is unaffected by the absence of sulfate, but the size and morphology of aggregates cultured in SFSW differ from that of the controls.
STUDIES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BRUSH BORDER IN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS: I. Tris Disruption of Isolated Hamster Brush Borders and Density Gradient Separation of Fractions

Brush borders isolated from the epithelial cells of hamster jejunum have been dissociated by treatment with 1 M Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane into several subfractions which can be separated by means of centrifugation on glycerol density gradients. Investigation of the chemical specificity of disrupting agents suggests that the amino group of Tris, in its positively charged state, is involved. Five individual bands or fractions have been routinely recovered from density gradients. The distribution of alkaline phosphatase and maltase activities among these fractions has been studied and the results indicate that both enzymes are predominantly associated with one fraction which has been identified in a companion paper as being composed of the membranes of the brush border microvilli. A fibrillar material of unidentified origin has also been obtained from Tris-disrupted brush borders.
Edge Enhancement Preprocessing Using Liquid Crystal Televisions

We propose a real-time optical edge enhancement technique based on the polarizarion modulation of liquid crystal televisions. Experimental results and discussions are presented.
Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in urine

Abstract The biomedically and neurochemically important compounds 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) have been simultaneously determined in human urine after reverse-phase two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. A 10-fold-diluted urine sample (20 μl) is first separated on a C 18 column (30 × 0.39 cm) using an 85% pH 6.0 phosphate buffer/15% methanol solvent system. The elution volume containing both 5-HIAA and HVA ( R t ∼ 3 min) is collected. Recoveries (mean ± SD) for this purification step, which is monitored using fluorometric detection, were usually above 90%. After acidification of the ∼2 ml collected fraction, 100 μl is reinjected on a C 18 column and separated ( R t : 5-HIAA, 4 min; HVA 5.5 min) using an 80% pH 3.5 phosphate buffer/20% methanol mobile phase. The compounds are determined by flow-through amperometry with absolute detection limits of ∼2.5 pg. Both 5-HIAA and HVA are well resolved from other electroactive species present and are easily determined at normal and greatly reduced concentrations in human urine.
Kinetics of amino acid extraction by lactating mammary glands in control and sometribove-treated Holstein cows.

Studies of mammary arteriovenous difference were conducted on multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 21) on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation to examine kinetic relationships between arterial concentration and mammary gland extraction of AA. Additionally, these cows were paired by previous lactational performance and assigned to bST-treated or control groups to examine the effect of bST treatment on AA concentration and extraction by lactating mammary glands. Treated cows were injected daily with 40 mg of recombinant bST from d 71 through 126 of lactation. Arterial concentrations of Asp, Ser, Asn, Gly, beta-aminoisobutyrate, and Met were increased. Concentrations of Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Orn, and Lys were decreased in bST-treated cows compared with controls. Increased extractions of Asp and Met by mammary glands in treated versus control cows were correlated positively with treatment-induced changes in arterial concentrations of these AA. However, increased mammary extractions of Arg, cystathionine, Leu, and Lys by bST-treated compared with control cows were not correlated with bST-induced changes in arterial concentrations of these AA. Extractions of Asn, His, Thr, Arg, Tyr, Met, cystathionine, cystine, Ile, Phe, Orn, Glu, Gly, Tau, Cit, Leu, and Val were correlated linearly with arterial concentrations (r2 greater than .15) of each AA. Extractions of Asp, Glu, Ser, Asn, Gly, Gln, Tau, His, Cit, Thr, Pro, Tyr, Val, cystine, Ile, Leu, Trp, Orn, and Lys also were correlated with arteriovenous differences of Met.
Alterations in vitamin D and calcium metabolism with magnesium sulfate treatment of preeclampsia

Objective: Our purpose was to determine the effects of magnesium sulfate therapy on preeclamptic women and their fetuses with regard to the hormones and ions involved with calcium homeostasis, including 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcium. Study Design: The study group comprised 15 preeclamptic women at term treated with magnesium sulfate during labor. Controls were seven normal women in term labor. The hormones and ions were measured in maternal blood obtained at the onset of labor and at delivery and in umbilical venous (fetal) blood. Results: Baseline maternal levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone were lower in preeclamptics than in controls. Magnesium infusion led to significant elevations in magnesium, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels and lowered calcium concentrations. Fetuses of treated subjects demonstrated reductions in serum total and ionized calcium and elevations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate infusion causes reductions in both maternal and fetal calcium levels. Both mother and fetus respond with increased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels, which may prevent more severe maternal, fetal, and neonatal hypocalcemia.
A Variational Approach to the Dynamics of Structures Having Mixed or Discontinuous Boundary Conditions

On developpe un procede permettant de determiner la reponse forcee a l'etat stationnaire et les modes de vibration libre pour des systemes elastiques ayant des conditions aux limites discontinues ou melangees
Simplified insertion of a transpyloric feeding tube

Placement of a transpyloric feeding tube is a common procedure done through a previous gastrostomy site. Conventional fluoroscopic and endoscopic methods can be tedious because of the difficulty in cannulating the pylorus. Described here is a simplified method to place a transpyloric feeding tube under fluoroscopy.
Synthesis and evaluation of (1S)-1,2-dihydro-1-naphthalenol derivatives against PANC-1 cells

Abstract Several derivatives of (1 S )-1,2-dihydro-1-naphthalenol (( S )- 7 ) have been synthesized and evaluated against human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line PANC-1 under nutrient-rich and nutrient-deprived conditions. The tert -butyldiphenylsilyl protected homoallylic alcohol ( S )- 8 displayed cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells with an LC 50 value of 11 μM in the absence of essential amino acids, glucose, and serum, while exhibiting no cytotoxicity under nutrient-rich conditions. The observed selective antitumor activity of ( S )- 8 under nutrient deprived conditions suggests its potential as a promising lead structure for the design of future anti-pancreatic cancer agents.
Investigation of zone migration in a current rectifying nanofluidic/microfluidic analyte concentrator.

A simple microfluidic device that uses a nanocapillary membrane (NCM) to connect a microfluidic channel and solution reservoir is capable of rectifying ionic current and enrichment of ionic species. Application of a potential induces concentration polarization (CP), which creates ion-depleted and ion-enriched zones on opposite sides of the permselective NCM. A force balanced (FB) enriched zone forms at the interface of the bulk buffer solution and depleted CP zone in the off state or the low-current case. After polarity reversal, the migration of a FB enriched zone of anionic tracer is imaged. By decreasing the solution volume at the microchannel and NCM interface, the response time of the current rectifier is decreased and elution of the zone of anionic tracer is achieved. The decrease in response time is most dramatic for the on to off state transition. For this transition, the response time decreases from ∼50 to ∼1 s. The decrease in response time for the off to on state is not as dramatic and is chara...
Alternative spatial reference systems intentional vs. incidental learning

Subjects were initially shown unfamiliar polygons while their heads were tilted and were then tested for their ability to recognize the polygons when their heads were upright. The objective (gravitational) orientation of the polygons during acquisition affected recognition accuracy only when the polygons were acquired under intentional learning instructions. When acquisition was incidental, evidence for the retention of retinally referenced memory representations was obtained. These results were consistent with a review of previous literature indicating that the use of a task requiring either the storage or retrieval of information from memory is a necessary (although not sufficient) condition for obtaining an effect of objective orientation on performance.
Exploiting position effects and the gypsy retrovirus insulator to engineer precisely expressed transgenes

A major obstacle to creating precisely expressed transgenes lies in the epigenetic effects of the host chromatin that surrounds them. Here we present a strategy to overcome this problem, employing a Gal4-inducible luciferase assay to systematically quantify position effects of host chromatin and the ability of insulators to counteract these effects at phiC31 integration loci randomly distributed throughout the Drosophila genome. We identify loci that can be exploited to deliver precise doses of transgene expression to specific tissues. Moreover, we uncover a previously unrecognized property of the gypsy retrovirus insulator to boost gene expression to levels severalfold greater than at most or possibly all un-insulated loci, in every tissue tested. These findings provide the first opportunity to create a battery of transgenes that can be reliably expressed at high levels in virtually any tissue by integration at a single locus, and conversely, to engineer a controlled phenotypic allelic series by exploiting several loci. The generality of our approach makes it adaptable to other model systems to identify and modify loci for optimal transgene expression.
Civic responsibility and information security: an information security management, service learning course

This paper describes a needed and innovative service learning Information Security Management class that was designed, developed, and offered at Purdue University in spring 2004. This paper overviews 1) the need for service learning, 2) the more specific need for service learning in information technology and educational technology programs, 3) the need for information security in K12 school corporations as these bodies of work pertain to this experimental course. For faculty interested in developing a similar course, the paper then 4) highlights the course description and objectives as a reference point, and 5) describes how this course evolved from past work with an emphasis on the type of capacity that was needed to make such a course possible.
Winter Cover Crop Suppression Practices and Natural Enemies of Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in No-Till Corn

Rye, Secale cereale L., used as a winter cover crop was killed by the herbicide paraquat or by mowing with a rotary mower. In subsequent no-till corn, Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Periscepsia laevigata (Wulp) (Diptera: Tachinidae) were the most abundant of twelve species of parasitoids that emerged from field-collected larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth). No effects of cover crop suppression practices were detected for parasitism rates for any individual species or for total armyworm parasitism. Seasonal parasitism rates ranged from 32 to 45%. Higher numbers of Pterostichus spp. and Scarites spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) occurred early in the corn season in the mowed cover crop treatment compared with the herbicide killed cover crop treatment. Subsequent reduction of larval densities of amryworm in mowed plots following higher predator densities suggests the role of these generalist predators in biological control of armyworm.