cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cultural context of biological adaptation to high elevation Tibet

Permanent, year-round occupation of high elevation, low oxygen environments is next to impossible for human populations adapted to low elevation, high oxygen environments. Sustained human habitation of high elevation environments is therefore a comparatively late development in global human history. Though we are beginning to understand the biological differences between contemporary highland and lowland populations, we do not understand how, or when, these differences evolved. This paper presents a hypothesis for the historical context of human adaptation to the Tibetan Plateau. Archaeological data suggest that Neolithic agricultural groups living on the northeast margins of the Plateau expanded to the altitudinal limits of their farming systems by 5200 cal BP, but also to the limits of human physiological capacity for high elevation (at ~ 2500 m above sea level). With the introduction of novel, exotic domesticates (namely barley, wheat, and sheep), Neolithic agriculturalists started to push these limits, and in roughly 1600 years (by 3600 cal BP) small groups of people were living at higher elevations and deeper into the Tibetan Plateau. This required and encouraged novel cultural solutions to high elevation settings, but also imposed heavy selective pressure on the physiological capacity for low oxygen environments. These new cultural capacities enabled people to move into a stronger environment of selection (above 2500 m above sea level) that favored the physiological capacities for life at high elevation, which in turn became more common across these populations. This hypothesis about bio-cultural evolution is testable with a combination of high-resolution archaeological evidence and high throughput sequencing of datable prehistoric human DNA.
Carbon–Bromine Bond Formation through a Nickel-Centered Spin-Crossing Mechanism

The mechanism of a Ni-centered C–Br bond-forming reaction has been investigated with density functional theory calculations. Unlike the typical behavior of heavier group 10 metals that make use of ...
Trauma and Organizations

(2014). Trauma and Organizations. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 409-413.
Interdisciplinary Team Conflicts Among Forensic Nurses and Rape Victim Advocates

To address the acute needs of rape survivors, forensic nurses and victim advocates provide integrated holistic care. Research suggests that conflicts between nurses and advocates can be common, but the nature and causes of these conflicts are largely unknown. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, this study examined how and why an advocate–nurse team experiences conflict. The advocates reported experiences of subordination and disruption of their services, while nurses indicated that the advocates portrayed them negatively and distrusted their professional judgment. Role ambiguity contributed to these conflicts, whereas trust mitigated these conflicts but only existed among experienced nurses and advocates. The findings will be discussed from a feminist organizational lens.
Geographic ranges of genera and their constituent species: structure, evolutionary dynamics, and extinction resistance

We explore the relationships among the geographic ranges of genera, the ranges and positions of their constituent species, and the number of species they contain, considering variation among coeval genera and changes within genera over time. Measuring range size as the maximal distance, or extent, between occurrences within a taxon, we find that the range of the most widespread species is a good predictor of the range of the genus, and that the number of species is a better predictor still. This analysis is complicated by a forced correlation: the range of a genus must be at least as large as that of each of its constituent species. We therefore focus on a second measure of range, the mean squared distance, or dispersion, of occurrences from the geographic centroid, which, by analogy to the analysis of variance, allows the total dispersion of a genus to be compared to the mean within-species dispersion and the dispersion among species centroids. We find that among-species dispersion is the principal determinant of genus dispersion. Within-species dispersion also plays a major role. The role of species richness is relatively small. Our results are not artifacts of temporal variation in the geographic breadth of sampled data. The relationship between changes in genus dispersion and changes in within- and among-species dispersion shows a symmetry, being similar in cases when the genus range is expanding and when it is contracting. We also show that genera with greater dispersion have greater extinction resistance, but that within- and among-species dispersion are not demonstrable predictors of survival once the dispersion of the genus is accounted for. Thus it is the range of the genus, rather than how it is attained, that is most relevant to its fate. Species richness is also a clear predictor of survival, beyond its effects on geographic range.
Successful Prostatectomy in Patients with Inherited Abnormalities of the Factor VIII Molecule

AbstractUrological procedures pose specific medical and surgical problems in the patient with a hemorrhagic disorder. Three men, each with a different inherited deficiency involving the factor VIII molecule, underwent prostatectomy. Prolonged postoperative genitourinary hemorrhage was encountered and treated with replacement therapy and the use of inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Successful management of these patients with inherited coagulopathies depends on a thorough understanding of the hemostatic defect, adequate laboratory support and sufficient supplies of blood products.
The Process of Becoming a Courageous Resister

Whether a person becomes a courageous resister depends on how he or she reacts upon becoming aware of grave injustice. People must decide whether to courageously resist the injustice, stand by and do nothing while it occurs, or intentionally participate in the unjust activity. How one responds when facing these crossroads depends on the combination of the individual’s preconditions, networks, and the context at the time. This chapter explores how social science research suggests that these factors may work together in influencing people’s paths toward courageous resistance.
Production and Characterization of Antibodies against Fumonisin B1.

Polyclonal antibodies against fumonisin B1 (FmB1) were produced in rabbits after immunizing the animals with either FmBl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or FmB1 bovine serum albumin (BSA). A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) and an indirect competitive ELISA (idc-ELISA) were used for the characterization of the antibodies and for analysis of the toxin in corn samples. The antibody titers in the serum of rabbits immunized with FmBl-KLH were considerably higher than in those immunized with FmBl-BSA. The antibodies from the rabbits immunized with FmBl-KLH were further characterized. The concentrations causing 50% inhibition of binding of FmB1-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the antibodies by FmB1, FmB2 and FmB3 in the ELISA were found to be 0.45, 0.72, and 25 ng/ml, respectively. The detection limit of FmBl, based on 95% confidence at 5% of inhibition of binding of FmBl-HRP conjugate, in buffer of the dc-ELISA was found to be 0.05 ng/ml. In the presence of a matrix such as corn, the detection limit was less than 50 ppb. The overall analytical recoveries of FmBl (50 to 1,000 ng/g) added to the ground corn and then extracted with CH3CN/H2O (1/1, vol/vol) with cleanup and without cleanup in the dc ELISA were found to be 70.5 and 85.9%, respectively. A good correlation was found between the FmBl levels in 2 starch and 10 naturally contaminated corn samples analyzed by the dc-ELISA and the high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The correlation coefficients between ELISA and HPLC were found to be 0.955 (y [ELISA] = 1.3 1x [HPLC] + 77 ppb; P < 0.001) and 0.811 (y = 1.13x + 34 ppb; P < 0.01) for the sample without and with cleanup treatment, respectively.
Seeking a Better View: Using 3D to Investigate Visibility in Historic Landscapes

The examination of historic landscapes at complex, multi-phased archaeological sites is hampered by the limitations of traditional two-dimensional (2D) visibility studies in geographic information systems (GISs). This paper argues for integrating three-dimensional (3D), qualitative methods into the study of visibility of monumental architecture at ancient sites. By transforming 2D GIS data into 3D representations of ancient built and natural landscapes, visibility studies can be greatly enhanced, adding into analysis perspective, monument shape, and color, as well as changing levels of visibility across time and space. The ancient Egyptian site of Saqqara (29° 52′ 16.55″ lat./31° 12′ 59.58″ E long.) is one of a number of cult locations with monumental architecture neighboring the administrative capital of Memphis. The Old Kingdom cult site of Saqqara (2670 bce–2168 bce) is utilized to demonstrate the potential for 3D visibility studies that better replicate such elements of human perception. This method offers new possibilities for more human-centered studies of past landscapes.
Efficacy From Strange Sources

Reverse translation (RT) refers to perceptions and observations of clinical outcomes, both beneficial and harmful, that can lead to a hypothesis intended to identify a new use of a drug that is different from the original use. I provide a panoramic view of successes in RT from the historic discovery of penicillin to the contemporary development of CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T therapies. I delineate the core principles of RT that shift discovery from serendipity to a systematic strategy based on target identification and causal biology, pharmacodynamic biomarkers that recapitulate disease pathophysiology, confirmation of target engagement by clinical proof of concept studies, and optimal selection of dose and interval. The article proposes four different categories of RT and successful examples are provided for each category. It concludes with a summary of open questions related to the business case of RT that includes a comparison of the pros, cons, and barriers to future RT development programs.
Tokens of friendship, tools of diplomacy: buttons and medals in exploration*

ABSTRACTTo help smooth first and early encounters with indigenous people around the world, European and American explorers often presented gifts to the people whose lands they were exploring. Buttons from naval or military uniforms were sometimes exchanged for food, furs, and other local products. Special medals were also prepared for use on expeditions. These were selectively presented to indigenous leaders or left as tangible records of places “discovered” or visited. This paper discusses and illustrates examples of both kinds of gifts.
TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in TRAIL-Resistant Breast Carcinoma Through Quercetin Cotreatment

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. There is a continued interest for the development of more efficacious treatment regimens for breast carcinoma. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rhTRAIL) shows potential as a potent anticancer therapeutic for the treatment of breast cancer, whereas displaying minimal toxicity to normal cells. However, the promise of rhTRAIL for the treatment of breast cancer is dismissed by the resistance to rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis exhibited by many breast cancers. Thus, a cotreatment strategy was examined by applying the natural compound quercetin (Q) as a sensitizing agent for rhTRAIL-resistant breast cancer BT-20 and MCF-7 cells. Quercetin was able to sensitize rhTRAIL-resistant breast cancers to rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis as detected by Western blotting through the proteasome-mediated degradation of c-FLIPL and through the upregulation of DR5 expression transcriptionally. Overall, these in vitro findings establish that Q is an effective sensitizing agent for rhTRAIL-resistant breast cancers.
The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Arthropod Proteomics and Genomics

This article presents an overview of the development of techniques for analyzing cuticular proteins (CPs), their transcripts, and their genes over the past 50 years based primarily on experience in the laboratory of J.H. Willis. It emphasizes changes in the kind of data that can be gathered and how such data provided insights into the molecular underpinnings of insect metamorphosis and cuticle structure. It describes the techniques that allowed visualization of the location of CPs at both the anatomical and intracuticular levels and measurement of the appearance and deployment of transcripts from CP genes as well as what was learned from genomic and transcriptomic data. Most of the early work was done with the cecropia silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, and later work was with Anopheles gambiae.
Investigating the Impact of Child Maltreatment Histories on Drug Court Outcomes

Although child maltreatment, mental illness, and substance abuse are significantly correlated, only the relationship between mental illness and substance abuse has been documented as potentially affecting the implementation of criminal justice policy. The current study considers the influence of child maltreatment histories in addition to mental health and substance abuse issues in predicting the success of participants in a large drug court in the Southwestern United States. Results indicated that child maltreatment was not predictive of overall court failure. However, child maltreatment had an indirect effect on type of failure, through its effects on mental illness and substance abuse diagnoses. Implications for these findings within drug court and for general criminal justice policy are discussed.
Pressure-Stable Imprinted Polymers for Waste Water Remediation

In wastewater treatment, the removal of heavy metal ions is difficult. Ion exchange resins are ineffective since heavy metal ions cannot compete with “hard ions” in binding to the resins. Imprinting polymerization can increase the specificity of ion exchange resins to allow heavy metal ions to compete. Unfortunately, a high capacity is also needed. When high porosity and surface area are used to increase capacity, polymeric resins lose pressure stability needed for water treatment. In this research, a bulky, hydrophobic co-monomer was used to prevent Zn+2 imprinted sites from collapsing. Both the co-monomer and crosslinking density were optimized to allow for maximum pore access while maintaining pressure stability. IR and SEM studies were used to study phase separation of the hydrophobic co-monomer from the hydrophilic resin. Capacity was measured for just the imprinting ion first, and then in combination with a competing ion and compared with porosity and pore-size measurements. Capacity under pressure was also characterized. A resin with high capacity was identified that allowed for the heavy metal ion to compete while still maintaining pressure stability.
Cup Products in Projective Spaces and Applications of Cup Products

In this chapter we will determine cup products in the cohomology of the real, complex, and quaternionic projective spaces. The cup products (mod 2) in real projective spaces will be used to prove the famous Borsuk—Ulam theorem. Then we will introduce the mapping cone of a continuous map, and use it to define the Hopf invariant of a map f : S 2n-1 → S n . The proof of existence of maps of Hopf invariant 1 will depend on our determination of cup products in the complex and quaternionic projective plane.
Infrared and Optical Absorption Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions in Solid Argon

The matrix isolation technique is particularly well-suited for the study of reactive species, including free radicals, molecular ions and molecular complexes, which react rapidly or decompose under normal chemical conditions. Matrix studies provide a valuable complement to gas phase work: band positions located in the matrix provide a guide for high resolution measurements and more information can often be obtained from a complete low resolution spectrum than from high resolution measurements on one band system.
Displacement reactions between environmentally and biologically relevant ligands on TiO2 nanoparticles: insights into the aging of nanoparticles in the environment

Coatings on nanoparticle (NP) surfaces play a key role in dictating their behavior in the environment. For metal oxide NPs, the physicochemical processes of dissolution, aggregation, and reactivity are all impacted by surface coatings. The current study focuses on adsorption and displacement reactions of different molecular and biological species representative of different coatings on TiO2 NP surfaces. These different species include ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA), humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. Surface adsorption, desorption, and displacement reactions of these four species on 20 nm TiO2 NPs were investigated using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Further insights of these reactions and on the behavior of TiO2 with these coatings were gained from quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements, dynamic light scattering and sedimentation studies to investigate nanoparticle stability. Our results show that HA adsorbs strongly onto TiO2 NP surfaces at neutral pH. In contrast, smaller acidic molecules such as AA and CA bind more weakly and, as a result, HA can displace these molecules from the TiO2 surface as determined by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. In the case of BSA, HA does not displace the protein but instead co-adsorbs on the nanoparticle surface. Our results show that the relative binding affinity to the surface depends on the ability of different functional groups to interact with the surface and through non-specific surface interactions that become important for species with higher molar mass. To our knowledge, this is the first time that these types of displacement reactions on TiO2 NPs have been investigated and probed with in situ techniques. The insights that this work provide are of relevance in understanding the fate of nanoparticles as ligand displacement reactions will modify the stability of these nanoparticles during their transport in the environment, nanoparticle agglomeration and their interactions with biological systems.
Is neuroimaging necessary to evaluate syncope

A 40-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, who was recently started on a diuretic, presents to the emergency department after a witnessed syncopal event. She reports a prodrome of lightheadedness, nausea, and darkening of her vision that occurred a few seconds after standing, followed by
Day-Ahead Price Forecasting in ERCOT Market Using Neural Network Approaches

Electricity is the "blood" of society. Electricity is a special commodity that is not storable, so its production and load should always be balanced to maintain a tightly regulated system frequency. Electricity production and load both depend on many factors, such as the weather, temperature, and wind. These characteristics make the dynamics of electricity price very different from that of any other commodities or financial assets. The electricity price can exhibit hourly, daily, and seasonal fluctuations, as well as abrupt unanticipated spikes. Now almost all electricity market participants use wind/load/price forecasting tools in their daily operations to optimize their operation plans, and bidding and hedging strategies, in order to maximize the profits and avoid price risks. However, the unreliable and inaccurate predictions with current forecasting tools have caused many serious problems, which can cause system instabilities and result in extreme prices even in the absence of scarcity. This paper presents an implementation of state of the art machine learning approaches into the forecasting tools for the ERCOT Day-Ahead market to improve the reliability and accuracy of electricity price prediction.
Substances used in electronic vapor products among adults in the United States, 2017.

Abstract Introduction Electronic vapor products (EVPs), including e-cigarettes, can be used to aerosolize many substances. Examination of substances used in EVPs by US adults has been limited; we assessed past-year use of EVPs to deliver various substances. Methods Data came from the 2017 SummerStyles Survey, a web-based survey of US adults (N = 4107). Ever EVP users were asked if they had used nicotine, marijuana, flavors or “something else” in an EVP during the past year. Weighted estimates for any, exclusive, and combined EVP substance use were calculated among ever (n = 586) and current (past 30-day; n = 121) EVP users. Results Past-year use of nicotine, flavors, and marijuana in EVPs was 30.7%, 23.6%, and 12.5% among ever EVP users, respectively; and 72.3%, 54.6%, and 17.8% among current EVP users. Among ever EVP users, the most commonly used substances were nicotine only (29.6%), nicotine plus flavors (27.2%), flavors only (16.4%), and marijuana only (14.9%). Among current EVP users, the most common substances used were nicotine plus flavors (39.1%), nicotine only (29.6%), and flavors only (11.2%). Among ever users, males and 18–29 year olds were more likely to report use of flavors than females and respondents ≥30 years. Conclusions Approximately 7 in 10 current EVP users reported nicotine use, about 1 in 2 used flavors, and nearly 1 in 6 used marijuana. These findings suggest that EVPs are used to consume a variety of substances and could guide efforts to address tobacco and non-tobacco substance use.
Effects of I2 on Cu2–xS Nanoparticles: Enabling Cation Exchange but Complicating Plasmonics

The effects of I2 oxidation on the behavior of Cu2xS nanoparticles—their long-term localized-surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), crystal structure, composition, and ability to undergo cation exchange...
Matrix-driven changes in metabolism support cytoskeletal activity to promote cell migration

The microenvironment provides both active and passive mechanical cues that regulate cell morphology, adhesion, migration, and metabolism. Although the cellular response to those mechanical cues often requires energy-intensive actin cytoskeletal remodeling and actomyosin contractility, it remains unclear how cells dynamically adapt their metabolic activity to altered mechanical cues to support migration. Here, we investigated the changes in cellular metabolic activity in response to different two-dimensional and three-dimensional microenvironmental conditions and how these changes relate to cytoskeletal activity and migration. Utilizing collagen micropatterning on polyacrylamide gels, intracellular energy levels and oxidative phosphorylation were found to be correlated with cell elongation and spreading and necessary for membrane ruffling. To determine whether this relationship holds in more physiological three-dimensional matrices, collagen matrices were used to show that intracellular energy state was also correlated with protrusive activity and increased with matrix density. Pharmacological inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation revealed that cancer cells rely on oxidative phosphorylation to meet the elevated energy requirements for protrusive activity and migration in denser matrices. Together, these findings suggest that mechanical regulation of cytoskeletal activity during spreading and migration by the physical microenvironment is driven by an altered metabolic profile.
Behçet’s Disease Network Analysis: A Convergent Functional Genomics Approach

Behcet9s disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease that effects patients along the historic silk road. Thus far, the patheogensis of the disease has proved elusive due to the complex genetic interactions and unknown environmental or viral triggering factors of the disease. In this paper, we seek to clarify the gentic factors of the disease while also uncovering other diseases of interest that present with a similar genotype as BD. To do this, we employ a computational functional genomics approach by leveraging the hierarchical similarity tool available in Geneweaver. Through our analysis, we were able to ascertain 7 BD consensus genes and 16 autoimmune diseases with genetic overlap with BD. The results of our study will inform further research into the patheogenesis of Behcet9s Disease.
Physical Examination and Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: an Updated Review.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) accounts for 25 to 40% of all knee disorders. Diagnosis of PFPS is primarily based on history and physical examination, but the findings on physical examination are often subtle and do not consistently correlate with symptoms described. Yoon and Fredericson published a review article in 2006 detailing the physical examination maneuvers most frequently used to assist clinicians in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of PFPS, and our aim in this review is to provide an update on this previous article focusing on the literature published over the past 15 years regarding the topic. Since publication of Fredericson’s original review article, there have been studies building on the literature specifically surrounding Q angle, patellar tilt, crepitus, strength and functional testing, and physical examination maneuver clustering. Additionally, multiple studies have been conducted on the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) as a diagnostic tool for PFPS. Recent literature has further supported Q angle (when measured utilizing a standardized protocol), crepitus, weakness of hip abductors and extensors, and weakness detected in functional testing as predictors of PFPS while finding inconsistent evidence behind lateral patellar tilt as a predictor of PFPS. The reliability of most physical examination tests alone remain low, but clustering physical examination findings may provide better sensitivities and specificities in diagnosing PFPS. Musculoskeletal US is rapidly gaining popularity, and decreased vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) volume, asymmetry in gluteus medius thickness, intra-articular effusions, and quadriceps and patellar tendon thicknesses have shown value in diagnosing those with PFPS. Additionally, US has the advantage of providing dynamic examination as well as evaluation of the patellofemoral joint in newborns and infants as a predictor of future patellofemoral instability. Further studies are needed to establish the gold standard for diagnosing PFPS and what US findings are truly predictive of PFPS.
Nuclear In Our Lives

There are disturbing connections between two existential threats to our civilization, the increasing impact of global heating and biodiversity/ecosystem losses, and the threat posed by the existence of thousands of nuclear weapons, many of them on hair-trigger alert. Taken together with the alarming failures so far of the global community to effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, we have learned that we are ill-prepared to collectively prepare a sustainable future. It is imperative that we take these lessons to heart and learn from their imminent dangers.
Single crystal and polycrystalline CuInSe/sub 2/ by the hybrid sputtering and evaporation method

Polycrystalline and single-crystal CuInSe/sub 2/ has been grown by the hybrid sputtering and evaporation process. The solar cells were 0.08 cm/sup 2/. The maximum conversion efficiency recorded was 8.4% with V/sub oc/=392 mV, J/sub SC/=33.9 mA, and a fill factor of 63.1%. Single-crystal CuInSe/sub 2/ thin films were deposited on GaAs
The interphotoreceptor space. I. Postnatal ontogeny in mice and rats.

Abstract The postnatal ontogeny of the retinal interphotoreceptor space of mice and rats was studied by electron microscopy to elucidate the cytological developments in the surrounding cells relevant to the accumulation of extracellular glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins constituting the interphotoreceptor matrix. This extracellular material at birth is principally the cell coat on all the immature cells that border the space at that time, but later additional weblike strands are seen in the space. The cells delimiting the space in the adult are the pigment epithelium (PE), the photoreceptors, and the glial cells of Muller. The Golgi complex of the PE is large at birth but involutes by day 15. Melanogenesis is the principal activity in this cell at birth but as the melanin granules mature, lysosomes gradually accumulate. Growth of the apical microvilli of the PE is most pronounced between day 5 and 15, which is also the time of rapid expansion of the interphotoreceptor space. The Golgi complex of the photoreceptor enlarges during this interval also, and remains voluminous thereafter. Muller's cells insert only slender apical processes lacking in secretory vesicles, into the interphotoreceptor space. All the adult cells have a cell coat on the surfaces facing the interphotoreceptor space. Secretory vesicles were not identified in any of the cells impinging on the space.
Synthesis of α-d-Glucose 1,6-Diphosphate, α-d-Mannose 1,6-Diphosphate, α-d-Ribose 1,5-Diphosphate, and N-Acetyl-α-d-glucosamine 1,6-Diphosphate

Abstract A simple general procedure for the synthesis of terminally phosphorylated α anomeric diphosphate derivatives of d-glucose, d-mannose, d-ribose, d-galactose, d-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine was developed. The fully acetylated sugar 6-phosphates, 5-phosphate in the case of d-ribose, were phosphorylated at the anomeric carbon atom by condensation with crystalline phosphoric acid. The O-acetyl groups in the resulting diphosphate derivative were removed by treatment with alkali, and excess phosphoric acid was precipitated as an insoluble lithium salt. The sugar diphosphates were isolated by ion exchange chromatography and the lithium, potassium, and barium salts of each of these compounds were prepared and characterized. In each case, the ratio of acid-labile phosphate to total phosphate to acid-labile reducing sugar in the final product was 1:2:1. The compounds migrated as diphosphate esters on electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The final product was completely homogenous with respect to the sugar component. The structure and ring configuration were determined by analysis and periodate oxidation. The α configuration of the phosphate group at the anomeric carbon was established by comparing the optical rotation of the dialdehyde diphosphate derivative formed on periodate oxidation with the optical rotation of the product formed upon oxidation of α-d-glucose 1,6-diphosphate. The products were all active when they were assayed for enzymatic activity with phosphoglucomutase.
Twinning of sea urchin embryos by treatment with dithiothreitol. Roles of cell surface interactions and of the hyaline layer.

Abstract The blastomeres produced by division of the egg of the sand dollar in sea water containing dithiothreitol (DTT) lose communication with each other and develop as twin embryos. Twinning of sea urchin embryos does not occur by this treatment. If sea urchin eggs are grown in the presence of sea water containing pronase, the fertilization membranes are digested and the hyaline layer does not form. When these denuded eggs are exposed to DTT during the first cleavage and then returned to normal sea water, the blastomeres separate and each develops as a twin. The formation of echinoderm embryos is explained on the basis of two processes. The first is the interaction of the surfaces of blastomeres, the second—the interaction of the blastomeres with the investing hyaline layer. The weights of the two processes differ with species. In sand dollars the surface interaction of the blastomeres appears to be heavily weighted, whereas in sea urchins the investment provided by the hyaline layer is the more important process. The presence of calcium ions is necessary for normal interaction between the blastomeres.
Methodology in Environmental Psychology: Problems and Issues:

Environmental psychology is an emerging interdisciplinary, problem-oriented field concerned with the interrelations among physical settings and human behavior and experience. The field is further d...
Correspondence Detection Using Wavelet-Based Attribute Vectors

Finding point correspondence in anatomical images is a key step in shape analysis and deformable registration. This paper proposes an automatic correspondence detection algorithm using wavelet-based attribute vectors defined on every image voxel. The attribute vector reflects the anatomical characteristics in a large neighborhood around the respective voxel. It plays the role of a morphological signature for each voxel and is therefore made as distinctive as possible. Correspondence is then determined via similarity of attribute vectors. Experiments with brain MR images show that the algorithm performs at least as well as human experts, even for complex cortical structures.
Performance of passive samplers for monitoring estuarine water column concentrations: 1. Contaminants of concern

Contaminants enter marine and estuarine environments and pose a risk to human and ecological health. Recently, passive sampling devices have been utilized to estimate dissolved concentrations of contaminants of concern (COCs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In the present study, the performance of 3 common passive samplers was evaluated for sampling PAHs and PCBs at several stations in the temperate estuary Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. Sampler polymers included polyethylene (PE), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, and polyoxymethylene (POM). Dissolved concentrations of each contaminant were calculated using measured sampler concentrations adjusted for equilibrium conditions with performance reference compounds (PRCs) and chemical-specific partition coefficients derived in the laboratory. Despite differences in PE and POM sampler concentrations, calculated total dissolved concentrations ranged from 14 ng/L to 93 ng/L and from 13 pg/L to 465 pg/L for PAHs and PCBs, respectively. Dissolved concentrations of PAHs were approximately 3 times greater based on POM compared to PE, while dissolved concentrations of PCBs based on PE were approximately 3 times greater than those based on POM. Concentrations in SPME were not reported due to the lack of detectable chemical in the amount of PDMS polymer deployed. Continued research is needed to improve and support PE and POM use for the routine monitoring of COCs. For example, a better understanding of the use of PRCs with POM is critically needed.
Evaluation of Whole, In-Shell Peanuts as a Supplemental Feed for Beef Cows1

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the suitability of whole, in-shell peanuts (WP) as an energy and protein supplement feed for beef cattle. A digestion trial used 18 steers (265 kg average BW). The steers were fed bermudagrass hay plus 1 of 3 supplement treatments: 1) corn and cottonseed meal (50:50; CCSM), 2) corn and WP (50:50; CWP), or 3) WP. The supplements were fed at 1.4 kg/d per head. Hay and diet DM consumption, and apparent digestibility of DM, ADF, and NDF were reduced (P < 0.03) for the WP treatment compared with CCSM and CWP; CCSM and CWP were similar. Digestibility of CP for the WP treatment was similar to CCSM. A cow trial used 80 mature cows (573 kg BW) to determine the effects of feeding WP on performance of the cows and their progeny. The cows were fed free-choice bermudagrass hay and either CCSM (50:50) or WP 3 times weekly to provide an average of 1.1 kg/d per head. The trial was conducted for 2 yr (40 cows/yr) and lasted for 84 d each year. Supplement treatment did not affect BCS, but BW gain tended to be lower for WP compared with CCSM (P = 0.09). Subsequent calf birth weight, survival rate, and weaning weight, and subsequent cow AI conception rate were not affected by treatment. The WP used in the cow trial averaged (n = 4) 93% DM, 22% CP, 41% ether extract, 25% ADF, and 34% NDF. Results indicate that WP may have potential as an energy and protein supplement for mature beef cows.
Health status, job stress and work-related injury among Los Angeles taxi drivers

BACKGROUND: Taxi drivers work long hours for low wages and report hypertension, weight gain, and musculoskeletal pain associated with the sedentary nature of their job, stressful working conditions, and poor dietary habits. They also experience a high work-related fatality rate. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine the association of taxi drivers' health status and level of job stress with work-related injury and determine if a potential interaction exists. METHODS: A survey of 309 Los Angeles taxi drivers provides basic data on health status, job stress, and work-related injuries. We further analyzed the data using a Modified Poisson regression approach with a robust error variance to estimate the relative risk (RR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of work-related injuries. Focus group results supplemented and helped interpret the quantitative data. RESULTS: The joint effect of good health and low job stress was associated with a large reduction in the incidence of injuries, consistent with the hypothesis that health status and stress levels modify each other on the risk of work-related injury. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the combination of stress reduction and health management programs together with changes in the stressful conditions of the job may provide targeted avenues to prevent injuries. Language: en
Dorsal Penile Nerve Block During Newborn Circumcision: Underutilization Of A Proven Technique?

Newborn circumcision is the most common surgical procedure in the United States. The technique for local anesthesia, dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB), was first described in 1978. Although multiple subsequent studies have reported that DPNB can relieve pain and stress during a newborn's circumcision without any additional morbidity, many practitioners do not employ this technique. A survey of randomly selected active members of the Oregon Academy of Family Physicians evaluated their perception and use of DPNB. One hundred members were contacted, and 96 responded. Only 36 percent of those physicians performing circumcision used DPNB in circumcisions. The most common reasons given for not employing DPNB were a lack of awareness of the technique (31 percent), believing that pain response in circumcision was not significant (29 percent), and concern about risks (27 percent). The median effectiveness rate reported by those using the block was 70 percent. The majority of respondents were interested in the results of the survey as well as in more information regarding the technique. We believe further educational efforts are indicated to increase awareness and use of DPNB in performing circumcisions in the newborn. Because there is significant variation in the effect achieved, some instruction in appropriate technique also is needed as part of this educational effort.
Comparative evaluation of the oxoid signal and Roche Septi-Chek blood culture systems.

The Oxoid Signal blood culture system (Oxoid USA, Inc., Columbia, Md.) was compared with the Roche Septi-Chek system (Roche Diagnostics, Div. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N.J.), with the latter consisting of a tryptic soy broth (R-TSB) bottle with an attached agar slide unit and a Columbia broth bottle. A total of 5,034 cultures with equal volumes of blood in each bottle were processed. Overall, more organisms were recovered in the R-TSB bottle than in the Signal bottle, with significantly more aerobic organisms (Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., and yeasts) recovered in the R-TSB bottles and anaerobes and viridans group streptococci recovered in Signal bottles. Approximately equivalent numbers of organisms were recovered in the Signal and Columbia broth bottles. The times of detection were essentially identical with the three blood culture broth systems. During the study, 30.6% of the Signal bottles had a positive indicator of growth, of which 1,103 (71.7%) were false-positive cultures. Additionally, nonviable organisms resembling streptococci were observed in 13.7% of the Signal bottles that were Gram stained and in unioculated blood culture bottles. With appropriate modifications of the preparation of the media, the latter problem can be eliminated.
A case of disseminated blastomycosis presenting as intramuscular abscess

The syndrome of systemic blastomycosis is well described, and has a predilection for involving the lungs, skin, bone, and genitourinary tract. We report a unique case of disseminated disease in an immunocompetent male, in which the presenting symptoms included focal intramuscular involvement. In this case, it was the discovery of the intramuscular abscess that led to the diagnosis of systemic blastomycosis. We provide a general discussion of this endemic mycosis, with focus on disseminated disease and the rare complication of skeletal muscle abscess.
Reductive alkylation of proteins

Amino groups of proteins can be alkylated by reaction with a variety of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of several different mild reducing agents. Because reductive alkylation occurs under mild conditions and has relatively minor effects on most proteins, it is becoming one of the more important methods for protein modification. This report discusses some of the recent applications of this reaction.
Sex Change in a Coral-Reef Fish: Dependence of Stimulation and Inhibition on Relative Size

The removal of a single dominant individual has been shown to trigger a sex change in some coral-reeffish. In the saddleback wrasse (Thalassoma duperrey), however, female-to-male sex change requires visual stimulation from smaller conspecifics. This change is not dependent on the sex or color of the stimulus fish and can be inhibited by larger conspecifics. On the reef, a female probably changes sex when the relative numbers of larger and smaller conspecifics change within her home range.
Raman spectrographic system for quantitative analysis of isotopic hydrogen mixtures for muon catalysis experiments

We show that Raman spectral lines from H2, D2, T2, HD, HT and DT are readily resolved, permitting an effective means to analyze isotopic hydrogen mixtures used in muon-catalyzed fusion experiments. We propose a Raman spectrographic system to allow for real-time analysis of targets involving all three isotopes of hydrogen.
DENSITY OF STATES IN THE NON-HERMITIAN LLOYD MODEL

We reconsider the recently proposed connection between density of states in the so-called ``non-Hermitian quantum mechanics'' and the localization length for a particle moving in random potential. We argue that it is indeed possible to find the localization length from the density of states of a non-Hermitian random ``Hamiltonian.'' However, finding the density of states of a non-Hermitian random Hamiltonian remains an open problem, contrary to previous findings in the literature.
Body Size Reductions in Nonmammalian Eutheriodont Therapsids (Synapsida) during the End-Permian Mass Extinction

The extent to which mass extinctions influence body size evolution in major tetrapod clades is inadequately understood. For example, the ‘Lilliput effect,’ a common feature of mass extinctions, describes a temporary decrease in body sizes of survivor taxa in post-extinction faunas. However, its signature on existing patterns of body size evolution in tetrapods and the persistence of its impacts during post-extinction recoveries are virtually unknown, and rarely compared in both geologic and phylogenetic contexts. Here, I evaluate temporal and phylogenetic distributions of body size in Permo-Triassic therocephalian and cynodont therapsids (eutheriodonts) using a museum collections-based approach and time series model fitting on a regional stratigraphic sequence from the Karoo Basin, South Africa. I further employed rank order correlation tests on global age and clade rank data from an expanded phylogenetic dataset, and performed evolutionary model testing using Brownian (passive diffusion) models. Results support significant size reductions in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction (ca. 252.3 Ma) consistent with some definitions of Lilliput effects. However, this temporal succession reflects a pattern that was underscored largely by Brownian processes and constructive selectivity. Results also support two recent contentions about body size evolution and mass extinctions: 1) active, directional evolution in size traits is rare over macroevolutionary time scales and 2) geologically brief size reductions may be accomplished by the ecological removal of large-bodied species without rapid originations of new small-bodied clades or shifts from long-term evolutionary patterns.
Cytoskeleton dynamics in drug-treated platelets

Platelet activation is a key process in blood clot formation. During activation, platelets go through both chemical and physical changes, including secretion of chemical messengers and cellular shape change. Platelet shape change is mediated by the two major cytoskeletal elements in platelets, the actin matrix and microtubule ring. Most studies to date have evaluated these structures qualitatively, whereas this paper aims to provide a quantitative method of examining changes in these structures by fluorescently labeling the element of interest and performing single cell image analysis. The method described herein tracks the diameter of the microtubule ring and the circumference of the actin matrix as they change over time. Platelets were incubated with a series of drugs that interact with tubulin or actin, and the platelets were observed for variation in shape change dynamics throughout the activation process. Differences in shape change mechanics due to drug incubation were observable in each case.
The Scapular Assistance Test Results in Changes in Scapular Position and Subacromial Space but Not Rotator Cuff Strength in Subacromial Impingement

Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Objectives To determine the effect of the modified scapular assistance test (SAT) on 3-dimensional shoulder kinematics, strength, and linear measures of subacromial space in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS). Background Abnormal scapular kinematics have been identified in patients with SAIS. Increased scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt, as induced with manual assistance using the SAT, have been theorized to increase subacromial space and may alter shoulder strength. Methods Forty-two subjects (21 with SAIS and 21 controls) participated in this study. The anterior outlet of the subacromial space, measured via the acromiohumeral distance on ultrasound images, and 3-dimensional scapular kinematics, measured using motion analysis, were determined with the arm at rest, and at 45° and 90° of active elevation with and without the SAT. A dynamometer was used to measure isometric shoulder strength. Full factorial mixed-model analyses of varianc...
Subretinal fluid is common in experimental non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Subretinal fluid is common in experimental non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Dome building at Mount St. Helens

After an unusually long period of dormancy, Mount St. Helens erupted between May 23 and June 10 of this year, adding 7 million m3 of magma to its dome. As Eos went to press, the eruption ranked as “the most voluminous eruptive event at [Mount] St. Helens since June of 1980,” according to one U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) geologist. The accompanying level of seismicity was also unusually high, with earthquakes of magnitude 2.0 to 2.8 occurring every 5—10 minutes between May 27 and June 2 (Eos, July 2, 1985, p. 537).
Using neural networks for nonlinear and chaotic signal processing

The authors present preliminary results on the dynamic behavior of widely used feedforward neural filters and outline possible signal processing applications. It is shown that a feedforward neural network possesses chaotic dynamics, which are investigated via bifurcation plots and the evaluation of the Lyapunov exponents. Nonlinear predictors based on neural networks can be used to model and predict chaotic time series and at the same time provide an accurate method of evaluating the characteristic Lyapunov exponents of the underlying dynamical process. It is shown how synchronized chaotic neural filters can be used for information masking and signal reconstruction. >