cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Analysis of Glucocorticoid Receptor Binding Regions in Adipocytes Reveal Gene Network Involved in Triglyceride Homeostasis

Glucocorticoids play important roles in the regulation of distinct aspects of adipocyte biology. Excess glucocorticoids in adipocytes are associated with metabolic disorders, including central obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. To understand the mechanisms underlying the glucocorticoid action in adipocytes, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to isolate genome-wide glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding regions (GBRs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, gene expression analyses were used to identify genes that were regulated by glucocorticoids. Overall, 274 glucocorticoid-regulated genes contain or locate nearby GBR. We found that many GBRs were located in or nearby genes involved in triglyceride (TG) synthesis (Scd-1, 2, 3, GPAT3, GPAT4, Agpat2, Lpin1), lipolysis (Lipe, Mgll), lipid transport (Cd36, Lrp-1, Vldlr, Slc27a2) and storage (S3-12). Gene expression analysis showed that except for Scd-3, the other 13 genes were induced in mouse inguinal fat upon 4-day glucocorticoid treatment. Reporter gene assays showed that except Agpat2, the other 12 glucocorticoid-regulated genes contain at least one GBR that can mediate hormone response. In agreement with the fact that glucocorticoids activated genes in both TG biosynthetic and lipolytic pathways, we confirmed that 4-day glucocorticoid treatment increased TG synthesis and lipolysis concomitantly in inguinal fat. Notably, we found that 9 of these 12 genes were induced in transgenic mice that have constant elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels. These results suggested that a similar mechanism was used to regulate TG homeostasis during chronic glucocorticoid treatment. In summary, our studies have identified molecular components in a glucocorticoid-controlled gene network involved in the regulation of TG homeostasis in adipocytes. Understanding the regulation of this gene network should provide important insight for future therapeutic developments for metabolic diseases.
The shared evolutionary history of kinship classifications and language

Among monkeys and apes, both the recognition and classification of individuals and the recognition and classification of vocalizations constitute discrete combinatorial systems. One system maps onto the other, suggesting that during human evolution kinship classifications and language shared a common cognitive precursor.
Determination of ammonia, amides, and the degree of hydrolysis of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide by thermometric titration and direct injection enthalpimetry

Abstract The properties of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) solutions are influenced by the degree of hydrolysis of the amide function. Solutions of PHPA usually contain ammonia and strong base left from the preparative hydrolysis reaction. Methods for determining the carboxyl function and ammonia by a thermometric titration with HCl, and the amide function by direct injection enthalpimetry with hypobromite are described in this paper. The data from both determinations on a given sample are combined to correct for interferences from ammonia in the amide determination and to make it unnecessary to know the total amount of polymer present in order to calculate the degree of hydrolysis. The determination with hypobromite is generally applicable to ammonia, amides which will undergo the Hoffman degradation reaction, and amines which can be oxidized by hypobromite. The detection limit is about 0.1 mM in all cases.
Improved outcomes with an implantable left ventricular assist system: a multicenter study.

Abstract Background . Cumulative experience with the Novacor wearable electric left ventricular assist system (LVAS) now exceeds 850 recipients. The pump inflow conduit (IFC) has been implicated in embolic complications. Methods . Clinical outcomes were compared for two IFC designs in a retrospective, nonrandomized, multicenter study. The original IFC (woven, unsupported, crimped polyester: control group) and an alternative IFC (knitted, gelatin-sealed, integrally supported, uncrimped polyester: test group) were utilized upon availability in North American and European centers. Differences in cerebral embolism to 180 days postimplant were analyzed. Results . Four hundred ninety patients implanted between August 1996 and August 1999, were studied. Two hundred eighty-eight received the control IFC and 202 received the test IFC. The groups (control, test) were well matched for age (48, 49 years), etiology (idiopathic 53%[152 of 288], 55% [112 of 202]; ischemic 34% [97 of 288], 33% [66 of 202]) and mean observation time (97, 91 days). The incidence of embolic cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) was 21% (60 of 288) in the control and 12% (24 of 202) in the test group ( p = 0.010). Independent risk factors for embolic CVA were found to be preimplant acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio 4.3), age above 50 years (odds ratio 2.1), and ischemic etiology (odds ratio 1.7). There was no difference in survival between the groups (71% [205 of 288], 68% [137 of 202]). Conclusions . The alternative (test) IFC has significantly reduced the incidence of embolic CVA. This improvement is likely due to increased resistance to deformation at implant, improved neointimal adhesion, and more favorable blood flow characteristics within the conduit.
Attachments of Bacteria to the Surfaces of Living and Dead Microorganisms in Marine Sediments (Attachment of Bacteria to Microorganisms)

Phase microscopic observations of 7000 microscopic fields from 50 sediment samples from shallow bays near Port Aransas, Texas suggest that living, (smaller) benthic microorganisms such as diatoms, flagellates, ciliates and blue-green algae do not support an attached bacterial population and apparently have some protective mechanism against bacterial attack. It is not suggested that larger unicellular organisms secrete large amounts of bactericidal material because motile and nonmotile bacteria were intimately associated with the larger organisms and were often pushed out of the way as the larger organisms moved through the sediment. However, it is possible that certain types of bacteria might be inhibited, which phenomenon could not be detected during the visual observations. It has been postulated that bacteria and unicellular algae may have a similar Zeta or other electrokinetic potentia and are thus repelled during the associations in natural environments.
Neuroimaging techniques in the era of stroke therapy: An overview

Abstract Neuroimaging techniques have become increasingly important in the evaluation of patients with cerebral ischemia and stroke. Computed tomography (CT) is usually the first imaging study performed when a patient presents with signs and symptoms suggesting cerebral ischemia. CT may show signs of early ischemia and can effectively exclude hemorrhage. Newer imaging techniques such as CT angiography, CT perfusion imaging, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR angiography, MR diffusion imaging, and MR perfusion imaging have all been extensively studied as well. Each of these techniques and their potential roles in the evaluation of stroke will be discussed.
Gaussian frequency blending algorithm with Matrix Inversion Tomosynthesis (MITS) and Filtered Back Projection (FBP) for better digital breast tomosynthesis reconstruction

Breast cancer is a major problem and the most common cancer among women. The nature of conventional mammpgraphy makes it very difficult to distinguish a cancer from overlying breast tissues. Digital Tomosynthesis refers to a three-dimensional imaging technique that allows reconstruction of an arbitrary set of planes in the breast from limited-angle series of projection images as the x-ray source moves. Several tomosynthesis algorithms have been proposed, including Matrix Inversion Tomosynthesis (MITS) and Filtered Back Projection (FBP) that have been investigated in our lab. MITS shows better high frequency response in removing out-of-plane blur, while FBP shows better low frequency noise propertities. This paper presents an effort to combine MITS and FBP for better breast tomosynthesis reconstruction. A high-pass Gaussian filter was designed and applied to three-slice "slabbing" MITS reconstructions. A low-pass Gaussian filter was designed and applied to the FBP reconstructions. A frequency weighting parameter was studied to blend the high-passed MITS with low-passed FBP frequency components. Four different reconstruction methods were investigated and compared with human subject images: 1) MITS blended with Shift-And-Add (SAA), 2) FBP alone, 3) FBP with applied Hamming and Gaussian Filters, and 4) Gaussian Frequency Blending (GFB) of MITS and FBP. Results showed that, compared with FBP, Gaussian Frequency Blending (GFB) has better performance for high frequency content such as better reconstruction of micro-calcifications and removal of high frequency noise. Compared with MITS, GFB showed more low frequency breast tissue content.
Nonidentical subunits of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase.

Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, RuDPCase (E.C. 4.1.1.39, 3-phosphoD-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing)), catalyzes the carbon dioxide fixation of the Calvin photosynthetic cycle. The native carboxylase from spinach leaf, as prepared in our laboratory (Paulsen and Lane, 1966) is homogeneous by sedimentation analysis, has a molecular weight of 557, 000, and is free of nucleic acid, carbohydrate, and contaminating enzyme activities usually associated with “Fraction I” leaf protein (Wildman and Bonner, 1947). A preliminary report (Hazelkom et al -*, 1966) suggested that cabbage leaf “Fraction 1” protein, purportedly RuDPCase, is composed of 24 identical subunits. Ridley et al -2, (1967) have calculated a minimal molecular weight of 24, 400 for the spinach beet protein from its amino acid composition. During investigations in our laboratory on the subunit structure of spinach leaf RuDPCase, it became evident that this protein is composed of two distinct kinds of noncovalently linked polypeptide chains (subunits) which differ in molecular weight and amino acid composition. Spinach leaf RuDPCase purified by a procedure slightly modified from that of Paulsen and Lane (1966) was homogeneous by sedimentation velocity analysis at high protein concentration (lo-12 mg per ml) and by polyacrylamide gel *This investigation was supported by Research Grant AM-09117 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service. **Career Development Awardee of the U. S. Public Health Service, Research Career Program Award, K3-AM-18487.
5‐HT1B Receptor Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition: Recent Findings in Wild‐type and 5‐HT1B Knockout Micea

Sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex occurs when the presentation of a weak "prepulse" 30-500 msec prior to a startling stimulus inhibits the reflex, and is called prepulse inhibition (PPI). The study of PPI has recently been extended to mice to take advantage of recent advances in molecular genetics, because several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder are characterized by PPI deficits. Studies in wild-type and 5-HT1B knockout mice suggest that activation of 5-HT1B receptors decreases PPI. The direct 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 decreases PPI in wild-type but not 5-HT1B knockout mice. Likewise, the serotonin releasing compounds MDMA(+), MBDB(+/-), and alpha-ethyltryptamine (AET) have no effect on PPI in wild-type mice, but increase PPI in 5-HT1B knockout mice. As the direct 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT increases PPI in mice, the unmasking of these effects may also contribute to the PPI-increasing effects of 5-HT releasers in 5-HT1B knockout mice.
Ice-shelf changes in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica, 1947-2000

Aerial photographs from 1947 and 1966, satellite optical imagery from 1973 and 1980, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 1992, 1996 and 2000 are employed to detect ice-shelf changes in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica. The front position of the fast-flowing central ice shelf did not migrate discernibly over the past 50 years. New cracks and rifts appeared in the 1990s, however, that reveal a major weakening of the ice shelf. At the grounding-line center, the ice shelf thinned 21 m in 8 years. The northern, slow-moving ice shelf also shows signs of decay: (1) its calving front is retreating at an accelerating rate; and (2) the ice shelf is slowly unpinning from its bedrock anchors. These changes are taking place in a region well beyond the temperature-dependent limit of viability of ice shelves, and hence differ from those observed along the Antarctica Peninsula. They are likely due to a change in oceanic forcing, not to a change in air temperature. One possibility is that the documented intrusion of warm circumpolar deep water on the continental shelf has increased basal melting compared to that required to maintain the ice shelf in a state of mass balance, and that this has triggered a general retreat of ice in this sector.
Outcome Measures for School-Age Children with Social Communication Problems

This article addresses outcome measures for social communication problems exhibited by school-age children. General guidelines for selecting outcome measures are provided. Specific outcome measures are discussed relative to (1) a model for viewing abilities that are necessary for social communicatio
Tolerance to low acetylcholinesterase levels: modification of behavior without acute behavioral change.

The effects of chronic daily injections of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and of subsequent acute challenges with scopolamine, methyl scopolamine, and alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (α-mpt) on the drinking behavior of albino rats have been observed. No measurable changes in behavior were noted with the lowest dose of DFP (0.2 mg/kg), while the highest dose (1.0 mg/kg) was found to exceed the LD 50 (0.56 mg/kg/day) for the present regimen of administration. Animals receiving the intermediate doses of DFP (0.4, 0.5 mg/kg) were affected after a latency of approximately 6 days, but their drinking behavior returned to normal during the chronic treatment period, i.e., tolerance developed. Results of subsequent acute challenges with scopolamine indicated that the neurochemical processes underlying the behavior of all DFP-treated subjects were similar, regardless of whether or not the treatment resulted in initial behavioral deficits, and that these processes were different from those underlying the behavior of normal control subjects. Challenges with methyl scopolamine produced effects on the drinking behavior which did not differ for control and DFP-treated animals, while challenges with α-mpt were without significant effects.
Leiomyosarcoma of the broad ligament

Abstract Primary malignant tumors of the broad ligament are quite rare. A recent case of leiomyosarcoma of the broad ligament at Children's Hospital and Medical Center, San Francisco, led to a search of the literature which revealed only three other cases.
The effects of ball size distribution on attritor efficiency

A study was undertaken to determine how media dynamics are altered when differently sized grinding balls are used in an attritor. Cinematographic techniques identify the extent of segregation/mixing of the differently sized balls within the attritor as a function of impeller rotational velocity and small ball number fraction. This permits determination of rotational velocities needed to most efficiently use the tactic of milling with differently sized media. Cinematographic observations show that the close-packed media array, assumed when balls of the same size are used for milling, is disrupted when differently sized balls are used. Monitoring powder particle numbers as a function of milling time for the situations when the same and differently sized balls are used can be used to assess relative milling efficiencies. Results indicate powder deformation, fracture, and welding are enhanced through employment of differently sized balls. This conclusion is reinforced by observations of microstructural characteristics of powder processed with the different type of media.
Treatment of Aggressive Children with Clonidine: Results of an Open Pilot Study

Abstract Seventeen aggressive children (14 boys and 3 girls) aged 5 to 15 years, who were characterized by cruel behavior to others and destruction of property, entered an open pilot study using clonidine to evaluate its efficacy and safety and drug-induced changes in plasma gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Aggression decreased in 15 children with minimal side effects. In five cases, GABA increased from 105.4 × 15.2 ng/mL at baseline to 125.2 × 10.8 ng/mL at follow-up ( p J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 3:577–581.
Radiation effects on time-dependent deformation: Creep and growth

Observations of irradiation creep strain as well as irradiation growth strain and related microstructures are reviewed and compared to mechanisms for radiation effects on time-dependent deformation. Composition, microstructure, stress, and temperature affect irradiation creep less than thermal creep. Irradiation creep rates can often dominate thermal creep rates, particularly at low temperatures and low stresses. Irradiation creep mechanisms are classified in two general categories: (1) stress-induced preferential absorption and (2) climb glide. In the former, creep results from dislocation climb, whereas in the latter, creep results from dislocation glide. The effects of irradiation creep on failure modes in nuclear environments are discussed.
Room at the Table: Cornille and the Possibility for Religious Dialogue

College campuses need to facilitate interfaith dialogue in which all students–including evangelical Christians with strong religious commitments–feel welcome to participate. To understand some of the challenges involved in interfaith dialogue as well as the goals toward which such dialogue might strive, Catherine Cornille’s five conditions for constructive dialogue provide a useful framework. These conditions are humility, commitment, interconnectedness, empathy, and hospitality.
Transhistorical Lawfulness of Behavior: A Comment on Two Papers

Durable laws of social behavior are possible in principle even if they are very difficult to arrive at in practice.
Packing of Simulated Friction Modifier Additives under Confinement

Molecular dynamics simulations have been conducted to obtain detailed information regarding molecular structure and packing of surfactant-like “friction modifier” (FM) chains adsorbed to two confining surfaces under sliding conditions. The simulations are interpreted via the density profile, position-dependent fluctuations in the density profile, and parallel, interlayer position correlation functions. Heterogeneous FM structures were obtained. The adsorbed FM chains were found to form semi-ordered monolayers perpendicular to the atomically well-defined surface, with distinct segment positions in the density profile. More fluid layers with broader density profiles and larger fluctuations were formed by some unoriented FM chains oriented preferentially parallel to the surface, between the opposing monolayers. Segment position correlations parallel to the surface in the adsorbed layers were found at separations up to 30 A. These packings persisted for longer than 4 ns under sliding conditions that ranged fr...
ERYTHROCYTE CHEMILUMINESCENCE DEFECT IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE

We previously demonstrated abnormal opsonized zymosan (OZ) and concanavalin A (con-A) stimulated chemiluminescence (CL) in purified suspensionsof neutrophils (PMN), PMN membranes, erythrocytes (RBC), RBC membranes, and T-lymphocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), suggesting generalization of the PMN membrane defect to other cell types (Ped. Res. 17: 1022, 1983). Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) resembles CGD in its X-linked transmission, carrier mosaicism, membrane localization of the metabolic defect, and similarity to the rare McLeod phenotype, a state of weakened antigenicity of Kell RBC antigens and absence of leukocyte and RBC Kx antigen. We therefore studied the CL responses of intact and membrane preparations from PMN and RBC, to OZ and con-A stimulation, in 10 males with DMD. Results are expressed as peak stimulated response in counts per minute ± standard error of the mean × 10−3: The statistically significant*, stimulus restricted defect in RBC membrane CL is consistent with other reported abnormalities in the RBC of DMD subjects and may relate to disruption of membrane respiratory metabolism, analagous to CGD.
A Nitinol Based Flexor Tendon Fixation Device: Gapping and Tensile Strength Measurements in Cadaver Flexor Tendon

In this study, a new nitinol based fixation device was investigated for use in repairing severed digital flexor tendons. The device, composed of superelastic nitinol, is tubular in shape with inward facing tines for gripping tissue. Its cellular structure was designed such that it has a large effective Poisson's ratio, which facilitates a “finger trap” effect. This allows for reduced tendon compression during a resting state (to permit vascular perfusion) and increased compression during loading (to drive the tines into the tissue for gripping). To test the feasibility of using this device for flexor tendon repair, it was tested on cadaver flexor digitorum profundus tendons. The tendons were excised, cut in the region corresponding to a zone II laceration, and repaired using the device. The device was easy to install and did not prevent the tendon from bending. Constant strain rate tensile testing revealed a mean tensile strength of 57.6 ± 7.7 N, with a force of 53.2 ± 7.8 N at a 2 mm gap. This exceeds the suggested primary repair strength of 45 N, which has been proposed as the necessary strength for enabling early mobilization. Although considerable future studies will be needed to determine the suitability of the new repair device for clinical use, this study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing a tubular, nitinol repair device for flexor tendon fixation.
Trends in policing: interviews with police leaders across the globe, Vol 4

This is the fourth volume in a series of structured interviews with international police executives. It contains 12 interviews with police leaders from North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa...
Hierarchy of sea-level cycles in the medial Silurian siliciclastic succession of Pennsylvania

The medial Silurian siliciclastic succession in central Pennsylvania records two hierarchically superimposed cycles of sea-level fluctuations. The larger of these cycles controlled lithofacies architecture at the magnitude of formations and members. Five alternations of transgression and regression, with an average cycle period of about 2.5 m.y., produced wedges of coarser, shallow-water facies pointing basinward (northwest) and wedges of deeper water, basin-center mudrock facies extending marginward (southeast). Superimposed on these are smaller scale, shallowing-upward cycles, typically 1-3 m thick, that occur in three different, contemporaneous facies: basin-margin tidal flats, mid-shelf offshore bars, and below wave base in the storm-influenced transition to the basin center. Average recurrence interval for such smaller cycles was about 100 ka; their period was regular and was caused by sea-level fluctuations of about 1-3 m.
Chromotomosynthesis for high speed hyperspectral imagery

A rotating direct vision prism, chromotomosynthetic imaging (CTI) system operating in the visible creates hyperspectral imagery by collecting a set of 2D images with each spectrally projected at a different rotation angle of the prism. Mathematical reconstruction techniques that have been well tested in the field of medical physics are used to reconstruct the data to produce the 3D hyperspectral image. The instrument operates with a 100 mm focusing lens in the spectral range of 400-900 nm with a field of view of 71.6 mrad and angular resolution of 0.8-1.6 μrad. The spectral resolution is 0.6 nm at the shortest wavelengths, degrading to over 10 nm at the longest wavelengths. Measurements using a pointlike target show that performance is limited by chromatic aberration. The accuracy and utility of the instrument is assessed by comparing the CTI results to spatial data collected by a wideband image and hyperspectral data collected using a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF). The wide-band spatial content of the scene reconstructed from the CTI data is of same or better quality as a single frame collected by the undispersed imaging system with projections taken at every 1°. Performance is dependent on the number of projections used, with projections at 5° producing adequate results in terms of target characterization. The data collected by the CTI system can provide spatial information of equal quality as a comparable imaging system, provide high-frame rate slitless 1-D spectra, and generate 3-D hyperspectral imagery which can be exploited to provide the same results as a traditional multi-band spectral imaging system. While this prototype does not operate at high speeds, components exist which will allow for CTI systems to generate hyperspectral video imagery at rates greater than 100 Hz. The instrument has considerable potential for characterizing bomb detonations, muzzle flashes, and other battlefield combustion events.
Evaluation of high temperature-short time (HTST) blanched frozen sweet corn

The effects of HTST blanching and steam blanching parameters on enzyme activities, moisture content, drip loss, sheer force, sensory attributes, and consumer acceptability of frozen sweet corn were determined. Complete inactivation of catalase and peroxidase required HTST treatments of 60 psi and 75 psi, respectively. Moisture content increased slightly and maximum shear force decreased in the HTST blanched corn compared to the steam-blanched samples. Blanch pressures of 60 psi and 75 psi resulted in corn equivalent in sensory qualities to the steam-blanched product as judged by a trained panel. The 30 psi HTST blanch treatment was rated high in undesirable descriptors. Consumer tests resulted in no significant differences in acceptability across blanch pressure treatments and storage time.
The scale of demographic heterogeneity in a population of Peromyscus leucopus.

The patterns of spatial heterogeneity in density and demography were studied in a population of Peromyscus leucopus inhabiting a deciduous forest in west-central Indiana. A series of 9 live-trapping grids sampled densities from 3 spatial scales: 3 ha, 80 ha and 350 km2. We found high levels of variation within all three spatial scales. There was as much variation within a single, large grid as within the entire Sugar Creek Valley (350 km2). The patterns of density variation were not temporally stable and thus represent variation in demographic processes rather than simply differences in habitat quality. We suggest that the Sugar Creek Valley represents a metapopulation of Peromyscus leucopus composed of a number of temporally unstable subpopulations. This structure provides considerable demographic variation that dispersing animals can exploit.
Structure-activity relationships of BDB and its monomethyl and dimethyl derivatives

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the behavioral effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-butanamine (BDB), N-methyl BDB (MBDB), and N,N-dimethyl BDB (MMBDB) in the newly hatched chicken. The primary amine, BDB, produced effects that are commonly seen in the chicken after administration of both hallucinogens and psychomotor stimulants (i.e., distress vocalization, tremor, and wing extension). It also produced abnormal body posture and bursting forward locomotion, effects elicited only by hallucinogens. Loss of righting reflex also occurred at the highest (16 mg/kg) dose of BDB, and this effect is typical of d-amphetamine but has not been reported for hallucinogens. The monomethylated derivative of BDB, MBDB, was less potent than BDB, and the N,N-dimethyl analogue of BDB, MMBDB, had no effect on behavior at the doses tested.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Passive Condensers for Reactor Containment Cooling

Passive condensers that are based on gravitational force do not require pumps or blowers to move fluid and, hence, are considered as safety measures in nuclear power plant containment cooling. In this paper vertical tube passive condensers with the tube inside condensation and cooled by a secondary pool of water are discussed as applied to reactor containment heat removal system. Series of experiments were carried out on scaled separate effects test facilities with vertical single tube and four tube bundle condensers. The results of experimental data on the rate of condensation heat transfer, the effects of noncondensable, and parametric effects, such as pressure, tube diameters and lengths, obtained from single tube and tube bundle passive condenser are presented. The data on the tube bundle indicated larger condensation heat transfer due to enhanced heat transfer in the secondary cooling. For tube bundle condensation, the turbulent mixing on the secondary pool side decreases the temperature difference between pool water and condenser tube outer wall, causing an increase in secondary heat transfer. Theoretical models on tube condensation based on heat and mass analogy and boundary layer models were developed. The data were compared with theoretical models and good agreement was observed between theoretical predictions and single tube condensation heat transfer data. For the tube bundle condenser, the theoretical model agreed with data when the secondary side enhancement in heat transfer due to turbulent mixing in the flow boiling was included. Practical heat transfer correlations are presented using available data on passive condensers for reactor application. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4023600]
Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Annual Ryegrass Silage and Corn Silage with Steam-Flaked or Ground Corn

Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6-wk randomized block design trial with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of feeding ground corn (GC) or steam-flaked corn (SFC) in diets based on either annual ryegrass silage (RS) or a 50:50 blend of annual ryegrass and corn silages (BLEND). Experimental diets contained 49.6% forage and were fed as a total mixed ration once daily for 4 wk after a 2-wk preliminary period. No interactions were observed among treatments. Cows fed BLEND consumed more dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) than those fed RS, but total-tract digestibility of OM, NDF, and ADF was greater for RS than for BLEND. No differences in nutrient intake were observed among treatments during wk 4 when nutrient digestibility was measured, but digestibility of DM and OM was greater for SFC than for GC. Cows fed BLEND tended to produce more energy-corrected milk than those fed RS, resulting in improved efficiency (kg of milk per kg of DM intake). When diets were supplemented with SFC, cows consumed less DM and produced more milk that tended to have lower milk fat percentage. Yield of milk protein and efficiency was greatest with SFC compared with GC. Blood glucose and milk urea nitrogen concentrations were similar among treatments, but blood urea nitrogen was greater for cows fed GC compared with those fed SFC. Results of this trial indicate that feeding a blend of annual ryegrass and corn silage is more desirable than feeding diets based on RS as the sole forage. Supplementing diets with SFC improved performance and efficiency compared with GC across forage sources.
A MODIFIED FEAUTRIER METHOD.

Abstract A modification of the Feautrier method of solving transfer problems is presented that allows advantage to be taken of such simplifications as isotropic scattering and complete frequency redistribution. The method has timing and storage requirements comparable to integral equation methods, but retains the ease of formulation of differential methods. The case of a two-level atom is treated in detail, and an appropriate generalization is sketched for the treatment of multi-level cases by means of a complete linearization technique.
Surveying the surveyors

All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors, and Biodiversity, 1850–1950 by Robert E Kohler Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA 380 pp, $35/£23 ISBN 0691125392 You might wonder how the history of biological field surveys could fill a whole book; however, these endeavours—and the biologists behind them—provide fascinating reading. In All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors, and Biodiversity, 1850–1950 , Robert E. Kohler describes just what ‘creatures’ were involved. A certain type of person—typically middle‐aged men in comparatively well‐paid positions with lots of vacation time—formed a loosely organized, national volunteer group to survey nature. Kohler describes who these surveyors were, where they came from and why this guild of workers emerged in North American society. He also details their knowledge, experiences and the skills they needed to perform successful surveys. Importantly, Kohler distinguishes between explorers—collectors who hunted for curiosities to exhibit—and surveyors—naturalists who collected and numbered species in the pursuit of natural history and science. Kohler focuses on North …
Trends in contraceptive use

Abstract Background In the past 50–60 years, desired and actual family size have decreased and contraceptive use has increased, especially in developing countries. Unmet need for modern contraceptives and unintended pregnancy levels remain significant. Study Design Data compiled by the United Nations and information from national surveys of women of reproductive age are used to examine trends. Results Oral contraceptives and condoms have been predominant methods in developed countries; sterilization has been the most common in Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia; hormonal methods, in Africa. Some 222 million women in developing countries have unmet need for modern contraceptives, resulting in 2012 in an estimated 54 million unintended pregnancies and 79,000 maternal deaths more than if they used modern methods. Conclusions Improvements are needed in contraceptive information and services as well as in contraceptive methods themselves to increase couples' success in achieving their desired timing and number of children.
Detecting physical illness in patients with mental disorders

Abstract Missed diagnoses of physical illness in psychiatric patients can arise from disease-related, patient-related, and, in particular, physician-related factors. Among the latter are inadequate diagnostic assessment, acceptance of plausible but dangerous assumptions, and reliance on incomplete consultative advice. After discussing these factors, the authors describe a preferred diagnostic approach and present their recommendations for the graded utilization of laboratory tests.
Phosphorylation of L1-type cell-adhesion molecules – ankyrins away!

Neural cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) are powerful initiators of neurite outgrowth during neural differentiation. In addition, their interactions with cytoskeletal components are often conserved and highly regulated. How these two aspects of neural CAM function relate to each other is not well understood. However, a recent publication from the Felsenfeld laboratory (http://www.mssm.edu/labs/felsenfeld) fills a gap in our knowledge of how the interaction of L1-type CAMs with the membrane skeleton adaptor protein ankyrin is severed by phosphorylation and suggests a feedback mechanism whereby the neurite-stimulating activity of L1-CAM is inversely connected to its cytoskeleton binding.
Effect of diffusional limitations on the gelation of cyanate ester resins

The effect of diffusion control-induced unequal reactivities of functional groups on the gelation of cyanate ester resins was analyzed. By introducing differentiation into the recursive approach, a gelation model was developed to calculate the gel points of systems under diffusional limitations. Modeling results for a Zn-catalyzed cyanate resin show that the unequal reactivities have a significant effect on the gel point and the gelation is delayed to a higher conversion. However, other factors, which may include localized reactions and cycle formation, also contribute to the delay of gelation.
Transcription elongation factor SII.

RNA chain elongation by RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a complex and regulated process which is coordinated with capping, splicing, and polyadenylation of the primary transcript. Numerous elongation factors that enable pol II to transcribe faster and/or more efficiently have been purified. SII is one such factor. It helps pol II bypass specific blocks to elongation that are encountered during transcript elongation. SII was first identified biochemically on the basis of its ability to enable pol II to synthesize long transcripts.(1) Both the high resolution structure of SII and the details of its novel mechanism of action have been refined through mutagenesis and sophisticated in vitro assays. SII engages transcribing pol II and assists it in bypassing blocks to elongation by stimulating a cryptic, nascent RNA cleavage activity intrinsic to RNA polymerase. The nuclease activity can also result in removal of misincorporated bases from RNA. Molecular genetic experiments in yeast suggest that SII is generally involved in mRNA synthesis in vivo and that it is one type of a growing collection of elongation factors that regulate pol II. In vertebrates, a family of related SII genes has been identified; some of its members are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The principal challenge now is to understand the isoform-specific functional differences and the biology of regulation exerted by the SII family of proteins on target genes, particularly in multicellular organisms. BioEssays 22:327–336, 2000. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Software architecture for OSIRIS: an infrared integral-field spectrograph for the Keck adaptive optics system

OSIRIS is an infrared integral-field spectrograph being built for the Keck AO system. OSIRIS presents novel data reduction and user-interaction challenges which are addressed by software being developed for OSIRIS. The complex raw data frames, containing up to 4096 interleaved spectra, are reduced in real-time and meaningfully displayed for quality-of-observation feedback to observers. Following an observing night, data are optimally reduced to science-quality data cubes in a semi-automated fashion. Further, the software must efficiently coordinate OSIRIS' spectroscopic observations with the SHARC off-axis imager and the AO system. To meet these demands, OSIRIS software is comprehensive and integrates the planning, execution, and reduction of observations. Facilitating this architecture is the formulation of observations into 'datasets', rather than into individual frames. Datasets are functional groups of frames organized by the needs and capabilities of the data reduction software (DRS). A typical dataset consists of dithered OSIRIS observations, coupled with associated off-axis AO PSF imagery from SHARC. A Java-based planning tool enables 'sequences' of datasets to be planned and saved both prior to and during observing sessions. An execution client interprets these XML-based files, and configures the hardware servers for OSIRIS, SHARC, and AO before executing the observations. As observations are completed, extensive information about the instrument and observatory are collated in an archival relational database. The DRS then uses information in the database, as well as archived calibration data and SHARC PSF data to produce a final science-quality data product, which may include differential refraction corrections, 3D PSF modeling/deconvolution, and OH-suppression.
Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves: The Contentious Role of Women in the New Gaming Public

As video games have attracted more critical attention and theoretical discourse and games play a more visible part in our media landscape, the modern video game community impacts the wider world of...
Mindlin shear coefficient determination using model comparison

Abstract This paper derives an analytical expression of the shear coefficient in the Mindlin plate equation for a plate of infinite spatial extent subjected to forced excitation at definite frequency and wavenumber. The displacement transfer function derived from the Mindlin plate equation is set equal to the displacement transfer function derived from the Rayleigh–Lamb thick plate equation, and the result is a closed-form expression of the shear coefficient. A numerical example is included to illustrate the variation of the shear coefficient with respect to the system parameters. It is shown that the shear coefficient is extremely dependent on wavenumber and only slightly dependent on frequency. Shear coefficients derived in other work for free vibration are compared favorably to the values calculated by this new method at the wavenumber and frequency of the flexural wave response of the plate.
The Advertising Regulation and Self-Regulation Issues Ripped From the Headlines With (Sometimes Missed) Opportunities for Disciplined Multidisciplinary Research

With a focus on advertising, the most visible and publicly criticized marketing activity, issues that impel advertising regulation and self-regulation themselves often generate headlines in the popular press as well as business magazines. Beyond the basic longtime concerns of advertising veracity, or accusations of its inherent dishonesty, advertising regulation often becomes the advocated solution for problems of public health, privacy invasions, excessive consumer debt, and public aesthetics, as well as social critics' desires to diminish the modern cultural trait of secular consumerism (i.e., "excessive shopping"). The problem is that actual research on the issues requires more than responding to the headlines. The model for understanding the existing literature of advertising and public policy research presented by Rotfeld and Stafford (2007) provides pragmatic guidelines for conducting quality research that is informed by and possibly guides advertising regulation and self-regulation decisions. The r...
3-Methoxycarbonyl-5-nitrophenyl boronic acid: high affinity diol recognition at neutral pH.

Several boronic acids were screened for their ability to bind to diols. 3-Methoxycarbonyl-5-nitrophenyl boronic acid bound to both a catechol dye as well as fructose with a comparable affinity to that of an ortho-methylamino substituted boronic acid. This work suggests a greater role for appropriately functionalized electron deficient boronic acids in diol and carbohydrate recognition.
Structural relaxation dynamics in supercooled liquids

Structural α-relaxation times, τα, determined by fitting Brillouin scattering spectra of supercooled liquids to stretched exponential or Cole-Davidson phenomenological relaxation functions can produce values which diverge from the results obtained by other methods as T approaches the glass transition temperature. This apparent separation of timescales has been shown to arise in CKN from the neglect of β-relaxation. Guided by the mode coupling theory, a memory function which includes both α- and β-relaxation was constructed empirically from depolarized light scattering spectra. This memory function was found to fit the data as well as the α-relaxation-only models, without requiring unphysically small τα values. It is shown how the neglect of β-relaxation generally leads to underestimation of τα, and an alternative method of incorporating β-relaxation in cases where the empirical model is inapplicable is described. Also, the question of α-scale universality is briefly discussed.
Multi-objective coevolutionary automated software correction

For a given program, testing, locating the errors identified, and correcting those errors is a critical, yet expensive process. The field of Search Based Software Engineering (SBSE) addresses these phases by formulating them as search problems. The Coevolutionary Automated Software Correction (CASC) system targets the correction phase by coevolving test cases and programs at the source code level. This paper presents the latest version of the CASC system featuring multi-objective optimization and an enhanced representation language. Results are presented demonstrating CASC's ability to successfully correct five seeded bugs in two non-trivial programs from the Siemens test suite. Additionally, evidence is provided substantiating the hypothesis that multi-objective optimization is beneficial to SBSE.
GTP-dependent Recognition of the Methionine Moiety on Initiator tRNA by Translation Factor eIF2

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) is a G-protein that functions as a central switch in the initiation of protein synthesis. In its GTP-bound state it delivers the methionyl initiator tRNA (Met-tRNA(i)) to the small ribosomal subunit and releases it upon GTP hydrolysis following the recognition of the initiation codon. We have developed a complete thermodynamic framework for the assembly of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF2.GTP.Met-tRNA(i) ternary complex and have determined the effect of the conversion of GTP to GDP on eIF2's affinity for Met-tRNA(i) in solution. In its GTP-bound state the factor forms a positive interaction with the methionine moiety on Met-tRNA(i) that is disrupted when GTP is replaced with GDP, while contacts between the factor and the body of the tRNA remain intact. This positive interaction with the methionine residue on the tRNA may serve to ensure that only charged initiator tRNA enters the initiation pathway. The toggling on and off of the factor's interaction with the methionine residue is likely to play an important role in the mechanism of initiator tRNA release upon initiation codon recognition. In addition, we show that the conserved base-pair A1:U72, which is known to be a critical identity element distinguishing initiator from elongator methionyl tRNA, is required for recognition of the methionine moiety by eIF2. Our data suggest that a role of this base-pair is to orient the methionine moiety on the initiator tRNA in its recognition pocket on eIF2.
Estimation of Short-Term Tag-Induced Mortality in Horseshoe Crabs Limulus Polyphemus

Abstract Horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus range along the East Coast of the United States and over 150,000 of them have been marked with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service disk tags. It has been assumed that the tags do not harm the animals and are similar to common epibionts often found on the shells of horseshoe crabs. We investigated whether newly tagged adult female horseshoe crabs would exhibit higher short-term mortality rates than untagged adult females. All crabs were collected from a beach in Connecticut and then were transported to a laboratory for the experiment. Tagging involved drilling a small hole through the carapace in the lower back corner of the prosoma and then inserting the tag into the hole. Overall mortality of tagged and untagged females held in flow-through raceways for 44 d was minimal (0% mortality among 53 tagged crabs; 4% mortality among 52 untagged crabs). None of the horseshoe crabs lost or shed their disk tags over the course of the experiment. In field mark–recapture studies...