cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lead in Mineral or Multivitamin-Multimineral Products:

ObjectiveAssess the current daily interim reference level of lead and the amount contained in current mineral and multivitamin-multimineral (MVM) products.Data SourcesPubMed search from 1980 to May...
Harnessing multimodality in language teacher education: expanding English-dominant teachers’ translanguaging capacities through a Multimodalities Entextualization Cycle

This qualitative case study (Yin, [2014]. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 5th Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.) emerged from our effort to support teachers, who predominantly identify as monol...
Surgical Approach to the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but lethal malignancy arising anywhere along the biliary ductal epithelium from the liver to the duodenum. The disease is classified based on anatomic location, and the mainstay of treatment is surgery. Complete resection is currently the only chance for cure despite significant advances in systemic and other nonsurgical therapies. In this chapter, we present a detailed evaluation of the anatomic classification of cholangiocarcinoma and preoperative evaluation, defining resectability, types of resections, and postoperative outcomes. Special attention is given to advances in the field and the future of surgery in the multidisciplinary management of cholangiocarcinoma.
National Trends in Heart Donor Usage Rates: Are We Efficiently Transplanting More Hearts?

Background It is unclear whether the recent increase in the number of heart transplants performed annually in the United States is only because of higher availability of donors and if it affected r...
Dear Unforgettable Brother: The Stavig Letters from Norway and America, 1881-1937

Review of: "Dear Unforgettable Brother: The Stavig Letters from Norway and America, 1881-1937" by Marvin G. Slind.
Progressive learning approach to stable adaptive control

In this paper, we present a novel approach to stable adaptive control of complex systems with high relative orders. In this approach, called "progressive learning", we design a series of reference inputs that allow the system to learn parameters recursively and progressively starting with the ones associated with low frequencies and moving up to the ones with a full spectrum. An averaging method is used to obtain stability conditions in terms of frequency contents of the reference inputs. Based on this analysis, we prove that the stable convergence of control parameters is guaranteed if the system is excited gradually in accordance with the progress of adaptation by providing a series of reference inputs having appropriate frequency spectra.
Agents: An Undistorted Representation of Problem Structure

It has been observed that data-parallel languages are only suited to problems with “regular” structures. This observation prompts a question: to what extent are other parallel programming languages specialized to specific problem structures, and are there any truly general-purpose parallel programming languages, suited to all problem structures? In this paper, we define our concept of “problem structure”. Given this definition, we describe what it means for a language construct to “directly reflect” a problem structure, and we argue the importance of using a language construct which reflects the problem structure. We describe the difficulties that arise when the language construct and the problem structure do not fit each other. We consider existing language constructs to identify the structures they fit, and we note that language constructs are often designed with little regard for such generality. Finally, we describe a parallel language construct which is designed specifically with the goal of being able to reflect arbitrary problem structures.
Programmed cell death in cereal aleurone

Progress in understanding programmed cell death (PCD) in the cereal aleurone is described. Cereal aleurone cells are specialized endosperm cells that function to synthesize and secrete hydrolytic enzymes that break down reserves in the starchy endosperm. Unlike the cells of the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells are viable in mature grain but undergo PCD when germination is triggered or when isolated aleurone layers or protoplasts are incubated in gibberellic acid (GA). Abscisic acid (ABA) slows down the process of aleurone cell death and isolated aleurone protoplasts can be kept alive in media containing ABA for up to 6 months. Cell death in barley aleurone occurs only after cells become highly vacuolated and is manifested in an abrupt loss of plasma membrane integrity. Aleurone cell death does not follow the apoptotic pathway found in many animal cells. The hallmarks of apoptosis, including internucleosomal DNA cleavage, plasma membrane and nuclear blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies, are not observed in dying aleurone cells. PCD in barley aleurone cells is accompanied by the accumulation of a spectrum of nuclease and protease activities and the loss of organelles as a result of cellular autolysis.
Strongly Coupled Stress Waves in Heterogeneous Plates

Consideration of coupled stress waves generated by an impulsive load applied at one end of a semiinfinite plate. For the field equations governing the one-dimensional coupled waves a hyperbolic system of equations is obtained in which a strong coupling in the second derivatives exists. The method of characteristics described by Chou and Mortimer (1967) is extended to cover the case of strong coupling, and a study is made of the transient stress waves in a semiinfinite plate subjected to an initial step input. Coupled discontinuity fronts are found to propagate at different velocities. The normal plate stress and the bending moment at different time regimes are illustrated by graphs.
Constructing realities : Bel and the Dragon - identifying some research lacunae

The article applies a spatial-body framework to Bel and the Dragon (LXX/Th Dan 14). This application indicates that the narrative represents a shift in the author's personal worldview. Bel and the Dragon demonstrates how gods other than the Jewish deity are not only powerless as shown in Dan 1-6, but they are false and therefore should be done away with. The author/editor emasculates the Gentile worldview by utilising Daniel to eradicate the other gods. What starts as an invasion of the Jewish deity's god-space in Daniel 1, ends with the extermination of the false Babylonian gods and the emasculation of their avowed divinity (LXX/Th Dan 14). In this way The Greek Daniel ends with an intolerance towards other worldviews. By means of his narratives the apocryphal author/editor creates a new reality and worldview within which the Jews in the diaspora can still be faithful to their God without being afraid of competing earthly powers or other so-called deities. In this article new insights form linguistic studies in regards to space and body are utilised as part of a new text analysis method.
The State of the Field of East Asian Librarianship

This paper addresses changes within the field of East Asian Studies librarians in North America rather than the field as practiced in China, Japan or Korea. The topic is an important one, not just because any field must take stock periodically, but also because the current economic crisis has led many academic libraries to evaluate all aspects of their operations and how they contribute to their ability to serve their patrons.
Tension Required to Repair Rotator Cuff Is Detrimental to Muscle Function

Rotator cuff tears are one of the most frequent reasons for patients to visit an orthopaedic surgeon. Despite their prevalence, controversy still exists regarding the indications and timing of surgical repair. Recent clinical studies have shown that rotator cuff tears have very little capacity to heal without surgery1. Instead, tears become bigger over time; the tendons become retracted, degenerated, and scarred to surrounding structures; and the muscles undergo fibro-fatty infiltration and become stiff. All of these factors have negative implications for rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing, and failure of tendon healing has been associated with poor clinical outcomes2. The clinical literature on rotator cuff repair has largely focused on achieving anatomic healing. Therefore, little is known about how a retracted muscle-tendon unit functions following repair if healing does occur. Such is the topic of the article by Mannava et al. In this article, the authors used a rat model to show a …
Nephritogenic cytokines and disease in MRL-Faslpr kidneys are dependent on multiple T-cell subsets

Nephritogenic cytokines and disease in MRL- Fas lpr kidneys are dependent on multiple T-cell subsets. Background Renal parenchymal cells produce cytokines, colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which recruit autoreactive T cells and, in turn, elicit renal injury in MRL- Fas lpr mice. Methods To determine whether select T-cell populations regulate intrarenal nephritogenic cytokines (CSF-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-α) and renal disease, we compared MRL- Fas lpr mice that are genetically deficient in T-cell receptor (TCR) αsbgr; T cells, CD4 T cells, and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I), lacking CD8 and double negative (DN) T cells, with wild-type mice. To identify the T cells instrumental in downstream (effector) events, we delivered CSF-1 or GM-CSF into the kidney via gene transfer in these select T-cell–deficient and wild-type strains. Results Intrarenal CSF-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-α were absent or dramatically reduced in TCR αsbgr;, CD4, and class I-deficient MRL- Fas lpr strains as compared with wild-type mice. In addition, the decrease in CSF-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-α was associated with a reduced kidney leukocytic infiltrates and spontaneous autoimmune nephritis. Intrarenal ex vivo retroviral gene transfer of CSF-1 and GM-CSF failed to elicit nephritis in these T-cell–deficient MRL strains (TCR αsbgr;, CD4, CD8/DN) as compared with wild-type mice. Conclusions Multiple T-cell populations initiate renal disease by increasing intrarenal nephritogenic cytokines, CSF-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-α. CSF-1 and GM-CSF recruit additional CD4 and CD8 and DN T cells, which augment downstream events, resulting in progressive autoimmune renal disease. We suggest that MRL- Fas lpr kidney disease is driven by a T-cell amplification feedback loop dependent on multiple T-cell populations.
'We all speak the same round here': Dialect levelling in a Scottish-English community

In this paper the formation of a new dialect in Corby, Northamptonshire, a former steel town in the English Midlands, is traced across three generations. The study focuses on whether dialect levelling processes can account for the features of the new dialect formed by contact between the displaced Scottish and indigenous English inhabitants in the town. The results of a variationist analysis of the reflexes of two phonological variables are interpreted within a language ideology framework, with reference to commentary from the speakers themselves. Such a combination of perspectives offers a means of socially embedding the interpretation of the data with reference to the identity issues arising from this contact situation.
Ten novel microsatellite markers for the western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis

We isolated and characterized 10 microsatellite loci from the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Loci were screened in 30 individuals from a single location from their native range in coastal Texas. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 25, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.40 to 0.93, and the probability of identity values from 6.0 × 10−3 to 2.7 × 10−1, with an overall PI for all loci of 1.3 × 10−13. These new loci provide tools for examining the genetic diversity, structure, and pedigree G. affinis populations.
Childhood trauma and risk for past and future suicide attempts among women in prison.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine whether childhood trauma is an independent risk factor for past suicide attempts and the future likelihood of attempts among women in prison. METHODS: A random sample of 247 women incarcerated in a state prison in Las Vegas, Nevada, completed a confidential interview that included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory, standard measures of illicit drug use, and the revised Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the independent influence of cumulative childhood trauma on past suicide attempts with intent to die and the future likelihood of suicide attempts. RESULTS: Childhood trauma was frequently reported by female prisoners: emotional abuse (58%), physical abuse (54%), sexual abuse (51%), emotional neglect (53%), and physical neglect (41%). Factors independently associated with past suicide attempts included having a higher childhood trauma score (p /=5 years; p=.003). Childhood trauma (p=.05), psychological distress (p Language: en
A vorticity‐based analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Beaufort Anticyclone

[1] The Beaufort Anticyclone is the dominant pressure feature over the Arctic Ocean in all seasons and has a large influence on the surface wind regime and sea ice motion. Sea level pressure (SLP) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis is used to create a vorticity metric to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Beaufort Anticyclone from 1948 to 2008. Correlations between vorticity averaged over the Beaufort Anticyclone region and Northern Hemisphere SLP are strongest south of Alaska and north of Siberia. These two areas are also present in SLP composite maps based on extremes of the vorticity metric. Temporal characteristics are investigated using running means and spectral analysis in which the only predominant peak is the annual cycle. If 30 year time periods are compared, little to no trend in the vorticity metric is found except in October–December, where the more recent time period has slightly larger vorticity magnitudes. The Beaufort Anticyclone vorticity metric is correlated with teleconnection index values; the Pacific Ocean patterns show a larger influence than the Atlantic patterns, including the Arctic Oscillation, which has been shown in recent studies to have little correspondence to changes in sea ice in the early 21st century. A significant correlation is found with the Pacific North American pattern in all seasons except summer. The El Nino–Southern Oscillation shows a significant correlation with the vorticity metric in winter, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation shows a significant correlation in winter and spring.
Primary hyperaldosteronism causing posttransplantation hypertension: Localization by adrenal vein sampling

Abstract A 58 year-old man with end-stage renal disease who had received a cadaveric renal transplant presented with persistent hypertension and hypokalemia. Allograft renal artery stenosis, rejection, and cyclosporine effects were excluded. Hypokalemia persisted despite potassium supplementation and antihypertensive medications with hyperkalemic effects. The biochemical findings of primary hyperaldosteronism with a normal adrenal anatomy imaged by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) necessitated adrenal vein sampling to lateralize a left adrenal adenoma. His hypokalemia was cured by the removal of the adenoma, and his blood pressure (BP) control was easily achieved with a less complex regimen of antihypertensives. We suggest that the concomitant existence of resistant hypokalemia and posttransplantation hypertension, especially in the cyclosporine era, should stimulate a search for hyperaldosteronism; once transplant renal artery stenosis has been excluded, the patient should be investigated for primary hyperaldosteronism. When imaging studies fail to show adrenal pathology, adrenal vein sampling will likely do so. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 May;31(5):853-5)
Extending the fuzzy database with fuzzy numbers

Abstract The fuzzy relational database model originated by the authors permits fuzzy domain values from a discrete, finite universe. The model is extended here by demonstrating that fuzzy numbers may be employed as domain values without loss of consistency with respect to representation or the relational algebra. Where equivalence is required in an ordinary relational database, similarity is employed in a fuzzy relational database. For discrete, finite universes, similarity between atomic elements is described via a fuzzy similarity relation with max-min transitivity. Two or more fuzzy numbers are defined to be α-similar if their union forms a continuous α-level set over the real line. This convention effects the partitioning of fuzzy number domains that is necessary to assure the well-definedness of the fuzzy relational algebra.
Localized form of congenital generalized fibromatosis. A report of 3 cases with myofibroblasts

Three cases of the localized form of congenital generalized fibromatosis are described in females under one year. The lesions were in the parotid region, biceps muscle and abdominal wall. The infiltrative or nodular pattern of these tumours with the periphery resembling smooth muscle and the central portion resembling a haemangiopericytoma makes them a distinct histological entity. Ultrastructurally, these tumours are composed of myofibroblasts. The differential diagnosis from other soft tissue tumours in infancy and early childhood is discussed. These tumours are benign and recurrence after complete local excision is rare.
Using line shapes to discriminate between binding mechanisms for the X(3872)

We construct line shapes for the X(3872), which generalize the Flatte and zero-range line shapes that have been considered previously. These line shapes are associated with scattering amplitudes that are exactly unitary for real values of the interaction parameters and can be derived from a renormalizable quantum field theory. The new line shapes can be used to discriminate between the alternative binding mechanisms in which the X(3872) is generated either dynamically by charm-meson interactions or by a resonance near the D*{sup 0}D{sup 0} threshold. If the resonance is identified with the P-wave charmonium state {chi}{sub c1}{sup '}, the interaction parameters can be constrained by using charmonium phenomenology. We analyze data on the X(3872) and also data from the Belle and BABAR Collaborations on the invariant mass distribution of the charm mesons from the decay B{yields}K+D*{sup 0}D{sup 0} up to 4000 MeV. Our analysis is compatible with the mechanism for the X(3872) being either a fine-tuning of charm-meson interactions or the fine-tuning of the {chi}{sub c1}{sup '} to the D*{sup 0}D{sup 0} threshold. In particular, the data do not exclude a separate {chi}{sub c1}{sup '} resonance between the D*{sup +}D{sup -} threshold and 4000 MeV.
Steady-state model for plasma free and platelet serotonin in man.

Abstract A steady-state physiological flow model has been developed for predicting plasma free serotonin (5-HT), and platelet 5-HT, concentrations in man. The basic assumptions of the model are that 5-HT is produced in the wall of the intestine, enters the portal circulation at a constant rate, and is cleared by the lung, liver, kidney, and capillary bed. When a priori best estimates of the 5-HT production rate and organ extraction efficiencies were substituted into formulae describing the model, a predicted value for plasma free 5-HT of 304 pg/ml was obtained, in good agreement with a previously observed mean (± SE) of 387 ± 84 pg/ml. The effects of varying production rate and extraction efficiency parameters on predicted levels of plasma free 5-HT are examined. The practical implications of the model and its possible utility in elucidating the causes of altered plasma free or platelet 5-HT seen in certain conditions are discussed.
Genetic Load Expressed as Fetal Death in Cattle

Summary The outcomes of 1,404 inseminations from matings of known inbreeding coefficients and blood types were used to estimate the mutational and incompatibility components of the genetic load in dairy cattle. Inbreeding of the zygote and dam, and homozygosity for blood group factors had a significant deleterious effect on embryonic mortality. The effect of maternal-fetal incompatibility due to isoimmune antibodies had a significant effect on fetal mortality, also. However, the method of measuring incompatibility provided only a crude estimate. A new index of inbreeding, "ll", devised by Slatis (1961) to measure lethals was used, but the correlation between "ll" and F was very high. For this reason it was impossible to divide the genetic load into lethal and detrimental components. The mutational load affecting embryonic and fetal death was estimated to be 0.862±0.233 and 0.407±0.243, respectively, and the B/A ratios were 1.75 and 1.88, respectively, suggesting that most embryonic and fetal deaths are not due to genes maintained by recurrent mutation.
An autoradiographic analysis of N-linked glycoconjugates in embryonic salivary gland morphogenesis.

The synthesis, deposition, and loss of mannose-bearing glyco-conjugates during branching morphogenesis of embryonic mouse salivary glands has been evaluated. Day 13 embryonic mouse salivary glands were cultured for 44 hr, pulse labeled 4 hr with [3H]mannose, then fixed after 0, 2, 4, 8, or 24 hr, of chase in nonradioactive medium, and processed for autoradiography. Light microscopic autoradiograms of sectioned rudiments reveal extensive label within the epithelium, little label over the mesenchyme, and a concentration of radioactivity at the basal surface of the epithelium. Autora-diograms of “chased” rudiments reveal a) no detectable loss of label from the epithelium or the basal epithelial surface over the first 8 hr, and b) significant label loss by 24 hr of chase at the basal epithelial surface, while moderate amounts of radioactivity remain throughout the rest of the epithelium. The [3H]bound material is insensitive to chondroitinase ABC, a glycosaminoglycan degradative enzyme, but is sensitive to tunicamycin presence in the culture medium. Earlier studies showed that embryonic mouse salivary glands cultured in medium containing tunicamycin (25 ng/ml) continued normal epithelial branching while epithelial growth was inhibited. The present autoradiographic studies of [3H]mannose-labeled rudiments demonstrate that tunicamycin causes a significant decrease in radioactivity, relative to controls. Thus, our results suggest that epithelial branching activity is independent of control levels of mannose-containing/tunicamycin-sensitive, glycoconjugate deposition.
Water as an Independent Taste Modality

To qualify as a “basic” taste quality or modality, defined as a group of chemicals that taste alike, three empirical benchmarks have commonly been used. The first is that a candidate group of tastants must have a dedicated transduction mechanism in the peripheral nervous system. The second is that the tastants evoke physiological responses in dedicated afferent taste nerves innervating the oropharyngeal cavity. Last, the taste stimuli evoke activity in central gustatory neurons, some of which may respond only to that group of tastants. Here we argue that water may also be an independent taste modality. This argument is based on the identification of a water dedicated transduction mechanism in the peripheral nervous system, water responsive fibers of the peripheral taste nerves and the observation of water responsive neurons in all gustatory regions within the central nervous system. We have described electrophysiological responses from single neurons in nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and parabrachial nucleus of the pons, respectively the first two central relay nuclei in the rodent brainstem, to water presented as a taste stimulus in anesthetized rats. Responses to water were in some cases as robust as responses to other taste qualities and sometimes occurred in the absence of responses to other tastants. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed. Also, the temporal features of the water response resembled those of other taste responses. We argue that water may constitute an independent taste modality that is processed by dedicated neural channels at all levels of the gustatory neuraxis. Water-dedicated neurons in the brainstem may constitute key elements in the regulatory system for fluid in the body, i.e., thirst, and as part of the swallowing reflex circuitry.
A Statewide Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Media Literacy Training to Prevent Tobacco Use Among Adolescents

Researchers used a quasi-experiment (N = 723) conducted in the field and using both pretests and posttests to carry out a theory-based evaluation of the effectiveness of a media literacy curriculum implemented in Washington state. Results showed that reflective thinking concerning media message about tobacco increased for all media literacy participants, whether or not they had used tobacco previously. Changes in reflective thinking affected a range of decision-making indicators. Lesson participants who had not used tobacco demonstrated greater change at earlier stages of decision making in ways that suggested a greater understanding of the persuasive techniques used by tobacco manufacturers, on indicators such as perceived realism, desirability, and similarity. Lesson participants who had tried tobacco demonstrated greater change at later stages of decision making on indicators such as perceived peer norms for tobacco use, identification with tobacco-related portrayals, and expectancies for tobacco use. All participants also showed increases in their ability and motivations to resist smoking-related influences. Overall, the results suggest that media literacy has important and somewhat different effects on those who have and those who have not experimented with tobacco use. The results also show the importance of measuring cognitive and affective indicators of decision making that may change gradually as participants gain experience putting lessons learned into action.
THE QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Using bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks around the world, we explore the importance of a wide range of institutional variables as determinants of the location of FDI. While we find that better institutions have overall a positive and economically significant effect on FDI, some institutional aspects matter more than others do. Especially, the unpredictability of laws, regulations and policies, excessive regulatory burden, government instability and lack of commitment play a major role in deterring FDI. For example, the effect of a one standard deviation improvement in the regulatory quality of the host country increases FDI by a factor of around 2. These results are robust to different specifications, estimation methods, and institutional variables. We also present evidence on the significance of institutions as a determinant of FDI over time.
Microangiographic Image Guided Localization of a New Asymmetric Stent for Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms.

For treatment of cerebral aneurysms, the low porosity patch-like region of a new asymmetric stent must be accurately aligned both longitudinally and rotationally to cover the aneurysm orifice. Image guided interventions (IGI) for this task using either a high spatial resolution microangiographic detector (MA) or a standard x-ray image intensifier (XII) are compared. MA is a custom built phosphor-fiberoptic-CCD x-ray detector; the MA array is 1024X1024 with 43 microns pixels. We designed an experimental simulation of the IGI which involved localization using a combination of a computer-controlled rotational stage supported on a linear traverse. A catheter containing the asymmetric stent with special gold markers was positioned near the aneurysm of a vessel phantom which is contained in a flow loop to enable contrast injection for creation of roadmap images. We used four different configurations for the markers consisting of dots and lines. The true stent alignment, obtained by direct visual viewing, was determined to better than one degree rotational accuracy. The resultant IGI localization accuracy under radiographic control with the microangiographic detector was 4° compared to 12° for the XII. In general the line markers performed better than the dot markers. Experimental data show that high resolution detectors such as MA can vastly improve the accuracy of localization and tracking of devices such as asymmetric stents. This should enable development of more effective treatment devices and interventions. (Partial support from NIH grants NS38746, NS43294, and EB002873; UB STOR, Toshiba MSC, and Guidant Corp.)
The effect of wall shape on the degree of reinforcement of a shock wave moving into a converging channel

The one-dimensional theory for the interaction between a normal shock wave and a discontinuous reduction in a area is applied to the flow in a two-dimensional channel. It is shown that, for a given overall area ratio, a channel shape consisting of two equal discontinuous reductions in area produces a larger gain in shock strength than a channel having a single discontinuity. The gain in shock strength continues to increase with the number of steps, until the ideal limiting case of an infinite number of vanishingly small changes in area is reached.A drum camera was used to measure, in a shock tube, the increase in speed of normal shock waves passing through two-dimensional converging channels of different wall shape. It was found that a single discontinuous change produced a gain in shock strength which was less than half that given by the one-dimensional analysis. However, the gain increased as the area change was made more gradual and for long smooth nozzles the value for the ideal case was nearly attained.
Enteral and parenteral nutrition support.

Abstract Enteral and parenteral nutrition support in patients with cancer has been controversial for many years, and it is still not clear which individuals will benefit the most from invasive nutritional therapy. There is evidence to suggest that nutritional support may improve survival and tumor response, decrease side effects of treatment, and improve quality of life in some cancer patients. Safe and effective nutritional support for these patients necessitates an understanding of the special nutrient requirements in cancer, selection of the most appropriate feeding access and nutritional products, and recognition of the potential risks of enteral and parenteral nutrition support.
High detectivity uncooled thermopile detectors with spectrally selective responsivity

Fabrication and characterization of high detectivity thermopile infrared detectors with spectrally selective absorption operating at room temperature is described. The detector architecture consists of a Johnson noise limited thermoelectric readout scheme integrated with a resonant cavity coupled absorber and a low thermal conductance support structure. A resonant responsivity enhancement of 4.3 and a peak detectivity of 1.3×109 cm Hz1/2 Watt-1 at 10.5 μm wavelength are demonstrated.
From Ponce de Leon to Crow: A Brief Look at Florida from Exploration to Science

The history of Florida is followed in a brief manner from the early explorers to the founding of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.
Near Infrared Photometry of the Jovian Ring and Adrastea

Abstract The near IR spectral reflectance of the Jupiter dust ring is poorly known because of problems with scattered light from the planet. Here we report colors for the jovian ring and one of the two ring satellites, Adrastea, using observations from the near-IR camera NICMOS on the Hubble Space Telescope. Near the time when the Earth crossed the jovian ring plane in the fall of 1997, we recorded broad-band images at ∼1.1 (F110W), ∼1.6 (F160W), and ∼2.05 μm (F205W) and derived a single-pass, in radial direction measured ring brightness of 19.19±0.07, 18.76±0.06, and 18.49±0.04 mag linear arcsec −1 , respectively. These single-pass radial ring brightnesses were derived from the observable part of the ring at a projected distance of >1.2 R J using a model to remove projection effects. The corresponding apparent magnitudes for Adrastea are 18.30±0.10 (F110W), 17.73±0.09 (F160W), and 17.57±0.07 mag (F205W), obtained at a phase angle of φ=11.3°. The relative spectral reflectance of the ring and that of Adrastea turn out to be nearly identical, slightly reddish with a slope of about 15–20% between 1 and 2 μm. No evidence for transient ice crystals to be present in the main ring is seen. Our data are also in reasonable agreement with earlier ground-based measurements by Neugebauer et al. (1981), if we take their relatively large errors into account. The similarities of the colors of all inner satellites, including Io, are striking. The measured ring color provides evidence that the backscattered light from the ring is due to grains with mean particle sizes in excess of several micrometers. We were also able to infer a spatial particle distribution for the main ring. Its radial surface-density profile peaks sharply near the outer edge of the ring at the orbit of Adrastea, suggesting a strong dynamical relationship between the satellite and the ring particles. Our radial profile of the main ring is in excellent agreement with the results from Voyager images in backscattered light at visible wavelengths, except that we could not resolve any fine structures. The halo above and below the ring plane with a peak brightness near the inner edge of the ring appears to have a blue color compared to the main ring, but due to the low surface brightness of the halo the statistical significance of this color trend is only marginal. Such a color trend would be consistent with a dust population dominated by particles smaller than those in the main ring.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS EXHIBITED BY THE SAME INDIVIDUAL

Specific extinction procedures were matched to the function of two target behaviors displayed by the same individual, with results indicating that the matched extinction procedure suppressed the behavior for which it was designed. One of the target behaviors was exposed to an irrelevant extinction procedure, which produced no beneficial effects. These results support previous research indicating the need to match extinction procedures to the function of problem behavior.
Proteostatic Hotspots in Amyloid Fibrils Protect Us from Neurodegeneration

Alzheimer's disease remains a formidable challenge for therapeutic management. In a recent report in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, Cohen et al. (2015) present intriguing results showing that "designer" molecular chaperones may hold the key to an evolutionarily conserved program for management of toxic oligomer species contributing to brain pathobiology.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Adolescents' Physical Symptoms

This study was conducted to establish race/ethnic-specific prevalence for 10 physical symptoms in American youths and to examine the extent to which socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms explained racial differences in those symptoms. This descriptive study was based on a cross-sectional analysis of survey data from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health including a school-based sample of over 20,000 adolescents in Grades 7 through 12. Self-reported physical symptoms during the past 12 months were examined. White youths reported the highest frequency of headaches, musculoskeletal pain, and dizziness; feeling hot, chest pain, cold sweats, and urinary symptoms were more common in Black youths. The three symptoms reported by Whites remained significant after controlling for family income and depressive symptoms, whereas racial differences in the four symptoms prominent in Blacks were accounted for by family income and depressive symptoms. Findings highlight racial differences in symptom types and in psychosocial factors contributing to physical symptoms in adolescents and warn against health-care providers' stereotyping associations between physical symptoms and socioeconomic status.
Perturbation Facilitated Optical-Optical Double Resonance spectroscopy of the 6Li233Σg+, 23Πg, 13Δg, b3Πu, and a3Σu+ states

Abstract The technique, Perturbation Facilitated Optical-Optical Double Resonance, has provided spectroscopic access to and molecular constants for the 3 3 Σ g + ( v = 1–9), 2 3 Π g ( v = 0–24), 1 3 Δ g ( v = 3–14), b 3 Π u ( v = 0–17), and a 3 Σ u + ( v = 0–6) states of the 6 Li 2 molecule. Perturbation Facilitated Optical-Optical Double Resonance takes advantage of two weak spin-orbit perturbations, A 1 Σ u + ( v = 2, J = 33) ∼ b 3 Π u ( v = 9, F 1 , N = 32) and A 1 Σ u + ( v = 9, J = 20) ∼ b 3 Π u ( v = 15, F 1 , N = 19), to excite from X 1 Σ g + ( v = 0 or 1) into single rotation-vibration levels of 3 Λ u ( F 1 fine structure component only) via the spin-mixed intermediate levels. The 3 Λ u ( F 1 only) states are sampled in resolved fluorescence spectra from Perturbation Facilitated Optical-Optical Double Resonance-populated 3 Λ g levels.
POTENTIAL GNP IN THE UNITED STATES, 1948–80

Potential gross national product (GNP) is a measure of the aggregate supply capability of an economy, or the amount of output that could be expected at full employment. Such a measure of output at constant rates of labor and capital utilization is useful as a benchmark for economic performance, calculation of the full employment surplus as an indicator of fiscal policy, and in the projection of unemployment rates. Potential GNP for the United States is estimated for the years 1948–77, and projected for 1978–80. The calculations use a variable benchmark for the full-employment unemployment rate, based on the changing age-sex composition of the labor force, and a constant benchmark for the utilization of fixed capital. A framework for separation of productivity into trend, cycle, and irregular components is developed, and then estimated for the 1948–77 period, using quarterly data. The relationships between various age- and sex-specific unemployment rates are also estimated in construction of the variable unemployment benchmark.
Doubly negative metamaterials in the near infrared and visible regimes based on thin film nanocomposites.

An optical metamaterial characterized simultaneously by negative permittivity and permeability, viz. doubly negative metamaterial (DNM), that comprises deeply subwavelength unit cells is introduced. The DNM can operate in the near infrared and visible spectra and can be manufactured using standard nanofabrication methods with compatible materials. The DNM”s unit cell comprise a continuous optically thin metal film sandwiched between two identical optically thin metal strips separated by a small distance form the film. The incorporation of the middle thin metal film avoids limitations of metamaterials comprised of arrays of paired wires/strips/patches to operate for large wavelength / unit cell ratios. A cavity model, which is a modification of the conventional patch antenna cavity model, is developed to elucidate the structure”s electromagnetic properties. A novel procedure for extracting the effective permittivity and permeability is developed for an arbitrary incident angle and those parameters were shown to be nearly angle-independent. Extensions of the presented two dimensional structure to three dimensions by using square patches are straightforward and will enable more isotropic DNMs.
Absorption and Oxidation of Nitric Oxide (NO) by Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Persulfate in a Bubble Column Reactor

The absorption−oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) by aqueous solution of sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) has been studied in a bubble column reactor operated in semibatch mode. The effects of different process variables such as the persulfate concentration (0.01−0.2 M), temperature (23−90 °C), pH (4−12), sodium chloride concentration (0−0.5 M), and NO concentration (500−1000 ppm) were studied. In general, the NO fractional conversion (percent of inlet NO removed) at all temperatures increased almost linearly with persulfate concentration up to about 0.1 M, after which it started to level off. Increased temperature led to an increased fractional conversion of NO at all persulfate levels. At 0.1 M persulfate concentration, conversions of up to 69% and 92% were observed at 70 and 90 °C, respectively. Solution pH and chloride concentration were both found to affect NO absorption at higher temperatures. The effect of pH was moderate, but sodium chloride showed a significant effect on NO absorption at 70 °C, to the poi...
Smoking status and outcome after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Because of the increased propensity of intracoronary thrombi to form in cigarette smokers, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may be less effective in smokers. We sought to determine the impact of smoking status on outcome after PTCA for AMI. Methods Patients enrolled in the GUSTO IIb Angioplasty Substudy were randomly assigned to receive PTCA or tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) for AMI. The interaction of smoking status (nonsmokers = 344, former smokers = 294, current smokers = 490) and treatment strategy with the occurrence of death, nonfatal reinfarction, or nonfatal, disabling stroke at 30 days was analyzed. Procedural success (residual stenosis Results Among patients who underwent PTCA, nonsmokers had worse percent stenosis of the culprit lesion before reperfusion ( P = .03) and more often had TIMI flow grade 0 ( P P = .02), reflecting a higher rate of postprocedure TIMI 3 flow. PTCA was associated with a better 30-day outcome than tPA for current smokers (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.41 [0.19 to 0.88]), with a similar trend for former smokers (0.73 [0.34 to 1.58]) and nonsmokers (0.77 [0.42 to 1.40]). At 6 months, smokers randomly assigned to PTCA also had fewer deaths and reinfarction (0.58 [0.31 to 1.07]). Conclusions Although smoking status affects angiographic variables before and after PTCA for AMI, PTCA is associated with a better 30-day outcome than tPA regardless of smoking status and should be considered when readily available. (Am Heart J 1999;137:612-20.)
The Interaction Between Sensory and Nonsensory Factors in the Determination of Brain Structure and Chemistry: a Review

Contrary to previous thinking, the brain is now recognized as a plastic organ whose structure and function adapt to the functional demands of the sensory environment. This paper examines the interaction between sensory and nonsensory brain-modifying factors in determining the psychobiological outcome in animals reared under conditions of environmental complexity and deprivation. Stimulant drugs appear to enhance complexity effects and depressants to reduce them. Hormones affected by hypophysectomy or castration do not appear to interfere with sensory effects, though a progestogen norethynodrel does appear to interact with them. For genetic effects, strain, species and sex may interact, with male hybrids being perhaps most susceptible to environmental effects. The picture which is emerging is of the brain as inextricably linked to its environment and suggests that a full study demands a recognition of the ecological context. This picture of multiway interdependence and interdetermination or “omnideterminis...
The clinical biochemistry of phosphorus.

Summary 1. Considerable evidence indicates that the long term use of antacids may result in a “phosphorus depletion syndrome”. Furthermore, the widespread treatment of peptic ulcer with non-absorbable antacids makes recognition of this syndrome clinically important. 2. “Mountain sickness” may result when a marked rise in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate acid (2,3-DPG) fails to take place within the red cells; this rise normally facilitates oxygen release at physiological tensions. The 2,3-DPG level is likely to be depressed in uremia when hypophosphatemic patients are treated with aluminum hydroxide gel. 3. ACD (acid-citrate-dextrose) stored blood becomes severely depleted of 2,3-DPG in less than two weeks and massive blood transfusions with 2,3-DPG depleted blood may be hazardous. CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) solutions affect the organic phosphates such as adenosine and aid in maintaining the 2,3-DPG level of stored cells. 4. The chemical methods for the determination of phosphorus have been reviewed including blood collection procedures, preparation of protein-free filtrates, the automated method utilizing dialysis, and the newer direct phosphorus procedures. 5. Current methodology in use in the clinical laboratories of New York State has been evaluated.
The conceptual basis of measures of household welfare and their implied survey data requirements

This paper surveys three alternative approaches to the measurement and analysis of welfare, reflective of the thinking that has been ongoing in the Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study. The first approach advocates the derivation of true indexes of welfare from the preference paramaters estimated in an integrated model of household expenditures deflated by a price index and an adult equivalence scale as a measure of welfare. The third approach consists of the calculation of full income for households. These last two approaces are in a sense shortcut versions of the first, requiring less data. The choice of approach must be based on careful investigation of the trade-off between conceptual rigor and practical constraints on data collection and use. Welfare is a multidimensional concept; attention is given to short-term stochastic variations, asset accumulation, and vulnerability of the household. The paper also discusses the multipurpose household survey needed to gather data and some principles about data presentation.
Development and validation of the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery for Down syndrome

Neurocognitive assessment in individuals with intellectual disabilities requires a well-validated test battery. To meet this need, the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery (ACTB) has been developed specifically to assess the cognitive phenotype in Down syndrome (DS). The ACTB includes neuropsychological assessments chosen to 1) assess a range of skills, 2) be non-verbal so as to not confound the neuropsychological assessment with language demands, 3) have distributional properties appropriate for research studies to identify genetic modifiers of variation, 4) show sensitivity to within and between sample differences, 5) have specific correlates with brain function, and 6) be applicable to a wide age range and across contexts. The ACTB includes tests of general cognitive ability and prefrontal, hippocampal and cerebellar function. These tasks were drawn from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) and other established paradigms. Alongside the cognitive testing battery we administered benchmark and parent-report assessments of cognition and behavior. Individuals with DS (n = 74, ages 7–38 years) and mental age (MA) matched controls (n = 50, ages 3–8 years) were tested across 3 sites. A subsample of these groups were used for between-group comparisons, including 55 individuals with DS and 36 mental age matched controls. The ACTB allows for low floor performance levels and participant loss. Floor effects were greater in younger children. Individuals with DS were impaired on a number ACTB tests in comparison to a MA-matched sample, with some areas of spared ability, particularly on tests requiring extensive motor coordination. Battery measures correlated with parent report of behavior and development. The ACTB provided consistent results across contexts, including home vs. lab visits, cross-site, and among individuals with a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds and differences in ethnicity. The ACTB will be useful in a range of outcome studies, including clinical trials and the identification of important genetic components of cognitive disability.