cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequences within the 5'-flanking region of the S14 gene confer responsiveness to glucose in primary hepatocytes.

Abstract The DNA sequences involved in control of S14 gene expression in response to carbohydrate have been studied. The levels of S14 mRNA in primary hepatocytes increase when glucose in the media is elevated from 5.5 to 27.7 mM in the presence of insulin. Following lipofection of primary hepatocytes, plasmids containing S14 genomic sequences from -4316 to +19 relative to the start of transcription were sufficient to confer glucose regulation to the linked marker gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Deletions of the S14 sequences between -4316 and -1601 led to a significant reduction in glucose-stimulated activity with each successive deletion, suggesting the presence of multiple regulatory elements. The response of the transfected construct containing 4316 base pairs of S14 5'-flanking region mimicked changes in the endogenous S14 mRNA levels in all hormonal and nutritional conditions tested, supporting the physiological significance of the response.
Materials characterization of Si1−x−yGexCy/Si superlattice structures

Pseudomorphic Si1−x−yGexCy/Si superlattice structures on Si were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy in the compositional range: 8<x<44% and 0<y<4.4%, with layer thicknesses between 5 and 35 nm. Comprehensive materials characterization was carried out by Rutherford and C-resonance backscattering combined with ion channeling. Complementary analysis was provided by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The Si1−x−yGexCy layer composition was derived by measuring the average Ge and C concentrations by ion backscattering and the layer thicknesses from electron micrographs. Carbon depth profiles of good sensitivity were derived from SIMS profiling. The superlattice strain was measured by X-ray diffraction and usually found to be compressive. However, lattice-matched and tensile superlattice films were obtained for alloys with ∼10% Ge. The tensile film had growth defects — microtwins and stacking faults — which could be observed by TEM and detected by ion channeling.
Entering the Era of Convenience Sushi: Changes in the Cultural Meaning of a Connoisseur Cuisine

This paper explores the rise of convenience sushi in the United States. The first half of the paper walks through the history of sushi in the Western imagination and the cultural and technological catalysts that were key to its rise in the American palate. The second half of the paper is an analysis of convenience sushi, shedding light on the significance of this new era of sushi. By looking at this new sushi narrative as well as examining modern-day examples of both convenience and non-convenience sushi, I argue that, while sushi has historically been an object of the connoisseur, convenience sushi is a paradoxical object, retaining some of its appeal in feelings of “haute cuisine” while jettisoning many of the very characteristics (craftsmanship, exoticness, gourmet purity) that make the delicacy appealing.
Modeling and control of SMT manufacturing lines using hybrid dynamic systems

In this paper we show how hybrid control and modeling techniques can be put to work for solving a problem of industrial relevance in Surface Mount Technology (SMT) manufacturing. In particular, by closing the loop over the stencil printing process, we obtain a robust system that can recover from faulty initial settings, adapt to environmental changes and unscheduled interrupts, and remove discrepancies associated with bidirectional printing machines. Moreover, a timed Petri net argument is invoked for bounding the control effort in such a way that the throughput of the system is unaffected by the introduction of the closed-loop controller. The soundness of the approach is verified on a real SMT manufacturing line.
Perioperative Medication Management

The management of a patient’s home medication regimen around a surgical procedure is an important component of perioperative medicine. At least half of patients undergoing surgery take routine medications. Clinicians must weigh the risk for a patient’s routine medications to cause perioperative harm vs. the risk of stopping the medication with regard to the underling medical condition. This chapter provides guidance for clinicians in this risk–benefit assessment while acknowledging that there is a general lack of outcomes data about routine medication management in the perioperative setting.
Action patterns of feedback modifiers on equilibrium exchanges and applications to glutamine synthetase (Escherichia coli W).

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results are presented to illustrate the applicability of equilibrium rate measurements by isotope exchange to the understanding of the effect of modifiers on enzymic catalysis. A table summarizes the expected theoretical patterns for a two-substrate, two-product system with random substrate addition and ternary complex interconversion. Such patterns are used as a first approximation model for interpreting rate measurements with Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase for the glutamate ⇄ glutamine, ATP ⇄ Pi, NH3 ⇄ glutamine, and Oglutamate ⇄ Opi exchanges. These measurements with nine different modifiers showed strikingly different inhibitory patterns, including apparent complete block of chemical interconversion, and differential interference with various substrate-binding and release steps. A new type of modifier action by GDP and AMP is reported, in which the glutamate ⇄ glutamine exchange is unimpaired but the ATP ⇄ Pi exchange is completely inhibited. This is interpreted as a cryptic catalysis in which the modifier prevents dissociation of the ATP, but still allows the rapid chemical interconversion of bound substrates and rapid exchange between the NH3-glutamine and glutamate-glutamine pools, as well as 18O between glutamate and Pi.
Experimental Staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse. Histological, ultrastructural and bacteriological changes caused by a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract The pathogenesis of experimental mastitis in the mouse was determined by histopathological, ultrastructural and bacteriological examination of the mammary glands of mice at various times after the intramammary inoculation of a strain of Staphylococcus aureus of high virulence. In this system the critical point was the interaction of staphylococci and neutrophils between 12 and 18 h. after inoculation of staphylococci. In the majority of mice the neutrophils did not succeed in containing the staphylococci, there was rapid extracellular multiplication in the alveolar lumen, toxin production, coagulative necrosis and some mortality 24 to 48 h. after inoculation.
Variable-rate lossy compression under buffer constraints

Considers the problem of optimal variable-rate lossy compression of Markov sources when the encoded bit stream is buffered before entering a fixed-rate channel. The authors discuss how to minimize the average distortion under this constraint. >
Relative completions of linear groups over Z[t] and Z[t,t^{-1}]

We compute the completion of the groups SL_n(Z[t]) and SL_n(Z[t,t^{-1}]) relative to the obvious homomorphisms to SL_n(Q); this is a generalization of the classical Malcev completion. We also make partial computations of the rational second cohomology of these groups.
Large superconducting magnets for new energy technologies

Extensive and far-reaching plans are now being made for the development of new energy conversion technologies, which could begin to make a useful contribution to the supply of electric power by the end of the century. Three of these technologies demand the use of superconducting magnets on a scale that is extremely large in comparison with anything attempted so far; they are magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation, controlled thermonuclear fusion, and magnetic energy storage. The challenge presented by these projects lies not only in their formidable size, but also in their need to attain new, high standards of reliability and safety, without jeopardizing the economic competitiveness of the complete system.
Browsing, Bouncing, Murdering, and Mooring

This paper presents the theoretical context and results of an advanced research seminar, Visualizing Information in Space, Time, and Motion, that explores the production of space with respect to the spatial inhabitation of our built environment, strategies of representation, and the research, analysis, synthesis, and construction of notation communicating perceived aspects of space, time, and motion.
Isolation, characterization, and attachment of rabbit distal colon epithelial cells.

Abstract The authors investigated various enzymatic digestion procedures for isolating epithelial cells from the distal colon of New Zealand White male rabbits. Rabbit mucosa was washed, diced, and digested for 90 minutes in one of five different solutions, including a new combination consisting of 0.03% collagenase IV and 0.1% pronase (solution V). Solution I (0.3% dispase) yielded 14.2 ± 8.2 × 10 6 colonocytes/g mucosa, solution II (0.15% dispase and 0.03% collagenase) yielded 7.7 ± 2.8 × 10 6 colonocytes/g mucosa, and solution III (0.03% collagenase IV) yielded 15.4 ± 10 6 cells/g mucosa. Solutions I–III have previously been described for the isolation of colonocytes. Solution IV (0.1% pronase and 325 U/mL DNAase) was originally described for the isolation of nasal epithelial cells but yielded only 2.5 ± 1.2 × 10 6 cells/g mucosa when applied to the isolation of colonocytes. The new combination of pronase and collagenase, solution V, yielded significantly more colonocytes, 34.5 ± 3.0 × 10 6 cells/g mucosa, than previously described methods ( P + and a maximum velocity of 0.12 pH U/min. Exposing the colonocytes to 100 nmol/L phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate increased antiporter activity by 62.0%. Finally, the authors describe the synthesis of a new biomatrix composed of the basement membrane of 3T3 NIH fibroblasts that permits significantly improved colonocyte attachment than to glass, plastic, collagen types I or IV, or matrigel.
Measurements of Nickel in Serum and Urine as Indices of Environmental Exposure to Nickel

Nickel was measured, by atomic absorption spectrometry, in serum and urine specimens from: ( a ) healthy hospital employees (age 19-62) who had resided >1 year in Sudbury, Ontario, and ( b ) healthy hospital employees (age 18-62) who had resided >1 year in Hartford, Connecticut. Subjects in groups a and b were matched according to age and sex. None of the subjects had occupational exposure to nickel. Nickel was analyzed in duplicate on a "blind" basis with specimens from groups a and b interspersed within each run. In population a , serum nickel concentrations averaged 4.6 ± 1.4 µg/liter (n = 25), urine nickel excretion 7.9 ± 3.7 µg/day (n = 19). In population b , serum nickel concentrations averaged 2.6 ± 1.0 µg/liter (n = 26), urine nickel excretion 2.5 ± 1.4 µg/ day (n = 20). These population means were all significantly different ( P <0.001, t test). Serum and urinary nickel concentrations were not significantly influenced by age or sex, nor were they correlated with length of residence in either location. Nickel concentrations in municipal tap water averaged 200 ± 43 µg/liter in Sudbury (seven sites), and 1.1 ± 0.3 µg/liter in Hartford (five sites). Measurements of nickel in serum and urine are valid biological indices of environmental exposure to nickel.
Employer-Provided Health Insurance and the Incidence of 'Job-Lock': Is There a Consensus?

Several recent developments in health care in the United States include declining health care coverage, particularly that provided by employers, and a noticeable shift in the burden of medical care costs to employees. If these developments cause employees to feel locked into their jobs, optimal job matches in the labor force will not take place. Partly in response, the federal government has passed laws protecting health coverage for workers who switch jobs, with the passage of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 and later the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in 1996. In this paper we summarize the current literature on the topic and present some findings using the National Health Interview Survey, focusing on the 1997-2003 period. Our findings are consistent with recent assertions that there is some evidence of job-lock.
Percutaneous Transthoracic Needle Aspiration Biopsy: A Comprehensive Review of Its Current Role in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Tumors

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the accuracy and complications of transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy (TTNA) to determine its optimal role in the evaluation of patients with lung tumors. Materials and methods: The charts of 130 consecutive patients who had undergone CT-guided TTNA were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-two (25%) of these patients had subsequent surgery and 5 had subsequent transbronchial biopsy (TBB). Using the final surgical and TBB diagnosis as a reference, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence of malignancy were calculated. Each case was also examined to determine the presence or absence of complications. Results: Of the 130 biopsy results, 95 (73%) were malignant, 33 (25%) were nonspecific, and only 2 (2%) had a specific benign diagnosis. Thirty-two patients subsequently underwent surgical resection. The overall prevalence of malignancy after surgical diagnosis was 91%. The overall diagnostic accuracy of TTNA was 76%. The sensitivity of TTNA for the detection of malignancy was 74% and its specificity was 100%. When comparing TTNA results of small ( Conclusion: Patients who are surgical candidates and have a high clinical suspicion for malignancy should undergo surgical biopsy and resection of their lung tumors if indicated. Information gained from TTNAs performed on this patient population will rarely result in a change in their clinical management. (CHEST 1998; 114:704–709) Abbreviations: TBB=transbronchial biopsy; TTNA=transthoracic needle aspiration
Stereoselective renal tubular secretion of quinidine and quinine

Quinidine and quinine are stereoisomers. When given sequentially or simultaneously, the renal clearance of values of quinidine and quinine were measured in seven healthy volunteers and when given simultaneously, to an additional five elderly men. Analytic specificity was provided by an HPLC drug assay. Protein binding was measured by equilibrium dialysis. The quinidine clearance exceeded the quinine clearance in every individual. The mean (+/- SD) ratio of these clearances was 4.2 +/- 1.4 when the drugs were given together and 4.4 +/- 2.3 when they were given separately in the younger subjects and 3.4 +/- 0.5 when given simultaneously to the elderly. Calculating clearance of drug in serum water (unbound drug clearance) revealed a quinidine clearance of 6.1 +/- 2.3 times that of creatinine measured simultaneously, and for quinine it was 1.5 +/- 0.6 times that of creatinine. We conclude that there is stereoselective net renal tubular secretion of quinidine over quinine indicating stereoselectivity of this renal tubular transport process.
Situational and Dispositional Components of Reactions toward Persons with Disabilities

The situational and dispositional components of reactions toward disabled persons were investigated in a hypothetical format. Initially, a sample of American college students (n = 194) indicated the level of anticipated emotional arousal to 70 brief descriptions of situations in which contact with disabled people might occur on a college campus. Mean ratings were used to select nine situation descriptors representing a range of anticipated arousal levels. Subsequently, a separate sample of students (n = 164) completed the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale (Yuker, Block, & Younng, 1966) and were presented with one of the nine situation descriptors. Participants imagined themselves in the situation described (with a person with an immediately obvious disability) and indicated how they would feel and respond by completing various measures. Results indicated that emotional arousal and other reactions were attributable to main effects for both situational and attitudinal factors, whereas the statistical interactions between the two were not significant.
Dynamic Models of Bond Refunding

Dynamic programming models of bond refunding have been given by Weingartner [14], Kalymon [8] and Elton and Gruber [4]. This paper gives a formulation of this problem that lends itself to extensions including the term structure of interest rates, delayed-call provisions, and “rolling over” the outstanding debt. Finally, the cost of computation is examined, along with some examples.
EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A ROTATING DISK CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION REACTOR

Numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations have been obtained to predict the fluid flow, temperature profiles, and heat transfer in a rotating disk reactor. The effects of buoyancy, variable properties, and finite geometry have been included for helium. It is shown that recirculation of the gas can be reduced or eliminated by increasing the uniform velocity at the inlet of the reactor above the asymptotic value for a one-dimensional, variable-properties, infinite rotating disk. This is true for both adiabatic and isothermal reactor walls. Furthermore, a cooled reactor wall as opposed to an adiabatic reactor wall is shown to result in dramatically altered velocity and temperature fields and reduced recirculation of the gas. When recirculation of the gas is reduced or eliminated the disk heat transfer that results is highly uniform and in good agreement with the one-dimensional, variable-properties, infinite rotating disk result. These results are useful for the design and operation of ro...
Prostate cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of review Basic immunology research over several decades has led to an improved understanding of tumor recognition by components of the immune system and mechanisms of tumor evasion from immune detection. These findings have ultimately led to four phase III trials, currently underway, evaluating antitumor active immunotherapies in patients with prostate cancer. This article reviews recent published findings in the area of prostate cancer immunotherapies, focusing on both passive and active immunotherapy approaches that have entered clinical trials. Recent findings Clinical trials with immune active agents reported in the last year have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of prostate cancer. These agents include immune modulators such as granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibodies, antibody therapies targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen, and vaccines such as those targeting prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen, and cellular vaccines expressing granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor. Summary Results from several recent clinical trials have suggested that immune-based therapies have clinical benefit in patients with prostate cancer with potentially less toxicity than traditional systemic treatments. We review recent reports of immunotherapies being evaluated in patients with prostate cancer, and highlight the direction for these therapies in combination with other immunotherapies and other traditional therapies.
Nonlinear transmission of highly conjugated (polypyridyl)metal-(porphinato)zinc(II) compounds

Several materials that have been demonstrated to have very large excited state NIR absorption coefficients have been examined by nanosecond Z-scan and nonlinear transmission experiments and demonstrate large decreases in transmission with increasing fluence.
Developing support facilities for BYU's bibliographic instruction program

Abstract To be effective in today's computerized environment, bibliographic instruction programs must include appropriately modern facilities. Instruction rooms that incorporate patron-use computers and related electronic equipment allow librarians to demonstrate and students to practice using various new information technologies. This article examines how librarians at one university developed a proposal for, helped design, and obtained funding for a new BI facility.
Cellular resolutions of ideals defined by nondegenerate simplicial homomorphisms

In this paper we introduce the class of ordered homomorphism ideals and prove that these ideals admit minimal cellular resolutions constructed as homomorphism complexes. Motivated by work of Dochtermann and Engstrom, we introduce the class of cointerval simplicial complexes and investigate their combinatorial and topological properties. As a concrete illustration of these structural results, we introduce and study nonnesting monomial ideals, an interesting family of combinatorially defined ideals.
Mass spectrometric analysis of neuropeptidergic systems in the human pituitary and cerebrospinal fluid.

Abstract Neuropeptidergic systems have been studied in human tissues and fluids, which include the pituitary and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. This paper reviews the qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometric analytical data obtained from three areas of study. Methionine enkephalin (ME) and β-endorphin (BE) were quantified in the human pituitary by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSI MS)–tandem mass spectrometry. Corresponding stable isotope-incorporated synthetic peptide internal standards were used. Proenkephalin A and proopiomelanocortin produce ME and BE, respectively. The analysis of neuropeptides in macroadenomas demonstrated a decrease in both of those neuropeptidergic systems relative to controls. An analysis of prolactin-secreting microadenomas showed an increase in the proenkephalin A system. Mass spectrometry was also used to detect opioid peptide-containing proteins in the pituitary. Enzymes that process the precursors of proenkephalin A and tachykinin (substance P) neuropeptides were studied in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to characterize the molecular mass of each peptide product.
Bayesian prediction for vector ARFIMA processes

Abstract We provide explicit formulae for the joint predictive distribution of a Gaussian vector autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (VARFIMA) process and describe a Bayesian method for its feasible evaluation. Inference for the parameters in the Bayesian framework is based on the joint posterior distribution of the model parameters using the exact likelihood function, as described in Ravishanker and Ray [ Australian Journal of Statistics 23 (1997) 295–312]. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used to generate samples from the joint predictive distributions of unknown future realizations conditional on the observed data. The means or medians of the sampled predictions provide point forecasts of the future realizations, while the sample prediction quantiles provide prediction intervals. The approach is illustrated using sea surface temperatures along the California coast at three locations.
INTERBAND ELECTRON-ELECTRON SCATTERING AND TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN SEMICONDUCTORS

The effect of interband electron-electron scattering (electron-hole scattering, light hole-heavy hole scattering, etc.) on the electrical transport phenomena is studied with a variational method obtained by a generalization of Kohler's variation principle to a multiband conductor. To this end we make the following assumptions: (1) The electronic structure is given by parabolic conduction and valence bands, separated from each other by $\ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\gg}{k}_{B}T$; the valence band may be twofold degenerate; (2) The average occupation numbers of electronic eigenstates are given by Fermi-Dirac statistics; (3) The dynamical interaction between charge carriers is described by a shielded Coulomb potential.Assuming nondegenerate semiconductors, we consider acoustical and optical phonon scattering and ion scattering, besides electron-electron scattering. Quantitative results are obtained for the electrical conductivity, the heat conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient, including the ambipolar effect. The results can easily be applied to cases of physical interest; we discuss here hole-hole scattering and mobility of $p$ germanium, intercarrier scattering and mobility of intrinsic germanium, transient conductivity of charge carriers in germanium produced by short pulses of high-energy electrons, intercarrier scattering and its influence on the heat conductivity, and the Wiedemann-Franz ratio of intrinsic semiconductors.
Reducing Health Care Costs for Dementia Patients: Estimating Savings From a Caregiver Support Program

Objective Estimating cost savings based on limited health care events within a short time span for a dementia care program. Method Data on health care utilization of persons with dementia (PWDs) and caregivers were gathered in the Dementia Care Services Program in North Dakota from January 2010 to January 2012. Data were aggregated into 3-month intervals and compared to 3 months before program intervention. Paired and cross-time models were used to estimate cost savings. Results Health care cost savings for PWDs were estimated at US$143,118 to US$180,102 during the first 3 months after intervention, then decreased over time. Only the first 9 months could be used in the paired model due to small N and low power. Discussion For programs with short time spans and limited health care events, a cross-time model can be used to estimate cost savings while producing results similar to paired models.
Buoyancy of Convective Vertical Motions in the Inner Core of Intense Hurricanes. Part I: General Statistics

Abstract The buoyancy of hurricane convective vertical motions is studied using aircraft data from 175 radial legs collected in 14 intense hurricanes at four altitudes ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 km. The data of each leg are initially filtered to separate convective-scale features from background mesoscale structure. Convective vertical motion events, called cores, are identified using the criteria that the convective-scale vertical velocity must exceed 1.0 m s−1 for at least 0.5 km. A total of 620 updraft cores and 570 downdraft cores are included in the dataset. Total buoyancy is calculated from convective-scale virtual potential temperature, pressure, and liquid water content using the mesoscale structure as the reference state. Core properties are summarized for the eyewall and rainband regions at each altitude. Characteristics of core average convective vertical velocity, maximum convective vertical velocity, and diameter are consistent with previous studies of hurricane convection. Most cores are superi...
Optimal transfers between unstable periodic orbits using invariant manifolds

This paper presents a method to construct optimal transfers between unstable periodic orbits of differing energies using invariant manifolds. The transfers constructed in this method asymptotically depart the initial orbit on a trajectory contained within the unstable manifold of the initial orbit and later, asymptotically arrive at the final orbit on a trajectory contained within the stable manifold of the final orbit. Primer vector theory is applied to a transfer to determine the optimal maneuvers required to create the bridging trajectory that connects the unstable and stable manifold trajectories. Transfers are constructed between unstable periodic orbits in the Sun–Earth, Earth–Moon, and Jupiter-Europa three-body systems. Multiple solutions are found between the same initial and final orbits, where certain solutions retrace interior portions of the trajectory. All transfers created satisfy the conditions for optimality. The costs of transfers constructed using manifolds are compared to the costs of transfers constructed without the use of manifolds. In all cases, the total cost of the transfer is significantly lower when invariant manifolds are used in the transfer construction. In many cases, the transfers that employ invariant manifolds are three times more efficient, in terms of fuel expenditure, than the transfer that do not. The decrease in transfer cost is accompanied by an increase in transfer time of flight.
A Design Model for Bending and Extensional Ionic Polymer Transducers

Ionomeric polymer transducers have received considerable attention in the past ten years due to their ability to generate large bending strain (~10%) and moderate stress at low applied voltages (~2V). Bending transducers made of an ionomeric polymer membrane sandwiched between two flexible electrodes deform through the expansion of one electrode and contraction of the opposite electrode due to cation displacement across the transducer. Recently the authors reported extensional actuation in ionic polymer transducers (Akle and Leo 2005). In this study we developed and experimentally supported a model that assumes the electrode as the active area in ionic polymer transducers. The electromechanical coupling is represented by a linear and quadratic terms of the charge accumulated at the electrode. The mechanism of charge accumulation in ionic polymer transducers is an electric double layer type process. This charge is correlated with the conductor-ionomer interfacial surface area. In this study we will model the accumulated charge as a function of electrode architecture. The linear and quadratic coefficients are calibrated experimentally for several types of ionic species, ionic liquid uptake levels, and electrode conductor species. A design model based on the previously developed models will predict the generated free strain and blocked force in bending and extensional ionic polymer transducers for the different design variables. The model is experimentally verified by building transducers using the Direct Assembly Process with variable electrode architectures. The thickness and conductor concentration in the electrode and membrane are varied.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
MAGMIX: a BASIC program to calculate viscosities of interacting magmas of differing composition, temperature, and water content

Abstract MAGMIX is a BASIC program designed to predict viscosities at thermal equilibrium of interacting magmas of differing compositions, initial temperatures, crystallinities, crystal sizes, and water content for any mixing proportion between end members. From the viscosities of the end members at thermal equilibrium, it is possible to predict the styles of magma interaction expected for different initial conditions. The program is designed for modeling the type of magma interaction between hypersthenenormative magmas at upper crustal conditions. Utilization of the program to model magma interaction at pressures higher than 200 MPa would require modification of the program to account for the effects of pressure on heat of fusion and magma density.
Synthesis of 5-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesized in three steps from ethoxycarbonylformamide oxime (5) and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2,5-anhydroallonyl chloride (4b) in 62% overall yield. An acid catalyzed de-esterification was required to prevent a facile base catalyzed elimination reaction.
The effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions on the formation of electron-deficient palladium-proton adducts in zeolite Y

Abstract FTIR spectra of adsorbed CO on Pd particles in supercages of zeolite Y show that positively charged Pdn clusters are formed when the concentration of protons in the supercages is high and thereby confirm our hypothesis that [PdnH]+ adducts are the “electron-deficient” palladium clusters that are responsible for catalytic superactivity. The formation of such adducts is favored by a high concentration of divalent charge-compensating ions, for example, Mg2+ or Ca2+. Carbon monoxide displaces the protons from the [PdnH]+ adducts; this leads to an increase of the IR band due to supercage OZH groups. Simultaneously the Pdn(CO)x entities migrate through the supercage channels and coalesce with each other. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) shows that substituting Na+ by Mg2+ ions results in a downward shift by 70°C of the TPR peak for Pd2+ reduction. This suggests that the divalent ions preferentially populate sodalite cages and hexagonal prisms, thus preventing the migration of Pd2+ ions into these positions. During reduction, both Pdn clusters and protons are formed in supercages, setting the stage for the formation of the [PdnH]+ adducts.
Identification of freeze tolerant Saccharum spontaneum accessions through a pot-based study for use in sugarcane germplasm enhancement for adaptation to temperate climates

Abstract Cold tolerant sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) cultivars are important in sub-tropical production areas because they can extend the growing and harvest seasons, and increase ratooning ability. Improved cold tolerance in Saccharum species has the potential to expand the range of adaptation of sugarcane, thus facilitating its use as a biofuel feedstock in non-traditional cane-growing areas. Selection for this trait is difficult in temperate regions because damaging freezes do not occur every year. The objective of this study was to use a bioassay to identify sources of cold tolerance among Saccharum spontaneum accessions for use in future breeding. A total of 41 S. spontaneum accessions were evaluated for survivability of below ground (stubble) buds following exposure to freezing temperatures using a growth chamber. Pots containing stubble were frozen for six days at −7 °C, and bud germination was determined three weeks post-treatment. Accessions identified as having more ratoon cold tolerance than the most tolerant tested commercial variety (HoCP 96-540) were IND 81-144, IND 81-80, IND 81-165, and MPTH 97-216. These clones will be used in future crossing efforts, and their progeny will be evaluated for cold tolerance under natural conditions in colder climates.
PET imaging of the dopamine transporter in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease.

Objective: To differentiate the patterns of dopamine transporter loss between idiopathic PD and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Methods: We used the radiotracer [ 11 C]-WIN 35,428 and PET. Regional striatal dopamine transporter binding was measured in the caudate, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen of six patients with L-dopa–responsive stage 2 PD, six patients with PSP, and six age-comparable healthy controls. Results: In patients with idiopathic PD, the most marked abnormality was observed in the posterior putamen (77% reduction), whereas transporter density in the anterior putamen (60% reduction) and the caudate (44% reduction) was less affected. Unlike the patients with PD, the PSP group showed a relatively uniform degree of involvement in the caudate (40% reduction), anterior putamen (47% reduction), and posterior putamen (51% reduction). When posterior putamen/caudate ratios were calculated, these values were significantly lower in patients with PD than they were in patients with PSP ( p = 0.0008) and the control group ( p Conclusions: Patients with PD have a more pronounced loss of dopamine transporters in the posterior putamen due to a subdivisional involvement of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections in idiopathic PD. This technique is useful in the determination of neurochemical changes underlying PD and PSP, thus differentiating between them.
The Robustness of Estimates of Total Indirect Effects in Covariance Structure Models Estimated by Maximum Likelihood.

The large sample distribution of total indirect effects in covariance structure models in well known. Using Monte Carlo methods, this study examines the applicability of the large sample theory to maximum likelihood estimates oftotal indirect effects in sample sizes of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800. Two models are studied. Model 1 is a recursive model with observable variables and Model 2 is a nonrecursive model with latent variables. For the large sample theory to apply, the results suggest that sample szes of 200 or more and 400 or more are required for models such as Model 1 and Model 2, respectively.
Analysis of a Computer Based Simulator as an Educational Tool for Cystoscopy : Subjective and Objective Results

Purpose: Resident education in cystoscopy has traditionally relied on clinical instruction. However, simulators are now available outside the clinical setting. We evaluated a simulator for flexible and rigid cystoscopy.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 30 novice and 27 expert cystoscopists on a computer based cystoscopic simulator (UroMentor, Simbionix, Lod, Israel). All subjects performed 5 trials of 3 basic cystoscopic tasks. The objective measurement was procedure time, and subjective measures were assessment of the simulator and individual tasks by the cystoscopist. Repeated measures analyses were performed using mixed effects regression models.Results: There was a significant difference in median age between novice and expert cystoscopists at 46 (range 25 to 63) and 35 (range 28 to 68) years old, respectively (p = 0.014). Experts completed simulations significantly faster than novices in all trials. For the first trial median times (novice vs expert) were 300 vs 68 seconds (p <0.001) for guide wire...
Effect of training on muscle protein turnover in male and female rats

Abstract These experiments were undertaken in order to investigate the changes in protein synthesis and degradation which result from physical training in male and female rats. Protein synthesis and protein degradation were measured in perfused hemicorpus preparations from trained and untrained male and female rats. Additionally, the activities of several muscle proteinases were measured. The rates of protein synthesis and degradation were greater in females than in males. Protein degradation was increased by training in males but not in females. There were no changes in protein synthesis rates due to training in either sex. Myofibrillar alkaline proteinase was observed to be more active in females than in males, but there were no changes in levels of muscle proteinases as the result of training. Since we observed that exercise training resulted in a decreased rate of weight gain in male rats but not in female rats, it seems that the differences in protein metabolism observed between males and females contribute to the difference in growth rate response to endurance training.
Discussion on microbial contamination of naval fuels

Article Deals with problem of naval fuels’ microbial contamination. This problem in Poland is not well known and described, but operational problems encountered very often prove that this is a very serious problem. Examples of laboratory tests performed on real samples are presented as well as possible effects of microbial contamination are discussed. Authors also suggest continuous monitoring of naval fuels as main preventive tool. Article covers following topics:• general information about microorganisms present in naval fuels• conditions necessary for microbial growth, with special attention to conditions encountered on vessels• operational problems resulting from microbial contamination• methods of microorganisms detection and examples of preventive actions.
K-type coefficients in the littoral drift system

Abstract The quantity q (volume of sand transported past a given point, per unit time; L3T−1, can be related to PL (the littoral component of wave power, per unit length of coast; MLT−3) by using the expression k γρa (where gamma is the acceleration of gravity, rho is the mass density of sediment, and a is a packing coefficient). In this third expression, three of the values can be taken as constants which provide that the resulting equation will be dimensionally homogeneous: q = kP L /γϱs a The coefficient k is, therefore, dimensionless. Its value, as reported in the literature, ranges from numbers close to (but smaller than) 1.0, down to numbers such as 10−4 and 10−5. If one wishes to use PL in order to predict q, and hence d q d x (erosion or deposition, according to the algebraic sign on the derivative), there must be a better assessment of k than a range of four, five, or six orders of magnitude. The coefficient k was originally defined in an instantaneous sense, so it can have values greater than 0.1. For long term calculations, a similar coefficient can be defined as: In K = C t 1 P 1 t 2 P 2 − 1.0 where C can be taken as −11, and the tP-ratio expresses the extent to which wave power is cancelled in a bidirectional drift system, thus producing values of K in the general range down to 10−5 or perhaps smaller.
Principled versus pragmatic nonviolence

This essay is devoted to exploring the crucial difference between principled and pragmatic nonviolence. It is informed by the conviction that confusing the latter with the former clouds our understanding of the theory and practice of nonviolence in our personal, civic, and political lives.
The vapour-pressures and other properties of ReF6 and ReF7☆

Vapour-pressures of ReF6 and ReF7 have been measured. The vapour-pressures are represented by the following equations: ReF6: solid I (−10·47− − 3·45°C) log10p = −2303·6T − 0·8327 log10T + 12·70721; solid II (−3·45°–18·5°C) log10p = −1765·4T − 0·1790 log10 T + 9·12298; liquid (18·5°–48·06°C) log10p = −1956·7T − 3·599 log10 T + 18·20814. ReF7: solid (−14·47°–48·3°C) log10p = −2205·8T − 1·4703 log10 T + 13·04321; liquid (48·3–74·61°C) log10p = −244·28T + 9·90825 log10 T − 21·58352. Values for the heats of vaporization and heats of transition are given. ReF6 undergoes a solid-solid transition at −3·45°C and melts at 18·5°C. ReF7 melts at 48·3°C. Some chemical properties of these compounds are described.
The kinetics of the absorption of hydrogen by LaNi5Hx-n-undecane suspensions☆

Abstract Isothermal kinetics studies of the absorption of hydrogen by LaNi5Hx suspended in n-undecane have been performed. The rate-limiting process is the dissolution of hydrogen in the solvent. The following general rate equation is given: d[H 2 ] dt = 1 2 k s (a′'−a′) where ks is the rate constant for the absorption of hydrogen by the solvent and a′'−a′ represents a thermodynamic driving force which is determined by the equilibrium solubility of hydrogen in the solvent and the equilibrium absorption plateau pressure of the solid. The rate constant is defined as k s = A s exp(− E s RT) where Es is the activation energy for dissolution of hydrogen in the solvent and is equal to 11.0 ± 1.1 kJ (molH2)−1. The pre-exponential As is a function of the efficiency of the gas-liquid contact. The rate equation should have general utility and can be used with other hydrides suspended in n-undecane as long as the rate-limiting process is unchanged. A new method for the study of fast reactions involving the dissolution of hydrogen in liquids is discussed. The hydrogen absorption and desorption rates are well within the range required for practical applications.
Novel exogenous heme-dependent expression of mammalian cytochrome P450 using baculovirus.

Abstract Rat P450 IIA1 is a membrane-bound hemoprotein that catalyzes the 7α- and 6α-hydroxylation of testosterone. A recombinant baculovirus, containing the cDNA encoding IIA1, was constructed and used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Infected cells contained up to 10% IIAl protein as quantified by Western blot analysis; however, only a small percentage of this protein contained heme and was catalytically active. Addition of hemin to the culture medium during the course of viral infection resulted in a marked sixfold increase in both testosterone hydroxylase activity and heme-containing IIA1 protein. When the exogenously added protoheme was substituted with modified heme molecules containing hydrogen or ethyl groups at the 2 and 4 positions of the protoporphyrin IX, enzymes with only marginal changes in catalytic properties were produced. These data indicate that baculovirus can be used as a system to produce high levels of mammalian cytochrome P450s containing custom modified heme moieties.
The Role of Thermoregulation in Cardiac Resuscitation

Regulating a patient's body temperature has long been within the scope of practice of the critical care nurse. Different measures and modalities have been used to achieve normothermia in the past. Recent research has demonstrated how crucial body temperature can be, not only because of its potential for neuroprotection but also because of its effects on all body systems. The general consensus of current literature is that maintaining mild hypothermia at 32 degrees to 34 degrees C (89.6 degrees-93.2 degrees F) for 12 to 24 hours after cardiac arrest may provide optimal neuroprotection with minimal complications for patients.
A light scattering study of turbulence

Abstract By scattering light from a turbulent fluid seeded with small particles, one obtains information about turbulent velocity fluctuations over varying spatial scales, R . The measured intensity autocorrelation function, g ( t ), is related to the probability density P ( V ( R )) of finding velocity fluctuations of magnitude V ( R ) associated with eddies of size R . The measurements described here strongly suggest that the energy-containing eddies occupy a fractal region whose dimension (or spectrum of dimensions) increases with the Reynolds number Re when Re exceeds some threshold value.
Environmental neurotoxicants and developing brain

The brain of infants and children is uniquely sensitive to environmental neurotoxicants at levels far below those that are known to harm adults. There are multiple windows of vulnerability during which environmental exposures can interfere with normal development. The timing and duration of neurotoxicant exposures during development can give rise to a broad spectrum of structural and functional deficits. Only about 200 chemicals out of more than 80,000 registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency have undergone extensive neurotoxicity testing, and many chemicals found in consumer goods are not required to undergo any neurodevelopmental testing. The cumulative effects of co-contaminants and the difficulties in analyzing biomarkers of exposure in human tissues have complicated comprehensive risk assessment. Furthermore, population-based studies that measure subtle effects on neurobehavioral outcomes are challenging to interpret and costly to conduct. Despite the fact that developmental neurotoxicity may be more severe and irreversible compared with adult toxicity, there is a relative paucity of toxicological data on developing systems for many high-production chemicals. This article provides an overview of the adverse neurological, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes associated with environmental exposures, with an emphasis on human studies.
Needle aspiration biopsy of the pre-epiglottic space

Clinical staging of supraglottic carcinoma requires evaluation of the pre-epiglottic space (PES). To explore the role of fine needle aspiration biopsy of the PES in the staging of epiglottic carcinoma, endoscopic transvallecular fine needle aspiration biopsies of the PES were performed in 16 patients with epiglottic carcinoma. The results of aspiration cytology were compared with CT scanning and postoperative histopathologic sections of the PES after total or supraglottic laryngectomy. This preliminary report shows that needle aspiration biopsy of the PES is a safe and sensitive technique, having a high correlation with histopathologic follow-up. Needle biopsy, along with CT scan, is clinically useful in staging the PES, which cannot be examined directly.