cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The war against obesity: attacking a new front

Energy balance represents a battle between energy intake and energy expenditure. When intake is greater than expenditure, most of the excess energy is stored as triacylglycerols in adipose tissue. When energy intake is less than expenditure, adipose tissue triacylglycerols are mobilized to provide fuel for body tissues. Body fat mass determines the duration of survival during prolonged starvation; the longest reported fast was that of a 207-kg man who ingested only non-energy-containing fluids for 382 d and lost 61% (126 kg) of his initial weight without adverse consequences (1). Although obesity may be advantageous during starvation, excessive body fat is associated with a long list of serious medical complications. Until recently in our evolutionary history, we kept obesity at bay by maintaining a reasonable balance between our genes, which are geared to consume and store energy, and a harsh environment, which kept energy intake down and energy expenditure up. Nations that have become technologically evolved with labor-saving devices, sedentary jobs, and abundant food supplies have found that these technological successes have dealt a serious blow to the precarious energy balance equation. The United States and other industrialized countries are getting fatter (2) and obesity is a major and growing public health problem throughout the world. The difficult process of implementing lifelong modifications in eating and physical activity behaviors is the cornerstone of obesity therapy. Loss of as little as 5‐10% of initial body weight may improve several of the medical abnormalities associated with obesity, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia (3).
Phrase Reordering Model Integrating Syntactic Knowledge for SMT

Reordering model is important for the statistical machine translation (SMT). Current phrase-based SMT technologies are good at capturing local reordering but not global reordering. This paper introduces syntactic knowledge to improve global reordering capability of SMT system. Syntactic knowledge such as boundary words, POS information and dependencies is used to guide phrase reordering. Not only constraints in syntax tree are proposed to avoid the reordering errors, but also the modification of syntax tree is made to strengthen the capability of capturing phrase reordering. Furthermore, the combination of parse trees can compensate for the reordering errors caused by single parse tree. Finally, experimental results show that the performance of our system is superior to that of the state-of-the-art phrase-based SMT system.
Efficient Tor Signaling Requires a Functional Class C Vps Protein Complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Tor kinases regulate responses to nutrients and control cell growth. Unlike most organisms that only contain one Tor protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses two, Tor1 and Tor2, which are thought to share all of the rapamycin-sensitive functions attributable to Tor signaling. Here we conducted a genetic screen that defined the global TOR1 synthetic fitness or lethal interaction gene network. This screen identified mutations in distinctive functional categories that impaired vacuolar function, including components of the EGO/Gse and PAS complexes that reduce fitness. In addition, tor1 is lethal in combination with mutations in class C Vps complex components. We find that Tor1 does not regulate the known function of the class C Vps complex in protein sorting. Instead class C vps mutants fail to recover from rapamycin-induced growth arrest or to survive nitrogen starvation and have low levels of amino acids. Remarkably, addition of glutamate or glutamine restores viability to a tor1 pep3 mutant strain. We conclude that Tor1 is more effective than Tor2 at providing rapamycin-sensitive Tor signaling under conditions of amino acid limitation, and that an intact class C Vps complex is required to mediate intracellular amino acid homeostasis for efficient Tor signaling.
Case Studies of Collegiate Sport Chaplains

The appointment of sport chaplains in public colleges or universities can be controversial and contested as in a recent case at Iowa State University. Some scholarly attention has been paid to the ...
Joint optimization of classifier and feature space in speech recognition

The author presents a feedforward network which classifies the spoken letter names 'b', 'd', 'e', and 'v' with 88.5% accuracy. For many poorly discriminated training examples, the outputs of this network are unstable or sensitive to perturbations of the values of the input features. This residual sensitivity is exploited by inserting into the network a new first hidden layer with localized receptive fields. The new layer gives the network a few additional degrees of freedom with which to optimize the input feature space for the desired classification. The benefit of further, joint optimization of the classifier and the input features was suggested in an experiment in which recognition accuracy was raised to 89.6%. >
HOW THE RISE TIME OF CARBON DIOXIDE ANALYSERS INFLUENCES THE ACCURACY OF CARBON DIOXIDE MEASUREMENTS

Carbon dioxide measurements are not accurate, especially in children, if the response time of the carbon dioxide analyser is too slow and its output fails to reach the actual carbon dioxide concentration at the end of the breath. The distortion of the carbon dioxide waveform is a function of the "rise time" of the analyser. We have simulated an expired carbon dioxide curve and calculated the rise time required to measure accurately end-tidal carbon dioxide and VCO2 in adults and children. A rise time of 80 ms (10-70%) is sufficient to measure end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration with 5% accuracy in patients with rates of ventilation less than 100 b.p.m. and I:E ratios less than 2:1. We have measured the rise time of 11 commercially available carbon dioxide analysers and found that only six of the 11 responded quickly enough to be accurate for rates up to 100 b.p.m. All 11 responded rapidly enough to measure end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration with 5% accuracy when ventilatory rates were less than 30 b.p.m. To measure VCO2 with 5% accuracy, an analyser should have a rise time of 20 ms. Only one analyser met this specification. An analyser's rise time can be estimated clinically to within 10 (SD 8) ms by a simple breath hold and forced exhalation, thus providing an estimate of the accuracy of carbon dioxide measurements in adults or children.
Scattering of electromagnetic waves in the presence of wave turbulence inside a plasma sheath around a hypersonic vehicle

Summary form only given. Investigation of the complicated problem of scattering of electromagnetic waves on turbulent pulsations induced by a sheared flow inside a plasma sheath is important for many applications including communication with hypersonic and re-entry vehicles. Theoretical and computational work aimed at improving the understanding of electromagnetic wave scattering processes in such turbulent plasmas is presented. We analyze excitation of low frequency ion-acoustic type oscillations and vortices in a compressible plasma flow with flow velocity shear and influence of such turbulent pulsations on scattering of high frequency electromagnetic waves used for communication purposes. The nonlinear system of equations which describes excitation and nonlinear dynamics of low frequency wave turbulence inside a plasma sheath was solved numerically. For these purposes the numerical code IAW2D was developed. Results of numerical solutions for plasma density and electric field perturbations for different velocity profiles have been used in the derived expressions for scattered wave energy and scattering cross section. An exact expression for the scattering cross section is derived within the framework of single-scattering perturbation theory and the case of incident wave with p-polarization is considered in detail. This approach allows investigation of the scattering process for profiles with different flow velocity shear when representation of excited density and wave field turbulence in analytical form is difficult to obtain.
The dynamics of pre- and post-purchase service and consumer evaluation of online retailers: A comparative analysis of dissonance and disconfirmation models

This article explores the theoretical underpinnings of the dissonance framework in online consumer satisfaction formation process. Specifically, we suggest that any discrepancy between pre- and post-purchase service performance would help determine consumers’ evaluations of online vendors. Drawing upon cognitive dissonance theory, a conceptual model is developed and tested in two different studies (preliminary and main studies). Using data from 191 college students collected longitudinally, the preliminary study demonstrates the validity and reliability of the measurements. Using a comparative analysis, the main study then tests our conceptual model as well as various competing models, including the expectation–confirmation model, with a sample of 292 online consumers. The results in both studies support our main prediction that the service encountered in different stages establishes dissonance. Specifically, we find that dissonance explains online consumers’ satisfaction process to a substantial extent, as compared with disconfirmation under the same conditions in online retailers. This study contributes to providing an alternative yet substantial approach for expectation–confirmation theory, reflecting the overarching nature of online shopping
Structural return loss phenomenon in coaxial cables

This paper presents a study of the structural return loss (SRL) phenomenon pertaining to coaxial cables. Basic equations are developed, the effect of periodic changes in the physical structure of the cables is analyzed, measuring principles and techniques are discussed, and a method of fault location using the SRL test technique is given.
Effect of Initial Weight-Bearing in a Total Contact Cast on Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Background Although total contact casts are highly effective in the treatment of plantar ulcerations in patients with diabetes mellitus, they are not widely used. One reason for this lack of acceptance may be the difficulty in complying with an initial period of non-weight-bearing, as is generally recommended by physicians. We performed this study to assess the effects of early weight-bearing on the healing rates of plantar ulcers in patients with diabetes who were wearing a total contact cast. Methods Forty patients with diabetes mellitus who had a noninfected forefoot or midfoot ulcer were treated with total contact casts until healing or for thirteen weeks. The patients were instructed to bear no weight on the cast for forty-eight hours after it was applied. Using an embedded step counter, we measured the number of steps taken during the first twenty-four and forty-eight hours, the first week, and each subsequent two-week period after application of the cast. We removed the cast, measured the radius of the ulcer, and then reapplied the cast at the end of the first week and of each subsequent two-week period after cast application until the ulcer healed or for thirteen weeks. We then determined the effect of the number of steps during various time intervals on the rate of ulcer healing (defined as a change in the ulcer radius). Results Most patients walked on the cast in the immediate postoperative period. The effects of modest amounts of early weight-bearing on ulcer healing rates appear negligible. Only excessive walking during the first twenty-four or forty-eight hours after cast application is likely to prolong the duration of cast treatment. Conclusions Moderate early weight-bearing retards healing of plantar ulcers only minimally in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with total contact casts. Allowing patients to walk immediately after placement of a total contact cast may improve their acceptance of this form of therapy. Level of evidence Therapeutic study, Level II-1 (prospective cohort study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Communities Respond to Predatory Lending

Low-income communities in the United States have faced a history of financial marginalization and exploitation, most evident today in the proliferation of predatory financial services, such as payday lending and check-cashing services. Ameliorating the negative effects of predatory lending has become increasingly important on the agenda of community development efforts and the field of social work. Through the use of case studies, this article describes three specific strategies that communities use to increase financial inclusion and buffer against the deleterious effects of predatory lending: inclusion, community-based alternatives, and community advocacy.
V OC enhancement in CdSe solar cells using ZnSe x Te 1-x :N window layers

Performance of the CdSe top cell is currently limiting performance of CdSe/CIGS tandems due to low Voc. This limitation is primarily due to the p- layer contact. In this paper we report efforts to use ZnSe x Te 1-x to produce a contact with good band alignment with CdSe and dopability. Both co-evaporated homogeneous films and superlattice(SL) structures of the ternary have been incorporated in devices as the p contact. In devices with the ZnSe x Te 1-x p contact doped with activated N the Fermi level is estimated to have moved 75 mV closer to the CdSe valence band relative to devices with a ZnSe contact. A corresponding increase in Voc of 50 mV is observed in the SL structures, but there is a decrease for the co-evaporated structures. The results suggest that Voc is controlled by the location of the p-contact Fermi level, and that Voc can be further improved by the use of properly configured and doped ZnSe x Te 1-x ternary layers.
Crustacean resources are vulnerable to serial depletion – the multifaceted decline of crab and shrimp fisheries in the Greater Gulf of Alaska

The seas around Alaska support (or have supported) some of the most commercially significant crustacean stocks in the world, spread over an overwhelming array of extensive and diverse coastal and open shelf areas. Major resources include three species of king crab (Paralithodes spp. and Lithodes aequispina), Tanner and snow crab (Chionoecetes spp.), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), and five species of pandalid shrimp (Pandalus spp. and Pandalopsis dispar). Excluding the Bering Sea, the resources from the Greater Gulf of Alaska (ranging from the Aleutian Chain to the state's south-eastern panhandle contiguous with British Columbia) supported rapid expansion of several crab and shrimp fisheries during the 20 year period 1960–1980. Since then, most of those fisheries have collapsed. While some of the stock declines have been well documented and discussed (most prominently the ‘dethroning’ of red king crab on the shelf around Kodiak Island), it has been less apparent that the demise of Alaskan crustace an stocks is a process on a much larger scale, and is still unfolding. Here we examine trends in catch, recruitment and abundance (when possible) and discuss existing evidence of overfishing and management options. We emphasize the importance of recognizing the multi-scale spatial structure of crustacean stocks, and suggest the need to consider spatially explicit strategies, particularly the creation of reproductive refugia
Cross-Layer Architectures for Bandwidth Management in Wireless Networks

Bandwidth is a scarce and variable resource in all types of wireless networks. Tracking the available bandwidth and having all applications using the wireless channel adapt their quality of service (QoS) to the available bandwidth is a complex procedure. It requires several adjustments at each layer of the OSI protocol stack. Moreover, the procedures at each layer of the stack must co-operatively interact with those at the other to ensure maximum satisfaction for users.
Federal-University Relationships and the Paperwork Explosion

^TyTOU name the Federal agency, and we have had some relationI ship with it!" This was the comment of one official when I asked him what Federal agencies our university had dealt with over the years. While not entirely true, over 30 Federal agencies do conduct business with offices of the university. In most instances, of course, there is an exchange of correspondence, a report, or some form of "paperwork" created or received and filed in one or more copies. The staff time devoted to this relationship and the amount of file space utilized vary from a few minutes and one sheet of paper to several hundred manhours and a records accumulation of many cubic feet. For example, a request of a Civil Service Commission investigator for verification of the employment of a certain person is a routine matter that takes very little time and creates only one letter. The establishment of the Center for Vocational and Technical Education on the o. s. u. campus, however, did require hundreds of manhours of time and will result in the creation of several hundred cubic feet of records.
Drug Shortage Crisis: What Happens When Generic Manufacturers 'Just Say No'

Jenny Morrill, a mother and former arts administrator, has been battling ovarian cancer since 2007. When she recently went to her scheduled chemotherapy treatment, the hospital presented her with both good and bad news. The good news was that she was responding well to the prescribed chemotherapy drug, Doxil. The bad news was that due to nationwide shortages, the hospital had no more Doxil to give her. Ms. Morrill said her “jaw dropped.” In describing her health predicament, Ms. Morrill said, A lot of things can go wrong when you’re in cancer treatment — your white count can go down, you can become too frail to get treatment, the chemo can stop working. One of the things you never consider is that treatment might just not be available. It’s like you’re out in the ocean and the guy on the lifeboat says, “Sorry, they ran out of life rings.”
Radiation detectors in nuclear medicine.

Single-photon-emitting or positron-emitting radionuclides employed in nuclear medicine are detected by using sophisticated imaging devices, whereas simpler detection devices are used to quantify activity for the following applications: measuring doses of radiopharmaceuticals, performing radiotracer bioassays, and monitoring and controlling radiation risk in the clinical environment. Detectors are categorized in terms of function, the physical state of the transducer, or the mode of operation. The performance of a detector is described by the parameters efficiency, energy resolution and discrimination, and dead time. A detector may be used to detect single events (pulse mode) or to measure the rate of energy deposition (current mode). Some detectors are operated as simple counting systems by using a single-channel pulse height analyzer to discriminate against background or other extraneous events. Other detectors are operated as spectrometers and use a multichannel analyzer to form an energy spectrum. The types of detectors encountered in nuclear medicine are gas-filled detectors, scintillation detectors, and semiconductor detectors. The ionization detector, Geiger-Muller detector, extremity and area monitor, dose calibrator, well counter, thyroid uptake probe, Anger scintillation camera, positron emission tomographic scanner, solid-state personnel dosimeter, and intraoperative probe are examples of detectors used in clinical nuclear medicine practice.
Abstract 2125: Somatic hypermutations in hairy cell leukemia suggest a canonical process, except in patients with the poor-prognosis VH4-34 variant

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) cells express an immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain variable (VH) gene with different degrees of somatic mutation. We recently reported that of 82 patients with HCL, 14 expressed VH4-34 and that these patients had a poorer outcome compared to the other 68 patients. Moreover, poor prognosis in the VH4-34 patients was independent of the known poor-prognosis variant of HCL, called HCLv. To confirm these findings, and to more extensively characterize the somatic mutations occurring in the non-VH4-34 patients, we studied mutations from these and an additional 32 patients. A total of 118 rearranged VH sequences from 114 HCL patients were analyzed. Four patients had 2 rearrangements each, none of them VH4-34. Seventeen (15%) of the 114 patients had VH4-34 rearrangements, comprising 10 (38%) of 26 HCLv and 7 (8%) of 88 classic HCL patients (p=0.0005). Sixteen (94%) of 17 VH4-34 rearrangements were unmutated (>98% homologous to germline), compared to 15 (15%) of the other 101 (p=2 × 10-10). Median homology to germline was 99.6% in VH4-34 vs 95.4% in the other rearrangements (p<0.0001). Previous clinical findings that VH4-34+ HCL is associated with high white blood cell count at diagnosis, inferior response and progression-free survival after initial cladribine therapy, and poor overall survival from diagnosis independent of HCLv status, were confirmed. Characterization of the locations of somatic VH mutations in lymphocytic leukemias is rare. One published study reported that in 172 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) rearrangements, mutations were concentrated in the complementarity determining (CDR) regions, with higher replacement/silent (R/S) mutation ratios for CDRs (4.60) vs framework (FR) regions (1.72) (Blood, 103:3490-3495, 2004). We found that in our 118 HCL rearrangements containing 1385 mutations, R/S was 2.40 overall, 4.29 for CDRs, and 1.83 for FRs, nearly identical to the reported CLL data. Other features reported in CLL, including mutations preferentially in RGYW hot spots and consisting predominantly of transitions rather than transversions, were also observed in HCL. These data suggest that like CLL, VH mutations in HCL result from canonical somatic hypermutation and select for stable antigen receptors, similar to the mutation process taking place in the normal germinal center. However, the origin of VH4-34+ HCL appears different and requires further study. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2125.
Convection in Pulsed Laser Formed Melts

In this paper we treat surface tension driven convection effects in pulsed laser formed melts. Mass transport is determined from an approximate solution of the Navier Stokes equation. It is shown that for small laser spot diameters the characteristic mixing times are on the order of 100’s of ns. The dependence of the convection mechanism on material and laser parameters is discussed and extended to thin metal films on Si. Experimental results substantiating the theoretical considerations are presented.
A randomized clinical trial of emergency department initiated treatment for opioid dependence: Two and six month outcomes

Laura D’Anna1,∗, Dennis G. Fisher2, Grace L. Reynolds2, David Hosmer3, Kholoud Hardan-Khalil 4 1 Center for Health Equity, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States 2 Center for Behavioral Research & Services, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States 3 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, Stowe, VT, United States 4 School of Nursing, California State University, Long Beach, CA, United States
SIMD-accelerated regular expression matching

String processing tasks are common in analytical queries powering business intelligence. Besides substring matching, provided in SQL by the like operator, popular DBMSs also support regular expressions as selective filters. Substring matching can be optimized by using specialized SIMD instructions on mainstream CPUs, reaching the performance of numeric column scans. However, generic regular expressions are harder to evaluate, being dependent on both the DFA size and the irregularity of the input. Here, we optimize matching string columns against regular expressions using SIMD-vectorized code. Our approach avoids accessing the strings in lockstep without branching, to exploit cases when some strings are accepted or rejected early by looking at the first few characters. On common string lengths, our implementation is up to 2X faster than scalar code on a mainstream CPU and up to 5X faster on the Xeon Phi co-processor, improving regular expression support in DBMSs.
Metaheuristic Applications in Highway and Rail Infrastructure Planning and Design: Implications to Energy and Environmental Sustainability

This chapter presents an overview of metaheuristic applications in highway and rail infrastructure planning and design, with their implications to energy and environmental sustainability. For both highway and rail infrastructure planning and design, two metaheuristic applications are presented, one based on genetic algorithms (GAs) and another based on ant colony optimization (ACO). Brief discussions of GA and ACO are presented, along with a discussion of their limitations. The implications of highway and rail infrastructure planning and design to energy and environmental sustainability are presented at the end.
Learning to Delay Satisfaction

In nursing situations it is not always possible to grant patients full expression of all their wants or wishes and still meet the requirements of a treatment plan outlined by a professional team. It is often necessary to aid the patient in delaying his expected satisfactions, in varying his goals in the light of the reality of his medical problem. In order to know how patients can best be aided to learn to delay satisfaction of their wants, and to correlate this learning with the first psychological task, namely, learning to count on others for help when it is needed, as discussed in Chapter Eight, it is necessary to look at the period of personality formation most closely connected with the original learning of delay. The purpose of this chapter is to identify relationships between early childhood experiences with toilet training and personality formation and between cultural ways of interfering with wishes and wants and the carry-over in feelings that often operates in a medical problem. When nurses are faced with the task of helping a patient to delay his wants and wishes, and feelings of satisfaction connected with them, they need to understand these relationships to practice nursing intelligently.
Spectral Editing and 2D NMR

Proton MR spectroscopy can detect a detailed metabolic profile of the human brain noninvasively. Despite the wide range of metabolites that can be detected, spectral overlap of resonances from different compounds is routinely observed. Primary examples are the overlap of GABA and creatine, glutamate and glutamine, and lactate and lipids. In the case of partial spectral overlap, the compounds may be separated through a spectral fitting routine and go to a higher magnetic field strength. However, in the case of complete spectral overlap, the use of spectral editing or 2D NMR is mandatory. On relatively stable organs like the brain or muscle, the use of J-difference spectral editing is most straightforward and can provide consistent and reliable results.
Psychological and Behavioral Issues in the Management of Migraine in Children and Adolescents

Purpose of Review It is sometimes assumed that children and adolescents with migraine have a psychiatric or behavioral comorbidity, a belief that can be stigmatizing. This review will examine the recent literature addressing this area to determine if pediatric and adolescent migraineurs are at increased risk for psychiatric comorbidity and to discuss management strategies.
Con-artists or entrepreneurs? Fripperers and market space in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Paris

Medieval prohibitions abound against artisans selling stolen or bloodied goods, and refabricating used clothing to deceive customers. Such prohibitions have led scholars to suggest the secondhand t...
A Brief Introduction to United States Intellectual Property

This reader provides a brief introduction to United States intellectual property law. It begins with a discussion of the meaning of the term “intellectual property,” which is used to describe a collection of different private rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other exclusive rights in intangible things. It describes the subject matter, scope, and limitations of the different kinds of intellectual property rights by explaining the relevant statutes and doctrines, providing summaries of important cases, and asking questions about their application. It is intended to facilitate reflection on the purpose and justification of intellectual property rights.
Polycystic ovary syndrome.

The polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women. It has multiple components — reproductive, metabolic, and cardiovascular — with health implications for the patient's entire life span. This review addresses current concepts regarding the diagnosis, cause, and treatment of the condition.
Postpartum Changes in Mood and Smoking-Related Symptomatology: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Investigation

Introduction Postpartum smoking relapse is a highly prevalent public health problem. Mood and breast feeding are significantly associated with smoking relapse, although less is known about the temporality of these relationships. Therefore, this study utilized ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to prospectively examine changes in mood and smoking-related symptomatology in relationship to three events-childbirth, termination of breast feeding, and smoking relapse. We expected all three events to significantly alter mood and smoking-related symptomatology. Methods We enrolled a sample of pregnant women who had recently quit smoking and intended to remain quit during the postpartum. Participants were randomized to active/placebo progesterone to prevent postpartum relapse. Participants also completed daily EMA to collect data mood and smoking-related symptomatology as well as our three events of interest. Results Participants (n = 46) were, on average, 26.5 ± 0.8 years old and, prior to pregnancy, smoked 10.1 ± 0.7 cigarettes/day. We noted a number of significant within- and between-subject relationships. For example, participants reported a 24% decline in negative affect after childbirth (p = .0016). Among those who relapsed to smoking (n = 23), participants randomized to placebo had a significant increase in cigarette craving after relapse (β = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62 to 1.49, p value = .0003), whereas participants randomized to active progesterone did not (β = 0.63, 95% CI = -0.35 to 1.62, p value = .1824). Conclusions These observations suggest that mood and smoking-related symptomatology are influenced by childbirth, breast feeding, smoking relapse, and use of exogenous progesterone. Future research should explore how these observations may inform novel postpartum smoking relapse-prevention interventions. Implications Postpartum smoking relapse has been a persistent public health problem for more than 40 years. Although a number of significant predictors of postpartum smoking relapse have been identified (eg, depression and breast feeding), much of these analyses have relied on cross-sectional and/or self-reported retrospective data. Therefore, for the first time, we utilized ecological momentary assessment to explore the effect of childbirth, termination of breast feeding, and smoking relapse on mood and smoking-related symptomatology (eg, craving). Numerous significant relationships were observed, including a 96% increase in craving after smoking relapse. These novel observations can inform new and effective postpartum smoking relapse-prevention programs.
Photosynthetic Production of Sunscreen Shinorine Using an Engineered Cyanobacterium

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are secondary metabolites of a variety of marine organisms including cyanobacteria and macroalgae. These compounds have strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption maxima between 310 and 362 nm and are biological sunscreens for counteracting the damaging effects of UV radiation in nature. The common MAA shinorine has been used as one key active ingredient of environmentally friendly sunscreen creams. Commercially used shinorine is isolated from one red algae that is generally harvested from the wild. Here, we describe the use of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 as a host for the heterologous production of shinorine. We mined a shinorine gene cluster from the filamentous cyanobacterium Fischerella sp. PCC9339. When expressing the cluster in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, we observed the production of shinorine using LC–MS analysis, but its productivity was three times lower than the native producer. Integrated transcriptional and metabolic profiling identified rate-limiting steps in the het...
Alternatives to antifungal therapy for denture stomatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Denture stomatitis presents with inflammation of the oral mucosa beneath the denture. 90% of the cases identified Candida as a causative organism, and antifungal therapy is being commonly advocated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to identify disinfection of dentures as a mode of prevention of denture stomatitis to avoid the adverse effects of antifungal therapy. Literature search was performed on electronic databases. Cochrane's tool was used for assessing the risk of bias. Forest plot was generated for heterogeneity with I2 statistics and Chi-square test for the following outcome measures: Candida count, clinical improvement, recurrence of stomatitis, and adverse events. A total of five studies were found to be eligible, and the pooled estimate for Candida count was 0.39 (0.03, 0.75) was statistically significant favoring antifungal therapy. Forest plot of the relative risk of clinical cure was not significant between the groups with the pooled estimate of 1.38 (0.87, 2.18), and recurrence of stomatitis was 1.06 (0.79, 1.43). To conclude disinfectants, microwave and photodynamic therapy had similar effects on Candida in comparison to antifungal therapy. These techniques could be used as effective alternatives to antifungal therapy which aids in the prevention of adverse effects due to antifungal therapy.
Transcatheter Repair of Mitral Regurgitation: Other Devices and Novel Concepts

Percutaneous mitral repair has been synonymous with the MitraClip device for the past several years, since no other repair therapies have been available. Over the past 2 years, three additional repair technologies have received EC approval. These four devices, MitraClip, Cardiac Dimensions Carillon, Valtech Cardioband, and Mitralign, are described in the preceding chapters. Numerous other repair devices and concepts have been described, including leaflet repair, annuloplasty, chamber remodeling, and chordal repair approaches. Some have a long history of development, while others have been described only at the concept phase and the spectrum of practical use spans from human experience, preclinical use, or only concept drawings. This review summarizes the novel mitral repair devices in these phases of early development.
Intermolecular charge-transfer forces

In this lecture is described a new type of cohesive force between molecules. The fondamental idea is the use of a quantum mechanical description.
Seemings, Reasons, and Knowledge: A Defense of Phenomenal Conservatism

Most objections to evidentialism flounder upon a bad theory of evidence. It is very common for self-styled anti-evidentialists to assume a narrow theory of evidence and then proceed to show how evidentialism—on that theory of evidence—has this or that negative consequence. This doesn’t mean that evidentialism is in the clear though. The real problem for evidentialism isn’t that it’s in danger of being false, but, rather, a mere truism. The action, really, is in the theory of evidence. This chapter defends a theory of evidence, Reasons Commonsensism, that avoids the problems leveled by anti-evidentialists.
Aminosilane-Grafted SiO2–ZrO2 Polymer Hollow Fibers as Bifunctional Microfluidic Reactor for Tandem Reaction of Glucose and Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

In this study, we demonstrate the concept of tandem reaction for glucose and fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in an aminosilane-grafted SiO2–ZrO2 polyamide–imide hollow fiber that acts as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst and microfluidic reactor. The bifunctional catalysts were formed by embedding SiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles into polyamide–imide polymer dope that underwent subsequent phase inversion through “dry-jet, wet-quench spinning” process to form hollow fibers, followed by postgrafting with aminosilane to incorporate amine moieties into the hollow fibers. The tandem strategy integrated the first step of glucose isomerization with the subsequent step of dehydration of fructose to HMF over bifunctional Lewis and Bronsted acid sites of hollow fiber microfluidic reactor at different temperatures (100–150 °C) and reaction times (1–8 h). Our results indicated, through optimizing the Lewis to Bronsted acid sites ratio in hollow fiber catalysts, the HMF selectivity was enhanced from 21% to 8...
Complete Cuboid Dislocation With Associated Lisfranc Injury: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Cuboid dislocations are rare midfoot injuries that usually occur in the setting of high-energy trauma. Diagnosis can be challenging and optimal treatment remains unknown. This case report and review aims to summarize the recent literature on this topic.
Cracking the Code: The Effects of Using Microcontrollers to Code on Students’ Interest in Computer and Electrical Engineering

Professors who have integrated computer programing into their college courses have faced a complex challenge as students often have had difficulties learning the fundamental concepts of coding due to a lack of prior knowledge and interest. There are few existing studies in which researchers have investigated how to prepare 6th-12th grade students for coding-oriented college level STEM courses using physical computing materials. The purpose of this study was to first design and implement a microcontroller coding course during a two week STEM summer camp for middle and high school students (N=86) in order to prepare such students for codingoriented STEM courses in college. The results from the quantitative data (surveys) and qualitative data (interviews and observations) indicated that students, after taking the course, felt that they were more likely to be successful in courses requiring coding tasks because they had developed an initial understanding of coding. Most students showed an increased interest (p < .05) in majoring in computer and electric engineering after engaging in the microcontroller course includes coding. Incorporating coding into middle and high school STEM courses may have far reaching implications for student preparation in programming and interest in computer and electrical engineering.
Combining Mutations That Inhibit Two Distinct Steps of the ATP Hydrolysis Cycle Restores Wild-Type Function in the Lipopolysaccharide Transporter and Shows that ATP Binding Triggers Transport.

ABSTRACT ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large family of proteins present in all domains of life. They are powered by dynamic ATPases that harness energy from binding and hydrolyzing ATP through a cycle that involves the closing and reopening of their two ATP-binding domains. The LptB2FGC exporter is an essential ABC transporter that assembles lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria to form a permeability barrier against many antibiotics. LptB2FGC extracts newly synthesized LPS molecules from the inner membrane and powers their transport across the periplasm and through the outer membrane. How LptB2FGC functions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the C-terminal domain of the dimeric LptB ATPase is essential for LPS transport in Escherichia coli. Specific changes in the C-terminal domain of LptB cause LPS transport defects that can be repaired by intragenic suppressors altering the ATP-binding domains. Surprisingly, we found that each of two lethal changes in the ATP-binding and C-terminal domains of LptB, when present in combined form, suppressed the defects associated with the other to restore LPS transport to wild-type levels both in vivo and in vitro. We present biochemical evidence explaining the effect that each of these mutations has on LptB function and how the observed cosuppression results from the opposing lethal effects these changes have on the dimerization state of the LptB ATPase. We therefore propose that these sites modulate the closing and reopening of the LptB dimer, providing insight into how the LptB2FGC transporter cycles to export LPS to the cell surface and how to inhibit this essential envelope biogenesis process. IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to many antibiotics because their surface is covered by the glycolipid LPS. Newly synthesized LPS is transported across the cell envelope by the multiprotein Lpt machinery, which includes LptB2FGC, an unusual ABC transporter that extracts LPS from the inner membrane. Like in other ABC transporters, the LptB2FGC transport cycle is driven by the cyclical conformational changes that a cytoplasmic, dimeric ATPase, LptB, undergoes when binding and hydrolyzing ATP. How these conformational changes are controlled in ABC transporters is poorly understood. Here, we identified two lethal changes in LptB that, when combined, remarkably restore wild-type transport function. Biochemical studies revealed that the two changes affect different steps in the transport cycle, having opposing, lethal effects on LptB’s dimerization cycle. Our work provides mechanistic details about the LptB2FGC extractor that could be used to develop Lpt inhibitors that would overcome the innate antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.
INCURSION OF THE DT104 MULTIRESISTANCE LOCUS INTO SALMONELLA CHOLERAESUIS

The increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a significant problem for food safety. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, which is a global health concern and infects a broad range of mammalian hosts, has been shown to carry a chromosomal integron (SGI-1) which encodes multiple antibiotic resistance: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, strepto- mycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT). The portion of this integron encoding antibiotic resistance is 13 kb and the remaining 30 kb is of unknown function but may contribute to hyper- virulence in DT104. The SGI-1 antibiotic resistance gene cluster has subsequently been identified in other serovars suggesting lateral transfer of this element. Host-adapted Salmonella have been assessed for the SGI-1 integron. Isolates of S. choleraesuis, the swine-adapted serovar, with the ACSSuT phenotype have been recovered from pooled clinical isolates. Full sequencing of the SGI- 1 is underway. Characterization of this integron provides insight into antibiotic resistance, viru- lence, and SGI-1 transfer between pathogens. Introduction Multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella are a major concern in veterinary medicine, food safety, and agricultural practices. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, which is a global health concern and infects a broad range of mammalian hosts, has been shown to carry a chromosomal integron (SGI-1) which encodes multiple antibiotic resistance: ampicillin, chloram- phenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT). This 43 kb integron is composed of a 13 kb region encoding antibiotic resistance adjacent to 30 kb of unknown function. This larger region contains 15 unknown ORFs as well as genes related to mating pair formation and DNA
A Phase I Study of the Combination of Rituximab and Ipilimumab in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma.

Purpose: Based on the potential for ipilimumab (I) to augment T-cell activation, we hypothesize that ipilimumab would augment the efficacy of rituximab (R) in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) CD20+non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma (NHL). This phase I study aimed to identify a recommended phase 2 dose, document toxicities, and preliminarily assess efficacy and potential predictive biomarkers. Patients and Methods: Thirty-three patients with R/R CD20+B-cell lymphoma received R at 375 mg/m2weekly for 4 weeks and I at 3 mg/kg on day 1 and every 3 weeks for four doses. Responding patients went on to maintenance with each agent given every 12 weeks. To facilitate correlative analysis, the expansion phase randomized patients to simultaneous R+I versus R with I delayed 2 weeks. Results: Toxicity was manageable; no dose-limiting toxicity was observed at the doses studied. When considering the entire cohort, efficacy was modest, with an objective response rate (ORR) of 24% and median progression-free survival (PFS) of 2.6 months. However, in follicular lymphoma patients, the ORR was 58% with a median PFS of 5.6 months. The randomized comparison of R with R+I demonstrated that R+I resulted in more effective B-cell depletion (BCD). Both B-cell depletion and the ratio of CD45RA−regulatory T cell (Treg) to Treg were associated with response at all time points. Conclusions: The combination of R+I has manageable toxicity and encouraging efficacy in R/R follicular lymphoma. The ratio of CD45RA−Tregs to total Tregs, and peripheral BCD should be studied further as potential predictors of response.
Stigma Reduction to Combat the Addiction Crisis — Developing an Evidence Base

Stigma Reduction to Combat the Addiction Crisis Using “person-first” language and sympathetic narratives and emphasizing solutions and societal rather than individual causes of addiction may help r...
The relationship between indicators of lumbo-pelvic coordination and pain, disability, pain catastrophizing and depression in patients presenting with non-chronic low back pain

This study examined associations and changes overtime in low back kinematics and disability, pain, pain catastrophizing, and depression and assessed whether associations and changes overtime varied...
Establishing a Geriatric Hip Fracture Program at a Level 1 Community Trauma Center.

Background Traditional care of patients with geriatric hip fracture has been fragmented with patients admitted under various specialty services and to different units within a hospital. This produces inconsistent care and leads to varying outcomes that can be associated with increased length of stay, delays in time from admission to surgery, and higher readmission rates. Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the process taken to establish a successful geriatric hip fracture program (GFP) and the initial results observed in a single institution after its implementation. Methods All patients 60 years or older, with an osteoporotic hip fracture sustained from a low energy mechanism (defined as a fall from 3-ft height or less), were included in our program. Fracture patterns include femoral neck, intertrochanteric, pertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric femur fractures including displaced, nondisplaced, and periprosthetic fractures. Preprogram data included all patients admitted from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2014; postprogram data were collected on patients admitted between May 1, 2016, and May 1, 2018. Results Demographic characteristics of the populations were similar. After the GFP was implemented, the proportion of patients who were treated surgically within 24 and 48 hours increased. The average number of hours between admission and surgery significantly reduced from 35.2 to 23.2 hours. Overall length of stay was decreased by 1.8 days and readmission within 30 days of discharge was lower. Reasons for readmission were similar in both timeframes. The rate of inpatient death was similar in the two groups. Mortality within 30 days of surgery appeared somewhat higher in the post-GFP period. Conclusion Our program found that, with the utilization of a multidisciplinary approach, we could positively influence the care of patients with geriatric hip fracture through the implementation of evidence-based practice guidelines. In the first 2 years after initiation of the GFP, our institution saw a decrease in time from admission to surgery, length of stay, and blood transfusion requirements.