cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of intracellular organelle transport.

All eukaryotic cells exhibit some form of intracellular motility. The spectrum of motile activities observed inside living cells is extraordinarily broad, ranging from processes barely detectable even in time-lapse recordings, to the breathtaking bulk transport of cytoplasm best observed by slow-motion analysis. On the basis of their phenomenology, motile activities of cytoplasmic constituents may be subdivided into three broad categories: 1. Bulk movement of cytoplasm in association with, or as a consequence of, cell deformation. Good examples include the extension and retraction of cell processes (pseudopodia) in amoeboid cells, an activity accompanied by flow of cytoplasm into or out of these cell extensions. Cellular inclusions are carried along in the cytoplasm in a seemingly passive manner. Organelle translocation ceases as the protrusive or retractive activity of the cell comes to a standstill. 2. Uniform, continuous transport of organelles and cytoplasm along more or less defined pathways in the absence of cell deformation. Prime examples include the rotational or vectorial “streaming” of endoplasm in many plant cells, and shuttle streaming in slime molds. 3. Discontinuous, erratic, “saltatory” movements of particles and organelles. This form of transport is observed in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells and includes such diverse phenomena as organelle movements in protists and fast transport of materials in neurons.
Between-the-Wars Social Thought: Karl Llewellyn, Legal Realism, and the Uniform Commercial Code in Context

My thesis is unsurprising. Karl Llewellyn, who believed that law should reflect the reality of society, was influenced by contemporary social science. Llewellyn and his contemporaries, collectively referred to as "Legal Realists," were a group of elite academics, from Yale, Harvard, and Columbia.' These Legal Realists were generally modernist, leftist, reform-oriented, and influenced by anthropology and institutional economics.
Clinical Pharmacist Management of Bacteremia in a Community Hospital Emergency Department

BACKGROUND Bacteremia is a serious condition that leads to high morbidity and mortality. Data describing pharmacist involvement in the management of bacteremia in the emergency department are lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine if pharmacist involvement in the management of bacteremia in the emergency department (ED) led to an increase in appropriate treatment of bacteremia as well as improvements in patient outcomes. METHODS The primary outcome of this retrospective cohort study was the rate of appropriate treatment of bacteremia. Secondary outcomes included the rate of unplanned, infectious disease-related 90-day admission or readmission to the ED or hospital as well as infectious disease-related 90-day mortality. All patients seen in the ED and subsequently discharged who had a positive blood culture determined not to be a contaminant were included in the study. Patients were analyzed in 2 cohorts: those that were physician managed (107 patients) and those that were pharmacist managed (138 patients). RESULTS In the physician-managed cohort, 50 of 107 (47%) patients were treated appropriately compared with 131 of 138 (95%) patients in the pharmacist-managed cohort ( P < 0.0001). There was also a decrease in attributable 90-day admission or readmission in pharmacist-managed patients, which occurred in 4 of 138 patients (2.9%) versus the physician-managed patient cohort in which 13 of 107 patients (12.1%) were readmitted ( P = 0.01). There was no difference in mortality between the groups ( P = 0.8337). CONCLUSION Pharmacist involvement in the management of bacteremia in the ED was associated with higher rates of appropriate treatment and a corresponding decrease in the rates of attributable 90-day admission or readmission to the hospital or ED.
The pharmacokinetics of amrinone at three dose levels in the rabbit.

Amrinone is a positive inotropic and vasodilatory compound being used to improve cardiocirculatory function in chronic cardiac failure. The linearity of the pharmacokinetics of amrinone was examined in New Zealand white rabbits given i.v. bolus doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 7.5 mg/kg amrinone. Blood samples were obtained serially for a period of 6 hours following amrinone administration. Serum concentration-time data were analyzed by nonlinear least squares regression, as well as non-compartmental techniques. There were no differences as a function of dose in the systemic clearance, elimination half-life, mean residence time, or average concentration of amrinone. The pharmacokinetics of amrinone appear to be linear in rabbits. The rabbit may be useful as an animal model to study various aspects of amrinone pharmacokinetics.
Post-Discharge Opioid Prescribing and Use after Common Surgical Procedure

Background The number of deaths from prescription opioids in the US continues to increase and remains a major public health concern. Opioid-related deaths parallel prescribing trends, and postoperative opioids are a significant source of opioids in the community. Our objective was to identify opioid prescribing and use patterns after surgery to inform evidence-based practices. Study design Data from a 340-bed academic medical institution and its affiliated outpatient surgical facility included retrospective medical record data and prospective telephone questionnaire and medical record data. Retrospective data included patients discharged after 1 of 19 procedure types, from July 2015 to June 2016 (n = 10,112). Prospective data included a consecutive sample of general and orthopaedic surgery and urology patients undergoing 1 of 13 procedures, from July 2016 to February 2017 (n = 539). Primary outcomes were the quantity of opioid prescribed and used in morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and the proportion of patients receiving instructions on disposal and nonopioid strategies. Results In the retrospective dataset, 76% of patients received an opioid after surgery, and 87% of prescriptions were prescribed by residents or advanced practice providers. Median prescription size ranged from 0 to 503 MME, with wide interquartile ranges (IQR) for most procedures. In the prospective dataset, there were 359 participants (67% participation rate). Of these, 92% of patients received an opioid and the median proportion used was 27%, or 24 MME (IQR 0 to 96). Only 18% of patients received disposal instructions, while 84% of all patients received instructions on nonopioid strategies. Conclusions Median opioid use after surgery was 27% of the total prescribed, and only 18% of patients reported receiving disposal instructions. Significant variability in opioid prescribing and use after surgery warrants investigation into contributing factors.
An Online Program for High School Student-Athlete Leadership Development: Community Engagement, Collaboration, and Course Creation

Sport psychology professionals (SPPs) are well positioned to engage and collaborate with community sporting organizations to support and enhance philosophies, policies, and programs. This case stud...
Cost-Effectiveness of Orthopedic Surgery in Austere Environments

Recent cost-effectiveness analysis studies have shown that surgery can be a cost-effective solution in LMICs for certain orthopedic conditions.
Peripheral Neuropathy in AIDS: New Investigative Approaches

An extensive group of neurologic diseases affect the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of individuals infected with HIV (for reviews, see refs.1–3). As in the central nervous system (CNS), some of these disorders are due to opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of spinal roots and peripheral nerves.4,5 Others, including the inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies occasionally seen in early stages of HIV infection,6,7 are undoubtedly autoimmune in origin. Toxic neuropathies are of increasing importance because of the prominence of peripheral neurotoxicity resulting from the use of the antiretrovirals, dideoxycytidine (ddC) and dideoxyinosine (ddI).8–10 The major PNS complication of HIV infection is the predominantly sensory neuropathy (PSN) of AIDS.2,11–19 PSN is a disorder of unknown pathogenesis that is usually seen in advanced stages of AIDS. It has become one of the most frequent causes of new cases of symptomatic neuropathy in the U.S., with more than 30,000 cases annually. The incidence of neuropathy in individuals with HIV infection appears to be rising substantially, related both to the neurotoxic effects of antiretrovirals and to the HIV infection itself.20 While this may in part be due to increased attention to the disorder in prospective studies, it undoubtedly also reflects the increasing numbers of severely immunodeficient individuals surviving longer after AIDS (and reaching later stages of HIV infection) together with the increasing use of antiretroviral neurotoxins.
Ovarian Follicle Development and Fertility Preservation

There are strong incentives to better understand the basic physiology of the mammalian ovary. Functioning ovaries have an enormous impact on the health and well-being of women beyond their role in conception. Further, survivorship after treatment for cancer and other life-threatening illnesses is increasing. Maintaining ovarian function during and after treatment is therefore critical, given the health benefits of functional ovaries and the potential desire to conceive. Basic research efforts have resulted in increased access to human ovary tissue, and a number of key technologies moving into widespread clinical use in less than a decade. In this chapter, we review the basic biology of the ovary and ovarian follicle, including recent data on stem cell support of the organ, and clarify the difference between oocyte and follicle maturation in vivo with the clinical goal of “oocyte maturation.” Breakthroughs will continue to result from the interplay among infertility treatment, efforts to preserve fertility, and advances in our understanding of basic ovarian biology.
Leveraging bittorrent for end host measurements

Traditional methods of conducting measurements to end hosts require sending unexpected packets to measurement targets. Although existing techniques can ascertain end host characteristics accurately, their use in large-scale measurement studies is hindered by the fact that unexpected traffic can trigger alarms in common intrusion detection systems, often resulting in complaints from administrators. We describe BitProbes, a measurement system that works around this challenge. By coordinated participation in the popular peer-to-peer BitTorrent system, BitProbes is able to unobtrusively measure bandwidth capacity, latency, and topology information for ∼500,000 end hosts per week from only eight vantage points at the University of Washington. To date, our measurements have not generated a single complaint in spite of their wide coverage.
Modified Subfascial Breast Augmentation

Because the subfascial plane is not generally believed to contribute to the thickness of the soft tissue coverage, it has received less emphasis. For subglandular placement, trade-offs include a potentially less supportive envelope, visible rippling, and a less natural upper-pole contour compared with the submuscular plane. These considerations are balanced against ease of dissection and quick recovery. The subpectoral or “dual-plane” approach improves coverage and contours for many patients, but some patients will develop a dynamic deformity that occurs with muscle flexion. This is related to the requisite detachment of the costal portion of the muscle origin, so that the free edge of the muscle fuses with the anterior capsule. Additionally, muscle activity over time may contribute to implant malposition, in particular a wide intermammary space. The subfascial plane is a versatile option for breast augmentation and can be used with round implants by employing the split subpectoral/subfascial pocket.
Don’t @ me: rethinking digital civility online and in school

Online platforms enable free-form, spontaneous, unbridled political expression, blurring the public and private, the written and spoken, and the norms of formal and casual speech. Consequently, the...
Auras localized to the temporal lobe disrupt verbal memory and learning - Causal evidence from direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus.

Abstract Auras (focal aware seizure; FAS) are subjective ictal events with retained consciousness. Epileptiform activities can disrupt cognitive tasks, but studies are limited to seizures with impaired awareness. As a proof of concept, we examined the cognitive effects of direct electrical stimulation to the left hippocampus which induced a habitual FAS in a patient with left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. During the induced habitual FAS, verbal memory performance declined significantly as compared to pre-stimulation testing. Tasks measuring auditory working memory and psychomotor processing speed were not affected by the stimulation. The study confirms that FAS can impair episodic verbal memory and learning.
School, Community, and Students: The River

This chapter describes the study site—The Anchor School—as well as the surrounding communities and student participants. The Anchor School is a private K-12, Quaker institution that values service, a search for truth, and silent reflection. It is located in a semi-rural area of a Southern state and is in close proximity to a few urban areas that are considered socially liberal. The school community was supportive of LGBTQ+ rights and causes, and students talked about these easily, though they had a more difficult time discussing race and racism. Contradictions within Quaker education regarding social justice are also explored, which may have affected student mindsets. Lastly, the personalities and interests of the student participants, who were in fifth through seventh grade, are described.
Alignment of business and social media strategies: insights from a text mining analysis

Organisations utilise social media technologies for various customer engagement and external-facing activities in recent years. This research examines the extent to which the business strategies an...
Andere kolorektale Erkrankungen

Bei den in diesem Kapitel behandelten Erkrankungen wurden die wichtigsten Fortschritte der letzten 5 Jahre auf dem Gebiet der bosartigen Tumoren erreicht. Die wichtigsten Mitteilungen betreffen eine Vielzahl zusatzlicher strahlentherapeutischer Methoden, Strahlenschadigungen sowie eine steigende Anzahl von Zweiteingriffen, insbesondere bei Lebermetastasen.
Neutrophil recruitment and activation are differentially dependent on MyD88/TRIF and MAVS signaling during RSV infection.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants. Lung neutrophilia is a hallmark of RSV disease but the mechanism by which neutrophils are recruited and activated is unclear. Here, we investigate the innate immune signaling pathways underlying neutrophil recruitment and activation in RSV-infected mice. We show that MyD88/TRIF signaling is essential for lung neutrophil recruitment while MAVS signaling, leading to type I IFN production, is necessary for neutrophil activation. Consistent with that notion, administration of type I IFNs to the lungs of RSV-infected Mavs−/− mice partially activates lung neutrophils recruited via the MyD88/TRIF pathway. Conversely, lack of neutrophil recruitment to the lungs of RSV-infected Myd88/Trif−/− mice can be corrected by administration of chemoattractants and those neutrophils become fully activated. Interestingly, Myd88/Trif−/− mice did not have increased lung viral loads during RSV infection, suggesting that neutrophils are dispensable for viral control. Thus, two distinct pathogen sensing pathways collaborate for neutrophil recruitment and full activation during RSV infection.
Connectivity differences between Gulf War Illness (GWI) phenotypes during a test of attention.

One quarter of veterans returning from the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War have developed Gulf War Illness (GWI) with chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Exertion leads to characteristic, delayed onset exacerbations that are not relieved by sleep. We have modeled exertional exhaustion by comparing magnetic resonance images from before and after submaximal exercise. One third of the 27 GWI participants had brain stem atrophy and developed postural tachycardia after exercise (START: Stress Test Activated Reversible Tachycardia). The remainder activated basal ganglia and anterior insulae during a cognitive task (STOPP: Stress Test Originated Phantom Perception). Here, the role of attention in cognitive dysfunction was assessed by seed region correlations during a simple 0-back stimulus matching task (“see a letter, push a button”) performed before exercise. Analysis was analogous to resting state, but different from psychophysiological interactions (PPI). The patterns of correlations between nodes in task and default networks were significantly different for START (n = 9), STOPP (n = 18) and control (n = 8) subjects. Edges shared by the 3 groups may represent co-activation caused by the 0-back task. Controls had a task network of right dorsolateral and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, posterior insulae and frontal eye fields (dorsal attention network). START had a large task module centered on the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with direct links to basal ganglia, anterior insulae, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex nodes, and through dorsal attention network (intraparietal sulci and frontal eye fields) nodes to a default module. STOPP had 2 task submodules of basal ganglia–anterior insulae, and dorsolateral prefrontal executive control regions. Dorsal attention and posterior insulae nodes were embedded in the default module and were distant from the task networks. These three unique connectivity patterns during an attention task support the concept of Gulf War Disease with recognizable, objective patterns of cognitive dysfunction.
Evaluations of Designs and Techniques

Since artificial knees were introduced, the most widely used evaluation parameter has been survivorship. Countries such as in Scandinavia have been able to collect data on all of their artificial knee cases from the beginning. Results have shown a steady increase in survivorship over the decades, to the point where a great deal of further improvement is un likely. Hence there is now greater attention on functional outcomes. The universal method of assessing function is patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). While there are numerous versions, the most common are KSS, KOOS, WOMAC, and FJS. These measures have been used to compare different designs of artificial knees, in the expectation that some designs would have superior performance. However, despite the major differences in the mechanics of different designs, there have been few striking functional differences found. The same has applied to different surgical techniques. To obtain more objective comparisons, biomechanical evaluation methods are being used more. The methods include gait and kinetic analysis, fluoroscopy, and basic clinical tests such as TUG or STS. These have in general shown more differences between designs and techniques. Further objectivity has been obtained using laboratory tests machines, and computer modeling. The latter has the advantage of accounting for variations in patient characteristics and surgical variations.
A model for the induction of bone cancer by 224Ra

A mathematical model for the transformation of normal endosteal cells into malignant tumor cells by α-irradiation is applied to 224Ra. The model postulates that a normal endosteal cell near the bone surface is transformed into a malignant cell by three consecutive events. The first two events are the initiation events. The probability of their occurrence is proportional to the absorbed endosteal dose and they generate dormant tumor cells. These dormant tumor cells are promoted by the third event, the promotion event. The probability of this last event is proportional to the rate of bone remodeling but independent of the radiation dose. In competition with these transforming events is the killing of any endosteal cell by α-irradiation. Killing is balanced by replacement of killed endosteal cells by normal stem cells. This model provides the following interesting predictions for the human 224Ra cases. 1. After the decay of 224Ra the tumor rate decreases exponentially at a rate proportional to the bone turnover rate. 2. For exposure to the same dose the model predicts an increased number of tumors for protracted exposure (i.e. exposure at a lower dose rate).
Applying plant-based irrigation scheduling to assess water use efficiency of cotton following a high-biomass rye cover crop

This study addressed the potential of combining a high biomass rye winter cover crop with predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD) irrigation thresholds to increase agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) in cotton. To this end, a study was conducted near Tifton, Georgia under a manually-controlled, variable-rate lateral irrigation system using a Scholander pressure chamber approach to measure leaf water potential and impose varying irrigation scheduling treatments during the growing season. ΨPD thresholds were − 0.4 MPa (T1), − 0.5 MPa (T2), and − 0.7 MPa (T3). A winter rye cover crop or conventional tillage were utilized for T1-T3 as well. Reductions in irrigation of up to 10% were noted in this study for the driest threshold (− 0.7 MPa) with no reduction in lint yield relative to the − 0.4 MPa and − 0.5 MPa thresholds. Drier conditions during flowering (2014) limited plant growth and node production, hastened cutout, and decreased yield and WUE relative to 2015. We conclude that ΨPD irrigation thresholds between − 0.5 MPa and − 0.7 MPa appear to be viable for use in a ΨPD scheduling system with adequate yield and WUE for cotton production in the southeastern U.S. Rye cover positively impacted water potential at certain points throughout the growing season but not yield or WUE indicating the potential for rye cover crops to improve water use efficiency should be tested under longer-term production scenarios.
Characterizing outpatient problem list completeness and duplications in the electronic health record.

Objective The study sought to characterize rates of problem list completeness and duplications in common chronic diseases and to identify any relationships that they may have with respect to disease type, demographics, and disease severity. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective analysis of electronic health record data from Partners HealthCare. We selected 8 common chronic diseases and identified patients with each of those diseases. We then analyzed each patient's problem list for completeness and duplications and also collected information regarding demographics and disease severity. Rates of completeness and duplications were calculated for each disease and compared according to disease type, demographics, and disease severity. Results A total of 327 695 unique patients and 383 404 problem list entries were identified. Problem list completeness varied from 72.9% in hypertension to 93.5% in asthma, whereas problem list duplications varied from 4.8% in hypertension to 28.2% in diabetes. There was a variable relationship between demographic factors and rates of completeness and duplication. Rates of completeness were positively correlated with disease severity for most diseases. Rates of duplication were consistently positively correlated with disease severity. Conclusions Incompleteness and duplications are both important issues in problem lists. These issues vary widely across different diseases and can also be impacted by patient demographics and disease severity. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of individual user behaviors and organizational policies on problem list utilization, which will aid the development of interventions that improve the utility of problem lists.
The Flow Limiting Operator: A New Approach to Environmental Control in Flow Bioreactors.

Bioreactors have become a critical step for the testing of new biomaterials and pharmaceuticals. They need to be controllable, ideally high-throughput, and produce a biologically relevant environment. For example, in the brain, it is essential to recreate multiple flow–pressure profiles daily and mimic brain fluid movement for a bioreactor to be more physiologic. In this study, we demonstrate a scalable system that regulates flow rate, pressure, and pulsation amplitude. We also show that with new microcontroller technology, up to 15 chambers running in parallel is theoretically possible. Our system, the Flow Limiting Operator (FLO), achieves these goals by multiplexing a series of valves and pumps to control pressure and volumetric flow rate instead of relying on head gas pressure. With the ability to control multiple parameters and its ease of use, both scientists and clinicians can use FLO to study the effects of pulsation amplitude of the fluid flow, flow rate, and pressure on intercellular interactions for both biomaterials and pharmaceuticals.
Understanding the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Virologic Failure in the Era of Undetectable Equals Untransmittable

The “Undetectable = Untransmittable” campaign indicates that persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) who maintain a suppressed viral load cannot sexually transmit the virus. However, there is little knowledge of the percent of individuals at a population level who sustain viral suppression long term. The aims of this study were to: (1) establish a baseline of persons living with diagnosed HIV who resided in New York and had consecutive suppressed viral load tests; (2) describe the risk of virologic failure among those who were consecutively suppressed; and (3) gain an understanding of the length of time between consecutive viral suppression to virologic failure. A total of 102,339 New Yorkers aged 13–90 years were living with diagnosed HIV at the beginning of 2012; 47.9% were consecutively suppressed (last two HIV viral load test results from 2010–2011 that were < 420 days apart and < 200 copies/mL). Of consecutively suppressed individuals, 54.3% maintained viral suppression for the entire study period and 33.6% experienced virologic failure during the study period. Among persons who experienced virologic failure, 82.6% did so six or more months after being consecutively suppressed. Our findings support the need for ongoing viral load monitoring, adherence support, and ongoing risk reduction messaging to prevent forward HIV transmission.
Managerial Incentives to Innovate During Crises: The Schumpeterian View

Existing literature offers opposing views on the effects of financial crises on firm innovation. We provide evidence supporting the Schumpeter’s view of the creative destruction of crises. We identify one specific channel, the internal compensation mechanism that firms use to motivate managers to innovate during crises, as an important driver that improves firm innovative output. We show that during financial crises, increasing managerial option pay leads to firms producing more, higher quality patents as compared to normal times. Moreover, we find that less financially constrained firms are relatively better able to innovate by compensating managers with options. We identify exogenous variation in option compensation using multiyear option plans. Our results indicate that crises provide unique growth opportunities for innovative firms.
Simple versus horizontal mattress suture configuration in bankart repair.

Abstract The purpose of this article was to compare the anatomy and biomechanics of different suture repair configurations for arthroscopic Bankart lesion repair. The horizontal mattress technique improves the restoration of labral height and decreases capsular strain in comparison to simple suture repairs. Further research examining the clinical outcomes of horizontal mattress suture technique is required for comparison with simple suture arthroscopic Bankart repairs.
Accuracy of emergency physicians' self-estimates of CT scan utilization and its potential effect on an audit and feedback intervention: a randomized trial.

Audit and feedback (AF control pre = 33.9, post = 38.9, t = 3.94, p = 0.001), with no significant between-group difference observed at follow-up (t = 0.43, p = 0.67). Within the intervention group, physicians had poor accuracy in estimating their own ordering behavior at baseline: most overestimated and all guessed that they were in the upper half of the distribution of their peers. CT ordering increased regardless of self-estimate accuracy. Our A&F intervention failed to reduce physician CT ordering: our feedback to the physicians showed most of them that they had overestimated their CT ordering behavior, and they were therefore unlikely to reduce it as a result. After “audit,” it may be prudent to assess baseline clinician awareness of behavior before moving toward a feedback intervention.
Chapter 31 – Molecular Mechanism of Store-Operated Ca2+ Signaling and CRAC Channel Activation Mediated by STIM & Orai

Publisher Summary Store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels in the plasma membrane (PM) open when Ca2+ is depleted within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SOC channels can be highly selective Ca2+ channels that are, under physiological conditions, impermeable to monovalent cations such as sodium or potassium; or Ca2+-permeable but relatively non-selective cation channels. The former are known as Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, which mediate sustained Ca2+ signaling in T cells in response to antigen presentation. This chapter summarizes biophysical properties of the CRAC channel in relation to the molecular physiology of STIM and Orai coupling. It begins by describing the biophysical properties of the CRAC channel. Ion channel functional properties are generally characterized in terms of gating (modes of opening and closing), ion selectivity, single-channel conductance, modulation, and pharmacology. Under this, it considers STIM as the ER Ca2+ sensor and STIM as the messenger to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, it discusses how Orai forms the Ca2+-selective pore of the CRAC channel. Finally, it takes up the phenomenon of STIM-induced activation of Orai channels.
Early Tertiary fluid flow and pressure–temperature conditions in the Shimanto accretionary complex of south‐west Japan: constraints from fluid inclusions

The pressure and temperature history of the Tertiary Shimanto belt of south-west Japan has been elucidated by analysing fluids trapped in quartz crystals which grew syn-kinematically along late-stage brittle faults. The samples come from three areas that span the Paleogene exposures on the Muroto Peninsula of Shikoku Island. Applying microthermometric and laser Raman microsampling techniques to coeval water-rich and carbonic fluid inclusions, we have constrained the pressure and temperature conditions that accompanied a widespread and kinematically distinct phase of deformation. The results suggest elevated geothermal gradients during late-stage deformation, conditions that are in disaccord with previous plate reconstructions that have depicted old, thermally mature Pacific crust subducting beneath Eurasia during the early to middle Tertiary. These conditions can most easily be accounted for by including an additional plate boundary in the western Pacific during Paleogene time. Plate reconstructions that include the Kula plate in this region are therefore consistent with our findings. In addition, our results provide clues to the conditions that likely accompany seismogenic deformation at active convergent plate boundaries.
Parenting and Recovery for Mothers with Mental Disorders

Parenting is a significant role for many mothers with mental disorders, offering both opportunities to facilitate as well as impede recovery. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an ecological approach to motherhood and recovery, acknowledging the complex nature of the relationships between mothers and children, and considering the context in which these relationships grow and develop. National prevalence data are used to describe mothers with mental disorders and the background and experiential characteristics that shape their life contexts. Key components for interventions are described, drawing from relevant literature and previous studies, and implications for mental health policy and services delivery are discussed.
Data Mining to Support Simulation Modeling of Patient Flow in Hospitals

Spiraling health care costs in the United States are driving institutions to continually address the challenge of optimizing the use of scarce resources. One of the first steps towards optimizing resources is to utilize capacity effectively. For hospital capacity planning problems such as allocation of inpatient beds, computer simulation is often the method of choice. One of the more difficult aspects of using simulation models for such studies is the creation of a manageable set of patient types to include in the model. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of using data mining techniques, specifically clustering techniques such as K-means, to help guide the development of patient type definitions for purposes of building computer simulation or analytical models of patient flow in hospitals. Using data from a hospital in the Midwest this study brings forth several important issues that researchers need to address when applying clustering techniques in general and specifically to hospital data.
Hierarchical credit allocation in a classifier system

Learning systems which engage in sequential activity face the problem of properly allocating credit to steps or actions which make possible later steps that result in environmental payoff. In the classifier systems studied by Holland and others, credit is allocated by means of a "bucket-brigade" algorithm through which, over time, environmental payoff in effect Bows back to classifiers which take early, stage-setting actions. The algorithm has advantages of simplicity and locality, but may not adequately reinforce long action sequences. We suggest an alternative form for the algorithm and the system's operating principles designed to induce behavioral hierarchies in which modularity of the hierarchy would keep all bucket-brigade chains short, thus more reinforceable and more rapidly learned, but overall action sequences could be long.
Self aligned doping of mesa sidewalls for SOI transistors

Summary form only given. Lateral isolation of individual circuit components in CMOS/SOI technology is most effectively accomplished by creating mesa structures in the top silicon film. This construction results in a parasitic transistor at the edge of the silicon mesa which produces a hump in the subthreshold I-V characteristics and can result in added leakage current. The effects of the parasitic transistor can be eliminated if its threshold voltage is made higher than that of the main transistor by appropriate doping of the sidewall. However, this selective doping is not easily achieved, particularly if the sidewall edges are vertical. An improved technique has been developed for self-aligned doping of the sidewall transistor that uses the deposition and etch of a conformal oxide to pattern the doped sidewall region. This process sequence eliminates many of the problems associated with prior processes. >
Choice Interaction and Organizational Structure

Rivkinb and Siggelkow examine how a firms formal organizational structure affects its ability to cope with interdependent decisions. An agent-based simulation, in which firms struggle to discover good sets of decisions, allows us to examine four coordinating mechanisms that have rarely been analyzed jointly: the grouping of related decisions under a single subordinate, a vertical hierarchy that reviews proposals from subordinates, firm-level incentives, and managers who are able to process more information. Authors find that organizational structure affects long-term performance by influencing the number and nature of sticking pointsconfigurations of choices the organization will not change. They identify each of the four coordinating mechanisms as a force that either encourages firms to explore a broad set of alternatives or stabilizes firms around existing choices. Successful firms strike a balance between exploration and stability. The need to balance exploration and stability generates interdependencies among the coordinating mechanisms. As a result, firms sometimes benefit from seemingly harmful features: avoidable decision interdependence between departments, a passive CEO, or subordinates of limited ability. Authors further examine how appropriate organizational design depends on the underlying pattern of interaction among decisions. When interactions are pervasive, successful organizations employ coordinating mechanisms that promote broad exploration.
Giving Direction to Discretion

The common law established the doctrine of sovereign immunity whereby the government is not civilly liable for its misdeeds. The Supreme Court in 1821 adopted the doctrine for lawsuits against the United States. Legislatures can abrogate sovereign immunity. To a greater or lesser extent, all jurisdictions have done so in the United States. Congress enacted the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) in 1946 to impose liability against the federal government for acts of negligence, as determined by the law of the place where the act or omission occurred. However, a major exception in the FTCA exists for the performance of "discretionary functions," i.e. when the government employee is engaged in an act of discretion. Congress though did not define "discretion," which has left the statutory interpretation of a highly ambiguous phrase to the courts. Led by a series of Supreme Court decisions, many federal courts have defined the exception broadly, such that immunity is favored at the expense of safety and liability. Often even mundane acts of negligence are held to be acts of discretion. Cases finding discretion exceed those imposing liability. Attempting to draw a line between discretionary and non-discretionary acts often leads the courts to seemingly inexplicable distinctions. Significantly, the analysis of negligence does not arise until the issue of discretion is resolved. This article looks at how the discretionary functions exception plays out, especially with the public lands (Roughly 1/3 of the nation's lands are held by the federal government) and in government inspections. A series of cases led by the Ninth Circuit, and followed to some extent by the District of Columbia, Third, Eighth, and Tenth Circuits, read a much more restrictive interpretation into the discretionary functions exception, thereby favoring liability and promoting safety. These cases first look at the act to determine if it is of the nature to be protected as discretionary - that is, grounded in social, economic, or political policy considerations. Even if the decision is a protected discretionary design, discretion is not involved in construction or maintenance. Nor can it be implemented in violation of objective safety or technical standards or building codes.
ERYTHROCYTE CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS.

Summary The erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was studied in 41 thalassemic children, 15 cases of microdrepanocytosis (sickle cellthalassemia disease), 13 cases with favism, children with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 2 cases of congenital spherocytosis, 2 children with aplastic anemia and 4 with iron deficiency anemia, as well as in children with pulmonary hemosiderosis. The mean activity of the red cell acetylcholinesterase in thalassemics was lower than normal, although a considerable overlapping of the values existpd in 25 % the population of the anemic and control groups. The enzyme activity was found to be consistently low in the three cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia studied, while there were no significant changes in the other hemolytic anemias.
Postnatal changes in the cardiac ventricles of the pig.

SummaryPostnatal changes in the cardiac ventricles of 75 piglets are reported. The RV/T ratio reclines from a mean of 0.382 to 0.253 by 7 days of age. Concomitant with this decline the LV + S/T and the LV/RV ratios increased. Although such changes occur after birth more rapidly in the pig than in man, the magnitude of change in the swine cardiac ventricles appears to be quite similar to that reported for man.
Better adherence to prescribed treatment regimen is related to less chronic pain among adolescents and young adults with moderate or severe haemophilia.

Little data exist, especially for adolescent and young adult (AYA) persons with haemophilia (PWH), about the relationship between adherence to prescribed treatment regimen and chronic pain. We examined this relationship among PWH (moderate or severe) aged 13-25 via cross-sectional survey. Adherence was assessed using the Validated Hemophilia Regimen Treatment Adherence Scale (VERITAS)-Pro and VERITAS-PRN for prophylactic and on-demand participants respectively. VERITAS scores range from 24 (most adherent) to 120 (least adherent). Chronic pain was measured using the FPS-R and was dichotomized as high for FPS-R scores ≥4 and low for 4 times as likely as whites to report high chronic pain.
Dearomatized Fluids Used in Phenoxy Herbicides for Right-of-Way Sprays

Middle distillates, such as kerosene or diesel, are often used as carriers and adjuvants in phenoxy herbicides for turf, right-of-way sprays, and other applications. In recent years, however, the use of middle distillates in these applications has come under pressure due to toxicity concerns. As an alternative to these middle distillates, it has been proposed that dearomatized fluids could be used in these applications, potentially giving better performance. The lower volatility and lower phytotoxicity of the dearomatized fluid may promote enhanced uptake of the herbicide, resulting in improved performance. To test this proposal, a study was conducted comparing the use of dearomatized hydrocarbon fluids (such as Exxsol® D110 fluid) as both solvent and adjuvant to the use of kerosene/diesel as the solvent/adjuvant combination in right-of-way sprays. The herbicide product 2,4-D Ester was applied to three vegetation types at two rates, the vegetation types including kochia, marestail, and horsetail. Results from the study showed that the 2,4-D Ester gave good control of marestail and equisetum, but only poor control of kochia. In all cases, the dearomatized fluid performed as well as kerosene/diesel, demonstrating that dearomatized fluids can be used as a safe replacement for middle distillates in these applications.
Catching Up: Effect of theTalent Development Ninth-Grade Instructional Interventions in Reading and Mathematics in High-Poverty High Schools

Little is known about the feasibility and rapidity with which the academic learning of students who enter high school multiple years behind grade level can be accelerated. This study uses multiple regression analyses of standardized test and survey data from high-poverty high schools in two large urban districts to evaluate initial effects of the Talent Development High Schools (TDHS) ninthgrade instructional program in reading and mathematics. Pre-, post-, and match-control comparisons show that students in TDHS significantly outperformed students in the control schools in mathematics and reading. Supplemental surveys show a higher percentage of students in TDHS reported learning new skills, strategies, and concepts, and TDHS teachers indicated they were able to use a more varied set of activities during extended periods, use cooperative learning strategies, engage students in group projects, and have students present multiple solutions or methods and relate their academic work to real-world experiences ...
Reexposure to the amnestic agent alleviates cycloheximide-induced retrograde amnesia for reactivated and extinction memories

We investigated whether reexposure to an amnestic agent would reverse amnesia for extinction of learned fear similar to that of a reactivated memory. When cycloheximide (CHX) was administered immediately after a brief cue-induced memory reactivation (15 sec) and an extended extinction session (12 min) rats showed retrograde amnesia for both memories. CHX did not produce amnesia for a moderate extinction session (6 min). Re-administering CHX before testing reversed the amnestic effect for both memories (i.e., the memories were recovered). These results are discussed using a modified state dependent model of retrograde amnesia.
A comparison of two integrated approaches of controlling nematode parasites in small ruminants.

Abstract Control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants in regions of the world where anthelmintic resistance is prevalent must rely on more than just chemical deworming strategies. The objective of this experiment was to compare two integrated treatment protocols for control of GIN (primarily Haemonchus contortus in this region) using anthelmintics, copper oxide wire particles (COWP) and FAMACHA © , compared to traditional anthelmintic use only. Three separate trials were conducted on mature ewes, weaned goats, and weaned lambs in which three deworming management strategies were applied: 1) all animals were dewormed with levamisole at four week intervals (LEV), 2) individual animals were dewormed with moxidectin when scored ≥ 4 (ewes) or ≥3 (kids and lambs) using FAMACHA © (FAM/MOX), 3) all animals were dewormed with moxidectin initially and again with COWP (2 g) when group mean FEC exceeded 500 (ewes), 3000 (kids), or 1000 (lambs) eggs/g (MOX/COWP). In this final group, during periods between group treatments, individual animals were dewormed with albendazole and levamisole according to FAMACHA © score. Fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV) were determined every 7 days and body weight every 28 days for 30, 20, or 16 weeks in ewes, goats, and lambs, respectively. Efficacy of levamisole was 83.4–86.4%, efficacy of moxidectin was 93.5–100%, and efficacy of COWP was 10.8–98.1% among the three trials. The mean number of deworming treatments per animal that occurred for the LEV, FAM/MOX, and MOX/COWP groups, respectively, was 7.9, 0.6, and 2.5 ± 0.4 ( P P P P © system, a more conservative use of anthelmintics occurred in the FAM/MOX group.
Correlation of flux states generated by optical switching of a superconducting circuit

Abstract We pulse a superconducting microbridge with light, changing the quantum flux state of a superconducting circuit. Long sequences of pulses are used to measure the degree of correlation between successive flux states. In a series of runs, the pulse length was changed over six decades from 6 ns to 10 ms. The correlations fit a simple Fokker-Planck conditional probability model.
The use of electro-oculography for identifying phases of cognitive process.

The present investigators were partly concerned with possible uses of electro-oculography for studying the cognitive process in decision-making situations involving nonneutral visual stimuli. S was faced with receiving an electric shock if on critical trials he correctly reported (manually) the identity of the visual stimulus, or with escaping shock by incorrect reporting. Electrooculogram responses were ascertained to identify eye movements. The first study employed slit geometric figures as critical stimuli and nonslit figures as noncritical stimuli. The second study differed only in using blanks as critical and nonblanks (figures) as noncritical stimuli. The 80 males in the first study showed longer ocular latency, then greater ocular avoidance (narrower excursions) but longer stimulus viewing, then longer poststimulus viewing on critical compared to noncritical trials. The 25 males in the second study showed relatively greater ocular latency, then greater ocular avoidance and briefer stimulus viewing, then briefer poststimulus viewing on critical trials. Discrepancies between the two studies were discussed. The results clearly indicate the applicability of electrooculography for identifying phases of cognitive process.