cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Household bargaining and microfinance

Abstract This paper examines a household bargaining problem where one household member can use external finance to invest in an uncertain business project. Faced with limited income generating opportunities, we show that the household member will consistently choose safe investment projects. We also explain why other members of the household can be made worse off from investment, even when aggregate household consumption is expected to rise. In a dynamic version of the bargaining problem, we study incentives for the household to contribute towards loan repayments and identify conditions under which the borrower will transfer control over her loan to her partner.
Consistent order selection for noncausal autoregressive models via higher-order statistics

Abstract The problem of determining the order of a noncausal autoregressive (AR) model given the noisy observations of the system output is considered. The system is driven by an i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) non-Gaussian sequence that is not observed. The measurement noise is additive, i.i.d., and possibly non-Gaussian. We propose a new method for order selection and prove its strong consistency. Unlike a previously proposed method, the new method does not require testing of 2 p candidate models where p is the number of system poles. Some recently developed fundamental results concerning the recovery of the poles of a causal system from the third-order statistics of the system output play a crucial role in this paper. The proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.
Heavy metal concentrations along the Louisiana coastal zone

Abstract Cores were taken from seven locations in southern Louisiana and analyzed for concentrations of heavy metals. Sedimentation rates for the locations were determined using the 137 Cs dating technique. Correlations of metals with depth were calculated using absolute, aluminum normalized, and iron normalized concentrations. Correlations indicated recent increases at several sites (Lake Palourde, Manchac Pass, and Wax Lake Outlet) for several metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn) when profiles were normalized to aluminum. Metal profiles from rapidly-accreting areas (Atchafalaya and Four League Bay) did not show historical increases comparable to areas accreting less rapidly (e.g., Wax Lake Outlet, Manchac Pass, and Lake Palourde).
Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation.

Abstract Objective Brain polarization in the form of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which influences motor function and learning processes, has been proposed as an adjuvant strategy to enhance training effects in Neurorehabilitation. Proper testing in Neurorehabilitation requires double-blind sham-controlled study designs. Here, we evaluated the effects of tDCS and sham stimulation (SHAM) on healthy subjects and stroke patients' self-report measures of attention, fatigue, duration of elicited sensations and discomfort. Methods tDCS or SHAM was in all cases applied over the motor cortex. Attention, fatigue, and discomfort were self rated by study participants using visual analog scales. Duration of perceived sensations and the ability to distinguish tDCS from Sham sessions were determined. Investigators questioning the patients were blind to the intervention type. Results tDCS and SHAM elicited comparably minimal discomfort and duration of sensations in the absence of differences in attention or fatigue, and could not be distinguished from SHAM by study participants nor investigators. Conclusions Successful blinding of subjects and investigators and ease of application simultaneously with training protocols supports the feasibility of using tDCS in double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trials in clinical Neurorehabilitation. Significance tDCS could evolve into a useful tool, in addition to TMS, to modulate cortical activity in Neurorehabilitation.
Size focusing: a methodology for synthesizing atomically precise gold nanoclusters

Controlling nanoparticles with atomic precision, somewhat like the way organic chemists control small molecules by organic chemistry principles, is highly desirable for nanoparticle chemists. Recent advances in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles have opened the possibility to precisely control the number of gold atoms in a particle. In this Perspective, we will discuss a size-focusing methodology that has been developed in the synthesis of a number of atomically monodisperse ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (also called nanoclusters). We focus our discussion on thiolate-stabilized Au nanoclusters (referred to as Aun(SR)m, where n and m are the respective number of metal atoms and ligands). The underlying principle of this size-focusing process is primarily related to the peculiar stability of certain sized Aun(SR)m nanoparticle, that is, “survival of the robustest”, much like the natural law “survival of the fittest”. We expect that this universal size-focusing method will ultimately allow for preparing a f...
Protection of a protein against irradiation-induced degradation by additives in the solid state

Abstract The impact of ionizing radiation on a globular protein (porcine somatotropin, pST) in the solid state was studied using rate of dissolution, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Electron spin resonance (ESR) in the presence of different additives. o -Vanillin stabilized pST against irradiation-induced degradation whereas effects of trolox and isopropyl alcohol were less significant. Stabilization effect of o -vanillin has been related to the energy transfer from pST molecules to the additive which was facilitated by formation of covalent bonds between o -vanillin and pST molecules. Anticorrelation between the level of free radicals and chemical degradation (i.e. degradation increased with decrease in a free radical level) was observed in the presence of o -vanillin.
Effect of tetanization and enucleation upon excitability of visual pathways in squirrel monkeys and cats.

Abstract Using six pulses applied to the optic tract at 300 Hz and repeated at 20 Hz, it was possible to abolish synaptic transmission in the tetanized portion of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the squirrel monkey within 10–20 hr, leaving conduction in optic tract essentially normal. Such exhaustion of transmission endured from 0.5–3.0 hr, and several days were required for return to normal levels. If both eyes were removed at the height of such exhaustion, recovery was unimpaired. Furthermore, synaptic transmission survived for more than 2 weeks after enucleation. It is thus concluded that axoplasmic transport from retinal ganglion cells in primates has no direct relation to synaptic transmission. Despite tetanization up to 33 hr, comparable synaptic exhaustion was not obtained in cats; and synaptic transmission failed in the lateral geniculate nucleus 72–100 hr after enucleation. In both species, but particularly in the primate, a dramatic hyperexcitability of striate cortex develops and persists after enucleation.
Synthesis and repair of RNA-containing supercoiled plasmid ColE1 DNA in Escherichia coli

Abstract Supercoiled plasmid molecules sensitive to nicking by RNase or alkali have been shown to accumulate during replication of colicinogenic factor E1 (ColE1) in Escherichia coli in the presence of chloramphenicol. The possibility that this sensitivity is due to the covalent integration of RNA molecules during the synthesis of plasmid DNA is supported by the demonstration that (a) strands of supercoiled ColE1 newly replicated in the presence of chloramphenicol exhibit sensitivity to RNase and alkali treatment, while (b) RNase- and alkali-resistant circular strands of plasmid DNA synthesized either before or after the addition of chloramphenicol remain resistant during subsequent replication of the plasmid in the presence of chloramphenicol. Furthermore, newly made plasmid DNA strands cannot act as templates for further rounds of replication if they possess an RNA segment. The existence of a repair mechanism for the removal of the RNA segment from supercoiled ColE1 DNA molecules was demonstrated by pulse-chase experiments. It was observed that the proportion of RNase-sensitive molecules is considerably higher in pulse-labeled as compared to continuously labeled ColE1 DNA synthesized in the presence of chloramphenicol, and the proportion of pulse-labeled ColE1 DNA that is RNase sensitive is greatly reduced during a chase period. Removal of the RNA segment is also carried out effectively at the restrictive temperature in temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase I mutants. In a survey of other bacterial mutants defective in the repair of damaged DNA, a substantial increase in the rate of accumulation of RNase-and alkali-sensitive supercoiled ColE1 DNA in the presence of chloramphenicol was observed in recBC and uvrA mutants in comparison with the wild-type strains.
Emerging delivery systems for estrogen replacement: Aspects of transdermal and oral delivery

The ideal preparation for estrogen replacement therapy has been the object of intensive research for decades, and the search continues. More than 40 new products are in development in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe. Most are transdermal, which reflects the growing acceptance of patch technology at a time when the overwhelming majority of women who use estrogen replacement take oral formulations. Most of the new oral formulations are a combination of estrogen and progestin. Aspects of transdermal and oral estrogen are discussed, including the advantages and disadvantages for use in women with concomitant medical conditions.
Substance abuse as a predictor of VA medical care utilization among Vietnam veterans.

The primary objective was to determine whether Vietnam veterans who had alcohol or drug use problems prior to, during, or immediately after the war used Veterans Administration (VA) health care services more intensively during the next two decades than Vietnam veterans without these behaviors. The secondary objective was to identify predictors of VA health services utilization among data collected at service discharge. Logistic and ordinary least squares regression were used to model the effect of predisposing, enabling, and need factors on utilization of VA health services (N=571). Results show that Vietnam veterans who had substance use problems either before or immediately after Vietnam used VA health care services more intensively during the next two decades than Vietnam veterans without these behaviors. Depression and psychiatric care seeking were also important predictors. More research is needed to evaluate the impact of health system characteristics and private sector use on the predictive ability of the models.
Polymer-waveguide-based fully embedded board-level optoelectronic interconnects

A fully embedded board-level guided wave optical interconnection is presented to solve the packaging compatibility problem. All elements involved in providing high speed optical communications within a board are demonstrated. Experimental results on a 12-channel linear array of polymeric waveguides, thin film VCSELs (10 μm), and GaAs MSM photodetectors suitable for a fully embedded implementation are provided. By embedded approach, all the real estate of the PC board surface are occupied by electronics so that one only observes the performance enhancement due to the employment of optical interconnection without any interface problems between electronic and optoelectronic components. Thin film 1X12 linear array VCSEL and GaAs MSM detector were demonstrated and thermal management issue of the VCSEL in the fully embedded scheme was discussed.
Radiotracer Distribution and Excretion Study of Chlorophenothane in Rats

14C-Labeled chlorophenothane was acutely administered orally and intraperitoneally to rats to study the tissue distribution, rate of excretion, and effect of the route of administration. Five days after dosing, the fat was the tissue with the highest radioactivity irrespective of the route of administration. At the 0.05 significance level, the lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, and testes of intraperitoneally dosed rats showed greater concentration than those orally dosed. The fecal excretion of the latter group was higher than those of the former group. The greatest percentage of radioactivity excreted in feces after oral administration occurred in the first 24 hr. Urinary excretion by the two routes was statistically the same. Negligible 14CO2 was detected in the respired air. The results of this experiment support previously reported nonradiotracer studies.
Providing for the best interests of the child? : The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997

The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA) was passed to increase rates of adoptions and other permanent placements for children in foster care. Through acceleration of timelines for terminating the rights of biological parents and for developing permanency plans, ASFA has the potential to reduce the length of time children spend in foster care as well as the number of disruptions in placements they experience there, yet still promotes reunification when this can be accomplished expeditiously and safely. Developmental research suggests that foster care often results in better outcomes for children than does reunification with their biological families but that adoption often leads to better outcomes than does foster care. These findings indicate that the overall goals outlined in ASFA are appropriate and likely serve the best interests of many children; however, a number of problems with the child welfare system remain.
The effect of applied electric currents on inherent cellular E.M.F. and its possible significance in cell correlation

1. The inherent E.M.F. of the onion root is altered by an applied electric current in fundamentally the same manner as a storage battery. 2. If the voltage of the current source is opposed to the voltage of the root the inherent E.M.F. is increased; if they are in series the inherent E.M.F. is decreased. 3. The magnitude of change of inherent E.M.F. varies directly with the strength of the applied current and the duration of flow. 4. The smallest applied current capable of producing a visible change is within the range of current strength produced by the root. 5. The alteration of E.M.F. tends to be permanent; that is, the root is charged or discharged by the current. 6. After modification the inherent E.M.F. undergoes recovery toward its former level, giving a characteristic curve whose equation can be derived from considerations of chemical reaction velocity. The recovery is shown not to be due to diffusion of ions to or away from a polarized surface. The effect of the current, therefore, is to oxidize and reduce at opposite „poles” the electromotively active substances. 7. It is shown that the oxidation-reduction theory of the origin of continuous bioelectric currents formulated byLund offers the only adequate explanation of the results.
A Note on the Dynamics of Work Adjustment.

Abstract The process of work adjustment, as derived from the Theory of Work Adjustment, is presented in a systems-type model. The model integrates the original propositions of the theory with the more recent work on personality-style dimensions. The mechanisms of adjustment to work are discussed to emphasize the dynamic nature of the complete work-adjustment process. The constructs of Work Behavior and Organizational Behavior are introduced as intervening variables in the adjustment process. It is also shown that the forecasting of work adjustment requires the addition of the constructs of Abilities and Ability Requirements.
Nested categories for access control

We consider an access control hierarchy based on nested categories. Nested categories are sets of compartments with the property that any two categories are either disjoint or one wholly contains the other. We present a method for representing nested categories by assignning a pair of integers called lr-values to each category. Authorization of a user to access an object is determined by comparing lr-values of the user and object categories. Our method has the notable property that categories can be reorganized by computing new lr-values for categories which are changed without affecting lr-values of unchanged categories.
The International African Institute: The Rockefeller Foundation and the Development of British Social Anthropology in Africa

The question of the influence of foundations and other powerful interests on the development of research was of great moment in the debates of the 1960s. Although the issue resurfaces in epistemological discussions concerning the positioning of the researcher, little specific attention has been given to the manner in which the great foundations controlled and guided social science research. This is true of the role of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) in Africanist research. This paper argues that without the influence of the RF, Africanist research would have developed more slowly. Moreover, the International African Institute would most likely have ceased operation and many of the classics of the field would not have been written. This paper presents a case study of the role of the RF in the development of the IAI and its impact on the development of British social anthropology.
The (Common) Sense of KM

In 2002, Tom Wilson argued about knowledge management (KM) "that the bandwagon lacks wheels". In the same issue of the same journal, Leonard Ponzi and Michael Koenig posited that KM was perhaps "in the process of establishing itself as a new aspect of management". Who was correct? This article examines bibliographic evidence to conclude that the latter interpretation was correct, that KM has firmly established itself as a major, and to the extent that permanence can be established in this rapidly changing world, permanent component of management. It then argues that the reasons for KM's permanence all fundamentally derive from the common sense of KM.
GROWTH CONTROL VERSUS THE GROWTH MACHINE IN REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA: CONFLICT IN URBAN LAND USE

In the United States, we have failed to control urban sprawl. Ultimately the pattern of urban growth is dictated by a complex interaction of place-specific factors in individual communities. These factors include geography, history, lifestyle, politics, and economics. This paper documents the conflict between development and slow-growth interests in the San Bernardino-Redlands area of southern California. Research presented focuses on the history and viability of agriculture, the origin of and forces behind the slow-growth movement, and the economic and social impact of growth-limiting policies. The conflict between developers and slow-growth proponents in Redlands demonstrates the inability of current land-use planning to deal effectively with a number of serious problems, including urban sprawl, the protection of valuable agricultural resources, and the provision of adequate and reasonably priced housing.
Meeting the needs of US dietitians for food composition data

As the largest group of US food and nutrition experts, registered dietitians (RDs) require food composition data to make practice decisions. Uses for these data vary with the practice area, but RDs experience some common needs: (1) easy access to data, (2) continual updates with new foods and new food components important to human health, (3) simple ways to keep abreast of changes, and (4) a basic understanding of the uses and limitations of the data in various practice areas. These needs are largely being met, but gaps exist and some improvements can be made. Availability of accurate data has improved along with the technology to convert the information into useful formats for planning and evaluating diets, writing educational materials, counseling clients and conducting research. However, RDs in some settings may not have access to the technology needed to use food composition databases. Many undergraduate programs do not include courses or training about how food composition data are generated and tabulated. RDs may not know where to quickly find information or know what data are available. As food composition data continue to expand and technology advances, RDs may benefit from exploring new ways to stay abreast of changes and advocate for what is most needed in their practices. Better methods and more food composition data will support evidence-based and cost-effective dietetic practice.
Critique of "An Evaluation of the Florida A-Plus Accountability Program.".

In 1999, Florida adopted the "A-Plus" accountability system, which included a provision that allowed students in certain low-performing schools to receive school vouchers. In a recently released report, An Evaluation of the Florida A-Plus Accountability and School Choice Program (Greene, 2001a), the author argued that early evidence from this program strongly implies that the program has led to significant improvement on test scores in schools threatened with vouchers. However, a careful analysis of Greene's findings and the Florida data suggests that these strong effects may be largely due to sample selection, regression to the mean, and problems related to the aggregation of test score results.
Superovulatory responses in FSH- or Pergonal®-treated heifers☆

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (Pergonal®) were used in combination with prostaglandin F2α (injected either intramuscularly or intravenously) to induce superovulation in 32 beef heifers. Two different transfer media (phosphate buffered saline [PBS] + 20% fetal calf serum, or PBS + 1.5% bovine serum albumin) and two different nonsurgical transfer instruments (stainless steel tube with polyethylene tubing and Cassou gun) were used to transfer embryos to recipient cows. There were no significant differences (P>0.10) in the number of corpora lutea, oocyte or embryos recovered, and transferable embryos (good morula and blastocysts) after superovulation with either gonadotropin. More pregnancies (P<0.10) resulted with non-surgical transfer of embryos from FSH- than Pergonal®-primed donors (29% vs 13%, respectively). However, pregnancy rates were not affected by the two transfer media or transfer instruments used in this study.
OPTIMAL ERROR ESTIMATES FOR FEM APPROXIMATIONS OF DYNAMIC NONLINEAR SHALLOW SHELLS

Finite element semidiscrete approximations on nonlinear dynamic shallow shell models in considered. It is shown that the algorithm leads to global, optimal rates of convergence. The result presented in the paper improves upon the existing literature where the rates of convergence were derived for small initial data only [19].
Revisiting Adrenal Mass Size as an Indication for Adrenalectomy

Background Diagnostic tests that can accurately differentiate between benign and malignant adrenal lesions are lacking. Mass size is currently utilized as an indication for adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal masses. However, the accuracy of this criterion and the ideal size threshold are unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of using mass size as the only indication for adrenalectomy and the ideal size threshold for distinguishing malignant primary adrenal tumors from lesions that do not require surgical resection. Patients and Methods The adrenalectomy database of the University of Wisconsin was retrospectively reviewed. Patients undergoing adrenalectomy for adrenal mass lesions were identified. Student's t -test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare continuous and noncontinuous variables respectively, with P ≤ 0.05 representing significance. Results Of 198 adrenalectomies performed between 1989 and 2007, 106 met inclusion criteria. There were no differences in age or gender distribution between patients with malignant and benign lesions. After complete clinical, imaging, and biochemical evaluation, mass size was the only indication for 16 adrenalectomies (15.1%). Adrenal mass size in these patients ranged from 3.3 to 14cm (mean 5.9 ± 0.6cm). Only three of these lesions (18.8%) proved malignant. In total, eight malignant tumors were identified in this series (7.5%, size range 4–14cm, mean 8.0 ± 1.3cm). Benign and non-neoplastic lesions accounted for the remaining masses (92.5%, size range 0.7–9.3cm, mean 3.6 ± 0.2cm) and were significantly smaller than malignant lesions ( P Conclusion Adrenal mass size is the only indication for adrenalectomy in a substantial number of patients. A size cut-off of 4cm would have led to resection of all primary malignant adrenal tumors in this series and reduced the number of adrenalectomies for benign disease.
Is “No-Threshold” a “Non-Concept”?

A controversy prominent in scientific literature that has carried over to newspapers, magazines, and popular books is having serious social and political expressions today: “Is there, or is there not, a threshold below which exposure to a carcinogen will not induce cancer?” The distinction between establishing the existence of this threshold (which is a theoretical question) and its value (which is an experimental one) gets lost in the scientific arguments. Establishing the existence of this threshold has now become a philosophical question (and an emotional one). In this paper I qualitatively outline theoretical reasons why a threshold must exist, discuss experiments which measure thresholds on two chemicals, and describe and apply a statistical method for estimating the threshold value from exposure-response data.
How time-flexible work policies can reduce stress, improve health, and save money

Data from the US National Study of the Changing Workforce (a nationally representative sample of working adults) were used to test the hypothesis that employees with time-flexible work policies reported less stress, higher levels of commitment to their employer, and reduced costs to the organization because of fewer absences, fewer days late, and fewer missed deadlines. The model provides persuasive findings for the hypothesized relationship and offers important suggestions to employers who can translate reduced illness into savings and increased commitment into better employees. Contrary to expectations, there were no gender differences in how employees responded to flexible work policies, showing that gender-neutral work policies make financial sense. By showing that time-flexible work policies provide employer benefits, we can hasten the change to a new worker model—one that is family and employer friendly. The business case for family-friendly work policies may prove to be the best tool we have in changing how we live and work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plantar fascia ruptures in athletes

ObjectiveTo educate sports medicine practitioners as to length of time for an athlete to return to activity after sustaining a rupture of the plantar fascia.MethodsAthletic patients sustaining plantar fascia ruptures and subsequent treatment were reviewed. Diagnosis was based on clinical findings, although radiographic studies were done. Patients were treated for 2 to 3 weeks with a below-knee or high- top boot, nonweightbearing, with an additional 2 to 3 weeks of weightbearing in the boot. Patients used physical therapy.ResultsEighteen athletes, including 6 elite athletes, were evaluated. Mean age was 40.9 ± 13.2 years. There were 12 males and 6 females. Mean postinjury follow-up was 42 months. Duration of prior plantar fascia symptoms ranged from 0 to 52 weeks. All but 2 ruptures were of the medial portion. Four patients had injections prior to rupture. Five patients wore orthoses preinjury; 14 wore orthoses postinjury. All patients returned to activity after 2 to 26 weeks (mean, 9.1 ± 6.0 weeks). Runni...
Modeling arsenic in the Patuxent Estuary.

A water quality model was developed to track the fate and transport of four arsenic species in the Patuxent Estuary: arsenate (As(V)), arsenite (As(III)), methylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA). Processes simulated include mass transport, solid–liquid partitioning with suspended solids, uptake and transformation of As(V) by phytoplankton, oxidation of As(III), demethylation of MMA and DMA, and settling/deposition/resuspension of particulate arsenic in the water column. A sediment module was also developed and linked with the water column to generate fluxes of inorganic arsenic from the sediment bed. The arsenic model was calibrated using water quality data from the Patuxent Estuary over a period ranging from May 24, 1995 to October 29, 1997. Model results indicated that transformation of arsenic by phytoplankton is not a significant source of DMA to the lower Patuxent. Instead, results suggested that the primary source of methylated arsenic (DMA and MMA) to the lower estuary is beyond the downst...
The mechanical and other physical properties of polyelectrolyte salts in the solid state

Salts of polyacrylic acid can be fabricated in heated molds using mixed powders of polyacrylic acid and metal oxides. Because of the strong intermolecular forces in these polyelectrolyte salts, they have elastic moduli several times greater than the moduli of conventional plastics. They also have very low coefficients of expansion and high compression strengths. Composites containing metallic and inorganic fillers have also been made and their mechanical properties measured.
The tactical choices of police patrol officers

Abstract This article presents the results of an attempt to describe exhaustively the tactics chosen by police patrol officers when handling highly problematic situations. The observations were made in Denver, Colorado, and focused on domestic disputes and “stops” for violations of motor vehicle regulations. The study determined that thirty-three categories were required to describe adequately what police did in domestic disputes and fourteen for motor vehicle stops. Tactical choices were found to vary according to the stage of the encounter between police and public. Tactics at three stages of encounters— contact, processing, and exit—were mapped and the relations between choices at each stage determined. The article concludes with a brief analysis of the relationship between tactical choices and situational factors.
Optimism and risk for job burnout among working college students: stress as a mediator

Previous research shows that optimism is related to psychological and physical adjustment, but has yet to examine optimism's relation to risk for job burnout. This study examined the relationship between optimism and risk for job burnout in 225 working college students while also examining stress as a mediator. Results showed that optimism and stress were significantly correlated with risk for job burnout. Moreover, path-analytic results indicated that optimism remained a strong predictor of risk for job burnout, independent of stress. Hence, stress did not fully mediate the link between optimism and risk for job burnout. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
Preliminary functional MRI neural correlates of executive functioning and empathy in children with obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with neurocognitive deficits. However, the neural substrates underlying such deficits remain unknown. METHODS To examine executive control and emotional processing in OSA, 10 children age 7 to 11 y with polysomnographically diagnosed OSA and 7 age- and sex-matched controls underwent a color-word Stroop task and an empathy task consisting of dynamic visual scenarios depicting interpersonal harm or neutral actions in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Functional MRI data were processed using MATLAB 7.12 with SPM8 for region of interest (ROI) analyses, and a general linear model was used with regressors for each trial type in each task. RESULTS For the Stroop task, accuracy was similar in the two groups, with no differences in the effect of incongruency on success rates. OSA showed greater neural activity than controls in eight ROI clusters for incongruent versus congruent trials (P < 0.001). Within the a priori ROIs, the anterior cingulate cortex was significantly different between groups (P < 0.05). For perceiving harm versus neutral actions, ROI analysis revealed a significant correlation between apnea-hypopnea index and left amygdala activity in harm versus neutral actions (r = -0.71, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first functional MRI evidence that cognitive and empathetic processing is influenced by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. Children with OSA show greater neural recruitment of regions implicated in cognitive control, conflict monitoring, and attentional allocation in order to perform at the same level as children without OSA. When viewing empathy-eliciting scenarios, the severity of OSA predicted less sensitivity to harm in the left amygdala.
Alliances, Institutional Design, and the Determinants of Military Strategy:

This paper argues that the institutional design of alliances is a crucial but often neglected factor in the study of military strategy. Highly institutionalized alliances are found to be a strong determinant of a state's choice of strategy, while other forms of alliances turn out to have little impact. I posit that the level of institutionalization exhibits this effect because of the greater number of channels through which leading states can influence the strategies of their smaller allies and coordinate overall alliance strategy. By incorporating this externally driven process, the results also begin to call into question several previously cited factors affecting the choice of military strategy.
The greening of industry: needs of the field

This article takes stock of some of the advances research on the greening of industry has made over the last decade and sets out an agenda for the next one. Obviously, a thorough review of all of the work on the greening of industry is outside the scope of this article. Instead we will only outline the evolution of the field and focus on the area of inquiry situated at the centre of greening of industry studies: the determinants and consequences of greening. These two questions were the focus of some of the first greening of industry studies and a multitude of works, especially on the determinants of greening, subsequently has identified numerous important insights. Yet, this area of inquiry also exemplifies major weaknesses within research in data on the greening of industry. Progress in our understanding of greening has been hampered by a lack of theoretical and methodological rigour. This article points out the resulting gaps in the scientific analysis of greening and lays out research necessary to improve our understanding of its causes and consequences. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The 1953 Suva earthquake and tsunami

The epicenter of the Suva earthquake of Sept. 14, 1953, (U.S.C. & G.S. data: H = 00h26m36s UT 18 1 2 ° S , 178 1 2 ° E ; M = 6 3 4 ; h about 60 kilometers) has been redetermined on the basis of landslide intensity, isoseismic analysis, damage criteria, the bathymetry of the epicentral zone, and by other means. The new epicenter is at 18.2° S, 178.3° E with an estimated probable error of five miles. Employing the new epicenter, P residuals of 15 stations (U.S.C. & G.S. data) were computed, assuming a normal and a 60 kilometer depth of focus. A normal depth of focus was decidedly the most likely. Arrival times of the ensuing tsunami at various points were reconciled to show that the tsunami had an extended source from Suva harbor to Beqa island. The tsunami was clearly caused by the slumping of marine sediments immediately after the earthquake. The direct action of the earthquake produced small waves that served as warnings on Beqa and Kadavu islands. These waves are presumed to have been created by the vibration of the reef against the water. The destructive waves, arriving later, were produced by slumping effects originating on the edge of the marginal shelf. Their observed arrivals are consistent with this mechanism. The bathymetry of the affected area was resurveyed and bottom changes up to 300 feet vertically were found. At a distance of more than 30 miles from the slumps, submarine cables were disrupted and displaced by as much as 13,000 feet. It is inferred that these effects were caused by turbidity currents travelling down a gradient of about 5 per cent for the first 10 miles and nearly flat thereafter.
Systematics of Phase Transition and Mixing Energetics in Rare Earth, Yttrium, and Scandium Stabilized Zirconia and Hafnia

Energetics of rare earth, yttrium, and scandium stabilized zirconia and hafnia have been systematically investigated by oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation with respect to the oxide end members were simultaneously fit to a quadratic function to extract interaction parameters and enthalpies of transition of the oxide end members to the fluorite structure. ZrO 2 -SmO 1.5 and HfO 2 -SmO 1.5 show the most exothermic enthalpies of formation and interaction parameters, whereas ZrO 2 -ScO 1.5 has the least exothermic enthalpy of formation and interaction parameter. This suggests that the ZrO 2 -ScO 1.5 system shows the least short range order among all investigated systems, consistent with its high ionic conductivity. The extrapolated enthalpy of transition of the rare earth oxide end members to the cubic fluorite structure increase to more endothermic values with decreasing cation size. The γ-cubic fluorite phase transition in ZrO 2 -ScO 1.5 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase transition is reversible, occurs at 1000°-1200'C and shows hysteresis (∼100°C). The enthalpy of transition is endothermic on heating and increases from 1.7±0.1 kJ/mol (22 mol% ScO 1.5 ) to 2.9±0.2 kJ/mol (30 mol% ScO 1.5 ).
Hospitalizations for Poisoning by Prescription Opioids, Sedatives, and Tranquilizers

Background Unintentional poisoning deaths have been increasing dramatically over the past decade, and the majority of this increase has resulted from overdoses of specific prescription drugs. Despite this trend, there are limited existing data examining hospitalizations for poisonings, both unintentional and intentional, associated with prescription drugs. A better understanding of these hospitalizations may help identify high-risk populations in need of intervention to prevent subsequent mortality. Purpose This article aims to describe the incidence and characteristics of hospitalizations resulting from poisoning by prescription opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers in the U.S. from 1999 to 2006 and make comparisons to hospitalizations for all other poisonings during this time period. Methods Hospitalizations for poisonings were selected from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a stratified, representative sample of approximately 8 million hospitalizations each year, according to the principal discharge diagnosis. Intentionality of the poisoning was determined by external cause of injury codes. SAS callable SUDAAN software was used to calculate weighted estimates of poisoning hospitalizations by type and intentionality. Demographic and clinical characteristics of poisoning cohorts were compared. Data were analyzed in 2009. Results From 1999 to 2006, U.S. hospitalizations for poisoning by prescription opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers increased a total of 65%. This increase was double the increase observed in hospitalizations for poisoning by other drugs and substances. The largest increase in the number of hospitalized cases over the 7-year period was seen for poisonings by benzodiazepines, whereas the largest percentage increase was observed for methadone (400%). In comparison to patients hospitalized for poisoning from other substances, those hospitalized for prescription opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers were more likely to be women, aged >34 years, and to present to a rural or urban nonteaching hospital. Conclusions Prescription opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers are an increasing cause of hospitalization. The hospital admission provides an opportunity to better understand the contextual factors contributing to these cases, which may aid in the development of targeted prevention strategies.
Overview of the DARPA non-volatile magnetic memory program

This paper will describe a very new program at DARPA that has as one of its major goals the development of nonvolatile magnetic random access memory that has the potential to be radiation hard, very dense (comparable to DRAM) and very fast (comparable to SRAM). This memory will utilize spin polarized transport through multilayers, either taking advantage of the Giant Magneto-Resistive Effect (GMR), the Spin Valve Effect (SV) or Spin Tunneling (ST).
A Seasonal Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System for North American Fresh Tomatoes

Increased fresh tomato trade has prompted a number of trade disputes between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. One precondition of an antidumping dispute is meeting the “likeness of product” criterion. However, fresh tomato shipments and imports are highly seasonal, suggesting that the degree of substitutability (or product likeness) may depend fundamentally on whether fresh tomato varieties are in- or out-of-season. We develop a seasonally adjusted inverse demand system using Canadian and Mexican monthly import data along with U.S. state shipping data to address both seasonality and product substitutability in the fresh tomato market. We find that market equilibrium and the degree of product substitution are affected by seasonality and product availability in the consumer choice set. Le commerce accru de la tomate fraiche suscite des differends commerciaux entre les Etats-Unis, le Canada et le Mexique. L'une des preconditions d'un differend en matiere d'antidumping est liee au respect du critere de la « similarite du produit ». Toutefois, les expeditions et les importations de tomate fraiche sont tres saisonnieres, ce qui laisse supposer que le degre de substituabilite (ou de similarite du produit) puisse reposer fondamentalement sur le fait qu'il s'agisse ou non de varietes de tomate fraiche pleine saison ou hors-saison. Nous avons mis au point un systeme desaisonnalise de la demande inverse utilisant des donnees mensuelles sur les importations canadiennes et mexicaines et des donnees sur les expeditions des Etats-Unis pour etudier la saisonnalite et la substituabilite dans le marche de la tomate fraiche. Nous sommes arrives a la conclusion que la saisonnalite et la disponibilite des produits offerts au consommateur influent sur l'equilibre du marche et le degre de substitution du produit.
Mutations of extracellular matrix components in vascular disease

Abstract Background . Marfan's syndrome (MFS) is characterized by manifestations in the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. Dilatation of the aortic root is the hallmark feature in the cardiovascular system. Aortic dilatation is associated with fragmented elastic fibers and accumulation of amorphous matrix elements in the medial layer. This pathology is caused by mutations in fibrillin 1, the major structural component of elastic microfibrils. Fibrillin 1 mutations may affect the assembly or function of the elastic microfibrils or both. To answer this important question, MFS-like mice have been created. Methods . MFS-like mice were generated by homologous gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Targeting of the mouse fibrillin 1 gene had the dual effect of reducing gene expression 10-fold and of producing an internally deleted protein. Results . Mutant homozygous mice make very small amounts of only mutant fibrillin 1 and die postnatally of MFS-like vascular complications. Histopathological findings include focal fragmentation of elastic fibers and accumulation of amorphous matrix in the aortic media. Conclusions . A mouse model for the severe form of MFS has been created using the technique of gene targeting. Aside from its clinical value, the model has demonstrated that fibrillin 1 is predominantly involved in the function rather than the assembly of elastic microfibrils.
The Angular Trispectra of CMB Temperature and Polarization

We develop the formalism necessary to study four-point functions of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization elds. We determine the general form of CMB trispectra, with the constraints imposed by the assumption of statistical isotropy of the CMB elds, and derive expressions for their estimators, as well as their Gaussian noise properties. We apply these techniques to initial non-Gaussianity of a form motivated by in ationary models. Due to the large number of four-point con gurations, the sensitivity of the trispectra to initial non-Gaussianity approaches that of the temperature bispectrum at high multipole moment. These trispectra techniques will also be useful in the study of secondary anisotropies induced for example by the gravitational lensing of the CMB by the large scale structure of the universe.
The dynamics of an introduced pathogen in a native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) forest

The plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium circinatum, is the cause of a major epidemic of pitch canker in urban forests of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in California. This pathogen is now also well established in all three mainland, native populations of Monterey pine where it causes conspicuous branch die-back and, frequently in association with native bark beetles, increased tree mortality. In the present study, permanent plots were established on the Monterey peninsula to characterize the severity and progress of pitch canker in the largest of the native P. radiata populations. The results indicate that the disease is significantly more severe, and is progressing more rapidly, in managed stands than in the wildland areas. Furthermore, the disease is progressing significantly faster in the coastal zone than in more inland locations.
Impact of Quantitatively Determined Native Thoracic Aortic Tortuosity on Endoleak Development After Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to assess whether there is an association between native thoracic aortic curvature and the development of endoleaks after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Quantitative analysis of the native aortic lumen was performed on preprocedural CT angiograms of 40 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm treated by thoracic endovascular aortic repair. The curvature of the median centerline was measured. Tortuosity indexes were calculated on the basis of the sum of the curvature values within the diseased segment and in the proximal and distal fixation zones. The association between the tortuosity index and endoleak was analyzed. RESULTS. Compared with patients without endoleaks, the tortuosity index of the proximal fixation zone was higher in patients with type Ia endoleak (9.5 vs 1.5 cm–1, p < 0.01); the tortuosity index of the distal fixation zone was higher in type Ib endoleak patients (6.6 vs 0.5 cm–1, p < 0.05); and the tortuosity indexes of th...
Mother and friends in a Holocaust life story

Although oral histories about the Holocaust are increasingly important sources of public commemoration, as well as data for historians, they also provide opportunities for survivors to recount life stories that describe intensely personal and painful memories. One type of memory concerns relationships with significant and familiar “others.” By analyzing the linguistic construction (through variation in the use of referring terms and reported speech) of two relationships (with mother and friends) in one Holocaust survivor’s life story, this article shows how survivors’ life stories position “others” within both their own lives and more broadly construed matrices of cultural archetypes and historically contingent identities (victim, survivor, bystander). (Narrative, life story, oral history, identity, mother 0daughter, friendship, referring terms, reported speech, Holocaust discourse, language and history)*