cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annulate lamellae in postfertilization development in Polysiphonia novae-angliae (Rhodophyta).

Annulate lamellae (AL) are observed following fertilization in the red alga Polysiphonia novae-angliae. Intranuclear AL are single and scattered in the nucleoplasm. Cytoplasmic AL are single, stacked, or in a circular configuration. The AL are generally similar in structure to those reported in animal cells and higher plant pollen.
The Nature of the Gallium−Gallium Triple Bond

To simulate and help interpret the nature of the newly synthesized Ga2R2Na2 molecule with bulky groups, ab initio and density functional quantum mechanical methods were applied to study the structures and bonding of the model [HGaGaH]2-, [H2GaGaH2]2-, and [H3CGaGaCH3]2- dianions, as well as the neutral Na2[H2GaGaH2], Na2[H3CGaGaCH3], Ga2H2, and Ga2H4 species. Basis sets of triple-ζ plus double polarization quality augmented with diffuse functions were employed. No general bond lengthbond order relationship is found. Bending from linearity of the acetylene analogues increases the GaGa separation more than the bond order is decreased. The GaGa bonding in the experimental molecule is concluded to be between triple and double in character despite the relatively long bond length.
Electron microscopy of monkey liver after exposure of animals to pure oxygen atmosphere.

SummaryLivers of monkeys exposed to pure oxygen at 380 mm Hg were examined electron microscopically. Only minimal nonspecific changes were observed; the most significant was an increase in smooth endoplas-mic reticulum at the expense of the rough form and glycogen. The changes, which appeared as early as 24 hours and were gone by 2 weeks, are considered an adaptive response rather than a sign of toxicity.
A simple method to compute economic order quantities

Abstract In this note, a simple method by using the arithmetic–geometric-mean-inequality theorem is proposed to computer the global minimum economic order quantities without taking complex differential calculus or using tedious algebraic manipulations. In contrast to (Minner, S., 2007. A note on how to compute economic order quantity without derivatives by cost comparisons. International Journal of Production Economics 105, 293–296; Wee, H.M., Wang, W.T., Chung, C.J., 2009. A modified method to computer economic order quantities without derivatives by cost-difference comparisons. European Journal of Operational Research) based on a local cost minimum initially to derive the solution and then proven it’s the global minimum, the proposed method yields the global minimum cost immediately and explicitly without using the cost comparisons and letting the time horizon to infinity.
A New Anomaly in Solid 4He

A new anomaly in the acoustic properties of solid 4He has been observed when as little as a few parts per million of 3He impurities are added. We show that the specific properties of the anomaly can be explained by a continuous (second order) phase transition from a condensed state above a critical temperature to a normal state below it. In this model the Bose particles which condense are long lived, thermally activated excitations.
Reverse logistics sourcing models with multiproduct reliability constraints

We consider a multiproduct sourcing problem where each finished product must meet explicit reliability requirements. The critical reliability of each product is determined by its components, and the objective is to source the components at a minimum cost from a combination of new and used sources while ensuring each product meets its critical reliability requirement. We develop two models to determine optimal sourcing policies: an exact model that uses mixed integer non-linear programming, and an approximate model that uses integer linear programming. We perform computational tests on a large number of diverse benchmark problems and compare the solution quality and computational time of each model. We find that while the exact model requires significant amounts of time for modest-sized problems, the approximation model provides near-optimal solutions across all problem characteristics in very small amounts of time. We also characterise circumstances whereby cost savings can be realised through used sources.
Optic Nerve Decompression: A Clinical Pathologic Study

• Decompression of the perioptic meninges for intractable chronic papilledema was done in a patient with a right parietal temporal glioblastoma multiforme. The patient died 39 days postoperatively. Histologic study of the optic nerves indicated fistulas in the dura compatible with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) egress and maintenance of a normal subarachnoid space around the nerve. Two additional patients with unilateral optic nerve decompression producing bilateral resolution of papilledema were studied. We contend that egress of CSF was the principle mode of action in these three cases. How long the dural fistula remains patent is unknown. Reports in the literature show considerable variation in the effects of optic nerve decompression. Anatomic variation of the intracanalicular subarachnoid space together with differences in underlying pathologic condition, surgical technique, and patient response may explain discrepancies among the results reported. ( Arch Ophthalmol 95:97-104, 1977)
Tests for normality using estimated score function

The score function, defined as the negative logarithmic derivative of the probability density function, plays an ubiquitous role in statistics. Since the score function of the normal distribution is linear, testing normaly amounts to checking the linearity of the empirical score function. Using the score function, we present a graphical alternative to the Q-Q plot for detecting departures from normality. Even though graphical approaches are informative, they lack the objectivity of formal testing procedures. We, there-chi-square test. The finite sample size and power performances of the chi square test and correlation coefficient test are investigated through a Monte Carlo study.
A Development Investigation of the Reproductive Systems of Armadillidium Vulgare (Latreille) and Porcellionides Pruinosus (Brandt) (Isopoda)

Die paarigen Urkeimdrusenzellgruppen der terrestrischen Isopoden Armadillidium vulgare und Porcellionides pruinosus entstehen aus der ventralen Keimblase der Maxillengegend und des zweiten bis sechsten Thoraxabschnittes. Nach der dorsalen Verlagerung nehmen die Keimdrusen ihre endgultige Position in der dorsalen Thoraxhohle der Abschnitte eins bis sechs ein. Jede Keimdrusenzellgruppe des dritten Abschnitts wird von einer Mesodermzellschicht bedeckt, welche den undifferenzierten Ansatz der adulten Keimdruse darstellt. Die gepaarten Eierstocke des Weibchens werden durch einen langgezogenen Keimdrusenansatz geformt, bis sie ihren Platz in der dorsalen Thoraxhohle der Abschnitte zwei bis sechs einnehmen. Der Eileiter, im vierten Thoraxabschnitt, wachst vom Eierstock ausgehend bis er eine ventrale Ektodermeinstulpung im funften Abschnitt trifft. Alle Zellgruppen der Urkeimdrusen, ausser denen im vierten und funften Abschnitt, degenerieren bevor Erwachsenenstadium erreicht ist. Keine dieser Zellen tragt zur Bildung des Eierstocks oder des Eileiters bei. Die Androgendrusen entstehen aus undifferenzierten Mesenchymzellen, die sich ausserhalbs der Keimdruse, im zweiten Thoraxabschnitt, befinden. Die vorderen Ausstulpungen der gepaarten Ansatze der Samenblase im dritten Thoraxabschnitt bilden die Testes, wahrend die hinteren Ausstulpungen die Samenleiter und die Penisse bilden. Wie beim Weibchen sind keine der Urkeimdrusenzellen bei der Bildung der adulten Keimdruse beteiligt; sie degenerieren bevor das Erwachsenenstadium erreicht ist.
Community College Faculty Competencies

Much has been written about the characteristics of effective college teachers. However, skill sets have not yet been defined with any level of specificity. Also, instructors at community colleges have unique working conditions and challenges that influence how they teach. This paper illustrates the use of three studies conducted to build and validate a framework for defining the competencies of effective community college faculty. The project's culmination was a set of skills used to redesign one university's master's in education (MAEd) program in two-year college teaching. Although participants in all three studies identified subject matter expertise as an important competency, they emphasized several other skill sets as being important for meaningful student learning. Those skills are related to the use of authentic activities and multiple instructional delivery models, multiple ways of assessing student learning, and skills that are necessary outside the classroom in their teaching roles. Participants...
Spread of excitation from the atrium into thoracic veins in human beings and dogs.

Abstract Atrial and thoracic vein mapping in patients showed that the earliest site of atrial activity ranged from a low to high position along the sulcus terminalis and that cardiac muscle extended for 2 to 4 cm into all of the thoracic veins except the inferior vena cava. To understand the epicardial wave forms, experiments were carried out in open and closed chest dogs. Atrial muscle extended superiorly into the superior vena cava of the dog to a far greater degree than it extended into this vessel in man. In some dogs, cardiac muscle in the azygous vein extended to the spine, and at this site the heart could be paced; no cardiac electrical activity occurred in the azygous vein of man. The shape of most wave forms (a rapid deflection superimposed on a prolonged negative curve) was due to a superposition of effect of a large excitation wave in the atrium and a smaller excitation wave in the thoracic veins. Ultrastructural studies revealed atrial muscle in the thoracic veins of the dog. The extension of cardiac muscle into the thoracic veins of human embryos was far greater than that found in children and adults. In a patient with a persistent left superior vena cava, cardiac excitation progressed far above the heart to the junction with the innominate vein, a position from which the heart could be paced. The results suggest that the Lewis theory of atrial flutter—that is, that the venae cavae present an obstacle around which excitation waves progress—is untenable since wave fronts propagate in the venous muscle in a manner that quickly renders the tissue refractory by the merging and collision of waves.
Rapid matching for transplantation: PHA primed lymphocytes☆☆☆

Abstract Human lymphocytes, 10 days after treatment with phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P), show PLT (secondary in vitro restimulation) reaction patterns which correspond to their cellular (HLA-D) type. Lymphocytes with shared cellular type stimulate PHA primed cells to a lesser degree than the majority of lymphocytes with unshared HLA-D type, which stimulate a strong response. Using a standard 3H thymidine incorporation technique, it is possible to detect responses in as early as 12 hr total incubation time, although usually a 22–48 hr total incubation time is normally required. This method is simple, gives results that correspond to the primary mixed leukocyte response, and thus may be useful as a cross-matching technique for cadaveric renal transplantation.
Brightness as a function of retinal locus in the light-adapted eye.

Abstract Apparent brightness was measured by the method of magnitude estimation as a function of three parameters: luminance of the target, locus of stimulation, and level of light-adaptation. For any given level of light adaptation, brightness grows as a power function of luminance and thereby conforms to the general psychophysical law proposed by S.S. Stevens. The exponent of the power function does not appear to vary appreciably from one retinal locus to another. From the brightness functions it can be shown that a 1° white target of constant luminance appears brightest in the fovea; its brightness decreases steadily as the locus of stimulation is made more and more eccentric. Relative sensitivity (reciprocal of luminance at threshold) also decreases with distance from the fovea, except at low levels of light-adaptation, where sensitivity is greatest at about 5°.
Line positions and absolute intensities of nitric acid from 850 to 920 cmsup-1

Line positions and strengths of HN03 from 850 to 920 cm−1 have been retrieved from room temperature spectra recorded at 0.00265 cm−1 resolution using the FTS at Kitt Peak and flowing gas samples.
Attitudes of Students of French Toward Required Language Study1

The goal of this study is to examine the attitude of students who were about to complete the final course of their language requirement in order to determine their perception of the total requirement experience. The investigation focused on three areas: 1) whether or not students considered the language requirement a worthwhile experience, 2) whether or not their attitude toward the language requirement had improved during the time they spent in required courses, and 3) their attitude toward foreign language study as a part of a university curriculum. The results revealed that students have a much more positive attitude toward required language study than is generally believed and that a critical factor in this determination is their perception of their own progress toward mastery of the language. The majority of students also reported that their attitude toward the language requirement had improved during the time they had spent in required courses. Finally, students expressed a surprisingly strong conviction that the study of a foreign language should be a required part of a university education.
Two-dimensional analysis of the split hopkinson pressure bar system☆

Abstract T he split Hopkinson pressure bar is widely used to measure the dynamic properties of solid materials. This paper presents the results of the first comprehensive two-dimensional numerical analysis of the technique, and quantitatively describes the effects of realistic friction and of variations in both the specimen geometry and the imposed strain-rate on the validity of the assumptions used in analyzing experimental data. A two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical analysis is used to compute all components of the stress, strain and strain-rate tensors at each mesh point within the specimen and the elastic bars. The calculated response of the pressure bars is used to reconstruct the stress-strain behavior of the specimen and this is compared to both the input stress-strain curve and the actual calculated stress-strain states in the specimen. Thus, the validity of the assumptions and the corrections used in the analysis of the data is determined. Inertia and friction between the specimen and the elastic bars affect the response of the specimen differently for different length-to-diameter ratios. Inertia effects produce stress waves propagating radially and axially in the specimen and may result in an oscillating reconstructed stress-strain curve. If the ends of the specimen are well lubricated and care is taken to minimize the effects of inertia, the reconstructed stress-strain curve agrees with the input. However, serious stress and strain nonuniformity exists when the ends are not lubricated and this results in a reconstructed stress-strain curve where, for any given strain, the stress magnitude is larger than the correct value. A comparison of the calculations with experiment shows excellent agreement for various interface conditions. Finally, the inertia correction of E.D.H. Davies and S.C. Hunter (1963) is found to be reasonable.
Room Temperature Rate Constant For H + F2

The rate constants for H atom reactions with Cl 2 and F 2 have been measured by monitoring the loss rate of hydrogen atoms in the presence of excess [Cl 2 ] and [F 2 ] via time-resolved, laser-induced Lyman-a fluorescence. The rate constants for H + F 2 and H + Cl 2 were found to be 2.4 +/- 0.4 X 10 -12 and 2.52 +/- 0.18 X 10 -11 cm 3 molecules -1 s -1 , respectively. The result for H + F 2 is consistent with the recommendation of Baulch et. al. (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10 (suppl. 1) (1981)) and our k(H + Cl 2 ) value is consistent with the majority of previous measurements.
Chitinophilic zoosporic fungi in various types of water bodies

Chitinophilic fungi in various types of water bodies (slough, pond, beach pool, two lakes and two rivers) were studied. Samples of water were collected every other month for hydrochemical analysis and once a month ( 1992 - 1994) in order to determine the fungus content. The wings of dragonfly and flies, carapaces of crayfish and potato beetle and the fructification of two mushrooms were used as bait. Thirty species of chitinophilic fungi were found in various types of water bodiss. Cytriomyces annulatus, Entophlyctis crenata, Obelidium megarrhizum, Rhopalophlyctis sareoptoides, Achlya colorata, A. megasperma and Dictyuchus monosporus represent new records as chitinophilic fungi. However, Entophlyctis crenata, Obelidium megarrhizum and Podochytrium chitinophilum reported for the first time from Poland.
Lemma Discovery in Automated Induction

Speculating intermediate lemmas is one of the main reason of user interaction/guidance while mechanically attempting proofs by induction. An approach for generating intermediate lemmas is developed, and its effectiveness is demonstrated while proving properties of recursively defined functions. The approach is guided by the paradigm of attempting to generate a proof of the conclusion subgoal in an induction step by the application of an induction hypothesis (es). Generation of intermediate conjectures is motivated by attempts to find appropriate instantiations for non-induction variables in the main conjecture. In case, the main conjecture does not have any non-induction variables, such variables are introduced by attempting its generalization. A constraint based paradigm is proposed for guessing the missing side of an intermediate conjecture by identifying constraints on the term schemes introduced for the missing side. Definitions and properties of functions are judiciously used for generating instantiations and intermediate conjectures. Heuristics are identified for performing such analysis. The approach fails if appropriate instantiations of non-induction variables cannot be generated. Otherwise, proofs of intermediate conjectures are attempted and the proposed method is recursively applied. The method has proven to be surprisingly effective in speculating intermediate lemmas for tail-recursive programs.
A computer program for the collection, reduction and analysis of echelle spectra*

Abstract This article is an electronic publication in Spectrochimica Acta Electronica (SAE), the electronic section of Spectrochimica Acta Part B (SAB). The hardcopy text, comprising the main article and an appendix, is accompanied by a disk containing the compiled program, a manual, the source code and tutorial in ASCII format, and data files. The work presented is a result of the need to facilitate collection, calibration, and extraction of data from an echelle spectrometer employing charge coupled array detection (CCD). A computer program, written using Microsoft's BASIC Professional Development System version 7.1 under MS DOS, is explained and demonstrated. Wavelength calibration requires critical spectrometer dimensions, grating counter settings, and the identification of a single spectral line. Calibration accuracies are better than ± 1 pixel across a 576 × 384 pixel array. Extraction of intensity-normalized spectra for all detected orders requires less than 3 min on a 33 MHz 80386 personal computer with an 80387 math coprocessor.
Evaluating web search using task completion time

We consider experiments to measure the quality of a web search algorithm based on how much total time users take to complete assigned search tasks using that algorithm. We first analyze our data to verify that there is in fact a negative relationship between a user's total search time and a user's satisfaction for the types of tasks under consideration. Secondly, we fit a model with the user's total search time as the response to compare two different search algorithms. Finally, we propose an alternative experimental design which we demonstrate to be a substantial improvement over our current design in terms of variance reduction and efficiency.
A review of glutamate's role in traumatic brain injury mechanisms

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter used by the central nervous system (CNS) for synaptic communication, and its extracellular concentration is tightly regulated by glutamate transporters located on nearby astrocytes. Both animal models and human clinical studies have demonstrated elevated glutamate levels immediately following a traumatic brain event, with the duration and severity of the rise corresponding to prognosis. This rise in extracellular glutamate likely results from a combination of excessive neurotransmitter release from damaged neurons and down regulation of uptake mechanisms in local astrocytes. The immediate results of a traumatic event can lead to necrotic tissue in severely injured regions, while prolonged increases in excitatory transmission can cause secondary excitotoxic injury through activation of delayed apoptotic pathways. Initial TBI animal studies utilized a variety of broad glutamate receptor antagonists to successfully combat secondary injury mechanisms, but unfortunately this same strategy has proven inconclusive in subsequent human trials due to deleterious side effects and heterogeneity of injuries. More recent treatment strategies have utilized specific glutamate receptor subunit antagonists in an effort to minimize side effects and have shown promising results. Future challenges will be detecting the concentration and kinetics of the glutamate rise following injury, determining which patient populations could benefit from antagonist treatment based on their extracellular glutamate concentrations and when drugs should be administered to maximize efficacy.
Global diagnostic ratings compared to DSM-III-R diagnoses in early dyskinesia.

Abstract 1. Two types of psychiatric diagnoses were obtained in a study of the course of early dyskinesia: DSM-III-R and Dimensional Global Ratings of Schizophrenia, Paranoia, Mania and Depression. 2. The strength of association between measures of vulnerability to developing tardive dyskinesia (TD), and clinical components from each of the two methods of obtaining psychiatric diagnoses was established by canonical correlations. 3. Overall, little difference was obtained between DSM-III-R categories and Global Ratings in terms of correlations with TD vulnerability measures. Using components from global diagnostic ratings, the Depression and Schizophrenia Scales made stronger contributions to the canonical functions than Mania and Paranoia. 4. Unipolar depressed patients appear more sensitive to NL: they developed TD after less NL exposure. 5. Dimensional classification appears to be a promising approach to capturing important characteristics of psychoses.
Level-Crossing Spectroscopy in Molecules: Application to the OH Free Radical

We have observed the Hanle effect in the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma} (v=0)$ excited state of the free radical OH in lines which originate from sublevels with rotational quantum numbers $K=3,4,5$. From the widths of each of these experimental signals we can calculate the $g$-factor-lifetime product and, since the lifetime of the state has been measured previously, our observations yield the values $g[K=3]=0.176(23)$, $g[K=4]=0.141(15)$, and $g[K=5]=0.118(11)$.
The connection machine: A computer architecture based on cellular automata

Abstract This paper describes the Connection Machine, a programmable computer based on cellular automata. The essential idea behind the connection machine is that a regular locally-connected cellular array can be made to behave as if the processing cells are connected into any desired topology. When the topology of the machine is chosen to match the topology of the application program, the result is a fast, powerful computing engine. The Connection Machine was originally designed to implement knowledge retrieval operations in artificial intelligence programs, but the hardware and the programming techniques are apparently applicable to a much larger class of problems. A machine with 100,000 processing cells is currently being constructed.
Erratum to: Geriatric renal palliative care is coming of age

Under the heading ‘‘The landscape of geriatric CKD and dialysis is a model of chronic progressive illness’’; in the sentence ‘‘They too are powerful predictors of adverse consequences like mortality, hospitalization, nursing home placement and hip fractures (REF)’’, the word (REF) should be replaced by the following reference ‘‘Swidler M: Chapter 37 Dialysis decisions in the elderly patient with advanced CKD and the role of nondialytic therapy. In: American Society of Nephrology Geriatric Nephrology Curriculum, edited by Oreopoulos MD, Wiggins J, eds., San Luis Obispo, American Society of Nephrology, 2009’’.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Racemic 2-Amino-N-Substituted Succinimide Derivatives

Several derivatives of (R,S)-2-amino-N-substituted succinimides were synthesized and evaluated in mice against seizures produced by electroshock and pentylenetetrazol. The most active compound against both electroshock- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures was (R,S)-N-benzyl-2-(methanesulfamido)succinimide.
Multiple CCD detector for macromolecular X-ray crystallography

A charge-coupled device (CCD)-based detector designed for macromolecular crystallography is described. The detector has an area of 200 × 200 mm, a readout time of 1.6 s, and total noise equivalent to approximately three 12 keV X-ray photons per pixel. The detector is constructed from a 2 × 2 array of four identical units, each unit consisting of a 4.1:1 demagnifying fiber-optic taper bonded to a 1 k × 1 k, 24 µm pixel, CCD sensor. Each CCD is read out in parallel though four channels and digitized to 16 bits. A Gd2O2S phosphor X-ray-to-light converter bonded to an aluminized-plastic film is held in contact with the input surfaces of the fiber-optic tapers with an air pillow. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the point response function is 120 µm, the response is linear to better than 1% over the entire range of intensity from background to nearly full well, the gain is 3.4 e per 8 keV incident X-ray photon, the noise is 12.6 e per pixel for a 10 s integration time, the modulation transfer function (MTF) is 0.35 at 5 line pairs (lp) mm−1 (the Nyquest frequency), and the measured detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is 0.74 for relatively strong Bragg peaks. Data collected from crystallographic studies with synchrotron radiation are presented. In an anomalous difference Patterson map for a data set collected in 40 min on a monoclinic myoglobin crystal, the magnitude of the Fe–Fe peaks is 18 times the standard uncertainty of the map.
Short-term prognosis in primary and secondary major depression☆

Among inpatients treated without ECT, those with primary unipolar depression had significantly better outcomes at discharge than did those with secondary depression. This difference grew more striking during a 6-month follow-up; patients with secondary depression were clearly less likely to recover from the index depressive episode and had substantially higher symptom levels at the time of follow-up. In contrast, patients with DSM-III melancholia resembled depressed patients without melancholia on all outcome measures.
Ab Initio Direct Dynamics Study of Cyclopropyl Radical Ring-Opening

Quasiclassical direct dynamics simulations, at the CASSCF(3,3)/6-31G(d) level of theory, are used to study the stereochemistry of the electrocyclic ring-opening reaction of the cyclopropyl radical....
Trophic Relations of Introduced Flathead Catfish in an Atlantic River

Abstract The flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris is a large piscivore that is native to the Mississippi and Rio Grande river drainages but that has been widely introduced across the United States. River ecologists and fisheries managers are concerned about introduced flathead catfish populations because of the negative impacts on native fish communities or imperiled species associated with direct predation and indirect competition from this apex predator. We studied the trophic relations of introduced flathead catfish in an Atlantic river to further understand the effects on native fish communities. Crayfish (Astacidea) occurred most frequently in the flathead catfish diet, while sunfish Lepomis spp. comprised the greatest percentage by weight. Neither of two sympatric imperiled fish species (the federally endangered Cape Fear shiner Notropis mekistocholas and the Carolina redhorse Moxostoma sp., a federal species of concern) was found in any diet sample. An ontogenetic shift in diet was evident when fla...
A new method for causality enforcement of DRAM package models using discrete hilbert transforms

Causality verification and enforcement is an essential step in generating high speed electric package macromodels and it often accomplished in two steps: vector fitting measured system parameters into a rational function representation and then performing the Hilbert Transform integrations to check and if needed enforce causality. This procedure suffers from various approximation, truncation, and discretization errors. Besides, the measured or simulated system data are known only on the finite bandwidth, while the Hilbert Transform has to be computed on the infinite domain. To avoid these errors as well as inaccuracy of extrapolation of the transfer function to infinity, a new method is proposed to check and enforce causality by using raw bandlimited data that is extended periodically using a polynomial interpolation and computing the Hilbert Transform of the periodically extended data via accurate FFT.
Building epithelial architecture: insights from three-dimensional culture models

How do individual cells organize into multicellular tissues? Here, we propose that the morphogenetic behaviour of epithelial cells is guided by two distinct elements: an intrinsic differentiation programme that drives formation of a lumen-enclosing monolayer, and a growth factor-induced, transient de-differentiation that allows this monolayer to be remodelled.
Galactic chemical evolution - Z versus ln(1/mu) relationship

The ways in which a radial abundance gradient in a disk galaxy may be interpreted are reexamined, asking how metallicity Z depends upon gas mass fraction mu in analytic models characterized by a temporally varying history of metal-poor infall. Six different such models are studied, and it is shown that the metallicity versus gas fraction relationship is well approximated by an expression which is the analog of the Z = y ln(1/mu) relation for closed evolution. The approximation appears valid when the infall rate is nonneglible, but not so great that it dominates the gas budget.
Neonatal mouse assay for tumorigenicity: alternative to the chronic rodent bioassay.

The chronic rodent bioassay for tumors has been utilized systematically for 25 years to identify chemicals with carcinogenic potential in man. In general, those chemicals exhibiting tumorigenicity at multiple sites in both mice and rats have been regarded as possessing strong carcinogenic potential in humans. In comparison, the value of data collected for those test chemicals exhibiting more sporadic tumorigenicity results (e.g., single species/single sex or dose-independent) has been questioned. As knowledge of the carcinogenic process has increased, several alternative test systems, usually faster and less expensive than the 2-year bioassay, have been suggested for identification of the strongly acting, transspecies carcinogens. The International Conference on Harmonization for Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use has proposed an international standard that allows for the use of one long-term rodent carcinogenicity study, plus one supplementary study to identify potential human pharmaceutical carcinogens. The neonatal mouse assay for tumorigenicity has been used since 1959; however, relative to other alternate tests, little has been written about this system. It is clear that this assay system successfully identifies transspecies carcinogens from numerous chemical classes, thus recommending itself as a strong candidate for a supplementary study to identify potential human carcinogens. In contrast, there are decidedly less data available from this assay in response to pharmaceuticals shown to exhibit weak and/or conflicting results in the 2-year bioassay, knowledge invaluable to the regulatory process. This paper reviews the historical development and our experience with the neonatal mouse assay and includes suggestions for a standardized protocol and strategies to document its response to "weak" and/or "nongenotoxic" carcinogens.
Irrationality profiles for anger and anxiety

A fundamental position in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) is that irrational belief systems cause emotional disturbance. This study adds to the body of recent research substantiating this position by showing significantly different profiles on the Jones Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) (1968/1969) for a nonclinical population (N=446) differentiated according to low, medium, and high anxiety and low, medium, and high anger. The profile differences not only support the above fundamental position, but also offer some further evidence for the validity of the IBT.
Volume, Sperm Concentration, and Fertilizing Capacity of Turkey Ejaculates Obtained from Successive Cloacal Strokes During Semen Collection

Abstract Ejaculate fractions (EF), obtained as the ejaculate from each of four successive cloacal strokes (EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4, respectively), were collected manually by abdominal massage from Large White breeder turkeys. Semen volume and sperm concentration were the greatest for EF 1 and decreased with each successive fraction. Ejaculate Fraction 1 and EF (1 + 2) represented 50 and 79% of the total sperm collected, respectively. Approximately 6, 9, 10, and 11 hens could each be inseminated with 200 × 106 sperm from semen collected from each male using EF1, EF (1 + 2), EF (1 + 2 + 3), and EF (1 + 2 + 3 + 4), respectively. There were no differences in duration of fertility, percentage fertility, or percentage hatchability of eggs from hens inseminated with semen from EF1, EF3, and pooled control semen samples.
Impact of laparotomy finding of significant intraabdominal adhesions on the surgically defined complete response rate to subsequent salvage intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

One possible explanation for the failure of the high concentrations of cytotoxic agents achieved following intraperitoneal (i.p.) drug delivery to produce a favorable response in patients with ovarian cancer is the inability of the drug-containing fluid to be adequately distributed throughout the peritoneal cavity, usually because of intraabdominal adhesion formation. To evaluate the influence of the severity of adhesions, observed at the time of laparotomy performed immediately preceding the initiation of i.p. therapy, on the ability to achieve a surgically defined complete response (S-CR), we retrospectively reviewed the operative reports of 70 patients with small-volume residual ovarian cancer treated on one of three phase-2 salvage i.p. trials at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The S-CR rate in the 36 patients withlimited adhesion formation observed upon entering the peritoneal cavity was 28%, compared to 35% in the 34 patients withextensive adhesions (P>0.05). In 33 patients treated with a phase-2 cisplatin-based i.p. program, who had previously responded to systemic platinum, 47% (8/17) and 44% (7/16) of those with limited and extensive adhesions, respectively, achieved a S-CR (P>0.05). We conclude that the presence of extensive adhesions observed within the peritoneal cavity at the time of a laparotomy performed immediately prior to the initiation of i.p. therapy does not have a negative impact on the potential to achieve an S-CR, assuming it is technically feasible to lyse all significant adhesions prior to the completion of the operative procedure.
The Routinization of Spontaneity

Etude du phenomene de « routinisation » dans le nouveau mouvement religieux de Sorcellerie et Neo-Paganisme en Nouvelle-Angleterre. Sorcellerie est une religion decentralisee qui insiste sur la spontaneite de l'expression religieuse. Le modele weberien de la routinisation n'est applicable que de maniere limitee a ce groupe. De nouveaux apercus dans le processus de routinisation offerte par une theorie organisationnelle peuvent aider a structurer ce processus dans ce nouveau mouvement religieux
Use of regression residuals to quantify individual differences in acute sensitivity and tolerance to alcohol

Due to the problem of correlation of errors inherent in the difference or ratio scores typically used to quantify individual differences in acute sensitivity and tolerance to alcohol, it is recommended that residual scores from regression analyses be used instead for such quantification. Conceptualizations of acute sensitivity and tolerance and problems with the reliability of change scores are also discussed.
Combined total body electron beam irradiation and chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides.

Since 1979 a protocol of total body electron beam therapy (3,600 rads; 6 MeV), followed by six monthly cycles of chemotherapy (doxorubicin, 30 mg/M2 given intravenously once monthly, and cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/M2 given orally each day for 14 days), has been used to treat fifty patients with mycosis fungoides (primarily Stages I and II). A group of twenty-four patients, treated by identical high-dose electron beam therapy alone, served as control subjects. Actuarial analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method and statistical analysis by the generalized Wilcoxon test of Gehan demonstrated a significant difference (p = 0.008) in the probability of Stages I and II patients' remaining in complete clinical remission when combination therapy was compared with high-dose electron beam therapy alone. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated in patients in Stages III and IV mycosis fungoides. Although 60% of patients were in "complete clinical remission," the longest follow-up being 75 months, all continued to show karyotypic abnormalities of circulating lymphocytes, and 70% had intermittently and abnormally elevated blood levels of Sezary cells.
Numerical Simulation of the Rock Fragmentation Process Induced by TBM Cutters

The rock fragmentation process is the interaction process between TBM and rock mass, which is affected by TBM specifications, such as thrust force, cutter tip width and profile, cutter spacing, RPM, and torque, and rock mass properties mainly including rock material strength, rock brittleness, joint spacing and orientation. In this study, based on the systematic study of the existed rock constitutive model achievements and introduction of rock breaking mechanism, main failure mode of rock in the breaking process of disc cutter is added and revised in order to meet the actual situation. The method of establishing numerical model of disc cutter breaking process is introduced. After the dynamic simulation, we can obtain that geotechnical interface disturbance insulted by disc cutter. Based on plenty of experiments, it confirms reliability of numerical methods and provides a method to study cutting performance for different geological conditions.
Identification of differentially expressed genes between sorghum genotypes with contrasting nitrogen stress tolerance by genome-wide transcriptional profiling

Sorghum is an important cereal crop, which requires large quantities of nitrogen fertilizer for achieving commercial yields. Identification of the genes responsible for low-N tolerance in sorghum will facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of low-N tolerance, and also facilitate the genetic improvement of sorghum through marker-assisted selection or gene transformation. In this study we compared the transcriptomes of root tissues from seven sorghum genotypes having differential response to low-N stress. Illumina RNA-sequencing detected several common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between four low-N tolerant sorghum genotypes (San Chi San, China17, KS78 and high-NUE bulk) and three sensitive genotypes (CK60, BTx623 and low-NUE bulk). In sensitive genotypes, N-stress increased the abundance of DEG transcripts associated with stress responses including oxidative stress and stimuli were abundant. The tolerant genotypes adapt to N deficiency by producing greater root mass for efficient uptake of nutrients. In tolerant genotypes, higher abundance of transcripts related to high affinity nitrate transporters (NRT2.2, NRT2.3, NRT2.5, and NRT2.6) and lysine histidine transporter 1 (LHT1), may suggest an improved uptake efficiency of inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen. Higher abundance of SEC14 cytosolic factor family protein transcript in tolerant genotypes could lead to increased membrane stability and tolerance to N-stress. Comparison of transcriptomes between N-stress tolerant and sensitive genotypes revealed several common DEG transcripts. Some of these DEGs were evaluated further by comparing the transcriptomes of genotypes grown under full N. The DEG transcripts showed higher expression in tolerant genotypes could be used for transgenic over-expression in sensitive genotypes of sorghum and related crops for increased tolerance to N-stress, which results in increased nitrogen use efficiency for sustainable agriculture.
Age Estimation for Shovelnose Sturgeon: A Cautionary Note Based on Annulus Formation in Pectoral Fin Rays

Abstract Numerous studies have examined the age and growth of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, but only one study attempted to validate age estimation techniques. Therefore, our objective was to use marginal increment analysis to validate annulus formation in pectoral fin rays of shovelnose sturgeon collected from the Missouri River. We also compared the precision of age estimates between two different readers. Marginal increment distance indicated that for most of the populations an opaque band was laid down in pectoral fin rays during the summer. However, opaque bands were formed throughout the year in some individuals, which could be problematic when using fin rays for age estimation. The agreement of age estimates by two readers for shovelnose sturgeon was only 18%, and differences in ages between the two readers increased for older fish. The presence of split annuli, false annuli, spawning bands, imbedded rays, and deteriorating sections made individual growth rings difficult to separ...
Efficient Group Rekeying Using Application-Layer Multicast

In secure group communications, there are both rekey and data traffic. The authors proposed to use application-layer multicast to support concurrent rekey and data transport. Rekey traffic is bursty and requires fast delivery. It is desired to reduce rekey bandwidth overhead as much as possible since it competes for bandwidth with data traffic. Towards this goal, a multicast scheme that exploits proximity in the underlying network was proposed. The authors further proposed a rekey message splitting scheme to significantly reduce rekey bandwidth overhead at each user access link and network link. Correctness properties for the multicast scheme and rekey message splitting scheme was formulated and proved. The authors have conducted extensive simulations to evaluate the approach. The simulation results show that the approach can reduce rekey bandwidth overhead from several thousand encrypted new keys (encryptions, in short) to less than ten encryptions for more than 90% of users in a group of 1024 users
Bacterial protein translocation requires only one copy of the SecY complex in vivo

The transport of proteins across the plasma membrane in bacteria requires a channel formed from the SecY complex, which cooperates with either a translating ribosome in cotranslational translocation or the SecA ATPase in post-translational translocation. Whether translocation requires oligomers of the SecY complex is an important but controversial issue: it determines channel size, how the permeation of small molecules is prevented, and how the channel interacts with the ribosome and SecA. Here, we probe in vivo the oligomeric state of SecY by cross-linking, using defined co- and post-translational translocation intermediates in intact Escherichia coli cells. We show that nontranslocating SecY associated transiently through different interaction surfaces with other SecY molecules inside the membrane. These interactions were significantly reduced when a translocating polypeptide inserted into the SecY channel co- or post-translationally. Mutations that abolish the interaction between SecY molecules still supported viability of E. coli. These results show that a single SecY molecule is sufficient for protein translocation.
Laser Induced Solid-State Grain Growth in Polysilicon Films

We report studies done on the heating of polysillcon thin films below the melting temperature with long-time (on the order of minutes) continuous-wave laser irradiations. It is shown that a well controlled steady-state temperature is locally established within the film. A thermal model is developed to correlate film temperature to beam intensity and a direct relationship is found. A correlation coefficient of 2.5 K/W/cm2 is empirically determined between film temperature and incident beam power density.
Evaluation of a haptic mixed reality system for interactions with a virtual control panel

We present a haptic feedback technique that combines feedback from a portable force-feedback glove with feedback from direct contact with rigid passive objects. This approach is a haptic analogue of visual mixed reality, since it can be used to haptically combine real and virtual elements in a single display. We discuss device limitations that motivated this combined approach and summarize technological challenges encountered. We present three experiments to evaluate the approach for interactions with buttons and sliders on a virtual control panel. In our first experiment, this approach resulted in better task performance and better subjective ratings than the use of only a force-feedback glove. In our second experiment, visual feedback was degraded and the combined approach resulted in better performance than the glove-only approach and in better ratings of slider interactions than both glove-only and passive-only approaches. A third experiment allowed subjective comparison of approaches and provided additional evidence that the combined approach provides the best experience.
ReSET-Raster: Surface Energy Balance Model for Calculating Evapotranspiration Using a Raster Approach

Surface energy balance models developed for mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution use weather station data. Previous models such as SEBAL or METRIC use wind and reference evapotranspiration from a single weather station. A third model (ReSET) uses wind run from multiple weather stations but uses a single weather station for the internal calibration. Because these models solve the energy balance equation for areas that usually have significant spatial variability, it is more appropriate to have all inputs and calculations in a raster format. This paper presents a full rasterized model, which uses all inputs and performs all calculations in a raster format (ReSET-Raster). The ReSET-Raster model provides the flexibility to use several weather stations as data sources to generate interpolated weather parameters in a raster format. It explicitly takes into account the spatial variation of weather parameters between weather stations, which can be significant. This paper presents examples showing that evapotranspiration calculated with the raster approach can vary as much as 17% compared with evapotranspiration calculated with point values.