cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histological Behavior of Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Bovine Collagen Injected Into the Human Bladder for the Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux

AbstractEndoscopic subureteral collagen injection has become an accepted means for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological behavior of glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen implants. The specimens were harvested from 29 patients who underwent reimplant surgery 2 to 30 months (mean 9.5) after unsuccessful subureteral injection therapy.In addition to routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, a new staining method (solophenyl red 3BL) able to demonstrate selectively neoformation of types I and III human collagen, was applied. Invasion of host fibroblasts into the bovine implant and the formation of endogenous types I and III collagen were demonstrated in all 29 cases. Adverse histological reactions were rare and, if present, they were predominantly of an inflammatory nature.
Sufism Without Boundaries: Pluralism, Coexistence, and Interfaith Dialogue in Bangladesh

Most scholars believe that the majority of the population of Bangladesh embraced Islam through the influence of the Sufis (mystics, holy men). A large majority of Bangladeshi Muslims perceives Sufis as sources of their spiritual wisdom and guidance, viewing Sufi khanqahs [hospices] and dargahs [mausoleums] to be the nerve centers of Muslim society. It has been argued that the greatest achievement of the Sufis of Bengal is the “growth of cordiality and unity between the Hindus and the Muslims.” Yet, Sufism is a contested phenomenon in Bangladesh. Islamic reform movements in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries preached against some Sufi rituals and practices, and Sufism as a whole. This article analyzes how the concept of “Bangalee Nationalism” emerges, among others, from various Sufi ideologies that recognize the authenticity of another’s faith. This article will also analyze how these traditions have hitherto been engaged in establishing a pluralistic society as well as in developing a culture of tolerance and interfaith dialogue.
The Southern Gothic in Film: An Overview

The Southern Gothic has enjoyed a vivid life in film (and television) that continues to thrive. This chapter considers the difficult legacy of the sub-genre, its investments in often pernicious stereotypes such as the hillbilly villain and the narrow, simplistic nature of Southern life and people. At the same time, the sub-genre has afforded filmmakers with crude opportunities for racist depictions. Nevertheless, the sub-genre has also at times been resistant, especially in its foregrounding of issues such as the disciplining of female sexuality and its evocation of queer desire. The chapter considers works such as Dark Waters, Suddenly, Last Summer, Deliverance, Mandingo, Django Unchained, and the HBO series True Detective.
Ranking Sport Card Certification Companies: A Sociological Study on the Importance of Hierarchies

Baseball card collecting has changed in many ways over the past 100 years. One significant development is the emergence of card certification companies. These companies provide buyers and sellers with an independent opinion of the condition of cards. What is sociologically interesting about this development is that collectors have produced an informal ranking of the certification companies. The consequence of them doing so is that today the value of a baseball card depends in large measure on what company authenticated it. What is not known, however, is whether any of the companies provide a more accurate assessment of cards. Nor is it known whether variability exists among the ratings assigned to cards by the companies. This research provides strong evidence that the ratings companies assign to cards are remarkably similar. Our principal conclusion is that the informal ranking of certification companies that presently exists rests on a foundation of sand and is likely to be unstable and volatile.
Income, Income Shocks, and Transactional Sex

Transactional sex is an important factor in the spread of HIV, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this chapter, we review empirical evidence on the economic incentives which influence the decision to supply transactional sex, and discuss several policies which may affect supply decisions. While the primary motivation for entering the transactional sex market is the large income premium relative to other jobs, unexpected income shocks also affect sexual behavior. Based largely on a set of studies in Western Kenya, we show that women are more likely to supply unprotected sex when they experience unexpected income shocks. We also show that sex workers receive informal insurance transfers from regular clients when shocks occur. Such support may induce some women into supplying sex. We conclude with a discussion of possible policy options, including providing conditional cash transfers, giving information on health risks, and introducing risk coping mechanisms such as insurance or bank accounts.
In Situ Microprobe Single-Cell Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry: Metabolic Reorganization in Single Differentiating Cells in the Live Vertebrate (Xenopus laevis) Embryo

Knowledge of single-cell metabolism would provide a powerful look into cell activity changes as cells differentiate to all the tissues of the vertebrate embryo. However, single-cell mass spectrometry technologies have not yet been made compatible with complex three-dimensional changes and rapidly decreasing cell sizes during early development of the embryo. Here, we bridge this technological gap by integrating capillary microsampling, microscale metabolite extraction, and capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) to enable direct metabolic analysis of identified cells in the live frog embryo (Xenopus laevis). Microprobe CE-ESI-MS of <0.02% of the single-cell content allowed us to detect ∼230 different molecular features (positive ion mode), including 70 known metabolites, in single dorsal and ventral cells in 8-to-32-cell embryos. Relative quantification followed by multivariate and statistical analysis of the data found that microsampling enhanced detection sensitivi...
Evaluating boron-carbide constituents with simulated Raman spectra

Abstract Boron carbide exhibits extraordinary mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties but also has a complex structure due to extensive polymorphism. In particular, each fabricated sample of boron carbide likely comprises a collection of crystal structures mixed at the nanoscale. Development of methods to quantify these polymorphic variants would facilitate understanding and tailoring of properties. Hence, the current investigation provides a methodology to approximate the distribution of Raman-active constituents through comparison of an experimental Raman scan with a superposition of simulated Raman spectra. For boron carbide, the results indicate that hot pressing yields a different distribution of crystal structures than spark-plasma sintering.
Imperative BSPlib-style Communications in Bulk Synchronous Parallel ML

Bulk synchronous parallelism (BSP) offers an abstract and simple model of parallelism yet allows to take realistically into account the communication costs of parallel algorithms. BSP has been used in many application domains. BSPlib and its variants are programming libraries for the C language that support the BSP style. Bulk Synchronous Parallel ML (BSML) is a library for BSP programming with the functional language OCaml. It is based on an extension of the lambda-calculus by parallel operations on a data structure named parallel vector. BSML offers a global view of programs, i.e. BSML programs can be seen as sequential programs working on a parallel data structure (seq of par) while a BSPlib program is written in the SPMD style and understood as a parallel composition of communicating sequential programs (par of seq). The communication styles of BSML and BSPlib are also quite different.
Enhancing the assignment: Using the Framework for student learning and assessment in a Business Law class

I n this column, I discuss my usage of three different frames of the ACRL “Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education.” 1 I worked with knowledge practices and dispositions from three frames in a 75-minute library instruction class for the Business and Law course “Legal Environment of Business.” I used those frames to enhance simple instruction for the class, and created an assessment to complement the instruction.
The development of Ethiopia's Climate Resilient Green Economy 2011–2014: implications for rural adaptation

Anthropogenic climate change is predicted to have severe impacts on national economies and individual livelihoods, particularly for the world’s poorest populations. Measures to address climate chan...
Global Research Patterns on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

The article deals with the analysis of worldwide research patterns concerning ground penetrating radar (GPR) during 1995–2014. To do this, the Thomson Reuters’ Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and the Social Sciences Citation Index accessed via the Web of Science Core Collection were the two bibliographic databases taken as a reference. We pay attention to the document typology and language, the publication trend and citations, the subject categories and journals, the collaborations between authors, the productivity of the authors, the most cited articles, the countries and the institutions involved, and other hot issues. Concerning the main research subfields involving GPR use, there were five, physical–mathematical, sedimentological–stratigraphical, civil engineering/engineering geology/cultural heritage, hydrological (HD), and glaciological (GL), subfields.
In Vitro Study with Semi-rigid Rotameric Conformational Analogs of Dopamine

ABSTRACT Inhibitory activity of semi-rigid α- and β-rotameric conformational analogs of trans dopamine (DA) on vascular smooth muscle were studied in vitro on canine mesenteric artery strips pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and contracted by addition of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) to the bathing medium. The α-rotamer was about 50 times weaker than isoproterenol in relaxing these strips. The α-rotamer and DA were equipotent and were 4 times weaker than the α-rotamer. Relaxation induced by the α-rotamer was inhibited by propranolol but not by d -sulpiride. On the other hand, DA and the β-rotamer-induced relaxation was inhibited by d -sulpiride but not by propranolol, confirming that the trans β-rotameric conformation of DA is required for action on DA receptors; whereas, the trans α-rotameric conformation is preferred for β-adrenergic activity. Specific antagonism of DA and the β-rotamer by d -sulpiride confirms the existence of DA vascular receptor in an in vitro model.
Protein Isoprenylation in Yeast Targets COOH-Terminal Sequences Not Adhering to the CaaX Consensus

Protein isoprenylation targets a subset of COOH-terminal Cxxx tetrapeptide sequences that has been operationally defined as a CaaX motif. The specificity of the farnesyl transferase toward each of the possible 8000 combinations of Cxxx sequences, however, remains largely unresolved. In part, it has been difficult to consolidate results stemming from in vitro and in silico approaches that yield a wider array of prenylatable sequences relative to those known in vivo. We have investigated whether this disconnect results from the multistep complexity of post-translational modification that occurs in vivo to CaaX proteins. For example, the Ras GTPases undergo isoprenylation followed by additional proteolysis and carboxymethylation events at the COOH-terminus. By contrast, Saccharomyces cerevisiaeHsp40Ydj1p is isoprenylated but not subject to additional modification. In fact, additional modifications are detrimental to Ydj1p activity in vivo. We have taken advantage of the properties of Ydj1p and a Ydj1p-dependent growth assay to identify sequences that permit Ydj1p isoprenylation in vivo while simultaneously selecting against nonprenylatable and more extensively modified sequences. The recovered sequences are largely nonoverlapping with those previously identified using an in vivo Ras-based yeast reporter. Moreover, most of the sequences are not readily predicted as isoprenylation targets by existing prediction algorithms. Our results reveal that the yeast CaaX-type prenyltransferases can utilize a range of sequence combinations that extend beyond the traditional constraints for CaaX proteins, which implies that more proteins may be isoprenylated than previously considered.
Grain size effects on Ni/Al nanolaminate combustion

Reactions in Ni/Al nanolaminates exhibit high combustion temperatures and wave speeds that are customizable through changes to nanostructure. Nanolaminates fabricated via vapor deposition exhibit columnar grains with average diameters on the order of the individual layer thickness; yet, their role on nanolaminate combustion has not been previously investigated. The current work uses molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the effect of grain size on reaction rates and combustion temperatures in Ni/Al nanolaminates. Decreasing grain size is shown to increase reaction rates as well as increase peak temperatures consistent with the excess enthalpy of smaller grain sizes. Additionally, grain boundaries provide heterogenous nucleation sites for the diffusion-restricting B2–NiAl phase. Focusing on Ni diffusion into liquid Al, an effective diffusion coefficient is computed as a function of grain size, which may be used in thermodynamic models for this stage of the reaction.
Optimal Predictor of Gonadal Viability in Testicular Torsion: Time to Treat Versus Duration of Symptoms.

Abstract Background We hypothesize that in testicular torsion, the duration of symptoms (DoS) better correlates with predicting testicular viability than minimizing the “time-to-treat” (TtT) after presentation to a medical facility. Materials and methods Medical records of male pediatric patients treated for suspected diagnosis of testicular torsion in the emergency department (ED) from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, were retrospectively evaluated. Forty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis compared testicular viability based on TtT, DoS, and site of initial presentation. Results Testicular salvage rates for patients presenting directly to our ED was 56.3% with an average TtT of 2.5 h versus 77.8% and 1.96 h, respectively, for transferred patients. Overall testicular survival was not statistically impacted by the difference in TtT. Comparing DoS, an 84% testicular salvage rate (DoS 24 h) was shown in patients presenting directly to our ED (P ≤ 0.0001). Within the total population (n = 41), a significant difference was also shown (P ≤ 0.0001) when comparing overall testicular salvage rates in patients presenting with 24 h total DoS (84% versus 25%). Conclusions These data reveal that an alternative predictor of testicular salvage rates is a DoS
Bertrand Russell’s Approach to Moral Education in Early Childhood

In his Autobiography, Bertrand Russell reports: “When my first child was born, in November 1921, I felt an immense release of my pent-up emotion, and during the next ten years my main purposes were parental” (1969b, p. 211, emphasis ours). The decade to which Russell refers-- Russell, incidentally was fifty at its outset—was indeed for him a period of great involvement in and reflection upon child-rearing and education in a broader sense. During this time Russell published two major books as well as numerous articles on education, and he and his second wife, Dora, founded and conducted their celebrated if sometimes controversial Beacon Hill School.
Collapsing glomerulopathy in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease

Collapsing glomerulopathy (CG) is a distinct podocytopathy characterized by the global or segmental collapse of glomerular capillary tuft with overlying podocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. CG has been associated with numerous etiologies, including infections, autoimmune disorders, drugs, and malignancies. Anecdotal reports of CG in patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) have been reported in the literature. We report a case of a 53-year-old female who presented to us with acute kidney injury and proteinuria. The patient underwent renal biopsy for further evaluation of her proteinuria, and was diagnosed to have collapsing glomerulopathy. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with MCTD, given her constellation of symptoms and serology titers. The patient was started on prednisone with subsequent stabilization of renal function and reduction of proteinuria and continues to be in remission. We report our case to highlight the association between collapsing glomerulopathy and MCTD and the potential role of steroids as first-line therapy in such cases.
Superheroes Social Skills: A Comparison of Video Only and Full Curriculum on Social Skill Use:

A substantial number of multicomponent interventions have been developed to address social functioning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For multicomponent interventions, identify...
Hysterectomy versus uterine preservation at the time of pelvic reconstructive surgery

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate national trends in apical prolapse surgery with and without uterine preservation using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Methods Based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, patients diagnosed with uterovaginal prolapse who underwent apical suspensions between 2013 and 2018 were identified, and procedures involving uterine preservation were differentiated from those with concomitant hysterectomy. Patient characteristics and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results A total of 16 427 patients met inclusion criteria, with 2235 (13.6%) undergoing uterine-preservation procedures and 14 192 (86.4%) undergoing hysterectomy. Between 2013 and 2018, the rates of uterine preservation ranged from 12.8% to 15.3%, with the last 2 years having significantly lower rates. Patients in the uterine-preservation group were older (62.8 vs. 60.5 y, P Conclusions Patients with more comorbidities were more likely to undergo uterine-preserving surgeries, which offered reduced operative time and no differences in postoperative complications.
Perineural Spread of Cancers

Abstract Perineural spread is well known to occur in head and neck malignancies. The same disease process also occurs in breast cancer spread to the brachial plexus and with pelvic malignancies involving the lumbosacral plexus. The diagnosis of perineural spread to the peripheral nerves is increasing with the use of high-resolution MRI, but the diagnosis may be challenging both clinically and on imaging studies as these patients have often undergone prior surgery and local radiation. A fascicular biopsy is often required for definitive diagnosis. This chapter reviews the imaging and clinical findings in perineural spread of malignancy to the brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus as well as the proposed anatomic methods of disease spread.
The pathway to unethical pro-organizational behavior: Organizational identification as a joint function of work passion and trait mindfulness☆

Abstract Employees' unethical behavior is largely intended to harm organizations, but their unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) is intended to benefit organizations. A prominent force for UPB is organizational identification (OID), but what determines OID remains poorly understood. A better understanding of this issue can help employees and organizations manage UPB. The current research examines how work passion and trait mindfulness jointly determine OID, which drives UPB. A field study with 120 U.S. employees demonstrated that mindfulness moderated the relationships between obsessive passion and OID and between obsessive passion and UPB, and OID mediated the latter relationship only when mindfulness was low. Harmonious passion was positively related to OID, yet not moderated by mindfulness. On the other hand, perceived organizational support was positively related to OID, and yet not significantly related to UPB. In order to reduce OID and resultant UPB, employees can reduce obsessive passion while enhancing trait mindfulness. These findings advance research on OID, UPB, work passion, and mindfulness and provide practical implications for managing UPB.
Neuroimaging in the clinical diagnosis of dementia: observations from a memory disorders clinic.

OBJECTIVES: To determine how often neuroimaging confirms, clarifies, or contradicts initial diagnoses of late-life cognitive disorders. DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Outpatient clinic specializing in memory disorders. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety-three consecutively referred cognitively impaired patients. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnoses using research criteria were developed for each patient at the first visit and ranged from cognitive impairment without dementia to dementias of single, complex, or indeterminate etiology. Structural (noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging) and perfusion (technetium-99m ethyl cysteine dimer single photon emission computed tomography) images were categorized together as normal, suggestive of specific diseases, or abnormal/not diagnostic. RESULTS: When a single neurodegenerative disease was suspected clinically (n=94), imaging confirmed the diagnosis in 50, contradicted the diagnosis in 32, and was abnormal/not diagnostic in 12. When more than one neurodegenerative etiology was clinically suspected (n=21), imaging assigned a single diagnosis in 13 and only cerebrovascular disease in one and was abnormal/not diagnostic in seven. In dementia not otherwise specified (NOS) (n=33), imaging suggested a specific etiology in 23 and was abnormal/not diagnostic in 10. Abnormal/not diagnostic images were more common in cognitive disorder NOS (n=25, 68%) than in other clinical groups (22%, chi-square=22.8 P<.001). Neuroimaging indicators of cerebrovascular disease were common (60% prevalence) but not predicted by the presence of vascular risk factors alone. CONCLUSION: Overall, neuroimaging confirmed, clarified, or contradicted the initial clinical diagnosis in more than 80% of patients, whereas fewer than 20% had abnormal/not diagnostic patterns. Imaging suggested a complex dementia etiology in 21% of cases clinically thought to be caused by a single process, whereas 46% of complex clinical differential diagnoses appeared to reflect a single causal pattern. Further work is needed to determine whether refinement of clinical diagnoses using specialized neuroimaging improves clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.
The autocrine loop of TGF-α/EGFR and brain tumors

Malignant human gliomas are the most common formsof primary tumors in the central nerve system.Due to their location and invasive nature, treatmentso far has been mainly palliative. Thus, understandingthe molecular detail of tumor transformation and progressionis crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategy forthis fetal tumor. Among the genetic alternations foundin these tumors, p53 inactivation and PDGF/PDGFR activationrepresent the early events, and the loss ofchromosome 10 and gene amplification and rearrangement ofEGFR represent the late events. Studies with bothglioma cell lines and primary tumor tissues havestrongly suggested that TGF-α and EGFR function asan important autocrine loop in supporting proliferation ofhuman glioma, especially in high grade glioma, sinceelevated TGF-α expression is also found in thesehigh grade tumors. Furthermore, down regulation of theexpression of TGF-α by antisense constructs has beenshown to inhibit several types of human tumorcell growth including glioma. Other means of therapeuticapproaches using this autocrine loop as a targetalso include the use of monoclonal antibodies andtheir cytotoxic conjugated. Considerable understanding of the EGFR-mediatedsignal transduction pathways has become available recently, whichincluding GRB2/mSOS1 mediated MAP kinase activation; JAK/STATs pathway;PLC-γ pathway. However, much work still needs tobe done before a specific component of thesepathways can be applied for effective control oftumor growth in the clinic.
KINETIC STUDIES USING A ROTATING CYLINDER ELECTRODE. I. ELECTRON TRANSFER RATES IN FERROUS/FERRIC SULFATE ON PLATINUM

Abstract A Pt rotating cylinder electrode has been used to study the mass transfer and kinetic characteristics of the Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ redox reaction in a sulfate electrolyte. Mass transfer data indicate that limiting currents depend on the cylinder rotation speed to the 0.70 power. A model has been developed to extract kinetic parameters from mixed diffusion-kinetic data; according to this model, diffusion corrected kinetic currents at each potential are obtained by plotting inverse measured currents vs. cylinder rotation speed to the −0.70 power and extrapolating the resulting straight lines to infinite rotation speed. Kinetic parameters for the Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ reaction obtained on the cylinder electrode using this model coincided with values obtained for the same reaction on a rotating disk electrode using the Jahn-Vielstich model. It was thus concluded that rotating cylinders yield kinetic results which are equally satisfactory with those obtained from rotating disks.
Biochemistry of peroxisomes in health and disease.

The ubiquitous distribution of peroxisomes and the identification of a number of inherited diseases associated with peroxisomal dysfunction indicate that peroxisomes play an essential part in cellular metabolism. Some of the most important metabolic functions of peroxisomes include the synthesis of plasmalogens, bile acids, cholesterol and dolichol, and the oxidation of fatty acids (very long chain fatty acids > C22, branched chain fatty acids (e.g. phytanic acid), dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins, pipecolic acid and glutaric acid). Peroxisomes are also responsible for the metabolism of purines, polyamines, amino acids, glyoxylate and reactive oxygen species (e.g. O-2 and H2O2). Peroxisomal diseases result from the dysfunction of one or more peroxisomal metabolic functions, the majority of which manifest as neurological abnormalities. The quantitation of peroxisomal metabolic functions (e.g. levels of specific metabolites and/or enzyme activity) has become the basis of clinical diagnosis of diseases associated with the organelle. The study of peroxisomal diseases has also contributed towards the further elucidation of a number of metabolic functions of peroxisomes.
Application of amide proton exchange mass spectrometry for the study of protein-protein interactions.

This protocol describes amide proton exchange experiments that probe for changes in solvent accessibility at protein-protein interfaces. The simplest version of the protocol, termed the “on-exchange” experiment, detects protein-protein interfaces by taking advantage of the fact that solvent deuterium oxide (D2O) molecules are excluded from the surface of a protein to which another protein is bound. A more complete version of the experiment can also be performed in which the rate of surface deuteration is initially measured separately for each of the proteins involved in the interaction, after which the deuterated proteins are allowed to complex and the rate of “off-exchange” (i.e., replacement of surface deuterons by protons from solvent H2O molecules) at the resulting protein-protein interface is measured. This version of the experiment yields additional kinetic information that can help to define the solvent-inaccessible “core” of the interface. Keywords: antibody; epitope; hydration; thrombin
A young man with an expanding neck mass

A 23-year-old man was well when he came to Canada as a refugee from northern Africa. Tuberculosis (TB) screening during the immigration process had yielded a negative Mantoux skin test result. However, 3 months later he had fever, reduced appetite and night sweats and was noted by his family
Morbidity and mortality in total hysterectomy.

Abstract 1. 1. We have reported the results of 538 consecutive unselected hysterectomies from the Tulane Gynecological Department at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans. There were 360 total abdominal and 176 total vaginal. There were 2 supravaginal hysterectomies. 2. 2. There were 211 white and 327 Negro patients with an age distribution of from 17 to 72 years of age, 50 per cent of whom were over 40 years of age. 3. 3. The mortality in this series was two deaths, or 0.37 per cent. 4. 4. The morbidity in the entire group of unselected cases was 37 per cent. The morbidity in the total abdominal group was 33.3 per cent. 5. 5. Of the 176 patients with pelvic inflammatory disease alone or with other benign pelvic pathology, 39 had large bilateral tubovarian abscesses. 6. 6. There were 9 cases of incidental carcinoma found, or an incidence of 1.48 per cent. Of these, 5 were intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix.
Towards a Critical Global Race Theory

The meanings attached to “race” across the globe are myriad, particularly as anti-Islamic discourse once again links race and religion. Yet scholars lack a common terminology to discuss this phenomenon. This article hopes to expand critical race theory and scholarship across national lines. This critical examination of recent race-related scholarship provides scholars with empirical suggestions to uncover and document the different processes, mechanisms, trajectories and outcomes of potentially racialized practices that essentialize, dehumanize, “other,” and oppress minority groups while imbuing privileged groups with power and resources in nations across the globe. Ten empirical indicators will allow international researchers to assess the particular situation of different groups in different nations to determine whether, and the extent to which, they are subject to racialization. Specifically, this paper calls for a unified terminology that can accurately account for and address race when and where it occurs and a global broadening of a critical comparative dialogue of racial practices.
Digital Subtraction Radiography for Longitudinal Assessment of Peri-Implant Bone Change: Method and Validation

The purpose of this paper is to present a digital subtraction technique for the assessment of peri-implant bone change over time in vivo. Digital subtraction radiography may be used to detect areas of bony change that have occurred between radiographic examinations, and image processing algorithms have been developed which can relate the magnitude of the change on the subtraction image to a reference wedge, thereby allowing calculation of the mass of the lesion. This manuscript will present two algorithms for the assessment of osseous change. The method was validated in monkeys by means of small bony chips placed intra-orally prior to the first radiograph. The chips were removed, a second radiograph taken, and the images subtracted. Each algorithm was used to isolate the lesion and calculate change in bone mass. Overall, there was excellent correlation between the calculated lesion mass (in milligrams) and actual lesion mass (r2 > 0.9). The utility of the method was demonstrated by comparison of the resul...
Optogenetic and pharmacologic dissection of G-protein and arrestin dependent signaling mechanisms of β2 adrenergic receptors (662.3)

β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are GPCRs that signal in a canonical Gαs-mediated fashion. It is also clear that βARs signal independently of G-proteins in a manner referred to as functional selectiv...
Negatively curved metrics on Kodaira surfaces

It has been known that Kodaira surfaces of general type have negative holomorphic tangent bundles (cf. [! 1]). This definition of negativity is algebraic-geometric in nature, i.e. negative in the sense of Grauert [5]. Griffiths [7] discussed the relations between various notions of negativity in algebraic geometry and those in differential geometry, and raised the question of whether a Grauert-negative holomorphic vector bundle also admits a hermitian metric of negative holomorphic bisectional curvature. If it does, we would say that this metric is negatively curved, and the vector bundle is negative in Griffiths' sense. The aim of this work is to show that the tangent bundles of certain type of surfaces considered in [11] by Schneider, including Kodaira surfaces of general type, are negative in Griffiths' sense. We also remark here that Cheung [2] constructed on Kodaira surfaces of general type a "K/ihler metric" of negative holomorphic sectional curvature.
XPS and Sem Characterization of Pan-Based Carbon Fibers Treated in Oxygen and Nitric Oxide Plasmas

Unsized, type II carbon fibers were treated for 2 to 60 minutes in either an oxygen or nitric oxide gas plasma and were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XPS revealed plasma treatments increased both oxygen and nitrogen functionality on the fiber surface. O2 plasma treatments showed a progressive increase of fiber surface oxidation from alcohol to carboxyl species, increasing the total surface oxygen from 3 atomic % to 46% after 60 minutes. N(1s) spectra for these fibers showed a broad peak centered at ca. 400.4 eV with a shoulder at ca. 398.2 eV, which most likely is attributed to nitrogen remaining from the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor material. NO treatments only increased the total surface oxygen to 33%, but introduced additional nitrogen species onto the fiber surface compared to O2 plasmas. N(ls) spectra for the NO plasma treated fibers showed, in addition to the two nitrogen species mentioned above, a higher binding energy peak at ca. 405.5 eV, which is assigned to -NO2 species. This peak increased to a maximum intensity after 5 minutes of treatment and then decreased upon further treatment, even though the total nitrogen intensity remained constant at approximately 6%. Subsequent increases in the two lower binding energy species at 400.4 eV and 398.2 eV suggest -NO2 surface species were reduced to species such as amides, nitriles, and amines. Reducing the NO plasma power levels from 25 Watts to 5 Watts resulted in the same three peaks in the N(ls) spectra but required 30 minutes for the -NO2 species to reach a maximum intensity. Scanning electron micrographs (x 10,000 magnification) of fibers treated up to 5 minutes revealed that plasma treatments did not significantly change surface morphology. Small bumps on the surface appeared after longer treatments as the plasma began etching the fiber surface, but even 60 minutes of treatment did not significantly alter the overall fiber diameters.
On the theory of Hilbert modular functions I. Arithmetic groups and Eisenstein series

One of the objectives of this paper is to prepare for a relatively elementary treatment of the reciprocity laws for special values of Hilbert modular functions. Our attention was drawn to this subject by a paper of Eichler [ 151, in which a significant portion of the theory of complex multiplication and reciprocity laws for special values of the j-function was developed by elementary methods, and by a modified version of Eichler’s treatment due to Chevalley [lo]. Eichler’s paper caused us to look more carefully at Hecke’s thesis and Habilitationsschrift (Nos. 1 and 4 of his Mathematische Werke), where it was shown that the special values of arithmetic modular functions for the Hilbert modular group of a real quadratic number field generate abelian extensions of certain CM-fields, and a reciprocity law for some of these special values was established. Subsequently Sugawara [39] studied the fields generated by division values of suitably normalized abelian functions with complex multiplication. However, both of Hecke’s papers, though basically correct in their thrust, contained mistakes in function theory, and Sugawara’s work, though useful in some ways, was marred by deficiencies. Therefore, in the case of modular functions of several variables it remained for Shimura and Taniyama [37,40] to make pioneering breakthroughs in developing a general theory of complex multiplication based on the theory of abelian varieties and their fields of moduli. This was developed much further by Shimura [36] in providing a general theory of canonical models and deriving from it a very general reciprocity law for special values of modular functions of several variables on classical domains of symplectic type. After
Recall of remote episodic memories can appear deficient because of a gist-based retrieval orientation

Determining whether patients with amnesia can succeed in remembering their distant past has pivotal implications for theories of memory storage. However, various factors influence recall. We speculated that some patients with anterograde amnesia adopt a gist-based retrieval orientation for memories from all time periods, thereby exaggerating remote recall deficits. We tested whether an experimentally induced gist-based retrieval orientation could indeed hinder remote recall. Healthy individuals described photographs of complex scenes (e.g., of a cluttered desk) either with many words or few words (detail- or gist-based manipulation, respectively). They subsequently recalled autobiographical events and produced less episodic information after engaging the gist-based compared to the detail-based orientation. These results demonstrate the ease with which a gist-based orientation can produce apparent recall impairments. Deficits in remote episodic recall, and in future-event imagining, must thus be interpreted in light of habitual tendencies toward gist-based retrieval that some amnesic patients may exhibit.
Estimating Parameters of a Packed Bed by Least Squares and Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Most parameter estimation is based upon the assumption of normally distributed errors using least squares and the confidence intervals are computed from the sensitivities and the statistics of the residuals. For nonlinear problems, the assumption of a normal distribution of the parameters may not be valid. Determining the probability density distribution can be difficult, particularly when there is more than one parameter to be estimated or there is uncertainty about other parameters. An alternative approach is Bayesian inference, but the numerical computations can be expensive. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) may alleviate some of the expense. The paper describes the application of MCMC to estimate the mass flow rate, the heat transfer coefficient, and the specific heat of a packed bed regenerator.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Involvement of a carboxyl group in the active site of Bacillus cereus 569/H penicillinase (β-lactamase I)

1. 1. Penicillinase (penicillin amido β-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) Bacillus cereus 569/H, was concentrated by means of the humidifier technique and low temperature evaporation to obtain the maximum yield of enzyme activity. 2. 2. The enzyme was irreversibly inactivated by the products of diazotization of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and ampicillin. 3. 3. The inactivation was found to be pH dependent. 4. 4. The inactivated enzyme shows a new CD band which was eliminated by hydroxylamine treatment. 5. 5. The inactivated enzyme was acid hydrolyzed under standard conditions. The acid hydrolyzates show approximately 1 mole of penicillamine/penicillinase.
Virtual reality exposure therapy abbreviated treatment manual: Fear of flying application

Virtual reality (VR) provides a new type of human-to-computer interaction in which users are no longer simply passive observers of images on a computer screen but are active participants within a computer-generated 3-dimensional virtual world. This technology integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment that changes in a natural way with head motion. Virtually Better is a virtual reality exposure therapy system. This particular application addresses the fear of flying. Virtually Better is intended to be a component of a comprehensive treatment package, and is recommended at the point in therapy when exposure therapy would be introduced. VR exposure therapy has the advantages of conducting time-consuming exposure therapy without leaving the therapist's office, allowing for more control over exposure stimuli, and less exposure of the patient to possible harm or embarrassment. Thus, it may offer a time- and cost-effective manner in which to conduct exposure therapy, with implications for the treatment of many disorders, especially anxiety disorders. An abbreviated treatment manual applying the Virtually Better system for exposure therapy to the fear of flying is presented.
Instructors' Intended Learning Outcomes for Using Computational Simulations as Learning Tools

Background The computational simulations used by the instructors in this study were originally developed for use as research tools by subject-matter experts and then incorporated in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering and science. Although some research has been done on students' learning with these computational simulations, less progress has been made toward understanding instructors' goals, or affordances, for incorporating these simulations in their teaching. Purpose (Hypothesis) To identify how computational simulations can be effectively used in teaching and learning environments, this study examined instructors' rationale for using these simulations as learning tools. The study was based on the following research question: What were the intended learning outcomes that guided the instructors' use of computational simulations as learning tools? Design/Method This study used qualitative methods based on the theoretical framework of phenomenography. Openended interviews were conducted with 14 instructors teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in science and engineering who were not familiar with the research literature on beneficial ways of using simulations for learning and instruction. Results Analysis revealed an outcome space consisting of eight qualitatively different categories that detailed ways in which the engineering and science instructors in this study conceptualized the use of simulation tools with learning activities into existing courses they taught. Conclusions The outcome space of instructors' goals for using computational simulations is consistent with the recommendations found in the literature based on studies of the use of simulations in more restricted research settings.
What Determines the Structure and Stability of KFFE Monomers, Dimers, and Protofibrils?

The self-assembly of the KFFE peptide was studied using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations with a fully atomic description of the peptide and explicit solvent. The relative roles of the aromatic residues and oppositely charged end groups in stabilizing the earliest oligomers and the end-products of aggregation were investigated. β and non-β-peptide conformations compete in the monomeric state as a result of a balancing between the high β-sheet propensity of the phenylalanine residues and charge-charge interactions that favor non-β-conformations. Dimers are present in β- and non-β-sheet conformations and are stabilized primarily by direct and water-mediated charge-charge interactions between oppositely charged side chains and between oppositely charged termini, with forces between aromatic residues playing a minor role. Dimerization to a β-sheet, fibril-competent state, is seen to be a cooperative process, with the association process inducing β-structure in otherwise non-β-monomers. We propose a model for the KFFE fibril, with mixed interface and antiparallel sheet and strand arrangements, which is consistent with experimental electron microscopy measurements. Both aromatic and charge-charge interactions contribute to the fibril stability, although the dominant contribution arises from electrostatic interactions.
Rejoinder to Discussants of "Sentencing Convicted Felons in the United States: A Bayesian Analysis Using Multilevel Covariates"

Abstract We thank the discussants for their contributions. We think that they have greatly enhanced the value of our article by providing additional insights into our study and raising challenging questions about the choices we made during our analysis and alternative paths we could have taken. Our thanks also go to the executive editor and to the coordinating editor for organizing this discussion. Space does not allow us to fully respond to all of the points raised by the discussants, so we restrict our comments to issues of disagreement or where elaboration would seem to be useful. Since many of the issues raised by the discussants overlap, we organize our rejoinder by theme rather than by discussant.
Teaching in the 21st Century

It has been over a decade since the computer moved from being primarily a computational and record keeping device to its present state as a communications hub. Some, including this author, have called the application of computing technology to classroom instruction revolutionary. Is this claim justified? More importantly, how will social networking affect the college classroom in the coming decade? Will the 21st Century classroom really be significantly different from that of the past? This article is an attempt to answer these questions.
Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a premature neonate

SUMMARY A case of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a 3-week-old premature infant is reported. The lesion, which presented as a solitary nodule surmounted by three pustules, occurred following the use of elasticized and cloth adhesive tape and was cured by surgical excision. Factors predisposing to this infection included maceration, antibiotic usage, and prematurity.
Sexual Harassment at the Intersection of Race and Gender: A Theoretical Model of the Sexual Harassment Experiences of Women of Color

While organizational communication scholars consistently call for greater research into diversity processes, we still know little about how women of color experience sexual harassment. Feminist standpoint theories often prove useful for exploring the sexual harassment experiences of White women. However, tensions between the variations of feminist standpoints have hindered its usefulness for exploring the experiences of women of color. Thus, we propose using intersectionality as an extension of standpoint theory for exploring how race and gender interact and mutually influence one another within sexual harassment experiences. On this basis, we generate a model describing the sexual harassment experiences of African American and Hispanic women. The model includes the following four stages: a perceived sexually harassing act, sensemaking and decision-making, resistance through voice/silence, and perceived organizational response. Each stage operates within the contexts of social constructions of race and ge...