cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotational excitation of symmetric top molecules by collisions with atoms. II. Infinite order sudden approximation

The infinite order sudden approximation is extended to rotational excitation of symmetric tops by collisions with atoms. The formalism is developed first for ’’primitive’’ or ’’one‐ended’’ tops. The proper parity adapted linear combinations which describe real rotors are then considered. Modifications needed for asymmetric rigid rotors are noted briefly. For all of these cases generalized spectroscopic relaxation cross sections are discussed; these include degeneracy averaged state‐to‐state integral cross sections and pressure broadening cross sections as special cases. In the IOS formalism these cross sections factor into dynamical terms which contain all the system dependent collision information and spectroscopic coefficients which contain the dependence on rotational levels and angular momentum coupling. This factorization is similar to that obtained for linear rotors, but differs insofar as the dynamical factors cannot all be expressed in terms of single state‐to‐state cross sections and insofar as the generalized cross sections are no longer necessarily real quantities. IOS calculations for NH3–He and H2CO–He have been performed to compare with earlier, more accurate calculations. Both of these systems provide fairly severe tests since they have rather widely spaced energy levels with only a few levels accessible at thermal energies whereas the IOS approximation should be best for the opposite case of many closely spaced levels. Nevertheless, the IOS approximation is found to provide a reasonably accurate description for these systems. Finally, implications of the IOS factorization for the interpretation of microwave double resonance experiments for these systems is considered.
Augmentation of Myocardial Ischemia by Low Level Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Dogs

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether low level exposure to carbon monoxide would increase myocardial ischemia associated with acute myocardial infarction. An hour after coronary artery ligation, eleven anesthetized dogs underwent five sequential respiratory exposures to 5,000 ppm carbon monoxide, producing mean blood carboxyhemoglobin levels of 4.9% to 17.0%. Ischemia, as indicated by the amount of S-T segment elevation in epicardial electrocardiograms, increased significantly at the lowest carb oxyhemoglobin level and increased further with increasing carbon monoxide exposure. These changes occurred in the absence of altered heart rate, blood pressure, left atrial pressure, cardiac output, or blood flow to ischemic myocardium. Flow to non-ischemic myocardium increased with carbon monoxide exposure, the percentage increase being approximately double the increase in carboxyhemoglobin level. Thus, low level exposure to carbon monoxide can significantly augment ischemia in acute myocardial ...
Atropine vs patching for treatment of amblyopia in children.

ObjectiveTo compare patching and atropine as treatments for moderate amblyopia in children younger than 7 years.MethodsIn a randomized clinical trial, 419 children younger than 7 years with amblyopia and visual acuity in the range of 20/40 to 20/100 were assigned to receive either patching or atropine at 47 clinical sites.Main Outcome MeasureVisual acuity in the amblyopic eye and sound eye after 6 months.ResultsVisual acuity in the amblyopic eye improved in both groups (improvement from baseline to 6 months was 3.16 lines in the patching group and 2.84 lines in the atropine group). Improvement was initially faster in thepatching group, but after 6 months, the difference in visual acuity between treatment groups was small and clinically inconsequential (mean difference at 6 months, 0.034 logMAR units; 95% confidence interval, 0.005-0.064 logMAR units). The 6-month acuity was 20/30 or better in the amblyopic eye and/or improved from baseline by 3 or more lines in 79% of the patching group and 74% of the atropine group. Both treatments were well tolerated, although atropine had a slightly higher degree of acceptability on a parental questionnaire. More patients in the atropine group than in the patching group had reduced acuity in the sound eye at 6 months, but this did not persist with further follow-up.ConclusionAtropine and patching produce improvement of similar magnitude, and both are appropriate modalities for the initial treatment of moderate amblyopia in children aged 3 to less than 7 years.
Recruiting parents of children with a fatal disease as co-investigators.

Information about Rett syndrome should be imparted to parents of newly diagnosed children by a physician who is familiar with the disease and the care of affected children. Symptomatic treatment should be discussed and a follow-up schedule planned. Parents should be referred to a support group for parents of similarly afflicted children and should be informed about current research efforts. The contribution to knowledge about Rett syndrome that can be made by allowing postmortem examination of the child should be emphasized; parents can thereby be enlisted as co-investigators into this poorly understood disease (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S89-S90).
Impacts of the biological control agent Cyphocleonus achates on spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa, in experimental plots

Abstract The root weevil Cyphocleonus achates was introduced into western Montana in 1988 as a biological control agent against spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), an exotic invasive weed from Eurasia. Spotted knapweed has declining in areas where C. achates was released, and experiments were conducted to evaluate the role this weevil may play in knapweed decline. Field experiments were conducted from 2001 to 2003, and from 2002 to 2004, with groups of 20 knapweed plants exposed to 8 pairs, 2 pairs, or no adult C. achates. Knapweed mortality and vigor of surviving plants were followed for two years. In the 2001–2003 plot experiment, mortality increased with exposure to increasing numbers of C. achates, and root and shoot biomass, and plant height declined in surviving plants. Treatment effects persisted after two years, even though second-year weevil abundance no longer correlated with original treatment levels. In the 2002–2004 experiment, knapweed mortality was relatively high in all treatment groups. A pattern of reduced knapweed vigor with increased exposure to weevils, similar to the 2001–2003 experiment, was observed. This is the first report on impacts by C. achates on spotted knapweed, supporting the hypothesis that knapweed decline at C. achates release sites is due at least in part to their attack.
Non-abelian geometric phase from incomplete quantum measurements

Abstract We study the evolution of a quantum system due to a sequence of incomplete measurements, each of which projects the state into an n-dimensional subspace Vn of the Hilbert space of dimension n+m. It is shown that the effect of a measurement that projects Vn to V'n is to parallel transport an orthonormal basis of Vn along the shortest geodesic joining Vn and V'n in the Grassmann manifold Gn,m and transform it by a Hermitian matrix whose eigenvalues are in (0,1]. The effect of a dense sequence of measurements leading to a cyclic evolution of Vn is the holonomy transformation associated with the corresponding curve in Gn,m, with respect to the natural U(n) connection over Gn,m.
Design, development, and testing of a transonic missile fin employing PBP/DEAS actuators

This paper describes a new class of flight control actuators using Post-Buckled Precompressed (PBP) piezoelectric elements mounted within a transonic missile fin. These actuators are designed to produce significantly higher deflection and force levels than conventional piezoelectric actuator elements. Classical laminate plate theory (CLPT) models are shown to work very well in capturing the behavior of the free, unloaded elements. A new high transverse deflection model which employs nonlinear structural relations is shown to successfully predict the performance of the PBP actuators as they are exposed to higher and higher levels of axial force, which induces post buckling deflections. A 6" (15.2cm) square rounded diamond transonic fin was made with integral PBP actuator elements. Quasi-static bench testing showed deflection levels in excess of ±7° at rates exceeding 21 Hz. The new solid state PBP actuator was shown to reduce the part count with respect to conventional servoactuators by an order of magnitude. Power consumption dropped from 24W to 1.3W, slop went from 1.6° to 0.02° and peak current draw went from 5A to 18mA. The PBP actuator was wind tunnel tested and shown to possess no flutter, divergence or adverse aeroelastic coupling characteristics.
Major and trace elements in igneous rocks from apollo 15

The concentrations of major and trace elements have been determined in igneous rocks from Apollo 15. All materials analyzed have typical depletions of Eu except for minerals separated from sample 15085. Four samples have concentrations of trace elements that are similar to those of KREEP. The samples of mare basalt from Apollo 15 have higher concentrations of FeO, MgO, Mn, and Cr and lower concentrations of CaO, Na2O, K2O, and rare-earth elements (REE) as compared to the samples of mare basalt from Apollos 11, 12, and 14. The samples can be divided into two groups on the basis of their normative compositions. One group is quartz normative and has low concentrations of FeO while the other is olivine normative and has high concentrations of FeO. The trace element data indicate that the samples of olivine normative basalt could be from different portions of a single lava flow.
Mapping the 3D surface potential in Bi 2 Se 3

Bismuth selenide has emerged as a model topological insulator system, but in the actual material surface-state band bending introduces complications. Here, the authors use defects as sensors in scanning tunnelling measurements to investigate the band bending and achieve its reduction by copper doping.
Feeding behavior and related functional morphology of the mayfly Ephemerella needhami (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae).

The feeding behavior and functional morphology associated with feeding in Ephemerella needhamiMcDunnough larvae were studied using videomacroscopic techniques, gut content analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Two stereotypic feeding cycles were employed by the larvae. In the maxillary brushing cycle, the maxillae are the primary food-gathering organs, with the main food being detritus deposited on the filamentous alga Cladophora.In the mandibular biting cycle, the mandibles are the primary food-gathering organs used to bite Cladophora filaments.Epiphytic diatoms on Cladophorawere another important part of the diet. Behavioral similarities are apparent in the choreography and synchronization of mouthpart movements among mayflies from several families. Functional morphological comparisons are drawn with hypognathous E. needhami, Cloeon dipterum, Baetis rhodani,and Siphlonurus aestivalis, aswell as the prognathous Heptageniidae. Differences in mouthpart usage and structure are related to the relative development of setal fields and combs and the feeding microhabitat.
Overview of investigations into mercury in ground water, soils, and septage, New Jersey coastal plain

Since the early 1980s, investigations by health departments of eight counties in southern New Jersey, by the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), and subsequently by the US Geological Survey (USGS), have shown that Hg concentrations in water tapped by about 600 domestic wells exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 2 μg/L. The wells are finished in the areally extensive unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system of New Jersey's Coastal Plain; background concentrations of Hg in water from this system are < 0.01 μg/L. Evidence of contributions from point sources of Hg, such as landfills or commercial and industrial hazardous-waste sites, is lacking. During 1996–2003, the USGS collected water samples from 203 domestic, irrigation, observation, and production wells using ultraclean techniques; septage, leach-field effluent, soils, and aquifer sediments also were sampled. Elevated concentrations of NH4, B, Cl, NO3, and Na and presence of surfactants in domestic-well water indicate that septic-system effluent can affect water quality in unsewered residential areas, but neither septage nor effluent appears to be a major Hg source. Detections of hydrogen sulfide in ground water at a residential area indicate localized reducing conditions; undetectable SO4 concentrations in water from other residential areas indicate that reducing conditions, which could be conducive to Hg methylation, may be common locally. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mostly chlorinated solvents, also are found in ground water at the affected areas, but statistically significant associations between presence of Hg and VOCs were absent for most areas evaluated. Hg concentrations are lower in some filtered water samples than in paired unfiltered samples, likely indicating that some Hg is associated with particles or colloids. The source of colloids may be soils, which, when undisturbed, contain higher concentrations of Hg than do disturbed soils and aquifer sediments. Soil disturbance during residential development and inputs from septic systems are hypothesized to mobilize Hg from soils to ground water.
Studies on Oxidopyrylium [5 + 2] Cycloadditions: Toward a General Synthetic Route to the C12-Hydroxy Daphnetoxins

12-Hydroxydaphnetoxins, members of the structurally fascinating daphnane diterpene family, exhibit a wide range of significant biological activities. A general route to the BC-ring system of 12-hyd...
Quantum dot solar cells the surface plays a core role.

Mastering the impact of surface chemistry on the electronic properties and stability of colloidal quantum dots enables the realization of architectures with enhanced photovoltaic performance and air stability.
Dose-response of chronic beta-blocker treatment in heart failure from either idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Bucindolol Investigators.

BACKGROUNDSmall-scale clinical investigations have demonstrated that single doses of beta-blocking agents can improve left ventricular function in heart failure from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). The purpose of this multicenter clinical trial was to determine the dose-effect characteristics of beta-blockade in a heart failure population that includes ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (ISCD).METHODS AND RESULTSBucindolol is a nonselective beta-blocking agent with mild vasodilatory properties. One hundred forty-one subjects with class II or III heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or = 0.40, and background therapy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin, and diuretics were given an initial challenge dose of bucindolol 12.5 mg. One hundred thirty-nine subjects (99 with IDC, 40 with ISCDC) tolerated challenge and were randomized to treatment with placebo or bucindolol 12.5 mg/d (low dose), 50 mg/d (medium dose), or 200 mg/d (high dose). At the end of 12 weeks, left ...
Technical Performance on Amalgam Restorations by Dentists and Auxiliaries in Private Practice

An evaluation and comparison were made of the technical performance of dentists and auxiliaries in private practice in placing and carving amalgam restorations.
Overtraining and extradimensional shift learning by cats

Twenty-four cats were trained with stimuli that presented uncorrelated differences in size and brightness, on discrimination and extradimensional shift (EDS) problems in a Grice box. The cue relevant in EDS training was present and irrelevant in initial discrimination training, and the cue relevant in discrimination training was present and irrelevant in EDS training. Cats overtrained for 144 trials in discrimination training learned the EDS as quickly as animals switched to EDS without overtraining. This result is hard to reconcile with Sutherland and Mackintosh’ s attention theory of discrimination learning by animals.
Minimum-Risk Bedding for Flexible Drain Pipes

The soil bedding for nonpressurized buried flexible pipes is critical for minimum-risk performance. Lack of adequate bedding reduces the strength of the pipes by a factor of 2 or more. To compensate, pipes must have high strength, at increased cost, in order to avoid the risk of failure. Structural performance and performance limits are compared for plastic drainpipes with a variety of beddings. Compared to a flat bedding, the risk of failure is greatly reduced by shaping the bedding. Shaped beddings perform essentially as well as full-contact embedment with select granular soil. Tests and analyses show that a 90° V-groove bedding that supports and aligns the pipe performs nearly as well as a 180° form-fit circular groove or a full-contact embedment of select soil. Comparison of beddings is important in the design and installation of drainpipes in order to assure minimum risk of failure.
Response of tall fescue to fertilizer placement at different levels of phosphorus, potassium, and soil pH 1

Abstract Fertilizer application, particularly nitrogen (N), is important in cool‐season grass forage production. Subsurface (knife) placement of N often has resulted in higher forage yield and N uptake of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) compared to surface‐broadcast fertilization, but further studies were needed to indicate whether soil pH, phosphorus (P), or potassium (K) modifies the response. Experiment I tested responses of forage yield and N and P concentration to N, P, and K amount and placement. Two types of fertilizer placement ‐ broadcast and knife ‐ were used with 13, 112, or 168 kg N; 0 or 19 kg P; and 0 or 37 kg K/ha in a factorial arrangement. Yields increased by 53% as N fertilization went from 13 to 112 kg/ha and by 69% as N increased from 13 to 168 kg N/ha. Forage yield was increased 26% from knife compared to broadcast fertilizer placement. P application increased forage production by 13%, but K application had no effect on yield. Forage N concentrations increased by 25% as N fe...
Electrochemical investigation of PEDOT films deposited via CVD for electrochromic applications

A patterned solid-state electrochromic device on an ITO-coated plastic substrate was demonstrated that incorporates poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) deposited via a solventless oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) technique. In this paper, we present a thin-film electrochemical and optical analysis of oCVD PEDOT. oCVD PEDOT films about 100 nm thick on ITO/glass had optical switching speeds of 13 and 8.5 s, for light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions, respectively. The color contrast was 45% at 566 nm and is 85% stable over 150 redox cycles. An Anson plot indicates that oCVD PEDOT color transition speeds are limited by ion diffusion rates, rather than electron or hole conductivity. Dimensionless analysis predicts gains of up to in oCVD PEDOT redox switching speeds by reducing the film thickness an order of magnitude to 10 nm. oCVD is a temperature-controlled process capable of conformal conductive polymer depositions onto a range of substrates from the vapor phase. Compatible substrates include plastic, paper and fabric. Non-conductive dispersion additives are not needed with oCVD, eliminating a potential source of defect-causing corrosion. oCVD offers powerful capabilities that may overlap with key challenges for the designers and fabricators of organic thin-film electronics, including OLED lighting and displays, electrochromics, photovoltaics, and semiconductors.
Acts of Deceiving and Withholding in Immigrant Letters: Personal Identity and Self-Presentation in Personal Correspondence

In Ancestors: The Loving Family in Old Europe, his thought provoking essay on the premodern family, Stephen Ozment justifies dependence on personal letters to document family dynamics, stating, "Particularly in correspondence between family members, colleagues, friends, and lovers, where clarity and truth have a premium and can be matters of life and death, 'live' personal reactions to people, experiences, and events have been preserved as reliably as can be done in historical sources." Precisely, however, because the psychological and material stakes are highest in dealing with such significant others, the costs of "clarity and truth" may often be deemed too high by writers of personal letters. On the basis of research in the correspondence of British immigrants to North America in the nineteenth century, this essay accounts for the telling of untruths and the maintenance of strategic silences through examining the real world of situations and choices within which immigrants sought simultaneously to maintain ties with family, kin and friends in their homelands and to mislead those same parties about the circumstances of their lives.
A figurative measure of subjective hunger sensations.

In an attempt to better characterize the subjective experience of hunger, we assessed the locus and extent of sensations associated with varying degrees of hunger. In the first study, 83 subjects indicated by marking on a drawing of a human figure where they felt hungry under hypothetical conditions of slight to extreme hunger. Approximately 55% of subjects indicated an abdominal locus with slight hunger, a proportion which increased somewhat with increasing levels of imagined hunger. The proportion of subjects indicating other or additional body sites grew significantly with increasing hunger states; for example, those identifying the head region increased from about 10-35%. In a second study, 14 subjects were fasted for 22 h and then refed. Using the drawn figures, they outlined body areas where they experienced hunger during and after fasting. The size of the abdominal area and the total body area associated with hunger sensations expanded with increasing food deprivation and contracted after refeeding. The size of the area of hunger sensation did not necessarily correlate with the degree of hunger as assessed by standard rating scales. The results indicate that the extent and locus of hunger sensations vary with fasting and feeding, and suggest that the site and size of the body areas associated with hunger sensations may provide qualitative and quantitative measures of the subjective experience of hunger not captured by analogue rating scales.
Nanoindentation measurements on Cu–Sn and Ag–Sn intermetallics formed in Pb-free solder joints

Nanoindentation testing has been used to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and Cu3Sn intermetallics, as well as Sn–Ag–Cu solder and pure Sn and Cu. The intermetallics were fabricated by solid-state annealing of diffusion couples prepared from a substrate (Cu or Ag) and a solder material (Sn or Sn–Ag–Cu solder), providing geometries and length scales as close as possible to a real solder joint. Nanoindentation results for the intermetallics, representing penetration depths of 20–220 nm and loads from 0.7 to 9.5 mN, reveal elastic/plastic deformation without evidence of fracture. Measured hardness values of Cu6Sn5 (6.5 ± 0.3 GPa) and Cu3Sn (6.2 ± 0.4 GPa) indicate a potential for brittle behavior, while Ag3Sn (2.9 ± 0.2 GPa) appears much softer and ductile. Using a bulk Cu6Sn5 sample, Vickers hardness testing revealed an indentation size effect for this compound, with a hardness of 4.3 GPa measured at a load of 9.8 N. An energy balance model is used to explain the dependence of hardness with load or depth, where the observation of an increasing amount of fracture with applied load is identified as the primary mechanism. This result explains discrepancies between nanoindentation and Vickers results previously reported.
Rachel Littler Bodley: A Charter Member of the American Chemical Society and Revolutionizer of Chemical and Medical Education for Women

Rachel Littler Bodley was an important contributor to the study of chemistry and the work of women in science. In 1862, she undertook the cataloging of an extensive plant collection at Cincinnati Female Seminary. Her work was praised by many eminent botanists of that time. In 1865, Bodley became a professor of chemistry at Woman’s Medical College. While at that college, her work and student addresses revealed her belief in the possibilities of synthetically made “cures.” In 1874, Rachel became dean of Woman’s Medical College. During 1874, Bodley proposed that American chemists meet at Joseph Priestley’s birthplace to celebrate his discovery of oxygen. Her suggestion led to the formation of the American Chemical Society. She was elected as a charter member of the society and was its only female member until the 1890s. In 1880, Bodley became a member of the Franklin Institute and lectured there on household chemistry. In 1881, she wrote and published The College Story, a survey on the lives of women in the medical profession. It was the first survey of its kind done by a woman. Rachel was a devoted Christian and promoter of foreign medical mission work among students, colleagues, and others. Her leadership and foresight allowed Woman’s Medical College to become one of the foremost women’s medical institutions in America. Her diligence and encouragement made the work of single women as Christian missionaries both possible and extremely productive. Her achievements helped to better the possibilities for women in the medical field and in the world. Finally, the American Chemical Society had its birth from an idea that Rachel Bodley proposed.
Evolutionary tendency of relative growth in arthropods and man.

IN a series of investigations dealing with the comparative studies of relative growth in various groups of arthropods and man1–7 I have confirmed a tendency that the growth ratios of rapidly growing parts of the body tend to be more similar than those of slowly growing parts when two or more closely related forms (such as geographically isolated populations, subspecies, parthenogenetic and bisexual strains of the same arthropod species, interspecific-hybrid and very closely related species in arthropods, Negro and Caucasian children) are compared. This indicates that in incipient stages of structural divergence during evolution the slowly growing parts would tend to be more affected than rapidly growing parts.
Sensitometry In Computerized Tomography

This paper will present a definition of Sensitometry in Computerized Tomography and discuss practical techniques used to determine relative CT sensitometry. Several factors that influence CT sensitometry are: (1) the x-ray beam spectral distribution, (2) the composition of the sample materials, (3) volume averaging, and (4) spatial nonuniformity of the scan field including the x-ray intensity distribution within the sample volume. Examples of comparative sensitometry among several CT units is presented as well as discussion of a technique for obtaining a continuous rather than discrete output.
The Obesity Epidemic: Scope of the Problem and Management Strategies

As the obesity epidemic increases, primary care clinicians are encountering obesity and health problems associated with obesity more frequently than ever before. In 2007, 41% of women were classified as obese, with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics are more likely to be obese than white, non-Hispanics. A wide spectrum of health problems has been associated with obesity, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity has been shown to be a low-grade inflammatory state, which may be responsible for many of the comorbidities. The general consensus recommends screening for obesity and counseling to promote weight loss. In some cases, pharmacotherapy and or bariatric surgery may be recommended.
The use and performance of graphite and metal ISSECs in tokamak fusion reactors

Abstract Carbon and the metallic elements molybdenum, niobium, vanadium and tungsten have been considered for use as an ISSEC (Internal Spectral Shifter and Energy Converter) in tokamak fusion reactors. All five materials have been shown to reduce the radiation damage in the 316 SS structural first wall and thus increase the first wall lifetime. On a per unit thickness basis, a tungsten ISSEC is most effective in this regard followed by Mo, Nb, V and carbon ISSECs in decreasing order. If the ISSEC is restricted to transfer its heat to the first structural wall by thermal radiation only, the maximum allowable thickness a carbon ISSEC can have is limited to 9.5 cm, Mo ISSEC to 7.5 cm, Nb to 8.5 cm, V to 4.5 cm and a W ISSEC to 6 cm for a 1 MW/m2 neutronic and 4 W/cm2 surface heat loading. If the ISSEC is cooled by radiation plus conduction, the maximum allowable thickness goes up to 13 cm for C, 10 cm for Mo, 8 cm for V and stays the same for Nb and W. The only ISSEC material to result in an overall reduction in total blanket radioactivity at shutdown is carbon while all of the metallic ISSECs increase the total activity. On the other hand, the long term activity (at 1000 years after shutdown) is increased for Mo, Nb and V ISSECs while it is reduced by C and W. The carbon and V ISSECs reduce the energy production per fusion while Nb and W increase it slightly and Mo results in a 15–17% energy production increase. On a relative cost basis, metallic ISSECs cost 30–55 times more than a carbon ISSEC when used at the maximum thicknesses given above. Among the four metals studied, Mo is considered to be the best material for use as an ISSEC. A definitive choice between a graphite and Mo ISSEC is difficult at this time as both materials have strong positive features; carbon being superior from radioactivity, afterheat, cost and fabricability standpoint, but molybdenum being more effective in reducing the radiation damage in the first structural wall and increasing the energy multiplication in the blanket.
Designing Compliant Spine Mechanisms for Climbing

This paper presents design principles for compliant mechanisms used to support and load spines used in climbing rough vertical surfaces. The design principles ensure that constraints associated with spine/surface interactions are satisfied and that when multiple spines are placed in contact with a surface they share the load without premature failures or spine overloading. The design principles are demonstrated with a compliant mechanism that has been used for robotic and human climbing on surfaces such as brick, stucco and concrete.
Effect of ST segment measurement point on performance of standard and heart rate-adjusted ST segment criteria for the identification of coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUNDRecent reports critical of the performance of heart rate-adjusted indexes of ST depression during exercise electrocardiography have used J-point rather than ST segment measurements. However, no standard exists for the optimal time after the J-point at which to measure ST segment deviation.METHODS AND RESULTSTo assess the effect of ST segment measurement position on performance of standard exercise electrocardiographic criteria, the delta ST segment/heart rate (delta ST/HR) index, and the ST segment/heart rate (ST/HR) slope for the detection of coronary artery disease, the exercise electrocardiograms of 50 clinically normal subjects and 80 patients with known or likely coronary disease were analyzed using ST depression measured at both the J-point and at 60 msec after the J-point (J + 60). A positive exercise electrocardiogram by standard criteria, defined as 0.1 mV or more of additional horizontal or downsloping ST depression at end exercise, had a specificity of 96% when ST depression was measu...
Prayer and Song in Ga Ritual

Prayer and song are the principal verbal art forms of the Kpele cult of the Ga people of southeastern Ghana.1 Channelling communications between divinity and human beings, prayer and song are performed in all Kpele agricultural rites. While sharing significant attributes, performances of these expressive art forms also differ in important respects. The analysis of prayer and song performances in this paper seeks to identify some conceptual, formal, and contextual factors underlying commonalities and differences in the performance of these verbal art forms. Within Kpele agricultural rites, prayer performances are more fixed in both occasion and intention than song performances. Offered by a priest to deities on behalf of a congregation, prayer performances occur at regular intervals in a rite marking important transitions in the ritual drama.2 While some songs are performed at specific points within a rite, one song is sung throughout all rites (see Chart I). While some songs, like prayers, are performed by a congregation to supplicate divinity, others performed by a possessed medium are believed to be communications from gods to human beings. These variations in occasion and intention make an analytical differentiation between three types of song performance useful: (1) the song performed by a congregation throughout every Kpele rite, (2) the song performed by a congregation to accompany dancing at some rites, and (3) the solo performed by a possessed medium at some rites.
Polarization phenomena in collinear reactions.

It is shown for a collinear reaction containing four particles with arbitrary spins which amplitudes remain nonzero and how they are related to the observables. In terms of primary observables all submatrices relating products of amplitudes to observables either vanish or turn into one-by-one submatrices, except the 8/sub i/ types which may turn into three-by-three submatrices, but these latter submatrices are mostly avoidable when determining amplitudes. In terms of the secondary observables the 1/sub M/ and 2/sub i/ submatrices are slightly larger. Specifically, it is shown that in collinear reactions all observables in which only one particle is polarized (no matter how) vanish. Since reactions at very high energies are expected to be predominantly very close to being collinear, the smallness of such observables in such reactions can be expected on general grounds but polarization effects involving observables with more than one polarized particle can very well be very large. An iterative approximation method for the polarization analysis of reactions at very high energies is suggested. The results of this paper are also applicable to all models in which helicity conservation holds, since they are, for all t values, formally identical with collinear reactions.
Delayed presentation of an intravesical foreign body 6 years after impalement injury.

A 44-year-old male fell and landed on a 1 cm. diameter piece of steel reinforcement bar used in construction. The patient sustained a penetrating wound to the perineum adjacent to the anus. Microscopic urinalysis was without evidence of hematuria. A full thickness 4 cm. rectal laceration and 1 cm. internal sphincter tear were identified and repaired at laparotomy. The patient also underwent a diverting loop sigmoid colostomy. Four months postoperatively he began to experience recurrent urinary tract infections, predominantly from Escherichia coli. Colovesical fistula was ruled out radiographically but computerize tomography (CT) and cystoscopy showed an area of soft tissue swelling in the right inferior bladder wall, suggestive of a retained foreign body (fig. 1).1 This area was resected transurethrally and biopsied with findings of only inflammation. Six years later the patient presented with a complaint of sudden stoppage of the urinary stream that was positional in nature. Cystoscopy demonstrated a large bladder calculus (fig. 2, A).2 Fragmentation of the calculus revealed a foreign body consistent with clothing material, likely from the impalement injury sustained 6 years earlier (fig. 2, B). This material was removed transurethrally.
Approaches for large-area a-SiC:H photovoltaic-powered electrochromic window coatings

Abstract We have fabricated 16 cm2 monolithic, electrochromic (EC) window-coating devices powered by integral semi-transparent amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) photovoltaics (PV). Self-powered PV–EC windows could modulate solar gain in buildings, thereby reducing both heating and cooling requirements. In preparation for work on large-area PV–EC devices, we examined several important new issues. The first issue is control of pinhole shunt density in the PV portion of the coating, and the second is resistive power loss in the transparent conductor contact layers. Adapting an electrochemical process previously demonstrated in a-Si:H, we have been able to electrically isolate shunts in our a-SiC:H devices. We propose a new design for scribing and bus bar connections that can reduce the resistive losses on large area TCO without greatly affecting window appearance.
Capillary attraction of floating rods

Abstract The capillary attraction of two parallel cylinders with circular cross-section representing slender particles floating at the interface between two immiscible fluids is considered. Given the particle separation, the elevation of the particle centers in hydrostatics is computed to satisfy the vertical force balance involving the buoyancy force, the capillary force, and the particle weight. A numerical procedure is developed for calculating the horizontal force exerted on a pair of cylinders in solitary or periodic arrangement. The results confirm that the particles attract each other under the conditions considered. The particle motion and transient flow due to the particle attraction are computed using a boundary-integral method for Stokes flow. In the algorithm, the particle center velocity of translation and angular velocity of rotation are calculated to satisfy force and torque balances. Numerical simulations using a boundary-element method subject to an initial state provided by hydrostatics illustrate the nature of the motion and furnish estimates for the particle velocity induced by capillarity.
THE EFFECTS OF DEXAMETHASONE ON METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF HEPATOCYTES IN PRIMARY MONOLAYER CULTURE

The effects of dexamethasone on multiple metabolic functions of adult rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture were studied. Adult rat liver parenchymal cells were isolated by collagenase perfusion and cultured as a primary monolayer in HI/WO/BA, a serum free, completely defined, synthetic culture medium. Cells inoculated into the culture medium formed a monolayer within 24 hr. Electron microscopy showed that the cells in primary culture had a fine structure identical to liver parenchymal cells in vivo, including the observation of desmosomes and bile canaliculi in intercellular space. There was significant gluconeogenesis by the cell 24 hr postinoculation but it had decreased markedly by 48 hr. There was a marked induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) by dexamethasone, which was maintained for up to 72 hr postinoculation of cells. The transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid into the cells in monolayer culture was stimulated by dexamethasone and was dependent on the concentration of dexamethasone. Albumin synthesis and secretion by the cells was measured by a quantitative electroimmunoassay. Albumin production was shown to increase linearly over an incubation period of 24 to 48 hr postinoculation. Dexamethasone depressed the albumin synthesis. The effects of dexamethasone are slow, and at times require more than 6 hr to show variation from the control, indicating that dexamethasone is not a single controlling hormone. Possibly it functions in a cooperative and coordinating role in the regulation of cell metabolism.
In vivo intra-luteal implants of prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 (PGE1, PGE2) prevent luteolysis in cows. I. Luteal weight, circulating progesterone, mRNA for luteal luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor, and occupied and unoccupied luteal receptors for LH

Abstract Previously, it was reported that chronic intra-uterine infusion of PGE1 or PGE2 every four hours inhibited luteolysis in ewes. However, estradiol-17β or PGE2 given intra-uterine every 8 h did not inhibit luteolysis in heifers, but infusion of estradiol + PGE2 inhibited luteolysis in heifers. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether and how intra-luteal implants containing PGE1 or PGE2 prevent luteolysis in Angus or Brahman cows. On day-13 post-estrus, Angus cows received no intra-luteal implant and corpora lutea were retrieved or Angus and Brahman cows received intra-luteal silastic implants containing Vehicle, PGE1, or PGE2 and corpora lutea were retrieved on day-19. Coccygeal blood was collected daily for analysis for progesterone. Breed did not influence the effect of PGE1 or PGE2 on luteal mRNA for LH receptors or unoccupied or occupied luteal LH receptors did not differ (P > 0.05) so the data were pooled. Luteal weights of Vehicle-treated Angus or Brahman cows from days-13–19 were lower (P 0.05) to Angus cows on day-19 treated with intra-luteal implants containing PGE1 or PGE2. Profiles of circulating progesterone in Angus or Brahman cows treated with intra-luteal implants containing PGE1 or PGE2 differed (P 0.05) between breeds or between cows treated with intra-luteal implants containing PGE1 or PGE2. Intra-luteal implants containing PGE1 or PGE2 prevented (P
Strategic planning and forecasting

This paper examines the role of forecasting in strategic planning through the use of analytical portfolio models and corporate simulation models. It also outlines a conceptual framework on which it may be possible to develop a theory of strategic planning—namely, microeconomic theory. It, finally, describes a practical application of this theoretical framework, known as the strategy matrix. It concludes by noting the importance of forecasting as an input to the strategy matrix.
Dynamic density functional theory of solid tumor growth: Preliminary models

Cancer is a disease that can be seen as a complex system whose dynamics and growth result from nonlinear processes coupled across wide ranges of spatio-temporal scales. The current mathematical modeling literature addresses issues at various scales but the development of theoretical methodologies capable of bridging gaps across scales needs further study. We present a new theoretical framework based on Dynamic Density Functional Theory (DDFT) extended, for the first time, to the dynamics of living tissues by accounting for cell density correlations, different cell types, phenotypes and cell birth/death processes, in order to provide a biophysically consistent description of processes across the scales. We present an application of this approach to tumor growth.
“Hooking Up” Among College Students: Demographic and Psychosocial Correlates

This study investigated 832 college students’ experiences with hooking up, a term that refers to a range of physically intimate behavior (e.g., passionate kissing, oral sex, and intercourse) that occurs outside of a committed relationship. Specifically, we examined how five demographic variables (sex, ethnicity, parental income, parental divorce, and religiosity) and six psychosocial factors (e.g., attachment styles, alcohol use, psychological well-being, attitudes about hooking up, and perceptions of the family environment) related to whether individuals had hooked up in the past year. Results showed that similar proportions of men and women had hooked up but students of color were less likely to hook up than Caucasian students. More alcohol use, more favorable attitudes toward hooking up, and higher parental income were associated with a higher likelihood of having hooked up at least once in the past year. Positive, ambivalent, and negative emotional reactions to the hooking up experience(s) were also examined. Women were less likely to report that hooking up was a positive emotional experience than men. Young adults who reported negative and ambivalent emotional reactions to hooking up also reported lower psychological well-being and less favorable attitudes toward hooking up as compared to students who reported a positive hooking up experience. Based on these findings, suggestions for psychoeducational programming are offered. Additionally, directions for future research are provided.
Thermodynamic properties of l-butene

The thermodynamic properties of 1-butene have been calculated over a temperature range of 32° to 480°F. and at pressures up to 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor-pressure, volumetric, heat-capacity, and latent-heat of vaporization data through the application of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data have been found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate to within ±0.5 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.0005 B.t.u./(lb.) (°R.).
Toward a cognitive neuroscience of sleep.

sleep is the only one whose basic biological function all of these questions, “how” can refer to the nature was not clear two thousand years ago. Yet, as we of the changes, the brain mechanisms underlying enter the 21st century, researchers are still arguing the changes, or the evolutionary pressures that led over the functions of both sleep and dreams. There to the changes. This is a tall order, and most work appear to be two reasons for this continued unto date has focused on the first of these, the certainty. First, the sleep research community has description of the changes themselves. been slow to accept that sleep serves many basically Three of the articles in this issue attempt to unrelated systems, including, for example, endissect the actual cognitive dysfunctions caused by docrine, immunologic, and thermoregulatory, as disturbed sleep, both in children [4] and in adults well as cognitive, functions [1–3]. But the second [5, 6]. Given that the cognitive impairment resulting reason is the complexity of the relationships befrom sleep deprivation plays such a major role in tween sleep and cognition. While it is obvious to both highway fatalities and industrial accidents [7], anyone who has skipped a night of sleep that cogit is not surprising that so much research has nitive functioning deteriorates with sleep depgone into understanding this very real public health rivation, characterizing the precise deficits has been problem. The extent of the problem is impressive. remarkably difficult. Largely this is a consequence Blunden et al., for example, cite studies [8, 9] of our basic ignorance of cognitive functioning in indicating that the community prevalence rate for general. So it has only been with the development of excessive daytime sleepiness in children is in the the cognitive neurosciences that sleep researchers range of 36–42%. have been given the tools they need to even define The consequences are equally impressive. Blunthis exciting and important question. The articles den et al. [4] report in this issue that sleep related in this issue of Sleep Medicine Reviews provide a obstructive breathing disorders in children are assuperb review of much of the work currently being sociated with significant attentional and memory done in this field. deficits, as well as a more general impairment in There are several ways to study the links between school performance and an increase in problematic sleep and cognition. We can ask how cognition is behaviors. In a second article, Fulda and Schulz [6] altered during sleep or as a consequence of sleep. report on cognitive performance in adults with We can ask how cognition is altered by changes in various sleep disorders. Overall, they found poorer