cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of hyperacute rejection in pig-to-primate orthotopic pulmonary xenografts

The shortage of organ donors for transplantation is more pronounced for the lung than for any other solid organ. To address this problem, we evaluated the feasibility of pulmonary xenotransplantation. Preliminary investigations demonstrated that orthotopically placed pig lungs in cynomologous monkey recipients could be engrafted up to 9 hr after reperfusion without evidence of hyperacute rejection. In this study, the rejection reaction of pig lungs transplanted orthotopically into baboons (n = 6) was further investigated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Four baboon recipients were killed at 24 hr and 2 recipients were killed at 72 hr after transplantation. Pulmonary arterial flow measurements demonstrated flow to the grafts, and systemic arterial and xenograft pulmonary venous blood gas analysis suggested function of the donor lungs during the course of engraftment. Serum levels of baboon anti-pig endothelial cell xenoantibody were normal and decreased minimally over time. Immunohistochemical staining of biopsies demonstrated trace IgG and IgM along graft endothelium 2 hr after reperfusion. At 8 hr, biopsy samples showed no immunoglobulin bound to endothelial cells. Staining for complement was negative. Fibrin and platelets were detected along xenograft endothelium. Despite these findings, the lung xenografts appeared injured and clinically rejected. During the first 8 hr after reperfusion, the grafts were hyperemic and subsequently became focally ecchymotic. Chest x-rays showed progressive pulmonary congestion. These findings suggest that the lung may be relatively resistant to antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection and efforts are being directed toward identifying the mechanism of the observed xenograft lung injury.
Idiomatic processing : syntactic frozenness and subjective familiarity

Four experiments are reported that investigated idiomatic processing. Two experiments collected subjects' ratings of frozenness, familiarity, and meaningfulness for a set of idioms. The ratings obtained were used to assess the contributions of these dimensions to performance in two experiments that utilized a phoneme-identification task. Ambiguous and unambiguous phoneme targets occurred as the initial sound in the final word in idiomatic and neutral carrier phrases. Subjects' phoneme identifications were biased in the labeling of ambiguous segments in that identification responses in the idiom context tended to form an idiomatic phrase, more so than those in the neutral carrier phrase. Additional correlational analyses suggested that an idiom's degree of influence on identification depended on the rated syntactic frozenness. For subjects who knew the idioms, familiarity did not account for the biasing effect of idiomatic contexts. The experiments are discussed in terms of theories of auditory word recognition and the representation of frozenness in the mental lexicon.
Mie Scattering with Complex Index of Refraction

A new set of computations of the exact Mie functions, related to the scattering of electromagnetic waves on dielectric and partially absorbing spheres, is described. Numerical results with sufficient accuracy and detail in size and angular variation were obtained by means of the IBM-704 computer system for a set of complex indexes of refraction and size ranges mainly corresponding to atmospheric particles illuminated by visible and infrared radiation. The effects of increased absorption index on the extinction and absorption cross section, on the complex amplitude, and on the intensity and polarization of the scattered flux are illustrated by means of diagrams.
Cultural psychology as a bridge between anthropology and cognitive science.

The theory and methods of cultural psychology begin with the assumption that psychological processes are socioculturally and historically grounded. As such, they offer a new approach for understanding the diversity of human functioning because they (a) question the presumed neutrality of the majority group perspective; (b) take the target’s point-of-view (i.e., what it means to be a person in a particular context); (c) assume that there is more than one viable way of being a competent or effective person; and (d) provide a road map for understanding and reducing social inequities. As illustrated in this essay, a cultural psychological approach provides a bridge between anthropology and the cognitive sciences, and in so doing it offers an alternative set of explanations and interventions for group differences.
On the coefficient assignment of two-dimensional systems

In this note, we prove that in two-dimensional (2-D) systems, the arbitrary coefficient assignment cannot be achieved by using causal output feedbacks. The problem, however, can be transformed into the design of systems over rings in order to find conditions guaranteeing the existence of a solution. Some related problems are also discussed.
Charging of quantum dots by sulfide redox electrolytes reduces electron injection efficiency in quantum dot sensitized solar cells.

In quantum dot (QD) sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), redox electrolytes act as hole scavengers to regenerate the QD ground state from its oxidized form, thus enabling a continuous device operation. However, unlike molecular sensitizers, QDs also have redox-active trap states within the band gap, which can be charged in the presence of redox electrolyte. The effects of electrolyte induced charging of QDs on the performance of QDSSCs have not been reported. Here, using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy, we show that CdSe/CdS3MLZnCdS2MLZnS2ML core/multishell QDs are charged in the presence of sulfide electrolytes due to the reduction of surface states. As a result, exciton lifetimes in these QDs are shortened due to an Auger recombination process. Such charging induced fast Auger recombination can compete effectively with electron transfer from QDs to TiO2 and reduce the electron injection efficiency in QDSSCs. We believe that the reported charging effects are present for mo...
Leray-Schauder type continuation theorems for some nonlinear equations in Banach spaces

LET X BE a real reflexive Banach space and X* denote its dual Banach space. In this paper we are interested in obtaining Leray-Schauder and Borsuk-Ulam type Continuation theorems for a family of equations of the form w E Au + Tu + C,u where A : D(A) C X-+ 2x’ is a maximal monotone mapping with weakly-closed-graph in X x X*, T: D(T) C C-, 2x’ a maximal monotone mapping satisfying condition (S+) and {C,}, t E [0, 11, a continuous family of compact mappings from X into X*. It should be noted that if A : D(A) C X+ 2x’ is a linear maximal monotone mapping then its graph G(A) is a weakly-closed subset of X x X”. Our results of this paper generalize an earlier result of Gupta [ll] where a Leray-Schauder type continuation theorem is obtained for equations of the form w E Au + Tu + C,u where A:D(A)CX-+2X* is linear maximal monotone, T:X+ X* is a single-valued, everywhere defined bounded monotone mapping satisfying condition (S+) and {C,}, t E [0, 11, a continuous family of compact mappings from X into X’. So our theorems of this paper extend earlier results of [ll] in several ways e.g. we allow A to be nonlinear, effective domain D(T) of T may not be all of X, T can be multivalued and unbounded. We note that equations of the form w E Au + Tu arise in the study of general elliptic boundary value problems defined on a bounded domain $2 contained in an Euclidean space W”. For such elliptic problems the mapping A is defined by the top-order terms of the differential expression and the boundary conditions and the mapping T is defined by lower order terms. Accordingly our results are of the nature of stability results for compact perturbations of elliptic boundary value problems. Also A turns out to be a maximal monotone mapping when the top order terms of the differential equation are linear and satisfy Leray-Lions conditions and the boundary conditions are defined by some maximal monotone graph in R*. Such an A is nonlinear but usually has a weakly-closed graph. We should like to point out that continuation theorems of this type have been studied earlier by Browder [4] Gupta [12] and Brezis & Browder [2] for equations of Hammerstein type viz equations w = (I + KN + C,)(u) where K: X* + X is a continuous monotone linear mapping, N: X-, X’ is a bounded monotone mapping satisfying condition (S+) and {C,}, t E [0, 11, a continuous family of compact mappings from X into X. Now, equations of the form w E (I+KN+ CJ( u are prototypes of what are called integral equations of Hammerstein type, ) while equations of the form w E Au + Tu + C,u model boundary value problems given by partial differential operators.
Pathogenic Mutations alter the Mechanical Stability of Polycystin-1 Immunoglobulin PKD Domains

Mutations in polycystin-1 can cause Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), which is a leading cause of renal failure. The available evidence suggests that PC1 acts as a mechanosensor, receiving signals from the primary cilia, neighboring cells, and extracellular matrix. polycystin-1 is a large membrane protein that has a long N-terminal extracellular region (about 3000 aa) with a multimodular structure including sixteen Ig-like PKD domains, which are targeted by many pathogenic missense mutations. The mechanical properties of the wild-type PKD domains are known; however, nothing is known about the effects of pathogenic mutations on the biophysical properties of PKD domains. Here we investigated the mechanical properties of several pathogenic missense mutants on the first Ig-like domain (PKD-d1) by using a combination of protein engineering and single-molecule atomic force spectroscopy. We found that missense mutations alter the mechanical unfolding and refolding pathways of PKD-d1 resulting in distinct mechanical phenotypes. Using a simple 2-state energy diagram we find that point mutations can affect the free energy of mechanical unfolding/refolding and the position of the transition state. Depending on the pulling speed we find that a mutation can increase or decrease the unfolding forces. This indicates that the pathogenic mutants can affect the PKD domain's normal response to external mechanical forces and may help us understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ADPKD.This work is funded by NIH (grant R01DK073394) and by the Polycystic Kidney Foundation (grant 116a2r).
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib for oral mucositis in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.

Summary Objectives Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful complication of radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (H&NC). OM can compromise nutrition, require opioid analgesics and hospitalization for pain control, and lead to treatment interruptions. Based on the role of inflammatory pathways in OM pathogenesis, we investigated effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition on severity and morbidity of OM. Methods In this double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 40 H&NC patients were randomized to daily use of 200 mg celecoxib or placebo, for the duration of RT. Clinical OM, normalcy of diet, pain scores, and analgesic use were assessed 2–3 times/week by blinded investigators during the 6–7 week RT period, using validated scales. Results Twenty subjects were randomized to each arm, which were similar with respect to tumor location, radiation dose, and concomitant chemotherapy. In both arms, mucositis and pain scores increased over course of RT. Intention-to-treat analyses demonstrated no significant difference in mean Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) scores at 5000 cGy (primary endpoint). There was also no difference between the two arms in mean OMAS scores over the period of RT, mean worst pain scores, mean normalcy of diet scores, or mean daily opioid medication use in IV morphine equivalents. There were no adverse events attributed to celecoxib use. Conclusions Daily use of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, during period of RT for H&NC, did not reduce the severity of clinical OM, pain, dietary compromise or use of opioid analgesics. These findings also have implications for celecoxib use in H&NC treatment regimens (NCT00698204).
Static timing analysis of embedded software

This paper examines the problem of statically analyzing the performance of embedded software. This problem is motivated by the increasing growth of embedded systems and a lack of appropriate analysis tools.We study different performance metrics that need tobe considered in this context and examine a range oftechniques that have been proposed for analysis. Verybroadly these can be classified into path analysis andsystem utilization analysis techniques. It is observedthat these are interdependent, and thus need to beconsidered together in any analysis framework.
The Use of Laser Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy for the Characterization of Starch Granule Ring Structure

A laser differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy protocol was developed for the visualization of starch growth rings in an optical section series. Potato and maize starches were observed with this new technique. Partial lintnerization was necessary to visualize the rings. The best image contrast was obtained using a blue laser and image deconvolution. For native starches, growth rings were evident in potato starch, but not as much as in native normal and waxy maize starches. Lintnerization enhanced the visualization of growth rings until granule integrity became compromised (by 48 h for waxy maize and by 96 h for normal maize and potato starches). Density of growth rings was not different for normal and waxy maize starches (11.3 and 12.1 rings/10 mm) but was lower for potato starch (7.5 rings/10 mm). Compared to other techniques for visualization of growth rings such as SEM and TEM, this protocol is fast and simple with minimum sample preparation and little possibility of artifacts.
Susceptibility to pancreatitis related to PSTI/SPINK1 expression.

Understanding the genetic basis of pancreatitis has provided new insights into many aspects of pancreatic physiology and pathophysiology. Discovery of a mutation of the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) as a cause of hereditary pancreatitis in 1996 opened the door for characterizing genes and their translation products that may render individuals susceptible to pancreatic injury [1]. Involvement of this particular gene in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis was a surprise, because previously it was not appreciated how trypsinogen mutations might lead to pancreatic injury. The predominant mutation in hereditary pancreatitis is a single nucleotide substitution that converts the arginine residue at position 122 to histidine. This mutation results in an 80% likelihood of developing recurrent acute pancreatitis, which eventually leads to chronic pancreatitis. After the R122H mutation was discovered as a cause of pancreatitis, it was recognized that the altered trypsinogen molecule was less susceptible to cleavage by trypsin and thus, resistant to autodigestion. Only then was it appreciated that trypsin itself limited trypsin activity within the pancreas. Accordingly, a novel pathway in the pathobiology of pancreatitis was revealed by the discovery of the genetic defect in this inherited form of pancreatitis. Shortly after discovery of the R122H mutation, a second mutation in trypsinogen (N29I) also was recognized as a cause of hereditary pancreatitis [2]. Since then, searches for mutations in other genes have uncovered two additional pancreatic proteins that are defective and associated with increased risk of developing pancreatitis. Severe mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene are responsible for cystic
Cereals demand in the Sahel and potential impacts of regional cereals protection

Abstract Recent policy debate in the Sahel has focused on a regional protection zone for cereals. This paper discusses crosscountry evidence of consumption patterns and the sensitivity of these to policy variables, and considers potential income-distribution and efficiency impacts of a rice tariff increase. A tariff would hurt the poor in the short term because the poor depend to a large extent on rice as a “fast food,” purchased from street vendors. The trend toward rice consumption is a long-term, structural phenomenon, linked to urbanization, rather than to short-term price changes. Maize and millet/sorghum are substitutes in consumption, which should serve to encourage development of maize in the Guinean zone to help assure Sahel food security in drought years.
The insertion and extrusion of heterosulfur bridges. VI. Comparative desulfurizations of dibenzothiophene and biphenylthiols

Products were determined from reaction of biphenyl-2-thiol (5) with methanol in a packed flow reactor at elevated temperatures and ca. atmospheric pressure. At 450–550° thermolysis of 5 gives small yields of dibenzothiophene (1) and biphenyl (2). With sulfided alumina, products vary with reaction temperature from 82% S-methyl-5 at 250° to only 1 plus 2 at 550°. At 450° with sulfided cobaltous oxide-molybdic oxide-aluminum oxide (CMA-1), 5 and its isomers give mainly desulfurization to 2 (81%), plus C-melhylalion to melhylbiphenyls and fluorene. With CMA-1 at 450° the arrays of products from 1 and 5 are closely similar.
The treatment of isovaleric acidemia with glycine supplement.

Although dietary leucine restriction and supplemental glycine are used to treat patients with isovaleric acidemia [deficient isovaleryl-CoA-dehydrogenase (E.C.1.3.99.10)], little quantitative information is available regarding their optimum relationship. Herein we compare different glycine supplements and quantitate isovalerylglycine produced in two patients with clinically different forms of isovaleric acidemia during restricted leucine intake and during oral leucine loading. We found that under stable conditions of leucine restriction, 150 mg glycine/kg/day is an optimum glycine supplement and that glycine supplements of more than 250 mg/kg/day may result in reduced isovalerylglycine production; that when isovaleric acid accumulation is increased, glycine supplements to 600 mg/kg/day will increase isovalerylglycine production; and that the phenotype of isovaleric acidemia is related not only to the extent of impaired isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, but also the ability to detoxify accumulated isovaleryl CoA to isovalerylglycine.
Conserved cysteine and tryptophan residues of the endothelin-converting enzyme-1 CXAW motif are critical for protein maturation and enzyme activity.

Abstract The neprilysin (NEP)/endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) family of metalloproteases contains a highly conserved carboxyl-terminal tetrapeptide sequence, CXAW, where “C” is cysteine, “X” is a polar amino acid, “A” is an aliphatic residue, and “W” is tryptophan. Although this sequence strongly resembles a prenylation motif, human ECE-1 did not appear to be prenylated when labeled in vivousing various isoprenoid precursors in cell lines expressing ECE-1. We used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the role of the CXAW motif and determined that the conserved cysteine residue of the CXAW motif in ECE-1, Cys755, is critical for proper folding of the enzyme, its export from the endoplasmic reticulum, and its maturation in the secretory pathway. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the conserved tryptophan residue of the sequence CEVW appears to be important for endoplasmic reticulum export and is essential for enzyme activity. Deletion of Trp758 or substitution with alanine greatly slowed maturation of the enzyme, and resulted in more than a 90% loss of enzyme activity relative to the wild type. Conservative substitution of the tryptophan with phenylalanine did not reduce activity, whereas replacement with tyrosine, methionine, or leucine reduced enzyme activity by 50%, 75%, and 85%, respectively. Together, these data indicate that the conserved CEVW sequence does not serve as a prenylation signal and that both the conserved cysteine and tryptophan residues are necessary for proper folding and maturation of the enzyme. Furthermore, the conserved tryptophan appears to be critical for enzyme activity.
Additive and Vinylogous Pummerer Reactions of Amido Sulfoxides and Their Use in the Preparation of Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles

The α-thiocarbocation generated from the Pummerer reaction of N-methyl-N-phenyl-2-[2-(toluene-4-sulfinyl)phenyl]acetamide undergoes Friedel−Crafts reaction at the γ-carbon with the tethered aromatic ring. Reductive removal of the phenylthio group from the resulting product using Raney nickel occurs in high yield, and the overall reaction represents a new method for the synthesis of a variety of 3-phenyl-substituted oxindoles. Treatment of the related N-benzyl-N-alkyl amido sulfoxide system with trifluoroacetic anhydride affords tetrahydroisoquinolone derivatives. The product distribution encountered coincides with the rotamer population of the starting amide. When the N-benzyl-N-methyl amide is used, only the normal Pummerer product is formed. In this case, the thionium ion is generated in the wrong conformation for π-cyclization to occur. The corresponding N-tert-butyl amido system, however, exists in a geometric orientation which places the benzylic group in the crucial conformation necessary for π-cycl...
Milk progesterone in postpartum and pregnant cows as a monitor of reproductive status.

Abstract Milk samples were analyzed for progesterone content by a petroleum ether extraction and competitive protein binding assay validated for milk. In one experiment, 11 cows were sampled twice daily for 24 days beginning with an observed estrus 15 to 45 days postpartum, and again 19, 21,23, and 25 days after breeding. Progesterone values during the estrous cycle paralleled those for blood plasma but were slightly higher at estrus (1.49 ng/ml milk) and maximum (9 ng/ ml) on days 11 to 16 of the estrous cycle. After breeding, cows later diagnosed pregnant averaged 7.12 ng/ml while those later found to be nonpregnant averaged 2.36 ng/ml. All diagnoses of pregnancy were correct. In a separate experiment there was no difference between milk from front and rear quarters, but progesterone was highest in last milk, intermediate in composite milk, and lowest in first milk.
Development of the micro rotary fan

Abstract This paper reports on the design and experimental evaluation of novel MEMS based rotary fans. Both flip-chip and solder self-assembled designs are demonstrated — each utilizing a scratch drive actuator (SDA) rotary motor with forward and reverse control at speeds up to 180 rpm. The SDA motor is powered using a sinusoidal 30–150 V0-P ac signal at frequencies from 2–15 kHz. Resonant mode vibration at 3 kHz allowed the fan motor to be driven using ac signals of less than 30 V0-P. The fan blades are rotated to a specific angle-of-attack using gold coated polysilicon bimorph structures or solder assembly mechanisms. The advantages to each assembly option are discussed with solutions applicable to many electromechanically coupled micro systems. The fabrication and assembly techniques used to create the MEMS fans are well suited for mass production for commercial applications. A versatile flow visualization technique for MEMS based gas flow actuators is also demonstrated using laser illuminated smoke particles introduced into a macro scale chamber containing the fan.
PPARγ antagonist GW9662 induces functional estrogen receptor in mouse mammary organ culture: potential translational significance

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays a central role in regulating metabolism, including interaction with the estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Significantly, PPARγ activity can be modulated by small molecules to control cancer both in vitro and in vivo (Yin et al., Cancer Res 69:687-694, 2009). Here, we evaluated the effects of the PPARγ agonist GW7845 and the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 on DMBA-induced mammary alveolar lesions (MAL) in a mouse mammary organ culture. The results were as follows: (a) the incidence of MAL development was significantly inhibited by GW 7845 and GW 9662; (b) GW9662 but not GW7845, in the presence of estradiol, induced ER and PR expression in mammary glands and functional ERα in MAL; (c) while GW9662 inhibited expression of adipsin and ap2, GW 7845 enhanced expression of these PPARγ-response genes; and (d) Tamoxifen caused significant inhibition of GW9662 treated MAL, suggesting that GW9662 sensitizes MAL to antiestrogen treatment, presumably through rendering functional ERα and induction of PR. The induction of ERα by GW9662, including newer analogs, may permit use of anti-ER strategies to inhibit breast cancer in ER- patients.
Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder

This review focuses on the role of norepinephrine (NE) in traumatic stress. The review is divided into three sections. The first section, "Norepinephrine and Arousal," describes preclinical studies related to norepinephrine's role in arousal, orienting to novel stimuli, selective attention and vigilance. It also contains a brief discussion of NE and its relationship to fear-provoking stimuli followed by preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrate heightened noradrenergic neuronal reactivity, increased alpha 2 receptor sensitivity and exaggerated arousal in organisms that have been exposed to chronic uncontrollable stress. The second section, "Norepinephrine and Memory," describes preclinical and clinical studies related to norepinephrine's role in enhanced encoding of memory for arousing and aversive events and in subsequent re-experiencing symptoms such as, intrusive memories and nightmares. The third section, "Norepinephrine and Pharmacologic Treatment," briefly discusses the use of adrenergic blockers, clonidine and propranol, as well as tricyclic and MAO inhibitors, for the treatment of PTSD. Finally, we attempt to synthesize trauma-related preclinical and clinical studies of norepinephrine. We do this, in part, by focusing on a series of yohimbine studies in subjects with PTSD because data from these studies allow for a discussion that brings together preclinical and clinical findings relevant to trauma-related alterations in arousal and memory.
The Springfield Technical Community College Technology Park--A Creative Use of Real Estate: Converting a Derelict Property into an Economic Development Engine.

ABSTRACT When Digital Equipment Corporation announced the closing of its facility in Springfield, Massachusetts, the result would have been a vacant 15-acre facility on the main thoroughfare of the city center, as well as the loss of 1,000 local jobs. Instead, through a collaborative effort led by the local community college, this historic site is now the Springfield Technical Community College Technology Park, a vibrant economic development model which pumps $2.5 million into the regional economy each year. The lost jobs have been replaced; an incubator is growing new businesses, and entrepreneurship programs are inspiring the next generation of entrepreneurs.
Ion scattering and recoiling from liquid surfaces

We have shown that ion beams can be used to probe the surface composition and molecular orientation of liquid surfaces. Time-of-flight analysis of the kinetic energy of scattered inert gas ions and recoil atoms ejected from the surface reveals the identity of atoms in the topmost atomic surface layer of the liquid. In this report we describe the first scattering/recoil experiments on surfaces of a liquid siloxane and glycerol using helium, neon and argon ions in the 2–3 keV energy range. Analysis of peak intensities as a function of experimental parameters can be used to infer average molecular orientations in the surface. Spectra from the liquid siloxane are similar to that reported by Bertrand et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 97, 131 788 (1993)] for the long-chain hydrocarbon hexatriacontane deposited as oriented solid films on Si wafers. Our data indicates that the siloxane backbone is effectively shielded by the attached hydrocarbon groups, and for incoming ions the molecule effectively resembles a hydrocarbon....
Comparison of in vivo cholinesterase inhibition in neonatal and adult rats by three organophosphorothioate insecticides.

Developing mammals are more sensitive than adults to a variety of organophosphorothioate insecticides (OPs), compounds which act in vivo by inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE). Little is known, however, regarding age-related differences in biochemical responses to these toxicants. The time course of ChE inhibition and recovery in whole brain was compared in neonatal (7 days of age) and adult (80–100 days of age) rats after treatment with maximal tolerated doses (MTDs) of either methyl parathion (MPS), parathion (PS) or chlorpyrifos (CPF). Neonatal rats were more sensitive than adults in all cases (MTDs for MPS, PS and CPF: neonates = 7.8, 2.1 and 45 mg/kg, s.c.; adults = 18, 18, and 279 mg/kg, s.c., respectively). In general, maximal brain ChE inhibition was similar (< 78%) in both age groups but ChE activity recovered faster in neonaes. Plasma and erythrocyte ChE activities correlated relatively well (r = 0.794–0.943) with brain ChE activity in neonatal rats at all time points between 4 h and 7 days after treatment but similar correlations between circulating and brain ChE activities in adults were more variable (r = 0.211–0.917). The results indicate that neonatal rats are more sensitive to acute lethality from these compounds and that MTD exposures produce extensive brain ChE inhibition in both age groups. Significant inhibitor-related and age-related differences in the duration of ChE inhibition can ensue, however, following such OP exposures.
Synthesis of buried silicon oxide layers by water plasma immersion implantation

Abstract Buried silicon oxide layers were produced by water plasma immersion oxygen ion implantation and investigated by transmission electron microscopy, optical emission spectrometry, elastic recoil-detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering. Especially H2O+-ions, but also HO+-, O2+- and O+-ions, were implanted into silicon by pulse biasing the silicon wafer to a voltage between −40 and −50 kV. The pulse duration was 15 μs, the repetition rate was 200 Hz and the pulse number was varied between 0.92 × 105 and 29.5 × 105 pulses. The temperature during implantation was between 420°C and 800°C. The subsequent annealing process at 1250°C for 5 h leads to buried silicon oxide layers with smooth interfaces. The shape of the oxygen concentration profiles is caused by superposition of the low-energy O+-ion and the high-energy H2O+- and HO+-ion profiles. The thickness of the damaged regions and the hydrogen contents decrease with increasing temperature. The application of water plasma has the advantage that the ion range is about twice the given ion energy because ionized oxygen atoms are implanted.
Synthesis of uncoated viral RNA following picornavirus infection.

Polio- (type 1, Brunhilde), ECHO- (type 19), and coxsackieviruses (types A7, A9 and B6) when grown in monkey kidney tissue culture (MKTC), LLCMK2 or WI-38 cells, yielded virus stocks containing virions and uncoated viral RNA. These viruses grown in a number of other cells (for example KB, HeLa, AV-3, HEp-2 or human amnion) contained no demonstrable uncoated RNA. Homogenates of the latter cells, however, inactivated infectious polio RNA, whereas homogenates from MKTCs, LLCMK2 and WI-38 cells did not. In virus stocks prepared in MKTC about 103 PFU/ml. of uncoated infectious RNA was found. Studies on the temporal appearance of uncoated polio RNA in MKTCs, HEp-2 and HeLa cells revealed extracellular emergence of uncoated RNA between the 8th and 15th hour after infection, reaching maximum yields after 24 hours. In the MKTC system uncoated RNA persisted, whereas in the HEp-2-system, it was slowly inactivated and completely destroyed within 72 hours (3 days) after infection; in HeLa cells it was inactivated at a much faster rate and never reached high infectivity titers.
Is dopamine a transmitter in the periphery

There is now substantial experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that a dopaminergic neuronal system is present in peripheral tissues. This evidence includes identified and characterized dopaminergic receptors, the presence of relatively large concentrations of dopamine and DOPAC in some neurons and organ systems, and the differential loss of norepinephrine or dopamine following treatment with catecholaminergic neurotoxins. There are still many studies that remain to be completed, however, existing evidence is consistent with a peripheral dopaminergic neuronal system.
The Relationship between Cortisol and Bone Mineral Density in Competitive Male Cyclists

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether race day cortisol was related to bone mineral density (BMD) in competitive male cyclists. A secondary purpose was to determine additional factors associated with BMD in competitive male cyclists. Methods. Measurements of lumbar spine and hip BMD were performed in 35 male competitors in a state championship cycling time trial event. Salivary cortisol was measured 10 minutes prior to the start of the race and 5 minutes after race finished. Participants reported daily calcium intake, age, years of bike training, races per season, and average weekly minutes spent riding a bike, weight training, and running on a survey. Results. Cortisol level increased significantly from pre- to postcompetition but was not significantly associated with BMD. Increased weekly minutes of weight training was associated with higher BMD of the lumbar spine and the hip. The increased number of years of cycling experience was associated with lower BMD of the femoral neck. Increased daily calcium intake was associated with higher BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Conclusions. Findings indicate that cyclists should participate in weight training and increase calcium intake in order to increase or maintain BMD of the lumbar spine and hip.
Comparison of piezoresistive and capacitive ultrasonic transducers

MEMS ultrasonic transducers for flaw detection have heretofore been built as capacitive diaphragm-type devices. A diaphragm forms a moveable electrode, placed at a short gap from a stationary electrode, and diaphragm movement has been detected by capacitance change. Although several research teams have successfully demonstrated that technology, the detection of capacitance change is adversely affected by stray and parasitic capacitances, limiting the sensitivity of such transducers and typically requiring relatively large diaphragm areas. We describe the design and fabrication of what to our knowledge is the first CMOS-MEMS ultrasonic phased array transducer using piezoresistive strain sensing. Piezoresistors have been patterned within the diaphragms, and diaphragm movement creates bending strain which is detected by a bridge circuit, for which conductor losses will be less significant. The prospective advantage of such piezoresistive transducers is that sufficient sensitivity may be achieved with very small diaphragms. We compare transducer response under fluid-coupled ultrasonic excitation and report the experimental gauge factor for the piezoresistors. We also discuss the phased array performance of the transducer in sensing the direction of an incoming wave.
Simple MCA Supports a Variety of Applications

A greatly enhanced version of the Violinist I, Simple Multichannel Analyzer has been developed at Los Alamos. The new instrument includes a more powerful microprocessor, more memory, and a sophisticated set of I/O devices. The combination of these features allow the same basic electronics package to function in a variety of "smart" sophisticated monitoring instruments. Only the packaging, detector, and software need be changed to change the instrument from a field survey instrument for Pu contamination to a continuous air monitor to a neutron dosimeter. This instrument should spawn a new generation of user-friendly, highly effective instrumentation.
Perceptual limits to predation risk assessment in green frog ( Rana clamitans ) tadpoles

Summary Many prey assess predation risk through information sources that decline in reliability over time (i.e., the information sources indicate a wider range of potential predation risk levels over time until they provide no information about the current predation risk). However, prey may lack the perceptual ability to accurately assess the reliability of ageing information sources. Here, evidence is provided that suggests that green frog {Rana clamitans) tadpoles are unable to assess the age of the chemical cue of predatory larval dragonflies (Anax junius) upon exposure to cue up to 48 h old (but can at 72 h). As a result, tadpoles may overestimate the level of risk when they encounter aged Anax chemical cue, resulting in a disproportionately strong behavioural response. In general, the results suggest that the predation risk assessment of prey depends not only on the objective characteristics of the information source, but also on the perceptual limitations of the prey. Prey may lack the context to accurately assess information sources and may consequently misestimate the actual level of predation risk.
Aerosolized steroids in bronchial asthma.

Abstract Preparations of prednisolone and hydrocortisone suspended in a Freon propellant were administered as aerosols to asthmatic patients. Using the double-blind technique, we obtained strong evidence for a topical therapeutic effect of prednisolone in asthma. Clinical experience indicated that this was also true for aerosolized hydrocortisone. The topical therapeutic effect of steroids as given appeared to be approximately equivalent to a daily dose of 40 mg. of hydrocortisone by mouth.
Abstract 3236: Development of a novel cross-linking strategy to identify distinct proteasome subtypes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: This research was conducted to develop a practical method to identify distinct proteasome subtypes. Approval of the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib for clinical use has validated the proteasome as an anticancer target. These inhibitors target two well-recognized proteasome subtypes, the constitutive proteasome and the immunoproteasome, which comprise distinct sets of catalytic subunits. Additional proteasome subtypes containing mixtures of constitutive and immunoproteasome catalytic subunits have more recently been identified. These intermediate proteasome subtypes display unique proteolytic activity profiles and play important roles in the production of certain tumor antigens. However, much regarding their regulation, functions, and relevance as drug targets remains unknown, largely due to limitations in current experimental methods used to differentiate between proteasome subtypes. We have therefore developed bifunctional activity-based probes capable of cross-linking different catalytic subunit pairs within individual proteasome complexes. These probes allow a straightforward readout of proteasome catalytic subunit composition and facilitate functional studies of distinct proteasome subtypes. Experimental Procedures: Bifunctional proteasome probes were synthesized by coupling pairs of proteasome inhibitors via linkers of varying lengths and compositions. Positions for inhibitor derivatization were selected based on computational modeling, and linkers were chosen based on distances between the active sites of each targeted subunit pair. The ability of these compounds to cross-link distinct catalytic subunit pairs in both purified proteasomes and in cancer cell lysates was visualized by western blotting analysis. Competition assays with subunit-selective proteasome inhibitors were employed to confirm the identities of the cross-linked subunit pairs. Data Summary: The structures of the bifunctional proteasome probes were confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Western blotting results demonstrated the ability of these compounds to cross-link multiple pairs of proteasome catalytic subunits, allowing the composition of distinct proteasome subtypes present within cancer cells to be evaluated. Conclusions: We have successfully developed a set of bifunctional proteasome probes for analysis of proteasome catalytic subunit composition. These probes will be used to elucidate the unique functions of distinct proteasome subtypes present within cancer cells. Citation Format: Kimberly C. Carmony, Do-Min Lee, Lalit Kumar Sharma, Jieun Park, Kyung-Bo Kim, Wooin Lee. Development of a novel cross-linking strategy to identify distinct proteasome subtypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3236. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3236
Re-discovering and re-creating African American historical accounts through mobile apps: The role of mobile technology in history education

Abstract This paper describes a case study of a program called WATCH: Workshop for Actively Thinking Computationally and Historically. The focus of the program and this paper was on using mobile application development to promote historical thinking using a plantation site visit as the focus of inquiry. WATCH was delivered during an academic enrichment youth program at a major research university in the Southeast and served a total of 30 African American and Latino high school students from low socio-economic backgrounds. Through the theoretical framework of historical thinking, this case study provides descriptions of the class sessions, students׳ perceptions of and interests in history and students level of historical thinking through their apps. We make suggestions about how the instructional activities could be adapted for classrooms, discuss the tensions of using technology and inquiry pedagogy to support and promote historical learning, and review the program׳s impact on students׳ agency as learners and critical consumers and producers of historical accounts.
NONSPECIFIC ACCUMULATION OF TC‐99M‐IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE ARTHRITIS

During a study designed to investigate the potential of radioimmunodetection to detect lentiviral antigens in vivo, it was found that technetium-99m-labeled antibodies (Tc-99m-Abs) accumulated nonspecifically in arthritic joints of goats infected with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. The uptake of Tc-99m-Abs was significantly higher in both chronic and acute arthritis compared to normal joints, but similar to the uptake of Tc-99m-labeled human serum albumin (Tc-99m-HSA). Tc-99m-Abs could be used to detect synovitis but did not show any advantage over Tc-99m-HSA.
Four Things and Two Practices: Rethinking Heidegger Ex Oriente Lux

AbstractThis article re-orients Heidegger's analyses of things to cast light on two distinct ways of relating to things, one at the root of technological use and the other crucial to artistic creation. The first way, which we may call instrumental practice, denotes the activity of using something to accomplish some goal or objective. This practice underlies the analysis of use-things [Zeuge] that Heidegger presents in Being and Time. Heidegger's contribution there is twofold: to show how understanding things as zuhanden, there for us, is prior to taking things as objects in "nature," and to clarify how the "phenomenon of the world" can show itself when a useful thing becomes dysfunctional. But Heidegger's focus on the thing as zuhanden leaves in the dark a second kind of practice that we engage in when we relate to things, the practice of attending to an activity for its own sake, as I illustrate by the using or making of four things: the hammer, the Daoist cook's cleaver, the Daoist-inspired empty jug or...
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Improves Efficiency of Lipid Removal from Dry Pet Food While Limiting Lipid Oxidation

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was evaluated for extracting lipids from baked and extruded dry pet foods to determine factors controlling extraction efficiency and effects on lipid oxidation. Hydroperoxide decomposition and new lipid oxidation were minimal at 40 °C but increased at higher extraction temperatures without increasing yields. Maximum extraction required grinding samples to 250 µm particles, presence of polar solvents [chloroform, chloroform/methanol 2:1 (v/v) mixed, hexane/methanol 2:1 (v/v)], and a minimum of 20 min total static extraction time in repeat extraction cycles. Hexane and methanol injected into extraction cells simultaneously but separately was able to nearly duplicate extractions of chloroform/methanol, providing an option for replacing toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in ASE. However, lipid oxidation was higher in hexane. Yields were quantitative in baked biscuits but lower in extruded kibbles due to more dense, complex molecular structures. ASE extraction yields of 40 min or less were comparable to manual extraction yields of 24–48 h, with lower oxidation. Overall, one or two ASE extraction cycles with static times less than 20 min appeared to provide adequate lipid yields that accurately reflect lipid composition while inducing minimal modification when lipid oxidation products are the analytical endpoint.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(pyridinium salt)s derived from various aromatic diamines

Abstract Several poly(pyridinium salt)s containing various aromatic diamine moieties and tosylate counterions were prepared by the ring-transmutation polymerization reaction of bis(pyrylium tosylate) with aromatic diamines in dimethyl sulfoxide at 130−135 °C for 48 h and their tosylate counterions were exchanged to triflimide polymers by a metatheses reaction in an organic solvent. Their chemical structures were established by using various spectroscopic techniques. Their number-average molecular weights (Mn) were in the range of 38–46 kg/mol and polydispersities in the range of 1.13–1.43 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. They showed excellent thermal stabilities in nitrogen in the range of 326–477 °C. They exhibited lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase in polar aprotic and protic organic solvents above their critical concentrations depending on their microstructures and counterions. Their optical properties were examined by using UV–Vis and photoluminescent spectroscopy, which revealed that some polymers emitted UV light, some emitted blue light, and some emitted green light (both in solutions and solid states) depending on their microstructures, counterions, and on solvent polarity of organic solvents.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of welded Fe-12Cr-20Mn austenitic stainless steel

The effects of welding on the tensile and fatigue properties of fully annealed and cold-worked Fe-12Cr-20Mn austenitic stainless steel were evaluated. Room temperature and 500 °C tensile tests and room temperature cantilever beam fatigue tests were accomplished on specimens that contained autogenous bead-on-plate welds. The tensile and fatigue properties of the fully annealed material were not significantly influenced by welding. The tensile properties of the welded cold-worked material were also not significantly affected by the presence of a weldment. However, welding caused a large reduction of the fatigue life of the cold-worked material. Fatigue cracks preferentially initiated at large Mn-Si inclusions that formed in the fusion zones of the weldments.