cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Severe aortic stenosis patient risk during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is a progressive aortic valve disease that can lead to heart failure, syncope and sudden death if not treated. Severe AS currently affects more than 2 million people over 65 years of age in the USA. The only treatment option for AS is valve replacement by either surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) or the less invasive transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), also called transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). AVR requires intensive care unit (ICU) admission, whereas TAVR can be performed in a non-ICU setting. Both procedures are commonly associated with complications, such as stroke.1 Bleeding and thrombosis are also potential complications of these procedures. Given the considerable morbidity and mortality, patients with these postoperative complications are admitted to the ICU for management. SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has become a pandemic and has caused high mortality rates among the elderly. Currently, there is no vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, and there is no effective treatment to treat patients with severe COVID-19. More than 730 000 people worldwide and over 160 000 in the USA have died from COVID-19 as of 10 August 2020 according to Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center; these figures are expected to continue to rise until there are effective vaccines and therapies. Treating patients with COVID-19 during this pandemic requires many medical resources. Importantly, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failures, believed to be due to systemic and pulmonary thrombosis,2 3 are common symptoms of severe COVID-19 that require treatment in the ICU. Therefore, government officials have recommended ceasing almost all elective surgeries until the COVID-19 pandemic is under control.4 Although many patients with symptomatic AS can delay procedures intended to alleviate their symptoms, some may require life-saving procedures. In cases where life-saving procedures (AVR or TAVR) are required, …
Fibrinogen-related protein, FGL2, of hamster cauda epididymal fluid: Purification, kinetic analysis of its prothrombinase activity, and its role in segregation of nonviable spermatozoa.

Although the epididymal environment promotes the maturation and survival of spermatozoa, not all spermatozoa remain viable during passage through the epididymis. Does the epididymis has a protective mechanism(s) to segregate the viable sperm from defective spermatozoa? Previously, we identified 260/280 kDa oligomers (termed eFGL-Epididymal Fibrinogen-Like oligomer) are composed of two disulfide-linked subunits: a 64 kDa polypeptide identified as fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2) and a 33 kDa polypeptide identified as fibrinogen-like protein-1 (FGL1). Our morphological studies demonstrated that the eFGL, secreted from the principal cells of the cauda epididymis, is polymerized into a death cocoon-like complex (DCF), masking defective luminal spermatozoa but, not the viable sperm population. In the present study, we purified FGL2 from hamster cauda epididymal fluid toward homogeneity and its prothrombinase catalytic activity was examined. Time-course conversion studies revealed that all prothrombin was converted to thrombin by purified hamster FGL2. Our biochemical studies demonstrate that FGL2 is a lipid-activated serine protease and functions as a lectin by binding specific carbohydrate residues. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that FGL2 of cauda epididymal fluid is ubiquitinated but not the FGL1. We propose that FGL2/FGL1 oligomers represent a novel and unique mechanism to shield the viable sperm population from degenerating spermatozoa contained within the tubule lumen.
An Algorithm for Reconstruction of Alveolar Defects before Implant Placement

Summary The decision to graft is prosthetically driven. The importance of primary stability cannot be overemphasized for long-term success. Autogenous bone grafts are recommended because of their osteogenic or bone inductive potential. Characteristics of the alveolar defect help to determine the method of reconstruction. Esthetic and functional compromising can be prevented by ridge augmentation procedures that allow for correct emergence profiles for optimal prosthodontic restoration.
Abstract P267: Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs of US Patients With Possible Large Hemispheric Infarction: A Real-World Assessment of Burden Associated With Cerebral Edema

Introduction: Severe cerebral edema further compromises survival and functional outcomes in patients suffering from large hemispheric infarction (LHI). This study aims to compare the healthcare res...
What Can CHI Do About Dark Patterns

Imagine buying flowers for a loved one. After selecting a bouquet, at checkout you discover that the site sneaked a paid greeting card into your shopping cart. This is an example of a dark pattern, an interface designed to manipulate a user into behavior that goes against their best interests. The notion of dark patterns has fostered a growing critical discussion about which interfaces go too far in exploiting the user. The first aim of this workshop at CHI 2021 is to bring together a transdisciplinary group of design practitioners and researchers to discuss dark patterns across domains. The second aim is to identify actions to address dark patterns from within the design community, which might include e.g., setting industry norms, articulating values during the design process, or incorporating dark patterns into design education curricula. The third aim is to look beyond the design community and consider what changes designers might advocate for via interactions with e.g., consumers, media, and policymakers.
Improved Control Strategy of Grid Interface for EV High-Power Dynamic Wireless Charging

This paper proposes a control strategy for the grid interface converter in high-power dynamic wireless charging system (DWCS) to address two issues on distribution network integration. Due to the unique pulsating load profile of DWCS, load transient response capability is critical for the grid interface to maintain the dc-bus voltage stable. Besides, the inherent unbalanced situation of distribution network would lead to 2nd-order oscillations on the dc-bus voltage, which would further affect the stable operation of the entire system. In this paper, the DWCS model is developed, and the relationship between the dc-bus voltage and the input/output power is analyzed. Based on the developed model, a control strategy based on direct power control is presented. Both simulation results and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy not only improves load transient response capability, but also eliminates the 2nd-order oscillations on the dc-bus voltage under imbalanced distribution network conditions.
Macroautophagy and aging: The impact of cellular recycling on health and longevity

Abstract Aging is associated with many deleterious changes at the cellular level, including the accumulation of potentially toxic components that can have devastating effects on health. A key protective mechanism to this end is the cellular recycling process called autophagy. During autophagy, damaged or surplus cellular components are delivered to acidic vesicles called lysosomes, that secure degradation and recycling of the components. Numerous links between autophagy and aging exist. Autophagy declines with age, and increasing evidence suggests that this reduction plays important roles in both physiological aging and the development of age-associated disorders. Studies in pharmacologically and genetically manipulated model organisms indicate that defects in autophagy promote age-related diseases, and conversely, that enhancement of autophagy has beneficial effects on both healthspan and lifespan. Here, we review our current understanding of the role of autophagy in different physiological processes and their molecular links with aging and age-related diseases. We also highlight some recent advances in the field that could accelerate the development of autophagy-based therapeutic interventions.
Anaesthetic depth and delirium: a challenging balancing act.

Summary This editorial highlights the findings of the Balanced Anaesthesia Delirium study, a 515-patient substudy of the 6644 patient Balanced Anaesthesia trial, which found that targeting deep anaesthesia in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery was not associated with significantly increased postoperative death or major morbidity. The substudy found that using bispectral index (BIS) guidance with the intention of deliberately achieving deep volatile agent-based anaesthesia (target BIS reading 35 vs 50) significantly increased delirium incidence (28% vs 19%), although not subsyndromal delirium incidence (45% vs 49%). We discuss the implications of these findings for anaesthetic practice, and address whether the BIS should be used as a guide to deliver precision anaesthesia for delirium prevention. We posit that subpopulation-based differences within this multicentre substudy could have affected delirium occurrence, since the findings appeared to rest on outcomes in patients from East Asia. We conclude that questions of whether and for whom deep anaesthesia is deliriogenic remain unanswered.
A Family of Avirulence Genes from Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzae is Involved in Resistant Interactions in Rice

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, contains at least three avirulence genes (avrxa5, avrXa7, and avrXal0) that are related to avrBs3, an avirulence gene from the pepper pathogen X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. The gene avrXal0, which specifies the resistant phenotype on rice cultivars with the bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-10, like avrBs3, contains a 102-bp repeated sequence, although avrXal0 contains fewer copies than avrBs3 (15.5 vs. 17.5). Each 102-bp repeat contains a six-nucleotide variable region; the order of the repeats within avrXal0 is distinct from avrBs3. The number of repeat copies in avrXa7 was estimated at 25. The physiological events associated with resistant interactions were investigated using the cloned avirulence genes and near-isogenic rice cultivars with single bacterial blight resistance genes. Resistance in rice to X. oryzae pv. oryzae is characterized by a light-dependent increase in the extracellular activity of three peroxidases, lignin deposition, and a decrease in the rate of bacterial multiplication. The timing of these events is dependent on the specific avirulence gene-resistance gene interaction, that is, the responses associated with resistance occur later in interactions involving avrxa5-xa5 and avrXa7-Xa7 than those between avrXal0 and Xa-10.
Correlates of other tobacco use in a community sample of young adults.

Abstract Background Young adult use of alternative nicotine and tobacco products (ANTPs) has increased dramatically since 2000. While recent studies address ANTP prevalence, relatively little is known about predictors of use. This secondary analysis examined demographic, personality, and other substance use factors as predictors of past month ANTP use. Methods Community participants (n = 319; 51% female) completed an online survey during the initial stage of a larger study, for which all were required to have smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol in the past month. The survey assessed demographics, impulsivity, and past-month frequency of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Results The majority (61%) of participants endorsed ANTP use in the past 30 days. The odds of ANTP use were associated with Caucasian ethnicity, younger age, more frequent alcohol use, and with the sensation seeking and positive urgency components of impulsivity. Conclusion These data suggest that ANTP use among young adults is a substantial problem, and that there is a need for interventions that target tobacco use generally rather than cigarette smoking only.
Endocrine Regulation of Nutrient Flux in the Lactating Woman

The nutritional demands of the fetus and breast-fed newborn require that substantial quantities of nutrients be diverted from maternal use. In addition fat stores are usually augmented during pregnancy and diminished during lactation. In this paper we consider hormonal mechanisms responsible for these processes, focussing on the regulation of glucose fluxes. Before we begin this discussion, it is well to consider that the mechanisms by which the placenta delivers nutrients to the fetus are very different from those utilized by the lactating mammary gland. The placenta serves mainly to transport nutrients from the maternal blood to the fetal blood. There is limited chemical modification of nutrients as they cross the placenta. Further, the rate of transfer depends, for many nutrients as well as respiratory gases, on the concentration gradient across the placenta. This is especially true for glucose which is passively transferred by facilitated diffusion (Hay et al., 1990; Takata et al, 1992). Although transplacental transfer of immunoglobulins occurs in some species, large molecules such as proteins do not cross the placenta in nutritionally relevant amounts.
MORE EFFICIENT LOCAL RURAL ROAD ADMINISTRATION

A case study analysis of the Illinois township road system was undertaken for the purpose of evaluating potential administrative efficiencies. Extensive statistical data were developed for 147 randomly selected local road units. It was found that larger administrative units were able to achieve certain economies of scale in terms of both administrative and total operating costs per mile. In addition, the analysis revealed that there frequently exists an imbalance in the revenue-producing capabilities of urbanized versus nonurbanized road units. In seeking to achieve greater efficiencies in local rural government through realignment or consolidation of individual road units, it was recommended that each unit should be no smaller than that which requires a full-time administrator, and that large differences in the assessed valuation per mile between individual road units should be minimized.
Infant Sleep Position: Pediatricians' Advice to Parents

OBJECTIVE The American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) recommendation for side or supine sleep position in healthy babies has generated much controversy. We surveyed primary care physicians to determine the effect of the AAP statement on physician attitude toward infant sleep position and advice to parents. METHODS We sent a 23-question survey to 194 physicians in Western New York. The survey addressed their attitude toward the AAP recommendations and its impact on their advice to parents. RESULTS Of the 149 physicians treating newborns, 121 (82%) completed the questionnaire; 98% were aware of the AAP statement. The most common sources of information were the AAP (86%) and professional literature (77%). Of the respondents, 79% agreed with the AAP statement. Reasons for reservation were lack of data (64%), potential adverse consequences of supine position (52%), and their own experience (47%). Gender, years in practice, and type of reimbursement did not influence attitude toward the AAP recommendation. The AAP statement increased the frequency with which physicians routinely discussed sleep position from 34 to 70% (P < .02). Physicians recommending the prone position decreased from 57 to 7% (P < .001), while those recommending supine sleep position increased from 10 to 42% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Most physicians agreed with the AAP statement and more frequently discussed sleep position following the AAP recommendations. However, they did not routinely recommend supine sleep position. The majority (69%) recommended the side position even though it is unstable. Although the AAP statement has increased discussion of infant sleep position by primary care physicians in WNY, only a minority recommend that infants sleep supine.
A Study on Obesity and its Relationship to Socioeconomic Background and Current Earnings

With larger meal portions and fewer natural food production methods, many suggest that people find it difficult to maintain a healthy diet. Nevertheless, certain individuals have been able to maintain a high-quality nutritional status and avoid this unhealthy condition. What are the reasons for these differences between individuals in weight outcomes? Moreover, how does this unhealthy weight outcome affect an individual’s current economic situation? In this study, I will examine the effects of socioeconomic background on obesity and test whether an individual’s weight has an impact on their present salary or wage levels. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol15/iss1/11 The Park Place Economist, Volume XV 28
A Lemma on the Einstein-Liouville Equations

General relativistic kinetic theory provides an elegant approach to treating matter and gravity simultaneously; it is slightly less phenomenological than hydrodynamics. Since Anderson gave such a nice summary of the physics involved1 we shall concentrate on some essentially geometric questions. The main question is to what extent symmetries of the matter are related to symmetries (isometries) of the space time. We start with some geometric preliminaries, then define matter symmetries, then state a lemma.
Identification of Procaryotes

Identification schemes are not classification schemes, although there may be a superficial similarity. An identification scheme for a group of organisms can be devised only after that group has first been classified (i.e., recognized as being different from other organisms). Identification of that group is based on one or more characteristics, or on a pattern of characteristics, which all the members of the group have and which other groups do not have.
Hypothyroidism increases osmotic water permeability (Pf) in the developing renal brush border membrane.

The osmotic water permeability (Pf) of the rabbit proximal tubule brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) increases during maturation and is mediated by an increase in aquaporin-1 (AQP1) protein expression. Serum thyroid hormone levels increase after birth and have been shown to play a role in the maturation of other renal transport functions. We examined the hypothesis that thyroid hormone plays a role in the maturational increase in osmotic water permeability. Hypothyroidism was induced by addition of 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) to the drinking water of pregnant rabbits (starting 9 d before delivery) and was continued until the rabbits were studied as adults (9-11 wk). Some animals received thyroid hormone replacement by daily injection with triiodothyronine (T3; 10 μg/100 g body weight) for three days before study. Pf was found to be higher in BBMV from hypothyroid (82.7 ± 5.5 μm/s) than from euthyroid (60.6 ± 4.0 μm/s) and T3-replacement rabbits (69.0 ± 5.0 μm/s) (p < 0.05). The activation energy (Ea; in kcal/deg·mol) of Pf was not different among the three experimental groups (euthyroid 5.6 ± 0.9, hypothyroid 4.9 ± 0.8, T3-replacement 5.0 ± 1.0; p = NS), nor was the percentage mercury inhibition of Pf (euthyroid 66.5 ± 5.3, hypothyroid 74.2 ± 3.2 and T3-replacement 73.1 ± 4.3; p = NS). AQP1 expression, measured by immunoblotting, was highest in BBMV from hypothyroid rabbits (p < 0.05). Membrane fluidity, measured as steady-state generalized polarization (GP) of Laurdan, which is inversely related to membrane fluidity, was significantly different between the three groups (GP: euthyroid 0.307 ± 0.004, hypothyroid 0.271 ± 0.004 and T3-replacement 0.287 ± 0.003; for all p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the maturational increase in thyroid hormone levels is not responsible for the maturational increase in water transport. Surprisingly, congenital hypothyroidism in rabbits is associated with an increased Pf when rabbits are studied as adults. The higher Pf in hypothyroid adult rabbits is due to a higher expression of AQP1 protein as well as a greater membrane fluidity than in euthyroid rabbits.
Hybrid algorithm for fast Toeplitz orthogonalization

New techniques for fast Toeplitz QR decomposition are presented. The methods are based on the shift invariance property of a Toeplitz matrix. The numerical properties of the algorithms are discussed and some comparisons are made with two other fast Toeplitz orthogonalization methods.
Pedestrian Crosswalks at Midblock Locations: Fuzzy Logic Solution to Existing Signal Operations

The increasing number of midblock vehicle-pedestrian crashes has led traffic engineers to consider safer treatments for pedestrian crossings while preserving flow efficiency. One of the existing solutions is to install signalized crosswalks. Using a microsimulation approach, this study first assesses three signal systems for a typical midblock crosswalk (MBC) with varied geometries, with the aim to explore how different signalization schemes and crosswalk geometries affect measures of effectiveness from all user perspectives. The results indicate that two-phase timing out-performs one-phase timing and the innovative high-intensity activated crosswalk significantly improves vehicle operations over actuation by pedestrians and pedestrian light control. Of existing signals, the pedestrian user-friendly interface (PUFFIN) is more functional because of its dynamic pedestrian clearance interval, but it still does not account for enough safety and human factors in its control logic and thus lacks an adaptive abi...
Virtual reality via photogrammetry

We wish to walk into a photograph just as Alice walked into the looking glass. From a mathematical perspective, this problem is exceedingly ill-posed (e.g. Is that a large, distant object or a small, nearby object?). A human expert can supply a large amount of a priori information that can function as mathematical constraints. The constrained problem can then be attacked with photogrammetry to obtain a great deal of quantitative information which is otherwise only qualitatively apparent. The user determines whether the object to be analyzed contains two or three vanishing points, then selects an appropriate number of points from the photon to enable the code to compute the locations of the vanishing points. Using this information and the standard photogrammetric geometric algorithms, the location of the camera, relative to the structure, is determined. The user must also enter information regarding an absolute sense of scale. As the vectors from the camera to the various points chosen from the photograph are determined, the vector components (coordinates) are handed to a virtual reality software package. Once the objects are entered, the appropriate surfaces of the 3D object are `wallpapered' with the surface from the photograph. The user is then able to move through the virtual scene. A video will demonstrate our work.
Determining crystal growth rate-type of curves in glasses by differential thermal analysis

Abstract A crystal growth rate vs. temperature ( U vs. T )-type of curve for a Li 2 O.2SiO 2 glass was determined up to a temperature of 690 °C using a differential thermal analysis (DTA) method. As determined from this ( U vs. T )-type of curve, the temperature corresponding to the onset of crystal growth was 570±3 °C which is in excellent agreement with the same value determined by the conventional method. The complete range of temperature where crystal growth can occur and the temperature ( T max ) where the crystal growth rate is a maximum for this glass could not be determined. It is concluded that for temperatures T max , the DTA method can delineate only a small, initial portion of the ( U vs. T )-type of curve, where the crystal growth rate is sufficiently low so that the glass does not totally crystallize after the required (for at least 5 min) isothermal heat treatment at these temperatures. For temperatures > T max , the curve cannot be determined by the DTA method if the temperature for isothermal heat treatment is approached by heating the glass from room temperature. For determining the curve for temperatures > T max , the desired temperature (> T max ) for isothermal heat treatment of the glass is suggested to be approached from the melting temperature of the glass.
Behavioral contracting to improve dietary compliance in chronic renal dialysis patients.

Abstract End stage renal disease is the most severe stage of kidney failure. Hemodialysis or kidney transplants are required to insure patient survival. When dialysis treatment is used, patients experience dietary restrictions and consequently must limit fluid and food intake to compensate for the lack of kidney functioning. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of behavioral procedures in improving compliance to dietary restrictions in chronic fluid overloaders. A contracting procedure between medical staff and the patients, and contingent staff praise for meeting weight standards, led to lower intersession weight gain. Continuous follow-up assessment indicated long term maintenance of treatment effects for these patients.
The invisibility of violence against women diagnosed with schizophrenia: a synthesis of perspectives

Women diagnosed with severe mental illness experience twice the rates of violence compared with women without mental illness. Despite awareness of violence, mental healthcare providers feel powerless to combat the problem. This article synthesizes 2 previous interpretive studies that examined violence perpetrated against women diagnosed with schizophrenia. This synthesis critically examines the perspectives of women who experience violence and schizophrenia and case managers who care for them. Stigma was an overarching theme in participants' stories but each group differed in its understanding of how stigma impacted women's lives. This disconnection perpetuates stigma and allows violence to remain invisible. Language: en
Effects of calyculin A on amylase release in streptolysin-O permeabilized acinar cells.

Abstract The effects of the phosphatase inhibitors calyculin A and okadaic acid on amylase release from streptolysin-O permeabilized rat pancreatic acini were investigated. Both agents induced similar biphasic effects with moderate potentiation of calcium-stimulated amylase release at medium and strong inhibition at higher concentrations. Calyculin A was thirty times more potent than okadaic acid and at 100 nM totally inhibited calcium-induced amylase release while 3μM okadaic acid reduced amylase release by 78%. 100nM calyculin A also completely inhibited GTPγS-potentiated amylase release and partially inhibited phorbol ester potentiated secretion. The data indicate that inhibition of a serine/threonine phosphatase, probably a type 1 phosphatase, leads to inhibition of calcium-induced amylase release in permeabilized pancreatic acini.
QM/MM metadynamics study of the direct decarboxylation mechanism for orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase using two different QM regions: acceleration too small to explain rate of enzyme catalysis.

Despite decades of study, the mechanism by which orotidine-5‘-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODCase) catalyzes the decarboxylation of orotidine monophosphate remains unresolved. A computational investigation of the direct decarboxylation mechanism has been performed using mixed quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) dynamics simulations. The study was performed with the program CP2K that integrates classical dynamics and ab initio dynamics based on the Born−Oppenheimer approach. Two different QM regions were explored. The free energy barriers for direct decarboxylation of orotidine-5‘-monophosphate (OMP) in solution and in the enzyme (using the larger QM region) were determined with the metadynamics method to be 40 and 33 kcal/mol, respectively. The calculated change in activation free energy (ΔΔG⧧) on going from solution to the enzyme is therefore −7 kcal/mol, far less than the experimental change of −23 kcal/ mol (for kcat./kuncat.: Radzicka, A.; Wolfenden, R., Science 1995, 267, 90−92). These r...
Physical and Chemical Composition of Meat Loaves Containing Mechanically Deboned Turkey Meat

Abstract Compositional, physical, and storage stability characteristics were evaluated for turkey loaves formulated with chunked breast meat in which either 0%, 10%, 20% or 30% mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) was substituted wt/wt. Physical and compositional evaluations of whole turkey loaves included proximate composition, mineral analysis, cook yields, and loaf dimensions. Cross-cut slices were evaluated for surface color and texture. Compositional changes generally reflected ingredient blends. Cook yield and loaf size were improved with increased levels of MDTM. Slice surface color (Hunter Lab) was darker and more red in color with increasing MDTM. Slices possessed less binding strength and were more tender with increased MDTM, as evaluated by slice breaking (binding strength) and by slice shearing (tenderness) using an Instron Press. Storage stability of formulated loaves was evaluated by the 2-thiobarbituric acid test (TBA) and sensory analyses. Raw and precooked foil wrapped and vacuum sealed MDTM substituted loaves were stored at —18 C for six months prior to analyses. TBA numbers increased with increased level of MDTM and precooking and were lower with vacuum packaging. Sensory evaluations indicated increased moistness and more tender loaves with increasing levels of MDTM. Cooking and packaging treatments were distinguished using the triangle test for 10% MDTM substitution. Loaves incorporating up to 30% MDTM were of high quality after six months frozen storage.
Hematologic remission and cytogenetic improvement after treatment of stable-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia with continuous infusion of low-dose cytarabine

Prolonged exposure to low concentrations of cytarabine preferentially inhibits in vitro growth of neoplastic myeloid progenitors from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) compared to that of normal myeloid progenitors. Continuous infusions of cytarabine in doses of 15-30 mg/m2/day were therefore administered for extended periods to patients with CML in stable phase to determine if this treatment could achieve selective cytoreduction of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive cells. Five patients demonstrating > 90% Ph-positive metaphases before treatment received a total of 43 cycles of cytarabine infusional therapy. Cytarabine was administered on an outpatient basis using a portable, battery-operated syringe pump until the total leukocyte count reached 2500/microliters or the platelet count reached 75,000/microliters. A new cycle was begun when the total leukocyte count exceeded 4,000/microliters and the platelet count exceeded 100,000/microliters. The median duration of cytarabine administration per cycle was 29 days (range 15-72 days). Leukocytosis was readily controlled by low-dose cytarabine therapy in all patients. All five patients experienced complete hematologic responses during cytarabine therapy. The fraction of Ph-positive metaphases in the marrow of the five patients was reduced to 0, 10%, 43%, 72%, and 84%, respectively, during therapy. The median time to achieve optimal cytogenetic response was 4.8 months (range 2.8-8.6 months). One patient demonstrated a complete cytogenetic response after three cycles of cytarabine. Another patient demonstrated persistent cytogenetic improvement during 20 cycles of cytarabine, with a median 38% Ph-positive marrow metaphases (range 10-53%) over 32 months. Cytarabine therapy was generally well-tolerated, but was discontinued in one patient because of persistent asymptomatic elevations in hepatic enzymes, which resolved within 2 months after discontinuing therapy. There were no episodes of fever during neutropenia, and platelet transfusions were not required. However, symptomatic anemia requiring transfusion of red cells occurred during most cycles of treatment. In summary, treatment of CML with low-dose cytarabine can induce prolonged cytogenetic improvement in some patients with acceptable toxicity. Further evaluation is needed to ascertain the effect of this treatment on duration of stable phase and overall survival.
Time-Resolved Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

A method is described which is capable of measuring circular dichroism, either natural or induced by an applied magnetic field, with time resolution of nanoseconds or better. Circular dichroism is determined from the change in polarization properties of an elliptically polarized probe beam. Such measurements can be made with high sensitivity, making rapid measurements feasible. Procedures for making rapid circular dichroism measurements and precautions which must be taken in obtaining and interpreting the signals are discussed and examples of the application of the techniques in inorganic photochemistry and biophysics are presented.
Traumatic aneurysm of a common digital artery—A case report

Abstract The first reported case of traumatic aneurysm of a common digital artery is presented together with a review of the literature of aneurysms of the hand. Proper diagnosis is stressed because the previously reported digital artery aneurysms have frequently been misdiagnosed and thereby mismanaged. Previous treatment of digital artery aneurysms has been ligation of the vessel proximal and distal to the aneurysm, with resection of the aneurysm. In the case reported, reconstitution of vessel continuity with microsurgical techniques was shown to be,feasible.
Grief and Elective Abortion: Breaking the Emotional Bond?:

Does grief occur subsequent to elective abortion? This basic question is addressed using maternal-infant bonding as a basic theoretical framework. The temporal sequence of the three medical procedu...
Linguistic biases and the establishment of conceptual hierarchies: Evidence from preschool children

Abstract These experiments test the hypothesis that preschool children are predisposed to interpret nouns as referring to taxonomic relations, and that this bias guides the early establishment of conceptual hierarchies (e.g., collie, dog, mammal, animal. Two familiar hierarchies—animals and food—and two linguistic form classes—nouns and adjectives—were examined in detail. Experiment 1 tested the effect of introducing novel nouns at multiple hierarchical levels (subordinate, basic, intermediate, and superordinate). Some children were introduced to novel nouns for the classes (e.g., suikahs); others heard no labels. Nouns facilitated superordinate level classification, but made subordinate classification more difficult. In Experiment 2, another group of children labeled the classes to enable a direct comparison of preschoolers' linguistic descriptions and conceptual groupings. They tended to label all subordinate classes identically (e.g., they labeled all subclasses of dogs as ‘dogs’), yet when they were explicitly instructed to distinguish them, they used adjectival phrases (e.g., ‘big dogs’). In Experiment 3, novel labels were presented in two different linguistic contexts, either as nouns (e.g., suikahs) or as adjectives (e.g., suk-ish ones). As in Experiment 1, nouns made subordinate classification more difficult. Conversely, adjectival phrases facilitated subordinate classification, but made superordinate classification more difficult. Children's early sensitivity to the different applications of nouns and adjectives served to guide the establishment of conceptual hierarchies.
Muted precipitation increase in global warming simulations: A surface evaporation perspective

[1] Atmospheric moisture content is expected to rise in response to global warming, but climate models predict a much slower rate of precipitation increase. This muted response of the hydrological cycle is investigated from a surface evaporation perspective, using a multimodel ensemble of simulations under the A1B forcing scenario. A 90-year analysis of surface evaporation based on a standard bulk formula reveals that the following atmospheric changes act to slow down the increase in surface evaporation over ice-free oceans: surface relative humidity increases by 1.0%, surface stability, as measured by air-sea temperature difference, increases by 0.2 K, and surface wind speed decreases by 0.02 m/s. As a result of these changes, surface evaporation increases by only 2% per Kelvin of surface warming, rather than the 7%/K rate simulated for atmospheric moisture. The increased surface stability and relative humidity are robust across models. The former is nearly uniform over ice-free oceans while the latter features a subtropical peak on either side of the equator. While relative humidity changes are positive almost everywhere in a thin surface layer, changes aloft show positive trends in the deep tropics and negative ones in the subtropics. The surface-trapped structure suggests the following mechanism: owing to its thermal inertia, the ocean lags behind the atmospheric warming, and this retarding effect causes an increase in surface stability and relative humidity, analogously to advection fog. Our results call for observational efforts to monitor and detect changes in surface relative humidity and stability over the world ocean.
On reading Goitein's A Mediterranean Society: a view from economic history

Goitein's A Mediterranean Society is widely praised but often misread. It is regarded as a monumental accomplishment of compilation and organization, but a book that is only a compendium of details without an argument. This article shows that it is instead a collection of brilliant syntheses and hypotheses, and that the absence of an over-arching thesis reflects not a lack of interest or thought, but tensions in the author's arguments and counter-arguments, particularly about the nature of Jewish-Muslim interaction. The article closes with suggestions for how to read or re-read the work to appreciate both richness and contradiction.
Correlation effects on reaction efficiency in monolayer domains

Abstract We have designed a stochastic model and performed extensive calculations to assess the role of potentials in influencing the efficiency of diffusion-controlled reactions on monolayers whose surface is partitioned into finite domains. The change in the diffusion-controlled rate constant kD in the presence and absence of a biasing potential ν(r) (specifically the quantity kD(ν=ν(r))/kD(ν=0)) is studied as a function of domain size, medium temperature and dielectric constant and the results documented numerically.
An Introduction to a Symposium in Geriatric Dentistry: Issues in Gerontology

The papers in this collection address geriatric dentistry at a time when society is rapidly becoming older. More than ever before, all dental care providers must understand the special needs of elderly patients and the unique biological features of the aged person that affect the diagnosis and prognosis of oral pathology. Attitudes about aging in the elderly must be discussed within the context of the health care setting so we can address the needs for social change, particularly in the dental and medical professions. This symposium brings together a series of papers on topics that are being researched in geriatric dentistry. The topics are diverse, including methods to finance dental care, psychiatric considerations, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, prosthodontics, artificial saliva and nutritional factors, immunology and the new frontiers in dental science, periodontal disease and oral cancer. And as an epilogue to our theme, a dentist with a primarily geriatric practice reflects on the difficulties and the rewards of the elderly patient. Improving the quality of life is the goal of aging research and to investigate aging legitimately we must ask in a systematic manner, what is aging? In this introduction, we discuss briefly the several theories of aging that are guiding research efforts.
Effects of plasticizers on red blood cells and platelets during storage

Abstract The introduction of plastic bags into routine use in Blood Banks began a revolution in how human blood and blood components were prepared, stored and used. The plastic film is not inert, however, and plasticizers added to increase flexibility of the bags can be extracted into the stored components. In this report, the characteristics of this extraction, and the effect of exposure to the extracted material on the components in storage, is reviewed and discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the organic compound, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which can constitute up to 40% of the weight of classic PVC films. DEHP has been shown to interact both with erythrocytes, where the interaction aids in preservation of erythrocyte integrity, and with platelets, where the interaction has been shown to be deleterious to maintenance of platelet function. The advantages and disadvantages of plastics formulated without DEHP are also presented and evaluated.
Ontogeny and Phylogeny in the Northern Swordtail Clade of Xiphophorus

It has been hypothesized that morphological diversity within clades can be generated by simple alterations of shared developmental programs. However, few studies have examined changes in heterochrony, the rate and timing of developmentalevents, in an explicitly phylogenetic context. We studied how developmental patterns have changed phylogenetically in the northern swordtail clade of Xiphophorus. We reared individuals of an outgroup and seven of nine species in the clade and followed their development for ~ 300 days. For each individual, we used nonlinear regression toestimatethreegrowth parameters:growth rate,adultbody size,and ageofcessation of growth. Weestimated sword growth rates in males by linear regression. We then used the means of these growth parameters toconstructstandard growth curves for each species and tostudy growth patterns in a phylogenetic context. A combined phylogeny was constructed from both phenotypic and DNAsequencedata.Thephenotypicdataset,compiled fromtheliterature,consistedof86 mor- phological, pigmentation, behavioral, and random amplieed polymorphic DNA characters, many of which had not been used before for phylogenetic analysis. DNA sequence data from three genes for a total of 1284 bases were also obtained from the literature and included in the analysis. Rela- tionships between growth parameters were examined by phylogenetically independent contrasts in relation to seven different phylogenies based on the most-parsimonious trees generated from the phenotypic, DNA sequence, and combined data sets; this allowed us to identify relationships between variables that were not sensitive to ambiguities in Xiphophorus phylogeny. Our analysis revealed statistically signiecant correlations between female body size and male body size, and between femalegrowth rateand malesword growth rate, for allseven phylogenies. Marginally sta- tistically signiecantrelationships werealsoidentieed between female body sizeand femalegrowth rate, and between female growth rate and male body size. We relate these relationships to what is known about the ecology, genetics, and behavior of Xiphophorus to better understand the evolution of growth patterns of both the body as a whole and the sword in particular. The relationship of thesedata totheevolution of swords is discussed. (Development; evolution; growth; heterochrony; independent contrasts; sword; Xiphophorus.) Heterochrony, or changes in the timing of developmental events, has been shown to be a pervasive force in the evolution of mor- phology. Changes in onset, offset, and the rate of development of morphological char- acters have been the basis for much of the observed morphological variation among many types of organisms (Gould, 1977; Al- berchetal.,1979;McKinneyandMcNamara, 1991). However, only when heterochronic changesareexaminedinaphylogeneticcon- text can the evolutionary patterns and pro- cesses of heterochrony be understood (Fink, 1982). The esh genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae), comprising 22 described species of sword-
Endogenous opiates: 1980.

Vast amounts of research have been done that have attempted to delineate the pharmacological and physiological effects of the endogenous opiate peptides. A great deal of knowledge has also been accumulated in a limited time span concerning the types and locations of the opiate receptors and peptides, as well as their functions. In 1980, reports were made concerning the effects of these peptides on analgesia, on tolerance and dependence, on activity, on learning and memory, on schizophrenia and other types of emotional disturbances, and on physiological responses such as eating and drinking, cardiovascular responses, and sexual function. Additional understanding was also gained concerning their interactions with neurotransmitters, other neuropeptides, and hormones. These and other studies published only in 1980 are reviewed in this paper, which is the third of a annual series.
Anion recognition in a model ion channel: effects of solvation on chloride binding to a porphyrin–metacyclophane

Abstract Semi-empirical methods (AM1, PM3 and PM5) are used to determine the enthalpies, entropies and free energies of a solvated Cl − ion. The Cl − ion is solvated with from 1 to 12 H 2 O or MeOH molecules and thermodynamics of the H 2 O or MeOH clusters are reported. The thermodynamic results of Cl − solvation are then compared with the thermodynamics obtained for the process of a solvated Cl − docking in a metallated endo-metacyclophane–porphyrin adduct. The metallated endo-metacyclophane–porphyrin adduct contains Zn(II), Fe(II) or Co(III). The metallated porphyrin is located at the base of the model ion channel and is solvated in the external axial position with either a H 2 O or MeOH molecule. The solvated Cl − ion is placed in the center of the metallated endo-metacyclophane–porphyrin adduct and allowed to migrate into a docked position above the metallo-porphyrin ring. Once a stable configuration is obtained, the thermodynamic properties are calculated using the PM3 and PM5 semi-empirical methods. The thermodynamics of the solvated Cl − -metallated endo-metacyclophane–porphyrin complexes are compared with the thermodynamics of the Cl − -solvent clusters.
Green's function in the spectral domain for biaxial and uniaxial anisotropic planar dielectric structures

Green's function solutions of the biaxial and uniaxial anisotropic layered-medium planar-structure is formulated in terms of Maxwell's equations. Diagonalized biaxial and uniaxial permittivity tensors in the coordinate system of interest are treated. The Green's function is found in the double Fourier transformed domain for three longitudinal-to-an-axis coupled electric-magnetic field sets applied to a simple layered structure. The approach is applicable to structures having discontinuities in two orthogonal planar directions such as patch radiators or resonators. Spectral Green's function is usable in method-of-moment calculations assisted by Galerkin's method.
Sensorless velocity control for the series connected wound stator d.c. motor

Abstract A controller is designed to produce velocity trajectory following in a wound stator D.C. electric motor wired in a series configuration without the need for measurements of the mechanical states (i.e. sensorless control). The work represents a modification of a previously designed controller for the separately excited D.C. motor to address the more complicated problem of controlling the series connected motor. That is, a previous controller, which was designed in the framework of the observed integrator backstepping technique, is modified to reflect the peculiarities of the series connected motor dynamics. These modifications preclude a rigorous stability result; however, the control is validated through the use of a velocity tracking experiment on a commercial motor.
1058 The extent of tricuspid valve septal displacement adversely affects right ventricular function in Ebstein anomaly: a cardiac MRI study

Introduction In normal subjects, LV contraction contributes significantly to RV ejection via ventricular interaction through the septum. In Ebstein anomaly, the functional tricuspid valve is displaced apically resulting in less shared ventricular septal wall. This and other morphologic factors may contribute to the functional abnormalities of both ventricles which have been reported in patients with Ebstein anomaly.