cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Junctions and Inflammation in the Skin

The skin forms a life-sustaining barrier between the organism and physical environment. The physical barrier of skin is mainly localized in the stratum corneum (SC); however, nucleated epidermis also contributes to the barrier through tight, gap, and adherens junctions (AJs), as well as through desmosomes and cytoskeletal elements. Many inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, are associated with barrier dysfunction. It is becoming increasingly clear that the skin barrier function is not only affected by inflammatory signals but that defects in structural components of the barrier may be the initiating event for inflammatory diseases. This view is supported by findings that mutations in filaggrin, a key structural epidermal barrier protein, cause the inflammatory skin disease AD, and that a loss of AJ components, namely epidermal p120 catenin or α-catenin results in skin inflammation.
Consequences of pathogen spillover for cheatgrass-invaded grasslands: coexistence, competitive exclusion, or priority effects.

AbstractWith the rise in species invasions and emerging infectious diseases, pathogen spillover from abundant reservoir hosts to their competitors is increasingly common. Although the potential for pathogen spillover is widespread, its consequences for host community composition remain poorly understood. To address this gap, I examine the consequences of fungal seed pathogen spillover from an exotic annual grass (cheatgrass) to a native perennial bunchgrass in the Intermountain West, United States, using a model. Integrating generalist pathogens with broader coexistence theory, the model measures the pathogen’s effect on host niche differences and fitness differences, which determine the outcome of competition. The model demonstrates that the consequences of pathogen spillover depend on host differences in species-specific transmission and disease tolerance. Counterintuitively, spillover can lead to coexistence, native grass exclusion, or priority effects, in which either species can exclude the other whe...
Concomitant intestinal adenovirus infection and pulmonary cytomegalovirus infection in children causing fatal enteritis and pneumonia

Three children in Bangladesh who presented with diarrhoea, cough, dyspnoea, fever, and signs of malnutrition and died in the hospital were shown at post-mortem examination to have both adenovirus infection of the intestine (by immunofluorescence) and cytomegalovirus infection of the lung (by immunoperoxidase staining). This finding of dual viral infections of the intestine and lung in patients with concomitant enteritis and pneumonia provides a basis for symptoms emanating simultaneously from these two organ systems.
Occupational prestige differences within the medical and allied health professions.

Abstract Occupational prestige differences within the medical and allied health professions are examined in relation to basic models of the doctor—patient relationship and the struggle of various specialties to achieve functional autonomy over their work. The prestige structure of the profession was found to be highly related to basic models of the doctor-patient relationship in terms of the control over patient outcomes but not at all related to a specialty's ability to carve out a clear domain of work. Some implications of the findings for the changing nature of the doctor-patient relationship and the development of new types of health manpower are discussed. Suggestions for use of occupational prestige scores in future research dealing with issues of professionalism, influence, and organizational control are also presented.
Reducibility among single machine weighted completion time scheduling problems

Various sum of weighted completion time problems are compared. The constraints considered include release date, deadline, and continuous machine processing. Relations between the problems are developed by examining the computational complexity of transforming one problem class into another. These results give indications of the relative computational effort required to solve different problem classes.
A family of mixed-metal cyanide cubes with alternating octahedral and tetrahedral corners exhibiting a variety of magnetic behaviors including single molecule magnetism.

A series of structurally related pseudocubic metal cyanide clusters of Re(II) and 3d metal ions [{MX}4{Re(triphos)(CN)3}4] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; X = Cl, I, -OCH3) have been prepared, and their magnetic and electrochemical properties have been probed to evaluate the effect of changing the identity of the 3d metal ion. Electrochemistry of the clusters reveals several rhenium-based oxidation and reduction processes, some of which result in cluster fragmentation. The richest electrochemistry was observed for the iron congener, which exists as the Re(I)/Fe(III) cluster at the resting potential and exhibits six clear one-electron reversible redox couples and two, closely spaced one-electron quasi-reversible processes. The [{MnIICl}4{ReII(triphos)(CN)3}4] complex exhibits single molecule magnetism with a fast tunneling relaxation process observed at H = 0 determined by micro-SQUID magnetization measurements. A comparative evaluation of the magnetic properties across the series reveals that the compounds exhib...
The Effects of the Wood-boring Isopod Sphaeroma terebrans on the Mangrove Communities of Florida

Investigations conducted along the west coast of Florida from Tampa to Cape Sable have shown that mangroves are confined to the upper portion of the intertidal zone by the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma terebrans Bate. As a result of this activity, mangroves are unable to become established throughout the intertidal zone and to extend shorelines in their usual manner.The attack on mangroves is most severe from Marco to Cape Sable, and is probably the single most important factor responsible for the erosion that is currently occurring along this section of coastline. Throughout its length, tides, temperature, and salinity, appear to influence the severity of the attack on mangroves by S. terebrans.Mangrove-dominated estuaries from Tampa to Cape Sable serve as nursery areas and feeding grounds for several commercially important marine fishes and Crustacea. The continual loss of mangroves as a result of S. terebrans activity, erosion, and human interference, may well decrease the extent to which these vital estuaries can be used as nurseries by commercially important species.
Build Direction for 3D Heterogeneous Object in Additive Manufacturing

Build direction in additive manufacturing is mostly determined considering the time, support materials and surface finish of the fabricated part. However, internal architecture of the part cannot be ignored in porous functional object design. Especially, heterogeneous object with internal features can be decomposed into 2D heterogeneous slices with island in which each island represent associated feature’s properties different from the base. Continuous material deposition in such multi-feature/multi-contour slices can be intervened by frequent directional changes intersecting those islands and can affect the build time and part quality. This research aims to minimize such intervention in the decomposed slices of heterogeneous object. A computational algorithm is proposed to quantify the build direction considering the location and alignment of the internal feature which can maximize the homogeneous slices generated from a heterogeneous object. The proposed methodology is illustrated by an example in this work. The algorithm can provide better control over the internal architecture design by selecting the best build direction for the heterogeneous object.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Efficiency of skin sterilization for a venipuncture with the use of commercially available alcohol or iodine pads.

Abstract Skin sterilization for a venipuncture is routinely done with commercially available alcohol or iodine pads. Selection of the antiseptics, alcohol or iodine, however, in most situations has been made on the basis of very little scientific data. With many patients with granulocytopenia who are undergoing venipunctures, the choice of antiseptic may be an important factor in preventing infections. We investigated two widely and commercially available disinfectant pads, alcohol and iodine, in the efficacy of skin sterilization. Seventy subjects (35 adults and 35 children) were randomly selected for this study. A designated area of the right and left forearm was sterilized either with alcohol or with an iodine pad in a predetermined uniform fashion. Specimens were obtained for cultures before and after sterilization. The bacterial cultures were performed with the use of blood agar plates and trypticase soy broth. For data analysis growth of any organisms on agar plates or trypticase soy broth after sterilization was interpreted as a sterilization failure. The iodine swab was significantly more efficient than the alcohol swab; the former yielded an 80% sterilization rate whereas the latter resulted in a rate of 61% (p
Bruno Bettelheim and His Window to the Soul

Bruno Bettelheim, a clinical psychologist, was among the most respected voices among American intelligentsia in the twentieth century. His controversial writings covered vast territory and focused on topics ranging from society, art, education, the Holocaust, and fairy tales to child-rearing. It was his clinical work with disturbed children, however, that brought him international acclaim. Yet, subsequent to his death, controversies about him and his ideas erupted and his reputation plummeted. This article is an attempt to keep some of Dr. Bettelheim’s most meaningful contributions from fading further into obscurity.
Anthropometry as a variable in human factors engineering

In the efficient human engineering of man/equipment systems, information on the range of variability in human body size and proportions is of basic importance. Such information is to be found in anthropometric data. The anthropometric data to be utilized, however, should be that on the population for which the equipment is intended. Anthropometric data on four representative body dimensions are presented and discussed to illustrate the range of variability to be found in diverse populations. Language: en
Relationships among factors related to employee perceptions of the green movement in organisations

In this research, we examine whether organisations of differing size (large vs. small) and focus (regional vs. national/international) differ on several variables related to the green movement and Quality Management (QM). The variables examined include organisational green orientation, organisational culture, employee perceptions of organisational green orientation, QM maturity, and outcomes, in terms of positive impacts of the green movement and organisational performance. We find evidence for differences in use of traditional QM tools for large vs. small organisations and for both traditional and advanced QM tools in organisations differing in focus.
Hybrid Tin Oxide Nanowires as Stable and High Capacity Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

In this report, we present a simple and generic concept involving metal nanoclusters supported on metal oxide nanowires as stable and high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Specifically, SnO(2) nanowires covered with Sn nanoclusters exhibited an exceptional capacity of >800 mAhg(-1) over hundred cycles with a low capacity fading of less than 1% per cycle. Post lithiation analyses after 100 cycles show little morphological degradation of the hybrid nanowires. The observed, enhanced stability with high capacity retention is explained with the following: (a) the spacing between Sn nanoclusters on SnO(2) nanowires allowed the volume expansion during Li alloying and dealloying; (b) high available surface area of Sn nanoclusters for Li alloying and dealloying; and (c) the presence of Sn nanoclusters on SnO(2) allowed reversible reaction between Sn and Li(2)O to produce both Sn and SnO phases.
The Satellite RNA of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-RPV Is Supported by Beet Western Yellows Virus in Dicotyledonous Protoplasts and Plants

The subgroup II luteovirus barley yellow dwarf virus-RPV (BYDV-RPV) acts as a helper virus for a satellite RNA (satRPV RNA). The subgroup II luteovirus beet western yellows virus (BWYV) and the ST9-associated RNA (ST9a RNA), a BWYV-associated RNA that encodes a polymerase similar to those of subgroup I luteoviruses, were assayed for their ability to support replication of satRPV RNA. SatRPV RNA was replicated in tobacco protoplasts in the presence of BWYV RNA or a mixture of BWYV plus the ST9a RNA, but not in the presence of ST9a RNA alone. ST9a RNA stimulated BWYV RNA accumulation which, in turn, increased the accumulation of satRPV RNA. SatRPV RNA was encapsidated in BWYV capsids primarily as circular monomers, which differs from the linear monomers found in BYDV (RPV + PAV) particles. SatRPV RNA was transmitted to Capsella bursa-pastoris plants by aphids only in the presence of BWYV and ST9a RNA. SatRPV RNA reduced accumulation of both BWYV helper and ST9a nonhelper RNAs in plants but did not affect symptoms. The replication of satRPV RNA only in the presence of subgroup II luteoviral RNAs but not in the presence of RNAs with subgroup I-like polymerase genes, in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous hosts, suggests that the specificity determinants of satRPV RNA replication are contained within the polymerase genes of supporting viruses rather than in structural genes or host plants.
Prediction of future world wide web traffic characteristics for capacity planning

To plan for future network capacity requires an understanding of traffic. This article presents a traffic characterization and performance evaluation of future WWW protocols. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging roles of resolvins in the resolution of inflammation and pain

Resolvins, including D and E series resolvins, are endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation from the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Resolvins have potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution actions in several animal models of inflammation. Recent findings also demonstrate that resolvin E1 and resolvin D1 can each potently dampen inflammatory and postoperative pain. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which resolvins act on their receptors in immune cells and neurons to normalize exaggerated pain via regulation of inflammatory mediators, transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and spinal cord synaptic transmission. Resolvins may offer novel therapeutic approaches for preventing and treating pain conditions associated with inflammation.
Terminal chloroaminophosphido and aminophosphinidene complexes of molybdenum

Abstract The phosphido complex [Cp*Mo(CO) 3 P(Cl)N i Pr 2 ] ( 1 , Cp*=C 5 (CH 3 ) 5 ) was formed by the reaction of Li[Cp*Mo(CO) 3 ] with i Pr 2 NPCl 2 . Chloride abstraction from 1 leads to the aminophosphinidene complex [Cp*(CO) 3 MoPN i Pr 2 ][AlCl 4 ] ( 2 ) which reacts with phenylacetylene to form the metalaphosphacyclobutene complex [Cp*(CO) 3 Mo{P(N i Pr 2 )C(Ph)C H}][AlCl 4 ] ( 3 ).
Recovery of the mean Jovian temperature structure from inversion of spectrally resolved thermal radiance data

Abstract The mean thermal structure of the Jovian atmosphere near the temperature minimum (0.1 bar) is recovered by inversion of thermal radiance data. Improvements over previous studies of this type are made in two respects. (1) Care is taken to select data sources which are on a consistent calibration scale and from a frequency region which minimizes the variance in the recovered temperature. (2) The accuracy in the temperature recovery vs the vertical resolution capability is studied quantitatively. The contributions of various sources of systematic error, which generate significant uncertainty in the recovered thermal structure, are assessed. Sources of systematic error include assumptions about the stratospheric NLTE source function, the extent of cloud cover, the methane mixing ratio, and the calibration scale. Future investigations are outlined which would reduce such uncertainties and provide consistency with a wider range of data on the Jovian upper atmosphere.
Spiritual leadership through ego-transcendence: Exceptional responses to challenging circumstances

Abstract This study explores how ten internationally renowned human rights leaders pioneered social innovations through their non-violent, spiritual engagement with challenging circumstances. The study illuminates the spiritual generativity of ego-transcendental processes underlying the transformation of challenges into opportunities by these leaders in responding exceptionally to challenging circumstances. The method adapts procedures of transcendental phenomenology, phenomenography and other qualitative approaches. Based on an in-depth analysis of 504 events from the autobiographies of the ten leaders, the paper integrates the uniformities underlying the particularistic aspects of exceptional responses resulting from a vertical, within-autobiography analysis. The uniformities underlying the universalistic aspects of exceptional responses, in turn, result from a horizontal, across-autobiographies analysis. An integrative conceptual framework of spiritual leadership based on ego-transcendence is presented.
Globin gene server: A prototype e-mail database server featuring extensive multiple alignments and data compilation for electronic genetic analysis

Abstract The sequence of virtually the entire cluster of β-like globin genes has been determined from several mammals, and many regulatory regions have been analyzed by mutagenesis, functional assays, and nuclear protein binding studies. This very large amount of sequence and functional data needs to be compiled in a readily accessible and usable manner to optimize data analysis, hypothesis testing, and model building. We report a Globin Gene Server that will provide this service in a constantly updated manner when fully implemented. The Server has two principal functions. The first (currently available) provides an annotated multiple alignment of the DNA sequences throughout the gene cluster from representatives of all species analyzed. The second compiles data on functional and protein binding assays throughout the gene cluster. A prototype of this compilation using the aligned 5' flanking region of β-globin genes from five species shows examples of (1) well-conserved regions that have demonstrated functions, including cases in which the functional data are in apparent conflict, (2) proposed functional regions that are not well conserved, and (3) conserved regions with no currently assigned function. Such an electronic genetic analysis leads to many readily testable hypotheses that were not immediately apparent without the multiple alignment and compilation. The Server is accessible via E-mail on computer networks, and printed results can be obtained by request to the authors. This prototype will be a helpful guide for developing similar tools for many genomic loci.
The Effect of Shape and Distribution of Perforations on Squeeze-Film Damping in Parallel Plate Capacitors

The effect of the shape and distribution of perforations in parallel plate capacitive MEMS devices on squeeze-film damping is presented. The squeeze film effect is the most important damping effect on the dynamic behavior of most MEMS devices that employ capacitive sensing and actuation, which typically employ narrow air gaps between planar moving surfaces [1, 2]. The stationary plate of a capacitive device is often perforated to reduce the damping and sensor noise and improve the frequency response. The formula for determining the total viscous damping in the gap contains a coefficient Cp that is associated with the geometry and distribution of the holes on the stationary plate. In this study, the coefficient Cp is determined using the finite element method using ANSYS by analogy with heat conduction in a solid with internal heat generation. Round, elliptical, rectangular, and oval holes that are distributed either aligned or offset are analyzed and compared. It is shown that the surface fraction occupied by the perforations is not the only factor that determines Cp. Both the shape and distribution strongly affect the damping coefficient [3, 4]. By using elongated perforations that are properly distributed, the squeeze film damping could be minimized with the minimum amount of perforation. The analysis performed in this work is quite general being applicable to a very large spectrum of frequencies and to various fluids in capacitive sensors. These results can facilitate the design of mechanical structures that utilize capacitive sensing and actuation, such as accelerometers, optical switches, micro-torsion mirrors, resonators, microphones, etc.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Applications of 3He neutron spin filters at the NCNR

Abstract At the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), we have applied 3He neutron spin filters (NSFs) to the instruments where 3He NSFs are advantageous, such as thermal triple-axis spectrometry, small-angle neutron scattering, and diffuse reflectometry. We present the status of our development and application of this method, including polarized gas production by spin-exchange optical pumping, magnetostatic cavities for storage of the polarized gas on the beam line, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based, on-line monitoring and reversal of the 3He polarization. We present the status of developing user-friendly interfaces incorporated into the instrument software to handle these 3He neutron spin filters while taking data and performing data analysis. Finally we discuss the status of development of a polarization capability on the multi-axis crystal spectrometer, which requires polarization analysis over a 220 ° angular range.
Empathic Childrearing and the Adult Construction of Childhood A Psychohistorical Look

The (re)construction of childhood which began in the early modern period in the West had as its primary movement a reformulation of the adult-child relation as one between very different beings. This separation, which resulted in the isolation of children from the everyday world of adults in schools and the nuclear family, is interpreted as a necessary hermeneutical moment in the adult-child relation, in which the realization of psychological difference represented a dialectical prelude to the subsequent rapprochement and dialog which deMause has characterized as the `empathic child-rearing mode'.
Pulsed Electron Beam Energy Deposition Profiles Using Solid Radiation Sensitive Plastics

The deposition profiles for the pulsed electron beams in solid radiation sensitive plastics have been measured and indicate a pronounced range shortening at charge fluences greater than 0.5 microcoulombs/cm2. This range shortening, due to charge trapping and the attendant internal field, reaches a constant value in the absence of apparent breakdown which is independent of charge fluence at current densities greater than about 33 amps/cm2 for mean electron energies of 1.35 MeV. The dose depth profiles at charge fluences greater than 0.5 microcoulomb/ cm2 exhibit a linearly decreasing back edge which extrapolates to approximately 35% of the low fluence range and a low intensity tail extending to greater than 55% of this range. As the charge fluence increases, the tail of the dose profile decreased in relation to the forward portion. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of a charge deposition model including radiation induced conductivity.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Presenting with Respiratory Failure: Diaphragmatic Paralysis and Dependence on Mechanical Ventilation in Two Patients

Described are two patients whose initial symptom was acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Initially, the cause of the respiratory failure in each patient was obscure, but diaphragmatic paralysis was subsequently demonstrated fluoroscopically in each case. Further neurologic evaluation then supported the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Postmortem examination corroborated this diagnosis.
The Pursuit of Happiness in China: Individualism, Collectivism, and Subjective Well-Being during China's Economic and Social Transformation*

This paper examines the consequences of China’s dramatic socioeconomic and political transformations for individual subjective well-being (SWB) from 1990 to 2007. Although many still consider China to be a collectivist country, and some scholars have argued that collectivist factors would be important predictors of individual well-being in such a context, our analysis demonstrates that the Chinese are increasingly prioritizing individualist factors in assessments of their own happiness and life satisfaction thus substantiating descriptions of their society as increasingly individualistic. While the vast majority of quality of life studies have focused on Westerners, this study contributes findings from the unique cultural context of China. Moreover, concentration on this particular period in Chinese history offers insight into the relationship between SWB and rapid socioeconomic and political change.
Examples of new synthetic routes to pendant ester-ether derivatives of α-hydroxymethylacrylate polymers

Three routes to new ester-ether derivatives of ethyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate (EHMA) and t-butyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate (TBHMA) were investigated. The first approach involved the preparation of chloroacetate derivatives of EHMA and TBHMA as intermediates followed by attempted etherification of the chloroacetate group. All attempted nucleophilic reactions of ethyl α-chloroacetoxymethacrylate (ECAM) and t-butyl α-chloroacetoxymethacrylate (TBCAM) gave Michael-type substitution products with loss of the α-chloroacetyl substituent. Polymer substitution was therefore investigated. Bulk polymerization of ECAM with AIBN gave unexpectedly high molecular weight polymer with a number average value of 1.15 million. This homopolymer was substituted with 4-phenylphenol in excellent conversion. The second approach involved the reaction of ethyl α-chloromethylacrylate (ECMA) with α-ethers of acetic acid sodium salts using phase transfer catalysis. The methoxyacetate derivative was prepared and polymerized to give a polymer with a number average molecular weight of 260,000. The third route to ester-ether derivatives involved three steps: reaction of t-butylchloroacetate with an alcohol to give the ether, conversion of the t-butyl group to the acid chloride, and reaction of the acid chloride with EHMA or TBHMA. The 2-(4-phenylphenoxy)acetate derivative of EHMA was prepared using this method, and converted to high polymer.
Effect of Unequal Transport Rates and Intersolute Solvation on the Selective Batch Extraction of a Dilute Mixture with a Dense Polymeric Sorbent

A transport model is developed for the selective extraction of a solute from a binary solute mixture using a dense polymeric sorbent in a batch process. The effects of unequal solute transport rates and molecular solvation between solutes in the polymer phase are considered. In the absence of intersolute solvation, the model reduces to the analytical solution for mass uptake from a finite volume. The inclusion of intersolute solvation requires a numerical solution owing to the coupled nature of the species continuity equations. The model is solved numerically using the method of finite differences and compared to the analytical solution in the absence of solvation for verification. Results from the model indicate that separation factors significantly higher than the equilibrium value can be obtained at intermediate times and at high levels of extraction when the diffusion coefficient of the desired solute is greater than that of the undesired one. Intersolute solvation in the polymer can enhance this effe...
High-temperature slow crack growth of silicon carbide determined by constant-stress-rate and constant-stress testing

High-temperature slow-crack-growth behaviour of hot-pressed silicon carbide was determined using both constant-stress-rate ("dynamic fatigue") and constant-stress ("static fatigue") testing in flexure at 1300 C in air. Slow crack growth was found to be a governing mechanism associated with failure of the material. Four estimation methods such as the individual data, the Weibull median, the arithmetic mean and the median deviation methods were used to determine the slow crack growth parameters. The four estimation methods were in good agreement for the constant-stress-rate testing with a small variation in the slow-crack-growth parameter, n, ranging from 28 to 36. By contrast, the variation in n between the four estimation methods was significant in the constant-stress testing with a somewhat wide range of n= 16 to 32.
Investigation of Potassium Fluoride Supported on Alumina in the Deboronation of o-Carborane

An investigation of the use of KF/alumina for the deboronation of o-carborane is described. The percentage of deboronation of o-carborane in acetonitrile, glyme, and tetrahydrofurn under a variety of reaction conditions has been determined. Complete deboronation is accomplished when wet refluxing acetonitrile is employed as the solvent. High yields of [P(C6H5)3CH3][nido-7,8-C2B9H12] have been obtained from the deboronation of o-carborane by the use of KF/alumina in wet acetonitrile.
NASA’s UAS Integration into the NAS: A Report on the Human Systems Integration Phase 1 Simulation Activities

In 2011 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began a five-year Project to address the technical barriers related to routine access of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS). Planned in two phases, the goal of the first phase was to lay the foundations for the Project by identifying those barriers and key issues to be addressed to achieve integration. Phase 1 activities were completed two years into the five-year Project. The purpose of this paper is to review activities within the Human Systems Integration (HSI) subproject in Phase 1 toward its two objectives: 1) develop GCS guidelines for routine UAS access to the NAS, and 2) develop a prototype display suite within an existing Ground Control Station (GCS). The first objective directly addresses a critical barrier for UAS integration into the NAS - a lack of GCS design standards or requirements. First, the paper describes the initial development of a prototype GCS display suite and supporting simulation software capabilities. Then, three simulation experiments utilizing this simulation architecture are summarized. The first experiment sought to determine a baseline performance of UAS pilots operating in civil airspace under current instrument flight rules for manned aircraft. The second experiment examined the effect of currently employed UAS contingency procedures on Air Traffic Control (ATC) participants. The third experiment compared three GCS command and control interfaces on UAS pilot response times in compliance with ATC clearances. The authors discuss how the results of these and future simulation and flight-testing activities contribute to the development of GCS guidelines to support the safe integration of UAS into the NAS. Finally, the planned activities for Phase 2, including an integrated human-in-the-loop simulation and two flight tests are briefly described.
Pentoxifylline Improves the Oxygenation and Radiation Response of BA1112 Rat Rhabdomyosarcomas and EMT6 Mouse Mammary Carcinomas

Tumor hypoxia can significantly impact the efficacy of cancer therapy. Pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative, can improve oxygen delivery to tissues and is widely used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and various cerebrovascular disorders. In this article, we show that pentoxifylline, combined with oxygen breathing, significantly improves the radiation response of two experimental tumors in vivo through improved tumor oxygenation. We also demonstrate that pentoxifylline does not directly radiosensitize EMT6 cells in vitro and does not modify the tumor radiation response when administered postirradiation to solid EMT6 tumors. Our findings confirm that preirradiation administration of pentoxifylline can improve radiation efficacy, but suggest that its role as a postirradiation modifier of treatment response, reported by others, may be tumor-specific.
The Role of a Business School in an Emerging Country—The Case of Ghana

Business schools in developing countries face a dilemma: How can they meet world educational standards and still serve local needs? Ghana, like most other African countries, uses the British system...
Metallocene-Terminated Allylium Salts: The Effect of End Group on Localization in Polymethines

A range of 1,3-di(metallocenyl)allylium salts [Mc(CH)_3Mc‘]+[X]- {Mc, Mc‘ = ferrocenyl (Fc), 2,3,4,5,1‘,2‘,3‘,4‘-octamethylferrocen-1-yl (Fc‘ ‘), ruthenocenyl (Rc); X = BF_4, PF_6} was synthesized by reaction of (2-lithiovinyl)metallocenes with formylmetallocenes, followed by treatment of the resulting alcohols with HX. Two salts with X = BAr‘_4 {Ar‘ = 3,5-(CF_3)_2C_6H_3} were synthesized by anion metathesis from the corresponding PF_6 salts. The crystal structure of [Fc‘‘(CH)_3Fc‘‘]+[PF_6]- contains symmetrical termethine cations, while the same appears to be true in the disordered structure of [Fc(CH)_3Fc]+[PF_6]-. The formally unsymmetrical cation in [Fc(CH)_3Fc‘‘]+[BF_4]- is only slightly unsymmetrical with little bond-length alternation in the allylium bridge. In contrast, the crystal structures of [Rc(CH)_3Rc]+[PF_6]- and [Rc(CH)_3Rc]+[BAr‘_4]- both contain a bond-alternated “Peierls-distorted” cation, which can be considered as a ruthenocene bridged to a [(η^6-fulvene)(η^5-cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium] cation by a vinylene moiety. The strong similarity between solid-state and solution infrared and Raman spectra of [BF_4]^-, [PF_6]^-, and [BAr‘_4^- salts of [Rc(CH)_3Rc]^+ indicates that the C−C stretching constant in the allylium chain and, therefore, the structure, of this ion are largely independent of the local environment, suggesting that the unsymmetrical structures observed in the crystal structures are not simply an artifact of packing. Differences in the solvatochromism of [Rc(CH)_3Rc]+ and [Fc(CH)_3Fc]^+ also suggest a localized structure for the former cation in solution. Electrochemistry, UV−visible−NIR spectroscopy, and DF calculations give insight into the electronic structure of the metallocene-terminated allylium cations. Using an analogy between polymethines and mixed-valence compounds, the difference between the behaviors of [Fc(CH)_3Fc]+ and [Rc(CH)_3Rc]^+ is attributed to larger reorganization energy associated with the geometry differences between metallocene and [(η^6-fulvene)(η^5-cyclopentadienyl)metal] structures in the ruthenium case.
The "Deterrence Trap" In The Federal Fining of Organizations: A Research Note

In 1981, John Coffee, Jr. hypothesized a "deterrence trap" associated with the fining of organizations, whereby the maximum meaningful fine that can be levied against any organization is necessaril...
The British Board of Trade's Investigations Into Cost of Living

Cost of Living of the Working Classes. Report of an Enquiry by the Board of Trade into Working Class Rents, Housing and Retail Prices, together with the Standard Rates of Wages prevailing in certain occupations in the principal towns of the United Kingdom. London, 1908. [Cd. 3864.] Price 6s. Pages liii + 616. Industrial. Cost of Living in German Towns. Report of an Enquiry by the Board of Trade into Working Class Rents, Housing and Retail Prices, together with the Rates of Wages in certain occupations in the principal industrial towns of the German Empire. London, 1908. [Cd. 4032.] Price 4s. 11d. Pages lxi + 548.
Simple light guide for measuring irradiance in an aqueous oxygen electrode chamber.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are often measured with Clark-type oxygen electrodes yet the irradiance level inside aqueous oxygen electrode reaction vessels is seldom reported due to the difficulty of measuring light inside a small volume chamber. We describe a simple light guide terminating in a 90° prism that can be inserted into a reaction vessel. Incoming irradiation is directed to a commercially available quantum sensor positioned at the other end of the light guide. Both materials for and construction of the device are inexpensive.
Scattering matrix approach to the dissociative recombination of HCO+ and N2H+

We present a theoretical study of the indirect dissociative recombination of linear polyatomic ions at low collisional energies. The approach is based on the computation of the scattering matrix just above the ionization threshold and enables the explicit determination of all diabatic electronic couplings responsible for dissociative recombination. In addition, we use the multi-channel quantum-defect theory to demonstrate the precision of the scattering matrix by reproducing accurately ab initio Rydberg state energies of the neutral molecule. We consider the molecular ions N2H+ and HCO+ as benchmark systems of astrophysical interest and improve former theoretical studies, which had repeatedly produced smaller cross sections than experimentally measured. Specifically, we demonstrate the crucial role of the previously overlooked stretching modes for linear polyatomic ions with large permanent dipole moment. The theoretical cross sections for both ions agree well with experimental data over a wide energy range. Finally, we consider the potential role of the HOC+ isomer in the experimental cross sections of HCO+ at energies below 10 meV.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Update on a moving target

A brief summary of what we know about SARS to date and web sites to get daily authoritative updates.
Passage-detector-based traffic queue estimation in Intelligent Transportation Systems: A computational study of competing algorithms

We present here the results of a comprehensive computational study of competing algorithms for traffic queue estimation. These estimators can be used in conjunction with adaptive feedback traffic light control schemes in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Dynamic queue length estimators proposed by Baras, Levine and Lin are shown to be significantly superior to other methods proposed in the literature.
Dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: An empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to identify the underlying dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury (SCI), and (2) to develop reliable scales based on measurement of these dimensions. Design: A field study was conducted by surveying the subjective well-being of two large samples of participants with SCI. Principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied to participant responses to 50 subjective well-being items. Setting: All participants were selected from the outpatient files of two midwestern rehabilitation hospitals and from a large southeastern rehabilitation hospital. Participants: There were a total of 1,032 participants, 435 from the Midwest and 597 from the Southeast. Main Outcome Measures: The Life Situation Questionnaire-revised version (LSQ-R) was used to measure subjective well-being. It included two prominent sections, one for life satisfaction (20 items) and the other for self-reported problems (30 items). Results: Seven subjective well-being factor scales were identified across the full participant sample: Engagement, Negative Affect, Health Problems, Career Opportunities, Finances, Living Circumstances, and Interpersonal Relations. The average alpha coefficient was .86 for the factor scales. Separate analyses of the midwestern and southeastern samples suggested stability of the factor structure, although gender and race/ ethnicity were related to subtle differences in subjective well-being. Conclusions: The results suggest that rehabilitation professionals need to pay attention to multiple aspects of subjective well-being after SCI.
Understanding emotions in primates: in honor of Darwin's 200th birthday

In the bicentenary year of Darwin's birth, the American Society of Primatologists honored his memory by convening a symposium entitled "Understanding emotions in primates: In honor of Darwin's 200th birthday." The four articles in this special section, excepting this introduction, derive from that symposium. The section confirms that the topic of emotion is once again, as in Darwin's lifetime, the subject of wide-ranging, theoretically exciting research, and that studies with nonhuman primates are at the leading edge of a rapidly changing field.
Comments on the theories of the intrinsic viscosity of chain polymers

The theory of intrinsic viscosity developed recently by the present author is examined and compared with experiments and the theories by Peterlin, Kirkwood and Riseman, Brinkman, and Debye and Bueche. The fundamental assumptions and essential approximations in the theories are criticized.
DYNAMICAL LIMITATIONS ON THE ANTARCTIC IRON FERTILIZATION STRATEGY

MARTIN et al. have proposed an ingenious means by which the rise in atmospheric CO2 content generated by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation might be partially compensated1. The idea is that plant production in the nutrient-rich surface waters of the Antarctic could be stimulated by the addition of dissolved iron, thereby reducing the CO2 partial pressure in these waters and allowing CO2 to flow from the atmosphere into the Antarctic Ocean. We have used a box model calibrated with transient tracer data to examine the dynamical aspects of this proposal, and conclude that after 100 years of totally successful fertilization the CO2 content of the atmosphere would be lowered by only 10±5% below what it would have been in the absence of fertilization. So if after 100 years the CO2 content of the atmosphere were 500 fjiatm without fertilization, it would be between 425 and 475 µ atm with full fertilization. In other words, if our model calibration is correct, even if iron fertilization worked perfectly it would not significantly reduce the atmospheric CO2 content.
Location, Location, Location: The Impact of Geolocation on Web Search Personalization

To cope with the immense amount of content on the web, search engines often use complex algorithms to personalize search results for individual users. However, personalization of search results has led to worries about the Filter Bubble Effect, where the personalization algorithm decides that some useful information is irrelevant to the user, and thus prevents them from locating it. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to explore the impact of location-based personalization on Google Search results. Assessing the relationship between location and personalization is crucial, since users' geolocation can be used as a proxy for other demographic traits, like race, income, educational attainment, and political affiliation. In other words, does location-based personalization trap users in geolocal Filter Bubbles?Using our methodology, we collected 30 days of search results from Google Search in response to 240 different queries. By comparing search results gathered from 59 GPS coordinates around the US at three different granularities (county, state, and national), we are able to observe that differences in search results due to personalization grow as physical distance increases. However these differences are highly dependent on what a user searches for: queries for local establishments receive 4-5 different results per page, while more general terms exhibit essentially no personalization.
Activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol induces KLF2 expression conferring an endothelial vasoprotective phenotype.

Aims Resveratrol activates Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase which modulates metabolic homeostasis and improves several pathophysiological features present in diseases of ageing. In particular, it has been shown that SIRT1 activation improves endothelial dysfunction and suppresses vascular inflammation, two central pathophysiological processes involved in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease. The downstream targets of SIRT1 activation in this context, however, remain poorly defined. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize mechanistically how SIRT1 activation regulates the endothelial vasoprotective phenotype. Methods and results We demonstrate that SIRT1 activation by resveratrol increases the expression of the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in human vascular endothelial cells, resulting in the orchestrated regulation of transcriptional programs critical for conferring an endothelial vasoprotective phenotype. Moreover, we show that KLF2 upregulation by resveratrol occurs via a mitogen-activated protein kinase 5/myocyte enhancing factor 2-dependent signalling pathway. Conclusion Collectively, these observations provide a new mechanistic framework to understand the vascular protective effects mediated by SIRT1 activators and define KLF2 as a critical mediator of these effects.
CpG island methylator phenotype-low (CIMP-low) in colorectal cancer: possible associations with male sex and KRAS mutations.

The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP or CIMP-high) with extensive promoter methylation seems to be a distinct epigenotype of colorectal cancer. However, no study has comprehensively examined features of colorectal cancer with less extensive promoter methylation (designated as "CIMP-low"). Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (MethyLight), we quantified DNA methylation in five CIMP-specific gene promoters [CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, MLH1, and NEUROG1] in 840 relatively unbiased, population-based colorectal cancer samples, obtained from two large prospective cohort studies. CIMP-low (defined as 1/5 to 3/5 methylated promoters) colorectal cancers were significantly more common among men (38 versus 30% in women, P = 0.01) and among KRAS-mutated tumors (44 versus 30% in KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumors, P = 0.0003; 19% in BRAF-mutated tumors, P
Lysine, homocitrulline, and homoarginine metabolism by the isolated perfused rat liver.

The metabolism of lysine, homocitrulline, and homoarginine in the isolated, perfused liver was investigated. Following the addition of 4 mmoles of lysine to the perfusate, homocitrulline but not homoarginine appears in the perfusate and the liver. The liver/perfusate concentration ratio for homocitrulline is approximately 4, an indication that homocitrulline is not rapidly transported out of the cell. Homocitrulline probably is not metabolized by the liver since the concentration of added homocitrulline remains constant during 4 hours of perfusion. The addition of 1-(guanido-14C)-homoarginine to the perfusate results in the appearance of labeled urea in the liver and perfusate. Apparently the reaction is carried out by liver arginase, since it is demonstrated that homoarginine is hydrolyzed by bovine liver arginase to form urea. The reactions suggest an alternate, minor pathway of ureogenesis in the organism.
A comparison of crystallographic and NMR data for thieno[2,3-b:4,5-b′]dipyridine and its monohydroperchlorate salt

X-ray crystallographic studies of thieno[2,3-b:4,5-b′]dipyridine (1) and its monohydroperchlorate salt (1a) show that 1 is protonated at N1 in ring A and not at N6 in ring C. In each compound individual rings are planar, but there is a small dihedral angle-of-twist between the A and C rings. On going from 1 to 1a the largest changes in bond angles and bond lengths occur in ring A. 1H and l3C nmr spectra of 1 plus the 13C nmr spectrum of 1a are reported.