cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T-phase Stations for the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty: A Global Perspective

The enforcement of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) requires the monitoring of acoustic disturbances in the world's oceans in order to guard against the possibility of a nuclear test being hidden either in the water column itself or on a remote island. The traditional means of acoustic monitoring in the water column builds on the experience of the SOSUS project ( e.g. , Mikhalevsky, 1999), and consists of deploying hydrophones within the SOFAR channel, the layer of low acoustic velocity extending between depths of approximately 600 to 1800 m in the world's oceans, and functioning as a waveguide for acoustic waves with frequencies greater than 2.5 Hz. While such stations offer superb recording capabilities, notably at high frequencies, they must be tethered to a nearby island or continental shore for the purpose of providing power and retrieving data, which makes for technologically complex, and hence expensive, installation and maintenance procedures ( e.g., Schrodt, 1999). On the other hand, the acoustic energy in T waves is readily converted into seismic energy upon hitting the shore of an island or continent (I will show that T waves were indeed first identified on seismic records); in addition, under exceptionally favorable circumstances, T phases have actually been felt by island populations at distances of several thousand kilometers from both natural sources (Talandier and Okal, 1979) and man-made ones (the underwater nuclear test WIGWAM on 14 May 1955 was felt as far as the Bonin Islands [Wadati, 1960]). The concept of a so-called “ T -phase station” is simply that of recording seismically the elastic energy resulting from the conversion of the acoustic wave at the continental or island shore; issues such as powering, data storage, and retrieval then become relatively straightforward, resulting in considerable savings during installation, operation, and maintenance. Thus, the …
Risk factors for infectious disease death among infants in the United States.

BACKGROUND Infectious diseases (IDs) are an important cause of infant mortality in the United States. This study describes maternal and infant characteristics associated with infant ID deaths in the United States. METHODS Infant deaths with an ID underlying cause of death occurring in the United States were examined using the 2008-2009 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death public use data files. Average annual ID infant mortality rates for singleton infants were calculated. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to determine infant and maternal risk factors for infant ID death among low (LBW) and normal (NBW) birth weight groups. Controls were defined as infants surviving to the end of their birth year. Risk factors for infant ID deaths were determined through multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS An estimated 3843 infant ID deaths occurred in the United States during 2008-2009, an overall ID infant mortality rate of 47.5 deaths per 100,000 live births. The mortality rate for LBW and NBW infants were 514.8 and 15.5, respectively. Male sex, younger maternal age (<25 years), a live birth order of fourth or more and low 5-minute Apgar score were associated with increased ID death among LBW and NBW infants. Additionally, black maternal race was associated with increased ID death among LBW infants, and having an unmarried mother was associated with increased ID death among NBW infants. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of associations with infant ID death should help in development of further strategic measures to reduce infant ID morbidity and mortality.
ASTHMA IN THE AGED.

Practical management of asthma in aged patients requires recognition of related, irreversible chronic bronchitis and emphysema. After establishing the presence of reversible bronchospasm, one must sort out the causes and determine the contributions of allergic, infectious and psychosomatic factors. Only then can effective therapy be applied, consisting principally of elimination of precipitating factors, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
Three Generations of Research on Post Communist Politics—A Sketch

This essay outlines theoretical visions or paradigms that have underpinned empirical and historical work on the great transformation in Central and Eastern Europe. Such paradigms shaped “sociological imaginations” and analytical lenses through which scholars generated important questions and developed their research interests and projects. The study of post-communism was influenced by three such paradigms: the first focused on the immediate communist past as the main constraint on post-1989 transformations; the second attempted to transcend the specificities of post-communism and integrate the study of the region with the general comparative politics enterprise; and finally, the third signified the return to a disciplined exploration of historical and cultural contexts and their role in shaping the outcomes of transformations.
Study on the Interaction Mechanism of Modified Ammonium Nitrate by O tadecylamine

Aimed at the actually industrial conditions of small additive of surface active agent and solid mixture,the interaction mechanism between octadecylamine and AN has been studied by using SEM, XRD, XPS and IR. The results indicate that octadecylamine can coat the surface of AN particles through physical absorption and change the surface properties of AN, then the explosion performances of explosive are improved.
Older Gay Men and Their Support Convoys

Objective We used the convoy model and the network type construct to identify the relationship quality profiles found among older gay men and to examine how they define a satisfactory network. Method We used a network mapping strategy and in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 participants in Atlanta. During the interviews, all network members were discussed, regardless of relationship or map position. Results For participants, having people in their lives with whom they could fully be "out" as gay men (authenticity) was at the root of a quality network. This allowed them to develop emotional closeness (intimacy), which, in part, provided a foundation of social support. Participants' discussion of network quality, which reflected authenticity, intimacy, and social support, revealed high, moderate, and low quality network types. Discussion Our findings diversify knowledge of the network type construct, provide a deeper understanding of its qualitative features, and give voice to this often-invisible group, situating meaning within their social-historical context. The findings suggest that the meaning of a quality network is contextual and culturally specific, varying across groups of older adults.
The Canvey Experiment and the Beginnings of Conversion

In October 1965 the North Thames Gas Board, with the support of the Gas Council, took the decision to convert Canvey Island to natural gas. This was to be the first major conversion exercise in Britain and in the event it turned out to be the forerunner for the massive conversion programme of the entire country, which occupied the years until 1977.
A digital reference object for the 3D Hoffman brain phantom for characterization of PET neuroimaging quality

We have developed a digital reference object that faithfully represents the structures in the Hoffman 3-D Brain Phantom™ from Data Spectrum Corporation. We have tested the fidelity of the DRO to the phantom by comparing the DRO to a CT scan, finding excellent agreement. We have also compared a PET simulation of the DRO to a PET scan of the phantom. The agreement between the simulated DRO and phantom PET scans was good.
Murine Ultrasonography Confirms That Rapamycin Is Effective Against Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS).

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of abnormal lymphocyte survival caused by defective Fas-mediated apoptosis. Patients with ALPS develop lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and an increased number of an unusual T cell population, characterized as T cells that are CD3+ CD4− CD8− and referred to as double negative T cells (DNTs). Although ALPS is a rare disorder, we have shown it may be more common than previously appreciated. Treatment options for patients with ALPS are limited. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, has been shown to induce apoptosis in nonmalignant B and T lymphocytes and we have demonstrated its potential efficacy in models of lymphoid leukemia. Because ALPS is caused by defective lymphocyte apoptosis, we hypothesized rapamycin would be effective in ALPS by inducing apoptosis in these abnormal cells, controlling the lymphoproliferation that is the hallmark of the disease. We confirmed this hypothesis by using a murine model of ALPS, CBA- lpr cg , treating animals that had developed significant lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly with rapamycin. We followed response to treatment with serial assessment of DNTs in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue by flow cytometric determination and by serial monitoring of lymph node and spleen size with small animal ultrasound. This is the first report to use this novel and powerful tool to measure murine lymphoproliferation and we found 3-dimensional ultrasound measurements in the mice correlated to actual tissue measurements at sacrifice (r = 0.9648, p = 0.0001). We found a dramatic and statistically significant decrease in DNTs (p = 0.02), lymphadenopathy (p = 0.003), and splenomegaly (p = 0.03) after only 4 weeks when comparing mice treated with rapamycin to control animals (Table). We found no toxicities and no evidence of myelosuppression in treated animals. We performed immunoblots to evaluate a major mTOR signaling pathway intermediate (phospho-S6) on lymph node biopsies obtained from mice before and after treatment with rapamycin and found a correlation between clinical response and biochemical response (downregulation of phospho-S6). In summary, rapamycin, a safe and well tolerated medicine, is effective in murine ALPS and its use should be explored in patients with the disease.
African American Stroke Survivors: More Caregiving Time, but Less Caregiving Burden.

Background—Blacks have higher stroke incidence and experience greater poststroke disability than whites. To optimize care for stroke survivors, it is important to understand the amount of care that...
New Binary Linear Codes from Quasi-Cyclic Codes and an Augmentation Algorithm

Explicit construction of linear codes with best possible parameters is one of the major problems in coding theory. Among all alphabets of interest, the binary alphabet is the most important one. In this work we use a comprehensive search strategy to find new binary linear codes in the well-known and intensively studied class of quasi-cyclic (QC) codes. We also introduce a generalization of an augmentation algorithm to obtain further new codes from those QC codes. Also applying the standard methods of obtaining new codes from existing codes, such as puncturing, extending and shortening, we have found a total of 62 new binary linear codes.
Abstract NTOC-097: VACCINATION TARGETING INSULIN–LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN–2 (IGFBP–2) IN ADVANCED OVARIAN CANCER: SAFETY, IMMUNOGENICITY, AND SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND END RESULTS (SEER) COMPARISON

BACKGROUND: Immunization against self-antigens can induce regulatory responses that inhibit desirable Type 1 antitumor immune responses. Deletion of epitopes that favor a regulatory phenotype may improve the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. We have developed a novel IGFBP-2 targeting DNA plasmid vaccine that selectively induces Type 1 immunity. IGFBP-2 regulates invasiveness and metastases in ovarian cancer. Eradication of ovarian cancer cells expressing IGFBP-2 through effective immunization could prevent disease relapse or metastasis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with advanced stage or recurrent ovarian cancer treated to complete remission after primary or salvage therapy received 3 monthly doses of an IGFBP-2 DNA vaccine in a single-arm, non-randomized study. ELISPOT and flow cytometry were used to characterize antigen specific T-cell responses. Serum antibodies were measured using ELISA and Western blot. The SEER database was reviewed to identify women diagnosed between 2006 and 2012 matched for age, year of diagnosis and stage of diagnosis. The difference between dates of diagnosis and enrollment (lead time) was calculated for each patient receiving vaccine. Only SEER patients who survived at least as long as the lead time of their matches plus an additional 6 months were kept for analysis. In cases where this resulted in no SEER matched patients, unmatched vaccine patients were excluded. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Cox models and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: 206 adverse events (AE) were recorded. Fatigue (12%) and injection site reactions (12%) were the most common. 97% of AE were grades 1-2, 3% grade 3, and no grades 4 or 5. In preliminary immune analysis (16 patients), IGFBP-2 specific T-cell precursor frequencies are significantly elevated over baseline levels at 4 (p CONCLUSIONS: IGFBP-2 Th1 selective immunization is well tolerated, generates significant Type I immunity, and may demonstrate clinical efficacy. Citation Format: John B. Liao, Denise L. Cecil, Yushe Dang, Kelsey K. Baker, Kelsie J. Ovenell, Jessica Reichow, Stephanie Parker, Doreen M. Higgins, Jennifer S. Childs, Elizabeth K. Broussard, Andrew L. Coveler, Lupe G. Salazar, Barbara A. Goff, Mary W. Redman, Mary L. Disis. VACCINATION TARGETING INSULIN–LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN–2 (IGFBP–2) IN ADVANCED OVARIAN CANCER: SAFETY, IMMUNOGENICITY, AND SURVEILLANCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND END RESULTS (SEER) COMPARISON [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr NTOC-097.
Spontaneous right coronary artery dissection.

A 41-year-old gravida 1 para 1 female with a medical history of hypertension and panic attacks presented to the emergency room with crushing chest pain radiating to her back for 2–3 hours. There was associated shortness of breath and anxiety but no other complaints. Initial evaluation confirmed normal vital signs as well as unremarkable physical examination, ECG, chest X-ray, CT chest and echocardiogram. Troponin was elevated (0.89 ng/mL) and she was admitted for cardiac monitoring, and was started on aspirin and metoprolol. She continued to have ongoing chest discomfort and rising cardiac enzymes along with new inferior lead T-wave inversion on ECG. Nitroglycerin, clopidogrel and fondaparinux were administered and ultimately the decision was made to perform cardiac catheterisation. Coronary angiography revealed 80% mid-right coronary artery stenosis secondary to spontaneous coronary artery dissection (Figure 1A, B) and …
Quality Improvement in Bariatric Surgery: The Impact of Reducing Postoperative Complications on Medicare Payments.

Objective:To determine the temporal relationship between reducing surgical complications and costs, using the study population of bariatric surgery.Background:Understanding the relationship between quality and costs has significant implications for the business case of investing in performance impro
Experiences with nonlinear modeling and acoustic fatigue

Abstract This article explores the evolution of the nonlinear reduced-order modeling concept and its application to the acoustic fatigue problem as guided by a course of experiments. Since the advent of the jet engine, military aircraft have been plagued by acoustic fatigue. For decades, the resulting cracking has been a nuisance affecting mostly secondary structure, which can be routinely replaced. These thin aircraft panels are excited by ever increasing acoustic energy, causing the vibration to become nonlinear. The nonlinear response had been attributed to nonlinear damping but has been shown to be caused by geometric nonlinearity which results in nonlinear stiffness. Regardless of the cause of the nonlinearity, acoustic fatigue in conventional military aircraft can be controlled via damping treatments. However for high speed vehicles, the availability of high temperature damping treatments is practically non-existent. Furthermore, fatigue cracking in any part of the outer mold line can have catastrophic effects on the aerodynamic heating of these vehicles. Research into the prediction of the nonlinear vibration with reduced-order models has become popular in the past decade to address these concerns. This paper will document some experiences with these concepts through experimental investigations.
A 2.4 GHz low-IF receiver for wideband WLAN in 0.6mm CMOS part 1: architecture and front-end circuits

Abstract This paper presents the 2.4 GHz front-end and the first downconversion section of a fully integrated low-IF receiver. The dual-conversion receiver and rejects the image repeatably by 60 dB using integrated polyphase filters without calibration or tuning. The gain of the RF mixer and IF amplifier is switchable to slide the available dynamic range of the following stages, based on the conditions of the input signal. The front-end and downconversion sections drain 35 mA on average from a 3.3 V supply. Minimum cascade NF is 7.2 dB, and maximum cascade IIP3 is −3.4 dBm.
Chapter 160 - Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 : A Signal Transduction Hub

This chapter illustrates how Ins-(1,3,4,5,6)P 5 serves a number of signaling roles, both by itself, and also as a precursor pool for other physiologically active inositol polyphosphates. The Ins(l,3,4,5,6)P5 1-phosphatase is of particular interest because it is reversible in vivo; in fact, this enzyme was originally identified as an Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 1-kinase. Furthermore, the 1-phosphate group that is removed from Ins(l,3,4,5,6)P 5 can be directly transferred to the 6-OH of Ins(l,3,4)P 3 . By accepting this phosphate group, Ins(l,3,4)P3 enhances the Ins(l,3,4,5,6)P5 1-phosphatase activity. This is how PLC-initiated increases in levels of Ins(l,3,4)P 3 elevate Ins(3,4,5,6)P 4 levels. Thus, the 1-kinase and 1-phosphatase activities of a single enzyme switches Ins(3,4,5,6)P 4 signaling on and off. These opposing reactions offer an alternative to general doctrine that intracellular signals are regulated by integrating multiple, distinct phosphatases and kinases. A different role for Ins(l,3,4,5,6)P 5 concerns its interaction with PTEN, a tumor suppressor. PTEN has classically been recognized as a PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 3-phosphatase that downregulates the lipid's enhancement of cell proliferation and Akt-dependent cell survival.
Abstract 5831: Biopolymer β-brachytherapy delivered concomitantly with systemic paclitaxel outperforms traditional x-ray radiation to induce complete regression in multiple pancreatic tumor xenograft models

Pancreatic tumors remain one of the deadliest manifestations of cancer in clinical oncology. Even when tumors are diagnosed early, remain loco-regionalized, and receive cutting-edge cancer treatment, the 5-year survival rate remains less than 27%. This high mortality rate arises from the significant biologic barriers that inhibit drug delivery effectiveness in pancreatic tumors, as well as their underlying genetic mutations that confer resistance to traditional radiation and chemotherapeutic standards of care. In this work, we hypothesized that a new form of radiation brachytherapy might prove highly synergistic for overcoming the resistance native to pancreatic tumors. Utilizing the thermally stabilized biopolymer ELP, 131 iodine radionuclides can be delivered intratumorally to provide continuous, focalized, high-dose β-radiation to treat pancreatic cancer from the inside out. Dose-escalation studies revealed that the two important variables for improving outcomes were the 131 I-ELP radioactivity dose and the duration of concurrent paclitaxel therapy. 100% tumor regression was achieved across multiple genotypic models of pancreatic cancer models: MIA PaCa-2, AsPc-1, and BxPc3 (both subcutaneous and orthotopic). The potent synergistic results of 131 I-ELP brachytherapy were replicated using both a novel micelle formulation of paclitaxel and the clinical standard Abraxane. Multigroup analysis revealed true molecular synergy as assessed by the Bliss Independence framework (p Citation Format: Jeffrey L. Schaal, Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Xinghai Li, Samagya Banskota, Jeremy Brownstein, David Kirsch, Michael Zalutsky, Ashutosh Chilkoti. Biopolymer β-brachytherapy delivered concomitantly with systemic paclitaxel outperforms traditional x-ray radiation to induce complete regression in multiple pancreatic tumor xenograft models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5831.
Oral Cavity and Oropharynx

Three vascular lesions are commonly encountered in the oropharynx. These are hemangioma, venous malformation, and lymphatic malformation. A fourth type of vascular anomaly, arteriovenous malformation, may also occur in the oropharynx but only as an extension of a nearby larger lesion. As such, it is better considered outside of the anatomic subsection of the oropharynx. Each of these three types will be discussed separately with respect to phenotype, etiology, natural history, and treatment.
Three-dimensional flow model development for thermal mixing and stratification modeling in reactor system transients analyses

Abstract Mixing, thermal-stratification, and mass transport phenomena in large pools or enclosures play major roles for the safety of reactor systems. Depending on the fidelity requirement and computational resources, various modeling methods, from the 0-D perfect mixing model to 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, are available. Each is associated with its own advantages and shortcomings. It is very desirable to develop an advanced and efficient thermal mixing and stratification modeling capability embedded in a modern system analysis code to improve the accuracy of reactor safety analyses and to reduce modeling uncertainties. An advanced system analysis tool, SAM, is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory for advanced non-LWR reactor safety analysis. While SAM is being developed as a system-level modeling and simulation tool, a reduced-order three-dimensional module is under development to model the multi-dimensional flow and thermal mixing and stratification in large enclosures of reactor systems. This paper provides an overview of the three-dimensional finite element flow model in SAM, including the governing equations, stabilization scheme, and solution methods. Additionally, several verification and validation tests are presented, including lid-driven cavity flow, natural convection inside a cavity, laminar flow in a channel of parallel plates. Based on the comparisons with the analytical solutions and experimental results, it is demonstrated that the developed 3-D fluid model can perform very well for a wide range of flow problems.
The role of oclacitinib in the management of ischaemic dermatopathy in four dogs.

Background Ischaemic dermatopathy represents a heterogenous and poorly-characterized canine syndrome that is often refractory to conventional immunosuppression. Janus-kinase inhibitors (JAKinibs) are used for the treatment of various human autoimmune diseases, including dermatomyositis. Oclacitinib is a generally well-tolerated, veterinary-approved, nonselective JAKinib that has therapeutic potential as an immunosuppressant. Hypothesis/objectives To describe four cases of treatment refractory juvenile-onset ischaemic dermatopathy that rapidly and durably responded to oclacitinib administration. Animals Four mixed-breed dogs, three 9-month-old male littermates and one 6-month-old female, were presented for generalized patchy alopecia, scarring and ulcerative dermatitis. Microscopic skin lesions were consistent with a severe ischaemic dermatopathy. Methods and materials A complete remission of skin lesions could not be achieved in any dog with glucocorticoids alone, nor when these were combined with adjuvant immunosuppressants. Oclacitinib treatment was then initiated at the dosage of 0.4-0.7 mg/kg twice daily, along with a tapering regimen of oral prednisolone. Results A full clinical remission was achieved within four weeks of starting this combination therapy, with prednisolone being stopped within eight weeks thereof. Remission was maintained in two dogs with lower doses or dosing frequencies of oclacitinib, whereas the two others required persistent twice daily administration of this JAKinib. Conclusions and clinical importance Oclacitinib was a useful immunosuppressive adjuvant to oral glucocorticoids for the treatment of refractory or severe cases of ischaemic dermatopathy in these four dogs. Such observation warrants further studies of the safety, efficacy and mechanism of action of oclacitinib as an immunosuppressant.
Theology before the Reformation: Renaissance Humanism and Vatican II:

Histories of theology move seamlessly from late-medieval Scholasticism to the Reformation and bypass the important theological contribution of Renaissance humanists such as Lorenzo Valla and Erasmu...
Temporary Stoppages and Burden of Treatment in Patients With Cancer.

Objectives To examine the effect of burden of treatment and multimorbidity on the relationship between baseline characteristics and oral oncolytic agent (OOA) temporary stoppages. Sample & setting 272 patients newly prescribed OOAs at six National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centers. Methods & variables Patients were randomly assigned to an adherence and symptom management group or a usual care/control group. Temporary OOA stoppages, symptom interference, OOA regimen complexity, and multimorbidities were explored. Data were collected at four-week intervals for 12 weeks. Results Burden of treatment variables and multimorbidity had no significant effect on OOA temporary stoppages. Women and those prescribed kinase inhibitors were significantly more likely to experience a temporary stoppage. Implications for nursing Oncology nurses are in a crucial position to educate patients on self-management of OOAs and symptoms. Nurses should be aware of patients who may be more susceptible to severe symptoms, including those with multimorbidities. Future research is needed to better understand OOA stoppages and factors associated with preventing stoppages.
Promising as Doxastic Entrustment

I present a novel way to think about promising: Promising as Doxastic Entrustment. The main idea is that promising is inviting another to entrust her belief to you, and that taking a promiser’s word is freely choosing to accept this invitation. I explicate this through considering the special kind of reason for belief issued by a promiser: a reason whose rational status depends both on the will of the promiser to provide it, and on the will of the promisee to accept it. Though this may seem to raise worries about believing at will, I show how such concerns can be navigated. I then argue that the view provides a rich, attractive understanding of the interpersonal bond forged through promising. According to the Doxastic Entrustment view, that bond results from freely given trust, in exchange for freely assumed responsibility for what is entrusted: namely, a bit of the promisee’s own mind.
Instructions for Administering the Interview

The material needed for the conduct of the interview is contained in the examination booklet which consists of the interview protocol, the items on which the interviewer is to record his judgments, special introductions, interviewer responses and probes.
Photosystem I Enhances the Efficiency of a Natural, Gel-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

The photosystem I (PSI) protein complex is known to enhance bioelectrode performance for many liquid-based photoelectrochemical cells. A hydrogel as electrolyte media allows for simpler fabrication...
Bounding the trace function of a hypergraph with applications

An upper bound on the trace function of a hypergraph $H$ is derived and its applications are demonstrated. For instance, a new upper bound for the VC dimension of $H$, or $vc(H)$, follows as a consequence and can be used to compute $vc(H)$ in polynomial time provided that $H$ has bounded degeneracy. This was not previously known. Particularly, when $H$ is a hypergraph arising from closed neighborhoods of a graph, this approach asymptotically improves the time complexity of the previous result for computing $vc(H)$. Another consequence is a general lower bound on the {\it distinguishing transversal number } of $H$ that gives rise to applications in domination theory of graphs. To effectively apply the methods developed here, one needs to have good estimations of degeneracy, and its variation or reduced degeneracy which is introduced here.
Automatic Generation of Guard-Stable Floating-Point Code

In floating-point programs, guard instability occurs when the control flow of a conditional statement diverges from its ideal execution under real arithmetic. This phenomenon is caused by the presence of round-off errors in floating-point computations. Writing programs that correctly handle guard instability often requires expertise on finite precision arithmetic. This paper presents a fully automatic toolchain that generates and formally verifies a guard-stable floating-point C program from its functional specification in real arithmetic. The generated program is instrumented to soundly detect when unstable guards may occur and, in these cases, to issue a warning. The proposed approach combines the PRECiSA floating-point static analyzer, the Frama-C software verification suite, and the PVS theorem prover.
Nurse Staffing and Nursing Home Deficiency of Care for Inappropriate Psychotropics Use in Residents With Dementia

Psychotropics use to manage behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in nursing homes (NHs) has been the focus of policy attention due to their adverse effects. We hypothesized that NHs with lower nursing staffing would have greater reliance on psychotropics use to control BPSD. A NH deficiency of care can be cited for inappropriate psychotropics use (F-tag 758). The association between the occurrence of F-758 tags and nurse staffing in residents with dementia was examined using the 2017-18 Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reporting data (n=14,548 NHs). Staffing measures included nursing hours per resident day (HPRD) and registered nurse (RN) skill-mix. Generalized linear mixed models that included covariates (NH location, bed size, ownership, proportion of residents with dementia/depression/psychiatric disorders and with Medicare/Medicaid) estimated the magnitude of the associations. There were 1,872 NHs with F-758 tags indicating inappropriate psychotropics use for NH residents with dementia. NHs with greater RN and certified nurse assistant (CNA) HPRD had significantly lower odds of F-758 tags (OR=0.59 54, 95% CI=0.47 44-0.73 66; OR=0.87, 95% CI=0.77-0.99, respectively) and similar findings were found in NHs with greater RN skill-mix (OR=0.14 10, 95% CI=0.05 04-0.37 25). There were no significant associations between the occurrence of F-758 tags and licensed practice nurse and unlicensed nurse aide HPRD. This study found that RN and CNA staffing had inverse associations with inappropriate psychotropic use citations among residents with dementia. NHs with higher RN staffing ratios may be better able to implement alternatives to pharmacological approaches for BPSD. It is suggested that NHs be equipped with adequate nurse staffing levels to reduce unnecessary psychotropics use.
Extended low-frequency phase of the distortion-product otoacoustic emission in human newborns.

At constant f 2 / f 1 ratios, the phase of the nonlinear distortion component of the 2 f 1 − f 2 distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) has a steep low-frequency segment and a flat high-frequency segment in adults and newborns. In adults, recent work found that a third segment characterizes the phase at even lower frequencies. The present study tests whether the same is true of the newborn DPOAE phase. Newborn and adult phase curves are generally similar. However, as previously reported, phase-gradient delays at mid frequencies (the region of steepest phase slope) are 50% longer in newborns.
Defining Dementia Care Standards When Cultural Safety is at Stake: The Case of Indigenous Canadians with Dementia

Improving dementia knowledge and support among Canada’s Indigenous communities faces a host of intertwined ethical, epistemic, and logistical challenges. These challenges include distrust among Indigenous people of mainstream health care owing to traumatic colonial histories and ongoing social marginalization, as well as a lack of culturally appropriate prevention and diagnosis protocols, and divergent Indigenous and mainstream explanations of dementia and its meaning in human life. This chapter examines these challenges in light of debates that concern intercultural training in nursing and other health-care contexts, the creation of culturally appropriate care, and the value of cultural safety as a critical concept for decolonizing health-care access.
EXAGRAPH: Graph and combinatorial methods for enabling exascale applications:

Combinatorial algorithms in general and graph algorithms in particular play a critical enabling role in numerous scientific applications. However, the irregular memory access nature of these algori...
Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Invertebrates

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various aspects of the invertebrate model systems that offer to elucidate Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenic pathways and identify therapeutic targets for human PD. The relevance of invertebrate biology to human neurodegenerative disease is further emphasized by the ﬁnding that mutations in some invertebrate homologs of human disease-associated genes produce neurodegeneration in these model systems. Intensive familial genetic studies of PD have revealed a growing number of genes associated with both sporadic and familial forms of the disease including alpha-synuclein, LRRK2, DJ-1, parkin, and pink. Toxin models of PD in C. elegans have been effectively used to identify pathogenic pathways and neuroprotective compounds. These models are produced by exposing animals to compounds that are associated with human PD and cause nigrostriatal degeneration in mammalian models including 6-hydroxydopamine, methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone. The ﬁrst model of mutant pink-associated degeneration was generated in Drosophila. It is found that over-expression of Parkin can also partially suppress the Pink loss-of-function phenotype and double mutants of Pink and Parkin are not signiﬁcantly different than single gene mutants.
Chapter 1 Relativistic Computations of NMR Parameters from First Principles: Theory and Applications

Abstract An overview of relativistic theoretical methods to calculate NMR parameters (nuclear magnetic shielding and indirect spin–spin coupling) of molecules with heavy nuclei is presented. Computational benchmark data and a number of case studies are discussed, with emphasis on first-principles methods (wavefunction-based ab initio methods or density functional theory). The chapter also contains a brief section about relativistic computations of electric field gradient (EFG) tensors.
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America

The transcontinental railroads of the late nineteenth century were the first corporate behemoths. Their attempts to generate profits from proliferating debt sparked devastating panics in the U.S. economy. Their dependence on public largess drew them into the corridors of power, initiating new forms of corruption. Their operations rearranged space and time, and remade the landscape of the West. As wheel and rail, car and coal, they opened new worlds of work and ways of life. Their discriminatory rates sparked broad opposition and a new antimonopoly politics. With characteristic originality, range, and authority, Richard White shows the transcontinentals to be pivotal actors in the making of modern America. But the triumphal myths of the golden spike, robber barons larger than life, and an innovative capitalism all die here. Instead we have a new vision of the Gilded Age, often darkly funny, that shows history to be rooted in failure as well as success.
Rad-Pro: effective software for modeling radiative properties in rapid thermal processing

To achieve accurate temperature measurements in rapid thermal processing (RTP), it is critical to determine the radiative properties of silicon wafers with thin-film coatings such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and polysilicon. We have developed a reliable and easily accessible software tool, named Rad-Pro (for radiative properties) using Excel-VBA for prediction of the directional, spectral, and temperature dependence of the radiative properties for multilayer structures consisting of silicon including doping effects and related materials, such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and polysilicon. Users can also input the optical constants of the materials. Rad-Pro also allows the selection of either coherent or incoherent calculation scheme, as well as the polarization states
Towards the design of semantic cooperation protocol in heterogeneous database systems

The problem of semantic reconciliation in heterogeneous databases is discussed. In general, semantic differences are context dependent. The context within which the semantics are interpreted must thus be clearly understood to facilitate reconciliation. Context can be refined by accumulating semantic information according to precedence relationships modeled after the steps of static schema integration. >
Use of imiquimod for residual acral melanoma

Recent reports suggest that topical imiquimod cream is an effective treatment option for certain types of melanomas. No reports exist on the efficacy of using imiquimod cream to treat melanoma located on the plantar surface of the foot. We present two patients with a melanoma of the foot who had residual melanoma following surgical excision with acceptable margins. The patients were then treated with topical imiquimod for 8 weeks after which a repeat biopsy of the affected region showed no evidence of residual melanoma in situ. The use of topical imiquimod cream should be considered in the management of residual melanoma in situ of the plantar surface of the foot.
Succinate stimulation of isocitrate supported deoxycorticosterone metabolism in rat adrenal mitochondria by a synergistic mechanism.

The relative effectiveness of succinate and isocitrate in supplying NADPH for cholesterol and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) metabolism by rat adrenal mitochondria has been investigated. As previously seen for cholesterol metabolism, isocitrate supported DOC metabolism at a higher rate than succinate. Maximal rates of DOC metabolism, however, required 10 times more precursor (10mM) than cholesterol metabolism. Addition of DOC to mitochondria inhibited cholesterol metabolism, indicating competition for NADPH between these pathways. Coaddition of these reducing precursors resulted in a substantially greater than additive rate of DOC hydroxylation, but not cholesterol metabolism. The synergistic effect was seen with both 11β- and 18 hydroxylation. For both precursors, the synergism was maximal upon addition of only 1mM of the second precursor. The synergistic effect was far more resistant to added KCN and malonate than succinate supported DOC metabolism, and neither inhibitor affected isocitrate supported DOC met...
Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1) and Glutathione S-Transferase A1-1 in Alkylating Agent Resistance KINETICS OF GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATE FORMATION AND EFFLUX GOVERN DIFFERENTIAL CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO CHLORAMBUCIL VERSUSMELPHALAN TOXICITY

Abstract We investigated the role of phase II (conjugation) and phase III (efflux) detoxification of the anticancer drugs melphalan (MLP) and chlorambucil (CHB). Although both drugs are substrates of Alpha-class glutathioneS-transferases (GST) and the monoglutathionyl conjugates formed in these enzymatic reactions are transported by MRP1, we found that GSTA1-1 and MRP1 acted in synergy to confer resistance to CHB but not to MLP (Morrow, C. S., Smitherman, P. K., Diah, S. K., Schneider, E., and Townsend, A. J. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 20114–20120). To explain this selectivity of MRP1/GST-mediated resistance, we report results of side-by-side experiments comparing the kinetics of MLP- versusCHB-glutathione conjugate: formation, product inhibition of GSTA1-1 catalysis, and transport by MRP1. The monoglutathionyl conjugate of CHB, CHB-SG, is a very strong competitive inhibitor of GSTA1-1 (K i 0.14 μm) that is >30-fold more potent than that of the corresponding conjugate of MLP, MLP-SG (K i 4.7 μm). The efficiency of GSTA1-1-mediated monoglutathionyl conjugate formation is more than 4-fold higher for CHB than MLP. Lastly, both CHB-SG and MLP-SG are efficiently transported by MRP1 with similarV max although the K m for CHB-SG (0.37 μm) is significantly lower than for MLP-SG (1.1 μm). These results indicate that MRP1 is required for GSTA1-1-mediated resistance to CHB in order to relieve potent product inhibition of the enzyme by intracellular CHB-SG formed. The kinetic properties of MRP1 are well suited to eliminate CHB-SG at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. For MLP detoxification, where product inhibition of GSTA1-1 is less important, GSTA1-1 does not confer resistance because of the relatively poorer catalytic efficiency of MLP-SG formation. Similar analyses can be useful for predicting the pharmacological and toxicological consequences of MRP and GST expression on cellular sensitivity to various other electrophilic xenobiotics.
Generalized covariance functions in estimation

I discuss the role of generalized covariance functions in best linear unbiased estimation and methods for their selection. It is shown that the experimental variogram (or covariance function) of the detrended data can be used to obtain a preliminary estimate of the generalized covariance function without iterations and I discuss the advantages of other parameter estimation methods.
Instrumenting the sea floor

The oceanic abyss two to four miles below sea level is more forbidding than outer space. Nevertheless, experimentation is under way to explore and exploit this region, using both unmanned instruments and manned vehicles Although more than 70 per cent of the earth's crust is beneath the oceans, this portion of the earth is little known and scarcely used. Man has throughly explored most of the land areas of the earth — sometimes with great difficulty and at great risk — and has sailed for centuries on the surface of the oceans, but has yet to learn very much about that land directly beneath the keel of his ship.
Particle-hole symmetry in the anomalous quantum Hall effect

This paper explores the uses of particle-hole symmetry in the study of the anomalous quantum Hall effect. A rigorous algorithm is presented for generating the particle-hole dual of any state. This is used to derive Laughlin's quasihole state from first principles and to show that this state is exact in the limit $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$, where $\ensuremath{\nu}$ is the Landau-level filling factor. It is also rigorously demonstrated that the creation of $m$ quasiholes in Laughlin's state with $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{m}$ is precisely equivalent to creation of one true hole. The charge-conjugation procedure is also generalized to obtain an algorithm for the generation of a hierarchy of states of arbitrary rational filling factors.
First evidence of a prospective relation between avoidance of internal states and borderline personality disorder features in adolescents

At least two leading developmental models of borderline personality disorder (BPD) emphasize the role of accurate reflection and understanding of internal states as significant to the development of BPD features (Fonagy, Int J Psycho-Anal 72:639-656, 1991; Linehan, Cognitive-behav- ioral treatment of borderline personality disorder, 1993). The current study used the construct of experiential avoidance (EA) to operationalize avoidance of internal states and sought to examine (1) the concurrent relations between EA and bor- derline features in a large and diverse community sample; and (2) the prospective relation between EA and borderline fea- tures over a 1-year follow-up, controlling for baseline levels of borderline features. N = 881 adolescents recruited from public schools in a large metropolitan area participated in baseline assessments and N = 730 completed follow-up assessments. Two main findings were reported. First, EA was associated with borderline features, depressive, and anxiety symptoms at the bivariate level, but when all variables were considered together, depression and anxiety no longer remained significantly associated with borderline features, suggesting that the relations among these symptom clusters may be accounted for by EA as a cross-cutting underlying psychological process. Second, EA predicted levels of bor- derline symptoms at 1-year follow-up, controlling for baseline levels of borderline symptoms, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results are interpreted against the background of developmental theories of borderline personality disorder.
Antisera specific for carcinogen-DNA adducts and carcinogen-modified DNA: applications for detection of xenobiotics in biological samples.

Abstract The development of immunoassays and immunoaffinity chromatography methods for determination of carcinogen-DNA adducts and carcinogen-modified DNA samples rests upon eliciting and characterizing polyclonal and monoclonal antisera against these haptens. The use of such antisera has widespread application in investigating chronic carcinogen administration in animal models and in monitoring human tissues for evidence of carcinogen exposure. Radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays developed with carcinogen-DNA adduct antisera are exceedingly sensitive, measuring 1 adduct in 10 8 nucleotides. Not only can DNA damage be quantified directly by immunoassay, but the antisera have also been used to isolate DNA adducts of a particular chemical class by immunoaffinity chromatography before application of more chemically-specific end-points. Both of these methodological approaches have made seminal contributions to the newly-emerging field of molecular epidemiology. This chapter will focus on methods for preparing immunogens, the establishment of immunoassays, characterization of antisera and specific problems encountered with biological samples in addition, the use of immunoaffinity chromatography for preparative concentration of DNA adducts of a particular class will be included.
High-Q measurements of fused-silica microspheres in the near infrared.

Measurements of the quality factor Q ~ 8 x 10^9 are reported for the whispering-gallery modes (WGM’s) of quartz microspheres for the wavelengths 670, 780, and 850 nm; these results correspond to finesse F ~ 2.2 x 10^6. The observed independence of Q from wavelength indicates that losses for the WGM’s are dominated by a mechanism other than bulk absorption in fused silica in the near infrared. Data obtained by atomic force microscopy combined with a simple model for surface scattering suggest that Q can be limited by residual surface inhomogeneities. Absorption by absorbed water can also explain why the material limit is not reached at longer wavelengths in the near infrared.