cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freud An Intellectual Biography, by Joel Whitebook.

The founder of psychoanalysis has been the subject of many hagiographic and hagioclastic biographies. For Freud-fanatics (Leo Stone, personal communication), e.g., Kurt Eissler, Freud was infallibl...
Treatment initiation strategies for syringe exchange referrals to methadone maintenance: A randomized clinical trial.

Abstract This randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of three treatment initiation strategies for improving retention to methadone maintenance for opioid-dependent individuals referred from a syringe exchange program (SEP). New admissions (n = 212) were randomly assigned to one of three 3-month initiation strategies: 1) Low Threshold (LTI), 2) Voucher Reinforcement (VRI), or 3) Standard Care (SCI). LTI was modeled on interim methadone maintenance to transition SEP admissions to the structure of medication-assisted treatment while maximizing exposure to methadone pharmacotherapy. VRI used monetary incentives to reinforce adherence to pharmacotherapy and adaptive counseling. SCI participants received standard methadone dosing and adaptive counseling. All participants were stabilized on methadone pharmacotherapy with a target dose of 80 mg. Following the initiation phase, participants in each condition received standard adaptive counseling from months 4–6. Results showed that most participants failed to achieve the target methadone dose. While no condition differences were observed in retention rates over the 3-month and 6-month observation periods, participants across conditions exhibited reductions in objective and self-report measures of drug use. Results support the benefits of referring syringe exchangers to methadone maintenance, and demonstrate the challenge of retaining these individuals in treatment.
Do United States protected areas effectively conserve forest tree rarity and evolutionary distinctiveness

Abstract Because forest tree species face serious threats including insect and disease epidemics, climate change, and forest fragmentation and conversion, prioritizing species and forests for conservation is an essential management goal. This paper describes a species prioritization approach that incorporates both the rarity of species, because of the increased vulnerability associated with rare species, and their evolutionary distinctiveness (ED), a measure of evolutionary originality. Rarity and ED scores, and scores for the two combined, were calculated for 352 North American forest tree species. A weak but significant phylogenetic signal was associated with species rarity. The scores were used to weight species importance values on approximately 130,000 forest inventory plots across the conterminous United States. The resulting plot-level estimates of conservation value were employed to identify geographic hotspots of forests with high conservation value, and to assess whether forests with protected status effectively conserve rarity and ED. Rarity hotspots were detected in California, the Southwest, central Texas, and Florida. Hotspots of ED included locations along the Pacific Coast, in the Northern Rockies, and in scattered eastern locations. Protected forest areas across the United States effectively conserve ED, but not rarity. In fact, rarity was lowest in areas with the highest protection, and highest in areas with no or unknown protected status. Multiple-use protected areas had higher ED, but not rarity, than restricted-use protected areas. Protected area effectiveness varied across the country. Such spatially explicit assessment approaches can help determine which forests to target for monitoring efforts and pro-active management activities.
The Many, Diverse 'Main Points' of Adam Smith's the Wealth of Nations

The purpose of this short paper is to demonstrate that in the modern era Adam Smith scholars make a surprising variety of claims about the “main point” of the Wealth of Nations. In these notes, I collect a range of statements asserting the main point and arrange them by categories. Most statements focus on economic topics (60%), though some entries clearly fall under politics (40%). Nearly half of the statements in the literature argue that Wealth of Nations’s main purpose was to provide a theory of economic development. Other categories include the idea that self-interested individuals can support gains from cooperation; ideas about justice, morals, and liberty; and finally, contributions to economic theory. The diversity of points is striking, indicating not only the work’s richness, but the many different topics to which it made substantive contributions. An obvious interpretation of these results is that no single, over-arching theme can be said to be the purpose or main point of the Wealth of Nations. This work made so many fundamental or foundational contributions to economics, government, history, law, politics, sociology, and normative political theory that it is difficult to say that any one contribution dominates.
XIII Steady Navier–Stokes Flow in Domains with Unbounded Boundaries

Let us consider a steady Navier–Stokes flow of a liquid filling a domain with two unbounded “outlets.”
A botanical nano ozonated erotic oil composition with maximum bioavailability for men

The present patent pending invention relates to a topical pharmaceutical nano ozonated composition with maximum bioavailability for male sexual response including male sexual dysfunction such as male sexual arousal vitality erection disorders premature ejaculation and sexual pain disorders and enhancing male sexual pleasure and satisfaction of the male sexual experience as well as penis enlargement The composition for treating this problem preferably formed of a natural oil mix fenugreek oil watermelon oil ginger oil and ozonated olive oil In particular the composition is applied on penis and testicles to enhance pleasure and delay ejaculation for men during intercourse Observed results showed excellent results for all ages of men with no adverse or side effects
Hand and Wrist Injuries

The wrist is formed by articulation of the radius, ulna, and carpal bones, of which there are eight. The radiocarpal joint is formed by the distal radius, scaphoid, and lunate. The ulna does not articulate with the carpal bones. Instead a fibrocartilage triangle sits between the distal ulna and triquetrum. The scaphoid bone links the proximal carpal bones (lunate, triquetrum) and the distal carpal bones (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate). The distal row of carpal bones joins to the metacarpal bones to form the carpometacarpal joint. The hand has five metacarpal bones. From proximal to distal there is a base, shaft, and head of the metacarpal. Moving distally are the five metacarpophalangeal joints. This links the phalanges to the metacarpals. MCP joints can flex, extend, abduct, and adduct. Using a combination of these movements, they can move in restricted circumduction. Strong palmar and collateral ligaments support the joints. Additionally, the deep transverse metacarpal ligaments connect the medial four joints to each other and hold the head of the metacarpal bones together. The hand has 14 phalanges. Each digit contains three phalanges and the thumb contains two. More distally there are the simple hinge joints of the phalanges; the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. Palmar and collateral ligaments support the joints in flexion and extension. 1.2 Nerves All of the nerves that travel to the hand cross the wrist. Three main nerves begin together at the shoulder: the radial nerve, the median nerve, and the ulnar nerve. These nerves carry signals from the brain to the muscles that move the arm, hand, fingers, and thumb. The radial nerve provides sensory innervation to the dorsum of the hand, thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger. The median nerve enters the hand through the carpal tunnel and provides motor and sensory innervation to
Social Self-Analysis: Constructing, Protecting, and Enhancing the Self

Abstract Social self-analysis is the process by which people use comparison information to define and modify their self-concepts or identity images. Self-concepts are beliefs about one’s abilities, attitudes, emotions, and behavior tendencies that range from relatively concrete to abstract in a self-knowledge hierarchy. Comparison information includes contrasting one’s own task and social feedback with others’ or with past and future states of one’s own or others’. We use an analogy with psychometric test theory to highlight the features of social self-analysis and view these comparisons as comparison tests that people encounter or conduct to assess their self-concepts. Comparison test feedback is assessed for its reliability, validity, and generalizability and is abstracted to low- to high-level self-concepts. Accurate translation from comparison test feedback to self-concepts is hindered by the absence of adequate comparison samples, the tendency to eschew large-scale comparison data for local comparisons (what we call “local dominance”), and by the desire to construct and maintain favorable identity images.
Power and attitudes in relationships (PAIR) among a sample of low-income, African-American women : Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention

This study describes a scale that was designed to measure low-income urban, heterosexual women's perception of Power and Attitudes in Relationships (PAIR). Although frequently mentioned in the literature as an important aspect of women's risk for HIV, there are few described scales which measure such attitudes among this population. PAIR was based in part on Connell's (1987) Theory of gender and power. PAIR was found to be reliable (alpha = 0.79) among a Baltimore cross-sectional sample of inner-city women (n = 417), half of whom were HIV-negative and half were HIV-positive. Our findings suggest that PAIR is reliable among both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected inner-city women. The scale can be a useful tool in understanding the interpersonal context of women's risk of HIV.
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale: Validation of One-Dimensional Factor Structure in a Large Clinical Sample

Study Objectives:The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is used by clinicians and researchers to determine level of daytime sleepiness. The number of factors included in the scale has been debated. Our...
Image-text inconsistency effect on product evaluation in online retailing

Abstract This study examined the cognitive influence of inconsistency between image and text of product description. We found that the inconsistency hampers processing fluency, which in turn, negatively influences product evaluation. The effect was asymmetric, stronger when the image was negatively, rather than positively, discrepant from the text. Since people use the text as an anchor in resolving such discrepancy, the effect is strengthened by the negative affect when the value represented by the image is inferior to what is described in the text. The study provides insights for the retailing managers of e-commerce operations as well as flyer-based promotions.
New Converses for the Relay Channel via Reverse Hypercontractivity

We revisit the primitive relay channel, introduced by Cover in 1987. Previously, the cut-set bound was shown to be loose for the primitive relay channel, in the discrete memoryless and the Gaussian cases, using the concentration of measure. In this paper, we give simpler proofs using reverse hypercontractivity, with shaper bounds and applying to wider range of channels. To our knowledge, this is the first application of reverse hypercontractivity in first-order converses in network information theory.
Beyond the social cost of carbon: Negative emission technologies as a means for biophysically setting the price of carbon.

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is an estimate of the costs that society will incur because of the emission of one tonne of CO2. Because of the large uncertainties in the effects of climate change and the subjectivity of the discount rate, estimates of SCC range widely, from − 10.2 to 105 213$ t−1 in 2010 USD. Despite this range, the SCC has been used or proposed as a basis for a wide variety of policymaking including cost–benefit analysis and carbon taxes. The SCC suffers from several practical and philosophical weaknesses: it is anthropocentric, it neglects the acidification of oceans, it assumes that quantifiable economic variables like GDP are the primary costs that humans will experience from climate change, and it is impossible to quantify objectively. Further, the ethical implications of a carbon pricing policy include both the value of the carbon price, and the use of revenues generated by the policy. Thus, revenue neutral carbon policies as in some SCC-based proposals, are unlikely to be just. Here, we propose that the cost of emerging negative-emission technologies would be an alternative means for setting a carbon price and avoid these philosophical and practical weaknesses.
Social media and Russian territorial irredentism: some facts and a conjecture

After Kremlin policymakers decided to incorporate the territory of Crimea into Russia, updates on public attitudes in Russian-speaking communities elsewhere in Ukraine would have been in high deman...
Cortical Plasticity in Rehabilitation for Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Scoping Review.

Importance: Poor outcomes after upper extremity peripheral nerve injury (PNI) may arise, in part, from the challenges and complexities of cortical plasticity. Occupational therapy practitioners need to understand how the brain changes after peripheral injury and how principles of cortical plasticity can be applied to improve rehabilitation for clients with PNI. Objective: To identify the mechanisms of cortical plasticity after PNI and describe how cortical plasticity can contribute to rehabilitation. Data Sources: PubMed and Embase (1900–2017) were searched for articles that addressed either (1) the relationship between PNI and cortical plasticity or (2) rehabilitative interventions based on cortical plastic changes after PNI. Study Selection and Data Collection: PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed. Articles were selected if they addressed all of the following concepts: human PNI, cortical plasticity, and rehabilitation. Phantom limb pain and sensation were excluded. Findings: Sixty-three articles met the study criteria. The most common evidence level was Level V (46%). We identified four commonly studied mechanisms of cortical plasticity after PNI and the functional implications for each. We found seven rehabilitative interventions based on cortical plasticity: traditional sensory reeducation, activity-based sensory reeducation, selective deafferentation, cross-modal sensory substitution, mirror therapy, mental motor imagery, and action observation with simultaneous peripheral nerve stimulation. Conclusion and Relevance: The seven interventions ranged from theoretically well justified (traditional and activity-based sensory reeducation) to unjustified (selective deafferentation). Overall, articles were heterogeneous and of low quality, and future research should prioritize randomized controlled trials for specific neuropathies, interventions, or cortical plasticity mechanisms. What This Article Adds: This article reviews current knowledge about how the brain changes after PNI and how occupational therapy practitioners can take advantage of those changes for rehabilitation.
Overlapping Surgery Increases Operating Room Efficiency Without Adversely Affecting Outcomes in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Several recent studies have demonstrated that overlapping surgeries in total hip (THA) and knee (TKA) arthroplasty do not increase the rates of complications, but whether this practice is cost-effective has yet to be addressed in the literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of overlapping surgery on procedural costs and surgical productivity during THA and TKA. Methods We identified all patients undergoing primary THA or TKA from 2015 to 2018 by 18 surgeons at a single orthopedic specialty hospital. Procedural and personnel costs were calculated for each case using a time-driven activity-based costing algorithm. Overlap of surgical time by at least 30 minutes was used to define an overlapping procedure. We compared costs and outcomes between overlapping and nonoverlapping procedures, standardizing all costs to 8-hour time blocks. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine independent effect of overlapping procedures on costs and outcomes. Results Of the 4786 consecutive procedures, 968 (20.2%) overlapped by at least 30 minutes. Although overlapping rooms increased mean operative time by 8.3 minutes (P Conclusion Overlapping noncritical portions of procedures in primary THA and TKA appear to be both a safe practice and an effective strategy.
Parity is associated with cognitive function and brain age in both females and males

Previous studies of the association between parity and long-term cognitive changes have primarily focused on women and have shown conflicting results. We investigated this association by analyzing data collected on 303,196 subjects from the UK Biobank. We found that in both females and males, having offspring was associated with a faster response time and fewer mistakes made in the visual memory task. Subjects with two or three children had the largest differences relative to those who were childless, with greater effects observed in men. We further analyzed the association between parity and relative brain age (n = 13,584), a brain image-based biomarker indicating how old one’s brain structure appears relative to peers. We found that in both sexes, subjects with two or three offspring had significantly reduced brain age compared to those without offspring, corroborating our cognitive function results. Our findings suggest that lifestyle factors accompanying having offspring, rather than the physical process of pregnancy experienced only by females, contribute to these associations and underscore the importance of studying such factors, particularly in the context of sex.
Varved Sediment Records of Recent Seasonal to Millennial-scale Environmental Variability

The application of annually-laminated (varved) sediments in paleoenvironmental research has expanded significantly with the growing need for millennia-long records of interannual to century-scale climatic variability. In cases where the annual nature of the varves can be confirmed by radiometric or other methods, the varves provide annually-resolved chronostratigraphies that can be coupled with a wide range of paleoenvironmental proxies to provide time series with accurate seasonal- to centennial- scale sample resolution. In some cases, variations in the thickness and composition of the varves themselves may provide a useful paleoenvironmental signal. More commonly, a varve-based chronology is coupled with geochemical or paleontological measurements. Proper interpretations require that the climatic response time of the signal be taken into account. New and published data from eastern North America suggest that changes in relative fossil pollen abundance must lag climatic changes by a significant number of years, and that this lag is likely to be longer in forested regions than in regions dominated by non-arboreal vegetation. Vegetation model results illustrate the non-climatic factors (i.e., succession and disturbance) that can influence this lag. The climatic response times of some fossil plankton or geochemical variations are likely to involve less of a temporal lag, but the nature of the lag should be documented nonetheless. Paleoenvironmental interpretations based on multiple proxies and sites are most secure. One such interpretation suggests that the eastern Canadian Arctic experienced a dramatic warming over the last 150 years.
Disrupting Engineering Education: Beyond Peace Engineering to Educating Engineers for Justice

Abstract Engineering education outcomes as prescribed by the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology comprise technical and scientific student educational outcomes as well as “soft skills”. The scientific and technical outcomes ensure that engineering graduates possess the requisite science, math, engineering and technology skills and capabilities that will enable them to practice competently in their disciplinary engineering profession with technical, scientific and engineering rigor. Soft skills, on the other hand, which are being increasingly emphasized as critically necessary for engineering graduates to be employable and successful in the professional workspace, focus on teamwork, communication, ethics, global awareness (including social, economic, environmental and global impacts of engineering), and lifelong learning. In this essay, we posit that migrating engineering education towards “peace engineering” not only requires that faculty place increased emphasis on these soft skills, but also needs the incorporation of true impact analyses – much like an Environmental Impact Assessment – on the social, environmental and economic impacts of the solutions that students develop to engineering projects and problems. This impact analysis must go beyond an assessment of those areas mentioned in the conference’s informal definition of “peace engineering”, which identifies components including “…promotion of prosperity, sustainability, social equality and diversity, culture of equality, ethics, innovation and entrepreneurship.” While these issues are critically important for promoting and supporting an ethos of peace engineering, we suggest that they will have minimal impact unless the thinking and analyses extends to focus on justice, extending the justice paradigm from civil, social and environmental justice to include energy justice, resource justice, information justice and technology justice. Exposing engineering students to these concepts and ideas and incorporating the notion of justice into the impacts of technology research, development and implementation will move us from a “war” based socio-technological configuration to a global peace engineering agenda that might actually move us towards engineers educated to transform their world for peace and justice.
Cyber–Physical Security of Energy-Efficient Powertrain System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Against Sophisticated Cyberattacks

In this article, an innovative approach to improving the cyber–physical security of energy-efficient powertrain system in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) against sophisticated cyberattacks is presented. To the best of our knowledge, cyberattacks, especially sophisticated and subtle cyberattacks, have not yet been studied in energy management systems (EMSs) for HEVs. First of all, we present a systemic assessment of long-term sophisticated cyberattacks that aim to deteriorate the battery lifetime and energy efficiency of HEVs. Specifically, three levels of attack taxonomy according to the skill level of the attackers are considered, which are sophisticated and can hardly be detected by the human driver. In addition to levels 1 and 2, cyberattacks that do not or partially require prior knowledge of the vehicle, and we explore two other types of level 3 damage-oriented controller attacks made by highly skilled attackers who have sufficient knowledge of the system. Such sophisticated attacks will potentially cause severe damages, such as decreasing battery capacity and energy by up to 50%. For a comprehensive vulnerability assessment, we propose innovative evaluation metrics to analyze the impact and stealthiness of sophisticated attacks. Finally, a preliminary probability-based detection method for sophisticated damage-oriented controller attacks is developed to improve the cyber–physical security of energy-efficient powertrain system in HEVs.
Simulated Dryland Cotton Yield Response to Selected Scenario Factors Associated With Soil Health

Copyright © 2021 Ale, Himanshu, Mauget, Hudson, Goebel, Liu, Baumhardt, Bordovsky, Brauer, Lascano and Gitz III. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Disparities in healthcare utilization and access by length of cancer survivorship among population-based female cancer survivors.

Purpose The current study examined disparities in the associations between medically vulnerable populations and healthcare-related outcomes among population-based female cancer survivors and determined if these associations differed by length of cancer survivorship. Methods One thousand eight hundred ninety-seven women with a cancer history from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2016 contributed data. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with multivariable logistic regression models to measure the associations between the predictors (race/ethnicity, poverty status, education, comorbidity status, US nativity) and outcomes (perceived health, healthcare utilization and access outcomes), overall and by length of survivorship. Results There was an average of 14.3 years (SD = 11.7; range = 2-84) since initial cancer diagnosis, with 25.1% being short-term and 74.9% being long-term survivors. Overall, racial/ethnic minority women were more likely to report poor/fair health status (OR, 2.68; 95% CI 1.73-4.15) and utilizing routine care other than a doctor's office/HMO (OR, 1.61; 95% CI 1.12-2.29) in comparison with NHW survivors. Length of survivorship significantly modified the association between race/ethnicity and odds of seeing a mental health provider in the last year (p-interaction = 0.003), with short-term minority survivors being significantly more likely (OR, 2.63; 95% CI 1.29-5.35) and long-term minority survivors being less likely (OR, 0.68; 95% CI 0.37-1.23). Conclusions Racial/ethnic disparities exist among female cancer survivors for perceived health status and certain healthcare utilization outcomes, with some differences observed by length of cancer survivorship. Implications for cancer survivors This study can begin to inform cancer survivorship care for medically vulnerable women along the cancer continuum.
Selective Gas Chromatographic Detection of Vapor-Phase Organics in Ambient Air

High-resolution capillary-column gas chromatography (GC) efficiently separates the many organic compounds that exist in ambient air. However, the identification of these compounds by retention times alone is difficult. The response ratios of sample components on several different types of GC detectors can be used to identify selected peaks more positively. Electron capture (ECD), photoionization (PID), and flame ionization (FID) detectors have been evaluated in this study. Samples split between an ECD and FID are readily analyzed for such electron-capturing species as carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene. Replicate samples are run on a PID for identification of peaks due to aromatic compounds and other unsaturated materials. This system of three detectors gives sufficient information to confirm the identity of the compounds that have been chosen for quantitation.
A Behavioral Study of Warning Labels for Consumer Products: Perceived Danger and Use of Pictographs

This study focused on the effectiveness of warning labels placed on consumer products differing in perceived “danger” or “hazard.” A 2×4 between-subject design (N=131) was performed, incorporating two levels of product danger (circular saw=high level of danger; jigsaw=low level of danger) and four levels of warning label (words only, pictograph only, words+pictograph, and no warning). Effectiveness was investigated by studying the behavior of product users to determine who noticed, read, complied and recalled the warning message. Overall results indicated that subjects noticed, read and complied with warnings placed on the product perceived to be more dangerous than on the product perceived to be less dangerous. Additional data suggest that people more familiar with use of the product will tend to read, comply and recall the warning less than those less familiar. Also people more confident with the use of the product will tend to read and comply less than those less confident. Type of warning label showed...
Radar polarimetry for security applications

We analyse micro-Doppler techniques and the improved performance that fully polarimetric radar techniques can add. We perform fully polarimetric measurements of the varying micro-Doppler signatures of humans as a function of elevation angle and azimuthal angle in order to try to optimize this type of system for the detection of arm motion, especially for the determination of whether someone is loaded. We determine that polarimetric measurements can isolate and highlight the arm motion for a classification as loaded or unloaded. Second, the azimuthal angle of the motion is a critical parameter to consider in ground-based systems. For choke-point observations where the direction of motion is more controlled, polarimetric radar has the potential to determine who is not loaded inappropriately and who should be checked.
Does Pediatric Home Care Make a Difference for Children with Chronic Illness? Findings from the Pediatric Ambulatory Care Treatment Study

The ongoing care needed by children with chronic physical illness is a topic of national concern. The Pediatric Ambulatory Care Treatment Study ( PACTS ) is a classic pretest-posttest randomized experiment designed to evaluate a Pediatric Home Care (PHC) program in which an interdisciplinary team provides comprehensive primary health care, support, coordination, patient advocacy, and education to chronically ill children and their families. Home interviews were conducted by an independent research team with the 219 families at enrollment, 6 months, and 1 year; 80% completed all three interviews. Analyses indicate that pediatric home care is effective in improving the satisfaction of the family with care, in improving the child's psychological adjustment, and in lessening the psychiatric symptoms of the mother. The functional status of the children was equally well maintained in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the impact of the illness on the family between the two groups. There are indications that there may be a dose-related effect with respect to the child's psychological adjustment with those in the program for the longest period of time showing the greatest benefit. Such a home care program can be an effective intervention for minimizing the social and psychological consequences of chronic illness.
Attributing fatal cardiac effects to methadone: what's the evidence?

Researchers in Oregon recently reported on a study comparing the frequency of cardiac pathology in two sudden-death cohorts.1 One comprised individuals in whom methadone, though found at autopsy, w...
The zab domain of the human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 recognizes Z-DNA when surrounded by B-DNA.

The Zab domain of the editing enzyme ADAR1 binds tightly and specifically to Z-DNA stabilized by bromination or supercoiling. A stoichiometric amount of protein has been shown to convert a substrate of suitable sequence to the Z form, as demonstrated by a characteristic change in the CD spectrum of the DNA. Now we show that Zab can bind not only to isolated Z-forming d(CG) n sequences but also to d(CG) n embedded in B-DNA. The binding of Zab to such sequences results in a complex including Z-DNA, B-DNA, and two B-Z junctions. In this complex, the d(CG) n sequence, but not the flanking region, is in the Z conformation. The presence of Z-DNA was detected by cleavage with a Z-DNA specific nuclease, by undermethylation using Z-DNA sensitive SssI methylase, and by circular dichroism. It is possible that Zab binds to B-DNA with low affinity and flips any favorable sequence into Z-DNA, resulting in a high affinity complex. Alternatively, Zab may capture Z-DNA that exists transiently in solution. The binding of Zab to potential as well as established Z-DNA segments suggests that the range of biological substrates might be wider than previously thought.
Radio wave diffraction from impedance surfaces with one dimensional general impedance variation

The problem of plane wave diffraction from shorelines in planar land-sea boundaries, using the Wiener-Hopf technique, was addressed by Bazer et al. (1962). Geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) methods, while accurate at high frequencies, have only been applied to problems where abrupt variations in a surface are present. An analytical formulation is developed to predict the diffraction from a surface impedance discontinuity, of an arbitrary profile, such as rivers, shorelines, or troughs, when excited by a small dipole of arbitrary orientation. Basically the river is modeled as an impedance change in an infinite impedance plane, representing the ground plane. An integral equation is developed in the Fourier domain for ease of analysis and then solved analytically using a perturbation technique, assuming a one dimensional impedance variation. Recursive expressions for the induced current of any order, for arbitrary impedance variations, are shown. Using these currents, the far field expressions for plane wave excitation are evaluated using the stationary phase technique. The derivation is then extended to small dipole excitation represented by a continuous spectrum of plane waves, again using the stationary phase to calculate the diffracted fields. Results for both plane wave and dipole excitation are shown.
Physiological, clinical and psychological applications of dynamic infrared imaging

Dynamic infrared imaging (DIRI), the most effective modality of dynamic area telethermometry (DAT), involves the acquisition of thousands of consecutive thermal images, studying modulation of temperature at specific frequencies in sub-areas of thermal images. Quantitative analysis of temperature modulation can detect physiological or pathological changes in tissue perfusion and in cellular metabolism. At the macroscopic level, monitoring spatial and temporal changes in perfusion dynamics, DIRI can diagnose and stage joint inflammation, detect cancerous lesions, breast cancer in particular, stage systemic and local neurological disorders, and assess the effects of mental stress and of neurotoxic agents on perfusion of the face. At the cellular level, DIRI has been used to study the metabolism of photoreceptors in the retina, demonstrating a new use of DIRI in assessing the viability of tissues and their response to cytotoxic agents.
Fiber optic powered remote gas monitor

Many mines rely on toxic gas sensors to help maintain a safe and healthy work environment. This report describes a prototype monitoring system developed by the US Bureau of Mines that uses light to power and communicate with several remote electrochemical toxic gas sensors. The design is based on state-of-the-art optical-to-electrical power converters, solid- state diode lasers, and fiber optics. This design overcomes several problems associated with conventional wire-based systems by providing complete electrical isolation between the remote sensors and the central monitor. The prototype accurately monitored three remote gas sensors during a two-week field trial in the USBM Pittsburgh Research Center Safety Research Coal Mine.
Influence of Role Preference and Role Clarity on Vocational Commitment of Protestant Ministers

isters, using a sample of 667 in the Chicago area. It tests the explanatory power of two approaches Blizzard's analysis of role preferences, and Campbell and Pettigrew's analysis of reference systems. Regarding the first, preferences among the six roles (preacher, pastor, priest, teacher, organizer, and administrator) are only moderately predictive of vocational commitment. Regarding the second, problems of role clarity and conflict are very important for ministers' commitment to their present pastorates; the largest problems are with congregational lay leaders, not denominational leaders. Also ministers stressing intentional career planning are less committed to the ministry in general. When both approaches are used simultaneously, the reference system approach is by far the most explanatory for commitment to one's present pastorate, while both are needed for explaining commitment to the ministry in general. A constant problem for any religious organization is the morale and vocational commitment of its professionals. This problem has long been recognized with respect to Protestant clergy, and a number of denominational research studies have looked into the topic (e.g., Jud, et al. 1970; Reimer, et al. 1970; Johnson, et al. 1975). All studies have found that role ambiguity and role conflict trouble many ministers and depress their commitment. The problem results partly from the poorly-defined role of the minister today. The Protestant ministry encompasses several diverse roles and accountability to several different groups. For example, Gustafson writes: The anomie of the Protestant clergy takes a fairly typical shape. The minister is responsible to the laity in very immediate ways; but he also is responsible to God and to his denominational officials. He lacks a clear delineation, however, of the relation of these authorities to each other. He knows that the voice of the Congregation is not the voice of God; but he has little to support him if he chooses to speak for God against the will of the people. He may have no clear canonical definitions of his office, and if such do exist the statements are abstract and general (1963:735). Smart describes the multiplicity of roles: What is a minister? He is an evangelist. He is a preacher. He is a priest. He is a religious administrator. He is a social reformer. He is a director of worthwhile enterprises for the community. He is a species of amateur psychiatrist. He is an educator. He is an interpreter of life, somewhat in the fashion of a poet. He is the custodian of the values of democratic civilization. He is a man of supe
The Anser System.

To the Editor.— In a report by Glascoe, Martin, and Humphrey,1 a comparative review of developmental screening tests was offered to readers of Pediatrics. With that review, the authors provided a description and comments on the Anser System.2 Its inclusion is perplexing, because the Anser System is not a developmental screening test. The Anser System comprises a series of questionnaires for use by pediatricians (primarily) as part of the evaluation (but not the screening) of children with learning and developmental problems.
Contemplating Tragedy Raises Gratifications and Fosters Self-Acceptance

Despite the reflective nature of tragedy, little research has focused on reflection's impact on “pleasure” and personal growth. Drawing from entertainment, literary, and health research, this study assessed the degree to which contemplating tragedy increases gratifications and promotes self-acceptance. The moderating effects of life events were also examined. In an experiment, participants (N = 120) were randomly instructed to either watch a Hollywood drama and reflect, or only watch the movie (control). Results showed significant main effects on appreciation and enjoyment. Reflection increased gratifications for participants with remote loss (≥2 years) but not recent loss, and it strengthened the link between self-perceptual depth and a 4-week change in self-compassion. The benefits and drawbacks of reflecting on tragedy are discussed.
Amination of ultra-high strength polyethylene using ammonia plasma

Abstract Plasma treatment of ultra-high strength polyethylene (UHSPE) fabric using ammonia gas to implant surface amine groups was investigated. The effects of three treatment times and three treatment powers were studied. After treatment, the wettability of UHSPE fabric was found to increase dramatically, becoming completely wettable at treatment times greater than 1 min. The primary amine concentration, as determined by dye ion-exchange experiments, was greatest at a treatment time of 5 min and a power of 50 W. Scanning electron photomicrographs showed no change in surface texture. The strength of single fibers extracted from the fabric decreased approximately 10% at some treatment conditions.
A beginning course in public speaking for colleges and universities 1

(1918). A beginning course in public speaking for colleges and universities. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 150-159.
The many-demes limit for selection and drift in a subdivided population

A diffusion approximation is obtained for the frequency of a selected allele in a population comprised of many subpopulations or demes. The form of the diffusion is equivalent to that for an unstructured population, except that it occurs on a longer time scale when migration among demes is restricted. This many-demes diffusion limit relies on the collection of demes always being in statistical equilibrium with respect to migration and drift for a given allele frequency in the total population. Selection is assumed to be weak, in inverse proportion to the number of demes, and the results hold for any deme sizes and migration rates greater than zero. The distribution of allele frequencies among demes is also described.
ζ(8.3 GEV) as the lightest scalar in a three-Higgs-doublet model

Abstract The recently reported neutral state ζ(8.3 GeV) is interpreted as the lightest fundamental scalar in a three-Higgs-doublet picture of the SU(2)L × U(1)Y electroweak theory. Two unique models emerge out of the picture. Not only are the observed ϒ(1S) → ζγ rate and the branching fraction of ζ to τ+ τ− (20–25%) well understood, but also the lightness of ζ is related to the extended survival hypothesis. One of the models can also explain the observed value of the ζ-mass at 8.3 GeV in terms of the t-quark mass of about 40 GeV. The models also predict the existence of one more light scalar, which we call ζ′, whose mass is around 20 GeV. The main decay mode of this hypothetical scalar ζ′ is predicted to be to b b jets.
On some solved and unsolved problems of chemical graph theory

The development of several novel graph theoretical concepts and their applications in different branches of chemistry are reviewed. After a few introductory remarks we follow with an outline of selected important graph theoretical invariants, introducing some new results and indicating some open problems. We continue with discussing the problem of graph characterization and construction of graphs of chemical interest, with a particular emphasis on large systems. Finally we consider various problems and difficulties associated with special subgraphs, including subgraphs representing Kekule valence structures. The paper ends with a brief review of structure-property and structure-activity correlations, the topic which is one of prime motivations for application of graph theory to chemistry.
Changes in soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium under intensive cropping in sub‐humid tropics of India

Abstract Efficient soil fertility management is essential for sustained production of high crop yields. Field experiments were conducted on an Entisol soil during 1984 to 1987 at Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, West Bengal, India, to study the changes in soil N, P, and K in sub‐humid tropics under irrigated intensive cropping in rice‐potato‐mung bean (Oryza sativa L.‐ Solanum tuberosum L.‐ Vigna radiatus Roxb.) and rice‐potato‐sesame (O. sativa L.‐ S. tuberosum L.‐ Sesamum indicum L.) cropping sequences. The crops were grown with or without application of farmyard manure and with or without incorporation of crop residues. Different quantities of inorganic fertilizers based on locally recommended practices for fertilization were applied to rice and potato, and their residual effects on succeeding mung bean or sesame crops were assessed. At the end of experimentation, the total N status of soil improved more under the rice‐potato‐mung bean sequence than under the rice‐potato‐sesame sequence. The ava...
Gene Microarray Analysis of Human Brain Arteriovenous Malformations

Objective Human brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) display abnormal expression of various angiogenesis-related genes and their products. We examined gene expression patterns in BAVMs by the gene microarray technique. Methods We analyzed BAVM and control brain samples obtained by temporal lobectomy for medically intractable seizure by Affymetrix Human Gene Set U95Av2 (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). The gene microarray data were compared with new and previously published data that used conventional molecular biology techniques. Results We analyzed six BAVM and five control brain samples. From 12,625 gene probes assayed, 1781 gene probes showed differential expression between BAVMs and controls. BAVM samples had a gene expression pattern that was distinct from those of control brain samples. Increased messenger ribonucleic acid expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A was accompanied by increased expression of its protein product. A majority of the gene data was in agreement with previously published data. The gene microarray data generated a new testable hypothesis regarding integrin, and we found increased expression of integrin alphavbeta3 protein in BAVMs. Conclusion The gene expression pattern of BAVMs was distinct from those of control brain samples. We verified the gene microarray data by demonstrating that increased gene expression levels for angiogenesis-related molecules were accompanied by increased levels of their protein product expression. The gene microarray technique may be a useful tool to study multiple pathways simultaneously in BAVM specimens.
Etiology of septic arthritis in children: an update for the new millennium.

Abstract Objective We sought to describe the causative organisms and joints involved in cases of pediatric septic arthritis in the post– Haemophilus influenzae type B and post-pneumococcal vaccine age and in the age of increasing infection with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Methods This was a retrospective chart review of all children younger than 13 years presenting to our tertiary care pediatric emergency department between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2007, with the diagnosis of septic arthritis. We reviewed the results of synovial fluid Gram stain and synovial fluid and blood culture. We defined septic arthritis as any of these 3 tests being positive for a known pathogen. We report patient characteristics, joint(s) involved, and organisms identified in these cases. Results We describe 13 cases of septic arthritis. Fifteen joints were involved. The most common joint involved was the hip (6/15) followed by the elbow (3/15), knee (2/15), and ankle (2/15). The most common organism involved was methicillin-sensitive S aureus (6/13), followed by CA-MRSA (2/13) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (2/13). Conclusion Our results support continued concern for involvement of the hip and knee in cases of pediatric septic arthritis and consideration of other joints such as the elbow. Our data also suggest that empiric antibiotic coverage for CA-MRSA is indicated in cases of pediatric septic arthritis, as well as continued coverage for methicillin-sensitive S aureus and S pneumoniae .