cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐C‐BRC‐11: 3D Tracking of Interfraction and Intrafraction Head and Neck Anatomy during Radiotherapy Using Multiple Kinect Sensors

Purpose: The process of daily measurement and validation of tumors and normal structures with onboard imaging provides information useful for reducing patient setup uncertainty errors. However, the use of daily onboard CTimaging greatly increases the radiationdose to critical structures that lie within the CT volume. We now present a quantitative skin surface 3D imaging that when coupled with quantitative patient‐specific biomechanical models determine the tumor and normal organ deformation caused by routine patient head and neck misalignments. Incorporating such modeling and imaging could substantially decrease the number of cone‐ beam CT scans required for patient setup and ultimately the daily CT scandose. Methods:The quantitative skin surface 3D imaging that monitors the patient anatomy are developed using multiple Kinect sensors. A set of 4 3D cameras are used for illustration purposes to track the patient anatomy externally. Of the 4 cameras, 3 of them are used to track the patient's anatomy contour (e.g. face, hands etc) using depth and intensity based contour tracking. Such an approach provides a set of 3D contours for each anatomical region from each camera. The 4th camera employs a marker less face recognition and tracking for delineating the region of the patient's face. The location of the face is then shared among the camera controllers in realtime and the anatomical contour that closely matches the face region is selected. Once selected, all the contours are then integrated to form a single 3D representation of the anatomy and overlapping contours are cleaned using Voronoi data re‐sampling. Results: The unified 3D representation presents a quantified 3D surface image within a precision range of 0.3 cm at an acquisition rate of 30 frame‐per‐second. Conclusions :Daily measurement of 3D skin surface with the proposed imaging system is feasible for reducing patient setup uncertainty errors while minimizing radiation exposure risk.
Acute and long-term effects of nine chemicals on the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Ninety-six-hour acute and 28-day larval survival and growth tests were conducted with nine organic chemicals, using the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as the test organism. The nine tested chemicals were allyl isothiocyanate, aniline, benzyl acetate, 4-chloroaniline, 2-chloroethanol, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 1,2-dibromoethane, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and phenol. The derived 96-h LC50 values for medaka for all chemicals ranged from 0.077 mg/L for allyl isothiocyanate to 2,780 mg/L for 2,4-D. The chronic values for six of the nine chemicals tested ranged from 0.013 mg/L for allyl isothiocyanate to 42.5 mg/L for 2,4-D. Acute-to-chronic ratios for these six chemicals ranged from 1.4 for 2-chloroethanol to 70.9 for 2,4-D. Growth of medaka was significantly reduced in the lowest exposure concentration during 28-day larval tests with aniline, 4-chloroaniline, and 2,4-diaminotoluene. The estimated maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was reported as less than the lowest exposure concentration of 4.6, 2.2 and 40.3 mg/L for tests with aniline, 4-chloroaniline and 2,4-diaminotoluene, respectively. Chronic values for 2-chloroethanol and medaka were 12.6 mg/L during an embryo-larval test and 22.1 mg/L during the 28-day larval test.
Serine protease inhibitor cvSI-1 potential role in the eastern oyster host defense against the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus

The serine protease inhibitor cvSI-1, purified from plasma of eastern oysters, inhibited the proliferation of the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus in vitro. In situ hybridization located cvSI-1 gene expression in basophil cells of the digestive tubules and cvSI-1 expression measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was several hundred folds greater in digestive glands than in other organs examined or circulating hemocytes. cvSI-1 gene expression was also significantly greater in winter than in summer. Finally, cvSI-1 gene expression and plasma protease inhibitory activity in oysters selected for increased resistance to P. marinus were significantly greater than in unselected oysters. These findings support the hypothesis that cvSI-1 plays a role in eastern oyster host defense against P. marinus possibly through inhibition of parasite proliferation.
Longitudinal dispersion of solutes in porous media solely by advection

The purpose of this work is to predict the transport of non-sorbing solutes through water flow in the subsurface. We derive what we consider to be the first reliable calculations of the entire distribution of arrival times, W(t), for non-sorbing solutes in advective flow in strongly disordered porous media. Solutes treated can be contaminant plumes from any source or radioactive tracers, both experimentally and naturally generated. Our approach is microscopic and based on effects of disorder. It generates longitudinal dispersion (in the direction of flow) in the absence of diffusion. Effects on dispersion from a single capillary tube velocity distribution, known to produce long-tailed arrival time distributions, are also neglected. On the other hand, our calculations are based on effects generated from real porous media, such as wide pore-size distributions and complex connectivity. In particular, the calculation of the distribution of arrival times is based on a distribution of conserved fluxes and the k...
Copyright in the networked world: digital legal deposit

Legal deposit is the requirement that particular types of material be deposited with a national library or designated research libraries. US law does not at present include any requirement for the deposit of works that exist solely in the form of Web pages. For digital materials, it makes no sense to write rules for legal deposit based on the medium. Nations and national libraries that ignore legal deposit for digital works will find themselves missing a significant and unrecoverable portion of their cultural heritage.
Population Dynamics of Two Aquatic Salamanders, Siren intermedia and Amphiuma tridactylum in the Mississippi Delta

Abstract. Siren intermedia and Amphiuma tridactylum are aquatic salamanders that live in temporal ponds, swamps, sloughs, ditches, and sluggish streams. The salamanders' population dynamics, especially survivorship, and migration patterns are generally unknown in the Mississippi Delta. At Delta State University's Center for Science and Environment Education, five small ponds were used to develop a model to determine selected population parameters of S. intermedia and A. tridactylum. Modified minnow traps baited with bacon were used to capture the salamanders safely without disturbing the habitat. Upon capture, length (cm) and weight (g) were determined. Each individual was tagged by inserting a Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT tag) into the muscular portion of the tail. They were then returned to the original pond of capture. The goal of this project was to determine the population size, survivorship, and migration patterns of S. intermedia and A. tridactylum. Fifty two S. intermedia and 29 A. tridacty...
An extension of the special factorization with applications to Wiener-Hopf equations☆

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a factorization that generalizes the special factorization. Applications to Wiener-Hopf equations and filtering are also presented.
Ethical theory and principles: Do they have any relevance to problems arising in everyday practice?

Abstract This review of ethical theories with application to two difficult obstetric cases will allow the practicing obstetrician and gynecologist to use these theories to help resolve difficult ethical dilemmas. In the first case a pregnant human immunodeficiency virus–infected woman refuses to take triple preventive therapy, with potential fetal harm. In the second case a couple with a quintuplet multifetal pregnancy needs assistance to decide about selective termination to effect fetal reduction. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:301-8.)
Marginal seal afforded by n-butyl and isobutyl cyanoacrylates as cavity liners.

Abstract Teeth subjected to identical conditions of treatment, oral environment, and temperature cycling apparently demonstrated different leakage patterns. Those cycled in the fluorescein showed slight evidence of leakage when viewed under ultraviolet light, while those teeth cycled in the C 14 -labeled glucose showed considerable leakage. From this study, it appears that radioactive tracer techniques are essential to demonstrate leakage patterns that might not be revealed in dye-penetration studies. 7
The Role of Biomarkers in the Health Assessment of Aquatic Ecosystems

Much progress has been made in abating the impacts on aquatic ecosystems of industrial wastewaters, intensive agriculture, and large urban centres. Nowadays the short term consequence of stress from such sources is less frequently the death and destruction of fish populations or entire communities of organisms. Large scale fish kills are now less common. Scientific attention has shifted to the effects on ecosystems of long term exposures to sublethal stressors. Although use of the term ‘ecosystem health’ is a topic of debate, the metaphor can usefully reflect a state of well being or absence of impaired survival, growth, reproduction, and recruitment problems in an ecosystem's key organisms. The present article explores the use of the physiological and biochemical responses of organisms to stressors, the so-called ‘biomarkers,’ to assess and study the sublethal effects of chemical stressors in fish. Fish were chosen as the organism of example because they are key components of practically all aquatic ecos...
Full-glacial summer temperatures in eastern North America as inferred from Wisconsinan vegetational zonation

Abstract A variety of types of fossil evidence — pollen, macrofossils, and snails — document the occurrence of boreal forest species at low latitudes of eastern North America duringthe last full glacial (18,000 yr B.P.). Both the northern and southern boundaries of boreal coniferous forest are determined by limiting values of summer warmth. Knowledge of these limiting factors permits construction of a gradient of Wisconsinan summer temperatures. The reconstructed temperature departures are 5–12°C for the eastern part of the continent south of the ice, with temperature departures of no less than 5–6°C along the Gulf coast. Information regarding occurrence of tundra and depression of treeline in the Appalachian mountains provides another estimate of summer temperature depression that is in agreement with these results. Comparison with proxy data from other parts of the world shows that the degree of temperature depression is of about the same degree as that postulated for the tropics (Rind and Peteet, 1985; Lui and Colinvaux, 1985) on the basis of the elevational shifts in vegetational zones and snowline. Quantitative estimates of past temperatures (or temperature departures) of the type produced here are valuable because they permit comparison with model simulations of the full-glacial climate. The depression in summer temperatures indicated is lower than most recent modeling results using CLIMAP boundary conditions and adds to suggestions that the reconstructed sea-surface temperatures used as boundary conditions in simulations of glacial and Holocene climates may be in error.
Commuting pairs and triples of matrices and related varieties

Abstract In this note, we show that the set of all commuting d -tuples of commuting n×n matrices that are contained in an n -dimensional commutative algebra is a closed set, and therefore, Gerstenhaber's theorem on commuting pairs of matrices is a consequence of the irreduciblity of the variety of commuting pairs. We show that the variety of commuting triples of 4×4 matrices is irreducible. We also study the variety of n -dimensional commutative subalgebras of M n (F) , and show that it is irreducible of dimension n 2 −n for n⩽4 , but reducible, of dimension greater than n 2 −n for n⩾7 .
Proton-proton final state interaction in the p + 3He reaction

Abstract The proton-proton final state interaction was studied using the 3He + p → d + p + p reaction both in single counter, kinematically “incomplete” (Ep = 30.2 and 46.0 MeV) and angular correlation, kinematically “complete” (Ep = 46.5 MeV) experiments. In the single counter experiment the angular dependence of the final state interaction was determined between ϑlab = 10° and ϑlab = 50°. A Watson-Migdal calculation was used to fit the experimental deuteron spectra near the high-energy cutoff; the calculated distributions obtained for a choice of reasonable parameters were found to be wider at the peak than the experimental data indicated. The angular correlation experiments were performed at counter settings at which the contributions from p-p final state interaction were expected to be relatively large; these particular experiments indicated: (i) that p-p final state interaction contributes significantly to the three-body process and, (ii) that the proton pair is preferentially emitted with an internal energy of E2p ≈ 0.4 MeV. A Watson-Migdal calculation applied to the angular correlation experiments gave good agreement with the experimental results. An explanation for the difference in fitting single counter or angular correlation experiments is given.
Did Ranchers and Slaughterhouses Respond to Zero-Deforestation Agreements in the Brazilian Amazon?

New supply chain interventions offer promise to reduce deforestation from expansion of commercial agriculture, as more multinational companies agree to stop sourcing from farms with recent forest clearing. We analyzed the zero-deforestation cattle agreements signed by major meatpacking companies in the Brazilian Amazon state of Para using property-level data on beef supply chains. Our panel analysis of daily purchases by slaughterhouses before and after the agreements demonstrates that they now avoid purchasing from properties with deforestation, which was not the case prior to the agreements. Supplying ranchers registered their properties in a public environmental registry nearly 2 years before surrounding non-supplying properties, and 85% of surveyed ranchers indicated that the agreements were the driving force. In addition, supplying properties had significantly reduced deforestation rates following the agreements. Our results demonstrate important changes in the beef supply chain, but the agreements’ narrow scope and implementation diminish outcomes for forest conservation.
Mariátegui and Latin American Marxist theory

Jose Carlos Mariategui, the Peruvian political theorist of the 1920s, was instrumental in developing an indigenous Latin American revolutionary Marxist theory. He rejected a rigid, orthodox interpretation of Marxism and applied his own creative elements, which he believed could move a society to revolutionary action without the society having to depend upon more traditional economic factors. His interpretation of Peruvian history had a profound effect upon subsequent social movements throughout Latin America. This volume reviews the essential elements of Mariategui's thought and important influences on his intellectual development. It demonstrates the role he played in defining a Latin american identity, the nature of his intellectual contribution to the development of indigenous revolutionary movements in Latin America, and the inflluence he had on successful revolutionary movements in Cuba and Nicaragua. An understanding of Mariategui's thought is fundamental to understanding the nature of revolutionary changes in Latin America."
Proto-Indo-European verb-finality: Reconstruction, typology, validation

Although the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European as verb-final is widely accepted, there continue to be dissenting opinions (e.g. Friedrich 1975). See e.g. Pires & Thomason (2008), who question the fruitfulness of Indo-European syntactic reconstruction. In this article I address two issues: First, the reconstructable subordination strategies, including relative-correlative structures, are perfectly in conformity with verb-final typology — pace Lehmann (1974) and Friedrich (1975) who considered relative clauses with finite verbs and relative pronouns incompatible with SOV. Second, verb-final reconstruction makes it possible to account for prosodic and segmental changes that single out finite verbs, such as the non-accentuation of Vedic finite verbs and i-apocope preferentially targeting finite verbs in Italic, Celtic, and Baltic-Slavic. Both developments find a natural, prosodically motivated explanation if we accept PIE as SOV, but not if we do not accept that reconstruction. These facts show that, pace Pires & Thomason (2008), the reconstruction of PIE as verb-final is a fruitful hypothesis.
Cd1−XZnXTe thin films and junctions

Cadmium zinc telluride has a tunable band gap in the 1.45–2.26 eV range and is therefore a suitable candidate for the top cell in tandem solar cell applications. The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of polycrystalline thin films of Cd1−XZnXTe for solar cell applications. Two deposition technologies, cosputtering and co-close-spaced sublimation (co-CSS) were used for the deposition of Cd1−XZnXTe. Both processes were calibrated to yield a band gap of 1.65–1.75 eV, the optimum range for tandem solar cells. Single-phase Cd1−XZnXTe films have been obtained with both technologies. Films deposited by cosublimation exhibited larger grain size and overall better microstructure than films deposited by sputtering. Cd1−XZnXTe-based junctions of the superstrate configuration have been fabricated. Various wide band gap materials, such as CdS, SnO2, ZnO, and ZnSe were utilized as window layers. Solar cell performance for as-deposited junctions was found to be limited due to poor collection. Improvements in collection and overall solar cell characteristics can be attained by subjecting the devices to a postdeposition heat treatment. Although junctions based on CdS yielded the highest VOC's, the most improved collection and highest JSC's were demonstrated with CZT/SnO2 junctions.
Classification of Equilibrium Configurations of Wetting Films on Planar Substrates

We suggest a rigorous formulation of the problem of classification of equilibrium configurations of wetting films on solid surfaces and in pores taking into account capillary and adhesion forces. As example, cylindrical films and drops of a van der Waals liquid on planar substrates are considered. Rewritten as a dynamic system, the Derjaguin equation for equilibrium interfaces is analyzed in detail without numeric calculation of interfacial profiles, providing a simple way for understanding the different wetting regimes. This method allows us to enrich the arsenal of well-known explicit solutions responsible for clarifying such physical problems as wetting and dewetting, capillary condensation and desorption, imbibition and drainage, droplet formation, and foaming on inhomogeneous substrates and in pores.
Interchangeable backgrounds for cone afterimages.

Abstract Observations of afterimages indicate that red and green cone sensitivities can be modified independently by bleaching, providing a way to estimate their sensitivities in the normal eye. The foveal afterimage of a red and green bipartite field is allowed to fade against a steady red background. A change of background color from red to green generally revives a bipartite afterimage. If two conditions are met. however, a uniform, borderless afterimage is revived instead. These conditions are: (1) the radiances of the bleaching hemifields must be equated for one of two spectrally selective mechanisms and (2) the substituted backgrounds must be equated for the other mechanism. Derived spectral sensitivities of the two mechanisms in the red-green range agree with the spectral sensitivities of protanopes and deuteranopes obtained from visual matches, and also with those derived from temporary artificial protanopia and deuteranopia in normals. The mechanisms are therefore identified with the normal red- and green-sensitive cones, and it is concluded that the sensitivity losses that generated these afterimages were applied independently to separate signals orginating from the two cone types.
Synthesis and structure of [Pb(μ-P-t-Bu2)P-t-Bu2]2. A perphosphido lead(II) dimer

Abstract The reaction of PbCl 2 with Li[P- t -Bu 2 ] affords the dimeric Pb(II) compound, [Pb(μ-P- t -Bu 2 )P- t -Bu 2 ] 2 ( 1 ). The structure of 1 was established by X-ray crystallography. Compound 1 reacts with MeLi to afford the “ate” complex, [Pb(P- t -Bu 2 ) 2 Me]Li.
Update on Primary Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common bone disorder encountered in clinical practice. It is also one of the most important diseases facing our aging population. In the United States alone, an estimated 1.5 million fractures that occur annually are attributed to osteoporosis, and they account for an estimated $13 billion annually. With the projected increase in life expectancy for the global population, osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures have the potential to become an even larger health-care problem in the future. This article focuses on the evaluation and treatment of primary osteoporosis in women.
Medication use to treat memory loss in dementia: Perspectives of persons with dementia and their caregivers

Treatment decisions for symptoms associated with dementia are complex, involving persons with dementia, caregivers and physicians. Our exploratory focus group research examined the views of Caucasian and African-American persons with dementia (n= 19) and their caregivers (n= 19) surrounding use of and hopes for existing medications to treat the symptoms of memory loss, willingness to stop medication use at some point in the future, and willingness to try medications that may become available. Participants in our focus groups expressed relatively high hopes for what medications could do to treat memory loss, a general willingness to try hypothetical new treatments, even those with serious side-effects and high costs, and were optimistic that scientists would find new treatments to significantly affect the course of memory loss in their lifetimes. Our results suggest caregivers and persons with dementia need better information about the likely impacts of medications in order to make informed treatment decis...
Sparse LMS with segment zero attractors for adaptive estimation of sparse signals

Adaptive sparse signal estimation is needed for obtaining accurate channel knowledge in communication systems where the system response can be assumed to contain many near-zero coefficients. For sparse filter design, the zero-attracting LMS (ZA-LMS) incorporates the l 1 norm penalty function into the quadratic LMS cost function to promote the sparseness during the adaptation process. The reweighted ZA-LMS (RZA-LMS) is developed using reweighted zero attractors with better performance. In this paper, we propose two new sparse LMS algorithms with segment zero attractors, referred as Segment RZA-LMS and Discrete Segment RZA-LMS. The Segment RZA-LMS outperforms RZA-LMS by using a piece-wise approximation of the reciprocal in the iterative algorithm of RZA-LMS. The Discrete Segment RZA-LMS is further developed to achieve faster convergence speed and lower steady state error performance than Segment RZA-LMS.
The Pin 1 inhibitor juglone attenuates kidney fibrogenesis via Pin 1-independent mechanisms in the unilateral ureteral occlusion model

Pin 1 is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase inhibitor related to cyclophilin A and FK506 binding protein (FKBP). Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a natural inhibitor of Pin 1 with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. We evaluated the role of Pin 1 in renal fibrogenesis by evaluating the effects of juglone on epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrogenesis in the rat unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model and normal rat tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E). After 2 weeks of UUO, immunoblot analyses demonstrated that juglone (0.25 and 1 mg/kg/24 h) inhibited the deposition of matrix (α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen type III and vimentin) and the activation of signaling pathways involved in fibrogenesis (phospho-smad2) and stress response (phospho-heat shock protein (HSP)27). Juglone also reduced EMT (α-SMA and E-cadherin dual staining) and oxidative stress (Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NAPDH oxidase 2 (Nox-2) dual staining) in the obstructed kidney. There was no difference in Pin 1 levels between treatment and control groups. Pin 1 activity was significantly decreased in obstructed kidneys regardless of treatment status. In vitro, juglone (1 μM) significantly decreased α-SMA and p-smad levels compared to vehicle. Juglone attenuates fibrogenesis via Pin 1-independent mechanisms in the UUO model. The antifibrotic effects of juglone may result from the inhibition of smad2 and oxidative stress.
The China Challenge: Observations on the Outlook for the 21st Century

A senior American Sinologist and noted specialist on the geography of China outlines a series of most significant challenges facing that country as it continues its spectacular economic rise in the early 21st century. The main theme of his observations is China's ability to cope with internal challenges viewed as the key to likely success in the future. In addition to a number of demographic, environmental, and economic issues, the author discusses the possibility of change in the political system dominated by the Chinese Communist Party, which plays a distinct role in the relationship between economic reform and political emancipation. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, I31, J10, O15, P20. 3 figures, 1 table, 28 references.
Expression of functional bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase in the yeast rer2Δ mutant and CHO cells

During evolution the average chain length of polyisoprenoid glycosyl carrier lipids increased from C55 (prokaryotes) to C75 (yeast) to C95 (mammalian cells). In this study, the ability of the E. coli enzyme, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPS), to complement the loss of the yeast cis-isoprenyltransferase in the rer2Δ mutant was tested to determine if (55)dolichyl phosphate (Dol-P) could functionally substitute in the protein N-glycosylation pathway for (75)Dol-P, the normal isoprenologue synthesized in S. cerevisiae. First, expression of UPPS in the yeast mutant was found to complement the growth and the hypoglycosylation of carboxypeptidase Y defects suggesting that the (55)polyprenyl-P-P intermediate was converted to (55)Dol-P and that (55)Dol-P could effectively substitute for (75)Dol-P in the biosynthesis and function of Man-P-Dol, Glc-P-Dol and Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol (mature DLO) in the protein N-glycosylation pathway and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor assembly. In support of this conclusion, mutant cells expressing UPPS (1) synthesized (55)Dol-P based on MS analysis, (2) utilized (55)Dol-P to form Man-P-(55)Dol in vitro and in vivo, and (3) synthesized N-linked glycoproteins at virtually normal rates as assessed by metabolic labeling with [(3)H]mannose. In addition, an N-terminal GFP-tagged construct of UPPS was shown to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Consistent with the synthesis of (55)Dol-P by the transfected cells, microsomes from the transfected cells synthesized the [(14)C](55)polyprenyl-P-P intermediate when incubated with [(14)C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate and [(3)H]Man-P-(55)Dol when incubated with GDP-[(3)H]Man. These results indicate that (C55)polyisoprenoid chains, significantly shorter than the natural glycosyl carrier lipid, can function in the transbilayer movement of DLOs in the endoplasmic reticulum of yeast and mammalian cells, and that conserved sequences in the cis-isoprenyltransferases are recognized by, yet to be identified, binding partners in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells.
Linguistic Denial and Linguistic Self-Denial: American Ideologies of Language.

SUMARIOLa negation y la auto-negacion linguistica: Las ideologias del lenguaje en Estados UnidosEl norteamericano demuestra multiples y altercantes percepciones, creencias, actitudes y marieras de razonar en cuanto a argumentas concernientes a la politica del idioma. Sin embargo, las principales ideologias norteamericanas relativas al idioma son semejantes en cuanto a su negacion de inigualdad linguistica: su existencia, sus consecuencias y la posibilidad de sobrellevarla.Aquellos que luchan por los derechos de las minorias linguisticas aceptan algunas de las suposiciones principales de sus adversarios. Estas suposiciones incluyen el desunificante impacto politico de diversidad linguistica dentro de la poblacion, la validez de competencia linguistica como un indice de lealtad nacional, la neutralidad etnica del idioma ingles comun, la inferioridad intrinsica de los dialectos, la suficiencia de la fuerza de voluntad para dominar el idioma principal de la sociedad, la suficiencia de este dominio para progresar economicamente, y la exclusion por derecho del idioma en las categorias protegidas por ley contra la discriminacion.Estas generalizaciones surgen principalmente de debates politicos y opiniones judiciales acerca del reconocimiento oficial, en las elecciones y en las escuelas publicas, del idioma espaňol y del ingles empleado por la poblacion negra.RESUMOMalagnoskoj pri malegaleco: La lingvaj opiniaroj en UsonoInter usonanoj oni trovas diversajn kaj konfliktajn perceptojn, kredojn, emojn kaj rezonadojn pri la lingva politiko. La cefaj usonaj lingvaj ideologioj tamen similas pro tio, ke ili neas la lingvan malegalecon. Ili neas gian ekziston, giajn konsekvencojn kaj gian venkeblecon.Batalantoj por la rajtoj de lingvaj malplimultoj akceptas iujncefajn supozojn de siaj kontrauuloj. Inter tiuj estas supozoj ke: lingva diverseco en la statanaro kauzas politikan malunuecon, lingvoscio valide indikas nacian lojalecon, la norma angla lingvo estas etne neutrala, dialektoj estas nature malindaj, oni povas mastri lacefan lingvon de sia socio se oni tion nur volas, tia mastreco suficas por ekonomia sukceso, oni juste ne aplikas al lingvaj grupoj la jurajn protektojn kontrau diskriminado. Tiujn generaligojn apogas cefe debatoj kaj jugistaj decidoj pri la oficialeco de la hispana kaj la nigrangla lingvoj ce la balotprocezo kaj en la publikaj lernejoj.
The Largest Open Reading Frame (pks12) in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genome Is Involved in Pathogenesis and Dimycocerosyl Phthiocerol Synthesis

The cell wall lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are probably involved in pathogenesis. The largest open reading frame in the genome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, pks12, is unique in that it encodes two sets of domains needed to produce fatty acids. A pks12-disrupted mutant was produced, and disruption was confirmed by both PCR analysis and Southern blotting. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that a 430-kDa protein band present in the wild type was missing in the mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS analysis of tryptic peptides showed that 54 peptides distributed throughout this protein matched the pks12-encoded sequence. Biochemical analysis using [1-14C]propionate as the radiotracer showed that the pks12 mutant was deficient in the synthesis of dimycocerosyl phthiocerol (DIM). SDS-PAGE, immunoblot analysis of proteins, and analysis of fatty acids showed that the mutant can produce mycocerosic acids. Thus, the pks12 gene is probably involved in the synthesis of phthiocerol, the diol required for DIM synthesis. Growth of the pks12 mutant was attenuated in mouse alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S, and the virulence of the mutant in vivo was highly attenuated in a murine model. Thus, pks12 probably participates in DIM production and its expression is involved in pathogenesis.
Light Localization in Woodpile Photonic Crystal Built via Two-Directional Etching Method

This paper describes designs, fabrication, and optical properties of subwavelength-scale light localization components in 3-D woodpile photonic crystal materials. Designed microcavities and waveguide geometries can be built with N-directional etching fabrication method (N = 2), which produces structures consisting of a combination of N 2-D air trench geometries. The microcavities and waveguides consist of straight dielectric rods only. In surface reflectance measurements, fabricated woodpile photonic crystals exhibit high reflectivity due to a photonic bandgap in infrared optical wavelength ranging from 1200 nm to about 1550 nm, matching with numerical calculation results. A variety of woodpile photonic crystals are fabricated with 2-D etching method, including (100) and (110) woodpile photonic crystals in silicon and gallium arsenide. This opens up the possibility of designing surface Bloch modes. A high quality factor is expected in the microcavity fabricated by vertical etching on top and side wafer facets. For a dipole mode, the Q factor of 105 requires a woodpile of 9 × 9 × 7 unit cells only. Three types of waveguide designs are studied. In a double-hetero junction woodpile, a self-collimation state is found and analyzed. Single-mode lateral and vertical optical waveguide modes in a complete photonic bandgap are presented, and would become basic components in 3-D integrated optics based on woodpile photonic crystals. Due to the confinement of light in complete photonic bandgap materials, the loss can be suppressed in a large woodpile photonic crystal.
Mixed-ligand systems containing quadruple bonds. Capture and structural characterization of an intermediate in the ligand exchange process leading to new carboxylates of the dimolybdenum(4+ unit. Synthesis and X-ray crystallographic and electrochemical studies of Mo2[(η5-C5H4CO2)Fe(η5-C5H5)]2(O2CCH3)2(C5H5N)2 and [Mo2](η5-C5H4CO2)Fe(η5-C5H5)]4(ax-CH3CN)(ax-DMSO)](DMSO)2

Abstract The compounds Mo2[(η5-C5H4CO2)Fe(η5-C5H5)]2(O2CCH3)2(C5H5N)2 and [Mo2[(η5-C5H4CO2)Fe(η5-C5H5)]4(ax-CH3CN)(ax-DMSO)](DMSO)2 have been prepared by ligand exchange on Mo2(O2CCH3)4 by ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid. The first compound, an intermediate in the complete carboxylate exchange process used in the synthesis of more exotic carboxylates of the quadruply-bonded dimolybdenum(4+) unit crystallizes in the orthorhombic system space group Pbca (no. 61), with a 8.063(1), b 20.653(2), c 21.095(1) A, V 3513(3) A3 and Z = 4. The structure was refined to discrepancy indices R1 = 0.057 and R2 = 0.068. The compound is (a) the first reported tetracarboxylate of dimolybdenum(4+) possessing two different carboxylate ligands; (b) an example of the relatively rare trans geometry seen only infrequently in dimers containing a mixture of bridging ligands. The second compound is the final product for the ligand exchange process. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P 1 (no. 2), with a 11.877(7), b 13.491(11), c 9.922(12) A. α 105.57(2), β 105.62(2), γ 101.86(2)°, V 1407(6) A3 and Z = 1. The compound possesses both eclipsed and staggered ferrocene moieties. The structure was refined to discrepancy indices R1 = 0.0632 and R2 = 0.107. Both compounds exhibit one-electron oxidations with potentials very close to that of the ferrocene-ferrocenium couple itself. Attempts to further oxidize either of the compounds led to their destruction.
The TRA-1A Sex Determination Protein of C. elegans Regulates Sexually Dimorphic Cell Deaths by Repressing the egl-1 Cell Death Activator Gene

The hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are generated embryonically in both hermaphrodites and males but undergo programmed cell death in males. The gene egl-1 encodes a BH3-containing cell death activator that is required for programmed cell death in C. elegans. Gain-of-function (gf) mutations in egl-1 cause the inappropriate programmed cell death of the HSNs in hermaphrodites. These mutations lie 5.6 kb downstream of the egl-1 transcription unit and disrupt the binding of the TRA-1A zinc finger protein, the terminal global regulator of somatic sexual fate. This disruption results in the activation of the egl-1 gene in the HSNs not only in males but also in hermaphrodites. Our findings suggest that in hermaphrodites TRA-1A represses egl-1 transcription in the HSNs to prevent these neurons from undergoing programmed cell death.
Robust recognition of loud and Lombard speech in the fighter cockpit environment

The major goal of this research is to reduce the discrepancy in recognition performance between normal and abnormal speech, given that reference templates were derived only from normal speech. A method is devised that uses the differences in spectral slope between linear predictive coding log magnitude spectra to weight the point-by-point energy differences between the spectra. The distances of all reference tokens of like phonemes are combined to form a smallest cumulative distance (SCD) method. When SCD is combined with the method of slope-dependent weighting (SDW), the most significant success is obtained. In terms of error rates for a fixed phoneme vector length of five, SDW+SCD is found to reduce the difference in error rate between normal and abnormal speech by approximately 50%. >
Fish Associations and Environmental Variables in Age-0 Colorado Squawfish Habitats, Green River, Utah

ABSTRACT Age-0 Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius were sympatric with seven native and 15 introduced fishes in the Green River, Utah, 1979–88. Larval Colorado squawfish was the most abundant fish captured in summer drift (38%), which included suckers Catostomus spp. (33%), speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus (14%), and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (3%). However, ephemeral shoreline embayments (backwaters) used by Colorado squawfish as nursery habitats were dominated by introduced fishes, including red shiner Notropis lutrensis (87%) in summer, and red shiner (65%) and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (16%) in autumn. Abundance of most fishes was highest in years of lower, more historic summer flows. Most fishes in backwaters inhabited a wide range of environmental conditions, but were most abundant in habitats deeper than 15 cm. We detected no segregation in habitat use between young Colorado squawfish and non-native fishes. Hydrologic conditions in the regulated Green River presumably favor t...
Multiple Protein Regions Contribute to Differential Activities of YABBY Proteins in Reproductive Development

Members of the YABBY family of putative transcription factors participate in abaxial-adaxial identity determination in lateral organs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Two YABBY genes specifically expressed in reproductive structures, CRABS CLAW (CRC) and INNER NO OUTER (INO), have additional activities, with CRC promoting nectary development and carpel fusion, and INO responding to spatial regulation by SUPERMAN during ovule development. All YABBY coding regions, except YABBY5, were able to restore outer integument growth in ino-1 mutants when expressed from the INO promoter (PRO(INO)). However, INO was the only YABBY family member that responded correctly to SUPERMAN to maintain the wild-type gynoapical-gynobasal asymmetry of the outer integument. By contrast, INO, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER, and YABBY3 failed to complement crc-1 when expressed from PRO(CRC). Roles of individual regions of CRC and INO in these effects were assessed using chimeric proteins with PRO(INO) and PRO(CRC) and the relatively constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus PRO(35S). Regions of CRC were found to contribute additively to CRC-specific functions in nectary and carpel formation, with a nearly direct relationship between the amount of CRC included and the degree of complementation of crc-1. When combined with INO sequences, the central and carboxyl-terminal regions of CRC were individually sufficient to overcome inhibitory effects of SUPERMAN within the outer integument. Reproductive phenotypes resulting from constitutive expression were dependent on the nature of the central region with some contributions from the amino terminus. Thus, the YABBY family members have both unique and common functional capacities, and residues involved in differential activities are distributed throughout the protein sequences.
Preventing and diagnosing software upgrade failures

Modern software systems are complex and comprise many interacting and dependent components. Frequent upgrades are required to fix bugs, patch security vulnerabilities, and add or remove features. Unfortunately, many upgrades either fail or produce undesired behavior resulting in service disruption, user dissatisfaction, and/or monetary loss. To make matters worse, when upgrades fail or misbehave, developers are given limited (and often unstructured) information to pinpoint and correct the problems. In this dissertation, we propose two systems to improve the management of software upgrades. Both systems rely on environment information and dynamic execution data collected from users who have previously upgraded the software. The first (called Mojave) is an upgrade recommendation system that informs a user who intends to upgrade the software about whether the upgrade is likely to succeed. Regardless of Mojave's recommendation, if the user decides to upgrade and it fails, our second system (called Sahara) comes into play. Sahara is a failed upgrade debugging system that identifies a small subset of routines that are likely to contain the root cause of the failure. We evaluate both systems using several real upgrade failures with widely used software. Our results demonstrate that our systems are very accurate in predicting upgrade failures and identifying the likely culprits for upgrade failures.
Multiresolution characterization of interictal epileptic spikes based on a wavelet transformation

A wavelet transformation is applied to electrocorticogram (ECoG) records from epileptic patients. The temporal sharpness associated with interictal spikes at different resolutions is observed and two ways for representing the multiresolution sharpness of the spikes are proposed.
Study of close space sublimation (CSS) Grown SnS thin-films for solar cell applications

We report ou characterization of SnS thin films grown by high temperature close space sublimation (CSS) method. The CSS grown films are slightly Sn-rich and show high degree of crystalmity with orthorhombic (Herzeubergite) crystal structure. The as deposited SnS has direct transition at about 1.3 eV with a very high absorption (α ∼104 cm−1) in risible light range. Hall measurements in Van der Pau configuration suggest p-type conductivities with carrier concentrations in the order of 1017 – 1018 cm−3. Despite baring poor adhesion, C dS/SnS solar cells synthesized on FTO-coated glass substrates in superstrate configuration have demonstrated non-zero cell efficiencies. With application of SnCl4 treatment and Au back contact, we achieved a 0.1% cell efficiency with a VOC of 108 mV, a JSC of 2.2 mA/cm2 and a FF of 36.2%. The large band offsets, high carrier concentration, and poor adhesion are the limiting factors for the solar cell performance.
The MLPQ System

MLPQ, short for Management of Linear Programming Queries, is a constraint-relational database system that is continuously built and updated at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln since 1995. The initial goal of the MLPQ system was to seamlessly extend traditional relational database systems. For example, MLPQ extends the minimum and maximum aggregation operators, which relational database systems apply only to a finite set of constant values, to operators that find the minimum or the maximum of a linear function over k attribute variables, which range over a k-dimensional polyhedral space represented by rational linear inequality constraints in the database. Of course, that is exactly linear programming, something that goes way beyond the normal capabilities of relational databases and was thought before to be a “separate issue.” This separation was unfortunate because raw operations research data needs to be often reformulated before it becomes suitable as input to a linear program solver. MLPQ allows such reformulations to be done by simple database queries.
Activation and Inactivation of Rostral Superior Colliculus Neurons During Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements in Monkeys

Neurons in the intermediate and deep layers of the rostral superior colliculus (SC) of monkeys are active during attentive fixation, small saccades, and smooth-pursuit eye movements. Alterations of...
Historical and Theological Perspectives on the Rise of Arminianism and the Place of Seventh-day Adventism in the Calvinist-Arminian Debate

This article provides a brief historical survey of some of the theological issues raised by Arminius and The Remonstrance , and seeks to identify the key theological arguments that anchor the Arminian perspective of the Adventist doctrine of salvation. Four hundred years ago, in 1610, a group of Dutch pastors and theologians published a document in which they responded to the accusations of heresy leveled against the teachings of their colleague, Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius, who had recently died (1609). This document encapsulated Arminian teachings on the doctrine of salvation in five points and subsequently became known as The Remonstrance , a French noun referring to an official and well-articulated document to protest or raise objections about a law or an edict. In the years that followed, the teachings of The Remonstrance became a rallying point for those who were dissatisfied with traditional Calvinism. In 1618, during the Synod of Dort, Reformed theologians fought against the Arminian soteriology presented in The Remonstrance and formulated their own response to the five points of Arminianism. This eventually became known as the five points of Calvinism, otherwise referred to as TULIP (the Total depravity of human beings, the Unconditional election of the redeemed, the Limited atonement of Christ only for the redeemed, the Irresistible grace of God toward the redeemed, and the Perseverance of the Saints). Subsequent decades and centuries witnessed waves of conflicts among many Christian Protestant religious groups that traced their theological roots to either Calvinism or Arminianism. The Seventh-day Adventist understanding of salvation clearly finds its roots in the Arminian Remonstrance and Wesleyan Methodism, but also brings its own unique theological nuances and contributions to this doctrine.
Physical Education in the Light of the Social Sciences

(1939). Physical Education in the Light of the Social Sciences. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 567-611.