cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) using high specific activity [125I]NGF

The process of the retrograde transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) has been recharacterized using a high specific activity preparation of [125I]NGF. Most of the general conclusions reached in the previous studies of Hendry, Thoenen and co-workers have been confirmed. However, significant quantitative differences were noted. Intraocular (anterior eye chamber) administration of [125I]NGF (< 10 ng) resulted in accumulation in the superior cervical ganglia beginning at about 4 h. The ratio of radioactivity in the ipsilateral contralateral ganglia was 15–30:1. Maximal accumulation was seen at about 12 h in the hamster and 16 h in rats. This pattern was quite different from that seen in other tissues. The uptake system from the eye of the rat was saturable (half-maximal at 15 ng) with maximal accumulation of 35–40 pg/ganglion. Systemic administration of [125I]NGF (200 ng) to adult rats resulted in no accumulation in SGG or celiac ganglion prior to 3 h, with subsequent rapid accumulation by 6 h and a rapid fall in radioactivity after 12 h. A similar time course was seen in 5-day-old rats, although the time curve was shifted slightly toward shorter time. The radioactivity in ganglia co-migrated with native NGF by SDS gell electrophoresis. Cytochrome c of comparable specific activity was not transported, and NGF did not stimulate the uptake and transport of cytochrome c. The retrograde transport of [125I]NGF was inhibited by the co-administration of biologically active, but not inactive, oxidized derivatives of NGF. By any route of administration, a significant percentage of the transported [125I]NGF was found in a purified nuclear fraction of the ganglia. Coupled with previous observations of specific nuclear NGF receptors in embryonic chick and sympathetic ganglia, this suggests that, after internalization and retrograde transport, NGF may directly act on the nucleus to produce at least some of its effects on the responsive cell.
Visual activation of neurons in the primate pulvinar depends on cortex but not colliculus

Superior colliculus lesions had little effect on the visual response of neurons in the monkey inferior pulvinar. By contrast, striate cortex lesions eliminated the visual response of all inferior pulvinar neurons for a period of 3 weeks after the lesion. At longer survival times, a few pulvinar neurons responded to small light spots, but sensitivity to orientation and direction of movement never returned. Thus striate cortex, rather than the colliculus, appears to be responsible for the visual properties of pulvinar cells.
Bone metastatic LNCaP-derivative C4-2B prostate cancer cell line mineralizes in vitro.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone. However, unlike many other tumors that produce osteolytic lesions, prostate cancer produces osteoblastic lesions through unknown mechanisms. In the current study, we explored the ability and mechanism of an osteotropic prostate cancer cell line (C4-2B) to induce mineralization. METHODS C4-2B cells were grown in promineralization media. Mineral deposition was characterized using von Kossa staining, calcium retention, alizarin red staining, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Expression of osteoblast-related proteins was determined by RT-PCR. The nuclear level of the bone-specific transcription factor Cbfa1 was determined using western analysis and the effect of inhibiting Cbfa1 function, using a “decoy” Cbfa1 response element oligo, on mineralization was determined. RESULTS The studies demonstrated that C4-2B cells, but not its nonosteotropic parent cell line LNCaP, has an osteoblastlike phenotype including production of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and OPG ligand. Most importantly, the C4-2B cells produced hydroxyapatite mineral in vitro. Furthermore, C4-2B cells expressed high nuclear levels of the bone-specific transcription factor Cbfa1, compared to LNCaP cells, which accounts for their ability to produce bone-specific proteins. Inhibition of Cbfa1, using decoy DNA Cbfa1 response elements, abrogated the ability of C4-2B to produce mineral. Finally, we determined that C4-2B cells express bone morphogenic protein-7, a known inducer of Cbfa1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a novel mechanism through which prostate cancer cells may directly contribute to the osteoblastic component that characterize their skeletal metastatic lesions. Prostate 47:212–221, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Early and selective pathology of light chain neurofilament in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of G86R mutant superoxide dismutase transgenic mice

Pathologic accumulation of neurofilament protein (NF), both within spheroids of the proximal axon and within inclusions of motor neuron somata, is a hallmark of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Transgenic mice that express mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), which were genetically linked to familial ALS, develop symptomatology and pathology that strongly resemble ALS and therefore provide a useful model for studying the disease. Examining NF in the G86R mutant SOD-1 transgenic mice, we previously demonstrated that phosphorylated NF accumulates in motor neuron somata of symptomatic transgenic mice. In the present study, we expand these results by examining the immunocytochemical distribution of the three subunits of NF (i.e., light, medium, and heavy chains) as well as tubulin in presymptomatic and symptomatic SOD-1 transgenic mice. Although all NF subunits, but not tubulin, accumulate along with phosphorylated NF in the spinal cord inclusions of symptomatic mice, numerous inclusions containing only light chain NF are found in the spinal cord of presymptomatic SOD-1 transgenic mice. In addition to these results in the spinal cord, intensely immunoreactive aggregates of NF-L, but not the other NF subunits or tubulin, were observed in the sciatic nerve of both symptomatic and presymptomatic mutant SOD-1 transgenic mice. These results suggest that the mechanism of NF alteration in SOD-1 transgenic mice, and also perhaps in ALS patients, originates with the disruption of NF-L, only later involving the other subunits.
Neuropeptide SF is associated with reduced food intake in chicks

To our knowledge appetite-associated effects of neuropeptide SF (NPSF) are unreported. Thus chicks were intracerebroventricularly injected with 3.8, 7.5 and 15.0 nmol of NPSF and they reduced both their food and water intake. Blood glucose concentration was not affected. Additionally, NPSF-treated chicks did not exhibit any behaviors that were associated with stress or that may be competitive with ingestion. We conclude that NPSF is associated with anorectic and antidipsogenic effects.
Some transition metal complexes of 8-aminoquinoline

Abstract The reaction of 8-aminoquinoline with chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (II) and (III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and platinum(II) salts has been studied. In many instances definite compounds were prepared. Magnetic moments, molar conductances, infra-red, visible and ultra-violet spectra were measured for some of these compounds. 8-Aminoquinoline was found to be very susceptible to oxidation in the presence of certain metal ions.
Manganese(II) catalyzed sulfur dioxide oxidation in aqueous solution at environmental concentrations

Abstract Manganese(II) catalyzed SO 2 oxidation in aqueous solution at atmospheric concentrations over the wide pH range from 3 to 8 has been studied by using a continuously flowing stirred reactor. The S(IV) oxidation rate is proportional directly to both Mn(II) and S(IV) concentration in the solution with a rate constant of k = (5.1 +- 0.5) × 10 3 / mole −1 s −1 at 23.7†C. The rate constant is constant over the range of pH from 3 to 6, while it sharply decreases below pH = 3 and above pH = 6. The activation energy is obtained to be 17.8 kcal mole −1 . This pH dependence is discussed in terms of the solution chemistry of both S(IV) and Mn(II) as a function of pH and in terms of the complex formation of Mn(II) with S(IV) species on the basis of the observed anion effect on the reaction rate.
Scattering of Phonons by Electrons in Germanium-Silicon Alloys

The theory developed by Ziman for the scattering of phonons by electrons is extended to high temperatures using the formalism of Klemens and Callaway. The theory is applied to the experimental results recently published by Dismukes et al. on the effect of doping on the thermal conductivity of Ge-Si alloys. After subtracting the electronic contribution from the measured thermal conductivity, the resulting lattice conductivity is analyzed. In describing the effect of doping, the deformation potential is the only free parameter; its value is adjusted for each sample to obtain agreement with the experimental data at 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, which is close to the Debye temperature. The theory then predicts the correct temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity. The deformation potentials, derived in this manner, are found to be higher for $n$-type than for $p$-type material, and to increase with carrier concentration. For lightly doped $p$-type and $n$-type material, values of 1.2 and 1.6 eV were obtained, respectively, which compare well with the available literature data.
Transient Thermal Evaluation for Integrated Motor Control System With Multiple Dynamic Heat Sources

A detailed transient thermal analysis for a single-chip silicon Integrated Motor Control System with multiple dynamic heat sources with various applications in electronics packaging is performed using numerical simulations. The challenge resides in the transient thermal interaction between the various dynamic heat sources, activated simultaneously at different powering profiles. Several operating steps are simulated, and the transient thermal behavior for each source is identified during the process. The peak temperature reached by one of the main motors (powered for 3.6W@15ms) is 68.1°C, ∼14°C lower than its peak temperature with all the other heat sources on, indicating the thermal impact of the surrounding heat sources on the main motor within the first 15 ms. The temperature limits are not exceeded by the system during operation. When the die is powered with uniform 1.6W under steady state conditions, the peak temperature reaches ∼74.8°C (associated junction-to-ambient Rja thermal resistance is ∼31.2°C/W. The replacement of the custom-made board with a standard JEDEC board leads to a drop in the overall junction-to-ambient thermal resistance by almost 20%. An analytical validation for an equivalent simplified transient model is performed. The short-time thermal transient study and the specific set of boundary conditions are a close approximation to the closed form solution of the one-dimensional semi-infinite solid exposed to a uniform heat flux at its free surface. The analytical results are in good agreement with the simulation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Seed mass of Indiana Dune genera and families: Taxonomic and ecological correlates

Several surveys have documented an association among species between habitat type and seed mass, suggesting that habitat attributes impose a direct selective force on seed mass. Previous comparative surveys, however, have not controlled for the statistical effects of shared phylogenetic history (at the genus or family level) and life form when evaluating the relationship between habitat and seed mass. This study of the Indiana Dunes angiosperm flora provides statistical ‘control’ of genus and family membership by: (i) partitioning out the statistical effect of genus membership prior to measuring the effect of habitat on seed mass, and (ii) seeking an association between habitat and seed mass within eight genera (206 species) and ten families (366 species). To measure the associations between ecological factors, taxonomic membership and seed mass, I examined life form, phenological schedules and seed mass among species in 8 genera distributed among 13 habitat types (assigned to 1 of 4 categories of inferred water and light availability). One-way ANOVAS indicated that genus, life form, habitat, water/light category, the onset of flowering and the duration of flowering accounted for 71%, 51%, 10%, 4%, 14% and 14% of the variance in seed mass, respectively. However, multi-factor ANOVAS measured the variance in seed mass accounted for by each variable independently of the others: only genus explained a significant proportion (11%). Genus membership is strongly associated with the other ecological factors, accounting for the difference between one-way and multi-factor ANOVAS. Within the ecologically widespread genera and families of this study, there was no significant association between water/light category and seed mass, even though this association can be detected across taxa. Among congeners and confamilials, interspecific variation in seed mass (measured as the coefficient of variation) was as high within habitat types as among them, suggesting that habitats do not provide upper limits to the range of seed mass exhibited by the species within them. A previous study of 648 Indiana Dune species showed that species segregate among habitats on the basis of seed size; large-seeded species tend to occupy closed habitats and small-seeded species tend to inhabit open habitats. This segregation creates the ecologically meaningful observation that low-light habitats support larger-seeded species than high-light habitats, even though this pattern cannot be detected independently of taxonomic membership. Generalist taxa may occupy a wide range of habitats for reasons other than their seed size. If this is a common feature of ecological generalists, it may not be possible to detect an association between habitat and seed size independently of taxonomic membership.
Calculation of matrix elements of | r--> 1 -r--> 2 | +/-1 in a generalized Laguerre polynomial basis

Matrix elements of the two-electron operators ${|{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{i}\ensuremath{-}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{j}|}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}$ decompose into a finite sum of products of angular integrals and radial integrals when a one-electron basis of the form ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{l,m,n}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})={R}_{l,n}(r){Y}_{l,m}(\ensuremath{\theta},\ensuremath{\varphi})$ is used. New methods for computing these matrix elements are given for the choice ${R}_{l,n}(r)={N}_{l,n}{(\mathrm{br})}^{1}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}r){L}_{n}^{(\ensuremath{\alpha})}(\mathrm{br})$ where ${L}_{n}^{(\ensuremath{\alpha})}$ is a generalized Laguerre polynomial and ${N}_{l,n}$ is a normalizing factor. Recursive algorithms are used for efficiency. These algorithms are arranged so that those parts of the calculation which are susceptible to rapid accumulation of roundoff error can be done in exact integer arithmetic.
Temperature control of buildings by adobe wall design

Abstract The adobe house developed in the hot arid climate of the American Southwest has the virtue of being cool in the day and warm in the night. The adobe wall acts as a filter giving nearly a 12-hr phase lag in the outside temperature oscillation. However, on reaching the inside, the oscillation suffers a strong attenuation in amplitude. In a previous paper it was shown that if the resistivity of the wall could be varied in a certain way from outside to inside, thenthe attenuation would be considerably reduced. In this paper a formula is given for the minimum possible attenuation under given design restrictions. Then it is shown how to make an optimum wall by suitably proportioning two or three layers of different materials. Numerical illustrations are given.
Ultrasensitivity and heavy-metal selectivity of the allosterically modulated MerR transcription complex.

Abstract The MerR metalloregulatory protein is a heavy-metal receptor that functions as the repressor and Hg(II)-responsive transcription activator of the prokaryotic mercury-resistance (mer) genes. We demonstrate that this allosterically modulated regulatory protein is sensitive to HgCl2 concentrations of 1.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(-8) M in the presence of 1.0 x 10(-3) M dithiothreitol for half-maximal induction of transcription of the mer promoter by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in vitro. Transcription mediated by MerR increases from 10% to 90% of maximum in response to a 7-fold change in concentration of HgCl2, consistent with a threshold phenomenon known as ultrasensitivity. In addition, MerR exhibits a high degree of selectivity. Cd(II), Zn(II), Ag(I), Au(I), and Au(III) have been found to partially stimulate transcription in the presence of MerR, but concentrations at least two to three orders of magnitude greater than for Hg(II) are required. The molecular basis of the ultrasensitivity and selectivity phenomena are postulated to arise from the unusual topology of the transcription complex and a rare trigonal mercuric ion coordination environment, respectively. This mercuric ion-induced switch is to our knowledge the only known example of ultrasensitivity in a signal-responsive transcription mechanism.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING PRECIPITATION PARTICLES FROM AIRCRAFT

Abstract A brief review is presented of the methods available for airborne cloud-droplet measurements. A foil technique for measuring liquid precipitation particles (greater than 100 µ diameter) is discussed with respect to development, calibration, flight testing, and application.
Circulating HLA-DR+ natural killer cells have potent lytic ability and weak antigen-presenting cell function

Whether a freshly isolated immune cell can be equipped with both natural killing and antigen-presenting cell (APC) function has recently become controversial in mice. We sought to probe the existence of a candidate human cell with these properties by searching for cells in healthy subjects that co-express APC surface molecules and NK cell receptors. We have found that CD3(-)CD14(-)CD19(-) mononuclear cells of human blood, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes contain two distinct populations of cells that co-express HLA-DR (DR) and CD56. Circulating CD56(+) cells expressing high levels of DR were phenotypically and functionally similar to conventional CD56(-)dendritic cells (DC). Furthermore, we demonstrate here that a separate cohort of CD56(+) cells that express low levels of DR are NK cells that possess dual function as potent killers endowed with weak APC function.
Treatment of harvest discharge from intensive shrimp ponds by settling.

Abstract Effluent from intensively managed shrimp ponds was examined during harvest when ponds were drained. Concentrations of nutrients and solids in effluents were significantly higher during the final 20 cm of discharge (16% of pond volume), but greatest increases occurred during the final 5 cm of discharge (3.9% of pond volume). When the final 20 cm of pond discharge was allowed to settle, near maximum sedimentation for most variables occurred within 6 h. Settling removed total nitrogen less effectively than other nutrients. Within 6 h, 100% of settleable solids, 88% of total suspended solids, 71% of volatile solids, 63% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 31% of total nitrogen and 55% of total phosphorus had sedimented from the final 20 cm of effluent. For the total pond this represented 61% settleable solids, 40% total suspended solids, 24% total volatile solids, 12% BOD, 7% total nitrogen, and 14% total phosphorus. Of the total amount removed during settling, 61% of settleable solids, between 18 and 26% of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus, and between 34 and 45% volatile and suspended solids were found in the final 20 cm of discharge (16% of pond volume). A simple treatment of pond effluents at harvest can be effected by shunting the last 10–20% of discharge through a settling pond with no more than 6-h of residence.
Formal–informal sector interaction in rural credit markets

Abstract The majority of small cultivators in the less developed countries are not regarded as credit-worthy by the formal sector financial institutions, and are forced to borrow from the moneylenders in the informal credit market. This paper shows that when such borrowers differ in their likelihood of default, and the moneylenders are asymmetrically informed about the client-specific degree of risk, the policy of providing cheap credit through the formal sector can generate adverse `composition effects' which worsen the terms of credit and the availability of loans in the informal sector.
Fairness in the face of conflict: dividing environmental assets and obligations

The growing scarcity of natural capital fuels disputes over borders and use rights. Global industrialisation increases the creation of toxic waste while environmental consciousness intensifies the calls for abatement. Litigation is a costly cure. In the United States of America, expenditures on Superfund litigation have exceeded $10 billion. Remedies for excessive legal costs include settlement-encouraging civil rules and methods of fair division. A better understanding of the impediments to fair and timely settlement is needed to guide the formation of new conflict resolution techniques and distinguish those with merit. This article surveys current approaches to conflict and the necessary conditions for their success. It is the first to explain how relatively new methods including the Sincerity Rule and Final Offer Auctions can equitably divide expenditures on environmental obligations without trial. Successful remedies will promote the expediency of clean-up efforts and reduce the burden of conflicts over natural capital.
Visualizing large 3D geodesic grid data with massively distributed GPUs

Geodesic grids become increasingly prevalent in large weather and climate applications. The deluge amount of simulation data demands efficient and scalable visualization capabilities for scientific exploration and understanding. Given the unique characteristics of geodesic grids, no current techniques can scalably visualize scalar fields defined on a geodesic grid. In this paper, we present a new parallel ray-casting algorithm for large geodesic grids using massively distributed GPUs. We construct a spherical quadtree to adaptively partition and distribute the data according to the grid resolution of simulation, and ensure a balanced workload assignment over a large number of processors from different view angles. We have designed and implemented the entire rendering pipeline based on the MPI and CUDA architecture, and demonstrated the effectiveness and scalability of our approach using an example of large application on a supercomputer with thousands of GPUs.
Policies, priorities, and event‐interactions: The need for distinctions in foreign policy research

The author argues that insufficient attention has been paid to clarifying the distinction between policy and events. Without such clarification the research cannot effectively measure and evaluate the results of specific foreign policies, nor provide policy makers with sufficient information on which to base future decisions. The author makes the point: “Researchers can monitor foreign policy actions and events, but policies themselves cannot be inferred from those actions.” The solution to this nexus of problems lies in a broader, more thorough application of event data analysis.
A Finite Element Study on Variations in Mass Transport in Stented Porcine Coronary Arteries Based on Location in the Coronary Arterial Tree

Drug-eluting stents have a significant clinical advantage in late-stage restenosis due to the antiproliferative drug release. Understanding how drug transport occurs between coronary arterial locations can better help guide localized drug treatment options. Finite element models with properties from specific porcine coronary artery sections (left anterior descending (LAD), right (RCA); proximal, middle, distal regions) were created for stent deployment and drug delivery simulations. Stress, strain, pore fluid velocity, and drug concentrations were exported at different time points of simulation (0-180 days). Tests indicated that the highest stresses occurred in LAD sections. Higher-than-resting homeostatic levels of stress and strain existed at upwards of 3.0 mm away from the stented region, whereas concentration of species only reached 2.7 mm away from the stented region. Region-specific concentration showed 2.2 times higher concentrations in RCA artery sections at times corresponding to vascular remodeling (peak in the middle segment) compared to all other segments. These results suggest that wall transport can occur differently based on coronary artery location. Awareness of peak growth stimulators and where drug accumulation occurs in the vasculature can better help guide local drug delivery therapies.
A Comprehensive Review of the Effectiveness of Different Exercise Programs for Patients with Osteoarthritis

Exercise is recommended as a first-line conservative intervention approach for osteoarthritis (OA). A wide range of exercise programs are available and scientific evidence is necessary for choosing the optimal strategy of treatment for each patient. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effectiveness of different types of exercise programs for OA based on trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses in the literature. Publications from January 1997 to July 2012 were searched in 4 electronic databases using the terms osteoarthritis, exercise, exercise program, effectiveness, and treatment outcome. Strong evidence supports that aerobic and strengthening exercise programs, both land- and water-based, are beneficial for improving pain and physical function in adults with mild-to-moderate knee and hip OA. Areas that require further research include examination of the long-term effects of exercise programs for OA, balance training for OA, exercise programs for severe OA, the effect of exercise programs on progression of OA, the effectiveness of exercise for joint sites other than the knee or hip, and the effectiveness of exercise for OA by such factors as age, sex, and obesity. Efforts to improve adherence to evidence-based exercise programs for OA and to promote the dissemination and implementation of these programs are crucial.
Activation of K+ channels in renal medullary vesicles by cAMP-dependent protein kinase

ADH, acting through cAMP, increases the potassium conductance of apical membranes of mouse medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle. The present studies tested whether exposure of renal medullary apical membranes in vitro to the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase resulted in an increase in potassium conductance. Apical membrane vesicles prepared from rabbit outer renal medulla demonstrated bumetanide- and chloride-sensitive {sup 22}Na+ uptake and barium-sensitive, voltage-dependent {sup 86}Rb+ influx. When vesicles were loaded with purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (150 mU/ml), 1 mM ATP, and 50 mM KCl, the barium-sensitive {sup 86}Rb+ influx increased from 361 {plus minus} 138 to 528 {plus minus} 120 pM/mg prot.30 sec (P less than 0.01). This increase was inhibited completely when heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (1 microgram/ml) was also present in the vesicle solutions. The stimulation of {sup 86}Rb+ uptake by protein kinase required ATP rather than ADP. It also required opening of the vesicles by hypotonic shock, presumably to allow the kinase free access to the cytoplasmic face of the membranes. We conclude that cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of apical membranes from the renal medulla increases the potassium conductance of these membranes. This mechanism may account for the ADH-mediated increase inmore » potassium conductance in the mouse mTALH.« less
1898: The opposition to the Spanish-American war

This article focuses on the months before the Spanish-American war began in April 1898 and addresses two related questions: first, why was the opposition to the war so strong in the United States; second, why did it not prevail? To explore these questions, the papers of the McKinley administration are examined, along with the Congressional Record and forty-one US newspapers, as well as twelve major European newspapers (British, French, German and Spanish) and the relevant documents from the British and Spanish archives. It is only in the press that one can find a coherent, well-articulated and explicit explanation of the antiwar position.
Social support appraisals and network resources

The conceptual and empirical distinction of social support networks and subjective appraisals of support is increasingly evident in the social support literature. Support appraisals appear especially important in promoting well-being and may serve as the focus of preventive interventions. Yet little is known about the support network resources that promote positive appraisals of support. One hundred thirty-eight community residents participated in a telephone interview, yielding extensive data on the size, composition, and relationship characteristics of networks providing five kinds of support, satisfaction with support, and perceptions of support from family, friends, and others. Regression and canonical correlation analyses yielded complex findings. Support perceptions, and to a much lesser extent satisfaction, were associated with a variety of resource variables, most prominently the size of emotional and socializing networks, the reciprocity and complexity of network relationships, and the proportion of close friends and family members in the network. The implications of the findings for support-based interventions are briefly discussed.
Why computer-mediated communication improves the effectiveness of fraud brainstorming☆

Abstract Current auditing standards require auditors to conduct a fraud brainstorming session aimed at considering ways in which the audit client's financial statements might be fraudulently misstated. Lynch et al. (2009) document that computer-mediated fraud brainstorming is significantly more effective than face-to-face brainstorming for generating relevant fraud risks. In this study, we code and analyze process-level data from the Lynch et al. (2009) study to understand the factors contributing to the greater effectiveness of electronic fraud brainstorming. Specifically, we conduct mediation analysis to discern the degree to which equality of participation and two measures of task focus contribute to greater fraud brainstorming effectiveness when using a computer-mediated communication system compared to traditional face-to-face brainstorming. We also examine participants' perceptions of ease of system use, satisfaction with the process, and satisfaction with the outcome. Overall, the results indicate that the primary reason for the greater effectiveness of electronic fraud brainstorming is the greater degree of task focus as revealed through the length of comments made when using computer-mediated fraud brainstorming. In an absolute sense, participants using electronic brainstorming felt that their brainstorming mode was easy to use and they were satisfied with the process and outcome. The primary contribution of this study is in enhancing our understanding of precisely why computer-mediated fraud brainstorming outperforms face-to-face fraud brainstorming.
A study of the quality, the design and the economy of concrete

Abstract The outstanding results brought out by this investigation were: 1. 1. The Strength and practically all other desirable qualities of concrete except volume changes, increase uniformly with the increase in cement concentration in the amount of water in the concrete at the time of hardening. 2. 2. For a given type and gradation of aggregates the net amount of mixing water in the concrete remains practically constant as long as the placeability 0f the concrete remains approximately constant. Changes in richness of mix may therefore be accomplished by simply substituting g a g c pound of aggregate for each one pound change in the cement content. 3. 3. The economy 0f plain concrete increases very markedly with the increase in strength, with variables such as gradation of aggregates and strength-quality of cement less important. 4. 4. The cost ratio between steel and concrete for equal economy in reinforced concrete columns is: P s P c ′ = 0.18( ƒ 8 ƒ c ′ ) for welded reinforcement and P s P c ′ = 0.15( ƒ 8 ƒ c ′ ) for spliced reinforcement. 5. 5. The strength of the concrete has relatively small effect upon the economy of reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure. 6. 6. The balanced reinforcement approaches the most economical design for present-day cost ratios and ordinary strength of the concrete. 7. 7. The economy of the reinforcing steel is directly proportional to the ratio between its unit price and yield-point stress.
In vitro synthesis of infectious dna of murine leukaemia virus.

DNA synthesised in vitro by purified virions of murine leukaemia virus is infectious. Neither RNA nor protein is required for infectivity. Transfection with reverse transcriptase product shows a single-hit dose response and results in the production of complete, infectious virus.
The effect of pneumococcal vaccine on the disposition of theophylline

Pneumococcal vaccine is frequently given to chronic obstructive airway disease patients who are maintained on theophylline therapy. Several studies demonstrating the effect of viral and bacterial vaccines on drug metabolism prompted our evaluation of the effect of pneumococcal vaccine on theophylline pharmacokinetics.
The 24-Hour Time Budget of Przewalski Horses

Abstract A herd of 8 Przewalski horses were observed on pasture in summer. Fifteen-minute focal animal samples were used to determine the time budget of the horses during the periods 00.00–04.00, 04.00–08.00, 08.00–12.00, 12.00–16.00, 16.00–20.00 and 20.00–24.00 h EDT. The behavioral states recorded were feeding (grazing and eating grain), nursing, drinking, standing, stand-resting, self-grooming, mutual grooming, locomoting, playing, and lying laterally and sternally. The average number of behavioral states occurring per hour, and the defecation, urination, aggression and vocalization rates were also determined. Overall, the horses spent 46.4 ± 5.9% of their time feeding, 1.3 ± 0.1% nursing, 0.5 ± 0.1% drinking, 20.6 ± 5.4% standing, 15.7 ± 3.2% stand-resting, 1.7 ± 0.2% self-grooming, 2.2 ± 0.7% mutual grooming, 7.4 ± 1.0% locomoting, 1.2 ± 0.3% playing, 1.2 ± 0.5% lying laterally and 4.1 ± 3.0% lying sternally. The horses averaged 45.2 ± 5.8 behavioral states per hour, and 0.2 ± 0.0 defecations, 0.3 ± 0.0 urinations, 1.5 ± 0.3 aggressions and 0.7 ± 0.1 vocalizations per hour. The horses spent the greatest amount of time foraging between 20.00 and 04.00 h, when the temperatures were lower. They spent 68.2 ± 2.2% of their time between 20.00 and 24.00 h feeding, but only 31.2 ± 2.1% of their time feeding between 08.00 and 12.00 h. Recumbent rest was most common between 00.00 and 04.00 h. As temperatures rose during the daylight hours, the horses spent more time drinking and standing, rather than grazing. Stand-resting was the most common form of rest during the day. The horses exhibited the greatest number of activities per hour from 08.00 to 20.00 h. While standing in close proximity to one another during these hours, the horses exhibited the highest number of aggressions per hour (1.9–2.4).
On the validity of the TDT test in the presence of comorbidity and ascertainment bias

Comorbidity, the association of two disorders, occurs commonly with complex diseases. In this paper, we investigate the effects of both true (within-family) comorbidity and spurious comorbidity due to ascertainment bias on the validity of both the parental and sibling control transmission/disequilibrium test. Specifically, we consider settings in which a candidate gene is unlinked to the target phenotype but is in linkage disequilibrium with a comorbid phenotype. We derive conditions under which the presence of true and/or spurious comorbidity will result in an artificial correlation between the target phenotype and the candidate gene.
Genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 in hexaploid wheat.

The genetic control of NADH dehydrogenase-1 (NDH-1) and aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (AADH-2) was investigated in Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Evidence was obtained that NDH-1 is active as a monomer and is encoded by genes located in the p arms of the homoeologous group 4 chromosomes. The NDH-1 gene loci located in 4 Ap, 4Bp, and 4Dp were designated Ndh-A1, Ndh-B1, and Ndh-D1, respectively. Aadh-A2 was previously reported to be located in 6Aq; in this study, Aadh-B2 and Aadh-D2 were localized in 6Bq and 6Dq, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase-1 is expressed on AADH-2 zymograms; the presence of a contaminating aliphatic alcohol in one or more reagents is suggested as the probable cause of this phenomenon.
Spatial distribution of the electron-hole droplet cloud in Ge

This paper reports measurements of the spatial distribution of the electron-hole droplet (EHD) cloud as a function of sample thickness. The results provide evidence for the ballistic motion of the EHD and the nonsphericity of the EHD cloud, and bring the previously reported spatial distribution measurements of Martin, Feldman, and Worlock et al. more closely into agreement with one another.
Categorical Approaches to the Diagnosis of Autism: An Overview of DSM-IV and ICD-10

Although autism was first reported in 1943 nearly 40 years elapsed before the disorder was included as an official diagnosis in the American (DSM) classification system. In the last two decades guidelines for the diagnosis of this, and related, conditions have evolved based on a growing body of research. An important recent development has been the convergence of the American (DSM) and International (ICD) diagnostic systems. Although these two official systems differ somewhat in format and intended use, the advent of consistent approaches to the diagnosis of autism will facilitate both research and clinical service. Data that have informed the development of these systems are reviewed and areas of continuing controversy are noted.
Hyperprolactinemia and infertility: new insights

Clinical vignette: A 29-year-old woman is referred for management of infertility. After menarche at age 12, menses occurred irregularly for a year and then became regular. She initiated use of oral contraceptive pills at the age of 18, then stopped at age 27 to try to conceive. Evaluation revealed hyperprolactinemia with serum prolactin of 90 ng/ml; pituitary MRI showed a 6-mm microadenoma. Other pituitary function tested was normal. Therapy was initiated with bromocriptine, but it was poorly tolerated, with fatigue, nausea, and lightheadedness to the point of syncopal events during her work as a hairdresser. Treatment was changed to cabergoline, with similar difficulties. Prolactin levels declined to the 30s–40s, but she was never able to tolerate the medication sufficiently to attain normal prolactin levels, and menses were sporadic and infrequent, with only 2–3 occurring per year. She and her husband had not conceived despite regular unprotected intercourse. She asks whether other medical treatment options might be available for her infertility.
The total synthesis of (±)-naphthyridinomycin. II. Construction of the pentacyclic carbon skeleton.

Abstract A synthesis of an advanced pentacyclic intermediate to the quinone antibiotic naphthyridinomycin ( 1 ) is described. The stereoselective synthesis of 2b from tricyclic lactam 3 1 features a regio- and stereoselective, intermolecular amidoalkylation reaction and a Friedel-Crafts ring closure to annelate the aromatic nucleus.
Confined Optical Phonon Scattering in p-Silicon Nanowires

In this paper, we investigate hole scattering by optical phonons through the deformation potential interaction, which is one of the main mechanisms for dissipation at room temperature. We consider free-standing cylindrical silicon nanowires of radius R, length L, and with the z-axis along the QWR direction (see Fig 1). We assume an infinite cylindrical well potential profile for the holes (i.e. V = 0 inside the wire and V = oo on the radial edges). In conclusion, we found considerably lower scattering rates for confined phonons than if calculated with a continuous phonon spectrum, especially at small radii. In addition, we showed confined phonons favor backward scattering over forward scattering in narrow QWRs. Our results have important consequences for the dissipation processes in nanowire based MOSFETs.
Friction and Adhesion of Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube Structures for Biomimetic Dry Adhesives: Multiscale Modeling

With unique hierarchical fibrillar structures on their feet, gecko lizards can walk on vertical walls or even ceilings. Recent experiments have shown that strong binding along the shear direction and easy lifting in the normal direction can be achieved by forming unidirectional carbon nanotube array with laterally distributed tips similar to gecko’s feet. In this study, a multiscale modeling approach was developed to analyze friction and adhesion behaviors of this hierarchical fibrillar system. Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array with laterally distributed segments at the end was simulated by coarse grained molecular dynamics. The effects of the laterally distributed segments on friction and adhesion strengths were analyzed, and further adopted as cohesive laws used in finite element analysis at device scale. The results show that the laterally distributed segments play an essential role in achieving high force anisotropy between normal and shear directions in the adhesives. Finite element analysis r...
A Critical Assessment of Reynolds Analogy for Turbine Flows

The application of Reynolds analogy (2St/c f ≅1) for turbine flows is critically evaluated using experimental data collected in a low-speed wind tunnel. Independent measurements of St and c f over a wide variety of test conditions permit assessments of the variation of the Reynolds analogy factor (i.e., 2St/c f ) with Reynolds number, freestream pressure gradient, surface roughness, and freestream turbulence. While the factor is fairly independent of Reynolds number, it increases with positive (adverse) pressure gradient and decreases with negative (favorable) pressure gradient. This variation can be traced directly to the governing equations for momentum and energy which dictate a more direct influence of pressure gradient on wall shear than on energy (heat) transfer. Surface roughness introduces a large pressure drag component to the net skin friction measurement without a corresponding mechanism for a comparable increase in heat transfer. Accordingly, the Reynolds analogy factor decreases dramatically with surface roughness. Freestream turbulence has the opposite effect of increasing heat transfer more than skin friction, thus the Reynolds analogy factor increases with turbulence level. Physical mechanisms responsible for the observed variations are offered in each case. Finally, synergies resulting from the combinations of pressure gradient and freestream turbulence with surface roughness are evaluated.
Optical fluence distribution study in tissue in dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy using a modified Monte Carlo convolution method

We have modified the existing convolution method of the Monte Carlo simulation for finite photon beams with both translational and rotational invariance. The modified convolution method was applied to simulate the optical fluence distribution in tissue in dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy. We studied the influence of the size of the dark field and the illumination incident angle on the depth position of the effective optical focus (the region with the highest fluence) and the fluence ratio (the ratio of the optical fluence at the effective optical focus inside the tissue to the optical fluence on the tissue surface along the ultrasonic axis). Within the reach of diffuse photons, the depth position of the effective optical focus increases with the size of the dark field and is much less sensitive to the incident angle. The findings show that, while the fluence at the effective optical focus decreases, the fluence ratio increases with the size of the dark field. The incident angle has a weaker influence on the fluence ratio than the size of the dark field does. An incident angle between 30 and 50 degrees gives the highest fluence at the effective optical focus.
Phenobarbital influences the development of sodium retention in liver disease induced by bile duct ligation in the rat.

The onset of sodium retention in phenobarbital/carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis in rats is preceded by a linear decrease in hepatic function as assessed by the aminopyrine rate constant of elimination. Sodium retention occurs when liver function decreases below a critical aminopyrine rate constant of elimination threshold of 1 min− × 10−3. The objective of this study was to investigate this relationship in a different experimental model of cirrhosis in rats and to learn whether alteration of drug-metabolizing activity by hepatic enzyme induction changes the threshold for urinary sodium retention. Cirrhosis was induced in untreated and phenobarbital-treated rats by bile duct excision. Liver function, assessed by the aminopyrine breath test, and urinary sodium excretion on a constant salt diet were measured weekly for up to 4 wk. In untreated rats, the aminopyrine breath test rate constant of elimination was reduced by about 40% within 1 wk of surgery. Aminopyrine rate constant of elimination then decreased more slowly, but linearly. Urinary sodium excretion was initially unchanged, but sodium retention occurred after 2.5 wk and was maintained until the end of the experiment. Phenobarbitaltreated rats had greater initial aminopyrine rate constant of elimination, but we saw a similar fall in aminopyrine rate constant of elimination of about 40% within 1 wk of bile duct excision to a value still above baseline aminopyrine rate constant of elimination of untreated controls. Aminopyrine rate constant of elimination remained at a plateau for 3.5 wk without changes in urinary sodium excretion. After 3.5 wk, a sudden decrease in aminopyrine rate constant of elimination was associated with the sudden onset of sodium retention. Aminopyrine rate constant of elimination was 1.2 min−1 × 10−2 in both groups when sodium retention occurred. There was no change in serum sodium, serum creatinine or creatinine clearance after sodium retention. These results suggest that the threshold of liver function below which sodium retention occurs is independent of the experimental model of cirrhosis. The observation that phenobarbital induction does not alter the threshold, despite increasing the metabolism of aminopyrine, and that it delays the onset of sodium retention indicates that induction with this drug also influences the hepatic determinant of renal function to a similar extent as oxidative metabolism.(HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11:773-778.)