cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: Fear memory imagery

Psychophysiological response to fear memory imagery was assessed in specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and healthy controls. Heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator muscle were recorded as participants responded to tone cues signaling previously memorized descriptor sentences. Image contents included personal fears, social fears, fears of physical danger, and neutral (low arousal) scenes. Reactions to acoustic startle probes (eyeblink) were assessed during recall imagery and nonsignal periods. Participants were significantly more reactive (in physiology and report of affect) to fear than neutral cues. Panic and PTSD patients were, however, less physiologically responsive than specific phobics and the socially anxious. Panic and PTSD patients also reported the most anxiety and mood symptoms, and were most frequently comorbidly depressed. Overall, physiological reactivity to sentence memory cues was greatest in patients with focal fear of specific objects or events, and reduced in patients characterized by generalized, high negative affect.
MeCP2 expression in human cerebral cortex and lymphoid cells: immunochemical characterization of a novel higher-molecular-weight form.

Most cases of Rett syndrome are associated with mutations in the coding region of MECP2. Here we characterized a novel MeCP2 immunoreactivity, initially detected in normal cerebral cortex, by using a panel of MeCP2 antibodies and a combination of immunochemical techniques. We found that a novel higher-molecular-weight form (~ 100 kDa) of MeCP2 is detected in human frontal cortex nuclear and synaptic fractions and in lymphoid cells. Although in the cortex the higher-molecular-weight form is relatively more abundant than the standard ~ 75 kDa immunoreactivity, in extranuclear locations, lymphocyte lysates show a predominance of the standard 75 kDa band. Lymphoblasts revealed a more complex pattern of MeCP2 expression, with prominent higher-molecular-weight form and both higher-molecular-weight form and 75 kDa MeCP2 immunoreactivities encompassing several closely migrating bands. We also successfully immunoprecipitated both the 75 kDa immunoreactivity and the higher-molecular-weight form MeCP2 from cerebral ...
Molten Salt Synthesis and High Rate Performance of the “Desert‐Rose” form of LiCoO2

The synthesis of a novel nanostructure of LiCoO{sub 2}, and its performance as a cathode for a high-rate lithium ion battery, is described. The LiCoO{sub 2} nanostructure resembles the morphology of a known natural mineral: 'desert rose' gypsum. A range of measurement techniques are used to investigate the growth mechanism of this structure and the origin of its high rate charge/discharge properties.
UPPER CAMPANIAN (CRETACEOUS) AMMONITES FROM THE SHINARISH FORMATION, DJEBEL SINJAR, NORTHWEST IRAQ

The lower part of the Shinarish Formation of Djebel Sinjar, northwest Iraq, yields an ammonite assemblage of Upper Campanian age dominated by heteromorph taxa: Nostoceras (Nostoceras) ellipticum new species, N. (N.)(?) budanyi Foldyna and Vasicek, 1977, N. (N.) cf. hyatti Stephenson, 1941, Exiteloceras(?) etequense Lewy, 1969, Didymoceras sp., unassigned nostoceratid fragments, Solenoceras reesidei Stephenson, 1941, and Lewyites oronensis (Lewy, 1969), together with the normally coiled Hauericeras (Gardeniceras) sp. Several of the species present also occur in the lower part of the Mishash Formation in Israel, in the Gulf Coast region of the United States, and as rarities in the U.S. Western Interior. All occurrences are compatible with an Upper Campanian attribution.
Turbulence, Condensation, and Liquid Water Transport in Numerically Simulated Nonprecipitating Stratocumulus Clouds.

Abstract Condensation and turbulent liquid water transport in stratocumulus clouds involve complicated interactions between turbulence dynamics and cloud microphysical processes, and play essential roles in defining the cloud structure. This work aims at understanding this dynamical–microphysical interaction and providing information necessary for parameterizations of the ensemble mean condensation rate and turbulent fluxes of liquid water variables in a coupled turbulence–microphysics model. The approach is to simulate nonprecipitating stratocumulus clouds with a coupled large eddy simulation and an explicit bin-microphysical model, and then perform a budget analysis for four liquid water variables: mean liquid water content, turbulent liquid water flux, mean cloud droplet number concentration, and the number density flux. The results show that the turbulence contribution to the mean condensation rate comes from covariance of the integral cloud droplet radius and supersaturation, which enhances condensat...
The Process of Making Process: Court Rulemaking, Democratic Legitimacy, and Procedural Efficacy

Since 1934, the United States Supreme Court has had the power to make Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and it has exercised this power through a committee structure comprised of judges, lawyers and legal academics. Until the 1970s, "court rulemaking" ? as this process is commonly called ? was considered by many to be the optimal method of making procedural rules. In recent decades, however, the traditional court rulemaking model has come under attack. Critics complain about the legitimacy of a politically unaccountable process and the efficacy of the rules such a process creates. Much of this criticism reflects a profound shift in thinking about procedural law. Critics reject the idea that civil process is normatively independent of substance. They argue instead that procedure has substantive effects and involves controversial value choices, and they conclude that rulemaking is necessarily "political" and thus requires greater public and political accountability than the traditional court rulemaking model provides. This article critically examines these claims and develops a theory of procedural rulemaking that justifies a major role for courts largely free of legislative interference. The article argues that the main features of court rulemaking ? a court-based, committee-centered, and centralized process ? are well suited to making general constitutive rules that define the basic framework of the procedural system and some of the more detailed rules that control costly forms of strategic behavior. More generally, the proper function of court rulemaking is to develop and maintain an integrated system of rules that reflects the best principled account of procedural practice. On this view, the legitimacy of court rulemaking does not depend on public participation or political accountability, but instead on a model of principled deliberation akin to common law reasoning. After briefly surveying the history of court rulemaking and the decline of the traditional model, the article examines the relationship between procedure and substance at the heart of the modern critique, and evaluates current attempts to justify court rulemaking in the face of that critique. The article then develops a new justification for court rulemaking by analyzing the core features of the traditional model under efficiency, rights-based, and process-based theories of procedural law. The article concludes with some thoughts about the relationship between the Court and Congress under the current Rules Enabling Act.
Signal Transduction Regulation of Autophagy

As a major stress-responsive catabolic pathway, autophagy communicates with a variety of signal transduction pathways ranging from proliferative signaling, metabolic pathways, cell death pathways, and multiple cellular stresses. As such, autophagy needs to be able to integrate diverse signaling events and respond to various complex biological conditions in a highly orchestrated manner. Mechanistically, while the molecular basis underlying the function of the core autophagy machinery has been relatively well established, how does autophagy pathway sense diverse upstream signaling pathways? How does autophagy contribute to the eventual biological outcomes of these signaling pathways? Is there any feedback regulation from autophagy to the upstream signaling pathways? And what governs signal transduction within the core autophagy pathway? This chapter discusses the current understanding of these questions. Particularly, an emphasis is placed on the role of the Atg1/ULK1 complex in sensing the upstream nutrient/energy signaling and relaying the upstream signaling to downstream autophagy machinery.
The Scope, Causes, and Consequences of Homophobia in Africa

The recent introduction in Uganda’s parliament of a bill mandating life imprisonment (in certain instances death) for homosexual behavior has drawn attention to a striking fact of African life: the continent appears to be one of the most homophobic areas on earth. The developments in Uganda are not unique, and some observers have identified a general trend towards harsher repression. This paper will examine anti-gay legislation in Africa, taking care not to gloss over important cross-national differences in its extent and intensity. There follows an assessment of the various factors advanced to explain the observed patterns of homophobia, including the legacy of colonialism, conservative religious beliefs, traditional cultural attitudes, the influence of evangelical Christians and anti-gay campaigners from abroad, reactions against Western gay activism in Africa, the demonizing of sexual minorities by leaders anxious to draw attention away from their countries’ socioeconomic problems, and rejection of Western dominance and/or globalization. Institutionalized homophobia and widespread anti-homosexual attitudes harm their intended targets and contribute to the spread of HIV and AIDS. With international institutions and Western and other governments having embraced gay rights, African countries also risk tarnishing their global image and losing foreign financial investment and assistance. The paper will conclude by considering efforts undertaken to counter homophobia in Africa.
Political Chameleons: An Exploration of Conformity in Political Discussions

Individuals do not always express their private political opinions in front of others who disagree. Neither political scientists nor psychologists have been able to firmly establish why this behavior occurs. Previous research has explored, at length, social influence on political attitudes and persuasion. However, the concept of conformity does not involve attitude change or persuasion; it more accurately involves self-censoring to match a socially desirable norm. In an effort to improve our understanding of this behavior, we conduct two experiments to investigate perceptions and behavioral responses to contentious political interactions. Study 1 asked participants to predict how a hypothetical character would respond to a variety of political interactions among coworkers. In Study 2, participants discussed political issues with confederates who were scripted to disagree with them. The studies reveal that individuals are uncomfortable around political interactions in which they hold an opinion counter to the group. Participants both expected a hypothetical character to conform in Study 1 and actually conformed themselves in the lab session in Study 2.
Why is metformin contraindicated in chronic kidney disease? (May 2014).

A reader comments on why metformin is contraindicated in chronic kidney disease, which was mentioned by Sakhuja et al (Cleve Clin J Med 2014; 81:289–299).
Investigation of Thorium Salts As Candidate Materials for Direct Observation of the 229mTh Nuclear Transition

Recent efforts to measure the 229mTh → 229gTh nuclear transition sparked interest in understanding the electronic structure of wide-gap thorium salts. Such materials could be used to measure this nuclear transition using optical spectroscopy in solid-state devices. Here, we present screened hybrid density functional theory and many-body G0W0 calculations of two candidate materials, namely, Na2ThF6 and ThF4, for such a measurement. Our results show an electronic gap larger than 10 eV for both materials, suggesting that the internal conversion nuclear de-excitation channel would be suppressed in these materials. We also present results for ThX4 (X = Cl, Br, I), materials with smaller gaps significantly easier to access experimentally.
An Attributional View of Attraction: Evaluative Gains versus Favorable Comparisons

Summary.-Kelley's (1967) attribution theory suggests that a selective evaluator whose opinion was more positive toward the target than toward comparison others would be liked more than a gain evaluator whose opinion of the target changed from negative to positive. This hypothesis was tested. In addition, the selective evaluator was compared to a nonselective one, and the gain evaluator was compared to a positive one. The selective evaluator and the positive evaluator were liked more than the gain evaluator. These findings were interpreted by comparing these conditions with a maximum attraction situation implied by Kelley's model. Two prominent studies have demonstrated that, if both have evaluated you positively, a person whose esteem is hard to obtain will be liked better than one who is easier to impress. Aronson and Linder (1965) showed that, if a person changed his evaluation of one individual from negative to positive, he would be liked better than someone who always evaluated that person positively. Walster, Walster, Piliavin, and Schmidt ( 1973) found that a person who evaluates a target person positively while evaluating other people in a lukewarm fashion is liked better than one who evaluates everyone posicively. The present study was undertaken to compare the power of these two strategies to enhance attraction. Aronson and Linder ( 1965) have contended that the increase in approval from the gain evaluator is a more potent reward than the positive evaluator's approval after a sequence of predictable, unswerving approval statements. Berscheid, Brothen, and Graziano (1976) have replicated their findings in a limited context. Mettee and Aronson ( 1974) have suggested that the gain evaluator is like the reluctant female who is lukewarm in early exchanges and becomes more affectionate in later interactions. However, when Walster, et a1. attempted to show the hard-to-get phenomenon with increased approval sequences, they failed. Then by changing from reactions to one person to a situation in which the target person was evaluated in the context of evaluation of others, Walster, et al. were able to demonstrate the effect. They presented information to male subjects indicating how favorably disposed some young women were to dating a number of men, including the subject. They were either enthusiastic about dating all of the men, none of the men, or enthusiastic about dating the subject and neutral toward all the 'This experiment was performed as part of a Master's thesis by the second author ( 1976) under the direction of the first. Requests for reprints should be sent to Charles E. Kirnble, Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469.
Workers and Egypt's January 25 Revolution

One of the less noticed events of the “January 25 Revolution,” as Egyptians call the popular uprising that ousted President Hosni Mubarak, is the formation of the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU). Its existence was announced at a press conference on January 30, 2011, in Cairo's Tahrir Square—the epicenter of the popular movement. The independent unions of Real Estate Tax Authority workers, healthcare technicians, and teachers established since 2008 initiated the new federation. They were joined by the 8.5 million-member retirees' association, which has just received permission to reorganize itself as a professional syndicate, as well as representatives of textile, pharmaceutical, chemical, iron and steel, and automotive workers from industrial zones in Cairo, Helwan, Mahalla al-Kubra, Tenth of Ramadan, and Sadat City. The independent trade union federation was the first new institution to emerge from the popular uprising, and it linked the cause of workers to what was, after January 28, an explicitly revolutionary movement.
Epsilon-near-zero photonic wires

We experimentally demonstrate epsilon-near-zero “photonic wires” supporting optical modes with effective wavelengths 10 times larger than the light's free space wavelength and improved propagation lengths. Design, fabrication, and characterization of the wires will be discussed.
Development of Smart Sensor for Ultra-high-frequency Partial Discharge Detection

To satisfy the requirements of ultra-high frequency(UHF) partial discharge on-line monitoring, we proposed a novel smart sensor for UHF partial discharge online detection based on stacked multiple-arm Hilbert fractal antenna and level scanning system. Moreover, we improved the traditional Hilbert fractal patch by adding parasitic arm and cascading patch structure, and designed a cascading multiple-arm Hilbert fractal antenna with small size, wide frequency band and high gain, which was used as the antenna of smart sensor. The level scanning module for data collection obtained by level scanning method was used as the data acquisition unit of smart sensor. The needle-plate discharge experiment in air was carried out in laboratory, and the full waveform signal sample method and the smart sensor were used to capture and process the signal simultaneously. The experimental results show that the proposed smart sensor can process the UHF partial discharge signal quickly and directly, output the partial discharge figures with small amount of output data, and lower the cost of hardware and small volume of equipment. The discharge figures obtained by the two methods are nearly same, which proves that the smart sensor can capture and process the partial discharge signal accurately.
The prison in the city: Tracking the neoliberal life of the “million dollar block”

The concept of the ‘million dollar block’ refers to the spatially concentrated urban origins of the US prison population, most of whom come from a handful of neighborhoods in the country’s biggest ...
90Y Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin®; 90YZ) Doses Higher Than .4 mCi/kg May Be Safely Combined with High-Dose Beam and Autotransplant: The Role for Dosimetry.

Twenty-eight patients with relapsed or refractory CD20+ NHL have been enrolled in an ongoing phase I trial of dose-escalated 90YZ followed by high-dose BEAM and autotransplant in which the 90YZ dose is patient-specific based on dosimetry. 90YZ doses are calculated to deliver cohort-defined radiation doses (100, 300, 500, ... cGy) to critical organs (liver, lung or kidney), with 3–6 patients per group. On D -22, rituximab (R) 250 mg/m 2 is infused followed by the imaging dose of 111 In Zevalin ® (5 mCi). Imaging is performed immediately post-injection and at 4, 24, 72, and 144 hours; dosimetry is performed on D -15. On D -14, R 250 mg/m 2 is administered followed immediately by 90YZ at the dose calculated to deliver the cohort-prescribed absorbed radiation dose to the critical organ. On D -6 through -1, patients receive high-dose BEAM. On D0, a minimum of 2.0 X 10 6 CD34+ cells/kg is infused and G-CSF 5 μg/kg SQ daily begun. The median age was 54 (range: 25–72) years. NHL histologic subtypes were as follows: mantle cell 5, diffuse aggressive 13, low grade 5, and transformed 5. Most had received 3 or more treatment regimens, including R. The toxicity profile was similar to that associated with high-dose BEAM and included a decrease in DLCO for most patients with one patient at the 500 cGy dose level experiencing a transient decline to below 50% of the predicted value corrected for hemoglobin. The most common grade III/IV toxicities were infection, fever, stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and edema. One patient experienced transient veno-occlusive disease at the 700 cGy dose level. Engraftment occurred at a median of 10 days (range:8–18) to granulocytes ≥ 500/μL, and 21 days (range:13–40days) to platelets ≥20,000/μL . With a median follow-up of one year, the 3 year overall and progression-free survivals are 60% and 50%, respectively. 90-Y Zevalin Dosing by Cohort (median; range) The liver was the critical organ in nearly all cases. Patient-specific doses calculated to deliver a cohort-prescribed absorbed radiation dose to the critical organ were highly variable suggesting that dosing based on weight and not dosimetry is likely to result in a wide range of absorbed dose to critical organs. In the context of this study, 90YZ has been administered to eight patients at doses of .5 mCi/kg or greater. We conclude that with careful dosimetry, 90YZ doses higher than the conventional .4 mCi/kg may be safely combined with BEAM and autotransplant. Accrual continues at the 1300 cGy dose level.
The AUMF Takes on “A Life of Its Own”

Congress authorized the “war” against al Qaeda in a rushed response to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Te statute is known as the 2001 AUMF (Authorization for the Use of Military Force) and it was meant to be a temporary grant of powers to allow the president to fight the perpetrators of the attack. This chapter will introduce the idea that the 2001 AUMF has taken on a “life of its own” and could continue to do so unless harnessed by the Congress. A counterterrorism policy framed as “war,” with all the powers that accrue to the executive branch, could become the “new normal.” The chapter introduces (1) how two administrations used the statute, raising the question of whether it is the “new normal”; (2) how the statute is now out of sync with international political realities; and (3) the plan for the rest of the book.
Optimizing Access Policies for Big Data Repositories: Latency Variables and the Genome Commons

The design of access policies for large aggregations of scientific data has become increasingly important in today’s data-rich research environment. Planners routinely consider and weigh different policy variables when deciding how and when to release data to the public. This chapter proposes a methodology in which the timing of data release can be used to balance policy variables and thereby optimize data release policies. The global aggregation of publicly-available genomic data, or the “genome commons” is used as an illustration of this methodology.
Common Injuries and Conditions in Rowers

The sport of rowing is a rapidly growing endurance sport; because of the low-impact nature, many amateur athletes are trying the sport. With improper technique and the repetitive motions needed in rowing, the athlete can be at risk for overuse injuries in arm/wrists, low back, knees, and ribs. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential in getting the athlete back to sport safely and quickly. Conservative treatment with rest and rehabilitation is the mainstay of treatment for these overuse injuries.
Trends and Predictors of Chemotherapy Use among Thyroid Cancer Patients in the National Cancer Database (2004-2013).

Background/Aim: Beginning in 2011, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) for medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs),
Silicon-Nitrogen Polymers and Ceramics Derived from Reactions of Dichlorosilane, H 2 SiCl 2

Silicon nitride, Si3N4, is of great current interest as a material of high thermal and oxidative stability and high hardness for ceramics, electronic and other applications. 1 Silicon nitride may be prepared by the reaction of elemental silicon with gaseous nitrogen or ammonia at elevated temperatures. Ceramic bodies may be produced directly (reaction sintering) or, alternatively, Si3N4 powder may be obtained first and converted to solid bodies by subsequent processing. 1 Chemical vapor synthesis also has served in the preparation of Si3N4 (films or powders), using high temperature reactions of ammonia with chlorosilanes (H2SiC2, HSiC3, SiC14) for this purpose. 2 Solution-phase chemistry also has found application in the synthesis of Si3N4. In particular, the reaction of ammonia with silicon tetrachloride, carried out in an inert solvent, has been the subject of investigations by a number of groups of workers.3 This ammonolysis reaction initially produces a solid, insoluble, cross- linked product, [Si(NH)2]x, together with four molar equivalents of ammonium chloride. Pyrolysis of this product at 1250°C gives α-Si3N4, but the fact that [Si(NH)2]x is a nonvolatile, insoluble solid brings some limitations to its practical applications.
Does Patient-Centered Medical Home Recognition Relate to Accountable Care Organization Participation?

Abstract As of April 2015, less than 10% of Medicare Shared Savings Program Accountable Care Organizations (MSSP ACOs) included Rural Health Clinics (RHCs). In order to understand why RHCs are not participating in this ACO model in greater numbers, this study examined the influence of several factors on ACO participation. Data for this study were collected via a survey distributed during the summers of 2012, 2013, and 2014 to all RHCs in 9 states. This study had a cross-sectional design using survey research. The unit of analysis was the RHC; the total sample size was 178. This study found that those respondents who reported knowing very little about ACOs had the lowest “willingness to join an ACO” score and that the passage of time increased RHC willingness to join an ACO. Also, patient-centered medical home (PCMH) recognition was the most influential factor related to an RHC's adopting the ACO model. If ACO model adoption is to increase in rural areas, this study suggests that strategies would need to i...
Activity of pentostatin (Nipent) in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: single-agent and combination studies.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) comprises a constellation of diseases of malignant clonal T lymphocytes that present initially in the skin. Since biochemical studies of pentostatin suggested that T cells are more sensitive to the effects of inhibition of adenosine deaminase by purine analogs, early studies with pentostatin were conducted in patients with refractory T-cell neoplasms. Durable responses were reported in several patients on phase I studies. Of 94 CTCL patients treated on five phase II studies with single-agent pentostatin, the overall response rate was 40%, with a 7% complete response rate; the median time to progression ranged from 1.3 to 8.3 months. There was a trend toward improved response in patients with diffuse erythroderma or plaque disease. A phase II study combining pentostatin with intermittent high-dose interferon-alpha demonstrated a 41% overall response rate, with two complete responses, both in patients with Sezary syndrome and diffuse erythroderma Toxicities have been tolerable at doses of 4 to 5 mg/m2 administered weekly or for 3 consecutive days, with grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity in 31 patients, renal insufficiency in seven, nausea in 17, and conjunctivitis in three. In summary, pentostatin has demonstrated impressive activity in patients with advanced and refractory CTCL. Additional studies using pentostatin in earlier-stage CTCL or in combination with other active agents in advanced disease are warranted.
Late-Drought Survey of Freshwater Mussels in the Upper Saline and Smoky Hill Rivers with Emphasis on the Status of the Cylindrical Papershell (Anodontoides ferussacianus)

The Cylindrical Papershell (Anodontoides ferussacianus), considered a “Species in Need of Conservation” in Kansas, historically occurred across much of the state; however, recent studies suggest that the species is currently restricted to the upper Smoky Hill-Saline River Basin, and a survey emphasizing the status of the Cylindrical Papershell conducted in 2011 suggested its conservation status be elevated to endangered. Continuing drought since the completion of the 2011 survey raised concerns regarding the status of the Cylindrical Papershell. The objectives of this study were to evaluate possible drought-related changes in Cylindrical Papershell populations and to evaluate the status of this species in Kansas. Timed, tactile searches were conducted at 19 sites on the Saline River and 21 sites on the Smoky Hill River between July and August 2015. Thirty of these sites were revisited from the 2011 survey. In 2011, 24 live Cylindrical Papershell were observed among 11 sites. Declines in Cylindrical Papers...
'They Ruined Popcorn': On the Costs and Benefits of Mandatory Labels

Do consumers benefit from mandatory labels? How much? These questions are difficult to answer, because assessment of the costs and benefits of labels presents serious challenges. In the United States, federal agencies have (1) claimed that quantification is essentially impossible; (2) engaged in “breakeven analysis”; (3) projected various endpoints, such as health benefits or purely economic savings; and (4) relied on private willingness-to-pay for the relevant information. All of these approaches run into serious normative, conceptual, and empirical objections. Approach (3) will exaggerate what consumers gain, because many people suffer welfare losses when they see labels, whether or not they end up making different choices. (Part of that loss is captured in one reaction to mandatory calorie labels: “They ruined popcorn!”) In principle, approach (4) is usually best, but people may lack the information that would permit them to say how much they would pay for (more) information, and sometimes tastes and values shift over time, which means that willingness to pay may fail to capture welfare effects. These points raise fundamental conceptual, normative, and empirical questions about welfarist approaches to public policy.
A Hilbert Transform Method for Estimating Distributed Lag Models With Randomly Missed or Distorted Observations

Least-squares estimation of the lag coefficients of a distributed lag model is not a straightforward regression problem when the sample has missed or distorted observations. Even though the normal equations can be computed using sums of the available cross products, the asymptotic properties of a solution of these equations are unknown. Since a special computer program is required to compute these normal equations when observations are missed, it is practical to consider another approach to the problem.
Oligarchy (Iron Law)

‘Who says organization, says oligarchy’ (Michels 1959, p. 401). So cautioned the political sociologist Robert Michels in his early twentieth century investigation of the inherent and paradoxical tendencies of mass democratic mobilization. In an analysis of the European socialist movement he knew as an insider, Michels argued that mass democratic organizations have an inevitable tendency to become dominated by an undemocratic elite. A product of the organizational imperatives of modern bureaucratic organization, this ‘closed caste’ maintained itself in power indefinitely through superior management of organizational affairs and co-optation of challengers. The disorganized masses could forestall this development only by forsaking the advantages of modern organization. Built intellectually on Weber's analysis of the ‘iron cage’ of bureaucratic rationality, on Marx's theory of class struggle, on Ostrogorski's study of party machines, and on Pareto and Mosca's elite theory, Michels' analysis expresses a pessimistic view of the possibility for modern mass democracy and radical social reform. Though criticized and emended, his ‘iron law of oligarchy’ continues to be regarded as a powerful insight into modern organization. Michels' Political Parties is certainly one of the classics of modern political sociology.
Removing Measurement Error in Assessing Conformance to Specifications

(This paper has been selected for presentation at the Journal of Quality Technology session of the 26th Annual Fall Technical Conference of the Chemical Division of the American Society for Quality Control and the Section of Physical and Engineering Sci..
The Coevolution of Mammalian Gametes

Mammals, grouped as such because of shared features that include hair, homeothermy, and lactation, are composed of Monotremata (Prototheria), and the Theria, which include Marsupialia (Metatheria), and Eutheria. The latter are often referred to as placental mammals, but this is inappropriate in the strict sense since marsupials also briefly develop a functional placenta.
Some Macromolecular Mechanisms in CNS Neurotransmitter Pharmacology and Their Psychobiological Organization

Although it is often uncomfortable for us to do so, it is both salutary and liberating to acknowledge that in all science in general and in new science in particular, we are theoretically bound by the practical limits of our methodologies. When a limited methodology produces an apparent set of systematic observations and these data are equated with words implying function that have intuitive meaning to the scientist, we are on our way to a cosmology. For example, if inhibition of macromolecular biosynthesis in the brain can be associated with a specifiable defect in a task requiring delayed performance, we begin to talk about the chemistry of memory or the consolidation of experience (Barondes, 1970). If it appears that psychotropic drugs alter the release, re-uptake, or accessability of the receptor to biogenic amine putative transmitters (as defined by the myriad of “turnover technologies”, Costa and Neff, 1970), we begin to develop theories relating amine dynamics to behavior and psychopathology. On one end, this system of tautologies is tied down by a series of assumptions worked out in vitro using drug interactions with synaptosomes and their biogenic amine uptake mechanisms as well as studies of peripheral sympathetic nerve endings treated with drugs. These findings are applied to the CNS via various measures of the “turnover” of the biogenic amine in question using disappearance rates, rates of conversion of substrate to product, or the pattern of metabolites before and after drug treatment (Costa and Neff, 1970). On the other side of the equation may be the drug induced or ameliorated psychopathological state in man, the drug altered behavioral state in animals, or in the case of model peripheral systems, the function of an autonomically innervated peripheral organ (Schildkraut, 1970).
Failure modes and mechanisms for rechargeable Lithium-based batteries: a state-of-the-art review

The Li-ion battery (LiB) is regarded as one of the most popular energy storage devices for a wide variety of applications. Since their commercial inception in the 1990s, LiBs have dominated the consumer market of portable electronic devices, especially for laptops, cell phones, and many medical devices. As the transition of Li-ion batteries from being used in portable electronic devices to longer lifetime and more safety-critical applications, such as electric cars, electrically powered underwater vehicles, and aircrafts, the price of failure has become much more important in terms of both liability and cost (Hendricks et al. in J Power Sources 297:113–120, 2015). This paper reviews the current development and potential problems of Li-ion batteries, particularly focusing on the failure mechanism and its possible solutions of Li-ion batteries. It has been a general consensus that Li-ion batteries will continue to dominate the battery market in the foreseen future as a convenient electric power source. Finally, this paper provides authors’ perspectives on future directions and challenges on experimental and computational modeling aspects of Li-based battery researches, in particular, the failure analysis of Li-based batteries.
Black Mothers and Black Boats: Queer, Indigenous, and Afro-Brazilian Intersections in Ney Matogrosso's "Mãe preta (Barco negro)"

As part of his 1975 solo debut album, Agua do ceu-passaro, Ney Matogrosso recorded a cover of "Barco negro," a Portuguese fado made famous by Amalia Rodrigues and based on an earlier Brazilian song, "Mae-preta," written by Caco Velho and Piratini and recorded by Os Tocantins in 1943. Matogrosso conflates the two versions, titling the track, "Mae preta (Barco negro)." This article marks Matogrosso’s recording as an iteration of transgender voice and locates—in his performance and album artwork—queer, indigenous, and Afro-Brazilian intersections that rework the mae preta figure central to Brazil’s foundational narrative. Making use of Hortense Spiller’s theorization of the trans-Atlantic slave trade as "body-theft," I argue that Matogrosso’s referents and trans voice reembody the Luso-Afro-Brazilian black mother in ways that unsettle Lusotropicalism and haunt Portuguese nationalist tropes.
Strengthening IT Governance and Controls Using COBIT: A Systematic Literature Review

With the emergence of COBIT in 1996, organizations were introduced to a framework that aimed to combine the best practices and provide essential guidelines for the successful business development along with the growth of competitiveness of the organization. Today, COBIT 5 has been adopted by numerous organizations as the primary business framework for the governance and management of enterprise IT. This article explores the evolution of the framework since its genesis to the present. The authors perform a systematic literature review taking into account a total of 93 publications that relate to various aspects of COBIT. The research papers have been categorized on the basis of their scope and on their nature (empirical, conceptual or descriptive). The data collected from these publications are analyzed to identify various trends- commonalities, differences, themes, and the nature of the study. This article also provides an overview in terms of the need of COBIT, the strengths and weaknesses of each version of the framework and how each version addresses the shortcomings of its predecessors. The research article also comprehensively discusses the state of art version of the framework COBIT 5. Further, they present a detailed analysis of how this framework is currently leveraged by organizations to identify and mitigate IT and organizational risk through better governance. In conclusion, this article also discusses the issues faced by the enterprises in its implementation today and scope of future research.
Enemigos naturales y control biológico

Hay muchos insectos beneficos pero solamente hay algunos que son enemigos naturales de plagas. Los enemigos naturales mas comunes de encontrar son: mariquitas/tortolitas, crisopas, antocoridos (Orius), ligaeidos, sirfidos, avispas de agallas, hormigas, avispas parasiticas, moscas parasiticas y acaros depredadores. La importancia relativa varia de acuerdo con cada insecto plaga, el habitat y la estacion o epoca del ano. This 7-page fact sheet was written by Hugh A. Smith and John L. Capinera, translated by Ana Lucrecia MacVean, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in977
Surgeon Preference for Radiologist Interpretation of Deformity Radiographs—A Survey of Lumbar Spine Research Society Membership

ABSTRACT Background The radiologist interpretation of scoliosis films is non-standardized, with some practitioners providing detailed measurements of the deformity whereas others defer the interpretation of the deformity to the ordering surgeon. For radiologists, the standard of care is not clear, and this creates confusion in terms of how much interpretation is required. However, detailed radiologist reports sometimes conflict with the surgeon9s interpretation, which can create confusion for patients who receive the reports, or in extreme cases can lead to insurance denials. Thus, the purpose of this study was to help establish a standard for interpretation of these films by surveying the ordering surgeons and documenting expert opinion about the amount and type of radiologist interpretation that is requested. Methods We designed a SurveyMonkey survey which aimed to look at standard practice for radiologist dictation of scoliosis radiographs. Twelve questions were sent to Lumbar Spine Research Society membership via email with a description of the study. One follow-up email was also sent to non-responders. Results The rate of completed surveys was 46 out of 185 Lumbar Spine Research Society members (25%). Thirty-seven respondents (80%) worked in academic institutions, 33 were orthopedists (71%), and 13 were neurosurgeons (28%). Fifty percent reported that radiologists9 level of detail in dictations was inconsistent at their institution. Detailed numeric reporting was rare (6.5%). When the radiologist did provide numeric measurements, surgeons reported that they often differed from the surgeon9s own measurements, with only 4% reporting that the measurements “rarely” differed from the surgeon9s; 49% reported that the radiologist9s measurements that differed from the surgeon9s had led to insurance denials for their patients. The majority of respondents (70%) did not want the radiologist to provide detailed numeric measurements of the deformity, and 91% reported that the radiologist9s measurements had no impact on their clinical decision making. Conclusions Detailed deformity measurements are time consuming for the radiologist, and would seem to have low clinical utility for the responding surgeons in this survey, with significant potential for discrepancies in interpretation to lead to insurance denials. Level of Evidence IV.
Repair of a Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect in an Adult

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital cardiac abnormalities occurring in five out of every 1000 births. Supracristal VSDs (located above the crista supraventicularis) are very rare and comprise only 2%-3% of all VSDs. Many VSDs close spontaneously during childhood; however, a substantial portion may not and are present in adulthood with a myriad of symptoms. We describe the management of a complex case of an adult patient with a supracristal VSD and resultant severe aortic insufficiency (AI) in the perioperative setting.
Wildflowers and Ferns of Red River Gorge and the Greater Red River Basin

Dan Dourson and Judy Dourson. 2019. Wildflowers and Ferns of Red River Gorge and the Greater Red River Basin. (ISBN-13: 978-1-94966900-8, pbk). South Limestone, 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008, U.S.A. (Orders: kentuckypress.com). $39.95 US, 488 pp., 815 color photos, 68 line drawings, 8 figures, bibliography, index, 6" × 9".
Attraction Preferences of Men who have Sex with Men

The attraction preferences of men who have sex with men (MSM) are largely unknown. While previous research has examined certain aspects tied to masculinity and race, no comprehensive study has been conducted. The current research addressed this gap by conducting two comprehensive surveys of the attraction preferences for MSM participants. The two surveys had participants identify key elements about themselves and then identify the attraction of these same elements in others. The results showed there were no universal ideal preferences for MSMs. That said, we found trends suggesting different body typed individuals have strong preferences for other body types. We discuss the practical implications of these findings, including the potential to predict attraction among the MSM population. This research supports the belief that MSMs have strong preferences for potential sexual partners.
Can GPCRs Be Targeted to Control Inflammation in Asthma

Historically, the drugs used to manage obstructive lung diseases (OLDs), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) either (1) directly regulate airway contraction by blocking or relaxing airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction or (2) indirectly regulate ASM contraction by inhibiting the principal cause of ASM contraction/bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. To date, these tasks have been respectively assigned to two diverse drug types: agonists/antagonists of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhaled or systemic steroids. These two types of drugs "stay in their lane" with respect to their actions and consequently require the addition of the other drug to effectively manage both inflammation and bronchoconstriction in OLDs. Indeed, it has been speculated that safety issues historically associated with beta-agonist use (beta-agonists activate the beta-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) on airway smooth muscle (ASM) to provide bronchoprotection/bronchorelaxation) are a function of pro-inflammatory actions of β2AR agonism. Recently, however, previously unappreciated roles of various GPCRs on ASM contractility and on airway inflammation have been elucidated, raising the possibility that novel GPCR ligands targeting these GPCRs can be developed as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Moreover, we now know that many GPCRs can be "tuned" and not just turned "off" or "on" to specifically activate the beneficial therapeutic signaling a receptor can transduce while avoiding detrimental signaling. Thus, the fledging field of biased agonism pharmacology has the potential to turn the β2AR into an anti-inflammatory facilitator in asthma, possibly reducing or eliminating the need for steroids.
Research Note: Adipogenic differentiation of embryonic fibroblasts of chicken, turkey, duck, and quail in vitro by medium containing chicken serum alone

The study of adipogenesis is one of the most important areas for not only regulating meat quality, but production efficiency associated with fat accretion in the poultry species. Current in vitro models for avian adipogenesis require adipogenic inducers including dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), fatty acids, or insulin. However, problems still remain in these models for testing/screening potential nutritional, hormonal, and pharmaceutical factors because of interfering/overriding effects of the inducing factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a simple in vitro method for avian adipogenesis. In this study, chicken serum (CS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were compared for adipogenic potential using chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF). Oil-red O staining at 4 d in culture of CEF under CS revealed that lipid droplet formation was increased by CS in a dose-dependent manner (0 to 10%). On the contrary, all concentrations of FBS (0 to 10%) alone did not show lipid droplet formation. In accordance with the morphological data of CEF, mRNA expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation/determination, fatty acid uptake, and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, were most significantly up-regulated by 10% CS at d 4 compared to 1 or 5% CS. In addition, embryonic cells isolated from quail (QEF) at E5, duck (DEF) at E6, and turkey (TEF) at E6, were tested for adipogenic differentiation by media containing the same concentrations of CS. Similar to the morphological data from CEF, quantitative data of the Oil-red O staining showed that lipid droplet formation in QEF, DEF, and TEF was increased by CS in a dose-dependent manner (0 to 10%). The current study demonstrates that CS alone can induce adipogenesis on embryonic fibroblasts of various poultry species. By providing a new simple in vitro method of avian adipogenesis, diverse nutritional, hormonal, and pharmaceutical factors can be broadly and easily tested for scientific and industrial purposes.
Was Cheddi Jagan a Latin American? Competing Anglo-American Perceptions of British Guiana

A bitter and significant Anglo-American confrontation took place between 1957 and 1964 over British Guiana. The United States charged that the Indo-Guyanese leader, Cheddi Jagan, would turn the British colony into a Communist state. The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson administrations insisted that London postpone independence for British Guiana and remove Prime Minister Jagan from office. When British leaders resisted, the United States resorted to dispatching CIA agents to the colony to foment strikes and demonstrations and incite racial violence between Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese. President Kennedy also issued a virtual ultimatum to Prime Minister Macmillan. British leaders acceded to US demands and devised an electoral scheme designed to deprive Jagan of power and lead to the election of Forbes Burnham, an Afro-Guyanese politician of dubious merit.