cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Base reaction control for space-based robots operating in microgravity environment

Specialized robots are needed for space stations to conduct experiments and operations without disturbing the microgravity environment through base reactions and/or base motions. Approaches for controlling the robot base include 1) manipulators with redundant degrees of freedom, 2) actuators at the robot base, and 3) a redundant (balancing) arm. An approach making use of manipulator kinematic redundance is explored in detail and both locally and globally optimal trajectory management schemes are discussed. The inverse kinematic problem is solved at discrete time steps simultaneously with the minimization of the robot's base reactions. Numerical examples are presented including various robotic configurations and degrees of manipulator kinematic redundance. A significant reduction in base reactions is observed in each case.
Current trends in pipe bursting for renewal of underground infrastructure systems in North America

Abstract As municipalities seek innovative technologies that can provide cost savings in addressing their underground infrastructure needs, trenchless pipe replacement, or pipe bursting, has become a viable option. Pipe bursting is a construction method used for replacing existing underground water, sewer, or gas infrastructure with a new line of equal or larger diameter. It is the only construction option capable of replacing a pipeline along the same alignment without physically removing the existing line. This provides the advantage of not having to secure additional right-of-way to facilitate installation of a new pipeline. Since its origins during the 1980s, the use of pipe bursting has grown significantly in North America. This paper provides discussion on current trends in trenchless pipe replacement including results captured from a survey questionnaire examining 886 projects from 2007 to 2010 in Canada and the United States. The results examined various factors including equipment utilized, procurement and payment structures, pipe upsizing limits, and construction risks in pipe bursting.
Enthalpy of dilution of aqueous solutions of LiCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, and CsCl at about 373, 423, and 473 K

Abstract The enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of LiCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, and CsCl have been measured at temperatures of about 373, 423, and 473 K. These measurements, together with literature data at lower temperatures, have been used to calculate reliable values of the relative apparent molar enthalpy Lφ, the difference {φ(T) − φ(298.15 K)} in osmotic coefficient on going from 298.15 K to T, and the logarithm ln {γ(T) γ(298.15 K )} of the ratio of activity coefficients at T and 298.15 K. As temperature increases, differences in the thermodynamic properties between the individual salts diminish.
Temporal changes in gene expression induced by sulforaphane in human prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is thought to arise as a result of oxidative stresses and induction of antioxidant electrophile defense (phase 2) enzymes has been proposed as a prostate cancer prevention strategy. The isothiocyanate sulforaphane, derived from cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, potently induces surrogate markers of phase 2 enzyme activity in prostate cells in vitro and in vivo. To better understand the temporal effects of sulforaphane and broccoli sprouts on gene expression in prostate cells, we carried out comprehensive transcriptome analysis using cDNA microarrays. METHODS Transcripts significantly modulated by sulforaphane over time were identified using StepMiner analysis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to identify biological pathways, networks, and functions significantly altered by sulforaphane treatment. RESULTS StepMiner and IPA revealed significant changes in many transcripts associated with cell growth and cell cycle, as well as a significant number associated with cellular response to oxidative damage and stress. Comparison to an existing dataset suggested that sulforaphane blocked cell growth by inducing G2/M arrest. Cell growth assays and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that sulforaphane inhibited cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in prostate cells sulforaphane primarily induces cellular defenses and inhibits cell growth by causing G2/M phase arrest. Furthermore, based on the striking similarities in the gene expression patterns induced across experiments in these cells, sulforaphane appears to be the primary bioactive compound present in broccoli sprouts, suggesting that broccoli sprouts can serve as a suitable source for sulforaphane in intervention trials. Prostate 69: 181–190, 2009. © 2008 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Regional CO2 and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling

[1] Characterizing net ecosystem exchanges (NEE) of CO2 and sensible and latent heat fluxes in heterogeneous landscapes is difficult, yet critical given expected changes in climate and land use. We report here a measurement and modeling study designed to improve our understanding of surface to atmosphere gas exchanges under very heterogeneous land cover in the mostly agricultural U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP). We combined three years of site-level, eddy covariance measurements in several of the dominant land cover types with regional-scale climate data from the distributed Mesonet stations and Next Generation Weather Radar precipitation measurements to calibrate a land surface model of trace gas and energy exchanges (isotope-enabled land surface model (ISOLSM)). Yearly variations in vegetation cover distributions were estimated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index and compared to regional and subregional vegetation cover type estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture census. We first applied ISOLSM at a 250 m spatial scale to account for vegetation cover type and leaf area variations that occur on hundred meter scales. Because of computational constraints, we developed a subsampling scheme within 10 km ‘‘macrocells’’ to perform these high-resolution simulations. We estimate that the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility SGP region net CO2 exchange with the local atmosphere was � 240, � 340, and � 270 gC m �2 yr �1 (positive toward the atmosphere) in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively, with large seasonal variations. We also performed simulations using two scaling approaches at resolutions of 10, 30, 60, and 90 km. The scaling approach applied in current land surface models led to regional NEE biases of up to 50 and 20% in weekly and annual estimates, respectively. An important factor in causing these biases was the complex leaf area index (LAI) distribution within cover types. Biases in predicted weekly average regional latent heat fluxes were smaller than for NEE, but larger than for either ecosystem respiration or assimilation alone. However, spatial and diurnal variations of hundreds of W m �2 in latent heat fluxes were common. We conclude that, in this heterogeneous system, characterizing vegetation cover type and LAI at the scale of spatial variation are necessary for accurate estimates of bottom-up, regional NEE and surface energy fluxes.
Phenotypic variations and differential migration of NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma cells isolated from athymic mice.

Transplantation of the human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line, NIH:OVCAR-3 into athymic mice produces two morphologically distinct tumor cell populations (ascites and solid tumors). In the present study, we isolated both tumor cell phenotypes and investigated their relative malignant potential. Since cytoskeletal and morphological changes correlate with metastatic phenotype, expression of the intermediate-filament protein vimentin was compared between ascites and solid tumors. Ascites tumor cells showed a less differentiated epithelial morphology and concurrently expressed higher levels of vimentin. Ascites cells were more efficient in anchorage independent growth when compared with their solid tumor counterpart. Ascites tumor cells were also highly motile compared with the solid tumor cell population (P=0.006). Migration of ascites tumor cells was further enhanced by type IV collagen, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate A. Solid tumor cells removed from the same animal, however, were not significantly affected by these agents. From these studies, we conclude that ovarian cancer cells present in ascites are phenotypic variants which are highly motile compared with solid tumor cells isolated from the same animal. Ascites tumor cells with increased motility may contribute to peritoneal seeding and metastasis.
Computational and experimental studies on the distribution of addition and substitution products of the microsomal glutathione transferase 1-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione with fluoroalkenes.

The glutathione transferase-catalyzed reaction of glutathione with haloalkenes results in the formation of addition or substitution products or both. Glutathione conjugates of haloalkenes may be metabolized and excreted at different rates, may follow different metabolic pathways, and may exhibit different toxicities. Microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1)-catalyzed conjugation of chlorotrifluoroethene, hexafluoropropene, and 2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene results in differing proportions of addition and substitution products. The aim of the present study was to develop a computational model to predict the outcome of the MGST1-catalyzed reaction of glutathione with haloalkenes. An ab initio computational study of the reaction of ethanethiolate, a surrogate for glutathione, with the chlorotrifluoroethene, hexafluoropropene, and 2-(fluoromethoxy)-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene was conducted. An empirical study was also conducted to quantify the distribution of addition and substitut...
Effects of bias-temperature cycling on electrical characteristics of YBCO/YSZ/Si SuIS capacitors

A bias-temperature cycling technique is developed in the electrical characterization of YBa2Cu307−δ/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/Si capacitors. This technique can be used to determine the electrical properties of the material components and their interfaces in the capacitor. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements under no or weak illumination at temperatures ranging from 295 to 80K reveal that hysteresis due to mobile ions decreases with cooling and become vanishingly small at about 220K. Upon further cooling, a different mechanism due to traps in the YSZ/Si interface dominates the low-temperature hysteresis and stretchout of the C-V curves, which is evidenced by measurements for the illuminated device at 80K.
Ann Eliza Bleecker’s wilderness pastoral: Reading Vergil in colonial America

This study concerns the pastoral poetry of Ann Eliza Bleecker who lived from 1752 to 1783 in the wilderness area of New York. Her brief but tumultuous life there in the midst of the Revolutionary War led her to respond closely to Vergil's poetry and to write in the pastoral tradition not only of the beauty of the countryside but also of the impingement of war, death, and suffering upon that milieu. The conflict between peace and war, natural beauty and its destruction gives her pastoral poetry a depth of meaning and a voice unique among writers of American neoclassical verse. Unlike most of the American poets of the time, Bleecker’s pastorals are set in an identifiably local environment and feature women as the poet/shepherdesses. Most significantly, they concern themselves with some of the dichotomies and tensions so characteristic of Vergil'sEclogues. Bleecker's close reading of Vergil is also evident in a moving poem entitled “On Reading Dryden's Vergil.” Here, Bleecker compares her nocturnal flight from Indians and the death of her baby daughter to Aeneas’s flight from Troy and loss of Creausa in theAeneid. In addition, Bleecker's poetry is in some ways representative of a new American poetry which, in response to the political crisis, begins to express the rising sense of a national identity.
Histocompatibility matching in poor-prognosis penetrating keratoplasty.

Rabbits were haplotyped for the major rabbit leukocyte-locus A (RL-A locus), which is analogous to the human leukocyte-locus A (HL-A locus). The rabbits were divided into five groups, and the groups were arranged to provide a controlled experimental setting. Standardized alkali burns were induced in selected groups to produce heavy vascularization of the corneal bed. Groups with completely histocompatible corneal donors for the RL-A locus had a 9 out of 10 success rate when keratoplasty was performed on a vascularized bed. Another group of rabbits mismatched at the RL-A locus with histoincompatible corneal donors were prepared in the same manner and had a success rate of 1 out of 9. A probable significant difference (P < 0.005) using Fischer's exact test was found between the two groups.
Managing Uncertainty in Innovation: The Applicability of Both Real Options and Path Dependency Theory

A debate exists on the applicability of real options theory versus path dependency to managing innovation. However, this debate is nascent in terms of empirical studies on what managers actually do in managing innovative opportunities. The value of each perspective is explored by utilizing empirical data from case studies of biopharmaceutical companies to develop grounded theory and a better understanding of the use of options theory and path dependent models in managing innovation. The empirical data suggest that not all of the arguments of the theoretical discourse may be relevant for particular cases and in fact may be the opposite of what is presupposed.
SYNTHESIS OF AZASUGARS VIA LANTHANIDE-PROMOTED AZA DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Aqueous aza Diels−Alder reactions of chiral aldehydes, prepared from carbohydrates, with benzylamine hydrochloride and cyclopentadiene, were promoted by lanthanide triflates. The exo/endo selectivi...
Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support in an Alternative School Setting: An Evaluation of Fidelity, Outcomes, and Social Validity of Tier 1 Implementation

The paucity of research investigating the effectiveness of universal behavioral strategies for supporting students in alternative educational settings is of great concern. However, a growing litera...
Outbreak of Keratitis Presumed to Be Caused by Acanthamoeba

Purpose A sharp increase of Acanthamoeba keratitis from two cases per year to 30 cases per year at our institution prompted this study to determine whether there was a change in the clinical characteristics, basic epidemiology, and outcome of this disease. Methods We reviewed all cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from mid-1993 through 1994. Results We screened 217 patients with keratitis by tandem scanning confocal microscopy and suspected Acanthamoeba in 51 patients. Diagnosis was confirmed by cytology in 43 patients (48 eyes). There were no positive cultures. Patients examined within four weeks of onset of symptoms were younger (mean age, 32.6 ± 15.4 years) and wore contact lenses (11 of 18 patients), and infrequently herpes simplex keratitis (four of 18 patients) was diagnosed. Patients examined after four weeks were older (mean age, 54.0 ± 19.5 years), infrequently wore contact lenses (six of 25 patients), and often had herpes simplex keratitis (12 of 25 patients). Conclusions Corneal examination with tandem scanning confocal microscopy was associated with a marked increase in the detection of Acanthamoeba , strongly suggesting that the disease is more prevalent than suspected. Acanthamoeba may account for many cases of clinically presumed herpes simplex keratitis, the leading cause of corneal blindness in the United States. Acanthamoeba should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any unexplained keratitis, even those of short duration.
Hardware-in-the-Loop testing platform for distributed generation systems

The rapid validation of the expected performance of distributed generation installations is a critical step in the design process. However, the plethora of distributed generator types and the uniqueness of the load characteristics make the testing quite challenging. This paper introduces an original approach to Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation aimed to evaluate the performance and suitability of distributed generation installations. The approach is based on the Virtual Test Bed real-time simulator and enables rapid evaluation of the capability of a power source to match the power demand and dynamic properties of the local load by testing the actual power source in a synthetic load environment. The same platform can also be used to validate a simulation model of the fuel cell power source. The procedure is illustrated by a specific example of a fuel cell power source.
Spiers Memorial Lecture. Comparative studies of cluster dynamics in the gas and condensed phases

Although an overview of the field of cluster dynamics is impossible to give in this Introductory Lecture, several important themes have emerged that can provide a backdrop for this Faraday Discussion. As a result, the first part of this paper introduces some of these themes, using results from the literature to illustrate some of the important issues. Although much of the work on clusters is being carried out in the gas phase (usually in free jet expansions and molecular beams), new approaches have recently been developed that permit the study of the same complexes in or on nanoscale clusters. In particular, recent developments in the field of superfluid helium droplet spectroscopy (SHEDS) permit high-resolution studies of atoms, molecules and clusters in this exotic quantum fluid. After introducing this new field, the author will discuss experiments from his own laboratory to illustrate some of the capabilities of the technique.
Characterization of cellobiose fermentations to ethanol by yeasts.

Twenty-two different yeasts were screened for their ability to ferment both glucose and cellobiose. The fermentation characteristics of Candida lusitaniae (NRRL Y-5394) and C. wickerhamii (NRRL Y-2563) were selected for further study because their initial rate of ethanol production from cellobiose was faster than the other test culture. C. lusitaniae produced 44 g/L ethanol from 90 g/L cellobiose after 5-7 days. When carbohydrate concentrations were employed, fermentation ceased when the ethanol concentration reached 45-60 g/L. C. lusitaniae exhibited barely detectable levels of beta-glucosidase, even though the culture actively fermented cellobiose. C. wickerhamii produced ethanol from cellobiose at a rate equivalent to C. lusitaniae; however, once the ethanol concentration reached 20 g/L, fermentation ceased. Using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as substrate, beta- glucosidase (3-5 U/mL) was detected when C. wickerhamii was grown anaerobically on glucose or cellobiose. About 35% of the beta-glucosidase activity was excreted into the medium. The cell-associated activity was highest against pNPG and salicin. Approximately 100-fold less activity was detected with cellobiose as substrate. When employing these organisms in a simultaneous saccharification-fermentation of Avicel, using Trichoderma reesei cellulase as the saccharifying agent 10-30% more ethanol was produced by the two yeasts capable of fermenting cellobiose than by the control, Saccharomycesmore » cerevisiae. (Refs. 27).« less
Binaural-Beat Induced Theta EEG Activity and Hypnotic Susceptibility

Six participants varying in degree of hypnotizability (2 lows, 2 mediums, and 2 highs) were exposed to 3 20-minute sessions of a binaural-beat sound stimulation protocol designed to enhance theta brainwave activity. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) was used for pre- and post-stimulus measures of hypnotic susceptibility. A time-series analysis was utilized to evaluate anterior theta activity in response to binaural-beat sound stimulation over baseline and stimulus sessions. The protocol designed to increase anterior theta activity resulted in a significant increase in percent theta for 5 of 6 participants. Hypnotic susceptibility levels remained stable in the high-susceptible group and increased significantly in the low and medium-susceptible groups.
Lenalidomide in lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Introduction: Lenalidomide, a thalidomide analog, is representative of a new class of antineoplastic drugs which has been especially effective in certain hematologic malignancies such as myeloma and myelodysplasia. Lenalidomide has anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties, and targets tumor cells by direct cytotoxicity and, indirectly by interfering with several components of the tumor microenvironment . Lenalidomide retains antitumor activity equal to or greater than the parent compound, thalidomide, but with less toxicity . Areas covered: This paper summarizes what is known about the mechanisms of action of lenalidomide, and recent clinical results in lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A literature review was accomplished by searching the PubMed database for papers in English. Publications from 2000 through November 2012 were analyzed. Search terms used were lenalidomide, lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. A manual search of conference proce...
Issues Related to Processability during the Manufacture of Thermoplastic Composites Using On-Line Consolidation Techniques

The on-line consolidation of thermoplastic composites is a relatively new technology that can be used to manufacture composite parts with complex geometries. The localized melting/solidification te...
The Business of Water

Once nearly unnoticed public services, urban water supply and wastewater utilities have lately found themselves at the center of attention. Saddled with crumbling infrastructure and financial problems, they are called upon to meet ever stricter drinking water and environmental standards, and to do so in a public atmosphere of increasing vigilance and decreasing confidence. Questions are raised about the competence of many utilities and about their long-term sustainability. One thread of the public debate concerns the role of the private sector in the provision of drinking water and the management of wastewater. Some argue that increased involvement by the private sector is the “magic bullet” that will solve most current and anticipated problems; others claim that private sector involvement can only lead to increased rates and lower quality service. After some twenty years of debate in the United States, it has became apparent that these divergent views are deeply held, emotional, and grounded in conflicting ideologies that have little to do with the water industry. Although the following paragraphs discuss U.S. controversies, a very similar debate rages with respect to developing countries. Unfortunately, the heat of the debate has obscured many real issues and has sometimes made it difficult for the industry to identify and adopt real solutions.
Cathode boundary layer discharge: flat panel DC excimer sources

Summary form only given, as follows. We present a high-pressure discharge in an extended electrode configuration, which also can be used as an excimer source. Two plane parallel electrodes are separated by a dielectric layer with a thickness of 250 micrometers. While the cathode is a plane molybdenum foil, the anode and the dielectric have a concentric, circular opening with a diameter in the range of 0.75 to 3.5 mm. The glow discharge is restricted to cathode fall and negative glow, with the negative glow carrying the current radially to the circular anode. Optical and electrical measurements of such a cathode boundary layer discharge in xenon and argon have been performed.
Conditional deletion of the Bcl-x gene from erythroid cells results in hemolytic anemia and profound splenomegaly

Bcl-x is a member of the Bcl2 family and has been suggested to be important for the survival and maturation of various cell types including the erythroid lineage. To define the consequences of Bcl-x loss in erythroid cells and other adult tissues, we have generated mice conditionally deficient in the Bcl-x gene using the Cre-loxP recombination system. The temporal and spatial excision of the floxed Bcl-x locus was achieved by expressing the Cre recombinase gene under control of the MMTV-LTR. By the age of five weeks, Bcl-x conditional mutant mice exhibited hyperproliferation of megakaryocytes and a decline in the number of circulating platelets. Three-month-old animals suffered from severe hemolytic anemia, hyperplasia of immature erythroid cells and profound enlargement of the spleen. We demonstrate that Bcl-x is only required for the survival of erythroid cells at the end of maturation, which includes enucleated reticulocytes in circulation. The extensive proliferation of immature erythroid cells in the spleen and bone marrow might be the result of a fast turnover of late red blood cell precursors and accelerated erythropoiesis in response to tissue hypoxia. The increase in cell death of late erythroid cells is independent from the proapoptotic factor Bax, as demonstrated in conditional double mutant mice for Bcl-x and Bax. Mice conditionally deficient in Bcl-x permitted us for the first time to study the effects of Bcl-x deficiency on cell proliferation, maturation and survival under physiological conditions in an adult animal.
The Utility of Skin Biopsies in Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Single-Institution, Retrospective Review

Medical records of all patients who were diagnosed with a malignancy and who underwent a skin biopsy were reviewed to determine the clinical utility of skin biopsies in this population. Skin biopsies resulted in a change or refinement of the prebiopsy diagnosis in 44% of patients undergoing an initial evaluation for a malignancy, 57% of patients on therapy, and 17% of patients off therapy. Skin biopsies led to a change in therapy in 26%, 34%, and 17% of each respective group. Overall, the skin biopsy changed or refined the prebiopsy diagnosis in 45% of cases and altered therapy in 38%. Skin biopsy is a clinically useful tool in pediatric oncology patients for the evaluation of cutaneous findings that elude diagnosis by visual inspection.
The Demographics of Genocide: Refugees and Territorial Loss in the Mass Murder of European Jewry

This study seeks to distinguish between instances where genocide occurred and others where it might have been expected to occur but did not. Territorial loss, a corollary refugee influx, and a resulting contraction of socio-economic space are suggested to provide that distinction. Four analytic perspectives based on emotional reactions, class envy, prospect theory, and territoriality indicate the critical importance of loss. The theory is examined in the context of the mass murder of European Jewry including, of course, Germany and Austria, and all European German allies that allowed an indigenous genocidal impulse, willingness to comply with German genocidal policies, or an ability to resist German pressures for Jewish deportation. Three instances of perpetrating states - Italy, Vichy France, and Romania - emerge from the analysis. The latter two governments willingly collaborated with the Germans in victimizing their own Jewish citizenry, while Italy was on a genocidal path just prior to the German occupation. All five states mentioned above were found to experience considerable territorial loss and a contraction of socio-economic space. Bulgaria and Finland, on the other hand, actually expanded their borders at the start of the war and saved virtually all of their Jewish citizens. The importance of loss is demonstrated not only cross-sectionally, in the comparison between the five victimizers, on the one hand, and Bulgaria and Finland, on the other, but also diachronically, in the changing behavior over time of the genocidal and perpetrating states.
Scheduling policies for single-hop networks with heavy-tailed traffic

In the first part of the paper, we study the impact of scheduling, in a setting of parallel queues with a mix of heavy-tailed and light-tailed traffic. We analyze queue-length unaware scheduling policies, such as round-robin, randomized, and priority, and characterize their performance. We prove the queue-length instability of Max-Weight scheduling, in the presence of heavy-tailed traffic. Motivated by this, we analyze the performance of Max-Weight-α scheduling, and establish conditions on the α-parameters, under which the system is queue-length stable. We also introduce the Max-Weight-log policy, which provides performance guarantees, without any knowledge of the arriving traffic. In the second part of the paper, we extend the results on Max-Weight and Max-Weight-α scheduling to a single-hop network, with arbitrary topology and scheduling constraints.
Learning and Memory in Aging Combat Veterans with PTSD

The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) was administered to examine learning and memory performance in aging combat veterans with (n = 30) and without PTSD (n = 20), and veterans unexposed to combat (n = 15). Combat veterans with PTSD (PTSD+) showed many impairments compared to non-exposed veterans, but only long-delay free recall consistently discriminated the PTSD+ group from combat-exposed subjects without PTSD (PTSD-), when data were corrected for subscale scores on the WAIS (Vocabulary, Block Design). Alterations in total learning were associated with PTSD when controlling for substance abuse and depression. Two contrast measures, proactive interference and recognition hits, distinguished combat from noncombat veterans, and may be related to trauma exposure. Impairments in total learning are similar to what has been observed in Holocaust survivors. However, increased severity of rapid forgetting may be a specific alteration in older combat veterans, likely reflecting aspects of both combat exposure and aging.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded LANA Recruits Topoisomerase IIβ for Latent DNA Replication of the Terminal Repeats

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) plays a major role in maintaining latency and is critical for the perpetual segregation of viral episomes to the progeny nuclei of newly divided cells. LANA binds to KSHV terminal repeat (TR) DNA and tethers the viral episomes to host chromosomes through the association of chromatin-bound cellular proteins. TR elements serve as potential origin sites of KSHV replication and have been shown to play important roles in latent DNA replication and transcription of adjacent genes. Affinity chromatography and proteomics analysis using KSHV TR DNA and the LANA binding site as the affinity column identified topoisomerase IIβ (TopoIIβ) as a LANA-interacting protein. Here, we show that TopoIIβ forms complexes with LANA that colocalize as punctuate bodies in the nucleus of KSHV-infected cells. The specific TopoIIβ binding region of LANA has been identified to its N terminus and the first 32 amino acid residues containing the nucleosome-binding region crucial for binding. Moreover, this region could also act as a dominant negative to disrupt association of TopoIIβ with LANA. TopoIIβ plays an important role in LANA-dependent latent DNA replication, as addition of ellipticine, a selective inhibitor of TopoII, negatively regulated replication mediated by the TR. DNA break labeling and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay using biotin-16-dUTP and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase showed that TopoIIβ mediates a transient DNA break on viral DNA. These studies confirm that LANA recruits TopoIIβ at the origins of latent replication to unwind the DNA for replication.
Emission of Chiral Organochlorine Pesticides from Agricultural Soils in the Cornbelt Region of the U.S.

Several organochlorine pesticides are chiral molecules manufactured as racemic mixtures. Past research has shown that selective degradation of pesticide enantiomers by microorganisms occurs resulting in nonracemic signatures in soils. In this work, volatilization of chiral pesticides from soil was investigated to determine if enantioselective breakdown in soils could be used as a source signature to track releases of chiral pesticides to the atmosphere. Air samples were taken directly above agricultural soils at several sites, and enantiomeric signatures were found to be nonracemic following patterns found in the soil. A follow up study at one site showed that for most compounds concentration decreased with increasing height above the soil, while enantiomer fractions for chiral pesticides were similar to that found in the soil, signifying the soil as a source to the air. The enantiomer fractions of ambient air samples from rural nonagricultural areas in the region were also found to be nonracemic.
Animation as Intertextual Cinema: Nezha Naohai (Nezha Conquers the Dragon King):

This article is an intertextual reading of Nezha naohai (Nezha Conquers the Dragon King), the second cel-animated feature produced at the Shanghai Animation Film Studio, the major animation film st...
Specific-heat discontinuity Δ C vs. T c in annealed Ba(Fe 1 − x Co x ) 2 As 2

The low-temperature specific heat of annealed single-crystal samples of Ba(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ with compositions spanning the entire superconducting phase diagram was measured. Effort was made to discover the best annealing schedule to maximize ${T}_{c}$ and minimize transition width in these samples. Values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}C/{T}_{c}$ normalized to 100$%$ superconducting volume fractions varied proportionally to ${T}_{c}$${}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. Within a rather narrow error bar of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15, the exponent \ensuremath{\alpha} was the same (approximately 2) over a range of compositions (0.055 \ensuremath{\le} $x$ \ensuremath{\le} 0.15) around the optimal concentration $x$ = 0.08, where ${T}_{c}$ is the maximum in the phase diagram. Thus, whether the superconductivity was coexistent with magnetism (underdoped) or not (overdoped) did not affect the non-BCS variation (\ensuremath{\alpha} nearly 2 instead of \ensuremath{\approx}0.8--0.9 for BCS superconductors) of $\ensuremath{\Delta}C/{T}_{c}$ with ${T}_{c}$. The annealed samples in the present work, with increased $\ensuremath{\Delta}C/{T}_{c}$ and ${T}_{c}$ values compared to previous results for the Ba(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ alloy system, suggest that the intrinsic value of the exponent \ensuremath{\alpha} for the iron superconductors, when the samples are annealed, with fewer defects, may indeed be even further from the BCS value of 0.8--0.9 than previously thought.
Comparison of outcomes between patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus who received a primary versus a salvage shunt

Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is the treatment of choice for communicating hydrocephalus; however, the extent to which VP shunting is able to relieve symptoms in patients who had previously been treated with cerebrospinal fluid diverting therapy at an outside institution remains unclear. A retrospective review of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus treated with VP shunts at a single institution between 1993 and 2013 was conducted. Patients were classified as having received a primary VP shunt if they had not been previously treated with a VP shunt, ventriculoatrial shunt, lumboperitoneal shunt, or endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Patients were classified as having received a salvage VP shunt if they had been previously treated by one of these four modalities at an outside institution prior to their presentation to our institution. There were 357 patients who received a primary shunt and 33 patients who received a salvage shunt. Patients who had a salvage shunt placed had significantly higher odds of requiring a future revision (54% versus 41%; odds ratio=2.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-6.57; p=0.014). Patients who received a salvage shunt had statistically significantly lower rates of gait improvement at 6months in comparison to patients who received a primary shunt (relative risk=0.35; 95% CI: 0.14-0.87; p=0.025). Despite these findings, there was no significant difference at last follow-up in improvement in gait, continence, and cognition, indicating that outcomes for patients requiring a salvage shunt were comparable to patients receiving a primary shunt.
Identification of Mutations in Laboratory-Evolved Microbes from Next-Generation Sequencing Data Using breseq

Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) can be used to reconstruct eco-evolutionary population dynamics and to identify the genetic basis of adaptation in laboratory evolution experiments. Here, we describe how to run the open-source breseq computational pipeline to identify and annotate genetic differences found in whole-genome and whole-population NGS data from haploid microbes where a high-quality reference genome is available. These methods can also be used to analyze mutants isolated in genetic screens and to detect unintended mutations that may occur during strain construction and genome editing.
CFD Study of Bluff Body Wake from a Hangar with Comparison to Experimental Data

The Cobalt V5.0 CFD solver was applied to the prediction of bluff body wake from a model scale hangar configuration at a Reynolds number of 1.610. Results were compared against 144 scale surface pressure coefficient and surface oil flow wind tunnel data. Baseline CFD predictions applied a monotone integrated large eddy simulation (MILES) turbulence modeling approach. Results from delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) are also discussed.
Optics for Opportunity: PHOTON Materials for Teaching

Rather than focus narrowly on photonics technician training, projects PHOTON and PHOTON2 have developed instructional materials for the widest possible use across a range of educational levels and science and technology disciplines.
Community Occupational Therapy and the General Practitioner

In a research project* on the awareness of community facilities for the disabled, 42 trainee and trainer general practitioners were asked in a questionnaire how they viewed and utilized domiciliary occupational therapy. The results showed that 55% considered the profession important and used it frequently; 12% used it with mixed feelings; and 24% did not make use of the service, even though it was available. The role of the therapist was seen mainly as assessing for aids and equipment and for home adaptations, and assisting the disabled to overcome their problems in the activities of daily living.
Neurofibromatosis Phenotype, Natural History, and Pathogenesis, Third Edition

Neurofibromatosis Phenotype, Natural History, and Pathogenesis, Third Edition. J.M. Friedman, D.H. Gutmann, M. MacCollin, V.M. Riccardi, eds. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999, 400 pp. $99.95. This work represents the third iteration of a process initiated with the first edition of the same title in 1986. In the years since then, both the content and the number of authors have grown …
Abstract 443: PKC epsilon is activated by ionizing radiation in a reactive nitrogen species dependent manner in tumor endothelial cells.

PKCe is activated by ionizing radiation in a reactive nitrogen species dependent manner in tumor endothelial cells. Ionizing radiation (IR) has been shown to increase angiogenic markers and migration in endothelial cells involving reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and eNOS, but the exact mechanism is poorly understood. This activation of endothelial cells can increase angiogenesis post radiation and confer cytoprotection to tumor cells. Thus targeting this IR induced activation of endothelial cells should increase therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy. Protein Kinase C Epsilon is a molecule that has been shown to be important in cancer cell motility, proliferation, hormone sensitivity and angiogenesis. PKCe activates downstream pathways involved in tumorigenicity such as Akt and Stat3. PKCe has also been shown to be nitrated in response to NO donors and inflammatory conditions in cardiac myocytes. During inflammation, hypoxia and irradiation, levels of reactive nitrogen species are elevated due to uncoupling of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS). NOS can be recoupled with tetrahydrobiopterin precursor (sepiapterin) which decreases RNS/ROS in cells. We have shown in 2H11 cells (mouse tumor endothelial cells) that PKCe levels are increased due to exposure to clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation or levels of NO found in chronic inflammatory conditions. Also in these cells PKCe is nitrated in response to reactive nitrogen species which leads to its activation and activation of Stat3 and Akt. Using sepiapterin, we have shown decreased levels of PKCe, Stat3 and Akt. We have also blocked ionizing radiation induced migration in vitro in 2H11 cells using sepiapterin and a PKCe inhibitor. We hope to show that PKCe is nitrated at specific residue(s) after ionizing radiation and activates tumor endothelial cells to promote the survival of the tumor. We believe sepiapterin with ionizing radiation therapy will result in increase cytotoxicity in a spontaneous mouse model of lung cancer, by decreasing endothelial activation, migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Citation Format: Asim Alam, Chris Rabender, Ross Mikkelsen. PKC epsilon is activated by ionizing radiation in a reactive nitrogen species dependent manner in tumor endothelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 443. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-443 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Imaging of skin surface architecture with out of plane polarimetry (Conference Presentation)

Knowledge of skin surface topography is of great importance when establishing environmental and age related skin damage. Furthermore an effective treatment protocol cannot be established without a quantitative measuring tool that is able to establish significant improvement in skin texture. We utilized an out-of-plane polarimeter for the characterization of skin surface profile non-invasively. The system consists of an imaging Stokes vector polarimeter where the light source and imaging apparatus are arranged at an angle equal to forty degrees with respect to the tissue normal. The light source is rotated at various azimuth angles about the tissue normal. For each position of the incident beam the principal angle of polarization is calculated. This parameter relates indirectly to surface profile and architecture. The system was used to image the forehead and hands of healthy volunteers between eighteen and sixty years of age. A clear separation appeared among different age groups, establishing out-of-plane polarimetry as a promising technique for skin topography quantification.
Haplopacha (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) reviewed: four new species, first descriptions of the genitalia of both sexes, and unique alar scale organs

The collection of five specimens of Haplopacha at Ndumo Nature Reserve in South Africa highlights unknown species diversity in the monotypic genus. A total of four new species; H. riftensis sp. nov., H. tangani sp. nov., H. lunata sp. nov. and H. ndoumoi sp. nov., were identified in the Natural History Museum of London collection and the study of fresh specimens also revealed the presence of uniquely characteristic alar scale patches absent from the original species description of the genus type species H. cinerea. Based on the new species the descriptions of Haplopacha is amended. The identification of the new species was done using conventional light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the general morphology, wing venation and genitalia observations.
Comparative Associations of Working Memory and Pain Catastrophizing With Chronic Low Back Pain Intensity

Background Because of its high global burden, determining biopsychosocial influences of chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a research priority. Psychological factors such as pain catastrophizing are well established. However, cognitive factors like working memory require further investigation to be clinically useful. Objective Determine how working memory and pain catastrophizing are associated with CLBP measures of daily pain intensity and movement-evoked pain intensity. Design Cross-sectional analysis of individuals with ≥3 months CLBP (n=60) compared to pain-free controls (n=30). Method Participants completed measures of working memory, pain catastrophizing and daily pain intensity. Movement-evoked pain intensity was assessed using the Back Performance Scale. Outcome measures were compared between individuals with CLBP and those pain-free using ANOVA modeling. Associations were determined using multivariate regression analyses. Results CLBP participants (mean age=47.7, 68% females) had lower working memory performance (p=.008) and higher pain catastrophizing (p<.001) compared to pain-free controls (mean age=47.6, 63% females). For CLBP individuals, only working memory remained associated with daily pain intensity (R2=.07, standardized Beta=-.308, p=.041) and movement-evoked pain intensity (R2=.14, standardized Beta=-.502, p=.001) after accounting for age, sex, education and interactions between pain catastrophizing and working memory. Limitations Cross-sectional design prevented prospective analysis. Findings are also not indicative of overall working memory (e.g. spatial) or cognitive performance. Conclusion Working memory demonstrated the strongest association with daily pain and movement-evoked pain intensity compared to and after accounting for established CLBP factors. Future research will elucidate the prognostic value of working memory on prevention and/or recovery of CLBP.
On the Structure of Pānini's System

Pānini accounts for utterances through a derivational procedure that starts from meaning conditions involving actions, participants in actions, and other things that are related to each other. His derivational system thereby serves to form utterances of which words are a part, not isolated words that are then strung together to form utterances. Pānini's system is a continuum that starts from meaning and cooccurrence conditions that determine the introduction of affixes to bases in order to form initial strings and subsequently applies additional affixation and replacement rules to produce final strings. The system does not isolate morphology as a distinct component absolutely independent of syntax. Declensional and conjugational morphology are part of syntactic derivation, and derivational morphology is generally incorporated in the syntactic machinery. Primary derivational affixes are introduced in the course of syntactic derivation. In addition, secondary derivation affixes are regularly introduced after padas---terms that contain endings introduced in syntactic derivation---and not after mere bases in a separate morphological component. Further, composition takes place within the context of syntactic derivation; compounds are formed from related padas of initial strings, which involve number distinctions. Even the formation of certain items with feminine suffixes takes place within the syntactic machinery and not in a totally separate lexicon. Thus Pānini's derivational system is an integrated system accounting for utterances of Sanskrit; it lacks a sharp dichotomy between what western grammarians call syntax and morphology.
Voluntary Disclosure and Liquidity: Evidence from Index Funds

Index funds trade for exogenous liquidity reasons, not for strategic information reasons, because it’s their clients’ liquidity needs that primarily drive fund flows. These funds are thus unambiguously more likely to prefer high disclosure. I hypothesize that index funds’ ownership stake gives them power to elicit more disclosure from management. I find that when index funds join a firm due to its S&P 500 inclusion, the size of their ownership stake is associated with increased disclosure, and this increase is associated with lower bid-ask spreads (relative to a control firm). These results suggest that disclosure improves liquidity.