cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue-specific expression from a compound TATA-dependent and TATA-independent promoter

We have found that the mouse metallothionein-I (MT-I) gene promoter functions in an unusual, compound manner. It directs both TATA-dependent and TATA-independent modes of transcription in vivo. The TATA-dependent message is initiated at the previously characterized +1 transcription start site and is the predominant species in most tissues. In many cell types it is metal inducible. The TATA-independent initiation sites are distributed over the 160 bp upstream of the previously characterized +1 start site, and the RNA products are present in all tissues examined. Only in testis, however, do the TATA-independent transcripts predominate, accumulating to highest levels in pachytene-stage meiotic cells and early spermatids. Unlike the TATA-dependent +1 transcript, these RNAs are not induced by metal, even in cultured cells in which the +1 species is induced. Transfection studies of site-directed mutants show that destruction of the TATA element drastically alters the ratio of the two RNA classes in cells in which the +1 transcripts normally dominates. In TATA-minus mutants, the TATA-independent RNAs become the most prevalent, although they remain refractory to metal induction. Thus, the MT-I promoter utilizes two different types of core promoter function within a single cell population. The two different types of core promoter respond very differently to environmental stimuli, and the choice between them appears to be regulated in a tissue-specific fashion.
Design for nanoscale patterning

Design and Lithography are co-developed Regularity (in all ways you can think of) is (almost) always helpful for patterning but can hurt density scaling Be prepared for increasingly unusual layout restrictions and electrical effects coming from lithography.
Developing reusable software for military systems, why it is needed, why it isn't working

This paper discusses the importance of developing reusable software component libraries for Department of Defense (DoD) military software systems, as well as a few of the main reasons why current approaches are not working. A working definition of software resuability is estabilished and the major goals of reuse are examined. The emphasis of the paper is on the necessary characteristics of a reusable software component as well as the compilation and utilization of reusable component libraries. The roles of UNIX™, Ada®, and C in the development of reusable components are examined. Many of the problems facing the development of adaptable, reusable software components are outlined as well as some possible solutions to these problems. Conclusions are drawn concerning the critical need for these software characteristics in DoD military systems of the future.
Global connections: language policies and international call centers

When calling (and waiting) for help in some countries, many of us have learned to expect the standard, audio-recorded reminder that ‘Your call may be monitored for quality assurance...’. Most of us think little about this delay and if we consider it at all, frame it in terms of how our needs as customers are (or are not) being met at that moment. This thematic issue of Language Policy critically explores what is on the other side of that phrase, that is, what is meant by ‘‘quality’’ in call center translations, how this quality is linked to broader global forces and ideologies, as well as how it is regulated through language policy and negotiated via everyday interactions. In most (but not all, see Duchene, this issue) cases, call centers involve connecting service-seeking customers from wealthy, English-speaking countries with service-providing workers from more multilingual, less economically powerful states or regions. Managing these cultural, social, and linguistic connections is the central task of the call center employee. The primary good to be produced by the worker is a quality interaction from the perspective of the customer. In many cases, call center services are to be provided without the caller knowing that the call center is in another country; therefore, quality often means that call center workers should sound like the caller. While talking is an important aspect of many jobs in the service sector, in few places is language more central, managed or regulated than in international call centers. Call centers, for this reason, represent an ideal site for critical examination of how language policy is formulated, negotiated and resisted. Advances in communication and computing technology over the last decade have made international call centers ubiquitous in a wide range of businesses and sites around the globe. Call centers are a highly salient result of globalization, and concomitantly, a rich site for the study of what globalization entails at the individual, interpersonal and interactional level. The articles in this special issue of
Global solutions for the Euler-Poisson equations of two-carrier types in one dimension

The global solution to the one-dimensional Euler-Poisson equations of two-carrier types is constructed by the fractional Godunov method. The compensated compactness framework is applied to prove the convergence of the approximate solutions. Some sharp form of the uniform estimate is made to overcome the difficulties due to the coupling terms. The existence of the global weak entropy solution with arbitrarily large initial data is established.
Observations on fast ion-atom collisions

Abstract A summary of some of the major themes of the 5th Workshop on Fast Ion-Atom Collisions is presented.
The effectiveness of four clinical irrigation methods on the removal of root canal debris

R esidual pulpal tissue, bacteria, and dentin debris may persist in the irregularities of root canal walls, even after careful mechanical preparation.le3 A number of irrigants are used in conjunction with canal instrumentation. In comparing these irrigants in terms of their disinfecting and cleaning qualities, there are two schools of thought. In one a great emphasis is placed on the chemical properties of an irrigant such as sodium hypochlorite, whereas in the other the overriding consideration is the mechanical action of the solution as a flushing agent. Some studies, in fact, have concluded that the flushing action is more important than the type of irrigant and that cleansing is a function of the quantity rather than the type of irrigant.4-6 Ram6 found that the canal must be enlarged to a size 40 at the apex in order for the irrigant to be effective. Likewise, Senia and others7*8 doubted the effectiveness of irrigation in narrow canals. There is little information in the literature regarding the efficiency of different methods of delivering an irrigant into the root canal and their effectiveness in debris removal. A review of the related literature on irrigation of the root canal indicates the following conclusions: 1. Irrigation of the canal is essential during root canal preparation.4s9, ‘O 2. There are many clinical opinions as to the ideal method of delivering the irrigant. Some clinicians use a plastic syringe to deposit the irrigant into the pulp chamber and carry the irrigants into the deeper part of the canal with a file. Others employ anesthetic needles of 25 gauge in a 3 C.C. syringe, using either anesthetic solution or other irrigants. Still others advocate the use of perforated needles.”
Autonomous all-terrain vehicle steering

This paper presents research in steering control techniques for an automated all-terrain vehicle (ATV). The work presented here focused particularly on modification of previous control methods for a motorized steering system done by another team in order to eliminate problems with motor overheating. Hardware and software techniques were utilized in the process of exploring the cause of the heating, and what has been learned can be integrated into the ATV systems.
Effects of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry on decision making: A meta-analysis

Abstract For the past two decades, researchers have been investigating the effects of two techniques for promoting and managing cognitive conflict on decision making; devil's advocacy (DA) and dialectical inquiry (DI). Reviewers of previous experiments have reached different conclusions about whether the DA and DI are superior to a simpler expert (E)-based approach involving no conflict and whether the DI is superior to the DA in improving decision making. In this paper, meta-analysis has been applied to the results of all previous experiments on the effects of the DA and DI on decision making. The results suggest that the DA is more effective than the E approach in general. However, the superiority of the DI to the E was not demonstrated in experiments using relatively ill-structured tasks. Neither the DA nor the DI was shown to be a more effective method of introducing conflict into decision making. The meta-analysis provides directions for future research which are offered in the Conclusions.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF GRAPH THEORY AND RELATED NON‐METRIC TECHNIQUES TO PROBLEMS OF APPROXIMATE SERIATION: THE CASE OF SYMMETRIC PROXIMITY MEASURES

This paper selectively reviews some of the recent developments in sequencing objects along a continuum that rely upon a symmetric proximity measure defined between the objects to be seriated. Most of the discussion is from a graph-theoretical point of view and emphasizes the notion of a maximal spanning tree and related ‘crude’ seriation strategies that require only the ordinal information from the basic proximity values. In addition, correspondences with several hierarchical clustering techniques are presented as well as an extension to the newer circular-arc models developed in mathematics. A number of substantive examples are given incorporating data sets available in the psychological literature that have been analysed previously with alternative methods.
Cooperative photoproduction of Xe2+Cl− in liquid Cl2/Xe solutions: Stimulated emission and gain measurements

Abstract Cooperative photogeneration of Xe 2 + Cl − can be accomplished by near UV laser excitation of Cl 2 /Xe solutions with a high quantum efficiency. Gain measurements on the Xe 2 + Cl − (4 2 Γ) transition are reported. The liquid phase rare gas halides should be regarded as a family of ideal “dye” lasers.
Theory of mixtures for micromorphic materials-II. Elastic constitutive equations

Abstract In Part I of this work[1], the balance equations were derived for micromorphic and micropolar mixtures. In this part, the general form of the non-linear, anisotropic, elastic, constitutive equations for micromorphic and micropolar mixtures are developed. Such equations should have application in describing the behavior of polyatomic or polymolecular crystal lattices as well as that of such materials as polycrystalline mixtures and granular composites. As an illustration, the general micropolar equations are given explicitly for a linear elastic, isotropic, two constituent mixture. The field equations are developed for the case of restricted coupling, and with these the propagation of a plane wave is studied. The longitudinal and transverse displacement waves of classical theory arise as well as longitudinal and transverse microrotation waves. Dispersion of the two displacement waves arises from the intrinsic structure of the material and is expected to be of importance at high frequencies. The two transverse waves are complexly coupled. Simplification by assuming no microrotation shows that the propagation velocity of the classical transverse displacement wave is dependent on the microrotation material parameter.
A Comparative Nuclear Localization Study of Galectin-1 with Other Splicing Components

Using both conventional and laser confocal fluorescence microscopy, the intracellular distribution of galectin-1 in HeLa cells was analyzed and compared with the localization of previously documented markers of the nucleus and cytoplasm. The Sm epitopes of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs) and the non-snRNP splicing factor SC35 yielded only nuclear staining. On the other hand, the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase was cytoplasmic. In contrast to these patterns in which nuclear versus cytoplasmic localizations appeared to be mutually exclusive, galectin-1, as well as galectin-3, yielded simultaneous nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. Confocal microscopy showed galectin-1 fluorescence throughout most of the sections from the top of the cell to the bottom. Through the middle sections, as the plane of focus cuts through the nucleus, there was definite fluorescence staining in the nuclear compartment. This nuclear localization was critically dependent on the type of detergent used to permeabilize the cell: cells treated with saponin or digitonin yielded exclusively cytoplasmic staining while Triton X-100-treated cells showed nuclear as well as cytoplasmic labeling. Finally, double-immunofluorescence analysis showed that, within the nucleoplasm, the following pairs of nuclear antigens could be colocalized in certain speckled structures: (a) SC35 versus Sm; (b) galectin-1 versus Sm; (c) galectin-3 versus Sm; and (d) galectin-1 versus galectin-3. These results establish the presence of galectin-1 in the nuclei of HeLa cells, a conclusion consistent with the identification of the protein in nuclear extracts of the same cells and with its documentation as a factor in pre-mRNA splicing.
South Korea's economic future: Industrial policy, or economic democracy?

Abstract Many South Koreans believe that the country's remarkable economic successes over the past half-century are the product of an industrial policy that made Korean industry competitive in world markets. While there is widespread sentiment in favor of maintaining the emphasis on industrial policy, others believe industrial policy has generated benefits for some Koreans at the expense of the welfare of working-class Koreans. This has resulted in a push toward economic democracy to more equitably distribute the gains from increased productivity. Neither industrial policy nor economic democracy are in the best interest of Koreans. Rather, a laissez faire policy of minimal government interference will provide the best environment to foster South Korea's continued economic progress.
Disparities in young adolescent inhalant use by rurality, gender, and ethnicity.

Inhalant use is of increasing concern as rates appear to be rising among young adolescents and gender differences narrowing. Data from 20,684 Mexican American and White non-Hispanic seventh- and eighth-grade males and females from the Western United States and 15,659 African American and White non-Hispanic seventh- and eighth-grade males and females from states in the southeastern United States collected via in-school surveys from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques including multilevel modeling. Questions addressed in the study included: Does inhalant use vary by level of rurality? What effect does the ethnic composition of the community have on inhalant use and does this effect differ by an individual's ethnicity? Do males use more inhalants than females and does the level of use by males and females differ by individual ethnicity, ethnicity of the community, or level of rurality? Do males and females of different ethnicities initiate inhalant use at different ages? Limi...
Behavioral model pointing on Cassini using target vectors

The pointing control functions of the Cassini spacecraft attitude and articulation control subsystem have been designed to enhance operability by establishing a behavioral model at the command interface that raises pointing operations to a more intuitive level. The control system tracks this model to closely achieve the commanded behavior. Versatility is achieved by composing the behavioral model of independently commandable, interacting modules. Each directs activities directly related to a particular pointing issue, such as observation goals, instrument characteristics, attitude constraints, and navigation. A key feature of this design is the use of propagated vectors that precisely describe the motion of targets. Our design has enabled a new, more streamlined approach to mission operations whereby the many science and engineering activities sharing this system can be given direct control over pointing activities. This is possible because the behavioral model is easy to replicate in distributed ground software, it includes enforcement of constraints, and the maintenance of its components can be performed independently.
Effect of refraction on optical microscopic measurement of internal blood-vessel diameter and its correction.

SUMMARY In optical microscopic measurement of internal blood-vessel diameters, the effect of refraction must be taken into account to ensure accuracy of the result. This effect is discussed and an analytical correction formula derived. Phantom blood vessels with known internal and external diameters were used to test the validity of the correction formula. The errors obtained prior to correction were reduced significantly after correction.
Chemical vapour deposition of silicon nitride in a microwave plasma assisted reactor

Microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition was used to produce silicon nitride films on silicon substrates from mixtures of methane and nitrogen. Deposition temperatures varied from 800 to 1000°C and pressure varied from 53.2 to 79.8×102Pa. Gas mixtures with low methane content resulted in no reaction. Gas mixtures with high methane content produced an amorphous carbon film on the silicon wafer surface. At intermediate methane contents, the process produces a mixture of α and β silicon nitride. A mechanism is proposed according to which the silicon surface is chemically etched by the activated methyl radicals forming Si(CH3)4, which then reacts with nitrogen atoms (or ions) to form the silicon nitride. The morphology of the individual crystals evolves from platelets to needle-like depending on the deposition conditions, and on the surface coverage of the silicon surface.
A numerical method for solving interface problems arising in two-point boundary value problems

Abstract A numerical approach iterating on the position of interface points is suggested for solving interface problems arising in two-point boundary value problems. Given an interface problem, it is decomposed into several standard local boundary value problems which are coupled at the interface points. Meanwhile, a nonlinear equation involving the interface points are formulated from the interface conditions. The advantages of this approach are that the boundary conditions for each local problem can easily be selected by considering the natural physical requirements, and that each of the local problems can be solved independently by standard numerical BVP techniques.
White matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children with psychiatric disorders

The current study sought to determine the prevalence, severity, and location of white matter signal hyperintensities (WMH) on brain magnetic resonance imaging assessments of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Seventy-one percent (N = 934) of children admitted to the McLean Hospital Child and Adolescent inpatient treatment unit were evaluated with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) within 7 days of admission during the period 1988 to 1993 (total, 1,308 admissions). Four hundred eight of these subjects (43.7%) were referred for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and became our study subjects (mean age, 12.4 years [SD = 2.7]; male/female, 230/178). Study subjects were grouped according to a hierarchical diagnostic system as follows: schizophrenia (n = 42), bipolar disorder (n = 56), unipolar depression (n = 94), conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder (n = 103), and other neurotic disorders (n = 30). Subjects without any level 2 diagnosis on DISC (n = 83) constituted the comparison group. Bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, and conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder groups were significantly more likely to have severe levels of WMH than the comparison group (prevalence rates: 17.9%, 13.8%, 13.6% v 1.2%). In addition, the bipolar disorder group was significantly more likely to have severe levels of WMH than the schizophrenia group (prevalence rates: 17.9% v 2.4%). The frontal lobes were the predominant locations of WMH in the bipolar disorder and unipolar depression groups (76.9% and 60.0%, respectively) and also the most frequent location for the conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder group (35.7%). The current study reports an increased prevalence and severity of WMH in children with bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, and conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder relative to the comparison group and in children with bipolar disorder compared to those with schizophrenia. The development of brain WMH, especially in the frontal lobes, may play a role in the pathophysiology of affective disorders in children and adolescents.
Influence of exercise training on the oxidative capacity of rat abdominal muscles

Our purpose was to determine if endurance exercise training would increase the oxidative capacity of the abdominal expiratory muscles of the rat. Accordingly, 9 male rats were subjected to an endurance training protocol (1 h/day, 6 days/week, 9 weeks) and 9 litter-mates served as controls. Citrate synthase (CS) activity was used as an index of oxidative capacity, and was determined in the following muscles: soleus, plantaris, costal diaphragm, crural diaphragm, and in all four abdominal muscles: rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique. Compared to their non-trained litter-mates, the trained rats had higher peak whole body oxygen consumption rates (+ 16%) and CS activities in plantaris (+34%) and soleus (+36%) muscles. Thus, the training program caused substantial systemic and locomotor muscle adaptations. The CS activity of costal diaphragm was 20% greater in the trained animals, but no difference was observed in crural diaphragm. The CS activity in the abdominal muscles was less than one-half of that in locomotor and diaphragm muscles, and there were no significant changes with training except in the rectus abdominis where a 26% increase was observed. The increase in rectus abdominis CS activity may reflect its role in postural support and/or locomotion, as none of the primary expiratory pumping muscles adapted to the training protocol. The relatively low levels of CS activity in the abdominal muscles suggests that they are not recruited frequently at rest, and the lack of an increase with training indicates that these muscles do not contribute significantly to the increased ventilatory activity accompanying exercise in the rat.
C/EBPalpha and the G-CSF receptor gene--partners in granulopoiesis?

The C/EBPs are a protein family with highly homologous leucine zipper domains designed to allow dimerization within the family. The finding that C/EBPs bind DNA as obligate homodimers or heterodimers made combinatorial diversity relevant to the regulation of developmental programs by transcription
A pilot study of pain and attitudes toward pain in a rehabilitation population.

Objective. The purpose of this pilot study was to better understand the extent of pain and patient attitudes regarding pain in a rehabilitation hospital. Design. A survey of rehabilitation inpatients focused on pain intensity and patient perceptions of the adequacy and timeliness of pain interventions. Setting. Academic rehabilitation hospital. Patients. Inpatients in specialty rehabilitation programs. Results. Forty-seven percent of patients surveyed reported experiencing pain in the previous 24 hours. Seventy-four percent of those patients rated their average level of pain at 5 or higher on a 0-10 scale. Fifty-seven percent of patients with pain reported that their pain interfered with their ability to participate in rehabilitation therapies. Additional data were obtained and analyzed to identify patient attitudes toward specific pain interventions and issues. Conclusions. Pain is highly prevalent in an inpatient rehabilitation hospital setting and is of moderate to severe intensity in the majority of patients who report it. Pain is judged by about half of patients to be a significant negative factor impeding rehabilitation efforts. Despite this, most patients reported satisfaction with pain treatment. Additional study is required to determine whether improvements in pain control might improve rehabilitation efficiency and outcomes.
Efficient Single-Phase Harmonics Elimination Method for Microgrid Operations

A strategy to eliminate harmonics from the grid current as the voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) for microgrid applications is presented in this paper. The position of the harmonics reduction unit is selected so that it can reduce the harmonics level of the grid current and PCC voltage harmonics irrespective of the placements of the renewable energy sources in the microgrid. The proposed compensation system can be operated in both grid-connected and islanded operations of the microgrid system without changing any configuration. In the proposed control algorithm, the required amount of attenuation for harmonics is determined to meet the total harmonic distortion requirement specified by IEEE 519. Fast and efficient algorithm for phase detection irrespective of the presence of harmonics has been utilized for the system. The effectiveness of proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.
Marine invertebrates in an algal succession. II. Tests of hypotheses to explain changes in diversity with succession

Abstract The invertebrate community living in algal mats on intertidal boulders was studied for 2 yr. The diversity and abundance of the animals increased between the early and middle stages of algal succession, then remained similar into the later stage. Three possible mechanisms producing this pattern were investigated experimentally by manipulating natural algal mats and plastic algal mimics in the field and laboratory and evaluating the community of colonizing invertebrates. The first, the “ecological time” hypothesis, suggests that there are more species and individuals in later stages because they accumulate slowly with time; this hypothesis was tested experimentally and rejected. A second, “algal toxicity” hypothesis suggests that species richness and abundance are lower in earlier successional stages because the early colonizing green algae are more toxic to animals than are the later red algae. This hypothesis was also tested experimentally and rejected. The third, “habitat complexity” hypothesis suggests that increases in complexity of physical aspects of algal structure (biomass, surface area) cause increases in invertebrate richness and abundance. The fact that this result was found in both living algae and plastic mimics indicates that biological aspects of algal structure apparently have only minor importance. Algal biomass and surface area increase from early to middle successional stages; middle and late successional stages are similar. In general, increases in these physical aspects of algal structure produce concomitant increases in the abundance and diversity of the associated animal community. With higher biomass and surface area, increased numbers of individuals accumulate in algal mats. Because a larger sample of the available pool of individuals is therefore collected, more species are found in a given area of algal mat when the structure is more complex. The successional patterns of increase in species richness of this invertebrate community seem to result from this sampling phenomenon, rather than from increases in numbers of resources (i.e., “niches”).
Observations of fast ion loss to the plasma facing wall during quiescent H-modes on DIII-D

The Quiescent H-mode exhibits H-mode levels of confinement and edge pedestal pressures, but does not exhibit ELMs. To date this mode has only been observed in tokamaks during beam heating with some or all of the beams injected counter to the direction of plasma current. During QH-mode, fast ion loss to the low field side plasma facing surfaces has been observed. Some of the fast ion loss is calculated to be the result of outwardly directed banana orbits of the energetic beam ions created in the edge region. Other fast ion loss has been observed to be associated with bursts or oscillations in broadband, high-frequency, magnetic fluctuations. The relationship of the fast ion loss to the ELM stabilization or edge particle transport during QH-mode is not yet understood.
Considering al-Qa'ida's Innovation Doctrine: From Strategic Texts to “Innovation in Practice”

Understanding how terrorist groups innovate and adapt is key for anticipating future shifts in terrorist threats. Past innovation studies have identified factors that shape group behavior, as well as the importance of combining study of organizations' innovation doctrines with data on how these doctrines are put into practice. Here we describe such an analysis for two texts that have shaped al-Qa'ida and its associated movements' strategies: contrasting Naji's Management of Savagery with al-Suri's Call to Global Islamic Resistance—including elements of the latter relevant to innovation specifically translated for this work. Though open source data on the groups' innovation practices are necessarily more sparse, we contrast the doctrinal texts with selected examples, which suggest caution in assuming that group doctrine is necessarily put into practice “as written.” [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Please visit the publisher's online edition of Terrorism and Political Violence for th...
CHLAMYDIA DNA EXTRACTION FOR USE IN PCR : STABILITY AND SENSITIVITY IN DETECTION

We evaluated multiple procedures for extracting chlamydial DNA from specimens for detection in PCR tests. Commercial kits and an in-house method were tested for their sensitivity and utility. Quantifiable chlamydial elementary bodies (EB) were used for spiking buffy coats from EDTA-collected blood. EBs of Chlamydia pneumoniae at 2,500 and 25 EB/ml were used as specimens for DNA extraction using seven different procedures. These included either columns (3 procedures), centrifugation (1), glass (1), or patented extraction matrices (2), coupled with either alcohol precipitation (6) or heat-detergent treatment (1). Five procedures required 10-40 minutes manipulation; two required 2-5 hours. PCR results for DNA extracts using chlamydial 16S genus primers were generally more intensely positive with denser bands on electrophoresis gels for the higher concentrations of EB (up to 4+ for stained product on gels) than was PCR with lower EB concentrations (up to 2+). Further, the incidence of procedures with positive results was: 5 of 7 for chlamydial genus primers with 5 EB vs. 6 of 7 with 500 EB. Maximal sensitivity for one of the extractions was in the range of 2.5-5.0 EB/ml of test specimen with 4 of 5 replicates being positive with EB controls or extracts. Extracts were stable up to 2+ weeks at 4 degrees C and were effective in multiplexing with fluorescent-tagged primers. Taking into consideration the time factor and sensitivities, the two procedures with extraction matrices are favored for routine laboratory use.
Regulation of EcoRII methyltransferase: effect of mutations on gene expression and in vitro binding to the promoter region

EcoRII Methyltransferase (M.EcoRII) which methylates the second C in the sequence CCWGG (W = A/T) is autogenously regulated by binding to the 5' regulatory region of its gene. DNase I footprinting experiments demonstrated that purified M.EcoRII protected a 47-49 bp region of DNA immediately upstream of the ecoRIIM coding region. We have studied this interaction with mutants of the enzyme, in vitro by DNA binding and in vivo by investigating the repression in trans of expression of beta-galactosidase from an ecoRIIM-lacZ operon fusion. Two catalytically active mutants failed to repress expression of the fusion whereas catalytically inactive mutants had repressor activity. However, with one of the catalytically inactive mutants, C186S, in which the catalytic Cys was replaced with Ser, and which bound unmethylated CCWGG sequences, repression could only be demonstrated when those sequences in cellular DNA were methylated by supplying a cloned dcm gene in trans. In vitro binding of the DNA fragment containing the ecoRIIM regulatory region was detected only with the mutants that showed repressor activity, including C186S. Results indicate that down-regulation of the gene in vivo and binding to the promoter in vitro are not dependent on the catalytic properties of M.EcoRII. Mobility shift experiments with C186S also revealed that it could bind either the promoter or unmethylated CCWGG sites, but not both. We conclude that the concentration of unmethylated CCWGG sites controls expression from the ecoRIIM promoter.
The Application of the Freezing-Drying Technique to Retinal Histochemistry

In this article, Anfinsen, Lowry, and Hastings presented a method that permitted histological examination and quantitative enzymatic study of individual freeze-dried sections of tissue in order to study enzymatic localization in the various layers of the retina. Published shortly before Anfinsen received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1943, this is a quantitative, histochemical study of the retina in which the three researchers adapted an earlier technique for the identification of chemical components in cells and tissues that was developed by Kaj Linderstrom-Lang and K.R. Morgan.
The Intellectual and Modernization: Definitions and Reconsiderations: The Egyptian Experience

Past studies of modernization have assumed that intellectuals adhering toWestern values would be conduits of rational, scientific norms deemednecessary to the structuring of modern, complex societies. Littleconsideration was given to the attitudes of these intellectuals towards thesocial change presumably resulting from the distribution of rationalvalues. Modernization theorists supposed a positive relationship betweenrationalism as a mode of thought and social change, a suppositionreflecting their own expectations of a progressive and relativelypredictive evolution of traditional societies toward more modern and intricate social systems.
Riser Collapse A Unique Problem in Deep-Water Drilling

While drilling an exploratory well in 1750 feet of water, a large kick emptied the marine riser. The two lowest joints collapsed due to the external pressure. A diverter failure also occurred. The equipment damage caused by this incident is described, and collapse calculations for the riser are presented. It is concluded that, if a kick is taken in deepwater after the subsea blowout preventers (BOPs) have been run, the subsea BOPs should be closed instead of activating the diverter, even if only shallow conductor casing is set. Diverter systems remain a must for shallow water operations, but their strength should be reevaluated and perhaps upgraded.
Global structure of continuous flows on 2-manifolds

In this paper we consider continuous flows on arbitrary 2-manifolds (separable metric, but not necessarily compact nor orientable and possibly with boundary). Two such flows, (M, 4) and (M’, $‘), are (topologically) equivalent if there is a homeomorphism of M onto M’ which takes orbits of 4 onto orbits of +’ preserving sense (but not necessarily parametrization). The quotient space M/4, obtained by collapsing orbits of (M, 4) to points, is given a simple structure resulting in the orbit complex K(4) of the flow. We then have the following results:
Cavernous hemangioma of the carotid sheath.

CT of the neck revealed a 5.1 by 4.0 by 5.5 cm well defined soft tissue mass medial to the right SCM. The mass was splaying the carotid artery and internal jugular vein. The right internal jugular vein was deviated and compressed along the anterior lateral aspect of the mass. An enhancing vessel was noted within the posterior aspect of this mass. There was a mild low density along the posterior lateral aspect of the mass suggesting either cystic change or necrosis.
A new numerical grid truncation scheme for the finite difference of Laplace's equation

A modified form of Laplace's equation, based on coordinate stretching, is proposed, that lends itself to a new convenient numerical grid truncation methodology for the solution of Laplace's equation in open regions. The proposed method eliminates the need for approximate local boundary conditions the truncation boundary of the numerical grid. Thus, it provides for a simple, robust, computationally efficient and very accurate grid truncation scheme. First, an analytic justification of the proposed grid truncation methodology is presented. Next, its numerical implementation is discussed in conjunction with the numerical solution of Laplace's equation in unbounded two-dimensional regions. Numerical studies are used to illustrate the choice of the parameters used in the numerical implementation of this new truncation scheme, and quantify their impact on solution accuracy. A separable boundary value problem is used to motivate the proposed truncation scheme. The numerical studies and associated numerical results emphasize the calculation of per-unit-length capacitances for two-dimensional conductor configurations of the type used for unshielded planar transmission lines.
Parametrized variational principles for micropolar elasticity

Abstract A parametrized six-field variational principle for micropolar compressible linear elasticity is presented. The primary variables are symmetric and skew stresses, symmetric and skew strains, micropolar rotations and displacements. The governing functional is characterized by six free parameters. The connection between this formulation and the functionals with relaxed stress symmetry and independent rotations fields proposed by Reissner and Hughes-Brezzi for classical (non-polar) linear elasticity is examined. It is shown that the Hughes-Brezzi functionals are special cases of the parametrized functional but that the Reissner functionals are not. The former may be interpreted as a regularization (consistent stabilization) of the Reissner functionals that places them within the framework of micropolar elasticity. An eight-field parametrized principle that accounts for couple stresses is briefly described in the Appendix.
Space-efficient scheduling of nested parallelism

Many of today's high-level parallel languages support dynamic, fine-grained parallelism. These languages allow the user to expose all the parallelism in the program, which is typically of a much higher degree than the number of processors. Hence an efficient scheduling algorithm is required to assign computations to processors at runtime. Besides having low overheads and good load balancing, it is important for the scheduling algorithm to minimize the space usage of the parallel program. This article presents an on-line scheduling algorithm that is provably space efficient and time efficient for nested-parallel languages. For a computation with depth D and serial space requirement S1, the algorithm generates a schedule that requires at most S1 + O(K•D•p) space (including scheduler space) on p processors. Here, K is a user-adjustable runtime parameter specifying the net amount of memory that a thread may allocate before it is preempted by the scheduler. Adjusting the value of K provides a trade-off between the running time and the memory requirement of a parallel computation. To allow the scheduler to scale with the number of processors we also parallelize the scheduler and analyze the space and time bounds of the computation to include scheduling costs. In addition to showing that the scheduling algorithm is space and time efficient in theory, we demonstrate that it is effective in practice. We have implemented a runtime system that uses our algorithm to schedule lightweight parallel threads. The results of executing parallel programs on this system show that our scheduling algorithm significantly reduces memory usage compared to previous techniques, without compromising performance.
The aerodynamics of shelter belts

Abstract The effectiveness of a shelter is determined not only by its total drag but also by the distribution of the drag generated momentum defect in the sheltered area. Many aerodynamic factors affect both the drag and the momentum defect distribution, such as the boundary layer profiles of the approaching flow and the shape and the porosity of the shelter. How the interaction of these factors shapes the velocity distributions in the sheltered region is discussed qualitatively in this paper, on the basis of a flow model which consists of different regions. In each of them a different combination of aerodynamic factors is acting. Emphasis is on the region directly downwind from the shelter. It is shown that separation from the top of the shelter belt gives rise to a separation streamline which divides the low velocity flow below from the high velocity flow aloft. The blending of the flow across this streamline, which determines the recovery of the wind profile and the reduction in sheltering efficiency, is caused by the gradient in velocity across the streamline, while its location is determined by the drag on the shelter and the pressure distribution behind it. It is also shown that more turbulence is produced in a high density shelter than in a porous one. Finally, some conclusions are drawn with regard to research needs for improving our understanding of shelter belt aerodynamics.
Release rates of liposomal contents are controlled by kosmotropes and chaotropes.

Contents release from redox-responsive liposomes is anion-specific. Liposomal contents release is initiated by the contact of apposed liposome bilayers having in their outer leaflet 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), whose presence is due to the redox-stimulated removal of a quinone propionic acid protecting group (Q) from Q-DOPE lipids. Contents release occurs upon the phase transition of DOPE from its lamellar liquid-crystalline phase (Lα) to its hexagonal-II inverted micelle (HII) phase. Contents release is slower in the presence of weakly hydrated chaotropic anions versus highly hydrated kosmotropic anions and is attributed to ion accumulation near the zwitterionic DOPE headgroups, in turn altering the headgroup hydration, as indicated by the Lα → HII phase transition temperature, TH, for DOPE. The results are significant, not only for mechanistic aspects of liposome contents release in DOPE-based systems but also for drug delivery applications wherein exist at drug targeting sites ...
Stress Function Index, a Novel Index for Risk Stratification and Prognosis Using Stress Echocardiography

Objectives The purpose of the study was to define an appropriate parameter for risk stratification and prognosis of patients undergoing stress echocardiography. Background Among stress echocardiography variables, peak wall-motion score index (WMSI) and ejection fraction (EF) have been shown to be independent and significant predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Data on the impact and importance of each parameter in risk stratification and prognosis are limited. Methods We evaluated 1560 patients (59 ± 13 years; 51% men) undergoing stress echocardiography (36% treadmill, 64% dobutamine). Peak WMSI was derived from the cumulative sum of 16 left ventricular segments divided by sum of visualized segments at peak stress. The ratio of peak WMSI to EF was calculated for the entire cohort. Based on this ratio and using the receiver operating characteristic curve, patients were divided into 3 groups: low- ( 3.1) risk subgroups. Follow-up (2.8 ± 1.1 years) for confirmed myocardial infarction (n = 26) and cardiac death (n = 38) were obtained. Results Stress echocardiography effectively risk stratified patients into low- (0.7%/y), intermediate- (2.0%/y), and high- (4.4%/y) risk subgroups ( P 2 = 106.05; P 2 = 79.23; P 2 = 87.12; P Conclusions The ratio of peak WMSI to EF (stress function index) provides best incremental prognostic value and effectively risk stratifies patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups and is better than risk stratification by either peak WMSI or EF alone. The results of stress echocardiography should routinely combine peak WMSI and EF for effective risk stratification.
Probing Bacterial Flagellar Polymorphism in Various Fluidic Environments Using Solid-State Sub-Micropores

A novel method for the detection of an assortment of environmental conditions in a microfluidic system using bacterial flagella and submicro-scale solid state pores is presented. Differences in various environmental conditions stimulate the polymorphic helix structure of Salmonella typhimurium flagella to transform to its lowest energetic conformation. By measuring the ionic current blockage (resistive pulse) as flagella electrophoretically translocate a submicro-scale pore, detection of the polymorphic state of flagella corresponding to the conditions of the environmental stimuli is possible. We test the viability of this method using purified depolymerized and repolymerized S. Typhimurium flagella and a high resolution electrical signal readout sub-micropore-based detection system.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Preliminary Report on a Modified Surgical Technique Using Canal Transobturator Tape for the Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: Canal transobturator tape (TOT) was developed to reduce the complications of TOT by modifying the sling procedure of TOT with using a distal urethral polypropylene sling (DUPS). The aim of this present study was to describe a modified surgical technique for the treatment of female urodynamic stress urinary incontinence and to assess the objective and subjective efficacy of Canal TOT. Materials and Methods: Between October 2006 and November 2007, 87 female patients with stress urinary incontinence were enrolled in this retrospective study. All the patients underwent the Canal TOT procedure. The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7) and the Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) were used to evaluate the surgical outcomes. Results: The mean operative time for Canal TOT was 22.4 minutes (range: 15-39). During the surgery, there were 10% intraoperative and postopreative complications, including De novo urgency (n=3), weak stream (n=4) and difficult emptying (n=2). Yet all these complications occurred in the short-term and they were transient. Concomitant procedures were performed, including cystocele repair (n=7), rectocele repair (n=5), rectocele and cystocele repair (n=14), laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (n=5) and total vaginal hysterectomy (n=1). The average follow-up was 4.5 months (range: 3-12). Both the mean IIQ-7 and UDI-6 scores significantly decreased after Canal TOT and all the patients showed significant improvement of their subjective symptoms of stress incontinence. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that Canal TOT may be a safe and effective surgical method for treating urodynamic stress incontinence in Korean women and this procedure provides a high cure rate. (Korean J Urol 2008;49:1119-1124) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏
Does Dietary Carbohydrate Content Affect Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Normal Weight Adolescents

Does Dietary Carbohydrate Content Affect Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Normal Weight Adolescents?
Extramarital sex: An examination of the literature

Extramarital sex in the marital system often provides difficult dilemmas for marital therapists in regard to treatment approaches. The authors examine various motivational and perceptual aspects among spouses for engaging in sexual activity outside the marriage. Implications for both research and treatment are discussed.