cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The deterministic approach to inflow design rainflood development as applied by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

Abstract A brief introductory discussion is provided relative to the historical development of the deterministic approach used in the analysis of extraordinary flood events, namely the probable maximum flood, by the Bureau of Reclamation. The discussion includes consideration of the Bureau's early (late 1940s to early 1950s) involvement with the U.S. Weather Service in preparing regionalized PMP (probable maximum precipitation) estimates, the Bureau's unilateral conversion to what were termed site-specific PMP estimates, and finally, the Bureau's recent return to regionalized approaches suitable for site-specific application. Also presented is an historical perspective of infiltration and unit hydrograph theories employed by the Bureau in generating design flood hydrographs. The paper then proceeds from the brief historical treatment to a more detailed discussion emphasizing the current hydraulically based adaptation of the traditional unit hydrograph approach for modeling the conversion of rainfall to runoff. The hydraulically based adaptation has evolved over the past 20 years as a result of a relatively small number of investigators' work, including the author's, in the systematic analysis of well over a hundred flood hydrograph reconstitution studies and the identification of interrelationships between unit hydrograph features and certain well-defined basin hydraulic properties. Among the properties identified and discussed are the geometric configuration of the drainage network as developed by geological processes and the hydraulic characteristics of the drainage network in terms of the system's hydraulic efficiency in conveying extreme magnitude flood discharges to points of runoff concentration. The generation of unit hydrographs for ungaged basins using the approach is discussed in some detail with emphasis placed on the quantification of hydraulic parameters during field reconnaissances by hydrologists. Additionally, the modification of observed unit hydrographs to reflect basin hydraulic conditions associated with extreme events is discussed. Finally, the approach used for assigning infiltration rates suitable for extreme flood hydrograph development is covered, together with assumptions and techniques for combining the several physical meteorologic and hydrologic components to form the design flood hydrograph.
Intrinsic contribution of gender and ethnicity to normal ankle-brachial index values: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Objective Several studies report a higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in women and among blacks. These studies based their PAD definition on an ankle-brachial index (ABI) Methods A cross-sectional study was designed as part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a multicenter United States population study. We selected a subgroup of participants with unequivocally normal ABIs (1.00 to 1.30), and additionally excluded participants with any major PAD risk factor (smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension). In a linear model with ABI as the dependent variable, demographic, clinical, biologic, and social variables were introduced as independent factors. Results Among 1775 healthy participants, there was no association between ABI level and subclinical cardiovascular disease (coronary calcium or carotid plaque). Male gender, weight, and high education level were positively correlated with ABI, whereas black race, triglycerides, pack-years (in past smokers), and pulse pressure were negatively correlated. In the fully adjusted model, women had about 0.02 lower ABI values than men, and blacks showed ABI values about 0.02 lower than non-Hispanic whites. Conclusion These data suggest intrinsic ethnic and gender differences in ABI. Such differences, although small in magnitude, are highly significant and can distort population estimates of disease burden.
Jumping low, jumping high: Controlling hopping in the protein energy surface

The protein conformational space is characterized as a multi-dimensional funnel-like energy surface with conformations corresponding to the native state around the energy basin [1]. The dimensionally and ruggedness of this energy surface are primary why computationally determining the biologically active or native state of a protein remains a difficult challenge. A common template among structure prediction protocols begins by sampling many local minima in the energy surface. Basin Hopping (BH) has emerged as a suitable framework for effectively sampling these coarsegrained local minima [2], [3]. BH consists of a series structural perturbations followed by minimizations, forming a trajectory of local minima with the Metropolis criterion biasing it towards increasingly low-energy minima.
Application of steady-state controlled-potential coulometry to the study of homogeneous solution reactions

Abstract The use of steady-state controlled-potential electrolysis in the investigation of the kinetics of redox reactions has been examined with regard to theory, instrumentation, experimental variables and types of systems amenable to study. The method is precise, allows the evaluation of rate constants over a range of many orders of magnitude to a maximum of about 10 5 mole −1 , sec −1 , and may be especially useful in the investigation of systems in which one of the reactants is unstable and can be generated at an electrode.
Controlled experiments measuring personal exposure to PM2.5 in close proximity to cigarette smoking.

Few measurements of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in close proximity to a smoker are available. Recent health studies have demonstrated an association between acute ( 160 μg/m(3) of PM2.5 . The average incremental exposure of the non-smokers was higher indoors (42 μg/m(3) , n = 35) than outdoors (29 μg/m(3) , n = 47), but the overall indoor and outdoor frequency distributions were similar. The 10-s PM2.5 averages during the smoking periods showed great variability, with multiple high concentrations of short duration (microplumes) both indoors and outdoors.
Was Brazilian industrialisation fuelled by wood? Evaluating the wood hypothesis, 1900-1960.

The ecological relationship between cities and resource hinterlands is a major theme in environmental history and historical geography. Most scholars described the twentieth-century industrialisation of Sao Paulo, Brazil, as reliant on hydroelectricity. Warren Deanʼs wood hypothesisʼ, published posthumously in 1995, argued that industrialisation relied on wood fuel and charcoal during the first half of the twentieth century. However, Deanʼs wood hypothesis has not yet been tested or evaluated. Two substantive criticisms are offered here: the wood hypothesis is accurate in general but under-estimated the industrial consumption of fossil fuels, without conclusively reject the competing hydroelectricity hypothesis; the method used for estimating potential energy supply from forest area was erroneous. The paper also makes several specific claims that advance the issues raised by the wood hypothesis: evidence of actual industrial demand for fuel, not potential supply, should advance the debate on Sao Pauloʼs energy use; wood fuel consumption required labourers, yet work and trade relations are still not well described; and specific moments in Sao Pauloʼs energy transition, such as the 1940s, require in-depth analysis. A revised wood hypothesis is that Sao Pauloʼs industrialisation depended on the interplay of three energy sources, led by biomass fuels, then fossil fuels and hydroelectricity, each of which was supplied by a distinct energy hinterland.
STYLES OF THINKING AND LITERACY PROFICIENCY FOR MALES DISABLED IN PRINT ACQUISITION

ABSTRACT A difficulty for educators regards the balancing of literacy skills with styles of thinking for students with severe disabilities in print acquisition. These educators who deal with severely disabled readers and writers wish to promote the attainment of concept and content acquisition for their students in light of their poor ability to read content texts and to restructure ideas through writing. The problem becomes more acute as these students advance into high school and are faced with an environment that demands more and more from them in the way of written assignments. The present paper discusses the literacy levels and styles of thinking of such a group of youths and attempts to document their thinking behavior and literacy proficiency in a case study approach conducted over time
Global Warming, Irreversibility, and Uncertainty: A Political Analysis

The consequences of global warming are uncertain and possibly irreversible. In this article, I investigate the value of early mitigation action given these uncertainties and irreversibilities. I complement standard economic techniques with a political analysis: in the model, an incumbent government may be replaced through elections or other means by another policymaker with very different preferences. I find that if a green policymaker (very concerned about global warming) is probably replaced by a brown policymaker (mildly concerned about global warming), the case for early mitigation action is even stronger than otherwise. Thus, if environmentally aware governments will gain power in major emitter countries, they have particularly strong incentives to negotiate a global climate treaty when they expect that their successor may be less interested in climate cooperation. Similarly, concerns about the preferences of future policymakers could motivate environmentally aware local policymakers to impose increa...
Echocardiographic Postoperative Assessment of Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Successful surgical repair during childhood of complete transposition of the great arteries has resulted in a group of patients in adult life with complicated cardiac anatomy and physiology. It is imperative that cardiologists providing care for these patients have an understanding of the surgical procedures involved in redirecting the systemic and pulmonary venous returns at either the atrial level or great artery level. Echocardiography provides an excellent means for assessing newly created anatomical abnormalities; residual associated congenital heart defects; and ventricular function.
A Second-Order Godunov Method on Arbitrary Grids

A second-order Godunov method is proposed for the solution of general systems of conservation laws on arbitrary grids. Some applications are discussed: moving and deforming grids, local grid refinement, Lagrangian grids that make contact discontinuities perfectly sharp, and a new way to solve the time dependent small disturbance transonic flow equations of gas dynamics. As part of the algorithm, a way is presented to solve generalized Riemann problems with second-order accuracy.
Quality and the Courts

A change in attitude amongst purchasers of product in the United States has taken place. The paper describes the reasons and the historical development, and outlines the legal reasons for part of this change and the changes in philosophy of the administration as well as the judiciary. After considering this history, the paper describes some of the things the Quality Control specialist can do with the tools he has available for improving product quality throughout the spectrum of commerce of the United States. The entire paper is directed toward the engineers and managers in Quality Control and Reliability; it tells them how to use the tools they have already for the social aspects of the country's economy.
Initiation and termination of human U1 RNA transcription requires the concerted action of multiple flanking elements

Abstract Sequences in the 5' flanking region of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes are responsible for recognition of 3' end signals. Formation of the pre-U1 3' end occurs at the downstream signal closest to the promoter, probably by transcription termination. We have analyzed promoter elements for their participation in formation of the 3' ends of pre-U1 RNA. To do this, a human U1 RNA gene with deletions in individual promoter elements was microinjected into Xenopus laevis oocytes and the resulting RNAs were analyzed by a nuclease S1 protection assay. Each of the promoter elements, except element B (the functional equivalent of a TATA box), was shown to be dispensable for recognition of the snRNA 3' end signal. This latter element was necessary, but not sufficient, for initiation of transcription; so its possible role in termination could not be assessed. Therefore, it is likely that recognition of the 3' end signal is an inherent feature of transcription complexes that initiate at an snRNA promoter.
A comparison of four feature systems using data from three psychophysical methods.

Four feature systems (Miller-Nicely, Singh-Black, Wickelgren, and Chomsky-Halle) were compared under three different perceptual tasks involving the ability of subjects to auditorily discriminate pa...
Vacuum-free self-powered parallel electron lithography with sub-35-nm resolution.

The critical dimension, throughput, and cost of nanolithography are central to developing commercially viable high-performance nanodevices. Available top-down lithography approaches to fabricate large-area nanostructures at low cost, such as controllable nanowire (NW) array fabrication for solar cells applications, are challenging due to the requirement of both high lithography resolution and high throughput. Here, a minimum 35 nm resolution is experimentally demonstrated by using a new mask fabrication technique in our demonstrated vacuum-free high-throughput self-powered parallel electron lithography (SPEL) system, which uses large-area planar radioactive β-electron thin film emitters to parallel expose e-beam resist through a stencil mask. SPEL is the first-time demonstrated vacuum-free electron lithography, which overcomes the membrane mask distortion challenge that was shown to be the Achilles heel of previous attempts at electron projection lithography in vacuum. Monte Carlo simulations show that by...
Relation of arginine nutrition to mammary gland development in the rat

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary arginine on growth and mammary gland development in rats. Gravid rats fed arginine-free diets remained in positive nitrogen balance but lost body weight. Arginine requirement based upon nitrogen retention and body weight gain was estimated to be 0.55%. Number of pups born and their birth weight were not affected by dietary arginine. Consumption of an arginine-free diet during gestation significantly reduced mammary gland growth which was associated with depressed mammary RNA and DNA concentrations. Restricting feed intake by pair-feeding resulted in body weight loss; however, mammary gland mass and nucleic acid content were significantly higher than that of rats fed an arginine free diet. Arginase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activities were not affected by dietary arginine concentration; argine'e's effect on ornithine decarboxylase was inconsistent. This study demonstrated that dietary arginine is required for optimal mammary gland development during gestation. It appears that the effect of arginine is not mediated directly via rate limiting enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis.
INTERPRETING THE MEANING OF MULTIPLE SYMPTOM VALIDITY TEST FAILURE

While it is recommended that judgments regarding the credibility of test performance be based on the results of more than one effort indicator, and recent efforts have been made to improve interpretation of multiple effort test failure, the field currently lacks adequate guidelines for using multiple measures of effort in concert with one another. A total of 103 patients were referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation, which included multiple measures of negative response bias embedded in standard test batteries. Using any pairwise failure combination to predict diagnostic classification was superior (sensitivity = 83.8%, specificity = 93.9%, overall hit rate = 90.3%) to using any one test by itself and to using any three-test failure combination. Further, the results were comparable to the results of logistical regression analyses using the embedded indicators as continuous predictors. Given its parsimony and clinical utility, the pairwise failure model is therefore a recommended criterion for...
Effect of stimulus presentation modes on children’s recall and clustering

Kindergarten and third-grade Ss were presented stimuli via visual, auditory, and audio-visual modes. Half of the Ss in each mode were instructed to label the stimuli overtly. In recall, older Ss did better than younger Ss, labelers performed better than nonlabelers, visual and audio-visual modes were more effective than the auditory mode; there was no Age by Mode interaction nor support for the additivity-of-cues hypothesis. Regarding clustering in recall, there were significant Mode, Trial, and Mode by Trial effects; however, contrary to previous findings, no Age or Age by Mode effects were found.
Is there rock after punk

This symposium essay offers a broad framework within which to interpret the place of rock and roll in the everyday lives of its fans. It uses this framework to analyze the current “crisis” of rock and roll, arguing that the instability of the rock and roll culture is due, on the one hand, to the paradox which punk presented to rock and roll, and on the other hand, to the intersection of events which are currently changing the very significance of “youth” in contemporary culture. The three critical responses and Professor Grossberg's reply that follow this essay hold significant theoretical and methodological implications for the cultural study of all forms of mass communication.
Fault detection in braiding utilizing low‐cost USB machine vision

This paper investigates the effect of yarn tension on braid formation point (braid point) motion. A computer‐controlled take‐up machine is developed to facilitate braiding experiments. The results of several experiments are used to recognize tension aberrations that lead to poor quality and wasted product. Optimal braid performance is observed, which serves as the baseline for comparing the behavior of faults. By studying the effects of common faults, a diagnostic tool is developed to recognize the onset of defects and provide some insight into what might be causing the fault. Radial fluctuation of braid point position is a good indicator of mechanical faults of the tensioning mechanisms. Observations based on mechanical and visual methods are also presented as diagnostic tools. From visual observations, it can be concluded that as the tension in one yarn increases with each revolution, the radial fluctuation increases until a yarn breaks. From mechanical observations, it can be concluded that the fluctua...
Interfacial area and nucleation site density in boiling systems

Abstract The number density, which is one of the most important parameters affecting the interfacial area concentration in the bubbly two-phase flow system, is formulated in terms of the differential transport equation. From this formulation it becomes apparent that the active nucleation site density on a heated channel surface is the key parameter in the prediction of the bubble number density. A constitutive relation for active nucleation site density is developed in pool boiling and extended to forced convective nucleate boiling. The active nucleation site densities predicted by this constitutive relation are in relatively good agreement with direct measurements available in the literature.
Synthesis of mono Nα-trifluoroethylated cyclic dipeptides

Abstract Trifluoroethylated N-termini in linear dipeptides l -TyrXOR [X = Gly, d -Ala, l -Leu, l -Phe, and l -Glu; R = H, Me, Et] exhibit sufficient nucleophilicity to give piperazine-2,5-dione ring formation through intramolecular cyclization reaction in acidic aqueous solutions. The reactions occur in high yield and with absolute configuration retention.
Host location by the pearlfish Carapus bermudensis

The symbiotic pearlfish Carapus bermudensis (Jones) demonstrates the ability, as an adult, to relocate the host sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi in the laboratory. Host location behavior is effected unimodally with chemically mediated information of host orgin. Positive orientation of pearlfish to host “odor” does not involve chemically-elicited rheotaxis.
Optical Absorption Spectra of the Alkali Halides at 10°K

The absorption spectra of all the alkali halides except LiF and LiI, measured in the range 5.0 to 12.0 eV at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, are presented. These data complement earlier measurements made at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Identification of excition lines involving $d$-like electrons is made by a comparison of the crystal absorption and the absorption spectra of rare-gas atoms. From the positions of exciton states with $d$-like electrons, the energy of the second conduction band at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ is deduced for some of the alkali halides. The results of these deductions are compared with recent calculations of the conduction-band structure of KI and KCl.
Evidence of a ventilation-perfusion mismatch during acute unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion in broilers.

Abstract A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch can be diagnosed when a moderate increase in cardiac output (CO) causes systemic hypoxemia, thereby exposing a pulmonary incapacity to fully oxygenate the additional blood flowing through the pulmonary vasculature. The susceptibility of broiler chickens to hypoxemia was evaluated in lightly anesthetized, clinically healthy, 40- to 49-d-old males. A snare placed around one pulmonary artery permitted acute, reversible shunting of the entire CO through the unobstructed lung. Blood samples were withdrawn from arterial and venous cannulas for blood gas analysis, and a pulse oximeter was used for noninvasive measurements of the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in arterialized capillary beds. The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood averaged 103 mm Hg during control periods, 79 mm Hg (hypoxemia) when the pulmonary artery snare was tightened for 12 min, and 101 mm Hg within 5 min after releasing the snare. The percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen before, during, and after tightening the snare averaged, respectively, 96, 91, and 96% for arterial blood, 81, 55, and 78% for venous blood, and 87, 67, and 88% for arterialized capillary beds. Tightening the snare increased the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the hydrogen ion concentration above control levels in both arterial and venous blood, and these variables returned to control levels upon release of the snare. The combined data constitute direct evidence that clinically healthy broiler chickens are susceptible to hypoxemia during an acute moderate (approximately twofold) increase in pulmonary blood flow.
CO 2 LASER RADAR FOR ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY MEASUREMENTS

Measurements have been made of the atmospheric velocity turbulence spectrum using a mobile, CO 2 , continuous wave, Doppler LIDAR System. The LIDAR was used in a heterodyne configuration with a 30 cm output opted to produce a conical scan. Velocity data from this scan were Fourier analyzed to obtain velocity power density spectrum. The −5/3 power law of Kolmogorov was observed, along with variations in total energy which could be correlated with storm activity. In addition, departures from the Kolmogorov spectrum were observed under some conditions. It is hoped that the total energy and departure from the −5/3 power law may prove useful in short-term meteorological forecasting.
MHC-guided processing: binding of large antigen fragments

Ever since the emergence of models for the processing and presentation of antigenic determinants by MHC class II molecules, the main view has been that proteins are unfolded, enzymatically cleaved into peptide lengths of about 12–25 amino acids and then loaded onto MHC class II molecules. There is, however, an alternative model stating that partially intact unfolding antigens are first bound by MHC class II molecules and then trimmed to fragments of a smaller size while remaining bound to the MHC class II molecule. In this analysis, we make the case that a considerable portion of the elutable peptide cargo belongs to this latter class.
ENTROPY OF TWIST INTERVAL MAPS

We investigate the recently introduced notion of rotation numbers for periodic orbits of interval maps. We identify twist orbits, that is those orbits that are the simplest ones with given rotation number. We estimate from below the topological entropy of a map having an orbit with given rotation number. Our estimates are sharp: there are unimodal maps where the equality holds. We also discuss what happens for maps with larger modality. In the Appendix we present a new approach to the problem of monotonicity of entropy in one-parameter families of unimodal maps.
Test statistics derived as components of Pearson's phi-squared distance measure

Abstract A general approach to the comparison of two absolutely continuous distributions is presented based on Pearson's θ2 measure. Although no simple estimates are available for θ2, it can be decomposed into components, all of which are easily estimated. Asymptotic distribution theory is derived for the component estimates, and the form of the components is considered for several standard problems. It is demonstrated that the components-of-θ2 approach provides a unified approach to the development of tests for a variety of problems and that it is useful for generating new test procedures. The components-of-θ2 approach is based on what is termed a comparison density. That is, given two absolutely continuous distributions F and H with densities f and h, the comparison density is defined as d(u) = f(H –1(u))/h(H –1(u)), where H –1 is the H quantile function. Since d must be uniform under the hypothesis F = H, an overall measure of the validity of the hypothesis is provided by φ2 = ∫1 0 (d(u) − 1)2 du. By u...
Sources of subcortical afferents to the macaque's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.

Background: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is the thalamic region responsible for transmitting retina signals to cortex. Brainstem pathways to this nucleus have been described in several species and are believed to control the retinocortical pathway depending on the state of the animal (awake, asleep, drowsy, etc.). The purpose of this study was to determine all of the subcortical sources of afferents to the dLGN in a higher primate, the macaque monkey, whose visual system is similar to that of humans. Methods: Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with or without conjugation to wheat germ agglutinin, were made into the dLGNs of seven macaque monkeys, followed by perfusion, brain sectioning, and analyses of neurons in the brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus that contained the retrogradely transported marker. Results: The reticular nucleus of the thalamus, pedunculopontine nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, pretectal nucleus of the optic tract, superior colliculus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and tuberomammillary region of the hypothalamus contained many retrogradely labeled neurons ipsilateral to the injections. In the contralateral brainstem, HRP-labeled cells were found only in the pedunculopontine nucleus, nucleus of the optic tract, and dorsal raphe nucleus. The number of labeled neurons on the contralateral side was about one-half of that in corresponding ipsilateral nuclei. The locus coeruleus contained no labeled neurons in four of the macaques that had injections limited to the dLGN. Conclusion: There are seven subcortical regions that send afferents to the dLGNs of macaque monkeys. Except for the locus coeruleus, these are the same as observed for other species, such as the cat and rat, and indicate the possible sources of subcortical control over the dLGNs of humans. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strategies of Inclusion: Addressee(s) in Triadic Exchanges

In keeping with Goffman's approach of examining the interactional practices by which participants constitute a particular participation framework at any given moment, I analyze the instantiations of two different types of addressees in multi-party contexts. Using videotaped and audiotaped data, I show that at particular moments in the interaction, a speaker can call attention to a particular participation framework by initiating what I call triadic exchanges: by addressing more than one type of addressee at once. This paper analyzes in detail specific examples of triadic exchanges to: 1) specify the verbal and non-verbal cues by which they can be identified, and 2) demonstrate how this interactional practice is used as a strategy by participants to include other co-present participants in interaction. In this way, the speaker not only engages in an exchange with one addressee or party, but is able to include multiple addressees and call upon other co-present participants to actively participate in the communicative act that is being performed. The results of a detailed analysis show that the complexities of the third-party hearer have been underestimated in interactional analysis and that attention to participation frameworks can delineate types of interactions that serve interesting functions in multi-party contexts
Crossover in the magnetic response of single-crystalline Ba 1 − x K x Fe 2 As 2 and Lifshitz critical point evidenced by Hall effect measurements

We report on the doping evolution of magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ and Hall coefficient ${R}_{H}$ in high-quality ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ $(0.13\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1)$ single crystals. It is found that the normal-state magnetic susceptibility of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ compounds undergoes a crossover from linear-$T$ dependence in the undoped and underdoped samples into ${\mathrm{KFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$-type magnetic response in the overdoped samples with increasing K content. Although magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ of optimally doped samples $(0.34\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.47)$ still follows a monotonic increase with increasing temperature, a big hump around 300 K emerges. As $x$ exceeds 0.53, a broad peak forms in overdoped samples $(0.53\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1)$, which shifts toward 120 K for the end member ${\mathrm{KFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. Above the peak temperature ${T}^{*}=120$ K, a Curie-Weiss-like behavior is observed in ${\mathrm{KFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. The Hall coefficient ${R}_{H}$ of underdoped sample $x=0.22$ shows a rapid increase above spin-density-wave transition temperature ${T}_{SDW}$. Below ${T}_{SDW}$, it increases slowly. ${R}_{H}$ of optimally doped and slightly overdoped samples $(0.34\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.65)$ shows relatively weak temperature dependence and a saturation tendency below 150 K. However, ${R}_{H}$ of K heavily overdoped samples $(0.80\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1)$ increases rapidly below 150 K. Meanwhile, the Hall angle $cot{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{H}$ displays a concave temperature dependence within the doping range $0.22\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.55$, whereas it changes to a convex temperature dependence within the doping range $0.65\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1$. The dramatic change coincides with the Lifshitz transition occurring around the critical doping $x=0.80$, where angle photoemission spectroscopy measurements had confirmed that the electron pocket disappears with excess hole doping in the ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ system. It is suggested that the characteristic temperature ${T}^{*}$ at around $120\ensuremath{\sim}150$ K observed in susceptibility and the Hall coefficient, as well as previously reported resistivity data, may indicate an incoherence-coherence crossover in the ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{K}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ system.
AN ASSESSMENT OF QUASI-NEWTON SPARSE UPDATE TECHNIQUES FOR NONLINEAR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Abstract In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the performance of a few algorithms for unconstrained minimization of nonlinear functions that exploit sparsity of the Hessians of such functions. The evaluation is centered around large scale, geometrically nonlinear problems of structural analysis in general. In particular, the snap-through response of finite element models of a shallow elastic arch under a concentrated load at the crown is considered. The sensitivity of these algorithms to varying degrees of refinement of these finite element models as well as to the sparsity pattern of the Hessian of the potential surface in question are examined. The paper concludes by making recommendations on the choice of an algorithm based on the scale of the problem and the degree and type of nonlinearity.
Combined immunodeficiency presenting as the Letterer-Siwe syndrome.

Four infants with skin rash, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, and histiocytic infiltration of thelymph nodes and skin are described; in each of these infants an initial diagnosis of the Letterer-Siwe syndrome was made. Postmortem findings of thymic dysplasia and poorly differentiated, lymphopenic peripheral lymphoid tissue in each of the four infants, as well as antemortem clinical findings in one, established a diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency. From these and similar cases in the literature, we postulate that the Letterer-Siwe syndrome may not be an unusual presentation of combined immunodeficiency. Appropriate immunologic studies will help to differentiate the two disorders.
Stieltjes orbitals for molecular photoionization continua

Abstract Theoretical studies in the static-exchange approximation are reported of Stieltjes orbitals that provide optimal Hilbert-space representations of molecular photoionization continua.
A simple GUI for modeling the optical properties of single metal nanoparticles

Abstract We present a graphical user interface, based on the modified long-wavelength approximation, to compute the optical properties of single metal nanoparticles of ellipsoidal geometry (spheres, rods, and disks). The user-friendly interface allows one to readily gauge the accuracy of results obtained using the modified long-wavelength approximation. For spherical particles, up to 10-nm diameter, we confirm that our approach yields an exact correspondence with Mie theory, and gives an approximation error of less than 15% for gold (silver) particles with diameters approaching 40 nm (26 nm). Results are shown to be sensitive to the source data for the optical constants for a given material. The modular nature of the simulation platform provides a quick and intuitive guide for optical characterization experiments.
Photoinduced Phase Transfer of Luminescent Quantum Dots to Polar and Aqueous Media

We report a new strategy for the photomediated phase transfer of luminescent quantum dots, QDs, and potentially other inorganic nanocrystals, from hydrophobic to polar and hydrophilic media. In particular, we demonstrate that UV-irradiation (λ < 400 nm) promotes the in situ ligand exchange on hydrophobic CdSe QDs with lipoic acid (LA)-based ligands and their facile QD transfer to polar solvents and to buffer media. This convenient method obviates the need to use highly reactive agents for chemical reduction of the dithiolane groups on the ligands. It maintains the optical and spectroscopic properties of the QDs, while providing high photoluminescence yield and robust colloidal stability in various biologically relevant conditions. Furthermore, development of this technique significantly simplifies the preparation and purification of QDs with sensitive functionalities. Application of these QDs to imaging the brain of live mice provides detailed information about the brain vasculature over the period of a f...
Urea-facilitated uptake and nitroreductase-mediated transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in soil using vetiver grass

Abstract Limited bioavailability of hydrophobic nitroaromatic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a major challenge toward developing an effective in situ bioremediation method for active or former military sites. A greenhouse-scale study evaluated the efficiency of a stimulative phytoremediation method using urea, a common nitrogen fertilizer, as a solubilizing agent to facilitate TNT uptake by vetiver grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides L . ). Kinetics of TNT removal by vetiver from the TNT-spiked soil (100 mg kg −1 ) was fast (up to 0.004 kg d −1 g −1 ), following a pseudo first-order reaction rate. Vetiver showed high affinity for TNT (>80% removal within 22 days), and significant root-to-shoot TNT translocation (average 37%). Soil TNT removal rates by vetiver were significantly ( p 0.0001) enhanced by urea. Urea application at agronomically-recommended nitrogen rates (125–350 mg kg −1 soil) was optimum for TNT uptake by vetiver grass. Monoaminodinitrotoluenes and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene were the main TNT metabolites detected in plant tissues, posing little, if any, influence on plant health. Enhanced activity of nitroreductase enzyme (NR) in TNT treated vetiver plants was observed, which coincides with the prevalence of amino-based TNT metabolites within plant tissues, indicating an effective biochemical defense mechanism against TNT toxicity.
Abstract C183: Targeted disruption of the BCL9/b-catenin complex inhibits oncogenic WNT signaling.

Deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling underlies the pathogenesis of a broad range of human cancers yet the development of targeted therapies to disrupt the pathway has remained a formidable challenge due to the toxicities associated with disrupting the pathway9s homeostatic functions and the large protein interaction surfaces involved. BCL9 is an important co-activator for β-catenin-mediated transcription and is highly expressed in tumors but not in the cells of origin, presenting an opportunity to selectively block pathologic β-catenin activity. BCL9 drives β-catenin signaling through a direct binding interaction mediated by its α-helical homology domain-2. We report the development of a Stabilized Alpha-Helix of BCL9 (SAH-BCL9) that targets β-catenin, dissociates native β-catenin/BCL9 complexes, selectively suppresses Wnt transcription, and elicits mechanism-based anti-tumor responses. The clinical translation potential of this approach is underscored by the capacity of SAH-BCL9 to effectively suppress the growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of Wnt-dependent colorectal cancer and multiple myeloma in vivo. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C183. Citation Format: Ruben D. Carrasco, Loren Walensky. Targeted disruption of the BCL9/b-catenin complex inhibits oncogenic WNT signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C183.
Parton Distribution Functions and the Qcd-Improved Parton Model — AN Overview

Some non-trivial features of the QCD-improved parton model relevant to applications on heavy particle production and semi-hard (small-x) processes of interest to collider physics are reviewed. The underlying ideas are illustrated by a simple example. Limitations of the naive parton formula as well as first order corrections and subtractions to it are dis-cussed in a quantitative way. The behavior of parton distribution functions at small x and for heavy quarks are discussed. Recent work on possible impact of unconventional small-x behavior of the parton distributions on small-x physics at SSC and Tevatron are summarized. The Drell-Yan process is found to be particularly sensitive to the small x dependence of parton distributions. Measurements of this process at the Tevatron can provide powerful constraints on the expected rates of semi-hard processes at the SSC.
Range of Motion of Upper Limb Joint Angles During Two Tasks for Transradial Prosthetic Design

During wartime, the numbers of amputees will likely increase adding to the need for progress in upper limb prosthetic design. Improvement of prostheses often requires knowledge of how the body adapts. Added weight and fatigue are complaints of upper limb prostheses users. Current improvements in the design of a transradial prosthesis include advanced technology in control systems and electronics that improve its functions. However, these improvements often require excess mass distally along the prosthesis. A transradial prosthesis without a dynamic wrist component may cause awkward compensatory motion in the shoulder and elbow. This work analyzes the ranges of joint movement of shoulder and elbow during two tasks: drinking from a cup and lifting a box. The main purpose of this study was to determine if simulating a basic transradial prosthesis by limiting motion of the forearm and wrist using a brace, would cause significant changes in the compensatory motion of the shoulder and elbow during the tasks. The second purpose of the study was to determine if the location of added mass of 96 g (mass of an electrical wrist rotator) would affect shoulder and elbow angles during these same tasks. A group of able-bodied participants were asked to complete the tasks during the following conditions: (1) no intervention (2) while wearing a brace that restricted forearm and wrist motion of their dominant arm (right) (3) wearing the same brace with a 96 g mass added near the elbow, (4) with the same brace and a 96 g mass added near the wrist. Subject movements were captured using a motion capture system and ranges of movement of shoulder and elbow, as well as degree of asymmetry (DoA) during the box lift were calculated for each subject. Three trials were collected for each test condition and were averaged as a representative for each subject. Statistical analysis of the results concluded that during drinking elbow flexion was significantly different in case 1 from the other 3 levels. Statistical analysis of lifting found significant differences in the dominant (right) shoulder and elbow flexion between all 4 levels, while their relative degree of symmetry was found to be statistically different between level 1 and 3–4. The study concludes that bracing limits forearm and wrist affects shoulder and elbow flexion and their relative DoA. The position of a 96g mass did not cause any statistical differences in the movements observed or in their DoA. Further testing will examine the transradial amputee population as well as the effects of position of added mass on joint torques during common tasks.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Gas chromatographic separation of the stereoisomers of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents using cyclodextrin capillary columns

The synthesis of the organophosphorus nerve agents sarin, tabun, and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) produces a mixture of two stereoisomers except for soman where four stereoisomers are produced. Significant differences exist in the reported toxicity and AChE inhibition rates of the various stereoisomers. This makes the ability to distinguish between the different stereoisomers desirable. Five different derivatized cyclodextrin stationary phases developed for gas chromatography were tested for their ability to resolve the nerve agent stereoisomers using a gas chromatograph interfaced to an atomic emission detector. Of the five columns that we examined, only the 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl or 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-butyryl γ-cyclodextrins were able to successfully resolve all four soman stereoisomers. The elution order for each column was determined using solutions of isolated soman stereoisomers. Enantiomers of sarin, tabun, and GF were resolved with varying degrees of success on the different cyclodextrin stationary phases. Only the butyryl γ-cyclodextrin was able to separate the enantiomers of all four of the nerve agents examined in this study. The capacity (k) and selectivity (α) factors were determined for each of the chemical warfare agents successfully separated. The TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory in the Netherlands has previously developed several different chromatographic methods to resolve the stereoisomers of soman, sarin, and tabun. The advantage of the method described here is that commercially available cyclodextrin gas chromatography columns were used to resolve the stereoisomers, thereby facilitating rapid and routine analysis of organophosphorus nerve agents.
Preserving moral integrity: a follow-up study with new graduate nurses

The purpose of this follow-up study was to describe, explain and interpret how new graduate nurses perceived their adaptation to the 'real world' of hospital nursing and what they perceived as major influences on their moral values and ethical roles in the 2 years following graduation. The method was qualitative, specifically grounded theory. The earlier study took place when informants were senior nursing students. The follow-up study began after the informants had been practising for 1 year. Research questions guiding the study were: How do new graduate nurses describe their adaptation to the 'real world' of hospital nursing? What do they describe as factors influencing their moral values and ethical roles in hospital nursing? Preserving moral integrity was the basic psycho-social process that explained how these new graduate nurses adapted to the real world of hospital nursing. Six stages of this process were identified: vulnerability; getting through the day; coping with moral distress; alienation from self; coping with lost ideals; and integration of new professional self-concept. Moral distress was a consequence of the effort to preserve moral integrity. It is the result of believing that one is not living up to one's moral convictions. Data supported that the most pervasive attributes of moral distress were self-criticism and self-blame, as informants judged their actions against their moral convictions and their standards of what a good nurse would do. Moral distress was an acute form of psychological disorientation in which informants questioned their professional knowledge, what kind of nurses they were and what kind of nurses they were becoming. Theoretical explanations of these findings are grounded in social interaction and moral psychology theories.
Prolate spheroidal wave functions, Sonine spaces, and the Riemann zeta function

Abstract In this paper we study underlying spaces associated with A. Connesʼ trace formula (see Connes (1999) [3] , Li (2010) [14] ). In particular the explicit formula in the theory of prime numbers is expressed as the trace of an operator acting on a Hilbert space, which is a direct sum of a Sonine space, the space of prolate spheroidal wave functions, and a variant of the space of prolate spheroidal wave functions. A formula is obtained for the orthogonal projection of the Hilbert space onto the Sonine space. A base is given for the variant space of the space of prolate spheroidal wave functions.
Conformational equilibria of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine and hydrogen bonding

Proton NMR spectra suggest that the conformation with trans vicinal hydrogens is favored for ephedrine as the free base in deuterium oxide, although in non-polar solvents, such as deuteriotrichloromethane, the gauche vicinal hydrogen conformations are favored, as has been reported previously. The conjugate acid has primarily gauche hydrogens. In contrast, the trans-hydrogen rotamers of pseudoephedrine dominate for both the non-protonated and protonated forms in deuterium oxide. Hydrogen bonding is unlikely to be as important as usually assumed in determining the conformational preferences of these substances.
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease

In the special issue “Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease” authors were invited to submit papers that investigate key questions in the field of cardiovascular free radical biology. The original research articles included in this issue provide important information regarding novel aspects of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling, which have important implications in physiological and pathophysiological cardiovascular processes. The issue also included a number of review articles that highlight areas of intense research in the fields of free radical biology and cardiovascular medicine.