cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Clamor Outside as INWG Debated: Economic War Comes to Networking

In a 2011 Anecdote department article in the Annals, Alex McKenzie provided an excellent account of the events between 1974 and 1976 leading up to INWG 96, a proposed internetwork transport protocol. McKenzie's anecdote focused on the events in INWG (International Network Working Group), which this article shows were a small part of a much larger debate that was going on outside. The author places the INWG discussions in this wider context to better understand the technical points and implications, their ultimate impact, and the paradigm shift that threatened established business models.
A TWO-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE SIMULATION OF PARTIALLY MIXED ESTUARIES

ABSTRACT A real time numerical model is developed to describe the longitudinal and vertical distributions of velocities and salinities as well as tidal amplitudes for partially mixed estuaries. One assumes the flow to be laterally homogeneous and uses realistic estuarine bathymetry. The external inputs to the model are the salinity and tidal amplitude as a function of time at the ocean boundary and the freshwater discharge at the river boundary. The model includes the continuity, salt and momentum balance equations, coupled by an equation of state. The elimination of the lateral momentum balance equation permits numerical solutions with little computing time. The numerical technique conserves salt, volume and momentum in the absence of dissipative effects. Simulations show the salinity intrusion to be highly sensitive to the vertical eddy viscosity, with minor changes to the tidal amplitude. Results from the application of the model using a stability dependent eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity to the Potomac River yield distributions comparable to field observations.
Alices in a nuclear Wonderland

Denise Kiernan's The Girls of Atomic City tells the story of a dozen women who left rural America in the early 1940s and tumbled suddenly, like Alice down the rabbit hole, into the nascent US military-industrial complex, with all its regulations, factory discipline, dangers and surveillance.
Visual salience effects on speaker choices: Direct or indirect influences on linguistic processing?

The effect of visual salience on speakers’ choices is investigated by contrasting the effects of both visual and linguistic manipulations on picture descriptions and eye movements. Two-character pictures were used, which can be described in one of two complementary ways (e.g., a cop chasing a robber can be described either from a chasing or from a fleeing perspective), and using simple actives or other alternative syntactic structures (e.g., “a robber is being chased by a cop”). The pictures were preceded by a verb priming one of the two perspectives and/or a preview of one of the two characters. The results show that the visual manipulation affects looks to the characters regardless of which perspective had been linguistically primed, but it only affects verbal descriptions in the absence of a linguistic prime. Linguistically priming one of the perspectives, in contrast, has a reliable effect on both looks to the characters and verbal descriptions. These results suggest that visual salience does not influence linguistic choices directly.
Pathologic Aspects of Ischemic Limb Disease

Ischemia of the extremities is a fairly common clinical entity most commonly caused by occlusive arteriosclerotic disease with secondary thrombosis or embolization. The resultant ischemic extremity will present with progressive pain syndromes and pregangrenous or gangrenous tissue. When the disease progresses beyond survivability and the symptomatology is unbearable, amputation is necessitated. The pathologist then receives the premorbid or neurotic tissue after removal.
Allorecognition by T Lymphocytes and Allograft Rejection

Recognition of donor antigens by recipient T cells in secondary lymphoid organs initiates the adaptive inflammatory immune response leading to the rejection of allogeneic transplants. Allospecific T cells become activated through interaction of their T cell receptors with intact allogeneic MHC molecules on donor cells (direct pathway) and/or donor peptides presented by self-MHC molecules on recipient antigen presenting cells (APCs) (indirect pathway). In addition, recent studies show that alloreactive T cells can be also stimulated through recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules displayed on recipient APCs (MHC cross-dressing) after their transfer via cell-cell contact or through microvesicles (semi-direct pathway). The specific allorecognition pathway used by T cells is dictated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the allograft and can influence the nature and magnitude of the alloresponse and rejection process. Consequently, various organs and tissues such as skin, cornea and solid organ transplants are recognized differently by pro-inflammatory T cells through these distinct pathways, which may explain why these grafts are rejected in a different fashion. On the other hand, the mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Tregs) recognize alloantigen and promote transplantation tolerance are still unclear. It is likely that thymic Tregs are activated through indirect allorecognition while peripheral Tregs recognize alloantigens in a direct fashion. As we gain insights into the mechanisms underlying allorecognition by pro-inflammatory and regulatory T cells, novel strategies are being designed to prevent allograft rejection in the absence of ongoing immunosuppressive drug treatment in patients.
The Evidence for Female Pelvic Medicine Interventions

Purpose of Review In this review, the current literature available to patients and providers of female pelvic medicine interventions will be addressed. Topics include stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, urgency urinary incontinence, and upcoming data on mixed incontinence.
Synthesis of Violaceic Acid and Related Compounds through Aryl Triazene

MPC1001 is a potent anticancer natural product that contains a violaceic acid moiety. Herein we report the total synthesis of the natural product violaceic acid and its derivative. In this approach, a triazene-directed Ullman coupling proved to be highly effective. We converted the triazene to a hydroxy group by means of a palladium-catalyzed reaction. Treatment of the triazene with trifluoroacetic acid generated an arenediazonium ion that produced an aryl radical, leading to the protodediazoniation and a tricyclic product.
Baseline culture parameters for the cyclopoid copepod Oithona colcarva: a potential new live feed for marine fish larviculture

Feeding copepods during early larval culture stages of marine fish has proven to be advantageous for growth and survival of marine finfish larvae. However, commercial availability of most copepods is limited; thus, there is an impetus to evaluate promising copepod species to meet the diverse dietary demands of various marine fish. The marine cyclopoid copepod, Oithona colcarva, was isolated out of zooplankton samples taken from waters within Tampa Bay, Florida. Once isolated, trials were conducted to determine the appropriate culture parameters for producing nauplii to feed marine fish larvae. The effects of temperature (22°C, 26°C and 30°C), salinity (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L−1), stocking density (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 individuals mL−1) and diet (Nanno 3600 microalgae paste, Colurella adriatica, Rhodomonas lens, Tisochrysis lutea, Chaetoceros gracilis and/or Tetraselmis chuii) on nauplii production during a single life cycle of reproducing individuals were examined. Results of those trials indicated that a culture temperature of 30°C and a salinity of 30 g L−1 were advantageous for maximum nauplii production. Furthermore, a diet containing a 1:1:1 mixture of T. lutea, C. gracilis and T. chuii and a stocking density of at least 8 individuals mL−1 were identified as beneficial. The results of these trials, the potential for large-scale culture and observations on the performance of marine fish larvae fed Oithona colcarva nauplii are discussed.
The Impact of Low-Level Moisture Errors on Model Forecasts of an MCS Observed during PECAN

AbstractThis article investigates errors in forecasts of the environment near an elevated mesoscale convective system (MCS) in Iowa on 24–25 June 2015 during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field campaign. The eastern flank of this MCS produced an outflow boundary (OFB) and moved southeastward along this OFB as a squall line. The western flank of the MCS remained quasi stationary approximately 100 km north of the system’s OFB and produced localized flooding. A total of 16 radiosondes were launched near the MCS’s eastern flank and 4 were launched near the MCS’s western flank.Convective available potential energy (CAPE) increased and convective inhibition (CIN) decreased substantially in observations during the 4 h prior to the arrival of the squall line. In contrast, the model analyses and forecasts substantially underpredicted CAPE and overpredicted CIN owing to their underrepresentation of moisture. Numerical simulations that placed the MCS at varying distances too far to the northeast we...
Micromachined sensor and actuator research at the Microelectronics Development Laboratory

An overview of the major sensor and actuator projects using the micromachining capabilities of the Microelectronics Development Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories is presented. Development efforts are underway for a variety of micromechanical devices and control electronics for those devices. Surface micromachining is the predominant technology under development. Pressure sensors based on silicon nitride diaphragms have been developed. Hot polysilicon filaments for calorimetric gas sensing have been developed. Accelerometers based upon high-aspect ratio surface micromachining are under development. Actuation mechanisms employing either electrostatic or steam power are being combined with a three-level active (plus an additional passive level) polysilicon surface micromachining process to couple these actuators to external devices. Results of efforts toward integration of micromechanics with the driving electronics for actuators or the amplification/signal processing electronics for sensors is also described. This effort includes a tungsten metallization process to allow the CMOS electronics to withstand high-temperature micromechanical processing.
Making Salmon: The Political Economy of Fishery Science and the Road Not Taken

L'economie politique de la peche aux Etats-Unis est decrite en analysant l'integration de la recherche scientifique dans l'histoire de la peche
Blood loss at the time of dilation and evacuation at 16 to 22 weeks of gestation in women using low molecular weight heparin: a case series

Abstract Objective Describe blood loss with surgical abortion ≥16 weeks of gestation in anticoagulated patients. Study design Clinicians involved in a professional listserv (2011–2013) reported cases of abortion ≥16 weeks of gestation in anticoagulated women. Results All 7 patients were using or had recently discontinued low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). One patient was reported to have greater than anticipated blood loss for gestational age. No patients required transfusion and no complications were reported. Conclusions Our limited case series suggests D&E may not always be contraindicated in women with recent or current LMWH use.
Robotic epiglottopexy for severe epiglottic prolapse limiting decannulation

Surgical management of supraglottic collapse at the level of the epiglottis limiting decannulation has historically consisted of placement of epiglottopexy sutures which are technically challenging and often unsuccessful. Herein we describe the use of robotic technology to assist with epiglottopexy for a case of a 9 year old child with severe epiglottic petiole prolapse limiting capping and decannulation. Postoperatively the patient is tolerating capping during waking hours.
Technical Success of the Ultrasound-Guided Supra-Inguinal Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block in Older Children and Adolescents for Hip Arthroscopy

Background Hip arthroscopic surgery is performed on older pediatric patients. Fascia iliaca compartment block has proven efficacy in providing analgesia following hip surgery and can be performed with target location of local anesthetic below or above the inguinal ligament. The reported success of ultrasound-guided infra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block is lower when compared to traditional landmark technique, while the reliability of supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block is unreported. Aim The primary aim was to report the results in obtaining sensory changes in the distribution of the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves following supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block in patients undergoing arthroscopic hip surgery. Secondary outcomes are the ability to find echogenic landmarks and to report pain scores and opioid consumption. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical record and regional anesthesia database of patients receiving ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block for arthroscopic hip surgery. Sensory changes to the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves were determined. Identification of echogenic landmarks was quantified. Pain scores and opioid consumption were determined. Results Seventeen patients of mean age 15.4 years old (SD 1.3; range 13-17 years) were included. Sensory changes to both the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves occurred in 94% of patients (95% CI: 82%-100%). The average volume of ropivacaine 0.2% was 0.53 mL/Kg (SD 0.11 mL/Kg). Echogenic landmarks were identified in all patients. Pain scores and opioid consumption were generally low. Conclusion A supra-inguinal location for the deposition of local anesthetic when performing fascia iliaca nerve block for hip surgery is reliable in anesthetizing the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves and should encourage investigation into the clinical efficacy.
Experiences of structural vulnerability among exotic dancers in Baltimore, Maryland: Co-occurring social and economic antecedents of HIV/STI risk

Abstract Background Women who grow up in economic scarcity often face limited opportunities for upward mobility, as a result of challenges securing stable housing, quality education, and steady employment. Chronic instability may limit the capacity of women to protect themselves against HIV/STI-related harm when engaging in sexual activity or drug use. Characterizing the structural contexts that facilitate HIV/STI risk among women are critical to effective design and implementation of drug and sexual harm reduction interventions. Methods Semi-structured in-depth interviews were completed with 25 female exotic dancers working in Baltimore City and County exotic dance clubs July 2014–May 2015. Using thematic analysis, interviews were examined to understand the nature of structural vulnerability experienced by dancers during their early lives through the initial months of exotic dancing, including an examination of the roles of drug use and social relationships in engagement of sexual risk behavior. Results Dancers depicted early experiences of social and economic disadvantage, which accumulated through early adulthood. Substance use emerged as an important subject for the majority of women, operating cyclically as both precursor to and product of accumulating social and economic hardship. Dancers revealed social strategies that buffered the effects of structural vulnerability and minimized exposure to workplace-related drug and sexual harms. Conclusion This study provides insight on an understudied group of at-risk women with a unique demographic profile. Findings illustrate how the effects of structural vulnerability, substance abuse, social strategies, and opportunities for economic gain through sexual services in the workplace converge to produce varying levels of HIV/STI risk among exotic dancers.
Stark-Induced Adiabatic Passage Processes to Selectively Prepare Vibrationally Excited Single and Superposition of Quantum States

Abstract We describe Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage (SARP), a technique that we have extensively developed in our laboratory to prepare vibrationally excited single and superposition of quantum states of molecules with a large population density in a collision-free ambience, such as in a molecular beam. We present a theoretical framework of SARP using Schrodinger and density matrix equations. A Bloch-Feynman vector model picture is constructed to provide an intuitive and pictorial description of the Stark-induced adiabatic population transfer. Experimental results are presented in support of our theoretical simulations of SARP preparing both single and superpositions of rovibrational M-quantum states with near-complete population transfer. Additionally, we introduce a new Stark-induced adiabatic ladder climbing technique that is able to selectively populate a high-lying vibrational quantum state near dissociation. Brief descriptions of other related adiabatic passage processes, such as stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP), are added for completeness and for comparison with SARP.
Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment: updated recommendations.

Household water treatment with chlorine can improve the microbiological quality of household water and reduce diarrheal disease. We conducted laboratory and field studies to inform chlorine dosage recommendations. In the laboratory, reactors of varying turbidity (10–300 NTU) and total organic carbon (0–25 mg/L addition) were created, spiked with Escherichia coli , and dosed with 3.75 mg/L sodium hypochlorite. All reactors had >4 log reduction of E. coli 24 hours after chlorine addition. In the field, we tested 158 sources in 22 countries for chlorine demand. A 1.88 mg/L dosage for water from improved sources of
Variational nodal transport methods with heterogeneous nodes

The variational nodal transport method is generalized for the treatment of heterogeneous nodes while maintaining nodal balances. Adapting variational methods to heterogeneous nodes requires the ability to integrate over a node with discontinuous cross sections. Integrals are evaluated using composite Gaussian quadrature rules, which permit accurate integration while yielding acceptable computing times. Allowing structure within a nodal solution scheme avoids some of the necessity of cross-section homogenization and more accurately defines the intranodal flux shape. Ideally, any desired heterogeneity can be constructed within the node, but in reality, the finite set of basis functions limits the intranodal complexity that can be modeled. Comparison tests show that the heterogeneous variational nodal method provides accurate results for moderate heterogeneities, even if some improvements are needed for very difficult configurations.
The Natural Bond Orbital Lewis Structure Concept for Molecules, Radicals, and Radical Ions

As the “Coulomb explosion”1 and other techniques add to our knowledge of molecular geometry, it is appropriate to recall the debt of gratitude that many theoretical concepts owe to structural studies. Indeed, new structural data have often provided the principal stimulus for new chemical concepts. Even prior to the discovery of the electron in the last century, qualitative structural inferences based on stoichiometry, number of isomers, and other lines of indirect chemical evidence were giving rise to models of molecular connectivity and geometry (e.g., the tetrahedral carbon atom of van’t Hoff and Le Bel2) that underlie current electronic theories of valence.
Weighted consensus clustering

Consensus clustering has emerged as an important extension of the classical clustering problem. We propose weighted consensus clustering, where each input clustering is weighted and the weights are determined in such a way that the final consensus clustering provides a better quality solution, in which clusters are better separated comparing to standard consensus clustering. Theoretically, we show that a reformulation of the wellknown L1 regularization LASSO problem is equivalent to the weight optimization of our weighted consensus clustering, and thus our approach provides sparse solutions which may resolve the difficult situation when the input clusterings diverge significantly. We also show that the weighted consensus clustering resolves the redundancy problem when many input clusterings correlate highly. Detailed algorithms are given. Experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the weighted consensus clustering.
Neuropeptides and the Control of Egg-laying Behavior in Aplysia

The marine mollusk Aplysia is proving to be a useful experimental system for studying the roles of neuropeptides in neuronal function and their roles in the neural regulation of behavior. The main emphasis of investigations in our laboratory has been on the bag cell system, a group of peptide-secreting neuroendocrine cells that induce egg laying in Aplysia and also have profound effects on other central neurons.
Clinical Swallow Evaluation in Head and Neck Cancer

Evaluating the swallowing function of the patient with head and neck cancer (HNC) is an important part of the management process and should be completed on all patients. The ability to swallow is an integral part of our existence and impacts the quality of life as well as nutrition and hydration. Proper nutrition is critical for wound healing and to provide the body with energy as the patient goes through the treatment process.
3D Printing with Core–Shell Filaments Containing High or Low Density Polyethylene Shells

Polyolefins dominate the market for commodity plastics due to their low cost and suitable properties, but polyolefins are rarely used in 3D printing due to issues with deformation of the printed st...
Predictive Role of Computed Tomography Texture Analysis in Patients with Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Treated with Programmed Death-1 and Programmed Death-ligand 1 Inhibitors.

Abstract Background Reliable biomarkers to predict the response of metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) to programmed death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors are being investigated. Texture analysis represents tumor heterogeneity and may serve as a predictor of response in mUC. Objective To assess the predictive ability of computed tomography (CT) texture analysis for progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with mUC treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Design, setting, and participants Forty-two postplatinum patients with mUC treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors from 2013 to 2018, including those with measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 who had contrast-enhanced baseline or first follow-up CT within 3 mo after starting treatment, were included. PFS was calculated based on serial follow-up CT scans. Eleven patients with follow-up of Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify patients with PFS Results and limitations Of 31 included patients, 18 had PFS p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, respectively). A predictive model including mean and entropy on first follow-up CT yielded 95% sensitivity, 80% specificity, 90% positive predictive value, 89% negative predictive value, and 90% accuracy (area under the curve = 0.963) to identify patients with PFS Conclusions CT texture analysis can help predict early progression with high accuracy soon after starting PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Studies investigating the correlation of texture analysis with survival endpoints may help validate texture analysis as a biomarker of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors’ treatment response. Patient summary Computed tomography texture analysis can help predict durability of response in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer early during treatment with programmed death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors.
Drama Goes Viral: Effects of Story Development on Shares and Views of Online Advertising Videos

Abstract Viral advertising videos are a prominent form of viral marketing, yet little is known about which factors influence an online video's virality or likelihood to be shared and viewed. A content analysis of 155 viral ad videos found that average shares and views were higher for videos with full story development versus videos with less than full story development as measured via a five-point drama scale based on Freytag's Pyramid. An incremental story development effect on shares and views was also found. Time duration and company size did not significantly influence the results for shares but did have some effect on the results for views. The role of story in viral videos, the relationship between drama theory, narrative theory, story grammar theory and transportation theory, and managerial implications of story development in viral marketing are also discussed.
Evaluating BERT for natural language inference: A case study on the CommitmentBank

Natural language inference (NLI) datasets (e.g., MultiNLI) were collected by soliciting hypotheses for a given premise from annotators. Such data collection led to annotation artifacts: systems can identify the premise-hypothesis relationship without observing the premise (e.g., negation in hypothesis being indicative of contradiction). We address this problem by recasting the CommitmentBank for NLI, which contains items involving reasoning over the extent to which a speaker is committed to complements of clause-embedding verbs under entailment-canceling environments (conditional, negation, modal and question). Instead of being constructed to stand in certain relationships with the premise, hypotheses in the recast CommitmentBank are the complements of the clause-embedding verb in each premise, leading to no annotation artifacts in the hypothesis. A state-of-the-art BERT-based model performs well on the CommitmentBank with 85% F1. However analysis of model behavior shows that the BERT models still do not capture the full complexity of pragmatic reasoning, nor encode some of the linguistic generalizations, highlighting room for improvement.
Placoid choroidopathy after bilateral uncomplicated descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

Abstract Purpose To describe a case of bilateral, sequential placoid choroidopathy following uncomplicated Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Observations A 49-year old woman presented with flashing lights and central visual field scotomas after undergoing uncomplicated DMEK combined with cataract surgery for Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the right eye. She was found to have placoid choroidopathy responsive to systemic steroids and for which a comprehensive work-up was unrevealing. Three and a half months later, she underwent DMEK surgery in the fellow eye and again developed placoid choroidopathy in the operated eye. Work-up was again unrevealing and the lesion followed a similar course to the first eye on systemic steroids. Over the course of seven (right eye) and three and a half months (left eye) of follow-up, the uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 bilaterally and the retinal lesions had modestly improved. Conclusions and Importance We report a case of placoid choroidopathy following uncomplicated DMEK combined with cataract surgery in both eyes of a single patient. This case expands upon the reported complications following DMEK surgery and suggests a need to remain aware of posterior segment complications following endothelial keratoplasty.
Trends in female surgeon authorship - The role of the middle author.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to compare middle authorships between male and female general surgeons in the United States. Methods A stratified random sample of American College of Surgeons general surgery fellows was identified. Relevant author demographic, affiliation, and publication metrics were collected and compared across cohorts to determine which demographics were prognostic for each outcome variable. The primary endpoint was the number of middle author papers between genders. Results Males were more likely to enter into practice earlier (p Conclusions Female surgeons hold the middle author position less frequently than males despite similar total publication numbers. Reasons for this finding should be the target of future study.
Analysis and Countermeasures of Clinical Nursing Care to Children with Congenital Megacolon

Objective To explore difficulties of nursing care with congenital megacolon in peri-operation and make appropriate countermeasures in order to ensure the nursing effectiveness. Methods From January 2007 to June 2013, a total of 39 cases of children with congenital megacolon were suffered from modified Soave Ⅰ surgery. Preoperatively and postoperatively clinical signs of these cases were estimated. Nursing strategies were included psychological and nutritional support, intestinal preparation, postoperative nursing of ass and training of defecation.The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of Rich Children's Hospital.Informed consent was obtained from the parents of each participating child. Results To put with correct nursing strategies, body weight of each participating child was significantly increased at the time of discharge, the average increased value was (1.1±0.21) kg.There had no complications (including blooding, infection, anastomotic stenosis) occurred and no nursing related complications occurred. During follow-up, according to the Heikkinen score standard, the excellent and good rates of their defecation function were 89.7%. Conclusions According to the nursing difficulties of perioperation to children with congenital megacolon, to put with effective nursing strategies play an important role in reducing the incidence of preoperatively and postoperatively complications in children with congenital megacolon, improving their quality of life, and promoting their rehabilitation. Key words: Megacolon, congenital; Clinical nursing research; Child
“The Right Tools at the Right Time”: Improving Volunteer Education and Support

Success of the 4-H Youth Development (4-H) program relies heavily on the recruitment and retention of volunteers who implement 4-H programs. 4-H volunteers—in turn—rely on program professionals to continually improve the education and support systems they need to succeed. In this study, the researchers used a mixed-methods survey based on the 4-H Volunteer Research and Knowledge Competency (VRKC) taxonomy across the Washington State 4-H program to uncover (a) what education volunteers want for themselves and their county program, (b) what challenges they face in their role, and (c) what they need to succeed. The results of this study indicate that program professionals may improve volunteer education and support systems by focusing on 4 essential volunteer needs: (a) supportive teams, (b) engaged youth and families, (c) facilitation skills in experiential education and positive youth development, and (d) effective program administration, communication, and information systems. While this study focuses on 4-H, the results and implications may be relevant to other youth development programs that are charged with educating and supporting adult volunteers.
Recovery profiles from reward downshift are correlated with operant licking maintained by alcohol, but not with genetic variation in the mu opioid receptor.

Abstract After ten 5-min sessions of access to 32% sucrose, a reward downshift (RD) to 2% sucrose induces a transient rejection of the reward. Animals were segregated according to the speed of recovery from RD into Fast-recovery and Slow-recovery subgroups. Animals were subsequently trained in an operant licking (OL) task in which licking at an empty tube provided 10 s of access to a second tube containing 66% alcohol. Licking on the first tube was subjected to a progressive ratio (PR) schedule with a step of 4 licks. Fast-recovery animals (both males and females) licked to a higher ratio than Slow-recovery animals. Animals were also exposed to a well-lit open field (OF) for 20 min. Fast- and Slow-recovery males and females exhibited equal levels of activity in the OF. Tissue samples from tails were assessed for two well-known allelic variations of the human opioid receptor gene, OPRM1, known to affect mu opioid sensitivity: The C17T and A118G single nucleotide polymorphisms. There was no evidence of a relationship between genotype and behavior, suggesting that these genetic mechanisms in humans do not account for the individual differences in recovery from RD and OL for alcohol in rats.
Best Practices for Evaluating New Materials as Adsorbents for Water Treatment

Water pollution is becoming a major concern, because of the increasing numbers and concentrations of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic anthropogenic pollutants in fresh water resources. Many r...
The Spectrum of the CMB Anisotropy from the Combined COBE FIRAS and DMR Observations

We analyze the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy data from the independent COBE FIRAS and DMR observations. We extract the frequency spectrum of the FIRAS signal that has the spatial distribution seen by DMR and show that it is consistent with CMB temperature fluctuations in the radiation well into the Wien region of the spectrum. Conversely, we form a map of the Planckian component of the sky temperature from FIRAS and show that it correlates with the DMR anisotropy map. The rms fluctuations at angular scales of 7 degrees are 48 \pm 14 uK for the FIRAS data compared with 35 \pm 2 uK for the DMR data and 31 \pm 6 uK for the correlated combination (1 sigma uncertainties). The consistency of these data, from very different instruments with very different observing strategies, provide compelling support for the interpretation that the signal seen by DMR is, in fact, temperature anisotropy of cosmological origin. The data also limit rms fluctuations in the Compton y parameter, observable via the Sunyaev- Zel'dovich effect, to Delta_y < 3 x 10^{-6} (95% CL) on 7 degree angular scales.
Optimal State Contingent Sovereign Debt Instruments

This paper shows that the optimal sovereign lending contract is state-contingent when a government can default. It provides a theoretical basis for the specification of optimal state-contingent debt instruments (SCDIs) in countries subject to large shocks that can be observed and verified by all parties involved, such as natural disasters or global pandemics. The result is obtained as the endogenous solution to a contracting problem under time-inconsistency when a government cannot credibly commit to honor debt service obligations in all possible states of nature. It is shown that rational investors optimally offer SCDIs that include additional financing when the default constraint is binding, keeping the debtor engaged in the contractual relationship and avoiding asset loss. The debtor benefits because the contract implies net-positive financing when facing a large shock, increasing concurrent welfare, while maintaining access to financing in the future for consumption smoothing at the same terms as with precommitment. SCDIs require maintaining debt at a low level compared to the precommitment case, and also a fiscal consolidation when triggered to contain the increase in debt. Extension of the time inconsistency problem to add the taxation of capital returns shows that the optimal physical capital investment is also state-contingent.
Tryptophan metabolites suppress Wnt pathway and promote adverse limb events in CKD patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a strong and independent risk for peripheral artery disease (PAD). While solutes retained in CKD patients (uremic solutes) inflict vascular damage, their role in PAD remain elusive. Here, we show that the dietary tryptophan-derived uremic solute including indoxyl sulfate (IS) and Kynurenine (Kyn), at concentrations corresponding to CKD patients suppressed β-catenin in several cell-types including microvascular endothelial cells (EC), inhibiting Wnt activity and proangiogenic Wnt targets in ECs. Mechanistic probing revealed that these uremic solutes downregulated β-catenin, dependent on serine 33 in its degron motif and through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Hindlimb ischemia in adenine-induced CKD and IS solute-specific mice models showed diminished β-catenin and VEGF-A in the capillaries and reduced capillary density, which correlated inversely with blood levels of IS and Kyn and AHR activity in ECs. An AHR inhibitor treatment normalized post-ischemic angiogenic response in CKD mice to a non-CKD level. In a prospective cohort of PAD patients, plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites and plasma's AHR-inducing activity in ECs significantly increased the risk of future adverse limb events. This work uncovers tryptophan metabolites-AHR-β-catenin axis as a mediator of microvascular rarefaction in CKD patients and demonstrates its targetability for PAD in CKD models.
The relationship between the insulin-binding capacity of fat cells and the cellular response to insulin. Studies with intact and trypsin-treated fat cells.

Abstract The effects of trypsin on the insulin-binding capacity of fat cells were studied with [125I]iodoinsulin, which was shown to be a valid tracer of native insulin. The binding of insulin to isolated fat cells was approximately 5 microunits/100 mg when the concentration of the hormone in the incubation medium was 100 microunits per ml. The initial step of the insulin receptor interaction followed the law of mass action. When the cells were exposed to trypsin (1 mg per ml) for 15 sec and for 15 min, the binding capacity was reduced by more than 80 and 98%, respectively. Upon subsequent incubation of trypsin-treated cells for 2 hours after inactivation of the enzyme, the binding capacity was partly restored. However, the maximum binding capacity of "recovered" cells was only 9 and 4 microunits/100 mg (depending upon the length of the initial trypsin treatment) while that of untreated cells was 62 microunits/100 mg. The apparent dissociation constant of the insulin receptor system (approximately 1 milliunit per ml or 7 nm) was not significantly altered by the above treatment. Glucose metabolism in recovered cells was less sensitive to insulin as compared with that of untreated cells; however, the metabolism in all cell preparations responded normally to higher concentrations of insulin when more than 1.5 microunits of insulin were bound to 100 mg of fat cells. This indicates that glucose metabolism in intact fat cells is stimulated maximally when only approximately 2.4% of the total insulin receptors on the cells are occupied by insulin. Since the binding follows the law of mass action, it appears that the presence of "excess" receptors on fat cells renders the cells highly sensitive to insulin.
Comparing Thai and US businesspeople

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine differences in the ethical decision‐making processes of Thai and American businesspeople, considering perceived moral intensity, corporate ethical values (CEV), and perceived importance of ethics.Design/methodology/approach – Survey respondents were professional marketers in Thailand (n=605) and US (n=453). Results were analyzed using MANOVA and ANOVA. Scales have been used previously in the literature, so we report reliability.Findings – American managers were more likely to perceive the unethical marketing behaviors to be more serious. American organizations were found to have higher CEV than Thai organizations. The results revealed no differences between the two groups of businesspeople, however, on their perceptions about the importance of ethics.Research limitations/implications – Limitations inherent in this research include the initial development of the development of the measurements in the US and some notable demographic differences between the s...
Studies with tRNA adenylyl(cytidylyl)transferase from Escherichia coli B: I. Purification and kinetic properties

Abstract A method is described for the large-scale purification, 7000-fold, of tRNA adenylyl-(eytidylyl)transferase from Escherichia coli B. The conditions for optimal incorporation of AMP into tRNApCpC and CMP incorporation into tRNApC are reported along with the apparent K m values for the substrates, 1.6 × 10 −4 m for ATP, 9 × 10 −6 m for tRNApCpC, 6 × 10 −5 m for CTP, and 6.5 × 10 −6 m for tRNApC. The enzyme is stabilized as well as activated by 2-mercaptoethanol, which has an apparent K m of 1 × 10 −2 m .
Unraveling the mysteries of transcription.

The crystal structure of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase complexed to a DNA promoter is the first high resolution structure of an open promoter complex. The orientation of the bound template and the structure of the polymerase active site suggest a model for transcript initiation.
Structural and energetic origins of indirect readout in site-specific DNA cleavage by a restriction endonuclease.

Specific recognition by EcoRV endonuclease of its cognate, sharply bent GATATC site at the center TA step occurs solely via hydrophobic interaction with thymine methyl groups. Mechanistic kinetic analyses of base analog-substituted DNAs at this position reveal that direct readout provides 5 kcal mol–1 toward specificity, with an additional 6–10 kcal mol–1 arising from indirect readout. Crystal structures of several base analog complexes show that the major-groove hydrophobic contacts are crucial to forming required divalent metal-binding sites, and that indirect readout operates in part through the sequence-dependent free-energy cost of unstacking the center base-pair step of the DNA.
Structural evolution of the Madden-Julian Oscillation from COSMIC radio occultation data

[1] The atmospheric temperature and specific humidity profiles derived from 4 years of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation (RO) measurements during the boreal winter (November thru April in 2006–2010) were employed to study the large-scale vertical structure of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). In a composited MJO cycle, both RO temperature and moisture anomalies propagate eastward along with the enhanced MJO convection over the Indo-Pacific region. In the same region, the RO temperature anomaly is positively correlated with the convection (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall) anomaly in the middle and upper troposphere (800 hPa–200 hPa) and negatively correlated in the lower troposphere and at the tropopause. A positive RO moisture anomaly has a westward tilt below 300 hPa and is well associated with the convection anomaly. RO bending angle and refractivity anomalies show vertical structure similar to that of temperature MJO anomaly above ∼300 hPa and to that of the moisture anomaly below that. These salient MJO features agree well with those revealed by global reanalysis data and meteorological satellite observations, such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), even though RO anomalies exhibit sharper structure at the tropopause region due to the higher vertical resolution of the RO. Investigation of the cold-point tropopause anomaly indicates that the enhanced convection is preceded by cooling of the tropopause and followed by lowering of the tropopause height. The MJO moisture structures during two boreal winters, November 2007–April 2008 (La Nina) and November 2009–April 2010 (El Nino), are individually presented to demonstrate the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect on the MJO structure.
Novel Relations: The great disinheritance

From the beginning to end, then, landowner's legal history is much to be seen as the effort to overcome the common law rights of daughters. Eileen Spring, Law, Land, and Family , p. 35. The basic kinship structure both in England and in Kandyan Ceylon is unquestionably bilateral but, in both cases, in the property owning sections of society, devices were introduced which greatly restricted the possibility of a female heir who had male siblings from inheriting property in land. These devices were of various kinds and patterned in different ways: they included primogeniture, entailment, and dowry payments in cash and jewellery (rather than land). Edmund Leach, “Complementary Filiation and Bilateral Kinship,” p. 54. Kinship societies are the only truly democratic societies on this planet; for women to share social power again, we must learn from them. Christine Gailey, “Evolutionary Perspectives on Gender Hierarchy,” p. 62. The disinheritance in the title of this chapter refers to the psychological not to say legal disinheritance of daughters that I believe occurred in the eighteenth century as a result of the kinship shift I have been describing. Fictional treatments of the phenomenon vary widely. Clara Reeve's The Old English Baron (1777), like Frances Burney's Evelina (1778), is the wish-fulfillment story of initial disinheritance followed by legitimation and adoption. Samuel Richardson's Clarissa (1747–8), on the other hand, is more purely tragic about the psychological meaning of disinheritance.
Leaching of chlorine from Celotex packaging in stainless steel containers storing plutonium pits

The AL-R8 stainless steel sealed insert that is currently used for interim storage of plutonium pits at the Pantex facility in Amarillo, Texas, is designed to provide an inert storage environment for the plutonium pits for a 50-year service life. There is concern that the high chlorine content and absorbed moisture present in the packaging material, Celotex, may lead to corrosion of the container over time. The main objective of this study was to determine chlorine in the Celotex as well as in the various leaching procedures using neutron activation analysis.
Scalable cosmological simulations on parallel machines

Cosmological simulators are currently an important component in the study of the formation of galaxies and planetary systems. However, existing simulators do not scale effectively on more recent machines containing thousands of processors. In this paper, we introduce a new parallel simulator called ChaNGa (Charm N-body Gravity). This simulator is based on the Charm++ infrastructure, which provides a powerful runtime system that automatically maps computation to physical processors. Using Charm++ features, in particular its measurementbased load balancers, we were able to scale the gravitational force calculation of ChaNGa on up to one thousand processors, with astronomical datasets containing millions of particles. As we pursue the completion of a production version of the code, our current experimental results show that ChaNGa may become a powerful resource for the astronomy community.
Split-capacitive load variable taper buffer design

A split-capacitive load variable taper model for buffer design is proposed. For similar propagation delays, the proposed model results in buffer designs that take significantly less silicon area and less power dissipation compared to conventional FT (fixed taper) design. For lower capacitive loads, the FT designs are still better. Area, propagation delay, and power dissipation comparisons are made between the proposed and conventional designs using SPICE simulations. >
Acute effects of barefoot, minimal shoes and running shoes on lower limb mechanics in rear and forefoot strike runners

Barefoot or minimal footwear running is currently a highly debated topic among runners and researchers. Several footwear companies have developed minimal running footwear to simulate barefoot running but few studies have compared minimal footwear to barefoot and shoes during running. The primary goal of this study was to compare acute changes in three-dimensional (3D) ground reaction forces (GRFs) and lower limb kinematics and kinetics of habitually shod rearfoot strike (RFS) and forefoot strike (FFS) runners between minimal shoes (MSH), barefoot and neutral cushion running shoes (SH). Lower extremity joint biomechanical variables of RFS and FFS runners were analysed using a 3D motion capture system and a force platform during overground running in barefoot, MSH and running shoes. Barefoot and MSH showed a more anterior foot strike than shoes. The loading rate of the impact peak GRF was greater in barefoot and MSH than in shoes. MSH showed greater ankle plantarflexor moment and negative power in early sta...