cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precancerous cervical lesions and HPV genotypes identified in previously unsatisfactory cervical smear tests after inexpensive glacial acetic acid processing

Objective To determine the effectiveness of using glacial acetic acid (GAA) to convert unsatisfactory bloody ThinPrep (TP) cervical smear test to satisfactory, and identify associated missed diagnoses and high-risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes. Methods In a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional analysis, all TP tests performed in Mississippi, USA, 2012-2016, were evaluated for unsatisfactory results owing to blood. Tests that were converted to satisfactory by GAA treatment, and corresponding anomalies and HPV genotypes were identified. Results Among 106 384 TP tests, there were 1460 (1.37%) unsatisfactory results, of which 1442 (98.77%) were converted to satisfactory after GAA treatment. Laboratory preprocessing with GAA increased costs minimally. Precancerous lesions were detected in 166 (11.51%) of 1442 GAA-treated samples, of which 12 (7.2%) were high-grade lesions, 110 (66.3%) were atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and 63 (57.3%) tested positive for hrHPV. Of 60 genotyped samples, 39 (65%) had non-HPV16 and non-HPV18. Including mixed infections, 48 (80%) contained less-common hrHPV types, reflecting an unexpected distribution in bloody specimens. Conclusions GAA pretreatment of bloody TP tests would reduce the incidence of unsatisfactory results and missed high-grade lesions, and prevent the cost of repeat tests and delayed treatment. Clinicians without access to GAA should consider HPV testing.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in a Patient with Preexisting Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a condition characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction and apical ballooning, best seen on an echocardiogram or left ventriculogram. It mimics acute myocardial infarction but without evidence of coronary artery disease on an angiogram. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant heart muscle disease that is significant with hypertrophy of the left ventricle with various morphologies. We hereby report a case of TCM in a male patient with a known history of HCM. The patient’s hemodynamic findings were challenging because the TCM produced an increased left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient that was previously not seen on his prior echocardiogram or cardiac catheterizations. Assessment and continuous monitoring are warranted in such a rare case. Supportive care afterward with beta blockers, along with echocardiogram surveillance, are the mainstay of management of such a patient.
Evaluation of Brain Response during Head Impact in Youth Athletes Using an Anatomically Accurate Finite Element Model

Abstract During normal participation in football, players are exposed to repetitive subconcussive head impacts, or impacts that do not result in signs and symptoms of concussion. To better understa...
The Road Most Travel: Is the Executive's Growing Preeminence Making America More Like the Authoritarian Regimes It Fights so Hard Against?

In April 2015, President Barack Obama apologized for a drone attack that killed four people, two suspected terrorists and two hostages, one of which was American. This reignited a national debate on the efficacy of drones in the war on terror. Absent from the discussion, however, was the fact that the targets, the suspected terrorists, were both Americans. No one seemed bothered by this fact. But we should be. Because the Executive branch of the Unites States government continues to accumulate power beyond which is granted to it under the U.S. Constitution. This Article examines how the Executive derives this additional power using the National Security Agency’s secret surveillance program, the indefinite detention of terror suspects, and the implementation of a kill list, where Americans and non-Americans alike are targeted and killed without any judicial determination of guilt or innocence. Moreover, Congress and the Judiciary have condoned the Executive’s unconstitutional power accumulation by not only remaining idle and refusing to challenge this taking, but by preventing other American citizens from challenging the Executive as well. The notion of separation of powers that has served as the foundation for America’s democracy is rapidly eroding. Without a check from the other branches of government on this growing Executive power to spy on, detain, and kill Americans, America is becoming less of a democracy and more like the authoritarian regimes it fights so hard to extinguish.
Finding the edge of the seat.

Eliezer Van Allen is an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, medical oncologist at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and associate member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.
Small–City Gay Bars, Big–City Urbanism:

Despite the widely hailed importance of gay bars, what we know of them comes largely from the gayborhoods of four “great cities.” This paper explores the similarities of 55 lone small–city gay bars...
Evaluation of late complications and esophageal function in patients with esophageal atresia treated by esophageal anastomosis

Objective To evaluate late complications and esophageal function in patients with esophageal atresia(EA)treated by esophageal anastomosis.Methods Between 1990 and 2007,twenty-seven cases of patients with EA treated at birth by stage Ⅰ esophageal end-to-end anastomosis were followed up.Late complications(such as growth retardation,dysphagia,gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory infection,etc.)and esophageal function were evaluated and analyzed by esophagogram,24h pH monitoring and esophageal manometry.Results Mean follow-up period was 53.08±45.2 months.More than 48%patients had a norrnal lire without any clinical symptom,and 85%of them developed normally.Late onset of anastomotic stricture was developed in 48.2%accompanying with different degree of dysphagia,and pathologic reflux existed in 22.2%patients.Esophageal dilation was performed in 22.2%patients,while the others with stricture relieved spontaneously.Esophageal dysmotility was found by esophageal manometry in 70.3%patients,in whom ahout 1/3 of patients had no symptom of dysphagia.Conclusions The late complications,such as anastomotic stricture,gastroesophageal reflux,esophageal dysmotility and respiratory infection,have little influence on the children's growth,development and everyaay life.Severe anastomotic stricture can be relieved by esophageal dilation. Key words: Esophagem atresia; Postoperative complication
Dissection of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint by Proximity Proteomics

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is critical for sensing defective microtubule-kinetochore attachments and tension across the kinetochore and functions to arrest cells in prometaphase to allow time to repair any errors prior to proceeding into anaphase. The SAC has a central role in ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation and its dysregulation has been linked to the development of human diseases like cancer. The establishment and maintenance of the SAC relies on multiple protein complexes that are intricately regulated in a spatial and temporal manner through posttranslational modifications like phosphorylation. Over the past few decades the SAC has been highly investigated and much has been learned about its protein constituents and the pathways and factors that regulate its activity. However, the spatio-temporal proximity associations of the core SAC components have not been explored in a systematic manner. Here, we have taken a BioID2 proximity-labeling proteomic approach to define the proximity protein environment for each of the five core SAC proteins BUB1, BUB3, BUBR1, MAD1L1, and MAD2L1 under conditions where the SAC is active in prometaphase. These five protein association maps were integrated to generate the SAC proximity protein network that contains multiple layers of information related to core SAC protein complexes, protein-protein interactions, and proximity associations. Our analysis validated many of the known SAC complexes and protein-protein interactions. Additionally, it uncovered new protein associations that lend insight into the functioning of the SAC and highlighted future areas that should be investigated to generate a comprehensive understanding of the SAC.
The System Is Broken: A Qualitative Assessment of Opioid Prescribing Practices After Spine Surgery.

Abstract Objective To elucidate factors that influence opioid prescribing behaviors of key stakeholders after major spine surgery, with a focus on barriers to optimized prescribing. Methods In-person semi-structured interviews were performed with 20 surgical and medical professionals (January 23, 2019 to June 11, 2019) at a large academic medical center, including resident physicians, midlevel providers, attending physicians, and clinical pharmacists. Interviews centered on perceptions of postoperative prescribing practices were coded and analyzed using a qualitative inductive approach. Results Several unique themes emerged. First, wide interprovider variation exists in the perceived role of opioid prescribing guidelines. Second, there are important relationships between clinical experience, time constraints, and postoperative opioid prescribing. Third, opioid tapering is a major area of inconsistency. Fourth, there are serious challenges in managing analgesic expectations, particularly in those with chronic pain. Finally, there is currently no process to facilitate the hand-off or transition of opioid prescribing responsibility between surgical and primary care teams, which represents a major area for practice optimization efforts. Conclusion Despite increased focus on postoperative opioid prescribing, there remain numerous areas for improvement. The development of tools and processes to address critical gaps in postoperative prescribing will be essential for our efforts to reduce long-term opioid use after major spine surgery and improve patient care.
Copyright and Disability

A vast array of copyrighted works—books, video programming, software, podcasts, video games, and more—remain inaccessible to people with disabilities. International efforts to adopt limitations and exceptions to copyright law that permit third parties to create and distribute accessible versions of books for people with print disabilities have drawn some attention to the role that copyright law plays in inhibiting the accessibility of copyrighted works. However, copyright scholars have not meaningfully engaged with the role that copyright law plays in the broader tangle of disability rights. This article fills a gap in the copyright literature by observing that recent progress toward copyright limitations and exceptions elides an ableist tradition in the development of U.S. copyright policy: centering the interests of copyright holders, rather than those of readers, viewers, listeners, users, and authors with disabilities. The article illuminates this ableist tradition through two contrasting case studies of U.S. policy toward making copyrighted works accessible. First, the article examines the pre-Civil War institutional approach to creating and distributing accessible books, which became mired in copyright issues at the Library of Congress in the lead-up to the 1976 Copyright Act and forms the basis of today’s paradigm of copyright law’s application to accessibility. Second, the article traces the divergent, approach to captioned films and television, which mostly avoided copyright issues after responsibility shifted away from the Library of Congress and evolved into a radically divergent regulatory approach administered by the Federal Communications Commission. These case studies demonstrate that copyright’s ableist tradition subordinates the actual interests of people with disabilities in being able to access copyrighted works to the hypothetical interests of copyright holders in being asked for permission they generally have no reason to withhold. This subordination has led to a harmful, invasive, and unnecessary intrusion of copyright’s permission structure and culture into disability policy. The article argues that copyright limitations and exceptions should not be understood as an expansion of access to people with disabilities but rather an important-but-modest reversal of copyright’s largely unnecessary presence in disability policy. That reversal that leaves unresolved significant questions about how to actually make copyrighted works accessible that must ultimately be answered by disability law, not copyright law.
NF-κB-mediated effects on behavior and cartilage pathology in a non-invasive loading model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective This study aimed to examine the temporal activation of NF-κB and its relationship to the development of pain-related sensitivity and behavioral changes in a non-invasive murine knee loading model of PTOA. Method Following knee injury NF-κB activity was assessed longitudinally via in vivo imaging in FVB. Cg-Tg (HIV-EGFP,luc)8Tsb/J mice. Measures of pain-related sensitivity and behavior were also assessed longitudinally for 16 weeks. Additionally, we antagonized NF-κB signaling via intra-articular delivery of an IκB kinase two antagonist to understand how local NF-κB inhibition might alter disease progression. Results Following joint injury NF-κB signaling within the knee joint was transiently increased and peaked on day 3 with an estimated 1.35 p/s/cm2/sr (95% CI 0.913.1.792 p/s/cm2/sr) fold increase in signaling when compared to control joints. Furthermore, injury resulted in the long-term development of hindpaw allodynia. Hyperalgesia withdrawal thresholds were reduced at injured knee joints, with the largest reduction occurring 2 days following injury (estimate of between group difference 129.1 g with 95% CI 60.9,197.4 g), static weight bearing on injured limbs was also reduced. Local delivery of an NF-κB inhibitor following joint injury reduced chondrocyte death and influenced the development of pain-related sensitivity but did not reduce long-term cartilage degeneration. Conclusion These findings underscore the development of behavioral changes in this non-invasive loading model of PTOA and their relationships to NF-κB activation and pathology. They also highlight the potential chondroprotective effects of NF-κB inhibition shortly following joint injury despite limitations in preventing the long-term development of joint degeneration in this model of PTOA.
Fetal Protection in Wisconsin's Revised Child Abuse Law: Right Goal, Wrong Remedy

In the summer of 1998, the Wisconsin State legislature amended its child protection laws. Under new child abuse provisions, Wisconsin judges can confine pregnant women who abuse alcohol or drugs for the duration of their pregnancies. South Dakota enacted similar legislation almost simultaneously. The South Dakota statute requires mandatory drug and alcohol treatment for pregnant women who abuse those substances and classifies such activity as child abuse. In addition, the South Dakota legislation gives relatives the power to commit pregnant women involuntarily for two days; a court order can place the pregnant women in custody for up to nine months. These recent legislative "successes" follow scores of failed attempts by legislators in other states to establish fetal protection laws aimed at women who use and abuse drugs and alcohol during pregnancy. Barbara Lyons, of the Wisconsin Right to Life Committee, boldly predicts that, by passing fetal protection laws, "Wisconsin has become a national model for this sort of legislation." Indeed, the legislative urge to protect fetuses has not abated. In the 1999 legislative session, at least a dozen fetal protection statutes were proposed, including an additional nine that would punish women criminally for their behavior during pregnancy. But even if a morally and socially justifiable fetal protection law is possible, it would have to be carefully conceived, drafted, and implemented. Our examination of the new Wisconsin statute reveals flaws in conceptualization and structure that render it morally suspect, constitutionally vulnerable, and a potential danger to both women and their future children.
Functional Effects of Four or Fewer Critical Genes Linked to Lung Cancers and New Subtypes Detected by A New Machine Learning Classifier

Finding genes biologically directly or indirectly related to lung cancer has been drawing much attention, and many genes directly related to lung cancer have been reported. However, it has not been confirmed whether those published 9key9 genes are truly critical to lung cancer formation, i.e., they may be with very limited useful information. As a result, finding essential genes remains a challenging lung cancer research problem. Using a recently developed competing linear factor analysis method in differentially expressed gene detection, we advance the study of lung cancer critical genes detection to a uniformly informative level. A set of common four genes and their functional effects are detected to be differentially expressed in tumor and non-tumor samples with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in one study of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and one study of squamous cell lung cancers (LUSC) (two North American cohorts with 20429 genes, 576 and 552 samples respectively). Two additional analyses also gain accuracy of 97.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity in one study of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC, a European cohort with 20356 genes and 156 samples), and an accuracy of 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity (1 out of 20 non-tumor samples) in one study of ALK-positive and EGFR/KRAS/ALK-negative lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD, a Japanese cohort with 20356 genes and 224 samples). There are some common genes, but different functional effects, within each set of four genes among two North American cohorts and a European cohort and among North American cohorts and the Japanese cohort. These results show the four-gene-based classifiers are robust with different types of lung cancers and different race cohorts and accurate. The functional effects of four genes disclose significantly other mechanisms (mysteries) between LUAD and LUSC. These sets of four genes and their functional effects are considered to be essential for lung cancer studies and practice. These genes9 functional effects naturally classify patients into different groups (more than seven subtypes). Subtype information is useful for personalized therapies. The new findings can motivate new lung cancer research in more focused and targeted directions to save lives, protect people, and reduce enormous economic costs in research and lung cancer treatments.
Real-time posture feedback for effective motor learning in table tennis in virtual reality

Abstract Table tennis is a demanding sport in terms of motor skills, requiring precise time-critical postures and techniques for the player to excel. Therefore, it is a compelling case study for motor learning in Virtual Reality (VR). Though VR table tennis training applications have been used to study the learning process in VR, each has not fully explored the role of real-time feedback on motor learning, which is a fundamental component of real-life table tennis training. To address this, we have developed a training system that provides multi-modal training instructions and real-time posture guidance feedback to assist beginner players in improving their playing outcomes. This system synthesizes a table tennis training environment by providing realistic visual and audio stimuli that includes a custom highly-accurate physics implementation of ball flight. An experimental group (n = 9) trained to learn correct posture and paddle handling for forehand and backhand drives. The results show that the participants improved significantly in terms of technique and ball return quality. This work is the first VR table tennis system that provides real-time posture feedback using a low-cost depth camera. Additionally, the participants’ significant improvement in playing posture over a short period of time shows the integral role of feedback in learning and further validates VR as an effective motor learning tool.
Relational Social Work and Religious Diversity

Understanding the religious client is more than grasping the facts about a client’s religion. This chapter, as a general discussion about a relational theory of the religious self and its implications for social work practice, aspires to encourage social work practitioners and educators to consider afresh the idea of diversity in social work practice. The meanings that our clients derive from their religious affections are constitutive of their sense of self. The interplay of one’s gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and religious values are representative of the various and diverse characteristics of the client. They each influence the other. This interaction impacts the feelings and behavior and the choices the client makes on a daily basis. In this sense, knowing the content of our client’s religious orientation is not enough. The ways in which the client’s religious values give him or her meaning and mediate the way the client sees the world, himself or herself, others, and God is crucial in seeking to understand the diversity that is within and among groups and some of its implications for social work practice.
Lyapunov Stability and Stability Regions of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Equilibrium Points and Lyapunov Stability Lyapunov Function Theory Stable and Unstable Manifolds Stability Regions Local Characterizations of Stability Boundary Global Characterization of Stability Boundary Algorithm to Determine the Stability Boundary Conclusion
Follow-up skeletal survey use by child abuse pediatricians.

Abstract Skeletal survey is frequently used to identify occult fractures in young children with concern for physical abuse. Because skeletal survey is relatively insensitive for some abusive fractures, a follow-up skeletal survey (FUSS) may be undertaken at least 10–14 days after the initial skeletal survey to improve sensitivity for healing fractures. This was a prospectively planned secondary analysis of a prospective, observational study of 2,890 children who underwent subspecialty evaluation for suspected child physical abuse at 1 of 19 centers. Our objective was to determine variability between sites in rates of FUSS recommendation, completion and fracture identification among the 2,049 participants who had an initial SS. Among children with an initial skeletal survey, the rate of FUSS recommendation for sites ranged from 20% to 97%; the rate of FUSS completion ranged from 10% to 100%. Among sites completing at least 10 FUSS, rates of new fracture identification ranged from 8% to 28%. Among completed FUSS, new fractures were more likely to be identified in younger children, children with higher initial level of concern for abuse, and those with a fracture or cutaneous injury identified in the initial evaluation. The current variability in FUSS utilization is not explained by variability in occult fracture prevalence. Specific guidelines for FUSS utilization are needed.
Developments in Hindu Law from the Colonial to the Present

Hinduism and law have often been understood as Hindu law: A body of fixed positive law and legal hermeneutics that can be used to govern the lives of Hindus. Marriage, adoption, inheritance, property, and contract are just some of the vast areas of private and public life which colonial officials classified under the rubric of Hindu law and attempted to regulate using Sanskrit texts and native scholar-translators. Which texts were used, in what versions, and to what purposes were animating concerns during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Similarly, colonial officials debated the extent to which material identified as correct Hindu law should be reformed and brought into keeping with modern principles of equality and justice. After independence, the Indian state has been deeply involved in regulating and reforming the lives of its Hindu citizens through constitutional measures as well as through judicial interpretations and legislative reforms. This relationship between the Indian state and Hindu law has generated novel conceptions of secular governance from scholars and legislators while also reaffirming the interdependence of textual analysis and state law.
Microtubule Assembly and Nucleation

Publisher Summary This chapter presents recent studies on in vitro assembly, nucleation, and growth of microtubules along with the properties that shed light on their biological role. The biochemical study of structural proteins such as tubulin and actin is a new area. It has received a considerable amount of attention recently which, it is hoped, reflects progress. Despite the fact that actin is in general the most common cellular protein and that so much was known about it from studies of muscle, not until recently has its role in nonmuscle cells been appreciated. Tubulin, perhaps the second most common intracellular protein, was not described until the 1960s. Functional studies of tubulin assembly were not performed until 1972. The means of regulation and the principles of self-assembly are also presented in the chapter. It discusses the experiments that (1) emanated from the discovery of conditions for assembly of microtubules from brain extracts, (2) relate to the biochemical properties of tubulin, and (3) that utilize in vitro systems for studying nucleation and growth of cytoplasmic microtubules. Certain topics in microtubule assembly have been well studied in the past few years
Propene adsorption on Ag(111): a TPD and RAIRS study

Abstract We have investigated the interactions of propene with Ag(1 1 1) by means of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection adsorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). At 100 K, propene reversibly adsorbs, with desorption peaks at 161 K (α1 state), 145 K (α2 state) and 123 K (α3 state) sequentially populated as the coverage increases. These are ascribed to two slightly different adsorption states involving Ag (α1 and α2) and multilayer (α3), respectively. Repulsive interactions drive a change from α1- to α2-propene during adsorption and desorption. The three adsorption states are distinguished by RAIRS on the basis CH2 wagging vibration frequencies at 924, 918 and 908 cm−1, respectively. Relative intensities demonstrate that the plane containing the three carbon atoms lies nearly parallel to the Ag(1 1 1) surface for the α1 and α2 adsorption states but is tilted away for the multilayer α3 adsorption state.
An Ontological Redefinition

Within the history of philosophy, the ontological argument for the existence of God has taken on many forms, iterations, and criticisms. It is an argument traditionally derived from the Anselmian premise that the conceptualization of God, that being than which nothing greater can be conceived, displays the necessity of God’s existence within its mere understanding. 1 Since the time of Anselm, the ontological argument has undergone several permutations, which have expanded the diversity of the argument’s formulations. In a way, the ontological strategy is better understood not as a singular argument, but rather as a family of arguments that share a resemblance. However, Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is the historical home-wrecker of this household of arguments. Kant’s repudiation of the ontological argument showed that, although existence may be a logical property of God, such a logical conclusion does not translate into proving that God exists within the actual world. To reject God is also to reject all of God’s properties, which would include God’s logical existence. 2
Prominent Expression of Two Forms of Glutamate Decarboxylase in the Embryonic and Early Postnatal Rat Hippocampal Formation

Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the earliest times of detection for two forms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65) in the embryonic and early postnatal rat hippocampal formation and to determine whether their distribution patterns differed from each other and from those of the adult. Both GAD67- and GAD65-containing neurons were observed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17)-E18 in the hippocampus and E19 in the dentate gyrus, and this was substantially earlier than GAD had been detected previously in the hippocampal formation. The two GAD isoforms displayed very similar distribution patterns, but these patterns were distinctly different from those of the adult. From E17 to E20, GAD67 and GAD65 were expressed in neuronal cell bodies throughout the hippocampal and dentate marginal zones (future dendritic layers), and relatively few existed within the principal cell body layers, where GAD-positive neurons are frequently concentrated in the adult. At E21 to postnatal day 1 (P1), there was a sudden shift from a predominance of GAD-containing cell bodies within the developing dendritic regions to a meshwork of GAD-positive processes with terminal-like varicosities in these same regions. This pattern also contrasted with that of the adult, in which GAD-labeled terminals are highly concentrated in the principal cell layers. Electron microscopic observations of the GAD-labeled processes at P1 confirmed their axon-like appearance and demonstrated that the immunoreactivity was consistently localized in vesicle-filled regions that were often closely apposed to and, in some instances, established synaptic contacts with dendritic profiles. The present identification of an early abundance of GAD-containing structures in the hippocampal formation and the marked change in their distribution during development complement recent observations of developmental changes in the functioning of the GABA system and provide additional support for the early involvement of this neurotransmitter system in hippocampal development.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION IN ENARGITE AND LUZONITE

Cu 3 (As,Sb)S 4 minerals commonly contain structurally disordered crystals of intergrown enargite and the luzonite-famatinite series (Posfai and Sundberg 1998). Here we discuss the relationships between the fine-scale structural variations and the Sb/As ratios of these minerals. Although luzonite typically contains more Sb than enargite, individual layers of luzonite within Sb-bearing enargite are not associated with higher Sb/As ratios. Defect-free enargite can also contain Sb. We develop a "structure-composition" diagram in which both the structural enargite-luzonite and the compositional luzonite-famatinite solid solutions can be represented. Compositions plotted in this diagram reveal that Sb-bearing enargite and luzonite contain only a relatively small number of defects, whereas Sb-free crystals can be heavily disordered. Coexisting enargite and famatinite and zoning in luzonite-famatinite indicate fluctuations in the Sb-content of the fluid during ore deposition. On the other hand, assemblages of Sb-free enargite and luzonite probably reflect thermal oscillations; heavily disordered, intermediate structures may have formed near the transition temperature of low-temperature luzonite to high-temperature enargite. Our results suggest that characteristic microstructures in enargite, luzonite, and famatinite can be useful for constraining fluid composition and temperature during ore deposition.
Total Neutron Cross Section of Liquid Argon

Using liquid argon in a specially designed Dewar flask, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p, n)$ neutrons, and a hydrogen recoil counter, we have measured ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{t}(\mathrm{A})$ at 2-kev intervals in the range 450 to 1100 kev of neutron energy. The experiment was performed in good geometry using the transmission method.
Preparation and characterization of biocompatible spongy cryogels of poly(vinyl alcohol)–gelatin and study of water sorption behaviour

Porous biocompatible spongy hydrogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–gelatin were prepared by the freezing–thawing method and characterized by infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The prepared so-called ‘cryogels’ were evaluated for their water-uptake potential and the influence of various factors, such as the chemical architecture of the spongy hydrogels, pH and the temperature of the swelling bath, on the degree of water sorption by the cryogels was investigated. It was found that the water sorption capacity constantly decreased with increasing concentration of PVA while initially an increase and thereafter a decrease in swelling was obtained with increasing amounts of gelatin in the cryogel. The water sorption capacity decreased with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles. The hydrogels were also swollen in salt solutions and various simulated biological fluids and a fall in swelling ratio was noticed. The effect of the drying temperature of the cryogel on its water sorption capacity was also investigated, and a decrease in swelling was obtained with increasing temperature of drying. The biocompatibility of the prepared materials was assessed by in vitro methods of blood-clot formation, platelet adhesion, and per cent haemolysis. It was noticed that with increasing concentration of PVA and gelatin the biocompatibility increased, while a reduced biocompatibility was noted with an increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in a Transitional Boundary Layer With Passing Wakes

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been used to investigate heat transfer and provide thermal statistics in a transitional flow in which turbulent wakes traversing the inlet periodically are swept downstream across a constant-temperature flat-plate. The same heat transfer problem was also computed using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method with the υ 2 -f turbulence model. During transition, the instantaneous Stanton number field exhibits spotlike structure, which in turn results in a strong streamwise modulation in the phase-averaged Stanton number distribution. At molecular Prandtl number Pr = 0.7, the Reynolds analogy factor decreases in the transitional region but remains nearly constant afterwards. After the completion of transition, mean and second-order temperature statistics are in good agreement with previous experimental data from slightly heated turbulent flat-plate boundary layers. Throughout the transitional and turbulent regions the turbulent Prandtl number increases sharply as the wall is asymptotically approached. DNS results at a higher wake passing frequency are also presented to illustrate the effect of freestream turbulence
Cosmic ray detector response to transient solar modulation: Forbush decreases

[1] The observed modulation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity, on time and spatial scales, contains information regarding their transport in the heliosphere. One way to extract crucial information from the data is to study the rigidity dependence of modulation. A methodology is described to study the rigidity dependence of the short-term variations in galactic cosmic ray intensity Earth, in terms of the median rigidity of detector response (Rm) to cosmic ray spectrum. We define Rm as the rigidity below which lies 50% of detector counting rate. For neutron monitors (NMs), it is easily calculated from the latitude survey obtained at sea level and higher elevations. We compute Rm values for some NM sites; solar cycle dependence for them is shown to be small. Their practical utility is demonstrated in a study of transient cosmic ray solar modulation (Forbush decreases (FDs)), using data published in the literature. We plot the rigidity dependence of the amplitudes of three large Forbush decreases that occurred during the declining phase of three solar cycles (19, 20, and 21). We show that the Forbush decrease amplitude varies inversely with Rm over a large range (1 to 300 GV) of GCR rigidities. Thereby, we rule out the existence of a “transition rigidity” suggested by Jokipii even for a short-term modulation (large Forbush decreases). We speculate that the force field model may be applicable to large Forbush decreases.
MICROSCOPIC THEORY FOR HOPPING TRANSPORT IN GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS

Abstract Under the assumption that structural relaxation is dominated by the decay of clusters of particles, we develop a microscopic theory for transport in a strongly supercooled liquid. By introducing a local order parameter that describes the geometry of particle aggregates in addition to the number density and momentum density, we obtain an expression for the effective longitudinal viscosity in which a hopping tem emerges nonperturbatively. We find that the hopping kernel of the present work arises from couplings to bilinear density-momentum modes in agreement with previous mode-coupling treatments. However, the magnitude of the hopping kernel is suppressed through a wave vector cutoff instead of the previously suggested initial time cutoff.
Ciliary/decarboxylase activities as indicators of PTZ, photoperiod and Ca-ionophore effect on Crassostrea virginica (gmelin)

Abstract 1. 1. Lateral ciliary activity and DOPA decarboxylase were measured in the ctenidium of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). 2. 2. Activity of the lateral cilia is dependent upon branchial nerve (Paparo, 1985a,b) and on intracellular calcium homostasis (Baker, 1963; Rassmussen, 1970, 1971; Romero and Wittman, 1971; Blanstein et al ., 1978). 3. 3. PTZ induced lamella morphogenesis in eytosomes with subsequent release of calcium into the cytosol. This cilio-inhibition was enhanced in the presence of additional calcium in the perfusate. 4. 4. Prolonged exposure to light also induces fully converted membranous eytosomes with subsequent production of a gradual lateral cilio-inhibition. Darkness produces the opposite effect, in that secondary membranous conversions of cytosomes are inhibited. 5. 5. In the presence of A-23187 (a calcium releasing agent), inhibition of lateral activity is produced, independent of cytosomal conversion. 6. 6. It is postulated that photic electrical and chemical stimulation of neuronal chromoproteins can lead to release of calcium from sequestered cytosomal stores which triggers a neuro-exocytosis of a neuroinhibitory transmitter, dopamine.
TECHNOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITY AND WORKFORCE SIZE: AN ARGUMENT FOR SELECTIVE DOWNSIZING

In this paper I begin to answer the neglected question of “When to downsize?” Specifically, is downsizing and the associated reskilling of workforces an appropriate response to technological discontinuity? Based on past organizational literature written about technological discontinuity, downsizing, and reskilling, I develop a theoretical framework that indicates when downsizing following a technological discontinuity will increase organizational effectiveness. Propositions are developed based on this framework. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for managers and future researchers.
An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the ‘Hallowe'en’ solar storm in 2003

The Earth's radiation belts—also known as the Van Allen belts1—contain high-energy electrons trapped on magnetic field lines2,3. The centre of the outer belt is usually 20,000–25,000 km from Earth. The region between the belts is normally devoid of particles2,3,4, and is accordingly favoured as a location for spacecraft operation because of the benign environment5. Here we report that the outer Van Allen belt was compressed dramatically by a solar storm known as the ‘Hallowe'en storm’ of 2003. From 1 to 10 November, the outer belt had its centre only ∼10,000 km from Earth's equatorial surface, and the plasmasphere was similarly displaced inwards. The region between the belts became the location of high particle radiation intensity. This remarkable deformation of the entire magnetosphere implies surprisingly powerful acceleration and loss processes deep within the magnetosphere.
Entrepreneurial Assemblages from off the Map: (Trans) National Designs for Tangier

Poststructuralist perspectives need to be reconciled with political economic readings of urban globalization. One approach complements the other: the enactment of distantiated circuits and the territorialization of flows occur within existing geographies of uneven development while contingently reproducing or reshaping such spatial conditions of possibility. We argue that broadening the realm of critical urbanism is particularly relevant for researching peripheral entrepreneurialisms and their inherent (im) mobilities, conspicuous ambition paired with unavoidable constraints. This paper focuses on Tanger City Center, a landmark redevelopment controversial for its exclusionary designs and troubled inception. Adopting mobile methods with relational perspectives, we retrace the translocal negotiation of this symptomatic assemblage. However, we show that its territorialization cannot be understood apart from the state-sponsored remaking of Tangier into an expansive yet also unequal and fragmented city-region....
Precipitation of carbon from solid solution in vanadium

Precipitation of carbon from supersaturated solid solution in vanadium has been measured using internal friction, electrical resistance, and transmission electron microscopy. The precipitation rate is shown to fit an equationw = 1 −- exp [−(t/τ) n ]. Values ofn near 0.5 imply a one-dimensional diffusional process. An Arrhenius plot of τ is consistent with diffusion of carbon, thus the precipitation rate must largely be dependent on rate of carbon diffusion. Precipitates formed in the range of aging temperatures 100° to 200°C are very finely divided; they can barely be observed by transmission electron microscopy even with prolonged aging.
On lysosomal fragility and induction of liver hexose-monophosphate dehydrogenases in the fasted-refed rat.

Abstract Young adult male rats were fasted for 3 days, then fed a glucose-rich diet, ad libitum. At the end of the fasting period, the specific activity of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was decreased to 60% of control (nonfasted) levels. After 24 to 72 h of refeeding, the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase increased seven- and twofold, respectively. During the fasting period, the liver lysosome fragility increased, as judged by increased release of bound acid phosphatase and β-N-acetylglucosammidase activity during standard homogenization. Three hours after feeding a carbohydrate-rich diet, a further increase in liver lysosomal fragility was observed that returned to control values prior to the induction of the dehydrogenases. Similarly, the susceptibility of liver lysosomes from fasted rats to increased fragility by the intraperitoneal injection of glucose or galactose was also observed. Prior starvation was not a requisite for labilization of lysosomal membranes by injected glucose, but induction of the pentose phosphate shunt dehydrogenase was not observed. In a group of 6-week old male rats fed a commercial pellet diet throughout, the injection of insulin caused no change in liver lysosomal fragility, though hypoglycemia resulted. Similar animals made diabetic by treatment with Streptozotocin and diabetic rats given insulin, showed no change in liver lysosmal fragility based on the percentage of free to total activities of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, and Cathespin D. However, when adult female rats were fasted for 24 h, then injected with sufficient insulin to produce hypoglycemia, liver lysosomal fragility, based on the release of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase during homogenization, increased nearly threefold. These studies demonstrate that stimulated lysosomal fragility can be initiated by refeeding fasted animals a carbohydrate-rich diet, by intraperitoneal injections of fasted rats with glucose or galactose, or by administering insulin alone to fasted rats. However, hyperglycemia induced by diabetogenic doses of Streptozotocin, or hypoglycemia induced in well-fed animals by insulin injection failed to elicit an enhanced liver lysosomal fragility. Whether induction of the enzymes of lipogenesis by rat liver is dependent upon a prior lysosomal membrane labilization remains to be determined.
PREGASTRULAR MECHANISMS IN THE MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SALAMANDER AMBYSTOMA MACULATUM.

Abstract Natural pigmentation in the cytoplasm of the ovarian egg reveals three distinct regions: animal plasm, equatorial plasm, and vegetal plasm. Following fertilization, but before first cleavage, the vegetal plasm is localized at the vegetal pole by ooplasmic segregation. The early vertical cleavages distribute the vegetal plasm by cortical ingression through the center of the yolk mass forming a column of pigmented cytoplasm along the future anterior/posterior embryonic axis. The surface cells in the center of the base of the vegetal plasm column are designated as polar endoderm cells. During gastrulation, as they migrate internally, vitally stained polar endoderm cells are found to follow the margin of the vegetal plasm column. At the end of gastrulation they come to rest at its apex in the middle of the archenteron floor. During neurulation, the polar endoderm cells invaginate into the vegetal plasm column and migrate posteriorly to the region of the presumptive cloaca. A distinct “fault” is left in the surface-coat lining of the archenteron at the point of their invagination. Subsequently the midgut region of the archenteron becomes completely occluded. The intestinal lumen forms de novo through the center of the yolk mass along the path of the polar endoderm and vegetal plasm cells. It communicates anteriorly with the foregut derivatives via the “fault” in the archenteron floor. It is concluded that cytoplasmic prelocalization, ooplasmic segregation, and cortical ingression are all pregastrular mechanisms that are functional in the morphogenesis of the alimentary tract in Ambystoma maculatum.
Refining the clinical question: The first step in evidence-based veterinary medicine

The ability to translate a clinical problem seen in practice into a focused and well-formed answerable clinical question is one of the hardest steps in practicing evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM). Asking answerable clinical questions that relate to your patient is the first evidence-based skill a veterinarian needs to learn, and it forms the cornerstone of the practice of EBVM. Like other clinical skills, the more you practice and work on refining clinical questions, the more precise these questions are and the easier the EBVM process becomes. This article reviews the different aspects of an answerable clinical question, its structure, and how to formulate questions better to get needed answers to clinical problems.
Temperature Control of a Tube Furnace: An Experimental Approach

Abstract This work deals with the experimental temperature control of a tube furnace that is used for determining physical and chemical properties of different compounds. Several experimental tests are performed to identify the dynamic model, then pole placement technique and integral control by state augmentation are employed to design the control law. In other words discrete time control theory is utilized to implement this temperature microprocessor-based controller. Analog, digital and power electronics are the fundamental components of the custom-made instrumentation.