cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing Gikuyu Christian literacy and ethnic debate in northern central Kenya, 1908-1952

Historians and theorists of literacy have taken uncritically the legitimating myth of European colonialism: that modern schooling made rational citizens of colonized subjects. This dissertation argues instead that Gikuyu "readers" remade the techniques of schooling for their own moral purposes. Focusing on the rural schools connected with the Presbyterian mission of Tumutumu in Kenya's Nyeri district, the dissertation shows that literacy was never a modern mindset for Gikuyu readers: writing was rather a rhetoric, a way that literates and illiterates alike argued about old ethnic virtues in order to meet the moral challenges of colonialism. Gikuyu had long called themselves mbari ya atiriri, the "clan of I say to you." Political solidarities emerged from oral debate. Missionary texts and materials extended the imaginative language with which young debated with old, offering converts a powerfully compelling stock of stories with which to claim a hearing from their fathers. It was as a rhetoric that the first converts at Tumutumu adopted missionary dress and ideology in the dreadful aftermath of World War I. Youthful converts argued in the translated Bible that the soap they washed with, and the redemption they earned in baptism, amounted to itztika, the process of public cleansing in which youth purchased government from elders. Schooling was a vocabulary of generational debate. It became the proving ground for a new polity in the 1930s, when women's wage work and men's landlessness made rural people worry about social decay and sexual strife. In their public writing literate male converts shaded bureaucratic ideas into the vernacular, hoping that new political models would guard families from dissolution. Women also used missionary ideas to redress social disorder. In the vocal confessions of the East African Revival, women blamed men for domestic strife and demanded moral discipline of husbands. Women's talk and men's writing were contending gendered answers to widespread Gikuyu fear of social decay. "Mau Mau': carried Nyeri people's debate over moral order into the forest, where guerillas used bureaucracy give shape to the moral cleansing promised in ituika.
Abstract 20587: Guiding the End-of-Life Discussions in Patients With ICDs and Bi-V ICDs

Introduction: Patients with terminal diseases and their families fear multiple defibrillator shocks at the end-of-life. Despite conversations discussing deactivation of device tachy therapies, even...
Constructing Teacher Effectiveness in Policymaking Conversations

State teacher evaluation policies codify definitions of what it means to teach, what teachers are expected to do, and which ways of teaching and learning are to be encouraged or resisted by articulating a set of values for classroom teaching and student learning. By identifying tools and approaches for the measurement of teaching quality, such policies inscribe particular definitions of teacher effectiveness—a construct that has often been debated and reconstituted over the history of research and evaluation in US public schools. In this chapter, I analyze transcripts from the Teacher Evaluation Advisory Committee meetings in Tennessee, an influential case of teacher evaluation policymaking within which the discourses of evaluation and effectiveness policies can be examined.
Maxwell Homogenization Scheme in Micromechanics: an Overview

The paper discuss the classical Maxwell’s (1873) homogenization method and the problems appearing in its practical implications. The method equates the far fields produced by a set of inhomogeneities and by a fictitious domain with unknown effective properties. It is re-written in terms of the property contribution tensors. The shape of the effective inclusion substantially affects the overall elastic properties. The choice of this shape in the case of anisotropic composite is a non-trivial problem. Another problem is related to the possible appearance of artificial singularities in the process of homogenization. We illustrate the method by several examples.
Philosophy of Ecology: Overview

The philosophy of ecology addresses foundational, conceptual, and methodological issues in ecological science. Specifying these issues is complicated by the fact that there is disagreement among ecologists over how to identify the proper domain of ecology. Many ecologists prefer a more restrictive definition that focuses on properties of nonhuman organisms in natural environments. Others defend a more expansive definition that includes the study of human–environment relations, a view that challenges the traditional conception of ecology as strictly a natural biological science. Consequently, one’s understanding of the philosophy of ecology will depend in part on whether one endorses a more restrictive or more expansive conception of ecology. This article reviews issues in the philosophy of ecology in both its restrictive and expansive modes. In its restrictive mode, the philosophy of ecology addresses conceptual and methodological issues in population, community, and ecosystem ecology. In its expansive mode, the philosophy of ecology also addresses foundational issues in the human ecological sciences, such as ecological economics and ecological psychology. In this expansive mode the line between ecology-the-science and ecology-the-philosophical-worldview becomes increasingly blurred, but a commitment to scientific methodology prevents ecology from becoming a mere mouthpiece for speculative or radical ecological philosophies.
A Python Instrument Control and Data Acquisition Suite for Reproducible Research

Tools that standardize and automate experimental data collection are needed for greater confidence in research results. The National Synchrotron Light Source-II (NSLS-II) has generated an open-source Python data acquisition, management, and analysis software suite that automates X-ray experiments and collects an experimental record that facilitates complete reproducibility. Here, we show that the NSLS-II tools are not only useful for X-ray science at large-scale facilities by presenting an add-on package that adapts these tools for use in a small laboratory with common physics and electrical engineering instruments. The composite software suite eases and automates the execution of experiments, records extensive metadata, stores data in portable containers, and speeds up the analysis through tools for comprehensive searches. In total, this software suite increases the reproducibility of laboratory experiments. We demonstrate the software via the evaluation of two lock-in amplifiers—the miniature ADA2200 and the ubiquitous Stanford Research Systems (SRS) SR810. The frequency resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and dynamic reserve of the lock-in amplifiers are measured and presented. The usage of the software suite is described throughout these measurements so that the reader can implement the tools in their lab.
Joe Hair: Impact and Contributions to Sales Research and Teaching

Dr. Joseph F. Hair, Jr., has been a prolific author of both research articles and textbooks. Though he is best known for his research contributions to methodology and various multivariate techniques where his well-known book on Multivariate Data Analysis has been referenced over 100,000 times, perhaps his substantive, discipline-based contributions to students have been even greater, not the least of which are in the sales domain.
Muscle strength is increased in mice that are colonized with microbiota from high-functioning older adults

Abstract Evidence in support of a gut-muscle axis has been reported in rodents, but studies in older adult humans are limited. Accordingly, the primary goals of the present study were to compare gut microbiome composition in older adults that differed in terms of the percentage of whole body lean mass and physical functioning (high-functioning, HF, n = 18; low-functioning, LF, n = 11), and to evaluate the causative role of the gut microbiome on these variables by transferring fecal samples from older adults into germ-free mice. Family-level Prevotellaceae, genus-level Prevotella and Barnesiella, and the bacterial species Barnesiella intestinihominis were higher in HF older adults at the initial study visit, at a 1-month follow-up visit, in HF human fecal donors, and in HF-colonized mice, when compared with their LF counterparts. Grip strength was significantly increased by 6.4% in HF-, when compared with LF-colonized mice. In contrast, despite significant differences for the percentage of whole body lean mass and physical functioning when comparing the human fecal donors, the percentage of whole body lean mass and treadmill endurance capacity were not different when comparing human microbiome-containing mice. In sum, these data suggest a role for gut bacteria on the maintenance of muscle strength, but argue against a role for gut bacteria on the maintenance of the percentage of whole body lean mass or endurance capacity, findings that collectively add to elucidation of the gut-muscle axis in older adults.
Humans, fire, and ecology in the southern Missouri Ozarks, USA:

A multiproxy study from Sweeton Pond, Ozark County, Missouri, USA, provides a high-resolution 1900-year-long history of vegetation and fire in the southern Missouri Ozarks, where the modern vegetat...
Challenges in recruiting and retaining adolescents with abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial

Research on effective recruitment and retention strategies for adolescents and young adults suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder is scarce. The aim of the current study was to provide data on recruitment sources, barriers, and facilitators for participation in a randomized controlled trial for young individuals with histories of sexual and/or physical abuse. Study participants aged 14 to 21 were asked to complete a checklist on individual sources of recruitment, barriers, and facilitators for participation in the trial. Fifty-three out of the 80 study participants who were contacted completed the checklist (66.3%). Most respondents reported multiple recruitment sources, with online and media advertising search strategies indicated most frequently (45.4% of all mentions), followed by practitioner-referred sources (38.7%). Respondents’ reported barriers included additional demands of the trial (60.3%), followed by distress caused by having to talk about painful topics (15.5%). The most frequently indicated facilitators were the organizational setting (55.1%) and monetary incentives (22.2%), followed by social support (12.0%) and non-monetary incentives (10.2%). No significant differences were observed between adolescent and young adult respondents with the exception that adolescents reported significantly more frequently that they had learned about the trial from their caregiver. Our findings permit the formulation of recommendations for planning and conducting trials with this clientele. Future research is needed on how specific barriers can be effectively overcome.
Using the short-lived arbitrage model to compute minimum variance hedge ratios: application to indices, stocks and commodities

The short-lived arbitrage model has been shown to significantly improve in-sample option pricing fit relative to the Black–Scholes model. Motivated by this model, we imply both volatility and virtu...
Rabindranath Tagore and Ludwig Wittgenstein

This paper shall explore how two great masters of twentieth century thought engaged with the mid-twentieth century secular agenda and how one influenced the other. One hundred years ago Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889 – 1951), the Austrian philosopher, fought for the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War and subsequently experienced a personal, professional and philosophical crisis. In the aftermath of the war, as he sought to rebuild his life, he came across the writings of his contemporary Rabindranath Tagore (1861 - 1941), the Bengali poet and social reformer. This paper will explore the impact of Tagore’s work on Wittgenstein and how it opens up new perspectives for theologians today.
Gyrokinetic Simulations of Drift-Wave Instabilities in Flow-Stabilized Z-Pinch Plasmas

A number of experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the presence of a modest radial shear in the axial plasma flow velocity can provide stabilization of Z-pinch plasmas against the most destructive kink and sausage ideal MHD instabilities, thereby making the flow stabilized Z-pinch (FSZP) systems attractive for magnetic fusion energy applications [1]. While radial variations in the plasma flow velocity that occur on the pinch-size scale $a$ can indeed generate sufficient phase-mixing for the stabilization of large-scale (k~ 1/a) MHD modes, weaker short-scale drift-wave instabilities that occur on a much smaller ion gyroradius scale are less affected by the large-scale velocity shear. Left behind, the drift microturbulence can substantially enhance classical (collisional) transport coefficient including plasma viscosity and can act over time to reduce the velocity shear and degrade the confinement. In this paper we present the initial results from gyrokintic simulations aimed to assess the influence of the ion gyro-scale drift microturbulence on the stability and transport properties of FSZP systems. The simulations are performed with the high-order finite-volume Eulerian gyrokinetic code COGENT and the results are analyzed for the parameters characteristic of the current and planned FSZP experiments.
A clinical study on the use of chlorambucil in the treatment of cancer of the ovary.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of 30 patients with advanced carcinoma of the ovary were treated with single or repeated courses of chlorambucil. 2. 2. A favorable response was observed in two thirds of the patients treated. 3. 3. A dose schedule of 0.2 to 0.4 mg. per kilogram per day for 4 weeks produced very few side effects except for a transient leukopenia. Only 34 per cent of the patients had depression of the white blood count below 3,500.
The Promise and Pitfalls of Virtual Worlds to Enhance STEM Education Success: Summary of the GSAA BreakThru Model

The Georgia STEM Accessibility Alliance (GSAA) is a research project funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Research in Disabilities Education (RDE) program, grants 1027635 and 1027655. A collaborative RDE Alliance, it combines the expertise of the University of Georgia and the Georgia Institute of Technology. Launched in 2010 and projected for completion in 2016, GSAA is one of 10 RDE Alliances throughout the United States designed to broaden the participation and achievement of people with disabilities in STEM education and careers. Although the GSAA encompasses many innovative features to achieve its goals, its core features are the use of virtual worlds (Second Life) and online and smartphone technologies to enhance student success through mediated mentoring, collectively referred to as the BreakThru project. This paper will provide provide a brief summary of the status of the use of virtual worlds in STEM education, as well as an overview of the GSAA BreakThru goals, theory of change, demographics, and subject participation. It will posit conclusions that can be advantageous in future research on online, mediated approaches to enhanced education, to ensure the maximum potential for all students to complete educational goals.
Oxygen-sensing histidine-protein kinases: assays of ligand binding and turnover of response-regulator substrates.

Abstract Heme‐based sensors are a recently discovered functional class of heme proteins that serve to detect physiological fluctuations in oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitric oxide (NO). Many of these modular sensors detect heme ligands by coupling a histidine‐protein kinase to a heme‐binding domain. They typically bind O2, CO, and NO but respond only to one of these ligands. Usually, they are active in the ferrous unliganded state but are switched off by saturation with O2. The heme‐binding domains of these kinases are quite varied. They may feature a PAS fold, as in the Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Sinorhizobium melitoti FixL proteins, or a GAF fold, as in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis DevS and DosT proteins. Alternative folds, such as HNOB (also H‐NOX), have also been noted for such signal‐transducing kinases, although these classes are less well studied. Histidine‐protein kinases function in partnership with cognate response‐regulator substrate(s): usually transcription factors that they activate by phosphorylation. For example, FixL proteins specifically phosphorylate their FixJ partners, and DevS and DosT proteins phosphorylate DevR in response to hypoxia. We present methods for purifying these sensors and their protein substrates, verifying the quality of the preparations, determining the Kd values for binding of ligand and preparing sensors of known saturation, and measuring the rates of turnover (kcat) of the protein substrate by sensors of known heme status.
Exceptional epigenetics in the brain

Cytosine (C) methylation, or mC, is a modification of DNA that regulates gene expression in various contexts such as development, cancer, and imprinting. In most mammalian somatic tissues, mC arises only when C is in a dinucleotide context followed by the nucleotide guanine (G), and the vast majority of these sites are methylated (mCG). However, in the adult mammalian brain, noncanonical cytosine methylation in a non-CG context occurs at a high level [mCH; H = adenine (A), C, or thymine (T)]. The quantity of non-CG methylation is inversely correlated with gene expression, but the mechanism by which mCH controls transcription has not been clear. Two recent studies ( 1 , 2 ) suggest a mechanistic link between mCH and gene expression and substantially revise our view of gene regulation by DNA methylation in the brain, which was previously formed only on the basis of studies of mCG.
An Introduction to Nonlinear Analysis

1. Extrema 2. Critical points 3. Boundary value problems 4. Saddle points 5. Calculus of variations 6. Degree theory 7. Conditional extrema 8. Minimax methods 9. Jumping nonlinearities 10. Higher dimensions.
The old physical anthropology

In the eighteenth century, workers in general biology, medicine, and physical anthropology knew little about human physiology. As a result, they heavily stressed mystical, essentialist classifications of organisms, constitutional types, and diseases. Comparative morphology and diagnostic systems prevailed. At different times and for somewhat different reasons, these older paradigms were abandoned and newer ones adopted. Late in this scientific revolution, in the midtwentieth century, the new physical anthropology was born.
The mean and variance of the likelihood ratio criterion for the multinomial distribution

The mean and variance of — 2 In A for the multinomial distribution are derived in closed form. A comparison is made betweenSchaffer's [1957] approximations to the moments and the exact moments for varying sample size.
An energy approach to predict fatigue crack propagation in metals and alloys

Mechanical deformation of a solid during fatigue cycling is broadly defined a phase transformation, because defects are produced that increase its internal energy. Change in the defect structure, crack initiation and growth are also examples of phase transformations. Many of the concepts of phase transformation theory are applicable to fatigue crack nucleation and propagation. Phase transformation theory was applied to penny-shaped crack nucleation in interconnects in previous research. The physical meaning of fatigue crack nucleation in solid materials was previously studied by using energy considerations. This paper extended the treatment to fatigue crack propagation. Phase transformation theory is applied to predict the fatigue crack propagation rate in metals and alloys. The fatigue crack propagation rate predicted is compared with experimental data for different steels and aluminum alloys to demonstrate that the prediction of the theory agrees reasonably well with experimental results. The theory is also applicable to predict fatigue crack propagation in interconnects under cyclic stress with corresponding experimental data for solder and intermetallics.
Comparison of intradermal and subcutaneous routes of cholera vaccine administration.

Abstract The vibriocidal antibody response to 0·2 ml. of cholera vaccine given intradermally was compared with the response to 1·0 ml. of vaccine given subcutaneously for primary vaccination. Both routes of vaccine administration resulted in seroconversion in over 90% of recipients. The reciprocal geometric mean titres of the group that received the subcutaneous vaccine were significantly higher than the titres of the group that received intradermal vaccine. The use of the intradermal route of administration cannot be recommended for primary cholera vaccination.
Pedagogías del Camaleón / Pedagogies of the Chameleon: Identity and Strategies of Survival for Transnational Indigenous Latino Immigrants in the US South

Based on a 3-year qualitative research study that took place in a new immigrant-receiving community in North Carolina, the manuscript examines the implications of transnational cultural and sociolinguistic patterns of multilingual indigenous Latino immigrants (ILIs), and its effects on their survival in the US. Utilizing narrative analysis, it explores how Mexican, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan immigrants of indigenous backgrounds use survival strategies of the Pedagogy of the Chameleon to move across multiple identities, both to maintain their cultures and to survive as immigrants in the United States. This manuscript explores the ways ILIs use strategies and skills passed through strong social networks to move in and out of transnational social spaces. In addition, it raises questions about the ways multilingualism affects border mobility and transnationality as well as how undocumented families use multilingualism as a transnational bridge to facilitate their survival in a hostile US environment, the community, and in schools.
Basic arthroscopic instruments

The advance of arthroscopic techniques for operative approaches to the knee would not have occurred without incorporation of basic tools or instruments. The learning of arthroscopic surgery begins with mastery of these basic instruments including the probe, biters/forceps, graspers, motorized shavers, and burrs. In fact, the vast majority of simple arthroscopic procedures can be performed with these basic tools. This article reviews types, shapes, and indication for each basic category of instruments. Understanding portal placement and various angles of approach for each tool can facilitate safe usage of these basic instruments.
Genetic targeting of ERK1 suggests a predominant role for ERK2 in murine pain models

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) isoforms, ERK1 and ERK2, are believed to be key signaling molecules in nociception and nociceptive sensitization. Studies using inhibitors targeting the shared ERK1/2 upstream activator, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), and transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of MEK have established the importance of ERK1/2 signaling. However, these techniques do not discriminate between ERK1 and ERK2. To dissect the function of each isoform in pain, we used mice with a targeted genetic deletion of ERK1 [ERK1 knock-out (KO)] to test the hypothesis that ERK1 is required for behavioral sensitization in rodent pain models. Despite activation (phosphorylation) of ERK1 after acute noxious stimulation and in models of chronic pain, we found that ERK1 was not required for formalin-induced spontaneous behaviors, complete Freund9s adjuvant-induced heat and mechanical hypersensitivity, and spared nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. However, ERK1 deletion did delay formalin-induced long-term heat hypersensitivity, without affecting formalin-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, suggesting that ERK1 partially shapes long-term responses to formalin. Interestingly, ERK1 deletion resulted in elevated basal ERK2 phosphorylation. However, this did not appear to influence nociceptive processing, since inflammation-induced ERK2 phosphorylation and pERK1/2 immunoreactivity in spinal cord were not elevated in ERK1 KO mice. Additionally, systemic MEK inhibition with SL327 (α-[amino[(4-aminophenyl)thio]methylene]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneacetonitrile) attenuated formalin-induced spontaneous behaviors similarly in wild-type and ERK1 KO mice, indicating that unrelated signaling pathways do not functionally compensate for the loss of ERK1. Together, these results suggest that ERK1 plays a limited role in nociceptive sensitization and support a predominant role for ERK2 in these processes.
Corpus Luteum Action on Ovarian Follicular Development After Destruction of Macroscopically Visible Follicles in Ewes

To determine the effects of the presence of the corpus luteum (CL) and of the destruction of macroscopically visible ovarian surface follicles on further follicular growth 32 ewes were laparotomized on day 8 of the estrus cycle (day 1 = estrus) and either the CL removed the follicles destroyed by cauterization CL removed and the follicles destroyed or the ovaries only manipulated. All ewes were autopsied 4 days later. Among ewes with CL removed those with follicles intact ovulated sooner following surgery than those with follicles destroyed (2.3 vs 3.6; p 1 CL groups. After removal of CL no significant difference in FFW between CL and non-CLovaries resulted. Among ewes with follicles destroyed FFW and number of follicles less than or equal to 4mm were significantly greater in the CL ovaries than in non-CL ovaries. The presence of intact CL resulted in significantly greater difference between the ovaries by the latter parameters. Follicular development by all three parameters including largest follicle diameter was greater in ewes with follicles destroyed and >1 CL than in ewes with follicles destroyed and 1 CL. The local interaction between CL and follicular development may involve pituitary gonadotropins. Plasma estrogen a regulator of chronic FSH is altered by follicle estruction. Plasma progesterone a regulator of acute FSH and LH release is altered by CL removal.
Unexpected retirement from full time work after age 62: consequences for life satisfaction in older Americans

Recent policy shifts in the United States have resulted in an increase in the number of older workers remaining in the labor force. Increases in the retirement age for receiving full Social Security benefits coupled with declining pension funds and the erosion of employer retiree health benefits, mean that current cohorts of older workers may fully expect to work longer than previous generations. Yet, working longer may not always be possible due to health problems, outdated skills, economic insecurity, and competing obligations. We examine the consequences of unmet expectations for full time work after age 62 for life satisfaction in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. With longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2008), this paper uses repeated measures of expectations for later life work among a cohort of Americans (N=1684) gathered prospectively over an eight year period, and examines the effects of unfulfilled expectations on subsequent life satisfaction. Using generalized growth mixture modeling three latent classes of individuals were identified with distinct trajectories of later life work expectations (low expectations, high expectations, and neutral expectations for full time work after age 62). A majority of men had generally high expectations to work full time past age 62, whereas the majority of women reported a low probability of working full time after age 62. When comparing expectations to actual full time work past age 62, we found no effects of unmet expectations for women. But men with less job stability (reflected by shorter job tenure and lower incomes) generally had high expectations to work longer, and their life satisfaction scores were significantly lower when these expectations were not realized. The hazards of missed expectations for later life work have consequences for subjective well-being in older adults.
Interaction of square prisms in two flow fields

Abstract A single square prism was tested at several angles of attack in a wind tunnel in smooth and in turbulent flow. A second square prism of equal size was placed upstream with various separation distances and orientations. Proper combination of signals from sensitive pressure transducers yielded the fluctuating aerodynamic forces and moments. The mean forces and moments were determined using conventional piezometer openings in conjunction with a liquid manometer. Some error is inevitable since only three transducers were used to a side. Comparisons with available information show reasonable correspondence with the mean and fluctuating forces. Little information appears available for moments. Although the upstream prism effectively shields the downstream prism in many cases, particularly for the mean forces and moments, there are in all cases, significant values for the coefficients of fluctuating force and moment. When the two objects are offset both vertically and horizontally, particularly large mean moments occur. Use of a turbulent flow field is to be recommended for testing. Consideration of moment measurement should be of prime importance in wind sensitive structures.
The Role of Phosphatidylserine Decarboxylase in Brain Phospholipid Metabolism

In brain, phosphatidylethanolamine can be synthesized from free ethanolamine either by a pathway involving the formation of CDP-ethanolamine and its transfer to diglyceride, or by base-exchange of ethanolamine with existing phospholipids. Although de novo synthesis from serine has also been demonstrated, the metabolic pathway involved is not known. The enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase appears to be involved in the synthesis of much of the phosphatidylethanolamine in liver, but the significance of this route in brain has been challenged. Our in vitro studies demonstrate the existence of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in rat brain and characterize some of its properties. This enzyme is localized in the mitochondrial fraction, whereas the enzymes involved in base-exchange and the cytidine pathway are localized to microsomal membranes. Parallel in vivo studies showed that after the intracranial injection of L-[G-3H]serine, the specific activity of phosphatidylserine was greater in the microsomal fractions than in the mitochondrial fraction, whereas the opposite was true for phosphatidylethanolamine. When L-[U-14C]serine and [1-3H]ethanolamine were simultaneously injected, the 14C/3H ratio in mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine was 10 times that in microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine. The results demonstrate that serine is incorporated into the base moiety of phosphatidylethanolamine primarily through the decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine in brain mitochondria. A minimal value of 7% for the contribution of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase to whole-brain phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis can be estimated from the in vivo data.
Thermal residual stresses in freely quenched slabs of semicrystalline polymers: Simulation and experiment

Thermal residual stresses in freely quenched semicrystalline polymer slabs were calculated based upon the modifications of the Indenbom theory for inorganic glasses and linear viscoelasticity. These modifications were introduced to include the influences of crystallization on mechanical and physical properties of the polymer during free quenching. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetic model due to Nakamura et al. was employed to calculate the variations of crystallinity. In the case of the Indenbom theory, a polymer during crystallization was assumed to undergo an abrupt transition from an ideal plastic state to an elastic state upon the completion of crystallization. In the case of linear viscoelasticity, the Morland-Lee constitutive equation was utilized with the effect of crystallization on the time-temperature dependent shear relaxation modulus taken into account. The Spencer-Gilmore P - V - T equation of state was employed to model the specific volume changes during crystallization and used to determine the local thermal loading that results from inhomogeneous densifications and gives rise to the thermal residual stresses in the slabs. Based on the above theoretical work, the thermoelastic and thermoviscoelastic models were developed, and the corresponding numerical simulation schemes were formulated to calculate the residual thermal stresses in freely quenched slabs of semicrystalline polymers. Free quenching experiments were carried out under various cooling conditions using isotactic polypropylene. The layer removal method due to Treuting and Read was utilized to measure the residual thermal stresses. The simulated and measured results were then compared. The effects of quenching conditions and crystallization on the development of residual thermal stresses were evaluated. It has been found that both coolant types and coolant temperature have significant effects on residual thermal stresses. In contrast, initial temperature of the polymer melt shows a slight influence only.
Specific pattern burn in a psychiatric patient

Position at the time of burning can be precisely determined by analysis of the depth, configuration, distribution of the burn, flexion creases and spared areas. This information is very useful in determining non-accidental injuries in children. Although specific pattern injuries are rare in adults, we report an example of a self-inflicted burn in a schizophrenic which resembles a 'forced immersion burn'.
Hybridizing Moral Expressivism and Moral Error Theory

Some philosophers have recently developed hybrid meta-ethical theories by merging elements of both expressivism and cognitivism. Such hybrid theorists combine the expressivist thesis that moral utterances are neither true nor false, because they are used to express attitudes, with the cognitivist thesis that moral utterances are true or false, because they are used to express beliefs. Hybrid theories advanced so far in the literature typically include success-theoretic rather than errortheoretic versions of cognitivism. Current hybrid theorists hold both that moral utterances are used to express attitudes and beliefs, and that some of these expressed beliefs are true. However, philosophers should also consider a hybrid theory that includes elements of moral expressivism and moral error theory. Although such a hybrid expressivist-error theory has not previously been presented or defended in the literature, it is theoretically preferable to pure error theory and pure expressivism. Accepting such a hybrid theory has two advantages over pure expressivism, because hybrid theorists can more plausibly explain certain aspects of moral discourse and can avoid the Frege-Geach problem. Accepting such a hybrid expressivist-error theory has three advantages over pure error theory, because hybrid theorists can more plausibly explain certain aspects of moral discourse, while
The isolation of phosphonolipids from Tetrahymena pyriformis

Abstract The separation of the glyceryi 2-aminoethyl phosphonolipid of Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) from its phosphate analog has been accomplished by chiomatography on a SilicAR-CC-4 column packed in chloroform.—acetic acid (75:25, by vol.). Optimal separation is achieved by placing the sample on the column and eluting with the above solvent system.
The Barth-Feuerbach Confrontation

The name of Feuerbach is usually associated with the philosophic critique of religion. Feuerbach is seen, and quite rightly so, as the spokesman par excellence for the philosophic attack of religion — an attack launched from the anthropocentric viewpoint of modern cultural awareness against transcendental religion. There is no question but that Feuerbach has given a most vivid, forceful and persistent expression to this philosophic critique. But it should be also clear that his contribution here is precisely this and nothing more. The substance and basic outline of the critique are not the unique or distinctive contribution of Feuerbach. They had been formulated long before Feuerbach and expressed repeatedly throughout the history of Western philosophy before and after Feuerbach. Thus, while Feuerbach still remains an excellent representative and spokesman for this critique, he is by no means the only one.
Langerhans Cells Activate Naive Self-Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells in the Steady State

TCR transgenic mice that express a peptide antigen in keratinocytes develop a lethal CD8 T cell-dependent autoimmune disease. We employed an adoptive transfer system to understand this disease and show that transfer of low numbers of naive CD8 T cells into peptide transgenic mice caused chronic skin disease. The antigen-presenting cell that initiated this response was the epidermal Langerhans cell. Naive CD8 T cells proliferated extensively, migrated to tissues, developed effector function, and were capable of making a recall response. These features are very different from the abortive activation of CD8 T cells that occurred in response to the same antigen presented by APC from other tissues. Furthermore, tolerance was dominant when the antigen was presented by both Langerhans cells and other APC. These data suggest that Langerhans cells do not have tolerogenic properties in the steady state.
Application of ISOL-Type radioactive nuclear beams in the physical, biomedical and environmental sciences

Abstract ISOL-type radioactive nuclear beam facilities can provide a wide spectrum of low energy isotopic beams at the isotope/mass separator stage. These beams have the potential to promote significant expansion for applications of radioactivity in diverse areas of basic or applied research. Examples in the physical, biomedical and environmental sciences are presented.
Sensing mechanism in receptor-modified organic field effect transistor based vapor sensors

In this paper we report on the sensing mechanism in organic field effect transistor based vapor sensors modified with solution deposited receptor molecules. The incorporation of the receptor molecule increases the partition coefficient and/or the ability of the analyte to produce a significant shift in the device properties such as mobility and threshold voltage through dipole interactions. The exposure of the receptor to certain analytes produces a large increase in the dipole moment which leads to an increase in the interaction energy and an increase in trapping effects.
A novel method for the quantitative extraction of juvenile hormones from insects including the silverfish, Thermobia domestica

Abstract An improved procedure for extraction of juvenile hormones (JH) from large quantities of insects is described. It consists of the following steps. The lyophilised insects are homogenized in cold methanol and, after storage overnight, the debris is removed by filtration and the methanol is evaporated. For the next two steps the residue is dissolved in ether and by adding either methanol in the first step, or acetone in the second step, a precipitate is formed which is removed by filtration. With this method, 2 to 7 times less lipids are extracted than with usual methods involving ether or ethyl acetate, but more than 99.5 per cent of the JH is extracted at least in H. cecropia. The JH activity of the extracts is at least 10 times higher than extracts prepared with ether or ethyl acetate alone.
Adaptive Identification and Control for Small Modular Reactors

This paper discusses adaptive identification and control (AID&C) techniques to enable automated online identification and control of SMRs. Adaptive system ID allows engineers to rapidly measure system dynamics, calibrate sensors channels, determine loop processes, and quantify actuator authority for the various reactor control loops. Adaptive control can automatically tune these loops and adjust plant processes to optimize conditions for peak performance and power production. Another advantage of the adaptive ID and control approach is that these tools can be used during reactor operation to monitor active and passive components. Adaptive system ID techniques are used to measure loop-transfer characteristics. Presented is a practical approach that uses adaptive model-matching tools to identify the coprime factors of the local loops. This has the advantage over model based approaches since coprime factors can be identified on the real system using real data. Adaptive control enables auto-tuning of controller parameters to meet operational specifications. Using the coprime factors, all controllers that stabilize the plant can be parametrized by a free Q-parameter that can be changed to meet control system objectives and improve performance, and the tuning is performed using adaptive techniques. The controller architecture presented provides several desirable and necessary features: e.g., a default fail-safe mode of operation, stability in the presence of communications failures, guaranteed stability, and robustness. An advantage of the adaptive structure presented here is that control system stability can be guaranteed, even during adaptation by ensuring certain norm conditions on the Q-parameter and estimated plant uncertainty. More importantly, the Q-parameter can be monitored during operation, providing a real-time estimate of the changes in the plant resulting from changes in the reactor itself. This signal monitors the dynamics of each loop, providing information about the reactor from the perspective of the control process. Online monitoring using AID&C can be used to better track control system transients that result in reactor trip, thus avoiding undesirable reactor trips and diversion events. And, there is a potential that the system can better adapt to changing operating conditions during plant transients including load following procedures.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Screening for Alcohol Use Disorders in the Nursing Home

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) among residents of a Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing home (NH) using DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence, and to examine the demographic variables associated with AUDs among NH residents. A third objective was to assess the sensitivity, compared with DSM-III-R criteria, of three screening tests for AUDs in the NH: the CAGE, the MAST-G, and the two-question instrument developed by Cyr and Wartman. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design, with DSM-III-R criteria determined by the alcohol module of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) as the criterion standard. PATIENTS: Patients older than age 50 admitted consecutively to a VA NH, n = 117. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values for the CAGE, MAST-G, and Cyr and Wartman Screening questionnaires; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the CAGE and MAST-G. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of study participants met DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence (18% active, 31% inactive). The sensitivities and specificities of the three screening questionnaires were as follows: CAGE-82% and 90%; MAST-G-93% and 65%; Cyr and Wartman-70% and 92%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.94 for the CAGE and 0.90 for the MAST-G. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of lifetime alcohol abuse and dependence was high in this VA NH population. Both the CAGE and MAST-G are sensitive to AUDs in this setting. The areas under the ROC curves were not significantly different and indicate both tests discriminated well between NH residents with and without AUDs.
Fundamental Diagram Modelling and Analysis Based NGSIM Data

Abstract Traffic control requires looking at traffic models of all types in finer details. This paper is to investigate lane-wise flow-density (or equivalently speed-density) relationship which is traditionally called Fundamental Diagram (FD) over a stretch of homogeneous freeway section using the microscopic NGSIM data. Particularly, it investigates how a homogenous traffic further drop (breakdown) through data analysis and modeling. The breakdown of a homogenous traffic is understood as the significant flow drop and density increase with noticeable shock-wave back-propagation. The corresponding density is a generalization of the critical density for traffic breakdown from free-flow. Variable structure models with two limbs of the inverse λ – shape are proposed to model the homogenous flow and its further drop. A special Generalized Polynomial Model (with fraction coefficients) is also proposed for the right limb. Properly aggregated NGSIM data are used to fit the model with results compared with some other models over time at fixed location using Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) as measure. Principles for time/distance aggregation of individual vehicle trajectories to macroscopic traffic state parameters are proposed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER ANGLE WITH REFERENCE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CONGENITAL GLAUCOMAS

Abnormalities in neural crest cell migration may have a role in the pathogenesis of the congenital glaucomas, with or without changes in the gonioscopic appearance of the anterior chamber angle. Neural crest cells also contribute to the bones of the face, dental papilla, cartilage, bone, and meninges; this may explain the association of craniofacial, dental, and upper spinal malformations with some of the congenital glaucomas.
PI(4,5)P2-binding effector proteins for vesicle exocytosis

PI(4,5)P₂participates directly in priming and possibly in fusion steps of Ca²⁺-triggered vesicle exocytosis. High concentration nanodomains of PI(4,5)P₂reside on the plasma membrane of neuroendocrine cells. A subset of vesicles that co-localize with PI(4,5)P₂ domains appear to undergo preferential exocytosis in stimulated cells. PI(4,5)P₂directly regulates vesicle exocytosis by recruiting and activating PI(4,5)P₂-binding proteins that regulate SNARE protein function including CAPS, Munc13-1/2, synaptotagmin-1, and other C2 domain-containing proteins. These PI(4,5)P₂effector proteins are coincidence detectors that engage in multiple interactions at vesicle exocytic sites. The SNARE protein syntaxin-1 also binds to PI(4,5)P₂, which promotes clustering, but an activating role for PI(4,5)P₂in syntaxin-1 function remains to be fully characterized. Similar principles underlie polarized constitutive vesicle fusion mediated in part by the PI(4,5)P₂-binding subunits of the exocyst complex (Sec3, Exo70). Overall, focal vesicle exocytosis occurs at sites landmarked by PI(4,5)P2, which serves to recruit and/or activate multifunctional PI(4,5)P₂-binding proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
Decision tree modeling for video routing in cognitive radio mesh networks

Cognitive radio networks are developed to solve the under utilization problem of available spectrum. Typically, available spectrum is not fully utilized without supporting multimedia applications. In this work we translate video routing in a dynamic cognitive radio network into a decision theory problem. Then terminal analysis backward induction is used to produce our routing scheme that improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the received video. In the proposed Video aware Cognitive Routing strategy (VCR), two components are introduced that improve the precision of correct decision making in a highly dynamic environment; First, a sample and posterior distribution are introduced to explain the status of channels and nodes in supporting video frame quality of service. Second, a utility function is introduced to capture the effects of spectrum stability, fluctuation of bandwidth availability and path quality. In comparison to a deterministic routing scheme developed for dynamic environment (OSDRP), our simulation results show that VCR improves the video quality by at least 30% at the receiver.