cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designer detectors: a new paradigm for instrument development

The designs of optical and infrared detectors are limited to rectangular arrays of square pixels, aren't they? Not any more! This paper presents a new design paradigm -- custom designed pixel morphology -- that provides significantly better performance in cases where a low light level signal must be detected over a non-rectangular area. Two examples of this new approach are presented in this paper. Both examples are CCDs used for adaptive optics (AO) wavefront sensing: (1) a CCD optimized for curvature wavefront sensing and, (2) a CCD designed for eliminating the laser spot elongation problem that plagues laser guide star AO. In both cases, the detectors will achieve photon-noise limited performance, the Holy Grail for any detector. The name proposed for the customized pixel morphology is "taxel," for "time area element," and a CCD with specialized taxel design is called a "designer detector." The curvature AO CCD was designed and fabricated by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and fully tested by ESO. This CCD will be used by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope to upgrade their AO system from 19 to 105 subapertures. The laser guide star CCD, which was recently funded by a $1.1M grant from the National Science Foundation, will be demonstrated in the LGS system of an 8 - 10 meter telescope, paving the way for a larger chip for the Extremely Large Telescopes.
Impact of Interventions for Patients Refusing Emergency Medical Services Transport

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a documentation checklist and on–line medical control contact on ambulance transport of out–of–hospital patients refusing medical assistance. Methods: Consecutive patients served by four suburban ambulance services who initially refused emergency medical services (EMS) transport to the hospital were prospectively enrolled. In phase 1 (control phase), all patients who initially refused medical attention or transport had an identifying data card completed. In phase 2 (documentation phase), out–of–hospital providers completed a similar data card that contained a checklist of high–risk criteria for a poor outcome if not transported. In phase 3 (intervention phase), a data card similar to that used in phase 2 was completed, and on–line medical control was contacted for all patients with high–risk criteria who refused transport. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients transported to the hospital. Results: A total of 361 patients were enrolled. Transport rate varied by phase: control, 17 of 144 (12%); documentation, 11 of 150 (7%); and intervention, 12 of 67 (18%) (chi–square, p = 0. 023). Transport of high–risk patients improved with each intervention: control, two of 60 (3%); documentation, seven of 70 (10%); and intervention, 12 of 34 (35%) (chi–square, p = 0. 00003). Transport of patients without high–risk criteria decreased with each intervention: control, 15 of 84 (18%); documentation, four of 80 (5%); and intervention, 0 of 33 (0%) (p = 0. 0025). Of the 28 patients for whom medical control was contacted, 12 (43%) were transported to the hospital, and only three of these 12 patients (25%) were released from the ED. Conclusion: Contact with on–line medical control increased the likelihood of transport of high–risk patients who initially refused medical assistance. The appropriateness of the decreased transport rate of patients not meeting high–risk criteria needs further evaluation.
Post-auricular open drainage to reduce postoperative bleeding in rhytidectomy.

In 200 patients undergoing rhytidectomy with and without additional procedures, 14 patients experienced postoperative hematoma, only 1 of which required corrective surgery under general anesthesia. Post-auricular open drainage was associated with a low rate of hematoma, i.e., 2.6% in 117 female patients in whom the drainage procedure was used. Factors affecting the probability of experiencing hematoma include male sex, elevated blood pressure, and the absence and type of drainage.
Using mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions in psychiatric nursing practice-part II: Mindfulness-based approaches for all phases of psychotherapy-clinical case study

Finding effective nursing interventions for the treatment of mental illness is a major concern for advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APPN). Increasingly, innovative psychotherapeutic treatment modalities are being used for the treatment of individuals with serious mental illness. One such innovative approach, Mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions, has been shown to relieve distress for individuals with medical and psychiatric illnesses. In Part I of this two-part article, the authors described principle concepts of mindfulness, reviewed current research in the usefulness of mindfulness practice for treatment of psychiatric illnesses. The structure and content of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) was also outlined and provided the theoretical basis for this treatment approach. This alternative therapeutic approach offers potential usefulness for the treatment of individuals suffering from mental illness. Part II of this article presents a more detailed explanation of mindfulness-based therapeutic approaches for all phases of psychotherapy and identifies relevant research questions that will provide an empirical base to guide clinical practice. A case study illustrates mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions.
Morphological changes of the soleus motoneuron pool in chronic midthoracic contused rats

Abstract This study investigated the morphological features of the soleus motoneuron pool in rats with chronic (4 months), midthoracic (T 8 ) contusions of moderate severity. Motoneurons were retrogradely labeled using unconjugated cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit solution injected directly into the soleus muscle of 10 contused and 6 age- and sex-matched, normal controls. Morphometric studies compared somal area, perimeter, diameter, dendritic length, and size distribution of labeled cells in normal and postcontusion animals. In normal animals, motoneurons with a mean of 110.4 ± 5.2 were labeled on the toxin-injected side of the cord (left). By comparison, labeled cells with a mean of 93.0 ± 8.4 (a 16% decrease, P = 0.006) were observed in the chronic spinal-injured animals. A significantly smaller frequency of very small (area, approximately 100 μm 2 ) and medium (area, 545–914 μm 2 ) neurons, and a significantly higher frequency of larger (area, >914 μm 2 ) neurons was observed in the labeled soleus motoneuron pools of injured animals compared with the normal controls. Dendritic bundles in the contused animals were composed of thicker dendrites, were arranged in more closely aggregated bundles, and were organized in a longitudinal axis (rostrocaudal axis). Changes in soleus motoneuron dendritic morphology also included significant decrease of total number of dendrites, increased staining, hypertrophy of primary dendrites, and significant decreased primary, secondary, and tertiary branching. The changes in size distribution and dendritic morphology in the postcontusion animals possibly resulted from cell loss and transformation of medium cells to larger cells and/or injury-associated failure of medium cells to transport the immunolabel.
Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Four Carbapenems against Gram-Negative Rods

We tested the propensities of four carbapenems to select for resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii mutants by determining the mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) for 100 clinical strains with various ss-lactam phenotypes. Among the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and A. baumannii strains, the MPC/MIC ratios were mostly 2 to 4. In contrast, for P. aeruginosa the MPC/MIC ratios were 4 to > or =16. The MPC/MIC ratios for beta-lactamase-positive K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates were much higher (range, 4 to >16 microg/ml) than those for ss-lactamase-negative strains.
Generalized critical-layer analysis of fully coupled resonant-triad interactions in boundary layers

The critical-layer analysis of the nonlinear resonant-triad interaction by Goldstein & Lee (1992) is extended to include viscous effects. A generalized scaling which is valid both for the quasi-equilibrium and non-equilibrium critical-layer analyses in zero- or non-zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers is obtained. A system of partial differential equations which governs the fully coupled non-equilibrium critical-layer dynamics is obtained and it is solved by using a numerical method. Amplitude equations and their viscous limits are also presented. The parametric-resonance growth rate of the non-equilibrium critical-layer solution with finite viscosity is larger than that of the viscous-limit quasi-equilibrium solution. The viscosity delays both the onset of the fully coupled interaction and the ultimate downstream location of the singularity. The difference between the non-equilibrium critical-layer solution and the corresponding quasi-equilibrium critical-layer solution becomes smaller, at least in the parametric resonance region, as the viscosity parameter becomes large. However, the non-equilibrium solution with finite viscosity always ends in a singularity at a finite downstream position unlike the viscous-limit solution.
TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC MODELS

The method reported in this note obtains a minimal order modal model with both time and frequency domain accuracy using only overdetermined linear regressions. The converged poles from an overdetermined ERA (eigensystem realization algorithm) model are carefully discriminate using a combination of modal quality indicators to eliminate redundant or non physical modes. The model vectors are then determined using a linear least squares curve fit to the FRF data, which includes residual terms
1, n-Triorganosilyl migrations in the rearrangements of silyl-substituted organolithium compounds

Abstract Under the agency of the potent lithiating agent, n-butyllithium in TMEDA, an array of organosilanes was found to undergo 1, n -silyl rearrangements via carbanionic intermediates. Unambiguous 1, 2-, 1, 3- and 1, 4-silyl shifts were uncovered in 1-trimethylsilyl-1, 1, 2-triphenylethane, 1, 1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-phenylalkanes and 1, 2-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1, 2-diphenylethane, respectively. Cross-over and competition experiments established that these rearrangements generally are intramolecular and occur with decreasing ease in the order, 1, 2 > 1, 3 > 1, 4. In other compounds, such as 1, 1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1, 2-diphenylethane, 1, n -bis(trimethylsilyl)benzenes and triphenyl(trimethylsilyl)methane, competing 1, n -silyl shifts occurred. Attack of the organolithium intermediates on solvent and silicon—lithium exchange were significant side reactions in some instances. 1-Trimethylgermyl-1, 1, 2-triphenylgermane underwent no discernible rearrangement but rather gave the product expected from germanium—lithium exchange. By conducting time and competition studies, it was shown that lithiation is the product-determining step in these rearrangements and that dual pathways, namely 1, 3-versus consecutive 1, 2- 1, 4-pathways, are operative in certain rearrangements.
Subcellular location of HL-A antigens.

The subcellular location of histocompatibility antigens in the mouse H-2 system has been ascribed to various subcellular organelles in addition to the surface location on the plasma membrane. Since the subcellular distribution of human histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) has not been studied in any detail, human liver and two tissue culture cell lines were homogenized, fractionated, and profiled for subcellular membranes and antigenic content. Enzyme markers were selected to quantitate the various subcellular membranes in each fraction. Antigenic content, determined serologically by cytotoxicity inhibition, correlated only with 5’nucleotidase activity, the plasma membrane marker, regardless of other contaminating organelles. Thus, all 6 HL-A determinants tested, representing both segregant series of the HL-A locus, were limited to the plasma membranes of the tissue assayed.
Integrating diverse information repositories: a distributed hypertext approach

The authors address key problems of support for multiple, heterogeneous repositories, each under separate and autonomous administration with a variety of incompatible interfaces; diverse, unconventional data types; and different ways of viewing relations among the same information items. They present a solution to these problems that is radically different from existing systems. It is based on their distributed hypertext (DHT) architecture, which combines transparent access to autonomous, heterogeneous information repositories and a powerful, flexible organization technique. This approach requires no change to the structure or content of participating repositories. >
The Problem of Theodicy in the Awakening of Faith

The present paper tries to trace the particular contours that the problem of theodicy assumes in the Chinese Buddhist text the Awakening of Faith in the Great Vehicle (Ta-sheng ch'i-hsin lun). It analyses the beginning section of the main body of text – the section, that is, that outlines the major theoretical structure of the work – in terms of a problem that has been of particular concern in western theology. I believe that taking such a tack is especially valuable for highlighting the central Problematik around which the text is organized. The paper will thus use the problem of theodicy as a means of exploring some of the philosophical implications of the Awakening of Faith.
A computational study of the effect of intraglottal vortex-induced negative pressure on vocal fold vibration

Recent studies reported the formation of intraglottal vortices for medium and high subglottal pressures in excised-larynx experiments, and hypothesized that the suction force created by these vortices might affect vocal fold vibration. However, high subglottal pressures often lead to large vocal fold elastic recoil forces, and it is unclear if the vortex-induced suction force is large enough compared with the elastic recoil force to have noticeable effects on vocal fold vibration. In this study, the validity of this hypothesis was examined using a computational model. The results suggest that intraglottal vortices might only have small effects on vocal fold vibration.
Pharmacologic effects of polyinosinic• polycytidylic acid in man

Twenty-four patients with cancer and concomitant infections with either herpes virus hominis or varicella zoster virus were treated with polyinosinic·polycytidylic acid (rIn·rCn) to determine: (1) the reliability of rIn·rCn to induce interferon production, and (2) the toxicity of the drug. Seven additional patients with herpes zoster were observed as controls. Two lots of rIn·rCn were used; Lot 1 was consistently effective in stimulating serum interferon at doses of 9 and 12 mg/kg, whereas Lot 2 was effective at doses of 3–12 mg/kg. There was no correlation between rIn·rCn doses within these ranges and the resultant interferon levels. Generally, peak serum interferon occurred within the first day. Toxicity to rIn·rCn consisted of fever in 21/24 patients, mild elevation of liver enzymes in 8/24 patients, and laboratory abnormalities of coagulation in 9 patients. The coagulation abnormalities appeared linearly related to the dose of rIn·rCn used. All these abnormalities were reversible, and none were considered severe or lifethreatening. Sincer rIn·rCn was effective in stimulating interferon and since toxicity was considered acceptable, a randomized double-blind study was initiated to determine whether rIn·rCn is effective in the treatment of herpes zoster.
Kiva.org, Person-to-Person Lending, and the Conditions of Intercultural Contact

Emerging groups such as Kiva International are using the Internet to make person-to-person microlending available by matching mostly First World lenders with Third World borrowers. This study analyzes 635 lender profile Web pages on Kiva.org to identify how Kiva International and its lenders imagine this intercultural, financial exchange through an analysis of discourses that lenders use in their lender profiles to describe their motivations for lending. This article first provides background on Kiva International and the role of the Internet in addressing power inequalities, and then explains the methodological approach. Next, we reveal the themes that emerged in our analysis of lender profiles, addressing the ways that neoliberal discourses of individualism and personal responsibility guide lenders’ motivations for participating in Kiva.org's microlending process. Finally, we offer discussion and implications of this deployment of neoliberal discourse for intercultural communication, new media, and glob...
Object-oriented modeling of two-party negotiation

Abstract We developed an object-oriented model which can be used to simulate the negotiation process between two opposing parties. Two party negotiations involve three basic objects; “Negotiator/Opponent”, “Issues”, and “Umpire”. The first object represents the parties to a conflict. “Issues” are one or more issues in conflict. The “Umpire” is a special object that may force specific changes on the negotiation process that “Negotiator” and “Opponent” have little or no control over. The objects exchange structural and communicative moves that alter their properties.
Antenatal steroids, delivery mode, and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between antenatal steroids, delivery mode, and early-onset ventricular hemorrhage was examined in very-low-birth-weight infants. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 505 preterm infants (birth weight 600 to 1250 gm) were enrolled in a multicenter, prospectively randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of postnatal indomethacin to prevent intraventricular hemorrhage. All infants had echoencephalography between 5 and 11 hours of life. RESULTS: Seventy-three infants had intraventricular hemorrhage within the first 5 to 11 hours (mean age at echoencephalography 7.5 hours). Four hundred thirty-two infants did not have early intraventricular hemorrhage. There was less antenatal steroid treatment (19% vs 32%, p = 0.03) and more vaginal deliveries (71% vs 45%, p < 0.0001) in the group with early intraventricular hemorrhage. Of 152 infants intraventricular hemorrhage than did those delivered vaginally (4% vs 17%, p = 0.02). Of the 353 not had early intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: These data are the first to suggest that both antenatal steroids and cesarean section delivery have an important and independent rol ein lowering the risk of early-onset intraventricular hemorrhage.
The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer

The behavior which leads to a person’s admission to a mental hospital often involves danger to himself or others, withdrawal from normal social functions, or a dramatic change from his usual mode of behaving. The professional staff of the psychiatric hospital directs its major efforts toward the discovery of the flaw in the patient’s mental apparatus which presumably underlies his disturbing and dangerous behavior. Following the medical paradigm, it is presumed that once the basic disfunction has been properly identified the appropriate treatment will be undertaken and the various manifestations of the disfunction will disappear.
Conformational statistics of polymer chains in the interphase of semi-crystalline polymers

Abstract The microscopic structure of a semi-crystalline polymer interphase has been investigated by off-lattice Monte Carlo techniques for polyethylene-like flexible chains. In this approach, the conformational space consisting of chain populations of loops, bridges and tails is explored by robust cutting and splicing moves in real space. The simulations capture the most probable equilibrium distributions. The populations of loops and tails follow a truncated exponential distribution and the population of bridges shows a maximum as a function of chain length. For simulations of flexible chains, 40–45% of the chains form adjacent entry folds. The effect of molecular weight has been investigated. The bridge population is found to increase from 5 to 10%, for the interphase thicknesses studied, as the molecular weight of material simulated increases from ∼8000 gm/gmol to ∼30 000 gm/gmol. A Gaussian model for the interphase has been developed and compared with simulations of non-interacting phantom chains. The distributions match well at long chain lengths and deviate at short lengths.
A Relational Approach Examining the Interplay of Prior Reputation and Immediate Response to a Crisis

(2004). A Relational Approach Examining the Interplay of Prior Reputation and Immediate Response to a Crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 213-241.
Implicit and Self-Attributed Dependency Needs in Dependent and Histrionic Personality Disorders

Theorists speculate that dependent personality disorder (DPD) and histrionic personality disorder (HPD) are both associated with high levels of implicit (i.e., unconscious) dependency needs but speculate that only DPD is associated with high levels of self-attributed (i.e., conscious) dependency needs. To test this hypothesis, 444 undergraduates (236 women and 208 men) completed the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R), along with widely used measures of implicit dependency needs (the Rorschach Oral Dependency Scale; ROD), and self-attributed dependency needs (the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory; IDI). Correlational analyses and comparisons of IDI and ROD scores in participants scoring above and below the PDQ-R DPD and HPD thresholds supported theorists' speculations regarding implicit and self-attributed dependency needs in DPD and HPD. Implications of these results are discussed, and suggestions for future studies are offered.
Brain slice on a chip: opportunities and challenges of applying microfluidic technology to intact tissues

Isolated brain tissue, especially brain slices, are valuable experimental tools for studying neuronal function at the network, cellular, synaptic, and single channel levels. Neuroscientists have refined the methods for preserving brain slice viability and function and converged on principles that strongly resemble the approach taken by engineers in developing microfluidic devices. With respect to brain slices, microfluidic technology may 1) overcome the traditional limitations of conventional interface and submerged slice chambers and improve oxygen/nutrient penetration into slices, 2) provide better spatiotemporal control over solution flow/drug delivery to specific slice regions, and 3) permit successful integration with modern optical and electrophysiological techniques. In this review, we highlight the unique advantages of microfluidic devices for in vitro brain slice research, describe recent advances in the integration of microfluidic devices with optical and electrophysiological instrumentation, and discuss clinical applications of microfluidic technology as applied to brain slices and other non-neuronal tissues. We hope that this review will serve as an interdisciplinary guide for both neuroscientists studying brain tissue in vitro and engineers as they further develop microfluidic chamber technology for neuroscience research.
Characterization of truncated mutants of human microsomal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase RoDH-4.

Abstract Human NAD+-dependent microsomal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase RoDH-4 oxidizes all-trans-retinol, 13-cis-retinol and 3α-hydroxysteroids to corresponding retinaldehydes and 3-ketones. RoDH-4 behaves as an integral membrane protein, but its topology in the membrane is not known. Analysis of RoDH-4 polypeptide using algorithms for secondary structure predictions suggests that RoDH-4 contains four potential membrane-spanning domains: the N-terminal, the C-terminal, and the two central hydrophobic segments. To determine the role of each segment in association of RoDH-4 with the membrane, we prepared several expression constructs coding for truncated RoDH-4 polypeptides that lacked the putative membrane-spanning domains and expressed them in insect Sf9 cells using the Baculovirus system. Association of truncated RoDH-4 constructs with the microsomal membranes was analyzed by alkaline extraction and floatation in sucrose gradient. Catalytic activity of truncated RoDH-4 constructs was assayed using the 3α-hydroxysteroid androsterone as substrate. Truncated RoDH-4 that lacked the first thirteen amino acids of the N-terminal segment was partially active and exhibited the apparent Km value for androsterone similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. Removal of 23 N-terminal hydrophobic amino acids resulted in significant loss of activity and a 14-fold increase in the apparent Km value. Removal of the C-terminal 27 amino acid segment resulted in a ∼600-fold increase in the apparent Km value. Each truncated mutant behaved as an integral membrane protein. Furthermore, protein that lacked all four hydrophobic segments remained associated with the membrane. Thus, the N-terminal and the C-terminal ends are both important for RoDH-4 activity and the removal of the putative transmembrane segments does not convert RoDH-4 into a soluble protein, suggesting additional sites of membrane interaction.
A Medicare primer

Medicare is a massive and essential safety healthcare net for the elderly in the United States. It covers 45 million people in 2009 (almost one-sixth of the population) and projected to cover an increasing number of aged beneficiaries with a decreasing number of workers paying into the system. Medicare spending is about 13% of the federal budget and 3.2% of gross domestic product. A 7.4% annual growth rate in spending is expected to lead to potential insolvency by 2019. Spending on physician services and other suppliers is about 20% of Medicare outlays. Payment updates for physician services are insufficient in relation to the cost of providing services. The most serious issue remains a permanent fix for the sustained growth rate formula used for calculating payment updates for physicians. Further procrastination of difficult but essential decisions on funding has dire implications for Vascular Surgery and the patients we serve.
Relative importance of abiotically induced direct and indirect effects on a salt-marsh herbivore

Few studies have attempted to determine experimentally the relative im- portance of direct and indirect effects of host plants on herbivorous insects in the field. This study identifies important direct and indirect effects of a coastal plant on its most common insect herbivore and assesses the relative importance of those effects. The direct effects of increased interstitial soil salinity and nitrogen on the abundance of Pissonotus quadripustulatus (Homoptera: Delphacidae), which feeds on Borrichia frutescens (Aster- aceae), are reported. Also reported are the indirect effects of these treatments on parasitism of P. quadripustulatus eggs laid in plant stems by the fairyfly parasitoid Anagrus sp. nr. armatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Soil salinity was experimentally elevated by the ad- dition of salt pellets, and plant foliar nitrogen was increased by the addition of fertilizer. Both salt and fertilizer increased the abundance of P. quadripustulatus. There was a significant salt X fertilizer interaction, suggesting that salt stress may be more important when plants are more nitrogen limited. Salt, by increasing the frequency of tough B. fru- tescens stems, decreased the rate at which Anagrus parasitized P. quadripustulatus eggs. Fertilizer, by increasing the frequency of B. frutescens stems that were softer and easier to penetrate, increased the rate of parasitism. Changes in parasitism, however, did not affect P. quadripustulatus density. Tests for density dependence showed that the results reported here were attributable to application of the treatments and not to spatial density dependence. This study suggests that, in a stressful salt-marsh system, the direct effects of plant quality on herbivores are more important than indirect effects of plant morphology mediated by natural enemies.
ACTH peptides as organizers of neuronal patterns in development: maturation of the rat neuromuscular junction as seen by scanning electron microscopy.

Abstract SEM was used to visualize the normal postnatal development of the neonatal rat neuromuscular junction (nmj). Maturational changes evoked by ACTH/MSH 4–10 (10 μg/kg/day IP) or ACTH/MSH 4–9 (Org 2766) (0.01 μg/kg/day IP) were compared to controls and to pups treated with nicotine during prenatal and postnatal life, or only during the gestation period. Pregnant females received 0.25 mg/kg 2× daily IP; neonates 0.05 mg/kg/day SC. The Desaki and Uehara [15] and Fahim et al. [19] methods revealed the nmj on the extensor digitorum muscle to be covered by a delicate drapery of postjunctional folds that surround the immature endplate region. By the second week of postnatal life, these folds become more complex and cover a larger area. Upon maturation the folds descend and invaginate into the muscle fiber. Peptide treatment with either ACTH/MSH 4–10 or ACTH/MSH 4–9 accelerates maturation of the endplate as demonstrated by the increased convolutions of the folds. Similar effects follow nicotine administration. The observed changes in morphology of the developing nmj subjected to nicotine may be mediated through nicotine-evoked ACTH release.
The relevance of organizational subculture for motivation to transfer learning

Although human resource development [HRD] practitioners and researchers emphasize organizational culture as a major contributor to employee learning and development, results from this study suggest organizational subculture has greater influence on employee-related learning motivation. The relationships among organizational culture, organizational subculture, leadership style, and motivation to transfer learning are examined in this study of 354 randomly selected health care providers from a population of 1,255 employees of three of the largest health care organizations in the United States. Study findings indicate that organizational subculture was highly associated with employee motivation to transfer learning - far higher than organizational culture overall. Supportive and innovative subcultures have clear positive relationships, while bureaucratic subcultures negatively influenced motivation to transfer learning. Findings also support the differences between leadership style types and particular subculture types in relation to motivation to transfer learning. In terms of leadership style, a consideration style had a stronger relationship to motivation to transfer learning than did structuring style. Implications for HRD research and practice are explored.
Underperformance of founder-led firms: An examination of compensation contracting theories during the executive stock options backdating scandal

Abstract Using the executive stock option (ESO) backdating scandal as a backdrop, this paper examines whether compensation committees can effectively set executive compensation contracts in the presence of a founding CEO. Analyzing a sample of firms accused of backdating ESO grant dates and a control sample of non-backdating firms, we find evidence suggesting that managerial power influences the decision to backdate. Specifically, our analysis indicates the presence of a founder CEO increases the likelihood that ESOs are backdated by 22%. We further find that founder-led firms strongly underperform a matched sample of non-backdating firms. This finding contrasts a number of studies that document superior operating and stock return performance for founder-led firms.
Health and human rights of women imprisoned in Zambia.

The healthcare needs and general experience of women in detention in sub-Saharan Africa are rarely studied and poorly understood. A mixed-methods study was conducted including in-depth interviews with 38 adult female prisoners and 21 prison officers in four Zambian prisons to assess the health and human rights concerns of female detainees. Key informant interviews with 46 officials from government and non-governmental organizations and a legal and policy review were also conducted. Despite special protection under international and regional law, incarcerated women's health needs–including prenatal care, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and nutritional support during pregnancy and breastfeeding–are not being adequately met in Zambian prisons. Women are underserved by general healthcare programs including those offering tuberculosis and HIV testing, and reported physical and sexual abuse conducted by police and prison officers that could amount to torture under international law. There is an urgent need for women's healthcare services to be expanded, and for general prison health campaigns, including HIV and tuberculosis testing and treatment, to ensure the inclusion of female inmates. Abuses against women in Zambian police and prison custody, which violate their rights and compromise their health, must be halted immediately.
A Revised Conceptual Model of the Tropical Marine Boundary Layer. Part III: Bragg Scattering Layer Statistical Properties

AbstractThis paper examines the structure and variability of the moisture field in the tropical marine boundary layer (TMBL) as defined by Bragg scattering layers (BSLs) observed with S-band radar. Typically, four to five BSLs were present in the TMBL, including the transition layer at the top of the surface-based mixed layer. The transition-layer depth (~350 m) exhibited a weak diurnal cycle because of changes in the mixed-layer depth. BSLs and the “clear” layers between them each had a median thickness of about 350 m and a lifetime over the radar of 8.4 h, with about 25% having lifetimes longer than 20 h. More (fewer) BSLs were present when surface winds had a more southerly (northerly) component. Both BSLs and clear layers increased in depth with increasing rain rates, with the rainiest days producing layers that were about 100 m thicker than those on the driest days. The analyses imply that the relative humidity (RH) field in the TMBL exhibits layering on scales observable by radar. Satellite and wind...
s -wave scattering lengths of the strongly dipolar bosons Dy 162 and Dy 164

We report the measurement of the deca-heptuplet $s$-partial-wave scattering length $a$ of two bosonic isotopes of the highly magnetic element dysprosium: $a=112(10){a}_{0}$ for $^{162}\mathrm{Dy}$ and $a=92(8){a}_{0}$ for $^{164}\mathrm{Dy}$, where ${a}_{0}$ is the Bohr radius. The scattering lengths are determined by the cross-dimensional relaxation of ultracold gases of these Dy isotopes at temperatures above quantum degeneracy. In this temperature regime, the measured rethermalization dynamics can be compared to simulations of the Boltzmann equation using a direct-simulation Monte Carlo method employing the anisotropic differential scattering cross section of dipolar particles.
Controversies in anesthesia, pain management, and multiple sclerosis

A NESTHETIZING PATIENTS with neurologic diseases is always a challenge for anesthesiologists. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is no exception. In this disease, demyelination of both grey and white matter occurs. Plaques form or sclerosis takes place in these areas of demyelination leading to contiguousness of nodes of Ranvier and, if the area is extensive enough, failure of electrical conduction. Peripheral nerves are not affected, and the lesions are upper-motor and not lower-motor neuron. Spasticity and incoordination of laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles may occur, leading to inadequate or ineffective airway protection during exacerbations. Autonomic dysfunction can occur; contractures and spasms of muscles in the extremities, visual involvement, etc.
Power transfer characteristics of a microwave reverberation chamber

Power transfer through a microwave reverberation chamber is studied theoretically and experimentally. Two configurations are employed as follows. In the first, the chamber contains a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna; in the second, it contains a transmitting antenna and a receiving D-dot sensor. For each configuration a theoretical model is derived and laboratory measurements are carried out for the power gain of the chamber as a function of frequency. The models prove useful in predicting the observed variation of gain with frequency, and they provide insight into the importance of power flow to the chamber walls and to the receiving antenna/sensor.
Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea‐level rise

[1] Removal of water from terrestrial subsurface storage is a natural consequence of groundwater withdrawals, but global depletion is not well characterized. Cumulative groundwater depletion represents a transfer of mass from land to the oceans that contributes to sea-level rise. Depletion is directly calculated using calibrated groundwater models, analytical approaches, or volumetric budget analyses for multiple aquifer systems. Estimated global groundwater depletion during 1900–2008 totals ∼4,500 km3, equivalent to a sea-level rise of 12.6 mm (>6% of the total). Furthermore, the rate of groundwater depletion has increased markedly since about 1950, with maximum rates occurring during the most recent period (2000–2008), when it averaged ∼145 km3/yr (equivalent to 0.40 mm/yr of sea-level rise, or 13% of the reported rate of 3.1 mm/yr during this recent period).
Feedback-driven datapath optimization in Fasolt

Fasolt is a program that optimizes a register-level datapath design. Fasolt is unique in that it uses layout information to drive the choice of optimizing transformations; hence it is feedback-driven, because it uses low-level information to drive high-level decision making. Fasolt 1.0 uses critical path and channel density to select pairs of wire bundles to be merged, which may necessitate retiming. Hence scheduling and allocation can take wiring into account in a novel way, which has been sufficient to given 10 and 50% area reductions in naive initial designs. >
Special Type of Double-Layer Antireflection Coating for Infrared Optical Materials with High Refractive Indices

A special type of double-layer antireflection coating for infrared optical materials is described. This coating has two unusual features: the total optical thickness of the double layer is less than one-quarter wavelength; and the film with the higher index of refraction is on the outside. The reduction in reflectance in the low reflecting region is similar to that of a single-layer coating. Measured values of transmittance are given for coatings on Si and Ge. An interesting point in one of the examples is the use of a Ge film in the antireflection coating for Ge. The coatings are very durable.
Stochastic segmentation models for array-based comparative genomic hybridization data analysis

SUMMARY Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) is a high throughput, high resolution technique for studying the genetics of cancer. Analysis of array-CGH data typically involves estimation of the underlying chromosome copy numbers from the log fluorescence ratios and segmenting the chromosome into regions with the same copy number at each location. We propose for the analysis of array-CGH data, a new stochastic segmentation model and an associated estimation procedure that has attractive statistical and computational properties. An important benefit of this Bayesian segmentation model is that it yields explicit formulas for posterior means, which can be used to estimate the signal directly without performing segmentation. Other quantities relating to the posterior distribution that are useful for providing confidence assessments of any given segmentation can also be estimated by using our method. We propose an approximation method whose computation time is linear in sequence length which makes our method practically applicable to the new higher density arrays. Simulation studies and applications to real array-CGH data illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
Coupled with uncouplers: the curious case of lifespan

the search for the philosopher's stone, purported to be able to transform lead to gold and bestow upon the owner eternal life, has occupied the imagination of humans for centuries. Whereas, to the best of our knowledge, nobody ever made substantial progress toward the first objective, Andrews and
Frequency response metrology for high-speed optical receivers

We use "standard" optical sources along with microwave calibration methods to accurately calibrate optical receivers to 50 GHz and beyond. The calibrated receivers can be used to characterize sources and receivers using common electrical instrumentation.
Fiber Optic Configurations for Local Area Networks

A number of fiber optic configurations for a new class of demand assignment multiple-access local area networks requiring a physical ordering among stations are proposed. In such networks, the data transmission and linear-ordering functions may be distinguished and be provided by separate data and control subnetworks. The configurations proposed for the data subnetwork are based on the linear, star, and tree topologies. To provide the linear-ordering function, the control subnetwork must always have a linear unidirectional bus structure. Due to the reciprocity and excess loss of optical couplers, the number of stations that can be accommodated on a linear fiber optic bus is severely limited. Two techniques are proposed to overcome this limitation. For each of the data and control subnetwork configurations, the maximum number of stations as a function of the power margin, for both reciprocal and nonreciprocal couplers, is computed.
WHAT WILLIAMSON'S ANTI‐LUMINOSITY ARGUMENT REALLY IS*

: Williamson argues that when one feels cold, one may not be in a position to know that one feels cold. He thinks this argument can be generalized to show that no mental states are such that when we are in them we are in a position to know that we are in them. I argue that his argument is a sorites argument in disguise because it relies on the implicit premise that warming up is gradual. Williamson claims that his argument is not a sorites argument; I explain why he has not given us any reason to accept the claim.
Stepwise Approach for Nerve Sparing Without Countertraction During Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Technique and Outcomes

Abstract Background Although subtle technical variation affects potency preservation during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP), most prostatectomy studies focus on achieving the optimal anatomic nerve-sparing dissection plane. However, the impact of active assistant/surgeon neurovascular bundle (NVB) countertraction on sexual function outcomes has not been studied or quantified. Objective To illustrate technique and compare sexual function outcomes for nerve sparing without (NS-0C) versus with (NS-C) assistant and/or surgeon NVB countertraction. Design, setting, and participants This is a retrospective study of 342 NS-0C versus 268 NS-C RARP procedures performed between August 2008 and February 2011. Surgical procedure RARP. Measurements We used the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) sexual function and potency scores, estimated blood loss (EBL), operative time, and positive surgical margin (PSM). Results and limitations In unadjusted analysis, men undergoing NS-0C versus NS-C were older, had worse baseline sexual function, higher biopsy and pathologic Gleason grade, and higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (all p ≤0.023). However, NS-0C versus NS-C was associated with higher 5-mo sexual function scores (20 vs 10; p p p =0.039). However, no difference in sexual function or potency was observed at 12 mo. In adjusted analyses, NS-0C versus NS-C was associated with improved 5-mo sexual function (parameter estimate: 10.90; standard error: 2.16; p p =0.046). NS-0C versus NS-WC was associated with shorter operative times ( p =0.001) and higher EBL ( p =0.001); however, there were no significant differences in PSM. Limitations include the retrospective, single-surgeon study design and smaller numbers for 12-mo comparison. Conclusions Reliance on countertraction to facilitate dissecting NVB away from the prostate leads to neuropraxia and delayed recovery of sexual function and potency. Subtle technical modification to dissect the prostate away from the NVB without countertraction enables earlier return of sexual function and potency.
N15 Cro and λ Cro: Orthologous DNA-binding domains with completely different but equally effective homodimer interfaces

Bacteriophage Cro proteins bind to target DNA as dimers but do not all dimerize with equal strength, and differ in fold in the region of the dimer interface. We report the structure of the Cro protein from Enterobacteria phage N15 at 1.05 A resolution. The subunit fold contains five α-helices and is closely similar to the structure of P22 Cro (1.3 A backbone room mean square difference over 52 residues), but quite different from that of λ Cro, a structurally diverged member of this family with a mixed α-helix/β-sheet fold. N15 Cro crystallizes as a biological dimer with an extensive interface (1303 A2 change in accessible surface area per dimer) and also dimerizes in solution with a Kd of 5.1 ± 1.5 μM. Its dimerization is much stronger than that of its structural homolog P22 Cro, which does not self-associate detectably in solution. Instead, the level of self-association and interfacial area for N15 Cro is similar to that of λ Cro, even though these two orthologs do not share the same fold and have dimer interfaces that are qualitatively different in structure. The common Cro ancestor is thought to be an all-helical monomer similar to P22 Cro. We propose that two Cro descendants independently developed stronger dimerization by entirely different mechanisms.
Unfolded cholera toxin is transferred to the ER membrane and released from protein disulfide isomerase upon oxidation by Ero1

The toxic effect of cholera toxin (CT) on target cells is caused by its A1 chain. This polypeptide is released from the holotoxin and unfolded in the lumen of the ER by the action of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), before being retrotranslocated into the cytosol. The polypeptide is initially unfolded by binding to the reduced form of PDI. We show that upon oxidation of the COOH-terminal disulfide bond in PDI by the enzyme Ero1, the A1 chain is released. Both yeast Ero1 and the mammalian Ero1α isoform are active in this reaction. Ero1 has a preference for the PDI–toxin complex. We further show that the complex is transferred to a protein at the lumenal side of the ER membrane, where the unfolded toxin is released from PDI by the action of Ero1. Taken together, our results identify Ero1 as the enzyme mediating the release of unfolded CT from PDI and characterize an additional step in retrotranslocation of the toxin.
A Investigation of E/W Cycle Characteristics for 2y-nm MLC NAND Flash Memory Devices

In this paper, the challenges of NAND flash memory devices with E/W cycling characteristics are discussed. The large VTH shift in 2y-nm technology is investigated with various causes such as air-gap, poly2 valley plug gap-fill and string current. The countermeasures including process and operation algorithm are also exhibited to improve the reliability of 2y-nm NAND Flash memory device.
Integrated Structural/Control Design of Micro-Positioner for Boring Bar Tool Insert:

This paper presents a method to improve the performance of an electro-mechanical system by employing an integrated structural/control design methodology. In their previous work, the authors have in...