cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element time domain : modal formulation for nonlinear flutter of composite panels

A finite element time domain modal approach is presented for determining the nonlinear flutter characteristics of composite panels at elevated temperatures. The von Karman large-deflection strain-displacement relations, quasisteady first-order piston theory aerodynamics, and quasisteady thermal stress theory are used to formulate the nonlinear panel flutter finite element equations of motion in nodal displacements. A set of nonlinear modal equations of motion of much smaller degrees of freedom for the facilitation in time numerical integration is then obtained through a modal transformation and reduction. All five types of panel behavior-flat, buckled, limit-cycle, periodic, and chaotic motions-can be determined
Memorial hospital registry of population groups at high risk for cancer of the large intestine: Age of onset of neoplasms

Abstract An early age of onset, and tendency to develop multiple neoplasms, are characteristic of population groups having hereditary predisposition to a variety of cancers including those of the large intestine. Familial aggregates having inherited adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (familial polyposis), and those who are strongly colon cancer prone without polyposis, illustrate population groups in which early age of onset of neoplasia is characteristic. These and other high risk groups have been entered into a new Memorial Hospital Registry. Additional phenotypic abnormalities in high risk population groups have recently been found to occur at early ages. These are being measured to improve the characterization of subjects requiring improved surveillance, and to study modes of intervention that attempt to inhibit the development of malignancy.
Abducens unit behavior in the monkey during vergence movements.

Abstract The functional organization of the final common path of the primate oculomotor system for vergence eye movements was investigated by recording from single abducens neurons in the alert, behaving monkey. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis extant in the literature that vergence movements are mediated by a separate subset of motoneurons and muscle fibers. Instead each of the abducens units recorded in this study participated in all the types of visually guided eye movements—saccadic, smooth pursuit, fixation, and vergence. No type of eye movement, version or vergence, is the exclusive product of the action of a special subset of abducens motoneurons.
Flow field topology of transient mixing driven by buoyancy.

Transient mixing driven by buoyancy occurs through the birth of a symmetric Rayleigh–Taylor morphology (RTM) structure for large length scales. Beyond its critical bifurcation the RTM structure exhibits self-similarity and occurs on smaller and smaller length scales. The dynamics of the RTM structure, its nonlinear growth and internal collision, show that its genesis occurs from an explosive bifurcation which leads to the overlap of resonance regions in phase space. This event shows the coexistence of regular and chaotic regions in phase space which is corroborated with the existence of horseshoe maps. A measure of local chaos given by the topological entropy indicates that as the system evolves there is growth of uncertainty. Breakdown of the dissipative RTM structure occurs during the transition from explosive to catastrophic bifurcation; this event gives rise to annihilation of the separatrices which drives overlap of resonance regions. The global bifurcation of explosive and catastrophic events in phase space for the large length scale of the RTM structure serves as a template for which mixing occurs on smaller and smaller length scales.
First facets of the octahedron

A procedure is given for identifying the facets of the octahedron that are first intersected upon extending the edge of a polyhedral cone. The information generated by this procedure can be exploited to advantage by cut-search procedures for zero-one integer programming. Results are given which make it possible to determine the first two facets (or sets of ''tied facets'') following the innermost facet with less effort than required to determine the innermost facet itself. Depending on the orientation of the extended edge relative to the octahedron, a number of successive additional facets may be determined with comparable ease.
Digitally processed topographic data for regional tectonic evaluations

Siting and design of major structures such as nuclear power plants, waste repositories, dams, and so forth require a thorough evaluation of earthquake hazard, including an assessment of the tectonic regime in the site region. All available data sources such as geologic maps, geophysical maps, and synoptic remote sensing images should be fully utilized for regional tectonic evaluations. Nearly all lineaments mapped on synoptic-scale images, however, are expressions of topographic features. It seems desirable, therefore, to include analysis of digital elevation data in regional phases of tectonic evaluations. These data have higher spatial resolution than Landsat and are less expensive than both Landsat and SLAR. Digital elevation data are inherently geometrically correct and, although of lower resolution than SLAR, are more versatile in accentuating geologic structure with less cultural and vegetation interference. Digital elevation data in the form of synthetic relief images and stereo pairs provide ideal data bases for guiding aerial reconnaissance and acquisition of large-scale images for detailed evaluations.
Phase Transitions and Thermal Behavior of Fuel−Diluent Mixtures

Phase transitions and thermal behavior of fuel−diluent mixtures were investigated at temperatures and pressures up to 750 K and 600 bar, respectively, as part of a breakthrough approach directed to...
An improved ultraviolet spectral line list for the symbiotic star RR Telescopii

We have remeasured wavelengths and intensities of International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra of the symbiotic star, RR Tel. The main work is centered on the long 820 minute exposure high-resolution spectrum obtained on 1983 June 18. The list is intended to serve as a source of improved intensities and wavelengths for the ultraviolet spectrum of this star. A complete line list with intensities based on this exposure has not been published previously. The strongest spectral lines are saturated in the 820 minute exposure, and intensities for these lines are mostly obtained from a 20 minute exposure obtained on the same day. A few intensities are obtained from other exposures if neither the 820 nor the 20 minute exposure is satisfactory. There are 111 lines in our list between 1168 and 1980 A. Some of the very weakest lines may not be real. These are indicated by question marks. We also discuss some of the plasma diagnostics available using spectral lines of O v and O iv.
The growth by the hybrid sputtering and evaporation method and microstructural studies of CuInSe2 films

Abstract Polycrystalline CuInSe2 was deposited by a hybrid sputtering and evaporation process at various temperatures and compositions. The resulting material was characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and other techniques. It was shown that the point defect density in CuInSe2 thin films can be decreased and the compositional uniformity of the film increased by raising the growth temperature of the second stage of the bilayer deposition process used. Increasing the temperature results in more pronounced segregation of second phases to the surface. An explanation for the behaviour of Cu2Se surface segregation and precipitate formation is proposed based on residual lattice misfit between the Cu2Se and the CuInSe2 grains.
Allport's Life and Allport's Psychology

This article addresses some of the relations between Gordon Allport's life and his psychological theories, focusing on two themes: (a) Allport's junior-year prize-winning recounting of Harvard's “Rinehart” legend–the changes and distortions he introduced in his version of the core legend suggest altruistic sublimation of motives for power and prestige; and (b) Allport's relationship with “Jenny,” the mother of “Ross,” his college roommate (he twice published her letters to him as Letters from Jenny.). I suggest that the need to differentiate himself from Ross was one contributing factor to such Allportian theoretical notions as the functional autonomy of motives and the sharp differentiation between “normal” and “abnormal.”
Protein Heterogeneity in the Coiled Body Compartment

Coiled bodies are ubiquitous nuclear inclusions of unknown function. Although a considerable list of coiled body components has been assembled in recent years leading to several functional hypotheses, none have yet been borne out by experimentation. Pinpointing coiled body function is difficult in part because each known component molecule has been shown to be present at other sites in the nucleus. Using probes to individual coiled body molecules is therefore likely to yield ambiguous results. From direct observation of coiled body behavior we know that they are dynamic structures, changing in content, size, and number under different physiological conditions. In our studies, we have found that the number of coiled bodies in mammalian endothelial cells is relatively high. Depending on phenotype, quiescent or angiogenic, endothelial cells can average as few as 4 or as many as 15 coiled bodies per nucleus (as opposed to 2 or 3 for most cell types). This can provide certain advantages in the analysis of their dynamics and composition. Moreover, expression of the coiled body protein, pigpen, is sharply regulated as endothelial cells toggle back and forth between the two phenotypes. Using the endothelial cell system, we present several new observations in this report on the dynamics of coiled bodies and their constituent proteins and reinforce prior observations that we consider important but understated in the literature. With antibodies to p80-coilin, pigpen, and fibrillarin, we show that there may be heterogeneity in the coiled body population of individual cells. We demonstrate that the coiled body marker protein p80-coilin can also be found distributed in the nucleoplasm and in apparent association with the nuclear envelope. This suggests that coilin could play a role in some aspect of nucleocytoplasmic exchange. Finally, we correlate the presence of pigpen in a diffuse nucleoplasmic pool with the expression of a phosphatase-sensitive epitope, indicating that subnuclear localization may depend upon the phosphorylation state of the protein. Our results suggest to us that a viewpoint of coiled bodies as part of a fluid trafficking network may be helpful in discerning their cellular functions.
The kallikrein--kinin system in blood vessels.

Pretreatment of isolated mast cells with analogs of neurotensin 8–13 (NT8–13), in which the amino acids Leu13 or Ile12 are replaced with an aspartic acid (Asp13-NT8–13 or Asp12-NT8–13), inhibits the secretion of histamine in response to NT. A 10 min pretreatment with either analog (10 μM) inhibited NT-induced histamine release by 90% (Asp13-NT8–13) or by 98% (Asp12-NT8–13). At concentrations that are inhibitory, Asp13-NT8–13 and Asp12-NT8–13 alone elicit very little release (<5% at 10 μM). In the continued presence of the analogs, the inhibitory effect lasts for more than 45 min; removal of the analogs resulted in restoration of sensitivity to NT within 10 min. Pretreatment with analog Asp13-NT8–13 resulted in a 39% inhibition of stimulation by substance P and a 52% inhibition of stimulation by histaminereleasing peptide (HRP). In contrast, pretreatment with analog Asp12-NT8–13 gave no inhibition of release by SP or HRP. Neither analog inhibited histamine release in response to bradykinin (BK), NT1–12, compound 48/80 (48/80), the calcium ionophore A23187, or anti-IgE stimulation of passively sensitized mast cells. Although Asp12-NT8–13 and Asp13-NT8–13 differ slightly in regard to the peptides they inhibit, both probably act at a step early in the stimulus-secretion coupling sequence; most likely before the rise in the level of free intracellular calcium that has been shown to accompany secretion in mast cells. It is suggested that these analogs exert their inhibitory effect on NT by competing with NT for a binding site on the mast cell membrane. The limited number of peptides inhibited by these analogs suggest that not all basic peptides act at the same site to stimulate secretion.
RAGE expression and NF-kappaB activation attenuated by extracellular domain of RAGE in human salivary gland cell line

The receptor for advanced-glycation-end-products (RAGE) has been implicated as a pro-inflammatory factor in chronic inflammatory conditions such as diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the soluble-RAGE (sRAGE), the extracellular domain of RAGE, on RAGE expression and NF-kappaB translocation in human-salivary gland-cell-lines (HSG). Cells were stimulated with agonist S100A4, fusion protein of RAGE encompassing the extracellular domain of RAGE (ex-RAGE), ex-RAGE followed by S100A4, or S100A4 followed by ex-RAGE. Our study indicates that RAGE expression was highest at 150 microg/microl of S100A4 and efficiently down-regulated by 1.8-fold (P < 0.05) when ex-RAGE was incubated prior to agonist S100A4. RAGE protein was also consistently down-regulated by 20-40% with pre-incubation of ex-RAGE. More importantly, nuclear translocation of p65 and p52 of NF-kappaB by S100A4 was inhibited in the presence of ex-RAGE, confirming anti-inflammatory function of ex-RAGE. In conclusion, ex-RAGE down-regulates RAGE expression and inhibits p65 and p52 activation in HSG, providing evidence that ex-RAGE functions as a "decoy" to RAGE-ligand interaction and thus potentially dampening inflammatory conditions.
Effects of Contingencies on Cooperative Responding in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game with Anticipated Shock Outcomes

Based on an outcome maximization hypothesis, subjects were predicted to respond optimally in a prisoner's dilemma game with anticipated shock outcomes. As expected, cooperation was significantly higher for 100% lag-one contingent matching feedback conditions than for noncontingent yoked-control conditions; also, cooperation increased over trials for contingent subjects, and decreased over trials for noncontingent subjects. Man versus machine characterization of the player did not affect cooperative responding, lending more support in this situation to outcome maximization as opposed to competitive motivation and perceived reactivity of the other player interpretations.
Validation of a bayesian belief network representation for posterior probability calculations on national crime victimization survey

This paper presents an effort to induce a Bayesian belief network (BBN) from crime data, namely the national crime victimization survey (NCVS). This BBN defines a joint probability distribution over a set of variables that were employed to record a set of crime incidents, with particular focus on characteristics of the victim. The goals are to generate a BBN to capture how characteristics of crime incidents are related to one another, and to make this information available to domain specialists. The novelty associated with the study reported in this paper lies in the use of a Bayesian network to represent a complex data set to non-experts in a way that facilitates automated analysis. Validation of the BBN's ability to approximate the joint probability distribution over the set of variables entailed in the NCVS data set is accomplished through a variety of sources including mathematical techniques and human experts for appropriate triangulation. Validation results indicate that the BBN induced from the NCVS data set is a good joint probability model for the set of attributes in the domain, and accordingly can serve as an effective query tool.
Measurement of Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance

The Sun’s electromagnetic radiation powers our solar system. In the case of the Earth it heats the lands and ocean, maintains our atmosphere, generates clouds, and cycles water. For other planets and minor bodies, similar and appropriate physical processes occur, also powered by the Sun. The Sun varies on all time scales and a precise knowledge of the Sun’s irradiance and its variation is essential to our understanding of environments and physical conditions throughout our solar system. Measurements of solar irradiance and its variation can only be made from space, and almost thirty years of observation have now established that the total solar irradiance (TSI) varies by only 0.1 to 0.3%, while certain portions of the solar spectrum, the ultraviolet for example, vary by orders of magnitude more. This paper provides an overview of TSI observations and of spectral irradiance observations from the ultraviolet to the near infrared.
Conductance of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris·HCl) in water at 25 and 37°C

The conductances of aqueous solutions of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris·HCl) at 25°C and 37°C have been measured. The concentration of salt varied from 4×10−4 to 1.6×10−2 mole-dm−3. The data were analyzed by the full Pitts equation which yielded the following parameters: at 25°C, Λ° = 106.07 S-cm2-mole−1, KA=1.01; at 37°C, Λ° = 106.07 S-cm2-mole−1, KA=0.99. These values suggest that Tris·HCl is essentially completely dissociated in water. The mobility of the Tris·H+ ion was found to be considerably smaller than that of the alkali metal cations. This result is consistent with abnormal liquid-junction potentials for Tris buffer solutions at 25 and 37°C.
When do the Activities of Private Parties Trigger WTO Rules

abstractAs scrutiny of government actions affecting international trade relations continues to increase, the relevance of private party actions having an impact on those relations may gain in importance. Since the 1960s, the GATT member states have been cognizant of the role that private parties can play in disrupting the natural competitive economic relationships extant between countries. A handful of GATT and WTO adjudicative determinations over the intervening four and a half decades have initiated the process of fleshing-out the conditions under which GATT/WTO legal disciplines apply to private party action as a consequence of ascribing such action to the government of a relevant member state. What follows reviews those adjudicative determinations and distills the themes and conditions for attribution articulated therein. It also reviews what could be offered GATT/WTO dispute settlement bodies were consideration to be given to the international rules regarding state responsibility for acts of individuals. From an examination of article 8 of the 2001 International Law Commission's articles on state responsibility in particular, it is suggested a somewhat narrow understanding of attribution should obtain, and that such an understanding can be seen as in conformance with the basic thrust of international economic law, extant GATT/WTO case law, and sound policy.
Quantum Kalman filtering and the Heisenberg limit in atomic magnetometry.

The shot-noise detection limit in current high-precision magnetometry [I. Kominis, T. Kornack, J. Allred, and M. Romalis, Nature (London) 422, 596 (2003)] is a manifestation of quantum fluctuations that scale as 1/root-N in an ensemble of N atoms. Here, we develop a procedure that combines continuous measurement and quantum Kalman filtering [V. Belavkin, Rep. Math. Phys. 43, 405 (1999)] to surpass this conventional limit by exploiting conditional spin squeezing to achieve 1/N field sensitivity. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of optimal estimation for high bandwidth precision magnetometry at the Heisenberg limit and also identifies an approximate estimator based on linear regression.
Probing the spontaneous membrane insertion of a tail-anchored membrane protein by sum frequency generation spectroscopy.

In addition to providing a semipermeable barrier that protects a cell from harmful stimuli, lipid membranes occupy a central role in hosting a variety of biological processes, including cellular communications and membrane protein functions. Most importantly, protein-membrane interactions are implicated in a variety of diseases and therefore many analytical techniques were developed to study the basis of these interactions and their influence on the molecular architecture of the cell membrane. In this study, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is used to investigate the spontaneous membrane insertion process of cytochrome b5 and its mutants. Experimental results show a significant difference in the membrane insertion and orientation properties of these proteins, which can be correlated with their functional differences. In particular, our results correlate the nonfunctional property of a mutant cytochrome b5 with its inability to insert into the lipid bilayer. The approach reported in this study could be used as a potential rapid screening tool in measuring the topology of membrane proteins as well as interactions of biomolecules with lipid bilayers in situ.
XeCl Laser Surgery of the Vocal Cords: A Histologic Comparison with CO2 Laser in a Porcine Model

Abstract Fresh cadaveric pig larynxes were ablated with a CO 2 (λ = 10.6 μm) and a XeCl excimer (λ = 308 nm) laser. Histologic comparison of the ablation craters created by the two lasers was performed, and ablation crater depth and marginal tissue damage were measured. Crater depth for both laser treatments is correlated with energy deposition and exposure time. The CO 2 laser creates three times more nonspecific, marginal tissue damage than the XeCl laser at the ranges of total energy and exposure times used. This study demonstrates the potential of the XeCl laser as an alternative to the CO 2 laser in microlaryngeal surgery. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:371-5.)
Enhanced selectivity for inhibition of analog-sensitive protein kinases through scaffold optimization

Abstract The ability to inhibit any protein kinase of interest with a small molecule is enabled by a combination of genetics and chemistry. Genetics is used to modify the active site of a single kinase to render it distinct from all naturally occurring kinases. Next, organic synthesis is used to develop a small molecule, which does not bind to wild-type kinases but is a potent inhibitor of the engineered kinase. This approach, termed chemical genetics, has been used to generate highly potent mutant kinase-specific inhibitors based on a pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold. Here, we asked if the selectivity of the resulting pyrazolopyrimidines could be improved, as they inhibit several wild-type kinases with low-micromolar IC 50 values. Our approach to improve the selectivity of allele-specific inhibitors was to explore a second kinase inhibitor scaffold. A series of 6,9-disubstituted purines was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for inhibitory activity against several kinases in vitro and in vivo. Several purines proved to be potent inhibitors against the analog-sensitive kinases and exhibited greater selectivity than the existing pyrazolopyrimidines.
A transformation booster sequence ( TBS ) from Petunia hybrida functions as an enhancer-blocking insulator in Arabidopsis thaliana

Several matrix-attachment regions (MARs) from animals have been shown to block interactions between an enhancer and promoter when situated between the two. Since a similar function for plant MARs has not been discerned, we tested the Zea mays ADH1 5' MAR, Nicotiana tabacum Rb7 3' MAR and a transformation booster sequence (TBS) MAR from Petunia hybrida for their ability to impede enhancer-promoter interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Stable transgenic lines containing vectors in which one of the three MAR elements or a 4 kb control sequence were interposed between the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer and a flower-specific AGAMOUS second intron-derived promoter (AGIP)::beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion were assayed for GUS expression in vegetative tissues. We demonstrate that the TBS MAR element, but not the ADH1 or Rb7 MARs, is able to block interactions between the 35S enhancer and AGIP without compromising the function of either with elements from which they are not insulated.
Neonatal subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis MRI, CT, and ultrasound correlation

We describe a term newborn with tuberous sclerosis who presented with a neonatal brain tumor, diagnosed as a subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. We compare the various imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of this tumor.
Development and evaluation of an instrument for assessing brief behavioral change interventions

Abstract Objective To develop an observational coding instrument for evaluating the fidelity and quality of brief behavioral change interventions based on the behavioral theories of the 5 A's, Stages of Change and Motivational Interviewing. Methods Content and face validity were assessed prior to an intervention where psychometric properties were evaluated with a prospective cohort of 116 medical students. Properties assessed included the inter-rater reliability of the instrument, internal consistency of the full scale and sub-scales and descriptive statistics of the instrument. Construct validity was assessed based on student's scores. Results Inter-rater reliability for the instrument was 0.82 (intraclass correlation). Internal consistency for the full scale was 0.70 (KR20). Internal consistencies for the sub-scales were as follows: MI intervention component (KR20 = .7); stage-appropriate MI-based intervention (KR20 = .55); MI spirit (KR20 = .5); appropriate assessment (KR20 = .45) and appropriate assisting (KR20 = .56). Conclusions The instrument demonstrated good inter-rater reliability and moderate overall internal consistency when used to assess performing brief behavioral change interventions by medical students. Practice implications This practical instrument can be used with minimal training and demonstrates promising psychometric properties when evaluated with medical students counseling standardized patients. Further testing is required to evaluate its usefulness in clinical settings.
Survival After Adult Liver Transplantation Does Not Correlate with Transplant Center Case Volume in the MELD Era

It has been demonstrated that low-volume orthotopic liver transplant centers have poorer outcomes compared to high-volume centers. In light of the recent significant changes in liver transplantation, we performed an analysis of transplant center procedure volume and mortality with data from the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) era. We analyzed 9909 adult liver transplants performed in the United States since the beginning of the MELD allocation system. Transplant centers were categorized by volume of transplants performed per year. Multivariate survival models were constructed with raw survival as the primary endpoint for both high- and low-volume centers. Thirty percent of centers were categorized as low volume (≤20 liver transplants per year) and 8.2% of all transplants were performed at low-volume centers. The unadjusted raw mortality rate at 1-year post-transplant at high-volume centers (9.5%, 95% CI 9.4–9.5) was significantly lower than the rate at low-volume centers (10.9%, 95% CI 10.4–11.4), p < 0.001. However, after adjusting for disease severity and multiple donor and recipient factors, transplant center volume was no longer a significant predictor of post-transplant survival (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99–1.00, p = 0.22). We conclude that transplant center case volume is no longer a significant predictor of post-transplant survival in the MELD era and factors which are currently unaccounted for in present survival models should be investigated.
Noninteractive oblivious transfer

Two new approaches to implement oblivious transfer and 1-2 oblivious transfer without interaction, based on the well-known Diffie-Hellman public-key distribution algorithm are proposed.
Opening Up the Black Box of the Body in Geographical Obesity Research: Toward a Critical Political Ecology of Fat

Geographic treatments of the etiology of obesity tend to turn on the obesogenic environment thesis and investigate the relationship between urban form and obesity. With their emphasis on environmen...
Anomeric conformations of six‐membered cyclic aminoxyl radicals with a β‐alkoxyl substituent

The addition reactions of CH3(CH2)3O·, (CH3)2CHCH2O·, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2O·, (CH3)3CO· and (CH3)2C(CN)O· radicals to a novel six-membered cyclic nitrone, 6,6-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine N-oxide (M2PyO), generate the corresponding 6-alkoxyl-2,2-dimethylpiperidine-1-oxyl aminoxyl (nitroxide) spin adducts. In benzene solution at room temperature, the preferential conformation of these spin adducts appears to be the anomeric conformer with the alkoxyl group in the axial position according to EPR spectroscopic conformational analysis of these aminoxyls. The anomeric effect in these aminoxyls might be the combination of electrostatic and molecular orbital interactions.
Suppression of couplings in homonuclear multiple-quantum spectroscopy

Multiple-quantum spectroscopy is potentially a very powerful method for the correlation of the chemical shifts of homonuclei (1). The double-quantum experiment is the version most commonly used for correlating the chemical shifts of rare nuclei such as carbon13 (2). However, in spectroscopy of protons, multiplequantum spectroscopy is rarely used. There are apparently several reasons for this. One is that the multiplets along the F, axis obtained in multiple-quantum experiments do not correspond to the multiplets along F2 and hence may be unfamiliar to many NMR spectroscopists. Another obstacle is the appearance in multiple-quantum spectroscopy of signals which have no analog in conventional chemical-shift correlation experiments. For example, in double-quantum spectroscopy a signal at F, frequency @A + wx can be obtained even when there is no coupling between A and X as long as they share a common coupling partner. In this communication we will demonstrate a method which suppresses the homonuclear couplings along F, such that the unusual multiplets typically associated with multiplequantum spectroscopy are not obtained. This approach has the additional advantages of effectively enhancing the resolution along F, since all signals will be singlets along this axis and the sensitivity also improves since all of the intensity is present in the single line. In addition, this method removes the signals arising from class II and class III coherences and hence only signals from direct connectivity are detected. These features in combination with the intrinsic lack of autocorrelation signals increase the attractiveness of double-quantum spectroscopy as a means of investigating, in particular, the connectivities of homonuclear spin systems. The approach used here is an adaptation of the constant-time experiment first proposed by Bax and Freeman (3) and later expanded on by Rance et al. (4). The basic constant-time experiment is
Isolation and in vitro characteristics of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) rosette agent

Abstract Isolation and in vitro characteristics of a significant obligate intracellular eukaryotic pathogen (rosette agent) of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are described. The pathogen was isolated by primary culture of infected spleen tissue followed by inoculation onto the chinook salmon embryo CHSE-214 cell line. Chicken and rabbit antibody was produced to a soluble antigen derived from the rosette agent. Mortalities and the disease were experimentally reproduced by inoculating chinook salmon with the isolate. The pathogen was reisolated 27 days post-inoculation from moribund fish. Identity of the isolate and the disease-causing organism was further supported by documenting antigenic and morphologic identity. Tested in CHSE-214 cells, the organisms are sensitive to the antibiotics oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, amphotericin-B and nystatin. A ratio of about one organism per tissue culture cell at inoculation was required to develop an easily detectable infection. Adsorption of organisms to tissue culture cells at inoculation did not enhance the pathogen's infectivity. The pathogen replicated at an increasing rate from 5°C to 20°C. It could not be stored by freezing but storage in tissue culture at 5°C for at least 5 months proved possible. Early passages of the organism showed a high degree of host specificity in tissue culture which decreased in later passages. The taxonomic affinities of the organism are discussed.
Meta-analysis of increased heart rate and blood pressure associated with CNS stimulant treatment of ADHD in adults

Compared to children, adults with ADHD are at greater risk for developing adverse cardiovascular related outcomes and, if treated, may be likely to carry a greater burden of exposure to stimulant medications. The goal of this report is to critically review the available literature relevant to the cardiovascular safety of CNS stimulants for adult ADHD (aADHD). Twenty potential clinical trials of a CNS stimulant for aADHD have been published between 1979 and 2012. Of these, ten presented sufficient data to estimate the relative change in various cardiovascular parameters associated with ADHD treatment modalities. These trials were predominantly focused on long-acting stimulant preparations for acute symptom reduction (median duration=6 weeks, range: 4-24 weeks) and enrolled relatively young subjects (median age=36 years, range: 22-40). Using random effects meta-analysis, we found that subjects randomized to CNS stimulant treatment demonstrated a statistically significant increased resting heart rate [+5.7bpm (3.6, 7.8), p 90bpm [4.2% (n=50) vs. 1.7% (n=8), OR=2.75 (1.3, 6.7), p=0.006] associated with CNS stimulant treatment. In light of prognostic value of resting heart rate with regard to cardiovascular morbidity in epidemiological studies, future research of adults with ADHD should focus on the potential clinical impact of the increase in heart rate observed in this meta-analysis.
Common Adverse Effects and Complications of Long‐Term Opioid Therapy

This Supplement to Pain Medicine emerges from the editors' and authors' longstanding commitment to the primary axiom of Medicine: first do no harm (nonmaleficence). There is no question that opioids can and do have serious adverse effects, even when used correctly and for justifiable reasons. For that purpose alone, it is important to review the exigent literature on the effects of long-term opioid use and critically analyze outcomes in order to provide clarity and guidance for practitioners who care for patients with debilitating pain conditions. The burgeoning rate of prescription opioid misuse, …
Cost Benefit Analysis of Topical Tranexamic Acid in Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

The purpose of this study was to provide a cost-benefit analysis of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty patients. A retrospective cohort of 591 consecutive patients, 311 experimental and 280 control, revealed a transfusion rate reduction from 17.5% to 5.5%, increased postoperative hemoglobin, and decreased delta hemoglobin without an increase in adverse events (all P < 0.001). This led to saving $83.73 per patient based on transfusion costs alone after accounting for the cost of TXA. Hospital disposition to home compared to subacute nursing facility was also significantly increased by 9.3% (P < 0.02). We conclude that topical TXA reduces transfusion rate, increases home disposition, and reduces cost in primary hip and knee arthroplasty.
Evaluation of Eta-RSM Ensemble Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts

The accuracy of short-range probabilistic forecasts of quantitative precipitation (PQPF) from the experimental Eta‐Regional Spectral Model ensemble is compared with the accuracy of forecasts from the Nested Grid Model’s model output statistics (MOS) over a set of 13 case days from September 1995 through January 1996. Ensembles adjusted to compensate for deficiencies noted in prior forecasts were found to be more skillful than MOS for all precipitation categories except the basic probability of measurable precipitation. Gamma distributions fit to the corrected ensemble probability distributions provided an additional small improvement. Interestingly, despite the favorable comparison with MOS forecasts, this ensemble configuration showed no ability to ‘‘forecast the forecast skill’’ of precipitation—that is, the ensemble was not able to forecast the variable specificity of the ensemble probability distribution from day-to-day and location-to-location. Probability forecasts from gamma distributions developed as a function of the ensemble mean alone were as skillful at PQPF as forecasts from distributions whose specificity varied with the spread of the ensemble. Since forecasters desire information on forecast uncertainty from the ensemble, these results suggest that future ensemble configurations should be checked carefully for their presumed ability to forecast uncertainty.
Cellular basis for the effects of substance P in the periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe nucleus.

Substance P (SP) is known to act at supraspinal sites to influence pain sensitivity as well as to promote anxiety. The effects of SP could be mediated in part by actions in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), adjoining mesencephalic cell groups that are strategically positioned to influence both nociception and mood. Previous studies have indicated that SP regulates both enkephalin and serotonin neurotransmission in these brain regions. To determine the mechanism underlying the effects of SP in the PAG and DRN, the distribution of the principal receptor for SP, the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, was examined with respect to other neurotransmitter markers. PAG neurons that had NK1 receptor immunolabeling were interdigitated with and received contacts from enkephalin-containing neurons. However, only a few (16/144; 11%) neurons with NK1 receptor also contained enkephalin immunoreactivity after colchicine treatment. In the DRN, dendrites containing NK1 receptor were selectively distributed in the dorsomedial subdivision. The majority (132/137; 96%) of these dendrites did not contain immunoreactivity for the serotonin-synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. In contrast, neuronal profiles with NK1 receptor in both the PAG and the DRN often contained immunolabeling for glutamate. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed that 48-65% of cell bodies and dendrites with NK1 receptor were dually immunolabeled for glutamate. These data suggest that SP directly acts primarily on glutamatergic neurons in the PAG and DRN. To a lesser extent, enkephalin-containing neurons may be targeted. Through these actions, it may subsequently influence activity of larger populations of neurons containing enkephalin as well as serotonin. This circuitry could contribute to, as well as coordinate, effects of SP on pain perception and mood.
Glucocorticoid-Immune System Interactions in Injury and Sepsis

Glucocorticoids have potent inhibitory effects on the immune system. Elevation of glucocorticoids causes a profound lymphopenia [1, 2] in the peripheral blood due to redistribution of lymphocytes to extravascular compartments [3, 4]. In addition to their role in modulating numbers of cells available to participate in and regulate immune responses, glucocorticoids also have direct suppressive effects on lymphocyte activity. T lymphocytes are much more strongly affected than are B lymphocytes. Inhibition of T-cell proliferation is the most commonly observed direct effect of elevated glucocorticoids [5, 6]. In turn, it has been established that inhibition of T-cell proliferation by glucocorticoids is due to suppression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production which is obligatory for T-cell expansion [7, 8].
Should persons with autosomal dominant AD be included in clinical trials

In a recent issue of Alzheimer’s Research & Th erapy, we read with great interest the discussion by Szigeti and Doody [1] of including early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) (under age 65) in clinical trials. Successful enroll ment is a challenge in most Alzheimer’s disease (AD) trials, and permitting the participation of these young motivated patients could aid recruitment. EOAD can be categorized as AD caused by autosomal dominant mutations (ADAD) in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), or presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes and as AD in individuals not known or suspected to harbor such mutations, which we here refer to as sporadic AD (SAD). We agree with the authors that SAD cases under age 65 should be included in AD trials. Th e literature describing these cases does not suggest that clinical or biological diff erences warrant exclusion. We take pause, however, with the recommendation of categorical enrollment of ADAD patients in trials. Inclusion of persons with ADAD should be dependent upon the nature of the causative mutation, the drug under investigation, and the study objectives. More than 200 AD-causing mutations are known, and predicting the impact of all disease-causing
The potential of local food systems in North America: A review of foodshed analyses

Foodshed analysis provides a way to assess the capacity of regions to feed themselves. While dozens of foodshed analyses have been completed across North America, they have not been systematically analyzed. This paper reviews 22 foodshed analyses completed in the USA and Canada between 2000 and 2013. The criteria used to evaluate the foodshed studies are authorship/type of publication, spatial extent, goals and questions, methods and data sources for assessing consumption and production, analysis of pathways from production to consumption and findings. Similarities and differences, along with strengths and weaknesses, are identified. Together, the foodshed studies indicate significant opportunity for food system relocalization across North America. Foodshed studies are a potentially powerful tool for policy analysis and planning. A future research agenda for foodshed studies is identified, including addressing data gaps and establishing more standardized models for evaluating production, consumption and pathways.
Testosterone and Estradiol among Older Men

Context: Testosterone and estradiol levels decline with age in men. This change may affect multiple clinical outcomes, but there have been few reports of the distribution and correlates of testosterone and estradiol concentrations in elderly men. Objective: The purpose of these studies was to assess sex steroid levels in a large cohort of older men. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional cohort evaluation. Setting: Community-dwelling men were studied at six academic medical centers in the United States. Participants: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study is a prospectivecohortofmenagedatleast65yr.Inthesestudies,arandomly selected stratified subsample of 2623 participants was analyzed. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed levels of total and free testosterone and estradiol and SHBG. Results: Age was inversely associated with free testosterone and free estradiol levels (P for trend 0.001 for both). Notably, at any age, there was substantial variation in levels of each hormone. Free testosterone levels were lower in men with greater body mass index, lower SHBG, and poorer self-reported health status and in those of Asian race. Free estradiol concentrations were lower in men with lower body mass index and higher SHBG levels. Free estradiol and free testosterone were modestly correlated (r 0.20; P 0.001), but at any level of free testosterone, there was considerable variation in free estradiol levels. Conclusions: This is the largest cohort of older men in which sex steroidlevelsareavailable,anditdemonstratesthattestosteroneand estradiol,andtheirfreefractions,tendtodeclinewithageevenamong older men. However, substantial variation is also present. The relationships between sex steroid levels and their consequences in aging are likely to be complex. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1336–1344, 2006)
The moral theology of John Paul II: Protestant reading

This work critically examines the moral theology of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II. In his writings as Wojtyla, and later as John Paul II, the theme of human dignity served as the starting point for his moral theology. This article first describes his conception of human dignity as influenced by Thomist and by phenomenological sources. The Thomist philosophy of being provided Wojtyla with an optimistic view of the epistemic and moral capacity of human persons. Wojtyla argued that because of the analogia entis, humans gain epistemic access to the normative order of God as well as the moral capacity to live in accordance with the law of God. Built upon the foundation of his Thomist assumptions, Wojtyla's phenomenological research enriched his insight into human dignity by arguing in favour of the formative nature of human action. He argued that human dignity rested also in this dynamism of personhood: the capacity not only to live in accordance with the normative order but to form oneself as virtuous by partaking in virtuous acts or to form one's community in solidarity through acts of participation and self-giving. After presenting his moral theology, this article then engages critically with his assumptions from a Protestant perspective. I argue that, while human dignity provides a powerful and beneficial starting point for ethics, his Thomist ontology of being/substance and the optimistic terms in which he interprets human dignity ultimately undermine his social programme. I propose that an ontology of relation provides a better starting point for interpreting human dignity and for appealing for acts of solidarity in the social realm.
Goal-Directed Actions Activate the Face-Sensitive Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus and Fusiform Gyrus in the Absence of Human-Like Perceptual Cues

The conditions under which we identify entities as animate agents and the neural mechanisms supporting this ability are central questions in social neuroscience. Prior studies have focused upon 2 perceptual cues for signaling animacy: 1) surface features representing body forms such as faces, torsos, and limbs and 2) motion cues associated with biological forms. Here, we consider a third cue—the goal-directedness of an action. Regions in the social brain network, such as the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and fusiform face area (FFA), are activated by human-like motion and body form perceptual cues signaling animacy. Here, we investigate whether these same brain regions are activated by goal-directed motion even when performed by entities that lack human-like perceptual cues. We observed an interaction effect whereby the presence of either human-like perceptual cues or goal-directed actions was sufficient to activate the right pSTS and FFA. Only stimuli that lacked human-like perceptual cues and goal-directed actions failed to activate the pSTS and FFA at the same level.