cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low resolution NMR magnets in the 23 to 35 T range at the NHMFL

The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, FL, USA has for several years provided low resolution NMR magnets to the condensed matter physics community. There are presently two magnets available, one that provides 24.5 T in a 32 mm bore with inhomogeneity of about 100 ppm over a 10 mm Diameter Spherical Volume (DSV) and another that provides 25 T in 52 mm bore with inhomogeneity of 12 ppm over a 1 cm DSV. The NHMFL is presently constructing the third magnet in this series that should provide field above 29 T with inhomogeneity less than 50 ppm over a 1 cm DSV. The NHMFL is also planning to build a series-connected hybrid to enable low resolution NMR in the 35 T range. History of the existing magnets and design of the 29 T magnet are presented along with analysis and conceptual design of magnets with uniformity in the 1 ppm range and fields in the 35 T range.
State and Labour in Argentina: The Portworkers of Buenos Aires, 1910–21

Latin America's workers perplex historians. Despite chronic political turmoil, revolt and undiluted class conflict, Latin America's mobilised workers have not been the vanguards of social revolution. Rather, variations of authoritarianism, populism and clientilism are said to characterise labour politics more accurately. The absence of independent working-class politics has prompted the search for aetiologies of class-formation in Latin America – the search for the missing ingredient to revolutionary working-class action.
An experimental chip to evaluate test techniques experiment results

This paper describes the testing of a chip especially designed to facilitate the evaluation of various test techniques for combinational circuitry. The different test sets and test conditions are described. Several tables show the results of voltage tests applied, either at rated speed or 2/3 speed, to each defective CUT. Data for CrossCheck, Very-Low-Voltage, IDDQ and delay tests are also given.
Source of Molecular Hydrogen in High-Temperature Water Radiolysis

Molecular hydrogen is a primary product of the interaction of low-LET (γ, β) radiation with water, and previous measurements have shown that its initial yield increases at elevated temperature. This has been the subject of controversy because more atomic H and (e(-))aq free radicals escape recombination at elevated temperature, and the corresponding production of H2 should decrease. Room temperature experiments have demonstrated that a large fraction of H2 also comes from early physicochemical processes (presumably electron-hole charge recombination and/or dissociative electron attachment), which can be suppressed by scavenging presolvated electrons. In the present work we extend these scavenging measurements up to 350 °C to investigate why the H2 yield increases. We find that most of the H2 yield increase is due to the "presolvation" processes. Relatively small changes in the scavenging efficiency vs LET, and a significant effect of temperature depending on the (positive or negative) charge of the scavenger, indicate that the presolvation H2 is dominated by electron-hole charge recombination rather than dissociative electron attachment at all temperatures.
Parameterization of photon beam dosimetry for a linear accelerator.

Purpose: In radiation therapy, accurate data acquisition of photon beam dosimetric quantities is important for (1) beam modeling data input into a treatment planning system (TPS), (2) comparing measured and TPS modeled data, (3) the quality assurance process of a linear accelerator’s (Linac) beam characteristics, (4) the establishment of a standard data set for comparison with other data, etcetera. Parameterization of the photon beam dosimetry creates a data set that is portable and easy to implement for different applications such as those previously mentioned. The aim of this study is to develop methods to parameterize photon beam dosimetric quantities, including percentage depth doses (PDDs), profiles, and total scatter output factors (Scp). Methods: Scp, PDDs, and profiles for different field sizes, depths, and energies were measured for a Linac using a cylindrical 3D water scanning system. All data were smoothed for the analysis and profile data were also centered, symmetrized, and geometrically scaled. The Scp data were analyzed using an exponential function. The inverse square factor was removed from the PDD data before modeling and the data were subsequently analyzed using exponential functions. For profile modeling, one halfside of the profile was divided into three regions described by exponential, sigmoid, and Gaussian equations. All of the analytical functions are field size, energy, depth, and, in the case of profiles, scan direction specific. The model’s parameters were determined using the minimal amount of measured data necessary. The model’s accuracy was evaluated via the calculation of absolute differences between the measured (processed) and calculated data in low gradient regions and distance-to-agreement analysis in high gradient regions. Finally, the results of dosimetric quantities obtained by the fitted models for a different machine were also assessed. Results: All of the differences in the PDDs’ buildup and the profiles’ penumbra regions were less than 2 and 0.5 mm, respectively. The differences in the low gradient regions were 0.20% ± 0.20% (<1% for all) and 0.50% ± 0.35% (<1% for all) for PDDs and profiles, respectively. For Scp data, all of the absolute differences were less than 0.5%. Conclusions: This novel analytical model with minimum measurement requirements was proved to accurately calculate PDDs, profiles, and Scp for different field sizes, depths, and energies.
EarSketch: tutorial presentation

EarSketch is a free Python programming environment which combines the features and effects of an industry-quality Digital Audio Workbench (DAW) capable of producing commercial-quality sound and music with an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for Python. EarSketch has been under development for several years, but in its current version, has been available for less than a year. EarSketch is an NSF-supported tool developed by Georgia Tech to support the teaching of the new AP Computer Science Principles course. The APCS Principles course is a precursor to the current APCS-A course and curriculum.
Tetranitroacetimidic acid: a high oxygen oxidizer and potential replacement for ammonium perchlorate.

Considerable work has been focused on developing replacements for ammonium perchlorate (AP), a primary choice for solid rocket and missile propellants, due to environmental concerns resulting from the release of perchlorate into groundwater systems, which has been linked to thyroid cancer. Additionally, the generation of hydrochloric acid contributes to high concentrations of acid rain and to ozone layer depletion. En route to synthesizing salts that contain cationic FOX-7, a novel, high oxygen-containing oxidizer, tetranitroacetimidic acid (TNAA), has been synthesized and fully characterized. The properties of TNAA were found to be exceptional, with a calculated specific impulse exceeding that of AP, leading to its high potential as a replacement for AP. TNAA can be synthesized easily in a one-step process by the nitration of FOX-7 in high yield (>93%). The synthesis, properties, and chemical reactivity of TNAA have been examined.
Dichloroethyl Ether for the Control of the Plum Curculio Attacking Peaches

Treating the soil under the spread of peach trees to kill the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hbst.), in the larval and pupal stages is part of a project that has been under way at Fort Valley Ga., for a number of years in an effort to find an effective substitute for lead arsenate in the control of this insect. The object has been to eliminate the use of an insecticide on the fruit, and to confine the attack to the larval and pupal stages in the soil, Preliminary laboratory experiments with dichloroethyl ether, a material sparingly soluble in water, were included in the laboratory phases of this project in 1937. In 1938, work was carried on with this compound, both in the laboratory and with caged peach trees in the orchard. The purpose of this paper is to place on record the results of preliminary experiments with dichloroethyl ether applied as a spray to the soil for the control of the plum curculio.
High-Level System Design of IEEE 802.11b Standard-Compliant Link Layer for MATLAB-Based SDR

Software-defined radio (SDR) allows the unprecedented levels of flexibility by transitioning the radio communication system from a rigid hardware platform to a more user-controlled software paradigm. However, it can still be time-consuming to design and implement such SDRs as they typically require thorough knowledge of the operating environment and a careful tuning of the program. In this paper, our contribution is the design of a bidirectional transceiver that runs on the commonly used USRP platform and implemented in MATLAB using standard tools like MATLAB Coder and MEX to speed up the processing steps. We outline strategies on how to create a state-action-based design, wherein the same node switches between transmitter and receiver functions. Our design allows the optimal selection of the parameters toward meeting the timing requirements set forth by various processing blocks associated with a differential binary phase shift keying physical layer and CSMA/CA/ACK MAC layer, so that all the operations remain functionally compliant with the IEEE 802.11b standard for the 1 Mb/s specification. The code base of the system is enabled through the Communications System Toolbox and incorporates channel sensing and exponential random back-off for contention resolution. The current work provides an experimental testbed that enables the creation of new MAC protocols starting from the fundamental IEEE 802.11b standard. Our design approach guarantees consistent performance of the bi-directional link, and the three-node experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the system in mitigating packet collisions and enforcing fairness among nodes, making it a feasible framework in higher layer protocol design.
Sensory and repetitive behaviors among children with autism spectrum disorder at home

Atypical sensory and repetitive behaviors are defining features of autism spectrum disorder and are thought to be influenced by environmental factors; however, there is a lack of naturalistic research exploring contexts surrounding these behaviors. This study involved video recording observations of 32 children with autism spectrum disorder (2–12 years of age) engaging in sensory and repetitive behaviors during home activities. Behavioral coding was used to determine what activity contexts, sensory modalities, and stimulus characteristics were associated with specific behavior types: hyperresponsive, hyporesponsive, sensory seeking, and repetitive/stereotypic. Results indicated that hyperresponsive behaviors were most associated with activities of daily living and family-initiated stimuli, whereas sensory seeking behaviors were associated with free play activities and child-initiated stimuli. Behaviors associated with multiple sensory modalities simultaneously were common, emphasizing the multi-sensory na...
Sparse Matrix Technology in Higher Order Vector FEM

Sparse matrix storage,reordering schemes and fast solution technology in higher order vector FEM are researched systematically.Based on the fact that FEM matrix is sparse,the higher order vector FEM matrix is validated to have a random sparse structure,which is more efficient in storage in the case of varying bandwidth.Then,the bandwidth of the global matrix is reduced by RCM reordering technology.And some fast(direct,iterative) solution and preconditioned methods based on sparse technology are studied.Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the sparse technology.
Urinary Tract Infections in Children: Why They Occur and How to Prevent Them

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) usually occur as a consequence of colonization of the periurethral area by a virulent organism that subsequently gains access to the bladder. During the first few months of life, uncircumcised male infants are at increased risk for UTIs, but thereafter UTIs predominate in females. An important risk factor for UTIs in girls is antibiotic therapy, which disrupts the normal periurethral flora and fosters the growth of uropathogenic bacteria. Another risk factor is voiding dysfunction. Currently, the most effective intervention for preventing recurrent UTIs in children is the identification and treatment of voiding dysfunction. Imaging evaluation of the urinary tract following a UTI should be individualized, based on the child's clinical presentation and on clinical judgment. Both bladder and upper urinary tract imaging with ultrasonography and a voiding cystourethrogram should be obtained in an infant or child with acute pyelonephritis. Imaging studies may not be required, however, in older children with cystitis who respond promptly to treatment.
Congenital heart disease in adolescents and adults. Pregnancy and contraception.

As the detection and treatment of congenital heart disease improves, more women are reaching childbearing age. The type of congenital heart disease, whether there has been corrective surgery, and the patient’s functional status determines the maternal as well as fetal outcome. The patient may present to her physician for preconceptual counseling or late in her pregnancy with little care and in severe distress. These possible situations necessitate that the physician becomes familiar with congenital heart disease and its implications in the pregnant patient.
The Physician-as-Stakeholder: An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of Physicians' Motivations for Using Shared Decision Making in the Emergency Department.

Background Shared decision making (SDM) is increasingly recognized as an important facet of patient-centered care. Despite growing interest in SDM in the emergency department (ED), little is known about emergency physicians’ (EPs’) motivations for using SDM. Understanding current patterns of SDM use and EP's rationale for using SDM is essential for the development of interventions to increase use. Objectives Recognizing the EP as an important stakeholder in SDM research, we sought to identify and explore factors that may motivate EPs’ engagement in SDM. Methods In this qualitative study, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory, we conducted semistructured interviews with a purposeful sample of EPs. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using a directed qualitative content analysis approach, three members of the research team performed open coding of the transcripts in an iterative process, building a provisional code book as coding progressed. Respondent validation was employed to ensure methodologic rigor. Results Fifteen EPs, ages 31–65, from both academic and community practice settings, were interviewed. Several had not heard of the specific phrase “shared decision making,” but all understood the concept and felt that they used SDM techniques to some degree. Most noted they had often had an agenda when they used SDM, which often motivated them to have the conversation. Agendas described included counteracting an algorithmic or defensive approach to diagnosis and treatment, avoiding harmful tests, or sharing uncertainty. All participants believed that patients benefited from SDM in terms of satisfaction, engagement, or education. Nearly all participants identified research outcomes that they felt would encourage their use of SDM (e.g., improvements in patient engagement, mitigation of risk) and many prioritized patient-centered outcomes over systems outcomes such as improved resource utilization. Little consensus was seen, however, regarding the importance of individual outcomes: of eight potential research outcomes participants endorsed, no single outcome was endorsed by even half of the physicians interviewed. Conclusion Emergency physicians identified many factors that motivated them to use SDM. This study informs current research on SDM in the ED, particularly regarding the motivations of the physician-as-stakeholder.
Interplay between the effects of a Protein Kinase C phosphomimic (T204E) and a dilated cardiomyopathy mutation (K211Δ or R206W) in rat cardiac troponin T blunts the magnitude of muscle length-mediated crossbridge recruitment against the β-myosin heavy chain background

Failing hearts of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)-patients reveal systolic dysfunction and upregulation of several Protein Kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Recently, we demonstrated that the functional effects of T204E, a PKC phosphomimic of cardiac troponin T (TnT), were differently modulated by α- and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Therefore, we hypothesized that the interplay between the effects of T204E and a DCM-linked mutation (K211Δ or R206W) in TnT would modulate contractile parameters linked-to systolic function in an MHC-dependent manner. To test our hypothesis, five TnT variants (wildtype, K211Δ, K211Δ + T204E, R206W, and R206W + T204E) were generated and individually reconstituted into demembranated cardiac muscle fibers from normal (α-MHC) and propylthiouracil-treated (β-MHC) rats. Steady-state and mechano-dynamic measurements were performed on reconstituted fibers. Myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity (pCa50) was decreased by both K211Δ and R206W to a greater extent in α-MHC fibers (~0.15 pCa units) than in β-MHC fibers (~0.06 pCa units). However, T204E exacerbated the attenuating influence of both mutants on pCa50 only in β-MHC fibers. Moreover, the magnitude of muscle length (ML)-mediated crossbridge (XB) recruitment was decreased by K211Δ + T204E (~47 %), R206W (~34 %), and R206W + T204E (~36 %) only in β-MHC fibers. In relevance to human hearts, which predominantly express β-MHC, our data suggest that the interplay between the effects of DCM mutations, PKC phosphomimic in TnT, and β-MHC lead to systolic dysfunction by attenuating pCa50 and the magnitude of ML-mediated XB recruitment.
Lymphocyte Activation. I

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the stimulators and biochemical events in lymphocyte activation. The possibility that antigen and the various so-called nonspecific mitogens operate to stimulate the cell by mechanisms which are essentially similar was discussed. The summation experiments, where lymphocytes are exposed to suboptimal doses of more than one triggering agent to produce high levels of activation were cited as favoring this view. The various stimulators bind intimately with the cells and involve di- or multipoint binding. Experiments with fluorescein-tagged molecules such as antigen and anti-Ig and with tagged PHA indicated that soon after binding the marked molecules were distributed to limited, and distinct areas of the cell membrane. This conversion to a cap appearance was followed by internalization of the bound materials through a process which was sensitive to both temperature, and metabolic inhibitors. There is enhanced turnover of membrane phospholipids and enhanced reacylation of lysophosphatides within the first hour of stimulation. This implies early membrane perturbation as a consequence of phospholipase A action rather than de novo synthesis.
Mortar-based surface-to-surface contact algorithms in large deformation solid mechanics

The mortar element method is extremely useful in a variety of settings in computational mechanics, often when the optimal connection or “tying” of dissimilarly meshed domains is desired. This paper describes the benefits of applying such methods to a more complex application: large deformation contact analysis. Although the enhanced accuracy of such contact formulations is to be expected given their sound theoretical grounding, it also turns out that the spatial smoothing provided by mortar contact operators lends considerably more robustness than more traditional, node-to-surface approaches. Issues associated with efficient searching in the surface-to-surface framework are discussed, and some examples are summarized which demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Delivering High Value Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care Through Telemedicine Visits.

Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require regular follow-up to manage their care, which requires significant amount of time and out-of-pocket costs. Telemedicine in the form of video virtual visits could serve as an alternative to in-office visits. The aim of this project was to understand if telemedicine can provide high value care (defined as quality/cost) to outpatients with IBD. Methods Patients who participated in the IBD telemedicine clinic in the second half of 2015 were included. Patient-reported survey data before and after the virtual visit were collected. A retrospective review was performed on the study cohort for quality outcome measures a year before and after starting the telemedicine clinic. Outcomes were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Differences in quality outcomes were compared using odds ratios. Results Forty-eight patients were included in the analysis. Most patients travel more than 25 miles each way, take half a day off, and on average incur an additional out-of-pocket cost of $62 for an in-office visit. Most patients (98%) agreed that there was enough time spent with their physician, 91% agreed that they felt like the physician understood their disease state, and 78% reported that they clearly understood the follow-up plan after the visit. Analysis of quality outcome measures did not show any drop in the overall quality of care, after initiating the telemedicine program. Conclusions Telemedicine offers a low cost and convenient alternative for patients with IBD without compromising quality of care.
The Ongoing Development of a Collaboration between a Software Project Management Course and an Introduction to Software Development Course: (Abstract Only)

The ability to manage software development teams is an important skill in the computing professions. The Software Engineering Body of Knowledge devotes a separate knowledge area to this skill. It is difficult, however, to effectively teach software project management (SPM) in a traditional undergraduate setting, because it is logistically challenging to find software development teams that students can manage over a sufficiently long period of time. Thus, students often cannot apply in practice the SPM theory they learn in class and, in particular, the soft-skill aspects of SPM. To enhance student learning and experience of SPM, we have established a collaboration between a senior-level SPM course and a sophomore-level introduction to software development (ISD) course. In this collaboration, SPM students serve as managers of teams of ISD students during a semester-long project. We designed a methodology to evaluate the collaboration in terms of student learning and experience. This methodology is based on student surveys, reflections, meetings with students, and analysis of student artifacts (e.g., meeting minutes). We are in the third year of a longitudinal study in which we evaluate the collaboration after each semester it runs and evolve that collaboration based on the collected evidence. This poster describes the collaboration, the evaluation methodology, the continuous improvement process for evolving the collaboration, lessons learned on the educational benefits of the collaboration, and issues, such as the amount of managers/ authority, nature of managers/ tasks, logistics, and scheduling.
Painting with recycled materials: on the morphology of calcite pseudomorphs as evidence of the use of wood ash residues in Baroque paintings

The nature of ground preparations is of critical interest to those engaging in the study of historical painting techniques, as certain materials can be identified with specific regions and school of painting. This is the case of a particular ash-based, calcite-rich material obtained as a byproduct of lye production, recently identified for the first time in ground preparations by means of chemical analysis, and which is considered specific to Baroque artists of Spanish school. Because of limitations in the size of the samples that can be removed from works of art, and because of the intrinsic variability of ash composition, chemical analysis alone may not be representative of the whole ash-containing layer, thus limiting the identification of this material. By comparing the morphology, texture and composition of calcite pseudomorphs in laboratory ash to the ground preparations in three Baroque paintings, we provide additional, unequivocal tools to identify calcite particles from ashes in paint cross sections. The results demonstrate that the chemical composition of the ash can vary, but that the morphology and size of the calcite pseudomorph crystals abundantly present in the recycled ash applied to the canvas supports are consistent and extremely characteristic. The unique polygonal shapes and skeletal morphology of the pseudomorphs and their abundance make them ideal markers to recognize ash in paintings’ ground layers, even when very limited amounts of sample are available. The study shows also that the practice of using recycled ash in the preparation of ground layers occurred outside Spain, by artists with direct or indirect Spanish lineage.
Performance Gains of Optimal Antenna Deployment in Massive MIMO Systems

We consider the single-cell multi-user multiple-input multiple-output uplink with several single antenna transmitters/users and one base station (BS) with $N$ antennas in the $N\rightarrow \infty $ regime. The BS antennas are evenly distributed to $n$ admissible locations throughout the cell. First, we show that a reliable (per-user) rate of $O(\log n)$ is achievable through the optimal locational optimization of BS antennas. We also prove that an $O(\log n)$ rate is the best possible. Therefore, in contrast to a centralized or circular deployment, where the achievable rate is at most a constant, the rate with a general deployment can grow logarithmically with $n$ , resulting in a certain form of “macro-multiplexing gain.” Second, using tools from high-resolution quantization theory, we present an accurate heuristic formula for the best achievable rate given any $n$ and any user density function. According to our formula, the dependence of the optimal rate on the user density function $f$ is curiously only through the differential entropy of $f$ . In fact, the optimal rate decreases linearly with the differential entropy, and the worst-case scenario is a uniform user density. We also describe a modified gradient ascent procedure for the numerical optimization of antenna locations. Simulations confirm our analytical findings.
Structure-activity relationships of anticancer ruthenium(II) complexes with substituted hydroxyquinolines

Abstract 8-Hydroxyquinolines (HQ), including clioquinol, possess cytotoxic properties and are widely used as ligands for metal-based anticancer drug research. The number and identity of substituents on the HQ can have a profound effect on activity for a variety of inorganic compounds. Ruthenium complexes of HQ exhibit radically improved potencies, and operate by a new, currently unknown, mechanism of action. To define structure-activity relationships (SAR), a family of 22 Ru(II) coordination complexes containing mono-, di- and tri-substituted hydroxyquinoline ligands were synthesized and their biological activity evaluated. The complexes exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against a cancer cell line, and the SAR data revealed the 2- and 7-positions as key sites for the incorporation of halogens to improve potency. The Ru(II) complexes potently inhibited translation, as demonstrated by an in-cell translation assay. The effects were seen at 2–15-fold higher concentrations than those required to observe cytotoxicity, suggesting that prevention of protein synthesis may be a primary, but not the exclusive mechanism for the observed cytotoxic activity.
TICK VECTOR AND DISEASE PATHOGEN SURVEILLANCE OF NILGAI ANTELOPE (BOSELAPHUS TRAGOCAMELUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS, USA

Abstract Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) are nonnative bovines that were originally introduced as game animals to one large, south Texas, US ranch but that are now present throughout southeastern Texas from Baffin Bay to Harlingen and in northern Mexico at least as far west as Durango. Between October 2014 and January 2017, nilgai (n=517) were examined for the presence of tick ectoparasites, with particular interest in the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. These animals were either hunter killed or they were culled as part of federal cooperative harvesting from Cameron and Willacy counties in southeastern Texas. The proportion of fever tick-infested animals differed in a N-to-S pattern, and this was at least partly attributed to differences in habitat. The southern area is a lowland floodplain predominated by halophytes, whereas the northerly area is upland thorn scrub, the latter of which provides a vegetative canopy that is more conducive to tick survival and persistence. A subset...
Cyclic Groups and Primitive Roots

The fact that there is a primitive root modulo p means that the group of invertible elements of ℤ /pℤ is a cyclic group. In this chapter we examine cyclic groups, and then ask, for which m is the group of units of ℤ/mℤ a cyclic group. To answer this question for m a prime power, we use the primary decomposition theorem for finite abelian groups.
Non-Invasive Localized Volume Spectroscopy of Animals: Prospects from the Viewpoint of the High Resolution Spectroscopist

The successful application of high resolution NMR methodology to human metabolism studies, whether for research or clinical-diagnostic purposes, requires the development and refinement of methods for obtaining spectra from local regions within the subject. As yet no quantitatively perfect localization method has been found, although a several somewhat imperfect methods, such as surface coil and topical magnetic resonance techniques have been used, and a number of new methods based on proton imaging technologies have been suggested. This discussion critically reviews the surface coil and topical magnetic resonance methods which have been employed for high resolution spectroscopy of animal tissues. It goes on to stress that high resolution spectroscopy of small metabolites has special limitations which will be important in defining the effectiveness of those methods which have been suggested, but not yet applied in living animal experimentation.
Innovation and Culture: Exploring the Work of Designers Across the Globe

This chapter describes the preliminary results of a study of design practices in different regions and industries with the goal of understanding the relationship between culture, especially national culture, and the work of designers. In our ethnographic study, we have talked so far with 32 designers from Asia, Europe, and North American and observed designers as they did their work. We report initial insights about the role of the institutional context, especially client expectations, different attitudes toward what it means to be creative, different interaction norms within professions, different ways of using prototypes, and different ecologies around design education.
Transcriptional Control and Latency of Retroviruses

Abstract Retroviral transcription is unique in that the viral life cycle involves integration into the host cell genome, thus rendering the provirus subject to regulatory constraints of cellular chromatin. This chapter introduces strategies of proviral gene transcription used by simple and complex viruses, discusses endogenous retroviruses and their effects on cellular transcription, and comprehensively reviews HIV-1 transcription and latency. We discuss the historical impact of retroviral transcription research and how insights led to deeper understanding in diverse fields including endocrinology and cancer. We provide a detailed review of host cell transcription factors, RNA polymerase pause release, and the transcriptional coregulators coopted by HIV-1.
Continued Validation of Ultrasound Guidance Targeting Tasks: Assessment of Internal Structure.

Rationale and Objectives We previously demonstrated validity evidence for our novel ultrasound-guided invasive procedure targeting tasks in the content, response process, relations with other variables, and consequences validity domains. Here, we investigate their internal structure by assessing their interrater, intrarater, and test–retest reliability. Methods In this Institutional Review Board approved nonrandomized interventional trial first year medical students performed our previously described dowel and straw ultrasound guidance targeting tasks as a pretest. Afterward, the training group had four weekly 1-hour training sessions. The control group had no further training. Both groups then had a posttest for both tasks. The training group was re-evaluated 2 and 5 months later. Completion time in seconds, errors, and error adjusted time (5 seconds penalty/error) were recorded. Pretest and posttest performance was compared within groups, and the amount of improvement from pretest to posttest was compared between groups. Interrater, intrarater, and test–retest interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Results Although some improvements from pretest to posttest were seen in both groups, greater improvements were seen in the training group. This skill was retained for at least several months. The interrater and intrarater ICCs were excellent (range 0.83–0.93). The test–retest ICCs were good to excellent in all but one performance measure (0.50–0.78). Conclusion Student performance on the targeting tasks improved markedly after training and persisted for several months. The interrater and intrarater reliability were excellent, while the test–retest reliability was good. This provides additional validity evidence for our novel ultrasound-guided invasive procedure targeting curriculum.
Herausforderungen In Der Montage Von Elektrofahrzeugen

Mit dem Touareg Hybrid brachte der Volkswagen Konzern dieses Jahr sein erstes Serienfahrzeug mit einem Full-Hybrid-Antriebsstrang auf den Markt. Die innovativen Hochvoltkomponenten stellten hinsichtlich Montage und Inbetriebnahme neue Herausforderungen an die Fertigung. Nicht nur mit dem Verbau der Hochvoltkomponenten, sondern auch im Umgang mit dem Thema Hochvolt in allen Werkprozessen mussen neue Losungen erarbeitet werden.
Combined analysis of dissimilar promoter accessibility and gene expression profiles identifies tissue-specific genes and actively repressed networks

The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq) is a powerful method to examine chromatin accessibility. While many studies have reported a positive correlation between gene expression and promoter accessibility, few have investigated the genes that deviate from this trend. In this study, we aimed to understand the relationship between gene expression and promoter accessibility in multiple cell types while also identifying gene regulatory networks in the placenta, an understudied organ that is critical for a successful pregnancy. We started by assaying the open chromatin landscape in the mid-gestation placenta, when the fetal vasculature has started developing. After incorporating transcriptomic data generated in the placenta at the same time point, we grouped genes based on their expression levels and ATAC-seq promoter coverage. We found that the genes with the strongest correlation (high expression and high coverage) are likely involved in housekeeping functions, whereas tissue-specific genes were highly expressed and had only medium–low coverage. We also predicted that genes with medium–low expression and high promoter coverage were actively repressed. Within this group, we extracted a protein–protein interaction network enriched for neuronal functions, likely preventing the cells from adopting a neuronal fate. We further confirmed that a repressive histone mark is bound to the promoters of genes in this network. Finally, we ran our pipeline using ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data generated in ten additional cell types. We again found that genes with the strongest correlation are enriched for housekeeping functions and that genes with medium–low promoter coverage and high expression are more likely to be tissue-specific. These results demonstrate that only two data types, both of which require relatively low starting material to generate and are becoming more commonly available, can be integrated to understand multiple aspects of gene regulation. Within the placenta, we identified an active placenta-specific gene network as well as a repressed neuronal network. Beyond the placenta, we demonstrate that ATAC-seq data and RNA-seq data can be integrated to identify tissue-specific genes and actively repressed gene networks in multiple cell types.
Studies on fluorapatite. 1. Chemical characterization and exchange properties.

A mineral specimen from Burgess, Canada, proved upon chemical and crystallographic analyses to be an exceptionally pure sample of fluorapatite. The over-all composition corresponds to $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9.98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0.02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5.98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0.02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . The crystallographic c-axis was determined to be 6.865 A, and the a-axis 9.374 A. Exchange data obtained by employing45Ca,32P, and18F indicate the presence of large crystallites with a specific surface of the order of 1 m2/g. It is indicated that the physical interpretation of the exchange process does not require the existence of separate departments, each with its own kinetic factor, but that the exchange may be simply related to the exponential change in the free energy of the reaction. For the reaction $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{solid} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{solid} + (OH^ - )$$ the thermodynamic constant has been calculated to be 101.26, implying that fluorapatite always will form at the expense of hydroxyapatite under physiologic conditions. This transformation will be furthered by lowering the pH.
Design and synthesis of capped-paddlewheel-based porous coordination cages.

To leverage the structural diversity of metal–organic frameworks, the ability to controllably terminate them for the isolation of porous coordination cages is advantageous. However, the strategy has largely been limited to ligand termination methods, particularly for paddlewheel-based materials. Here, we show a paddlewheel-capping strategy can be employed to afford previously unattainable coordination cage structures that are mimetic of metal–organic framework pores.
Unified Entanglement Scaling for Flexible, Semiflexible, and Stiff Polymer Melts and Solutions

The entanglement length Ne is a key parameter for all entangled polymer fluids for which no comprehensive scaling theory yet exists. We have pieces of a theory; the Lin-Noolandi (LN) argument predi...
Synthesis and characterization of sintered H–Y zeolite-derived waste forms for dehalogenated electrorefiner salt

Abstract A novel nuclear waste form was synthesized for the disposal of electrorefiner salt from pyrometallurgical reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. Its synthesis constitutes two steps: waste salt dehalogenation via ion exchange with H–Y zeolite, followed by thermal treatment for phase transition and consolidation. Salt cation-loaded zeolite exhibiting greater than 90% dehalogenation was sintered for 12 h at 925 °C and achieved 3 vol% open porosity (determined via Archimedes method). Microstructural imaging and structural characterization revealed a multiphase assemblage of alkali aluminosilicate and mixed oxide phases. Chemical durability experiments were performed using modified ASTM C1308 tests in demineralized water and different silica solutions. Si-containing species appear to exhibit congruent dissolution, while the release behaviors of alkali elements appear to include diffusion-limited contributions. The 4-day cumulative releases for the dehalogenated salt waste form (DSWF) are less than 33% of those measured for the baseline glass-bonded sodalite advanced ceramic waste form (GBS ACWF). Furthermore, the dehalogenation and consolidation processing steps provide a 35% decrease in required storage volume for a given waste salt mass relative to the GBS ACWF.
Impact of Adjacent/Overlapping Communication Waveform Design within a Radar Spectrum Sharing Context

We consider the design of spectrum sharing communication waveforms that may partially overlap spectrally with a pulse-Doppler radar yet maintain a low, predictable level of interference with radar operation. This is in contrast to traditional communication waveforms, which can interfere with radar operation despite having a negative interference-to-noise ratio. A new communication symbol design is derived as an improvement on previously developed subspace projection based designs. The new design provides a significant reduction in interference to radar operation while maintaining comparable symbol error rate performance to the previous methods.
An effective and scalable 14C radiolabelling of several biogenic indole derivatives at high specific activity.

Abstract An efficient method is described to radiolabel several biogenic indole derivatives with carbon-14 at high specific activity.
Case 3: Nonimmune Hydrops and Acute Renal Failure

### Presentation A 3.5-kg female infant is born preterm at 32 6/7 weeks of gestation via cesarean section to a 22-year-old gravida 2, para 0 woman because of breech presentation and preeclampsia. The pregnancy is complicated by limited prenatal care and hydrops (scalp edema, bilateral pleural effusions, and ascites). The mother’s blood type is O+, infant is O+, and Coombs test result is negative. Maternal serologies are negative. Maternal titers for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and other organisms, including syphilis, parvovirus, and varicella zoster, are negative. At delivery the infant has significant respiratory distress requiring positive pressure ventilation, intubation, and multiple paracenteses. The infant’s Apgar scores are 1, 1, and 7 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. ### Physical Examination Physical examination reveals frontal bossing, coarse facial features, large ears, hypotelorism, broad nasal bridge, anasarca, ascites, tapered fingers, bilateral feet inversion, right hand abduction, left wrist external rotation, and bilateral hip dislocation. Hepatosplenomegaly is appreciated after paracentesis. ### Laboratory Studies The patient is admitted to the NICU and evaluated for nonimmune hydrops. Echocardiography reveals normal anatomy for age, with the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus and normal function. Head ultrasonography findings are normal. A metabolic evaluation, including plasma amino acids, urine organic acids, and urine succinylacetone, has unremarkable findings. Her platelet count is less than 50×103 …
Optimized Computed Tomography Angiography Protocol for the Evaluation of Thrombus in Patients with Fontan Anatomy.

The Fontan procedure is the final stage in the palliative surgical approach to patients with single-ventricle physiology. These patients have an increased risk for thromboembolic disease in the Fontan circuit, which can be evaluated by chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) in acute settings. However, false-positive results are common secondary to unusual streaming patterns in the Fontan circuit. A biphasic CTA protocol was evaluated for the capability to clearly identify structures of the Fontan circuit that are critical for the evaluation of thromboembolic disease. The study was a retrospective chart review of Fontan patients with a chest CTA scan obtained between 2011 and 2017. Two pediatric cardiologists with additional training in cardiac CT imaging independently reviewed each CTA and awarded one point for each of 5 Fontan circuit structures clearly identified resulting in a score range of 0–5. A score of 0–2 considered not capable, 3–4 partially capable, and 5 capable to clearly identify critical structures of the Fontan circuit. During the study period, 46 CTA scans were performed on 21 patients. Of the CTA scans using a biphasic protocol, 62.5% (10/16) were considered capable to clearly identify all 5 critical structures of the Fontan circuit vs 27% (8/30) of the CTA scans using a monophasic protocol (p = 0.027). Overall our results suggest that the single-site biphasic CTA protocol has greater diagnostic capability to detect the presence of Fontan thromboembolic disease when compared to the more traditional monophasic CTA protocol. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Noteworthy Collections: First Record of the Non-native Plant Portulaca amilis (Portulacaceae) in Tennessee

We report the first record of Portulaca amilis in Tennessee. A native of South America, P. amilis is a weedy plant that has been introduced to and naturalized in the southeastern United States. Previously this species has only been reported from the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont. This suggests a range expansion either west over the Appalachian Mountains from the Carolinas, or north from Georgia, Alabama, or Mississippi into the Ridge and Valley region of east Tennessee.
Selective Coordination of GaN-Based Solid State Circuit Breakers

While various types of solid state circuit breakers (SSCBs) were recently developed for DC power applications, the coordination and interaction of multiple SSCBs used in a hierarchical power distribution system are yet to be studied. This paper investigates autonomous selective coordination of three 380VDC/20A GaN-based intelligent solid-state circuit breakers without relying on communication in a two-level three-branch power circuit under both short circuit fault and inrush current conditions for the first time. Both experimental results and analysis are discussed in detail.
Sickle Cell Trait Screening of Collegiate Athletes: Ethical Reasons for Program Reform

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) requires all student-athletes have their sickle cell trait (SCT) status confirmed prior to athletic participation. The NCAA approved the screening program in 2010 for institutions participating in Division I athletics and extended it in subsequent years to institutions at Division II and III levels. Ethical concerns about the controversial policy focus on its mandatory nature and potential impact on student-athletes, particularly through stigmatization of and discrimination against those with SCT. Organizations, such as the American Society of Hematology (ASH), oppose the imposition of SCT testing and instead recommend universal precautions that would protect the entire student-athlete population without revealing student-athletes' SCT statuses. This paper discusses these issues and offers recommendations, including genetic counseling, which would improve the current SCT screening program. It argues that implementation of universal precautions would ensure that the most ethically sound practices are afforded to every student-athlete.