cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Aspects of Preschool Children's Social Cognition: Relations with Peer Acceptance and Peer Interaction Style.

Three aspects of young children’s social cognition – accurate encoding of social cues, hostile attributions and response access/generation – were assessed among 128 children (64 girls) attending three‐, four‐, and five‐year‐old classrooms (ages ranged from 36 to 73 months). Hostile attributions and the quality of strategy generation were both significantly associated with teacher‐rated peer competence and aggressiveness, even when children’s receptive vocabulary scores and age were controlled. For girls, hostile attributions, but not cue encoding or response generation, was associated with teacher ratings of competence and aggression. For boys, hostile attributions were associated with teacher ratings of competence, and response generation was associated with teacher ratings of competence and aggression. Regression analysis, controlling for sex, age and receptive vocabulary, revealed that both hostile attributions and the quality of social strategy generation, but not encoding of cues, made unique, signif...
Transnational marriages of Filipinas and Iranian men: Adjustment and social integration

Synopsis The migration and overseas education of Iranians in the post-revolutionary era have increased the number of transnational marriages between Iranians and non-Iranians. With these marriages, Iranian families have become increasingly diverse in terms of social class, nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, and culture of daughters-in-law and sons-in-law. This article examines the transnational marriages of Muslim Iranian men and Christian Filipinas. It explores the challenges these Filipinas face in Iran and the ways in which they overcome these challenges by negotiating between different religions, cultures, and social expectations. Over time, they have made social adjustments, become increasingly integrated into Iranian society, and established a Filipino–Iranian community to preserve their heritage and transfer their home culture to their bi-cultural, bi-racial, bilingual Filipino–Iranian children. The paper depicts the Filipinas' agency and highlights their determination to claim emotional and social spaces within transnational marriages.
Optical properties of the atmosphere over the ocean

Optical properties of the atmosphere over the ocean are essentially different from the optical properties of the atmosphere over the land. For a cloudless atmosphere this difference is determined by the mechanisms of aerosol formation. For cloudy atmospheres this difference results from different mechanisms of convection. Convection over the sea is essentially weaker than over the land and the cumuli-form of clouds over the sea is essentially thinner. We must take into account the differences between optical properties for the atmosphere over the ocean and over the land for the purposes of remote sensing, LIDAR investigations, and in calculations of the radiative energy transfer between ocean and atmosphere. Taking this into account, it becomes apparent that we must correct all preceding atlases and maps that do not reflect this difference. It is also important for engineers who design optical instruments for use in the atmosphere over the oceans to consider the implications of this difference.
Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the rostral ventrolateral medulla

Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) to autonomic control regions of the ventrolateral medulla, particularly the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (RVL), which serves as a tonic vasomotor center, were analyzed in rat by anterograde, retrograde, and combined axonal transport techniques. Autonomic portions of the NTS, including its commissural, dorsal, intermediate, interstitial, ventral, and ventrolateral subnuclei directly project to RVL as well as to other regions of the ventrolateral medulla. The projections are organized topographically. Rostrally, a small cluster of neurons in the intermediate third of NTS, the subnucleus centralis, and neurons in proximity to the solitary tract selectively innervate neurons in the retrofacial nucleus and nucleus ambiguus. Neurons generally located in more caudal and lateral sites in the NTS innervate the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL). The RVL, CVL, and nucleus retroambiguus are interconnected. A combined retrograde and anterograde transport technique was developed so as to prove that projections from the NTS to the ventrolateral medulla specifically innervate the region of RVL containing neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord or the region of the nucleus containing vagal preganglionic neurons. When the retrograde tracer, fast blue, was injected into the thoracic spinal cord, and wheat germ agglutinin-conjugate horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the NTS, anterogradely labeled terminals from the NTS surrounded the retrogradely labeled neurons in the RVL and in the nucleus retroambiguus in the caudal medulla. Among the bulbospinal neurons in the RVL innervated by the NTS were adrenaline-synthesizing neurons of the C1 group. When fast blue was applied to the cervical vagus, and HRP was injected into the NTS, anterogradely labeled terminals from the NTS surrounded retrogradely labeled neurons in the rostral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the region of the nucleus ambiguus, the retrofacial nucleus, and the dorsal portion of the RVL, a region previously shown to contain cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons. This combined anterograde and retrograde transport technique provides a useful method for tracing disynaptic connections in the brain. These data suggest that the RVL is part of a complex of visceral output regions in the ventrolateral medulla, all of which receive afferent projections from autonomic portions of the NTS. Bulbospinal neurons in the RVL, in particular the C1 adrenaline neurons, may provide a portion of the anatomic substrate of the baroreceptor and other visceral reflexes.
Bubblegrams Reveal the Inner Body of Bacteriophage ϕKZ

Dense packing of macromolecules in cellular compartments and higher-order assemblies makes it difficult to pick out even quite large components in electron micrographs, despite nominally high resolution. Immunogold labeling and histochemical procedures offer ways to map certain components but are limited in their applicability. Here, we present a differential mapping procedure, based on the physical principle of protein’s greater sensitivity to radiation damage compared with that of nucleic acid.
Simplified realization for generalized transfer functions using modified Markov parameters

A simplified algorithm is developed using Taylor series expansion about an arbitrary point, a, for the construction of minimal realizations for generalized transfer functions. The state space realization is given in the form of a linear, time-invariant, discrete-time, singular system. Compared to existing methods, the proposed method reduces the computational effort and memory storage requirements. Furthermore, the quadruple [E, A, B, C] resulting from this technique is more general than similar expressions from existing approaches.
The influence of host size on sex ratios in the parasitoid Diglyphus begini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

. 1. Sex ratio in the ectoparasitoid, Diglyphus begini (Ashmead), attacking larvae of the dipterous leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in glasshouse marigolds, is best depicted by a model where sex ratio varies as a function of host size. 2. Male D. begini progeny are produced in hosts significantly smaller in size than those producing female progeny. 3. Female wasps attack and oviposit on the largest leafminer larvae available and whether a host is large or small depends upon the size of the other hosts attacked. 4. Diglyphus begini females adjust the thre:shold size for the change-over in sex allocation relative to the size of hosts attacked; however, the sex ratio is maintained at between 60% and 70% males. 5. The patterns observed in these glasshouse studies are not due to sex-specific differential mortality or superparasitism.
Spectral estimation of phase noise based on complementary autocorrelation

In this paper, we propose a novel estimation technique1 of the power spectral density (PSD) of phase noise based on complementary autocorrelation (CAC). Utilizing the fact that the CAC of phase noise is nonzero, this technique offers a distinct advantage that the PSD of phase noise is estimated while canceling other circular-symmetric noises. This property is most useful when estimating phase noise directly from digitally-modulated signals because they typically are accompanied by various kinds of circular noises that easily mask the phase noise of interest. A practical method to compute the phase noise PSD is given. In addition, an expression for a noise suppression factor of the method is given. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and verifies the noise suppression factor.
Reported alcohol consumption and the serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin test in third-year medical students.

The serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) test was performed on 143 third-year medical students along with questionnaires for the self-reporting of alcohol consumption during the last 2 weeks, the last 6 months, and questions on any alcohol-related untoward events. We found that the CDT test has poor sensitivity for detecting binge drinking in our population of students, despite some likely under-reporting of drinking. Self-reporting of drinking is commonly unreliable, and we found no significant correlation between the CDT concentrations in serum and the magnitude of self-reported alcohol use during 2-week and 6-month periods. Hangover was by far the commonest self-reported untoward event, and there was a highly significant relationship (P<0.001) between drinking and untoward events. From a small population of non-drinkers, we estimated the reference ranges for CDT to be <27 U/l for men and <35 U/l for women.
Bacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis: A Hospital Based Study

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in newborn. There are many factors that contribute to neonatal sepsis. The organisms responsible for early onset and late onset sepsis are different. Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the organisms responsible for early onset and late onset neonatal sepsis. Materials and Methods: A prospective hospital based study over the period of one year was conducted at neonatal intermediate care unit of Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Results: Organisms were isolated in 6.1% of the collected blood samples. The male female ratio of culture proven sepsis was 1.9:1. Escherichia coli were found to be the most common organism in both early onset and late onset sepsis. Staphylococcus aureus was more common in late onset sepsis than early onset sepsis. Conclusion: Escherichia coli were the most common organism in both early onset and late onset sepsis. Staphylococcal aureus was significantly more common in late onset sepsis than early onset sepsis. Key words: Bacteriological profile; early onset sepsis; late onset sepsis; neonate DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i1.4158 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(1):1-5
Estimating the Relative Contribution of Spring- and Summer-Spawned Cohorts to the Atlantic Coast Bluefish Stock

Abstract The timing of recruitment for age-0 bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix along the southern and mid Atlantic coast of the USA is bimodal, consisting of spring-spawned and summer-spawned cohorts. We present evidence from surveys of age-0 fish that the recent precipitous decline in the Atlantic bluefish stock over the past decade has been associated with a switch in the relative production of the two cohorts from predominance by spring-spawned fish throughout the 1970s and 1980s to predominance by summer-spawned fish in most years from 1992 to 2002. Given this evidence of a shifting recruitment pattern, we reexamined the contribution of the two cohorts to the adult portion of the population and compared our results with similar earlier assessments. Cohort origin of adults was identified based on back-calculated length at age 1. In four year-classes in which age-0, summer-spawned bluefish predominated, there was little evidence of summer-spawned fish among harvested adults from the same year-classes capture...
Naltrexone Induced Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss

In a follow-up study, five ex-addicts on naltrexone for five to twelve months had reproducable appetite suppression and a sustained ten to twenty pound weight loss from a baseline of 5 percent to 30 percent above their ideal weight.
Affiliation, community size, and person-positivity effect in return of lost letters.

S1irnvzary.-A study using 1,008 "lost letters" was designed to test the hypotheses that returned responses would be greater in smaller rural communities than from cities, that addressees' ahtiation with a group opposed to physical education in schools would reduce the return rare, and that a person-positivity effect would influence return rates. Community Size and Person-Positivity conditions were not significantly associated with diFferent races of return even though returned letters from the smaller rural communlrles \rere more Frequent than those from the cities across addressee conditions. Findlngc seem to suggest no comrnuniry bias in the willingness of people to help a strangcr In need by returning a losr letter. Person-Positivity conditions did not seem to improve the technique. Both addressees' dflllntlons alone and community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with s~~n~tlc~ntly different rates of return in smaller rural communities, with rates of return greater in the smaller rural communities than in the cities (except for the addressee opposed to physical education in schools). Milgram, Mann, and Harter (1965) experimented with a lost letter technique to assess community attitudes toward political groups and other institutions. They took stamped letters and addressed them to fictitious persons, some that were considered to differ on conventional social norms, and then distributed a large number of them in various public places where they were likely to be found by passersby. It was assumed that a passerby would either ignore the letter, respond to it but not retrieve it, or retrieve the letter and take it with them. Presumably, a letter finder's attitude toward a particular addressee (person, political group, or other institution) might affect their decision about whether to return a lost letter in the mail. Thus, the dependent variable was based on subjects' willingness to pick up and return in the mail these "lost letters." Milgram, et a/. (1965) noted that by changing the names of the addressees of the lost letters, the rates of return varied, e.g., by political group and institution. Finally, Milgram (1970) hypothesized that in cities people help others less often than those in small towns. Most youth have a physical education class at some point in their school experience; however, few have received daily physical education classes (Mor
The grounding practice

The skill of making and recognizing grounded claims is essential for professional practice. Getting objective data to support your conclusions is not enough.
Response to Comment on Genuth. Should Sulfonylureas Remain an Acceptable First-Line Add-on to Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes? No, It’s Time to Move On! Diabetes Care 2015;38:170–175

I appreciate the attention Schrijnders et al. (1) have given to the Counterpoint article on use of sulfonylureas as an add-on to metformin (2). Several sulfonylureas were compared …
Percolation-theory and fuzzy rule-based probability estimation of fault leakage at geologic carbon sequestration sites

Leakage of CO2 and displaced brine from geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites into potable groundwater or to the near-surface environment is a primary concern for safety and effectiveness of GCS. The focus of this study is on the estimation of the probability of CO2 leakage along conduits such as faults and fractures. This probability is controlled by (1) the probability that the CO2 plume encounters a conductive fault that could serve as a conduit for CO2 to leak through the sealing formation, and (2) the probability that the conductive fault(s) intersected by the CO2 plume are connected to other conductive faults in such a way that a connected flow path is formed to allow CO2 to leak to environmental resources that may be impacted by leakage. This work is designed to fit into the certification framework for geological CO2 storage, which represents vulnerable resources such as potable groundwater, health and safety, and the near-surface environment as discrete “compartments.” The method we propose for calculating the probability of the network of conduits intersecting the CO2 plume and one or more compartments includes four steps: (1) assuming that a random network of conduits follows a power-law distribution, a critical conduit density is calculated based on percolation theory; for densities sufficiently smaller than this critical density, the leakage probability is zero; (2) for systems with a conduit density around or above the critical density, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation, generating realizations of conduit networks to determine the leakage probability of the CO2 plume (Pleak) for different conduit length distributions, densities and CO2 plume sizes; (3) from the results of Step 2, we construct fuzzy rules to relate Pleak to system characteristics such as system size, CO2 plume size, and parameters describing conduit length distribution and uncertainty; (4) finally, we determine the CO2 leakage probability for a given system using fuzzy rules. The method can be extended to apply to brine leakage risk by using the size of the pressure perturbation above some cut-off value as the effective plume size. The proposed method provides a quick way of estimating the probability of CO2 or brine leaking into a compartment for evaluation of GCS leakage risk. In addition, the proposed method incorporates the uncertainty in the system parameters and provides the uncertainty range of the estimated probability.
Nucleotide excision repair a legacy of creativity

The first half of the 20th century has seen an enormous growth in our knowledge of DNA repair, in no small part due to the work of Dirk Bootsma, Philip Hanawalt and Bryn Bridges; those honored by this issue. For the new millennium, we have asked three general questions: (A) Do we know all possible strategies of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in all organisms? (B) How is NER integrated and regulated in cells and tissues? (C) Does DNA replication represent a new frontier in the roles of DNA repair? We make some suggestions for the kinds of answers the next generation may provide. The kingdom of archea represents an untapped field for investigation of DNA repair in organisms with extreme lifestyles. NER appears to involve a similar strategy to the other kingdoms of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but subtle differences suggest that individual components of the system may differ. NER appears to be regulated by several major factors, especially p53 and Rb which interact with transcription coupled repair and global genomic repair, respectively. Examples can be found of major regulatory changes in repair in testicular tissue and melanoma cells. Our understanding of replication of damaged DNA has undergone a revolution in recent years, with the discovery of multiple low-fidelity DNA polymerases that facilitate replicative bypass. A secondary mechanism of replication in the absence of NER or of one or more of these polymerases involves sister chromatid exchange and recombination (hMre11/hRad50/Nbs1). The relative importance of bypass and recombination is determined by the action of p53. We hypothesise that these polymerases may be involved in resolution of complex DNA structures during completion of replication and sister chromatid resolution. With these fascinating problems to investigate, the field of DNA repair will surely not disappoint the next generation.
Integration of a Client-Based Design Project Into the Sophomore Year

Often engineering design instruction based on real-world, client-based projects is relegated to a final year capstone course. The engineering program at James Madison University (JMU), however, emphasizes these real-world, client-based design experiences, and places them throughout our six-course engineering design sequence. Our six-course design sequence is anchored by the sophomore design course sequence, which serves as the cornerstone to the JMU engineering design sequence. The cornerstone experience in the sophomore year is meant to enable mastery through both directed and non-directed learning and exploration of the design process and design tools. To that end, students work in both small (4–5) and large (9–11) teams to complete a year-long design project. The course project is woven with instruction in engineering design theory and methodology; individual cognitive processes, thinking, and communication skills; decision making; sustainable design; problem solving; software; and project management.Students’ overarching task during the first semester is to follow the first two phases of the engineering design process—Planning and Concept Generation—while in the second semester, students work to reiterate on the first two phases of the engineering design process before prototyping, testing, and refining a design for the client. The project culminates with the students demonstrating their final product to the client, University, and local community.Our goal in this paper is to present our model for integrating real-world, client-based design projects into the sophomore year to facilitate meaningful design experiences across the curriculum. We believe that providing these experiences early and often not only challenges students on multiple dimensions, but also exposes them, and consequently better prepares them, for their eventual role as a practicing engineer. In this paper, we shall describe the sophomore design course sequence, the history and details of the course project, and also key learning outcome gains.© 2012 ASME
A HERMENEUTICS OF SOCIAL EMBODIMENT

When Krister Stendahl's article "Biblical Theology" appeared in the Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible in 1962, it caused no little consternation in some circles. He insisted that the primary intellectual task of the biblical scholar was to make a clear distinction between what the text meant in its original setting and what it means. That ran directly counter to the practical aims of the dominant interpretive schools of the day, which wanted, as Karl Barth had once said, to dissolve "the differences between then and now."1 Today the distinction for which Stendahl argued so lucidly is taken for granted in most biblical scholarship, and the question is whether there can be any significant connection between "then" and "now."2 New Testament studies threatens to divide into two contrary ways of reading texts. One is a rigorously historical quest, in which all the early Christian documents alike, canonical and extracanonical, are treated as sources for reconstructing the diverse and curious varieties of the early Christian movement. The other way of reading cares not at all where the texts came from or what they originally meant; by purely literary analysis it wishes to help text and reader to confront one another continually anew. The interesting thing is that Stendahl himself has worked both sides of the street he described. He has made the connection, however, not by means of some overarching theoretical model, but practically, by his actions and leadership as a theological educator and churchman. There may be a lesson here, which I wish to uncover by turning to the rather different work of another ecumenical churchman, historian, and theolo-
Are English-Language Pedometer Instructions Readable?

Background:We evaluated readability and related features of English-language instructions accompanying pedometers, including reading grade level, layout/formatting characteristics, and emphasis of key points. Methods:We identified 15 pedometers currently available for purchase in the US. Reading grade level was calculated using Flesch-Kinkaid (FK) and SMOG formulas. Text point size was measured with a C-Thru Ruler. Page and illustration dimensions were measured to the nearest millimeter (mm) with a standard ruler. Layout features were evaluated using the criteria from the User-Friendliness Tool. Results:FK scores ranged from 8th to 11th grade, while SMOG scores ranged from 8th to 12th grade. Text point size averaged 6.9 ± 1.9 (range = 4−11). Instructions averaged 8.7 ± 9.0 (range = 0−36) illustrations, most about the size of a US quarter. While many instructions avoided use of specialty fonts (n = 12; 80.0%), most used a minimal amount of white space. Just 4 (26.7%) sets of instructions highlighted the ta...
The Role of Aflatoxins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Article type: Review Article Context: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world but with a striking geographical variation in incidence; most of the burden is in developing countries. This geographic variation in HCC incidence might be due to geographic differences in the prevalence of various etiological factors. Evidence Acquisition: Here, we review the epidemiological evidence linking dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and risk of HCC, possible interactions between AFB1 and hepatitis B virus (HBV) or polymorphisms of genes involved in AFB1-related metabolism as well as DNA repair. Results: Ecological, case-control and cohort studies that used various measures of aflatoxin exposure including dietary questionnaires, food surveys and biomarkers are summarized. Conclusions: Taken together, the data suggest that dietary exposure to aflatoxins is an important contributor to the high incidence of HCC in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where almost 82% of the cases occur.
Avoiding costly mating mistakes: Ovulatory shifts in personal mate value assessment

An accurate assessment of one's mate value aids one in avoiding mating mistakes. However, the utility of assessing one's mate value is not constant. As the costs of making undesirable mating decisions increase, attentional resources devoted towards mate value assessment should also increase. Thus, during peak fertility (when the costs of mating mistakes are presumably greater), women should allocate resources towards assessment of personal mate value. As predicted, compared with women with low conception risk, women at peak fertility reported greater attractiveness comparison frequencies and placed greater emphasis on attractiveness in defining self-image. Past sexual experience heightened activation of these processes. Additionally, mate value was more strongly associated with appraisal of one's attractiveness and mate selection standards during peak fertility.
Two-dimensional analysis of proteinase activity.

A method was developed to separate proteinases in a complex mixture in two dimensions followed by activity detection using class specific substrates. Using this method, serine proteinase activity was evaluated in gut extracts from a stored-product pest, Plodia interpunctella. With the substrate N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine ρ-nitroanilide, three major groups of at least six trypsin-like activities were identified, consisting of proteinases with estimated molecular masses of 25–27, 40–41, and 289 kDa, and all with an acidic pI of 4.7–5.5. With the substrate, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phenylalanine ρ-nitroanilide, two groups of at least five chymotrypsin-like activities were detected, with estimated molecular masses of 28 and 192 kDa and pI values ranging from 6.1 to 7.3. Using the 2-DE activity blot method, information was obtained on the relative number and physical properties of serine proteinases in a mixture of insect gut proteinases without prior fractionation. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature

This article reviews evidence for the presence of a compensatory, alternative, neural system and its possible link to associated processing strategies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The article presents findings on a region by region basis that suggests ADHD should be characterized not only by neural hypo-activity, as it is commonly thought but neural hyperactivity as well, in regions of the brain that may relate to compensatory brain and behavioral functioning. In this context studies from the functional neuroimaging literature are reviewed. We hypothesize that impaired prefrontal (PFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortex function in ADHD reduces the ability to optimally recruit subsidiary brain regions and strategies to perform cognitive tasks. The authors conclude that healthy individuals can recruit brain regions using visual, spatial or verbal rehearsal for tasks as needed. In contrast, individuals with ADHD may be less able to engage higher order executive systems to flexibly recruit brain regions to match given task demands. This may result in greater reliance on neuroanatomy that is associated with visual, spatial, and motoric processing rather than verbal strategies. The authors speculate that this impaired flexibility in recruiting brain regions and associated strategies limits adaptation to new cognitive demands as they present and may require more effortful processing.
Square representative volume elements for evaluating the effective material properties of carbon nanotube-based composites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrate unusually high stiffness, strength and resilience, and may become an ideal reinforcing material for new nanocomposites. However, much work has to be done before the potentials of CNT-based composites can be fully realized. Evaluating the effective material properties of such nanoscale materials is one of many difficult tasks. Simulations using molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics models can play significant roles in this development. Currently, the continuum approach seems to be the only feasible approach for such large scale analysis. In this paper, effective mechanical properties of CNT-based composites are evaluated using a square representative volume element (RVE) based on the continuum mechanics and with the finite element method (FEM). Formulas to extract the effective material constants from solutions for the square RVEs under two load cases are derived based on the elasticity theory. Numerical results using the FEM show that the load carrying capacities of the CNTs in a matrix are significant. For example, with the addition of CNTs in a matrix at a volume fraction of 3.6%, the stiffness of the composite can increase as much 33% in the axial direction with long CNTs. These simulation results are consistent with the experimental results reported in the literature and the earlier results using cylindrical RVEs.
Clinical Use of Irinotecan:Current Status and Future Considerations

Irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar), a semisynthetic, water-soluble derivative of the plant alkaloid camptothecin, is a drug which has undergone extensive clinical investigation worldwide. It is, at this time, commercially available in the United States for the treatment of fluorouracil-refractory colorectal cancer. In this review, I will discuss the current approved clinical use, discuss the issues of toxicity and its management, and consider some of the ongoing clinical investigations which are exploring possible future uses for this agent. The Oncologist 1997;2:402-409
Benefits of Undergraduate Research Experiences

Surveys indicate that undergraduate research opportunities help clarify students' interest in research and encourage students who hadn't anticipated graduate studies to alter direction toward a Ph.D.
Family and classroom correlates of head start children's developmental outcomes

Program quality is an important theme for Head Start. Even staunch supporters of Head Start are concerned that too few Head Start classes are of the quality that is needed to best promote children's growth and development. This study examined relationships between classroom quality and child outcomes among 145 Head Start children from poor quality to more stimulating home environments. Results indicated that children in higher quality Head Start classrooms performed better on measures of achievement and preacademic skills, regardless of the quality of their home environment. Children from better home environments seemed to benefit more from classroom quality in the area of problem solving and reasoning than did children from less stimulating homes. Teacher characteristics such as education, experience, and attitudes were not associated with classroom quality in this group of 32 Head Start classrooms. On the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale, no classroom received a rating of inadequate, but only 9% met or exceeded the score that would be considered developmentally appropriate.
Average probability of packet error with MRC diversity reception over arbitrarily correlated fading channels

A closed form expression for the average probability of packet error (PPE) is presented for a maximum ratio combining (MRC) diversity scheme. The resulting expression encompasses arbitrarily correlated Nakagami and Rician fading channels. As an example, we focus on Nakagami fading channels of arbitrary correlation in both time and space. The new formulas are applicable for all modulation schemes for which the conditional probability of error has an exponential dependence on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The average PPE is then used to obtain a modified expression for the throughput of any network protocol. The system in general exhibits approximately a uniform gain as the number of diversity branches increases. The system is found to be more sensitive to the space correlation than to the time correlation. The effects of different system parameters and correlation models are studied and discussed. Specific figures about the system performance are provided.
Upper mantle convection beneath the central Rio Grande rift imaged by P and S wave tomography

[1] We present models for upper mantle P and S velocity structure beneath a southwestern United States transect extending from near the center of the Colorado Plateau across the Rio Grande rift to the Great Plains. The models were derived from travel times of compressional and shear seismic phases recorded by the La Ristra passive seismic array deployed from July 1999 to May 2001. Large variations in seismic velocity (up to 8% in S and 5% in P) are seen across the transect in the upper 200 km of the mantle. Seismically slow mantle underlies the Rio Grande rift and Jemez lineament and relatively slow mantle is seen beneath the Navajo volcanic field within the Colorado Plateau. The relative variations of P and S velocity imply that high temperatures are the primary cause of the slow mantle although a small amount of partial melting or hydration cannot be ruled out. Sharp boundaries in mantle seismic velocity are coincident with boundaries of Proterozoic structural trends implying that ancient lithospheric structure exerts a control on the tectonic and magmatic activity in the region. Weaker seismic variations are imaged below 200 km depth with three southeastward dipping structures in our images. Two of the structures have fast seismic anomalies, beneath the central Colorado Plateau and the Great Plains respectively, and the third has anomalously slow seismic wave speed. We interpret the western deep seismic anomaly to be foundering Farallon slab and the slow anomaly just to the east as upwelling mantle possibly associated with volatile release from the sinking Farallon slab. Beneath the Great Plains, there is also downwelling in the upper mantle. The combination of upwelling in the west and downwelling in the east are likely part of an upper mantle convection cell that may include entrained lithosphere from beneath the rift. INDEX TERMS: 7218 Seismology: Lithosphere and upper mantle; 8121 Tectonophysics: Dynamics, convection currents and mantle plumes; 8180 Tectonophysics: Evolution of the Earth: Tomography; KEYWORDS: convection, Rio Grande rift, Colorado Plateau
Pricing in an equilibrium based model for a large investor

We study a financial model with a non-trivial price impact effect. In this model we consider the interaction of a large investor trading in an illiquid security, and a market maker who is quoting prices for this security. We assume that the market maker quotes the prices such that by taking the other side of the investor’s demand, the market maker will arrive at maturity with the maximal expected utility of the terminal wealth. Within this model we provide an explicit recursive pricing formula for an exponential utility function, as well as an asymptotic expansion for the price for a “small” simple demand.
Data-oriented performance analysis of SHA-3 candidates on FPGA accelerated computers

The SHA-3 competition organized by NIST has triggered significant efforts in performance evaluation of cryptographic hardware and software. These benchmarks are used to compare the implementation efficiency of competing hash candidates. However, such benchmarks test the algorithm in an ideal setting, and they ignore the effects of system integration. In this contribution, we analyze the performance of hash candidates on a high-end computing platform consisting of a multi-core Xeon processor with an FPGA-based hardware accelerator. We implement two hash candidates, Keccak and SIMD, in various configurations of multi-core hardware and multi-core software. Next, we vary application parameters such as message length, message multiplicity, and message source. We show that, depending on the application parameter set, the overall system performance is limited by three possible performance bottlenecks, including limitations in computation speed, in communication band-width, and in buffer storage. Our key result is to demonstrate the dependency of these bottlenecks on the application parameters. We conclude that, to make sound system design decisions, selecting the right hash candidate is only half of the solution: one must also understand the nature of the data stream which is hashed.
An efficient two-scale model for the computation of thermal emission and atmospheric reflection from the sea surface

An efficient implementation of the two-scale model of sea surface thermal emission and atmospheric reflection is described. The model is applied in a study of the reflection of downwelling atmospheric radiation. Results show that reflected downwelling radiation can increase azimuthal variations of total observed brightnesses.
Decomposing stimulus and response component waveforms in ERP

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are evoked brain potentials that are averaged across many trial repetitions with individual trials aligned (i.e. time-locked) to a specific behavioral event, typically the onset of the stimulus (s-lock) or the onset of the behavioral response (r-lock). These evoked potential averages may reflect brain activities during the stimulus encoding/analyzing stage (stimulus component waveform, or 'S-component'), during the response preparation/production stage (response component waveform, or 'R-component'), or a combination thereof. In the stimulus-locked average of the ensemble of the recorded waveforms (i.e. in the s-locked ERP), the contribution of an R-component will be convoluted, due to the trial-by-trial variance in reaction time (RT): so will an S-component in the r-locked ERP. It is shown here that the knowledge of (1) the s-locked and r-locked ERP waveforms constructed from the same ensemble of trials and (2) the RT distribution of this ensemble allows us to determine whether the recorded potential results from a single S-component, a single R-component, or a single intermediate ('decisional' or D-) component related to the transition of the two stochastically independent stages. If it can be assumed that the evoked potential is the result of a linear summation of an S-component and an R-component, then there is a unique recovery into these two components, such that the reconstructed waveform on an individual trial is a superposition of the two components with their relative offset determined by the RT of that trial and the ensemble average is the experimentally obtained s-locked and r-locked ERP waveforms. Two independent methods can be used to recover those components, one based on Fourier transform techniques which was first proposed by Hansen (1983) in the context of ERP component isolation and the other based on a recursive iteration approach through which the contamination of the R or S-component is successively removed from the s-locked or r-locked ERP waveforms, respectively. The iterative procedure is analytically proven to converge to the Fourier-based solution, demonstrating the equivalence of the two approaches. Finally, if the condition of a single intermediate D-component is satisfied, then one can recover this component waveform along with the probability distributions of the relative durations of the two underlying linear stages; however, there is always an equivalent pair of S- and R-component which also satisfy the same data set (s-locked and r-locked ERP waveforms and the overall RT distribution). In this case, the S/R-component assumption and the D-component assumption cannot be distinguished solely on the ground of the available data set. The technique developed here outlines the assumptions and the boundary conditions upon which ensemble ERP waveforms are to be analyzed and interpreted in terms of processing mechanisms related to stimulus, to response, or to the transition between the two.
The Effects Of Nonlinear Propagation In Ultrasound Hyperthermia

In this study the feasibility of utilizing nonlinear ultrasound propagation to control the power deposition patterns during scanned focussed ultrasound was investigated. From the in vivo results it appears that the power depm pattern and the temperature distributions can be significantly altered by increasing the source intensity while reducing the duty cycle to maintain the same acoustic time average power. The two main advantages of using the nonlinear propagation are (1) increased power absorption at the focal zone with reduced propagation beyond the focus can be achieved without increasing the acoustic window, (2) the power deposition pattern can be controlled on line as a response to measured temperatures or patient discomfort during the treatment.
In Situ Fracture Toughness Testing of Core Materials in Sandwich Panels

The in situ fracture toughness of six core materials was measured using a new test method. The materials tested were seven composite sandwich panels fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin transfer ...
OSTEITIS DEFORMANS (PAGET'S DISEASE)

In conclusion, the writer begs indulgence for the use of "hardware" in the operation of this case. He believes the end justified the means: viz—the perfect consolidation of a pathologic fracture in a bone having Paget's disease. Note. On the basis of the results of the careful metabolic studies of Da Costa, et al., viz—a pronounced retention of Ca. P. and Mg. and a loss of S., it seems rational to administer the first three and eliminate from the diet the fourth, and the case here reported is added evidence in favor of their contention. Comment. I believe the medication was very important in producing bony callus. In discussing this case with Dr. J. C. Bloodgood, he stated that it was the only case of pathologic fracture with union of which he had knowledge.
Designing reactive robot controllers with LTLMoP

This paper shows an example application of the LTLMoP mission planning toolkit, in which an Aldebaran Nao and an iRobot Create each play a very basic game of hide-and-seek.
Imprinting defects at human 14q32 locus alters gene expression and is associated with the pathobiology of osteosarcoma.

// Jingmin Shu 1 , Lihua Li 2 , Anne E. Sarver 2 , Emily A. Pope 3 , Jyotika Varshney 2 , Venugopal Thayanithy 2 , Logan Spector 1, 4 , David A. Largaespada 1, 3, 4 , Clifford J. Steer 1, 3, 5 , Subbaya Subramanian 1, 2 1 Masonic Cancer Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 2 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 3 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 5 Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Correspondence to: Subbaya Subramanian, e-mail: subree@umn.edu Keywords: osteosarcoma, 14q32-locus, imprinting, DNA methylation, histone modifications Received: July 13, 2015 Accepted: November 25, 2015 Published: January 21, 2016 ABSTRACT Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy affecting children and adolescents. Although several genetic predisposing conditions have been associated with osteosarcoma, our understanding of its pathobiology is rather limited. Here we show that, first, an imprinting defect at human 14q32-locus is highly prevalent (87%) and specifically associated with osteosarcoma patients < 30 years of age. Second, the average demethylation at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the 14q32-locus varied significantly compared to genome-wide demethylation. Third, the 14q32-locus was enriched in both H3K4-me3 and H3K27-me3 histone modifications that affected expression of all imprinted genes and miRNAs in this region. Fourth, imprinting defects at 14q32 - DMRs are present in triad DNA samples from affected children and their biological parents. Finally, imprinting defects at 14q32-DMRs were also observed at higher frequencies in an Rb1/Trp53 mutation-induced osteosarcoma mouse model. Further analysis of normal and tumor tissues from a Sleeping Beauty mouse model of spontaneous osteosarcoma supported the notion that these imprinting defects may be a key factor in osteosarcoma pathobiology. In conclusion, we demonstrate that imprinting defects at the 14q32 locus significantly alter gene expression, may contribute to the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, and could be predictive of survival outcomes.
High Voltage Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition

We have achieved the best open-circuit voltage (Voc = 0.94 V) to-date in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) photovoltaic cells deposited entirely by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition. The fill factor (FF = 0.74) remained high and a current density of 8–9 mA/cm2 with about 1800 A i-layer was obtained in our n-i-p cells on untextured stainless-steel substrates. The Voc improvement of about 60 mV in compared to our previous best Voc was obtained by incorporating materials grown with H-dilution close to the phase transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon in the i-layer and at the i-p interface. A low substrate temperature of 150°C for the i-layer was also essential, most likely to widen the bandgap of the i-layer. A brief atomic H-treatment after grown the i-layer increases the Voc further by improving the p-i interface. The last 60 A of the i-layer before p-layer is extremely close to the transition to microcrystallinity, though it remains mainly amorphous. Our p-layers are also close to the phase transition.
Local Irrigation Agencies

Local irrigation agencies are not centralized institutions with complete power over all surface and groundwater decisions in their basins. Instead, the three major types of irrigation agencies (public irrigation districts, mutual water companies and commercial water companies) have different and relatively limited power. Most importantly, with certain exceptions, they cannot directly control excessive groundwater withdrawals and have to resort to indirect methods to achieve this goal. Thus, the phrase “Conjunctive management of surface and groundwater” is very misleading. Conjunctive use “models” should only include in their proposed objective functions those decision variables controlled by the particular agency under study.