cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Imputation of Missing Data in Cross-Cultural Samples

Listwise deletion of cases with missing data prior to statistical analysis, the approach overwhelmingly used by cross-cultural survey researchers, requires the assumption that the missing data are missing completely at random. This assumption is not often likely to hold for cross-cultural sample data, and when it fails statistical analysis based only on complete-case subsamples introduces the possibility of biased estimates and standard errors. Over the past 20 or so years statisticians have made major advances in specifying the conditions under which missing data can be ignored when making inferences based on incomplete data. We review these conditions since they have a direct bearing on when the usual approaches to dealing with missing cross-cultural survey data are invalid.
First Successful Application of an Environment Friendly Fracturing Fluid During On-The-Fly Proppant Fracturing

With the increasing demand for natural gas, fracturing fluid technology needs to develop to enable optimized well completion operations with minimum ecological impact. The recent development of environmentally friendly polymer-free fracturing fluids — with superior operational performance — represents a major technological advance in the petroleum industry. The use of these new fluids during fracturing operations has the following benefits: minimized environmental footprint and formation damage, operational efficiency and simplicity, and maximized fracture conductivity. This paper discusses the first successful deployment, of an environmentally friendly polymer-free fracturing fluid, during on-the-fly proppant fracturing in Saudi Arabia. Also, the paper discusses the optimum layout of the fracturing equipment used during the job execution. The fluid was used to fracture a gas zone located between two water zones. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the treatment was to control the height of the fracture to not break through and contaminate the water-bearing zones. In addition, the fluid exhibited a low friction pressure and excellent proppant-carrying capacity. Moreover, the overall cost of this fracturing operation is in line with conventional, polymer-based fluid fracturing approaches. Evaluation of the post-treatment results demonstrated the following: very positive well productivity, improved fracture geometry (longer fractures with better height containment), and faster fracture cleanup time.
Magmatic history of Red Sea rifting: perspective from the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain.

A newly recognized Tertiary dike complex and comagmatic volcanic rocks exposed on the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain record early stages of magmatism related to Red Sea rifting. Intrusive and stratigraphic relationships and new potassium-argon dating indicate episodic magmatism from about 30 Ma to the present. Additional stratigraphic and radiometric evidence suggests that limited rift-related magmatism began as early as about 50 Ma. An early phase of crustal extension in the region was accompanied by faulting and graben formation and by dike-swarm intrusion. The style of extension and intrusion changed at ∼20 Ma. Localized volcanism and sheeted dike injection ceased and were replaced by the intrusion of thick gabbro dikes. This change may mark the onset of sea-floor spreading in the central Red Sea. The dikes and volcanic rocks consist of a bimodal mafic-felsic suite with transitional subalkaline to alkaline chemistry. Although no unique petrogenetic model can be developed for the suite, the following observations and conclusions have been drawn from the available reconnaissance geochemistry: (1) strontium isotopic initial ratios overlap in the range 0.7031 to 0.7047 and are not clearly related to alkalinity or silica content. The bimodality and alkalinity of the suite are therefore not products of contamination by the radiogenic Precambrian upper-crustal granitic rocks exposed in the region. (2) Several of the evolved rocks (rhyolites and comendite) show large to extreme negative europium anomalies and heavy rare-earth–element (HREE) enrichment, features that cannot be explained by low-pressure crystal fractionation of potential parent magmas. An intriguing possibility is that HREE enrichments and large negative Eu anomalies of some peraluminous rhyolites (and granites) may result from the complete melting of garnet from middle or lower crustal rocks. (3) Most of the basalts are light rare-earth element (LREE) enriched, consistent with derivation from fertile mantle in a continental-rift setting; however, interaction of the mafic melts with lower continental crust cannot be ruled out. A model of poly-baric mantle-melt derivation, producing several alkaline-subalkaline cycles, best explains magmatism in the Red Sea region. Differences in the depths and dynamics of mantle-melt extraction and transport brought about through changes in crust and mantle structure as the rift and paar developed may account for the transition from mixed alkaline-subalkaline bimodal magmatism of the pre-20 Ma rift basin to exclusively subalkaline (tholeiitic) magmatism at the Red Sea spreading axis and to predominantly alkali basalt volcanism inland (within the Arabian Shield).
Sulfonyl-Containing Eight-Membered Rings Varying in Ring Conformation in Oxyphosphoranes. Hexacoordination vs Pentacoordination1

The new cyclic phosphine O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2PPh (1) was used to prepare the new cyclic tetraoxyphosphoranes O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2PPh(O2C6Cl4) (2) and O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2PPh(O2C6H4) (3) by oxidative addition reactions. In similar reactions, the new cyclic pentaoxyphosphoranes O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OCH2CCl3)3 (4), O2S[Me2C6H2O]2P(OPh)3 (5), and O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2P(OC6F5)3 (6) were formed from acyclic phosphites and the appropriate diol. Yields ranged from 51% to 66%. X-ray studies revealed hexacoordinated representations for 2 and 6 while 3−5 are pentacoordinate in trigonal bipyramidal geometries. For 3 and 4, the eight-membered rings are positioned diequatorially in anti chair conformations, whereas for 5, this ring occupies axial−equatorial sites in a syn twist-boat form. Tetraoxyphosphorane 3 is unique in locating the least electronegative ligand, the phenyl group, in an axial position. Oxygen donor action from the sulfone SO2 group led to a displacement from a square pyramid to an octahedron to the extent...
Improving aerodynamic matching of axial compressor blading using a three-dimensional multistage inverse design method

Current turbomachinery design systems increasingly rely on multistage CFD as a means to diagnose designs and assess performance potential. However, design weaknesses attributed to improper stage matching are addressed using often ineffective strategies involving a costly iterative loop between blading modification, revision of design intent, and further evaluation of aerodynamic performance. A scheme is proposed herein which greatly simplifies the design point blade row matching process. It is based on a three-dimensional viscous inverse method that has been extended to allow blading analysis and design in a multi-blade row environment. For computational expediency, blade row coupling is achieved through an averaging-plane approximation. To limit computational time, the inverse method was parallelized. The proposed method allows improvement of design point blade row matching by direct regulation of the circulation capacity of the blading within a multistage environment. During the design calculation, blade shapes are adjusted to account for inflow and outflow conditions while producing a prescribed pressure loading. Thus, it is computationally ensured that the intended pressure-loading distribution is consistent with the derived blading geometry operating in a multiblade row environment that accounts for certain blade row interactions. The viability of the method is demonstrated in design exercises involving the rotors of a 2.5 stage, highly loaded compressor. Individually redesigned rotors display mismatching when run in the 2.5 stage, evident as a deviation from design intent. However, simultaneous redesign of the rotors in their multistage environment produces the design intent, indicating that aerodynamic matching has been achieved.
The Deformation of O-Rings Compressed by Smooth Rigid Plates

Three-dimensional effects of symmetrically compressing an O-ring with rigid plates are investigated. The O-ring is assumed to be an incompressible elastic material and the mixed boundary value problem is formulated within the framework of classical linear elasticity theory. Transversely compressing the O-ring between flat rigid plates increases the toroidal radius and induces a reduction in the O-ring cross-sectional radius. This reduction depends strongly on the conditions of contact between plate and O-ring, and the reduced contact pressure may threaten the integrity of the seal. For O-rings compressed radially inward or outward, most of the radial displacement is accommodated by a change in the toroidal radius with very little actual compression of the ring material. If this effect is not accounted for in the design of the seal, the contact pressure may not be sufficient to secure the seal.
Forage Yield, Nonstructural Carbohydrate Levels, and Quality Trends of Caucasian Bluestem

Information is limited on growth pattern and the effects of management on regrowth yield, quality, and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNG) levels of Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucaslca (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.] grown in the southern Corn Belt. Field studies on a Creldon silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Mollic Fraguidalf) were conducted to determine trends of the above parameters under various primary growth harvests (one-time harvests at 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d after 4 June) and summer and late-season regrowth harvests (initial harvest on 18 June and 16 July, respectively, with regrowth harvests 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d later). Yield increased linearly (104 and 55 kg ha−¹ d−¹, respectively) for primary growth and summer regrowth, while late-season regrowth yield had a cubic trend (y = 201 − 11x + 2.3x² − 0.02x³; x = days after initial harvest). In vitro dry matter digestibility declined linearly with time (2.9 g kg−¹ d−¹) in primary growth, but the rate of decline varied depending on length of delay for summer and late-season regrowth (y = 548 − 4.0x + 0.26x²; y = 436 + 0.9x − 0.19x², respectively). Crude protein declined quadratically under all treatments (y = 125 − 1.0x − 0.005x²; y = 137 − 3x + 0.001x²;y = 71.2 + 1x − 0.001x², respectively, for primary growth and summer and late-season regrowth). Neutral detergent fiber levels increased linearly for primary growth and late-season regrowth (y = 668 + 1.9x;y = 662 + l.lx, respectively), while summer regrowth response was quadratic (y = 637 + 2.7x − 0.002x²). Digestible dry matter yield increased throughout the season until it declined in late September. Total nonstructural carbohydrate levels were lower than previously found in native C₄ grasses and may not be as important for survival in Caucasian bluestem. Our data indicate that a mid-June defoliation, with further defoliation up to late summer, may optimize Caucasian bluestem's potential in livestock grazing systems. Missouri. Contribution from the Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Series no. 10131
A novel instrument for the direct measurement of moisture permeation

Abstract Water transfer flux in polymer films through the process of permeation has been characterized by a new robust method that employs a first-principles, water-specific sensor to obtain highly accurate direct transient flux measurements. This method has been applied to a common polymer (Mylar ® MO film), which demonstrates remarkable stability and fast equilibration in conditions of both liquid water and saturated vapor on the “wet” side of the polymer. Moisture passing through the polymer is entrained in a high velocity dry sweep gas for detection with a high precision chilled mirror hygrometer. Using the Mylar/water system as a basis, the robustness and versatility of the test method are demonstrated.
Stable isotope studies in human evolution

The discipline of human evolution usually involves the evaluation of changes in gross and molecular morphology or changes in artifact assemblages. In contrast, stable isotope analysis is an indirect line of investigation. Understanding the human evolutionary sequence requires information on nutritional, biobehavioral, and general ecology. These are the kinds of information that stable isotope analysis can provide. Such studies may not identify the mechanisms for change, but their application serves to elucidate the situations under which change occurred.
Relationships among fitness, body composition, and physical activity.

Purpose: This study was designed to examine the associations of physical activity and body composition with cardiorespiratory fitness in eighth grade girls. Methods: A random sample of 1440 eighth grade girls at 36 schools participated in this cross-sectional investigation, which represented an ethnically and geographically diverse group. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a modified physical work capacity test on a cycle ergometer that predicted workload at a heart rate of 170 beats[middle dot]min-1. Physical activity was assessed over 6 d in each girl using an accelerometer and body composition was estimated from body mass index and triceps skinfolds using a previously validated equation. Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationships among fitness, physical activity, and body composition. Results: Significant linear relationships among cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and physical activity were found. The combination of fat and fat-free mass along with racial group and a race by fat-free-mass interaction accounted for 18% (R2) of the variation in physical fitness. Adding moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to the regression model increased the R2 to 22%. Black girls had somewhat lower fitness levels (P < 0.05) especially at higher levels of fat and fat-free mass than other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions: Physical activity, fat-free mass, and the interaction between fat-free mass and racial group are significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescent girls.
Good news for the older patient with diabetes: added cardiovascular risk reduction.

Both hypertension and diabetes carry an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease and are commonly associated conditions. The prevalence of hypertension in the diabetic population is particularly high, approximately 40% in middle-aged patients with type II diabetes mellitus and increases to approximately 60% by age 75. Hypertension increases an already high risk of cardiovascular disease events associated with diabetes mellitus and is also a risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria and retinopathy. Overall mortality from heart disease has declined substantially in the USA in the past 30 years. The extent of this mortality rate decline has been assessed from representative cohorts [1], the NHANES I survey (1971–1975) and the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up survey (1982–1984). Both cohorts were followed prospectively for 8 to 9 years. Mortality rates for heart disease and ischemic heart disease in men and women with diabetes have not decreased to the extent that they have for nondiabetic patients. Although these decreases in men with diabetes were smaller than their nondiabetic counterparts, women with diabetes had increases for both total and ischemic heart disease. Three recent clinical trials have addressed the effects of aggressive intervention in diabetes, particularly older patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
A daily alternation procedure for orgasmic reconditioning with a pedophile.

Abstract A bisexual pedophile was treated for 40 days using a variation of orgasmic reconditioning in which deviant and nondeviant masturbation episodes were alternated daily. As previously reported the treatment produced large increases in nondeviant arousal and complete attenuation of response to stimuli of children. Additional subjective measures, a diary of masturbation fantasies and pre-treatment estimates of the ongoing state of arousal to both types of stimuli confirmed that the observed changes were a result of the treatment operations. Long term follow-up revealed that response to deviant stimuli was absent, but response to adults had not been maintained.
Materials science: carbon sheet solutions.

When carbon fibres just won't do, but nanotubes are too expensive, where can cost-conscious materials scientists go to find a practical conductive composite? The answer could lie with graphene sheets.
A model-based conceptual clustering of moving objects in video surveillance

Data mining techniques have been applied in video databases to identify various patterns or groups. Clustering analysis is used to find the patterns and groups of moving objects in video surveillance systems. Most existing methods for the clustering focus on finding the optimum of overall partitioning. However, these approaches cannot provide meaningful descriptions of the clusters. Also, they are not very suitable for moving object databases since video data have spatial and temporal characteristics, and high-dimensional attributes. In this paper, we propose a model-based conceptual clustering (MCC) of moving objects in video surveillance based on a formal concept analysis. Our proposed MCC consists of three steps: 'model formation', 'model-based concept analysis', and 'concept graph generation'. The generated concept graph provides conceptual descriptions of moving objects. In order to assess the proposed approach, we conduct comprehensive experiments with artificial and real video surveillance data sets. The experimental results indicate that our MCC dominates two other methods, i.e., generality-based and error-based conceptual clustering algorithms, in terms of quality of concepts.
Absorption spectrum of KAm(C8H8)2 in the solution

Abstract Comparison of the absorption spectrum of KAm(C 8 H 8 ) 2 in THF solution with Am 3+ spectra in aqueous solution shows a shift of 450−200 cm −1 toward longer wavelengths; the shift indicates a small degree of covalency in the bonding between Am 3 and the C 8 H 8 2− ligand. The ratio of 244 Cm to 243 Am was unchanged through the reactions involved in the synthesis of KAm(C 8 H 8 ) 2 . No evidence was found for an Am 2+ species after treating KAm(C 8 H 8 ) 2 solutions in THF with potassium naphthanide or n -butyl lithium.
Monolithic CMOS Imaging X-ray Spectrometers

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in collaboration with SRI/Sarnoff is developing monolithic CMOS detectors optimized for x-ray astronomy. The goal of this multi-year program is to produce CMOS x-ray imaging spectrometers that are Fano noise limited over the 0.1-10keV energy band while incorporating the many benefits of CMOS technology. These benefits include: low power consumption, radiation “hardness”, high levels of integration, and very high read rates. Small format test devices from a previous wafer fabrication run (2011-2012) have recently been back-thinned and tested for response below 1keV. These devices perform as expected in regards to dark current, read noise, spectral response and Quantum Efficiency (QE). We demonstrate that running these devices at rates ~> 1Mpix/second eliminates the need for cooling as shot noise from any dark current is greatly mitigated. The test devices were fabricated on 15μm, high resistivity custom (~30kΩ-cm) epitaxial silicon and have a 16 by 192 pixel format. They incorporate 16μm pitch, 6 Transistor Pinned Photo Diode (6TPPD) pixels which have ~40μV/electron sensitivity and a highly parallel analog CDS signal chain. Newer, improved, lower noise detectors have just been fabricated (October 2013). These new detectors are fabricated on 9μm epitaxial silicon and have a 1k by 1k format. They incorporate similar 16μm pitch, 6TPPD pixels but have ~ 50% higher sensitivity and much (3×) lower read noise. These new detectors have undergone preliminary testing for functionality in Front Illuminated (FI) form and are presently being prepared for back thinning and packaging. Monolithic CMOS devices such as these, would be ideal candidate detectors for the focal planes of Solar, planetary and other space-borne x-ray astronomy missions. The high through-put, low noise and excellent low energy response, provide high dynamic range and good time resolution; bright, time varying x-ray features could be temporally and spectrally resolved without saturation. We present details of our camera design and device performance with particular emphasis on those aspects of interest to single photon counting x-ray astronomy. These features include read noise, x-ray spectral response and quantum efficiency. Funding for this work has been provided in large part by NASA Grant NNX09AE86G and a grant from the Betty and Gordon Moore Foundation.
Thermogravimetric study of some divalent transition metal chelates of several amino acids

Thermogravimetric studies of divalent metal chelates of eight common amino acids have revealed that no relationship exists between thermal stability orders of the chelates and hydrolytic stability orders, infrared band shifts or force constants. An attempt is made to relate thermal stability order to relative heats of formation and stereochemistry.
For Us Only? Examining the Effect of Viewing Context on Black Audiences’ Perceived Influence of Black Entertainment

A host of theories including symbolic interactionism explains how media construct our social perceptions. Research suggests that stereotypes of blacks reinforce negative racial attitudes, whereas other findings suggest that blacks enjoy black media characters, even ones that may be considered stereotypical. Current research has yet to address or explain this discrepancy. The present study explores the impact of the race of co-viewers on blacks’ responses to stereotypical content in black films. An experiment was conducted where black participants viewed clips of black films with either an All black audience or a racially Mixed group with a majority white audience. Findings revealed that watching black films with white co-viewers did not influence blacks’ enjoyment or perception of bias; however, an interaction between viewing condition and influence target emerged such that when viewing among a racially Mixed audience, blacks expressed concern that portrayals in the film would negatively influence whites’ attitudes toward blacks and their likelihood to interact with black people more than themselves. Implications for race relations in a multicultural media landscape are discussed.
A Novel Approach to Parallel Coupled Cluster Calculations: Combining Distributed and Shared Memory Techniques for Modern Cluster Based Systems

A parallel coupled cluster algorithm that combines distributed and shared memory techniques for the CCSD(T) method (singles + doubles with perturbative triples) is described. The implementation of the massively parallel CCSD(T) algorithm uses a hybrid molecular and “direct” atomic integral driven approach. Shared memory is used to minimize redundant replicated storage per compute process. The algorithm is targeted at modern cluster based architectures that are comprised of multiprocessor nodes connected by a dedicated communication network. Parallelism is achieved on two levels: parallelism within a compute node via shared memory parallel techniques and parallelism between nodes using distributed memory techniques. The new parallel implementation is designed to allow for the routine evaluation of mid- (500−750 basis function) to large-scale (750−1000 basis function) CCSD(T) energies. Sample calculations are performed on five low-lying isomers of water hexamer using the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set.
A Pared-Down Version of 5,10,15,20-Tetra(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin Intercalates into B-Form DNA Regardless of Base Composition: Binding Studies of Tri(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrins†

Positively charged N-methylpyridinium-4-yl substituents promote the binding of a porphyrin to DNA, but they also impose steric constraints. To clarify when intercalative binding is most feasible, this report describes syntheses and binding studies of two tricationic ligands: 5,10,15-tri(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H2Tri4) and 5-methyl-10,15,20-tri(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (H2MeTri4). Techniques used to characterize the binding interactions include viscometry and spectroscopic studies of the absorption, emission, and circular dichroism. The striking observation is that intercalation is the only detectable binding motif when the trisubstituted porphyrin H2Tri4 combines with [poly(dA-dT)]2, [poly(dG-dC)]2, or salmon testes DNA. H2Tri4 is, however, a limiting case. Parallel studies of H2MeTri4 and the copper(II) derivative Cu(MeTri4) reveal that external binding to [poly(dA-dT)]2 becomes important when a fourth meso substituent is present, even one as small as the methyl group. Intercalation of H2Tri4 is sterically feasible because two N-methylpyridinium-4-yl substituents can reside in the major groove, though the charge alignment is not optimal. However, the presence of the fourth substituent on H2MeTri4 further destabilizes the intercalated form, and external binding becomes competitive for a flexible host like [poly(dA-dT)]2.
α-Amino acid analogues as mechanism-based inactivators of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase

Abstract γ- and β-Amino acids have been used previously to inactivate γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase. Here it is shown that β-halo-, β-phospho-, β-sulpho- L -alanine, and vinyl- L -glycine, all α-amino acids, are time dependent inactivators of purified γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Observations that this inactivation is stereospecific and requires the formation of a Michaelis complex support a catalytic mechanism for this process. α-Amino acids are time dependent inactivators of purified γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase.
The LC/MS/MS characterization of photolysis products of benzotriazole-based ultraviolet absorbers

The photodegradation of Tinuvins P, 328, and 900 (Ciba-Geigy) under mild conditions was confirmed by conducting photolysis in methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile solvents with azo(bis)isobutyronitrile (AIBN, a radical source) or cumene hydroperoxide. Benzotriazole was the major photolytic product observed. In addition to cleavage products, adducts of the parent UV absorber (UVA) were also observed. The identities of various photoproducts were determined by HPLC with UV diode array detection and by combined HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Among the photoproducts identified by MS/MS were benzotriazole, phenolic fragments, and solvent-UVA adducts. The photoproducts identified provide evidence that photochemical degradation is initiated by chemical attack on the phenol ring, which can result in cleavage of the benzotriazole functionality, displacement addition of radicals to the phenolic ring, loss of alkyl ligands from the phenolic ring, and loss of unsaturation in the phenolic ring. The predominance of mass spectral evidence did not support a reaction pathway involving the phenyl hydroxyl group.
Movement induced modulation of afferent transmission to single neurons in the ventroposterior thalamus and somatosensory cortex in rat

Single neurons were simultaneously recorded in the forepaw areas of the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex and ventroposterolateral (VPL) thalamus of awake rats during rest and running behaviors. Movement dependent changes in somatic sensory transmission were tested by generating post-stimulus histograms of these neurons' responses to stimulation through electrodes chronically implanted under the skin of the forepaw, while the aminal ran on a timed treadmill. As viewed in post-paw-stimulus histograms, the evoked unit responses (EURs) could be differentiated into short (4.5 ± 0.1−10.9 ± 0.2 ms) and longer (12.9 ± 0.4 31.3 ± ± 0.9 ms) latency components (“SEURs” and “LEURs”, respectively). The magnitudes of firing during these responses were measured and normalized as percent increases over background firing. By comparison with resting behavior, treadmill movement suppressed both SEURs and LEURs in the thalamus, as well as the cortex. The SEURs, however, were much more strongly suppressed in the SI cortex (−48.3 ± 2.7%) than in the VPL thalamus (−28.1 ± 6.7%). By contrast, similar magnitudes of suppression of LEURs were found in the SI (−25.8 ± 8.6%) and VPL (−26.5 ± 11.1%). These results suggest that the suppression of LEURs observed in the SI cortex may result from modulatory actions on subcortical circuits. Major suppression of SEURs, on the other hand, may occur intracortically, with a minor component ocurring subcortically. Thus, VPL thalamus and SI cortex in the rat appear to be differentially subject to movement related modulation of sensory transmission.
On generalizations of the classical method of confounding to asymmetric factorial experiments

A Kronecker product structure is identified for a particular class of asymmetric factorial designs in blocks, including the classes of designs generated by several of the generalizations of the classical method in the literature. The Kronecker product structure is utilized to establish orthogonal factorial structure for the class of designs and to identify a Principle of Generalized Interaction.
[3H]clonidine binds at multiple high affinity states in human prefrontal cortex

[3H]Clonidine binds at particulate membrane fractions of human prefrontal cortex in a process that demonstrates high affinity, saturability, reversebility, α2-adrenergic selectivity and the existence of multiple affinity states. At 37°C maximal specific [3H]clonidine binding was briefly attained at 10 and lasted only until 15 min, while at 21°C maximal binding was maintained from 20 to 90 min. At 21°C, rate dissociation studies and saturation analyses were at least biphasic, and adrenergic competitors decreased [3H]clonidine binding with Hill coefficients (−)-epinephrine > (−) > yohimbine > (+)-norepinephrine > (±) -isoproterenol > prazosin > serotonin.
Detecting foreign accent in monosyllables: The role of L1 phonotactics

Abstract The present study investigated whether native listeners can detect a foreign accent in short, slightly accented utterances and also whether such information is related to the non-native talkers' native language (L1) phonotactics in terms of segments and syllable structures. To answer these questions, we examined eight native listeners' sensitivity (d′ values) to a foreign accent in a two-alternative forced choice task. Four L1 Korean learners of L2 English with high L2 proficiency along with two native speakers of English produced the test materials consisting of monosyllabic English utterances. The monosyllabic corpus included stimuli having both permissible (CV and CVC) and impermissible syllable structures (CCV and CCVC) in the non-native talkers' L1. The singleton onsets consisted of various segments in terms of Korean phonotactics and the cluster onsets included /l/ or /ɹ/. The results indicated that all the listeners detected a foreign accent from hearing the monosyllabic stimuli. Furthermore, the listeners detected a foreign accent more often from the stimuli with “new” L2 segments than those with “similar” L2 segments, regardless of syllable structure types. The present study demonstrates the L1 segmental phonotactics effects in foreign accent detection. The present study also supports and further demonstrates Flege (1984) 's finding that listeners are sensitive to foreign accent and that they do not need much information (e.g., sentences) to detect a foreign accent, even in proficient L2 learners' productions.
Why are sex and gender important to basic physiology and translational and individualized medicine

Sex refers to biological differences between men and women. Although sex is a fundamental aspect of human physiology that splits the population in two approximately equal halves, this essential biological variable is rarely considered in the design of basic physiological studies, in translating findings from basic science to clinical research, or in developing personalized medical strategies. Contrary to sex, gender refers to social and cultural factors related to being a man or a woman in a particular historical and cultural context. Unfortunately, gender is often used incorrectly by scientists and clinical investigators as synonymous with sex. This article clarifies the definition of sex and gender and reviews evidence showing how sex and gender interact with each other to influence etiology, presentation of disease, and treatment outcomes. In addition, strategies to improve the inclusion of female and male human beings in preclinical and clinical studies will be presented, and the importance of embedding concepts of sex and gender into postgraduate and medical curricula will be discussed. Also, provided is a list of resources for educators. In the history of medical concepts, physiologists have provided pivotal contributions to understanding health and disease processes. In the future, physiologists should provide the evidence for advancing personalized medicine and for reducing sex and gender disparities in health care.
Branching Ratio for Radiative Pion Capture in 6Li and 12C

Abstract The radiative pion capture rate in 12 C and 6 Li leading to bound final states is calculated using the impulse approximation. The T -matrix is obtained from the time-reversed pion photo-production amplitude and initial-state distortion of the bound pion is taken into account. Using recently published capture schedules for pionic atoms the branching ratio R is calculated and compared to experimental values. The agreement is excellent if those experimental values are used that have been obtained by direct observation of the emitted γ-ray and if an optical-model value for the total 2P absorption width in 12 C is used.
Use of ferrum in MRI of lung parenchyma and pulmonary embolism

Abstract MRI of lung parenchyma and pulmonary embolism (PE) remains challenging. “Ferrum”, a ferric hydroxide sucrose complex used clinically for iron deficiency anemia for more than 40 years, was investigated as a negative MRI contrast agent in five rabbits bearing experimental PE as well as in five normal volunteers. Clots were prepared by spontaneous coagulation of 0.1 ml In-111 labeled autologous red blood cells and introduced through the jugular vein. Scintigraphic imaging permitted anatomical localization of PE in vivo and thereby served as a control for MR imaging. MRI was performed on a 1.5 T GE Signa scanner before and after induction of PE, and before and after the injection of Ferrum. T1-weighted images were obtained continuously for up to 90 min using varying doses of Ferrum. In five normal human volunteers, a single dose of 100 mg each was administered. T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo and gradient-echo images of lung parenchyma were repeatedly obtained before and after agent administration. In rabbit, Ferrum remained in circulation for several hours where it shortened both T1 and T2 of blood, improving the contrast between PE and lung parenchyma (i.e., intravascular compartment). A dose of 3 mg/kg was enough to increase the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between PE and lung parenchyma by almost three fold, substantially improving lesion detectability. CNR increased up to five-fold when the dose was increased up to 20 mg/kg at which point CNR reached a plateau. In humans, T2-weighted spin-echo sequence appeared to be most sensitive to changes in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of normal lung parenchyma. Within 60 min after injection of 100 mg of iron, SNR dropped by 34% (p
Kinetics of current-enhanced dissolution of nickel in liquid aluminum

Abstract The dissolution kinetics of nickel in liquid aluminum at temperatures in the range 767–867 °C were investigated under the influence of a DC current. The current had a marked effect on the dissolution rate constant. Correspondingly, the application of the current significantly decreased the activation energy of dissolution. The direction of the DC current was shown to have an effect on dissolution. When the electronic flow was in the direction of dissolution, a further increase in dissolution was observed and attributed to electromigration. Calculations of the effective diffusion coefficient, D eff , of Ni through one of the two intermetallic layers, Al 3 Ni 2 , were made for different current densities and temperatures. From measured electromigration enhanced flux, the effective charge, z ∗ , on the diffusing Ni was calculated.
Restructuring Foreign Language Curricula to Meet the New Challenge

curriculum. Fortunately for those who made the move in the 1960s, the new system of commu nity colleges was recruiting and rewarding young scholars with creative ideas for the development of changed patterns in teaching and learning. These new institutions populated their faculty ranks with well-educated, energetic, forward-thinking, flexi ble young graduates who built new curricular pat terns and experimented with a variety of instruc tional formats.
Statistical theories of melting

Abstract Computer experiments can now be used to locate the melting transition for idealized particles which interact according to any specified force law. The results of such computer experiments can then be compared with the predictions of approximate melting theories. We review the computer results obtained for some simple force laws in order to illustrate the successes and limitations of the theories.
Man, Energy, and Anthropology: I Can Feel the Heat, But Where's the Light?

Anthropology should deal with man holistically, but has failed to do so. The field is unfortunately split between mentalistic and materialistic schools and has not developed a theory to cope with the complexity of large contemporary societies. Energy similarly has been little studied by anthropology because there has been no theory sufficient for the purpose. The thermodynamics of structures far from equilibrium and the dissipative structure model of Ilya Prigogine offer a method for both studying energy in society and dealing with society as a whole. Anthropologists are urged to pursue study of this area because it is critical for an understanding of human destiny. [energy, holism, materialism-mentalism, dissipative structures, complex societies]
Development and Agrarian Land Reform in Venezuela's Pioneer Zone: Social Progress Along the Llano‐Andes Border in a Half Century of Political Advance

. Opportunities in the oil fields and on the large and small farms and ranches in the pioneer zone of Venezuela along the Llanos-Andes border attract tens of thousands of “undocumented”Colombian migrants. Many replace Venezuelans fleeing from the country to the urban areas Residents of the higher “cold country” elevations move into the lower ones, whose residents move into the now healthier hot” lowlands. The affluent arc moving from the lowlands to the “cold country,” the reverse direction. Sites for hydroelectric dams, noted in 1932, are being exploited, and significant progress is marked by erection of schools and universities, libraries and other cultural institutions Political reform made possible agrarian land reform, but new latifundistas are appearing as lawyers, physicians and businessmen use wealth acquired in their professions to become large landowners seeking to profit from their holdings.
Comparison between structurally connected propellant formation flying and electromagnetic formation flying spacecraft configurations for Gen-X mission

Gen-X is a next generation concept x-ray telescope that would be approximately 1000-times more sensitive than current x-ray telescopes such as Chandra. Since Gen-X will require focal lengths greater than 50 meters, formation flying the detector module behind the primary mirror is a feasible option. This study investigates the viability of a novel approach referred to as Electromagnetic Formation Flight (EMFF). EMFF uses High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) coils to generate force and torque between the primary and detector modules. EMFF subsystems such as coils, thermal control and power are sized as a function of different system parameters such as slew rate, focal length and detector mass. To investigate the viability of EMFF, a comparison is made between three different techniques for keeping the detector at the focal length distance behind the primary mirror assembly. The first architecture uses a deployable truss to create a Structurally Connected X-ray telescope (SCX), the second uses propellant-based formation flying (PFF) and the third uses Electromagnetic Formation Flying (EMFF).
Beyond master and slave: Reconciling our fears of power in the writing classroom

In Volume Two of History of Sexuality, Michel Foucault describes how the Greeks "managed" relations of affection between men and boys, a particularly complex task for them, given that young Greek men were in training to be free and equal citizens to the grown men who would court them.' Even while such relations were generally accepted, they still were very problematic, for both parties needed to know how to conduct themselves so as to maintain their autonomous status. To those ends this "problematic" generated a great deal of concerned discourse, a discourse "invested with values, imperatives, demands, rules, advice, and exhortations that were as numerous as they were emphatic and singular" (192). Seemingly unresolvable contradictions are good fuel for discourse, and the idea of sexual relations between autonomous (or autonomous-to-be) Greek free men was contradictory because, as Foucault hypothesizes, sexual relations for them had a distinct form and shape roughly parallel to public relations: Sexual partners could play only a dominant or a subordinate role, just as in matters of the public, some men were free citizens and all others-children, wives, and slaves-were subordinate to them. So, unlike other relationships where sexual roles were easily made consonant with social ones, sexual relations between free men and freeborn adolescent males contained a very troubling inconsistency. Given the almost fetishistic attention young men received, one was naturally expected to love and desire them sexually, but as the discourse reveals, both parties had somehow to allow for the ability of those young men to enter into what could only be understood as a submissive role even as they developed their ability to choose, act, and exercise power as free men: In the case of marriage . . . the essential question concerned the moderation that needed to be shown in exercising power. In the case of the relationship with boys, the ethics of pleasures would have to bring into play-across age differences-subtle strategies that would make allowance for the other's freedom, his ability to refuse, and his required consent. (The History of Sexuality Volume
The impact of radiotherapy dose and other treatment-related and clinical factors on in-field control in stage I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Abstract Purpose/Objective: To assess local (in-field) disease control, identify potential prognostic factors, and elucidate the optimal radiotherapy dose in various clinical settings of Stage I and II nonHodgkin’s lymphoma (non-CNS). Materials & Methods: A total of 285 consecutive patients with Stage I and II non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma were treated with curative intent, including 159 with radiotherapy (RT) alone and 126 with combined-modality therapy (CMT). Of these, 72 patients had low-grade lymphomas (LGL), 92 had intermediate or high-grade lymphomas (I/HGL), and 21 had unclassified lymphomas. Clinical and treatment variables with potential prognostic significance for in-field disease control, freedom from relapse (FFR), and absolute survival (AS) were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The 5-, 10-, and 20-year actuarial AS rates were 73%, 46%, and 33% for patients with LGL and 64%, 44%, and 18% for patients with I/HGL, respectively. The 5-, 10-, and 20-year actuarial FFR rates were 62%, 59%, and 49% for patients with LGL and 66%, 57%, and 57% for patients with I/HGL, respectively. Significant prognostic factors identified by the multivariate analysis were age, tumor size, and histology for AS; tumor size and treatment for FFR; and only tumor size for in-field disease control. There were 95 total failures, with only 12 occurring infield. Most failures (65%) were in contiguous unirradiated sites. All 4 in-field failures in patients with LGL occurred after RT doses 6 cm, and 4 with less than a complete response (CR) to chemotherapy. Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that the overwhelming problem in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not in-field failure but, rather, failure in contiguous unirradiated sites. A dose of 20–25 Gy may be sufficient for small-volume LGL of the orbit. A dose of 30 Gy is sufficient for LGL in general, as well as for patients with nonbulky (≤ 6 cm) I/HGL treated with CMT who have a CR. However, patients with I/HGL treated with CMT for tumors > 6 cm and/or without a CR may benefit from doses ≥ 40 Gy.
A Computational Framework for Understanding Decision Making through Integration of Basic Learning Rules

Nonassociative and associative learning rules simultaneously modify neural circuits. However, it remains unclear how these forms of plasticity interact to produce conditioned responses. Here we integrate nonassociative and associative conditioning within a uniform model of olfactory learning in the honeybee. Honeybees show a fairly abrupt increase in response after a number of conditioning trials. The occurrence of this abrupt change takes many more trials after exposure to nonassociative trials than just using associative conditioning. We found that the interaction of unsupervised and supervised learning rules is critical for explaining latent inhibition phenomenon. Associative conditioning combined with the mutual inhibition between the output neurons produces an abrupt increase in performance despite smooth changes of the synaptic weights. The results show that an integrated set of learning rules implemented using fan-out connectivities together with neural inhibition can explain the broad range of experimental data on learning behaviors.
The Relationship Between Radar Reflectivity Factor and Hail at the Ground for Northeast Colorado Thunderstorms

Abstract Data from the hailpad network of the National Hail Research Experiment were examined in relation to the equivalent radar reflectivity factors recorded in the lowest level sweeps of the radar beam over the pads during hailstorms in 1972 and 1976. The relationship between hail detected at the ground and reflectivity factor was examined for both areal coverage and on a point-by-point basis for each hailpad. The comparisons show that reflectivity factors of 55 dBZ are often measured when no hail is observed at the ground. Rain alone can give rise to reflectivities of this magnitude. The results of the study show that in northeastern Colorado low-level equivalent radar reflectivity factors alone cannot be used to determine the region of hailfall at the ground, nor are they likely to augment quantitative measurements by a ground network of hail sensors. The results found in northeastern Colorado are compared to results from other geographical regions.
Dream appreciation group: A model of stress prevention for medical students

This paper describes a pilot study in stress prevention for medical students, utilizing Montegue Ullman's process in a dream appreciation group. Relevant literature on the use of dreams in a group is reviewed. In this model, group dynamics and interaction are not analyzed, rather the dream holds center stage. The technique of working with dreams in a group is described, and selected vignettes are presented to document the process. This study suggests that in the presence of a supportive group atmosphere, unconscious conflicts can be alleviated or resolved so as to enhance medical students' evolving personal and professional identity.