cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New method to integrate remotely sensed hydrothermal alteration mapping into quantitative mineral resource assessments

Hydrothermal alteration data mapped using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were compiled into hydrothermal alteration polygons for use in an assessment of porphyry copper mineral resource potential in the southwestern United States. Hydrothermal alteration polygons along with geochemistry, gravity and magnetic, lithologic, and deposit and prospects data were compiled in a GIS to produce a quantitative set of physical properties for each polygon that were effectively used in making estimates of undiscovered deposits for each permissive tract. Results show a higher estimate of potential undiscovered deposits (17 vs 14) for permissive tracts when ASTER alteration data were used in the assessment.
Effects Of The ACA’s Health Insurance Marketplaces On The Previously Uninsured: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis

Descriptive studies have suggested that the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA’s) health insurance Marketplaces improved access to care. However, no evidence from quasi-experimental studies is available to support these findings. We used longitudinal survey data to compare previously uninsured adults with incomes that made them eligible for subsidized Marketplace coverage (138–400 percent of the federal poverty level) to those who had employer-sponsored insurance before the ACA with incomes in the same range. Among the previously uninsured group, the ACA led to a significant decline in the uninsurance rate, decreased barriers to medical care, increased the use of outpatient services and prescription drugs, and increased diagnoses of hypertension, compared to a control group with stable employer-sponsored insurance. Changes were largest among previously uninsured people with incomes of 138–250 percent of poverty, who were eligible for the ACA’s cost-sharing reductions. Our quasi-experimental approach provides rigo...
Overview of Transverse Beam Models

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the existing linear transverse beam models that can be used to model an offshore structure. The existing beam theories are the Euler-Bernoulli, Rayleigh, shear and Timoshenko. First, a review of the four beam theories are presented. Second, the underlying assumptions used in the beam models are delineated. Third, the equation of motion for each model and the expressions for boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton’s variational principle. Fourth, the frequency equations are obtained for four sets of end conditions: free-free, clamped-clamped, hinged-hinged, and clamped-free. The roots of the frequency equations are presented in terms of normalized wave numbers. The normalized wave numbers for the other six sets of end conditions are obtained using the analysis of symmetric and antisymmetric modes from the wave numbers of the previous four sets of end conditions. For engineering purposes, the normalized wave numbers for each set of end conditions are tabulated or plotted as a function of geometric and physical parameters. Fifth, the orthogonality conditions of the eigenfunctions and the procedure to obtain the forced response using the method of eigenfunction expansion are presented. Finally, a numerical example is shown for a non-slender beam to illustrate the differences among the four beam models.
Taking the Brain Seriously

For some supporters of Connectionism, the Classicist’s productivity and systematicity arguments are largely misguided efforts, since these arguments do not involve taking the brain seriously. There are numerous permutations on this view. For example, one might think that the arguments rely on a naive or misguided understanding of cognition. Alternatively, one might think that the arguments rely on a naive or misguided understanding of the proper or best scientific methods for studying cognition. For the more radical skeptics about the mind, there are behavioral variants of these views. Thus, one can think that the arguments rely on a naive or misguided understanding of behavior. One can also believe that they rely on a naive or misguided understanding of the proper or best scientific methods for studying behavior. Uniting many of these skeptical reactions to the Classical arguments is the belief that cognitive science should in some sense take the brain seriously. Patricia and Paul Churchland, for example, have developed views in this vein. Having expressed interest in various eliminativist ideas about the mental, they have largely ignored the productivity and systematicity arguments. Certainly anyone who has doubts about the plausibility of the entire conceptual framework of the cognitive will have even greater skepticism about more esoteric features such as its putative productivity and systematicity.
Definitions and Forms of Social Capital

The first modern conceptualization of social capital was actually presented before the Golden Era of social capital in the 1990s and 2000s. The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu wrote about social capital already in the late 1970s and 1980s. Economic, cultural and social capitals are the archetypes of capitals that affect the life chances of individuals and function in the cultural practices of communities. Bourdieu mentioned “social capital” in 1979 in La distinction where he graphically described the interplay and functioning of various capitals in the class structure of human society (Bourdieu 1979, p. 139). The idea of social capital was repeated in his subsequent works, but always as a possible concept for understanding how social capital transforms into economic capital and power (Bourdieu 1979, 1980, 1986). The theoretical basis for social capital was published in 1980 (Bourdieu 1980), and became known in the USA 6 years later through an English translation (Bourdieu 1986). The most cited conceptualization of social capital by Bourdieu (in English translation) is “the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition” (Bourdieu 1986, p. 248).
Canonical Fixed Points

The previous chapter considered a number of situations in which an object of semantic interest arises as the least fixed point of a continuous map ψ:(D, ≤)→(D, ≤) of some domain (D, ≤). So far, the domain structure is but a technical device to distinguish the least fixpoint from the other fixed points.
The Bridge Course Design: Formative Assessment and Student-Centered Learning in Cross-Course Classrooms

This paper reports on the effectiveness of an innovative course design that bridges classes from two different disciplines. The Bridge design creates assignments in two classes: a summary class and a panel class. The design encourages students to engage in teaching and interacting with their peers within and across disciplines, and provides instructors with unique opportunities for formative assessment. Relative to control groups, students in the summary class perceived greater opportunities to teach peers, participate in class discussions, think critically, and engage in collaborative learning. Students in the panel class showed gains in critical thinking. Both classes afforded multiple opportunities for formative assessment. Following a discussion of the results, recommendations for improving the Bridge design are presented.
Immunology of Respiratory Viruses

More than 80% of acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses. These viruses are wide in diversity and distribution (Table 1). Respiratory viruses are highly infectious and are easily spread in the community. At the present time, immunity derived from previous exposure is the only effective means by which to stop the spread of these agents.
In-situ quantification of intra and intergranular deformation in pure magnesium using full-field measurements at low and high strain rates

Abstract Due to the presence of weak grain boundaries as well as significantly coarse grain structure with minimal deformability, grain boundary cracking is almost an inevitable source of failure when a cast magnesium-based alloy is deformed at low homologous temperatures. The main objective in this work is to quantitatively investigate the contribution of inter- and intragranular deformation to the macroscale deformability and ductility of nominally pure as-cast magnesium subjected to quasi-static and dynamic loading. The proposed mesoscale full-field measurement approach is first presented and verified through measurements carried out to investigate deformation and grain boundary cracking in cast magnesium subjected to quasi-static loading. The method is then extended into the analysis of mesoscale deformation and failure under dynamic loading conditions using an experimental setup consisting of a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and a high-speed imaging system. In both cases, the effect of the initial grain configuration on the local deformation response of Mg is investigated. The results indicate that the contribution of grain boundary region deformation to the total deformation exerted on the Mg samples is significant and depends on the initial grain configuration. Also, the strain rate sensitivity of the material is found to be dominated by the material deformation in the vicinity of grain boundaries.
Meniscus Repair in the Posterior Third: The All-Inside Option

The benefits of meniscal preservation have been well established in the literature. There is a growing trend toward meniscal repair in recent years. All-inside repair techniques and instrumentation have rapidly evolved and enable the surgeon to manage complex meniscal pathology, often more safely and efficiently and less invasively than classical inside-out repair. The posterior third of the meniscus presents added challenges in regards to proper access to the tears as well as proximity to vital neurovascular structures. This article outlines the senior author's Nicholas A. Sgaglione preferred technique for all-inside repair of posterior third medial and lateral meniscus tears.
Kidney Discard Rates in the United States During American Transplant Congress Meetings.

Background Deceased-donor kidney discard rates vary by region, but it is unknown whether discard rates and transplant outcomes vary during the American Transplant Congress (ATC) each year. Methods Using national registry data, we determined rates of kidney discard, delayed graft function, graft failure, and mortality from December 31, 1999, through December 30, 2015, during ATC dates and compared these rates with those on the same days of the week during the 2 weeks before and after the ATC (non-ATC). We used multivariable regression to determine associations between ATC and these outcomes. Results From 7902 donors (1575 ATC; 6327 non-ATC), 12 588 recipients received kidney transplants (2455 ATC; 10 133 non-ATC), and 2666 kidneys were discarded (582 ATC; 2084 non-ATC). Kidneys were more often discarded during ATC (19% vs 17%, P = 0.006; adjusted odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.40). There were no significant differences in donor, transplant, or recipient characteristics by ATC/non-ATC dates or by ATC/non-ATC transplant dates for delayed graft function, graft failure, or mortality. Conclusions On the basis of a 21% increased odds of discard, the ATC itself may result in 5 additional kidney discards during this important conference every year, which suggests the need for innovative staffing or other logistic solutions during these planned meetings.
Response to comment "h α : the scientist as chimpanzee or bonobo", by Leydesdorff, Bornmann and Opthof.

In this comment by Leydesdorff, Bornmann and Opthof (Scientometrics https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03004-3 , 2019) the authors criticize the recently proposed $$h_{\alpha }$$ index (Scientometrics https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2994-1 , 2018) on the basis that “ $$h_{\alpha }$$ inherits most of the disadvantages of the h-index”, that it “can be extremely unstable”, and that “The empirical attribution of credit among co-authors is not captured by abstract models such as h, $$\bar{h}$$ , or $$h_{\alpha }$$ ”. I refute their arguments and present further evidence that $$h_{\alpha }$$ is a useful and essential complement to the h-index.
Chapter 14.3 Automated MAD and MIR structure solution

In this chapter, the Solve software is described. Solve is designed to automate the solution of macromolecular X-ray structures in straightforward cases. The overall approach is to link together, in a seamless procedure, all the analysis steps that a crystallographer would normally carry out. In the process, the software converts each decision-making step into an optimization problem. A key element of the procedure is the scoring and ranking of possible solutions. For MAD data, a second key element is the conversion of MAD data to pseudo-SIRAS data, allowing for much faster structure solution. The automated procedure has been used to determine structures with as many as 56 selenium atoms in the asymmetric unit. Keywords: Solve; anomalous-scatterer labels for MAD; anomalous scattering; anomalous scattering factors; automated structure solution for MAD and MIR; MAD; MIR; multiple isomorphous replacement; multiwavelength anomalous diffraction; phasing; scattering factors; structure solution
The Correlations between Microfinance Participation and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Rural Bangladesh: Economic Disempowerment and Deteriorating Social Health in Rural Women

The aim of this study is to examine and understand the multifaceted relationship between participation in rural microfinance programs and intimate partner violence (IPV) for Bangladeshi women. The stern negative socioeconomic impacts of IPV on Bangladeshi rural women have been recognized and addressed in a growing number of case studies and analyses. This study finds that membership in microfinance loan programs in rural areas results in reduced IPV in the household. Furthermore, when the husband/partner is more educated and the wife has more decision-making ability in the household and used birth control last year, the IPV instances reduced significantly in that household. This study uses the 2014 Bangladeshi Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) implemented by the National Institute for Population Research and Training (NIPORT). We find that membership in microfinance loan programs and husbands’ level of education and birth control usage associates with reduced IPV in the household.
Justified’s visual rhetoric: television’s subtle unmasking of the myth of the south

In this article, I argue that the television show Justified represents a critique of the Myth of the South. I argue that Justified critiques the representation of the U.S. South and it does so by i...
Mark Prichard: Scholar, family man and friend.

Abstract Mark Prichard, professor of pediatrics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, an expert in antiviral therapy and an editor for Antiviral Research, died in June, 2019 after a long battle with cancer. He was widely known and respected in the research community for his work on the development of new treatments for DNA virus infections. This article pays tribute to Mark as a scholar, family man and friend.
Injectable and moldable hydrogels for use in sensitive and wide range strain sensing applications.

Recently, the use of hybrid double network (DN) hydrogels has become prominent due to their enhanced mechanical properties, which has opened the door for new applications of these soft materials. Only a few of these gels have demonstrated both injectable and moldable capabilities. In this work, we report the mechanical properties, gauge factor (GF) values and demonstrate both the injectability and moldability of a gelatin/polyacrylamide DN hydrogel. We optimized several parameters, such as, gelatin to polyacrylamide ratio, reactant concentrations and metal ion concentration, to produce a gelatin/polyacrylamide hydrogel with superior mechanical properties. The highest water content gel was capable of withstanding strains of 5000% before failure. These gels were facilely injected into molds where they effectively changed shape and maintained similar properties prior to remolding. When 20 mM calcium was doped into a similar gel, a tensile strength of 1.71 MPa was achieved. Aside from improving the mechanical properties of the gels, both Ca2+ and Mg2+ also improved their conductivity, so they were tested for use as strain sensors. The sensitivity of the hydrogel strain sensors were measured using the GF. For the 20 mM Ca2+ hydrogel, these GF values ranged from 1.63 to 6.85 for strains of 100% to 2100% respectively. Additionally, the sensors showed good stability over continuous cyclic stretching, demonstrating their long term reliability for strain sensing.
A Novel COVID-19 Early Warning Tool: Moore Swab Method for Wastewater Surveillance at an Institutional Level

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus but it is also detected in a significant proportion of fecal samples of COVID-19 cases. Recent studies have shown that wastewater surveillance can be a low-cost tool for management of COVID-19 pandemic and tracking COVID-19 outbreaks in communities but most studies have been focusing on sampling from wastewater treatment plants. Institutional level of wastewater surveillance may serve well for early warning purposes since cases can be tracked and immediate action can be executed in the event of positive signal. In this study, a novel Moore swab method was developed and used for wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 at institutional level. Among the 219 swab samples tested, 28 (12.8%) swabs collected from the three campuses and two buildings were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Further individual clinical diagnosis validated the wastewater results and indicated that this method was sensitive enough to detect 1-2 cases in a building. In addition, comparison between grab and Moore swab methods from the hospital sewage line indicated that Moore swab method was more sensitive than the grab sampling method. These results suggest that the Moore swab is a sensitive, practical, and easy to use early warning tool for COVID-19 surveillance especially in low-resource settings and at an early stage of infection in communities.
Successful Treatment of Myxedema Coma Using Liothyronine in the Setting of Adrenal Crisis

Background: Myxedema coma (MC) represents severe decompensated hypothyroidism and is associated with mortality rates up to 50%. It is precipitated by an acute event which disrupts compensatory mechanisms present in severe hypothyroidism. Treatment includes IV levothyroxine (LT4) with consideration of liothyronine (LT3) therapy and management of any underlying stressor. Here we present a case of MC and adrenal crisis due to pituitary dysfunction successfully treated with IV LT4 and LT3. Case: A 55-year-old female with no pertinent medical history presented with two weeks of shortness of breath, anorexia, fatigue, and unexplained falls. Her initial vital signs were notable for a blood pressure of 86/60, temperature of 36.3 °C, heart rate of 59, SpO2 of 86 on room air, and respiratory rate of 21. Exam was notable for altered mentation, respiratory distress, decreased bowel sounds, and edematous facies. Initial serum studies were notable for sodium of 133 mmol/L (135-145 mmol/L), blood glucose of 50 mg/dL (74-99 mg/dL), TSH of 2.1 mIU/L (0.45-4.50 mIU/L), and blood gas showed pH of 7.27 and PaCO2 of 84.7 mmHg. She was intubated, started on vasopressors, and IV hydrocortisone 100 mg was administered. Her pretreatment serum cortisol was unmeasurable (below 0.5 mcg/dL) and ACTH resulted at 2.0 pg/mL (7-63 pg/mL). Despite hydrocortisone 50 mg q8h, her vitals worsened with HR to 40 bpm and temperature to 34.4 °C. Given concerns for MC, free and total T4 tests were obtained and both were undetectable (below 0.4 ng/dL and 4.0 ug/dL, respectively), so 300 mcg IV LT4 was administered. The next day, the patient’s vasopressor requirement increased, so 5 mcg IV LT3 q8h was added and IV LT4 was maintained at 100 mcg/day. Total T4 and T3 were measured daily and increased into the reference range over the course of 8 days and 2 days, respectively. LT3 was discontinued after 8 days and LT4 was converted to oral regimen of 125 mcg LT4 (weight expected 115 mcg) on day 14 after extubation; her hydrocortisone was tapered to a daily total of 30 mg PO. An MRI of pituitary showed an empty sella with a thin rim of normal appearing tissue without other lesions. The patient later denied any history of post-partum hemorrhage, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, pituitary surgery, radiation, or trauma. She is currently doing well on LT4 and hydrocortisone replacement. Conclusion: This case highlights the successful use of combined LT4 and LT3 in the treatment of MC with concomitant adrenal crisis. LT3 therapy may have been particularly beneficial in this case as conversion of T4 to T3 may be limited in setting of severe illness and high-dose glucocorticoid administration. Limited observational literature suggests that LT3 use can have clinical benefit, although excessive LT3 dosing may be associated with increased mortality. Further research is required to elucidate the benefits of empiric LT3 use in MC with concurrent adrenal insufficiency.
Auditor Independence and Fair Value Accounting: An Examination of Nonaudit Fees and Goodwill Impairments

Inadequate testing of fair value accounting estimates, including goodwill, is often cited as an audit deficiency in PCAOB inspection reports, and, in some cases, these deficiencies have led to enforcement actions against the auditor. As a result of these issues, the PCAOB recently proposed a new auditing standard for fair value accounting. While these regulatory actions suggest that auditors are challenged by the fair value regime of accounting for goodwill, they also highlight an area where the auditor could be influenced by their financial ties to a client. In this study, we test whether nonaudit fees are associated with goodwill impairment decision outcomes. Our results indicate that the nonaudit fees a client pays are inversely related to the likelihood of impairment in settings where goodwill is likely to be impaired. Additional examinations suggest that the negative relation between nonaudit fees and auditor independence is driven by clients who are most incentivized to exert their influence over the auditor. Independance de l'auditeur et comptabilite a la juste valeur : une etude des honoraires pour services non lies a l'audit et de la depreciation du goodwill Les tests inadequats des estimations comptables de la juste valeur, notamment celle du goodwill, sont souvent evoques comme deficience de l'audit dans les rapports d'inspection du PCAOB, deficience qui, dans certains cas, a mene a l'application de sanctions aux auditeurs. C'est pourquoi le PCAOB a recemment propose une nouvelle norme d'audit pour la comptabilisation a la juste valeur. Bien que ces mesures reglementaires donnent a penser que les auditeurs sont aux prises avec les difficultes que souleve le regime de comptabilisation du goodwill a la juste valeur, elles mettent aussi en lumiere un aspect du travail dans lequel l'auditeur pourrait etre influence par ses liens financiers avec le client. Les auteurs verifient dans leur etude si les honoraires pour services non lies a l'audit sont associes aux consequences des decisions relatives a la depreciation du goodwill. Les resultats de leur analyse indiquent que les honoraires pour services non lies a l'audit que verse un client sont en relation inverse avec la probabilite de depreciation dans les situations ou la depreciation du goodwill est probable. Des analyses supplementaires semblent indiquer que la relation negative entre les honoraires pour services non lies a l'audit et l'independance de l'auditeur est tributaire des clients qui sont le plus motives a exercer leur influence sur l'auditeur.
Colorectal Pathology in the Pelvis

Objective: Management of rectal cancer has undergone major shifts in the past few decades and continues to evolve. With radical surgical resection historically being the primary means of treatment,...
Transcriptional Pathology Evolves over Time in Rat Hippocampus after Lateral Fluid Percussion Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute and lasting impacts on the brain, driving pathology along anatomical, cellular, and behavioral dimensions. Rodent models offer an opportunity to study the ...
Operator Algebras: Theory of C*-Algebras and von Neumann Algebras

Operators on Hilbert Space.- C*-Algebras.- Von Neumann Algebras.- Further Structure.- K-Theory and Finiteness.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy is one of the most fruitful results to emerge from Newtonian mechanics. Since its origin, the law has been extended to include thermal and electromagnetic energy and forms of nuclear energy. Physically, energy is identified with the capacity to perform work. A particle possessing kinetic energy is capable of performing work—converting kinetic energy into work. This chapter discusses the law of conservation of energy to include a new form of energy, that is, potential energy. A system possessing potential energy is also capable of performing work. The chapter distinguishes between two types of forces—conservative and non-conservative. If the work done by a particular force in every closed path equals zero, then that force is called conservative. Forces not having this property are called non-conservative. The chapter additionally discusses the kinetic energy conservation principle. The total energy of a particle is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies. If only conservative forces act, the total energy of the particle is conserved.
Local Government Taxation in Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the current practice of local government taxation in Pakistan and to point the way toward structural reforms that are both more rational and more in step with Pakistan’s vision for its fiscal decentralization. The analysis here is restricted to sub provincial governments, i.e., districts, TMA’s and union councils but with a decided emphasis on the former two. We do this by examining the current practice, and by drawing on international comparisons and “best practices” as laid out in the theory of fiscal federalism.
Kainate receptor subunits underlying presynaptic regulation of transmitter release in the dorsal horn.

Presynaptic kainate (KA) receptors regulate synaptic transmission at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Previous work has demonstrated pharmacological differences between the KA receptors expressed by rat dorsal horn neurons and those expressed by the primary afferent sensory neurons that innervate the dorsal horn. Here, neurons isolated from mice deficient in the KA receptor subunit were used to evaluate the contributions of glutamate receptor subunit 5 (GluR5) and GluR6 to the presynaptic control of transmitter release and to KA receptor-mediated whole-cell currents in these two cell populations. Deletion of GluR6 produced a significant reduction in KA receptor-mediated current density in dorsal horn neurons, whereas GluR5 deletion caused no change in current density but removed sensitivity to GluR5-selective antagonists. Presynaptic modulation of inhibitory transmission between dorsal horn neurons was preserved in cells from either GluR5- or GluR6-deficient mice. In DRG neurons, in contrast, GluR5 deletion abolished KA receptor function, whereas deletion of GluR6 had little effect on peak current density but increased the rate and extent of desensitization. These results highlight fundamental differences in KA receptor physiology between the two cell types and suggest possible strategies for the pharmacological modulation of nociception.
On the parallel evaluation of classes of circuits

We treat the problem of parallel evaluation of two important classes of circuits: polynomial degree circuits, and leveled monotone planar circuits. We show that if the operators form a non-commutative semi-ring, then there exists a circuit of degree 0(n) and size 0(n) for which the minimum depth after any restructuring is n. We also establish that any leveled monotone planar boolean circuit of size n can be evaluated by poly(n) processors in 0(log3n) parallel time.
Adaptive behavior of cortical neurons during a perturbed arm-reaching movement in a nonhuman primate

This chapter provides evidence of spatial and temporal changes in the behavior of neurons within Areas 5 and 4 of the sensorimotor cortex of a nonhuman primate while it was executing a perturbed arm-reaching task. Chronically implanted electrode arrays were used to record simultaneously from 37 to 58 neurons. Also measured were the trajectory of arm movement, EMG activity in selected arm muscles and the perturbation force applied to the arm. The adaptation in Area 4 neurons' behavior usually involved a reduction in the latency from the onset of the perturbation to the peak-firing rate of the cell. In contrast, Area 5 neurons exhibited no such adaptive change in this latency. In each cortical area, the adaptation was not uniform across all neurons, and the spatial pattern of neuronal population behavior changed over the period of behavioral adaptation. We also found that the direction of arm movement and its configuration were important in determining which control strategy (predictive trajectory compensation or stiffness control) the animal used to overcome the externally applied perturbation for an improved performance of the reaching task.
Dislocations in LaBr3 crystals

Using a many-body embedded ion method potential for La-Br system, molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study dislocations in the UCl 3 type of LaBr 3 crystal including identification of dislocation line energy, core structure, migration mechanism, and mobility. We found that dislocations with the Burgers vector can move under shear stresses, but they retain perfect dislocations during the motion rather than dissociated partials as commonly seen in metal systems. Unlike the edge dislocations whose mobility increases with temperature, the screw dislocations may become sessile at high temperatures due to thermally activated dissociation of the core. Dislocations with the Burgers vector were found to be sessile due to non-planar dissociation at the core. Because the dislocations can only slip on the {1 1 00 } prism plane and often only the edge dislocations are operative, the stresses created during any thermal mechanical processes cannot be effectively relieved by the plastic deformation mechanism. Considering that LaBr 3 tend to cleave along the {1 1 00 } prism plane, the simulations shed some lights on why this material is so brittle and how large LaBr 3 crystals tend to fracture during growth.
Experiences in a software engineering practicum

Summary form only given. Beginning with the graduating class of 1990, the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Computer Science degree has had an eight credit requirement in the practice of software engineering. This presentation is a summary of seven years of the author's experience as facilitator for this requirement.
Atomoxetine, Parent Training, and Their Combination in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective Impairments associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and noncompliance are prevalent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, ADHD response to stimulants is well below rates in typically developing children, with frequent side effects. Group studies of treatments for noncompliance are rare in ASD. We examined individual and combined-effectiveness of atomoxetine (ATX) and parent training (PT) for ADHD symptoms and noncompliance. Method In a 3-site, 10-week, double-blind, 2 × 2 trial of ATX and PT, 128 children (ages 5–14 years) with ASD and ADHD symptoms were randomized to ATX, ATX+PT, placebo+PT, or placebo. ATX was adjusted to optimal dose (capped at 1.8 mg/kg/day) over 6 weeks and maintained for 4 additional weeks. Nine PT sessions were provided. Primary outcome measures were the parent-rated DSM ADHD symptoms on the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham (SNAP) scale and Home Situations Questionnaire (HSQ). Results On the SNAP, ATX, ATX+PT and placebo+PT were each superior to placebo (effect sizes 0.57–0.98; p values of .0005, .0004, and .025, respectively). For noncompliance, ATX and ATX+PT were superior to placebo (effect sizes 0.47–0.64; p values .03 and .0028, respectively). ATX was associated with decreased appetite but was otherwise well tolerated. Conclusion Both ATX and PT resulted in significant improvement on ADHD symptoms, whereas ATX (both alone and combined with PT) was associated with significant decreases on measures of noncompliance. ATX appears to have a better side effects profile than psychostimulants in the population with ASD. Clinical Trial Registration Information Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00844753.
The MHTGR Gas Turbine: A Power Plant Ideally Suited to Meeting the Energy Needs of the Newly Industrializing Nations

It has been estimated, that shortly after the year 2050, the energy use in the developing nations will exceed energy use in the industrialized countries. Utilization of the human resources in the newly industrializing nations will be a key factor to ensure global economic stability, and an important element towards an increase in their standard of living will be assurance of a secure and economic source of power. Lessons learned from the industrialized nations will include avoidance of fragility of their economy based on the dependence of fossil fuels, and the negative environmental consequences; simply stated the economic future of the newly industrializing nations is very dependent on the deployment of nuclear power.The Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR), with its unquestionable safety, must be viewed as a leading candidate to meet the aforementioned energy needs. Utilizing a helium turbine power conversion system, the basic module rating is around 200 MW(e). The modular approach permits incremental expansion as the electrical grid infrastructure expands. The nuclear gas turbine plant has many attributes, including the following: (1) complete factory fabrication and assembly; (2) minimum site construction work; (3) siting flexibility (cooling water not required since economic dry cooling can be realized with the Brayton cycle); (4) operation in a cogeneration mode without loss of electrical output (i.e., steam production, desalination); and (5) increasing local participation in module fabrication as the system matures.This paper highlights the advantages of the modular nuclear gas turbine plant, and emphasizes the fact that the major components are based on proven technology. With introduction of this inherently safe, high efficiency, nuclear power plant shortly after the turn of the century, the ever-increasing demand for power throughout the 21st century by the newly industrializing nations will be assured.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
A kinematically intelligent blackboard for computer-aided instruction

A graphical software environment for use as a classroom teaching tool in machine mechanisms classes of mechanical engineering students is described. The traditional static blackboard is replaced with a projected "electronic blackboard," with a kinematic "intelligence" to interpret the sketches of linkages so that they behave as real dynamic linkages. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermal performance impacts of heat spreading lids on flip chip packages: With and without heat sinks

Abstract Heat spreading lids on a flip chip package can provide many thermal and mechanical advantages. Major drawbacks are higher module costs and potentially poorer thermal performance with a heat sink. This study compares thermal performance of direct lid attach (DLA) and bare die flip chip packages and addresses the roles of interface resistance and lid thickness. The IBM SLC TM package is tested and modeled. JEDEC standard wind tunnel tests as well as CFD models are used for analysis. The study reveals that the DLA design without additional heat sinking can provide significantly better thermal performance compared to the bare die package, depending on package size and airflow rate. With a heat sink the performance of the lidded package can be superior or inferior depending on interface resistance, lid design and the standard used for comparison.
Tools to detect and modify sickle cell nephropathy

Placement of the development of a sickle cell nephropathy in a time/event line is helped by better measures of glomerular filtration rate, tubular dysfunction, and proteinuria. Preventing or slowing the nephropathy can improve the outcome of this complication of the devastating sickle cell disease.
Primary ideals in Witt rings

The basic motivation for the study or primary ideals is a classical result in commutative algebra: For a noetherian ring, every ideal is a finite intersection of primary ideals (called a primary decomposition of the ideal). For Witt rings a stronger result holds. Every ideal of WF has a primary decomposition if and only if F has only finitely many orderings and finite height. This includes many non-noetherian Witt rings, such as the Witt rings of global fields. In the last two sections of this paper we study the consequences of having a primary decomposition for every ideal in WF. We find conditions equivalent to unique factorization of odd-dimensional forms, an ideal
The experience of loss and anticipation of distress in colorectal cancer patients undergoing genetic testing

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to describe pretest psychological functioning in a sample of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing genetic testing. We also explored the relationship among demographic, medical, family history and loss variables and current pretest distress, and those related to anticipated posttest distress. Methods This paper reports pretest findings from a prospective, longitudinal psychosocial survey. Data are presented on 220 CRC patients at pretest. Results We found a subgroup of CRC patients that are currently distressed and anticipate becoming depressed if they receive a positive genetic test result. There were significant associations among pretest distress, family history of CRC and loss related to CRC and anticipation of becoming depressed at posttest. Conclusions The findings suggest that a subgroup of CRC patient's experience or anticipate distress that may warrant attention. Family history of CRC and losses related to CRC may be important indicators of posttest adjustment.
Complex coordinate methods for hydrodynamic instabilities and Sturm-Liouville eigenproblems with an interior singularity

makes a wide detour around the singularity. Specific guidelines for choosing f(x) for different problems are given in the text. Results are impressive: for an eigenvalue problem with a pole in the middle of the original real interval (a “Sturm-Liouville problem of the fourth kind”), just six basis functions suffice to calculate the real and imaginary parts of the lowest eigenvalue to within 1.4 %. For strong instability, i.e., modes whose phase speeds have large imaginary parts, the complex mapping is unnecessary because the critical latitudes are complex and distant from the real axis. Even so, the mapping is useful for instability problems because it can be used to make calculations for very slowly growing modes to follow the changes in c right up to the “neutral curve” where the imaginary part of c= 0. Although especially valuable for spectral algorithms, the same trick can be applied with finite difference methods also. The main disadvantage of the algorithm is that the eigenfunction must be calculated in a second, separate step, but this is usually a minor flaw in comparison to the complex mapping’s virtues for coping with singular eigenvalue problems.
Fatigue in ceramics

The fatigue process in ceramic materials is reviewed. It is shown that there are few cases where fatigue effects have been unequivocally demonstrated. Mechanisms pertinent to the substantiated fatigue conditions are presented and discussed. The need for further definitive experimentation to deduce the realm of fatigue, and its dependence on microstructure, vis-a-vis the fatigue models, is emphasized.
Fifty Years of Applied Population-Based Prevention Research at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is an agency of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) within the Department of Health and Human Services. On July 1, 1996, CDC formally celebrated its 50th anniversary. CDC was organized as the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 1, 1946, by Dr. Joseph W. Mountin. Its predecessor organization, Malaria Control in War Areas, had successfully kept the southeastern states malaria-free during World War II and, for approximately 1 year, free from murine typhus. Since 1946, the CDC mission has expanded to include the prevention and control of all diseases and injuries domestically and internationally. Currently, CDC employs nearly 6,000 persons with assignees in all states and in dozens of countries throughout the world. With a budget of more than $2 billion, CDC supports research and public health programs in a broad array of disciplines, such as breast and cervical cancer prevention, emerging infections, and injury control. CDC’s mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Several features distinguish CDC from other agencies including its strong emphasis on prevention rather than treatment, its focus on population health rather than individual patient health, and its close cooperative activities with state and local health departments and other organizations committed to improving health in the United States and throughout the world. This paper provides an overview of the populationbased research conducted by CDC and its application to public health practice. In accomplishing its mission, CDC uses the public health approach to understand the problem and identify solutions that work. Although somewhat oversimplified, the following five steps describe this approach:
Clinical Trials — Are They Ethical?

Biomedical research leads to better understanding of biology and ultimately to improved health. Physicians have for millenniums attempted to understand disease, to use this knowledge to cure or pal...
Relationships Between Sires and Sons for Evaluations from First, All, and Later Records

Abstract January 1984 Modified Contemporary Comparison sire evaluations for first, all, and later records were used to create sire-son pairs in five dairy breeds. Each evaluation for each bull included 10 or more daughters. Regressions of son on sire for evaluations for first, all, or later records exceeded the expectation of .5 and were most divergent for Jerseys and Brown Swiss. Regressions and coefficients of determination were generally highest when sire's evaluation based on all records predicted sons' evaluations from first, all, or later records. Regression of son on sire for difference in evaluations (later minus first) was positive in all breeds, ranging from .08 to .10, and was significant for all breeds except Brown Swiss. Coefficients of determination were low (.01 to .02). Both regression of son on sire for difference and coefficient of determination increased with son's Repeatability, with a regression of .33 and a coefficient of determination of .09 for sons over 99% Repeatability, Regressions for 8,055 Holsteins with evaluations for sires and maternal grandsires on those ancestors were .46 to .54 for sires and .25 to .31 for maternal grandsires. Regressions of son's evaluation on pedigree index were .94 for first, 1.05 for all, and 1.12 for later lactations.
Is the toxicity of cysteine conjugates formed during mercapturic acid biosynthesis relevant to the toxicity of covalently bound drug residues

In this brief review, we have focused on the relevance of the data on cysteine conjugate toxicity to the potential hazard of bound drug residues. A resonable scenario, based on assumptions as well as literature data, has been presented for the release of cysteine conjugates of drug residues from protein. Furthermore, we have presented evidence that should this occur, the conjugate would be bioavailable. Finally, the mechanisms which could lead to cysteine conjugate-induced toxicity have been discussed. The question which must be answered is, how realistic is the treat of toxicity to the consumer from cysteine-bound drug residues in food products? Based on the data presented here, the danger is minimal, though it cannot be excluded. This is particularly true of the potential for renal complications. However, an important caveat which must not be overlooked is the marked species differences in cysteine conjugate toxicity. Though S-(1,2LD50-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) is a renal toxin in rodent models (LD50 = 66-83 mg/kg) [88], a single dose of 4-5 mg/kg causes fatal aplastic anemia in calves [44,59]. Though such a response has never been reported for any other cysteine conjugate, these data must be reckoned with if attempts are made to place acceptable limits on the amount of residues allowable in food products.
Injections of cholecystokinin into the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus inhibit lordosis behavior in the rat

In the central nervous system, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is a primary locus for the induction of lordosis behavior by estrogen. Tissue levels of cholecystokinin and its binding sites in the VMH are modulated by estrogen, suggesting a role for cholecystokinin in the regulation of lordosis behavior. The effects of exogenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were examined by injecting CCK-8 into the VMH and measuring the frequency of lordotic responses. CCK-8 inhibited the frequency of lordotic responses in a dose-related fashion when the control rats had lordosis quotients of 60 and above. This inhibition is in agreement with previously reported results after peripheral injection of CCK-8, and is consistent with the hypothesis that CCK-8 in the VMH in involved in the regulation of lordosis behavior in the estrogen-primed rat.
Observations of solar UV and EUV variability

Abstract Solar radiation at wavelengths below 300 nm is almost completely absorbed by the earth's middle and upper atmosphere. Small variations in the solar UV and EUV flux may produce concomitant atmospheric changes. During the past 11 years, major improvements in satellite observations, especially at wavelengths longward of Lyman-α (121.6 nm), have significantly improved our understanding of short and intermediate term solar variability. Recent Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) and NIMBUS-7 SBUV data sets have also improved our understanding of solar cycle variability, significantly reducing previous estimates. Details of this longer period solar variability will require improved precision in the future UV observations. At wavelengths below 120 nm only a single satellite experiment, AE-E, operated during a portion of solar cycle 21. At these short wavelengths additional measurements over large portions of the solar cycle will be required to provide a definitive estimate of EUV solar variability.
Redistricting the retroviral restriction factors.

The cytoplasmic protein TRIM5α blocks the growth of HIV in rhesus monkey cells. Three studies now show that TRIM5α is an even more broadly active inhibitor. It impairs the growth of highly divergent retroviruses in human and other primate cells and fully accounts for many previously described antiretroviral activities.