cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atrazine increases ranavirus susceptibility in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum.

Pathogenic diseases and environmental contaminants are two of the leading hypotheses for global amphibian declines, yet few studies have examined the influence of contaminants on disease susceptibility. In this study, we examined effects of ecologically relevant doses of atrazine (0, 1.6, 16, and 160 lg/L), sodium nitrate (0, 6.8, 68 mg/L), and their interactions on susceptibility of four laboratory-bred tiger salamander families to Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV), a pathogen implicated in global amphibian die-offs. Salamanders were from Arizona populations where a coevolutionary history with ATV is supported, and thus cofactors rather than recent introduction may contribute to disease epizootics. Use of atrazine and nitrogenous fertilizers are ubiquitous; therefore, the impact of these cofactors on disease susceptibility is an important consideration. Atrazine and sodium nitrate significantly decreased peripheral leukocyte levels, suggesting an impact of these contaminants on the immune system. As expected from this result, atrazine significantly increased susceptibility of larvae to ATV infection. In contrast, nitrate had a marginally significant main effect and significantly decreased infection rate at the highest level. However, neither atrazine nor sodium nitrate had significant effects on viral copy number per individual. These results suggest that ecologically relevant concentrations of atrazine and nitrates have immunosuppressive effects, and atrazine may contribute to ATV epizootics, raising concerns about the influence of contaminants on diseases in general.
LACK OF CALLING SONG DISPLACEMENT BETWEEN TWO CLOSELY RELATED GROUND CRICKETS.

Thorough examinations of purported cases of reproductive character displacement are critical for reaching an understanding of the role of reinforcement in the evolution of reproductive barriers between closely related species. In this paper, we report the results of an extensive investigation of male calling song variation in the ground crickets, Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius. Contrary to the results of an earlier study, we uncovered little evidence of displacement of songs in areas of overlap. We discuss explanations for the lack of displacement as well as for the discrepancies between the results of the current study and those of the earlier study.
Interdisciplinary Horizons in Marketing

Marketing has reached a stage in its development as a discipline where critical evaluation of research findings and theories from other fields can add new dimensions to the field of marketing. More...
Chemical Reporter for Visualizing Metabolic Cross-Talk between Carbohydrate Metabolism and Protein Modification

Metabolic chemical reporters have been largely used to study posttranslational modifications. Generally, it was assumed that these reporters entered one biosynthetic pathway, resulting in labeling of one type of modification. However, because they are metabolized by cells before their addition onto proteins, metabolic chemical reporters potentially provide a unique opportunity to read-out on both modifications of interest and cellular metabolism. We report here the development of a metabolic chemical reporter 1-deoxy-N-pentynyl glucosamine (1-deoxy-GlcNAlk). This small-molecule cannot be incorporated into glycans; however, treatment of mammalian cells results in labeling of a variety proteins and enables their visualization and identification. Competition of this labeling with sodium acetate and an acetyltransferase inhibitor suggests that 1-deoxy-GlcNAlk can enter the protein acetylation pathway. These results demonstrate that metabolic chemical reporters have the potential to isolate and potentially dis...
Small Spacecraft System-level Design and Optimization for Interplanetary Trajectories

The feasibility of an interplanetary mission for a CubeSat, a type of miniaturized spacecraft, that uses an emerging technology, the CubeSat Ambipolar Thruster (CAT) is investigated. CAT is a large delta-V propulsion system that uses a high-density plasma source that has been miniaturized for small spacecraft applications. An initial feasibility assessment that demonstrated escaping Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and achieving Earth-escape trajectories with a 3U CubeSat and this thruster technology was demonstrated in previous work. We examine a mission architecture with a trajectory that begins in Earth orbits such as LEO and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) which escapes Earth orbit and travels to Mars, Jupiter, or Saturn. The goal was to minimize travel time to reach the destinations and considering trade-offs between spacecraft dry mass, fuel mass, and solar power array size. Sensitivities to spacecraft dry mass and available power are considered. CubeSats are extremely size, mass, and power constrained, and their subsystems are tightly coupled, limiting their performance potential. System-level modeling, simulation, and optimization approaches are necessary to find feasible and optimal operational solutions to ensure system-level interactions are modeled. Thus, propulsion, power/energy, attitude, and orbit transfer models are integrated to enable systems-level analysis and trades. The CAT technology broadens the possible missions achievable with small satellites. In particular, this technology enables more sophisticated maneuvers by small spacecraft such as polar orbit insertion from an equatorial orbit, LEO to GEO transfers, Earth-escape trajectories, and transfers to other interplanetary bodies. This work lays the groundwork for upcoming CubeSat launch opportunities and supports future development of interplanetary and constellation CubeSat and small satellite mission concepts.
Die Entwicklung der Großdieselmaschinen in Deutschland nach dem Kriege

Herr Professor Dr.-Ing. F. Sass spracli auf der vorjahrigen Tagung der STG uber die Entwicklung der Schiffsdieselmaschinen des Auslandes. Er hat festgestellt, das nach dem Kriege, als wir in Deutschland von der Weiterentwicklung auf diesem Gebiet ausgeschlossen waren, so grose Fortschritte gemacht worden sind, das es fur uns schwer oder unmoglich sein wurde, sie einzuholen. Es wird meine Aufgabe sein, auf die als Frage aufzufassende Feststellung zu antworten, indem ich die Entwicklung der Grosdieselmaschinen in Deutschland behandle. In einem Vortrag vor dem VDI in Hamburg im Jahre 1949 hat Herr Professor Dr.-Ing. E. Sorensen bereits mitgeteilt, das wir in den vergangenen Kriegsjahren die Entwicklung weitergetrieben hatten und gerustet seien fur den Augenblick, in dem uns der Bau von Maschinen wieder gestattet werden wurde. Heute konnen wir sagen, das wir dem Ausland gegenuber nicht zuruckstehen und auf dem Gebiet des hochaufgeladenen Viertakts unbedingt einen Vorsprung feststellen konnen.
Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Korynetinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part III. The African Genera Ectospinula Opitz, New Genus, and Prosymnus Laporte

The genera Ectospinula Opitz, new genus, and Prosymnus Laporte, which comprise a monophyletic group within Korynetinae, are reviewed. Ectospinula is monotypic and includes E. graduata Opitz, new species. Prosymnus comprises P. adustus Opitz, new species, P. arsus Opitz, new species, P. astrictus Opitz, new species, P. brevipenis Opitz, new species, P. livens (Boheman), P. mulleri Opitz, new species, P. rudis (Boheman), and P. testaceiventris Pic. Five new synonymies are established: P. livens (Boheman) (= P. burgeoni Pic, P. rufipennis Pic); P. rudis (Boheman) (= P. cribripennis Laporte, P. villosus Gorham); P. testaceiventris Pic (= P. maculipennis Pic). Lectotypes are designated for P. livens, P. rudis, and P. testaceiventris and for the junior synonyms P. burgeoni, P. rufipennis, P. cribripennis, P. tomentosus, P. villosus, and P. maculipennis. According to morphological analysis, Prosymnus species are thought to be carnivorous on other insects. It is postulated that the ancestors of Ectospinula and Prosymnus evolved in southern Africa, south of the Sahara, prior to the Miocene when woodland/forest habitats had not yet given way to the more open-woody grasslands. Included in this treatise are a discussion of natural history, keys to genera and species, and a phylogenetic tree with discussion of phylogenetic interpretations.
You’re a Prince, Harry

Due to its incredible popularity, particularly among young people, the Harry Potter series can be an excellent teaching tool for secondary teachers: The novels provide academic motivation for many students who enjoyed the book as children, they help enrich the imaginations of readers by immersing them in what J.R.R. Tolkien (1939/1983) calls a “Secondary World,” and they open up new avenues of analysis and literary discussion.
Vertical stratification of the foliar fungal community in the world’s tallest trees

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The aboveground tissues of plants host numerous, ecologically important fungi, yet patterns in the spatial distribution of these fungi remain little known. Forest canopies in particular are vast reservoirs of fungal diversity, but intracrown variation in fungal communities has rarely been explored. Knowledge of how fungi are distributed throughout tree crowns will contribute to our understanding of interactions between fungi and their host trees and is a first step toward investigating drivers of community assembly for plant-associated fungi. Here we describe spatial patterns in fungal diversity within crowns of the world's tallest trees, coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens). METHODS We took a culture-independent approach, using the Illumina MiSeq platform, to characterize the fungal assemblage at multiple heights within the crown across the geographical range of the coast redwood. KEY RESULTS Within each tree surveyed, we uncovered evidence for vertical stratification in the fungal community; different portions of the tree crown harbored different assemblages of fungi. We also report between-tree variation in the fungal community within redwoods. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the potential for vertical stratification of fungal communities in the crowns of other tall tree species and should prompt future study of the factors giving rise to this stratification.
Frequency Response of Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Resonators Under Superharmonic Resonance Using MMS

This work investigates the voltage response of superharmonic resonance of second order of electrostatically actuated Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) resonator cantilevers. The results of this work can be used for mass sensors design. The MEMS device consists of MEMS resonator cantilever over a parallel ground plate (electrode) under Alternating Current (AC) voltage. The AC voltage is of frequency near one fourth of the natural frequency of the resonator which leads to the superharmonic resonance of second order. The AC voltage produces an electrostatic force in the category of hard excitations, i.e. for small voltages the resonance is not present while for large voltages resonance occurs and bifurcation points are born. This solution is then used in the first-order problem to find the voltage-amplitude response of the structure. The influences of frequency and damping on the response are investigated. This work opens the door of using smaller AC frequencies for MEMS resonator sensors. The frequency response of the superharmonic resonance of the structure is investigated using the method of multiple scales (MMS).Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Byron's appetites, James Joyce's gut, and Melba's meals and mésalliances.

Even for amateurs the retrospective rediagnosis of the famous is one of the lowest forms of medical history, but I hope this three course dinner with its appetiser (Byron), main course (Joyce), and dessert (Melba) will prove worthy of Christmas 1997. George Gordon Byron1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 was born in 1788 and was unfortunate in his ancestors. On his father's side were psychopathic noblemen. His great uncle, the 5th “wicked” lord, killed his cousin in 1765 in a duel over the best way to hang game, and after his wife left him begat a bastard by one of his servants, “Lady Betty.” 5 Byron's admiral grandfather, “Foulweather Jack”, was an irresponsible rake, as was his father, “Mad Jack”, who degraded, impoverished and deserted Byron's mother, had an incestuous affair with his own sister Frances,7 and died in 1792. Catherine Gordon, Byron's mother, boasted descent from James I of Scotland, but her ancestors were brigands and melancholics, with her grandfather in 1760 and her father in 1779 both drowning, presumed to be suicidal. Byron's widowed mother abused him for his father's vices. Byron claimed his nursemaid beat and seduced him.9 In 1798 the 5th lord died, and at the age of 10 Byron inherited the title and moved with his mother from Aberdeen to Newstead Abbey, given to the family by Henry VIII. He lived there on and off until he left England in 1816, never to return. It would be presumptuous to extol the glories of Byron's poetry or his role as the exemplar of the Romantic hero. His general medical history is well known, especially his lameness, usually thought to be a club foot, for which he wore a brace and boot “which haunted him like a curse.”2 It was …
Identification and classification of sampling sites for pathogen environmental monitoring programs for Listeria monocytogenes: Results from an expert elicitation.

Abstract Pathogen Environmental Monitoring (PEM) programs for Listeria are important to reduce the contamination risk for exposed Ready-To-Eat (RTE) food products with L. monocytogenes. Specific guidance to identify appropriate sampling sites in individual facilities, including equipment and other sites, will facilitate effective L. monocytogenes control and PEM programs. Key goals of Listeria PEM programs are to (i) identify and eliminate niches that allow for Listeria growth and survival and (ii) verify and validate preventive controls such as sanitation programs and sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs), sanitary equipment and facility design. Here, an initial list of 77 sampling sites covering Zones 1–4 was assembled based on current literature and guidance documents with initial classification of sites into (i) Zones 1, 2, 3, and 4; (ii) likely niches or transfer sites, and (iii) verification sites or indicator sites. An expert elicitation that included responses from 16 food safety professionals was used to (i) refine sampling site descriptions and identify 6 new sampling sites that were not included in the original list, (ii) refine classification of sites (e.g., into niches versus transfer sites), and (iii) rank sites on level of importance from 1 to 5. The final sample site list includes sampling sites classified by zone and type of site as well as relative importance of site based on reviewer feedback. This document thus provides an initial set of sites that can be used by industry to help in the development or refinement of Listeria PEM programs. The availability of this ranked list of sampling sites should reduce barriers to development of science based Listeria PEM programs.
The physiological effects of oil, dispersant and dispersed oil on the bay mussel, Mytilus trossulus, in Arctic/Subarctic conditions

Abstract Increasing oil development around Alaska and other Arctic regions elevates the risk for another oil spill. Dispersants are used to mitigate the impact of an oil spill by accelerating natural degradation processes, but the reduced hydrophobicity of dispersed oil may increase its bioavailability to marine organisms. There is limited research on the effect of dispersed oil on cold water species and ecosystems. Therefore, spiked exposure tests were conducted with bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) in seawater with non-dispersed oil, Corexit 9500 and oil dispersed with different concentrations of Corexit 9500. After three weeks of exposure, acute and chronic physiological impacts were determined. The majority of physiological responses occurred during the first seven days of exposure, with mussels exhibiting significant cytochrome P450 activity, superoxide dismutase activity and heat shock protein levels. Mussels exposed to non-dispersed oil also experienced immune suppression, reduced transcription and higher levels of mortality. After 21 days, mussels in all treatments exhibited evidence of genetic damage, tissue loss and a continued stress response. Bay mussels are useful as indicators of ecosystem health and recovery, and this study was an important step in understanding how non-dispersed oil, dispersant and dispersed oil affect the physiology of this sentinel species in Arctic/subarctic conditions.
Brief Commentary: The Glycemic Target Guideline Controversy: Same Evidence, Different Perspectives, and a Proposal for Common Ground.

This commentary was selected for publication from among several submitted in response to a call for readers' perspectives on treatment targets for type 2 diabetes.
A Single Surgeon Laparoscopic Duodenoduodenostomy Case Series for Congenital Duodenal Obstruction in an Academic Setting.

Abstract Introduction: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy can be performed to repair congenital duodenal obstructions from atresia or duodenal web. There are only a few published case series in the l...
Micro-Finite Element Analysis of the Proximal Femur on the Basis of High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Images.

Hip fractures have catastrophic consequences. The purpose of this article is to review recent developments in high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided finite element analysis (FEA) of the hip as a means to determine subject-specific bone strength. Despite the ability of DXA to predict hip fracture, the majority of fractures occur in patients who do not have BMD T scores less than − 2.5. Therefore, without other detection methods, these individuals go undetected and untreated. Of methods available to image the hip, MRI is currently the only one capable of depicting bone microstructure in vivo. Availability of microstructural MRI allows generation of patient-specific micro-finite element models that can be used to simulate real-life loading conditions and determine bone strength. MRI-based FEA enables radiation-free approach to assess hip fracture strength. With further validation, this technique could become a potential clinical tool in managing hip fracture risk.
Lean Startup and the Challenges With “Hard Tech” Startups

Having recently taken a refresher course in lean startup methodology, and after teaching the core concepts for the last 10 years to a variety of audiences, it is abundantly clear to the author that lean startup techniques become a bit strained when applied to hard tech or science based startups. It is argued that lean startup alone will not suffice to create a robust product/market fit. In the case of new hard science technologies, there are more fundamental questions to be asked and answered first that will enable lean startup to eventually succeed as a technique to help establish the product-market fit. For each of the verticals, one must ask: what are the current-day treatment options? How much is the problem worth and what is the scale of the problem? What is applicability of the technology to the vertical? What is the best vertical to first enter and at what point in the supply chain? These questions revolve around selecting your first beachhead market.
Infection-associated Immune Perturbations Resolve 1 Year Following Treatment for Loa loa

Background We have previously demonstrated that eosinophil-associated processes underlie some of the differences in clinical presentation among patients with Loa loa infection prior to therapy and that some posttreatment adverse events appear to be dependent on eosinophil activation. Methods We first conducted a retrospective review of 204 patients (70 microfilaria [MF] positive/134 negative) with Loa loa both before and following definitive therapy. We then measured filarial-specific antibodies, eosinophil- and Th2-associated cytokines, and eosinophil granule proteins in their banked serum prior to and at 1 year following definitive treatment. We also evaluated the influence of pretreatment corticosteroids and/or apheresis in altering the efficacy of treatment. Results Patients without circulating microfilariae (MF negative) not only had a higher likelihood of peripheral eosinophilia and increased antifilarial antibody levels but also had significantly increased concentrations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL) 5, and IL-4 compared with MF-positive patients. However, these differences had all resolved by 1 year after treatment, when all parameters approached the levels seen in uninfected individuals. Neither pretreatment with corticosteroids nor apheresis reduced the efficacy of the diethylcarbamazine used to treat these subjects. Conclusions Our results highlight that, by 1 year following treatment, infection-associated immunologic abnormalities had resolved in nearly all patients treated for loiasis, and pretreatment corticosteroids had no influence on the resolution of the immunologic perturbations nor on the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine as a curative agent in loiasis. Clinical trials registration NCT00001230.
Assessing Kokkos Performance on Selected Architectures

Performance Portability frameworks allow developers to write code for familiar High-Performance Computing (HPC) architecture and minimize development effort over time to port it to other HPC architectures with little to no loss of performance. In our research, we conducted experiments with the same codebase on a Serial, OpenMP, and CUDA execution and memory space and compared it to the Kokkos Performance Portability framework. We assessed how well these approaches meet the goals of Performance Portability by solving a thermal conduction model on a 2D plate on multiple architectures (NVIDIA (K20, P100, V100, XAVIER), Intel Xeon, IBM Power 9, ARM64) and collected execution times (wall-clock) and performance counters with perf and nvprof for analysis. We used the Serial model to determine a baseline and to confirm that the model converges on both the native and Kokkos code. The OpenMP and CUDA models were used to analyze the parallelization strategy as compared to the Kokkos framework for the same execution and memory spaces.
EXACT CALCULATIONS FOR PENETRABILITY AND THE PREDICTION OF THE SPONTANEOUS FISSION HALF-LIVES OF SUPER-HEAVY ELEMENTS

Following the approach taken by Cramer and Nix, the solution of the Schroedinger equation for a potential generated by smoothly joining a number of parabolas is obtained in the form of parabolic cylinder functions. The spontaneous fission half-lives are thus calculated for a number of superheavy nuclei and compared with the results obtained by the conventional WKB method. A large discrepancy is found between the results obtained from the two methods. The exact calculations consistently yield, by orders of magnitude, smaller half-lives than those predicted earlier by the WKB method.
Developing Effective Academic Accommodations in Higher Education: A Collaborative Decision-Making Process.

This case study describes a collaborative decision-making process for developing effective academic accommodations for a music major with a disability, whose prior accommodations suggested by the D...
Early Phase Circulating Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Patients after Lung Transplantation

Purpose Detection of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in circulating blood of posttransplant recipients is a clinically informative tool to predict acute allograft injury and rejection, although its reliability and feasibility have not been extensively studied in lung transplantation. Here, we present our preliminary data of dd-cfDNA in lung transplant patients during the early posttransplant phase. Methods Eight subjects were included in this study among patients received double lung transplants at our institute between Jun.-Sept. 2020. Re-transplantation cases were excluded per the study protocol. Blood samples were collected at various times from these consented patients before and after transplantation. Dd-cfDNA in obtained blood samples were determined using AlloSure dd-cfDNA test kits (CareDx, Inc). Results Of the 8 subjects, none developed severe primary graft dysfunction and two patients presented acute cellular rejection (ACR) after lung transplantation. All subjects exhibited increased dd-cfDNA immediately after transplantation with a peak percentage of dd-cfDNA (range 12-27%) within 48h posttransplant. (Figure 1). Over 2 weeks, dd-cfDNA percentage declined with significant variation reaching a similar level of Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of acute time-dependent changes of dd-cfDNA in patients immediately after lung transplantation. Our preliminary data suggest that recipients’ systemic condition may mask the appearance of dd-cfDNA. Additional information regarding circulating whole cfDNA in patients may assist in more accurate detection of dd-cfDNA in the acute phase.
Obesogenic Behaviors of Rural Children on School and Nonschool Days.

Background: Children living in rural areas are at increased risk of overweight and obesity compared with their urban-dwelling counterparts. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary evid...
Does feedback change what we know about incentives and creativity? A study on the impact of incentive type and individual performance feedback on creativity

Research on the effect of performance-dependent incentives on creativity has ignored the role of feedback and focused on one-round creativity production settings. A key finding from this research is that paying for quantity of output yields the same level of high-creativity output as other incentives but yields additional mediocre output (Kachelmeier et al. [2008]). This implies that quantity-only incentives are superior if mediocre output has utility. Feedback informs individuals about the success (or failure) of their prior task completion strategies, which allows them to change their task strategy. In a two-round laboratory experiment using a rebus puzzle task, we examine how individual performance feedback and performance-dependent incentives influence creativity and quantity of output. We find that after feedback, quantity-only and weighted (creativity and quantity) incentives result in more high-creativity output and a higher creativity rating for most creative output compared to fixed or creativity-only incentives. Supplemental analyses indicate that weighted incentives offer the benefit of a higher degree of congruence between participant strategy and actual output. Lastly, to our knowledge, this is the first study using the rigor of experimental economics to demonstrate that performance-dependent incentives can be used to increase the creativity of most creative output.
Deriving the X-Z Identity from Auxiliary Space Method*

posed on a finite dimensional Hilbert space V equipped with an inner product (·, ·). Here A : V 7→ V is a symmetric positive definite (SPD) operator, f ∈ V is given, and we are looking for u ∈ V such that (1) holds. The X-Z identity for the multiplicative subspace correction method for solving (1) is introduced and proved in Xu and Zikatanov [2002]. Alternative proves can be found in Cho et al. [2008] and Vassilevski [2008]. In this paper we derive the X-Z identity from the auxiliary space method Nepomnyaschikh [1992], Xu [1996]. A basic linear iterative method for solving (1) can be written in the following form: starting from an initial guess u, for k = 0, 1, 2, · · ·
Abstract 11864: Examining Rare and Low-Frequency Genetic Variants Previously Associated With Lone or Familial Forms of Atrial Fibrillation in an Electronic Medical Record System: A Cautionary Note

Introduction: Studies in individuals or small kindreds have implicated rare variants in 25 different genes in lone and familial atrial fibrillation (AF) using linkage and segregation analysis, functional characterization, and rarity in public databases. Here we used a cohort of 20,204 patients of European ancestry (EA) or African ancestry (AA) (n=18,424 and n=1,780, respectively) with electronic medical records (EMRs) and exome chip data to compare the frequency of AF among carriers and non-carriers of these rare variants. Methods and Results: The exome chip included 19/115 rare variants, in 9 genes, previously associated with lone or familial AF. Using validated algorithms querying a combination of clinical notes, structured billing codes, ECG reports, and procedure codes, we identified 1,056 AF cases (>18 years) and 19,148 non-AF controls (>50 years) with available genotype data on the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip v.1.0 in the Vanderbilt EMR-linked DNA repository, BioVU. While known correlations between...
A sensitivity analysis of the linear complementarity programming model: Appalachian steam coal and the natural gas market

Abstract There have been extensive attempts in recent years to perform spatial equilibrium analysis of commodity markets, particularly that of energy. Most of these attempts have been based on linear programming transportation models, and more recently quadratic programming models. Unfortunately, neither of these modelling approaches can deal with the case of multi-commodity analysis with non-symmetric regression coefficients. In this paper, we overcome this problem by employing the linear complementarity programming model. In addition, we show how the model can be applied to coal and gas energy flows within a single region. Future potential applications of the model are also implied.
The Effect of Inventory on Purchase Incidence: Empirical Analysis of Opposing Forces of Storage and Consumption

Behavioral studies and recent empirical research suggest higher levels of inventory on hand can lead consumers to increase consumption. Inventory on hand is therefore posited to exert two countervailing forces on the probability of purchase incidence. First, higher levels of inventory reduce the likelihood of purchase as the consumer feels less pressure to buy. At the same time however, theory suggests higher levels of inventory may drive up the rate of consumption, thereby increasing the probability of incidence. We develop an empirical model that explicitly captures these two effects. The elasticity of purchase incidence with respect to inventory derived from the model is shown to capture these opposing forces in a simple and intuitive way. The analytical expression allows calculation of a threshold below (above) which the net effect is positive (negative). The model is estimated on ten product categories from the Stanford Market Basket database and is shown to fit better than both the standard nested logit approach and an alternative formulation developed by Ailawadi and Neslin (1998). The threshold values have plausible magnitudes and are intuitive across categories: butter, margarine and crackers have relatively low thresholds implying that inventory build up does not drive consumption; ice cream and soft drinks have relatively large thresholds (below which the inventory pressure to consume more outweighs the effect to delay purchase). Implications for retail management are discussed.
Fourier Theory in Quantum Mechanics

This chapter contains sections titled: The Fourier Transform Fourier Analysis and Available States Uncertainty Transmission via FFT Summary Exercises References
The nature of the cell surface receptor site for Lens culinaris phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract Human erythrocytes contain about 500,000 receptors for a phytohemagglutinin (PHA) derived from the common lentil. When erythrocytes are treated with trypsin, there is a 50% decrease in the number of lentil PHA molecules bound to the cells. The glycoprotein material released from the cells by trypsin as well as a highly purified glycopeptide derived from it, previously shown to be a receptor for kidney bean PHA, have potent lentil PHA haptene inhibitory activity. In addition, a number of glycopeptides derived from serum proteins possess haptene inhibitory activity. The most potent of these is the glycopeptide of γG-immunoglobulin. Serial enzymatic degradation of active glycopeptides has revealed that the specificity for binding to lentil PHA resides in the oligosaccharide portion of the glycopeptide molecules with the determinant sugars being the N-acetylglucosamine residues of the outer branches and the mannose residues of the core. However, the simplest sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and mannose, are extremely poor haptene inhibitors compared to the intact glycopeptides. Lentil PHA and kidney bean PHA may bind to different portions of the same oligosaccharide on the human erythrocyte surface.
l-Histidine-containing Peptides as Models for the Interaction of Copper (II) and Nickel (II) Ions with Sperm Whale Apomyoglobin

Abstract 1. The association and ionization constants for nickel (II) and a selection of l-histidine-containing peptides have been computed together with the constants for copper (II) and acetylglycylglycyl-l-histidylglycine. 2. A close parallel between the titration behavior of copper (II) apomyoglobin complexes and model peptides has been obtained on the assumption that 1 of the 4 bound metal ions is situated at the NH2-terminal portion of the polypeptide chain. 3. Visible absorption spectra of nickel (II) and copper (II) apomyoglobin complexes containing 4 metal ions per mole have been measured and found to be consistent with the binding of 1 metal ion at the NH2-terminal locus and 3-metal ions in the interior of the peptide chain at histidine loci. 4. Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism spectra in the visible region have been measured for both the protein and the peptide complexes. Strict similarities were not, in general, found and the various explanations for this failure are discussed.
Synthesis and stability of iron nanoparticles for lunar environment studies

Simulant of lunar dust is needed when researching the lunar environment. However, unlike the true lunar dust, today s simulants do not contain nanophase iron. Two different processes have been developed to fabricate nanophase iron to be used as part of the lunar dust simulant: (1) Sequentially treating a mixture of ferric chloride, fluorinated carbon, and soda lime glass beads at about 300 C in nitrogen, at room temperature in air, and then at 1050 C in nitrogen. The product includes glass beads that are grey in color, can be attracted by a magnet, and contain alpha-iron nanoparticles (which seem to slowly lose their lattice structure in ambient air during a period of 12 months). This product may have some similarity to the lunar glassy regolith that contains Fe(sup 0). (2) Heating a mixture of carbon black and a lunar simulant (a mixed metal oxide that includes iron oxide) at 1050 C in nitrogen. This process simulates lunar dust reaction to the carbon in a micrometeorite at the time of impact. The product contains a chemically modified simulant that can be attracted by a magnet and has a surface layer whose iron concentration increased during the reaction. The iron was found to be alpha-iron and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which appear to grow after the fabrication process, but stabilizes after 6 months of ambient air storage.
Bin1: a favorable prognostic marker and chemotherapeutic modulator in neuroblastoma

A35 Bin1 protein displays multiple functions such as suppression of oncogenic transformation and promoting apoptosis. Loss or reduction of Bin1 expression has been evident in many human cancers including breast, prostate, and neuroblastoma (NB), and correlated with the poor outcome of patients. NB originates from precursor cells of the peripheral nervous system and is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. The tumor is metastatic in 70% of NB patients at the time of diagnosis and the overall prognosis is particularly poor despite aggressive therapies (10-40% survival in high-risk cases). Here we show that Bin1 is frequently reduced or lost in cell lines derived from the bone marrow metastasis or abdominal mass of NB patients. To establish the direct functional link between Bin1 expression and NB, we created NB cell lines that stably overexpress Bin1. Because Bin1 has a role in apoptosis and because survival of cancer cells in the systemic circulation plays a crucial role in the multistep metastatic process, we examined the role of Bin1 in cell survival under an anchorage disrupted condition. Forced Bin1 overexpression in the stable cells increased cell death when cultured in Poly-Hema coated plates. This type of cell death is believed to be a specialized apoptosis (anoikis) . Additionally, many chemotherapeutic agents kill tumor cells via apoptosis, and we also evaluated the influence of Bin1 on chemosensitivity. The results showed that Bin1 overexpression enhances cell killing by Doxorubicin, a commonly used anticancer agent. Proteomic analyses of cell lysates from Bin1 transfectants versus the vector controls revealed differentially expressed proteins. This indicates that Bin1 may modify the metastatic behaviors and chemoresponsiveness in NB via regulating the expression levels of other cellular proteins. Our results establish Bin1 as an important factor for NB metastasis and chemosensitivity. Thus, loss of Bin1 could serve as a prognostic marker for metastatic potential and therapeutic response, and targeting Bin1 and Bin1-regulated pathways could be a rational strategy for the treatment of high-risk NB patients.
Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia

Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia. Tani E. Barlow. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.454 pp.
The Utility of a Virtual Reality Locomotion Interface for Studying Gait Behavior

Objective: To investigate the effect of optic flow on gait behavior during treadmill walking using an immersive virtual reality (VR) setup and compare it with conventional treadmill walking (TW) an...
An HSV vector system for selection of ligand-gated ion channel modulators

Pathological alterations of ion channel activity result from changes in modulatory mechanisms governing receptor biology. Here we describe a conditional herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication-based strategy to discover channel modulators whereby inhibition of agonist-induced channel activation by a vector-expressed modulatory gene product prevents ion flux, osmotic shock and cell death. Inhibition of channel activity, in this case, the rat vanilloid (Trpv1 or the glycine receptor (GlyRalpha1), can allow selection of escape vector plaques containing the 'captured' modulatory gene for subsequent identification and functional analysis. We validated this prediction using mixed infections of a wild-type Trpv1 expression vector vTTHR and a nonfunctional 'poreless' Trpv1 subunit-expressing vector, vHP, wherein vHP was highly selected from a large background of vTTHR viruses in the presence of the Trpv1 agonist, capsaicin. The approach should be useful for probing large libraries of vector-expressed cDNAs for the presence of ion channel modulators.
The effect of feedback stimuli on contextual fear depends upon the length of the minimum intertrial interval

Abstract The present experiments investigated the effects of manipulation of the minimum intertrial interval (ITI) on the ability of a feedback stimulus to reduce the amount of fear conditioned to the shock context. In Experiment 1, we found that animals exposed to yoked shock with a feedback stimulus were equivalent to animals which received escapable shock, and both these groups showed less fear of the shock context than did yoked animals not given feedback, when a minimum ITI of 60 s was used. This replicated the effect of feedback on contextual fear conditioning. However, animals exposed to yoked shock with a feedback stimulus but for whom the minimum ITI was 5 s showed as much fear of the context as yoked animals not given feedback. Experiment 2 assessed whether this difference was solely due to the lower minimum ITI resulting in more fear than the 60-s minimum ITI, or whether the lower minimum ITI precluded the effect of feedback. The former possibility was discounted. Thus, these studies demonstrate that a relatively long minimum ITI is essential for the observance of a feedback effect on fear of the shock context.
Microhardness and microstructure of ion-beam-sputtered, nitrogen-doped NiFe films☆

Abstract The microhardness depth profiles of ion-beam-sputtered NiFe 0.5 μm thick films with various contents of nitrogen were measured by using a newly designed microindenter. The concentration of the nitrogen was controlled by the nitrogen partial pressure during the deposition. It was found that the microhardness of NiFe films can be increased up to 20% as the nitrogen partial pressure increases up to 8 × 10 -5 Torr, although the Young's moduli are not affected significantly. The microstructures of the pure NiFe and N 2 -doped NiFe films were also studied by using plane-view and cross-section transmission electron microscopy. Significant structural modification because of the entrapment of nitrogen was also observed.
TWILEY W. BARKER

Twiley W. Barker, 83, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, died July 13, 2009.
Exostoses of the external auditory canal in oregon surfers

Abstract Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the cold water exposure necessary to produce exostoses of the external auditory canal in individuals who predominately surf along the Oregon and/or the northern California coastline and to ascertain from surfers' otologic histories symptoms attributable to exostoses. Materials and Methods: Free ear examinations were provided at two surf shops in northern Oregon. The ear canals were examined with an otoscope, and each surfer was given a summary score indicating the percentage of both canals that was obstructed by exostoses. Surfers were then categorized according to the number of years surfing and the number of sessions surfing per year. Results: Twenty-one surfers met our criteria for analysis. The degree of ear canal obstruction significantly increased with increasing number of years surfing (P Conclusion: Individuals who surf 5 years or less are unlikely to develop exostoses unless they are surfing greater than 50 sessions per year. Exostoses are typically a benign malady that do not reauire suraical therapy.
Structural Dynamic Effects on Interface Response: Formulation and Simulation Under Partial Slipping Conditions

A new formulation for dynamic sliding contact problems with partial slipping is presented and used to investigate the influence of structural dynamic response on interface behavior. The mixed differential-algebraic equation (MDAE) approach uses differential equations to describe the slipping dynamics and algebraic (constraint) equations to model interfacial sticking. An efficient method for solving the case of partial interface slipping has been developed, and special consideration has been given to the changing equations of motion (at the transition from stick-to-slip and slip-to-stick). An example is presented for the case of an elastic block pressed into a rigid foundation and loaded with cyclic tangential tractions at the top of the block. The full elastodynamic transient simulations illustrate that interface slip response is a strong function of loading frequency, reaching a maximum when the external loading frequency is near the theoretical (shear-mode) natural frequency of the structure.
Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport

Abstract Objectives : The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of training patterns and roles of significant others (i.e. coaches, parents, peers, and siblings) in adolescent swimmers’ sport participation patterns. Design : The developmental model of sport participation [Cote, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). From play to practice: A developmental framework for the acquisition of expertise in team sport. In J. Starkes, & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Recent advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 89–114). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; Cote, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. In P. R. E. Crocker (Ed.), Introduction to sport psychology : A Canadian perspective (pp. 266–294). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall] was used as a framework. Method : Ten dropout and 10 engaged swimmers, matched on key demographic variables participated in a semi-structured qualitative interview. Results : Groups had many similar experiences (e.g. early training, supportive and unsupportive coaches, involved parents). However, only dropouts spoke of early peak performances, limited one-on-one coaching, pressuring parents during adolescence, lack of swimming peers during adolescence, and sibling rivalries. In contrast, only engaged athletes spoke of clubs’ developmental philosophies, coaches’ and parents’ open communication, school friends’ support, and siblings’ general positive influences. Conclusions : Findings highlight the importance of appropriately structured programs and the fragility of athletes’ relationships with significant others during the adolescent years. Implications for sport programmers, coaches, and parents are discussed.
Looking back in anger

Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. By Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson Houghton Mifflin: 1996. Pp. 332. $22.95.
Synthesis of Dehydrobenzo[18]annulene Derivatives and Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayers: Implications of Core Size on Alkyl Chain Interdigitation

The synthesis of a series of dodecadehydrotribenzo[18]annulene ([18]DBA) derivatives is reported, together with their steady-state absorption and fluorescence properties. The main focus, though, is on the self-assembly of these compounds at the liquid-solid interface as investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), highlighting the effect of alkyl chain orientation and alkyl chain length on the molecular ordering. Owing to the large triangular pi-electron system of the [18]DBAs, two different types of alkyl chain orientation are observed. The observed changes in the monolayer networks upon elongation of the alkyl chains are attributed to the increased van der Waals interactions between molecules and substrate. The effect of the core size on the alkyl chain orientation and, as a result, the monolayer structure is discussed in relation to the results obtained previously for triangularly-shaped dehydrobenzo [12]annulene ([12]DBA) derivatives and triphenylene derivatives. A guideline for substituent spacing allowing control of molecular alignment for large planar pi-electron systems utilizing directional alkyl chain interdigitation is also discussed.
Disobsessing Disobsession: Religion, Ritual, and the Social Sciences in Brazil

If it has become commonplace in some corers of anthropology to read rituals as texts, the inverse of this proposition, that anthropological texts are rituals of a sort, is perhaps less obvious and less well explored. To treat texts as rituals and rituals as texts is to collapse both categories under a broader realm of ideology and to explore how the structures of the anthropologist's text repeat those of the interpreted ritual. As a result, this kind of ethnographic writing and reading involves rethinking the hierarchy of observer and observed by looking for points where the discourse of the other affects one's own discourse.
Long-time existence of classical solutions to a one-dimensional swelling gel

In this paper, we derived a model which describes the swelling dynamics of a gel and study the system in one-dimensional geometry with a free boundary. The governing equations are hyperbolic with a weakly dissipative source. Using a mass-Lagrangian formulation, the free boundary is transformed into a fixed boundary. We prove the existence of long-time C1-solutions to the transformed fixed boundary problem.