cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
L3A: a protocol for layer three accounting

Accounting protocols are used to quantify traffic to support billing, QoS assurances, and other objectives. Current protocols do not provide complete security for this purpose because of the threat of 'cramming' attacks in which unauthenticated parties can introduce traffic that the accounting system attributes incorrectly. In this paper we explain this vulnerability and introduce a protocol, layer three accounting (LSA), that addresses it through the coordinated establishment of a family of IPsec tunnels. Our goal is to give a practical specification and implementation of the protocol and show its efficiency. We demonstrate that the latency for setting up and tearing down L3A connections is about one third slower than one gets for end-to-end connections alone, but the bulk rate of transfer is improved by 100% over the typical alternative configuration for accounting.
Robust Boolean reasoning for equivalence checking and functional property verification

Many tasks in computer-aided design (CAD), such as equivalence checking, property checking, logic synthesis, and false paths analysis, require efficient Boolean reasoning for problems derived from circuits. Traditionally, canonical representations, e.g., binary decision diagrams (BDDs), or structural satisfiability (SAT) methods, are used to solve different problem instances. Each of these techniques offer specific strengths that make them efficient for particular problem structures. However, neither structural techniques based on SAT, nor functional methods using BDDs offer an overall robust reasoning mechanism that works reliably for a broad set of applications. The authors present a combination of techniques for Boolean reasoning based on BDDs, structural transformations, an SAT procedure, and random simulation natively working on a shared graph representation of the problem. The described intertwined integration of the four techniques results in a powerful summation of their orthogonal strengths. The presented reasoning technique was mainly developed for formal equivalence checking and property verification but can equally be used in other CAD applications. The authors' experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for a broad set of applications.
PDE5 inhibitors: Considerations for preference and long-term adherence

SUMMARY Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent condition affecting nearly one in five men worldwide. The advent of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibi- tors (PDE5i) has revolutionised the ED treatment landscape and provided effective, minimally invasive therapies to restore male sexual function. Materials and methods: A pubmed search was performed of all English language articles from 1996 to present reviewing PDE5i, including pharmacokinetics, efficacy profiles and comparisons, where available. Results: Currently available PDE5i in the United States include sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and avanafil, each of which has unique side effect, pharmacokinetic and outcome profiles. Sildenafil is associated with increased rate of visual changes, vardenafil with QT prolongation and tadalafil with lower back pain. Avanafil and vardenafil orodispersible tablet rapidly achieve peak plasma concentration, which results in faster onset of action, whereas tadala- fil exhibits the longest half-life. First time response to PDE5i is approximately 60-70%, with no significant differences in efficacy noted among therapies. The literature does not clearly demonstrate a preference for one drug. High-treatment success rates (89%) were reported when patients were prescribed all available PDE5i. Daily dosing with tadalafil is associated with improved erectile function (EF) over time. Finally, novel modes of patient-provider interaction, including internet- based education, communication and prescribing, may also improve long-term adherence. Conclusions: PDE5i represent first line therapy for ED with excellent overall efficacy and satisfactory side effect profiles. Enhanced communciation, cou- pled with increased knowledge of drug characteristics, comparative treatment regi- mens and optimal prescribing patterns, offer compelling tools to improve long-term treatment success. Review criteria and Message for the clinic
Congenital pulmonary insufficiency complicating idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery

Abstract A case of congenital pulmonary insufficiency complicating idiopathic pulmonary artery dilatation is presented. Clinical and physiologic features are briefly reviewed. The diagnosis of congenital pulmonary regurgitation is discussed, and the peculiar and atypical characteristics of the diastolic murmur are emphasized. The technic of intracardiac phonocardiography is suggested as a sensitive method of confirming this diagnosis.
Is ventilatory efficiency dependent on the speed of the exercise test protocol in healthy men and women

Indices of ventilatory efficiency have proven useful in assessing patients with heart and lung disease. One of these indices is the slope of the ventilation (V(E)) versus carbon dioxide output (VCO(2)) relationship during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) for work rates where the relationship is linear. However, this relationship is defined not only by the slope but also by the y-intercept. To examine whether this relationship is dependent on the speed of the CPET protocol, 30 healthy subjects (16 males) were administered a rapid CPET with 1-min increment duration (1-min CPET) to the limit of tolerance and a slow CPET with 4-min increment duration (4-min CPET) to the lactate threshold. Ventilation and the gas fractions for oxygen and CO(2) were measured with a Vacumed metabolic cart. The average increment size of both protocols for both sexes was not significantly different (P>0.05). For the males, the mean (SD) slope for the 1- and 4-min CPET was 20.12 (2.61) and 20.37 (2.41), respectively. The corresponding values for the y-intercept were 4..89 (2.08) and 5..10 (2.00) l min(-1). For the females, the mean (SD) slope for the 1- and 4-min CPET was 23.90 (2.38) and 24.16 (2.55), respectively. The corresponding values for the y-intercept were 3.93 (0.39) and 3.77 (0.71) l min(-1). Paired t-test analysis demonstrated for both sexes that the slopes and y-intercepts were not different for the two protocols (P>0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that the V(E) versus VCO(2) relationship is not dependent on the speed of the CPET protocol.
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion suppresses hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and apoB production.

The current study assessed in vivo the effect of insulin on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) production by rat liver. Hepatic triglyceride and apolipoprotein B (apoB) production were measured in...
Law & Psychiatry: The New Lie Detectors: Neuroscience, Deception, and the Courts

This column examines the use of two technologies in lie detection. "Brain fingerprinting" is based on the finding that the brain generates a unique brain-wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus. Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful. Issues related to the use of such evidence in courts are discussed. The author concludes that neither approach is currently supported by enough data regarding its accuracy in detecting deception to warrant use in court.
Fast Methods for Estimating the Distance to Uncontrollability

The distance to uncontrollability for a linear control system is the distance (in the 2-norm) to the nearest uncontrollable system. We present an algorithm based on methods of Gu and Burke-Lewis-Overton that estimates the distance to uncontrollability to any prescribed accuracy. The new method requires O(n4) operations on average, which is an improvement over previous methods which have complexity O(n6), where n is the order of the system. Numerical experiments indicate that the new method is reliable in practice.
Nanoscale Semiconductor “X” on Substrate “Y” – Processes, Devices and Applications

Recent advancements in the integration of nanoscale, single-crystalline semiconductor 'X' on substrate 'Y' (XoY) for use in transistor and sensor applications are presented. XoY is a generic materials framework for enabling the fabrication of various novel devices, without the constraints of the original growth substrates. Two specific XoY process schemes, along with their associated materials, device and applications are presented. In one example, the layer transfer of ultrathin III-V semiconductors with thicknesses of just a few nanometers on Si substrates is explored for use as energy-efficient electronics, with the fabricated devices exhibiting excellent electrical properties. In the second example, contact printing of nanowire-arrays on thin, bendable substrates for use as artificial electronic-skin is presented. Here, the devices are capable of conformably covering any surface, and providing a real-time, two-dimensional mapping of external stimuli for the realization of smart functional surfaces. This work is an example of the emerging field of "translational nanotechnology" as it bridges basic science of nanomaterials with practical applications.
Single-shot correlations and two-qubit gate of solid-state spins

Measurement of coupled quantum systems plays a central role in quantum information processing. We have realized independent single-shot read-out of two electron spins in a double quantum dot. The read-out method is allelectrical, cross-talk between the two measurements is negligible and read-out fidelities are about 86% on average. This allows us to directly probe the anticorrelations between two spins prepared in a singlet state, and to demonstrate the operation of the two-qubit exchange gate on a complete set of basis states. The results provide a possible route to the realization and efficient
Kinetic Analyses of Gasification and Combustion Reactions of Carbonaceous Feedstocks for a Hybrid Solar/Autothermal Gasification Process To Continuously Produce Synthesis Gas

A hybrid solar/autothermal steam gasification process to continuously produce synthesis gas from carbonaceous feedstocks is considered. Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type reaction mechanisms for gasification with CO2 and H2O(v) and combustion were used with non-isothermal thermogravimetry to determine kinetic parameters for three feedstocks: (1) activated charcoal, (2) bituminous coal char, and (3) miscanthus char. Temperature ranges of 550–960 and 1120–1270 K and concentrations of 10–40% O2–Ar and 20–100% H2O–CO2 were evaluated for combustion and gasification, respectively. Carbonaceous feedstock microstructures were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Surface area and porosity were characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis.
Fiber optic gyro development at Honeywell

Two major architectures of fiber optic gyroscopes have been under development at Honeywell in recent years. The interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG) has been in production and deployment for various high performance space and marine applications. Different designs, offering very low noise, ranging from better than navigation grade to ultra-precise performance have been tested and produced. The resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) is also under development, primarily for its attractive potential for civil navigation usage, but also because of its scalability to other performance. New techniques to address optical backscatter and laser frequency noise have been developed and demonstrated. Development of novel, enhanced RFOG architectures using hollow core fiber, silicon optical bench technology, and highly stable multifrequency laser sources are discussed.
Correlation dependences between the mechanical characteristics of corrosion-resistant steels

A stability factor of austenite A γ is proposed for corrosion-resistant steels. By using this factor, the equilibrium phase-structural state of steels can be quantitatively evaluated according to their chemical composition. The factor A γ is determined by the values of the chromium and nickel equivalents. This factor, together with the generalized Scheffler diagram, enables one to deduce the correlation equations for the mechanical characteristics of steels σu, σ0.2, δ, and ψ.
Effect of coronary artery reperfusion on infarct size in swine

Several authors have reported a low mortality and salvage of ischemic myocardium in patients undergoing coronary revascularization after recent myocardial infarction. In this study, 20 surviving pigs with a coronary circulation similar to that of man were divided into two groups of 10 animals each. In the first group, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated just beyond the first diagonal branch. Five animals were put to death at 24 hours and the remaining five animals, at 7 days. In the other group of 10 animals, the LAD was occluded just beyond the first diagonal branch and reperfused 3 hours after occlusion. Five of these animals were put to death at 24 hours and the remaining five animals, at 7 days. The left atrial pressure (LAP), heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and cardiac output were continuously monitored. Myocardial infarct size was determined planimetrically after the myocardium was sliced and stained with nitroblue tetrazolium. In five animals subjected to ligation for 24 hours, myocardial infarct size was 20.3 ± 0.53 standard error mean (SEM) grams infarct per 100 gm left ventricular and septal mass (gm/100 gm LVS). In five animals subjected to occlusion, reperfusion in 3 hours, and death at 24 hours, the infarct size was 22.9 ± 1.7 SEM gm/100 gm LVS. At 1 week in the ligated animals the infarction decreased to 15.5 ± 1.7 SEM gm/100 gm LVS. In the reperfused animals at 1 week the infarction size was 14.5 ± 1.7 SEM gm/100gm LVS. There was no significant difference in these values (Student’s t test). Light and electron micrographs demonstrated hemorrhagic necrosis in every instance with reperfusion. Cardiac output, LAP, and MAP remained unchanged after reperfusion. These data suggest that in human beings without well-developed inherent collaterals sustaining myocardial infarction with coronary occlusion, that reperfusion as early as 3 hours after infarction would not be beneficial.
Physiological responses of newborn Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus calves after exposure to cold.

Brahman (n = 9) and 1/2 Simmental x 1/4 Brahman x 1/4 Hereford (n = 11) calves were utilized to determine the influence of exposure to cold on the physiology of the neonate. All calves were removed from their dams within 20 min of birth and prior to suckling. Calves were assigned randomly within breed to either a warm (W; 31 degrees C) or cold (C; 4 degrees C) environmental treatment group. Jugular blood samples were collected via indwelling catheters at 20-min intervals for 180 min. At 100 to 120 min of sampling, all calves were given 1.2 liters of colostrum from their dams via stomach tube. At 120 min, C calves were placed in the W environment. Calf vigor score (CVS) and rectal temperature were determined at each time blood was collected. Serum or plasma was analyzed for glucose (GLU), lactate (LAC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hemoglobin (HEM), triglyceride (TRG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin (INS), cortisol (CORT) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration. Rectal temperature was lower (P less than .01) in C Brahman than in W Brahman and C or W crossbred calves. Crossbred calves had higher (P less than .01) CVS than Brahman calves. Calves in W had lower (P less than .01) GLU than C calves. Brahman calves had higher GLU, LAC, BUN, TRG, T3, T4 and CORT (P less than .05) than crossbred calves. The C Brahman calves had the highest (P less than .05) TRG, CORT, T3 and T4 of all groups. Concentration of NEFA were higher (P less than .01) in C than in W calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Principles of developmental neurotoxicology.

With 4-8 percent of U.S. children exhibiting anatomical and/or functional deficits, and the occurence of several tragic clinical syndromes resulting from developmental exposure to such agents as ethanol, lead and methylmercury, there is good reason to focus attention on the principales of developmental neurotoxicology. Various animal models have been used to confirm the developmental neuritoxicity that results from exposure to these agents, and along with clinical evidence, have implicated several other chemical classes such as antimitotics, insecticides, polyhalogenated hydrocarbons, psychoactive drugs, solvents and vitamins as specific agents with developemntal neurotoxic potential
Inertial sensor and cluster analysis for discriminating agility run technique and quantifying changes across load

Abstract Performance in an agility run drill is often used to characterize an athlete’s ability to quickly and explosively change direction. Beyond athletic applications, agility tasks are also used to assess the physical readiness of warfighters for battle and the influence that their equipment has on their performance. However, in all of these applications, performance is currently assessed solely by the time it takes to complete the drill. While completion time meaningfully discriminates bottom-line performance, it does not reveal the underlying biomechanics that contributes to or limits that performance. Biomechanical metrics that accurately identify performance strengths and weaknesses could promote rapid performance gains via tailored training programs and inform equipment design. To these ends, we propose a belt-worn wireless inertial measurement unit (IMU) to quantify biomechanical metrics underlying speed and agility performance in agility tasks. A drift correction methodology is introduced that yields estimates of displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a subject’s sacrum in a course with known waypoints. We apply this methodology on a large data set collected from 32 subjects completing a slalom run with and without a 20.5 kg load. A k-means cluster analysis of proposed performance metrics reveals two groups of subjects who use fundamentally distinct techniques to negotiate the turns of the course in the unloaded condition. The groups exhibit different adaptations following application of the load, ultimately erasing group differences in the loaded condition. We believe that this measurement methodology can be used widely for agility assessment to provide athletes, trainers and researchers with actionable data to inform training plans and equipment modifications.
Current Status and Outcomes of Iliac Artery Endovascular Intervention

Aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) is widely prevalent and leads to significant limitations in patient quality of life. All patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease should be managed with approved medical therapies in addition to a supervised exercise program. Persistence of significant symptoms despite noninvasive therapy should prompt further management with endovascular revascularization. Although patients with the most complex cases of AIOD anatomy may ultimately require surgery, advances in endovascular techniques have made it possible to treat most of these patients with AIOD using an endovascular-first approach.
A 15-year catalog of more than 1 million low-frequency earthquakes: Tracking tremor and slip along the deep San Andreas Fault

Low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small, rapidly recurring slip events that occur on the deep extensions of some major faults. Their collective activation is often observed as a semicontinuous signal known as tectonic (or nonvolcanic) tremor. This manuscript presents a catalog of more than 1 million LFEs detected along the central San Andreas Fault from 2001 to 2016. These events have been detected via a multichannel matched-filter search, cross-correlating waveform templates representing 88 different LFE families with continuous seismic data. Together, these source locations span nearly 150 km along the central San Andreas Fault, ranging in depth from ~16 to 30 km. This accumulating catalog has been the source for numerous studies examining the behavior of these LFE sources and the inferred slip behavior of the deep fault. The relatively high temporal and spatial resolutions of the catalog have provided new insights into properties such as tremor migration, recurrence, and triggering by static and dynamic stress perturbations. Collectively, these characteristics are inferred to reflect a very weak fault likely under near-lithostatic fluid pressure, yet the physical processes controlling the stuttering rupture observed as tremor and LFE signals remain poorly understood. This paper aims to document the LFE catalog assembly process and associated caveats, while also updating earlier observations and inferred physical constraints. The catalog itself accompanies this manuscript as part of the electronic supplement, with the goal of providing a useful resource for continued future investigations.
Using the Launcher for Executing High Throughput Workloads

For many scientific disciplines, the transition to using advanced cyberinfrastructure comes not out of a desire to use the most advanced or most powerful resources available, but because their current operational model is no longer sufficient to meet their computational needs. Many researchers begin their computations on their desktop or local workstation, only to discover that the time required to simulate their problem, analyze their instrument data, or score the multitude of entities that they want to would require far more time than they have available.Launcher is a simple utility which enables the execution of high throughput computing workloads on managed HPC systems quickly and with as little effort as possible on the part of the user. Basic usage of the Launcher is straightforward, but Launcher provides several more advanced capabilities including use of Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor cards and task binding support for multi-/many-core architectures. We step through the processes of setting up a basic Launcher job, including creating a job file, setting appropriate environment variables, and using scheduler integration. We also describe how to enable use of the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor cards, take advantage of Launcher's task binding system, and execute many parallel (OpenMP/MPI) applications at once.
Islanding Detection with Data Mining Methods - A Comparative Study

There is a worldwide trend towards the integration of renewable energy in the form of distributed generation, leading to the formation of microgrids. Connection of these sources introduces new issues in the operation and management of distribution systems. An important issue is that of islanding, where the microgrid remains energized locally while isolated from the main grid. It is important to detect this islanding event quickly and accurately in order to prevent possible damage to the DG and load that remains connected to the DG side after islanding. This paper explores the problem of timely islanding detection by machine learning techniques. Several cases of islanding and non-islanding are simulated on the IEEE-13 bus distribution system. Different types of DGs are connected to the system and disturbances are introduced. We consider the use of the voltage, frequency and their rate of changes at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) as features for event detection using classifiers. These features are extracted from the simulation results and used to train and test several types of classifiers. It is shown that the random forest classifier detects the islanding with a high level of accuracy and within a reasonable amount of time after the occurrence of the disturbance.
Automatic VHF Radio Telemetering of Hydrologic Data

Design of new telemetering system of TVA described; basic requirements are: receiving stations to be located at seven area offices; each gaging station to report every 2 hr and record automatically at receiving station; radio frequencies for transmission to be selected from 16 frequencies between 169 and 172 mc allocated by Federal Communications Commission for transmission of hydrologic data.
Four-year-old Children Align their Preferences with those of their Peers

Children express preferences for a wide range of options, such as objects, and frequently observe the preferences that others express towards these things. However, little is know about how these initial preferences develop. The present research investigated whether one particular type of social information – other children’s preferences – influences children’s own preferences. Four-year-old children observed, via video, two boys and two girls display the same preference for one of two stickers. Each child (peer) expressed liking for one sticker and dislike for the other. Then children completed two rounds of the Dictator Game, a classic resource distribution task. In each round, children distributed either 10 liked stickers or 10 disliked stickers (counterbalanced) between themselves and another child who was not present. If the preferences expressed by their peers influenced children’s own preferences, children should keep more of the liked than disliked stickers for themselves. In line with this prediction, more children kept more liked than disliked stickers, indicating their distribution patterns were influenced by their peers’ preferences. This finding suggests that children extracted informational content about the value of the stickers from their peers and used that information to guide their own preferences. Children might also have aligned their preferences with those of their peers to facilitate social bonding and group membership. This research demonstrates the strong influence of peers on children’s developing preferences, and reveals the effect of peer influence via video – a medium that young children are frequently exposed to but often struggle to learn from in other contexts.
Action-based Modeling of Complex Networks

Complex networks can model a wide range of complex systems in nature and society, and many algorithms (network generators) capable of synthesizing networks with few and very specific structural characteristics (degree distribution, average path length, etc.) have been developed. However, there remains a significant lack of generators capable of synthesizing networks with strong resemblance to those observed in the real-world, which can subsequently be used as a null model, or to perform tasks such as extrapolation, compression and control. In this paper, a robust new approach we term Action-based Modeling is presented that creates a compact probabilistic model of a given target network, which can then be used to synthesize networks of arbitrary size. Statistical comparison to existing network generators is performed and results show that the performance of our approach is comparable to the current state-of-the-art methods on a variety of network measures, while also yielding easily interpretable generators. Additionally, the action-based approach described herein allows the user to consider an arbitrarily large set of structural characteristics during the generator design process.
MODELING PROCESS FOR ASSESSING WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

A planning framework is presented for arriving at cost-effective solutions to water pollution problems resulting from subsurface irrigation return flows. The modeling process is demonstrated for salinity management in irrigated agriculture, which involves inflow-outflow analysis, hydro-salinity modeling, soil moisture chemistry simulation, and an optimizational analysis to arrive at the most cost-effective strategy for reducing the salt load in the groundwater reservoir or river.
Summers of No Return: Transforming Care Through a Nursing Field School

Nursing education is developing a wide variety of ways to educate for cultural competence that expedites culture-congruent care and effective diversity management in practice. Using a praxis orientation, this article reports research done on an innovative nursing field school during the past four summers on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Learning context emphasizing formation of a collaborative, caring community is created for 6-week immersion learning experiences during which student groups work with the High Plains Oglala Lakota in tribal programs. Triangulated data based on participant observation and student journals, stories, discussions, interviews, academic coursework, and evaluation surveys provide a comprehensive record of complex and multifaceted field school and immersion learning processes. Through collaboration with students, Diekelmann's "Concernful Practices" are tested and adapted for fit as a framework for organizing and examining the field school experience, as well as the practice of health care across cultures.
NUTRIENT-PHYTOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY DURING THE 1974 SUMMER BLOOM

ABSTRACT Nutrient and 14C uptake by natural phytoplankton populations was measured. Concentrated populations were incubated with uptake saturating concentrations of nitrate, silicate and phosphate, and nutrient uptake was then monitored at 30 min intervals over an eight hour period to yield Vmax, V, ρN and ρsi. Changes in the amount of particulate matter and absolute rates of uptake were related to in situ levels of phytoplankton biomass and dissolved nutrients, and replenishment (generation) times (R) estimated. Independent estimates of R were derived from calculations of particulate nitrogen (Np) and silica production (Sip) based on 14C uptake and appropriate elemental ratios. Forty-two percent of the annual carbon production of 308 g m−2 occurred during July and August when in situ nutrient levels were very low. The hourly uptake rates for nitrate (ρN) ranged from 0.118 to 0.136; ρsi was 0.007 to 0.150 μM. The daily N supply for the water column would have to be replenished one to 12 times daily to support Np and 2.5 to 17 days for Sip. It would take from 2 to 5 days for the nitrogen excretion rates of the zooplankton (> 153 μM.) and benthos to supply the daily phytoplankton nitrogen needs.
Future Directions in Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery has become an established part of clinical surgery. The advantages of using a robot have been enumerated by many clinicians, however the true potential has yet to be realized. In addition, the systems available today are extraordinarily simple and cumbersome relative to the more sophisticated robotic systems used in other industries. However more important is the fact that the fundamental principles underlying robotics have yet to be exploited, such as systems integration, feedback control, automatic performance, simulation and rehearsal and integration into healthcare enterprise. By looking at robotic implementation in other industries, and exploring the new robotic technologies in the laboratories, it is possible to speculate on the future directions which would be possible in surgical robotics.
On the effect of solute release position on plume dispersion

Abstract Associated with Taylor dispersion, in this paper we analyze how the vertical position of a point-source solute release will affect the transport process in laminar open channel flow, through obtaining and applying analytical solution by the two-scale perturbation analysis (Wu and Chen, 2014, J. Fluid Mech., 740, 196–213), which is verified and supported by results from numerical simulations. Based on multi-dimensional spatial concentration distribution of the solute plume, we resort to the previously proposed criterion for identifying the stage of solute transport characterized by the dispersion-dominated (Taylor dispersion) regime, focusing on the relative uniformity of concentration distribution across a given family of curved surfaces (Wu et al., 2016, Sci. Rep., 6, 20556). The most important finding is that for the solute transport transition into the dispersion-dominated regime, the necessary time is about 50% more for the case of solute release at free water surface compared with that at the channel bed, which is substantial under typical physical parameters. Other effects of release position include affecting the displacement of the solute plume centroid, the value of the maximum mean concentration, and non-Gaussian properties regarding the form of the streamwise distribution of the mean concentration.
Neuro-Ophthalmic Diseases and Endocrinologic Function

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight neuro-ophthalmic disease processes that have implications for endocrinologic function. We have sought to emphasize those relevant conditions which occur most commonly in the pediatric neuro-ophthalmic practice. Many of these conditions involve disease processes that localize to the sellar and suprasellar regions of the brain, with the potential to impact visual function at the level of the optic chiasm and hormonal function at the pituitary and hypothalamus. Each of these conditions warrants a multidisciplinary collaboration between neuro-ophthalmology and endocrinology to achieve the best clinical outcomes.
The Ethics of Human Dignity and Freedom of Expression

When human dignity is a universal principle and not defined in Eurocentric terms, it means honoring the intrinsic worthiness of all human beings. The issue for the Al Jazeera Media Network as an international organization is whether in its programming and policies, it is committed and how, to the ethical principle of human dignity. In the Eurocentric North, human dignity is anchored in individual rights and the legal order. An ethics of human dignity, rooted in the dignity of everyone without exception, is a cross-cultural idea in the monotheistic religions (Islam-Christianity-Judaism), Confucius, Immanuel Kant, and African communalism. It is affirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The normative principle of human dignity insists on gender equality in the profession, on affirming the identity of the marginalized, and on ethnic diversity. These issues are treated where appropriate throughout the book. For this chapter, the ethics of human dignity as inherent worthiness is applied to language considered offensive because of race or religious extremism, cyber hate speech, and atrocious images. Following this ethical principle for organizational culture, freedom of expression is a fundamental prerogative of the news media in opposing censorship. This chapter argues that the issues of free expression and censorship in the Al Jazeera Media Network should not be based on the Western concepts of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, but should be governed by the cross-cultural definition of human dignity as the intrinsic worthiness of human life.
Joins and Maltsev products of congruence permutable varieties

Let $$\mathcal {A}$$ and $$\mathcal {B}$$ be idempotent varieties and suppose that the variety $$\mathcal {A} \vee \mathcal {B} $$ is congruence permutable. Then the Maltsev product $$\mathcal {A} \circ \mathcal {B} $$ is also congruence permutable.
Cu-T-Pi Revised: An Updated Model Supercomputer for Parallel Computing Pedagogy

Cu-T-Pi, named for the CUDA, Nvidia TK1, and Raspberry Pi technology included, is a heterogeneous model supercomputer. Used as a pedagogic tool for teaching high-performance parallel computing, this model supports the major programming paradigms used in modern supercomputing. This work describes a complete remake of the original computer as a hardware and performance refresh, along with augmentation to support embedded Deep Learning.
Supporting at-risk nursing students to increase their final course grade

Abstract Students who do not complete a nursing program is a problem at both the local and national levels impacting the local workforce. In an associate degree nursing program, student success strategy sessions were provided to assist “at-risk” students in overcoming educational barriers. The success sessions supported “at-risk” students resulting in a retention rate of 90.3%. A relationship between workshop participation and final course grades was also identified, reinforcing the necessity of educational support for “at-risk” students.
Happy in a crummy world: Implications of primal world beliefs for increasing wellbeing through positive psychology interventions

are a recently-identified set of basic perceptions about the general character of reality (e.g. the world is boring) thought to have many psychological implications. This article explores implicati...
The Modified Strain Index: A Composite Measure of Injury Risk for Signers

Up to 81% of individuals who are fluent in sign language (signers) report pain. Non-native signers (with non-signing, non-deaf parents) report greater pain than natives (≥1 signing, deaf parent). T...
Increased rupture risk in small intracranial aneurysms associated with methamphetamine use

BackgroundAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the most common cause of nontraumatic SAH. Current guidelines generally recommend observation for unruptured intracranial aneurysms smaller tha...
Functional clustering methods for longitudinal data with application to electronic health records.

We develop a method to estimate subject-level trajectory functions from longitudinal data. The approach can be used for patient phenotyping, feature extraction, or, as in our motivating example, ou...
The idea of the end: Kant’s philosophical eschatology

Kant’s late essay ‘The End of All Things’ (1794) establishes a distinctly modern field of inquiry that has fittingly been called ‘philosophical eschatology’ by asking, ‘why do human beings expect a...
On the (in)significance of Hume’s Law

Hume’s Law that one cannot derive an “ought” from an “is” has often been deemed to bear a significance that extends far beyond logic. Repeatedly, it has been invoked as posing a serious threat to views about normativity: naturalism in metaethics and positivism in jurisprudence. Yet in recent years, a puzzling asymmetry has emerged: while the view that Hume’s Law threatens naturalism has largely been abandoned (due mostly to Pigden’s work, see e.g. Pigden in Aust J Philos 67(2):127–151, 1989), the thought that Hume’s Law is a serious challenge to positivism has only grown in prominence. Our main aim is to establish that Hume’s Law is not a threat to positivism or naturalism. First, we connect extensive, but unfortunately siloed, discussions of this issue. Second, we show that Hume’s Law is not a serious threat to naturalism or positivism, for the gap between logic and such theses is very hard to bridge in a way that would make Hume’s Law able to bear this significance. Finally, we emphasize an implication of our discussion: it undermines one of the main “dialectical tributaries” in jurisprudence (Toh in Law Philos 27(5):445–504, 2008).
Long-Term Stabilities Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Arrays Inscribed by Femtosecond Lasers at 910 o C

We presents experimental data of 3-week stability tests at 910oC of FBG arrays fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing technique. We show that FBG can perform accurate temperature measurement with <1oC fluctuation at high temperatures.
The role of processing route on the microstructure of 14YWT nanostructured ferritic alloy

Nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) have outstanding high temperature creep properties and extreme tolerance to radiation damage. To achieve these properties, NFAs are fabricated by mechanical alloying of metallic and yttria powders. Atom probe tomography has demonstrated that milling times of at least 40 h are required to produce a uniform distribution of solutes in the flakes. After milling and hot extrusion, the microstructure consists of -Fe, high number densities of Ti-Y-O-vacancy-enriched nanoclusters, and coarse Y2Ti2O7 and Ti(O,C,N) precipitates on the grain boundaries. In contrast, the as-cast condition consists of -Fe with 50-100 m irregularly-shaped Y2Ti2O7 pyrochlore precipitates with smaller embedded precipitates with the Al5Y3O12 (yttrium-aluminum garnet) crystal structure indicating that this traditional processing route is not a viable approach to achieve the desired microstructure. The nano-hardnesses were also substantially different, i.e., 4 and 8 GPa for the as-cast and as-extruded conditions, respectively. These differences can be explained by the differences in the microstructure and the effects of the high vacancy content introduced by mechanical alloying, and the strong binding energy of vacancies with O, Ti, and Y atoms retarding diffusion.
Plasmonic nanoantennas on nanopedestals for ultra-sensitive vibrational IR-spectroscopy

We experimentally demonstrate that elevating polarization-insensitive nanoring antennas on nanopedestals enables high surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) signals. This is due to larger and accessible nearfields offering better overlap with biomolecules.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH—PSYCHOLOGY: Differences between Pre- and Postmenopausal Women in Cues for Sexual Desire

ABSTRACT Introduction Recently, McCall and Meston presented an assessment tool for empirically categorizing stimuli associated with sexual desire in women. Significant differences in cues resulting in sexual desire were found between women with and without hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Aim The present study examined differences in cues resulting in sexual desire between pre- and postmenopausal women with and without sexual desire concerns using the Cues for Sexual Desire Scale (CSDS) which assesses four distinct aspects of desire motivators: (i) Love/Emotional Bonding Cues; (ii) Erotic/Explicit Cues; (iii) Visual/Proximity Cues; and (iv) Implicit/Romantic Cues. Main Outcome Measures The Female Sexual Function Index and the CSDS. Methods Women included premenopausal women with no sexual concerns (N=35), premenopausal women with low sexual desire (N=30), postmenopausal women with no sexual concerns (N=21), and postmenopausal women with low sexual desire (N=39). Results Consistent with prior findings, women with low sexual desire reported significantly less Love/Emotional Bonding Cues, Erotic/Explicit Cues, Implicit/Romantic Cues, and had significantly lower CSDS total scores as compared with women with no sexual difficulties. Postmenopausal women were more likely to report cues associated with Love/Emotional Bonding as compared with premenopausal women. Conclusions There were significant differences between women with and without sexual desire concerns in Love/Emotional Bonding Cues, Erotic/Explicit Cues, Implicit/Romantic Cues, and CSDS total scores. There were no significant differences between pre- and postmenopausal women in Erotic/Explicit Cues, Visual/Proximity Cues, or Implicit/Romantic Cues. Interestingly, postmenopausal women with and without HSDD endorsed more Love/Emotional Bonding Cues resulting in feelings of sexual desire as compared with premenopausal women. McCall K, and Meston C. Differences between pre- and postmenopausal women in cues for sexual desire.
Single top production as a probe of B ' quarks

We show how single top production at the LHC can be used to discover (and characterize the couplings of) ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ quarks, which are an essential part of many natural models of new physics beyond the Standard Model. We present the ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ effective model and concentrate on resonant production via a colored anomalous magnetic moment. Generally, ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$s preferentially decay into a single top quark produced in association with a $W$ boson; thus, this production process makes associated single top production essential to ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ searches at the LHC. We demonstrate the background processes are manageable and the signal cross section is sufficient to yield a large signal significance even during the 7 TeV LHC run. Specifically, we show that ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ masses of 700 GeV or more can be probed. Moreover, if a ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is found, then the chirality of its coupling can be determined. Finally, we present signal cross sections for several different LHC energies.
Effect of antigen priming on T-cell suppression. I. Activity of Ly 1+2+ feedback suppressor T-cell precursors after isolation from competing Ly 2-T cells.

Abstract Previous experiments have demonstrated that feedback suppression of murine antibody responses occurs in vitro after exposure of unprimed T-cell subsets to suppression-inducing signals from primed cells, resulting in suppression of primary and secondary IgM as well as IgG anti-SRBC responses. However, following priming with antigen when cells appear which are capable of inducing feedback suppression, the ability of unfractionated splenic T-cell populations to mediate detectable feedback suppression in vitro rapidly disappears, suggesting that priming alters the expression of feedback suppression at the same time as providing for its induction. In the present study, we have succeeded in isolating active feedback suppressor T-cell precursors (preTs) in the Ly 1 + 2 + and L3T4 − T-cell populations from SRBC-primed as well as from unprimed mice, demonstrating that preTs are not lost after priming. The preTs isolated from primed mice resemble those isolated from unprimed mice in Ly and L3T4 phenotype, cell dose requirements, kinetics, level of suppression, and requirement for in vitro activation by primed cells. These results imply that antigen priming neither significantly depresses nor enhances the ability of Ly 1 + 2 + preTs to participate in feedback suppression and that activated suppressor effector cells are not detectable in the Ly 1 + 2 + splenic T-cell subset. Priming does, however, induce an enhancing activity in Ly 2 − , L3T4 + T cells which appears to compete with feedback suppression and thus may account for the absence of detectable feedback suppression when unfractionated T cells from primed mice are the only source of preTs.
The Topology of Provability in Complexity Theory

We present a general technique for showing that many properties of recursive languages are not provable. Here “provable” is taken with respect to a given sound, recursively axiomatized formal system J, such as Peano arithmetic. A representative application (Theorems 6.1–6.2) concerns the property of intractability, i.e., non-membership in the class P. It says that there exists a language E such that E is not in P, but the formal assertion ‘E is not in P’ is independent of J. Moreover, given any recursive language A ∉ P, we can construct E such that also E ⩽mP A. Our techniques strengthen similar results in the literature and lead to several other applications pertaining to P-immune sets, oracle separations, and the Berman-Hartmanis conjecture. We explain the phenomenon of unprovability in terms of both recursive properties of the formal systems J under consideration, and topological properties of complexity classes in a natural space which we call R. Provable properties correspond to closed sets of r. The topology provides geometric intuition for recognizing classes which are not closed in R, such as NPP (unless it is empty). We show how independence results follow immediately for these classes. In conclusion we argue that the type of independence result presented here forms an obstacle for day-to-day work in complexity theory, but does not bear directly on the possible independence of the P = NP question from Peano arithmetic or set theory. However, we believe our tools capable of measuring the link between the structure of a given language E ∉ P and the formal strength needed to prove the assertion ‘E ∉ P.’ Research in this direction has already been initiated by D. Joseph (J. Comput. System Sci. 25 (1983), 205–228).
A solution for the foreign body in nose problem.

To the Editor.— We would like to share with our colleagues a quick and effective method of extracting foreign bodies from the nose, a method that we devised when a 2-year-old boy came to the emergency room with a 1-cm bead lodged in his nose. The 1-cm diameter bead was visible 1.5 cm from the external nares and could not be extracted with a fine artery/alligator forceps in spite of multiple attempts by the pediatric/surgical residents.