cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic wave velocity in double-braided nylon rope

Abstract Ultrasonic wave speeds are measured in new Samson double-braided 2-in-1 nylon ropes of diameters ranging from 0.535 cm ( 1 4 in) to 1.588 cm ( 5 8 in). Two resonant frequency transducers with resonant frequencies at 30 k Hz are mounted on the loaded rope and spaced at various distances and relative circumferential locations. An impulse voltage is introduced into the input transducer, and the wave speed is evaluated from the response of the output transducer. The output signal appears as a complicated wave packet, with the maximum amplitude peak arriving much later than the first detectable peak. The wave speed corresponding to the arrival of the first peak increases with increasing rope tension, ranging from 1700 m s−1 to 4500 m s−1. Wave speed at a given rope tension increases with cyclic loading, whereas wave speed at a given rope strain decreases with cyclic loading. This loading history dependence becomes less pronounced both at higher rope tensions and also after three loading cycles on new rope. At any given strain, the wave speed corresponding to the arrival of the first peak is nearly independent of rope diameter. The wave speed corresponding to the arrival of the first peak is also a function of the path angle of propagation through the rope interior. The wave speed measured along a generator on the rope surface is 2.33 times as large as the wave speed measured across the rope diameter. Values of longitudinal wave speed are predicted by measuring the modulus in the rope, and assuming the rope to act as a uniform elastic rod. Predicted wave speeds have an average percentage deviation from wave speeds corresponding to the arrival of the first peak of 13.2%, with the percentage deviation decreasing with increasing rope tensions to 10% or less. The wave speed corresponding to the arrival of the first peak is much faster than the apparent wave speed corresponding to the arrival of the maximum amplitude peak, with an average ratio of the two speeds of 4.1. The wave speeds predicted by assuming the rope to act as a uniform taut string in transverse vibration have an average percentage deviation from the apparent wave speeds corresponding to the arrival of the maximum amplitude peak of 47.9%, with the percentage deviation decreasing at the higher rope tensions to about 30%. Thus, ultrasonic wave speeds in double-braided nylon ropes are significantly affected by tension, strain and loading history. These effects should be taken into account when conducting nondestructive evaluation using ultrasonics and acoustic emission. These effects also suggest the possibility of monitoring the tension and/or strain in a rope via wave speed measurements.
Gene Transfer into Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

The use of recombinant retroviral vectors to transfer genetic sequences into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is one approach to somatic gene therapy. Two limitations of such retroviral vectors are the degree of efficiency of transfer into the reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells and the loss of reconstituting ability of hematopoietic stem cells when manipulated in vitro during infection and selection. We have investigated the effects on the efficiency of gene transfer of prestimulation of hematopoietic stem cells by growth factors prior to infection. Prestimulation of bone marrow cells in WEHI-3b-conditioned media improved the efficiency of gene transfer into CFU-S stem cells. The majority of animals transplanted with bone marrow infected after prestimulation with a simplified retrovirus, Zip PGK ADA, demonstrated long-term and stable expression of human adenosine deaminase (ADA) after full hematopoietic reconstitution. In separate experiments, retroviral vectors have been used to transfer the SV40 large T antigen sequences into stromal cells making up the hematopoietic microenvironment. Stromal cells expressing large T antigen are immortalized, and some support the maintenance of day 12 CFU-S (CFU-S12) and reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells in vitro for up to 4 weeks. Such immortalized stromal cell lines provide an in vitro hematopoietic microenvironment which may allow prolonged in vitro manipulations during infection and selection of hematopoietic stem cells without loss of reconstituting ability. We are using immortalized stromal cell lines resistant to deoxycoformycin (dCF) to select transduced murine HSC containing human ADA in vitro. The use of recombinant retroviral vectors provides a promising approach to correction of human diseases involving bone marrow cells.
On stability properties of nonlinear systems with slowly varying inputs

Systems with slowly varying inputs are discussed as a special class of two-time-scale systems, and singular perturbation results are seen as convenient tools to analyze their properties. A lemma by F.C. Hoppensteadt (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., vol.123, p.521-35, 1966) for a parameterized family of systems is restated and applied to the analysis of systems with slowly varying inputs. >
The Aetiology of Diabetic Neuropathy: the Combined Roles of Metabolic and Vascular Defects

A combination of metabolic and vascular defects have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Animal studies have demonstrated that a reduction in nerve blood flow may be an important early defect and that vasodilators can prevent or ameliorate nerve dysfunction. The potential factors contributing to nerve ischaemia include structural defects in the endoneurial microvasculature together with rheological abnormalities, abnormalities in vasoactive agents which regulate nerve blood flow including nitric oxide and the eicosanoids, and alterations in tone of the autonomic innervation of the nerve vasculature. The principle metabolic defects which have been implicated include disruption of the polyol pathway, altered lipid metabolism, advanced glycosylated end-product formation, increased oxidative stress, and diabetes-induced defects in growth factors. The demonstration that activation of the polyol pathway in experimental diabetes may affect nerve blood flow, and conversely that vasoactive agents appear to be important in regulating some aspects of nerve metabolism, has highlighted the interdependence of the metabolic and vascular defects in the pathogenesis of this condition. Thus, selective intervention aimed at a key defect early in this cascade may subsequently correct a number of later abnormalities offering therapeutic hope in this chronic debilitating complication.
Researching and developing the knowledge base for teaching higher order thinking

(1993). Researching and developing the knowledge base for teaching higher order thinking. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 32, Teaching for Higher Order Thinking, pp. 138-146.
Measurement of low levels of radioactivity with a large well germanium detector

Described is the application of a state-of-the-art germanium detector containing a 25.4-mm diameter by 50-mm deep well for low-level activity gamma-spectrometry measurements. Detector calibration with examples of absolute efficiency curves at different in-well sample heights and the results of experiments to determine the effect of sample matrices to gamma-ray adsorption are presented. Radioanalytical methods described include the measurements of 241,243Am: (1) in water samples after preconcentration and (2) in dissolved neodymium fluoride (NdF3) microprecipitates. These procedures were achievable because of the well detector’s ability to accommodate a relatively large sample volume. A rapid method for the dissolution of NdF3 microprecipitates for gamma counting is also described.
Life and Spirit in Max Scheler’s Philosophy

Max Scheler was a philosopher of intuition who rarely worked out his ideas systematically. Consequently, his philosophical writings present something of a challenge for the reader. There is little unifying his disparate studies. In this paper, I suggest that a distinction between life and spirit which Scheler formulated early and held onto throughout his career can provide a heuristic principle by which to study his works. This paper is a clarification of this distinction. In the first part of the paper, I show that Scheler’s dualistic metaphysics has its roots in Rudolf Eucken’s idealistic philosophy. In the second and third parts of this essay, I clarify Scheler’s concept of spirit as he develops it in confrontation with Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological philosophy. Particularly, in the second part, I show that as he confronts Husserl’s conception of philosophy as rigorous science he postulates a radically different idea of the nature of philosophy, an idea that is rooted in this distinction between life and spirit. I explicate in the next section the unique theory of the phenomenological reduction Scheler develops on the basis of this distinction. In the last part, I briefly present how this conception of life and spirit are worked out in Scheler’s philosophical anthropology, particularly in his last work, The Human Place in the Cosmos.
Apatite phenocryst compositions demonstrate a miscorrelation between the Millbrig and Kinnekulle K-bentonites of North America and Scandinavia

The Ordovician Millbrig K-bentonite of North America and the Kinnekulle "Big Bed" of Scandinavia have been considered correlative, thus representing one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the Phanerozoic. Whether these two K-bentonites correlate has implications for the paleogeographic reconstructions of Laurentia and Baltica, transoceanic biostratigraphic correlations of graptolites and conodonts, and the possibly global occurrence of the Guttenberg carbon isotope excursion. Trace element analyses of apatite phenocrysts have proven to be good discriminators for other Ordovician K-bentonites and it is shown here, on the basis of significantly different Mg, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ce, and Y concentrations in apatite phenocrysts from the Kinnekulle and Millbrig K-bentonites, that the beds must be viewed as representing two or more different eruptions. Vertical subsampling of several layers from each bed suggests that both beds are likely composed of multiple components, but none of the components coincide with one another. These results indicate that the Millbrig and Kinnekulle beds cannot both be derived from a single ultra-Plinian eruption, as previously proposed.
Podiatric Medical Resources on the Internet

The authors discuss Internet sites that provide information on podiatric medicine relevant to practitioners and students. Before going online, the podiatric health professional should be aware that the information located at these sites may vary in quality, reliability, and level of sophistication. A brief introduction to the history of the Internet is presented, along with useful sites and general medical resources.
Earl Masterson: a fresh slant on videorecording

Both the video cameras and the video cassette recorder-players so popular today use a helical-scan mechanism. This magnetic-tape configuration provides the high data rates necessary for video recording and playback, and solves vexing problems inherent in other options that were intensely studied and developed in the 1950s. The challenge in video recording was to have the recording head move at high speed across the tape surface, yet have the tape move relatively slowly from reel to reel to allow sufficient playing time. In the innovative configuration that turned out to be superior to the other options, the tape winds helically around a cylinder carrying a spinning head, so that closely spaced tracks cross the pickup and recording gaps on a diagonal. This videotape concept originated with Earl Masterson, and here, the author presents an overview of his career.
How Should Society Approach the Real and Potential Risks Posed by New Technologies

As the 21st century opens, two new technologies raise the promise of benefits for humankind—biotechnology and nanotechnology. Crop biotechnology promises new and improved foods, e.g. vitamin A-enhanced rice ( Oryza sativa ), more food at lower cost from highly productive plants, plants that will
Debreu’s social equilibrium theorem with asymmetric information and a continuum of agents

We provide several different generalizations of Debreu's social equilib- rium theorem by allowing for asymmetric information and a continuum of agents. The results not only extend the ones in Kim and Yannelis (J Econ Theory 77:330-353, 1977), Yannelis and Rustichini (Stud Econ Theory 2:23-48, 1991), but also new theo- rems are obtained which allow for a convexifying effect on aggregation (non-concavity assumption on the utility functions) and non-convex strategy sets (pure strategies). This is achieved by imposing the assumption of "many more agents than strategies" (Rustichini and Yannelis in Stud Econ Theory 1:249-265, 1991; Tourky and Yannelis in J Econ Theory 101:189-221, 2001; Podczeck in Econ Theory 22:699-725, 2003).
Platinum sintering inhibition by yttrium oxide

Mixtures of yttrium oxide and platinum powders undergo a chemical interaction that inhibits the sintering of the mixture, thereby stabilizing its open pore network at temperatures up to 1500 °C. A mechanism for this phenomenon has been proposed, based on the results of SEM, EPMA, and AES analysis. Sintering of the platinum particles beyond the intermediate stage (continuous pore channel) is inhibited by the formation of an yttrium-rich phase on the surface of the particles. The formation of this phase involves the wetting and spreading of yttrium oxide, initially present as 0.4 μm particles in the platinum. Spreading of yttrium oxide over the platinum inhibits sintering by lowering the surface energy of the platinum.
Phenomenological trends for heavy fermi liquids and narrow-band metals II: Practical estimates of electronic heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility

Abstract Quantitative techniques for evaluating magnetic and calorimetric parameters of narrow-band and heavy fermion metals are discussed. The behavior of the electronic heat capacity at temperatures near a transition to magnetic order is emphasized. The discussion illustrates the methods used in establishing a previously published correlation between the electronic heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility of heavy Fermi liquids and their low temperature ground states.
Electrical activation of micturition by spinal cord stimulation

Abstract A method of direct electrical spinal cord stimulation for production of bladder contraction has been presented and the optimal parameters noted. Fifty-five per cent of the animals in the acute group and 62.5 per cent of the animals in the chronic group voided upon stimulation. Preliminary data seem to indicate that this may be a feasible method for treating the neurogenic bladder
Tunable ring resonators for silicon Raman laser and amplifier applications

Recently, low threshold Raman silicon lasers based on ring resonator architecture have been demonstrated. One of the key elements of the laser cavity is the directional coupler that couples both pump and signal light in and out of the ring resonator from the bus waveguide. The coupling coefficients are crucial for achieving desired laser performance. In this paper, we report design, fabrication, and characterization of tunable silicon ring resonators for Raman laser and amplifier applications. By employing a tunable coupler, the coupling coefficients for both pump and signal wavelength can be tailored to their optimal values after the fabrication, which significantly increases the processing tolerance and improves the device performance.
A Note on Mental Illness in Rural Arkansas

The data are taken in large part from those gathered during the intensive survey of mental illness in two Arkansas counties, Washington (1) in the northwestern Ozark section of the state, and Jefferson (5) in the southeastern Mississippi delta area. At the time of the 1940 Census both counties were predominantly rural, that is, for Washington County the proportion of rural residents was 72% of a total population of 41,114, and for Jefferson county it was 67% of a total of 65,101. For Washington county less than one per cent of the population were Negroes, but for Jefferson county the percentage of Negroes was 55. For this paper, data for these two counties has been supplemented by data for other counties of Arkansas. For Washington and Jefferson counties the annual rate of first admission to the State Hospital*** for the period 1930-1948 was 8.15 per 10,000 of the population, based on the 1940 population. This is as compared with a rate of 7.23 for the state of Arkansas and 8.01 for the United States for the same
Subjective Well-being Among Those Who Exchange Sex and Money, Yunnan, China and Thailand

This work explores differences in subjective well-being (SWB) between two samples. Survey data from Yunnan China was collected by Yang and Luo in 2003 and was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. A second pilot data set was collected in Thailand during January and February 2007. Predictors of SWB were explored among the Yunnan sample as a whole, between Yunnan men who traded money for sex and Yunnan women who traded sex for money, and between Yunnan women who traded sex for money and Thai women who traded sex for money. For Yunnan women who exchanged sex for money, only age nears significance as a predictor of SWB. For Thai women who sell sex, age was not a significant predictor of SWB; however, having more education and feeling one’s relative income was good were associated with SWB all else equal. The authors propose that, among this sample of Thai sex workers, sex work has become normalized in Thailand.
Interactions between metabolic and reproductive functions in the resumption of postpartum fecundity.

Lactation has long been recognized as a major determinant of interbirth intervals. The temporal pat- tern of nursing has been proposed as the mechanism behind lactational amenorrhea. We present a new model of the dynamic regulation of lactational amenorrhea that identifies maternal energy availability as the main determinant of ovarian resumption. Variation in the intensity of lactation remains a component of the model as a determinant of the absolute energetic cost of milk production. However, maternal energy supply determines net energy availability; a larger energy supply leaves a greater net energy surplus than a smaller energy supply (lactation costs being equal). We characterize the hormonal postpartum profile of 70 lactating Toba women of Argentina. We use C-peptide, which reflects maternal insulin production, as a measure of energy availability. Initially low, insulin production rises as the postpartum period progresses, reflecting the declining metabolic load of lactation. A short period of supernormal insulin production precedes menstrual resumption. The high levels of insulin may play a role in stimulating the resumption of ovarian activity, which in turn may help to resolve the transient period of insulin resistance. The dynamics of insulin sensitivity during lactation would aid in synchronizing the resumption of ovarian function with a reduction in the energy demands of milk production. This hypothesis is supported by the sustained weight gain experienced by lactating women during the months preceding the first postpartum menses. The link between fecundity and energy balance could serve as a mechanism for adjusting the duration of lactational amenorrhea to the relative metabolic load of lactation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21:559-566, 2009. ' 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. The pacing of births is a key element of human life his- tory strategies and a major regulator of female reproduc- tive success. Human life history traits are characterized by shorter interbirth intervals, earlier weaning times, and a higher total fertility rate relative to extant nonhuman primates (Hill, 1993; Mace, 2000; Robson and Wood, 2008). From an adaptive perspective, the ability to modu- late the duration of interbirth intervals is crucial for the mother's current and future offspring survival and, thus,
General Conditional Sampling

The fundamental idea underlying all Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms is the construction of implementable Markov transition rules that leave the target distribution π(x) invariant. Although the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm for constructing a desirable Markov chain is very simple and powerful, a potential problem with the Metropolis algorithm, as explained in the previous chapter, is that the proposal function is often chosen out of convenience and is somewhat too “arbitrary.” In contrast, the Markov transition rules of the Gibbs sampler are built upon conditional distributions derived from the target distribution π(x). In this chapter, we describe a more general form of the conditional sampling, partial resampling, introduced in Goodman and Sokal (1989) and generalized in Liu and Sabatti (2000).
Depression as a systemic syndrome: mapping the feedback loops of major depressive disorder

Background Depression is a complex public health problem with considerable variation in treatment response. The systemic complexity of depression, or the feedback processes among diverse drivers of the disorder, contribute to the persistence of depression. This paper extends prior attempts to understand the complex causal feedback mechanisms that underlie depression by presenting the first broad boundary causal loop diagram of depression dynamics. Method We applied qualitative system dynamics methods to map the broad feedback mechanisms of depression. We used a structured approach to identify candidate causal mechanisms of depression in the literature. We assessed the strength of empirical support for each mechanism and prioritized those with support from validation studies. Through an iterative process, we synthesized the empirical literature and created a conceptual model of major depressive disorder. Results The literature review and synthesis resulted in the development of the first causal loop diagram of reinforcing feedback processes of depression. It proposes candidate drivers of illness, or inertial factors, and their temporal functioning, as well as the interactions among drivers of depression. The final causal loop diagram defines 13 key reinforcing feedback loops that involve nine candidate drivers of depression. Conclusions Future research is needed to expand upon this initial model of depression dynamics. Quantitative extensions may result in a better understanding of the systemic syndrome of depression and contribute to personalized methods of evaluation, prevention and intervention.
The Role of Peer Support in Attaining Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Peer Pressure and Prevention.

Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability for adults worldwide [(1)][1], it is largely a preventable disease given the introduction of lifestyle changes and risk factor management. In 2010, the American Heart Association identified 4 health behaviors (not smoking,
In defense of Peter and Paul : the contribution of Cramer's Catena to the early reception of canonical Acts

This article offers translations of ten scholia from the third volume of J. A. Cramer's Catenae Graecorum Patrum in Novum Testamentum, which collects patristic comments on the book of Acts. The scholia were selected based on two criteria. First, they were not found in published translation elsewhere. Second, they contain a defense of Peter or Paul from impressions of wrongdoing or impropriety which might arise from a reading of the Acts of the Apostles. The selected scholia offer comment on the following passages: Acts 5:5; 10:10; 15:39; 16:7-8, 33-34; 22:27; 23:1-2, 3-5, and include the writings of Ammonius of Alexandria, Maximus the Confessor, and Severus of Antioch (or perhaps Sevarianus of Gabala) as well as a number of anonymous authors (two of which may be attributable to John Chrysostom and Didymus the Blind). The article also includes a brief introduction to Cramer's Catenae generally, and to volume three specifically, and concludes with a summary of the arguments employed in the defense of the apostles by the authorities translated.
Overcoming Barriers to Microinsurance Adoption: Evidence from the Field

This paper provides an overview of the academic literature on microinsurance adoption in emerging markets, with a particular emphasis on randomised control trials. I discuss what we know, what we can reasonably hope to know using the extensive work on microcredit as a comparator, and what the available evidence implies for public policy. Particular attention is paid to the case for a greater role for the government in supporting the development of microinsurance.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN SOLANUM X EDINENSE, A HYBRID OF THE COMMON POTATO.

The wild tuber-bearing species of Solanum (Sect. Tuberarium) have long been recognized as a useful group for evolutionary and genetic studies (cf. Howard, 1961; Magoon et al., 1962; Dodds and Paxman, 1962; Hougas and Peloquin, 1960). The diversity of species and infraspecific taxa (Correll, 1962; Hawkes, 1963; Ochoa, 1962), together with the ease of seed and tuber propagation, makes this polyploid complex especially suitable for field and greenhouse investigations of experimental hybridizations between races and species. It is thus not surprising that much is known about the variability and crossability of wild and cultivated potatoes when grown under controlled conditions (Hawkes, 1958; Simmonds, 1964). In contrast, very few studies have concerned themselves with the dynamics of wild or cultivated potato populations in their native Mexican or Andean habitats. The investigations by Correll (1952) on the environmental-latitudinal modifications of S. demissum phenotypes and those of Hawkes (1962a) on introgression in S. chacoense and S. microdontum are of interest here, though neither study employed population concepts based upon mass sampling techniques (Anderson, 1949). Similarly, the experimental synthesis of S. X juzepczukii and S. x curtilobum from S. acaule and diploid and tetraploid clones of S. tuberosum (Hawkes, 1962b), while a milestone in potato systematics, nonetheless sheds little light on the true extent of morphological intergradation that occurs between these taxa in nature. One purpose of the present study is to explore the value of mass collection techniques and variability analyses in understanding the dynamics of natural hybrid potato populations. A series of small and local hybrid potato populations, sampled in Central Mexico during the summer of 1962, 1963, and 1965, will thus be analyzed following methods outlined by Anderson (1949). A second objective is to compare the results obtained from studies of native Mexican potato populations with those obtained from the analysis of plants cultivated under uniform field conditions at the University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. In this way both genetic and phenotypic variation will be compared and the responses of hybridizing plants to differing environmental conditions will be analyzed. The weedy Mexican potato, Solanum X edinense Berthault, is particularly wellsuited for these investigations as its partial sterility and pentaploid chromosome number (2n = 60) offer virtually indisputable proof of its hybrid origin (Hawkes, 1944, 1963). However, its postulated origin from a cross of S. tuberosum L. (Group Andigena, 2n = 48) with S. demissum Lindl. (2n = 72), as suggested by Hawkes (1944, 1966), has not hitherto been supported by comparative morphological studies.
I wish I knew-or an analysis of hobbies (scientific and otherwise) or the advantage of multiple hobbies or isn't work easier?

(1951). I Wish I Knew—or an Analysis of Hobbies. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 82-85.
Feasibility of low radiation dose in craniocervical artery CT angiography with automatic tube current modulation

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of automatic tube current modulation(ATCM) in craniocervical artery CT angiography with 256-slice CT,while maintaining the image quality.Methods Sixty patients undergoing craniocervical artery CTA were enrolled into this study,and were divided into conventional tube current group(250 mAs,group A,n=30) and low tube current group(ATCM,group B,n=30).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),contrast-to noise ratio(CNR),volume CT dose index(CTDIvol) and effective dose(ED) were evaluated respectively.Results The mean image SNR was(37.47±9.39) and(36.85±7.96) for group A and group B respectively,and was not significantly different(P=0.79).The mean image CNR was(32.13±9.06) and(31.86±7.66) for group A and group B respectively,and was not significantly different(P=0.90).The CT volume dose index(CTDI) was 16.5 mGy and 410.55±0.94mGy for group A and group B respectively,and was significantly different(P0.001).The radiation dose decreased 36.1% in ATCM.Conclusions Compared with 250 mAs tube current,ATCM craniocervical artery CTA can reduce radiation dose,while maintaining image quality.
Block Device I/O and Buffer Management

Chapter 12 covers block device I/O and buffer management. It explains the principles of block device I/O and advantages of I/O buffering. It discusses the buffer management algorithm of Unix and points out its shortcomings. Then it uses semaphores to design new buffer management algorithms to improve the efficiency and performance of the I/O buffer cache. It is shown that the simple PV algorithm is easy to implement, has good cache effect and is free of deadlock and starvation. The optimal PV algorithm is optimal in process switches, has improved cache effect and is also free of deadlock and starvation. Then it compares the performances of the buffer management algorithms and shows that, under certain conditions, the new algorithms perform better than the Unix algorithm in both execution time and hit ratio.
Perioperative management in children with chronic pain

Summary Children with chronic pain often undergo surgery and effective perioperative management of their pain can be challenging. Identification of the pediatric chronic pain patient preoperatively and development of a perioperative pain plan may help ensure a safer and more comfortable perioperative course. Successful management usually requires multiple different classes of analgesics, regional anesthesia, and adjunctive nonpharmacological therapies. Neuropathic and oncological pain can be especially difficult to treat and usually requires an individualized approach.
Interfirm Trust and Dependence Asymmetry

Recent empirical work in channels has produced only weak support for the argument that “as the interdependence asymmetry increases, conditions become more aversive to the development of trust or commitment” (Kumar, Scheer, and Steenkamp 1995 p. 350). The more powerful party is expected to behave opportunistically and exercise power and punitive actions forselfgain in asymmetrical dependence structures (ibid). To elicit a partner’s cooperation, the more powerful party does not need to cultivate its partner’s trust or commitment because it can use its relative power to the same effect. For the less powerful firm, trust and commitment would be impractical, too, because “such sentiments render it more vulnerable to its partner’s opportunism” (ibid, p.350).
Commission des Observations Astronomiques Au-Dehors de L’Atmosphere Terrestre

Many important advances in the techniques of space astronomy have occurred since the last General Assembly. The most widely publicized developments have been those connected with the exploration of the Moon and Mars, where the exploits of such spacecraft as Luna, Zond, Surveyor, Lunar Orbiter and Mariner in revealing the details of the lunar and Martian landscapes have seemed little short of miraculous. The photographs obtained during these flights have already been extensively disseminated and the results of more detailed analysis are best left to Commissions 16 and 17. Although the lunar and planetary developments have been of the highest scientific importance, the space program has also had a number of other successes of equal scientific significance, although characterized by a much more modest scale of engineering achievement. Many types of satellites and space probes have provided detailed measurements of the interplanetary plasma and its associated magnetic fields. The discovery of a sizable number of extra-solar X-ray sources has already established a new branch of astronomy, which has attracted numerous experimenters and captured the attention of many theoretical physicists. Far ultraviolet stellar spectra have been photographed for the first time, both from sounding rockets and with cameras operated by astronauts in the Gemini spacecraft. Solar X-ray astronomy has also advanced very rapidly. X-ray photographs of the Sun are approaching in resolution those made in visible light. Solar X-ray spectra now reveal emission lines down to a wavelength of 6A and seem to defy all limitations imposed by ‘reasonable’ coronal temperatures.
Treatment of Depression from a Self-Regulation Perspective: Basic Concepts and Applied Strategies in Self-System Therapy

Self-regulation models of psychopathology provide a theory-based, empirically supported framework for developing psychotherapeutic interventions that complement and extend current cognitive-behavioral models. However, many clinicians are only minimally familiar with the psychology of self-regulation. The aim of the present manuscript is twofold. First, we provide an overview of self-regulation as a motivational process essential to well-being and introduce two related theories of self-regulation which have been applied to depression. Second, we describe how self-regulatory concepts and processes from those two theories have been translated into psychosocial interventions, focusing specifically on self-system therapy (SST), a brief structured treatment for depression that targets personal goal pursuit. Two randomized controlled trials have shown that SST is superior to cognitive therapy for depressed clients with specific self-regulatory deficits, and both studies found evidence that SST works in part by restoring adaptive self-regulation. Self-regulation-based psychotherapeutic approaches to depression hold significant promise for enhancing treatment efficacy and ultimately may provide an individualizable framework for treatment planning.
Progress in Endocrine Neoplasia.

Most endocrine tumors are benign, and afflicted patients usually seek medical advice because of symptoms caused by too much, or too little, native hormone secretion or the impingement of their tumor on a vital structure. Malignant endocrine tumors represent a more serious problem, and patient cure often depends on early diagnosis and treatment. The recent development of novel molecular therapeutics holds great promise for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic endocrine cancer. In this CCR Focus, expert clinical investigators describe the molecular characteristics of various endocrine tumors and discuss the current status of diagnosis and treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(20); 4981-8. ©2016 AACR See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Endocrine Cancers Revising Paradigms".
Social Media Analytics to Identify and Counter Islamist Extremism: Systematic Detection, Evaluation, and Challenging of Extremist Narratives Online

Countering violent extremism remains a pivotal national security priority in the U.S. and globally. The Internet offers key sites through which violent extremists spread and influence others to adopt their views. In particular, Twitter has emerged as a central platform through which violent Islamist extremist groups disseminate radical propaganda to recruit civilians, especially young people vulnerable to radicalization [3]. Most of the propaganda messages contain verses from the Qur’an or Hadith (prophetic narrations), carefully selected and painted in an extremist ideology that demand action against the enemies of Islam (e.g., the West).
Enterococcus faecalis bacteriocin EntV inhibits hyphal morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and virulence of Candida albicans

Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium, and Candida albicans, a fungus, occupy overlapping niches as ubiquitous constituents of the gastrointestinal and oral microbiome. Both species also are among the most important and problematic, opportunistic nosocomial pathogens. Surprisingly, these two species antagonize each other's virulence in both nematode infection and in vitro biofilm models. We report here the identification of the E. faecalis bacteriocin, EntV, produced from the entV (ef1097) locus, as both necessary and sufficient for the reduction of C. albicans virulence and biofilm formation through the inhibition of hyphal formation, a critical virulence trait. A synthetic version of the mature 68-aa peptide potently blocks biofilm development on solid substrates in multiple media conditions and disrupts preformed biofilms, which are resistant to current antifungal agents. EntV68 is protective in three fungal infection models at nanomolar or lower concentrations. First, nematodes treated with the peptide at 0.1 nM are completely resistant to killing by C. albicans The peptide also protects macrophages and augments their antifungal activity. Finally, EntV68 reduces epithelial invasion, inflammation, and fungal burden in a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. In all three models, the peptide greatly reduces the number of fungal cells present in the hyphal form. Despite these profound effects, EntV68 has no effect on C. albicans viability, even in the presence of significant host-mimicking stresses. These findings demonstrate that EntV has potential as an antifungal agent that targets virulence rather than viability.
Theory of unidirectional magnetoresistance in magnetic heterostructures

We present a general drift-diffusion theory beyond linear response to explain the unidirectional magnetoresistance (UMR) observed in recent experiments in various magnetic heterostructures. In general, such nonlinear magnetoresistance may originate from the concerted action of current-induced spin accumulation and spin asymmetry in electron mobility. As a case study, we calculate the UMR in a bilayer system consisting of a heavy-metal (HM) and a ferromagnetic metal (FM), where the spin accumulation is induced via the spin Hall effect in the bulk of the HM layer. Our previous formulation [cf. PRB 94, 140411(R) (2016)] is generalized to include the interface resistance and spin memory loss, which allows us to analyze in details their effects on the UMR. We found that the UMR turns out to be independent of the spin asymmetry of the interfacial resistance, at variance with the linear giant-magnetoresistance (GMR) effect. A linear relation between the UMR and the conductivity-spin asymmetry is revealed, which provides an alternative way to control the sign and magnitude of the UMR and hence may serve as an experimental signature of our proposed mechanism.
FTO affects food cravings and interacts with age to influence age-related decline in food cravings.

Abstract The fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) was the first gene identified by genome-wide association studies to correlate with higher body mass index (BMI) and increased odds of obesity. FTO remains the locus with the largest and most replicated effect on body weight, but the mechanism whereby FTO affects body weight and the development of obesity is not fully understood. Here we tested whether FTO is associated with differences in food cravings and a key aspect of dopamine function that has been hypothesized to influence food reward mechanisms. Moreover, as food cravings and dopamine function are known to decline with age, we explored effects of age on relations between FTO and food cravings and dopamine function. Seven-eight healthy subjects between 22 and 83 years old completed the Food Cravings Questionnaire and underwent genotyping for FTO rs9939609, the first FTO single nucleotide polymorphism associated with obesity. Compared to TT homozygotes, individuals carrying the obesity-susceptible A allele had higher total food cravings, which correlated with higher BMI. Additionally, food cravings declined with age, but this age effect differed across variants of FTO rs9939609: while TT homozygotes showed the typical age-related decline in food cravings, there was no such decline among A carriers. All subjects were scanned with [18F]fallypride PET to assess a recent proposal that at the neurochemical level FTO alters dopamine D2-like receptor (DRD2) function to influence food reward related mechanisms. However, we observed no evidence of FTO effects on DRD2 availability.
Structures of 1,1′,3,3′-tetra(2-methyl-2-nonyl)ferrocenium(1+) salts of CB11H12−, B12F122−, BF4−, PF6−, and ClO3−

Abstract The interdigitated and layered structures of the tetraalkylferrocenium salts [DEC][CB11H12], [DEC]2[B12F12], [DEC][BF4], [DEC][PF6], and [DEC][ClO3] were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (DEC+ = 1,1′,3,3′-tetrakis(2-methyl-2-nonyl)ferrocenium(1+)). The structures of the salts of the two smaller anions were similar to the previously published oxoanion structures of [DEC][XOn−] (XOn− = NO3−, ClO4−, and ReO4−), with layers of trigonal-pyramidal ClO3− or tetrahedral BF4− anions stuffed between layers of interdigitated ferrocenium ions. The DEC+ cations in structures with the more highly charged and/or larger anions B12F122−, CB11H12−, and PF6− are also layered but the interdigitation is not as regular and not as complete as in the structures with relatively small 1− anions. Other differences and similarities of the eight [DEC]n[X] structures (n = 1, 2) are discussed.
Radiation force on spheres in standing waves in ideal fluids: Improved simple approximation for material dependence

When spheres are much smaller than the acoustic wavelength but sufficiently large that viscous dissipative properties are insignificant, the Yosioka-Kawasima approximation for the radiation force in standing waves is widely used. One consequence is that the force is taken to be proportional to the sphere’s volume. One approach to finding how corrections to that approximation depend on material properties is to start with Hasegawa’s full partial-wave-based series and convert it to partial-wave phase shifts using analytical relations [L. Zhang and P. L. Marston, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, EL178–EL183 (2016)]. When all the relevant phase shifts are real and sufficiently small in magnitude, a simple approximation can be found for (possibly imaginary) frequencies giving vanishing forces. That was an unanticipated application. (Material dissipation and surface tension are taken to be insignificant.) Using that frequency root, a modification of the Yosioka-Kawasima radiation force is derived that allows for the liquid or solid sphere to be finite in size [P. L. Marston, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 1167–1170 (2017) and at press]. The force is no longer strictly proportional to the volume. This approach is supported by numerical comparisons with Hasegawa’s series when the phase shifts are small. [Research supported by ONR.]
An Efficient HPLC Approach to Quantify Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor in Soybean Seeds

Trypsin inhibitor (TI), an important antinutritional factor present in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds, prevents animal protein digestibility. Accurately determining seed TI concentration is essential for screening soybean breeding lines to select genotypes with low TI. A colorimetric assay is widely used to measure TI activity in soybean seeds. This bioassay is time consuming, expensive, and has repeatability issues. This study developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method as a high-throughput, less expensive, and more reliable assay to quantify Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), the major TI, in soybean seeds. We extracted KTI using sodium acetate buffer, separated on a Poros R2/H perfusion column and detected at 220 nm. The HPLC method was compared with two popular enzymatic bioassays using 100 soybean lines. For the bioassays, TI was extracted using HCl or NaOH extractants and determined according to Kakade et al. (1974). The KTI from the HPLC method ranged from 0.52 to 12.15 mg g⁻¹ with an average of 5.25 mg g⁻¹ and a limit detection of 0.05 mg g⁻¹. The recovery of KTI in spiked soybean samples was 82.33%. The KTI data from HPLC and both bioassays were strongly correlated (r = 0.82 and 0.80, p ≤ 0.0001). The CVs of KTI data (66.20% for HPLC, 18.84 and 32.55% for bioassays) suggest that the HPLC method is capable of detecting a wider range of KTI quantities and providing a better sensitivity for quantifying KTI in soybean seed samples.
Participatory Operational & Security Assessment on homeland security risks: an empirical research method for improving security beyond the borders through public/private partnerships

This paper proposes novel applications of Participatory Operational Assessment (POA), as a qualitative/empirical tool for bridging the research gap in our knowledge of Border Security, while supporting the mission of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security “to build in security, to ensure resilience, and to facilitate customs and exchange” (DHS 2017). Each year, global trade volume exceeds 10.3 billion tons of cargo, 90% of which is being carried by ships (UNCTAD 2017). U.S. transport networks alone import and export at least two billion metric tons of cargo, including 15 million sealed containers (CBP 2017a). The task of DHS/CBP in safeguarding the national borders and intermodal (sea, land & air) security becomes more crucial each year, as the flow of goods grows exponentially in positive correlation with the population growth, and trade agreements, such as the NAFTA agreement between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. This paper demonstrates the development of a “Participatory Operational Assessment” instrument, where homeland security officials and industry stakeholders form a think-tank for resolving security and operational challenges on both sides of the border. Specifically, this scholarly research funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security demonstrates the benefits of establishing a Public/Private Advisory Board in order to identify security threats on both sides of the border. This is a timely research, as border security risks impose serious threats for homeland security, with geopolitical, economic and trade hindrances. The DHS and its Agencies (CBP, USCG, TSA etc.) have introduced numerous noteworthy initiatives, platforms and programs, including CSI, C-TPAT, TWIC etc. A number of working groups are also affiliated with the DHS, in order to address security, trade and travel issues. Inspired by the capabilities of these initiatives, this research has created a project-specific team of experts aiming to evaluate quantitative findings on border security, and offer best industry practices.
Channel dispersed Fourier transform spectrometer

The high signal throughput of Fourier transform spectroscopy has proved a boon to overcoming the difficulties of otherwise overwhelming detector noise in chemical infrared spectroscopy and near-infrared Raman spectroscopy, and is desirable for in situ measurement. Here we introduce a stationary channel dispersed Fourier transform (CDFT) spectrometer that efficiently utilizes two-dimensional imagers to obtain high-resolution input spectra in low-pixel-density imagers. By angularly dispersing a vertical one-dimensional interference pattern along a horizontal axis, an array of bandlimited interferogram channels is measured with reduced sampling constraints in each channel. CDFT spectrometers can use existing imagers to measure spectra with 0.0025 cm−1 resolution over an 800 cm−1 bandwidth. Moreover, this approach reduces the quantization noise present in low dynamic range imagers significantly. To demonstrate the utility of CDFT spectroscopy, broadband spectral domain optical coherence and multicolor quantum dot photoluminescence are measured in low-pixel-density imagers. Fourier transform spectroscopy has been effective in overcoming detector noise for both analytical and applied scientific disciplines. The authors present a modification of a stationary Fourier transform spectrometer that efficiently utilizes imaging detectors to improve the measured spectral resolution of broadband optical signals