cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Symptom of Sighing: Physiologic and Pathologic Observations

A sigh is defined as a deep and prolonged audible inspiration and respiration of air, especially when involuntary and expressing some emotion or feeling: as grief, yearning, weariness or relief.’ Sighing is one of the characteristic patterns of most mammals, just as is eupnea, gasping and panting.2 It is common in humans. Frequent sighing has for many years been considered a sign of nervous disturbance of respiration3 and of neurocirculatory asthenia.4 Sighing is apparently due to a spasm of the diaphragm.5 In the course of respiratory function studies in patients with various diseases of the lungs, heart and central nervous system sighing was observed not infrequently. These observations appeared to be of interest and will, therefore, be presented in this paper. Material And Observations In our observations we define a sigh as an involuntary respiratory peak that is 1.5 times or more the height of the tidal volume; this is slightly different from Caughey’s definition,6 according to which a sigh is twice as deep as the person’s average breath. I. Physiology of the Sigh Four hundred and seventeen graphic records of the respiration (spirograms) of 330 individuals of the Medical and Tuberculosis Services of the Veterans Administration Hospital, East Orange, N. J., were examined for the presence of sighs. The spirograms were obtained by the routine method of determining the oxygen intake for basal metabolism studies and other pulmonary function data. The Collins nine liter respirometer with ventilograph pen was used for all measurements. Two six minute periods of quiet breathing of oxygen were examined for the presence of sighs. All volumes were corrected to B.T.P.S. (body temperature, ambient pressure, saturated with water vapor). Of the 330 individuals, four were normals, about two thirds had various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis and the remainder had various cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Of the 417 records, 93 were found to contain sighs. Of the 330 individuals, 81 (24.5 per cent) were represented in the group of records having sighs. Of the 81 individuals who sighed during quiet breathing 24 had repeat examinations. Eleven of the 24 had sighs in the repeat examinations. Of the 11, four had intervening thoracic surgery and one received *From the Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory, Veterans Administration Hospital. **Consultant, Pulmonary Physiology.
Micro/nano spacecraft thermal control using a MEMS-based pumped liquid cooling system

This paper presents background on the need for pumped liquid cooling systems for future micro/nano spacecraft and results from this ongoing numerical and experimental investigation.
Cleavable Double-Chain Surfactants with One Cationic and One Anionic Head Group that Form Vesicles

Cleavable surfactants 1 (2-(2-[1-[2-carboxylatoethyl]alkylidene])hydrazino-N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide: a, alkyl = dodecyl; alkylidene = tridecylidene; b, alkyl = tetradecyl; alkylidene = pentadecylidene), which contain two alkyl chains and two head groups, have been prepared by the reaction of surfactants 2 (2-hydrazino-N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide: a, alkyl = dodecyl; b, alkyl = tetradecyl) with keto acids 3 (a, 4-oxohexadecanoic acid; b, 4-oxooctadecanoic acid). Surfactants 1 form vesicles, including giant vesicles observed by optical microscopy, and undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at pH ca. 3, to give 2 and 3.
Comparative anterograde amnestic and anticonvulsant effects of two types of NMDA receptor antagonists: MK-801 and HA-966

The anterograde amnestic effects of non-competitive NMDA antagonists MK-801 and HA-966 on classic fear conditioning in goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined in a series of experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 contrasted the anterograde amnestic effects of MK-801, (+)HA-966, and (−)HA-966. Experiment 3 examined the effects of MK-801 and (+)HA-966 on the expression of conditioned responses. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated whether the potency of MK-801, (+)HA-966 or (−)HA-966 in blocking NMDA-induced convulsions paralleled their potency in producing amnesia. The results showed that MK-801 was more potent than (+)HA-966 in producing anterograde amnesia and impairing expression, while (−)HA-966 did not produce anterograde amnesia. The anticonvulsant potency of MK-801, (+)HA-966, and (−)HA-966 paralleled their amnestic potency. These findings suggested that MK-801 and (+)HA-966 produced anterograde amnesia by their specific antagonism of the NMDA receptor complex.
Effects of reading ability on lexically-informed perceptual learning

Research on perceptual learning for speech shows that lexical information can be used to modify phonological representations. Moreover, lexically informed perceptual learning is domain general in that it also influences the mapping to phonology from printed text. Given phonological processing deficits in adults with reading impairment, we hypothesized that reading ability would meditate how lexical information is used to dynamically adjust perceptual representations. Adult participants were identified as either good or poor readers based on standardized assessments of reading and reading sub-skills. All completed a lexical decision training phase followed by a test phase. Stimuli in both phases consisted of printed text. During training, readers viewed an ambiguous grapheme midway between “N” and “H.” Lexical information was used to bias perception of the grapheme as either “N” or “H.” At test, all readers categorized tokens along an “N” to “H” continuum. The results to date indicate that both groups of r...
It’s a Different World at the High School A New Superintendent Discovers Competing Cultures Within the District

This case describes initial conflicts experienced by a new superintendent that involve faculty resistance and diminished academic expectations at the high school, compared with the district’s other...
Texture-based image enhancement for segmentation performance

This paper describes a hierarchical algorithm for multi- resolution texture-based image enhancement for segmentation performance. The proposed algorithm is a modification of the steerable pyramid algorithm that has been successfully implemented for research in texture synthesis. We investigate in this paper the application of such a multiscale approach for image analysis to the problem of image enhancement for segmentation. We present the application of the proposed algorithm to two medical images as a first exploration of the potential benefits of the approach. While some quantitative measure of assessment needs ultimately to be developed for performance assessment, some subjective evaluation at this early stage of the research can provide early feedback on the magnitude of a potential benefit. While the early results presented in this paper are encouraging, it is yet to be demonstrated that the proposed algorithm or an optimized version of the algorithm yields increased performance compared to other techniques.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interrelationships between plasma corticosterone and dietary sodium in experimental hypertension.

Plasma levels of corticosterone and systolic blood pressures were determined in groups of 50 bilaterally adrenalectomized uninephrectomized rats given graded doses (0.625–2.5 mg/100 g body wt/12 hr) of corticosterone subcutaneously over a 30-day period. Diets with either 2.5% or 5% NaCl were offered to the rats and the food consumption was measured. A minimal plasma level of 25 μg corticosterone/100 ml, obtained with 0.625 mg dosage, was found necessary for elevation of the systolic blood pressure into the hypertensive range. At this level, hypertension was independent of the NaCl intake, although dietary salt was necessary. At plasma levels of corticosterone above 40 Mg/100 ml, the rats fed 5 % NaCl had a higher mean systolic blood pressure than those on a diet containing 2.5 % NaCl.
A generalization of the method of averaging for systems with two time scales

In this paper we shall consider systems of the form x = ɛ f(t, ɛt, x, y, ɛ), y = g(t,ɛt, x, y,ɛ), where x and y are vectors of finite dimensions, f and g are assumed to be bounded for all t, and ɛ is a real parameter. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of certain solutions which are bounded for all t. These solutions are shown to approach special solutions of a derived simpler averaged system of equations as ɛ → 0. Moreover, it is shown that there exists only one such bounded solution in the neighborhood of each special solution. In the special case when y is not present, it is shown that if a special solution is stable, solutions starting in nonlocal neighborhoods of this special solution approach the bounded solutions adjacent to it as t → ∞. These results generalize most of the existing work for systems of the type discussed here. Finally, we employ our results to study some problems of physical importance.
Solid-electrolyte-aided study of the ethylene oxidation on polycrystalline silver

Abstract The oxidation of ethylene on porous polycrystalline Ag films supported on stabilized zirconia was studied in a CSTR at temperatures between 250 and 450 °C and atmospheric pressure. The technique of solid-electrolyte potentiometry (SEP) was used to monitor the chemical potential of oxygen adsorbed on the catalyst. The rates r1, r2 of ethylene epoxidation and combustion were found to satisfy r 1 = K 1 K ET P ET (1 + K ET P ET ), r 2 = K 2 K ET P ET /(1 + k et p et ) , respectively, with K ET = 8.7 · 10 −4 exp ( 5800 T ) bar −1 , K 1 = 0.28 exp ( −7300 T ) mole/s , and K 2 = 2. · 10 2 exp ( − 11100 T ) mole/s on a porous film that could adsorb a total of 2 · 10−6 moles O2. The steady-state atomic oxygen activity aO satisfies the equation P O2 1 2 a O = 1 + KP ET P O 2 with K = 3.4 · 10 −5 exp ( 7800 T ) . The effect of carbon dioxide on the catalytic oxidation of ethylene was also studied at temperatures between 250 and 400 °C and atmospheric total pressure. Over the range of conditions investigated CO2 was found to inhibit ethylene epoxidation only, without measurably affecting the rate of complete oxidation to CO2 or the potentiometrically measured atomic oxygen activity on the Ag catalyst. The inhibiting effect of CO2 on the rate of ethylene epoxidation r1 can be described by r 1 r 1 O = P O 2 (P O 2 + K'P CO 2 ) , where r1O is the rate of epoxidation for vanishingly low PCO2 and K′ = 1.2 · 10 −5 · exp ( 6600 T ) . A simple mechanism is proposed which explains all the experimental observations.
The proximity paradox: Live reporting, virtual proximity and the concept of place in the news

This article explores a paradox in the way journalism employs proximity in the news. Even while the practice of on-the-spot reportage has continued to increase, research offered here suggests that very little `live' reporting meets the criteria for this term. Rather, presentational devices that create the illusion of this — including digital techniques that generate a form of `virtual proximity' — have helped to produce the sense of `placelessness' that many analysts perceive in modern media. It is proposed that location in news discourse has been recodified to encompass meanings well beyond geographic significance, becoming part of journalism's bid to illustrate and embody abstract issues, being absorbed into the role a news event plays within narrative, and working as a signifier of `eyewitness' or `expert' to promote journalism's cultural authority.
Measurement of tele-methylhistamine and histamine in human cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and plasma.

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method described by us to measure tele-methylhistamine (t-MH) in brain was used to measure t-MH in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and plasma. The presence of t-MH in these body fluids was rigorously established. No pros-methylhistamine could be detected, and it was used as internal standard to quantify t-MH in the fluids. The mean levels of t-MH were: urine, 943 pmol/mg creatinine; plasma, 12.3 pmol/ml; and CSF, 2.2 pmol/ml. Parallel measurements of histamine by a radioenzymatic method showed, respectively, 182 pmol/mg creatinine; 19.5 pmol/ml; and 388 pmol/ml. The levels of HA in CSF, much higher than those of its metabolite, t-MH, are high enough to stimulate HA receptors in the central nervous system.
Biogeochemical alteration of dissolved organic material in the Cape Fear River Estuary as a function of freshwater discharge

Abstract This study presents the first extensive examination of the controls on optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) within the Cape Fear River Estuary (CFRE) utilizing spectral slope ratios (SR). The application of SUVA254 values, absorption spectral slopes (S) and SR values has presented a distinct opportunity to observe compositional changes in CDOM in the CFRE that was not possible using bulk DOC and aCDOM(350) values alone. By comparing estuarine trends in CDOM spectral shape during both normal and historically low flow conditions, we found that diagenetic processing of CDOM in the CFRE is controlled primarily by riverine discharge rates. These findings suggest that the chromophoric fraction of DOM is altered during estuarine transport under low flow regimes but reaches the coastal ocean relatively unaltered under higher flow conditions. This highlights the tendency for autochthonous sources of DOC to offset photochemical losses and indicates that in situ DOC production can significantly contribute to the overall carbon load if discharge is low or sufficient biogeochemical alteration of the terrestrial DOM end-member occurs. This provides new insight into the usefulness of these optical properties into understanding the cycling, fate and transport of CDOM to the coastal ocean. SR values provide a simple but potentially powerful tool in understanding the flux, transport and impact of terrestrially derived organic material deposited in the coastal ocean.
The many faces of tumor necrosis factor in stroke.

The cytokine, TNF, participates in virtually every aspect of stroke. Its effects, however, often appear contradictory. Analysis of the current model for TNF receptor signaling and TNF interactions with other stroke mediators helps to resolve some of these apparent discrepancies.
Information System Security Engineering, MIL‐STD‐499B, and Trusted Development Methodology

This paper provides an introduction to Information System Security Engineering in conjunction with the draft MEL-STD-499B for Systems Engineering. The generic system security engineering activities are identified with respect to each phase in the life cycle, and security documents are listed. The paper also discusses the trusted-software-development-process as a method for achieving high assurance.
Effects of a Short Messaging Service–Based Skin Cancer Prevention Campaign in Adolescents

Background Skin cancer prevention emphasizes early adoption and practice of sun protection behaviors. Adolescence represents a high-risk period for ultraviolet radiation exposure, presenting an opportunity for intervention. The ubiquity of mobile phones among teens offers an engaging medium through which to communicate prevention messages. Purpose To evaluate a skin cancer prevention intervention using short messaging service (SMS, or text messages) to impact sun-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents. Methods The intervention was conducted in middle school youth (N=113) recruited in April or October 2012. Participants were English speakers, 11–14 years old, routinely carried a mobile phone, and completed a 55-minute sun safety education program. Participants were sent three sun safety–themed SMS messages each week for 12 weeks. Skin and sun protective knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and post-intervention program satisfaction were collected and analyzed at baseline and end of intervention (April/June 2012; October 2012/January 2013). Paired responses were tested for equality using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results Ninety-six students (85%) completed the study. At 12 weeks, significant positive changes were reported for sun avoidance during peak ultraviolet radiation, sunscreen application, wearing hats and sunglasses, and knowledge about skin cancer risk. Participants expressed moderately high satisfaction with the program, and 15% shared messages with family or friends. Conclusions A brief, SMS-based intervention affected youth skin cancer prevention behaviors and knowledge. Future research will determine whether program effects were sustained at 24 weeks and explore how sun safety parenting practices inform these effects.
Evidence for a low-density component in the broad-line region of Seyfert 1 galaxies

It is found that the forbidden 4959-5007 A broad O III lines, good candidates for the excess shelf emission, are found in the vicinity of H-beta in Seyfert 1 galaxy spectra. The shelf-study method used to remove Fe II assumes that the profiles of the contributors to the shelf are known, and that subtraction of these contributors in the correct amount will result in a fairly smooth H-beta profile. Data were obtained with the Ohio State University Image-Dissector Scanner with a 600 line/mm grating, on a 1.8-m reflector. The estimated cloud electron density of 1 billion/sq cm is at the low end of those used for BLR photoionization models. The presence of a broad residual emission feature in the neighborhood of 5050 A after subtraction of the shelf is thought to be the result of a weak broad emission in this range from yet another species.
Similarity measures for general type-2 fuzzy sets based on the α-plane representation

Abstract Similarity measures are very important concepts in fuzzy sets (FSs) theory. There are many different definitions of similarity measures for both type-1 (T1) FSs and interval type-2 (IT2) FSs. In this paper, one similarity measure for IT2 FSs, which is extended from the Jaccard similarity measure for T1 FSs, is reviewed; then, based on the α -plane representation for a general type-2 (GT2) FS, this similarity measure is generalized to such T2 FSs. Some examples that demonstrate how to compute the similarity measures for different T2 FSs are given.
Centrifugal fibers to the rat retina from the medial pretectal area and the periaqueductal grey matter

Intraocular injections of several different retrograde tracers were made in albino rats. Retrogradely filled neurons were observed in two locations: the medial pretectal area and the contralateral periaqueductal grey matter, indicating that the pretectum and the mesencephalon are sources of centrifugal innervation to the rat retina.
Use of Seismic Stratigraphy to Identify Conduits for Saltwater Intrusion in the Vicinity of Raritan Bay, New Jersey

Saltwater intrusion into the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer in the central New Jersey Coastal Plain has contaminated the groundwater in the vicinity of Raritan Bay and resulted in the closing of wells that provide potable water to numerous towns in the region. An understanding of the geologic composition of this region, in particular the three-dimensional geometry, permeability, and physical relationships of adjacent lithologic units, can be obtained from geophysical and coring techniques and sequence stratigraphic data. A meandering Pleistocene channel filled with glacial outwash (sands and gravels) is delineated near the southern shoreline of Raritan Bay using high-resolution seismic data and Vibracores TM . The coarse-grained buried Pleistocene channel deposits and Holocene fine-grained estuarine muds beneath the bay are in contact with the Cretaceous Coastal Plain stratigraphy. Buried channel deposits have high permeability and are adjacent to the Cretaceous aquifer. Estuarine muds form an aquitard, preventing the intrusion of salt water into the aquifer. However, overpumping of Coastal Plain wells had resulted in excessive drawdown and intrusion of saline waters into the Cretaceous aquifer through buried channel deposits. This study has delineated the hydraulic conduit by which polluted estuarine water may be pumped into municipal water wells.
CAD-enhanced workspace optimization for parallel manipulators: A case study

The challenges of workspace determination of parallel manipulators (PMs) arise principally from the lack of analytical solutions of the forward kinematics. The inverse-position kinematics based approach for determining workspace tends to be inefficient, time consuming and unsophisticated. In this paper, we present a geometry-based method for accurate and computationally effective calculation of the workspace of a constrained parallel manipulator. We illustrate how boolean geometric operations can simplify the process of finding the workspace and optimizing the designs. Comparative performance studies, in terms of accuracy and computational performance, are performed to benchmark the approach against more conventional methods. Finally, we examine ways to further automate the process using a CAD package.
Access to Irrigation Water and Distribution of Water Rights in the Abanico Punata, Bolivia

Peasant communities in the Inter-Andean valleys in Bolivia increasingly face water shortages. Because they depend largely on agriculture, this puts their livelihood security at risk. While the debate over water access mostly focuses on the conflicts between industries or cities and traditional users, there has been little attention for inequality in access caused by traditional common property management. In the light of the trend toward legal recognition of traditional rights, this is remarkable. This case study therefore investigates the access under traditional common property management for 65 communities in the Abanico Punata, Bolivia. We show that there are large differences in access to water both between and within the studied communities. Access to capital and labor and community membership were shown to shape access patterns within the communities, while between communities historical claims and biophysical factors seem to matter.
Cylindrical coplanar waveguides (CCPW) for ice detection

Ice buildup on the wings, fuselage and other parts on an aircraft continues to be a source of hazard in the aviation industry. Ice formed on the surface of external tanks of a space shuttle could also be a source of debris hazard at liftoff (C. E. Bassey and G. R. Simpson, IEEE Aerospace Conf. p.1–6, 2007). The development of technology to combat this problem has been ongoing, but much still needs to be done (NASA/TM — 2010-216226 NASA Report Series, 2010). The National Transportation and Safety Board (NTSB) and the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) databases reveal that between 2006 and 2010, 228 icing related accidents were recorded in the United Sates (P. Appiah-Kubi, 2011, MS Thesis, U. Tennessee). These accidents resulted in loss of lives and damage to flight equipment.
Stochastic aspects of erythrocyte transit in capillaries

Abstract The transit of erythrocytes through a capillary is conceptualized as a stochastic point process—a chronological succession of instantaneous and indistinguishable events occurring randomly in time. Data consisting in the interarrival times of cells passing through capillaries of the retrolingual membrane of the frog ( Rana pipiens ) are analyzed within this stochastic framework. The first- and second-order distributional properties of both the interpassage times and the counts of passages in fixed time intervals are studied. The incompatibility of the observed transits as realizations of a standard process such as a Poisson or renewal process is inferred. Nonstationarities in the cellular transit process are reflected in variations of the cellular flux rate which consist in monotonic trends, sporadic decrementation, and long-term fluctuations. The fluctuations detected in the erythrocyte flux are surmised to be a manifestation of microvascular vasomotion.
Metal Free Sequential [3+2[-Dipolar Cycloadditions using Cyclooctynes and 1,3-Dipoles of Different Reactivity

Although metal-free cycloadditions of cyclooctynes and azides to give stable 1,2,3-triazoles have found wide utility in chemical biology and material sciences, there is an urgent need for faster and more versatile bioorthogonal reactions. We have found that nitrile oxides and diazocarbonyl derivatives undergo facile 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with cyclooctynes. Cycloadditions with diazocarbonyl derivatives exhibited similar kinetics as compared to azides, whereas the reaction rates of cycloadditions with nitrile oxides were much faster. Nitrile oxides could conveniently be prepared by direct oxidation of the corresponding oximes with BAIB, and these conditions made it possible to perform oxime formation, oxidation, and cycloaddition as a one-pot procedure. The methodology was employed to functionalize the anomeric center of carbohydrates with various tags. Furthermore, oximes and azides provide an orthogonal pair of functional groups for sequential metal-free click reactions, and this feature makes it pos...
An efficient construction of equal-area fabric diagrams

Abstract Fabric analysts are confronted by massive computerization requirements to process and synthesize efficiently the vast volume of accumulating fabric data. The efficient application of the computer to density-contour and plot-fabric data in an equal-area projection is given by the method which presents the most economical, reproducible, and accurate fabric diagram. Optimizing these features requires a new technique which unifies the construction of the fabric diagram completely in terms of the geometry of the reference sphere. In effect the new method determines the fabric diagram on the surface of the reference sphere and projects it, subsequently, onto the meridial plane. Although the procedure is not feasible to perform manually, it can be performed readily by digital computer to yield highly economic, reproducible, and accurate fabric diagrams. A simple computer program of the procedure, as well as an application, illustrate the capabilities of the method.
WebGMAP: a web service for mapping and aligning cDNA sequences to genomes

The genomes of thousands of organisms are being sequenced, often with accompanying sequences of cDNAs or ESTs. One of the great challenges in bioinformatics is to make these genomic sequences and genome annotations accessible in a user-friendly manner to general biologists to address interesting biological questions. We have created an open-access web service called WebGMAP (http://www.bioinfolab.org/software/webgmap) that seamlessly integrates cDNA-genome alignment tools, such as GMAP, with easy-to-use data visualization and mining tools. This web service is intended to facilitate community efforts in improving genome annotation, determining accurate gene structures and their variations, and exploring important biological processes such as alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation. For routine sequence analysis, WebGMAP provides a web-based sequence viewer with many useful functions, including nucleotide positioning, six-frame translations, sequence reverse complementation, and imperfect motif detection and alignment. WebGMAP also provides users with the ability to sort, filter and search for individual cDNA sequences and cDNA-genome alignments. Our EST-Genome-Browser can display annotated gene structures and cDNA-genome alignments at scales from 100 to 50 000 nt. With its ability to highlight base differences between query cDNAs and the genome, our EST-Genome-Browser allows biologists to discover potential point or insertion-deletion variations from cDNA-genome alignments.
Tilt-induced anisotropic to isotropic phase transition at ν = 5/2.

A modest in-plane magnetic field B_(∥) is sufficient to destroy the fractional quantized Hall states at ν=5/2 and 7/2 and replace them with anisotropic compressible phases. Remarkably, we find that at larger B_(∥) these anisotropic phases can themselves be replaced by isotropic compressible phases reminiscent of the composite fermion fluid at ν=1/2. We present strong evidence that this transition is a consequence of the mixing of Landau levels from different electric subbands. We also report surprising dependences of the energy gaps at ν=5/2 and 7/3 on the width of the confinement potential.
Microcircuit‐specific processing in the hippocampus

How does the hippocampus process information originating from the entorhinal cortex and transform it into the integrated output that ultimately underlies its functions in vivo? How does this type of activity remain within physiological boundaries despite the many recurrent excitatory loops that create a risk for epileptic seizures? These questions are important because entorhinal–hippocampal circuits serve as major centres for spatial navigation and memory and play key roles in temporal lobe epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
Judgments of others’ heights are biased toward the height of the perceiver

We examined how observers use one aspect of their own morphology, height, when judging the physical characteristics of other people. To address this, participants judged the heights of people as they walked past. We tested the hypothesis that differences between participant and target height account for systematic patterns of variability and bias in height estimation. Height estimate error and error variability increased as the difference between participant height and target height increased, suggesting that estimates are scaled to observers’ heights. Furthermore, participants’ height estimates were biased toward two standards, demonstrating classic category effects. First, estimates were biased toward participants’ own heights. Second, participants biased height estimates toward the average height of the target distribution. These results support past research on using both the body and categorical information to estimate target properties but extend to real-world situations involving interactions with moving people, such as height judgments provided during eyewitness testimony.
Wage Stagnation in Japan

In the last ten years, a number of economists have tried to explain the observed decline or stagnation in the real wages of the US labor force in spite of slow but steady rise in labor productivity. This paper reports a similar affliction for the Japanese labor market since 1973. The explanation for stagnant wages in spite of respectable productivity gains in Japan lies in the vast appreciation of the yen versus the dollar, and ultimately in the highly regulated retail distribution.
Isotopic Anomalies in the Early Solar System

The origin of the isotopic anomalies observed in meteorites appears to be attributable to the x-process nucleosynthesis, which was responsible for the production of the deficient elements lithium, beryllium and boron during the earliest stage of the history of the solar system.
PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE MOHAVE INDIANS

The following account, published by permission, is a preliminary sketch of the Mohave tribe, based largely on investigations made early in 1902 for the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, as part of the anthropological research of California made possible through the munificence of Mrs Phoebe A. Hearst. The tribe had also been visited by the writer for a short time in 19oo, in behalf of the California Academy of Sciences.
Involvement in mental health self-help groups and recovery

Self-help groups for mental health problems are widely used, yet studies of their effectiveness show mixed results and are often not theoretically guided. Drawing on empowerment, stigma, and social selection perspectives, we test a theoretically organized model of the relationships between self-help group involvement, empowerment, and recovery outcomes (symptoms and quality of life). Using two-wave survey data from a sample of 553 persons with mental illnesses in self-help groups and outpatient services, we find (1) ‘social selection’ effects – persons with greater symptoms and lower quality of life are less likely to be a part of self-help groups, (2) that self-help is associated with some beneficial effects on self-esteem, but is associated with stronger beliefs about expected stigma, (3) that self-help may yield only slight benefits to quality of life, and (4) perceived helpfulness of self-help and group involvement are reciprocally related. Open-ended questions reveal why some of our respondents never...
Structures, Stabilities and Electronic Properties of Endo- and Exohedral Dodecahedral Silsesquioxane (T12-POSS) Nanosized Complexes with Atomic and Ionic Species

The structures of endohedral complexes of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cage molecule (HSiO3/2)12, with both D2d and D6h starting cage symmetries, containing the atomic or ionic species: Li0, Li+, Li−, Na0, Na+, Na−, K0, K+, K−, F−, Cl−, Br−, He, Ne, Ar were optimized by density functional theory using B3LYP and the 6-311G(d,p) and 6-311 ++G(2d,2p) basis sets. The exohedral Li+, Na+, K+, K−, F−, Cl−, Br−, He, Ne, Ar complexes, were also optimized. The properties of these complexes depend on the nature of the species encapsulated in, or bound to, the (HSiO3/2)12 cage. Noble gas (He, Ne and Ar) encapsulation in (HSiO3/2)12 has almost no effect on the cage geometry. Alkali metal cation encapsulation, in contrast, exhibits attractive interactions with cage oxygen atoms, leading to cage shrinkage. Halide ion encapsulation expands the cage. The endohedral X@(HSiO3/2)12 (X = Li+, Na+, K+, F−, Cl−, Br−, He and Ne) complexes form exothermically from the isolated species. The very low ionization potentials of endohedral Li0, Na0, K0 complexes suggest that they behave like “superalkalis”. Several endohedral complexes with small guests appear to be viable synthetic targets. The D2d symmetry of the empty cage was the minimum energy structure in accord with experiment. An exohedral fluoride penetrates the D6h cage to form the endohedral complex without a barrier.
Diffusivity of ozone in water

The diffusivity of ozone in water was determined experimentally by measuring the rate of ozone absorption into an aqueous laminar liquid jet. Penetration theory was used to interpret the results. Experiments were conducted over the temperature range of 10 °C to 45 °C. The results for diffusivity were correlated by an Arrhenius function for temperature dependence with a maximum deviation of ±3.3%: D/m2·s-1 = 1.10 × 10-6 exp[−1896/(T/K)].
t-Plausibility: Semantic Preserving Text Sanitization

Text documents play significant roles in decision making and scientific research. Under federal regulations, documents (e.g., pathology records) containing personally identifiable information cannot be shared freely, unless properly sanitized. Generally speaking, document sanitization consists of finding and hiding personally identifiable information. The first task has received much attention from the research community, but the main strategy for the second task has been to simply remove personal identifiers and very sensitive information (e.g., diseases and treatment). It is not hard to see that if important information (e.g., diagnoses and personal medical histories) is completely removed from pathology records, these records are no longer readable, and even worse, they no longer contain sufficient information for research purposes.Observe that the sensitive information ``tuberculosis" can be replaced with the less sensitive term ``infectious disease". That is, instead of simply removing sensitive terms, these terms can be hidden by more general but semantically related terms to protect sensitive information, without unnecessarily degrading the amount of information contained in the document. Based on this observation, the main contribution of this paper is to provide a novel information theoretic approach to text sanitization,and develop efficient heuristics to sanitize text documents.
Robust integrated flight/propulsion control design for a STOVL aircraft using H -infinity control design techniques

Abstract Results are presented from an application of H∞ control design methodology to a centralized integrated flight/propulsion control (IFPC) system design for a supersonic Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) fighter aircraft in transition flight. The emphasis is on formulating the H∞ optimal control synthesis problem such that the critical requirements for the flight and propulsion systems are adequately reflected within the linear, centralized control problem formulation and the resulting controller provides robustness to modelling uncertainties and model parameter variations with flight condition. Experience gained from a preliminary H∞ based IFPC design study performed earlier is used as the basis to formulate the robust H∞ control design problem and improve upon the previous design. Detailed evaluation results are presented for a reduced order controller obtained from the improved H∞ control design showing that the control design meets the specified nominal performance objective as well as provides stability robustness for variations in plant system dynamics with changes in aircraft trim speed within the transition flight envelope.
Status Inconsistency: Its Objective and Subjective Components*

Sociologists need to recognize the distinction between objective and subjective status inconsistency. Objective inconsistency may be defined in terms of an arbitrary manipulation of an individual's...
Interstitial fluid pressure. IV. Its effect on fluid movement through the capillary wall.

Interstitial fluid pressures in the lung were estimated in 39 dogs from pressure measurements made in implanted perforated capsules. Special operative procedures were used to minimize operative trauma of the lungs and infection and inflammation in and around the implanted capsules. In 86% of the preparations, the x-ray findings indicated little remaining inflammation and edema around the capsules, though autopsy findings indicated that a few of these did still have some edema not detectable by x-rays. In 29 of 34 animals in which x-ray findings indicated no edema, the intracapsular pressure was negative. The average of the measurements in all 34 animals was -5.8 mm Hg (± 0.8 SEM), and in the 29 animals with negative pressure values the average was -7.3 mm Hg (± 0.6 SEM). In eight capsules the pressures were below -10 mm Hg, ranging to -16 mm Hg. Because the tissues around some of the capsules undoubtedly still had varying degrees of inflammation and edema, despite the failure of roentgenograms to show these, it is suggested that the normal interstitial fluid pressure of pulmonary tissues in dogs is somewhat more negative than the capsule pressure measurements indicate, perhaps as low as -10 mm Hg.
A singular value maximizing data recording algorithm for concurrent learning

We present a singular value maximizing algorithm for recording data to be used by concurrent learning adaptive controllers. These controllers use recorded and current data concurrently and can have exponential stability guarantees, with the rate of convergence directly proportional to the minimum singular value of the matrix containing recorded data. The presented algorithm selects data for recording to improve the minimum singular value, and hence results in improved tracking performance, this is established through comparison with previously studied data recording methods that record points that are sufficiently different.
New Strategies in Pediatric Gliomas: Molecular Advances in Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas as a Model

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG) account for more brain tumors in children than any other histologic subtype. While surgery, chemotherapy and radiation remain the mainstay of upfront treatment, recent advances in molecular interrogation of pLGG have shown a small number of recurring genetic mutations in these tumors that might be exploited therapeutically. Notable findings include abnormalities in the RAS/MAP kinase pathway such as NF-1 loss or BRAF activation and mTOR activation. Recent identification of activating re-arrangements in c-MYB and MYBL1 in pediatric diffuse astrocytoma also provide candidates for therapeutic intervention. Targeting these molecularly identified pathways may allow for improved outcomes for patients as pediatric oncology moves into the era of biology-driven medicine.
Design and tuning of a distributed fuzzy logic controller for flexible-Link manipulators

Fuzzy logic control is already in use due to its computational efficiency and robustness. If a person is sufficiently familiar with a system, intuition can be used as a basis to design a fuzzy controller for it. It may be difficult to accurately describe the behavior for flexible manipulators as their variables are strongly coupled. This paper reviews existing fuzzy logic controllers for flexible manipulators and discusses some of their limitations. It presents an alternative structure using a distributed fuzzy logic controller that controls angle and link vibrations of flexible manipulators independently. While the rules and structure of the proposed distributed controller offers significant advantages compared to those available in literature, its performance still depends on the membership functions for its input and output variables. Wrong choices of these membership functions may lead to sluggish response, excessive vibration, or instability. The paper presents a novel algorithm, Low Dimensionality Tuning Algorithm (LDTA), for tuning a fuzzy controller by changing the membership functions of its variables using nonlinear programming. LDTA uses only two variables to describe each fuzzy variable to avoid dimensionality problems associated with searching for a solution to problems with large number of variables. The paper also discusses possibilities of simplifying the tuned fuzzy controller.
Late complications and long-term outcomes following aseptic revision of a hip arthroplasty performed for oncological resection.

PurposeIn order to achieve an oncological margin during limb salvage surgery for tumours around the hip, part or the entire hip joint is frequently sacrificed. Hip arthroplasty restores a functiona...
Compression of multi-view images

Three dimensional display of video sequences with look-around capability enhances realism and introduces a unique sense of "being there". This final step of display realism can be achieved by stereoscopic techniques with the use of multi-view image sequences. A multi-view image system is an extended stereoscopic system with look-around capability. One technical problem that keeps these systems from widespread application is the large amount of information contained in a multi-view system. This information is generally 5 to 10 times more than the information content of an image. However, there is high inter-frame correlation in a multi-view image set which can be exploited for compression purposes. Therefore, the authors investigate efficient storage and transmission techniques for multi-view images. A block-based disparity compensated coder is proposed. This proposed algorithm solves the occlusion problem and is a good candidate for real-time implementation. >
Effects of live and killed vaccines against Mycoplasma gallisepticum on the performance characteristics of commercial layer chickens

Different vaccine strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum have been used on multiple-age commercial layer farms in an effort to protect birds against virulent field-strain infections. Use of the F-strain of M. gallisepticum (FMG), as an overlay vaccine during lay, may be necessary because of the lower level of protection afforded by M. gallisepticum vaccines of low virulence given before lay. Two replicate trials were conducted to investigate effects of live and killed M. gallisepticum vaccines administered individually and in combination before lay, in conjunction with an FMG vaccine overlay after peak egg production (EP), on the performance characteristics of commercial layers. The following treatments were utilized at 10 wk of age (woa): 1) control (no vaccinations); 2) ts11 strain M. gallisepticum (ts11MG) vaccine; 3) M. gallisepticum-Bacterin vaccine (MG-Bacterin); and 4) ts11MG and MG-Bacterin vaccines combination. At 45 woa, half of the birds were overlaid with an FMG vaccine. Hen mortality, BW, egg weight, percentage hen-day EP, egg blood spots, and egg meat spots were determined at various time periods between 18 and 52 woa. The data from each trial were pooled. Treatment did not affect performance in interval I (23 to 45 woa). However, during interval II (46 to 52 woa), the EP of control and MG-Bacterin-vaccinated birds that later received an FMG vaccine overlay was lower than that in the other treatment groups. Furthermore, treatment application reduced bird BW during interval II. Despite the effects on BW and EP, no differences were observed for egg blood or meat spots among the various treatments. It is suggested that the vaccination of commercial layers before lay with ts11MG, but not MG-Bacterin, may reduce the negative impacts of an FMG overlay vaccination given during lay. These results establish that the vaccination of pullets with ts11MG in combination with the vaccination of hens with an FMG overlay, for continual protection against field-strain M. gallisepticum infections, may be used without suppressing performance.
First-principles theoretical analysis of pure and hydrogenated crystalline carbon phases and nanostructures

We report a detailed theoretical analysis of the structures of various crystalline phases of pure and hydrogenated carbon. Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we propose possible structures for the experimentally observed phases of carbon nanocrystals through incorporation of interstitial hydrogen atoms, at proper concentrations, into cubic carbon lattices. The results of our analysis provide possible interpretations for the structures of i-carbon, a cubic phase with lattice parameter a = 4.25 A, a body-centered cubic carbon phase with a = 3.1 A, and n-diamond, a face-centered cubic phase with a = 3.57 A.
Insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder that involves numerous biochemical abnormalities, a heterogenous clinical picture, and a polygenic hereditary component. The pathophysiologic state involves increased basal hepatic glucose production, decreased insulin-mediated glucose utilization in target tissues, and altered pancreatic function with decreased β cell function and enhanced glucagon secretion. Prospective studies indicate that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia exist in the prediabetic state at a time when glucose tolerance is normal. When hyperglycemia supervenes, both insulin secretion and insulin-mediated glucose utilization are further compromised, mediated in part by sustained hyperglycemia itself. Insulin resistance may occur at any level in the biologic action of insulin, from initial binding to cell surface receptors to the phosphorylation cascade that is initiated by autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Receptors isolated from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have compromised autophosphorylationkinase activity when isolated from adipocytes, liver, erythrocytes, and skeletal muscle. The magnitude of the decrease in insulin receptor kinase activity is correlated with the degree of fasting hyperglycemia. However, the defect in insulin receptor kinase activity is normalized after weight reduction or other measures that reduce hyperglycemia, indicating the secondary nature of the defect. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus will lead to new treatment modalities for this disease
Leadership in Medieval English Nunneries

VALERIE G SPEAR Boydell and Brewer, Woodbridge, 2005, xix +244 pp incl bibliography and index (hardback £45.00) ISSN: 1-84383-150-3