cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
J. G. Fichte: Review of Leonhard Creuzer, Skeptical Reflections on the Freedom of the Will (1793)

Traduction anglaise du compte rendu de lecture de Fichte sur l'ouvrage de L. Creuzer consacre a la volonte libre. Premier d'une serie de trois recensions dans le journal «Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung» (Journal de litterature generale), le texte de Fichte critique la these du fatalisme intelligible defendue par K. C. E. Schmid et temoigne de l'effort du philosophe a penser la distinction kantienne entre volonte et volonte libre, liberte et causalite.
The Boric Acid Powder Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Abstract This double blind comparison of fourteen daily intravaginal gelatin capsules containing 600 mg of boric acid powder versus identical capsules containing 100,000 units of nystatin diluted to volume with cornstarch found vulvovaginal candidiasis albicans cure rates for boric acid to be 92% seven to ten days after treatment and 72% at thirty days, whereas the nystatin cure rates were 64% at seven to ten days and 53% at thirty days. Speed of alleviation of signs and sumptoms was similar with both drugs. There were no untoward side effects, and cervical cytology was not affected. In vitro studies found boric acid to be fungistatic and its effectiveness to be unrelated to pH. Blood boron analyses indicated little absorption from the vagina and a half life of less than 12 hours. A 30% follow-up of 2,030 nonstudy patients revealed wet mount and symptom cure rates of 93% within two weeks and 88% within four weeks. Patient acceptance was better than with “messy” vaginal creams, and self-made boric acid pow...
SOCIAL COSTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AND ENGINE EMISSIONS: CASE STUDY OF AMSTERDAM'S SCHIPHOL AIRPORT

With the increasing trend of charging for externalities and the aim of encouraging the sustainable development of the air transport industry, there is a need to evaluate the real social costs of the undesirable side effects of aircraft noise and engine emissions. The mathematical models, based on extensive literature reviews of existing externality measurements, are developed to derive the social costs of noise and engine emissions from aircraft movements in monetary terms by using Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport as a case study. Furthermore, the results of a survey on the current noise and engine emissions charges are briefly described and compared. The hedonic price method is applied to calculate the annual social cost of aircraft noise during the landing and takeoff stages of the flight. In contrast, the direct evaluation method is applied to estimate the social cost of each engine exhaust pollutant during different flight modes. The empirical results have shown that the average social cost of noise per a...
The Effectiveness of Aqueous Cleaning for the Removal of Evaporated Iron and Copper from Silicon Surfaces

We have examined the ability of a variety of standard aqueous chemical cleaning procedures to remove trace quantities of thermally evaporated copper and iron from the surfaces of silicon substrates. We determined that the technique for preparing the Si wafer surface prior to metal deposition had a significant impact on the experimental results. This suggest that the silicon surface chemistry and the chemical bonding of the metal impurities to the surface plays an important role in determining the cleaning efficiency of a given wet chemical processing sequence
Equilibrium interface solutions of a degenerate singular Cahn-Hilliard equation☆

Abstract We present an analysis of the equilibrium diffusive interfaces in a model for the interaction of layers of pure polymers. The discussion focuses on the important qualitative features of the solutions of the nonlinear singular Cahn-Hilliard equation with degenerate mobility for the Flory-Huggins-de Gennes free energy model. The spatial structure of possible equilibrium phase separated solutions are found. Using phase plane analysis, we obtain heteroclinic and homoclinic degenerate weak compact-support solutions that are relevant to finite domain boundary value problems and localized impurities in infinite layers.
A Novel Approach for Representing Ice Microphysics in Models: Description and Tests Using a Kinematic Framework

Abstract This paper documents the development of a novel approach for representing ice microphysics in numerical models. In this approach, the ice particle mass–dimension and projected-area–dimension relationships vary as a function of particle size and rimed mass fraction. All ice microphysical processes and parameters are calculated in a self-consistent manner in terms of these mass–dimension and area–dimension relationships. The rimed mass fraction is predicted locally by separately predicting the ice mixing ratios acquired through water vapor deposition and through riming. The third predicted variable is the number concentration of ice particles. This approach allows representing in a natural way the gradual transition from small to large ice particles due to growth by water vapor deposition and aggregation and from unrimed crystals to graupel due to riming. In traditional approaches, these processes are treated by separating ice particles into predefined categories (such as cloud ice, snow, and graup...
The Use of the Radioisotope, Zinc 65, in a Preliminary Study of Population Movements of the Estuarine Isopod, Cyathura Polita (Stimpson, 1855) 1)

[Des Cyathura ont ete marques au zinc-65 et replaces dans leur habitat naturel a Pocasset River, Massachusetts. Un an plus tard, des Cyathura polita, repris pres du lieu de depot, etaient encore radioactifs, mais les animaux s'etaient deplaces de moins de 170 cm., Des Cyathura ont ete marques au zinc-65 et replaces dans leur habitat naturel a Pocasset River, Massachusetts. Un an plus tard, des Cyathura polita, repris pres du lieu de depot, etaient encore radioactifs, mais les animaux s'etaient deplaces de moins de 170 cm.]
Sequence analysis of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II mRNA from ascitic and nonascitic commercial broilers

Ascites syndrome, also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), is a common metabolic disorder in rapidly growing meat-type chickens. Environmental factors, such as cold, altitude, and diet, play significant roles in development of the disease, but there is also an important genetic component to PHS susceptibility. The human disease familial primary pulmonary hypertension (FPPH) is similar to PHS in broilers both genetically and physiologically. Several recent studies have shown that mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) gene are a cause of FPPH in humans. To determine whether mutations in the chicken BMPR2 gene play a similar role in PHS susceptibility, BMPR-II mRNA from ascitic and nonascitic commercial broilers were sequenced and compared with the published Leghorn chicken BMPR-II mRNA sequence. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified in the commercial broiler BMPR-II mRNA. No mutations unique to ascites-susceptible broilers were present in the coding, 5' untranslated or 3' untranslated regions of BMPR-II mRNA. The twelve SNP present within the coding region of BMPR-II mRNA were synonymous substitutions and did not alter the BMPR-II protein sequence. In addition, analysis of BMPR2 gene expression by reverse transcriptase-PCR indicated that there were no differences in BMPR-II mRNA levels in ascitic and nonascitic birds. Therefore, it appears unlikely that mutations in the BMPR2 gene were responsible for susceptibility to PHS in these commercial broilers.
Choline uptake by cholinergic neuron cell somas.

The cellular compartments of ciliary ganglia take up choline by a single, saturable process with Km=7.1 × 10−5 M and Vmax= 4.66 pmol/min per ganglion: Denervation of the ganglia and the resultant degeneration of nerve terminals caused no significant decrease of the rate of accumulation of choline by the ganglia. This indicates that the measured uptake is by the postganglionic ncurons and nonneural elements (NNE: glial and connective tissue cells) in the ganglia. This uptakc is not dependent on metabolic energy and is not affectcd by lowcring Na+ or raising K+ concentrations in the incubating mcdia but is depressed in the presence of ouabain and hemicholinium-3. The presence or Na+-dependent. rapidly saturable uptake in the preganglionic nerve terminals which is not detectablc kinetically is, however, inferred from a decrease in ACh synthesis in dcncrvatcd prcparations and a similar decrcasc in intact ganglia incubated in low Na+ solution.
ART-27, an Androgen Receptor Coactivator Regulated in Prostate Development and Cancer

Androgen receptor trapped clone-27 (ART-27) is a newly described transcriptional coactivator that binds to the N terminus of the androgen receptor (AR). Given the vital importance of AR signaling in prostate growth and differentiation, we investigated the role of ART-27 in these processes. Immunohistochemical studies indicate that ART-27 protein is expressed in differentiated epithelial cells of adult human prostate and breast tissue. In prostate, ART-27 is abundant in AR-positive prostate luminal epithelial cells, in contrast to the stroma, where cells express AR but not ART-27. The use of a rat model of androgen depletion/reconstitution indicates that ART-27 expression is associated with the elaboration of differentiated prostate epithelial cells. Interestingly, regulated expression of ART-27 in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line inhibits androgen-mediated cellular proliferation and enhances androgen-mediated transcription of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene. Consistent with a growth suppressive function, we show that ART-27 expression levels are negligible in human prostate cancer. Importantly, examination of ART-27 protein expression in early fetal prostate development demonstrates that ART-27 is detected only when the developing prostate gland has proceeded from a solid mass of undifferentiated cells to a stage in which differentiated luminal epithelial cells are evident. Thus, ART-27 is an AR cofactor shown to be subject to both cell type and developmental regulation in humans. Overall, the results suggest that decreased levels of ART-27 protein in prostate cancer tissue may occur as a result of de-differentiation, and indicate that ART-27 is likely to regulate a subset of AR-responsive genes important to prostate growth suppression and differentiation.
Connecting Remittances and Entrepreneurship in Mexico:Financial Resources and Social Institutions

Three main obstacles to entrepreneurship in Mexico have been identified: (1) limited access to reasonably priced financing, (2) shortage of skilled and educated labor, and (3) a lack of social and institutional support for entrepreneurial activity. Tapping a comprehensive survey of individuals crossing the U.S.-Mexican border between 2004-2008, our study investigates the combined role of remittances and migrant experience in overcoming these obstacles. Indicative of the value of remittances in easing financial constraints, we find that the likelihood that remittances are used for entrepreneurial activities increases with the absolute level of remittances (total dollars sent back). Controlling for pre-migration attributes, we also find that cross-border work experience may reduce the remaining entrepreneurial obstacles as migrants who gain human capital through on-the-job training while working in the U.S. and those who are exposed to an entrepreneurial-supportive social context via employment in entrepren...
A new collection theory of cyclone separators

Mise en place d'un nouveau modele mathematique pour decrire le mouvement des particules dans le cyclone. Les hypotheses de developpement du modele sont: une vitesse radiale des particules constante ou un profil de concentration radial uniforme
Flexible micro sensor for intravascular vulnerable plaque diagnostic with electrical impedance spectroscopy

Studies have shown emerging evidence that rupture of coronary plaque containing a lipid-rich core with subsequent thrombus formation is the most frequent mechanism by which atherosclerosis leads to the acute ischaemic syndromes of unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and often times, sudden cardiac death. However, since the lumen is not significantly blocked in these cases, such “vulnerable” plaques show noncritical stenosis in X-ray angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS), tools currently available to diagnose coronary artery disease. The ability to distinguish such rupture-prone vulnerable plaques remains largely lacking. Therefore it is of great clinical interest to find improved diagnostic techniques to identify and localize such rupture-prone plaques. On the other hand, lipid has significantly lower electrical impedance than the rest of the vessel components in certain frequency bands [1]. We show in this paper that electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique can be useful to effectively distinguish plaques with such lipid cores. We include in this paper the design rationale of a four electrode EIS sensor and the measurement results between 1 Hz to 300 KHz of ex-vivo mouse aortas with plaque lesions. The impedance modulus over 200 Hz-100 KHz show consistent elevated values 2-5 times higher than their proximity control sites in all three individual mice. The promising ex-vivo EIS results show promising potential for a reliable unstable plaque diagnostic tool for in-vivo catheter integrated intravascular micro EIS sensors.
A Generational Analysis of Women's Rights Activists

This article addresses the important issue of intergenerational similarities and differences among women's rights activists. We examined the attitudes, emotions, and experiences of three generations of reproductive rights activists, born between 1925 and 1975. Across generations, the participants were strongly pro-choice and identified as feminists. Despite these similarities, there were several differences that could be explained by considering the sociohistorical circumstances faced by each cohort. For example, the Civil Rights generation activists came of age during the boycotts and marches of the 1950s and showed the highest level of civil rights activism. Reflecting the coincidence of their young adulthood with the 1970s women's movement, the Protest generation activists identified the most with the label “feminist.” Finally, the Poshvomen's movement activists, raised in the 1970s and 198Os, were the most likely to have taken college-level women's studies classes.
Linear Dependence and Independence

While short in length, the following material on linear dependence and independence is of fundamental importance—so much so that it forms a separate chapter.
Mutations altering the Moloney murine leukemia virus p12 Gag protein affect virion production and early events of the virus life cycle

The p12 Gag protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus is a small polypeptide of unknown function, containing two proline-rich motifs. To determine its role in replication, we introduced a series of deletion and alanine-scanning substitution mutations throughout the p12 coding region of a proviral DNA, and characterized the phenotypes of the resulting mutant viruses. Complete deletion of p12 and mutations affecting the PPPY motif caused substantial reduction in the yield of virions and a modest reduction in Gag processing. Proteolytic cleavage of the R-peptide from the cytoplasmic tail of the envelope protein TM was abolished in these mutants, suggesting that the PPPY motif is crucial for the viral protease to access the TM tail. The resulting virions were non-infectious, and unable to initiate DNA synthesis in infected cells. Mutants with alterations in both the N- and C-terminal portions of p12 exhibited a distinct phenotype. The production of virions and processing of Gag, Pol and Env precursors were normal. The viruses were able to direct synthesis of linear viral DNA, but there was almost no detectable circular DNAs or LTR–LTR junction. These data suggest that p12 plays a critical role in the early events of the virus life cycle.
Analysis of non-minimum phase behavior of PEM fuel cell membrane humidification systems

A model for the transient behavior of a membrane humidifier for PEM fuel cells is developed. This humidifier uses the exhaust fuel cell cooling water to humidify the dry inlet air. This model is based on thermodynamic principles and captures temperature, relative humidity and flow variables of the humidifier. Dynamic simulations show that the humidification system exhibits a non-minimum phase behavior with one zero located in the right half plane. The physical reason why such a non-minimum phase zero exists is explained. The effects of the humidifier design parameters on the non-minimum phase zero location are studied and discussed.
The Class II Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Kinase PIK3C2A Promotes Shigella flexneri Dissemination through Formation of Vacuole-Like Protrusions

Intracellular pathogens such as Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes achieve dissemination in the intestinal epithelium by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells. As they reach the cell periphery, motile bacteria form plasma membrane protrusions that resolve into vacuoles in adjacent cells, through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we report on the role of the class II phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase PIK3C2A in S. flexneri dissemination. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that PIK3C2A was required for the resolution of protrusions into vacuoles through the formation of an intermediate membrane-bound compartment that we refer to as a vacuole-like protrusion (VLP). Genetic rescue of PIK3C2A depletion with RNA interference (RNAi)-resistant cDNA constructs demonstrated that VLP formation required the activity of PIK3C2A in primary infected cells. PIK3C2A expression was required for production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] at the plasma membrane surrounding protrusions. PtdIns(3)P production was not observed in the protrusions formed by L. monocytogenes, whose dissemination did not rely on PIK3C2A. PIK3C2A-mediated PtdIns(3)P production in S. flexneri protrusions was regulated by host cell tyrosine kinase signaling and relied on the integrity of the S. flexneri type 3 secretion system (T3SS). We suggest a model of S. flexneri dissemination in which the formation of VLPs is mediated by the PIK3C2A-dependent production of the signaling lipid PtdIns(3)P in the protrusion membrane, which relies on the T3SS-dependent activation of tyrosine kinase signaling in protrusions.
Interleukin-8 expression in endometrial stromal cells is regulated by integrin-dependent cell adhesion

Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-8, a potent chemotactic factor produced by many cell types, are elevated in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. We investigated whether endometrial stromal cell (ESC) adhesion induces the expression of IL-8 and if this process is integrin-mediated. ESCs were plated onto culture dishes coated with various extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates, such as fibronectin, laminin, collagen IV, and poly-L-lysine, or mouse anti-human integrin beta(1,) and beta(2) monoclonal antibodies. IL-8 expression was induced by adherence of ESCs to fibronectin or collagen IV, but not to poly-L-lysine, a non-integrin-dependent adhesion matrix. Engagement of beta(1)-containing integrins was associated with ESC adhesion and resulted in up-regulation of IL-8 mRNA expression and protein secretion. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton by treating ESC with cytochalasin D completely blocked the increase of IL-8 that was induced in response to integrin activation. These findings indicate a novel mechanism of IL-8 regulation; cell adhesion to ECM is an important event that leads to stimulation of IL-8 expression, and this process is mediated by integrins.
Maximum likelihood estimation of A-scan amplitudes for coherent targets in media of unresolvable scatterers

The author derives a maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) for A-scan amplitudes corresponding to coherent reflectors embedded in media of unresolvable scatterers. The MLE processes sampled RF A-scans from broadband ultrasonic pulse-echo systems. A major source of interference for these signals is the backscattered energy from the unresolvable scatterers that exist throughout the beam field. A statistical model is formulated that characterizes the backscattered energy from a resolution cell when a coherent target scatterer is present. It is shown that the MLE is equivalent to a matched filter when the distribution of the interfering back-scatter energy is stationary over the resolution cell. In addition, the form of the MLE is described when the interfering echoes are not stationary within the resolution cell. Experimental results are presented for an adaptive implementation of the MLE applied to flaw detection in stainless steel. The results demonstrate the ability of the MLE to reveal targets masked by grain echoes, without prior knowledge of the gain-echo spectral characteristics. >
Bilateral Nodular Thoracic Densities in an Edematous Hypertensive Woman

52-year-old obese woman with an eight-month Clinic for medical evaluation. Her blood pressure A history of facial and peripheral edema and was 164/108 mm Hg. Serum protein and potassium generalized weakness was referred to the Mayo levels were normal. Admission PA chest roentgeno*Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota. gram (Fig 1) and tomograms of right thorax at 5.5 Reprint requests: Section of Publications, Mayo Clinic, Roto 7 cm levels (Fig 2) are shown. chester, Minnesota 55901
A Mathematical Model for Shear‐Induced Hemolysis

: The time-varying history of stress exposure within a rotary blood pump makes it difficult to arrive at a quantifiable design criterion for predicting cell trauma-tization. Constant stress experiments have revealed that there is a threshold stress level above which damage to blood cells occurs depending upon the time of exposure. The shear stress history experienced by cells within a rotary blood pump, however, is highly unsteady. In order to better predict cell trauma under these realistic conditions, a mathematical damage model based on a concept of “damage accumulation” has been developed. This model is evaluated within the context of red cell trauma. Experimental results support the hypothesis that the rate of damage accumulation increases nonlinearly with the stress level as well as the age of the cell.
The Xanthophylls of Spirulina and Their Effect on Egg Yolk Pigmentation

Abstract The carotenoid composition of the blue-green algae spirulina (Spirulina platensis) was determined using HPLC. Freeze-dried spirulina had a total xanthophyll concentration of 5,787 mg/kg. Adult Japanese quail were fed a pigment-free basal diet for 4 wk. Diets containing graded levels of freeze-dried spirulina between .25 and 4.0% were then fed for 21 days. Yolk color was determined using the Roche color fan. Spirulina at 1.0% of the diet provided optimum pigmentation in a diet otherwise free of xanthophylls.
Morphological studies of late‐stage spinodal decomposition in polystyrene–cyclohexanol system

We studied the late-stage spinodal decomposition of the polystyrene–cyclohexanol system in relation to membrane formation. Phase separation was effected by the removal of thermal energy from the homogeneous polymer solution. The ultimate morphology of the phase-separated systems has been studied using electron microscopy and has been found to be strongly affected by the quenching time. A shift from a highly interconnected open-cell structure to a closed-cell structure has been observed, indicating the transition of the spinodal decomposition from early to late stages. The cell growth in the late stage has been quantitatively analyzed and a power-law relationship between the cell size and quenching time has been found. The resulting exponent of 0.61 is consistent with literature values from light-scattering measurements, as well as from theoretical derivations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Currently available cough suppressants for chronic cough

Chronic cough is a common symptom but only a fraction of patients seek medical attention. Addressing the causes of chronic cough may lead to control of cough; however, this approach is not always successful since there is a certain degree of failure even when the cause(s) of cough are adequately treated; in idiopathic cough, there is no cause to treat. Persistent cough may be associated with deterioration of quality of life, and treatment with cough suppressants is indicated. Currently available cough suppressants include the centrally acting opioids such as morphine, codeine, and dextromethorphan. Peripherally acting antitussives include moguisteine and levodropropizine. Early studies report success in reducing cough in patients with chronic bronchitis or COPD; however, a carefully conducted study showed no effect of codeine on cough of COPD. Success with these cough suppressants can be achieved at high doses that are associated with side effects. Slow-release morphine has been reported to be useful in controlling intractable cough with good tolerance to constipation and drowsiness. There have been case reports of the success of centrally acting drugs such as amitryptiline, paroxetine, gabapentin, and carbamezepine in chronic cough. New opioids such as nociceptin or antagonists of TRPV1 may turn out to be more effective. Efficacy of cough suppressants must be tested in double-blind randomised trials using validated measures of cough in patients with chronic cough not responding to specific treatments. Patients with chronic cough are in desperate need of effective antitussives that can be used either on demand or on a long-term basis.
Techniques for Fine-Grained, Multi-site Computation Offloading

Increasingly, mobile devices are becoming the preferred platform for computation for many users. Unfortunately, the resource limitations, in battery life, computation power and storage, restricts the richness of applications that can be run on such devices. To alleviate these concerns, a popular approach that has gained currency in recent years is {\em computation offloading}, where a portion of an application is run off-site, leveraging the far greater resources of the cloud. Prior work in this area has focused on a constrained form of the problem: a single mobile device offloading computation to a single server. However, with the increased popularity of cloud computing and storage, it is more common for the data that an application accesses to be distributed among several servers. This paper describes algorithmic approaches for performing fine-grained, multi-site offloading. This allows portions of an application to be offloaded in a data-centric manner, even if that data exists at multiple sites. Our approach is based on a novel partitioning algorithm, and a novel data representation. We demonstrate that our partitioning algorithm outperforms existing multi-site offloading algorithms, and that our data representation provides for more efficient, fine-grained offloading than prior approaches.
Ultraviolet leaf reflectance of common urban trees and the prediction of reflectance from leaf surface characteristics

Abstract The spectral reflectance and transmittance over the wavelength range of 250–700 nm were evaluated for leaves of 20 deciduous tree species and leaf sheaths of five isogenic wax variants of Sorghum bicolor differing in visible reflectance due to cuticular waxes. Using the sorghum sheath reflectance and cuticle surface characteristics as a model, it was concluded that tree leaf reflectance above 0.06 was likely due to the presence of variously-shaped fine epicuticular wax structures on the leaf surface. Increasing the density of sub-micron wax structures corresponded to an enhanced ultraviolet (UV) reflectance over the PAR reflectance of a given leaf surface—either S. bicolor sheath or tree leaf. Amorphous globular epicuticular wax structures did not appear to scatter UV as well as wax filaments or vertical plates in varying patterns even when the dimensions of the structures were similar. Further work is needed to clarify this relationship and the influence of cellular pigments on subsurface contributions to the reflectance.
Hemodynamic shear stress characteristic of atherosclerosis-resistant regions promotes glycocalyx formation in cultured endothelial cells

The endothelial glycocalyx, a glycosaminoglycan layer located on the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells, has been shown to be important for several endothelial functions. Previous studies have documented that the glycocalyx is highly abundant in the mouse common carotid region, where the endothelium is exposed to laminar shear stress, and it is resistant to atherosclerosis. In contrast, the glycocalyx is scarce or absent in the mouse internal carotid sinus region, an area exposed to nonlaminar shear stress and highly susceptible to atherosclerosis. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that the expression of components of the endothelial glycocalyx is differentially regulated by distinct hemodynamic environments. To test this hypothesis, human endothelial cells were exposed to shear stress waveforms characteristic of atherosclerosis-resistant or atherosclerosis-susceptible regions of the human carotid, and the expression of several components of the glycocalyx was assessed. These experiments revealed that expression of several components of the endothelial glycocalyx is differentially regulated by distinct shear stress waveforms. Interestingly, we found that heparan sulfate expression is increased and evenly distributed on the apical surface of endothelial cells exposed to the atheroprotective waveform and is irregularly present in cells exposed to the atheroprone waveform. Furthermore, expression of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, is also differentially regulated by the two waveforms, and its suppression mutes the atheroprotective flow-induced cell surface expression of heparan sulfate. Collectively, these data link distinct hemodynamic environments to the differential expression of critical components of the endothelial glycocalyx.
The New Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders: Issues and Controversies.

Purpose:Assess the new alternative Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) model for personality disorders (PDs) as it is seen by its creators and critics.Metho...
Determinants of U.S. Corn and Soybean Yields: Impact of Climate Change and Crop Prices

We conduct an econometric analysis of the factors influencing U.S. corn and soybean yields using U.S. county level data from 1977 to 2007 and evaluate the likely effects of future climate change on U.S. crop yields based on the projected climate changes by IPCC (2001) and our estimated parameters. We find that a one dollar increase in crop prices in terms of dollars per bushel would enhance corn yield by 3.95 to 5.63 bushels per acre and soybean yield by 0.11 to 0.14 bushels per acre, which on average implies an own price elasticity of corn ranging from 0.107 to 0.152 and an own price elasticity of soybean yields ranging from 0.028 to 0.035, respectively. We also find an increasing trend rate of 2.48-2.58 bushel per acre per year on average over the 1994-2007 period for corn yields and 0.23-0.24 for soybean yields. Climate variables have significant impact on corn and soybean yields; high temperature leads to reduced crop yields while more precipitation enhances yields. Finally, our simulated results indicate that further increases in global temperature would significantly reduce the yields of corn and soybeans.
Encapsulation as a Technique for Formulating Microbial and Chemical Insecticides

Bacillus thuringiensis var. Thuringiensis Berliner, encapsulated by several processes, retained its viability and pathogenicity for the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). In field tests the capsule formulation was applied dry and in spray form, giving good control in both. An emulsifiable formulation of the bacterium also gave good corn borer control.
Abstract 2640: Risk of cytochrome P450 1B1 missense polymorphisms in renal cell carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL In male kidney, 4-hydroxy-estradiol has been shown to play a role in the carcinogenesis process. This metabolite is formed from estradiol and due to the hydroxylation activity of the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) enzyme. Prior reports show polymorphisms of CYP1B1 to result in higher catalytic activity and thus, we hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene are involved in the malignant transformation of the renal cell. To test this hypothesis, the genetic distributions of four missense CYP1B1 polymorphisms were analyzed in 383 normal healthy subjects and 384 sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases by sequence-specific PCR and sequencing. All subjects were men and from a Caucasian population. The polymorphic sites evaluated were at codons 48 (ArgαGly, rs10012), 119 (AlaαSer, rs1056827), 432 (LeuαVal, rs1056836), and 453 (AsnαSer, rs1800440). Results of these experiments demonstrate a trend for the codon 119 Ser/Ser genotype to be a risk for RCC (χ2, P=0.09). Odds ratio for the Ser/Ser genotype was calculated as 1.85 with 95% confidence interval of 1.07-3.20 as compared to the Ala/Ala genotype. The Leu allele on codon 432 was also found to approach significance as a risk for RCC as compared to Val (χ2, P=0.09). Codons 119 and 432 were observed to be linked (R2=0.25) and haplotype analyses show Ala and Val, representing non-risk alleles at these sites, respectively, to be significantly reduced in RCC cases (P=0.06). No association was found however, when analyzing polymorphic sites with clinical stage of RCC. These results demonstrate missense polymorphisms of CYP1B1 to be associated with renal carcinogenesis and are of importance in understanding their role in the pathogenesis of RCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2640. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2640
The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin

Any basin with seafloor spreading that forms over an active subduction zone is a backarc basin (BAB). The Gulf of Mexico (GoM) opened behind the 232–150 Ma Nazas arc over an east-dipping subduction zone in Late Jurassic time, beginning ca. 165 Ma, and thus is a BAB. The hypothesis that the Gulf of Mexico formed as a backarc basin explains two enigmas: (1) Why was the GoM opening pole (79–84°W, 23–30°N) so different from that of the central Atlantic (15–18°W, 65–67°N)? and (2) Why was the GoM opening so short-lived (ca. 165–142 Ma), when there was no collision or other obvious reason for seafloor spreading to stop? The GoM BAB hypothesis also illuminates the relationship between the GoM and the Border rift system, which can be traced from the GoM near the mouth of the Rio Grande >2000 km along the U.S.–Mexico border into the Independence Dike Swarm of eastern California. Late Jurassic rifting in the Border rift system was succeeded by thermotectonic subsidence through Early Cretaceous time. In addition, the segmentation of the transitional crust beneath the northern GoM into a magmatically robust segment beneath the Texas coast and a stretched margin beneath Louisiana is also consistent with BAB behavior: igneous activity is most prolific nearest the arc and diminishes with distance from the trench. A possible objection to the GoM BAB hypothesis is that the spreading ridge was oriented at high angles to the Nazas arc trend, whereas modern oceanic BAB spreading ridges generally parallel the associated arc. Continental BABs like the GoM develop spreading ridge orientations that are often at high angles to the associated convergent margin; for example, spreading ridges associated with the Miocene Sea of Japan and Andaman Sea BABs trend perpendicular to the associated arc. Such geometries reflect the presence of extensional stresses that are not orthogonal to the subduction zone, a situation that also existed in the GoM region during Late Jurassic time.
The Munsell System of Color Notation

Ridgway's color standards and color nomenclature has been the accepted reference for color description in biology since its publication in 1912, but this work has long been out of print and modern methods of color analysis show that the existing copies are no longer technically reliable (Illman and Hamly, 1948). Davis (1956) has recently discussed the need for a new color standard and the purpose of this paper is to examine some of the requirements of an adequate color standard with special reference to the Munsell System as a possible candidate. I would like to express my appreciation to Mr. W, N. Hale of the Munsell Color Company, Inc. for advice during the preparation of this manuscript. Color description in biological research falls into two general categories: (1) characterization of the typical or predominant color of a population and (2) detailed analysis of individual variation within a population. Since these two categories of color description have different technical requirements, methods which are suitable for one are not always suitable for the other. In taxonomic description, for example, one selects a sample of typical individuals from a population or series of populations and describes the color characters of a species or subspecies on the basis of this sample. Less commonly, a taxonomist may present descriptions of the extremes of observed variation and attempt to establish mean color and range of variation, but in either case his objective is usually a characterization that is typical for the population. Since this type of description consists mostly of approximate descriptions and does not stress subtle variations as a general rule, color characters are usually determined by comparing the specimens with a color chart system such as Ridgway's color standards (1912), the Maerz and Paul dictionary of color (1950), or the Villalobos atlas de …
Aortic valve replacement: Aortic root versus coronary sinus perfusion with blood cardioplegic solution

The role of retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis alone or in combination with myocardial revascularization has not been fully defined. Sixty-three patients undergoing elective aortic valve replacement received cold potassium blood cardioplegic solution via either the aortic root (36 patients) or the coronary sinus (27 patients). The patients were similar with respect to age, degree of aortic stenosis, ventricular function, severity of coronary artery disease, crossclamp time, completeness of revascularization, and mean volume and temperature of the infusion solution. The mean septal temperature and the release of myocardium-specific isoenzyme in the first 2 hours after crossclamp removal was higher in the retrograde group (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:130–8)
Treatment of deformities of the locomotor system in hemiplegia

In spastic hemiplegia mainly one side of the body is affected. In both the upper and the lower extremity the distal parts (hand and foot) are more severely involved than the proximal region. In cases of minor involvement the goal of treatment in the upper extremity is to achieve functional improvement by means of splinting and surgery. In cases of severe alterations cosmetic improvement without much functional gain is all that can be expected. Gait analysis has demonstrated that there are four basic patterns that can be related to the severity of involvement. In type I muscle imbalance exists without a contracture. In type II there is contracture of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the calf. In type III, in addition to the changes around the ankle joint, contractures around the knee are present, and in type IV also hip problems. Functional improvement can be achieved by means of splinting and surgery in all types. Basic principles of treatment have developed as a result of the application of gait analysis and dynamic electromyography. Specific examples of such treatment principles have recently been presented by Gage.
High-throughput monitoring of plant nuclear DNA contents via flow cytometry

Interest in measuring the nuclear holoploid genome sizes of higher plants reflects not just the status of the nucleus as a defining characteristic of eukaryotic organisms. Higher plants also attract interest in that they display an unusually large range of genome sizes, current measurements indicating an almost 2,500-fold difference between the smallest and the largest. Scientists would like to learn more about the significance of nuclear genome sizes, in terms of molecular and cytological mechanisms regulating the interaction of the nucleus with the cytoplasm and regulating the observed increases and decreases of genome sizes observed within and across families, genera, and species. We would like to understand their adaptive significance through charting their distribution within populations and ecosystems. Further, since genome size values are only available for a small minority of the ∼650,000 species of angiosperms (known and yet undiscovered), we would like to systematically survey plant genome sizes globally before their extinction as a consequence of anthropogenic change. Flow cytometry is accepted as the method of choice for genome size measurements, these measurements being based on fluorescent staining of the nuclear DNA. Flow cytometry offers exceptional ease of use, accompanied by high accuracy and reproducibility and low cost. This chapter provides a general discussion of flow cytometric methods for measuring plant genome sizes, and detailed methods for carrying out these analyses.
Identifying key climate and environmental factors affecting rates of post-fire big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) recovery in the northern Columbia Basin, USA

Sagebrush steppe of North America is considered highly imperilled, in part owing to increased fire frequency. Sagebrush ecosystems support numerous species, and it is important to understand those factors that affect rates of post-fire sagebrush recovery. We explored recovery of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) and basin big sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. tridentata) communities following fire in the northern Columbia Basin (Washington, USA). We sampled plots across 16 fires that burned in big sagebrush communities from 5 to 28 years ago, and also sampled nearby unburned locations. Mixed-effects models demonstrated that density of large–mature big sagebrush plants and percentage cover of big sagebrush were higher with time since fire and in plots with more precipitation during the winter immediately following fire, but were lower when precipitation the next winter was higher than average, especially on soils with higher available water supply, and with greater post-fire mortality of mature big sagebrush plants. Bunchgrass cover 5 to 28 years after fire was predicted to be lower with higher cover of both shrubs and non-native herbaceous species, and only slightly higher with time. Post-fire recovery of big sagebrush in the northern Columbia Basin is a slow process that may require several decades on average, but faster recovery rates may occur under specific site and climate conditions.
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

Recent research has identified individuals who have highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM). These subjects can readily and accurately recall many public events and personal experiences and the dates and days of the week on which they occurred. However, the richness and accuracy of the details of their experiences decline over time and HSAM subjects, like controls, are susceptible to suggestions that lead to misremembering. The HSAM ability involves knowledge of the calendar, but only for dates within the subjects' lifetime. MRI and fMRI findings of HSAM subjects indicate that some brain regions differ in structure and activity from those of control subjects. Understanding the neurobiological systems that enable HSAM may provide new insights in the neural substrates of memory.
Intercultural Manifestations of Racial, Language, and Class Privilege in Schooling: An Autoethnographic Tale

In this autoethnographic tale, I tell the story of my own family’s experience with race, class, and language privilege. In particular, I focus on my children’s experience with elementary schooling in the United States and Hungary. Their intercultural education experience vividly illuminates the socially and culturally constructed nature of race, class, and language privilege and the many ways these privileges are manifest in schooling.
Counterpoint: Distinguishing Between Perception and Judgment of Spatial Layout

Claims about alterations in perception based on manipulations of the energetics hypothesis (and other influences) are often framed as interesting specifically because they affect our perceptual experience. Many control experiments conducted on such perceptual effects suggest, however, that they are the result of attribution effects and other kinds of judgmental biases influencing the reporting process rather than perception itself. Schnall (2017, this issue), appealing to Heider’s work on attribution, argues that it is fruitless to try to distinguish between perception and attribution. This makes the energetics hypothesis less interesting.
A Biofuel Cell Based on Biocatalytic Reactions of Lactate on Both Anode and Cathode Electrodes – Extracting Electrical Power from Human Sweat

Electrodes composed of carbon fibers were modified with graphene nano-sheets in order to increase their surface area and facilitate electrochemical reactions. Electrocatalytic species, such as Meldola's blue (MB) and hemin were immobilized on the graphene surface due to their π-π stacking and then used for electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and reduction of H2O2, respectively. Further modification of these electrodes with enzymes producing NADH and H2O2 in situ (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, and lactate oxidase, LOx, respectively), allowed assembling of a biofuel cell operating in the presence of lactate, oxygen and NAD+. The cathode of the biofuel cell required lactate and O2 for its operation, while the anode operated in the presence of lactate and NAD+. Notably, both bioelectrocatalytic electrodes operated in the presence of lactate, one producing H2O2 in the reaction catalyzed by LOx in the presence of O2, second producing NADH in the reaction catalyzed by LDH in the presence of NAD+. Both reactions were performed in the biofuel cell without separation of the cathodic and anodic solutions and with no need of a membrane. The biofuel cell was tested in solutions mimicking human sweat and then in real human sweat samples, demonstrating substantial power release being able to activate electronic devices.
Some Continuous Distributions

In this chapter several basic properties of some useful univariate distributions will be discussed. These properties will be useful for our characterization problems.
The Effects of Delay on an Established Response

The effect of varying length of delay on an established response was investigated as a function of similarity between the delay box and goal box. 32 rats were reinforced with sucrose for running a V-shaped alley. During testing Ss were delayed in the maze for 5, 20, 45, and 90 seconds. Each S served as its own control and received all of the delay conditions. Ss were divided into two groups, one which was delayed in a chamber similar to the goal box and one which was delayed in a dissimilar chamber. Contrary to the original hypothesis that Ss would start and run faster as a function of length of delay, they ran slower as a function of length of delay. Furthermore, the groups did not differ significantly. On the basis of these results it was concluded that the delay situation was novel and elicited responses incompatible with running which therefore precluded the behavioral effects of frustration.