cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural Mechanisms of the Mind, Aristotle, Zadeh, and fMRI

Processes in the mind: perception, cognition, concepts, instincts, emotions, and higher cognitive abilities for abstract thinking, beautiful music are considered here within a neural modeling fields (NMFs) paradigm. Its fundamental mathematical mechanism is a process ?from vague-fuzzy to crisp,? called dynamic logic (DL). This paper discusses why this paradigm is necessary mathematically, and relates it to a psychological description of the mind. Surprisingly, the process from ?vague to crisp? corresponds to Aristotelian understanding of mental functioning. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements confirmed this process in neural mechanisms of perception.
Design and simulation study for stacked IC packages with spacer structure

Most future electronic applications require better reliability and performance as well as lower-priced productions. In order to reach these general demands, three-dimensional (3D) IC packaging technologies are assuming important roles and have been vastly studied in electronic industry. In this investigation, two kinds of designs of experiments (DOE) analysis by wedding finite element analysis (FEA) are carried out to realize effects of material properties of spacers and geometry of stacked IC packages. Through the results, most desirable values of spacers' material properties and significant geometrical factors in stacked IC packages can be obtained. The simulated results can be most effectively used when optimum stress solutions in stacked IC packages with spacer structure are needed.
Optimizing call management of mobile units

This paper examines the problem of dynamically maintaining the connection between a source and destination unit. The task of maintaining service semantics in the face of mobility can be handled by a combination of two mechanisms: Reset, and Forward. Resetting involves modifying the path between the source and the destination units. Forwarding, on the other hand, involves forwarding a call through a chain of base stations. The decision to reset or forward at any base station is determined by the overall cost for the call. The cost for resetting and forwarding is assumed to be independent of the base station. The call management problem is modeled as a discounted cost Markov decision problem. >
Memory Structures for Relational Escalation A Cognitive Test of the Sequencing of Relational Actions and Stages

On the basis of memory structure research, a series of four studies was conducted in order to determine whether individuals (1) could generate memory structures for escalating relationships, (2) agree on the rank ordering of expected actions, (3) distinguish between the perceived typicality of such actions and how necessary the behaviors were in order for a relationship to develop, and (4) segment prototypical scenes of escalating relationships in a time-ordered linear sequence. A number of hypotheses dealing with the generation and processing of expectations for relationship growth are offered and discussed. Additionally, gender differences are posited in which women generate more escalating actions, process relationship memory structures faster, and rate common actions as being more typical than men do. Results revealed a prototypical escalating memory structure containing 13 behaviors that could be processed and understood in terms of four underlying factors. Gender differences were also observed, and these are discussed in terms of females closely monitoring relational trajectories. Implications of memory structure research for analyzing relational stages are discussed as well.
Lymphocytic myocarditis after lung transplantation.

This study reports the development of lymphocytic myocarditis in a bilateral lung allograft recipient. A 23-year-old woman developed congestive heart failure and severe left ventricular dysfunction 32 months after a bilateral lung allograft for cystic fibrosis. She had taken oral acyclovir for infectious mononucleosis that was diagnosed 11 months previously. Her viral load for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) increased, and an echocardiogram revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25% and endomyocardial biopsy revealed lymphocytic myocarditis. She received valacyclovir (1 g × 3 times daily) and made a full recovery 6 months later.
Field testing of new aerosol sampling method with a porous curved surface as inlet

A new aerosol sampling method, utilizing a porous curved surface as the sampling inlet, has recently been developed. Previous laboratory evaluations of this method have demonstrated its important features, such as low wind sensitivity and good filter collection uniformity. In this study a prototype incorporating the new method was evaluated in the field as a stationary and personal sampling device. The small sampler, utilizing a 25-mm filter is called the button aerosol sampler and was evaluated for collecting total airborne dust and fungal spores. The study was performed in nine poorly maintained inner-city houses during environmental cleanups at different cleanliness levels. The button sampler was used in parallel with the standard 37-mm closed-face filter cassette. Four collocated samplers of each type were tested at all sites as stationary samplers, and three samplers of each type were tested at two sites as personal samplers. Aerosol samples were collected on filters and analyzed using the gravimetri...
Effect of a Novel Interdisciplinary Teaching Program in the Care-continuum on Medical Student Knowledge and Self-Efficacy

Abstract Objectives Medical students report that they receive inadequate training in different levels of care, including care transitions to and from post-acute (PA) and long-term care (LTC). The authors implemented the Medical Students as Teachers in Extended Care (MedTEC) program as an educational innovation at the Cleveland Clinic to address training in the care-continuum, as well as the new medical student and physician competencies in PA/LTC. Design MedTEC is a 7-hour interactive program that supplements standard geriatric didactics during the medical student primary care rotation. This study evaluated the performance of the program in improving medical student knowledge and attitudes on levels and transitions of care. Setting The program occurs in a community facility that includes subacute/skilled nursing, assisted living, and nursing home care. Participants Five to 8 students completing their primary care rotation at the Cleveland Clinic are required to participate in the MedTEC program each month. Intervention The program includes up to 3 hours of interactive discussion and opportunities to meet facility staff, residents, and patients. The highlight of the program is a student-led in-service for facility staff. Measurements With institutional review board approval as an exempt educational research project, pre- and postactivity surveys assessed self-efficacy and knowledge regarding levels of care for students who participated in the program and a student comparison group. The post-program knowledge test also was administered to hospital medicine staff, and test performance was compared with medical students who participated in the MedTEC program. Results Between October 2011 and December 2013, approximately 100 students participated in 20 sessions of MedTEC. All students reported improved self-efficacy and attitudes regarding care of older adults and care transition management. Mean percentage correct on the knowledge test increased significantly from 59.8% to 71.2% (P = .004) for the MedTEC participants but not for the comparison group students (63.1%–58.3%, P = .47). There was no significant difference in mean percentage correct on the post-program knowledge test between MedTEC medical students and hospitalists (71.0% versus 70.3%, P = .86). Students led 8 in-service sessions for facility staff on various topics relating to the care of older adults in PA/LTC. Conclusion The MedTEC program appears to be a successful innovation in medical student education on levels of care. It could serve as a model for building competency of health professionals on managing care transitions and determining appropriate levels of care for older adults.
Design of observers for switched discrete-time linear systems

An approach to estimation based on Luenberger-like observers is considered for a class of switched discrete-time linear systems. Three observers are proposed. The first one is based only on the satisfaction of stability conditions for the error dynamics, which can be expressed by means of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The second observer is basically the first one but its design is accomplished by minimizing an upper bound on a quadratic cost function of the estimation error using LMI-based optimization techniques. The third observer differs from the previous ones as it is constructed by using a projection technique. Simulation results are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed estimation methods.
Contesting the Governance of Capital Flows at the IMF

Financial crises can trigger different actors to reassess their ideas, interests, and policies, and sometimes change them. The Global Financial Crisis triggered a reassessment at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) regarding the utility of capital account liberalization and the management of capital flows. In 2010, the IMF embarked upon an official reassessment of these issues and in 2012 published an official “institutional view” on capital account liberalization and managing capital flows that gives more caution toward capital account liberalization and endorses the use of capital controls in certain circumstances. This article traces the political process that yielded the IMF's new view and draws out lessons for thinking about policy change in global economic governance institutions.
Sustaining seafood for public health

Concern about the collapse of overexploited fish populations and the safety of consuming seafood can complicate determining what types of fish are best to eat. In recent years, public attention has become increasingly focused on oceanic environmental contaminants, which may be toxic to seafood consumers in sufficient doses. Laudable education campaigns have been established to inform consumers about seafood choices that are sustainable, and to provide information on which fish are deemed safe for human consumption. We found that unsustainable seafood items also present higher health risks (as indexed by mercury concentrations) and do not necessarily provide greater health benefits (as indexed by omega-3 fatty acid concentrations) as compared with sustainable seafood items. Our results have broad implications for identifying effective approaches for informing consumers about the health risks and benefits of different seafood choices, while simultaneously addressing the ecological consequences of fishing an...
Unique macrophage and tick cell‐specific protein expression from the p28/p30‐outer membrane protein multigene locus in Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia canis

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia canis are tick-transmitted rickettsial pathogens that cause human and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis respectively. We tested the hypothesis that these pathogens express unique proteins in response to their growth in vertebrate and tick host cells and that this differential expression is similar in closely related Ehrlichia species. Evaluation of nine E. chaffeensis isolates and one E. canis isolate demonstrated that protein expression was host cell-dependent. The differentially expressed proteins included those from the p28/30-Omp multigene locus. E. chaffeensis and E. canis proteins expressed in infected macrophages were primarily the products of the p28-Omp 19 and 20 genes or their orthologues. In cultured tick cells, E. canis expressed only the p30-10 protein, an orthologue of the E. chaffeensis p28-Omp 14 protein which is the only protein expressed by E. chaffeensis propagated in cultured tick cells. The expressed Omp proteins were post-translationally modified to generate multiple molecular forms. E. chaffeensis gene expression from the p28/30-Omp locus was similar in tick cell lines derived from both vector (Amblyomma americanum) and non-vector (Ixodes scapularis) ticks. Differential expression of proteins within the p28/p30-Omp locus may therefore be vital for adaptation of Ehrlichia species to their dual host life cycle.
The Sun is the climate pacemaker I. Equatorial Pacific Ocean temperatures

Abstract Equatorial Pacific Ocean temperature time series data contain segments showing both a phase-locked annual signal and a phase-locked signal of period two years or three years, both locked to the annual solar cycle. Three such segments are observed between 1990 and 2014. It is asserted that these are caused by a solar forcing at a frequency of 1.0 cycle/yr. These periodic features are also found in global climate data (following paper). The analysis makes use of a twelve-month filter that cleanly separates seasonal effects from data. This is found to be significant for understanding the El Nino/La Nina phenomenon.
Risk profiles of progression in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Background: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a component of childhood nephrotic syndrome occurring in 10%-20% of all cases. Over time, 25%-50% of children with FSGS develop kidney failure disease. We followed a cohort of children with FSGS in order to delineate the risk profile of progression to kidney failure (KF). Methods: We evaluated patient data collected from 1977 to 2002 at a regional mid-Atlantic nephrology center in the United States. KF was defined primarily for those patients whose serum creatinine (SCr) value doubled compared with the SCr value from a previous visit. Patients who received dialysis or a kidney transplant were also defined as having KF. We analyzed patient data for those who had at least two visits with SCr values recorded. Various baseline characteristics of patients who had developed KF and those with no kidney failure (NKF) were compared. Hazard ratios and correlation were used to further investigate potential risk factors of the kidney failure. We also compared the inverse SCr trend for KF and NKF patients using weighted linear regression. Results: Thirty-four of 43 FSGS patients had adequate follow-up data. About 60% of the patients developed KF over the study period. The average age of the KF patients at diagnosis of FSGS was 9 years, and that of NKF patients 12 years (P=0.05). FSGS patients with KF had a significantly higher mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at baseline, compared to those with NKF (P<0.0001). Other baseline characteristics including race, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and calculated glomerular filtration rate (cGFR) were not significantly different. Baseline DBP was a significant risk factor in progression to KF (HR: 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01-1.06). Inverse SCr values were significantly decreased over time in KF patients (P=0.01). Conclusions: The data of this study indicate that children diagnosed with FSGS who are younger than 10 years and have elevated baseline DBP are more likely to develop kidney failure. The non-significant hazard ratios for other baseline characteristics including gender, race, and BMI are not instrumental risk factors. These results may help understand what may affect progression towards kidney failure in children with FSGS. World J Pediatr 2010;6(3):244-248
An on-chip dual supply charge pump system for 45nm PD SOI eDRAM

We present an on-chip word line (WL) dual supply system for server class embedded DRAM (eDRAM) applications. The design consists of switched capacitor charge pumps, voltage regulators, reference and clock circuits. Charge pump engines feature efficient charge transfer and energy conversion, boosting unregulated rails to 1.8x supply. At vdd=1 V, regulated high (1.5 to 1.7 V) and low (-0.3 to -0.6 V) levels ensure WL overdrive and cell turn-off, respectively, with rippling 2 GHz AC array access and can endure excessive DC load.
An agent based model to simulate farmer decision process

This paper presents an implementation of a mathematical model for simulating farmer decision processes. It is an Agent Based process that utilizes 'IF -- THEN' rules in a Fuzzy Logic System, and integer programming. This model was applied on Farm Accountancy and Data Network (FADN) data for Piedmonte, Italy. We will examine the design process in detail, and evaluate our initial results. Finally, we will discuss limitations and future applications of the model.
Video-Based Self-positioning for Intelligent Transportation Systems Applications

Many urban areas face traffic congestion. Automatic traffic management systems and congestion pricing are getting prominence in recent research. An important stage in such systems is lane prediction and on-road self-positioning. We introduce a novel problem of vehicle self-positioning which involves predicting the number of lanes on the road and localizing the vehicle within those lanes, using the video captured by a dashboard camera. To overcome the disadvantages of most existing low-level vision-based techniques while tackling this complex problem, we formulate a model in which the video is a key observation. The model consists of the number of lanes and vehicle position in those lanes as parameters, hence allowing the use of high-level semantic knowledge. Under this formulation, we employ a lane-width-based model and a maximum-likelihood-estimator making the method tolerant to slight viewing angle variation. The overall approach is tested on real-world videos and is found to be effective.
Intrinsic Goodness and Contingency, Resemblance and Particularity: Two Criticisms of Robert Adams’s Finite and Infinite Goods

Robert Adams’s Finite and Infinite Goods is one of the most important and innovative contributions to Christian ethics in recent memory. This article identifies two major flaws at the heart of Adams’s theory: his notion of intrinsic value and his claim that ‘excellence’ or finite goodness is constituted by resemblance to God. I first elucidate Adams’s complex, frequently misunderstood claims concerning intrinsic value and Godlikeness. I then contend that Adams’s notion of intrinsic value cannot explain what it could mean for countless finite goods to be intrinsically valuable. Next, I articulate a criticism of his Godlikeness thesis altogether unlike those he has previously addressed: I show that, on Adams’s own account of Godlikeness, a diverse myriad of excellences could not possibly count as resembling God. His theory thus fails to account for a whole world of finite goods. I defend my two criticisms against objections and briefly sketch a more Aristotelian and Christian way forward.
Statistical analyses of soil heavy metal pollution in the Wuhan Donghu High-tech Development Park

136 topsoil samples were collected from Wuhan Donghu High-tech development Park,and the concentrations of Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Cr were determined.Results showed that average content of Cd exceeded provincial background value,and also exceeded the second-level of the National Environmental Quality Standards of China in most part of the study area.The average concentration of Cu approximated its provincial background value.Although the rest of soil heavy metals were lower than background value,accumulations were observed in a fraction of study area.The results of geostatistical analysis indicated that the auto-correlations of all of the six heavy metals were weak and high values were mainly found in the center and northwest of the study area.According to the spatial distributions of heavy metals,the accumulations of Cd,Cu,Ni and Cr were mainly derived from emissions of manufacture in this area.The contents of Pb and Zn were determined by natural process,which means there was nearly no import from outside.The relatively high value of Pb could be the result of transportation here.However,the excessive Zn possibly came from some agricultural measures.Nemero Synthesis Index specifically indicated that the study area was polluted.As a result Great attention should be paid to the pollution situation of the park with necessary control measures.
Major ambulatory surgery of the general surgical patient. Management of anorectal conditions, peripheral vascular problems, and gastrointestinal endoscopy.

The growing experience with controlling postoperativc pain and with using Foley catheters postoperatively has made surgeons less hesitant to perform some anorectal procedures in an ambulatory setting. Procedures for the treatment of varicose veins of lesser severity can often be done in an ambulatory surgical center. Because of the risk for respiratory complications and perforations, some endoscopic procedures are appropriate for the major ambulatory surgical unit.
Surgery for mitral valvular disease during childhood and adolescence.

Summary Congenital and acquired lesions of the mitral valve can produce symptoms of sufficient severity during the first two decades of life to warrant operation. During the past 8 years, 25 patients under the age of 21 years have required surgery for mitral valvular disease at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Sixteen patients had rheumatic mitral stenosis, and 1 patient had congenital mitral stenosis. The age range was from 8 to 20 years. Pulmonary hypertension was a constant finding in those patients who had cardiac catheterization. Transatrial or transventricular fracture of the mitral valve was possible for 14 patients, but open cardiotomy was necessary for 3 patients. Microscopic examination of the atrial appendage revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of active myocarditis. No patient died as a result of operation. All but 3 patients had sustained improvement postoperatively. Eight patients, ranging in age from 6 to 18 years, had surgical treatment for severely incapacitating mitral insufficiency. In 2 of the patients the lesion was congenital. Mitral annuloplasty was utilized in 2 early cases; both of these patients succumbed. Replacement of the mitral valve with a Starr prosthesis of adult size was accomplished in the other 6 patients. Four of these patients survived and are greatly improved. The two deaths occurred in patients with coexistent lesions which were simultaneously corrected. This study indicates the feasibility and generally good results following surgery for severe mitral valvular disease during childhood and adolescence.
Attention and past behavior, not security knowledge, modulate users’ decisions to login to insecure websites

Purpose Modern browsers are designed to inform users as to whether it is secure to login to a website, but most users are not aware of this information and even those who are sometimes ignore it. This study aims to assess users’ knowledge of security warnings communicated via browser indicators and the likelihood that their online decision-making adheres to this knowledge. Design/methodology/approach Participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk visited a series of secure and insecure websites and decided as quickly and as accurately as possible whether it was safe to login. An online survey was then used to assess their knowledge of information security. Findings Knowledge of information security was not necessarily a good predictor of decisions regarding whether to sign-in to a website. Moreover, these decisions were modulated by attention to security indicators, familiarity of the website and psychosocial stress induced by bonus payments determined by response times and accuracy. Practical implications Even individuals with security knowledge are unable to draw the necessary conclusions about digital risks when browsing the web. Users are being educated through daily use to ignore recommended security indicators. Originality/value This study represents a new way to entice participants into risky behavior by monetizing both speed and accuracy. This approach could be broadly useful as a way to study risky environments without placing participants at risk.
Uniqueness of the Core for Chain-Complete Ordered Sets

It is proved that the C-core of a chain-complete ordered set is unique up to isomorphism if it exists. We also give an example that shows that the (U C∪L C)-core of an ordered set need not be unique. This is related to a question, which asks if the P-core is unique if it exists.
Average heart rate for driver monitoring systems

With semi-autonomous vehicles being pushed onto the market, driver monitoring systems play a relevant role in determining the user's level of engagement whenever an automated-to-manual transition of control is scheduled to occur. As current monitoring systems heavily rely on steering behaviour and ocular parameters as inputs for their algorithms, this study aims to investigate whether average heart rate represents a sensitive measure of driver mental workload. Participants from three different age groups (21-34, 35-53, 54-70 years old) were considered and the combined effects of mental workload (induced by interacting with the in-vehicle infotainment system via voice) and aging on average heart rate were investigated. Average heart rate was recorded using a portable heart rate monitor for commercial use. Results showed that average heart rate increased as the secondary task became more demanding. Furthermore, a significant task × age interaction suggested that as the secondary task became more demanding, younger drivers showed an increased heart rate compared to older drivers. These results are of the primary importance for the design of adaptive workload monitoring systems.
Public Knowledge of Obesity and Gynecologic Cancer Risk

In the United States, obesity continues to be a significant health issue, with strong evidence supporting the association between excess body weight and several health conditions, including gynecologic cancer. As obesity is a modifiable condition, it is important to determine the public perception of the gynecologic cancer risks associated obesity. Studies conducted in various populations of women consistently show a gap in knowledge, thus providing a rationale for increasing the education of women on these important health issues. The data support including information on the concepts of body mass index (BMI) and obesity, as well as the increased risk of gynecologic cancers related to excess adiposity.
Minimally invasive anterior pelvic internal fixation: An anatomic study comparing Pelvic Bridge to INFIX.

Abstract Objectives Anterior external fixation for pelvic ring fractures has shown to effectively improve stability and reduce mortality. However, these fixators can be associated with substantial morbidity such as pin tract infection, premature loss of fixation, and decreased quality of life in patients. Recently, two new methods of subcutaneous anterior pelvic internal fixation have been developed; the INFIX and the Pelvic Bridge. These methods have the purported advantages of lower wound complications, less surgical site pain, and improved quality of life. We sought to investigate the measured distances to critical anatomic structures, as well as the qualitative and topographic differences notable during implantation of both devices in the same cadaveric specimen. Materials and methods The Pelvic Bridge and INFIX were implanted in eleven fresh cadavers. Distances were then measured to: the superficial inguinal ring, round ligament, spermatic cord, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein. Observations regarding implantation and topography were also recorded. Results The INFIX had greater measured distances from all structures except for the LFCN, in which its proximity placed this structure at risk. Neither device appears to put other critical structures at risk in the supine position. Significant implantation and topographic differences exist between the devices. The INFIX application lacked “safety margins” concerning the LFCN in 10/11 (90.9%) specimens, while Pelvic Bridge placement lacked “safety margins” with regard to the right superficial ring (1/11, 9%) and the right spermatic cord (1/11, 9%). Conclusions Both the Pelvic Bridge and INFIX lie at safe distances from most critical pelvic structures in the supine position, though INFIX application places the LFCN at risk.
Trends in Rhinoplasty Research: A 20-Year Bibliometric Analysis.

Rhinoplasty is a popular aesthetic and reconstructive surgical procedure. It is one of the top five surgical cosmetic procedures performed worldwide. To evaluate global trends in rhinoplasty research spanning 20 years between 1994 and 2013. The top 15 plastic surgery and otolaryngology journals containing rhinoplasty research were determined using impact factors (IF). A database of rhinoplasty articles from 1994 to 2013 was created to include the following classifications: IF, authors’ geographic location, study design, level of evidence (LOE), and pertinence to aesthetic or reconstructive rhinoplasty. Productivity index and productivity share were calculated for each region. A total of 1244 rhinoplasty articles were included in the database. The mean IF among the 15 journals increased from 0.75 in 1994 to 1.90 in 2013 (p < 0.001). The majority of rhinoplasty publications were clinical in study design (91.0%) and were predominantly of weaker LOE (level IV: 42.4%; level V: 33.2%). The USA led in proportion of total rhinoplasty publications by volume and productivity index (37.9%, 41.2%), followed by Asia (29.1%, 28.2%) and Western Europe (18.8%, 18.2%). The majority of articles published were classified as aesthetic (60.4%), whereas 30.6% were reconstructive; there was a significant increase in the proportion of aesthetic rhinoplasty articles published per year (p = 0.009). The USA has consistently been the most productive country in rhinoplasty research. However, its lead has diminished over the last 20 years. The trend in rhinoplasty research appears to be toward aesthetic rather than reconstructive topics. Attention should be given to producing stronger LOE studies. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Syncope in a middle-aged man

A 46-year-old African-American man presented to the emergency room after having a syncopal episode. The patient was at a friend’s house when he stood up, felt lightheaded, had associated chest discomfort that has been described as ‘elephant sitting on my chest’ and then collapsed. There was loss of consciousness transiently but no seizure-like activity. There was no personal or family history of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death. He was a heavy smoker but denied other medical histories. The patient …
GIT Proteins: Arf Gaps and Signaling Scaffolds

GIT proteins are GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family of GTPases. The two GIT family members, GIT1 and GIT2, stimulate GTP hydrolysis on all the known Arf subtypes about equally well, and this activity is stimulated by PI(3,4,5)P3. As such, GITs are negative regulators of the cellular functions of Arfs, such as intracellular vesicle traffic and cytoskeletal rearrangement. In addition, GITs form the core of a large protein complex involved in integrating signals through multiple pathways, involving G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and at least two classes of small GTP-binding proteins, the Arfs and Rac/Cdc42, Rho families.
Lloyd Morgan’s System of Emergent Evolution

Lloyd Morgan developed his system of emergent evolution in the two volumes of his Gifford Lectures, delivered in 1922–23 and published as Emergent Evolution (1923) and Life, Spirit and Mind (1926). He also set out his philosophy in the last of his books, Emergence of Novelty (1933), and in articles published in the Monist, Journal of Philosophy, Philosophical Studies, and other reviews. The theses of his developed system can be divided into four groups: those concerning emergence and evolution, those concerning the levels of reality, those concerning the nature of mind, and those concerning the evolution of society. While Lloyd Morgan made a considerable contribution to the philosophical analysis of novelty in evolution, his work was not without serious problems which resulted from his combination of emergentist concepts with dual aspect notions related to neutral monism.
Systems model-guided rice yield improvements based on genes controlling source, sink, and flow

A large number of genes related to source, sink, and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This perspective paper aims to examine the reasons behind such a phenomenon and propose a strategy to resolve this situation. Specifically, we first systematically survey the currently cloned genes related to source, sink, and flow; then we discuss three factors hindering effective application of these identified genes, which include the lack of effective methods to identify limiting or critical steps in a signaling network, the misplacement of emphasis on properties, at the leaf, instead of the whole canopy level, and the non-linear complex interaction between source, sink, and flow. Finally, we propose the development of systems models of source, sink and flow, together with a detailed simulation of interactions between them and their surrounding environments, to guide effective use of the identified elements in modern rice breeding. These systems models will contribute directly to the definition of crop ideotype and also identification of critical features and parameters that limit the yield potential in current cultivars.
Capillary alginate gel (Capgel™) for the treatment of full-thickness dermal wounds in a hypoxic mouse model

In this study, capillary alginate gel (Capgel™), a collagen and alginate based self-assembling biomaterial, was used as a cellular scaffold for the treatment of ischemic, full-thickness dermal woun...
Relationships Between Instructional Coaches’ Time Use and District- and School-Level Policies and Expectations:

Whole-school reform models frequently include instructional coaching, yet instructional coaches typically spend relatively little time working with teachers on instruction. Using survey and intervi...
The Relationship between Students' Computer Competency and Perception of Enjoyment and Difficulty Level in Web-Based Distance Learning.

This paper discussed the concept of computer competency and investigated the relationship between students' computer competency and their perception of enjoyment and d ifficulty level of web-based distance-learning courses. Participants were 237 entering graduate students in library and information science from a mid-southwestern state university in the United States from year 2001 to 2003. Computer competency was estimated by students' self-report of their prior knowledge of information technology skills in a survey called Computer Skill and Use Assessment. Statistical significance was found betweenthe correlation of computer competency and students' perception of enjoyment level (p=.011) and difficulty level (p=.001).
Maternal Self-Efficacy Is Protective for Child (but Not Mother) Body Mass Index Among Mexican-Origin Children with Negative Temperament.

Objective Childhood obesity persists as a serious public health concern, particularly among Mexican-origin youth. Teen mothers are also at heightened obesity risk. Multiple factors may exacerbate this risk, including stressors associated with parenting. Indeed, difficult child temperaments pose unique parenting challenges, which may also be linked to physical health outcomes in mothers. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the interaction between negative child temperament and parenting self-efficacy is related to the body mass index (BMI) of young children and their adolescent mothers while controlling for important contextual factors. We also examined which pathways differed for girls versus boys. Methods Data were from a longitudinal study spanning 5 years that included 204 Mexican-origin young mothers and their children (with data collected at birth, age 4 years, and age 5 years). A multigroup structural equation modeling framework was used. Results The rate of early childhood obesity was low in comparison with national averages, whereas the rate of adolescent mother obesity was notably higher than the national average. Negative child temperament was associated with higher child BMI among those adolescent mothers with low parenting self-efficacy. Among the children with a negative temperament, their mothers' high parenting self-efficacy may have served as a protective factor against unhealthy child BMI. This significant interaction held for both boys and girls. Conclusion Research evaluating the potential effectiveness of interventions that promote parenting self-efficacy during early childhood as a means to reduce the rate of obesity among children of adolescent mothers should be conducted.
Dissect the DNMT3A- and DNMT3B-mediated DNA Co-methylation through a Covalent Complex Approach

Abstract DNA methylation plays a critical role in regulating gene expression, genomic stability, and cell fate commitment. Mammalian DNA methylation, which mostly occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotide, is installed by two de novo DNA methyltransferases, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Oligomerization of DNMT3A and DNMT3B permits both enzymes to comethylate two CpG sites located on the same DNA substrates. However, how DNMT3A- and DNMT3B-mediated co-methylation contributes to the DNA methylation patterns remain unclear. Here we generated covalent enzyme–substrate complexes of DNMT3A and DNMT3B, and performed bisulfite sequencing-based single-turnover methylation analysis on both complexes. Our results showed that both DNMT3A- and DNMT3B-mediated co-methylation preferentially gives rise to a methylation spacing of 14 base pairs, consistent with the previous structural observation for DNMT3A in complex with regulatory protein DNMT3L and CpG DNA. This study provides a novel method for mechanistic investigation of DNMT3A- and DNMT3B-mediated DNA co-methylation.
A Final Coda: Fragrant Memories?

This concluding chapter draws together some of the themes that resonate throughout the book, considering the material and social circumstances that drew Americans and Parsis together and the disparities that separated them. Documentation of interaction from 1788 until the late 1860s features successive members of the Wadia family, indicating that the goodwill of business relationships endured the test of the time and the cultural divide. Could it be that the Parsis emphasized the story of their own arrival on the shores of India to show how well placed they were to mediate both the commercial transactions and cultural induction of Americans who were new to Bombay? And what impressions, if any, did firsthand encounters with Parsis leave on those Americans?
Plasmid mediated tetracycline resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps

a b s t r a c t Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important problems in public health, veterinary medicine and aquaculture. Importantly, plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus from shrimp can potentially be transferred through transposition, conjugation and plasmid uptake to different bacterial species in aquaculture systems. In this study, we evaluated the antibiotic resistance pattern in V. parahaemolyticus strains associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) from penaeid shrimp and identified AHPND strains from Mexico showed a high level of resistance to tetracycline (≥5 �g/mL) and have the tetB gene coding tetracycline resistance. In particular, the tetB gene was carried in a single copy plasmid (named as pTetB-VA1) comprising 5162-bp with 40% G + C content from the strain (13-511/A1). The plasmid pTetB-VA1 consists of 9 ORFs encoding tetracycline resistant and repressor proteins, transcriptional regulatory proteins and transposases and showed a 99% sequence identity to other tet gene plasmids (pIS04 68 and pAQU2). © 2015 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Rate normalization for sweat metabolomics biomarker discovery.

Abstract As the demand for real-time exercise performance feedback increases, excreted sweat has become a biosource of interest for continuous human performance assessment. For sweat to truly fulfill this requirement, analyte concentrations must be normalized to adequately assess day-to-day differences within and among individuals. In this manuscript, data are presented highlighting the use of accurate localized sweat rate as a means for ion and global metabolomic data normalization. The results illustrate large sweat rate variability among individuals over the course of two distinct exercises protocols. Furthermore, the data show sweat rate is not symmetrical at similar locations among right and left forearms of individuals (p = 0.0007). Sweat ion conductivity analysis suggest overall sweat rate normalization reduces variability collectively among ion values and participants with principal component analysis showing 77.8% of variation in the data set attributable to sweat rate normalization. Global metabolomic analysis of sweat illustrated overall rate normalization increases the variability among test subjects with 72.7% of the variation explained by sweat rate normalization. Finally, overall rate normalized metabolomic features of sweat significantly correlated (ρ ≥ 0.7, ρ ≤ −0.7) with measured performance metrics of the individual, establishing the potential for sweat to be used as a biosource for performance monitoring. Collectively, these data illustrate the importance of accurate localized sweat rate determination, for analyte data normalization, in support for the use of sweat in biomarker discovery efforts to predict human performance.
Invasive Weeds, Wildfire, and Rancher Decision Making in the Great Basin

A numerical dynamic model is developed to characterize the decision problem of a rancher operating on rangelands in northern Nevada that are affected by invasive annual grasses and wildfire. The model incorporates decisions about herd size management of a cow-calf operation and fuels treatment to reduce the size of rangeland wildfires. Currently, high transactions costs to obtain permits to implement land treatments on federally-owned rangeland appear to limit rancher involvement. The results of the model suggest that, even if the transactions are removed, ranch income motives alone are likely insufficient for private ranchers to adopt preventative land treatments. The current treatment cost ($20 per acre at the minimum) appears to be prohibitively expensive relative to the benefits derived from the treatments under the low-productivity, semi-arid rangeland conditions.
Local Ordering in Disordered Nd x Zr 1-x O 2-0.5x Pyrochlore as Observed Using Neutron Total Scattering

Pyrochlore complex oxides (A2B2O7) are an important class of fluorite-derivative ceramics with exceptional chemical and structural versatility which make them ideal model systems for studying disordering mechanisms over a range of spatial scales. Neutron total scattering methods were used to analyze the structural behavior in the non-stoichiometric series NdxZr1-xO2-0.5x (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.23) as a function of Nd content, x. Characterization of the structure functions using Rietveld refinement and the pair distribution functions with small-box refinement reveal complex disordering pathways; the average, long-range phase changes over a very narrow compositional range from pyrochlore (Fd m) to defect fluorite (Fm m) through full randomization of the cation and anion sublattices at x ~ 0.31, while the local, short-range structure continuously adopts a weberite-type atomic arrangement (C2221). Comparison to a previously studied Ho2Ti2-xZrxO7 solid solution series reveals how changes in chemical composition and stoichiometry modify defect formation and determine how disordering progresses across different length scales in pyrochlore oxides.
Utilizing the BAT-LQ to assess TBI incidence in a college student population.

Objective: Although the annual number of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) reported in the US exceeds two million, data suggests that this is an underestimate. The goal of this study was to understan...
Aortic root translocation plus arterial switch for transposition of the great arteries with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: intermediate-term results.

Objectives The goal of our study was to report our intermediate-term results with aortic root translocation plus arterial switch for d-transposition of the great arteries with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Background A d-transposition of the great arteries with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction represents a difficult surgical problem. The Rastelli procedure is the usual approach to this condition. However, recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and early conduit obstruction as well as arrhythmias and troublesome late mortality are significant limitations. Methods From 1993 to 2005, 11 children (8 male, 3 female) ages 1 month to 11 years (median age 7 months) have undergone aortic root autograft translocation plus arterial switch to correct d-transposition of the great arteries with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The native aortic root was excised from the right ventricle infundibulum and inserted into the left ventricular outflow, enlarging the outflow tract by resecting the outlet septum and an appropriate-size ventricular septal defect patch. After coronary artery reimplantation, right ventricular outflow reconstruction was achieved with a homograft. Results There were no early or late deaths. With a median follow-up of 59 months (range 2 to 137 months), 5 patients required 6 conduit replacement procedures at a median time of 53 months. Two patients required an implantable defibrillator for ventricular arrhythmias. None of the patients have developed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Conclusions Aortic root autograft plus arterial switch procedure is a good option for the surgical management of infants and children with d-transposition of the great arteries and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and results in a more anatomic repair compared with Rastelli operation. Intermediate-term results indicate good relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and need for conduit replacement compares favorably with the Rastelli procedure for this lesion.
Structural and Electrochemical Investigation of Li ( Ni0.4Co0.15Al0.05Mn0.4 ) O2 Cathode Material

LiNi0.4Co0.15Al0.05Mn0.4O2 was investigated to understand the effect of replacement of the cobalt by aluminum on the structural and electrochemical properties. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy XAS was performed, utilizing a novel in situ electrochemical cell, specifically designed for long-term X-ray experiments. The cell was cycled at a moderate rate through a typical Li-ion battery operating voltage range. 1.0‐4.7 V XAS measurements were performed at different states of charge SOC during cycling, at the Ni, Co, and the Mn edges, revealing details about the response of the cathode to Li insertion and extraction processes. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure EXAFS region of the spectra revealed the changes of bond distance and coordination number of Ni, Co, and Mn absorbers as a function of the SOC of the material. The oxidation states of the transition metals in the system are Ni 2+ ,C o 3+ , and Mn 4+ in the as-made material fully discharged, while during charging the Ni 2+ is oxidized to Ni 4+ through an intermediate stage of Ni 3+ ,C o 3+ is oxidized toward Co 4+ , and Mn was found to be electrochemically inactive and remained as Mn 4+ . The EXAFS results during cycling show that the Ni‐O changes the most, followed by Co‐O, and Mn‐O varies the least. These measurements on this cathode material confirmed that the material retains its symmetry and good structural short-range order leading to the superior cycling reported earlier.