cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye movements reveal impaired inhibitory control in adult male fragile X premutation carriers asymptomatic for FXTAS.

Objective: Fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) have an expansion of 55 —200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Male fXPCs are at risk for developing a neurodegenerative motor disorder (FXTAS) often accompanied by inhibitory control impairments, even in fXPCs without motor symptoms. Inhibitory control impairments might precede, and thus indicate elevated risk for motor impairment associated with FXTAS. We tested whether inhibitory impairments are observable in fXPCs by assessing oculomotor performance. Method: Participants were males aged 18–48 years asymptomatic for FXTAS. FXPCs (n 21) and healthy age-matched controls (n 22) performed four oculomotor tasks. In a Fixation task, participants fixated on a central cross and maintained gaze position when a peripheral stimulus appeared. In a Pursuit task, participants maintained gaze on a square moving at constant velocity. In a Prosaccade task, participants fixated on a central cross, then looked at a peripheral stimulus. An Antisaccade task was identical to the Prosaccade task, except participants looked in the direction opposite the stimulus. Inhibitory cost was the difference in saccade latency between the Antisaccade and Prosaccade tasks. Results: Relative to controls, fXPCs had longer saccade latency in the Antisaccade task. In fXPCs, inhibitory cost was positively associated with vermis area in lobules VI-VII. Conclusion: Antisaccades require inhibitory control to inhibit reflexive eye movements. We found that eye movements are sensitive to impaired inhibitory control in fXPCs asymptomatic for FXTAS. Thus, eye movements may be useful in assessing FXTAS risk or disease progression.
Every Heart Beats True, for the Red, White, and Blue: National Identity Predicts Voter Support

In two studies conducted during the 2012 U.S. presidential election, we sought to determine whether the relative ascription of the American identity to Barack Obama and Mitt Romney was distinct from attitudinal responses and from associations about racial categories. We also tested the degree to which these associations accounted for voter support. In both studies, participants completed a series of Implicit Association Tests and reported their intention to vote for and their willingness to support these candidates. In contrast to implicit associations about racial categories (Black vs. White), Obama was implicitly seen as more American and elicited a more favorable implicit evaluation than Romney (Study 1). At the same time, these effects were reduced when candidates were categorized based on their racial (rather than personal) identity (Study 2). Implicit associations about the candidates (but not racial categories) accounted for intention to vote for them and relative willingness to support them over and above the effect of political orientation (Studies 1 & 2). These findings suggest that the implicit ascription of a national identity is an important facet of presidential elections.
Predictors of not pursuing infertility treatment after an infertility diagnosis: examination of a prospective U.S. cohort

We studied a prospective cohort of 434 couples in Northern California and found that 13% did not pursue any form of infertility treatment after their initial consultation. Although age, education, and financial concerns remain important for patients in choosing whether to pursue infertility treatment, depressive symptoms may also be a barrier to achieving reproductive goals.
Cherubism gene Sh3bp2 is important for optimal bone formation, osteoblast differentiation, and function.

Introduction Cherubism is a human genetic disorder that causes bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the maxilla and the mandible in children. It is caused by mutations in SH3BP2 . The exact pathogenesis of the disorder is an area of active research. Sh3bp2 knock-in mice were developed by introducing a Pro416Arg mutation (Pro418Arg in humans) in the mouse genome. The osteoclast phenotype of this mouse model was recently described. Methods We examined the bone phenotype of the cherubism mouse model, the role of Sh3bp2 during bone formation, osteoblast differentiation, and osteoblast function. Results We observed delays in early postnatal development of homozygous Sh3bp2 KI/KI mice, which exhibited increased growth plate thickness and significantly decreased trabecular bone thickness and bone mineral density. Histomorphometric and microcomputed tomography analyses showed bone loss in the cranial and appendicular skeletons. Sh3bp2 KI/KI mice also exhibited a significant decrease in osteoid formation that indicated a defect in osteoblast function. Calvarial osteoblast cell cultures had decreased alkaline phosphatase expression and mineralization, suggesting reduced differentiation potential. Gene expression of osteoblast differentiation markers such as collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin were decreased in osteoblast cultures from Sh3bp2 KI/KI mice. Conclusions These data suggest that Sh3bp2 regulates bone homeostasis through not only osteoclast-specific effects, but also through effects on osteoblast differentiation and function.
Theory, Data, and Hypothesis Testing: World Bank Environmental Reform Redux

We thank Tamar Gutner for her thoughtful comments on our article, “Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform” (International Organization, Spring 2003). While championing principal-agent (P-A) theory as the most promising approach to the study of international organizations (IOs) in general, she questions the novelty of our P-A model and criticizes both our methods and data. We are grateful for the opportunity to clarify our contributions and offer concrete solutions to the research questions that she raises.We thank Brad Parks and Sue Peterson for comments on an early version of this article. For research assistance, we are grateful to Daniel Magleby, Dan Maliniak, and Jess Sloan.
Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female sexual assault survivors: an exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Tonic immobility (TI) is an involuntary component of the fear response that is characterized by freezing or immobility in situations involving extreme fear coupled with physical restraint. The present investigation evaluated the factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale (TIS; Forsyth, J. P., Marx, B., Fuse, T. M. K., Heidt, J., & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (2000). The Tonic Immobility Scale. Albany, NY: Authors)--a newly developed measure to assess components of TI in female sexual assault survivors. Study 1 (N=88) consisted of an Exploratory Factor Analysis of sexual assault survivors' responses on the TIS, whereas Study 2 (N=191) involved a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a second independent sample of female sexual assault survivors. Findings from both studies suggest that the TIS is comprised of two independent factors: physical immobility and fear. Findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and practical implications of the factor solution obtained, particularly with regard to evaluating TI in adult survivors of sexual assault.
Can Medical Simulation and Team Training Reduce Errors in Labor and Delivery

Patient safety is one of the most pressing challenges in health care today, and there is no question that medical errors occur and that patients are worried about them. Currently, there is a belief that the availability of medical simulations and the knowledge gained from the science of team training may improve patient outcomes, and there is a paradigm shift occurring in many universities and training programs. This article discusses two strategies that, when combined, may reduce medical error in the labor and delivery suite: team training and medical simulation.
Single molecule rotational probing of supercooled liquids.

Much of the interesting behavior that has been observed in supercooled liquids appears to be related to dynamic heterogeneity, the presence of distinct dynamic environments – with no apparent underlying structural basis – in these systems. To most directly interrogate these environments, proposed to span regions just a few nanometers across, molecular length scale probes are required. Single molecule fluorescent microscopy was introduced to the field a decade ago and has provided strong evidence of dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled systems. However, only more recently has the full set of challenges associated with interpreting results of these experiments been described. With a fuller understanding of these challenges in hand, single molecule measurements can be employed to provide a more precise picture of dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled liquids and other complex systems. In this tutorial review, experimental and data analysis details are presented for the most commonly employed single molecule approach to studying supercooled liquids, the measurement of rotational dynamics of single molecule probes. Guidance is provided in experimental set-up and probe selection, with a focus on choices that affect data interpretation and probe sensitivity to dynamic heterogeneity.
When Words are not Enough: Psychotherapy with Clients Who are Living Below the Poverty Level

The present article describes six strategies found useful when working with depressed clients who are struggling with severe financial limitations. First, it is important to help clients maintain an attitude of hope for a better future, so they remain as positive yet realistic about their current options and future goals. Second, empathy is considered to be a central component in all psychotherapy sessions, helping therapists to understand their clients’ life experiences and ongoing struggles. Third, clients can learn to develop more adaptive perspectives about life, family, and friends, trying to focus on the positive events they have experienced and the supportive bonds they have developed. Fourth, clients can develop new specific coping skills that may help them to manage the problems they encounter. Fifth, many clients can better utilize the social support that is often available, starting to ask family members and friends for assistance and support when help is needed. Sixth, an interdisciplinary treatment team is often optimal when the treatment plan integrates the potential benefits derived from psychotherapy, medications, and social service agencies. An effective psychotherapist respects the limits of psychology while consulting with colleagues from other health care professions. These six strategies can help guide therapists when working with clients who are struggling with persistent depression in the face of adversity.
The Role of Additional Disaggregated Forecasts: Evidence Using Pre-Tax Forecasts

I examine whether analysts’ implicit tax expense forecasts help investors evaluate firm performance, identify tax-related earnings management, and decrease tax avoidance. Using I/B/E/S data from 2002-2014, I find investors utilize both analysts’ pre- and after-tax earnings forecasts in evaluating firm performance, indicating analysts’ tax expense forecasts are value-relevant. Furthermore, investors more significantly discount earnings managed through the tax account when pre-tax earnings forecasts are available. Lastly, tax avoidance is inversely associated with changes in analysts’ pre-tax forecast coverage for the firm. This study provides evidence that analysts’ tax-related forecasts are useful in multiple settings. This evidence helps academics and practitioners better understand the role of disaggregated income statement forecasts.
STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS OF WOMEN WITH SUBSTANCE USE OR CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS

by BARBARA COLIN MOORE The effects of illness-related stressors on family members of women with substance use disorders or co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders were examined, and the mediating or moderating role of family member adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies was assessed. 82 women in inpatient or outpatient treatment for substance use disorders in a Midwestern community were interviewed. Of these, 46 (56.1%) met diagnostic criteria for one or more additional psychiatric disorders: major depression, dysthymia, posttraumatic stress disorder, mania, hypomania, or generalized anxiety disorder. The women were predominantly African-American and of lower socioeconomic status. The women in treatment nominated the most supportive family member or a significant other for participation in the study. 82 family members, one for each woman in treatment, were also interviewed. Findings were that illnessrelated client behavioral problems and extent of client drug or alcohol use were significantly related to greater family member burden. At the bivariate level, greater client behavioral problems were also related to higher levels of family member depressive symptomatology. Family member maladaptive coping was found to completely mediate the relationship between client behavioral problems and the Stigma
Roles for RNA-binding proteins in development and disease

RNA-binding protein activities are highly regulated through protein levels, intracellular localization, and post-translation modifications. During development, mRNA processing of specific gene sets is regulated through manipulation of functional RNA-binding protein activities. The impact of altered RNA-binding protein activities also affects human diseases in which there are either a gain-of-function or loss-of-function causes pathogenesis. We will discuss RNA-binding proteins and their normal developmental RNA metabolism and contrast how their function is disrupted in disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.
Linearly augmented deep neural network

Deep neural networks (DNN) are a powerful tool for many large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) tasks. Training a very deep network is a challenging problem and pre-training techniques are needed in order to achieve the best results. In this paper, we propose a new type of network architecture, Linear Augmented Deep Neural Network (LA-DNN). This type of network augments each non-linear layer with a linear connection from layer input to layer output. The resulting LA-DNN model eliminates the need for pre-training, addresses the gradient vanishing problem for deep networks, has higher capacity in modeling linear transformations, trains significantly faster than normal DNN, and produces better acoustic models. The proposed model has been evaluated on TIMIT phoneme recognition and AMI speech recognition tasks. Experimental results show that the LA-DNN models can have 70% fewer parameters than a DNN, while still improving accuracy. On the TIMIT phoneme recognition task, the smaller LA-DNN model improves TIMIT phone accuracy by 2% absolute, and AMI word accuracy by 1.7% absolute.
Incremental risk factors in hospital mortality rate after repair of ventricular septal defect.

A total of 312 patients with single or multiple ventricular septal defects (VSD) with or without major associated lesions underwent surgical repair between 1967 and 1979. In the overall experience in patients without major associated defects, six hospital deaths (3.6%) occurred among 166 patients undergoing primary repair of single large VSDs, but in the last 5 years, one death (1.1%) occurred among 94 patients. Among the 29 patients with multiple VSDs, nine deaths (31%) occurred, but only one (7%) among the 14 operated upon in the last 5 years. In both groups, young age was an incremental risk factor for hospital death overall, but not in the last 5 years. Neither the location of the VSD nor the surgical approach were risk factors. Among 58 patients with major associated lesions and either single or multiple VSDs, 14 (24%) died after operation. In this subset, risk of hospital death did not decline during the 12 year period, and young age remained a significant incremental risk factor throughout. Of 261 patients with a single VSD and without a straddling tricuspid valve, one (0.4%) developed complete heart block, as did two (4%) of 47 patients with multiple VSDs. The decrease in hospital mortality rate with time and the neutralization of young age and multiplicity of VSDs as important incremental risk factors resulted from improvements such as more precise preoperative diagnosis of location and number of VSDs and improved intraoperative and postoperative care. The incremental risk of major associated lesions, especially in the very young and in those with multiple VSDs, should be neutralized in the future by-further research and development. However, in the meantime, management in most subsets should be individualized.
Chapter 8 – Asthma and COPD: Animal Models

Publisher Summary Animal models have been used extensively in the discovery of the biological processes that underlie asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Animal models have also been used to guide research into pharmacological interventions for the treatment of asthma and COPD. While many species, including dogs, cats, monkeys, horses, pigs, sheep, guinea pigs, and rats have been used to study asthma and COPD, most current investigations involve the use of mice. Consequently, this chapter focuses on models developed using this species. The advantages of using mice include cost of housing, a short breeding period, the availability of inbred species with known characteristics, a well characterized immune system and genome, and the ability to either overexpress or delete specific genes, sometimes conditionally, that is, at specific times or in particular cells. The disadvantages of using mice include differences in lung anatomy, lung development, pattern and route of breathing, the pathogen-free facilities in which most mice are housed which eliminate many environmental modifiers, and some differences in the immune system. It is important to keep in mind that there are important structural differences in the lungs of mice and humans and to interpret animal data with caution. In some instances, murine models of allergic asthma have not recapitulated the human findings, and have led to some costly failures in drug development. Nevertheless, animal models have been extremely useful in the evolution of current concepts regarding the etiology of asthma and COPD and genetically engineered mice continue to drive the generation and testing of new hypotheses.
Strong Neighborhood Based Stable Connected Dominating Sets for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We propose an algorithm to determine stable connected dominating sets (SN-CDS) for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using the notion of a “strong neighborhood,” defined based on a “threshold neighborhood distance ratio” (TNDR ≤ 1). A node j at a physical Euclidean distance of r from node i is said to be in the strong neighborhood of node i if r/R ≤ TNDR where R is the fixed transmission range of all nodes in the network. A non-CDS node is said to be covered it at least one of its neighbor nodes is in the SN-CDS. The proposed algorithm prefers to include a covered node with the maximum number (≥ 1) of uncovered neighbors into the SN-CDS; ties are broken using node ids. The algorithm stops when every node is either in the SN-CDS or has at least one neighbor node in the SN-CDS. If TNDR = 1, then SN-CDS corresponds to the maximum-density based CDS (MaxD-CDS) algorithm, a heuristic to approximate a CDS with the minimum number of constituent nodes. We observe that an SN-CDS (with TNDR < 1) has a significantly longer lifetime than a MaxD-CDS and for a given condition of network density and node mobility, the difference in the lifetime increases as the value of TNDR decreases. The tradeoff is lower connectivity as well as a larger constituent node size and hop count per path.
Rosenfield, Maya. COMFORTING THE OCCUPATION. WORK, EDUCATION,AND POLITICALACTIVISM OF PALESTINIAN FAMILIES IN A REFUGEE CAMP

Rosenfield, Maya. COMFORTING THE OCCUPATION. WORK, EDUCATION, AND POLITICAL ACTIVISM OF PALESTINIAN FAMILIES IN A REFUGEE CAMP. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 2004. Soft cover, ISBN 0-8047-4987-6.Confronting the Occupation is a thoughtful and interesting volume. The author, anthropologist Maya Rosenfeld, describes and analyses the lives and world of Palestinian families in the Dheisheh refugee camp located near Bethlehem. Based on field observations and the close relationships she developed with members of this community, her work covers the period from 1992 well into the present Sharon Government. Rosenfeld owns her own political perspectives, and while clearly sympathetic to the people of Dheisheh, she examines the development and meaning of political and social action without trying to sway her readers.The contested terrain described by Rosenfeld is rich in history of all kinds. Any point of entry is sure to raise criticisms that some important set (or interpretation) of antecedent events has been left out. The author does provide readers a good sense of context which is further expanded through reference notes and the availability of an extensive bibliography. She begins by sketching out the pre 1948 period to establish certain social, economic, and educational, features of Palestinian life.If Palestinian family and village life were modest in their economic manifestations, families often owned their own land, livestock, and homes, and were part of a social structure characterized by the usual economic and social distinctions between segments of the community. Freedom to travel to buy and sell agricultural products, engage in trade, and work away from one's own village, were rights taken for granted. Social structure was traditional and intergenerational, with families arranging marriages and strongly influencing the occupational direction of their children. Advanced formal education was reserved for a few young men and was not considered essential for those whose lives appeared reasonably secure in controlling the means of their livelihoods.Israel's successful war of independence (1948) and subsequent victories (1967,1973), have changed Palestinian life dramatically, as have Palestinian response - political organizing and a First and second Intifada. The claims of the State have manifest themselves in the displacement of Palestinians from their property, villages, economic livelihoods, offering instead a new twilight status as permanent residents of temporary refugee camps. …
Function of IgD in B cell triggering and tolerance: an overview of recent advances.

While most mature B lymphocytes bear both IgM and IgD receptors, the roles played by each of these surface isotypes i n B cell development, triggering and tolerance has not been resolved. During the last year, however, may investigators have obtained evidence to help assign a unique role for surface IgD (slgD) in the immune response. One of the most useful models has been to attempt to abort the development of slgD § B cells during ontogeny. Thus, Skelly et al. [1] treated mice from birth with a monoclonal anti-IgD antibody (delta aUotype) and assessed the effect of this treatment on B cell subpopulations. In agreement with previous studies [2], low frequencies of B cells with slgD were found in the spleen and lymph nodes of treated mice. Interestingly, B cells expressing the Lyb5 antigen were detected in normal numbers. Since both Lyb5 and slgD can be found on B lymphocytes which arise late in ontogeny, this suggested that the expression of slgD was not required for a 'ma-
Synthesis of the Lycopodium Alkaloid Lyconadin A: Discovery of a Unique CN Bond Forming Reaction

Abstract This chapter describes synthetic studies that culminated in the total synthesis of the caged Lycopodium alkaloid lyconadin A. Key to the success of the synthesis was the implementation of an oxidative C-N bond forming reaction.
Closing the loop: Automated data-driven cognitive model discoveries lead to improved instruction and learning gains

As the use of educational technology becomes more ubiquitous, an enormous amount of learning process data is being produced. Educational data mining seeks to analyze and model these data, with the ultimate goal of improving learning outcomes. The most firmly grounded and rigorous evaluation of an educational data mining discovery is whether it yields better student learning when applied. Such an evaluation has been referred to as "closing the loop", as it completes cycle of system design, deployment, data analysis, and discovery leading back to design. Here, we present an instance of "closing the loop" on an automated cognitive modeling improvement discovered by Learning Factors Analysis (Cen, Koedinger, and Junker, 2006). We discuss our findings from a process in which we interpret the automated improvements yielded by the best-fitting cognitive model, validate the interpretation on novel data, use it to make changes to classroom-deployed educational technology, and show that the changes lead to significant learning gains relative to a control condition.
Use of BMI as the marker of adiposity in a metabolic syndrome severity score: Derivation and validation in predicting long-term disease outcomes.

Abstract Background Estimates of adiposity in evaluating the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have traditionally utilized measures of waist circumference (WC), whereas body mass index (BMI) is more commonly used clinically. Our objective was to determine if a MetS severity Z-score employing BMI as its measure of adiposity (MetS-Z-BMI) would perform similarly to a WC-based score (MetS-Z-WC) in predicting future disease. Methods To formulate the MetS-Z-BMI, we performed confirmatory factor analysis on a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific basis on MetS-related data for 6870 adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1999–2010. We then validated this score and compared it to MetS-Z-WC in assessing correlations with future coronary heart disease (CHD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using Cox proportional hazard analysis of 13,094 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study and Jackson Heart Study. Results Loading factors, which represent the relative contribution of each component to the latent MetS factor, were lower for BMI than for WC in formulating the two respective scores (MetS-Z-BMI and MetS-Z-WC). Nevertheless, MetS-Z-BMI and MetS-Z-WC exhibited similar hazard ratios (HR) toward future disease. For each one standard-deviation-unit increase in MetS-Z-BMI, HR for CHD was 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65, 1.88) and HR for T2DM was 3.39 (CI 3.16, 3.63) (both p Conclusions A MetS severity Z-score utilizing BMI as its measure of adiposity operated similarly to a WC-based score in predicting future CHD and T2DM, suggesting overall similarity in MetS-based risk as estimated by both measures of adiposity. This indicates potential clinical usefulness of MetS-Z-BMI in assessing and following MetS-related risk over time.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension as a presenting sign of adrenal insufficiency

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a diagnosis of exclusion defined by elevated intracranial pressure without mass lesions or hydrocephalus. Causes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension include obesity, vitamin derangements, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and autoimmune disorders. Cushing's disease and Addison's disease have been associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Secondary adrenal insufficiency following withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids has been found to be a relatively common phenomenon. This case describes an 11-year-old boy who was previously on inhaled corticosteroids for severe asthma who presented with secondary adrenal insufficiency after withdrawal of steroids. The adrenal insufficiency presented as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. We described the hospital course and process of diagnosis for this child with secondary adrenal insufficiency following withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids. The association between the discontinuation of this patient's corticosteroids and his onset of headache suggests secondary adrenal insufficiency as the most likely cause of his idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The gradual improvement in his symptoms after steroid replacement further supports this. Due to the significant prevalence of children using inhaled corticosteroids, it is important for clinicians to be aware of the potential for the withdrawal of these drugs to induce hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression.
ELEVATED TROPONIN-I LEVEL QUANTITATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR IMPAIRMENT IN ACUTE MYOCARDITIS

Troponin-I (Trop-I) is the diagnostic marker for detecting acute myocarditis, however, it has not been quantitatively evaluated well. This study included consecutive 19 patients with acute myocarditis treated in our hospital between May 2015 and September 2016. Patients data were retrospectively
Metals and Alloys

Abstract Thermal analysis methods have a wide range of applications in the examination of phase equilibria, phase transformation behavior and synthesis, and environmental reactions in metallic systems. Among the variety of thermal analysis methods, the presentation focuses on Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Flash DSC, and Differential Mechanical Analysis (DMA). With properly calibrated instruments, important thermodynamic properties can be determined such as phase transition temperatures, enthalpy of mixing, synthesis reactions and intermetallic phase formation, heat capacity and expansion coefficients. The implementation of both isothermal and continuous temperature scanning protocols represents an effective experimental strategy in the determination of phase reaction kinetics. In order to illustrate the capabilities of thermal analysis methods, several selected examples are highlighted for phase diagram determination in binary and higher-order alloys, the formation and thermal stability of metallic glass, oxidation reactions, solidification during joining, shape memory behavior, and non-equilibrium melting characteristics.
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Achilles Tendinosis.

Background:Most patients who sustain Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) have no clinical symptoms prior to ATR. The objective of this study was to define the prevalence of ultrasound-detectable Achill...
How Can We Make Our Research on Sexual Harassment More Useful in Legal Decision Making

Social scientists have contributed substantially to our understanding of sexual harassment, so much so that a legal scholar has recently recommended that judges use such research to develop “better legal standards that will actually reflect (or consciously choose not to reflect) how sexual harassment happens, is perceived, and affects workers” (Beiner, 2005, p. 3). But there is room for improvement, as law professor, Beiner, notes in her book, which is, among other things, a clear call to researchers to conduct studies that will be useful to the court. Many researchers, too, have argued that the research needs to be a more useful aide to the court’s decision making (O’Connor & Vallabhajosula, 2004; Wiener & Gutek, 1999; Wiener & Hurt, 1999;). How has the research on sexual harassment been used in court? In this chapter, I review areas of research that have been relevant to sexual harassment litigation with the goal of identifying areas where our research has been helpful and not so helpful. I also cover areas where research would be helpful in court even though such research has not been published. In doing so, I rely on my own experience as an expert witness, both for the plaintiff and the defendant. I review the ways that sexual harassment is conceptualized and measured. This is important for litigation because ultimately our understanding of the predictors, correlates, and consequences of sexual harassment are based on our how we measure sexual harassment. The extent to which our measures depart from a legal measure affects our ability to talk about the antecedents and consequences of illegal sexual harassment. After reviewing the ways sexual harassment is measured, I discuss the problems with our existing measures with respect to their utility in the legal context. I then tell why this issue matters in the legal context and suggest some changes so that the research is more useful in litigation. I contrast the area of defining and measuring sexual harassment with another area where the research is more useful in the courtroom—reporting or complaining about sexual harassment. I also discuss and an area where we lack the research to provide opinions based on research, namely what constitutes an effective sexual harassment policy.
Das Technology-Gap-Trade-Modell mit allgemeiner Nachfragestruktur

In Kapitel 5 wurden verschiedene Arten technischen Fortschritts vorgestellt — Prozesfortschritt, internationaler Technologietransfer, Produktinnovation, Produktimitation — und ihre Wirkung auf die Ausenhandelsstruktur und die Wohlfahrt zweier Lander untersucht. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, das die Wirkung des Fortschritts einerseits von der Fortschrittsart, andererseits aber auch von der Verteilung ihrer Wirkungsintensitat (proportional, nicht proportional, uniform, nicht uniform) abhangt.
Protein kinase C-beta inhibition induces apoptosis and inhibits cell cycle progression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related non-hodgkin lymphoma cells.

Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) constitutes an aggressive variety of lymphomas characterized by increased extranodal involvement, relapse rate, and resistance to chemotherapy. Protein kinase C-beta (PKCβ) targeting showed promising results in preclinical and clinical studies involving a wide variety of cancers, but studies describing the role of PKCβ in AIDS-NHL are primitive if not lacking. Methods In the present study, 3 AIDS-NHL cell lines were examined: 2F7 (AIDS–Burkitt lymphoma), BCBL-1 (AIDS–primary effusion lymphoma), and UMCL01-101 (AIDS–diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). Results Immunoblot analysis demonstrated expression of PKCβ1 and PKCβ2 in 2F7 and UMCL01-101 cells, and PKCβ1 alone in BCBL-1 cells. The viability of 2F7 and BCBL-1 cells decreased significantly in the presence of PKCβ-selective inhibitor at half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 14 and 15 μmol/L, respectively, as measured by tetrazolium dye reduction assay. In contrast, UMCL01-101 cells were relatively resistant. As determined using flow cytometric deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay with propidium iodide staining, the responsiveness of sensitive cells was associated with apoptotic induction and cell cycle inhibition. Protein kinase C-beta–selective inhibition was observed not to affect AKT phosphorylation but to induce a rapid and sustained reduction in the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, ribosomal protein S6, and mammalian target of rapamycin in sensitive cell lines. Conclusions The results indicate that PKCβ plays an important role in AIDS-related NHL survival and suggest that PKCβ targeting should be considered in a broader spectrum of NHL. The observations in BCBL-1 were unexpected in the absence of PKCβ2 expression and implicate PKCβ1 as a regulator in those cells.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY METABOLISM

This chapter discusses photosynthetic energy metabolism. There are three important physiological differences between photosynthesis of green plants and bacteria: (1) bacterial photosynthesis is anaerobic; (2) the reducing agent used by photoautotrophic bacteria is an inorganic compound other than water, usually hydrogen or a sulfur compound, and oxygen is not involved; and (3) although sulfur purple bacteria and sulfur green bacteria use carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source, the non-sulfur purple bacteria typically use an organic compound as the carbon source and are, thus, photosynthetic heterotrophs. Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence states that atoms or molecules that absorb light absorb one quantum of light per molecule. The amount of light energy absorbed by one mole of absorbant is defined as an einstein, and the amount of energy per einstein is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Bacterial photosynthetic pigments absorb light in the region of 800 to 900 m μ , and the energy available from light of this wavelength is of the order of 30–35 kcal/einstein. The energy available to bacteria and plants for photosynthesis is enough to cause excitation of electrons but not ionization.
Psychobiology of Opioids

Publisher Summary Opioid peptides are endogenous or synthetic peptides characterized by a spectrum of pharmacological activity similar to that of morphine and other narcotic agonist drugs. This chapter describes the psychobiology of opiates by analyzing their neurochemical correlates at the brain level and the role of different receptor sites. The brain catecholamines are involved in the effects of narcotic analgesics; a decrement in the endogenous level of brain catecholamines and an increase in their synthesis have been shown to follow opiate administration. Involvement of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic mechanisms in opiate-induced analgesia and catalepsy is demonstrated in the chapter. Natural and synthetic opiates show decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep periods and modify sleep patterns. Endogenous opiates are involved in a number of behavioral activities ranging from central nervous system (CNS) activation to consummatory activities, learning and memory, and social interactions. Endogenous opiates raise hopes that an understanding of how these chemicals work in the brain would provide solutions to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression.
A Sometimes Hidden Economic Dimension to Individual Immigration Preferences: Cross-National Evidence in Support of the Labor Competition Hypothesis

This paper seeks to restore labor competition as an explanation for anti-immigration attitudes, recognizing that education may proxy both individual-level skill and cultural socialization. We thus ...
Crystallographic analysis of Parasponia andersonii hemoglobin

The x-ray crystal structure of ferric Parasponia andersonii hemoglobin has been determined to 2.3 A resolution by molecular replacement with Rice hemoglobin 1 (rHb1). By means of absorbance spectroscopy, electrochemistry and x-ray crystallography, it has been revealed that depending on the oxidation state, the heme iron can exsist in either the pentacoordinate or hexacoordinate form. Pentacoordination of the heme iron is found primarily in the deoxy ferrous (2+) form, whereas the ferric (3+) form is exhibited predominantly in bis-histidine coordination. This is unique among known forms of hemoglobins. Furthermore, the crystallographic data has provided evidence which supports previous works reporting hexacoordination of the heme iron more closely associated with the ferric state (11).
Poetry and the Dying

This essay demonstrates some of the roles poetry can play as people confront the death of loved ones and their own dying. The first half deals mainly with a creative outpouring sustained for eight years, by means of which the great German poet Heine transformed his agony into triumphant art. The second half chronicles a moment in the lives of college students completing a thanatology course. The poetry of two participants, both in advanced stages of neurological disease and totally speech-impaired, was read aloud by others. Whatever impulse to patronize and pity might have existed at the outset, it soon became clear that through poetry—the courageous instrument of their terrors and wishes and questionings—these young people spoke for us all, taught us all how to approach our mortality.
On the theoretical benefit of combining multiple observations: Dependence on the form of the probability distribution of the observations

Auditory research has benefited immensely from the application of the Signal-Detection Theory (SDT; Green and Swets, 1966). The theory has provided a rigorous framework within which the design of experimental studies and the interpretation of experimental results can be carried out in a principled way. A fundamental assumption often made, either explicitly or implicitly, in the application of SDT is that the observations obey Gaussian distributions. Many important results were derived on an equal-variance Gaussian assumption for the "noise" and the "signal"events. One example is the well-known relation between the detectability attainable based on a single observation (d'1) and the detectability that can be achieved when multiple (m > 1) independent and equally informative observations are combined: d'm = √m d'1. As researchers often need to deal with situations where the form of the probability distributions of the observations either is unknown or is known to be non-Gaussian, it is important to understand how the form of the probability distribution can influence the outcome. This presentation will examine different ways by which the interpretation of listeners’ performance with multiple observations would depend on the form of the probability distributions.
Characterization of Biological Types of Cattle (Cycle III) IV. Postweaning Growth and Feed Efficiency

Postweaning growth and feed efficiency data were analyzed on 769 F1 crossbred steers out of Angus and Hereford dams and sired by Pinzgauer, Tarentaise, Brahman, Sahiwal, Hereford and Angus sires. Breed groups were fed in replicated pens and slaughtered serially at three different dates in each of 2 yr. Quadratic regressions of pen mean weight on days fed and of cumulative metabolizable energy consumption (ME) on days fed were used to estimate gain, ME consumption and efficiency (Mcal ME/kg gain) over time (0 to 213 d on feed) and weight (250 to 470 kg) intervals, and from d 0 to a small degree of marbling (corresponds to USDA low Choice quality grade) and an 18.9% fat trim end point. Brahman-sired crosses were significantly heavier at weaning than all other breed groups. However, during the postweaning period, which included winter months, and while being fed a moderately high concentrate diet, average daily gain of Brahman-sired crosses tended to be less than Angus- or Hereford-, Tarentaise- and Pinzgauer-sired crosses and that of Sahiwal-sired crosses was significantly less than all other breed groups. Differences among breed groups were not significant for feed efficiency in the time constant interval from 0 to 213 d. In a weight interval from 250 to 470 kg, only Sahiwal-sired crosses differed significantly, requiring more Mcal ME/kg gain than other breed groups. Hereford-Angus crosses were more efficient than all other breed groups (P less than .05) to the marbling end point and to the 18.9% fat trim end point, primarily because of fewer days on feed and thus less net energy required for maintenance. Pinzgauer-sired crosses were significantly more efficient than Tarentaise-, Brahman- and Sahiwal-sired crosses to the marbling end point (P less than .05).
Natural and other experiments: the secret history of the war on cancer

In 1936, the world’s leading cancer scientists gathered in Brussels for the Second International Congress of the Scientific and Social Campaign Against Cancer, exchanging information on the capacity of benzene, radiation, hydrocarbons, synthetic hormones and sunlight to induce cancer experimentally and in humans. The nature of evidence on environmental causes of cancer considered at that gathering ranged from experimental studies to observations that “uniovular” (monozygotic) twins did not develop the same cancer much of the time. As the world turned to war-time footing, concerns about the long-term consequences for health of workplace and other exposures were eclipsed by immediate threats – a condition that haunts thinking about cancer to this day. The sowing of doubt regarding the relevance of experimental science to explaining the hazards of tobacco provided a model that was easily extended to many other modern health dangers, including those of the workplace and general environment.
Calculation of the Underground Muon Intensity Crouch Curve from a Parameterization of the Flux at Surface

Utilizing only the vertical muon intensity of the Gaisser parameterization of the muon flux at the surface and propagating this energy spectrum underground according to statistical ionization and radiative energy losses, it is possible to calculate the underground muon intensity Crouch curve. In addition, the primary spectral index of the Gaisser parameterization can be adjusted from $E^{-2.7}$ to $E^{-2.643}$ simply by minimizing the deviation from the Crouch curve. For chemical compositions other than standard rock, the propagation of the spectrum underground can be repeated with a different muon energy loss in the material. The resulting underground muon intensity curve represents a consistent conversion of the Crouch curve to the local rock, fully accounting for the energy dependence of the muon $dE/dx$.
Accelerating and expanding nature to address its greatest challenges

Humankind faces many challenges to continue social and technological development in a sustainable manner. This Comment elaborates how increasing the synthetic capacity of biocatalytic systems can contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Refinable tri-variate C1 splines for box-complexes including irregular points and irregular edges.

Abstract C 1 splines over box-complexes generalize C 1 degree 3 (cubic) tensor-product splines. A box-complex is a collection of 3-dimensional boxes forming an unstructured hexahedral mesh that can include irregular points and irregular edges where the layout deviates from the tensor-product grid layout. For example, an edge shared and enclosed by five boxes is irregular. Where the mesh is locally regular, the restriction of the space to each box is a polynomial piece of the C 1 tri-cubic tensor-product spline, by default initialized as a C 2 tri-cubic. Boxes containing irregularities have their polynomials binarily split into 23 pieces to isolate the irregularity. The pieces join with matching derivatives. The derivatives are zero at irregularities, but these singularities are removable by a local change of variables. The space consists of 23 linearly independent functions per box and is refinable.
Modernity in the Context of the Discourse on Secularization

The article considers the problem of the relations between modernity and secularization. The author argues that the discourse on secularization is the most appropriate strategy for modern self-understanding. The discourse itself is not homogeneous. One approach is a classical theory of secularization, which considers the secularization as a universal world-historical process, which passed the stages “modernization – secularization – rationalization.” Other approach is to interpret modern society as a post-secular society, but with relevance to religious ethos. This approach considers Modernity as a unique social reality with a specific type of rationality and a set of behavioral strategies, which were formed as a result of the transformation (secularization) of religious social reality, the center of which was a Christian myth. Accordingly, modernization becomes the result of secularization, and not vice versa, as the proponents of the first approach assumed. The thematization in the discourse on the secularization of a new type of society, which J. Habermas called post-secular society, demonstrates a crisis of principles constituting the Modernity’s foundations. Predictions of the epoch of an irreligious society did not come true, and secular reason is now forced to reckon with other types of rationality and take them into account, including in public space. This situation suggests that we are witnessing the birth of a new form of social reality. Thus, the article concludes: (1) discourse on secularization is recognized as the most adequate strategy of the comprehension of Modernity; (2) secularization should be viewed as a consistent detranscendentalization of Christian social reality; (3) the emergence of a post-secular society indicates fundamental transformations in the field of the most general ideas about the nature of cultural mind and cultural identities.