cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variability in the juvenile growth rate of an infaunal polychaete is related to major rain events

We measured juvenile growth rates of the spionid polychaete Polydora cornuta in situ by transplanting and recovering small vials containing labeled individuals and measuring each worm’s body volume before and after week-long transplantations into field sediments. To measure seasonal variation of in situ growth rates, we performed 15 intertidal transplantations between November 2008 and January 2010 in Oneonta Slough within the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve. Our study period included four major rain events with precipitation greater than 2 cm d21 that reduced salinity in the tidal channel below 20%. On average, we recovered one third of the 72 juveniles that were deployed during each transplantation. Mean relative growth rates ranged from 0% to 15% d21 among the 15 transplantations and were positively correlated with the mean salinity during each transplantation period. Mean relative growth rates during or a few days after major rain events averaged 2% d21, whereas relative growth rates during all other weeks exceeded 7% d21. During the November– March rainy season, mean relative growth rates exceeded 8% d21 when rain did not occur during a transplantation or during the preceding 7 d, indicating that environmental conditions favoring rapid growth of P. cornuta juveniles returned approximately 1 week after a major rain event. Although the small size of P. cornuta juveniles imposes methodological challenges, their rapid growth and our transplantation methods provide a way to assess environmental quality from the perspective of infaunal performance on small temporal and spatial scales. Field-based studies of infaunal invertebrates in softsediment systems are dominated by measures of abundances and community composition. Experiments to test physiological mechanisms and the relative performance of individuals that might drive changes in abundances or community composition are most often conducted in the laboratory, where potentially oversimplified conditions or artifacts are often inherent concerns when extrapolating to
A 20-Gb/s, 0.66-pJ/bit serial receiver with 2-stage continuous-time linear equalizer and 1-tap decision feedback equalizer in 45nm SOI CMOS

A power-efficient equalizing serial receiver, including a 2-stage continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) and 1-tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE), is reported operating at data rates of up to 20 Gb/s. The DFE adopts a half-rate speculative architecture without explicit summing amplifiers by injecting offset-controlling currents directly into StrongARM sampling latches. At 20 Gb/s, a PCB trace with 26.3dB of loss is equalized while consuming 13.2mW (0.66 pJ/bit).
Finding the shortest path in the shortest time using PCNN's

A pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) can run mazes nondeterministically (taking all possible paths) with constant time per step. Thus, when a signal emerges, it has taken the shortest path in the shortest time.
Testosterone-Dependent Effects of Galanin on Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Male Rats

Galanin is a 29-amino-acid peptide that colocalizes with GnRH in hypothalamic neurons. High concentrations of galanin are present in portal vessel blood of both male and female rats, and galanin receptors are present on gonadotropes in both sexes. Results from studies of female rats indicate that galanin acts at the level of the pituitary to directly stimulate LH secretion and also to enhance GnRH-stimulated LH secretion. The effects of galanin on pituitary LH secretion in male rats are relatively uncharacterized; thus, the present in vivo study was conducted 1). to examine the ability of galanin to affect basal or GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in male rats and 2). to determine whether the effects of galanin on LH secretion in male rats are testosterone-dependent. All three doses of galanin used (1, 5, and 10 micro g/pulse) significantly enhanced GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in intact male rats. Only the highest dose of galanin directly stimulated LH secretion (without GnRH coadministration) in intact males. Galanin did not directly stimulate LH secretion or enhance GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in castrated male rats. In fact, the highest dose of galanin inhibited GnRH-stimulated LH secretion in castrated males. Upon testosterone replacement, the ability of galanin to directly stimulate LH secretion and to enhance GnRH-stimulated LH secretion was restored in castrated males. These results suggest a role for galanin in the regulation of LH release in male rats and demonstrate that testosterone upregulates the ability of the pituitary to respond to the stimulatory effects of galanin.
Competition between metal-amido and metal-imido chemistries in the alkaline earth series: an experimental and theoretical study of BaNH.

The pure rotational spectrum of BaNH in its X 1 " + ground electronic state has been recorded using millimeter/submillimeter direct absorption methods; data for the deuterium and barium 137 isotopomers have been measured as well. The molecules were produced by the reaction of ammonia or ND 3 and barium vapor in the presence of a dc discharge. Transitions arising from the ground vibrational state and the excited vibrational bending (01 1 0) and heavy atom stretching (100) modes were measured. The rotational spectrum indicates a linear structure, with B0(BaNH) ) 7984.549 MHz and B0(BaND) ) 7060.446 MHz. An rm (1) structure has been determined, yielding r(BaN) ) 2.077 ( 0.002 A andr(NH) ) 1.0116 ( 0.0006 A. Density functional calculations using an extensive Slater-type basis set with inclusion of scalar relativistic effects gives geometrical parameters and vibrational frequencies for BaNH in excellent agreement with those determined by experiment. The molecular orbital and natural bond order analyses of the BaNH wave function show Ba-N ﷿ bonds formed by electron donation from the formally filled N 2p orbitals of the imido group to the empty Ba 5d orbitals. The multiple bonding between Ba and N stabilizes the linear geometry and, along with the relative ease of oxidation of the Ba atom, favors formation of the metal-imido species over that of the metal-amido species that have been found from similar studies with Mg, Ca, and Sr atoms in this group.
Evolution of Gnathostome Lateral Line Ontogenies

An outgroup analysis of multiple ontogenies provides the most robust approach to understanding phylogeny. Such an analysis of the lateral line system among extinct and extant gnathostomes reveals that lateral line placodes constitute the basic ontogenetic unit responsible for the development of this system. Six pairs of lateral line placodes appear to have existed in the earliest gnathostomes, and eight stages (stages A-H) can be recognized in their differentiation. Terminal truncation (heterochronic changes) in the primitive sequence of placodal development has occurred in one or more placodes in each gnathostome radiation, with the most extensive truncations occurring in arthrodire placoderms, lepidosirenid lungfishes and extant amphibians. The most extensive nonterminal changes in the primitive sequence of placodal development involve the failure of electroreceptors to form within the lateral zones of the elongatiang sensory ridges of the placodes. This nonterminal change appears to have occurred independently in ancestral neopterygian bony fishes, in many amphibians and, possibly, in the extinct acanthodians. At least two teleost radiations, osteoglossomorphs and ostariophysines, have re-evolved electroreceptors which may represent additional nonterminal changes in placodal patterning or, possibly, a change in the embryonic source of these receptors.
Selective Sp1 Binding Is Critical for Maximal Activity of the Human c-kit Promoter

The receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit is necessary for normal hematopoiesis, the development of germ cells and melanocytes, and the pathogenesis of certain hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies. To better understand the regulation of the c-kit gene, a detailed analysis of the core promoter was performed. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and RNase protection methods showed two major transcriptional initiation sites. Luciferase reporter assays using 5' promoter deletion-reporter constructs containing up to 3 kb of 5' sequence were performed in hematopoietic and small-cell lung cancer cell lines which either did or did not express the endogenous c-kit gene. This analysis showed the region 83 to 124 bp upstream of the 5' transcription initiation site was crucial for maximal core promoter activity. Sequence analysis showed several potential Sp1 binding sites within this highly GC-rich region. Gel shift and DNase footprinting showed that Sp1 selectively bound to a single site within this region. Supershift studies using an anti-Sp1 antibody confirmed specific Sp1 binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of the -93/-84 Sp1 binding site reduced promoter-reporter activity to basal levels in c-kit-expressing cells. Cotransfection into Drosophila SL2 cells of a c-kit promoter-reporter construct with an Sp1 expression vector showed an Sp1 dose-dependent enhancement of expression that was markedly attenuated by mutation of the -93/-84 site. These results indicate that despite the fact that the human c-kit promoter contains multiple potential Sp1 sites, Sp1 binding is a selective process that is essential for core promoter activity.
The orientation of iron–sulphur clusters in membrane multilayers prepared from aerobically-grown Escherichia coli K12 and a cytochrome-deficient mutant

1. Membrane particles prepared from ultrasonically-disrupted, aerobically-grown Escherichia coli were centrifuged on to a plastic film that was supported perpendicular to the centrifugal field to yield oriented membrane multilayers. In such preparations, there is a high degree of orientation of the planes of the membranes such that they lie parallel to each other and to the supporting film. 2. When dithionite- or succinate-reduced multilayers are rotated in the magnetic field of an e.p.r. spectrometer, about an axis lying in the membrane plane, angular-dependent signals from an iron–sulphur cluster at gx=1.92, gy=1.93 and gz=2.02 are seen. The g=1.93 signal has maximal amplitude when the plane of the multilayer is perpendicular to the magnetic field. Conversely, the g=2.02 signal is maximal when the plane of the multilayer is parallel with the magnetic field. 3. Computer simulations of the experimental data show that the cluster lies in the cytoplasmic membrane with the gy axis perpendicular to the membrane plane and with the gx and gz axes lying in the membrane plane. 4. In partially-oxidized multilayers, a signal resembling the mitochondrial high-potential iron–sulphur protein (Hipip) is seen whose gz=2.02 axis may be deduced as lying perpendicular to the membrane plane. 5. Appropriate choice of sample temperature and receiver gain reveals two further signals in partially-reduced multilayers: a g=2.09 signal arises from a cluster with its gz axis in the membrane plane, whereas a g=2.04 signal is from a cluster with the gz axis lying along the membrane normal. 6. Membrane particles from a glucose-grown, haem-deficient mutant contain dramatically-lowered levels of cytochromes and exhibit, in addition to the iron–sulphur clusters seen in the parental strain, a major signal at g=1.90. 7. Only the latter may be demonstrated to be oriented in multilayer preparations from the mutant. 8. Comparisons are drawn between the orientations of the iron–sulphur proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli and those in mitochondrial membranes. The effects of diminished cytochrome content on the properties of the iron–sulphur proteins are discussed.
Airway Goblet Cells Secrete Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors

Background IL-13 is a T-helper cell type 2 cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. IL-13 exposure for 14 days transforms cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells to a goblet cell phenotype. We hypothesized that goblet cells would have a different pattern of cytokine secretion than ciliated airway cells. Methods Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were grown for 14 days at an air-liquid interface with IL-13 to produce a goblet cell phenotype (n = 4) or with phosphate-buffered saline to produce ciliated cells (n = 4). Ciliated cells were also acutely exposed to IL-13 for 24 h (n = 4). Apical (air side) and basolateral medium was collected, and a multiplex immunoassay of 27 cytokines and inflammatory mediators was performed. The pattern of mediator secretion was then compared. Results The goblet cell phenotype secreted greater amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators than ciliated cells and, for the most part, apical secretion was greater than secretion into the basolateral medium. Apical IL-4, IL-5 ( P P P P P P P P P Conclusions Inflammatory mediators released from goblet cells may act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to enhance inflammation in diseases such as asthma in which there is increased IL-13 and goblet cell hyperplasia.
Are There Returns to Attending a Private College or University

Strains on the Federal budget have created worries that Federal funding of aid for higher education will fall in the future. If this happens, state governments will need to try to re-allocate their higher education spending more efficiently. One possible way to do this would be to shift funding away from public provision towards demand-side subsidies so that more students could attend private colleges. However, this will only work if private colleges provide benefits to students over public. Whether this is true is theoretically and empirically unclear. In order to answer this question, I use highly detailed and rich data sets to assess whether there are benefits to attending private colleges over public ones. For males the wage return is small and insignificant during their twenties but both statistically and economically significant at around 11% by the time the students reach their mid-thirties. For females I do not find any statistically significant wage returns. Attending a private school does appear to enhance future educational outcomes for both genders. In particular, the increase in likelihood of obtaining a bachelor degree is 13.5 percentage points for men and 8.9 percentage points for women.
Finite-difference calculation of travel times

The travel times of the first arriving seismic waves through any velocity structure can be rapidly computed on a two- or three-dimensional numerical grid by finite-difference extrapolation from point to point. Wavefronts, rather than the traditional rays, are tracked. Head waves are properly treated and shadow zones are filled by the appropriate diffractions. Differences of less than 0.03 per cent are found between the results of this technique and raytracing for a complex, two-dimensional model. This scheme is useful for the windowing of finite-difference calculations to increase computing speed, and promises to aid in earthquake location, tomographic inversion, and Kirchhoff migration in structures that have strong lateral velocity gradients.
Time independent thrombelastography analysis yields early prediction of final clot strength

RESULTS: 41,613 admissions occurred over the study period. Daily blunt admissions peaked at 1900h, penetrating trauma at 0100h. Saturdays saw the highest overall admission volumes with the nadir occuring midweek. Penetrating trauma admissions significantly increased (1.26, 1.14-1.38, p 95th percentile (79 F). Temperatures <5th percentile (53 F) saw significant decreases in both blunt and penetrating admissions (0.81, 0.77-0.86, p<0.001). Precipitation was significantly correlated with decreased penetrating admissions (0.71, 0.58-0.86, p1⁄40.001). New Years Eve, Cinco de Mayo, Independence Day and Halloween were the busiest days for penetrating trauma admissions with the most significant increase in operative cases on Halloween (2.27, 1.34-3.84, p1⁄40.002) and New Years Eve (2.78, 1.67-4.62, p<0.001). Valentine’s Day saw significantly lower rates of admission for penetrating trauma. Labor day had the lowest blunt trauma admission rates.
Keep Fit and Play the Game

ABSTRACTThis article provides new insight into the modernization of the monarchy after the First World War by exploring how George VI promoted fitness and outdoor recreation during the interwar years. Sport functioned as a site of cross-class male bonding which formed part of a wider strategy by the monarchy to strengthen social cohesion. The new royal charities raised substantial funds, and they established a national fitness movement during the 1930s which was supported by the National Government, Labour leaders and the Trades Union Congress, but eschewed extremes on both left and right.
BUZZ: testing context-dependent policies in stateful networks

Checking whether a network correctly implements intended policies is challenging even for basic reachability policies (Can X talk to Y?) in simple stateless networks with L2/L3 devices. In practice, operators implement more complex context-dependent policies by composing stateful network functions; e.g., if the IDS flags X for sending too many failed connections, then subsequent packets from X must be sent to a deep-packet inspection device. Unfortunately, existing approaches in network verification have fundamental expressiveness and scalability challenges in handling such scenarios. To bridge this gap, we present BUZZ, a practical model-based testing framework. BUZZ's design makes two key contributions: (1) Expressive and scalable models of the data plane, using a novel high-level traffic unit abstraction and by modeling complex network functions as an ensemble of finite-state machines; and (2) A scalable application of symbolic execution to tackle state-space explosion. We show that BUZZ generates test cases for a network with hundreds of network functions within two minutes (five orders of magnitude faster than alternative designs). We also show that BUZZ uncovers a range of both new and known policy violations in SDN/NFV systems.
Crystallization of Al-Gd-La-Ni Metallic Glasses

The crystallization kinetics of Al-Gd-La-Ni metallic glasses to nanostructured phases are analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. In a narrow alloy composition range near Al88Gd6La2Ni4, TEM reveals an amorphous phase separation that occurs upon annealing at low temperatures prior to crystallization. Al-enriched regions, typically 40 nm in diameter, bounded by rare-earth rich regions, are visible. Upon crystallization, α-Al forms preferentially at the interface between these phase separated regions. The relevance of this crystallization sequence to previous work in Al-RE-TM glasses and to the evolution of nanoscale microstructures common in the crystallization of other metallic glasses are discussed.
The Distribution of Control in Formal Organizations

Actually, only 7 tests were possible on the former, and 17 on the latter. Of these, all were statistically significant: 3 at the .05 level, 9 at the .01 level, and 12 at the .001 level.'6 There seems no doubt that we can accept the hypothesis that people in indeterminate occupational roles are means-oriented, viewing their work as instrumental and showing a greater tendency to define life goals in monetary terms, while incumbents of more determinate statuses are more likely to view their work as an end in itself and define life goals in occupational terms. Personnel managers already accept this without our theoretical base: observe the help-wanted advertisements which offer salesmen a chance to make more money, but attempt to lure engineers with the promise of a challenging work situation. The salesman, the banker, the engineer-each is in large measure a product of the occupational culture in which he lives, and his attitudes and interaction patterns wvill vary with the degree of determinateness of his occupation. In the framework of the characteristics of the occupation we can better understanid the behavior of the man. "6 These computationis of age and mobility controls were done by Raymond J. Murphy, op. cit. I am grateful to Professor Murphy for conceiving the idea of controlling for mobility type.
How to Deal with Nosocomial Infection in Clinical Practice

This paper discusses the causes,the ways and methods of prevention and control of nosocomial infection,and systematic analyzes and summarizes the important links in prevention of nosocomial infection.The prevention of nosocomial infection needs strict implementation of control-related standards and norms of nosocomial infection,establishment and improvement of relevant rules and regulations,strengthening the regular monitoring of hospital infection,adopting strict disinfection measures to route of nosocomial infection and risk factors.
Course Arranging based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Course Arranging is a constraint and multi-objective combinational optimization problem.In order to improve the efficiency of genetic algorithm in solving this problem,we proposed a course arranging based on particle swarm optimization algorithm,considering the constraint of time and space.Some experiments are taken and the results prove its efficiency.
Fusion Ignition Research Experiment (FIRE) Magnet System Structural Analyses

The toroidal field coil system of the FIRE tokamak utilizes inertially cooled, copper alloy Bitter plate type magnets which are LN 2 cooled between shots. The baseline configuration is wedged. C17510 high strength, high conductivity beryllium copper alloy developed for BPX is proposed for the conductor. These design choices were made after considering a number of alternative structural concepts and a variety of conductor materials. FIRE's high elongation and double null plasma results in high overturning moments. The use of a large compression ring and the large centering forces provides adequate frictional wedging pressures to support the inner leg out-of-plane (OOP) forces. Studies of the pulse length indicate flat top time of 12 sec at peak field and nuclear heat. Non-linear friction simulations have been performed to confirm OOP load support. Structural criteria for the FIRE reactor require demonstration of adequate ductility of the conductor material. Examination of the elastic plastic behavior of the coils for overloaded conditions, 13T, and 14T, has been used to satisfy this criteria, and demonstrate margin. Discussions of primary load paths and evaluation of primary stresses are presented. The contribution of the central tie rod assembly was found to be too small in reducing the inner leg vertical tension stress, and the tie rod has been removed.
Risks Associated with Administration of Allogeneic Blood Components

Since the pre-World War II era, physicians have recognized that blood transfusions have life-saving potential in actively bleeding patients. Undeniably the ready availability of blood and recent successful advances in safeguarding the blood supply itself from transfusion-transmitted viruses have disguised the fact that blood transfusion is unavoidably unsafe. Transfusing blood remains risky and unsafe because of the inherent and irreducible fact that transfusions are allogeneic tissue transplants [immunologically matched only for ABO and Rh (D)] and are delivered using complex, human error-prone processes including, but not limited to, wide inconsistencies in physician recognition and ordering practices. Additionally, transfusions are a high volume activity (the single most common procedure performed in hospitalized patients) costing $ billions annually. Anticipated risks of blood transfusion must be acknowledged and weighed against alleged or perceived benefits. This chapter examines various acute residual risks of transfusion that are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality such as transfusion reactions affecting respiratory function, bacterial contamination of platelets, specimen and patient misidentification, and residual and emerging infectious threats. Assorted risk mitigation strategies which have been put into service or are being considered are also outlined.
Effect of irrigation, intercrop, and cultivar on agronomic and nutritional characteristics of quinoa

ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three irrigation regimes and three intercrop treatments on emergence, plant height, seed yield, protein, and mineral concentration of two quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) varieties. The experiment was carried out using a strip plot, randomized complete block design in 2012 and 2013 on an organic farm in Pullman, WA. Irrigation significantly increased quinoa yield compared to dry land production. The fescue/clover intercrop produced higher biomass compared to clover/medic intercrop. Neither intercrop affected quinoa yield. The cultivar “Oro de Valle” had higher mineral concentration than “Cherry Vanilla” for Cu, Fe, and P concentration, but lower seed yield each year. An interaction was found between Mn seed concentration and intercrop treatment; however, different intercrop treatments did not seem to greatly affect other seed mineral concentrations. The intercrop provided cover in the field during the winter months, thus, decreasing soil erosi...
Integrating crowd simulation for pedestrian tracking in a multi-camera system

Multi-camera multi-target tracking is one of the most active research topics in computer vision. However, many challenges remain to achieve robust performance in real-world video networks. In this paper we extend the state-of-the-art single camera tracking method, with both detection and crowd simulation, to a multiple camera tracking approach that exploits crowd simulation and uses principal axis-based integration. The experiments are conducted on PETS 2009 data set and the performance is evaluated by multiple object tracking precision and accuracy (MOTP and MOTA) based on the position of each pedestrian on the ground plane. It is demonstrated that the information from crowd simulation can provide significant advantage for tracking multiple pedestrians through multiple cameras.
Photoelectrochemical Conversion Processes

Society’s electrical needs are largely continuous. However, clouds and darkness dictate that photovoltaic solar cells have an intermittent output. A photoelectrochemical solar cell (PEC ) can generate not only electrical but also electrochemical energy, and provide the basis for a system with an energy storage component. Sufficiently energetic insolation incident on semiconductors can drive electrochemical oxidation/reduction and generate chemical, electrical or electrochemical energy. Aspects include efficient dye sensitized or direct solar to electrical energy conversion, solar electrochemical synthesis (electrolysis), including water splitting to form hydrogen, environmental cleanup and solar energy storage cells. The PEC utilizes light to carry out an electrochemical reaction, converting light to both chemical and electrical energy. This fundamental difference of the photovoltaic (PV ) solar cell’s solid/solid interface, and the PEC’s solid/liquid interface has several ramifications in cell function and application. Energetic constraints imposed by single bandgap semiconductors have limited the demonstrated values of photoelectrochemical solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency to 16 %, and multiple bandgap cells can lead to significantly higher conversion efficiencies.
Appearance and explanation: advancements in the evaluation of journalistic information graphics

Visual communication literature maintains that the essential attributes of any journalistic information graphic (infographic) are appearance and explanation, but little research has been conducted to determine how these properties function. This paper offers new approaches to evaluate the efficacy of infographics by examining how appearance and explanation can be quantified and analyzed via three novel measures: aesthetic value, learning efficiency and performance efficiency. A repeated-measures experiment tested the measures against six infographics varying in quality and configuration. Findings suggest that information processing predicates explanation and that explanation makes slightly more of a contribution to one’s interaction with an infographic than appearance.
A comparative analysis of work-related outcomes after humeral hemiarthroplasty and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Background The return to work of young patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty is increasingly important. Whereas studies have shown superior outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) compared with humeral hemiarthroplasty (HHA), no prior literature has compared RTSA with HHA in regard to return to work. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively collected shoulder arthroplasty registry was performed to analyze all patients who underwent RTSA or HHA at a single institution. A validated questionnaire evaluating return to work postoperatively was administered at baseline and at follow-up in addition to the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and visual analog scale (VAS) pain surveys. Results The study included 40 RTSA and 41 HHA patients. The average age at surgery was 68.6 years in the RTSA group and 60.8 years in the HHA group ( P P = .64). There was no significant difference in the time to return to work between the RTSA (2.3 months) and HHA (3.1 months) groups ( P = .46). Both groups had statistically significant improvements in both the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and VAS scores. The improvement in pain on the VAS for patients undergoing RTSA (−5.6) trended toward significance compared with HHA (−4.2) ( P = .056). Conclusion Roughly two-thirds of patients undergoing either HHA or RTSA were able to return to work postoperatively, with no significant difference found between the 2 groups in terms of time to return to work, despite that patients undergoing RTSA were significantly older.
Quality of Social Media and Web-Based Information Regarding Inappropriate Nuclear Cardiac Stress Testing and the Choosing Wisely Campaign: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The World Wide Web and social media provide the public with access to medical information unlike any other time in human history. However, the quality of content related to cardiac stress testing is not well understood. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of content on the Internet relating to the use of cardiac nuclear stress testing and the Choosing Wisely campaign. Methods: We searched the World Wide Web, Google Video (including YouTube), and Twitter for information relating to these two topics. Searches were performed using English language terms from a computer in the United States not logged into any personal user accounts. Search results were reviewed for discussion of specific topics including radiation risk, accuracy of testing, alternative testing options, and discouragement of inappropriate test use. Results: We evaluated a total of 348 items of content from our searches. Relevant search results for Choosing Wisely were fewer than for other search terms (45 vs 303). We did not find any content which encouraged inappropriate testing (ie, screening in low risk individuals or testing prior to low risk operations). Content related to Choosing Wisely was more likely to discourage inappropriate testing than search results for other terms (29/45, 64% vs 12/303, 4.0%, odds ratio 43.95, 95% CI 17.6-112.2, P<.001). Conclusions: The Internet content on nuclear stress tests consistently discouraged inappropriate testing. The Choosing Wisely content was more likely to discourage inappropriate testing, less relevant content was available. Generating authoritative content on the Internet relating to judicious use of medical interventions may be an important role for the Choosing Wisely campaign. [Interact J Med Res 2017;6(1):e6]
Classroom benefits of recess

Despite research demonstrating the importance of recess and free play for children, schools have been reducing free play time for more academic pursuits (Ramstetter et al. in J Sch Health 80:517–526, 2010; Waite-Stupiansky and Findlay in Educ Forum 66:16–25, 2001). Recently, there has been renewed interest in understanding the critical role that free play has for children’s development. The current study was designed to contribute to this literature as well as investigate how the type of environment in which children play influences their behaviour in the classroom. Children in grades 3–5 were tested before and after recess on cognitive measures of sustained attention and creativity. We found an increase in children’s sustained attention after recess. We additionally found that the type of environment in which children played differed depending on children’s behaviour and traits. Our findings suggest that recess is an important factor in children’s performance in school and should be considered an important part of the school day. Furthermore, we suggest that researchers should consider how individual differences influence the relationship between recess and children’s performance in the classroom. Implications of this research for schools are considered.
Similarities and Distinctions of Cancer and Immune Metabolism in Inflammation and Tumors

It has been appreciated for nearly 100 years that cancer cells are metabolically distinct from resting tissues. More recently understood is that this metabolic phenotype is not unique to cancer cells but instead reflects characteristics of proliferating cells. Similar metabolic transitions also occur in the immune system as cells transition from resting state to stimulated effectors. A key finding in immune metabolism is that the metabolic programs of different cell subsets are distinctly associated with immunological function. Further, interruption of those metabolic pathways can shift immune cell fate to modulate immunity. These studies have identified numerous metabolic similarities between cancer and immune cells but also critical differences that may be exploited and that affect treatment of cancer and immunological diseases.
Solid Corrosion Products in the Periprosthetic Tissues of a Distal Femoral Endoprosthesis Used to Treat Osteosarcoma

The case of a child is described who was treated for distal femoral osteosarcoma with chemotherapy, removal of the distal femoral bone, and the implantation of a series of distal femoral endoprostheses with hinged tibial components. The design of this modular prosthesis allows for expansion during the years that the bones continue to grow. The tissues from nine surgical procedures were examined, along with one tibial bearing and axle component. Wear debris was noted in variable amounts in nearly all of the tissues but solid corrosion products from the modular junctions were abundant only in the last revision tissues. The amount of wear and corrosion of the explants seemed inconsistent with the size and amount of corrosion products in the tissues. The source of the debris is likely to be in the modular connections that were not revised.
Climate variability, volcanic forcing, and last millennium hydroclimate extremes

AbstractMultidecadal hydroclimate variability has been expressed as “megadroughts” (dry periods more severe and prolonged than observed over the 20th century) and corresponding “megapluvial” wet periods in many regions around the world. The risk of such events is strongly affected by modes of coupled atmosphere/ocean variability and by external impacts on climate. Accurately assessing the mechanisms for these interactions is difficult, since it requires large ensembles of millennial simulations as well as long proxy time series. Here we use the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Last Millennium Ensemble to examine statistical associations between mega-events, coupled climate modes, and forcing from major volcanic eruptions. The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) strongly affects hydroclimate extremes: larger ENSO amplitude reduces megadrought risk and persistence in the southwest US, the Sahel, monsoon Asia, and Australia, with corresponding increases in Mexico and the Amazon. The Atlantic Multidecadal ...
Immersion as shared imperative: entertainment of/in digital scholarship

ABSTRACTThe modern culture of entertainment is performed across diverse practices and institutions – from Disney to gaming, Hollywood to tourism, museums to commercial consumption – and it prizes being physically and affectively ‘caught up’ in forms of play that transport participants away from everyday reality. Defined in immersive terms, entertainment is pervasive and ideologically compelling. This article explores an analogous relationship between this ubiquitous culture of entertainment and digital scholarship in the critical study of religion. The central case study is an ethnographic and archival project, Materializing the Bible, which examines the social life of scriptures, religious tourism, and processes of material religion. I argue that immersion is a shared imperative between this project of digital scholarship and the empirical phenomenon it seeks to understand. As a contribution to this special issue, the article illustrates how the affordances of working with a digital platform intersect wi...
Joint Corticosteroid Injection Associated With Increased Influenza Risk

Aging and immunocompromising conditions or medications may reduce influenza vaccine effectiveness. The high-dose vaccine has been used to improve vaccine response in patients 65 years and older. Because of systemic immunosuppressive effects, oral corticosteroids may reduce vaccine effectiveness; however, despite over half a century of use, no data are available regarding the effect of joint and bursa corticosteroid injection on influenza vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether joint corticosteroid injection was associated with reduced influenza vaccine effectiveness. During the 5 influenza seasons between August 1, 2012, and March 31, 2017, a total of 15,068 major joint corticosteroid injections were given to patients residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Vaccinated patients receiving a major joint corticosteroid injection (n=4804) were at increased risk (relative risk, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.20-1.93) for developing influenza compared with vaccinated control patients. Women younger than 65 years were at the highest risk, suggesting that perhaps the high-dose vaccine should be considered for this group to enhance protection when possible.
Oreos, Big Gulps, and nicotine: legal challenges to government lifestyle interventions.

Both bans on unhealthful foods and warning label requirements face strong legal opposition from industry and ignite furious public debate about the role and limits of government intervention in American lifestyles.
PIECEWISE ANALYTIC INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION IN TRIANGULATED POLYGONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on piecewise analytic interpolation and approximation in triangulated polygons. Many physical and engineering problems can be mapped smoothly onto a rectangular parameter domain. In such cases, piecewise bicubic Hermite and spline approximations on subdivisions into rectangular finite elements permit the achievement of high orders of accuracy in a simple and systematic way. For most two-dimensional problems, triangulation is much more flexible geometrically than subdivision into rectangles. The chapter reviews the design, analysis, and implementation of smooth higher-order finite elements which approximate derivatives and values of the functions of interest. The piecewise linear interpolation, and the higher-order continuous “Lagrange” interpolants are reviewed. For high precision plate bending problems, “conforming” (class C1) quintic polynomial elements have been used. The chapter discusses rational quartic elements, and tricubic polynomial interpolation. Smoothed tricubic approximation, and an important special case—that of triangulations into right triangles having a vertical side, a horizontal side, and a hypotenuse is discussed. This arises in two important situations: (1) when a polygon has been decomposed into rectangles and border triangles, and (2) when each square of a network of squares has been subdivided into triangles by its two diagonals, and the resulting configuration rotated through 45°.
Whither Goes Character Education? Objectives, Pedagogy, and Research in Education Programs:

Following a brief history of moral education in the twentieth century, ten representative contemporary character education programs are reviewed. Similarities and differences between the programs a...
Design of optimal hyperthermia protocols for prostate cancer by controlling HSP expression through computer modeling

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are critical components of a complex defense mechanism essential for preserving cell survival under adverse environmental conditions. It is inevitable that hyperthermia will enhance tumor tissue viability, due to HSP expression in regions where temperatures are insufficient to coagulate proteins, and would likely increase the probability of cancer recurrence. Although hyperthermia therapy is commonly used in conjunction with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy to increase therapeutic effectiveness, the efficacy of these therapies can be substantially hindered due to HSP expression when hyperthermia is applied prior to these procedures. Therefore, in planning hyperthermia protocols, prediction of the HSP response of the tumor must be incorporated into the treatment plan to optimize the thermal dose delivery and permit prediction of overall tissue response. In this paper, we present a highly accurate, adaptive, finite element tumor model capable of predicting the HSP expression distribution and tissue damage region based on measured cellular data when hyperthermia protocols are specified. Cubic spline representations of HSP27 and HSP70, and Arrhenius damage models were integrated into the finite element model to enable prediction of the HSP expression and damage distribution in the tissue following laser heating. Application of the model can enable optimized treatment planning by controlling of the tissue response to therapy based on accurate prediction of the HSP expression and cell damage distribution.
School Crime and Punishment and the Implementation of Security Cameras: Findings from a National Longitudinal Study

Since the late 1990s, school security cameras have become one of the most common interventions for preventing and detecting school crime and violence. However, existing theoretical and empirical li...
Why Would I Use Location-Protective Settings on My Smartphone? Motivating Protective Behaviors and the Existence of the Privacy Knowledge–Belief Gap

Smartphones have become essential for functioning in society, but as more personal information is accessed, transferred, or stored on smartphones, users struggle to control the release of their inf...
Modules over Principal Ideal Domains

When a ring R has nice properties (such as being noetherian), then its R-modules tend to have nice properties (such as being noetherian, at least in the finitely generated case). Since principal ideal domains (abbreviated p.i.d.s) have very nice properties, we expect the same for modules over p.i.d.s.
Stabilizing atomic Pt with trapped interstitial F in alloyed PtCo nanosheets for high-performance zinc-air batteries

Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the stabilization of atomic platinum (Pt) catalysts on desirable supports in order to reduce Pt consumption, improve the catalyst stability, and thereafter enhance the catalyst performance in renewable energy devices such as fuel cells and zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, we rationally designed a novel strategy to stabilize atomic Pt catalysts in alloyed platinum cobalt (PtCo) nanosheets with trapped interstitial fluorine (SA-PtCoF) for ZABs. The trapped interstitial F atoms in the PtCoF matrix induce lattice distortion resulting in weakening of the Pt–Co bond, which is the driving force to form atomic Pt. As a result, the onset potentials of SA-PtCoF are 0.95 V and 1.50 V for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER), respectively, superior to commercial Pt/C@RuO2. When used in ZABs, the designed SA-PtCoF can afford a peak power density of 125 mW cm−2 with a specific capacity of 808 mA h gZn−1 and excellent cyclability over 240 h, surpassing the state-of-the-art catalysts.
Enhancement of drying of paper with phase change material: A numerical study

Abstract This work numerically investigates the transport characteristics associated with the drying process of paper in the presence of a phase change material (PCM). The presence of PCM is studied in two different configurations: a layer of PCM embedded in the middle of paper and the PCM particles dispersed uniformly within the paper. This unique concept offers a new approach to paper drying by utilizing the latent-heat of fusion associated with the PCM, favorably impacting the energy efficiency of the drying process. The results indicate that the PCM acts as a heat source and a heat sink throughout the drying process, enhancing the drying rate. This study also includes the presence of an infrared emitter within the drying process. The corresponding absorption coefficient of PCM is measured experimentally. This paper is not concerned with the impact of presence of PCM on paper sheet properties.The proposed operating conditions and configuration presented here are solely for the purpose of illustration of the concept of drying in the presence of PCM.
Alternative Consolidation Strategy after High Dose Methotrexate, Rituximab and Temozolamide in Primary CNS Lymphoma - the Henry Ford Experience

Background: Treatment for primary CNS lymphoma involves a methotrexate-based induction therapy followed by consolidation. The optimal consolidation treatment after induction with a high dose Methotrexate (HD-MTX), Rituximab and Temozolomide regimen has not been fully established. The CALGB 50202 regimen using Etoposide and Cytarabine consolidation was associated with significant toxicity. We sought to review the results of alternative consolidation regimens and evaluate the progression free survival and overall survival. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of alternative consolidation regimens such as autologous stem cell transplant and HDMTx alone. Patients diagnosed with primary CNS lymphoma between November 2012 and March 2019 were identified. All patients received the same induction chemotherapy based on the CALGB 50202 protocol. Data was collected for baseline characteristics, progression free survival and overall survival. Results: 38 patients had a diagnosis of primary CNS lymphoma. 15 patients received treatment as per the CALBG 50202 induction protocol with high dose Methotrexate, Rituximab and Temozolomide. Of the 15 patients, 11 patients (69%) achieved a complete remission (CR) after induction therapy. 7 patients received an autologous stem cell transplant for consolidation, 5 patients received HD-MTX alone for consolidation and one patient was placed on Lenalidomide maintenance. 2 patients did not receive any consolidation therapy due to progressive disease and/or death. At a median follow up of 2.7 years for the entire cohort, median PFS was 31.7+ months and median OS was 32.5+ months. At a median follow up of 2.7 years for patients who were consolidated with an autologous stem cell transplant, median PFS and median OS was 27.2+ and 32.5+ months respectively. At a median follow up of 5.5 years for patients who were consolidated with treatments other than transplant, median PFS and OS was 65.6+ months. There were no deaths attributed to treatment related toxicity. To date, 4 patients of the entire cohort have died, with a median survival time among surviving patients of 3.6 years (range, 0.68-7.05 years). There were no deaths attributed to treatment related toxicity. Conclusion: Patients with primary CNS lymphoma who received induction therapy as per CALGB 50202 regimen and received alternative consolidation therapies with either autologous stem cell transplant or HD-MTX based consolidation achieved prolonged PFS and OS comparable if not superior to the Etoposide and Cytarabine consolidation. Results of the ongoing CALGB 51101 trial will determine the utility of EA consolidation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.