cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periosteal Chondroma of the Pelvis: An Uncommon Tumor in an Unusual Location.

Periosteal chondromas (PCs) are rare tumors composed of hyaline cartilage that are typically present in long bones and tubular bones of the hand. These lesions are easily mistaken for other, more common tumors. This study reports a case of PC located in the posterior pelvis of a 24-year-old female. The patient initially presented with a four-month history of pelvic pain with a presumptive diagnosis of endometriosis. However, when an MRI was performed, a 6.0 cm x 5.6 cm x 4.5 cm mass was found along the right posterior ilium extending to the ipsilateral sacroiliac joint. The patient underwent intralesional excision and curettage of the mass. Histologic analysis of the excised lesion revealed a proliferation of chondrocytes and abundant hyaline cartilage without chondroblasts, further suggesting the diagnosis of PC. The current study highlights the unusual location of this rare tumor and alerts the physician of the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis.
A Molecular Strategy for Isolation of the TOXl Allele from Cochliobolus Heterostrophus

The fungal maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus (anamorph: Helminthosporium maydis) exists as two pathotypes: race T, which produces T-toxin and race O, which does not. All race T isolates are highly virulent on maize with Texas male sterile cytoplasm; race O isolates are weakly virulent. On maize lines lacking T-cytoplasm, the virulence of races T and O is comparable. Crosses between isolates of races T and O have demonstrated that T-toxin production is determined by a single locus, Tox1. TOX1 progeny produce T-toxin and are highly virulent on T-cytoplasm maize; tox1 progeny do not produce T-toxin and are weakly virulent. Dominance of the TOX1 allele has been established by hetero-karyon analysis (Leach et al, 1982).
Purification and assay of protein methylase II (S-adenosylmethionine:protein-carboxyl methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.24).

Publisher Summary Protein methylase II methylates (esterifies) the free carboxyl groups of protein or polypeptide substrates with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as methyl donor. Moreover, a striking feature of the reaction is the formation of an unstable protein–methylester that yields methanol nonenzymically in weak aqueous alkaline solution. Owing to this methanol formation from the immediate enzymic product, the enzyme has also been referred to as “methanol-forming enzyme.” The enzyme is widely distributed in mammalian organs with higher activities in testis, brain, pituitary gland, and blood. Subcellular localization within several tissues indicates that it is localized mainly in the cytosol with the exception of the pituitary gland in which an appreciable amount of the enzyme is particulate bound. There is strong evidence that the endogenous natural substrates for protein methylase II form various polypeptide hormones in the pituitary gland and histones.
Los mayas, criollos, garífunas y mestizos de Belice: una muestra literaria

Este articulo comenzara con una discusion informativa de la geografia del pais de Belice, situandolo dentro del continente americano como tambien dentro de la cuenca caribena. Luego se discutira, brevemente, la historia del pais, dandole enfasis a la historia fisica y colonial asi como a la social y cultural. Despues se detallaran los impulsos empiricos y politicos que sirvieron como lanzamientos para el comienzo de la literatura canonica de este pais. La tercera parte del trabajo se dedicara a una presentacion tematica de la literatura de Belice, en la cual se ofreceran seleccionadosejemplos textuales de dicha literatura en las diferentes lenguas en que se manifiesta.
Pleural effusion leading to right atrial collapse

Rapid accumulation of pericardial fluid can lead to tamponade, resulting in cardiac chambers' collapse, which can lead to hemodynamic and clinical instability, potentially needing emergent pericardiocentesis. Pleural effusion should also be considered as a potential, if rare, cause of cardiac chambers' collapse and possibly cardiac tamponade. This phenomenon has clinical implications because hemodynamically unstable patients with moderate to large pleural effusion may actually need thoracentesis instead of massive volume resuscitation, inotropic agents, or pericardiocentesis.
Investigation of Knock Limited Compression Ratio of Ethanol Gasoline Blends

Ethanol offers significant potential for increasing the compression ratio of SI engines resulting from its high octane number and high latent heat of vaporization. A study was conducted to determine the knock limited compression ratio of ethanol gasoline blends to identify the potential for improved operating efficiency. To operate an SI engine in a flex fuel vehicle requires operating strategies that allow operation on a broad range of fuels from gasoline to E85. Since gasoline or low ethanol blend operation is inherently limited by knock at high loads, strategies must be identified which allow operation on these fuels with minimal fuel economy or power density tradeoffs. A single cylinder direct injection spark ignited engine with fully variable hydraulic valve actuation (HVA) is operated at WOT conditions to determine the knock limited compression ratio (CR) of ethanol fuel blends. The geometric compression ratio is varied by changing pistons, producing CR from 9.2 to 13.66. The effective CR is varied using an electro-hydraulic valvetrain that changed the effective trapped displacement using both Early Intake Valve Closing (EIVC) and Late Intake Valve Closing (LIVC). The EIVC and LIVC strategies result in effective CR being reduced while maintaining the geometric expansion ratio. It wasmore » found that at substantially similar engine conditions, increasing the ethanol content of the fuel results in higher engine efficiency and higher engine power. These can be partially attributed to a charge cooling effect and a higher heating valve of a stoichiometric mixture for ethanol blends (per unit mass of air). Additional thermodynamic effects on and a mole multiplier are also explored. It was also found that high CR can increase the efficiency of ethanol fuel blends, and as a result, the fuel economy penalty associated with the lower energy content of E85 can be reduced by about a third. Such operation necessitates that the engine be operated in a de-rated manner for gasoline, which is knock-prone at these high CR, in order to maintain compatibility. By using EIVC and LIVC strategies, good efficiency is maintained with gasoline, but power is reduced by about 34%.« less
The Housing Bias: Rethinking Land Use Laws for a Diverse New America

This is a book of real-life stories about how local laws shape the communities in which we live. It travels from a recently booming sub- urb in Virginia, to a big development project in New York City, to the rural outskirts of a metro area in Michigan, and to the busy residential streets of California, with other stops along the way. In particular, the book explores theargumentthatthelawsthatgovernouruseoflandarebiasedinfavorof one speciﬁc group of Americans—afﬂuent, home-owning families—who least need the government’s help, and that newcomers, elderly people, and modest-income families bear the costs of this housing bias.
A Monolithic 900 MHz Spread-Spectrum Wireless Transceiver in 1-μm CMOS

The RF and IF sections of wireless communications devices have traditionally comprised a collection of discrete active and passive components, while IC technology has made an impact on the baseband sections. The needs for low power operation and greater miniaturization impel RF and IF circuit technology towards greater levels of integration [1]. The single-chip radio has yet to be realized in the 1 to 2 GHz frequency band, where most of the digital cellular and other widespread data communications take place today. Such a chip would connect to the antenna on one end, and on the other end provide ports for the input and output of baseband data. At the current level of interest in wireless ICs, though, such an integrated radio is expected soon.
Metrology tool fleet management: applying FMP tool matching and monitoring concepts to an overlay fleet

ABSTRACT Overlay tool matching and accuracy is sues are quickly reaching a comparable complexity to that of critical dimensional metrology. While both issues warrant seri ous investigation, this paper deals with the matching issues associated with overlay tools. Overlay tools ne ed to run and measure as if they are a single tool - they need to act as one. In this paper a matching methodology is used to assess a set of overlay tools in a multiple of overlay applications. The methodology proposed in a prior 2 SPIE paper is applied here to a fleet of two generations of overlay tools to det ect measurement problems not seen with convention Statistical Process Control techniques. Four studies were used to examine the benefits of this matching methodology for this fleet of overlay tools. The first study was a matching assessment study. The second study was a hardware comparison between generations of tools. The third study was a measurement strategy comparison. The final study was a long term matching exercise where one example of a traditional long term monitoring strategy was compared to a new l ong term monitoring strategy. It is shown that this new tool matching method can be effectively applied to overlay metrology. Keywords: overlay, tool matching, TMP, FMP, offsets, precision, slope, nonlinearity
Iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation changes membrane fluidity and muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in rat frontal cortex

Abstract Lipid peroxidation (LP) is a complex process which involves the formation of lipid free radicals and leads to oxidative damage. LP has also been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases as well as aging. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of the induction of LP in vitro on muscarinic cholinergic (Mch) receptor binding and membrane fluidity in rat brain. Membranes from the rat frontal cortex were peroxidized by adding ferrous sulphate (84 μM) and ascorbic acid (400 μM). Peroxidation was measured as the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive products formed (nmol malondialdehyde/mg protein). Mch receptor binding was measured 10, 20 and 30 min after peroxidation. Membrane fluidity was evaluated by fluorescence polarization studies using two probes; 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 1-[4(trimethylamino)phenyl]-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH). Significant alterations in Mch receptor binding (decreased Bmax and increased Kd) were found after peroxidation. Membrane fluidity was also significantly decreased after peroxidation as observed with both probes. The decrease in membrane fluidity was due to an increased cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio after peroxidation. These data suggest that lipid peroxidation induces changes in membrane dynamics as detected by the fluorescent probes and such changes in membrane microviscosity may be the cause for alterations in Mch receptor kinetics.
Enhanced lipid and biodiesel production from glucose‐fed activated sludge: Kinetics and microbial community analysis

An innovative approach to increase biofuel feedstock lipid yields from municipal sewage sludge via manipulation of carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio and glucose loading in activated sludge bioreactors was investigated. Sludge lipid and fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) yields (% cell dry weight, CDW) were enhanced via cultivation in activated sludge bioreactors operated at high initial C:N ratio (≥40:1) and glucose loading (≥40 g L−1). Under C:N 70, 60 g L−1 glucose loading, a maximum of 17.5 ± 3.9 and 10.2 ± 2.0% CDW lipid and biodiesel yields, respectively, were achieved after 7 d of cultivation. The cultured sludge lipids contained mostly C16C18 fatty acids, with oleic acid consistently accounting for 40–50% of the total fatty acids. Microbial composition in activated sludge exposed to C:N 70 shifted toward specific gammaproteobacteria, suggesting their relevance in lipid production in wastewater microbiota and potential value in biofuel synthesis applications. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Partial orders of similarity differences invariant between eeg-recorded brain and perceptual representations of language

The idea of a hierarchical structure of language constituents of phonemes, syllables, words, and sentences is robust and widely accepted. Empirical similarity differences at every level of this hierarchy have been analyzed in the form of confusion matrices for many years. By normalizing such data so that differences are represented by conditional probabilities, semiorders of similarity differences can be constructed. The intersection of two such orderings is an invariant partial ordering with respect to the two given orders. These invariant partial orderings, especially between perceptual and brain representations, but also for comparison of brain images of words generated by auditory or visual presentations, are the focus of this letter. Data from four experiments are analyzed, with some success in finding conceptually significant invariants.
Self-Confidence and Managerial Autonomy: Successor Characteristics Critical to Succession in Family Firms:

Much of the literature on succession in family firms focuses on the incumbent. This study examines the attributes of successors that help to explain the effectiveness of succession. The responses of 254 CEOs of family firms were factor analyzed to identify six distinguishing characteristics. A MANOVA analysis suggests that effective succession is associated with successor self-confidence and managerial autonomy.
Role of Proteasome Inhibition in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

The paradigm for the treatment of monoclonal gammophaties has dramatically changed: based on the understanding of the complex interaction between tumor cells and bone marrow microenvironment and the signaling pathways that are deregulated in this process, a number of novel therapeutic agents are now available. For example, 3 novel agents with a targeted anti-multiple myeloma activity, have been FDA approved for the treatment of this disease, namely bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide. The success of targeted therapy in myeloma has led to the development and investigation of more than 30 new compounds in this disease and in other plasma cell dyscrasias such as Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), both in the preclinical settings and as part of clinical trials. Among them the role of proteasome inhibitors has been widely dissected providing the preclinical basis for clinical trials of combinations of proteasome inhibitors in WM.
A Prospective Study of the Emergence of Early Behavioral Signs of Autism.

Objective To examine prospectively the emergence of behavioral signs of autism in the first years of life in infants at low and high risk for autism. Method A prospective longitudinal design was used to compare 25 infants later diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with 25 gender-matched low-risk children later determined to have typical development. Participants were evaluated at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months of age. Frequencies of gaze to faces, social smiles, and directed vocalizations were coded from video and rated by examiners. Results The frequency of gaze to faces, shared smiles, and vocalizations to others were highly comparable between groups at 6 months of age, but significantly declining trajectories over time were apparent in the group later diagnosed with ASD. Group differences were significant by 12 months of age on most variables. Although repeated evaluation documented loss of skills in most infants with ASD, most parents did not report a regression in their child's development. Conclusions These results suggest that behavioral signs of autism are not present at birth, as once suggested by Kanner, but emerge over time through a process of diminishment of key social communication behaviors. More children may present with a regressive course than previously thought, but parent report methods do not capture this phenomenon well. Implications for onset classification systems and clinical screening are also discussed.
Aplanatic THz imaging

Optical systems for THz imaging frequently consist of readily available components - typically a single spherical or parabolic surface. For THz imaging applications, the range is short, due to limitations associated with atmospheric attenuation. For these applications, single spherical and parabolic surfaces are neither stigmatic, aplanatic nor Herschel. As a result, many THz imaging systems exhibit significant image degradation caused by primary aberrations. Further, the short range limitations frequently result in image degradation due to near violation of the paraxial assumption. For improved imaging, an aplanatic system is required. To achieve aplanatism, a minimum of two aspheric surfaces is required. Aplanatism requires stigmatic performance which dictates surfaces that are conic sections of revolution. A minimum of two are required to exhibit stigmatism and meet the sine condition. An improvement of receiver form factor allows for a decrease in optical image distance and an increase in system magnification factor. This significantly improves a number of THz imaging characteristics such as depth-of-field while maintaining the diffraction-limit resolution and reducing the primary objective diameter. Reduction of objective diameter reduces signal strength - principally at the expense of specular reflections. This paper summarizes the results of the optical system design and its incorporation into THz imagers containing THz receivers with improved form factors. Efforts at incorporation of optical zoom will be presented.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Investigate Impacts of Climate Oscillations on Precipitation: A Western United States Case Study

This manuscript introduces a novel computational science approach for studying the impact of climate variability on precipitation. The approach uses an object-oriented connectivity algorithm that segments gridded near-global satellite precipitation data into four-dimensional (4D) objects (longitude, latitude, time, and intensity). These precipitation systems have distinct spatiotemporal properties that are counted, tracked, described, and stored in a searchable database. A case study of western United States precipitation systems is performed, demonstrating the unique properties and capabilities of this object-oriented database. The precipitation dataset used in the case study is the University of California, Irvine, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) from 1 March 2000 to 1 January 2011. A search of the database for all western United States precipitation systems during this time period returns 626 precipitation systems as objects. By analyzing these systems as segmented objects, joint interactions of the selected climate phenomena 1) Arctic Oscillation (AO), 2) Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), and 3) El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation can be shown. They directly show the increased/decreased likelihood of having precipitation systems occurring over the western United States (monthly count) during phases of these climate phenomena. It is found that specific climate phenomena impact the monthly count of the events differently, and that the joint interaction of climate phenomena of the AO‐MJO and AO‐ENSO is important, especially during certain months of the year. It is also found that these interactions impact the physical features of the precipitation systems themselves.
Bio-corrosion: Solubilization and accumulation of metals by fungi

Penicillium colonies grown on thin foils of Er, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Al and Sn can solubilize the underlying metal leaving holes. Lead foil is stripped uniformly and Cu shows edge dissolution as well. The order of ‘corrodibility’ was Zn > Sn > Al > Pb > Cu > Er > Co. Among all the physical parameters examined, only melting point approximated this order. It was also demonstrated that the extraction of Fe from a stainless steel (Cr, Ni, Mo) was enhanced in the presence of the fungus. This dissolution did not require contact of metal with the fungus and was not accounted for by acidification.
Calibration of the Delaware Rapid Assessment Protocol to a Comprehensive Measure of Wetland Condition

The importance of monitoring and assessment to the management and protection of wetlands has become widely recognized. Wetland assessments are made at multiple intensity levels based on data quality, the application scale, available resources, and the level of effort involved in data collection. We used multiple regression to calibrate the output of a rapid assessment method to condition scores derived from a comprehensive assessment. Data collected at riverine, depression, and flat wetlands in the Nanticoke and Inland Bays watersheds of Delaware and Maryland were used to calibrate the Delaware Rapid Assessment Protocol to an Index of Wetland Condition (IWC) derived from hydrogeomorphic variables. The resulting calibrated rapid condition score was highly correlated with the intense IWC score in each wetland type (r = .88 for riverine, r = .82 for depressions and flats). The calibration methodology was also robust with respect to different statistical cutoff values and model selection methods. Our approach provides a quantitative alternative to using best professional judgment to determine rapid assessment scoring coefficients. Additionally, when rapid and comprehensive methods are correlated, double sampling, a statistical sampling method, can be used to increase the overall sample size resulting in either increased precision of condition estimates or lower sampling costs.
Genetic study of breast cancer: identification of a high risk group.

A group of women was identified whose risk for breast cancer was 47-to 51-fold higher than that experienced by control women. These high-risk women were sisters of patients whose mothers had breast cancer. The disease in these families developed premenopausally, often bilaterally, and was seemingly associated with ovarian function. Since disease susceptibility was transmitted from an affected mother to approximately 30% of her daughters, this early, bilateral form of breast cancer appeared to be strongly heritable. Another, less heritable form was identified in families comprised of at least two affected sisters and unaffected mothers. The risk in these families was 3-fold higher than that of controls, and the disease was primarily postmenopausal, unilateral, and was not strongly associated with ovarian function. No difference was observed in the transmission of breast cancer through paternal and maternal lines of descent.
Partial volume tolerance of the spinal cord and complications of single-dose radiosurgery†

BACKGROUND. Spine radiosurgery causes a rapid dose fall-off within the spinal cord. The tolerance of partial volume of the spinal cord may determine the extent of clinical application. The study analyzed the partial volume tolerance of the human spinal cord to single fraction radiosurgery. METHODS. A total of 230 lesions with spine metastases in 177 patients were treated with radiosurgery with single fraction of 8 to 18 Gy, prescribed to the 90% isodose line that encompassed the target volume. Spinal cord volume was defined as 6 mm above and below the radiosurgery target volume. Spinal cord dose was calculated from the radiation dose/spinal cord volume histogram and correlated with clinical/neurological status and radiographic studies. Median follow-up was 6.4 months (range, 0.5–49 months). The 1-year survival rate was 49%. RESULTS. The average spinal cord volume defined at the treated spinal segment was 5.9 ± 2.2 mL. The average dose to the 10% spinal cord volume was 9.8 ± 1.5 Gy, calculated from the dose-volume histogram in the group of 18 Gy prescribed dose. The spinal cord volume that received higher than 80% of the prescribed dose was 0.07 ± 0.10 mL, which represented 1.3 ± 1.8% of the cord volume. Among the 86 patients who survived longer than 1 year there was 1 case of radiation-induced cord injury after 13 months of radiosurgery. There were no other cases of spinal cord sequelae. CONCLUSIONS. Whereas the maximum spinal cord tolerance to single-dose radiation is not known, partial volume tolerance of the human spinal cord is at least 10 Gy to 10% of the spinal cord volume defined as 6 mm above and below the radiosurgery target. Cancer 2007;109:628–636. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Managing information and supplies inventory operations in a manufacturing environment. Part 2: An order-timing and sizing algorithm

We develop a new, flexible independent demand forecasting-optimisation algorithm, and apply it to nine difficult-to-manage maintenance and repair products at the AREVA nuclear fuel rod manufacturing facility. The algorithm results in a 27% reduction in inventory holding and ordering costs relative to AREVA's baseline ERP method. This is in addition to improving the line item fill rates from 96 to 98%. This new algorithm is more flexible than the baseline method in that (1) our forecast error distribution is not assumed to be normal—we automatically find the best-fitting distribution from a large family of distributions, (2) we jointly optimise the order quantity and reorder point by using an optimisation routine that is embedded in a simulation methodology. Our algorithm can therefore handle a non-stationary demand process during the planning horizon, and (3) we dynamically select the best time series forecaster for demand based on the most recent history. This flexibility drove the performance improvemen...
FSH and LH response to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in prepubertal and pubertal children, adult males and patients with hypogonadotropic and hypertropic hypogonadism.

ABSTRACT The effect of puberty and hyper- and hypogonadotropism on the pituitary responsiveness to the intravenous injection of 5 μg/m2 to 600 μg of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) was studied in 32 subjects. Sixteen subjects were prepubertal (2–13 years), 5 were pubertal (12–18 years), 6 were adult males, 3 had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and 2 had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. We conclude from our data that: 1) LRF releases comparable amounts of FSH in prepubertal, pubertal, and adult subjects. LH release, however, is minimal in prepubertal children and increases strikingly at puberty; 2) LRF releases relatively more-LH and FSH in hypergonadotropic patients than in adult males; 3) LRF deficiency due to a selective hypothalamic defect is the origin of isolated FSH and LH deficiency in at least some patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; and U) the magnitude of LH and possibly FSH release induced by LRF appears to be affected by the degree of prior exposure of th...
NONEXTENSIVE THERMOSTATISTICS AND FRACTALS

We discuss the modifications of standard, extensive, thermodynamics that long-range interactions are expected to introduce. In addition to that, by using the generalized entropic form (q∈ℜq=1 corresponds to the standard entropy S1≡−kB ∑i pi ln pi) we establish, through a simple identification, that Sq=0 is equivalent to q=df/d, where df and d respectively are fractal and Euclidean dimensions.
Circadian rhythms in drosophila can be driven by period expression in a restricted group of central brain cells

Neural tissues controlling circadian rhythmicity have been identified in a variety of organisms and are often closely associated with the visual system. In Drosophila, the clock gene period (per), which is required for circadian rhythms, is expressed in many neurons and glia throughout the eye and brain. We asked whether biological rhythms could be generated if per expression were restricted to a subset of these cells that is involved in photoreception. Here we demonstrate that expression of per under the control of the glass promoter confers both behavioral and molecular rhythmicity. glass is required for development of Drosophila photoreceptors, and this promoter is active in eyes, ocelli, and certain cells of the central brain. When we genetically removed all external photoreceptor cells, rhythms persisted in these transgenic animals. This suggests that a few central brain cells producing glass and per are capable of generating biological rhythms.
Dynamic Model of a Fluctuating Rocker-Arm Ratio Cam System

Modele dynamique d'un systeme arbre a cames-culbuteurs dans lequel la longueur du bras de levier correspondant au culbuteur varie au cours d'un cycle
Negotiating the challenges of multidisciplinary responses to sexual assault victims: Sexual assault nurse examiner and victim advocacy programs

The purpose of this study was to examine Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs' relationships with victim advocacy organizations. A national telephone survey was conducted of randomly selected SANE programs, all of which served adults, and some of which also served adolescents and children. Nearly one-third of 231 participants reported that SANEs in their program had experienced conflicts related to roles and boundaries with victim advocacy organizations at some point during the program's history. The most frequently mentioned conflicts involved professional autonomy, control, or turf issues. Future researchers should address personnel, organizational, and structural factors that facilitate collaborative relationships between SANE and victim advocacy organizations.
Dietary experience and sweet taste preference in human infants.

Taste preferences for sucrose solutions and water were studied in 199 human infants at birth and 140 of the same infants at 6 months of age. Taste preferences were determined by allowing ad libitum ingestion of sucrose solutions and water during brief presentations. At 6 months, 7-day dietary records for the infants were obtained from the mothers. According to the dietary records, many infants (27%) were fed sweetened water (water plus table sugar, honey or Karo syrup) by their mothers. Compared with infants not fed sweetened water, the infants fed sweetened water ingested more sucrose solution but not more water during the brief taste tests conducted at 6 months of age. Those infants not fed sweetened water exhibited a diminished intake of sucrose solution relative to water at 6 months of age. In contrast, infants fed sweetened water at 6 months maintained the same level of intake of sucrose solution relative to water as existed at birth. The data obtained also revealed relationships between intake of taste solutions and whether the infant was breast or bottle fed, whether the infant was black or white, and birth weight of the infant. None of these factors interacted with the sweet water feeding history variable. These data suggest that the experience of consuming sweetened water maintains the preference for sucrose solutions whereas an absence of this experience results in a depression of preference. Experimental studies are needed to investigate this phenomenon further.
Effects of nanoscale contacts to silicon nanowires on contact resistance: Characterization and Modeling

We have shown the first experimental data related to the contact resistance associated with nanoscale contact lengths along NWs to address scaling issues. We have implemented a new model that appropriately accounts for the finite depth and depletion width of a given semiconductor that preserves resistivity values in the short contact regime. Our model permits accurate predictions for the contact resistance over the entire range of L contact values knowing just two experimental points, one in both the short and long contact limit.
A channel-based hypothesis testing approach to enhance user authentication in wireless networks

We consider a physical layer approach to enhance wireless security by using the unique wireless channel state information (CSI) of a legitimate user to authenticate subsequent transmissions from this user, thereby denying access to any spoofer whose CSI would significantly differ from that of the legitimate user by virtue of a different spatial location. In some existing approaches, multicarrier systems have been considered where the channel frequency response at distinct frequencies is used to devise a hypothesis testing approach: is the CSI of the current transmission (packet) the same as that of the previous transmission? In this paper we investigate a single-carrier timedomain approach via either residual testing or time-domain CSI comparison. A hypothesis testing approach is formulated to test whiteness of residuals from current transmission where the residuals are generated using the estimated channel from the previous transmission. We also consider a hypothesis testing approach where the time-domain CSI of the current transmission is compared with that of the previous transmission. Two binary hypothesis testing approaches are formulated and illustrated via simulations.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPLEX PCR ASSAY FOR THE SPECIFIC DETECTION OF SALMONELLA, CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI, ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7, AND LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Detection of food-associated bacterial pathogens has become a major focus of the food industry, regulatory agencies, and researchers. Multiple pathogens need to be rapidly detected with high specificity and as cost efficient as possible. In this research, a multiplex PCR assay for the specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:-H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter jejuni was developed. The four bacteria were detectable at 104 CFU/PCR reaction. No cross-reactivity with other bacteria commonly found associated with the four target organisms was found. This assay would simplify detection procedures for the target pathogens, reduce the time and labor necessary to acquire food safety results, and might allow one protocol to be used for bacterial detection on a wide variety of food products.
Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981–2003

Remotely sensed measurements from NOAA-AVHRR expressed as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) have generated a 23-year time series appropriate for long-term studies of Sahel region. The close coupling between Sahelian rainfall and the growth of vegetation has made it possible to utilize NDVI data as proxy for the land surface response to precipitation variability. Examination of this time series reveals two periods; (a) 1982–1993 marked by below average NDVI and persistence of drought with a signature large-scale drought during the 1982–1985 period; and (b) 1994–2003, marked by a trend towards ‘wetter’ conditions with region-wide above normal NDVI conditions with maxima in 1994 and 1999. These patterns agree with recent region-wide trends in Sahel rainfall. However taken in the context of long-term Sahelian climate history, these conditions are still far below the wetter conditions that prevailed in the region from 1930 to 1965. These trend patterns can therefore only be considered to be a gradual recovery from extreme drought conditions that peaked during the 1983–1985 period. Systematic studies of changes on the landscape using high spatial resolution satellite data sets such as those from LANDSAT, SPOT and MODIS will provide a detailed spatial quantification and description of the recovery patterns at local scale. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BUILDING THE CONVENTION CITY: Politics, Finance, and Public Investment in Urban America

ABSTRACT:The development of convention centers has emerged as an increasingly common strategy for urban economic development. The result has been an explosion of public investment in convention and tourist facilities, even in the face of financial problems for many communities. The recent sustained spending on convention facilities is rooted in a restructuring of local fiscal politics with investment decision effectively removed from public review and control. Investment in convention centers and other public projects is now sustained by nonelected coalitions with narrow spending goals.
The prefrontal corticotectal projection in the monkey; an anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase study.

Abstract The prefrontal corticotectal projection was studied in macaque and cebus monkeys using the horseradish peroxidase technique. Following stereotaxic horseradish peroxidase injections into the superior colliculus, large numbers of retrogradely-labelled corticotectal neurons were observed in the prearcuate frontal eye field cortex, dorsal and ventral convexity and sulcus principalis cortex, as well as on the medial aspect of the prefrontal cortex. These experiments, taken together with anterograde data derived from other cases in which horseradish peroxidase gel implants were made in various subregions of the granular prefrontal cortex, suggested a topographic organization of prefrontal projections to the tectum. Area 8 (frontal eye field) primarily projected to the stratum intermedium. The dorsal sulcus principalis cortex projected most heavily to the deeper stratum intermedium, stratum profundum and central gray matter, and gave rise to a characteristic line of puffs in the dorsal stratum intermedium. The rostral dorsal convexity and medial prefrontal cortex projected primarily to the stratum profundum and central gray matter. The orbitofrontal cortex lacked projections to the superior colliculus and only contained retrogradely-labelled neurons when the injection spread into the central gray matter. It was also observed that prefrontal corticotectal fibers followed 2 divergent routes to the superior colliculus: the classically-described ‘pedunculo-tegmental’ route, and a ‘transthalamic’ pathway. This more detailed description of a major cortical input to the tectum not only contributes to our understanding of the functional organization of both the granular frontal cortex and the colliculus, but suggests anatomical connectivity which may underlie their roles in oculomotor mechanisms.
Gibberellins A45 and A61 from gametophyte culture extracts of Anemia mexicana

Abstract Two gibberellins, GA 45 and GA 61 were identified from gametophyte culture media extracts of Anemia mexicana along with the previously characterized primary antheridiogen, 1β-hydroxy-9,15-cyclo-GA 9 (GA 104 ) Two gibberellins, GA 45 and GA 61 , were identified for the first time from gametophyte culture media extracts of Anemia mexicana along with the previously characterized primary antheridiogen, 1β-hydroxy-9,15-cyclo-GA 9 (GA 104 ).
Experimental investigation of physical characteristics of Glauber's salt as a storage medium

One of the greatest problems posed in the collection and utilization of solar energy is that of storage. The only collection device that does not suffer severely in this respect is probably the salt gradient solar pond. The efficient utilization of solar energy demands an effective storage device since the energy collected may not be immediately utilized. Various attempts have been made to solve this problem of storage of thermal energy. One of the concepts that has received considerable attention is the storage of thermal energy by means of phase change materials (PCM). Many different heat storage materials are available, and some have been investigated extensively. The use of PCMs has met with some draw backs, especially in the selection of the particular materials. The materials chosen must have a small degree of one-phase supercooling while satisfying several thermal property requirements. Glauber's salt has been one of the most favored candidates because of its physical and chemical properties. It has a convenient melting temperature of about 31/sup 0/C, a high heat of fusion of 251 kJ kg/sup -1/ and a high heat storage density.
Functionalization of high-moment magnetic nanodisks for cell manipulation and separation

Synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) nanoparticles are layer-structured particles with high single-particle magnetic moments. In order to covalently bind these nanoparticles to cells, they were coated with a silica shell followed by conjugation with streptavidin. The silica coating generates both SAF@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles and silica core-free nanoparticles. Using a simple magnetic separation, silica nanoparticles were removed and SAF@SiO2 nanoparticles were purified. After streptavidin conjugation, these particles were used to stain lung cancer cells, making them highly magnetically responsive. The stained cells can rotate in response to an external magnetic field and can be captured when a blood sample containing these cells flows through the sifter. Open image in new window
Market and training: the inverted sequence

Training is in vogue again. The leading international donor institutions in the field of shelter and services have, once again, begun to focus on the training needs of Third World planners. ’ This renewed emphasis on training coincides with the current decline in the popularity of squatter upgrading and site/service projects among the principal donor institutions.* In the early 197Os, these projects had shifted the emphasis from the planners to the poor by contrasting the ingenious abilities of the poor against the chronic inabilities of planners. Consequently, it became fashionable to regard planners as part of the problem rather than part of the solution. 3 But, things have changed lately. The World Bank, which pushed the hardest for squatter upgrading and site/service projects in the 1970s has now become skeptical about their replicability (Cohen, 1983); funds for these projects have begun to dry up with the new austerity measures adopted by most Third World countries (Ayres, 1983); and the idea that the private sector and the market will be the saviours of Third World housing problems has become the new orthodoxy in developmental thinking (Roth, 1987). One does not hear or read about the value of site/service and upgrading projects in international meetings and journals any more; both professional and academic discourses are now dominated by a new term ‘urban management’ which, we are told, requires trained planners, who are in short supply in poor countries (Van Huyck, 1987; Batley and Devas, 1988). The basic notions underlying the concept of urban management and the need for trained personnel are straightforward and, at first blush, quite convincing. They rest on the premise that reinvigoration of Third World economics requires efficiently functioning cities cities which will facilitate market operation and, thereby, generate revenues, which can then be invested in strengthening the physical and social infrastructure of these cities, which, in turn, will make those cities even more attractive for private investment. However, to begin this process, Third World cities require personnel who understand and appreciate
Interpretation and significance of reverse chevron-shaped markings on fracture surfaces of API X100 pipeline steels

Abstract Fracture surfaces of X100 pipeline steels were examined with optical and electron microscopy after crack tip opening angle fracture testing. Some fracture surfaces exhibited chevron-shaped fracture patterns that are markedly different from classic chevron fracture. The chevron-shaped markings on the X100 fracture surfaces point in the direction of crack growth, rather than towards the location of fracture initiation, as observed in classic cases of chevron fracture. Existing models, predicting formation of chevron fracture patterns, do not explain the fracture behavior observed for X100 steel. A mechanism is proposed where reverse chevron-shaped patterns are developed due to the shape of the crack front itself. The chevron shape forms as a result of crack tunneling, and the overall pattern is developed on the fracture surface due to intermittent crack growth, resulting in alternating regions (bands) of fast fracture and slower, more ductile fracture. The contrast between these bands of alternating fracture defines the chevron. Care should be taken during interpretation of intermittent chevron markings on fractures of ductile materials, as they may point away from rather than towards the origin of fracture.
Male age and reproductive behaviour in sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus torquatus atys

Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify and characterize copulatory behaviour in sooty mangabeys and to assess differences based on male age. Sexual behaviour, maked by penile erection, intromission and thrusting, began before 1 year of age and the frequency of this behaviur was highest in adolescent males. In fact, these males (1–4 years old) mounted sexually mature females at almost three times the rate of sexually mature males (≥5 years old). With the exception of the alpha male, adults (≥7 years old) exhibited a copulatory rate similar to that of the subadults (5–6 years old). Mounts by adult malels were disproportionalyted no females displaying a maximum tumescence, whereas for all other age classes, mounts were predominantly to females exhibiting others swelling stages. It should be noted that the alpha and beta males accounted for this difference. Age of the mounting male did not influence the expression of female copulatory vocalization nor movement away from the male (dart) during and/or following coupulation as these behaviour patterns were associated with more than 95% of all mount.. Thus this cross-sectonal study shows an early onset of copulatory behaviour in male mangabeys, with high rates of mounting throughout adolescence and lower rates, probably mediated by social factors, in non-dominant sexually mature males.
Conformation of promoter DNA: Fine mapping of S1-hypersensitive sites

Abstract Larsen and Weintraub showed that a feature of active (but not inactive) chromatin is the appearance of S1-nuclease-hypersensitive sites in the 5′-flanking regions of expressing genes. Such sites are also present in supercoiled, but not relaxed, plasmids carrying these gene sequences. We have developed an in vitro approach to map, at the nucleotide level, S1-hypersensitive sites in artificially generated supercoiled circles of naked DNA. In the case of the adult chicken β-globin gene, our results correlate extremely well with the coarser in vivo mapping. These sites reside in homopurine-homopyrimidine tracts, and, despite their S1 sensitivity, they do not seem to be single-stranded.
The peer support group: A model for dealing with the emotional aspects of miscarriage

The loss of a pregnancy by miscarriage often constitutes a major life crisis. This paper describes a short-term peer support group (established within a university health service) for women who had recently miscarried. The participants were five women who had lost wanted pregnancies. The purpose of the group was dual— therapeutic and educational. It was co-led by a psychiatrist and a health educator, both women. A description of the group members' reactions to the miscarriage experience is presented, along with a psychodynamic model for the issues underlying their responses.
Noise in currents through thin insulating layers

Noise measurements are presented of currents through thin insulating layers. At higher frequencies and low current levels full shot noise was observed, whereas at higher current levels the shot noise was suppressed. In addition to the shot noise low-frequency noise was found. The mean square fluctuations of the latter in a small frequency interval df could be described by i2 = const IβfαAβ−1, where I = the current, A = contract area, β ≅ 1.7 and α ≅ 0.8.