cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New directions in active and tunable metamaterials

We present some of the recent projects at CINT that aim at active, tunable and nonlinear metamaterials. This is achieved by combining far and mid infrared planar metamaterials with semiconductors, superconductors and other materials.
Turning water into wine? Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in early-stage capitalization processes

Technology-based ventures face considerable challenges when attempting to raise early-stage capital during the early-stages of development. To create an operational business they need access to financial capital, but external investors prefer to see an operational business before investing capital. This study extends arguments grounded in dynamic managerial capabilities theory to examine the extent to which various trade-offs among the quality of a venture's management team, radicalness of the firm's technological resources, and demand uncertainty in focal markets impact the ability of ventures to resolve these capitalization challenges. We find that higher levels of demand uncertainty and more radical innovations do not appear to enhance the impact of strong management teams on the raising of early-stage capital. However, lower levels of uncertainty do appear to strengthen the effects of strong management teams. Implications of these findings for dynamic capabilities theory and early-stage capitalization processes are discussed.
Personalizing web sites for mobile users

The fastest growing community of web users is that of mobile visitors who browse with wireless PDAs, cell phones, and pagers. Unfortunately, most web sites today are optimized exclusively for desktop, broadband clients, and deliver content poorly suited for mobile devices | devices that can display only a few lines of text, are on slow wireless network connections, and cannot run client-side programs or scripts. To best serve the needs of this growing community, we propose building web site personalizers that observe the behavior of web visitors and automatically customize and adapt web sites for each individual mobile visitor. In this paper, we lay the theoretical foundations for web site personalization, discuss our implementation of the web site personalizer Proteus, and present experiments evaluating its behavior on a number of academic and commercial web sites. Our initial results indicate that automatically adapting web content for mobile visitors saves a considerable amount of time and e ort when seeking information \on the go."
Dynamic plasticity experiments on aluminium cantilever beams at elevated temperature

Abstract An experimental programme was undertaken to study the permanent plastic deformation of impulsively loaded aluminium alloy (3003-H14) cantilever beams at temperatures up to 400°F. The experimental results were compared to the predictions of the basic perfect rigid/plastic theory and to those of a rigid/plastic theory that included the strain-rate sensitivity of the yield stress and changes in the geometry. At the temperature of 400°F the experimental results differed appreciably from those of the basic theory and were in good agreement with those of the rate dependent theory. The latter results were also found to be relatively insensitive to the detailed analytical form of the strain-rate law used in the analysis.
A comparison of axonally transported proteins in the rat sciatic nerve by in vitro and in vivo techniques.

— An in vitro system for studying fast axonal transport in mammalian nerves has been developed. The viability of in vitro nerve preparations was established on the basis of three criteria: electron microscopy, electrical properties, and the activities of two marker enzymes, 5'-nucleotidase and total ATPase. The specific activity of transported proteins was greater using the in vitro procedure, and the level of locally incorporated radioactivity lower, when compared to in vivo transport experiments. Separation of solubilized transported proteins on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that a large number of polypeptides are transported. Using a double label procedure which employed L-[3H]methionine and L-[35S]methionine, proteins transported in vitro and in vivo were compared. No differences in the electrophoretic distribution of transported proteins from the two systems was seen. The major component of transported proteins electrophoresed with an apparent molecular weight of 105,000 ± 24,000. Using the in vitro system, transported proteins were compared to those labelled locally in either Schwann cells or cells of the dorsal root ganglion. Large differences in the labelling patterns were observed in both comparisons. We conclude that in vitro procedures provide a valid means of studying rapid axoplasmic transport. The proteins carried by rapid axoplasmic transport differ from those synthesized in either the Schwann cells of the sciatic nerve or the cells of the dorsal root ganglion.
QTL Conferring Resistance and Avoidance to White Mold in Common Bean

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary, is a serious fungal disease that negatively affects production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Resistance to white mold in common bean is complexly inherited and comprised of physiological resistance and avoidance mechanisms. The objectives of this research were to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to white mold in navy beans, to determine if a multitrait bulking strategy was an efficient approach for locating QTL conferring resistance to white mold, and to identify agronomic traits associated with QTL for white mold avoidance in the field. A 98 F 3 -derived Bunsi/Newport population was evaluated in three environments for resistance to white mold and agronomic traits. A 28 recombinant inbred line population derived from a Huron/Newport cross was evaluated for the resistance and yield in four environments and was used to confirm marker associations. Marker BC20.1800 on B2 was associated with disease severity index (DSI) (12%) across environments, and was confirmed in the second population. Markers linked to QTL were also detected on B7 for DSI (17%), resistance to oxalate (16%), yield (37%), as well as days to flowering (14%), branching pattern (9%), lodging (9%) and seed size (20%). Growth habit unexpectedly mapped to B7, and represents a novel source of determinacy in navy bean. Multiple-trait bulking based on low DSI, high yield, and 40 to 45 d to flowering versus high DSI, low yield, and 40 to 45 d to flowering effectively identified more markers linked to QTL for resistance to white mold than did bulks based on low and high DSI alone. Selection based on QTL that confer resistance to white mold, such as the Bunsi-derived QTL located on B2 and B7 of the bean genome, combined with certain desirable agronomic traits offers the opportunity to develop resistant cultivars and improve our understanding of resistance to white mold in common bean.
Critical evaluation of the status of the areas for future research regarding the wide band gap semiconductors diamond, gallium nitride and silicon carbide

Abstract The extreme thermal and electronic properties of diamond and of silicon carbide, and the direct band gap of gallium nitride, provide multiplicative combinations of attributes which lead to the highest figures of merit for any semiconductor materials for possible use in high power, high speed, high temperature and high frequency applications. The deposition of monocrystalline diamond, at or below 1 atm total pressure and at a temperature T , has been achieved on diamond substrates; the deposited film has been polycrystalline on all other substrates but the achievement is no less significant. For electronic applications, heteroepitaxy of single-crystal films of diamond, an understanding of mechanisms of nucleation and growth, methods of impurity introduction and activation, and further device development must be achieved. Stoichiometric gallium nitride free of nitrogen vacancies has apparently not been obtained. Thus, knowledge of the defect chemistry of this material, the growth of semiconducting films on foreign substrates, and the development of insulating layers and of their low temperature deposition as well as device fabrication procedures must be achieved. By contrast, all of these problems have already been solved for silicon carbide, including the operation of a MOSFET at 923 K — the highest operating temperature ever reported for a field-effect device. However, considerable research remains to be done regarding the development of large silicon carbide substrates, of ohmic and rectifying contacts, of new types of devices, and of low temperature techniques for the deposition of insulating layers. Fugitive donor and acceptor species in unintentionally doped samples must also be identified and controlled.
High sensitivity UV fluorescence spectroscopy based on an optofluidic jet waveguide: erratum.

A novel spectroscopic sensor based on an optofluidic liquid jet waveguide is presented. In this device, a liquid jet waveguide is generated with the solution under analysis. This stream, exploiting total internal reflection, acts as an optical waveguide confining the autofluorescence light produced by chemical or biological samples when opportunely excited. Using a self-aligned configuration, the liquid jet is directly coupled with a multimode optical fiber collecting the fluorescence towards the detection system. Experimental measurements have been performed using an UV excitation source on water solutions containing representative water pollutants as aromatic hydrocarbons or bacteria showing very low limit of detection.
On the misuse of forecast errors to distinguish between level and first difference specifications

Abstract A common econometric practice is to use out-of-sample root mean square errors to choose between level and first difference specifications. This note shows why this procedure is invalid and illustrates what valid inferences can be made.
How Do Strong Hydrogen Bonds Affect the Acidities of Carbon Acids? An ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study

The deprotonation energies and proton affinities of acetaldehyde have been determined using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the MP2/D95** level for the parent molecules and the hydrogen bonding dimers formed from a keto and an enol tautomer. The C−H deprotonation energies of acetic acid and its hydrogen-bonded dimer have been similarly determined. In all cases, the deprotonation energy is greatly enhanced in the dimeric form. The proton affinity is likewise enhanced for two cases studied. The current results suggest that enhancements of both acidities and basicities of 20−30 kcal/mol might be expected in enzymes where such hydrogen bonds are possible.
A randomized controlled trial of communication training with primary care providers to improve patient-centeredness and health risk communication §

Objective To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of training to improve primary care providers’ patient-centered communication skills and proficiency in discussing their patients’ health risks.
The dietary adequacy of edentulous older adults

This study tested the null hypothesis that there are no differences in dietary patterns or adequacy between edentulous patients and individuals with nearly complete dentitions. The research design involved comparing the dietary patterns and adequacies of 34 edentulous subjects who regularly wear dentures with 38 subjects who had nearly complete dentitions. The subjects were between the ages of 51 and 83 years and were sampled from patients attending Case Western Reserve University Dental Clinic. Although edentulous subjects were more likely to claim that they had trouble chewing their food, they were not more likely to select easy-to-chew foods. On the other hand, the diet of dentate subjects tended to be superior to that of edentulous subjects, as indicated by a lower fat and cholesterol consumption and a higher consumption of protein and all of the vitamins and minerals (significantly or nearly significantly for vitamin A, ascorbic acid, calcium, and riboflavin).
The ability of small molecules to form clathrate hydrates of structure II

Since gas hydrates were shown in the mid-1950s1 to be water clathrates of two distinct crystallographic structures (Table 1), it has been generally accepted that structure I hydrates are formed by molecules with maximum van der Waals diameters of up to about 5.8 A while structure II hydrates are formed by larger molecules, up to about 7.0 A in size. No exception to this general rule has been observed among more than 100 individual species of molecules known to form clathrate hydrates2,3. From X-ray and neutron diffraction studies we now find, however, that the two smallest molecules which form clathrate hydrates—argon and krypton—do so in the structure II modification. This finding supports a suggestion of Holder and Manganiello4.
Compression neuropathy: A late finding in the postburn population: A four-year institutional review

Nerve compression syndromes may cause postburn morbidity that can often be difficult to recognize and manage. This study reviewed patients in the authors' institution who needed nerve decompression secondary to thermal or electrical burns. The objective was to evaluate the timing of nerve decompression in the burn population. A 4-year review of the authors' institution's database found 22 patients who underwent peripheral neuroplasty. This patient population included both thermal and electrical burn patients. Two patients were excluded from the study because they underwent rapid forearm amputation, and a third patient who had his initial burn care done in Europe was also excluded. The authors reviewed the mechanism of burn: percentage of body surface area burned, which nerves underwent decompression, and time from burn to decompression. Nerve compression syndromes were diagnosed and treated in this group of patients from day 46 to 1530 post-burn. Carpal tunnel was the most common site of compression accounting for 46% of the nerve decompressions. Sixteen of the 19 (84%) patients required that synchronous nerves be decompressed. The average body surface area burn in the thermal group was 43 and 5% in the electrical burn group. Nerve compression syndromes secondary to burns can be a challenging problem to diagnose and treat. Multiple studies have shown the importance of treating nerve compressions in the acute setting; however, this study shows the importance of long-term surveillance, secondary to the late presentation of nerve compression syndromes. Late nerve compression neuropathies were present in both the electrical and thermal burn patients. The authors also found that presentation of a single nerve compression should raise the suspicion of a synchronous nerve compression. Patients with thermal burns greater than 20% body surface area and electrical burns should be routinely questioned and examined for the peripheral nerve compression syndromes during long-term follow-up.
Isolated right ventricular outflow tract mass presenting as hemoptysis

Infective endocarditis presenting as an isolated right ventricular outflow tract mass is rare. We report a 34-year-old man with no history of congenital heart defect or intravenous drug abuse who presented with hemoptysis and fevers. Diagnostic workup revealed isolated right ventricular outflow tract vegetation. Despite aggressive antibiotic treatment for endocarditis, he developed septic emboli and acute respiratory distress. He was taken to the operating room for successful resection of the ventricular mass.
Cathodoluminescence study of carrier transport across grain boundaries in CdTe

It is widely reported that polycrystalline CdTe thin films yield higher conversion efficiency than their single crystal counterparts. However, the mechanism that increases the efficiency is not well understood despite a large body of work on the subject. In particular, understanding how grain boundaries affect carrier transport is crucial to providing future pathways for engineering higher efficiency devices. In this work, we adapted a method for observing carrier transport based on cathodoluminescence that had previously been used to determine diffusion lengths in pc-CdTe films and various III–V alloys to study individual grain boundaries. Utilizing large-grained CdTe (tens of µm grain size) and site-specific specimen preparation, we observed how charge carriers interact with grain boundaries in CdTe. Our results suggest that carrier transport across grain boundaries in CdTe is influenced by the concentration of defect states in the material.
Benzidine glucuronidation in dog liver

Dog is an animal model for assessing aromatic amine-induced bladder cancer, and hepatic N-glucuronidation is proposed as an important pathway leading to initiation of carcinogenesis. Therefore, benzidine N-glucuronidation was evaluated with dog liver microsomes and slices. Microsomal benzidine UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was increased with a variety of detergents. For kinetic analysis, native microsomal preparations were separated into treated (detergent treated, not centrifuged) or soluble (detergent treated, centrifuged) fractions. The detergents Triton X-100, Lubrol PX, Emulgen 911 and CHAPS increased the specific activity of treated fractions relative to the native microsomes 3- to 6-fold. The specific activities of the soluble fractions were highest with Emulgen 911 and CHAPS at a detergent-to-protein ratio of 1. Subsequent studies used Emulgen 911 or CHAPS. Similar results were observed with either preparation. For treated preparations, the Km and Vmax values were 0.142 +/- 0.006 mM and 0.65 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg protein/min respectively. A variety of chemicals were tested for their effect on benzidine N-glucuronide formation. At 0.1 mM, the only effective inhibitors (< 50% of control) were 2-aminofluorene, estriol, 17-epiestriol, 2-OH-estrone, and 4-OH-estrone. With Emulgen-treated microsomes, the Ki values for 2-aminofluorene, 4-aminobiphenyl and estriol were 0.114 +/- 0.014, 0.347 +/- 0.032 and 0.047 +/- 0.003 mM respectively. 2-Aminofluorene and estriol were non-competitive inhibitors, while 4-aminobiphenyl was a competitive inhibitor. Slices incubated with these chemicals exhibited an inhibition profile similar to that observed with microsomes. Thus, N-glucuronidation of benzidine may be an important metabolic pathway in dog. Inhibition of benzidine N-glucuronidation by estriol and catechol estrones may be important in vivo events in aromatic amine-induced carcinogenesis.
Influence of Down's syndrome on management and outcome of patients with congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction.

Abstract Purpose Children with Down's syndrome (DS) have been reported to have a high incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) and respiratory tract infection. These anomalies and complications lead to poor outcomes, especially after treatment of congenital intrinsic duodenal obstruction (CIDO). The aim of this study was to review and compare the outcome of management of CIDO at a single tertiary institute for children in Thailand. Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients with CIDO, who were treated at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (Bangkok, Thailand) from 1997 to 2006. The patients were classified into 2 groups: A=CIDO with DS and B=CIDO with non-DS (NDS). Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups: A 1 = DS without CHD, A 2 = DS with CHD, B 1 = NDS without CHD, and B 2 = NDS with CHD. Comparisons of management and outcome between group A and group B, subgroup A 1 and subgroup B 1 , and subgroup A 2 and subgroup B 2 were performed. Statistical differences were analyzed by the χ 2 test at a P Results A total of 227 patients (male-female = 108:119) underwent surgical correction of CIDO. Of 227 patients, 86 (37.9%) were shown to have DS (group A), and 141 (62.1%) were NDS patients (group B). Demographic information did not differ between the groups, except for the mothers' age at pregnancy and the operative procedure used for duodenoduodenostomy. Group A had a higher incidence of CHD than group B (66.3% vs 26.2%; P P = .15), but the rate of early postoperative complications in group A was higher than that in group B (45.3% vs 31.1%; P = .03). The overall SR of group A at long-term follow-up was worse than that in group B (68.6% vs 86.7%; P P When comparing early outcome between DS and NDS patients without CHD, the SR of subgroup A 1 was lower than that of subgroup B 1 (86.5% vs 96.5%; P = .04), but the rate of early postoperative complications did not differ (41.5% vs 24.1%; P = .05). At long-term follow-up, the overall SR of subgroup A 1 was worse than that of subgroup B 1 (73% vs 95.6%; P 1 subgroup. In addition, late complications and sequelae were more common in subgroup A 1 than in subgroup B 1 (37.5% vs 8.9%; P In patients with CHD, there was no statistical difference between early and long-term results of SR or complications between subgroup A 2 and subgroup B 2 . The overall SR at long-term follow-up was 63% in subgroup A 2 and 56% in subgroup B 2 ( P = .5). Conclusions Early outcome of CIDO management revealed minimal differences between DS and NDS patients. However, these differences were clearer in long-term outcomes. The DS patients had lower long-term SR and higher rates of complications and sequelae than NDS patients. It is concluded that DS negatively impacts the management and outcome of patients with CIDO.
Spinal muscular atrophy: a time for screening.

Purpose of reviewSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene, affecting approximately 1 in 10 000 live births. Even though a specific therapy for SMA is not currently available, a newborn screening test m
Quantum Logical Operations on Encoded Qubits.

We show how to carry out quantum logical operations (controlled-not and Toffoli gates) on encoded qubits for several encodings which protect against various 1-bit errors. This improves the reliability of these operations by allowing one to correct for 1-bit errors which either preexisted or occurred in the course of operation. The logical operations we consider allow one to carry out the vast majority of the steps in the quantum factoring algorithm. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Stochastic modeling in computer graphics

A recurrent problem in generating realistic pictures by computers is to represent natural irregular objects and phenomena without undue time or space overhead. We develop a new and powerful solution to this problem by modeling objects as sample paths of stochastic processes. Of particular interest are those stochastic processes which previously have been found to be useful models of the natural phenomena to be represented. One such model applicable to the representation of terrains, known as “fractional Brownian motion”, has been proposed by B. Mandelbrot.The value of a new approach to object modeling in Computer Graphics depends largely on the efficiency of the techniques used to implement the model. We introduce here a new, efficient algorithm for rendering realistic surfaces defined using the stochastic process mentioned above. A major advantage of this technique is that it allows us to compute the surface to arbitrary levels of detail without increasing the database. Thus objects with complex appearance can be displayed from a very small database. The character of the surface can be controlled by merely modifying a few parameters. A similar change allows complex motion to be created inexpensively.
Effects of Family Conflict, Divorce, and Attachment Patterns on the Psychological Distress and Social Adjustment of College Freshmen

Ninety-five freshmen completed measures of attachment, family conflict, family structure, psychological distress, and social adjustment. Attachment to mother predicted less psychological distress and attachment to father and structure predicted better social adjustment. Conflict reduced attachment and predicted psychological distress. Attachment to mother mediated the relationship between conflict and psychological distress.
The impact of fouling on the performance of filter–evaporator combinations

Abstract This paper presents results of experiments performed on different combinations of five types of filters of varying efficiencies (MERV4, 6, 8, 11, and 14) and four types of evaporator coils with depths and fin geometries under clean and fouled conditions. The fouled conditions were obtained after injection of 600 g (1612 g/m2 of coil face area) of dust upstream of the filter–coil combination, which was meant to simulate a year of operation in the field. The air-side pressure drops of the coils and filters and air-side effective heat transfer coefficients of the coils were determined from the measurements under the clean and fouled conditions. Depending upon the filter and coil, the coil pressure drops increased in the range of 6–30% for an air velocity of 2.54 m/s. The impact was significantly greater for tests performed without an upstream filter (the coil pressure drops increased from 43% to 200%). The largest relative effect of fouling on pressure drop occurs for coils with fewer rows, primarily due to higher fin densities. The impact of fouling on air-side effective heat transfer coefficients was found to be relatively small, which ranged from −14% to 4%. In some cases, heat transfer was actually enhanced due to additional turbulence caused by the presence of dust. However, with large dust deposits, heat transfer is degraded because the dust also acts as insulation and creates an uneven air velocity.
The potential of irrigated lands to reduce food dependency in Mexico

The loss of food self‐sufficiency in developing countries has been attributed to a variety of factors, such as environmental degradation, population growth, increases in the area planted to feedgrains, perverse trade patterns, and inefficient and unsustainable uses of natural resources. However, the roles played by feedgrain production and different structures of the food chain are not well understood. By viewing irrigation water input as a basis for energy and protein production, insight is gained into the comparative water resource productivity of various food chains in Mexico. Although some regions of Mexico can become more productive in their water use by changing from one basic food crop to another, the largest productivity gains using the existing resource base may be attained by switching from soybean‐livestock and sorghum‐livestock systems to basic crop production for human consumption.
The Molecular Perspective: Cadherin

The Oncologist 2002;7:467-468 www.TheOncologist.com Cadherins begin their work in our first few hours of our life. Cadherins are adhesive molecules that glue our cells together. Early in the development of an embryo, they link the dividing cells together in their proper orientation, guiding the shape and form of the growing individual. In our adult body, cadherins connect cells throughout the body providing the glue that gives form to our different tissues. When cadherins fail in their function, cells lose their ability to hold onto one another. In the case of cancer, this allows individual cells to separate from a solid tumor. They are then free to wander through the body and form metastases. Cadherins are long proteins composed of several modules linked together like beads on a string, as shown in Figure 1. They extend from the surface of a cell and, with the help of calcium ions, adhere to cadherins on neighboring cells. This interaction is specific, allowing nerve cells to connect to other nerve cells and stomach cells to connect with other stomach cells. Many different types of cadherins are Fundamentals of Cancer Medicine The Oncologist
Subsonic MHD-diffuser performance with high blockage

Diffuser performance with high blockages is analyzed by a two-dimensional turbulent-flow model. This model is used to analyze the performance of simple two-dimensional, plane-walled diffusers and also of threedimensional diffusers up to and beyond the blockage limits for which previous analytical or experimental data are available. The effects of important design parameters on diffuser performance are investigated. The parameters considered are the blockage, divergence angle, Mach number, aspect ratio, and wall-to-freest ream temperature ratio. The first two parameters affect the diffuser performance significantly; the other parameters influence the performance only slightly. Results obtained from the subject model agree reasonably well with the available experimental data. The diffuser design of the U-25 facility is analyzed and the analysis predicts a pressure recovery of 0.49, which agrees very well with the measured experimental value of approximately 0.48, obtained from a small-scale model. Nomenclature = geometric cross-sectional area of diffuser, A = H> W = effective flow cross-sectional area of diffuser, Aeft=(H-2dH*)(W-2dw*) = aspect ratio , ^ = HI W - diffuser blockage parameter, B s- J — (Acff/A) = static pressure recovery coefficient, Cp - (Pexit ~ Anlet V(Po ~ P ) inlet >
Population Structure and Its Effect on Haplotype Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium Surrounding the xa5 Locus of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To assess the usefulness of linkage disequilibrium mapping in an autogamous, domesticated species, we have characterized linkage disequilibrium in the candidate region for xa5, a recessive gene conferring race-specific resistance to bacterial blight in rice. This trait and locus have good mapping information, a tractable phenotype, and available sequence data, but no cloned gene. We sampled 13 short segments from the 70-kb candidate region in 114 accessions of Oryza sativa. Five additional segments were sequenced from the adjacent 45-kb region in resistant accessions to estimate the distance at which linkage disequilibrium decays. The data show significant linkage disequilibrium between sites 100 kb apart. The presence of the xa5 resistant reaction in two ecotypes and in accessions with different haplotypes in the candidate region may indicate multiple origins or genetic heterogeneity for resistance. In addition, genetic differentiation between ecotypes emphasizes the need for controlling for population structure in the design of linkage disequilibrium studies in rice.
Hanford External Dosimetry Technical Basis Manual PNL-MA-842

The Hanford External Dosimetry Technical Basis Manual PNL-MA-842 documents the design and implementation of the external dosimetry system used at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford site. The manual describes the dosimeter design, processing protocols, dose calculation methodology, radiation fields encountered, dosimeter response characteristics, limitations of dosimeter design under field conditions, and makes recommendations for effective use of the dosimeters in the field. The manual describes the technical basis for the dosimetry system in a manner intended to help ensure defensibility of the dose of record at Hanford and to demonstrate compliance with requirements of 10 CFR 835, the DOE Laboratory Accreditation Program, the DOE Richland Operations Office, DOE Office of River Protection, DOE Pacific Northwest Office of Science, and Hanford’s DOE contractors. The dosimetry system is operated by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Hanford External Dosimetry Program which provides dosimetry services to PNNL and all Hanford contractors. The primary users of this manual are DOE and DOE contractors at Hanford using the dosimetry services of PNNL. Development and maintenance of this manual is funded directly by DOE and DOE contractors. Its contents have been reviewed and approved by DOE and DOE contractors at Hanford through the Hanford Personnel Dosimetry Advisory Committee which is chartered and chaired by DOE-RL and serves as means of coordinating dosimetry practices across contractors at Hanford. This manual was established in 1996. Since its inception, it has been revised many times and maintained by PNNL as a controlled document with controlled distribution. The first revision to be released through PNNL’s Electronic Records & Information Capture Architecture database was designated Revision 0. Revision numbers that are whole numbers reflect major revisions typically involving significant changes to all chapters in the document. Revision numbers that include a decimal fraction reflect minor revisions, usually restricted to selected chapters or selected pages in the document. Maintenance and distribution of controlled hard copies of the manual by PNNL was discontinued beginning with Revision 0.2.
Evaluation of the Potential Environmental Benefits of RNAV/RNP Arrival Procedures

Improving aircraft operational procedures is one strategy that can be used to mitigate aviation’s environmental impacts in relatively short time-frames with existing aircraft types. This study quantifies the potential environmental benefits achievable with operational changes in Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) departure and approach procedures using a case study of approaches at SEATAC. Results indicate that properly designed RNAV/RNP procedures can yield fuel and emissions savings during approach of up to approximately 40 percent. However, the maximum benefits are only realized when procedures are optimized to improve environmental and operational performance. “Overlay” RNAV procedures, which are merely higher precision versions of existing non-RNAV procedures, often do not yield much fuel benefit or deliver any meaningful noise impact reduction.
Effect of ambient particulate matter exposure on hemostasis

Epidemiological studies have linked levels of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air to cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Thrombus formation plays a primary role in potentiating acute cardiovascular events, and this study was undertaken to determine whether pulmonary exposure to PM alters hemostasis. PM was collected from the Chapel Hill, NC airshed and was administered to mice by intratracheal instillation at a dose previously shown to exacerbate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Twenty-four hours after exposure, an increase occurred in the number of circulating platelets and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and soluble P-selectin. The concentration of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in plasma was decreased, whereas the plasma concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) was increased. Consistent with these observations, bleeding time from a tail-tip transection was shortened. These results provide evidence that PM exposure alters hemostasis in otherwise healthy animals and may thereby promote clot formation and impede clot resolution in susceptible individuals. The results also establish definite hemostatic endpoints that can be used to further investigate the effects of dose and particle characteristics on the toxicity of ambient particles.
The effect of drawing temperature on multi-stage drawn ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

The effect of drawing temperatures on multi-stage drawn ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber, produced by gel spinning, has been studied. Drawing at higher temperatures generally gives higher crystal orientation, as expected. The activation energy of drawing increased with the draw ratio and draw sequence. It varied at a given draw ratio and draw stage between two temperature ranges, 85 to 115°C and 115 to 135°C. Thus, for the first draw stage, the activation energy is ∼19-33 KJ/mole in the range of 85 to 115°C, and ∼60-99 KJ/mole in the range of 115 to 135°C. In the second stage, the activation energy is 40 KJ/mole in the range of 105 to 115°C and 70-90 KJ/mole in the range of 115 to 135°C. In the third stage, the activation energy is ∼92-100 KJ/mole in the range of 115 to 135°C.
Radiation from an electron wave packet driven by a strong laser field

We argue against treating driven free-electron wave packets as extended classical charge distributions for computing scattered light. We have designed an experiment to test this by measuring light scattered out the side of a focus.
Self-Protection: Trauma Patients' Perspectives of their Motor Vehicle Crashes

A grounded theory study was conducted with 21 informants to provide theoretical analysis of behaviors surrounding motor vehicle crashes (MVC). Nonrespondent sources of data included songs, commercials, and automobile advertisements. Data were triangulated using constant comparative analysis. Self-protection strategies were contingent upon the drive revaluating loss of control during the MVC. The derived self-protection theory suggests that if motor vehicle control is perceived to have been lost and motor vehicle control is desirable following the MVC, then self-protection strategies to enhance perceptions of motor vehicle control will be adopted. Thus involvement in a MVC and sustaining injuries from the MVC appear to be insufficient for motivating self-protective actions. Consistent with previous research studies, if injured drivers did not perceive that occurrence of MVCs can be controlled, they did not identify self-protective behaviors that were specific to driving.
Talk amongst yourselves: inviting users to participate in online conversations

Many small online communities would benefit from increased diversity or activity in their membership. Some communities run the risk of dying out due to lack of participation. Others struggle to achieve the critical mass necessary for diverse and engaging conversation. But what tools are available to these communities to increase participation? Our goal in this research was to spark contributions to the movielens.org discussion forum, where only 2% of the members write posts. We developed personalized invitations, messages designed to entice users to visit or contribute to the forum. In two field experiments, we ask (1) if personalized invitations increase activity in a discussion forum, (2) how the choice of algorithm for intelligently choosing content to emphasize in the invitation affects participation, and (3) how the suggestion made to the user affects their willingness to act. We find that invitations lead to increased participation, as measured by levels of reading and posting. More surprisingly, we find that invitations emphasizing the social nature of the discussion forum increase user activity, while invitations emphasizing other details of the discussion are less successful.
Targeting the Neonatal Fc Receptor for Antigen Delivery Using Engineered Fc Fragments

The development of approaches for Ag delivery to the appropriate subcellular compartments of APCs and the optimization of Ag persistence are both of central relevance for the induction of protective immunity or tolerance. The expression of the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, in APCs and its localization to the endosomal system suggest that it might serve as a target for Ag delivery using engineered Fc fragment-epitope fusions. The impact of FcRn binding characteristics of an Fc fragment on in vivo persistence allows this property to also be modulated. We have therefore generated recombinant Fc (mouse IgG1-derived) fusions containing the N-terminal epitope of myelin basic protein that is associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in H-2(u) mice. The Fc fragments have distinct binding properties for FcRn that result in differences in intracellular trafficking and in vivo half-lives, allowing the impact of these characteristics on CD4(+) T cell responses to be evaluated. To dissect the relative roles of FcRn and the "classical" FcgammaRs in Ag delivery, analogous aglycosylated Fc-MBP fusions have been generated. We show that engineered Fc fragments with increased affinities for FcRn at pH 6.0-7.4 are more effective in delivering Ag to FcRn-expressing APCs in vitro relative to their lower affinity counterparts. However, higher affinity of the FcRn-Fc interaction at near neutral pH results in decreased in vivo persistence. The trade-off between improved FcRn targeting efficiency and lower half-life becomes apparent during analyses of T cell proliferative responses in mice, particularly when Fc-MBP fusions with both FcRn and FcgammaR binding activity are used.
Joint maximum likelihood estimation of pitch and AR parameters using the EM algorithm

The speech production model where the speech signal is modeled as the output of an all pole filter driven either by some white noise sequence (unvoiced speech) or by the sum of an impulse sequence and a noise sequence (voiced speech) is considered. Approximate maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation algorithms for the unvoiced case are well known. In this work, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is used in order to obtain the ML estimator of the parameters for the voiced speech model. These parameters consist of the parameters of the impulse sequence (pitch parameters) and the parameters of the filter (autoregressive parameters). >
Crazy talk: Thought disorder or psychiatric arrogance?

The crazy talk exhibited by some mental patients is re-examined. Our inability to understand the other is not a valid reason for concluding that he is insane, much less than he has a brain disease. The seemingly senseless speech of persons called 'psychotic' resembles glossolalia or the religious phenomenon of 'gift of tongues' rather than a speech disturbance, such as aphasia, indicative of brain disease.
Regulation of Progesterone Receptor Expression by Estradiol Is Dependent on Age, Sex and Region in the Rat Brain

Progesterone receptor (PR) expression is highly dependent on estradiol in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) and the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the adult rat brain. During development, males express high levels of PR in the MPN, whereas females have virtually no PR, a sex difference resulting entirely from differential exposure to estradiol. Because PR is also estradiol dependent in the adult VMN, the present study examined the regulation of PR immunoreactivity (PRir) in the developing VMN. Surprisingly, PRir was present at high levels in the VMN of both neonatal males and females. In the neonatal VMN, PR expression was dependent on gonadal hormones in males but not females. When females were ovariectomized and exposed to estradiol at various ages from neonatal to adulthood, estradiol reliably induced PRir in the MPN at postnatal d 7 but failed to induce PRir in the VMN of the same animals. Only later in development, around postnatal d 14, did estradiol increase PRir in the female VMN. There appears to be a developmental switch in the VMN when PR expression changes from estradiol independent to estradiol dependent. Furthermore, this switch is anatomically specific and does not exist in the MPN. The present results indicate that the regulation of PR expression by estradiol is dependent on age, sex, and brain region, suggesting that PR may play a critical but specific role in the normal development of these reproductively important brain areas. In addition, the neonatal female VMN may provide a unique model in which to examine the mechanisms underlying the specificity of steroid-induced gene expression.
POLLINATION REGULATION OF FLOWER DEVELOPMENT.

Pollination regulates a syndrome of developmental responses that contributes to successful sexual reproduction in higher plants. Pollination-regulated developmental events collectively prepare the flower for fertilization and embryogenesis while bringing about the loss of floral organs that have completed their function in pollen dispersal and reception. Components of this process include changes in flower pigmentation, senescence and abscission of floral organs, growth and development of the ovary, and, in certain cases, pollination also triggers ovule and female gametophyte development in anticipation of fertilization. Pollination-regulated development is initiated by the primary pollination event at the stigma surface, but because developmental processes occur in distal floral organs, the activity of interorgan signals that amplify and transmit the primary pollination signal to floral organs is implicated. Interorgan signaling and signal amplification involves the regulation of ethylene biosynthetic gene expression and interorgan transport of hormones and their precursors. The coordination of pollination-regulated flower development including gametophyte, embryo, and ovary development; pollination signaling; the molecular regulation of ethylene biosynthesis; and interorgan communication are presented.
Do Legitimacy of Supervisor and Reward Contingency Interact in Prediction of Work Behavior

The study examined the importance of different bases of legitimacy of authority upon conformity and performance of temporary employees engaged in a realistic technical task. Task supervisors varied in apparent technical and administrative expertise. The contingency of rewards upon performance was systematically varied to separate the impact of expected reward contingency from variations in bases of legitimacy. Subjects were hired as temporary workers in a laboratory experiment to test these propositions, and to build upon an earlier laboratory study by Evan and Zelditch.
Electron and hole transfer from DNA base radicals to oxidized products of guanine in DNA.

Abstract Cai, Z. and Sevilla, M. D. Electron and Hole Transfer from DNA Base Radicals to Oxidized Products of Guanine in DNA. Radiat. Res. 159, 411–419 (2003). An investigation of electron and hole transfer to oxidized guanine bases in DNA is reported. Guanine in DNA was preferentially oxidized by Br2·− at 298 K to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-guanine (8-oxo-G) and higher oxidation products. HPLC-EC analysis of irradiated DNA shows that the formation of 8-oxo-G could not be increased above the ratio of one 8-oxo-G to 127 ± 6 bp regardless of dose. 8-oxo-G can be produced only at low levels because it is further oxidized to other species. These oxidation products of guanine have been extensively investigated and identified by others. Our electron spin resonance studies suggest that at 77 K 8-oxo-G is a trap for radiation-produced holes, but certain further oxidation products of 8-oxo-G (Gox) are found to be efficient electron traps. Gamma irradiation of oxidized DNA samples in frozen (D2O) aqueous ices and glassy 7 M...
Spatio-temporal mining of software adoption & penetration

How does malware propagate? Does it form spikes over time? Does it resemble the propagation pattern of benign files, such as software patches? Does it spread uniformly over countries? How long does it take for a URL that distributes malware to be detected and shut down? In this work, we answer these questions by analyzing patterns from 22 million malicious (and benign) files, found on 1.6 million hosts worldwide during the month of June 2011. We conduct this study using the WINE database available at Symantec Research Labs. Additionally, we explore the research questions raised by sampling on such large databases of executables; the importance of studying the implications of sampling is twofold: First, sampling is a means of reducing the size of the database hence making it more accessible to researchers; second, because every such data collection can be perceived as a sample of the real world. Finally, we discover the SharkFin temporal propagation pattern of executable files, the GeoSplit pattern in the geographical spread of machines that report executables to Symantec's servers, the Periodic Power Law (Ppl) distribution of the life-time of URLs, and we show how to efficiently extrapolate crucial properties of the data from a small sample. To the best of our knowledge, our work represents the largest study of propagation patterns of executables.