cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental Sources of Implicit Attitudes

Explanations for implicit and explicit attitude dissociation have largely focused on causes of explicit attitudes. By contrast, this article examines developmental experiences as potential sources of implicit (more than explicit) attitudes, using attitudes toward smoking and body weight, which have shown dissociation with self-reports. In Study 1, smokers' implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking were uniquely predicted by their early and recent experiences with smoking, respectively. In Study 2, participants' childhood and current weight uniquely predicted implicit and explicit body weight attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, being raised primarily by a beloved, heavyweight mother predicted proheavy implicit (but not explicit) attitudes. In Study 3, people's reports of pleasant dreams in childhood (but not currently) predicted their implicit attitudes toward dreams. In concert, results provide support for theorizing that implicit and explicit attitudes may stem from different sources of information and are, therefore, conceptually distinct.
Locating the Sural Nerve during Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon Repair with Confidence: A Cadaveric Study with Clinical Applications

The sural nerve is at risk of iatrogenic injury even during minimally invasive operative procedures to repair the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. Through 107 cadaveric leg dissections, the data derived from the present study was used to develop a regression equation that will enable surgeons to estimate the intersection point at which the sural nerve crosses the lateral border of the Achilles tendon, an important surgical landmark. In most cases, the sural nerve crossed the lateral border of the Achilles tendon 8 to 10 cm proximal to the superior border of the calcaneal tuberosity. By simply measuring the leg length of the patient (from the base of the heel to the flexor crease of the popliteal fossa), surgeons can approximate the location of this intersection point with an interval length of 0.68 to 1.80 cm, with 90% confidence, or 0.82 to 2.15 cm, with 95% confidence. For example, for a patient with a lower leg length of 47.0 cm, the mean measurement in the present study, a surgeon can be 90% confident that the sural nerve will cross the lateral border of the Achilles tendon 8.28 to 8.96 cm (interval width of 0.68 cm) proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity. Currently, ultrasound and clinical techniques have been implemented to approximate the location of the sural nerve. The results of the present study offer surgeons another method, that is less intensive, to locate reliably and subsequently avoid damage to the sural nerve during calcaneal (Achilles) tendon repair and other procedures of the posterolateral leg and ankle.
Effective Dosages of Undiluted Semen in Artificial Insemination of Chickens

Abstract QUINN and Burrows (1936) reported that they obtained 97 percent fertility of eggs from hens which were inseminated five days a week with 0.2 c.c. of undiluted semen. This treatment was admittedly more than adequate to produce good results, both as to dosage and frequency of insemination. The investigations herein reported were carried out at the National Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, for the purpose of determining satisfactory dosages of semen and frequencies of insemination for use in practical artificial breeding of chickens. Three distinct objectives were kept in view during the investigations: (1) a practical means of obtaining the largest number of fertile eggs from any given hen, (2) of obtaining the largest number of fertile eggs from the services of any given male, and (3) of obtaining the largest number of fertile eggs from a flock of females with the least amount of labor and expense. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Central Arterial Compliance Is Associated With Age- and Habitual Exercise–Related Differences in Cardiovagal Baroreflex Sensitivity

Background- Cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) declines with age but is favorably modulated by habitual aerobic exercise. We tested the hypothesis that compliance (transducing capacity) of an elastic artery in which baroreceptors are located is associated with these age-exercise interactions. Methods and Results- Nine young (28+/-1 years old) and 9 older (65+/-1) sedentary and 10 young (27+/-1) and 9 older (63+/-2) endurance-trained healthy men were studied. Cardiovagal BRS was assessed conventionally (R-R interval-systolic blood pressure [SBP] relation) by the Oxford technique. Because of age-associated increases in central arterial stiffness, cardiovagal BRS was expressed with both peripheral (Finapres) and central (applanation tonometry) SBP values. The change in carotid artery end-systolic lumen diameter (ultrasonography) per unit increase in SBP and the slope of the R-R interval-carotid artery diameter relation also were determined. Cardiovagal BRS declined with age in both sedentary ( approximately 65%) and endurance-trained ( approximately 40%) men but was higher in endurance-trained than sedentary older men regardless of the SBP values used (all P 0.70). Conclusions- These results demonstrate that age- and habitual exercise-related differences in cardiovagal BRS are associated with corresponding differences in carotid artery compliance among healthy men.
Health maintenance organizations : managed care or mismanaged care ?

Abstract [Osborn HH: Health maintenance organizations: Managed care or mismanaged care? Ann Emerg Med February 1996;27:225-228.]
Assessment Monitoring of Laboratory Critical Values: A College of American Pathologists Q-Tracks Study of 180 Institutions

Abstract Context.—Critical laboratory value reporting is a highly visible and essential key activity for clinical laboratories. Objective.—To measure critical laboratory value reporting in multiple institutions over time and to examine the practice patterns and demographic factors associated with sustained improvement in critical value reporting. Design.—A longitudinal cohort study of 180 clinical laboratories that provided quarterly critical values reporting data for 2 to 16 quarters was conducted using a uniform definition of successful caregiver notification. Mixed linear model analysis of the 2001 through 2004 dataset was performed. Results.—A decrease in total and inpatient rates of undocumented critical values per 1000 results was associated with (1) the American Association of Blood Banks inspection within the past 2 years (P = .01, for both total and inpatient rates); (2) unit secretary/clerical staff not authorized to accept inpatient critical value notification (P = .004 [total] and .001 [inpati...
Aluminum Nitride Prepared by Nitridation of Aluminum Oxide Precursors

Aluminum nitride (AlN) powders were prepared from the oxide precursors aluminum nitrate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum 2-ethyl-hexanoate, and aluminum isopropoxide (i.e., Al(NO3)3, Al(OH)3, Al(OH)(O2CCH(C2H5)(C4H9))2, and Al(OCH(CH3)2)3). Pyrolyses were performed in flowing dry NH3 and N2 at 1000°–1500°C. For comparison, the nitride precursors aluminum dimethylamide (Al(N(CH3)2)3) and aluminum trimethylamino alane (AlH3·N(CH3)3) were exposed to the same nitridation conditions. Products were investigated using XRD, TEM, EDX, SEM, and elemental analysis. The results showed that nitridation was primarily controlled by the water:ammonia ratio in the atmosphere. Single-phase AlN powders were obtained from all oxide precursors. Complete nitridation was not obtained using pure N2, even for the non-oxide precursors.
Bursting in Leech Heart Interneurons: Cell-Autonomous and Network-Based Mechanisms

Rhythmic activity within the heartbeat pattern generator of the medicinal leech is based on the alternating bursting of mutually inhibitory pairs of oscillator heart interneurons (half-center oscillators). Bicuculline methiodide has been shown to block mutual inhibition between these interneurons and to cause them to spike tonically while recorded intracellularly (Schmidt and Calabrese, 1992). Using extracellular recording techniques, we show here that oscillator and premotor heart interneurons continue to burst when pharmacologically isolated with bicuculline, although the bursting is not robust in some preparations. We propose that a nonspecific leak current introduced by the intracellular microelectrode suppresses endogenous bursting activity to account for the discrepancy with results using intracellular recording. A two-parameter bifurcation diagram (Eleak vs gleak) of a mathematical model of a single heart interneuron shows a narrow stripe of parameter values where bursting occurs, separating large zones of tonic spiking and silence. A similar analysis performed for a half-center oscillator model outlined a much larger area of bursting. Bursting in the halfcenter oscillator model is also less sensitive to variation in the maximal conductances of voltage-gated currents than in the single-neuron model. Thus, in addition to ensuring appropriate bursting characteristics such as period, phase, and duty cycles, the half-center configuration enhances oscillation robustness, making them less susceptible to random or imposed changes in membrane parameters. Endogenous bursting, in turn, ensures appropriate bursting if the strength of mutual inhibition is weakened and limits the minimum period of the half-center oscillator to a period near that of the single neuron.
Transnational Research Collaboration: Expatriate Indian Faculty in the United States Connecting with Peers in India

In the last two decades, research collaborations inside the United States and with other countries have increased. Scholars who have studied the composition in scientific collaborations have noted ...
Commensalistic cultures with kinetic feedback—Static and dynamic behavior

Steady state and dynamic behavior of continuous mixed cultures of two cell species with commensalistic interaction and kinetic feedback is investigated. The generation of the substrate required for growth of the host cell species from a primary resource is catalyzed by extracellular enzymes produced by the cell species, providing thereby, a kinetic feedback. The steady states are divided into three types. For the form of kinetics considered, the reactor can operate at up to seven steady states, including up to four steady states in which the cell species coexist. Conditions for admissibility and stability of different steady states are derived analytically. Admissibility of cyclic states is investigated. The specific example considered pertains to anaerobic digestion of complex insoluble organics by acid generating and methane generating bacteria. For a specific kinetic parameter set, the operating parameter space is divided into multiple regions based on admissibility of various steady states and dynamic characteristics. Startup policies to reach desired steady states are discussed. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Information Localization in the Electron Microscope

Historically, the resolution achievable in an electron microscope has been limited by the unavoidable aberrations of the lenses used to form the image [1]. However recently, aberration correctors have been shown to be able to improve both the ultimate resolution attainable, and the current available to form the image at any given resolution [2]. The resolution in aberration corrected instruments will soon approach the quantum mechanical limits, and we investigate how these limits depend on the imaging mode used.
Clades of Photosynthetic Bacteria Belonging to the Genus Rhodopseudomonas Show Marked Diversity in Light-Harvesting Antenna Complex Gene Composition and Expression.

ABSTRACT Many photosynthetic bacteria have peripheral light-harvesting (LH) antenna complexes that increase the efficiency of light energy capture. The purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris produces different types of LH complexes under high light intensities (LH2 complex) and low light intensities (LH3 and LH4 complexes). There are multiple pucBA operons that encode the α and β peptides that make up these complexes. However, low-resolution structures, amino acid similarities between the complexes, and a lack of transcription analysis have made it difficult to determine the contributions of different pucBA operons to the composition and function of different LH complexes. It was also unclear how much diversity of LH complexes exists in R. palustris and affiliated strains. To address this, we undertook an integrative genomics approach using 20 sequenced strains. Gene content analysis revealed that even closely related strains have differences in their pucBA gene content. Transcriptome analyses of the strains grown under high light and low light revealed that the patterns of expression of the pucBA operons varied among strains grown under the same conditions. We also found that one set of LH2 complex proteins compensated for the lack of an LH4 complex under low light intensities but not under extremely low light intensities, indicating that there is functional redundancy between some of the LH complexes under certain light intensities. The variation observed in LH gene composition and expression in Rhodopseudomonas strains likely reflects how they have evolved to adapt to light conditions in specific soil and water microenvironments. IMPORTANCERhodopseudomonas palustris is a phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacterium that adapts its photosystem to allow growth at a range of light intensities. It does this by adjusting the amount and composition of peripheral light-harvesting (LH) antenna complexes that it synthesizes. Rhodopseudomonas strains are notable for containing numerous sets of light-harvesting genes. We determined the diversity of LH complexes and their transcript levels during growth under high and low light intensities in 20 sequenced genomes of strains related to the species Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The data obtained are a resource for investigators with interests as wide-ranging as the biophysics of photosynthesis, the ecology of phototrophic bacteria, and the use of photosynthetic bacteria for biotechnology applications.
Net-Centric Management of Human Performance

Net-centricity can be seen as supporting many functions within organizations, this includes support functions as well as operational functions. We will present a framework for extending the net-centric concept to the analysis, support, and evaluation of human on-thejob performance. We will further describe a working model of technology that supports the conceptual framework: Net-centric Performance Improvement (Net-PI). This work has been developed over the past three years in collaboration with a number of units in the military that specialize in performance improvement.
BigDebug: debugging primitives for interactive big data processing in spark

Developers use cloud computing platforms to process a large quantity of data in parallel when developing big data analytics. Debugging the massive parallel computations that run in today’s data-centers is time consuming and error-prone. To address this challenge, we design a set of interactive, real-time debugging primitives for big data processing in Apache Spark, the next generation data-intensive scalable cloud computing platform. This requires re-thinking the notion of step-through debugging in a traditional debugger such as gdb, because pausing the entire computation across distributed worker nodes causes significant delay and naively inspecting millions of records using a watchpoint is too time consuming for an end user.First, BigDebug’s simulated breakpoints and on-demand watchpoints allow users to selectively examine distributed, intermediate data on the cloud with little overhead. Second, a user can also pinpoint a crash-inducing record and selectively resume relevant sub-computations after a quick fix. Third, a user can determine the root causes of errors (or delays) at the level of individual records through a fine-grained data provenance capability. Our evaluation shows that BigDebug scales to terabytes and its record-level tracing incurs less than 25% overhead on average. It determines crash culprits orders of magnitude more accurately and provides up to 100% time saving compared to the baseline replay debugger. The results show that BigDebug supports debugging at interactive speeds with minimal performance impact.
Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans. A framework for defining "early" visual processing.

This study provides a time frame for the initial trajectory of activation flow along the dorsal and ventral visual processing streams and for the initial activation of prefrontal cortex in the human. We provide evidence that this widespread system of sensory, parietal, and prefrontal areas is activated in less than 30 ms, which is considerably shorter than typically assumed in the human event-related potential (ERP) literature and is consistent with recent intracranial data from macaques. We find a mean onset latency of activity over occipital cortex (C1(e)) at 56 ms, with dorsolateral frontal cortex subsequently active by just 80 ms. Given that activity in visual sensory areas typically continues for 100-400 ms prior to motor output, this rapid system-wide activation provides a time frame for the initiation of feedback processes onto sensory areas. There is clearly sufficient time for multiple iterations of interactive processing between sensory, parietal, and frontal areas during brief (e.g., 200 ms) periods of information processing preceding motor output. High-density electrical mapping also suggested activation in dorsal stream areas preceding ventral stream areas. Our data suggest that multiple visual generators are active in the latency range of the traditional C1 component of the ERP, which has often been taken to represent V1 activity alone. Based on the temporal pattern of activation shown in primate recordings and the evidence from these human recordings, we propose that only the initial portion of the C1 component (approximately the first 10-15 ms; C1(e)) is likely to represent a response that is predominated by V1 activity. These data strongly suggest that activity represented in the "early" ERP components such as P1 and N1 (and possibly even C1) is likely to reflect relatively late processing, after the initial volley of sensory afference through the visual system and involving top-down influences from parietal and frontal regions.
Laboratory aids in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease.

SUMMARY Many laboratory analyses and tests currently available permit accurate diagnosis of most metabolic bone diseases. By far the most valuable of these are serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. In some instances other measurements, such as urinary calcium or tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, or tests such as calcium infusion may materially aid in diagnosis. Less frequently, but with a high degree of diagnostic accuracy, bone biopsy and morphometry may be used as reasonably definitive criteria of diagnosis.
A physician's responsibility in caring for emergency patients.

It is the responsibility of the physician to exercise proper wound management in the care of so-called minor wounds, and it is important to treat such wounds according to basic surgical principles. The author suggests that the most effective means of establishing tetanus prophylaxis is to immunize the general population with tetanus toxoid, a program that should be the responsibility of the entire medical profession.
CHAPTER 36 – Communicative Behaviors, Hormone–Behavior Interactions, and Reproduction in Vertebrates

This chapter discusses communicative behaviors, hormone–behavior interactions, and reproduction in vertebrates. The reproduction life history stage of vertebrates is the most complex component of an organism's life-cycle. It is also the one life history stage that is absolutely dependent on communication of one individual with another. Therefore, the patterns of reproduction, including morphological, physiological, and behavioral components, are overwhelming in their diversity and modes of communication. The use of finite-state machine theory allows an analysis of life history stages of a given organism, so that it is possible to compare reproductive function, particularly the role of communicative behaviors in social interactions, across vertebrate taxa from agnathans to mammals and in diverse habitats from totally aqueous to entirely terrestrial. Finite-state machine theory proposes that all vertebrates have a fixed number of life history stages. Because the number of life history stages and substages is fixed during ontogeny for each individual, there are a finite number of states. In addition, because the number of life history stages and substages varies from species to species, and possibly among individuals within a population, there may be considerable variation in possible states. In general, the more states possible means more complex patterns of social interactions, although a potential tradeoff is less flexibility in timing. However, the framework allows close comparisons, within the limits of phylogenetic confounds, which point out possible divergent and convergent evolutionary paths of mechanisms underlying hormone–behavior interactions.
Evaluating Learning Management Systems

This chapter maintains that the use of multimedia content in Web-based instruction—facilitated by the proliferation and standardization of learning management systems (LMSs)—calls for the extension of traditional multimedia design and evaluation guidelines to the Web. The compliance with these guidelines needs to be thoroughly evaluated by any institution using (or planning to use) Web-based learning management systems. In addition to providing criteria and examples for the evaluation of these systems, the chapter discusses survey questions that can be used for university-wide assessments of the design effectiveness of technologies that support learning. As an example, the proposed evaluation instrument is applied to a learning management system developed at a large university in the United States. While the assessment refers to one system, the model, and the instructional and design evaluation criteria are built for use in any organization conducting a formative and summative evaluation or a selection of learning technologies. IGI PUBLISHING This paper appears in the publication, Web-Based Education and Pedagogical Technologies: Solutions for Learning Applications edited by L. Esnault © 2008, IGI Global 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.igi-global.com ITB15166
Vaccination and unexplained sudden death risk in Taiwanese infants.

Purpose In March 1992, eight infants who had died within 36 hours of receiving whole-cell pertussis vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, and whole-cell pertussis [DTwP]) prompted the Taiwan health authorities to suspend its use. We conducted an investigation of vaccination and sudden unexplained infant death (SUID) and repeated it more recently after Taiwan switched to acellular pertussis vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis [DTaP]) in 2010. Methods All SUIDs aged 31–364 days during 1990–1992 and 1996–2013 were selected from the death registration databases. The case–control investigation matched each case to two controls on clinic, sex, and birth date, whereas the follow-up self-controlled case series study compared risk of death during the 30-day post-vaccination risk periods with those in the control periods within the same case. Results Sudden unexplained infant death was associated with never receiving DTwP (odds ratio 2.28, 95% confidence interval 1.25–4.15) in the case–control investigation. The odds ratios within 0–1, 2–7, 8–14, and 15–30 days of DTwP administration were 1.18, 0.26, 0.50, and 0.77. In the 1996–2013 self-controlled case series studies, this temporal shift between DTwP and SUID was consistently observed for female (incidence rate ratio 1.70, 0.75, 1.01, and 0.84) but not male or DTaP recipients. A pooled analysis showed significant risk within 2 days of receiving DTwP in female infants (incidence rate ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.05–2.60). Conclusions Being unvaccinated and recent receipt of DTwP in female infants was significantly associated with SUID; the latter was consistent with a temporal shift pattern without overall increase in risk. The currently used pertussis vaccine, DTaP, did not increase risk of SUID. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIMACS at the TREC 2004 Genomics Track.

DIMACS participated in the text categorization and ad hoc retrieval tasks of the TREC 2004 Genomics track. For the categorization task, we tackled the triage and annotation hierarchy subtasks.
Pushing the Envelope: Executive Power & President George W. Bush

Over the last few years, there has been a significant academic and legal discussion about the powers of the United States Presidency with regards to national security powers. This discussion has developed a unique and abstract framework. However, this discussion has been elevated with the Presidency of George W. Bush beyond academic discussion groups and legal journals. Specifically, issues like warrantless wiretapping, extraordinary rendition programs, and various other war powers have become discussions around dinner tables and office water coolers. This article aims to discuss both of the legal and academic frameworks of executive powers to help demonstrate how the Bush Administration has pushed the envelope in claiming extraordinary powers to the detriment of the separation of powers between the legislature, the courts, and the executive branch in an ongoing national security concern.
Histone Modification Changes During Aging: Cause or Consequence?—What We Have Learned About Epigenetic Regulation of Aging From Model Organisms

Abstract Histone modifications provide an important layer of regulation for chromatin functions and are critical for processes ranging from DNA replication to transcription, from cell-cycle regulation to differentiation, and from tissue specification during development to numerous diseases. Various histone modifications are also linked to DNA methylation and cell identity determination; hence they are now considered epigenetic markings. Distinct epigenetic changes, including changes in certain histone modifications, have been observed in various aged cells and tissues. However, are these changes simply marks of the consequences of aging, or are these changes a cause of aging? In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding epigenetic changes during aging and highlight evidence that suggest some of these changes are causal for aging and age-related diseases.
Modeling Boundary Layer Ingestion Using a Coupled Aeropropulsive Analysis

The single-aisle turboelectric aircraft with an aft boundary layer propulsor aircraft concept is estimated to reduce fuel burn by 12% through a turboelectric propulsion system with an electrically ...
Toward performance portability of the Albany finite element analysis code using the Kokkos library

Performance portability on heterogeneous high-performance computing (HPC) systems is a major challenge faced today by code developers: parallel code needs to be executed correctly as well as with h...
Impact of fashion innovativeness on consumer-based brand equity

This study aims to examine the relationships between fashion innovativeness (FI) and brand image dimensions (cognitive, sensory and affective associations) for favorite fashion-related brands, the contribution of these dimensions to lovemarks (brand love and respect) and lovemarks’ consequent effect on brand loyalty.,A Web-based survey was conducted using a national sample of 2,492 US male and female consumers between the ages of 18 and 76. Structural equation modeling tested the hypotheses.,Results indicated positive, statistically significant associations between the six variables. Among the three brand image dimensions, sensory associations exhibited the strongest relationship with FI, whereas lovemarks displayed stronger relationships with cognitive and affective associations. Lovemarks affected loyalty toward fashion-related brands.,The survey of the US consumers and the focus on fashion-related brands may limit the generalizability of the findings. This empirical study illustrated how FI impacts an extended consumer-based brand equity model.,Fashion-related brand managers should not only promote pleasant sensory associations to attract those with a high level of FI but also promote cognitive and affective associations to foster lovemarks (high brand love and respect) to achieve the end goal of customer loyalty.,Even though consumers with a high level of FI may contribute significantly to long-term brand success, past research has not explored the relationship between FI and the factors that lead to consumer-based brand equity. The present study is the first to examine the role of FI in fostering brand equity.
Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Mineral Dust on the Tropospheric Chemistry of East Asia

An investigation of the influence of mineral dust ontrace gas cycles in the troposphere is carried out inthis study. A 3D regional scale atmospheric chemistrymodel (STEM-III) which includes aerosol processes isused for the numerical simulations for May 1987.Heterogeneous interactions between gaseous species(SO2, N2O5, HNO3, HO2andH2O2) and the dust particles are considered.Emissions of dust behind convective cold fronts aremodeled. The transport and distribution of mineraldust predicted from the model is compared withsatellite measurements (aerosol index from TOMS). Themodel is shown to capture the synoptic variability inthe observed aerosol index. Calculations show twomajor dust events in May 1987, during which thedust levels close to the source reach more than500 μg/m3. The transport of dust is mostlyrestricted towards the north, with the net continentaloutflow of ∼6 Tg for the entire month. Results showthat the presence of mineral aerosol can greatlyimpact sulfate and nitrate distributions. Averagedover the month of May, the presence of dust isestimated to increase particulate sulfate and nitratelevels in east Asia by ∼40%. Furthermore, the sulfateand nitrate on the dust particles are predicted to beassociated with the coarse mode (3–5 μm particlediameter), consistent with observations over Japan.The influence of mineral dust on the photochemicaloxidant cycle is also investigated. For the entiremonth, a5–10% decrease in boundary layer ozone ispredicted by the model closer to regions of higherdust levels. The ratio of nitric acid to NOx overmarine regions is reduced by a factor between 1 and 2in the boundary layer to more than 2 in the freetroposphere as a result of aerosol processes.
Writing space: Examining the potential of location-based composition

Abstract People use location-aware mobile applications to both produce and organize information. As scholars have noted, digital information is increasingly being organized by physical location. This article examines how new forms of location-based writing represent an important development for composition scholars. Increasingly, people use mobile applications to write about locations, and those texts then appear when other people travel to those locations. This form of location-based composition shows the potential of understanding how texts can impact how people experience physical space. To understand these forms of writing, this article develops a theoretical framework for understanding these texts and then historicizes location-based writing by discussing earlier forms of locative media art. The article then examines the location-based texts found in the mobile application Foursquare to show that instructors can use mobile applications to teach students about attaching texts to the physical places they describe. This article ultimately argues that location-based texts represent a new form of text, a form of text that should be taught in the composition classroom.
Phonological Coding in Word Perception and Reading

Abstract The work presented here indicates that phonological coding is an important component of the silent reading process in two languages, English and Chinese, that have often been thought to have orthographies that discourage phonological coding in going from print to meaning. The research indicates that phonological codes are extracted early in the reading process, even before a word is fixated in text. Moreover, they are involved in accessing the meanings of words. Accompanying work on phonological coding suggests that (a) phonological codes may be closer in form to the acoustic speech stream than an abstract representation of phonemes, (b) that they are not necessarily formed sequentially from left-to-right, and (c) that the pattern of information accrual may depend on the language involved.
Acute Change in Condition

This chapter will cover three common occurrences associated with an acute change of condition in frail older adults residing in nursing or assisted living facilities: (1) asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections (UTIs), (2) pneumonia, and (3) the interface with acute care.
Research on the Hydrogen Passivation of Defects and Impurities in Si Relevant to Crystalline Si Solar Cell Materials: Final Report, 16 February 2000 -- 15 April 2003

The goal of this experimental research program is to increase the understanding, at a microscopic level, of hydrogenation processes and passivation mechanisms for crystalline-Si photovoltaics. In our experiments, vibrational spectroscopy was used to study the properties of the interstitial H2 molecule in Si and the transition-metal-hydrogen complexes in Si. The interstitial H2 molecule is formed readily in Si when hydrogen is introduced. Our studies establish that interstitial H2 in Si behaves as a nearly free rotator, solving puzzles about the behavior of this defect that have persisted since the discovery of its vibrational spectrum. The transition metals are common impurities in Si that decrease the minority-carrier lifetime and degrade the efficiencies of solar cells. Therefore, the possibility that transition-metal impurities in Si might be passivated by hydrogen has long been of interest. Our studies of transition-metal-H complexes in Si help to establish the structural and electrical properties of a family of Pt-H complexes in Si, and have made the Pt-H complexes a model system for understanding the interaction of hydrogen with transition-metal impurities in Si.
The Identification of Pretreatment Trajectories of Alcohol Use and Their Relationship to Treatment Outcome in Men and Women With Alcohol Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND Few studies have focused on behavioral changes that occur prior to entering treatment for an alcohol use disorder (AUD). In 2 studies (Psychol Addict Behav, 27, 2013, 1159; J Stud Alcohol, 66, 2005, 369), pretreatment reductions in alcohol use were associated with better treatment outcomes. Identifying patterns of pretreatment change has the potential to inform clinical decision making. METHODS This study sought to identify pretreatment change trajectories in individuals seeking outpatient treatment for AUD (N = 205) using finite mixture modeling based on changes in number of days abstinent per week (NDA). RESULTS The analysis identified 3 pretreatment trajectory classes. Class 1 (High Abstinence-Minimal Increase; HA-MI) (n = 64; 31.2%) reported a high level of pretreatment NDA with minimal change during an 8-week pretreatment interval. Class 2 (Low Abstinence-Steady Increase; LA-SI) (n = 73; 35.6%) reported a low level of pretreatment NDA followed by a steady increase beginning 2 weeks prior to the phone screen. Class 3 (Nonabstinent-Accelerated Increase; NA-AI) (n = 68; 33.2%) reported no or very low levels of pretreatment NDA but demonstrated an increase following the phone screen. With regard to within-treatment change, Class 1 demonstrated the least and Class 3 demonstrated the most change in NDA. From baseline to 6-month follow-up, Class 3 added 2.31 abstinent days per week, Class 2 added 0.69 days, and Class 1 added 0.63 days. The increase in NDA for Class 3 was significantly different from the other 2 classes; however, Class 3 reported fewer overall days abstinent at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Study results have clinical and research implications including recommended changes to treatment protocols and research designs. Understanding the impact of pretreatment trajectories of alcohol use on within-treatment and posttreatment outcomes may provide important information about adapting treatment to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
Psychotherapy and Tests of Effectiveness

The greatest fault of the field is the failure to develop and implement a credible science that monitors its effectiveness and guides its development. As a result, psychotherapy remains an alternative, even unorthodox medical practice in the manner of acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal cures, and others. While research has become more sophisticated and objective over the decades, the field of psychotherapy remains complacent, even smug, in assurance of clinical effectiveness. This confidence, carried into the community of scholars responsible for the field’s literature and research, overwhelms any systemic attempt at truly credible research. Nonetheless, as a black box of treatment, the ability of talk therapy to cure, prevent, or rehabilitate can be evaluated even when the precise therapeutic content of treatment can be neither specified nor tested.
Non-Equilibrium Learning and Cyber-Physical Security

This paper introduces a framework for non-equilibrium behavior analysis in cyber-physical systems for security purposes. To categorize the player, we employ the principles of reinforcement learning in order to derive an iterative method of optimal responses that determine the policy of an agent with level-$k$ intelligence in a general non-zerosum, nonlinear environment. For the special case of zero-sum, linear quadratic games we derive appropriate non-equilibrium game Riccati equations. To obviate the need for complete knowledge of the system dynamics, we employ a Q-learning algorithm as a best response solver. We then design an estimator that determines the distribution of intelligence levels in the adversarial environment of the system. Finally, simulation results showcase the efficacy of our approach.
Michael–Michael Ring-Closure Reactions for a Dihapto-Coordinated Naphthalene Complex of Molybdenum

The complex MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(η2-naphthalene) (1; DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine; Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate) is demonstrated to undergo Michael–Michael ring-closure (MIMIRC) reactions promoted by t...
The Child Health Impacts of Coal: Evidence from India’s Coal Expansion

What are the child health and human capital consequences of India’s large coal power expansion? Using variation in local coal capacity within place across cohorts, I find that exposure to a median-sized coal plant at birth is associated with a 0.1 standard deviation child height deficit. Supporting air pollution as a channel, effects are larger among children living closer to coal plants. Changes in coal capacity do not predict changes in other child observables, or luminosity, which indicates electricity coverage and economic development. Effects are similar for rich and poor, but rich households tend to live closer to coal plants.
Review of Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan, Second Edition, by Richard McElreath, Chapman and Hall, 2020

Due to the developments in Bayesian applications and associated computational resources in the past 30 years, there are many Bayesian texts currently available. Some of the texts, such as Gelman et...
The outsourcing conundrum: Misappropriation of intellectual property in supply chains

In an outsourcing arrangement, the principal must weigh the potential savings in manufacturing cost against the risk of intellectual property (IP) misappropriation by suppliers. While formal legal measures for protecting IP exist in many countries, they are by no means perfect. We consider a market‐based approach where the supplier can sell the acquired IP to a third party imitator or can become an imitator if the imitation‐cost is not large. We identify economic‐equilibrium scenarios that discourage excessive misappropriation of IP. We find that IP sell/purchase transactions can happen only if the market potential has a moderate value. It can also motivate the supplier to become imitator. A large market, while attractive to the imitator, causes the principal not to outsource. In a small market, on the other hand, the imitator is unable to compete especially with a high‐quality imitation. Interestingly, we also find that the combined sales of the principal and imitator decreases, if the imitator increases IP purchase. We establish that the principal can benefit from partial outsourcing implying that a proportion of the components are outsourced, if the market potential is large.
Development and Validation of a Parental Health-Related Empowerment Scale with Low Income Parents.

Objectives: Consistent with empowerment theory, parental empowerment acts as a mechanism of change in family-based interventions to support child health. Yet, there are no comprehensive, validated measures of parental health-related empowerment to test this important perspective. Informed by empowerment theory and in the context of a community-based obesity intervention, we developed a self-report measure of parental health-related empowerment and tested its preliminary validity with low-income parents. Methods: The Parental Empowerment through Awareness, Relationships, and Resources (PEARR) is a 21-item scale designed to measure three subdimensions of empowerment including resource empowerment, critical awareness, and relational empowerment. In the fall of 2017 or the fall of 2018, low-income parents (n = 770, 88% mothers) from 16 Head Start programs in Greater Boston completed the PEARR. The resulting data were randomly split into two equal samples with complete data. The factorial structure of the PEARR was tested in the first half of the sample using principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and subsequently confirmed with the second half of the sample using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency coefficients were calculated for the final subscales. Results: Results from the PCA and EFA analyses identified three component factors (eigenvalues = 8.25, 2.75, 2.12) with all items loading significantly onto the hypothesized subdimension (β > 0.59 and p 0.54 and p < 0.01). Fit indices met minimum criteria (Comparative Fit Index = 0.95, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.05 (0.05, 0.06), Standardized Root-Mean-Square Residual = 0.05). Subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency (α= 0.83–0.90). Conclusions: Results support initial validity of a brief survey measuring parental empowerment for child health among Head Start parents. The PEARR can be utilized to measure changes in parental empowerment through interventions targeting empowerment as a mechanism of change.
SATURN: an introduction to the internet of materials

We envision a new generation of computation devices, computational materials, which are self-sustainable, cheaply manufactured at scale and exhibit form factors that are easily incorporated into everyday environments. These materials can enable ordinary objects such as walls, carpet, furniture, jewelry, and cups to do computational things without looking like today's computational devices. Self-powered Audio Triboelectric Ultra-thin Rollable Nanogenerator (SATURN) is an early example of a computational material that can sense vibration, such as sound. SATURN can be manufactured from inexpensive components, is flexible so that it can be integrated into many different surfaces, and powers itself through the sound or vibration it is sensing. Using radio backscatter, we demonstrate that SATURN's sensed data is passively transmitted to remote computers, alleviating the need for batteries or any wired power for the material itself. The proliferation of these types of computational materials ushers an era of Internet of Materials, further blurring the distinction between the physical and digital worlds.
Potential for Kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonists to Engineer Nonaddictive Analgesics: A Narrative Review.

A serious adverse effect of prescription opioid analgesics is addiction, both to these analgesics and to illicit drugs like heroin that also activate the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). Opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid overdose deaths represent a current American health crisis, and the prescription of opioid analgesics has contributed significantly to this crisis. While prescription opioids are highly effective analgesics, there currently exists no facile way to use them for extended periods without the risk of addiction. If addiction caused by MOR-targeting analgesics could be blocked by blending in a new "antiaddiction" ingredient that does not diminish analgesia and does not introduce its own therapeutically limiting side effects, then continued clinical use of prescription opioids for treating pain could be maintained (or even enhanced) instead of curtailed. In this narrative review, we contextualize this hypothesis, first with a brief overview of the current American opioid addiction crisis. The neurobiology of 2 key receptors in OUD development, MOR and the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), is then discussed to highlight the neuroanatomical features and circuitry in which signal transduction from these receptors lie in opposition-creating opportunities for pharmacological intervention in curtailing the addictive potential of MOR agonism. Prior findings with mixed MOR/KOR agonists are considered before exploring new potential avenues such as biased KOR agonists. New preclinical data are highlighted, demonstrating that the G protein-biased KOR agonist nalfurafine reduces the rewarding properties of MOR-targeting analgesics and enhances MOR-targeting analgesic-induced antinociception. Finally, we discuss the recent discovery that a regulator of G protein signaling (namely, RGS12) is a key component of signaling bias at KOR, presenting another drug discovery target toward identifying a single agent or adjuvant to be added to traditional opioid analgesics that could reduce or eliminate the addictive potential of the latter drug.
Tests for Patterned Alternatives Using Logarithmic Quantile Estimation

We investigate the logarithmic quantile estimation (LQE) method using fully nonparametric rank statistics to test for known trend and umbrella patterns in the main effects of three widely used designs: a fixed-effect two-factor model, a mixed-effect repeated measures model, and a mixed-effect cross-classification model. We also test for patterned alternatives in the interaction between the main effect and time in the repeated measures model. We determine the level and power of the test statistics using LQE with simulated and real data. The LQE procedure uses only the data to estimate quantiles of test statistics and does not require the estimation of the asymptotic variance nor the Satterthwaite–Smith degrees of freedom estimation. Our results show that the LQE method commonly yields conservative tests with high power when testing for patterned alternatives.