cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threshold expansion and dimensionally regularized NRQCD

A Lagrangian and a set of Feynman rules are presented for non-relativistic QFT{close_quote}s with manifest power counting in the heavy particle velocity v. A regime is identified in which energies and momenta are of order Mv. It is neither identical to the ultrasoft regime corresponding to radiative processes with energies and momenta of order Mv{sup 2}, nor to the potential regime with on shell heavy particles and Coulomb binding. In this soft regime, massless particles are on shell, and heavy particle propagators become static. Examples show that it contributes to one- and two-loop corrections of scattering and production amplitudes near threshold. Hence, NRQFT agrees with the results of threshold expansion. A simple example also demonstrates the power of dimensional regularization in NRQFT. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
BINDING OF PITTSBURGH COMPOUND B TO BOTH NORMAL AND ABNORMAL WHITE MATTER IN ELDERLY COGNITIVELY NORMAL CONTROL

BOTH NORMAL AND ABNORMALWHITE MATTER IN ELDERLY COGNITIVELY NORMAL CONTROL Ann D. Cohen, Anna Goodheart, Erica Tamburo, Davneet Singh Minhas, Howard Aizenstein, Lisa Weissfeld, Beth Ellen Snitz, Julie Price, Chester A. Mathis, Oscar Lopez, William Edward Klunk, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Contact e-mail: cohenad@upmc. edu
Is Hemoglobin A1c or Perioperative Hyperglycemia Predictive of Periprosthetic Joint Infection or Death Following Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract We sought to determine if HbA1c and perioperative hyperglycemia were positively associated with the incidence of PJI. We retrospectively reviewed the VA VINCI database on patients who underwent primary joint arthroplasty between 2001 and 2011 and had HbA1c and perioperative blood glucose levels. Of 13,272 patients, 38% (n=5035) had an elevated perioperative HbA1c ≥7%. While there was no increased risk of infection associated with elevated HbA1c (HR 0.86, P =0.23), mortality was increased (HR 1.3, P =0.01). Preoperative hyperglycemia was associated with an increased incidence of PJI (HR 1.44, P =0.008). While HbA1c did not perfectly correlate with the risk of PJI, perioperative hyperglycemia did, and may be a target for optimization to decrease the burden of PJI.
Binary integration for Swerling target fluctuations

Binary Integration is a suboptimal approach offering most of the benefits of integration with a simpler and less expensive receiver implementation than optimum coherent integration. We develop accurate, reliable, and efficient methods for binary integration computations for both the constant and Swerling target models. Binary integration introduces a new parameter M, the required number of threshold crossings to declare a detection. With these programs, we can readily do all the calculations necessary to determine the optimum values for M. We find that the assumed loss of 1.5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per pulse for binary integration holds for small and large N, not only for the constant targets, but also for the Swerling target fluctuations.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ROLES OF DAF-28 AND AGE-1 IN REGULATING CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS DAUER FORMATION

Based on environmental cues, the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans regulates formation of the dauer larva, an alternative larval form specialized for long-term survival under harsh conditions. Mutations that cause constitutive or defective dauer formation (Daf-c or Daf-d) have been identified and the genes ordered in a branched pathway. Most Daf-c mutations also affect recovery from the dauer stage. The semi-dominant mutation daf-28(sa191) is Daf-c but has no apparent effect on dauer recovery. We use this unique aspect of daf-28(sa191) to characterize the effects of several Daf-d and synthetic Daf-c mutations on dauer recovery. We present double mutant analysis that indicates that daf-28(sa191) acts at a novel point downstream in the genetic pathway for dauer formation. We also show that daf-28(sa191) causes a modest increase (12-13%) in life span. The phenotypes and genetic interactions of daf-28(sa191) are most similar to those of daf-2 and daf-23 mutations, which also cause a dramatic increase in life span. We present mapping and complementation data that suggest that daf-23 is the same gene as age-1, identified previously by mutations that extend life span. We find that age-1 alleles are also Daf-c at 27 degrees.
Secure aircraft communications addressing and reporting system (ACARS)

With the increase in automation, airlines, military, and civil aviation organizations are relying on ACARS for air traffic and operational control. This paper proposes specific techniques to relieve ACARS frequency saturation using standard data compression algorithm. Additional solutions are provided to encrypt the ACARS protocol header without requiring any changes to the legacy ACARS equipment. The proposed Secure ACARS solutions will satisfy customer needs, improve the safety and reliability of the ACARS system and extend the usability of ACARS by conserving RF resources.
Adverse events associated with intranasal influenza vaccine in the United States.

Methods: The goal of this review was to analyze the post-vaccination adverse effects associated with Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) compared to those of the Injectable Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine (TIV) in patients with egg allergy and asthma. PubMed, Ovid, and Google searches were conducted. Searched articles relating to allergic reactions, asthma or food allergy, and LAIV were reviewed.Results: Similar or superior efficacy of LAIV compared to TIV was reported by various studies. Respiratory symptoms were the most common adverse events following both vaccinations. Although no evidence was found of a direct causal relationship between intranasal influenza vaccine and anaphylaxis due to egg allergy, a number of cases of anaphylaxis were reported. To date, there are no studies directly comparing the frequency of anaphylactic reactions between the two vaccines.Conclusions: The safety of LAIV in individuals with unstable asthma and egg allergy has not been established and it should be avoided in th...
Trade, Tree Cultivation, and the Development of Private Property in Land

IN GEORGE FOSTER'S A Primitive Mexican Economy (1942) there is a passage which concerns a trend toward the development of private property in land among a people, the Sierra Popoluca, who still do not recognize such ownership. The trend toward such a development is directly connected with the development of coffee plantations among the Popoluca. Coffee trees, like all other trees among the Popoluca, are privately owned. Foster tells us that "ownership comes from planting or inheriting," inheritance presumably being from someone who has himself planted. Until the development of coffee plantations, however, private ownership of trees was not leading to the development of private property in land. This was because other trees were never grown in concentrations of orchards or plantations. Ownership of the tree was recognized presumably because the individual who had planted it had a right to its fruits just as he had the right to the fruits of a harvest of maize or any other crop which he had planted, the only difference being that in the case of a tree there was not merely one harvest but a continuing series of harvests. But with the introduction of coffee cultivation a new situation began to develop. Foster (1942:82) describes it as follows:
Ossicular calisthenics: Pneumomassage of the tympanic membrane

Objectives/Hypothesis Throughout the latter portion of the 19th and early 20th centuries, pneumomassage devices were widely used by otologists to treat a variety of ear diseases. The so-called eardrum massagers produced a regular, repetitive, oscillatory movement through modifying the air pressure in the ear canal. The goal of this study was to trace the invention, clinical use, technological diversification, abandonment, and ultimate resurrection of tympanic pneumomassage. Method Review of the 19th- and early 20th-century medical journals, texts, and trade catalogs concerning the tympanic pneumomassage. Results In 1884, the Belgian otologist Charles Delstanche introduced what he called a rarefacteur, and 5 years later he introduced the masseur du tympan. This lead to a frenzied development of imaginative mechanical and electrical pneumassagers with a goal to exercise the tympanic membrane and ossicles to overcome contraction and rigidity. Tympanic pneumomassage rose to prominence in mainstream otology as a treatment for otitis media, chronic deafness, and tinnitus. After gradually fading out of the otological practice by the 1930s, pneumomassage was reintroduced in the 1980s after a half century of obscurity, this time as a novel invention notably for the treatment of Meniere's disease. Conclusion The golden era of pneumomassage illustrates the ingenuity of otologists and medical instrument makers in creating a proliferation of clever devices, as well as how highly touted treatment methods may become widely adopted by practitioners despite the lack of efficacy. It also noteworthy that historic therapeutic methods are sometimes reintroduced for purposes not envisioned by their original makers. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 126:1180–1186, 2016
High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors

Objective. To compare the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with that in people from the general population, adjusting for traditional CV risk factors. Methods. Two hundred thirty-six consecutive patients with RA were assessed for the 1-year occurrence of 1) CV-related hospitalizations, including myocardial infarction, stroke or other arterial occlusive events, or arterial revascularization procedures, or 2) CV deaths. Both outcomes were ascertained by medical records or death certificates. For comparison, we used CV events that occurred during an 8-year period among participants in an epidemiologic study of atherosclerosis and CV disease who were ages 25–65 years at study entry. We calculated the age- and sex-stratified incidence rate ratio (IRR) of CV events between the 2 cohorts and used Poisson regression to adjust for age, sex, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index. Results. Of the 236 RA patients, 234 were observed for 252 patient-years, during which 15 CV events occurred. Of these, 7 incident events occurred during the 204 patient-years contributed by patients ages 25–65 years, for an incidence of 3.43 per 100 patient-years. In the comparison cohort, 4,635 community-dwelling persons were followed up for 33,881 person-years, during which 200 new events occurred, for an incidence of 0.59 per 100 person-years. The age- and sex-adjusted IRR of incident CV events associated with RA was 3.96 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.86–8.43). After adjusting for CV risk factors using Poisson regression, the IRR decreased slightly, to 3.17 (95% CI 1.33–6.36). Conclusion. The increased incidence of CV events in RA patients is independent of traditional CV risk factors. This suggests that additional mechanisms are responsible for CV disease in RA. Physicians who provide care to individuals with RA should be aware of their increased risk of CV events and implement appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures.
The Role of Values in Food Hub Sourcing and Distributing Practices

There has been rapid growth of interest in planning and operationalizing food hub enterprises across the country. Some of these entities aim to increase food access for underserved consumers. This study focused on values employed in distribution practices by food hub operators. Using a qualitative approach, we interviewed representatives from 11 Upper Midwest food hubs to investigate their strategies to increase food access and their intersection with underserved consumers. In these food hubs we find that serving underserved markets appears to be a secondary priority.
Trends in outpatient MRI seem to reflect recent reimbursement cuts.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether recent reimbursement cuts have resulted in a shift of outpatient MRI from private offices to hospital outpatient departments (HOPDs); and to study office MRI utilization trends among radiologists and other specialists. Methods The Medicare Part B Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files were used. MRI codes were aggregated, and total MRI volumes from 2002 to 2012 were studied. Medicare place-of-service codes were used to identify studies performed in private offices and HOPDs and create trend lines. Specialty codes were used to categorize private office MRI users as radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, other physicians, and independent diagnostic testing facilities. Results Medicare office and HOPD utilization of MRI (all specialties) rose rapidly from 2002 to 2006, reaching 2,727,807 in offices and 2,355,641 in HOPDs. Thereafter, office volume steadily declined, whereas HOPD volume steadily increased. By 2012, more studies were done in HOPDs than in offices. Over the entire period from 2002 and 2012, office MRI volume among radiologists increased 27%, compared with 216% among orthopedic surgeons and 124% among other physicians. Conclusions Although the majority of Medicare outpatient MRI studies had previously been performed in private offices, recent years brought a shift, with more now being performed in HOPDs. This change will increase costs to payers, because reimbursements to HOPDs are generally higher than those to offices. Although radiologists perform the majority of MRI exams that are conducted in private offices, the rate of growth for such exams from 2002 to 2012 was considerably higher among orthopedic surgeons and other physicians than among radiologists.
EIMERIA ACERVULINA INFECTION ELEVATES PLASMA AND MUSCLE 3-METHYLHISTIDINE LEVELS IN CHICKENS

To assess muscle breakdown during avian coccidiosis, the level of the nonmetabolizable amino acid 3-methylhistidine (3MH) was determined in muscle, plasma and excreta from chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. The changes in 3MH levels during infection were assessed at 1–29 days postinoculation (DPI) in animals given 5 × 105 oocysts per bird. The effect of levels of parasitism were evaluated at 8 DPI in birds receiving 5 × 103, 5 × 104, 5 × 105 or 1 × 106 oocysts each. The 3MH levels of plasma, muscle, and excreta samples were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography after derivatization with fluorescamine. Weight gains, breast muscle weight, eviscerated weight, plasma carotenoid levels, dry weight of muscle, and gross lesion scores were also determined. Infected birds had significantly elevated plasma and muscle 3MH at 4 and 8 DPI following a single dose of E. acervulina. The increase in 3MH levels had an inverse relationship with the time course of weight gain and plasma carotenoid levels....
The Importance of Late Quaternary Climate Change and Karst on Distributions of Caribbean Mormoopid Bats

ABSTRACT The bat family Mormoopidae includes three species with distributions in the Caribbean. These taxa—Mormoops blainvillei, Pteronotus parnellii, and P. quadridens—roost predominantly in hot cave chambers where temperatures may reach 40° C and humidity is close to 100%. We tested the hypothesis that mormoopid bat extirpations in this region were due to climatic changes and the loss of suitable cave environments due to flooding caused by sea level rise associated with the late Pleistocene to Holocene (ca. 10 ka) climate change transition. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were developed to estimate the current, mid-Holocene, and Last Glacial Maximum distributions of these three bat species and to assess whether suitable climatic habitat for these taxa had been stable across time in the Caribbean. Additionally, we examined the importance of karst formations (where hot caves typically form) as a predictor for the distributions of Caribbean mormoopid bats. Our results show that mormoopid bat distributions i...
1-(2-Hy­droxy-5-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-3-methyl­but-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C12H14O3, is a natural product derived from the medium-sized hawthorn Crataegus persimilis ('prunifolia'). The mean plane of the butene moiety is twisted by 13.27 (7)° with respect to the that of the dioxobenzaldehyde moiety. There is an intra­molecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl O atom.
Assessment of long-term exposures to toxic substances in air.

Because airborne exposure varies greatly over time and between individual workers, occupational hygienists should adopt sampling strategies which recognize the inherent statistical nature of assessing exposure. This analysis indicates that the traditional practice of testing 'compliance' with occupational exposure limits (OELs) should be discarded. Rather, it is argued that acceptable exposure should be defined with reference to the exposure distribution. Regarding the many statistical issues which come into play, it is concluded that hygienists should continue to apply the log-normal model for summarizing and testing data. However, sampling designs should move away from methods which are biased (e.g. sampling only the worst case) and which rely upon job title and observation as the primary means of assigning workers into groups. Since exposure data often lack independence (e.g. owing to the autocorrelation of serial measurements) and there exist large differences in exposure between workers in the same job group, random sampling designs should be adopted. It is also shown that the relationship between the mean of a log-normal distribution and exposures in the right tail allows one to evaluate simultaneously the mean exposure and the maximum frequency with which exposures exceed the OEL. Investigation of the biological concepts relies heavily upon a conceptual model which depicts the exposure-response continuum as a sequence of time series related to exposure, burden, damage and risk. Analysis of the linkages between these processes identifies two kinetic conditions which are necessary if variability of exposure is to affect appreciably the individual's risk of chronic disease. First, the variation of exposure from interval to interval must be efficiently translated into burden and damage (no damping), and second, during periods of intense exposure the relationship between burden and damage must be non-linear (curving upwards). On the basis of current knowledge it appears that relatively few chronic toxicants satisfy both these conditions. Even for those substances which cause damage only when a threshold is exceeded, a statistical argument suggests that the maximum risk can still be related to the mean exposure received over time. It is concluded that the risk of chronic disease generally depends upon the mean exposure received by the individual worker over time. Thus, the sampling strategy must allow the distribution of individual mean exposures to be characterized across the population at risk. It follows from this paradigm for assessing exposures that relatively little effort should be devoted to the evaluation of short-term 'peak' exposures since such transients are unlikely to exert undue influence on long-term effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Quantitative Structure Property Relationship Studies for Predicting Dust Explosibility Characteristics (Kst, Pmax) of Organic Chemical Dusts

In the chemical process industry, hazardous chemical dusts have recently been the cause of many severe incidents leading to fatalities and injuries. It is important to characterize the hazards posed by dust materials. Thus, in this work the quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) technique has been used to predict the explosibility characteristics (i.e., KSt, Pmax) of chemical dusts. The data set consisted of 31 chemical dusts, further divided into training and test sets. The mathematical models were developed using Material Studio 5.0 software and the genetic function approximation (GFA) algorithm. The final predictive models for the maximum overpressure (Pmax) and dust deflagration index (KSt) are cubic equations with 5 parameters and high correlation coefficients (R2 for the models are 0.96 and 0.91, respectively). The correlations also took into account the effect of the dust particle size by using the median value as a parameter in the developed models. This is essential because dust expl...
Attitudes Toward the Legitimacy of Management Efforts to Influence Employees

Responses of sixty regular Air Force personnel to the Schein-Ott legitimacy questionnaire are compared with earlier responses of labor leaders, university students, and company executives. Rank-ord...
A Denominators' Outcome-space Branch and Bound Algorithm for Solving Linear Fractional Sum Programming Problems

A new branch and bound algorithm is proposed for solving linear fractional sum programming problems and the convergence of the algorithm is proved.In this algorithm,the denominators of the fractions in the target function are as variables to construct outcome space.The super-rectangular which is the Cartesian product of the variables ranges is partitioned.When the number of the decision variables is far greater than the number of fractions,the computation can be reduced significantly.The linear programming relaxation technique is used to determine lower bounds in the proposed algorithm.Numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and effective.
Screening of high arsenic water resourees and prevalence analysis of endemic arsenic poisoning cases in Bengbu City

Objective in order to further ascertain the distribution of high-arsenic water and the prevalence of endemic arsenic poisoning case and provide a basis for disease prevention.Methods Based 2003 and 2005 surveys,disease screening and investigation were conducted in villages surrounding areas of high arsenic and along the Huaihe River.Five different directions i,e.east,west,south,north,center in the villages were selected for the survey.10% water sources were investigated.Residents in the villages with a high level of arsenic in drinking water(more than 0.15mg / L) were all investigated.Results in the 400 water samples,65 water samples exceeded arsenic standard,the highest concentration was up to 0.62mg / L.The average water arsenic was 0.14 mg / L.Average depth of the wells was 24.69 meters.a total of 2411 people were investigated and 157 endemic arsenic poisoning cases were founded.Attack rate was 6.51%.No difference was founded between men and women(χ2= 1.02,P 0.05).Attack rate increased with age(χ.2= 190.84,P0.01).Conclusion High arsenic areas existed along the Huaihe River areas,the causes should be further studied.Water improvement should be implemented as soon as possible in high arsenic and high-prevalence villages.Further research and analysis should be done to clarify the relationship between water and prevalence of arsenic poisoning
Treating childhood leukemia without cranial irradiation.

To the Editor: Pui and colleagues (June 25 issue)1 report a high likelihood of event-free and overall survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with an intensive regimen of intrathecal chemotherapy and systemic drugs that penetrate the central nervous system (CNS). Their goal was to eliminate cranial irradiation and its late toxic effects. Most other trials of treatment for childhood ALL already treat the majority of patients (80% or more) without cranial irradiation, with similarly favorable results. Indeed, only 14% of patients in the study reported on by Pui et al. would have received cranial irradiation in previous trials. In these patients, survival did not appear to be adversely affected by the elimination of irradiation. Although the overall outcome of this trial was favorable, some subgroups of patients remained at high risk for relapse. Also, the acute systemic and CNS toxic effects of the treatment were not insubstantial, and the long-term neurocognitive outcomes are unknown. Before this investigational approach can be considered the standard of care, its consequences should be more thoroughly evaluated, ideally in randomized trials with larger numbers of patients and longer follow-up. Stephen E. Sallan, M.D.
Immune Complexes in Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Bladder cancer patients from 2 different medical centers were examined to establish whether such patients have circulating immune complexes. Four methods of analysis were used: 1) polyethylene glycol precipitation, 2) double crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 3) Raji cell and 4) Clq binding assays. In the first group of 24 patients 17 had positive results on cystoscopy for pathologically defined tumors at the time of the serum sample. Two tested positive for the presence of circulating immune complexes by all 4 techniques and an additional 1 tested positive by 3 of the 4 techniques. In the second group of 54 patients (41 of whom had pathologically definable tumors at sample date) 9 were judged possibly positive by the Raji cell assay, the polyethylene glycol and double crossed immunoelectrophoresis techniques. When tested by the Clq binding assay 8 of the 9 patients were positive, most being in the range of 260 to 320 microgram/ml. immune complex. Combining all data from the 78 patients with bladder cancer the results in 10 cases definitely were positive by all 4 techniques and an additional 2 were positive by 3 techniques. Our data indicate that a low percentage (13 to 15 per cent) of patients with bladder cancer has circulating immune complexes. Of interest is that the complexes, as judged by our assay procedures, bind Clq, contain aggregated IgG and can be dissociated into antigen and antibody. Thus, the immune complexes are similar to those found in immune complex diseases.
Total occlusion of left coronary artery: Incidence and management

From July 1, 1972, to Jan. 1, 1978, 527 patients underwent coronary revascularization. In four (0.76 percent) of these patients arteriography demonstrated total occlusion of the left main coronary artery. The incidence of acquired occlusion of the left coronary artery encountered in the cardiac catheterization laboratory during the same period was 0.17 percent in patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Literature review reveals 13 patients with total occlusion of the left coronary artery, and only seven of these were treated operatively, some with suboptimal results. With an average of three grafts per patient, all four of our patients are in Class I of the New York Heart Association an average of 23 months postoperatively. These patients were dramatically symptomatic preoperatively, and their clinical management in terms of pharmacologic or mechanical intraoperative support was no different from that of patients with critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery. This report documents the incidence of total left coronary artery occlusion encountered in clinical practice. This incidence should not be as rare as the literature review suggests.
Neurocognitive Deficits in Adolescents Born Preterm

Neurocognitive and behavioral outcome at adolescence of 105 infants born very preterm (<33 weeks) was studied and correlated with neonatal ultrasonographic scans and MRI at age 14-15 years, at University College London Medical School, UK.
Optimizing MR Scan Design for Model-Based ${T}_{1}$ , ${T}_{2}$ Estimation From Steady-State Sequences.

Rapid, reliable quantification of MR relaxation parameters T1 and T2 is desirable for many clinical applications. Steady-state sequences such as Spoiled Gradient-Recalled Echo (SPGR) and Dual-Echo Steady-State (DESS) are fast and well-suited for relaxometry because the signals they produce are quite sensitive to T1 and T2 variation. However, T1, T2 estimation with these sequences typically requires multiple scans with varied sets of acquisition parameters. This paper describes a systematic framework for selecting scan types (e.g., combinations of SPGR and DESS scans) and optimizing their respective parameters (e.g., flip angles and repetition times). The method is based on a Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB)-inspired min-max optimization that finds scan parameter combinations that robustly enable precise object parameter estimation. We apply this technique to optimize combinations of SPGR and DESS scans for T1, T2 relaxometry in white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) regions of the human brain at 3T field strength. Phantom accuracy experiments show that SPGR/DESS scan combinations are in excellent agreement with reference measurements. Phantom precision experiments show that trends in T1,T2 pooled sample standard deviations reflect CRB-based predictions. In vivo experiments show that in WM and GM, T1 and T2 estimates from a pair of optimized DESS scans exhibit precision (but not necessarily accuracy) comparable to that of optimized combinations of SPGR and DESS scans. To our knowledge, T1 maps from DESS acquisitions alone are new. This example application illustrates that scan optimization may help reveal new parameter mapping techniques from combinations of established pulse sequences.
Effect of Incubation Temperature on Repair of Heat-Injured Listeria in Milk

Heat-injured Listeria species were examined for their ability to repair in pasteurized whole and 2% (fat) bovine milk. Listeria monocytogenes F5069 (serotype 4B) and F5027 (serotype 1/2a) and Listeria innocua CWD139 were heated at 55°C. After 20 min, 99% of the surviving population was injured as determined by their inability to grow in the presence of 4% NaCl. Bacterial cells were immediately suspended in sterile milk at a concentration of 102 to 103 per ml and incubated at 4, 10, 26 and 37°C. For all of the Listeria tested, repair at 4°C was initiated between days 8 and 10 and was complete between days 16 and 19; at 10°C, repair began immediately and was complete in 4 d; at 26 and 37°C, repair was complete by 13 and 9 h, respectively. The kinetics of repair were similar in whole and 2% (fat) milk. The relationship between the time required for repair and increasing temperature was nonlinear and indicated that repair of heat-injured Listeria in milk is highly sensitive to minor increases in temperature. Current Listeria detection techniques are not adequate for the detection of injured organisms. The public health consequences associated with failure to detect injured L. monocytogenes which subsequently repair in milk may be significant.
Magnetism under the microscope

In 1935 the fictional detective Dick Tracy predicted that "the nation that controls magnetism will control the universe". In accordance with these prophetic words, the field of magnetism has experienced an incredible expansion in both basic and applied research over the past 15 years. Much of this interest has been motivated by a number of factors: the ever-increasing demand for miniaturization; the ability to make nanometre-scale features; the desire for novel materials that exhibit properties not encountered naturally; and by applications such as magnetic sensors, memories and recording heads.
Are winter and breeding bird communities able to track rapid climate change? Lessons from the high North

Aim Climate change is a major threat to biodiversity and a major factor underlying observed shifts in species distribution, abundance and phenology. Research effort on climate change impacts on species has often been based on single-species studies focused on a single season, typically the breeding season, of species life cycles. We test how well winter and breeding bird communities are able to track climate change. Location Finland. Methods We use a dataset consisting of bird counts from the winter and the breeding period spanning over four decades and a 1000 km latitudinal gradient across Finland, Northern Europe. We use the bird count data in combination with a species-specific average temperature index to derive a functional index, the Community Temperature Index (CTI), which provides a measure of the relative temperature average of a community. Results We show that the CTI of the winter bird community (CTIw) in Finland has increased significantly over the past four decades, but not as fast as the average winter temperature. Across Finland, CTIw decreased towards the north and the east of the country and increased with increasing temperature. Further, we show that change in CTI through time (from 1970s–1980s to 2000–2014) was similar between the winter and the breeding communities. Main conclusions Overall, our results suggest that while the winter and breeding bird communities are, to a certain level, tracking increasing temperatures, the magnitude of temperature change is multiple times greater than the magnitude of community shifts. This is particularly true for the winter birds that are facing the most rapid temperature shifts. Our findings shed light on the importance of assessing and eventually addressing the effects of rapid climate warming beyond the breeding season of species life cycles.
Chapter 27 – Mouse Models of Dystonia

There are numerous mouse models of dystonia. Like the expression of dystonia in humans, the expression and etiology of dystonia in mice is heterogeneous. Dystonia in mice may arise as an inherited disorder or may be acquired through experimental manipulation. Therefore, mouse models have been used extensively to investigate the pathophysiology of dystonia. Experimentation in these models has revealed several common themes that provide clues for understanding mechanisms underlying dystonia. First, several mouse models clearly implicate dysfunctional ion homeostasis in dystonia. Next, although studies in humans have traditionally implicated dysfunction of the basal ganglia in dystonia, more recent functional studies in humans have consistently implicated the cerebellum as well. Mouse models clearly implicate dysfunction of both the basal ganglia and cerebellum in dystonia, whereby the models fall into three subtypes: models associated with defects specific to basal ganglia, models associated with defects specific to the cerebellum, and models that implicate a network of dysfunctional brain regions. The concept that dystonia may arise from the basal ganglia or the cerebellum or a complex combination of motor systems appears to have broad general applicability, as both genetic and drug-induced models fall into each of these subtypes. The mouse models illustrate the complexity of the disorder and suggest that focusing on a single brain region or gene may be counterproductive to understanding general pathophysiological principles of motor dysfunction in dystonia patients.
Associations Between Midlife Insomnia Symptoms and Earlier Retirement

Abstract Background Insomnia symptoms are prevalent and associated with impaired health and well-being. However, scant research has investigated whether midlife insomnia symptoms are also associated with earlier retirement, thereby contributing to additional economic consequences. Participants and Methods We analyzed data from a community-based sample of 1635 Wisconsin State employees (51.6% women) that were collected from 1988 until 2014. Study participants were asked about insomnia symptoms (difficulty getting to sleep, difficulty getting back to sleep, repeated nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings) in midlife, with prospective follow-up questions about the specific reasons for retirement between 2010 and 2014. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated longitudinal associations between insomnia symptom measures (ie, each individual insomnia symptom, any insomnia symptom, and number of insomnia symptoms) and rates of retirement. We also investigated reasons for retirement and the potentially mediating role of depression. Results For most of our insomnia measures, after adjusting for confounding variables, we did not find that insomnia symptoms at age 50 years were predictive of earlier overall retirement. One exception is that early morning awakening at age 50 years is associated with an increased rate of overall retirement (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.43). With regard to reason for retirement, we found that all measures of insomnia were associated with increased rates of retirement due to poor health/disability. For example, the presence of at least one insomnia symptom was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.68). We also found evidence that depressive symptoms mediate the association between insomnia symptoms and retirement due to poor health/disability. Discussion Our study finds an association between insomnia symptoms in midlife and retirement due to poor health/disability, whereas there is less compelling evidence between insomnia symptoms and retirement due to other reasons. Future research on insomnia should consider how earlier retirement affects the social and economic consequences of insomnia.
Clinical characteristics of KRAS mutations in NSCLC and their impact on outcomes to first-line chemotherapy.

7588 Background: KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While the impact of EGFR mutations and EML4-alk translocations has been well-described, th...
Function Interface Analysis: A Principled Approach for Function Recognition in COTS Binaries

Function recognition is one of the key tasks in binary analysis, instrumentation and reverse engineering. Previous approaches for this problem have relied on matching code patterns commonly observed at the beginning and end of functions. While early efforts relied on compiler idioms and expert-identified patterns, more recent works have systematized the process using machine-learning techniques. In contrast, we develop a novel static analysis based method in this paper. In particular, we combine a low-level technique for enumerating candidate functions with a novel static analysis for determining if these candidates exhibit the properties associated with a function interface. Both control-flow properties (e.g., returning to the location at the stack top at the function entry point) and data-flow properties (e.g., parameter passing via registers and the stack, and the degree of adherence to application-binary interface conventions) are checked. Our approach achieves an F1-score above 99% across a broad range of programs across multiple languages and compilers. More importantly, it achieves a 4x or higher reduction in error rate over best previous results.
Farce, Romance, Empire: Elizabeth Inchbald And Colonial Discourse

The genre of romance has long been recognized as central to literary developments of the late eighteenth century, especially to what we now know as Romantic poetry and the novel of sentiment.1 In this essay, I want to suggest the complementary importance of farce, the underside of romance, during the same period. Eighteenth-century farce contained the romance urge to remake the world by focusing on the petty aggressions of the players and their unreconstructed physicality. Farces evoked laughter in part through their explicitly mechanical and unrealistic plots: like romance, they relied on the principle of deus ex machina , but with the god removed, so that only the machinery remained. And as late eighteenth-century women novelists began to turn the traditions of romance and sentiment in new directions, so too women playwrights applied the form of farce to issues of gender inequity along with a wide range of other current affairs. More recently, both farce and romance have provided useful tropes for critics concerned with the political landscape of colonialism. In The Rhetoric of English India , Sara Suleri suggests that Anglo-Indian fiction translates colonialism into romance: "In negotiating between the idioms of empire and of nation, the fiction of nineteenth-century Anglo-India seeks to decode the colonized territory through the conventions of romance, reorganizing the materiality of colonialism into a narrative of perpetual longing and perpetual loss."2 This translation of material effects into the intangibility of longing and loss also produces a kind of inner division or self-absence: "'India' becomes the ab-
Mitigation of EMI in a coupled inductors-high boost DC-DC converter by programmed PWM

This paper studies the electromagnetic compatibility in a high gain coupled inductors DC/DC power converter without using electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters. Several harmonic control techniques have been implemented in switched power circuits by researchers. In this paper, an optimized programmed pulse width method by using the heuristic Genetic Algorithm is proposed. The optimization must allow reducing the output voltage EMI of the converter and complying the EMC standard limits. Mathematical description of the optimization method is reported and simulation results are presented.
Delayed silent phoneme monitoring in adults who do and do not stutter

Previous research employed silent phoneme monitoring tasks to examine differences in phonological encoding in adults who stutter (AWS) compared to adults who do not stutter (AWNS). The primary purp...
Advanced Object Oriented Concepts

Three important concepts in object orientation are introduced in this chapter: abstract classes, interfaces, and polymorphism. These are directly related to the concept of inheritance. An abstract class has one or more functions that are not implemented, only their headers are defined. Abstract classes help improve the object-oriented model of the problem by providing only the specifications. An interface is similar to an abstract class and allows the introduction to pure specifications, which involves the complete separation between specification and implementation. Polymorphism is a mechanism that allows more flexibility in the design. It also provides generic programming. With generics, the more general classes are separated from the more specific or concrete classes. This separation helps to enhance reuse of the more general definitions in modeling and in programming.
Diffusion-Limited Aggregation: Recent Developments

The development of the diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model by Witten and Sander1 has stimulated interest in a broad range of non-equilibrium growth and aggregation processes (see references 2–12 for recent books, reviews and conference proceedings). Since that time a wide range of physical realizations of the DLA model has been found including fluid-fluid displacement13 in Hele-Shaw cells14 and porous media15, dielectric breakdown16, electrodeposition17,18 and the dissolution of porous materials19. Brief surveys of these and other applications can be found in references 9 and 20. A variety of theoretical approaches including mean field theories21–24 and position space renormalization models25,26 have been applied to the DLA process. Recently, a variety of promising new ideas have been applied to DLA26–31 and closely related models.32 Despite these advances, we still do not have a widely accepted general theory for DLA though a quite successful theory for noise reduced DLA has been developed.32
Advances in Polymeric Materials for Electromechanical Devices

Electroactive polymers (EAP) provide lightweight and cost-effective materials that enable the next generation of electromechanical devices. Commercial polymers have historically dominated research in EAP devices due to their availability. However, several drawbacks of these materials have limited their commercial applications, necessitating new materials for the commercial success of future EAP devices. This review highlights recent advances in novel EAPs for ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) and dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA). Ion-containing block copolymers and charged segmented condensation polymers demonstrate suitable electromechanical properties competitive with Nafion-based IPMCs. In addition, swelling ionic polymer membranes with free ionic liquid enhances ionic conductivity and promotes electromechanical actuation. Synthetic approaches to increasing permittivity in dielectric elastomers are also explored as a method of producing more efficient DEAs. Incorporating polar functional groups into siloxane and acrylic elastomers through grafting or blending provides high-dielectric elastomers for use in DEAs with low driving voltages.
Low-Power/Low-Voltage Integrated CMOS Sense Resistor-Free Analog Power/Current Sensor Compatible With High-Voltage Switching DC–DC Converter

A sensor circuit to measure the output power of a dc–dc boost for photo-voltaic (PV) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) application is presented. The proposed approach obviates the need for a series current sense resistor and a complex current/voltage digitization and multiplication circuitry required for calculating power. Thereby, this technique does not require analog multipliers, analog-to-digital converters, digital signal processor, and FPGA, thus reducing the bill of material, silicon area, and power consumption of the overall system. Additionally, it provides the dc electrical isolation between the high output voltage of the boost converter and the low-voltage integrated CMOS power sensor circuit. The proposed power sensor circuit is implemented using a switched capacitor differentiator and a voltage-to-time converter. This approach results in lower complexity, lower silicon area, lower power consumption, and lower component count for the overall PV MPPT system. Designed in a 180-nm CMOS process, the circuit can operate with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. It achieves a power sense accuracy of 7.6%, occupies a die area of 0.0519 mm2, and consumes a power of 0.748 mW.
Defending against product-oriented cyber-physical attacks on machining systems

Industry 4.0 and its related technologies (e.g., embedded sensing, internet-of-things, and cyber-physical systems) are promising a paradigm shift in manufacturing automation. However, with a continual increase in device interconnectivity, securing these systems becomes crucial. As these systems evolve, opportunities for cyberattacks extend to include attacks that can physically alter parts (Product-Oriented C2P attacks). Fortunately, since these cyber-physical attacks affect the physical world, there exists potential to detect an attack through its physical manifestation. Typically, in manufacturing, quality control (QC) systems are used to detect quality losses or deviations from nominal. This paper proposes that QC tools can be adapted to act as physical detection layers as part of a defense-in-depth strategy (common IT security strategy) that increases the difficulty/cost required for a successful attack. However, effectively designing physical detection layers requires understanding the extent to which attacks can (and cannot) be designed to avoid detection. In response, this paper proposes a machining specific attack design scheme and an attack design designation system (ADDS) that provides the structure to populate a wide variety of potential attacks. To illustrate the importance of applying a defense-in-depth strategy for machining, a case study is conducted with several realistic attacks against an example machining process that collects in-situ process data. Within this case study, the proposed ADDS is employed to systematically describe how these attacks could be designed to avoid detection. Finally, through this exploration, this paper shows how employing process-domain knowledge to understand the effects of Product-Oriented attacks on process physics can further aid in detection layer designs.
Numerical Modeling of Cutting Forces and Temperature Distribution in High Speed Cryogenic and Flood-cooled Milling of Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract Achieving high material removal rates in machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is challenging due this material’s poor machinability. Thermally- activated tool-wear mechanisms limit tool-life and machining productivity. 3D Finite Element models were developed in DEFORMTM for cryogenic and flood-cooled milling in order to predict the cutting forces and thermal fields generated during machining. The same model was used to determine cutting speeds necessary for high material removal rates at temperatures below the ideal maximum for carbide tools. These simulations revealed that liquid nitrogen application in cryogenic machining reduced cutting temperature by 40%, allowing for longer tool-life and increased machining productivity.