cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of isotopic exchange in reactive fluid-rock systems: Implications for geochronology in metamorphic rocks

Abstract A model is presented that describes diffusive isotopic redistribution in layered fluid-rock systems where the solid and fluid interact by solution-precipitation. The models lead to guidelines for sampling in metamorphic and diagenetically modified rocks that could substantially increase the probability of recovering desired geochronological and geochemical information. The defining parameters of a fluid-rock system are the reaction rate, R, and the effective diffusivity (Deff) of the chemical element in question, the latter a function of ionic diffusivity in the fluid, porosity, and the solid/fluid distribution coefficient. Reactive fluid-rock systems can be uniquely characterized in terms of a wavelength L = 2π(Deff/R)1/2, below which the local equilibrium approximation breaks down. The estimated values of L vary over several orders of magnitude depending on the element of interest and the conditions. For Sr in amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks, for example, LSr is about 1–10 cm, whereas for lower greenschist or zeolite facies rocks LSr, may be 50 m. For oxygen in sedimentary rocks undergoing diagenesis, Lo is greater than 1000 m. The premetamorphic isotopic structure of layered rocks can be conceptualized in terms of a Fourier series representation of isotope ratio vs. distance normal to layering. The effect of metamorphism is to alter the amplitude-wavelength spectrum of the isotopic ratio variations in the solid. Although, in the model transport in the fluid is solely by diffusion, the attenuation of the isotopic variations does not behave like diffusion at all wavelengths. In particular, at wavelengths smaller than L, the rate of isotopic homogenization is limited by the reaction rate rather than the wavelength. The large variability of L in rock systems produces corresponding variability in the effects of isotopic redistribution. The implications of the models are discussed for whole rock and mineral isochrons, porphyroblast-matrix geochronology, and the retrieval of initial isotopic ratios from metamorphic rocks.
Dyslexia: Bridging the Gap between Hearing and Reading

Recent work with dyslexic subjects provides the first empirical evidence linking changes in the brain networks subserving phonological processing to deficits in the matching of speech sounds to their appropriate visual representations.
The general circulation of the atmosphere and its effects on the movement of trace substances. Part 2

The assumption is made that the large-scale mixing properties of the atmosphere are related to the time and spatial variances of the winds. Data on the time standard deviations is presented for levels from the surface to about 75 km based on balloon and rocket soundings. The monthly and year to year variations in the 15–30 km region and the average seasonal variation for the 30–75 km region are examined. An attempt to relate the time and space distributions of some radioactive and airglow tracers to the wind data is made. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00248.x
Fluoxetine versus placebo for the marijuana use of depressed alcoholics

The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine versus placebo for the marijuana use of depressed alcoholics. There are no previous reports involving and SSRI antidepressant for marijuana abuse. This analysis involved a subsample of 22 depressed alcoholic marijuana users out of a total of 51 depressed alcoholics. The entire sample was involved in a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of fluoxetine versus placebo in depressed alcoholics. During the course of the trial, the cumulative number of marijuana cigarettes used was almost 20 times as high in the placebo group as in the fluoxetine group. Also, the number of days of marijuana use during the study was five times higher in the placebo group than in the fluoxetine group. These data suggest efficacy for fluoxetine in decreasing marijuana use of depressed alcoholics.
The fate of magnetically charged black holes

The magnetically charged Reissner-Nordstrom black hole solutions of Maxwell-Einstein theory cannot evaporate completely, because their Hawking temperature tends to zero as their mass to charge ratio approaches unity. This situation changes when these solutions are considered in the context of a non-Abelian gauge theory containing nonsingular magnetic monopoles. If the horizon is sufficiently small, the Reissner-Nordstrom solution develops a classical instability and evolves into a new type of magnetically charged black hole solution. The temperature of these new solutions increases monotonically as the horizon contracts, so that there is no obstacle to the complete evaporation of a magnetically charged black hole.
How familiar are expatriate managers with their subordinates' work values?: the case of Singapore

Examines to what extent Swedish executives are familiar with the work values of their own host country national subordinates in Singapore. Investigates the work values of host country national middle managers who were employed in Swedish subsidiaries in Singapore as well as their Swedish bosses’ perceptions of those values. The results showed a considerable lack of insight on the part of the expatriate managers. Discusses implications for international business and future research.
ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE SPECTRUM OF DIVALENT EUROPIUM IN THORIUM DIOXIDE.

Either 2-MeV electron or $^{60}\mathrm{Co}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ irradiation was employed to reduce trivalent Eu in Th${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to the divalent state. The ESR spectrum of the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ ions could only be observed at temperatures below 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and posessed trigonal symmetry about the four $〈111〉$ axes. The axial crystal field was so strong that only the $|{M}_{J}=\frac{1}{2}〉$ to $|{M}_{J}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}〉$ transition was observed with a highly anisotropic $g$ value (${g}_{\mathrm{II}}=1.9678\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=7.867\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$). Hyperfine structure was resolved but the angular variation was complex because of a nuclear quadrupole interaction that was of the same order of magnitude as the hyperfine interaction. Spin-Hamiltonian constants which describe the ESR spectrum were determined with the use of a computer. Electron irradiation at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K was not successful in producing ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ in isomorphous Ce${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. In addition, crystals of Th${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and Ce${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ doped with trivalent thulium were also electron-irradiated at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, but no change in the Tm valence was detected.
Developmental maturation of primate placental trophoblast: placental cytosolic and secretory phospholipase A2 expression after estrogen suppression of baboons.

We have demonstrated that the baboon placenta expressed the mRNAs and proteins for secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes and that cPLA2 expression increased with advancing gestation in association with the increase in placental estrogen production. To determine whether estrogen regulates placental PLA2 expression, as it does other aspects of syncytiotrophoblast functional differentiation, we compared sPLA2 and cPLA2 mRNA levels in placentas obtained on day 165 of gestation (term = day 184) from baboons that were untreated or treated during the second half of gestation with the aromatase inhibitor CGS 20267 or CGS 20267 and estradiol. Maternal saphenous and uterine vein estradiol levels were reduced (P < 0.05) by approximately 95% by treatment with CGS 20267 and restored by concomitant administration of CGS 20267 and estrogen. However, sPLA2 and cPLA2 mRNA levels expressed as a ratio of β-actin were similar in whole villous placenta from baboons that were untreated or treated with CGS 20267 or CGS 20267 plus estrogen. PLA2 expression in an enriched fraction of nontrophoblast cells of the baboon placenta was also not altered by CGS 20267 treatment. Collectively these findings indicate that placental cPLA2 and sPLA2 expression is not estrogen-dependent. Because estrogen has been shown to regulate other aspects of placental steroidogenesis, we suggest that the regulatory role of estrogen on syncytiotrophoblast functional maturation is specific.
Geriatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Phenotypic Presentation, Treatment Patterns, Nutritional Status, Outcomes, and Comorbidity

The U.S. population is aging and the burden of geriatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients has increased. Systematic data describing phenotypic presentation, treatment regimens, outcomes and comorbidities in elderly IBD patients is limited. We performed a retrospective observational study of IBD patients age ≥65 followed in a 20-hospital system to determine patterns of phenotypic presentation, treatment, polypharmacy, nutritional status and comorbidity. Data were extracted from electronic medical record based on ICD-9 coding/indexed terms on Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. A total of 393 geriatric IBD patients were identified (49.1% males; 50.9% females; 61.8% UC; 38.2% CD; 73.4 ± 6.6 years old). Younger age at diagnosis of CD (≤64) was associated with greater prevalence of small bowel surgeries (63.6%) compared with those diagnosed after age ≥65 (20.9%) (p < 0.005). Fistulizing/penetrating disease was frequent in patients diagnosed with CD at a younger age (43.6% compared to 7%) (p < 0.005). IBD maintenance treatment included: 44% 5-ASA agents; 31.6% maintenance prednisone (defined as ≥6 months treatment duration); 4.8% steroid suppositories; 5.6% 6MP/azathioprine; 1.3% methotrexate; 1.3% adalimumab; 1.3% infliximab; 9.4% loperamide/diphenoxylate/atropine; 0.5% had no IBD medications. Longer duration of CD disease correlated with vitamin B12, vitamin D and iron deficiency. Geriatric patients diagnosed with CD earlier in life had greater small bowel involvement compared with new onset geriatric CD. There is low utilization of immunomodulator and biologic agents in geriatric IBD patients. Duration of CD correlates with nutrient deficiency. Prospective studies are warranted in this respect.
Development of ZnSexTe1-x p-type contacts for high efficiency tandem structures

Abstract With a band gap of 1.7 eV CdSe is a near-ideal top cell for a tandem solar cell using CuInxGa1 − xSe2 (CIGS) as the bottom cell. We and others have demonstrated that CdSe has excellent electronic properties that should result in efficiencies of 18%. The primary obstacle to meeting that objective is low Voc due to not having an effective p-contact. We have made some progress in this regard with ZnSe and ZnTe, but each has limitations that limit Voc below the needed 1+ V. ZnSe is not easily doped p-type, and ZnTe's valence band is not as low as desired. In our recent work we have been combining the two binaries to try to get around these limitations. Films are deposited using conventional co-evaporation to be consistent with manufacturing constraints for solar cells. In one approach we are forming the ternary ZnSexTe1 − x. While giving up a bit of ZnSe's favorable valence band location, we hope to enhance dopability. One of the difficulties that we encountered was maintaining stoichiometry for our targeted Te/Se ratio of 1.0. Such films are typically Zn-rich and not dopable. We found deposition techniques that allow access to stoichiometric films with the desired ratio and have measured modest conductivity. We are also investigating superlattice structures as another way of combining the properties of the binaries. This approach avoids competition between the group VI elements during deposition allowing more control over stoichiometry. However, an added difficulty is posed by the activated N dopant environment in the chamber in that it enhances loss of Te during deposition. The superlattice approach provides means of compensation and is producing stoichiometric films, but conductivity is not yet evident.
Is peritoneal drainage necessary in childhood perforated appendicitis?—A comparative study

Abstract Purpose/Background In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of peritoneal drainage (PD) on postoperative infective complications in cases with perforated appendicitis. Method One hundred nine patients (with PD) were evaluated retrospectively and 117 cases (with no drainage [ND]) were evaluated prospectively regarding complications like wound infection (WI), intraabdominal abscess (IAA), and small bowel obstruction caused by adhesions (SBO) in perforated appendicitis cases. The abdomen was irrigated with isotonic NaCl solution and the wounds were closed primarily in all patients. Results The total number of patients was 226 (male, 66.4%; female, 33.6%), with a mean age of 8.6 ± 3.4 years (range, 1-15 years). The WI rates in PD and ND groups were 28.4% to 16.2%, respectively. The ratio of IAA in the PD group was 12.8% which decreased to 3.4% in the ND group. The difference was statistically significant ( P P Conclusions As a result of this study, we recommend that peritoneal drainage should be abandoned in childhood appendicitis.
Gravity surveys in Utah

Since 1955 the University of Utah has made gravity surveys throughout Utah in a continuing program to compile a gravity map of the entire state. The field work, compilation, and interpretation of data have been done chiefly by Geophysics graduate students and faculty with financial support provided by various federal, state, and private agencies. The present paper summarizes the progress and results of these surveys since the last similar summary [Cook, 1965]. The earlier paper gave the objectives and results of the gravity surveys over many of the rift valleys in northern Utah.
Efficient Estimation of a System of Regression Equations when Disturbances are Both Serially and Contemporaneously Correlated

Abstract This paper considers the problem of obtaining efficient estimates for the parameters of a system of M regression equations. The disturbance terms of this system are assumed to be related by both serial and contemporaneous correlation. Under the further assumption that the serial correlation is a first order autoregressive process, the paper develops an estimator that is consistent and has the same asymptotic normal distribution as the Aitken estimator which assumes the covariance matrix to be known. The paper concludes with a discussion of some alternative covariance specifications and points out certain difficulties with the standard single equation procedures for handling auto-regressive schemes.
Effect of dextranase on plaque formation and caries development in the rat.

— Plaque formation and caries development were studied in 0-M rats fed Diet 2000 and infected with S. mutans 6715 and fecal flora from older caries-active rats. Merck dextranase, Beckman dextranase or Beckman glucanase 447 were administered singly or in combination to groups of 12 rats either as an addition to the diet or as a “mouthwash” twice daily, 5 d per week. All enzymes studied were associated with significant inhibition of both plaque formation and caries development, especially on the buccal and lingual surfaces.
Trace Element Contaminants in Sediments From the Noaa National Status and Trends Programme Compared to Data From Throughout the World

Abstract The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Status and Trends (NS&T) Programme has analyzed samples of surface sediment collected at almost 300 coastal and estuarine sites throughout the United States since 1984. the overall distributions for concentrations of each element are approximately lognormal allowing a definition of geometric means and of “high” concentrations as those exceeding the mean plus one standard deviation of the lognormal distribution. Those mean and “high” concentrations should be useful for comparing the NS&T data set and with other reports on sediment contamination. A world-wide data set, constructed from data in the literature, was summarized in an identical manner. It was found, after excluding locally extreme values, that the NS&T and world-wide data sets yielded very similar mean and “high” concentrations for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Chromium was the sole element showing higher summary statistics in the NS&T data set, a result attributed to NS&T sampl...
Veteran-Students in Transition at a Midwestern University.

Abstract One of the fastest-growing subpopulations of nontraditional college students is military veterans who enroll in institutions of higher education following their returns from deployment. Although much research has been conducted on veteran-students, much of that work has focused on issues such as veterans’ finances or academic achievement, rather than the individuals’ transitions from deployment to student life. Prior to the 2008 passage of the Post-9/11 GI Bill, only 22% of institutions offered transition assistance to veteran-students; four years later, that figure has dramatically grown to 37%. Due to the rapidly increasing interest in transition assistance among student-veteran service providers, it is clear that more research is needed on these transitions. Six veteran-students at a large research university in the Midwest were interviewed using a qualitative case study approach. Subjects’ responses were then analyzed within the framework provided by Schlossberg's Transition Theory. The influ...
The kinetics of alpha-decay-induced amorphization in zircon and apatite containing weapons-grade plutonium or other actinides

Abstract Zircon and apatite form as actinide host phases in several high-level waste forms and have been proposed as host phases for the disposition of excess weapons-grade Pu and other actinides. Additionally, closely-related structure types appear as actinide-bearing phases among the corrosion products of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste glasses. Self-radiation damage from α-decay of the incorporated Pu or other actinides can affect the durability and performance of these actinide-bearing phases. For both zircon and apatite, these effects can be modeled as functions of storage time and repository temperature and validated by comparison with data from natural occurrences. Natural zircons and apatites, with ages up to 4 billion years, provide abundant evidence for their long-term durability because of their wide spread use in geochronology and fission-track dating. Detailed studies of natural zircons and apatites, 238 Pu -containing zircon, a 244 Cm -containing silicate apatite, and ion-irradiated zircon, natural apatite and synthetic silicate apatites provide a unique basis for the analysis of α-decay effects over broad time scales. Models for α-decay effects in zircon and apatite are developed that show α-decay of Pu and other actinides will lead to a crystalline-to-amorphous transformation in zircon, but not in apatite, under conditions typical of a repository, such as the Yucca Mountain site.
Atomoxetine for Hyperactivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial

ABSTRACT Objective To explore placebo-controlled efficacy and safety of atomoxetine (ATX) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Method Children ages 5 to 15 with ASD and prominent ADHD symptoms were randomly assigned to order in a crossover of clinically titrated ATX and placebo, 6 weeks each, separated by 1-week washout. Slopes for each condition were compared by paired t test. Results In 2004-2005, 12 boys and 4 girls (7 with autistic disorder, 1 Asperger's, 8 pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified) all completed at least 3 weeks of each condition. On the primary outcome, the Hyperactivity subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist, ATX was superior to placebo ( p =.043, effect size d = 0.90). It was also superior on a 0 to 3 rating of nine DSM-IV ADHD hyperactive/impulsive symptoms ( p =.005, d = 1.27), but missed significance on nine inattentive symptoms ( p =.053, d = 0.89). Nine subjects responded to ATX, four to placebo (25% improvement on the Hyperactivity subscale plus Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement of 1-2. One was rehospitalized for recurrent violence on ATX. Adverse events were otherwise tolerable, with no tendency to stereotypy. Conclusions ATX appears safe and effective for treating hyperactivity in some children with autism spectrum disorders. The effect appears as large as in a multisite methylphenidate trial in the same population, with fewer intolerable side effects. Further study in autism spectrum disorders is indicated.
Inhibition of Interleukin-12 p40 Transcription and NF-κB Activation by Nitric Oxide in Murine Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

Nitric oxide (NO), an important effector molecule of the innate immune system, can also regulate adaptive immunity. In this study, the molecular effects of NO on the toll-like receptor signaling pathway were determined using interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an immunologically relevant target gene. The principal conclusion of these experiments is that NO inhibits IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) activity and attenuates the molecular interaction between tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 and IRAK. As a consequence, the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-12 p40 mRNA expression, protein production, and promoter activity in murine macrophages, dendritic cells, and the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Splenocytes from inducible nitric-oxide synthase-deficient mice demonstrate markedly increased IL-12 p40 protein and mRNA expression compared with wild type splenocytes. The inhibitory action of NO on IL-12 p40 is independent of the cytokine IL-10. The effects of NO can be directly attributed to inhibition of NF-kappaB activation through IRAK-dependent pathways. Accordingly, SNAP strongly reduces LPS-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding to the p40 promoter and inhibits LPS-induced IkappaB phosphorylation. Similarly, NO attenuates IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation. These experiments provide another example of how an innate immune molecule may have a profound effect on adaptive immunity.
Horizontal merger: Pivotal buyers and bargaining power

Abstract Under the assumption of a symmetric Nash equilibrium, Raskovich [Raskovich, A., 2003. Pivotal Buyers and Bargaining Position. Journal of Industrial Economics 51, 405–426.] suggests that becoming “pivotal” via merger worsens a merging buyer's bargaining position. We generalize the pivotal buyer model to allow for an asymmetric division of the surplus among firms. We show that a merging buyer's bargaining position increases post-merger if a bargaining power effect dominates a pivotal buyer effect. This result may be of interest to antitrust and regulatory agencies.
Congenital muscular dystrophy associated with merosin deficiency.

"Classic" congenital muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by early-onset muscle weakness and hypotonia, absence of overt cerebral or ocular symptoms, and muscle p...
Therapeutic inhibition of the Janus kinases

Since the success of imatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, tyrosine kinaseinhibitors have been shown to be both efficacious and well tolerated despite absolute specificityfor a single kinase. Consequently, multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been approved andmany more are in development. The JAK family of tyrosine kinases consists of 4 cytoplasmicproteins, which are obligatorily required for Type I/II cytokine receptors to signal and activateintracellular signaling pathways. They are critical for the function of over 60 cytokines and aretherefore attractive targets for the generation of new immunomodulatory and oncology drugs.
Impact of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration on lymph node staging in patients with esophageal carcinoma

Abstract Background: Preoperative identification of lymph node metastases associated with esophageal carcinoma may influence treatment. EUS is the most accurate method for locoregional staging of these tumors. The impact of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) on lymph node staging in esophageal carcinoma is unclear. Methods: From May 1996 to May 1999, 74 patients with esophageal carcinoma underwent preoperative EUS. After October 1998 EUS-guided FNA was performed on nonperitumoral lymph nodes greater than 5 mm in width. The results of EUS with and without FNA were retrospectively reviewed and compared. Final diagnosis was based on surgical results or EUS-guided FNA malignant cytology. Ten of the 74 patients had to be excluded for lack of lymph node stage confirmation. Final diagnosis was obtained in the remaining 64 patients (33 from the EUS only group and 31 from the EUS-FNA group). Results: The results of EUS versus EUS-FNA for lymph node staging were sensitivity 63% versus 93% ( p = 0.01), specificity 81% versus 100% (not significant), and accuracy 70% versus 93% ( p = 0.02), respectively. Complications comprised 1 patient who developed self-limited bleeding after dilation that did not preclude completion of the EUS (1%, 95% CI [0%, 7%]). Conclusions: EUS-FNA is more sensitive and accurate than EUS alone for preoperative staging of locoregional and celiac lymph nodes associated with esophageal carcinoma. EUS-FNA of nonperitumoral lymph nodes in patients with esophageal carcinoma is safe and should be routinely performed when treatment decisions will be affected by nodal stage. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:751-7.)
The Effect of Supplemental Dietary Fat on Plasma Cholesterol Levels in Lovastatin-Treated Hypercholesterolemic Patients

Study Objective. A validation study was conducted first to test assumptions about the effect of saturated and unsaturated dietary fat supplements. The second study was conducted to determine the effect on blood cholesterol levels of saturated and unsaturated fat supplements in patients who followed a low-fat diet and were administered lovastatin. Design. Randomized, crossover design, with three periods in the first study and four in the second study, each lasting 6 weeks. Setting. Cholesterol Research Center. Patients. The first study evaluated adults with total cholesterol levels between 200 and 280 mg/dl (5.172 and 7.241 mmol/L). The second study included adults with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels above 160 mg/dl (4.138 mmol/L). Interventions. Fat supplements with either coconut or canola oil were delivered to patients in oatmeal-raisin cookies. Measurements and Main Results. In the validation study, patients' mean prerandomization total cholesterol level of 222 mg/dl was reduced to 213 mg/dl with canola oil and increased to 233 mg/dl with coconut oil cookies (p=0.0038). In the second study the mean prerandomization total cholesterol level of 214 mg/dl was decreased to 199 mg/dl with canola oil and to 208 mg/dl with coconut oil cookies (p=0.2342). The LDL cholesterol levels changed in a similar fashion in both studies. Conclusions. Changes in total and LDL cholesterol levels in the validation study were expected based on established effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but changes in these levels in lovastatin-cookie study were not expected. They could have occurred because lovastatin reversed the effect of saturated fats and enhanced the effect of unsaturated fats. Alternatively, they may have been due to enhanced bioavailability of lovastatin when administered with a high-fat diet. These findings must be confirmed.
Sonochemical Degradation Rates of Volatile Solutes

We report degradation rates of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethenes -- spanning the range of Henry's law constants 0.9 ≤ H/(atm M^(-1)) ≤ 24.5 -- in water solutions sonicated at f = 205, 358, 618, and 1078 kHz. First-order degradation rate constants, k-X, vary as k_(-X) ∼ H_X^(0.30±0.03) at all frequencies, change with f by less than a factor of 2 in this range, and peak at about 600 kHz for all species. We show that experimental rates are consistent with (1) complete decomposition of the solute contained in collapsing bubbles, (2) about 15% ultrasound power efficiency for transient cavitation, and (3) a rather flat N(R_o) ∝ R_o^n,n ∼ 0, initial radius bubble distribution under continuous sonication. The solute content of collapsing bubbles is composed of the equilibrated vapor at R_o, plus the amount incorporated by diffusion from the surrounding solution during the acoustically driven expansion from R_o to R_(max), the maximum radius attained prior to collapse. The finding that k_(-X)'s decline above 600 kHz is ascribed to the fact that increasingly smaller bubbles collapse at rates reaching a limiting value at sufficiently high frequencies.
On the scaling laws for bubbling gas-fluidized bed dynamics

Abstract In a bubbling gas-fluidized bed, some of the forces acting on the fluid may be neglected when compared with the force of interaction between the fluid and the particles. In addition, if one considers only the bulk movement of the particles, rather than the motion of individual particles, the difference between inertial and viscous contributions to the total drag force may become insignificant. It is shown in this paper that under these conditions the general similarity criteria can be reduced to two or three dimensionless groups. Furthermore, experiments conducted in two two-dimensional fluidized beds of different sizes confirm the validity of the simplified similarity relations derived in this work.
An integration model for organizing IT service management

To develop an architecture for information technology service management (ITSM) and design integrated solutions, it is necessary to establish a common understanding of the key conceptual domains involved in delivering IT services-organization, process, tools, and technology-and how they interrelate. This paper presents an integration model for ITSM practitioners. The model is a framework for organizing the assets that constitute an ITSM design. Using this framework, an organization can document the available set of IT services offered and understand how they are composed from finer-grained services delivered by internal or external providers. Different service designs are supported, depending on the service requirements and organizational context. This integration model is applicable to both in-house IT organizations and IT service providers, regardless of industry or size of enterprise. It may be used by management software vendors to describe the capabilities of their ITSM offerings and to align those with the needs of different customers, by consultants and integrators to develop engagement materials and solution offerings, and by IT service delivery organizations to document their service designs.
Mathematics and computer science: coping with finiteness

By presenting these examples, I have tried to illustrate four main points. 1) Finite numbers can be really enormous, and the known universe is very small. Therefore the distinction between finite and infinite is not as relevant as the distinction between realistic and unrealistic. 2) In many cases there are subtle ways to solve very large problems quickly, in spite of the fact that they appear at first to require examination of too many possibilities. 3) There are also cases where we can prove that a fairly natural problem is intrinsically hard, far beyond our conceivable capabilities. 4) It takes a good deal of skill to decide whether a given problem is in the easy or hard class; but even if a problem does turn out to be hard there are useful and interesting ways to change it into one that can be done satisfactorily.
A site selection model for high technology manufacturing firms in the United States

This article offers a quantitative model for site selection by high technology manufacturing firms. In the past, site selection studies have usually been qualitative in nature, and very subjective. This is an attempt to introduce a more objective quantitative approach. The site selection factors most important to high technology manufacturing firms were identified, ranked and weighted based on a US Joint Economic Committe survey of such firms. The eight most important factors were: the availability of technical and professional workers, labor costs, tax climate, academic institutions, cost of living, transportation for people, and access to markets. Demographic data on these factors were collected and analyzed for 32 developing high technology areas in the United States. By using the quantitative model, a score was developed for each area, allowing them to be ranked as R & D manufacturing environments. This model should prove a useful tool for both regional planners and high-tech companies seeking to relocate.
The Value of Various Feeds as Sources of Arginine, Histidine, Lysine and Threonine for Poultry

Abstract IN A previous paper (Schweigert, 1947) the leucine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine contents of various feed materials used in rations for poultry were presented. Data were also obtained on the variability in the values for different samples of some of the feeds and on the values for certain poultry rations calculated from data on the individual ingredients and determined by actual analysis. This work has been extended and similar data have been obtained for arginine, histidine, lysine, and threonine. Microbiological methods have been used throughout for the amino acid analyses and a comparison of the analytical data with the reported amino acid requirements of poultry has been made. EXPERIMENTAL Some of the samples used in earlier work were used in the present investigations. In addition several other samples of the same feed materials as well as samples of different feeds were included. Determinations of arginine, histidine and threonine were made . . .
The use of clip-suture in thoracic sympathectomy: Technical note

✓ A technique is described for using a clip-suture to expedite handling of the divided sympathetic chain in a deep, small upper-thoracic exposure. No late failures were experienced in 23 patients with hyperhydrosis surgically treated using this technique.
Characterization of human cytochromes P450 involved in theophylline 8-hydroxylation

Abstract Studies were undertaken to determine which human P450 enzymes catalyze the metabolism of theophylline to 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DU), to facilitate predictions of theophylline drug-drug interactions, and to develop a noninvasive test for human P4501A2. Microsomes from a human cell line transfected individually with human P450 cDNAs for P4501A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4 were used to demonstrate that only P4501A2 exhibited catalytic activity for theophylline metabolism to 1,3-DU with high affinity and low capacity (Km = 0.6 mM, Vmax = 37.8, pmol/min/mg), while P4502D6, 2E1, and 3A4 (m = 14.4, 19.9, and 25.1 mM, respectively, and max = 219.8, 646.4, and 20.8 pmol/min/mg, respectively) exhibited activities with low affinity and variable capacities. Correlations of rates of theophylline 8-hydroxylation to 1,3-DU with other P450 form-specific activities, in a series of ten human liver microsomal preparations, at 5 and 40 mM theophylline concentrations, revealed that at low concentrations the metabolism was catalyzed primarily by P4501A2, while at high substrate concentrations P4502E1 was primarily responsible for catalysis. The results with individually expressed P450s and hepatic microsomal preparations were consistent, indicating that the former system provides a qualitatively accurate reflection of the function of the heterogeneously expressed liver P450s. At pharmacologic theophylline concentrations achieved in vivo, its metabolism must thus be catalyzed primarily by P4501A2.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Mathematical Computational Abilities of New Hampshire's Eighth and Tenth Graders, 1963-1967

In the fall of 1963, the Test Service and Advisement Center conducted the sixth consecutive yearly statewide testing program at Grade 8 for the New Hampshire State Department of Education. It consisted of a mental abilities test, the Otis Quick-Scoring Test, Gamma, Form Fm, and the Metropolitan Advanced Battery, Form Bm. In the report for 1963, Durost stated that the median raw score for the state of New Hampshire in arithmetic computation was 34 raw score points (grade equivalent of 8.8). This was consistent with a pattern that had been established for some years; New Hampshire, in its eighth-grade testing program, was above the national norm in achievement in arithmetic computation. In 1964 the median raw score dropped to 31, a grade equivalent of 8.3. In the annual report, Durost stated:
Unitary analysis of “projected” epileptiform discharges

Abstract 1. 1. Epileptogenic foci have been induced in the cortex of 33 cats (25 cerveau isole preparations, eight under barbiturate anesthesia), by means of local application of penicillin or strychnine. The activity of cortical units at the site of the focus was then compared with that of units located in the contralateral homologous region. 2. 2. Characteristic features were found which seem to differentiate, at the neuronal level, a local from a projected epileptic process. In the latter: (a) a substantially smaller number of units are activated, and (b) their firing pattern seldom consists of high frequency bursts of spikes. 3. 3. These findings are discussed in relation to interpretation and functional significance of similar events in the field of clinical EEG.
Trace-driven optimization of networks-on-chip configurations

Networks-on-chip (NoCs) are becoming increasingly important in general-purpose and application-specific multi-core designs. Although uniform router configurations are appropriate for general-purpose NoCs, router configurations for application-specific NoCs can be non-uniformly optimized to application-specific traffic characteristics. In this paper, we specifically consider the problem of virtual channel (VC) allocation in application-specific NoCs. Prior solutions to this problem have been average-rate driven. However, average-rate models are poor representations of real application traffic, and can lead to designs that are poorly matched to the application. We propose an alternate trace-driven paradigm in which configuration of NoCs is driven by application traces. We propose two simple greedy trace-driven VC allocation schemes. Compared to uniform allocation, we observe up to 51% reduction in the number of VCs under a given average packet latency constraint, or up to 74% reduction in average packet latency with same number of VCs. Our results suggest that average-rate driven methods cannot effectively select appropriate links for VC allocation because they fail to consider the impact of traffic bursts. As a case study, we compare our proposed approach with an existing average-rate driven method [9] and observe up to 35% reduction in the number of VCs for a given target latency.
Regathering the Imagined Audience: Shifting Strategies at a Trans-European Public Television Channel

Based on fifteen months of fieldwork with television and new media producers at the transnational “European” public television channel, ARTE, this article describes the ways in which staff are in t...
Optimal Ordering of Projections using Permutation Matrices and Angles between Projection Subspaces

This paper addresses the topic of the order of projection views when they are iteratively processed in a view-by-view manner. We investigate the 2D reconstruction problem with several processing order strategies. Numerical experiments giving a comparison of these strategies are presented.
Availability and quality of paraffin blocks identified in pathology archives: A multi-institutional study by the Shared Pathology Informatics Network (SPIN)

Shared Pathology Informatics Network (SPIN) is a tissue resource initiative that utilizes clinical reports of the vast amount of paraffin-embedded tissues routinely stored by medical centers. SPIN has an informatics component (sending tissue-related queries to multiple institutions via the internet) and a service component (providing histopathologically annotated tissue specimens for medical research). This paper examines if tissue blocks, identified by localized computer searches at participating institutions, can be retrieved in adequate quantity and quality to support medical researchers. Four centers evaluated pathology reports (1990–2005) for common and rare tumors to determine the percentage of cases where suitable tissue blocks with tumor were available. Each site generated a list of 100 common tumor cases (25 cases each of breast adenocarcinoma, colonic adenocarcinoma, lung squamous carcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma) and 100 rare tumor cases (25 cases each of adrenal cortical carcinoma, gastro-intestinal stromal tumor [GIST], adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mycosis fungoides) using a combination of Tumor Registry, laboratory information system (LIS) and/or SPIN-related tools. Pathologists identified the slides/blocks with tumor and noted first 3 slides with largest tumor and availability of the corresponding block. Common tumors cases (n = 400), the institutional retrieval rates (all blocks) were 83% (A), 95% (B), 80% (C), and 98% (D). Retrieval rate (tumor blocks) from all centers for common tumors was 73% with mean largest tumor size of 1.49 cm; retrieval (tumor blocks) was highest-lung (84%) and lowest-prostate (54%). Rare tumors cases (n = 400), each institution's retrieval rates (all blocks) were 78% (A), 73% (B), 67% (C), and 84% (D). Retrieval rate (tumor blocks) from all centers for rare tumors was 66% with mean largest tumor size of 1.56 cm; retrieval (tumor blocks) was highest for GIST (72%) and lowest for adenoid cystic carcinoma (58%). Assessment shows availability and quality of archival tissue blocks that are retrievable and associated electronic data that can be of value for researchers. This study serves to compliment the data from which uniform use of the SPIN query tools by all four centers will be measured to assure and highlight the usefulness of archival material for obtaining tumor tissues for research.
Opportunistic enteroviral meningoencephalitis: an unusual treatable complication of rituximab therapy.

A 42-year-old Caucasian male presented in July 2006 with bulky stage IIIA diffuse large B cell lymphoma (CD20+) with an international prognostic index of 2. He was started on chemoimmunotherapy wit...
Biomedical engineering in the 1970s: Institutional expansion

A survey and synthesis of biomedical literature from the 1970s chronicles incredible institutional expansion across the country (110 schools in 41 states) and reveal two general themes: (1) reflection and concern over sustained growth; (2) and educational standards. Within the above historic setting presenters from 5 schools who began programs then were tendered four general questions: (i) How did you envision your research in the founding years: further definition of a new area or extending established paths; what training would be required? (ii) How did the ideas in (i) define this area of research in your institution and the discipline as a whole? (iii) What was the nature of the clinical aspects of the research? What were the early cooperative research/clinical efforts? (iv) What were the developing research interests crucial to institutionalization? How did you argue that biomedical engineering added a new and important component to existing curriculum?.
Worst Case Stress Conditions for Hot Carrier Induced Degradation of p-Channel SOI MOSFETs

In this paper a comprehensive study of the worst case hot carrier stress conditions for p-channel partially depleted SOI MOSFETs is carried out. It is found that while stress at maximum gate current results to the conventional PMOSFET degradation mechanism (i.e., electron trapping in the gate oxide on the drain side), significant damage is also introduced following stress at the high gate/high drain voltage (V G = V D ) condition. A series of experiments unambiguously demonstrate that this damage is not caused by hot hole injection and that device degradation mechanism at V G = V D stress condition (formation of interface states and positive oxide charges) is in fact due to negative bias temperature instability which is activated because of the self-heating effect. In addition, stress at high temperature is found to result in a shift of the worst case stress condition from maximum gate current to V G = V D .
A performance study of two wavelet-based edge detectors

Experimental performances of Mallat-Zhong wavelet edge detector and a specially constructed SDD wavelet edge detector were studied. It was observed that the former performed better in terms of lower false recognition rate and lower false detection rate, but both have similar localization performance. >
Identification, molecular cloning and expression of an α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase gene from Clostridium perfringens

The Clostridium perfringens gene encoding the previously characterized α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (αNAG) was identified by protein microsequencing and database searching. The αNAG protein, designated AagA, was found to be encoded by a hypothetical gene of unknown function in the recently completed genome sequence of C. perfringens strain 13. The deduced translation product of 629 amino acid residues possessed a region of limited homology to several hypothetical open reading frames, an enterotoxin of unknown function and several known or predicted α-galactosidases, but did not exhibit homology to any of the multiple sequenced eukaryotic αNAG proteins. The C. perfringens aagA gene, encoding AagA, was cloned in an Escherichia coli T7 expression system, resulting in recombinants exhibiting high-level expression of the expected αNAG activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the cloning and expression of a bacterial αNAG-encoding gene and represents an important step in the development of recombinant αNAG as a tool in the enzymatic conversion of blood group antigens.
Optical Properties and Application of Uranium-based Thin Films for the Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray Region

Uranium oxide and uranium nitride thin films reflect significantly more than all previously known/standard reflectors (e.g., nickel, gold, and iridium) for most of the 4-10 nm range at low angles of incidence. This work includes measurements of the EUV/soft x-ray (2-20 nm) reflectance of uranium-based thin films (~20 nm thick) and extraction of their optical constants (δ and β). We report the reflectances at 5, 10, and 15 degrees grazing incidence of air-oxidized sputtered uranium, reactively sputtered (O2) uranium oxide, and reactively sputtered (N2) uranium nitride thin films measured at Beamline 6.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Additionally, we report optical constants of reactively sputtered uranium oxide at nine wavelengths from 4.6 to 17.5 nm derived from ALS angle-scan reflectance measurements. We also report optical constants of uranium nitride at 13 and 14 nm. We compare the reflectance of these uranium-compound thin films to gold, nickel (and nickel oxide), and iridium thin films from 2.5 to 11.6 nm. These metal thin films were chosen for comparison due to their wide use in EUV/soft x-ray applications as low-angle, thin-film reflectors. The uranium compounds can exhibit some surface oxidation in ambient air. There are important discrepancies between UO2’s and UN’s actual thin-film reflectance with those predicted from tabulated optical constants of the elemental constituents of the compounds. These differences are also demonstrated in the optical constants we report. Uranium-based optics applications have important advantages for zone plates, thin-film reflectors, and filters.