cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A second-generation model for cooling tower plume rise and dispersion—I. Single sources

Abstract A second-generation verified integral model for single-source cooling tower plume dispersion is presented. The formulation of the model contains more physics than other contemporary integral models. Its predictions are compared with 59 field data cases and with 47 laboratory data cases, as well as with the predictions of several other models known to yield relatively accurate results. For single-source data, the model performs as well as the two most accurate integral models from the group of 14 we have tested. However, unlike those other two models, the model developed by Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Illinois (the ANL/UI model) is formulated to predict plumes from multiple sources also. For field data, the model is able to predict visible plume rise within a factor of 2.0 in 75% of cases, and visible plume length within a factor of 2.5 in 70% of cases. For laboratory data, the mean error in trajectory predictions is 20% of rise, and the mean error in dilution predictions is 30%. For one-dimensional integral models these are now state-of-the-art levels of predictive accuracy.
Receiving efficiency of monostatic pulsed coherent lidars. 2: Applications.

Using the theory developed in Part 1, the receiving efficiency as a function of range, η(z), is calculated under different conditions for the NOAA/ERL/Wave Propagation Laboratory CO2 Doppler lidar. Theoretical analyses, numerical calculations, and experimental measurements are carried out to quantify the sensitivity of η(z) to transmitted laser beam quality, telescope focal setting, telescope power, scanner astigmatism, LO beam divergence, and system misalignment. These results bring insight to the design of practical coherent lidar systems.
Follicle deviation and diurnal variation in circulating hormone concentrations in mares

Abstract The temporal relationships between follicle deviation and systemic hormone concentrations were studied in mares. Blood samples were obtained at 01:00, 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00h from nine mares throughout an interovulatory interval. Diurnal variation in progesterone occurred on Days 4–12 and in LH on Days 4 and 5; the lowest concentration for both hormones was at 13:00h. Ultrasonically observed deviation in the ovulatory follicular wave began on Day 15.7±0.5 (ovulation=Day 0). An increase ( P P P P
On the Film Cooling Effectiveness Controversy

A relationship between isothermal and adiabatic film cooling effectiveness has been derived. Data from the open literature have been used to validate this relationship. This effectively uncouples short duration techniques from the concept of isothermal effectiveness. Thus, it allows the experimenter the freedom to choose between steady-state and short duration techniques as a means of acquiring data. Once acquired, the data can be used in either approach. The criterion for choice thus becomes the rigor of the modeling of flow conditions. Reynolds numbers, Prandtl numbers, boundary layer parameters and temperature ratios have to be rigorously modeled if heat fluxes are to be accurate. Under these conditions, short duration techniques may provide greater flexibility.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Anterior–posterior patterning in early development: three strategies

The anterior-posterior (AP) axis is the most ancient of the embryonic axes and exists in most metazoans. Different animals use a wide variety of mechanisms to create this axis in the early embryo. In this study, we focus on three animals, including two insects (Drosophila and Tribolium) and a vertebrate (zebrafish) to examine different strategies used to form the AP axis. While Drosophila forms the entire axis within a syncytial blastoderm using transcription factors as morphogens, zebrafish uses signaling factors in a cellularized embryo, progressively forming the AP axis over the course of a day. Tribolium uses an intermediate strategy that has commonalities with both Drosophila and zebrafish. We discuss the specific molecular mechanisms used to create the AP axis and identify conserved features.
The effects of ultraviolet irradiation and inhibitors of protein synthesis on the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in mammalian cells in culture I. The overall process of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis

Abstract Following irradiation with ultraviolet light a temporary inhibition of DNA synthesis in L-strain mouse cells is observed. The data are compatible with a direct inhibition of synthesis in cells in the S period at the time of irradiation as well as a prolongation of the presynthetic period in the irradiated cells. The initiation of DNA synthesis in both irradiated and unirradiated cells requires prior protein synthesis.
Tissue reflectance and machine vision for automated sweet cherry sorting

This study describes machine vision procedures which are able to classify defective cherries from non-defective cherries. Defects can be divided into bruises, dry cracks, and wet cracks. Bandpass filters that enhance the intensity contrast between bruised and unbruised cherries are determined. An optimum combination of two wavelengths is identified at 750 nm (near-infrared range) and 500 nm (green range). An optimum single wavelength is identified at 750 nm. The image acquisition using these filters is described. Four detection methods using single view infrared images were studied. One method performed well in classifying cherries with bruises and wet cracks from non-defective cherries. One detection method using single view green images is studied. It performs well in classifying cherries with dry cracks from non-defective cherries. One detection method using infrared images and another using green images are used in combination to perform the detection on the entire surface of cherries. Two images, infrared and green, are taken from each of 6 orthogonal directions from the cherries. The integrated classifier misclassified 13% of non-defective cherries, 16% of bruised cherries, 0% of cherries with wet cracks, and 10% of cherries with dry cracks.
Metal-support effects on the activity and selectivity of Ni catalysts in COH2 synthesis reactions

Abstract Titania-supported nickel catalysts exhibit unusual properties in COH2 reactions relative to conventional nickel catalysts. The activity of Ni TiO 2 is significantly greater than that of Ni powder or Ni on SiO2, Al2O3, or graphite when compared on a per gram of catalyst basis or on the basis of specific activities determined from hydrogen chemisorption. In addition, the selectivity of Ni TiO 2 relative to the other catalysts is shifted to higher molecular hydrocarbons which are paraffinic. The shift in selectivity is not accompanied by a suppression of the methanation activity, but results from an increase in the rates of chain growth reactions producing an overall increase in catalyst activity. Studies of on-stream deactivation and of the rates of Ni(CO)4 formation gave further evidence of the unusual properties of Ni TiO 2 . Whereas Ni Al 2 O 3 deactivated with time on feed, Ni TiO 2 showed little or no loss in activity, indicating a greater resistance to carbon deposition and/or metal sintering. With regard to Ni(CO)4 formation, Ni TiO 2 exhibited rates of formation at least an order of magnitude less than Ni SiO 2 catalysts. The evidence from catalytic and chemical studies and, to a lesser extent, chemisorption and XRD investigations is indicative of a unique metal-support interaction in the Ni TiO 2 system. The nature of the interaction which so markedly modifies catalytic and chemical properties of metals is not yet well understood.
Dopamine receptor alteration in schizophrenia: Neuroendocrine evidence

Growth hormone (hGH) responses to centrally acting dopamine agonists were used as indices of CNS dopaminergic function in order to test hypotheses implicating dopaminergic alteration in the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Apomorphine, a direct acting dopamine receptor agonist, and L-Dopa, an indirect agonist dependent upon presynaptic conversion to dopamine for its action, both elicited elevations in plasma hGH in most young male schizophrenic-and control-subjects. A highly significant difference was seen between the distribution of hGH responses to apomorphine for schizophrenics and that for controls. Unsually high hGH response to apomorphine was seen in schizophrenics who subsequently failed to respond to neuroleptic therapy; intermediate hGH response was seen in controls; and low hGH response was seen in subsequent neuroleptic responders; differences in hGH response were statistically significant for all intergroup comparisons. No such differences were seen in response to L-Dopa. An inverse relationship was seen between responses of individuals to L-Dopa and apomorphine.
Yale, Skull and Bones, and the beginnings of Johns Hopkins.

Four Yale graduates, all extremely talented men, were instrumental in founding The Johns Hopkins University and in guiding the university's medical school in its early years. They, along with others of like talent and high purpose, established that “heritage of excellence” that has nurtured Johns Hopkins for these last 100 years. As undergraduates, three of them achieved election to one of Yale's premier secret societies. We are all in their debt.
Heterogeneity in human cardiovascular function contributes to a deeper understanding of integrative mechanisms

interindividual differences in physiological variables are often seen as an impediment to our ability to detect important differences between groups of subjects or to understand the influences of an intervention on a physiological response. Indeed, traditional statistical comparisons of differences
Phonon, plasmon and gap behavior in superconducting high-Tc Y1Ba2Cu3O7 and Gd1.5Ba1.5Cu3O7☆

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra (50 – 600 cm-1 of superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O7 and Gd1.5Ba1.5Cu3O7 (Tc(onset) = 91 − 95K) show strong phonon modes nearly independent of the rare earth (at 93–100, 158, 198–201, 270–275 and 298–311 cm-1) and low plasma frequencies (ωp = 450 − 1220 cm-1 ; 0.06 − 0.15 eV). Data below Tc are fitted in detail with 2Δ kT c = 3.6 ± 0.2 using a minority of superconducting carriers. Temperature-dependent longitudinal plasmon-phonon modes at 233 cm-1 (near the gap) and at 140–155 cm-1 may be associated with plasmon-mediated superconducting processes.
Formation of tumorlike lesions in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae after nerve severance.

Abstract Severance of the recurrent nerve in the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, induced the formation of lesions in the alimentary canal—lesions which were similar to those obtained by earlier investigators using the same technique on the same animal. Whereas these have been generally considered to be neoplasms, they are interpreted here to be inflammatory lesions. Recurrent nerve severance prevents passage of food from the crop to the midgut and, since feeding apparently is not inhibited, results in an abnormally engorged foregut. The hypothesis is made that the resultant stagnation throughout the alimentary canal provided ideal circumstances for the proliferation of certain microorganisms—microorganisms which infected the gut epithelium, which was stressed and possibly injured by the overdistension and/or accumulated secretions. Regardless of the involvement of micro-organisms (which were involved in many but apparently not all lesions), blood cells infiltrated the injured areas and established inflammatory foci. The presence of blood cells in the lesions was established both by light and electron microscopy. Additional observations are made on the histology and fine structure of the lesions and on other possible mechanisms by which denervation may induce tumorlike lesions.
Poor prognosis with in vitro fertilization in Indian women compared to Caucasian women despite similar embryo quality.

Background Disease prevalence and response to medical therapy may differ among patients of diverse ethnicities. Poor outcomes with in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment have been previously shown in Indian women compared to Caucasian women, and some evidence suggests that poor embryo quality may be a cause for the discrepancy. In our center, only patients with the highest quality cleavage stage embryos are considered eligible for extending embryo culture to the blastocyst stage. We compared live birth rates (LBR) between Indian and Caucasian women after blastocyst transfer to investigate whether differences in IVF outcomes between these ethnicities would persist in patients who transferred similar quality embryos. Methodology/Principal Findings In this retrospective cohort analysis, we compared IVF outcome between 145 Caucasians and 80 Indians who had a blastocyst transfer between January 1, 2005 and June 31, 2007 in our university center. Indians were younger than Caucasians by 2.7 years (34.03 vs. 36.71, P = 0.03), were more likely to have an agonist down regulation protocol (68% vs. 43%, P<0.01), and were more likely to have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), although not significant, (24% vs. 14%, P = 0.06). Sixty eight percent of Indian patients had the highest quality embryos (4AB blastocyst or better) transferred compared to 71% of the Caucasians (P = 0.2). LBR was significantly lower in the Indians compared to the Caucasians (24% vs. 41%, P<0.01) with an odds ratio of 0.63, (95%CI 0.46–0.86). Controlling for age, stimulation protocol and PCOS showed persistently lower LBR with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.56, (95%CI 0.40–0.79) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions/Significance Despite younger age and similar embryo quality, Indians had a significantly lower LBR than Caucasians. In this preliminary study, poor prognosis after IVF for Indian ethnicity persisted despite limiting analysis to patients with high quality embryos transferred. Further investigation into explanations for ethnic differences in reproduction is needed.
Flammability of metals and other elemental dust clouds

This paper reports results from a U.S. Bureau of Mines study of the flammability of various metals and other elemental dusts dispersed in air. The data are useful for evaluating the explosion hazards in the minerals and metals processing industries. The dusts studied included boron, carbon, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, niobium, molybdenum, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, and lead. The dusts were chosen to cover a wide range of physical properties—from the more volatile materials such as magnesium, sulfur, and zinc to the highly “refractory” materials such as carbon, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten. These flammability studies were conducted in the Bureau of Mines 20-L explosibility test chamber, using strong pyrotechnic ignitors. The parameters measured included the minimum explosible concentrations, maximum explosion pressures, and maximum rates of pressure rise. All of the elemental dusts ignited and burned as air-dispersed dust clouds except the nickel, copper, molybdenum, and lead. In general, the dusts with the highest explosion pressures and rates of pressure rise were also those with the highest calculated, adiabatic flame temperatures and/or the ones that vaporized most easily, but this was not true in all cases. The effect of particle size on flammability was studied for the aluminum and iron dusts. The minimum explosible concentrations were relatively independent of particle size below 30 μm, but the highest explosion pressures and rates of pressure rise were found at the finest sizes tested.
Dynamic pupillometry as an autonomic testing tool

To determine normal values for pupillometry indices in healthy control subjects and to examine these indices in patients with autonomic dysfunction and healthy controls. Infrared video pupillometry was used to investigate the pupil response to a brief light flash in 79 healthy controls, 28 patients with normal autonomic function (composite autonomic severity score, CASS 4) seen in our autonomic laboratory from January 2008 to June 2011. In six subjects, we examined the effects of varying light stimulus intensity and light stimulus duration. Descriptive analysis, correlation, and ANCOVA adjusted for age were performed. We determined eight indices corresponding to parasympathetic and sympathetic pupil function. Baseline pupil diameter (BPD), maximum constriction velocity (MCV), absolute constriction amplitude (ACA), and maximum dilation velocity (MDV) negatively correlated with age (p < 0.01) among controls. MCV and ACA increased with increasing intensity of light stimulus from 3.5 to 112 μW. Indices of parasympathetic pupil innervation (MCV and ACA) were lower in the high CASS group compared to others (p < 0.0001). Indices of sympathetic pupil function, time to reach 75 % of initial resting diameter during pupillary dilation (T¾), and dilation velocity at T¾ (DV¾) did not differ significantly in the three study groups. However, T¾ corrected for the magnitude of pupillary constriction (T¾:ACA) was higher in the high CASS group suggesting sympathetic dysfunction in that group (p = 0.0003). Indices of pupillomotor function significantly differ between patients with moderate to severe autonomic failure and healthy controls.
Elimination of manganese(II,III) oxidation in Pseudomonas putida GB-1 by a double knockout of two putative multicopper oxidase genes.

ABSTRACT Bacterial manganese(II) oxidation impacts the redox cycling of Mn, other elements, and compounds in the environment; therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of and enzymes responsible for Mn(II) oxidation. In several Mn(II)-oxidizing organisms, the identified Mn(II) oxidase belongs to either the multicopper oxidase (MCO) or the heme peroxidase family of proteins. However, the identity of the oxidase in Pseudomonas putida GB-1 has long remained unknown. To identify the P. putida GB-1 oxidase, we searched its genome and found several homologues of known or suspected Mn(II) oxidase-encoding genes (mnxG, mofA, moxA, and mopA). To narrow this list, we assumed that the Mn(II) oxidase gene would be conserved among Mn(II)-oxidizing pseudomonads but not in nonoxidizers and performed a genome comparison to 11 Pseudomonas species. We further assumed that the oxidase gene would be regulated by MnxR, a transcription factor required for Mn(II) oxidation. Two loci met all these criteria: PputGB1_2447, which encodes an MCO homologous to MnxG, and PputGB1_2665, which encodes an MCO with very low homology to MofA. In-frame deletions of each locus resulted in strains that retained some ability to oxidize Mn(II) or Mn(III); loss of oxidation was attained only upon deletion of both genes. These results suggest that PputGB1_2447 and PputGB1_2665 encode two MCOs that are independently capable of oxidizing both Mn(II) and Mn(III). The purpose of this redundancy is unclear; however, differences in oxidation phenotype for the single mutants suggest specialization in function for the two enzymes.
A conformational NMR analysis of methymycin aglycones: complete and unambiguous assignments of stereochemically diverse glycosylated methymycin analogs by 1D and 2D NMR techniques and molecular modeling.

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 10-deoxymethynolide (1), 8.9-dihydro-10-deoxymethynolide (2) and its glycosylated derivatives (3–9) were analyzed using gradient-selected NMR techniques, including 1D TOCSY, gCOSY, 1D NOESY (DPFGSENOE), NOESY, gHMBC, gHSQC and gHSQC-TOCSY. The NMR spectral parameters (chemical shifts and coupling constants) of 1–9 were determined by iterative analysis. For the first time, complete and unambiguous assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of 10-deoxymethynolide (1) has been achieved in CDCl3, CD3OD and C6D6 solvents. The 1H NMR spectrum of 8,9-dihydro-10-deoxymethynolide (2) was recorded in CDCl3, (CD3)2CO and CD3OD solutions to determine the conformation. NMR-based conformational analysis of 1 and 2 in conjugation with molecular modeling concluded that the 12-membered ring of the macrolactones may predominantly exist in a single stable conformation in all solvents examined. In all cases, a change in solvent caused only small changes in chemical shifts and coupling constants, suggesting that all glycosylated methymycin analogs exist with similar conformations of the aglycone ring in solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior and Monoamine Deficits in Prenatal and Perinatal Iron Deficiency Are Not Corrected by Early Postnatal Moderate-Iron or High-Iron Diets in Rats

Developmental iron deficiency anemia (IDA) causes brain and behavioral deficits in rodent models, which cannot be reversed when treated at periods equivalent to later infancy in humans. This study sought to determine whether earlier iron treatment can normalize deficits of IDA in rats and what iron dose is optimal. The offspring of dams with IDA during gestation were cross-fostered at postnatal d (P) 8 to dams receiving diets with 1 of 3 iron concentrations until weaning (P21): 0.003-0.01 g/kg [totally iron deficient (TID)]; 0.04 g/kg [formerly iron deficient (FID-40)]; or 0.4 g/kg (FID-400). Always iron-sufficient control dams (CN-40) received a 0.04-g/kg iron diet. At P21, TID pups received a 0.01 g iron/kg diet; all others received a 0.04 g iron/kg diet. Hematocrit and brain iron and monoamine concentrations were assessed at P21 and P100. Pup growth, development, activity, object recognition, hesitancy, and watermaze performance were evaluated. Regional brain iron was restored by iron treatment. Regional monoamine and metabolite concentrations were elevated in FID-40 rats and reduced in FID-400 and TID rats compared with CN-40 rats. FID-40 offspring had motor delays similar to TID during lactation and FID-400 rats had elevated thigmotaxis similar to TID rats at P25 and P100 in the spatial watermaze. In conclusion, iron treatment at P8 in rats did not normalize all monoamine or behavioral measures after early IDA. Moderate iron treatment improved adult behavior, but higher iron treatment caused brain and behavioral patterns similar to TID in the short and long term.
Analytical expressions for transient specific yield and shallow water table drainage

[1] New closed-form expressions are introduced to capture the dependence of specific yield on time and depth to water table. The expressions allow the user to convert observations of water table fluctuations to volumes of water released from storage in a shallow water table aquifer. Whereas a linear relationship between water table fluctuations and released volumes holds for a deep water table aquifer, this relationship is nonlinear for shallow water table aquifers. The dependence of specific yield on time stems from the slow drainage of soil water from pores above the water table. The new expressions allow determination of transient specific yield and time to drain the soil water profile for a given water table fluctuation. If the time step in a numerical groundwater model is longer than the time for limiting specific yield, then a constant (time independent) specific yield can be justifiably adopted. The new expressions are easy to use and require knowledge of soil hydraulic properties which are readily available from soil water retention data and surveys.
Fractal excitation signals for CELP speech coders

A class of random signals is presented as a new excitation codebook for stochastic predictive speech coders. These signals, known as fractional noises, depend on a single parameter, 0<H<1, that controls the low- or high-pass trend of their power spectrum. Preliminary experiments have shown their performance improves when H is limited to a subinterval of
Skin Signs of Pediatric Nutritional Disorders

Adequate intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are necessary for normal functioning of the human body. Nutritional disorders result from a prolonged imbalance between intake of these required nutrients and physiological needs. These imbalances do not infrequently exhibit skin manifestations that may permit early diagnosis and appropriate intervention of disordered states. This article highlights cutaneous findings that may indicate an underlying nutritional disorder involving either a deficiency or excess state (Table 1).
Traveling-wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals additional mechanistic details in the stabilization of protein complex ions through tuned salt additives

Ion mobility–mass spectrometry is often applied to the structural elucidation of multiprotein assemblies in cases where X-ray crystallography or NMR experiments have proved challenging. Such applications are growing steadily as we continue to probe regions of the proteome that are less-accessible to such high-resolution structural biology tools. Since ion mobility measures protein structure in the absence of bulk solvent, strategies designed to more-broadly stabilize native-like protein structures in the gas-phase would greatly enable the application of such measurements to challenging structural targets. Recently, we have begun investigating the ability of salt-based solution additives that remain bound to protein ions in the gas-phase to stabilize native-like protein structures. These experiments, which utilize collision induced unfolding and collision induced dissociation in a tandem mass spectrometry mode to measure protein stability, seek to develop a rank-order similar to the Hofmeister series that categorizes the general ability of different anions and cations to stabilize gas-phase protein structure. Here, we study magnesium chloride as a potential stabilizing additive for protein structures in vacuo, and find that the addition of this salt to solutions prior to nano-electrospray ionization dramatically enhances multiprotein complex structural stability in the gas-phase. Based on these experiments, we also refine the physical mechanism of cation-based protein complex ion stabilization by tracking the unfolding transitions experienced by cation-bound complexes. Upon comparison with unbound proteins, we find strong evidence that stabilizing cations act to tether protein complex structure. We conclude by putting the results reported here in context, and by projecting the future applications of this method.
Performance Tuning and Evaluation of a Parallel Community Climate Model

The Parallel Community Climate Model (PCCM) is a message-passing parallelization of version 2.1 of the Community Climate Model (CCM) developed by researchers at Argonne and Oak Ridge National Laboratories and at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in the early to mid 1990s. In preparation for use in the Department of Energys Parallel Climate Model (PCM), PCCM has recently been updated with new physics routines from version 3.2 of the CCM, improvements to the parallel implementation, and ports to the SGI/Cray Research T3E and Origin 2000. We describe our experience in porting and tuning PCCM on these new platforms, evaluating the performance of different parallel algorithm options and comparing performance between the T3E and Origin 2000.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Sonography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of transabdominal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. Methods. A historical cohort study was undertaken at 3 institutions identifying women at risk for placenta accreta who had undergone both sonography and MRI prenatally. Sonographic and MRI findings were compared with the final diagnosis as determined at delivery and by pathologic examination. Results. Thirty-two patients who had both sonography and MRI prenatally to evaluate for placenta accreta were identified. Of these, 15 had confirmation of placenta accreta at delivery. Sonography correctly identified the presence of placenta accreta in 14 of 15 patients (93% sensitivity; 95% confidence interval [CI], 80%–100%) and the absence of placenta accreta in 12 of 17 patients (71% specificity; 95% CI, 49%–93%). Magnetic resonance imaging correctly identified the presence of placenta accreta in 12 of 15 patients (80% sensitivity; 95% CI, 60%–100%) and the absence of placenta accreta in 11 of 17 patients (65% specificity; 95% CI, 42%–88%). In 7 of 32 cases, sonography and MRI had discordant diagnoses: sonography was correct in 5 cases, and MRI was correct in 2. There was no statistical difference in sensitivity (P = .25) or specificity (P = .5) between sonography and MRI. Conclusions. Both sonography and MRI have fairly good sensitivity for prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta; however, specificity does not appear to be as good as reported in other studies. In the case of inconclusive findings with one imaging modality, the other modality may be useful for clarifying the diagnosis. Key words: magnetic resonance imaging; placenta accreta; prenatal diagnosis; sensitivity and specificity; sonography.
Stability of erp loci during Borrelia burgdorferi infection : Recombination is not required for chronic infection of immunocompetent mice

Borrelia burgdorferi can persistently infect mammals despite their production of antibodies directed against bacterial proteins, including the Erp lipoproteins. We sequenced erp loci of bacteria reisolated from laboratory mice after 1 year of infection and found them to be identical to those of the inoculant bacteria. We conclude that recombination of erp genes is not essential for chronic mammalian infection.
The Mechanism of Atrioventricular Conduction

Potentials recorded at various sites in the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system indicate that conduction is continuously electrical in nature and involves no synapse-like (i.e., chemical) conduction. The region between atrium and atrioventricular node has the slowest conduction velocity (.05 M./sec.) and lowest safety factor. Conduction through the A-V node is at about .12 M./sec. Results demonstrate shapes of potentials recorded extracellularly at various sites within the A-V node, first degree and complete block during rapid atrial stimulation, and echo-like phenomena.
Ostracoda (Myodocopa) from Anchialine Caves and Ocean Blue Holes

Eleven stygobitic myodocopid ostracodes (two new–Danielopolina palmeri and Spelaeoecia hox) in the Order Halocyprida are reported from anchialine waters in 11 inland blue holes in Bahamas. One stygobitic halocyprid ostracode is reported from two localities in Bermuda, and one from a cave in Mexico. A new subfamily, Spelaeoeciinae, is proposed to contain the genus Spelaeoecia, and the subfamily Deeveyinae is elevated to family status. Two new species of cladocopid ostracode (Pseudopolycope helix and Pontopolycope storthynx), are described from a cave in Mexico and an oceanic blue hole in the Bahamas. Nine species of myodocopid ostracodes (four new—Rutiderma flex, Eusarsiella syrinx, Eusarsiella fax, and Synasterope matrix) in the Suborder Myodocopina and one species in the Suborder Halocypridina are reported from ocean blue holes in the Bahamas. This is the first report of a halocyprid living in both an inland and ocean blue hole in the Bahamas. The sarsiellid genus Dantya Kornicker & Cohen 1978 is reported for the first time in the Bahamas, but the single juvenile specimen is left in open nomenclature as Dantya sp. A. The development of Deeveya bransoni and Eusarsiella syrinx is described in detail. With the exception of one species of Danielopolina from deep waters of the South Atlantic, all other species of Danielopolina, Spelaeoecia and Deeveya have been previously found only in inland, anchialine caves. The discovery of Deeveya inhabiting deeper, hydrologically-isolated waters in ocean blue holes, which are otherwise comparable to classical anchialine environments, has raised questions concerning the geographic limits to the anchialine habitat and its supposed reliance on terrestrial inputs.
On the solution to the state failure detection problem

Studies the problem formulated by Ge and Feng (Int. J. Contr., vol.47, p.581-600 (1988)), which is to design a set of observers which can detect and locate unknown system failure to any first-order state component. The present paper proposes a much simpler solution to this problem with less restrictions. Based on this solution, an extended study of the required number of observers and their orders is also provided. >
Habitat associations of chorusing anurans in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial valley

Amphibian populations have declined worldwide. To pursue conservation efforts adequately, land managers need more information concerning amphibian habitat requirements. To address this need, we examined relationships between anurans and habitat characteristics of wetlands in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV). We surveyed chorusing anurans in 31 wetlands in 2000 and 28 wetlands in 2001, and measured microhabitat variables along the shoreline within the week following each survey. We recorded 12 species of anurans during our study. Species richness was significantly lower in 2000 than 2001 (t-test, P < 0.001) and correlated with an ongoing drought. We found species richness to be significantly greater at lake sites compared to impoundment, swale, and riverine sites (ANOVA, P = 0.002). We used stepwise regression to investigate the wetland types and microhabitat characteristics associated with species richness of chorusing anurans. Microhabitat characteristics associated with species richness included dense herbaceous vegetation and accumulated litter along the shoreline. Individual species showed species-specific habitat associations. The bronze frog, American bullfrog, and northern cricket frog were positively associated with lake sites (Fisher’s Exact Test, P < 0.05), however wetland type did not significantly influence any additional species. Using bivariate correlations, we found that six of the seven most common species had significant associations with microhabitat variables. Overall, our findings support the view that conservation and enhancement of amphibian communities in the LMAV and elsewhere requires a matrix of diverse wetland types and habitat conditions.
Managing multiple-user remote access to laboratory equipment

A system is developed for managing access to engineering laboratories by a number of users via remote workstations. The selected laboratory equipment is controlled by a computer which is tied to a local area network. A user at a workstation on the network is able to access the needed equipment and perform the experiment. The system provides for an orderly access to the equipment by the users for experimentation and data collection. The goal is to provide greater access to the equipment for students. >
Buddy Study: Partners for better health in adolescents with type 2 diabetes

AIM: To investigate whether assigning young, healthy and motivated lay volunteer partners (“buddies”) to adolescents with type 2 diabetes improves hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). METHODS: Adolescents with type 2 diabetes were randomized to partnering with a “buddy” or to conventional treatment. During the initial screening visit, which coincided with a routine outpatient diabetes clinic visit, patients with type 2 diabetes underwent a physical examination, detailed medical history, laboratory measurement of HbA1c, and completed two questionnaires (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Children’s Depression Inventory) to assess their overall quality of life and the presence of depressive symptoms. Patients were then randomized to the intervention (the buddy system) or conventional treatment (standard care). All patients were scheduled to return for follow-up at 3- and 6-mo after their initial visit. HbA1c was determined at all visits (i.e., at screening and at the 3- and 6-mo follow-up visits) and quality of life and depressive symptoms were evaluated at the screening visit and were reassessed at the 6-mo visit. RESULTS: Ten adolescents, recruited from a pool of approximately 200 adolescents, enrolled over a two-year time period, leading to premature termination of the study. In contrast, we easily recruited motivated lay volunteers. We found no change in HbA1c from the initial to the 6-mo visit in either group, yet our small sample size limited systematic assessment of this outcome. Participants repeatedly missed clinic appointments, failed to conduct self-glucose-monitoring and rarely brought their glucometers to clinic visits. Total quality of life scores (72.6 ± 6.06) at screening were similar to previously reported scores in adolescents with type 2 diabetes (75.7 ± 15.0) and lower than scores reported in normal-weight (81.2 ± 0.9), overweight (83.5 ± 1.8), and obese youths without diabetes (78.5 ± 1.8) or in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (80.5 ± 13.1). Among adolescents who returned for their 6-mo visit, there were no differences in total quality of life scores (70.2 ± 9.18) between screening and follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our approach, effective in adults with type 2 diabetes, was unsuccessful among adolescents and emphasizes the need for innovative strategies for diabetes treatment in adolescent patients.
Preparation of Follicle-Stimulating Extracts by the Use of Trypsin.∗

SummaryA convenient method for the preparation of follicle-stimulating extracts from sheep pituitary powder by use of trypsin is described briefly. These preparations produced follicles only, when tested on normal female rats for 4.5 days, and were free of lactogenic and thyrotropic activities.
Extending Pummerer reaction chemistry: studies in the palau'amine synthesis area.

Exploratory oxidative cyclization studies on cyclopentanelated and cyclohexenelated oroidin derivatives utilized Pummerer chemistry to generate pentacyclic structures related to the palau’amine family of sponge metabolites. Stereochemical issues were paramount, and appropriate choice of annelated ring size led to formation of the pentacyclic framework with complete diastereoselectivity for all of the core bonds.
Who Should Rule at Home? Native American Politics and Indian-White Relations

THE basic problem for historians who advocate Indian-centered rather than white-centered approaches to American Indian history has been to find a unifying theme, a central conceptual focus. Recent trends in research indicate that, out of the theoretical chaos of the past fifteen years, such a theme is at last emerging-if not triumphant, at least preeminent. The theme is Indian political behavior. The advocates of this theme, drawing upon the premises of political anthropology, argue that political behavior includes all aspects of competition over public goals and the distribution of power. Politics thus embraces all forms of conflict and its resolution, no matter what sector of a community is involved-religious, economic, or political. In American Indian societies, where these sectors of community life were closely interconnected and where the decision-making process in any kind of matter usually involved the same people, politics broadly defined becomes the basic unifying concept for analysis of the community's history.' The value of the political approach is undeniable. From the start, it requires historians to treat Indians as multidimensional figures, with connections to a political context within their own community as well as to the context of white encroachment. It also provides for a more realistic conception of the groupings which comprised Indian society, since the units of Indian politics varied with specific issues and historical circum-
LIB SOC estimation and parameters identification based on gassing model

The nonlinear and time-varying gassing lithium battery model motioned in reference [1] had two main characteristics: the model considered the phenomenon of gassing in the battery to extend its application to the critical situation when SOC was over 85%;the model considered the dynamic change of system temperature and its effect on the system state variables.In view of this model,based on the related tentative data,the double Kalman filtering(DKF) algorithm was used,which implemented the model parameter identification and the SOC online estimation simultaneously.The bench test and real vehicle experiment results indicate that this algorithm may online estimate SOC accurately both in non-critical condition and critical condition(error of estimation less than 4%),and has a better robustness to the SOC error of the initial value.
Resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in Jiangxia district of Wuhan in 2010

Objective To provide a scientific basis for fly control by investigating resistance of Musca domestica to five common insecticides in Jiangxia district, Wuhan city. Methods The resistance of M. domesticato DDVP,azamethiphos,beta cypermethrin,tetramethrin and cypermethrin were measured by topical application methods.Results M. domesticahad low resisiteance to DDVP (LD50=0.199 27 μg/♀) and beta cypermethrin (LD50=0.655 50 μg/♀), with the resistance ratio below 10-fold.M. domesticahad devoloped high resistance to cypermethrin (LD50=0.815 60 μg/♀) and propoxur (LD50=0.648 50 μg/♀), and the resistances ratio to the two insecticides was 177.3 and 231.6 respectively.Conclusion It is essential to use insecticides reasonably based on researches of M. domestica’s resistance. It is also important to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies.
Modigliani and Miller’s (M&M) Hypothesis

Integral to the Keynesian paradigm in economic theory is the study of how investment affects the economy. The Keynesian investment demand schedule relates an aggregate investment to a riskless rate of interest. Modigliani felt that the Keynesian model of investment was inadequate, since it did not deal with uncertainty, and it focused mainly on debt. Financial and managerial economists were more interested in the cost of capital vs. risk. They wanted to extrapolate the idea of uncertainty to the maximization of profit and the value of the firm.1
Abstract 4118: Honokiol inhibits lung cancer brain metastasis through inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathway

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and metastasis to lymph-node (LN) and distal organs especially brain leads to sever complications and are the major cause of death. Preventing lung cancer development and metastases is important strategy to reduce lung cancer mortality. Honokiol (HNK), a natural compound present in magnolia bark extracts, has a good bioavailability profile and recently has also been shown to readily cross both the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We previously demonstrated that HNK can prevent and inhibit squamous lung cancer cell carcinoma both in-vitro and in-vivo. In the current study, we evaluated the anti-metastatic effects of HNK in both LN and brain murine models of lung tumor metastasis. The H2030-BrM3 (BR-brain seeking) lung tumor cells stably transfected with luciferase and GFP were orthotopically injected into lung for LN metastases, or directly to the left ventricle of mouse heart for brain metastases, LN or brain metastasis was monitored using a non-invasive IVIS bio-luminescent imaging system. To test the efficacy of HNK in preventing tumor cells migrating to LN or brain, mice were given 10 mg/kg per body weight HNK by aerosol (for lung to LN metastasis model) or oral gavage starting the day after tumor cell injection, our results reveal that HNK significantly prevented the metastasis of lung cancer cells to LN and brain. Our results demonstrate that HNK decreased LN metastases incidence to 30% compare to 100% in control mice, and inhibited brain metastasis near 70% compare to control. Furthermore, analysis of HNK9s mechanism of action by utilizing both RNA sequencing and receptor tyrosine kinase assay suggests that its effect is primarily mediated by inhibiting STAT3 pathway. HNK specifically inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, and knock-down STAT3 totally abrogated the anti-metastasis effects of HNK in brain metastatic lung cancer cell lines, PC9-BrM3 and H2030-BrM3. These finding suggest that HNK could provide novel chemopreventive or therapeutic options for preventing both lung tumor progression and lung cancer brain metastasis. Citation Format: Yongik Lee, Jing Pan, Qi Zhang, Yian Wang, Ming You. Honokiol inhibits lung cancer brain metastasis through inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4118.
Implementing Maps: Map2D

At this point, we have an abstract model of the Map Framework that precisely defines the semantics of maps and their operations and predicates. Furthermore, we have shown how to represent maps in a discrete manner such that they maintain the properties of the abstract model. In this chapter, we provide an implementation model of the Map Framework consisting of a data model for maps and algorithms for computing map operations. Furthermore, we show how operations over maps can be combined to form new map operations.
A Low-Power Haar-Wavelet Preprocessing Approach for a SNN Olfactory System

A low frequency and low power spiking neural network chip is designed to classify polymer film electronic nose patterns. A simulation model for polymer film chemical sensors is developed and compared to other approaches. The final chip design uses wavelet pre-processing for fault tolerance and operates at just 20 kHz.
Rapid mapping of polarization switching through complete information acquisition

Polarization switching in ferroelectric and multiferroic materials underpins a broad range of current and emergent applications, ranging from random access memories to field-effect transistors, and tunnelling devices. Switching in these materials is exquisitely sensitive to local defects and microstructure on the nanometre scale, necessitating spatially resolved high-resolution studies of these phenomena. Classical piezoresponse force microscopy and spectroscopy, although providing necessary spatial resolution, are fundamentally limited in data acquisition rates and energy resolution. This limitation stems from their two-tiered measurement protocol that combines slow (∼1 s) switching and fast (∼10 kHz–1 MHz) detection waveforms. Here we develop an approach for rapid probing of ferroelectric switching using direct strain detection of material response to probe bias. This approach, facilitated by high-sensitivity electronics and adaptive filtering, enables spectroscopic imaging at a rate 3,504 times faster the current state of the art, achieving high-veracity imaging of polarization dynamics in complex microstructures. Resolution of classical piezoresponse force microscopy is limited in data acquisition rates and energy scales. Here, Somnath et al. report an approach for rapid probing of ferroelectric switching using direct strain detection of material response to probe bias, enabling spectroscopic imaging at a rate of 3,504 times faster the current state of the art.