cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Resilience Technologies: Designing Collaborative Technologies for Caregiving Coordination in the Children's Hospital

When a child is hospitalized with a serious illness like cancer, their families must process emotional stress, complicated medical information, and take on new caregiving tasks. Additionally, they must collaborate with each other while maintaining their existing employment and household chores. Computer-Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) technologies have the ability to enhance family care coordination. However, the challenges to family caregiving coordination in the hospital, particularly during prolonged hospitalizations, are not well studied. In this paper, I describe my proposal and research plan to study the role that collaborative technology can play in augmenting family care collaboration and family resilience during the extended hospitalization period.
Atlas of Gynecologic Cytology

The Normal Pap Smear. Normal Glandular Constituents. Smear Patterns. Inflammation, Reactive Changes and Repair. Squamous Cell Abnormalities: Atypical Squamous Cells. Squamous Cell Abnormalities: High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions. Glandular Cell Abnormalities.
Stability Of Food Emulsions: Physicochemical Role Of Protein And Nonprotein Emulsifiers

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses physicochemical principles and factors involved in emulsion stabilization with particular reference to the role of food emulsifiers. The improvement of emulsion stability by the modification of natural emulsifiers and some of the techniques for determining emulsion stability are discussed in the chapter. The role of emulsifiers in food emulsions is twofold: first, to reduce the interfacial tension of the oil/water interface and facilitate the formation of large surface area and second, to form an interfacial film to protect the droplets from coalescence. The small-molecule emulsifiers are particularly efficient in reducing oil/water interfacial tension, but the film formed from these is usually unstable. Proteins, though less efficient in reducing interfacial tension, can form strong cohesive films. Food emulsions usually contain a combination of small- and macro-molecular emulsifying agents to help both formation and stabilization. Most studies on model systems have been done at relatively low protein concentrations. The interfacial thickness, protein load, and so on may be different at higher protein concentrations.
Silicon solar cells using backside contacts with through-wafer interconnects

In this paper, a viable alternative design for silicon solar cells using backside contacts with through-wafer interconnects (TWI) is discussed. TWI technology allows conductive paths to be created without sacrificing top surface area. Using this technology, we were able to provide a connection from the top n-type material to the cathode at the rear of the solar cell. The potential advantages and the proposed design are also discussed.
The Case of the Divisible Phase: Licensing Partitive Case in Finnish

. Case marking can interact with semantic interpretation in various ways, including differential case marking phenomena. This paper explores the interaction of partitive case in Finnish with the property of divisibility. It is argued that the appearance of partitive case can be related to divisibility. Most occurrences of partitive case are explained by a uniform treatment, which assumes that the divisibility of a phase affects the morphological realization of the [Case] feature minimally contained in the phase. This account extends to partitive case licensing by events; the case marked nominal itself; clausal negation; and prepositions as well. The discussion highlights the fact that morphological case is not necessarily determined by the licensing head. Instead, it can be determined within a local domain (a phase), the output of a cyclic Spell-out system. The proposal also bears on issues such as the phasehood of DPs and the structure of restructuring constructions.
Gender Inequality in the Japanese Occupational Structure

This study examines the degree of sex segregation in the Japanese occupational structure from a comparative perspective with the British and American societies. Contrary to the expectation that Japan is a traditional society as far as the status of women in the labor market is concerned, the overall degree of sex segregation in Japan is smaller than it is in Great Britain and the United States. The low degree of sex segregation may be explained by two factors: (1) relatively smaller shares of managerial and service occupations in which men and women respectively are over-represented, and (2) more equal sex composition in clerical, blue-collar production process, and agricultural occupations. Opportunities for part-time work seem to further reduce the sex segregation index in Japan, unlike in Britain and the United States, because many Japanese female part-time workers are engaged in blue-collar occupations rather than white-collar occupations. However, gender inequality in the Japanese labor market is probably manifested in the form of access to authority in the workplace, employment status, and full-time/part-time distinction within occupations.
Crossing to safety: Transforming healthcare organizations for patient safety

The current healthcare system is not designed to ensure better patient safety. In addition, healthcare is simultaneously becoming increasingly complex and increasingly fragmented. Medical knowledge and technology are expanding at an incredible rate, making it difficult for the healthcare providers to keep pace with advancing knowledge. Patients' needs are changing too: shifting from the diagnosis and treatment of a single, acute problem to the long-term management of multiple, interrelated chronic conditions. Our systems of care are not keeping up with these changes and, consequently, patients are experiencing unnecessary risk. Improving patient safety requires a transformation in how we currently care for patients. Healthcare organizations must adopt a new paradigm of care that holds patient safety as a core value and practice. To achieve this aim, healthcare organizations should build and maintain a culture of patient safety, provide leadership for patient safety that establishes a blame-free environment, proactively survey and monitor for adverse events, continually engineer patient safety into healthcare processes, and provide information and communication technologies to support patient safety.
Cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and clinical management

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are angiographically-occult clusters of dilated sinusoidal channels that may present clinically with seizures, focal neurological deficits and/or hemorrhage. Across natural history studies, the annual hemorrhage rate ranged from 1.6-3.1% per patient-year, decreasing to 0.08-0.2% per patient-year for incidental CMs and to 0.3-0.6% for the collective group of unruptured CMs. Prior hemorrhage is a significant risk factor for subsequent CM hemorrhage. Hemorrhage clustering, particularly within the first 2 years, is an established phenomenon that may confound results of natural history studies evaluating the rate of rehemorrhage. Indeed, rehemorrhage rates for hemorrhagic CMs range from 4.5-22.9% in the literature. Surgical resection is the gold standard treatment for surgically-accessible, symptomatic CMs. Incidental CMs or minimally symptomatic, surgically inaccessible eloquent lesions may be considered for observation. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a controversial treatment approach of consideration only for cases of highly aggressive, surgically inaccessible CMs.
Segregation of Solutes in Two-Phase Mixtures

Fractions of indium solutes in each phase of a mixture of two binary phases were measured using perturbed angular correlation of gamma rays. Measurements of phase fractions were made on Pd3Ga7–PdGa, PdGa–Pd5Ga3, and FeAl2–FeAl mixtures as a function of composition. The phase fractions were analyzed using a thermodynamic model that takes into account differences between energies of solute atoms in the two phases. From the model, segregation coefficients were obtained for the systems studied. Also, earlier measurements on Ni2Al3–NiAl were reanalyzed. Large differences are found among the segregation coefficients.
Relative Nest Density, Nest Success, and Site Occupancy of King Rails in Southwestern Louisiana Rice Fields

Abstract King Rail (Rallus elegans) populations are listed as threatened or endangered in 13 states. One remaining area of relative abundance is the rice-growing region of southwestern Louisiana. Rice fields are flooded for much of the year and support thick emergent vegetation, potentially providing high-quality habitat for King Rails. The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) relative nest density of King Rails in rice; 2) which local and landscape factors influence relative nest densities; 3) nest survival of King Rails in rice fields; 4) effectiveness of callback surveys in indicating King Rail breeding activity; and 5) site occupancy of King Rails in rice fields. In the summers of 2004 and 2005, King Rail surveys and nest searches were conducted in Cameron, Jefferson Davis, Vermilion, and Acadia Parishes in southwestern Louisiana. In 2004, 42 fields were searched for nests and 30 of those were surveyed with callback survey techniques. In 2005, 40 fields were searched and 60 were surveyed. A ...
Integration of an aberrant retrotransposon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We describe an atypical composite Ty1 element that apparently resulted from the concurrent integration of two complete elements. A portion of the central region of one of these elements was inverted between two long terminal repeats. Inversions of this type have been detected among unintegrated retroviral circles. It now appears that such intermediates can be incorporated into the genome.
Homing with stereovision

Visual Homing is a navigation method based on comparing a stored image of a goal location to the current image to determine how to navigate to the goal location. It is theorized that insects such as ants and bees employ visual homing techniques to return to their nest or hive, and inspired by this, several researchers have developed elegant robot visual homing algorithms. Depth information, from visual scale, or other modality such as laser ranging, can improve the quality of homing. While insects are not well equipped for stereovision, stereovision is an effective robot sensor. We describe the challenges involved in using stereovision derived depth in visual homing and our proposed solutions. Our algorithm, Homing with Stereovision (HSV), utilizes a stereo camera mounted on a pan-tilt unit to build composite wide-field stereo images and estimate distance and orientation from the robot to the goal location. HSV is evaluated in a set of 200 indoor trials using two Pioneer 3-AT robots showing it effectively leverages stereo depth information when compared to a depth from scale approach.
Cryptococcus neoformans Glycoantigens Are Captured by Multiple Lectin Receptors and Presented by Dendritic Cells

Cell-mediated immune responses to glycoantigens have been largely uncharacterized. Protective T cell responses to the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans are dependent on heavily mannosylated Ags termed mannoproteins. In the work presented, the innate immune response to mannoprotein was determined. Purified murine splenic dendritic cells (DC), B cells, and macrophages were used to stimulate mannoprotein-specific T cells. Only DC were capable of any measurable stimulation. Depletion of DC resulted in the abrogation of the T cell response. Human and murine DC rapidly captured fluorescent-labeled mannoprotein by a mannose receptor-mediated process. Using transfected cell lines, the type II C-type lectin receptor DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (CD209) was determined to have affinity for mannoprotein. Taken together with prior work demonstrating that mannoprotein was captured by the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206), these data suggest that multiple mannose receptors on DC recognize mannoprotein. Pulsing experiments demonstrated that DC captured sufficient mannoprotein over 2 h to account for 50% of total stimulation. Capture appeared dependent on mannose receptors, as competitive mannosylated inhibitors and calcium chelators each interfered with T cell stimulation. By confocal microscopy, intracellular mannoprotein trafficked to an endo-lysosomal compartment in DC, and at later time points extended into tubules in a similar fashion to the degradation marker DQ-OVA. Mannoprotein colocalized intracellularly with CD206 and CD209. These data suggest that DC provide the crucial link between innate and adaptive immune responses to C. neoformans via a process that is dependent upon the efficient uptake of mannoprotein by mannose receptors.
Orbit-averaged quantities, the classical Hellmann-Feynman theorem, and the magnetic flux enclosed by gyro-motion

Action integrals are often used to average a system over fast oscillations and obtain reduced dynamics. It is not surprising, then, that action integrals play a central role in the Hellmann-Feynman theorem of classical mechanics, which furnishes the values of certain quantities averaged over one period of rapid oscillation. This paper revisits the classical Hellmann-Feynman theorem, rederiving it in connection to an analogous theorem involving the time-averaged evolution of canonical coordinates. We then apply a modified version of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem to obtain a new result: the magnetic flux enclosed by one period of gyro-motion of a charged particle in a non-uniform magnetic field. These results further demonstrate the utility of the action integral in regards to obtaining orbit-averaged quantities and the usefulness of this formalism in characterizing charged particle motion.
The effects of 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine on chromosome structure and function: implications for methylation-associated cellular processes

5-Azacytidine (5-aza-C) analogs demonstrate a remarkable ability to induce heritable changes in gene and phenotypic expression. These cellular processes are associated with the demethylation of specific DNA sequences. On the other hand, 5-aza-C analogs have dramatic effects on chromosomes, leading to decondensation of chromatin structure, chromosomal instability and an advance in replication timing. Condensation inhibition of genetically inactive chromatin occurs when the DNA is still hemimethylated or fully methylated. In cell cultures prolonged for several replication cycles, chromosomal rearrangements and instability affect the 5-aza-C-sensitive regions. Moreover, the normally late-replicating inactive chromatin undergoes a transient temporal shift to an earlier DNA replication, characteristic of activatable chromatin. zThe induced alterations of chromosome structure and behavior may trigger the 5-aza-C-dependent process of cellular reprogramming. Apart from their differentiating and gene-modifying effects, 5-aza-C analogs can tumorigenically transform cells and modulate their metastatic potential. High doses of 5-aza-C analogs have cytotoxic and antineoplastic activities.
Unusual Causes of Hemifacial Spasm

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) has been defined as consisting of brief clonic jerking movements of the facial musculature, beginning in the orbicularis oculi with downward spreading to other facial muscles. HFS, perhaps the most common of the abnormal involuntary facial movements, has been classically ascribed to vascular loop compression at the root exit zone of the facial nerve. Causes other than such vascular loops are rare in the medical literature. Here we present three case studies in which the phenomenology of the HFS was atypical in onset and evolution. Using these three patients as introduction to the topic, we reviewed the literature of all cases of HFS with causes other than the vascular loop. In these three cases, HFS was caused by (1) a parotid gland tumor, (2) a cerebellopontine angle meningioma, and (3) an acoustic schwannoma. We also discuss the radiological findings as well as possible differences in the genesis of HFS and phenomenology in such cases and present recommendations on how to evaluate these patients.
Does contingency management affect motivation to change substance use

Although substantial evidence favors the efficacy of contingency management (CM) for substance use disorders, few studies have examined the effect of CM on one's motivation to change substance use. One way of conceptualizing motivation to change is by using the stages of change model [Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C., 1983. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 51, 390-395]. We assessed motivation to change substance use as conceptualized by the stages of change model using the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA [McConnaughy, E.A., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., 1983. Stages of change in psychotherapy: measurement and sample profiles. Psychother. Theor. Res. 20, 368-375]) in 115 patients in community treatment clinics before they were randomized to receive standard treatment or standard treatment plus CM. Motivation was also assessed 3 months later. Patients in both conditions evidenced significant decreases in their motivation scores from pre- to post-treatment. CM neither increased nor decreased motivation relative to the standard treatment condition. Pre-treatment motivation scores were also not related to treatment outcome. Assignment to the CM condition was associated with better treatment outcome as defined by longest duration of abstinence during treatment (LDA). Higher post-treatment motivation was also modestly associated with LDA, but not in all analyses. These findings suggest that CM neither increases nor decreases motivation to change substance use in outpatients receiving treatment at community-based drug-free clinics. Future studies should further examine motivation change in CM treatment using different assessment tools and conceptualizations of motivation, extending these effects to other treatment settings and populations.
Time domain processing of frequency domain GPR signatures for buried land mine detection

This paper investigates the feasibility of detecting plastic antipersonnel land mines buried in lossy, dispersive, rough soils using a stepped-frequency ultra wideband (WB) ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Realistic land mine scenarios were modeled using a two-dimensional (2D) finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) technique. Assuming normal incidence plane wave excitation, the scattered fields were generated over a large frequency bandwidth (.5 to 5 GHz) for a variety of mine-like shapes, different soil types, and multiple receiver locations. The simulation results showed that for a ground penetration sensor located just above the soil surface, the strong reflection signals received from the rough ground surface obscured the buried target's frequency response signal. The simulated GPR WB frequency response data at each receiver location was transformed to the time domain using the fast Fourier transform. Time domain processing permits high resolution measurement of target features that are invariant to the ground roughness and also that are dependent on the soil characteristics as well as the burial depth and size of the mine. Specifically, two or more characteristic timing peaks are observed in the simulation results suggesting that the ultra-wideband spectral radar response may yield particular advantages not exploited by currently employed detection systems. It is also shown that by using time-gating to remove the strong ground reflection signals, the target signals are selectively enhanced (as expected), but more surprisingly, the target frequency response signature is almost completely recovered.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expression of a cholecystokinin-2 receptor splice variant enhances tumor growth

Introduction. Pancreatic and colorectal cancers express a splice variant of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R), called CCK2zvR, which contains an additional 69 amino acids within its 3rd intracellular loop domain. This structural alteration is associated with the constitutive activation of the proto-oncogene, Src, in the human embryonal kidney (HEK293) cell line. Increased activity of Src has been implicated in the progression of many human cancers; we hypothesized that expression of the CCK2svR in HEK cells would increase tumor growth of these cells in nude mice. Methods. HEK293 were stably transfected with CCK2R, CCK2svR, or control vector. Receptor expression for each clone was quantified using [125I]-labeled CCK binding. Five groups of 6 nu/nu BALB/c female mice were coinjected subcutaneously with 4 × 106 cells per cell line on the right dorsum, and 4 × 106 cells of pooled empty vector HEK293 transfectants were implanted on the left dorsum so that each mouse can serve as its own control. Mice were sacrificed on day 21 and tumors were harvested and weighed. Results. Radiolabeled CCK binding showed CCK2svR cell lines expressed 1/5th less binding sites compared to the lines expressing CCK2R. Yet, both CCK2svR (1 and 2) clones tumor weights were significantly larger than the parental HEK293 cells (Figure: P < 0.001 < 0.05, respectively; Dunn’s multiple comparison’s test). At harvest, each vector control tumor measured <100 mg and were not significant between the five groups. Both CCK2svR (1 and 2) compared to the parental cells; the tumor weight of the CCK2R clones were not statistically significant. Conclusions. Expressing CCK2svR is sufficient to enhance the tumorigenicity of HEK293 cells in nude mice. Coupled with the observation that CCK2svR is the only CCK2R variant expressed in human colorectal and a subset of pancreatic cancers, these data support the hypothesis that CCK2svR plays an important role in the growth and progression of these malignancies. Download full-size image
A new formulation for steady multiaquifer flow: An analytic element for piecewise constant infiltration

This paper contains a new formulation for infiltration inside domains bounded by polygons and its application to problems of steady multiaquifer flow, using the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximation and assuming vertical flow in the separating layers. An alternative formulation is presented for leaky aquifer systems where infiltration or extraction is given. Existing formulations of multiaquifer flow involve a system of equations that must be solved for the heads in the aquifers. These formulations are abstract, and the relation between the parameters in the solution and physical quantities is hidden. The formulation in the paper aims at linking the system of equations to physical quantities; we have done this in two ways. First, we formulate the problem in terms of leakage potentials, related directly to the leakage through the leaky layers. Second, we introduce the concept of “equilibrated leakage,” leakage that is either the result of infiltration or of some disturbance in the flow pattern, such as that caused by a well. The leakage through the leaky layers tends to some constant value far from a disturbance, e.g., a well, or the boundary of an area of constant infiltration. This concept of equilibrated leakage is useful in practice and helps in understanding the distribution of leakage; we explain this in detail in the paper. The study of problems of steady flow in leaky aquifer systems is inspired by problems of groundwater sustainability, where the overall distribution of flow over long periods of time is important, rather than detailed information.
Importance of (perimembranous) ventricular septal aneurysm in the natural history of isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defect

Abstract records were reviewed of 247 patients found to have isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) on cross-sectional echocardiography. Patients were separated into 2 groups: those in whom a perimembranous ventricular septal aneurysm (VSA) was associated with the VSD (group A, 77% of patients) and those in whom a VSA was not present (group B, 23%). The VSD was assessed by clinical (125 in group A, 24 in group B) and hemodynamic criteria (65 in group A, 33 in group B). The median follow-up period was 27 months (range 3 months to 25 years). in group A, the VSD closed spontaneously in 11 % of the patients, improved clinically in 33% and required surgical closure in 11 %. in group S, the VSD closed spontaneously in only 2%, improved clinically in 16% and required surgical closure in 47%. When considering larger VSDs only, 28% required surgery in group A, whereas 84% required surgery in group B (p
Constitutive Laws for Pseudo-Elastic Materials

AbstractIn this paper a new model of pseudo-elastic materials based on experimental obser-vations of one-dimensional motions of SM A materials is introduced. The model incor-porates phase fractions as an internal variable and allows for both reversible (elastic)and irreversible (plastic) modes inside the hysteresis loop. As such, the model accountsfor a wider range of physical phenomena than the traditional plasticity theories. Theconstitutive equations predict transitions between elastic and plastic modes through adependence on the time history of strain and phase fractions. These history effects areincluded in a way that allows for easy computation. 1 Introduction At a certain range of temperatures, one-dimensional motions of shape memory alloys displaypseudo-elastic behavior; i.e., under large strain cycles, specimens go through a hysteresis loopof the form exhibited schematically in Figure 1. Recently Muller and Xu [7] have conductedexperiments on single crystals of CuZnAl which display interesting behavior under partialloading and unloading cycles (i.e., inside the hysteresis loop). Briefly, their experimentsindicate the following sequence of events depicted in Figure 2.1. Initially, a material body is in its undeformed state, point (a). As a tensile load isapplied, the body deforms elastically up to the critical point (b). (In this elastic phasethe deformation is reversible.)2. As the tensile load increases beyond point (b), the body deforms plastically. Thisdeformation is irreversible.3. If the load is increased to the point (c) and the load is then reduced to zero, the usualfull hysteresis loop (cf. Figure 1) is traced.
Genomic approaches to identification of tumour-susceptibility genes using mouse models

Individual susceptibility to cancer in humans is determined by complex interactions between germline genetic variation and levels of exposure to environmental carcinogens or tumour promoters. Only a small fraction of cancer susceptibility is inherited in a Mendelian manner (high-penetrance familial cancer), and most tumours result from the combined effects of many gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. The sequencing of the mouse genome provides new approaches to one of the most challenging tasks of cancer genetics today.
A complex of Protocadherin-19 and N-cadherin mediates a novel mechanism of cell adhesion

During embryonic morphogenesis, adhesion molecules are required for selective cell–cell interactions. The classical cadherins mediate homophilic calcium-dependent cell adhesion and are founding members of the large and diverse cadherin superfamily. The protocadherins are the largest subgroup within this superfamily, yet their participation in calcium-dependent cell adhesion is uncertain. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel mechanism of adhesion, mediated by a complex of Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) and N-cadherin (Ncad). Although Pcdh19 alone is only weakly adhesive, the Pcdh19–Ncad complex exhibited robust adhesion in bead aggregation assays, and Pcdh19 appeared to play the dominant role. Adhesion by the Pcdh19–Ncad complex was unaffected by mutations that disrupt Ncad homophilic binding but was inhibited by a mutation in Pcdh19. In addition, the complex exhibited homophilic specificity, as beads coated with Pcdh19–Ncad did not intermix with Ncad- or Pcdh17–Ncad-coated beads. We propose a model in which association of a protocadherin with Ncad acts as a switch, converting between distinct binding specificities.
Volatility by design. Synthesis and characterization of polyether adducts of bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato)barium and their implementation as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition precursors

The synthesis and characterization of a series of polyethers and volatile, low-melting polyether complexes of bis(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato)barium having the general formula Ba(hfa)2·RO(CH2CH2O)nR‘ where R = R‘ = CH3, n = 3; R = CH3, R‘ = C2H5, n = 3; R = R‘ = H, n = 5, 6; R = R‘ = CH3, n = 4; R = CH3, R‘ = C2H5, n = 5; R = CH3, R‘ = n-C4H9, n = 5, 6; R = CH3, R = C5H11O, n = 3; R = CH3, R‘ = n-C6H13, n = 4, 5; R = C2H5, R‘ = n-C4H9, n = 5; R = n-C4H9, R‘ = n-C4H9, n = 4, 6; R = n-C4H9, R‘ = n-C6H13, n = 5 are reported. The complexes are conveniently synthesized by reaction of n-propylammonium+hfa- in DMF with an aqueous solution of Ba(NO3)2 and the polyether or, alternatively, by reaction of the polyether with Ba(hfa)2 in toluene. These new complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR, MS, X-ray diffraction (Ba(hfa)2·CH3O(CH2CH2O)3CH3·H2O, Ba(hfa)2·CH3O(CH2CH2O)5C2H5), and thermogravimetric analysis. The melting points of the complexes are strongly depen...
Influence of shot noise on CDU with DUV, EUV, and E-beam

A theoretical analysis to estimate the effect of shot noise on CDU is induced from optical imaging perspectives combined with quantum theory, and is studied for 193-nm, EUV, and electron beam lithography. We found the CDU variation from shot noise is related to the number of particles absorbed in the printed area and to the image log slope (ILS). Hence, the CDU variation contributed by shot noise gets worse when the technology node advances from 45- to 32-, 22-, and 15-nm, EUV with higher ILS is no exception. For e-beam lithography, we are interested in the values of ILS calculated from array structures with different pitches, backscattering, wafer-stage movement, and raster-scan writing.
Auditory responses of units in the ovoid nucleus and cerebrum (Field L) of the ring dove

Abstract Responses of neurons in the ovoid nucleus were similar to those of inferior colliculus units previously studied in that all units responded to pure tones, almost always by a maintained increase or decrease in discharge rate without marked onset or offset transients. Some units in the ovoid nucleus were only excited or only inhibited by tones; the remainder showed complex patterns of excitation and inhibition as a function of frequency and intensity, but sometimes had a ‘best frequency’ where the response was relatively independent of intensity. Units with complex response patterns were more common in the ovoid nucleus than in the inferior colliculus. In most ovoid nucleus neurons tested, stimulation of the contralateral ear alone produced the same or a similar but stronger effect than ipsilateral stimulation. In two cases contralateral and ipsilateral responses were quite different. In contrast mammalian medial geniculate neurons, binaural stimulation of ovoid nucleus neurons was no more, and frequently less, effective than monaural stimulation. Of 40 units isolated in the cerebrum (Field L), over half did not respond to sound. The rest were not or were only sporadically excited by tones, but were more reliably driven by hisses, clicks, squeaks, etc. This change in response character is similar to that found between auditory cortex and precortical centers in mammals.
Editorial “Health for all”: an attainable goal or an idealistic dream?

Purpose – Reflects on the prevailing health inequities across the globe and attempts to address some of these global health determinants and related global injustices.Design/methodology/approach – Specifically focuses on potential directives for achieving the lofty goal of “health for all” through improved health promotion efforts.Findings – The concept of “health for all”, envisages the attainment of a level of health that permits all the people of the world to lead a socially and economically productive life and this goal has been guiding health strategies all over the world for the past two decades. However, in the present day heterogeneous world, where wide disparities in health and social conditions exist between and within countries and regions, achievements in health are disturbingly dissimilar.Originality/value – Presents a health promotion perspective that could advance the ideal of “health for all”.
The effects of self-generated comparison targets, BMI, and social comparison tendencies on body image appraisal

Abstract Previous studies examining the association between social comparison processes and body image dissatisfaction have yielded inconsistent findings. This study examined whether such discrepancies are due to either the use of identical comparison targets for all subjects or variability in body mass. Specifically, 216 subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: self-generated upward comparison group, self-generated downward comparison group, or control group. Dependent variables were measures of body image. Results indicated that increasing body mass and trait comparison tendencies were associated with increased body dissatisfaction. However, the experimental manipulation did not affect body image ratings. Results suggest that social comparison processes may operate similarly over a range of body mass index (BMI) values.
SU‐E‐T‐293: Accuracy of Elekta ‐ Image Guided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery requires <1mm positional accuracy. We quantified the accuracy and precision of the IGRTtreatment process for the Elekta Infinity using a comprehensive phantom‐based QA procedure. The IGRT process was evaluated for both MV planar imaging and kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography (kVCBCT). Methods: A CIRS Radiosurgery head phantom with a film dosimetry insert was used to measure dose distributions in three anatomic planes. Once the phantom was properly aligned on the treatment couch, a series of offsets were applied to the position of the phantom; intentional misalignments of ±5mm in the lateral, longitudinal, and axial directions were applied. Prior to treatment, one of the IGRT modalities was used, and the calculated realignment values were applied to the phantom position. An isocentric seven‐field treatment plan with a prescription of 3Gy per fraction was delivered to the phantom. The delivered dose distributions were analyzed and compared to the calculated dose distributions from the Pinnacle(v.8.0m) treatment planning system. Two metrics were analyzed from the film: (1) dose profile positional alignment error at the 70% dose level and (2) directional mismatch of dose profile edges at the 80% dose points. Results: The largest positional alignment errors occurred along the inferior‐superior axis [0.64 ± 1.01mm]. This was possibly due to slack in the couch along this direction — the couch tended to shake slightly along this axis. Similarly, the shifts in the 80% dose points were worst along the inferior‐superior axis [80%(Inf) = −0.71 ± 0.91mm; 80%(Sup) = −0.89 ± 1.17mm]. Conclusions: Our evaluation indicates the Elekta Infinity does not have sufficient positional accuracy for frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery, but its positional accuracy is more than suitable for conventional radiotherapy. For all cases, using kVCBCT for phantom alignment resulted in more conformal dose coverage than using MV Planar imaging. This work is supported by a research contract from Elekta
Use of DNAs Expressing HIV-1 Env and Noninfectious HIV-1 Particles to Raise Antibody Responses in Mice

Abstract Two DNA constructs encoding portions of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genome have been used to raise antibody responses in BABL/c mice. One DNA (pNL4-3.env) expresses the natural form of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV-1-NL4-3 (NL4-3). The second (pNL4-3.dpol) produces noninfectious NL4-3 particles. These two DNAs (alone or in combination) raised only transient titers of anti-Env IgG. In the same group in which pNL4-3.dpol DNA raised only transient antibody responses to Env, this DNA raised persistent antibody responses to the p24 virion capsid protein (CA). Antibody responses to Env and CA also showed different abilities to be boosted. The final boosts of pNL4-3.dpol DNA increased titers of anti-CA antibody, but failed to boost the falling titers of anti-Env antibody. At peak titers of anti-Env activity, sera with relatively low ELISA titers of anti-Env IgG (end points of 1:6250) had good titers of neutralizing antibody (∼ 1:3800 for 50 TCID50 of NL4-3). At the end of the experiment (a time when anti-Env antibodies had fallen to near background levels), in vitro-restimulated splenocytes from both pNL4-3.env and pNL4-3.dpol DNA vaccine groups exhibited similar cytotoxic activity.
Dose effects of adenine on myocardial ATP content in the post-anoxic nonworking rat heart

Abstract 1. Tissue ATP levels were measured in Langendorff perfused nonworking rat hearts subjected to 50 min anoxia prior to reperfusion with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer alone or supplemented with 50 μM or 1 mM adenine for 60 min. 2. ATP content was restored to the normoxic range in hearts reperfused with 50 μM adenine in KRB (20.82 ± SEM 1.90 μ mol/g dry weight vs 24.95 ± 0.83 in normoxic hearts, P = NS). 3. Reperfusion with oxygenated KRB alone or buffer with 1 mM adenine failed to improve ATP levels (17.23 + 0.91 μ mol/g dry weight for buffer alone, 15.60 ± 0.46 with 1 mM adenine and 13.45 ± 0.93 for anoxic hearts not reperfused). 4. These findings indicate that adenine at 50 μM dosage can restore ATP concentrations to the normoxic range after 60 in of anoxia in the nonworking rat heart while raising the adenine dose to 1 mM inhibited the tissue ATP content.
Microstructure and properties of sol-gel derived Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 thin films on GaN/sapphire for nanoelectromechanical systems

Highly (111) oriented, phase-pure perovskite Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 (or PZT 30/70) thin films were deposited on single-crystal, (0001) wurtzite GaN/sapphire substrates using the sol-gel process and rapid thermal annealing. The phase, crystallinity, and stoichiometry of annealed PZT films were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The atomic force microscopy revealed a smooth PZT surface (rms roughness ∼1.5 nm) with striations and undulations possibly influenced by the nature of the underlying GaN surface. The cross-sectional field-emission scanning electron microscopic images indicated a sharper PZT/GaN interface compared to that of sol-gel derived PZT on (111) Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100) Si substrates. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics for PZT in the Pt/PZT/GaN (metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor or MFS) configuration were evaluated as a function of annealing temperature and applied voltage. The observed C-V hysteresis stemmed from trapped charge at defect sites within PZT. Also, the lower capacitance density (C/A = 0.35 μF/cm2, where A is the area of an electrode) and remnant polarization (Pr ∼ 4 μC/cm2) for PZT in the MFS configuration, compared to the values for PZT in the MFM configuration (Pt/PZT/Pt), were attributed to the high depolarization field within PZT.
Smoke movement in buildings

Smoke is a major killer of building occupants in times of fire. How does it spread throughout a building and reach untenable accumulations before temperatures become dangerously high? In this, the first of two articles, the author discusses the movement of smoke. In the second, he will deal with methods for controlling the movement of smoke in buildings.
Rod Monochromacy and the Coevolution of Cetacean Retinal Opsins

Cetaceans have a long history of commitment to a fully aquatic lifestyle that extends back to the Eocene. Extant species have evolved a spectacular array of adaptations in conjunction with their deployment into a diverse array of aquatic habitats. Sensory systems are among those that have experienced radical transformations in the evolutionary history of this clade. In the case of vision, previous studies have demonstrated important changes in the genes encoding rod opsin (RH1), short-wavelength sensitive opsin 1 (SWS1), and long-wavelength sensitive opsin (LWS) in selected cetaceans, but have not examined the full complement of opsin genes across the complete range of cetacean families. Here, we report protein-coding sequences for RH1 and both color opsin genes (SWS1, LWS) from representatives of all extant cetacean families. We examine competing hypotheses pertaining to the timing of blue shifts in RH1 relative to SWS1 inactivation in the early history of Cetacea, and we test the hypothesis that some cetaceans are rod monochomats. Molecular evolutionary analyses contradict the “coastal” hypothesis, wherein SWS1 was pseudogenized in the common ancestor of Cetacea, and instead suggest that RH1 was blue-shifted in the common ancestor of Cetacea before SWS1 was independently knocked out in baleen whales (Mysticeti) and in toothed whales (Odontoceti). Further, molecular evidence implies that LWS was inactivated convergently on at least five occasions in Cetacea: (1) Balaenidae (bowhead and right whales), (2) Balaenopteroidea (rorquals plus gray whale), (3) Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby's beaked whale), (4) Physeter macrocephalus (giant sperm whale), and (5) Kogia breviceps (pygmy sperm whale). All of these cetaceans are known to dive to depths of at least 100 m where the underwater light field is dim and dominated by blue light. The knockout of both SWS1 and LWS in multiple cetacean lineages renders these taxa rod monochromats, a condition previously unknown among mammalian species.
Preparation and Characterization of Water-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Hybridization with Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Derivatives

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) hybrids were prepared through noncovalent functionalization with pyrene-containing hydroxypropyl cellulose derivatives (HPC-Py) that were synthesized by simple condensation and substitution reactions. The obtained SWNT hybrids were structurally characterized with UV−vis, fluorescence, ATR FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopies. The prepared SWNT hybrids were soluble in water with good storage stability, and their statistical average size was approximately 260 nm. The hybridization extent of the SWNTs was dependent on the content of pyrene moieties in HPC-Py. The hydroxypropyl cellulose attached to the surface of the SWNTs was hydrolyzable or removable by cellulases, whereas the SWNTs underwent no structural changes during the enzymatic treatment.
Characterization of Fv-1 host range strains of murine retroviruses by titration and p30 protein characteristics

Abstract A standardized, direct XC plaque assay was used to determine the titration hitness patterns of Fv-1 host range murine retroviruses obtained from various laboratories. The N- or B-tropic viruses were tested on a variety of cells with Fv-1 nn , Fv-1 bb , or Fv-1 nb genotypes, and, with one exception, a discrete two-hit pattern was obtained on cells with the restrictive genotype (i.e., N-tropic virus on BALB/c, SIM·R, and B6C3F 1 cells, and B-tropic virus on SME, SIM, and B6C3F 1 cells). The single exception to the two-hit titration effect was a strain (TOR-B) which is poorly infectious for all cells, and which does not show a clear N- or B-tropism. In addition, it was possible to convert the two-hit pattern of another B-tropic virus (OR-B) to a one-hit curve by coinfection with an XC-negative N-tropic virus. Relative to SC-1 (Fv-1 −− ) cells, it was possible to define three components of restriction of ecotropic virus infection of mouse cells: The first two components, the two-hit kinetics and 10 2- to 10 3 -fold reduction in titer on restrictive cells, are Fv-1 determined; the third a decreased infectivity on all cells relative to SC-1 cells, is independent of Fv-1 genotype.
Quantitative MRI of cerebral arterial blood volume.

Baseline cerebral arterial blood volume (CBVa) and its change are important for potential diagnosis of vascular dysfunctions, the determination of functional reactivity, and the interpretation of BOLD fMRI. To quantitative measure baseline CBVa non-invasively, we developed arterial spin labeling methods with magnetization transfer (MT) or bipolar gradients by utilizing differential MT or diffusion properties of tissue vs. arteries. Cortical CBVa of isoflurane- anesthetized rats was 0.6 ￻ 1.4 ml/100 g. During 15-s forepaw stimulation, CBVa change was dominant, while venous blood volume change was minimal. This indicates that the venous CBV increase may be ignored for BOLD quantification for a stimulation duration of less than 15 s. By incorporating BOLD fMRI with varied MT effects in a cat visual cortical layer model, the highest ￻ CBVa was observed at layer 4, while the highest BOLD signal was detected at the surface of the cortex, indicating that CBVa change is highly specific to neural activity. The CBVa MRI techniques provide quantified maps, thus, may be valuable tools for routine determination of vessel viability and function, as well as the identification of vascular dysfunction.
Effect of early mobilization on sedation practices in the neurosciences intensive care unit: a preimplementation and postimplementation evaluation.

Abstract Introduction The use of sedation and analgesia protocols, daily interruption of sedation, and early mobilization (EM) have been shown to decrease duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay (LOS). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted during a 6-month premobilization (pre-EM) and 6-month postmobilization (post-EM) period. Patients older than 18 years who were admitted to the neurosciences intensive care unit (ICU) and mechanically ventilated for at least 24 hours without documentation of withdrawal of life support or brain death were included. Results Thirty-one pre-EM and 37 post-EM patients were included. Baseline demographics were similar with the exception of more ischemic stroke patients in the pre-EM group (P Conclusions After implementation of an EM program, an increase in opioid use and no significant change in other sedatives were observed. Despite an increase in the amount of physical therapy and occupational therapy provided to patients, there was no change in hospital and ICU LOS or duration of mechanical ventilation.
Effect of 40-kHz ultrasound on acute thrombotic ischemia in a rabbit femoral artery thrombosis model: enhancement of thrombolysis and improvement in capillary muscle perfusion.

Background—We have shown previously that 40-kHz ultrasound (US) at low intensity accelerates fibrinolysis in vitro with little heating and good tissue penetration. These studies have now been extended to examine the effects of 40-kHz US on thrombolysis and tissue perfusion in a rabbit model. Methods and Results—Treatment was administered with either US alone at 0.75 W/cm2, streptokinase alone, or the combination of US and streptokinase. US or streptokinase resulted in minimal thrombolysis, but reperfusion was nearly complete with the combination after 120 minutes. US also reversed the ischemia in nonperfused muscle in the absence of arterial flow. Tissue perfusion decreased after thrombosis from 13.7±0.2 to 6.6±0.8 U and then declined further to 4.5±0.4 U after 240 minutes. US improved perfusion to 10.6±0.5 and 12.1±0.5 U after 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. This effect was reversible and declined to pretreatment values after US was discontinued. Similarly, tissue pH declined from normal to 7.05±0.02 af...