cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dominant lethal assay. I. Captan

Abstract Five daily ip doses or oral intubations of the fungicide captan, N-(trichloromethylthio)tetrahydrophthalimide, were given to male rats and mice, which were then mated to untreated females for 10 and 12 wk, respectively, in an assay to determine dominant lethal potential. Triethylenemelamine served as a positive control. Captan produced negligible anti-fertility effects and a minimal reduction in the mean number of total implants per pregnancy. Increases in the mean number of early foetal deaths per pregnancy, a measure of mutagenic effect, were seen in both species after ip and oral administration. Significant linear trends were observed for the numbers of litters with two or more early deaths in both rats and mice.
Time to first shock by emergency medical technicians with automated external defibrillators.

The interval from collapse to electrical rescue shock is a critical determinant of successful defibrillation in cardiac arrest. In order to achieve the earliest possible defibrillation, many emergency medical services (EMS) systems equip first-responding units with an automated external defibrillator (AED). Objective. To measure the time from on-scene emergency medical technician (EMT) recognition of cardiac arrest to AED application and shock in ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest. In addition, the authors sought to understand the reasons for delays. Methods. Using the AED recordings and written EMS reports, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of all persons who experienced an EMS-attended VF cardiac arrest in which an AED was applied and a shock delivered by an EMT, from January 1999 through December 2000 (n = 177). Based on the bimodal distribution of times, two groups were assembled: no delay (time to shock ≤ 90 seconds) and delayed (time to shock > 90 seconds). Patient and event chara...
On Savings and Investment Dynamics in a Small Open Economy

Abstract This paper constructs a stochastic, overlapping-generations, two-country model of savings and investment under conditions of perfect international capital mobility. The focus of the analysis is on the relationship between savings and investment dynamics in a small open economy in response to stochastic variations in domestic and/or foreign production technologies. The model is simulated under alternative specifications of the stochastic distribution governing both technologies. This provides insight into the very complicated nature and rich diversity of possible relationships between savings and investment dynamics.
Differential roles for CXCR3 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell trafficking following viral infection of the CNS

Lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) following viral infection represents an important component of host defense and is required for control of viral replication. However, the mechanisms governing inflammation in response to viral infection of the CNS are not well understood. Following intracranial (i.c.) infection of susceptible mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), mice develop an acute encephalomyelitis followed by a chronic demyelinating disease. The CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) is expressed following MHV infection and signals T cells to migrate into the CNS. The functional contribution of the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 in host defense and disease in response to MHV infection was evaluated. The majority of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the CNS following MHV infection express CXCR3. Administration of anti-CXCR3 antibody reduced CD4+ T cell infiltration (p⩽0.05), while CD8+ T cell trafficking was not affected. Anti-CXCR3 treatment during chronic disease correlated with improved motor skills and reduced demyelination. The selective effect of anti-CXCR3 treatment on CD4+ T cells was not the result of either reduced proliferation or modulation in chemokine receptor gene expression. Therefore, CXCR3 signaling has a non-redundant role in T cell subset trafficking in response to viral infection.
Replication initiation and elongation fork rates within a differentially expressed human multicopy locus in early S phase

Replication of the 400 copies of the 43 kb human ribosomal RNA (rDNA) locus spans most of the S phase. To examine the basis for the unusual pattern of rDNA replication, a sensitive strategy was developed to map origins of DNA replication and measure apparent rates of fork progression within a chromosomal locus. This technique, termed differential intragenomic replication timing, revealed that initiation within the actively transcribed rDNA occurred in early S within a 10.7 kb region spanning the promoter and 5' external transcribed spacer. Forks emanating from this early bidirectional origin progressed at an apparent slow rate with the sense and anti-sense forks moving at 0.32 and 0.23 kb/min. Using a photochemical-based technique, the chromatin status of the rDNA repeats was assayed throughout the S phase. Approximately 85% of the rDNA repeats were in a transcriptionally active chromatin structure at the start of S phase. A progressive decrease in the transcription state of the rDNA loci was observed, reaching a minimum between 3 and 6 h in mid S phase. Altogether, the data suggest a link between RNA polymerase I mediated transcription and site-specific initiation of DNA replication within the rDNA multicopy locus.
Assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2-3% of the adult population and is considered a debilitating and costly disorder, with associated impairments spanning the social, occupational, and familial domains. Although effective treatments of OCD exist, many individuals who suffer from OCD go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, preventing them from obtaining appropriate treatment. As a result, making improvements to the assessment and diagnosis of OCD remains an important area of focus for research and clinical practice. This paper provides a critical review of instruments used in the assessment and diagnosis of OCD as well as a review of adjunctive measures used to assess associated symptoms. Types of instruments reviewed include diagnostic interviews, self-report questionnaires, family-report questionnaires, and clinician-administered inventories. Discussion of each instrument includes information regarding the pragmatics of administration and the psychometric properties of each instrument, as well as an evaluation of each instrument's strengths and weaknesses. We conclude by providing a synthesis of the literature and highlighting directions for future research.
Inositol Trisphosphate, Polyphosphoinositide Turnover, and High-Energy Metabolites in Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion

Background and Purpose Although the signaling pathway involving polyphosphoinositide (poly-PI) hydrolysis and release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] is an important mechanism for regulation of neuronal calcium homeostasis, the effect of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion on this calcium signaling pathway is not well understood. Because activity of this pathway is dependent on availability of ATP, this study is aimed at examining the poly-PI signaling pathway and high-energy metabolites in a rat stroke model. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia in rats was induced by temporary occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery and both common carotid arteries. Levels of Ins(1,4,5)P3 were determined by use of the radioreceptor binding assay. Poly-PI turnover in rat cortex was assessed with an in vivo protocol involving intracerebral injection of [3H]inositol and systemic administration of lithium. High-energy metabolites (ATP, ADP, and AMP) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results ...
Time delay techniques for satellite interference location system

Describes the development of a system for inferring the position of uplink ground stations, using existing domestic satellites, with minimal disruption of normal operation. The system uses the differential time delay of a single uplink signal passing through two adjacent spacecraft to infer the relative position of the uplink transmitter. A system for the measurement of such differential time delays is described. Since this technique alone does not provide an unambiguous determination of uplink transmitter location, the use of an interferometer to resolve such ambiguities is discussed. >
Engagement and frustration in programming projects

Attracting and retaining quality students is an ongoing concern in Computer Science. Retention can be enhanced by keeping students engaged in the learning process while preventing them from becoming overly frustrated. While engaging students during class is certainly important, most students spend a significant amount of time working on programming projects outside of class. The goal of this research was to collect and analyze some initial data on how engaging and frustrating our students find our programming projects. During the Spring 2006 semester we surveyed our students after each programming project. This paper presents some initial findings from the surveys and discusses strategies on how to improve our projects based on this feedback.
OR models as tools for the regulation of industry

Abstract This paper presents some novel observations and recommendations about the uses and usefulness of operational research models as a tool for regulation of industry. Reference is made to the first use of a model for regulatory analyses by the United States Federal Power Commission in a natural gas proceeding. A criticism is given of this first attempt to use a model for regulatory purposes, and from this criticism a strategy for a more effective use of models is developed. As a part of this strategy the concept of ex post models is introduced. In addition the potential conflict of model use and the guarantee of due process of law is considered. The paper concludes with a set of remarks on the recommended posture that an operational research analyst should assume when working with policy makers.
Early-photon tomographic imaging with 360-degree sample rotation

An early photon detection multi-angle projection, high spatial sampling system has been developed to fully exploit the advantages of time-resolved methods in imaging diffuse media and offer measurements of maximum information content.
Transsaccadic processing: stability, integration, and the potential role of remapping

While our frequent saccades allow us to sample the complex visual environment in a highly efficient manner, they also raise certain challenges for interpreting and acting upon visual input. In the present, selective review, we discuss key findings from the domains of cognitive psychology, visual perception, and neuroscience concerning two such challenges: (1) maintaining the phenomenal experience of visual stability despite our rapidly shifting gaze, and (2) integrating visual information across discrete fixations. In the first two sections of the article, we focus primarily on behavioral findings. Next, we examine the possibility that a neural phenomenon known as predictive remapping may provide an explanation for aspects of transsaccadic processing. In this section of the article, we delineate and critically evaluate multiple proposals about the potential role of predictive remapping in light of both theoretical principles and empirical findings.
Extracellular Matrix Dynamics and Fetal Membrane Rupture

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in determining cell and organ function: (1) it is an organizing substrate that provides tissue tensile strength; (2) it anchors cells and influences cell morphology and function via interaction with cell surface receptors; and (3) it is a reservoir for growth factors. Alterations in the content and the composition of the ECM determine its physical and biological properties, including strength and susceptibility to degradation. The ECM components themselves also harbor cryptic matrikines, which when exposed by conformational change or proteolysis have potent effects on cell function, including stimulating the production of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Collectively, these properties of the ECM reflect a dynamic tissue component that influences both tissue form and function. This review illustrates how defects in ECM synthesis and metabolism and the physiological process of ECM turnover contribute to changes in the fetal membranes that precede normal parturition and contribute to the pathological events leading to preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).
Znf385C mediates a novel p53-dependent transcriptional switch to control timing of facial bone formation

Jaw formation involves an intricate series of molecular events, whereby a chondrogenic scaffold precedes osteogenesis. The mechanisms coupling timing of cartilage maturation to onset of bone differentiation are poorly understood, particularly for neural crest-derived bones of the head. Here we present a novel zebrafish gene/protein-trap Citrine-fusion line that reveals transient expression of the zinc-finger protein Znf385C in maturing chondrocytes of the jaw. Functional analysis shows that loss of Znf385C disrupts a distinct peak of p21^(cip1/waf1) expression in the chondrocytes, as well as causes premature ossification of the zebrafish jaw. We find that Znf385C is expressed as two splice variants which act differentially to activate p21^(cip1/waf1) and/or interact with p53 in subcellular compartments. Taken together, the results suggest that Znf385C acts as a developmental switch for p53 function that modulates cell cycle arrest of chondrocytes and regulates timing of jaw cartilage maturation and ossification.
‘Listen to the voice of reason’: the New Orleans Tribune as advocate for public, integrated education

The New Orleans Tribune (1864–1870), the first black daily newspaper in the United States, was the singular text in the public South at its time to staunchly advocate for public, integrated education, anticipating the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education, and arguing that separate education would always be synonymous with unequal education and would reinforce the mark of inferiority already placed upon blacks by slavery. This article argues that the Tribune grounded its argument against segregated education in logos-centred rhetoric that focused specifically on combating the dominant discourse of white supremacy and black inferiority embedded in the emerging ideology of scientific racism. The Tribune defended against the divisive rhetoric of the newly forming eugenics movement and instead posed public, integrated education as a necessary prerequisite to rebuilding a nation destroyed by the Civil War.
Combating Meaninglessness: On the Automatic Defense of Meaning

Research has found that a substantial portion of human cognition occurs beyond conscious awareness to satisfy the superordinate goal of maintaining meaning. Three experiments used a newly developed method to examine the features of meaning and how individuals automatically defend against threats to meaning. In Experiment 1, individuals who subliminally processed meaninglessness-related words, relative to those in a control group, reported being more religious and having more meaningful lives. Experiment 2 extended these results, as individuals whose meaning was threatened bolstered alternative domains of meaning (termed fluid compensation) by reporting higher self-esteem, need for closure, symbolic immortality, and a reduced need to belong. Experiment 3 ruled out an alternative explanation and clarified the effects of threatened meaning on one’s need to belong. These findings elucidate the processes of meaning maintenance in sustaining psychological equanimity. Implications for the automatic defense of me...
Cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide in lambs receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE To determine if the institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) alters the cerebrovascular response to changes in PaCO2. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled animal trial. SUBJECTS Anesthetized 1- to 7-day-old lambs of mixed breed (n = 16). SETTING University research laboratory. INTERVENTIONS The experimental group was placed on ECMO. Both experimental and control groups (n = 8) were exposed to three concentrations of PaCO2 (hypocarbia, normocarbia, and hypercarbia) by varying mechanical ventilation and by adding carbon dioxide to the ventilator gases. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Cerebral blood flow was measured by the radiolabeled microsphere method. Arterial blood gases and sagittal sinus blood gases were drawn at the time of cerebral blood flow measurement so that cerebral metabolism, cerebral oxygen transport, and extraction could be calculated. In the control group, as PaCO2 increased from 34 +/- 2 (SD) to 53 +/- 4 torr (4.5 +/- 0.3 to 7.1 +/- 0.5 kPa), cerebral blood flow increased from 53 +/- 12 to 147 +/- 50 mL/min/100 g. This increase in cerebral blood flow was not different from that of the ECMO group, where PaCO2 increased from 33 +/- 2 to 56 +/- 3 torr (4.4 +/- 0.3 to 7.5 +/- 0.4 kPa) and cerebral blood flow increased from 48 +/- 17 to 106 +/- 38 mL/min/100 g. As PaCO2 decreased from 34 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 torr (4.5 +/- 0.27 to 2.5 +/- 0.27 kPa), cerebral blood flow decreased from 53 +/- 12 to 43 +/- 8 mL/min/100 g in the control group. This decrease was not different from that of the ECMO group, where cerebral blood flow decreased from 48 +/- 17 to 39 +/- 10 mL/min/100 g as PaCO2 decreased from 33 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 3 torr (4.4 +/- 0.3 to 2.9 +/- 0.4 kPa). When regional cerebral blood flow was analyzed, no regional differences in the cerebrovascular responses to PaCO2 between ECMO and control groups were found. The cerebral metabolic rate was not different between ECMO and control groups at any level of PaCO2, nor was the cerebral metabolic rate affected by changes in PaCO2. Oxygen extraction increased with hypocarbia and decreased with hypercarbia in a similar fashion in both ECMO and control groups. CONCLUSION The cerebrovascular response to changes in PaCO2 was unaffected by ECMO.
Enzymatic Methylation of Nicotinamide by Claviceps purpurea

Soluble supernatant fractions from two strains of Claviceps purpurea were tested for the presence of enzymes capable of methylating tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyramine, and nicotinamide. The latter compound was the only one of the substrates tested in which methylation took place.
Chemically induced neuronal damage and gliosis: enhanced expression of the proinflammatory chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, without a corresponding increase in proinflammatory cytokines

Enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines has long been linked to neuronal and glial responses to brain injury. Indeed, inflammation in the brain has been associated with damage that stems from conditions as diverse as infection, multiple sclerosis, trauma, and excitotoxicity. In many of these brain injuries, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may allow entry of blood-borne factors that contribute to, or serve as the basis of, brain inflammatory responses. Administration of trimethyltin (TMT) to the rat results in loss of hippocampal neurons and an ensuing gliosis without BBB compromise. We used the TMT damage model to discover the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are expressed in response to neuronal injury. TMT caused pyramidal cell damage within 3 days and a substantial loss of these neurons by 21 days post dosing. Marked microglial activation and astrogliosis were evident over the same time period. The BBB remained intact despite the presence of multiple indicators of TMT-induced neuropathology. TMT caused large increases in whole hippocampal-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 mRNA (1000%) by day 3 and in MCP-1 (300%) by day 7. The mRNA levels for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, cytokines normally expressed during the earliest stage of inflammation, were not increased up to 21 days post dosing. Lipopolysaccharide, used as a positive control, caused large inductions of cytokine mRNA in liver, as well as an increase in IL-1β in hippocampus, but it did not result in the induction of astrogliosis. The data suggest that enhanced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, is not required for neuronal and glial responses to injury and that MCP-1 may serve a signaling function in the damaged CNS that is distinct from its role in proinflammatory events.
Optimizing patching performance

Patching has been shown to be cost efficient for video-on- demand systems. Unlike conventional multicast, patching is a dynamic multicast scheme which enables a new request to join an ongoing multicast. Since a multicast can now grow dynamically to serve new users, this approach is more efficiency than traditional multicast. In addition, since a new request can be serviced immediately without having to wait for the next multicast, true video-on-demand can be achieved. In this paper, we introduce the notion of patching window, and present a generalized patching method. We show that existing schemes are special cases with a specific patching window size. We derive a mathematical formula to help determine the optimal size for the patching window. This formula allows us to design the best patching scheme given a workload. The proposed technique is validated using simulations. They show that the analytical results are very accurate. We also provide performance results to demonstrate that the optimal technique outperforms the existing schemes by a significant margin. It is also up to two times better than the best Piggybacking method which provides data sharing by merging the services in progress into a single stream by altering their display rates.
Toward design office moment-rotation curves for end-plate beam-to-column connections

Abstract A semi-analytic method to model moment-rotation curves for unstiffened extended end plate connections is presented. Two physically based parameters; connection initial stiffness and connection moment capacity, and one experimentally based parameter are used in a three-parameter power model. Good correlation between the proposed model and experimental results is shown. The proposed method is then simplified, resulting in moment-rotation curve modeling suitable for design office environments.
Induction and repair of macromolecular damage by alkylating agents.

When considering the mechanisms for tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, the converse situation must also be considered, namely the mechanisms for tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. This manuscript will describe serendipity, where we tried to find a mechanism for tumor cell kill by chloroethylnitrosoureas (CNUs) and found a mechanism by which some tumor cells are resistant to these anti-tumor agents. A unique DNA repair system found in all normal human cells, and in a large percentage of human tumor cell lines examined to date will be discussed. Although the chloroethylnitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU) have been used in the clinic for nearly 20 years, it is only in the past few years that their mechanisms ofaction have begun to be understood. The CNUs under physiological conditions decompose to yield an alkylating moiety capable of interacting with nucleic acids and proteins, and some nitrosoureas such as BCNU and CCNU also generate a carbamoylating moiety which can react with proteins, and has been shown to be capable of inhibiting a variety of enzymes including enzymes that are involved with DNA repair (10). In 1977 Kohn demonstrated that the CNUs were capable of producing DNA interstrand crosslinks (ISC) in purified bacterial DNA reacted with the drugs in saline ( 12). A unique feature of the reaction was that the formation of the crosslink took place over a number of hours after removal of the drug. Kohn proposed that the crosslink might form via an initial attack by a chloroethyl carbonium ion at a nucleophic site on the Watson strand of the DNA producing a DNAchloroethyl monoadduct. He suggested that the crosslink could then form between two DNA bases by displacement of the chlorine atom from the chloroethyl monoadduct by a nucleophilic site on the Crick strand of DNA in a delayed reaction. Kohn further suggested that one accessible site in DNA where the initial chloroethyl monoadduct might form was
Biomass accumulation and alkaloid content in leaves of Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense grown in soil with varying pH

Summary Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. ( E. coca ) and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron ( E. novo, novogranatense ) were grown in greenhouse pots of Monmouth sandy loam, over a pH range of 3.5 through 7.0, to determine patterns for biomass accumulation and the content of hygrine, tropinone, methyl ecgonine, cuscohygrine, tropacocaine, cocaine, cis - and trans -cinnamoylcocaine in their leaves. Optimal growth for E. coca occurred at pH 3.5, and for E. novo. novogranatense at pH 4.7 through 6.0. The pH extreme (sub-optimal biomass accumulation, above and below optimal pH) for E. coca was ≥6.5 and for E. novo, novogranatense ≤ 3.5 and ≥ 6.5. Hence, E. coca is tentatively termed a calcifuge (Al-tolerant, Fe-inefficient) while E. novo. novogranatense more nearly resembles a calcicole (Fe-efficient, Alsensitive). Increases in leaf alkaloid content observed at the pH extremes for E. coca and E. novo, novogranatense appeared to be caused by plant stress. E. novo. novogranatense was more tolerant to the high pH extreme than E. coca . Twenty-two months after transplanting, 55% of E. coca plants grown at soil pH 7.0 died, and those that remained were chlorotic. In addition, among E. coca plants grown at soil pH 6.5, only 55 % were alive at the third harvest. Cocaine concentration in E. coca was independent of leaf biomass. Leaves of E. coca grown in soil at pH 3.5 through 6.0 had higher concentrations of cocaine than those of E. novo. novogranatense . Conversely, leaves of E. novo. novogranatense contained a higher concentration of trans - and cis -cinnamoylcocaine and methyl ecgonine than those of E. coca . The least abundant alkaloid observed in E. coca and E. novo. novogranatense was tropinone which was low or commonly not detected. Of the eight alkaloids monitored in leaves of E. novo. novogranatense grown in soils at various pH levels, methyl ecgonine was the most abundant.
On kinetic Alfvén waves in a dusty plasma

Abstract The dispersion and damping of a dust-modified kinetic Alfven wave, and a lower frequency dust kinetic Alfven wave, is investigated in a dusty plasma comprising electrons, ions, and negative dust. It is found that, when dust dynamics is neglected, the presence of cold dust modifies the usual kinetic Alfven wave dispersion and damping owing to the inequality of the electron and ion densities. The dispersion relation of the dust kinetic Alfven wave, with frequency below the dust cyclotron frequency, depends on the density and temperature parameters of all three species, and the wave damping is due to both electrons and ions.
Evidence for the Presence of Smooth Muscle Elements Surrounding the Alveoli of the Mammary Gland

Summary An examination of the udder of a lactating cow by histological means and suitable staining showed the presence of cells beneath the secretary epithelium of the alveoli and in the interlobular spaces which had the appearance and staining properties of smooth muscle fibers. These cells were not observed to form a continuous band around the individual alveoli but were spaced at intervals below the epithelial cells. They are believed to surround the alveoli and to aid in the expulsion of milk from the lumen and not to be associated with blood capillaries. The walls of the duct system also contained similar smooth muscle cells but no tendency was observed for these cells to form muscular sphincters which would, upon contraction, impede the flow of milk.
Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986

Acknowledgments 1. Introduction Part One. Incorporation, 1836-1900 2. The Rivalship of Peace 3. Cattle, Land, and Markets 4. Race, Labor, and the Frontier Part Two. Reconstruction, 1900-1920 5. The Coming of the Commercial Farmers 6. The Politics of Reconstruction Part Three. Segregation, 1920-1940 7. The Structure of the New Order 8. The Mexican Problem 9. The Web of Labor Controls 10. The Culture of Segregation 11. The Geography of Race and Class Part Four. Integration, 1940-1986 12. The Demise of "Jim Crow" 13. A Time of Inclusion Appendix. On Interpreting Southwestern History Notes Bibliography Index
Normal blood lymphocytes from patients with adipose tissue tumors with rearrangements at 12q13-q14 do not express the fragile site fra(12)(q13.1).

Abstract An association between chromosomal fragile sites and cancer-specific breakpoints has been found to be statistically significant. Cancer patients have been shown to be carriers of fragile sites in chromosome regions involved in rearrangements in malignant cells. Based on these observations it has been hypothesized that fragile sites may be involved in the pathogenesis of human tumors. We have recently described a new recurrent cancer breakpoint at chromosomal region 12q13-q14 in adipose tissue tumors. The possible involvement in these tumors of the rare folate-sensitive fragile site 12q13.1 has been investigated in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood cells from three patients carrying the t(12;16)(q13;p11) in their liposarcoma cells and one patient with the t(3;12)(q28;q14) in his lipoma cells. No expression of the fragile site 12q13.1 could be detected in the blood lymphocytes of any of the patients. The involvement of the fragile site 12q13.1 in the pathogenesis of adipose tissue tissue tumors with a 12q13-q14 breakpoint remains to be established.
Climate Change, Water, and Health: A Review of Regional Challenges

Climate change is a phenomenon affecting the whole planet; however, its impacts are mostly felt by those who are already deprived—low—income countries and regions prone to climate related disasters. The occurrence, intensity, and spatial extent of hydrological extremes are likely to change with global warming. This paper reviews current and future impacts of a changing climate on the hydrological cycle and how it affects floods; droughts and related impacts on agriculture and food availability; sea-level rise and its impacts on coastal communities; and waterborne, rodent-borne, and vector-borne diseases. The effect of climate on quality of life and risks of conflicts is also explored. Regions that are most likely to be impacted by each are highlighted. The disasters associated with climate change are very similar to those that the world has periodically witnessed due to climate variability patterns, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation. However, their frequency and severity may be much higher and they may compromise efforts currently underway to solve existing problems.
Decrease in the etch rate of polymers in the oxygen afterglow with increasing gas flow rate

This paper reports the variation of the etch rate of polymers in the afterglow of a radio frequency discharge in oxygen as a function of total flow rate in the range 2-10 cu cm (STP)/min. The measurements were made at ambient temperature with the O(P-3) concentration held essentially constant. Results are reported on three polymers: cis-polybutadiene, a polybutadiene with 33 percent 1,2 double bonds, and a polybutadiene with 40 percent 1,2 double bonds. It has been observed that the etch rate of these polymers decreases significantly with increasing flow rate, strongly suggesting that the vapor-phase products of polymer degradation contribute to the degradation process.
Evidence for a Needs-Based Model of Organizational-Meeting Leadership

The aim of this study was to investigate whether an association exists between 19 meeting-leader behaviors of the type that tend to meet attendee needs and attendee ratings of satisfaction with the meeting and productivity of the meeting. An observer blind to the ratings of attendees recorded which of 19 needs-related behaviors the leader showed and then collected anonymous meeting-rating data from the attendees. The study included data from 60 organizational meetings and a total of 401 meeting attendees. The results indicate that the overall level of leader behaviors shown, out of 19 different behaviors observed, was significantly associated with attendee ratings of the meeting. Several individual meeting-leader behaviors showed significant associations with ratings of either meeting productivity or satisfaction with the meeting: arriving before the start of the meeting, speaking succinctly, moving the meeting along, encouraging participation, encouraging decision making, paraphrasing someone’s, smiling more than once, saying something positive about the future of the organization, and summarizing the decisions made. The results provide preliminary support for a new needs-based model of organizational-meeting leadership. The results also suggest specific leader behaviors that may contribute to meeting productivity and satisfaction.
Ascorbic acid synthesis and biotin deficiency.

Abstract Administration of l -ascorbic acid to biotin-deficient rats delayed the onset of deficiency but did not abolish all the clinical symptoms of the deficiency. Biotin-deficient animals excreted less than half the amount of ascorbic acid compared to the animals that received biotin. Similarly, liver and adrenals of the biotin-deficient animals contained less than half the total ascorbic acid as compared to the control rats. Blood serum levels of ascorbic acid also showed significant, differences between the two groups. Ascorbic acid synthesis from labeled glucose showed a marked reduction in the specific activity as well as the total counts incorporated by the biotin-deficient rat compared to the control receiving biotin. These effects are a result of an impairment in glucose utilization as well as a decrease in l -gulonolactone oxidase activity in biotin deficiency.
RNA conversion of lymphoid cells to synthesize allogeneic immunoglobulins in vivo

Ribonucleic acid extracts (“5 day immune” and “nonimmune”-RNA) obtained from lymph nodes and spleens of rabbits homozygous for the b4 or b5 allele of light chain immunoglobulin allotypes were injected iv into nonimmunized rabbits homozygous for the alternate allele. The recipient rabbits were then given multiple iv injections of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The spleens were assayed 13, 21, and 37 days following the RNA injection for “direct” IgM and “indirect” IgG plaque forming cells (PFC) specific for SRBC. The b4 or b5 light chain allotype and the a1, a2, and a3 heavy chain allotype of the antibody in the plaques was identified by radioautography and by inhibition of plaque formation using anti-allotype antibodies. The b light chain allotype of the RNA donor was identified in 22–32% of the IgM plaques and in 25–42% of the IgG plaques. The allotype of the host rabbit b light chain allotype was identified in 56–67% of the IgM plaques and in 57–71% of the IgG plaques. Likewise the a heavy chain allotype of the RNA donor was identified in 10–19% of the IgM plaques and in 12–19% of the IgG plaques. The allotype of the host rabbit a heavy chain allotype was identified in 51–60% of the IgM plaques and in 55–63% of the IgG plaques. The concentrated lysates of spleen and lymph node cells were also analyzed for immunoglobulins of each light chain allotype by immunodiffusion with radiolabeled antibody. The allotype of both the RNA donor rabbit and host rabbit were found in most of the lysates of lymphoid tissues and in some of the IgG isolated from the serum and concentrated.
Charge state distributions for heavy ions in carbon stripper foils

The authors have extended the database of measured charge state distributions available in the literature through measurements at the SuperHILAC using carbon stripper foils in the energy range 1.2-8.5 MeV/u. By modifying a semiempirical model to include the effect of electronic shells, they are able to correctly predict the mean charge state to within 1/2 a charge state for 6 >
P‐14: Mechanical Drop Simulation Using FEM to Improve Shockproof Characteristic in Cathode‐Ray Tube

In this study, the structural design concepts of main parameters of a Cathode-Ray Tube(CRT) such as frame, spring, shadow mask were proposed to guarantee a failure-proof CRT under mechanical shock. With the help of computer simulation, some pieces of information on the structural design were obtained as the followings; the frame and the shadow mask of CRT needed designing to increase strength, so double-beads shape at the corner of frame was newly designed for it. And the spring, which interconnected frame with panel glass, was required to deform elastically for the purpose of absorbing the shock energy in the direction of drop. A new type of spring, it is named as ‘Twist Spring’, was designed to get the flexibility in the direction. By using them, the deformation energy, which were occurred by mechanical shock, of a shadow mask could be reduced within some degree. To accomplish those simulations, commercial codes, Pam-Crash and I-DEAS were used and a CRT was estimated as an example to prove the usefulness of this study.
Decreased Plasma Carotenoids During Ochratoxicosis

Two field cases of underpigmented broilers were reported; investigation revealed the presence of ochratoxin but not aflatoxin. A laboratory experiment revealed that dietary ochratoxin A at levels of 4.0 and 8.0 mug./g. lowered significantly (P less than 0.05) the concentration of plasma carotenoids which are an accepted indicator of carcass pigmentation.
Modeling Healthcare Logistics in a Virtual World

One of the main themes of these columns has been pervasive computing - exploring a collection of technologies that could work together to make it easier to usher in the Internet of things. In this paper, we review enabling technologies, then take a look at how we can use virtual worlds (in particular, Second Life) to accelerate pervasive computing's development.
Effects of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Kaolin-Based Particle Films on Pea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Its Entomopathogen Pandora neoaphidis (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic kaolin-based particle films are effective for control of insect pests in certain agricultural crops. How these products interact with potential biological control agents is not well documented. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the hydrophobic (M96-018) and hydrophilic (Surround WP) kaolin-based particle films (Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, NJ) on pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on peas (Pisum spp.), and on the fungal aphid pathogen Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudiere and Hennebert) Humber. Over two field seasons (2001 and 2002) in northern Idaho, applications of M96-018 significantly reduced the rate of pea aphid increase on pea, but Surround WP, tested only in 2001, did not reduce aphid population growth rate. Neither particle film treatment was as effective as a standard application of esfenvalerate (DuPont Asana). In the laboratory, particle films suppressed pea aphid populations by up to 30%. M96-018 seemed to have some repellent activity based on aphid distributions after treating plants. When applied along with P. neoaphidis conidia, M96-018 but not Surround WP caused higher percentage of infection mortality of pea aphids by P. neoaphidis than occurred on controls treated only with P. neoaphidis conidia. P. neoaphidis conidia deposited on glass slides coated with M96-018, produced more germ tubes and secondary conidia than those deposited on untreated glass slides or slides treated with Surround WP. This result suggests that greater infection of pea aphids on plants treated with M96-018 is in part a result of a direct enhancement of fungal germination by the particle film.
High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Evidence for Middle Holocene Environmental Change, Owasco Lake, New York

Abstract Approximately 70 km of new decimeter-resolution seismic reflection profile data from Owasco Lake, New York define a middle Holocene (∼4600 14C yr B.P.) erosion surface in the north end of the lake at water depths as great as 26 m. Beneath the lake, post-glacial sediments are up to 9 m thick and represent about 10% of the total sediment fill. Early to middle Holocene sediments, ∼6 m thick, contain biogenic gas at the south end of the basin and a large (4 km×300 m×15 m) subaqueous slide deposit along the east-central portion of the lake. Late Holocene sediments are thinner or absent, particularly at the north end of the lake. The middle Holocene erosion surface may have been produced by a drop in lake level. Alternatively, it may represent a change in climate during the transition between the relatively warm Holocene hypsithermal and cool neoglacial. At this time (∼4600 14C yr B.P.) circulation in Owasco Lake appears to have evolved from sluggish to active. The increased circulation, which persists today, probably resulted from atmospheric cold fronts with strong southwesterly winds that piled up water at the north end of the lake. The increased water circulation may have been ultimately driven by decreasing insolation, which produced an increased pole-to-equator thermal gradient and, thus, stronger global winds that began at the transition between the hypsithermal and neoglacial.
Mechanisms for Diversification of Responses of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes to Leukotrienes

The oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid proceeds by complex pathways resulting in the generation of an array of structurally distinct and biologically potent mediators of physiological, as well as pathological events (Samuelsson, 1983; Goetzl & Scott, 1984). The leukotrienes (LTs) are products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway found in mast cells, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and macrophages (Samuelsson, 1983), and exhibit two classes of activities (Goetzl, 1980). The sulfidopeptide LTs (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) are smooth muscle contractile and vasoactive factors, that account for the activities of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis or SRS-A (Goetzl et al., 1983; Hedqvist et al., 1985; Piper & Samboun, 1982; Krell et al., 1985). In addition, the sulfidopeptide LTs stimulate glandular and epithelial cell secretion and alter some proliferative and transport processes (Samuelsson, 1983; Goetzl, 1980; Lewis & Austen, 1984; Dahlen et al., 1980; Pologe et al., 1984; Johnson & Torres, 1984; Pek & Walsh, 1984). The specific di-hydroxy-LT or LTB4, on the other hand, elicits PMN leukocyte and eosinophil chemotaxis, initiates PMN leukocyte lysosomal enzyme secretion, and stimulates the respiratory burst (Goetzl & Pickett, 1981; Nagy et al., 1982; Bray et al., 1981). In addition, LTB4 also inhibits proliferative responses of mixed T-lymphocytes to mitogen and antigens, by separate and opposing effects on the helper and suppressor subsets of T-cells (Payan & Goetzl, 1983; Payan et al., 1984; Gaulde et al., 1985).
The Automation Trend in Cytology

Automation of laboratory medicine is a growing concept that has involved virtually every type of clinical laboratory testing. This article discusses the automated devices currently available for use in the cytology laboratory and the principles governing the action of these automated instruments. The instruments are grouped into 3 main categories: specimen collection and preparation devices, manual screening adjunctive devices, and automated screening devices.
"Am I going to be happy and financially stable?": How American women feel when they think about financial security

Before the recent recession evoked general dismay and uncertainty, this study examined the relative contribution of income and the concern over financial security to life satisfaction. The degree to which such concerns permeate people’s daily lives could be part of the broader concept of wealth, often measured through income and debt, and could help evaluate fiscal instruments promoting financial security. Study 1 (N = 267) used econometric methods to demonstrate that the consideration of financial security was as important to participants’ life satisfaction as their monetary assets. Further, outlook on financial security adds to the prediction of life satisfaction above the contribution of income. Content analysis revealed that nearly half the participants (N = 651, Study 2) mentioned financial concerns — retirement, college tuition, making ends meet, etc. — when asked to think about “the future” in an open-ended manner. These participants reported lower life satisfaction compared with women who did not raise such concerns. The link between concerns over financial security and life satisfaction, which cannot be fully accounted for by income alone, could guide policy decisions on whether to directly allocate resources toward increasing income or to focus on creating a social and financial safety net.
The effect of temperature upon shock-elicited aggression in rats

Sixteen pairs of male Wistar rats received 2 5-mA electric shocks at different rates (12/min or 20/min) under temperature conditions of 40°, 70°, and 100° F. Shock-elicited aggression was a direct function of temperature and was unrelated to shock frequency. There was a slight but nonsignificant (.05 < p <.10) tendency for aggressive responses to increase over trials. In Experiment 2, jiggle platform activity was measured in rats at the same experimental temperatures used in Experiment 1. Rats’ activity was inversely related to temperature.
Avian community structure among restored riparian habitats in northwestern Mississippi

Abstract Riparian zones and agricultural fields adjacent to incised streams in northwestern Mississippi are impacted by gully erosion initiated by runoff flowing over unstable streambanks. Currently, installation of erosion control structures (drop pipes) at the riparian zone—agricultural field interface halts gully erosion and simultaneously establishes one of four riparian habitat types. Avian communities were compared among four types of restored habitats and among four seasonal periods in northwestern Mississippi from June 1994 to May 1996. Fifty-seven species were observed among riparian habitats, of which 49% were neotropical migrants. Habitat type and season significantly affected species richness, abundance, and diversity. Species richness, abundance, and diversity increased as habitat area, pool volume, and vertical structure of woody vegetation increased among riparian habitat types. Additionally, species richness, abundance, and diversity increased during spring and fall. The influence of habitat type on avian species richness, abundance, and diversity did not differ among seasons. Present drop pipe installation practices focus on erosion control without consideration of habitat creation. Installation practices can be altered to more effectively incorporate habitat creation to provide the greatest ecological benefits for avian communities within impacted riparian zones.
Factors predictive of severity of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible.

Background. An analysis of risk factors predictive of severe mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is needed to aid prophylaxis and management of this condition. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 46 patients diag- nosed between June 2002 and March 2009: 93% had mandib- ular ORN, which was staged 0 to III (Store and Boysen). Patient, tumor, treatment-related, and other variables were ana- lyzed for association with mandibular ORN severity. Results. Oral or oropharyngeal tumors comprised 85% of our primary tumors, 80% were stage IV, and 91% were squa- mous cell carcinomas. Most patients (87%) received 3-dimen- sional (3D) conformal radiation therapy (RT), with 60 Gray (Gy) median dose; 28% and 72% received primary and adju- vant RT, respectively; 78% received chemotherapy, mostly concurrent (97%) and platinum-based (96%). Median time to development of ORN was 7.5 months. White ethnicity and secondary infection correlated significantly with stage III man- dibular ORN (p ¼ .038, p ¼ .0007, respectively). Advanced age, stage IV, RT dose, post-RT, and lack of pre-RT dental extractions appeared predictive of severe mandibular ORN. Conclusions. The above-cited factors are predictive of severity and can potentially guide prophylaxis and manage- ment. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 33: 1600- 1605, 2011