cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Effective Permeabilities in the Lower Stevens Formation of the Paloma Field, San Joaquin Valley, California

Simulation programs used in reservoir studies require effective gridblock permeability values representing spatial averages over large volumes of formation. Within such volumes, most reservoir rocks exhibit a considerable degree of heterogeneity, with permeability measurements often varying over several orders of magnitude. A satisfactory method for averaging permeabilities must consider not only the magnitude of permeability variations, but also the variations of permeability in space. Using experimental histograms and variograms to describe the heterogeneous permeability field within gridblocks, a Monte Carlo technique is used to estimate effective permeability. The method is illustrated by an example with actual permeability data from the lower Stevens formation of the Paloma field in Kern County, CA. Experimental downhole variograms of permeability showed a large nugget effect at short lags and a longer correlation structure with a range of 100 ft (30 m). For the particular distribution and spatial correlation structure of these data, effective horizontal and vertical permeabilities were found to be respectively higher and lower than the geometric mean. Calculated effective permeabilities were found to be relatively insensitive to assumptions regarding the horizontal range of spatial correlation. This lack of sensitivity is caused by the large nugget effect or random short-range correlation structure. Effectivemore » permeabilities obtained with an approximate analytical relation were compared with effective permeabilities calculated numerically.« less
Macrocycle-Macrocycle Interactions within One-dimensional Cu Phthalocyanine Chains

Interactions between planar Cu phthalocyanine molecules, CuPc, arranged in vertical stacking sequence are studied by first-principles density functional (DF) and semiempirical molecular dynamics (MD) methods. Dependence of electronic structure upon interplanar spacing and staggering angle is analyzed in order to interpret observed electrical conductivity and magnetic coupling behavior of partially oxidized Cu(pc)I. MD predictions of equilibrium structure of dimers and tetramers are in excellent agreement with experiment on the linear chain species. DF predictions of interaction energy of dimers are compared with MD and experiment.
Constructing Octrees from Multiple Views: A Parallel Implementation

Inferring 3D information from 2D images has been one of the major concerns of researchers in computer vision community. A single view of an object usually conveys insufficient 3D information about the object. The integration of these partial information from multiple views, however, very often yields fairly good approximation of the 3D structure of the observed object. In the past, we have developed efficient (sequential) algorithms for constructing the octrees of 3D objects from their multiple views. In this paper, we present the parallel implementation of these sequential algorithms using PARADIGM, a mechanism for composing spatial-oriented distributed programs. Alternative strategies for each phase of octree generation are discussed in the context of data partitioning and task allocation. We have implemented our proposed alogirthms on Nectar, a fiber-optic based network computer currently being developed at Carnegie Mellon. It is expected that the results and experiences obtained from this research work will be beneficial to future research into real-time multi-sensor fusion.
AN EVALUATION OF THE PLAN TO REVISE SPECIAL EDUCATION IN NEW JERSEY FINAL REPORT

ABSTRACT In response to the recommendations of the New Jersey Special Education Study Commission and input from parents, educators, and the general public, the New Jersey Departme'it of Education's Division of Special Education developed "A Plan To Revise Special Education in New Jersey" (1986), commonly called P2R. P2R calls for changes in the focus and process of service delivery, specifying that the instructional needs of students, not etiological or disability label, will be the keystone for service delivery decisions. An integral part of the pilot implementation if P2R was a 3-year evaluation by the Educational Testing Service. This report presents findings of the third year, examining implementation and operations, assistance plan contents, and the impact of the planned changes. Regular and special education staff have found the changes occurring under P2R to be professionally sound and of benefit to students. The largest programmatic change under P2R has been the provision for in-class services, which were found to improve student skills, self-esteem, work habits, and social skills. Parents have generally been well-satisfied with P2R changes. Twelve tables present evaluation findings. Four appendixes contain responses of those surveyed about the changes, survey data, and eductor and parent questionnaires, (SLD)
Structural study of Na2O–FeO–Fe2O3–P2O5 glasses by Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract Five series of Na 2 O–FeO–Fe 2 O 3 –P 2 O 5 glasses with compositional ranges of 3.0 Fe ) of the Fe ions decreased, as indicated by the Mossbauer data. The interaction between phosphate anions and iron polyhedra causes systematic changes in the Raman frequencies as well as peak intensities.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANCER: METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING FUELS CELL GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION

Cell proliferation requires nutrients, energy, and biosynthetic activity to duplicate all macromolecular components during each passage through the cell cycle. It is therefore not surprising that metabolic activities in proliferating cells are fundamentally different from those in nonproliferating cells. This review examines the idea that several core fluxes, including aerobic glycolysis, de novo lipid biosynthesis, and glutamine-dependent anaplerosis, form a stereotyped platform supporting proliferation of diverse cell types. We also consider regulation of these fluxes by cellular mediators of signal transduction and gene expression, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR system, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and Myc, during physiologic cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
Treatment of staghorn calculi by pole resection

From 1964 to 1970 at the Surgical Clinic No. I in Zabrze, 126 kidney pole operations were performed for lithiasis. In a period of 6 to 74 months, 25% of recurrent staghorn calculi and 7.7% of recurrent calyx lithiasis were detected, a total average of 16% of renal stone recurrences. The high percentage of cases with systolic hypertension following kidney pole excision is still an inexplicable phenomenon.
Applications of delta-P1 and delta-P3 approximations to optical tomography in small imaging volumes

Radiative transport in the delta-P1 and delta-P3 approximations with an extrapolated boundary condition combined with the reciprocity was demonstrated providing accurate estimations for optical perturbations by comparing with experimental data in a small volume of a liquid tissue phantom. For an absorbing target submerged in a homogeneous medium with an albedo of 0.75, both approximations estimated the optical perturbation with acceptable accuracy when the depth of the target is larger than 1.5 mm. For a fluorescent target, the two approximations estimated the perturbations with high accuracy for both shallow and deep regions. Therefore, these two approximations combined with the reciprocity were proposed for rapid tomographic image reconstruction in a small volume or superficial tissues.
Weibull Statistics of Wind Speed over the Ocean

Abstract The probability distribution of wind speed data over the world's oceans is studied using a two-parameter Weibull distribution. The parameters are estimated following a linearized least-squares approach. The seasonal and latitudinal variation are described. A bootstrap statistical stability criterion is developed to select the appropriate method to estimate the Weibull parameters A and C. The method with the most stable estimate of parameters gives acceptable goodness-of-fit values. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test also shows that the distribution adequately fits the data. The seasonal and latitudinal variations are presented using Hovmoller diagrams of the Weibull parameters. In general, these diagrams showed a seasonal change in fair agreement with other independent estimates of wind speed statistics. The results are more reliable in the Northern Hemisphere because more adequate data are available. The uneven geographical distribution and the scarcity of data at high latitudes and the Southern Hemisp...
A Knight of the Realm vs. the Master of Magnetism: Sexuality, Stardom, and Character Branding

Since 2000, Sir Ian McKellen has transformed from Shakespearian thespian into a fixture of franchise film series like Lord of the Rings and X-Men. For the openly gay McKellen, participation in franchises – and particularly his portrayal of the oppressed minority and mutant radical Magneto in X-Men – presented a chance to position recognizable character brands within his star text and its ongoing engagement in gay politics. What results, however, was not perfect appropriation with the McKellen celebrity image but instead a more fraught tension between two competing forms of media marketing: stardom based in the management of personality and intellectual property networks based in content controlled directly by corporations. This article first contextualizes these tensions between intellectual property and stardom within a longer trajectory of filmic product differentiation and shifts between vertical and horizontal integration. Second, the article examines the branding of Magneto as an intellectual propert...
On the asymptotic stability of a neural network on a time scale

We establish sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of an equilibrium state of a neural network on a time scale. We give new sufficient conditions for the function of the system to be regressive and new sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium state of a neural network.
Direct and indirect effects of biological factors on extinction risk in fossil bivalves.

Biological factors, such as abundance and body size, may contribute directly to extinction risk and indirectly through their influence on other biological characteristics, such as geographic range size. Paleontological data can be used to explicitly test many of these hypothesized relationships, and general patterns revealed through analysis of the fossil record can help refine predictive models of extinction risk developed for extant species. Here, I use structural equation modeling to tease apart the contributions of three canonical predictors of extinction—abundance, body size, and geographic range size—to the duration of bivalve species in the early Cenozoic marine fossil record of the eastern United States. I find that geographic range size has a strong direct effect on extinction risk and that an apparent direct effect of abundance can be explained entirely by its covariation with geographic range. The influence of geographic range on extinction risk is manifest across three ecologically disparate bivalve clades. Body size also has strong direct effects on extinction risk but operates in opposing directions in different clades, and thus, it seems to be decoupled from extinction risk in bivalves as a whole. Although abundance does not directly predict extinction risk, I reveal weak indirect effects of both abundance and body size through their positive influence on geographic range size. Multivariate models that account for the pervasive covariation between biological factors and extinction are necessary for assessing causality in evolutionary processes and making informed predictions in applied conservation efforts.
Study of Newton’s cradle using a new discrete approach

This paper presents a new discrete approach for treating simultaneous, multiple point, indeterminate impact. The proposed approach uses rigid body constraints to address the indeterminacy in the equations of motion with respect to impact forces. The post-collision velocities are determined by exploiting the work–energy relationship and using an energetic coefficient of restitution to model energy dissipation. A new global, or system level, interpretation of the energetic coefficient of restitution is used to resolve the post-collision velocities. An interesting phenomenon observed herein is that a single collision may involve multiple impact events. The well-known example of Newton’s cradle is studied in this work to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach. Simulations are conducted using a three- and five-ball system with different energetic coefficients of restitution for uniform and non-uniform series of spheres. The results obtained in this work are compared to theoretical and experimental results reported in other works.
Social Behaviour of Individual Oval Squids (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea, Loliginidae, Sepioteuthis lessoniana) within a Captive School

The social behaviour of individually identified squids was observed over a period of 4 mo. Squids were reared in captivity and maintained in a shoal of up to 18 animals. Distances between animals averaged 1.6 body lengths, similar to the 1.2 body lengths of wild teleost fish schools. Smaller animals schooled less frequently and were found at the periphery, and familiar and unfamiliar animals shoaled together. Eighty-six apparent reproductive events were observed. This species of squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, is not sexually dimorphic to the human eye and male squids copulated with both males and females but they directed their attention disproportionately towards females. Most copulations occurred more than a month before spawning, lasted only a few seconds and, unlike field observations on spawning grounds, were not followed by mate-guarding. Two body patterns are described that were used consistently in social interactions by both males and females; these patterns were both associated with reproductive behaviour but their exact function was unclear. A sister species, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, has been described as showing complex social behaviour; in S. lessoniana, no evidence for such behaviour was seen.
On the behavior of the E. coli Pz-"beta-galactoside system" introduced into Shigella dysenteriae.

Abstract The present experiments show that the ability to synthesize galactoside permease (Y) and β-galactosidase (Z) can be introduced into Shigella dysenteriae by transduction and sexual crosses from Escherichia coli . The resulting lac + Shigella do not have detectable amounts of P z , a protein immunologically related to Z and found in all E. coli strains tested. The data suggest that the P z locus cannot be closely linked to the β-galactosidase complex (y, z, i). The separation thus achieved demonstrates that synthesis of β-galactosidase is completely independent of the presence and formation of P z . The β-galactosidase formed in Shigella is identical in all its tested immunological and enzymic properties to the enzyme found in E. coli . This is true whether the enzyme forming ability is transferred by either sexual or transductional recombination. Since the latter process introduces only a minute portion of the genome, the data support the contention that the specific properties of a protein molecule are determined by the relevant genetic information rather than the cytoplasm in which it happens to be operating. The lac + Shigella clones isolated after transduction from constitutive E. coli donors are largely inducible and heterogenotes at the lac locus. To reconcile this finding with the known close linkage amongst the y, z and i loci, it is suggested the Shigella dysenteriae is genotypically i + , the inducible and dominant allele of the i-locus.
ADAPTATION EFFECTS AND REVERSIBLE FIGURES : A COMMENT ON HORLITZ AND O'LEARY

In a recent article, Horlitz and O’Leary (1993) offer a reinterpretation of the results of several studies over the past 40 years that have employed the prolonged-inspection technique in the investigation of reversible figures. Specifically, they contend that, contrary to the favored interpretation of neural adaptation effects, the results of these studies reveal the combined influence of such topdown processes as attention and perceptual learning as well as such methodological difficulties as unwanted demand characteristics. In this note, we examine their analysis of the literature, their alternative theoretical model, and the supporting conclusions they draw from their two experiments. We argue that there is considerable evidence from a variety of studies for the joint role of bottom-up and top-down processes in reversible figures. Moreover, we propose that Horlitz and O’Leary’s own research, rather than eliminating the possibility of neural-adaptation effects, is best conceptualized as providing additional evidence for the role of higher-order processes in these phenomena.
A transgenic model to study the pathogenesis of somatic mtDNA mutation accumulation in β-cells

Low levels of somatic mutations accumulate in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as we age; however, the pathogenic nature of these mutations is unknown. In contrast, mutational loads of >30% of mtDNA are associated with electron transport chain defects that result in mitochondrial diseases such as mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes. Pancreatic β-cells may be extremely sensitive to the accumulation of mtDNA mutations, as insulin secretion requires the mitochondrial oxidation of glucose to CO2. Type 2 diabetes arises when β-cells fail to compensate for the increased demand for insulin, and many type 2 diabetics progress to insulin dependence because of a loss of β-cell function or β-cell death. This loss of β-cell function/β-cell death has been attributed to the toxic effects of elevated levels of lipids and glucose resulting in the enhanced production of free radicals in β-cells. mtDNA, localized in close proximity to one of the major cellular sites of free radical production, comprises more than 95% coding sequences such that mutations result in changes in the coding sequence. It has long been known that mtDNA mutations accumulate with age; however, only recently have studies examined the influence of somatic mtDNA mutation accumulation on disease pathogenesis. This article will focus on the effects of low-level somatic mtDNA mutation accumulation on ageing, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Character development through spiritual leadership.

How to develop the character of leaders is a challenging question pursued by managers, psychologists, and consultants. To address this question, the authors introduce a developmental model for character growth. The model proposes that the integration of the leader’s core values and beliefs into the self-identity is at the heart of character development. The supporting character strengths of agency, self-awareness, selfregulation, self-motivation, and social awareness and connection to others assist in the internalization and integration of core values, beliefs, and moral standards into leaders’ identities and also ensure consistent moral and ethical behavior. The authors then introduce the spiritual leadership model and discuss how it can be used to develop character in the workplace. Implications for theory, research, and practice of character development through spiritual leadership are discussed.
Effect of interference between anisotropic scattering entities on light scattering from polymer films. II. The correlation function approach

A theory is developed by use of the correlation function approach for calculating both the Hv and Vv intensity of scattered light for a concentrated assembly of spherulities. The scattering becomes a function of the radial and tangential polarizabilities of the spherulite αr and αt, the polarizability αm of the medium, surrounding the spherulites, and the volume fraction ϕs of spherulites. The “effective polarizability of the surroundings” αs, which appeared in previous theories, becomes function of these variables. The theory can explain, for example, why the Vv scattered intensity passes through a maximum during the course of crystallization.
Toward single-photon nonlinear optics via self-assembled ultracold atoms

We observe spontaneous parametric oscillation in a laser-driven cloud of cold atoms. The threshold for this instability is lowered dramatically due to self-assembled atomic gratings that allow for self-phase matching of atom-field wave mixing processes.
Gorgias's Helen revisited

Gorgias's Helen has earned a central place in the revival of interest in sophistic and neo‐sophistic rhetorical studies in the late twentieth century. This essay offers a “predisciplinary” historical analysis of the text and makes five arguments: 1) Identifying Gorgias’ Helen as an “epideictic” speech is a somewhat misleading characterization; 2) The speech is not a veiled defense of the Art of Rhetoric; 3) Gorgias may have inaugurated the prose genre of encomia; 4) Gorgias advanced fifth‐century BCE “rationalism” by enacting certain innovations in prose composition; 5) The Helen's most significant “theoretical” contribution is to offer a secular account of the workings of logos— an account that functions as an exemplar for later theorists.
Oral delivery of insulin loaded poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride microspheres

The bioadhesive polymer, poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride, p(FASA), was used to fabricate small diameter insulin microspheres and evaluate their in vivo performance in a type 1 diabetic rat as well as a type 1 diabetic dog model. The process of phase inversion nanoencapsulation was used to fabricate p(FASA) microspheres containing insulin. Using laser diffraction spectrometry, 90% of the microspheres used in the fed double dose rat experiments were found to have a volumetric diameter of 5.9 μm or smaller. In comparison, 90% of the microspheres used in fed single dose rat experiments were found to have a volumetric diameter of 2.6 μm or smaller while the microspheres used in the diabetic dog experiments were found to have a volumetric diameter of 1.2 μm or smaller. Insulin microspheres administered to diabetic rats in the fed double dose experiment produced a relative bioavailability (RB) of 23.3% while insulin microspheres administered to diabetic rats in the fed single dose experiment produced a RB of 5.5 ± 1.7%. Insulin microspheres administered to fasted diabetic dogs produced a RB of 5.5 ± 3.4%.
Digital naturalism: interspecies performative tool making for embodied science

Digital Naturalism investigates the role that digital media can play in field Ethology. While digital technology plays an increasingly larger role in the Ethologist's process, its use tends to be limited to the experimentation and analysis stages. My goal is to work with scientists to develop context-dependent, behavioral tools promoting novel interactions between animal, man, and environment. The aim is to empower the early exploratory phases of their research as well as the later representation of their work. I will test a methodology combining analytical tool making and interaction studies with modern ethology.
Rumen-Undegradable Protein Supplementation Effects on Early Weaned Calves Grazing Annual Ryegrass

Early weaned beef calves (Bos spp.) can be raised on cool-season pastures in Florida but more information on protein supplementation is necessary to optimize the performance of those calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three levels of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) supplementation on performance of early weaned calves grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multifl orum Lam.) pastures. The study was conducted in Ona, FL in 2007 and 2008. Treatments were 1.5 g kg -1 body weight (BW) supplementation of three levels of supplemental RUP, soybean meal (SBM, 350 g kg -1 RUP), Soy- plus (SP, 600 g kg -1 RUP, modifi ed expeller soy- bean meal, West Central, Ralston, IA), or a 50:50 mixture of soybean meal-Soyplus (SBMSP, 475 g kg -1 RUP). Pasture size was 0.3 ha and four early weaned calves were assigned to each pasture. There was a linear increase in herbage mass (HM, from 1.9-2.1 Mg ha -1 ) and herbage allowance (HA, from 1.1-1.4 kg dry matter (DM) kg -1 live weight, LW) with increasing levels of RUP. Increased RUP supplementation decreased forage dry matter intake (FDMI) and total dry matter intake (TDMI) in 2008 but there was no effect in 2007. There was no difference in average daily gain (ADG, 0.76 kg d -1 ) among treatments. Increasing the levels of RUP supplementation has potential to increase stocking rates of early weaned calves grazing annual ryegrass pastures.
Osteoporosis: prevention and implications for social work practice and policy.

Osteoporosis is one of the major disorders of our time and is increasing at an alarming rate. It affects over 10 million women in the United States and is expected to affect 14 million by the year 2020. There are a number of risk factors for osteoporosis that are of a modifiable nature; however, many women do not take the necessary precautions to prevent the disease. The reasons that women do not actively engage in preventative and remedial strategies to deal with the potential for osteoporosis are complex. It is clear that women must have adequate knowledge to make informed decisions regarding osteoprotective behaviors. Social workers are in a unique position to provide interventions not only on a micro level (educating individual clients) but also on a macro level in terms of large-scale education campaigns focusing on nutrition and exercise both in children and in adults. This article examines the reasons for the failure of women to engage in osteoprotective behaviors by exploring barriers to preventio...
Electron emission from metal-diamond (100), (111) and (110) interfaces

Abstract Electron emission characteristics of Cu, Co or Zr films on diamond (100), (111) and (110) surfaces were measured by employing ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and field emission measurements. Prior to metal deposition, the diamond substrates were terminated with oxygen, hydrogen or were free of adsorbates. Deposition of thin Cu or Co films induced a NEA on clean and H-terminated surfaces. A positive electron affinity was observed for Cu or Co on oxygenated surfaces, and depositing thin Zr films resulted in a NEA on all surfaces considered. UPS can be used to correlate the electron affinity and Schottky barrier height. Schottky barriers of metals on clean surfaces were the lowest, whereas they were the highest on oxygen-covered surfaces. Values for the Schottky barrier height ranged from 0.70 eV to 1.60 eV for Cu, 0.35 eV to 1.40 eV for Co and 0.70 eV to 0.95 eV for Zr. A field emission threshold of 79 V μm−1 was measured for oxygenated (100) surfaces. The lowest value of 20 V μm−1 was observed for Zr on the clean (100) surface. For all the metals studied, it was found that a lower Schottky barrier height results in a lower electron affinity, and a lower electron affinity results in a lower field emission threshold.
Effect of cold acclimation on norepinephrine stimulated oxygen consumption in muscle

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ) of perfused (constant flow) muscle in cold acclimated (CA) and control rats. Infusion of NE for a five minute period caused an increase in $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ of similar magnitude in both groups. Infusion of NE for 30 min resulted in an elevated steady state $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ in the cold acclimated group, while the control group showed only an initial increase in $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ followed by a continual decline during the remainder of the 30 min infusion period. These results suggest that when rats are challenged by cold exposure, the magnitude of the initial muscle response to NE by control and acclimated rats is the same, but a useful sustained higher muscle oxygen consumption is found only in the cold acclimated animals.
Pupillary reflexes as objective indices of autonomic dysfunction in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenic and neurotic behavior

Abstract A synthesis of the results of several experiments suggests the utility of measurements of pupillary reactivity in the differential diagnosis of psychotic and neurotic behavior. Several parameters of the pupillographic responses to light and darkness significantly differentiated schizophrenics who were either actively psychotic or in clinical remission from normal individuals. Even those few actively psychotic patients (7 per cent) and patients in clinical remission (25 per cent) who showed normal pupillary light and dark reflexes at rest were all demonstrably aberrant either during the stress engendered by cold or following its termination. Neurotic subjects, on the other hand, were indistinguishable from normal subjects at rest and in response to stress, but following the termination of stress, continued to show the effects of stress.
THE IMPACT OF LEARNER VARIABLES ON LANGUAGE TEST PERFORMANCE

Research has shown that learner variables such as age, language background, field of study, and educational background have an impact on non-native speakers' scores on language tests. However, does this impact reflect a natural advantage of one group over another, or is it indicative of test favoritism or test bias? This article looks at how the learner variables of age, sex, language background, high school graduation status, and length of stay in the United States affect performance on six language texts: two doze tests, a reading test, a structure test, and two listening tests. A multiple regression approach to the problem, posed by analysis of variance, was taken to determine 1) the amount of variance accounted for by each of the learner variables on all tests combined and on each test individually and 2) the interaction of variables with test type. Such an interaction would be evidence of either test favoritism or test bias. It was found that age, language background, and high school graduation status accounted for small but significant amounts of variance on the tests. Furthermore, there was an interaction between the test and learner variables. Therefore, both test advantage and test favoritism/bias were found. Researchers in ESOL have found that learner characteristics such as age, language background, field of study, sex, and high school graduation status are related to non-native speakers' performance on language tests (Hisama 1980, Ilyin, Spurling, and Seymour 1983). Other sources (Resource Consultants, Inc. 1981) have found that number of years of education correlates positively with performance on listening and reading tests, whereas number of years out of school correlates negatively. Some researchers (see, for example, Pike 1979) have found differences in test scores among different populations but have not accounted for such differences. Others (Krashen, Sferlazza, Feldman, and Fathman 1976) have found that
Structure of macromolecular systems under shear: application of neutron scattering

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small angle X-ray and light scattering, are powerful techniques that can probe the structure of a fluid-like system containing macromolecular compounds. Structure in this context is the positional ordering or alignment of the fluid particles. Coupled with a shearing cell, SANS is especially useful to investigate fluids that are flowing or subjected to a shear: neutrons easily penetrate the cell, which can be robust and optically dirty. Much of the more recent work has concentrated on shear induced phenomena in macromolecular systems such as polymer blends and micellar solutions. New areas of research include reflectivity and apparatus development.
Crofton's Differential Equation

solving techniques [11], as well as in scattered journal articles (e.g., [10] and [13]), it is surprising that it does not appear in standard probability texts. Why not? One reason is that problems for which the method can be successfully applied are limited, since the computations of expectations in geometric probability can still be highly complex even after applying Crofton's simplification. Nevertheless, the technique is helpful with a small number of very interesting problems. It also gives fascinating connections between probability, analysis, and differential geometry. Perhaps another reason that it does not appear is that Crofton's technique is not clearly stated in the geometric probability books and the proofs offered there are only heuristic. In this article we discuss this problem and give a clear, but elementary derivation of a version of his differential equation. We also show that it is not essential to teach Crofton's technique, since there is a more commonly used probabilistic technique that can be used in place of it. It is the technique of computing expectations by conditioning [12, p. 338]. In this article we show how this standard method can be used in place of Crofton's differential equation to solve problems of geometric probability. Indeed, we show that for these problems the two methods are equivalent. Furthermore, we show how the technique of computing geometric expectations by conditioning can fill a gap in the application of Crofton's original method.
A 6-Gb/s MIMO Crosstalk Cancellation Scheme for High-Speed I/Os

A continuous-time multiple-input multiple-output crosstalk cancellation (MIMO-XTC) architecture operating at 2-6 Gb/s has been proposed. The performance of the XTC equalizer has been measured with various spacings of FR4 channels and data rates. The crosstalk energy reutilization technique efficiently handles crosstalk and achieves high signal integrity in severe crosstalk environments where crosstalk had completely closed the data eye. Measurement results show improvement in jitterp- p and vertical opening of the eye diagram by 67% UI and 58.2%, respectively, which is the best known improvement to date. The MIMO-XTC portion occupies 0.03 mm2 and consumes 2.8 mW/Gbps/lane, which is two times lower than previously proposed XTC schemes.
Image analysis for the identification of coherent structures in plasma

Turbulence at the edge of the plasma in a nuclear fusion reactor can cause loss of confinement of the plasma. In an effort to study the edge turbulence, the National Spherical Torus Experiment uses a gas puff imaging (GPI) diagnostic to capture images of the turbulence. A gas puff is injected into the torus and visible light emission from the gas cloud is captured by an ultra high-speed camera. Our goal is to detect and track coherent structures in the GPI images to improve our understanding of plasma edge turbulence. In this paper, we present results from various segmentation methods for the identification of the coherent structures. We consider three categories of methods - immersion-based, region-growing, and model-based - and empirically evaluate their performance on four sample sequences. Our preliminary results indicate that while some methods can be sensitive to the settings of parameters, others show promise in being able to detect the coherent structures.
Beyond charge based computation: design space exploration of spin transfer torque based MRAMs for embedded applications

Ever larger on-die memory arrays for future processors in CMOS logic technology drives the need for dense and scalable embedded memory alternatives beyond SRAM and eDRAM. Recent advances in non-volatile STT-RAM technology, which stores data by the spin orientation of a soft ferromagnetic material and shows current induced switching, have created interest for its use as embedded memory [1–3]. When a spin-polarized current passes through a mono-domain ferromagnet, it attempts to polarize the current in its preferred direction of magnetic moment. As the ferromagnet absorbs some of the angular momentum of the electrons, it creates a torque that causes a flip in the direction of magnetization in the ferromagnet. This is used in magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) based spin torque transfer (STT) RAM cells where a thin insulator (MgO) is sandwiched between a fixed ferromagnetic layer (polarizer) and the free layer (storage node). This can be integrated in the metal stack (Fig. 1) and hence provide high memory density. Depending on the direction of the current flow (perpendicular to these layers in our study), the magnetization of the free layer is switched to a parallel (P: low resistance state) or anti-parallel (AP: high resistance state) state. The minimum size cell (mincell) contains an access transistor (Tx) of width 2F (W TX =2F, F: half-pitch of the process node) and a planar storage node of dimensions 2FxF. The area of the mincell is 3Fx2F=6F2. In this paper, we examine the design space for key magnetic material properties and access transistor needed for embedded on-die memory with adequate scalability, density, read/write performance and robustness against various intrinsic variabilities and disturbances. New models and simulation methodologies, calibrated to existing measurements [1], for read, write and disturbance mechanisms are developed. Different storage node structures and materials are evaluated to reveal the most promising scaling options.
A 2D-Torus Based Packet Switching Optical Network-on-Chip Architecture

In this paper we present a new optical NoC architecture called GTON-XII. Data transmission in GTON XII is packet switching with different optical wavelengths through micro-ring resonators. Simulation results demonstrate GTON-XII is a high-bandwidth, low-cost, low-latency and low power-consuming architecture.
Evaluating and Improving the Quality of Teacher Collaboration A Field-Tested Framework for Secondary School Leaders

Teacher collaboration is an essential element of substantive school change for which principals have responsibility for cultivating. As such, it is becoming increasingly important for school leader...
Exposure to externalizing peers in early childhood: homophily and peer contagion processes.

Guided by a transactional model, we examined the predictors and effects of exposure to externalizing peers in a low-risk sample of preschoolers and kindergarteners. On the basis of daily observations of peer interactions, we calculated measures of total exposure to externalizing peers and measures of exposure to same- and other-sex externalizing peers. Analyses of predictors of externalizing peer exposure supported a homophily hypothesis for girls. Tests of peer contagion effects varied by sex, and exposure to externalizing peers predicted multiple problem behaviors for girls but not for boys. Sex differences were a function of children’s own sex, but not of peers’ sex. The study provides evidence of externalizing peer exposure effects in a low-risk sample of young children, notably for girls.
Services, economic development and the next round of negotiations on services

World trade in services amounted to $2170 billion in 1997, of which 40 per cent was cross-border consumption. Though service trade liberalization is hard to model, sectoral and general equilibrium analyses indicate the scope for major welfare gains. Reforms in services will be driven by domestic agendas, but they can be supported and complemented by commitments to GATS disciplines. Developing country commitments in the GATS, as well as commitments in their areas of interest, are limited. Incentives are needed in the next WTO trade round to encourage commitment to a more balanced and comprehensive coverage. The trade inhibiting effect of domestic regulation requires particular attention. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-Pi buffer capacity and initial phosphocreatine breakdown and resynthesis kinetics of human gastrocnemius/soleus muscle groups using 0.5 s time-resolved 31P MRS at 4.1 T

High-time-resolution (0.5 s) (31)P MRS has been used to evaluate the initial phosphoreatine (PCr) breakdown and resynthesis kinetics, to calculate the non-P(i)(/non-bicarbonate) buffer capacity (betanon-P(i)(/non-bicarb)), and to calculate the constant relating the change in intracellular pH to the muscle's H(+) efflux rate (lambda). The slope of PCr vs time demonstrates that a slope calculated using the first 10 s of recovery underestimates initial PCr recovery rates by up to 56%. A 1-2 s time window is needed to produce a slope that is statistically equivalent to the slope measured using a 0.5 s time window (p = 0.008, one-way RM-ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test). In addition, there was no delay or acceleration in PCr recovery after a 90 s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in normal subjects. This demonstrates that oxidative metabolism is occurring at the end of a 90-s MVC in normal individuals. Fitting recovery data has determined that betanon-P(i)(/non-bicarb) = 24.3 +/- 5.4 slyke (mmol/L/pH unit) and that lambda = 0.129 +/- 0.077 mM/(ph s) for human gastrocnemius/soleus muscle. betanon-P(i)(/non-bicarb) is in agreement with measurements in cat biceps, cat soleus and rat gastrocnemius muscles.
Survival of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Challenged with Renibacterium salmoninarum and Administered Oral Doses of Erythromycin Thiocyanate for Different Durations

Abstract Erythromycin thiocyanate was administered orally at three daily dosages (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 7, 14, or 21 d to duplicate groups of yearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha challenged with an intraperitoneal inoculation of kidney disease bacterium, Renibacterium salmoninarum. Two experiments were conducted sequentially to test the effects of the drug and bacterium challenge at 12 and 8°C. In each experiment, the number offish surviving at the end of the trial was significantly higher in tanks offish administered erythromycin, and survival was highest in tanks of fish administered the highest dosage of erythromycin for 21 d. In tests conducted at 12°C, mortality from bacterial kidney disease began much sooner than in tests conducted at 8°C. How long the drug was administered was a significant factor in tests conducted at both temperatures; survival increased in drug treatments of longer duration. Palatability of feed may be a complicating factor in determining the most a...
Photoreflectance Characterization of InGaAs/GaAs Superlattices Grown on [111]-Oriented Substrates

We report the results of a photoreflectance (PR) study of InGaAs/GaAs strained-layer quantum wells and superlattices (SLSs) grown by MBE on [111]B GaAs substrates. Under our measurement conditions, the PR spectra display features we can relate to the bandgaps of both materials and to optical transitions in the quantum structures. Using the photovoltaic effect to vary the surface electric field of our i-n+ and p+-i-n+ samples in a strictly contactless manner, we find optical transitions red-shifting with increasing intensity of illumination from a CW HeNe laser in [11 l]-grown structures, a well known effect which can be attributed to the strain-generated electric field (SGEF) present in these structures. We also find experimental support for the predicted effectiveness of free-carriers in screening the SGEF and thereby originating highly non-linear absorption.
Evidence for a subpopulation of conserved alternative splicing events under selection pressure for protein reading frame preservation

Recently there has been much interest in assessing the role of alternative splicing in evolution. We have sought to measure functional selection pressure on alternatively spliced single-exon skips, by calculating the fraction that are an exact multiple of 3 nt in length and therefore preserve protein reading-frame in both the exon-inclusion and exon-skip splice forms. The frame-preservation ratio (defined as the number of exons that are an exact multiple of three in length, divided by the number of exons that are not) was slightly above random for both constitutive exons and alternatively spliced exons as a whole in human and mouse. However, orthologous exons that were observed to be alternatively spliced in the expressed sequence tag data from two or more organisms showed a substantially increased bias to be frame-preserving. This effect held true only for exons within the protein coding region, and not the untranslated region. In five animal genomes (human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, Drosophila), we observed an association between these conserved alternative splicing events and increased selection pressure for frame-preservation. Surprisingly, this effect became stronger as a function of decreasing exon inclusion level: for alternatively spliced exons that were included in a majority of the gene's transcripts, the frame-preservation bias was no higher than that of constitutive exons, whereas for alternatively spliced exons that were included in only a minority of the gene's transcripts, the frame-preservation bias increased nearly 20-fold. These data indicate that a subpopulation of modern alternative splicing events was present in the common ancestors of these genomes, and was under functional selection pressure to preserve the protein reading frame.
A Probabilistic Approach to Estimating Aggregate Regional Demand for Broiler Meat

Classical theory of consumer demand Houthakker; Raunikar, et al.) postulates the postulates that each consumer possesses a conmodel of consumer demand for a specific food tinuous utility function. The theory describes the product as: behavior of a rational consumer such that the consumer's preferences for various sets of goods (2) Qij = f(Yi, SE i) + Ui i= 1, ... , n, are given and the consumer purchases a set of j= 1, ... , r, goods which maximizes utility function subject to the budget constraint that total expenditure is where Qu is quantity of product j purchased by equal to income. ith household; Yi is ith household income, SEi The theory of consumer demand relates conrepresents a set of socioeconomic characteristics sumers' purchases of various goods to prices, inassociated with the ith household, such as come, and ceteris paribus conditions. It provides household size, race, location, urbanization, the basis for many applications such as analysis marital status, and stages of the household in the of family-budget data (Prais and Houthakker) family life cycle; and Ui is a normally distributed and analyses of the demand for food (Tomek). random disturbance. Blakley suggests that a general theoretical deRaunikar et al. developed a procedure to obmand function for productj may be expressed as: tain estimates of aggregate market food demand over a wide geographic area based on demand (1) Qj = f(Y, PI, ••.....•, Pr, N, T, Z) functions similar to equation (2). Market esti-
Wake-active neurons across aging and neurodegeneration: a potential role for sleep disturbances in promoting disease

Sleep/wake disturbance is a feature of almost all common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Although the reason for this is unknown, it is likely that this inability to maintain sleep and wake states is in large part due to declines in the number and function of wake-active neurons, populations of cells that fire only during waking and are silent during sleep. Consistent with this, many of the brain regions that are most susceptible to neurodegeneration are those that are necessary for wake maintenance and alertness. In the present review, these wake-active populations are systematically assessed in terms of their observed pathology across aging and several neurodegenerative diseases, with implications for future research relating sleep and wake disturbances to aging and age-related neurodegeneration.