cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear-Induced Size Segregation Phenomena in Bidisperse Suspensions

The behavior of tracer particles in a concentrated suspension of non-colloidal spheres sheared in a parallel plate viscometer at low Reynolds number was investigated. The tracer particles were shown to migrate radially, with the tracer particles larger than those making up the suspension migrating radially outward. The migration velocity of the large tracer particles was measured, and found to be consistent with a shear-induced migration scaling (Leighton and Acrivos, 1987b), however the direction of the migration was the reverse of that suggested by the experiments of Abbot, et al. (1991) in a wide gap Couette device. The particle migration and segregation described here are interpreted in terms of the curvature of the flow geometry.
Intelligence, Divergent Thinking, and Creativity.

Abstract Guilford's Alternate Uses, Plot Titles, and Consequences tests were given to 94 university students along with the Concept Mastery Test, a traditional measure of verbal intelligence. These measures were correlated with an inventory of creative activities and accomplishments. A composite index of ideational fluency correlated with four creativity indices: Crafts, Performing Arts, Math-Science, and Total Creativity, while the Concept Mastery Test correlated with three indices: Art, Literature, and Total Creativity. With the exception that verbal intelligence was a better predictor of creativity in literature, no statistical difference between the predictive accuracies of ideational fluency and verbal intelligence were found. The need to re-examine the widely accepted association of divergent thinking with creativity was discussed.
Tunneling spectroscopy in Ba1−xKxBiO3

Abstract Tunneling measurements have been performed on bulk samples of Ba 1−x K x BiO 3 for x=0.375 to 0.5 using the natural, surface oxide as the tunnel barrier. High bias conductance and second derivative measurements show features in the energy range 10 to 65 meV which are characteristic of phonon effects as seen in conventional superconductors. The structures appear at energies which correspond to peaks in the phonon density of states as measured by inelastic neutron scattering and Raman spectroscopy. These results indicate that phonon-mediated pairing is responsible for superconductivity in this compound.
The impact of aging on cancer vaccination

Cancer vaccination is less effective at old than at young age, due to T cell unresponsiveness, caused by various age-related changes of the immune system. This includes lack of naive T cells, defects in activation pathways of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC), and age-related changes in the tumor microenvironment. Although evidence exists that also natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells of the innate immune system change with age, comparison of various studies involving adaptive and innate immune responses in elderly and cancer patients, as well as cancer vaccination at young and old age in this review, indicates that also innate immune responses should be tested as a potential candidate to improve immunotherapy against cancer at older age.
The Distance to Delight: A Graduate Student Enters the Field.

This article documents the first stage of the qualitative research process: “entering the field.” In it, the author, a young graduate student, uses portraiture to describe her journey to find a “re...
Motivating Physicians To Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Children Using the Health Belief Model as a Framework

Abstract BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a threat to hospitalized children and more information is needed to determine the background factors, personal perceptions, and cues to action of physicians regarding the prevention of AR in hospitalized children. METHODS: Using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a framework, we conducted three national focus groups in August 2003, with 25 physicians who treat hospitalized children. RESULTS: Participating physicians worked primarily in teaching (80%) and urban (92%) hospitals and had a range of 2–31 (median 10) years in practice. Their subspecialties included general pediatrics (20%), neonatology (20%), hematology/oncology (16%), intensive care/critical care (16%), general surgery (12%), and other (16%). All perceived they had cared for a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; 84%, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci; and 76%, an extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing organism. Many also perceived having treated a patient with vancomycin-resistant S. aureus or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus . Physicians perceived that AR was more of a problem nationally (92%) than in their institution (76%) or practice (60%). Furthermore, physicians reported that issues such as the nursing shortage, cost of healthcare, and lack of specialty services (median ranks: 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, respectively [scale 1–5, 1=most challenging, 5=least challenging]) presented more of a challenge to the care of hospitalized children than AR (median rank 3.0). Reported preferences of methods and cues to learn about AR included journal articles (80%), infectious disease experts (76%), and colleagues (52%). Preferences for who or what most influences them to prevent AR included data (39%), infection control programs (28%), and hospital policy (17%). CONCLUSIONS: Physicians were more likely to perceive AR as a problem on a national level than in their practice, but not as challenging as other issues in hospitalized children, which is divergent in theory from the exceedingly high percentages of physicians reporting treating patients with AR organisms. Using the HBM as a framework provides insight into these factors, and results about physicians' perceptions and preferences should be considered for future interventions to motivate them to prevent AR.
On matrix integrators for real-time simulation

A matrix integration method is generalized to systems with zero eigenvalues. It is shown that the regression coefficients of the integrator can be determined without explicitly computing the inverse of the system Jacobian. This is done by transforming the original system into a new system whose Jacobian is in block upper triangular form. A numerical example is included for illustrative purposes. >
Genetic control of humoral immunity to sperm acrosomal and cell surface antigens.

Abstract We have defined the nature of genetic control of humoral immunity to sperm cell surface (TSDA) and acrosome (Ac) antigens. A sperm immunization dose that distinguishes between high-responder (BALB/c) and low-responder (B10) strains of mice was identified. B10 mice were unresponsive, whereas BALB/c and F 1 hybrid mice responded to sperm of both parental strains. The ratio of nonresponder to responder mice in the B10 × F 1 backcross and F 1 × F 1 inbred generations indicates anti-TSDA or anti-Ac antibody responsiveness is controlled through more than a single gene. The significant correlation found between the anti-TSDA and anti-Ac responses is consistent with the possibility that one or more genes controls antibody responsiveness against determinants common to both the Ac and sperm cell surface. Neither anti-TSDA nor anti-Ac antibody responses were linked to the I-A subregion of the responder H-2 d MHC haplotype. In addition to a genetic difference in the control of humoral immunity to sperm, a difference in sperm immunogenicity among strains was observed. Antigens of the Ac of B10 sperm are more immunogenic than those of BALB/c sperm, and this trait is linked to the B10 Y chromosome.
Synthesis of polystyrene brushes on silicate substrates via carbocationic polymerization from self-assembled monolayers

This paper describes the synthesis of polystyrene (PS) brushes on silicate substrates via carbocationic polymerization from self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Carbocationic initiators, 2-(4-(11-triethoxysilylundecyl)phenyl-2-methoxypropane and 2-(4-trichlorosilylphenyl)-2-methoxy-d3-propane, and their corresponding SAMs have been prepared. Monolayers were characterized by FTIR-ATR, contact angles, and X-ray reflectometry. Growth of PS brushes from these SAMs through carbocationic polymerization has been successfully achieved; factors that influence PS thickness include solvent polarity, additive, and TiCl4 concentration. Sequential carbocationic polymerization on the same silicate substrate results in thicker PS films. FTIR-ATR study using a deuterated initiator indicates that the initiator efficiency is low, and the second carbocationic polymerization on the same sample involved initiation from both PS chain ends and unconsumed surface-immobilized initiators. Atomic force microscopy reveals a uniform and ...
Research of Phase Compensation Technology in Electronic Instrument Transformer

Introduces the analog phase compensation technology used in electronic instrument transformer, put forward a method of digital phase compensation in electronic transformer and carries out in the 220KV electronic instrument transformer measurement system, the resolution ratio of the phase compensation is 1 second and the maximum range of the phase compensation is 270 second, which can meet the phase adjustment of electronic instrument transformer; compares the analog compensation technology and digital phase compensation technology, analyzes their characteristics and different applications.
Minimizing recovery overhead in geographic ad hoc routing

Geographic routing has been studied as an attractive approach due to its simplicity and scalability properties in routing for wireless ad hoc networks. Greedy routing is an important component of many geographic routing protocols which use a combined routing approach; a kind of recovery routing is used in case that greedy routing is impossible. In this paper, we propose the stateless extension of greedy routing called GR(k) that implements a k-bound forwarding algorithm where the parameter k controls the routing success rate and the corresponding overhead. We design three k-bound forwarding algorithms and evaluate which one is best via extensive simulation. The proposed approach improves the success rate of greedy routing by 20-40% at low node densities but in low overhead. These improvements mitigate the adverse effect of recovery routing (e.g. face routing) because the use of recovery routing is minimized; In particular, using GR(k) instead of greedy routing can reduce the number of packet transmissions up to 50%. We show that GR(k) is effective in reducing the average hop stretch in geographic routing by at most 30%.
A consideration of Hayford's best fitting ellipsoid data using the differential change equations of Vening Meinesz

The relations of the defining parameters of a geodetic system to the deflections of the vertical in this system given byVening Meinesz have been used in the computation of a best fitting ellipsoid. The data was that used byHayford in the computation of the resulting International Ellipsoid. Assuming the undulation (N 0) at Meades Ranch to be zero, the results are: a=6,378,194 m and l/f=299.9. This a is much nearer to modern values than that of the Internaitonal Ellipsoid. If a flattening of 1/298.24 is fixed andN 0=+3m,a=6,378,164 m which differs by one meter from a recent determination given byKaula.
Outcome in elderly patients undergoing definitive surgery and radiation therapy for supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme at a tertiary care institution

Abstract Purpose: To determine the efficacy of definitive surgery and radiation in patients aged 70 years and older with supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme. Methods and Materials: We selected elderly patients (≥ 70 years) who had primary treatment for glioblastoma multiforme at our tertiary care institution from 1977 through 1996. The study group ( n = 102) included 58 patients treated with definitive radiation, 19 treated with palliative radiation, and 25 who received no radiation. To compare our results with published findings, we grouped our patients according to the applicable prognostic categories developed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG): RTOG group IV ( n = 6), V ( n = 70), and VI ( n = 26). Patients were retrospectively assigned to prognostic group IV, V, or VI based on age, performance status, extent of surgery, mental status, neurologic function, and radiation dose. Treatment included surgical resection and radiation ( n = 49), biopsy alone ( n = 25), and biopsy followed by radiation ( n = 28). Patients were also stratified according to whether they were optimally treated (gross total or subtotal resection with postoperative definitive radiation) or suboptimally treated (biopsy, biopsy + radiation, surgery alone, or surgery + palliative radiation). Patients were considered to have a favorable prognosis ( n = 39) if they were optimally treated and had a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score of at least 70. Results: The median survival for patients according to RTOG groups IV, V, and VI was 9.2, 6.6, and 3.1 months, respectively (log-rank, p n = 58) had a median survival of 7.3 months compared to 4.5 months in the palliative radiation group ( n = 19) and 1.2 months in the biopsy-alone group ( p p p Conclusion: Elderly patients with good performance status (≥ 70 KPS) when treated aggressively with maximal resection and definitive radiation had longer survival than those treated with palliative radiation and biopsy. Aggressive treatment in such patients should be considered.
Transient stimulated raman scattering in high laser depletion and its effects on vibrational dynamics experiments

Abstract The progress of laser depletion and Stokes growth in transient stimulated Raman scattering (TSRS) is investigated using a Rayleigh-scattering technique. High laser depletion is found to dominate the behavior of TSRS under conditions relevant to excite-and-probe vibrational dynamics experiments. The results are used to explain differences between recent vibrational dephasing experiments. Implications of the results on both energy relaxation ( T 1 ) and phase relaxation ( T 2 ) experiments utilizing TSRS excitation are discussed.
James Webb Space Telescope: noise results for the multiplexers of the mid-infrared instrument (MIRI)

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will have several on-board instruments, of which the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) will cover imaging and low resolution spectroscopy in the 5-28 micron region. To achieve the many science goals for MIRI, the detector arrays must be capable of achieving high sensitivity. The primary obstacle to high sensitivity is the total noise. The total noise is often dominated by two main parts: the read noise of the multiplexer and the shot noise of the detector array's dark current. We present recent results of the measured read noise for several candidate multiplexers from the first Si-foundry run.
Insight into the seasonal asymmetry of nonmigrating tides on Mars

In this paper we demonstrate how the interplay between surface-generated tidal components and those excited by longitudinally varying solar absorption due to dust can explain the seasonal asymmetry of nonmigrating tides as seen in middle-atmosphere Mars Climate Sounder's observations. This seasonal asymmetry, which is consistent in all 3 years of available observations, is not readily explained by the current theory of nonmigrating tides on Mars. Sources traditionally include the changes in the Martian topography and the nonuniformity of the surface thermal properties. We show that the seasonal asymmetry can be explained by the destructive interference from an asymmetric tidal component forced by the wave number patterns in dust opacity in the northern low latitudes.
Superconducting Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Magnetic Field Sensors for Submarine Communications

The ferromagnetic-core type of solenoid that is used as a trailed antenna for communications reception by submarines has not demonstrated adquate sensitivity to satisfy the performance requirements for deeply submerged submarines receiving extremely low frequency (ELF) transmissions from the planned Sanguine communications system. It is possible, however, that a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) can be adapted to this role successfully and can permit all requirements of platform depth, speed, and maneuverability to be met. The present status of SQUID's is described, and some laboratory measurements that prove the potential of these devices for the ELF communications reception capability are presented. The engineering development that must be pursued in the areas of 1) sensor and electronics dynamic range, 2) sensor orthogonality, and 3) refrigeration systems to make SQUID ELF sensors available as operational receiving antennas is also discussed.
Relationship of field dependence and color coding to female students' achievement.

Szrmrnay.-This study examined the relationship of field dependence and differentially color-coded instructional materials (black-and-white and colored) with 126 female students' achievement. Significant diFferences were found between field-independent and field-dependent students with the Field-dependent students scoring higher on the Total Criterion measure. No significant interaction between color coding and Field dependence was found on the Total Criterion Test scores. Significant dBerences in achievement were found in favor of women who received the color-coded version of the Total Criterion Test. These results confirm previous findings relating to the importance of field dependence in visual information and points to the necessity for furcher systematic analysis of the unique contributions color-coded instructional strategies might have in facilitating the achievement of female students.
Penetrating wounds to the posterior chest: analysis of exigent thoracotomy and laparotomy.

Abstract Most reports of penetrating chest wounds include all regions of the thoracic wall. Recent studies of abdominal wounds stratified by entrance site have demonstrated significant differences in injury pattern that influence initial assessment and management. This is an analysis of 135 consecutive patients admitted to the Denver General Hospital with penetrating injuries to the posterior chest, done in an effort to elucidate operative indications. Fifteen of these patients required emergency department (ED) thoracotomy and were excluded from the study. In the remaining 120 patients, mechanism was gunshot (GSW) in 2 0% and stab wound (SW) in 80%; 89% were men, and the mean age was 26 years. For analysis, the posterior chest was further divided into upper and lower at the inferior tip of the scapula line. Overall, 28 patients (23%) with posterior penetrating chest wounds required early surgical intervention; 38% following a GSW compared to 20% due to a SW. Only 9 patients (8%) required thoracotomy while 19 (15%) underwent laparotomy. The most frequent indication for thoracotomy was persistent chest hemorrhage, and for laparotomy, positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage.
Tuning the Kenkre-Campbell self-trapping transition.

We study the persistence of self-trapping in the presence of arbitrary large perturbations. We obtain the phase diagram for a nonlinear dimer interacting with a third linear impurity site and show that the abrupt Kenkre-Campbell transition is sustained. In addition to the free and self-trapped regimes we find a chaotic regime for some well-defined values of the nonlinearity and linear coupling parameters
Antibiotic Selection Pressure Resulting in Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and Localization of Resistance Determinants to Conjugative Plasmids in Streptococci

The plasmid content, antibiotic susceptibilities, and biochemical traits of fecal streptococci isolated from pigs during a tylosin feeding experiment were analyzed. The presence of tylosin in the feed did not select for a particular streptococcal strain or biochemical type but did select for multiple antibiotic resistance. A DNA probe obtained from Escherichia coli and containing a cloned macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) resistance determinant from a streptococcal strain of human origin hybridized primarily to large plasmids among MLS-resistant streptococci from antibiotic-fed pigs. Patterns of hybridization were similar among MLS-resistant clinical isolates from human infections and isolates from other antibiotic-fed animals. The results of mating experiments indicated that tylosin selected for localization of the MLS determinants to large conjugative plasmids. These data established (1) a strong sequence homology between MLS resistance genes in isolates from humans and those from farm animals and (2) an increased potential for dissemination of MLS resistance as a consequence of tylosin feeding.
Why Was British Growth So Slow During the Industrial Revolution

Although it has been labeled the “First Industrial Revolution,” British growth and industrialization was slow between the 1760s and the 1820s. The explanation seems to lie with low capital formation shares in national income, low rates of accumulation, and thus little change in the capital-labor ratio. What accounts for the modest investment rates? Lack of thrift? Weak investment demand? This paper argues that the answer is to be found in the enormous debt issues used, to finance the French Wars.
Symbolic Computation of Turbulence and Energy Dissipation in the Taylor Vortex Model

Using a classic example proposed by G. I. Taylor, we reconsider through the use of computer algebra, the mathematical analysis of a fundamental process in turbulent flow, namely: How do large scale eddies evolve into smaller scale ones to the point where they are effectively absorbed by viscosity? The explicit symbolic series solution of this problem, even for cleverly chosen special cases, requires daunting algebra, and so numerical methods have become quite popular. Yet an algebraic approach can provide substantial insight, especially if it can be pursued with modest human effort. The specific example we use dates to 1937 when Taylor and Green8 first published a method for explicitly computing successive approximations to formulas describing the three-dimensional evolution over time of what is now called a Taylor–Green vortex. With the aid of a computer algebra system, we have duplicated Taylor and Green's efforts and obtained more detailed time-series results. We have extended their approximation of the energy dissipation from order 5 in time to order 14, including the variation with viscosity. Rather than attempting additional interpretation of results for fluid flow (for which, see papers by Brachet et al.,2,3 we examine the promise of computer algebra in pursuing such problems in fluid mechanics.
ON THE GRADED RELATION BETWEEN THE INTENSITY OF HORMONE ACTION AND THE CHARACTER OF THE RECIPIENT TISSUE

In the following paper it is not our desire to give a detailed description of the sexual cycle of the guinea-pig. Previous publications (1) have dealt with various phases of this problem, and we intend to return to some questions relating to cyclic changes also in a future publication. In this paper we wish to draw attention to a condition observed by us in the sexual cycle of the guinea-pig, the significance of which is, however, not restricted to the sexual cycle, but which applies to the relation in general between the hormone and the substance on which it acts. Inasmuch as our conclusions are based largely on a study of the cyclic changes which occur in the cervix of the guinea-pig, it will be necessary first to give a brief description of the cervix uteri of this animal.
Technical management notes

Product gamma has been proposed as a new tool for assisting managers in making short-run production decisions. Because it has not been fully understood, a liner programming model to examine its meaning is formulated. It is found that product gamma is equivalent to the monthly rate of return of invested capital when there is no capacity constraint.
A further investigation of using Theon’s ladder to find roots of quadratic equations

Theon’s ladder is an ancient method for easily approximating roots of a real number k. We extend previous work in this area by analysing a modification of this method for approximating roots of polynomials of the form x2 + cx + d. In particular, we will focus on establishing to which root the ladder will converge. We use techniques from real analysis such as monotone sequences and continuity of rational functions to prove the main results.
FLUID-DYNAMIC APPROACH TO MASS OF CLASSICAL ELECTRON.

Abstract A fluid-dynamic flow-process evaluation gives the Abraham-Lorentz value of 4 3 m e for the electric field alone, and the inclusion of electron-body flow work makes the entire mass Lorentz invariant. A nonflow evaluation also gives the correct mass.
CATS : Clustering after transformation and smoothing

CATS-clustering after transformation and smoothing-is a technique for nonparametrically estimating and clustering a large number of curves. Our motivating example is a genetic microarray experiment, but the method is very general. The method includes transformation and smoothing multiple curves, multiple nonparametric testing for screening out flat curves, clustering curves with similar shape, and nonparametrically inferring the clustering estimation error rate.
Injury of human polymorphonuclear granulocytes frozen in the presence of cryoprotective agents.

Abstract The granulocyte suspensions of human granulocytes from the peripheral blood were frozen in the presence of 7.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at rates of 1 °C/min until temperatures of −30 °C were reached. The cells were then frozen at a rate of −10-(−)60 °C/min. They were then stored in liquid nitrogen refrigerators from 10 min to 1 1 2 years. Thawed granulocytes did not regain motility even on prolonged incubation and developed homogenous large cytoplasmic bubbles. However, the cells were able to selectively incorporate neutral red granules into the cytoplasm. The cells eventually disintegrated when incubated up to 24 hr. Examination of stained cells showed disruption of the nuclear chromatin. Cells stained with toluidine blue at controlled pH observed under water, showed reversal in normal tinctorial properties of the cells. The nucleus failed to stain, and the cytoplasm stained strongly basophilic. The cytoplasm bubbles showed metachromasia. Cells stained with Feulgen's reaction showed the presence of Feulgen-positive material in the cytoplasm. PAS reaction showed PAS-positive granules in the cytoplasm. Staining for protein revealed strong reaction in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic bubbles did not stain. These observations suggest that human PMN cannot withstand freezing in the presence of DMSO, and that the primary site of cryoinjury is the nucleus, and not the cytoplasm.
Discriminatively Fortified Computing with Reconfigurable Digital Fabric

This work proposes a novel approach -- Discriminatively Fortified Computing (DFC) -- to achievehardware-efficient reliable computing without deterministically knowing the location and occurrence time of hardware defects and design faults. The key insights behind DFC comprise:1) different system components contribute differently to the overall correctness of a target application, therefore should be treated distinctively, and 2) abundant error resilience exists inherently in many practical algorithms, such as signal processing, visual perception, and artificial learning. Such error resilience can be significantly improved with effective hardware support. The major contributions of this work include 1) the development of a complete methodology to perform sensitivity and criticality analysis of hardware redundancy, 2) a novel problem formulation and an efficient heuristic methodology to discriminatively allocate hardware redundancy among a targetdesign's key components in order to maximize its overall error resilience, 3) an academic prototype of DFC computing device that illustrates a 4 times improvement of error resilience for aH.264 encoder implemented with an FPGA device.
The Shwartzman reaction repealed.

The article, “ -Galactosylceramide induces protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced shock” (doi:10.1189/jlb.0506298), was selected as a Pivotal Advance because the results suggest that -galactosylceramide ( GalCer), a glycolipid isolated from marine sponges, can protect against the complete morbidity and mortality characterisitic of endotoxin shock by inducing NKT cells to produce TH2 cytokines.
Creating a NICU Bereavement Team

Newborn Care Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program A neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) bereavement committee was formed to maximize the potential of clinical nursing practice related to the Magnet model. Multiple magnet forces were modeled in the implementation of this project. Proposed Change To improve clinical practice and provide family‐centered care. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Using evidence‐based practice, our team has standardized the bereavement process in the NICU by creating a bereavement checklist, a unit‐specific neonatal death policy, and educational materials for staff to reference. We also have organized a bereavement cabinet for staff to have easy access to all supplies needed during this difficult time. In‐services for staff regarding the new bereavement policies and procedures were done. Bereavement team members were expected to act as resources for nurses when a neonatal death occurred. Nurse satisfaction was increased related to their decreased anxiety during the bereavement process, as indicated by the in‐service evaluations done after the project. Implications for Nursing Practice To standardize the bereavement process and decrease nurse anxiety.
Minimum, maximum, and average spherical prediction variances for central composite and box-behnken designs

Single value design optimality criteria are often considered when selecting a response surface design. An alternative to a single value criterion is to evaluate prediction variance properties throughout the experimental region and to graphically display the results in a variance dispersion graph (VDG) (Giovannitti-Jensen and Myers (1989)). Three properties of interest are the spherical average, maximum, and minimum prediction variances. Currently, a computer-intensive optimization algorithm is utilized to evaluate these prediction variance properties. It will be shown that the average, maximum, and minimum spherical prediction variances for central composite designs and Box-Behnken designs can be derived analytically. These three prediction variances can be expressed as functions of the radius and the design parameters. These functions provide exact spherical prediction variance values eliminating the implementation of extensive computing involving algorithms which do not guarantee convergence. This resea...
Measurement of Fracture Parameters for a Mixed-Mode Crack Driven by Stress Waves using Image Correlation Technique and High-Speed Digital Photography

: Measurement of fracture parameters for a rapidly growing crack in syntactic foam sheets using image correlation technique and high-speed photography is presented. The performance of a rotating mirror-type multi-channel high-speed digital camera to measure transient deformations is assessed by conducting benchmark tests on image intensity variability, rigid translation and rigid rotation. Edge-cracked foam samples are subjected to eccentric impact loading relative to the initial crack plane to produce mixed-mode loading conditions in a three-point bend configuration. High-speed photography is used to record decorated random speckles in the vicinity of the crack tip at a rate of 200 000 frames per second. Two sets of images are recorded, the first set before impact and the second after impact. Using image correlation methodology, crack-tip displacement field histories and dominant strains from the time of impact up to complete fracture are mapped. Over-deterministic least-squares analyses of crack-tip radial and tangential displacements are used to obtain mixed-mode fracture parameters. The measurements are compared with complementary finite element results. The fracture parameters determined from radial displacements seem more robust even when fewer number of higher order terms in the crack-tip asymptotic expansion are used.
Activation of Stat3 sequence-specific DNA binding and transcription by p300/CREB-binding protein-mediated acetylation

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) belong to a family of latent cytoplasmic factors that can be activated by tyrosine phosphorylation by members of the Jak tyrosine kinase family in response to a variety of cytokines and growth factors. Activated Stats form dimers and translocate into nucleus to induce expression of critical genes essential for normal cellular events. Here we report for the first time that Stat3 can be modified by acetylation both in vivo and in vitro. A major site of Stat3 that is acetylated by its coactivator, p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP), resides in the C-terminal transcriptional activation domain at lysine 685. Furthermore, the acetylation of Stat3 can stimulate its sequence-specific DNA binding ability and transactivation activity. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity in cells results in increased Stat3 nuclear localization. These observations clearly indicate a novel mechanism for Stat3 activation in mammalian cells.
Oxygen-dependent anti-Salmonella activity of macrophages

Numerous observations have established a crucial role for phagocytic cells in host resistance to Salmonella. Activated macrophages rely on a complex array of oxygen-dependent antimicrobial molecules to inhibit or kill intracellular Salmonella. An initial oxidative bactericidal phase, which is dependent on the respiratory burst phagocyte oxidase (phox) is succeeded by a prolonged nitrosative bacteriostatic phase, which is dependent on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The sequential contribution of phox and iNOS to anti-Salmonella innate immunity has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The temporal progression from the predominant production of reactive oxygen species to the production of nitrogen oxides could optimize the initial reduction in microbial burden while minimizing the immunopathological consequences of the host inflammatory response.
Postoperative changes in serum creatinine. When do they occur and how much is important

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the serum creatinine in following postoperative renal function. In this prospective study of 278 patients (mainly hypertensives and diabetics) undergoing noncardiac surgery, the serum creatinines were followed from the first through the sixth postoperative day. Creatinine clearances were evaluated before operation and on the fourth to fifth postoperative day. During the first six days after the operation, 23% (65 of 278 patients) had an increase of serum creatinine greater than or equal to 20%. Such increases were sustained for greater than or equal to 48 hours in 12% of the patients (32 of 278), and half of these patients had not returned to their initial level of renal function by the time of discharge. Patients who sustained such a deterioration were at risk for nonoliguric renal failure if they had a subsequent insult (i.e., hypotension, reoperation, angiography, aminoglycosides). Such increases occurred early in the postoperative period--on the first or second postoperative day. As judged by the creatinine clearances, postoperative increases of greater than or equal to 20% in the serum creatinine identified most patients whose clearance fell more than 50%, although the serum creatinine did not accurately reflect changes in creatinine clearance among those patients who had undergone an amputation. It is concluded that the serum creatinine is useful in monitoring postoperative renal function. Of those patients who had postoperative increases in serum creatinine sustained for greater than or equal to 48 hours, as many as one third had evidence of impairment in renal function at the time of discharge.
TERT's role in colorectal carcinogenesis

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of the main functional subunits of the telomerase enzyme, which functions to increase telomere length. Studies have suggested that TERT may be important to the etiology of colorectal cancer. In this study we evaluate seven TERT SNPs in 1555 incident colon cancer cases and 1956 matched controls and in 754 incident rectal cancer cases and 959 matched controls. We observed that two TERT SNPs were associated with colon cancer. TERT rs2736118 was associated with increased risk of colon cancer (OR =1.31, 95% CI 1.02,1.69) and TERT-CLPTM1L rs2853668 was inversely associated with colon cancer (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.55,0.92). TERT-CLPTM1L rs2853668 also was inversely associated with rectal cancer (OR 0.62 95% CI 0.43,0.90). BMI interacted significantly with three TERT SNPs to alter risk of colon cancer. Those with the variant allele and who were obese had the greatest risk of colon cancer. TERT-CLPTM1L rs2853668 interacted significantly with aspirin/NSAID use, where those with the AA genotype had a much lower risk of colon cancer when using aspirin/NSAIDs than those with the other genotypes. Several TERT SNPs were uniquely associated with CIMP+ and MSI tumors. These data confirm earlier reports of the association between TERT-CLPTM1L and colon and rectal cancer. Our detection of a significant interaction with BMI for multiple TERT SNPs and unique associations with CIMP+ tumors enhance our understanding of TERT’s role in colon carcinogenesis.
Prediction of the calcium carbonate saturation pH in cooling water

Abstract The Langelier pH s equation, first described in 1936, is used to approximate the pH at which a water would be in equilibrium with CaCO 3 . This equation uses typical water analyses and includes effects of non-ideal activity. The Langelier equation is used to estimate pH s for industrial cooling waters where ion association behavior may be significant. Association reactions in waters typical of industrial cooling waters were investigated in the current work using a computer model to solve the simultaneous equations describing the system. The calculated pH s was considerably altered when sulfate was above about 1000 mg l −1 . Based on these findings, a correction term for the Langelier equation was developed that is applicable to cooling waters. Finally, a method is described that enables practical application of ion association theory to the estimation of pH s . The proposed correction should be accurate for pH from 6.5 to 9.7 and to 0.5 M ionic strength.
Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture, and the Child's Construction of Human Kinds

Representing race - universal and comparative perspectives mining history for psychological wisdom - rethinking racial thinking domain specificity and the study of race do children have a theory of race? race, language, and collect-ive inference the appearance of race - perception in the construction of racial categories the cultural biology of race.
Influence of Organic Acid Solution Chemistry on Subsurface Transport Properties. 1. Surface and Interfacial Tension

Typically, the migration of multiple fluids in the subsurface is modeled as if it were independent of aqueous phase composition. However, solution conditions including pH, concentration of surface-...
A Stokesian viscoelastic flow: Transition to oscillations and mixing

Abstract To understand observations of low Reynolds number mixing and flow transitions in viscoelastic fluids, we study numerically the dynamics of the Oldroyd-B viscoelastic fluid model. The fluid is driven by a simple time-independent forcing that, in the absence of viscoelastic stresses, creates a cellular flow with extensional stagnation points. We find that at O ( 1 ) Weissenberg number, these flows lose their slaving to the forcing geometry of the background force, become oscillatory with multiple frequencies, and show continual formation and destruction of small-scale vortices. This drives flow mixing, the details of which we closely examine. These new flow states are dominated by a single-quadrant vortex, which may be stationary or cycle persistently from cell to cell.
Parenting Behaviors Among Mainland Puerto Rican Adolescent Mothers: The Role of Grandmother and Partner Involvement

Relations between grandmother and partner involvement (coresidence social support child care) and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers parenting behaviors were examined. Few associations between grandmother involvement and behavior emerged and these were moderated by coresidence. In contrast partner involvement showed a number of significant (positive) direct and moderated relations with behavior. For both providers the direction of the relations between social support and behavior during teaching was the opposite depending on coresidence: Greater social support was related to the display of more positive behavior among coresiding mothers but to less competent behavior among non-coresiding mothers. The relations between child care support and behavior differed across providers. For grandmothers greater child care was related to less positive behavior during teaching among coresiding mothers but to more competent behavior among non-coresiding mothers. For partners greater child care was more strongly related to positive behavior during play among non-coresiding than coresiding mothers. Results are discussed in light of Latino cultural values developmental issues and implications for intervention. (authors)
Crack Shielding in Ce‐TZP/Al2O3 Composites: Comparison of Fatigue and Sustained Load Crack Growth Specimens

Crack shielding stress intensities in in situ loaded compact tension specimens of two types of ceria-partially-stabilized zirconia/alumina (Ce-TZP/Al2O3) composites with prior histories of subcritical crack growth in sustained and tension-tension fatigue loading were directly assessed using laser Raman spectroscopy. Crack-tip stress fields within the transformation zones were measured by measuring a stress-induced frequency shift of a peak corresponding to the tetragonal phase. The peak shift as a function of the applied stress was separately calibrated using a ball-on-ring flexure test. Total crack shielding stress intensity was estimated from the far-field applied stress intensity and the local crack-tip stress intensity assessed from the measured near-crack-tip stresses. The shielding stress intensities were consistently lower in the fatigue specimens than in the sustained load crack growth specimens. The reduced crack shielding developed in the fatigue specimens was independently confirmed by measurements of larger crack-opening displacement under far-field applied load as compared to the sustained load crack growth specimens. Thus, diminished crack shielding was a major factor contributing to the higher subcritical crack growth rates exhibited by the Ce-TZP/Al2O3 composites in tension–tension cyclic fatigue. Calculations of zone shielding considering only the dilatational strains in the transformation zones accounted for 81% and 86% of the measured values in the sustained load crack growth specimens, but significantly overestimated the shielding in the fatigue specimens. Possible reasons for the diminished crack shielding in the fatigue specimens are discussed.
On processing nested queries in distributed object-oriented database systems

In this paper, we discuss nested query processing in a distributed object-oriented database system. We present three query processing strategies to exploit parallelism in a distributed environment. Then, we review three access methods designed for centralized systems and discuss how they can be applied to the distributed environment. Heuristics for selecting attributes for indexing and determining where to store the indexes are also presented. Finally, a replication strategy is proposed for the path dictionary method. >
Personality Processes: Mechanisms by Which Personality Traits “Get Outside the Skin”

It is time to better understand why personality traits predict consequential outcomes, which calls for a closer look at personality processes. Personality processes are mechanisms that unfold over time to produce the effects of personality traits. They include reactive and instrumental processes that moderate or mediate the association between traits and outcomes. These mechanisms are illustrated here by a selection of studies of traits representing the three broad domains of personality and temperament: negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and constraint. Personality processes are studied over the short term, as in event-sampling studies, and over the long term, as in lifespan research. Implications of findings from the study of processes are considered for resolving issues in models of personality structure, improving and extending methods of personality assessment, and identifying targets for personality interventions.
Patterns and mechanisms of growth of fifth-instar Manduca sexta caterpillars following exposure to low- or high-protein food during early instars.

Abstract For many insect herbivores, variation in protein availability is a pervasive part of the environment. I explore how variable protein availability affects growth rates of fifth‐instar Manduca sexta caterpillars and how growth is related to behavior and physiology. Groups of larvae were reared on low‐ or high‐protein artificial diets (5.9% and 17.7% casein by dry weight, respectively) and then transferred in the fifth instar to the same or opposite diet. During or after the 24‐h period following transfer, I measured growth rate, consumption rate, growth efficiency, midgut proteolytic activity, and masses of midgut contents and tissues. Fifth‐instar caterpillars reared in earlier instars on high‐protein diet grew about 20% more rapidly over 24 h than did caterpillars reared on low‐protein diet. This growth pattern appears to be caused by differences in consumption and growth efficiency: caterpillars reared on high protein consumed more food, and used it more efficiently, than did caterpillars reared...
ON REJECTION RATES OF PAIRED INTERVENTION ANALYSIS

Before–After-Control–Impact (BACI) analysis and randomized intervention analysis (RIA) are commonly applied to time series of response measurements obtained from two ecological units, one of which is subjected to an intervention at some intermediate time. Positive results from the analyses are interpreted as evidence of a potentially meaningful association between the intervention and the response. Applied to 154 pairs of actual ecological time series, RIA done at the 5% level rejected the hypothesis of no association 20% of the time when both units were in fact undisturbed, and 30% of the time when one of the two units had received an intervention. Correction for first-order serial autocorrelation in the time series of between-unit differences reduced these rejection frequencies to 15% and 28%, respectively. A two-stage analysis method that attempts to adjust for temporal variability of early and late response means failed to find an association in any of the pairs of “control” units, and found evidence of an association in only 14–15% of the pairs in which one unit was disturbed. These results suggest that RIA (and BACI analysis) greatly overstate the evidence for associations of interventions with ecological responses, and that attempts to modify these methods to account for temporal variability of response trajectories result in tests with very limited power. It may be that the best strategy for interpreting data from BACI designs is to rely on graphical presentation, expert judgment, and common sense, rather than P values derived from hypothesis tests of questionable validity.
Spectrum Monitoring During Reception in Dynamic Spectrum Access Cognitive Radio Networks

If a frequency band has primary and secondary users, then the cognitive radios of the secondary users must monitor the band and be prepared to cease their transmissions if a primary user's radio begins to transmit. Traditional spectrum sensing requires the secondary radios to refrain from communicating while they check for the emergence of primary signals. We propose and evaluate methods by which the secondary radios can continue their communications while simultaneously monitoring the band to detect any transmissions that are initiated by the primary radios. Our methods for spectrum monitoring supplement traditional spectrum sensing and improve the communications efficiency of the secondary radios.