cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings to soil-applied organo-borates

Sodium tetraphenylboron (NaTPB) is used to precipitate radiocesium from high-level nuclear wastes. Processing of these wastes will intensify in the future thereby increasing the possibility of the accidental release of NaTPB into the environment. Two greenhouse pot experiments using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were conducted to evaluate the effects of NaTPB and one of its degradation by-products, diphenylboric acid (DPBA), on pine B nutrition and growth. The needle and root tissue concentrations of B were higher for NaTPB than DPBA treatments. Consequently, NaTPB but not DPBA had detrimental effects on plant growth. Seedlings that had significant yield detriments displayed typical B toxicity symptoms due to high-B stress. The distribution of B among the needles, stems and roots, expressed as percent of total B in the seedlings, remained relatively constant irrespective of the soil B level or B source. The peak of hot-water extractable soil B from the NaTPB treatments lagged about 20 days behind the DPBA treatments, suggesting a faster hydrolysis for the latter compound.
Quantum rods: Not so cool after all

One might have expected there was little left to learn about the dynamics of hot charge-carriers in semiconductors. But an unexpected heating mechanism in semiconducting quantum rods suggests there is still room for surprise.
Tissue Fusion With Argon, CO2 And Nd:YAG Lasers; Thermal And Histological Comparison

Two mechanisms of laser tissue fusion, thermal and photochemical, are currently being proposed in several types of tissue. In this study we examined the thermal and histologic components of laser fusion in blood vessels and bowel. CO2 and Argon lasers were used to fuse 1 cm canine arteriotomies and 1 cm rabbit enterotomies. Thermal images were concurrently recorded with an AGA Thermovision camera and computer analyzed. Tissue samples from each weld were subsequently prepared for histologic examination.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diffusion and point defects in TiO2−x

Abstract The self-diffusion of 44 Ti has been measured both parallel to and perpendicular to the c axis in rutile single crystals by a serial-sectioning technique as a function of temperature (1000–1500°C) and oxygen partial pressure (10 −14 − 1 atm). The oxygen-partial-pressure dependence of. D ∗ Ti indicates that cation selfdiffusion occurs by an interstitial-type mechanism and that both trivalent and tetravalent interstitial titanium ions may contribute to cation self-diffusion. At p o 2 = 1.50 × 10 −7 atm where impurity-induced defects are unimportant, D ∗ Ti (∥c)= 6.50 +1.33 −1.11 exp − (66.11±0.56 kcal mole RT cm 2 S and D ∗ Ti (⊥c)= 4.55 +1.78 −1.28 exp − (64.08±0.99) kcal mole RT cm 2 S . In the intrinsic region, the ratio D ∗ Ti (⊥ c )/ D ∗ Ti (∥ c ) was found to increase from 1.2 to 1.6 as the temperature decreased from 1500 to 1000°C. Computations based upon the defect model of Kofstad (involving the atomic defects Ti ... i Ti .... i and V .. o ), of Marucco et al . (Ti .... i and V .. o ), and of Blumenthal et al . (Ti ... i and Ti .... i ) are compared with the experimental data on deviation from stoichiometry, electrical conductivity, cation self-diffusion and chemical diffusion in TiO 2− x . These comparisons provide values of the defect concentrations, cation-defect diffusivities, electron mobility and reasonable values of the correlation factor for cation diffusion by the interstitialcy mechanism. Only the model of Kofstad is inconsistent with the data.
Mass Terms, Count Nouns, and Change

From early childhood we learn to distinguish compact, enduring things from the stuffs of which they are constituted. We count the former and measure the latter. We treat things as stable points of reference for action and experience; stuffs we think of as amorphous and protean.
Effects of Jasmonate-Induced Defenses on Root-Knot Nematode Infection of Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Cultivars

Jasmonates, such as jasmonic acid (JA), are plant-signaling compounds that trigger induced resistance against certain pathogens and a broad range of arthropod herbivores. One goal of this study was to determine the effects of JA-dependent defenses in tomato on root-knot nematodes. Another was to determine if the artificial induction of these defenses could enhance nematode control on plants that carry Mi-1.2, a nematode resistance gene that is present in many tomato cultivars. At moderate soil temperatures, Mi-1.2 can effectively suppress reproduction of most isolates of the common root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, and M. arenaria. Mi-mediated resistance has its limitations, however. Mi-1.2 is reported to lose its effectiveness at soil temperatures above 28°C, and certain virulent nematode isolates can overcome resistance even at moderate soil temperatures. This study used a foliar application of JA to activate induced resistance in two near-isogenic lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) with and without Mi-1.2, and evaluated the effects of induced resistance at moderate soil temperatures on one avirulent nematode isolate (M. javanica isolate VW4) and two virulent isolates (M. javanica isolate VW5 and M. incognita isolate 557R). In addition, the effects of induced resistance on avirulent nematode performance were examined at a high temperature (32°C). The results indicate that JA application induces a systemic defense response that reduces avirulent nematode reproduction on susceptible tomato plants. Furthermore, JA-dependent defenses proved to be heat-stable, whereas the effects of Mi-mediated resistance were reduced but not eliminated at 32°C. JA treatment enhanced Mi-mediated resistance at high temperature, but did not suppress either of the virulent nematode isolates tested.
A mathematical analysis of the motion coherence theory

In motion perception, there are a number of important phenomena involving coherence. Examples include motion capture and motion cooperativity. We propose a theoretical model, called the motion coherence theory, that gives a possible explanation for these effects [1,2]. In this framework, the aperture problem can also be thought of as a problem of coherence and given a similar explanation. We propose the concept of a velocity field defined everywhere in the image, even where there is no explicit motion information available. Theough a cost function, the model imposes smoothness on the velocity field in a more general way than in previous theories. In this paper, we provide a detailed theoretical analysis of the motion coherence theory. We discuss its relations with previous theories and show that some of them are approximations to it. A second paper [3] provides extensions for temporal coherence and comparisons to psychophysical phenomena. The theory applies to both short-range and long-range motion. It places them in the same computational framework and provides a way to define interactions between the two processes.
Aplastic Anemia: Biology and Treatment

Aplastic anemia is characterized by decreased bone marrow function with inadequate production of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets. Marrow failure may be caused by absence of or defects in hematopoietic stem cells, abnormalities of the bone marrow microenvironment, ineffective cell-to-cell interactions, or immune disorders. Although most patients with aplastic anemia have normal immunity, some have abnormalities of T- and B-lymphocytes. Rare patients have an immune cause of marrow failure. Treatment of aplastic anemia involves blood transfusions and withdrawal of potential causal factors. Efforts to stimulate hematopoiesis with androgens, corticosteroids, and other drugs have been largely unsuccessful. Some patients may recover after treatment with antithymocyte globulin or other immunosuppressive agents. Bone marrow transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with severe aplastic anemia who have a human-leukocyte-antigen-identical related donor. Transplants of hematopoietic stem cells obtained from alternative sources, such as fetal liver cells or stem cells from long-term, in-vitro cultures, also may be useful.
Aorta measurements are heritable and influenced by bicuspid aortic valve

Abstract: Word Count 266, 1609 characters Objectives: To determine whether the contributions of genetics and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) independently influence aortic (Ao) dimensions. Background: Ao dilation is a risk factor for aneurysm, dissection, and sudden cardiac death. Frequent association of BAV with Ao dilation implicates a common underlying defect possibly due to genetic factors. Methods: Families enriched for BAV underwent standardized transthoracic echocardiography. In addition to BAV status, echocardiographic measures of Ao (annulus to descending Ao), pulmonary artery and mitral valve annulus diameters were obtained. Using variance components analysis, heritability was estimated with and without BAV status. Additionally, bivariate genetic analyses between Ao dimensions and BAV were performed. Results: Our cohort was obtained from 209 families enriched for BAV. After adjusting for age, body surface area and sex, individuals with BAV had a statistically significant increase in all echocardiographic measurements (p < 0.006) except descending Ao and mitral valve annulus. Individuals with BAV were at greater odds of having Ao dilation (OR = 4.44, 95% CI 2.93 – 6.72) than family members without BAV. All echocardiographic measurements exhibited moderate to strong heritability (0.25 to 0.53), and these estimates were not influenced by inclusion of BAV as a covariate. Bivariate genetic analyses supported that the genetic correlation between BAV and echo measures were not significantly different from zero. Conclusions: We show for the first time that echocardiographic measurements of Ao, pulmonary artery and mitral valve annulus diameters are quantitative traits that exhibit significant heritability. In addition, our results suggest the presence of BAV independently influences the proximal Ao and pulmonary artery measures but not those in the descending Ao or mitral valve annulus.
Supercritical Water Oxidation of Nitrobenzene

Nitrobenzene was oxidized in supercritical water in a plug-flow reactor. The experimental conditions included a temperature range from 378 to 600 °C, a pressure range from 250 to 346 atm, and residence times between 80 and 180 s. The disappearance of nitrobenzene during supercritical water oxidation exhibited a global rate law that was 1.04 ± 0.11 order in nitrobenzene, 0.49 ± 0.16 in oxygen, and 0.07 ± 0.10 in water. The activation energy was 36 000 ± 5000 J mol-1, and the Arrhenius preexponential factor was 34.9 ± 10.2 s-1. When nitrobenzene decomposed, greater than 90% of the organic nitrogen was converted to inorganic species, mainly elemental nitrogen, and greater than 60% of the organic carbon was transformed into carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with a high selectivity toward CO2. Nearly complete (>95%) mineralization was achieved at T = 600 °C, P = 346 atm, and a residence time of 160 s.
Cecae of desert quail: importance in modifying the urine

Abstract 1. 1.The importance of the digestive ceca in the modification of ureteral urine was evaluated in conscious, unrestrained desert quail. 2. 2.Cecaectomized (Cx) birds took in slightly more food and water and excreted more solids and water than did sham operated controls. 3. 3.The percent utilization of food for the Cx birds was 76 and 79% for the sham operated controls. 4. 4.Urate output was 47 ml/kg day for Cx and 41 ml/kg day for the sham operated controls. 5. 5.Water content of the excrement was 90% for the Cx and 85% for the sham operated controls. 6. 6.There was a slight but insignificant increase in uric acid excretion in the droppings of cecaectomized birds.
Quantitative measurement of endo preference in homodienyl hydrogen shifts

Abstract From the kinetics of the gas-phase pyrolysis of a series of cis -1,1-dimethyl-2-alkenylcyclopropanes, the preference for the endo transition state in the homodienyl hydrogen shift (retro-ene reaction) is estimated to be at least 12 kcal/mol.
Maturation of the HIV-1 core by a non-diffusional phase transition

The formation of the HIV-1 core is the final step in the viral maturation pathway, resulting in the formation of infectious virus. Most current models for HIV-1 core formation suggest that, upon proteolytic cleavage from the immature Gag, capsid (CA) dissociates into the viral interior before reforming into the core. Here we present evidence for an alternate view of core formation by taking advantage of our serendipitous observation of large membrane-enclosed structures in HIV-1 supernatants from infected cells. Cryo-electron tomographic studies show that these structures, which contain ordered arrays of what is likely the membrane-associated matrix protein, contain multiple cores that can be captured at different stages of maturation. Our studies suggest that HIV maturation involves a non-diffusional phase transition in which the detaching layer of the cleaved CA lattice is gradually converted into a roll that ultimately forms the surface of the mature conical core.
Reported dietary and exercise behaviors, beliefs and knowledge among university undergraduates

Abstract A ten-percent random sample of students (n=2,610) attending a large midwestern university was mailed a questionnaire designed to assess dietary and exercise-related behaviors, knowledge, and beliefs. A total of 1,226 students completed and returned the survey. The majority of respondents exhibited an under-standing of some basic nutrition concepts, but held several misconceptions especially related to carbohydrate nutrition. Thirty-six percent reported no use of discretionary salt, and a surprisingly high 65% reported eating high fat foods less than once per day. However, 69% of the students reported failure to eat any fruit at least once per day, and 43% indicated they ate vegetables less than once per day. Nutrition-related beliefs and behaviors were only weakly correlated. Only 24% reported participation in strenuous aerobic exercise lasting at least 30 minutes per session. The results suggest that a significant percentage of the college students included in this survey exhibited unfavorable dietary and exercise habits.
Anesthetic Implications of Robotic Gynecologic Surgery

Surgery using robotic techniques is becoming more and more common. One of the specialties at the fore-front of robotic surgery has been gynecology, much like it was at the fore-front a generation ago in bringing laparoscopy into the operating room. New considerations have been noted and new techniques have been learned on both sides of the drape in order to ensure a successful outcome for the patient undergoing robotic gynecologic surgery. The purpose of this article is to bring, to light the concerns facing the anesthesiologist in regards to robotic procedures. We discuss the problems facing anesthesiologists, when a patient is experiencing both intraabdominal insufflation and steep Trendelenburg position, and also the intraoperative management of such a patient.
From donor to patient: another safety factor.

A standardized technical procedure effectively utilizes the inherent value of imprinted numbers on integral donor tubing of a plastic blood container. For crossmatching technics particularly, the described method facilitates the handling of the specific portion of the tubing segment imprinted with numbers. Small pieces of the plastic tubing, cut after draining the segment blood sample, bear the manufacturer's serial digits. These “tabs” of plastic are retained by a simple method for final comparison with the numbers on tubing still attached to the plastic bag. Photographs show details of the procedure, which has proved safe and practical in four years of usage. The resulting consistency and reliability of such donor blood sample confirmation minimize the inevitable problems of human error.
Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth‐Century Benin

Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth- Century Benin. Paula Girshick Ben-Amos. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 177 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
Vitamin E: Introduction to Biochemistry and Health Benefits

Free radical-mediated damage has been implicated in cellular changes that occur over time in the aging process and in development of degenerative diseases. Research results to date have demonstrated that vitamin E and the other antioxidants function to prevent or minimize peroxidative damage in biological systems and suggest that adequate antioxidant defense can protect the body from the high free radical concentrations that are unavoidable at the present time.
Involuntary capture of visual-spatial attention occurs for intersections, both real and "imagined".

In three spatial precuing experiments, we demonstrate attentional capture by an intersection that occurs (1) between two lines that are not part of an enclosed object, and (2) between a line in the cuing array that is not physically present during target search and the invisible circumference of a perceptual circle formed by the elements in the target array. This capture effect conceptually replicates Cole, Gellatly, and Blurton’s (2001)corner enhancement effect, in which responses are faster for targets presented near an object’s corners rather than along its straight edges. However, it extends that effect by showing that it occurs even when the intersection is not part of an enclosed object and is not physically present during target search. More important, our capture effect occurred even though the target’s position was not designated by a perceptually distinctive feature and was not predicted by the intersection’s position. Thus, it seems that a line intersection—whether it be real or imaginary—automatically captures visual—spatial attention, contrary to Folk, Remington, and Johnston’s (1992) and Gibson and Kelsey’s (1998) views that such an involuntary capture of spatial attention is contingent on attentional control settings.
Anthology films in European cinema: New frontiers of collective identities

ABSTRACTAnthology films are collections of short films, commissioned for the purpose of representing a common theme, where each short film is produced by an individual director. In recent years, such films have become prominent in mediating and sharing identities of the new members of the European Union in transnational, collaborative productions. Three select films, Visions of Europe: 25 Films, 25 Directors (2004), Across the Border (2004) and Lost and Found: Six Glances at a Generation (2004) bring forth questions of governmentality in the new community, the relationships of cosmopolitanism with the ‘other’,/the neighbour/the immigrant/and the ‘stranger’ and the commensurability of various positions in continuous conversations among participants. These anthology films realize that distinctly European pursuit of meditation and deliberation as reality faces increased complexity.
The observation of resonance in the electron impact excitation intensities of the inner-shell states of CO2

Abstract A resonance structure in the excitation intensities of the (1s c ) −1 (2pπ u ) 1,3 Π u states in CO 2 is observed for incident electron energies near the excitation threshold of these states. The ratio of these excitation intensities shows a resonance structure for incident electrons of 313 eV energy similar to a value reported for the σ u resonance in the photoionization of CO 2 .
Spontaneous versus Controlled Influences of Stimulus-Based Affect on Choice Behavior

Abstract This article identifies two routes through which affect and cognitions arising from a stimulus can influence choices: a “lower order” route, where choices are influenced through automatic affective processes, and a “higher order” route, where choices are influenced through more controlled affective or consequence-related cognitive processes. Across three experiments the extent of deliberation, mental preoccupation, and the nature of exposure to the stimuli were manipulated to identify conditions under which lower order affect, higher order affect, or higher order cognitions impact choices. Respondents chose between two alternatives: one that was associated with more intense positive affect but less favorable cognitions (e.g., chocolate cake), and one that was associated with less intense positive affect but more favorable cognitions (e.g., fruit salad). Findings suggest that when the individual makes the decision quickly and is mentally preoccupied while making the decision, choices are driven by lower order affect. When the individual deliberates on the decision without being mentally preoccupied and the affect-laden option is in full view while the decision is being deliberated upon, choices are driven by higher order affect. In both cases, the affect-laden option (e.g. chocolate cake) is selected. In all other situations, choices are driven by higher order consequence-related cognitions and the alternative that is superior on the cognitive dimension (e.g. fruit salad) is selected. It is suggested that the effects of affective reactions on choice occur through the activation of appetitive (i.e., gratification-seeking) goals.
Microwave surface resistance and vortices in high-Tc superconductors: Observation of flux pinning and flux creep.

History dependence and logarithmic time dependence of the microwave surface resistance have been observed in polycrystalline ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ in a magnetic field. We interpret our data in terms of granularity and use the model of Gittleman and Rosenblum to relate the surface resistance to the number of vortices in the sample. At a given field, we find that the surface resistance of a zero-field-cooled sample is higher than that of a field-cooled sample, suggesting that the former contains more intergranular vortices. It is also observed that once the external dc field is removed, flux creep out of the sample results in a logarithmic time decay of the surface resistance, from which we estimate a thermal activation energy at 77 K of about 0.1 eV.
Relative energies of binding for antibody-carbohydrate-antigen complexes computed from free-energy simulations.

Free-energy perturbation (FEP) simulations have been applied to a series of analogues of the natural trisaccharide epitope of Salmonella serotype B bound to a fragment of the monoclonal anti-Salmonella antibody Se155-4. This system was selected in order to assess the ability of free-energy perturbation (FEP) simulations to predict carbohydrate−protein interaction energies. The ultimate goal is to use FEP simulations to aid in the design of synthetic high affinity ligands for carbohydrate-binding proteins. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed in the explicit presence of water molecules, at room temperature. The AMBER force field, with the GLYCAM parameter set for oligosaccharides, was employed. In contrast to many modeling protocols, FEP simulations are capable of including the effects of entropy, arising from differential ligand flexibilities and solvation properties. The experimental binding affinities are all close in value, resulting in small relative free energies of binding. Many of...
A Human Factors Vulnerability Evaluation Method for Computer and Information Security

There is a current lack of human factors identification and analysis methods in computer and information security. Previous research has focused on micro-level issues, such as task analyses and usa...
Effectiveness of surgery for lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis in the octogenarian population: analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) data.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether surgery is an effective option for the treatment of stenosis of the lumbar spine and degenerative spondylolisthesis in the octogenarian population. Methods: An as-treated analysis of patients with lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis enrolled in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) was performed. Patients who were at least eighty years of age (n = 105) were compared with those younger than eighty years (n = 1130). Baseline patient and clinical characteristics were noted, and the difference in improvement from baseline between operative and nonoperative treatment was determined for each group at each follow-up time period up to four years. Results: There were no significant baseline differences in the primary or secondary patient-reported clinical outcome measures between the two patient age groups. Patients at least eighty years of age had higher prevalences of multilevel stenosis, severe stenosis, and asymmetric motor weakness. Patients at least eighty years of age also had higher prevalences of hypertension, heart disease, osteoporosis, and joint problems at baseline, but they had a lower body mass index and lower prevalences of depression and smoking. Fifty-eight of the 105 patients at least eighty years of age and 749 of the 1130 younger patients underwent operative management. There were no differences in the rates of intraoperative or postoperative complications, reoperation, or postoperative mortality between the older and younger groups. Averaged over a four-year follow-up period, operatively treated patients at least eighty years of age had significantly greater improvement in all primary and secondary outcome measures compared with nonoperatively treated patients. The treatment effects in patients at least eighty years of age were similar to those in younger patients for all primary and secondary measures except the SF-36 (Short Form-36) bodily pain domain and the percentage who self-rated their progress as a major improvement, in both of which the treatment effect was significantly smaller. Conclusions: Operative treatment of lumbar stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis offered a significant benefit over nonoperative treatment in patients at least eighty years of age (p 0.05). Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Cap-binding protein eIF4E promotes folding of a functional domain of yeast translation initiation factor eIF4G1.

The association of eucaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G with the cap-binding protein eIF4E establishes a critical link between the mRNA and the ribosome during translation initiation. This association requires a conserved seven amino acid peptide within eIF4G that binds to eIF4E. Here we report that a 98-amino acid fragment of S. cerevisiae eIF4G1 that contains this eIF4E binding peptide undergoes an unfolded to folded transition upon binding to eIF4E. The folding of the eIF4G1 domain was evidenced by the eIF4E-dependent changes in its protease sensitivity and 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectrum. Analysis of a series of charge-to-alanine mutations throughout the essential 55.4-kDa core of yeast eIF4G1 also revealed substitutions within this 98-amino acid region that led to reduced eIF4E bindingin vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that the association of yeast eIF4E with eIF4G1 leads to the formation of a structured domain within eIF4G1 that could serve as a specific site for interactions with other components of the translational apparatus. They also suggest that the stability of the native eIF4E-eIF4G complex is determined by amino acid residues outside of the conserved seven-residue consensus sequence.
High Performance Klystrons for Accelerator Applications

A six cavity, 1? MW, 805 MHz klystron for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) has been designed at Los Alamos and fabricated at Litton Industries. The design requirements were all exceeded by the experimental tube and a maximum dc to rf conversion efficiency of 57.4% was measured. The design and performance of the klystron is discussed in this paper.
Comparison of N‐Linked Oligosaccharides of Recombinant Human Tissue Kallikrein Produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells on Microcarrier Beads and in Serum‐Free Suspension Culture

Glycosylation heterogeneity in recombinant human tissue kallikrein (r-HuTK) produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells from microcarrier culture and from a serum-free suspension cell recycle process has been compared. Significant differences in the degree of sialylation were observed in glycoform distribution and oligosaccharide heterogeneity. High-performance liquid chromatography with a pellicular anion-exchange column under low pH eluant conditions was used to characterize the number and types of N-linked complex type oligosaccharides present. The oligosaccharides were released by N-gly-canase and, after reduction, were resolved into a number of peaks containing one, two, three, and four sialic acids with an additional subfractionation based on the nature of the antennary structure. The microcarrier process resulted in a reduced amount of sialylated oligosaccharide species as compared to the suspension cell process. Removal of sialic acid followed by chromatography of the asialooligosaccharides under high pH anion-exchange conditions indicated that the same antennary structures were present but in slightly different relative amounts. The oligosaccharide profiles are indicative of a highly complex array of microheterogeneity present, encompassing mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasialylated complex type oligosaccharides.
Economics of p fertilization of two soybean varieties at Jabalpur, M.P., India

Abstract An economic interpretation was applied to a soybean yield prediction equation derived from data obtained in an experiment at Jabalpur, M.F. It was shown that no level of applied P could substitute for variety selection in terms of either soybean yield or economic returns per ha. Illustrative examples of the minimum price that must be obtained for soybeans before it is profitable to use P fertilizer for given price situations were shown.
Eclipse telescope design factors

Very high contrast imagery, required for exoplanet image acquisition, imposes significantly different criteria upon telescope architecture than do the requirements imposed upon most spaceborne telescopes. For the Eclipse Mission, the fundamental figure-of-merit is a stellar contrast, or brightness reduction ratio, reaching a factor of 10-9 or better at star-planet distances as close as the 4th Airy ring. Factors necessary to achieve such contrast ratios are both irrelevant and largely ignored in contemporary telescope design. Although contemporary telescoeps now meet Hubble Space Telescope performance at substantially lower mass and cost than HST, control of mid-spatial-frequency (MSF) errors, crucial to coronagraphy, has not been emphasized. Accordingly, roughness at MSF has advanced little since HST. Fortunately, HST primary mirror smoothness would nearly satisfy Eclipse requirements, although other aspects of HST are undesirable for stellar coronagraphy. Conversely, the narrow field required for Eclipse eases other drivers of traditional telescope design. A systematic approach to telescope definition, with primary and sub-tier figures-of-merit, will be discussed in the context of the Eclipse Mission.
Kinetic modeling of high temperature oxidation of Ni-base alloys

Abstract The rates of isothermal and cyclic oxidation and the elemental concentration profiles as a function of time of oxidation for a few Ni-base superalloys were determined through a modified Wagner’s oxidation model and the solution of coupled elemental diffusion equations. Thermodynamically calculated interfacial elemental concentrations and oxygen partial pressures for the multi-component Ni-base alloys were used as boundary conditions for the solution of Wagner’s equation and the elemental coupled diffusion equations (for Cr, Al and O). The multiple elemental diffusion and mass conservation equations were solved using a numerical procedure. The dependence of self/tracer-diffusivities of Cr, Al and O in the corundum phase on the oxygen partial pressures was deduced using a genetic algorithm based optimization procedure incorporating the experimental parabolic rate constants for several Ni-base alloys. Rates of cyclic oxidation were then deduced from the deterministic interfacial cyclic oxidation spalling model (DICOSM) developed by Smialek [1] . The calculated oxidation rates were in reasonable agreement with the experimental values for a range of multi-component Ni-base alloys.
Cadm1 Is a Metastasis Susceptibility Gene That Suppresses Metastasis by Modifying Tumor Interaction with the Cell-Mediated Immunity

Metastasis is a complex process utilizing both tumor-cell-autonomous properties and host-derived factors, including cellular immunity. We have previously shown that germline polymorphisms can modify tumor cell metastatic capabilities through cell-autonomous mechanisms. However, how metastasis susceptibility genes interact with the tumor stroma is incompletely understood. Here, we employ a complex genetic screen to identify Cadm1 as a novel modifier of metastasis. We demonstrate that Cadm1 can specifically suppress metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. Unexpectedly, Cadm1 did not alter tumor-cell-autonomous properties such as proliferation or invasion, but required the host's adaptive immune system to affect metastasis. The metastasis-suppressing effect of Cadm1 was lost in mice lacking T cell–mediated immunity, which was partially phenocopied by depleting CD8+ T cells in immune-competent mice. Our data show a novel function for Cadm1 in suppressing metastasis by sensitizing tumor cells to immune surveillance mechanisms, and this is the first report of a heritable metastasis susceptibility gene engaging tumor non-autonomous factors.
Enhanced Hemoglobin F Production in an Eight-Year Old With Sickle Cell Disease Receiving Weekly IV Methotrexate and Daily Oral 6-Mercaptopurine for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia † 764

Enhanced Hemoglobin F Production in an Eight-Year Old With Sickle Cell Disease Receiving Weekly IV Methotrexate and Daily Oral 6-Mercaptopurine for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia † 764
A direct method in dacorogna-moser's approach of grid generation problems

The deformation method of grid generation is further developed for general domains. By an initial mapping from the general domain to a sector of an annulus in Rn, the grid generation problem is solved explicitly. The resulting grid has prescribed cell sizes. The construction is valid for any dimension.
Gain measurements on the KrF(B to X), XeF(B to X), and XeF(C to A) laser transitions in an XeF(C to A) laser gas mixture

Optimum energy extraction from an electron-beam-pumped XeF(C to A) laser is achieved with a five-component rare gas halide mixture. The characterization and modeling of laser action in such a gas mixture requires a knowledge of small-signal gain and absorption coefficients not only on the blue-green XeF(C to A) transition, but also in the ultraviolet (UV) region for the competing XeF(B to X) and KrF(B to X) transitions. The authors report gain measurements on the XeF(C to A) transition and small-signal gain and absorption coefficients at or near both the XeF(B to X) (351 and 353 nm) and KrF(B to X) (248 nm) transitions. A study of the gain for the UV and visible transitions as a function of Kr and Xe partial pressure is reported, and its impact on the XeF(C to A) kinetics is discussed. >
Composite three-dimensional woven scaffolds with interpenetrating network hydrogels to create functional synthetic articular cartilage.

The development of synthetic biomaterials that possess mechanical properties that mimic those of native tissues remains an important challenge to the field of materials. In particular, articular cartilage is a complex nonlinear, viscoelastic, and anisotropic material that exhibits a very low coefficient of friction, allowing it to withstand millions of cycles of joint loading over decades of wear. Here we show that a three-dimensionally woven fiber scaffold that is infiltrated with an interpenetrating network hydrogel can provide a functional biomaterial that provides the load-bearing and tribological properties of native cartilage. An interpenetrating dual-network "tough-gel" consisting of alginate and polyacrylamide was infused into a porous three-dimensionally woven poly(e-caprolactone) fiber scaffold, providing a versatile fiber-reinforced composite structure as a potential acellular or cell-based replacement for cartilage repair.
Mass Media and Political Thought: An Information-Processing Approach

Introduction - Richard M Perloff and Sidney Kraus Political Communication Processes and Effects PART ONE: COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS Voter Thought Processes and Voting Theory - John A Herstein Jr Political Sophistication - Richard R Lau and Ralph Erber An Information-Processing Perspective Predicting Participation and Choice - Martin Fishbein, Susan E Middlestadt, and Jean-Kyung Chung First-Time Voters in US Partisan Elections PART TWO: POLITICAL MEDIA PROCESSES AND EFFECTS Emotional and Cognitive Responses to Televised Images of Political Leaders - John T Lanzetta et al Psychological Accounts of Agenda-Setting - Shanto Iyengar and Donald R Kinder Cognitions and Personal and Political Behaviors - Tom R Tyler and Paul J Lavrakas The Case of Crime Finding the Unexpected - Klaus Schonbach and David H Weaver Cognitive Bonding in a Political Campaign Personal Relevance and Campaign Information Seeking - Richard M Perloff A Cognitive Response-Based Approach Motivation and Political Information Processing - Gina M Garramone Extending the Gratifications Approach PART THREE: MACRO IMPLICATIONS Patterns of Political Cognition - W Russell Neuman and Ann C Fryling An Exploration of the Public Mind Learning about Politics from the Media - Arthur H Miller and Kent Asp A Comparative Study of Sweden and the United States Integrative Complexity of Policy Reasoning - Philip E Tetlock PART FOUR: REAL-WORLD EFFECTS The Studies and the World Outside - Sidney Kraus
On the identification of the two E. coli supernatant proteins which stimulate the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The two E. coli supernatant proteins which were previously designated as factors A and B, and which were shown to activate ribosomes for initiation, are very probably factors EF-Ts and EF-G, respectively. An EF-Ts preparation, homogeneous when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, contained considerable A activity. The EF-Ts and A activities differed, however, in their heat sensitivity and in the amount of the preparation required. An electrophoretically-homogeneous preparation of EF-G retained strong B activity. The amount of the preparation required for EF-G and B activity and the heat sensitivity of the two activities were similar. GTP enhanced the activation of the ribosomes by factors A and B.
J-chain expression in human cells producing IgG subclasses

Previous studies have demonstrated that J chain is expressed not only in cells that produce polymeric immunoglobulins, but also in those engaged in synthesis of monomers including IgG and IgD. The presence of J chain in these cells suggested that its role may not be restricted to the formation of polymers. For the present study, fluorochrome-labeled polyclonal anti-J-chain and monoclonal antibodies to IgG subclasses were used to determine the distribution of J chain in IgG plasma cells from normal human tissues and from pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results indicate that J chain is not equally distributed among cells producing different IgG subclasses. The percentages of PWM-stimulated cells containing J chain were: 22 +/- 5 (SE) for IgG1, 49 +/- 6 for IgG2, 17 +/- 7 for IgG3, and 64 +/- 11 for IgG4. Examination of sections of various human lymphoid tissues revealed that the frequency of IgG cells that coexpressed J chain was lower than that observed in the PWM system and displayed variable distribution among IgG subclasses. The frequency of J-chain expression in IgG-producing cells may be related to the degree of cellular maturation and may differ according to the origin of cells.
Dibutyl phthalate: Maternal effects versus fetotoxicity

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a plasticizer, is a teratogen in mice and rabbits but produces fetal loss in the rat. Long-term dosing studies indicating reduced fertility in the rat suggested a maternal effect of the compound. The decidual cell response (DCR) and pregnant rats were used to examine whether DBP affects maternal physiological parameters independent of the compound's fetotoxic effect. DBP has no effect on the DCR, pregnant uterine weight, number of implantation sites, ovarian weight, or serum progesterone concentration during early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. These data show that short-term dosing with DBP has no direct maternal effect in the rat and suggest that the viability of preimplantation embryos is not compromised.
Male Identity, the Military, and the Family in the Former German Democratic Republic

This article examines the relationship between militarization policies, gender, and the family in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), :md serves as an overview of the ideological and legal aspects of the militarization of masculinity ill the GDR. 1 In this overview, militarization is understood as "the contradictory and tense social process in which civil society organizes itself for the production of violence" (Gillis 1989:1). As such, this article examines some of the salient features of the militarization of gender roles in the former GDR, and will seek to show that the development of militarized gender roles is an explicit project on the part of the state (see for example Arkin and Dobrovsky 1990; Berger et al 1995; Connell 1995; Cornwall and Lindisfame 1995; Enloe 1993; Gehler 1998; Gehler and Keil 1992; Gill 1997; Seifert 1996, 1996a). My focus is primarily on the years 1978-1990 in the GDR, and the lives of former Nationale Volksarmee (:.iational People's Army NVA) soldiers and their families. I focus on these years in particular because of the introduction of \\'ehrerziehung (Military Education) in schools in 1978, and the passing of the Wehrdienstgesetz (Military Conscription Law) of 1982, the most draconian of all GDR conscription laws. Drawing on oral history interviews, archival research, and participant observation in a community of former soldiers and officers of the )NA, I examine the relationship between state ideals of male identity as promUlgated through military and paramilitary training, and the ways in which state programs for militarization and national identity articulated with the household, divisions of labor, and traditional, patriarchal forms of German identity (Borneman 1992; Heineman 1999; Kracht 1995; Ostner 1993). I also examine how the GDR attempted to create legitimacy and reconstitute male identity after W orid War II by forging a symbolic link between men, the military, and the state predicated on the tropes of "Peace" and "Defense" (see for example Jeffords 1998; Mosse 1990, 1996).
MULTIBAND FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF WAVEFUNCTION-ENGINEERED ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICES

Recent advances in the modeling of semiconductor heterostructures with complex geometries allow one to go beyond band-structure engineering to the more general concept of wavefunction engineering. In this work, we illustrate how tailoring the band mixing and spatial distribution of the carriers leads to an expanded degree of control over such properties as the dispersion relations, interband and intersubband transition matrix elements, nonlinear optical and electro-optical coefficients, and lifetimes. The computations are based on a multiband finite element method (FEM) approach which readily yields energy levels, electron and hole wavefunctions, and optical matrix elements for heterostructures with arbitrary layer thickness, material composition, and internal strain. Application of the FEM to laterally-patterned heterostructures is also discussed.
Geographic gradients of deforestation and mammalian communities in a fragmented, temperate rain forest landscape

Aim We studied the temporal and spatial patterns in deforestation and community structure of mammals in a fragmented old-growth, temperate rain forest to test the hypothesis that anthropogenic habitat conversion advances in a nonrandom manner across native landscapes, and that its effects on ecological communities are both persistent and predictable. Location The location is the Hood Canal district of Olympic National Forest, Washington, USA. Results Deforestation followed the apparently general pattern observed for deforestation of tropical rain forests and other native landscapes, advancing first along low and relatively level valleys, then to areas at higher elevations and along steeper slopes, and eventually to sites more distant from those of initial land conversion and transportation centres. Mammal surveys within this area indicated that this nonrandom advance of deforestation has created relatively steep geographical and topographic gradients in both local and landscape-level factors and, ultimately, in the structure of mammalian communities. Conclusion The close and likely causal relationship between anthropogenic habitat loss and the ecological dynamics of mammalian communities and dependent species (e.g. spotted owls) indicates that our abilities to understand and eventually reduce the current extinction crisis may rely heavily on our understanding of, and abilities to modify, the manner in which we expand across and transform native landscapes.
Generation of Uniform Fields above 1 Tesla with Multilayer Magnets

The use of permanent magnets at field levels above 1 Tesla is facing two basic problems due to the characteristics of ferromagnetic materials and the limitations imposed by the magnetization of permanent magnets. Traditional magnet design with ferromagnetic yoke cannot be used because of saturation limits, and the remanence of modern rare earth magnetic alloys is limited to a 1.5 Tesla range.
A client side WWW prefetching model

The performance of a WWW caching system can be dramatically increased by integrating document prefetching (a.k.a., "proactive caching") into its design. While prefetching reduces the perceived user response time, it also increases network load, which in turn may increase the response time. In this study, we investigate this tradeoff through a mathematical model of a WWW caching/prefetching system. In our model, the client cache is divided into a "regular" cache for on-demand requests and a "prefetching cache" for prefetched requests. A set of Web clients connect to a proxy server through bandwidth-limited dedicated lines (e.g., dialup phone lines). The proxy server implements its own caching system. Forecasting of future documents is performed at the client, based on the client access profile and hints from the servers. Our analysis sheds light on the interesting tradeoff between aggressive and conservative prefetching, and can be used to optimize the parameters of a combined caching/prefetching system.
Does a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse Affect Sexual Outcomes in Breast Cancer Survivors

Purpose Little is known about a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in breast cancer survivors and its relationship to sexual functioning after cancer. As part of a larger survey study examining sexuality and intimacy in breast cancer survivors, we conducted in-person interviews with a subsample of participants. Methods A total of 147 women in Los Angeles, CA, and Washington, DC, completed a structured interview that addressed sexual socialization and a history of sexual abuse. Trained female interviewers conducted the interviews. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to examine the prevalence of CSA, and its potential impact on sexual health and functioning. Results One in three women reported at least one CSA incident. Among women who had experienced CSA, 71% reported a single incident, and 22% reported a penetrative form of sexual contact. In multivariate regression analyses examining physical and psychological aspects of sexuality and body image, CSA was not a significant predic...