cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simulation study of the electrical model of a biological cell

Abstract This paper presents the results of a simulation study of an electrical model (using resistors and capacitors) for a biological cell. The Cadence Spectre tool, a versatile mixed-signal simulator, used extensively in the semiconductor industry to perform in-depth ac, dc, and transient analyses, was used for this purpose. The response of a cell model at various frequencies, and the effect of cell parameters, such as cell membrane resistance and capacitance, were studied. The results correlate very well with previous research results, which show that at low frequencies—the plasma membrane can be electroporated—while at high frequencies, the induced plasma membrane potential can be much lower than that at low frequencies for the same applied voltage or electric field.
Nomada phylogeny reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)

In 1979, C. D. Michener proposed a hypothesis for the evolutionary history of the large, cosmopolitan, cleptoparasitic bee genus Nomada. This hypothesis was based on known host relationships and the geographic distribution of extant species. One clear-cut prediction was that a cladistic analysis should show that the Neotropical species of Nomada parasitic upon exomolapsine anthophorid bees occupy the most basal position on a cladogram of subgroups within Nomada. This paper presents the results of such a cladistic analysis, which did not confirm Michener's prediction. The implications of the cladistic analysis for an interpretation of the phylogenetic history of Nomada are discussed, and known host associations for the genus worldwide are tabulated. No simple global evolutionary scenario is suggested by the cladistic analysis. The genus Nomada may be very old, and its constituent groups may have been involved in the complex histories of the biota of several continents.
Genome Sequencing of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Conjunction with a Medical School Human Anatomy Course

Even in cases where there is no obvious family history of disease, genome sequencing may contribute to clinical diagnosis and management. Clinical application of the genome has not yet become routine, however, in part because physicians are still learning how best to utilize such information. As an educational research exercise performed in conjunction with our medical school human anatomy course, we explored the potential utility of determining the whole genome sequence of a patient who had died following a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Medical students performed dissection and whole genome sequencing of the cadaver. Gross and microscopic findings were more consistent with the fibrosing variant of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), as opposed to IPF per se. Variants in genes causing Mendelian disorders predisposing to IPF were not detected. However, whole genome sequencing identified several common variants associated with IPF, including a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs35705950, located in the promoter region of the gene encoding mucin glycoprotein MUC5B. The MUC5B promoter polymorphism was recently found to markedly elevate risk for IPF, though a particular association with NSIP has not been previously reported, nor has its contribution to disease risk previously been evaluated in the genome-wide context of all genetic variants. We did not identify additional predicted functional variants in a region of linkage disequilibrium (LD) adjacent to MUC5B, nor did we discover other likely risk-contributing variants elsewhere in the genome. Whole genome sequencing thus corroborates the association of rs35705950 with MUC5B dysregulation and interstitial lung disease. This novel exercise additionally served a unique mission in bridging clinical and basic science education.
miR-1246 releases RTKN2-dependent resistance to UVB-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells

MicroRNAs are a kind of small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in various biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cellular responses to UV-induced apoptosis have been suggested to be regulated by microRNAs at the posttranscriptional level, while the detailed mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of miR-1246 in UVB-induced apoptosis and to identify the functional targets of miR-1246 in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The expression of miR-1246 and apoptotic genes in HaCaT cells experiencing UVB stress was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. miR-1246 functions in UVB-induced apoptosis were quantified via fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of miR-1246 mimic or inhibitor-transfected cells. Additionally, the regulatory relationship between RTKN2 and miR-1246 was identified by Western blot and luciferase reporter assays. miR-1246 was upregulated accompanying with UVB-irradiated apoptosis in HaCaT cells. Overexpression of miR-1246 promoted UVB-induced apoptosis, while knockdown of miR-1246, using a specific inhibitor, resulted in a significant reduction in UVB-elicited apoptosis. We further demonstrate that miR-1246 negatively regulated the expression of RTKN2 through binding to the 3'-untranslated region of RTKN2 at the posttranscriptional level. Moreover, RTKN2 was observed to be resistant to UVB-induced apoptosis and RTKN2 antagonized the pro-apoptotic effects of miR-1246 during UVB-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells. These findings suggested that miR-1246 promotes UVB-induced apoptosis by downregulating RTKN2 expression and that UVB-upregulated miR-1246 released RTKN2-dependent resistance to UVB-induced apoptosis by targeting RTKN2 post-transcriptionally in keratinocyte cells.
Vagal effects on acid and pepsin secretion and serum gastrin in duodenal ulcer and controls.

To study whether the vagus sustains basal secretion and stimulates acid and pepsin differently in duodenal ulcer (DU) and non-DU, we tested 144 patients with DU and 92 nonulcer controls, using 1-hr basal secretion followed by 15 min of modified sham feeding (MSF) and after 1 hr followed by a reference maximum elicited by 6 μg/kg pentagastrin given subcutaneously and observed for another 1 hr. Of all subjects, 97.5% responded to MSF by raising basal acid output (BAO) at least 15%. MSF added amounts of acid equal to 26–30% of peak acid output and 30–43% of peak pepsin output, regardless of diagnosis or level of basal secretion (including hypersecretors). Speed and duration of responses were similar in DU and controls. MSF did not substantially alter serum gastrin. Males secreted more acid and pepsin than females under all conditions, differences that persisted in DU but not in controls when outputs were corrected for body weight. Male DU but not female DU patients secreted more than corresponding controls. Sham feeding is an effective stimulus with similar characteristics in controls and DU patients. There was no evidence for saturation of vagal pathways in basal hypersecretors. MSF stimulation does not appear to involve gastrin. Hypersecretion in DU derives largely from responses in male DU.
Location specific radiographic joint space width for osteoarthritis progression.

Summary Objective To establish the performance of location specific computer measures of radiographic joint space width (JSW) compared to measurements of minimum joint space width (mJSW) for the assessment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). The study also investigated the most disease-responsive location for measuring medial compartment JSW. Methods Serial bilateral Posterior Anterior (PA) conventional radiographs acquired with a fixed flexion protocol were obtained 36 months apart in 118 persons with knee OA participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Measurements of medial compartment mJSW and JSW at seven fixed locations were facilitated by the use of semi-automated software that delineated the femoral and tibial margins of the joint. A human reader operated custom software to verify and correct the software-drawn margins where necessary. Paired images were displayed with the reader blinded to the chronological order. The amount of joint space narrowing was measured and the standardized response mean (SRM) was used as a metric to quantify performance. Results For all subjects, the mJSW SRM value was 0.42 while, for the most responsive location specific measure of JSW, it was SRM=0.46. For subjects with a Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) score less than or equal to 1, mJSW (SRM=0.40) was more responsive than the new measures (Maximum SRM=0.30). For KL=2or3, SRM=0.49 for mJSW, and SRM=0.74 for the most responsive location specific measure of JSW. Improved responsiveness was observed in the more central portion of the joint on the more diseased knees. Conclusions Location specific computer measures of JSW are feasible and potentially provide a superior method to assess radiographic OA for more diseased subjects. This new measure has the potential to improve the power of clinical studies that use a fixed flexion protocol.
Influence of various carbon sources and temperature on lipid composition of Rhizopus arrhizus

The effect of various carbon sources and temperature on lipid composition of Rhizopus arrhizus was investigated. The maximum mycelial growth was obtained with sucrose as the carbon source. The highest lipid content was in mycelium grown on fructose. The degree of unsaturation in the total fatty acids was highest (74%) with arabinose, and lowest (49%) with fructose. In the polar lipids, the degree of unsaturation in the fatty acids was highest (81%) with sucrose as the carbon source. The amount of unsaturation varied with temperature with higher unsaturation at 30° as compared to 15°.
Morphine Inhibition of Ovulation: Reversal by Naloxone

The effect of naloxone (N-allylnoroxymorphone), a narcotic antagonist, on the morphine blockade of ovulation was studied. Female rats were treated with morphine (50 mg/kg) at the critical period, resulting in ovulatory blockade. The administration of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) effectively reversed the anti-ovulatory effect of morphine. The antagonist reversed the morphine effect when given 1 hour before (75% reversal), simultaneously (75% reversal), and up to 3 hours after morphine treatment(63% reversal). The number of ova shed per animal was not affected by naloxone treatment with or without morphine. When the blockade of ovulation occurred in animals treated with both naloxone and morphine, uterine distension was present in 85% of the animals on the day of estrus. (Endocrinology 99: 7, 1976)
CVD of Ti3SiC2

Experiments and thermodynamic calculations were performed to gain a better understanding of the CVD of Ti 3 SiC 2 . The computer program SOLGASMIX-PV was used to calculate deposition diagrams for the TiCl 4 -SiCl 4 -CCl 4 -H 2 reagent system. The effects of hydrogen to reagent concentration ratio, temperature, and pressure were explored using a box type study surrounding a central set of conditions (temperature 1300 K, pressure 760 kPa, and a hydrogen to reagent concentration ratio of 20:1). The calculated results were not in good agreement with the experimental results, which suggests that either kinetics plays an important role in the CVD of Ti 3 SiC 2 , or the thermodynamic data are not sufficiently known. The experimental study of the CVD of Ti 3 SiC 2 revealed important morphological details of the Ti 3 SiC 2 deposits. Complicated microstructures, consisting of various combinations of Ti 3 SiC 2 , TiC, and TiSi 2 , were obtained. The preferred orientation of Ti 3 SiC 2 basal planes was shown to be perpendicular to the substrate, with the degree of orientation and other microstructural characteristics dependent on temperature.
Environmental probabilistic quantitative assessment methodologies

Abstract Probabilistic methodologies developed originally for one area of application may be applicable in another area. Therefore, it is extremely important to communicate across disciplines. Of course, a physical reinterpretation is necessary and perhaps some modification of the methodology. This seems to be the situation in applying resource assessment methodologies as environmental assessment methodologies. In this paper, four petroleum resource assessment methodologies are presented as possible pollution assessment methodologies, even though petroleum as a resource is desirable, whereas pollution is undesirable. It is ironic that oil as a precious resource in the ground can become a serious pollutant as a spill in the ocean. There are similarities in both situations where the quantity of undiscovered crude oil and natural gas resources, and the quantity of a pollutant or contaminant are to be estimated. Obviously, we are interested in making a quantitative assessment in order to answer the question, “How much material is there?” For situations in which there are a lack of statistical data, risk analysis is used rather than classical statistical analysis. That is, a relatively subjective evaluation is made rather than an evaluation based on random sampling which may be impossible. Hence, probabilistic quantitative assessment methodologies are needed for the risk analysis. A methodology is defined in this paper to consist of a probability model and a probabilistic method, where the method is used to solve the model. The following four basic types of probability models are considered: (1) direct assessment, (2) accumulation size, (3) volumetric yield, and (4) reservoir engineering. Three of the four petroleum resource assessment methodologies were written as microcomputer systems, viz., TRIAGG for direct assessment, APRAS for accumulation size, and FASPU for reservoir engineering. A fourth microcomputer system termed PROBDIST supports the three assessment systems. TRIAGG is the simplest assessment system, and therefore, more general in application. APRAS is more complex, and FASPU is the most complex. TRIAGG and PROBDIST are completely generic, or general probability systems, in that they are not dependent on the physical context, only on the structure. Hence, they would require no modifications for pollution assessment application. APRAS would require some modification, and FASPU even more; however, many of the ideas of both would be applicable. The three assessment systems have different probability models but the same type of probabilistic method. The type of probabilistic method is analytic probability theory instead of Monte Carlo simulation. Among the advantages of the analytic method are its computational speed and flexibility, making it ideal for a microcomputer. All four IBM-PC compatible microcomputer systems are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section.
TCE diffusion to the atmosphere in phytoremediation applications.

The phytoremediation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chlorinated compounds has been studied over the past decade, and full-scale systems are in place. The results regarding TCE fates and removal pathways are inconclusive and conflicting, particularly the results regarding volatilization to the atmosphere. Research presented here demonstrates that TCE is taken up by trees and volatilized to the atmosphere. TCE diffusion along the transpiration pathway is shown to be the primary process for TCE volatilization, although volatilization can occur from both stems and leaves. Two concurrent processes influence the eventual fate: transport with transpiration stream through xylem tissues and diffusion from transpiration stream to atmosphere. TCE diffusion flux invariably decreased with height for trees planted in soil or grown hydroponically. In both laboratory experiments and field sampling, TCE concentrations in the transpiration stream (e.g., xylem tissues) decreased with elevation. In field samples, TCE ...
Emotional Deprivation: Report of a Case With Features of Leprechaunism

A 17-month-old girl had severe emaciation and complaint of nighttime wakefulness. The presence of marked wasting, hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, hirsutism, and breast hypertrophy suggested a diagnosis of leprechaunism. Prompt reversal of these features and marked acceleration of growth rate on hospitalization led to the correct diagnosis of emotional deprivation and short stature. These findings demonstrate that emotional deprivation may present with features of leprechaunism.
The effect of first-dose doxorubicin on the cyclic nucleotide levels of the human myocardium.

This study investigated changes in cyclic nucleotide concentration in human myocardium during the first 24 hr after the initial injection of doxorubicin. Ten patients with a normal cardiac status and no previous radiation or chemotherapy received 44.5 ± 3.5 mg/m2 (X ± SEM) of doxorubicin. Cyclic nucleotide analysis of endomyocardial biopsy tissue removed at baseline and 4 and 24 hr after injection of doxorubicin demonstrated no change of cyclic AMP, but did show a fall of cyclic GMP at both 4 (p < 0.01) and 24 hr (p < 0.02) and a consequent rise of the cyclic AMP: cyclic GMP ratio. These changes in cyclic GMP levels in the myocardium of patients receiving doxorubicin may reflect injury induced by free radicals.
Efficient high performance collective communication for the cell blade

This paper presents high-performance collective communication algorithms and implementations that exploit the unique architectural features of the Cell heterogeneous multicore processor. This paper specifically describes novel algorithms for the barrier, broadcast, reduce, all-reduce, and all-gather collective operations, and shows the efficiency of these by comparing them to the previousfastest known implementations of these operations targeting the Cell. The new implementations are faster than the published stateof-the-art, achieving up to 19.21 times the performance (95% reduction in latency) of the previous published collective communication work for the Cell [19, 25]. The results presented show performance both within a chip and across the two Cell chips on a Cell blade [10].
Specific heat of the cubic high-Tc superconductor Ba0·6K0·4BiO3

Abstract We report magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements on polycrystalline samples of the 30 K superconductor Ba0·6K0·4BiO3. Normal-state magnetization measurements indicate a Pauli-paramagnetic susceptibility of χpauli = 2.3 × 10−5 emu/mole, from which we infer a value for the density of states at the Fermi level of N(0) = 8.6 × 10 21ev−1cm.−3 Specific heat measurements performed between 1.6 K and 40 K indicate that considerable lattice softening occurs at low temperatures; the effective Debye temperature drops from ∼280 K at 35 K to ∼210 K at 4 K, implying that soft phonon modes are present in this compound. This result indicates that conventional phonon-mediated interactions may be responsible for the high transition temperature exhibited by Ba0·6K0·4BiO3.
Cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia following therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a large tumor burden is presented. Following successful chemotherapy, the patient experienced a cardiac arrest presumably due to hyperkalemia in association with hyperuricemia. The implication of these findings for patients with responsive hematological malignancies is discussed.
Vacuum Deposition of Dielectric and Semiconductor Films by a CO(2) Laser.

The paper describes a technique for producing thin films by high vacuum evaporation with a CO2 laser of continuous emission at λ = 10.6 μ. It is shown that at this wavelength many dielectrics are highly absorbing and that several semiconductors become sufficiently absorbing at elevated temperatures to allow their evaporation by intense irradiation. The arrangement used for focusing the laser beam on the evaporant is described. The optical properties of films of SiO, SiO2, MgF2, Al2MgO4, and Te produced by the CO2 laser evaporation technique are discussed. It is demonstrated that SiO2 films prepared by this technique are undecomposed and nonabsorbing in the uv. The future capabilities and the unique advantages of this technique for producing extremely clean films under ultrahigh vacuum conditions are outlined.
SU-FF-T-467: A New Patient Scheduling Approach for Proton Therapy Treatment Delivery

Purpose: To develop a patient scheduling system for treatmentdelivery at the University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute (UFPTI) such that patients' time preferences are satisfied to the largest extent possible, operational and technical restrictions are met, and at the same time efficient utilization of the facility is guaranteed. Method and Materials: A new modeling approach has been proposed in which so‐called restricted and desired time windows are defined for each patient based on the operational restrictions and his/her time preferences, respectively. A treatment schedule is decomposed into two components; (i) sequence and (ii) timing, so that given a certain sequence of patients an associated optimal timing can be determined with respect to the restricted and desired time windows. In order to maintain stability in the treatment schedule, a common order in which patients are treated, a so‐called union sequence is defined for the entire planning horizon. On the solution side, an exact algorithm, the so‐called timing optimizer, is proposed to find the optimal timing given the sequence. Furthermore, a local search heuristic, which employs the timing optimizer to evaluate the quality of a sequence, is developed to obtain high‐quality sequences with respect to three evaluation criteria defined to measure the desirability of a schedule. Results: The patient scheduling approach has been implemented and it is currently under clinical testing at the UFPTI. The experiments show that the proposed system can find high‐quality schedules within a minute. Conclusion: This work presents a new heuristic approach to patients scheduling for treatmentdelivery. Patient scheduling at the UFPTI was formerly done manually in a time‐consuming process; with the help of the new developed algorithm it is now possible to produce high‐quality schedules in real time.
Who is responsible for educating English language learners? Discursive construction of roles and responsibilities in an inquiry community

In many English as a Second Language (ESL) programs across the United States classroom teachers, ESL specialists, and bilingual paraprofessional share responsibility for teaching English language learners. Expectations of ‘shared responsibility’ are constructed and negotiated through local discourses. This study explores how the roles and responsibilities of classroom teachers, the ESL department, and students are constructed and reproduced in a site-based inquiry group's conversation. The inquiry team's goal of improving instructional practices for English language learners is constructed through and constrained by local discourses. Through discourse analysis (Edley 2001) I explore the available subject positions and ideological assumptions within local discourses. The three dominant, local discourses normalize particular roles and responsibilities with significant consequences for the education of English language learners. I propose that professional development can engage and manipulate the ideologica...
Single molecule spectral trajectories in low-temperature glasses

Abstract Spectral jumps of single molecule line shapes in low-temperature glasses are associated with tunneling of slow two-level systems. Each spectral trajectory can be characterized by its frequency autocorrelation function, which differs from molecule to molecule. We examine theoretically the distributions of the zero-time values and certain moments of the autocorrelation function. Based on the standard assumptions of two-level systems that are distributed homogeneously in space, and have dipolar interactions with the chromophore, we find that these distributions all map onto the same master curve. This theoretical prediction is proposed as a test of the above assumptions.
Radioimmunoassay of Rhesus Monkey Follicle— Stimulating Hormone (RhFSH)

Two radioimmunoassays for the measurement of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto) follicle stimulating hormone (RhFSH) have been developed. A purified RhFSH preparation with a biological potency of 200 U/mg is utilized as trace in both assays following its iodination with 131I. One of the systems, the homologous assay, employs antiserum from a guinea pig which had been immunized with a crude glycoprotein preparation from rhesus monkey pituitary glands. After absorption of this antiserum with purified rhesus monkey thyroid stimulating hormone (RhTSH), the homologous assay is specific for RhFSH. In the other system, the heterologous assay, either of two antisera to human FSH (anti—hFSH) can be utilized. This assay is specific for both RhFSH and its ² subunit. The sensitivities of both assays are sufficient to measure circulating FSH at all phases of most normal menstrual cycles in the rhesus monkey. (Endocrinology 92: 1652, 1973)
A project spine for software engineering curricular design

Software engineering education is a technologically challenging, rapidly evolving discipline. Like all STEM educators, software engineering educators are bombarded with a constant stream of new tools and techniques (MOOCs! Active learning! Inverted classrooms!) while under national pressure to produce outstanding STEM graduates. Software engineering educators are also pressured on the discipline side; a constant evolution of technology coupled with a still emerging engineering discipline. As a handson engineering discipline, where engineers not only design but also construct the technology, guidance on the adoption of project-centric curricula is needed. This paper focuses on vertical integration of project experiences in undergraduate software engineering degree programs or course sequences. The Software Enterprise, now in its 9th year, has grown from an upper-division course sequence to a vertical integration program feature. The Software Enterprise is presented as an implementation of a project spine curricular pattern, and a plan for maturing this model is given.
Integrating the work of D. Denny-Brown and some of his contemporaries into current studies of the primate motor cortex

Most contemporary investigators who study the behavioral effects of lesions of the primate motor cortex evaluate their findings in comparison to those of other recent investigators, but not in relation to the experimental neurologists who dominated this field around the mid-part of the 20th century. Utilizing selected recent reports, we demonstrate that these earlier papers, primarily those by D. Denny-Brown, provide valuable insights into the interpretation of some modern studies. Thus, we suggest that contemporary investigators of the primate motor cortex thoroughly review articles by the mid-20th century experimental neurologists. In addition, Denny-Brown and his contemporaries studied the effects of lesions in many other parts of the primate nervous system, and the associated reports are presumably also relevant to current investigations of these areas of the CNS.
Clinical and immunologic responses to levamisole in 13 patients with erythema multiforme

Abstract Thirteen patients with severe oral erythema multiforme (EM) were treated with levamisole. Apparent clinical benefit consisting of a marked decrease in the severity and frequency of attacks was observed in 8 of these patients. Immunologic parameters, including skin test reactivity, lymphocyte stimulation by antigen and PHA, and rosette forming cells did not change in any consistent fashion following therapy. The immunologic responses did not correlate with clinical results. From this open trial with levamisole we concluded: levamisole may offer substantial clinical benefit to some patients with EM; levamisole may be associated with less serious side effects than prednisone; and further studies of the efficacy of levamisole in this disease are warranted.
Influence of canyon-induced flows on flow and dispersion over adjacent plains

The study investigates two effects that a valley or canyon opening onto a plain can have on flow and contaminant dispersion over the downwind plain. The first effect is the channeling of strong ambient flow by the canyon when the wind is nearly aligned with the canyon axis. Two cases showed that these conditions produced a region of focused flow downwind of the canyon mouth. The second effect is the formation of canyon exit jets on nights with weaker ambient flow. In two case studies under these conditions strong exit jets formed that were several hundred meters deep. The jets remained narrow and strong at least 10 km onto the plains, and in one of the cases the jet extended more than 20 km over the plains. These deep jets only lasted 2–3 h, and they had a small but significant effect on surface-released tracer transport as indicated by surface sampling. We hypothesize that the near-surface advection of tracer was accomplished by a thin katabatic layer of flow, and that an elevated release or elevated sampling would have indicated a greater effect of the exit jet on tracer transport.
On the Rayleigh–Taylor instability for confined liquid films with injection through the bounding surfaces

An experimental and numerical investigation has been conducted to evaluate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a thin liquid film bounded by a downward-facing flat wall through which the liquid is continually injected. Both horizontal and inclined surfaces have been examined. The effect of different parameters, namely, the film thickness, liquid injection velocity, inclination angle and liquid properties on liquid film behavior have been examined. Non-intrusive optical techniques have been used to follow the transient evolution of the film free surface. Specifically, the frequency of droplet detachment, the size of the detached droplets, and the penetration depth prior to droplet detachment have been measured. These data have been compared against predictions of a mechanistic numerical model based on the level contour reconstruction front tracking method. The numerical model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.
User: Inspiration or Constraint?

This article shares findings from a case study conducted in a senior interior design studio in which students were introduced to user-centered integrated design process (user-centered IDP) through a rural community–university collaboration. The goal was to understand the role of the user and user involvement in the interior design process. The research focused on the integration dimension of user-centered IDP and analyzed how students utilized user interaction and knowledge through the stages of the design process. This understanding is important for better interweaving user involvement and design, managing more effective design projects, and supporting student learning in the interior design studio. Research results indicated that students utilized the knowledge of the user in two ways: as an inspiration and as a constraint. The user, as a design factor, oscillated between inspiration and constraint thus suggesting an inspiration–constraint cycle of user in interior design process. This finding demonstrated the constructivist nature of user. Students constructed, deconstructed, and reconstructed the concept of the user based on project context and requirements.
Instruction set extensions for photonic synchronous coalesced accesses

Microprocessors have evolved over the last forty-plus years from purely sequential single operation machines, to pipelined super-scalar, to threaded and SIMD, and finally to multi-core and massive multi-core/thread machines. Despite these advances, the conceptual model programmers use to program them is still that of a single threaded register file bound math unit that can only be loosely synchronized with other such processors. This lack of explicit synchrony, caused by limitations of metal interconnect, limits parallel efficiency. Recent advances in silicon photonic-enabled architectures [1, 5, 7] promise to greatly enable high synchrony over long distances (centimeters or more). In this paper, it is shown that global synchrony changes the way computers can be programmed by introducing a new class of ISA level instruction: the globally-synchronous load-store. In the context of multiple load-store machines, the globally synchronous load-store architecture allows the programmer to think about a collection of independent load-store machines as a single load-store machine. This operation is described, and its ISA implications explored in the context of the distributed matrix transpose, which exhibits a high degree of data non-locality, and is difficult to efficiently parallelize on modern architectures.
Brain abnormalities in early chick embryos infected with influenza‐a virus

Chick embryos were inoculated with influenza-A virus over the blastoderm at 42–50 hours incubation (37°C). Surviving embryos were harvested 24 hours later, Grossly and microscopically, the developing brain exhibits a type of abnormality in which the neural wall is highly convoluted with folds projecting into the ventricular cavities, suggesting “overgrowth” of the neural tissue. A comparison of measurements on projection drawings of serial sections of virus inoculated and control embryos at comparable developmental stages indicates that the ventricular surface area, volume of brain tissue and volume of the ventricular cavity are markedly less in the experimental embryos, but average thickness of the brain wall is greater. There are fewer nuclei and mitotic figures in experimental embryos, although average nuclear and mitotic densities and mitotic index are approximately the same as control values. It is evident that the characteristic neural defect is not due to excessive growth, since the volume of brain tissue and number of cells are consistently less in experimental embryos. It is concluded that the virus infection results in an inhibition of growth of the brain wall, and that the increased thickness and foldings must result from collapse of the brain which in turn may be due to a decrease in the amount of ventricular fluid.
Plasmodium falciparum–infected erythrocytes induce NF-κB regulated inflammatory pathways in human cerebral endothelium

Cerebral malaria is a severe multifactorial condition associated with the interaction of high numbers of infected erythrocytes to human brain endothelium without invasion into the brain. The result is coma and seizures with death in more than 20% of cases. Because the brain endothelium is at the interface of these processes, we investigated the global gene responses of human brain endothelium after the interaction with Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes with either high- or low-binding phenotypes. The most significantly up-regulated transcripts were found in gene ontology groups comprising the immune response, apoptosis and antiapoptosis, inflammatory response, cell-cell signaling, and signal transduction and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation cascade. The proinflammatory NF-kappaB pathway was central to the regulation of the P falciparum-modulated endothelium transcriptome. The proinflammatory molecules, for example, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-6, and IL-8, were increased more than 100-fold, suggesting an important role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium in the innate defense during P falciparum-infected erythrocyte (Pf-IRBC) sequestration. However, some of these diffusible molecules could have reversible effects on brain tissue and thus on neurologic function. The inflammatory pathways were validated by direct measurement of proteins in brain endothelial supernatants. This study delineates the strong inflammatory component of human brain endothelium contributing to cerebral malaria.
Oral thermal-induced flushing in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea.

The effects of caffeine and coffee, agents widely alleged to provoke flushing in patients with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, were investigated. Neither caffeine nor coffee at 22°C led to flushing reactions. Both coffee at 60°C and water at 60°C led to flushing reactions with similar temporal characteristics and of similar intensities. It is concluded that the active agent causing flushing in coffee at 60°C is heat, not caffeine.
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange- and protease digestion-based screening assay for protein-ligand binding detection.

A protease digestion strategy was incorporated into single-point stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange (SUPREX), which is a hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange- and mass spectrometry-based assay for the detection of protein−ligand binding. Single-point SUPREX is an abbreviated form of SUPREX in which protein−ligand binding interactions are detected by measuring the increase in a protein’s thermodynamic stability upon ligand binding. The new protease digestion protocol provides a noteworthy increase in the efficiency of single-point SUPREX because peptide masses can be determined with greater precision than intact protein masses in the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) readout of single-point SUPREX. The protocol was evaluated in test screens on two model protein systems, including cyclophilin A (CypA) and the minor allele variant of human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGTmi). The test screening results obtained on both proteins revealed that the peptide readout...
Conformational diversity of bacterial FabH: Implications for molecular recognition specificity

The molecular basis of variable substrate and inhibitor specificity of the highly conserved bacterial fatty acid synthase enzyme, FabH, across different bacterial species remains poorly understood. In the current work, we explored the conformational diversity of FabH enzymes to understand the determinants of diverse interaction specificity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations reveal that FabH from E. coli and E. faecalis exhibit distinct native state conformational ensembles and dynamic behaviors. Despite strikingly similar substrate binding pockets, hot spot assessment using computational solvent mapping identified quite different favorable binding interactions between the two homologs. Our data suggest that FabH utilizes protein dynamics and seemingly minor sequence and structural differences to modulate its molecular recognition and substrate specificity across bacterial species. These insights will potentially facilitate the rational design and development of antibacterial inhibitors against FabH enzymes.
Feature variations for a static vehicle track from airborne image sequences

Selecting the correct feature set is an essential basis for video sequence analysis that leads to applications such as tracking and recognition of vehicles. This paper selects diverse multiple features and tests their accuracy for tracking a static vehicle. The static vehicle images are captured with airborne infrared and color video cameras. The camera collects 30 frames per second of compressed video in Motion JPEG format. The diverse features are selected from representative histogram-based, invariant-based, spatial-temporal-based and the center-symmetric autocorrelation-based family of features. A small dataset of airborne video sequences that include static vehicles with variations in quality, orientation, resolution, foreground lighting and background lighting are used to test feature selection and static tracking. The track of the vehicles is hand selected frame-to-frame to create a truth track. The result of each feature to maintain track is tested and scored based on distance from the truth track. Once a significant break from track occurs, the truth data is used to reacquire track. One goodness score is based on how often a feature breaks track. This analysis shows promise for identifying appropriate features for improved tracking results. The suggested algorithm is demonstrated on only a few video sequences with limited variations in operating conditions but demonstrates improvement possibilities for near real-time application.
Discovery of complex behaviors through contact-invariant optimization

We present a motion synthesis framework capable of producing a wide variety of important human behaviors that have rarely been studied, including getting up from the ground, crawling, climbing, moving heavy objects, acrobatics (hand-stands in particular), and various cooperative actions involving two characters and their manipulation of the environment. Our framework is not specific to humans, but applies to characters of arbitrary morphology and limb configuration. The approach is fully automatic and does not require domain knowledge specific to each behavior. It also does not require pre-existing examples or motion capture data.At the core of our framework is the contact-invariant optimization (CIO) method we introduce here. It enables simultaneous optimization of contact and behavior. This is done by augmenting the search space with scalar variables that indicate whether a potential contact should be active in a given phase of the movement. These auxiliary variables affect not only the cost function but also the dynamics (by enabling and disabling contact forces), and are optimized together with the movement trajectory. Additional innovations include a continuation scheme allowing helper forces at the potential contacts rather than the torso, as well as a feature-based model of physics which is particularly well-suited to the CIO framework. We expect that CIO can also be used with a full physics model, but leave that extension for future work.
Diffusion strategies for adaptation and learning over networks: an examination of distributed strategies and network behavior

Nature provides splendid examples of real-time learning and adaptation behavior that emerges from highly localized interactions among agents of limited capabilities. For example, schools of fish are remarkably apt at configuring their topologies almost instantly in the face of danger [1]: when a predator arrives, the entire school opens up to let the predator through and then coalesces again into a moving body to continue its schooling behavior. Likewise, in bee swarms, only a small fraction of the agents (about 5%) are informed, and these informed agents are able to guide the entire swarm of bees to their new hive [2]. It is an extraordinary property of biological networks that sophisticated behavior is able to emerge from simple interactions among lower-level agents [3].
Gain-of-Function Mutations Conferring Actin-severing Activity to Human Macrophage Cap G

Nonmuscle cell motility requires marked changes in the consistency and shape of the peripheral cytoplasm. These changes are regulated by a gel-sol transformation of the actin filament network, and actin filament-severing proteins are responsible for network solation. Macrophage Cap G, unlike all other proteins in the gelsolin family, caps but does not sever actin filaments. Two amino acid stretches in Cap G diverge markedly from the severing proteins: 84LNTLLGE and 124AFHKTS. Discrete mutations in Cap G have been generated to determine if these amino acid sequences are critical for actin filament severing. Conversion of 84LNTLLGE to the gelsolin actin-binding helix sequence ( 84LDDYLGG) renders Cap G capable of severing actin filaments (half-maximal severing, 1-2 μM). Adding a second set of mutations, converting 124AFHKTS to 124GFKHV, enhances severing by 10-fold (half-maximal severing, 0.1-0.2 μM). These experiments support a critical role for these two regions in actin filament severing and showcase the power of gain-of-function mutations in clarifying structure-function relationships.
Importance of SED Teacher Competencies to Residential, Local, and University Education Authorities

This study examined competencies for teaching seriously emotionally disturbed (SED) adolescents by soliciting expert judgments on the importance of 55 such competencies. Three kinds of personnel with expertise in educating SED adolescents—directors of residential treatment centers, university teacher preparation directors, and local education agency supervisors of programs for the SED—were surveyed. Analyses showed substantial agreement among the three groups as well as some interesting discrepancies. Implications for further research on competencies and for improved practice are delineated.
New application of variable‐pressure/environmental microscopy to semiconductor inspection and metrology

Variable-pressure/environmental scanning electron microscopy has been used for successful investigation binary and phase-shifting chromium on quartz optical photomasks. This methodology was also applied to patterned 193 nm photoresist structures. The application of this methodology to semiconductor metrology is new because of the recent availability of variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (SEM) instrumentation equipped with high-resolution, high-signal, thermally assisted field emission technology in conjunction with large chamber and sample transfer capabilities. The variable-pressure SEM methodology employs a gaseous environment around the sample to help diminish the charge build-up that occurs under irradiation with the electron beam. Although very desirable for the charge reduction in many biological, pharmaceutical, and food applications, this methodology has not been employed for semiconductor photomask or wafer metrology until now. This is a new application of this technology to this area, and it shows great promise in inspection, imaging, and metrology in a charge-free operational mode. For accurate metrology, variable-pressure SEM methodology also affords a path that minimizes, if not eliminates, the need for charge modeling. This paper presents some of the early results in the variable-pressure SEM metrology of photomask and photoresist structures.
Professor Michael John Davies, MD, FRCPath, FRCP, FACC, FESC July 8, 1937–February 18, 2003

Cardiovascular medicine and science lost a leading light with the death in February of Prof Michael J. Davies. A leading exponent of the concept of plaque rupture, Michael Davies’ observations, thought, and articulate advocacy led a major shift in the concepts of the mechanisms of acute myocardial infarction that have transformed contemporary cardiology. Michael Davies’ career in medicine began in 1955 with his studies at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, from which he graduated in 1961. He developed a keen interest in pathology during his early postgraduate days, which solidified when he joined St George’s Hospital as a Registrar (Resident) in Pathology during 1963. When he began his association with this institution, which was to become his academic home, it occupied its original quarters near Buckingham Palace in central London, the site where John Hunter, Edward Jenner, and Sir Henry Gray had worked. Here his research began with work on the pathology of heart block, which led to the award of his academic MD degree …