cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Small Cancellation Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of small cancellation theory. The chapter also discusses decision problems such as a word problem and a conjugacy problem. The chapter also discusses algebraic applications; endomorphisms and hopficity; and a uniqueness theorem. The chapter discusses small cancellation theory over free products with amalgamation.
Comparative ability of digoxin and an aminosugar cardiac glycoside to bind to and inhibit Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase. Effect of potassium.

We compared the abilities of digoxin and aminogalactose digitoxigenin (ASI-222) to bind to, or inhibit, purified dog heart Na+,K+-ATPase in the presence of 1, 10, or 80 mM potassium chloride. Changing the potassium concentration from 1 to 10 mM increased the dose producing 50% inhibition of enzyme activity (IC50) by 9- and 2.5-fold for digoxin and ASI-222 respectively. Raising the potassium concentration to 80 mM increased the IC50 for digoxin 3-fold but did not alter significantly the IC50 for ASI-222. Equilibrium binding studies showed that this enzyme exhibited a single class of specific binding sites for both digoxin and ASI-222. Raising the potassium concentration did not affect the maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) but increased the apparent dissociation constant (KD) for digoxin. Potassium differentially affected the affinity and number of binding sites for ASI-222; raising the potassium concentration from 1 to 10 mM did not affect the Bmax or the KD, but raising it to 80 mM increased both. The effect of i.v. infusion of potassium chloride upon cardiac upon cardiac arrhythmias produced by i.v. infusion of digoxin or ASI-222 in anesthetized dogs was also determined. Infusion of potassium chloride reversed the cardiac arrhymias due to digoxin to normal rhythm, but not those due to ASI-222. In conclusion, the interaction of digoxin and the polar digitalis agent, ASI-222, with dog heart Na+,K+-ATPase was differentially affected by potassium. These agents also also produced cardiac arrhythmias, which were differentially affected by potassium.
Group Therapy -- Moving Fully to Electronic Journals

Experienced academic librarians respond to a question on how to identify which journals can be electronic-only and which titles faculty still need to see current issues of in a physical form.
Simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys display unusual genetic diversity.

Abstract African green monkeys are asymptomatic carriers of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), commonly called SIVagm. As many as 50% of African green monkeys in the wild may be SIV seropositive. This high seroprevalence rate and the potential for genetic variation of lentiviruses suggested to us that African green monkeys may harbor widely differing genotypes of SIVagm. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined the entire nucleotide sequence of an infectious proviral molecular clone of SIVagm (155-4) and partial sequences (long terminal repeat and Gag) of three other distinct SIVagm isolates (90, gri-1, and ver-1). Comparisons among the SIVagm isolates revealed extreme diversity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Long terminal repeat nucleotide sequences varied up to 35% and Gag protein sequences varied up to 30%. The variability among SIVagm isolates exceeded the variability among any other group of primate lentiviruses. Our data suggest that SIVagm has been in the African green monkey population for a long time and may be the oldest primate lentivirus group in existence.
Integral Inequalities for Convex Functions of Operators on Martingales

Let M be a family of martingales on a probability space (Ω, A, P) and let ф be a nonnegative function on [0, ∞]. The general question underlying both [2] and the present work may be stated as follows : If U and V are operators on M with values in the set of nonnegative A measurable functions on Ω, under what further conditions does $${\lambda^{po}}{P(Vf{>}\lambda)}{\leqq}{\begin{array}{lllll} {po} \\ {po} \\ \end{array}} \,\lambda >o,f,\varepsilon M,$$ (1.1) imply \(E{\Phi}(Vf)\leqq cE{\Phi}(Uf), f \ \in \ \mathcal{M}?\)
The influence of surface preparation on low temperature HfO2 ALD on InGaAs (001) and (110) surfaces

Current logic devices rely on 3D architectures, such as the tri-gate field effect transistor (finFET), which utilize the (001) and (110) crystal faces simultaneously thus requiring passivation methods for the (110) face in order to ensure a pristine 3D surface prior to further processing. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and correlated electrical measurement on MOSCAPs were utilized to compare the effects of a previously developed in situ pre-atomic layer deposition (ALD) surface clean on the InGaAs (001) and (110) surfaces. Ex situ wet cleans are very effective on the (001) surface but not the (110) surface. Capacitance voltage indicated the (001) surface with no buffered oxide etch had a higher C(max) hypothesized to be a result of poor nucleation of HfO2 on the native oxide. An in situ pre-ALD surface clean employing both atomic H and trimethylaluminum (TMA) pre-pulsing, developed by Chobpattana et al. and Carter et al. for the (001) surface, was demonstrated to be effective on the (110) surface for producing low D(it) high C(ox) MOSCAPs. Including TMA in the pre-ALD surface clean resulted in reduction of the magnitude of the interface state capacitance. The XPS studies show the role of atomic H pre-pulsing is to remove both carbon and oxygen while STM shows the role of TMA pre-pulsing is to eliminate H induced etching. Devices fabricated at 120 °C and 300 °C were compared.
Substance P in human cerebrospinal fluid: reductions in peripheral neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction.

Substance P (SP), a putative peptide neurotransmitter, was measured in human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by radioimmunoassay. Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) was present in the CSF of 18 neurologically normal adults in concentrations ranging from 2.9 to 11.1 fmol per milliliter, with a mean of 7.0 ± 0.6 fmol per milliliter (mean ± SE). Slightly more than half of the CSF-SPLI cochromatographed with synthetic SP on Sephadex G-25. There was no apparent gradient in CSF-SPLI concentration over the first 30 ml of CSF removed by lumbar puncture. Mean concentrations of CSF-SPLI in patients with Huntington disease, parkinsonism, miscellaneous dyskinesias, progressive supranuclear palsy, myopathy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis did not differ significantly from normal. Patients with neuropathy or multiple-system atrophy (Shy-Drager syndrome) had significantly reduced mean CSF-SPLI concentrations. These observations suggest that lumbar CSF-SPLI arises largely from spinal cord, nerve roots, or dorsal root ganglia, and that pathologic processes affecting these structures may be reflected by reduced levels of CSF-SPLI.
The clinical features, diagnosis and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease in the United States. The histologic spectrum of NAFLD ranges from steatosis liver alone to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the most serious form of NAFLD. NASH is a progressive fibrotic disease, in which cirrhosis and liver-related death occur in up to 20% and 12%, respectively, over a 10-year period. NASH-associated cirrhosis also can develop into subacute liver failure, progress to hepatocellular carcinoma, and reoccur post-transplantation. In contrast, steatosis alone has a more benign clinical course, although progression to cirrhosis has occurred in 3% of these patients. The major risk factors for fibrosis include diabetes or obesity, an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio of greater than 1, age older than 50, and hepatic histology.
The dynamics of cell death in the olfactory epithelium.

Abstract Adult vertebrate olfactory epithelia are unique in their continual sensory neuron turnover and replacement. This paper describes studies of various aspects of the death of these receptor neurons in unoperated rats and at 12 days and 7 weeks after unilateral ablation of the olfactory bulb, the receptor neuron synaptic target. Particular attention has been focused on the lifespan of the dying cells using tritiated thymidine/autoradiography to examine their "birthdates," We show that in control epithelia 25-30% of the degenerating (pyknotic) cells were located in the basal quarter of the epithelium, the location of the least mature sensory neurons and of neuronal stem cell proliferation. Birthdate analysis shows that 2-5% of the degenerating cells were dying within a day or less of their "birth." Thus, a sizeable proportion of these cells were dying precociously, before achieving full neuronal maturation. A further 65% of the dying cells occured in the middle half and 7% in the apical quarter of the epithelium, Following unilateral olfactory bulbectomy a two- to threefold increase in the number of degenerating cells occurred in ipsilateral versus contralateral tissue. This was maintained through the 7-week experimental period. A shift of 10-15% of the total degenerating cell numbers from the basal to middle region of the epithelium also occurred. Despite the increased degenerative activity ipsilaterally, the proportion of dying cells labeled autoradiographically remained the same on both sides at most labeling periods. However, a striking wave of enhanced cell death of 6- to 7-day-old neurons over the contralateral levels occurred ipsilaterally in both the 12-day and 7-week postbulbectomy animals. This age likely corresponds to initial bulbar target contact by differentiating receptor neurons. Our findings point to the existence of multiple levels of epigenetic regulation of degenerative activity within the olfactory epithelium.
Photon correlation spectroscopy of microorganisms in a spherical microdroplet

We have developed optical methods to indicate when micro-organisms are present in a single electrodynamically levitated microdroplet and to measure their motion within it. The approach was to develop a method for holding saturated salt water droplets in an approximate thermodynamic equilibrium in a quadrupole balance. We then captured droplets containing subparticles or guests approximating the size of typical micro-organisms. The presence and motion of these guests in the host droplet is indicated by both photon correlation spectroscopy and by fluctuations in the emission of fluorescence. Finally we show that the system may be used with real micro-organisms by capturing a microdroplet of the growth medium (minus nutrients) for the micro-organism, Halobacterium halobium with those micro-organisms contained in it. Halobacteria halobium were chosen for the model system because they thrive in a growth medium containing a nearly saturated solution of NaCl which we have found is particularly amenable to handling in our present apparatus.
Differential Privacy as a Tool for Mechanism Design in Large Systems

In this talk we overview how differential privacy gives a collection of tools that can be easily applied to design algorithms which enjoy remarkable incentive properties in large systems and markets -- settings in which the number of interacting agents is large, and each of the individual players are "small". We illustrate this power with two vignettes -- designing mediators to coordinate equilibrium behavior in games of incomplete information (due to Kearns, Pai, Roth, and Ullman, and Rogers and Roth, 2014), and designing ascending price auctions such that sincere bidding is an asymptotic dominant strategy (due to Huang, Hsu, Roth, Roughgarden, and Wu, 2014).In both of these settings, we get good incentive properties under the assumption that the market is "large" in some sense. However, we discuss how our methodology (via differential privacy) allows us to make substantially milder "large market" assumptions than those commonly appearing in the literature.
Studies on the quality of pancreatic preparations: enzyme content, prospective bioavailability, bile acid pattern, and contamination with purines.

Of the 72 pancreatic preparations currently on the market 24 were randomly selected for study and compared with 3 US preparations with different dosage forms. The activities of amylase, lipase, and proteases were measured with natural substrates. Prospective bioavailability was determined using amylase as indicator enzyme. Total bile acid content and distribution pattern were analyzed. The risk of renal changes due to prolonged ingestion of purines was estimated by qualitative and quantitative determination of these contaminants.
Multidimensional projection windows

A one-dimensional window is chosen from the large catalog of those available primarily due to its leakage-resolution tradeoff (LRT). The authors question whether it is possible to generalize a 1-D window to higher dimensions such that the window's 1-D properties are homogeneously preserved. If it is required that the window be continuous and bounded, the answer is usually no. Bounded (projection window) generalizations do exist for the Parzen and Tukey-Hanning windows. The resulting windows, however, are very close to that window obtained by simply rotating the 1-D window into two dimensions. >
The behavior-realization adjunction and generalized homomorphic relations

Abstract A model theory for proving correctness of abstract data types is developed within the framework of the behavior-realization adjunction. To allow for incomplete specifications, proof-of-correctness is based on comparison to one of several paradigmatic models. For making such comparisons, the notions of the behavior and realization relations, and their duals are developed. These relations are used to give the first exact algebraic characterization of behavioral reduction and equivalence for algebras that are not term-generated.
The Reactions of O(3P) with Alkenes: The Formyl Radical Channel

The HCO product of the reaction of O({sup 3}P) with ethene has been detected by cavity ring-down spectroscopy using its A-X transition. For propene a somewhat smaller yield of HCO was obtained but the overall rate constant is much larger. The yield of HCO in this reaction is quite small ({approximately}0.05). Moreover, a large number of other alkenes were tried with negative results. The failure of the 1,2 H atom shift followed by breaking the 1,2 bond implies that the unimolecular decomposition has found a more favorable channel. The proposed mechanism is as follows. For an alkene of the form RCH{sub 2}{double{underscore}bond}CH{sub 2} the first step is attachment of the O({sup 3}P) to the terminal carbon atom, C{sub 1}. Then, intersystem crossing occurs and finally a H atom shifts from C{sub 3} to C{sub 2} and not from C{sub 1} to C{sub 2}. In this way a molecule of formaldehyde and an alkene shorter by one carbon atom are formed.
Chemical nature of a plant-virus inhibitor from rice.

THE inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus infection of primary bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto) by extracts of various portions of rice plants has been described recently1. The inhibitor or inhibitors present in rice resemble those derived from other plants such as spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.)2, poke weed (Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. var. esculenta)3, New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia expansa Murr.)4, and sweet william (Dianihus barbatus L.)5, in that the infection of test plants is inhibited when the plant extract and virus inoculum are mixed and applied simultaneously. The inhibitor in rice extracts differs in that it protects bean leaves against tobacco mosaic virus infection even when applied to the leaves (which are then rinsed with water) 1–3 days prior to inoculum application. In so far as we are aware, the only other plant extracts that protected test plants against virus infection were derived from carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)6, but the time between inhibitor application and inoculation was only 1–3 hr.
Dynamic behavior of semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air. 2. Nicotine and phenanthrene with carpet and wallboard.

The surface interactions of nicotine and phenanthrene with carpet, painted wallboard, and stainless steel were investigated in a room-sized environmental test chamber. Adsorption kinetics were tested by flash evaporating a known mass of each compound into a sealed 20 m3 chamber containing one or more of the tested sorbents. In each experiment, one or more emissions were performed after the gas-phase concentration had reached an apparent plateau. At the end of each experiment, the chamber was ventilated and resealed to monitor reemission of the compound from the sorbents. Kinetic sorption parameters were determined by fitting a mass-balance model to the experimental results. The sorption capacity of stainless steel was of similar magnitude for nicotine and phenanthrene. Sorption of nicotine on carpet and wallboard was much stronger, with equilibrium partitioning values 2−3 orders of magnitude higher. The sorption capacities of phenanthrene on carpet and wallboard were smaller, approximately 10−20% of the s...
Model theory and spectra

Given an extension T of the theory of commutative rings with 1 admitting elimination of quantifiers, we set up a spectrum functor T-Spec from the category of commutative rings with 1 into the category of topological spaces. T-Spec A consists of equivalence classes of homomorphisms of A into models of T. ‘Closed’ formulae - defined as those equivalent to a positive quantifier-free formulae - are used to define a topology on T-Spec A making it into a spectral space. Additional properties, such as the existence of ‘enough prime models’ and ‘closed projections’ are defined snd discussed. If there are enough prime models, we define affine space in a way familiar to algebraic geometers. Affine space enjoys an Artin-Lang property. Finally, we define sheaves of definable sections and continuous definable sections which turn out to be classical sheaves in the classical examples of the Zariski and real spectra. Notions such as continuous, closed, bounded, and having stalks which are local rings are defined in a purely model- theoretic way, and we are able to prove some rather general continuity results about T-Spec as a functor into the category of locally ringed spaces. We pay considerable attention to a new example - the real valuation spectrum - based upon Cherlin and Dickmann's work on the theory of real closed valuation rings. Our set-up allows us to relate continuous definable sections over the real spectrum to definable sections over the real valuation spectrum.
Role of Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide Groups of Pluronics in Binding of Fatty Acid to Pluronics in Microemulsions

We investigated the drug and fatty acid binding capacity of Pluronic-based microemulsions through simple turbidity experiments. Pluronic-based oil-in-water microemulsions of various compositions were synthesized and titrated to turbidity with concentrated amitriptyline, an antidepressant drug. The BASF Pluronic grid was used to select two series of Pluronic surfactants: (1) those having the same number of ethylene oxide (EO) groups, with an increasing number of propylene oxide (PO) groups and (2) those having the same number of propylene oxide groups with an increasing number of ethylene oxide groups. We observed that the binding of sodium caprylate fatty acid and amitriptyline drug increases with increasing hydrophobicity (i.e., increasing number of PO groups). This is attributed to the greater number of binding sites for the sodium caprylate, which results in more charge on the microemulsion, subsequently leading to increased drug binding. We also determined that when the number of PO groups was held fixed and the number of EO groups was increased, there is no direct correlation to the binding behavior of fatty acid and drug. This is due to the fact that the hydrophilic groups (EO) do not play a direct role in the binding of fatty acid molecules. In fact, when there are a significantly large number of EO groups present, they can act to inhibit binding of fatty acid and hence, drug, to the microemulsion.
New combined pill to treat malaria is launched

A new low cost, first line, fixed dose combination drug to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Latin America and South East Asia is expected to lower the number of cases of the disease and reduce the number of hospitalisations. The combination of artesunate and mefloquine in a single tablet has been produced as a “non-exclusive, not for profit public good,” said the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, which coordinated the project. “The drug combination in the same tablet will improve the management of cases,” said Bernard Pecoul, executive director of the initiative, which is the joint project of seven organisations, including the charity Medecins Sans Frontieres and France’s Pasteur Institute. The new product, which avoids the need for a two tablet regimen, “will make it more possible to use [treatment] …
Quantum critical response at the onset of spin-density-wave order in two-dimensional metals

We study the frequency dependence of the electron self-energy and the optical conductivity in a recently developed field theory of the spin-density-wave quantum phase transition in two-dimensional metals. We focus on the interplay between the Fermi surface ``hot spots'' and the remainder of the ``cold'' Fermi surface. Scattering of electrons off the fluctuations of the spin-density-wave order parameter, $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, is strongest at the hot spots; we compute the conductivity due to this scattering in a rainbow approximation. We point out the importance of composite operators, built of products of the primary electron or $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ fields: These have important effects also away from the hot spots. The simplest composite operator, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$, leads to deviations from Landau Fermi-liquid behavior on the entire Fermi surface. We also find an intermediate frequency window in which the cold electrons lose their quasiparticle form due to effectively one-dimensional scattering processes. The latter processes are part of umklapp scattering, which leads to singular contributions to the optical conductivity at the lowest frequencies at zero temperature.
Mixed Symptoms and Syndromes of Anxiety and Depression: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Etiologic Issues

Patients with comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression are common in clinical practice, and yet they continue to pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to clinicians and researchers alike. This article is intended as a comprehensive review of current knowledge derived from a vast body of clinical research regarding the diagnostic interrelationships of anxiety and depressive disorders at both syndromal and subsyndromal levels. The prognostic implications of comorbidity are also reviewed. Biological linkages between the two disorders are explored, and recent biological theories attempting to explain and integrate the two disorders are presented as well. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.
Skeletal development of the Mexican spadefoot, Spea multiplicata (Anura: Pelobatidae)

The larval chondrocranium of Spea multiplicata is described, as is the development and adult morphology of the skeleton. There are major modifications to the larval chondrocranium throughout development, including the presence of embryonic trabeculae in young tadpoles and significant reorganization of cartilaginous structures at metamorphosis. The first bone to ossify is the parasphenoid (Stage 35), followed by the presacral neural arches, ilium, and femur (Stage 36). By Stage 39, most of the postcranial elements have begun to ossify. Metamorphic climax is accomplished over three Gosner stages (39–41) and involves major modifications to the chondrocranium, as well as the appearance of three cranial elements (septomaxilla, nasal, and premaxilla). After metamorphosis, the exoccipital, vomer, dentary, angulosplenial, squamosal, pterygoid, sphenethmoid, ischium, and hyoid begin to ossify. The stapes, mentomeckelian, operculum, carpals, and tarsals do not appear until juvenile and adult stages. The development of the hyoid and cartilaginous condensations of the carpals and tarsals are described. In addition, phenotypic plasticity within the genus and the absence of a palatine (= neopalatine) bone are discussed. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Initial investigation into lower-cost CT for resource limited regions of the world

This paper describes an initial investigation into means for producing lower-cost CT scanners for resource limited regions of the world. In regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, intermediate level medical facilities serving millions have no CT machines, and lack the imaging resources necessary to determine whether certain patients would benefit from being transferred to a hospital in a larger city for further diagnostic workup or treatment. Low-cost CT scanners would potentially be of immense help to the healthcare system in such regions. Such scanners would not produce state-of-theart image quality, but rather would be intended primarily for triaging purposes to determine the patients who would benefit from transfer to larger hospitals. The lower-cost scanner investigated here consists of a fixed digital radiography system and a rotating patient stage. This paper describes initial experiments to determine if such a configuration is feasible. Experiments were conducted using (1) x-ray image acquisition, a physical anthropomorphic chest phantom, and a flat-panel detector system, and (2) a computer-simulated XCAT chest phantom. Both the physical phantom and simulated phantom produced excellent image quality reconstructions when the phantom was perfectly aligned during acquisition, but artifacts were noted when the phantom was displaced to simulate patient motion. An algorithm was developed to correct for motion of the phantom and demonstrated success in correcting for 5-mm motion during 360-degree acquisition of images. These experiments demonstrated feasibility for this approach, but additional work is required to determine the exact limitations produced by patient motion.
Ionization efficiency studies for xenon ions with the superconducting ECR ion source VENUS

Ionization efficiency studies for high charge state xenon ions using a calibrated gas leak are presented. A 75% enriched {sup 129}Xe gas leak with a gas flow equivalent to 5.11p{mu}A was used in all the measurements. The experiments were performed at the VENUS (Versatile ECR ion source for Nuclear Science) ion source for 18 GHz, 28 GHz and double frequency operation. Overall, total ionization efficiencies close to 100% and ionization efficiencies into a single charge state up to 22% were measured. The influence of the biased disk on the ionization efficiency was studied and the results were somewhat surprising. When the biased disk was removed from the plasma chamber, the ionization efficiency was dramatically reduced for single frequency operation. However, using double frequency heating the ionization efficiencies achieved without the biased disk almost matched the ionization efficiencies achieved with the biased probe. In addition, we have studied the influence of the support gas on the charge state distribution of the xenon ions. Either pure oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and helium were used as support gases. The addition of a small amount of helium can increase the ionization efficiency into a single charge state by narrowing the charge statemore » distribution. Furthermore by varying the helium flow the most efficient charge state can be shifted over a wide range without compromising the ionization efficiency. This is not possible using only oxygen as support gas. Results from these studies are presented and discussed.« less
Chain-Cleavage and hydrolysis of activated polyethylene glycol derivatives: Evidence for competitive processes

Studies have been carried out with the tosylate of the monomethyl ether of polyethylene glycol (MeO–PEG–OTs) and with low molecular weight models to assess whether the neighboring oxygen at position 3 or 6 provides the driving force for hydrolytic cleavage of these activated derivatives. Our results reveal that MeO–PEG–OTs undergoes hydrolysis by competitive pathways. Water directly displaces the tosylate group to give the original PEG alcohol and the oxygen at position 6 nucleophilically displaces the tosylate group to give a cyclic oxonium ion as an intermediate. This intermediate can react by three pathways. First, it can lead to the production of the original PEG alcohol by attack of water on a ring carbon; second, dioxane and a lower molecular weight PEG alcohol is produced by water attack at the nonring carbon next to the charged oxygen; and third dioxane can be displaced by the oxygen atom at position 6 in the chain.
Synthesis and Photophysics of a 1-Pyrenyl Substituted 2‘-Deoxyuridine-5-Carboxamide Nucleoside: Electron Transfer Products as CIS INDO/S Excited States

This paper reports results of the synthesis and photophysical study of 5-(N-carboxy-1-aminopyrenyl)-2‘-deoxyuridine (PA-dU) and its spectroscopic model N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene (PA-Ac). Absorbance and emission spectra, emission quantum yields, and emission lifetimes are reported for both compounds in three solvents. The data show that the emission yield quenching of PA-dU relative to PA-Ac varies from 95 to 99% in the solvent series THF, MeCN, and MeOH. In contrast to the monoexponential kinetics for (π,π*)1 emission from PA-Ac, the (π,π*)1 emission from the PA-dU nucleoside decays with two lifetimes in THF and three in MeCN and MeOH. The multiexponential emission decays are likely due to the presence of multiple nucleoside conformers. The average (π,π*)1 lifetimes for PA-dU in THF, MeCN, and MeOH are, respectively, 4.8, 2.7, and 0.55 ns and correspond to lifetime quenching values of 58, 81, and 96%, respectively. The lifetime quenching values for PA-dU in THF and MeCN do not agree with the emission yield q...
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer: therapeutic strategies

Importance of the field: Castrate-resistant prostate cancer continues to be inadequately addressed by currently available therapies.Areas covered in this review: This review will discuss recent developments, including new chemotherapies and chemotherapy regimens, antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy, and other new agents, such as endothelin-A receptor antagonists and clusterin inhibitors.What the reader will gain: The reader will gain an understanding of the therapies in development for castration-resistant disease.Take home message: Therapies focused on multiple different targets are currently being studied for castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
Oral contraceptives vs injectable progestin in their effect on sexual behavior.

Objective We sought to compare sexual function and hormone concentrations in combined oral contraceptive (COC) and injectable progestin users. Study Design Sexually active COC and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire, a demographic data form, and had serum testosterone and estradiol levels measured. Multiple linear regression was used to measure associations of interest. Results Among 50 subjects enrolled, COC users had lower levels of free testosterone compared to DMPA users (0.2 vs 0.6 pg/mL; P P = .0057), but scores of desire (4.2 vs 3.8; P = .27), scores of arousal (5.0 vs 4.8; P = .46), or total scores (30.1 vs 28.8; P = .28) were no different. Demographic characteristics were similar except for ethnicity, level of education, gravidity, parity, and frequency of intercourse. In multivariate analysis, birth control type was not significantly associated with desire score or total FSFI score. Conclusion While users of COC and DMPA have significantly different sex hormone levels, they are not different in sexual function as measured by the FSFI.
The phenomenon of vulnerability in clinical encounters

After a brief, personal reflection on Aron Gurwitsch’s life and his many influences on my career, I devote this lecture to some of the central themes of a phenomenology of medicine. Its core is the clinical encounter, which displays a certain structure I term the asymmetry of power (physician) and vulnerability (patient, family)—a complex contextual imbalance characterized by multiple points of view, hence points for reflective entrance. These are then interpreted phenomenologically in terms of epoche and reduction (practical distantiation), evidence, reflection, and other related themes. I conclude with a suggestion about “the fundamental method” of phenomenology, free fantasy variation.
Synthesis and inhibitory properties of a thiomethylmercuric sialic acid with application to the X-ray structure determination of 9-O-acetylsialic acid esterase from influenza C virus

2-alpha-Thiomethylmercuryl 9-acetamido-9-deoxy-sialoside was prepared and found to inhibit the 9-O-acetylsialic acid esterase from influenza C virus in a competitive manner with a Ki of 4.2 +/- 0.5 mM. The inhibitor is being used in the X-ray determination of the crystal structure of the esterase.
Epi-illumination diffraction phase microscopy with white light

We demonstrate the first reflection-based epi-illumination diffraction phase microscope with white light (epi-wDPM). The epi-wDPM system combines the off-axis, common-path, and white light approaches, in a reflection geometry enabling sub-nanometer spatial and temporal noise levels, while providing single-shot acquisition for opaque samples. We verified the epi-wDPM results by measuring control samples with known dimensions and comparing them to measurements from other well-established techniques. We imaged gold-coated HeLa cells to illustrate the tradeoffs between epi-wDPM with low and high spatial coherence.
Comparison between the Motoric Constraints for Amer-Ind and ASL Sign Formation

Previous research has shown that Amer-Ind signals are more easily learned and remembered than their synonyms in American Sign Language. One possible reason is a difference in motoric complexity bet...
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Symbolic Testing

The effectiveness in discovering errors of symbolic evaluation and of testing and static program analysis are studied. The three techniques are applied to a diverse collection of programs and the results compared. Symbolic evaluation is used to carry out symbolic testing and to generate symbolic systems of path predicates. The use of the predicates for automated test data selection is analysed. Several conventional types of program testing strategies are evaluated. The strategies include branch testing, structured testing and testing on input values having special properties. The static source analysis techniques that are studied include anomaly analysis and interface analysis. Examples are included which describe typical situations in which one technique is reliable but another unreliable. The effectiveness of symbolic testing is compared with testing on actual data and with the use of an integrated methodology that includes both testing and static source analysis. Situations in which symbolic testing is difficult to apply or not effective are discussed. Different ways in which symbolic evaluation can be used for generating test data are described. Those ways for which it is most effective are isolated. The paper concludes with a discussion of the most effective uses to which symbolic evaluation can be put in an integrated system which contains all three of the validation techniques that are studied.
REGULATION OF GLOBIN GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL

(1) Globin gene regulatory factors, and the DNA sites on which they act, are being sought. (2) Positive and negative regulatory factors that influence globin gene expression have been identified. The positive factor(s) is globin gene specific. (3) Assays are being developed using cloned globin genes to (a) purify the positive globin regulatory factor(s) in a cell-free transcription assay, and (b) identify the DNA sites that act as control regions by microinjection of "full-length" and shortened genomic genes into MEL cells. (4) Globin genes from mouse and human thalassemia cells are being studied as models of abnormal globin gene expression.
A multi-region empirical study on the internet presence of global extremist organizations

Extremist organizations are heavily utilizing Internet technologies to increase their abilities to influence the world. Studying those global extremist organizations' Internet presence would allow us to better understand extremist organizations' technical sophistication and their propaganda plans. In this work, we explore an integrated approach for collecting and analyzing extremist Internet presence. We employed automatic Web crawling techniques to build a comprehensive international extremist Web collection. We then used a systematic content analysis tool called the Dark Web Attribute System to analyze and compare these extremist organizations' Internet usage from three perspectives: technical sophistication, content richness, and Web interactivity. By studying 1.7 million multimedia Web documents from around 224 Web sites of extremist organizations, we found that while all extremist organizations covered in this study demonstrate high level of technical sophistication in their Web presence, Middle Eastern extremists are among the most sophisticated groups in both technical sophistication and media richness. US groups are the most active in supporting Internet communications. Our analysis results will help domain experts deepen their understanding on the global extremism movements and make better counter-extremism measures on the Internet.
Aβ conformational change is central to Alzheimer’s disease

In the United States, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Its prevalence is ∼2–4% at age 70 and somewhere between 30 and 50% by age 85. With our increasing mean lifespan, the number of cases will double in the next several decades unless preventions and treatments are developed. Being a major public health problem, research on AD has intensified dramatically over the last 15 years and has led to major advances in our understanding of the disease. The key elements of the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease were described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. They include the hallmarks of the disease: plaques and tangles. Plaques are extracellular accumulations of molecules in the extracellular space and within blood vessel walls in the brain. The principal proteinaceous component of plaques is the amyloid(A ) peptide, a 39–43 amino acid peptide derived from a much larger protein, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) [6,25]. Within plaques, A is present in aggregated (non-soluble) forms. If A is deposited and aggregated but in a non-sheet (non-fibrillar) conformation, it can also be detected in the brain via immunohistochemical techniques in “diffuse” plaques. A is also found aggregated in deposits in the extracellular space in fibrillar forms with -sheet conformation. When this occurs, the A is surrounded by swollen, degenerating neurites, “neuritic” plaques. In areas surrounding neuritic plaques, there is gliosis with hypertrophy and proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. A is also frequently found in the walls of cerebral blood vessels, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which occurs in many cases of AD as well as in some cases, independently of deposition in the neuropil. CAA is a frequent cause of lobar hemorrhage in individuals over the age of 65. In addition to the deposition of A in plaques, nerve cell bodies as well as their processes in certain brain regions develop neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic dystrophy. NFTs are intracellular structures composed predominantly of an abnormally
Adaptive Filtering and Hadamard Transform Imaging Spectroscopy with An Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF)

The acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is a compact, rugged, solid-state spectrometer well suited to high frequency amplitude control and wavelength selection. The AOTF utilizes radio frequency (rf) acoustic disturbances in transparent materials to establish an electronically controllable diffraction grating. By launching the combination of several rf signals into the AOTF, multiple wavelengths of light can be diffracted simultaneously and light can be adaptively filtered to match the spectral profile of the sample. In addition, Hadamard transform (HT) spectroscopy can be performed with an AOTF serving as the polychromator. The integrated intensity on the detector is the combination of the encoded transmission or reflectance wavelengths. Hadamard transformation mathematics govern the multiplexed sequence allowing the efficient recovery of the spectrum. We describe the multiplexed AOTF spectrometer design as well as the design of a maskless HT imaging system.
Clinical trials of treatments for stroke

The "gold standard" for therapeutic trials is the prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. However, they are relatively clumsy instruments for discovering innovative new treatments. This article briefly reviews selected clinical trials of treatments for stroke, including stroke rehabilitation, published during 2001 and the first 2 months of 2002. It also reviews other types of studies, including close observations of single patients, which can have a valuable role in generating useful new knowledge.
Effects of diethyldithiocarbamate on calmodulin in neuroblastoma cells

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) was used to treat the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2a. Cell injury caused by DDC affects the calcium-binding protein calmodulin (CaM) and alters copper homeostasis in these cells. Neuro-2a cells were treated with 1 x 10(-5) M DDC for 1 h and were harvested at various time points over a 24-h period. Light microscopy of control cells showed CaM deposited around the cell periphery and along the neuritic processes. Treated cells showed the same distribution until 3 h after treatment. Electron microscopy showed CaM deposited around the cell periphery and within the cytoplasm and nucleus of control cells. Treated cells showed a time-dependent localization of CaM in relation to cellular disorganization. Staining of electrophoretic transfers by ProtoGold showed that CaM was present in all control samples and treated samples through 6 h. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed no difference in calcium levels between control and treated samples, but copper levels were significantly elevated. This study indicated that degenerative changes induced by DDC altered calmodulin levels. These changes may have been caused by elevated copper content within the cells and subsequent cell injury.
Increased infectivity with exposure to ozone and sulfuric acid

Abstract The effects of the combined action of ozone (O 3 ) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) aerosol on host susceptibility to an aerosol of viable microorganisms were studied. Exposure to O 3 (0.196 mg/m 3 ) was for 3 h, while exposure to H 2 SO 4 (0.9 mg/m 3 ) lasted 2 h. Neither pollutant alone caused a significant increase in mortality as compared to clean air controls. In those studies involving the combined action of the sequential exposure to the two pollutants, there was a statistically significant increase in respiratory infections in the treated group over controls (indicated by per cent mortality) only when the exposure to the oxidant immediately preceded that of the acid.
Endoluminal intervention for limb salvage after failed lower extremity bypass graft.

Background Lower extremity bypass graft failure in patients with limb-threatening ischemia carries an amputation rate of greater than 50%. Redo bypass is often difficult due to the lack of conduit, adequate target, or increased surgical risk, and resultant limb salvage rates are reduced significantly compared with the index operation. We set forth to investigate whether endovascular treatment in this setting would result in an acceptable limb salvage rate. Methods A single-institution, retrospective review from June 2004 to December 2007 of patients with failed grafts who underwent endovascular treatment with percutaneous balloon angioplasty (PTA) of their native circulation was performed. Stents were selectively used in cases of post-PTA residual stenosis or flow-limiting dissection. Technical success was defined as a residual stenosis less than 30%. Percutaneous attempts at bypass graft salvage were excluded. Demographics, comorbidities, procedural data, and follow-up information were recorded. Descriptive, logistic regression and life-table analyses were performed. Results Twenty-four lower extremities were treated in 23 patients with failed bypass grafts. Average patency of the index graft before failure was 647 days (range 5-2758). Mean age was 68 years (range 51-85), 62% were male and 81% had diabetes mellitus (DM). 87.5% of limbs treated had TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus (TASC) C and D lesions and 62% had multiple lesions. Technical success was achieved in 100%. Mean follow-up was 25.6 months. At follow-up, there were 17 PTA failures, which resulted in: amputation (4), redo-bypass (3), and redo-PTA (11). Freedom from surgical revision and PTA failure was 89% (+/− 0.07 SE) and 28% (+/− 0.09 SE) respectively. PTA secondary patency was 72% (+/− 0.09 SE) and limb-salvage was 81% (+/− 0.08 SE) at both 12 and 24 months. Overall survival was 83% (+/− 0.07 SE) and 77% (+/− 0.09 SE) at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Conclusions Endovascular treatment of patients with previously failed bypass grafts results in a high rate of limb salvage. This is a reasonable option in selected patients and the primary choice in those with poor targets, conduit, or excess surgical risk. Endovascular salvage should be considered before proceeding to primary amputation.
A note on McDonald's generalization of principal components analysis

It is shown that McDonald's generalization of classical Principal Components Analysis to groups of variables maximally channels the total variance of the original variables through the groups of variables acting as groups. A useful equation is obtained for determining the vectors of correlations of theL2 components with the original variables. A calculation example is given.
On selecting the Pareto-optimal subset of a class of populations

Let P be a class of k populations (with k known) each having an underlying multivariate normal distribution with unknown mean vector. We suppose that the mean (vector) value of each population can be represented by a vector parameter with p components and use the notation M to denote the set of all mean vectors for these k populations. Independent samples of size n are drawn from each population in P. We say that a subset G of P of vectors is δ*-Pareto-optimal if no vector in M, differing in at least one component from some mean vector μ corresponding to a population in G, has the property that each of its components is larger by at least δ* > 0 than the corresponding component of the vector μ In this paper we evaluate procedures devised to select the δ*-Pareto-Optimal subset of a class of populations according to the minimum probability of correct selection over a region of the parameter space which we call the preference zone. For small values of k, theoretical calculations are given to analyze how big ...
Primary production in the North Pacific Central Gyre: A controversy with important implications

Abstract Photosynthesis in the ocean is measured by 14 C-CO 2 uptake in bottle incubations. It can also be estimated from the distribution of biogeochemical properties. In the subtropical gyres, the biogeochemical method yields a rate that is apparently greater than that measured by the 14 C technique. This led to the controversial suggestion that oceanic primary production has been substantially underestimated. If correct, this suggestion also requires that there be a larger input of nitrogen and phosphorus, and it would make it difficult to explain the observed steady-state vertical distribution of properties. Resolution of the controversy is likely to be of broad interest to oceanographers because it may also lead to new insights into oceanic mixing and the cycling of carbon and nitrogen.