cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolving forest fire burn severity classification algorithms for multi-spectral imagery

Between May 6 and May 18, 2000, the Cerro Grande/Los Alamos wildfire burned approximately 43,000 acres (17,500 ha) and 235 residences in the town of Los Alamos, NM. Initial estimates of forest damage included 17,000 acres (6,900 ha) of 70-100% tree mortality. Restoration efforts following the fire were complicated by the large scale of the fire, and by the presence of extensive natural and man-made hazards. These conditions forced a reliance on remote sensing techniques for mapping and classifying the burn region. During and after the fire, remote-sensing data was acquired from a variety of aircraft-based and satellite-based sensors, including Landsat 7. We now report on the application of a machine learning technique, implemented in a software package called G ENIE, to the classification of forest fire burn severity using Landsat 7 ETM+ multispectral imagery. The details of this automatic classification are compared to the manually produced burn classification, which was derived from field observations and manual interpretation of high-resolution aerial color/infrared photography.
Perspectives on Exercise and Wasting

Recommendations for endpoints in clinical trials of wasting that involve exercise should involve selection that clearly identifies the effects of exercise. Broad endpoints such as morbidity and mortality must be corrected for the effects of age, smoking, hypertension, etc. in order to gain adjusted information pertinent to exercise. Selection of variables related to physiological function although more specific i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, must still be viewed from the perspective that other variables may contribute to the values measured. Nevertheless, physiological information obtained from performance tests may well provide useful endpoints. In this regard, V02 max, heartrate and pulmonary ventilation at fixed work loads, muscular strength, reaction time, flexibility, blood gases, cardiac output, stroke volume, serum lactate, and properties of skeletal muscle such as mitochondria concentration and components related to muscle energetics, e.g., adenosine triphosphate. In addition exercise will definitely impact body mass and composition as well as configuration. The latter is assessable through utilization of somatogramography. Analysis of muscle depends on muscle biopsy and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neither of these methods has been employed in clinical trials to the best of our knowledge. Thus, one needs evidence that exercise in the clinical trial provides a discrete effect on performance capabilities, body status and biologically important variables.
Electricity production and microbial biofilm characterization in cellulose-fed microbial fuel cells

Converting biodegradable materials into electricity, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) present a promising technology for renewable energy production in specific applications. Unlike typical soluble substrates that have been used as electron donors in MFC studies, cellulose is unique because it requires a microbial consortium that can metabolize both an insoluble electron donor (cellulose) and electron acceptor (electrode). In this study, electricity generation and the microbial ecology of cellulose-fed MFCs were analyzed using a defined co-culture of Clostridium cellulolyticum and Geobacter sulfurreducens . Fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR showed that when particulate MN301 cellulose was used as sole substrate, most Clostridium cells were found adhered to cellulose particles in suspension, while most Geobacter cells were attached to the electrode. By comparison, both bacteria resided in suspension and biofilm samples when soluble carboxymethyl cellulose was used. This distinct function-related distribution of the bacteria suggests an opportunity to optimize reactor operation by settling cellulose and decanting supernatant to extend cellulose hydrolysis and improve cellulose-electricity conversion.
On the amplification mechanism of the ion-channel laser

The amplification mechanism of the ion-channel laser (ICL) in the low-gain regime is studied. In this concept, a relativistic electron beam is injected into a plasma whose density is comparable to or lower than the beam's density. The head of the electron beam pushes out the plasma electrons, leaving an ion channel. The ion-focusing force causes the electrons to oscillate (betatron oscillations) about the axis and plays a role similar to the magnetic field in a cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM). Radiation can be produced with wave frequencies from microwaves to X-rays depending on the beam energy and plasma density: omega approximately 2 gamma /sup 3/2/ omega /sub pe/, where gamma is the Lorentz factor of the beam and omega /sub pe/ is the plasma frequency. Transverse (relativistic) bunching and axial (conventional) bunching are the amplification mechanisms in ICLs; only the latter effect operates in free-electron lasers. The competition of these two bunching mechanisms depends on beam velocity nu /sub 0z/; their dependences on nu /sub 0z/ cancel for the cyclotron autoresonance masers. A linear theory is developed to study the physical mechanisms, and a PIC (particle-in-cell) simulation code is used to verify the theory. The mechanism is examined as a possible explanation for experimentally observed millimeter radiation from relativistic electron beams interacting with plasmas. >
Dysphagia in a Patient With Recurrent Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Question: A 67-yearold woman with a neuroendocrine small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), recurrent after chemotherapy and radiation therapy, complained of recent-onset dysphagia. She has noticed regurgitation of liquids and some solid-food dysphagia. She has lost 20 pounds in the past 2 months. She has no past history of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms or esophagitis. Physical examination reveals no significant abnormalities, but she had had a peripheral sensory neuropathy that improved with treatment of her SCLC. Laboratory tests are unremarkable except for a positive Hu immunoglobulin (Ig)G serum anti-neuronal nuclear antibody test, an antibody that is associated with SCLC. On serial computed tomography chest examinations, the esophagus had appeared normal (November, 2010; Figure A, arrow). Two months later, the esophagus was slightly dilated and contained contrast (Figure B; computed tomography). On examinations 5 and 7 months later, the esophagus had become even more dilated and was fluid or gas filled (Figure C, D). At esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the esophagus was diffusely dilated, without contraction, and with retained food and secretions. The endoscope passed into the stomach without much resistance, and no lesion was seen on forward view or retroflexion at the gastroesophageal junction. What is the diagnosis? Look on page 252 for the answer and see the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Conceptual design of a microalgae-based recirculating oyster and shrimp system

The need to reduce water consumption in aquaculture has long been recognized and a great deal of research effort has been directed toward the development of recirculating systems. Unfortunately, current research and development in aquaculture water re-use is largely devoted to bacteria-based systems, while microalgae-based water re-use system development has been neglected. That a large body of knowledge is available on bacteria-based wastewater treatment has no doubt contributed to this reality. However, a bacterial component in a water re-use system dedicates itself entirely to excessive nutrient removal and the required capital and operational expenses are cost items that contribute to the scarcity of commercial successes of such systems. In contrast, a microalgae-based water re-use system produces microalgae that can be used to produce a second crop, such as bivalve seed or Artemia , which can be sold to generate income. The main difficulty encountered in the development of a microalgae-based water re-use system has always been the inability to maintain the desired algal species in an open system. The University of Hawaii has solved this problem. The breakthrough in marine diatom production technology allows us to turn our attention to the development of a water re-use system where the ‘effluent’ becomes a valuable resource. An integrated shrimp/algae/ oyster production system reduces water consumption and turns effluent ‘waste’ into a profit center while taking advantage of the antibacterial properties of the marine diatom to control bacterial diseases. The reduction of pathogenic bacteria is likely to also reduce the susceptibility of the shrimp to viral disease. This paper describes the design of a microalgae-based recirculating system that produces oyster and shrimp using the marine
Control-Relevant Erythropoiesis Modeling in End-Stage Renal Disease

Anemia is prevalent in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The discovery of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) over 30 years ago has shifted the treatment of anemia for patients on dialysis from blood transfusions to rHuEPO therapy. Many anemia management protocols (AMPs) used by clinicians comprise a set of experience-based rules for weekly-to-monthly titration of rHuEPO doses based on hemoglobin (Hb) measurements. In order to facilitate the design of an AMP using model-based feedback control theory, we present a physiologically relevant erythropoiesis model and demonstrate its applicability using clinical data.
African swine fever virus.

The causative agent of African swine fever (ASF) is an icosahedral virus 175 to 215 mv, in diameter. It is sensitive to lipid solvents and contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Thus far, it appears to have no close relatives among other viruses that infect mammals. It has apparently existed for a very long time in wild swine indigenous to Africa, for with them it has established an ideal host-parasite relationship in which prolonged infection occurs without signs of disease. In fact, the existence of the virus came to light only after domestic swine of European origin were brought into areas inhabited by wart hogs. Although the precise mode of transmission from wild swine is obscure, the virus spreads readily among domestic swine and produces a peracute disease with mortality approaching 100 per cent. Since the swine industry is quite sparse in such areas, the outbreaks are largely self-limiting. Each outbreak usually represents a new incursion of the virus from its natural reservoir. This continues to be the pattern of most outbreaks in Africa, and until recently the peracute infection which prevails under these conditions has been regarded as the usual form of the disease in domestic swine. However, ASF has spread to Europe and in some areas has become enzootic in domestic swine. In these areas, acute, subacute, and chronic infections are common and the mortality is somewhat reduced. Its resemblance to classical swine fever (American hog cholera and European swine fever) has become more pronounced, and differential diagnosis in the field is seldom possible.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ENDANGERED SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOXES (VULPES MACROTIS MUTICA) BASED ON SCAT–DETECTION DOG SURVEYS

Abstract Although the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) has been a federally protected subspecies since 1967, current information on its status throughout much of its historical range is lacking. Since 1983, only 5 surveys have been conducted, and a recent recovery plan emphasized the need for better information on the status of this subspecies. Between 2001 and 2003, we attempted to obtain new information on this kit fox on specific public and private properties in 8 counties in the San Joaquin Valley, California, where knowledge of its current status was limited or poorly understood. We used a trained detection-dog to survey for kit fox, red fox (V. vulpes), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) scats on selected properties, followed by species identification based on genetic analysis of DNA extracted from all scats collected. Despite extensive survey efforts (539 km), kit fox was only detected in Merced County, in the area of Santa Nella, where a small kit fox population was previously doc...
An analysis of perceptual and cognitive factors in radiographic interpretation

Detection of small tumors in chest x-ray films was studied under tachistoscopic viewing conditions designed to stimulate single fixations varying in dwell time, found in free search. Two questions were asked: How much dwell time is required to detect a nodule (experiment 1)? How effective are peripheral inputs in the detection of a nodule (experiment 2)? Our findings indicate that a dwell time of 300 ms was sufficient to detect 85% of the nodules when they were viewed directly. Detection accuracy was reduced by one-half when the tumor was located 5 degrees from the axis of gaze. Taken together with data from eye movement experiments, these results provide useful estimates of perceptual and cognitive parameters of visual search.
Genomic Risk Profiling: Attitudes and Use in Personal and Clinical Care of Primary Care Physicians Who Offer Risk Profiling

BACKGROUND Genomic risk profiling involves the analysis of genetic variations linked through statistical associations to a range of disease states. There is considerable controversy as to how, and even whether, to incorporate these tests into routine medical care.
Iowa gambling task performance in euthymic bipolar i disorder: A meta-analysis and empirical study

Background: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been recommended as an index of reward sensitivity, which is elevated in bipolar disorder. We conducted a meta-analysis of IGT performance in euthymic bipolar I disorder compared with control participants. Findings indicated that people with bipolar disorder make more risky choices than control participants, though the effect is small (g¼ 0.35). It is not clear which of the many processes involved in IGT performance are involved in producing the observed group difference. Methods: Fifty-five euthymic people with bipolar disorder and 39 control participants completed the IGT. The Expectancy Valence Model was used to examine differences in IGT. We also examined whether variation in IGT performance within the bipolar group was related to current mood, illness course, impulsivity, or demographics. Results: Bipolar and control groups did not differ on the total number of risky choices, rate of learning, or any of the parameters of the Expectancy Valence Model. IGT performance in bipolar disorder was not related to any of the examined individual differences. Limitations: It is possible that there are group differences that are too small to detect at our sample size or that are not amenable to study via the Expectancy Valence Model. Conclusions: We were unable to identify group differences on the IGT or correlates of IGT performance within bipolar disorder. Though the IGT may serve as a useful model for decision-making, its structure may make it unsuitable for behavioral assessment of reward sensitivity independent of punishment sensitivity.
Qa-1b and CD94-NKG2a interaction regulate cytolytic activity of herpes simplex virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells in the latently infected trigeminal ganglia.

After ocular infection, HSV-specific CD8 + T cells migrate to and are specifically retained in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglia (TG) even at the time when replicating virus is no longer evident. Virus-specific CD8 + T cells maintain an activation phenotype and secrete IFN-γ in the latent TG. In this report we demonstrated that activated virus-specific memory CD8 + T cells, although potentially cytolytic, also expressed the CD94-NK cell receptor subfamily G2a inhibitory molecule and were unable to exert cytotoxicity when engaged by Qa-1 b expressing targets. Interestingly, many neurons in the latent TG expressed Qa-1 b , and blocking of Qa-1 b /CD94-NKG2a interaction in an ex vivo TG culture resulted in neuronal cell lysis. The expression of the inhibitory CD94-NKG2a molecule could be induced by TGF-β1, which was shown to present as a bioactive molecule in the latent TG. Additionally, CD4 + forkhead/winged helix transcription factor 3 + T cells were also determined in the latent TG. Our results demonstrate the operation of a regulatory system in vivo that serves to protect irreplaceable neurons from destruction by the immune system.
Fetus in fetu: Review of the literature over the past 15 years

Fetus in Fetu (FIF) is a rare congenital anomaly in which a malformed parasitic twin is found within the body of a living child or adult. In this case report, an 18 month-old male child presented with a large abdominal mass and failure to thrive. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of a large retroperitoneal fetus in fetu with significant mass effect of the adjacent structures. A surgical resection was performed and pathology confirmed the diagnosis. These rare cases have become more frequently reported and a review of the literature for the past 15 years will describe the demographics, updated genetic findings, pathology and outcomes of this unusual tumor. Recent findings will also discuss an infrequent association with teratomas that may warrant a longer follow-up for surveillance of malignancy.
An investigation of the Ni 5 Al 3 phase

The crystallography of the phases obtained by heat treating a Ni-34.7 at. % Al alloy with 0.9 at. % Hf and 0.04 at. % B was studied in detail using x-ray diffraction techniques. Particular emphasis was placed on characterizing the Ni5Al3 phase, which is obtained by quenching the B2 NiAl phase and aging the resultant martensite. The structure of the Ni5Al3 phase is confirmed to be orthorhombic with space group D192h (Cmmm) and lattice parameters of a0 = 0.7475 nm, b0 = 0.6727 nm, and c0 = 0.3732 nm. The transformation from B2 NiAl to L10 martensite is shown to involve a Bain distortion of the c/a ratio from 0.707 to 0.853, and the further ordering transformation to Ni5Al3 involves a further increase of this c/a ratio to 0.900.
IN GOOD COMPANY? ON HUME’S PRINCIPLE AND THE ASSIGNMENT OF NUMBERS TO INFINITE CONCEPTS

In a recent article (Mancosu, 2009), I have explored the historical, mathematical, and philosophical issues related to the new theory of numerosities. The theory of numerosities provides a context in which to assign ‘sizes’ to infinite sets of natural numbers in such a way as to preserve the part-whole principle, namely if a set A is properly included in B then the numerosity of A is strictly less than the numerosity of B. Numerosity assignments differ from the standard assignment of size provided by Cantor’s cardinality assignments. In this paper I generalize some worries, raised by Richard Heck, emerging from the theory of numerosities to a line of thought resulting in what I call a ‘good company’ objection to Hume’s Principle (HP). The paper is centered around five main parts. The first (§3) takes a historical look at nineteenth-century attributions of equality of numbers in terms of one-one correlation and argues that there was no agreement as to how to extend such determinations to infinite sets of objects. This leads to the second part (§4) where I show that there are countably-infinite many abstraction principles that are ‘good’, in the sense that they share the same virtues of HP (or so I claim) and from which we can derive the axioms of second-order arithmetic. All the principles I present agree with HP in the assignment of numbers to finite concepts but diverge from it in the assignment of numbers to infinite concepts. The third part (§5) connects this material to a debate on Finite Hume’s Principle between Heck and MacBride. The fourth part (§6) states the ‘good company’ objection as a generalization of Heck’s objection to the analyticity of HP based on the theory of numerosities. In the same section I offer a taxonomy of possible neo-logicist responses to the ‘good company’ objection. Finally, §7 makes a foray into the relevance of this material for the issue of cross-sortal identifications for abstractions.
Modification of Anaphylaxis by Benadryl.

SummaryThe intravenous injection of Benadryl (10 mg per kilo) into horse serum sensitized dogs, prior to the reinjection of horse serum, reduces the severity of anaphylactic shock in these animals, there being no deaths in 22 animals as against 9 deaths in 26 controls. As Benadryl has a similar modifying effect upon the shock induced by the injection of histamine, the results of these experiments are consistent with the theory that histamine plays a significant role in anaphylaxis in dogs. Unfortunately, Benadryl merely reduces, but does not obliterate, the vasodepressor effects of histamine and thus the present experiments with Benadryl do not permit conclusions as to whether histamine is or is not the sole vasodepressor factor in anaphylaxis in the dog.
Stochastic Model for Volume Relaxation in Glass Forming Materials: Local Specific Volume Model

A stochastic model for structural relaxation in glassy materials is developed, where the rate of relaxation in a mesoscopic domain depends upon the state in that meso-domain. Because the meso-domains have nanometer dimensions, fluctuations are included. The model predicts the volume relaxation for arbitrary thermal histories at ambient pressure in the glass transition region, where the local rate of relaxation is given by a single relaxation time that depends on the local density and temperature. Using a single set of parameters, the stochastic model accurately predicts the entire Kovacs poly(vinyl acetate) volume relaxation data set. The meso-domain size was determined to be 2.8 nm, consistent with NMR and other measurements. This model indicates that the origin of the wide relaxation spectra observed experimentally is a single Debye process that experiences significant fluctuations in its state. The stochastic model also naturally predicts the small amount of thermorheological complexity that is observe...
Variation in Reproductive Biology of Male Black Bears

We compared the reproductive biology of male black bears in two study areas at different latitudes (36 and 47°N) and with dissimilar population characteristics (hunted versus unhunted) to test two null hypotheses stemming from previous studies: 1) no regional variation exists in male reproductive rhythms; 2) social factors do not contribute to variation. Both hypotheses were rejected. Serum–testosterone profiles differed between the two areas, with a sharper peak associated with the May–July breeding season among bears in Minnesota. Bears in Virginia and North Carolina had a longer period of elevated serum testosterone, in apparent accordance with more prolonged breeding periods reported for southerly populations of black bear. In both areas, serum-testosterone concentrations and size of testicles decreased from the breeding months to autumn. By December, when all bears in Minnesota were denned, testicles had ascended into the body cavity, and serum testosterone reached a nadir. Serum testosterone increased during late denning (February–March), and testicles of some bears became scrotal, supporting previous suggestions that the male reproductive cycle is triggered by photoperiod. However, we also observed age–specific differences in secretion of testosterone between study sites that appeared to be related to the effects of differing social structures.
SURVEILLANCE AND ASSESSMENT OF FILARIASIS ELIMINATION IN HENAN PROVINCE, CHINA

Objective To eliminate filariasis in Henan Province, China. Methods Longitudinal and latitudinal parasitological (thick blood smear method) and entomological(mosquito anatomy method) surveillance had been carried out in 69 former filariasis endemic counties/districts during 1995~2002. In 2003, assessment was conducted according to the filariasis elimination assessment protocol issued by the Ministry of Health. Results For the endemic areas of the whole province the average township and population coverage rate was 38.58% and 3.92% respectively. As for the individual endemic counties/districts, the township and population coverage rate ranged from 30% to 100% and 3% to 21.76% respectively. There was no microfilaremic case detected. Totally 245 878 mosquito vectors, including 213 746 Culex fatigans and 32 132 Anopheles sinensis, had been dissected. The ministry-issued vector surveillance standard had been met in every endemic county/district. No filarial larvae positive mosquito was found. Conclusion Henan Province had achieved the ministry-issued filariasis elimination standard.
Recombinant Ranaviruses for Studying Evolution of Host–Pathogen Interactions in Ectothermic Vertebrates

Ranaviruses (Iridoviridae) are large DNA viruses that are causing emerging infectious diseases at an alarming rate in both wild and captive cold blood vertebrate species all over the world. Although the general biology of these viruses that presents some similarities with poxvirus is characterized, many aspects of their replication cycles, host cell interactions and evolution still remain largely unclear, especially in vivo. Over several years, strategies to generate site-specific ranavirus recombinant, either expressing fluorescent reporter genes or deficient for particular viral genes, have been developed. We review here these strategies, the main ranavirus recombinants characterized and their usefulness for in vitro and in vivo studies.
Families, Vulnerability and Sexual Violence During the Irish Revolution

During the Irish Revolution, individuals increasingly recognised that joining nationalist groups, membership of the Sinn Fein political party, interest in Irish language revival, or active (or suspected) service in the IRA implicated others. These considerations were not merely peripheral; anxiety over the safety of non-combatants within one’s family and community and a desire to reduce collateral damage are frequent and central themes of the independence narrative. Such anxiety could also be placed within the context of fatherly concern more broadly. Moreover, as terror became a common feature of the conflict throughout 1920, so too did the fear of sexual violence. This chapter explores the experiences of parents and their children, women and the violation of bodies and intimate space, and the vulnerability and emotional anxiety experienced during this turbulent period.
Quantitative Analysis of Extracranial Arterial Tortuosity in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

PURPOSE Compared to the intracranial vasculature in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, the morphologic changes of the extracranial vasculature in SCD patients are less well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tortuosity of the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries in patients with SCD compared to age-matched controls. METHODS Following Institution Review Board approval, between January 2004 and December 2013, Magnetic resonance angiogram neck examinations were retrospectively reviewed on 56 patients with SCD and 56 age-matched controls. Vessel tortuosity was measured as curved vector lengths in the common carotid, extracranial internal carotid, and vertebral arteries bilaterally. Correlation of vessel tortuosity with age and hematocrit level was assessed. Paired and unpaired Student's t-tests were performed to determine within and between group differences. RESULTS Greater tortuosity in extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries were noted in patients with SCD as compared to age-matched control patients (P < .001). Greater differences in tortuosity between carotid and vertebral arteries were noted in SCD patients as compared to differences in control patients. Incidence of infarction was significantly associated with greater tortuosity of right carotid (P = .002), right (P = .004), and left (P = .020) vertebral arteries. CONCLUSIONS Extracranial carotid and vertebral arterial tortuosity is increased in SCD patients. This could be related to aberrations in hemodynamics from nonlaminar flow in these vessels. These increases in extracranial vascular tortuosity could potentially lead to alterations in intracranial vascular tortuosity and may be an independent risk factor for cerebral infarct.
Risk factors and antiemetic management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Purpose/objectives To review the emetic potential of chemotherapeutic agents and the specific factors that may help to identify patients who are most vulnerable to nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. To review the classes of antiemetic drugs that effectively control nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapeutic regimens. Data sources Journal articles, abstracts, and clinical experience. Data synthesis The trend toward outpatient care requires aggressive antiemetic therapy from the outset, with clear recognition of the risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The basic categories of antiemetics include 5-hydroxytryptamine, (5-HT3)-receptor antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, substituted benzamides, and cannabinoids. Additional agents often used in combination with these antiemetics include corticosteroids and benzodiazepines. Conclusions The 5-HT3-receptor antagonists offer enhanced control of emesis while causing few side effects. For highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens, the combination of 5-HT3-receptor antagonists and dexamethasone appears superior to other single agents or combinations in preventing nausea and vomiting. Implications for nursing practice Nursing care involves educating patients about self-care initiatives for effective management of chemotherapeutic side effects, including compliance with prescribed antiemetic regimens to prevent nausea and vomiting.
Relative Protein Quantification Using Tandem Mass Tag Mass Spectrometry

Measuring protein changes over time or following stimuli is one of the important tasks of proteomics. In the past decade, several strategies have been developed for the relative quantification of proteins using mass spectrometry (MS). Isobaric labeling strategies for relative quantitative proteomics allow for parallel multiplexing of quantitative experiments. With this technique, multiple peptide samples are chemically labeled with isobaric chemical tag variants and each variant has the same molecular structure and mass. Each variant, however, is designed to produce a unique "reporter ion" when fragmented inside a mass spectrometer. Once peptide samples are labeled, combined, and analyzed using MS, differentially labeled peptides are indistinguishable in a first, MS spectrum of intact peptides. However, since each tag variant contains a labile component with different mass, "reporter ions" can be generated and recorded in a subsequent MS2 spectrum. Intensities from each variant are recorded to represent the relative abundances of the peptide in each sample. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and tandem mass tags (TMT) are commercially available reagents for performing this technique. Here, we describe the general workflow of relative quantification of proteins using TMT by MS2, or an additional MS3 spectrum.
Effects of coconut oil on glycemia, inflammation, and urogenital microbial parameters in female Ossabaw mini-pigs

Forty percent of American women are obese and at risk for type II diabetes, impaired immune function, and altered microbiome diversity, thus impacting overall health. We investigated whether obesity induced by an excess calorie, high fat diet containing hydrogenated fats, fructose, and coconut oil (HFD) altered glucose homeostasis, peripheral immunity, and urogenital microbial dynamics. We hypothesized that HFD would cause hyperglycemia, increase peripheral inflammation, and alter urogenital microbiota to favor bacterial taxonomy associated with inflammation. We utilized female Ossabaw mini-pigs to model a 'thrifty' metabolic phenotype associated with increased white adipose tissue mass. Pigs were fed HFD (~4570 kcal/pig/day) or lean (~2000 kcal/pig/day) diet for a total of 9 estrous cycles (~6 months). To determine the effect of cycle stage on cytokines and the microbiome, animals had samples collected during cycles 7 and 9 on certain days of the cycle: D1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 18. Vaginal swabs or cervical flushes assessed urogenital microbiota. Systemic fatty acids, insulin, glucose, and cytokines were analyzed. Pig weights and morphometric measurements were taken weekly. Obese pigs had increased body weight, length, heart and belly girth but similar glucose concentrations. Obese pigs had decreased cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10), arachidonic acid and plasma insulin, but increased levels of vaccenic acid. Obese pigs had greater urogenital bacterial diversity, including several taxa known for anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, induction of obesity did not induce inflammation but shifted the microbial communities within the urogenital tract to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We postulate that the coconut oil in the HFD oil may have supported normal glucose homeostasis and modulated the immune response, possibly through regulation of microbial community dynamics and fatty acid metabolism. This animal model holds promise for the study of how different types of obesity and high fat diets may affect metabolism, immune phenotype, and microbial dynamics.
Percutaneous Image-Guided Lumbar Decompression Procedure

PILD, at present either MILD® or Totalis®, requires familiarization with the technique and instrumentation through formal training. This chapter highlights the key components of the procedures themselves to increase safety and likelihood of good patient outcome. Discussed includes anesthesia, technique, and radiographic analysis.
Photoinduced Bimolecular Electron Transfer in Ionic Liquids

The present work seeks to better understand the role of solute diffusion and solvation dynamics on bimolecular electron transfer in ionic liquids (ILs). Steady-state and time-resolved measurements of the reductive fluorescence quenching of five fluorophores (“F”) by six quenchers (“Q”; electron donors) are reported in acetonitrile and two ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. Data were collected on 66 different F–Q–solvent systems, which span a 2.0 eV range in driving force and viscosities that vary 1000-fold, enabling stringent tests of bimolecular electron transfer models. A Stern–Volmer analysis yielded much larger diffusion-limited rates than simple kinetic theory predictions in the ILs and the absence of a Marcus turnover. Use of an approximate solution to the spherical diffusion-reaction equation enabled testing of several models for the reaction rate distance dependence. The Smoluchowski an...
Transmission as Process and Power in Graham’s Chronicle (1936)

In this chapter, I examine Martha Graham’s Chronicle (1936), its history and performances, and present-day reconstructions of the work. I explore associations between current events and Graham ’s search for ways to wield choreography and movement as political statements. I show how transmission , as an embodied experience, governs power in a dance work created/performed in the past and researched, reconstructed, restaged, and/or reimagined in the present. Using in-depth interviews, archival research, and performance practice, and from my vantage point as a former Graham company dancer and regisseur, I propose that Graham ’s own collaborations during a work’s conception/creation/performance offer a model for how current scholars might approach restaging, reconstructing, and reimagining her master works. The Graham legacy, through transmission and collaboration, remains an exciting site for knowledge about both the past and present of dance history in the making.
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and the Tar Creek Superfund Site

The Tri-State Mining District was formed to encompass areas of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri where lead, zinc, and other metals were mined from the 1900s until the 1960s. Tar Creek in Ottowa County, Oklahoma was the recipient of much of the mining waste generated during this period. The Tar Creek watershed is an approximately 53.3-square-mile area, where 19,566 people reside. It is characterized by high heavy metal soil concentrations, contaminated surface and ground waters, air transport of contaminants, and exposed mining wastes. There are human health and ecological exposure hazards from these media. A need for evaluations of long-term solutions that could be constructed or implemented to improve the ecosystems is apparent. There has been a movement toward a more ‘holistic’ response to human health and wildlife risks at and adjacent to Tar Creek, including determining problems affecting residents and identifying appropriate remedial actions. In 1983, the area along Tar Creek was listed on the National Priority List (NPL) as a Superfund Site. The Environmental Protection Agency signed a Memorandum of Understanding with United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of Interior in 2003 to collaborate on assessment and remediation efforts with multiple stakeholders, which include tribal authorities, local interest parties, and other entities. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a systematic and structured process beneficial to users during the pre- and postphase of decision making. MCDA could prove an asset to the Tar Creek project, particularly when dealing with multiple stakeholders coupled with numerous remediation objectives and risk remedies, by applying decision processes such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT). Commercial software packages use decision processes as engines; for example, Expert Choice® utilizes AHP while Criterium DecisionPlus® exercises MAUT. MCDA, paired with decision-making tools, provides the results of modeling/-monitoring studies, risk analysis, cost, and stakeholder preferences so that risk managers are able to systematically evaluate and compare alternatives and actions supporting risk management and thus credibly prioritize resources. The following sections will discuss the background and history of the Tar Creek Superfund Site, the MCDA framework/structure, commonly used MCDA tools in conjunction with theories, and a methodology for how MCDA can be effectively used at the site.
Opportunities of International E-Services: A Conceptual Model

Internationally, the role of e-services in the effective and efficient functioning of firms is expanding and evolving. This evolution is significantly impacting customer and market behaviors. As a result, most firms have started developing and enhancing the e-services functionality to effectively deliver products and services. E-services can be used to automate, informate, and transform customer relationships and marketplaces. This paper highlights the scope of e-services in changing marketplaces and discusses e-services in an international context, utilizing a framework that will allow researchers and managers to understand the impact of country-level effects on e-services strategies. The paper suggests that, due to penetration of e-services, some firms will have the ability to transform markets. Directions for future research and managerial implications are also highlighted.
Clinical Genetics for the Gynecologist

Family history is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of breast and gynecologic cancer. It is thought that hereditary cases account for 5–10% of all cancers. A number of well-established, highly penetrant syndromes such as Lynch syndrome and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome account for the vast majority of the hereditary cases. A number of other moderate-risk genes associated with familial syndromes have also been described. The identification of these additional genes has greatly expanded testing options; however, less is known about risk and management for these more recently described genes. This chapter describes the hereditary syndromes associated with breast and gynecologic malignancies and provides risk-reduction recommendations when available. The criteria for genetic testing, methods of genetic testing, and application of results are reviewed.
Meta-Analysis of Video Prompting to Teach Daily Living Skills to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

We conducted a meta-analysis of the single-case research design data on the effects of video prompting (VP) on the acquisition of daily living skills (DLS) among individuals with autism spectrum di...
Introduction to Echocardiography

Echocardiography is a safe, noninvasive, and widely available method that often provides a definitive anatomic and hemodynamic diagnosis and guides medical management. Although long viewed as clinically “mature,” echocardiography has undergone further “revolutionary” advances during the past 10 years, including not only technologic breakthroughs but also new clinical applications for older techniques. The recent explosion of potential “add-on” techniques presents echocardiographers with challenging questions about what constitutes real clinical progress and what techniques should be incorporated into the standard examination protocol. By becoming familiar with their clinical indications, echocardiographers can use these techniques selectively, on an “as-needed” basis, and thus streamline patient care. Because of increased availability and clinical utility, echocardiography’s usage has greatly expanded in recent years. However, echocardiography demands a major commitment in terms of time, personnel, ongoing training, and technology. An understanding of the physics of ultrasound is essential for performing echocardiography examinations and interpreting their results. A comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography examination includes systematic acquisition of a set of twodimensional and M-mode views, along with spectral Doppler and color Doppler evaluation of the intrathoracic cardiovascular structures (e.g., the myocardium, cardiac valves, pericardium, and great vessels). Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are frequently used as complementary imaging techniques. Accordingly, the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods should be understood. Newer imaging modalities that are being introduced into the standard examination include contrast echocardiography, harmonic imaging modalities, parametric imaging modes, and selected three-dimensional techniques. Echocardiography examinations using standardized and novel imaging modes are frequently applied to a wide range of new clinical treatments, including assessment of left ventricular assist devices. In this growing field, important quality assurance measures have evolved along with imaging techniques to improve the quality of delivered care.
Maternal influences on primate social development

Primate mothers have the potential to influence the development of species-typical aspects of their offspring’s behavior as well as their individual sociosexual and reproductive strategies. If mothers experience psychosocial stress during pregnancy or lactation, their own stress hormones can have a long-term impact on their offspring’s physiology. The mother’s own behavior, especially weaning-related rejection, can be stressful to infants and have long-lasting effects on their infants’ neuroendocrine reactivity to stress. Exposure to variable maternal style early in life has long-term effects on the development of offspring behavior, including exploration and play, affiliation and aggression, and parenting. Primate mothers influence the kinship- and rank-related social preferences of their offspring, typically by providing opportunities to interact with some individuals more than others. Although mothers can contribute to the development of sex-typical behavior in the offspring (along with other environmental and genetic factors), sex-typical behavior is generally not the product of maternal socialization. Mothers provide their offspring with opportunities for social learning but rarely teach their infants new skills. In primate species with despotic dominance hierarchies, maternal transmission of rank through agonistic aid to their offspring makes a crucial contribution to the offspring’s fitness (as the daughters of high-ranking mothers reproduce more successfully than the daughters of low-ranking mothers). Future studies of maternal influences on social development could benefit from a deeper theoretical and experimental investigation of the evolutionary significance of these effects as well as of their underlying proximate mechanisms.
Self-Diffusion in a Spatially Modulated System of Electrons on Helium

We present results of molecular dynamics simulations of the electron system on the surface of liquid helium. The simulations are done for 1600 electrons with periodic boundary conditions. Electron scattering by capillary waves and phonons in helium is explicitly taken into account. We find that the self-diffusion coefficient superlinearly decreases with decreasing temperature. In the free-electron system, it turns to zero essentially discontinuously, which we associate with the liquid-to-solid transition. In contrast, when the system is placed in the fully commensurate one-dimensional potential, the freezing of the diffusion occurs smoothly. We relate this change to the fact that, as we show, a Wigner crystal in such a potential is stable, in contrast to systems with a short-range inter-particle coupling. We find that the freezing temperature nonmonotonically depends on the commensurability parameter. We also find incommensurability solitons in the solid phase. The results reveal peculiar features of the dynamics of a strongly correlated system with long-range coupling placed into a periodic potential.
Moving beyond Co-optation: Gender, Development, and Intimacy

Development discourse has centered a female entrepreneur as the savior of the developing world, while feminist development studies has been ambivalent about the focus on women as ideal development agents, as well as of market-based approaches as solutions to inequality. This dilemma has fueled debates regarding the co-optation of feminist politics for a series of state, transnational and corporate interventions that are antithetical to feminist principles of social justice. This study examines how a women9s cooperative in Costa Rica that works on entrepreneurship and technology challenges boundaries between autonomy and co-optation through a series of organizational practices and loving relationships among themselves, as well as with the communities they serve. The research is based on in-depth interviews with the cooperative9s associates, collaborators, and workshop participants, with Costa Rican government officials and administrators at national technical universities, and participant observation at the organization in San Jose. I found that solidarity-based organizational practices enable a feminist technopolitical praxis that challenges market-centered strategies by forging collectivized ways of living and working, and that in this context technology is localized, collectivized, and felt. These findings suggest that examining process and implementation defies fixed narratives on the relationships between gender, entrepreneurship, technology, and development.