cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile Phone Interventions for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Abstract Mobile health in the form of text messaging and mobile applications provides an innovative and effective approach to promote prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the magnitude of these effects is unclear. Through a comprehensive search of databases from 2002–2016, we conducted a quantitative systematic review. The selected studies were critically evaluated to extract and summarize pertinent characteristics and outcomes. A large majority of studies (22 of 28, 79%) demonstrated text messaging, mobile applications, and telemonitoring via mobile phones were effective in improving outcomes. Some key factors associated with successful interventions included personalized messages with tailored advice, greater engagement (2-way text messaging, higher frequency of messages), and use of multiple modalities. Overall, text messaging appears more effective than smartphone-based interventions. Incorporating principles of behavioral activation will help promote and sustain healthy lifestyle behaviors in patients with CVD that result in improved clinical outcomes.
Allelic Expression Profiling to Dissect Genome-Wide Association Study Signals

Genome-wide association studies are providing exciting new insight into the genetics of complex disease, but oftentimes, the genomic regions associated with the trait of interest are large enough to contain several equally plausible candidate genes. Commonly, no obvious, putatively functional, polymorphisms are found to segregate. In most cases, therefore, functional evaluation of possible regulatory mechanisms is necessary to narrow the list of potential candidates. One approach to functional characterization of such variants is allelic expression (AE) profiling, which provides an assessment of transcriptional differences between two homologous transcripts. In AE, a heterozygous, transcribed single nucleotide polymorphism is used to quantify the relative transcript abundance between two gene copies. A ratio that differs significantly from 1:1 suggests that the sample may be heterozygous for a cis-acting regulatory allele. The pattern of observed cis-regulatory variation in the profiled candidate genes can thus narrow the list of candidates under an association signal substantially. In addition, AE is also an accessible and economical strategy, as it relies heavily upon standard techniques and equipment likely to be present in any disease-mapping laboratory.
Attention and Mental Retardation

There is a substantial literature on attention, the study of which was begun in psychology as the introspective investigation of a mental faculty or power (see Woodworth & Schlosberg, 1954). Thus Titchener sought to measure "attensity," the clearness or vividness of a sensation achieved by concentrating attention upon it, and from this approach has come the notion of attention as having a focus (or center) and a fringe (or periphery) like the beam of a flashlight. With the disenchantment with introspection as a source of reliable data, the topic of attention was largely abandoned as such, although the "orienting reaction" called by Pavlov the "investigatory" or "what-is-it reflex" by which animals (including man) orient themselves to new stimuli, became a central concept in classical (respondent) conditioning. It has been said that "the 'orienting reflex' is an operationally defined concept which corresponds in part to the conditions of usage of the consciousness-centered concept of 'attention' [Maltzman & Raskin, 1965, p. 10]," though it has not been established that it invariably accompanies attention. The recent revival of the study of attention, however, has been mainly due to the importance in military and industrial technology of tasks requiring vigilance (the monitoring of a stimulus display for the detection of intermittent signals over an extended time period) or responses to simultaneous and competing stimuli, and such study has centered on attending behavior rather than on attention as a mental process or entity (Treisman, 1966). Because the information-carrying capacity of his nervous system is
Time limits of cadaver lung viability.

Summary 1. The maximum period following death during which a lung will maintain its effectiveness for subsequent in vitro gas exchange was determined in 36 excised dogs' lungs. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide was determined by perfusing the lungs with deoxygenated blood while they were ventilated with room air through the trachea. 2. Lungs left unventilated within the cadaver will provide subsequent efficient in vitro gas exchange for at least 2 hours. If the lungs are artificially respired within the cadaver, this period of preservation is at least 6 hours.
Energy pooling in Na 3 p − N a 3 p collisions

The formation of Na ($\mathrm{nl}$) and $\mathrm{Na}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ in sodium vapor (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) irradiated by a single-frequency (20-MHz bandwidth) cw dye laser tuned to one of the $D$ lines has been studied. The dependence of product signal on laser power density suggests that Na $3p$-Na $3p$ energy pooling collisions are responsible for these species. Rate constants for specific reaction channels and temperature dependences of rate constants are also reported.
Hepatic Steatosis is Common in Adolescents with Obesity and PCOS and Relates to De Novo Lipogenesis but not Insulin Resistance

Objective Increased liver fat and type 2 diabetes are prevalent in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and cause excess mortality, yet little is known about their development during adolescence. The objective of this study was to measure hepatic steatosis and related metabolic contributors in girls with obesity, with and without PCOS. Methods Nondiabetic adolescents with obesity, 41 with PCOS (PCOS; age 15.0 [13.0-16.0] years, BMI 35.2 ± 0.61 kg/m2) and 30 without PCOS (OB; age 14.5 [13.0-17.0], BMI 33.2 ± 1.8), were studied. Visceral and liver fat were assessed with MRI. Serum measures included androgens and 16:1 and 18:1 N7 fatty acids specific to de novo lipogenesis. Adipose, hepatic, and peripheral insulin sensitivity (IS) were assessed with a four-phase hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with isotope tracers. Results Forty-nine percent of the PCOS group had hepatic steatosis versus fourteen percent of the OB group (P = 0.02), and the PCOS group had higher N7 (43 ± 4 vs. 29 ± 5 nmol/g; P = 0.02). Peripheral IS was lower in PCOS (9.4 [7.2-12.3] vs. 14.5 [13.1-18.05 mg/lean kg/min]; P < 0.001) as was hepatic (P = 0.006) and adipose IS (P = 0.005). Percent liver fat correlated with N7 (R = 0.46, P = 0.02) and visceral fat (R = 0.42, P < 0.001), not androgens or peripheral IS. Conclusions Nearly 50% of nondiabetic girls with PCOS and obesity have hepatic steatosis, which relates to visceral fat and lipogenesis, but not to IS or androgens.
Treatment of Pediatric Diaphyseal Femoral Fractures with Locked Intramedullary Implants

The treatment of pediatric diaphyseal femoral fractures underwent a shift from traction and casting to operative intervention, especially in older children and adolescents. By the 1990s, treatment with locked intramedullary nailing had progressed from being used only in adults to being a potential treatment in adolescents, and has since been shown to be safe in children 11 years of age or older. Before any treatment is undertaken in the pediatric population, special consideration must be given to the fact that potential complications in children are different from those in adults, the most notable being avascular necrosis of the femoral head and growth disturbance. This chapter discusses the basics of locked intramedullary nailing of diaphyseal femoral fractures in children, biomechanics, indications and contraindications, operative technique, and complications, as well as considerations in implant removal.
Correcting Two Important Aspects of the Labor Market Lesson Plan

The textbook bathtub model attributes a minor role to labor force participation. Recent empirical research shows that participation accounts for around one-third of the fluctuations in unemployment. This article outlines a technique for introducing the intermediate macroeconomics student to an augmented bathtub model, enhancing the student's understanding of how participation impacts the unemployment rate within a dynamic context. Further, the flow-based approach correctly demonstrates the mild counter-cyclicality of labor market participation. International evidence is analyzed by utilizing available labor market flow data for the US and the UK. Finally, a pedagogically effective simulation exercise incorporating a "spreadsheet technique" is demonstrated.
The evolving role of ubiquitin modification in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a warehouse for factors that augment and control the biogenesis of nascent proteins entering the secretory pathway. In turn, this compartment also harbors the machinery that responds to the presence of misfolded proteins by targeting them for proteolysis via a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). During ERAD, substrates are selected, modified with ubiquitin, removed from the ER, and then degraded by the cytoplasmic 26S proteasome. While integral membrane proteins can directly access the ubiquitination machinery that resides in the cytoplasm or on the cytoplasmic face of the ER membrane, soluble ERAD substrates within the lumen must be retrotranslocated from this compartment. In either case, nearly all ERAD substrates are tagged with a polyubiquitin chain, a modification that represents a commitment step to degrade aberrant proteins. However, increasing evidence indicates that the polyubiquitin chain on ERAD substrates can be further modified, serves to recruit ERAD-requiring factors, and may regulate the ERAD machinery. Amino acid side chains other than lysine on ERAD substrates can also be modified with ubiquitin, and post-translational modifications that affect substrate ubiquitination have been observed. Here, we summarize these data and provide an overview of questions driving this field of research.
Una actualización de pancreatitis crónica: artículo de revisión

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibro-inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by irreversible fibrosis of the gland with eventual failure of exocrine and endocrine functions and hallmark features of abdominal pain, malabsorption, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus and pancreatic calcifications. In many patients this disease results from a complex mix of environmental (eg, alcohol, cigarettes, and occupational chemicals), genetic factors and a few patients with hereditary or autoimmune disease. The management includes medical, endoscopic and surgical approaches with the need for interaction between various specialties, calling for a concerted multidisciplinary approach. This review provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the studies summarizing the epidemiology, etiology, physiopatology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatments of the disease.
Creating Ultimate Customer Loyalty Through Loyalty Conviction and Customer-Company Identification

Abstract Why do customers’ attitudinal loyalty fail to predict their behavior? More importantly, what creates such latent loyalty? We attempt to answer these questions by examining the antecedents and outcomes of loyalty conviction, which represents the inherent strength/uncertainty in a customer’s attitudinal loyalty. For deep attitudinal loyalty (i.e., conative loyalty), the findings suggest that customer satisfaction creates loyalty held without conviction. In contrast, customer-company identification creates loyalty held with conviction. Importantly, attitudinal loyalty without conviction loses its ability to predict behavior when situational and competitive barriers are present whereas loyalty with conviction maintains a predictive relationship with behavior despite the same barriers.
Shorter telomere length in cord blood associated with prenatal air pollution exposure: Benefits of intervention.

Abstract Background To examine the molecular benefits of the government action to close the local coal burning power plant in Tongliang County, Chongqing Municipality, we compared biologic markers and health outcomes in two successive birth cohorts enrolled before and after the plant was shut down. In this city, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were primarily emitted by the coal burning facility. We previously reported that cord blood levels of PAH-DNA adducts (a biomarker of exposure) and various adverse health outcomes were reduced in the second cohort, whereas levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/BDNF (a protein involved in neuronal growth) were increased. Here we assessed telomere length (TL), which has been associated with risk of certain chronic diseases, early mortality, aging and cognitive decline in adults. Objectives The goals of the present study were to determine whether TL differed between the two cohorts and whether prenatal PAH exposure, estimated by PAH-DNA adducts in cord white blood cells of newborns in China, were predictive of shorter TL in cord blood, suggesting the potential accrual of risk of certain chronic diseases during the prenatal period. We explored relationships of TL with BDNF and neurodevelopmental outcomes, each previously associated with PAH-DNA adducts in these cohorts, as well as the potential mediating role of TL in the associations between adducts and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods We analyzed TL in cord blood of 255 newborns who also had data on PAH-DNA adducts, BDNF, and relevant covariates. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to test associations between adducts and TL and between TL and BDNF, adjusting for relevant covariates. In the subset with developmental quotient (DQ) scores from Gesell testing at age 2 (N = 210), we explored whether TL was a mediator of the relationship between PAH-DNA adducts and DQ scores by first examining the associations between cord adducts and DQ, cord adducts and TL, and TL and DQ, adjusting for the same covariates. Results As hypothesized, the mean TL was significantly higher in the second cohort compared to the first cohort. Overall, PAH-DNA cord adducts were significantly and inversely correlated with TL. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between adducts and TL, after adjusting for key covariates: β (effect size per standard deviation adducts) = −0.019, p = .003. The regression coefficient of TL on (Ln) BDNF was also significant (β = 0.167, p Conclusion This study provides the first evidence that prenatal PAH exposure from coal burning may adversely affect TL, with potential implications for future risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. The improvement in TL in the second cohort and the observed correlation between increased TL and higher levels of BDNF indicate direct benefits to the health and development of children resulting from the government's closure of the power plant.
Transgenic Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

The rapid advances in human genetics have been accompanied by a major increase in transgenic animal research for the purpose of neurodegenerative disease study. This article introduces the transgenic approach, explains the underlying principles of the transgenic approach, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different transgenic methods.
Beyond the Fringe: Transfer-Printed Ceramics and the Internationalization of Celtic Myth

During the Romantic period of the nineteenth century, a wholesale invention of cultural myth and tradition took place in what we now think of as the industrialized West. One of the more interesting aspects of this “invention of tradition” was the development of the mythic Celtic past in Western Europe, particularly Scotland and Wales. This reinvention of the past is reflected in aspects of material culture, including contemporary transfer-print patterns, many of which contain scenes based on the themes of the mythic past. This paper surveys some of the more common Scottish- and Welsh-related patterns and attempts to place them in their appropriate cultural and historical context as well as demonstrating how they reflect certain cultural trends of the period. Some of the broader issues and implications surrounding these patterns, especially regarding their use as a vehicle for disseminating an ideological perspective internationally, are also examined.
Antioxidant and B-vitamins and Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in Western countries. It is well accepted that high intake of fruits and vegetables has a significant role in the prevention of many chronic diseases such as CVD, cancer, and degenerative brain disorders (1). Due to the complexity of the nutrient content of fruits and vegetables, identification of specific nutrients responsible for cardioprotection is challenging. Collectively, the likely substances that provide the beneficial effects of fruits and vegetables include antioxidant vitamins and B-vitamins.
The form classes of Spanish substantives

According to deeply entrenched descriptive and pedagogical traditions, gender is the basic organizing factor in the inflectional morphology of Spanish nouns and adjectives. In ‘The Exponence of Gender in Spanish’ (Harris 1991, hereafter ‘EGS’), I have argued that this tradition is wrong: gender is only one of three interrelated but distinct and autonomous domains relevant to inflection, namely, biological/semantic sex, syntactic gender, and morphological form class. Each of these domains has its own internal organization and its own formal mechanisms. For example, morphological form- class affiliation plays no role in syntactic gender concord, and the single monovalent diacritic mark motivated by gender asymmetries is not formally equivalent to any of the several marks needed to register the assignment of lexical items to form classes.1
Determining the Propensity for the Level of International Sales in U.S. High Technology Industries

The purpose of this study is to determine the propensity, in selected high technology industries, to engage in international sales. Previous studies have investigated the propensity to export (no versus yes) and the propensity to participate in international business activities (no versus yes) in various industries. Using data from 15,203 U.S. firms in eleven high technology industries, the propensity to participate in different levels of international sales (low versus high) is calculated and compared. The results indicate that differences exist regarding the impact of firm characteristics on the level of international sales within the industries investigated.
A33 Session 10: Adjunctive Therapeutic Approaches

Much of the interest in cryoablation for malignant disease was prompted by observations that after freezing a primary lesion, distant, un-treated sites of disease show regression. This was presumed to be secondary to the generation of an anti-tumor immune response, stimulated by the ablation and resorption of the tumor, a concept known as “cryo-immunology”. As our knowledge of the components of the immune system and their interactions in the generation, or suppression, of an immune response has increased, we have greater understanding of how freezing a tumor in situ might stimulate an anti-tumor response. However, while both pre-clinical and clinical research suggests a pro-inflammatory response to cryoablation, this may not be potent enough to influence clinical outcomes. Our improved understanding of the immunologic response may allow us to both direct and augment the anti-tumor response stimulated by tumor cryoablation. New immunotherapies, such as anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 may serve as ideal adjuvants to cryoablation in order to generate clinically significant immune responses.
Can Creditors Invade Qualified College Savings Plans

Although the attractive tax and control features of qualified college savings plans have received much attention, surprisingly little light has been shed on whether the contributor's creditors can invade these plans. This article explores the risks to which college savings plans are exposed and surveys the level of protection offered by each state.
Modeling strong discontinuities in the material point method using a single velocity field

Abstract We propose a new way to include strong velocity discontinuities in the material point method (MPM). We use the recent idea of damage gradient partitioning to dynamically determine whether or not deformed locations of material points are on the same side of a discontinuity as each node of a finite element discretization of the Eulerian velocity field. Velocity basis functions associated with the finite element nodes are then altered to ensure that their contributions to discontinuous components of the velocity are supported only at points assigned to the same side of the discontinuity. The partitioning of material points relative to each finite element node eliminates the need for indexing partitions, and accommodates discontinuities that do not partition material into disjoint bodies (e.g., propagating cracks). By building velocity discontinuities directly into the approximation space, sliding contact, separation, and multi-body interaction are possible within a single velocity field. The methodology avoids the need to track contact surfaces, construct and evolve explicit cracks, or use multiple velocity fields. Several numerical examples are computed to support these claims. The examples are also compared to the conventional MPM, demonstrating the method’s superiority in dealing with sliding contact and separation.
Measuring Ultrafast Turbulent Flow Characteristics using Time-Stretch Imaging

Turbulent flow is a type of gas or liquid flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in which the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction [1]. Some applications in which characteristics of turbulent flow are important include blood flow in arteries, oil transport in pipelines, lava flow, atmosphere and ocean currents, the flow through pumps and turbines, and the flow in boat wakes and around aircraft-wings.
Conceptual History of Dictatorship (and Its Rivals)

The history of the idea of dictatorship represents a powerful confirmation of the idea of the meaningful history of concepts. There is indeed an immense gulf between the traditional (ancient to early modern) and modern meanings. The modern revival was powered by the need to conceptualize new social and political realities. It is highly significant, that the term dictatorship clearly triumphed by the 20th century over adversaries that now have a distinctly archaic or anachronistic ring (tyranny, despotism, and autocracy) as well as new competitors that seem to be historically too specific (Caesarism, Bonapartism, and again: autocracy). Having absorbed some features of the rival categories, dictatorship was established because of implicit meanings that plausibly, even if ideologically, link the very different contexts of two fundamentally different “dictatorships”, Republican Rome’s and the contemporary world’s. In my view these linkages have to do with the problems of emergency or extraordinary government, that cannot be avoided as long as we face the issues of maintaining the rule of law, and popular government as well as establishing and preserving republican forms of rule over large territories.
Sacubitril-Valsartan Initiation Post-Left Ventricular Assist Device is Safe and Effective

Introduction and Aim Guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction includes demonstrated benefit from the combination drug sacubitril-valsartan in acute and chronic heart failure. However, little is known of its’ tolerability in patients with stage D HF requiring durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Our aim was to determine its’ safety and efficacy in patients with durable LVADs. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who were initiated on sacubitril-valsartan post-LVAD implantation at our institution for baseline characteristics and drug tolerability. Results We identified 10 patients with a mean age of 57.5 ± 8.7 years who were initiated on sacubitril-valsartan post-LVAD implantation, 80% for destination therapy. Of these, 4 had axial and 6 had centrifugal flow pumps. The majority were Caucasian (60%) and male (70%). The initiation of sacubitril-valsartan reduced MAP by 20.0 ± 14.0 mmHg (p=0.002), and NT-proBNP from 2,929 pg/mL to 1,530 pg/mL (p=0.36). By contrast, mean serum creatinine and potassium were unaltered (Table 1). Only one patient experienced hyperkalemia, and no patients developed drug-related acute kidney injury (decline in eGFR >25%), hypotension or angioedema. Following the initiation of sacubitril-valsartan, there was a concomitant reduction in the use of other oral vasodilators (30-50%), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (20%), and non-potassium sparing diuretics (10%). Conclusions Sacubitril-valsartan initiation in patients after LVAD implantation is tolerated, and reduces MAP. Elevated MAP has been related to adverse events post-LVAD and sacubitril-valsartan appears safe and effective in our preliminary experience in patients supported with continuous flow LVAD.
Postembolotherapy Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Follow-Up: A Role for Graded Transthoracic Contrast Echocardiography Prior to High-Resolution Chest CT Scan.

Background High-resolution chest CT (HRCT) scan is recommended after pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) embolotherapy to assess for PAVM persistence and untreated PAVM growth. Graded transthoracic contrast echocardiography (TTCE) predicts the need for embolotherapy in PAVM screening. This study sought to determine whether postembolotherapy graded TTCE can similarly predict the need for repeat embolotherapy. Methods Thirty-two patients (8 men and 24 women; mean age, 51.1 ± 12.6 years) with prior PAVM embolotherapy and follow-up HRCT scan were prospectively enrolled. Patients underwent graded TTCE using a validated three-point quantitative grading scale. TTCE grade and HRCT findings were compared. Results Median time between most recent HRCT scan and TTCE was 7 days (interquartile range, 0-272 days). Thirty patients (94%) had no PAVMs requiring repeat embolotherapy on HRCT scan. Two patients (6%) had PAVMs requiring repeat embolotherapy (feeding artery [FA] ≥ 3 mm), one with untreated PAVM growth and one with treated PAVM persistence. TTCE was positive in 88% of patients (n = 28). All patients (n = 4, 12%) with negative TTCE had no visible PAVMs on HRCT scan. Nine patients (32%) had grade 1 shunt, 10 (35%) had grade 2 shunt, and nine (32%) had grade 3 shunt. No patients with grade 1 shunt had PAVMs amenable to repeat embolotherapy on HRCT scan. All patients (n = 2) with PAVMs requiring repeat embolotherapy (FA ≥ 3 mm) had grade 3 shunt. TTCE grade was significantly associated with PAVM FA diameter (P Conclusions Postembolotherapy graded TTCE can predict the need for repeat embolotherapy on HRCT scan. Patients with negative TTCE and grade 1 shunt may not require HRCT follow-up and can potentially be followed with serial graded TTCE. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02936349 ; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov .
TRENDS AND COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PERMANENT PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION: A NATIONAL DATABASE ANALYSIS

Pacemakersare mainly used in patients with sinus node dysfunction (SND) and high-gradeor symptomatic atrioventricular block. We sought to look at the trends andcompare the complications associated with different types of permanentpacemakers (PPM). We queried the National Inpatient Sample Database
“Name and Shame”: An Effective Strategy for College Tuition Accountability?:

Due to concerns about college affordability, in 2011, the Department of Education began producing two annual public lists of institutions with the highest change in tuition and fees and average net...
Good ‘Cat’, Bad ‘Act’

A widespread intuition is that words, musical works, and flags are intentionally produced and that they’re abstract types that can have incorrect tokens. But some philosophers, notably Julian Dodd and Nicholas Wolterstorff, think intention-dependence isn’t necessary; tokens just need to have certain relevant intrinsic features to be tokens of a given type. I show how there’s an unappreciated puzzle that arises from these two views: if tokens aren’t intention-dependent and types can admit of correct and incorrect tokens, then some driftwood that washes up and forms what seems like the word ‘cat’ may simultaneously be a misspelling of ‘act’ and innumerable other misspelt words. I consider various ways Dodd and Wolterstorff can respond to this counterintuitive result and argue that biting the bullet, as well as nearby views, are implausible. Thus, they need to give up one of the two commitments, and I argue that requiring the intention-dependence of tokens, rather than the mere possession of certain intrinsic properties, is the best option.
Redefining Boundaries: Ruth Myrtle Patrick’s Ecological Program at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1947–1975

Ruth Myrtle Patrick (1907-2013) was a pioneering ecologist and taxonomist whose extraordinary career at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia spanned over six decades. In 1947, an opportunity arose for Patrick to lead a new kind of river survey for the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board to study the effects of pollution on aquatic organisms. Patrick leveraged her already extensive scientific network, which included ecologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson, to overcome resistance within the Academy, establish a new Department of Limnology, and carry out the survey, which was a resounding success and brought much needed money to the Academy. As demand for her expertise grew among industrial companies, such as the chemical company DuPont, Patrick became more active in the world of applied science. She repurposed data and instruments from her river surveys to run new experiments, test ecological theories, and conduct long-term ecological studies. Through these studies, she advanced an argument that biologist Thomas Lovejoy dubbed the "Patrick principle," the idea that the ecological health of a body of water could be measured by the relative abundance and diversity of species living there. Patrick was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1970, became a board member of DuPont in 1975, and received two of the most prestigious awards in ecology: the Eminent Ecologist Award from the Ecological Society of America in 1972 and the Tyler Ecology Award in 1975. This article analyzes Patrick's unusual success in bridging the worlds of science and industry and her unusual ability to cross, and redefine, the perceived boundary between basic and applied fields in biology. It argues that Patrick's position at the Academy, an institution of natural history that was both willing and able to accept money from industrial corporations, is key to understanding her success in, and influence on, the field of river ecology.
Mealtime behaviours of young children with sensory food aversions: An observational study.

INTRODUCTION Children with sensory food aversions (SFAs) are at risk for nutritional problems and occupational dysfunction during daily meals. To facilitate optimal occupational performance for children with SFAs, it is critical that clinicians understand child behaviour and caregiver strategy use to manage child behaviour during meals. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reliability of a novel coding scheme, the Behavioural Mealtime Coding System (BMCS) and identify associations among child acceptance of preferred and targeted foods, child food exploration and caregiver use of strategies to manage child behaviour. METHODS Twenty-one children (aged 18-60 months) with SFAs and their caregivers were recruited using a convenience sample. An observational video coding system was developed to code mealtime behaviour in 63 typical mealtime videos recorded by caregivers in the home environment. Inter-rater reliability, descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations were calculated. RESULTS The BMCS demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = .95). Child bites of targeted foods were associated with mealtime duration (rs = .51, p = .02) and events of the child licking food (rs = .57, p = .007). Caregiver use of threats was positively associated with child age (rs = .48, p = .03) and negatively associated with caregiver education level (rs = -.49, p = .03). CONCLUSION For children with SFAs, increasing mealtime duration by embedding positive activities to encourage food exploration may improve acceptance of healthy targeted foods. Future research is needed to better understand the complex relationships among caregiver strategy use, mealtime duration and child mealtime behaviour.
History of Hepatic Encephalopathy Is Not a Contraindication to Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement for Refractory Ascites

Author(s): Saab, Sammy; Zhao, Matthew; Asokan, Ishan; Yum, Jung Jun; Lee, Edward Wolfgang | Abstract: IntroductionThe outcomes of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are controversial. We studied the relationship of pre-TIPS HE in patients undergoing TIPS for refractory ascites on all-cause mortality and development of post-TIPS HE.MethodsA single-center retrospective comparison study was performed for patients undergoing TIPS for refractory ascites. Survival by history of pre-TIPS HE was demonstrated with Kaplan-Meier curves. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of post-TIPS clinical outcomes for patients with and without pre-TIPS HE.ResultsWe identified 202 TIPS recipients (61% male, mean ± SD; age 59.1 ± 10.2 years; mean model for end-stage liver disease score 17.3 ± 6.9). Pre-TIPS HE did not predispose patients for increased all-cause mortality, increased risk of experiencing HE within 60 days, or increased risk of hospital admission for HE within 6 months. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that total bilirubin (odds ratio [OR] 1.03; P = 0.016) and blood urea nitrogen (OR 1.15; P = 0.002) were predictors for all-cause mortality within 6 months post-TIPS. Age ≥65 years (OR 3.92; P = 0.004), creatinine (OR 2.22; P = 0.014), and Child-Pugh score (OR 1.53; P = 0.006) were predictors for HE within 60 days post-TIPS. Predictors of intensive care admission for HE within 6 months post-TIPS included age ≥65 years (OR 8.84; P = 0.018), history of any admission for HE within 6 months pre-TIPS (OR 8.42; P = 0.017), and creatinine (OR 2.22; P = 0.015).DiscussionIf controlled, pre-TIPS HE does not adversely impact patient survival or clinical outcomes, such as development of HE within 60 days of TIPS or hospital admission for HE within 6 months. Patients may be able to undergo TIPS for refractory ascites despite a history of HE.
Repeated stimulation of the HPA axis alters white blood cell count without increasing oxidative stress or inflammatory cytokines in fasting elephant seal pups.

ABSTRACT The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis controls the release of glucocorticoids, which regulate immune and inflammatory function by modulating cytokines, white blood cells and oxidative stress via glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. Although the response to HPA activation is well characterized in many species, little is known about the impacts of HPA activation during extreme physiological conditions. Hence, we challenged 18 simultaneously fasting and developing elephant seal pups with daily intramuscular injections of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), a GR antagonist (RU486), or a combination of the two (ACTH+RU486) for 4 days. We collected blood at baseline, 2 h and 4 days after the beginning of treatment. ACTH and ACTH+RU486 elevated serum aldosterone and cortisol at 2 h, with effects diminishing at 4 days. RU486 alone induced a compensatory increase in aldosterone, but not cortisol, at 4 days. ACTH decreased neutrophils at 2 h, while decreasing lymphocytes and increasing the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio at 4 days. These effects were abolished by RU486. Despite alterations in white blood cells, there was no effect of ACTH or RU486 on transforming growth factor-β or interleukin-6 levels; however, both cytokines decreased with the 4 day fasting progression. Similarly, ACTH did not impact protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation or antioxidant enzymes, but plasma isoprostanes and catalase activity decreased while glutathione peroxidase increased with fasting progression. These data demonstrate differential acute (2 h) and chronic (4 days) modulatory effects of HPA activation on white blood cells and that the chronic effect is mediated, at least in part, by GR. These results also underscore elephant seals' extraordinary resistance to oxidative stress derived from repeated HPA activation.
Form and Substance in the

Instrumentalist ideas have long been prominent in torts scholarship. Since the rise of legal realism, discussions of deterrence, compensation, the minimization of accident costs, and the distribution of losses, have dominated scholarly discourse. In the past several decades, however, wholesale rejections of instrumentalist tort theory have arisen. The most uncompromising of these views rallies around the avowedly formalist battle cry that tort is “private law”. Ernest Weinrib’s elegant and influential book, The Idea of Private Law, declares its allegiance to that thesis in its title, and the idea figures almost as centrally in Arthur Ripstein’s recent and important Private Wrongs. Theorists who rally around the banner of “private law” claim that tort law’s governing principles of right and responsibility tumble out of the field’s characteristic legal form. Law, as they understand it, is constitutive of just relations among persons, not an instrument for the pursuit of independently valuable ends. For scholars like Weinrib and Ripstein, “private law” is the Kantian idea of reason that makes our actual law of torts intelligible. The claim that torts is a law of wrongs where (1) persons bring claims in their own names for (2) harms that they have wrongly suffered against (3) those allegedly responsible for those wrongful harms is powerful and persuasive. The claim that the obligations persons owe one another in tort are obligations owed among equal and independent persons is likewise compelling. But theorists of tort as “private law” overshoot the mark by both asking and making too much of form. They ask too much of form when they attempt to make sense of the private law of torts solely in terms of form—eschewing all talk of interests. We cannot understand or justify the law of torts without attending to the interests that it protects. In tort, as elsewhere, rights and the duties they ground protect important individual interests. For example, our pressing interest in the physical integrity of our persons grounds the law of negligence. Theorist of tort as “private law” make too much of form when they present the legal category of tort as its own autonomous domain, sealed off against infection by any legal field whose form identifies it as “public law”. In our law, the private law of torts cooperates and competes with public law institutions as a response to the pervasiveness of accidental harm in an industrial and technological society. Tort is one institutional instrument available to us to secure diverse, important interests against interference and impairment. Establishing rightful relations among free and equal persons in civil society requires that institutions protect persons’ urgent interests, not just establish their formal independence. The theoretical understanding that we need will recognize that we misunderstand even the private law of torts itself if we sever it entirely from forms of collective responsibility for avoiding and repairing accidental harm. Our private law of torts competes and cooperates with these bodies of law and cannot be understood in isolation from them.
Gemini: Practical Reconfigurable Datacenter Networks with Topology and Traffic Engineering.

To reduce cost, datacenter network operators are exploring blocking network designs. An example of such a design is a "spine-free" form of a Fat-Tree, in which pods directly connect to each other, rather than via spine blocks. To maintain application-perceived performance in the face of dynamic workloads, these new designs must be able to reconfigure routing and the inter-pod topology. Gemini is a system designed to achieve these goals on commodity hardware while reconfiguring the network infrequently, rendering these blocking designs practical enough for deployment in the near future. The key to Gemini is the joint optimization of topology and routing, using as input a robust estimation of future traffic derived from multiple historical traffic matrices. Gemini "hedges" against unpredicted bursts, by spreading these bursts across multiple paths, to minimize packet loss in exchange for a small increase in path lengths. It incorporates a robust decision algorithm to determine when to reconfigure, and whether to use hedging. Data from tens of production fabrics allows us to categorize these as either low-or high-volatility; these categories seem stable. For the former, Gemini finds topologies and routing with near-optimal performance and cost. For the latter, Gemini's use of multi-traffic-matrix optimization and hedging avoids the need for frequent topology reconfiguration, with only marginal increases in path length. As a result, Gemini can support existing workloads on these production fabrics using a spine-free topology that is half the cost of the existing topology on these fabrics.
Escogedoras and Molineras in Veracruz, Mexico (1928-32): Exploring the Political Role of Popular Women in Post-Revolutionary Society

This article suggests that during Revolutionary state formation (1928-32) in Mexico, Veracruzano women had active roles in state politics. This political participation existed despite women in Mexico being denied legal rights to vote or to hold political office. This essay demonstrates how escogedoras (coffee sorters) and molineras (maize grinders) used their economic influence to negotiate with central and regional governments in Mexico. For escogedoras their participation in an export industry provided 'negotiation power' to participate in politics. For molineras working in an industry which dramatically decreased a woman's work-week from 30 plus hours to 4 hours provided them with similar negotiation power.
Off the Fourth Amendment Leash?: Law Enforcement Incentives to Use Unreliable Drug-Detection Dogs

After United States v. Place and Illinois v. Caballes, the central concern for courts asked to determine the admissibility of positive, canine drug-detection sniffs was whether the sniff was performed by a “well-trained” detection dog - which most courts equated with “reliability” for purposes of establishing probable cause. Florida v. Harris asks the U.S. Supreme Court to resolve the dispute concerning what evidence trial courts are permitted to consider in determining whether a drug-detection dog is well trained. This Article responds to the State of Florida’s assertions in Harris that trial courts must defer to law enforcement determinations of canine-reliability, and should be prohibited from performing independent determinations of reliability by examining detection-dog field performance records. The Article argues that clear incentives exist for law enforcement to use unreliable drug-detection dogs (or dogs with only marginal reliability) in the field: (1) financial self-interest, based on civil forfeiture statutes that authorize police to seize cash discovered during a physical search (which, pursuant to statute, may be placed into local, law-enforcement coffers to supplement law enforcement budgets) based on the money’s connection to a drug crime — which is often established by a positive canine alert to the cash, and (2) targeting of certain groups, such as racial or ethnic minorities, for police investigation. Additionally, the State of Florida’s argument that law enforcement is deterred from using unreliable drug-detection dogs because “inaccurate” dogs “put an officer in harm’s way” is a red herring. While traffic stops are dangerous encounters for law enforcement, those dangers are produced by the officer’s decision to stop a particular vehicle — presumably on the basis of probable cause for a traffic violation or other criminal wrongdoing — not a driver’s apprehension upon being stopped that his or her vehicle might eventually be subjected to a canine drug-detection sniff. Therefore, trial court consideration of detection-dog field performance records as part of a court’s canine-reliability determination is an essential firewall to preventing police use of marginal, or even unreliable, drug-detection dogs.
Boussinesq Modeling of Alongshore Swash Zone Currents

Abstract : The long-term goal of the study is to develop and integrate numerical models for the understanding and prediction of nearshore processes. The focus of the project is to develop the capability of modeling alongshore swash currents under field conditions based on Boussinesq-type formulations and field observations.
Depression secondary to anxiety: findings from the McLean Hospital Depression Research Facility.

Methodologic issues pertinent to the study of depression secondary to anxiety are reviewed. Data on the frequency and temporal sequence of comorbid DSM- 111-R anxiety and depressive disorders in a sample from the McLean Hospital Depression Research Facility are presented. Patients with major depression secondary to anxiety are compared with major depressed patients without anxiety on a variety of demographic and clinical variables. Conceptual and practical frameworks are developed for assessing and understanding comorbidity and secondary depression.
Analysis of herding on the internet - an empirical investigation of online software download

Online shopping often requires consumers to choose among multiple products without detailed information about the quality. Herding is common in situations where consumers infer product quality from other consumers’ choices and incorporate that information into their own decision-making process. The Internet affects the herding phenomenon in two ways. On the one hand, it provides more information about other consumers’ choices, therefore making herding more feasible. On the other hand, it provides more details about product quality, thus making herding less desirable. This paper empirically examines those two effects in the context of online software downloading. We find significant herd behavior in our analysis, and, surprisingly, the provision of professional product reviews or user reviews does not significantly influence the herding phenomenon. This study contributes to the E-Commerce and the Internet marketing research by investigating online consumer behavior. This paper also contributes to the emerging literature of studying the impact of virtual communities.