cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen flux and sources in the Mississippi River Basin.

Abstract Nitrogen from the Mississippi River Basin is believed to be at least partly responsible for the large zone of oxygen-depleted water that develops in the Gulf of Mexico each summer. Historical data show that concentrations of nitrate in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries have increased by factors of 2 to more than 5 since the early 1900s. We have used the historical streamflow and concentration data in regression models to estimate the annual flux of nitrogen (N) to the Gulf of Mexico and to determine where the nitrogen originates within the Mississippi Basin. Results show that for 1980–1996 the mean annual total N flux to the Gulf of Mexico was 1 568 000 t/year. The flux was approximately 61% nitrate as N, 37% organic N, and 2% ammonium as N. The flux of nitrate to the Gulf has approximately tripled in the last 30 years with most of the increase occurring between 1970 and 1983. The mean annual N flux has changed little since the early 1980s, but large year-to-year variations in N flux occur because of variations in precipitation. During wet years the N flux can increase by 50% or more due to flushing of nitrate that has accumulated in the soils and unsaturated zones in the basin. The principal source areas of N are basins in southern Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio that drain agricultural land. Basins in this region yield 800 to more than 3100 kg total N/km 2 per year to streams, several times the N yield of basins outside this region. Assuming conservative transport of N in the Mississippi River, streams draining Iowa and Illinois contribute on average approximately 35% of the total N discharged by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. In years with high precipitation they can contribute a larger percentage.
Comparison of Si-O-C interfacial bonding of alcohols and aldehydes on Si(111) formed from dilute solution with ultraviolet irradiation.

Aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes were reacted with the Si(111)−H surface to form Si−O−C interfacial bonds from dilute solution by using ultraviolet light. The resulting monolayers were characterized by using transmission infrared spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. The effect of different solvents on monolayer quality is presented. The best monolayers were formed from CH2Cl2. The optimized monolayers were thoroughly characterized to determine the film structure and monolayer stability. The UV-promoted, alcohol-functionalized, and aldehyde-functionalized monolayers are of comparable quality to those previously prepared by other means. Although both molecules are tethered through a Si−O−C bond, the film reactivity is distinctly different with the aldehyde films being more chemically resistant. The differences in chemical reactivity, vibrational spectra, hydrophobicity, and ellipsometric thickness between the alcohol and aldehyde monolayers are attributed to a difference...
Relevance mapping: a study of second language learners’ processing of syntactically ambiguous sentences in English:

Forty adult Chinese-speaking learners of English and 20 native speakers of American English participated in a study of second language learners’ interpretation of syntactically ambiguous sentences ...
The Health Beliefs and Practices of an Old Order Amish Family

In caring for people from different cultures, it is important that nurses acknowledge the health beliefs and practices of clients. The purpose of this case study was to describe the health beliefs and practices of one Old Order Amish family. The study was conducted by interviewing a Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Old Order Amish family. The data focused on five areas of inquiry: (a) care of elderly family members, (b) health practices, (c) home births, (d) death, and (e) health insurance. This study revealed that the Old Order Amish have health beliefs and practices that are unique to their culture.
A dynamic operating system for sensor nodes

Sensor network nodes exhibit characteristics of both embedded systems and general-purpose systems. They must use little energy and be robust to environmental conditions, while also providing common services that make it easy to write applications. In TinyOS, the current state of the art in sensor node operating systems, reusable components implement common services, but each node runs a single statically-linked system image, making it hard to run multiple applications or incrementally update applications. We present SOS, a new operating system for mote-class sensor nodes that takes a more dynamic point on the design spectrum. SOS consists of dynamically-loaded modules and a common kernel, which implements messaging, dynamic memory, and module loading and unloading, among other services. Modules are not processes: they are scheduled cooperatively and there is no memory protection. Nevertheless, the system protects against common module bugs using techniques such as typed entry points, watchdog timers, and primitive resource garbage collection. Individual modules can be added and removed with minimal system interruption. We describe SOS's design and implementation, discuss tradeoffs, and compare it with TinyOS and with the Mate virtual machine. Our evaluation shows that despite the dynamic nature of SOS and its higher-level kernel interface, its long term total usage nearly identical to that of systems such as Mate and TinyOS.
Reversal of pentobarbital-induced narcosis by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in dogs.

A growing body of evidence suggests that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and endogenous brain tripeptide, produces behavioral excitation in a variety of mammalian species. This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary and antidepressant response to a single intraveneous (i.v.) bolus of TRH in sodium pentobarbital (33 mg.kg−1) anesthetized dogs. TRH (0.5 and 1 mg) produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in sleeping time (33% and 51%, respectively) when compared to i.v. vehicle (1 ml of 0.9% NaCl)-treated animals. Of interest was the finding that the high (1 mg), but not the low (0.5 mg) dose of TRH significantly (p<0.01) increased mean arterial pressure and heat rate. In addition, i.v. TRH (1 mg) significantly (P<0.01) decreased tidal volume. A trend toward increased respiratory frequency in TRH-treated dogs was noted, this difference, however, did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, the results of this study support the view that TRH, and endogenous brain hormone, may have an important clinical application in cases where stimulation of the central nervous system is required.
Pharmacokinetics of Bepridil and Two of its Metabolites in Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease

The pharmacokinetics of bepridil and 2 of its major metabolites (McN-A-2600 and McN-6303) were studied in 6 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) before and after hemodialysis. Patients underwent dialysis 1 day after a single oral 200-mg dose of bepridil hydrochloride; blood was sampled for up to 7 days. The mean (+/- SD) peak plasma concentration, time of peak concentration, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (0-168 hours) for each agent were as follows: bepridil, 806 +/- 321 ng/mL, 2.6 +/- 1.6 hours, 4.87 +/- 1.21 micrograms.h/mL; McN-A-2600, 57 +/- 16 ng/mL, 4.2 +/- 2.0 hours, 0.53 +/- 0.29 microgram.h/mL; McN-6303, 284 +/- 120 ng/mL, 4.7 +/- 1.5 hours, 4.06 +/- 1.11 micrograms.h/mL. The bepridil area under the curve corrected for dose was similar to that in healthy volunteers, suggesting that plasma clearance was unaffected by severe renal impairment. None of the compounds were removed by dialysis, and no rebound in plasma concentrations was observed after the end of dialysis. The disposition of bepridil appears to be unchanged in patients with ESRD; and is unaffected by hemodialysis. Thus, no dosage adjustment will be required for ESRD patients and those receiving hemodialysis with cuprophane filters.
Constitutional order in a federal republic

(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987). xxx + 240 pages. $22.50 cloth; $8.95 paper. As a statement of Vincent Ostrom's contribution in The Political Theory of a Compound Republic, I do not think Daniel Elazar exaggerates when, in his own valuable Forward, he observes that Ostrom offers 'a contribution to political philosophy, an elucidation of the American founding and the political thought that it produced, an intellectual model that can form the basis for a proper science of public administration, a theory of constitutional choice and design, and a bridge between all of these' (p. xix). Fortunate are those who were able to read the initial version of this book, which was practically privately circulated in 1971. The present book expands upon that initial effort, setting forth cogently Ostrom's understanding of federalism as comprising the central core of the American political order. I can only hope that with this book now readily available, as well as priced eminently reasonably by the publisher, scholars will come to reexamine the federalist core of our constitutional order.
Electrochemistry and oxygenation kinetics of tetradentate Schiff base manganese(II) complexes

The electrochemistry and oxygenation kinetics of a series of Mn(II) complexes containing ligands derived from substituted salicylaldehyde and linear diamines have been studied. Complexes prepared from ethylenediamine produce cyclic voltammograms with a quasi-reversible Mn(II)-Mn(III) couple and oxygenation reactions which are first-order in both complex and O2, indicating formation of an Mn(III)-O−2 species as the slow step in the reaction. The case of oxidation/oxygenation increases with increasing electron-donating ability of substituents on the salicyladehyde rings. Complexes with from six to 10 methylene groups in the diamine precursor produce highly irreversible voltammograms and oxygenation data which can not be interpreted in terms of a simple mechanism. Polymerization of the complexes is advanced as an explanation for these effects.
Glass transitions of topologically interpenetrating polymer networks

Two component topologically-interpenetrating polymer networks were made of the SIN type (simultaneous interpenetrating network) composed of two polyurethanes (a polyether-based and a polyester-based) in combination with an epoxy resin, a polyacrylate and two unsaturated polyesters. The linear polymers and/or prepolymers were combined in solution and in bulk together with the necessary crosslinking agents and catalysts. Films were cast and chains extended and crosslinked in situ. All of the IPN's exhibited one glass transition (Tg) intermediate in temperature to the Tg's of the component networks, and as sharp as the Tg's of the components. This suggests that phase separation may not occur and thus some chain entanglement (interpenetration) of the two networks is involved. The observed Tg's are always several degrees lower than the arithmetic means of the component Tg's. A theory based on interpenetration is developed to account for this.
On the Involvement of Triplet Excitons in a Two Photon Generation of Charge Carriers in Anthracene

Abstract Two photon generation of carriers in anthracene has been studied using double pulses of a dye laser. The results indicate that photoionization of triplet excitons plays an important role in the photogeneration. The triplet exciton photoionization cross section is estimated to be of the order of 10−20cm2, in agreement with early results of Holzman et al.
Study of the 4f-levels in rare earths by appearance potential spectroscopy

Abstract The yttrium M 4.5 -level Auger electron appearance potential spectrum (AEAPS) in the 150–190 eV energy range is presented. AEAPS is a surface sensitive technique that measures the differential secondary electron yield as a function of incident electron energy. The spectral features of AEAPS are determined by the width of the empty conduction band and the degree of localization of the conduction band wave functions. Yttrium (Y) is considered to be one of the rare earth metals with an absence of a 4 f state. In lanthanum (La), which has an identical valence electron configuration-to Y, the 4 f levels are localized. Comparison of the 3 d -level spectrum of Y with that of La shows that though the main peaks remain the same, additional fine structures appear in the spectrum of La. The existence of these structures is correlated with the presence of empty localized 4 f levels in La.
Selenium in human hair in relation to age, diet, pathological condition and serum levels☆

Approximately 0.5 g of hair samples free from medicated shampoos, bleaches and dyes were collected from 115 subjects from the occipitonuchal region. Prior to the analyses, the samples were thoroughly washed and dried in a gravity convection oven until consistent weight was obtained. A 100-mg portion of the cut up and thoroughly mixed sample in duplicate was used for the analysis of selenium (Se) by a fluorometric technique. The results were treated statistically. The level varied from 0.55 in the elderly to 0.76 microgram/g of hair in adolescents. A decline of Se was noted in the groups of ages 16-40 yrs, the levels being 0.64 to 0.59 microgram/g of hair. From groups 41-60 yrs no increase was seen in the Se content, the lowest level noted was in group 61-70 yrs. These differences between groups were found to be statistically significant (P less than 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the Se content of hair and diet. The levels in hair and serum of patients with cardiovascular disease were significantly low (P less than 0.05), the levels being 0.49 microgram/g of hair and 0.10 microgram/ml of serum. It was also noted that there was no correlation between Se in hair and serum of the same individuals. Further work using larger samples is necessary to shed more light on these relationships.
REPORT FROM PILOT TRAINING PROJECT IN ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATION

[This article is an excerpt from two exploratory reports on training programs in anthropology and education undertaken by Fred Gearing with the assistance of Kurt Johnson and Eigel and Hanne Mqdrch. They worked with teams of educators and anthropologists in several cities. Copies of the full reports will be available from Fred Gearing, 4242 Ridgelea Road, Amherst, New York 14226, at the cost of reproduction $2. 50. ]
Knowledge Management Systems: On the promise and actual forms of information technologies

As globalisation expands, the twin forces of the market and information technologies are pervading the educational arena. One instance is the Knowledge Management System (KMS), which proposes to produce easily retrievable materials via the Internet and hypertext. KMS attempts to be more than a mere data bank, for it seeks to provide highly selected and targeted knowledge. For its implementation, KMS depends on a manager to determine what constitutes 'relevant' and 'best' evidence. Since powerful institutions in the North are the most likely to develop KMS, this innovation augurs further dominance by the North, with detrimental consequences for the South in the selection of research that fits ideological and methodological paradigms preferred by such institutions. Further, the notions of 'just-in-time' knowledge and 'best practices' risk confusing what is bound to become segmented and decontextualised information with what should be knowledge (and wisdom) appropriate for educational decision-making.
The effect of distant side-walls on the evolution and stability of finite-amplitude Rayleigh-Bénard convection

A recent study by Cross et al . (1980) has described a class of finite-amplitude phase-winding solutions of the problem of two-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection in a shallow fluid layer of aspect ratio 2 L (≫ 1) confined laterally by rigid side-walls. These solutions arise at Rayleigh numbers R = R 0 + O ( L -1 ) where R 0 is the critical Rayleigh number for the corresponding infinite layer. Nonlinear solutions of constant phase exist for Rayleigh numbers R = R 0 + O ( L -2 ) but of these only the two that bifurcate at the lowest value of R are stable to two-dimensional linearized disturbances in this range (Daniels 1978). In the present paper one set of the class of phase-winding solutions is found to be stable to two-dimensional disturbances. For certain values of the Prandtl number of the fluid and for stress-free horizontal boundaries the results predict that to preserve stability there must be a continual readjustment of the roll pattern as the Rayleigh number is raised, with a corresponding increase in wavelength proportional to R - R 0 . These solutions also exhibit hysteresis as the Rayleigh number is raised and lowered. For other values of the Prandtl number the number of rolls remains unchanged as the Rayleigh number is raised, and the wavelength remains close to its critical value. It is proposed that the complete evolution of the flow pattern from a static state must take place on a number of different time scales of which t = O(( R - R 0 ) -1 ) and t = O(( R - R 0 ) -2 ) are the most significant. When t = O(( R - R 0 ) -1 ) the amplitude of convection rises from zero to its steady-state value, but the final lateral positioning of the rolls is only completed on the much longer time scale t = O(( R - R 0 ) -2 ).
No evidence of suicide increase following terrorist attacks in the United States: an interrupted time-series analysis of September 11 and Oklahoma City

There is substantial evidence of detrimental psychological sequelae following disasters, including terrorist attacks. The effect of these events on extreme responses such as suicide, however, is unclear. We tested competing hypotheses about such effects by employing autoregressive integrated moving average techniques to model the impact of September 11 and the Oklahoma City bombing on monthly suicide counts at the local, state, and national level. Unlike prior studies that provided conflicting evidence, rigorous time series techniques revealed no support for an increase or decrease in suicides following these events. We conclude that while terrorist attacks produce subsequent psychological morbidity and may affect self and collective efficacy well beyond their immediate impact, these effects are not strong enough to influence levels of suicide mortality.
Automatic synthesis of the inverses of APL functions

APL is used to facilitate the automatic inversion and execution of programs which are constructed by strict functional composition. Programs for performing high level functions and their inverses can be logically synthesized and then tested in arbitrary instances. APL is used to compose higher level functions by repeated left application of functions and operators designed expressly so that their syntax is limited to be monadic.A small system of auxiliary functions are sufficient to do the synthesis of inverse programs. This system operates on sequences of applicative functions which must be provided originally with their forward form coded in functional style APL. The system inverts higher level user-defined functions and generates correctly sequenced function calls which are used in testing the synthesized inverses.Using this system, the mechanistic re-formulation of the forward functions and either their exact or even their approximate inverses can be produced and then checked for consistency. Consistency in performance can be randomly tested by evaluating and confirming the validity of the identity R ≡ F-1 F R. This may be done for acceptable comparison tolerances over a representative number of objects named R to which the function F and its inverse F-1 are applied in tandem.
Contracting for Information System Outsourcing with Multiple Bidders

Outsourcing of information systems (IS) is becoming an increasingly popular phenomenon. However, most problems that arise in outsourcing arrangements can be traced to the contract between the company and the IS vendor. Of particular concern are the types of information available for contracting and the observability of that information. This paper examines the form of such outsourcing contracts by casting the problem in a principalagent setting using the theory of mechanism design. The analysis we provide helps to (1) define the optimal contract for IS outsourcing, (2) understand the effect of unobservability on the form of the contract, and (3) examine the effect of multiple bidders. In summary, our analysis finds support for the growing trend toward equity‐based contracts and partnership agreements in outsourcing relationships.
The feasibility and construct validity of graduate and supervisor surveys in a pulmonary fellowship training program.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and construct validity of our graduate and employer survey and its potential use in programmatic evaluation. Methods: An identical survey instrument was sent to fellowship graduates from our institution and their employers. We estimated feasibility through determining our survey response rate. Construct validity was assessed by comparing graduate self-ratings and employer ratings and through comparing survey ratings with passing board-certification examinations and referrals to the National Practitioner Databank. Results: Eleven years of graduates were included (n = 38 graduates). Response rates were 84% and 82% for graduates and their employers, respectively. Mean supervisor ratings were greater than graduate self-ratings on all questions. The lowest rating consistently across survey years was in graduates' self-perception of their ability to direct a PFT lab. One fellow failed his pulmonary boards and 1 failed his critical care...
Use of scintillations to measure average wind across a light beam

We report the successful construction and testing of an optical wind sensor that uses the motion of the scintillation pattern to measure the transverse component of wind blowing across a laser beam. As is done for measuring ionospheric and interplanetary winds, we use a correlation method. However, in our application, the slope at zero lag of the time-lagged correlogram proves to be more useful than the more commonly used delay to the peak. The reason is that, in the atmosphere, irregularities are distributed along the entire propagation path. We use a detector spacing of 0.33 of the diameter of the first Fresnel zone to obtain a nearly uniform weighting function along the path, though the center of the path is still more effective than the ends. The sensor has been used extensively over 1-km and 15-km paths, and field tests of various applications are planned.
How to avoid “quantum paradoxes”

The “theorems” showing the impossibility of ascribing to individual quantum systems a definite value of a set of observables, not necessarily commuting,1–4 are based on the tacit assumption that eachindividual spin component has a discrete dichotomic value. We show explicitly that it is possible to introduce continuous hidden variables for individual spins which avoid these quantum paradoxes without changing any of the observed quantum mechanical results.
Translating collocations for use in bilingual lexicons

Collocations are notoriously difficult for non-native speakers to translate, primarily because they are opaque and can not be translated on a word by word basis. We describe a program named Champollion which, given a pair of parallel corpora in two different languages, automatically produces translations of an input list of collocations. Our goal is to provide a tool to compile bilingual lexical information above the word level in multiple languages and domains. The algorithm we use is based on statistical methods and produces p word translations of n word collocations in which n and p need not be the same; the collocations can be either flexible or fixed compounds. For example, Champollion translates "to make a decision," "employment equity," and "stock market," respectively into: "prendre une decision," "equite en matiere d'emploi," and "bourse." Testing and evaluation of Champollion on one year's worth of the Hansards corpus yielded 300 collocations and their translations, evaluated at 77% accuracy. In this paper, we describe the statistical measures used, the algorithm, and the implementation of Champollion, presenting our results and evaluation.
Discovery of a High-Redshift (z = 0.96) Cluster of Galaxies Using a FIRST Survey Wide-Angle-Tailed Radio Source*

Using a combination of near-infrared and optical photometry, along with multiobject spectroscopy, we have confirmed the existence of a high-redshift cluster of galaxies at z = 0.96. The cluster was found using a wide-angle?tailed radio source selected from the VLA FIRST survey as a cluster signpost. These types of radio sources are often found in clusters and are thought to attain their C-shaped morphologies from the relative motion between the radio source host galaxy and the intracluster medium. We present optical/near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams that show a concentration of cluster galaxies in color space. We also include spectroscopic results obtained from the Keck II Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer. Ten galaxies are confirmed at the cluster redshift, with a line-of-sight velocity dispersion of ?? = 530 km s-1, typical of an Abell richness class 0 cluster. Using data from the ROSAT public archive, we limit the X-ray luminosity for the cluster to LX,bol 3 ? 1044 ergs s-1, consistent with the value expected from the LX-? relation.
Shock wave physics.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has significantly altered the management of symptomatic renal and ureteral calculi. Yet in an effort to limit the potentially harmful effects of shock waves, while still maintaining or maximizing stone fragmentation, one must understand basic shock wave physics. This report presents a brief overview of the physical properties of shock waves and describes three different areas of shock wave physics investigation: measurement of shock wave pressures, assessment of stone fragmentation, and development of a stone phantom to allow the comparison of various lithotripsy devices. It is only through additional study of the basic physics of high-energy shock waves that we will be able to further enhance the clinical benefits of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Further understanding of the individual characteristics of a shock wave pressure field such as peak positive pressure, peak negative pressure, pulse duration, and size/shape of the focal region will allow the subsequent enhancement of stone fragmentation while minimizing the potential for shock wave injury to surrounding tissues.
A computationally feasible strategy for partitioning theory of the molecule-surface interaction

Abstract Physical insight about the rather localized nature of the molecular-surface interaction and the development of tractable means for calculating determinantal matrix elements in a crystalline environment can be combined to formulate a computationally feasible strategy for the application of many-body partitioning theory to the molecule-surface problem.
Two-photon autofluorescence spectroscopy of oral mucosa tissue

The survival rate for individuals diagnosed with oral cancer is correlated with the stage of detection. Thus the development of novel techniques for the earliest possible detection of malignancies is of critical importance. Single photon (1P) autofluorescence spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful diagnostic tool in this regard, but 2P (two photon) spectroscopy remains essentially unexplored. In this investigation, a spectroscopic system was incorporated into a custom-built 2P laser scanning microscope. Oral cancer was induced in the buccal pouch of Syrian Golden hamsters by tri-weekly topical application of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA).Three separated sites where investigated in each hamster at four excitation wavelengths from 780 nm to 890 nm. A Total of 8 hamsters were investigated (4 normal and 4 DMBA treated). All investigated sites were imaged via 2p imaging, marked for biopsy, processed for histology and H&E staining, and graded by a pathologist. The in vivo emission spectrum for normal, mild/high grade dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma is presented. It is shown that the hamsters with various stages of dysplasia are characterized by spectral differences as a function of depth and excitation wavelength, compared to normal hamsters.
New Type of Sediment-Distribution Map: Preliminary Result for Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Normal sediment-distribution maps present the lithologic characteristics of only the upper 4-6 in. of the sedimentary column. Cores collected from any area commonly reveal considerable changes in lithologic character through the thickness of the beds which are cored. Such variations can be expressed in vertical sections or in fence diagrams. Information concerning the upper sediment column to a depth of at least 30 ft is important for studies on sediment transport and deposition, basin filling, geotechnical properties, placing of laboratories on the sea bottom, salvaging sunken objects, acoustical measurements, and interpretation of high-frequency, shallow-penetration, and continuous seismic-reflection profiling. "Standard patterns" have been determined from samples collected in long piston cores which penetrated different lithologic units and successions. The new sediment-distribution map constructed on the basis of the 30-ft cores shows the distribution of these standard patterns and thus reveals the sedimentary characteristics of the upper 30 ft. The patterns can be portrayed by colors, shades, and symbols, or combinations. Other properties, such as geotechnical characteristics, can be added to the standards of the map or can be superimposed on the standard presentation. The main divisions of the sediment-distribution map correspond to the boundaries of the physiographic provinces of the Gulf of Mexico. End_of_Article - Last_Page 707------------
Drill down analysis of door-to-needle time of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.

Abstract Objective Target stroke guidelines recommend a door-to-needle time of ≤60 minutes for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients treated with intravenous (IV) tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We sought to analyze all diagnostic steps involved in the acute evaluation and treatment of AIS with IV tPA and to look for causes of delay in door to needle time (DNT). Methods A review of AIS patients treated in the emergency department with IV tPA. Times comparing intervals from door to head computed tomography (CT), CT result, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiograph, and IV tPA treatment. Non-modifiable delays in treatment were recorded. Data are presented in minutes (min) as medians with interquartile range and logistic regression was used as appropriate. Results A total of 79 AIS patients, with 22 (28%) receiving IV tPA ≤60 minutes were analyzed. Patients were more likely to get treated with IV tPA in ≤60 minutes if symptom onset was >90 minutes (OR 3.52; 1.03-12.1; P P Conclusions An ECG performed before the head CT is completed increased CT time by 6 minutes and a chest radiograph obtained before the head CT increased CT time by 13 minutes. DNT ≤60 minutes for AIS patients are affected by the order of diagnostic studies. In a minority of patients the DNT is affected by non-modifiable issues.
Magnetic memory: A signal boost is in order.

Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) has been touted as a universal memory with a wide range of potential applications in portable computers, consumer electronics and wireless devices. The use of certain combinations of materials that can now be deposited as thin-film layers with excellent crystalline order provides a significantly larger signal in the devices, and is expected to help advance the commercialization of MRAM.
The Emperor and the Exiles: The Clash of Religion and Politics in the Late Sixteenth Century

In his palace in Prague on 16 December 1585, the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II was plainly annoyed. The Holy League of the powerful French Roman Catholic Guise family and their puppet, King Henry III, were putting pressure on their coreligionist to deal with his vassal, Frederick, count of Montbeliard and Wurttemberg. In a fine hand with many impressive flourishes, Rudolph's secretary prepared the angry emperor's letter to Frederick, warning him “in a friendly way” to obey at once and to send away the French Protestant exiles seeking refuge in the county of Montbeliard. If Frederick refused, he would fall under Rudolph's displeasure and incur imperial wrath and punishment (Kaiserlichen ungnad und straff).
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and its Receptor at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Localization, maternal to fetal transfer of G-CSF, and the physiologic role of G-CSF during normal gestation and intra-amniotic infection.† 1306

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and its Receptor at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Localization, maternal to fetal transfer of G-CSF, and the physiologic role of G-CSF during normal gestation and intra-amniotic infection.† 1306
In situ analysis of crack propagation in polymer foams

This article presents an experimental study on the microscopic mechanisms associated with crack propagation in closed cell polymer foams. A brittle, slightly cross-linked polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam of density 60 kg/m3 and a ductile thermoplastic polyether sulfone (PES) foam of density 90 kg/m3 were examined. The PVC and PES foams have similar cell size (≈0.7 mm) but the cell edges of the PES foam were much thicker than those in the PVC foam. Overall, it was observed that the elements of both foams fractured in an extensional mode. Crack propagation in the PVC foam was inter-cellular, where agglomerates of very small cells formed a region of weakness. Damaged cell walls were observed on both sides of the crack plane. For the PES foam, craze-like deformation bands were observed in the highly stretched region ahead of the blunted crack tip. Further ahead of the crack tip, highly stretched cells were observed. Fracture occurred predominantly through the center of the cells in the PES foam.
Improved oxygenation with exogenous surfactant administration in experimental meconium aspiration syndrome

Fifteen adult New Zealand white rabbits were used to determine if exogenous surfactant immediately improves oxygenation in experimental meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). They were ventilated with 100% O2 before insufflating 3 mL/kg of 40% filtered meconium. Arterial blood gases, dynamic lung compliance (CLdyn) and resistance (RL) were monitored for 2 hours before and 1 hour after the intratracheal administration of calf lung surfactant extract or air placebo. The arterial/alveolar O2 tension ratio [P (a/A)O2] increased 133% within 1 hour of surfactant therapy but CLdyn did not change. The increase of RL was comparable in the surfactant and control groups after meconium instillation. A further increase of 44% in RL occurred after surfactant administration with no change in the controls. Qualitative histologic analysis confirmed the presence of alveolar meconium as well as inflammation and atelectasis. Persistently elevated RL suggested airway obstruction in both groups throughout the study. Most likely no increase in CLdyn occurred with surfactant administration or it could not be detected because it was measured only with ventilator-induced breaths and ventilator settings were held constant. In the face of airway obstruction CLdyn is an inadequate reflection of pulmonary elasticity. We conclude that exogenous surfactant therapy improves oxygenation in this model of MAS. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of this improvement.
Multipoint High-Fidelity Aerostructural Optimization of a Transport Aircraft Configuration

This paper presents multipoint high-fidelity aerostructural optimizations of a long-range wide-body transonic transport aircraft configuration. The aerostructural analysis employs Euler computational fluid dynamics with a 2-million-cell mesh and a structural finite-element model with 300,000 degrees of freedom. The coupled adjoint sensitivity method is used to efficiently compute gradients, enabling the use of gradient-based optimization with respect to hundreds of aerodynamic shape and structural sizing variables. The NASA Common Research Model is used as the baseline configuration, together with a wing box structure that was designed for this study. Two design optimization problems are solved: one where takeoff gross weight is minimized, and another where fuel burn is minimized. Each optimization uses a multipoint formulation with five cruise conditions and two maneuver conditions. Each of the optimization problems have 476 design variables, including wing planform, airfoil shape, and structural thickne...
The Polymorphism of Indomethacin: An Analysis by Density Functional Theory Calculations

Indomethacin exhibits conformational polymorphism. Crystal structures of two polymorphs have been solved bearing different molecular conformations. Herein, the conformational variance in the crystals was examined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations in order to understand the mutual influence between electronic structures and crystal packing. Electronic structures of the two polymorphs and the single molecule of indomethacin were calculated with quantum mechanical methods. Electronic properties based upon conceptual density functional theory were thereby analyzed. A potential energy surface was generated with regard to the conformational flexibility, which was identified by the electronic analysis. Lattice energies of the two polymorphs were further calculated with an empirically augmented DFT method. Electronic properties, including electronic and nuclear Fukui functions, provided a fundamental understanding of the energetic competition in the indomethacin molecule between delocalization of p-orbitals of two aromatic rings and steric repulsions. Two dihedral angles (the τ 1 and τ 2 in Fig. 1) were found playing a crucial role in affecting such competition and determining the variation of molecular conformations. The existing polymorphs, α- and γ-forms, were located in local minima on the energy surface based on the two dihedral angles of their molecular conformations. Calculated lattice energies suggest the α-form is more stable than the γ-form at the zero K. The polymorphism of indomethacin lies in various meta-stable conformations of the molecule that are results of different orientations between the two aromatic indole and phenyl rings. The analysis of electronic and nuclear Fukui functions permits the revelation of local energy barriers that determine the conformational diversity and, for the case of indomethacin, the conformational polymorphism.
Methodological Implications of Feminist Scholarship.

L'A. considere qu'il n'y a pas d'implications methodologiques apparentes du feminisme. Elle presente en premier lieu sa definition de la theorie feministe. Puis elle decrit les principales critiques epistemologiques feministes de la science sociale et les problemes logiques engendres par la critique feministe des methodes quantitatives en science sociale
Stereospecific intramolecular S→Pt transmethylation from 8-(methylthio)quinoline to coordinated PtMe2: Formation of syn-[fac-PtIVMe3(μ-8-quinolinethiolato)]2 with stacked quinoline rings

Sulfur to platinum(II) transmethylation was observed on reacting [PtMe2(μ-SMe2)]2 or [PtMe2(μ-SEt2)]2 with 8-(methylthio)quinoline (mtq) for extended periods of time or on heating of the isolable i...
Chromosomal study in patients with cysts of the jaw, multiple nevoid basal cell carcinomata and bifid rib syndrome.

A chromosomal abnormality in a patient with cysts of the jaw, recurrent nevoid basal cell carcinomata and bifid ribs is described. The patient presented a normal female complement, except for the unusual length of one arm of one of the chromosomes No. 1. Her mother, two sisters, and a male child of one of these two sisters presented a similar chromosomal anomaly with no expression of the syndrome. Several possible explanations are discussed.
Junction discontinuities in wire antenna and scattering problems

An alternative treatment of junction discontinuities in wire antennas and scatterers to that used by Chao and Strait [1], Chao et al. [2], and Taylor et al. [3], is presented. Comparisons with published experimental results and with computations by Chao and Strait [1] have been made to verify the accuracy of the method. The method involves replacing the junction with an equivalent charge distribution found from the integration of the continuity equation in the vicinity of the junction to obtain the constraint on the currents at the junction. The approach is particularly applicable to method of moments [4] calculation employing pulse expansion functions, although it may be applied with any subsectional method of moments solutions. The method is accurate and convenient for programming purposes.
Raman study of the rotational isomers of bicyclopropyl and vinylcyclopropane

The Raman spectra of bicyclopropyl and vinylcyclopropane were studied in the solid, liquid and vapor phases in an attempt to identify their rotational isomers and to measure their enthalpy differences. For bicyclopropyl, the presence of the s-trans and gauche isomers in the liquid and vapor phases has been confirmed. The present measurements show that the gauche isomer is more stable in both the vapor and liquid, by 91±28 cal mol−1 in the vapor and by 188±10 cal mol−1 in the liquid. For vinylcyclopropane, features due to only two conformers could be identified in the liquid and vapor spectra. In the vapor the predominant isomer, previously identified as the s-trans rotamer,9 was found to be more stable by 1.1±0.1 kcal mol−1.
A Regulatory Complex of the Mitochondrial Uniporter Ca2+ Channel

Ca2+ flux across the mitochondrial inner membrane regulates bioenergetics, cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals and cell death pathways. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs at regions of close apposition with intracellular Ca2+ release sites, driven by the inner membrane voltage generated by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mediated by a Ca2+ selective ion channel (MiCa) called the uniporter whose complete molecular identity remains unknown. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) was identified as the likely ion-conducting pore. Mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentration is maintained 5-6 orders of magnitude lower than its thermodynamic equilibrium level, but the molecular mechanisms for how this is achieved are not clear. We found that MICU1, a mitochondrial protein previously suggested to be required for uniporter-mediated Ca2+ uptake, is instead required to preserve normal [Ca2+]m under basal conditions. In its absence, mitochondria become constitutively loaded with Ca2+, triggering excessive reactive oxygen species generation and sensitivity to apoptotic stress. MICU1 interacts with MCU and sets a Ca2+ threshold for Ca2+m uptake without affecting kinetic properties of MCU-mediated Ca2+ uptake, a regulation that requires both functional Ca2+ binding EF hands in MICU1. Thus, MICU1 is a gatekeeper of MCU-mediated Ca2+m uptake that is essential to prevent [Ca2+]m overload and associated stress. Additionally, we have also identified CCDC90A, hereafter referred to as MCUR1 (Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Regulator 1), as an inner mitochondrial membrane protein required for MCU-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. MCUR1 binds to MCU and regulates ruthenium red-sensitive MCU-dependent Ca2+ uptake. MCUR1 knockdown does not alter MCU localization, but abrogates Ca2+ uptake by energized mitochondria in intact and permeabilized cells. Ablation of MCUR1 disrupts OXPHOS, lowers cellular ATP, and activates AMP kinase-dependent pro-survival autophagy. Thus, MCUR1 and MICU1 are critical components of a mitochondrial uniporter channel complex required for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and maintenance of normal cellular bioenergetics.
Cognitive information flow analysis

The cognitive information flow analysis (CIFA) is introduced as a method to integrate results from cognitive task and work analyses in order to provide a focus on the necessary system information flow, which includes how information is produced, consumed, and transformed by the various system functions and users. CIFA can be used as a tool to augment cognitive task and work analyses. This paper presents the CIFA technique, provides a case study that applies the CIFA method to existing goal-directed task analysis and modified cognitive work analysis results, and provides insight into CIFA's use for informing the design of a human-robot system. CIFA augments the results provided by cognitive task and work analyses and can guide system design and development. CIFA differs from existing information flow techniques in that it allows representation of systems containing large numbers of users for highly complex and uncertain domains. Existing cognitive task and work analyses integration methods rely heavily on relational tables. CIFA specifically expresses the interconnectivity of the various system subcomponents, including partial ordering and parallelism, by fundamentally focusing on the information flow. CIFA also identifies both existing and potential, information bottlenecks and highlights teamwork.
ANCESTRAL CHARACTER ESTIMATION UNDER THE THRESHOLD MODEL FROM QUANTITATIVE GENETICS

Evolutionary biology is a study of life’s history on Earth. In researching this history, biologists are often interested in attempting to reconstruct phenotypes for the long extinct ancestors of living species. Various methods have been developed to do this on a phylogeny from the data for extant taxa. In the present article, I introduce a new approach for ancestral character estimation for discretely valued traits. This approach is based on the threshold model from evolutionary quantitative genetics. Under the threshold model, the value exhibited by an individual or species for a discrete character is determined by an underlying, unobserved continuous trait called “liability.” In this new method for ancestral state reconstruction, I use Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to sample the liabilities of ancestral and tip species, and the relative positions of two or more thresholds, from their joint posterior probability distribution. Using data simulated under the model, I find that the method has very good performance in ancestral character estimation. Use of the threshold model for ancestral state reconstruction relies on a priori specification of the order of the discrete character states along the liability axis. I test the use of a Bayesian MCMC information theoretic criterion based approach to choose among different hypothesized orderings for the discrete character. Finally, I apply the method to the evolution of feeding mode in centrarchid fishes.
Actin is present in a green alga that lacks cytoplasmic streaming

Negative-staining of crude cytoplasmic extracts from cells of the green algaErnodesmis verticillata reveals the presence of numerous microfilaments. Rabbit skeletal muscle heavy-meromyosin binds to the microfilaments (in the absence of ATP) in typical arrowhead arrays. These results demonstrate that actin is present in this alga and it is suggested that actin may be involved in cytoplasmic contractions effecting wound healing, since cytoplasmic streaming does not occur in this organism.