cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE ON CONFIDENCE

The present study is concerned with alterations in S's confidence in his ability to perform a certain task correctly. These alterations were brought about by manipulation of S's belief about the correctness of his previous performance of this task. A correct performance will be referred to as a success, an incorrect performance as a fklure. This study was undertaken to test a mathematical model for alterations in confidence in success-failure sequences. It was found that the model did not predict successfully, and it is of interest here only because one of its assumptions was of independent psychological interest and could be tested directly from the data. This assumption (Hypothesis I) was that the effectiveness of success in raising and of failure in lowering confidence is constant over all trials in the experimental situarion to be described below. It was also possible to test the following prediction on the basis of the data collected: Success more often leads to a rise than to a fall in confidence, while failure more often leads to a fall than to a rise in confidence (Hypothesis 11). More precise statements of Hypotheses I and 11 will be given subsequently. The changes in confidence which result from success and failure have, as far as the author has been able to discern, received extensive experimental anention only in two investigations (Child & Whiting, 1949; Bayton & Whyte, 1950). Both of these investigations were methodologically quite different from the present study, and there seems to be linle basis for comparison. However, the problem of confidence changes after success and failure has an obvious formal similarity to the problem of changes in expected performance score in response to success and failure as studied in expectancy and level of aspiration experiments. Thus some of the findings in these areas are worth mentioning here. The effectiveness of success and failure in altering expected performance score has been found co decay with increasing trials (Steisel & Cohen, 1751; Castaneda, 1952). This effect was predicted by Rotter (1754, pp. 174-182). It also has been shown repeatedly that success tends to raise expected performance score while failure tends to lower it (Gruen, 1945; Ausubel & Schiff, 1955). In all of these studies success and failure were defined in a manner different from but consonant with the definition employed in this study.
Core sugar residues of the N-linked oligosaccharides of Russell's viper venom factor X-activator maintain functionally active polypeptide structure

We previously showed that the factor X activator of Russell's viper venom (RVV-X) contains six N-linked oligosaccharide chains: four in the heavy chain and one in each of the two light chains [Gowda, D. C., Jackson, C. M., Hensley, P., & Davidson, E. A. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10644−10650).] In the present study, we have investigated the role of the carbohydrate moieties in the structure and functional activity of RVV-X. Sequential removal of sugar residues from the terminal ends by exoglycosidases, up to 50% of total carbohydrates, did not significantly alter the activity of RVV-X, demonstrating that the peripheral carbohydrate moieties are not involved in interactions with factor X. However, removal of whole oligosaccharide chains by N-glycanase caused an almost total loss of the ability of RVV-X to activate factor X to factor Xa. In parallel with these observations, circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that complete deglycosylation, but not the removal of peripheral sugars, caused a significant c...
Effects of a Flat Panel Monitor Arm on Comfort, Posture and Preference in an Architectural Practice:

The effects of installing a flat panel monitor arm (FPMA) at an architecture firm were investigated. Twenty eight participants were equally divided into test and control groups. Three surveys were conducted: pre-installation and one-month and 3-month post-installation. The web-based survey assessed musculoskeletal discomfort for eleven upper body regions, demographics, workstation utilization and workstation satisfaction. On-site measurements of workstation dimensions were taken and posture was observed using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessments (RULA) method for each survey. Participants reported that the FPMA allowed them to optimally position their screen and a majority said it made it easier to share information with colleagues. Total upper extremity musculoskeletal discomfort and computer vision syndrome symptoms were significantly reduced for the test group. However, no significant differences were found for specific body regions or for RULA scores.
Dielectric and Tunable Properties of B 0.96 Ca 0.04 Ti 0.84 Zr 0.16 O 3 (BCTZ) on MgO and SiO 2 /Si Substrates

Mg doped Ba 0.96 Ca 0.04 Ti 0.84 Zr 0.16 O 3 (BCTZ) thin film was fabricated on Pt/MgO and Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrates by spin-on metal-organic decomposition (MOD) method. The films were annealed in a furnace at temperatures in the range of 600-900°C for about an hour in flowing oxygen environment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the formation of perovskite phase with grain size less than 100 nanometer. Increasing in annealing temperature resulted in better crystallinity of the films. BCTZ films on Pt/MgO substrates show significantly higher dielectric constant and tunability over Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrates without significant difference in dissipation factors. Post annealing the films in oxygen environment resulted in significant improvement in the dielectric constant for these films.
“Green” dielectric implementation in RF modules

The explosion of portable consumer electronics and mobile communication applications has driven RF module design to encompass a wide range of package types and functions. At Skyworks, this diversified wireless product portfolio results in two distinct types of laminate module configurations. All multilayer laminate package substrates use 1/2/1 build up HDI technology. In addition to the electrical design and performance considerations, thermomechanical characteristics for module assembly and reliability, compliance with environmental directives and the ability to have multiple Printed Circuit Board (PCB) suppliers using the same design rules and materials with high capability, good turn around time and acceptable costs are all given. As wireless modules expand, the types and features of the substrates is growing much more diverse and making the most appropriate choice for the dielectric much more complex. The qualification of bromine-free "green" dielectrics using standard package reliability testing is only the tip of the iceberg regarding implementation. This paper discusses the practical aspects of "green" dielectric implementation in RF modules after the initial qualification is done.
Some observations on operating femtocells on the same channel as macro systems based on measurements and simulations

This paper discusses the problems and constraints associated with operating femtocells on the same frequency as the macro system. It addresses questions relating to managing femtocell transmitter power to provide coverage without interfering with the macro system, and to do so especially when the femtocell is located close to a neighboring macrocell. It discusses techniques that can be used to better manage both coverage and interference in co-channel deployments. The basic theory applies to both CDMA-2000 and UMTS/WCDMA technologies. The paper is based on a series of measurements conducted with multiple operators in the US, Europe, and Israel, over approximately 2 years, and a body of simulations of coverage and interference.
Market-based disparities in foster care outcomes

Abstract Managed care and performance-based contracting in state child welfare systems have appeared as a consequence of the increased attention that federal and state policymakers are paying to system performance and service costs. This study reports findings from a longitudinal natural experiment that examined the effects of a performance-based, managed care contracting mechanism on foster care outcomes. Multivariate analyses identified market-based disparities in some of the outcomes experienced by foster children: controlling for child, family, and caseworker characteristics, children served by agencies with performance-based, managed care contracts were less likely to be reunified and more likely to enter kinship foster homes, when compared to children served by agencies reimbursed through fee-for-service contracts. Analyses also suggested that there were few other variables consistently associated with foster care outcomes. These results call into question the evidentiary basis for the diffusion of managed care and performance-based contracting in the child welfare sector, and suggest that state child welfare systems ensure that foster care placement decisions are influenced more by child and family needs than by financial considerations. In addition, they suggest that managed care and performance-based contracts should include specific financial incentives for family reunification.
Migration of myeloid cells during inflammation is differentially regulated by the cell surface receptors Slamf1 and Slamf8.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the cell surface receptor Slamf1 (CD150) is requisite for optimal NADPH-oxidase (Nox2) dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by phagocytes in response to Gram- bacteria. By contrast, Slamf8 (CD353) is a negative regulator of ROS in response to Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. Employing in vivo migration after skin sensitization, induction of peritonitis, and repopulation of the small intestine demonstrates that in vivo migration of Slamf1 -/- dendritic cells and macrophages is reduced, as compared to wt mice. By contrast, in vivo migration of Slamf8 -/- dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils is accelerated. These opposing effects of Slamf1 and Slamf8 are cell-intrinsic as judged by in vitro migration in transwell chambers in response to CCL19, CCL21 or CSF-1. Importantly, inhibiting ROS production of Slamf8 -/- macrophages by diphenyleneiodonium chloride blocks this in vitro migration. We conclude that Slamf1 and Slamf8 govern ROS–dependent innate immune responses of myeloid cells, thus modulating migration of these cells during inflammation in an opposing manner.
Factors influencing weight changes in callitrichids at the Bronx Zoo.

Callitrichids are small monkeys with high metabolic rates who appear to be susceptible to spontaneous diseases and possibly to environmental changes creating challenges in maintaining them in captivity. This study investigates whether life events (i.e. medical, social and housing changes) can influence weight. In previous research, body mass has been shown to be correlated with periods of illness, group composition changes and stress. Weights of 56 individual callitrichid monkeys (20 marmosets, 26 tamarins and 11 lion tamarins) at the WCS's Bronx Zoo were examined over approximately 2½ years. Weight fluctuations were scored based on 5%, 10% and 1 standard deviation criteria during periods of medical (illness and injury), social (introductions and separations), housing (movement within or between buildings) events and during periods when no-events occurred. Additionally, weights were examined for 3 months before and after periods of illness to look for trends in weight changes for 47 medical events (14 marmosets, 21 tamarins and 12 lion tamarins). Moreover, in five alloparenting males (four tamarins and one lion tamarin), weights were examined to determine if weight loss occurred after births as observed in earlier studies. The results show that a 5% and 1SD criterion may be too sensitive a criterion. We therefore deemed that a 10% weight loss may be the best criterion. For marmosets, a 10% weight loss occurred in association with all events. For tamarins, weight loss occurred with housing events. In lion tamarins, weight loss was observed with medical events. No significant weight loss was observed in alloparenting males. Zoo Biol 29:551–566, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermally Stimulated Polarization and Depolarization in Halogen‐Containing Lead Silicate Glasses

Thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization current (TSPC/TSDC) measurements were made on lead halide silicate glasses having compositions (65 −x)PbO·xPbX2·35SiO2 where x= 0, 0.1, 2, 10 and X = F, CI, Br, and I. The addition of halogen ions to lead silicate glasses gives rise to a new high-temperature TSDC peak in the vicinity of the peak previously observed in binary lead silicate glasses. The integrated area of the new peak is dependent on the amount and type of halogen ion present in the glass and does not saturate in the temperature range of our measurements. This new peak is attributed to space charge polarization of halogen ions.
Synthesis of the first pentaethynylferrocene derivatives

Abstract Starting from a bisprotected ferrocene-1,2,3-triscarbaldehyde, Ohira-alkynylation and Pd-catalyzed protection of the free alkyne with 4-iodotoluene leads to a ferrocene in which one Cp-ring is 1,2,3-substituted by two acetal rings (1,2-position) and an internal alkyne. Metalation of the ferrocene nucleus with sec -BuLi, workup with DMF and reduction with LiAlH 4 leads to a 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted ferrocene carrying a hydroxymethyl group. The acetal groups are removed by para -toluenesulfonic acid and the aldehyde groups are converted into arylalkynes. A second metalation followed by workup with DMF furnishes a 1,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted ferrocenecarbaldehyde. The aldehyde is transformed into an alkyne by the Ohira method and converted to an internal alkyne by Pd-catalyzed reaction with 4-iodotoluene. The sequence gives a 1,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted ferrocene derivative with four alkyne groups and one hydroxymethyl group. Airless Marko oxidation of the alcohol is followed by another Ohira alkynylation. Pd-catalyzed arylation finishes the reaction sequence to give the symmetrical 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(4′-tolylethynyl)ferrocene, the first pentaethynylferrocene derivative. A second, similar route was explored that furnished 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(4′-butylphenylethynyl)ferrocene and its butadiyne-bridged dimer.
An optimal ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the nervous system: the role of deubiquitinating enzymes

The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (UPP), which is critical for normal function in the nervous system and is implicated in various neurological diseases, requires the small modifier protein ubiquitin to accomplish its duty of selectively degrading short-lived, abnormal or misfolded proteins. Over the past decade, a large class of proteases collectively known as deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) has increasingly gained attention in all manners related to ubiquitin. By cleaving ubiquitin from another protein, DUBs ensure that the UPP functions properly. DUBs accomplish this task by processing newly translated ubiquitin so that it can be used for conjugation to substrate proteins, by regulating the “where, when, and why” of UPP substrate ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, and by recycling ubiquitin for re-use by the UPP. Because of the reliance of the UPP on DUB activities, it is not surprising that these proteases play important roles in the normal activities of the nervous system and in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the functions of DUBs in the nervous system. We focus on their role in the UPP, and make the argument that understanding the UPP from the perspective of DUBs can yield new insight into diseases that result from anomalous intra-cellular processes or inter-cellular networks. Lastly, we discuss the relevance of DUBs as therapeutic options for disorders of the nervous system.
Barriers to adolescent adherence to contraception. Knowledge Of depo provera timing

Background: Depo Provera is a long-acting progestin contraceptive method that is both highly effective and safe. However, continuation rates at one-year range from 30–42%. It has been suggested that one common reason for discontinuation is poor adherence with appointments. Poor adherence could be related to lack of knowledge regarding the timing of the next injection. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to examine whether adolescent girls were knowledgeable about when their next injection was due. Methods: Adolescent girls were recruited from an urban-based adolescent clinic to participate in a longitudinal study of psychosexual development. The girls were seen every 6 months over three years. At the last three visits, those adolescents on Depo Provera were asked when their next injection was due. Responses were coded as accurate if the date given was within 10–14 weeks of the last injection. Results: There were 45 girls who were using Depo Provera and seen for at least one study visit. The girls ranged in age from 15–19 years, and 87% were African-American; the remainder were Caucasian. 22 girls were seen/and on Depo Provera for 1 visit, 12 for 2 visits, and 11 for 3 visits. Collapsing their answers across visits, 27 of girls were always correct, 11 were sometimes correct, and 7 were never correct. Race and age were not related to whether they were always correct, sometimes correct, or never correct. At the last visit, we examined whether or not length of time on Depo Provera was related to correctness. The relationship appeared to be curvilinear. That is, those girls who had been on Depo Provera the longest time (⩾ 18 months) and the least (< 6 months) time were most likely to be correct. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that many (40%) adolescents do not know when their injection is due, and in fact, the correctness of adolescents' knowledge is not consistent over time. Age and race were not significantly related to knowledge of timing. Therefore, ALL adolescents should be provided with reminders about the timing of their next injection. Finally, the curvilinear relationship needs to be examined further. This finding that adolescents on Depo Provera for 6–12 months were the least knowledgeable is consistent with research on oral contraceptive adherence indicating this is a vulnerable time period for contraceptive discontinuation.
The Urban Funnel Model and the Spatially Heterogeneous Ecological Footprint

Urban ecological systems are characterized by complex interactions between the natural environment and humans at multiple scales; for an individual urban ecosystem, the strongest interactions may occur at the local or regional spatial scale. At the regional scale, external ecosystems produce resources that are acquired and transported by humans to urban areas, where they are processed and consumed. The assimilation of diffuse human wastes and pollutants also occurs at the regional scale, with much of this process occurring external to the urban system. We developed the urban funnel model to conceptualize the integration of humans into their ecological context. The model captures this pattern and process of resource appropriation and waste generation by urban ecosystems at various spatial scales. This model is applied to individual cities using a modification of traditional ecological footprint (EF) analysis that is spatially explicit; the incorporation of spatial heterogeneity in calculating the EF greatly improves its accuracy. The method for EF analysis can be further modified to ensure that a certain proportion of potential ecosystem services are left for in situ processes. Combining EF models of human appropriation with ecosystem process models would help us to learn more about the effects of ecosystem service appropriation. By comparing the results for food and water, we were able to identify some of the potentially limiting ecological factors for cities. A comparison of the EFs for the 20 largest US cities showed the importance of urban location and interurban competition for ecosystem services. This study underscores the need to take multiple scales and spatial heterogeneity into consideration to expand our current understanding of human–ecosystem interactions. The urban funnel model and the spatially heterogeneous EF provide an effective means of achieving this goal.
Can we influence students' attitudes about inspections? Can we measure a change in attitude?

As the software industry matures, new development technologies are invented and some of these technologies transition into best practices. Our role as university educators is to teach these best practices and change attitudes so that our students graduate as software engineers who believe in the use of these methodologies. One question that all software engineering educators have is 'can we measure whether our courses change attitudes about the use of these methodologies?' In this small case study, conventional techniques in psychology for attitude measurement are used to construct scales for measuring software engineering students' attitudes toward the code inspection process. The scales were applied in a pre-pilot survey, a pilot survey, a test survey, and then again in a larger test situation. Our test results suggest that our students improved their intellectual acceptance of code inspections after viewing an inspection video. Students emotionally accepted inspection only after practice. Our work shows that this line of research has the potential to help assess the impact of software engineering teaching methods and materials.
Morality in the pejorative sense: On the logic of Nietzsche's critique of morality

(1995). Morality in the pejorative sense: On the logic of Nietzsche's critique of morality. British Journal for the History of Philosophy: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 113-145.
Global Characteristics of Stream Flow Seasonality and Variability

Monthly stream flow series from 1345 sites around the world are used to characterize geographic differences in the seasonality and year-to-year variability of stream flow. Stream flow seasonality varies regionally, depending on the timing of maximum precipitation, evapotranspiration, and contributions from snow and ice. Lags between peaks of precipitation and stream flow vary smoothly from long delays in high-latitude and mountainous regions to short delays in the warmest sectors. Stream flow is most variable from year to year in dry regions of the southwest United States and Mexico, the Sahel, and southern continents, and it varies more (relatively) than
Structural analysis of a eukaryotic sliding DNA clamp–clamp loader complex

Sliding clamps are ring-shaped proteins that encircle DNA and confer high processivity on DNA polymerases. Here we report the crystal structure of the five-protein clamp loader complex (replication factor-C, RFC) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bound to the sliding clamp (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA). Tight interfacial coordination of the ATP analogue ATP-gammaS by RFC results in a spiral arrangement of the ATPase domains of the clamp loader above the PCNA ring. Placement of a model for primed DNA within the central hole of PCNA reveals a striking correspondence between the RFC spiral and the grooves of the DNA double helix. This model, in which the clamp loader complex locks onto primed DNA in a screw-cap-like arrangement, provides a simple explanation for the process by which the engagement of primer-template junctions by the RFC:PCNA complex results in ATP hydrolysis and release of the sliding clamp on DNA.
Adrenal Tumors in Adults

Although most adrenal tumors are not diagnostic dilemmas, there are cases that are challenging. This may be due to the tissue provided, for example fragmented tissue received in the setting of morcellation, or it may be due to inherently challenging histology, such as in cases with equivocal features of malignancy. Additionally, much has been learned about the molecular alterations of adrenal tumors, especially pheochromocytomas. Many of these alterations represent germline mutations with significant clinical implications for patients and their families. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the most common adrenal tumors in adults so that pathologists can tackle these interesting tumors.
Prince, Morton (1854–1929)

Morton Prince (1859–1929) was a pioneer in the study of psychopathology. He wrote early works on dissociation, the unconscious, multiple personality disorder, and treated hysterical patients. He taught medical students, employed hypnosis, and used patients in his lectures. He also founded the Harvard Clinic, an important early center for the study of personality. Keywords: dissociation; multiple personality disorder; psychology of consciousness; abnormal; hypnosis; hysteria
Experimental and archaeological investigations of backed microlith function among Mid-to-Late Holocene herders in southwestern Kenya

This study takes an experimental and comparative approach in order to evaluate the circumstances driving the deployment of microlithic tool technologies by food-producing mobile herders during the Mid-to-Late Holocene in southern Kenya. The predominately obsidian microliths used by contemporaneous, but culturally distinct, herding communities were replicated and used as arrow tips in archery experiments and within composite knives used in animal processing. This allowed for patterns of damage associated with production, different forms of projectile use, and butchery to be identified on microlithic specimens and evaluated against each other to assess the criteria for diagnostic macrofracture and wear patterns reflective of each activity. Experimentally generated criteria were used to identify the most likely functions for microlithic tools in three archaeological assemblages belonging to early Kenyan pastoralists. The analyses showed that while the same microlithic form is shared by culturally distinct groups across a wide time range, these tools were being used to vary different functions that do not clearly correlate with subsistence economy, culturally affiliation, or time period. Environmental variability and instability throughout the Late Holocene likely contributed to the persistence of highly adaptable microlithic toolkits. These data contribute to ongoing dialogues on the emergence and evolution of microlithic toolkits.
Critical Discourse Analysis and (U.S.) Communication Scholarship Recovering Old Connections, Envisioning New Ones

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is committed to showing how talk and texts serve the interests of those with power in a society. From its initially European linguistic roots, CDA has become an influential international, interdisciplinary tradition. This chapter sketches CDA’s background including its theoretical roots and key scholars. Six areas in current research are illustrated, along with a sampling of CDA work around the world. The focal criticisms that have been directed at CDA scholarship are described. In closing, we suggest CDA’s potential in five areas of Communication (rhetoric, critical/cultural studies, mass communication, organizational communication, and language and social interaction) and provide an appendix of CDA vocabulary.
Complementarity in Conflict Management Theory: Resolution and Settlement Approaches7

Throughout the theoretical literature on conflict management, a dichotomy is apparent. Almost every scholar, in reviewing thinking on the subject, describes a bipolar differentiation in approaches, both in descriptive and prescriptive thinking. The distinctions, and their labels, differ of course from writer to writer, but a general acceptance of two different strands of thought is recurrent.
Cluster Headache-Like Disorder

Four children (two girls) with cluster headache-like disorder beginning between 6 and 15 years of age are reported from Birmingham Children’s Hospital, UK.
Diversity of Secondary Structure in Catalytic Peptides with β-Turn-Biased Sequences

X-ray crystallography has been applied to the structural analysis of a series of tetrapeptides that were previously assessed for catalytic activity in an atroposelective bromination reaction. Common to the series is a central Pro-Xaa sequence, where Pro is either l- or d-proline, which was chosen to favor nucleation of canonical β-turn secondary structures. Crystallographic analysis of 35 different peptide sequences revealed a range of conformational states. The observed differences appear not only in cases where the Pro-Xaa loop-region is altered, but also when seemingly subtle alterations to the flanking residues are introduced. In many instances, distinct conformers of the same sequence were observed, either as symmetry-independent molecules within the same unit cell or as polymorphs. Computational studies using DFT provided additional insight into the analysis of solid-state structural features. Select X-ray crystal structures were compared to the corresponding solution structures derived from measure...
Generation of a Novel Engineered Murine Apyrase in Pichia Pastoris. Enzymatic Profile and Inhibition of Human Platelet Reactivity.

Abstract To study thrombogenesis in wild-type and transgenic mice we engineered a recombinant, soluble form of murine ENTPDase1/CD39 for use as a therapeutic agent. ENTPDase1 contains N- and C-terminal intracellular and transmembrane regions flanking an extracellular domain containing the 5 enzymatically active apyrase-conserved regions. The soluble portion of murine CD39 was amplified using PCR with 5′-XhoI and 3′-XbaI linked primers and cloned into the XhoI/XbaI-digested yeast expression vector pGAPZα. The vector, which features the constitutive GAP promoter and α factor secretion signal, was modified by elimination of the Ste13 cleavage sites and by introduction of a 5′-6His tag separated from the murine solCD39 coding sequence by an enterokinase cleavage site. Stably expressing clones were selected. Aliquots of 30-fold concentrated conditioned medium, obtained following 72 h culture of a yeast clone, were assayed for ADPase and ATPase activity and for the ability to inhibit platelet reactivity. Nucleotidase activity was monitored by native gel electrophoresis and staining using ATP metabolism to phosphate and conversion of Ca-phosphate into PbS, as well as by radio-TLC analyses. Platelet aggregation was quantitated using ADP and collagen as stimuli in heparinized and citrated human platelet-rich plasma (PRP). SolCD39 produced in mammalian cells (CHO, or COS-1) yields an active enzyme that is heavily N-glycosylated. Similarly, Pichia pastoris-produced (murine) solCD39 yields a comparably active protein that is also heavily glycosylated, albeit with the yeast-specific high mannose-type N-glycans. Its ADPase to ATPase activity ratio was ~1.2. Yeast-derived murine solCD39 was treated with PNGase F, an amidase that cleaves between the innermost N-acetyl glucosamine of complex oligosaccharides and asparagine residues of glycoproteins. This removed all saccharides from solCD39, as shown by PAS staining, and by mobility shifts by Western blot analysis and Pb staining in native gels. Interestingly, the deglycosylated protein retained ~60% of both enzymatic and biological activities as compared to the parent molecule. The figures shows platelet aggregation to 5 μM ADP in citrated PRP for control (no murine solCD39), isolated solCD39, and equal quantites of solCD39 that was deglycosylated, as well as subjected to the deglycosylation reaction in the absence of PNGase F. These data are similar for the present murine yeast-produced molecule and COS-produced human solCD39. Our data indicate the possibility of high scale production of solCD39 in yeast, with excellent yield, stability and antithrombotic activity. Download : Download high-res image (204KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Ionization in Linearly and Circularly Polarized Microwave Fields

Ionization by microwave fields provides a useful bridge between processes normally thought of as being photon and field driven. In addition, it is possible to see clearly that some phenomena are simply free electron phenomena. Investigations of ionization by circularly polarized microwaves and ATI are described to illustrate these points.
AVERAGED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS

Mean pressures obtained from an extensive series of wind-tunnel tests have been averaged over an entire side of a building to obtain a single mean pressure coefficient for a given side and wind direction. Coefficients based on either a local reference wind speed or a reference wind speed measured at the level of the roof of the building have been computed. An example and a comparison with existing building codes and standards are included to illustrate the use of these coefficients.
Structure of Liposomes by Electron Microscopy

Many surfactant and biological amphiphiles form with water a lamellar liquid crystalline phase in which the amphiphile molecules organize in equally spaced bilayers. The liquid crystalline phase is easily dispersed in an aqueous phase to form small liquid crystalline particles known as liposomes. The bilayers in liposomes form closed surfaces to reduce contact between hydrophobic amphiphile tails and water. Continuum theory of liquid crystals predicts that the bilayers maintain a constant spacing during deformation from planar layers into closed surfaces. Maxwell demonstrated that only two types of closed surfaces satisfy this constraint: concentric spheres and Dupin cyclides. Dupin cyclides are closed, parallel surfaces which have a conjugate ellipse and hyperbola as their singularities in the bilayer organization. A simple example, and limiting case, is a family of concentric tori.
Photodegradation of taste and odor compounds in water in the presence of immobilized TiO2-SiO2 photocatalysts.

Disinfection by ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a growing trend in public water treatment systems because of its effectiveness with respect to inactivation of protozoa and other pathogenic microorganisms. However, removal of different classes of organic compounds, including taste and odor compounds in water is not effective with UV irradiation. In this study, a novel TiO2-based immobilized photocatalyst is developed to enhance the UV photodegradation of two of the major taste and odor compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and Geosmin (GSM) in water. Evonik (formerly Degussa) P-25 powder-modified TiO2 was immobilized on glass slides using TiO2-SiO2 sol-gel mixture as the binder and calcined at 500 °C. Several catalyst films with different Si amounts were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Photocatalytic degradation of MIB and GSM was investigated by irradiating aqueous solutions under UV-A light (350 nm). Generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) was also assessed to evaluate the activity of the photocatalyst films. Catalyst films with surface ratios of Ti:Si ≈6 showed similar degradations rates but better robustness compared to immobilized P25 films.
Drinking practices and risk of squamous-cell esophageal cancer among Black and White men in the United States

To evaluate whether the fivefold greater incidence rate ofsquamous-cell esophageal cancer in Black compared with White men is due totype of alcoholic beverage consumed or to other qualitative differences inalcohol consumption, we conducted a population-based case-control studywith373 males diagnosed with squamous-cell esophageal cancer (124 Whites and249 Blacks) and 1,364 male controls (750 Whites and 614 Blacks) from threegeographic areas in the United States. Included were all histologicallyconfirmed cases newly diagnosed from 1 August 1986 through 30 April 1989,among White and Black men aged 30 to 79 years. Risks varied to some extentaccording to type of alcohol used, with beer a stronger contributor inWhites, and wine and liquor stronger contributors in Blacks. However, most ofthe differences in the odds ratios by type of alcohol and race wereeliminated after controlling for average weekly amount of total alcoholconsumed. Thus, while alcohol use in all forms is an important risk factorfor squamous-cell esophageal cancer in Whites and Blacks, type of alcoholicbeverage used does not appear to account for the racial differences inincidence.
Factors associated with insomnia and complementary medicine use in children: results of a national survey.

Abstract Objectives Sleep difficulties are a serious health problem in children, and interest in using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies to treat sleep is growing. In this study, we aimed to identify: the prevalence of sleep difficulties in children, and the prevalence and patterns of CAM use among children with trouble sleeping. Methods We used the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) dataset to estimate the prevalence of sleep difficulties and CAM use in children ages 6–17 years. Prevalence estimates were weighted to reflect the survey's sampling design. We used logistic regression to explore associations between sleep difficulties, psychosocial factors, comorbidities and CAM use. Results 6.4% of children in the 2012 NHIS dataset reported regular difficulty sleeping in the last year, corresponding to an estimated 1.5 million children in the US. Older age, poorer health status, more missed school days, and multiple comorbidities were all associated with sleep difficulties (p ≤ 0.001). Among children with sleep difficulties, 29% used at least one CAM therapy. Of the CAM therapies surveyed, non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements were the most commonly used (14.6%), followed by manipulation therapies (9.2%) and mind-body techniques (8.8%). Parental education and CAM use were most strongly associated with child CAM use (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions CAM therapies, particularly non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements, are commonly used among children with sleeping problems. More research is needed to characterize the safety and efficacy of CAM therapies for sleep in this population.
Transient post-glacial processes on Mars: Geomorphologic evidence for a paraglacial period

Abstract On Earth a transitional phase between glacial and interglacial periods is referred to as the paraglacial period. This period immediately postdates glacial retreat and is characterized by ice removal, glacial unloading, and the exposure of steep slopes and large sediment stores. These responses led to the development of a suite of morphologic units (e.g., talus cones, gullies, sackungen, and polygons) which, when observed together, are indicative of the paraglacial period. A similar period of transitional climate and deglaciation is identified on Mars in the Late Amazonian, characterized by the association of features in a glaciated 10.6 km diameter mid-latitude crater. This crater contains concentric crater fill (CCF) formed by debris-covered glaciers, as well as a suite of stratigraphically younger geomorphic units (e.g., spatulate depressions, washboard terrain, gullies, and polygonal terrain) that are all indicative of the local environmental response to deglaciation. These features are interpreted to represent a geologically recent martian paraglacial period within this crater. The morphology and relative stratigraphic relationships among these paraglacial features are described in order to assess the processes operating during deglaciation and to document the recent history of glaciation on Mars: spatulate depressions formed by the differential sublimation of pure glacial ice near the base of the crater wall; subsequently, due to the loss of basal support and steepened slopes, remnant ice on the crater wall began to flow downhill, and formed transverse crevasses that created washboard terrain. Continuous thermal cycling of sediment-mantled ice on crater walls created fractures that formed polygonal terrain. During this time and after, gullies formed by the transport of sediment downslope from crater rim alcoves. Analyses of modeled obliquity variations suggest that the paraglacial period could have operated within the last ∼5 Myr and may still be ongoing, suggesting that the current martian paraglacial period is much longer in duration than typical paraglacial periods on Earth. Understanding the nature and sequence of paraglacial activity can help to identify variations in climate in recent Mars history.
FIT Has Similar Yield as Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer and Advanced Adenoma Over 10 Years.

Over a 10-year period, the rates of detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) and advanced adenomas using FIT are similar to those seen in studies of screening colonoscopy. This does not prove that FIT reduces morbidity and mortality due to CRC as effectively as colonoscopy.
Influence of temperature regime and epizootic shell disease on ecdysterone concentrations in American lobster from the Gulf of Maine

The American lobster, Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837, supports the most economically important shellfish fishery worldwide, with the state of Maine contributing the majority of US landings. Incidence of epizootic shell disease (ESD) is increasing along the Maine coast, highlighting the need to increase our understanding of factors affecting its etiology. Molting lessens the severity or eliminates the disease, and lobsters in the wild with shell disease have been shown to have increased concentrations of hemolymph ecdysteroids, key steroid hormone regulators of molting. Here, we examine the effects of cold, moderate, and warm temperature regimes mimicking annual temperature cycles from regions along the New England coast on hemolymph ecdysterone (20E) concentrations. At baseline sampling from lobsters collected in the field, it was determined that 20E was significantly elevated in lobsters with severe shell disease, but not in those with low to moderate levels of the disease. Hemolymph 20E concentrations correlated with relative molt stage, and were significantly higher in summer than winter for all temperature regime treatments. Lobsters with shell disease were more likely to molt, and more likely to die, than lobsters with no signs of the disease, regardless of temperature treatment. In the winter sampling period, 20E was highest in lobsters from the warm temperature regime, but not in summer. Therefore, these data suggest that temperature regime does impact hemolymph 20E concentrations in both diseased and non–shell diseased lobsters, and is consistent with the hypothesis that elevated 20E may be a mechanism to mitigate the effects of shell disease.
Is the gender gap closing in otolaryngology subspecialties? An analysis of research productivity.

OBJECTIVE The proportion of women specializing in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (Oto-HNS) and seeking fellowship training has steadily increased over the last several years. In academic Oto-HNS, gender differences exist in research productivity, scholarly impact, and funding. This study aims to evaluate gender differences in academic productivity between otolaryngologists in early, mid-, and later careers stages and within various subspecialties. METHODS Departmental websites for all Oto-HNS residency programs were accessed, and data including gender, academic rank, and fellowship training/subspecialty field was collected. Bibliometric data including h-index, publication years, number of citations, documents, and coauthors was obtained from the Scopus database. Career groups were defined as early (1-5 years), mid- (6-15 years), and later (16+ years). Continuous data was compared using the t test. RESULTS Data was collected on 1,754 academic otolaryngologists (412 women, 1,342 men). Overall, men exhibited significantly higher h-indices, number of documents, citations, and coauthors and actively published for more years compared to women (P < 0.0001 for all variables). Similar trends persisted across all subspecialties. When authors were broken down into career groups, women and men showed similar research productivity across all career groups in the subspecialties of otology, facial plastics, and rhinology; however, in head and neck, laryngology, and pediatrics, women continued to lag behind men. CONCLUSION This study suggests that female otolaryngologists within certain subspecialties are keeping pace with their male counterparts in publication productivity in the early career time frame. This represents a change from prior studies which have shown women to be less productive in the early career period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:1144-1150, 2020.
The Effects of Acute Exercise on Retroactive Memory Interference.

Purpose:Retroactive interference involves the disruption of previously encoded information from newly learned information and thus may impair the consolidation of long-term memory. The objective of...
Prophylactic Opening of the Pleural Cavity for Postoperative Drainage is a Risk Factor for Prolonged Pleural Effusion After a Fontan Operation.

Postoperative prolonged pleural effusion (PPE) remains a confounding problem after a Fontan operation. We aimed to describe the risk factors for PPE after a Fontan operation and to clarify the impact of prophylactic opening of the pleural cavity (POPC) for drainage tube insertion on PPE. We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 50 consecutive patients who underwent a Fontan operation at our institution. POPC for postoperative drainage was performed based on each surgeon’s preference. Patients were divided into three groups for analysis: group A (n = 12), no opening; group B (n = 14), unilateral opening; and group C (n = 24), bilateral opening. At the time of surgery, the median age of our patient group was 26 months, with a median body weight of 10.5 kg. The volume of pleural effusion tended to be lower in group A than in groups B and C (p = 0.08). The median duration of drainage was significantly shorter (p = 0.03) in group A (3 days) than in group B (4 days) or C (5 days). Overall, 12 patients required chest tube drainage for ≥ 7 days. Multivariate analysis revealed POPC (p = 0.01) and postoperative water balance (p = 0.03) as independent predictors of PPE. POPC and postoperative water balance are risk factors for PPE after a Fontan operation. Therefore, avoiding POPC for postoperative drainage may reduce the risk of postoperative pleural effusion and morbidities associated with PPE after a Fontan operation.
Postdoctoral Clinical-Research Training in Psychiatry

The authors describe a model for teaching grant writing and other research survival skills to postdoctoral clinical-research fellows in psychiatry and for improving research mentoring. Over the past 4 years, the authors have developed a course on writing grant applications for postdoctoral clinical-research fellows, using peer-review processes modeled after a National Institutes of Health study section. At the same time, the authors have clarified expectations of mentors in ways designed to help fellows prepare “K” (Research Career Development) applications and to receive mentored practice in skills being taught in the course. Sixteen of 30 fellows have succeeded in receiving their first extramural support by the end of their two-year fellowship tenure or during the succeeding year. The authors conclude that by teaching grant-writing skills in a supportive peer environment, providing peer review of proposals, and sharpening expectations of mentors, it may be possible to reduce the time between the end of fellowship and the receipt of the first extramural grant.