cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Usk's Testament of Love and St. Anselm

BooK THREE of Thomas Usk's fourteenth-century compendium of melancholy autobiography and theology, The Testament of Love, has been called the dullest book of a dull treatise, and more than a hint has been given of its hopeless lack of order.' Of its dullness I shall say nothing that must be proved against a greater than Usk. But its apparent confusion will largely disappear if it is compared to St Anselm's De concordia praescientiae et praedestinationis nec non gratiae Dei cum libero arbitrio (PL 158), for Usk's Third Book is modeled on, and in large measure translated from, this treatise of St Anselm's. St Anselm's De concordia consists of three quaestiones:
Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands

In the 1974 paper referred to I had discussed male initiation rites among the Bena Bena and suggested it was not necessary to posit Oedipal conflict as part of the explanation (1974:210). Spiro goes on to discuss the "blatant" Oedipal meanings Gilbert Herdt has unearthed for the Sambia (Herdt 1981), citing in some detail the various brutal practices engaged in during Sambia initiations. Michael Allen, in his book on male cults, had previously suggested there might be cases where male initiations were practiced but no Oedipal rivalry was involved (1967:22). Allen suggested that:
Subcutaneous temperature profile, skin appearance, and picking efficiency of immersion and spray scalded broiler carcasses

Abstract To compare immersion and spray scalding temperature profiles, thermocouples were positioned beneath the skin of broiler carcasses in eight separate locations. The locations were as follows: 1 and 2) the upper left and right breast, 3 and 4) middle of the left and right thigh, 5 and 6) beneath the left and right wing, 7) the lower back above the pygostyle, and 8) the upper back between the wings. Standard immersion scalding at 52 or 56.5 C for 2 min or a prototype spray scalder at 60, 65, or 70 C for 1 min were used to monitor s.c. temperature during scalding. Immersion scalding resulted in an exponential profile with the lower temperature having less temperature deviation for the monitored locations. Among sampling locations, the spray scald temperatures were divergent among locations and the highest temperatures were recorded when thermocouples were within the spray patterns. As with the immersion scalded carcasses, lower temperatures for the spray scalding demonstrated less deviation among the monitored locations and a closer grouping of the final temperatures. The only spray scald temperature tested at which s.c. temperatures approached those of the immersion scalded carcasses was 70 C. Additional carcasses were scalded, picked, and examined for skin appearance and picking efficiency. All carcasses spray scalded for 60 s had a “cooked appearance” when evaluated. When spray scald times were reduced to 30 s, skin appearance improved, but with the exception of the 70 C trial, picking efficiency was poorer.
Storage Temperature of Neem Kernel Extract: Differential Effects on Oviposition Deterrency and Larval Toxicity of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Neem has been used as an effective postharvest protectant for many crops. Neem is especially effective against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a major pest of cowpeas. Although it is well known that azadirachtin A breaks down rapidly at high temperatures, the efficacy of neem kernel extract previously exposed to high temperatures for protecting stored pulses has not been conclusively investigated. Effectiveness of these materials would allow West African farmers to make a neem extract at their convenience and store it for later use. We found that neem kernel extract continued to reduce infestations of C. maculatus, after the neem kernel extract had been stored at high temperatures, including 2 wk at 50°C followed by up to 5 mo storage at 28°C. Neem kernel extract analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography revealed that azadirachtin A present in unheated or fresh neem kernel extract dissipated when stored at 50°C for 2 wk. Neem kernel extract heated to 28°C or above also lost effectiveness as an oviposition deterrent. However, the number of neem kernel extract-treated eggs that survive to become adults was significantly reduced even when the neem kernel extract was exposed to 50°C for 2 wk. We attribute the mortality we observed, which was maintained even when azadirachtin A was absent in neem kernel extract, to physical effects of the oil properties of neem kernel extract. We conclude that neem kernel extract can be stored at high temperatures for at least 5 mo without significant reduction in overall effectiveness.
The effect of falls and fall injuries on functioning in community-dwelling older persons.

BACKGROUND Several preventive strategies have proven effective at reducing the occurrence and rate of falling. It remains to be determined, however, whether, and to what extent, falls and/or fall injuries are independent determinants of adverse functional outcomes in older persons. METHODS A probability sample of 1,103 community-dwelling persons over age 71 years was followed for 3 years. The 957 cohort members (87%) who participated in at least one follow-up interview while residing in the community were included in this study. Outcome measures included one and three year change in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADLs-IADLs), social activities, and physical activities. Based on daily calendars and hospital surveillance, participants were placed into one of four levels of fall status: no falls, one fall without serious injury, at least two falls without serious injury, and one or more falls with serious injury. Hierarchical linear regression models, sequentially adding six domains of covariates, were constructed to examine fall status as a risk factor for change in function. RESULTS One noninjurious fall (beta = -.437; p < .01), at least two noninjurious falls (beta = -.877; p < .001); and at least one injurious fall (beta = -1.254; p < .001) were each associated with decline in BADL-IADL function over 3 years after adjusting for covariates (model R2 = .2617). Experiencing two or more noninjurious falls (beta = -.538; p < .05) was associated with decline in social activities (model R2 = .2779) while experiencing at least one injurious fall (beta = -.580; p < .01) was associated with decline in physical activity (model R2 = .4231). CONCLUSIONS Falls and fall injuries appear to be independent determinants of functional decline in community-dwelling older persons. Falling is a health condition meeting all criteria for prevention: high frequency, evidence of preventability, and high burden of morbidity.
Multichannel Image Registration by Feature-Based Information Fusion

This paper proposes a novel nonrigid inter-subject multichannel image registration method which combines information from different modalities/channels to produce a unified joint registration. Multichannel images are created using co-registered multimodality images of the same subject to utilize information across modalities comprehensively. Contrary to the existing methods which combine the information at the image/intensity level, the proposed method uses feature-level information fusion method to spatio-adaptively combine the complementary information from different modalities that characterize different tissue types, through Gabor wavelets transformation and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), to produce a robust inter-subject registration. Experiments on both simulated and real multichannel images illustrate the applicability and robustness of the proposed registration method that combines information across modalities. This inter-subject registration is expected to pave the way for subsequent unified population-based multichannel studies.
The Effects of Fiscal Consolidation and Welfare Composition of Spending on Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from US Gubernatorial Elections between 1978 and 2006

This study attempts to make a contribution to the field of spending aspects of fiscal policy and their impacts on electoral outcome. Due to varying degrees of financial responsibilities and commitments to provide public goods and services, US state governments serve as a perfectly natural laboratory to test the electoral significance of fiscal policies. We adopt a probit model, with several specifications, to determine significant impacts of fiscal consolidation and increases in welfare spending on US gubernatorial elections from 1978 to 2006. The analyses show that voters are more concerned about the increase in debt than current budget deficits. An increase in welfare spending is negatively associated with reelection. Moreover, the impact of taxation on gubernatorial elections turns out to be insignificant. In particular, findings suggest that the political business cycle model does not hold true in US gubernatorial elections. Expansionary fiscal policy right before the election may not have crucial imp...
Future Directions in Population Estimation

Where estimation methods primarily differ is in the specific variables and data sources considered by the analyst and the ways in which those variables and data sources are related to each other. Future changes in the field of population estimation will therefore stem from changes in the availability of historical data, the tools for organizing and manipulating those data, our understanding of how different variables interact to determine population change, and our ability to build new models or develop new methods based on these new insights. The inspired analyst will incorporate factors not previously considered in developing estimates, or will put them together in creative new ways.
Repair of megameatus: A modified approach

Summary Objective To demonstrate surgical reconstruction of a megameatus variant of hypospadias by using a modified, patient-specific approach. Methods An 8-month-old male had a megameatus, which was discovered after newborn circumcision. In repair of megameatus, it is important to recognize the full extent to which the distal urethra is widened, in order to avoid inadvertent urethrotomy during mobilization of the glans wings and skin immediately proximal to the glans. In this case, a small wedge of tissue was excised from the ventral aspect of the urethra, and a midline relaxing incision of the urethral plate was made. Standard principles of hypospadias repair should be followed, with tension-free urethral tubularization, coverage of the neourethra with well-vascularized tissue, and adequate mobilization of the glans wings to allow midline reconstruction without compression of the underlying neourethra. Results There were no perioperative or postoperative complications in this case. The urethral meatus was positioned near the tip of the glans penis, and there was no evidence of meatal stenosis or urethrocutaneous fistula at 5-months follow-up. Conclusion Each case of megameatus is unique, and a variety of surgical techniques can be used in formulating an approach that achieves optimal cosmetic and functional outcomes.
The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study “Extra-Aggression” Score as an Indicator in Cognitive Restructuring Therapy for Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence

It was hypothesized that male perpetrators of domestic violence in the early stages of a 1-year process of cognitive restructuring therapy would manifest on the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study higher levels of extra-aggressiveness than in later stages of the therapy process. A sample of male batterers in the process of treatment took the Rosenzweig instrument. The resulting responses were rated by trained scorers. Chi-square calculations reveled that batterers in the first quarter of treatment manifested Rosenzweig responses indicative of extra-aggressiveness, whereas in the fourth quarter, batterers manifested Rosenzweig responses indicative of im-aggression. The data are discussed relative to implications for domestic violence treatment and the use of the Rosenzweig instrument as an index of treatment progress.
A Minimal Intervention Principle for Coordinated Movement

Behavioral goals are achieved reliably and repeatedly with movements rarely reproducible in their detail. Here we offer an explanation: we show that not only are variability and goal achievement compatible, but indeed that allowing variability in redundant dimensions is the optimal control strategy in the face of uncertainty. The optimal feedback control laws for typical motor tasks obey a "minimal intervention" principle: deviations from the average trajectory are only corrected when they interfere with the task goals. The resulting behavior exhibits task-constrained variability, as well as synergetic coupling among actuators—which is another unexplained empirical phenomenon.
The absorptive capacity for complex, science-based innovation: The case of bio-pharmaceuticals

New products in sectors such as bio-pharmaceuticals, alternate energy, new materials, and complex products require an enormous amount of new knowledge. Yet this knowledge is widely distributed around the globe, so accessing and absorbing it can be very difficult. We focus on how can industrial scientists recognize, pull in, and apply so much new knowledge in their product innovation work. We frame our study with the knowing as practice perspective, which suggests how knowledge professionals draw on their embodied intuition, physical and sensory referents, and on their socially embedded interactions and work contexts. Based on 85 interviews with drug discovery scientists and managers, we develop empirically grounded theory for how these industrial scientists can access and absorb so much knowledge. We find that the collective sense of the scientist is a major medium for drawing on distributed know-how as needed to explore ill-structured problems. The collective sense of the scientist is a complex, intuitive sense that relies on the acting body of the scientist working in the lab with materials and apparatus and using all senses, similar to studies of academic scientists. However, the industrial sense of the scientist is collective - socially created, reinforced, and shared. Our analysis suggests that three social networks together produce and maintain this collective sense by creating a rich social context for knowing: 1) interactions among the sensory bodies of scientists in everyday practice; 2) connections with institutions of sciences; and 3) engagement with the overall innovation process in their firms. We describe each social network, how it works, and how it helps absorb so much knowledge.
The Economics of Animal Cooperation

The Prisoner's Dilemma encapsulates the difficulty of cooperation when there is a temptation to cheat. Human partners can escape from this bind through repeated interaction and reciprocation. However, as [Mesterton-Gibbons and Adams][1] explain in their Perspective, attempts to replicate such cooperation experimentally using nonhuman subjects have not yielded definitive answers about the capacity for reciprocity among animal species. New work with captive blue jays in an experimental Prisoner's Dilemma setup that controls the strength of preference for an immediate versus a delayed reward reveals that these birds do indeed have the capacity for cooperation ([Stephens][2] et al .). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5601/2146 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/298/5601/2216
Interaction of adsorbed polymers with supported cationic bilayers

The interaction forces between bilayers of the cationic surfactant di(tallow ethyl ester)dimethyl ammonium chloride (DEEDMAC) were measured using a Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) with and without an adsorbing polymer, polyacrylamide (PAM). In the absence of PAM, the forces measured between the bilayer surfaces were purely repulsive on approach and separation and is charge regulated. Addition of PAM induced structural changes to the bilayer interfaces, and resulted in the formation of bilayer-like patches of DEEDMAC decorated PAM (hydrated) on the mica surface. The interaction potential between these surfaces showed a modified DLVO interaction with an additional monotonic steric hydration repulsion on approach with an exponential force decay length of Dsteric ∼ 1 nm consistent with the measurements of hydration forces. On separating the surfaces, interdigitated polymers bridge between the two surfaces, resulting in a weak adhesion (adhesion energy, W0 ∼ 0.1 mJ m−2). Our results provide a picture of the complex molecular structure and interactions between uncharged adsorbing water soluble polymers and supported charged bilayers, and highlight the effects of adsorbing polymers on the structure of bilayers. Implications for the stability of vesicles in dispersions have been also discussed.
Reducing supermolecules to 'pseudo-atoms' and anions: Cryptatium species and C 60

As part of our continued interest in the redox properties of macrocyclic and macrobicyclic ligands and their corresponding metal cation complexes, we have recorded the electrochemistry of several cryptands and their cryptates, along with those for the carbon clusters c60 and C70. The electrochemistry of c60 and C70 at low temperature has yielded the first observation of the corresponding hexaanionic forms, C62- and C706-. These multiple reductions appear to be chemically and electrochemically reversible under the conditions used, so the method has been employed to generate and detect c602- by ESR spectroscopy. The cryptands and cryptates studied also exhibit multiple ligand-based redox processes and, in some cases, the reduction products are isolated as crystalline materials. The crystal structure of one of these materials, the first CRYPTATIUM species, has been reported. This species is a neutral, expanded-metal type intramolecular ion pair. On a closely related topic, formation of a novel crystalline material from the reductive electrocrystallization of [R~(bpy)~]Cl, is reported here for the first time. The latter material is assumed to be [Ru(bpy)31°.
The Caenorhabditis elegans MYOD homologue HLH-1 is essential for proper muscle function and complete morphogenesis

A family of muscle-specific helix-loop-helix transcription factors (myoD, myogenin, myf-5 and MRF4) has been implicated in the control of vertebrate skeletal myogenesis. Searches for homologues of this family in Caenorhabditis elegans identified a single family member, hlh-1, which is expressed in striated muscles and their clonal precursors. We have isolated a null allele of hlh-1 following chemical mutagenesis. Animals homozygous for the null mutation produce contractile body-wall muscles, although muscle contractions are weak and coordination is defective. In addition to the evident muscle defects, mutant animals fail to complete embryonic elongation and die as larvae or young adults. Ultrastructural analysis of the mutant muscle reveals an apparently normal local lattice of thick and thin filaments, with more global defects in sarcomere organization and muscle cell placement. Mosaic studies using the point mutation and an extrachromosomal transgene indicate that the requirement for hlh-1 is fully zygotic, with no maternal hlh-1 requirement for either muscle development or viability.
Interventions to Address Racial/Ethnic Disparities in School Discipline: Can Systems Reform Be Race-Neutral?

More than 50 years since Brown v. Board of Education, the over-representation of African American students in suspension and expulsion remains as one of the most pressing areas of inequity in education. African American disparities in school discipline are large and consistent over time; data often fail to support typical expectations concerning the distribution of disproportionality in discipline. In particular, the evidence fails to support presumptions that disciplinary disparities are due to poverty or differential rates of behavior. Despite almost 40 years of documentation of the issue, there remain few published intervention studies specifically targeting racial and ethnic disparities in school discipline. Although the current political climate may well be more conducive to the implementation of race-neutral approaches, available data raise doubts as to whether it is possible to effectively address racial inequity without specific attention to issues of race and culture.
Students Decided and Undecided About Career Choice: A Comparison of College Achievement and Student Involvement

The author examined a national sample of over 20,000 undecided and decided students on measures of college achievement and student involvement, investigating nine variables. Although small differences were found for three variables, this study generally supports other research findings that the two groups are more similar than different.
Monroe Clock Company (B)

Monroe Clock Company, a producer of electrical timers, is trying to decide how to price a new device by considering variable versus fixed costs, the relevance of certain costs, and information regarding capacity utilization. The A case can be taught independently or in conjunction with the B case (UVA-C-2229), which considers the method of overhead allocation and its impact on the cost of the household timer.
Fixing stem cells via genome editing: hope for cystic fibrosis?

Transplantation of lung stem/progenitor cells represents a potential therapeutic approach for a variety of inherited monogenic lung diseases including cystic fibrosis (CF). The primary defect in CF, an autosomal recessive disorder, is the regulation of epithelial chloride transport by a chloride channel protein encoded by the CFTR gene [1,2]. One potential therapeutic approach would first involve generation of patientspecific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from skin or blood cells of affected patients. Utilizing site-specific gene editing, the disease-causing CFTR mutation would then be corrected in the endogenous, chromosomal DNA sequence. Site-specifically editing the endogenous CFTR gene should, in principle, provide for sustained, nonsilenced CFTR gene expression at levels appropriate for CFTR functional restoration. Furthermore, editing and correction at the chromosomal DNA level in stem cells will ensure that the correction is permanently encoded and long lasting in the cells derived from the corrected iPSCs. Finally, a differentiation approach would be employed to obtain populations of the relevant lung stem/progenitor cells from the corrected iPSCs for the purpose of transplantation [2]. The generation of iPSCs from CF patients has been reported previously [3–6], with subsequent differentiation into epithelial cells. The design and assessment of CFTR-specific nucleases also has been reported previously, including repair of the mutant CFTR gene [6–10]. There are now several classes of sequence-specific nucleases available (ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, Meganucleases) for DNA sequence-specific gene editing. In principle, depending upon the specific application, gene editing approaches may utilize either homology directed repair (HDR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Following introduction of a sequence-specific dsDNA break, HDR utilizes homology sequences (e.g., flanking a transgene in a donor construct or present in a ssDNA oligo) to facilitate accurate sequence-specific targeted transgene integration or sequence substitution. HDR requires cells to be in cycle and is most active at the G2 stage. NHEJ, active in both cycling and noncycling cells, is an error prone process that, following cleavage of dsDNA, seeks to rejoin the two separated ends of dsDNA. This rejoining is frequently associated with small insertions/deletions/duplications at the original site of cleavage. Since resident stem cells in many tissues are largely quiescent, unless they can somehow be triggered or stimulated to proliferate, this noncycling state would largely render them resistant to HDR. We recently published the correction of the mutant CFTR locus in CF iPSCs using ZFN-based genome editing [2]. This correction, first demonstrated at the genomic DNA level in the treated iPSCs, was shown to result in expression of corrected CFTR mRNA and protein in iPSC-derived lung epithelium. Most importantly, using Ussing Fixing stem cells via genome editing: hope for cystic fibrosis?
Monitoring gold nanoparticle distribution with high resolution using photo-magnetic imaging

One major advantage of using gold nanoparticles is the possibility of tuning their absorption peak by modifying their surface plasma resonance. They are proven to be a promising multi-functional platform that can be used for many imaging and therapeutic applications. As a true multi-modality imaging technique, Photo-Magnetic Imaging (PMI) has a great potential to monitor the distribution of gold nanoparticles non-invasively with MR resolution. With a simple addon of a continuous wave laser to an MRI system, PMI uses the laser induced temperature increase, measured by MR Thermometry (MRT), to provide tissue optical absorption maps at MR resolution. PMI utilizes a Finite Element Method (FEM) based algorithm to solve the combined diffusion and bio-heat equations. This system of combined equations models the photon distribution in the tissue and heat generation due to the absorption of the light and consequent heat diffusion. The key characteristic of PMI is that its spatial resolution is preserved at any depth as long as the temperature change within the imaged medium is detectable by MRT. Agar phantoms containing gold nanoparticles are used to validate the ability of PMI in monitoring their distribution. To make PMI suitable for diagnostic purposes, the laser powers has been kept under the American National Standard Institute maximum skin exposure limits in this study.
Research of Influence Factors of Circulating Fluidized Bed Furnace Desulfurization Efficiency

Using a large circulating fluidized bed boiler,a industrial test and analysis of circulating fluidized bed is made.The circulating fluidized bed desulfurization mechanism is studied,and the combustion conditions,the amount of limestone and limestone particle size effects on the desulfurization rate case are analyzed.The experimental studies show that the changes of these factors on the circulating fluidized bed desulfurization rate have different degrees of impact.
Evaluation on Interventional Effects To High-risk Behaviors Among Sex Workers In Feixi County

Objective To study the interventional effects to high-risk behaviors related to AIDS among entertainment sex workers,and explore the effective interventional model.Methods Comprehensive intervention strategies focused on face-to-face education and peer education were conducted for 5 years since 2005,and the interventional effects were evaluated.Results From 2005 to 2009,the knowledge rate on control and prevention of subjects increased from 67.4% to 82.2%,and the rate of condom use in the last sexual behaviour increased from 78.4% to 93.3%.Conclusion Comprehensive intervention have a good effectiveness,and this program should be further promoted.
Zonal Variations in the Southern Ocean Heat Budget

AbstractThe spatial structure of the upper ocean heat budget in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is investigated using the ⅙°, data-assimilating Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) for 2005–10. The ACC circumpolar integrated budget shows that 0.27 PW of ocean heat gain from the atmosphere and 0.38 PW heat gain from divergence of geostrophic heat transport are balanced by −0.58 PW cooling by divergence of Ekman heat transport and −0.09 PW divergence of vertical heat transport. However, this circumpolar integrated balance obscures important zonal variations in the heat budget. The air–sea heat flux shows a zonally asymmetric pattern of ocean heat gain in the Indian and Atlantic sectors and ocean heat loss in the Pacific sector of the ACC. In the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the ACC, the surface ocean heat gain is primarily balanced by divergence of equatorward Ekman heat transport that cools the upper ocean. In the Pacific sector, surface ocean heat loss and cooling due to divergence of Ekman heat...
Biotextiles for atrial septal defect repair

Abstract: An atrial septal defect (ASD) is the third most common form of congenital heart disease and is often only diagnosed in adulthood. The chapter describes different forms of ASD with their symptoms and diagnoses and methods that have historically been used to repair them. Transcatheter ASD repair technology is explained and the construction and functioning of a variety of devices is described, with particular reference to the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of textile components. The chapter concludes with an overview of recent developments.
Emerging and Rare Viral Infections in Transplantation

Immunocompromised patients such as those undergoing solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at substantial risk for infection with numerous pathogens. Infections with cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) are well-described complications of transplantation. As viruses previously believed to be quiescent through widespread vaccination (e.g., measles and mumps) reemerge and molecular diagnostic techniques are refined, rare and emerging viral infections are increasingly diagnosed in transplant recipients. This chapter will review the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and potential antiviral therapies for these viruses in the transplant population.
Return on Engagement Initiatives: A Study of a Business-to-Business Mobile App

AbstractFirms are increasingly offering engagement initiatives to facilitate firm–customer interactions or interactions among customers, with the primary goal of fostering emotional and psychological bonds between customers and the firm. Unlike traditional marketing interventions, which are designed to prompt sales, assessing returns on engagement initiatives (RoEI) is more complex because sales are not the primary goal and, often, direct sales are not associated with such initiatives. To assess RoEI across varying institutional contexts, the authors propose and empirically implement a methodological framework to investigate a business-to-business mobile app that a tool manufacturer provides for free to engage its buyers. The data include sales by buyer firms that adopted the app over 15 months, as well as a control group of buyers that did not adopt. The results from a difference-in-differences specification, together with selection on observables and unobservables, show that the app increased the manufa...
The Surface Extraction from TIN based Search-space Minimization (SETSM) algorithm

Abstract Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provide critical information for a wide range of scientific, navigational and engineering activities. Submeter resolution, stereoscopic satellite imagery with high geometric and radiometric quality, and wide spatial coverage are becoming increasingly accessible for generating stereo-photogrammetric DEMs. However, low contrast and repeatedly-textured surfaces, such as snow and glacial ice at high latitudes, and mountainous terrains challenge existing stereo-photogrammetric DEM generation techniques, particularly without a-priori information such as existing seed DEMs or the manual setting of terrain-specific parameters. To utilize these data for fully-automatic DEM extraction at a large scale, we developed the Surface Extraction from TIN-based Search-space Minimization (SETSM) algorithm. SETSM is fully automatic (i.e. no search parameter settings are needed) and uses only the sensor model Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs). SETSM adopts a hierarchical, combined image- and object-space matching strategy utilizing weighted normalized cross-correlation with both original distorted and geometrically corrected images for overcoming ambiguities caused by foreshortening and occlusions. In addition, SETSM optimally minimizes search-spaces to extract optimal matches over problematic terrains by iteratively updating object surfaces within a Triangulated Irregular Network, and utilizes a geometric-constrained blunder and outlier detection in object space. We prove the ability of SETSM to mitigate typical stereo-photogrammetric matching problems over a range of challenging terrains. SETSM is the primary DEM generation software for the US National Science Foundation’s ArcticDEM project.
GYRO SPIN-AXIS BEARING PROGRAM AT THE GENERAL MOTORS RESEARCH LABORATORIES

Abstract This report is a summary of work to date of the Gyroscope Spin-Axis Ball Bearing program at the General Motors Research Laboratories. The emphasis is on test results obtained from specialized single-bearing test equipment. The direct measurement of complete oil films is discussed along with interpretations from a hydrodynamic analysis. The correlation between film thickness and life is related to bearing failures and “jogs” (transient axial displacements), with lubricant distribution being the prime consideration in achieving both life and stability characteristics. A number of jog mechanisms are discussed.
Activity and Reactivity of Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Matter toward Organic Compounds.

Pyrogenic carbonaceous matter (PCM) includes environmental black carbon (fossil fuel soot, biomass char), engineered carbons (biochar, activated carbon), and related materials like graphene and nanotubes. These materials contact organic pollutants due to their widespread presence in the environment or through their use in various engineering applications. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of adsorption and chemical reactions mediated by PCM and the links between these processes. It also covers adsorptive processes previously receiving little attention and ignored in models such as steric constraints, physicochemical effects of confinement in nanopores, π interactions of aromatic compounds with polyaromatic surfaces, and very strong hydrogen bonding of ionizable compounds with surface functional groups. Although previous research has regarded carbons merely as passive sorbents, recent studies show that PCM can promote chemical reactions of sorbed contaminants at ordinary temperature, ...
Discovering Perspectives on Health and Well-Being from Parents and Teachers of Preschool- Aged Children.

Background This study explores the concept of health and well-being as perceived by teachers and parents of preschool-aged children in the specific context of a child day care facility. The study also identifies the barriers parents and teachers encounter and the supports they require in promoting the health and well-being of preschool-aged children. Method A qualitative phenomenological research design combined with a projective technique of Photovoice was used for data collection. A total of eight participants, four teachers and four parents of preschool-aged children from a child day care facility, participated in the study. Results Several themes were identified related to barriers that parents and teachers face and the supports they require in promoting the health and well-being of preschool-aged children. Conclusions This study discusses a potential role for occupational therapy practitioners in collaborating with administrators and teachers and parents of preschool-aged children to develop a program to promote the health and well-being of preschool-aged children.
Magnitude and duration of acute-exercise intensity effects on symptoms of restless legs syndrome: a pilot study

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder that affects 5–15% of the population. There is increasing interest in exercise for managing the symptoms of RLS. To date, no research has examined the duration of acute-exercise intensity effects on RLS. The present study estimated the magnitude and duration of effect of two acute bouts of treadmill exercise at different intensities on severity of RLS. Eight participants (median age 44 years) with RLS completed three different conditions: rest, moderate-intensity exercise [50% heart rate reserve (HRR)], and vigorous-intensity exercise (70% HRR). RLS severity was measured with the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLS) Scale and daytime sleepiness was measured with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) pre-condition, 24, and 48 h post-condition. There was no significant effect of time on IRLS or ESS for rest, moderate-intensity exercise, or vigorous-intensity exercise based on the Friedman test per condition. Effect sizes based on the z-value from the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test indicated that moderate-intensity exercise had a moderate effect (r = 0.350) on IRLS in the first 24 h, but no effect on ESS. Vigorous-intensity exercise had a small effect on both IRLS (r = 0.191) and ESS (r = 0.210) in the first 24 h. Both conditions returned to normal or worsened within 48 h. Our results suggest that acute exercise, at either intensity, may have an immediate effect on RLS symptoms that dissipate within 48 h. These results highlight the importance of continual participation in exercise as a non-pharmacological approach to manage symptoms of RLS.
Where’s Guantánamo in Granma? Competing Discourses on Detention and Terrorism

There has been copious popular and scholarly work on the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay; however, few writers have taken the base’s Cuban locale seriously or contemplated the Cuban government’s interpretation and representation of the U.S. detention centers on its soil since January 2002. This chapter analyzes Granma, Cuba’s state-run daily newspaper, and its coverage of the base between 2002 and 2009. It argues that the Cuban state minimized its reporting and remained oddly silent given the international outrage against ‘Guantanamo.’ Instead, Granma privileged and amplified the trials of alleged terrorist Luis Posada Carrilles and the lengthy prison terms of Los Cinco in Florida, stories that are all but invisible in American public discourse.
Fragmented Hegemony and the Dismantling of the War System in Colombia

Establishing peace in Colombia has been an enigma escaping the best intentions of some presidents. The causes of this riddle are multiple. Some attributed it to the nature of the state-making proce...
The Role of Apoptotic Factors in Assessing Progression of Periodontal Disease.

BACKGROUND The mechanisms responsible for periodontal disease progression remain unclear. However, recent studies suggest that apoptosis may be one mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of periodontal disease progression. This pilot study is the 3 month follow-up of our published baseline study on the presence of apoptotic factors in serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and their association with periodontal disease severity and activity. METHODS GCF samples were obtained from 37 adult patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 7 healthy controls. Clinical measurements, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographs, were used to evaluate data by sites and to classify patients into healthy, mild, and moderate/severe CP groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure apoptosis or DNA fragmentation levels in GCF. Western immunoblotting was used to detect several apoptotic proteins, Fas, FasL, sFasL, and caspase-3 expression and its cleavage products in GCF. RESULTS At the patient level clinical and apoptotic measurements change minimally over time. At the site level, DNA fragmentation levels increase with increasing PDs at 3 months and baseline. Apoptotic protein expression exhibits increasing trends with increasing PDs at baseline and 3 months. FasL and Active FasL show a high specificity and PPV; low sensitivity and NPV. Caspase-3 products (ProCas35K and Active Cas) show a high PPV with moderate to high specificity; low sensitivity and NPV. ProCas70K shows a high PPV with moderate to high sensitivity; low specificity and NPV. CONCLUSION Factors associated with apoptosis show minimal changes in expression in periodontitis groups in comparison to a healthy group over a short time interval (3 months). However, at the site level, apoptotic factors (DNA fragmentation and apoptotic proteins) exhibit significant increases or increasing trends with increasing PDs at any time point examined (baseline or 3 months). Several of these apoptotic factors also exhibit a high sensitivity and high positive predictive value. Thus, apoptotic molecules may be helpful biomarkers of disease status at any point in time.
The Necessity for Multifaceted Quality Management

In health care, quality assurance systems that assume one size fits all are nearly meaningless. They produce data that, for any particular segment of the health care spectrum, cannot help to improve performance. This point cannot be overemphasized. One reason for the limited acceptance of quality management programs has been that while they may help one segment of health care providers when implemented, other individuals or groups of health care providers have found their contributions to be irrelevant or marginal. In fact, even a cursory examination makes clear that different health care constituencies require differing forms of quality management. If quality assurance is to progress, it is mandatory to distinguish those differing interests.
Vibrating Strings and Eighteenth-Century Mechanics

In the late 1740s an acrimonious dispute broke out between Jean le Rond d’Alembert and Leonhard Euler over the solution of the two-dimensional wave equation. The issues were the nature of legitimate mathematical functions, the definition of continuity, and differentiability. A description of this overheated exchange illustrates the relations between mathematics, metaphysics and experimental philosophy during the eighteenth century.1
Invasive Candidiasis During Granulocytopenia

Candidiasis remains the most frequently encountered fungal infection in patients with profound granulocytopenia and appears to be increasing in frequency. In addition, Candida infections are occurring earlier during remission induction chemotherapy and can be caused by a variety of species such as C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. The most frequent source of disseminated infection is the gastrointestinal tract, as the integrity of the epithelium is disrupted by chemotherapeutic agents. The spectrum of disseminated candidiasis comprises both an acute and a chronic presentation (also known in the literature as hepatosplenic candidiasis). The management of disseminated infection consists of early empiric antifungal therapy with a standard agent, amphotericin B. Unfortunately, responses in the setting of profound granulocytopenia appear to be poor. Other agents that appear to be useful in the management of disseminated candidiasis include 5-flucytosine and fluconazole. Based on animal experimentation, it appears that the combination of these three classes of agents might produce superior results compared with amphotericin B alone. Removal of the central venous catheter does not appear warranted in the setting of profound granulocytopenia, and the role of colony stimulating factors needs to be defined. Given the severity and high mortality associated with disseminated candidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies, antifungal prophylaxis appears warranted.
The Rational Planning of (Software) Projects

The software crisis has persisted for decades. Our difficulties in planning and managing software projects may be rooted in fundamental human nature, as suggested by research in rational decision making, more than in the inherent difficulty of building software. The Capability Maturity ModelSM for Software, an application of the concepts of Total Quality Management to software development and maintenance, embodies one approach for improving the software process. The problems addressed by both the CMMSM and TQM seem to lie in the basic ways that human beings think and organize themselves. In many circumstances, normal human decision making can be characterized as “irrational” because of systematic biases and fallacies in the way people make decisions. Mechanisms such as those suggested by the CMM support rational decision making.
Neurologic aspects of influenza viruses

Although influenza A and B viruses are primarily known as respiratory viruses and mainly infected only the upper respiratory tract in humans, patients with influenza often develop signs and symptoms that are not due to the respiratory system. Frequently individuals with influenza develop headaches, meningismus, and even seizures in addition to their typical respiratory symptoms. In the past decades, influenza viruses have also been associated with serious non-respiratory signs. The famous 1918 strain of influenza was associated with von Economo's encephalitis lethargica and postencephalitic parkinsonism. In the 1960s influenza virus infections in children were associated with Reye's syndrome characterized often by fatty non-inflammatory hepatic disease and an encephalopathy with marked non-inflammatory cerebral edema. Intermittently children with influenza develop focal myalgia and myositis. Guillain–Barre syndrome was epidemiologically associated with the 1978 killed influenza vaccine but not subsequent vaccines. Although occasional children with influenza have developed encephalopathy, from 2000 through 2004 there was an increase in the number of serious cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy accompanying infection with the influenza A 2009 strain. The current H5N1 strain of bird influenza occasionally infects humans with a high mortality rate and some appear to have central nervous signs. This chapter explores what is known about these influenza neurologic associations.
Incorporation of types I and III collagen in tunable hyaluronan hydrogels for vocal fold tissue engineering.

Abstract Vocal fold scarring is the fibrotic manifestation of a variety of voice disorders, and is difficult to treat. Tissue engineering therapies provide a potential strategy to regenerate the native tissue microenvironment in order to restore vocal fold functionality. However, major challenges remain in capturing the complexity of the native tissue and sustaining regeneration. We hypothesized that hydrogels with tunable viscoelastic properties that present relevant biological cues to cells might be better suited as therapeutics. Herein, we characterized the response of human vocal fold fibroblasts to four different biomimetic hydrogels: thiolated hyaluronan (HA) crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), HA-PEGDA with type I collagen (HA-Col I), HA-PEGDA with type III collagen (HA-Col III) and HA-PEGDA with type I and III collagen (HA-Col I-Col III). Collagen incorporation allowed for interpenetrating fibrils of collagen within the non-fibrillar HA network, which increased the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The addition of collagen fibrils also reduced hyaluronidase degradation of HA and hydrogel swelling ratio. Fibroblasts encapsulated in the HA-Col gels adopted a spindle shaped fibroblastic morphology by day 7 and exhibited extensive cytoskeletal networks by day 21, suggesting that the incorporation of collagen was essential for cell adhesion and spreading. Cells remained viable and synthesized new DNA throughout 21 days of culture. Gene expression levels significantly differed between the cells encapsulated in the different hydrogels. Relative fold changes in gene expression of MMP1, COL1A1, fibronectin and decorin suggest higher degrees of remodeling in HA-Col I-Col III gels in comparison to HA-Col I or HA-Col III hydrogels, suggesting that the former may better serve as a natural biomimetic hydrogel for tissue engineering applications. Statement of Significance Voice disorders affect about 1/3rd of the US population and significantly reduce quality of life. Patients with vocal fold fibrosis have few treatment options. Tissue engineering therapies provide a potential strategy to regenerate the native tissue microenvironment in order to restore vocal fold functionality. Various studies have used collagen or thiolated hyaluronan (HA) with gelatin as potential tissue engineering therapies. However, there is room for improvement in providing cells with more relevant biological cues that mimic the native tissue microenvironment and sustain regeneration. The present study introduces the use of type I collagen and type III collagen along with thiolated HA as a natural biomimetic hydrogel for vocal fold tissue engineering applications.