cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teach For America in the Media: A Multimodal Semiotic Analysis

Teach For America (TFA), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation, recruits college graduates, often from outside of the educational domain, from some of the United States’ most prestigious universities to teach for two years in low-income, oftentimes racially diverse, schools around the country. This social semiotic approach to multimodal critical discourse analysis seeks to uncover and explore the ideologies found in the discourse surrounding TFA’s media representation. The purpose of this analysis is to describe how TFA is represented by it’s own organization and how it is represented by the media both positively and negatively, giving explicit attention to how social actors are either collectivized or individualized. TFA’s media portrayal enables individuals who have not interacted with the organization, and also may have very little understanding of it, to form an opinion about its work and effectiveness, thus creating and reinforcing beliefs that align people for or against TFA.
Toward a Theory of Human Rights: Protecting Human Rights in a Democracy: What Role for the Courts?

A growing number of democracies have empowered their judiciaries to enforce constitutional norms, many of the most important of which are human rights norms that, as articulated, serve principally to limit the power of government. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) provides a recent important example of such judicial empowerment. This "global expansion of judicial power" - which has been called "one of the most significant trends in late-twentieth and early twenty-first-century government" - has led, in the view of some commentators, to "the judicialization of politics". Some prominent legal scholars - most notably, Mark Tushnet and Jeremy Waldron - have recently argued that such government by judiciary, especially American-style judicial review, subverts the democratic ideal of government by the people and is therefore deeply problematic. Less prosaically, the claim is that government by a politically independent judiciary subverts the democratic ideal of government by the politically dependent, because electorally accountable, representatives of the people.The question is more broadly relevant than ever, therefore, whether it is appropriate for the citizens of a liberal democracy to cede to their courts the power to oppose, in the name of one or more entrenched human rights norms, choices made by, or actions of, electorally accountable government officials. In pursing this inquiry, two other, related questions inevitably emerge: If some power to protect entrenched human rights should be ceded to the courts, how great ought that power to be in relation to the power of the other, electorally accountable parts of government? And in exercising the power ceded to them - a power to pass judgment on the choices and actions of electorally accountable government officials - should the courts defer as much as possible to those officials, or to some of them; or, instead, should the courts abjure such deference?This article was my contribution to a symposium at Wake Forest University School of Law celebrating of the 200th anniversary of Marbury v. Madison (1803).
Atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging of interfaces

Abstract Z -contrast imaging of crystals at a major zone axis is accurately described as a convolution of the scanning probe intensity profile with an object function sharply peaked at each atomic column. The object function contains the high-angle scattering cross sections and all dynamical diffraction effects, which manifest simply as a channeling effect for each individual atomic column. The channeling effect can be described entirely using highly localized s -type Bloch states. A tight binding formulation shows clearly that neighboring columns can be considered independently, in which case no proximity effects occur at interfaces, and its possible to assemble object functions for interfaces, superlattices or complex unit cells from appropriate isolated string strengths which may be calculated using simpler model unit cells. Channeling effects are always less sensitive to column composition than the high-angle cross sections. Therefore, dynamical corrections to an image are always second order, and a first order intuitive interpretation can be obtained directly from the image, with no a priori assumptions on likely interfacial arrangements. These ideas will be illustrated for superlattices of Si m Ge n and (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x ) m (PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x ) n .
Studying Saturn's rings at maximum tilt

A new set of NASA Hubble Space Telescope images of Saturn and its 274,000-km-wide ring system could help provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the planet's atmosphere, according to scientists involved with the research. A series of images released on 9 September shows the planet at a range of different wavelengths, from ultraviolet to infrared. The images were taken on 7 March 2003 by Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and using 30 different filters. The images were snapped during the time of Saturn's 29.5-year orbit around the Sun, when the planet's rings were at their maximum tilt of 26° toward Earth. This allows researchers on Earth to capture a prime view of the planet's south pole and the southern side of its rings.
Isolation of heparan sulfates with antithrombin III affinity and anticoagulant potency from BALBc 3T3, B16.F10 melanoma, and cutaneous fibrosarcoma cell lines

Abstract The heparan sulfates synthesized in vitro by three cell lines were isolated by proteolysis and preparative anion exchange chromatography and purified free of other glycosaminoglycans by selective enzymatic degradation. The isolates from the medium of BALB c 3T3 fibroblasts, B16.F10 melanoma cells, and a cutaneous fibrosarcoma line, along with that from the detergent-extracted cell layer of the fibroblasts, were affinity-fractionated on columns of matrix-immobilized human antithrombin III. Each heparan sulfate contained subfractions with high affinity for the proteinase inhibitor, ranging from 3–34% of the starting material. The high affinity species possessed measurable anticoagulant activities by a clotting assay (6 to 30 units/mg). Since none of the lines were derived from cell types having any known biological role in vascular homeostasis, we suggest that anticoagulant activity of the glycosaminoglycan is a random property of its primary structure.
Neutrino physics with a muon collider

Abstract In the last few years, the idea of a muon accelerator complex has been actively pursued as an option for the next generation lepton collider. The very intense muon source (∼ 10 21 / per year) required for the collider, could provide very intense neutrino beams from muon decay in flight. The neutrino sources could either be the straight sections of the accelerator and the collider ring or a dedicated muon storage ring. In this not I discuss the physics potential of such neutrino sources for neutrino oscillations and Deep Inelastic Scattering measurements.
Application of wavelet analysis in two-dimensional ultrasonic flaw detection

Ultrasonic inspection uses sound waves of short wavelength and high frequency to detect flaws in materials. The pulse of ultrasonic energy that is reflected by a discontinuity such as a void, delamination, inclusion or any other type of imperfection is highlighted as flaw in the ultrasonic image. Usually an ultrasonic signal that is reflected from the material contains multiple interfering microstructure echoes, with random amplitudes and phases. The interference noise produced by the unresolvable scatterers is randomly distributed throughout the material, thus reducing the diagnostic value of the ultrasonic images. In the process of developing structural health monitoring techniques for locating damage in composite patches bonded to aluminum panels, a two-dimensional flaw detection technique is proposed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the ultrasonic B-scan image. Wavelet Packet Transforms are used for decomposing the signal to obtain maximum detail information about the flaws. Once the input signal (B-scan image) is split into different frequency channels, a selection of useful information about flaw is done based upon the statistics of the detail images. An adaptive thresholding procedure is employed to extract the flaw information from the selected detail images. The method has been verified with reasonable accuracy in predicting disbonds in composite patch repairs of aging airframes. The advantage of this method is that it gives the flaw location that is easier to interpret with less ambiguity. The amount of data being processed is less thus reducing the complexity of processing. The method proved successful in locating the delaminations along the length and width of the composite patch. The procedure has also been applied to detect damage in multiple locations.
Biphasic Effects of Dopamine Agonist N-0434 on Locomotor Behaviors in Rats.

The effects of a dopamine agonist, (+/-)-2-(N-penylethyl-N-propyl)amino-5- hydroxytetralin (N-0434) (SC doses of 0.00, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg) were tested in rats for 120 min in an activity monitor. The durations in seconds of horizontal locomotor time, rearing time, stereotypy time, and margin time (thigmotaxis) were measured during 12 10-min time blocks. N-0434 (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) resulted in biphasic effects (initial inhibition followed by potentiation) of linear locomotor time and an attenuation of thigmotaxis. The 0.1- and 1.0-mg/kg doses initially suppressed rearing time but had mixed potentiation effects. The 0.01- to 1.0-mg/kg doses suppressed stereotypy time. The differential behavioral profiles were discussed in reference to the functions of dopamine receptors.
Arrhythmias of cultured heart cells and their reversal by antiarrhythmic and antimalarial drugs.

Summary The antiarrhythmic drugs: quinidine, procainamide. lidocaine, diphenylhydantoin and propranolol; and the antimalarial agents: chloroquine and pyrimethamine were tested for 8 to 16 h for their effectiveness in reversing arrhythmias of cultured neonatal rat heart myocytes. Arrhythmias induced by changing to hypoxic and normexic serumless medium were completely reversed for >15 h by quinidine (10 −6 M). Lidocaine (10 −7 M) produced partial reversal for 2 h, while procainamide (10 −5 M) was nearly completely effective for 2 h with partial protection for >15 h. Effective concentrations were from 1/100 to 1/10 of plasma concentrations required to suppress arrhythmias in man. The antimalarial chloroquine was effective at 10 −6 M while pyrimethamine was only moderately active at 10 −6 –10 −3 M. The dose-time-effect relationships of the antimalarials were erratic with both the highest (10 −5 M) and lowest (10 −9 M) concentrations being arrhythmogenic. Diphenylhydantoin and propranolol were arrhythmogenic rather than antiarrhythmic at concentrations of from 10 −7 to 10 −10 M. These observations suggest that monolayer cultures of neonatal rat heart myocytes, when properly prepared and rendered arrhythmic, can effectively detect antiarrhythmic activity of drugs thought to act on cell membranes.
Improved Waveform Estimation Procedures for Event-Related Potentials

Several methods of estimating the waveform of event-related potentials are presented. The techniques of conventional averaging, Woody cross-correlation averaging, latency corrected averaging, continuous latency corrected averaging, and enhanced averaging are described and their results compared. It was found that the continuous latency corrected average appears to offer the most useful representation of the waveform of the event-related potential.
A gnotobiotic plant microcosm.

A chamber for growing plants gnotobiotically in soil for an extended period of time can be constructed with readily available materials.
Temperature profiles for turbulent flow in tubes and basic surface renewal models

Abstract The 'quasi-steady surface renewal model developed by Ruckenstein and the conventional surface renewal and penetration type model deriving from Danckwert's work are considered on the basis of temperature profile data for turbulent flow in smooth tubes. The validity of the quasi-steady surface renewal model is questioned due to (1) its failure to predict temperature profiles for values of the Prandtl number greater than 5·7, and (2) its failure to correlate experimental data for the mean Nusselt number for values of the Prandtl number between 0·5 and 5·0. The basic surface renewal and penetration model appears to become inadequate for large values of the Prandtl number due to the significance of the unreplenished layer of fluid at the surface.
Corporate Entrepreneurial Leadership for the 21st Century

While numerous authors have advanced the notion of "visionary leadership" during the last twenty years, the concept of "entrepreneurial leadership" has emerged as the critical factor for the 21st c...
A note on the integrated square errors of kernel density estimators under random censorship

Abstract Randomly censored data consist of i.i.d. pairs of observations ( X i , δ i ), i =1,…, n . If δ i =0, X i denotes a censored observation, and if δ i =1, X i denotes a survival time, which is the variable of interest. A popular stochastic measure of the distance between the density function f of the survival times and its kernel estimate f n is the integrated square error. In this paper, we apply the technique of strong approximation to establish an asymptotic expansion for the integrated square error of the kernel density estimate f n .
Prostate cancer: quality of life after radiation and androgen deprivation.

Data from a long-term Scandinavian study show that the addition of radiation to long-term androgen deprivation therapy does not affect quality of life in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. The long-term use of the antiandrogen flutamide might, however, have negatively affected quality of life outcomes for all patients in this study.
Diffraction from tunable periodic structures: application for the determination of electro-optic coefficients

We discuss a method for measuring electro-optic coefficients by measuring diffraction from a tunable grating. The method involves measuring the changes in the diffraction pattern of a reflection grating, where applied electric fields of alternating direction induce changes in the index of refraction through the electro-optic effect. For certain geometries, these applied fields cause period-doubling effects that produce new peaks in the diffraction pattern. Numerically calculated diffraction patterns are presented for the assumptions of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous fields. Peak splitting, as a function of both the number of slits illuminated and the induced change in the index of refraction, is observed and discussed. Finally, the usefulness of our method for the measurement of electro-optic coefficients is discussed.
Use of adrenocorticosteroid hormones in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Despite the fact that adrenocorticosteroid hormones have been used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis for over 50 years, the extent to which they affect clinical disease activity remains unclear. Their administration results in the modification of a host of immune functions, including the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules involved in the trafficking of lymphocytes and macrophages across the blood–brain barrier. This leads to a rapid suppression of inflammation in multiple sclerosis lesions and to the restoration of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Clinical studies of adrenocorticosteroids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis have demonstrated a more rapid resolution of relapse, but have not uniformly demonstrated an improvement in the extent of recovery. More recent studies suggest that adrenocorticosteroid hormones may bring about a dose-dependent decrease in MRI measures of disease activity lasting 6 months, delay the time to second relapse and delay the time...
Follicle-stimulating hormone-regulated Sertoli cell proteins SCc1 and SCc2 are phosphorylated and mitochondrially associated

Sertoli cell intracellular protein 1 (SCc1) and 2 (SCc2) are polypeptides found in rat Sertoli cell cultures incubated with either FSH or (Bu)2cAMP. They were first identified in [35S]methionine-labeled Sertoli cell lysates using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Here we extend these observations by showing that SCc1 and SCc2 are present in rat seminiferous tubules, ovaries, and granulosa cells incubated with either FSH or (Bu)2cAMP and in testicular peritubular cells incubated with (Bu)2cAMP. Peritubular cells do not, however, respond to FSH with the production of SCc1 and SCc2. Peptide mapping with N-chlorosuccinimide revealed that SCc1 and SCc2 have similar cleavage patterns, suggesting a common primary amino acid sequence that is modified posttranslationally. Metabolic labeling with [32P]orthophosphate provided direct evidence that SCc1 and SCc2 are phosphoproteins. A shift in mobility of SCc1 and SCc2 toward the basic region of the gel to positions designated SCc1' and SCc2' occurred when cell lys...
Vibrational dephasing and frequency shifts of polyatomic molecules in solution

A theory for the effects of repulsive and spatially slowly varying attractive forces on the vibrational frequency and dephasing of polyatomic molecular liquids is developed. Thermodynamic state dependence of these features is of particular interest because of the competition between the two types of forces. Solvent shifts of vibrational lines are computed. Proper separation of the rapidly and slowly varying branches of the intermolecular potentials leads to a separation of time scales that allows the dephasing relaxation to be computed using a combination of binary collision and mean field ideas. The question of homogeneous vs inhomogeneous broadening of the isotropic Raman line is addressed. The theory is applied to several polyatomic fluids with special emphasis on the isothermal density dependence of the spectral features. Agreement with experiment is good. The slowly varying attractive forces are found to play a significant role in determining the Raman linewidth for all the systems studied. Comparison with previous theories is made.
Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: A Prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. II. Solution studies of the nucleotide binding site and the effects of nucleotide binding.

This is the second of a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3′-nucleotidohydrolase EC 3.1.4.4 (staphylococcal nuclease, micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses studies in solution delineating the extent of the binding site of the enzyme and identifying some of the particular amino acid residues that form this site. In addition, the effects of the very potent inhibitory combination of thymidine-3′,5′-diphosphate and Ca2+ on the conformation of the enzyme and its physical, chemical and enzymological properties will be reviewed.
Structuring public debate on biotechnology: Media frames and public response

A study of themes arising within focus group discussions of U.S. lay publics (both student and nonstudent adults) in response to newspaper coverage of biotechnology is consistent with the assertion that media frames and reader schemas interact to produce an understanding of a newly emerging issue. Newspaper coverage heavily dominated by institutional sources and dealing with only a narrow range of issues may be limiting the terms of public debate in an unhealthy way. Readers reason by analogy with related and sometimes unrelated developments in trying to understand biotechnology, based on schemas reflecting their general understanding of science.
Status of structural and mechanical engineering research at the U.S. nuclear regulatory commission

Abstract Research conducted by the NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research in structural mechanics for reactor technology is reported in this paper. This research concerns applications to mechanical and structural systems and includes materials engineering related to light-water reactor nuclear power plants. The period between the Fifth International Conference on Structural Mechanics for Reactor Technology, held in Berlin in 1979, and the 1981 Sixth Conference in Paris is discussed. A listing of research projects recently completed and the status of research presently under way are included.
The Internet revolution in law: teaching in new ways

The Internet is revolutionizing the law, legal institutions, and the roles of lawyers and law schools. Legislatures and courts all over the world are discovering how a $3,000 Internet-connected computer can be a remarkably cheap printing press for legal publishing, through which to instantly communicate new statutes, court decisions and administrative regulations. Law schools have an important role to play in connection with this revolution. They should support electronic publishing and virtual library initiatives by public institutions. They must continue to generate intellectual and human capital in the form of scholarship and well-educated graduates, accounting for new and substantive legal issues that the Internet presents. Finally, it is increasingly clear that the Internet provides a new set of educational tools for distance learning that more schools must begin to understand and use to improve teaching quality. Distance learning extends to all uses of computer, telecommunications, and digital networking technologies that permit education to occur outside a conventional classroom. Thus defined, it includes preparation of video taped lectures, preprogrammed computer-assisted legal instruction (CALI) exercises, and use of the Web to deliver these and other materials. The paper focuses on distance learning in law.
MEN, MEAT, AND MARRIAGE: MODELS OF MASCULINITY

Abstract Gender permeates all aspects of life, including foodlife, and can be examined using singular and multiple models of genderedness. Singular models of masculinity gender-type foods as masculine and feminine, suggesting that men and women “do gender" by consuming gender appropriate foods. Meat, especially red meat, is an archetypical masculine food. Men often emphasize meat, and women often minimize meat, in displaying gender as individuals. Dealing with gender in joint marital food choices requires negotiations about sharing masculine and feminine foods as partner foods in joint meals. Contemporary Western “proper meals” center around meat, creating masculine marital meals that reproduce wider patterns of male dominance. Meat is often a contested food in marriage, with food negotiations conflicting about whether, what types, when, and how much meat is consumed. Multiple models of masculinities suggest that marital meat consumption does not necessarily follow formulaic, hegemonic gender patterns. Th...
Analytical solutions for one-dimensional colloid transport in saturated fractures

Closed-form analytical solutions for colloid transport in single rock fractures with and without colloid penetration into the rock matrix are derived for constant concentration as well as constant flux boundary conditions. A single fracture is idealized as two semi-infinite parallel plates. It is assumed that colloidal particles undergo irreversible deposition onto fracture surfaces and may penetrate into the rock matrix, and deposit irreversibly onto rock matrix solid surfaces. The solutions are obtained by taking Laplace transforms to the governing transport equations and boundary conditions with respect to time and space. For the case of no colloid penetration into the rock matrix, the solutions are expressed in terms of exponentials and complimentary error functions; whereas, for the case of colloid penetration into the rock matrix, the solutions are expressed in terms of convolution integrals and modified Bessel functions. The impact of the model parameters on colloid transport is examined. The results from several simulations indicate that liquid-phase as well as deposited colloid concentrations in the fracture are sensitive to the fracture surface deposition coefficient, the fracture aperture, and the Brownian diffusion coefficient for colloidal particles penetrating the rock matrix. Furthermore, it is shown that the differences between the two boundary conditions investigated are minimized at dominant advective transport conditions. The constant concentration condition overestimates liquid-phase colloid concentrations, whereas the constant flux condition leads to conservation of mass.
Predictors of Quality-of-Life Benefit After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background— Improving patients’ quality of life is a primary indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), yet little is known about patient characteristics associated with greater quality-of-life improvement from the procedure. This study was conducted to identify patient characteristics associated with quality-of-life benefit after PCI. Methods and Results— A consecutive series of 1518 patients undergoing PCI in nonacute myocardial infarction settings were prospectively enrolled into an observational study documenting their postprocedural health status. We examined univariate and multivariable associations between baseline patient characteristics and quality of life 1 year after the procedure using the disease-specific Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) to quantify the impact of patients’ coronary disease on their quality of life. Baseline angina frequency and physical function were the strongest predictors of quality-of-life improvement 1 year after PCI. In comparing patients without angina ...
Membrane processes for the removal of acid gases from natural gas. I. Process configurations and optimization of operating conditions

The objective of this study is to assess the economics of some membrane separation processes for the removal of CO2 from crude (‘sour’) natural gas so as to obtain pipeline quality gas. Seven different membrane process configurations have been examined by computer simulations. The ‘base-case’ studies considered a 35 MMSCFD (million standard cubic feet per day) feed stream of natural gas at 800 psia with CO2 concentrations in the range of 5 to 40 mole%. The operating variables for each of the process configurations were optimized on the basis of new process variables in order to determine the lowest cost of CO2 removal from natural gas. It was concluded that, for the base-case operating conditions, the separation cost for the removal of CO2 from natural gas is lowest for a three-stage configuration. This configuration consists of a single permeation stage (a ‘premembrane’ stage) in series with a two-stage permeation cascade with recycle, as indicated also by other investigators. A following study will compare the separation cost for membrane processes with that for diethanolamine (DEA) gas absorption processes. The effects of variations in a number of economic and operating parameters and in membrane properties on the relative economics of membrane and DEA gas absorption processes will also be discussed in that study.
New halide glasses based on systems of CuX (X=Cl, Br, I)

On etudie la formation vitreuse des systemes: CuX-MX-BaX 2 ou M=K, Rb ou Cs et X=Cl, Br ou I. On presente les proprietes thermiques et optiques de ces verres. On discute la formation vitreuse du point de vue de la structure cristalline
A novel strong competitive inhibitor of complex I

Abstract Alkaline incubation of NADH results in the formation of a very potent inhibitor of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Mass spectroscopy (molecular mass equal to 696) and absorption spectroscopy suggest that the inhibitor is derived from attachment of two oxygen atoms to the nicotinamide moiety of NADH. The inhibitor is competitive with respect to NADH with a Ki of about 10−8 M. The inhibitor efficiently suppresses NADH-oxidase, NADH-artificial acceptor reductase, and NADH-quinone reductase reactions catalyzed by submitochondrial particles, as well as the reactions catalyzed by either isolated complex I or the three subunit flavoprotein fragment of complex I.
Risk and Prevention of Acute Urinary Retention After Robotic Prostatectomy

Purpose: Acute urinary retention after catheter removal is a recognized complication following open or robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. We evaluated patient and surgery related risk factors to determine whether acute urinary retention could be prevented. To our knowledge this has not previously been investigated for prostatectomy done by any technique.Materials and Methods: We reviewed a single surgeon, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy database of patients treated between February 2008 and June 2011 for acute urinary retention after catheter removal, which was routinely performed 3 to 7 days postoperatively. We compared the characteristics of patients with and without acute urinary retention.Results: Of 1,026 patients 25 (2.4%) experienced acute urinary retention. There was no difference between patients with and without acute urinary retention in mean age, body mass index, blood loss or prostate size, and no difference in the frequency of bladder neck reconstruction or nerve sparing. The cathete...
Statistical hypothesis testing for super-resolution localization imaging at high speed

We predict a 6-to-15-fold increase in the imaging speed of super-resolution photo-activated localization microscopy using a novel algorithm for estimation of the number of multiple molecules activated simultaneously within a diffraction-limited area.
The Dynamics of REIT Capital Flows and Returns

This study examines the effects of capital flows into the REIT sector on REIT returns and, simultaneously, the effects of REIT returns on subsequent REIT capital flows. The dynamic relation between REIT capital flows and returns is estimated using vector autoregression (VAR) techniques. Unlike static regression techniques, our dynamic model produces estimates of the short-run relationships, long-run relationships, impulse response functions and forecast variance decompositions. We find evidence that REIT equity flows are significantly positively related to the prior quarter's flows and negatively related to flows from two quarters ago. The evidence on the responsiveness of flows to prior returns is time-period specific. In the important post-1992 subperiod, REIT returns do not significantly affect REIT flows in any of the VAR model specifications. Simultaneously, REIT capital flows do appear to have a significant influence on equity REIT returns.
Production of Ice-Crystal Clouds by Seeding

FOLLOWING Schaefer's cloud-chamber experiments1 on the formation of ice crystals in supercooled water-droplet clouds by localized cooling, Langmuir has noted the possibilities of producing ice-crystal clouds on a large scale, and has observed the sudden formation of a veil of ice-crystals 600 ft. below a seeded cloud, caused by the passage of ‘dry ice’ pellets2.
Polyimide Adhesives and Aluminum

Abstract This study examines the effect of thioether sulfur in the polyimide backbone, polyimide Tg , and adherend surface pre-treatment on aluminum bond strengths as determined with both peel and wedge specimens. Surface pretreatment and Tg had more of an effect on peel strength than the presence of sulfur in the polyimide backbone. NaOH etching and comparatively low Tg polyimides combined to produce the highest peel strengths. Together, these factors combined the removal of surface oxide from the adherend with a flexible polyimide which could better relieve stress during testing. Little difference was observed between the peel strengths of sulfur and non-sulfur containing polyimides, and no oxidation of sulfur was observed in the peel samples. NaOH etching also caused both wedge and peel specimens to fail more within the polyimide than in the oxide layer of the adherend. Thus, the NaOH etch appeared to increase interfacial adhesion between the aluminum and the polyimide. The low Tg polyimides performed ...
Photoconductivity in CdSe quantum dot solids

We report measurements of photoconductivity and electric field induced photoluminescence quenching in three-dimensional close-packed solids of colloidal CdSe quantum dots. Our measurements suggest that photoexcited, quantum confined excitons are ionized by the applied electric field with a rate that depends on both the size and surface passivation of the quantum dots. Separation of electron-hole pairs confined to the core of the quantum dot requires significantly more energy than separation of carriers trapped at the surface and occurs through tunneling processes. We present a simple resonant tunneling model for the initial charge separation step that qualitatively reproduces both the size and surface dependence of the photoconductivity as a function of applied field. We show that the charge generation efficiency increases with increasing temperature as nonradiative and radiative recombination pathways increasingly compete with charge separation.
Karl Bregenzer: Missionary Martyr-Spy

In 1974, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. wrote of missionaries in China: "For the missionary to lose his invisibility, the historian must not only reconstruct the details of his life, but place his role in intelligible ana lytic relation to the broad process of western expansion."1 For the most part, studies of missions have been written from two opposing perspec tives: those who were deeply committed to them and those who were deeply offended by them. Prior to the 1970s, histories of American Protestant missions were written by missionaries or mission boards to raise money or to praise their work. Mildred Spain's And in Sumaria (1940), a history of the Central American Mission, and Mary Virginia Borhek's Watchman on the Walls: Moravian Missions in Nicaragua during the Last Fifty Years (1949) are two examples among hundreds. In contrast, most scholars who studied missions criticized missionaries as puritanical bigots whose ethnocentrism and sense of cultural superi ority caused the destruction of native cultures, often in the name of foreign national interests. Thomas O. Beidelman's study of the Chris tian Mission Society among the Kaguru of East Africa portrays the mis sion as the quintessential colonial organization which "spreads a nation's vision of society to an alien and subjected people . . . who are judged inferior yet capable of conversion to a higher level."2 Schles inger rejects the analysis that regards the missionaries as accomplices of capitalism, and insists on the autonomy of the missionary impulse. He cites J.A. Hobson's notion that most missionaries were untainted by politics and commercial motives and set about their work eager to save the souls of the heathen.3 While some missionaries unashamedly pro
Effect of Canal Plugging on Quadrupedal Locomotion in Monkey

The vestibular system plays an important role in controling gait, but where in the labyrinths relevant activity arises is largely unknown. After the semicircular canals are plugged, low frequency (0.01-2 Hz) components of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) and angular vestibulo-collic reflex (aVCR) are lost, but high frequency (3-20 Hz) components remain. We determined how loss of low frequency canal afference affects limb and head movements during quadrupedal locomotion. Head, body, and limb movements were recorded in three dimensions (3-D) in a cynomolgus monkey with a motion detection system, while the animal walked on a treadmill. All six canals were plugged, reducing the canal time constants from approximately 4.0 sec to approximately 0.07 sec. Major changes in the control of the limbs occurred after surgery. Fore and hind limbs were held farther from the body, producing a broad-based gait. Swing-phase trajectories were inaccurate, and control of medial-lateral limb movement was erratic. These changes in gait were present immediately after surgery, as well as 15 months later, when the animal had essentially recovered. Thus, control of the limbs in the horizontal plane was defective after loss of the low-frequency semicircular canal input and never recovered. Cycle-averaged pitch and roll head rotations, and 3-D head translations were also significantly larger and more erratic after than before surgery. Head rotations in yaw could not be quantified due to intrusion of voluntary head turns. These findings indicate that the semicircular canals provide critical low frequency information to maximize the accuracy of stepping and stabilize the head during normal quadrupedal locomotion.
Xanthine Oxidoreductase-Catalyzed Reduction of Nitrite to Nitric Oxide: Insights Regarding Where, When and How

Numerous inflammatory disorders are associated with elevated levels of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and allied enhancement of reactive species formation contributory to systemic pathology. Despite a long standing association between increased XOR activity and negative clinical outcomes, recent reports describe a paradigm shift where XOR mediates beneficial actions by catalyzing the reduction of NO2(-) to NO. While provocative, these observations contradict reports of improved outcomes in similar models upon XOR inhibition as well as reports revealing strict anoxia as a requisite for XOR-mediated NO formation. To garner a more clear understanding of conditions necessary for in vivo XOR-catalyzed NO production, this review critically analyzes the impact of O2 tension, pH, substrate concentrations, glycoaminoglycan docking and inhibition strategies on the nitrite reductase activity of XOR and reveals a hypoxic milieu where this process may be operative. As such, information herein serves to link recent reports in which XOR activity has been identified as mediating the beneficial outcomes resulting from nitrite supplementation to a microenvironmental setting where XOR can serve as substantial source of NO.
Acute and longitudinal changes in motor cortex function following mild traumatic brain injury

AbstractPrimary objective: To evaluate excitability and inhibition of the motor cortex acutely and longitudinally following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Research design: A longitudinal paired case-control design was used to examine cortical excitability and inhibition in 15 adults who had sustained an mTBI (mean age = 20.8 ± 1.2 years) and 15 matched control participants (mean age = 21.1 ± 1.3 years).Methods and procedures: Participants visited the lab within 72 hours of injury and again at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-injury. During each visit, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to examine resting motor threshold (RMT), motor evoked potential peak-to-peak amplitude (MEPamp) and cortical silent period (CSP) duration of the first dorsal interosseous muscle.Main outcomes and results: There were no differences between groups in RMT (p = 0.10) or MEPamp (p = 0.22) at 72 hours post-injury or across the 2-month testing period (p ≥ 0.68), indicating similar cortical excitability. However, the CSP durat...
The map of meaning: a guide to sustaining our humanity in the world of work, by Marjolein Lips-Wiersma and Lani Morris

The Map of Meaning skillfully marries idealism and practicality. Growing out of 15 years of research and application, the book explicates both a theory and its practical use. Lips-Wiersma and Morri...
Magnetic susceptibility artifact in orbital magnetic resonance imaging.

Case report of a 16-year-old boy presenting with total hyphema due to blunt trauma to the left eye. During a subsequent cinematic MRI scan to identify salvageable lateral rectus muscle, the attachment of the left lateral rectus was obscured by a 20-mm diameter signal void. A subsequent CT scan for a suspected metallic foreign body revealed the muscle attachment after all. The theoretical explanations for this finding are discussed
Modesty without Illusion

The common image of the fully virtuous person is of someone with perfect self-command and self-perception, who always makes correct evaluations. However, modesty appears to be a real virtue, and it seems contradictory for someone to believe that she is modest. Accordingly, traditional defenders of phronesis (the view that virtue involves practical wisdom) deny that modesty is a virtue, while defenders of modesty such as Julia Driver deny that phronesis is required for virtue. I offer a new theory of modesty—the two standards account—under which phronesis and modesty are reconciled. Additionally, since the two standards account involves reflection on moral ideals, I provide an account of the proper nature of moral ideals.
Control of spindle form and function in grasshopper spermatocytes

The influence of the mitotic organizing centers, the kinetochores and the polar organizers, in controlling the dynamic spindle form and function has been investigated in the primary spermatocytes of two grasshoppers, Arphia xanthoptera and Melanoplus differentialis. A new measure of the total birefringent material in the spindle is introduced—volume-birefringence. This measure avoids many of the problems associated with the traditional retardation measurements of spindle organization.—The number of chromosomes (and their kinetochores) in a spindle can be altered with a piezoelectric micromanipulator in three ways: 1) chromosomes can be removed permanently from the cell, 2) chromosomes can be detached from the spindle and allowed to reenter the spindle at a later time, and 3) chromosomes can be transferred from one spindle to another in cells containing two spindles. Such operations show the volume-birefringence of the spindle is proportional to the number of chromosomes in the spindle. A residual volume-birefringence is seen and attributed to the contribution of the polar organizers to spindle structure. The relative polar contribution differs in the two species. Chromosome motion and spindle elongation in anaphase are unaffected by the number of chromosomes in the spindle. The proportion of volume-birefringence associated with a kinetochore is used to estimate the number of microtubules one might expect to see if the birefringence of the spindle is of microtubular origin. These calculations predict about twice the number of microtubules per kinetochore than seen with the electron microscope. Reasons are suggested to explain this discrepancy.— It is argued that chromosome detachment releases spindle component subunits into the total subunit pool, but that these excess subunits do not influence the metaphase form nor the anaphase function of the spindle; therefore, spindle dynamics are under the direct control of the kinetochores and the polar organizing centers.
Effect of pressure on the luminescence of a series of methoxy phenylacetylene dendrimers neat and in dilute solution in solid poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate)

The effect of pressure up to 60 kbar was measured on the luminescence peak location and efficiency for a series of methoxy phenylacetylene dendrimers (MeO). Dendrimers MeO-3, MeO-7, MeO-15, MeO-31, MeO-63, and MeO-127 were studied as neat polymers. MeO-3, MeO-15, MeO-63, and MeO-127 were also investigated in dilute solutions in poly(tert-butyl methacrylate). According to measurements of the dilute solutions, there is a charge-transfer (CT) state that, for the smaller dendrimers, lies well above the π* state; for the larger dendrimers, it is the emitting state at 1 atm. With increasing pressure, the intramolecular CT state is rapidly stabilized, so that at high pressure the emission is from this state for all dendrimers. For the neat polymers, there is an initial redshift that reverses direction at a pressure that is higher for smaller dendrimers. This reversal is attributed to intermolecular CT. There may be changes in the molecular geometry and/or relative orientation of adjacent dendrimers that tend to stabilize the intermolecular CT in the solid state. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2859–2865, 2001
Light propogation in one-dimensional lossless dielectrica: transfer matrix method and coupled mode theory

Abstract A generalized transfer matrix method to describe one-dimensional wave propagation in arbitrary linear lossless dielectrica is developed. From this method the coupled mode theory is derived as an approximation for weak periodic structures. Gap equations are given. Two examples show the excellent agreement of both theories.
Similarity analysis of voice signals using wavelets with dynamic time warping

Accurately recognizing speech is a difficult task. Differences in gender, accent, pace, tone, as well as defects in the recording equipment and environmental noise can disturb a voice signal. Speech recognition systems are commonly studied and implemented by companies trying to alleviate problems, such as illness or injury, or to increase overall efficiency. This research uses wavelet analysis with several traditional methods to study similarities among sound signals. Through a series of seven steps, a similarity analysis of some voice signals from the same speaker as well as from different speakers is performed. The efficiency of four different wavelets (Haar, db2, db4 and Discrete Morlet), different correlation methods developed previously or in this research, and two different Dynamic Time Warping methods are studied in this research. Through several experiments, it will be shown that these techniques produce excellent results for signals by the same speaker. Based on the limited number of cases studied in this research, some evidence will be presented that suggests the proposed methods on this research are more effective for recognizing male voice files than those of females.
Developing ecotourism in First World, resource-dependent areas

Abstract Ecotourism, an economic diversification tool most commonly applied in the Third World as a means to protect ecosystems, preserve local cultures, and spur economic development, has recently been applied in First World resource-dependent areas. While ecotourism has traditionally focused on Third World ‘undisturbed’ protected lands, it has also been developed in their First World equivalents (i.e., old-growth forests) as well as in First World sites of past resource extraction and in places where current agricultural practices maintain cherished cultural landscapes. Forest County, Pennsylvania, a timber-dependent area, sought to diversify its economy by developing ecotourism based on its unique Allegheny hardwood forests, which are produced by timber harvesting. This ecotourism would encourage amenity-based, locally-driven economic development and maintain timber harvesting. While government and foundation supported ecotourism development efforts in areas dependent on resource extraction have incorporated some of ecotourism’s ideals, these operations have had mixed success. Such isolated areas, which have traditionally drawn visitors independently engaging in traditional outdoor recreation activities, have not been able to draw enough customers willing to pay for natural and cultural history tours. If ecotourism is to be successful, such areas may need further government support and destination branding to increase name recognition in order to counter the global orientation of the nature tour industry. For true community development, local collaborative efforts including resource and environmental interests are also required in which primary production is connected to processing and consumers through value-added and service sector activities such as tourism.