cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constrained guidance for spacecraft proximity operations under electrostatic perturbations

Electrostatic perturbations can have significant effects during proximity operations in high earth orbits, with torques achieving levels over 5 mN-m during severe charging events. These torques can impart significant rotational rates to uncontrolled bodies, such as debris or servicing clients, during rendezvous and proximity operations. A sub optimal, but deterministic and computationally efficient, sampling-based method to minimize the impact of these torques during rendezvous is presented here, combining prior innovations in rapidly computing the electrostatic torque between bodies and in determining the electrostatic potential on objects remotely. This method is applied to a simulated servicing scenario, and found to reduce the accumulated rotational rates of the target by over 50%, yielding significant improvements in control effort, and potential improvements in safety. The method can also be applied to position the servicer to impart a desired torque on the target, allowing it to counteract the effects of SRP or potentially reduce the rotational rate of a debris object prior to grappling.
Comparison of women's collegiate soccer header kinematics by play state, intent, and outcome.

Abstract Although most head impacts in soccer are headers, limited knowledge exists about how header magnitude varies by on-field scenario. This study aimed to compare head kinematics during on-field headers by play state (i.e., corner kick, goal kick, free kick, throw-in, drill, or live ball), intent (i.e., pass, shot, or clearance), and outcome (i.e., successful or unsuccessful). Fifteen female collegiate soccer players were instrumented with mouthpiece-based head impact sensors during 72 practices and 24 games. A total of 336 headers were verified and contextualized via film review. Play state was associated with peak linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and rotational velocity (all p
Intergenerational Controversy and Cultural Clashes: Political Consequences of Demographic Change in the US and Canada Since 1990

This chapter offers a general introduction to demographic trends and projections in the US and Canada between 1990 and 2040 and discusses the economic fortunes of various groups, their mobilization capacity, influence of institutions and a rhetoric of population change. While the demographics of the US and Canada have undergone similar changes, including population ageing and shifts towards non-White national origin and race, their political dynamics are quite different. In particular, the mobilization capacity of US minorities is hampered by voter eligibility rules, an issue less relevant in Canada. In both, federalist institutions devolve power to state or provincial levels, but when combined with demographics yield different political impacts in the two countries. Finally, the tenor of rhetoric surrounding demographics has been nearly opposite in the two countries, although demographics are important in both. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the continued salience of population issues in the political arena in the coming decades.
Mechanical Cardiac Circulatory Support: an Overview of the Challenges for the Anesthetist.

Purpose of review Owing to increased utilization of Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS) devices, patients with these devices frequently present for surgeries requiring anesthetic support. The current article provides basics of perioperative management of these devices. Recent findings Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are on the rise with recently updated management guidelines. Veno-venous ECMO utilization has been widely utilized as a salvage therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps continue to be one of the most frequently used devices after acute myocardial infarction. ECMO is utilized for pulmonary or cardiopulmonary support as salvage therapy. LVADs are used in patients with end-stage heart failure as a destination therapy or bridge to transplant. Each of these devices present with their own set of management challenges. Anesthetic management of patients with MCS devices requires a thorough understanding of underlying operating and hemodynamic principles.
Lawying in a Hybrid Adversary System

This year, 1996, is the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of Professor Monroe Freedman's article, Professional Responsibility of the Criminal Defense Lawyer: The Three Hardest Questions. Professor Freedman's article stimulated an intense debate within the legal profession and in society about the basic tenets of the adversary system. Although the positions advocated by Professor Freedman were criticized by scholars, "the American Bar Association in 1969 adopted a Canon embracing a lawyer's duty of zealous representation to clients." Today, we, as a society, still debate the merits of the adversary model as a basic assumption underlying our legal system.
Legend-Tripping Online: Supernatural Folklore and the Search for Ong's Hat

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael Kinsella Year: 2011 Pages: 208 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi ISBN: 978-1604739831 (hard cover).
Voies/voix du silence dans L’espérance-macadam de Gisèle Pineau

Cet article propose une analyse semio-narrative de L’esperance-macadam dont le personnage principal, Eliette, est enferme dans une memoire traumatique depourvue de tout souvenir. Sa vie s’est ecoulee dans l’absence de gestes et de mots, mais a l’ecoute du tissu d’horreurs qu’est la vie de son village, Savane Mulet. Livree au chaos, Eliette se retrouve dans un lieu autre, transferentiel, ou, sans passer par les mots, elle ecoute, sans le reconnaitre, l’echo de ses souffrances. Le texte se fait traversee et tragedie du desir d’une Eliette « agoniste » pour qui le plaisir a rejoint son au-dela : l’angoisse et la mort. La levee du voile sur la scene du refoule lui permettra de survivre a ce voyage qui l’emprisonne dans l’etau du trauma et de retrouver ce qui etait dormant en elle : le desir de rejoindre l’autre pour, enfin, sentir la vie eclore en elle.
Electrotransport of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in zirconium

The electrotransport velocities of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in zirconium were determined at 1625°, 1700°, and 1800°C. Diffusion coefficients and effective charges were calculated for each of these elements at the same temperatures. The diffusion coefficients in combination with the migration velocities were used to predict the mean concentration profile of zirconium rods after various time intervals. The removal of nitrogen and oxygen from zirconium was in good agreement with the predicted values after a 5 day run. In conjunction with this investigation the specific resistivity of β zirconium was measured and the solid solubility of carbon determined.
Two Arrows of Time in Nonlocal Particle Dynamics

Considering what the world would be like if backwards causation were possible is usually mind-bending. Here I discuss something that is easier to study: a toy model that incorporates a very restricted sort of backwards causation. It defines particle world lines by means of a kind of differential delay equation with negative delay. The model presumably prohibits signaling to the past and superluminal signaling, but allows nonlocality while being fully covariant. And that is what constitutes the model’s value: it is an explicit example of the possibility of Lorentz-invariant nonlocality. That is surprising in so far as many authors thought that nonlocality, in particular nonlocal laws for particle world lines, must conflict with relativity. The development of this model was inspired by the search for a fully covariant version of Bohmian mechanics.
Primary microRNA processing is functionally coupled to RNAP II transcription in vitro

Previous studies in vivo reported that processing of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) is coupled to transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and can occur co-transcriptionally. Here we have established a robust in vivo system in which pri-miRNA is transcribed by RNAP II and processed to pre-miRNA in HeLa cell nuclear extracts. We show that both the kinetics and efficiency of pri-miRNA processing are dramatically enhanced in this system compared to that of the corresponding naked pri-miRNA. Moreover, this enhancement is general as it occurs with multiple pri-miRNAs. We also show that nascent pri-miRNA is efficiently processed before it is released from the DNA template. Together, our work directly demonstrates that transcription and pri-miRNA processing are functionally coupled and establishes the first in vivo model systems for this functional coupling and for co-transcriptional processing.
Teaching Oppressive Texts

Scholars have identified the many stories in the Bible that are oppressive to women or other minoritized groups. It is remarkable how common it is that North American undergraduate students remain blind to the oppression that is depicted and that is too often the result of commonly accepted interpretations of these texts. Three brief essays collected here, originally presented as part of a panel at the Society of Biblical Literature annual meeting (Atlanta, 2010), present various teaching strategies for exposing the oppressive elements in the biblical text and showing how the oppression operates (an aspect of ideological criticism). What are good strategies for communicating these hard points to students in a way they can hear them and work with them? Why is this important to do?
Power and energy characteristics of MapReduce data movements

Worldwide data centers consume about 300 billion kWh of energy per year, which accounts for 2% of total electricity use. As MapReduce becomes the mainstream paradigm for data-intensive computing in data centers, optimizing MapReduce energy efficiency can greatly mitigate energy requirements and reduce energy bills. Numerous studies have attempted to improve MapReduce energy efficiency, but few have approached this problem from understanding and reducing the energy impact of data movements. As data movements are often performance and energy bottlenecks, we propose a data movement centric approach and present an analysis framework with methods and metrics for evaluating costly built-in MapReduce data movements. Our experimental investigation leverages the fine-grained performance and power profiling framework eTune and reveals unique system-level and component-level energy characteristics of data movements. It also shows the scalability of energy efficiency with MapReduce workload and system parameters. These energy characteristics can be exploited in system design and resource allocation to improve data-intensive computing energy efficiency.
Design of Supramolecular Layers via Self-Assembly of Imidazole and Carboxylic Acids

The supramolecular chemistry and crystal structures of salts of imidazole with one monocarboxylic acid (1), nine different dicarboxylic acids (2−10), and one tetracarboxylic acid (11) are reported. Salts 2−11 serve as building blocks that self-assemble via ionic O−H···O and N−H···O hydrogen bonds when crystallized. These strong hydrogen bonds generate two types of chains that intersect at the anions and form polar hydrogen-bonded layers with four different motifs. These layers serve as scaffolds with which to control molecular packing in two dimensions for engineering the structures of crystals. All imidazolium cations function as multidentate proton donors by forming two or three C−H···O hydrogen bonds in addition to two N−H···O hydrogen bonds. Strong O−H···O and N−H···O hydrogen bonds define structure and connectivity within layers, while weaker C−H···O hydrogen bonds dominate interactions between layers in these salts.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced lipid peroxidation in genetically responsive and non-responsive mice.

The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) administration on lipid peroxidation in various strains of responsive and non-responsive mice was determined. The hepatic content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was used as an index of lipid peroxidation, employing malondialdehyde as the standard. Six days after the administration of a single oral dose of 0.5 μg TCDD/kg to congenic male C57BL/6J mice, which were either homozygous (bb) or heterozygous (bd) with respect to the gene for the Ah locus, significant increases in hepatic lipid peroxidation were induced. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was induced in homozygous non-responsive (dd) mice by a dose of 25 μg TCDD /kg but not 0.5 μg/kg. In kidney, heart and testis, lower doses of TCDD produced lipid peroxidation in C57BL/6J bb and bd mice as compared to dd mice. The ability of TCDD to induce lipid peroxidation in B6D2F1/J, DBA2J and Swiss-Webster mice was also examined. A dose of 2,500 μg TCDD/kg produced the same level of lipid peroxidation in DBA/2J mice that was observed with 180 μg TCDD/kg in C57BL/6J bb and B6D2F1/J mice. Lipid peroxidation was not induced in kidney, heart, or testis at any of the doses of TCDD that were administered to DBA/2J mice. Thus, large strain differences exist in the ability of TCDD to induce lipid peroxidation in mice. In the liver, the ability to induce lipid peroxidation by TCDD is controlled in part by the Ah “b” allele, although other loci may play a major role.
Three Caveats for Linear Stability Theory: Rayleigh-Bénard Convection

Recent theories and experiments challenge the applicability of linear stability theory near the onset of buoyancy-driven (Rayleigh-Benard) convection. This stability theory, based on small perturbations of infinite parallel rolls, is found to miss several important features of the convective flow. The reason is that the lateral boundaries have a profound influence on the possible wavenumbers and flow patterns even for the largest cells studied. Also, the nonlinear growth of incoherent unstable modes distorts the rolls, leading to a spatially disordered and sometimes temporally nonperiodic flow. Finally, the relation of the skewed varicose instability to the onset of turbulence (nonperiodic time dependence) is examined. Linear stability theory may not suffice to predict the onset of time dependence in large cells close to threshold.
Method of multiple references for 3D imaging with Fourier transform interferometry

This letter presents an improved phase referencing technique, called Method of Multiple References, for optical profilometry. Based on a lookup table, the method eliminates several major drawbacks of single-reference Fourier Transform Interferometry by enabling surface error correction for steep slopes and step discontinuities, and by allowing mapping of multiple discrete objects using a single image set. The algorithm is tested using a fiber optic coupler-based FTI system and shown to have RMS surface error less than 0.03 mm.
Copper Isotope Fractionation by Desert Shrubs

Copper has two naturally occurring stable isotopes of masses 63 and 65 which can undergo mass dependent fractionation during various biotic and abiotic chemical reactions. These interactions and their resulting Cu isotope fractionations can be used to determine the mechanisms involved in the cycling of Cu in natural systems. In this study, Cu isotope changes were investigated at the organismal level in the metal-accumulating desert plant, Prosopis pubescens. Initial results suggest that the lighter Cu isotope was preferentially incorporated into the leaves of the plant, which may suggest that Cu was actively transported via intracellular proteins. The roots and stems show a smaller degree of Cu isotope fractionation and the direction and magnitude of the fractionations was dependent upon the levels of Cu exposure. Based on this and previous work with bacteria and yeast, a trend is emerging that suggests the lighter Cu isotope is preferentially incorporated into biological components, while the heavier Cu isotope tends to become enriched in aqueous solutions. In bacteria, plants and animals, intracellular Cu concentrations are strictly regulated via dozens of enzymes that can bind, transport, and store Cu. Many of these enzymes reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I). These initial results seem to fit into a broader picture of Cu isotope cycling in natural systems where oxidation/reduction reactions are fundamental in controlling the distributions of Cu isotopes.
Analysis of Smoking Trends with Incomplete Longitudinal Binary Responses

Abstract The generalized estimating equations procedure (GEE) widely applied in the analysis of correlated binary data requires that missing data depend only on remote covariates or that they be missing completely at random (MCAR); otherwise GEE regression parameter estimates are biased. A weighted generalized estimating equations (WGEE) approach that accounts for dropouts under the less stringent assumption of missing at random (MAR) through dependence on observed responses gives unbiased estimation of parameters in the model for the marginal means if the dropout mechanism is specified correctly. WGEEs are applied in the estimation of 7-year trends in cigarette smoking in the United States from a cohort of 5,078 black and white young adults. Analysis using WGEE suggests that there was a general decline in cigarette smoking only among white females, whereas the only other subgroup for which smoking declined was white males of the older birth cohort (1955–1962) with college degrees. The results of WGEE are...
Nanomaterials: DNA brings quantum dots to order

Semiconductor quantum dots coated with strands of DNA can self-assemble into a variety of structures.
Compressive Loading of Stiffened, Wire-Strand Based Structures

Abstract Wire strands and rope are most commonly used in applications that require a combination of tensile loading and relatively low bending rigidity, such as in lifting devices like cranes. However, compressively loaded cords and strands are found in more complex structures such as composites. This article presents the theory for wire strands that are stiffened for compressive loading by wraps of additional material. The analysis approach employed is consistent with earlier work on multi-layer wire strands and complex cross-section wire ropes in which the structure is “built” a layer at a time and compatibility is enforced.
Analysis of HIF-1 inhibition by manassantin A and analogues with modified tetrahydrofuran configurations

We have shown that manassantin A downregulated the HIF-1alpha expression and inhibited the secretion of VEGF. We have also demonstrated that the 2,3-cis-3,4-trans-4,5-cis-configuration of the tetrahydrofuran is critical to the HIF-1 inhibition of manassantin A.
Searching for multifractal scaling in gamma ray burst time series

We present a multifractal analysis of GRB time series used to quantify the variability of the light curve. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of multifractal analysis, including sensitivity to noise, and burst intensity, and present results for a few sample bursts.
Traffic safety for the cell: Influence of cyclin-dependent kinase activity on genomic stability

Genomic instability has long been considered a key factor in tumorigenesis. Recent evidence suggests that DNA damage may be widespread in early pre-neoplastic states, with deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity a driving force. Increased Cdk activity may critically reduce licensing of origins of DNA replication, drive re-replication, or mediate overexpression of checkpoint proteins, inducing deleterious cell cycle delay. Conversely, inhibition of Cdk activity may compromise replication efficiency, expression of checkpoint proteins, or activation of DNA repair proteins. These vital functions point to the impact of Cdk activity on the stability of the genome. Insight into these pathways may improve our understanding of tumorigenesis and lead to more rational cancer therapies.
RNA polymerase II large subunit is cleaved by caspases during DNA damage-induced apoptosis.

Abstract UV radiation induces DNA lesions that are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Cells that are NER deficient such as those derived from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients are susceptible to apoptosis after 10 J/m2 UV radiation, a dose largely survivable by repair proficient cells. Herein, we report that RNA polymerase II large subunit (RNAP II-LS) undergoes caspase-mediated cleavage, yielding a 140 kDa C-terminal fragment in XP lymphoblasts but not NER proficient lymphoblasts after 10 J/m2 UV irradiation. Cleavage could also be induced by cisplatin or oxaliplatin, but not transplatin, an isomer of cisplatin that does not induce DNA adducts. The cleavage of RNAP II-LS was blocked by a panel of caspase inhibitors but not by proteasomal inhibitors or inhibitors of other proteases. In vitro cleavage with caspase 8 yielded the same 140 kDa RNAP II-LS fragment observed in vivo. Using site-directed mutagenesis, the RNAP II-LS cleavage site was localized to an LETD sequence ending at residue 1339, which is near its C-terminal domain.
Separation of isotopes of selected divalent elements by ion exchange

Abstract Separation factors were determined for beryllium, calcium and cobalt isotopes by ion exchange chromatography. Pairs of isotopes (one stable and one radioactive) were partially separated on ion exchange columns using the band elution technique. A combination of radioactive counting and microanalytical chemistry was used to isotopically assay the samples. The data were treated by the method of Glueckauf for the calculation of the separation factors.
Percentage Depletion of Advance Royalties and Lease Bonuses Under I.R.C. Section 613A

Percentage depletion is a statutory deduction allowed to the owner of an economic interest in minerals and computed as a specific percentage of the gross income derived from the property. A review of three court cases concludes that the Seventh Circuit Court's interpretation that production includes future as well as current and past production is the broadest. Because physical extraction and receipt of income rarely occur at the same time, the timing problem is avoided if production is linked to gross income. This also avoids the problem of distinguishing between past and future production. An interpretation allowing percentage depletion in the former case only is based on public policy instead of logic. The author recommends adopting the Seventh Circuit interpretation of 613A of the Internal Revenue Code because it creates the fewest practical problems and avoids redefining a lease bonus or any hybrid arrangements. 142 references.
Peer Involvement in Adolescent Dating Violence

This study investigated the ways in which peers are involved in adolescent dating violence. Eighty-eight young adults aged 18-21 were interviewed and asked to reflect on aggressive dating relationships they experienced as teens. The researchers used grounded theory to analyze the data. Findings showed that male and female peers were involved in adolescent dating violence in unique ways. Male peers were involved in dating violence by participating in the aggression, agitating the aggression, being the competition, trivializing the aggression, and keeping tabs on the recipient. Female peers were involved in dating violence by deserting the recipient, cheating with the boyfriend, being the audience, needling the male dating partner, and helping the recipient. Male and female peers were involved similarly in adolescent dating violence by confronting the partner. School nurses working with adolescents are uniquely positioned to approach adolescents about dating violence. Interventions aimed at promoting discussions with adolescents are discussed.
Fault-tolerant quantum computing with coded spins using the conditional Faraday rotation in quantum dots

We propose a scalable fault-tolerant scheme for deterministic quantum computing with spins that is based on a three-particle entanglement produced by the conditional Faraday rotation of the polarization of single photons due to the nonresonant interaction with spins of quantum dots, embedded in microcavities inside a photonic crystal. The resulting conditional phase gate yields switching times of $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$. We show that it acts fault-tolerantly not only on the Calderbank-Shor-Steane quantum error correction codes, but also on Shor's code in a single shot. Single-qubit operations on Shor's logical qubits can be implemented by means of the optical Stark effect combined with the optical Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction in a single shot.
Groundwater flow, multicomponent transport and biogeochemistry: development and application of a coupled process model

A research tool for modeling the reactive flow and transport of groundwater contaminants in multiple dimensions is presented. Arbitrarily complex coupled kinetic-equilibrium heterogeneous reaction networks, automatic code generation, transfer-function based solutions, parameter estimation, high-resolution methods for advection, and robust solvers for the mixed kinetic-equilibrium chemistry are some of the features of reactive flow and transport (RAFT) that make it a versatile research tool in the modeling of a wide variety of laboratory and field experiments. The treatment of reactions is quite general so that RAFT can be used to model biological, adsorption/desorption, complexation, and mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions among others. The integrated framework involving automated code generation and parameter estimation allows for the development, characterization, and evaluation of mechanistic process models. The model is described and used to solve a problem in competitive adsorption that illustrates some of these features. The model is also used to study the development of an in situ Fe(II)-zone by encouraging the growth of an iron-reducing bacterium with lactate as the electron donor. Such redox barriers are effective in sequestering groundwater contaminants such as chromate and TCE.
Ocular Drug Delivery

Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge to pharmacologists and drug delivery scientists due to its unique anatomy and physiology. Static barriers (different layers of cornea, sclera, and retina including blood aqueous and blood–retinal barriers), dynamic barriers (choroidal and conjunctival blood flow, lymphatic clearance, and tear dilution), and efflux pumps in conjunction pose a significant challenge for delivery of a drug alone or in a dosage form, especially to the posterior segment. Identification of influx transporters on various ocular tissues and designing a transporter-targeted delivery of a parent drug has gathered momentum in recent years. Parallelly, colloidal dosage forms such as nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and microemulsions have been widely explored to overcome various static and dynamic barriers. Novel drug delivery strategies such as bioadhesive gels and fibrin sealant-based approaches were developed to sustain drug levels at the target site. Designing noninvasive sustained drug delivery systems and exploring the feasibility of topical application to deliver drugs to the posterior segment may drastically improve drug delivery in the years to come. Current developments in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery promise a significant improvement in overcoming the challenges posed by various anterior and posterior segment diseases.
INTERFACIAL TRANSPORT OF ENERGY IN LAMINAR OPEN CHANNEL AND FILM FLOWS

Abstract A new dispersion theory applicable to interfacial transport is used to analyze unsteady two-dimensional thermal pollution in laminar open channel and film flows. A strip source across the width of the flow at a variable depth is considered. The unsteady state temperature distribution depends on three time variable coefficients which are the convection, dispersion and exchange coefficients and expressions for these coefficients are derived from first principles. The exchange coefficient in the theory depends on time, the thickness and position of the source and the interfacial transport rate. Furthermore, the convection and the dispersion coefficients are affected substantially by interphase transport. The results, which are relevant to reactor design and such separation processes as chromatography, are discussed in physical terms and are compared to those for laminar flow in tubes. The theory can be applied readily to turbulent flow systems but computing the coefficients is a more formidable job.
Some problems and possibilities in policy-related social research

A number of problems which affect contemporary sociology generally also have particular manifestations in policy-related social research. These derive from the limitations of most techniques of quantitative data analysis, and also from the largely inappropriate orientation of most sociologists toward the nature and use of sociological theory. In addition, there are further problems introduced by the distinctive features of research done in a policy-making context. Several such problems are enumerated. Then, it is suggested that a different view about the utilization of sociological theory, coupled with Bayesian ideas about inductive inference, and with an explicit, collective, institutionalized procedure for defining the research issues and priorities, offers much promise as an improved way of dealing with these problems. Some specific procedural suggestions are made.
Defining the responder in asthma therapy

In last month’s Journal, Szefler et al presented an article from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) Network on the characterization of response to 2 common therapies for childhood asthma. The article establishes a definition of response as the percent change in prebronchodilator FEV1 7.5%. The importance of the article is that it selected a working definition of response and then attempted to assess whether predictors of response could be determined. The article by Szefler et al takes a systematic look at one definition of response and serves as an example for future discussion of how one characterizes a responder. A limitation in the interpretation of the asthma literature is the inconsistency in the definition of response. The heterogeneity and variability of asthma make it difficult to achieve consensus for this term. This is compounded by the lack of a standardized means to assess asthma control, a measure of response. Should response to an intervention be defined primarily by objective parameters, subjective symptom reports, or a composite measure? Is the observed response to an intervention clinically as well as statistically significant, and how has the choice of primary outcome and sample size influenced these results? In addition, which parameters should be more appropriately thought of as markers of disease severity than measures of response? If these issues are difficult for the specialist and researcher to resolve, how can we provide guidance to our primary care colleagues when they read the asthma literature? The definition of responder is increasingly important as the number of assessment tools multiplies beyond traditional clinical trials to include observational investigations, studies of patients with specific phenotypes
Hidden addiction: Television.

Background and aims: The most popular recreational pastime in the U.S. is television viewing. Some researchers have claimed that television may be addictive. We provide a review of the definition, etiology, prevention and treatment of the apparent phenomenon of television addiction. Methods: Selective review. Results: We provide a description of television (TV) addiction, including its negative consequences, assessment and potential etiology, considering neurobiological, cognitive and social/cultural factors. Next, we provide information on its prevention and treatment. Discussion and conclusions: We suggest that television addiction may function similarly to substance abuse disorders but a great deal more research is needed.
Aflatoxin influences on seed germination and root elongation by two cultivars of Glycine max and uptake of 65 Zn-ZnCl2 by the cultivars

Maximum inhibition of Glycine max, cv. ‘Essex’ seed germination occurred at 10 μg/ml following 72 hr imbibition in constant light. Seeds imbided 108 hr in constant darkness at this concentration showed a 20% rise in germination over that of the control. Imbibition of G. max, cv. ‘Williams’ seeds in either light or dark for 96 hr did not suppress germination. Imbibition of ‘Essex’ seeds in either light or dark at 2.5 through 10 μg/ml stimulated root elongation except for 10 μg/ml at 96 hr (light). Maximum inhibition of ‘Williams’ root elongation under constant light was at 48 and 72 hr with 10 μg/ml. Statistically significant differences in cotyledon, leaf and stem lengths between non-treated (NT) and treated (T) seedlings were not found except for ‘Williams’ stem length at 2.5 μ/ ml. Root elongation was stimulated 1.2- and 1.1-folds, respectively, at 5.0 (‘Essex’) and 2.5 (‘Williams’) μg/ml. Toxin at 2.5 through 10.0 μg/ml did not markedly alter either cotyledon or leaf widths with the exception of ‘Williams” leaf width at 2.5 μg/ml. Medium supplementation with 2.5 through 10.0 μg/ml resulted in cotyledon, leaf and root weight enhancements for ‘Essex’ seedlings. Stem weight was not markedly affected. An 18% rise in ‘Williams’ cotyledon weight above that of the control was seen at 2.5 μg/ml. ‘Williams’ leaf weights were increased 1.75- and 1.25-folds, respectively, at 2.5 and 10.0 μg/ml. Aflatoxin B1, at 2.5 μg/ml promoted ‘Williams’ stem and root elongation 1.20- and 1.09-folds, respectively. Most of the radioactivity from 65Zn-ZnCl2 recovered within organs was found within ‘Essex’ roots for both T and NT seedlings. A higher amount of radioactivity was recovered within roots at each toxin concentration than was without toxin. However, this was not statistically significant. Significant differences in the distribution of radioactivity within roots between NT and T ‘Williams’ seedlings were not observed. Generally, AFB1 failed to affect significantly these two varieties of soybeans based on the tests relating to germination, growth and radiolabel uptake.
Computational Models as a Knowledge Management Tool: A Process Model of the Critical Judgments Made during Audit Planning

Effective management of knowledge is essential for a CPA firm to remain competitive. Use of computational models of judgment processes and outcomes causes knowledge to be available for use and analysis. We present a comprehensive and integrated computational model of the difficult and knowledge‐intensive judgments needed for successful audit planning. The model concludes on a client's going‐concern status, applicable levels of inherent, control, and planned detection risk, and appropriate levels of statement‐ and account‐level materiality. Most importantly, the model validly identifies the cause of significant fluctuations given causal hypotheses. The context is the sales and collection cycle of a manufacturing client. The model consistently replicates causal hypothesis judgments generated by the modeled auditor who exhibits considerable judgment expertise, i.e., his judgments typically coincide with actual causes. Concerning judgment expertise, the model reveals numerous linkages among judgments, subtle ...
Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emission Source Aerosols (TERESA)—Power plant studies: assessment of breathing pattern

Our approach to study multi-pollutant aerosols isolates a single emissions source, evaluates the toxicity of primary and secondary particles derived from this source, and simulates chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere after emission. Three U.S. coal-fired power plants utilizing different coals and with different emission controls were evaluated. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from α-pinene and/or ammonia was added in some experiments. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 6 h to filtered air or different atmospheric mixtures. Scenarios studied at each plant included the following: primary particles (P); secondary (oxidized) particles (PO); oxidized particles + SOA (POS); and oxidized and neutralized particles + SOA (PONS); additional control scenarios were also studied. Continuous respiratory data were obtained during exposures using whole body plethysmography chambers. Of the 12 respiratory outcomes assessed, each had statistically significant changes at some plant and with some o...
Coastal Hazards and the Global Distribution of Human Population

A frequently predicted consequence of global climate change is an increased effect of coastal hazards on the world's human population. The impact of coastal hazards depends on the proximity of human population to the coastal zone. Recently compiled population estimates are combined with a new continental digital elevation model in an attempt to quantify the global distribution of human population and occupied land area with respect to elevation and coastal proximity. The limited spatial resolution of the census data allows one to quantify some of the uncertainty in the spatial distribution of population. This provides a lower bound on the uncertainty in the resulting distributions but does not account for uncertainty in the census data or elevation data. Long-term records of relative sea level rise, tidal heights, and storm surge heights can be combined with global sea level rise estimates for a variety of climate change scenarios to estimate the approximate magnitude of vertical changes in local sea level. It is verified that large numbers of people live at low elevations near coasts but the uncertainties are too large to provide meaningful estimates of the number of people who reside in so-called "coastal zones" worldwide. The principal conclusion is that both the spatial distribution and the resolution of global data must be significantly improved before realistic quantitative assessments of the global impact of coastal hazards can be made.
Systematics of Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). I. Four new species from the Neotropics

Four night-blooming water-lilies ofNymphaea subgenusHydrocallis,N. conardii, N. lingulata, N. novo-granatensis, andN. prolifera, are described from the American tropics.
Metastable Phase Formation in the Ti-rich end of the Ti-(Co,Ni) System

The Ti-rich end of the Ti-(Co,Ni) was investigated by ion mixing. A metastable FCC phase was discovered which formed over a broad composition range. The stable phase was formed by ion mixing at 350°C in some samples but was not formed until 550°C during insitu heating in the Transmission electron microscope. Some of the Ni-rich ternary alloys did not amorphize even after liquid nitrogen ion irradiations. This result indicates that the amorphization mechanism for the TiNi CsCl phase is different from that of the TiCo CsCl phase.
New Approaches to the Prevention of Influenza

Summary. More than 30 years after development of the first effective influenza vaccine, influenza remains virtually uncontrolled by human intervention. The explanation of this paradox is to be found in the nature of the causative virus, which is unique among infectious agents in its capacity for rapid and frequent intigenic changes. Therefor, the limited effectiveness of present day vaccines is less a problem in immunology than it is in the rapid obsolescence of vaccines. The continual need for “updating” of vaccines presents recurrent problems attendant upon the selection, development and production of new vaccine virus strains. Another problem, common also to most other inactivated vaccines, is the transient immunity induced by parenteral administration of conventional inactivated influenza vaccines, even if they are homotypic to the challenge virus. Thus, the problem of influenza immunization requires new approaches, and a variety of new currently under study. These approaches include: 1 Better standardization of vaccines and increase in antigenic mass. This prosaic but necessary step has reduced one cause of vaccine failure of the past-i.e. insufficient antigen. 2 Better purification of vaccines to reduce toxicity related to non-viral materials. 3 Induction of local immunity by topical application of vaccine to the respiratory tract. It is logical to induce immunity at the site of subsequent challenge (as with live poliovirus vaccine), although the relative importance of humoral and local immunity in influenza has been insufficiently studied. Such immunity can be stimulated either by live or inactivated vaccines, but much more effectively by the former. 4 Laboratory selection of antigenic mutants in anticipation of their selection in nature. This approach attempts to simulate in the laboratory the evolution of strain in the laboratory the evolution of strains in nature by passage of virus with antiserum. The objective is to accelerate the selection process so that a pan-antigenic vaccine virus is derived that can protect against future variants of the subtye. 5 Gentic manipulation of viruses by recombination and induction and selection of mutants.(The creation of new viruses with desirable properties.)
Domains of Macrophage NO Synthase Have Divergent Roles in Forming and Stabilizing the Active Dimeric Enzyme

The cytokine-inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is a flavin-containing hemeprotein that must dimerize to generate NO. Trypsin cleaves the dimeric enzyme into an oxygenase domain fragment that remains dimeric, contains heme and H4biopterin, and binds L-arginine and a reductase domain fragment that is monomeric, binds NADPH, FAD, FMN, and catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c [Ghosh, D. K. & Stuehr, D. J. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 801-807]. The current study investigates the isolated oxygenase and reductase domains of iNOS to understand how they form and stabilize the active dimeric enzyme. The dimeric oxygenase domain dissociated into folded, heme-containing monomers when incubated with 2-5 M urea, whereas the reductase domain unfolded under these conditions and lost its ability to catalyze NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reduction. Spectral analysis of the dissociation reaction showed that it caused structural changes within the oxygenase domain and exposed the distal side of the heme to solvent, enabling it to bind dithiothreitol as a sixth ligand. Importantly, the oxygenase domain monomers could reassociate into a dimeric form even in the absence of the reductase domain. The reaction required L-arginine and H4biopterin and completely reversed the structural changes in heme pocket and protein structure that occurred upon dissociating the original dimer. Together, this confirms that the oxygenase domain contains all of the determinants needed for subunit dimerization and indicates that the dimeric structure greatly affects the heme and protein environment in the oxygenase domain.
Phonon Focusing of Large-k--> Acoustic Phonons in Germanium

Combining heat-pulse scanning and tunnel-junction detection, we have observed ballistic propagation of high frequency (g700 GHz) acoustic phonons over \ensuremath{\sim}1-mm path lengths in germanium. The ballistic nature of the phonons is determined by sharp variations in phonon flux with propagation angle. The phonon focusing pattern is significantly altered from that obtained with an Al bolometer (which is sensitive to longer-wave-length phonons) revealing a modification of the phonon slowness surface due to dispersion.
Estimating strategic price response in a product-differentiated oligopoly: the case of a domestic canned fruit industry.

In this article, we empirically estimate the strategic price response in a domestic canned fruit industry using national-level, weekly point-of-purchase scanner data. Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests are used to obtain univariate time series properties of Del Monte and Dole's canned pineapple prices. Johansen's likelihood ratio cointegration test is used to characterize the existence of an industry pricing equilibrium. Vector autoregression and vector error correction models are employed to examine the multivariate time series properties of the two firms' prices. Granger causality tests are used to address the price leadership hypothesis, while impulse response functions are constructed to chronicle the intertemporal price response to an innovation in a rival's price series. The battery of tests indicates that Del Monte follows Dole's pricing decisions in this narrowly defined product market. A thorough understanding of empirical price reactions has far-reaching strategic management implications, such as forecasting a rival's response and avoiding costly price wars. [L110, L200, L660] © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Non-Lambertian shading and photometric stereo

Classical shape-from-shading and photometric stereo theones assume that diffuse reflection from real-world surfaces is Lambertian. However, there is considerable evidence that diffuse reflection from a large dass of surfaces is nonLambertian' . Using a Lambertian model to reconstruct such surfaces can cause serious errors in the reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a theory of non-Lambertian shading and photometric stereo. First, we explore the physics of scattering and obtain a realistic model for the reflectance map of non-Lambertian surfaces. The reflectance map is significantly non-linear. We then explore the number of light sources and the conditions on their placement for a globally unique inversion of the photometric stereo equation for this reflectance map. We theoretically establish the minimum number oflight sources needed to achieve this. These results are then extended in several directions. The main part of the extension is the joint estimation of surface normal along with the surface albedo. In the literature, this problem has been addressed only for Lambertian surfaces. We establish some basic results on the problem ofjoint estimation using the manifold structure of intensities obtained from photometric stereo. We will show that the joint estimation problem is ill-posed and propose a regularization scheme for it. Our experiments show that using the techniques proposed here, the fidelity of reconstruction can be increased by an order of magnitude over existing techniques.
Ecological modernization as social theory

Abstract In this paper I examine some of the reasons for and implications of the ascendance of ecological modernization thought. I stress that its rapid rise to prominence is not because it is a well-developed and highly-codified social theory, but rather because it accords particularly well with a number of intellectual and broader political–economic factors, many of which lie outside the realms of sociology and environmental sociology. I suggest that while ecological modernization is indistinct as a social theory its basic logic suggests two points. First, the most sophisticated versions of ecological modernization revolve around the notion that political processes and practices are particularly critical in enabling ecological phenomena to be “ ‘moved into’ the modernization process” (Mol, A.P.J., 1995. The Refinement of Production. Van Arkel, Utrecht, p. 28). Thus, a full-blown theory of ecological modernization must ultimately be a theory of politics and the state. Second, the logic of ecological modernization theory suggests that it has very close affinities to several related literatures – particularly embedded autonomy, civil society, and state-society synergy theories in political sociology – which have not yet been incorporated into the ecological modernization literature. I conclude by arguing that ecological modernization can benefit by bringing these related – and, for that matter, more powerful – theories into its fold.