cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avoiding the Vote: A Theory and Field Experiment of the Social Costs of Public Political Participation

Citizen vote choice in modern democracies is almost always a private act, yet the act of turning out to vote is a social and public activity. Does voting in public increase or depress turnout? We present a theory of the effect of social pressure and ostracism on political participation, arguing that both social costs and social benefits can affect individual behavior. No theoretical work on voter turnout has argued that social costs deter participation, but it is a fundamental explanation of the decision not to participate. We test our theory by conducting a randomized field experiment during the 2008 Iowa Democratic presidential caucus, sending mailers to registered Democrats suggesting different reasons for voting. We include three treatments: (1) one telling citizens of the date, time, and location of the caucus; (2) one telling citizens the caucus is a public meeting where neighbors and friends will be attending; and (3) one telling citizens that the caucus does not have a secret ballot and that their neighbors and friends will be attending. We find that citizens are more likely to vote when information costs are reduced and when they are told the caucus is a public meeting. However, we find that turnout is reduced when citizens are told their vote choices must be revealed to their neighbors, thus increasing social costs. Unlike nearly all other field experiments of voter turnout, our experiment is one of the only to find a suppression of the vote as a result of a treatment. These findings provide insights into individual behavior in a social context, a rejection of one explanation for heavy voter turnout in 19th century America, and practical insights for campaigns interested in mobilizing voters to presidential caucuses.
Aging of the Genome: The Dual Role of DNA in Life and Death

Preface 1. Introduction 2. The Logic of Aging 3. Genome Structure and Function 4. Genome Maintenance 5. Genome Instability and Accelerated Aging 6. The Aging Genome 7. From Genome to Phenome 8. A Genomic Limit to Life? References and Glossary Literature References
Airway Management in Patients With Abnormal Anatomy or Challenging Physiology

Most pediatric intubations that occur in the emergency department are in patients without identifiable risk factors for difficulty. Infants and children go through a predictable pattern of development that impacts airway management. A careful, stepwise approach to the identification of the truly difficult pediatric airway is critical to avoid morbidity and mortality. Difficulty can be encountered in cases of challenging anatomy such as congenital airway or midface abnormalities or with acquired conditions such as croup or epiglottitis. Physiologically, intrinsic lung disease (ie, asthma) and shock states have unique features that impact airway management.
RADIOPAQUE DYES AND OTHER AGENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE.

Summary o 1. A simple new technique for testing the toxic effects of radiopaque dyes on the rat aortic endothelium has been described. 2. Diodrast (35%), Angio-Conray (80%), Urokon (70%) and Hypaque (50%) were found to produce endothelial damage when injected into the rat aorta at controlled pressures. Hypaque and Angio-Conray were the least damaging of these substances. 3. Injection pressures of up to 250 mm. Hg did not produce endothelial lesions in control experiments. 4. Endothelial damage with Diodrast (35%) increased with the time of injection. 5. Injections of air produced endothelial damage while hyaluronidase had no such effect. 6. Lowering the temperature of Diodrast (35%) to 4°C, diminished the amount of endothelial damage produced. 7. The causes of clinical complications produced by contrast dye injections have been discussed.
MR imaging in adults with Gaucher disease type I: evaluation of marrow involvement and disease activity.

An investigation was conducted to determine the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of bone marrow involvement in patients with Gaucher disease type I. T1- and T2-weighted images were obtained of the lower extremities of 29 adult patients. Patients were classified into one of three groups based on marrow signal patterns on T1- and T2-weighted images as well as change in signal intensity from T1- to T2-weighted images. An increase in signal intensity from T1- to T2-weighted images was the criterion for an “active process” within the bone marrow. Classification of the 29 patients produced the following results: group A: normal, 4 patients; group B: marrow infiltration, 16 patients; group C: marrow infiltration plus active marrow process, 9 patients. Correlation with clinical findings revealed that all nine patients with evidence of an active marrow process on MRI (group C) had acute bone pain. Conversely, only one of the remaining 20 patients (groups A and B) had bone pain. There was no correlation between disease activity and findings on conventional radiographs. We conclude the MRI provides an excellent noninvasive assessment of the extent and activity of marrow involvement in type I Gaucher disease.
Androgen receptor dysfunction in human androgen insensitivity

The androgen insensitivity syndromes comprise a spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities in male sex differentiation and development that result from target tissue resistance to androgen action due to molecular lesions in the X-chromosome-linked androgen receptor gene. The androgen receptor, like other members of the superfamily of steroid receptors, is characterized by the presence of three structural domains that function in transcriptional activation, DNA binding, and steroid binding, respectively. Missense mutations in the androgen receptor gene causing amino acid substitutions are the most common molecular lesions among affected subjects; deletions, mRNA splice site alterations, and nonsense mutations occur less frequently. Because of the large number and diverse array of these naturally occurring mutations and their associated clinical phenotypes, there is a great opportunity for understanding the structure-function relationships of the androgen receptor from in vitro and in vivo expression of the mutant receptors in various cell types.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with Gold Nanotips: The Effect of Electrode Material on Electron Transfer Rates

The disk-type, polished Au nanoelectrodes were prepared, characterized, and used as tips in the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). Kinetic parameters were measured for several rapid heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) reactions and compared to those obtained previously at Pt nanoelectrodes. The kinetics of most investigated ET processes were found to be independent of the electrode material. In contrast to the previously reported results, the rate constant of hexaammineruthenium(III) reduction was somewhat higher at Pt than at Au electrodes in different electrolyte solutions. This finding suggests that this reaction exhibits some degree of nonadiabaticity.
Asia pacific tourism industry: Current trends and future outlook

Over the last decade, the Asia Pacific region has been the fastest growing tourism region in the world. Tourism is one of the most important sectors in a large number of Asia Pacific countries. Increases in economic growth, disposable income and leisure time, political stability, and aggressive tourism campaigns, among other factors, have fueled the significant growth of tourism. This paper reviews the growth and development of the tourism industry in the Asia Pacific region. The future outlook is bright for the tourism sector, and the region is expected to maintain a high rate of growth well into the next century.
Paravertebral origin of postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the major splanchnic and distal coeliac nerves as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method

Abstract A significant number of sympathetic neurons in the lower thoracic paravertebral ganglia (lateral chain ganglia) were retrogradely labeled when the central cut end of the ipsilateral major splanchnic nerve was exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cat. HRP-labeled perikarya were found in all ganglia of that region of the chain from which the splanchnic nerve has its origin but they are most numerous in the last thoracic paravertebral ganglion, that adjacent to the T13 segment of the cord. The number of HRP-positive cells diminished rapidly in more rostral ganglia. Labeled cell bodies of postganglionic splanchnic neurons in the paravertebral ganglia were fusiform to oval in shape with cell diameters averaging between 25 to 45 μm. These results demonstrate that the splanchnic nerve contains, in addition to visceral afferents and preganglionic sympathetic constituents, many postganglionic fibers with cell bodies in the paravertebral ganglia. These splanchnic postganglionic axons pass through the coeliac ganglion and continue into distal coeliac nerves.
6.2.2 A Framework for Considering Cost Uncertainty for Complex Interdependent Systems Based on Weighted Nodal Analysis

Networks, which are formed due to interdependencies between actors, have become a critical component of United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DoD) programs. “We are no longer network enabled. We are now network dependent” (Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Achieving Interoperability in a Net-Centric Environment, 2009). U.S. DoD would significantly benefit from quantitative research that supports implementing improvements on establishing cost estimates and improved risk management analysis of these systems. This study defines a methodology for objectively assessing program interdependencies in a way that enables analyzers an improved method to more accurately estimate uncertainties associated with complex DoD interoperability cost assessments.
Electric Cataracts: I. Sequential Changes, Unusual and Prognostic Findings

The first serial slit-lamp photographs of electric cataracts from the earliest lens changes to dense opacities are presented. The lens vacuole formation seen shortly after electrical injury has prognostic significance in indicating future lens changes. Two major patterns of lens vacuole formation are described, each of which leads to a different onset of cataract formation. When an electrical injury occurs especially to the head the pupil should be dilated within a few weeks after injury and the lens examined for the presence of vacuoles.
Variability of head posture during sleep and considerations relating to palate and dental arch form

Abstract Head posture during sleep was recorded for seven young male adults. Extra-oral electrical sensors were used to detect cranial orientation and cheek-to-pillow contact. A radiographic-photographic technique was employed to assess symmetry of the subjects' palates and maxillary dental arches. Findings of this pilot study did not show a correlation between sleeping posture and symmetry of the mature maxillary arch. It is suggested that earlier hypotheses of a relationship between nocturnal posture and dental arch shape should be reinvestigated employing the more refined techniques currently available.
Phonon enhancement in electronic thermal expansion

Abstract Recent calculations of the pressure dependence of superconducting transition temperatures permit calculation of the phonon-enhancement contribution to the Gruneisen function for electronic thermal expansion in the normal state. For lead the enhancement exceeds the total measured values.
Compensatory role of the cortico-rubro-spinal tract in motor recovery after stroke.

Objectives: Studies on nonhuman primates have demonstrated that the cortico-rubro-spinal system can compensate for damage to the pyramidal tract (PT). In humans, so-called alternate motor fibers (aMF), which may comprise the cortico-rubro-spinal tract, have been suggested to play a similar role in motor recovery after stroke. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we examined PT and aMF in the context of human motor recovery by relating their microstructural properties to functional outcome in chronic stroke patients. Methods: PT and aMF were reconstructed based on their origins in primary motor, dorsal premotor, and supplementary motor cortices in 18 patients and 10 healthy controls. The patients9 degree of motor recovery was assessed using the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Results: Compared to controls, fractional anisotropy (FA) was lower along ipsilesional PT and aMF in chronic stroke patients, but clusters of higher FA were found bilaterally in aMF within the vicinity of the red nuclei. FA along ipsilesional PT and aMF and within the red nuclei correlated significantly with WMFT scores. Probabilistic connectivity of aMF originating from ipsilesional primary motor cortex was higher in patients, whereas the ipsilesional PT exhibited lower connectivity compared to controls. Conclusions: The strong correlations observed between microstructural properties of bilateral red nuclei and the level of motor function in chronic stroke patients indicate possible remodeling during recovery. Our results shed light on the role of different corticofugal motor tracts, and highlight a compensatory function of the cortico-rubro-spinal system which may be used as a target in future restorative treatments.
Red Drop and Role of Auxiliary Pigments in Photosynthesis

Note: When Robert Emerson zvas killed in a plane accident on February 4. 1959, much of the experimental material accumulated in his two years work on the action spectrum of photosynthesis in the far-red region, remained unpublished. He zvas to present these results to the Botanical Congress in Montreal in August, 1959. Instead, the following paper was presented, prepared on the basis of Emerson's earlier talks and laboratory notes, and after consultation with his collaborators, R. V. Chalmers and C. Cederstrand. The theoretical discutssion of the results is my own. The presentation of this paper was intended as a memorial to Dr. Emerson; I was urged to publish it to give all those wvorking in the field access to the results of Emerson's last, exciting results. A paper presented by J. Myers (12) at the same mneeting provides both confirmation and interesting expansion of the phenomenon which is becoming knozwn as the Emerson effect*. In particular, it shows that the so-called chromatic transient, as observed after the replacement of illumination with light at 700 mu by illumination weith a shorter-wave light giving the same steady yield of photosynthesis, has the same action spectrum as the Emerson effect, i.e., suggests a specific role of chlorophyll b.-E. RABINOWITCH.
Chromium Hydrides and Dihydrogen Complexes in Solid Neon, Argon, and Hydrogen: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations

Reactions of chromium atoms with molecular hydrogen are investigated through matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy of products and complexes. Laser-ablated chromium atoms react with molecular hydrogen upon condensation in excess neon and argon and in pure hydrogen. The reaction products, CrH, (H2)CrH, CrH2, (H2)CrH2, and (H2)2CrH2 are identified by isotopic substitution (D2, HD, and H2+D2) and comparison with DFT (density functional theory) and MP2 calculations of vibrational fundamentals. The (H2)CrH complex with lower energy than CrH3 is trapped and no band is observed for CrH3. Reactions with H2 and D2 mixtures and with HD give different relative yields of the same mixed isotopic bands, which shows that exchange of dihydride and dihydrogen complex positions occurs in the energized [CrH4]* intermediate in the formation of (H2)CrH2. The major bands at 1529.5 cm-1 for H2 and 1112.2 cm-1 for D2 in neon and at 1521.3 cm-1 in pure hydrogen and 1106.9 cm-1 in pure deuterium are due to (H2)2CrH2 and (D2)2CrD2...
Transcatheter delivery of sorafenib-eluting polylactide-co-glycolide microspheres: therapy response studies in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose Sorafenib is an effective palliative treatment against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however the oral tablet formulation is associated with severe side effects and low serum levels suggest delivery of insufficient doses. A drug-eluting bead formulation for catheter-directed delivery should increase tumor doses and decrease side effects. Thus, polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microspheres were developed to encapsulate sorafenib and an iron oxide ferrofluid to allow for MRI monitored delivery. The purpose of this study was to show in vivo therapy response in a rat HCC model after microsphere delivery Materials and Methods McA-RH7777 rat HCC cells were implanted in the livers of 18 Sprague Dawley rats. Of the 18 rats, 6 rats were given sorafenib-eluting PLG microspheres, 6 rats were given sham controls of unloaded PLG microspheres and 6 rats were left as untreated controls. After 1 week, microsphere-infused rats underwent invasive catheterization (24 g catheter) of the proper hepatic artery before infusion of 4 mg of spheres. MRI was performed pre and post-infusion using T2-weighted sequences and a 7T MRI scanner (Bruker Clinscan, Billerica, MA, USA). The rats were sacrificed 72 h post-treatment and angiogenesis was assessed via rat anti-CD34 immunohistochemistry for microvessel density (MVD). Rat anti-CD34 slides were imaged with a TissueFaxs microscope (TissueGnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria) and MVD was expressed as percent areas of positive staining in the tumor as measured by TissueGnostics’ Histoquest program. Results The MVDs were 4.10±0.69, 4.41±1.42 and 2.86±1.82 (mean±SD) for untreated, sham control and sorafenib-eluting PLG microsphere treated groups, respectively, thus indicating therapy response with the sorafenib-eluting PLG microspheres. Unpaired Student’s T-test and one-way ANOVA (Scheffe post-hoc correction) statistical analysis confirmed statistical significance (p Conclusion Sorafenib-eluting PLG microspheres induced tumor MVD reductions in vivo in a Sprague Dawley HCC model. This platform has potential to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity via catheter-directed delivery to HCC tumors.
Teacher Support and Life Satisfaction An Investigation With Urban, Middle School Students

This study examined the relationship between perceived teacher support and overall life satisfaction (LS) in a sample of urban middle school students. Based on correlations between measures of student perceptions related to these constructs, results indicated that student perceptions of teacher support correlated significantly with LS, with the highest correlation demonstrated between Informational Support and LS (r = .33). Linear regression analyses also indicated that teacher Informational Support contributed most significantly to LS variance. Student grade was identified as a moderating variable. Implications of these findings for teachers and other school staff are discussed within the context of including school climate factors in comprehensive school review plans for maximizing student functioning.
Monte carlo estimation of the sampling distribution of nonlinear model parameter estimators

The sampling distribution of parameter estimators can be summarized by moments, fractiles or quantiles. For nonlinear models, these quantities are often approximated by power series, approximated by transformed systems, or estimated by Monte Carlo sampling. A control variate approach based on a linear approximation of the nonlinear model is introduced here to reduce the Monte Carlo sampling necessary to achieve a given accuracy. The particular linear approximation chosen has several advantages: its moments and other properties are known, it is easy to implement, and there is a correspondence to asymptotic results that permits assessment of control variate effectiveness prior to sampling via measures of nonlinearity. Empirical results for several nonlinear problems are presented.
Supercritical angle transmission through quasi-random subwavelength-feature interfaces: integral approach via effective surface currents

A quasi-periodic interface destroys the k‖ invariance, introducing wavenumbers shifted by structure period harmonics, and allows transmission for supercritical incidence. An analytic method converting the interface boundary conditions into effective current source terms yields simple integral formulas for the transmitted fraction including quasi-periodic, subwavelength surface features with random variation of the feature size and period.
Modern Approaches for Selecting Biologically Active Plants I: CNS Depressants

Based on literature reports and other arbitrarily assigned criteria, a method is suggested with which one can select plants with high theoretical probability for CNS depressant activity. Their extracts experimentally demonstrate this activity. The method was tested by selecting 11 high scoring plants and 16 low scoring plants from a list of 575 plants which theoretically should contain CNS depressant principles. These 27 plants were screened for CNS depressant activity utilizing the activity cage. A statistically significant difference was found between plants selected from the top of the list and those selected from the bottom of the list.
Bacteria and viruses induce production of interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute meningitis: A study of 57 cases and review

The CSF of 57 infants and children with bacterial or enterovirus meningitis was analyzed for the presence of interferon (IFN). CSF was collected when the diagnosis of meningitis was made; a bacterium or enterovirus was isolated in all cases. IFN was detectable in CSF in 24% of cases of bacterial meningitis and in 75% of cases of viral meningitis. Titers of IFN were generally lower in cases of bacterial meningitis. Neither the presence of IFN nor the level of IFN titers correlated with the patient's age or number of white blood cells or mononuclear cells in the CSF. Coxsackievirus induced production of IFN more consistently and in higher titers than did echovirus. None of 35 control patients had detectable IFN in CSF. A literature review and our data indicate that the presence of IFN in CSF suggests infection of the CNS but does not differentiate bacterial from viral infection. The finding of IFN in the CSF of children with bacterial meningitis supports evidence that bacteria and other nonviral microorganisms induce IFN production. The protective role of IFN in nonviral infections deserves further investigation.
On a Conformal Gap and Finiteness Theorem for a Class of Four-Manifolds

In this paper we develop a bubble tree structure for a degenerating class of Riemannian metrics satisfying some global conformal bounds on compact manifolds of dimension 4. Applying the bubble tree structure, we establish a gap theorem, a finiteness theorem for diffeomorphism type for this class, and make a comparison of the solutions of the σk equations on a degenerating family of Bach-flat metrics.
The Student Counseling Virtual Pamphlet Collection: An innovative resource

Many university student counseling centers are now adapting pamphlets for the World-Wide Web, creating what the author refers to as virtual pamphlets. The author searched 52 university student counseling center Web sites, uncovered 200 virtual pamphlets, and brought them together as the Student Counseling Virtual Pamphlet Collection. In just a few months, there are already multiple indications that this innovative resource is considered valuable. Moreover, this paradigm can be applied, and different virtual pamphlet collections developed, to promote the education of clients who receive other mental health, general medical, or even non-health-related services.
Does Exercise Benefit Fibromyalgia

This review discusses evidence-based perspectives on the potential benefits of exercise for fibromyalgia. Future directions for inquiry and clinical management also are addressed.
The conversion of primary amines into nitrones: An extension of the Kröhnke reaction

Primary amines react with 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4,6-diphenylpyryliums to form pyridiniums. These are hydrolysed to 2-carboxylatopyridiniums which react with p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline to give nitrones.
In treating impotence, urology and sex therapy are complementary

Abstract Urologists and mental health professionals are neither competitors nor adversaries. The principles of sex therapy represent a thoughtful and sensitive way to approach patients with almost any clinical problem so that they are more comfortable with the recommended tests or treatments. Sex therapy may be very helpful as an adjunct in treating “organic” as well as primarily emotional erectile dysfunction. We believe that with information we can help build a bridge between urologists and mental health professionals.
Epinephrine exacerbates arthritis by an action at presynaptic b2-adrenoceptors

Sympathetic efferents contribute to the severity of joint injury in experimental arthritis in the rat, [Levine J. D. et al. (1986) J. Neurosci. 6, 3423-3429] and beta 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists suppress the disease [Levine J. D. et al. (1988) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 4553-4556]. The present study was directed at determining the endogenous ligand for, and target of, the beta 2-receptor contribution to arthritis. We report that adrenal medullectomy significantly reduced joint injury in experimental arthritis, but that severe joint injury was re-established in adrenal medullectomized rats chronically treated with epinephrine or the beta 2-agonist, salbutamol. The ability of these two drugs to enhance joint injury in adrenal medullectomized rats was blocked by sympathectomy. These data suggest that adrenal medulla-derived epinephrine acts at beta 2-adrenoceptors on sympathetic efferent nerve terminals, to contribute to the severity of experimental arthritis.
Variance-penalized Markov decision processes: dynamic programming and reinforcement learning techniques

In control systems theory, the Markov decision process (MDP) is a widely used optimization model involving selection of the optimal action in each state visited by a discrete-event system driven by Markov chains. The classical MDP model is suitable for an agent/decision-maker interested in maximizing expected revenues, but does not account for minimizing variability in the revenues. An MDP model in which the agent can maximize the revenues while simultaneously controlling the variance in the revenues is proposed. This work is rooted in machine learning/neural network concepts, where updating is based on system feedback and step sizes. First, a Bellman equation for the problem is proposed. Thereafter, convergent dynamic programming and reinforcement learning techniques for solving the MDP are provided along with encouraging numerical results on a small MDP and a preventive maintenance problem.
Taming the parallel effect zoo: extensible deterministic parallelism with LVish

A fundamental challenge of parallel programming is to ensure that the observable outcome of a program remains deterministic in spite of parallel execution. Language-level enforcement of determinism is possible, but existing deterministic-by-construction parallel programming models tend to lack features that would make them applicable to a broad range of problems. Moreover, they lack extensibility: it is difficult to add or change language features without breaking the determinism guarantee. The recently proposed LVars programming model, and the accompanying LVish Haskell library, took a step toward broadly-applicable guaranteed-deterministic parallel programming. The LVars model allows communication through shared monotonic data structures to which information can only be added, never removed, and for which the order in which information is added is not observable. LVish provides a Par monad for parallel computation that encapsulates determinism-preserving effects while allowing a more flexible form of communication between parallel tasks than previous guaranteed-deterministic models provided. While applying LVar-based programming to real problems using LVish, we have identified and implemented three capabilities that extend its reach: inflationary updates other than least-upper-bound writes; transitive task cancellation; and parallel mutation of non-overlapping memory locations. The unifying abstraction we use to add these capabilities to LVish---without suffering added complexity or cost in the core LVish implementation, or compromising determinism---is a form of monad transformer, extended to handle the Par monad. With our extensions, LVish provides the most broadly applicable guaranteed-deterministic parallel programming interface available to date. We demonstrate the viability of our approach both with traditional parallel benchmarks and with results from a real-world case study: a bioinformatics application that we parallelized using our extended version of LVish.
Products of consecutive integers and the Markoff equation

Recently, Katayama described all integral solutions to the diophantine equationX(X + 1)Y(Y + 1) = Z(Z + 1). In this paper, we clarify his description by noting a bijection withx 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2xyz + 5, which has been studied by Mordell. We also show the number of positive integer solutions withZ ≤H to Katayama's equation is of order\(\sqrt H \), and in general, count the number of solutions to Mordell's equationx 2 + y 2 + z 2 = axyz + b with height less thanH.
Ascorbic acid minimizes lumbar vertebrae discoloration.

Ascorbic acid was evaluated as a way of preventing bone discoloration. In experiment 1, beef bone-in t-bone steaks (lumbar vertebrae and longissimus) were treated with 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% ascorbic acid (n=10). Vertebrae and muscle color (L*a*b*) were evaluated initially and after 24 h in 80% O2/20% CO2. Vertebrae treated with 0%, 0.05%, or 0.1% ascorbic acid significantly discolored while the longissimus maintained a bright-red appearance. Ascorbic acid treatments 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% significantly minimized vertebrae discoloration and neither induced nor prevented longissimus discoloration. In experiment 2, lumbar vertebrae were treated with 0%, 0.05%, 1.5%, or 2.5% ascorbic acid (n=15), packaged in 80% O2/20% CO2, and displayed for five days (1 °C). Visual color was evaluated daily by a trained panel. Ascorbic acid treatment at 1.5% or 2.5% minimized lumbar vertebrae surface discoloration. Through a five-day display at 1 °C, lumbar vertebrae with 2.5% ascorbic acid had the least bone discoloration.
Slow turnover and production of fungal hyphae during a Californian dry season

We used minirhizotrons to examine the production and turnover of fungal hyphae in situ during the dry season in a Californian grassland. Hyphae were produced relatively slowly throughout the season at rates that did not vary significantly over time, indicating that a portion of the fungal community was active even when soils were very dry. In addition, fungi displayed relatively long residence times, with half of the hyphae remaining in the soil for at least 145 days. Together, these results suggest that a contingent of active fungi may be capable of performing nutrient transformations when plants are otherwise dormant, while relatively long-lasting hyphae may immobilize nutrients for several months before turning over.
Effects of the dopaminergic agent and NMDA receptor antagonist amantadine on cognitive function, cerebral glucose metabolism and D2 receptor availability in chronic traumatic brain injury: a study using positron emission tomography (PET).

Primary objective: This study was performed to assess effects of amantadine (AMH), a dopaminergic agent and NMDA antagonist, on chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary hypotheses were that amantadine treatment would result in executive function improvement and increased activity in pre-frontal cortex. Research design: An open-label design was used. Methods: Twenty-two subjects underwent neuropsychological testing pre- and post-12 week treatment. Six subjects also underwent PET scanning. Intervention: Amantadine 400 mg was administered per day. Results: Significant improvements on tests of executive function were observed with treatment. Analysis of PET data demonstrated a significant increase in left pre-frontal cortex glucose metabolism. There was a significant positive correlation between executive domain scores and left pre-frontal glucose metabolism. Conclusions: This is the first known study to assess amantadine in chronic TBI using PET and the data are consistent with the hypotheses. The c...
Residential segregation of blacks by income group: Evidence from Oakland

This paper presents evidence on variation in segregation levels experienced by economic subgroups of blacks in Oakland, California and its surrounding county. The central finding is that in this area, one of the most racially integrated in the USA, higher-income blacks exhibit a substantially higher level of integration with whites than do lower-income blacks. In addition, higher income blacks made more progress toward integration in the 1970s. In the 1980s, however, inequality among blacks declined somewhat as lower middle-income blacks experienced the greatest gains in integration. By 1990, very-high income blacks in Oakland had achieved full integration with whites. While important from a descriptive standpoint, results of this study do not constitute evidence that increased black incomes would eliminate residential segregation. The continued significance of race, even for high-income blacks, is underscored by the finding that their exposure to whites is significantly lower than expected, given the disproportionate presence of whites among high-income households.
Myxoma of the maxilla.

Abstract 1. 1. A review of the literature reveals only five histologically proved cases of pure myxoma of the nasal accessory sinuses. 2. 2. A case of recurrent pure myxoma of the maxillary antrum and the surgical management of the case are described. 3. 3. The tumor showed a marked tendency to invade bone, and definite lines of demarcation in this tissue could not be found. Histologically, invasion and replacement of cancellous bone by the tumor were observed. 4. 4. There has been no evidence of recurrence for one year following surgery.
Gassed power draw of mixed impeller systems

A technique is proposed to predict the gassed power draw of mixed impeller systems as a weighted average of the gassed power draws of the individual impellers. The success of this method requires determining the gassed power draws of the individual impellers in the proper gassed environment. In the case of the upper impellers, this environment is provided by a rubber membrane sparger that distributes the gas evenly over the vessel cross section. Extensive comparisons of experimental gassed power draws of mixed impeller systems with model predictions verify the accuracy of the proposed technique. On propose une technique afin de predire la consommation de puissance en milieu aere de systemes de turbines multiples comme une moyenne ponderee de la consommation de puissance en milieu aere des turbines individuelles. Pour reussir, cette methode necessite qu'on determine les consommations de puissance en milieu aeree des turbines individuelles dans l'environnement d'aeration approprie. Dans le cas des turbines superieures, cet environnement est fourni par un aerateur a membrane de caoutchouc qui distribue le gaz de maniere egale au-dessus de la section transversale du reservoir. Des comparaisons extensives entre les consommations de puisance en milieu aere experimentales des systemes de turbines multiples et des predictions du modele demontrent la precision de la technique proposee.
Issues in the local control of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of several different histologies arising from a variety of anatomic sites. Approximately half of the children who die of this tumor have failure at the primary site of involvement, making local control an important component of therapy. Procedure Published literature and newly analyzed data from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) regarding local control of RMS were reviewed. Information regarding the role of various local control modalities for different primary disease sites is presented along with new directions for clinical research. Results Local control rates for RMS average 80% for group III tumors, with large variations seen for different anatomic sites. Important gains in functional outcome for certain sites such as gynecologic system and bladder/prostate have been achieved by optimizing the use of the various treatment modalities. Local control at other sites such as the chest and extremities remains a problem. Conclusions Advances in surgical and radiotherapy techniques coupled with multiagent chemotherapy are providing improved local control with decreasing morbidity. Optimal outcome is dependent on close collaboration between surgical, radiotherapy, and pediatric oncology specialists. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 35:104–109, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear two-player zero-sum game approximate solution using a Policy Iteration algorithm

An approximate online solution is developed for a two-player zero-sum game subject to continuous-time nonlinear uncertain dynamics and an infinite horizon quadratic cost. A novel actor-critic-identifier (ACI) structure is used to implement the Policy Iteration (PI) algorithm, wherein a robust dynamic neural network (DNN) is used to asymptotically identify the uncertain system, and a critic NN is used to approximate the value function. The weight update laws for the critic NN are generated using a gradient-descent method based on a modified temporal difference error, which is independent of the system dynamics. This method finds approximations of the optimal value function, and the saddle point feedback control policies. These policies are computed using the critic NN and the identifier DNN and guarantee uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) stability of the closed-loop system. The actor, critic and identifier structures are implemented in real-time, continuously and simultaneously.
Ethanol Accumulation in the Rumen after Overfeeding with Readily Fermentable Carbohydrate

A neutral volatile substance in ruminal contents from sheep suffering from acute indigestion due to overfeeding has been identified as ethanol. Ethanol was consistently observed in ruminal material from both cattle and sheep after they had been fed large amounts of readily fermentable carbohydrate.
Structure activity relations of some indolealkylamines in comparison to phenethylamines on motor activity and acquisition of avoidance behavior.

The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of various known hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic indolealkylamine and phenethylamine derivatives were compared on two different behaviors: mouse locomotor activity and acquisition of one-way avoidance behavior in the rat. Certain parallels were observed between the two classes of compounds. α-Methyl substituted derivatives of the indoles and phenethylamines increased dramatically psychomotor stimulant effects. Acquisition of one-way avoidance behavior was reduced by the more potent hallucinogens and psychomotor stimulants of both classes. Pargyline pretreatment enhanced the psychomotor stimulant effects of all of the compounds tested except 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), d-amphetamine, mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25).
Duopolists don't wish to share information

Abstract This paper shows that in a ‘full Bayes-Cournot’ equilibrium, duopolists would prefer to keep their market information private rather than share it with their opponent. This is in contrast to a ‘fulfilled expectations Bayes-Cournot’ equilibrium where firms are indifferent to sharing.
Solvent extraction with microporous hydrophilic and composite membranes

Dispersion-free solvent extraction using microporous hydrophobic membranes has been extended to hydrophilic and composite hydrophobic-hydrophilic membranes. Excess phase pressure conditions, if needed for dispersion-free operation, have been identified. Boundary layer and membrane resistances to solute transport have been isolated and simple relations developed for the overall mass transfer coefficient in such systems. A variety of flat microporous membranes have been utilized. Previous investigations by others had interpreted the membrane mass transfer resistance using the notion of unhindered diffusion through tortuous pores of the membrane. We have studied here the applicability and limitations of such a model for a number of membrane-solute-solvent systems.
Cell density dependent regulation of AP-1 activity is important for chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells.

The multipotential C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells undergo chondrogenic differentiation only when seeded as high-density micromass cultures, particularly upon treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the cell density-dependent onset of cartilage-specific gene expression is presently unknown. Interestingly, a number of recent studies have indicated that activating protein-1 (AP-1), a well known downstream target of the mitogenic activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signaling pathway, is a target of chondrogenic/osteogenic growth factors such as BMP-2, and plays a role in osteogenic gene regulation as well as in chondrogenic differentiation. The aim of this study is to examine the density-dependent alteration in the level and binding activity of AP-1 and its functional involvement in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal chondrogenesis. To measure the activity of the AP-1 transcription factor, we generated a pool of stable C3H10T1/2 cell lines harboring a luciferase expression vector driven by a concatamer of an efficient AP-1 response element (AP1-10T1/2 cells). Luciferase activity of AP1-10T1/2 cultures was found to decrease sharply with increase in cell density, either as a function of culture time or initial cell seeding densities. In C3H10T1/2 micromass cultures undergoing chondrogenesis, AP-1 activity was further reduced and then maintained at a low, steady level for the entire 3–4 day culture period. AP-1 activity in micromass cultures was not significantly affected by BMP-2 treatment, but chondrogenesis was compromised upon competitive inhibition of AP-1 activity with a double-stranded AP-1 binding oligonucleotide. The level of AP-1 binding correlated with the activity of its response element but not with the levels of its leucine-zipper containing subunits, c-Jun and c-Fos. These findings suggest that a cell density-dependent, low but steady level of AP-1 binding and activity is required for promoting the chondrogenic potential of C3H10T1/2 cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 237–248, 2002. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The delineation of local water interaction with epoxy coatings using fluorescence microscopy

Abstract The precise mode by which water and ions enter organic coatings when subjected to corrosive environments remains unresolved. Local electrochemical methods have provided insight into the local nature of the underfilm degradation process. But these local electrochemical methods have not provided conclusive evidence as to whether the transport of water and ions occurs through discrete or regional heterogeneities within the organic film, or whether these species enter as a uniform front and then elicit localized corrosion dictated by heterogeneities on the substrate surface (e.g., intermetallic particles). The mode of water interaction with 30-μm thick epoxy coatings was investigated via the phenomenon of autofluorescence using conventional fluorescence microscopy. Epoxy coatings were spun-cast onto glass slides and exposed to distilled water, 0.1 M NaCl or 1 M NaCl at ambient pH for 1 day. Following exposure, a conventional fluorescence microscope was used to observe the coating surfaces both in bright and fluorescence fields. Autofluorescence of hydrated films indicated that water uptake occurred at discrete sites on the surface of the coatings. The number density of these sites was found to increase with water activity. These results indicate that initial water uptake in epoxy coatings occurs at discrete sites on the surface of the coatings.
Hairpin Removal in Vortex Interactions II

A vortex method in three dimensions is simplified through the removal of small folds ("hairpins"). The procedure is justified as a real-space renormalization, within a framework provided by recent results on the statistical equilibria of vortex filaments. An application to a vortex ring is carried out. Applications to other numerical methods as well as open questions are discussed.
The Formamidopyrimidine Derivative of 7-(2-Oxoethyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine

Vinyl chloride induces hepatic angiosarcomas, which are otherwise rare malignancies. The biochemical basis involves the formation of the epoxide, which reacts with DNA to give approximately 98% of the 7-(2-oxoethyl) adduct (4) of dGuo plus small amounts of the etheno derivatives of dGuo, dCyd, and dAdo. The carcinogenicity is generally ascribed to the etheno adducts, not 4, because 4 has been shown to disappear from cells rapidly and to have negligible mutagenicity, which argues against its biological importance, whereas etheno adducts are both persistent and mutagenic. It has also been shown that apurinic sites derived from 4 are unlikely to be crucial lesions. A confounding factor with regard to the etheno hypothesis is that etheno adducts arise in unexposed cells by reactions of various lipid peroxidation products. The present study explores the possibility that a major contributor to the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride may be formamidopyrimidine (FAPy) 12, N-[2-amino-6-[(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl]-N-(2-oxoethyl)-formamide, which can arise by ring opening of 4, although its formation has not been observed until the present study. N7 adduct 4 undergoes deglycosylation to give 7-(2-oxoethyl)-Gua (13) in acid and imidazolium ring-opening to 12 in base. At pH 7.4, both processes occur with the formation of 12 representing approximately 10% of the product mixture. FAPy 12 spontaneously cyclizes to 22, which upon mild acid treatment yields the deglycosylation product 2-amino-3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-4-oxopteridine-5(6H)-carbaldehyde (14). The structure of 14 has been established by NMR and mass spectroscopy and by independent synthesis. Reaction of the epoxide of crotonaldehyde with dGuo failed to give either 13 or 14, indicating that both compounds are unique products of the reactions of dGuo with the epoxides of vinyl monomers. Although FAPy 12 was found to be unstable, carbinolamine 22 arising from cyclization of 12 may be an important contributor to the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride.
Regulation of Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase I and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activities in Cultured Murine Brain Cells by Cortisol and Thyroid Hormone

Cultures of dissociated brain cells from 15-day-old fetal mice were grown in the presence and absence of 20 or 50 nM triiodothyronine (T3), 30 or 300 nM cortisol, and 30 nM cortisol plus 50 nM T3 added to chemically defined media or in media supplemented with 15% serum from control and hypothyroid calves. The specific activities of five lysosomal enzymes--N-acetyl galactosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin B, and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I (DAP-I)--were higher in cells grown in calf serum than in cells grown in defined media. Of these enzymes, only DAP-I was elevated in activity when the cells were grown in hypothyroid calf serum instead of control calf serum. Elevation of DAP-I activity was reversed by addition of 20 nM T3 to hypothyroid calf serum. The enzymatic properties of DAP-I were similar whether the cells were grown in control or hypothyroid calf serum and were similar to those reported for human fibroblasts and the purified enzyme. When the cells were grown in defined media, cortisol decreased the activities of all lysosomal enzymes, with 300 nM cortisol being more effective than 30 nM cortisol. Addition of 50 nM T3 to 30 nM cortisol decreased DAP-I activity more than 30 nM cortisol alone, but 50 nM T3 alone in defined media did not alter DAP-I levels. The reduction of DAP-I activity in these cells by T3 required cortisol, unidentified components in serum, or both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)