cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progressive ultrastructural changes in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine of beagle dogs fed methoxychlor

Abstract Methoxychlor was fed to a group of fourteen healthy 6-month-old dogs, at a dose of 2.5 gm/kg body weight/day, mixed in the feed. These animals were killed, one at a time, at various time intervals during the next 12 weeks. Tissue from the small intestinal mucosa was rapidly removed, properly processed and examined by electron microscopy. A progressive degeneration of the mitochondria marked in the early stages by matrical swelling and disruption of the cristae was the most pronounced finding. Later, myelin bodies appeared while the swollen mitochondria became vacuolated and their cristae were gone. One animal was taken off the methoxychlor diet after 12 weeks, fed the control diet for 3 weeks and then killed. The mitochondria of the intestinal epithelium were not so involved as those of the dogs fed methoxychlor for several weeks. A possible mechanism of pathogenesis is presented in the Discussion.
Stress effects on the initial lithiation of crystalline silicon nanowires: reactive molecular dynamics simulations using ReaxFF

Silicon (Si) has been recognized as a promising anode material for the next-generation high-capacity lithium (Li)-ion batteries because of its high theoretical energy density. Recent in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the electrochemical lithiation of crystalline Si nanowires (c-SiNWs) proceeds by the migration of the interface between the lithiated Si (LixSi) shell and the pristine unlithiated core, accompanied by solid-state amorphization. The underlying atomic mechanisms of Li insertion into c-Si remain poorly understood. Herein, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the reactive force field (ReaxFF) to characterize the lithiation process of c-SiNWs. Our calculations show that ReaxFF can accurately reproduce the energy barriers of Li migration from DFT calculations in both crystalline (c-Si) and amorphous Si (a-Si). The ReaxFF-based MD simulations reveal that Li insertion into interlayer spacing between two adjacent (111) planes results in the peeling-off of the (111) facets and subsequent amorphization, in agreement with experimental observations. We find that breaking of the Si–Si bonds between (111)-bilayers requires a rather high local Li concentration, which explains the atomically sharp amorphous–crystalline interface (ACI). Our stress analysis shows that lithiation induces compressive stress at the ACI layer, causing retardation or even the stagnation of the reaction front, also in good agreement with TEM observations. Lithiation at high temperatures (e.g. 1200 K) shows that Li insertion into c-SiNW results in an amorphous to crystalline phase transformation at Li : Si composition of ∼4.2 : 1. Our modeling results provide a comprehensive picture of the effects of reaction and diffusion-induced stress on the interfacial dynamics and mechanical degradation of SiNW anodes under chemo-mechanical lithiation.
Adapting ACT for jail diversion: current evidence and needed research

Results In one review [1], 7 of 10 randomized trials found that ACT was no more effective in reducing arrests and jail stays than usual care and in one trial it was less effective. Another recent trial [2] found that receipt of ACT was not a significant predictor of a range of criminal justice outcomes including offenses, arrests, incarcerations, or court summons. Current FACT programs strip away some highfidelity components of ACT (such as 24 h availability, daily team meetings, an employment specialist) and add new elements not found in typical ACT teams (such as a probation or parole officer on the team, recruitment from criminal justice settings, supervised residential treatment component for high risk consumers with substance abuse comorbidities.) Current evidence for the effectiveness of these FACT models is sparse. Some uncontrolled studies suggest positive effects, but the one randomized trial reported to date found no differences between a FACT-like intervention and usual care. Conclusion ACT alone or its FACT adaptations do not appear to be able to keep mentally ill offenders out of jail. Interventions are also needed that target criminal behavior and life-styles. Further research on the effectiveness of these FACT-plus models can grow the evidence base for how to reduce the criminalization of mental illness.
Structure and Cholesterol Binding Properties of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)

We describe the structure of C99 in model membranes. C99 is the 99-residue transmembrane C-terminal domain of the human amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is liberated by β-secretase cleavage of APP. We also show that cholesterol, an agent that promotes the amyloidogenic pathway associated with Alzheimer's disease, specifically binds to this protein. C99 was purified into model membranes where it was observed to homodimerize. The transmembrane domain of C99 was seen to be an α-helix that is flanked on both sides by mostly-disordered extramembrane domains, with two exceptions. First, there is a short extracellular surface-associated helix located just after the site of non-amyloidogenic α-secretase cleavage that helps to organize the connecting loop to the transmembrane domain, which is known to be essential for amyloid-β production. Second, there is a surface-associated helix located at the cytosolic C-terminus that plays critical roles in APP trafficking and in protein-protein interactions. Cholesterol was seen to associate in a saturable manner with C99, with the binding site being centered at the loop connecting the extracellular helix to the transmembrane domain. Binding of cholesterol to C99/APP may be critical for the trafficking of these proteins to cholesterol-rich membrane domains, which leads to cleavage by β- and γ-secretase and resulting amyloid-β production. These results suggest that APP may serve as a cellular cholesterol sensor that is linked to mechanisms for suppressing cellular cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. This work follows up on Beel-AJ et al. (2008) Structural Studies of the Transmembrane C-Terminal Domain of the Amyloid Precursor Protein: Does APP Function as a Cholesterol Sensor? BIOCHEMISTRY, 47, 9428-9446. We thank the Alzheimer's Association, NIGMS, and the NIA for their financial support of this work.
The structure of the 44 K superconductor (Y1−xCax)Ba2Cu3O6+δ (δ ≤ 0.2)

Abstract Replacing Y( III ) by Ca( II ) in (Y 1− x Ca x )Ba 2 Cu 3 O 6 induces superconductivity. A solid-solution limit exists, as is evidenced by the lack of variation in unit cell parameters for values of x > 0.3. At low nominal doping levels ( x 2 Cu 3 O 6 and BaCuO 2 . At higher nominal doping levels the Ca content of the 123-type phase becomes constant ( x ∼ 0.30). Structural refinements using data collected by X-ray and neutron powder diffractometry are consistent with Ca-doping causing oxidation only of Cu in the sheet, leaving the copper in the so-called chain site as Cu(I). Many of the structural changes occurring in this system upon oxidation, such as a flattening of the CuO 2 sheets, a contraction of the in-plane CuO distance, and a decrease in the CuCu distance between planes, also occur in the structurally related superconducting system, Pb 2 Sr 2 (Y 1− x Ca x )Cu 3 O 8 .
STUDIES ON THE STATE OF INSULIN IN BLOOD: PROPERTIES OF CIRCULATING "FREE" AND "BOUND" INSULIN.

Studies are presented on the immunologic reactivity, electrophoretic mobility on Pevikon and chromatographic behavior on Sephadex of the 2 forms of insulin in human blood. The “free” form of insulin corresponds in its physicochemical, immunologic and biological properties to crystalline insulin. The “bound” form of insulin exhibits a higher molecular weight, slower electrophoretic mobility and diminished reactivity with insulin antisera. Acid ethanol extraction increases the reactivity of “bound” insulin with insulin antisera, the antisera inhibiting the biological activity of acid ethanol extracts of “bound” insulin on isolated epididymal adipose tissue. (Endocrinology 76: 709, 1965)
Preservation of diatoms in glacial to Holocene deep-sea sediments of the equatorial Pacific

Siliceous diatom valves exhibit better preservation in surface sediments of the eastern than of the western equatorial Pacific. The preservation noticeably decreases westward and is enhanced with increasing depth of water. Diatom preservation generally improves from glacial through Holocene sediment sequences. Superimposed on this trend are two zones of poorer preservation within the last 20,000 yr. Preservation of diatoms appears to be inverse to that of calcareous Foraminifera throughout the sequences studied in the equatorial Pacific.
Rodent Dynamics in Relation to Fire in the Sonoran Desert

I trapped rodents on and near adjacent desert areas for 13 months before and after fire burned one area. Dipodomys merriami colonized the burned area after fire, but abundance of Neotoma albigula, Perognathus amplus , and Chaetodipus baileyi declined on the burned area after fire. Neotoma albigula showed immediate and long-term changes to fire, whereas burrowing species showed mostly long-term changes. Much about fire can be inferred through the elimination of competing hypotheses, despite statistical limitations of studying single fires.
Differential Antibody Responses in 6.B Major Histocompatibility (B) Complex Congenic Chickens

Abstract Lines 6.6-2 (B2B2) and 6.15-5 (B2B2), congenic for the major histocompatibility (B) complex with > 99.9% background gene uniformity, were used to examine primary antibody responses to two antigens. In each of two trials, 1 mL of 5% SRBC, a T cell-dependent antigen, or 0.1 mL of Brucella abortus (BA), a T cell-independent antigen, was injected into separate groups of each B genotype aged 3 and 6 wk. Blood samples were taken from the chickens 7 d after immunization. Serum titers (log2) for both total antibody and mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive antibody to detect IgG were assayed by microtiter procedures. Least squares analysis of variance and Fisher's protected Least Significant Difference at P
The Functions of Educational Research

I n 1969, just a little over 20 years ago, Lee J. Cronbach and Patrick Suppes coedited a book entitled Research for Tomorrow's Schools in which they drew a distinction between two kinds of research, each of which they portrayed as having an important bearing on education. The first of these they called "decision-oriented" inquiry, the second, "conclusion-oriented." Here is how they described the difference:
Variations in relative abundances of goethite and hematite in Bengal Fan sediments: Climatic vs. diagenetic signals

Abstract Relative abundances of goethite and hematite in marine sediments have been increasingly used in reflectance spectrometry studies to infer the precipitation regime at the source area of detrital sediments. This interpretation is contingent on the assumption that the ratio of these minerals is not modified by diagenetic processes. Our rock-magnetic study of the ~ 10.5–4.0 Ma interval of the Bengal Fan sedimentary sequence indicates that this is not always the case. We demonstrate that a statistical analysis of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves provides an adequate estimate of the content of goethite and hematite in sediments. We also identified distinctive biogenic and “detrital” components (likely (titano-)magnetite or maghemite) in the studied samples. The sediments of the Bengal Fan contain a significant change in relative abundance of goethite and hematite at ~ 7 Ma, which is approximately coeval with a postulated climatic turnover in the sediment source region. However, systematic variations in the “detrital” and biogenic components, as well as an increase in the total organic carbon content and the appearance of pyrite concretions at the same stratigraphic level, suggest that this change in magnetic mineral content reflects a change in the degree of diagenetic alteration of the initial detrital assemblage rather than a climatic signal. When assigning climatic interpretations to changes in the relative abundance of goethite and hematite in marine sediments in future studies, the possibility of diagenetic modification should be evaluated. With rock-magnetic methods, alteration of ancient sediments can be detected and the severity of alteration can be estimated based on the presence and grain-size variation of the ferrimagnetic fraction (magnetite/maghemite), which is more sensitive to early reductive dissolution than high coercivity minerals (goethite and hematite).
57Fe IMPURITY ATOM LATTICE DYNAMICS AND SYSTEMATICS IN GROUP V AND VI HOST METALS

The Moessbauer recoil-free fraction f and thermal shift have been measured for very dilute /sup 57/Fe impurities in body-centered cubic V, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W host metals in the range 4 to 860/sup 0/K. These experimental quantities have been interpreted in terms of an impurity-atom lattice-dynamical model of Mannheim where the important parameter ..gamma../sub ih//..gamma../sub hh/ is a measure of the coupling of the impurity atom to the host lattice relative to the corresponding coupling in the pure host lattice. Values of ..gamma../sub ih//..gamma../sub hh/ for each host from the f-value data were obtained and, independently, from the shift data, and for each host rather good agreement is obtained. The general trend of the data shows that for neighboring hosts of the same row of the periodic table, the relative /sup 57/Fe impurity binding is stronger for the Group V host than for the Group VI host. The results also support a previous conjecture that the nearest-neighbor binding between the impurity and the host should be proportional to a geometric mean of the nearest-neighbor couplings for a lattice consisting entirely of impurity atoms and for a lattice of host atoms only.
Markowitz's "Portfolio Selection": A Fifty-Year Retrospective

THIS YEAR MARKS the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Harry Markowitz's landmark paper, "Portfolio Selection," which appeared in the March 1952 issue of the Journal of Finance. With the hindsight of many years, we can see that this was the moment of the birth of modern financial economics. Although the baby had a healthy delivery, it had to grow into its teenage years before a hint of its full promise became apparent. What has always impressed me most about Markowitz's 1952 paper is that it seemed to come out of nowhere. Compared to the work of his 1990 co-Nobel Prize winners (Sharpe primarily for his paper on the capital asset pricing model and Miller for his paper on capital structure), Markowitz's paper seems to have more of this flavor. In 1676, Sir Isaac Newton wrote his friend Robert Hooke, "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants" (Newton (1959)) and that is true of Markowitz as well, but, like Newton, he certainly saw a long distance given the height of those shoulders. Markowitz was hardly the first to consider the desirability of diversification. Daniel Bernoulli in his famous 1738 article about the St. Petersburg
Ecological Model Selection via Evolutionary Computation and Information Theory

This paper describes an evolutionary algorithm-based approach to model selection and demonstrates its effectiveness in using the information content of ecological data to choose the correct model structure. Experiments with a modified genetic algorithm are described that combine parsimony with a novel gene regulation mechanism. This combination creates evolvable switches that implement functional variable-length genomes in the GA that allow for simultaneous model selection and parameter fitting. In effect, the GA orchestrates a competition among a community of models. Parsimony is implemented via the Akaike Information Criterion, and gene regulation uses a modulo function to overload the gene values and create an evolvable binary switch. The approach is shown to successfully specify the correct model structure in experiments with a nested set of polynomial test models and complex biological simulation models, even when Gaussian noise is added to the data.
Incorporating monte carlo analysis into multimedia environmental fate models

We have incorporated a Monte Carlo module into a steady state nonequilibrium level III fugacity model in order to account for variability in degradation half-lives and observe the effects that this variability has on the model outputs. This method leads to a distribution of important output parameters such as the overall persistence time, which can be used in decision-making processes or risk assessment. For herbicides such as atrazine, where the emission rate primarily is to the soil compartment, it is shown that the main contribution to the variability in overall persistence time is the soil degradation half-life.
Mechanistic Imperatives for Catalysis of Aldol Addition Reactions: Partitioning of the Enolate Intermediate between Reaction with Brønsted Acids and the Carbonyl Group

The lyoxide ion catalyzed intramolecular aldol addition reaction of 2-(2-oxopropyl)benzaldehyde (1) to give the aldol adduct 3 proceeds via essentially irreversible formation of the acetone-like enolate intermediate 2, because reprotonation of 2 by a solvent of H2O or D2O (kHOH or kDOD) is much slower than intramolecular addition of the enolate to the carbonyl group (kc). The aldol addition reaction of 1 catalyzed by high concentrations of 3-substituted quinuclidine buffers proceeds via reversible deprotonation of 1 to give the enolate 2, and rate-determining addition of the enolate to the carbonyl group. A rate constant ratio of kc/kHOH = 35 was determined for partitioning of the enolate 2 between intramolecular addition to the carbonyl group and protonation by solvent water. The corresponding ratios kBH/kc (M-1) for the protonation of 2 by Bronsted buffer acids and intramolecular aldol addition increase from 7 to 450 as the acidity of the buffer acid is increased from pKBH = 11.5 to 7.5. The data show t...
Effect of structured lipid-enriched total parenteral nutrition in rats bearing yoshida sarcoma.

Abstract The efficacy of structured lipid, a triacylglycerol of medium and long chain fatty acids, as an element of nutritional support therapies in cancer cachexia was investigated. Using the Yoshida sarcoma to induce cachexia, male Sprague Dawley rats (90 g) were injected subcutaneously with tumor cells (n = 17) or sterile saline (n = 16). Seven days later, rats were randomized to two intravenous diets for 3 days at 220 kcal/kg body weight/d, including 2 g nitrogen/kg body weight/d and 39% of total calories as either structured lipid or long chain triglyceride. Nitrogen balance, tumor growth rate, energy metabolism, and plasma albumin and free fatty acid levels were measured, and whole-body protein kinetics and liver, muscle, and tumor fractional protein synthetic rates were evaluated by adding 14 C-leucine to the diet during the last 4 hours of feeding. Nitrogen balance improved ( P P
Hypoxia enhances the replication of oncolytic herpes simplex virus.

Hypoxia contributes to the resistance of tumors to conventional therapies. We hypothesized that their replication in hypoxic environments like brain or oral mucosa would make oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) such as G207 (which has undergone clinical trials) replicate to a greater extent in hypoxic tumors like glioblastoma. Hypoxic cultured U87 cells yielded 4% more wild-type HSV (P = 0.04) and 3.6-fold more G207 (P = 0.001) after 48 hours of infection when compared with normoxic cells. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed a fivefold hypoxia-induced U87 upregulation of GADD34 mRNA, a factor complementing the γ34.5 gene deletion in G207. The viral yield under conditions of hypoxia, as against normoxia, in GADD34 siRNA-treated U87 cells was 65% of that in control siRNA-treated cells. Treating subcutaneous U87 tumors in athymic mice with erythropoietin lowered the tumoral hypoxic fraction from 57.5 to 24.5%. Tumoral hypoxia dropped to 2.5% during 4 hours/day of hyperbaric chamber treatment. Each tumor-oxygenating maneuver reduced the G207 yield fourfold (P = 0.0001). Oncolytic HSV G207 exhibited enhanced replication in hypoxic environments, partly on account of increased GADD34 expression in hypoxic cells. The unique tropism of oncolytic HSVs for hypoxic environments contrasts with the hypoxia-mediated impairment of standard (radiation, chemotherapy) and other experimental therapies, and enhances HSV's appeal and efficacy in treating tumors like glioblastoma.
Fault Detection and Diagnostics in an Ocean Turbine Using Vibration Analysis

This paper describes the approach, procedure and techniques developed to evaluate the health of ocean turbines, based on vibration measurements and analyses. A LabVIEW model for on-line vibration condition monitoring, implemented with advanced diagnostic techniques features, was developed. In order to distinguish between a vibration amplitude change due to a developing fault and that due to a change in operating condition, this program includes the use of an ordering technique in the frequency domain, which relates the vibration to the machine speed. Some experiments were first performed on a commercial fan to illustrate and demonstrate the fault detection capability of the monitoring and diagnostics system. To increase the reliability of the monitoring system, and to demonstrate that it can be used for monitoring a wide range of machines, a second series of vibration data collection and monitoring events was performed on a small boat with different combination (on/off status) of the engine, hydraulic pump, generator and air conditioning. This allowed for the detection of the frequency components associated with each subsystem, alone and together, and enabled the detection of mechanical faults, such as imbalance and misalignment, if they existed. For long term monitoring, the model allow for the automatic storing of raw data either periodically and/or after any deviations from normal conditions, i.e., when alerts are on. This makes it possible to follow the progress (towards an alarm condition) of any faults without saving data continuously. In this way, measurements of unexpected events may be made without the vibration engineer’s physical presence, hopefully, early fault detection and diagnosis will avoid catastrophic failure from occurring. This enables the economic and efficient health monitoring of ocean turbines as they become operational.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
ATR signaling mediates an S-phase checkpoint after inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity

Human fibroblasts, capable of expressing a kinase-dead form of ATR (ATRkd), can be sensitized to the cytotoxic effects of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) by the PARP inhibitor 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide (4-AN). The combination of MMS+4-AN results in accumulation of cells in S-phase of the cell cycle and activation of Chk1. Inhibition of ATR activity by expression of ATRkd suppresses the S-phase accumulation and partially reverses the Chk1 phosphorylation. The results confirm involvement of an ATR-mediated damage response pathway in the MMS+4-AN-induced S-phase cell cycle checkpoint in human fibroblasts. Consistent with this hypothesis, the inhibitors caffeine and UCN-01 also abrogate the ATR- and Chk1-mediated delay in progression through S-phase. In the absence of ATR-mediated signaling, MMS+4-AN exposure results in a G(2)/M arrest, rather than an S-phase checkpoint. Thus, whereas ATR mediates the S-phase response, it is not critical for arrest of cells in G(2)/M.
Comparative lipotropic and lipide phosphorylating effects of choline, betaine, and inositol.

SummaryThe lipotropic and lipide phosphorylating effects of choline, betaine, and inositol were compared in rats maintained on low protein-low fat or low protein-high fat diets. All 3 agents (100 mg supplements/rat/day) were equally effective in causing a significant reduction of total lipides over controls in animals maintained on the low protein-low fat diet. Only choline and betaine supplements caused a substantial reduction of total liver fat in rats maintained on the high fat diet. Phospholipide synthesis was increased when choline, betaine, or inositol was administered as a single dose (0.4 mM) to animals maintained on the low protein-low fat diet. The order of effectiveness upon turnover rate was choline > betaine > inositol. Both choline and betaine, when administered as single doses, stimulated lipide phosphorylation in rats on the high fat diet, but inositol did not.
Bioaccumulation of chromium and its effects on reproduction in Neanthes arenaceodentata (polychaeta)

Abstract The levels of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) that caused diminished reproductive ability in the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata were determined. Changes in numbers of offspring and time of spawning caused by Cr VI at 1 to 38 ug/litre during two generations of exposure (309 days) were measured. Time to spawning was unaffected but it was found that reductions in numbers of offsprings occurred at 16 to 38 μl/litre. Bioaccumulation of chromium was also measured and found to be proportional to exposure levels; however, a direct relationship between tissue concentration and reduced numbers of offspring could not be established.
High order conditions for local controllability and controlled stability

High order conditions are given to determine whether or not a specified reference trajectory of a control system is, at each time t, in the interior of the set of points attainable at time t. The conditions are derived via differential geometric methods; the test can be viewed as a high dimensional analog of the two dimensional Green's theorem approach. A real valued function is constructed; it's sign can be used to determine the desired property of the reference trajectory. Lie theory is then used to expand this function in a Taylor series making the test algebraic (computational).
On the formulation and implementation of a conjugate gradient FFT method

Criteria are established for choosing the best way to formulate and implement a conjugate gradient FFT (fast Fourier transform) method. Also, the issues of speed and convergence are addressed in co...
Identification of Compounds Responsible for Fruity Flavor Defect of Experimental Cheddar Cheeses

Abstract The volatile constituents of Cheddar cheese possessing the fruity flavor defect were compared to the volatile constituents of normal cheese manufactured under identical conditions except for the type of starter organisms employed. Sensory evaluation of the components isolated from fruity cheese by a molecular distillation technique and separated by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) implicated ethyl butyrate and ethyl hexanoate as the compounds primarily responsible for the defect. Positive identification of these components was accomplished by mass spectrometry. GLC analysis of the volatiles entrained from the fat from fruity and normal cheese pairs demonstrated that ethyl butyrate and ethyl hexanoate were present at levels from two to ten times greater in the fruity samples. Levels of ethanol from 6 to 16 times greater were found in the fruity cheeses. These observations suggest that excessive production of ethanol may be responsible for the accentuated esterification of free fatty acids, thus resulting in highest levels of ethyl esters.
An ab initio molecular orbital study of the conformational energies of 3-alkyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyrans (tetrahydrothiopyrans, thiacyclohexanes, thianes) ☆

Abstract Ab initio 6-31G∗ and 6-31G∗∗ basis sets and density functional theory (pBP/DN∗∗) were used to calculate the geometry of the chair conformer of tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran (tetrahydrothiopyran, thiacyclohexane, thiane). 6-31G∗ geometry optimization and MP2/6-31G∗//6-31G∗ single point energy methods were used to calculate the relative energies and conformational energies (−ΔG° or A values, kcal/mol) of 3-alkyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyrans (Me=1.56; Et=1.22; i-Pr=0.91; t-Bu=4.54; neo-Pent=1.06; SiMe3=2.01). The MP2/6-31G∗//6-31G∗ calculated conformational energies of the 3-alkylthiacyclohexanes are generally smaller than those for the corresponding alkylcyclohexanes and 4-alkylthiacyclohexanes, but are similar to those calculated for 2-alkylthiacyclohexanes. Plots of the calculated conformational energies of the 3-alkylthiacyclohexanes versus the calculated −ΔG° of the corresponding alkylcyclohexanes (slope=0.901 and r=0.997 for 6-31G∗ and slope=0.845 and r=0.994 for MP2/6-31G∗//6-31G∗), 2-alkylthiacyclohexanes (slope=1.273 and r=0.981 for 6-31G∗ and slope=1.273 and r=0.986 for MP2/6-31G∗//6-31G∗), and 4-alkylthiacyclohexanes (slope=0.888 and r=0.997 for 6-31G∗ and slope=0.839 and r=0.994 for MP2/6-31G∗//6-31G∗) are linear. Both carbon–sulfur bond lengths in the 3-alkylthiacyclohexanes are generally in the narrow range of 1.815 and 1.818 A and the C(2)–Hax and C(6)–Hax bond lengths are slightly longer than the respective C(2)–Heq and C(6)–Heq bond lengths. The C–S–C bond angles vary from 97.1 to 99.0° and the C(2)–C(3)–C(7) and C(4)–C(3)–C(7) bond angles in the most stable axial conformer are larger that the corresponding angles in its most stable equatorial conformer.
Selective attention: Incentive variables and choice time

The effect of instructions to respond quickly to a particular color in a three-color recognition task was studied in an attempt to determine whether the instruction operates to produce faster perception or faster response processing. Results showed large and consistent latency differences between emphasized and nonemphasized colors assigned to the same response. Since differential response bias was controlled in the design, it was concluded that the instructed selectivity operates at the perceptual level.
Demonstration of intrathecal and systemic morphine and ST-91 effects on fed canine upper gut motility.

We studied the effects of opioid and adrenergic agonists and antagonists given systemically intravenously and intrathecally on postprandial antral and small bowel motility in a chronic conscious dog model. We studied eight dogs with a surgically implanted thoracic spinal intrathecal injection catheter, and six gastrointestinal manometric perfusion catheters. Morphine given intrathecally or intravenously induced propagated clusters of intestinal pressure activity in the fed dogs. The minimal effective dose for morphine was 150 μg/kg by the intrathecal route and 450 μg/kg by the intravenous route. ST-91 (an α2-adrenergic agonist) profoundly inhibited antral and small intestinal pressure activity with similar minimal effective dose (100 μg/kg) and duration of effect for both intravenous and intrathecal routes. Neither naloxone (3000 μg/kg) nor combined phentolamine (1500 μg/kg) with propranolol (300 μg/kg) altered postprandial antral or small intestinal motility. The capacity of pharmacologic agents to block morphine-induced activity fronts when administered in the same compartment (intravenously or intrathecally) was investigated. The minimally effective morphine-antagonist dose for naloxone was similar intrathecally and intravenously (36 μg/kg for both routes). ST-91 (100 μg/kg) when given intrathecally or intravenously blocked morphine-induced clustered phasic pressure activity while simultaneously abolishing postprandial small intestine phasic pressure activity. These data suggest the presence of opioid and α2-adrenergic receptors in the spinal cord that can modulate gastrointestinal motility in the postprandial state. Pharmacological interactions between these systems occur at spinal and target organ levels.
Recognition of affective and noncanonical linguistic facial expressions in hearing and deaf subjects

This study explores the use of two types of facial expressions, linguistic and affective, in a lateralized recognition accuracy test with hearing and deaf subjects. The linguistic expressions represent unfamiliar facial expression for the hearing subjects whereas they serve as meaningful linguistic emblems for deaf signers. Hearing subjects showed left visual field advantages for both types of signals while deaf subjects' visual field asymmetries were greatly influenced by the order of presentation. The results suggest that for hearing persons, the right hemisphere may predominate in the recognition of all forms of facial expression. For deaf signers, hemispheric specialization for the processing of facial signals may be influenced by the differences these signals serve in this population. The use of noncanonical facial signals in laterality paradigms is encouraged as it provides an additional avenue of exploration into the underlying determinants of hemispheric specialization for recognition of facial expression.
The presenilin-1 familial Alzheimer disease mutant P117L impairs neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult mice

The functions of presenilin 1 (PS1) and how PS1 mutations cause familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are incompletely understood. PS1 expression is essential for neurogenesis during embryonic development and may also influence neurogenesis in adult brain. We examined how increasing PS1 expression or expressing an FAD mutant would affect neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. A neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter was used to drive neuronal overexpression of either wild-type human PS1 or the FAD mutant P117L in transgenic mice, and the animals were studied under standard-housing conditions or after environmental enrichment. As judged by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, neural progenitor proliferation rate was mostly unaffected by increasing expression of either wild-type or FAD mutant PS1. However, in both housing conditions, the FAD mutant impaired the survival of BrdU-labeled neural progenitor cells leading to fewer new beta-III-tubulin-immunoreactive neurons being generated in FAD mutant animals during the 4-week postlabeling period. The effect was FAD mutant specific in that neural progenitor survival and differentiation in mice overexpressing wild-type human PS1 were similar to nontransgenic controls. Two additional lines of PS1 wild-type and FAD mutant transgenic mice showed similar changes indicating that the effects were not integration site-dependent. These studies demonstrate that a PS1 FAD mutant impairs new neuron production in adult hippocampus by decreasing neural progenitor survival. They also identify a new mechanism whereby PS1 FAD mutants may impair normal neuronal function and may have implications for the physiological functioning of the hippocampus in FAD.
Therapeutic advancements in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

The treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has substantially evolved over the past two decades. Research has been conducted and is ongoing on how therapies can best be utilized either as monotherapy or in combination for enhanced efficacy. The introduction of biologic therapies that selectively target specific cytokines has changed the acceptable clinical course of childhood arthritis. In addition to the development and utilization of new therapeutic agents, the pediatric rheumatology community has made vital progress toward defining disease activity, developing validated outcome measures, and establishing collaborative networks to assess both clinical outcomes and the long-term side effects related to therapeutics for juvenile arthritis. In this chapter, we will discuss the therapeutic evolution in JIA over the past two decades. Although the largest strides have been made with biologic agents, and these newer drugs have more rigorous data to support their use, select commonly used non-biologic therapies are included, with the discussion focused on more recent updated literature.
Organization, Development and Early Results of a Heart Transplant Program: The Johns Hopkins Hospital Experience

Improved survival and quality of life have resulted in a resurgence in cardiac transplantation and the proliferation of centers contemplating initiation of a transplant program. Organization of such a program requires cooperation among several clinical and non-clinical departments of the hospital. Prior to implementation of such a program, a number of issues need to be addressed, including state authorization, an expeditious method for donor organ retrieval, protocols for recipient selection and evaluation, and perioperative and follow-up care of the transplant recipient. Since July of 1983, 35 patients (27 men and eight women) have undergone orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Transplantation was undertaken for cardiomyopathy (30) or end-stage ischemic heart disease (5). The mean age was 38 years (range, 16 to 57 yrs). Distant organ procurement was used for 83 percent of patients; mean ischemic time was 164 min (range, 75 to 250 min). Current immunosuppressive regimen consists of oral cyclosporine (10 mg/kg) and prednisone. Mean follow-up was 10.3 months (range, two weeks to 27 months). Transient renal dysfunction appeared early in 15 patients. Six deaths have occurred: three from rejection, one from infection, one from metastatic prostate carcinoma, and one from pulmonary hemorrhage. All but three recent patients have been rehabilitated. These initial encouraging results are a result of careful planning, institutional commitment, adequate resources and, most importantly, a dedicated transplant team.
Economic benefit of the protection program for the Steller sea lion

Abstract This paper examines willingness to pay (WTP) for an endangered species across geographically nested samples using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The three samples range from (1) the boroughs that contain critical habitat for the Steller sea lion to (2) the state that contains these boroughs to and (3) the entire United States. Depending on the assumptions of the model, WTP varies tremendously from sample to sample. WTP for the United States is the highest and it is the lowest for the boroughs. The null hypotheses that mean WTP estimates are greater then zero were rejected for the boroughs and the state but were not rejected for the United States based on the 95% confidence intervals.
Short-term effects of graded levels of theobromine in laboratory rodents

Abstract Theobromine was added to the diet of mature and immature male and female rats in concentrations of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, or 1.0% in diets containing 22 or 10% casein and these diets were fed for 28 days. The prominent effects of increasing concentrations of dietary theobromine were anorexia (except in female rats given the 22% casein diet), decreases in body weight in mature rats, growth retardation in immature rats and atrophy of the thymus glands in rats of both sexes and testicular atrophy in male rats. Atrophy of the thymus gland and of the testes became prominent at the 0.6% die any theobromine level. There was a progressive decrease in thymic cortical lymphocytes with increasing intake of theobromine, and at the 1% level the shrunken thymus gland was composed only of stromal cells and scattered medullary lymphocytes. Testicular changes included seminiferous tubular cell degeneration and necrosis and multinucleate cell formation with degeneration and necrosis at the higher theobromine levels. A low protein diet enhanced the severity of theobromine effects on body weight and growth and on thymic and testicular weight changes and histopathology. The daily dose of theobromine which produced retrogressive changes in weight patterns and in the morphology of the thymus in both sexes and of the testes in males was approximately 250–300 mg/kg/day in mature rats and approximately 500 mg/kg/day in immature rats. Hamsters and mice were much more resistant to theobromine than were rats. A decrease in growth and in thymic weights occurred only at the highest dose levels of theobromine and testicular and thymic changes were completely absent in hamsters. Testicular changes in mice were seen only at dietary theobromine concentrations which produced considerable mortality.
Genetic Variation in Catechol-O-Methyltransferase: Effects on Working Memory in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Healthy Controls

Background Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val 108/158 met ( rs4680 ) is thought to affect dopamine regulated prefrontal cortical activity during working memory (WM) tasks, and to weakly increase risk for developing schizophrenia. Recently, other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the gene have emerged as additional risk factors for schizophrenia: namely rs737865 , rs165599 , and rs2097603 . In a large sample, we examined whether these SNPs affect WM. Methods Schizophrenic probands ( n = 325), their nonpsychotic siblings ( n = 359), and normal control subjects ( n = 330) completed tests of WM function. Data were analyzed with a series of mixed model analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Results Val homozygotes performed most poorly on all conditions of the n-back, irrespective of diagnosis. Additionally, there was a trend towards a disease-only val 108/158 met effect on a test of attentional set-shifting; val homozygote probands performed most poorly. Significant or near-significant effects of rs737865 were found on all conditions of the n-back, with G homozygotes performing worst. There also was a disease-only COMT rs737865 effect on the 0-back. None of the other SNPs showed main effects by themselves. A haplotype constructed from promoter and val 108/158 met SNPs showed main effects on WM parameters, consistent with inverted U models of dopamine signaling. Conclusions We extended earlier findings of a val 108/158 met effect on WM function, and suggest that combinations of alleles within COMT may modulate the val 108/158 met effect in a nonlinear manner.
Localization of the gene for a novel human adenylyl cyclase (ADCY7) to chromosome 16.

A novel form of human adenylyl cyclase (ADCY7) has been discovered in the human erythroleukemia cell line (HEL). This cell line has been widely used as a model for studies of the characteristics of human platelets. Data from HEL cells suggests that ADCY7 may be the major AC form in human platelets. In the current study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques coupled with use of human/rodent somatic hybrid panels and a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library were used to determine the chromosomal localization of the gene (adcy7) for ADCY7 enzyme. A 251-bp product from the 3′ untranslated region of human adcy7 was amplified for PCR mapping and the results localize the adcy7 gene to region 16q12–16q13 of the human genome. The AC enzyme family is characterized by the presence of 12 membrane-spanning domains in its sequences, and this chromosomal region is known to contain other genes coding for proteins characterized by 12 membrane-spanning domains.
Slow and incomplete inactivations of voltage-gated channels dominate encoding in synthetic neurons

Electrically excitable channels were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells using a vaccinia virus vector system. In cells expressing rat brain IIA Na+ channels only, brief pulses (
Cell adhesion molecules in normal laryngeal development

Abstract Larynges taken from normally developing rats ranging from embryos starting at embryonic day 10 to adults were harvested. Sections of the larynges were prepared with the use of immunohistochemical techniques with primary antibodies directed to the neural cell adhesion molecule; selected sections were exposed to antibodies directed against the embryonic polysialated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule and against L1. Cell adhesion molecules were present throughout embryonic development associated with the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Downregulation of expression was observed after postnatal day 14. We conclude that cell adhesion molecules may play a role in the normal neural development of the larynx in rats. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:73-7.)
A new generation of mid-infrared sensors based on quantum cascade laser

Many important bio and chemical molecules have their signature frequency (vibrational resonance) matching the mid infrared region (2-10 μm) of the optical spectrum. But building a bio-sensor, sensitive in this spectral regime, is extremely challenging task. It is because of the weak light-particle interaction strength due to huge dimensional mismatch between the probed molecules (typically ~ 10’s of nm) and the probing wavelength (order of micron). We exploit the optical antenna to overcome this problem by squeezing the optical modes. This modal confinement happens only in the near-field region of the antenna and thus we have built an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope (a-NSOM) to demonstrate it experimentally. Further, we have integrated these plasmonic antennas with mid-infrared sources known as Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL). Our antenna structure is based on metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) and we have shown how they can generate higher electrical field enhancement compared to single metal design. Antenna integrated QCL operated at room temperature and its wavelength of operation was measured to be ~ 6um. We have used 3D finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations to optimize the different component of the MDM antenna. After optimizing, we fabricated the antenna on the facet of QCL using focused ion beam (FIB) and measured using a-NSOM. We have shown that the optical mode can be squeezed down to a few 100’s of nm which is much smaller than the incident light wavelength (λ~6μm). We also propose a microfluidic approach to build a typical mid-infrared bio-sensor where the probed molecules can be transferred to the near field region of the antenna through fluidic channels. Such scheme of building bio-sensor can overcome the barrier of weak light-particle interaction and eventually could lead to building very efficient, compact, mid-infrared bio-sensors.
Nodal and Spatial Analysis for a Compact Thermal Modeling Methodology

The efforts of integrated circuits technology scaling have been focused on achieving highest performance. However, aggressive scaling leads to a non-uniform temperature distribution across the 1C, which will directly impact its performance and reliability. This paper analyzes and discusses the impacts of spatial temperature distribution at the die-level. A lumped R-C thermal model consists of several nodes with heat dissipation modeled as current sources. A physical interpretation of nodes ensures the correspondence between structural and thermal models. The dependence of a node's conductive and capacitive parameters on the spatial domain is observed upon performing a node-level analysis. The temperature variations at finer granularities would be different from the overall temperature. This drive to investigate the variation of temperature in the spatial domain yields a relation between the size of the heat source and the peak temperature rise, and this analytical approach can be implemented in any thermal model. We deduce that, for heat sources with larger sizes (i.e. having lower spatial frequencies) the thermal impedance is higher than sources with small dimensions (higher spatial frequencies) whose impedance drops to smaller values due to the presence of AC component in thermal spatial capacitance. This explains the spatial temperature filtering effect.
First World Political Ecology: Lessons from the Wise Use Movement

The author demonstrates, through a case study of the Wise Use movement, that the insights and tools of political ecology have much to offer in the study of First World resource conflicts. He uses theories and methods drawn from the literature concerning political ecology and moral economies to argue that many assumptions regarding state capacity, individual and collective identities and motivations, and economic and historical relations in advanced capitalist countries are mistaken or incomplete in ways that have led to important dimensions of environmental conflicts in such locales being overlooked. The argument is based mainly on the author's own research on the Wise Use movement in the rural American West of the 1980s and 1990s but also draws on other recent work in political ecology, historical and economic geography, and environmental history.