cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic differences in opiate receptor concentration and sensitivity to ethanol's effects

Abstract The hypothesis that genetic differences in opiate receptor concentration are involved in determining the sensitivity to some of the effects of alcohol was studied by comparing the hypothermic and analgesic effects of ethanol in four strains of mice that can be divided into three groups on the basis of their brain opiate receptor concentration: high (CXBH), low (CXBK) and intermediate (C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy). In the first experiment, animals within each strain were injected with either saline or 1.5 g/kg ethanol and their pain sensitivity was assessed 20 min later by the hot-plate test. The same procedure was repeated 10 days later with a higher dose of ethanol (2.5 g/kg). The lower dose produced analgesia only in CXBH mice, whereas the higher dose produced analgesia in CXBH, C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy mice, but had no effect in CXBK mice. In the second experiment, animals within each strain were injected with either saline or naloxone, followed 20 min later by an injection of 3.5 g/kg ethanol. CXBH mice were significantly more hypthermic and CXBK mice were significantly less hypothermic than all other strains. Naloxone attenuated ethanol's hypothermic effect in all strains except CXBK. These results suggest that the hypothermic and analgesic effects of ethanol are at least partly mediated by opiate receptors and are correlated with genetic differences in opiate receptor concentration.
Anti-plane Shear Cracks Approaching a Bi-material Interface

A novel procedure is proposed for evaluation of stress intensity factors of planar Mode III shear cracks perpendicular to a nearby interface between two isotropic elastic solids. Shear cracks traversing a flat layer bonded to two different elastic solids are also analyzed. The method is based on superposition of singular near tip stress and displacement fields generated by both the main crack and certain image cracks. Both the main and the image cracks are loaded by self-equilibrating shear tractions of different magnitude, such that matching parts of the said fields are made to satisfy traction and displacement continuity conditions at the interface. Selected comparisons with results obtained by different methods show good agreement. Applications of the method to other crack problems are discussed.
Dynamic Changes of Common Bile Duct Diameter During an Episode of Biliary Colic, Documented by Ultrasonography

Common bile duct stones frequently accompany gallstones and can be identified by a variety of imaging modalities. Little is known about the time course of dilatation of the common bile duct after acute obstruction or of normalization after spontaneous passage of an obstructing stone. We describe a case showing rapid fluctuations in common bile duct diameter during 72 hours in a patient presenting with epigastric pain and vomiting. Initial emergency bedside ultrasonography revealed a distended gallbladder, a dilated common bile duct (17 mm), and an obstructing stone. Five hours later, ultrasonography performed in the radiology suite showed a normal common bile duct diameter (4 mm) and no obstructing stone. The patient was admitted, and during the course of hospitalization different imaging modalities reported fluctuations in common bile duct measurements, ranging from 4 mm on computed tomography to 14 mm on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. This case demonstrates disappearance of an obstructing stone with normalization of a highly distended common bile duct during 5 hours, highlighting that gallstone disease may be highly dynamic, with the possibility of rapid changes of common bile duct diameter. Emergency physicians, who frequently depend on ultrasonography to diagnose biliary disease, should be wary of the potential for rapid changes of sonographic findings in these patients.
Range–azimuth-coupling aberrations in pulse-scanned imaging systems

An aberration peculiar to imaging systems that employ pulse-ranging techniques in one dimension and are conventional in the other is described. The aberration imposes limitations on the resolution achievable. Means for correcting this aberration are given.
Navigating increasingly cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary, and cross-organizational contexts to support social justice

We believe that one of the major research questions that will drive the field of technical communication during the next 5--10 years is, "How can technical communication scholars navigate increasingly cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary, and cross-organizational contexts to support social justice through better communication?"
Neurotoxicity of styrene in production and polymerization workers.

Abstract Four-hundred ninety four workers exposed to styrene in a monomer manufacturing and polymerization plant were examined. Prenarcotic symptoms had been experienced by 13% of all examined workers and were significantly more frequent in those with higher styrene exposure. Distal hypoesthesia of the lower extremities was observed in 8.5% of the cases. Radial nerve conduction velocity (RNCV) was found to be less than 55 m/second in 18.8% tested cases. Peroneal nerve conduction velocity (PNCV) was less than 40 m/second in 16.4% of the tested workers. A consistent decrement of PNCV with duration of styrene exposure was found: no such trend was detected for RNCV.
Color DoG: a three-channel color feature detector for embedded systems

A feature tracker is only as good as the features found by the feature detector. Common feature detectors such as Harris, Sobel, Canny, and Difference of Gaussians convolve an image with a specific kernel in order to identify "corners" or "edges". This convolution requires, however, that the source image contain only one value (or color channel) per pixel. This requirement has reduced the scope of feature detectors, trackers, and descriptors to the set of gray scale (and other single-channel) images. Due to the standard 3-channel RGB representation for color images, highly useful color information is typically discarded or averaged to create a gray scale image that current detectors can operate on. This removes a large amount of useful information from the image. We present in this paper the color Difference of Gaussians algorithm which outperforms the gray scale DoG in number and quality of features found. The color DoG utilizes the YCbCr color space to allow for separated processing of intesity and chrominance values. An embedded vision sensor based on a low power field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform is being developed to process color images using the color DoG with no reduction in processing speed. This low power vision sensor will be well suited for autonomous vehicle applications where size and power consumption are paramount.
Development Objectives and Trade Negotiations: Moralistic Foreign Policy or Negotiated Trade Concessions?

To what extent do trade negotiations deliver on development objectives articulated from the developing world? In the past, the developed world deployed moralistic foreign policies and largesse to placate the developing world. The article examines the ways in which the global power configurations are now changing to allow developing countries to gain concessions instead through negotiations that are consistent with their development aspirations. It first provides a brief negotiation history of the developing world’s relationship with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) through the lens of development. The article then analyzes the intellectual property and agricultural negotiations at the current Doha Round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to conclude that the developed world’s preferred outcome remains moral largesse rather than making trade concessions.
Opening the sensornet black box

We argue that the principal cause of sensornet deployment and development difficulty is an inability to observe a network's internal operation. We further argue that this lack of visibility is due to the activity and resource constraints enforced by limited energy. We present the Mote Network (MNet) architecture, which elevates visibility to be its dominant design principle. We propose a quantitative metric for network visibility and explain why network isolation and fairness are critical concerns. We describe the Fair Waiting Protocol (FWP), MNet's single-hop protocol and show how its fairness and isolation can improve throughput and efficiency. We present the Pull Collection Protocol as a case study in designing multihop protocols in the architecture.
Acute Lung Injury

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. ARDS is an acute syndrome of lung inflammation and increased permeability associated with severe hypoxia and bilateral infiltrates on chest radiographs with no evidence of left heart failure. This chapter reviews the evidence for genetic determinants in acute lung injury and ARDS with a focus on potential candidate gene polymorphism that may be important in the development and outcome of ARDS.
The geometry of Baire spaces

We introduce the concept of Baire embeddings and we classify them up to C 1+ϵ conjugacies. We show that two such embeddings are C 1+ϵ-equivalent if and only if they have exponentially equivalent geometries. Next, we introduce the class of iterated function system (IFS)-like Baire embeddings and we also show that two Holder equivalent IFS-like Baire embeddings are C 1+ϵ conjugate if and only if their scaling functions are the same. In the remaining sections, we introduce metric scaling functions and we show that the logarithm of such a metric scaling function and the logarithm of Sullivan's scaling function multiplied by the Hausdorff dimension of the Baire embedding are cohomologous up to a constant. This permits us to conclude that if the Bowen measures coincide for two IFS-like Baire embeddings, then the embeddings are bi-Lipschitz conjugate.
Ground Motion Models Used in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps

The National Seismic Hazard Maps (NSHMs) are an important component of seismic design regulations in the United States. This paper compares hazard using the new suite of ground motion models (GMMs)...
Morphological and Genetic Analyses in the Melanoplus packardii Group (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract Melanoplus packardii Scudder was described in 1897. Three additional closely-related species were later described and their status as species has been questioned on numerous occasions. We examined morphology from specimens collected in Nebraska which fit descriptions of three of the four forms and specimens that appeared to be hybrids. We found distinct morphological characters suggesting species status for M. foedus and M. packardii, but not for M. foedus fluviatilis. Examination of aedeagi of these three forms suggests that M. foedus and M. packardii are each distinct, but that the aedeagi of M. f. fluviatilis and M. f. foedus cannot be distinguished. Molecular analyses of the three groups did not produce clear separations and suggest gene exchange between these three forms may be ongoing. Together, these data suggest that M. foedus and M. packardii should be recognized as sibling species, but M. foedus fluviatilis is best considered a form of M. foedus, typically found in low lying areas.
FIELD NOTES: SERVING THE COMMUNITY AND TRAINING SOCIAL WORKERS: SERVICE OUTPUTS AND STUDENT OUTCOMES

This article presents evaluation findings on an innovative field placement agency that extends the traditional social work internship by incorporating principles of service learning and civic engagement. Qualitative and quantitative student outcome data are presented on the learning experiences of MSW students placed in traditional agency field placements with those placed in a university developed generalist field placement agency. The implications of the findings for social work field education are discussed.
Enhanced detection of lipoprotein lipase by combining immunoprecipitation with Western blot analysis

This manuscript describes the problems inherent in combining immunoprecipitation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) with its detection by Western blot, and how these problems can be circumvented by the preparation of suitable immunoreagents. These reagents used during the immunoprecipitation step, include Fab fragments of the primary antibody (chicken anti-bovine LPL), and a covalently linked immunomatrix of the secondary antibody (rabbit anti-chicken IgG). The use of these reagents in conjunction with Western blot detection virtually eliminates the problem of non-relevant protein detection when analyzing LPL from complex biological samples. Moreover, this approach can be adapted to detect any protein with the same inherent problems as LPL, such as hepatic lipase.
Poly[tris(μ‐di‐4‐pyridylamine‐κ2N:N′)tetrathiocyanato‐κ4N‐dicobalt(II)]

In the title compound, [Co2(NCS)4(C10H9N3)3]n, 4,4′-di­pyridyl­amine (dpa) ligands link octa­hedrally and tetra­hedrally coordinated CoII atoms with pendant isothio­cyanate ligands into [Co2(NCS)4(dpa)3]n chains that propagate along the c axis. These form sinusoidal pseudo-layers coincident with the ac plane via N—H⋯S hydrogen bonding.
A new species of leopard frog (Anura: Ranidae) from the urban northeastern US.

Past confusion about leopard frog (genus Rana) species composition in the Tri-State area of the US that includes New York (NY), New Jersey (NJ), and Connecticut (CT) has hindered conservation and management efforts, especially where populations are declining or imperiled. We use nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data to clarify the identification and distribution of leopard frog species in this region. We focus on four problematic frog populations of uncertain species affiliation in northern NJ, southeastern mainland NY, and Staten Island to test the following hypotheses: (1) they are conspecific with Rana sphenocephala or R. pipiens, (2) they are hybrids between R. sphenocephala and R. pipiens, or (3) they represent one or more previously undescribed cryptic taxa. Bayesian phylogenetic and cluster analyses revealed that the four unknown populations collectively form a novel genetic lineage, which represents a previously undescribed cryptic leopard frog species, Rana sp. nov. Statistical support for R. sp. nov. was strong in both the Bayesian (pp = 1.0) and maximum-likelihood (bootstrap = 99) phylogenetic analyses as well as the Structure cluster analyses. While our data support recognition of R. sp. nov. as a novel species, we recommend further study including fine-scaled sampling and ecological, behavioral, call, and morphological analyses before it is formally described.
Parafac Based Blind Estimation Of Mimo Systemswith Possibly More Inputs Than Outputs

We consider the problem of frequency domain identification of a convolutive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system driven by white, mutually independent unobservable inputs. In particular, we improve upon a method recently proposed in Y. Yu and A.P. Petropulu (2005) that uses PARAFAC decomposition of a tensor that is formed based on third-order statistics of the system output. The approach of Y. Yu and A.P. Petropulu (2005) utilizes only one slice of the output tensor to recover one row of the system response matrix. We here propose an approach that fully exploits the information in the output tensor. As a result, the proposed method not only achieves lower error values but also becomes applicable to MIMO systems with possibly more inputs than outputs. By combing two output tensors, we can make the approach applicable to more systems. We also extend the method to employ fourth-order statistics of the system output
The Impact of Shopbot Use on Prices and Price Dispersion: Evidence from Online Book Retailing

Abstract Internet price search tools, notably shopbots, have reduced consumers' search costs for price and product characteristics. While a variety of analytic models predict that increased consumer search will lower price levels among competing retailers, there is no consensus in the literature as to how price dispersion will change with increased consumer search. Moreover, there are no papers that have empirically tested these predictions using direct observation of variation in shopbot use over time. This paper examines the impact of changes in shopbot use over time on pricing behavior in the Internet book market. We do this by combining price and clickstream data collected from August 1999 to July 2001 — a period of rapid expansion in shopbot use. We find that a 1% increase in shopbot use is correlated with a $0.41 decrease in price levels and a 1.1% decrease in price dispersion.
Assessing College-Level Learning Difficulties and “At Riskness” for Learning Disabilities and ADHD Development and Validation of the Learning Difficulties Assessment

This article describes the development and validation of the Learning Difficulties Assessment (LDA), a normed and web-based survey that assesses perceived difficulties with reading, writing, spelling, mathematics, listening, concentration, memory, organizational skills, sense of control, and anxiety in college students. The LDA is designed to (a) map individual learning strengths and weaknesses, (b) provide users with a comparative sense of their academic skills, (c) integrate research in user-interface design to assist those with reading and learning challenges, and (d) identify individuals who may be at risk for learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and who should thus be further assessed. Data from a large-scale 5-year study describing the instrument's validity as a screening tool for learning disabilities and ADHD are presented. This article also describes unique characteristics of the LDA including its user-interface design, normative characteristics, and use as a no-cost screening tool for identifying college students at risk for learning disorders and ADHD.
Fish Assemblage Variability in a Florida Spring

Abstract Florida springs are generally characterized as static ecosystems with unique faunal and floral assemblages that persist under relatively stable physical and chemical conditions. We sampled the fish fauna of Volusia Blue Spring to determine whether this presumption would withstand scrutiny at a higher temporal resolution and over time. We sampled by seining or snorkeling at five stations along the 320-m run weekly or bimonthly from October 2000 to September 2004. This four-year study consisted of 1152 samples that produced approximately 164,000 observations of 30 species of fish on 72 sampling trips. Concurrent water quality samples were collected at 14 sites along the center of the run and at each of the seine sites. Virtually anoxic water discharged from the spring head, but this water accumulated oxygen as it traveled the run. Fish density and species composition also changed dramatically along the length of the run. Species that tolerate low oxygen concentrations, such as poeciliids, dominated...
Two case reports: electrothermal (aka contact) burns and the effects of current density, application time and skin resistance.

Electrical properties can be changed by the passage of current, where increased current/voltage reduces resistivity [3–8]. Electrical resistive heating is generated within the skin. Decreased skin resistance often correlates with increased skin permeability [3,9,10]. Results indicate that skin resistance depends strongly on V = voltage (V), J = current density (A/ cm), I = current (A) and A = electrical contact area (cm). Early studies show that high current densities occur in lowresistance pathways. This occurs only with dry or dirty electrodes, which make poor skin contact [10–12]. Several skin burn cases were reported because of poor electrode design [13] and poor electrode–skin contact [14,15]. Skin can be damaged by resistive heating due to the passage of current. A persistent temperature of 45 8C is generally accepted as the safety limit for skin burns [16]. Using the results of previous studies [13,17] the burn factor (BF) is defined as
Propofol elimination in human breast milk

Background/Aims Lactating women having operations under general anesthesia are advised to pump and discard their milk for 24h after the procedure. We determined the kinetics of propofol elimination in breast milk to ascertain its safety after propofol administration. Methods Three lactating women were studied after giving IRB-approved written informed consent. Patients were premedicated with midazolam 5 min before induction of anesthesia with fentanyl and propofol. Anesthesia was maintained with volatile anesthetics. Milk was collected using an electric breast pump before and at 5, 7, 9, 11, and 24h after drug administration. Blood samples were collected before and at intervals up to 7h after drug administration. Plasma and milk propofol concentrations were measured by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Using SAAM II, propofol elimination in breast milk was modelled simultaneously with plasma kinetics as the cumulative amount of drug in milk just as urinary elimination is modelled, but with a delay. Results Plasma propofol kinetics were consistent with those reported by others. In 24h, only 0.04 (± 0.04)% of the propofol dose was eliminated in milk, representing less than 0.05% of the propofol elimination clearance with a delay of nearly 6h. Conclusion Consistent with the report of others for methohexital, meperidine, and diazepam, the amount of propofol eliminated in breast milk in the first 24h after induction of anesthesia provides insufficient justification for interruption of breast feeding. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P39–P39; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.044
Enhancing Access to Knowledge Management Literature — A Proposal for Domain-Based Classification Scheme and Thesaurus

Knowledge organisation systems (KOS) include a variety of tools and methods for organising information and knowledge 'things'. When we refer to KOS we generally mean classification schemes, thesauri, semantic networks, and authority control systems. Most academic disciplines are supported by professionally developed and maintained KOS. This is not the case for knowledge management. Knowledge management is insufficiently treated in existing KOS. The research is exploratory in its approach to developing KOS tools for the field. It is engaging in that at every stage of development it leverages the knowledge and input of the larger knowledge management community.
Emissions Scenarios, Costs, and Implementation Considerations of REDD Programs

Greenhouse gas emissions from the forestry sector are estimated to be 8.4 GtCO2-eq./year or about 17percent of the global emissions. We estimate that the cost for reducing deforestation is low in Africa and several times higher in Latin America and Southeast Asia. These cost estimates are sensitive to the uncertainties of how much unsustainable high-revenue logging occurs, little understood transaction and program implementation costs, and barriers to implementation including governance issues. Due to lack of capacity in the affected countries, achieving reduction or avoidance of carbon emissions will require extensive REDD-plus programs. Preliminary REDD-plus Readiness cost estimates and program descriptions for Indonesia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guyana and Mexico show that roughly one-third of potential REDD-plus mitigation benefits might come from avoided deforestation and the rest from avoided forest degradation and other REDD-plus activities.
Indirect Measurement of the Moment-Curvature Relationship for Fabrics

An indirect method of experimentally measuring the moment-curvature relationship for fabrics is developed in this study. The new test method involves recording the deformed coordinates of a fabric sample as it is cantilevered under its own weight from a fixed support. By applying least squares polynomial regression and numerical differentiation techniques, the coordinate data along with the values of fabric weight per unit area are used to construct the moment-curvature relationship of the fabric. This method and its associated computer algorithm have been validated by numerical simulations and experimental observations. The nonlinear moment-curvature rela tionship was used to approximate the nonlinear bending stiffness in fabrics. The ad vantage of this method is that the fabric nonlinear bending behavior, which is inherent in most fabrics, can be well represented; this property may not always be obtained from the traditional cantilever beam test.
Plasma cells expressing immunoglobulins M and A but not immunoglobulin G develop an intimate relationship with central canal epithelium in the harderian gland of the chicken.

Abstract In the Harderian gland of the chicken, the epithelial and plasma cell relationships were studied by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. In the wall of the central canal a dark epithelial cell was identified that had long branching cell processes. An anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody demonstrated that the dark cells provided an extremely large contact area for the plasma cells. Although IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-producing plasma cells were present in the Harderian gland, only IgM- and IgA-positive cells were capable of a distinct relationship with dark epithelial cells. The surface of the primary branches contained scattered IgA deposits whereas the epithelial cells of the secondary branches possessed IgA along the lateral cell membrane but not on the surface. Anti-IgA and anti-cytokeratin antibodies produced a similar staining pattern in the acini and secondary branches. Taken together, these observations suggest that IgA secretion is a function of secondary branches and that intracellular transport is influenced by the cytoskeletal system.
Balancing risk and reward in a market-based task service

We investigate the question of scheduling tasks according to a user-centric value metric-called yield or utility. User value is an attractive basis for allocating shared computing resources, and is fundamental to economic approaches to resource management in linked clusters or grids. Even so, commonly used batch schedulers do not yet support value-based scheduling, and there has been little study of its use in a market-based grid setting. In part this is because scheduling to maximize time-varying value is a difficult problem where even simple formulations are intractable. We present improved heuristics for value-based task scheduling using a simple but rich formulation of value, in which a task's yield decays linearly with its waiting time. We also show the role of value-based scheduling heuristics in a framework for market-based bidding and admission control, in which clients negotiate for task services from multiple grid sites. Our approach follows an investment metaphor: the heuristics balance the risk of future costs against the potential for gains in accepting and scheduling tasks. In particular, we show the importance of opportunity cost, and the impact of risk due to uncertainty in the future job mix.
Does drug promotion adversely influence doctors’ abilities to make the best decisions for patients?

Aim: To increase awareness amongst psychiatrists and trainees of the effects of pharmaceutical promotion and to stimulate careful evaluation of the relationships between psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry.Method: Key findings from the literature and from 20 years experience with the Medical Lobby for Appropriate Marketing are summarised.Results: The relationship between doctors and pharmaceutical companies is shown to be problematic in a way that might negatively impact on patient care.Conclusions: Patients may benefit if individual psychiatrists, and the profession as a whole, develop more healthy scepticism about the harm to benefit ratios of relationships with the pharmaceutical industry.
Mitigating the Unintended Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Performance on Investors’ Estimates of Fundamental Value

We examine how investors’ estimates of fundamental value are causally influenced by a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. We also examine how investor assessment of CSR performance moderates its influence over their fundamental-value estimates. Consistent with psychology theory, we find that when investors are exposed to, but do not explicitly assess, CSR performance, better CSR performance increases their estimates of fundamental value. Explicit investor assessment of CSR performance, however, significantly diminishes this increase. In addition, findings suggest that the increase among investors who do not assess CSR performance occurs subconsciously, i.e., they boost estimated fundamental value with poor self-insight. Supplemental findings shed light on consequences of this poor self-insight: investors who do not assess CSR performance rely on subconsciously boosted estimates of fundamental value to increase the price they are willing to pay to invest in the firm’s stock. Overall, our theory and findings contribute to the self-insight, affect, and CSR literatures in accounting by revealing the contingent nature of how and to what extent CSR performance influences investors’ estimates of fundamental value.
Analyzing PETs on imbalanced datasets when training and testing class distributions differ

Many machine learning applications like finance, medicine, and risk management suffer from class imbalance: cases of interest occur rarely. Further complicating these applications is that the training and testing samples might differ significantly in their respective class distributions. Sampling has been shown to be a strong solution to imbalance and additionally offers a rich parameter space from which to select classifiers. This paper is concerned with the interaction between Probability Estimation Trees (PETs) [1], sampling, and performance metrics as testing distributions fluctuate substantially. A set of comprehensive analyses is presented, which anticipate classifier performance through a set of widely varying testing distributions.
Technique for Determining the Bactericidal Effect of Drug Combinations

Two paper strips, each containing different antimicrobial agents, were placed on plates on Mueller-Hinton agar to permit antibiotic to enter the agar. A filter membrane was placed on this plate, and the microorganisms were planted on the membrane. After 6 h of incubation at 37 C, the membrane was transferred to antibiotic-free Mueller-Hinton agar containing triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride and incubated for 18 h at 37 C. Specific growth patterns were indicative of additive (indifferent), synergistic, or antagonistic effects of the drug combination used. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole proved to act synergistically against 85% of Escherichia coli , 86% of Klebsiella , and 89% of Proteus mirabilis strains tested. A few strains resistant to either drug were susceptible to their combination. The technique was useful against organisms with widely differing susceptibilities to the two antimicrobial agents tested. Images
Women And Cigarette Smoking: Does Amount Of Weight Gain Following A Failed Quit Attempt Affect Social Disapproval?

This study examined the perception of social attractiveness and approval of smoking in a vignette of an American college female smoker after a failed quit attempt. It was hypothesized that she would be perceived more favorably when she was smoking to control her weight, compared to a non-weight related excuse during a failed quit attempt. The design was a 2 (gender: male vs. female)×4 (condition: control, 5, 10, 20 lb gain)×3 (participants' smoking status: never, former, or current smoker) factorial design with the Social Attraction Index and Perception of Smoking Index as dependent variables. Contrary to the hypothesis, perceptions of the female were not affected by her disclosed amount of weight gain. However, consistent with the literature on stigmatization of smokers, smoking participants perceived the female target as most socially attractive and nonsmokers perceived her to be the least attractive.
SPACING AS A PREDICTOR OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN KANGAROO RATS (DIPODOMYS HEERMANNI ARENAE)

We examined intraspecific space use of free-ranging kangaroo rats (Dipodomys heermanni) during the breeding season using behavioral observations and radiotelemetry. Home ranges of males were significantly larger than those of females. Female D. heermanni maintained exclusive territories with essentially nonoverlapping home ranges, whereas home ranges of males overlapped with both same- and opposite-sex conspecifics, reflecting the different strategies of the different sexes. This follows a general pattern found in mammals in which spacing reflects limiting resources. There was, however, high individual variation in home range size for males, which may suggest a role for social interactions in determining spatial behavior in this species. D. heermanni, a medium-size species, appears intermediate in space use compared with the larger D. spectabilis and the smaller D. merriami. Spacing systems characterize the pattern of distribution of individuals in a population in space and time. The location of an individual is influenced by presence or absence of other individuals (Brown and Orians 1970), distribution of food resources (Covich 1976; Emlen and Oring 1977), and extent of suitable habitat. The social processes by which resources are allocated among members of the population determine spatial organization. Hence, spatial organization of a population can be used to predict its social organization. Patterns of space use by mammals have been the subject of numerous discussions and empirical tests (Lott 1991). One metric for space use is home range size, which is a compromise between environmental conditions and selective factors such as primary production, individual metabolic requirements, predation, and social pressures. These interacting factors often lead to different levels of social interaction between and within species. For solitary rodents in particular, variation in use of space is related to sex, season, geography, and competitive behavior (Armitage 1999; Ebensperger and Bozinovic 2000;
Risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children following solid organ transplantation.

Summary Objective: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), or its precursor, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoid hyperplasia, may first present in the tonsils and adenoids in the pediatric solid organ transplant population. We sought to identify signs and symptoms of and risk factors for adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH), a potential precursor to PTLD in children following solid organ transplantation. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 132 consecutive pediatric solid organ transplant patients at our institution. Questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory data collection were obtained. Correlation of signs and symptoms of ATH with objective laboratory data was conducted. Results: 132 pediatric transplant recipients (64 renal, 68 liver) were enrolled. Mean age at transplantation was 7.4 (S.D. 6.0) years with a mean follow-up of 49.0 (S.D. 48.4) months post-transplantation. The mean questionnaire score was 8.4 (S.D. 7.9) out of a maximum 65 and the mean physical examination score was 3.9 (S.D. 1.9) out of a maximum 8, with a statistically significant correlation between the two (Pearson’s r � /0.352, P B/0.001). A multivariate linear regression model found recipient EBV seronegativity and younger age at transplantation to be statistically significant risk factors for development of ATH (P � /0.024 and 0.035, respectively). Conclusions: Young age and EBV seronegativity confer increased risk for ATH in pediatric patients undergoing solid organ transplantation. As ATH may be the earliest sign of PTLD, long-term surveillance is required to determine the impact of ATH on quality of life and survival in these patients.
Towards Semantically Coherent Collaboration

Ontologies are fundamental for communication-based collaboration. Common ontologies enable agents to successfully communicate. Agents in a multi-agent system might share the same ontology or might have different ontologies. In this paper we present a methodology that enables agents characterized by minimally different, lower ontologies to meaningfully communicate. Our approach is based on mediating ontologies between the communicating agents.
Principal dental admissions officers: Who are dentistry's gatekeepers?

Little is known about principal dental admissions officers (PDAO) in U.S. dental schools who may be viewed as the gatekeepers to our schools. To address this gap, this study examined the characteristics of PDAOs in U.S. dental schools. A web-based, fifty-five-question survey on the personal and professional characteristics, roles, areas of responsibilities, and areas considered of importance to PDAOs was sent to fifty-six principal dental admissions officers at U.S. dental schools, followed by telephone calls to encourage participation. Thirty-eight PDAOs responded. The typical PDAO was Caucasian, fifty-two years of age, and had been in the position about eight years, earning $80,000 annually. Most supervised one or more employees and spent time working for the school outside the admissions process. Student contact activity considered most important was counseling prospective students, while maintaining health and financial records was considered unimportant. Minority recruitment efforts were considered highly important by a majority of PDAOs. The PDAOs have varied educational backgrounds and positions, but perform functions primarily dedicated to admissions.
Fighting Words: The Abuse of Islam in Political Rhetoric

Anglo-American politicians' increasing use of abusive language to describe Islam in the context of the war on terror is symptomatic of multiple problems.
Effects of Injection Timings and Intake Port Flow Control on the In-Cylinder Wetted Fuel Footprints during PFI Engine Startup Process

Wall-wetting due to liquid fuel film motion and fuel droplet impingement on combustion chamber walls is a major source of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), and is a concern for oil dilution in PFI engines. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of injection timing, a charge motion control device, and the matching of injector with port geometry, on the "footprints" of liquid fuel inside the combustion chamber during the PFI engine staffing process. Using a gasoline-soluble dye and filter paper deployed on the cylinder liner and piston top land surfaces to capture the liquid fuel footprints, the effects of the mixture formation processes on the wetted footprints can be qualitatively and quantitatively examined by comparing the wetted footprint locations and their color intensities. Real-time filming of the development of wetted footprints using a high-speed camera can also show the time history of the fuel wetting process inside an optically accessible engine. The results show that the cold-start in-cylinder wetted footprint is quite engine specific, depending on the intake-port to injector matching. The tumble mixture-motion plate inserted in the intake port creates more turbulence and enhances mixing during the intake process, and therefore significantly reduces the wetted fuel footprint. Limited UBHC measurements were also performed on the engine to compare with the imaging results.
Effect of Body Mass Index on Complications and Reoperations After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Background: High body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased rates of complications after total hip arthroplasty. Studies to date have evaluated risk mainly as a dichotomous variable according to BMI thresholds. The purpose of this paper was to characterize the risk of complications and implant survival according to BMI as a continuous variable. Methods: Using prospectively collected data from our institutional total joint registry, we analyzed 21,361 consecutive hips (17,774 patients) treated with primary total hip arthroplasty between 1985 and 2012 at a single institution. The average BMI at the time of surgery was 28.7 kg/m2 (range, 15 to 69 kg/m2). Estimates of revision surgery and common complications associated with BMI were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method of assessing survivorship, with associations of outcomes assessed using a Cox model. Results: Utilizing smoothing spline parameterization, we found that reoperation (p 25 kg/m2; p < 0.001). However, we found no association between increasing BMI and any revision for mechanical failure of the implant or between increasing BMI and revision for aseptic implant loosening. There was an inverse correlation between increasing BMI and risk of revision for bearing wear. Conclusions: The rates of reoperation, implant revision or removal, and common complications after total hip arthroplasty were strongly associated with BMI. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Trends of Populations of Aphid Predators in South Dakota Cereal Crops—1963–65

Populations of aphid predators in cereal crops were monitored over an extensive area of South Dakota during the 1963–65 crop seasons. In all 3 seasons the population tended to peak early in May, decline in early June, and rise toward a second peak later in June. Populations were highest in 1964. Reproduction was not detected in cereals before June in any of the 3 seasons and at all times appeared to be negligible. No correlation existed between number of adult predators present at a given location and number of immature forms subsequently taken in samples. Thus, increases in populations in cereal crops appeared primarily dependent on movement from other crops.
Combined tailored interventions to increase mammography in African-American women

B27 Medically underserved African American women are at greatest risk for late stage breast cancer due to lack of consistent mammography screening. African American women may hold negative health beliefs about breast cancer and experience a variety of other barriers to screening. To decrease these obstacles, the purpose of this study was to develop and test an innovative tailored intervention to increase mammography screening in non-adherent African American women. We hypothesized that six months after intervention delivery, mammography adherence would be significantly greater for the combined intervention group than the standard care control group. The study9s conceptual framework integrates concepts from the Health Belief Model and the Transtheoretical Model. The sample ultimately will consist of 200 African American women, ages 40-75,
Cooperative data exchange with priority classes

This paper considers the problem of cooperative data exchange with different client priority classes. In this problem, each client initially knows a subset of packets in the ground set X of size K, and all clients wish to learn all packets in X. The clients exchange packets by broadcasting coded combinations of their packets. The primary objective is to satisfy all high-priority clients in the first round of transmissions with minimum sum-rate, and the secondary objective is to satisfy low-priority clients in the second round of transmissions with minimum sum-rate, subject to minimizing the sum-rate in the first round. For any arbitrary problem instance, we provide a linear programming-based approach to find the minimum sum-rate in each round. Moreover, for the case in which the packets are randomly distributed among clients, we derive a closed-form expression for the minimum sum-rate in each round, which holds with probability approaching 1 as K tends to infinity.
Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk

Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
GUI structural metrics and testability testing

User interfaces have special characteristics that differentiate them from other software code. Software metrics suitable for suggesting the quality of other software need significant modification for user interface code. This paper introduces some structural metrics applicable to user interfaces and measurable by a test automation tool. These metrics try to measure the complexity of testing the user interface. Such metrics can be used to estimate required resources to test a certain application.
Fuss–Catalan matrices, their weighted sums, and stabilizer subgroups of the Riordan group

Abstract In this paper, we present the Riordan arrays called Fuss–Catalan matrices which are constructed by the convolutions of the generating functions of the Fuss–Catalan numbers. We also discuss weighted sums of the Fuss–Catalan matrices, using such matrices as transformations of recursive sequences, and their connection with stabilizer subgroups of the Riordan group.