cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The anatomy and physiology of the grid revisited

In this paper, we revisit the widely cited domain-specific software architecture (DSSA) for the domain of grid computing We have comprehensively studied 18 grid systems over the past five years, observing that, while individual grid systems are widely used and deemed successful, the grid DSSA is underspecified and makes it difficult to pinpoint what makes a software system a grid. Inspired by this conclusion, we describe our work-in-progress towards answering this important question.
The Floral Biology of Jatropha curcas L.—A Review

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) has attracted considerable recent attention as a potential horticultural crop based on the quality of its oil seed for biodiesel production, and its ability to grow in unproductive subtropical or subdesert soils. Additionally, several characteristics of the species make it a good model for a more thorough understanding of the reproductive biology of a species undergoing the domestication process. To date, there is limited information about its reproductive patterns and the genetics involved. Such information is necessary for developing efficient agronomic practices and for guiding the research needed to more fully understand the species’ reproduction processes. J. curcas has an inconsistent mating system, which presents both opportunities and challenges in developing breeding strategies and agronomic practices. Unraveling the mating system of J. curcas can increase our understanding of the evolution of reproduction systems in monoecious plants. The influences of environmental factors on flowering and floral organ development have not been reported under either field or controlled conditions. Moreover, no genetic mechanisms controlling the characteristics of the flowering (architecture, sex expression and sex ratios) have been proposed. The present review assesses and synthesizes the current knowledge of the floral biology of J. curcas. It provides a description of the species, its reproductive organs and reproductive patterns, and discussing the factors influencing them.
Bakar Alir: Supporting Developers in Construction of Information Flow Contracts in SPARK

This tool paper describes the design and implementation of an interactive environment for discovering and browsing information flow in SPARK programs. SPARK is a subset of Ada that has been used in a number of industrial contexts for implementing certified safety and security critical systems. SPARK requires explicit specification of information flow properties in the form of procedure contracts. To write such contracts, developers need to understand the data and control dependencies in the program. Our tool Bakar Alir, implemented as an Eclipse Plug-in, utilizes classic slicing and chopping techniques to assist developers in writing information flow contracts.
Predominantly female caseloads: Identifying organizational correlates in private substance abuse treatment centers

This study used a national sample of private substance abuse treatment centers to identify the organizational attributes characterizing facilities with a predominantly female caseload. Data were drawn from the National Treatment Center Study, a nationally representative study of private-sector alcohol and drug abuse treatment centers (N=365). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore which organizational characteristics are associated with higher percentages of women in treatment. Private substance abuse treatment facilities were more likely to have a predominantly female caseload if they (1) offered childcare programs, (2) had a higher percentage of families participating in treatment, (3) treated psychiatric disorders, (4) employed a greater percentage of counselors with at least a master's degree, (5) received a higher proportion of referrals from mental health sources and a lower proportion of referrals from workplace-based referral sources, and (6) accepted higher proportions of Medicare and/or Medicaid clients.
Victims' evaluation oof police performace

Abstract The findings of a study aimed at measuring citizen satisfaction with police performance in victimization situations and analyzing the variation in this performance indicator are reported here. Evaluation of the police from this perspective is recognized as being important as an indication of responsiveness to citizens' needs and desires, in part because improved police effectiveness will require citizen cooperation and participation. The analysis used data on members of victimized households drawn from a community survey in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The line of questioning on victimization incidents moved from perceptions of response time and investigations to whether a suspect was arrested or convicted, with respondents also being asked about their satisfaction at various stages in this process as well as their satisfaction with overall police performance. The analysis indicates (1) that overall satisfaction varies with type of crime and response time more than with socioeconomic characteristics, (2) that follow-up investigations and arrests influence overall satisfaction beyond satisfaction with the initial investigation, (3) that satisfaction with the police decreases at later stages of the process, and (4) that for those cases involving a follow-up investigation, overall satisfaction is more closely tied to satisfaction with the way in which the follow-up was conducted than to satisfaction with response time or the initial investigation.
Individualization, criminalization, or problem resolution: A factorial survey of juvenile court judges' decisions to incarcerate youthful felony offenders

Existing research on the criteria used by juvenile court judges in choosing dispositions is limited in two respects. First, the predictor variables included in most investigations have been limited either in number or in the quality of their measurement. Second, research has not focused on sentencing decisions for serious offenders. Using a factorial survey of juvenile court judges, the present study seeks to determine what factors shape disposition decisions for juvenile felony offenders. The results suggest that judges focus primarily on offense characteristics, and are influenced only marginally by the offender's social characteristics. These findings are more consistent with the view that juvenile courts are becoming “criminalized” than with the view that individualized treatment is the goal. An alternative interpretation—that judges may be problem solvers, trying to dispose of cases efficiently—also is proposed.
Vibrational spectroscopic study of lithium vanadium pentoxides

Abstract The δ phase of Li 0.95 V 2 O 5 was prepared using a chemical intercalation reaction at ambient temperature, and the e and γ phases were obtained from thermal treatment of the δ phase. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction were employed to characterize the three phases. The IR and Raman spectra of V 2 O 5 and the three lithiated phases were recorded at room temperature. Factor group analysis of the normal vibrational modes was used to interpret the spectra. Raman and IR spectra from 1100 to 400 cm −1 indicate that the e phase is more structurally similar to the γ phase than the δ phase. However, significant spectral differences between the e and γ phases are seen in the Raman spectra in the region 400–100 cm −1 . The results show that vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful tool for distinguishing the δ, e and γ phases of lithium vanadium pentoxides.
Twenty-year comparison of the human allograft and porcine xenograft.

Abstract This study compares a retrospective consecutive series of human allografts and concurrent porcine xenografts implanted over a 10-year interval. There were 571 allograft valves and 1,351 xenograft valves implanted in the aortic and mitral position with mean follow-up of 12.8 years for the allografts and 6.2 years for the xenografts. This study compares the incidence of structural deterioration over long-term follow-up. We found that there was no significant difference between four manufacturers of porcine xenografts, in spite of substantial differences in processing techniques. We found that there was a significant difference in allografts that were premounted on stents as compared with allografts that were not premounted on stents for aortic valve replacement. We found that there was no significant difference between allografts for aortic valve replacement dut were not premounted on stents and porcine xenografts implanted in the aortic position. These findings are in marked contrast to those of other reported series with the use of allograft valves.
The mechanism of interallelic complementation at the INO1 locus in yeast: immunological analysis of mutants.

The ino1 locus of yeast has been demonstrated to be the structural gene for the repressible enzyme, L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (Donahue and Henry 1981 a). We have screened a large number of allelic representatives of the ino1 locus for the presence of protein which cross reacts with antibody produced in response to purified wild type inositol-1-phosphate synthase. Approximately 50% of all ino1 representatives screened by immunoprecipitation produce a protein of 62,000 molecular weight, identical in size to the wild type enzyme subunit. These mutants (termed crm+) were tested for expression of the 62,000 MW protein under conditions which are repressing for the wild type enzyme (greater than 25 μM exogenous inositol). The protein produced by the crm+ mutants, like the active enzyme in wild type yeast, is repressed in the presence of high levels of exogenous inositol. In addition, we have reassessed the interallelic complementation pattern observed among mutants at the ino1 locus. The entire pattern of interallelic complementation is temperature sensitive.
Interval recursive least-squares filtering with applications to video target tracking

This paper focuses on applying an interval recursive least-squares (RLS) filter to a video target tracking problem. This is to circumvent the potential limitation of a RLS filter due to its sensitivity to variations in filter parameters and disturbances to state observations. Such sensitivity can make the solutions invalid in practical problems. In particular, in the application of video target tracking using a RLS filter, inaccurate parameters in the affine model may result in noticeable deviations from true target positions sufficient to lose a target. An interval RLS filter is proposed to produce state estimation and prediction in narrow intervals. Simulations show that an interval RLS filter is robust to state and observation noise and variations in filter parameters and state observations, and it outperforms an interval Kalman filter. Using an interval RLS filter, a video target tracking algorithm is developed to estimate the target position in each frame. The proposed tracking algorithm using an interval RLS filter is robust to noise in video sequences and errors in the affine models, and outperforms that using a RLS filter. Performance evaluations using real-world video sequences are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Using Film as a Multicultural Awareness Tool in Teacher Education

Multicultural awareness education is an important first step in preparing future teachers to become effective instructors of diverse classrooms. Whereas there are a variety of ways to develop multicultural awareness, we have found film to be an effective and exciting teaching tool. We applied film as a means of facilitating in-depth reflection and discussion on cultural issues in the freshman seminar course for Education students, Film and Society, and studied the impact of the course on students' ethnic identity development. In a pretest/posttest empirical design, students scored significantly higher on two of the factors of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure at the end of the course. This article outlines the course rationale and design, presents the results of our study, and discusses the implications of these findings.
Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Tumor: The Washington University Experience

AbstractPurpose: We report our experience with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 17 consecutive patients with renal tumors.Materials and Methods: The clinical data on 17 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy were reviewed. Of the patients 12 with stage pT1 or pT2 renal cell carcinoma 7 cm. in diameter or smaller undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy were compared to 12 undergoing open radical nephrectomy for stage pT1 or pT2 renal cell carcinoma 6 cm. in diameter or smaller.Results: Among the 17 patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy average operative time was 6.9 hours (range 4.5 to 9) and average estimated blood loss was 105 cc (range 50 to 600). Average weight of the surgical specimen was 402 gm. (range 190 to 1,100). In 12 of 16 patients in whom laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was completed the specimen was removed intact. The patients required an average of 24 mg. morphine sulfate equivalent (range 2 to 220) for postoperative pain. Average hospital st...
The effects of amiodarone on repolarization and refractoriness of cardiac fibers

The effects of superfusion (acute) and chronic amiodarone pretreatment on repolarization in dog Purkinje and guinea pig papillary muscle fibers were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. In dog Purkinje fibers superfusion with 5 and 50 micrograms/ml amiodarone shortened action potential duration, slowed restitution of premature action duration, and decreased the range of premature action potential durations. In Purkinje fibers from pretreated dogs action potential duration and range of premature action potential durations did not differ significantly from the corresponding control values but restitution was slowed. In guinea pig papillary muscle superfusion with 20 micrograms/ml amiodarone did not change action potential duration and restitution kinetics but in the muscle fibers from pretreated animals both the action potential duration and the range of premature action potential durations were increased. We concluded that the designation of 'class III action' applied to chronic amiodarone treatment in ventricular but not to chronic treatment in Purkinje fibers, and not to acute treatment in either fibers.
Joint angles and angular velocities and relevance of eigenvectors during prehension in the monkey

Hand shaping during prehension involves intricate coordination of a complex system of bones, joints, and muscles. It is widely hypothesized that the motor system uses strategies to reduce the degrees of independent control. Both biomechanical constraints that result in coupling of the fingers and joints and neural synergies act to simplify the control problem. Synergies in hand shaping are typically defined using principal component-like analyses to define orthogonal patterns of movement. Although much less examined, joint angle velocities are also important parameters governing prehension. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate joint angles and joint angle velocities during prehension in monkeys. Fourteen joint angles and angular velocities were measured as monkeys reached to and grasped a set of objects designed to systematically vary hand shapes. Hand shaping patterns in joint angles and velocities were examined using singular value decomposition (SVD). Highly correlated patterns of movements were observed in both joint angles and joint angle velocities, but there was little correlation between the two, suggesting that velocities are controlled separately. Joint angles and velocities can be defined by a small number of eigenvectors by SVD. The unresolved question of the functional relevance of higher-order eigenvectors was also evaluated. Results support that higher-order components are not easily distinguished from noise and are likely not of physiological significance.
Design and status of IceCube

Abstract IceCube is a kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector that builds on the wealth of experience accumulated with its smaller predecessor, AMANDA. An international collaboration has begun construction of key components of the IceCube detector and deployment operations at the South Pole will begin in late 2004. The underlying design of the IceCube detector and of the DAQ system are presented here, emphasizing the digital optical modules (DOMs) as the smallest discrete IceCube building block. The event reconstruction critically relies on a relative timing accuracy from DOM to DOM of a few nanoseconds over inter-DOM separations of up to 1 km.
Component Position in 2-Incision Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty Compared to Standard Total Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) has sparked controversy in the orthopedic community, including debate regarding the reliability and reproducibility of component placement. We reviewed a single surgeon's 1-year experience by comparing postoperative radiographs of 67 MIS 2-incision THA and 28 standard THA for acetabular inclination, acetabular version, and femoral stem angulation. Acetabular inclination/version averaged 42.2°/16.5° and 38.7°/15.5° for MIS and THA, respectively. Femoral angulation averaged 0.007° varus and 0.411° varus for MIS and standard THA approaches, respectively. Radiographic assessment of component position of THA in 2-incision MIS vs a standard direct lateral approach reveals no significant differences. Components are placed in acceptable positions with both techniques.
Environmentally responsive active optics based on hydrogel-actuated deformable mirror arrays

We report hybrid polymer actuator arrays based on environmentally responsive hydrogel and actuatable optical microstructures that are designed to reversibly switch optical properties in response to the environment. Arrays of micrometer scale plates were patterned by deep reactive ion etching of silicon which served as master structures for replica molding in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). UV-curable epoxy was cast in a metal-sputtered PDMS mold to transfer a thin metal film onto each microplate to form a micromirror array. Polyelectrolyte hydrogel, such as poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), was patterned on the micromirror array and acted as an artificial muscle, bending the micromirrors in response to the change in humidity or pH. Such hybrid systems showed reversible switching between high transmittance (low reflectivity) and low transmittance (high reflectivity) without the aid of external power. Our design of hybrid actuated optics opens a broad avenue for developing environmentally responsive adaptive and active optics.
Influence of injury severity on quality of survival after head injury.

Abstract The relationship between severity of injury (as determined by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)) and the quality of survival (as determined by neuropsychological measurements and work return) were investigated in 54 conscious survivors within 16 months following head injury. While severely head injured (GCS ≤ 8) patients had more neuropsychological impairments in areas of intelligence, attention, memory, visuomotor speed, and motor skills than those with mild injuries (GCS > 8), performances after both types of injury were below normative levels in areas of learning, memory, and visuomotor speed. Unemployment increased after both severe and mild injuries, while employment status changed more frequently after severe injuries. Age had a minimal effect on neuropsychological and employment outcomes after minor head injuries (GCS > 13). The findings suggest that regardless of acute severity, closed head injury influences long-term quality of survival.
Mitral Regurgitation and Pulmonary Edema

An asymptomatic 88-year-old Asian male with hypertension presented with a right upper lobe infiltrate on chest x-ray. A chest CT (Fig. 1) demonstrated a geographic 3.5 × 2.2-cm ground-glass opacity in the right apex. A 3/6 holosystolic murmur was heard at the apex radiating to the axilla. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a flail posterior mitral valve leaflet secondary to a ruptured chordae tendinae. In patients with a flail posterior mitral valve leaflet, the regurgitant jet is directed towards the right superior pulmonary vein (Fig. 2), causing higher hydrostatic pressures in that location. This may lead to focal edema in the right upper lobe. Prior studies have shown that up to 38% of patients with a ruptured chordae tendinae remain asymptomatic in the subacute to chronic setting despite severe mitral insufficiency. In most cases, surgical repair is highly successful. However, given this patient’s age and his excellent response to medical therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker, surgery was not performed. In the setting of upper lobe infiltrates where infection and cancer seem unlikely or have been excluded, mitral regurgitation with segmental pulmonary edema should be considered.
Pharmacological characterization of antiepileptic drugs and experimental analgesics on low magnesium-induced hyperexcitability in rat hippocampal slices

Perfusion of acute hippocampal slices with stimulatory buffers has long been known to induce rhythmic, large amplitude, synchronized spontaneous neuronal bursting in areas CA1 and CA3. The characteristics of this model of neuronal hyperexcitability were investigated in this study, particularly with respect to the activity of antiepileptic drugs and compounds representing novel mechanisms of analgesic action. Toward that end, low Mg(2+)/high K(+)-induced spontaneous activity was quantified by a virtual instrument designed for the digitization and analysis of bursting activity. Uninterrupted streams of extracellular field potentials were digitized and analyzed in 10-s sweeps, yielding four quantified parameters of neuronal hyperexcitability. Following characterization of the temporal stability of low Mg(2+)/high K(+)-induced hyperexcitability, compounds representing a diversity of functional mechanisms were tested for their effectiveness in reversing this activity. Of the four antiepileptic drugs tested in this model, only phenytoin proved ineffective, while valproate, gabapentin and carbamazepine varied in their potencies, with only the latter drug proving to be completely efficacious. In addition, three investigational compounds having analgesic potential were examined: ZD-7288, a blocker of HCN channels; EAA-090, an NMDA antagonist; and WAY-132983, a muscarinic agonist. Each of these compounds showed strong efficacy by completely blocking spontaneous bursting activity, along with potency greater than that of the antiepileptic drugs. These data indicate that pharmacological agents with varying mechanisms of action are able to block low Mg(2+)/high K(+)-induced hyperexcitability, and thus this model may represent a useful tool for identifying novel agents and mechanisms involved in epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
Morphological investigations into Floriceps minacanthus (Trypanorhyncha: Lacistorhynchidae) with analysis of the systematic utility of scolex microtriches.

Specimens of Floriceps minacanthus Campbell & Beveridge, 1987 are reported from Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) taken in the waters surrounding the island of Kirimati in the Republic of Kiribati in the Central Pacific Ocean. This represents a new host and a new locality record. The description of this species is expanded to include the presence of an ovary which is bilobed in cross section and a hermaphroditic duct. The surface features were examined by scanning electron microscopy. With the exception of the lateral margins of the bothridia and the apical region of the scolex, the scolex was found to be covered with palmate microtriches interspersed with filiform microtriches. The palmate microtriches varied in number of digitiform extensions depending on location. Elongate, bifid microtriches were present in the transition zone between the proximal and distal surfaces along the lateral margins of the bothridia. The apical region of the scolex was covered with filiform microtriches. The surface of the anterior margin of the strobila was covered with broad, flattened scale-like structures. The pattern of microthrix distribution was repeated for each of the bothridia of an individual, and this pattern was intraspecifically invariable. Comparison of our results with those from the seven other trypanorhynch species examined by previous authors with SEM indicates that there is much interspecific variability in both the morphology of microtriches present as well as their location on the scolex. This, coupled with the lack of intraspecific variability, confirms that these structures are systematically informative.
Dependency modeling in automated web services quality component negotiations

Web services are a popular choice for component oriented systems that support dynamic compositions. Automated negotiation among Web services provides an effective way for the services to bargain for their optimal customizations and allows the discovery of overlooked potential solutions. Unique and dynamic Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of service consumers pose challenges for effective approaches of service compositions with multiple QoS parameters. In this paper, we present a negotiation Web service that would be used by both the consumer and provider Web services for conducting negotiations for dependent QoS parameters. We use a genetic algorithm(GA) based approach for finding acceptable solutions in multi-party and multi-objective scenarios. Experimental results indicate the applicability and improved performance or our approach in facilitating the negotiations involved in a Web service composition process.
Monetary policy matters

Abstract This paper addresses Hoover and Perez's comments on our 1989 paper. We first show that the estimated impact of monetary policy shifts remains large and ranges from marginally to strongly significant when oil shocks are controlled for. We then extend our previous work by expanding the sample period and identifying an additional policy shift in December 1988. With this extension, the estimated effects of monetary policy shifts are large and highly significant for all reasonable specifications of oil shocks. We also demonstrate that Hoover and Perez's other objections have little bearing on our conclusions.
Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation

Research on decision making under uncertainly has been strongly influenced by the documentation of numerous expected utility (EU) anomalies—behaviors that violate the expected utility axioms. The relative lack of progress on the closely related topic of intertemporal choice is partly due to the absence of an analogous set of discounted utility (DU) anomalies. We enumerate a set of DU anomalies analogous to the EU anomalies and propose a model that accounts for the anomalies, as well as other intertemporal choice phenomena incompatible with DU. We discuss implications for savings behavior, estimation of discount rates, and choice framing effects.
Systématique du Remplissage en Eau des Fentes de Gel: Les Résultats d'une Étude Oxygène‐18 et Deutérium

Une douzaine de coins de glace le long de la riviere Porcupine (Yukon) ont ete echantillonnes pour identifier leur periode de croissance et pour determiner l'origine de l'eau qui les a formes. Les datations au radiocarbone des sediments qui les contiennent limitent leur periode de croissance aux 4 derniers millenaires. Les isotopes stables montrent une homogeneite entre les centres et les bordures des coins, indiquant une stabilite climatique durant cette periode. Le δ18O/δ2H est enrichi par rapport aux precipitations hivernales et se situe au-dessous de la ligne des eaux meteoriques ce qui laisse penser que les fentes de gel sont remplies durant les derniers moments de la fonte. A series of ice wedges along the Porcupine River (Yukon) has been sampled to identify their periods of growth and the source of infiltrating water. Radiocarbon dates of enclosing sediments constrain the periods of growth to younger than 4000 BP. Stable isotopes show a homogeneity between ice wedge centres and exteriors, indicating climatic stability over this time. The δ18O/δ2H signatures are enriched above winter precipitation and plot below the meteoric water line, indicating that ice wedges are filled during the later stages of snow melt.
Bias Considerations in Transistor Circuit Design

Summary form only given. It is known that the operating point of a transistor has a tendency to shift with temperature. An analysis is made of the factors contributing to this shift. It is found necessary to define two stability factors for an adequate formulation of the bias problem. The se factors, together with the voltage and current defining the operating point, are used in the design of bias networks. Various stabilization circuits are considered in detail, and design procedures set up for these schemes. A comparison is made of the various schemes; in particular, direct and feedback stabilization are compared on the basis of battery drain, AC gain, and variation of operating point with battery voltage. The stabilization of direct coupled stages is also discussed, and the design of a two-stage direct-coupled pair is taken up in detail. Non-linear techniques for temperature stabilization are also discussed. These are useful in special applications such as high power output stages, where the temperature changes are extreme, or in low level circuits where extremely stable operation is required, e.g., oscillators and DC amplifiers.
Tracing the Effects of Teacher Inquiry on Classroom Practice.

Videotape and participant observation were used to document an American high school teacher workgroup’s experience with collaborative teacher inquiry and to monitor changes in practice through two cycles of instructional planning, classroom implementation, and reflective analysis. Detectable changes in practice were observed, including a substantial improvement for two of the four teachers in fidelity of implementation of an instructional innovation. Results support claim that meaningful instructional changes are more likely when teachers work in job-alike teams, are led by trained leaders, use inquiryfocused protocols, and have stable settings in which to engage in the continuous improvement of instruction.
Diagnosis and management of insomnia in older people

Insomnia is a common but underrecognized problem in elderly patients. Five basic steps can help clinicians identify and treat insomnia. The first step is to ask a single question about sleep at every new patient visit, which goes a long way toward detection of patients with insomnia. The second step is to perform an initial evaluation of the problem, including symptoms, contributing factors, and effects on daytime function. Step three is to determine whether the patient is in crisis. True sleep emergencies are rare, and in most cases, treatment can be delayed until another appointment can be made for a full evaluation of the problem. A sleep evaluation constitutes the fourth step and focuses mainly on a thorough sleep history; blood tests and polysomnography rarely have a role. The final step is intervention. Nonpharmacological strategies are a mainstay of treatment for chronic insomnia, but hypnotics have a role in treating transient insomnia and chronic insomnia that does not improve with nonpharmacological treatment or treatment of associated primary conditions. Pharmacological therapy usually consists of benzodiazepines with short half-lives or nonbenzodiazepines such as zolpidem and zaleplon, although lack of demonstrated efficacy against sleep maintenance difficulties, one of the primary symptoms of insomnia among older people, limits use of these agents. Emerging nonbenzodiazepine agents such as indiplon and eszopiclone may specifically address sleep maintenance problems in elderly patients and are pending Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. (Editor's note: Since preparation of this manuscript, the FDA has approved eszopiclone for treatment of insomnia.).
Weight support distribution during quadrupedal walking in Ateles and Cebus.

While it is well known that primate quadrupeds are distinctive in supporting more body weight on their hind limbs than their forelimbs, it has been unclear how this support asymmetry comes about. The simple explanation of a difference in body center of mass (COM) position is not supported by empirical data, leaving two less intuitive proposals. The first involves the position of the hands and feet relative to the COM, and has recently received support by Raichlen et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 395-402) who document that chimpanzees walk with a relatively protracted hind limb, bringing their feet closer to the COM for greater hind limb weight support. The second posits the use of hip retractor muscles to actively shift weight off the fore- limbs and onto the hind limbs, and has received recent support by Larson and Stern (Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 343-355), who report higher levels of hip extensor activity in primates that bear more weight on their hind limbs. Since the study by Raichlen et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 395-402) is based on a limited empirical dataset, we have undertaken a replicate study to document average limb posture and weight support distribution in two additional primate species: Ateles and Cebus. Using the equations presented by Raichlen et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 395-402), predicted forelimb weight support based on limb posture was com- pared to observed values based on vertical impulses. In contrast to their findings, the limb posture model dra- matically overestimated actual forelimb weight support in the monkeys, calling into question the general applic- ability of this model. Am J Phys Anthropol 144:633-642, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using African American Narratives to Analyze Social Policy

Abstract This paper explores how African American literature can enrich the analysis of social policy in social work graduate courses. The historic debate between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois about black progress, and its reflection in subsequent works by Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Shelby Steele, and Cornel West, illustrate that the debate remains present in contemporary affirmative action and welfare reform policies. Using ethnic narratives can expand adult students' ability to analyze the purposes, consequences, and values underlying social policies and help social workers formulate, document and buttress new policy positions. Such abilities are especially critical for social policies in which race remains a critical influence.
Biocuration workflows and text mining: overview of the BioCreative 2012 Workshop Track II

Manual curation of data from the biomedical literature is a rate-limiting factor for many expert curated databases. Despite the continuing advances in biomedical text mining and the pressing needs of biocurators for better tools, few existing text-mining tools have been successfully integrated into production literature curation systems such as those used by the expert curated databases. To close this gap and better understand all aspects of literature curation, we invited submissions of written descriptions of curation workflows from expert curated databases for the BioCreative 2012 Workshop Track II. We received seven qualified contributions, primarily from model organism databases. Based on these descriptions, we identified commonalities and differences across the workflows, the common ontologies and controlled vocabularies used and the current and desired uses of text mining for biocuration. Compared to a survey done in 2009, our 2012 results show that many more databases are now using text mining in parts of their curation workflows. In addition, the workshop participants identified text-mining aids for finding gene names and symbols (gene indexing), prioritization of documents for curation (document triage) and ontology concept assignment as those most desired by the biocurators. Database URL: http://www.biocreative.org/tasks/bc-workshop-2012/workflow/
Defining cancer cachexia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose: Cancer cachexia is a devastating and understudied illness in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The primary objective was to identify clinical character- istics and serum levels of cytokines and cachexia-related factors in patients with HNSCC. The secondary objective was to detect the occurrence of cytokine and cachexia-related factor gene expression in HNSCC tumors. Experimental Design: For the primary objective, cross-sectional data were obtained from pro- spectively recruited patients identified as cachexia cases and matching cachexia-free controls. For the secondary objective, a retrospective cohort design with matched controls was used. Results: Clinical characteristics associated with cancer cachexia in HNSCC were T4 status (P = 0.01), increased C-reactive protein (P = 0.01), and decreased hemoglobin (P 0.05). No tumors expressed the cachexia factor proteolysis-inducing factor. Conclusion: We have identified clinical characteristics and pathophysiologic mechanisms asso- ciated with cancer cachexia in a carefully defined population of patients with HNSCC. The data suggest that the acute-phase response and elevated IL-6 are associated with this complex disease state. We therefore hypothesize that IL-6 may represent an important therapeutic target for HNSCC patients with cancer cachexia.
Realizing optimal care for children with cardiovascular disease: Funding challenges and research approaches

Abstract Realizing optimal care for children with cardiovascular disease depends on organizing all the factors related to clinical care, research, education, and advocacy that have been reviewed in the 30 articles contained in these 3 issues of Progress in Pediatric Cardiology . The management of congenital heart disease has changed greatly over the past few decades and continues to evolve rapidly. More than ever, contemporary practice requires a collaborative effort by a large healthcare team comprised not only of pediatric cardiac surgeons but also pediatric cardiac nurses, pediatric cardiologists, perfusion and respiratory technicians, pediatric cardiac intensivists, pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists, ultrasonographers, and MRI and catheterization laboratory technicians. All of these individuals need to clearly understand the morphology and pathophysiology of congenital heart disease, as well as the associated surgical procedures. The successful team will be the one that has worked together for many years with an evidence-based approach to surgery and to patient communication about the risks, benefits, and potential complications. Here, I review the funding aspects of pediatric cardiovascular care and cite research that has improved our understanding of pediatric cardiovascular medicine and that has improved patient outcomes in this branch of medicine.
Devices: Visible and UV lasers: Problems and promises: New families of gas lasers are expected to deliver a range of pulse intensities, durations, and wavelengths for diverse applications

New families of gas lasers are expected to deliver a range of pulse intensities, durations, and wavelengths for diverse applications.
The solute carrier 26 family of proteins in epithelial ion transport.

Transepithelial Cl− and HCO3− transport is critically important for the function of all epithelia and, when altered or ablated, leads to a number of diseases, including cystic fibrosis, congenital ...
NON-RANDOM GENE DISTRIBUTION AMONG TOMATO CHROMOSOMES.

SUMMARY OF LINKAGE,TESTS Chromosome and Tester Gene- 1 2 3 4 5? 6 7 5 9 10 V ? Refer-Mutant y di r e rv C tf 1I ah H ai La ence Cu x* L* x x x x x x x x x 2dix ~ Ldv x L x x x x x x 3 ff Lt x x x x x x x 2Me L x x x x x x x 2 Worn L 1 rv x x x x x x x x x x 2 sf x x x x L x x x x 2 yv x x x x x Lt x x x x x 4 tf x x x x x x x x 2 Fw x x x x L x x 1dl x x x x x x L x x x 3ah x x x x x x x x x x 2ag x L 1 gh x x x x x L 5ht x x x x x x x x x 2La x x x x x x x x x x x W4 ? x x x x x x x x * x signifies no indication of linkage. L signifies positive indication linkage.t Linkage of ff detected with Wo. tLinkage of yv detected with Mi. The results, summarized in Table 1, reveal the following distribution of the 18mutants: chromosome 2: Cu, dix dv, ff, Me, Worn; 5: rv, sf; 6: yv; 7: tf, Fw; 8: dl; 9: ah; 10: ag; groupV (chromosome 11 or 12): gh; no linkage: ht, La, W4. A problem in the application of a probability treatment is posed by the threeunlocatedgenes. For present purposes they are included
Characterization of optimum polarization for multiple target discrimination using genetic algorithms

A stochastic optimization algorithm is used to characterize the polarization states of a nonpolarimetric radar transmitter and receiver antennas for optimal target classification. Specifically, the optimized solution is sought when a multitude of targets are to be categorized. It is shown that the objective function of the optimization problem is highly nonlinear and discontinuous, hence, classical optimization algorithms fail to provide satisfactory results. The stochastic optimization algorithm used is based on a genetic algorithm (GA) which operates on a discretized form of the parameter space and searches globally for the optimum point. In this process, it is assumed that the polarimetric responses of the targets are known a priori. The optimization algorithm is applied to two sets of data: (1) a synthetic backscatter data for four point targets with similar radar cross sections (RCSs) and (2) a set of polarimetric backscatter measurements of asphalt surfaces under different physical conditions at 94 GHz. The purpose of the latter study is to come up with the optimal design for polarization states of an affordable millimeter-wave radar sensor that can assess traction of road surfaces.
On the stability of frictionally heated shear flows in the asthenosphere

Summary. Frictional heating in upper mantle shear flows may lead to localized thermal runaway and partial melting in the asthenosphere, but only as the result of a finite-amplitude disturbance. A rigorous two-dimensional stability analysis shows that asthenospheric shear flows are stable to smallamplitude perturbations whether such flows are supercritical (shear stress decreases with increasing plate velocity) or subcritical (shear stress increases with increasing plate velocity). Disturbances which maintain a shear stress larger than the critical value for sufficiently long will lead to runaway. The response of the asthenosphere to events which do not satisfy this criterion must be determined by a non-linear analysis. Reasonable models of flow in the asthenosphere could be driven to runaway, at a superexponential growth rate, by sudden increases in shear stress of less than 10 bar. Disturbances resulting from plate collisions may maintain large enough stresses for sufficiently long times to initiate runaways, while stress changes associated with large earthquakes probably occur too rapidly to do so.
How hand placement modulates interference from extraneous stimuli

Placing the hands around the position in which the relevant target letter for an Eriksen flanker task appears has been shown to reduce the interference produced by incompatible, irrelevant flanker letters presented outside of the hands. This result has been attributed to the hands providing an attentional window in the space between them, which results in enhanced processing of the stimulus within it. Alternatively, the hands may act as a reference frame relative to which attention can also be directed more effectively to the space outside of the hands. We conducted four experiments to test implications of the attention window and reference-frame accounts, using left and right foot-press responses. Although placing the hands around the inner letter reduced interference on flanker-incompatible trials, as previously found, it did so just as much when the letter outside of the hands was specified as the target and the letter between the hands was the distractor. Also, placement of wooden blocks around the inner letter reduced interference to a similar extent, again regardless of whether the inner or outer letter was designated as the target. These findings support the view that the reduction in flanker interference produced by placing the hands around the inner letter is due to their providing a reference frame relative to which visual attention can be directed either inside or outside.
Constraint-based strain design using continuous modifications (CosMos) of flux bounds finds new strategies for metabolic engineering

In recent years, a growing number of metabolic engineering strain design techniques have employed constraint-based modeling to determine metabolic and regulatory network changes which are needed to improve chemical production. These methods use systems-level analysis of metabolism to help guide experimental efforts by identifying deletions, additions, downregulations, and upregulations of metabolic genes that will increase biological production of a desired metabolic product. In this work, we propose a new strain design method with continuous modifications (CosMos) that provides strategies for deletions, downregulations, and upregulations of fluxes that will lead to the production of the desired products. The method is conceptually simple and easy to implement, and can provide additional strategies over current approaches. We found that the method was able to find strain design strategies that required fewer modifications and had larger predicted yields than strategies from previous methods in example and genome-scale networks. Using CosMos, we identified modification strategies for producing a variety of metabolic products, compared strategies derived from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic models, and examined how imperfect implementation may affect experimental outcomes. This study gives a powerful and flexible technique for strain engineering and examines some of the unexpected outcomes that may arise when strategies are implemented experimentally.
Formative assessment: A systematic and artistic process of instruction for supporting school and lifelong learning

Formative assessment is a potentially powerful instructional process because the practice of sharing assessment information that supports learning is embedded into the instructional process by design. If the potential of formative assessment is to be realized, it must transform from a collection of abstract theories and research methodologies and become a creative and systematic classroom practice. Policy-makers and school administrators must support this transition from theory into practice, particularly in the early stages of professional adaptation, and design assessment systems that teachers may internalize and enact efficiently. The article explores the hypothesis that many public school teachers are ‘trapped’ within environments which deter them from enacting open and inventive social learning strategies in their own classrooms, which when implemented have great potential to support autonomous learning, realize achievement, and create economically productive lifelong learners. This article therefore reviews the literature on formative assessment in practical settings, and investigates the extent to which teachers perform the basic functions of gathering and using evidence to further learning and development in pursuit of the lifelong learning competencies that are essential in the ‘new economy.’