cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk externalities and the problem of wildfire risk

Abstract Homeowners living in the wildland–urban interface must decide whether or not to create a defensible space around their house in order to mitigate the risk of a wildfire destroying their home. Risk externalities complicate this decision; the risk that one homeowner faces depends on the risk mitigation decisions of neighboring homeowners. This paper models the problem as a game played between neighbors in a wildland–urban interface. The model explains why sub-optimal investment in defensible space is likely and provides insights into the likely effectiveness of programs designed to encourage households to increase their defensible space. Data from Boulder County, Colorado confirm that a household's defensible space decision depends on the defensible space outcomes at neighboring sites.
Ultrastructural features of a Gordian worm (Nematomorpha)

The major tissues of a horsehair worm (Gordius sp., Nematomorpha) were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The epicuticle is a thin superficial layer whose surface shows rows of polygonal elevations. The cuticle has many layers of cylindrical, nonperiodic collagenous fibers, spirally wound about the long axis of the worm. Alternating layers of fibers cross one another diagonally at angles of approximately 60° and 120°. Additionally there are large radial fibers and strata of small fibers. The epidermis is a single layer of highly interdigitated cells. The musculature consists of overlapping, longitudinally arranged, flat cells, each containing many thick and thin filaments in anteroposterior orientation. Circular muscles are absent. Striated collagenous fibers completely surround the following: the muscle cells, a degenerate gut, a nerve cord composed of neural and glial cells, and mesenchyme that nearly fills the pseudocoel. Functional, developmental, and comparative morphology is discussed.
Necessity of N-particle production amplitudes☆

Abstract A non-vanishing N -particle production amplitude is shown to be a necessary consequence of the basic principles of S -matrix theory such as relativistic invariance, causality, crossing and unitary relations.
Brain metastasis from uterine serous carcinoma: A case report and review of literature.

While endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer with a generally favorable prognosis, the histological subtype of serous carcinoma is more aggressive and fortunately uncommon. Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) accounts for about 10% of cases of endometrial cancer and yet 39% of its deaths (Boruta et al., 2009). Brain metastasis from endometrial cancer is also rare, with a rate of 0.6% from a review of over 10,000 patients (Piura and Piura, 2012). This recent review of 35 studies by Piura et al. identified 115 cases of endometrial cancer that metastasized to the brain, of which 4 were USC (Piura and Piura, 2012). A further review of the literature uncovered an additional 4 cases. Here we present a new case from our institution, review the existing literature, and discuss current treatment options.
Periodic nanoripple generated by femtosecond laser beam in LCVD system

We demonstrate deposition of periodic tungsten nanoripple on different substrate using a single 400nm femtosecond laser beam at room temperature. The laser beam generated by frequency doubling the output from mode-locked 80MHz Ti: sapphire oscillator was applied in a laser-induced chemical vapor deposition configuration, in which tungsten hexacarbonyl was used as precursor. The deposition strongly depended on laser polarization. With linearly polarized light, periodic ripple structure with willow-leaf shape was formed inside the exposure area. The ripple orientation was found parallel to the laser polarization direction. Affects of laser power and exposure time on ripple formation were investigated. By translating the substrate with respective to the laser beam, longitudinal or transverse grating structure was observed. The period of this grating structure is about 150nm on sapphire, and the orientation is parallel to laser polarization. Simply by programming the translation of the substrate, large area patterns and other patterns such as circle and characters were formed. Similar ripple and grating structures observed on all the substrates we investigated, including insulators, semiconductors and metals, implies that ripple formation might be a universal phenomenon. Considering the simplicity of this process and material flexibility of laser CVD, this technique may provide a novel costeffective patterning method to produce periodic subwavelength nanostructures of a wide range of materials on many substrates.
Pinching theorems for teardrops and footballs of revolution

We give explicit optimal curvature pinching constants for the Riemannian ( p, q )- football orbifolds under the assumption that they are realised as surfaces of revolution in ℝ 3 . We show that sufficiently pinched sectional curvature assumptions imply that a ( p, q )-football must be good.
The Diagnosis of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objectives Acute mesenteric ischemia is an infrequent cause of abdominal pain in emergency department (ED) patients; however, mortality for this condition is high. Rapid diagnosis and surgery are key to survival, but presenting signs are often vague or variable, and there is no pathognomonic laboratory screening test. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature was performed to determine diagnostic test characteristics of patient symptoms, objective signs, laboratory studies, and diagnostic modalities to help rule in or out the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia in the ED. Methods In concordance with published guidelines for systematic reviews, the medical literature was searched for relevant articles. The Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) for systematic reviews was used to evaluate the overall quality of the trials included. Summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy were computed by using a random-effects model to combine studies. Those studies without data to fully complete a two-by-two table were not included in the meta-analysis portion of the project. Results The literature search identified 1,149 potentially relevant studies, of which 23 were included in the final analysis. The quality of the diagnostic studies was highly variable. A total of 1,970 patients were included in the combined population of all included studies. The prevalence of acute mesenteric ischemia ranged from 8% to 60%. There was a pooled sensitivity for l-lactate of 86% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 73% to 94%) and a pooled specificity of 44% (95% CI = 32% to 55%). There was a pooled sensitivity for D-dimer of 96% (95% CI = 89% to 99%) and a pooled specificity of 40% (95% CI = 33% to 47%). For computed tomography (CT), we found a pooled sensitivity of 94% (95% CI = 90% to 97%) and specificity of 95% (95% CI = 93% to 97%). The positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for a positive CT was 17.5 (95% CI = 5.99 to 51.29), and the negative likelihood ratio (–LR) was 0.09 (95% CI = 0.05 to 0.17). The pooled operative mortality rate for mesenteric ischemia was 47% (95% CI = 40% to 54%). Given these findings, the test threshold of 2.1% (below this pretest probability, do not test further) and a treatment threshold of 74% (above this pretest probability, proceed to surgical management) were calculated. Conclusions The quality of the overall literature base for mesenteric ischemia is varied. Signs, symptoms, and laboratory testing are insufficiently diagnostic for the condition. Only CT angiography had adequate accuracy to establish the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia in lieu of laparotomy.
Inhibition of the strand transfer step of HIV-1 integrase by non-natural dinucleotides.

Abstract New, non-natural dinucleotide 5′-monophosphates, with a surrogate isonucleoside component of l -related stereochemistry at the ‘terminal’ position, have been synthesized. Structures of 2a–c were confirmed by multinuclear NMR spectra (1H, 13C, 31P, COSY), UV hypochromicity and FAB HRMS data. These compounds are totally resistant to cleavage by 3′- and 5′-exonucleases. The dinucleotides showed remarkable selectivity for inhibition of the strand transfer step of HIV-1 integrase. To the best of our knowledge, these compounds represent only the second example of selective strand transfer inhibitors of HIV integrase.
Factors affecting teachers' judgments of the acceptability of behavioral interventions: Time involvement, behavior problem severity, and type of intervention

This study explores the influence of teacher time involvement, intervention type, and behavior problem severity on teachers' judgments pertaining to the acceptability of behavioral interventions. A total of 180 teachers from two states were presented with written case studies. The case studies consisted of a section describing a child with a behavior problem and a section describing an intervention which was applied to that behavior problem. Teacher ratings of intervention acceptability were subjected to a 3 (teacher time involvement) × 2 (intervention type) × 3 (behavior problem severity) analysis of variance. Results revealed that amount of time involvement affected the judgments of intervention acceptability significantly. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the design and implementation of behavioral interventions.
The Third World and the Problem of God-Talk

THE major thrust of this paper is that changing historical configurations are not without their effect on the attempts to articulate and interpret the faith principles of a religion which claims allegiance to the Lord of History. If one starts, not with God but with man and his predicament, as does John Macquarrie,2 how does one ignore some of the most significant changes that have occurred in recent history which have helped to contribute to the precariousness of "Western man"? Some present-day theologians are said to be taking a new interest in history. They now see man as historical man and history as the arena for meaningful events and happenings. It is said that God speaks to man through his historical situation and through the historical institutions which have been forged in the crucible of evolutionary historical development. This new awareness of history is supposed to be, in part, an explanation for the renewed interest in a new quest for the historical Jesus. On the other hand, the new quest might be a result of other factors. Perhaps World War I and its aftermath made Western man more fully aware that he could also be a victim of history. Secondly, given the present and anticipated historical convulsions, an inability to engage in meaningful "God-talk" might necessitate placing "Jesus talk" on a firmer basis. World War I helped to create crisis theology, resulting in an attempted removal of God from the realm of the historical and the phenomenal. He became (or always was) the Wholly Other.
Short, strong halogen bonding in co-crystals of pyridyl bis-urea macrocycles and iodoperfluorocarbons

Co-crystals formed from pyridyl bis-urea macrocycles and iodopentafluorobenzene or diiodotetrafluoroethane show surprisingly short, strong halogen bonds. The shortest interactions were observed between the carbonyl oxygen and the iodide and were 78% of the sum of the van der Waals radii for O⋯I, with distances ranging from 2.719(2) to 2.745(2) A.
Light and electron microscopy of Ustilago maydis hyphae in maize.

Infection of maize leaves and ears by the corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis, was characterized microscopically. High-pressure cryofixation, followed by freeze-substitution, was used to preserve sporogenous hyphae. Hyphal growth was exclusively intracellular in newly infected tissues, but intercellular growth became more common with time, and sporulation occurred mainly between host cells. Hyphae exhibited frequent branching at structures resembling clamp connections, and they were dikaryotic until immediately prior to sporogenesis. Nuclei fused early in sporogenesis, when hyphal walls were beginning to swell and gelatinize. Bundles of tubular ER were conspicuous in thin sections of hyphae from before the gelatinization of the hyphal walls through early stages of sporogenesis. Enlarging spores emerged from remnants of the original hyphal walls.
T cell-mediated activation and regulation of anti-chromatin B cells

We have taken an immunoglobulin transgenic approach to study how self-reactive B cells are held in check in healthy mice and what parameters contribute to their activation in autoimmunity. Using this strategy, we have documented that a population of anti-chromatin B cells migrate to the periphery. In a healthy background, these cells have a reduced lifespan, appear developmentally arrested, and localize primarily to the T/B cell interface in the spleen. Importantly, they are capable of differentiating into antibody-forming cells when provided with T cell help. T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells induce IgG2a and IgG1 autoantibodies, respectively. In the context of the autoimmune-prone lpr/lpr or gld/gld mutations, these autoreactive B cells populate the B cell follicle, and this is dependent upon CD4 T cells. However, after 10 weeks of age serum autoantibodies are produced. We hypothesize that control of autoantibody production in young autoimmune-prone mice is regulated by the counterbalancing influence of regulatory T cells. We show that while autoantibody production is blocked in the context of regulatory T cells, early events characterizing a productive T cell-B cell interaction are not disturbed, with the notable exceptions of T(H) ICOS levels and IFN-gamma and IL-10 production.
Elastic registration of MRA brain images using salient blood vessel features

In this paper, a new local registration method is introduced. The method enables regional refinements to an initial coarse global alignment of two magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) volume datasets through the use of snake-based local elastic deformations on blood vessel curves. The curves are deformed based on corresponding salient features (points of bifurcation and high curvature) that are extracted using a multi-stage method. The extraction involves first tracing blood vessel curves from depth-enhanced maximal intensity projections of the original volume data and then fitting B-splines to the traced structures. The framework for a new approach to volume warping which completes the refinement process for all points in the datasets is also introduced. The local registration method offers the promise registering data collected over time from a patient.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Challenges in collecting and using mobile's location-based data

In recent years we have been witness to rapidly growing adoption and spread of smart mobile devices, not only for personal use but also by enterprises. An important feature provided by majority of these devices is location awareness – ability to detect the device’s location on Earth and use it in applications. For enterprises, there is tremendous value in ability to leverage location context in business logic. However, implementing location awareness in enterprise environments introduces new challenges, both technical and organizational. In this paper we present and discuss main technical challenges associated with building location aware enterprise software systems.
Freshwater fugu or pufferfishes of the genus Tetraodon from the Mekong basin, with descriptions of two new species

The fresh waters of the Mekong basin are inhabited by five species of the pufferfish genusTetraodon Linnaeus, 1758 (sensu lato): the widely distributedT. leiurus Bleeker, 1851; two previously described species endemic to the Mekong,T. baileyi Sontirat, 1989 andT. suvattii Sontirat & Soonthornsathit, 1985; one new species endemic to the Mekong basins.Tetraodon baileyi has now been collected numerous times but only in or near rapids;T. abei, T. barbatus andT. suvattii are often but not exclusively associated with rapids or at least swift flowing streams; whileT. leiurus is found in almost all habitats except rapids.Tetraodon abei andT. barbatus are closely related toT. leiurus, from which they differ most strikingly in coloration.Tetraodon survattii differs from all of the others in having a strongly upturned mouth and light and dark stripes or spots radiating outwards from the eye.Tetraodon baileyi, the most distinctive Mekong pufferfish, has head and body more or less extensively covered with dermal cirri and is entirely scaleless.
Orthograde axonal transport studies of projections from the zona incerta and pretectum to the basilar pontine nuclei in the rat.

This study employed orthogradely transported axonal tracers to demonstrate, in the rat, projections that reach the basilar pontine nuclei from the zona incerta or pretectal nuclei. Except for the most rostral levels, all subdivisions of the zona incerta give rise to substantive basilar pontine projections. Although some topographic differences exist among the temination patterns of various subdivisions, no clear somatotopically organized scheme is apparent. Most incertopontine axons descend to the basilar pons in association with fibers of the medial lemniscus or crus cerebri and reach ipsilateral ventral and medial pontine gray regions. A sparse number of terminals are evident in the contralateral medial pontine gray. The anterior pretectal axons also descend with the medial lemniscus and crus cerebri to enter exclusively the ipsilateral basilar pons where they terminate most densely in ventral and medial regions. Dual orthograde labeling experiments indicate that some pretectal terminal fields in the pontine gray are shared with incertopontine projections and with afferents from the dorsal column nuclei. This potential convergence of basilar pontine afferent projections is significant in light of (1) the known somatosensory input to the zona incerta and pretectum and (2), the fractured somatotopy of peripheral cutaneous inputs that arrive in the cerebellar cortex via mossy fibers. The present studies also employed electron microscopy to identify synaptic boutons formed by incerto- and pretectopontine axons, and they proved to be remarkably similar. Each is a medium to small-sized bouton that contains spheroidal synaptic vesicles and forms asymmetric membrane specializations. Most incerto- and pretectopontine boutons participate in glomerular synaptic complexes that include a single, centrally located bouton contacted on its perimeter by several types of dendritic profiles including shafts and spine-like appendages. A relatively small number of labeled boutons of either type contacts single, isolated dendritic elements in the neuropil. Taken together, these findings suggest that some basilar pontine neurons might receive convergent inputs from the zona incerta and pretectum as well as other somatosensory related systems such as the dorsal column nuclei and sensorimotor cortex. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pulse dispersion distortion in open and shielded microstrips using the spectral-domain method

The spectral-domain method is used to compute the effective dielectric constant ( epsilon /sub r///sub eff/(f)) of open and shielded microstrip lines to analyze the dispersion distortion of short electrical pulses. Precise expressions for the longitudinal and transverse current distributions allow a high level of accuracy for epsilon /sub r///sub eff/(f). It is determined that computation time can be minimized for the open microstrip calculations by using the shielded microstrip formulation provided large dimensions for the conducting walls are assumed. >
Release of Newly Synthesized Dopamine into the Hypophysial Portal Vasculature of the Rat

ABSTRACT. The concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in pituitary stalk and arterial plasma from rats were determined after the administration of pharmacological agents known to influence neurotransmission in dopaminergic neurons of the brain and to alter the release of PRL from the anterior pituitarygland. The concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in pituitary stalk plasma from male rats were markedly elevated after an infusion of rf-amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg, iv). In addition, the arterial plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, but not dopamine, were also elevated in these animals. In male rats which had been pretreated with α-methyltyrosine (50 mg/kg, iv), amphetamine was ineffective in elevating the concentration of dopamine in stalk plasma but was effective in increasing the concentration of norepinephrine in pituitary stalk and arterial plasma. Although reserpine treatment led to a 95% reduction in the dopamine content of the median eminence and a reduction in catecholamine concentrati...
Phonon dispersions of silicon and germanium from first-principles calculations

We present the calculation of the full phonon spectrum for silicon and germanium with the pseudopotential method and the local-density approximation without using linear-response theory. The interplanar-force constants for three high-symmetry orientations [(100), (110), and (111)] are evaluated by supercell calculations using the Hellmann-Feynman theorem. By considering the symmetry of the crystal, three-dimensional interatomic-force-constant matrices are determined by a least-squares fit. Interactions up to the eighth nearest neighbors are included. The dynamical matrix, which is the Fourier transform of the force constant matrix, is hence constructed and diagonalized for any arbitrary wave vector in the Brillouin zone, yielding the phonon dispersion. In this paper we will present the calculation details and discuss various aspects of convergence. Phonon dispersions of Si and Ge calculated are in excellent agreement with experiments.
Thermal Effects of the Martensitic Transition in Sodium

Specific heat measurements were made on sodinm by the method of continuous heating using a modified adiabatic apparatus. The experimental runs were made in the following sequence: (1) sodium sample cooled to 40 deg and specific heat measurements made to 98 deg K;, (2) sample cooled to 40 deg K and measurements taken up to 100 deg K; (3) sample cooled to 2 deg K and measurements then made from about 20 deg K; (4) sample cooled to 20 deg K and measurements made up to 92 deg K; (5) sample cooled to 40 deg K and measurements made to 84 deg K. The specific heat of the sample was plotted against temperature from 40 to 100 deg K. Anomalous deviations from a smooth curve are shown for cases (3) and (4), resulting from the martensitic transition. (L.T.W.)
Reduction of the erythema response to ultraviolet light by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents

The effect of three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIA) on ultraviolet B (UV-B)-induced erythema was studied in normal human volunteers. Aspirin, indomethacin, and ibuprofen were administered orally 2 h before exposure to UV-B from fluorescent sunlamps and at 4-h intervals for a total of four doses. The minimal dose of light to produce erythema (MED) was determined for each subject with and without drugs. There was a 240% increase in the mean MED when the NSAIA were given. NSAIA, given orally, can increase the threshold for UV-B-induced erythema when administered near the time of irradiation.
Gastric mucosal ischemia in experimental stress ulcer.

The pathogenesis of gastric ulceration that occasionally follows major blood loss remains unclear. Localized gastric ischemia is one of several classic explanations [9]. Gastroscopic evidence that focal gastric mucosal ischemia may precede stress ulceration has recently been reported [7]. Visible ischemia has not been correlated with measurements of local mucosal blood flow clinically or in the laboratory. This is a quantitative study of the patterns of blood flow in the stomach of a reliable, experimental stress ulcer model [lo]. Using isotopically labeled microspheres we demonstrated patches of disproportionate mucosal ischemia at sites of subsequent ulceration.
Household Vehicle Type Holdings and Usage: An Application of the Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) Model

The increasing diversity of vehicle type holdings and the growing usage of vehicles by households have serious policy implications for traffic congestion and air pollution. Consequently, it is important to accurately predict the vehicle holdings of households as well as the vehicle miles of travel by vehicle type to project future traffic congestion and mobile source emission levels. In this paper, we apply a multiple discrete-continuous extreme value model to analyze the holdings and use of multiple vehicle types by households. Data for the analysis is drawn from a 2000 San Francisco Bay Area survey. The model results indicate the important effects of household demographics, residence location variables and vehicle attributes on vehicle type holdings and use. The model developed in the paper can be applied to predict the impact of demographic, land use, and operating cost changes on vehicle type holdings and usage. Such predictions are important at a time when the household demographic characteristics are changing rapidly in the United States. The predictions can also inform the design of proactive land-use, economic, and transportation policies to influence household vehicle holdings and usage in a way that reduces traffic congestion and air quality problems.
The use of next-generation sequencing in movement disorders

New advances in genomic technology are being introduced at greater speeds and are revolutionizing the field of genetics for both complex and Mendelian diseases. In movement disorders, this was first evidenced with the large number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by whole genome analyses performed in some neurological phenotypes, including Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. But these high-throughput SNP genotyping assays not only allow us to perform GWAS in the idiopathic forms of a disease but also linkage analyses in families previously considered too small to power genetic analyses. Additionally, the role of copy number variation in human health and disease may perfectly be examined by the use of SNP-based arrays. Using this latter technology, others and we have repeatedly shown that pathogenic mutations in a single gene are responsible for different clinical entities and mutations in different genes can cause the same clinical entity. This is now being highlighted with the use of next-generation sequencing technologies, underlying the need to search for major genes and genetic modifiers that contribute to the phenotypic expression of movement disorders. By and large, the diagnosis of many movement disorders is becoming increasingly complex and as such both thorough clinical examinations and extensive molecular investigations are required to establish an accurate genotype-phenotype relationship. Furthermore, functional and cellular analyses should be performed to further prove pathogenecity. In this review, we summarize the latest genetic discoveries made by the use of next-generation sequencing technologies and purpose future directions and challenges to truly understand the pathophysiology of movement disorders.
Biopolymer additives to reduce erosion-induced soil losses during irrigation

Abstract A series of biopolymers added to irrigation water were tested for their efficacy in reducing shear-induced erosion in a laboratory-scale mini-furrow. Suspensions of chitosan, starch xanthate, cellulose xanthate, and acid-hydrolyzed cellulose microfibrils, at concentrations of 20, 80, 80, and 120 ppm, respectively, reduced suspended solids by more than 80%. None of these biopolymers, however, exhibited the >90% runoff sediment reduction shown by the present industry standard, synthetic polyacrylamide polymers, PAM. PAM is effective at concentrations as low as 5 ppm. In field tests, chitosan solutions were only marginally effective in reducing runoff from the end of a 137 m long furrow, with indications that results were dependent on the length of the furrow. Sediment runoff of some clay-rich Northern California soils was reduced by up to 85% by increasing the concentration of exchangeable calcium to >2.5mM. Calcium improved the sedimentation of the polyelectrolytic polymers in this study.
Category development in early language.

Developing knowledge of the vehicle, animal, and fruit categories was traced in six children from 1; 0 to 1; 8. Data from mothers' language diaries and from bi-monthly sessions with the children were pooled to analyse the growth, content, and internal structure of the three categories over time. The children developed some grasp of most of the focal concepts in each category, but they made fewer differentiations than adults do. Overextension of a single concept term to encompass a cluster of related referents was common. The frequent discrepancies between comprehension and production of concept terms highlighted the importance of examining both modes. The data showed marked individual differences in style of category acquisition.
Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes: Weighing the impact for obese patients

Obesity is a potent risk factor for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, and weight loss is a key component of diabetes management. Bariatric surgery results in significant weight loss and remission of diabetes in most patients. After surgery, glycemic control is restored by a combination of enforced caloric restriction, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and increased insulin secretion.
Estimation of Radial Power System Transfer Path Dynamic Parameters Using Synchronized Phasor Data

This paper develops a measurement-based method for estimating a two-machine reduced model to represent the interarea dynamics of a radial, multimachine power system. The method uses synchronized bus voltage phasor measurements at two buses and the line current on the power transfer path. The innovation is the application of the interarea oscillation components in the voltage variables resulting from disturbances for extrapolating system impedances and inertias beyond the measured buses. Expressions for the amplitudes of the bus voltage and bus frequency oscillations as functions of the location on the transmission path are derived from a small-signal perturbation approach. The reduced model provides approximate response to disturbances on the transfer path and offers an alternative to model reduction techniques based on detailed system models and data.
A new chronology for Shakespeare’s plays

It is widely recognized that Shakespeare’s verse lines grew progressively longer as his career unfolded. Scholars have traditionally used this fact, among others, to date the plays. Drawing on the existing and original data relating to their verbal arrangements, this essay constructs a new chronology for 42 dramatic texts, and parts of texts, by Shakespeare. This chronology is based on a constrained correspondence analysis of the plays’ internal pauses, qualified in relation to a principal component analysis of other verbal features and the recorded closings of the London playhouses owing to plague. The result is a more specific ordering of the Shakespeare canon than has previously been available.
Multiple Scattering Theory of Wave Fluctuations and Pulse Propagation in Randomly Distributed Scatterers

This chapter contains sections titled: Fundamental Equations for Moving Scatterers Correlation Function, Angular Spectrum, and Frequency Spectrum in the Small Angle Approximation Plane Wave Solution Limitation on Image Resolution Imposed by Randomly Distributed Scatterers Output from Receiver in Randomly Distributed Scatterers Spherical Wave in Randomly Distributed Particles Backscattering from Randomly Distributed Scatterers Pulse Propagation in Randomly Distributed Scatterers Integral and Differential Equations for Two-Frequency Mutual Coherence Function in Randomly Distributed Scatterers Two-Frequency Mutual Coherence Function for the Plane Wave Case Weak Fluctuation Solution of a Plane Pulse Wave Strong Fluctuation Solution of a Plane Pulse Wave
Compiling glycemic index and glycemic load values for addition to a food composition database

Abstract The glycemic index (GI) provides an indication of a food's carbohydrate quality by measuring the blood glucose response to consuming the food. The glycemic load (GL) is calculated as the GI times the available carbohydrate in a fixed amount of the food. GI and GL are currently of interest for the study of associations of diet and chronic disease including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity. An international table of GI values is available and provides a compilation of currently available data. The purpose of this project was to use these data, as well as other available references, to expand the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii Food Composition Table (FCT) to include GI and GL values. All of the individual foods in the FCT ( n =1592) were assigned GI values as a direct match ( n =181), imputation ( n =948), calculated value ( n =208), or assigned a zero value ( n =255). GL per 100 g was then calculated using the assigned GI and available carbohydrate per 100 g of food. The addition of GI and GL values to the FCT will allow researchers to estimate the effect of dietary carbohydrate quality on various health outcomes.
Evaluation of anastomotic hyperplasia progression using the cyclin specific antibody MIB-1.

Background Delayed failure of prosthetic arterial grafts is primarily due to the development of anastomotic intimai hyperplasia. This report follows the proliferation of smooth muscle cells that ensues after prosthetic arterial grafting, using the cyclin-specific antibody MIB-1. Methods Six-mm expandable polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts were placed end-to-end in the carotid arteries of mongrel dogs. Animals were randomly assigned to sacrifice intervals of 2, 7, 14, and 30 days. Serial coronal sections were cut and immunohistocytochemistry performed using the MIB-1 antibody. Results The control carotid artery had no definable proliferation. Two days after grafting, there was brisk proliferation in the upper one third of the arterial media. By 7 days, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells was seen above the internal elastic lamina, in which 50% of the cells were MIB-1 positive. Fourteen days after graft placement, proliferation continued in the neointima; however, the proliferation index was diminished compared with previous time intervals. At 30 days, despite a dramatic increase in lesional increase, there was a marked decrease in the overall proliferation of cells. Conclusions Following placement of a prosthetic arterial graft, there is initial brisk proliferation of cells in the arterial media, with migration, ongoing proliferation, and resultant development of a localized cellular neointima. Over a 30-day period, the percentage of cells proliferating subsides in contrast to the progressive increase in the size of the neointima. Immunohistocytochemistry with the MIB-1 antibody is a useful tool in defining the cellular kinetics after prosthetic arterial grafting.
Follicular mucinosis presenting as an acneiform eruption: Report of four cases

Abstract Follicular mucinosis can be a primary idiopathic disease or a secondary disease associated with lymphoma. When it appears in childhood or adolescence, it is usually primary and self-limited. We describe four cases of follicular mucinosis occurring in early adulthood that have had protracted courses. Each presented as an unusual acneiform eruption. Two of the cases demonstrated a clonal genetic rearrangement of the T-cell receptor within the cutaneous lymphoid infiltrate, a finding not previously reported. Although its significance is not clear, the clonal lymphocytic expansion indicates a need for continued surveillance of these patients. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:849-51.)
Isolating the Spectroscopic Signature of a Hydration Shell With the Use of Clusters: Superoxide Tetrahydrate

Cluster spectroscopy, aided by ab initio theory, was used to determine the detailed structure of a complete hydration shell around an anion. Infrared spectra of size-selected O 2 − · (H 2 O) n ( n = 1 to 4) cluster ions were obtained by photoevaporation of an argon nanomatrix. Four water molecules are required to complete the coordination shell. The simple spectrum of the tetrahydrate reveals a structure in which each water molecule is engaged in a single hydrogen bond to one of the four lobes of the π* orbital of the superoxide, whereas the water molecules bind together in pairs. This illustrates how water networks deform upon accommodating a solute ion to create a distinct supramolecular species.
PKA, Germ Cells, and Fertility

Temporal and spatial regulation of PKA activity are essential for vigorous sperm motility and for the resumption of meiosis in oocytes, two events required for successful fertilization. Genetic mutations in mice that affect PKA signaling in germ cells lead to infertility and illustrate the importance of this pathway in mammalian reproduction.
A Rapid-Mutation Approximation for Cell Population Dynamics

Carcinogenesis and cancer progression are often modeled using population dy- namics equations for a diverse somatic cell population undergoing mutations or other alterations that alter the fitness of a cell and its progeny. Usually it is then assumed, paral- leling standard mathematical approaches to evolution, that such alterations are slow com- pared to selection, i.e., compared to subpopulation frequency changes induced by unequal subpopulation proliferation rates. However, the alterations can be rapid in some cases. For example, results in our lab on in vitro analogues of transformation and progression in car- cinogenesis suggest there could be periods where rapid alterations triggered by horizontal intercellular transfer of genetic material occur and quickly result in marked changes of cell population structure. We here initiate a mathematical study of situations where alterations are rapid com- pared to selection. A classic selection-mutation formalism is generalized to obtain a "proliferation-alteration" system of ordinary differential equations, which we analyze us- ing a rapid-alteration approximation. A system-theoretical estimate of the total-population net growth rate emerges. This rate characterizes the diverse, interacting cell population acting as a single system; it is a weighted average of subpopulation rates, the weights being components of the Perron-Frobenius eigenvector for an ergodic Markov-process matrix that describes alterations by themselves. We give a detailed numerical example to illustrate the rapid-alteration approximation, suggest a possible interpretation of the fact that average aneuploidy during cancer progression often appears to be comparatively stable in time, and briefly discuss possible generalizations as well as weaknesses of our approach.
Coronary artery calcification in black women and white women

Background Coronary calcification is a potent independent predictor of coronary risk. Sex-specific risk categories based on calcium scores have been established, but ethnic differences in coronary calcification have been little studied. This prospective cohort study compares coronary calcification, assessed by computed tomography, in postmenopausal black women and white women. Methods and Results Computed tomographic scans were performed on 128 black women and 733 white women without known coronary artery disease (mean age 63 +/- 8 years). Although coronary risk factors were more prevalent among black women (P < .0001), total calcium scores were similar to those in white women. By use of the Framingham algorithm, higher calcium scores were associated with higher 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death. In multiple regression analysis, age was independently associated with higher calcium scores in both ethnic groups (P = .002 for black women, P < .0001 for white women). Diabetes mellitus and not exercising at least 3 times per week were independently associated with higher calcium scores in white women but not black women. Educational level, body mass index, current hormone replacement therapy, hysterectomy, dietary fat consumption, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension, self-reported high cholesterol, and current smoking were not independently associated with coronary calcium score in black women, white women, or the combined cohort; neither was ethnicity an independent predictor of coronary calcification. Conclusions Despite higher dietary fat consumption, higher body mass index, and greater prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, black women had coronary calcium scores similar to those of white women. Ethnicity was not an independent predictor of coronary calcification.
Effects of misoptimization of the BIRD pulse on one‐bond modulation effects in long‐range heteronuclear chemical shift correlation spectra

BIRD pulses have been shown to provide an effective means of decoupling one-bond modulation of long-range response intensity. It is not possible to optimize the BIRD pulse effectively when there is a range of one-bond coupling constants. To examine the effects of misoptimization of the fixed delays (τ) in the BIRD pulse, the simple alkaloid norharmane was employed. Long-range heteronuclear correlation spectra were recorded using a modified pulse sequence containing a BIRD pulse midway through the Δ2 interval. The experiment was optimized for 10.3 and 11.1 Hz, which correspond to a valley and a peak in the response intensity curve when the experiment is performed without the BIRD pulse midway through Δ2. The delays in the BIRD pulse were variously optimized for values ranging from 80 to 175 Hz. The results suggest that the BIRD pulse is effective in decoupling one-bond modulations of response intensity even when the τ delays are grossly misoptimized for the one-bond coupling constantin question.
The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging the Rationalizations. Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the Limits of Human Capital Models

A gender gap in earnings has proven both persistent and universal. This paper relies mainly on U.S. data, but a gap between women’s and men’s earnings exists in every country. There is a continuing debate as to the extent to which the gap reflects merely the inevitable and reasonably fair result of differing work patterns and behaviors by women and men or the impact of employment discrimination against women. The human capital approach, in which various explanatory variables are used to shrink the perceived size of the gap, is often used to argue that much of the gap is due, not to discrimination, but to differing investments in employment by women and men. However, neither “investments” nor “outcomes” can be assessed in gender-neutral ways and the model’s underlying notion of rational choices made against the backdrop of a gender-neutral playing field is flawed. Discrimination appears to be entwined with gendered work patterns and behaviors; many of the human capital “explanatory” variables themselves require explanation. Understanding the gap requires recognition of the limitations of human capital models, and a willingness both to take a more sophisticated approach to such models, and to think beyond this approach.
Interleukin-13 Modulates Collagen Homeostasis in Human Skin and Keloid Fibroblasts

Interleukin (IL)-13 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases characterized by fibrosis. We describe the effects of IL-13 on collagen homeostasis from normal (NF) and keloid (KF) fibroblasts and compare these effects with those of IL-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1). Total collagen generation was up-regulated in NF after 48 h of stimulation by IL-13; in KF, IL-13 stimulated a more rapid collagen response. The kinetics and magnitude of collagen generation induced by IL-13 were equivalent to those induced by similar concentrations of IL-4 and TGF-beta(1). Collagen type I production paralleled total collagen generation from both NF and KF; however, IL-4-induced collagen type I and total collagen production from KF was more transient than that induced by either IL-13 or TGF-beta(1). Procollagen 1alpha1 gene expression was induced in KF by stimulation with IL-13 for 24 h. Moreover, IL-13 was unique among these three cytokines in its ability to induce gene expression for procollagen 3alpha1. Finally, IL-13 inhibited IL-1beta-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 production and enhanced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 generation from NF; although similar effects were observed with IL-4, TGF-beta(1) transiently enhanced MMP-1 and MMP-3 generation without effecting TIMP-1. In KF, IL-13 and IL-4 inhibited MMP-3, whereas TGF-beta(1) enhanced MMP-3; TIMP-1 was unaffected by any of the three cytokines. These data demonstrate both the profibrotic effects of IL-13 on collagen homeostasis and the potential differential regulation of collagen homeostasis in fibroblast subtypes by IL-13.
Mixed stock analysis of Lake Michigan's Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis commercial fishery

Abstract Lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) support the primary commercial fishery in Lake Michigan. Discrete genetic stocks of lake whitefish have been identified and tagging data suggest stocks are mixed throughout much of the year. Our objectives were to determine if (1) differential stock harvest occurs in the commercial catch, (2) spatial differences in genetic composition of harvested fish were present, and (3) seasonal differences were present in the harvest by commercial fisheries that operate in management zones WI-2 and WFM-01 (Green Bay, Lake Michigan). Mixed stock analysis was conducted on 17 commercial harvest samples (n = 78–145/sample) collected from various ports lake-wide during 2009–2010. Results showed significant mixing with variability in stock composition across most samples. Samples consisted of two to four genetic stocks each accounting for ≥ 10% the catch. In 10 of 17 samples, the stock contributing the largest proportion made up
Educator roles that support students in online environments

Potential generative outcomes of participation in online learning communities are documented, alongside inequities in terms of who is participating. We share a blended multi- level approach to identify and explore educator roles played to support 11-to-13-year olds'� learning, participation, and development in one online learning environment.
Mindful Skin: Disability and the Ethics of Touch in Life Writing

ABSTRACTThis essay theorises skin as a potential meeting point of Buddhist mindfulness, disability activism, and an ethics of care. The phenomenological turn in disability studies has redirected attention from social conditions to the materiality of the body, restoring discussions of pain, sexuality, and caregiving to disability praxis. Yet metaphors of health continue to suffuse philosophical work on moral agency and touch, and explanations of mindfulness tend similarly to assume a non-disabled physicality in their discussions of mind-body interaction. At the same time, little of the work on touch in the context of disability and pain focuses on the precise moment of contact between subjects. How, then, do we think and write about the symbolic import, and the psychotherapeutic value, of skin touching skin? Mindfulness practice begins with the belief that skin mediates between bodily and emotional states. If we take seriously the kind of skin-to-skin connection that might occur in instances where someone ...