cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5-HT2A receptors are concentrated in regions of the human infant medulla involved in respiratory and autonomic control.

The serotonergic (5-HT) system in the human medulla oblongata is well-recognized to play an important role in the regulation of respiratory and autonomic function. In this study, using both immunocytochemistry (n=5) and tissue section autoradiography with the radioligand (125)I-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-phenyl)2-aminopropane (n=7), we examine the normative development and distribution of the 5-HT(2A) receptor in the human medulla during the last part of gestation and first postnatal year when dramatic changes are known to occur in respiratory and autonomic control, in part mediated by the 5-HT(2A) receptor. High 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was observed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (preganglionic parasympathetic output) and hypoglossal nucleus (airway patency); intermediate binding was present in the nucleus of the solitary tract (visceral sensory input), gigantocellularis, intermediate reticular zone, and paragigantocellularis lateralis. Negligible binding was present in the raphe obscurus and arcuate nucleus. The pattern of 5-HT(2A) immunoreactivity paralleled that of binding density. By 15 gestational weeks, the relative distribution of the 5-HT(2A) receptor was similar to that in infancy. In all nuclei sampled, 5-HT(2A) receptor binding increased with age, with significant increases in the hypoglossal nucleus (p=0.027), principal inferior olive (p=0.044), and medial accessory olive (0.038). Thus, 5-HT(2A) receptors are concentrated in regions involved in autonomic and respiratory control in the human infant medulla, and their developmental profile changes over the first year of life in the hypoglossal nucleus critical to airway patency and the inferior olivary complex essential to cerebellar function.
Tests of perturbative QCD using CCFR data for measurements of nucleon structure functions

We present measurements of nucleon structure functions, F2(ϰ, Q2) and xFs(ϰ, Q2), from the high-statistics, high-energy neutrino-iron scattering experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. The existing high-statistics xF3 determination by the CDHSW collaboration is compared to our data. The data presented here constitute the first corroboration of the QCD prediction of xF3 evolution at low-ϰ, and yields ΛMS=210±28±41 MeV, and a determination of the GLS sum rule at Q2 = 3 GeV2, SGLS = ∫ϰ1xFsϰ=2.50±0.018 (stat.)±0.078 (syst.). Our value of ΛMS yields α3(Mz) = .111 ± .002 ± .003 ± .003 (scale). Comparison of the neutrino determination of F2(ϰ, Q2) with that obtained from the charged-lepton (e or μ) scattering leads to a precise test of the mean-square charge prediction by the Quark Parton Model. The SLAC-CCFR and BCDMS structure function provide a consistent and precise set of structure functions over a large range of Q2.
Importance of protein kinase C for normal development of transmitter release properties in embryonic chick sympathetic neurons in culture.

Abstract The hypothesis that multiple trophic inputs are essential for normal development of transmitter release properties in sympathetic neurons was tested using two supportive agents (excess KCl and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate which produce marked activation of protein kinase C and also support survival of chick sympathetic neurons in culture) in addition to nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3. Basal and electrically evoked (10 pulses at 1 Hz and 10 Hz) release of [ 3 H]norepinephrine from neurons supported by nerve growth factor was very high (1.5 to 2% of total [ 3 H]norepinephrine content) and relatively insensitive to facilitation by tetraethylammonium as compared to release in neuroeffector organs, and the frequency-release response was negative. In K + -supported neurons, basal [ 3 H]norepinephrine release was almost four-fold lower, evoked release was four- to eight-fold lower, the frequency response was flat to positive, and tetraethylammonium increased evoked release up to four-fold. Inclusion of nerve growth factor in culture did not modify the effects of K + on basal or evoked release, and nerve growth factor plus ciliary neurotrophic factor and/or neurotrophin-3 did not produce the changes observed in K + -supported neurons. Neurons supported by phorbol ester had a low background release, low evoked release, a positive frequency-release response, and 10- to 30-fold facilitation by tetraethylammonium of release evoked by 1 Hz or 1 pulse stimulation. Thus, physiological and pharmacological behavior of transmitter release of sympathetic neurons supported by excess KCl or phorbol ester was very similar to their counterparts growing in the body. Neurons supported by nerve growth factor showed an immediate rise in stimulated [Ca 2+ ] i that was three- to five-fold above basal levels with either 1 Hz or 10 Hz stimulation. However, in phorbol supported neurons, [Ca 2+ ] i rose gradually to about 1.5 times basal levels during 1 Hz stimulation and increased further with l0 Hz stimulation. Tetraethylammonium had little effect on stimulated [Ca 2+ ]; in nerve growth factor-supported neurons, but greatly facilitated the stimulated rise in [Ca 2+ ] i in phorbol-supported neurons. The data show that multiple trophic inputs distinct from nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 or ciliary neurotrophic factor are required for normal physiological function of sympathetic neurons.
Transfer of the Glu-D1 Gene from Chromosome 1D of Breadwheat to Chromosome 1R in Hexaploid Triticale

The use of hexaploid triticale as a crop for human consumption has been limited by its inferior bread-making quality. To ameliorate this problem, a segment of chromosome ID of breadwheat with the Glu-D1d allele encoding for high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5 7plus; 10 was translocated to chromosome 1R of the hexaploid triticale ‘Rhino’ through a combination of a centric break-fusion translocation followed by 5D(5B)-induced homoeologous pairing. The resulting recombinant chromosome 1R has a small interstitial segment of ID with the Glu-D1d allele. The maximum physical length of the translocated segment is estimated at about 16.5 % of 1DL. Frequency of translocations involving the long arms of homoeologous group-1 chromosomes in the analyzed progeny suggested that homoeologous recombination in triticale was substantially higher than that previously reported in hexaploid wheat.
Update on Disease-Modifying/Preventive Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly becoming a major health problem throughout the US and Western Europe. As the remnants of the Baby Boom generation begin to reach their seniority at the turn of the twenty-first century, the disease has been unwillingly brought to the attention of the public eye. A disease that has traditionally been associated with an aging population has thus become a heated topic of discussion as modern research attempts to prevent and treat this major health burden and plague of the next decade.
SST-Forced Atmospheric Variability in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model

Abstract From ensembles of 80 AGCM simulations for every December–January–February (DJF) seasonal mean in the 1980–2000 period, interannual variability in atmospheric response to interannual variations in observed sea surface temperature (SST) is analyzed. A unique facet of this study is the use of large ensemble size that allows identification of the atmospheric response to SSTs for each DJF in the analysis period. The motivation of this study was to explore what atmospheric response patterns beyond the canonical response to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST anomalies exist, and to which SST forcing such patterns may be related. A practical motivation for this study was to seek sources of atmospheric predictability that may lead to improvements in seasonal predictability efforts. This analysis was based on the EOF technique applied to the ensemble mean 200-mb height response. The dominant mode of the atmospheric response was indeed the canonical atmospheric response to ENSO; however, this mode only...
FDA Oversight of Cell Therapy Clinical Trials

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration applies regulatory flexibility to balance benefits and risks to subjects in cell-therapy clinical trials.
Nitrogen transformations and balance in channel catfish ponds

A nitrogen (N) budget was developed for four, 400-m 2 ponds stocked with 550 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings that were fed to satiation daily for 133 days with a ration containing 4.85% N. Feed accounted for 87.9% of the N input to ponds. Abundant N from ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4 ), and nitrate (NO3 ) and the high total N: total phosphorus ratio in pond waters prevented appreciable biological N2 fixation. There were four main N losses: fish harvest (31.5%); denitrification (17.4%); NH3 volatilization (12.5%); accumulation in bottom soils (22.6%). Nitrification averaged 70 mg N m 2 d 1 , denitrification averaged 38 mg N m 2 d 1 , and phytoplankton removed NO3 Na t 24 mg Nm 2 d 1 . Mineralization of feed N to NH3 averaged 59 mg N m 2 d 1 . As feed is the largest N input in catfish ponds, improved feeds and feeding practices can increase the proportion of N recovered in fish and reduce the amount of NH3 excreted by fish. Efficient aeration and water circulation also should enhance nitrification and oxidation of organic N. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Rates of Sunburn Among Dermatology Patients

The association between excessive UV light (UVL) exposure and skin cancer is well documented.1 Therefore, it is essential that individuals with a history of skin cancer or other risk factors are able to successfully implement precautions to protect their skin. While studies show that many dermatology patients, particularly those who have a history of skin cancer, are motivated to engage in UVL protective behaviors,2 it is unclear how successful they are in avoiding excessive UVL exposure (ie, frequency of sunburns). Patients who are motivated to use sun protection may encounter a range of barriers preventing the successful use of sunscreen that result in unintended sunburns (eg, they forget to reapply it). Other patients do not use sun protection despite awareness of the risks associated with unprotected UVL exposure.2 A recent study3 found that dermatologists assessed patients’ sunscreen use in 30% of office visits involving a skin examination; however, they did not assess frequency of sunburns. Identifying patients who vary in their ability to successfully protect their skin and avoid sunburns is an important step in reducing overall risk by allowing physicians to provide behavioral intervention. The present study had 3 aims: (1) to identify whether dermatology patients report lower rates of high-risk UVL exposure compared with the general population, (2) to examine the frequency of sunburns reported by dermatology patients over the course of a year in relation to the general population to determine the need for additional sun protection counseling, and (3) to examine the relationship between a history of skin cancer and frequency of sunburns to assess if higher-risk patients use UVL protection more proficiently.
Sutureless securement device reduces complications of peripherally inserted central venous catheters.

PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a sutureless adhesive-backed device, StatLock, for securement of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs). Earlier studies have demonstrated that StatLock significantly reduces catheter-related complications when compared to tape. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a sutureless securement device offers an advantage over suture in preventing catheter-related complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS 170 patients requiring PICCs, which were randomized to suture (n = 85) or StatLock ( n = 85) securement were prospectively studied. Patients were followed throughout their entire catheter course, and PICC-related complications including dislodgment, infection, occlusion, leakage, and central venous thrombosis were documented. Catheter outcome data were compared to determine if statistically significant differences existed between the suture and StatLock groups. RESULTS The groups had equivalent demographic characteristics and catheter indications. Average securement time with StatLock was significantly shorter (4.7 minutes vs 2.7 minutes; P P = .032). One securement-related needle-stick injury was documented during suturing of a PICC. CONCLUSION The sutureless anchor pad was beneficial for both patients and health care providers. Further investigation to determine how StatLock helps reduce catheter-related blood stream infections is necessary.
A Method for Technology Selection Based on Benefit, Available Schedule and Budget Resources

Presented at the 5th World Aviation Congress and Exposition, San Diego, CA, October 10-12, 2000.
A Neurotrophin Signaling Cascade Coordinates Sympathetic Neuron Development through Differential Control of TrkA Trafficking and Retrograde Signaling

A fundamental question in developmental biology is how a limited number of growth factors and their cognate receptors coordinate the formation of tissues and organs endowed with enormous morphological complexity. We report that the related neurotrophins NGF and NT-3, acting through a common receptor, TrkA, are required for sequential stages of sympathetic axon growth and, thus, innervation of target fields. Yet, while NGF supports TrkA internalization and retrograde signaling from distal axons to cell bodies to promote neuronal survival, NT-3 cannot. Interestingly, final target-derived NGF promotes expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor, in turn causing a reduction in the sensitivity of axons to intermediate target-derived NT-3. We propose that a hierarchical neurotrophin signaling cascade coordinates sequential stages of sympathetic axon growth, innervation of targets, and survival in a manner dependent on the differential control of TrkA internalization, trafficking, and retrograde axonal signaling.
Early onset inhalant use and risk for opiate initiation by young adulthood.

In this study, we estimate a hypothesized link from early onset inhalant use to later use of opiates by young adulthood, with data from an epidemiological sample of 2311 first graders who entered an urban mid-Atlantic public school system in 1985 or 1986 (49.8% male; 67.1% ethnic minority), and who were studied longitudinally to young adulthood. An estimated 9% had initiated inhalant use before the age of 14 and at follow-up in young adulthood an estimated 3% (n = 66) of the sample had tried opiates at least once. Youth who used inhalants prior to age 14 were twice as likely to initiate opiate use, as compared to those who had never tried (relative risk 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4, 3.3). Statistical adjustment for other covariates attenuated but did not dissolve this relationship. These findings help confirm previously reported evidence that the use of inhalants might be an early marker of vulnerability for future involvement with illegal drugs such as heroin, but an exploratory analysis suggests that there may be no direct inhalants–opiate link once a general early onset susceptibility trait is taken into account. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Minimal detection bias in the inverse association between statin drug use and advanced prostate cancer risk: A simulation study

Abstract Background : Prospective studies support that statins may protect against advanced prostate cancer. Detection bias arising from higher PSA screening rates among statin users vs. non-users could produce an inverse association for advanced disease. Thus, we conducted simulations to assess whether this source of bias is explanatory. Methods : 3000 datasets with 100,000 men without prostate cancer were simulated for populations with high (65%) or low (15%) PSA screening. We investigated three scenarios: RR true =1.0, 0.75, and 0.5 for statins and advanced disease (1.0 for localized). We set the statin prevalence to 10% and varied the percentage of users who were PSA screened (0–100%). We assumed an annual total prostate cancer incidence of 1%, with risk in screened men twice that of unscreened men, and an advanced stage at diagnosis in 20% and 40% of cases in screened and unscreened men, respectively. Results : As PSA screening and statin use became more coincident, the RR observed for local and total prostate cancer was biased upward from the RR true of 1.0, especially when the prevalence of PSA screening was low. However, in all simulated scenarios, there was little downward bias for advanced disease (e.g., if RR true =1.0 and 70% of statin users and either 65% or 15% of the population overall was PSA screened, then RR observed =0.98 for both). Conclusions : Given our assumptions, this simulation suggests that this source of detection bias is unlikely to explain the reported inverse association between statins and advanced prostate cancer, but may explain the positive association for total prostate cancer that has been reported in some studies.
LMI APPROACH TO GLOBAL AND LOCAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES

The primary objective of the present work is to design a common stabilizing feedback controller for a flexible beam that utilizes multiple piezoceramic actuators but only activates a single actuator over a time interval of fixed length. The secondary goal is to then provide an activation policy that engages a different actuator at different time intervals. Only a single actuator will be active at any time interval of fixed length and the controller logic will switch to a new actuator at the beginning of a new time interval. The motivation for this proof-of-concept actuator switching policy is to ensure that in the event of transition from linear-to-nonlinear actuator dynamics, overworked actuators will recuperate before they are again and the system will be guaranteed to a have linear actuator at all times.
A direct method to determine the chiral indices of carbon nanotubes

Abstract A direct method is described to determine the chiral indices ( u, v ) of a carbon nanotube from a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern of the nanotube with high accuracy. This method is a one-step procedure and allows rapid and precise assignment of the chiral indices of carbon nanotubes. Using a contemporary electron microscope, we have been able to achieve an accuracy that enables us to assign the chiral indices unambiguously up to the range of (30, 30), corresponding to a diameter of 4.0 nm. Examples of determination of the chiral indices for two single-walled carbon nanotubes are presented as an illustration of the method.
Validity Evidence for Learning Progression‐Based Assessment Items That Fuse Core Disciplinary Ideas and Science Practices

This article evaluates a validity argument for the degree to which assessment tasks are able to provide evidence about knowledge that fuses information from a progression of core disciplinary ideas in ecology and a progression for the scientific practice of developing evidence-based explanations. The article describes the interpretive framework for the argument, including evidence for how well the assessment tasks are matched to the learning progressions and the methods for interpreting students' responses to the tasks. Findings from a dual-pronged validity study that includes a think-aloud analysis and an item difficulty analysis are presented as evidence. The findings suggest that the tasks provide opportunities for students at multiple ability levels to show evidence of both successes and struggles with the development of knowledge that fuses core disciplinary ideas with the scientific practice of developing evidence-based explanations. In addition, these tasks are generally able to distinguish between different ability-level students. However, some of the assumptions in the interpretive argument are not supported, such as the inability of the data to provide evidence that might neatly place students at a given level on our progressions. Implications for the assessment system, specifically, how responses are elicited from students, are discussed. In addition, we discuss the implications of our findings for defining and redesigning learning progressions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 597–626, 2013.
Limitations of the Doppler flow meter in the diagnosis of the "acute scrotum" in boys.

Summary— Doppler examination of the “acute scrotum” was performed in 37 boys. The results of these examinations were consistent with the findings at operation in all but 4 boys. Of the latter, 3 were amongst the group of 11 with torsion of the spermatic cord, and the other was an infant with an irreducible inguinal hernia. At present, the results of ultrasound examination of blood flow are unreliable in the diagnosis of acute scrotal pathology in boys. This lack of reliability is particularly noticeable when symptoms have been present for more than 24 h.
Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in II-VI Semiconductor Coupled Quantum Wells

The Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in II-VI semiconductor coupled quantum wells is studied theoretically. It is found that because of the difference in localization of the wavefunctions of the heavy hole and the electron subbands involved, large band gap shifts can be induced by an external electric field for quantum wells with zero-field band gaps in the spectrum region from 0.4 µm to 12 µm. Several potential device applications based on this effect are proposed.
Enhancing the Speed of SiGe HBTs Using fT-Doubler Techniques

A peak fT of 325 GHz is achieved, for the first time, in a 130 nm, 200 GHz, 3rd-generation SiGe HBT technology at 300 K, by utilizing fT-doubler techniques. This speed enhancement is equivalent to gaining an additional generational node (from 3rd to 4th), with no underlying change to the transistor profile or lithography. The fT-doubler can be treated as a single transistor unit cell during circuit design, which is verified by the investigation of its small-signal equivalent circuit. Reduced Cpi is demonstrated to be the root origin of the fT-enhancement. The impact of emitter geometry on performance is investigated. A record fT of 438 GHz is achieved at 93 K.
Genetic control of microsatellite stability

The genomes of all eukaryotes thus far examined Ž contain many tracts of simple repetitive DNA mi. crosatellites . These are regions of DNA in which a single base or a small number of bases is repeated. The definition of a microsatellite is somewhat arbitrary. We will define a microsatellite as a region in which 1–10 base pairs is tandemly repeated eight times or more. Microsatellites represent unstable regions of the genome, undergoing mutational changes Žusually additions or deletions of integral numbers of . repeats at rates that are much greater than that observed for non-repetitive DNA sequences. This instability has a number of interesting and important consequences. First, the instability results in polymorphic alleles that have been extremely useful in mapping studies in humans and other higher eukaryotes. Second, alterations in the lengths of simple repetitive tracts within or near genes can alter the Ž expression or function of these genes Nelson and . Warren, 1993 . In humans, a number of genetic diseases reflect expansions of simple repetitive tracts. Third, an increase in tract instability is diagnostic of
Tiling Imperfectly-nested Loop Nests

Tiling is one of the more important transformations for enhancing loca lity of reference in programs. Intuitively, tiling a set of loops achieves the effect of interleaving iterations of these loops. Tiling of perfectly-nested loop nests (which are loop nests in which all assignment statements are contained in the innermost loop) is well understood. In practice, many loop nests are imperfectly nested, so existing compilers use heuristics to try to find a sequence of transformations that convert such loop nests into perfectly-nested ones, but these heuristics do not always succeed. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tiling imperfectly-nested loop nests. The key idea is to embed the iteration space of every statement in the imperfectly-nested loop nest into a special space called the product space which is tiled to produce the final code. We evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for dense numrical linear algebra benchmarks, relaxation codes, and the tomcatv code from the SPEC benchmarks. No other single approach in the literature can tile all these codes automatically.
Liraglutide: a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosage and administration, adverse effects, and place in therapy of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, are reviewed. Summary Liraglutide, the first once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, retains 97% homology with the endogenous hormone and shares its glucose-dependent glucose-lowering action but has a considerably longer half-life that supports once-daily dosing. After promising Phase II study results, the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) Phase III clinical development program, involving more than 4000 patients worldwide, investigated the efficacy and tolerability of liraglutide 1.2 or 1.8 mg daily ( n = 2735) as monotherapy and in combination with various oral antidiabetic drugs. The LEAD studies yielded encouraging results indicating that patients receiving liraglutide could expect to attain glycosylated hemoglobin reductions of about 1–1.5% and fasting plasma glucose reductions of 15–43 mg/dL. Loss of body weight was consistent throughout the studies: when using liraglutide 1.8 mg as monotherapy, patients lost a mean of 2.5 kg over a 52-week period. Accompanying reductions in some cardiovascular risk endpoints, such as systolic blood pressure, were also observed. By virtue of its glucose-dependent mode of action, liraglutide was generally well tolerated in clinical trials, with only very rare episodes of major hypoglycemia reported. The most frequently observed adverse effects were gastrointestinal, with 10–40% of patients experiencing an episode of nausea, which was often mild or moderate in severity and transient in nature. Conclusion Liraglutide is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes and has been found to reduce weight and blood pressure.
The Trauma of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Youth: A Comparison of CSE Victims to Sexual Abuse Victims in a Clinical Sample

This study examined the demographic features, trauma profiles, clinical severity indicators, problem behaviors, and service utilization characteristics of youth victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) compared with a matched sample of sexually abused/assaulted youth who were not exploited in commercial sex. Secondary data analysis and propensity score matching were used to select a sample of 215 help-seeking youth who were exploited in prostitution (n = 43) or who were sexually abused/assaulted but not exploited in prostitution (n = 172) from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (NCTSN CDS). Propensity Score Matching was used to select a comparison sample based on age, race, ethnicity, and primary residence. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups on standardized (e.g., UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index [PTSD-RI], Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) and other measures of emotional and behavioral problems (e.g., avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms, dissociation, truancy, running away, conduct disorder, sexualized behaviors, and substance abuse). This study provides useful insight into the symptom and service utilization profiles of youth exploited in commercial sex as compared with youth with other types of sexually exploitive experiences. Targeted screening and event-sensitive measures are recommended to more accurately identify youth exploited in commercial sex. More research is needed to determine if and what modifications to trauma therapies may be required to address the more severe symptomatology and behavior problems associated with youth exploited in commercial sex.
Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires

Certain one-dimensional Fermi systems have an energy gap in the bulk spectrum while boundary states are described by one Majorana operator per boundary point. A finite system of length L possesses two ground states with an energy difference proportional to exp(-L/l0) and different fermionic parities. Such systems can be used as qubits since they are intrinsically immune to decoherence. The property of a system to have boundary Majorana fermions is expressed as a condition on the bulk electron spectrum. The condition is satisfied in the presence of an arbitrary small energy gap induced by proximity of a three-dimensional p-wave superconductor, provided that the normal spectrum has an odd number of Fermi points in each half of the Brillouin zone (each spin component counts separately).
Vision-based stratified robotic manipulation

This paper addresses a three-dimensional implementation that results in several separate manipulators, each with intermittent contact with a central object of known geometry, cooperatively manipulating the object to a desired new position and orientation. Rolling control of an object using redundant contact of several independent manipulators is made difficult by the hybrid nature of this system that introduces complexity to the trajectory-planning problem, and by imperfection in the kinematic models which are needed to achieve such trajectory planning. The former is a theoretical problem which has been solved using Lie-algebra-based strategies to plan motion for the stratified systems. Imperfection in the kinematic models, on the other hand, leads to a practical implementation problem since even small errors in the equations that relate the internal pose of the robot to the position of the end-effector make precise sustained contact with an object difficult. The consequent lack of control of contact force combined with frictional unpredictability associated with rolling, causes gradual growth in the disparity between actual and calculated position and orientation of the object. A robust means for applying vision to compensate for imperfections in the holonomic kinematics of the robots as well as to update estimates of the pose of the object is outlined. Experimental results are also presented.
Exchange reactions of organotin carboxylates

Abstract Triorganotin carboxylates were found to react with diorganotin dichlorides according to the following reactions: (R = CH 3 or C 6 H 5 ; R′ = CH 3 , C 6 H 5 or n-C 4 H 9 and R″ = CH 3 , CH 2 Cl, or C 6 H 5 ). In addition, reaction of R 2 SnCl(OOCR″) with R′ 3 Sn(OOCR″) in a 1 1 mole ratio was found to give R 2 Sn(OOCR″) 2 . These reactions were followed by use of NMR techniques as well as by isolation of the products. These reactions afford a convenient method for the synthesis of diorganotin halide carboxylates and diorganotin dicarboxylates. The scope of these reactions as well as the IR spectra of the products are discussed.
Reader’r Guide

There are many subjects which could only be briefly mentioned or completely ignored in this book, but which have been studied in detail in research papers.
Globalization and localization as feedback mechanisms -- Internalization of economic externalities

While globalization has created changes across the social, cultural and economic dimensions by challenging status quo positions, it has also led to a call for more localization. This article analyzes how the opposing forces of globalization and localization are interlinked and provide feedback function for each other. The joint impacts of globalization and localization forces, their origins and philosophical implications to the 'One World' paradigm are discussed.
Imprinting vortices in a Bose-Einstein condensate using topological phases.

Vortices were imprinted in a Bose-Einstein condensate using topological phases. Sodium condensates held in a Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap were transformed from a nonrotating state to one with quantized circulation by adiabatically inverting the magnetic bias field along the trap axis. Using surface wave spectroscopy, the axial angular momentum per particle of the vortex states was found to be consistent with $2\ensuremath{\hbar}$ or $4\ensuremath{\hbar}$, depending on the hyperfine state of the condensate.
Time for global action on Zika virus epidemic.

Our response to infectious disease epidemics must be faster and smarter After criticism that the World Health Organization responded slowly in 2014 to Ebola virus disease, and now to the epidemic of Zika virus disease,1 on 1 February 2016 WHO’s director general, Margaret Chan, convened a meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee. After the meeting she declared Zika a public health emergency of international concern, because of the possible association with growing clusters of microcephaly and other neurological disorders in French Polynesia and Brazil. In less than a year this virus has spread to over 25 nations in the Americas, the Pacific islands, and Cape Verde in west Africa. Faced with rapidly evolving concern among travelers, the public (particularly pregnant women and their partners), and the media, what are healthcare providers to do? Fortunately, they can provide accurate answers from several reliable sources, including Public Health England,2 the Pan American Health Organization,3 the US Centers …
Metro Area Office-Client Balance and Audit Market Outcomes

Prior research finds no consistent association between metropolitan audit market competition (henceforth “competition”) and either audit fees or measures of audit quality (“AQ”). We revisit the association of competition with fees and AQ using a novel proxy for competition: the Office to Client Ratio (OCR). OCR equals the number of PCAOB inspected audit offices in a metro area divided by the number of public clients purchasing audit services in the area. We conduct a “contest” to determine which variable, OCR or the prevailing proxy for competition, the Herfindahl index (HERF), performs best (i.e. is significantly associated with audit fees and measures of AQ as theory suggests). To investigate the association of competition with fees, we employ a unique natural experiment: the exogenous shock to audit costs and fees in 2004 that accompanied implementation of auditors’ SOX 404(b) reports for their largest (i.e. accelerated filer (AF) clients). We document that audit offices appear to have imposed substantial fee increases in 2004 on their smaller non-accelerated filer (NAF) clients, although those clients were not required to obtain SOX 404(b) reports. Evidence suggests that these fee increases served to subsidize extension of the new SOX 404(b) services to the larger AF clients. In this setting, unusually high levels of conflict over audit fees should have existed between audit offices and managers of their NAF clients. The ability of NAF clients to resist paying fee increases should depend powerfully on competition. We find that higher levels of OCR are associated with smaller audit fee levels paid by NAFs in the shock year of 2004, and smaller fee increases from 2003 to 2004. HERF does not perform as a (reverse) proxy for competition in either year. We then investigate the associations of OCR and HERF with fee levels in three more recent years, 2010-2012. We again find that OCR outperforms HERF. In additional analyses we investigate the associations of OCR and HERF with three measures of AQ in the 2010-2012 period: absolute discretionary accruals, misstatements of audited data, and auditors’ propensity to issue first-time going concern modified opinions to potentially distressed clients. We find some evidence that competition, measured as OCR but not as HERF, is associated with improved AQ (i.e. reduced likelihood of misstatements and higher likelihood of going concern opinions). In summary, OCR appears to be an effective proxy for competition in the audit fees context. It also is significantly associated with AQ metrics although to a lesser extent. We find no evidence that HERF serves as a (reverse) proxy for competition.
STRUCTURAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF DIYTTRIUM CARBIDES Y2CN (N = 2-8): A THEORETICAL STUDY

Theoretical studies of diyttrium carbides Y2Cn (n = 1−8) that included both relativistic and electron correlation effects are presented. Consideration of several alternative structures leads to cyclic structures as the ground-state structures. Using the theoretically computed partition functions, thermodynamic data are computed and the experimental Gibbs energy functions are corrected. The computed atomization energies of these species are close to the corrected experimental data. The Y−C bond is strongly ionic due to electron transfer from the yttrium atom to the carbon atom.
Debates in allergy medicine: Specific immunotherapy in children with atopic dermatitis, the "con" view.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin condition in children that has a proven association with other atopic conditions and allergies. These associations, like the general pathophysiology of AD, are complex and not fully understood. While there is evidence for the efficacy of specific immunotherapy (SIT) in pediatric asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), there is a lack of strong data to support its use in AD. IgE has been shown to be elevated in many patients with AD, but it is an unreliable biomarker due to variability and great fluctuation over time, poor positive predictive value for clinically relevant allergy, and poor correlation with disease state. In spite of this, almost all studies of SIT use either positive skin prick testing (SPT) or serum specific IgE levels to guide therapy. Allergen avoidance, with some exceptions, is generally not effective at controlling AD in children. The few studies that have investigated the efficacy of SIT in children with AD have produced conflicting results, and a lack of reproducibility with a standard treatment protocol. Limited studies have shown clinical improvement in mild to moderate AD cases, but no effect on more severe patients. Uncontrolled studies are difficult to interpret, due to the natural history of remission or “outgrowing” of AD over time in many patients without specific interventions. Drawbacks to SIT include the length of treatment, poor compliance, cost, and potential side effect profile. The potential for misdirection of time and energy away from skin directed therapy could negatively impact on AD outcomes.
Tourism Destination Image Structural Model and Visitors' Behavioral Intentions: Based on a Confirmatory Study of Localization of Potential Consumers

It is commomly recognized that tourism destination image(TDI)is a structure of three dimensions: cognitive image,affective image and overall image,and has important impacts on tourist behaviors.However,few empirical studies explored its structure and its relationship with tourist behavior.Taking TDI of Zhouzhuang as a case in point,this paper explores the relationship among three dimensions of TDI,and the relationship between TDI and visit intention by applying Structural Equation Model(SEM).Results show: ① cognitive image has strong positive influence on affective image(Path coefficient=0.77);② affective image has significant positive influence on overall image(Path coefficient=0.26);③ cognitive image has significant positive influence on overall image(Path coefficient=0.37);④ affective image and overall image have significant positive influence on visitors' intention(Path coefficient are 0.33,0.14 respectively),but cognitive image has no significant direct influence on visitor's intention(Path coefficient=0.11).The results confirm that the three component structure of TDI and it's cross-cultural applicability,and indicate that affective image is the most important component influencing visitors' intentions.
Improvement of determination method of the total sugar in dry red wine

The effects of the alcohol,protein and amino acids in dry red wine on total sugar determination and the method of making the end point of titration obviously were studied in this paper.The results proved that the determination of the total sugar in dry red wine wouldn't be affected by protein and amino acid if the alcohol is removed before determination.When mixed the hydrolyzate and glucose standard solution by ratio 1∶2,it was exhibited a clear end point of titration and was easy to judge.
Harmonic frequency generation in the multi-frequency recirculating planar magnetron

The Multi-Frequency Recirculating Planar Magnetron (MFRPM) is a variant of the Recirculating Planar Magnetron (RPM), a crossed-field, high power microwave (HPM) source developed at the University of Michigan1. The MFRPM geometry offers potential advantages over traditional cylindrical cavity magnetrons, such as a large cathode area, with the added benefit of producing multiple frequencies using a single HPM source. Previous research involved the design, fabrication, and demonstration of the MFRPM-6+8, a prototype consisting of a 6-cavity 1-GHz slow-wave structure (SWS) and an 8-cavity 2-GHz SWS. Experiments have successfully extracted simultaneous dual-frequency oscillations (1-GHz, 20 MW and 2-GHz, 7 MW) from the MFRPM-6+8 prototype driven by the Michigan Electron Long Beam Accelerator with a Ceramic insulator (MELBA-C) using a −300kV, 0.3–1.0 μs pulse applied to the cathode.
Lymphoma: current status of clinical and preclinical imaging with radiolabeled antibodies

Lymphoma is a complex disease that arises from cells of the immune system with an intricate pathology. While lymphoma may be classified as Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin, each type of tumor is genetically and phenotypically different and highly invasive tissue biopsies are the only method to investigate these differences. Noninvasive imaging strategies, such as immunoPET, can provide a vital insight into disease staging, monitoring treatment response in patients, and dose planning in radioimmunotherapy. ImmunoPET imaging with radiolabeled antibody-based tracers may also assist physicians in optimizing treatment strategies and enhancing patient stratification. Currently, there are two common biomarkers for molecular imaging of lymphoma, CD20 and CD30, both of which have been considered for investigation in preclinical imaging studies. In this review, we examine the current status of both preclinical and clinical imaging of lymphoma using radiolabeled antibodies. Additionally, we briefly investigate the role of radiolabeled antibodies in lymphoma therapy. As radiolabeled antibodies play critical roles in both imaging and therapy of lymphoma, the development of novel antibodies and the discovery of new biomarkers may greatly affect lymphoma imaging and therapy in the future.
Comparing longitudinal CD4 responses to cART among non-perinatally HIV-infected youth versus adults: Results from the HIVRN Cohort

Background Youth have residual thymic tissue and potentially greater capacity for immune reconstitution than adults after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, youth face behavioral and psychosocial challenges that may make them more likely than adults to delay ART initiation and less likely to attain similar CD4 outcomes after initiating cART. This study compared CD4 outcomes over time following cART initiation between ART-naive non-perinatally HIV-infected (nPHIV) youth (13–24 years-old) and adults (≥25–44 years-old). Methods Retrospective analysis of ART-naive nPHIV individuals 13–44 years-old, who initiated their first cART between 2008 and 2011 at clinical sites in the HIV Research Network. A linear mixed model was used to assess the association between CD4 levels after cART initiation and age (13–24, 25–34, 35–44 years), accounting for random variation within participants and between sites, and adjusting for key variables including gender, race/ethnicity, viral load, gaps in care (defined as > 365 days between CD4 tests), and CD4 levels prior to cART initiation (baseline CD4). Results Among 2,595 individuals (435 youth; 2,160 adults), the median follow-up after cART initiation was 179 weeks (IQR 92–249). Baseline CD4 was higher for youth (320 cells/mm3) than for ages 25–34 (293) or 35–44 (258). At 239 weeks after cART initiation, median unadjusted CD4 was higher for youth than adults (576 vs. 539 and 476 cells/mm3, respectively), but this difference was not significant when baseline CD4 was controlled. Compared to those with baseline CD4 ≤200 cells/mm3, individuals with baseline CD4 of 201–500 and >500 cells/mm3 had greater predicted CD4 levels: 390, 607, and 831, respectively. Additionally, having no gaps in care and higher viral load were associated with better CD4 outcomes. Conclusions Despite having residual thymic tissue, youth attain similar, not superior, CD4 gains as adults. Early ART initiation with minimal delay is as essential to optimizing outcomes for youth as it is for their adult counterparts.
A Fluid Dynamics Study of Microcontaminant Particle Removal from Silicon Waters

Particle removal using deionized clean water and centrifugal force (water rinsing) is an effective and commonly used method in the semiconductor industry. Understanding the flow field around the rotating waters is essential in determining the effectiveness and efficiency of the process. In this study, flow visualization is used to observe the jet trajectory and the flow pattern for different flow rates at different rotational speeds. The qualitative and quantitative results show that the rotating disk is completely covered with a water film only at certain values of the governing parameters. The second part of the study involves studying the shielding effect of the carrier on the flow pattern on the waters. The flow cannot be visualized or seen through the shielding. The flow pattern is therefore visualized with the aid of some chemicals (that react and leave a color pattern) on the surface of the water and in the water jet.
Do experienced auditors have a bias for confirmatory audit evidence

In this study we experimentally test whether experienced auditors display a preference for confirmatory evidence when performing a routine part of a financial statement audit. We theorise that information auditors receive early during an audit leads them to form an initial belief about the correctness of an account balance. Subsequently, auditors may bias their evidence choices in a way that confirms their initial belief. We conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment with 97 experienced auditors. We manipulated whether early information came from a client's CFO or a firm partner and whether or not it supported the account balance as currently stated. We found that auditors selected more confirmatory evidence after receiving positive information from an audit partner compared to receiving the same information from a client's CFO. We found that experienced auditors selected more confirmatory evidence when the CFO provided negative information relative to when the CFO provided positive information.
Impact of pharmacist-led monitoring of olaparib (O) for metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

e569Background: O is a PARP inhibitor that has received breakthrough designation for use in mCRPC based on a study in which a subset of 16 patients with DNA repair defects had an 80% response rate. O is an oral tablet taken twice daily. Studies have demonstrated that compliance with oral agents is often poor, and the less frequent contact with medical staff increases the risk of toxicities when compared to IV therapies. This is compounded by a bias where oral medications are thought of as less toxic than IV medications. The toxicities of O include myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Our practice employs a pharmacist to conduct weekly phone calls for toxicity management, monitor patient adherence, and monitor for drug-drug interactions. We report our experience with patient adherence, toxicities, and response with O in mCRPC. Methods: A single institution, retrospective review was performed on 14 mCRPC patients treated with O from November 2015 - October 2016. Adherence and toxicity data were ...