cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Tool to Identify Older Adults Who Are Candidates for Action Planning to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake

By 2025, 18% of Americans will be aged 65 years or older. Aging increases nutritional risk, which is further complicated by chronic diseases; physical, cognitive, and social challenges; racial, ethnic, and linguistic differences; and low socioeconomic status. In 2010, 3major nutrition societies recommended that nutrition education programs for older adults emphasize health promotion, risk reduction, and disease management. Yet the same factors that complicate nutritional riskmakeprovisionofnutrition education difficult in this population. Overall, nutrition education in the elderly has had limited success in changing behavior. Continued elucidation of the specific challenges faced and solutions found in the provision of nutrition education to older adults may help educators working with this age group craft successful interventions that result in behavioral change. A major challenge of educating the elderly is their extreme heterogeneity. Segmentation of older adults by a similar characteristic, followed by provision of nutrition education tailored specifically to that smaller segmented group, has been successful. For example, providing stage-matched information based on the Transtheoretical Model, which describes change as a process involving progression through 5 stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance), helped older
Calibration of a sampling total absorption detector designed for neutrino experiments

Abstract A sampling total absorption detector was calibrated at Fermilab for energies in the range 5–250 GeV. The calorimeter consisted of a sandwich of scintillator slabs and 4'' thick steel plates. Energy resolutions (rms) of ±33%, ±16%, and ±9% were achieved for the energies 10, 50, and 150 GeV, respectively.
Cost trade between multijunction, gallium arsenide and silicon solar cells

Multijunction (MJ),1 gallium arsenide (GaAs) and silicon (Si) solar cells have respective test efficiencies of approximately 24%, 18.5% and 14.8%. Multijunction and gallium arsenide solar cells weigh more than silicon solar cells and cost approximately five times as much per unit power at the cell level.2 A trade is performed for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft to determine which of these cell types would have offered an overall performance and price advantage to the spacecraft. A trade is also performed for the multijunction cells under the assumption that they will cost over ten times that of silicon cells at the cell level. The trade shows that the TRMM project, less the cost of the instrument, ground systems and mission operations, would spend approximately $552 000 per kilogram to launch and support1 science in the case of the spacecraft equipped with silicon solar cells. If these cells are exch anged for gallium arsenide solar cells, an additional 31 kg of science can be launched and serviced at a price of approximately $90 000 per kilogram. The 31 kg array weight reduction is shown to derive from the smaller area of the array and hence reductio ns in the weight of the array substrate and supporting structure. If the silicon solar cells are changed out for multijunction solar cells, an additional 45 kg of science above the silicon baseline can be launched and supported at a price of approximately $58 000 per kilogram. The trade shows that even if the multijunction cells are priced over ten times that of silicon cells, a price that is much higher than projected, the additional 45 kg of science are launched and serviced at $180 000 per kilogram. This is still much less than the original $552 000 per kilogram to launch and service the science. Data and qualitative factors are presented to show that these figures are subject to a great deal of uncertainty. Nonetheless, the benefit of the higher efficiency solar cells for TRMM is far greater than the uncertainties in the analysis. © This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America
A mechanism for the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine arabinoside in aqueous buffer

The kinetics of hydrolytic deamination of cytosine arabinoside have been studied as a function of pH, temperature, and buffer composition. The reaction components were isolated, identified, and quantified. The sole catalytic buffer species in the phosphate system is H 2 PO 4 − . The rate of reaction between NaHSO 3 and cytosine arabinoside has been studied and the resulting products characterized. A mechanism for the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine nucleosides, catalyzed by hydrogen ion and general acid-base, HB − , is hypothesized. This mechanism is shown to be consistent with existing literature data as well as the kinetic and NaHSO 3 reaction data reported here.
Modeling of a compulsator and railgun system

A PSpice(R) model for a 4-phase, 4-pole air core compulsator was created. With minor modifications it could also model the performance of other pulse alternators. In addition, models for a railgun and switching elements have been created. The models were used to evaluate the system performance of the compulsator and an attached railgun in various configurations with diode rectifiers and SCRs. The process of self-excitation of the machine was also studied. The paper focuses on the basic theory behind the models as well as techniques for numerical implementation. In addition generic results using normalized parameters are given.
A DNA sequence analysis program for the Apple Macintosh.

This paper describes a new set of programs for analyzing DNA sequences using the Apple Macintosh computer, a computer ideally suited for this kind of analysis. Because of the Macintosh interface and the availability of high quality software-only speech synthesis, these programs are truly easy to use. Instead of typing in commands, the user directs the program by making selections with the mouse, thereby eliminating most typographical and syntax errors. Output options are selected by "pressing buttons" and then clicking "OK" with the mouse. DNA sequences are confirmed by having the program speak them. The high resolution graphics on the Macintosh not only allow for explanatory diagrams to be used to aid in deciding on input parameters, but can be used to produce slides for presentations and figures for papers. Because of the clipboard and the ability of the Macintosh to readily share data among different applications, data can be saved for use directly in word processing documents (e.g. manuscripts).
Radial Velocity and Wind Measurement with NIMA–NWCA: Comparisons with Human Estimation and Aircraft Measurements

Abstract The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Improved Moments Algorithm (NIMA) calculates the first and second moments (radial velocity and spectral width) of wind-profiler Doppler spectra and provides an evaluation of confidence in these calculations. The first moments and their confidences are used by the NCAR Winds And Confidence Algorithm (NWCA), to estimate the horizontal wind. NIMA–NWCA has been used for several years in a real-time application for three wind profilers in Juneau, Alaska. This paper presents results of an effort to evaluate the first moments produced by NIMA and horizontal winds produced by NIMA–NWCA through comparison with estimates from “human experts” and also presents a comparison of NIMA–NWCA winds with in situ aircraft measurements. NIMA uses fuzzy logic to separate the atmospheric component of Doppler spectra from ground clutter and other sources of interference. The fuzzy logic rules are based on similar features humans consider when identifying atmospheric an...
Floodplain Development, El Niño, and Cultural Consequences in a Hyperarid Andean Environment

Abstract Using field-mapping, remote-sensing (ASTER, aerial photography), and GIS/GPS, we identified and analyzed reach-scale geomorphic responses to contemporary floods along a 20-km valley length in hyperarid southern Peru. We combined these data with alluvial stratigraphy of remnant terrace patches recording late Holocene aggradation and incision. In this manner we ascertained how climate change, especially the occurrence of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), affects the magnitude and frequency of large floods at mid-elevations of southern Peru's Atacama Desert, and we documented the geomorphic effects of large floods on stream channel properties, especially the large-scale floodplain erosion and channel enlargement occurring during these large ENSO-related floods. Reach-averaged channel widening of ∼30 m occurs during large ENSO-related floods, with floodplain erosion rates of 2 ha/river km commonly occurring. Recovery occurs in two stages: channel narrowing requires several decades of lateral b...
Family Members' Agreement on Memories of Shared Experiences

Sumtnay.-Agreement of family members' recollections of shared events was explored. Mothers, fathers, and eldest children from 32 famllies were assessed through both free recall and specific questions. Comparison of 24 usable accounts indicated few points OF similarity From the concent analysis but somewhat greater agreement on specifics, except For emotional reactions. Results suggest terming families' memories, particularly affective attributes, as "shared" is questionable, except where traumatic events are concerned.
The influence of interfaces on the formation of bubbles in He-ion-irradiated Cu/Mo nanolayers

The role of immiscible Cu/Mo interfaces on the formation of helium (He) bubbles in ion-irradiated Cu/Mo 5 nm multilayers is examined. Interfaces significantly enhance the critical He concentration above which bubbles, approximately 1 nm in diameter, are detected via through-focus imaging in a transmission electron microscope. He-to-vacancy ratio affects the formation and distribution of He bubbles. The diameter of He bubbles in Cu appears to be slightly larger than that in Mo.
An anti-inflammatory diet as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a case series report

Background The Anti-Inflammatory Diet (IBD-AID) is a nutritional regimen for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that restricts the intake of certain carbohydrates, includes the ingestion of pre- and probiotic foods, and modifies dietary fatty acids to demonstrate the potential of an adjunct dietary therapy for the treatment of IBD.
Immune Responses to an Oral Typhoid Vaccine Strain That Is Modified to Constitutively Express Vi Capsular Polysaccharide

Protection against typhoid fever might be best achieved by a vaccine that stimulates IgG antibody to Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi) in serum, IgG antibody to O antigen in serum, and cell-mediated immune responses. Live typhoid vaccines have not elicited anti-Vi antibody, presumably because Vi expression is highly regulated. CVD 909 is an oral attenuated typhoid vaccine candidate that is engineered to constitutively express Vi. In the present study, CVD 909, at doses of 10(6-9) cfu, was orally administered to 32 healthy adults, and immune responses were measured. Although many of the volunteers generated antibody-secreting cell responses to Vi, only 2 of the 32 volunteers generated anti-Vi IgG antibody in serum.
Mechanisms for output power expansion and degradation of PHEMT's during high-efficiency operation

PHEMT stability in high efficiency power amplifiers (where the PHEMT is typically driven into reverse gate-drain breakdown) has been examined under accelerated dc stresses. Such stresses initially caused a slight increase in drain current and decrease in threshold voltage due to hot-carrier injection into the buffer which was not seen in similarly stressed MESFET's. On the other hand, continued stressing resulted in significant decrease in drain current and increase in drain resistance due to hot-carrier injection into the surface passivation which is consistent with the typical MESFET degradation mode. The degradation rate of PHEMT's is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than that of MESFET's. Two-dimensional physical device simulation confirms that the faster degradation of PHEMT's is due to their higher sensitivity to surface conditions.
Anelastic and dielectric loss in yttrium-doped calcium fluoride

Abstract A small anelastic loss peak appears in yttrium-doped calcium fluoride, being in the kc range at 350°C. Its location is dependent on specimen orientation, and the variation is consistent with the expected behavior of elastic dipoles formed from interstitial fluorine bound to the yttrium in nn or nnn positions. The activation energy of motion is 1·2 ± 0·1 eV. Dielectric losses are dominated by the d.c. conductivity, which has an activation energy of 1·16 eV. The hypothesis that the primary charge carrier may be the interstitial fluorine ion is discussed.
A 1V 15.6mW 1–2GHz −119dBc/Hz @ 200kHz clock multiplying DLL

A low-phase-noise 1-2 GHz clock multiplier is configurable as PLL or DLL. Starting in PLL-mode, a lock-detect circuit switches the circuit to DLL and simultaneously reconfigures the loop filter. Upon loss of lock the circuit automatically falls back to PLL-mode. The number of stages in the VCO/delay line is programmable to 8-10-12-14-16, implementing band selection with modest tuning gain KVCO. Multiplication is selectable from 2 to 64. The 0.11 mm2 90 nm CMOS chip also includes charge pump and divider, both programmable. With 80 MHz reference, phase noise is essentially flat and measures -125 dBc/Hz and -119 dBc/Hz @ 200 kHz offset for 0.92 and 1.92 GHz output respectively. Total maximum power consumption is 15.6 mW from a 1 V supply.
Pulmonary Venoocclusive Disease Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Pulmonary venoocclusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) characterized by post-capillary pulmonary venular obstruction, resulting in pulmonary vascular congestion, right heart failure, and death. PVOD represents an uncommon yet devastating complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) that provides several diagnostic challenges. While the actual incidence of PVOD is unknown, the disease may frequently go unrecognized ante mortem. Although the etiology and natural history of PVOD are poorly understood, the disease shares many pathophysiologic features of vascular injury associated with more common complications of HSCT, such as acute lung injury (ALI) and hepatic venoocclusive disease (HVOD). Treatment options for PVOD are limited and have critical implications unique from other forms of treatment for PAH. Given limited therapeutic options and rapid advancement of disease, PVOD portends a poor prognosis.
1,1‐Diiodoethane

[594-02-5] C2H4I2 (MW 281.86) InChI = 1S/C2H4I2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3 InChIKey = JNVXRQOSRUDXDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for methylcyclopropanation of alkenes and ethylidenation of carbonyl compounds) Alternate Name: ethylidene iodide. Physical Data: bp 179–180 °C; d 2.84 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Preparative Methods: mix 39.6 g (0.40 mol) of 1,1-dichloroethane, 187 g (1.2 mol) of ethyl iodide, and 2.0 g of Aluminum Chloride and heat on a steam bath for 3 h; wash the mixture with H2O and then NaHSO3, and dry over MgSO4; distillation provides 67.3 g (60%) of the product boiling at 75–76 °C/25 mmHg.1 An alternative procedure utilizes the reaction of Iodine, Triethylamine, and the hydrazone of Acetaldehyde: from 1 mol of acetaldehyde, 95 g (34% from acetaldehyde) of 1,1-diiodoethane can be isolated; this procedure is a little more involved, but provides a viable alternative if 1,1-dichloroethane is not available.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive and irritant; emits toxic fumes if heated to decomposition or comes in contact with acids. Use in a fume hood; store over copper powder and protect from light.
Structural basis of capacity of lipoarabinomannan to induce secretion of tumor necrosis factor.

Abstract The results of this study show that lipoarabinomannans (LAM) isolated from a virulent strain and from an avirulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which have recently been shown to differ markedly in terms of the structures of their nonreducing termini, also differ markedly in the capacity to induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor from murine macrophages. It was found that LAM from the avirulent H37Ra strain was 100-fold more potent at inducing tumor necrosis factor secretion than LAM from the virulent Erdman strain, thus leading us to hypothesize that the structure of LAM from a given mycobacterial isolate may directly influence its ability to elicit, or avoid, cytokine-mediated mechanisms of host resistance.
Toward Microfluidic Reactors for Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis at the Point‐of‐Care

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a powerful technology that allows for optimization of protein production without maintenance of a living system. Integrated within micro and nanofluidic architectures, CFPS can be optimized for point-of-care use. Here, the development of a microfluidic bioreactor designed to facilitate the production of a single-dose of a therapeutic protein, in a small footprint device at the point-of-care, is described. This new design builds on the use of a long, serpentine channel bioreactor and is enhanced by integrating a nanofabricated membrane to allow exchange of materials between parallel "reactor" and "feeder" channels. This engineered membrane facilitates the exchange of metabolites, energy, and inhibitory species, and can be altered by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition to tune the exchange rate of small molecules. This allows for extended reaction times and improved yields. Further, the reaction product and higher molecular weight components of the transcription/translation machinery in the reactor channel can be retained. It has been shown that the microscale bioreactor design produces higher protein yields than conventional tube-based batch formats, and that product yields can be dramatically improved by facilitating small molecule exchange within the dual-channel bioreactor.
Abstract P296: Age-related Differences in Risk Factors for Mortality Among Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease: The REGARDS Study

At younger ages, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder associated with an increased risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Older individuals with CKD are 10 to 20 times more likely to die than progress to ESRD. We hypothesized that, among individuals with CKD, the association between traditional cardiovascular risk factors with mortality would be weaker and the association between psychosocial risk factors with mortality would be stronger for individuals ≥ 75 years of age compared to those
Milk consumption and the risk of nigral degeneration

In the era of genetic research for neurodegenerative diseases, less attention has been paid to epidemiologists' search for potential environmental risk factors for Parkinson disease (PD). Epidemiologic evidence suggests that cigarette smoking is associated with about 50% lower risk of PD1 and exposure to certain pesticides such as rotenone and paraquat is associated with doubled risk.2 Recent studies also suggest that higher concentration of serum urate, an endogenous antioxidant, is associated with a lower risk of PD.3 Compared with these observations, another epidemiologic finding has been largely neglected. Several prospective studies,4–7 including the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS),6 have reported that higher consumption of dairy products, or milk alone, was associated with higher risk for PD. The authors thank Dr. Freya Kamel for suggestions on the editorial.
Claim What You Need: A Text-Mining Approach on Android Permission Request Authorization

Android is one of the most popular mobile operating systems nowadays, whose popularity, however, also attracts even more crafty developers to develop malicious softwares, or malwares, to exploit illegitimate means for profit. As a basic countermeasure, Android enforces the permission request scheme, in which an application (App) is required to present to the user the system resources (permissions) it will access, and ask user's approval before installation. However, this approach has been proven ineffective as it delegates the whole responsibility of decision- making to the user, who usually lacks the professional knowledge to comprehend the interpretation of a permission. Alternatively, many current researches focus on identifying potential malwares based on attributes of individual Apps, such as inspecting their source code, which, unfortunately, fall in another extreme which tend to make the decision for the user. Nevertheless, from the user's perspective, a satisfactory solution should be an approach which assists users to make the decision of the App installation on their own, by providing them with lucid reasons and requiring minimum professional knowledge. Based on the observation that the description of an App is the most direct interface to communicate its functionality to the user, in this paper we are motivated to explore the relationship between the description and the requested permissions of an App, and further build a model to predict proper permissions based on its description. Our evaluation with Apps collected from the Google Play Market shows that our prediction can achieve as high as 87% accuracy. In this regard, provide a user has full understanding of the description of an App, our model can act as an effective reminder to the user if the App tries to stealthily request permissions that are inconsistent with its description, which is a major character commonly exploited by malwares.
Curious Circumstances Surrounding Optimal Non-Planar Wings

Highly non-planar lifting system configurations (wings with large winglets, gull wings, wings with highly upswept tips, and “lumpy” dihedral distributions) have been proposed as a means to reduce overall aircraft drag. This paper presents a comprehensive design space search, using a potential flow code, exploring the practical limits of non-planar wing drag reduction. The study yields an unanticipated discovery regarding the optimal transverse span load associated with “lumpy” dihedral non-planarity: the optimum system solution, taking into consideration structural weight, zero-lift-drag as well as induced drag comprises a nearly “elliptical” normal force distribution and minimal non-planarity.
Comparison of DNA adduct formation between 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene by 32P-postlabelling analysis.

Using32P-postlabelling, we examined DNA binding by 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in Fischer-344 rats. DNA binding between the two compounds was compared to determine if differences in adduct formation and persistence could partly explain the known isomerspecific hepatocarcinogenicity of DNTs. The differences in cytotoxicity between the two isomers were also assessed. Both 2,4 and 2,6-DNT induced adduct formation in hepatic DNA. Three distinct adducts were detected following single i.p. administration of 2,4-DNT, while the 2,6-isomer produced four different adducts. Depending on the concentration administered, the two compounds differed in their relative yields. 2,6-DNT produced a greater total adduct yield relative to the 2,4-isomer at low concentrations. Following administration of high concentrations, however, 2,4-DNT predominated. The maximum adduct levels measured were 3.0 and 1.8 adducted nucleotides per 106 nucleotides for 2,4 and 2,6-DNT, respectively. Substantial amounts of adducts from both compounds were found to persist over time. After 2 weeks, the mean persistence for 2,4 and 2,6-DNT induced adducts were 42% and 46%, respectively. Qualitative examination for liver toxicity showed 2,6-DNT to be more cytotoxic, inducing extensive hemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis. Rats treated with 2,4-DNT did not show any observable signs of hepatocellular necrosis. Under the conditions of this study, the differences between 2,4 and 2,6-DNT in adduct formation and persistence do not appear to be sufficient to account for their differences in carcinogenicity. The toxicity of 2,6-DNT may be a determining factor in the potent carcinogenicity observed with this compound.
Exploitation of locality for energy efficiency for breadth first search in fine-grain execution models

In the upcoming exa-scale era, the exploitation of data locality in parallel programs is very important because it benefits both program performance and energy efficiency. However, this is a hard topic for graph algorithms such as the Breadth First Search (BFS) due to the irregular data access patterns. This study analyzes the exploitation of data locality in the BFS and its impact on the energy efficiency with the Codelet fine-grain dataflow-inspired execution model. The Codelet Model more efficiently exploits data locality than the OpenMP-like execution models which traditionally focus on coarse-grain parallelism inside loops. A BFS algorithm is then given to exploit the locality between two loop iterations that belong to two different loops (inter-loop locality). This kind of locality can be exploited by the Codelet Model but not by traditional coarse-grain execution models like OpenMP. Tests were performed on fsim which is a simulation platform developed by Intel for the Ubiquitous High Performance Computing (UHPC) project to design future exa-scale architectures. The results show that this BFS algorithm saves up to 7% of the dynamic energy for memory accesses compared to a BFS implementation based on OpenMP loop scheduling.
Application of Virtual Reality in Vocational Training

Vocational Training pays attention to skill training.Experiment teaching is an important part.The virtual experiment environment with virtual realize that can provide learners for simulation and secure experiment environment and accomplish vocational skill training.It introduces the design thoughts,key technology and implement method of virtual experiment environment of vocational training.
Experimental study of typical electric cables on cone calorimeter

This article intends to report the results of our experiments with the typical electric cables by using a cone-shape calorimeter.As is known,the statistical data of China fire-fighting service department reveal that,among all kinds of fires taking place in 2005,electric fire accounts for 21.9%,which has brought 32.2% of the total loss,letting alone the human casualty.The main reason for electric fires is the hidden fire hazards of electric wires or cables or electric appliances and apparatuses,which should account for enormous disastrous consequences.To study the combustion particular features of electric wires or cables,especially,the horizontal combustion features from the perspective of practical engineering application,it is of great importance to make clear the guiding principles or ideas in electric engineering design and their service targets,that is to say,it is of necessity to assess the fire protection behaviors,while developing such products for fire-protection and fire accidents prevention to guarantee life and property safety.In this paper,we have done a series of experiments by using cone-shape calorimeter to make clear the combustion features of the following three electric cables,that is,ZR-VV,YJV,ZR-YJV.Our analysis has been put on the combustion indexes,that is,the heat-releasing rate,the ignition feature,the smoke-releasing amount index,the toxicity-producing index,while comparison was made on the three electric cables.The results show that the ZR-YJV enjoys the best flame retardant index.The greater the surface area of the cable bundle,the sooner the first heat-releasing rate would reach its peak,and the better the flame retardancy tends to achieve.Furthermore,we have also made an analysis of the impact of radiation intensity on the heat-releasing rate,whose heat-releasing rate proves to increase with the increase of the radiation intensity,between which there exists a linear relation.
Involvement of spermidine in proliferation and differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Previous studies, however, have demonstrated that the polyamines are essential for proliferation, but not differentiation, of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. We have extended these findings by demonstrating a highly significant relationship between intracellular spermidine levels and HL-60 proliferation. However, in contrast to previous studies, we have also demonstrated that induction of HL-60 differentiation with dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethylene bisacetamide, butyric acid, or retinoic acid is inhibited by alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) depletion of intracellular putrescine and spermidine. Further, the addition of exogenous spermidine abrogates DFMO inhibition of HL-60 differentiation, thus confirming the involvement of this polyamine in the expression of a differentiated phenotype. The discrepancy between our results and those of previous studies probably stems from the nearly complete, rather than partial, depletion of intracellular spermidine achieved in the present work. The results of the present study thus demonstrate the involvement of spermidine in both proliferation and induction of HL-60 differentiation with certain agents.
Affinity Labeling Steroids for Characterization of Steroid Binding Sites

Because enzyme active sites have been identified by affinity labeling with substrate derivatives, we presumed that a similar approach might be used to characterize macromolecular steroid-binding sites. Affinity labeling (site directed irreversible binding) depends upon attaching to the steroid a reagent group capable of reaction with amino acid residues present at a macromolecular steroid binding site. Concentration of an appropriate reagent group at the steroid binding site by the steroid moiety favors covalent bond formation at the binding site as compared to the protein molecule in general. This basic scheme is illustrated in Fig. 1, which contrasts the reversible finding of receptor and steroid with the case where the same steroid bears a reagent group (X) capable of reacting with a residue at the binding site (Y). Note that the covalent bonding step (if a true covalent bond is formed) is irreversible and the steroid is not capable of leaving the site. While some affinity labeling compounds form only pseudo-covalent bonds and will dissociate from the site, it is possible to make derivatives that will form covalent bonds which endure even acid hydrolysis of the macromolecule.
Velocity explains the links between personality states and affect

The present research examined whether perceived rate of progress toward a goal (velocity) mediated the relationships between personality states and affective states. Drawing from control theories of self-regulation, we hypothesized (i) that increased velocity would mediate the association between state extraversion and state positive affect, and (ii) that decreased velocity would mediate the association between state neuroticism and state negative affect. We tested these hypotheses in 2 experience sampling methodology studies that each spanned 2 weeks. Multilevel modeling analyses showed support for each of the bivariate links in our model, and multilevel path analyses supported our mediation hypotheses. We discuss implications for understanding the relations between personality states and affective states, control theories of self-regulation, and goal striving.
Validation of a Postoperative Nomogram Predicting Recurrence in Patients with Conventional Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) continues to be the most commonly diagnosed subtype and is associated with more aggressive behavior than papillary and chromophobe RCC. Predicting disease recurrence after surgical extirpation is important for counseling and targeting those at high risk for adjuvant therapy clinical trials. Objective To validate a postoperative nomogram predicting 5-yr recurrence-free probability (RFP) for clinically localized clear cell RCC. Design, setting, and participants We identified all patients who underwent nephrectomy for clinically localized clear cell RCC from 1990 to 2009 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. After excluding patients with bilateral renal masses, familial RCC syndromes, and T3c or T4 tumors due to the limited number, 1642 participants were available for analysis. Interventions Partial or radical nephrectomy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Disease recurrence was defined as any new tumor after nephrectomy or kidney cancer–specific mortality, whichever occurred first. A postoperative nomogram was used to calculate the predicted 5-yr RFP, and these values were compared with the actual 5-yr RFP. Nomogram performance was evaluated by concordance index and calibration plot. Results and limitations Median follow-up was 39 mo (interquartile range: 14–79 mo), and disease recurrence was observed in 50 patients. The nomogram concordance index was 0.81. The calibration curve showed that the nomogram underestimated the actual 5-yr RFP. We updated the nomogram by including the entire patient population, which maintained performance and significantly improved calibration. Conclusions The updated clear cell RCC postoperative nomogram performed well in the combined cohort. Underestimation of actual 5-yr RFP by the original nomogram may be due to increased surgeon experience and other unknown variables. Patient summary We updated a valuable prediction tool used for assessing the disease recurrence probability after nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Growing Up as a Girl with a Disability

In this chapter I focus on the early experiences of study participants as girls and young women with disabilities. Of the 13 women who participated in the in-depth interviews, 10 were either disabled from birth or had incurred their disability at a young age. This chapter is based on the stories they shared with me about growing up as girls with disabilities. Childhood experiences were not explored in the focus groups, nor were they directly queried in the in-depth interviews. Nonetheless, most participants chose to provide some background information and discuss salient childhood experiences. In some cases this was further explored in the second interview.
Chemical modeling of aging processes in CF 4 /isobutane gases

Summary form only given. The chemistry that may lead to wire aging in CF/sub 4//isobutane gas mixtures is being investigated. Aging tests using such mixtures exhibit transients, the magnitude and duration of which are dependent on both the nominal gas composition and the wire material. Film formation on the wire may explain these observations. An attempt is being made to link the observed aging behavior of the wires with both gas-phase and surface chemistry. >
The Role of Spirituality in Building Capacity for Women’s Leadership in Crisis Conditions: A Community Level Analysis of Burma

This research focuses on women’s leadership roles in crisis conditions with particular attention on the foundations of leadership roles at the community level based on spirituality and religion. There is a substantial gap in understanding women’s roles in development and how the spiritual and religious traditions of communities influence sustainable development efforts in crisis conditions. Even though various international documents have acknowledged the importance of gender in sustainable development, few have gone further to examine the role of women and fewer still have considered the value of women’s traditional leadership roles, emerging from the spiritual and religious context, to community well-being in crisis conditions. This research addresses the following question: How do religious and spiritual traditions contribute to the leadership roles of women that can be effective in building sustainable development in crisis conditions? The chapter uses content analysis of a key body of women’s writings from Burma to explain the ways in which spirituality and religion have played significant roles in promoting leadership of women at the community level for sustainable development under crisis conditions. Although Burma is the case study, this research contributes to the theory and practice of community well-being more broadly in other settings.
Chapter 5 – Experimental Variables

It was in the 1800s that Claude Bernard declared that experimentation must involve the study of just one parameter, the independent variable, while all potential variables remain constant. Within all scientific experiments there are four types of variables; independent, dependent, controlled, and extraneous. While the independent, the condition that is changed in the experiment, and the dependent, the measurement of the results of the independent variable, are defined by the Principle Investigator, it is the responsibility of the animal care facility to identify and regulate the controlled and extraneous variables in experiments that involve the use of animals. The controlled variables are those parameters that must remain constant throughout all related experiments. The extraneous variables are those conditions or parameters that are not planned nor are they factored into results, and thus could result in errors in the scientific conclusions. This chapter will identify the controlled and extraneous variables that are common to experiments which involve the use of laboratory animals and the steps taken to prevent these variables from impacting experimental results.
Need of informatics in designing interoperable clinical registries.

Abstract Clinical registries are designed to collect information relating to a particular condition for research or quality improvement. Intuitively, informatics in the area of data management and extraction plays a central role in clinical registries. Due to various reasons such as lack of informatics awareness or expertise, there may be little informatics involvement in designing clinical registries. In this paper, we studied a clinical registry from two critical perspectives, data quality and interoperability, where informatics can play a role. We evaluated these two aspects of an existing registry, Gynecology Surgery Registry, by mapping data elements and value sets, used in the registry, to a standardized terminology, SNOMED-CT. The results showed that majority of the values are ad-hoc and only 6 of 91 procedures in the registry could be mapped to the SNOMED-CT. To tackle this issue, we assessed the feasibility of automated data abstraction process, by training machine learning classifiers, based on existing manually extracted data. These classifiers achieved a reasonable average F-measure of 0.94. We concluded that more informatics engagement is needed to improve the interoperability, reusability, and quality of the registry.
The effect of moderate-intensity exercise on nightly variability in objectively measured sleep parameters among older women.

ABSTRACTObjective/Background: Exercise training has been demonstrated to beneficially influence mean-level measures of sleep; however, few studies have examined the impact of an exercise intervention on night-to-night variability in sleep. This study investigated whether four months of moderate-intensity exercise impacted night-to-night variability in sleep among older women. Methods: Participants (n = 49) were randomized to one of two moderate-intensity walking programs with different doses of energy expenditure: low-dose (n = 23: 8 kcal/kg of body weight per week) or high-dose (n = 26: 14 kcal/kg of body weight per week). Sleep parameters were assessed objectively via actigraphy at baseline, mid- (2 months), and postintervention (4 months). Nightly variability in each of the sleep parameters was calculated using the seven-day standard deviation (SD) and a coefficient of variation (SD/mean x 100%). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) was measured at baseline and postintervention using a graded treadmill ...
Mechanism of CO2 Reduction at Copper Surfaces: Pathways to C2 Products

On the basis of constraints from reported experimental observations and density functional theory simulations, we propose a mechanism for the reduction of CO2 to C2 products on copper electrodes. To model the effects of an applied potential bias on the reactions, calculations are carried out with a variable, fractional number of electrons on the unit cell, which is optimized so that the Fermi level matches the actual chemical potential of electrons (i.e., the applied bias); an implicit electrolyte model allows for compensation of the surface charge so that neutrality is maintained in the overall simulation cell. Our mechanism explains the presence of the seven C2 species that have been detected in the reaction, as well as other notable experimental observations. Furthermore, our results shed light on the difference in activities toward C2 products between the (100) and (111) facets of copper. We compare our methodologies and findings with those in other recent mechanistic studies of the copper-catalyzed C...
Implementation of a human papillomavirus screen-and-treat model in Mwanza, Tanzania: training local healthcare workers for sustainable impact

Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the development of a 1-wk screening campaign and efforts towards the implementation of a sustainable system that addresses cervical cancer in Mwanza, Tanzania with a screen-and-treat model utilizing visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy. Methods In partnership with CureCervicalCancer (CCC), a non-profit organization based in Los Angeles, CA, USA, 11 medical students at the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine established a model for sustainable human papillomavirus screening practices in Mwanza, Tanzania. This study both quantitatively and qualitatively assesses the successes and limitations of the program model. Results During the 5-day training, a total of 614 women attended the screenings and 556 women were screened with VIA, of whom 10.6% (n=59) were VIA positive and 89.4% (n=499) were VIA negative. Of those who were VIA positive, 83.1% (n=49) received cryotherapy while 16.9% (n=10) did not due to suspicion of advanced cancer (n=7), refusal to receive cryotherapy (n=2) or pregnancy (n=1). Conclusions The screen-and-treat model for the identification and treatment of precancerous cervical lesions is an effective public health intervention with the potential to impact women by providing the tools and education needed by local healthcare professionals. However, limitations common to resource-poor settings, such as continuity of funding, loss to follow-up and transportation costs, remain barriers to sustainability.
Elevated levels of Era GTPase improve growth, 16S rRNA processing, and 70S ribosome assembly of Escherichia coli lacking highly conserved multifunctional YbeY endoribonuclease

YbeY is a highly conserved, multifunctional endoribonuclease that plays a significant role in ribosome biogenesis and has several additional roles. Here we show that overexpression of the conserved GTPase Era in Escherichia coli partially suppresses the growth defect of a ΔybeY strain while improving 16S rRNA processing and 70S ribosome assembly. This suppression requires both the ability of Era to hydrolyze GTP and the function of three exoribonucleases, RNase II, RNase R, and RNase PH, suggesting a model for the action of Era. Overexpression of Vibrio cholerae Era similarly partially suppresses the defects of an E. coli ΔybeY strain, indicating that this property of Era is conserved in bacteria other than E. coliIMPORTANCE This work provides insight into the critical, but still incompletely understood, mechanism of processing of the E. coli 16S rRNA 3' terminus. The highly conserved GTPase Era is known to bind to the precursor of the 16S rRNA near its 3' end. Both the endoribonuclease YbeY, which binds to Era, and four exoribonucleases have been implicated in this 3'-end processing. The results reported here offer additional insights into the role of Era in 16S rRNA 3'-end maturation and into the relationship between the action of the endoribonuclease YbeY and that of the four exoribonucleases. This study also hints at why YbeY is essential only in some bacteria and suggests that YbeY could be a target for a new class of antibiotics in these bacteria.
Family planning clinic services in the United States, 1994.

In 1994, almost 6.6 million women received contraceptive services from more than 7,000 subsidized family planning clinics; these providers were located in 85% of U.S. counties. Health department clinics and Planned Parenthood sites served the largest proportions of these women (32% and 30%, respectively), followed by hospital outpatient sites (16%), independent clinics (13%) and community or migrant health centers (9%). The mix of agency types varied considerably by region and state, and the average annual number of contraceptive clients served per clinic also varied from fewer than 500 at community and migrant health centers to more than 2,000 at Planned Parenthood clinics. Nearly two-thirds of all women served (4.2 million) obtained care at one of the 4,200 clinics receiving funds from the federal Title X family planning program. Health department sites were the most likely to receive Title X funding (78%), followed by independent clinics and Planned Parenthood sites (66% each), hospital clinics (28%) and community and migrant health centers (18%). Overall, clinics receiving Title X funds serve an average of 25% more contraceptive clients than do clinics not receiving such funds.
Magneto-optical recording using short-pulsed laser irradiation

Short-pulsed laser irradiation was used to reduce thermal interaction in the writing process of high-density magnetooptical recording. Irradiation for durations of less than 10 ns was found to be effective in minimizing in-plane thermal diffusion during the irradiation and in suppressing the interaction between marks separated by a distance wider than the beam spot size. Durations of the order of 1 ns, however, were not short enough to suppress thermal difiusion in the thickness direction of current media, and as a result the cooling process after the irradiation was not fast enough to suppress thermal interaction between marks with smaller spacings. It is suggested that the cooling rate can be improved by using a thicker active layer.
Epidemiology of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and the most common cause of disability in the elderly. It is a disease process that affects the total joint. OA may occur as the consequence of a number of different pathways that ultimately result in joint failure. It is increasingly recognized that inflammation is an important component in the pathophysiology of OA. The main clinical feature of OA is pain that tends to be transient early in the disease course but becomes persistent with disease progression. Radiographic features of OA may precede the development of pain. OA is the most common reason for joint replacement, and there have been striking increases in the rates of knee and hip replacement. Important OA risk factors include age, obesity, genetic factors and joint injury/trauma. With the aging of the population and the epidemic of obesity, there have been dramatic increases in the public health impact of OA, and the incidence, prevalence and public impact of OA are expected to rise.