cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal variations in benthic processes in the abyssal equatorial Pacific: control by biogenic particle flux

Abstract The equatorial Pacific forms a band of high, globally significant primary production. This productivity drops off steeply with distance from equatorial upwelling, yielding large latitudinal gradients in biogenic particle flux to the abyssal seafloor. As part of the US JGOFS Program, we studied the translation of these particle-flux gradients into the benthic ecosystem from 12°S to 9°N along 135–140°W to evaluate their control of key benthic processes, and to evaluate sediment proxies of export production from overlying waters. In October–December 1992 the remineralization rates of organic carbon, calcium carbonate and biogenic opal roughly matched the rain rates of these materials into deep sediment traps, exhibiting peak values within 3° of the equator. Rates of bioturbation near the equator were about ten-fold greater than at 9°N, and appeared to exhibit substantial dependence on particulate-organic-carbon flux, tracer time scale (i.e. age-dependent mixing), and pulsed mixing from burrowing urchins. Organic-carbon degradation within sediments near the equator was dominated by a very labile component (reaction rate constant, k approximately 15 per year) that appeared to be derived from greenish phytodetritus accumulated on the seafloor. Organic-carbon degradation at the highest latitudes was controlled by a less reactive component, with a mean k of approximately 0.075 per year. Where measured, megafaunal and macrofaunal abundances were strongly correlated with annual particulate-organic carbon flux; macrofaunal abundance in particular might potentially serve as a proxy for export production in low-energy abyssal habitats. Sedimentary microbial biomass also was correlated with the rain rate of organic carbon, but less strongly than larger biota and on shorter time scales (i.e. approximately 100 days). We conclude that the vertical flux of biogenic particlues exerts tight control on the nature and rates of benthic biological and chemical processes in the abyssal equatorial Pacific, and suggest that global changes in productivity on decadal or greater time scales could yield profound changes in deep-sea benthic ecoystems.
A recognition algorithm for orders of interval dimension two

From a partially ordered set (X, <) one may construct the collection PS(X) consisting of a collection of subsets of X ordered by inclusion. We show that the interval dimension of X equals the dimension of PS(X) and give an O(n3) algorithm to determine whether X has interval dimension ⩽2 and construct an interval realizer of X.
Parental versus Professional Perceptions of Obstacles to Pediatric Diabetes Care

Parents of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (n=38) were surveyed to identify common and difficult obstacles to diabetes care. A list of these obstacles was cross-validated by a second parent sample (n=47) who rated each item according to how common and difficult each item was for them. The list then was rated by a sample of diabetes professionals (n=15) to evaluate the extent of agreement between parents and health care professionals regarding the frequency with which these obstacles occur and the difficulty they pose to everyday diabetes care. Professionals disagreed with parents regarding which obstacles were most common and difficult, generally rating problems as significantly more common and difficult (t=5.20, P=<.001) than did the parents who experienced them. The results of the survey underscore the importance of health care providers evaluating the concerns of the local patient community when developing educational and treatment services for these patients.
The simplest b2+ ion: Determining its structure from its energetics by a direct comparison of the threshold collision-induced dissociation of protonated oxazolone and diketopiperazine

Abstract Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation of b 2 + ions derived from protonated GGG and GAG is compared with that of protonated diketopiperazine (H + DKP). Absolute dissociation cross sections are obtained using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer and analyzed using statistical methods. The fragmentation pattern of the b 2 + ion from H + GGG differs significantly from that of H + DKP, although decarbonylation (forming the a 2 + ion) is the lowest energy pathway found for both species. The threshold measured for b 2 + decarbonylation differs appreciably from that of H + DKP, but both processes have onsets that are consistent with those obtained from quantum chemical calculations, positively identifying the b 2 + ion as the protonated 2-aminomethyl-5-oxazolone, H + AMOx. The threshold for the b 2 + ion derived from H + GAG has a slightly lower threshold, again consistent with theory. Examination of the higher energy dissociation pathways observed shows that these generally involve subsequent dissociation of the primary a 2 + product ion. As a consequence, statistical analysis of these pathways for threshold information is difficult and ultimately provides little agreement with theory. This disagreement is rationalized on the basis of considerable kinetic energy release that has been observed previously by Harrison for these subsequent reactions. The present results are also favorably compared with previous results obtained by Siu and coworkers, although a number of refinements in the analysis and mechanisms are suggested.
Progestins in Corpora Lutea, Ovaries, and Adrenals After Estrus and Breeding of Normal and Abnormal Cows

Summary Progesterone and Δ 4 -pregnene-20 β -ol-3-one (progestins) were separately determined in the corpus luteum, ovaries, and adrenals. A total of 77 animals was studied and 53 were considered reproductively normal at the time of slaughter. Progestin content of the corpus albicans prior to ovulation ranged from 0 to 24 μg. Progestin concentration per gram was high in the developing corpus luteum on the second and third days of the cycle, but the total quantity was generally less than 100 μg. until after the sixth day. Maximum quantities were observed at 14–16 days (six cows averaged 251 μg.). Decline in concentration and total progestins was not marked until near the time of an expected estrus. During pregnancy, the average level for seven cows was 161 μg. at 25–34 days and for six cows, 250 μg. at 37–42 days. The differences were also reflected in concentration, since the weight of the corpus luteum was, on the average, essentially constant. Neither size nor progestin content of the ovaries and adrenals varied appreciably among these cows. Adrenals of four cows 8–22 days post-partum were large (average 46g.) and contained about four times more progestins than is generally observed (66 μg.). The progestin content of the corpus luteum of repeat breeders was not unlike normal animals in a similar stage of the estrous cycle. The corpora lutea and fluids from cystic follicles generally had less progestins than luteal cysts or the fluid they contained. One cow with a dead embryo at 20 days postbreeding had only 8 μg. of progestins in the corpus luteum.
EXTRACARDIAC CONDUIT FONTAN PROCEDURE WITHOUT THE USE OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS: EARLY OUTCOMES

We compared intensive care unit (ICU) and overall length of stay (LOS), chest tube (CT) duration, days of mechanical ventilation and mortality for non-fenestrated, extracardiac Fontans (NFEF) performed on and off cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP). A retrospective review identified 135 patients who
Information systems and total quality management: establishing the link

Many Total quality Management (TQM) implementations have failed to achieve the long-term, substantial gains promised by TQM proponents. Scholars and practitioners blame these failures on different causes which can be linked either directly or indirectly to insufficient support by information systems (IS) to TQM efforts. While IS is a key part of the infrastructure for TQM, its supporting role has not received much attention in the mostly prescriptive TQM literature. IS and TQM share a considerable degree of commonality in their end objectives and in their underlying philosophies and management systems. Their success hinges on the effective planning and implementation of each. This paper introduces a proposed framework to establish a link between the two. The two approaches appear to be entirely compatible and capable of being combined into a composite model of action for an organization seeking to maximize its competitive position.
Role of bone scans in assessment of skeletal age.

Abstract Retrospective analysis was carried out, of 252 bone images in patients aged 0–26 y, to answer 2 questions: (1) Which epiphyseal growth plates (EGPs) were identifiable on routine views at each age? (2) Were the EGPs present on both right and left sides and were they symmetrical as determined visually? Conventional images allowed identification of 19 EGPs in the first 5 y of life. Techniques of use in visualizing additional sites were discussed. Initial evidence was that the EGPs were bilaterally symmetrical. Seven EGPs were noted before the corresponding radiographic ossification centers. Eight other EGPs were still appreciated on the bone images after the commonly accepted time of disappearance of the radiographic ossification sites. The decrease in the “fraction active” of EGPs in the greater trochanter and distal femur was presented as a function of age in years. In order to allow construction of a “functional skeletal age”, relating EGPs to ossification centers, a compilation was made of the time of appearance of 71 radiographic ossification centers. Possible limitations of the use of EGPs, such as continued avidity of the coracoid and scapula tip for bone imaging agents, were pointed out.
Sex-related differences in the relationship between sibling status and responsivity to babies

Ninety-six middle-class subjects equally divided by age (4–5, 8–9, and 14–15 years), sex, and the presence or absence of younger siblings in the family were studied in two situations which assessed their interest in babies: responsivity to an unfamiliar baby in a waiting room situation and reactions to pictures of babies. Subjects' birth order does not affect degree of interest, only mode of expression. These findings held for boys, but not girls. Regardless of age, boys without younger siblings expressed their interest in babies in more distal, cautious ways. The results were discussed in terms of the contention that birth order effects are best understood as distinctive for each sex, especially when sex-role-related behavior is being investigated.
Grasping the handrails during treadmill walking does not alter sagittal plane kinematics of walking

Abstract Objective: To determine whether grasping the handrails during treadmill walking affects sagittal plane kinematic parameters selected to describe walking style. Design: Crossover trial. Setting: A university motion analysis laboratory. Participants: A convenience sample comprised of 15 apparently healthy college-age volunteers. Intervention: After being acclimatized to treadmill walking, subjects were videotaped while completing two treadmill walking bouts. Each bout was 10 minutes in duration and was conducted at a walking speed of 1.5m/sec. Subjects were instructed to grasp the handrails in one bout (GRASP) but to refrain from using the handrails in the other (FREE). Both bouts were conducted in a single session and were separated by a 10-minute rest period. The order in which subjects completed the bouts was randomized. Main Outcome Measures: Five successive strides occurring during the last 30 seconds of each bout were digitized. The coordinate data were numerically filtered and the following parameters derived: stride length, percentage of stride cycle spent in double-support, and the hip, knee, and ankle angles at heel-strike and toe-off. The results for the five strides in each bout were averaged and the average value was used in the statistical analysis. The FREE and GRASP conditions were compared with t tests for dependent samples ( p ≤ .05). Results: There were no differences between the FREE and GRASP conditions for any of the parameters assessed. Conclusions: Subjects may grasp the treadmill handrails without affecting sagittal plane kinematic parameters of walking style.
Heteroepitaxy of La2O3 and La2–xYxO3 on GaAs (111)A by Atomic Layer Deposition: Achieving Low Interface Trap Density

GaAs metal–oxide–semiconductor devices historically suffer from Fermi-level pinning, which is mainly due to the high trap density of states at the oxide/GaAs interface. In this work, we present a new way of passivating the interface trap states by growing an epitaxial layer of high-k dielectric oxide, La2–xYxO3, on GaAs(111)A. High-quality epitaxial La2–xYxO3 thin films are achieved by an ex situ atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, and GaAs MOS capacitors made from this epitaxial structure show very good interface quality with small frequency dispersion and low interface trap densities (Dit). In particular, the La2O3/GaAs interface, which has a lattice mismatch of only 0.04%, shows very low Dit in the GaAs bandgap, below 3 × 1011 cm–2 eV–1 near the conduction band edge. The La2O3/GaAs capacitors also show the lowest frequency dispersion of any dielectric on GaAs. This is the first achievement of such low trap densities for oxides on GaAs.
Speciation via hybrid dysgenesis: negative evidence from the Drosophila affinis subgroup

With the realization that some transposable elements cause hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, have come proposals that speciation may be one result of their action. One characteristic of hybrid dysgenesis is that the progeny of dysgenic individuals exhibit an elevated mutation rate. Dysgenic speciation models were tested by studying hybrids of four interfertile species and semispecies of the Drosophila affinis subgroup. A study of the progeny of all possible mating pairs found no evidence for an increased visible mutation rate.
Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder

Background: Few treatment studies of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) have investigated the new, atypical antipsychotic drugs. This study examined the efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, in a series of patients with DSM-IV diagnosed schizotypal personality disorder. Method: This was a 26-week, open-label study with flexible dose design in 11 subjects with a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder based on Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and Personality Disorder Examination (PDE Journal of Psychiatric Disorders 1 (1987) 1). Subjects were treated with a low dose (average 9.32 mg/day) of olanzapine. Psychopathology was assessed at baseline and at the end of the study and analyzed with last observation carried forward analysis. Results: Patients showed significant improvements in psychosis and depression ratings, as well as in overall functioning. Olanzapine was well tolerated, though significant weight gain was observed. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary data regarding olanzapine efficacy and tolerability in schizotypal personality disorder subjects. These data need to be confirmed in larger controlled clinical trials.
A composite model of leptons and quarks

Abstract A heuristic model is presented, treating leptons and quarks as composites of spin 1 2 fields with charges 0, ± e 3 . A distinguishability assumption leads to the emergence of three quark colors. The model is extended to consideration of the force-mediating bosons.
Tight-binding study of tilt grain boundaries in diamond

We have examined a number of symmetric tilt grain boundary structures in diamond, using a transferable tight-binding (TB) carbon potential. Utilizing O(N) tight-binding molecular dynamics, we are able to simulate several thousands of atoms, allowing us to examine low-angle boundaries with large periodicities. The lowest energy structure is the {111} twin boundary, corresponding to the \ensuremath{\Sigma}=3 70.53\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} grain boundary. For angles less than 70.53\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the boundaries are composed of a series of b=〈011\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}〉 edge dislocations. The core structures of these dislocations are composed of five- and seven-atom rings. For these low-angle structures, the tight-binding energies have trends similar to those found using a Tersoff potential; both models give results that are consistent with linear elasticity theory. For the high-angle {211} and {311} boundaries, the tight-binding model predicts a reconstruction along the 〈011〉 direction, in order to eliminate dangling bonds. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A note on the decidability of a strong relevant logic

A modified filtrations argument is used to prove that the relevant logic S of [2] is decidable.
Evolutionary conservation of the sulfated oligosaccharides on vertebrate glycoprotein hormones that control circulatory half-life.

The circulatory half-life of the mammalian glycoprotein hormone lutropin is controlled by its unique Asn-linked oligosaccharides, which terminate with the sequence SO4-4-GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAc. A cluster of basic amino acids essential for recognition of the α subunit by the glycoprotein hormone:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is located within two turns of an α helix (Mengeling, B. J., Manzella, S. M., and Baenziger, J. U.(1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 502-506). The amino acids within this region are virtually invariant in the α subunits of all vertebrates, indicating that the recognition determinant utilized by the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase has been conserved in species ranging from teleost fish to mammals. We demonstrate that the glycoprotein hormone:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfotransferase responsible for the synthesis of these unique sulfated oligosaccharides are expressed in the pituitaries of vertebrates ranging from teleost fish to mammals. Furthermore, we show that Asn-linked oligosaccharides terminating with SO4-4-GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAc are present on the α and β subunits of the salmon glycoprotein hormone GTH II. Asn-linked oligosaccharides terminating with SO4-4-GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAc are unique structural features of the glycoprotein hormones that have been conserved during vertebrate evolution, suggesting they are critical for the expression of hormone biologic activity.
CHARGE INDEPENDENCE IN HYPERON PRODUCTION

The absolute differential cross sections were measured for the reactions pi /sup -/ + p yields SIGMA /sup 0/ + K/sup 0/ and pi /sup -/ + p yields SIGMA /sup -/ + K/sup +/, using 1.09 plus or minus 0.01 Bev negative pions incident on a 10-in. liquid hydrogen bubble chamber, with an 11-kilogauss magnetic field. Results are compared to those of Brown et al. (Phys. Rev. 107, 908(1957)) both as to magnitude and as to angular dependences. (W.D.M.)
Functions of aquaporins in the eye.

The aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins whose main function is to transport water across cell membranes in response to osmotic gradients. At the ocular surface, AQP1 is expressed in corneal endothelium, AQP3 and AQP5 in corneal epithelium, and AQP3 in conjunctival epithelium. AQPs are also expressed in lens fiber cells (AQP0), lens epithelium (AQP1), ciliary epithelium (AQP1, AQP4) and retinal Muller cells (AQP4). Mutations in AQP0 produce congenital cataracts in humans. Analysis of knockout mice lacking individual AQPs suggests their involvement in maintenance of corneal and lens transparency, corneal epithelial repair, intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation, retinal signal transduction and retinal swelling following injury. The mouse phenotype findings implicate AQPs as potential drug targets for therapy of elevated IOP and ocular disorders involving the cornea, lens and retina. However, much research remains in defining cell-level mechanisms for the ocular AQP functions, in establishing the relevance to human eye disease of conclusions from knockout mice, and in developing AQP-modulating drugs.
Weighted synergy graphs for effective team formation with heterogeneous ad hoc agents

Previous approaches to select agents to form a team rely on single-agent capabilities, and team performance is treated as a sum of such known capabilities. Motivated by complex team formation situations, we address the problem where both single-agent capabilities may not be known upfront, e.g., as in ad hoc teams, and where team performance goes beyond single-agent capabilities and depends on the specific synergy among agents. We formally introduce a novel weighted synergy graph model to capture new interactions among agents. Agents are represented as vertices in the graph, and their capabilities are represented as Normally-distributed variables. The edges of the weighted graph represent how well the agents work together, i.e., their synergy in a team. We contribute a learning algorithm that learns the weighted synergy graph using observations of performance of teams of only two and three agents. Further, we contribute two team formation algorithms, one that finds the optimal team in exponential time, and one that approximates the optimal team in polynomial time. We extensively evaluate our learning algorithm, and demonstrate the expressiveness of the weighted synergy graph in a variety of problems. We show our approach in a rich ad hoc team formation problem capturing a rescue domain, namely the RoboCup Rescue domain, where simulated robots rescue civilians and put out fires in a simulated urban disaster. We show that the weighted synergy graph outperforms a competing algorithm, thus illustrating the efficacy of our model and algorithms.
CHANGES IN ERYTROCYTE STROMAL IPIDS IN THE PRE MATURE INFANT ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT DIETS

Some lipid compounds of the human erythrocite stroma were studied in three groups of premature newborn infants fed different milk formulae. Two blood samples were obtained: immediately after birth and 20 days of feeding a given formula. Three milk formulae with a widely different linoleate content were used A=6, 08%, B=15,98%, C=0, 6% of the total caloric intake). Free cholesterol which decreased after feeding A apd B, did not vary after C, because of its low 18:2w6 concentration. In choline phosphoglycerides a clear sign of essential fatty acid deficiency was found in the infants fed C: a striking very significant increase of the triene/tetraene ratio(20:3W9 / 20:4W6) not only in plasma but also in red cell stroma. An increase of 18:1W9 was also found, accompanying a very low percentage of 18:2W6 in the group fed formula C. It is concluded that a content of acid linoleic in the infant diet of only 0,6% of the total caloric intake is essential fatty acid deficient.
Children's services of public libraries in the United States

Panorama de la question menee a partir d'une vue administrative de la gestion nationale et communale des bibliotheques enfantines, puis considerant l'Etat d'Illinois, d'une analyse des fonds mis a la disposition des enfants et des services rendus
Blindness in Saudi Arabia.

Depending on definitions and how you count, an estimated 42 million people are blind. Over 80% reside in developing countries, where blindness rates are often five to 20 times those of wealthier industrialized nations. 1,2 The majority of Third World blindness is caused by cataract 3,4 ; the rest, depending upon local conditions, by trachoma, 5 onchocerciasis (river blindness), 6 malnutrition (xerophthalmia), 7,8 trauma, and glaucoma. 2,3 It is concentrated in the elderly, particularly women. Most importantly, it can be prevented or reversed with existing technology. In a carefully conducted nationwide prevalence survey reported in this issue, Tabbara and Ross-Degnan 9 document the magnitude and causes of blindness in Saudi Arabia, confirming findings of similar surveys in Nepal 10 and Malawi 11 and more modest investigations elsewhere. These have revealed the unacceptable burden of this avoidable disability, with its economic and human costs, and enabled governments with severely limited resources to
Macrophage phenotype as a predictor of constructive remodeling following the implantation of biologically derived surgical mesh materials.

Abstract Macrophages have been classified as having plastic phenotypes which exist along a spectrum between M1 (classically activated; pro-inflammatory) and M2 (alternatively activated; regulatory, homeostatic). To date, the effects of polarization towards an M1 or M2 phenotype have been studied largely in the context of response to pathogen or cancer. Recently, M1 and M2 macrophages have been shown to play distinct roles in tissue remodeling following injury. In the present study, the M1/M2 paradigm was utilized to examine the role of macrophages in the remodeling process following implantation of 14 biologically derived surgical mesh materials in the rat abdominal wall. In situ polarization of macrophages responding to the materials was examined and correlated to a quantitative measure of the observed tissue remodeling response to determine whether macrophage polarization is an accurate predictor of the ability of a biologic scaffold to promote constructive tissue remodeling. Additionally the ability of M1 and M2 macrophages to differentially recruit progenitor-like cells in vitro, which are commonly observed to participate in the remodeling of those ECM scaffolds which have a positive clinical outcome, was examined as a possible mechanism underlying the differences in the observed remodeling responses. The results of the present study show that there is a strong correlation between the early macrophage response to implanted materials and the outcome of tissue remodeling. Increased numbers of M2 macrophages and higher ratios of M2:M1 macrophages within the site of remodeling at 14 days were associated with more positive remodeling outcomes (r2 = 0.525–0.686, p
The Ways and Means of Interracial Aggression: Modern Racists’ Use of Covert Retaliation

Modern racists are theorized to have negative affect and attitudes toward African Americans yet be motivated to avoid appearing prejudiced. Thus, they may behave toward African Americans in covert ways. This hypothesis was tested using both an overt and covert measure of aggression in a competitive reaction-time task. Experiment 1 found that high modern racists were more overtly and covertly aggressive than were low modern racists, regardless of competitor race. In addition, high modern racists displayed a pattern of increasing covert aggression toward African Americans, whereas low modern racists inhibited retaliation even under high levels of provocation. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 and provided evidence suggesting that covert aggression is a strategic process that cannot be employed under conditions of reduced cognitive capacity. Covert aggression, along with other covert behaviors, is seen as highlighting differences between high and low modern racists.
Determination of Cloretazine™ (VNP40101M) and its active metabolite (VNP4090CE) in human plasma by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS)

A sensitive method for the determination of Cloretazine (VNP40101M) and its metabolite (VNP4090CE) with an internal standard (ISTD) in human plasma was developed using high-performance liquid chromatographic separation with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Acidified plasma samples (500 microL) were prepared using solid phase extraction (SPE) columns, and 25 microL of the reconstituted sample was injected onto an Ascentis C18 HPLC column (3 microm, 5 cmx2.1 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase. Analytes were detected with an API-3000 LC-MS/MS System at unit (Q1) and low (Q3) resolution in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode: m/z 249.0 (precursor ion) to m/z 114.9 (product ion) for both Cloretazine (at 3.64 min) and VNP4090CE (at 2.91 min), and m/z 253.0 (precursor ion) to m/z 116.9 (product ion) for the ISTD. The mean recovery for Cloretazine (VNP40101M) and its metabolite (VNP4090CE) was greater than 87% with a lower limit of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL for Cloretazine (S/N=9.7, CV<or=12%) and 0.5 ng/mL for VNP4090CE (S/N=11.3, CV<or=9.7%). This method was validated over a linear range of 1.0-1000 ng/mL for Cloretazine and 0.5-100 ng/mL for VNP4090CE, and results from a five day validation study demonstrated good within-day and between-day precision and accuracy. This method has been used to measure plasma Cloretazine and its metabolite concentrations in a Phase I study in children with recurrent progressive or refractory primary brain tumors.
Intrathoracic migration of large-fragment screws after failed shoulder arthrodesis: a case report.

Orthopaedic implants used during upper-extremity surgery have been discovered in many locations. Kirschner wires and Steinmann pins have migrated into the thorax or mediastinum from local sites1-5 and from distant sites such as the phalanx6, patella7, and hip8. Although there are well-documented case reports on the migration of smooth and threaded Kirschner wires and Steinmann pins from the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints into the thorax, the migration of large-fragment screws from the shoulder into the thorax has not been reported, to our knowledge. Screws are less likely to migrate because of their larger size and irregular shape. We present a case of intrathoracic migration of large-fragment screws after a failed shoulder arthrodesis. In accordance with the medical center institutional review board policy, the patient was informed about, and consented to, case publication. A sixty-three-year-old woman with oxygen-dependent obstructive pulmonary disease presented with right-sided pleuritic chest pain. Her surgical history included multiple surgical procedures in the right shoulder due to instability and rotator cuff arthropathy. An arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in the right shoulder, done in 1989, had failed, and a shoulder arthrodesis was subsequently attempted. Shoulder implants were removed in 1992. Although the patient was asymptomatic, she was noted to have a fibrous nonunion of the right shoulder and had a revision arthrodesis in May 1996. This arthrodesis was unsuccessful, and there was subsequent failure of the implants. The patient was not a candidate for repeat revision arthrodesis because of inadequate bone stock and medical comorbidities. A routine chest radiograph made in 2003 showed a broken plate with screws remaining in the right shoulder region as well as a large-fragment screw on the left side of the thorax, which was from a failed left glenoid reconstruction performed in 1995 at the …
Low-complexity multiuser detectors for time-hopping impulse-radio systems

Impulse radio (IR) and especially time-hopping IR (TH-IR) systems have attracted considerable attention since their introduction in the context of ultra wide-band (UWB) systems in the early 1990s. Recently, with the U.S. Federal Communications Commission actions allowing for the wide-spread use of UWB radio systems, the interest in these systems has grown further. These systems promise to deliver high data rates in multiple access communication channels with very simple transmitter and receiver designs. The importance of multiuser detection for achieving high data rates with these systems has already been established in several studies. This paper studies several low-complexity multiuser detectors specifically designed for TH-IR radio systems. It is demonstrated that many multiuser detectors developed primarily for direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems can be used essentially without any change in TH-IR receivers. Further, several novel, low-complexity multiuser detectors that exploit the special signal structure used for transmission by TH-IR systems are developed. These novel detectors are analyzed both theoretically and via simulations. It is shown that a very simple iterative multiuser detector yields performance that is similar to that of a single-user system.
Design for Environment in New Semiconductor Manufacturing Technologies

In this paper, we provide data on the environmental performance improvements achieved during the conversion from manufacturing semiconductors on 200 mm silicon wafer to manufacturing on 300 mm. Conclusions identify approaches to continue the environmental improvements in future manufacturing generations.
THE STRENGTH OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL (ER) FLUIDS

The definition of the strength of an ER fluid is discussed. Studies on the electrorheology of ER fluids containing zeolite particles in various oils indicate that the order of magntiude difference between the measured values of the yield stress and those calculated based on the axial force of interaction between particles in a single-row chain can be explained by an enhancement of the force due to the observed clustering of particles into multi-row chains. The force enhancement factor varied with the shear rate and the concentration of particles, but was relatively independent of the electric field, temperature and host fluid. Reasonable agreement existed between the predicted and the measured shear stress-shear strain curves and the concentration dependence of the yield stress when the appropriate force enhancement factor was taken into account. The present theoretical-experimental considerations suggest that ER fluids may attain a yield strength of ~ 50 kPa.
Interactive Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Berry Exposure Aspect on Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in an Arid Climate

The objective of this study was to determine the main and interactive effects of a sustained water deficit during berry development and berry exposure aspect on yield and berry composition in the red winegrape cultivars Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. Standard (STD) and reduced (RED) levels of sustained deficit irrigation were imposed throughout berry development over four growing seasons in a field trial located in the Snake River Valley American Viticultural Area (AVA) of southwestern Idaho, United States. The STD irrigation provided ~70% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the RED treatment provided ~50% of the STD. Midday leaf water potential (Ψl) was measured weekly and the diameter of exposed east- and west-facing berries was nondestructively measured during berry development. Yield and berry maturity and the phenolic composition of exposed east- and west-facing berries were measured at harvest for each irrigation treatment. Vines under RED had lower Ψl than vines under STD irrigation. Deficit severity and west-facing berry exposure had an additive effect on reducing berry growth. East-facing berries under STD irrigation grew faster than west-facing berries under RED irrigation. Yield per vine and berry growth were reduced in both cultivars under RED irrigation and west-facing berries contained less total monomeric anthocyanin per berry than east-facing berries. Reduction in total anthocyanin content was due to lower concentration per gram berry fresh weight in Merlot and reduced berry fresh weight in Cabernet Sauvignon. The lack of significant irrigation effect and significant exposure effect observed in this study supports the hypothesis that temperature is a major factor influencing berry compositional development.
The Fireflies of the Fernando de Zayas Collection, Havana, Cuba with Notes on Their Taxonomic Status (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Abstract The firefly holdings of the Fernando de Zayas Collection, located in Havana, Cuba, is reported as well as the updated taxonomic status of these species. This is an important collection to the study of the Lampyridae of Cuba and remains one of the major insect collections in Cuba. The lampyrid holdings in this collection include the holotype of Alecton x-nigra Zayas 1988, and one paratype each of Callopisma maestro Mutchler 1923 and Callopisma monticola Mutchler 1923. Data gathered from this collection verifies that the lampyrid genera Robopus and Callopisma are the most speciose. Literature based on outdated taxonomy put the genus Photinus as most speciose genus of firefly in Cuba.
Suspected chyle leak during complex spine surgery A unique case of propofol infusion resulting in lipid emulsion pooling in the surgical field

The authors report a case of propofol infusion being mistaken for chyle during a two stage thoracic spinal fusion. Propofol is commonly used during spine surgery to facilitate neuromonitoring and there are no reported cases of these observations in the spine literature. We describe the positioning, timing, and treatment in a patient that required prolonged care to rule out a chylothorax. Chyle and the pharmacologic and physiologic effects of propofol are discussed. This review outlines our reasoning and steps used to rule out a chyle leak in the setting of propofol-based anesthesia.
Superlubricity and Wearless Sliding in Diamondlike Carbon Films

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) films have attracted great interest in recent years mainly because of their unusual optical, electrical, mechanical, and tribological properties. Such properties are currently being exploited for a wide range of engineering applications including magnetic hard disks, gears, sliding and roller bearings, scratch resistant glasses, biomedical implants, etc. Systematic studies on carbon-based materials in our laboratory have led to the development of a new class of amorphous DLC films that provide extremely low friction and wear coefficients of 0.001 to 0.005 and 10-11 to 10-10 mm3/N.m, respectively, when tested in inert-gas or high-vacuum environments. These films were produced in highly hydrogenated gas discharge plasmas by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process at room temperature. The carbon source gases used in the deposition of these films included methane, acetylene, and ethylene. Tribological studies in our laboratory have established a very close correlation between the composition of the plasmas and the friction and wear coefficients of the resultant DLC films. Specifically, the friction and wear coefficients of DLC films grown in plasmas with higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios were much lower than films derived from source gases with lower hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. Fundamental tribological and surface analytical studies have led us to conclude that hydrogen (within the film, as well as on the sliding surfaces) is extremely important for the superlubricity and wearless sliding behavior of these films. Based on these studies, a mechanistic model is proposed to explain the superlow friction and wear properties of the new DLC films.
Modeling buffers in automated manufacturing systems using Petri nets

Petri net design approaches for automated manufacturing systems are discussed, with emphasis on modular design methods for buffers. The simple Petri net module for a buffer is extended to a module for a generalized buffer which can be shared and which can accommodate a number of distinct types of parts. Theoretical results about the preservation of system properties such as boundedness, liveness, and reversibility are presented for cases in which a Petri net contains such buffer modules. Two theorems provide certain conditions to achieve such property preservation. Safe Petri net modules for a buffer are designed using safe places only. The results are illustrated by two manufacturing examples: a multiple-machine and multiple-buffer production line, and an automatic storage-retrieval system in a flexible manufacturing system. >
Role of Dibromomalonic Acid in the Photosensitivity of the Ru(bpy)3 2+ -Catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction

Dibromomalonic acid (Br2MA) oxidizes the photoexcited state of the Ru(bpy)32+ complex, producing Br2. Br2MA also reduces Ru(bpy)33+, yielding Br-. The first of these reactions has a rate proportional to [H+] and plays an important part in the mechanism of photoinhibition of the Belousov−Zhabotinsky reaction. We propose a reaction mechanism that gives good agreement with the experimental data.
Tying hairs for structurally stable exponentials

Our goal in this paper is to describe the structure of the Julia set of complex exponential functions that possess an attracting cycle. When the cycle is a fixed point, it is known that the Julia set is a ‘Cantor bouquet’, a union of uncountably many distinct curves or ‘hairs’. When the period of the cycle is greater than one, infinitely many of the hairs in the bouquet become pinched or attached together. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to determine which of these hairs are attached. Of crucial importance in this construction is the kneading invariant, a sequence that is derived from the topology of the basins of attraction of the attracting cycle.
Osteoblast differentiation is enhanced in rotary cell culture simulated microgravity environments.

Purpose: As the aging population increases, more people will become reliant on regenerative dental medicine for implant therapy. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that 3D rotary cell culture (RCC) environments created by simulated microgravity would enhance osteogenic gene expression using integrin mediated pathways. Materials and Methods: Human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM, ATCC 1486) pre-osteoblasts were cultured in either RCC to create 3D environments or in 2D monolayers for 72 hours. Gross phenotypic analysis was performed using Alizarin Red S staining for calcium and microscopy. Real-time PCR analysis was used to detect differences in osteoblast gene expression. Aggregates developed in 3D RCC environments were treated with or without antibody to the collagen-I integrin receptor α2β1 to determine whether this molecular pathway might contribute to the development of a mineralized matrix. Results: Microscopic analysis demonstrated that RCC environments promoted 3D aggregate formation by 72 hours without any scaffold. The mass appeared osseous-like with a white, shiny, translucent surface. The center was amorphous with areas of vacuolization, tubule-like structures, and fibrous-like extensions. Real-time PCR data showed that 3D environments enhanced osteogenic gene expression as compared with 2D monolayer culturing conditions. At 72 hours, changes in levels of osteogenic gene expression were noted. Cbfa1, a necessary transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation, was expressed 33% higher (p= 0.26); Collagen 1, 69% higher (p= 0.05); Osterix, 49% higher (p= 0.001); and BSPII, 54% higher (p= 0.001) than osteoblasts cultured for 72 hours in standard 2D monolayer conditions. When cultured in the presence of collagen α2β1 integrin receptor antibody, 3D aggregates had decreased levels of mineralization as compared with non-treated aggregates. Conclusion: RCC enhances osteoblast differentiation using integrin mediated pathways.
A Comparison of Medication Adherence Indices to Assess Long-Term Inhaled Corticosteroid Medication Use

This study examined associations between select hypothesized adherence predictors in claims databases and long-term inhaled corticosteroid adherence. Medication adherence was measured by using medication possession indexes and a refill regularity measure in 1595 older adults using inhaled corticosteroids for 2 years. Medication possession indices were highly correlated with each other but not with the refill regularity measure. Additionally, the hypothesized predictors explained a larger percentage of the variance in the medication possession indices compared to the refill regularity measure. Although long-term retrospective medication utilization poses many measurability issues, the use of multiple indices gives a more complete picture of usage behavior.
Dopants in Flame Synthesis of Titania

The effect of dopants on the characteristics of titania particles made by oxidation of TiCl{sub 4} in a laminar diffusion flame reactor is presented. Introduction of dopant SiCl{sub 4} inhibits the transformation of anatase to rutile, due to the formation of interstitial solid solution of SiO{sub 2} and TiO{sub 2}. Silica decreases the sintering rate of titania and decreases the primary particle size, and, as a result, the specific surface area increases. Introduction of SnCl{sub 4} enhances the transformation of anatase to rutile, due to the similar crystalline structure of SnO{sub 2} and rutile titania. However, the presence of SnO{sub 2} does not affect the primary particle size or the specific surface area of titania particles. Introduction of AlCl{sub 3} enhances the transformation of anatase to rutile, due to the formation of excess oxygen vacancies as Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and TiO{sub 2} form a substitutional solid solution.
Normalizing Source Code Vocabulary

Information Retrieval (IR) based tools complement traditional static and dynamic analysis tools by exploiting the natural language found within a program's text. Tools incorporating IR have tackled problems, such as feature location, that previously required considerable human effort. However, to reap the full benefit of IR-based techniques, the language used across all software artifacts (e.g., requirement and design documents, test plans, as well as the source code) must be consistent. Vocabulary normalization aligns the vocabulary found in source code with that found in other software artifacts. Normalization both splits an identifier into its constituent parts and expands each part into a full dictionary word to match vocabulary in other artifacts. An algorithm for normalization is presented. Its current implementation incorporates a greatly improved splitter that exploits a collection of resources including several dictionaries, frequency distributions derived from the corpus of programs, and co-occurrence data. Empirical study of this new splitter, GenTest, on almost 8000 identifiers finds that it correctly splits 82%, outperforming the current state-of-the-art. A preliminary experiment with the normalization algorithm finds it improving the FLAT feature locator's scores of relevant code from 0.60 to 0.95 on a scale from 0 to 1.
Range edges and the molecular divergence of Greya moth populations

Aim We investigated the geographical pattern of genetic divergence and demographic history in the prodoxid moth Greya obscura throughout its entire geographical range in far western North America and compared it to the geographical patterns found in a previously studied species, Greya politella, which co-occurs over the same range, in the same habitats, and on the same host plants. Location The study included sites distributed throughout the California Floristic Province. Methods We used analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms to evaluate the pattern and history of genetic continuity among populations. Results Greya obscura populations show a history of spatial expansion with considerable haplotype diversity in the centre of the geographical range. As with G. politella, some range-edge populations of G. obscura are sufficiently divergent (6.7% in COI) to be considered as potentially cryptic species. Greya obscura and G. politella, however, differ in the specific range-edge sites showing greatest genetic divergence and cryptic speciation. Main conclusions These results corroborate the view that range edges are important cradles of divergence and speciation. In addition, the results indicate that the geographical pattern of divergence at edges may differ even among closely related species occupying the same habitats and using the same hosts.
An Alternate Method for Construction of the Vernolepin AB-Ring System

Abstract Interest in the tumor-inhibitory bis-α-methylene lactone vernolepin (1)3 continues.4-7 Two recent reports have detailed the synthesis of the vernolepin AB-ring model 2.4-5 We wish to report an efficient method for the construction of the cis-fused AB—ring system of vernolepin which we have employed in an alternate synthesis of the α-methylene lactone 2.