cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The stigma of Parkinson's disease: development and implications

Abstract Over the past century, advancements in treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) have significantly reduced the rates of comorbidities and mortality of patients. However, despite incredible developments in our understanding of the neuropathophysiology of the disease, patients still experience social and self-stigma. This stigma may originate from others' reactions to the patient's disease, or it may be from their own fears of others' reactions. Regardless, stigma isolates and marginalizes PD patients, causing increasing rates of depression and comorbidities. Cumulatively, stigma against patients decreases quality of life and increases mortality. On an individual scale, clinicians working with PD patients must remember not only to treat the physical symptoms of the disease but also to inquire about the psychosocial health of patients and their caregivers. At the population level, anti–mental health stigma campaigns are an effective tool to combat social stigma and provide education to the general public about the disease. With the increasing use of social media and the Internet, it is possible to connect to and provide information for difficult-to-reach populations. Indeed, the need to address the psychosocial and biological aspects of Parkinson's disease suggests that a more holistic approach is necessary to treat the patient adequately.
Coca y estructura cultural en los Andes peruanos

En una tarde de junio de 1975, mi esposo y yo estabamos sentado con nuestro amigo, D. Cipriano B., en su casa en la pequena Comunidad andina de Sonqo. Nosotros eramos nuevos en la Comunidad y pasabamos todavia, el largo periodo inicial de investigacion antropologica: aprendiendo como comportarnos, en medio de una cultura extrana, como personas bien educadas. Estabamos todavia aprendiendo como saludar y despedirnos de la gente; como aceptar comida y comerela con naturaliad y agrado.
LAMBERT FUNCTION METHODs TO STUDY LASER DYNAMICS WITH TIME-DELAYED FEEDBACK

Time-delayed differential equations arise frequently in the study of nonlinear dynamics of lasers with optical feedback and because the analytical solution of such equations can be intractable, one resorts to numerical methods. In this manuscript, we show that under some conditions, the rate equations model that is used to model semiconductor lasers with feedback can be analytically solved by using the Lambert W function. In particular, we discuss the conditions under which the coupled rate equations for the intracavity electric field and carrier inversion can be reduced to a single equation for the field, and how this single rate equation can be cast in a form that is amenable to the use of the Lambert W function.
lncRNAs in T lymphocytes: RNA regulation at the heart of the immune response.

Genome-wide analyses in the last decade have uncovered the presence of a large number of long non-protein-coding transcripts that show highly tissue- and state-specific expression patterns. High-th...
Value and Growth Investing: Review and Update

A great deal of academic empirical research has been published on value and growth investing. We review and update this literature, discuss the various explanations for the performance of value versus growth stocks, review the empirical research on the alternative explanations, and provide some new results based on an updated and expanded sample. The evidence suggests that, even after taking into account the experience of the late 1990s, value investing generates superior returns. Common measures of risk do not support the argument that the return differential is a result of the higher riskiness of value stocks. Instead, behavioral considerations and the agency costs of delegated investment management lie at the root of the value-growth spread.
Use of the transtheoretical model in medication adherence: A systematic review

Abstract Background Medication nonadherence is an important public health issue that has individual and system-level implications. Nonadherence can lead to negative health outcomes and illness, which in turn produce increased healthcare costs for both the individual and system. The transtheoretical model of change (TTM) can be a useful basis for interventions, as it can identify patients' current stages of change and guide them from nonadherence to adherence. Objective The objective of this systematic review was to determine the utilization of the TTM to predict or improve medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions. Methods A systematic review of current literature was conducted to obtain an overview of the use of TTM-informed interventions for medication adherence in chronic conditions. PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL databases were searched in July 2020. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed for data extraction, analysis, and reporting. Results Ten studies were included in the final data synthesis of this review. Eight of the reviewed studies supported the utility of TTM to predict or improve medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions, while two studies did not find any significant improvement in medication adherence after using a TTM-based intervention. The Downs and Black checklist revealed the overall methodological quality of the included studies to be fair [mean (SD) = 16.3 (4.5) of a possible maximum score of 28]. Conclusion This systematic review provides an overview of the utility of TTM in predicting and improving medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions. Although TTM-based interventions in patients with low or moderate medication adherence were effective, there were few studies identified, suggesting the need for further research.
Are Virginia opossums really ecological traps for ticks? Groundtruthing laboratory observations

Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) are a common synanthrope in North America, and serve as host to many species of ectoparasites. Research on captive Virginia opossums estimated that opossums eat, on average, 5500 larval ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) per week. To investigate this apparent preference exhibited by opossums for ingesting ticks, we comprehensively analyzed stomach contents of 32 Virginia opossums from central Illinois. Using a dissecting microscope, we searched the contents exhaustively for ticks and tick body parts, without sieving or pre-rinsing the stomach contents. We did not locate any ticks or tick parts in the stomach contents of Virginia opossums. We also performed a vigorous literature search for corroborating evidence of tick ingestion. Our search revealed 23 manuscripts that describe diet analyses of Virginia opossums, 19 of which were conducted on stomach or digestive tract contents and four of which were scat-based analyses. None of the studies identified ticks in their analyses of diet items. We conclude that ticks are not a preferred diet item for Virginia opossums. Considering that wildlife unconditioned to laboratory conditions may exhibit non-typical behaviors, we recommend that lab-based studies of wildlife behavior be groundtruthed with studies based in natural conditions.
Full disclosure : the perils and promise of transparency

1. Governance by transparency 2. An unlikely policy innovation 3. Designing information-based regulation 4. What makes disclosure work 5. What makes disclosure policies sustainable? 6. International transparency 7. Toward collaborative transparency 8. The future of disclosure Appendix: Eighteen major cases.
Dual‐polarity GRAPPA for simultaneous reconstruction and ghost correction of echo planar imaging data

Purpose The purpose of this study was to seek improved image quality from accelerated echo planar imaging (EPI) data, particularly at ultrahigh fields. Certain artifacts in EPI reconstructions can be attributed to nonlinear phase differences between data acquired using frequency-encoding gradients of alternating polarity. These errors appear near regions of local susceptibility gradients and typically cannot be corrected with conventional Nyquist ghost correction (NGC) methods. Methods We propose a new reconstruction method that integrates ghost correction into the parallel imaging data recovery process. This is achieved through a pair of generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) kernels that operate directly on the measured EPI data. The proposed dual-polarity GRAPPA (DPG) method estimates missing k-space data while simultaneously correcting inherent EPI phase errors. Results Simulation results showed that standard NGC is incapable of correcting higher-order phase errors, whereas the DPG kernel approach successfully removed these errors. The presence of higher-order phase errors near regions of local susceptibility gradients was demonstrated with in vivo data. DPG reconstructions of in vivo 3T and 7T EPI data acquired near these regions showed a marked improvement over conventional methods. Conclusion This new parallel imaging method for reconstructing accelerated EPI data shows better resilience to inherent EPI phase errors, resulting in higher image quality in regions where higher-order EPI phase errors commonly occur. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Out of the minds of babes.

How does the brain reason and calculate? In his Perspective Pinker traces the history of this question and its answers. A new study in this issue reveals that 7-month-old infants can use rules to analyze their surroundings, changing the landscape of this debate.
Klebsiella pneumoniae FimK Promotes Virulence in Murine Pneumonia

Klebsiella pneumoniae, a chief cause of nosocomial pneumonia, is a versatile and commonly multidrug-resistant human pathogen for which further insight into pathogenesis is needed. We show that the pilus regulatory gene fimK promotes the virulence of K. pneumoniae strain TOP52 in murine pneumonia. This contrasts with the attenuating effect of fimK on urinary tract virulence, illustrating that a single factor may exert opposing effects on pathogenesis in distinct host niches. Loss of fimK in TOP52 pneumonia was associated with diminished lung bacterial burden, limited innate responses within the lung, and improved host survival. FimK expression was shown to promote serum resistance, capsule production, and protection from phagocytosis by host immune cells. Finally, while the widely used K. pneumoniae model strain 43816 produces rapid dissemination and death in mice, TOP52 caused largely localized pneumonia with limited lethality, thereby providing an alternative tool for studying K. pneumoniae pathogenesis and control within the lung.
Long-term changes in energy expenditure and body composition after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery

BACKGROUND Little is known about the determinants of individual variability in body weight and fat loss after gastric bypass surgery or about the effects of massive weight loss induced by this surgery on energy requirements. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine changes in energy expenditure and body composition with weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery and to identify presurgery predictors of weight loss. DESIGN Thirty extremely obese women and men with a mean (+/- SD) age of 39.0 +/- 9.6 y and a body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) of 50.1 +/- 9.3 were tested longitudinally under weight-stable conditions before surgery and after weight loss and stabilization (14 +/- 2 mo). Total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, and fasting leptin were measured. RESULTS Subjects lost 53.2 +/- 22.2 kg body weight and had significant decreases in REE (-2.4 +/- 1.0 MJ/d; P < 0.001) and TEE (-3.6 +/- 2.5 MJ/d; P < 0.001). Changes in REE were predicted by changes in fat-free mass and fat mass. The average physical activity level (TEE/REE) was 1.61 at both baseline and follow-up (P = 0.98). Weight loss was predicted by baseline fat mass and BMI but not by any energy expenditure variable or leptin. Measured REE at follow-up was not significantly different from predicted REE. CONCLUSIONS TEE and REE decreased by 25% on average after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. REE changes were predicted by loss of body tissue; thus, there was no significant long-term change in energy efficiency that would independently promote weight regain.
Effects of felt adequacy and opportunity to reciprocate on help seeking

Abstract This experiment was prompted by the belief that felt inadequacy and lack of opportunity to reciprocate act as deterrents to help seeking when help is needed. The experiment was conducted on 56 freshmen by modifying Greenberg and Shapiro's physical disability paradigm. Subjects were told that they could not meet the quota on a manual task but had done well (poorly) for persons similarly handicapped (by arm in sling). Later they learned that the electricity would be shut off in 2 hr (15 min), making it possible (impossible) to help the visually handicapped fellow worker later on a visual task. The hypothesis that felt inadequacy inhibits help seeking was fully supported, while the corresponding hypothesis regarding lack of opportunity to reciprocate received only partial support. There were no sex differences. The relevance of these data for embarrassment theory is discussed.
DECONVOLUTION ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE RELAXATION TIME SPECTRA OF INTERNAL FRICTION PEAKS

A new method for analysis of an internal friction vs temperature peak to obtain an approximation of the spectrum of relaxation time responsible for the peak is described. This method, referred to as direct spectrum analysis (DSA), is shown to provide an accurate estimate of the distribution of relaxation times. The method is validated for various spectra, and it is shown that: (1) It provides approximations to known input spectra which replicate the position, amplitude, width and shape with good accuracy (typically 10%). (2) It does not yield approximations which have false spectral peaks.
Hot asphalt burns: a review of injuries and management options☆

Hot asphalt burns to human tissue can increase the likelihood of infection and potential conversion of partial thickness to full-thickness injuries. Successful intervention for hot asphalt burns requires immediate and effective cooling of the asphalt on the tissue followed by subsequent gradual removal of the cooled asphalt. A review of the literature reveals that multiple substances have been used to remove asphalt, including topical antibiotics, petroleum jelly, a commercial product known as De-Solv-It (ORANGE-SOL, Chandler, AZ), sunflower oil, baby oil, liquid paraffin, butter, mayonnaise, and moist-exposed burn ointment (MEBO). Although many of these products may be effective in the removal of asphalt, they may not be readily available in an emergency department setting. Topical antibiotics are readily available, are more commonly described in the medical literature, and would be expected to be effective in the removal of asphalt. We developed guidelines for on scene (first-aid) management and the initial care of such patients upon presentation to a health care facility. These guidelines emphasize the principles of early cooling, gradual removal of adherent asphalt using topical antibiotics, and avoidance of the use of topical agents, which are likely to result in tissue toxicity.
Computational screening of novel thiamine-catalyzed decarboxylation reactions of 2-keto acids

A molecular modeling strategy to screen the capacity of known enzymes to catalyze the reactions of non-native substrates is presented. The binding of pyruvic acid and non-native ketoacids in the active site of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase was examined using docking analysis, and our results suggest that enzyme-non-native ketoacid-bound species are feasible. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods were then used to study the geometry of the covalent intermediate formed from the enzyme and the various ketoacids. Finally, quantum mechanical methods were used to study the decarboxylation reaction of 2-keto acids at the mechanistic level. This hierarchical screening ranked the substrates from those that cannot be accommodated by the enzyme (phenyl pyruvate) to those whose conversion rate would most closely approach that of the native substrate (2-ketobutanoic acid and 2-ketovaleric acid). Most notably, our investigation suggests that novel pathways generated using generalized enzyme actions may be screened using the hierarchical approach employed here.
Microscopic functional integral theory of quantum fluctuations in double-layer quantum Hall ferromagnets

We present a microscopic theory of zero-temperature order parameter and pseudospin stiffness reduction due to quantum fluctuations in the ground state of double-layer quantum Hall ferromagnets. Collective excitations in this system are properly described only when interactions in both direct and exchange particle-hole channels are included. We employ a functional integral approach which is able to account for both, and comment on its relation to diagrammatic perturbation theory. We also discuss its relation to Gaussian fluctuation approximations based on Hubbard-Stratonovich-transformation representations of interactions in ferromagnets and superconductors. We derive remarkably simple analytical expressions for the correlation energy, renormalized order parameter and renormalized pseudospin stiffness.
Managing Employee Social Networking: Evolving Views from the National Labor Relations Board

With the development of social networking internet sites such as Myspace, Facebook, and Twitter, a new set of concerns has arisen for employers. A growing number of employers has asserted a right to regulate employee use of the internet and social networking sites despite the fact that such policies may be seen as an intrusion on workers’ privacy interests. This paper explores the conflict between the employees’ interest in internet use and employer efforts to regulate and control these activities. A number of National Labor Relations Board cases and supporting reports, as well as, arbitration decisions are examined in order to explore the critical issues that have emerged regarding employee use of social networking. Based on an analysis of the cases and literature, guidelines are provided for effective employer social networking policies. A high quality policy and an understanding of the changing standards are critical for successful management of employee social networking.
A sandwich-transducer technique for measurement of internal dynamic stress: Internal dynamic stresses can be measured by sandwiching in a rod a piezoelectric crystal with a guard ring scribed on each face to define the stress-sensitive area

A technique for the measurement of internal dynamic stresses in rods is described and experimental results are presented. The technique utilized a piezoelectricquartz-crystal disk with a concentric guard ring scribed on each side through conductive plating. The transducer was sandwiched with epoxy adhesive in a Hopkinson-pressure-bar arrangement to compare its output from the center electrode area with surface-mounted strain gages. Preliminary tests showed good peak-stress agreement between the two and pulse shapes were also found to be identical. The effect of bonding on the piezoelectric constant was also investigated. This constant was found to be about 8 percent greater than the accepted value for alpha quartz. This difference was attributed to radial effects.
Launching a fast (100 ps) high-voltage (> 100 kV) pulse into a biological target

This paper describes the design and numerical simulations of a switch system to launch fast (100 ps), high-voltage (>100 kV) spherical TEM waves from the first focal point of a prolate-spheroidal impulse-radiating antenna.
Field trials of a short-rotation biomass feller buncher and selected harvesting systems

A continuous-speed felling and bunching prototype machine was evaluated in harvesting a three-year-old, short-rotation sycamore plantation. A small tractor, grapple skidder, and large chipper were evaluated along with the prototype machine as complete harvesting systems. Prediction equations, production rates, and costs were developed for each component of the systems. Production of the feller buncher was about 850 stems an hour (17·3 green Mg), and felling cost for the test was $3·29 green Mg−1. Total system cost was about $11·50 green Mg−1. However, cost could be reduced with a smaller chipper. A survey of stump damage showed little damage from the feller buncher when it was operating properly. The tractor caused minimal skidding damage, less than that of the large skidder.
Long-term survival with metastatic cancer to the brain

Metastatic cancer to the brain has a poor prognosis. The focus of this work was to determine the incidence of long-term (≥2 y) survival for patients with brain metastases from different primary cancers and to identify prognostic variables associated with prolonged survival. A retrospective review of 740 patients with brain metastases treated over a 20 y period identified 51 that survived 2 or more years from the time of diagnosis of the brain metastasis. Prognostic variables that were examined included age, sex, histology, tumor number and location, and treatment. In the 51 patients, 35 (69%) had single lesions and 16 (31%) had multiple tumors. For all tumor types (740 patients), the actuarial survival rate was 8.1% at 2 y, 4.8% at 3 y, and 2.4% at 5 y. At 2 y, patients with ovarian carcinoma had the highest survival rate (23.9%) and patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) had the lowest survival rate (1.7%). At 5 y, survival rates were 7.8% for ovarian carcinoma, 2.9% for non-SCLC, 2.3% for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, 1.3% for breast carcinoma and there were no survivors with SCLC, gastrointestinal, bladder, unknown primary, or prostate cancer. Age, sex, histology, location for single tumors, systemic chemotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery did not significantly influence survival. The presence of a single lesion (P=0.001, chi-square test), surgical resection (P=0.001), and WBRT (P=0.009) were favorable prognostic variables for extended survival. Multiple bilateral metastases was a poor prognostic indicator (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed younger age (P<0.05), single metastasis (P<0.0001), surgical resection (P<0.0001), whole brain radiation therapy (P<0.0001), and chemotherapy (P=0.0288) were associated with prolonged survival. 29 patients (57%) died of systemic disease progression, 9 (18%) died of central nervous system progression, and the cause of death was unknown in 3 (6%). Patients with a single non-SCLC, breast, melanoma, renal cell, and ovarian carcinoma brain metastasis have the best chance for long-term survival if treated with surgical resection and WBRT.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Sinusitis During Microgravity in a Novel Animal Model

Objectives To develop an animal model of rhinosinusitis in microgravity, to characterize the behavior of intracavitary fluid in microgravity, and to assess the accuracy of ultrasonographic (US) diagnosis in microgravity. Design An animal model of acute sinusitis was developed in anesthetized swine by creating a window into a frontal sinus to allow unilateral catheter placement and injection of fluid. We performed US examinations in normal and microgravity environments on control and sinusitis conditions and recorded these for later interpretation. Setting Henry Ford Hospital and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Microgravity Research Facility in Houston, Texas. Subjects Ground (normal-gravity) experiments were conducted on anesthetized swine (n = 4) at Henry Ford Hospital before the microgravity experiments (n = 4) conducted in the NASA Microgravity Research Facility. Main Outcome Measure Ultrasound visualization of fluid cavity. Results Results of bilateral US examinations before fluid injection demonstrated typical air-filled sinuses. After unilateral injection of 1 mL of fluid, a consistent air-fluid interface was observed on the catheterized side at ground conditions. Microgravity conditions caused the rapid ( Conclusions The US appearance of fluid in nasal sinuses during microgravity is characterized in the large animal model. On the introduction of microgravity, the typical air-fluid interface disassociates, and fluid lining the sinus can be observed. Such fluid behavior can be used to develop diagnostic criteria for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in the microgravity environment.
A functional architecture of the human brain: emerging insights from the science of emotion

The ‘faculty psychology’ approach to the mind, which attempts to explain mental function in terms of categories that reflect modular ‘faculties’, such as emotions, cognitions, and perceptions, has dominated research into the mind and its physical correlates. In this paper, we argue that brain organization does not respect the commonsense categories belonging to the faculty psychology approach. We review recent research from the science of emotion demonstrating that the human brain contains broadly distributed functional networks that can each be re-described as basic psychological operations that interact to produce a range of mental states, including, but not limited to, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and so on. When compared to the faculty psychology approach, this ‘constructionist’ approach provides an alternative functional architecture to guide the design and interpretation of experiments in cognitive neuroscience.
Subcellular distribution of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in four inbred mouse strains.

1. 1. The subcellular distribution of hepatic NAD+-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase (AIDH) was studied in four inbred mouse (Mus musculus) strains: C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/2Ibg. 2. 2. The distribution pattern of A1DH activity was 70% cytosolic, 20% mitochondrial, and 10% microsomal. Each of the inbred strains showed this same general pattern but significant differences (P < 0.01) were found in the levels of the enzymes among the strains, whether these were expressed as specific (per mg protein) or total (per g liver) activity. 3. 3. Mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes from each of the inbreds were able to catalyze the oxidation of propionaldehyde with NADP+ substituted for NAD+ at 10–20% of the rate with NAD+. In contrast, the only cytosolic enzymes that had activity with NADP+ were those from the DBA/2J strain. 4. 4. It was concluded that the distribution of AlDH in mouse liver is different from that in rat liver and that the differences in enzyme activity among the mouse strains may play some role in their behavioral responses to ethanol.
The combustion of linear droplet arrays

The goal of this work is to elucidate the details of two key factors dominating the droplet burning behavior in sprays: droplet-droplet interaction and convective flow. In order to make the problem manageable, a spray system with a simpler geometry and fewer droplets is desirable. Therefore, the combustion of a one-dimensional, linear droplet array in tandem with a convective flow has been studied. The governing transport equations were solved numerically in an embedded grid. A one-step, finite-rate kinetic model was employed to simulate the chemical reaction in the combustion process. Results for droplet arrays burning at two Reynolds numbers, 10 and 50, and two droplet spacings, 4 and 8 radii, were obtained. The results indicate that the droplet burning behavior is affected by Reynolds number, droplet-droplet spacing, and the relative location of droplets in the array. Therefore, the model for a single, isolated droplet is not adequate to represent typical droplet burning behavior in a spray. Droplet-droplet interaction was found to be stronger for arrays with smaller droplet spacing. For arrays with large droplet spacing burning at low Reynolds number, some asymptotic droplet burning behavior was observed.
HEMATOMYELIA IN A COLT: A POST ANESTHESIA/SURGERY COMPLICATION

Summary A six-month-old colt was presented for evaluation of chronic joint distention in the tarsocrural joint. Routine arthroscopy and castration were performed on the colt. During recovery, the colt showed signs of difficulty to rise. Differential diagnoses were myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, fracture, and a central neuropathy. The colt was treated with intravenous fluid and anti-inflammatory agents. A complete neurological exam was performed and deficits in the rear consistent with uppermotor neuron damage. The owner elected humane destruction of the colt and a post-mortem exam was performed. A diagnosis of hemorrhagic myelopathy (hematomyelia) was confirmed. Post anesthetic and surgical hemorrhagic myelopathy (hematomyelia) is a rarely encountered neuropathological condition associated with general anesthesia and surgery in the horse. The infrequent occurrence limits opportunities to study contributing factors associated with this complication other than on a retrospective basis. This report details clinical observations, anesthetic protocol, post anesthetic evaluation attempting to provide physiological suggestions that result in the neurological complication. Previously reported cases in the literature are evaluated and compared to this case, documenting common factors present in all reports.
Counter-rotating microplates at the Galapagos triple junction

An ‘incipient’ spreading centre east of (and orthogonal to) the East Pacific Rise at 2° 40′ N has been identified as forming a portion of the northern boundary of the Galapagos microplate1,2. This spreading centre was described as a slowly diverging, westward propagating rift, tapering towards the East Pacific Rise. Here we present evidence that the ‘incipient rift’ has also rifted towards the east and opens anticlockwise about a pivot at its eastern end. The ‘incipient rift’ then bounds a second microplate, north of the clockwise-rotating Galapagos microplate. The Galapagos triple junction region, in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, thus consists of two counter-rotating microplates partly separated by the Hess Deep rift. Our kinematic solution for microplate motion relative to the major plates indicates that the two counter-rotating microplates may be treated as rigid blocks driven by drag on the microplates' edges3.
Effects of stimulus probability and information feedback on response biases in children’s recognition memory

Stimulus probability and amount of information feedback were varied factorially to determine their effects on kindergartners’ response biases in a continuous recognition memory task. The results showed that when subjects received trial-by-trial feedback, there was a direct relationship between the tendency to respond “old” and the proportion of items that were in fact old. However, when no information was given about stimulus probabilities, the bias for reporting “old” varied inversely with the proportion of items that was actually old. It was also determined that this latter type of bias was at least partially due to the occurrence of first-order sequential stimulus contrast; that is, the tendency to respond “old” was found to be greater when the stimulus item on the preceding trial was new than when it was old.
The Shortest Width Confidence Interval for Odds Ratio in Logistic Regression

The shortest width confidence interval (CI) for odds ratio (OR) in logistic regression is developed based on a theorem proved by Dahiya and Guttman (1982). When the variance of the logistic regression coefficient estimate is small, the shortest width CI is close to the regular Wald CI obtained by exponentiating the CI for the regression coefficient estimate. However, when the variance increases, the optimal CI may be up to 25% narrower. It is demonstrated that the shortest width CI is favorable because it has a smaller probability of covering the wrong OR value compared with the standard CI. The closed-form iterations based on the Newton's algorithm are provided, and the R function is supplied. A simulation study confirms the superior properties of the new CI for OR in small sample. Our method is illustrated with eight studies on parity as a preventive factor against bladder cancer in women.
SU‐E‐T‐656: Are We Ready for Biological Planning? A Dosimetric Study

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using a commercially available IMRToptimization and plan evaluation tool based on radio‐biological models. Methods: A retrospective dose optimization study was performed for 5 lung cases treated using IMRT to evaluate the biological modules available in Pinnacle system. A hybrid objective function consisting of physical dose constraints, for PTVs, and EUD constraints, for organs at risk, was used for optimization. The OAR's were: spinal cord, esophagus, cardiac ventricle, and both lungs. The “a” value, used in EUD definition, was a variable to allow the optimizer to match the physical dose optimization solution. A biological optimized plan, (BOP) was deemed acceptable if matches or exceeds the quality of a physical dose optimized plan (PDOP). TCP, NTCP, or P+ values were not included in the optimization however; they were used during plan evaluation. The TCP and P+ are based on Poisson model with linear quadratic cell survival for each individual voxel. NTCP module is based on LKB model. For model parameters we choose a combination of published data and our clinical standards. Results: For serial structures the Max EUD constraint was able to bring the dose to levels obtained during physical dose optimization, however it was unable to easily control the magnitude of maximum dose. Values for parameter “a” are 15–20 for serial structures and a=1.0 for parallel structures. Global values for TCP, NTCP, P+ were 56.8% versus 53.4%, 7.4% versus 6.4%, and 49.4% versus 46.9% for BOP and PDOP, respectively. Conclusions: We have performed a retrospective treatment planning study to investigate the feasibility of using biological models for optimization purposes. Although, results between PDOP and BOP plans are comparable it remains to be seen if the clinicians will be willing to accept these concepts in clinical practice without the existence of clinical trials.
Interactions of proteins in aqueous electrolyte solutions from fluorescence anisotropy and circular-dichroism measurements.

Abstract Understanding aqueous protein–protein interactions is crucial for the development of a molecular–thermodynamic model for salt-induced protein precipitation. In addition, protein interactions are important in many disease states, including cataract formation and α-amyloid diseases. Fluorescence anisotropy provides a means to measure intermolecular interactions. In this work, monomer–dimer equilibrium of the peptide T4 LYS(11–36) was studied by fluorescence anisotropy over the pH range 4–7 and the NaCl concentration range 0.0–1.0 M, in a 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer. This 26 amino-acid peptide is derived from the β-sheet region of the T4 lysozyme molecule and has the potential to form amyloid fibrils. The association constant for dimerization increases with rising pH and ionic strength. The potential of mean force for peptide–peptide interactions was calculated from these association constants. Circular-dichroism measurements show that the peptide becomes more structured as the pH rises, possibly contributing to increased association.
A framework for development of runtime monitors

Software Testing is the process used to assure the correctness, completeness, performance, security and reliability of the software. Different software testing techniques are used during pre-deployment phase of the software. But, these do not ensure that all possible behaviors of implementation are analyzed, executed and tested. Because of the incomplete assurance from the testing methodology, software can sometimes behave very differently during the post-deployment phase. This is termed as software anomaly and they are caused mostly by external attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, path-traversal attack, etc. To detect such anomalies and to ensure the security and reliability of software during the post-deployment phase, a technique known as runtime monitoring can be used. This paper presents a framework for the development of runtime monitors to accomplish post-deployment monitoring of software to detect and prevent path traversal attack.
LUDOCORE: A logical game engine for modeling videogames

LUDOCORE is a logical “game engine”, linking game rules as reasoned about by game designers to the formal logic used by automated reasoning tools in AI. A key challenge in designing this bridge is engineering a concise, safe, and flexible representation that is compatible with the semantics of the games that logical models created with our engine intend to represent. Building on the event calculus, a formalism for reasoning about state and events over time, and a set of common structures and idioms used in modeling games, we present a tool that is capable of generating gameplay traces that illustrate the game's dynamic behavior. It supports incremental modeling of player and non-player entities in the game world, modification of game rules without extensive non-local changes, and exploratory temporal and structural queries. In addition, its logical models can support play as real-time, graphical games with minimal user-interface description.
Evolution of Microscopic Surface Topography during Passivation of Aluminum

The time evolution of microscopic topography on corroding aluminum surfaces during oxide film passivation was characterized. Passivation was studied after galvanostatic etching in 1N HCl at 65 C, in both aluminum etch tunnels (by scanning electron microscopy) and micron-size cubic etch pits (by atomic force microscopy). Step reductions of applied current initiated passivation. At times of 1 to 300 ms after current steps, the corroding surface was microscopically heterogeneous, consisting of a number of small corroding patches 0.1 to 1 [mu]m in width, which were surrounding by passive surface. As some patches grew by dissolution, others were passivated, until eventually only one patch remained on the pit or tunnel surface. The topography of the corroding surface was controlled by the potential: the surface dissolved uniformly at the repassivation potential E[sub R], while partial passivation to produce patches occurred at potentials more cathodic than E[sub R]. Patches were unstable at potentials below E[sub R] and would ultimately passivate. Topographic evolution during passivation was very similar for pits as for tunnels, except that the time scale of the process is much longer for tunnels than for pits (200--300 ms vs. 11--20 ms). The difference of time scales was due to the differentmore » corroding surface areas of pits and tunnels. Patches are probably defined by a surface layer which inhibits passivation.« less
TH‐D‐210A‐07: Multi‐Modal Image Guidance in Neurosurgery: An Approach for Direct Targeting in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Purpose: To develop and evaluate an integrated multi‐modal image guidance methodology for DBS. Method and Materials: An image guidance methodology was developed to integrate multiple imaging methods as well as atlas and intraoperatively acquired electrophysiology data. Imaging techniques were developed using a 3T MRI to provide unique contrast of specific structures in the brain. A new sequence, the Fast Grey matter Acquisition T1 Inversion Recovery (FGATIR), was developed to produce images that specifically nullified the white matter signal. In addition, diffusiontensorimaging (DTI) tractography was acquired to provide differentiation of target subregions through structural connectivity. These imaging techniques as well as standard (T1, T2 FLAIR, and CT)imaging protocols were integrated on a single platform. This integration was accomplished by the development of a graphical user interface (GUI) to allow for viewing and targeting based off these images along with a deformed atlas and intraoperatively acquired electrophysiology maps. Results: The developed image guidance system allowed for targeting based off all data types mentioned previously. The new imaging techniques developed were compared against intraoperatively acquired microelectrode data. The two novel imaging techniques, FGATIR and DTI tractography, provided elucidation of structure not seen by standard imaging methods and showed good correspondence with microelectrode maps. Contrast measurements for the FGATIR versus T1 and T2 FLAIR showed a higher contrast to noise ratio (CNR) for FGATIR scans. For example, the CNR for ventral lateral thalamus versus the remainder of thalamus was 2.19, 2.81, and 7.27 for T1, T2 FLAIR, and FGATIR, respectively. Conclusion: Our methodology for image guidance in DBS surgery has the potential to allow for direct visualization and targeting of regions that can not be visualized by standard techniques. The integration of all these methods within a single framework demonstrates the potential for multi‐modal image guidance in neurosurgery.
Ethanol-insulin interrelationships in the rat studied in vitro and in vivo: Evidence for direct ethanol inhibition of biphasic glucose-induced insulin secretion☆

Abstract The effect of ethanol (ETOH) on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was studied using: (1) an in vitro isolated pancreas perfusion system, and (2) an in vivo preparation utilizing unrestrained, unanesthetized rats with indwelling jugular and aortic catheters. ETOH exposure in vitro resulted in a decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. Second phase secretion (min 30–60) was inhibited at low ETOH exposure (100 mg/dl) and both first (min 2–8) and second phase secretion were inhibited at higher ETOH levels (1000 mg/dl). This indicates that second phase secretion of insulin from the pancreas is more sensitive to the acute effects of ETOH than is first phase secretion. ETOH preinfusion of 4 hr in vivo resulted in an approximate 20 mg/dl decrease in plasma glucose concentrations with little or no alteration in plasma insulin levels. One hour ETOH preinfusion produced a modest 8 mg/dl fall in plasma glucose. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests following low level ETOH infusion of 4 hr resulted in an enhancement in the insulin response with no change in glucose removal. This enhancement was not observed at higher ETOH levels or after high-level, short (1 hr) ETOH preinfusion. The data suggest that stimulus-induced insulin secretion may be enhanced by an ETOH metabolite if the ETOH exposure is prolonged and at a low level. Higher ETOH concentration appears to directly block this enhancement. Due to response similarities the rat model may be of considerable value to study the effects of ETOH on stimulus-induced insulin secretion in human subjects.
The development of Russian e‐commerce: the case of Ozon

E‐commerce in Russia is in an early phase of development. The online bookseller, Ozon, is one of the earliest and best‐known examples of business‐to‐customer e‐commerce in Russia. In developing its business, Ozon has faced and dealt with many difficulties present in the Russian economic and business environment. The development of Ozon’s business has required it to resolve many challenges that are likely to be faced by other online retailers in Russia. These challenges, and Ozon’s solutions to them, are presented. The case of Ozon is illustrative of the challenges faced by many Russian e‐commerce firms, and can be used to draw some initial conclusions about what tactics could employed to deal with the peculiarities of doing business online in Russia.
Histological changes following partial denervation of the circumvallate papilla of the rat

Abstract Total denervation of the rat's circumvallate papilla results in disappearance of taste buds and epithelial atrophy. This has been attributed to a loss of trophic nerve function. Inasmuch as partial denervation of skin, muscle, and sympathetic ganglion, or sectioning tracts in the central nervous system elicits functional collateral sprouting of the residual nerve supply, the present experiment was performed to determine the changes in trophic nerve function following partial denervation of the circumvallate papila. Unilateral or bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve transection was performed on rats. Histological examination of the circumvallate papilla was made on 7- and 35-day postoperative specimens. Unilateral transection resulted in a 12 per cent rather than a 50 per cent decrease in the number of taste buds, which is interpreted as indicating bilateral innervation of the remaining taste buds. The number of taste cells per bud diminished 25 per cent after unilateral denervation, but in view of the methods employed the true decrease was probably greater. The epithelium atrophied less after unilateral than after biltaeral denervation; mitotic counts on bilaterally denervated specimens revealed changes that were not sufficient to account completely for the epithelial atrophy. The effect of partial denervation on each of these parameters was the same at 7 as at 35 days postoperatively. Consequently, even if collateral sprouting occurred after partial denervation, it was not manifested by changes in trophic nerve function, i.e., by histological changes in the end organs.
Estimation of locus-of-control scores from the California Psychological Inventory.

Rotter's Locus of Control measure was correlated with 18 standard and 4 new scales of the California Psychological Inventory in samples of 141 males and 220 females. The directions of relationship ...
The Effect of Erotica Featuring Sadomasochism and Bestiality on Motivated Intermale Aggression

Male subjects were provoked by a same-sex peer, exposed to (1) comparatively nonarousing, pleasant erotica (girlie fare); (2) arousing, displeasing, and non-aggressive erotica (bestiality); (3) arousing, displeasing, and aggressive erotica (sadomasochism); or (4) not exposed to erotica, and then provided with an opportunity to retaliate against their annoyer. Exposure to arousing, displeasing erotica, regardless of the degree of apparent aggressiveness involved, was found to increase retaliatory aggression relative to no exposure. Presence or absence of aggressive cues in these equally arousing and equally displeasing erotica was of no consequence. Exposure to nonarousing, pleasant erotica, compared to no exposure, had a negligible effect. 7he aggression-facilitating effect of exposure to displeasing, disturbing erotica was explained as the result of annoyance summation.
Transformation kinetics in one‐dimensional processes with continuous nucleation: The effect of shielding

A derivation is presented for the fraction of material transformed as a function of time, X(t), for one‐dimensional phase transformations which occur via continuous nucleation and growth and which produce anisotropic particles. This derivation, which accounts for shielding effects and does not assume site saturation, is the first such derivation given for this type of problem. The analytical formulas which are found are evaluated in an approximate fashion for two different values of growth rate anisotropy. The results are compared with numerical simulations, and it is shown that the expressions derived are highly accurate.
Impurity effects in secondary copper alloys

Abstract As part of the continuing research program to develop technology for conserving domestic mineral resources, the Bureau of Mines is investigating scrap identification techniques to improve sorted mixed scrap grade. This paper focuses on various classes of wrought and cast copper alloys produced with recycled scrap. Based on a survey of the literature, principal alloys, such as the brasses and bronzes, are examined with respect to impurity elements and their effects on metallurgical behavior. Effects of various elements, including lead, antimony, iron, chromium, and aluminum are discussed. The metallurgical effects described include hot shortness, fire cracking, and undesirable phase transformations.