cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithographically Defined Three-Dimensional Graphene Structures

A simple and facile method to fabricate 3D graphene architectures is presented. Pyrolyzed photoresist films (PPF) can easily be patterned into a variety of 2D and 3D structures. We demonstrate how prestructured PPF can be chemically converted into hollow, interconnected 3D multilayered graphene structures having pore sizes around 500 nm. Electrodes formed from these structures exhibit excellent electrochemical properties including high surface area and steady-state mass transport profiles due to a unique combination of 3D pore structure and the intrinsic advantages of electron transport in graphene, which makes this material a promising candidate for microbattery and sensing applications.
How Middle School Principals of Small Rural Schools Address Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying affects almost half of the teenagers in America National Crime Prevention Council [NCPC], 2010. The effects of cyberbullying can be detrimental to teens and may include withdrawal from school activities, illness, depression, eating disorders, or suicidal ideations Dehue, Bolman, & Vollink, 2008; Mason, 2008. In order to effectively deal with this issue, it is imperative that front-line middle school principals are prepared to address this growing problem. The purpose of this study was to examine how middle school principals of small rural schools address cyberbullying and their beliefs on its effect on the school climate and students. This study examined what middle school principals have experienced with regard to cyberbullying and the ways in which principals have responded to incidences of cyberbullying. A qualitative design using an exploratory multiple case study approach was utilized for this study. The results of this study describe how middle school principals in a small rural setting address cyberbullying and its impact on the school environment.
Propagation of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of monkey and human testicular tissues.

SummaryIn experiments in which monkey or human testicular cells in tissue culture were infected with poliomyelitis virus, Lansing and Yale-SK strains, proof was obtained that the virus in 3 passage series had been propagated. At the time this report was written it had been established for these 3 passage series that the minimal dilution factor based on tissue replacements ranged from 1014.6 to 1018 and, when assessed by fluid replacement, from 1029 to 1036. The LD50 of each strain of virus was determined on successive transfers, and the identity of each strain of virus was established by neutralization tests and histopathological findings in monkeys dead from the injection of tissue culture virus. Control experiments and other tests made known that propagation of poliomyelitis virus did not occur in the absence of viable testicular cells and that an extraneous virus was not inadvertently acquired during the course of these studies. It is plain that the results of the present investigation substantiate the...
The order statistics process

Let Z1,…, Zn be independent, identically distributed, nonnegative random variables with common distribution F(t). The ordered Z’s, say, \({Z_{\left( 1 \right)}} \leqslant {Z_{\left( 2 \right)}} \leqslant \cdots \leqslant {Z_{\left( n \right)}} \) are called the order statistics. Let N(t) be the number of Z’s less than or equal to t. For example, if the Z’s are lifelengths of individuals in an actuarial cohort, then N(t) would be the number of individuals not surviving past age t. Then {N(t)} is a stochastic point process of failures in the sense previously discussed. The arrival times of this process, which might be called an order statistics process, will be the order statistics of the sample. That is, Y i =Z(i),i=1,…, n.In this context the gap lengths, \({X_i} = {Z_{(i)}} - {Z_{\left( {i - 1} \right)}} \), are usually called the spacings. Recall from section 2.2 that Y i , is the smallest t such that N(t)≥ i Hence the order statistics are well defined even for discrete distributions where tied observations occur with positive probability.
Optimality of (s, S) policies in EOQ models with general cost structures

Abstract The classical economic-order-quantity (EOQ) model is at the heart of supply chain optimization and the theory of inventories. We study an extension of the original EOQ model that permits a minimal set of assumptions on the ordering/procurement and holding/backorder costs and establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an optimal policy of the ( s , S ) type. Our work lends theoretical credibility to the practice of using ( s , S ) policies for virtually any cost structure of practical interest. Our proof is constructive and elementary, in the sense that it is based on first principles that do not rely on advanced mathematical machinery. We also prove that an optimal policy, not necessarily of the ( s , S ) type, always exists within our general EOQ framework.
Magnetite in the human body: Biogenic vs. anthropogenic

Magnetite is an iron-oxide mineral that occurs naturally on Earth. Because it is also an important component of many anthropogenic materials (e.g., coal fly ash) and synthetic products (e.g., black toner powders), magnetite can be released to the environment through human activities (1). In PNAS, Maher et al. (2) describe the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles, some of which they attribute to air pollution. This finding could have major implications. Magnetite belongs to the spinel group. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system (Fig. 1) and can be described by the general formula Fe2+Fe3+2O4 (3). Magnetite is a common natural phase, occurring in various geological environments, ranging from igneous (e.g., layered ultrabasic rocks, basalts) to sedimentary (e.g., banded iron formations, beach sands) rocks, and to high-grade metamorphic rocks (e.g., schists, skarns), where it can be produced through a multitude of chemical reactions. Due to its tendency to react with oxygen to form hematite (Fe2O3) and various iron oxyhydroxides (e.g., ferrihydrite, goethite), magnetite can be used as a powerful tool to explore oxygen concentrations in rocks during geological processes, changes in the oxygen content of the atmosphere (e.g., early Earth), and redox conditions in near-surface environments (e.g., oxic-anoxic transition zone). Because magnetite is ferrimagnetic, it represents a phase that is essential for paleomagnetic investigations, which help in reconstructing plate tectonics through Earth’s history. Fig. 1. Crystal structure of magnetite as viewed along the [111] direction (diagonal through the cube). Green tetrahedra contain ferrous iron (Fe2+), yellowish octahedra contain ferric iron (Fe3+ … [↵][1]1Email: giere{at}sas.upenn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Partial discharge analysis in a Pb(Ti, ZrO 3 ) dielectric

The sources of partial discharges in piezoelectric power transducers must be minimized if the corona discharge specifications are to be met. This paper describes some of the results of an investigation into the causes of partial discharges in sonal power transducer elements using a new method of discharge pulse display. The objective of the work was to provide greater insight into the factors leading to corona with the expectation that better methods of quality control in the fabrication of devices might follow.
Predictors of Intrathoracic Injury after Blunt Torso Trauma in Children Presenting to an Emergency Department as Trauma Activations

Abstract Background Thoracic injuries are a major cause of death associated with blunt trauma in children. Screening for injury with chest x-ray study, compared with chest computed tomography (CT) scan, has been controversial, weighing the benefits of specificity with the detriment of radiation exposure. Objective To identify predictors of thoracic injury in children presenting as trauma activations to a Level I trauma center after blunt torso trauma, and to compare these predictors with those previously reported in the literature. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients ( Results Data analysis was performed on 166 patients. There were 33 patients (20%) with 45 abnormalities detected on diagnostic imaging of the chest, with the most common abnormalities being lung contusion (36%), pneumothorax (22%), and rib fracture (13%). Statistically significant predictors of abnormal diagnostic imaging of the chest included Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) Conclusions Based on our data, predictors of thoracic injury in children after blunt torso trauma include GCS
TEM and the Theoretical Virtues

This concluding chapter summarizes the case for TEM and revisits a point with which I began: namely, that TEM needn’t compete with every other modal epistemology; it can be a supplement, not a rival. To make this point clearer, I briefly discuss one essence-based modal epistemology, showing how TEM can deliver a key principle for that epistemology that might otherwise be difficult to defend.
The Role of Wilms’ Tumor Protein 1 (WT1) in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Progression.

Wilms’ tumor protein 1 (WT1) is a key regulatory gene whose function is required for proper development and differentiation of the heart, retina, genito-urinary, olfactory and hematopoietic systems. WT1 over expression is a characteristic observed in blasts of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Despite this apparent co-relation, a direct link between WT1 over expression and progression of CML to blast crisis has never been established. The two major isoforms of WT1 are generated by alternative splicing; an event that involves the use of two alternative splice sites at the end of exon 9. The outcome is the insertion or not of only 3 amino acids (lysine, threonine and serine; KTS) at the c-terminus of the protein. The ratio between these isoforms is conserved among tissues and disruption of this balance can end up causing developmental abnormalities. Our group is testing if the over expression of WT1 in hematopoietic precursors can lead to progression in a murine model of CML. Over expression of WT1 has been shown to block differentiation in myeloid cell lines. However, over expression of WT1 in primary hematopoietic cells has variable effects on differentiation and proliferation. These differences may reflect differences in vector design and/or assays to evaluate. We have utilized the Murine Stem Cell Vector (MSCV), a retroviral construct that has high efficiency of transducing murine hematopoietic stem cells, to generated retroviral constructs. The vector contains an internal ribosomal entry site allowing expression of WT1+KTS or WT1-KTS isoforms with and without Bcr-Abl/GFP, the causative protein in CML. Retroviral transduction of hematopoietic progenitors was performed for 48 hours and FACS sorted GFP+Sca+lin− cells were utilized for colony forming assays in methylcellulose and in liquid culture. Our results have shown that primary murine hematopoietic progenitors transduced with Bcr-Abl/GFP and WT1+KTS demonstrate dramatically greater cytokine independent growth than progenitors transduced with Bcr-Abl/GFP alone. In contrast, progenitors transduced with Bcr-Abl/GFP and WT1-KTS demonstrate impaired growth. In addition transduced cells will be used to rescue lethally irradiated mice what will provide an excellent model to determine if WT1 cooperates with BCR-ABL to induce blast crisis. The exact function of each WT1 isoform is still unknown. However, there is clear data that they have different properties and are involved in different functions. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for the +KTS isoform in splicing. During hematopoietic cell differentiation, levels of WT1 protein were determined to decrease drastically. This fluctuation in WT1 expression level may play a critical role in the process of differentiation. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that WT1 expression influences Bcr-Abl induced growth with the isoforms WT1+KTS and WT1-KTS displaying differential effects. Our data indicate that +KTS enhances Bcr-Abl dependent cellular proliferation while -KTS isoform impairs proliferation.
A comparison of sea surface salinity in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1997–1998, 2012–2013, and 2014–2015 ENSO events

Sea surface salinity (SSS) variability during the 1997–1998 El Nino event and the failed 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 El Nino events is explored using a combination of observations and ocean reanalyses. Previously, studies have mainly focused on the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) variability. This analysis utilizes salinity data from Argo and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis to examine the SSS variability. Advective processes and evaporation minus precipitation (E−P) variability is understood to influence SSS variability. Using surface wind, surface current, evaporation, and precipitation data, we analyze the causes for the observed SSS variability during each event. Barrier layer thickness and upper level salt content are also examined in connection to subsurface salinity variability. Both advective processes and E-P variability are important during the generation and onset of a successful El Nino, while a lack of one or both of these processes leads to a failed ENSO event.
xMWAS: an R package for data-driven integration and differential network analysis

Summary: Integrative omics is a central component of most systems biology studies. Computational methods are required for extracting meaningful relationships across different omics layers. Various tools have been developed to facilitate integration of paired heterogenous omics data; however most existing tools allow integration of only two omics datasets. Furthermore, existing data integration tools do not incorporate additional steps of identifying sub-networks or communities of highly connected entities and evaluating the topology of the integrative network under different conditions. Here we present xMWAS, an R package for data integration, network visualization, clustering, differential network analysis of data from biochemical and phenotypic assays, and two or more omics platforms. Availability: https://sourceforge.net/projects/xmwas/ Contact: kuppal2@emory.edu
Solar variability zones: Satellite-derived zones that represent high-frequency ground variability

Abstract To determine the impact of solar variability to electric grid operations, appropriate samples of solar variability must be used, but determining appropriate variability samples is difficult for locations without ground measurements. In this work, we evaluate and model the relationship between high-frequency and low-frequency solar variability. The developed model is then used to define solar variability zones – zones of similar high-frequency solar variability – using low-frequency satellite data. A map of the United States is presented indicating areas of high, moderate, and low solar variability. To demonstrate the value of the variability zones, quasi-static time series (QSTS) simulations are used to determine the impact of variability samples from each zone on distribution grid voltage regulator tap change operations (a measure of the impact of solar variability to electric grid operations). Strong correlation is found between satellite-derived variability zone and QSTS simulated tap changes based on ground samples of solar variability, showing that solar variability zones can be useful to approximate the impacts of high-frequency solar variability. The relationship between high-frequency and low-frequency variability is found to apply to timescales as short as 10-s.
A Candidate Imaging Marker for Early Detection of Charcot Neuroarthropathy

Abstract Inflammation-mediated foot osteopenia may play a pivotal role in the etiogenesis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic outcomes in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), peripheral neuropathy (PN), and Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN). Our objective was to establish a volumetric quantitative computed tomography–derived foot bone measurement as a candidate prognostic imaging marker to identify individuals with DMPN who were at risk of developing CN. We studied 3 groups: 16 young controls (27 ± 5 years), 20 with DMPN (57 ± 11 years), and 20 with DMPN and CN (55 ± 9 years). Computed tomography image analysis was used to measure metatarsal and tarsal bone mineral density in both feet. The mean of 12 right (7 tarsals and 5 metatarsals) and 12 left foot bone mineral densities, maximum percent difference in bone mineral density between paired bones of the right and the left feet, and the mean difference of the 12 right and the 12 left bone mineral density measurements were used as input variables in different classification analysis methods to determine the best classifier. Classification tree analysis produced no misclassification of the young controls and individuals with DMPN and CN. The tree classifier found 7 of 20 (35%) individuals with DMPN to be classified as CN (1 participant developed CN during follow-up) and 13 (65%) to be classified as healthy. These results indicate that a decision tree employing 3 measurements derived from volumetric quantitative computed tomography foot bone mineral density defines a candidate prognostic imaging marker to identify individuals with diabetes and PN who are at risk of developing CN.
Proximal aortic surgery in the elderly population: Is advanced age a contraindication for surgery?

Abstract Objective The study objective was to describe the clinical outcomes of elderly patients undergoing ascending aortic surgery. Methods Patients aged 70 years or older who underwent ascending aortic surgery between January 2002 and December 2013 were examined. Of 415 included patients, 285 were elderly patients (age 70-79 years) and 130 were very elderly (age ≥80 years). Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate operative mortality and long-term survival, respectively. Results Surgical indications included aortic aneurysm (63.1%), calcified aorta with need for other cardiac procedure (26.4%), and type A dissection (10.5%). Compared with elderly patients, the very elderly patients had a higher burden of comorbidities and operative mortality (13% vs 7%, P P P > .05). Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival at 1 and 5 years were 85.6% and 72.6% for elderly patients versus 79.2% and 57.1% for the very elderly patients. Age was a strong risk variable for late mortality in the unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Conclusions After adjusting for these comorbidities, the cause of aortic disease, and the type of procedure, age was not an independent predictor of operative mortality, but was strongly associated with reduced late survival. Thus, advanced age alone should not be an absolute contraindication for ascending aortic surgery.
Development of Low Frequency (20–100 kHz) Clinically Viable Ultrasound Applicator for Chronic Wound Treatment

This paper details the systematic approach used to develop a viable clinical prototype of a therapeutic ultrasound applicator and discusses the rationale and deliberations that led to the design strategy. The applicator was specifically devised to treat chronic wounds and—to the best of the author’s knowledge—is the first truly wearable device with a proven record of reducing healing time, directly translating to a reduction of healthcare costs. The prototype operates in the kHz (20–100) range of frequencies and uses noncavitational and nonthermal levels of ultrasound energy. Hence, in the absence of inertial cavitation and temperature elevation, the tissue-ultrasound interaction is considered to be dependent on stable cavitation (if any) and radiation force. The peak acoustic output pressure amplitude is limited to 55 kPa, corresponding to a spatial peak–temporal peak intensity of 100 mW/cm2. This level of intensity is considered to be safe to apply for extended (up to 4 h) periods of time. The patch-like applicator design is suitable to be embedded in wound dressing. With its lightweight ( $n = 8$ ) pilot study on the effects of the applicator on diabetic ulcers (DUs) healing time is presented. The average time to wound closure was 4.7 weeks for subjects treated with the active ultrasound applicator, compared to 12 weeks for subjects treated with a sham applicator, suggesting that patients with DUs may benefit from the proposed treatment.
The importance of fault simulation

This position paper argues that fault simulation is desirable for VLSI components, and that it cannot be replaced by use of other tools such as testability analyzers. Procedures such as toggle-detection, controllability/observability measurement and statistical fault analysis (in particular, STAFAN[1]) may be used prior to extensive fault simulation, in order to ensure testable designs and for building up test vectors. The computing resources required by fault simulators must be minimized by an appropriate methodology which includes fault sampling and partitioned architectures.
Risk-Taking Behavior

Increased risk taking during adolescence is the result of dynamic and continuous interactions that occur across multiple levels of influence. After first describing behavioral theories traditionally applied to adolescent risk taking, this article uses a developmental science framework to explore individual (biological, psychological, and cognitive), interpersonal (family, peers), community (school, neighborhood, media), and political/legal contributors to adolescent risk behavior. We emphasize that, rather than being uniformly destructive, risk taking can serve important developmental functions during adolescence.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations

In classical mechanics a particle in a state (x0, p0) has associated with it welldefined values for any dynamical variable ω(x, p)namely, ω(x0, p0). In quantum theory, given a state |ψ〉, one can only give the probabilities P(ω) for the possible outcomes of a measurement of Ω. The probability distribution will be characterized by a mean or expectation value
Diffusion in cylindrically layered materials using the thin-layer method

Publisher Summary The thin-layer method (TLM) is a semianalytical and numerical tool that has been successfully used in the past for wave motion in layered media. As demonstrated in this chapter, it can be applied just as well to diffusive processes. The procedure is presented in the context of heat conduction in cylindrically laminated materials, but a similar formulation can be developed also for diffusion processes in bodies consisting of either plane or spherical layers. In essence, the method involves a discretization of the governing equations in the direction of layering together with analytical solutions for one of the remaining directions or for the variation in time. To this effect, the discrete system of partial differential equations is transformed into the wavenumber and frequency domain, and solutions are obtained by a combination of analytical and numerical inverse transforms. The TLM considers virtually any sequence of material properties in the direction of layering, and the solutions obtained for the field quantities can be used as Green's functions for the boundary element method.
Definitions and Examples of Riemannian Metrics

In this chapter we officially define Riemannian metrics and construct some of the elementary objects associated with them. At the end of the chapter, we introduce three classes of highly symmetric “model” Riemannian manifolds—Euclidean spaces, spheres, and hyperbolic spaces—to which we will return repeatedly as our understanding deepens and our tools become more sophisticated.
Magnetic circular dichroism of paramagnetic species

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy and variable-temperature variable-field(VTVH) MCD are powerful methods for studying the excited and ground states of paramagnetic systems. Notably, these methods provide detailed insight into the geometric and electronic structures of catalytically active centers in inorganic and biological systems. In this review, we present the theoretical background for MCD and VTVH MCD and discuss their application.
Retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes of early stage ALK-positive (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

8536Background: ALK rearrangements are important oncogenic drivers in NSCLC. However, the prognostic implications of these rearrangements are unclear due to 1) conflicting results from small series...
A Continuum Deformation Model for Steel Coated with Nanolaminate Metallic Systems

This paper develops a continuum model of deformation of X70 steel coated with Cu/Nb–nanolaminate metallic systems (NMSs). The developed model is based on an elastic/viscoplastic framework that includes the effects of dislocation density, size effect, and strain hardening on the plastic deformation. The X70 steel is modeled according to a modified Taylor equation that considers the effects of statistically stored and geometrically necessary stored dislocation densities. NMSs obey two different mechanisms, the confined layer slip (CLS) and dislocation nucleation (Nu), during plastic deformation. NMSs are modeled according to the CLS mechanism when the individual lamina thickness is between 100 nm and 5 nm and the Nu mechanism when the individual lamina thickness is 5 nm or below. The model is implemented in a subroutine of a commercial finite element analysis code. Simulating a tensile test is the benchmark to generate flow curves of the model that agree with experimental data found in the literature.
Nanoscale Three Dimensional Chemical Imaging by Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry

We show the combination of soft x-ray laser ablation mass spectrometry with the ultraviolet laser post-ablation ionization of the neutrals in the soft x-ray laser created plasma enhances sensitivity by allowing detection of unfragmented bio-organic molecules.
Analyzing Covariate Influence on Gender and Race Prediction From Near-Infrared Ocular Images

Recent research has explored the possibility of automatically deducing information, such as gender, age, and race, of an individual from their biometric data. While the face modality has been extensively studied in this regard, the iris modality less so. In this paper, we first review the medical literature to establish a biological basis for extracting gender and race cues from the iris. Then, we demonstrate that it is possible to use simple texture descriptors, such as binarized statistical image feature and local binary patterns, to extract gender and race attributes from a near-infrared ocular image used in a typical iris recognition system. The proposed method predicts gender and race from a single eye image with an accuracy of 86% and 90%, respectively. In addition, the following analysis is conducted: 1) the role of different parts of the ocular region on attribute prediction; 2) the influence of gender on race prediction and vice versa; 3) the impact of eye color on gender and race prediction; 4) the impact of image blur on gender and race prediction; 5) the generalizability of the method across different datasets; and 6) the consistency of prediction performance across the left and right eyes.
An Environment for Tactical SDN Experimentation

Military tactical networks must support critical mission requirements in austere operational environment. These networks must deal with the effects of mobility, intermittent link state, and variable bandwidth in the presence of adversaries. An open problem is the dynamic configuration of these networks despite the extreme challenges posed by tactical environments. New studies suggest that the application of Software Defined Networking (SDN) concepts may partially address this problem. An experimentation testbed that captures the characteristics of the tactical operating environment while integrating SDN methodologies to control network behavior is valuable for assessment of SDN concepts over military tactical networks. However, to date we have not found any test environments that adequately model SDN and tactical military environments. In this paper we present a tactical SDN testbed that combines virtualization services, network emulation, and SDN technologies to address these requirements making it suitable for experimentation and analysis of SDN deployed within tactical scenarios.
Factors mediating demographic determinants of injury mortality

Abstract Purpose Elevated injury mortality rates persist for men and people of color despite attempts to standardize trauma care in the United States. This study investigates the role of injury characteristics and access to trauma care as mediators of the relationships between race, ethnicity, sex, and injury mortality. Methods Data on prehospital and trauma center care were examined for adult injured patients in Maryland who were transported by emergency medical services to designated trauma centers (n = 15,355) or who died while under emergency medical services care (n = 727). Potential mediators of the relationship between demographic characteristics and injury mortality were identified through exploratory analyses. Total, direct, and indirect effects of race, ethnicity, and sex were estimated using multivariable mediation models. Results Prehospital time, hospital distance, injury mechanism, and insurance status mediated the effect of African American race, resulting in a 5.7% total increase (95% CI: 1.6%, 9.9%) and 5.6% direct decrease (95% CI: 1.1%, 9.9%) in odds of death. Mechanism, insurance, and distance mediated the effect of Hispanic ethnicity, resulting in an 11.4% total decrease (95% CI: 6.4%, 16.2%) and 13.4% direct decrease (95% CI: 8.1%, 18.3%) in odds of death. Injury severity, mechanism, insurance, and time mediated the effect of male sex, resulting in a 27.3% total increase (95% CI: 21.6%, 10.9%) and a 6.2% direct increase (95% CI: 1.8%, 10.9%) in odds of death. Conclusions Distance, injury characteristics, and insurance mediate the effects of demographic characteristics on injury mortality and appear to contribute to disparities in injury mortality.
Elevated Depressive Symptoms Are a Stronger Predictor of Executive Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Women Than in Men.

Background:HIV-infected (HIV+) women seem to be more vulnerable to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) than HIV+ men, perhaps in part due to mental health factors. We assessed the association between elevated depressive symptoms and NCI among HIV+ and HIV-uninfected (HIV−) women and men.Setting:Women's
Mean curvature flow of entire graphs evolving away from the heat flow

We present an entire graph over Rn, n ≥ 2, whose evolution by mean curvature flow does not converge to its initial average value. This example highlights the difference between dimensions n ≥ 2 and dimension n = 1, where Nara and Taniguchi proved that entire graphs in C2,α(R) converge to solutions to the heat equation with the same initial data.
Low-Dose Recombinante Urate Oxidase (Rasburicase) Is Effective in Treating Hyperuricemia in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies.

Hyperuricemia is a commonly seen in patients with hematologic malignancies and high tumor burden, and is a major feature of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Hyperuricemia is conventionally treated with hydration, urine alkalinization, and allopurinol. Allopurinol inhibits the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid (UA) by inhibiting xanthine oxidase. It has no direct effect on existing UA in the serum. Rasburicase lowers UA rapidly to very low levels at the approved dose of 0.15–0.2 mg/kg daily for 5 days by converting UA to allantoin which is excreted rapidly. Despite this dramatic effect on UA, rasburicase has not been shown to have any beneficial impact on survival in patients with hematologic malignancies. We administered 0.2 mg/kg ideal body weight rasburicase to an obese hyperuricemic patient (actual 120 kg, ideal 60 kg). Serum UA declined from 11 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL in 3 h and 0.4 mg/dL in 11 h. The serum UA level remained low for several days and a second dose was not needed. After seeing this dramatic and sustained response, variable low rasburicase doses were used in patients with malignant diseases with close monitoring of biochemical parameters (Trifilio et al, ASH 2004). Here, we present our experince with the use of a single 3 mg dose of rasburicase in 42 adult patients receiving chemotherapy or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. In addition to rasburicase, allopurinol and other supportive therapy including hydration were also administered. Serum UA levels (baseline 6.4–16.4 mg/dL, median 9.7) had declined by 12–95% (median 43%) 24 hours after rasburicase administration. The baseline serum creatinine was 1.0–8.6 mg/dL (median 2.1), and that 24 hours after rasburicase administration was 0.7–8.0 mg/dL (median 2). The median change in creatinine was a decline of 10%. Except for 3 myeloma patients who were already on chronic hemodialysis, renal impairment did not progress to hemodialysis in any patient - and substantial renal function improvement (at least 50% decline in serum creatinine) was seen in all patients with a baseline serum creatinine of ≥ 3 mg/dL. Based on the Red Book rasburicase cost of $387 for a 1.5 mg vial, the amount of money saved ranged from ~$10,000 to ~$30,000 per patient. Our data suggest that rasburicase is effective at a fraction of the recommended dose. A formal randomized comparison of low- and conventional-dose rasburicase is warranted to see if the recommended higher dose offers any clinical benefit.
Combined secondary electrospray and corona discharge ionization (SECDI) for improved detection of explosive vapors using drift tube ion mobility spectrometry.

Abstract Secondary electrospray corona discharge ionization (SECDI) combines the principles of secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) and corona discharge (CD) to achieve higher sensitivity, which is demonstrated through the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) vapors using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Using SECDI, enhancements in the IMS signal for TNT and 2,6-DNT vapors at trace concentrations are as much as 2–26 times that observed with CD or SESI alone. The enhancement in sensitivity is hypothesized to result from an increase in ionization efficiency driven by a higher number of reactant ions associated with SECDI compared to either technique individually. The ability of SECDI to achieve higher sensitivity without the aid of dopant molecules demonstrates its merit as an alternative ionization technique.
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment

The complexity of the tumor microenvironment prior to the development of anti-CD20 therapy (e.g., rituximab) for follicular lymphoma has been well characterized. The presence of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and regulatory T cells has been demonstrated to be associated with a more favorable prognosis. Macrophages expression, on the other hand, has been shown to contribute to tumor dissemination, with increased expression of the CD163+ M2 macrophage phenotype conferring a poor prognosis while promoting tumor angiogenesis . This negative prognostic effect of infiltrating macrophages in the pre-rituximab era was later confirmed through gene-expression profiling. The advent of rituximab, however, brought a new era of effective tumor destruction through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), which relies on the presence of Fc receptors on macrophages, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, in addition to direct apoptotic effects . Recent studies have shown evidence that the addition of rituximab reverses the negative prognostic effect of high tumor-associated macrophages within the microenvironment; an increased number of macrophages were associated with improved progression-free survival in those treated with R-CHOP but not CHOP, for example. Despite significant heterogeneity in macrophage subtype and function, this reversal in the prognostic effect of macrophages within the tumor microenvironment has been seen with both the CD163+ M2 macrophage phenotype and CD68+ macrophages, and confirmed most recently through gene expression profiling. This effect may be dependent upon the specifics of the concurrent chemotherapy regimen, however, as patients who receive a doxorubicin containing regimen were shown to have a 5-year PFS of 60% versus 44%, p = 0.01, in one study.
Abstract P6-08-23: Disclosure of familial implications of pathogenic BRCA1/2 to probands: Opportunity for prompting family communication

Familial communication of pathogenic BRCA1/2 results is necessary to maximize the clinical utility of genomic sequencing and its public health benefits. Cascade BRCA1/2 genetic testing is suboptimal and practical strategies for promoting familial testing are needed. Disclosure of BRCA1/2 results present opportunities to counsel probands about familial communication. Little is known about what familial communication recommendations are offered to probands by genetic counselors (GCs). We examined differences in how GCs discussed familial implications of pathogenic BRCA1/2 results based on: specificity of familial risk-messaging; offer of logistical help for relatives; and, provision of family letters. We completed structured content analysis of 343 BRCA1/2 result disclosure notes abstracted from electronic medical records (EMRs), for probands seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2014-2019. Probands were 90.7% female, median age of 49 years, 44.3% non-White, and were counseled by 22 unique GCs with mean post-graduate experience of 4.2 years. 51.0% of notes described specific at-risk relatives who would benefit from genetic counseling; the remainder described familial implications more generically. The practice of including specific information differed widely among individual GCs. 29.1% provided information on logistical genetic counseling assistance for relatives (e.g., targeted testing cost, assistance locating GCs or testing services for underinsured). In particular, assistance locating GCs internationally through institutional databases or through GCs’ professional networks were particularly appreciated by patients. More experienced GCs were more likely to provide detailed familial implication information (p= Citation Format: Sukh Makhnoon, Banu Arun, Robert J Volk, Susan K Peterson. Disclosure of familial implications of pathogenic BRCA1/2 to probands: Opportunity for prompting family communication [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-08-23.
Unraveling the Architecture of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma One Cell at a Time

Aoki and colleagues have utilized single-cell RNA sequencing and imaging mass cytometry to describe the landscape of reactive, nonmalignant immune-cell populations present in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), and delineate their spatial proximity to malignant Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells. From this study, they have identified a LAG3-expressing Tr1-type Treg cell population as prevalent mainly in MHC-II-negative cHL, implying a potential functional relationship underlying the differential responsiveness of MHC-II-negative versus MHC-II-positive cHLs to immunotherapy.See related article by Aoki et al., p. 406.
Relationship Between Demographic and Radiographic Characteristics and Second Ray Pathology in Hallux Valgus Patients

Background:Hallux valgus can alter load bearing in the foot leading to abnormal forces on the second toe. The purpose of this study was to determine demographic and radiographic factors associated ...
Misdiagnosing Generational Trauma and Grief: I Am Not Angry; I Am Triggered and Grief Stricken

Grief and loss are an expected part of the human experience. Analyzing the grieving process has historically been viewed through the lens of linear theoretical frameworks, and thus requiring one step to be accomplished before considering it appropriate to move onto the next. Frears and Schneider (1981) proposed the use of a wholistic framework to analyze the different phases of loss and how it affects the whole person. Frears and Schneider’s model included the effect on the intellectual, spiritual, and attitudinal aspects of a survivor’s well-being. Loss and the need to grieve can occur in educational, political, social, and personal spaces. Within these spaces, grief can negatively affect one’s academic resilience (intellectual), connectedness to one’s sacred upbringing (spiritual), and the interactions with society with the potential to strengthen false narratives—the “angry Black woman” (attitudinal). The wholistic approach and its broad reach across the grief spectrum justify its suitability as a framework when developing coping and surviving strategies for the multitude of stressors that we encounter daily.
Hyperspectral imaging features for mortar classification and compressive strength assessment

Abstract In this study, hyperspectral imagery with two computational algorithms are proposed to classify the type of mortar and assess the in-situ strength of fresh mortar in near real time. Each scanning on a mortar surface includes 30 spatial pixels selected for analysis, each assigned with a light reflectance spectrum over 400–2500 nm. Three groups of mortar samples with a water-to-cement (W/C) ratio of 0.6, 0.5 and 0.4, respectively, were cast and scanned from Day 1 to 14 of curing. Reflectance data at a wavelength range of 1920 nm to 1980 nm, associated with the O–H chemical bond, were extracted and averaged to classify the different mortar types with K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms and to predict their compressive strength from a regression equation. The results showed that the average reflectance increased with time due to water molecules reaction during curing process. The KNN classification model with K = 5 had a prediction accuracy of 70% to 75%, and the SVM classification model with C = 1000 and σ = 10 showed a prediction accuracy of approximately 90%. Therefore, the SVM classification algorithm is recommended for use in mortar classification. The compressive strength is well correlated with the average reflectance with a coefficient of over 0.98.
Quality of life, need for retreatment, and the re-equilibration phenomenon after venous sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Background Long term failure rates after venous sinus stenting (VSS) for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are poorly understood. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on a prospectively-maintained single center database to identify patients with medically refractory IIH who underwent VSS. Patients with persistent or severe recurrent symptoms after VSS undergo lumbar puncture (LP), therefore LP serves as a marker for treatment failure. Results 81 patients underwent VSS with a mean follow-up of 10 months; 44 (54.3%) patients underwent LP after VSS due to persistent or recurrent symptoms at a mean of 12 months (median 7, range 2–43). There was a mean decrease in opening pressure (OP) on LP from pre- to post-VSS of 9.1 cm H2O (median 9.5). Overall, a total of 21 (25.9%) patients underwent further surgical intervention following VSS, including five who underwent repeat VSS (6.2% of total) and 18 who underwent cerebrospinal fluid shunting (22.2% of total). There was a non-significant (p=0.18) but overall increase in quality of life scores from pre-stenting (61.2) to last follow-up (71.2), and a significant decrease in Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) scores (p=0.03) with mean pre-stenting and last follow-up scores of 62.7 and 55.8, respectively. Conclusions VSS is an effective treatment for venous sinus stenosis in IIH; however, this study found higher rates of symptomatic recurrence and need for further surgical intervention (26%) than previously reported in the literature. Recurrence of symptoms occurred at a median of 7 months, even though OP remained lower at follow-up LP, suggestive of a re-equilibration phenomenon.
Virtual Reality in Model Based Systems Engineering: A Review Paper

Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) thrived in the recent decades in order to overcome the increasing complexity within systems. MBSE envisioned replacing document centric systems engineering by model centric systems engineering. MBSE can handle systems complexity efficiently by representing each entity in the model only once and generating different viewpoints. Most commonly used MBSE language is the “Systems Modeling Language (SysML)”. Virtual Reality can play a bigger role on creating truly model centric systems engineering approaches. The core application of MBSE approach implies utilization of a single system model, which will act as “source of truth” to all embedded system analyzing tools. Thus, the system model can communicate back and forth with Virtual Reality Environment to analyze the system performance. Systems engineer can conduct interactive immersive simulation of a scenario described in the system model and return the results obtained from the Virtual Reality Environment to the system model. Requirements analysis can be performed more efficiently by ensuring participation of the customers early in the product lifecycle utilizing the VR environment. A customer can walk into VR environment and see how the system design would look like and interact with it. Based on the interaction results, the systems engineer can modify the product/service specifications and design. This paper reviewed the works been done to incorporate virtual reality environment with SysML. The paper also proposed a framework on how VR environment can be implemented with SysML to perform true MBSE practice.
Lameness of dairy cattle

Feet and leg problems constitute a major health problem for many dairy herds. The causes and/or predisposing factors are many and include: nutrition and feeding, housing and environment, concurrent disease, management factors and genetic influences. The majority of lameness (<90%) involves the foot. Claw disease (sole ulcers and white line disease) are a primary cause of lameness in most herds and are predisposed by laminitis and confinement on concrete. Foot rot and digital dermatitis are diseases with an infectious component responsive to antibiotic treatment, particularly when identified early-on in the course of disease. Manure slurry, mud, and otherwise wet conditions seem to favor the occurrence of these diseases, however specific data to support these thoughts is limited.
Abstract LB184: Induction of ulk1 regulated autophagy by a novel antipsychotic drug leads to apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic cancer patients have limited treatment options in spite of several advanced treatment strategies. Pancreatic tumors exhibit high basal autophagy compared to other cancers. Several studies including from our lab reported that enhanced autophagy leads to apoptosis in cancer cells. In this study, we have demonstrated that pimavanserin (PVT) suppresses pancreatic tumor growth by inducing autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Our results indicated that PVT induced 1.8 - 5 fold autophagy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, as evaluated by increased acridine orange staining. Furthermore, accumulation of double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) and formation of autophagolysosomes were observed with PVT treatment. Genomic analysis by R2 G 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB184.