cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Formulation and Validation of a Mixed Finite Element–Finite Difference Model for Simulating Phreatic Surfaces

The phreatic surface in an unconfined aquifer exists as a movable interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones. The movement of the phreatic surface depends on recharge, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and horizontal and vertical flows. The location of the phreatic surface helps define the variably saturated flow domain in the subsurface. The variably saturated flow process in the subsurface is described by a parabolic partial differential equation. In this equation, the hydraulic conductivity and soil moisture capacity are used as the subsurface characteristics. The location of the phreatic surface is governed by a first-order partial differential equation. The governing parabolic partial differential equation is solved using a variational finite element formulation. The first order phreatic surface equation is then solved by loosely coupling with the governing parabolic partial differential equation describing the variably saturated flow. In the present study, a two-dimensional space is used to investigate the movement of the phreatic surface in a variably saturated unconfined flow domain. Based on the time-varying solutions of hydraulic heads, the location of the phreatic surface is simulated in a finite two-dimensional space.
Melting equilibria in multicomponent systems and liquidus/solidus convergence in mantle peridotite

The melting of undepleted mantle peridotite proceeds through a temperature interval which decreases with increasing pressure. If liquidus and solidus actually meet in the range 100–150 Kb, as suggested by Herzberg (1983), peridotite must transform there directly to a melt of its own composition. Thermodynamic analysis shows that such a liquidus/solidus meeting would be very unlikely in a system as chemically complex as mantle peridotite and would require that unanticipated phase equilibrium relations suppress all incongruent melting behavior. But Takahashi and Scarfe's (1985) preliminary experiments suggest that the upper mantle itself may indeed have a special composition with respect to phase equilibrium relations between liquids and solids at very high pressure. If so, mantle peridotite composition cannot be generated as a crystal accumulate or melting residue, because these two popular theories of origin are difficult to reconcile with a supposed eutecticlike composition. If upper mantle peridotite were itself a solidified liquid composition produced either as a partial melt or, more likely, as a crystallization residue of some more primitive melt composition representative of the whole mantle, an approach of liquidus to solidus might be expected at high pressure although the phase relations of Herzberg (1983) and Herzberg and O'Hara (1985) remain implausible.
All-fiber gyroscope with polarization-holding fiber

An all-fiber gyroscope is reported that is constructed entirely of polarization-holding fiber. The random-drift coefficient was 5 x 10(-3) deg/ radicalh. Gyro bias drift is shown to be stable over periods of hundreds of hours. Device construction details and some thermal dependence of components are given.
δ-Aminolaevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy inhibits protoporphyrin IX biosynthesis and reduces subsequent treatment efficacy in vitro

Recently, considerable interest has been given to photodynamic therapy of cancer using δ-aminolaevulinic acid to induce protoporphyrin IX as the cell photosensitizer. One advantage of this modality is that protoporphyrin IX is cleared from tissue within 24 h after δ-aminolaevulinic acid administration. This could allow for multiple treatment regimens because of little concern regarding the accumulation of the photosensitizer in normal tissues. However, the haem biosynthetic pathway would have to be fully functional after the first course of therapy to allow for subsequent treatments. Photosensitization of cultured R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells with δ-aminolaevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX resulted in the inhibition of porphobilinogen deaminase, an enzyme in the haem biosynthetic pathway, and a concomitant decrease in protoporphyrin IX levels. Cultured R3230AC cells exposed to 0.5 mM δ-aminolaevulinic acid for 27 h accumulated 6.07 × 10−16 mol of protoporphyrin IX per cell and had a porphobilinogen deaminase activity of 0.046 fmol uroporphyrin per 30 min per cell. Cells cultured under the same incubation conditions but exposed to 30 mJ cm−2 irradiation after a 3-h incubation with δ-aminolaevulinic acid showed a significant reduction in protoporphyrin IX, 2.28 × 10−16 mol per cell, and an 80% reduction in porphobilinogen deaminase activity to 0.0088 fmol uroporphyrin per 30 min per cell. Similar effects were evident in irradiated cells incubated with δ-aminolaevulinic acid immediately after, or following a 24 h interval, post-irradiation. There was little gain in efficacy from a second treatment regimen applied within 24 h of the initial treatment, probably a result of initial metabolic damage leading to reduced levels of protoporphyrin IX. These findings suggest that a correlation may exist between the δ-aminolaevulinic acid induction of porphobilinogen deaminase activity and the increase in intracellular protoporphyrin IX accumulation. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
Percent true calcium absorption, mineral metabolism, and bone mass in children with arthritis: Effect of supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium†‡

Objective To assess whether percent true calcium absorption (α) is normal and whether supplementation with placebo, vitamin D3 (2,000 IU/day), calcium (1,000 mg/day), or vitamin D3 plus calcium improves α, mineral metabolism, or bone mass accrual in children with arthritis. Methods Eighteen children received all 4 treatments, each for 6 months, in 4 different, randomly assigned orders. Changes in levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D), parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and minerals and in bone mineral content were measured. Calcium absorption was determined with a dual stable isotope method using 48Ca administered intravenously and 46Ca administered orally, and measuring 48Ca, 46Ca, and 42Ca in a 24-hour urine specimen by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was used both to identify significant change over the treatment period with a given regimen and to compare change with an experimental treatment versus change with placebo. Results Percent true calcium absorption was in the lower-normal range and did not differ by treatment (mean ± SD 28.3 ± 20.2% with placebo, 26.1 ± 12.1% with calcium, 19.2 ± 11.7% with vitamin D3, and 27.1 ± 16.5% with vitamin D3 plus calcium). With vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 plus calcium treatment, 25(OH)D levels were increased and 1,25(OH)2D levels were maintained. Serum calcium levels were increased only with vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 plus calcium treatment. Levels of bone turnover markers and increases in bone mineral content did not differ by treatment. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that percent true calcium absorption is low-normal in children with arthritis. Vitamin D3 at 2,000 IU/day increases serum 25(OH)D and calcium levels but does not improve bone mass accretion. Calcium at 1,000 mg/day also failed to improve bone mass.
Weed seeds in long‐term dryland tillage and cropping system plots

Successful crop production depends on effective weed control. Weed seedbanks were determined after 12 years of dryland cropping with winter wheat and grain sorghum under different tillage methods (no- and stubble mulch) and cropping sequences. Seeds of 12 species were detected. Amaranthus retroflexus was most abundant, but seed numbers were similar under all conditions. Portulaca oleracea, Panicum capillare, Setaria viridis and Sorghum halepense seed numbers differed because of some factors, with those for P. oleracea being greatest. For others, seed numbers were low (≤0.11 kg -1 soil), except for Digitaria sanguinalis with 7.8 kg -1 soil and Bromus japonicus with 1.3 kg -1 soil. Most seeds were near the surface with both tillage methods, with enough present under most conditions to cause a problem if proper control measures were not used, especially with continuous cropping. When a weed problem occurs under conditions as in this study, the results indicate that it could be reduced by growing winter and summer crops in rotation, which permits controlling weeds with tillage and/or herbicides when a crop is not growing. Other possibilities for controlling weeds under conditions as in this study are to alternate between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops, which would permit use of a wider range of herbicides, and to use selective in-crop herbicides.
The New Urbanity: The Rise of a New America:

The period from 2010 to 2030 will see as sweeping a change to America’s metropolitan landscape as the half century after World War II. During the baby boom era, 1946 through 1964, about half of American households were raising children; in 2030, only about a quarter will be. Between 2010 and 2030, the increase in the number of single-person households will be more than double the increase in the number of households with children. A major reason is the aging of the boomers: in 2010, 13 percent of the population will be age sixty-five or over; but by 2030, 19 percent of the population will be. There will be changes in the kind of housing and neighborhoods that households prefer. More than half of all households will prefer housing in neighborhoods that comprise such “urbanity” attributes as transit accessibility; proximity to shopping and restaurants; mixed uses including mixed housing choices; and mixed incomes, ages, and ethnicities. Moving toward this new urbanity will require reconsideration of several...
Setting the Agenda for a New Europe: The ERT and EC 1992

Scholars have disagreed over the origins of the single market programme and, in particular, over the role played by business groups in influencing the 1992 project. This article provides a systematic examination of the major policy actors behind the 1992 project, notably the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT). It is argued that, contrary to intergovernmentalist interpretations, the ERT was largely responsible for setting the agenda for the single market programme. The article concludes that traditional theories of European integration cannot capture the political role of non-state actors in EU regulatory policymaking, and suggests an alternative approach is necessary.
Investigation of the Atmospheric Oxidation Pathways of Bromoform: Initiation via OH/Cl Reactions

The tropospheric oxidation pathways of bromoform, CHBr3, initiated via reaction with OH and Cl, have been examined computationally with energetics calculated for each mechanistic step up to the liberation of all three bromine atoms. We have calculated the energetics associated with the addition of O2 to CBr3 and the subsequent addition of NO to CBr3O2 to form an energized peroxy nitrite molecule. The peroxy nitrite molecule is predicted to dissociate rapidly to form CBr3O and NO2, and the energetics and kinetics of this step were also determined. We find that the reaction of CBr3O2 with HO2 may directly lead to significant production of CBr3O, a pathway that is not important in alkyl analogues. We have examined the dissociation of the CBr3O radical at a higher level of theory to accurately quantify the activation energy and exothermicity of the dissociation. On the basis of our results, we predict that the CBr3O radical will dissociate rapidly to form Br and CBr2O. The tropospheric and stratospheric impac...
Synthesis of perfluoroaliphatic grignard reagents

Abstract Perfluoraliphatic mono- and di-Grignard reagents (R f MgX, XMgR′ f MgX) have been conveniently synthesized in excellent yields (90–100%) through metalhalogen exchange reactions. The degree of exchange has been found to be subject to a number of experimental parameters, e.g. the nature of the solvent (tetrahydrofuran vis-a-vis diethyl ether), the type of halide displaced, the organomagnesium exchange reagent and the stoichiometry. These organomagnesium reagents have sufficient thermal stability at low temperatures (−70°) to be useful as intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of compounds. Various perfluoroaliphatic Grignard reagents have been reacted with H 3 O + , CO 2 , (CF 3 ) 2 CO and cyclohexanone to yield R f H, R f CO 2 H, R f (CF 3 ) 2 OH and 1-cyclo-C 6 H 10 (OH)R f compounds, respectively. The selection of the proper reaction conditions, i.e. solvent, temperature and reaction time, has been found to be extremely important in the preparation of derivatives of the various perfluoroaliphatic Grignard reagents.
History and current status of opioid maintenance treatments: blending conference session

Opiate addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder. Left untreated, high morbidity and mortality rates are seen. Pharmacotherapies for this disorder using mu opiate agonists (methadone and levomethadyl acetate) and partial agonists have been developed in the last 40 years. Agonist pharmacotherapy with oral methadone for the treatment of opiate dependence was developed in clinical pharmacology studies at Rockefeller University by Dole, Nyswander, and Kreek. Further studies by this laboratory and others established that moderate to high dose treatment with methadone (80-120 mg) reduced or eliminated opiate use in outpatient settings with consequent reductions in morbidity and up to 4-fold reductions in mortality. Levomethadyl acetate (LAAM), a congener of methadone, is biotransformed to active metabolites responsible for its longer duration of action. The Federal Regulations regarding the dispensation of methadone and LAAM have recently been revised to facilitate the treatment of patients under a "medical maintenance" model. Future regulatory reform will likely involve the establishment of rules for "office based opioid treatment."
Stroke Rehabilitation Indwelling Urinary Catheters, Enteral Feeding Tubes, and Tracheostomies Are Associated With Resource Use and Functional Outcomes

Background and Purpose — The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between tracheostomies, enteral feeding tubes, and indwelling urinary catheters and functional outcome measures, incidence of medical complications, and resource use in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program. Methods — A cohort of 1553 patients consecutively admitted for inpatient stroke rehabilitation was studied. Demographic and stroke characteristics, impairment (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) and disability level (Functional Independence Measure [FIM]), preexisting medical conditions, and the presence of tracheostomies, enteral feeding tubes, and indwelling urinary catheters were recorded at admission. The occurrence of medical complications during rehabilitation, discharge disability level, length of rehabilitation stay, and rehabilitation hospital charges were recorded at discharge. Results — Compared with patients with no medical tubes, patients with 3 medical tubes had significantly higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, lower admission and discharge FIM scores, reduced FIM efficiency scores (average FIM score change per day), and twice the number of medical complications. Patients with 3 medical tubes stayed 28 days longer in acute hospitalization and 20 days longer in rehabilitation compared with patients with no medical tubes. The presence of even a single medical tube was associated with longer length of stay, more medical complications during rehabilitation, and greater disability level at discharge. Conclusions — The presence of ≥1 medical tubes is associated with more severe and disabling strokes, an increased number of medical complications, longer acute and rehabilitation hospitalizations, and greater resource use.
Centralized and Distributed Algorithms for On-Line Synthesis of Maximal Control Policies under Partial Observation

This paper deals with the on-line control of partially observed discrete event systems (DES). The goal is to restrict the behavior of the system within a prefix-closed legal language while accounting for the presence ofuncontrollable andunobservable events. In the spirit of recent work on the on-line control of partially observed DES (Heymann and Lin 1994) and on variable lookahead control of fully observed DES (Ben Hadj-Alouane et al. 1994c), we propose an approach where, following each observable event, a control action is computed on-line using an algorithm oflinear worst-case complexity. This algorithm, calledVLP-PO, has the following additional properties: (i) the resulting behavior is guaranteed to be amaximal controllable and observable sublanguage of the legal language; (ii) different maximals may be generated by varying the priorities assigned to the controllable events, a parameter ofVLP-PO; (iii) a maximal containing the supremal controllable and normal sublanguage of the legal language can be generated by a proper selection of controllable event priorities; and (iv) no off-line calculations are necessary. We also present a parallel/distributed version of theVLP-PO algorithm calledDI-VLP-PO. This version uses several communicating agents that simultaneously run (on-line) identical versions of the algorithm but on possibly different parts of the system model and the legal language, according to the structural properties of the system and the specifications. While achieving the same behavior asVLO-PO, DI-VLP-PO runs at a total complexity (for computation and communication) that is significantly lower than its sequential counterpart.
Free breathing high temporal resolution time resolved contrast enhanced MRA (4D MRA) at high heart rates using keyhole SENSE CENTRA in congenital heart disease

Methods 18 patients age range 0-10 years (12/18 were </= 5 years), were imaged under intravenous sedation for the following CHD indications: aorta or aortic arch morphology (8/18), branch pulmonary arteries (7/18), systemic veins (4/18), pulmonary veins (3/18), and systemic arteries (1/18). Heart rates ranged from 76-160 (mean 102 bpm). A freebreathing trCEMRA sequence was used with the following acquisition parameters: TR 4-5.5 ms, TE 1.2-1.6 ms, flip angle 35-45°, CENTRA k-space filling, acquired voxel size 1-1.3 × 1.1.3 × 2-2.8 mm3, reconstructed voxel size 0.651 × 0.65-1 × 1-1.4 mm3, number of dynamics 9-17, keyhole percentage 25-38%, two-dimensional SENSE factor 2 × 1-2 × 2, gadolinium dose 0.2 mmol/kg, and injection rate 1-3 cc/second. The number of phase encoding steps was adjusted so that the dynamic scan time was synchronized with the duration of the respiratory cycle. Respiratory rates ranged from 16-32/min. Dynamic times for the 3D MRA ranged from 1.9 to 3.6 seconds.
Formulas for Computing Closed-Loop Time Responses of Flexible Systems Using Truncated Models

In this paper we derive formulas for computing the closed-loop time response of an uncertain flexible mechanical system with a truncated model. It is assumed that the dynamics of the flexible mechanical system is described by an infinite series of lightly damped vibration modes. The modal parameters, damping ratio, and natural frequency, are assumed to lie within known ranges. Given a truncated model and a robust control solution, our formulaes define upper and lower bounds for the time response of single-input/output systems about the closed-loop response of the truncated model
Samurai Chemists, Charles Graham and Alexander William Williamson at University College London, 1863–1872

AbstractThis article analyses the dynamic interactions between Japanese samurai students in the 1860s and their chemistry teachers at University College London (UCL) in chemical laboratories and other socialising spaces with the concept of “contact zones.” In addition to Alexander William Williamson (1824–1904), the professor of chemistry and practical chemistry, this article sheds light on the important role of lesser-known figures, especially Williamson's ex-student Charles Graham (1836–1909), who, as a junior teacher, had undoubtedly more chance to interact with samurai students and yet has been overlooked by historians to date.
Use of pledget in the repair of diaphragmatic anomalies.

Abstract This report describes surgical techniques used for the repair of congential diaphragmatic anomalies such as diaphragmatic hernia or eventration, using Dacron felt pledgets over the sutures to protect the tissue against tearing.
Chemical concentrator for rapid vapor detection

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an innovative microfluidic gas concentrator that uses thermophoresis to concentrate apreselected dilute constituent in air. When used in combination with a gas phase detector, such as an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS), the ability of the thermophoretic device to increase the concentration of the target constituent as well asto eliminate other interfering impurities, will substantially increase the sensitivity of the resultant system over the detectoralone. The complete sensor could be hand held with an estimated sensitivity of io12 to 10_i atmospheres with detection times of 0. 1 to 10 s respectively. Keywords: concentrator, vapor, thermal gradient, Soret, thermophoresis, ion mobility spetrometer, IMSIn most gas sensors, the minimum detectable level of a target compound is limited not by the inherent sensitivity ofthe sensor, but by false positives and interference from other gaseous constituents. The ability to selectively preconcentrate anarbitrary dilute constituent by several orders of magnitude and to eliminate background impurities prior to subsequentdownstream detection increases the sensor sensitivity in a field environment. Figure 1 compares detection limits of publishedsensor systems with the proposed thermal concentrator and IMS.
Electronic excitations in single-walled GaN nanotubes from first principles: Dark excitons and unconventional diameter dependences

We present the first ab initio predictions of electronic and excitonic states in gallium nitride nanotubes. Electron-hole interactions dramatically affect optical properties. Low-energy excitons are dark (dipole forbidden) in all nanotubes with key ramifications for applications. We describe an unusual decrease of energy gaps with decreasing nanotube diameter, opposing expectations from quantum confinement. This stems from a combination of nanoscale curvature and gallium chemistry, should apply to other systems, and furnishes an interesting way to reduce excitation energies with decreasing dimension.
Dialysis: the stent graft for stenosis: let's appraise before we praise.

A recent randomized clinical trial concluded that implantation of a stent graft plus angioplasty was superior to angioplasty alone for the treatment of stenosis at the venous anastomosis of an arteriovenous graft. However, concerns regarding the reliability of the results of this trial suggest that additional investigations are necessary.
High mortality in a cholera outbreak in western Kenya after post-election violence in 2008

In 2008, a cholera outbreak with unusually high mortality occurred in western Kenya during civil unrest after disputed presidential elections. Through active case finding, we found a 200% increase in fatal cases and a 37% increase in surviving cases over passively reported cases; the case-fatality ratio increased from 5.5% to 11.4%. In conditional logistic regression of a matched case-control study of fatal versus non-fatal cholera infection, home antibiotic treatment (odds ratio [OR] 0.049; 95% CI: < 0.001-0.43), hospitalization (OR, 0.066; 95% CI, 0.001-0.54), treatment in government-operated health facilities (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.015-0.73), and receiving education about cholera by health workers (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.018-0.96) were protective against death. Among 13 hospitalized fatal cases, chart review showed inadequate intravenous and oral hydration and substantial staff and supply shortages at the time of admission. Cholera mortality was under-reported and very high, in part because of factors exacerbated by widespread post-election violence.
Comparison of 2- and 3- 18F-Fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose for studies of tissue metabolism

Abstract 2- and 3- 18 F-fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose were proposed as sugar analogs to study glucose metabolism in brain and heart tissues. To evaluate their usefulness, the in vivo behavior of 2- 28 FDG and 3- 18 FDG was investigated in mice and rats and for 3- 28 FDG in dogs at various times post-injection. Positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging was performed for heart and brain of anesthetized dogs with both radiopharmaceuticals. In all species studied, a higher uptake in brain, heart and kidney was observed for 2- 18 FDG compared with 3- 18 FDG. Radioactivity also cleared blood and liver more rapidly with 2- 18 FDG than with 3- 18 FDG. Estimates of brain kinetic model parameters revealed the metabolic trapping of 2- 18 FDG, making this agent favorable for studies of tissue metabolism, and the relative lack of phosphorylation of 3- 18 FDG, which makes it a potential agent for studies of glucose transport.
Novice programmer errors: language constructs and plan composition

Abstract Why do novice programmers have difficulties in programming, and what are the probable causes of these errors? This study analyses the role of Language Constructs comprehension, Plan Composition, and their relationship to each other as applied to novice programming errors. The experiment was conducted with 80 novice programmers who were divided into four groups of 20. Each of the groups enrolled in one of the following programming language courses: Pascal, C, FORTRAN, or LISP. The results of the study indicate that the misunderstanding of Plan Composition and semantic misinterpretation of Language Constructs are the two major causes of errors. In addition, the study has concluded that these errors are highly correlated.
Do patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in clinical remission have evidence of persistent inflammation on 3T magnetic resonance imaging

Objective Up to 90% of adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical remission have persistent synovitis and/or bone marrow lesions (BMLs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI findings in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in clinical remission have not been described. We utilized 3T MRI with contrast enhancement to examine JIA patients with hand and/or wrist involvement who were in clinical remission and compared them with a cohort of adult RA patients. Methods In total, 11 JIA patients and 10 RA patients with arthritis involving the hands and/or wrists were identified by their primary rheumatologist as being in physician-defined clinical remission, having no signs or symptoms of active arthritis and no medication changes for at least 6 months. A study rheumatologist performed a joint evaluation for tenderness, swelling, and limitation of motion, and study participants self-reported tender joint counts. The participants underwent MRI with intravenous contrast enhancement of 1 hand and wrist with a history of prior symptoms. A pediatric musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to the clinical data scored the MRIs for synovitis, tenosynovitis, and/or BMLs. Results Sixty-three percent of the JIA cohort and 70% of the RA cohort had MRI findings of synovitis, BMLs, and/or tenosynovitis. All pediatric patients with MRI abnormalities had normal physician tender and swollen joint counts. The patients' self-report of painful joint counts did not predict MRI abnormalities. Conclusion Over one-half of the patients in clinical remission had MRI evidence of persistent inflammation, defined as the presence of synovitis, tenosynovitis, or BMLs. A substantial portion of patients with JIA may have subclinical disease despite clinical remission.
Phase I/II dose escalation trial of concurrent temozolomide and whole brain radiation therapy for multiple brain metastasis

This study sought to establish the recommended phase II dose and efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) with concurrent radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases. Patients were stratified by prior systemic therapy (≤1 vs. ≥2) and enrolled in cohorts of escalating doses of daily TMZ for 14 days (group A: 75, 95, 115, 135, or 150 mg/m2, group B: 75, 90, 105, 120, or 135 mg/m2). Endpoints included safety and clinical activity. For group A (≤1 prior chemotherapy) no dose limiting toxicity was seen at 75 and 95 mg/m2. Five of eight patients experienced dose limiting toxicities at 115 mg/m2, thus the recommended phase II dose was 95 mg/m2. Arm B (≥2 prior chemotherapy regimens) was closed due to poor enrollment. In the phase II portion, 17 patients in group A were treated. There were 0 patients with complete radiographic response, three with a partial response, ten remained stable, and four demonstrated early progression. The 3 and 6 month progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 41 and 18% with a median PFS time of 2.4 months. Overall survival at 3 and 6 months was 53 and 41%, respectively, with a median survival time of 4.1 months. The maximum tolerated dose of daily TMZ with concurrent WBRT was 95 mg/m2. Despite dose escalation, outcomes did not appear to be improved in the sample treated.
Self-rated health and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis over three years: data from a multicenter observational cohort study.

Objective To determine if a previously published model of the influence of self-rated health on physical, mental and social health among patients with joint replacement surgery could be generalized to persons with symptomatic knee OA. Our second purpose was to determine if self-rated health mediated changes in physical, mental and social health.
Nonlinear stability of evaporating/condensing liquid films

We consider horizontal static liquid layers on planar solid boundaries and analyse their instabilities. The layers are either evaporating, when the plates are heated, or condensing, when the plates are cooled. Vapour recoil, thermocapillary, and rupture instabilities are discussed, along with the effects of mass loss (or gain) and non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects. Particular attention is paid to the development of dryout. We derive long-wave evolution equations for the interface shapes that govern the two-dimensional nonlinear stability of the layers subject to the above coupled mechanisms. These equations are analysed and their predictions discussed. Previous theoretical and experimental results are reviewed and compared with the present results. Finally, we discuss limitations of the modelling and extend our derivation to the case of three-dimensional disturbances.
Mussel Culture Studies in Puget Sound, Washington1

The application of Spanish mussel culture techniques to Puget Sound is a relatively new concept and is still in an experimental stage. A study is being conducted to determine the availability of natural Mytilus edulis seed in Puget Sound, the suitability of several types of setting substrate, and the length of time required for the mussel to grow to market size. Two areas in Washington, Clam Bay and Seabeck Bay, were examined for mussel setting in 1974. Clam Bay proved to be unsatisfactory. Seabeck Bay provided positive results: mussel spatfalls occurred twice, once in June and once in September. Synclove rope was found to be superior to Manila rope and oyster strings.
Implementing Business Processes: A Database Trigger Approach

Database triggers are database procedures that are executed automatically when certain events occur and conditions are met. This paper presents a design methodology that helps users implement business processes using database triggers. The contributions of this paper are as follows. First, the proposed methodology uses the Unified Modeling Language UML. UML is a standard modeling language for the software industry and many commercial CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering tools support UML. Second, many expensive ERP Enterprise Resource Planning software systems are employed to implement business processes. The methodology proposed by this paper produces triggers that can be executed on MySQL, an open-source database system that is free for download. Third, as an example of the usefulness of the proposed methodology, the authors present a case study making use of database triggers in a tax audit process. This process involves many steps that require human intervention, and thus is typical of business processes.
Facilitation versus inhibition in non-spatial attribute discrimination tasks

Inhibition of Return is a delay in initiating attentional shifts to previously inspected locations. It has been explained as a mechanism to facilitate visual search of a scene by inhibiting the allocation of attention to locations that have already been examined. We (Hu, Samuel, & Chan, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2010) recently demonstrated that similar processing costs can appear when a non-spatial attribute (color or shape) repeats—detection of a target stimulus was slower if the target shared color or shape with a recently presented cue. In the current study, we test whether such inhibitory effects occur for non-spatial attribute repetition when observers must make a discrimination judgment about targets. We found two independent effects: First, there was a standard location-based IOR effect—target discrimination was slower when the target appeared in the same location as a preceding cue. Second, reaction times were faster if the target's color or shape matched the cue's color or shape; this facilitation effect contrasts with both the location-based inhibition that was present in the current experiments, and with the inhibitory effect of feature repetition in our previous detection task study. The data are best accounted for by a three-factor model recently suggested by Lupianez (Attention and time, 2010).
This Land Is Ours Now: Spatial Imaginaries and the Struggle for Land in Brazil

Abstract In recent years, scholars of “contentious politics” have paid increasing attention to the dynamics of space and place in the construction of organized resistance. To date, however, the literature has tended to focus on the social construction of space rather than the equally important spatial constitution of the social. In this paper, I analyze how particular understandings of space, or what I call “spatial imaginaries”—cognitive frameworks, both collective and individual, constituted through the lived experiences, perceptions, and conceptions of space itself—influenced the formation of the largest grassroots social movement in Brazilian history, the Movement of Rural Landless Workers (the MST). I analyze the decision to join the MST among small family farmers in southern Brazil and rural plantation workers in northeastern Brazil. People from both groups decided to join the movement, but the farmers from southern Brazil used their spatial imaginaries to embrace the act of occupying land and to cr...
The Reptonian turn: reassessing landscape design in Goethe's Elective Affinities

The four protagonists of Goethe's enigmatic novel of 1809, Die Wahlverwandtschaften [Elective Affinities], occupy themselves by transforming an old Renaissance garden into a landscape park in the n...
Effects of Verbal and Written Performance Feedback on Treatment Adherence: Practical Application of Two Delivery Formats

Verbal and written performance feedback for improving preschool and kindergarten teachers' treatment integrity of behavior plans was compared using a combined multiple-baseline and multiple-treatment design across teacher–student dyads with order counterbalanced as within-series conditions. Supplemental generalized least square regression analyses were included to evaluate significance. Maintenance of treatment integrity following termination of performance feedback was included and correspondence between treatment integrity and student behavior change was examined. Results suggested that both forms of feedback were effective for improving treatment integrity but that verbal performance feedback resulted in immediate and sustained improvements with moderate to strong correspondence with student behavior change.
Recent structure-function relationships in normal and injured mammalian kidneys

Recent investigations have been aimed at understanding the ultrastructural-functional relationships within the kidney at organ, tubule, subcellular, and molecular levels. This has led to a redefinition and more precise segmentation of the renal tubule. For example, the connecting piece between distal tubule and collecting system has now been established. The use of immunocytochemical techniques, such as fluorescence, ferritin- or peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulin methods, has made it possible to identify proteins in the kidney especially in renal corpuscles. Two major noncollagenous glycoproteins, fibronectin and laminin, have now been identified in the glomerulus. The glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulfate, has been localized to the glomerular basement membrane and is thought to play an important role in charge perm-selectivity during glomerular filtration. Subtle changes in glomerular podocyte or endothelial cell structure are postulated by some to play a role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. The role of the mesangial cell in glomerular function is being studied in situ in homogeneous cell populations. These cells are capable of prostaglandin production and can contract in response to hormonal stimulation. The intimate positioning of short- and long-looped nephrons in the renal medulla and the unique nature of the pelvic epithelium correlates well with the purported role of urea recycling in the urinary concentrating mechanism. Determination of elemental concentration of soluble substances in various renal cell and extracellular compartments have been made using freeze-hydrated and freeze-dried cryosections of kidney tissue. The medullary and cortical ascending thick limbs of the distal tubule are morphologically and functionally distinct regions. Their response to hormonal stimulation and their enzymatic activities are quite different. Morphological studies of the collecting duct have provided new insight into the role this segment of the uriniferous tubule plays in fluid and electrolyte transport and urinary acidification.
Comparative replication of natural, attenuated, and laboratory strains of mumps virus.

Abstract Natural, Laboratory and attenuated strains of mumps virus replicate in similar fashion in chicken embryonic heart, lung and liver cells. Heart cells are maximally suceptible to all three strains of virus, and liver cells are the least susceptible. Infection of the immature chicken embryo results in the multiplication of both the natural and laboratory strain to highest titet in the heart near hatch. However, the attenuated Jeryl Lynn virus possesses limited capacity for persistent replication in chicken embryonic tissues.
Vowel variation and reverse acquisition in rural Syrian child and adolescent language

Four vowel variables are investigated in the speech of 50 rural, nonmigrant children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in the Syrian village Oyoun Al-Wadi. Contrary to previous studies, the children initially acquire the urban and later the rural forms of these vowels. This process of acquisition shows the following. First, children show reversal in the acquisition of forms, and thus the rules associated with them; instead of acquiring the local forms first, they acquire the supralocal forms. Second, children can acquire the rules of the second dialect after the age of 8. Third, gender emerges as significant as boys and girls exhibit different linguistic behavior. Fourth, preadolescents emerge as the age group that is most active in building a social identity. Fifth, social-psychological factors motivate the shift from urban to rural forms. These include local identity, gendered social meanings of the variants, and the growth of the children's sociolinguistic competence throughout their preadolescence and adolescence.
Vaccination against prostate cancer using a live tissue factor deficient cell line in Lobund-Wistar rats

Reducing expression of the tissue factor gene in prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PAIII) results in a cell line that, in vivo, mimics the growth of wildtype (wt) PAIII. However, instead of continuing to grow and metastasize as wt PAIII tumors do, tissue factor deficient PAIII (TFD PAIII) masses spontaneously regress after several weeks. Although whole cell vaccines are typically inactivated prior to administration to prevent proliferation within the host, numerous studies have suggested that exposure to live, attenuated, whole tumor cells, and the extracellular microenvironment they recruit, increases immunotherapeutic potential. Here, we provide support for this notion, and a strategy through which to implement it, by demonstrating that subcutaneous vaccinations with the TFD PAIII protect the Lobund–Wistar rat against subsequent wt PAIII cell challenge. TFD PAIII immunized rats suffered significantly less metastasis of wt PAIII challenge tumors compared to unvaccinated naive controls rats. These results offer the intriguing possibility that the TFD PAIII vaccine is an effective system for the prevention and, possibly, the treatment of prostate cancer.
Towards a Formal Model for Optimal Task-Site Allocation and Effort Estimation in Global Software Development

Motivated by the desire to cut costs and development effort, software organizations have increasingly adopted a global development approach. However, the cost savings, if any, from this globalization, is often offset by hidden costs such as handoffs between sites, synchronization of development among sites, integration of software developed at distributed sites, language/cultural issues, travel costs, communication costs, etc. Although several empirical studies have been conducted on this issue, due to the lack of an integrated formal model, such studies have not produced consistent and usable results. To that end, in this paper, we present an integrated formal model for analyzing global software development. Our model comprises two parts. First, we consider all tasks in a software project that can be geographically distributed, and the possible sites where they can be allocated. We develop an optimal task-site allocation model. Our approach then generates an effort estimate for the new allocation, which is based on the following factors: expected general percentage allocation of overall effort estimate to each task in the development lifecycle, and effort estimate for executing a task at a particular site (in terms of the effort estimate for executing the same task at the home site, viz., without globalization). The final effort estimate is therefore derived as a function of the effort estimate for executing the overall software project in the home site; this estimate provides project managers with a more accurate understanding of expected cost savings from globalization, if any. Throughout our paper, we illustrate our approach using a real global software development project at IBM as a running example
Can combined whole brain radiation therapy and radiosurgery improve the treatment of single brain metastases

Can combined whole brain radiation therapy and radiosurgery improve the treatment of single brain metastases?
Allele Loss on Chromosome 1p36 in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers

Abstract Objectives. Prior studies have shown that allelic loss on chromosome 1p36 occurs frequently in ovarian as well as several other types of cancer. This suggests that inactivation of gene(s) in this region may play a role in the pathogenesis of these cancers. The aim of this study was to further delineate the region of loss on chromosome 1p36 in ovarian cancers and to identify associated patient or tumor characteristics. Methods. Paired normal/cancer DNA samples from 75 ovarian cancers (21 early stage I/II and 54 advanced stage III/IV) were analyzed using microsatellite markers. Results. Forty-nine of 75 (65%) ovarian cancers had loss of at least one marker. The marker demonstrating the most frequent loss was D1S1597, which was lost in 29/57 (51%) informative cases. Allele loss on 1p36 was significantly more common in poorly differentiated ovarian cancers (73%) relative to well or moderately differentiated cases (48%) ( P = 0.03). Evidence was obtained for two common regions of deletion: one flanked by D1S1646/D1S244 and another more proximally by D1S244/D1S228. Conclusion. These findings further delineate regions on chromosome 1p36 proposed to contain tumor suppressor gene(s) that may play a role in the development and/or progression of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Allele loss on 1p36 is associated with poor histologic grade.
Dry Cerumen—a Prevalent Genetic Trait among American Indians

WET and dry types of cerumen are believed to be inherited as simple Mendelian traits, in which the dry allele is recessive to the wet (sticky) allele1. Petrakis, Molohon and Tepper2, and recently, Martin and Jackson3 reported that certain Indian tribes in the United States have high frequencies of the allele for dry cerumen as do some Asian populations1. Here I report new data on the frequencies of cerumen allele in various Indian tribes in North and South America, which indicates that the gene for dry cerumen is widely prevalent among American Indians.
Hermansky-Pudlak HPS1/pale ear gene regulates epidermal and dermal melanocyte development.

The pale ear (ep) mouse strain is a model for the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 1 (HPS-1), an autosomal recessive disorder causing pigmentary dilution, visual disturbances, bleeding diatheses, pulmonary fibrosis, and granulomatous colitis. The ep mice have a coat color very similar to the black-colored parental strain, C57BL/6. However, the ears and tails of ep mice are significantly hypopigmented compared with the control animals, suggesting that the gene mutation in ep mice reveals a differential regulation of melanocyte function in dorsal back skin melanocytes versus tail or ear skin. In this study, we analyzed the mutant phenotype in detail and determined that in the tail, the defective gene causes delayed onset of interfollicular epidermal melanocyte tyrosinase activity, decreased numbers of melanocytes in the interfollicular epidermis and dermis, and severe immaturity of tail epidermal melanosomes, findings not observed in dorsal back follicular melanocytes. These results highlight differences between follicular and interfollicular melanocyte biology and demonstrate that defects in the ep protein not only affect melanosome biogenesis, but also play a developmental role in determining interfollicular epidermal and dermal melanocyte function. The implications of these findings for the mechanisms governing physiologic variation in human pigmentation and for the pathogenesis of vitiligo are discussed.
Structural and functional analysis of surface proteins from an A(H3N8) influenza virus isolated from New England harbor seals

In late 2011, an A(H3N8) influenza virus infection resulted in the deaths of 162 New England harbor seals. Virus sequence analysis and virus receptor binding studies highlighted potential markers responsible for mammalian adaptation and a mixed receptor binding preference (S. J. Anthony, J. A. St Leger, K. Pugliares, H. S. Ip, J. M. Chan, Z. W. Carpenter, I. Navarrete-Macias, M. Sanchez-Leon, J. T. Saliki, J. Pedersen, W. Karesh, P. Daszak, R. Rabadan, T. Rowles, W. I. Lipkin, MBio 3:e00166-00112, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00166-12). Here, we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface antigens of the virus. Results obtained with recombinant proteins for both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase indicate a true avian receptor binding preference. Although the detection of this virus in new species highlights an increased potential for cross-species transmission, our results indicate that the A(H3N8) virus currently poses a low risk to humans. IMPORTANCE Cross-species transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses increases public health concerns. Here, we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins from an A(H3N8) influenza virus isolated from New England harbor seals. The results improve our understanding of these viruses as they evolve and provide important information to aid ongoing risk assessment analyses as these zoonotic influenza viruses continue to circulate and adapt to new hosts.