cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerial Surveys for Estimating Wild Turkey Abundance in the Texas Rolling Plains

Abstract Aerial surveys have been used to estimate abundance of several wild bird species including wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). We used inflatable turkey decoys at 3 study sites in the Texas Rolling Plains to simulate Rio Grande wild turkey (M. g. intermedia) flocks. We evaluated detectability of flocks and errors in counting flock size during fixed-wing (Cessna 172) aerial surveys using logistic and linear regression models. Flock detectability was primarily influenced by flock size and vegetative cover, and errors in counting flock size were primarily influenced by size of flocks. We conducted computer simulations to evaluate the accuracy and precision of fixed-wing aerial surveys and examined power to detect trends in population change. Our simulations suggested abundance estimates from fixed-wing aerial surveys may be underestimated by 10–15% (2.0–4.8% CV). Power analyses suggested that fixed-wing aerial surveys can provide sufficient power (≥0.80) to detect a population change of 10–25% over ...
Infectomics: genomics and proteomics of microbial infections

The completion of genomic sequences is the greatest triumph of molecular reductionism since the discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953. However, the utility of reductionism is becoming limited and holistic approaches, including theories and techniques, are desperately needed in the postgenomic era. In the field of infectious diseases there is an urgent need for global approaches that can efficiently, precisely and integratively study structural and functional genomics and proteomics of microbial infections (infectomics). The combination of new (e.g. DNA and protein microarrays) and traditional approaches (e.g. cloning, PCR, gene knockout and knockin, and antisense) will help overcome the challenges we are facing today. We assume that the global phenotypic changes (infectomes) in microbes and their host during infections are encoded by the genomes of microbial pathogens and their hosts, expressed in certain environmental conditions devoted to specific microbe-host interactions. Global drug responses (pharmacomes) in microbes and their host can be detected by genomic and proteomic approaches. Genome-wide approaches to genotyping and phenotyping or expression profiling will eventually lead to global dissection of microbial pathogenesis, efficient and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases, and the development of novel strategies to control infections. The key fundamental issue of infectious diseases is how to globally and integratively understand the interactions between microbial pathogens and their hosts by using infectomics. In this review, we focus on the events that are considered important in infectomics.
The power of a question: a case study of two knowledge capture systems

Designers have many options for how to encode knowledge, although most are based on declarative representations. This paper explores the use of questions to represent knowledge. Practitioner experiences implementing two knowledge resources using a question-based representation are described. In both resources, the use of "questions" was chosen as both a nonthreatening way of engaging users and for its value in initiating thinking processes. Both systems have succeeded in capturing the interest of users and serve as valuable components of the organization's knowledge capture program. This paper describes the systems, the underlying design approach, and results from system evaluation. Since the goal of any knowledge resource is to facilitate the reuse of knowledge, it is important to understand the impact that different knowledge representations could have on system acceptance. This study raises several research issues based on experiences using the unusual representation of "questions".
The rapidity of the adrenocorticotropic response of the pituitary to the intravenous administration of histamine.

IT HAS been demonstrated repeatedly (Sayers, 1950) that under certain conditions, denoted “stressful,” the pituitary store of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) becomes depleted, the ascorbic acid and cholesterol concentrations in the adrenal are decreased, increased amounts of adrenal cortical steroids are liberated, and the adrenal cortex increases in weight; thus indicating that increased amounts of ACTH have been delivered into the blood stream. Nevertheless, attempts even to detect, much less quantitate, ACTH in the blood under any circumstance by administration of serum to hypophysectomized rats have, with two possible exceptions (Cooke, Graetzer, and Reiss, 1948; Taylor, Albert, and Sprague, 1949), been unsuccessful. It would be fruitless to attempt to assay the ACTH concentration in blood under basal conditions until its presence had first been demonstrated unequivocally under conditions of stress. Although the larger amounts presumably released into the circulation at this time should simplify th...
Striatal muscarinic receptor antagonism reduces 24‐h food intake in association with decreased preproenkephalin gene expression

Cholinergic interneurons of the striatum respond to motivationally relevant stimuli and are involved in appetitive learning. However, there has been relatively little inquiry into the role of striatal acetylcholine in food motivation. Here we show in rats that a single infusion of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0, 5.0 or 10.0 microg/0.5 microL bilaterally) potently reduced 24-h food intake following injections into either the ventral or dorsal striatum, without affecting water intake. Furthermore, muscarinic receptor blockade induced reliable and widespread reductions in striatal preproenkephalin, but not preprodynorphin, mRNA expression. These data suggest a novel role for striatal acetylcholine in modulating feeding behavior via its effects on enkephalin gene expression. As prior research indicates a critical role for striatal enkephalin in consummatory behaviors and palatability, we hypothesize that cholinergic interneurons assist in translating hypothalamic energy state signals into food-directed behaviors via their regulation of striatal opioid peptides.
Cloning and expression of a human kinesin heavy chain gene: interaction of the COOH-terminal domain with cytoplasmic microtubules in transfected CV-1 cells

To understand the interactions between the microtubule-based motor protein kinesin and intracellular components, we have expressed the kinesin heavy chain and its different domains in CV-1 monkey kidney epithelial cells and examined their distributions by immunofluorescence microscopy. For this study, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding a kinesin heavy chain from a human placental library. The human kinesin heavy chain exhibits a high level of sequence identity to the previously cloned invertebrate kinesin heavy chains; homologies between the COOH-terminal domain of human and invertebrate kinesins and the nonmotor domain of the Aspergillus kinesin-like protein bimC were also found. The gene encoding the human kinesin heavy chain also contains a small upstream open reading frame in a G-C rich 5' untranslated region, features that are associated with translational regulation in certain mRNAs. After transient expression in CV-1 cells, the kinesin heavy chain showed both a diffuse distribution and a filamentous staining pattern that coaligned with microtubules but not vimentin intermediate filaments. Altering the number and distribution of microtubules with taxol or nocodazole produced corresponding changes in the localization of the expressed kinesin heavy chain. The expressed NH2-terminal motor and the COOH-terminal tail domains, but not the alpha-helical coiled coil rod domain, also colocalized with microtubules. The finding that both the kinesin motor and tail domains can interact with cytoplasmic microtubules raises the possibility that kinesin could crossbridge and induce sliding between microtubules under certain circumstances.
Wave-pinned filaments of scroll waves

Scroll waves are three-dimensional excitation patterns that rotate around one-dimensional space curves. Typically these filaments are closed loops or end at the system boundary. However, in excitable media with anomalous dispersion, filaments can be pinned to the wake of traveling wave pulses. This pinning is studied in experiments with the 1,4-cyclohexanedione Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction and a three-variable reaction-diffusion model. We show that wave-pinned filaments are related to the coexistence of rotating and translating wave defects in two dimensions. Filament pinning causes a continuous expansion of the total filament length. It can be ended by annihilating the pinning pulse in a frontal wave collision. Following such an annihilation, the filament connects itself to the system boundary. Its postannihilation shape that is initially the exposed rim of the scroll wave unwinds continuously over numerous rotation periods.
Meaning shift and the purity of ‘I’

In this paper I defend the “Standard View” of the semantics of ‘I’—according to which ‘I’ is a pure, automatic indexical—from a challenge posed by “deferred reference” cases, in which occurrences of ‘I’ are (allegedly) not speaker-referential, and thus non-automatic. In reply, I offer an alternative account of the cases in question, which I call the “Description Analysis” (DA). According to DA, seemingly deferred-referential occurrences of the first person pronoun are interpreted as constituents of a definite description, whose operator scopes over an open sentence Rxy—where R is a contextually selected relation ranging over pairs of people and objects. The role of intentions is thus limited to the determination of R, which is posterior to the fixation of the reference of ‘I’. In support of the DA I present evidence that, in the cases in question, the (Determiner) phrase containing ‘I’ behaves in relevant ways like a description. I show that the DA can account for the problematic examples, while preserving the simplicity of the standard semantics of ‘I’. Finally, I examine a rival account of the data, offered by Nunberg (Linguist Philos 16:1–43, 1993), and argue for the superiority of the DA.
Premarital Sexual Intercourse and Axiomatic Theory Construction

Axiomatic theory construction was used in this study to analyze the likelihood of participation in premarital sexual intercourse by college women. The sample consisted of 754 never-married female students enrolled in a midwestern, residential university who responded to a sexual attitudes and behavior survey. Forty-eight empirical propositions concerning premarital sexual intercourse were tested, nineteen of which were found to be statistically significant. Three derived propositions were reformulated from these findings, which in turn were utilized to develop two middle-range theories: commitment theory and cultural milieu theory. These theories clearly demonstrate the role of changing personal and societal attitudes toward sexuality and perceived partner commitment in the decision to become sexually active.
Environmental factors influencing survival of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a multipurpose constructed treatment wetland in southern California

Survival of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, differed among marshes in a demonstration 9.9-ha multipurpose constructed treatment wetland designed to improve the quality of secondary-treated municipal wastewater in southern California. At a mean loading rate of 3.3 kg NH4-N ha(-1) d(-1) (6 kg total N ha(-1) d(-1)), the suitability of the wetland to support a population of sticklebacks was estimated to be low. The development of potentially toxic levels of un-ionized ammonia, particularly during periods when pH increased concomitantly with oxygen generation by phytoplankton biomass > 300 mg chlorophyll a liter(-1), and disinfection by-products were associated with lowered survivorship of sentinel fish. Moreover, the high oxygen demand from nitrification of NH4-N created daily periods of low dissolved oxygen concentration (6-16 h at < 2 mg liter(-1)) in the open water areas of the shallow marshes. Low dissolved oxygen concentration in open water zones of the seven marshes during a part of each day and persistent anaerobic conditions in the emergent vegetation rendered the majority of the wetland's substrate surface unavailable for successful reproduction by sticklebacks. The potential sites for Gasterosteus to replace mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki, as a biological control agent against mosquitoes are probably limited to comparatively cool-water habitats with high water quality, such as riverine wetlands.
Normalization of the Constant score

The strength of the normal shoulder may differ by gender and deteriorate with age. Thus, the Constant score may also decrease in absolute value while still reflecting a normal score. To account for age- and gender-related differences, normal results for this scale must be determined across a population of patients without shoulder disease. Patients presenting for evaluation of nonshoulder conditions participated. A subjective questionnaire was completed. Range of motion and strength were measured. This analysis includes the data of 441 patients. The mean Constant score for men was significantly greater than that for women in each age group ( P P
Oligothiophenes incorporating metal-metal quadruple bonds (MM = Mo 2 , MoW and W 2 ). A chemical approach for photon harvesting and spectral expansion

The syntheses, electronic structures as determined by calculations employing density functional theory, and the physic-chemical properties of oligothiophenes attached to MM quadruply bonded centers (MM = Mo 2 , MoW and W 2 ) by carboxylate tethers are described. These materials absorb light across the spectral range 300–1000 nm due to intense 1LLCT and 1MLCT transitions. The MMō orbital is strongly coupled to the p-system of the oligothiophenes and the photoexcited states have relatively long lived singlet and triplet state which are on the order 10 ps and 50 µs, respectively. Electrochemical and Photophysical studies are reported.
Bunching of Surface Steps and Facet Formation on Analumina Surface

The behavior of steps on the basal surface of alumina under conditions of evaporativemass transport has been investigated. Steps on a clean surface of alumina tend to be uniformly spaced indicating a repulsive interaction between the steps. The presence of foreign particles causes step bunching that leads to the formation of a new facet. The lower energy of the macrofacet may provide a driving force for the bunching process.
Statins for the prevention of venous thromboembolism? a narrative review.

AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a substantial public health problem. The majority of VTE events are associated with transient periods of heightened risk, such as prolonged hospitalization, undergoing major surgery, experiencing trauma or lower extremity immobility, use of oral contraceptives, or having active cancer. Although pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis agents (eg, unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, warfarin, and novel oral anticoagulants) are effective, they remain underused, with concerns about increased bleeding risk often cited as a reason. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (ie, statins), although used primarily for lipid lowering and arterial thrombosis risk reduction, have pleiotrophic effects that affect coagulation and inflammation, and do not increase bleeding risk. There is emerging evidence to suggest that through these pleiotrophic effects, statins may be effective in reducing ...
Shallow Structures: Shelf Edge of Continental Margin Between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear, North Carolina: GEOLOGICAL NOTES

Two types of structural framework are predominant on shallow seismic profiles recorded at the continental shelf edge off North Carolina between Cape Hatteras and Cape Fear. At least six prominent progradational sedimentary units, which are separated by disconformable surfaces, indicate that the continental shelf edge seaward of Cape Fear has been formed mainly by outbuilding. Uniformly thick parallel beds predominant north of Cape Fear are the result of relatively uniform upbuilding-outbuilding processes. Within this parallel bedded structure, a distinct erosional surface can be traced from the outer shelf to the upper continental slope, where it is truncated by another buried erosional surface. Surface topographic features near the shelf break off North Carolina have been formed largely by erosional processes, although locally organic accretion may have occurred. Small terraces and ledges that are exposed or buried were eroded into the outer shelf and upper slope during pauses in the fluctuating sea levels of the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. Notches on the upper continental slope appear to have two origins: (1) erosional, i.e., the notch was carved by the Gulf Stream, and (2) erosional or nondepositional, i.e., the notch was formed between the exposed back slope of a terrace and the sedimentary wedge occurring on the terrace platform.
Intranasal Inoculation of Mice with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Causes a Lethal Lung Infection That Is Dependent on Yersinia Outer Proteins and PhoP

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infects many mammals and birds including humans, livestock, and wild rodents and can be recovered from the lungs of infected animals. To determine the Y. pseudotuberculosis factors important for growth during lung infection, we developed an intranasal model of infection in mice. Following intranasal inoculation, we monitored both bacterial growth in lungs and dissemination to systemic tissues. Intranasal inoculation with as few as 18 CFU of Y. pseudotuberculosis caused a lethal lung infection in some mice. Over the course of 7 days, wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis replicated to nearly 1 × 108 CFU/g of lung in BALB/c mice, induced histopathology in lungs consistent with pneumonia, but disseminated sporadically to other tissues. In contrast, a ΔyopB deletion strain was attenuated in this model, indicating that translocation of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) is essential for virulence. Additionally, a ΔyopH null mutant failed to grow to wild-type levels by 4 days postintranasal inoculation, but deletions of any other single effector YOP did not attenuate lung colonization 4 days postinfection. Strains with deletions in yopH and any one of the other known effector yop genes were more attenuated that the ΔyopH strain, indicating a unique role for yopH in lungs. In summary, we have characterized the progression of a lung infection with an enteric Yersinia pathogen and shown that YopB and YopH are important in lung colonization and dissemination. Furthermore, this lung infection model with Y. pseudotuberculosis can be used to test potential therapeutics against Yersinia and other gram-negative infections in lungs.
Computer Simulation of Kinetics of Spinodal Decomposition in the Tetragonal TiO2–SnO2 System

Computer simulation was carried out for the kinetics of spinodal decomposition in the tetragonal TiO2–SnO2 system on the basis of a nonlinear diffusion equation. A time evolution of the microstructure and the effect of coherent strain on the separated two phases were investigated by Langer's approximate method and the finite difference method. It was shown that the composition fluctuations develop in the first stage of the spinodal decomposition, and the formation of interface and the grain growth appear in the second stage. The local stress field and the local strain field with the coherence of the lattice were calculated. Subsequently the appearance of the interface dislocations in the (100) and (010) planes was demonstrated to occur in the third stage. Physical interpretation was given to the experimental observations for the tetragonal TiO2–SnO2 system on the basis of those calculations.
Entrainment, diapycnal mixing and transport in three-dimensional bottom gravity current simulations using the Mellor–Yamada turbulence scheme

The diapycnal mixing, entrainment and bottom boundary layer (BBL) dynamics in simulations of dense overflows are evaluated, using a generalized coordinate ocean model that can utilize terrain-following or z-level vertical grids and uses the Mellor–Yamada (M–Y) turbulence closure scheme to provide vertical mixing coefficients. Results from idealized dense water overflow experiments at resolutions of 10 and 2.5 km using a terrain-following vertical coordinates compare very well with the results from a nonhydrostatic ocean model (MITgcm) with resolution of 0.5 km, and also with the basic observed properties of the Denmark Straits overflow. At both 10 and 2.5 km resolutions the dilution of the bottom plume is comparable to the nonhydrostatic results, indicating that the M–Y scheme represents the subgrid-scale mixing very well. The 2.5 and 0.5 km model simulations are surprisingly very similar even in the details of the eddy field structure. Strong diapycnal mixing and large entrainment result in more than doubling the plume transport within � 100 km from the source, similar to observations, while further downstream small detrainment and reduced transport occur. However, when the diapycnal mixing associated with the mixing scheme is eliminated by setting KH ¼ 0, the terrain-following model results closely resemble the results of isopycnal models whereas the dense plume slides farther downslope while its transport continue to increase indefinitely. On the other hand, when eliminating the bottom Ekman transport associated with the mixing scheme by setting KM ¼ 0, the model results resemble the results of a stepped-topography z-level model without BBL. The bottom Ekman transport associated with the M–Y vertical mixing was found to be responsible for � 20% of the downslope transport of the bottom plume. The vertical mixing coefficient shows a spatially variable asymmetric structure across the bottom plume indicating a stronger mixing over
Intracorporeal Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy of Ureteral and Renal Calculi Using Small Caliber (1.9F) Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy Probes

AbstractPurpose: The development of 1.9F or smaller electrohydraulic lithotripsy probes has facilitated the use of this form of lithotripsy via miniature rigid and flexible ureteroscopes. We report our experience with ureteroscopic intracorporeal lithotripsy using 1.9F electrohydraulic lithotripsy probes.Materials and Methods: A total of 45 patients (32 ureteral and 57 renal calculi) underwent retrograde rigid (microscopic to 6F short) or flexible (7.5 and 9.4F) ureteroscopy with electrohydraulic lithotripsy using 1.9F electrohydraulic lithotripsy probes. In 17 patients (38 percent) there were 37 lower pole caliceal calculi (41 percent). Stone size ranged from 3 to 30 mm. (mean 8.5).Results: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy resulted in successful fragmentation (that is 2 mm. or smaller fragments) in 98 percent of patients overall. It was successful after failure of HM-3 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in 10 patients and after failed lithotripsy with the 140 mJ. tunable dye laser in 7. Electrohydraulic l...
Masterworks of art and chronic illness experiences in the elderly

Masterworks of art and chronic illness experiences in the elderly Aim. This article presents findings of a qualitative study, conducted between 1997 and 2000, to investigate the plausibility of integrating masterworks of art with care of the chronically ill elderly, and to analyse perceptions about chronic illness among three groups: registered nurses, nursing students, and the elderly. Background and significance. Statistically the incidence of chronic illness increases in the elderly. Although pathophysiology of chronic illness is increasingly understood, few studies explore the experience of living with chronicity from the perspective of the elderly. Understanding and intervening appropriately for the elderly with chronic illness may contribute significantly to improving quality of life for this growing population. Ethical issues and approval. The study was approved through an Institutional Review Board. Facility permission and participant informed consent were obtained. Anonymity and confidentiality were protected. Design. Using hermeneutic phenomenology and masterworks of art as a centre point for dialogue, the investigators explored the perceptions of nurses, students, and the elderly about living with a chronic illness. A purposive sample of 65 participants made up seven focus groups with which group interviews were conducted. Themes were explicated and analysed from audiotaped interviews until data saturation was reached. Findings. Content analysis of focus group interviews revealed themes of social isolation, inevitable role change, and inertia–movement. Only the elderly acknowledged hope and a steadfast refusal to give up, while nurses and students viewed chronicity more negatively. Themes of social isolation and role change are consistent with other studies of the elderly. A paradox of inertia–movement in the chronically ill elderly has not been reported in the nursing literature. Conclusions. Paradoxical tension of inertia–movement in the chronically ill elderly appears to be linked to the broader concept of energy in nursing science, and to Parse’s theory of human becoming. Masterworks of art can generate energy exchange between the elderly and caregivers, providing a plausible catalyst for meaningful interventions that transcend age and practice settings.
Effectively Communicating Qualitative Research

This article is a guide for counseling researchers wishing to communicate the methods and results of their qualitative research to varied audiences. The authors posit that the first step in effectively communicating qualitative research is the development of strong qualitative research skills. To this end, the authors review a process model for developing such competence and emphasize the importance of research paradigm and philosophy-of-science knowledge for the competent researcher. The authors present characteristics of strong qualitative writing and highlight the concept of “thick description.” The article includes a recommended structure for presenting the qualitative study and provides suggestions for targeting writing for different audiences. The authors conclude with suggestions for graduate students considering conducting qualitative dissertations.
Quantification and time course of microvascular obstruction by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion

Objectives. We aimed to validate contrast-enhanced echocardiography (CE) in the quantification of microvascular obstruction (MO) against magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the histopathologic standards of radioactive microspheres and thioflavin-S staining. We also determined the time course of MO at days 2 and 9 after infarction and reperfusion. Background. Postinfarction MO occurs because prolonged ischemia produces microvessel occlusion at the infarct core, preventing adequate reperfusion. Microvascular obstruction expands up to 48 h after reperfusion; the time course beyond 2 days is unknown. Though used to study MO, CE has not been compared with MRI and thioflavin-S, which yield precise visual maps of MO. Methods. Ten closed-chest dogs underwent 90-min coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Both CE and MRI were performed at 2 and 9 days after reperfusion. The MO regions by both methods were quantified as percent left ventricular (% LV) mass. Radioactive microspheres were injected for blood flow determination. Postmortem, the myocardium was stained with thioflavin-S and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Results. Expressed as % total LV, MO by MRI matched in size MO by microspheres using a flow threshold of <40% remote (4.96 6 3.52% vs. 5.32 6 3.98%, p 5 NS). For matched LV cross sections, MO by CE matched in size MO by microspheres using a flow threshold of <60% remote (13.27 6 4.31% vs. 13.5 6 4.94%, p 5 NS). Both noninvasive techniques correlated well with microspheres (MRI vs. CE, r 5 0.87 vs. 0.74; p 5 NS). Microvascular obstruction by CE corresponded spatially to MRIhypoenhanced regions and thioflavin-negative regions. For matched LV slices at 9 days after reperfusion, MO measured 12.94 6 4.51% by CE, 7.11 6 3.68% by MRI and 9.18 6 4.32% by thioflavin-S. Compared to thioflavin-S, both noninvasive techniques correlated well (CE vs. MRI, r 5 0.79 vs. 0.91; p 5 NS). Microvascular obstruction size was unchanged at 2 and 9 days (CE: 13.23 6 4.11% vs. 12.69 6 4.97%; MRI: 5.53 6 4.94% vs. 4.68 6 3.44%; p 5 NS for both). Conclusions. Both CE and MRI can quantify MO. Both correlate well with the histopathologic standards. While MRI can detect regions of MO with blood flow <40% of remote, the threshold for MO by CE is <60% remote. The extent of MO is unchanged at 2 and 9 days after reperfusion. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1756 ‐ 64) ©1998 by the American College of Cardiology
P-N Junction Electroluminescence and Diode Lasers

Junction diodes made from certain types of semiconductors emit light efficiently when forward biased. Wavelengths between 8.5 µ and 0.64 µ have been observed, depending on the material. When the diode has cleaved facets normal to the junction, a resonant optical cavity is formed in the plane of the junction and. stimulated emission can be observed. The threshold current density for stimulated emission in GaAs is of the order of 1000 A/cm2at 77°K and increases as T8. The efficiency is of the order of 10 percent. For GaAs, electroluminescent emission occurs at about 8500 Â at 77°K, and the spontaneous linewidth is 200 Â. Above threshold sharp lines appear, the spacing of which is correctly predicted by cavity theory. The width of an individual mode line in GaAs is, at most, 10 Mc/s. A fan-shaped laser beam emerges from a Fabry-Perot cavity above threshold; the plane of the fan is normal to the junction and the dimensions are about 2° by 6°. Simulated emission occurs from filaments in the junction plane; the cross section is about 6 µ by 25 µ. Diode laser emission can be modulated simply by modulating the current. The stimulated optical decay time is at most 0.2 µs. Diodes have been made to amplify light, and various cooperative and quenching effects have been observed in optically-coupled chips. These effects suggest the use of diode lasers as computer elements. In general, diode lasers will find use as intense point light sources.
Laser photochemistry: The wavelength dependent oxidative photodegradation of vitamin K analogs

Abstract Menaquinone-1 and phylloquinone have been observed to form stable trioxanes when irradiated with visible light under aerobic conditions. The menaquinone-1 peroxide derivative has been shown to be extremely photolabile to ultraviolet light.
Effects of organic matter amendments on net primary productivity and greenhouse gas emissions in annual grasslands

Most of the world's grasslands are managed for livestock production. A critical component of the long-term sustainability and profitability of rangelands (e.g., grazed grassland ecosystems) is the maintenance of plant production. Amending grassland soils with organic waste has been proposed as a means to increase net primary productivity (NPP) and ecosystem carbon (C) storage, while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from waste management. Few studies have evaluated the effects of amendments on the C balance and greenhouse gas dynamics of grasslands. We used field manipulations replicated within and across two rangelands (a valley grassland and a coastal grassland) to determine the effects of a single application of composted green waste amendments on NPP and greenhouse gas emissions over three years. Amendments elevated total soil respiration by 18% +/- 4% at both sites but had no effect on nitrous oxide or methane emissions. Carbon losses were significantly offset by greater and sustained plant production. Amendments stimulated both above- and belowground NPP by 2.1 +/- 0.8 Mg C/ha to 4.7 +/- 0.7 Mg C/ha (mean +/- SE) over the three-year study period. Net ecosystem C storage increased by 25-70% without including the direct addition of compost C. The estimated magnitude of net ecosystem C storage was sensitive to estimates of heterotrophic soil respiration but was greater than controls in five out of six fields that received amendments. The sixth plot was the only one that exhibited lower soil moisture than the control, suggesting an important role of water limitation in these seasonally dry ecosystems. Treatment effects persisted over the course of the study, which were likely derived from increased water-holding capacity in most plots, and slow-release fertilization from compost decomposition. We conclude that a single application of composted organic matter can significantly increase grassland C storage, and that effects of a single application are likely to carry over in time.
Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract in a symptomatic newborn with tetralogy of Fallot

This case describes a successful percutaneous stent implantation to critical stenosis of the right ventricle outflow tract in a female neonate with tetralogy of Fallot. At the time of the procedure she had poor development of the pulmonary arteries (McGoon and Nakata index 1.45 and 120, respectively). Stent implantation ensured an immediate increase in oxygen saturation level, and the physiological pulsating blood inflow caused good development of the pulmonary arteries during 12 months of follow up (McGoon 2.5; Nacata Index 436). After this time she was qualified for surgery and underwent surgical correction without using a patch or conduit implantation.
Energy Modeling of Air-Cooled Data Centers: Part I—The Optimization of Enclosed Aisle Configurations

The work presented in this paper describes a simplified thermodynamic model that can be used for exploring optimization possibilities in air-cooled data centers. The model is used to parametrically evaluate the total energy consumption of the data center cooling infrastructure for data centers that utilize aisle containment. The analysis highlights the importance of reducing the total power required for moving the air within the CRACs, the plenum, and the servers, rather than focusing primarily or exclusively on reducing the refrigeration system’s power consumption and shows the benefits of bypass recirculation in enclosed aisle configurations. The analysis shows a potential for as much as a 57% savings in cooling infrastructure energy consumption by utilizing an optimized enclosed aisle configuration with bypass recirculation, instead of a traditional enclosed aisle, where all the data center exhaust is forced to flow through the computer room air conditioners (CRACs), for racks with a modest temperature rise (∼10°C). However, for racks with larger temperature rise (> ∼20°C), the saving are less than 5%. Furthermore, for servers whose fan speed (flow rate) varies as a function of inlet temperature, the analysis shows that the optimum operating regime for enclosed aisle data centers falls within a very narrow band and that power reductions are possible by lowering the uniform server inlet temperature in the enclosed aisle from 27°C to 22°C. However, the optimum CRAC exit temperature over the 22-to-27°C range of enclosed cold aisle temperature falls between ∼16 and 20°C because a significant reduction in the power consumption is possible through the use of bypass recirculation. Without bypass recirculation, the power consumption for a server inlet temperature of 22°C enclosed aisle case with a server temperature rise of 10°C would be a whopping 43% higher than with bypass recirculation. It is worth noting that, without bypass recirculation maintaining the enclosed cold aisle at 22°C instead of 27°C would reduce power consumption by 48%. It is also shown that enclosing the aisles together with bypass recirculation (when beneficial) also reduces the dependence of the optimum cooling power on server temperature rise.© 2011 ASME
The short-term fate of fresh algal carbon in continental slope sediments

Emplacement of a tracer mixture containing 13C-labeled green algae on the sea floor of the continental slope offshore of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, elicited a rapid response over 1.5 d from the dense benthic community. Certain deposit-feeding annelids (e.g. Scalibregma injlatum and Aricidea quadrilobata) became heavily labeled with 13C as a result of ingestion of the algae. 13C-labeled organic matter was transported to a depth of at least 4-5 cm into the seabed during the 1.5-d period, presumably as a consequence of a feedingassociated activity. Nonlocal transport produced subsurface peaks in organic 13C at 2-3 cm. Dissolved inorganic 13C, produced by the oxidation of the labeled algae, penetrated to lo-cm depth. The transport of highly reactive organic matter from the sediment surface at initial velocities 1.3 cm d- l is expected to be an important control of subsurface benthic processes in slope environments characterized by abundant macrofaunal populations. Anaerobic processes, which are enhanced on the Cape Hatteras slope relative to adjacent areas, may be promoted by the rapid injection of reactive material into subsurface sediments. The transport, in turn, is a consequence of the dense infaunal populations that are supported by the rapid deposition of organic carbon in this region.
Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns

A system of cluster analysis for genome-wide expression data from DNA microarray hybridization is de- scribed that uses standard statistical algorithms to arrange genes according to similarity in pattern of gene expression. The output is displayed graphically, conveying the clustering and the underlying expression data simultaneously in a form intuitive for biologists. We have found in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that clustering gene expression data groups together efficiently genes of known similar function, and we find a similar tendency in human data. Thus patterns seen in genome-wide expression experiments can be inter- preted as indications of the status of cellular processes. Also, coexpression of genes of known function with poorly charac- terized or novel genes may provide a simple means of gaining leads to the functions of many genes for which information is not available currently.
Cycle performance of a silver-metal hydride cell

Cycling experiments were conducted on a silver oxide-metal hydride cell. Previous work on this system determined the influence of electrolyte concentration on rate capability, charge retention and cycle life. The emphasis of this work was placed on enhancing the cycle life of this system. Cells were assembled using sintered silver and AB/sub 5/ metal hydride electrodes. Cycle data were collected on flooded cells containing 31 and 45% KOH. A major variable in the improvement of the cycle performance was the silver migration barrier material.
Free-Free Spectral Energy Distributions of Hierarchically Clumped H II Regions

In an effort to understand unusual power-law spectral slopes observed in some hypercompact H II regions, we consider the radio continuum energy distribution from an ensemble of spherical clumps. An analytic expression for the free-free emission from a single spherical clump is derived. The radio continuum slope (with Fν ∝ να) is governed by the population of clump optical depths N(τ) such that (1) at frequencies where all clumps are thick, a continuum slope of +2 is found, (2) at frequencies where all clumps are optically thin, a flattened slope of -0.11 is found, and (3) at intermediate frequencies, a power-law segment of significant bandwidth with slopes between these two limiting values can result. For the ensemble distribution, we adopt a power-law distribution N(τ) ∝ τ-γ and find that significant power-law segments in the spectral energy distribution with slopes from +2 to -0.11 result only for a relatively restricted range of γ values from 1 to 2. Furthermore, a greater range of clump optical depths for this distribution leads to a wider bandwidth over which the intermediate power-law segment exists. The model is applied to the source W49N B2 with an observed slope of α ≈ +0.9, but that may be turning over to become optically thin around 2 mm. An adequate fit is found in which most clumps are optically thin and there is little "shadowing" of rearward clumps by foreground clumps (i.e., the geometrical covering factor C 1). The primary insight gained from our study is that in the Rayleigh-Jeans limit for the Planck function that applies for the radio band, it is the distribution in optical depth of the clump population that is solely responsible for setting the continuum shape, with variations in the size and temperature of clumps serving to modulate the level of free-free emission.
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA and immune complex (HSV-1-human IgG) elicit vigorous interleukin 6 release from infected corneal cells via Toll-like receptors.

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) and TLR-9 gene expression and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion were studied in corneal cells with components of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Human corneal epithelial cells (HCEs) and primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCRFs) were infected with live HSV or UV-inactivated HSV (UV-HSV), transfected with HSV DNA or treated with HSV–anti-HSV IgG immune complexes. Gene expression of TLR-3 and -9 was analysed by real-time PCR. Supernatants were assayed for IL-6 by ELISA. Incubation of HCEs and HCRFs with live HSV-1, UV-HSV and HSV DNA resulted in augmented TLR-3 and -9 gene expression and IL-6 release. Moreover, infected or transfected HCRFs released greater amounts of IL-6 than did HCEs. As virus is frequently in the form of neutralized virus immune complexes, the ability of these immune complexes to interact with TLRs and trigger IL-6 production was evaluated. Here, it is shown that HSV–anti-HSV IgG complexes were as potent as HSV DNA in their ability to induce IL-6. Treatment of HCRFs transfected with HSV DNA with the TLR-9-inhibitory oligomer iODN, anti-TLR-3 antibody or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor indicated that IL-6 release from HCRFs was mediated by TLR-3 and -9 gene expression. These results demonstrated that neutralized HSV immune complexes were as potent as HSV DNA in enhancing IL-6 release from corneal fibroblasts. These phenomena were mediated via augmented TLR-3 and -9 gene expression.
Repetitive Anesthesia Concerns in Early-Onset Scoliosis

Patients requiring repeated surgery with general anesthesia face multiple challenges. Hospitalization and surgery can cause significant stress and anxiety for children and their families. The amount of stress will vary by family and situation, but repeated surgical procedures and negative memories of previous hospital experiences are among the most significant predictors of stress at the time of anesthesia induction. This perioperative stress has been shown to cause both short- and long-term behavioral changes in children as well as increased post-procedural pain and increased risk of infection. Many different approaches have been used with the aim to decrease perioperative stress and anxiety before anesthesia induction. They include those specifically used by anesthesiologists such as prescribing premedication and adopting non-pharmacologic interventions such as parental presence. In addition, there are hospital-based programs that can help alleviate preoperative anxiety such as family tours of the hospital and operating room (OR) and online resources.
Twenty-one-gene recurrence score assay in BRCA-associated versus sporadic breast cancers: Differences based on germline mutation status.

BACKGROUND Biological differences between BRCA-associated breast cancer and sporadic breast cancer may warrant different adjuvant chemotherapy (ACRx) recommendations despite similar phenotypic features. A 21-gene expression profile (Oncotype DX) generates a prognostic recurrence score (RS) that predicts the ACRx benefit in patients with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. No reports describe assay results for BRCA-associated breast cancer. METHODS A review of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center databases identified 4908 patients with hormone receptor–positive, node-negative breast cancer who underwent Oncotype DX testing between July 2006 and March 2014. BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers (cases) were identified and matched (1:2) by age at diagnosis and tumor size to noncarrier controls. Two-sample nonparametric tests were used to compare the baseline characteristics, RSs, and risk stratification between BRCA1 and BRCA2 patients. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess these differences by mutational status. RESULTS Fifty mutation-associated cases (19 BRCA1 cases and 31 BRCA2 cases) and 100 controls who were well matched for age (P = .9) and tumor size (P = .6) were included. BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers had similar median RSs (P = .6) and risk category stratification (P = .3). The median RS was higher for cases versus controls (24 vs 16; P < .0001). Risk stratification also differed by mutational status (P = .0002). Cases had more high-risk disease (28% vs 7%) and intermediate-risk disease (56% vs 36%) and less low-risk disease (16% vs 57%). Cases were more likely than controls to receive ACRx (74% vs 46%; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Germline BRCA-associated hormone receptor–positive breast cancer may be associated with intrinsically less favorable biology. Few affected carriers have RS indicating a clear absence of benefit from ACRx. The increased use of ACRx and benefit from ACRx in BRCA carriers may mitigate otherwise inferior outcomes. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The Prison of Democracy: Beaumont and Tocqueville in the US

The problem of American prisons has become one of the most pressing political problems of our time. This paper reconsiders the 1831 travels of Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont in order to situate the prison as institution born of American democracy. While most studies isolate and consider separately the three documents produced by Beaumont and Tocqueville, this study reads Tocqueville's Democracy in American (1835), Beaumont's novel Marie, Or Slavery in the United States (1835), and their co-authored On the Penitentiary System (1833) as a trilogy that allows for a reading of the intersections of prisons, slavery, and democracy.
Perioperative blood loss in total hip and knee arthroplasty: Outcomes associated with intravenous tranexamic acid use in an academic medical center

Objectives:Clinical trials have reported decreased blood loss with the use of tranexamic acid during joint reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to assess the individual practice implicatio...
Label-Free Proteomic Analysis of Protein Changes in the Striatum during Chronic Ethanol Use and Early Withdrawal

The molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal signaling changes in alcohol addiction and withdrawal are complex and multifaceted. The cortico-striatal circuit is highly implicated in these processes, and the striatum plays a significant role not only in the early stages of addiction, but in the developed-addictive state as well, including withdrawal symptoms. Transcriptional analysis is a useful method for determining changes in gene expression, however, the results do not always accurately correlate with protein levels. In this study, we employ label-free proteomic analysis to determine changes in protein expression within the striatum during chronic ethanol use and early withdrawal. The striatum, composed primarily of medium spiny GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic and dopaminergic nerve terminals and astrocytes, is relatively homogeneous for proteomic analysis. We were able to analyze more than 5,000 proteins from both the dorsal (caudate and putamen) and ventral (nucleus accumbens) striatum and identified significant changes following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure and acute (8 h) withdrawal compared to ethanol naive and ethanol exposure groups respectively. Our results showed significant changes in proteins involved in glutamate and opioid peptide signaling, and also uncovered novel pathways including mitochondrial function and lipid/cholesterol metabolism, as revealed by changes in electron transport chain proteins and RXR activation pathways. These results will be useful in the development of novel treatments for alcohol withdrawal and thereby aid in recovery from alcohol use disorder.