cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion and Future Direction

Situated learning, reflection-in-action, and mindfulness are three distinct fields that are brought together in this monograph to illustrate how learners in a situated learning environment can engage in mindful practice to enhance their ability to reflect-in-action and overall reflective practice. Expanding on theorists’ work in experiential learning and sociocultural theory, the theory of situated cognition and situated learning evolved, grounded in the idea that learning and cognition are dependent upon the context in which they are embedded (Herrington and Oliver 2000; Brown et al. 1989). In a situated learning environment, learners participate in authentic tasks, often through means of apprenticeships, anchored instruction, or computer-mediated simulations. Designing instruction for situated learning can be difficult as authentic environments are often unpredictable and vary greatly across situations and disciplines (Winn 1993). To support situated learners in facing these ill-structured problems and unique environments, it has been suggested that it is essential to develop skills that transfer across environments (Winn 1993). By integrating strategies to promote reflective practice and mindfulness in the design of situated learning environments, instructional designers can use this model to address many of the challenges faced in the variable and uncertain environments that arise within situated learning.
Ties Between Health Policy, Early Health Problems and Lifetime Earnings

Extant literature indicates that early-life health affects later labor market outcomes such as earnings and work effort. We examine whether this holds for multiple dimensions of health and regardless of a country's health care system. We ask whether mental and physical health problems and poor general health by age 15 have similar or different influences on lifetime earnings. We then ask whether the health care system influenced the estimated effects of early health problems on lifetime earnings. We expect that early health problems reduce earnings and that the most generous system is tied to the least negative long-term effects.
Bicyclist’s perceived level of comfort in dense urban environments: How do ambient traffic, engineering treatments, and bicyclist characteristics relate?

Abstract In dense urban environments, truck loading zones introduce multimodal conflicts that could decrease the bicyclist’s perceived level of comfort (PLOC), potentially reducing bicycle mode share. This study investigated the PLOC of bicyclists near urban loading zones, according to different levels of ambient traffic (low traffic volume, high traffic volume, and truck traffic), bicycle lane pavement markings (white lane markings, solid green, and dashed green), and traffic signs (no sign or warning sign). An online survey was designed and randomly distributed to 10,000 potential participants. A total of 342 participants successfully completed the survey. Repeated-measures ANOVA results indicated that when bicycling on a conventionally striped bike lane, truck traffic had the most significant effect on bicyclist PLOC, decreasing it by more than 42%. Pavement markings were more effective than traffic signs at improving bicyclist PLOC, but no difference was observed between solid and dashed green lane markings. Finally, the results of cluster analysis indicated that the effect of gender and experience on bicyclist PLOC varied with different levels of traffic and engineering treatments. Women were more affected than men by the presence of a truck in the adjacent lane but they were also more prone to a considerable increase in PLOC values due to the implementation of engineering treatments. Findings of this study could inform future policies regarding transportation infrastructure design to support safer and more comfortable bicycling in dense urban environments.
Defect phase diagram for doping of Ga2O3

For the case of n-type doping of β-Ga2O3 by group 14 dopants (C, Si, Ge, Sn), a defect phase diagram is constructed from defect equilibria calculated over a range of temperatures (T), O partial pressures (pO2), and dopant concentrations. The underlying defect levels and formation energies are determined from first-principles supercell calculations with GW bandgap corrections. Only Si is found to be a truly shallow donor, C is a deep DX-like (lattice relaxed donor) center, and Ge and Sn have defect levels close to the conduction band minimum. The thermodynamic modeling includes the effect of association of dopant-defect pairs and complexes, which causes the net doping to decline when exceeding a certain optimal dopant concentration. The optimal doping levels are surprisingly low, between about 0.01% and 1% of cation substitution, depending on the (T, pO2) conditions. Considering further the stability constraints due to sublimation of molecular Ga2O, specific predictions of optimized pO2 and Si dopant conce...
Pharmacologic Management of Cancer Pain: Case Commentary

Pain control should be a priority in cancer care. For most patients, the basic strategies are straightforward and pharmacologic: Up to 85% of cancer pain can be managed with oral agents. Barriers arise from misconceptions about opioids. The greatest single problem may be inadequate pain assessment—a deficiency that can be rectified by relying on patients to rate their pain.
The Multiple Myeloma Drug Pipeline—2018: A Review of Small Molecules and Their Therapeutic Targets

Abstract Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), a neoplasm of plasma cells, formerly dependent on alkylating drugs, corticosteroids, and autologous stem cell transplantation, has changed dramatically in the past 20 years because 3 new classes of small molecule drugs (arbitrarily defined as having a molecular weight of
MUCOSAL DEFENSE AND REPAIR: Role of Prostaglandins in the Stomach and Duodenum

When considering the diseases of the stomach and duodenum, peptic ulcer disease has been the one of greatest clinical impact. Although there are several components that contribute mechanistically to ulcer disease, it is recognized that gastroduodenal mucosal prostaglandins play a central pathogenic role, especially in ulcers related to the use of NSAIDs. As a result of understanding the mechanisms of NSAID-induced ulceration, the crucial function that gastroduodenal mucosal prostaglandins have in mucosal defense and repair is appreciated. It now is held widely that mucosal prostaglandin deficiency increases susceptibility to ulcer formation and that exogenous administration of supplemental prostaglandins reduces ulcer risk. This article reviews the role that mucosal prostaglandins play in defense of the gastric and duodenal mucosa against injury and ulceration.
Professional Loneliness and the Loss of the Doctors' Dining Room.

Historically, family physicians moved among all the venues of medical care— office, hospital, community—and were a part of a connected professional community. That connected community was sustained in great part through informal gatherings of clinicians in hospitals, clinics, and professional organizations. The current fragmentation of medicine into narrowly defined, boundaried workspaces and job descriptions, as well as the increasing size of practices has negatively affected the professional culture in which physicians work. These structural changes have led to an increasing sense of professional loneliness that not only threatens the quality of clinical care by replacing personal discussions about patients but also poses risks to physician personal and professional wellbeing.
Do more opioid policies reduce opioid dispensing in traditional medicaid?: A national analysis

Abstract Background Several Medicaid programs have implemented approaches to ensure the appropriateness of opioid utilization and decrease opioid dispensing. Objective To evaluate whether Medicaid opioid harm reduction strategies (OHRS) resulted in a decrease in opioid claims, costs, or units reimbursed per beneficiary. Methods The number of OHRS was determined for each state's fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid program according to previously published data. Publically available FFS Medicaid data were tabulated by state for opioid claims, costs, and units reimbursed in state fiscal years 2016 and 2017. Multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were utilized to analyze the data. Results GEE results indicated that OHRS intensity or change in OHRS did not impact opioid claims or units reimbursed in Medicaid FFS programs. A significant finding on reduction in beneficiary-adjusted opioid costs was observed for states with two OHRS compared to states with no OHRS. There were no significant differences in opioid claims, units reimbursed, and costs based on states with 3 or fewer OHRS versus those with four or more. When examining the differential effect of each individual type of OHRS, there were no significant differences in opioid claims, units reimbursed, nor medication costs. Conclusions The number of OHRS may not be associated with opioid dispensing or utilization in FFS Medicaid programs. Other factors may have led to the decrease in opioid claims for Medicaid.
Implementing Valid Two-Step Identification-Robust Confidence Sets for Linear Instrumental-Variables Models:

In this article, we consider inference in the linear instrumental-variables models with one or more endogenous variables and potentially weak instruments. I developed a command, twostepweakiv, to i...
How Good Can Single-Particle Cryo-EM Become? What Remains Before It Approaches Its Physical Limits?

Impressive though the achievements of single-particle cryo–electron microscopy are today, a substantial gap still remains between what is currently accomplished and what is theoretically possible. ...
Programs of Research in Healthcare Simulation

In this chapter, we outline a working definition of what a program of research is and describe some of the key components necessary for pursuing a program of research. We next highlight select programs of research within healthcare simulation, highlighting differing ways in which a program of research may arise (e.g., personal or organizational interests, research collaborations) and how programs grow and change as they mature. In keeping with the goals of this text, this chapter is primarily intended for individuals who are newly engaging in or are considering developing a program of research in healthcare simulation.
Role of supramolecular policosanol oleogels in the protection of retinyl palmitate against photodegradation

Exposure of retinyl palmitate (RP) to ultraviolet radiation can lead to its photo-degradation and loss of biological activity. Therefore, there is a demand to explore new approaches to protect RP in an easy, economical and efficient way. The objective of this study was to explore the role of policosanol oleogels (PCOs) in the protection of RP from photodegradation. UV-blocking action was tested by placing a layer of PCO as a barrier between a UVA (365 nm) source and 1% RP in soybean oil. Effects of structural characteristics of PCOs cooled at different rates on RP photostability were also studied. The ability of PCOs to prevent radical-mediated reactions was assessed by measuring oil oxidative stability over storage time at 40 °C. The remaining % RP was measured by HPLC during 4 days of UVA irradiation. PCO blocked energy absorption from UVA and further dampened the UVA mediated ionic photodissociation and free radical reactions due to matrix immobilization. After 4 days of UV exposure, photodegradation of RP was reduced by 64% when a PCO layer was used as a barrier. Peroxide values (PV) and p-anisidine values (p-A.V.) of soybean oil (SO) were significantly higher than those of PCOs over storage time. Cooling rate processing played a significant role in RP protection; the faster the cooling rate, the higher the RP photostability. This study demonstrated that the protective mechanism of RP in PCOs is a combined effect of physical UV-barrier action, molecular immobilization and inhibition of the free radical-mediated reaction.
Ethical and Practical Considerations for Integrating Cellular ("Stem Cell") Therapy into Clinical Practice.

Cellular therapies, also known as “stem cell” interventions (SCI), have undergone a rapid popularization in the USA and worldwide. The current review aimed at outlining (1) the ethical challenges facing the implementation of SCI; (2) the applicability of the currently available SCI; and (3) recommendations to achieve ethical, well-regulated incorporation of SCI in the clinical setting. Concerns regarding the inadequate characterization, poor adverse effects disclosure, and unorthodox, often inappropriate, market practices have engendered a genuine concern regarding the SCI compliance with ethical standards. Six instances of litigation on the basis of misrepresentation or inappropriate informed consent were recorded between 2012 and 2018. Such concerns have been furthered by the loopholes in the regulatory aspect governing the use of SCI coupled with the unclear literature-reported efficacy and diverse spectrum of profess indications. Similarly, the application of SCI in the clinical field is yet to prove its value. The uncertain efficacy, coupled with obscure true-costs of utilization, impedes a value-based assessment. A multidisciplinary approach involving legislative and medical professional societies should continue to advance regulations that govern SCI. A well-regulated system that allows for the ethical integration of SCI with appositely evidenced-based described benefits and risks should be sought.
Telehealth Therapy for Therapists: Barriers and Benefits:

Personal therapy for therapists is described as a means for advancing personal and professional growth. Therapist problems contribute to boundary disturbance, ethical violation, and incompetence. B...
Religious Liberty and the Muslim Question

This essay intervenes in a cultural war that has taken place in the West between “Islamopluralists” and “Islamoskeptics.” It looks at the forty-seven Muslim-majority countries in the world and assesses the condition of religious freedom there. These countries in the aggregate do not appear very free. A closer look, though, reveals more complexity. Eleven countries are religiously free while those that are unfree are divided between secular repressive and religiously repressive. This profile of the world’s Muslim-majority states yields both honesty, which requires admitting that the Muslim world is less free than the rest of the world, and hope, which arises from the religiously free Muslim-majority states and from the fact that Islam is not solely responsible for unfreedom in the Muslim world.
Using the SEC's Edgar Portal

This technical note provides hands-on instructions for searching, classifying, and obtaining documents from the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission's (SEC) official document repository, EDGAR. It helps students become familiar with the different types and classifications of SEC filings available for public companies registered with the SEC. Excerpt UVA-C-2395 Aug. 21, 2017 Using the SEC's EDGAR Portal The U.S. Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933 in response to the market crash and ensuing Great Depression. While many states had blue sky laws at the time to regulate public securities markets, the Securities Act marked the first of several bills to regulate securities markets at the federal level and create the first federal securities regulator, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The mission of the SEC is to “protect investors, maintain fair, orderly and efficient markets and to facilitate capital formation.” The SEC requires public companies to disclose meaningful financial (and other) information to the general public. Its Electronic Data-Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system (EDGAR) is the main system by which the SEC regulates and distributes relevant information to the public. EDGAR performs automated collection, validation, acceptance, and forwarding of submissions by the companies and others required by law to file with the SEC. Below are instructions on how EDGAR may be accessed and searched (Appendix 1); the types and classifications of filings available for viewing (Appendix 2); and the classification of 8-K items (Appendix 3). . . .
A Soft Durometer for Tactile Sensing

The food industry is dependent on human labor for tasks that require tactile sensing, due in part to a lack of robotic sensors that are delicate enough to interact with food. In this paper we present the design, modeling, and performance of a durometer constructed with soft materials. We performed experiments to investigate the sensor’s material selection, repeatability, drift, probing speed, and calibration. We also integrated the sensor into a commercial soft robotic gripper and used it to measure the hardness of an orange. The orange would be damaged by a traditional durometer, but the soft durometer left no visible marks. These results suggest that soft robotic sensors can benefit the food industry and overcome limitations associated with the interaction between robotic systems and fragile objects.
Improved object recognition memory using post-encoding repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Abstract Background Brain stimulation is known to affect canonical pathways and proteins involved in memory. However, there are conflicting results on the ability of brain stimulation to improve to memory, which may be due to variations in timing of stimulation. Hypothesis We hypothesized that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) given following a learning task and within the time period before retrieval could help improve memory. Methods We implanted male B6129SF2/J mice (n = 32) with a cranial attachment to secure the rTMS coil so that the mice could be given consistent stimulation to the frontal area whilst freely moving. Mice then underwent the object recognition test sampling phase and given treatment +3, +24, +48 h following the test. Treatment consisted of 10 min 10 Hz rTMS stimulation (TMS, n = 10), sham treatment (SHAM, n = 11) or a control group which did not do the behavior test or receive rTMS (CONTROL n = 11). At +72 h mice were tested for their exploration of the novel vs familiar object. Results At 72-h's, only the mice which received rTMS had greater exploration of the novel object than the familiar object. We further show that promoting synaptic GluR2 and maintaining synaptic connections in the perirhinal cortex and hippocampal CA1 are important for this effect. In addition, we found evidence that these changes were linked to CAMKII and CREB pathways in hippocampal neurons. Conclusion By linking the known biological effects of rTMS to memory pathways we provide evidence that rTMS is effective in improving memory when given during the consolidation and maintenance phases.
Landscapes in the lab

Rivers dissect much of Earth's surface into conspicuous networks of valleys and hillslopes. Viewed from an airplane, these erosional networks might appear fractal; a close look at a part presents a view indistinguishable from the whole ( 1 ). But meter-scale topographic measurements reveal that the extent of landscape dissection by down-carving streams is finite and limited by the size of smooth, undissected hillslopes that separate adjacent valleys ( 1 , 2 ). Within a drainage basin, hillslopes commonly have a characteristic size (see the figure), yet across different landscapes this scale can vary from meters to a kilometer ( 1 , 3 ). What imposes this scale on a landscape, and why does it change from one landscape to another? On page [51][1] of this issue, Sweeney et al. ( 4 ) demonstrate using controlled laboratory experiments that landscape scale is set by a competition between river incision that cuts valley networks and diffusive hill-slope processes that fill them in. Their experiments highlight that the extent of valley incision is an emergent, dynamic landscape characteristic that depends on a delicate balance of forces shaping the landscape. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aab0017
Screening Play: Rules, Wares, and Representations in “Realistic” Video Games

In highlighting the apparatus as the keystone for the magic circle of video gaming, we displace players—the subject of ludology—and “text”—the subject of narratology. This is not to deny the importance of players’ agency or the meanings of texts in video gaming; rather it is to reconsider these with regard to the screening of player from played inherent in the gaming apparatus. To better understand the situation of homo ludens in these more mediated play spaces, we turn to Jacques Lacan’s account of “split” subjectivity and retread it by explaining how it may well explain the operation of a magic circle spanning three dimensions of screen-play: rules (Symbolic dimension), representations (Imaginary dimension), and wares (Real dimension). In the end, we come around to the other space of Huizinga’s theory—the connections with the non-game world—to show that the value of video game play is also found beyond the apparatus, that the experience and enjoyment of video games are affected in part by social reality and, in turn, social reality is being affected by the experience and enjoyment of video games. Arriving at this point by first theorizing the video game apparatus, however, highlights matters of video game design more so than issues of audience or textual analysis. To illustrate this perspective, we conclude by defining three ways to analyze video games in terms of “realism,” proposing three types of video game realism: representational, simulative, and inverse.
Ethical Dilemmas in MNCs' International Staffing Policies A Conceptual Framework

Multinational corporations' (MNCs') international staffing policies have been evaluated in terms of cost and efficiency arguments. Research has not addressed, however, the ethical impact of these policies on diverse stakeholder groups. This paper presents a conceptual framework by which ethnocentric, polycentric and geocentric staffing policies are theoretically linked to underlying decision-making modes of instrumentality, bounded rationality and economic rationality, respectively. It goes on to describe the ethical rationales associated with each policy type, namely, distributive justice, moral rights of man, and utilitarianism. An investigation of resulting ethical dilemmas affecting relevant MNC stakeholder groups is incorporated and offered as a tool for analyzing the true and full costs of trade-offs when choosing one policy over another. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the conceptual framework for theory and practice and directions for future research.
The Impact of Input and Output Tariffs on Firms' Productivity: Theory and Evidence

This paper studies the impact of trade liberalization on productivity. It shows that when intermediate inputs are not highly differentiated, lowering input tariffs leads to a rise in within-firm productivity and wages, and lowering output tariffs has the opposite effect. When intermediate inputs are highly differentiated, the conclusions reverse. These predictions are supported by the data, given by the industrial survey from INEGI (Mexico's Insitituto Nacional de Estadistica Geografia e Informacion) in the period 1984–90. The paper yields estimates for the elasticity of substitution among intermediate inputs, which are useful in determining the direction of the impact of trade liberalization. These estimates can be used to assess the gains from trade liberalization.
Strategic Planner: One of the Changing Leadership Roles of the Principal

(1989). Strategic Planner: One of the Changing Leadership Roles of the Principal. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 56-58.
Constraining Ω with Cluster Evolution

We show that the evolution of the number density of rich clusters of galaxies breaks the degeneracy between ? (the mass density ratio of the universe) and ?8 (the normalization of the power spectrum), ?8?0.5 0.5, that follows from the observed present-day abundance of rich clusters. The evolution of high-mass (Coma-like) clusters is strong in ? = 1, low-?8 models (such as the standard biased cold dark matter model with ?8 0.5), where the number density of clusters decreases by a factor of about 103 from z = 0 to z 0.5; the same clusters show only mild evolution in low-?, high-?8 models, where the decrease is a factor of about 10. This diagnostic provides a most powerful constraint on ?. Using observations of clusters to z 0.5-1, we find only mild evolution in the observed cluster abundance. We find ? = 0.3 ? 0.1 and ?8 = 0.85 ? 0.15 (for ? = 0 models; for ? + ? = 1 models, ? = 0.34 ? 0.13). These results imply, if confirmed by future surveys, that we live in a low-density, low-bias universe.
Adult Binge Drinking: Childhood Sexual Abuse, Gender and the Role of Adolescent Alcohol-Related Experiences

AIMS: This study examines gender differences in the pathway from childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to adult binge drinking. METHODS: Using longitudinal data on 313 males and females (31-41 years old, mean = 36.21) in the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, we test for gender differences in the pathway from CSA to adolescent drinking, norms and pro-alcohol peers, to adult binge drinking. RESULTS: Controlling for family history of alcohol problems, socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity, we found that for females there was a significant direct effect of CSA on adult binge drinking. For males there was no significant direct or indirect effect. Significant effects of family alcohol problems and SES were also moderated by gender. CONCLUSION: There are gender differences in the impact of CSA on adult binge drinking. Service providers and program developers should pay special attention to the possibility that their female clients may have a history of sexual abuse which could have implications for the course of prevention and treatment services related to binge drinking. Early intervention could prevent alcohol-related risk in adolescence which in turn could reduce, but not eliminate, the binge drinking consequences of CSA for females. Language: en
Structure of the yeast Bre1 RING domain

Monoubiquitination of histone H2B at Lys123 in yeast plays a critical role in regulating transcription, mRNA export, DNA replication, and the DNA damage response. The RING E3 ligase, Bre1, catalyzes monoubiquitination of H2B in concert with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Rad6. The crystal structure of a C-terminal fragment of Bre1 shows that the catalytic RING domain is preceded by an N-terminal helix that mediates coiled-coil interactions with a crystallographically related monomer. Homology modeling suggests that the human homologue of Bre1, RNF20/RNF40, heterodimerizes through similar coiled-coil interactions.
Tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: How Often Does It Mimic Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia?

Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is recommended for selected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with presumed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Because corticosteroids may exacerbate undiagnosed tuberculosis, we evaluated the frequency with which tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients mimics P carinii pneumonia. Over a 12-month period, we identified 105 HIV-infected patients with pleuropulmonary tuberculosis and 84 patients with P carinii pneumonia who were sufficiently hypoxemic to warrant corticosteroid therapy. Of the 105 patients with tuberculosis, acid-fast smears of clinical samples were positive in 49 cases, and chest roentgenographic findings suggested tuberculosis in an additional 44 cases. The 12 patients with negative acid-fast smears and nonspecific chest roentgenographic findings presented a potential diagnostic dilemma between tuberculosis and P carinii pneumonia. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia should not have been a presumptive diagnosis of eight of these 12 patients because of absence of pulmonary symptoms and chest roentgenographic abnormalities (four cases), a CD4 count >500/cu mm (three cases), or marked lymphadenopathy suggestive of tuberculosis (one case). Thus, only 4 percent (4/105) of HIV-infected patients with pleuropulmonary tuberculosis had clinical and chest roentgenographic features mimicking P carinii pneumonia. Two of these four patients were sufficiently hypoxemic to warrant corticosteroid therapy. Thus, if corticosteroids had been routinely used during the study period, 84 patients with P carinii pneumonia would have been treated, including two patients with undiagnosed tuberculosis. We conclude that the use of corticosteroids for presumed P carinii pneumonia carries a small but acceptable risk of inadvertent exacerbation of tuberculosis, provided clinical and chest roentgenographic features do not suggest tuberculosis.
An Ethical Stakeholder Approach to Crisis Communication: A Case Study of Foxconn's 2010 Employee Suicide Crisis

We have conducted a case study of Foxconn’s suicide crisis when 12 Foxconn employees committed suicide during the first 5 months of 2010. In this case study, we have examined Foxconn’s crisis communication strategies during the critical period and explored the failure in crisis communication in terms of the stakeholder approach. Our findings show that Foxconn adopted a mixed response strategy by trying to address the concerns of various stakeholders while refusing to take responsibility for the suicides. Foxconn’s failure in the crisis was due to its imbalanced stakeholder relations that failed to recognize employees as important stakeholders, resulting in the failure to provide the ethics of care and justice that was warranted. Our findings suggest that an ethical stakeholder approach can complement Benoit’s and Coombs’ crisis communication theories and strategies.
Three-dimensional Landau theory for multivariant stress-induced martensitic phase transformations. I. Austenite↔martensite

A three-dimensional Landau theory of stress-induced martensitic phase transformations is presented. It describes transformations between austenite and martensitic variants and transformations between martensitic variants. The Landau free energy incorporates all temperature-dependent thermomechanical properties of both phases. The theory accounts for the principal features of martensitic transformations in shape memory alloys and steels, namely, stress-strain curves with constant transformation strain and constant, or weakly temperature dependent, stress hysteresis, as well as nonzero tangent elastic moduli at the phase transformation point. In part I, the austenite$\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}$martensite phase transformation is treated, while transformations between martensitic variants are considered in part II.
A quantitative assessment of liver metabolites during jaundice using three dimensional phosphorus chemical shift imaging.

Abstract Phosphorus metabolites in the jaundiced rat liver were studied by three-dimensional phosphorus chemical shift imaging (CSI). Animals were studied at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-ligation of the common bile duct. Quantitation of metabolites was performed using an external standard. Metabolite T1 values were assessed in CSI experiments on normal untreated animals. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure adenine nucleotides in a separate group of jaundiced rats. 3D-CSI did not detect significant changes in NTP in jaundiced animals relative to baseline controls. At two and three weeks post bile duct ligation, pH was significantly elevated. HPLC data comparing ATP levels to baseline controls also detected no change except for elevated ATP detected on Day 21. 31P NMR chemical shift imaging may be used to assess liver metabolites under conditions of stress such as jaundice. However, absolute quantitation requires careful attention to many factors including point spread function, correct T1 values, and adequate signal-to-noise ratio.
Acetylation of cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein (CREB) by CREB-binding Protein Enhances CREB-dependent Transcription

The coactivator function of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) is partly caused by its histone acetyltransferase activity. However, it has become increasingly clear that CBP acetylates both histones and non-histone proteins, many of which are transcription factors. Here we investigate the role of CBP acetylase activity in CREB-mediated gene expression. We show that CREB is acetylated within the cell and that in vitro, CREB is acetylated by CBP, but not by another acetylase, p300/CBP-associated factor. The acetylation sites within CREB were mapped to three lysines within the CREB activation domain. Although inhibition of histone deacetylase activity results in an increase of CREB- or CBP-mediated gene expression, mutation of all three putative acetylation sites in the CREB activation domain markedly enhances the ability of CREB to activate a cAMP-responsive element-dependent reporter gene. Furthermore, these CREB lysine mutations do not increase interaction with the CRE or CBP. These data suggest that the transactivation potential of CREB may be modulated through acetylation by CBP. We propose that in addition to its functions as a bridging molecule and histone acetyltransferase, the ability of CBP to acetylate CREB may play a key role in modulating CREB-mediated gene expression.
Permeability of gingival sulcular epithelium in the development of scorbutic gingivitis

Young adult nonhuman primates were initially fed an ascorbic-acid free diet and, subsequently, a diet with a suboptimal level of the vitamin. Following approximately 12 weeks of this dietary regime, five of seven experimental animals developed scorbutic gingivitis. 2 to 3 weeks prior to this stage, the permeability of the gingival sulcular epithelium to 3Hinulin, but not to 14C-butyric acid or 14C-urea, had increased significantly (+86%, P < 0.01) in the experimental group as compared to ad libitum or pair-fed controls. This defect in the intercellular permeability barrier of the sulcular epithelium could have contributed to the pathogenesis of scorbutic gingivitis.
Locating the wrongness in ultra-violent video games

The extremely high level of simulated violence in certain recent video games has made some people uneasy. There is a concern that something is wrong with these violent games, but, since the violence is virtual rather than real, it is difficult to specify the nature of the wrongness. Since there is no proven causal connection between video-game violence and real violence, philosophical analysis can be particularly helpful in locating potential sources of wrongness in ultra-violent video games. To this end, this paper analyzes video game violence through the lens of utilitarian, Kantian, and post-modern perspectives. Through these analyses, several explanations of the wrongness in violent video games emerge.
Training to improve volitional muscle activity in clinically paralyzed muscles for neuroprosthesis control

Neuroprostheses are devices that use electrical stimulation to activate paralyzed muscles in a coordinated manner to restore functional movements. These systems utilize a voluntarily-generated command signal for control of function. Current command signals include electromyographic (EMG) activity from muscles above the injury level that remain under volitional control. In individuals with cervical level spinal cord injury (SCI), these signal sources are limited in number. Our recent research suggests that volitional muscle activity from below the injury level in individuals with motor complete spinal cord injury may be a viable source of command information. The signals from these muscles are small, and therefore the goal of this study is to determine if training using visual feedback can improve the quality of these muscle signals. Results to date indicate that training with visual feedback can increase both the magnitude and consistency of EMG signals in clinically paralyzed muscles.
Simplification of Spectra by Polarization Labeling

Polarization labeling is a new method for studying excited states of molecules. Lightinduced anisotropy is used to label a molecular ground-state level, and all optical transitions which share this common lower level are detected. Polarization labeled spectra of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$ were recorded using pulsed dye lasers. These spectra are easier to interpret than absorption spectra. Collision processes and perturbations of the $A$ state of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}$ were also observed.
Chemical modification of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.

Abstract The usefulness of chemical cross-linking and 125I-labeling techniques in the analysis of protein-protein interactions and membrane polarity was evaluated on sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Treatment of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with glutaraldehyde, dimethylsuberimidate, or copper-phenanthroline leads to the formation of high molecular weight aggregates of the Ca2+ transport ATPase; intermediate polymers of functionally and structurally interesting sizes accumulated only occasionally and in amounts of questionable significance. Coupling of membrane proteins with tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate-albumin inhibited tht ATPase activity and caused the appearance of high molecular weight aggregates and a band of about 160 000 dalton which corresponds to the ATPase-albumin complex. Even after the 100 000 dalton band of the Ca2+-transport ATPase was severely diminished by cross-linking with copper-phenanthroline or toluene diisocyanate-albumin, the Ca2+ binding proteins of sarcoplasmic reticulum remained unreacted. A consistent finding was the presence of dimers of the Ca2+ transport ATPase in aged preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum which were converted upon reduction with β-mercaptoethanol into 100 000 dalton units. Microsomes were labeled with 125I in the presence of lactoperoxidase, glucose oxidase, and glucose and the radioactivity oft he various protein components was measured after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of calsequestrin was many times greater than that of the Ca+ transport ATPase suggesting that it is exposed on the outside surface may be sterically hindered from access by bulky reagents (tolylene diisocyanate-albumin, ferritin-labeled anti-calsequestrin antibodies, proteolytic enzymes, etc.), as calsequestin becomes highly reactive with these agents only after its release from the membrane.
Parents as Information Intermediaries Between Primary Care and Specialty Physicians

OBJECTIVE. In this study we assessed the views of parents of children referred to specialty care and the views of the children9s primary care and specialty physicians about parents9 roles as information intermediaries. METHODS. We enrolled 179 patients who were newly referred from primary care pediatricians in 22 practices to 15 pediatric subspecialists in 5 specialties in a study of primary care pediatrician-specialist communication. Parents, primary care pediatricians, and specialists completed questionnaires by mail or telephone at the first visit and 6 months later. Questions included perceived responsibilities of parents as information conduits between primary care pediatricians and specialists. Opinions of parents, primary care pediatricians, and specialists about parents9 roles were compared for the sample as a whole, as well as for individual cases. Agreement between parents and providers was assessed. Demographic and clinical determinants of parents reporting themselves as “comfortable with” or “acting” as primary intermediaries were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS. More parents (44%) than primary care physicians (30%) felt comfortable with parents acting as primary communicators between their children9s physicians; 31% of parents who reported that they were the primary communicators felt uncomfortable in that role, and there was no agreement between parents and physicians about the role of parents in individual cases. Although no demographic characteristics of children or parents were associated with parent comfort as the primary communicator, parents of children who saw the same specialist more than once during the 6-month period felt more comfortable in this role. The presence of a chronic condition was not associated with parent comfort. CONCLUSIONS. Although parents report more comfort with their own ability as information intermediaries than do their children9s physicians, the role in which they feel comfortable is highly variable. Physicians should discuss with parents the roles they feel comfortable in assuming when specialty referrals are initiated.
Loss of DNA Replication Control Is a Potent Inducer of Gene Amplification

Eukaryotic cells use numerous mechanisms to ensure that no segment of their DNA is inappropriately re-replicated, but the importance of this stringent control on genome stability has not been tested. Here we show that re-replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can strongly induce the initial step of gene amplification, increasing gene copy number from one to two or more. The resulting amplicons consist of large internal chromosomal segments that are bounded by Ty repetitive elements and are intrachromosomally arrayed at their endogenous locus in direct head-to-tail orientation. These re-replication-induced gene amplifications are mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between the repetitive elements. We suggest that re-replication may be a contributor to gene copy number changes, which are important in fields such as cancer biology, evolution, and human genetics.
The Friendships of Young Children with Developmental Delays: A Longitudinal Analysis

This longitudinal study examined the social interactions of children with mild developmental (cognitive) delays with friends across the early childhood and early elementary years. Results revealed increases in many forms of social exchange with effect sizes in the moderate range, but no changes in sustained interactive play. Social interaction patterns, difficulties in identifying friends to participate in the study, and concerns evident in children's peer and friendship networks suggest the general absence of reciprocal friendships. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that children's limited peer-related social competence constrains all aspects of their development of friendships. Despite these problems, the potential benefits of interventions designed to support relationships at this stage of friendship development for children with delays were noted.
Effects of hexagonal phase induction by dolichol on phospholipid membrane permeability and morphology

Abstract The effect of H 11 -phase induction by dolichol (DOL) (C 80–105 , 0–2 wt%) within the bilayers of multilamellar liposomes (MLV, DOPE:DOPC 2:1 or 3:1 w/w) on their permeability, lipid mixing and morphology was determined. Low-angle X-ray diffraction patterns were consistent with mixtures of bilaycr and H 11 phases, the latter increasing with increasing DOL or DOPE content and temperature. Efflux rate constants for 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) from 2:1 DOPE:DOPC vesicles depended on temperature and DOPE/DOL content, increasing as much as 200-fold over DOL-free controls at 2% w/w DOL. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays detected lipid mixing with unlabeled target MLV. It was appreciable only when target MLV contained DOPE and increased with DOL content. Confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy was applied to study the morphological structure of fully-hydrated samples and field scanning electron microscopy the ultrastructure of cryo-stabilized samples. 3:1 DOPE/DOPC MLV, stable at pH 9.5, underwent rapid morphological changes at pH 7.4. Within minutes filaments formed and large areas of membrane surface became studded with 10–15 nm bumps and 5 nm holes, resembling in size and shape unilamellarly covered intcrlamellar micellar intermediates and interlamellar attachments (ILA) previously associated with H 11 -phase transitions. The filaments, seen in MLV with and without DOL, may represent extensions of IMI into coaxial assemblages of rod micellar intermediates (RMI). These phenomena may have implications for liposomal delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins if they can be made to trigger the convective release of liposomal contents via controlled formation of ILA between adjacent lamellae of MLV.
Genetic Variation in Symbiodinium (=Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, and Specificity in its Symbiosis with Marine Invertebrates. III. Specificity and Infectivity of Symbiodinium microadriaticum

Nine of 12 tested strains of the zooxanthella Symbiodinium (= Gymnodinium) microadriaticum can initiate symbiotic associations with an aposymbiotic clone of the sea anemone Aiptasia tagetes. The growth of each strain during the first two months of association is generally related to the isoenzyme similarity coefficient of the strain relative to strain A, the strain originally isolated from Aiptasia tagetes. The growth of heterologous algae in Aiptasia is not enhanced by previous association with Aiptasia tagetes. An hypothesis on the nature of specificity, which involves a recognition mechanism between algae and potential host and competition between endosymbiont strains within hosts, is presented. 1. Strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum that were isolated and cultured axenically demonstrated differences in their respective capacity to infect and repopulate aposymbiotic Aiptasia tagetes. 2. Cultured algae from Aiptasia tagetes rapidly reinfected Aiptasia tagetes. Such homologous infections rapidly achieved high stable population densities similar to those found in freshly collected animals. 3. Algal strains isolated from other hosts infected Aiptasia tagetes less readily and produced lower stable population densities. Generally, those strains that were biochemically (with respect to isoenzyme patterns) similar to the algae from Aiptasia tagetes infected Aiptasia tagetes more readily than those that were dissimilar. Three strains did not infect Aiptasia tagetes. 4. An hypothesis is presented that postulates that a recognition process determines initial infectivity. Possible competition between algal strains for space in a host is visualized as a function of differences in interactions between hosts and algal strains, the net result of which is expressed as specificity in such associations.
The Effect of Symbology Location and Format on Attentional Deployment within a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information

The present experiment employed target detection tasks to investigate attentional deployment during visual search for target aircraft symbols on a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). Targets were defined by either a geometric property (aircraft on a collision course with Ownship) or a textual property (aircraft with associated altitude tags indicating an even altitude level). Effects of target location and target brightness (highlighting) were examined. Target location was systematically related to target detection time, and this interacted with the target's defining property (collision geometry or associated text). Highlighting (which was not linked to whether an aircraft symbol was the target) did not influence target detection time.
Informed consent and transesophageal echocardiography: A review of patient responses

Abstract Objective To identify whether our pre-procedure discussion of the risks of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as well as documentation in the electronic medical record (EMR) met the standard of care for informed consent. Methods Questionnaires were mailed to 500 patients who underwent a TEE at the Mayo Clinic Florida (MCF) requesting responses to questions that would identify how well the risks of the TEE procedure were discussed. Results A positive response to the questions regarding the risks of TEE ranged from 75 to 95% and adequate documentation in the EMR revealed a 66% compliance rate. Conclusions Individual physician and institutional commitment to informed consent at MCF is reflected in the very positive response to our questionnaire for meeting the criteria of informed consent; however, the documentation of the procedure discussion fell below the desired rate.