cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of the Large Corporation Twenty‐five Years Later

TWENTY-FIVE YEARS HAVE PASSED since the "problem of the large corporation" confronted the American people in a time of deep economic depression. The writings of W. Z. Ripley, A. A. Berle, P. M. O'Leary, R. A. Gordon and others had focussed sharp attention on the large corporation's weaknesses, structural defects, and general financial shortcomings in an economy which had moved rapidly from a condition of nearly full employment and hectic financial activity into a state of vast unemployment and financial desuetude.
Behavior change versus culture change: Divergent approaches to managing workplace safety

This paper compares and contrasts two prominent and seemingly antagonistic safety management rubrics: the behavior change and culture change approaches to safety. The two perspectives are analyzed in terms of their conceptual and theoretical foundations, defining characteristics, and apparent strengths and weaknesses. The level of empirical support for each approach is also assessed. The argument is advanced that the two approaches are essentially complementary and that their respective strengths can be merged into a more balanced and comprehensive approach for managing workplace safety. This integrated approach has two key features: (1) a data-based and participatory problem-solving process that emulates some of the inherent strengths of behavior change technology, and (2) a more explicit culture change process that can be systematically monitored and assessed.
Temperature controlled laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) using thermal imaging

Purpose – To describe the thermal imaging control system used to deposit lines of graphite in a laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) system.Design/methodology/approach – A thermal imaging‐based control system is applied to the LCVD process to deposit layered carbon lines of uniform height and width. A 100 W CO2 laser focused to a 200 μm diameter spot size is used to provide the heat source for the carbon deposition. A high resolution thermal imaging camera is used to monitor and control the average deposition temperature.Findings – Carbon lines are grown with heights of 250 μm and widths of 170 μm consisting of 20 layers. Laser spot temperatures are in excess of 2,170°C, and the total pressure used is 1 atm with a 75 percent methane concentration and the remainder hydrogen. The length of the lines is 3.3 mm, and the scan speed is 5 mm/min. The volumetric deposition rate is 0.648 mm3/h.Research limitations/implications – The temperature process control resulted in uniform geometry at the center of the li...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ABILITY TO CONSERVE LENGTH AND CONCEPTUAL TEMPO

Piaget has studied various components of external reality in order to more clearly comprehend children's progressive adaptation to their environment. The component of concern in this study is space, and more specifically the conservation of length. The importance of the ability to conserve length is pointed out by Piaget, Inhelder, and Szeminska (1960) when they write, "Underlying all measurement is the notion that an object remains constant in size throughout any change in position [p. 90]." To illustrate the progressive development of the concept of conservation of length, two straight sticks identical in length are shown to a child, and he confirms that they are the same length. One of the sticks is moved forward and the child is again questioned about the comparative length of the two sticks. Children at the first stage of development (about 4-5 years) maintain that the stick which has been moved forward is now longer. At a second stage (about 5-6 years) there are usually some transitional responses marked by their instability and based on observation and manipulation of the task objects. At the third stage (about 6-71/2 years) the child moves to an operational level where conservation of length is assured. Recent studies (Kagan, Rosman, Day, Albert, & Phillips, 1964; Kagan, 1965) have examined the conceptual tempo of children and have identified a response style that they label impulsive-reflective. Their findings suggest that impulsive children, when confronted with a situation in which they must choose among a number of alternative responses, tend to report the first notion that occurs to them. The response is often incorrect. The
Probation Management of Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Co-Facilitators’ Perceptions of Offender Progress in Treatment

This research examined how probation officers and clinicians assigned to co-facilitate sex offender treatment groups assess treatment progress. Data for this study were collected from the progress assessments of 144 sex offenders assigned to treatment as a condition of their probation. Using a survey instrument, the probation officer—clinician teams assigned to co-facilitate the treatment groups scored offenders on items associated with compliance to probation conditions, self-labeling, and psychological insight. Consonant with the hypotheses, clinicians had a greater tendency to indicate progress that was driven by their perceptions of offenders of psychological insight. When probation officers perceived progress, it was driven by their perception of self-labeling by offenders. Ironically, offenders who were perceived as engaging in self-labeling were in fact more prone to violations. Findings are discussed in terms of the implications for effective management and supervision of convicted sex offenders.
Prescriptive treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in children

This investigation compared the preliminary efficacy of prescriptive and nonprescriptive cognitive-behavioral interventions (i.e., cognitive therapy/exposure or relaxation training/exposure) for problematic response classes (cognitive or somatic symptoms) of 4 overanxious children (8 to 12 years) using a multiple baseline design across subjects. Participants also met DSM-IV criteria for generalized anxiety disorder. All children improved on pre-post child and parent self-report measures, independent clinician ratings, and physiologic recordings. Treatment gains were generally maintained at 6-month follow-up. Although both treatments were effective, only prescriptive treatments produced sufficient improvement for participants to meet positive end-state criteria. Implications for the prescriptive treatment of anxiety disorders in children are discussed.
Hollow microspheres and aqueous phase behavior of pH-responsive poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers with a blocky comonomer distribution

Abstract Copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) were prepared by partial hydrolysis of PMMA in bad solvent. These copolymers evidently have a blocky comonomer distribution –strands of predominantly MMA or MAA across the polymer– and show sharp transitions in aqueous solution upon pH change. Additionally, their hollow microcapsules show an exceptional and prolonged stability at acidic conditions (pH 2) and pH-triggered release at physiological conditions.
There Is More to the Story: The Place of Qualitative Research on Female Adolescent Sexuality in Policy Making

Individual testimonials have an unprecedented currency in policy making about adolescent sexuality. While highly problematic as grounds for making policy, the current deployment of testimonials as evidence may in fact provide an unexpected opportunity for qualitative researchers to capitalize on the power of stories to influence policy makers’ decisions. Qualitative research combines the power of stories with methodological rigor, providing policy makers with important information about the complexity of problems and suggesting possible solutions. In this article, we use the case of sexuality education policy making, which, in 1996, shifted to fund abstinence-only programs exclusively. By introducing key findings from qualitative research on female adolescent sexuality about gender inequality, we demonstrate the ways in which the sexuality education debate has left out central developmental and interpersonal aspects of girls’ sexuality. We then discuss the ways in which the findings from these qualitative studies can be used to inform sexuality education policies and practices.
Intelligence and mate choice: intelligent men are always appealing

What role does a man's intelligence play in women's mate preferences? Selecting a more intelligent mate often provides women with better access to resources and parental investment for offspring. But this preference may also provide indirect genetic benefits in the form of having offspring who are in better physical condition, regardless of parental provisioning. Intelligence then may serve as both a cue of a mate's provisioning abilities and his overall heritable phenotypic quality. In the current study, we examined the role of a man's intelligence in women's long- and short-term mate preferences. We used a rigorous psychometric measure (men's WAIS scores) to assess intelligence (the first study to our knowledge), in addition to women's subjective ratings to predict mate appeal. We also examined the related trait of creativity, using women's ratings as a first step, to assess whether creativity could predict mate appeal, above and beyond intelligence. Finally, we examined whether preferences for intelligent and creative short-term mates shifted according to a woman's conception risk. Multilevel modeling was used to identify predictors of mate appeal. Study participants (204 women) assessed the long- and short-term mate appeal of videos of 15 men with known measures of intelligence performing verbal and physical tasks. Findings indicate that both intelligence and creativity independently predicted mate appeal across mating contexts, but no conception-risk effects were detected. We discuss implications of these findings for the role of intelligence and creativity in women's mate choices.
Structure formation by carbon dioxide injection in extrusion cooking

Abstract The effect of carbon dioxide injection into an extrusion cooker on extruder operation and extrudate structure was studied in the absence of steam expansion. The bulk density of extruded potato granules, maize and wheat starch decreased with the pressure of injected gas, although at higher pressures the extruded structure collapsed. The actual densities and structures achieved by carbon dioxide injection varied with extrusion conditions of feed rate, screw speed and barrel temperature. Carbon dioxide injection did not produce such expanded extrudates as conventional steam flashing. However, these structures were produced under low temperature and high moisture conditions, such that the starch component received minimal degradation as shown by the low solubility characteristics.
CHILLING INJURY IN GREEN BANANA FRUIT: CHANGES IN PEROXIDASE ISOZYMES IN SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE POOLS

Green banana fruit manifested severe chilling injury after 5–7 days storage at 5°C and 80% relative humidity. (Severe chilling injury is described here as a failure of the fruit to ripen on removal to conditions conducive to normal ripening.) The recoverable “wall bound” peroxidase fraction exhibited a sharp decline during this initial period of stress. Subsequent storage of severely chilled fruit at. 5°C resulted in a gradual increase in the “soluble” peroxidase pool and a rise in “wall bound” peroxidase to levels comparable to normal green fruit. After 30 days storage of fruit at 5°C the “soluble” and “wall bound” fractions of peroxidase peaked and declined rapidly in the latter pool. The increase in peroxidase of cold stressed fruit involved qualitative changes in isozyme species that differed from those isozymes which emerge during normal fruit ripening. It is suggested that the initial decrease in “wall bound” peroxidase results in a loss in capability of the tissue to adapt to low temperature stress. The belated increase in peroxidase activity may be associated with a typical “cold hardening” response which develops only after an irreversible or “plastic strain” damage has occurred
Developing Cohesion in Court-Mandated Group Treatment of Male Spouse Abusers

AbstractCohesion in group treatment of spouse abusers plays an important and often overlooked role. Involuntary abuser groups can benefit from cohesion, but due to their unique structure, cohesion may develop differently than in voluntary psychotherapy groups. Initially, abuser groups may develop premature levels of cohesion that can make group members unwilling to express conflict, develop intimacy, and take responsibility for their actions. Understanding the abuser personality and the unique characteristics of involuntary abuser groups can shed light on why cohesion develops the way it does and the importance it plays in abuser groups. Developing effective interventions that target premature cohesion can help the group members express conflict, develop intimacy, and take responsibility for their actions, thus bringing about therapeutic levels of cohesion.
Characterization of certain phase transitions in the V-D and V-H systems☆

Abstract Phase transitions in the V-D (VDx) system in the range of compositions 0.63 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.80 and temperatures 100–300 K have been studied using electrical resistivity and differential scanning calorimetry. Comparison has been made with previous work on this and the VHx system. In particular, the low temperature γ → δ and δ → β transitions near the respective stoichiometric compositions V4D3 and V3H2 were investigated. General considerations indicate that these are likely to be first order with a small or zero mixed phase field. By contrast, the β1-β2 transition in V2H is probably second order with a critical exponent, based on resistivity measurements, of approximately 0.35. The variation with temperature of the long-range order parameter has been deduced for γ phase V4D3 and δ phase V3H2 from the resistivity data.
Pulmonary vs Nonpulmonary Sepsis and Mortality in Acute Lung Injury

Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a frequent complication of sepsis. It is unclear if a pulmonary vs nonpulmonary source of sepsis affects mortality in patients with sepsis-induced ALI. Methods Two hundred eighty-eight consecutive patients with sepsis-induced ALI from 14 ICUs at four hospitals in Baltimore, MD were prospectively classified as having a pulmonary vs nonpulmonary source of sepsis. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the independent association of a pulmonary vs nonpulmonary source of sepsis with inpatient mortality. Results In an unadjusted analysis, in-hospital mortality was lower for pulmonary vs nonpulmonary source of sepsis (42% vs 66%, p Conclusions Although lower mortality was observed for ALI patients with a pulmonary vs nonpulmonary source of sepsis, this finding is likely due to a lower severity of illness in those with pulmonary sepsis. Pulmonary vs nonpulmonary source of sepsis was not independently predictive of mortality for patients with ALI. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00300248.
Cuprate pseudogap: Competing order parameters or precursor superconductivity

In this paper we compare two broad classes of theories for the pseudogap in cuprate superconductors. The comparison is made in reference to measurements of the superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T,x)$ in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ films having a wide range of stoichiometries $\ensuremath{\delta}$ or, hole doping, x. The theoretical challenge raised by these (and previous) data is to understand why the T dependence of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T,x)$ is insensitive to the fermionic excitation gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}(T,x),$ which opens in the normal state and persists into the superconducting state, when presumably ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)$ is governed, at least in part, by fermionic excitations. Indeed, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T,x)$ seems to have a BCS-like scaling with ${T}_{c}(x),$ which, although not unexpected, is not straightforward to understand in pseudogapped superconductors where ${T}_{c}(x)$ and the excitation gap have little in common. Here, we contrast ``extrinsic'' and ``intrinsic'' theoretical approaches to the pseudogap and argue that the former (for example, associated with a competing order parameter) exhibits more obvious departures from BCS-like T dependences in ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)$ than approaches, which associate the pseudogap with the superconductivity itself. Examples of the latter are the Fermi-liquid-based schemes as well as a pair fluctuation mean-field theory. Thus far, the measured behavior of the superfluid density appears to argue against an extrinsic interpretation of the pseudogap, and supports instead its intrinsic origin.
The Use of Drinking and Condom-Related Protective Strategies in Association with Condom Use and Sex-Related Alcohol Use

Approximately 40% of American college students engage in heavy drinking, and heavy drinking is associated with sexual risk behaviors. It is imperative to gain a better understanding of the relationship between alcohol and sexual risk behaviors for prevention efforts. This article examined the use of drinking and condom-related protective behavioral strategies (PBS) in relation to drinking and condom-use outcomes in 436 college students. Drinking PBS are related to drinking and negative alcohol-related consequences. Furthermore, condom-related PBS are related to condom use; however, it is unclear if drinking PBS are related to condom use, particularly condom use when drinking. It was hypothesized that the use of drinking PBS would be related to less alcohol-related sexual activity, that the use of condom-related PBS would be related to greater condom use and condom use while drinking, and that drinking PBS would be related to greater condom use, especially condom use when drinking. It was found that condom...
Regulation of tyrosine-specific kinase activity at fertilization.

Abstract The sea urchin egg contains a protein kinase which phosphorylates tyrosine residues of endogenous membrane proteins as well as synthetic peptide substrates. Fertilization results in an increase in tyrosine kinase activity which first becomes apparent 20–30 min postinsemination and continues throughout the early cleavage stages. This effect can be duplicated by treating unfertilized eggs with the calcium ionophore A23187. The kinase activity begins to increase about 20 min after addition of the ionophore and continues to increase for at least 1 hr. Both the time course and the extent of kinase activity in ionophore treated eggs closely resemble the effects of fertilization. The concentration of ionophore necessary to induce the increase in enzyme activity (2–5 μM) is also effective in inducing the cortical reaction. Neither A23187 nor calcium has a significant effect on the kinase activity of egg homogenates solubilized in NP40, suggesting that the ionophore affects tyrosine phosphorylation indirectly, possibly acting through other calcium-sensitive enzymes.
A computational approach for robust nondestructive test design maximizing characterization capabilities for solids and structures subject to uncertainty

Summary A robust approach to nondestructive test (NDT) design for material characterization and damage identification in solids and structures is presented and numerically evaluated. The generally applicable approach combines maximization of test sensitivity with minimization of test information redundancy, while simultaneously minimizing the effects of uncertain system parameters to determine optimal NDT parameters for robust nondestructive evaluation. In addition, to maintain reasonable computational expense while also allowing for general applicability, a stochastic collocation technique is presented for the quantification of uncertainty in the robust design metrics. The robust NDT design approach was tested through simulated case studies based on the characterization of localized variations in Young's modulus distributions in aluminum structural components utilizing steady-state dynamic surface excitation and localized measurements of displacement and compared with a purely deterministic NDT design approach. The robust design approach is shown to produce substantially different NDT designs than the analogous deterministic strategy. More importantly, the robust NDT designs are shown to provide significant improvements in the ability to accurately nondestructively evaluate structural properties for the cases considered, when there is significant uncertainty in system parameters and/or aspects of the NDT implementation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Age, Sex, Technique, and Exercise Program on Movement Patterns After an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Program in Youth Soccer Players

Results: Subjects with the highest baseline LESS score improved the most (95% CI, –3.4 to –2.0). High school subjects (95% CI, –1.7 to –0.98) improved their technique more than pre–high school subjects (95% CI, –1.0 to –0.4). There was no difference between the programs or sexes. Conclusions: Players with the greatest amount of movement errors experienced the most improvement. A program’s effectiveness may be enhanced if this population is targeted.
The role of a leaky epithelium and potassium in the generation of bladder symptoms in interstitial cystitis/overactive bladder, urethral syndrome, prostatitis and gynaecological chronic pelvic pain

The traditional diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (IC) only recognizes the severe form of the disease. The far more common early and intermittent phases of the disease are not perceived to be part of IC but rather are misdiagnosed as urinary tract infection, urethral syndrome, overactive bladder, chronic prostatitis, urethritis, or a type of gynecologic pelvic pain (such as endometriosis, vulvodynia, or some type of vaginitis). All of these patient groups actually suffer from the same bladder disease. This disease results from a leaky bladder epithelium and subsequent potassium leakage into the bladder interstitium that generates the symptoms of frequency, urgency, pain or incontinence in any combination. Robust scientific data now support this important concept. These data will be reviewed herein. The conclusions derived from these data substantially alter the paradigms for urology and gynecology in the generation of frequency, urgency and pelvic pain. All the above-mentioned syndromes unite into one primary disease process, lower urinary dysfunction epithelium, or LUDE disease, and not the 10 plus syndromes traditionally recognized.
An anisotropic cardinality bound for triangulations.

A bound on the cardinality of planar triangulations with minimum angle is considered. It is shown that a certain integral over the edges of the triangulation is bounded by times the number of vertices. This is an alteration of a result by Mitchell [6], and allows an optimality bound on triangulations which are “well-graded” to the local feature size of an input domain [7]. In particular, this result allows some improvement on the output guarantees of a robust version of Ruppert’s Algorithm [8, 7]. A pathological triangulation proves that the bound is tight. "! # %$'&)(* #+,$ !
A pilot study of drug-induced hypertension for treatment of acute stroke

The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether the use of induced hypertension in acute stroke is feasible and associated with neurologic improvement. Phenylephrine was used to raise the systolic blood pressure in patients with acute stroke by 20%, not to exceed 200 mmHG: Of 13 patients treated, 7 improved by 2 points on the NIH Stroke SCALE: No systemic or neurologic complications were seen. The authors conclude that induced hypertension in acute stroke is feasible and likely safe and can improve the neurologic examination in some patients.
Use of Potassium Concentrations as a Quality-of-Service Metric for Phlebotomists Detects Systematic Preanalytical Biases and Facilitates Their Correction

To the Editor: The detection and monitoring of preanalytical bias in the clinical laboratory can be challenging, as bias can be introduced at any point from specimen collection to sample processing, and those biases stemming from sample collection or handling before delivery to the laboratory can be difficult to measure and eliminate. In particular, variations in potassium concentrations due to preanalytical sources of error are a pervasive and clinically significant problem (1–3). Initial concern regarding spuriously increased potassium concentrations (>5.2 mmol/L) occurring in the laboratory of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute was raised by clinicians reporting patients displaying increased potassium without any apparent clinical justification. Review of the medical records of the patients involved demonstrated that the majority had potassium values within the reference interval on the draw before the increased value, with a mean increase in potassium of 1.2 (0.7) mmol/L vs the prior value. Retesting on an alternative platform confirmed hyperkalemia. To assess for a preanalytical cause of these values, samples were redrawn on the same day …
Telemedicine—An efficient and cost‐effective approach in parathyroid surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis: To demonstrate the effectiveness and cost benefit of using telemedicine for the postoperative visit in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Study Design: Prospective noncontrolled study at a tertiary medical center of a cohort of 39 patients undergoing postoperative care after parathyroidectomy through TeleHealth at a number of sites at various distances from the primary surgical facility. Methods: From October 2006 through January 2010, 149 patients underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism at one tertiary medical center by a single surgeon. Age, sex, distance from the patient's home to the surgical center and to the TeleHealth site, effective completion of the TeleHealth visit, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: Of the 149 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy, 39 had their postoperative visit using TeleHealth (26%). There were 26 females (67%) and 13 (33%) males. Mean age was 64 years. All visits were effectively carried out and completed with a nurse and the patient at a remote TeleHealth site and the surgeon at the surgical center site. There were no postoperative surgical complications noted with the visits. Average round-distance travel saved was 119 miles. The travel distance saved translated into an average savings of $357.00 per patient (which included estimations of transportation costs and lost work time), with further immeasurable benefits to the patient and healthcare system. Conclusions: TeleHealth is a cost-effective and efficient way to follow-up with patients who have undergone parathyroidectomy, with significant convenience and financial benefits for the patient and healthcare system.
Vessel dilator is associated with survival after acute myocardial infarction

Abstract To assess whether infarct size, ischemic area and/or survival correlates with circulating atrial natriuretic peptides (long acting sodium stimulator, vessel dilator, or atrial natriuretic factor), these peptides were measured in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction. Elevations in the circulating concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor, vessel dilator, and long acting sodium stimulator were significant ( P P P r = 0.825; P = 0.0009), vessel dilator was the only atrial natriuretic peptide that correlated with survival.
Neuregulin in Cardiovascular Development and Disease

Studies in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), along with the erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ErbB) 2, 3, and 4 receptor tyrosine kinases, is necessary for multiple aspects of cardiovascular development. These observations stimulated in vitro and in vivo animal studies, implicating NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the regulation of cardiac cell biology throughout life. Cardiovascular effects of ErbB2-targeted cancer therapies provide evidence in humans that ErbB signaling plays a role in the maintenance of cardiac function. These and other studies suggest a conceptual model in which a key function of NRG-1/ErbB signaling is to mediate adaptations of the heart to physiological and pathological stimuli through activation of intracellular kinase cascades that regulate tissue plasticity. Recent work implicates NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the regulation of multiple aspects of cardiovascular biology, including angiogenesis, blood pressure, and skeletal muscle responses to exercise. The therapeutic potential of recombinant NRG-1 as a potential treatment for heart failure has been demonstrated in animal models and is now being explored in clinical studies. NRG-1 is found in human serum and plasma, and it correlates with some clinical parameters, suggesting that it may have value as an indicator of prognosis. In this review, we bring together this growing literature on NRG-1 and its significance in cardiovascular development and disease.
Utilizing non-traditional research designs to explore culture-specific risk factors for eating disorders in African American adolescents.

Over the past three decades, there has been an increase in the number of empirical investigations of the phenomenology of eating disorders among African-American adolescents. Despite efforts to understand racial/ethnic differences, relatively few eating disorder models address the important sociocultural factors that exert powerful influences on beliefs and behaviours related to weight status and eating patterns in this population. Nevertheless, researchers must be culturally competent in order to develop appropriate models. Therefore, we propose an approach to developing researcher cultural competence by addressing potential barriers that may hinder efforts to explore relevant, culturally appropriate factors that contribute to eating disturbance in African-American girls. In this regard, we highlight the importance of integrative collaboration that can assist in identification and exploration of potential risk factors that may lead to model generation. We believe that such information will lead to the de...
An Interrogation of the “If Only” Mentality: One Teacher’s Deficit Perspective put on Trial

In this article, I interrogate a previous and harmful “If Only” mindset I held as an early childhood literacy teacher. I describe the “If Only” mentality as the idea that if only the parents and families of the students I taught changed, schools and teachers could serve their children better. This deficit way of thinking led to a number of mistakes I made as a still-new, white, middle-class, monolingual Reading Recovery teacher who was unprepared to value the home and community literacies of a population of students and families from linguistic, cultural, and economic backgrounds other than my own.
Front-end integrated circuits for high-performance biological and chemical sensing

High-performance biomedical and biotechnological devices require a significant amount of electronics to not only interact with the biological and chemical media, but also amplify, digitize, process, and transmit signals. To create point-of-care (PoC) versions of these complex devices, we often need redesign the whole system to ensure portability, cost-efficiency, robustness, and ease-of-use. This typically mandates the integration of the electronics components. In this paper, we examine the integration of the biological and chemical sensors and discuss their electronic performance challenges and possible solutions. The ultimate goal here is to connect the dots between different sensor classes in these applications and the optimal circuit architectures.
Retention Characteristics of Attachment Systems for Implant Overdentures

0.5%. The ERA gray attachment demonstrated the greatest retention, with a peak load-to-dislodgement of 35.24 ± 1.99 N, and a relatively low strain-at-dislodgement of 1.64 ± 0.09%. Less retention was recorded for the Locator LR white, Spheroflex ball, Hader bar & metal clip, and ERA white systems. The Locator LR pink attachment demonstrated still less retention with a load-to-dislodgement of 12.33 ± 1.28 N. Significantly high strain-at-dislodgement was recorded for the Hader bar & metal clip and Locator nylon attachment systems. The lowest dislodging loads and strains were recorded for the Shiner magnet, Maxi magnet, and Magnedisc magnet attachments. Conclusions: Results suggest that the attachment systems evaluated may be grouped into high (ERA gray), medium (Locator LR white, Spheroflex ball, Hader bar & metal clip, ERA white), low (Locator LR pink), and very low (Shiner magnet, Maxi magnet, Magnedisc magnet) retention characteristics. J Prosthodont 2004;13:221-226. Copyright C � 2004 by The American College of Prosthodontists.
Development and Testing of a Self-report Instrument to Measure Actions: Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log (OPTIMAL)

Background and Purpose. Physical therapy is faced with the challenge of producing evidence that physical therapy interventions are effective. The fundamental question confronting physical therapy is whether or not physical therapy interventions make a contribution to function, health, and well-being. The individual's ability to perform actions can serve as a theoretical construct related to movement and health around which physical therapy interventions can be assessed. To this end, the aims of this study were: (1) to develop a self-report instrument to assess ability to perform mobility actions in an adult outpatient population and (2) to assess the psychometric properties of such an instrument in the appropriate population. Subjects and Methods. An instrument was developed to assess difficulty and confidence related to 24 actions. Descriptive statistics and measures of reliability, validity, and responsiveness were computed. A total of 391 patients participated in the study. Results. The coefficient for reliability was in the required range, and measures of validity and responsiveness were established as well. Three factors were identified. Discussion and Conclusion. The instrument provides the beginning of documentation of outcomes in movement to identify the unique contributions of physical therapist practice.
Integrity of mating behaviors and seasonal reproduction in coyotes (Canis latrans) following treatment with estradiol benzoate

Coyotes (Canis latrans) are seasonally monestrous and form perennial pair-bonds. Breeding is dominated by each pack's alpha male and female, and both sexes share responsibility for territory defense and pup-rearing. They are also opportunistic predators on domes- tic livestock and pets. But while dominant adults have been implicated as primary killers, depredation is reduced when coyotes are without pups. Contraception, therefore, may rep- resent a non-lethal solution for conflicts between coyotes and humans. Steroid hormones successfully control fertility in some species, but have been considered contraindicated in wildlife and canids in particular; specific concerns include possible induction of aberrant behavior, or uterine and hematopoietic pathologies. Herein we describe a study examin- ing the physiological effectiveness, health safety, and behavioral consequences following treatment of estrous coyotes with exogenous estrogen. We treated captive adult female coy- otes in estrus with 0.01 mg/kg estradiol benzoate (EB), either before (n = 5) or immediately after ovulation (n = 6), then documented reproductive outcome, physiological variables and behavioral responses, during and after treatment. Pregnancy was averted in six females treated after ovulation, suggesting that appropriate timing of treatment proved crucial. A transient suppression of sexual behavior was observed, and in some cases, estrus appeared slightly lengthened. However, neither ovulation nor mating behavior was fully suppressed. Importantly, non-pregnant females (and their mates) displayed diestrous socio-sexual behavior similar to pregnant coyotes (behavioral pseudopregnancy). Furthermore, non- pregnant coyotes did not mate again until the next native breeding season, and we observed
On a Pure Finite-Element-Based Methodology for Resin Transfer Mold (RTM) Filling Simulations.

A physically accurate and computationally effective pure finite-element-based methodology for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process simulations is presented. The formulations are developed starting with the time-dependent mass conservation equation for the resin flow. Darcy's flow approximations are invoked for the velocity field, thereby forming a transient governing equation involving the pressure field and the resin saturation fill factor which tracks the location of the resin front surface. Finite element approximations are then introduced for both the fill factor and the pressure field, and the resulting transient discrete equations are solved in an iterative manner for both the pressures and the fill factors for tracking the progression of the resin front in an Eulerian mold cavity. The formulation involves only a pure finite-element Eulerian mesh discretization of the mold cavity and does not require specification of control volume regions and has no time increment restrictions that exist as in the traditional explicit finite-element-control volume based formulations. The present formulations accurately account for and capture the physical transient nature of the mold-filling process while maintaining improved numerical and computational attributes. Mold-filling simulations involving various geometrically complex mold configurations are presented, demonstrating the applicability of the developments for practical manufacturing process simulations.
The first record of Corvus cryptoleucos from Baja California Sur, Mexico

Resumen en: This note reports the first record of Corvus cryptoleucos from Baja California Peninsula. Previously the species was known only from mainland Mexico and...
Gynecological health of females with congenital heart disease

Because of major advances in diagnostic and surgical methods, females with congenital heart disease (CHD) now survive into and beyond their reproductive years. Management of pregnancy in this patient population is well described, but gynecologic management such as menstruation, contraception and menopause have received scanty attention. Accordingly, the gynecologic health issues confronting these patients are described. Menstrual patterns in acyanotic females with CHD are similar to the general population, but cyanotic females have menstrual irregularities including amenorrhea, which implies anovulation and an increased risk of uterine carcinoma. Anticoagulants predispose to heavy vaginal bleeding and corpus luteum rupture. Contraceptives must be selected according to individual patient profiles. Hormone replacement therapy is warranted for relief of menopausal symptoms as in the general population and should be relatively safe because estrogen dose is low.
Transepithelial transport and metabolism of glycine in S1, S2, and S3 cell types of the rabbit proximal tubule.

In the first of two sets of experiments, the lumen-to-cell and cell-to-bath transport rates for glycine were measured in the isolated-perfused medullary pars recta (S3 cells) of the rabbit proximal...
Mesothelial pelvic lymph node inclusions mimicking metastatic thyroid carcinoma

Benign lymph node inclusions are commonly encountered during surgery for gynecologic neoplasms and are potential mimics of metastatic disease. A 52-year-old woman presented with ascites, a complex adnexal mass, and a CA-125 of 1891 units/mL. A staging laparotomy was performed, diagnosing struma ovarii. Pathologic evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes demonstrated mesothelial inclusions in nodal sinuses suspicious for metastatic disease. Immunocytochemical evaluation revealed benign mesothelial inclusions rather than metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Benign mesothelial lymph node inclusions in nodal sinuses are potential mimics of metastatic carcinoma. Their presence in pelvic lymph nodes has not previously been reported. Given the potential difficulty in determining the origin of these inclusions, immunocytochemical evaluation is useful in reaching the correct diagnosis.
Darwin's naturalization hypothesis revisited.

In The Origin of Species, Darwin (1859) drew attention to observations by Alphonse de Candolle (1855) that floras gain by naturalization far more species belonging to new genera than species belonging to native genera. Darwin (1859, p. 86) goes on to give a specific example: “In the last edition of Dr. Asa Gray’s ‘Manual of the Flora of the United States’ ... out of the 162 naturalised genera, no less than 100 genera are not there indigenous.” Darwin used these data to support his theory of intense competition between congeners, described only a few pages earlier: “As the species of the same genus usually have, though by no means invariably, much similarity in habits and constitution, and always in structure, the struggle will generally be more severe between them” (1859, p. 60). Darwin’s intriguing observations have recently attracted renewed interest, as comprehensive lists of naturalized plants have become available for various regions of the world. Two studies (Mack 1996; Rejmanek 1996, 1998) have concluded that naturalized floras provide some support for Darwin’s hypothesis, but only one of these studies used statistical tests. Analyses of additional floras are needed to test the generality of Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis. Mack (1996) tabulated data from six regional floras within the United States and noted that naturalized species more often belong to alien genera than native genera, with the curious exception of one region (New York). In addition to the possibility of strong competition between native and introduced congeners, Mack (1996) proposed that specialist native herbivores, or pathogens, may be
Management of Lower Pole Nephrolithiasis: A Critical Analysis

The results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy for the treatment of lower pole nephrolithiasis were examined in 32 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous nephrostolithotomy at the Methodist Hospital of Indiana and through meta-analysis of publications providing adequate stratification of treatment results. Of 101 cases managed with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy 91 (90%) were stone-free, a result significantly better than that achieved with ESWL (1,733 of 2,927 stone-free, 59%). Stone-free rates with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy were independent of stone burden, whereas stone-free rates with ESWL were inversely correlated to the stone burden treated. The morbidity of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrostolithotomy at our hospital was minimal, with a mean hospital stay of 4.7 +/- 2.8 days. No blood transfusions were required. All patients became stone-free. The percentage of urolithiasis patients with lower pole calculi is increasing. Because of the significantly greater efficacy of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy for lower pole calculi, particularly stones larger than 10 mm. in diameter, further consideration should be given to an initial approach with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.
Effects of Dietary Boron, Aluminum and Magnesium on Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, Calcium and Phosphorus, and Plasma Cholesterol in Postmenopausal Women

Concerns about bone disorders, especially osteoporosis, of humans has stimulated interest in calcium, phosphorus and magnesium nutrition and metabolism. Calcium has received the most attention, and intakes are now being recommended at levels difficult to achieve, up to 1500–2000 mg/day. These recommendations are made despite evidence indicating that massive intakes of calcium do not prevent bone loss (1), and that certain population groups with a low incidence of osteoporosis consume relatively low amounts of calcium (2). Thus, we decided to examine the possible effects on major mineral metabolism of some dietary substances other than cholecalciferol, calcium and fluoride; these substances were aluminum, magnesium and boron.
Time Delay Margin Estimation for Adaptive Outer-Loop Longitudinal Aircraft Control

Metrics for adaptive control currently do not exist. Time delay margin is a viable candidate. In this paper we present a method to determine the time-delay margin of a nonlinear adaptive outer-loop control system for a longitudinal aircraft model. The control architecture is based on backstepping and the time-delay margin estimation approach for relevant the delay differential equations is based on the Razumikhin method.
Control of heterogeneous Fe(III) (hydr)oxide nucleation and growth by interfacial energies and local saturations.

To predict the fate of aqueous pollutants, a better understanding of heterogeneous Fe(III) (hydr)oxide nucleation and growth on abundant mineral surfaces is needed. In this study, we measured in situ heterogeneous Fe(III) (hydr)oxide nucleation and growth on quartz, muscovite, and corundum (Al2O3) in 10–4 M Fe(III) solution (in 10 mM NaNO3 at pH = 3.7 ± 0.2) using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Interestingly, both the fastest heterogeneous nucleation and slowest growth occurred on corundum. To elucidate the mechanisms, zeta potential and water contact angle measurements were conducted. Electrostatic forces between the charged Fe(III) (hydr)oxide polymeric embryos and substrate surfaces—which affect local saturations near the substrate surfaces—controlled heterogeneous growth rates. Water contact angles (7.5° ± 0.7, 22.8° ± 1.7, and 44.8° ± 3.7 for quartz, muscovite, and corundum, respectively) indicate that corundum has the highest substrate–water interfacial energy. Furthermore,...
What effect did the mob have on Chicago neighborhoods? Explicating the relationship between racket subcultures and informal social control

This paper examines the relationship between racket subcultures and informal social control. Specifically, this paper examines the influence of traditional organized crime on informal social control in community areas while controlling for satisfaction with the police, tolerance of deviance, neighborhood and organizational ties, and neighborhood attachment. The data used in this analysis comes from the Community Survey of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. They were obtained from the Inter University Consortium of Political and Social Science Research. Ordered logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that racket areas reported higher levels of informal social control when compared to similar non racket areas in the city of Chicago. These findings have important implications for the study of deviance. Not only do they suggest that criminals can play an important role in controlling street crime, the findings also support differential social organization theory.
Directional Sensor Control: Heuristic Approaches

We study the problem of controlling multiple 2-D directional sensors while maximizing an objective function based on the information gain corresponding to multiple target locations. We assume a joint prior Gaussian distribution for the target locations. A sensor generates a (noisy) measurement of a target only if the target lies within the field-of-view of the sensor, where the statistical properties of the measurement error depend on the location of the target with respect to the sensor and direction of the sensor. The measurements from the sensors are fused to form global estimates of target locations. This problem is combinatorial in nature-the computation time increases exponentially with the number of sensors. We develop heuristic methods to solve the problem approximately, and provide analytical results on performance guarantees. We then improve the performance of our heuristic approaches by applying an approximate dynamic programming approach called rollout. In addition, we address a variant of the above problem, where the goal is to map the sensors to the targets while maximizing the abovementioned objective function. This mapping problem also turns out to be combinatorial in nature, so we extend one of the above heuristics to solve this mapping problem approximately. We compare the performance of these heuristic approaches analytically and empirically.