cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some observations on the anterior pituitary of the domestic fowl with the aid of the electron microscope.

Lipid accumulations in the gonadotrophs of the pituitaries of aging and castrate fowl have been demonstrated. Secretory granules and mitochondria play no part in their formation. Some lipids, perhaps all, occupy the cavities of the ER. The ER is a highly variable organelle, appearing as spherical or irregularly shaped vesicles in gonadotrophs or as lamellae in acidophiles. The Golgi complex is typical of pituitary cells in general. There are no bodies in the enlarged cavities of the complex and convincing evidence for the origin of all secretory granules within the small vesicles of the complex is lacking. Many secretory granules appear to be without membranes and to lie free in the cytoplasmic matrix. Observations on the pituitaries of broody hens confirm earlier conclusions that the broody cells appear during the incubation period and that they are small cells with large nuclei and reduced cytoplasm. The study also confirms the accumulation of secretory granules in laying hens at one side of certain cells which are interpreted to be either LH or FSH producing basophiles. Thiouracil feeding brings about some unexpected granular accumulations in the ER vesicles of thyrotrophs of the fowl pituitary. The granules may fuse to form larger structures with concentric rings. Whether the effect is direct or indirect through the thyroid is uncertain, but thiouracil feeding and thyroidectomy produce similar effects upon the pituitary. The interpretation of these changes remains to be determined.
A negative search for an ultra-slow component to the source of the Yunnan earthquakes of May 29, 1976

Abstract Following Nagamune's suggestion of a giant, but very slow, component to the source of the Yunnan earthquakes of May 29, 1976, a systematic study of the ultra-low frequency content of a number of tiltmeter, strainmeter, and IDA records of the events is conducted. First, Nagamune's hypothesis is quantified, and it is found that it would require a moment in the range 10 29 –10 30 dyn-cm. Such a large moment would have important consequences for our understanding of stress release in the plates, but is incompatible with the extent of the aftershock zone, and with observations on other instruments: specifically, only one IDA record shows a time-domain oscillation which may be related to the proposed source. In the Fourier domain, however, a spectral analysis fails to identify any of the Earth's modes in any of the available records, including the one originally used by Nagamune. It must therefore be concluded that the apparent signal present in a few records is due to noise—probably of instrumental origin—rather than to an ultra-low-frequency component of the seismic source.
Removal of contaminants released from room surfaces by displacement and mixing ventilation: modeling and validation

UNLABELLED This paper presents the experimental and numerical modeling of contaminant dispersion in a full-scale environmental chamber with different room air distribution systems. For the experimental modeling, an area source with uniform emissions of a hypothetical contaminant (SF6) from the entire floor surface is designed and constructed. Two different types of ventilation are studied: displacement and mixing ventilation. A computer model for predicting the contaminant dispersion in indoor spaces was validated with experimental data. The validated model is used to study the effects of airflow and the area-source location on contaminant dispersion. Results show that the global airflow pattern has a strong impact on the distribution of the contaminants. In general, the personal exposure could be estimated by analyzing the relative source positions in the airflow pattern. Accordingly, the location of an exhaust diffuser may not greatly affect the airflow pattern, but can significantly affect the exposure level in the room. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS When designing ventilation in addition to bringing fresh air to occupants, it is important to consider the removal of contaminants released in the off-gassing of building materials. Typical indoor off-gassing examples are emissions of volatile organic compounds from building enclosure surfaces such as flooring and painted walls. In this study, we conducted experimental and numerical modeling of different area sources in a mock-up office setup, with displacement or mixing ventilation. Displacement ventilation was as successful as mixing ventilation in removing the contaminant source from the floor area. Actually, the most important consideration in the removal of these contaminants is the relative position of the area source to the main airflow pattern and the occupied zone.
Pharmacological and electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm is worth the effort.

Current treatment guidelines for atrial fibrillation (AF) base decisions on the triad of prevention of symptoms and protection from stroke and tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy. Conceptually, all of these objectives could be satisfied by either timely cardioversion and subsequent rhythm control, or the admittedly easier (for the patient and the physician) rate control strategy. We feel strongly that pharmacological or electrical cardioversion is worth the effort and should in fact usher in a new paradigm for AF disease management, rather than the passive and defeatist approach currently in place. Response by Wyse on p 1443 AF is the most frequent arrhythmia in clinical practice and a major cause of morbidity and mortality.1 More than 100 years after Sir James Mackenzie first described a pulse irregularity associated with disappearance of the “a” wave from the jugular pulse and paralysis of the atria,2 the pathophysiology of AF remains incompletely understood. However, over the last half century it was realized that electrical, contractile, and structural remodeling are fundamental contributors to the disease process of AF, potentially allowing improved and more specific therapies. Traditional therapy for AF consists of empirically tested ion channel blockers, offered without a real understanding of the pathophysiologic basis of the disease. It is therefore not surprising that pharmacological therapies for AF are neither as effective nor as safe as we would like. In major clinical trails, which have traditionally based success on absence of symptoms alone, antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) prevent recurrent AF in 50% to 65% over short-term follow-up. It is largely due to frustration from current AADs that studies comparing rate control with rhythm control were conducted. Although the debate of rhythm versus rate control continues, it is important to realize that with either therapy, mortality trends in patients with AF remained unabated. In a longitudinal cohort study …
DOA estimation using array antenna with large inter-element spacing

This paper investigates the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using array antenna with large inter-element spacing. The estimation technique is based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Since the inter-element spacing is larger than signal wavelength, there are multiple peaks in the MUSIC spectrum. By partitioning the non-uniformly spaced array into proper subsets, the peaks of the MUSIC spectrums will differ per subset. The signal's DOA can be determined by the common peak of the different subsets. The effect of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and integration time are discussed in this paper.
Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XLIII. Autism, Part 2: Neural Foundations

Autism is a severe developmental disorder marked by significant impairments in social, behavioral, and communicative functioning. Its early onset, symptom profile, and chronicity strongly argue for a biological basis, and in fact, several of lines of research implicate core biological mechanisms. For example, autism is one of the most strongly genetic conditions, and preliminary linkage data have already identified susceptibility regions likely to contain genes involved in the condition. About a quarter of individuals with autism exhibit a seizure disorder, and a larger number of individuals have abnormal EEGs, which typically indicate bilateral abnormalities without a consistent focus. However, the absence of consistent biological markers presents across all cases and the pronounced heterogeneity of the manifestations of autism have slowed research into its pathophysiology. And yet, major progress is being accomplished following the advent of new tools of biobehavioral research. Novel neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are beginning to map out the neural systems affected by autism. These include brain areas responsible for emotional and social functions, per
Assessment Through the Grassroots: Assessing the Department via Student Peer Evaluation

ABSTRACT The assessment literature frequently ignores the quandary of the department resistant to assessment in its discussion of implementing departmental plans and instead focuses on idealized implementation processes. The approach articulated in this article builds on the assessment literature, generating the hypothesis that a grassroots approach to assessment for these resistant departments would be more successful than the traditional mission-driven model. Effective, simple course assessment techniques can easily become the core of a comprehensive departmental assessment plan. Building on successful classroom assessment pedagogy, a department articulates a shared objective and creates a simple, nonthreatening assessment process that could pave the way for more integrated assessment approaches. Peer evaluation, the process of having students evaluate the work of their colleagues according to previously established guidelines, is one such classroom device. By asking similar questions of students at dif...
Some Guidelines for Constructing Exact D-Optimal Designs on Convex Design Spaces

Some problems unique to the construction of N-point D-optimal designs on convex design spaces are considered. Multiple-point augmentation and exchange algorithms are shown to be more costly and less efficient than the analogous single-point procedures. Moreover, some recommendations for improving single-point methods are given. Finally, empirical evidence is found that supports the Galil and Kiefer option for constructing initial designs and Powell's optimization method for design augmentation.
Water Cooled Gas Turbine Development Summary

The EPRI projects for the development of water-cooled gas turbine power plants have been completed, while the DOE project on this subject (HTTT) is completing Phase II with little likelihood for further funding. This paper presents the prospects of water-cooled power plants as currently evaluated at EPRI. It is concluded that: water cooling designs for the stationary components are commercially ready, but technology development work is still required for the rotating components; water cooled turbines can have much lower ash deposition and corrosion rates than air cooled ones when firing on ash-containing fuels; water cooling provides considerable increase in specific power, but there is little advantage, if any, in efficiency compared to air cooling. The water-cooled gas turbine has its main attractiveness for operation with ash-containing fuels at base load. However, since this type of operation is not currently foreseen for American utility practice, the near-term continued development of the water-cooled gas turbine power plant is not expected to proceed.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Bridging the gap between ISA compilers and silicon compilers a challenge for future SoC design

Summary form only given. The emerging technology of the system-on-chip (SoC) is presenting new challenges at both the hardware and software stages of the design process. At present, system software engineers, e.g. high-level programming language (e.g. C/C++) compiler writers for processor cores, are working at the abstraction level of instruction set architecture (ISA) and its compiler optimization. On the other hand, the hardware engineers for the processor cores and other devices are working at a lower level abstraction level, e.g. RTL level, and using hardware description languages (e.g. VHDL, Verilog) and associated silicon compiler tools. Problems of communication gaps between the two world continue to exist due to the different abstraction levels, and the use of different design languages, incompatible tools and fragmented design flow, etc. The article discusses such gaps with examples illustrating the limits of optimization that can be performed from the hardware/software alone. With the demand for aggressive exploitation of instruction-level parallelism with high-performance uniprocessor cores, as well as the need for multiprocessor cores, such gaps must be bridged. Such optimization includes: instruction scheduling; register allocation, loop scheduling, locality optimization, etc. Such gaps also affect software debugging (including performance debugging) as well as hardware verification. We briefly outline solution challenges and opportunities in this direction.
Ultrahigh precision cosmology from gravitational waves

We show that the Big Bang Observer (BBO), a proposed space-based gravitational-wave (GW) detector, would provide ultraprecise measurements of cosmological parameters. By detecting ∼3×10^5 compact-star binaries, and utilizing them as standard sirens, BBO would determine the Hubble constant to ∼0.1%, and the dark-energy parameters w_0 and w_a to ∼0.01 and ∼0.1, respectively. BBO’s dark-energy figure-of-merit would be approximately an order of magnitude better than all other proposed, dedicated dark-energy missions. To date, BBO has been designed with the primary goal of searching for gravitational waves from inflation, down to the level Ω_(GW)∼10^(-17); this requirement determines BBO’s frequency band (deci-Hz) and its sensitivity requirement (strain measured to ∼10^(-24)). To observe an inflationary GW background, BBO would first have to detect and subtract out ∼3×10^5 merging compact-star binaries, out to a redshift z ∼ 5. It is precisely this carefully measured foreground which would enable high-precision cosmology. BBO would determine the luminosity distance to each binary to ∼ percent accuracy. In addition, BBO’s angular resolution would be sufficient to uniquely identify the host galaxy for the majority of binaries; a coordinated optical/infrared observing campaign could obtain the redshifts. Combining the GW-derived distances and the electromagnetically-derived redshifts for such a large sample of objects, out to such high redshift, naturally leads to extraordinarily tight constraints on cosmological parameters. We emphasize that such “standard siren” measurements of cosmology avoid many of the systematic errors associated with other techniques: GWs offer a physics-based, absolute measurement of distance. In addition, we show that BBO would also serve as an exceptionally powerful gravitational-lensing mission, and we briefly discuss other astronomical uses of BBO, including providing an early warning system for all short/hard gamma-ray bursts.
CONFLICTING CLAIMS AS A SOURCE OF INFLATIONARY CREDIT EXPANSION IN THE U.S. ECONOMY

This paper tests a model based on the conflict approach to inflation, in which inflationary pressure stems from growth of real income claims exceeding growth of real income available. The hypothesis is that such excess claims growth induces an inflationary credit expansion which may be enhanced by accommodative monetary base growth. For estimation, a set of conflict variables proxies for the unobserved growth of ex ante real income claims by labor, capital, and government. Results for the U.S. economy suggest that inflation can be characterized in terms of the operation of such a conflict inflation process during the 1956-85 period. Copyright 1989 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
pH-dependent coordination of the glycinato donors of nitrilotriacetatoplatinate(II), [PtII(nta)]−

Abstract Two main species are formed when nitrilotriacetic acid (H3nta) displaces Cl− ligands from PtCl42−. The resultant [PtII(nta)Cl]2− and [Pt(ntaH, Cl]− complexes were examined by 1H and 13C NMR methods. The 1:1 complex is responsive to changes in pH, indicating a titratable glycinato arm in [PtII(nta)Cl]2− rather than a [PtII(nta)], polymer previously prepared by Smith and Sawyer. The major species (∼82% at pH 4.5) has two in-plane glycinato donors exhibiting an AB 1 NMR quartet (Ha = 4.40 ppm, Hb = 4.25 ppm, Jab = 16.3 Hz, area 2) and a singlet for the third glycinato donor (3.85 ppm, area 1). The latter is assigned as a weakly axially-associated glycinato donor which renders [PtII(nta)Cl]2− as a five-coordinate entity. The minor component (∼ 17%) is the dichloro derivative having two pendant glycinato arms (AB quartet: Ha = 3.91 ppm, Hb = 3.83 ppm, Jab = 16.7 Hz, area 2) and a lone in-plane glycinato donor (singlet, 4.03 ppm, area 1). At pH=3.0 the major species exhibits proton exchange-induced shifts of the glycinato singlet as well as near coalescence of the in-plane glycinato donors, indicative of an associative/dissociative equilibrium of the axial glycinato donor which alters the coordination number of the PtII center. This exchange is frozen out at pH 1.2 where the axial donor is fully removed by protonation as a pendant group in [Pt(ntaH)Cl]− (1H NMR singlet, 4.08 ppm, area 1, pendant glycinato; AB quartet, Hb = 4.36 ppm, Hb = 4.26 ppm, Jab = 16.4 Hz area 2, in-plane pair of glycinato donors). Further proton-induced dechelations of the in-plane glycinato donors occur over a 14 day period, forming a monodentate N-bound species thought to be [PtII(ntaH3)Cl3]− with one glycinato 1H NMR singlet (4.30 ppm). The existence of one chloride in [PtII(nta)Cl]2−, the major (82%) species, and two chlorides in the lesser (17%) species was confirmed by 195Pt NMR. The 195Pt NMR spectra indicate that the axial interaction in [PtII(nta)Cl]2− is very weak, with δPt shifts of −1309 ppm compared to −1317 ppm for mer-[Pt(mida)Cl]−, an authentic four-coordinate analogue.
A method to determine open pore volume with pulse decay

In determining permeability of porosity media using the pulse decay technique [W. F. Brace, J. B. Walsh, and W. T. Frangos, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 2225 (1968)], the reservoir boundary condition is explored to understand its influence on the rate of pressure decay. A methodology is proposed to calculate the porous volume of the sample. A universal scaling function is identified, which depends on the characteristic time, reservoir volume, and porous volume of the sample. Experimental validation shows porosity can be recovered with the proposed theory. Limitations of the method are discussed.
Norsesquiterpenes as defensive toxins of whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae)

By use of a minnow bioassay, toxins were detected in the pygidial secretions of the gyrinid beetlesDineutus assimilis (Kirby) andDineutus nigrior Roberts. The active agents, which may be largely responsible for the relative immunity of the Gyrinidae from predation, were isolated and identified as the norsesquiterpenesgyrinidione [(E)-1-methyl-2-formyl-3-(1′-methylhex-3′-ene-2′,5′-dione)-cyclopentane],gyrinidone [(E,Z)-2-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-4-(but-1′-ene-3′-one)-3-oxo-bicyclo[4.3.0]-non-4-ene],gyrinidal [(E,E,E)-3,7-dimethyl-8,11-dioxo-2,6,9-dodecatrienal], andisogyrinidal[(E,E,Z)-3,7-dimethyl-8,11-dioxo-2,6,9-dodecatrienal]. Since gyrinidione and isogyrinidal are being reported for the first time, their physical and chemical properties are presented and biosynthetic relationships of the four norsesquiterpene structures are discussed. About 50% of the beetle defensive material was norsesquiterpenes, 25% polar lipids, and 20% could not be extracted from water into chloroform. As quantified by gas-liquid chromatography,D. assimilis contained 245±73 μg andD. nigrior 144±64 μg norsesquiterpenes per individual. The average relative composition of norsesquiterpenes in the pygidial secretions of both beetle species was constant: isogyrinidal, 6%; gyrinidone, 7%; gyrinidione, 36%; and gyrinidal, 48%. When administered externally in solution to fish, isolated norsesquiterpenes possessed narcotic and toxic activity similar to that of the anesthetic steroids deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and testosterone. Minnow dose-response curves demonstrated that gyrinidione and gyrinidal (LC100=ca. 2 μg/ml) were as toxic to fish as was DOC (LC100=ca. 3 μg/ml). Gyrinidone was less toxic (LC100=ca. 15 μg/ml) while isogyrinidal was relatively inactive (LC100=ca. 90 μg/ml).
Arbitrary thermal loading of transversely orthotropic cylindrical bodies

This paper is concerned with the prediction of the stress state in transversely orthotropic cylindrical bodies that are subjected to thermal loadings that are functions of both the radial and longitudinal coordinates. The basic equations of orthotropic elasticity are combined to form a fourth-order partial differential equation in the shear stress. The homogeneous solution is obtained by a separation of variables technique and the particular solution is found for a temperature distribution that is described by the product of a periodic function of the longitudinal coordinate and a power series in the radial coordinate. A solid circular cylinder that has its centerline fixed at both ends and is subjected to a linear radial thermal distribution is considered as an example. An abridged form of the expressions for the stresses is found by assuming certain recurring terms are small compared to unity. These assumptions are evaluated and it is found that they restrict the magnitude of the ratio of the largest radial dimension to the length of the cylinder. It is concluded that the restrictions are not severe ones and that the results of the analysis are widely applicable.
Preparation and evaluation of carbon coated alumina as a high surface area packing material for high performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The retention of polar compounds, the separation of structural isomers and thermal stability make carbonaceous materials very attractive stationary phases for liquid chromatography (LC). Carbon clad zirconia (C/ZrO2), one of the most interesting, exhibits unparalleled chemical and thermal stability, but its characteristically low surface area (20–30 m2/g) limits broader application as a second dimension separation in two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) where high retentivity and therefore high stationary phase surface area are required. In this work, we used a high surface area commercial HPLC alumina (153 m2/g) as a support material to develop a carbon phase by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at elevated temperature using hexane vapor as the carbon source. The loading of carbon was varied by changing the CVD time and temperature, and the carbon coated alumina (C/Al2O3) was characterized both physically and chromatographically. The resulting carbon phases behaved as a reversed phase similar to C/ZrO2. At all carbon loadings, C/Al2O3 closely matched the unique chromatographic selectivity of carbon phases, and as expected the retentivity was increased over C/ZrO2. Excess carbon – the amount equivalent to 5 monolayers – was required to fully cover the oxide support in C/Al2O3, but this was less excess than needed with C/ZrO2. Plate counts were 60,000–76,000/m for 5 μm particles. Spectroscopic studies (XPS and FT-IR) were also conducted; they showed that the two materials were chemically very similar.
Missing Persons: Cherokee's Parrot and Chatterton's Poet

This essay explores the problematic nature of selfhood in the detective genre as established by Edgar Allan Poe's "Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841) and most recently reformulated in two metaphysical detective novels, Jean Echenoz's Cherokee (1983) and Peter Ackroyd's Chatterton (1987). Poe's detective Auguste Dupin is described as having a "Bi-Part Soul," which permits him to vacate himself in order to construct the narrative solution to a crime. This duality, in the postmodern detective novel, is transformed into an irrevocable dislocation of the subject. Cherokee's onomastic devalorization of the story's characters and simulation of the human subject in the figure of the parrot Morgan create an indeterminacy that renders traditional conceptions of the self obsolete or irrelevant. Chatterton, whose point of departure is the infamous eighteenth-century "forger" Thomas Chatterton, uses the issue and example of pastiche to problematize the notion of the constitution of a subject in language and time. Both Cherokee and Chatterton take advantage of the subjective presuppositions of the detective genre in order to delineate the intricate problems of selfhood as a postmodern concern. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol23/iss2/7 Missing Persons: Cherokee's Parrot and Chatterton's Poet Leonard R. Koos Mary Washington College Lonnrot thought of himself as a pure thinker, an Auguste Dupin, but there was something of an adventurer in him, and even a gamester. -Jorge Luis Borges "Death and the Compass" I will now play the Oedipus to the Rattleborough enigma. -Edgar Allan Poe
Analytical gradients for the coupled-cluster method†

A nondiagrammatic formulation of the analytical first derivative of the coupled-cluster (CC) energy with respect to nuclear position is presented and some features of an efficient computational method to calculate this derivative are described. Since neither the orbitals nor the configuration expansion coefficients are variationally determined, in the most general case derivatives of both are necessary in computing the gradient. This requires the initial solution of the coupled perturbed Hartree-Forck (CPHF) equations and seems to mandate the solution of a linear matrix equation ZT(1) = X for first-order corrections to the CC coefficients. However, if only the analytic gradient is desired a simpler non-perturbation-dependent set of equations can be solved instead. This and the first-order character of the linear matrix equation makes the application of an analytic gradient technique to the CC method feasible.
Students' Perceptions of Literature Response Journals (LRJs) Used in a Graduate Language Arts Course.

Abstract This paper describes an informal study of literature response journals in a graduate language arts methods course. It details advantages of response journals, procedures for use, and graduate students' reactions to journals as indicated on a questionnaire. It provides samples of students' aesthetic responses to literature.
The effects of acidulant type on the rheological properties of beta-lactoglobulin gels and powders derived from these gels

Heat-induced beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) gels and instantly-thickening protein powders derived from these gels were rheologically characterized to identify how acid selection and pH adjustment impact whey protein gelation and derived powder properties. An established procedure for the production of an instant-thickening whey protein ingredient, consisting of protein hydration, pH adjustment to 3.35, thermal gelation at 80 °C, and drying, was applied to β-Lg. Hydrochloric, lactic, citric, and phosphoric acids were evaluated in the critical pH adjustment step. Acidulant selection clearly impacted β-Lg gelation and derived powder properties. Ion specific effects were in general agreement with classical Hofmeister series behavior. Maximum viscosity and water holding were observed in the ingredients derived from the strong, translucent gels created in systems utilizing lactic and hydrochloric acids. Use of citric acid resulted in a brittle, opaque coagulum which created an ingredient with very poor thickening functionality. Protein solutions treated with phosphoric acid were most resistant to gelation at 80 °C and led to limited thickening ability of the derived powder. Acidulant selection is an important processing parameter that may be manipulated to modify β-Lg gelation and the functional properties of derived thickening ingredients.
Integrated dual cycle energy recovery using thermoelectric conversion and an organic Rankine bottoming cycle

Hot engine exhaust represents a resource that is often rejected to the environment without further utilization. This resource is most prevalent in the transportation sector, but stationary engine—generator systems also typically do not utilize this resource. Engine exhaust is considered high-grade heat and can potentially be utilized by various approaches to produce electricity or to drive heating and cooling systems. One idea for this application is to combine an organic Rankine cycle and thermoelectric conversion. This approach is being developed to more fully utilize the thermal energy contained in hot exhaust streams. The model developed here is composed of a high-temperature heat exchanger which extracts thermal energy for driving the thermoelectric conversion elements and a closely integrated bottoming cycle to capture the large amount of remaining thermal energy in the exhaust stream. Many interacting parameters that define combined system operation are employed in the model to determine the overal...
Nutrient and phytotoxic contributions of residue to soil in no-till continuous-corn ecosystems.

An understanding of no-till ecosystems is essential for increased acceptance of conservation tillage practices. The primary objective of the present research was to assess the nutrient contributions of leachates from decomposing corn residue to soil in continuous-corn no-till ecosystems. A secondary objective was to estimate the phytotoxic effects of these leachates on corn seedling growth. The effects of moisture, temperature, and resident and non-resident microflora on leachates recovered from decomposing surface-applied corn residue were also studied. Leachates were analyzed for organic C, total N, PO 4 3− -P, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, urease activity, and phytotoxic effects. Within the first 90 days of a 215-day field study 73%, 83%, and 60% of C, N, and P, respectively, were leached. In terms of nutrient concentration, this suggests two distinct phases of release of nutrients onto the soil: A high initial flux of nutrients that is followed by a low-concentration release. No phytotoxic effect of field leachates was observed. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was highest on days 39 and 47 whereas urease activity peaked on day 149. In laboratory studies, alterations in temperature or moisture had little effect on the leachate nutrient concentration, or phytotoxic or enzyme activity. Increasing amounts of organic C and N were extracted over time. No phytotoxic effects were expressed in the laboratory. Overall, it appears that the maximum leaching of nutrients occurs early in the decomposition process and that in no-till systems no phytotoxicity can be associated with decomposition of surface residues.
Relationship of cessation of cocaine use to cigarette smoking in cocaine-dependent outpatients.

Cocaine abusers (N=43) from an outpatient drug rehabilitation program were interviewed regarding the relationship of cessation of cocaine use to cigarette smoking. Patients reported significant reductions in cigarette consumption after cessation of cocaine use (37.3+/-26.4 cigarettes per day when using cocaine vs. 18.1+/-7.0 cigarettes per day after cessation of cocaine use; P < .0001, paired t test, t=4.79 with 42 degrees of freedom). Reduction of cigarette smoking after cessation of cocaine use was reported primarily by heavy smokers. However, patients with longer clinic enrollments reported more increases and fewer reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked per day after cessation of cocaine use. Comparison of average craving scores from the most recent period of cocaine use (1 month to several years before the interview), at clinic enrollment (usually shortly after the most recent period of cocaine use), and during the 24 hours before the interview showed that patients experienced markedly decreased craving for cocaine, in contrast to only slightly decreased craving for cigarettes.
Coincident POLAR/UVI and WIND observations of pseudobreakups

Using POLAR/UVI global images, we have identified a period of successive minor auroral activations during which WIND was making a perigee pass (X approx. - 11Re). These auroral brightenings are interpreted to be pseudobreakups due to the lack of global expansion. Large magnetic field fluctuations and high earthward ion velocity moments measured by the WIND spacecraft show a nearly one-to-one correspondence with the auroral intensifications. Analysis of the plasma parameters indicates that there is no difference in the behavior of the plasma during pseudobreakups as compared to substorm expansive phase onset. Inspection of the ion distribution functions during high velocity moment events reveals the presence of a two component plasma. The particles contributing to the large mean velocities are energetic ions from approx. 2-27 keV. We conclude that pseudobreakups are the ionospheric signature of high velocity moment events.
Fate of the contralateral limb after lower extremity amputation

Objective Lower extremity amputation is often performed in patients where both lower extremities are at risk due to peripheral arterial disease or diabetes, yet the proportion of patients who progress to amputation of their contralateral limb is not well defined. We sought to determine the rate of subsequent amputation on both the ipsilateral and contralateral lower extremities following initial amputation. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients undergoing lower extremity amputation (exclusive of trauma or tumor) at our institution from 1998 to 2010. We used International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision codes to identify patients and procedures as well as comorbidities. Outcomes included the proportion of patients at 1 and 5 years undergoing contralateral and ipsilateral major and minor amputation stratified by initial major vs minor amputation. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of major contralateral amputation. Results We identified 1715 patients. Mean age was 67.2 years, 63% were male, 77% were diabetic, and 34% underwent an initial major amputation. After major amputation, 5.7% and 11.5% have a contralateral major amputation at 1 and 5 years, respectively. After minor amputation, 3.2% and 8.4% have a contralateral major amputation at 1 and 5 years while 10.5% and 14.2% have an ipsilateral major amputation at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed end-stage renal disease (hazard ratio [HR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-6.5), chronic renal insufficiency (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.3), atherosclerosis without diabetic neuropathy (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.7), atherosclerosis with diabetic neuropathy (HR, 9.1; 95% CI, 3.7-22.5), and initial major amputation (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6) were independently predictive of subsequent contralateral major amputation. Conclusions Rates of contralateral limb amputation are high and predicted by renal disease, atherosclerosis, and atherosclerosis with diabetic neuropathy. Physicians and patients should be alert to the high risk of subsequent amputation in the contralateral leg. All patients, but particularly those at increased risk, should undergo close surveillance and counseling to help prevent subsequent amputations in their contralateral lower extremity.
Genetic control of chromosome behaviour: Implications in evolution, crop improvement, and human biology

Chromosomes and chromosome pairing are pivotal to all biological sciences. The study of chromosomes helps unravel several aspects of an organism. Although the foundation of genetics occurred with the formulation of the laws of heredity in 1865, long before the discovery of chromosomes, their subsequent discovery put genetics on a sound footing. With the elucidation of parallelism between chromosome behaviour during meiosis and genes during the course of breeding, the laws of genetics, viz., the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment, could be explained. The interdependence of the disciplines of cytology and genetics led to their alliance resulting in the birth of the hybrid discipline of cytogenetics, during the first decade of the twentieth century. The fast, heterotic growth exhibited by cytogenetics has no parallel in the history of science. Research on chromosome pairing helped elucidate evolutionary phenomena that led to the production of allopolyploid crop plants. Chromosome research enriched the disciplines of genetics, plant breeding, biology, and medicine, which, in turn, have contributed to human welfare. The advances in genetics and cytogenetics accelerated the process of crop improvement as well, and resulted in the development of improved cereal cultivars that launched the famous Green Revolution. Cytogenetic manipulation of chromosome pairing facilitated alien gene transfers and genomic reconstruction of crop species. Alien chromosome additions also contributed to genomic repatterning and crop improvement. The discovery of chromosome number in humans helped unravel the effects of chromosomal imbalance on physical and mental abnormalities, miscarriage in pregnant women, and incidence of several forms of cancer in humans. The study of various aspects of chromosomes has positively impacted human welfare. How chromosome research has influenced basic genetics, plant breeding, and human biology and medicine is briefly described in this paper.
Nonintegration of Regional Labor Markets: The Case of Large US Cities from February 1980 through December 1983

Two basic models of regional unemployment are tested by use of unemployment rates of US metropolitan areas over the period February 1980 through December 1983. In the first model, regional unemployment is suggested to be the region's share of disequilibrium in the national labor market. The functional integration of regions with the national economy is a fundamental requisite for symmetry in this model, and symmetry is required for the model to have any explanatory power. Unfortunately, given the preponderant lack of strong covariance found here between regional and national labor markets, such functional integration does not seem to hold in general. The suggestion in the second model tested here is that regional labor markets should be spatially integrated under neoclassical rules. Here spatial integration, as measured by the spatial autocorrelation of regional unemployment rates, is found to be periodic rather than consistent. It appears that the spatial integration of US regional labor markets is not r...
Total Syntheses of Racemic and Natural Glycinol

Total syntheses of racemic and (−)-glycinol (1) are described. A Wittig reaction produced the isoflav-3-ene from which a Sharpless dihydroxylation introduced either the racemic or enantiomeric 6a-hydroxy group. A 5.5% overall yield of racemic material was obtained after 12 steps. A method was devised for a one-pot switch of protecting groups masking a sensitive resorcinolic para-functionality, and conditions were optimized to prompt spontaneous closure of the pterocarpanolic dihydrofuran upon subsequent exposure of its ortho-functionality. These improvements eliminated two steps and increased the overall yield to 9.8% during production of the natural enantiomer.
Electrolyte-Dependent Electrosynthesis and Activity of Cobalt-Based Water Oxidation Catalysts

Electrolysis of Co2+ in phosphate, methylphosphonate, and borate electrolytes effects the electrodeposition of an amorphous highly active water oxidation catalyst as a thin film on an inert anode. Electrodeposition of a catalytically competent species immediately follows oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+ in solution. Methylphosphonate and borate electrolytes support catalyst activity comparable to that observed for phosphate. Catalytic activity for O2 generation in aqueous solutions containing 0.5 M NaCl is retained for catalysts grown from phosphate electrolyte.
“Without Flirting, It Wouldn't be a Marriage”: Flirtatious Communication Between Relational Partners

Exploratory qualitative interviews were used to gather data from nine married couples concerning flirtatious behaviors within the marriage. Interviews were utilized to understand functions and motivations when flirting while dating and married. Data revealed motivation differences between dating and married couples and sex differences between individuals. These findings expand the existing research on flirtation motivations and explore a traditionally ignored context in flirting.
The Effect of Volume On Esophageal Cancer Resections: What Constitutes Acceptable Resection Volumes for Centers of Excellence?

Objective Volume–outcome relationships for esophageal cancer resection have been well described with centers of excellence defined by volume. No consensus exists for what constitutes a "high-volume" center. We aim to determine if an objective evidence-based threshold of operative volume associated with improvement in operative outcome for esophageal resections can be defined. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on patients undergoing esophageal resection for cancer in the 1998 to 2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. A series of multivariable analyses were performed, changing the resection volume cutoff to account for the range of annual hospital resections. The goodness of fit of each model was compared by pseudo r 2 , the amount of data variance explained by each model. Results A total of 4080 patients underwent esophageal resection. The median annual hospital resection volume was 4 (range: 1–34). The mortality rate of "high-volume" centers ranged from 9.94% (≥2 resection/year) to 1.56% (≥30 resections/year). The best model was with an annual hospital resection volume greater than or equal to 15 (3.87% of data variance explained). The difference in goodness of fit between the best model and other models with different volume cutoffs was 0.64%, suggesting that volume explains less than 1% of variance in perioperative death. Conclusion Our data do not support the use of volume cutoffs for defining centers of excellence for esophageal cancer resections. Although volume has an incremental impact on mortality, volume alone is insufficient for defining centers of excellence. Volume seems to function as an imperfect surrogate for other variables, which may better define centers of excellence. Additional work is needed to identify these variables.
Student retention and success: Optimizing outcomes through HOLISTIC COMPETENCE and proactive inclusive enrichment

Abstract Nursing student retention and success is a complex, multidimensional process that demands prioritized attention and requires a shifted focus from remediation to enrichment and optimization. Through the HOLISTIC COMPETENCE acronym description, educators will discover essential elements for proactive inclusive enrichment and reasons for avoiding exclusive remediation. Guided by Jeffreys' Nursing Undergraduate Retention and Success model, this article provides a beginning repertoire of ideas to enrich the nursing student experience and optimize outcomes.
Kinetics of tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite hydration in the presence of calcium sulfate

Hydration reactions of C3A and C4AF with calcium sulfate hemihydrate and gypsum were investigated and the kinetics of the reactions compared. The rates of C3A and C4AF hydration, as determined by heat evolution, vary depending on whether the sulfate-containing reactant is gypsum or calcium sulfate hemihydrate. The following sequence of reactions involving C4AF occurs when hemihydrate is the reactant: gypsum formation during the first hour, ettringite formation between 20 and 36 hours, and the conversion of ettringite to monosulfate over a period of about 12 hours. Monosulfate formation initiates prior to the complete consumption of gypsum. The onset of this conversion occurs at a shorter hydration time when hemihydrate is a reactant and the total amount of heat evolved is lower. The hydration reactions in saturated calcium hydroxide solution occur more slowly than those in water. Based on heat liberation, C4AF reacts at a much higher rate than C3A. Ettringite formation occurs during the first 8 to 9 days of C3A hydration. Once the gypsum is consumed, ettringite converts to monosulfate during two additional days. Compared to gypsum, hemihydrate decreases the rates of hydration of both C3A and C4AF. The effects on the hydration characteristics of C4AF are significant. The hydration of C3A with gypsum in water, in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, and in 0.3M NaOH solution were compared. Heat evolution is the lowest for hydration in 0.3M NaOH. The onset of monosulfate formation occurs prior to the complete reaction between gypsum and C3A in the NaOH solution.
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal and urine concentrations after single dose intravenous administration

Six adult mares were given a single intravenous injection of oxytetracycline HCl (50 mg/ml) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine oxytetracycline concentrations were measured serially over a 48-h period. The highest measured serum oxytetracycline concentration was 8.01 mcg/ml at 1/2 h. Oxytetracycline was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak oxytetracycline concentrations of 4.43 mcg/ml and 4.20 mcg/ml, at 1/2 h and 1 h, respectively. These concentrations steadily declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were not measurable at 48 h. Urine oxytetracycline concentration was relatively high, with a peak concentration of 1565.2 mcg/ml at 1/2 h after drug administration.
Genetic Structure, Diversity and Subspecies Status of Gull-billed Terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) from the United States

Abstract. Gull-billed Terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) are among the most widespread, yet scarce, Charadriiformes in the world. Two subspecies are recognized in the United States: G. n. aranea breeds along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts and G. n. vanrossemi breeds in the Salton Sea and San Diego Bay of California. Conservation concerns exist for the species due to its low abundance in the United States and apparent declines in some parts of its North American range. We used nuclear microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences to assess genetic diversity and differentiation patterns among Gull-billed Tern populations from Virginia, Texas, and California. We also tested for evidence of population bottlenecks, and evaluated the support our data provide for the North American subspecies. Genetic diversity was highest in Texas and underscored the importance of habitat in that large population. Significant population differentiation existed, but could not be consistently identified using various analy...