cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redetermination of the space weathering rate using spectra of Iannini asteroid family members

Abstract We have obtained moderate S/N (∼85) spectra at a realized resolution of R ∼ 100 for 11 members of the Iannini family, until recently the youngest known family at under 5 million years of age [Nesvorný, D., Bottke, W.F., Levison, H.F., Dones, L., 2003. Astrophys. J. 591, 486–497, 720–771]. The spectra were acquired using the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager in its low-resolution prism mode on the Keck II telescope. The family members belong to the S-complex of asteroids with perhaps some K class members. The Iannini family members' average spectral slope, defined as the slope of the best-fit line constrained to pivot about 1 at 550 nm, is ( 0.30 ± 0.04 ) / μm , matching the ( 0.26 ± 0.03 ) / μm reported by Jedicke et al. [Jedicke, R., Nesvorný, D., Whiteley, R.J., Ivezic, Ž., Juric, M., 2004. Nature 429, 275–277] using SDSS [Ivezic, Ž., Juric, M., Lupton, R.H., Tabachnik, S., Quinn, T., 2002. In: Tyson, J.A., Wolff, S. (Eds.), Survey and Other Telescope Technologies and Discoveries. In: Proc. SPIE, vol. 4836. SPIE, Bellingham, pp. 98–103] color photometry. Using our spectra for this family as well as new observations of Karin family members [Vernazza, P., Birlan, M., Rossi, A., Dotto, E., Nesvorný, D., Brunetto, R., Fornasier, S., Fulchignoni, M., Renner, S., 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 460, 945–951] and new classifications of some older families we have revised the space weathering rate of S-complex asteroids originally determined by Jedicke et al. [Jedicke, R., Nesvorný, D., Whiteley, R.J., Ivezic, Ž., Juric, M., 2004. Nature 429, 275–277]. Following Jedicke et al. [Jedicke, R., Nesvorný, D., Whiteley, R.J., Ivezic, Ž., Juric, M., 2004. Nature 429, 275–277] we parameterize the space weathering rate of the principal component color of the spectrum ( PC 1 ), which is correlated with the spectral slope, as PC 1 ( t ) = PC 1 ( 0 ) + Δ PC 1 [ 1 − exp − ( t / τ ) α ] . Our revised rate suggests that the characteristic time scale for space weathering is τ = 570 ± 220 Myr and that new S-complex clusters will have an initial color of PC 1 ( 0 ) = 0.31 ± 0.04 . The revised time scale is in better agreement with lab measurements and our measurements support the use of space weathering as a dating method. Under the assumption that all the spectra should be identical, since the members all derive from the same parent body and are presumably covered with similar regolith, we combined them to obtain a high-S/N composite spectrum for the family. The combined spectrum is within the S-complex.
“Not in my neighborhood”: resistance to chain drug‐stores

The present paper compares the protests that CVS, a leading chain retailer, experienced as it attempted to establish a new drug‐store on the Upper West Side of New York City’s borough of Manhattan with those Walgreen, another major chain pharmacy, encountered as it attempted to enter a neighborhood shopping area in Madison, Wisconsin, a medium‐sized city in the mid‐western region of the USA. It finds that well‐educated, affluent residents in both locations believe that they should have input regarding the retail composition of local shopping areas, and that their resistance to new stores can be successful. It also reveals that such consumers may be protective of small retailers and may harbor strong anti‐chain‐store sentiments.
Cerebral Cortical Metabolism After Chronic Exposure to Ozone

This study represents a biochemical survey of cerebral cortex in dogs, in which an increased latency of evoked electroencephalogram EEG potentials of visual cortex had been observed after prolonged exposure to ozone. Portions of occipital and parietal cortex were analyzed from 44 dogs which had been exposed to 1 to 3 ppm O3 for 18 months. Contents of norepinephrine and epinephrine, lipid hydroperoxides, K+, Na+, and Cl- were measured. In addition, the activity of the following enzymes was determined: monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, cholinesterase, 5’-nu-cleotidase, and Na+, K+, and Mg++ adenosine triphosphatases (ATP’ases). Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity showed a steady decline as the daily exposure to 1 ppm O3 was increased from 8 to 24 hours. Concurrently, the catecholamine content of the tissues declined.
The mechanical properties of zero- carbon ferrite-plus-martensite structures

A study has been made of an Fe-3Ni-3Mo alloy whose structure can be either ferrite or martensite or any combination of ferrite plus martensite. By being able to measure the mechanical properties of the ferrite and martensite phases separately it is possible, using Milieko's theory for composites of two ductile phases, to calculate the properties expected for ferrite-plus-martensite mixtures. This theory assumes: 1) the stressstrain relationship for all structures is a power law; 2) a perfect interface between the phases; and 3) the fibers are aligned parallel to the stress axis. The experimentally determined tensile strength and ductility of the two-phase structures are in good agreement with the theory even though the martensite is not in the form of aligned fibers. The ductilities obtained at tensile strengths greater than 620 MPA (90 ksi) are no better than those for conventional HSLA steels because of the low ductility of the ferrite and low strength of the martensite.
The Spinel-Olivine Inversion in Mg 2 GeO 4

DURING the past few years there has been active interest in the problem of alternative explanations other than layers of different composition in the Earth to explain seismic data. The most important of these arises from an early suggestion by Bernal1 regarding the possible inversion of the orthorhombic mineral olivine to a dense form with the spinel structure. An actual example of this inversion from the spinel to the olivine had been reported by Goldschmidt2 for the compound Mg2GeO4. However, there have always been some doubts regarding this observation, since it was mentioned only in a footnote and could not be repeated.
Methane dynamics in hydrothermal plumes over a superfast spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5°–32.3°S

[1] Samples were collected from hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 28° to 32°S during the Ridge Axis Plume and Neotectonic Unified Investigation (RAPANUI) cruise (5 March to 12 April 1998). Forty-five vertical casts and tow-yos were conducted: 3 off axis and 42 over the axes of two overlapping propagating ridges, the West and East ridges. These ridges are composed of several nontransform offset ridge segments. Spreading rates range from 149 mm/yr in the segment interiors to 0 mm/yr at the propagating rifts. These maximum spreading rates are considered the fastest on the mid-ocean ridge system and affect the structure of the ridge. Segment-averaged methane plume maxima ranged from 1.7 to 7.2 nM. Mean methane concentrations on the West Ridge were nearly double those of the East Ridge. Westwardly advecting hydrothermal methane persisted to our most distal station, nearly 480 km west of the East Pacific Rise. Background concentrations were less than 1 nM. The highest methane concentration measured was 50 nM in a buoyant plume. Methane did not covary with manganese or any other hydrothermal tracer in plumes over portions of a segment that exhibited recent magmatic activity, possibly as a result of the hydrothermal system's recovery from a phase separation event. In contrast, methane/manganese ratios on the other segments ranged from 0.077 to 0.091. Methane δ13C values in plume maxima ranged from −27 to −33‰ versus Peedee belemnite; background values were around −40‰. These data are compared with hydrothermal plume methane data from slower spreading ridges and illustrate similarities in hydrothermal processes and sources between these systems.
Process control of profile extrusion using thermal method. Part I: Mathematical modeling and system analysis

An analytical model based on the heat penetration through the die wall was preposed to calculate the effect of die wall temperature on the flow of polymer melt in profile dies. Model prediction matched well with the experimental data measured from a modified Instron capillary rheometer. The model was applied to an extrusion line with an L-shaped profile die. Dynamic responses of the profile extrusion line based on this die were measured and modeled. The pairing of manipulated variables and controlled variables was analyzed.
Scaffold-based Anti-infection Strategies in Bone Repair

Bone fractures and non-union defects often require surgical intervention where biomaterials are used to correct the defect, and approximately 10% of these procedures are compromised by bacterial infection. Currently, treatment options are limited to sustained, high doses of antibiotics and surgical debridement of affected tissue, leaving a significant, unmet need for the development of therapies to combat device-associated biofilm and infections. Engineering implants to prevent infection is a desirable material characteristic. Tissue engineered scaffolds for bone repair provide a means to both regenerate bone and serve as a base for adding antimicrobial agents. Incorporating anti-infection properties into regenerative medicine therapies could improve clinical outcomes and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with biomaterial implant-associated infections. This review focuses on current animal models and technologies available to assess bone repair in the context of infection, antimicrobial agents to fight infection, the current state of antimicrobial scaffolds, and future directions in the field.
Rheo-optical measurements of the first and third normal stresses of homopolymer poly(vinyl methyl ether) melt

Normal stresses play a key role in polymer processing, yet accurate measurements are still challenging. Simultaneous rheo-optical measurements are conducted on a poly(vinyl methyl ether) homopolymer melt over a wide range of temperatures and oscillatory shear frequencies, in an effort to measure the normal stresses, by using quantitative flow birefringence measurements. The stress optical rule holds well for this polymer as expected, with the value of the stress optic coefficient of (6.38±0.19)×10−11 cm2/dyn at 30°C. The first and third normal stress difference coefficients\(\psi ^{ * }_{1} ,\psi ^{ * }_{3} \), calculated using a single memory constitutive equation applied to the stress and birefringence data, are in excellent agreement. The ratio of the measured third and first normal stress difference coefficients, (1−β)=0.71±0.05, agrees well with the result of the Doi–Edwards model with independent alignment approximation (β=0.28). The measurement of normal stress difference coefficients with such small deviations proves the robust nature of the improved rheo-optical instrument and its ability to measure complete stress tensor.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Inhibits Both Bax and Bak Activation Induced by Staurosporine

We have previously shown that Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits host cell apoptosis and blocks mitochondrial cytochrome c release. We now report that activation of both Bax and Bak, two proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family that regulate mitochondrial cytochrome c release, was inhibited in chlamydia-infected cells. This observation has provided new information on the mechanisms of chlamydial antiapoptotic activity.
Subgroup Differences in Educational Placement for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

This study presents crosstabulations of educational placement variables by selected demographic characteristics and reports the different patterns of educational placement for subgroups of the deaf and hard of hearing population. Type of school, amount of academic integration with hearing students, and the number of deaf or hard of hearing students attending the same school building were considered as dependent variables in the analysis. Degree of hearing loss, age, ethnic and racial background, and additional handicap status were considered as independent variables. Data from the 1990-1991 Annual Survey of Hearing Impaired Children and Youth were analyzed. Results indicate that subgroups defined by each of these variables differ markedly with regard to patterns of educational placement. The importance of paying attention to subgroup statistics, as opposed to global population statistics, in the formulation of educational policy is discussed.
Gamma radiation dose rate effects on a polymer scintillator containing a large Stokes shift dye, 3-hydroxyflavone

Abstract Samples of a proprietary polystyrene scintillator doped with p-terphenyl and a large Stokes shift dye, 3-hydroxyflavone, were gamma irradiated to 10 Mrads in a Co 60 source at various dose rates ranging from 1.5 to 0.0023 Mrads/h, while exposed to air during and after irradiation. No recovery in light output was observed, possibly due to lower PMT sensitivity. The scintillator light output after irradiation decreased with decreasing log(dose rate) of irradiation. The large Stokes shift fluor thus had not enhanced radiation stability with respect to the dose rate. The log(dose rate) relationship can be used though to estimate the light output at lower dose rates of irradiation.
Short Division of Polynomials.

1. D. Acu, Some algorithms for the sums of the integer powers, Math. Mag. 61 (1988) 189–191. 2. D. Bloom, An algorithm for the sums of the integer powers, Math. Mag. 66 (1993) 304–305. 3. C. Kelly, An algorithm for sums of integer powers, Math. Mag. 57 (1984) 296–297. 4. G. Mackiw, A combinatorial approach to the sums of integer powers, Math. Mag. 73 (2000) 44–46. 5. H. J. Schultz, The sum of the kth power of the first n integers, Amer. Math. Monthly 87 (1980) 478–481.
The N- and C-terminal regions of the pearl-associated EF hand protein, PFMG1, promote the formation of the aragonite polymorph in vitro

Recent studies indicate that the ability of mollusk shell nacre protein sequences to form the calcium carbonate polymorph, aragonite, are linked to the presence of intrinsically disordered sequences within these proteins. Although the exact relationship between protein structural disorder and polymorph formation is not clear, there is a definite interest in discovering other examples of intrinsically disordered nacre protein sequences that can induce aragonite formation. In this report, we extend the relationship between intrinsic disorder and aragonite formation to another set of nacre protein sequences. This protein, known as PFMG1, is associated with pearl formation in the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. We demonstrate that synthetic peptides representing the 30 AA N- and C-terminal sequence regions of PFMG1 nucleate nanoscale-sized aragonite in solution without the need for additional additives. Compared to controls containing no peptide or bovine serum albumin, the PFMG1 terminal sequences ap...
Short-term sleep deficits do not adversely affect acquisition of laparoscopic skills in a laboratory setting

Residents often are sleep deprived after being on call. This study evaluated the effects of these sleep deficits on the acquisition of laparoscopic skills in the laboratory setting. The amount of sleep on the preceding night was recorded for 40 residents undergoing surgical skills training. The residents underwent a pretest, training, practice, and a posttest using basic (pegboard, cup drop, rope pass) and task-specific (pattern cutting, clip application, loop application) drills. Time to completion, penalty score, and total score were assessed. Significant improvements were seen in the time and total score for all six drills, with a significant decrease in penalty scores noted for the pegboard and rope pass drills. No significant differences in skill acquisition were attributable to amount of sleep. Training in the laboratory results in significant improvement of basic laparoscopic skills. Because short-term sleep deficits do not appear to hinder the acquisition of these skills, this model can be effectively applied, even after residents have been on call.
A Simplified Free Wake Method for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Performance Prediction

Based on the assumption that wake geometry of a horizontal-axis wind turbine closely resembles that of a hovering helicopter, a method is presented for predicting the performance of a horizontal-axis wind turbine. A vortex method is used in which the wake is composed of an intense tip-vortex and a diffused inboard wake. Performance parameters are calculated by application of the Bio-Savart law along with the Kutta-Joukowski theorem. Predictions are shown to compare favorably with values from a more complicated full free wake analysis and with existing experimental data, but require more computational effort than an existing fast free wake method.
Angular moment analysis of low relative velocity correlations

For analyzing anisotropic low relative-velocity correlation-functions and the associated emission sources, we propose an expansion in terms of cartesian spherical harmonics. The expansion coefficients represent angular moments of the investigated functions. The respective coefficients for the correlation and source are directly related to each other via one-dimensional integral transforms. The shape features of the source may be partly read off from the respective features of the correlation function and can be, otherwise, imaged.
Unconventional magnetism in semiconductors: Role of localized acceptor states

Magnetism induced by the localized defect states in the otherwise ``nonmagnetic'' $sp$ semiconductors---GaN and ZnO---is investigated using ab initio methods. The defects studied include the cation vacancy in ZnO, a potassium substitutional in GaN, and an acceptor like defect complex (gallium vacancy along with oxygen as an anion substitutional). In all three cases, spontaneous spin-polarized ground states are obtained within density-functional theory (DFT). Magnetic coupling between defect-induced local moments is also studied by mapping the DFT total energy to a nearest-neighbor Heisenberg model. The coupling between magnetic moments is found to be ferromagnetic for the case of cation vacancies in ZnO. This is also found to be the case for the potassium substitutional in GaN. However, the magnetic coupling is antiferromagnetic for the acceptorlike defect complex. A kinetic exchange model is used to explain this diverse magnetic behavior shown by the different systems.
SST: scan self-test for sequential machines

A new scan, built-in, self-test technique called SST for testing sequential machines (finite state machines) is presented. This technique uses an external linear feedback shift register (LFSR) or a cellular-automaton-based (CA-based) test pattern generator to generate exhaustive test patterns. These patterns are scanned into the machine and the output responses are scanned out for comparison. It is shown that SST provides exhaustive patterns for sequential machines, which is not the case using the BILBO technique [2] or other pseudorandom techniques [14–16] SST yields shorter test lengths than BIST methods using checking experiments. The technique is well suited to test multiple scan-based sequential machines simultaneously. It does not require that scan paths be reconfigured as test pattern generators on the scan paths, and thus is also suitable for testing sequential machines using off-the-shelf (catalogue) components, such as PLAs or PALs.
Global and Regional Path Planners for Integrated Planning and Navigation

This paper presents a hierarchical strategy for field mobile robots that incorporates path planning at different ranges. At the top layer is a global path planner that utilizes gross terrain characteristics, such as hills and valleys, to determine globally safe paths through the rough terrain. This information is then passed via waypoints to a regional layer that plans appropriate navigation paths using regional terrain characteristics. The global and regional path planners share the same map information, but at different ranges. The motion recommendations from the regional layer are then combined with those of the reactive navigation layer to provide reactive control for the mobile robot. Details of the global and regional path planners are discussed, and simulation and experimental results are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of abdominal insufflation for laparoscopy on intracranial pressure.

Importance Increased abdominal pressure may have a negative effect on intracranial pressure (ICP). Human data on the effects of laparoscopy on ICP are lacking. We retrospectively reviewed laparoscopic operations for ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement to determine the effect of insufflation on ICP. Observations Nine patients underwent insufflation with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at pressures ranging from 8 to 15 mm Hg and ICP measured through a ventricular catheter. We used a paired t test to compare ICP with insufflation and desufflation. Linear regression correlated insufflation pressure with ICP. The mean ICP increase with 15–mm Hg insufflation is 7.2 (95% CI, 5.4-9.1 [ P 2 O. The increase in ICP correlated with increasing insufflation pressure ( P = .04). Maximum ICP recorded was 25 cm H 2 O. Conclusions and Relevance Intracranial pressure significantly increases with abdominal insufflation and correlates with laparoscopic insufflation pressure. The maximum ICP measured was a potentially dangerous 25 cm H 2 O. Laparoscopy should be used cautiously in patients with a baseline elevated ICP or head trauma.
Work in progress - developing a rigorous research foundation for graduate programs in engineering education

The current demand is not being met for researchers trained in rigorous, quantitative research. This shortage of educational researchers is critical in the area of engineering education, since very few doctorates in engineering have an education focus, and even fewer have significant assessment content in their educational programs. Previous publications detailed plans to develop coursework in engineering education and discussed the target groups for engineering education degree programs. In this paper, we focus on building a strong research base for engineering education and future program graduates at Virginia Tech. Central to this mission is collaboration across departments and colleges, including but not limited to engineering and education. This was accomplished by leveraging existing research collaborations with a variety of innovative graduate program structures
When Protocols Are Not Enough: Intuitive Decision Making by Novice Nurse Practitioners

The pressing need for health care reform in this century has contributed to an increasing interest in educating health care providers who can deliver cost-effective, high-quality care. Demand for primary care nurse practitioners has risen significantly, and nursing education has responded by increasing the numbers and graduates of nurse practitioner programs. Although this century brings new opportunities for expanded nursing roles, it also presents challenges for nurse practitioners to sustain a holistic perspective while providing quality care. The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological study was to discover, describe, and analyze the stories of 10 novice nurse practitioners who used intuition in clinical decision making. The authors maintained a critical social consciousness and postmodern perspective to analyze and describe the shared meanings and common practices of participants. This article discusses the six themes and constitutive process that emerged from the data and addresses implication...
Diagnostic Yield of CT-Guided Percutaneous Transthoracic Needle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Anterior Mediastinal Masses

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield and accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of anterior mediastinal masses and assess prebiopsy characteristics that may help to select patients with the highest diagnostic yield. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective review of all CT-guided percutaneous biopsies of the anterior mediastinum conducted at our institution from January 2003 through December 2012 was performed to collect data regarding patient demographics, imaging characteristics of biopsied masses, presence of complications, and subsequent surgical intervention or medical treatment (or both). Cytology, core biopsy pathology, and surgical pathology results were recorded. A per-patient analysis was performed using two-tailed t test, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson chi-square test. RESULTS. The study cohort included 52 patients (32 men, 20 women; mean age, 49 years) with mean diameter of mediastinal mass of 6.9 cm. Diagnostic yield of CT-guided percutaneous biopsy was 7...
Prophage-Encoded Peroxidase in ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Is a Secreted Effector That Suppresses Plant Defenses

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ is transmitted by psyllids and causes huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. Most pathogenic ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ strains carry two nearly identical prop...
Minority Football Coaches' Diminished Careers: Why is the "Pipeline" Clogged?

Objectives Research on minority representation and career trajectories in higher education represents a substantial body of evidence in the field; however, the empirical evidence fails to address a crucial area: intercollegiate athletics. This study aims to address the gap in the empirical work and study the career trajectories and representation of African-Americans and Latinos in NCAA FBS football coaching positions. Methods A pipeline argument is often utilized to explain the underrepresentation of minorities in certain careers and industries. This pipeline argument is erroneous in this instance because of the number of minority players in college football that make up the “future coach career pool.” We develop a position hierarchy in which previous assistant coaching positions are seen as stepping stones to an ultimate head coaching position. Results We find that white and minorities coaches have different career trajectories and position hierarchies that ultimately lead to the underrepresentation of minorities at the head coaching ranks. Conclusions Evidence suggests sharp differences in the likelihood of certain player positions and, in turn (and likely related), certain coaching positions to achieving head coach. The career utility hierarchy developed here seems to have some validity and, most important for present purposes, shows some considerable difference in the career stepping stones of, respectively, whites and minorities.
Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration

Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Edited by Jay A. Levenson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, for the National Gallery of Art, 1991. 671 pp., 621 color and 78 b/w illustrations, 4 line drawings, 14 maps, 4 line drawings, notes, references. $59.95 (cloth).
Coarse-grain MTCMOS sleep transistor sizing using delay budgeting

Power gating is one of the most effective techniques in reducing the standby leakage current of VLSI circuits. In this paper we introduce a new approach for sleep transistor sizing which minimizes the total sleep transistor width for a coarse-grain multi-threshold CMOS circuit assuming a given standard cell and sleep transistor placement. First, the circuit is decomposed into a set of modules, each containing the set of logic cells that are closest to a sleep transistor cell. Next given an upper bound on the overall circuit speed degradation, the global timing slack is distributed among different clusters using a delay-budgeting. The slack distribution result is then used to size the sleep transistors such that the total sleep transistor width is minimized while accounting for the parasitic resistances of the virtual ground net. Results show that the proposed sizing algorithm produces sleep transistor sizes that are 40% smaller than those produced by previous approaches.
Utilization and unexpected hospitalization rates of a pediatric emergency department 23-hour observation unit.

Objectives: The 23-hour observation units (OUs) may be used to avoid unnecessary hospital admissions. However, unexpected hospitalizations from the 23-hour OUs involve transfer of care and may decrease the efficiency and safety of care of the patient and the unit itself. The primary objective of this study was to determine the predictors of unexpected hospitalization for admissions to a pediatric 23-hour OU. Methods: This is an observational prospective cohort study of patients admitted to a pediatric 23-hour OU. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses identify factors associated with unexpected hospitalization. Results: There were 4453 patients admitted to the 23-hour OU during the study. The overall rate of unexpected hospitalization was 20.3%; the mean 23-hour OU stay was 15 hours. Age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and insurance status were not associated with increased unexpected hospitalization rates. Multivariate regression modeling revealed that unexpected hospitalization was associated with subgroups of resources used (intravenous medications and fluids, cardiorespiratory monitoring, respiratory therapist use, and supplemental oxygen), of subspecialty consultation, and of diagnosis categories (including asthma, adenitis, cellulitis, bronchiolitis, and esophageal foreign body ingestions). Experience of the health care provider involved in the care of the patient was not associated with increased unexpected hospitalization. Conclusions: Most of the patients (80%) were successfully discharged from the 23-hour OU. Demographics of the patient and practitioner characteristics did not influence the risk of unexpected hospitalizations; however, certain patient diagnoses, use of resources, and subspecialty consultation did increase the risk of unexpected hospitalization and, therefore, may guide future admission criteria for pediatric 23-hour OU.
Power and spectrally efficient SFH-FQPSK for PCS applications

A power and spectrally efficient slow frequency hopping FQPSK (SFH-FQPSK) is proposed for future personal communications systems (PCS). The authors apply the constant envelope FQPSK modem/radio architecture (filtered QPSK (Feher, 1982)) to a slow frequency hopping system to achieve higher spectrum efficiency as well as higher power efficiency. Being a constant envelope system, SFH-FQPSK can operate with class C power amplifier without output backoff (OBO). Therefore, it is 4-7 dB more power efficient than T/4-QPSK which is currently adopted as the US digital cellular and Japanese handyphone PCS standards. As compared to the European DECT and GSM standard GMSK, the proposed SFH-FQPSK is about 50% more spectrally efficient. The BER performance of this system, employing convolutional coding and Viterbi decoding for FEC, is evaluated in a Rayleigh fading/AWGN environment. Results show that the BER performance of the authors hard-limited SFH/FQPSK is as good as that of linear SFH coherent QPSK (SFH-CQPSK), and is 3 and 5 dB better than ideal coherent QPSK and differentially encoded coherent QPSK (DEQPSK) systems, respectively. With the higher spectral and power efficiency and superior BER performance, the authors conclude that the proposed SFH-FQPSK is an excellent candidate for the future high-capacity PCS networks. >
Life Under Pressure: France and England, 1670–1870

Comparative methods are used to examine two hypotheses derived from Wrigley and Schofield's Population History of England. Contrary to their expectations, economic shocks produced greater marriage responses in France than in England, and the early onset of family limitation in France did not increase the responsiveness of marital fertility to living standards in the aggregate. Mortality was strongly dependent on economic shocks only in France prior to 1740. The results question the usefulness of Maithusian models for early modern European economic history.
Isolation and Characterization of Replication-Competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from a Subset of Elite Suppressors

Elite suppressors (ES) are untreated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals who control viremia to levels below the limit of detection of current assays. The mechanisms involved in this control have not been fully elucidated. Several studies have demonstrated that some ES are infected with defective viruses, but it remains unclear whether others are infected with replication-competent HIV-1. To answer this question, we used a sensitive coculture assay in an attempt to isolate replication-competent virus from a cohort of 10 ES. We successfully cultured six replication-competent isolates from 4 of the 10 ES. The frequency of latently infected cells in these patients was more than a log lower than that seen in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral loads. Full-length sequencing of all six isolates revealed no large deletions in any of the genes. A few mutations and small insertions and deletions were found in some isolates, but phenotypic analysis of the affected genes suggested that their function remained intact. Furthermore, all six isolates replicated as well as standard laboratory strains in vitro. The results suggest that some ES are infected with HIV-1 isolates that are fully replication competent and that long-term immunologic control of replication-competent HIV-1 is possible.
Visualizing a Correlative Multi-level Graph of Biology Entity Interactions

In this paper we present a new visualization paradigm to represent and assist the understanding of a correlative multi-level graph, a group of inter-connected networks. Such a graph is formed via term association mining, and the visualization paradigm consists of three components: terrain surface visualization units, terrain surface arrangement, and terrain surface correlation. We apply this paradigm to visualize and explore a pair of correlative core cancer terms network and core gene terms network. The results show that our visualization paradigm design is consistent with the derived associations, and is effective in preserving major features as the landmarks in the terrain surfaces.
Use of Preoperative Autologous Blood Donation in Liver Resections for Colorectal Metastases

Background: Transfusion of allogeneic blood is associated with risks of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis transmission, transfusion reactions, and other potential immunologic and infectious complications. To determine if predonation of autologous blood impacts upon transfusion practice and clinical outcome following liver resection, clinical records of 379 consecutive patients undergoing hepatic resection for metastases of colorectal cancer were identified from the prospective hepatobiliary database and reviewed. Methods: Of the 379 hepatic resections performed for colorectal metastases between January 1991 and January 1996, 240 (63%) were hepatic lobectomy or trisegmentectomy. Thirty-two percent of patients (123 of 379) agreed to preoperative blood donation (POBD), and their clinical characteristics including age, preoperative hemoglobin, and operative mortality were comparable with those of patients without POBD. Liver resections were carried out using standard vascular inflow and outflow control. Parenchymal transections were performed bluntly with maintenance of low central venous pressure (0 to 5 cm H2O). No vascular isolation or normovolemic hemodilution was used intraoperatively. All erythrocyte transfusions during the entire hospital stay were considered and compared between the two groups. Results: Forty-five percent of patients (172 of 379) received blood transfusions during or after liver resections, of which 61% (105 of 172) required only 1 or 2 units. Only 17% of the POBD group required allogeneic blood. This was significantly less than the group without POBD (43%, P <0.01). There was no significant difference in the operative mortality (2.3% versus 4.9%, P = 0.2) and the median survival (50 versus 40 months, P = 0.3). Conclusions: Major hepatic resections using current surgical techniques can be performed safely with low blood loss and transfusion is required for only a minority of patients. POBD further reduces transfusion requirement.
Book Review A Testimony to Different Ways of Knowing

Nasty Girls, Thugs, and Humans Like Us: Social Relations Between Severely Disabled and Nondisabled Students in High School, by Carola Murray-Seegert. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 1989, 198 pp., $22.00.
3D sensing and display using micro-optics structures

In this paper, we present an overview of 3-D image sensing, formation, and visualization using micro-optics structures embedded in integral imaging (II). As 2-D sensors and 2D display panel technologies advance rapidly, real-time 3D sensing and imaging have shown great promise for 3-D sensing, 3D TV and 3D visualization.
Metabolism and Toxicity of Styrene in Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase-Deficient Mice

Styrene, which is widely used in manufacturing, is both acutely and chronically toxic to mice. Styrene is metabolized by cytochromes P-450 to the toxic metabolite styrene oxide, which is detoxified via hydrolysis with microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) playing a major role. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the importance of this pathway by determining the hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity of styrene in wild-type and mEH-deficient (mEH−/−) mice. While the mEH−/− mice metabolized styrene to styrene oxide at the same rate as the wild-type mice, as expected there was minimal metabolism of styrene oxide to glycol. mEH−/− mice were more susceptible to the lethal effects of styrene. Twenty-four hours following the administration of 200 mg/kg ip styrene, mice demonstrated a greater hepatotoxic response due to styrene, as measured by increased serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity and greater pneumotoxicity as shown by increased protein levels, cell numbers, and lactate dehydrogenase activity in br...
The Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Circadian Network Based on Non-stationary DBNs Approach with Flexible Time Lag Choosing Mechanism

Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) are widely used in regulatorynetwork structure inference from noisy gene expression data. Howevermost of the previous researches assumed that the underlyingstochastic processes that generates the gene expression data arestationary. Such assumption is not realistic in certain applicationswhere the intrinsic regulatory networks are subject to change foradapting to internal or external stimuli. In this paper weinvestigate a novel non-stationary DBNs method and apply theapproach for the gene regulatory network inference on ArabidopsisThaliana circadian time series data. Our experimental studydemonstrated that compared with recent proposed non-stationary DBNsmethods, our approach has better structural prediction performance,and can potentially reduce the computational cost by improving thesampling convergence speed.
Professional certifications and job self-efficacy of public park and recreation professionals.

One of the characteristics of a professional field is having a means to certify the knowledge and competence of members of the profession. Certification programs can range from specialist-based certifications to those that are more general in scope (Mathis & Jackson, 2010). Supporters of certifications, both specialist and generalist, contend: certifications improve organizational effectiveness by having more competent and productive employees; improve the overall quality of a profession by following an established body of knowledge; help keep the professional current with the literature and trends in the field through the requirements associated with maintaining the certification over time (i.e., continuing education unit requirements); enhance professional recognition and lifelong learning among professionals in the field; and, lead to increased pay/salary and/or career advancement opportunities for professionals (Chipkin, 2010; Smith, 2013). Despite these claims made by certification supporters and advocates, little empirical research has been conducted on the specific impact of certifications within the field of park and recreation. In response to this need, the purpose of this study was to explore the possible links between a generalist certification (i.e., the CPRP certification), specialist certifications, and job self-efficacy among public park and recreation professionals. Job self-efficacy is a concept introduced in Bandura's social cognitive model (see Bandura, 1997) and is described as one's perceived performance capabilities for a specific activity. Three hundred and forty-seven public park and recreation professionals completed an online survey that was used to measure the variables of interest. Analyses identified significant differences in employees' job self-efficacy levels between CPRP professionals and non-CPRP professionals while no significant differences were found between specialist certified professionals and those without a certification. Complete results of the study are analyzed and discussed.
Fundamental electronic properties of materials for terahertz vacuum electron devices

In this paper theoretical and experimental study of the effects of surface roughness and metal film characteristics in the THz regime ohmic dissipation of the micro vacuum electron devices. A novel computer simulation tool was developed to self-consistent model and theoretical predictions were validated using a quasi-optical resonant cavity. Fabrication technique was used to create controlled, nanotextured surface and conductivity measurement of nanostructured sample was conducted using resonant cavity. The knowledge and computational tools obtained from this research will have wide-scale application in the development of high-frequency electronic devices and components. The authors will present the current research progress and results of this project.
Dependence of satellite ocean color data products on viewing angles: A comparison between SeaWiFS, MODIS, and VIIRS

Abstract Despite widespread use of satellite ocean color data, measured radiance and derived geophysical parameters (e.g., remote sensing reflectance or R rs , chlorophyll a concentration, absorption and scattering coefficients, diffuse attenuation coefficients) may show inconsistencies according to the sensor viewing geometry. In particular, data fluctuations based on sensor zenith angle (SZA) can cause variable uncertainties in derived time series, as well as regional or global means. This study analyses single- and merged-sensor datasets from SeaWiFS, MODIS, and VIIRS for the Gulf of Mexico region, finding pronounced variation within and between satellites as a function of SZA. Such effects are generally restricted to data with SZA above 40°, although large variation exists between satellites and products. The non-tilted MODIS and VIIRS also show residual errors during summer time for SZA R rs data. Overall, this study provides a framework for interpretation and account of SZA dependence in satellite ocean color data products, towards creation of cross-sensor time series as required for analysis of changes on multi-decadal scales. Finally, these findings can inform design and calibration of future geostationary sensors, for which targets have fixed viewing geometry.
Introduction: The Relevance of the Situative Perspective in Educational Psychology

The situative perspective in educational psychology has inspired interest and debate at least since the fruitful exchanges in Educational Researcher between 1994 and 1998 between Anderson, Reder, a...
How does the immune system tolerate food

The gastrointestinal immune system (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) has the unique capacity to discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous material. It can raise a protective response against pathogenic microbes and toxins while tolerating food antigens and commensal microbes. This is a challenge given the vast number of foreign antigens, mainly derived from food (>100 g of protein per day), and commensal microbes colonizing the gut (an estimated 100 trillion, 10 times the number of cells in the human body). Dysfunction of this delicate balance between immunity and tolerance can lead to pathologies such as food allergy, autoimmune diseases, and infections. On page 858 of this issue, Kim et al. ( 1 ) show that dietary antigens trigger the generation of a regulatory T (Treg) cell type in the small intestine that suppresses immune responses to food. These Treg cells are phenotypically and functionally distinct from those in the colon that suppress immune responses to commensal microbes ( 2 , 3 ).
The Temperature Relationships of the Honeybee Cluster Under Controlled External Temperature Conditions

It has previously been supposed that as external air temperatures lower following the clustering of the honeybee colony, the cluster temperatures rise. Observations for 2075 hours under controlled temperature conditions show that cluster temperatures remain remarkably constant regardless of external temperatures within certain limits. When there is a significant change in the cluster temperatures, it is in direct relationship with the change in the air temperature, rather than inverse.
Anterior dynamic plates in complex cervical reconstructive surgeries.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of dynamic anterior cervical plates following one-level anterior corpectomy with fusion (ACF) (i.e., C5-7) and two- to four-level ACF with posterior wiring and fusion (PWF). Dynamic plates (ABC Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany), allowing for 10 mm of cephalad and 10 mm of caudad plate migration, were applied for one-level ACF (28 patients) and multilevel ACF/PWF (20 patients). Two (7%) dynamic plates failed after one-level ACF. One pseudarthrosis and one plate extrusion occurred, both in morbidly obese patients. No multilevel ACF/PWF failed. The 7% failure rate for dynamic plates applied for one-level ACF is somewhat high, whereas the 0% failure rate for multilevel ACF/PWF with halo immobilization proves more promising. Perhaps PWF with halo stabilization for morbidly obese individuals undergoing one-level ACF would avoid future plate-related problems.
The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations of a gene located on the long arm of chromosome 7.1 The gene product is the 1480-amino-acid cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a protein that normally regulates and participates in the transport of electrolytes across epithelial-cell membranes and probably across intracellular membranes as well.2 Recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have led to the introduction of new tests for cystic fibrosis and to a reconsideration of the spectrum of the disease. Although the primary manifestations are presumably related, at least in part, to abnormal transport of electrolytes, the . . .
Interventional Treatment for Multiple Defects of Congenital Heart Disease

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of transcatheter treatment for multiple defects of congenital heart disease(CHD) with the same cardiac catheterization in pediatric patients.Methods Ten children(6 boys and 4 girls) with multiple cardiac defects underwent interventional treatment between January 2003 and April 2006.Their ages ranged from 8 months to 8 years.Two patients had percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty(PBPV) and a successful Amplatzer septal occluder or homemade device closure of a secundum atrial septal defect(ASD) at one procedure.Two patients had PBPV and occlusion of the patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) with Cook detachable coil or Amplatzer septal occluder device.Two patients had both ASD and PDA occlusion;4 patients had both VSD and PDA,and the remaining boys had PDA and a closure of membranous ventricular septal defect with the same catheterization.Results Intervention was achieved in all 10 patients.There were no severe complications.Follow-up ranged from 1 months to 3 years,and it showed a good therapeutic efficacy.Conclusion Interventional treatment for multiple defects of CHD is an effective and safe technique in selected patients.