cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education-based disparities in knowledge of novel health risks: The case of knowledge gaps in HIV risk perceptions.

Objective Risk perception is a key determinant of preventive health behaviour, but when asked, some individuals indicate they do not know their health risk. Low education is associated with both lack of knowledge about health risk and with the persistence and exacerbation of gaps in knowledge about health issues. This study uses the context of an emerging infectious disease threat to explore the hypothesis that the education-don't know risk relation results from differences in knowledge about the health issue of interest. Specifically, we examine whether patterns of change over time follow theoretical predictions that disparities in risk knowledge would increase over time in less educated sectors of the population (knowledge gap hypothesis). Design Secondary analysis of population-representative behavioural surveillance survey. Method We analysed data from the 1993 to 2000 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys, which measured education and perceived HIV/AIDS risk in a population sample collected separately in each survey year; don't know responses were coded. Results In each year, individuals with higher education were less likely to respond don't know. The absolute prevalence of don't know responding dropped over time; nonetheless, there was an increase over time in the magnitude of the pattern of lower education being associated with greater don't know responding. Conclusions We found support for the knowledge gap hypothesis. Over time, populations with greater education gained more knowledge about their HIV risk than populations with lower education. Results highlight the need to carefully consider health communication strategies to reach and address those individuals with low education and health knowledge. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? A meaningful potion of the population answers 'don't know' when asked to report their risk for health problems, indicating a lack of risk perception in the domain. Previous studies have shown that level of education is associated with don't know responding - those with lower educational attainment are more likely to respond don't know. The education-don't know responding relation suggests that lack of health information and health domain knowledge might be a factor in lacking risk perception, but this mechanism has not been previously tested. What does this study add? Patterns of changes in don't know responding over time as population-level knowledge of a health risk increase are consistent with the health information/health knowledge hypothesis outlined above. As population knowledge of HIV/AIDS risk in the United States increased over time (indicated by declining overall rates of don't know responses), the relation of education level to don't know responding actually became stronger. The pattern of change over time is the classic 'knowledge gap hypothesis' pattern, which has not been previously demonstrated for knowledge of personal health risk. The knowledge gap response pattern supports the health information/health knowledge hypothesis.
When Science Confronts Philosophy: Three Case Studies

This paper examines three cases of the clash between science and philosophy: Zeno’s paradoxes, the Frame Problem, and a recent attempt to experimentally refute skepticism. In all three cases, the relevant science claims to have resolved the purported problem. The sciences, construing the term broadly, are mathematics, artificial intelligence, and psychology. The goal of this paper is to show that none of the three scientific solutions work. The three philosophical problems remain as vibrant as ever in the face of robust scientific attempts to dispel them. The paper concludes by examining some consequences of this persistence.
Characterization of Young Children Presenting to the Emergency Department for Mental Health Complaints.

OBJECTIVES From 2011 to 2015, psychiatric emergency department visits among youth in the United States increased 28% and psychiatric visits made up 10% of all pediatric emergency department (ED) visits. Previous research has focused on adolescent mental health, with little characterization of children 10 years of age and younger with mental health complaints. The primary objective of this study was to describe these children who presented to a pediatric ED for mental health complaints in terms of demographics and psychosocial factors. METHODS One researcher reviewed medical records of children 10 years and younger who presented to the Children's of Alabama ED between January 1, 2016 and May 31, 2016 with a mental health-related chief complaint. Patient data were then categorized based on demographic information, characteristics of the ED visit, and medical and social history. Descriptive analyses were run using SAS version 9.4. RESULTS In total, 222 patients 10 years and younger were seen between January 1 and May 31, 2016. This age group makes up 20% of all of the children seen in the ED for mental health-related complaints. Patients were 73% male (n = 162) and ages 3 to 10 years, with a mean age of 7.8 years. Patients were 55% white (n = 122), 42% African American (n = 94), 1% Hispanic (n = 2), and 1% other ethnicity (n = 3). Patients' insurance coverage was 76% Medicaid (n = 168), 18% private insurance (n = 39), and 6% uninsured (n = 14). Of the 219 patients treated in the ED (3 left without treatment), 45% of patients were admitted (n = 100). Univariate analyses showed increased odds of admission for children with 3 or more prior psychiatric diagnoses (odds ratio [OR] 2.33, P = 0.03), a family history of psychiatric illness (OR 2.53, P < 0.01), history of any previous psychiatric care (OR 2.61, P = 0.01), a history of trauma (OR 1.84, P = 0.03), and a chief complaint of suicidal ideation (OR 1.54, P < 0.01). Analyses showed a decreased odds of admission for children referred to the ED by their school (OR -1.12, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The pediatric ED sees a significant number of children ages 10 years and younger for mental health-related complaints. Nearly half of these children were admitted for psychiatric care. Several factors were found to predict admission, which reflect psychosocial influences. These psychosocial factors are important targets for intervention both in the ED and in the community.
Return to Collegiate Athletics After Distal Femoral Osteotomy: A Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature.

Background The authors present three cases of high-level athletes with successful return to competitive collegiate athletics following distal femoral osteotomy for knee lateral compartment overload. Conclusion Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFO) is used to treat valgus knee malalignment and to offload the lateral knee compartment in the setting of symptomatic cartilage or meniscus pathology. DFO can be considered a viable treatment for collegiate athletes, with satisfactory outcomes and ability to return to sport participation at pre-injury functional levels.Level of Evidence: IV.
“The task that leads the wilder’d mind”: Robert Bloomfield, Humble Industry, and Studious Leisure

This article argues that Robert Bloomfield’s efforts to free himself from the expectations placed upon him as a poet of the laboring classes must be considered in light of his poetry’s treatment of...
The Creation of Stunt Cheer: A Story of Innovation, Cheerleading and Gender Politics of Sport

Malcom et al. use a mixed-methods approach to examine the emergence of STUNT as an innovative new form of competitive cheerleading. Created as a direct response to a court case in which a U.S. federal judge declared that traditional forms of cheerleading failed to comply with Title IX’s legal mandate for gender equity in sport, STUNT can be seen as representing both social and organizational innovation in sport. The story of STUNT cheer highlights the gender politics of American sport, illustrating how sport as a social construction is shaped by both government institutions and social norms of gendered athleticism.
Spatial Distribution of Seismocardiographic Signals

The measurement of chest surface vibrations resulting from cardiac activity is known as seismocardiography (SCG). These signals, typically measured using accelerometers on the chest surface, appear to be primarily generated by myocardial muscle activity, blood momentum changes, and heart valve movements. SCG signals contain important features associated with cardiac mechanical activity, which can be used for monitoring/predicting cardiac health. However, SCG signals are known to vary with chest surface location, which can confound diagnostic interpretation of SCG longitudinal changes over time. Documenting spatial changes will assist with both the identification of optimal sensor placement locations and the impact of misplacements on SCG interpretation. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of sensor placement on diagnostically important SCG features and to identify locations on the anterior chest surface with consistently strong signal strength and high signal-to-noise ratio. In the current study, the SCG signals were acquired in 15 healthy male subjects along with ECG and respiratory flow measurements for 5–10 min. Here, SCG signals were acquired using an array of 32 sensors placed on the chest surface between the right and left anterior axillary and between the 2nd and 5th intercostal spaces. In addition, four accelerometers were placed at right and left mid-clavicle, mid-sternum, and xiphoid process. SCG waveforms were segmented into SCG beats (i.e., heart cycles) using the ECG R wave. Prior to extracting features, SCG beats were clustered into two groups using unsupervised machine learning to help reduce the effects of the respiratory SCG variations in order to attain more precise feature extraction. Several SCG features including SCG signal morphological variability, amplitude variation, signal-to-noise ratio, cardiac timing intervals, and other features were calculated, and the spatial variability of these features were analyzed. Results suggested that the magnitude of acceleration and signal-to-noise ratio were consistently higher (50~80%) around a 3 cm wide region lateral to the left lower sternal border ranging from the 3rd to 5th intercostal space (ICS) as well as over the xiphoid process. The SCG signal morphological variability values were approximately 4–5% of the signal peak to peak amplitude in this region. Cardiac timing intervals (pre-ejection period and left ventricle ejection period) were also comparable (within 2–5%) in this region. Spatial variations of other potentially useful SCG features (including maximum instantaneous frequency and S3 amplitude) were small (within 5%) at the left lower sternal border and at the xiphoid process. The optimum sensor locations with maximum signal strength and lowest spatial variation of SCG features were found to be at the left lower sternal border ranging from 3rd to 5th ICS and at the xiphoid process. Documentation of these changes should help future researchers and clinicians optimize SCG sensor placement.
The Enneagram and the College Student: Empirical Insight, Legitimacy, and Practice

The Enneagram is an internationally used personality tool that many find effective for personal transformation and spiritual development. In recent years, the Enneagram has experienced a surge of p...
Abstract TMP8: Predictors of Large Vessel Occlusion in Kaiser Stroke EXPRESS Program

Background: In 2015, trials showed that rapid endovascular stroke treatment (EST) of qualified patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) resulted in improved outcomes over treatment with IV tPA al...
Increased doses of an anti-CD30 antibody, MDX-060, results in prolonged progression free survival in subjects with CD30 positive lymphoma.

5525 MDX-060 is a human anti-CD30 IgG1kappa monoclonal antibody that inhibits the growth of CD30+ lymphoma cells. To determine the safety and efficacy of MDX-060 in patients with relapsed or refractory CD30+ lymphomas, MDX-060 was administered intravenously at doses of 0.1, 1, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg weekly for 4 weeks in a phase I/II clinical trial. As previously reported, 72 patients were included in the study - 3 patients received 0.1mg/kg, 16 patients 1mg/kg, 20 patients 5mg/kg, 16 patients 10mg/kg and 17 patients received 15mg/kg. Treatment with MDX-060 was well tolerated with few side effects, however only 6 patients had a clinical response to therapy. Based on the premise that interference with CD30 signaling may result in the arrest of cell growth rather than lysis of the cell, we have now conducted a further analysis with longer follow up to assess whether higher doses of MDX-060 resulted in increased numbers of patients with stable disease and a longer progression free survival (PFS). When patients treated with doses of MDX-060 ≥10mg/kg (high dose group: n=33) were compared to patients who received doses of MDX-060
Management of Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Basic Principles of Microneurosurgical Repair

SUMMARY This article presents a brief overview of the principles of management of peripheral nerve injuries. The connective tissue and axonal response to chronic compression may result in abnormal and painful sensory recovery. In more severe nerve compression or in complete or incomplete nerve division, neural degeneration and regeneration may occur. Misdirected axonal sprouts may develop into neuromas, which may or may not be painful. Painful compression injuries without neuroma formation can be managed generally with extraneural and intraneural dissection as dictated by the severity of connective tissue scarring. Painful neuromas are treated by excision with either reconstruction of the nerve gap or implantation of the proximal end of the nerve into an innervated muscle, medullary cavity of bone, or sinus. Finally, nerve repairs must be tension free. If necessary, an interpositional interfascicular graft should be used to achieve a tensionfree repair.
Mechanism of actin filament nucleation

We used computational methods to analyze the mechanism of actin filament nucleation. We assumed a pathway where monomers form dimers, trimers, and tetramers that then elongate to form filaments but also considered other pathways. We aimed to identify the rate constants for these reactions that best fit experimental measurements of polymerization time courses. The analysis showed that the formation of dimers and trimers is unfavorable because the association reactions are orders of magnitude slower than estimated in previous work rather than because of rapid dissociation of dimers and trimers. The 95% confidence intervals calculated for the four rate constants spanned no more than one order of magnitude. Slow nucleation reactions are consistent with published high-resolution structures of actin filaments and molecular dynamics simulations of filament ends. One explanation for slow dimer formation, which we support with computational analysis, is that actin monomers are in a conformational equilibrium with a dominant conformation that cannot participate in the nucleation steps.
Comparative Evolutionary Psychology: Current Status and a Proposal for a More Integrated Future

Taking into account the shortcomings and strengths of the related fields of comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology, we propose merging these subfields into Comparative Evolutionary Psychology. This new field will encompass the study of cognitive continuities and discontinuities across species, with the goal of understanding both ultimate and proximal causes for the emergence of various traits. Importantly, comparative evolutionary psychologists will embrace both field and laboratory approaches and shed the shackles of an exclusive focus on uniquely human traits. This new field will exemplify an appreciation for a diversity of traits in both closely related and distantly related species that an understanding of evolution demands.
The Al-Al 3 Ni Eutectic Reaction: Crystallography and Mechanism of Formation

The characteristics of the Al-Al3Ni eutectic structure are examined with emphasis on its morphology and crystallography. Based on these examinations, the mechanism of formation of this technologically important eutectic is postulated. It is found that a thin shell of α-Al forms coherently around each Al3Ni fiber. The excellent thermal stability of the Al-Al3Ni eutectic may be attributed to the presence of this coherent layer.
Confronting Sexism: Exploring the Effect of Nonsexist Credentials on the Costs of Target Confrontations

The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of nonprejudiced credentialing on men who are confronted for sexism. Specifically, this study explored whether providing a male perpetrator with nonsexist credentials intensifies or ameliorates the negative interpersonal outcomes that female confronters often incur. In this experimental study, 147 male undergraduate participants from a university in southern Louisiana, United States, were given false feedback on a gender IAT indicating that they held nonsexist attitudes towards women (or not) and were subsequently confronted by a female experimenter for making a sexist remark (or not). The findings revealed that men who had nonprejudiced credentials viewed a woman who confronted them as less competent and had a stronger preference to avoid her in the future as compared to men who did not have nonprejudiced credentials. Furthermore, confronting was not effective at lowering men’s expressions of gender prejudice. Theoretical implications and practical implications for confronting sexism are discussed.
Eine framebasierte Wissensrepräsentation mit Hilfe objektorientierter Programmierung

Seit der zusammenfassenden Darstellung Minskys (14) ist eine Vielzahl von Systemen entstanden, die Wissen in Form von Frames reprasentieren. Dabei ist oft unklar, welche Rolle Vererbung, Defaultverhalten und andere mit Frames verbundene Prozesse spielen.
Multi-target tracking via multiple cost-reference particle filtering

In this paper we address the problem of multi-target tracking in a network of sensors collecting received signal strength measurements. In order to deal with the nonlinear nature of the system, we apply the particle filtering methodology. The focus is on high-dimensional systems, i.e., scenarios with large number of targets. This justifies the use of an interconnected bank of particle filters. At each algorithmic step, each individual particle filter tracks one target, thereby minimizing the load of each filter. The filters need to send/receive the necessary information to/from other filters for correct functioning and accurate performance. The individual filters do not use any probabilistic assumption about the noises in the system in order to obtain a more robust scheme. Alternatively, they employ a user-defined cost function, which makes the resulting method more flexible. Computer simulations show the validity of the approach and reveal a good performance of the proposed method when compared to existing techniques.
An overview on numerical techniques for modeling miniaturized passive components

This paper presents a number of numerical techniques used for characterization and modeling of passive components for microwave and millimeter-wave circuits. Brief descriptions are provided for each technique with discussions on advantages, limitation, typical structures amenable to the method, and cautions to be exercised where appropriate. The text is intended to serve as a tutorial. Representative publications on each topic are included in the reference list.
Theoretical Approaches to Disability Content in Social Work Education

This article presents an analysis of disability theory and content in the social work curriculum and advances a theoretically expansive approach to disability that is consistent with social work’s ...
‘Surplus Humanity’ and Margins of Legality: Slums, Slumdogs, and Accumulation by Dispossession

Marooned on the outskirts of the law, more than one billion people live in urban slums and squatter settlements, mostly in the Global South. Law, extra-legality, and illegality commingle in urban slums to produce spaces and subjects at the margins of legal orders and formal economies. Three enduring and inter-related features of capitalism – accumulation by dispossession, a reserve army of labor, and an informal sector of the economy – produce and sustain urban slums. The genesis and persistence of slums and slum-dwellers testify to the iron fist of the state working in concert with the hidden hand of the market in the service of accumulation of capital. Over the last thirty years, neoliberal restructuring of economies and reordering of the responsibilities of states have accentuated this process. As a result, slums in the Global South have grown exponentially. Public policy and pronouncements of the judiciary in India as they related to slums and slum-dwellers call into question traditional understandings of the law, citizenship, and responsibilities of the state. Mainstream remedial prescriptions for housing for the urban poor increasingly rely on market forces, fall woefully short of their goal, and often accentuate the problem. The incipient right to the city provides a productive framework to re-imagine the concept of citizenship, and to guide public policy and popular action to ensure adequate housing with dignity for the urban poor and the marginalized.
Faculty as Border Crossers: A Study of Fulbright Faculty

As adult learners, faculty members approach new experiences based on events of the past, but this underlying framework of understanding is challenged when they work abroad for an extended period of time.
Religion, Finding Interests in Life, and Change in Self-Esteem During Late Life

Research indicates that greater involvement in activities is essential for successful aging. The purpose of the current study is to examine a construct that motivates involvement in activities—find...
The impact of market similarity on international marketing strategies: The automobile industry in Western Europe

The formulation of an optimal marketing mix is quite complex when that mix must be effective across multiple international markets. At the crux of the problem is whether markets are similar to each other or interdependent and how this influences marketing mix decisions. Examining the marketing mixes of more than 30 automobile companies competing in the five major markets in Western Europe, it was found that easily changed marketing mix elements, such as prices and advertising, reflect market similarity, interdependence, and product-market conditions, although not always in the expected ways. The least flexible element, the number of models offered, does not appear to reflect any of these types of conditions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The emission spectrum of molecular nitrogen in the region 900–1130 Å

Abstract The spectrum of molecular nitrogen obtained from an electrodeless discharge in ArN2, NeN2, and HeN2 mixtures has been investigated at high resolution in the 900–1130 A region. Transitions to the ground state, X 1 Σ g + , have been identified for the first time for the electronic states r′ 1 Σ u + , s′ 1 Σ u + , and k 1 Σ u + , and, similarly, extensive additional bands for the following states: p′ 1 Σ u + , f 1 Σ u + , g 1 Σ u + , b 1 Π u , b′ 1 Σ u + , and h 1 Σ u + . The rotational structure has been analyzed for all of these transitions except the h-X bands which are badly overlapped. The f electronic state has been shown to be 1 Σ u + with a rotational constant of B = 1.124 cm−1. A number of predissociations and intensity anomalies have been observed and are discussed.
Relationship between aggregate microstructure and mortar expansion. A case study of deformed granitic rocks from the Santa Rosa mylonite zone

It is shown that the deformation state of a granitic rock has a profound impact on the long-term stability of concrete, if used as aggregate due to enhanced susceptibility to the alkali-silica reaction. An investigation of the microstructure of granitic rocks from the Santa Rosa mylonite zone in southern California with transmission electron microscopy and neutron diffraction revealed that, as these rocks become progressively deformed from granite to mylonite and phyllonite, accompanied by grain size reduction, the dislocation density in quartz (investigated with TEM) increases and preferred orientation of biotite (determined by neutron diffraction) becomes stronger. While the contribution of dislocations to the bulk energy increase of quartz is low, dislocations provide favorable sites for dissolution and precipitation to occur. A comparison with ASTM C 1260 expansion tests of these same samples indicates that expansion increases with the dislocation density.
Computer games: Paradigms of opportunity

Computer games offer unique opportunities to apply unobtrusive constraints to action that permit meaningful analysis without destroying the integrity of the game itself. To a much greater extent than most traditional laboratory tasks, computer games represent holistic, meaningful, and natural human activity. Considerable concern about the appropriate analysis and interpretation of results, however, remains. One strategy that addresses these concerns involves the adoption of separate but convergent analytic perspectives. This article suggests that three such perspectives (viz., the objective, the subjective, and the empirical) can be combined to provide the necessary logical leverage to allow meaningful research. Alternative analyses of data collected from the playing of a particular arcade-type computer game are used to illustrate this point.
Coronary collateral blood flow in a patient with angiographically normal coronary arteries.

A 36-year-old man underwent coronary anteriography for evaluation of chest pain. His coronary arteries were smooth and free of obstructive disease. Selective right coronary injection revealed a large collateral vessel that opacified distal and proximal portions of the left circumflex coronary artery. Our case supports the view that coronary collateral vessels may occur in the absence of obstructive lesions.
School Vouchers: Views from a Special Education Perspective

The study of school choice for special education students brings together several important pieces of legislation which are separately the focus of high interest. This paper reviews the features of the three major special education bills (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Acts, the Americans with Disabilities Act) in the context of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the U.S. Constitution and so-called Blaine Amendments in various state constitutions. The principles of special education are discussed, and current voucher programs are examined to determine their compatibility with special education. The litigation that has resulted from this growing voucher movement is discussed and current and future trends are presented from a special education perspective. doi:10.1300/ J467v01n03_06
Ultracentrifugal differences in soybean protein composition.

SOYBEANS vary widely in size, shape, colour, and chemical composition1. Their chemical composition is affected by varietal and environmental factors, and large differences in gross chemical composition are reported. For example, the protein content for 10 varieties over a 5-year period ranged from 36.6 to 53.2 per cent2.
Automated Generation of Integration Test Sequences from Logical Contracts

This paper exploits logical contracts (i.e., Preconditions and post conditions) to automatically generate integration tests. The approach transforms a contract-based test model into an operational model, which makes it feasible to analyze correctness of the test model and generate integration tests to meet coverage criteria of the test model. This approach has been implemented in MISTA, a tool for automated generation of executable tests. MISTA allows executable test code to be generated in a rich variety of programming languages (e.g., Java, C, C++, C#, and PHP) and test execution environments. We have evaluated the fault-detection capability of contract-based test models through fault injection. The results show that contract-based tests can be highly effective in fault detection and that robustness tests targeting the situations of broken contracts are critical to finding faults related to component interactions.
A momentum reconstruction algorithm for the PHENIX spectrometer at Brookhaven

Abstract We have developed a non-linear grid interpolation technique to determine the momenta of particles traversing an axially symmetric focusing magnetic field. We describe the technique, and quantify its performance in the context of the PHENIX spectrometer.
The impact of past growth on poverty in Chinese provinces

Abstract The impact of prior economic growth on current poverty rates within provincial-level China is examined using panel data and semiparametric techniques. Results reveal that prior short-run growth raises poverty levels; prior long-run growth increases poverty in slow-growing provinces, while reducing poverty in faster growing provinces. Additionally, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between poverty and income; i.e. at lower income levels, the poverty rate increases with income, while the opposite holds at higher income levels. However, higher savings rates or higher income inequality makes this tradeoff less favorable. Interestingly, many traditional poverty explanatory variables lack explanatory power after taking into account the impact of prior growth.
Emotion and the Self-Serving Bias

The influence of specific emotions (guilt and revulsion) on the self-serving bias was investigated. Participants were recruited from an undergraduate population. There were 360 participants (132 male) with a mean age of 19.41 years. Participants took part in an online study, which involved taking a ten-question test, completing an emotional induction, receiving test feedback, and making an attribution for test performance. Results revealed a significant effect of feedback (p < 0.001) indicating the self-serving bias. Results also revealed a significant effect of emotion over this self-serving bias. Both guilty and revolted participants made less self-enhancing attributions for success (p = 0.04), and less self-protecting attributions for failure (p = 0.006). The hypothesis that the valence of specific emotions influences the self-serving bias was supported. No support was found for the hypothesis that the appraisal dimensions of specific emotions influence the self-serving bias. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Six Novel Antimycotics

We have reviewed six new antimycotic agents which have potential applications for human cutaneous and mucosal diseases. Information on these six drugs was obtained via an English language search of PubMed through the US National Library of Medicine. The antimycotic agents reviewed include rilopirox, lanoconazole, NND-502, butenafine, eberconazole and voriconazole. Rilopirox is a synthetic pyridone derivative, related to ciclopirox, with a fungicidal action. Rilopirox is a hydrophobic, topical agent with potential application in mucosal candida infections, tinea versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis. Lanoconazole, an imidazole, is a topical agent with potential application in tinea infections and cutaneous candidiasis. The drug has been available for clinical use in Japan since 1994 and once-daily application to affected areas is recommended. In addition to its antifungal effect, animal data suggest that application of lanoconazole 0.5 or 1% cream is associated with accelerated wound healing. NND-502, a stereoselective analog of lanoconazole, is a topical agent with potential application in tinea pedis infection. NND-502 appears to be more effective in inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis than lanoconazole or bifonazole and clinical trials comparing these agents are awaited. Butenafine is the first member of a new class of antifungals, the benzylamine derivatives, and has been approved for topical use in Japan (since 1992) and the US. Butenafine has a potent fungicidal action and the drug has been shown to be effective in multiple clinical trials in patients with tinea pedis, tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Butenafine has also been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory action after topical application and this may offer potential benefit over other topical antifungal agents. Eberconazole, an imidazole derivative, is a topical antifungal agent that has been shown to be effective in clinical trials in patients with tinea infections. Preliminary data indicate that the eberconazole is effective against some triazole-resistant yeasts such as Candida krusei and Candida glabrata. Voriconazole is an azole antifungal derivative of fluconazole. The drug is available in both oral and parenteral formulations. Oral voriconazole 200mg twice daily has been effective in treating oropharyngeal candidiasis and apergillosis in immunocompromised patients. After 12 weeks’ treatment, a similar dosage of the drug elicited a positive response in 69% of nonimmunocompromised patients with invasive aspergillosis.
An evaluation of pharmacists' knowledge of women's issues in epilepsy.

Abstract Objective Although epilepsy affects men and women equally, there are many women’s health issues in epilepsy. These issues challenge both the woman with epilepsy and the many health care professionals involved in her care. As antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) play a major role in the treatment of epilepsy, pharmacists can serve an important function in the health care of patients with this chronic disease. The goal of this educational project was to assess pharmacists’ knowledge of women’s issues in epilepsy using the Knowledge of Women’s Issues and Epilepsy II (KOWIE-II) questionnaire. Methods In this cross-sectional study we used the valid and reliable KOWIE-II questionnaire, a 10-item questionnaire on women’s issues in general as well as pregnancy-related issues. A random sample of pharmacists registered in Ohio either were sent the KOWIE-II questionnaire or completed it prior to a live seminar. Demographic and practice-related data were collected. A percentage correct score was calculated per pharmacist. Results Our sample consisted of 152 completed surveys. On the questionnaire, the overall average correct score was 60.3%. Nearly 75% of pharmacists had a correct score for the statement inquiring about the drug interaction between enzyme-inducing AEDs and contraceptives. Slightly less than 70% knew of the issue of AED-induced bone loss. Almost one-third (32.2%) of the respondents answered incorrectly when asked about the frequency of sexual dysfunction in women with epilepsy, though an even higher percentage chose “don’t know.” Most of the pharmacists (69.1%) stated “don’t know” when asked about the relationship between hormones and seizure control. More than 70% correctly answered four of the six pregnancy-related statements (folic acid = 77.0%, healthy babies = 82.9%, continued AED adherence during pregnancy = 86.8%, choice of AED during pregnancy = 71.1%). Fewer pharmacists knew about vitamin K supplementation (57.9%), and even fewer answered the question on breastfeeding correctly (33.6%). Pharmacists who interacted with the most patients per month had the highest scores. Conclusion Pharmacists are in a key position to help women with epilepsy, and though there are some areas where pharmacists are generally knowledgeable about women’s issues in epilepsy, there are still gaps in knowledge where educational interventions are clearly needed.
Strong rank revealing LU factorizations

Abstract For any m × n matrix A we introduce a definition of strong rank revealing LU (RRLU) factorization related to the definition presented by Pan, but with some extensions similar to the notion of strong rank revealing QR factorization developed in the joint work of Gu and Eisenstat. A pivoting strategy based on the idea of local maximum volumes is introduced and a proof of the existence of strong RRLU is given.
Product Imaging Studies of Photodissociation and Bimolecular Reaction Dynamics

This paper briefly reviews recent progress in product imaging studies of photodissociation and bimolecularreaction dynamics. The SO2 + hv SO(3Σ−) + O(3P2) channel in the ultraviolet photodissociation of sulfur dioxide at photolysis wave lengths between 202 and 207 nm has been studied using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization with time-of-flight product imaging. These imaging experiments allowed the determination of the vibrational populations of the SO(3Σ−) fragment at several wave lengths. A change in the vibrational populations occurs from a distribution where most of the population is inv = 0 for wave lengths shorter than 203.0 nm to one where the population is more evenly distributed for longer wavelength dissociation. The changes in the internal energy distribution are attributed to participation of two different predissociation mechanisms. Our data suggest that the predissociation mechanism below 203.0 nm involves an avoided crossing with the repulsive singlet state.1A1. The O3(X 1A1) +hv 0(2p3PJ) + O2(X3Σg−) product channel in the UV photodissociation of ozone has been investigated at photolysis wave lengths of 226, 230, 233, 234, 240, and 266 nm. At 226, 230, 233, 234, and 240 nm, the yield of the O2 product in vibrational states greater than or equal to 26 was 11.8 ± 1.9%, 11.5 ± 1.2%, 8.2 ± 2.0, 4.7 ± 1.8, and 0.6 ± 0.1%, respectively. Two-dimensional ion counting product imaging has also been used to determine the bond energy for the dissociation of jet-cooled O3 into O(1D) + O2(1Δ). The bond dissociation energy into O(1D) + O2(1Δ) was found to be 386.59 ± 0.04 kJ/mol. The standard heat of formation of O3 is calculated to be −144.31 ± 0.14 kJ/mol. State-selective differential cross sections for rotationally in elastic scattering of NO (Ji = 0.5, 1.5, F1 Jf = 2.5–12.5, F1 and Jf=1.5–9.5, F2) from He and D2 measured by crossed molecular beam ion imaging are reported. The images typically exhibit a single broad rotational rain bow maximum that shifts from the forward to the back ward scattering direction with in creasing ΔJ. The angle of the rain bow maximum was lower at a given ΔJ for D2 than for He as a collision partner. At a collision energy of ∼500 cm−1, primarily the repulsive part of the potential surface is probed, which can be modeled with a 2-D hard ellipse potential. This model for rotationally in elastic scattering is shown to qualitatively match the experimental differential cross sections. A more advanced CEPAPES for NO + He does not give substantially better agreement with the experiment.
An overwater stability criterion for the offshore and coastal dispersion model

The Offshore and Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model proposed and evaluated by Hanna et al. (1985) requires the Monin-Obukhov length to compute the stability class. Both wind shear and heat flux are needed for this computation; since these parameters are not normally observed, the stability length has been converted into a nomogram which consists of routinely measured wind speed and air-sea temperature difference. An analysis of the vertical turbulence intensity as a function of the stability length demonstrates that under neutral conditions, the stability scheme used in the OCD model is reasonable.
The Nearctic Doryctinae. I. A Review of the Subfamily with a Taxonomic Revision of the Tribe Hecabolini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The genera formerly placed in the subfamilies Spathiinae and Stephaniscinae are transferred to the Doryctinae, which is redefined to include all cyclostomate braconids with a margined occiput and a row or cluster of stout spines on the foretibia. Morphology is discussed in detail, with illustrations, as are important characters used in identifying genera and species. The 22 genera known from the Nearctic Region are keyed; 5 of these are placed in the tribe Hecabolini, 17 in the Doryctini. Each genus is briefly diagnosed, its relationships are discussed, its distribution stated, and its wing venation and male genitalia illustrated. Each hecaboline species is described, and notes are given on its distribution and hosts so far as these are known. Separate keys to males and females of the 24 Nearctic species of Ecphylus are presented, and one to the species of Pambolidea . New taxa in the Hecabolini are: APTENOBRACON , type A. formicoides; Aivalykus nearcticus (the first American species of a genus previously known from India, Borneo, and the Philippines); Pambolidea barberi; and 8 new species of Ecphylus (chramesi, flavus, kansensis, leechi, leptosulcus optilus, pacificus, unifasciatus ); in the Doryctini, PTESIMOGASTER , type P. parkeri. New synonymy: Ecphylus Foerster (= Paraecphylus Ashmead); E. hypothenemi Ashmead (= Paraecphylus websteri Ashmead). Acrisis Foerster is removed from the Doryctinae and tentatively assigned to the subfamily Rogadinae. Work that has been done on the biology of Ecphylus is reviewed, and known host records for its species are tabulated; all of them are parasites of coleopterous larvae.
A strong interaction theory for the creeping motion of a sphere between plane parallel boundaries. Part 1. Perpendicular motion

Exact solutions are presented for the three-dimensional creeping motion of a sphere of arbitrary size and position between two plane parallel walls for the following conditions: (a) pure translation parallel to two stationary walls, (b) pure rotation about an axis parallel to the walls, (c) Couette flow past a rigidly held sphere induced by the motion of one of the boundaries and (d) two-dimensional Poiseuille flow past a rigidly held sphere in a channel. The combined analytic and numerical solution procedure is the first application for bounded flow of the three-dimensional boundary collocation theory developed in Ganatos, Pfeffer & Weinbaum (1978). The accuracy of the solution technique is tested by detailed comparison with the exact bipolar co-ordinate solutions of Goldman, Cox & Brenner (1967a, b) for the drag and torque on a sphere translating parallel to a single plane wall, rotating adjacent to the wall or in the presence of a shear field. In all cases, the converged collocation solutions are in perfect agreement with the exact solutions for all spacings tested. The new collocation solutions have also been used to test the accuracy of existing solutions for the motion of a sphere parallel to two walls using the method of reflexions technique. The first-order reflexion theory of Ho & Leal (1974) provides reasonable agreement with the present results for the drag when the sphere is five or more radii from both walls. At closer spacings first-order reflexion theory is highly inaccurate and predicts an erroneous direction for the torque on the sphere for a wide range of sphere positions. Comparison with the classical higher-order method of reflexions solutions of Faxen (1923) reveals that the convergence of the multiple reflexion series solution is poor when the sphere centre is less than two radii from either boundary.Solutions have also been obtained for the fluid velocity field. These solutions show that, for certain wall spacings and particle positions, a separated region of closed streamlines forms adjacent to the sphere which reverses the direction of the torque acting on a translating sphere.
Design of aberrationless aspheric unstable resonators

We present a method for designing aspheric mirrors for unstable-resonator lasers to yield an arbitrary laser mode inside the resonator. Both analytical and numerical examples are given of aberration-compensated resonators, including solid resonators whose modes on refraction through the output coupler have identical zero spherical aberration.
Crystallization of butter oil and separation by filter-centrifugation

Fractionation by crystallization of melted butter oil can produce fractions that are physically and chemically different. However, many variables affect the formation, growth and separation of the crystalline fat from the entrained oil. The objective of this study was to produce crystalline fractions that contained a minimal volume of entrained oil through optimization of the crystallization and separation conditions. Crystallization was initiated at 33.5°C upon slow cooling from 60°C with stirring (10 rpm). Oil was cooled to 18.5°C and separated by centrifugation, followed by filter-centrifugation. Fractions were analyzed for melting point, solid fat by differential scanning calorimetry, and fatty acid profiles. A split-plot design was used for statistical analyses of data, and the experiment was performed three times. Fractionation caused significant changes in melting profiles of the fractions when compared with the unfractionated butter oil. Melting points of the unfractionated butter oil, liquid and crystalline fractions were 41.6, 25, and 48°C, respectively. The oil content of the crystalline fraction at 18.5°C ranged from 28 to 35%. A 17% increase in C8:0-C10:0, an 11% decrease in C12:0-C16:0, a 32% decrease in C18:0, and a 41% increase in C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 acids were observed in the liquid fraction when compared with the crystalline fraction.
Function, selection, and construction in the brain

A common misunderstanding of the selected effects theory of function is that natural selection operating over an evolutionary time scale is the only function-bestowing process in the natural world. This construal of the selected effects theory conflicts with the existence and ubiquity of neurobiological functions that are evolutionary novel, such as structures underlying reading ability. This conflict has suggested to some that, while the selected effects theory may be relevant to some areas of evolutionary biology, its relevance to neuroscience is marginal. This line of reasoning, however, neglects the fact that synapses, entire neurons, and potentially groups of neurons can undergo a type of selection analogous to natural selection operating over an evolutionary time scale. In the following, I argue that neural selection should be construed, by the selected effect theorist, as a distinct type of function-bestowing process in addition to natural selection. After explicating a generalized selected effects theory of function and distinguishing it from similar attempts to extend the selected effects theory, I do four things. First, I show how it allows one to identify neural selection as a distinct function-bestowing process, in contrast to other forms of neural structure formation such as neural construction. Second, I defend the view from one major criticism, and in so doing I clarify the content of the view. Third, I examine drug addiction to show the potential relevance of neural selection to neuroscientific and psychological research. Finally, I endorse a modest pluralism of function concepts within biology.
Kaposi's sarcoma and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare with cellulitis in patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Observation chez un homosexuel seropositif qui presente un sarcome de Kaposi de la face qui regresse partiellement sous radiotherapie, et une cellulite de la cuisse a Mycobacterium avium. Secondairement, il y a une dissemination de l'infection