cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translation of Aviation Safety Principles to Patient Safety in Surgery

The aviation industry functions as a high-reliability organization that has used a variety of practices to maintain an enviable safety record, despite the inherent risks of flying. The inherent risks associated with air transport, the team structure of its aircrews, and the importance of a methodical approach in completing critical tasks, makes it in many ways similar to the perioperative setting. Using simulator training, line-oriented safety audits, check airmen, crew resource management, checklists, incident reporting, root cause analysis, and various communication strategies, the aviation industry has established itself as a leader in safety protocols to ensure high reliability. However, the safety record of surgery as a whole has not been so enviable.
Critical Property Requirements for Supercritical Fluid Processing of Biomaterials

Most of the current research on extraction and fractionation of biomaterials with supercritical fluids do not attempt to correlate their results in terms of fundamental properties such as system viscosities, diffusion coefficients and equilibrium solubilities because of the lack of data base and reliable techniques to measure and predict them.
Unraveling the CNOT: A new player in the autophagy–cell death nexus

Autophagy plays a context-dependent role in cardiac homeostasis. In this issue of Science Signaling , Yamaguchi et al . delineate a role for CCR4-NOT–mediated mRNA deadenylation in preventing the autophagy factor Atg7 from coactivating p53-mediated transcription of cell death genes in the heart.
PULMONARY VASOREACTIVITY TESTING WITH ADENOSINE PREDICTS LONG TERM HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO PROSTACYCLIN MONOTHERAPY, AND PROSTACYCLIN AND PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITOR COMBINATION THERAPY IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary vasoreactivity testing (PVT) with low dose adenosine predicts the clinical response to calcium channel blocker therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While higher dose adenosine PVT predicts the hemodynamic response to prostacyclin therapy (PGI2) after 1 year, it
The Molecular Pathology of Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia

The glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa receptor (integrin aIIbb3) is expressed at high concentrations on the platelet surface, representing approximately 15% of the total surface protein. Glanzmann thrombasthenia is a well-characterized inherited disorder of platelet GPIIb-IIIa receptors and the hallmark of this disease is severely reduced or absent platelet aggregation in response to multiple physiologic agonists. Underlying this disorder are mutations in the GPIIb or GPIIIa genes resulting in qualitative or quantitative abnormalities of the platelet membrane GPIIb (aIIb: CD41) and/or GPIIIa (b3: CD61) subunits. The identification and characterization of naturally occuring DNA mutations causing Glanzmann thrombasthenia has provided a wealth of information on the biosynthesis and structure-function relationships of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor. In addition, the molecular characterization of patients with this disorder has enabled DNA-based carrier detection and prenatal diagnoses to be performed.
High-Risk Medication Use to Achieve Tight Glycemic Control among U.S. Adults with Serious Chronic Conditions

For patients with serious comorbidities, diabetes management guidelines recommend more relaxed glycemic targets (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA 1c ] 1c in 2015 and the medications filled within 100 days of this HbA 1c . There were 216,839 adults (mean age 65.5 years, 50.5% women, 58.6% white) with diabetes included in the study. The proportion of patients with HbA 1c 1c 1c Disclosure R.G. McCoy: None. H. Van Houten: None. K.J. Lipska: Other Relationship; Self; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Research Support; Self; National Institutes of Health. N. Shah: None.
The in vitro sensitivity of fish brain atpases to ogranochlorine acaricides

Abstract Several chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, considered to be specific acaricides, were shown to be in vitro inhibitors of the ATPase enzyme system from blue gill fish brain homogenates. Mitochondrial (oligomycin-sensitive) Mg2+ATPase from fish brain was inhibited by each chlorinated bridged biphenyl compound (ovex, chlorberside, chlorobenzilate, 4,4′-dichloro-a-methylbenzhydrol, and 2,4-dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate). Moreover, these compounds were relatively ineffective on Na+-K+ATPase and the oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ATPase. In contrast, decachlorobi-2, 4-cyclopentadien-1-yl, a bicyclic pentadienyl compound, inhibited Na+-K+ATPase and oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ATPase. An alkyl aryl sulfite, 2-(p-tert-butyl-phenoxy)-1-methylethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfite, was relatively ineffective on the ATPase enzyme system. An in vivo correlation, based upon behavior of mites, was shown between the effect on the ATPase system and acaricidal activity.
Low-Temperature Insulating Systems

During the past several years, interest has grown tremendously in more efficient thermal insulations for cryogenic applications. The requirements of minimum weight and size as well as efficient operation have placed severe demands on insulation in many of the systems using liquid oxygen. Even more stringent requirements must be met when lower-temperature liquids are handled. Newly designed missile engines utilizing liquid hydrogen, and the use of liquid helium in solid state electronic devices, are examples of applications where improved insulating efficiencies are required.
Thermophysical Properties of Swine Myocardium

This paper presents the experimental technique and results for the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and density of swine myocardial tissue. These properties were measured for freshly excised tissue. Thermal properties were measured using a self-heated thermistor probe, while the density was measured using a water displacement method. Thermistor probes were inserted into the tissue of interest and were used to supply heat within the tissue as well as to monitor the temperature rise in the tissue. An empirical calibration procedure was used to measure the properties of the tissue at different temperatures. The measurement instrument was first calibrated against agar-gelled water and glycerol at each temperature. The measurements were made at temperatures of 25, 37, 50, 62, and 76°C. The uncertainty in the measurement ranges from 2% at lower temperatures to about 5% at higher temperatures (T > 50°C). The properties of the tissue depend significantly on the water content. At temperatures higher than 50°C, there is significant water loss from the tissue during the procedure. The water loss is found to vary exponentially with the increase in temperature relative to ambient. Consequently, there is a decrease in the thermal conductivity values with increasing temperature. This decrease, however, is not as much as one would expect from the water loss data. A hypothesis to explain the relationships among water loss, cell damage, and thermal properties is proposed.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in device recipients who survived a cardiac arrest associated with a reversible cause.

Background Guideline recommendations for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) have excluded patients with reversible causes. We previously demonstrated mortality benefit with the ICD in survivors of SCA associated with reversible causes other than myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemia treated with coronary revascularization. In the current study, we examined the incidence of ICD therapy in patients with SCA related to reversible causes. Methods Data were collected for all patients over the age of 18 years who had survived to hospital discharge after SCA between 2002 and 2012. ICD recipients with reversible causes were divided into 2 groups based on their reversible etiology of SCA: MI + ICD (n = 132) and non-MI + ICD (n = 75). Delivered ICD therapy was examined. Results Over a follow-up period of 3.8 ± 3.1 years, more patients without MI/ischemia who received an ICD experienced appropriate (adjusted HR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.32-11.84) but not inappropriate (adjusted HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.14-2.97) ICD therapy compared with patients without MI/ischemia. The proportion of patients receiving appropriate (P = 0.012) but not inappropriate (P = 0.80) ICD therapy was also higher in the non-MI + ICD compared with the MI + ICD group. Conclusion We show higher rates of appropriate ICD therapy in survivors of SCA associated with reversible causes other than MI/ischemia. This finding, in conjunction with the previously demonstrated lower all-cause mortality noted in the presence of an ICD in SCA survivors with reversible etiology other than MI/ischemia, further supports consideration of ICD implantation in this population.
Individual, Social and Organizational Sources of Sharing and Variation in the Ethical Reasoning of Managers

A growth in consumer and media ethical consciousness has resulted in the need for organizations to ensure that members understand, share and project an approved and unified set of ethics. Thus understanding which variables are related to sharing and variation of ethical reasoning and moral intent, and the relative strength of these variables is critical. While past research has examined individual (attitudes, values, etc.), social (peers, significant others, etc.) and organizational (codes of conduct, senior management, etc.) variables, it has focused on their influence on the individual – and not on their role in relation to patterns of group sharing and variation in an organization. Introduced as a new methodology to study ethics, microcultural analysis stipulates that to explain patterns of sharing and variation, one must understand how individual, social and organizational variables influence sharing and variation. Key hypotheses predict that managers who share in individual, social or organizational determinants will be more likely to share in ethical reasoning and moral intent. Qualitative and quantitative research supports the key hypotheses, finding social ties, personal moral intensity, Machiavellianism, locus of control and codes of ethics as significant determinants. Individuals who share in these determinants are more likely to share in ethical reasoning and moral intent. Additionally, regression analysis reveals social ties and personal moral intensity to be the strongest determinants. Based on these results, managerial recommendations focus on a holistic approach, manipulating these three determinants to cultivate a unified code of ethics within an organization.
Misaligned core body temperature rhythms impact cognitive performance of hospital shift work nurses.

Abstract Circadian rhythms greatly influence 24-h variation in cognition in nearly all organisms, including humans. Circadian clock impairment and sleep disruption are detrimental to hippocampus-dependent memory and negatively influence the acquisition and recall of learned behaviors. The circadian clock can become out of sync with the environment during circadian misalignment. Shift work represents a real-world model of circadian misalignment that can be studied for its physiological implications. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that circadian misalignment disrupts vigilance and cognitive performance on occupationally relevant tasks using shift work as a model. As such, we sought to (1) explore the general effects of night- and day-shift worker schedules on sleep-wake parameters and core body temperature (CBT) phase, and (2) determine whether shift-type and CBT phase impact cognitive performance and vigilance at the end of a 12-h shift. We observed a sample of day-shift and night-shift hospital nurses over a 10-day period. At the end of three, consecutive, 12-h shifts (7 pm–7am or 7am–7 pm), participants completed a cognitive battery assessing vigilance, cognitive throughput, and medication calculation fluency (via an investigator developed and tested metric). Night-shift nurses exhibited significantly greater sleep fragmentation as well as a greater disparity between their wake-time and time of CBT minimum compared to day-shift nurses. Night-shift nurses exhibited significantly slower cognitive proficiency at the end of their shifts, even after adjustment for CBT phase. These results suggest that circadian disruption and reduced sleep quality both contribute to cognitive functioning and performance.
Beatrix Farrand and campus landscape at Vassar: pedagogy and practice, 1925-29

In 1925, Vassar College, one of America’s preeminent women’s colleges, hired Beatrix Jones Farrand (1872–1959), arguably the foremost woman landscape architect in the United States, as Consulting L...
Toward a Protected Cloud Against Side Channel Attacks: A Game-Theoretic Framework

In a side-channel collocation attack on a multitenant public cloud, an adversary seeks to leak sensitive information through launching malicious virtual machines (VMs) that would collocate with the victim VM and bypass the isolation provided by the hypervisor. This paper presents a game-theoretic framework to study the interaction between a cloud provider (defender) and an adversary launching side-channel collocation attacks. The defender seeks to select a security level to adjust the operations of the intrusion detection system, while the adversary seeks to optimize the collocation duration to leak information while avoiding being detected. In our model, we consider time-dependent cost/reward metrics for the players that are driven by the duration of the collocation. We obtain a Nash equilibrium solution to the game under existence conditions. Our numerical results validate the theoretical findings and illustrate the tradeoffs inherent to the game players.
The Ecclesiastical Culture of Anger

Ecclesiastical attitudes toward anger were both complex and ambivalent. Churchmen recognized the destabilizing tendencies of anger, as it spread discord and conflict within a community. At the same time, however, the Bible is filled with various examples of God’s righteous anger and vengeance. In this chapter, I will examine how anger figured in medieval Christian theology with particular reference to the role it played in Benedictine monastic culture and practice during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. The analysis of theological views about both human and divine anger in that emotional community shows that the latter was considered just, by definition, while the former was not condemned in all cases as sinful, but rather, was considered acceptable in certain contexts.
Contribution of previable births to infant mortality rate racial disparity in the United States.

To quantify racial differences in contribution of previable live births (<20 weeks gestational age (GA)) to United States (US) Infant Mortality Rates (IMR). Population-based retrospective cohort of US live births (2007–14) using CDC WONDER database stratified by maternal race/ethnicity. We compared the contribution of previable births to IMR and calculated modified IMRs (≥20 weeks GA) excluding previable live births in each group. Contingency tables and chi-square calculations were performed to detect differences between groups. Previable deaths represented 4.1%, 7.7%, and 5.0% of total deaths for nonHispanic white, nonHispanic black, and Hispanic, respectively. Previable contribution to total IMR are 0.21, 0.89, and 0.26 per 1000 live births (P < 0.0001). Modified IMRs are 4.98, 10.85, and 4.69 deaths per 1000 live births. IMR standardization with a minimum GA may obscure the disproportionate contribution of previable births to IMRs among the black population, which has the largest proportion of previable births.
Plasma protein adsorption on TiO2 nanoparticles: Impact of surface adsorption on temperature-dependent structural changes

Abstract Protein adsorption on metal oxide nanoparticle surfaces is crucial to the behavior of oxide nanoparticles in biological systems. In this study, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the first time to probe differences in the temperature-dependent conformational changes of two plasma proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen (Fib), in solution and adsorbed on titanium dioxide nanoparticle (ca. 20 nm in diameter) surfaces. ATR-FTIR spectra and autocorrelation moving window two-dimensional correlation (MW2D) spectroscopy were used to identify the denaturation temperature range of these two proteins in aqueous solution and adsorbed. Generalized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) was done to investigate the protein unfolding pathway. The results show that the thermostability of BSA changed when adsorbed on the surface whereas there was no difference for solution phase Fib and adsorbed on TiO2. The most notable fact was that solution BSA underwent significant structural changes upon adsorption whereas adsorbed Fib did not. Upon heating adsorbed BSA, no further changes occurred while BSA in solution thermally denatured. In contrast, solution and adsorbed Fib had identical denaturation temperatures and similar sequential secondary structural changes with increasing temperature. These studies show quantitatively, for the first time, that there are differences in the temperature-dependent structural changes of proteins adsorbed on nanoparticles surfaces and these changes depend on the initial interaction with the nanoparticle surface. Overall, the results of this study provide new insights into understanding the effects of temperature on the structure of adsorbed protein on nanoparticle surfaces and the range of different behaviors that can occur.
Towards the Use of Neural Networks for Influenza Prediction at Multiple Spatial Resolutions

We introduce the use of a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for influenza prediction at the state- and city-level in the US, and experiment with the inclusion of real-time flu-related Internet search data. We find that a GRU has lower prediction error than current state-of-the-art methods for data-driven influenza prediction at time horizons of over two weeks. In contrast with other machine learning approaches, the inclusion of real-time Internet search data does not improve GRU predictions.
‘I can speak on this here’: empowerment within an Aboriginal adult literacy campaign

This case study details the impacts of an Aboriginal-led adult literacy campaign in Brewarrina between 2015 and 2017. Forming part of a wider investigation into literacy as a social determinant of health, the study explores the relationship between involvement in the literacy campaign and the capacity of graduates to take greater control of the conditions affecting their lives. Empowerment is used here as the central explanatory construct despite robust criticism of theoretical slippage. We argue that empowerment remains relevant particularly in the context of ongoing and entrenched disenfranchisement of the low-literate in Australian Aboriginal communities. Drawing on in-depth ‘yarning’ interviews, we find strong evidence of individual empowerment among graduates of the adult literacy campaign, particularly in terms of increased self-control and confidence. However, collective change such as increased participation and organisation at the community level is less apparent. This finding underscores two important aspects of empowerment. Firstly, like learning to read and write, the task of regaining personal and collective power can be a slow and difficult undertaking. Secondly, achieving empowerment is intimately linked to addressing the causes of disempowerment. This ultimately means tackling those power relations which impact choices, opportunities and well-being beyond the borders of individual's lives and communities.
Brooklyn New York’s Lost Publishing Past Revealed: 1806–1870

Aspiring nineteenth-century authors sought outlets for their creative works, and publishing in periodicals was one option. Although the earliest American cities published the first periodicals in the country, Brooklyn, New York, with its close proximity to New York City and growing population, also contributed. Periodical research has revealed many of these nineteenth-century Brooklyn publications, but many have remained hidden in archives, libraries and in little read or consulted bibliographies and catalogs. With the advent of twenty-first century technology, discoveries of new additions to periodical literature are possible and continue.
A Constant-Current ZVS Class-E Inverter With Finite Input Inductance

A Class-E inverter with finite input inductance for constant output current and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) over a load range is presented, by combining a Class-E inverter (designed to generate a constant voltage) with a trans-susceptance network (transfers voltage to current and keeps ZVS). Both switching frequency and duty cycle are fixed under load variation. The tradeoffs between the output current value, the effective load range, and the input current ripple are discussed. Same output power capability as the optimum condition in the traditional Class-E inverter is achieved. The expectations were validated by a design switched at 6.78 MHz with 10-V input, 1.4-A output, and 12.6-W maximum output power. ZVS is maintained with 16% output current varying over a 10:1 output power range.
Survival Outcomes of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasm (PanIN) versus Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) Associated Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are common pancreatic adenocarcinoma precursor lesions. However, data regarding their respective associations with survival rate and prognosis are lacking. We retrospectively evaluated 72 pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumor resection patients at the University of Kansas Hospital between August 2009 and March 2019. Patients were divided into one of two groups, PanIN or IPMN, based on the results of the surgical pathology report. We compared baseline characteristics, overall survival (OS), and progression free survival (PFS) between the two groups, as well as OS and PFS based on local or distant tumor recurrence for both groups combined. 52 patients had PanINs and 20 patients had IPMNs. Patients who had an IPMN precursor lesion had better median PFS and OS when compared to patients with PanIN precursor lesions. However, the location of tumor recurrence (local or distant) did not show a statistically significant difference in OS.
Assessment of empirical interatomic potential to predict thermal conductivity in ThO2and UO2.

Computing vibrational properties of crystals in the presence of complex defects often necessitates the use of (semi-)empirical potentials, which are typically not well characterized for perfect crystals. Here we explore the efficacy of a commonly used embedded-atomempirical interatomic potential for the UxTh1-xO2system, to compute phonon dispersion, lifetime, and branch specific thermal conductivity. Our approach for ThO2involves using lattice dynamics and the linearized Boltzmann transport equation to calculate phonon transport properties based on second and third order force constants derived from the empirical potential and from first-principles calculations. For UO2, to circumvent the accuracy issues associated with first-principles treatments of strong electronic correlations, we compare results derived from the empirical interatomic potential to previous experimental results. It is found that the empirical potential can reasonably capture the dispersion of acoustic branches, but exhibits significant discrepancies for the optical branches, leading to overestimation of phonon lifetime and thermal conductivity. The branch specific conductivity also differs significantly with either first-principles based results (ThO2) or experimental measurements (UO2). These findings suggest that the empirical potential needs to be further optimized for robust prediction of thermal conductivity both in perfect crystals and in the presence of complex defects.
Impact of mental illness on end-of-life emergency department use in elderly patients with gastrointestinal malignancies.

Author(s): Kashyap, Mehr; Harris, Jeremy P; Chang, Daniel T; Pollom, Erqi L | Abstract: BackgroundElderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer and mental illness have significant comorbidities that can impact the quality of their care. We investigated the relationship between mental illness and frequent emergency department (ED) use in the last month of life, an indicator for poor end-of-life care quality, among elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancers.MethodsWe used SEER-Medicare data to identify decedents with gastrointestinal cancers who were diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 and were at least 66nyears old at time of diagnosis (median age: 80nyears, range: 66-117nyears). We evaluated the association between having a diagnosis of depression, bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, anxiety, dementia, and/or substance use disorders and ED use in the last 30ndays of life using logistic regression models.ResultsOf 160,367 patients included, 54,661 (34.1%) had a mental illness diagnosis between one year prior to cancer diagnosis and death. Patients with mental illness were more likely to havengn1 ED visit in the last 30ndays of life (15.6% vs. 13.3%, pnln0.01). ED use was highest among patients with substance use (17.7%), bipolar (16.5%), and anxiety disorders (16.4%). Patients with mental illness who were male, younger, non-white, residing in lower income areas, and with higher comorbidity were more likely to have multiple end-of-life ED visits. Patients who received outpatient treatment from a mental health professional were less likely to have multiple end-of-life ED visits (adjusted odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.78-0.87).ConclusionsIn elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancers, mental illness is associated with having multiple end-of-life ED visits. Increasing access to mental health services may improve quality of end-of-life care in this vulnerable population.
Pushing the limits of spatial and temporal capability of infrared spectroscopic imaging: a theory-based approach

Infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging has tremendous potential to provide new and useful data in a variety of fields. Instrument design and performance, however, need to be understood from a first principles approach to realize these advantages. Here we provide several examples, from microscopy to nanoscopy, of the development of theoretical understanding and performance enhancements in IR spectroscopic imaging. The increase in measurement capability is illustrated with biomedical samples.
M-SiSSR: Regional Endocardial Function Using Multilabel Simultaneous Subdivision Surface Registration

Quantification of regional cardiac function is a central goal of cardiology. Multiple methods, such as Coherent Point Drift (CPD) and Simultaneous Subdivision Surface Registration (SiSSR), have been used to register meshes to the endocardial surface. However, these methods do not distinguish between cardiac chambers during registration, and consequently the mesh may “slip” across the interface between two structures during contraction, resulting in inaccurate regional functional measurements. Here, we present Multilabel-SiSSR (M-SiSSR), a novel method for registering a “labeled” cardiac mesh (with each triangle assigned to a cardiac structure). We compare our results to the original, label-agnostic version of SiSSR and find both a visual and quantitative improvement in tracking of the mitral valve plane.
The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century: War and the Bourbon Reforms, 1713–1796

This volume elucidates Bourbon colonial policy with emphasis on Madrid's efforts to reform and modernize its American holdings. Set in an Atlantic world context, the book highlights the interplay between Spain and America as the Spanish empire struggled for survival amid the fierce international competition that dominated the eighteenth century. The authors use extensive research in the repositories of Spain and America, as well as innovative consultation of the French Foreign Affairs archive, to bring into focus the poorly understood reformist efforts of the early Bourbons, which laid the foundation for the better-known agenda of Charles III. As the book unfolds, the narrative puts flesh on the men and women who, for better or worse, influenced colonial governance. It is the story of power, ambition and idealism at the highest levels.
Chapter 7 – The Thermodynamic Properties of Solutions

Solutions containing strong electrolyte solutes differ from those containing nonelectrolyte solutes in that deviations from Henry's law become important at much lower concentrations for the electrolyte solute than for the nonelectrolyte solute. The large non-ideality in electrolyte solutions can be explained by the distribution of charged ions in the solution. The ions are often spherically symmetrical (or at least near-spherically symmetrical) particles, with positive or negative charges that are large in comparison to the dipolar charges present in polar nonelectrolyte solutes. Electrostatic attractions and repulsions are much stronger than other types of interactions and dominate in the solution. Repulsions between ions of the same charge and attractions between ions of a different charge cause the ions to arrange themselves in solution so that positively charged ions are preferentially surrounded by negatively charged ions, while negatively charged ions are preferentially surrounded by positively charged ions. The result is a nonrandom distribution of ions in the solution, even at low concentrations. This causes deviations from ideal behavior, since in the ideal solution, the molecules are randomly distributed.
Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action.

A comprehensive theory of morality must explain how moral reasoning, in conjunction with other psychosocial factors, governs moral conduct. Social cog­ nitive theory adopts a cognitive interactionist perspective to moral phenomena. Within this conceptual framework, personal factors in the form of moral thought and affective self-reactions, moral conduct, and environmental factors all operate as interacting determinants that influence each other bidirectionally. Moral think­ ing is a process in which multidimensional rules or standards are used to judge conduct. Situations with moral implications contain many decisional ingredients that may be given lesser or greater weight depending upon the standards by which they are cognitively processed and the particular constellations of events in given moral predicaments. There are some culturally universal features to the developmental changes of standards of conduct and the locus of moral agency. These commonalities arise from basic uniformities in the types of biopsycho­ social changes that occur with increasing age in all cultures. A theory of morality requires a broader conception than is provided by rationalistic approaches cast in terms of skill in abstract reasoning. Moral conduct is motivated and regulated mainly by the ongoing exercise of self-reactive influence. Self-regulatory mecha­ nisms, therefore, form an integral part in the conception of moral agency in social cognitive theory. Development of self-regulatory capabilities does not create an invariant control mechanism within a person. Self-reactive influences do not operate unless they are activated, and there are many psychosocial pro­ cesses by which self-sanctions can be selectively activated and disengaged from transgressive conduct. Mechanisms of moral disengagement also play a central role in the social cognitive theory of morality.
Subsidiaries and Branches: Does One Size Fit All?

The paper examines the relative advantages of different organizational structures for cross-border banking groups and their home and host countries, and discusses the factors influencing a banking group’s choice of branch versus subsidiaries, as well as the financial stability implications for home and host countries. It concludes that, given the diversity of business lines and the varying stages of financial development of different countries, there is no one optimal structure for cross-border expansion. It also notes that, in the absence of an effective cross-border resolution framework, resolving cross-border banking groups organized as subsidiaries may be less costly or destabilizing than resolving groups organized as branches. The ultimate key to financial stability, however, lies in the design of mechanisms that ensure effective oversight and orderly resolution of banks, both at a national and global level. Achieving this objective would reduce financial stability risks of home and host countries and allow banks to organize themselves in a way that best fits their business models.
Calf and Pea Histone IV II. THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF CALF THYMUS HISTONE IV; PRESENCE OF ε-N-ACETYLLYSINE

Thirteen tryptic peptides, which accounted for all of the 102 amino acid residues of calf thymus histone IV, were obtained from the maleylated protein. In addition, eight chymotryptic peptides were isolated from the unmaleylated protein. Six of the chymotryptic peptides were smaller fragments of the other two chymotryptic peptides (37 and 65 residues, respectively). All of the residues of the protein were present in the two large chymotryptic peptides as well as in the six smaller chymotryptic peptides. The sequence studies performed on these peptides, together with the sequence of the COOH-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide previously reported, established the complete amino acid sequence of calf thymus histone IV. Two unusual amino acid residues, e-N-methyllysine (Lys(Me)) and e-N-acetyllysine (Lys(Ac)), were identified and positioned in a cluster of 5 basic residues (Lys(Ac)-Arg-His-Arg-Lys(Me)) starting at residue 16 in the protein. The acetylated lysyl residue was apparently present in only half of the calf thymus histone IV fraction. Other clusters of 2 to 3 basic residues were found throughout the protein with the longest consecutive sequence, lacking a basic residue, being 11 residues (residues 80 to 90). The distribution of residues of various types in histone IV is uneven and suggests a high degree of specificity and a unique conformation. The NH2-terminal portion of the molecule is exceedingly rich in positive charges and the COOH-terminal part contains most of the aromatic, other hydrophobic, threonine residues and negative charges. This distribution suggests that the NH2-terminal part of the histone may involve the major binding sites to DNA whereas the COOH-terminal region appears to be capable of possessing a specific protein conformation.
THE RELATION OF CLINICAL RESEARCH TO PRACTICE AND THE APPARENT CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE REVISITED

Thirty years after Strupp and Barlow criticized the bifurcated and insular state of psychology, with researchers situated on one pole and clinicians at the opposite end of the applied-research spectrum, the profession finds itself little moved toward a merger of the two branches. It is agreed that Barlow’s appeal for the use of intensive local observation research will overcome all of the objections and reasons given by practicing psychologists for not being involved in research. Strupp’s assessment of the experimenter-clinician rift as a pseudo-problem is also addressed. Strupp’s conclusion that our training institutions are not properly teaching the skills needed by the clinician is extended. It is herein added that those being trained by our graduate schools are not simply being mis-trained or nontrained in appropriate research skills; we are possibly training the wrong future providers.
MECA: A multiprocessor concept specialized to Monte Carlo

I compare discrete-ordinates and Monte Carlo techniques for solving integro differential equations and compare their relative adaptability to vector processors. I discuss the utility of multiprocessors for Monte Carlo calculations and describe a simple architecture (the monodirectional edge-coupled array or MECA) that seems ideally suited to Monte Carlo and overcomes many of the packaging problems associated with more general multiprocessors.
IF THE LARGE WTA-WTP GAP FOR PUBLIC GOODS IS REAL (AND THERE ARE GOOD REASONS TO THINK SO) CONVENTIONAL WELFARE MEASURES ARE SIMPLY INCORRECT

A robust finding in economics is that decision-makers often exhibit a much smaller dollar willingness to pay (WTP) for an item than the minimum amount that they claim to be willing to accept (WTA) to part with it. The spread between these two numbers is particularly large for public goods, raising serious public policy concerns regarding which number, if either, is appropriate for valuing such goods. A traditional utility maximizing model is presented here that predicts - as both measures are currently calculated - that WTA will exceed WTP, quite plausibly by a substantial amount for public goods. Moreover, it is shown here that current measures of WTA, and not WTP, are likely to be more appropriate for use in public policy decisions about increases in the supply of public goods. The central argument stems from a failure to properly value public goods by traditional methods. First, since households cannot individually purchase public goods by generating income, they will under-generate any income that would have been devoted to public goods. Second, since households will be expected to generate income to buy (possibly quite poor) private good substitutes for the public good, the costs of the public good can come from reduced expenditures on the private good substitutes. That is, conventional welfare analysis implicitly assumes an initially optimal combination of leisure, private goods, and public goods when an increment to public goods is being contemplated when the initial combination will be sub-optimal in general - it will involve some mix of too much leisure and too many private good substitutes for the under-supplied public good. Welfare measures for increments to a public good, as currently practiced, are simply incorrect, undervaluing public goods by a potentially large amount.
No Simples, No Gunk, No Nothing

Mereological realism holds that the world has a mereological structure – i.e. a distribution of mereological properties and relations. In this article, I defend Eleaticism about properties, according to which there are no causally inert non-logical properties. I then present an Eleatic argument for mereological anti-realism, which denies the existence of both mereological composites and mereological simples. After defending Eleaticism and mereological anti-realism, I argue that mereological anti-realism is preferable to mereological nihilism. I then conclude by examining the thesis that composition is identity and noting its consequences for the question of mereological structure.
Superdelegation and Gatekeeping in Bankruptcy Courts

America's bankruptcy court system runs on delegation, all the way down. Delegation of work to bankruptcy courts - the highest-volume part of the federal court system - has been analyzed extensively, but bankruptcy judges' delegation to others has not. For a brief contribution to a volume of scholarship celebrating Professor William C. Whitford, I look at two ends of a delegation spectrum in chapter 13 cases, a subject on which Professor Whitford has long maintained a scholarly interest. Many, if not most, courts lie in between these poles, but the discussion identifies practices that can be difficult to detect from standard legal research methodologies, and presents new research questions in administrative law and federal courts as well as in bankruptcy law. In some districts, judges hand over their courtrooms to private trustees, who then appear to "preside" over most chapter 13 hearings scheduled on the docket that day. Because those trustees are Executive Branch appointees, this allocation of work crosses branches of government (hence the "superdelegation" label). At the other end of the spectrum, one finds some judges who not only refrain from delegation, but impose their own hurdles to chapter 13 plan confirmation and the entry of a discharge order. The appellate process is rarely the antidote to such extra gatekeeping, particularly due to the financial state of most individual bankruptcy filers.
A microvascular method for thermal activation and deactivation of shape memory polymers

The integration of material systems to include thermal activation and deactivation of shape memory polymers represents a key challenge for adaptive systems. Microvascular fluid flow with hot or cold fluid is used as an energy transport mechanism to activate and deactivate shape memory polymers, where the maximum temperature is limited by the hot fluid temperature to prevent overheating. A thin panel was constructed from the Veriflex® shape memory polymer and included an array of 10 parallel microvascular tubes. The panel is strained orthogonally to the tube direction in the activated state. An analytical steady-state surface temperature model is applied to predict the surface temperature range during activation. Thermography is used to measure the steady-state surface temperature for heating and the dynamic surface temperature for both heating and cooling. The decay constants and surface temperature range for heating and cooling are examined as a function of applied strain (0%–20%) and fluid flow rate (0–...
Pointwise convergence of ergodic averages along cubes

Let (X, B, µ, T) be a measure preserving system. We prove the pointwise convergence of ergodic averages along cubes of 2 k − 1 bounded and measurable functions for all k. We show that this result can be derived from estimates about bounded sequences of real numbers and apply these estimates to establish the pointwise convergence of some weighted ergodic averages and ergodic averages along cubes for not necessarily commuting measure preserving transformations.
PROPOSED DESIGN METHOD FOR THERMAL BRIDGE MOVEMENTS

Bridges expand and contract due to temperature changes. These movements are estimated in design, and expansion joints and bridge bearings are designed to accommodate the movements. Integral construction is another means of adapting to thermal movements. If the design movements are too small, the bridge may be damaged during extreme conditions. If the movements are too large, less economical joint and bearing systems may be selected, and higher long-term maintenance costs will be incurred. An improved thermal movement design procedure is developed and compared to existing AASHTO Specifications and field observations. The recommended design temperatures are developed from more than 60 continuous years of weather data after considering the relationship between bridge temperature and climatic conditions for different bridge types. The recommended temperatures provide a realistic indication of actual bridge performance and eliminate the ambiguity of present design methods. Strategies for defining design movements and design installation temperatures for different joint and bearing systems are also developed. The design recommendations result in significant changes in predicted movement for some bridges, and the recommendations are compared with field measurements of bridge temperatures and movements to verify the proposed limits. The proposed design provisions are presently under consideration by AASHTO Committees for adoption into the AASHTO Specifications.
Inhibitory effect of cow's milk on influenza virus hemagglutination.

SummaryMilk is capable of inhibiting hemagglutination by influenza viruses, the inhibitory effect being greater against heated than against unheated viruses. The inhibitor, which is non-dialyzable and moderately heat stable, occurs in the whey and can be salted out by half-saturation with ammonium sulfate. Evidence is presented that the inhibitor is a characteristic component of milk rather than a specific antibody.
Honeycombs of triangles and magnetic frustration in SrL2O4 (L=Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb)

The crystal structures, magnetic order, and susceptibility have been investigated for magnetically frustrated ${\mathrm{SrDy}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{SrHo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{SrEr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{SrTm}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and ${\mathrm{SrYb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Powder neutron-diffraction structural refinements reveal columns of $L{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra that run along one crystallographic direction, with Sr-O polyhedra in the interstices. The lanthanide sublattice displays multiple triangular interconnections: one-dimensional strings form the backbones of four types of chains of lanthanide triangles sharing edges arranged in a honeycomb pattern. This crystal structure produces strong geometric frustration for the magnetic system that is evidenced in both magnetic susceptibility and neutron-scattering data at low temperatures. The susceptibility measurements for the series, including ${\mathrm{SrGd}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ for which data are also reported, lack the sharp features characteristic of three-dimensional long-range magnetic ordering. Metamagnetic behavior is observed in the magnetization vs applied field data at 1.8 K for the cases of $L=\mathrm{Dy}$, Er, and Ho. Magnetic neutron-scattering studies for the Dy and Er materials show only very broad magnetic scattering at low temperatures, while the Ho system exhibits long-range two-dimensional order. Any magnetic scattering in the Tm and Yb compounds, if present, was too weak to be detected in these measurements.
Compressive sensing LIDAR for 3D imaging

We present a proof-of-principal implementation of a single-pixel lidar for 3D imaging. Spatial resolution is obtained through compressive sensing. This technique allows for imaging through partially obscuring objects, such as foliage or camouflage net. Our implementation improves on multipixel designs with better SNR, a compact design, and highly scalable resolution.
Potassium channels in Samanea saman protoplasts controlled by phytochrome and the biological clock

Leaflet movement in legumes depends on rhythmic, light-regulated ion fluxes in opposing regions of the leaf-moving organ. In flexor and extensor protoplasts from Samanea saman Merrill, opening and closing of K+ channels were rhythmic in constant darkness. When channels were open in flexor protoplasts they were closed in extensor protoplasts, and vice versa. The rhythms were shifted by a delay in the onset of constant darkness, a response typical of endogenous circadian rhythms. During the light period, the channels in flexor protoplasts were sensitive to red light that was followed by premature darkness; phytochrome was implicated as the photoreceptor.
Free Energy Model for Layer-by-Layer Processing of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films

A free energy model for the processing of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films via layer-by-layer assembly is developed for polyelectrolyte components of pH-tunable charge density, allowing for the prediction of cumulative thickness as a function of number of deposited layers, as well as the hydrated layer thickness and concentration of each adsorbed layer within the PEM. Using a “sharp interface” approximation in which the deposition of each layer is controlled by the effective charge density at the surface of the previously adsorbed layer, PEM build-up on a SiO2 substrate is predicted to be linear with number of layers deposited after an initial nonlinear “ramp up” regime extending three to four bilayers in thickness. For a system of weak polyelectrolytes deposited at the same pH, layer thickness of both film components is predicted to be a strong function of bath pH, transitioning from very thick layers when one species is fully charged and the second is of intermediate charge density to molecularly ...