cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of Tc-99 and Np-237 in Contact with Unweathered Igneous Rocks

Safety assessments of the deep geologic repository option for high-level radwaste isolation require experimental information on migration potentials of long-lived radionuclides in the chemical environment of the groundwater contacting the host rock. Two radio-isotopes of particular interest in this context are Tc-99 and Np-237 because the oxidation state species stable in solutions contacting the atmosphere, Tco 4 − and NpO 4 + , are not the stable states in more reducing environments. For example, thermodynamic calculations (1) can be used to predict that TcO 4 − and NpO 2 + concentrations above 1 pCi per liter should not be expected if the ground water redox potential is controlled by hematite and magnetite. These calculations assume equilibrium with TcO2(s) and NpO2(s) (1).
Clinical and Economic Considerations of Vaccination Against Varicella

We evaluated the medical and economic literature pertaining to varicella vaccine in healthy children in an effort to provide perspective for both clinicians and those responsible for making payment policies. Chickenpox is relatively mild in most immunocompetent children; however, disease-related direct and indirect medical costs have been estimated at approximately $400 million/year. A vaccine effective in preventing the disease is now available in the United States and may offset some of these expected costs. Universal vaccination for patients older than 12 months of age without history of varicella infection or other contraindication is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. It is estimated that it would save $0.90/dollar spent and $5.40/dollar spent from payers' and society's perspectives, respectively. Thus varicella vaccination is cost-beneficial only when considered from a societal perspective.
Scalable Community Detection with the Louvain Algorithm

In this paper we present and evaluate a parallel community detection algorithm derived from the state-of-the-artLouvain modularity maximization method. Our algorithm adoptsa novel graph mapping and data representation, and relies onan efficient communication runtime, specifically designed forfine-grained applications executed on large-scale supercomputers. We have been able to parallelize graphs with up to 138 billion edges on 8, 192 Blue Gene/Q nodes and 1, 024 P7-IH nodes. Leveraging the convergence properties of our algorithm and the efficient implementation, we can analyze communities of large scalegraphs in just a few seconds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first parallel implementation of the Louvain algorithm that scales to these large data and processor configurations.
Spin-rotation parameter Q for 800 MeV proton elastic scattering from 16O, 40Ca, and 208Pb.

The spin-rotation parameter Q(theta) was measured for 800 MeV p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${+}^{16}$O, $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ elastic scattering for 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}${\mathrm{theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\le}}21\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$. Microscopic ``relativistic'' (Dirac equation dynamics) and ``nonrelativistic'' (Schr\"odinger equation dynamics) optical model predictions are compared with the data. Slight preference for the relativistic impulse approximation approach is observed, but a marked mass dependence of the quality of the fit is evident. Other calculations are presented which suggest that inclusion of nuclear two-body correlation effects in the relativistic impulse approximation model might lead to better agreement with experiment.
Using process data to populate ontologies

Ontologies are a mechanism for storing knowledge in a form that can be shared and possibly integrated into a decision support system. As in the design of other knowledge bases, the design of ontologies requires the elicitation, encoding and validation of knowledge gleaned from various sources. One approach to elicitation is the observation and analysis of experts as they perform work in the relevant domain. The analysis of such process data can lead to the identification and encoding of the knowledge that experts apply in practice. Yet despite the relevance of process data to knowledge engineering, the current research provides little guidance on how to capture process data in an ontology. This paper proposes a methodology called Process to Ontology for populating an ontology with expert knowledge as it is reflected in process data. An illustrative example of the methodology's implementation is given using data gathered from a simulated emergency response scenario.
Land‐use and climate change effects on population size and extinction risk of Andean plants

Andean plant species are predicted to shift their distributions, or ‘migrate,’ upslope in response to future warming. The impacts of these shifts on species’ population sizes and their abilities to persist in the face of climate change will depend on many factors including the distribution of individuals within species’ ranges, the ability of species to migrate and remain at equilibrium with climate, and patterns of human land-use. Human land-use may be especially important in the Andes where anthropogenic activities above tree line may create a hard barrier to upward migrations, imperiling high-elevation Andean biodiversity. In order to better understand how climate change may impact the Andean biodiversity hotspot, we predict the distributional responses of hundreds of plant species to changes in temperature incorporating population density distributions, migration rates, and patterns of human landuse. We show that plant species from high Andean forests may increase their population sizes if able to migrate onto the expansive land areas above current tree line. However, if the pace of climate change exceeds species’ abilities to migrate, all species will experience large population losses and consequently may face high risk of extinction. Using intermediate migration rates consistent with those observed for the region, most species are still predicted to experience population declines. Under a business-as-usual land-use scenario, we find that all species will experience large population losses regardless of migration rate. The effect of human land-use is most pronounced for highelevation species that switch from predicted increases in population sizes to predicted decreases. The overriding influence of land-use on the predicted responses of Andean species to climate change can be viewed as encouraging since there is still time to initiate conservation programs that limit disturbances and/or facilitate the upward migration and persistence of Andean plant species.
A Comparison of Concatenated and Superimposed Code Word Surrogate Files for Very Large Data/Knowledge Bases

Surrogate files are very useful as an index for very large knowledge bases to support multiple logic programming inference mechanisms because of their small size and simple maintenance requirement. In this paper, we analyse the superimposed code word (SCW) and concatenated code word (CCW) surrogate file techniques in terms of storage space and time to answer queries in various cases. One of the most important results of our analysis is that the size and the query response time of the CCW is smaller than those of the SCW when the average number of arguments specified in a query is small. It is also shown that most of the query response time is used for the surrogate file processing when the extensional database is very large. Therefore, if we use a special architecture to speed up the surrogate file processing, the total query response time can be reduced considerably.
Characterization of a Human Macroglobulin IV. STUDIES OF ITS CONFORMATION BY FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION

Abstract The mean rotational relaxation times of human macroglobulin (γM) conjugated with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl-chloride, its subunit (γMs), and its tryptic fragment (Fabµ) have been determined by the technique of polarization of fluorescence. Strikingly low values were found for γM (80 nsec) and γMs (69 nsec). These low values as well as other properties of γM and γMs are consistent with internal degrees of rotational freedom. The Fabµ fragment had a relaxation time indicative of a compact structure, and it is suggested that it may represent the effective rotational subunit in γM. Parallel studies with human 7 S γ2-globulin (γG) immunoglobulin and with its papain fragments yielded results and conclusions similar to those determined for γM and to those reported for γG of other species.
Arrhythmias and sudden death among older children and young adults following tetralogy of Fallot repair in the current era: are previously reported risk factors still applicable?

Background Young adult patients (pts) with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) remain at risk for arrhythmias (Ar) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Based on past studies with earlier pt subsets, Ar/SCD events were associated with right ventricular (RV) systolic pressures >60 mm Hg, outflow tract gradients >20 mm Hg, and QRS duration >180 ms. However, there are limited recent studies to evaluate these risk factors in the current patient generation. Methods Patients with TOF followed over the past 50 years were grouped by presence of any arrhythmias (group 1), absence of arrhythmias (group 2), and presence of SCD or significant ventricular arrhythmias (group 3) and correlated with current pt age, gender, age at repair, repair types, echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, electrocardiogram/Holter, hemodynamics, and electrophysiology findings. Results Of 109 pts, 52 were male aged 17–58 years. Of these, 59 (54%) had Ar, two of whom had SCD. These 59 pts were chronologically older at the time of analysis, with repair at an older age and wider QRS duration (78–240, mean 158 ms) when compared with those without Ar. However, there was no correlation with surgical era, surgical repair, gender, RV pressure >60 mm Hg, right ventricular outflow tract gradient >20 mm Hg, or RV end-diastolic volume on CMRI. Conclusions Ar/SCD risk continues to correlate with repair age and advancing pt age. QRS duration is longer in these patients but at a shorter interval (mean 158 ms) and less RV pressure (mean 43 mm Hg) than previously reported. In the current TOF patient generation, neither surgical era, type of repair, RV outflow gradient nor RV volume correlate with Ar/SCD. Electrophysiologic testing to verify and identify arrhythmias remains clinically effective.
Autoregulation and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young Transcription Factors Control the Human PAX4 Promoter

During pancreatic development, the paired homeodomain transcription factor PAX4 is required for the differentiation of the insulin-producing beta cells and somatostatin-producing delta cells. To establish the position of PAX4 in the hierarchy of factors controlling islet cell development, we examined the control of the human PAX4 gene promoter. In both cell lines and transgenic animals, a 4.9-kilobase pair region directly upstream of the human PAX4 gene transcriptional start site acts as a potent pancreas-specific promoter. Deletion mapping experiments demonstrate that a 118-base pair region lying approximately 1.9 kilobase pairs upstream of the transcription start site is both necessary and sufficient to direct pancreas-specific expression. Serial deletions through this region reveal the presence of positive elements that bind several pancreatic transcription factors as follows: the POU homeodomain factor HNF1alpha, the orphan nuclear receptor HNF4alpha, the homeodomain factor PDX1, and a heterodimer composed of two basic helix-loop-helix factors. Interestingly, mutations in the genes encoding four of these factors cause a dominantly inherited form of human diabetes called Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young. In addition, PAX4 itself has at least two high affinity binding sites within the promoter through which it exerts a strong negative autoregulatory effect. Together, these results suggest a model in which PAX4 expression is activated during pancreatic development by a combination of pancreas-specific factors but is then switched off once PAX4 protein reaches sufficient levels.
p-(4-Hydroxybenzoyl)phenylalanine: A Photoreactive Amino Acid Analog Amenable to Radioiodination for Elucidation of Peptide−Protein Interaction Application to Substance P Receptor†

Benzoylphenylalanine, a photoreactive phenylalanine analog that can be incorporated into a peptide during solid-phase synthesis, is a useful probe for investigating the interactions of bioactive peptides with their receptors. This probe, however, lacks versatility because it is not detectable by Edman sequencing and because it cannot be labeled with radioiodine, requiring radiolabeling of the peptide ligand at a site distal to the photoreactive amino acid. The separation of the radioisotope and photoaffinity labels along the primary sequence limits identification of the photoinsertion site to a peptide fragment rather than a specific amino acid of the receptor protein. We have now synthesized p-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)phenylalanine by a synthetic route involving reaction of 4-(chloromethyl)benzoic anhydride with phenol in polyphosphoric acid to give the 4-(chloromethyl)benzoyl ester of 4-(chloromethyl)-4'-hydroxybenzophenone followed by reaction of the benzophenone derivative with ethyl acetamidocyanoacetate and subsequent hydrolysis of the product to give p-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)phenylalanine. The novel photolabile amino acid was incorporated into substance P (replacing Phe8 or Lys3) to give 11-mer peptides that bind with high (nM) affinity and specificity to the substance P receptor. Radioiodination of the substance P analogs resulted in the incorporation of 125I at the photoreactive amino acid residue, yielding probes of high (approximately 2000 Ci/mmol) specific activity. Subsequent photolysis of the radiolabeled peptides in the presence of substance P receptor caused covalent attachment of the peptide to the receptor with high photoinsertion yield (approximately 30%); photolabeling was abolished in the presence of excess unlabeled SP. p-(4-Hydroxybenzoyl)phenylalanine retains p-benzoylphenylalanine's high insertion yield and low reactivity with water, but in contrast allows placement of radioiodine and the photoactive moieties within the same residue, providing the ability to identify the specific site(s) of interaction, and identification of the residue by Edman sequencing. This novel amino acid may be useful in the elucidation of the interaction of a variety of peptides with their receptors.
Geminiviruses: Genome structure and gene function

Abstract The plant pathogenic single‐strand DNA‐containing geminiviruses have been the recent focus of intense investigation, owing both to their agronomic importance and to their potential as vectors for the expression of foreign genes in plants. Molecular genetic studies have provided detailed information on the genomic organization of many of these viruses. A greater genetic complexity has been demonstrated among the members of this viral family than had previously been suspected, as well as an apparently rapid rate of evolution of genetic diversity. We now recognize fundamental differences in the genome structure and organization of the whitefly‐ and leafhopper‐transmitted viruses, as well as among those geminiviruses infecting dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous hosts. This knowledge has provided new insights into the evolution of these viruses. The viral genes involved in replication and in systemic movement in the plant have been defined, and viral origins for single‐strand (ss) and double‐strand (d...
Buckling of Woven Fabrics: Part I: Effect of Fabric Weight

The effect of weight on the buckling behavior of woven fabrics is investigated in this study. Using Timoshenko's elastica theory, the differential equation of the fabric is established, and numeric...
Ultrastructural changes in the urophysis of Mollienesia sphenops following adaptation to seawater

The urophysis or neurohemal contact site of the caudal neurosecretory system of Mollienesia sphenops, the black molly, was studied in animals adapted to an artificial seawater environment. This species of fish was chosen for these studies because of its known ability to osmoregulate and its adaptability to the laboratory aquarium. The urophysis of freshwater acclimated mollys contained an abundance of neurosecretory granules. However, in fish subjected to a seawater environment for one week the number of neurosecretory granules was significantly decreased. In addition, there was an increase in blood cell infiltration of the urophysis.
Determinants Among PhD Economists of Membership in a Professional Association

We tested hypotheses about the value of membership in the American Economic Association (AEA) and found that an economist is more likely to belong to the AEA if the economist was: male, form a highly ranked PhD school, active in publising research, highly cited for publications, and not in either the busines administration or the agriculture subfields. We also found that membership in earlier periods increased the likelihood of membership in later periods, independent of other characteristics. Date for the study consisted of information on 913 economists who received their PhDs in 1953, 1954 or 1955 form universities in the US.
Characteristics of Patients With Improvement or Worsening in Renal Function During Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Worsening renal function (RF) and improved RF during the treatment of decompensated heart failure have traditionally been thought of as hemodynamically distinct events. We hypothesized that if the pulmonary artery catheter-derived measures are relevant in the evaluation of cardiorenal interactions, the comparison of patients with improved versus worsening RF should highlight any important hemodynamic differences. All subjects in the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness trial limited data set with admission and discharge creatinine values available were included (n = 401). No differences were found in the baseline, final, or change in pulmonary artery catheter-derived hemodynamic variables, inotrope and intravenous vasodilator use, or survival between patients with improved versus worsening RF (p = NS for all). Both groups were equally likely to be in the bottom quartile of cardiac index (p = 0.32), have a 25% improvement in cardiac index (p = 0.97), or have any worsening in cardiac index (p = 0.90). When patients with any significant change in renal function (positive or negative) were compared to those with stable renal function, strong associations between variables such as a reduced cardiac index (odds ratio 2.2, p = 0.02), increased intravenous inotrope and vasodilator use (odds ratio 2.9, p <0.001), and worsened all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.8, p = 0.01) became apparent. In contrast to traditionally held views, the patients with improved RF and those with worsening RF had similar hemodynamic parameters and outcomes. Combining these groups identified a hemodynamically compromised population with significantly worse survival than patients with stable renal function. In conclusion, the changes in renal function, regardless of the direction, likely identify a population with an advanced disease state and a poor prognosis.
An introduction to sphingolipid metabolism and analysis by new technologies.

Sphingolipids (SP) are a complex class of molecules found in essentially all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes and viruses where they influence membrane structure, intracellular signaling, and interactions with the extracellular environment. Because of the combinatorial nature of their biosynthesis, there are thousands of SP subspecies varying in the lipid backbones and complex phospho- and glycoheadgroups. Therefore, comprehensive or “sphingolipidomic” analyses (structure-specific, quantitative analyses of all SP, or at least all members of a critical subset) are needed to know which and how much of these subspecies are present in a system as a step toward understanding their functions. Mass spectrometry and related novel techniques are able to quantify a small fraction, but nonetheless a substantial number, of SP and are beginning to provide information about their localization. This review summarizes the basic metabolism of SP and state-of-art mass spectrometric techniques that are producing insights into SP structure, metabolism, functions, and some of the dysfunctions of relevance to neuromedicine.
The prenatal development of the pulvinar in the monkey: 3H-thymidine autoradiographic and morphometric analyses.

The genesis and development of the pulvinar in monkey (Macaca mulatta) was studied by means of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) autoradiography and by examination and morphometric analysis of Nissl stained histological sections. The time of origin was determined by analysis of labeled cells in the pulvinar of monkeys that had been exposed to 3H-TdR at various embryonic (E) days and sacrificed 2–3 months after birth, which in this species occurs around E165. Heavily labeled pulvinar neurons were observed only in animals that had been exposed to 3H-TdR between E36 and E45. Onset of genesis for neurons that comprise the inferior and adjacent areas of lateral pulvinar precedes the onset in the remainder of lateral and medial pulvinar by two days. The site of origin and migratory pathways of pulvinar neurons were determined in a series of animals that had been exposed to 3H-TdR between E36 and E45 and sacrificed 1 h or 1, 3, 7, 14, and 42 days after injection. No neurons are produced within the pulvinar. Rather, they arise exclusively from the diencephalic ventricular and subventricular zones that border the third ventricle between sulcus medius and sulcus dorsalis. Postmitotic cells migrate laterally and in less than 3 days attain their position at the lateral aspect of the developing thalamus where they remain uniformly distributed during the first half of gestation. The cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the pulvinar are distinguished from adjacent thalamic nuclei by E60 whereas its own subdivisions emerge around E80. Morphometric analysis shows that the increase in the size of the pulvinar of the monkey during the last two thirds of gestation is due to cell growth, elaboration of cell processes, and arrival of various afferent inputs rather than to the influx of newly generated neurons, as in the human brain (Rakic and Sidman 1969). Instead the present data indicate that the pulvinar in monkey is generated much earlier than expected from previous studies and that unlike the human pulvinar, does not contain a subpopulation of neurons of telencephalic origin.
Equation of state of stishovite and interpretation of SiO2 shock-compression data

[1] We present an isothermal equation of state for the high-pressure stishovite phase of SiO2 based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction at 300 K to 60 GPa. The inferred equation of state is the same for stishovite synthesized from pure SiO2 glass as from a natural, basalt glass that forms stishovite in association with other mineral phases, yielding a zero-pressure bulk modulus K0T = 312.9(±3.4) GPa and pressure derivative K′0 = 4.8(±0.2). Our measurements of stishovite at static, high pressures predict a shock-compressed (Hugoniot) state that is 2.4 (±1.6)% denser than observed for SiO2, suggesting that an amorphous phase, rather than stishovite, is produced under impact loading.
Ritanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, does not modify ECT-induced prolactin release.

The effect of pretreatment with ritanserin, a potent and selective serotonin-S2 (5-HT2) receptor antagonist, on the prolactin (PRL) response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was studied in seven female patients suffering from major depressive disorder. They were given either ECT alone, or ECT after 10 or 20 mg ritanserin PO, and PRL was estimated in blood samples taken at times −5, 0, +5, +15, +30 and +60 min. The PRL responses after drug administration were not different from the responses after ECT alone. We conclude that, if serotonergic mechanisms are involved in the ECT-induced PRL increase, this neuroendocrine response seems to be rather a 5-HT1 than 5-HT2 receptor mediated event.
Stream and Fluvial Plain Ground Water Interactions: Rescaling Hydrogeologic Thought

Management of near-channel ground water and surface water to maintain stream health and flood plain ecological function requires hydrogeologists to refocus their conceptual models of water exchange between the aquifer and stream. The high hydraulic conductivity fluvial plain directs ground water flow down-plain where it exchanges with the stream channel creating gaining, losing, flow-through, and parallel-flow reaches. The resulting complex flow system requires consideration when profiles representing ground water flowpaths are constructed. In addition to interaction at the scale of the fluvial plain, exchange of ground water and surface water within and immediately adjacent to the stream channel creates hyporheic zones. The physical and bio-geochemical extent of these zones depends on the head distribution and ground water flow directions, stream hydraulics, and channel bed conditions, and magnitudes and distributions of hydrogeologic parameters. Simulated conceptualizations of flow dynamics caused by slight increases in hydraulic potentials at the surface water-stream bed interface indicate stream-ground water mixing could occur to a depth of 1.7 m below the channel. Rescaling of traditional hydrogeologic approaches to include the fluvial plain and channel scale will result in opportunities to expand hydrogeologic research and participate in interdisciplinary research teams attempting to decipher and manage fluvial systems.
Nonfruiting Host Tree Volatile Blends: Novel Attractants for the Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract We evaluated the attractiveness of novel synthetic host plant volatiles alone and in combination with the synthetic aggregation pheromone, grandisoic acid (GA), to overwintered adult plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in association with black masonite pyramid traps deployed in an unsprayed apple orchard in 2003 and 2004. Synthetic host plant volatiles evaluated included (1) those identified from foliar and woody tissues of a nonfruiting Stanley plum tree (6-Tree) or the two major components (2-Tree); (2) those identified from Stanley plum fruit (7-Plum) or two components eliciting positive GC-EAD response from plum curculios (2-Plum); and (3) benzaldehyde formulated into rubber septa and replaced weekly [Ben(s)] or dispensed into polyethylene vials and replaced weekly [Ben(r)], not replaced [Ben(nr)], and formulated with 10% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and not replaced [Ben(TCB)]. In 2003, the greatest numbers of plum curculios were captured in traps baited wit...
Public Policy and Foreign Policy: Divergences, Intersections, Exchange

Policy studies tend to be divided between domestic matters and foreign affairs. Scholars seldom employ one another's literature, and they largely draw on different traditions within political science. This article explores the potential for cross-fertilization and calls for greater integration of these related subfields. The argument considers the case for unity, parallelism, and overlap between domestic public policy studies and foreign policy studies. It examines the reasons for the divide and surveys a variety of attempts to find solutions for the problem of intersection at the boundary between national life and the international environment. It places the dichotomy in a broader context of political science as a whole and offers suggestions about potentially fruitful exchanges. It treats globalization and suggests that a theory of the state could be helpful to both tendencies in policy studies.
Erlotinib Response in an NSCLC Patient with a Novel Compound G719D+L861R Mutation in EGFR

CASE REPORT A 62 year old never smoker Caucasian female was diagnosed with Stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. Staging revealed a left lower lobe primary, an associated pleural effusion and multiple bony and hepatic metastases (Figure 1). An IR-guided core biopsy of the primary lesion was performed, which demonstrated a well differentiated adenocarcinoma that was TTF-1 and CK7 positive and CK20 negative by immunohistochemistry. EGFR mutation analysis was performed via the EGFR RGQ PCR assay (Qiagen, Manchester, UK) showing a G719X mutation (exon 18). The patient was started on erlotinib at 150mg daily. Restaging PET/CT revealed decreased size and metabolic activity of the primary lesion and resolution of a hepatic metastasis (Figure 1). Approximately 9 months after starting erlotinib, restaging PET/CT revealed disease progression with new left pleural thickening and worsening effusion. A left sided VATS/biopsy and pleurodesis was performed for symptom management and further molecular diagnostics. Mutational analysis performed at the Colorado Molecular Correlates Laboratory (CMOCO) at the University of Colorado Hospital using the ABIPrism SNaPshot multiplex PCR platform (Applied Biosystems, Forest City, CA) followed by direct sequencing duplicated her previously known G719X mutation, which was further clarified to be a c.2156G>A (p.G719D) mutation in addition to a c.2582T>G (p.L861R) point mutation in exon 20 (Figure 2). Repeat molecular testing of the patient’s original diagnostic biopsy was performed at CMOCO, with both mutations (G719D and L861R) identified. The patient continued on erlotinib post-procedure in anticipation of enrollment in a clinical trial when she presented with progressive confusion, memory loss and disease progression in the CNS by MRI. The patient elected to forgo further therapy and enrolled in hospice, passing 11 months after initial diagnosis. Figure 1 Combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography images with Thoracic imaging (Panels A and B) demonstrating disease burden at initial staging (A) and intial response (B). Axial images of hepatic metastases (C and D) from intial staging (C) and initial ... Figure 2 Chromatograms demonstrating EGFR mutations - G719D exon 18 (A) and L861R in exon 21 (B) as detected in the October 2012 re-biopsy sample. Both mutations were identified in the pre-treatment sample upon repeat analysis.
Effects of delayed reinforcement in a concurrent situation

Pigeons were trained to peck either of two response keys for food reinforcement on equated aperiodic schedules. Delays of reinforcement for pecks at one key reduced the relative frequency of pecking exponentially as a function of the delay interval. Similar functions were obtained when other dependent variables were plotted against the delay interval.
The Natural History of Lone Atrial Flutter

Lone atrial flutter has a stroke risk at least as high as lone atrial fibrillation. The risk for atrial fibrillation is higher in patients with lone atrial flutter than in the general population. P...
Natural history of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common malignant disease in civilized countries, ranking behind cancer of the lung, breast, and prostate. In the United States it is estimated that 133,500 cases will be diagnosed in 1996. However, in numeric terms, colorectal cancer is the second most lethal malignancy after lung cancer. The number of deaths that will be attributable to colorectal cancer is estimated to be 55,000 in 1996 in the United States.~ Metastasis to the liver is one of the most common sites of spread in patients who die of the disease. Knowledge of the natural course of the disease is of paramount importance in determining the proper indications for and contraindications to local ablative or systemic treatment of hepatic metastases, especially in elderly and frail patients. Hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer are asymptomatic until late in the course of the disease. There is thus little to palliate, and the only aim of surgical intervention is improved survival, while imposing the least possible suffering on the patient. Moreover, because many of the reports of "success" with local ablative therapy have been in uncontrolled studies, it is important to document the baseline (i.e., without treatment) status of this patient population.
The fate of lignin and lignin‐derived compounds in anaerobic environments

(1987). The fate of lignin and lignin‐derived compounds in anaerobic environments. Geomicrobiology Journal: Vol. 5, No. 3-4, pp. 261-293.
Promotion effect of Pt on Cr/MgO catalyst in the reaction of cyclohexanol and methanol to 2,6-dimethylphenol

Catalytic synthesis of 2,6-dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP) from methanol and cyclohexanol was achieved by using magnesium oxide-supported chromium oxide catalysts in one step. The activity of Cr/MgO catalysts was promoted by the addition of platinum. Both TPD method and infrared (IR) measurements were used to investigate catalysts. The promotion of Cr/MgO led to the improvement of the stability and to the increase in the adsorption of reactants, and therefore, to the enhancement of the catalytic activity of the reaction.
JPL pulsar timing observations. III. Pulsar rotation fluctuations.

Pulsar arrival-time data from a timing program carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory from 1968 to 1982 at 2390 MHz were analyzed to study the precision of neutron star rotation rates. Most of the 24 objects in the sample show 'timing activity' as deviations from the smooth spin-down expected from a simple electromagnetic torque mechanism. About 20 events in both frequency and frequency derivative across the sample of objects are identified, whose properties differ from those of the large-amplitude 'glitches' observed from a few objects. Prospects are good for the millisecond pulsar PSR 1937 + 214 being better than terrestrial maser clocks on time scales of a few years.
The Effect of Stand Density on the Development of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Barley

The progress of stem rust epidemics caused by race Pgt-QCCJ of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici was examined in field plots of the six-rowed barley cvs. Robust and Steptoe at four stand densities, and in short rows and hill plots. Cv. Robust carries Rpg1, which confers resistance to most races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici, other than Pgt-QCCJ, while cv. Steptoe lacks any reported genes for resistance to P. graminis f. sp. tritici. The stand-density treatments established were approximately double, the equivalent of, half of, and one quarter of the planting rate recommended for commercial barley. Stem rust caused by race Pgt-QCCJ spread more rapidly in cv. Steptoe than in cv. Robust, irrespective of the stand-density treatment. The effect of stand density on rust severity was, however, greater than the effect of cultivar. Rust severity was 18 to 36% greater in sparse stands than in dense stands of both cultivars. Reductions in kernel size were most severe in sparse stands where rust development was greatest. Knowledge that reduced stand densities may promote the development of stem rust in barley may be useful in refining procedures for screening breeding material for resistance to stem rust, and in allaying concern over the high levels of stem rust occasionally reported in lightly seeded seed increases and in commercial fields where sparse stands are encountered.
Risk factors for heart disease and stroke among diabetic persons, by disability status.

Abstract Objective To determine whether disabled diabetic persons have a higher prevalence of risk factors for heart disease and stroke than do diabetic persons without disability. Research, design, and methods Data were analyzed for noninstitutionalized adults in 27 states and the District of Columbia that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 2001 and/or 2003. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted prevalence and odds ratios of disabled diabetic persons, by sociodemographic characteristics. The logit form of each model was used to estimate conditional marginal probabilities of risk factors for heart disease and stroke among diabetic persons, by disability status. Results Diabetic persons with disability were more likely than those without disability to have more risk factors for heart disease and stroke, including insufficient leisure-time physical activity or inactivity (adjusted prevalence: 75.2% vs. 63.3%; P P P =.038), and hypertension (63.9% vs. 56.6%; P P ≤.005). Conclusions Diabetic persons with disability are more likely than those without disability to have clusters of risk factors for heart disease and stroke. Health care guidelines specifically targeting diabetic patients with disability may be needed to aid health care providers in addressing these risk factors.
Econometric analysis of residential time-of-use electricity pricing experiments

Abstract This paper adapts the two-stage neo-classical model of consumer behavior to the analysis of time-of-use pricing of electricity. Emphasis is placed upon the relationship between partial elasticities, which can be accurately estimated from the first stage, and total elasticities, which can be estimated only by using less reliable information to estimate the second stage. Three functional forms are implemented with data from the Wisconsin Pricing Experiment. Results indicate that (1) the CES and generalized Leontief functional forms are preferred, (2) price elasticities vary substantially with price, and (3) peak and off-peak electricity are partial substitutes but total complements.
Ultrastructural observations of maize root tips following exposure to monensin

Epidermal and outer rootcap cells of maize root tips were treated with the sodium selective ionophore, monensin, and the ultrastructural changes were studied. In the presence of 10−5 to 10−3 M monensin, dictyosomes became distorted, cisternae separated from the stack, and secretory vesicles were released. Released secretory vesicles disappeard from the cytoplasm suggesting that their transport to, and fusion with, the plasma membrane was unaffected. Monensin did not inhibit cytoplasmic streaming of the outer rootcap cells. No new secretory vesicles were formed on the remaining dictyosomes or dictyosome fragments. In contrast to results with animal cells, swelling of plant dictyosome cisternae was observed only after fixation in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide and not after fixation in potassium permanganate. Other cell components were not altered structurally by monensin. The effects of monensin on the Golgi apparatus were reversible, and dictyosomes were either repaired or new dictyosomes were formed after the root tips were removed from the monensin.
Optimization of limited feedback in two-way communication

In this paper, we study the role of combined CSI and ARQ feedback in the context of two-way wireless communications. We consider two nodes that wish to exchange data over, a frequency division duplex, wireless additive white Gaussian noise with Rayleigh fading channel. In two-way scenarios the data and resources allocated to feedback and channel estimation share the same link, leading to interesting tradeoffs. To analyze these, we present a generalized framework for feedback, which combines limited CSI feedback and ARQ. All resources in the two-way communication, that is, 1) training (estimating channel state), 2) feedback (ARQ and CSI), and 3) data are taken into account, and share the same noisy fading channel. We obtain an expression that captures the tradeoffs between allocating resources for these different tasks on the overall achievable throughput in each direction, which we numerically evaluate. In particular, we obtain the optimal resource allocations corresponding to different channel conditions, SNR regimes, transmitter protocols, and receiver feedback protocols.
Determination of Turboprop Reduction Gearbox System Fatigue Life and Reliability

Two computational models to determine the fatigue life and reliability of a commercial turboprop gearbox are compared with each other and with field data. These models are (1) Monte Carlo simulation of randomly selected lives of individual bearings and gears comprising the system and (2) two-parameter Weibull distribution function for bearings and gears comprising the system using strict-series system reliability to combine the calculated individual component lives in the gearbox. The Monte Carlo simulation included the virtual testing of 744,450 gearboxes. Two sets of field data were obtained from 64 gearboxes that were first-run to removal for cause, were refurbished and placed back in service, and then were second-run until removal for cause. A series of equations were empirically developed from the Monte Carlo simulation to determine the statistical variation in predicted life and Weibull slope as a function of the number of gearboxes failed. The resultant L(sub 10) life from the field data was 5,627 hr. From strict-series system reliability, the predicted L(sub 10) life was 774 hr. From the Monte Carlo simulation, the median value for the L(sub 10) gearbox lives equaled 757 hr. Half of the gearbox L(sub 10) lives will be less than this value and the other half more. The resultant L(sub 10) life of the second-run (refurbished) gearboxes was 1,334 hr. The apparent load-life exponent p for the roller bearings is 5.2. Were the bearing lives to be recalculated with a load-life exponent p equal to 5.2, the predicted L(sub 10) life of the gearbox would be equal to the actual life obtained in the field. The component failure distribution of the gearbox from the Monte Carlo simulation was nearly identical to that using the strict-series system reliability analysis, proving the compatibility of these methods.
On the number of solutions of N − p = P3

Abstract A lower bound of Richert on the number of solutions of N − p = P 3 is improved.
Modeling the Dielectric Response and Relaxation Spectra of Relaxor Ferroelectrics

A multi-Debye relaxation model that is based upon the Boltzmann superposition principle has been used to determine the frequency-dispersion behavior of Pb(Mg1/3-Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) and Pb0.88La0.08(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3 (PLZT 8/65/35) relaxor ferroelectrics. For PMN, relaxation times on the order of seconds contribute to the dispersive character of the dielectric properties. A defect-relaxation mechanism that involves Mg cation hopping in a structure that is composed of interpenetrating 〈111〉 chains of ordered Pb(Mg1/2Nb1/2)O3 is proposed for PMN. Motion of the Mg cations results in destruction and reconstruction of these ordered chains, which contributes to the dispersive character of PMN.
The Language of Speakers in Songs of Innocence and of Experience

(1986). The Language of Speakers in Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Romanticism Past and Present: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 5-24.
The role of plastic deformation on the competitive microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a novel Al–Li–Cu–X alloy

The role of plastic deformation prior to artificial aging on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a novel Al–Li–Cu–X alloy designated AF/C 458 was investigated. Induced plastic deformation ranged from a non-stretched or 0% stretch condition to an 8% stretch, with intermediate stretches of 2%, 4% and 6%. Tensile properties, fractography and quantitative precipitate analysis were acquired from specimens that were water quenched from a solution heat treatment, immediately stretched and artificially aged at 150°C. Fractography was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) determined the variation in precipitate type, number density, size and volume fraction of the major strengthening precipitates Al2CuLi (T1), Al2Cu (θ″/θ′) and Al3Li (δ′). Age hardening curves for each level of mechanical stretch illustrated the enhanced aging kinetics of plastically deformed material. Quantitative TEM indicated that increasing amounts of pre-age stretch were found to greatly affect the competitive precipitation kinetics of T1 and θ″/θ′ in AF/C 458 augmenting the volume fraction of fine matrix T1 plates and dramatically decreasing the volume fraction of θ″/θ′ for isochronal treatments. A quantitative microstructural comparison of specimens exhibiting a given strength demonstrated that the imposed level of cold work dictated the density, size and volume fraction of the competing precipitates. The tensile data indicated a trend of increasing ductility for equivalent yield strengths with the increasing amount of pre-age mechanical stretch and therefore shorter artificial aging times. The quantitative precipitate data were used with a computer simulation for yield strength determination. The theoretical simulation reported calculated yield strengths in good accord with experimental results and can thus be used to predict the optimum microstructural configuration for high strength.
Effect of TSV Joule Heating on Device Performance

Convergence and miniaturization of consumer electronic products such as cameras, phones, etc. has been driven by enhanced performance and reduced microelectronics size. For past few decades Moore’s law has been driving the microelectronics industry to achieve high performance with small form-factors at a reasonable cost. While the continued miniaturization of the transistors has resulted in unparalleled growth of the electronics industry, further performance increment via size scaling could be cost-ineffective and difficult to manufacture. To satisfy the current/future integrated Circuit (IC) package requirements, vertical integration of chips holds the key, i.e., 3-D packaging. Chip-stacking (3-D) is emerging as a powerful technology to reduce package footprint, decrease interconnection power, higher frequencies, and provide efficient integration of heterogeneous devices. It allows further reduction in the form factor of current systems and eases the interconnect performance limitation since the components are integrated on top of each other instead of side-by-side, resulting in shorter interconnect lengths. Due to high package density and chip-stacking on top of each other, heat dissipation from the stacked chips becomes a concern. To overcome these thermal challenges and provide shorter/faster inter-chip electrical connection, Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology is being implemented in 3-D ICs.TSVs allow 3-D chips to be interconnected directly and provide high speed signal propagation. TSVs provide inter-chip heat/current path but the current flowing through the TSVs results in localized heat generation (Joule Heating) within the silicon, which could be detrimental to the overall performance of the system. In this paper, the effect of Joule heating on the device performance measured by trans-conductance, electron mobility (e− mobility), and channel thermal noise is analyzed. Thinned (100 μm) chips with a uniform power map and evenly distributed TSVs are analyzed in this work. Thermal distribution in the package is studied for different TSV currents including a base-line case of no-current (thermal TSV only) and the junction temperature is determined for each case. The response from the thermal analysis is correlated to the device performance through existing relations. Results indicate that joule heating has a significant effect on the thermal response of the 3D IC and subsequently proves to be detrimental to the chip performance. An understanding of the electrical performance dependence on TSV joule heating is developed through this work.Copyright © 2013 by ASME