cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional imaging in Huntington disease.

Abstract Functional imaging has been increasingly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases as such techniques can elucidate neurochemical and functional changes that cannot be captured with structural imaging. Unlike other neurodegenerative diseases, in Huntington disease (HD) genetic testing allows for diagnostic certainty. Thus, the focus has been on understanding the pathophysiogic processes underlying the development of the disease, as well as the identification of potential biomarkers to monitor disease progression, particularly during the presymptomatic stage. These imaging methods have expanded our understanding of HD beyond dopaminergic deficits and striatal cell loss, and have described alteration in widespread networks relating to motor and cognitive symptoms. In this chapter, we review the current literature on radiotracer and functional magnetic resonance imaging relating to HD.
Iterative algorithms for the input and state recovery from the approximate inverse of strictly proper multivariable systems

Abstract This paper proposes new iterative algorithms for the unknown input and state recovery from the system outputs using an approximate inverse of the strictly proper linear time-invariant (LTI) multivariable system. One of the unique advantages from previous system inverse algorithms is that the output differentiation is not required. The approximate system inverse is stable due to the systematic optimal design of a dummy feedthrough D matrix in the state-space model via the feedback stabilization. The optimal design procedure avoids trial and error to identify such a D matrix which saves tremendous amount of efforts. From the derived and proved convergence criteria, such an optimal D matrix also guarantees the convergence of algorithms. Illustrative examples show significant improvement of the reference input signal tracking by the algorithms and optimal D design over non-iterative counterparts on controllable or stabilizable LTI systems, respectively. Case studies of two Boeing-767 aircraft aerodynamic models further demonstrate the capability of the proposed methods.
The Impact of Deployment on the Practice of the Military Internist: A Needs Assessment for Post-Deployment Refresher Training.

ABSTRACT Introduction: U.S. Army internists serve in a variety of provider roles during deployment, many of which vary from the traditional responsibilities of a general internist or internal medicine subspecialist. There is significant interest in defining specific clinical and procedural skills in which Army internists may require refresher training after deployment, but information to quantify and clarify these needs is lacking. Materials and Methods: An online, anonymous survey was created to assess Army internists' experience and comfort level with specialty-specific problems and procedures before and after deployment. This survey was distributed via the Army Central Simulation Committee to all U.S. Army internists eligible for deployment. The survey was available online from January 11, 2012, to March 9, 2012. Results: Ninety-seven of all 115 (84%) U.S. Army internists eligible for deployment responded. The reported comfort level with core clinical problems in general internal medicine before and af...
The Rationale for and Effects of Targeting TGF-β for Glioma Therapy

The failure of current therapies to control brain tumor growth and invasion accounts for the poor survival of glioma patients. For example, a patient diagnosed with glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) will probably live for less than 1 yr past the initial diagnosis. To combat this deadly cancer, novel therapies are being designed to target specific signal transduction pathways, including TGF-β, implicated in glioma development and progression. This chapter defines the effects of TGF-β on glioma proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, to explore the molecular mechanisms through which targeting TGF-β signaling could be beneficial for patient therapy. Recent promising results from preclinical and clinical trials of therapies developed towards TGF-β ligand or receptor will also be summarized to demonstrate the potential benefit of targeting TGF-β signaling for glioma therapy.
Regulation of cholesterol synthesis: mechanism for control of HMG CoA reductase.

Publisher Summary Essentially all mammalian cells need cholesterol. Sterols are utilized for the synthesis of plasma membranes in all cells and for the production of steroid hormones, lipoproteins, and bile acids in appropriate cell types. Cells possess an enzymatic pathway to synthesize the cholesterol they need. This involves a series of over 20 reactions in which the simple building block—acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)—is ultimately assembled into a sterol molecule. However, this is not the only way by which cells can get cholesterol; they also possess a system to internalize lipoproteins from the external environment. To regulate intracellular synthesis, cholesterol or a closely related sterol metabolite acts via negative feedback mechanisms to suppress the activities of several key enzymes involved in the early steps of this pathway. These enzymes catalyze the synthesis of acetoacetyl CoA, the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA, the reduction of HMG CoA to form mevalonate, and the phosphorylation of mevalonate. When cells are grown in the absence of cholesterol, all of these enzymes are induced, and their activities decline after the addition of cholesterol. Of these reactions, the production of mevalonate from HMG CoA is the most critical regulated step. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG CoA reductase. This chapter discusses what has been learned recently about the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for regulating the expression of HMG CoA reductase at the level of messenger RNA synthesis and protein degradation. It further reviews the structural characteristics of HMG CoA reductase, regulation of HMG CoA reductase degradation, structure of the HMG CoA reductase mRNA and gene, and transcriptional regulation of HMG CoA reductase.
Changing relationships among biodiversity, management, and biosecurity in managed and unmanaged forests

Natural forest ecosystems have long been, and continue to be greatly influenced by human activities, particularly through tree harvest, development and conversion of land for agriculture, suppression of natural disturbances such as fire, and environmental pollution (e.g., Carey, 2003a; Fuller et al., 1998; Hannon et al., 2000; Kanowski et al., 2003; Litvaitis, 2003; Moretti & Barbalat, 2004; Williams, 2003). Tropical forests are suffering the fastest rates of deforestation, and unfortunately also support the highest levels of species endemism and richness (Hall, Harris, Medjibe, & Ashton, 2003; Kellman & Tackaberry 1997; Thiollay, 2002). Forest ecosystems can be disrupted by spatial effects resulting from fragmentation by roads, power lines, and urban development (Fahrig, 2003; Godefroid & Koedam, 2003; Spellerberg, 1998). The nature of forest ecosystems is modified further when humans manipulate stand composition, such as by establishing native trees of uniform age and introducing exotic tree species (e.g., Brockerhoff et al., 2003; Ohsawa, 2004), or creating artificial ecosystems de novo, as in the case of many urban forests. With increasing urbanization worldwide and decimation of natural habitats (United Nations, 2003), it is essential that methods be developed for managing natural and man-made forests to sustain economic productivity and/or aesthetic quality while conserving biodiversity.
Reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire for use in ocular research. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group.

PURPOSE Assessment of nutritional factors was an ancillary component of the Eye Disease Case-Control Study sponsored by the National Eye Institute. This multicenter study was designed to evaluate the role of potential risk factors for a number of retinal disorders. The authors examined the reproducibility of the food frequency questionnaire used in this study. METHODS A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, designed for use in this study, was self-administered by participants. To evaluate the reproducibility of this dietary questionnaire, a subsample of 325 participants completed a second questionnaire within 12 to 18 months of the first. Pearson product-moment coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the log of calorie-adjusted nutrient scores, and Spearman correlations were used for specific food items. RESULTS The responses for intake of 60 food items in the questionnaire were reasonably consistent. Correlation coefficients for individual food items ranged from 0.40 to 0.82. Pearson correlation coefficients for logs of calorie-adjusted intake of nutrients ranged from 0.38 to 0.75. Nutrients of interest in eye disease include total protein (r = 0.57), total fat (r = 0.71), saturated fats (r = 0.69), carotene (r = 0.61), vitamin C (with supplements, r = 0.66), vitamin E (with supplements, r = 0.69), and zinc (with supplements, r = 0.43). Partial correlations controlling for age, sex, and clinical center were similar. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the food frequency questionnaire used in this study provides reasonably reproducible dietary information.
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori

There is general agreement that motility, urease activity, and association with gastric mucosal cells are important virulence factors of H. pylori. Urease activity is perhaps the best characterized of these factors. Presumably, urease activity creates a "cloud" of ammonia around the bacterium, thus neutralizing the lethal effects of gastric acid. Motility allows the bacterium to penetrate the mucus layer and promotes specific association of the bacteria with epithelial cells, further allowing evasion of gastric acidity. The association between gastrin levels and H. pylori infection is currently the most thoroughly studied feature relating to pathogenesis in vivo. Prolonged hypergastrinemia associated with H. pylori infection may contribute to increased parietal cell mass and chronically increased secretion of gastric acid; however, long-term studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. The identification of mucosal gamma delta T cells and immunologic cross-reactivity between H. pylori and gastric cells implies that the immune response contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of H. pylori. The role of the immune system in modulating H. pylori infection requires further study. Although many putative pathogenic factors have been identified on the basis of in vitro phenomena alone, their significance in vivo is not known. Ultimately, it will be necessary to evaluate the significance of these factors in animal models by using isogenic strains of H. pylori that differ only in a single genotypic characteristic.
Grand Canyon: The Puzzle of the Colorado River

The Grand Canyon of the Colorado is the best-known example of fluvial canyon erosion on Planet Earth. It is carved into the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau physiographic region. The Grand Canyon displays impressive arid land cliff-and-slope topography over its 360 km length, 30 km maximum width and 1,830 m maximum depth. While it is apparent that the Canyon was carved by the Colorado River, the exact sequence of events and timing of the erosion are open to debate. Many hypotheses, grouped here simplistically into one of three general viewpoints, have evolved over the last 150 years: (1) the mono-river or “old river” view, (2) the headward eroding poly-phase river or “integrated river” view, and (3) the ponding, spillover, and pro-elongating river or “new river” view. The puzzle of the formation of the Grand Canyon has not yet been completely solved.
Depression and Helplessness in Primates

“Five-year-old Merlin had been among the first victims of the polio epidemic. Though he had been one of our favorite youngsters, playful and impish, we were almost glad when he died, for by that time he had become a pathetic wreck…emaciated, lethargic, and morose.” Two years earlier Merlin’s mother had died and when first seen several months after her death “he looked thin…and his eyes seemed enormous, as though he had not slept for a long time.” Merlin was adopted by his older sister, and to a lesser extent by his brother, and they in large part took good care of him. Nonetheless, “gradually…Merlin became more emaciated, his eyes sank deeper into their sockets…He became increasingly lethargic and played less and less frequently with other youngsters”…There was also a “marked deterioration of Merlin’s social responses…When he was four years old, Merlin was far more submissive than other youngsters of that age…As Merlin entered his sixth year his behavior was becoming rapidly more abnormal. Sometimes he hung upside down like a bat…remaining suspended motionless for several minutes at a time.
The role of feeding strategy in the tolerance of a terrestrial salamander (Plethodon cinereus) to biogeochemical changes in northern hardwood forests

We investigated whether the trophic ecology of an apex predator is influenced by ecosystem-level nutrient depletion. The feeding behavior and nutrient assimilation of a terrestrial salamander, East...
Adaptive Multifocus Beamforming for Contrast-Enhanced-Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging in Deep Tissue

Contrast-enhanced-super-resolution ultrasound imaging, also referred to as ultrasound localization microscopy, can resolve vessels that are smaller than the diffraction limit and has recently been able to generate super-resolved vascular images of shallow in vivo structures in small animals. To fully translate this technology to the clinic, it is advantageous to be able to detect microbubbles at deeper locations in tissue while maintaining a short acquisition time. Current implementations of this imaging method rely on plane-wave imaging. This method has the advantage of maximizing the frame rate, which is important due to the large amount of frames required for super-resolution processing. However, the wide planar beam used to illuminate the field of view produces poor contrast and low sensitivity bubble detection. Here, we propose an “adaptive multifocus” sequence, a new ultrasound imaging sequence that combines the high frame rate feature of a plane wave with the increased bubble detection sensitivity of a focused beam. This sequence simultaneously sonicates two or more foci with a single emission, hence retaining a high frame rate, yet achieving improved sensitivity to microbubbles. In the limit of one target, the beam reduces to a conventional focused transmission; and for an infinite number of targets, it converges to plane-wave imaging. Numerical simulations, using the full-wave code, are performed to compare the point spread function of the proposed sequence to that generated by the plane-wave emission. Our numerical results predict an improvement of up to 15 dB in the signal-to-noise ratio. Ex vivo experiments of a tissue-embedded microtube phantom are used to generate super-resolved images and to compare the adaptive beamforming approach to plane-wave imaging. These experimental results show that the adaptive multifocus sequence successfully detects 744 microbubble events at 60 mm when they are undetectable by the plane-wave sequence under the same imaging conditions. At a shallower depth of 44 mm, the proposed adaptive multifocus method detects 6.9 times more bubbles than plane-wave imaging (1763 versus 257 bubble events).
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE THERMAL WATER USE IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION ON THE TERRITORY OF CENTRAL DANUBE REGION

Investments in agricultural production due to modernization of production process, is one of the basic factors for agriculture and rural areas development generally, as well as the entire economy. In the existing business conditions, when domestic agriculture meets alarming problems in primary production sphere (as: work productivity, insufficient number of work places, low efficiency of instruments of labour etc.), increase of investments size can significantly affect competitiveness improvement, as on domestic, as well as on foreign market. The investment in building the exploitation wells, out of which will get thermal water, which will serve for irrigation and heating of a glasshouse for production of early and late vegetables out of a season, represents the significant modernization of agricultural production. Such form of investment can be a good example, aiming to improve the production process and increase of income on a family agricultural husbandry.
American adventure and autonomous cars

In his new book, Are We There Yet?, Dan Albert reveals how automobiles came to be seen as a technology of freedom in America and how the ability to experience the world became enmeshed with personal identity. On one level, it is a general romp through the history of the automobile in the United States—and a good one at that. But on a deeper level, Albert uses this history to reflect on the near future, when many predict that autonomous vehicles will wipe away "car culture."
Home Furlough and Study-Release in American Adult Corrections

(1983). Home Furlough and Study-Release in American Adult Corrections. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 75-80.
Field notes from elsewhere: reflections on dying and living: by Mark C.Taylor, Columbia University Press, New York, 2009, 292 pp., $18.24 ISBN: 978-0-231-14780-4

A piece for the classroom, congregation and home library, Notes from Elsewhere: Reflections on Dying and Living translates for persons navigating the second half of life. With this book, Taylor eff...
NASA’s Deep Space Optical Communications – an Update

NASA is developing a new space and ground technologies to demonstrate deep space optical communications in the 2022-2024 time frame. This paper provides an update on the status of this development.
Electrical Field Reversibly Modulates Enzyme Kinetics of Hexokinase Entrapped in an Electro-Responsive Hydrogel

In this paper, the potential use of electro-responsive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) gels as reversible enzyme activity regulators is analyzed. This was evaluated by measuring the glucose conversion by hexokinase embedded PAA hydrogels under external electrical stimuli. Hexokinase physically entrapped within PAA gels showed a significant increase in activity under an electrical stimulus as compared to in the absence of a stimulus. Kinetic studies revealed that the change in reaction rate could be attributed to the change of Vmax under a stimulus, while Km was unaffected by the stimulus, which suggested that the increase in reaction rate under an electrical stimulus was due to increased accessibility of the active site. Optimum stimuli-responsive behavior that resulted in maximum conversion under a stimulus and minimum conversion in the absence of a stimulus was obtained at 5.5 pH and 30 °C. The significant difference between the pH optima for the entrapped enzyme and the pure enzyme can be attributed to the ac...
Jewels, Bonds and the Body: Material Culture in Shakespeare and Austen

Objects litter the works of William Shakespeare and Jane Austen: glittering clothes in The Tempest; Lydia Bennet’s dismantled hat in Pride and Prejudice—to name just a few. Many of these are items worn on the body, such as jewels, and this physical proximity lends such objects a problematic intimacy. Jewels are generally gifts, symbols of love, but also a means of exchange. However, their meanings became more ambiguous and fraught during the Renaissance and the Regency, when Shakespeare and Austen were writing, because these periods are characterized by growing trade, wealth and opulence in England.
Social Media and the Changing Information Environment

There is reason to believe that an increasing proportion of the news consumers receive is not from news producers directly but is recirculated through social network sites and email by ordinary citizens. This may produce some fundamental changes in the information environment, but the data to examine this possibility have thus far been relatively limited. In the current paper, we examine the changing information environment by leveraging a body of data on the frequency of (a) views, and recirculations through (b) Twitter, (c) Facebook, and (d) email of New York Times stories. We expect that the distribution of sentiment (positive-negative) in news stories will shift in a positive direction as we move from (a) to (d), based in large part on the literatures on self-presentation and imagined audiences. Our findings support this expectation and have important implications for the information contexts increasingly shaping public opinion.
A Brief History of Clinical Cross-Species Organ Xenotransplantation

Cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation) offers the prospect of an unlimited supply of organs and cells for clinical transplantation, thus resolving the critical shortage of human tissues that currently prohibits a majority of patients on the waiting list from receiving transplants.
Economic Insecurity and Social Stability: An Exploration of One of Capitalism’s Vicious Cycles:

This article analyzes how capitalism’s connection to economic insecurity can, rather than fomenting social unrest, facilitate its reproduction. Also responding to contrasts in the literature betwee...
Cryo-EM structures of HIV-1 trimer bound to CD4-mimetics BNM-III-170 and M48U1 adopt a CD4-bound open conformation

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, impacts millions of people. Entry into target cells is mediated by the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein interacting with host receptor CD4, which triggers conformational changes allowing binding to a coreceptor and subsequent membrane fusion. Small molecule or peptide CD4-mimetic drugs mimic CD4’s Phe43 interaction with Env by inserting into the conserved Phe43 pocket on Env subunit gp120. Here, we present single-particle cryo-EM structures of CD4-mimetics BNM-III-170 and M48U1 bound to a BG505 native-like Env trimer plus the CD4-induced antibody 17b at 3.7 A and 3.9 A resolution, respectively. CD4-mimetic-bound BG505 exhibits canonical CD4-induced conformational changes including trimer opening, formation of the 4-stranded gp120 bridging sheet, displacement of the V1V2 loop, and formation of a compact and elongated gp41 HR1C helical bundle. We conclude that CD4-induced structural changes on both gp120 and gp41 Env subunits are induced by binding to the gp120 Phe43 pocket. Conformational changes of HIV’s Env protein are required for its function in fusing the viral and host cell membranes. Here the authors describe how two small molecules alter the confirmation of Env trimers, and show they can induce structural changes similar to those occur upon receptor binding.
Effect of cobalt supplementation on humoral immune response in weaned beef calves

The National Research Council (NRC) requirements for cobalt (Co) (0.1 mg/kg or 0.1 ppm; DM intake) were first published in the 1950s when production expectations for beef cattle production were two-thirds as great as present-day production expectations. Recommended NRC Co requirements were derived during the 1950s from experiments with cattle that were genetically different, fed different rations, and raised with different production and economic expectations compared with cattle today. Compared with their 1950s counterparts, today's beef cattle are 35 to 40% larger anatomically, grow at increased rates, and were genetically selected for maximum muscle growth. Rumen microbial organisms use Co for the synthesis of vitamin B12, which is a necessary cofactor for vital metabolic pathways in lipid and carbohydrate energy metabolism. In the past, studies have focused on the effect of Co supplementation on performance and growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate supplementation of weaned beef calves with 3 levels of Co on humoral immune response to Brucella abortus vaccination.
The learning of prospective and retrospective cognitive maps within neural circuits

Summary Brain circuits are thought to form a “cognitive map” to process and store statistical relationships in the environment. A cognitive map is commonly defined as a mental representation that describes environmental states (i.e., variables or events) and the relationship between these states. This process is commonly conceptualized as a prospective process, as it is based on the relationships between states in chronological order (e.g., does reward follow a given state?). In this perspective, we expand this concept on the basis of recent findings to postulate that in addition to a prospective map, the brain forms and uses a retrospective cognitive map (e.g., does a given state precede reward?). In doing so, we demonstrate that many neural signals and behaviors (e.g., habits) that seem inflexible and non-cognitive can result from retrospective cognitive maps. Together, we present a significant conceptual reframing of the neurobiological study of associative learning, memory, and decision making.
676 Altered circulating myeloid states associated with anti-PD-1 resistance induce T cell paralysis in human biliary cancer

Background Advanced biliary cancers (ABC) have a poor prognosis and low rates of response to immune checkpoint inhibition (CPI), with overall response rates ranging from 3–13%.1–3 Although suppressive myeloid cells have been proposed as a mechanism of resistance to immunotherapy in general, their relationship to response to CPI is unknown. Methods We used multiplexed simultaneous single cell RNA sequencing and cell surface proteomics (CITE-seq) to profile circulating immune cells in ABC patients receiving anti-PD-1 at longitudinal timepoints pre-immunotherapy and on treatment, as well as from healthy donors. We also performed single cell RNA sequencing on resected biliary tumors. Results We identified a novel population of circulating cancer-enriched myeloid cells (CEM) characterized by chemokines and extracellular matrix digestion-related gene expression, which were present pre-treatment. Anti-PD-1 treatment drove the CEMs into two diverging states that were associated with response or resistance to treatment. CEM induced in non-responders constituted over 40% of the circulating myeloid cells and expressed immunosuppressive programs, including the upregulation of suppressive cytokines and chemokines. The frequency of these myeloid cells were correlated with the abundance of SOCS3-expressing CD4+ T cells. These SOCS3+CD4+ T cells also colocalized with tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells that share CEM gene expression signatures in the biliary cancer microenvironment. Moreover, CEM can directly induce SOCS3-expressing T cells, which despite their naive phenotype are functionally unresponsive. Finally, expression signatures of CEM and of SOCS3+CD4+ T cells are associated with worse survival in a larger cohort of ABC patients. Conclusions These results demonstrate the capacity of CEM to induce T cell paralysis as an alternate mode of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. A deeper understanding of immune cell biology in ABC provides insights for developing novel therapeutics that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in biliary cancer as well as other tumor types. Trial Registration NCT02703714 References Ueno M, et al. Nivolumab alone or in combination with cisplatin plus gemcitabine in Japanese patients with unresectable or recurrent biliary tract cancer: a non-randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 1 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;4:611–621. Piha-Paul SA, et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced biliary cancer: results from the KEYNOTE-158 and KEYNOTE-028 studies. Int J Cancer 2020. Kim RD, et al. A Phase 2 Multi-institutional study of nivolumab for patients with advanced refractory biliary tract cancer. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:888–894. Ethics Approval Informed consent was obtained from all patients for participation in the listed trial and for use of blood and tumor samples in research studies.
Constrained Control of Particulate Processes

This chapter focuses on the development of a general methodology for the analysis and control of constrained spatially-homogeneous particulate processes modeled by population balance equations and its application to a continuous crystallizer. Initially, the method of weighted residuals is used for the construction of finite-dimensional ODE systems that accurately reproduce the dominant dynamics of the particulate process. These ODE systems are then used to analyze the limitations imposed by input constraints on the ability to modify the dynamics of the particulate process, leading to an explicit characterization of the set of admissible set-points that can be achieved in the presence of constraints. This information together with the derived ODE systems are then used as the basis for the synthesis of practically-implementable nonlinear bounded output feedback controllers that enforce exponential stability in the closed-loop system and achieve particle size distributions with desired characteristics in the presence of active input constraints. Precise closed-loop stability conditions are given and controller implementation issues are addressed. The proposed methodology is applied to a continuous crystallizer. The results of this chapter were first presented in El-Farra et al., 2001.
Organization of intrinsic functional brain connectivity predicts decisions to reciprocate social behavior

Reciprocation of trust exchanges is central to the development of interpersonal relationships and societal well-being. Understanding how humans make pro-social and self-centered decisions in dyadic interactions and how to predict these choices has been an area of great interest in social neuroscience. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based technology with potential clinical application is the study of resting state brain connectivity. We tested if resting state connectivity may predict choice behavior in a social context. Twenty-nine healthy adults underwent resting state fMRI before performing the Trust Game, a two person monetary exchange game. We assessed the ability of patterns of resting-state functional brain organization, demographic characteristics and a measure of moral development, the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2), to predict individuals' decisions to reciprocate money during the Trust Game. Subjects reciprocated in 74.9% of the trials. Independent component analysis identified canonical resting-state networks. Increased functional connectivity between the salience (bilateral insula/anterior cingulate) and central executive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/ posterior parietal cortex) networks significantly predicted the choice to reciprocate pro-social behavior (R(2) = 0.20, p = 0.015). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that functional connectivity between these two networks (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.007) and DIT-2 personal interest schema score (p = 0.032) significantly predicted reciprocity behavior (R(2) = 0.498, p = 0.001). Intrinsic functional connectivity between neural networks in conjunction with other individual characteristics may be a valuable tool for predicting performance during social interactions. Future replication and temporal extension of these findings may bolster the understanding of decision making in clinical, financial and marketing settings.
Final focusing of Z-discharge transported ion beams

An experimental program is underway at NRL to demonstrate final focusing of transported ion beams. Z-discharge channels are used to transport ion beams efficiently from the ion source to an ICF target, providing isolation and distance for time-of-flight power compression. Channel stability and beam energy loss constraints force a minimum channel diameter for a given ion beam power. Final focusing uses an additional short Z-discharge with larger current to reduce the spot size of the ion beam from the channel diameter to the target diameter. The Gamble II accelerator is used to produce a proton beam from a pinched-reflex diode. The effect of the final focus is measured with a shadowbox at the exit of the final focus cell, and the transport is measured by the /sup 19/F(p, alpha gamma ) reaction from 50% transparent Teflon screens placed in the channel. Analysis of the shadowbox damage patterns indicates that the final focus cell plasma is taken into account. The 2.54-cm-diameter ion beam from the channel is reduced in diameter to less than 1.4 cm. >
Chapter 1 Pure computable model theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the foundations of computable model theory: the definitions and examples of decidable theories and computable and decidable models. Exploiting the fundamental concepts of computability theory, computable model theory introduces effective analogues of model-theoretic notions. The generalization of the definition of a particular computable algebraic structure to an arbitrary model yields one of the basic concepts of pure computable model theory, an area of logic developed in the past several years, that is, the notion of a computable model and a stronger notion of a decidable model. Lerman and Schmerl have given examples of theories with computable models. The chapter presents the Effective Completeness Theorem, the Effective Omitting Types Theorem, and the characterizations of decidable theories with decidable prime models and then with decidable saturated models. The chapter also provides results on decidable theories with only finitely many and decidable theories with only countably many nonisomorphic countable models and investigates the model-theoretic nature and the computability-theoretic complexity of models of such theories. The chapter discusses the isomorphisms of effective models and related subtopics, such as intrinsically relations, computably stable models, and computably categorical models.
Inhibition of H-ras Expression by the Adeno-associated Virus Rep78 Transformation Suppressor Gene Product

Here the adeno-associated virus Rep78 gene product was found to inhibit the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and the bladder cancer-derived EJ-H-ras coding sequences when they were under the control of the natural cellular H-ras regulatory sequences. However, Rep78 had little or no effect on the expression of these same coding sequences when they were under the control of the regulatory sequences of the murine osteosarcoma virus long terminal repeat. These data indicate that the inhibition of H-ras by Rep78 depends upon sequences present within the cellular H-ras upstream regulatory region. Furthermore, these and earlier data indicate that Rep78 functions as an "antioncogene" or transformation suppressor gene, inhibiting H-ras as well as several viral oncogenes.
How common are common fragile sites in humans: interindividual variation in the distribution of aphidicolin-induced fragile sites.

To obtain an estimate of the variation in common fragile sites (CFSs) among individuals, aphidicolin (APC)-induced chromosomal breakage data were analyzed for 20 karyotypically normal adult humans. As
ENERGY-DISSIPATION THEOREM AND DETAILED JOSEPHSON EQUATION FOR IDEAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS.

The dissipation of energy in the flow of an ideal incompressible fluid is described by a theorem whose derivation relies upon the exact three-dimensional Magnus formula discussed in the previous paper. The theorem, which explicitly demonstrates the role of vortex motion in the process of energy dissipation, can be used to calculate the trajectories of vortices. Also derived is a detailed Josephson equation - an extension of Anderson's "new corollary in classical hydrodynamics" - which provides an exact non-time-average relation between chemical potentials and vortex motion.
Mechanisms of spacing in groups of juncos: Measurement of behavioural tendencies in social situations

Abstract To investigate behavioural mechanisms that regulate the spacing of individuals, we studied aggression, approach, and avoidance of captive male juncos ( Junco hyemalis ) in relation to the distance between individuals. We measured behavioural tendencies by analysing the terminations of social states so as to determine the instantaneous probability rates of terminal actions. These rates permit accurate comparisons of behavioural tendencies in different social situations. An individual's tendencies to supplant, approach, or withdraw from an opponent depended on the dominance relationship of the two birds and on the distance between them. Interactions did not vary with the magnitude of the difference between opponents' ranks. The dependence of aggression, approach, and avoidance on the distance between opponents controls the spacing of individuals.
Targeted Identification of Metastasis-associated Cell-surface Sialoglycoproteins in Prostate Cancer

Covalent attachment of carbohydrates to proteins is one of the most common post-translational modifications. At the cell surface, sugar moieties of glycoproteins contribute to molecular recognition events involved in cancer metastasis. We have combined glycan metabolic labeling with mass spectrometry analysis to identify and characterize metastasis-associated cell surface sialoglycoproteins. Our model system used syngeneic prostate cancer cell lines derived from PC3 (N2, nonmetastatic, and ML2, highly metastatic). The metabolic incorporation of AC4ManNAz and subsequent specific labeling of cell surface sialylation was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Affinity isolation of the modified sialic-acid containing cell surface proteins via click chemistry was followed by SDS-PAGE separation and liquid chromatography-tandem MS analysis. We identified 324 proteins from N2 and 372 proteins of ML2. Using conservative annotation, 64 proteins (26%) from N2 and 72 proteins (29%) from ML2 were classified as extracellular or membrane-associated glycoproteins. A selective enrichment of sialoglycoproteins was confirmed. When compared with global proteomic analysis of the same cells, the proportion of identified glycoprotein and cell-surface proteins were on average threefold higher using the selective capture approach. Functional clustering of differentially expressed proteins by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the vast majority of glycoproteins overexpressed in the metastatic ML2 subline were involved in cell motility, migration, and invasion. Our approach effectively targeted surface sialoglycoproteins and efficiently identified proteins that underlie the metastatic potential of the ML2 cells.
The amortized complexity of Henriksen's algorithm

Henriksen's algorithm is a priority queue implementation that has been proposed for the event list found in discrete event simulations. It offers several practical advantages over heaps and tree structures.
Transient lesion-induced increase of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in layer VIb (subplate cells) of the adult rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract Basic fibroblast growth factor is a potent trophic factor with a wide spectrum of activity at various stages of neuronal development. In our studies on the effects of select lesions on the expression of growth factors, we observed that neurons of layer VIb of the rat cerebral cortex developed immunoreactivity for basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor following injury. Recent evidence indicates that layer VIb of the rat cerebral cortex contains the subplate cell population, a group of neurons shown to participate in the development of the cerebral cortex. In this article, we examined the nature and time-course of the response to injury of the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in these cells. We used an anti-basic fibroblast growth factor monoclonal antibody that recognizes the active form of basic fibroblast growth factor, and a polyclonal antibody that recognizes the extracellular domain of the basic fibroblast growth factor receptor. The induction of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in layer VIb cells occurred after entorhinal cortex lesion, fimbria-formix transection or aspiration of small segment of the frontoparietal cortex. The lesion-induced effect was transient, appearing by postlesion day 2 and having disappeared by postlesion day 7. These findings suggest that endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor may have a neuroprotective role on layer VIb neurons after trauma and/or may participate in cortical plasticity during adulthood.
Quantitative Prediction of Body Surface Potentials from Myocardial Action Potentials Using a Summed Dipole Model

This paper demonstrates quantitatively, using streamlined mathematics, how the transmembrane ionic currents in individual cardiac muscle cells act to produce the body surface potentials of the electrocardiogram (ECG). From fundamental principles of electrostatics, anatomy, and physiology, one can characterize the strength of apparent dipoles along a wavefront of depolarization in a local volume of myocardium. Net transmembrane flow of ionic current in actively depolarizing or repolarizing tissue induces extracellular current flow, which sets up a field of electrical potential that resembles that of a dipole. The local dipole strength depends upon the tissue cross section, the tissue resistivity, the resting membrane potential, the membrane capacitance, the volume fraction of intracellular fluid, the time rate of change of the action potential, and the cell radius. There are no unknown, “free” parameters. There are no arbitrary scale factors. Body surface potentials are a function of the summed local dipole strengths, directions, and distances from the measuring points. Calculations of body surface potentials can be made for the scenarios of depolarization (QRS complex), repolarization (T wave) and localized acute injury (ST segment shifts) and agree well with experimentally measured potentials. This simplified predictive dipole theory provides a solution to the forward problem of electrocardiography that explains from a physiological perspective how the collective depolarization and repolarization of individual cardiac muscle cells create body surface potentials in health and disease.
Cultural Competence and Cultural Identity: Using Telementoring to Form Relationships of Synergy

This study addresses the following research question: How does telementoring urban high school students by English teacher candidates develop candidates' cultural competence and impact mentees' cultural identity development? Mentee-mentor exchanges were analyzed to uncover how mentees used writing to develop cultural identity, how mentors' responses demonstrated cultural competence, and how cultural competence enhanced cultural identity development. Data analysis revealed two themes of synergy, where mentor-mentee exchanges enabled mutual learning. As mentors demonstrated cultural respect through cultural exploration, mentees broadened identity through cultural sharing. As mentors exhibited cultural affirmation through cultural empathy mentees shifted from silenced to spoken anger. Detailed excerpts illustrate how mentees grappled with cultural identity development and how mentors challenged personal assumptions and began to develop ideological clarity.
The dynamics of daily retail gasoline prices

Previous research has analyzed the behavior of retail gasoline stations in how they adjust their prices. In this paper we analyze the daily movements in prices of four retail gasoline stations located in Newburgh, New York. We find some evidence to support the notion that the behavior is explained by menu costs. There is substantial evidence that the firms adjust their prices asymmetrically, being more inclined to increase than to decrease prices. We conclude that the pricing behavior is being determined by a combination of search costs for the consumers and menu costs for the producers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of amplitude envelope cues to sentence identification in young and aged listeners.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the importance of amplitude envelope cues to sentence identification for aged listeners. We also examined the effect of increasing alterations (i.e., compression ratio) and amount of available frequency content (i.e., number of channels) for this pop
Trajectories of lattice particles using the new approach to no integrability

We study two systems which lead to a lattice when an integration path is specified in ''aesthetic field theory''. One of these cases involves nonsoliton type particles (magnitudes of maxima and minima oscillate in time). The other system is made up of soliton type particles. The two systems are intrinsically three-dimensional. We speak of the third dimension as ''time''. In one of our solutions, the particles move on straight line trajectories, insofar as our numerical work indicates. In the other solution, the soliton type particles undergo what appears to be simple harmonic motion in both the x- and y-directions (loop motion). We then study these two systems using the new approach to integrability which involves a superposition principle and is characterized by a unique change function at each point. We still find multi maxima and minima. The systems are not as symmetric as the lattice. The soliton characteristic is preserved by the new method. We investigated the motion of lattice particles. We found evidence of maxima (minima) regions coalescing so that the location of the maxima (minima) became difficult to follow. The concept of location of particles may not even have a well-defined meaning here. We find examples of soliton particles appearing and disappearing. We conclude that the manner of integration in a no integrability theory can transform a system with well-defined trajectories into a system where particles can no longer be followed in time.
Roles of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, and Release of Intracellular Ca2+ Stores in Insulin-stimulated Insulin Secretion in β-Cells

Abstract The signaling pathway by which insulin stimulates insulin secretion and increases in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells and clonal β-cells was investigated. Application of insulin to single β-cells resulted in increases in [Ca2+]i that were of lower magnitude, slower onset, and longer lifetime than that observed with stimulation with tolbutamide. Furthermore, the increases in [Ca2+]i originated from interior regions of the cell rather than from the plasma membrane as with depolarizing stimuli. The insulin-induced [Ca2+]i changes and insulin secretion at single β-cells were abolished by treatment with 100 nm wortmannin or 1 μm thapsigargin; however, they were unaffected by 10 μm U73122, 20 μmnifedipine, or removal of Ca2+ from the medium. Insulin-stimulated insulin secretion was also abolished by treatment with 2 μm bisindolylmaleimide I, but [Ca2+]i changes were unaffected. In an insulin receptor substrate-1 gene disrupted β-cell tumor line, insulin did not evoke either [Ca2+]i changes or insulin secretion. The data suggest that autocrine-activated increases in [Ca2+]i are due to release of intracellular Ca2+ stores, especially the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Autocrine activation of insulin secretion is mediated by the increase in [Ca2+]i and activation of protein kinase C.
An intercomparison of three satellite infrared rainfall techniques over Japan and surrounding waters

Three satellite infrared techniques of increasing complexity for the estimation of rainfall are compared: (1) the GOES precipitation index (Arkin, 1979, 1983), (2) the Negri-Adler-Wetzel (Negri et al., 1984) technique, and (3) the convective-stratiform technique (CST), described by Adler and Negri (1988). It is shown that all three techniques performed poorly in estimating the rain maxima over southeastern Japan associated with shallow orographic warm rain systems. However, when the data set was limited to the ocean-only points, the CST method performed best, with the lowest bias, the lowest rms, and the highest correlation. Daily rainfall estimates had rms errors of almost 200 percent of the mean, and negative biases of about 50 percent of the mean.