cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triple-ion anions and polynuclear complexing in supercritical electrolyte solutions

Abstract Calculation of accurate mineral solubilities in hydrothermal solutions requires dissociation constants for the predominant aqueous complexes in solution, many of which may be present in appreciable concentrations only at high temperatures. Consideration of dissociation constants representing the standard molal Gibbs free energy changes resulting from the electrostatic interaction of aqueous species indicates that triple ions such as NaCl 2 − and Na 2 Cl + may be major species in alkali metal halide solutions at high temperatures and low pressures where the dielectric constant of H 2 O is ≲ 15. Molal triple ion dissociation constants were computed for temperatures from 400° to 800°C at pressures from 500 to 4000 bars using equations given by Fuoss and Kraus (1933b), together with values of the effective electrostatic radii of aqueous ions generated from algorithms developed by Tanger and Helgeson (1988) and Shock et al. (1990). The logarithms of the calculated second stepwise dissociation constants (log K 2 ) for 16 alkali metal and hydrogen halides typically decrease at 500 bars from ∼0 at 400° to ∼ −3 at 700°C, but they increase with increasing pressure from ∼ −3 at 500 bars to ∼0 at 3 kb and 700°C. Distribution of species calculations using these log K 2 values and dissociation constants for 1:1 ion pairs ( Oelkers and Helgeson , 1988), together with activity coefficients generated by adopting the revised HKF ( Helgeson, Kirkham , and Flowers , 1981) equation of state ( Tanger and Helgeson , 1988) to calculate extended term parameters in the Huckel equation ( helgeson et al., 1981) indicate that triple ions are the predominant species in low-pressure supercritical aqueous solutions at concentrations ≈ 0.8 m. Under these circumstances, polynuclear and mixed ligand complexes in natural electrolyte solutions such as KNaCl + , MgKCl 2 + , ZnNaCl 2 + , FeKCl 2 + , Na 2 ClSO 4 − , etc. may have a substantial effect on the hydrothermal solubilities of minerals at high temperatures and low pressures where many geochemical processes occur.
Calculations Of Therapeutic Heat Generated by Ultrasound in Fat-Muscle-Bone Layers

An analytical approach to obtain the relative heating pattern due to the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a fat-muscle-bone layered tissue system is presented. The effects on the relative heating pattern due to the change of incident angle and the change of frequency are discussed in this paper. The contribution to heating due to mode conversion at the bone surface is also discussed.
Longeveity and lifetime body weight in mice selected for rapid growth.

AN association between lifespan and early growth rate as affected by nutritional manipulation has been reported; high intake–rapid growth apparently contribute to shorter lifespan, and low intake–slow growth to longer lifespan1,2. Genetically determined rapid growth has also been reported to be associated with shortened lifespan3.
Arrhythmias in Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine

Objectives: To describe the time of detection, electrophysiologic mechanism, and severity of hemodynamic sequelae of arrhythmias in infants and children prenatally exposed to cocaine and to determine whether the incidence of severe neonatal arrhythmia is related to prenatal exposure to cocaine. Design: Characteristics of arrhythmias are described for all significant arrhythmias detected at Boston (Mass) City Hospital in infants and children with known cocaine exposure, as well as a convenience sample of children from Children's Hospital, Boston. A historical cohort was used to calculate the rates of cardiac consultation for arrhythmia among children prenatally exposed to cocaine and among children with no known cocaine exposure. Study Population: Characterization of the arrhythmias is based on case studies of 18 children. The rate of arrhythmia consultation was calculated from 554 infants who had urine toxic screens for cocaine and from 13 arrhythmias detected between 1988 and 1991. Outcome Measures: Prenatal cocaine exposure; the time of detection, electrophysiologic mechanism, and severity of hemodynamic sequelae of arrhythmias; and the incidence of cardiology consultation for arrhythmia in infants and children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Results: Fetal arrhythmia persisted into the neonatal period in three cocaine-exposed infants; two were delivered via emergency cesarean sections for presumed fetal bradycardia and were subsequently found to have asymptomatic frequent and blocked atrial premature beats. Including these three infants, arrhythmia was observed in 13 cocaine-exposed neonates; 12 had a variety of supraventricular arrhythmias and four had low-grade ventricular ectopy. Arrhythmia resulted in congestive heart failure in five (38%) of 13 neonates. Six occurrences of arrhythmia were observed beyond the neonatal period among five cocaine-exposed infants. Late arrhythmias included high-grade ventricular arrhythmias and resulted in two cardiorespiratory arrests. In addition, neonates with known exposure to cocaine were more likely to have a consultation for arrhythmia than neonates without known exposure. Conclusions: Sustained arrhythmias may result from an increased number of potential initiating premature beats in children prenatally exposed to cocaine. These effects persist beyond the period of exposure and are associated in some children with congestive heart failure, cardiorespiratory arrest, and death. Prenatal cocaine exposure increases the incidence of consultation for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:1163-1169)
A simple and convenient culture chamber conversion for use with standard disposable culture dishes

A tissue culture chamber is described for the observation of living cells utilizing inverted phase-contrast microscopy. This chamber is easily assembled from component parts already available in most tissue culture facilities. Rapid assembly and low unit cost are the principle advantages of this system.
Vacuum Wavelengths of Kr 86 , Hg 198 , and Cd 114

Vacuum-wavelengths values are given for a number of visible lines, emitted by Kr86, Hg198, and Cd114, which are useful spectroscopic and metrological standards. The wavelengths are based on a number of Fabry–Perot interferometer measurements during the past few years; some of the values have also been confirmed by independent measurements on Michelson interferometers. Perturbations to the wavelengths are discussed.
The unilateral circulation compartmental model

Abstract General properties of the linear time-invariant continuous compartmental model in which the system matrix is a unilateral circulation matrix (cycle) are studied. Elements of the inverse matrix can be precisely described and yield improved information on mean residence times. Conditions are found under which eigenvalues of any compartmental matrix are real and distinct. Formulae for spectral sensitivities with respect to flow and excretion rates are presented. Also shown is a simple calculation of the nonzero eigenvalue of a compartmental matrix which has smallest size. Identifiability of the flow and excretion rates for the single-exit, single-input, multiple-output unilateral circulation model is established. Interval identifiability is given for the unidentifiable volumes of the unilateral circulation model representing a series of physical compartments.
SRI International: description of the TACITUS system as used for MUC-3

TACITUS is a system for interpreting natural language texts that has been under development since 1985. It has a preprocessor and postprocessor currently tailored to the MUC-3 application. It performs a syntactic analysis of the sentences in the text, using a fairly complete grammar of English, producing a logical form in first-order predicate calculus. Pragmatics problems are solved by abductive inference in a pragmatics, or interpretation, component.
Gauss quadrature estimators

This paper presents an alternative method in dealing with nonlinear estimation problems. The principle is to approximate the integration of the conditional densities by using Gauss quadrature formulas and to set up the grid for the current filtering density simultaneously. The grid is centered at the filtering mean. The region where the grid locates is changed according to the conditional distribution. Approximation errors which depend on the choice of the number of nodes and the integration interval are discussed. Numerical experiments indicate that approximation errors do not accumulate during updating procedures.
Effects of temperature on anion distribution in perfused rat, guinea-pig and hamster ventricle

Ventricular tissue from rats, guinea-pigs and hamsters were found to be more anion permeable when perfused and superfused with Ringer's solution at 22 degrees C rather than 36 degrees C. When the perfusate temperature was 36 degrees C the anion permeability of the in vitro rat and guinea-pig ventricle approximated that found in situ. Further, the anion permeability of the rat and guinea-pig heart was found not to be influenced by the absence of plasma proteins in the perfusate.
A Task Scheduler and Service Subsystem for the Common Node of a Distributed Function Laboratory Computer Network

In a functionally distributed computer system, the system function is partitioned into less complex functions which reside at decreasing functional hierarchy levels. At some point in the partitioning process, all software and hardware required to implement an identified function are confined to a node of the system. The type of hardware elements and the form of the software required at the node are determined by the node function. This principle is illustrated in the case of a task scheduler for the common node of a distributed function laboratory computer system having a star-like configuration.
Identification and characterization of a new allele for the beta subunit of follicle‐stimulating hormone in Chinese pig breeds*

Summary During evaluation of follicle-stimulating hormone-beta (FSHB) expression in anterior pituitary glands by an RNase protection assay (RPA), the expected fragment of 205 nucleotides at positions 759–963 was not detected in one boar that had moderate plasma and pituitary FSH concentrations. After subcloning and sequencing, mRNA from this boar lacked an 11-bp fragment (5′-CATTTGGAAAC-3′) at nucleotide positions 807–817 of the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR, D allele). Wild-type FSHB (WT allele) was present in pituitary RNA and genomic DNA in both Meishan (MS) and White Composite (WC) pigs; whereas the D allele was present only in MS pigs (P< 0·01; 5/6 MS vs. 0/6 WC). Also, we found the D allele in five other Chinese breeds but absent in ten American Landrace, 11 Yorkshire and 17 Berkshire pigs. Additionally, the D allele had one silent nucleotide change in the coding region plus six, single nucleotide changes in the 3′-UTR.
Linear degeneracy in the semiclassical atom

If the angular and radial quantum numbers of states with the same binding energy satisfy a linear relation, as is the situation in the Coulomb potential, the spectrum is said to be linearly degenerate. We present a detailed study of the consequences of such linear degeneracy in atomic potentials. One of the results is a new, and more general, derivation of Scott's correction to the Thomas-Fermi energy.
Autologous blood donation and subsequent blood use in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

Autologous blood donation is designed to avoid complications from allogeneic blood, leaving units of blood in the general blood supply. It is unclear how efficient these programmes are in accomplishing these goals. It is unclear if autologous donation provokes increased need for any transfusion following surgery and whether it can be avoided in low-risk surgeries. Of 430 patients undergoing unilateral primary knee replacement arthroplasty over 12 months in our hospital, 309 had autologous donations and 121 did not. Of the 121 patients who did not donate, 36% completed surgery without transfusion, whereas only 17% of those who had autologous donations did so (P < 0.05). Age less than 65 years, higher baseline and postoperative haemoglobin levels were associated with lower transfusion rates. Patients who had autologous donations were approximately four times more likely to be transfused. As the number of autologous units donated increased, transfusions following surgery increased. Autologous donation did reduce allogeneic blood transfusions. Therefore, autologous blood donation for unilateral total knee arthroplasty is associated with overall increased transfusion rates, but with reduced need for allogeneic blood, independent of other clinical factors associated with transfusion. Therefore, there is need for reconsideration of these programmes relative to specific surgeries.
Infectious complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), performed for the diagnosis and treatment of many conditions of the bile ducts and the pancreas, can result in complications, including infectious ones, such as sepsis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, liver abscess, infected pancreatic pseudocyst, endocarditis, and perforation. It is important for the clinician to be knowledgeable about the most common infectious complications of ERCP to quickly and accurately identify and manage them. Here, we review these complications highlighting the risk factors, presentation, and management, as well as the recommended strategies to help prevent them. The risk of infectious complications is higher in some situations, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and in liver transplant recipients, and these are reviewed as well.
Laboratory Observation of Localized Onset of Magnetic Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental process in plasmas that results in the often explosive release of stored magnetic energy, but the trigger for its onset is not well understood. We explore this trigger for fast reconnection in toroidal experiments using a magnetic x-type geometry in the strong guide-field regime. We find that the onset occurs asymmetrically: the reconnection begins on one side of the torus and propagates around approximately at the Alfven speed. The fast reconnection occurs only in the presence of a global plasma mode, which breaks the axisymmetry and enables the current at the x line to decrease sharply. A simple semiempirical model is used to describe the onset's growth rate.
A comparative study of the effect of annealing and plasma treatments on the microstructure and properties of colloidal indium tin oxide films and cold-sputtered indium tin oxide films

Abstract Indium tin oxide (ITO) films were fabricated by (i) RF sputtering and (ii) spin coating of a colloidal ITO dispersion synthesized in-house. Films were deposited onto glass and quartz substrates and were annealed in air and in argon. The electrical properties of the films were studied as a function of annealing temperature and atmosphere. For the colloidal films, the effect of pre-annealing plasma treatments was also evaluated. Removal of the organic ligands from the colloidal films, in combination with annealing, resulted in over 8 orders of magnitude decrease in the film resistivity. It was found that plasma treatments were particularly effective in reducing film resistivity for low temperature annealed colloidal films. Results for the cold-sputtered films were for the most part as expected, with argon annealing resulting in lower resistivities than films annealed in air.
High temperature study of the reactions of O and OH with NH3

Mixtures of NH3 and N2O dilute in Ar were heated behind incident shock waves in the temperature range 1750–2060 K. A cw ring dye laser, tuned to the center of an OH absorption line in the ultraviolet, was used to monitor OH concentration profiles by absorption spectroscopy. Infrared emission was used to follow N2O (at 4.5 μm) and NH3 (at 10.5 μm) concentration—time histories. The early-time NH3 and OH concentration profiles were sensitive to the rate constants of the reactions leading to the following best-fit expressions for k2 and k3:k2 = 1013.34±0.3 exp(−4470/T) and k3 = 1013.91±0.2 exp(-4230/T) cm3 mol−1 s−1. The results of this study combined with previous low-temperature data suggest a significant non-Arrhenius behavior for both k2 and k3.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

AbstractTGF-β1 has been examined in the heart during myocardial infarction caused by ligation of the left coronary artery. Infracted and uninfected myocardium have been compared by immunohistochemical staining of TGF-β1 and by Northern blot analysis of mRNA. Normal ventricular myocytes are strongly stained by an antibody to TGF-β1. Progressive loss of staining of these myocytes begins within 1 hr after coronary ligation. However, by 24-48 hr after ligation, intense staining of myocytes at the margin of infracted areas is seen. Northern blots of infracted myocardium 48 hr after ligation show a 3to 4-fold increase in the principal 2.4 kb TGF-β1 mRNA; there is also a marked increase in a minor 1.9 kb transcript. In the same tissue samples, there is a 2-fold decrease in the mRNA for the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The results indicate a significant role for TGF-β in the response of the heart to injury.
Hyphal Tip-Associated Localization of Cdc42 Is F-Actin Dependent in Candida albicans

The rho-type GTPase Cdc42 is important for the establishment and maintenance of eukaryotic cell polarity. To examine whether Cdc42 is regulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition in Candida albicans, we constructed a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-Cdc42 fusion under the ACT1 promoter and observed its localization in live C. albicans cells. As in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GFP-Cdc42 was observed around the entire periphery of the cell. In yeast-form cells of C. albicans, it clustered to the tips and sides of small buds as well as to the mother-daughter neck region of large-budded cells. Upon hyphal induction, GFP-Cdc42 clustered to the site of hyphal evagination and remained at the tips of the hyphae. This temporal and spatial localization of Cdc42 suggests that its activity is regulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition. In addition to the accumulation at the hyphal tip, GFP-Cdc42 was also seen as a band within the hyphal tube in cells that had undergone nuclear separation. With the F-actin-assembly inhibitor latrunculin A, we found that GFP-Cdc42 accumulation at the bud site in yeast-form cells is F-actin independent, whereas GFP-Cdc42 accumulation at the hyphal tip requires F-actin. Furthermore, disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton impaired the transcriptional induction of hypha-specific genes. Therefore, hypha formation resembles mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in that both require F-actin for GFP-Cdc42 localization and efficient signaling.
SOMATOTYPING, ANTIMODERNISM, AND THE PRODUCTION OF CRIMINOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE*

This study analyzes the work of William H. Sheldon, the psychologist, physician, and advocate of the study of body types. It investigates how he arrived at his much-repeated finding that a correlation exists between mesomorphy (a stocky, muscular body build) and delinquency and how his ideas were validated and perpetuated. It reviews what Sheldon actually said about the causes of crime; identifies his goals in searching for a relationship between body shape and criminality; explains how he found audiences for his biological theory at a time when sociological approaches dominated criminology; and attempts to understand the current criminological ambivalence about the scientific status of Sheldon's work, despite its discreditation decades ago. I argue that the tripartite structure of Sheldon's thought attracted three different audiences–methodologists, social scientists, and supporters–and that it encouraged the supporters to fund his research without reference to the critiques of the social scientists. I also argue that somatotyping was part of a broader antimodernist reaction within international scientific communities against the dislocations of twentieth-century life. To understand the origins, acceptance, and maintenance of criminological ideas, we need a historical perspective on figures of the past. Positivism may inform us about what is true and false, but we also need to know how truth and falsity have been constructed over time and how the ideas of earlier criminologists were shaped by their personal and social contexts.
The crossing of the jordan according to josephus

This study offers a detailed examination of Josephus’ retelling (in Ant. 5.16-21) of the account of Israel’s crossing of the Jordan and its immediate sequels found in Joshua 3-5. The investigation uncovers (limited) indications of Josephus’ use of various textforms of the biblical passage. It also calls attention to the range of rewriting techniques applied by Josephus to the source narrative (abbreviations, amplifications, rearrangements, and other modifications) which result in a version of events that is, e.g., much more compact than the biblical one, even while it nuances the portrayal of the story’s characters in a number of respects.
Josephson weak links: two models

In 1968 Stewart1 and McCumber2 independently advanced a theory to explain why the observed current—voltage characteristics of one type of weak-link device differed so markedly from that of related devices. They proposed that the difference between the current—voltage characteristics of many of these devices could be explained by analyzing them in terms of a lumped circuit model that treated the distributed internal resistance and capacitance of the device as a single resistor and a single capacitor, both in parallel with a hypothetical idealized Josephson element having zero capacitance and an infinite resistance to quasiparticle tunneling. These ac and dc supercurrents obey Josephson’s equations3 $$i={{i}_{c}}\sin \varnothing $$ (1a) and $$\left( 2e/h \right)V=d\varnothing /dt$$ (1b) where i c is the critical supercurrent, o and V are the pair-phase difference and instantaneous voltage across the element, and i is the instantaneous supercurrent. The observed time-averaged dc current—voltage characteristic of such a lumped circuit model is a function of the dimensionless parameter $${{\beta }_{c}}=\left( 2e/h \right){{i}_{c}}\left( C/{{G}^{2}} \right)$$ (2) which gives a normalized measure of the balance of influence of the capacitance C, shunt conductance G, and critical supercurrent i c on the hysteresis.
Optimal object matching via convexification and composition

In this paper, we propose a novel object matching method to match an object to its instance in an input scene image, where both the object template and the input scene image are represented by groups of feature points. We relax each template point's discrete feature cost function to create a convex function that can be optimized efficiently. Such continuous and convex functions with different regularization terms are able to create different convex optimization models handling objects undergoing (i) global transformation, (ii) locally affine transformation, and (iii) articulated transformation. These models can better constrain each template point's transformation and therefore generate more robust matching results. Unlike traditional object or feature matching methods with “hard” node-to-node results, our proposed method allows template points to be transformed to any location in the image plane. Such a property makes our method robust to feature point occlusion or mis-detection. Our extensive experiments demonstrate the robustness and flexibility of our method.
The softening of hardware

In the 1940s, when modern computing began, engineers tended to view computers and the programs running on them as unified entities. Now, after decades in which software and hardware developed along separate paths, we seem to have come full circle. The hardware on which our programs run is thanks to embedded systems. These systems force designers to work under incredibly tight constraints. To understand the technologies developed to satisfy these constraints, we must first distinguish the underlying embedded systems elements.
Chromosomal instability induced by heavy ion irradiation

PURPOSE: To establish the dose-response relationship for the induction of chromosomal instability in GM10115 cells exposed to high-energy iron ions (1 GeV/nucleon, mean LET 146 keV/microm) and gold ions (11 GeV/nucleon, mean LET 1450 keV/microm). Past work has established that sparsely ionizing X-rays can induce a long-lived destabilization of chromosomes in a dose-dependent manner at an incidence of approximately 3% per gray. The present investigation assesses the capacity of High-Z and High-energy (HZE) particles to elicit this same endpoint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clonal populations derived from single progenitor cells surviving heavy-ion irradiation were analyzed cytogenetically to identify those clones showing a persistent destablization of chromosomes. RESULTS: Dose-response data, with a particular emphasis at low dose (< 1.0 Gy), indicate a frequency of approximately 4% per gray for the induction of chromosomal instability in clones derived from single progenitor cells surviving exposure to iron ions. The induction of chromosomal instability by gold ions was, however, less responsive to applied dose, as the observed incidence of this phenotype varied from 0 to 10% over 1-8 Gy. Both iron and gold ions gave dose-dependent increases in the yield of chromosomal aberrations (both chromosome- and chromatid-type) measured at the first mitosis following irradiation, as well as shoulderless survival curves having D0=0.87 and 1.1 Gy respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present dose-response data, the relative biological effectiveness of iron ions is 1.3 for the induction of chromosomal instability, and this indicates that heavy ions are only slightly more efficient than X-rays at eliciting this delayed phenotype.
A comparison of anhydrous fixation methods for the observation of pea embryonic axes (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska)

To develop an effective protocol for observation of dry pea embryonic axes (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska), several fixation methods were compared for ease of infiltration and sectioning and for quality of sections. These methods included osmium vapour fixation, freeze-substitution followed by an aqueous wash, and freeze-substitution using anhydrous methanol. Axes fixed with osmium vapour were brittle and difficult to section. Cells fixed using vapour from an aqueous OsO4 solution had cell walls separated from plasma membranes, while cells fixed using osmium crystals exhibited folded walls tightly appressed to plasma membranes. Axes fixed using freeze-substitution followed by an aqueous wash sectioned easily, but appeared plasmolysed, with cell walls completely separated from plasma membranes. Even a brief (10 min) rinse in 90% acetone led to separation of the walls from the membranes. Tissues infiltrated with anhydrous methanol and Spurr’s resin were difficult to section, but showed extensive folding of the cell walls, with plasma membranes appressed to the walls. Additional modifications to the infiltration protocol led to improved sectioning. The highest-quality sections were obtained using freeze-substitution with anhydrous methanol as a solvent, followed by infiltration using methanol and Spurr’s resin, with the catalyst (dimethylaminoethanol) omitted from the infiltration protocol until the final step. Through comparison of several protocols recommended in the literature for the preparation of dry tissues, it is apparent that the presence of water, even in the vapour phase, at any step can cause swelling of the cell walls and the artefactual separation of the walls from the fixed protoplast.
An information theory analysis of spatial decisions in cognitive development

Performance in a cognitive task can be considered as the outcome of a decision-making process operating across various knowledge domains or aspects of a single domain. Therefore, an analysis of these decisions in various tasks can shed light on the interplay and integration of these domains (or elements within a single domain) as they are associated with specific task characteristics. In this study, we applied an information theoretic approach to assess quantitatively the gain of knowledge across various elements of the cognitive domain of spatial, relational knowledge, as a function of development. Specifically, we examined changing spatial relational knowledge from ages five to ten years. Our analyses consisted of a two-step process. First, we performed a hierarchical clustering analysis on the decisions made in 16 different tasks of spatial relational knowledge to determine which tasks were performed similarly at each age group as well as to discover how the tasks clustered together. We next used two measures of entropy to capture the gradual emergence of order in the development of relational knowledge. These measures of “cognitive entropy” were defined based on two independent aspects of chunking, namely (1) the number of clusters formed at each age group, and (2) the distribution of tasks across the clusters. We found that both measures of entropy decreased with age in a quadratic fashion and were positively and linearly correlated. The decrease in entropy and, therefore, gain of information during development was accompanied by improved performance. These results document, for the first time, the orderly and progressively structured “chunking” of decisions across the development of spatial relational reasoning and quantify this gain within a formal information-theoretic framework.
Limits on the use of nuclear explosives for asteroid deflection

Abstract Recent studies by the US National Research Council identify nuclear explosives as the only current technology able to deflect large asteroids (those exceeding 500 m in diameter) or to mitigate impacts of smaller bodies when the warning time is short. Previous work predicts that either a standoff burst or a very low-yield surface burst is easily capable of deflecting a large (1 km) asteroid without fragmentation. Alternatively, large near-surface or just sub-surface bursts can sufficiently disrupt and disperse smaller bodies (300 m) to ensure that large fractions (in excess of 99.99%) miss the Earth entirely. Even for very short warning times (less than a month), more than 99.5% of a body′s mass can be deflected off of an Earth-bound trajectory. However, successfully deflecting a small body, while avoiding fragmentation, becomes a challenging problem when the required kinetic energy increment is a substantial fraction of the body′s potential. This paper addresses the challenge of preventing the production of substantial low-speed debris while deflecting small bodies with an impulsive method.
Redundancy identification/removal and test generation for sequential circuits using implicit state enumeration

Finite state machine (FSM) verification based on implicit state enumeration can be extended to test generation and redundancy identification. The extended method constructs the product machine of two FSMs to be compared, and reachability analysis is performed by traversing the product machine to find any difference in I/O behavior. When an output difference is detected, the information obtained by reachability analysis is used to generate a test sequence. This method is complete, and it generates one of the shortest possible test sequences for a given fault. However, applying this method indiscriminately for all faults may result in unnecessary waste of computer resources. An efficient method based on reachability analysis of the fault-free machine (three-phase ATPG) in addition to the powerful but more resource-demanding product machine traversal is presented. The application of these algorithms to the problems of generating test sequences, identifying redundancies, and removing redundancies is reported. >
Normal process representatives

The relevance of a form of cut elimination theorem for linear logic tensor theories to the concept of a process on a Petri net is discussed. The discussion is based on two definitions of processes given by E. Best and R. Devillers (1987). Their notions of process correspond to equivalence relations on linear logic proofs. It is noted that the cut reduced proofs form a process under the finer of these definitions. Using a strongly normalizing rewrite system and a weak Church-Rosser theorem, it is shown that each class of the coarser process definition contains exactly one of these finer classes which can therefore be viewed as a canonical or normal process representative. The relevance of these rewrite rules to the categorical approach of P. Degano et al. (1989) is also discussed. >
Thawing Frozen Robust Multi-array Analysis (fRMA)

A novel method of microarray preprocessing - Frozen Robust Multi-array Analysis (fRMA) - has recently been developed. This algorithm allows the user to preprocess arrays individually while retaining the advantages of multi-array preprocessing methods. The frozen parameter estimates required by this algorithm are generated using a large database of publicly available arrays. Curation of such a database and creation of the frozen parameter estimates is time-consuming; therefore, fRMA has only been implemented on the most widely used Affymetrix platforms. We present an R package, frmaTools, that allows the user to quickly create his or her own frozen parameter vectors. We describe how this package fits into a preprocessing workflow and explore the size of the training dataset needed to generate reliable frozen parameter estimates. This is followed by a discussion of specific situations in which one might wish to create one's own fRMA implementation. For a few specific scenarios, we demonstrate that fRMA performs well even when a large database of arrays in unavailable. By allowing the user to easily create his or her own fRMA implementation, the frmaTools package greatly increases the applicability of the fRMA algorithm. The frmaTools package is freely available as part of the Bioconductor project.
Mitochondrial DNA haplotype predicts deafness risk

Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) does not recombine in humans, once deleterious variation arises within a particular mtDNA clone it remains linked to that clonal type. An A to G mutation at mtDNA position 1555 confers matrilineal deafness among Asians and others. Two major mtDNA types (I and II) have been defined in Asians by D-loop sequencing. We have determined the D-loop sequence of 8 unrelated deaf Asians bearing the 1555G mutation, and find that 7 are of type II, whereas only one is of type I. Thus the frequency of the 1555G mutation is higher in type II mtDNA than type I (P = 0.035, binomial test), and persons with type II mtDNA are more likely to become deaf. Type II mtDNAs are rare in the Caucasian population, which may explain the rarity of this form of deafness in the United States. Negative Darwinian selection is expected to rapidly eliminate mtDNAs bearing severely deleterious mutations; but mildly deleterious mutations whose phenotype is expressed after reproduction should persist on the mtDNA background in which they arose. Thus determination of mtDNA clonal type has the potential to predict human risk for diseases that are the result of mildly deleterious mtDNA mutations whichmore » confer a post-reproductive phenotype. 4 refs., 1 fig.« less
An evaluation of recent quantitative magnetospheric magnetic field models.

Magnetospheric field models involving dipole tilt effects are discussed, with particular reference to defined magnetopause models and boundary surface models. The models are compared with observations and with each other whenever possible. It is shown that models containing only contributions from magnetopause and tail current systems are capable of reproducing the observed quiet time field just in a qualitative way. The best quantitative agreement between models and observations take place when currents distributed in the inner magnetosphere are added to the magnetopause and tail current systems. One region in which all the models fall short is the region around the polar cusp. Obtaining physically reasonable gradients should have high priority in the development of future models.
Ecological Restoration Treatments Increase Butterfly Richness and Abundance: Mechanisms of Response

Few ecosystem restoration studies evaluate whether arthropods are important components of ecosystem recovery. We tested the hypothesis that ponderosa pine restoration treatments would increase adult butterfly species richness and abundance as a direct result of increased understory diversity and abundance. To examine mechanisms that potentially affect adult butterfly distribution, we quantified host plant frequency, nectar plant abundance, and insolation (light intensity) in restoration treatment and control forests. This study is unique, because this is the first invertebrate monitoring in ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments in the U.S. Southwest and also because these treatments are the first replicated ponderosa pine restoration treatments at a landscape scale. Three patterns emerged: (1) butterfly species richness and abundance were 2 and 3 times greater, respectively, in restoration treatment units than in paired control forests 1 year after treatment, and 1.5 and 3.5 times greater, respectively, 2 years after treatment, ordination of control and treatment sampling units using butterfly assemblages showed significant separation of control and restoration treatment units after restoration treatment; (2) host plant and nectar plant species richness showed little difference between treated and control forests even 2 years after treatment; and (3) insolation (light intensity) was significantly greater in treated forests after restoration. We suggest that changes in the butterfly assemblage may occur due to light intensity effects before plant community changes occur or can be detected. Butterfly assemblage differences will have additional cascading effects on the ecosystem as prey for higher trophic levels and through plant interactions including herbivory and pollination.
Patients' Responsibility for Their Suicidal Behavior

Psychiatrists’ liability for their patients’ suicides seems qualitatively different than many other forms of medical malpractice. When a surgeon makes an incision in a clumsy fashion, an orthopedist misaligns the parts of a bone while setting a fracture, or an internist fails to detect a breast lump that turns out to be cancerous, the physician’s negligence is clearly the direct cause (the law would say “proximate” cause) of the harm suffered by the patient. Few would quarrel with the general rule that physicians should be held liable for the consequences of their negligence in these cases. Suicide, however, is different in at least one relevant respect: whatever the failings in the psychiatrist’s treatment of the suicidal patient, it is the actions of the patient, not those of the psychiatrist, that are the ultimate cause of the harm. Without the patient’s decision to take an overdose or stand in the path of an oncoming train, no adverse consequences would occur. Should the contribution of the patient to the unhappy outcome not be recognized in some way that diminishes the degree of responsibility assigned to the clinician? Precisely this question was raised by a recent series of decisions in a case from Illinois, Hobart v. Shin (1,2). The case arose in the aftermath of the death by suicide of Kathryn Hobart, a 27-year-old student at the University of Illinois’ Chicago campus. Ms. Hobart, who had a long history of depression, sought care from Dr. Shin, a family practitioner at the student health service. She complained of fatigue, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, and a general sense of hopelessness. Concerned about the patient’s potential for suicidal behavior, Dr. Shin had Ms. Hobart examined by a psychologist, who persuaded her to admit herself voluntarily to a psychiatric unit.
Pellicle-induced reticle distortion: an experimental investigation

As semiconductor design rules decrease in size, total overlay performance requires a higher standard of the stepper and the photomask which affords a smaller error budget to each. Currently, photomask overlay assessment is done prior to pellicle attachment. However, the physical act of attaching a pellicle to a photomask imparts mechanical stress that distorts the reticle plane and changes the actual pattern placement from the design intent. With the advent of metrology tools capable of through-pellicle registration measurement, we are now able to assess and better characterize the effect pelliclization has on reticle distortion. The focus of this experimental investigation has been to quantify the incremental reticle distortion attributed to attaching the pellicle. To assess pellicle-induced distortion, both pattern registration and reticle flatness were evaluated. Two pellicle gasket materials were evaluated and one of the two materials was found to produce less reticle distortion. Relaxation of pellicle-induced reticle distortion after the pellicle is attached is also discussed.
Die Schönheit des Trivialen Oder: Bürger im Niemandsland. Theodor Fontane zwischen Naturalismus und poetischem Realismus

Die Literaturszenerie in der letzten Halfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist gepragt durch eine dezidierte Theoretisierung und damit Politisierung, wobei sich gangige Kategorisierungen wie burgerlicher (konservativer) und poetischer Realismus hie- und Naturalismus da als politisch vermittelt decouvrieren an ihrer jeweiligen asthetischen Anwendung: Das die in Fontanes Romanen perfektionierte Forminnovation der sogenannten »Objektivierung des Subjektiven« (Brinkmann) das spezifisch realistische Dilemma zwischen Wirklichkeitstreue und Wirklichkeitsverfallenheit zu einem Problem der Rezeptionsasthetik und ihrer Kritik werden last, erweist sich an dem zentralen Theorem von Fontanes rudimentarer Romantheorie, der Rede von der Verklarung, die erreicht werde in jener von Lukacz so definierten »Wiederherstellung des Konkreten«, des poetisierten Nebensachlichen als Essenz der Zeit-geschichte. Das dafur eingesetzte Stilmittel der humorvoll-distanzierten Ironisierung vermag dabei weder jenes eindeutige sozialkritische Identifikationsangebot (das Realismus wie Naturalismus zu Unrecht als stilbildend nachgesagt wurde) noch die Befriedigung der vorraugigen Leserschicht, des spatwilhelminischen Burgertums, zu leisten. Indem er jedoch mit eklatanten affirmativen Spekulationen gleichzeitig als grunderzeitlicher Tendenzschriftsteller erscheint, erweist sich die stilgeschichtliche Bedeutung Fontanes darin, das seine Werke von keiner der herkommlichen Klassifikationsstrategien in ihrer Komplexitat zu beschriben sind.
Quality assessment of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) producers in California

Abstract Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) egg shipments from three commercial California insectaries were evaluated during a nine-month period. All three insectaries shipped similar numbers of eggs per unit weight (range 301.0 ± 10.3 to 315.4 ± 7.8 eggs/25 mg). Estimated total number of eggs per shipment for all three insectaries was between 1.80 and 3.30 times the number ordered (1,000). The estimated number of dead eggs per shipment ranged from 76.0 to 418.0 and the estimated number of larvae per shipment ranged from 0 to 9.9. Final hatch rates for all three insectaries were between 70.9% and 73.9%. Hatch began on the third day after shipment receipt and 70% of total hatch had occurred by the fourth day. Implications for timing of egg and larval releases are discussed.
Tissue Culture Studies on Ginkgo biloba

More than a half century of in vitro studies on Ginkgo biloba L. presents an opportunity for future research on one of the oldest, most respected trees on the planet. The unusualness of Ginkgo as an extant species with considerable heterozygosity and vigor makes it especially attractive for both fundamental and applied studies.
Sensitivity of tumor cells deficient in the fanconi anemia pathway to inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)

10509 Loss of the fanconi anemia (FA) pathway function has been described in a number of sporadic tumor types including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, head and neck and hematological malignancies. Fu...
C.G. Jung and the indigenous psyche: two encounters

ABSTRACTIn The Lament of the Dead, James Hillman quotes Foucault as saying there are two ways to escape ‘the box of contemporary thinking’. One path lies through erudition, the other through the indigenous experience. While the history of Jung's ideas has been thoroughly explored, we understand little about his encounters with indigenous people in the American Southwest. For example, the literature on his visit to Taos Pueblo is riddled with misleading information. Part of the problem begins with Jung's own confusion regarding his contact at Taos with Antonio Mirabal. Not only did Jung wrongly believe that Mirabal was an ‘Indian chief’; he misspelled and mistranslated his Tiwa name, Ochwiay Biano. Although the encounter could be described (at one level) as superficial, Jung refers to it as one of the most important experiences of his life. This paper will explore what Jung seems to have encountered in Taos, and the ways his experience were orchestrated by the unseen presence of others (including Mabel Dod...
The Inevitable Irrelvance of Affirmative Action

When the Supreme Court decides Fisher v. Texas next term, which presents an Equal Protection challenge to the University of Texas’ race-preference admissions policy, the likely outcome is that it will not abolish affirmative action programs wholesale. Considering the present make-up of the Court, following Fisher, colleges, universities and graduate schools will remain free to pursue the Court’s previously announced goal of admitting individual students who as a group present a critical mass of diverse viewpoints. To meet this goal, schools must create programs that are narrowly tailored to achieve the compelling governmental interest in what has come to be considered viewpoint diversity; an assurance of otherwise under-represented voices in the classroom. In many instances, accepting students who will lend a differing viewpoint to the classroom is contrary to the current trend among schools to pursue favorable national recognition from various news outlets, most notably U.S. News and World Report. The problem lies with consideration of underrepresented students, who generally apply to schools with academic test scores that are not competitive with their majority peers. The disparity among minority and non-minority applicant test scores means that admitting a significant number of minority students would result in a potential decrease in a school’s mean entering standardized test scores, a number which factors significantly into a school’s national rank. For the most part, institutes of higher education have become so consumed with the goal of achieving the highest possible ranking that they are uninterested in constructing constitutionally permissible race-preference admissions programs, even in light of the Court’s continued guidance on the matter.
Ca2+-stimulated respiration in mitochondria isolated from different fiber types of normal chick muscle and from dystrophic muscle.

SummaryMitochondria were isolated from normal chick muscles composed predominantly of αW, αR, or βR fibers and compared polarographically. Rates of respiration after addition of ADP were higher for mitochondria from αR and βR fibers than for mitochondria from αW fibers. Respiration of mitochondria from all three fiber types was enhanced by the addition of Ca2+ to the medium but at rates similar to those observed after addition of ADP. Ca2+/O ratios were not different for the mitochondria from the different fiber types.Mitochondria were isolated from the pectoralis muscle (αW) of normal chicks and chicks with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Mitochondria from dystrophic chick muscle exhibited higher rates of respiration after addition of ADP than mitochondria from normal chick muscle. Respiration in mitochondria from both genotypes was enhanced proportionately by the addition of Ca2+. Dystrophic organelles accumulated more Ca2+ than normal mitochondria during Ca2+-stimulated respiration, but the increased up...