cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of Small Parathyroid Adenomas Using Modified 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography/Ultrasound

Objective. To investigate whether parathyroid gland weight has an impact on the accuracy of preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas with modified 4 dimensional computed tomography/ultrasound. And to determine if the weight of parathyroid adenomas can be calculated accurately based on the dimensions of the gland on the CT images.Study Design. Case series with chart review.Setting. Tertiary care hospital.Subjects and Methods. One hundred forty-two patients who had a preoperative modified 4-dimensional computed tomography/ultrasound and underwent parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma between 1998 and 2009. Charts were reviewed to identify (1) the sensitivity and specificity for localization of parathyroid adenomas according to gland weight and (2) correlation between preoperative estimate of parathyroid weight and the surgical weight of the parathyroid gland.Results. Modified 4-dimensional computed tomography/ultrasound displayed 92% sensitivity for localizing adeno...
Zen and the Art of Treason: Radical Buddhism in Meiji Era (1868–1912) Japan

AbstractIn the early decades of the twentieth century, as Japanese society became engulfed in war and increasing nationalism, the majority of Buddhist leaders and institutions capitulated to the status quo. At the same time, there was a stream of ‘resistance’ among a few Buddhist figures, both priests and laity. These instances of progressive and ‘radical Buddhism’ had roots in late Edo-period peasant revolts, the lingering discourse of early Meiji period liberalism, trends within Buddhist reform and modernisation and the emergence in the first decade of the twentieth century of radical political thought, including various forms of socialism and anarchism. This essay analyses the roots of ‘radical Buddhism’ in Japan by analysing the life and work of three distinctive figures: Tarui Tōkichi (1850–1922), Takagi Kenmyō (1864­–1914), and Uchiyama Gudō (1874–1911). While noting their differences, I argue these three collective represent both the problems and possibilities of radical Buddhism in an East Asian a...
The interaction of free fatty acids in radioimmunoassays for reverse triiodothyronine.

We have investigated the effect of FFA on the RIA of rT3 because of our previous findings of a correlation between serum rT3 values and increased FFA concentrations during prolonged exercise and reports of interference by FFA in other thyroid hormone assays. Apparent rT3 values increased by 19% and 34% in in vivo studies of acute lipolysis in subjects 5 min post exercise or 10 min post heparin, respectively, while T3 and T4 concentrations were unchanged. Varying concentrations of palmitic acid were added in vitro to four normal sera, and the increase in FFA concentration correlated significantly with the increase in apparent rT3 values. The mean±se of the regression slope was 9.3±1.8 ng/dl rT3/mM FFA (r=0.96±0.02). The addition of linoleic acid produced a similar effect. T3 and T4 concentrations were unchanged. The interaction of FFA in the rT3 RIA was unrelated to the procedure used to separate the assay, to the concentration of 8-anilino-1-napthalene-sulfonic acid in the assay buffer, to FFA binding dir...
Reproducibility in fabrication and analytical performance of polyaniline-coated nanoelectrospray emitters

Nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry is an ideal technique for analysis of biomolecules when sample quantities are limited. With the use of this technique, 1−2 μL of sample can be electrosprayed for long time periods (hours) because of the low flow rate (nanoliters per minute) attainable. However, the long-term durability of such emitters has been an impediment to the routine use of nanoelectrospray. The development of longer-lasting nanoelectrospray emitters has often resulted in increasingly complex and tedious fabrication processes. Furthermore, an easily produced, reproducible, and durable nanoelectrospray emitter is the ultimately desired goal. Here, the reproducibility of the inner diameters and geometry for nanoelectrospray emitter glass substrates is assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that provided that glass pulling parameters remain constant, reproducible inner diameters can be produced from glass capillary tubing within the same batch; however, ther...
Responsible mining: Moving from a buzzword to real responsibility

Abstract This comment deconstructs four contesting definitions of “responsible mining”: (1) a neoliberal definition; (2) a variant on the first focused on the addition of corporate social responsibility; (3) a structuralist definition; and (4) a definition based on a more comprehensive notion of economic, environmental and social responsibility. The author argues that only the fourth definition has validity. The author bases the views in this piece on field research on mining in El Salvador and the Philippines, as well as more than three decades of experience as a scholar and practitioner of development.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of an isotopic labeling strategy for studying fatty acid–protein binding by NMR

Here we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a new isotopic labeling strategy for fatty acids to be used as probes for studying ligand binding by NMR. We synthesized palmitic acid with carbons C-3 through C-16 perdeuterated, C-1 and C-2 with 13C atoms and hydrogens at C-2. Our strategy began with commercially available perdeuterated myristic acid and built up to palmitic acid using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. To evaluate the power of this isotopic enrichment strategy, we evaluated ligand binding to a prototypical member of the intracellular lipid binding protein family, FABP2. This small 15 kDa protein is well known to bind fatty acids with high affinity, and we used this system to illustrate the spectral filtering abilities of our described labeling strategy. Herein we show how having two vicinal 13C-enriched carbons, two hydrogens at the alpha-position, and a perdeuterated aliphatic tail allows the efficient use of multidimensional NMR experiments to effectively filter all background resonances from the protein and facilitate the study of ligand binding.
Public participation and organizational change in Wisconsin land use management

This article explores the issues that arise when land use management organizations change their previous ways of relating to the public. I introduce an analytic framework for evaluating organizational changes that are grounded in participatory planning and decision making. Using a case study of a recent planning initiative of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, I examine dynamics of trust, civic capacities, personal demands, history of working relationships, and interest in the issue at hand. Though preliminary, the conclusions drawn from this research illustrate how these dynamics may influence the success of participatory planning that reflects organizational change.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidney

The use of NSAIDs before and during exercise has been causally linked to acute renal failure in case study reports. Fortunately, the incidence of renal failure associated with exercise is low, even in athletes who habitually or excessively use NSAIDs. Based on the physiology of the kidney and the pharmaceutical properties of NSAIDs, excessive NSAID use increases the potential for renal problems associated with exercise. This potential is magnified if prolonged exercise is combined with severe heat stress and dehydration. Proper hydration prior to and throughout exercise can minimize the risk that NSAIDs may pose to the kidney.
Cloning and biochemical characterization of LYS5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the functions of two unlinked genes (LYS2 and LYS5) are required for the synthesis of the lysine biosynthetic enzyme, α-aminoadipate reductase. The LYS5 gene of S. cerevisiae was cloned by functional complementation of a lys5 mutant, X4004-3A, using a YEp24 plasmid library. The cloned LYS5 gene was contained within a 7.5 kb DNA insert of the recombinant plasmid pSC5. Cloning of LYS5 gene was confirmed by second cycle transformation of a lys5 mutant with the pSC5 plasmid, growth response studies, and plasmid loss experiments with Lys5+ transformants. Analysis of restriction digests of the pSC5 plasmid revealed 3 EcoRI, 5 PvuII, 1 PstI, 1 BglII and 2 HpaI sites in the 7.5 kb insert. A 3.9 kb internal pSC5 fragment hybridized only to the plasmid pSC5, but no homology was observed with LYS2 DNA or the YEp24 vector. The pSC5 transformed Lys5+ cells and the wild-type strain exhibited same level of α-aminoadipate reductase activity, whereas lys5 mutant and plasmid-cured transformed strain exhibited none. Lys2+ transformants consistently had five times greater α-aminoadipate reductase activity when compared with the wildtype and the Lys5+ transformant. The α-aminoadipate reductase activity was repressed in lysine-grown wildtype and Lys5+ transformed cells but not in Lys2+ transformed cells. A Lys2+ and Lys5+ double transformant exhibited higher a-aminoadipate reductase activity than lys2+ or lys5+ transformant.
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND DEATH PENALTY CASES: Reflections on Change and the Empirical Justification of Constitutional Policy

This article investigates the use of social science and empirical data in the justification for declaring the death penalty unconstitutional. It does so by analysing the use of such materials in the briefs presented to the Supreme Court and the Court's response in major death penalty cases. The article finds that social science played a prominent role in the arguments of both the challengers and defenders of capital punishment. Applying concepts from decision-making theory, after analyzing the Court's decisions, the article concludes that social science will not provide a justification for the constitutional change requested.
Analytical solution for uv filaments

In this paper we derive an analytical solution for long pulse (order of nanoseconds) filaments at a wavelength of 248.6 nm. This is achieved by solving Maxwell's equations in the presence of a quasi-steady-state nonlinear polarization. The resulting solution reproduces the experimental data seen in the case of short pulse (picosecond) uv filaments and offers a quick and intuitive understanding of the complex phenomenon of filamentation.
The formation of 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2-dichlorocyclobutene and its reactions with metal carbonyl anions

Abstract The reported preparation of 1,2,3,4-tetrafluoro-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene from commercial 1,2,-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene when carried out in stainless steel reaction vessels also yields some 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2-dichlorocyclobutene. Reactions of the 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2,-dichlorocyclobutene with the sodium salts of the metal carbonyl anions [C 5 H 5 Fe(CO) 2 ] - and Mn(CO) 5 - results in replacement of a vinylic chlorine atom with a metal atom to give yellow-orange C 4 F 4 ClFe(CO) 2 - C 5 H 5 and white C 4 F 4 ClMn(CO) 5 , respectively. Reaction of C 4 F 4 ClFe(CO) 2 C 5 H 5 with triphenylphosphine, preferably in the presence of ultraviolet irradiation, gives the triphenylphosphine derivative C 4 F 4 (ClFe(CO)[P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ](C 5 H 5 ). The mass spectra of the new metal fluorocarbon complexes are discussed.
Should Organizational Behavior Management Expand Its Content

Abstract The American Psychological Association (APA) has defined the years 2000 to 2010 as the “Decade of Behavior,” and has been promoting this designation in convention materials, newsletters, media briefs, and professional publications. But APA seems to be avoiding the leading discipline in analyzing and changing behaviors in industrial settings-organizational behavior management (OBM). Furthermore, with only a few exceptions, OBM does not receive the attention it deserves in university psychology departments, including graduate programs in industrial/organizational (I/O) Psychology. This paper entertains reasons for the low and decreasing academic attention to OBM, and offers some possible solutions. It is proposed that OBM is generally discussed in overly simplistic terms; and unlike I/O Psychology, OBM does not draw on the wealth of relevant concepts and principles in other areas, especially cognitive and social psychology. Specific examples are given for expanding the typical boundaries of the OBM...
Altitude physiology and the stresses of flight.

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Medical / Program Director, University of Chicago Aeromedical Network, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Ill. Chief Aeromedical Resident, University of Chicago Aeromedical Network; Senior Resident, Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, III.
Ultrastructural studies on early elastogenesis

Elastogenesis in the ligamentum nuchae of the fetal calf commences with the extracellular deposition of hollow-appearing filaments, 130 A in diameter, showing a banding pattern consisting of alternating segments, 50 A and 130 A long, respectively. Similar filaments are found in the crude extract of the ligament. Mature elastin forms within these masses of filaments and displays an internal, branching tangle of 30 A filaments. Elastogenesis is accompanied by a high level of cellular activity involving acanthosomes, which have been interpreted as a mechanism of secretion of protein-polysaccharide complexes.
Surface Processes in the Crystallization of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus Visualized by Atomic Force Microscopy

In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate surface evolution during the growth of single crystals of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV). Growth of the (101) face of TYMV crystals proceeded by two-dimensional nucleation. The molecular structure of the step edges and adsorption of individual virus particles and their aggregates on the crystalline surface were recorded. The surfaces of individual virions within crystals were visualized and seen to be quite distinctive with the hexameric and pentameric capsomers of the T = 3 capsids being clearly resolved. This, so far as we are aware, is the first direct visualization of the capsomere structure of a virus by AFM. In the course of recording the in situ development of the crystals, a profound restructuring of the surface arrangement was observed. This transformation was highly cooperative in nature, but the transitions were unambiguous and readily explicable in terms of an organized loss of classes of virus particles from specific lattice positions. In some cases areas of a single crystal surface were recorded in which were captured successive phases of the transition. We believe this provides the first visual record of a cooperative restructuring of the surface of a supramolecular crystal.
Endogenous Retinoic Acid Required to Maintain the Epidermis Following Ultraviolet Light Exposure in SKH-1 Hairless Mice†

Ultraviolet light B (UVB) exposure induces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), one of the most prevalent human cancers. Reoccurrence of cSCC in high-risk patients is prevented by oral retinoids. But oral retinoid treatment causes significant side effects; and patients develop retinoid resistance. Exactly how retinoids prevent UVB-induced cSCC is currently not well understood. Retinoid resistance blocks mechanistic studies in the leading mouse model of cSCC, the UVB-exposed SKH-1 hairless mouse. To begin to understand the role of retinoids in UVB-induced cSCC we first examined the localization pattern of key retinoid metabolism proteins by immunohistochemistry 48 h after UVB treatment of female SKH-1 mice. We next inhibited retinoic acid (RA) synthesis immediately after UVB exposure. Acute UVB increased RA synthesis, signaling and degradation proteins in the stratum granulosum. Some of these proteins changed their localization; while other proteins just increased in intensity. In contrast, acute UVB reduced the retinoid storage protein lectin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in the epidermis. Inhibiting RA synthesis disrupted the epidermis and impaired differentiation. These data suggest that repair of the epidermis after acute UVB exposure requires endogenous RA synthesis.
Tyrosine-612 in PDE5 contributes to higher affinity for vardenafil over sildenafil

Despite close structural similarity, vardenafil (Levitra®) is 32-fold more potent than sildenafil (Viagra®) to inhibit cGMP-binding cGMP-specific PDE (PDE5); this is due to differences between their heterocyclic rings. In co-crystals with PDE5, one of the rings of vardenafil or sildenafil interacts with Tyr612, a catalytic site AA, via (1) a hydrogen bond with a water molecule and (2) hydrophobic bonds. For mutant PDE5Y612F, which ablates hydrogen-bonding potential, vardenafil or sildenafil inhibition was strengthened (2.2- or 3.0-fold, respectively), implying that the Tyr612 hydroxyl is a negative determinant for these inhibitors. For mutant PDE5Y612A, which ablates both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic-bonding potential, vardenafil inhibition was weakened much more than sildenafil inhibition (122- and 26-fold, respectively), suggesting that hydrophobic bonds involving Tyr612 are stronger for vardenafil than for sildenafil.
Questionable benefit of the pulmonary artery catheter after cardiac surgery in high-risk patients.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pulmonary artery catheterization on clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery in higher-risk patients. Design Retrospective national database analysis. Setting U.S. hospitals. Participants A weighted sample of 2,063,337 patients undergoing cardiac surgery identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010. Interventions Pulmonary artery catheterization. Measurements and Main Results Compared to patients who did not receive a pulmonary artery catheter, those who did on the whole were on average slightly older (66.6±11.9 years v 65.5±12.8 years, p v 5.1%, p v 20.7%, p v 13.1%, p v 9.2%, p v 3.1%, p 30 days was higher in patients who underwent pulmonary artery catheterization in all subgroups. Conclusions In contemporary practice pulmonary artery catheters do not appear to be associated with reductions in operative mortality or morbidity and are associated with increases in duration of ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit.
Localization of the Goodpasture antigen by immunoelectron microscopy

Abstract Immunofluorescent microscopy has suggested that the antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) characteristic of Goodpasture's (GP) syndrome (pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis) is localized along the inner aspect of the capillary wall. In this study the peroxidase-labeled antibody method was utilized to evaluate the ultrastructural distribution of GP antigen. In four patients, glomerular IgG was shown to be restricted to the region of the lamina rara interna of the GBM. Acidic eluates of kidney from two patients containing eluted IgG localized in a similar distribution in the lamina rara interna of the GBM of glomeruli from normal human kidneys. These studies confirm that the antigen(s) of GP syndrome is a unique constituent of the lamina rara interna of the GBM, which differs in distribution from laminin, fibronectin, and various collagen species, previously localized to the GBM by similar methods.
Postnatal developmental profile of urocortin 1 and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the perioculomotor region of C57BL/6J mice

Urocortin 1 (Ucn 1) is an endogenous corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-related peptide. Ucn 1 is most highly expressed in the perioculomotor urocortin containing neurons (pIIIu), previously known as the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW). Various studies indicate that these cells are involved in stress adaptation and the regulation of ethanol (EtOH) intake. However, the developmental trajectory of these neurons remained unexamined. Expression of the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), which co-localizes with Ucn 1 in the perioculomotor area (pIII) has been examined prenatally, but not postnatally. The goal of the current study was to characterize the ontogenetic profile of Ucn 1 and CART during postnatal development in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. B6 mice were bred, and brains were collected at postnatal days (PND) 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 45. Brightfield immunohistochemical staining for Ucn 1 and CART showed that Ucn 1-immunoreactivity (ir) was absent at PND 1, while CART-ir was already apparent in pIIIu at birth, a finding indicating that although the pIIIu neurons have already migrated to their adult position, Ucn 1 expression is triggered in them at later postnatal stages. Ucn 1-ir gradually increased with age, approaching adult levels at PND 16. This developmental profile was confirmed by double-immunofluorescence, which showed that Ucn 1 was absent in CART-positive cells of pIII at PND 4 and that Ucn 1 and CART are strongly but not completely co-localized in pIII at PND 24. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that Ucn 1 mRNA levels are significantly lower at PND 4 and PND 12 than in adult animals. The lack of brain Ucn 1 immunoreactivity at birth and the gradual postnatal increase in Ucn 1 in pIIIu suggests that this peptide plays a greater behavioral role in adulthood than during the early postnatal development of an organism.
Premature mortality associated with alcoholism and suicide in American writers.

In a sample of 70 deceased American writers, both alcoholism and suicide were observed to contribute to premature mortality.
Survey of High School Students' Perceptions about Their iPod Use, Knowledge of Hearing Health, and Need for Education.

Purpose High school students' knowledge about hearing health and their perceptions of how they use personal listening devices (PLDs) including iPods were surveyed to determine the need, content, an...
Who is ‘you’?: Polite forms of address and ambiguous participant roles in court interpreting

This paper investigates the use of forms of address by court interpreters, combining a participation framework approach to dialogue interpreting with a sociolinguistic analysis of intra-speaker variation. Based on transcripts from interpreter-mediated court proceedings in New York City, the paper explores how interpreters respond when the participant status of their target recipients changes from addressee to unaddressed overhearer. The interpreters are found to design their utterances primarily to conform to institutional norms and not to the expectations of target recipients, who rely on politeness features as cues for their participant status. Adding to recent research on discourse processes in dialogue interpreting, the paper explores how the interpreter’s task becomes more complex when more than two primary participants are present.
Combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment of alcoholic methadone patients

Alcoholism is a prevalent and often debilitating problem among methadone maintenance patients. In this study, the efficacy of a contingency management program in the treatment of three severely alcoholic methadone patients was examined using within-subject experimental designs. The contingency management program made continuation in methadone maintenance contingent upon daily disulfiram consumption. Failure to consume disulfiram resulted in the transfer of the patient to another methadone program. This treatment resulted in clinically significant decreases in alcohol consumption and improvements in clinic attendance.
Psychology of the Scientist: LVII. Can Humanistic Theory Contribute to Our Understanding of Medical Problem-Solving?

Maslow's humanistic model of cognition would suggest that the most thoughtful physicians have acquired more than conceptual skills; they also have learned to get a direct, preconceptual sense of how the patient is feeling through personal interactions with the patient. To explore this possibility, we asked 5 highly regarded attending pediatricians, as well as some pediatricians still in training (14 interns and 9 residents), to report all their thoughts and feelings as they conducted their usual evaluations of children under the age of two years brought to an emergency room with a chief complaint of fever. The findings generally indicated that the attending physicians did make the greatest effort to form preconceptual impressions of the children through warm and personal interactions with them. A second, questionnaire study indicated that as students and physicians-in-training gain experience, they increasingly appreciate the preconceptual, interpersonal approach of the advanced attending pediatrician.
Energy linked ion accumulation in mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats.

Ionic accumulation related to energy production was determined to be less efficient in diabetic mitochondria compared to normal mitochondria.
Unique sexual assault examiner program utilizing mid-level providers.

Background: We implemented a unique sexual assault examiner (SAE) program utilizing Emergency Department (ED)-based mid-level providers. Sexual assault forensic evidence collection processes and training are not uniform in all EDs, with varying models in place. Methods: Our study evaluated the quality of SAE evidentiary collection in standardized evidence kits (Kits), compared to Kits from other EDs without the SAE program. We prospectively studied Kits from November 2004–October 2005. All Kits were evaluated for quantity (numbers of slides, envelopes, swabs), and quality (compliance with forensic standards) of evidence. Results: Although SAE Kits had similar total numbers of pieces of evidence, they had higher quality as measured by a greater number of compliant envelopes (5.44 vs. 1.44, p < 0.001) and a greater number of compliant slides (6.4 vs. 4.5, p < 0.001). SAE Kits had two measures with higher quality forensic evidence than non-SAE Kits. Conclusion: An integrated program of SAE-trained mid-level providers collect sexual assault Kits with a higher quality of forensic evidence than non-SAE providers.
Human herpesvirus 8 replicates in primary B lymphocytes and induces polyfunctional cytokine and chemokine responses

Methods B cells were loaded with purified “live” HHV-8, purified UV-light inactivated HHV-8 (UV-HHV-8) or soluble HHV-8 glycoprotein B (gB). HHV-8 replication was measured by real time PCR for viral DNA and intracellular staining (ICS) and flow cytometry for the viral lytic proteins ORF59 and K8.1. ICS was used to assess cellassociated, polyfunctional cytokine-chemokine production, and B cell supernatants were tested for cytokine/ chemokine secretion by Cytometric Bead Array (BD Biosciences).
Fenfluramine and phentermine and cardiovascular findings: Effect of treatment duration on prevalence of valve abnormalities

Background—The combination of fenfluramine and phentermine was a widely used obesity treatment before the withdrawal of fenfluramine for an association with heart valve regurgitation. The prevalence and clinical significance of regurgitation among patients treated with these medications has yet to be fully established. Methods and Results—To evaluate the potential association between the duration of treatment and the prevalence of heart valve abnormalities, we examined 1163 patients who had taken fenfluramine-phentermine and 672 control patients who had not taken the drug combination within 5 years. Mild or greater aortic regurgitation was present in 8.8% of treated patients and 3.6% of control patients (P<0.001). Moderate or greater mitral regurgitation was present in 2.6% of treated patients and 1.5% of control patients (P=0.18). The adjusted odds ratio compared with controls of aortic regurgitation of mild or greater severity increased according to duration of treatment: 90 to 180 days, 1.5 (P=0.23); 1...
Allergic contact dermatitis to All-trans-retinoic acid; epicutaneous and leukocyte migration inhibition testing.

Two male prison volunteers had severe cutaneous reactions to the initial patch testing of All-trans-retinoic acid containing products being evaluated for irritancy. Multiple patch testing procedures performed throughout one year, along with leukocyte migration inhibition studies, speak strongly for delayed hypersensitivity reactions in these subjects. The failure to document a previous exposure in subjects living in a controlled environment suggests that these responses were cross-reactions to a prior sensitizer, perhaps unique to this environment.
Instabilities caused by oscillating accelerations normal to a viscous fluid-fluid interface

The case of two incompressible viscous fluids (with different densities) which meet at a planar interface and are subject to an externally imposed oscillating acceleration directed normal to the interface is studied. The linear evolution of perturbations to the basic-state flow is investigated. It is found that the critical Stokes-Reynolds number and the most unstable perturbation wavelengths are insensitive to the degree of density and viscosity differences between the two fluids.
Damage maps of disordered composites: A spring network approach

The spring networks model proceeds as follows: Apply the global strain to the specimen, and increase it until the first spring break occurs according to the local strength criterion, remove the broken spring, and reequilibrate the entire lattice under the same strain to find whether other breaks occur, repeat the above step as many times as necessary, increase the global strain by an increment corresponding to the next break, and repeat the same steps until the global load carrying capabibility is lost
Repeated variate stress in male rats induces increased voiding frequency, somatic sensitivity, and urinary bladder nerve growth factor expression

Stress exacerbates symptoms of functional lower urinary tract disorders including interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and overactive bladder (OAB) in humans, but mechanisms contr...
Information theoretic bounds on neural prosthesis effectiveness: The importance of spike sorting

We compute the capacity of neural prostheses using a vector Poisson process model for the neural population channel. For single-electrode stimulation prostheses, the capacity is proportional to the size of the population being stimulated, the same value that results when each neuron is stimulated individually. In contrast, when gross recordings are used in control prostheses, the capacity is much less than it is when each neuron's output is treated separately. Consequently, spike sorting, whereby gross recordings are sorted into their constituent spike trains, is crucial to the performance of neural control devices. By computing the capacity of the neural population channel with spike sorting, we find that false positives cause a far greater reduction in capacity than either missed spikes or mislabeled spikes. Thus, a good spike sorting algorithm for neural prostheses should be biased against committing false positives, even at the expense of altering the spike train statistics.
Soluble CD27 is a faithful marker of disease burden and is unaffected by the rituximab-induced IgM flare, as well as by plasmapheresis, in patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Backgound: The assessment of disease burden is often difficult in patients with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM) who receive rituximab due to the induction of an IgM flare, and following the removal of serum IgM by plasmapheresis. Soluble CD27 (sCD27) is a tumor necrosis factor family member secreted by WM cells which is strongly correlated with serum IgM levels and clinical responses in patients with WM. As such, we attempted to delineate its potential role in WM patients experiencing a rituximab-induced IgM flare and following plasmapheresis. Patients and Methods: sCD27 levels were serially measured by serum-based ELISA in 8 patients who ultimately demonstrated a response to therapy, and in whom a rituximab-mediated IgM flare was observed, as well as in 3 WM patients undergoing plasmapheresis. Results: Among the 8 patients who experienced a rituximab-mediated IgM flare, IgM levels rose from 3515 to a peak of 5270 mg/dL (P = .008), while sCD27 levels decreased from 174.1 to 155.9 U/mL (P = .012), with a decline observed in all patients. Among 3 patients undergoing plasmapheresis, IgM levels declined from a median of 6940 to 4770 mg/dL (P = .031), while median sCD27 levels remained without significant change (P = .317). Conclusion: sCD27 is a faithful marker of disease burden and is unaffected by the rituximab-induced IgM flare, as well as plasmapheresis in WM. The use of this marker may aid in correctly predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing treatment with rituximab and/or plasmapheresis in WM.
Personality in Non‐human Animals

Over the past decade, research on animal personality has flourished in numerous disciplines ranging from Behavioral Ecology and Developmental Psychobiology to Genetics and Comparative Psychology. The broad appeal of animal studies is that, in comparison with human studies, they afford greater experimental control, more options for measuring physiological and genetic parameters, greater opportunities for naturalistic observation, and an accelerated life course. Past research has established that personality (a) exists and can be measured in animals; (b) can be identified in a broad array of species, ranging from squid, crickets, and lizards, to trout, geese, and orangutans; and (c) shows considerable cross-species generality for some dimensions. The wave of new studies is shedding fresh light on traditional issues in personality research (How do early experiences affect adult personality?), raising novel questions (What are the evolutionary origins of personality traits?) and addressing practical problems (Which dogs are best suited to detecting explosives?). Fred has consistently proven to himself to be more aggressive than Frank; he makes more threats than Frank does, he physically pushes others, he even kicks and punches them, and is more reluctant than Frank to retreat from an altercation. Terry is bolder than Tim; when out and about looking for something to eat, Terry is not as bothered as Tim by venturing into new places to find food or taking unfamiliar routes to eat or even by the presence of threatening characters in the vicinity. Most people would by happy to characterize the differences between Frank and Fred and between Terry and Tim in terms of personality traits like aggression and boldness. However, some people might hesitate to use such terms upon learning that Frank and Fred are fruit flies and Terry and Tim are trout. Yet, recent research on behavioral regularities in fruit flies (Edwards, Rollmann, Morgan, & Mackay, 2006) and trout (Wilson & Stevens, 2005) has identified precisely such consistent individual differences in behavior in these two species. Studies like these are pushing psychologists to consider where the boundaries of personality lie; by increasing the phylogenetic reach of personality, animal studies are opening numerous new research opportunities and raising many new questions about the origins of personality
BETAINE FEEDING PREVENTS THE BLOOD ALCOHOL CYCLE IN RATS FED ALCOHOL CONTINUOUSLY FOR 1 MONTH USING THE RAT INTRAGASTRIC TUBE FEEDING MODEL

Background Blood alcohol levels (BAL) cycle up and down over a 7–8 day period when ethanol is fed continuously for one month in the intragastric tube feeding rat model (ITFRM) of alcoholic liver disease. The cycling phenomenon is due to an alternating increase and decrease in the metabolic rate. Recently, we found that S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) fed with alcohol prevented the BAL cycle.
The Addition of Tumor Necrosis Factor plus Beta Interferon Induces a Novel Synergistic Antiviral State against Poxviruses in Primary Human Fibroblasts

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and members of the interferon (IFN) family have been shown to independently inhibit the replication of a variety of viruses. In addition, previous reports have shown that treatment with various combinations of these antiviral cytokines induces a synergistic antiviral state that can be significantly more potent than addition of any of these cytokines alone. The mechanism of this cytokine synergy and its effects on global gene expression, however, are not well characterized. Here, we use DNA microarray analysis to demonstrate that treatment of uninfected primary human fibroblasts with TNF plus IFN-β induces a distinct synergistic state characterized by significant perturbations of several hundred genes which are coinduced by the individual cytokines alone, as well as the induction of more than 850 novel host cell genes. This synergy is mediated directly by the two ligands, not by intermediate secreted factors, and is necessary and sufficient to completely block the productive replication and spread of myxoma virus in human fibroblasts. In contrast, the replication of two other poxviruses, vaccinia virus and tanapox virus, are only partially inhibited in these cells by the synergistic antiviral state, whereas the spread of both of these viruses to neighboring cells was efficiently blocked. Taken together, our data indicate that the combination of TNF and IFN-β induces a novel synergistic antiviral state that is highly distinct from that induced by either cytokine alone.
An Adaptive Reduction Scheme to Develop Flexible Reduced Chemistry Models for Reactive Flow Simulations

Abstract Detailed simulation of reactive flow systems using complex kinetic mechanisms consisting of hundreds of species is a computationally demanding task. In practice, to alleviate the computational complexity, the reactive flow models use a skeletal kinetic model instead of the detailed mechanism. However, the reduced chemistry models can accurately predict the detailed model only over limited range of conditions. Since the reactive flow simulation encounters a broad range of conditions, using a single reduced model throughout the simulation incorporates inaccuracy in the predictive capacity of the flow model. In this paper, an adaptive scheme is presented, which aims at developing different reduced models to address the changing conditions of the flow simulation, thereby maintaining high accuracy throughout the simulation with relatively simple chemistry models. A new approach is developed for the analysis of the range of validity of the reduced model, which is highly non-convex, for which the conventional techniques do not perform well. Finally, a procedure to implement the adaptive chemistry in different flow simulations is presented.
Unsupervised Learning of Categories from Sets of Partially Matching Image Features

We present a method to automatically learn object categories from unlabeled images. Each image is represented by an unordered set of local features, and all sets are embedded into a space where they cluster according to their partial-match feature correspondences. After efficiently computing the pairwise affinities between the input images in this space, a spectral clustering technique is used to recover the primary groupings among the images. We introduce an efficient means of refining these groupings according to intra-cluster statistics over the subsets of features selected by the partial matches between the images, and based on an optional, variable amount of user supervision. We compute the consistent subsets of feature correspondences within a grouping to infer category feature masks. The output of the algorithm is a partition of the data into a set of learned categories, and a set of classifiers trained from these ranked partitions that can recognize the categories in novel images.
The Meaning of Porneia in Matthew 5.32 and 19.9: an Approach From the Study of Ancient Near Eastern Culture:

The author argues that the Matthean use of the term porneia in the divorce excep tion clauses of 5.32 and 19.9 is best understood by reference to the notion of divorce withjust cause, an idea present throughout the ancient Near East and in first- century Judaism. Just cause includes actions on the part of the woman that con stitutes the man's right to divorce without repayment of the dowry. Matthew excludes the possibility of divorce without just cause, and limits just cause to porneia, sexual intercourse during betrothal or marriage with someone other than the wife's husband.
Raman spectrum of matrix isolated hydrogen sulfide

Raman spectra of H2S isolated in N2 at M/A ratios of 30, 50, 100, and 300 and in Ar at M/A ratios of 50, 100, 300, and 1000 have been measured in the S-H stretching region. The spectral results confirm the infrared measurements on H2S isolated in N2; however, the symmetric stretching vibration, v1, of the H2S monomer is at about the same frequency, 2619 cm−1, in the spectra of Ar matrices. This disagrees with previous infrared measurements of Ar matrices. Raman bands in the spectra of both N2 and Ar matrices due to a dimer of H2S are consistent with those observed in the infrared spectrum of N2 matrices, and they support a donor-acceptor model for the dimer.
Composable geographical routing in sensor networks

Geographical routing is a promising solution in sensor networks because of its stateless nature and low overhead. In this paper, we extend geographical routing to facilitate the construction of flexible group communication structures by using composable geographical routing (CGR) primitives. We demonstrate the utility and explore design considerations of CGR in three sample applications: multicast, geocast, and load balancing in sensor networks.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : II. THE INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF TYPE-SPECIFIC S PNEUMOCOCCI.

1. Type-specific S pneumococci may be transformed from one specific S type into other specific S types through the intermediate stage of the R form. 2. R forms of pneumococi, derived from any specific S type, may be transformed into S organisms of other specific types by the following procedure:—The subcutaneous injection, in white mice, of small amounts of living R forms together with vaccines of heterologous S cultures. (i) S vaccines heated for 15' at temperatures between 60° and 80°C., are effective in causing R forms, derived from heterologous S types, to revert to the type of the vaccine. (ii) S vaccines heated for 15' at temperatures between 80° and 100°C., are not effective in causing R forms, derived from heterologous S types, to revert to the type of the vaccine. (iii) S vaccines heated for 15' at temperatures between 80° and 100°C., may cause 2 R and 3 R cultures to revert to their original S type. (iv) S vaccines of any type, including Type I, heated for 15' at temperatures between 80° and 100°C., are not effective in causing 1 R cultures to revert to their original S type. (v) S vaccines heated for periods as long as two hours at 60°C. are effective in causing R forms, derived from heterologous types, to revert to the type of the vaccine. 3. A single cell R strain, derived from a Type II S pneumococcus, has been successively transformed into a Type III S, a Type I S and a Group IV S culture. 4. Corresponding with the various degrees of "degradation" of the R form there are varying degrees of "development" of the S form. 5. The nature of the conditions responsible for alteration of type as induced by these procedures has been investigated and the causes responsible for the transformations are discussed. 6. All attempts to produce transformation of type in vitro have been unsuccessful. 7. The ro1e which the phenomenon of transformation of type may play in problems of infection and epidemiology is indicated.
Dissolved trace metals in the surface waters of Puget Sound

Abstract Employing clean and quantitative techniques, a marine monitoring programme succeeded in detecting large surface elevations in the concentrations of dissolved Cu, Zn and Pb in the marine surface waters of Puget Sound adjacent to Seattle and Tacoma, Washington. Physical mixing with cleaner waters was the controlling factor in reducing the dissolved concentrations of Cu downstream of these contaminated regions. Comparisons between Puget Sound waters and coastal waters adjacent to Puget Sound suggest that a portion of this Cu, Zn and Pb pollution is being advected out of Puget Sound. The low Ni and Cd concentrations found in this study indicate that these trace metals are not a significant pollution problem in the main basin of Puget Sound.
The Information Revolution and Developing Countries

The Information Revolution and Developing Countries. By Ernest J. Wilson, III. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. 431p. $49.95. This book provides a comprehensive theoretic framework explaining the “strategic restructuring” of government policies and institutions associated with policies promoting the adoption of new information and communications technologies (ICTs). It also provides detailed case study chapters on Brazil, Ghana, and China, concluding with two chapters placing ICTs in a global perspective. The Chinese case study should be of interest to many readers, given China's political and economic importance. Brazil has a long history of state-guided and supported development strategies in this sector, combining import substitution and partnerships with transnational corporations. Ghana occupies a more peripheral position in global political economy, lacking the size and industrialization of the other countries examined.
Temporal structure of cone inputs to cortical color cells

The color of a stimulus can be made more salient if it is immediately preceded by a stimulus of opposite color, a phenomenon known as successive or temporal color contrast (Helmholtz, 1909, pg. 243; Figure 3.1). Here I tested whether color cells in monkey V-1 could mediate this temporal chromatic contrast. I did this using sequential colored stimuli (consisting of small patches of cone isolating light) presented to the centers of V-1 cell receptive fields. All colored stimuli were brighter than the constant adapting background on which they were presented. For almost all color cells (33/35), the response to a stimulus was reduced if the stimulus was immediately preceded by a similarly colored stimulus. But the response was increased if the stimulus was preceded by an oppositely colored stimulus. I tested 12 non-color cells in a similar way; for all of these cells, I found that a previous stimulus, regardless of its color, reduced the response to a subsequent one. Thus color cells are specifically capable of encoding temporal color contrast. Many color cells were also Double-Opponent, a receptive field organization that makes them well suited to code spatial color contrast. Thus these cells seem well equipped to mediate two key features of color vision: simultaneous and successive color contrast.
The forgotten tale of immunoglobulin allotypes in cancer risk and treatment

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) has fulfilled the promise of being the “Magic Bullet” in oncology with the clinical success of mAbs against CD20, Her-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial cell growth factor and others in a variety of cancers. Most manufacturers of mouse-human chimeric antibodies (and most immunologists) have treated the constant region of human immunoglobulin (Ig) as if it were naturally monomorphic and therefore not immunogenic in humans. In fact, the constant region of Ig heavy and light chain is highly polymorphic, and yet Ig haplotypes are usually not defined by genome-wide association studies nor are they considered to be important for optimizing mAb therapy. We hereby summarize evidence that Ig allotypes are important and biologically relevant in that they contribute to the etiopathogenesis of many malignant, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Because Ig allotypes differ from each other in engaging Fc receptor, we argue that future development of effective mAb therapy for cancer should take a patient-specific approach by using the correct allotype for each patient to maximize the efficacy of this therapy.