cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems

As requirements engineering continues to be recognized as the key to on-time and on-budget delivery of software and systems projects, many engineering programs have made requirements engineering mandatory in their curriculum. In addition, the wealth of new software tools that have recently emerged is empowering practicing engineers to improve their requirements engineering habits. However, these tools are not easy to use without appropriate training.Filling this need, Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems, Second Edition has been vastly updated and expanded to include about 30 percent new material. In addition to new exercises and updated references in every chapter, this edition updates all chapters with the latest applied research and industry practices. It also presents new material derived from the experiences of professors who have used the text in their classrooms. Improvements to this edition include: An expanded introductory chapter with extensive discussions on requirements analysis, agreement, and consolidation An expanded chapter on requirements engineering for Agile methodologies An expanded chapter on formal methods with new examples An expanded section on requirements traceability An updated and expanded section on requirements engineering tools New exercises including ones suitable for research projects Following in the footsteps of its bestselling predecessor, the text illustrates key ideas associated with requirements engineering using extensive case studies and three common example systems: an airline baggage handling system, a point-of-sale system for a large pet store chain, and a system for a smart home. This edition also includes an example of a wet well pumping system for a wastewater treatment station. With a focus on software-intensive systems, but highly applicable to non-software systems, this text provides a probing and comprehensive review of recent developments in requirements engineering in high integrity systems.
Ubermensch: The Crime & Punishment of Leopold & Loeb: Selected Text & Bibliography

At the time of his death, the works of German philosopher Friedrich W. Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) were not widely-read and he himself had slipped into a catatonic state, being put on display by his family as somewhat of a freak. By 1939, his ideas had been distorted and misappropriated to justify the atrocities of the Third Reich in the guise of the "Master Race". In the 1920's though, his nihilist and relativism schools of thought were popular topics of intellectual discussion in Europe and the United States. Developed throughout his six books, concluding with "God is dead" in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche's philosophy can be over-generalized to include the ideas that reason and morality are merely creations of human will otherwise without foundation, and that all truth is relative. When applied to personal conduct, these thoughts led to the belief that intellectual, and later, genetic superiority released the bonds of conventional morality so that the intelligent man is beyond the laws of good and evil and thus able to attain the level of "Superman" or Ubermensch. In 1924, in Chicago, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold were two, brilliant teen-agers intent on demonstrating their Nietzschean superiority over the masses. After some small property crimes, they thought that a "perfect" major crime, committed without emotion or detection, would prove their status as Ubermensch. The murder of 14 year-old Bobby Franks would be their vehicle. Within ten days however, both were in custody naming the other as the originator of the plan. Franks was murdered, but his foot was seen sticking out of a culvert visible to a passing rail-road man. And, near the body was a pair of eye-glasses with a specialty frame that led directly to Nathan Leopold. Thus the stage was set for Clarence Darrow's marathon argument to spare their lives based on testimony from "alienists" as practitioners of the fledgling field of forensic psychology/psychiatry were then known.
A Partial Coherent Physical Model of Third and Fourth Stokes Parameters of Sastrugi Snow Surfaces Over Layered Media with Rough Surface Boundary Conditions of Conical Scattering Combined with Vector Radiative Transfer Theory

In this paper, a partial coherent approach is used to study the third and fourth Stokes parameters in passive microwave remote sensing of Sastrugi snow surface over layered snow structures. The incoherent part of the model consists of using radiative transfer theory for the snow layers. The coherent part of the model is using numerical solutions of Maxwell equations to derive the bistatic scattering and transmission coefficients of conical scattering by sastrugi surfaces which have large heights and large slopes. We then use the rough surface boundary conditions of conical scattering from the coherent part, in the incoherent radiative transfer equations. The radiative transfer equations are then solved iteratively that includes multiple interactions between the layered structures and the rough surfaces. Simulation results indicate that large third and fourth Stokes parameters are obtained because of the coupling of large angle transmissions of the rough surfaces with the internal reflections of layered structures. The partial coherent approach also eliminates the coherent interference patterns in angular variations from multiple reflections of layer boundaries that were present in the fully coherent approach.
Metabolic action of urethan on protein synthesis and drug oxidation in normal and regenerating liver

Abstract Administration of the carcinogen urethan to sham-operated rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the synthesis of protein on membrane-bound polyribosomes and to a lesser degree on free polyribosomes 6 hr after drug. Maximal elevation of the specific radioactivity of nascent peptide synthesized on both classes of polyribosomes of sham-operated animals occurred 6–12 hr after the administration of urethan (1 g/kg). Animals injected with urethan 12 hr after partial hepatectomy showed no increase in protein synthesis on membrane-bound polyribosomes above that occurring in saline-treated rats 2–24 hr after urethan and only a slight elevation in peptide synthesis on free polyribosomes 12 hr after the carcinogen. Aniline hydroxylation was elevated 2-fold 12–24 hr after the administration of urethan (1 g/kg) to shamoperated animals, while little or no change occurred in: (1) rate of demethylation of aminopyrine, (2) NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, and (3) levels of cytochrome b 5 and cytochrome P-450. Mixed-function oxidase activities in partially hepatectomized animals injected with urethan 12 hr after the operation were either unaffected or increased to a lesser degree than in sham-operated animals.
Development of a computer control system for anaerobic methane-producing reactors

Anaerobic digestion processes with rapid production of methane are economical methods of waste stabilization. At the present time, these processes require highly trained technical staff and analytical equipment. The rudiments of a simple computer process control system are described to alleviate the need for analytical equipment and trained staff. Gas production was chosen as the controlled variable since it is a very sensitive indicator of digestor performance and can be measured rapidly. Feed rate was chosen as the manipulated variable. The aim was to develop a program which would maintain the performance of the process under normal operating conditions, and, in the event of a severe upset, would signal that a problem existed so remedial action could be taken. The digestor used was a down-flow stationary fixed film reactor. The waste used was a synthetic sugar waste containing 1% (w/v) sugar (10g chemical oxygen demand/L). The desired rate of biogas production was chosen as 250L/day at an approximate methane content of 50%.
Asia and Europe are Different? : Credit Reponse to Global Bank Deleveraging

During the global financial crisis, European banks sharply contracted foreign claims on recipient economies. This paper examines the impact of that deleveraging on credit supply in recipient economies, with a particular focus on Asia. Identification is achieved by exploiting heterogeneity in the ex-ante patterns of funding reliance on different European banking systems, and in variation in the ratio of local claims in local currency to total foreign claims in recipient economies. These sources of variation are used to create instruments for the deleveraging shock. We find that the contraction of foreign claims in European bank was associated with a substantial reduction in domestic credit supply in a broad sample of countries. However, the credit supply response in Asia was only about half the size of the response in non-Asian countries, possibly due to stronger policy response and healthier local bank balance sheets in the Asian countries at the outset of the crisis.
The history of widespread decrease in oak dominance exemplified in a grassland-forest landscape.

Regionally-distinctive open oak forest ecosystems have been replaced either by intensive agriculture and grazing fields or by denser forests throughout eastern North America and Europe. To quantify changes in tree communities and density in the Missouri Plains, a grassland–forest landscape, we used historical surveys from 1815 to 1864 and current surveys from 2004 to 2008. To estimate density for historical communities, we used the Morisita plotless density estimator and applied corrections for surveyor bias. To estimate density for current forests, we used Random Forests, an ensemble regression tree method, to predict densities from known values at plots using terrain and soil predictors. Oak species decreased from 62% of historical composition to 30% of current composition and black and white oaks historically were dominant species across 93% of the landscape and currently were dominant species across 42% of the landscape. Current forest density was approximately two times greater than historical densities, demonstrating loss of savanna and woodlands and transition to dense forest structure. Average tree diameters were smaller than in the past, but mean basal area and stocking remained similar over time because of the increase in density in current forests. Nevertheless, there were spatial differences; basal area and stocking decreased along rivers and increased away from rivers. Oak species are being replaced by other species in the Missouri Plains, similar to replacement throughout the range of Quercus. Long-term commitment to combinations of prescribed burning and silvicultural prescriptions in more xeric sites may be necessary for oak recruitment. Restoration of open oak ecosystems is a time-sensitive issue because restoration will become increasingly costly as oaks are lost from the overstory and the surrounding matrix becomes dominated by non-oak species.
Detecting sudden changes in stiffness using high-pass filters

SUMMARY It is often of interest to detect the time of occurrence of sudden change in structural parameters, particularly the changes in structural stiffness for health monitoring purposes as a change in stiffness also implies some damage in one or more structural elements. Although well known, it is formally shown here that a sudden change in stiffness induces a sudden change in the acceleration response. Several methods have been used in the literature to detect such sudden changes. The wavelet transform, in particular the discrete wavelets transform, is one of the popular approaches. In this approach, the sudden changes have been shown to manifest themselves as spikes in the plots of the details of the discrete wavelet transform of the acceleration response. In this paper, we provide an analytical rationale to explain what constitutes these spikes and their relationship to the discontinuity being detected. In particular, it is shown that a spike corresponds to the scaled step-response of a high-pass filter and that a step discontinuity can be detected using a high-pass filter with properly chosen cut-off frequency where the discontinuity manifests as a clear spike in the filtered output. How the measurement error and sampling frequency affect the detection is discussed. An example of a multi-degree-of-freedom system subjected to the base excitation, with sudden changes in its structural elements, is presented to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of percutaneous endopyelotomy with open pyeloplasty for pediatric ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

AbstractPurpose: Percutaneous endopyelotomy has been shown to be effective in the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults and secondary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children. There are little published data regarding endopyelotomy as a primary treatment in children.Materials and Methods: During 3 years we performed 8 endopyelotomies and 20 open pyeloplasties for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction and compared the results. Preoperative ureteropelvic junction obstruction was detected by renal ultrasound, excretory urogram (IVP) or renal scan. All patients were followed 1.5 to 3 years postoperatively. The success of the procedure was determined by excretory urogram, renal scan or the absence of clinical findings, with 1 failure in each group.Results: The overall success rates for endopyelotomy and open pyeloplasty were 88% and 93%, respectively. Hospital stays were essentially equal between the groups but operative time and hospital costs were higher for endopyelotomy.Conc...
A Quadruple Tissue Stain for Strong Color Contrasts

With the increasing use of Kodachrome photomicrographs for revealing the finer structure of organs, it seemed useful to develop a staining method to bring out the tissue elements in strong contrasting colors. As four dyes are used, the method has come to be called the “Quad” stain, in the author's laboratory. The method has been used for two years on quite a variety of tissues, most of which have yielded excellent color films for teaching purposes. The slides have not faded. During this period two satisfactory new dyes have been obtained to supplant imported products originally used, namely, synthetic orcein of MacAndrews and Forbes and National Aniline acid alizarin blue 2B.
Releases of Brachymeria lasus and Coccygomimus disparis, Two Exotic Gypsy Moth Parasitoids, in Connecticut: Habitat Preference and Overwintering Potential

Brachymeria lasus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and Coccygomimus disparis (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), two exotic pupal parasitoids of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), from Japan, were released in northeastern Connecticut in 1979 and in southwestern Connecticut in 1980. B. lasus, like the already established parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), attacked hosts primarily in sunny areas and attacked field gypsy moth pupae to a greater extent than field-exposed, laboratory-reared greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pupae. C. disparis host attacks were not vertically stratified, but wax moth pupae were preferred over gypsy moth pupae. Laboratory-reared gypsy moth pupae exposed from midsummer to fall were heavily parasitized by B. intermedia but very little by B. lasus, suggesting that the latter dispersed from release sites. Field cage studies demonstrated that C. disparis can successfully overwinter in Connecticut, but no evidence is available that B. lasus can do so. Neither species was recovered from the 1979 release plots when these were resampled in 1980, but recovery attempts are planned for at least 3 years.
Dynamic low-frequency noise cancellation in quantum well Hall sensors (QWHS)

Abstract We show that the low-frequency noise of AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum well Hall sensors (QWHS) can be cancelled using a method similar to the spinning current method. A two-phase permutation of the current biasing electrodes and the voltage sensing electrodes of the Hall cross is performed by a switching circuit made of field effect transistors (FET). A Hall cross and eight switching FETs are integrated on the same chip. This system yields to a noise reduction of 30 dB around 1 Hz. However, the noise floor, typically 140 nT/ Hz in 8 μm devices, remains larger than the expected thermal noise, and is shown to be correlated with leakage current in the FET gates. For comparison, hybrid microsystems using a discrete QWHS and leakage-free CMOS switches were fabricated. They are shown to have a record noise level of 30 nT/ Hz at 1 Hz at room temperature.
Protein Kinase A-dependent Translocation of Hsp90α Impairs Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Activity in High Glucose and Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and high glucose (HG) are known to reduce the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) by modulating endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. eNOS is regulated by several mechanisms including its interaction with heat shock protein (Hsp) 90. We previously discovered that DM in vivo and HG in vitro induced the translocation of Hsp90α to the outside of aortic endothelial cells. In this report we tested the hypothesis that translocation of Hsp90α is responsible for the decline in NO production observed in HG-treated cells. We found that HG increased phosphorylation of Hsp90α in a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A-dependent manner, and that this event was required for translocation of Hsp90α in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Furthermore, preventing translocation of Hsp90α protected from the HG-induced decline in eNOS·Hsp90α complex and NO production. Notably, DM increased phosphorylation of Hsp90α and reduced its association with eNOS in the aortic endothelium of diabetic rats. These studies suggest that translocation of Hsp90α is a novel mechanism by which HG and DM impair eNOS activity and thereby reduce NO production.
Comparisons of ape and human sequences that regulate mitochondrial DNA transcription and D-loop DNA synthesis

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions for common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee and gorilla were sequenced and the lengths and termini of their D-loop DNA's characterized. In these and all other species for which there are data, 5' termini map to sequences that contain the trinucleotide YAY. 3' termini are 25-51 nucleotides downstream from a sequence that is moderately conserved among vertebrates. Substitutions were greater than 1.5 times more frequent in the control region than in regions encoding structural genes. Additions and deletions were also frequent, especially in gorilla. Sequences of promoters and of two of four transcription factor binding sites were highly conserved. Comparisons of sequence similarity and transition/transversion ratios suggest that human and chimpanzees may be more closely related to each other than either is to gorilla, if substitution rates are approximately equal among these species.
Interface proliferation and the growth of labyrinths in a reaction-diffusion system

In the bistable regime of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model of reaction-diffusion systems, spatially homogeneous patterns may be nonlinearly unstable to the formation of compact "localized states." The formation of space-filling patterns from instabilities of such structures is studied in the context of a nonlocal contour dynamics model for the evolution of boundaries between high and low concentrations of the activator. An earlier heuristic derivation [D. M. Petrich and R. E. Goldstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1120 (1994)] is made more systematic by an asymptotic analysis appropriate to the limits of fast inhibition, sharp activator interfaces, and small asymmetry in the bistable minima. The resulting contour dynamics is temporally local, with the normal component of the velocity involving a local contribution linear in the interface curvature and a nonlocal component having the form of a screened Biot-Savart interaction. The amplitude of the nonlocal interaction is set by the activator-inhibitor coupling and controls the "lateral inhibition" responsible for the destabilization of localized structures such as spots and stripes, and the repulsion of nearby interfaces in the later stages of those instabilities. The phenomenology of pattern formation exhibited by the contour dynamics is consistent with that seen by Lee, McCormick, Ouyang, and Swinney [Science 261, 192 (1993)] in experiments on the iodide-ferrocyanide-sulfite reaction in a gel reactor. Extensive numerical studies of the underlying partial differential equations are presented and compared in detail with the contour dynamics. The similarity of these phenomena (and their mathematical description) with those observed in amphiphilic monolayers, type I superconductors in the intermediate state, and magnetic fluids in Hele-Shaw geometry is emphasized.
The Liquid Nitrogen Fueled Engine: A Cool Demonstration of Pressure-Volume Work

A chemical demonstration illustrating pressure volume work is presented. Details are given for the construction of a small but powerful mechanical engine that is fueled with liquid nitrogen. Students are able to disassemble the engine to inspect the engine components and study the operating mechanism.
Ultrastructural hemostasis in response to vascular injury induced by intrauterine devices in human endometrium

Abstract Uterine bleeding caused by intrauterine devices (IUDs) is a critical side-effect of intrauterine contraception, yet the mechanism of this bleeding is still unknown. One suggested source of the bleeding is through small gaps in damaged vessels which have been observed with the electron microscope in IUD-exposed endometrium. A key factor to the feasibility of this theory is the extent and nature of hemostasis in the damaged vessels. The present study revealed that these vessels contained relatively low levels of visible hemostatic response. The predominantly low levels of hemostasis occurred in spite of conditions favorable for initiating hemostatic responses, such as degenerate and necrotic endothelial cells and exposure of luminal blood to subendothelial basement membrane and collagen. Comparison of our results with other light and electron microscopic studies on human endometrium and with hemostasis as it occurs in other injured tissues indicated that the degree of hemostatic response in endometrium is blocked, delayed, or altered in some way.
Tnt1 Retrotransposon Mutagenesis: A Tool for Soybean Functional Genomics

Insertional mutagenesis is a powerful tool for determining gene function in both model and crop plant species. Tnt1, the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type 1, is a retrotransposon that replicates via an RNA copy that is reverse transcribed and integrated elsewhere in the plant genome. Based on studies in a variety of plants, Tnt1 appears to be inactive in normal plant tissue but can be reactivated by tissue culture. Our goal was to evaluate the utility of the Tnt1 retrotransposon as a mutagenesis strategy in soybean (Glycine max). Experiments showed that the Tnt1 element was stably transformed into soybean plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Twenty-seven independent transgenic lines carrying Tnt1 insertions were generated. Southern-blot analysis revealed that the copy number of transposed Tnt1 elements ranged from four to 19 insertions, with an average of approximately eight copies per line. These insertions showed Mendelian segregation and did not transpose under normal growth conditions. Analysis of 99 Tnt1 flanking sequences revealed insertions into 62 (62%) annotated genes, indicating that the element preferentially inserts into protein-coding regions. Tnt1 insertions were found in all 20 soybean chromosomes, indicating that Tnt1 transposed throughout the soybean genome. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments validated that Tnt1 inserted into multiple chromosomes. Passage of transgenic lines through two different tissue culture treatments resulted in Tnt1 transposition, significantly increasing the number of insertions per line. Thus, our data demonstrate the Tnt1 retrotransposon to be a powerful system that can be used for effective large-scale insertional mutagenesis in soybean.
The anticodon contains a major element of the identity of arginine transfer RNAs

The contribution of the anticodon to the discrimination between cognate and noncognate tRNAs by Escherichia coli Arg-tRNA synthetase has been investigated by in vitro synthesis and aminoacylation of elongator methionine tRNA (tRNA(mMet) mutants. Substitution of the Arg anticodon CCG for the Met anticodon CAU leads to a dramatic increase in Arg acceptance by tRNA(mMet). A nucleotide (A20) previously identified by others in the dihydrouridine loop of tRNA(Arg)s makes a smaller contribution to the conversion of tRNA(mMet) identity from Met to Arg. The combined anticodon and dihydrouridine loop mutations yield a tRNA(mMet) derivative that is aminoacylated with near-normal kinetics by the Arg-tRNA synthetase.
Kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations of germanium epitaxial growth on silicon

We present Kinetic Lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) simulations of Ge deposition onto a reconstructed Si (100) surface. In addition to the anisotropy brought on by surface reconstruction, we take into account the role of the exchange of Ge with Si atoms in the substrate and how it effects the interface between the materials. One method of controlling the resulting structures from the growth process is to use a pre-patterned substrate. We present results where the initial structure is a grid pattern. The KLMC simulations in this case yield Ge-Si stripes, that result largely from the anisotropy generated from the surface reconstruction.
Universities, government intervention and the Commission for Higher Education in Papua New Guinea

Abstract This paper examines the growth and development of the higher education sector in Papua New Guinea. Early periods of rapid expansion are contrasted with more recent efforts to rationalize the institutional profile. The growing influence of government intervention in the activities of the two national universities is documented, as is the emergence of the Commission for Higher Education charged with controlling the higher education sector of the future.
Marking of Speech Act Distinctions in Japanese and English

The present study examines differences between Japanese and English with respect to speech act distinctions. In particular, the two languages are contrasted with each other in terms of overt realizations of such distinctions. It is then shown that speech act distinctions are more robustly realized overtly in Japanese than in English. The main goal of this paper is twofold. First, I show why the difference between the two languages in terms of overt marking of speech act distinctions poses a significant challenge for speakers of English to learn Japanese. Second, I demonstrate that the difference in question is more prevalent than it is usually assumed, implying that the challenge that learners face is also more prevalent. It is thus my hope to raise the awareness of this challenge among instructors as well as among students.
Effective Radiance Attenuation Coefficients For Underwater Imaging

A solution to the radiative transfer equation is presented which describes the apparent radiance of underwater optical targets of simple shapes. The solution is an exponential, the coefficient of which varies with distance and depends on four quantities: the volume attenuation coefficient, the integrated volume scattering function, the target size, and the illuminating beam size. The solution is compared with data taken by the authors and explains a discrepancy with the generally employed constant coefficient exponential dependence. A comparison with Monte Carlo calculations of point spread functions further supports the validity of the solution.
Cyclic Estradiol Treatment Enhances the Effects of Interleukin-1β on Food Intake in Female Rats

Abstract Proinflammatory cytokines elicit behavioral and physiological responses that include decreased food intake, fever, and a general disinterest in usual activities. Ovarian hormones modulate immune system activity and responsiveness to cytokines in female mammals, suggesting that sex differences in immune function may be influenced by gonadal steroids. In this experiment, female adult rats were ovariectomized and given two daily subcutaneous injections of 5.0 or 20.0 μg of estradiol benzoate or the oil vehicle 3 weeks after surgery. Following 2 days of hormone treatment, animals received ip injections of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or saline 1 h before light offset. Food and water intake was measured 2 h after light offset. The results indicate that a cyclic pattern of estradiol treatment enhances the anorectic effect of IL-1β and suggest that responses to immune system activation are influenced by estradiol.
Integrated Information Displays for ICU Nurses: Field Observations, Display Design, and Display Evaluation

Preventable adverse events are one of the leading causes of patient mortality in hospitals. Many of these adverse events occur in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) where nurses often work under cognitive...
MAKING TIME FOR THE CHILDREN: Self‐Temporalization and the Cultivation of the Antisuicidal Subject in South India

This article examines suicide prevention among children in India's “suicide capital” of Kerala to interrogate the ways temporalization practices inform the cultivation of ethical, life-avowing subjects in late capitalism. As economic liberalization and migration expand consumer aspiration in Kerala, mental health experts link the quickening of material gratification in middle-class parenting to the production of insatiable, maladjusted, and impulsively suicidal children. Experiences of accelerated time through consumption in “modern” Kerala parenting practice reflect ideas about the threats of globalization that are informed both by national economic shifts and by nostalgia for the state's communist and developmentalist histories, suggesting that late capitalism's time–space compression is not a universalist phenomenon so much as one that is unevenly experienced through regionally specific renderings of the past. I demonstrate how experts position the Malayali child as uniquely vulnerable to the fatal dangers of immediate gratification, and thus exhort parents to retemporalize children through didactic games built around the deferral of desires for everyday consumer items. Teaching children how to wait as a pleasurable and explicitly antisuicidal way of being reveals anxieties, contestations, and contradictions concerning what ought to constitute “quality” investment in children as temporal subjects of late capitalism. The article concludes by bringing efforts to save elite lives into conversation with suicide prevention among migrants to draw out the ways distinct vulnerabilities and conditions of precarity situate waiting subjects in radically different ways against the prospect of self-destruction.
Usefulness of sleep endoscopy in predicting positional obstructive sleep apnea.

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to (1) evaluate whether position affects drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) findings in positional and nonpositional patients and (2) determine which areas of the upper airway obstruct in different body positions.Study DesignProspective, case-controlled study.SettingAcademic tertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsTwenty-two patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were enrolled. Two groups were individually recruited to make 11 consecutive patients with positional OSA and 11 consecutive patients with nonpositional OSA. Positional OSA was defined by nonsupine 50% reduction in apnea-hypopnea index. DISE was performed with patients in both lateral and supine sleep positions. Upper airway collapse was compared between the sleep positions and between the 2 groups.ResultsMost patients (77%) demonstrated multilevel obstruction on DISE. Nearly all patients with positional OSA (91%) had at least a partial improvement in collapse while in the lateral sleep position. Most of ...
W. F. LLOYD AND SOCIALISM: A NOTE

The question has been raised whether, in the writings of English classical economist W. F. Llo yd (1794-1852), there are "foreshadowings of socialist thought." Textual evidence has been produced on both sides of the issue. This note cites evidence previously overlooked and finds Lloyd highly skeptical toward "systems of equality" on three grounds: lack of work incentives, waste of resources, and tendency to ward overpopulation. Lloyd's 1837 critique of the equalitarian principle, though condensed and abstract, is actually more encompassing than that of his better known predecessor, Malthus. Copyright 1986 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University of South Australia
Gender Differences in Persistence and Attributions in Stereotype Relevant Contexts

The present research was designed to examine the effects of gender math stereotypes on performance attributions and persistence. Two experiments tested whether stereotypes guided men’s and women’s reactions to negative or positive feedback on an alleged test of verbal or math ability. In Study 1, attributions to ability were influenced by gender stereotypes: women were more sensitive to feedback on a test that was described as a test of their math ability than when the same test was described as a test of their verbal ability, whereas men showed the opposite pattern. Study 2 replicated these findings for negative feedback and further showed that gender differences in attributions to ability mediated the gender difference in persistence in the math domain following an alleged failure on a math test. The implications of stereotype-consistent attributions for women’s persistence in quantitative fields are discussed.
Bilingualism, Cognitive Growth, and Divergent Thinking Skills

(1982). Bilingualism, Cognitive Growth, and Divergent Thinking Skills. The Educational Forum: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 469-474.
Geography in the School Curriculum

Abstract The current national interest in educational reform, quickened by a series of reports on schooling during the past few years, has given us the first opportunity in a generation for real and fundamental reform in our schools. We should take advantage of this opportunity to improve the teaching of geography, especially in light of evidence suggesting that the proportion of seventh through twelfth graders enrolled in geography classes has dropped in recent years and that the academic preparation of many geography teachers in those grades could be strengthened. A number of encouraging new experiments are underway at the state and national levels. These experiments reflect a cooperative approach to the problems of the schools—including the problems of teaching geography—and involve higher education, business, and professional societies. Geography has a particularly important role to play in teaching the next generation about the nations of the Pacific Rim, which are an increasingly powerful economic, ...
A Real-Time, Interactive Steering Environment for Integrated Ground Water Modeling

We present in this note an innovative software environment, called Interactive Ground Water (IGW), for unified deterministic and stochastic ground water modeling. Based on efficient computational algorithms, IGW allows simulating three-dimensional (3D) unsteady flow and transport in saturated media subject to systematic and "random" stresses and geological and chemical heterogeneity. Adopting a new computing paradigm, IGW eliminates the fragmentation in the traditional modeling schemes and allows fully utilizing today's dramatically increased computing power. For many problems, IGW enables real-time modeling, visualization, mapping, and analysis. The software environment functions as a "numerical laboratory" in which an investigator may freely explore the following: creating visually an aquifer system of desired configurations, interactively applying stresses and boundary conditions, and then investigating and visualizing on the fly the geology and flow and transport dynamics. At any time, a researcher can pause to interact dynamically with virtually any aspects of the modeling process and then resume the integrated visual exploration; he or she can initiate, pause, or resume particle tracking, plume modeling, subscale modeling, stochastic modeling, monitoring, and budget analyses. IGW continually provides results that are dynamically processed, overlaid, and displayed. It dynamically merges modeling inputs and outputs into composite two-dimensional/3D images-integrating related data to provide a more complete view of the complex interplay among the geology, hydrology, flow system, and transport. These unique capabilities of real-time modeling, steering, analysis, and mapping expand the utility of models as tools for research, education, and professional investigations.
Modeling the high strain rate behavior of titanium undergoing ballistic impact and penetration

Abstract Titanium is an important candidate in the search for lighter weight armors. Increasingly, it is being considered as a replacement for steel components. It is also an important component in the application of ceramics to armor systems, especially in armor modules that are capable of defeating kinetic energy penetrators while sustaining little or no penetration of the ceramic element. The best alloy available today for ballistic applications is Ti-6Al-4V, an aerospace grade titanium alloy. The principal deterrent to widespread use of this alloy as an armor material is cost, and a significant portion of the cost is in processing. Consequently, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory undertook a program to study a particular lower cost processing technique [1]. The objectives of this work are to characterize the low-cost titanium alloy by generating constants for the Johnson-Cook (JC) and Zerilli-Armstrong (ZA) strength models, and to use and compare these two models in simulations of ballistic experiments. High strain rate strength data for the low-cost titanium alloy are used to generate parameters for the two models. The approach to fitting the JC parameters follows one previously used successfully to model 2-in thick rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) [2]. The approach to fitting the ZA parameters is based on a method described by Gray et al. [3]. The resulting model parameters are used in the shock physics code CTH [4] to model a Ti-6Al-4V penetrator penetrating a Ti-6Al-4V semi-infinite block at impact velocities up to 2,000 m/s. Similar experiments are performed, and the predictions of the two models are compared to each other and to the experimental results.
Cushing’s Contributions to Neuroscience, Part 2: Cushing and Several Dwarfs

Harvey Cushing revolutionized modern neurosurgery and pioneered the field of neuroendocrinology. This second of a two-part series on Harvey Cushing’s contributions to neuroscience discusses his pivotal discoveries of the function and clinical disorders of the anterior pituitary. A review of his 20-year obsession with the pituitary reveals Cushing’s ingenuity, keen sense of observation, and persistent stubborness. His enthusiasm to test his ideas, however, led to risky experimentation. Despite his foibles, his work opened up new frontiers of research for a number of investigators, whose efforts resulted in the identification of specific pituitary hormones, the hypothalamic regulation of the pituitary, and the practical applications of endocrinology.
Simulations of dynamics and viscoelasticity in highly entangled solutions of semiflexible rods

Brownian dynamics simulations are used to study highly entangled solutions of semiflexible polymers. Bending fluctuations of semiflexible rods are significantly affected by entanglement only above a concentration ${c}^{**}$, where ${c}^{**}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3}{L}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for chains of length $L$ similar to their persistence length. For $cg{c}^{**}$, the tube radius ${R}_{e}$ approaches a dependence ${R}_{e}\ensuremath{\propto}{c}^{\ensuremath{-}3∕5}$ and the linear viscoelastic response develops an elastic plateau that is absent for $cl{c}^{**}$. Experiments on isotropic solutions of F-actin are shown to span concentrations near ${c}^{**}$ for which the predicted asymptotic scaling of the plateau modulus, $G\ensuremath{\propto}{c}^{7∕5}$, is not yet valid.
Spatial and temporal genetic structure in chloroplast and allozyme markers in Phacelia dubia implicate genetic drift

For neutral genes, uniparental inheritance is expected to reduce effective population size relative to biparentally inherited genes. In finite populations, the ensuing genetic drift can cause stronger spatial and temporal differentiation. An intrapopulation polymorphism in chloroplast DNA was used to examine relative spatial and temporal population structure of chloroplast and allozyme markers in the annual plant Phacelia dubia. There was significant differentiation among populations at chloroplast markers but not for allozyme loci. A fine-scale analysis showed significant structure among sites within populations for chloroplast markers and local heterozygote deficiencies at allozyme loci. These spatial analyses suggest that gene flow via pollen exceeds that via seed. Temporal variation in chloroplast markers, assessed over a 10-year period, was evident in two of four populations, and allozyme loci were characterized by temporal variation in rare-allele frequencies. Population structure appeared to be related to the intensity and type of human disturbance influencing each population. Habitat destruction promoted isolation and enhanced differentiation, whereas mowing increased seed dispersal and reduced differentiation for chloroplast markers. At this time, genetic drift appears to be the primary force shaping chloroplast gene frequencies.
Susceptibility to morphine-induced analgesia in mice.

THE clinical significance of mammalian circadian responses to central nervous system (CNS) drugs has not been adequately established although the implications are impressive1–11, especially as explanations of unpredictable clinical responses to otherwise thoroughly documented therapeutic agents. This study was designed to determine whether mice, standardized in constant environmental conditions but with alternating 12 h light and dark cycles, would display variations in susceptibility to morphine sulphate along a 24 h scale. Comparisons of susceptibility crests of morphine and other CNS drugs might also provide additional insight into the mechanism of morphine-induced analgesia.
Capsulodesis for the treatment of chronic scapholunate instability

Purpose Scapholunate (SL) instability is the most common form of carpal instability. The treatment of this disorder is challenging and varying treatment options have been described. The purpose of this study was to examine the intermediate-term results of dorsal capsulodesis for cases of chronic SL dissociation. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted that examined all dorsal capsulodesis procedures performed for chronic SL dissociation between January of 1990 and February of 2000. Wrist pain had to be present for greater than 3 months. Patients had to have a minimum follow-up period of 2 years for inclusion in the study. Thirty-one patients were identified with isolated chronic SL dissociation. Of the 31 patients 18 had dynamic carpal instability and 13 had static carpal instability. The time from injury to surgery averaged 20 months. The follow-up period averaged 54 months (range, 24–96 mo). All patients had a dorsal capsulodesis procedure using either a Blatt or Mayo technique. Results were reviewed clinically and radiologically. Static and dynamic groups were compared with a Student t test. Results There was a 20% decrease in wrist motion after capsulodesis. There was no improvement in grip strength after surgery. Most patients had improvement in pain but only 2 patients were completely pain free. Radiographically the SL gap increased over time from 2.7 mm before surgery to 3.9 mm at the final follow-up evaluation. The SL angle also increased from 56° before surgery to 62° on final follow-up evaluation. There was no statistical difference in overall wrist motion, grip strength, or wrist score between the dynamic and static groups. The time to surgery and age had no significant effect on overall outcome. Conclusions Dorsal capsulodesis provided pain relief for patients with both dynamic and static SL instability. Although pain was improved it was not completely resolved in the majority of cases. From a radiographic perspective dorsal capsulodesis did not provide maintenance of carpal alignment in cases of chronic SL dissociation.
Quantum theory of gravitation and the mass of the electron

Gravity-modified quantum electrodynamics formulated by Salam and collaborators is applied to the electron self-energy problem in all orders of perturbation theory. It is shown that the dressed physical mass of the electron is likely to be given by the formula $m=M{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{x}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, where $M\ensuremath{\equiv}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}c}{16\ensuremath{\pi}G})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is the universal quantum-gravitational mass constant, $\ensuremath{\alpha}={(137.04)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is the fine-structure constant, and $x=(0.362)$ is a number to be computed from the details of the theory.
Analysis of zeins' ER retention in Xenopus oocytes

Zeins, maize storage proteins, are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during the intracellular protein targeting process. Hydrophobic interaction has been postulated as the driving force of zeins' aggregation and retention in the ER. Recently, a class of zein (the 27K zein) has been proposed to facilitate zeins' ER retention by anchoring to the ER membrane. This study investigated the significance of the two proposed mechanisms toward zeins' ER retention using Xenopus oocyte. Following injection of the total or 27K zein mRNA, zein's movement within the ER was analyzed based upon the extent of diffusion to the non-injected oocyte half. This study indicates that the total zeins freely move within the lumen of the ER, thus, suggesting that the intermolecular aggregation, leading to insolubility and exclusion from the ER lumenal fluid, may not be essential for zeins' ER retention. This study also suggests that the 27K zein may not facilitate zeins' ER retention by virtue of an anchor to the ER membrane based on its free movement in the ER. Free movement of the total and 27K zeins, under conditions where zein aggregates should form, necessitates a reevaluation of the mechanisms responsible for zein polypeptides' ER retention and protein body formation.
CMOS-Compatible 2-Axis Self-Aligned Vertical Comb-Driven Micromirror for Large Field-of-View Microendoscopes

A CMOS-compatible 3-mask process for 2-axis self-aligned vertical comb-driven micromirror fabrication is described. Our 1024?m diameter mirrors exhibit resonance at 2.81kHz, 669Hz, and maximum scan angles of 22°, 12° and 5.0°, 4.5° for resonant and static voltage operation on inner and outer axes. Reflectance confocal images of USAF1951 resolution target and epithelial breast tissue obtained at 3.0fps with 0.49?m, 4.18?m lateral and axial resolution over 200×125?m field of view indicate the potential of these devices for large field-of-view microendoscopes.
Antibody-mediated radiotherapy.

Antibodies that react with antigens on the surface of tumor cells but not normal cells have great potential for cancer detection and therapy. If radiolabeled without loss of immunologic specificity, such antibodies may be able to deliver cytoxic amounts of radiation. Target- cell specificity and a high extraction coefficient are necessary with any radionuclide in order to minimize normal tissue irradiation. Tumor- cell-retention time and the rate of catabolized radionuclide will also influence ultimate applicability. Among the unanswered questions for choosing a radionuclide is the choice of particle emitter. Although classic beta emitters have been used in a number of clinical situations, they have not had a major impact on disease outcome except in diseases of the thyroid. Unfortunately, Auger emitters such as iodine 125 are cytotoxic only when localized within close proximity to the genome. On the other hand, alpha emitters such as astatine 211 eliminate the need for subcellular sequestration but not cell-specific localization. 34 references.