cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental maps of DNA structure at nucleotide resolution distinguish intrinsic from protein-induced DNA deformations

Recognition of DNA by proteins depends on DNA sequence and structure. Often unanswered is whether the structure of naked DNA persists in a protein-DNA complex, or whether protein binding changes DNA shape. While X-ray structures of protein-DNA complexes are numerous, the structure of naked cognate DNA is seldom available experimentally. We present here an experimental and computational analysis pipeline that uses hydroxyl radical cleavage to map, at single-nucleotide resolution, DNA minor groove width, a recognition feature widely exploited by proteins. For 11 protein-DNA complexes, we compared experimental maps of naked DNA minor groove width with minor groove width measured from X-ray co-crystal structures. Seven sites had similar minor groove widths as naked DNA and when bound to protein. For four sites, part of the DNA in the complex had the same structure as naked DNA, and part changed structure upon protein binding. We compared the experimental map with minor groove patterns of DNA predicted by two computational approaches, DNAshape and ORChID2, and found good but not perfect concordance with both. This experimental approach will be useful in mapping structures of DNA sequences for which high-resolution structural data are unavailable. This approach allows probing of protein family-dependent readout mechanisms.
Leaf Wettability as a Measure of Air Pollution Effects

Droplet contact angle (DCA) is a technique that can be used to measure wettability and, in turn, provide an assessment of the physical and chemical characteristics of a surface. As adapted to plant biology, DCA measurements have been useful in characterizing changes in the type or condition of leaf epicuticular waxes. Environmental as well as temporal factors can modify the biophysical features of epicuticular wax surfaces and thereby affect DCA measurements. An understanding of the role of these non–pollutant factors is necessary before pollution damage can be accurately assessed. Controlled chamber experiments and field pollutant gradient studies have shown that DCA is generally reduced when plants are exposed to air pollutants such as ozone, S02, and acidic fog. In some cases, environmental influences, such as temperature, have been separated from the pollutant effect. However, mixtures of anthropogenic pollutants or anthropogenic and natural compounds (sea salts, dust particles) which are often present in field studies can confound the interpretation of DCA measurements. A few studies that attempt to separate these factors have been conducted, but more are needed before the potential for using DCA measurements in long–term bioindicator studies can be fully realized. Some studies have demonstrated that pollutants do not necessarily affect leaf surfaces in a uniform patter, but rather are specific for certain structures such as stomates or trichomes; deposition levels can also be different on ad– and abaxial surfaces. The degree to which these inhomogeneities of action can affect DCA measurements needs further study.
Static Theory of Nematic Liquid Crystals

This will be an expository lecture on liquid eyrstal theory, covering some of the physical phenomena of interest, the formulation of related mathematical problems, and recent mathematical work concerning analysis of them, as well as numerical computations.
Postoperative bleeding risk prediction for patients undergoing colorectal surgery

Abstract Background There is limited consensus regarding risk factors for postoperative bleeding. The objective of this work was to investigate the capability of machine learning techniques in combination with practice-based longitudinal electronic medical record data for identifying potential new risk factors for postoperative bleeding and predicting patients at high risk of postoperative bleeding. Methods A retrospective study was conducted for patients who underwent colorectal surgery 1998–2015 at a single tertiary referral center. Various predictors were extracted from electronic medical record. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of postoperative bleeding within 7 days of surgery. Logistic regression and gradient boosting machine models were trained. Area under the receiver operating curve and area under the precision recall curve were used to evaluate the performance to different models. Results Of 13,399 cases undergoing colorectal resection, 1,680 (12.5%) experienced postoperative bleeding. A total of 299 variables were evaluated. Logistic regression and gradient boosting machine models returned an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.735 and 0.822 and area under the precision recall curve of 0.287 and 0.423, respectively. In addition to well-known risk factors for postoperative bleeding, nutrition (ranked third), weakness (ranked fifth), patient mobility (ranked sixth), and activity level (ranked eighth) were found to be novel predictors in the gradient boosting machine model based on permutation importance. Conclusion The study identified measures of functional capacity of patient as novel predictors of postoperative bleeding. The study found that risk of postoperative bleeding can be assessed, allowing for better use of human resources in addressing this important adverse event after surgery.
Iliopsoas snapping hip: improving the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging with a novel parameter

To illustrate an advanced imaging parameter that describes the course of the iliopsoas tendon, and evaluate its correlations with iliopsoas internal hip snapping syndrome. This retrospective cohort study reviewed hip MRI images of all patients seen by a single surgeon between January 2015 and March 2016. The comparison group included all patients with clinical internal hip snapping, versus the control group that did not. MRI images were processed using minimum intensity projection. Measurements obtained of the pelvis and course of the iliopsoas tendon included: pelvic incidence, coronal angle, and sagittal opening angle (SOA). Comparison of measurements between the groups was performed with Mann–Whitney U analysis and receiver operator curve (ROC) plotting, with a significance cutoff of p = 0.05. The control group (n = 85) and comparison group (n = 48) demonstrated no difference in age or gender. Pelvic incidence was similar [51.3 (± 10.7) degrees control versus 52.2 (± 7.7) degrees comparison (p = 0.36)], as was coronal angle [13.9 (± 4.6) degrees control versus 14.8 (±4.8) degrees comparison (p = 0.15)]. There was a significant difference in SOA [137.0 (± 5.9) degrees control versus 141.9 (± 6.5) degrees comparison (p 140 degrees. Iliopsoas hip snapping is often part of a more complex disease process. While challenging to diagnose, advanced imaging parameters, like the sagittal opening angle, relate with clinical pathology. The SOA offers diagnostic value, with a threshold of greater than 140 degrees significantly correlating with clinical presentation.
Uniformly Convergent Multigrid Methods for Convection–Diffusion Problems without Any Constraint on Coarse Grids

We construct a class of multigrid methods for convection–diffusion problems. The proposed algorithms use first order stable monotone schemes to precondition the second order standard Galerkin finite element discretization. To speed up the solution process of the lower order schemes, cross-wind-block reordering of the unknowns is applied. A V-cycle iteration, based on these algorithms, is then used as a preconditioner in GMRES. The numerical examples show that this method is convergent without imposing any constraint on the coarsest grid and the convergence of the preconditioned method is uniform.
Reptile enamel matrix proteins: Selection, divergence, and functional constraint

The three major enamel matrix proteins (EMPs): amelogenin (AMEL), ameloblastin (AMBN), and enamelin (ENAM), are intrinsically linked to tooth development in tetrapods. However, reptiles and mammals exhibit significant differences in dental patterning and development, potentially affecting how EMPs evolve in each group. In most reptiles, teeth are replaced continuously throughout life, while mammals have reduced replacement to only one or two generations. Reptiles also form structurally simple, aprismatic enamel while mammalian enamel is composed of highly organized hydroxyapatite prisms. These differences, combined with reported low sequence homology in reptiles, led us to predict that reptiles may experience lower selection pressure on their EMPs as compared with mammals. However, we found that like mammals, reptile EMPs are under moderate purifying selection, with some differences evident between AMEL, AMBN, and ENAM. We also demonstrate that sequence homology in reptile EMPs is closely associated with divergence times, with more recently diverged lineages exhibiting high homology, along with strong phylogenetic signal. Lastly, despite sequence divergence, none of the reptile species in our study exhibited mutations consistent with diseases that cause degeneration of enamel (e.g. amelogenesis imperfecta). Despite short tooth retention time and simplicity in enamel structure, reptile EMPs still exhibit purifying selection required to form durable enamel.
A 4-element 28 GHz Millimeter-wave MIMO Array with Single-wire Interface using Code-Domain Multiplexing in 65 nm CMOS

Millimeter-wave MIMO systems with digitization of every element enable spatial multiplexing, virtual arrays for radar, digital beamforming (DBF) for high mobility scenarios. However, per-element digitization results in a formidable I/O challenge in large-scale tiled MIMO mmWave arrays. This work demonstrates a 28GHz 4-element MIMO RX with a single-wire interface that multiplexes the baseband signals of all elements and the LO reference through code-domain multiplexing. System considerations are presented and the approach is validated through DBF after de-multiplexing of the baseband signals from the single wire. Each element in the array achieves 16 dB conversion gain while consuming 60 mA from 1.2 V. The IC occupies 5.75 mm2 in 65-nm CMOS.
Therapeutic Apheresis in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

In its most general sense, apheresis refers to techniques for large-scale removal of selected components of the blood. “Plasmapheresis” refers to removal of plasma, “erythrocytapheresis” to removal of red blood cells, and “leukapheresis” to removal of white blood cells. The provision of apheresis for critically ill children is becoming more commonplace as the immunobiology of various acute diseases is becoming elucidated, yet remains challenging due to a number of un-modifiable factors. However, given the relative infrequency of these disorders, prospective randomized trials to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic apheresis are lacking. In addition, critically ill children develop their maximal organ failures and mortality very early in the intensive care unit time course, so waiting to see if a disease will resolve is often not a clinical option for many of these patients. Finally, many diseases do not have a biological marker to follow, so reliance on clinical improvement can be very subjective. The aim of this chapter is to describe the technical pediatric specific considerations and typical indications for apheresis provision for children seen in the pediatric intensive care unit setting. In addition, a framework for consideration of when to initiate, continue and discontinue therapeutic plasmapheresis is provided.
Automated assessment in data structures: a summary of experience

Automated Assessment tools, which have a long history of applications in computer science courses, have been used by the authors in variety of data structures courses, spanning three institutions, two programming languages (C++ and Java), and five years. This paper: 1) explores why such tools can be an especially good fit for Data Structures topics, 2) reviews a variety of considerations from both pedagogical and course management points of view, 3) shows examples of how automated assessment tools provide unique opportunities for honing a variety of important skills, and 4) shares observations on how automated assessment can be used to compensate for common student behaviors.
Small Animal Model of Post-chemotherapy Tuberculosis Relapse in the Setting of HIV Co-infection

Tuberculosis relapse following drug treatment of active disease is an important global public health problem due to the poorer clinical outcomes and increased risk of drug resistance development. Concurrent infection with HIV, including in those receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART), is an important risk factor for relapse and expansion of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates. A greater understanding of the HIV-associated factors driving TB relapse is important for development of interventions that support immune containment and complement drug therapy. We employed the humanized mouse to develop a new model of post-chemotherapy TB relapse in the setting of HIV infection. Paucibacillary TB infection was observed following treatment with Rifampin and Isoniazid and subsequent infection with HIV-1 was associated with increased Mtb burden in the post-drug phase. Organized granulomas were observed during development of acute TB and appeared to resolve following TB drug therapy. At relapse, granulomatous pathology in the lung was infrequent and mycobacteria were most often observed in the interstitium and at sites of diffuse inflammation. Compared to animals with HIV mono-infection, higher viral replication was observed in the lung and liver, but not in the periphery, of animals with post-drug TB relapse. The results demonstrate a potential role for the humanized mouse as an experimental model of TB relapse in the setting of HIV. Long term, the model could facilitate discovery of disease mechanisms and development of clinical interventions.
Understanding public perception of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) social distancing on Twitter.

OBJECTIVE: Social distancing policies are key in curtailing severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread, but their effectiveness is heavily contingent on public understanding and collective adherence. We studied public perception of social distancing through organic, large-scale discussion on Twitter. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: Between March 27 and April 10, 2020, we retrieved English-only tweets matching two trending social distancing hashtags, #socialdistancing and #stayathome. We analyzed the tweets using natural language processing and machine-learning models, and we conducted a sentiment analysis to identify emotions and polarity. We evaluated the subjectivity of tweets and estimated the frequency of discussion of social distancing rules. We then identified clusters of discussion using topic modeling and associated sentiments. RESULTS: We studied a sample of 574,903 tweets. For both hashtags, polarity was positive (mean, 0.148; SD, 0.290); only 15% of tweets had negative polarity. Tweets were more likely to be objective (median, 0.40; IQR, 0-0.6) with ~30% of tweets labeled as completely objective (labeled as 0 in range from 0 to 1). Approximately half of tweets (50.4%) primarily expressed joy and one-fifth expressed fear and surprise. Each correlated well with topic clusters identified by frequency including leisure and community support (ie, joy), concerns about food insecurity and quarantine effects (ie, fear), and unpredictability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its implications (ie, surprise). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the positive sentiment, preponderance of objective tweets, and topics supporting coping mechanisms, we concluded that Twitter users generally supported social distancing in the early stages of their implementation.
Review of radiographic findings in COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to review the published literature for the range of radiographic findings present in patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 infection. This novel corona virus is currently the cause of a worldwide pandemic. Pulmonary symptoms and signs dominate the clinical picture and radiologists are called upon to evaluate chest radiographs (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) images to assess for infiltrates and to define their extent, distribution and progression. Multiple studies attempt to characterize the disease course by looking at the timing of imaging relative to the onset of symptoms. In general, plain CXR show bilateral disease with a tendency toward the lung periphery and have an appearance most consistent with viral pneumonia. Chest CT images are most notable for showing bilateral and peripheral ground glass and consolidated opacities and are marked by an absence of concomitant pulmonary nodules, cavitation, adenopathy and pleural effusions. Published literature mentioning organ systems aside from pulmonary manifestations are relatively less common, yet present and are addressed in this review. Similarly, publications focusing on imaging modalities aside from CXR and chest CT are sparse in this evolving crisis and are likewise addressed in this review. The role of imaging is examined as it is currently being debated in the medical community, which is not at all surprising considering the highly infectious nature of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2.
Obesity and Hair Cortisol: Relationships Varied Between Low-Income Preschoolers and Mothers.

Literature on the relationship between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and body mass index (BMI) is scarce and inconsistent in both preschoolers and parents. Thus, the study aimed to examine the relationships among HCC, perceived distress, coping, and BMI among low-income Head Start preschoolers and mothers. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted with a non-random sample of 35 mother-preschooler dyads. Height and weight were measured using a ShorrBoard Stadiometer and a Seca portable electronic scale, respectively. HCC was extracted using the enzyme immunoassay approach. Mothers’ perceived distress and coping were assessed by Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. Mothers’ mean age was 29.74 years, and preschoolers’ mean age was 4.69 years. The sample included 17% Hispanic, 54% Black, and 60% single mothers; and 23% Hispanic and 60% Black preschoolers. Compared to mothers in low HCC group (< 4.1 pg/mg), mothers in high HCC group (≥ 4.1 pg/mg) had lower BMI (B = − 4.62, p = .049). The indirect effects of mothers’ HCC on BMI via perceived distress and coping was 15% of the total effects. Preschoolers with mothers in high HCC group had significantly lower BMI z-score than those with mothers in low HCC group (B = − 0.94, p = .043). Preschoolers’ HCC had a small positive correlation with their BMI z-score (B = 0.01, p = .112). Relationships between HCC and BMI varied between low-income mothers and preschoolers. A stress management component may need to be integrated into future obesity interventions. Given the limitation of small sample size and cross-sectional study design, the findings need to be interpreted with caution, and further investigation is warranted.
Weight Loss, but Not Dairy Composition of Diet, Moderately Affects Satiety and Postprandial Gut Hormone Patterns in Adults.

BACKGROUND Inclusion of dairy in diet patterns has been shown to have mixed effects on weight loss. A prevailing hypothesis is that dairy improves weight loss by influencing endocrine systems associated with satiety and food intake regulation. OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss with or without adequate dietary dairy on subjective and objective appetitive measures. METHODS Men and women who were habitual low dairy consumers (n = 65, 20-50 y) participated in a 12-wk randomized controlled feeding weight loss trial. During the 12-wk intervention, a low-dairy (<1 serving dairy/d) was compared with an adequate-dairy (3-4 servings dairy/d) diet, both with a 500-kcal deficit/d. Test days, before and at the end of the intervention, began with 2 fasting blood draws and visual analog scale (VAS) measures, followed by a standard breakfast (25% of prescribed restricted calories), 5 postbreakfast blood draws and VASs, a standard lunch (40% of restricted energy amount), and 12 postlunch blood draws and VASs. Blood samples were used for satiety hormone measurements. On a separate day when matching standard meals were consumed, an ad libitum buffet meal was provided as dinner, at a self-selected time. Meal duration and intermeal interval were recorded. RESULTS Weight loss (-6.1 kg), irrespective of dairy, resulted in reduced fasting insulin (-20%) and leptin (-25%), and increased fasting acylated ghrelin (+25%) and VAS desire to eat (+18%) (P < 0.05). There were no effects of dairy on objective or subjective satiety measures. Weight loss marginally reduced the intermeal interval (289 min compared with 276 min, P = 0.059) between lunch and the ad libitum buffet. CONCLUSIONS These results do not support the hypothesis that inclusion of dairy in long-term dietary patterns influences appetite during weight loss. Weight loss per se has a modest impact on select systems that regulate hunger and satiety.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00858312.
Non-economic Performance of Benefit Corporations: A Variance Decomposition Approach

Drawing on evolutionary realism as a guiding framework and using relevant theoretical bases at macro- (country-), meso- (industry-), and micro- (firm-) levels, we investigate the relative variance explained by each level on selection (non-economic performance) and retention (decertification) of Benefit Corporations (B-Corps). Based on a sample of 5052 observations of certified B-Corps and 1403 observations of decertified B-Corps, relative to the country and industry differences, firm-level differences explain most of the variance in non-economic performance, especially for workers and community impact areas. Industry-level differences explain small differences in customers and environmental performance while country differences do not explain meaningful performance differences. The results also show a similar pattern in relative effects for decertified B-Corps. Our findings point to the value of disaggregating the relative effects of multilevel factors in further understanding drivers of non-economic performance and the decertification of B-Corps.
A retinal full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography and flood imaging system with hardware adaptive optics

In this work we present a retinal imaging system that incorporates full-field (FF) swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) with hardware adaptive optics (AO) correction operating in real time. We demonstrate that this configuration permits resolution of foveal cones, with volume rates adequate to measure light-evoked changes in photoreceptors. With the OCT reference arm blocked, the system is a high speed (kHz) AO flood illumination (FI) camera, supporting future studies of optoretinographic responses through common path interference. The characterization and demonstration of the system performance with in vivo human photoreceptor mosaic are presented.
A multifaceted risk assessment approach using statistical learning to evaluate socio-environmental factors associated with regional felony and misdemeanor rates

Abstract Delinquencies are burden on a society, and minimizing the crime risk is essential. In this paper, we propose a multifaceted data-driven approach to long-term predictions of annual felony and misdemeanor rates and understanding their spatial patterns under various scenarios. Leveraging a suite of nonlinear statistical learning algorithms, we developed advanced models to predict county-level annual crime rates, and evaluate the associations of felony and misdemeanor rates with socioeconomic and demographic variables, infrastructure patterns in neighborhoods, and climatic variables. We implemented our proposed framework for the state of New York, the fourth most populous state in the U.S. For both felony and misdemeanor predictions, our results indicate that Random Forest outperforms all the other models achieving over 84% and 60% improvements in goodness-of-fit and predictive accuracy respectively, compared to the mean-only model. We identified population demography, socioeconomic condition, and infrastructure patterns to be key predictors of both felony and misdemeanor rates, with suburban crime rates being significantly higher than the urban and rural ones. Specifically, we observed that higher population count, higher poverty rate, and lower median family income are associated with elevated crime rates. Higher number of transport infrastructures, shopping malls and banks are also found to be positively correlated with increasing crime rates. In addition, we show how scenario-based sensitivity analysis can be leveraged to communicate crime risk to the stakeholders under various scenarios. Our proposed framework can help both policymakers and law enforcement in informed decision-making towards crime management, thereby minimizing risk of delinquencies in society at large.
The Haitian Independence Debt: A Memorandum to the Haitian Government

The Haitian Independence Debt has been a source of comment and controversy for nearly two decades. Haiti’s moral claim for restitution is doubted by no one, not even France. But the mechanics of restitution have long remained unclear. This paper attempts to supply a remedy. Through the form of a hypothetical memorandum to the government of Haiti, this paper explores Haiti’s legal claim for restitution of the Independence Debt within the French legal system. This paper analyzes issues of jurisdiction, state succession, contract law, and statutes of limitation. It concludes that Haiti possesses a plausible legal claim for restitution in France.
School Allergy Policies Across the States: A Holistic Review of State-Level Guidelines

Food allergies affect approximately two children per average-sized classroom, and prevalence has increased in recent decades (Gupta et al., 2011; Pawankar et al., 2013). This increase has important implications for school psychologists and counselors because allergies can impact various psychosocial aspects of students’ lives (Vale et al., 2015). Unfortunately, psychosocial considerations related to allergy management are often treated as peripheral in school food allergy policy development (Behrmann, 2010a). The purpose of the current review was to examine the availability of state-level guidelines and to evaluate available guidelines according to research supported practices for students including those impacting psychosocial facets of students’ lives. Guideline documents identified varied in size and form and when available tended to provide limited coverage of social and emotional factors. Our review provides insight into scope of attention to psychosocial facets of well-being in state-level allergy policy guidelines and concludes with implications for practice across multiple tiers of support.
Kazantzakis' Making of God: A Study in Literature and Philosophy

Odysseus, on Calypso's isle too long, suddenly found that The world then seemed a legend, life a passing dream, the soul of man a spiraling smoke that rose in air; in my clear head gods suddenly were born, blazed up, as suddenly were lost, and others rose instead like clouds and fell in rain drops on my sun-scorched mind. (Odyssey, II, 110-114) Later on Ithaca, talking to a bronzesmith whom he wanted to make into a dis ciple: One night walking along a barbarous coast alone, I mounted toward a temple perched on some high rocks and broke the door down till the walls thundered and groaned, and as 1 groped in darkness my hands fell with greed on a new god who wove this iron thrust through his belt... and I flung out my hands unfearing, ripped the belt, and thus the god's sword passed into my mortal hands. (Odyssey, II, 800-804, 809-810) At the wedding feast of Telemachus, Odysseus . . . pitied youth and felt the unspeakable deep grief of maids, and like a god spread out his hands and blessed them . . . (Odyssey, II, 1196-1197) Landing for a while on the way to Helen and Sparta, Oysseus puts on a pretty girl: The swift mind-reader felt the maiden's fear and joy: 'Yes, you've divined it, lovely lass. I'm a sea-god who saw you far off from the waves and leapt ashore so that the thighs of god and man might meet in love. (Odyssey, III, 499-502) These random quotations touch many of the ways in which the double voice of Kazantzakis and Odysseus manages to say that man is a god. Discussion of the four passages helps us to see how that double voice operates, and what kind of explicit claims it makes. The third passage is a familiar literary turn, innocent and minimally meaning ful in itself, but here fraught with context. At this point Odysseus is about to cut himself off from Ithaca, from the generation which is replacing him there, and from the system of moral, social, and economic values which dominates now on the island. His freedom, through which he finds the self-transcendence leading to
Expanding iClick to group 9 metals

Abstract The iClick (inorganic click) reactions between gold-acetylides and group 9 transition metal-azide complexes are presented. Complexes [Rh(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 ][PPh 3 Au]( μ -N 3 C 2 C 6 H 4 NO 2 ) ( 3 ), {[Rh(CO)(PPh 3 )][PPh 3 Au]( μ -N 3 C 2 C 6 H 4 NO 2 )} 2 ( 4 ), and [(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 IrAuPPh 3 ]( μ -N 3 C 2 C 6 H 4 NO 2 ) ( 6 ) have been synthesized via M-azide/M-acetylide cycloaddition reactions between PPh 3 Au(C CC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) ( 2 ) and either Rh(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 N 3 ( 1 ), or Ir(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 N 3 ( 5 ). Complexes 3 , 4 , and 6 have been characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopies, crystallography and combustion analysis.
Hydrogen peroxide formation in oxygen reduction at gold electrodes: I. Acid solution

Abstract Oxygen reduction at Au electrodes in acid solution has been studied with a rotating disk electrode with a concentric ring. Two linear regions in the V-logi plot are observed, both with Tafel slope of −0.115 V. From the Id/Irvs. ω− 1 2 plots it is concluded that (i) oxygen reduction at and below 0.3 V (H.E.) proceeds along a single reaction path with hydrogen peroxide as a reaction intermediate which further reduces at an increasing rate as the potential becomes more cathodic; and (ii) at potentials anodic to 0.30 V, the reduction proceeds along two parallel reaction paths. Below 0.55 V, the major reaction is that in which oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. Above 0.55 V, the major reaction is the reduction to water without hydrogen peroxide intermediate. Linear V-log i regions correspond to these two situations.
Toward efficient default reasoning

Early work on default reasoning aimed to formalize the notion of quickly "jumping to conclusions". Unfortunately, the resulting formalisms have proven more computationally complex than classical logics. This has dramatically limited the applicability of formal methods to real problems involving defaults. The complexity of consistency checking is one of the two problems that must be addressed to reduce the complexity of default reasoning. We propose to approximate consistency checking using a novel synthesis of limited contexts and fast incomplete checks, and argue that this combination overcomes the limitations of its component parts. Our approach trades correctness for speed, but we argue that the nature of default reasoning makes this trade relatively inexpensive and intuitively plausible. We present a prototype implementation of a default reasoner based on these ideas, and a preliminary empirical evaluation.
Forecasting Cattle Prices in the Presence of Structural Change

Recent empirical research and developments in the cattle industry suggest several reasons to suspect structural change in economic relationships determining cattle prices. Standard forecasting models may ignore structural change and may produce biased and misleading forecasts. Vector autoregressive (VAR) models that allow parameters to vary with time are used to forecast quarterly cattle prices. The VAR procedures are flexible in that they allow the identification of structural change that begins at an a priori unknown point and occurs gradually. The results indicate that the lowest RMSE for out-of-sample forecasts of cattle prices is obtained using a gradually switching VAR model. However, differences between the gradually switching VAR model and a univariate ARIMA model are not strongly significant. Impulse response functions indicate that adjustments of cattle prices to new information have become faster in recent years.
Long distance quantum teleportation in quantum relay configuration

Experimental realization of a quantum relay is reported, where the source creating the qubit to be teleported and the EPR source are both connected to the BSM (Bell state measurement) by 2 km of optical fibers.
Serum Group I Pepsinogen Levels and Their Relation to Gastric Acid Secretion in Patients with and without Recurrent Ulcer

Serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels have been determined by radioimmunoassay in15 patients with, and in 27 patients without, recurrent ulcer after vagotomy and either a gastric resection or a drainage procedure. The mean (± SE) levels were 151.8 ± 16.9 ng per ml in the patients with recurrent ulcer and 79.7 ±9.8 ng per ml in those without recurrence (P 175 ng per ml) but not in any of 10 patients with a low serum PGI ( r = 0.815, P r = 0.540, P
Regionalized Cell Division during Sea Urchin Gastrulation Contributes to Archenteron Formation and Is Correlated with the Establishment of Larval Symmetry

During gastrulation of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegutus there is localized proliferation of cells in the vegetal plate region prior to its invagination. Cell counts show that during gastrulation the number of cells per embryo increases 60% from 1025 to 1640. Measurements of cell volumes suggest that some growth may follow these divisions. Feulgen staining shows that the greatest mitotic activity throughout gastrulation occurs in the vegetal plate region. Labelling embryos with 3H-thymidine reveals that incorporation in the vegetal plate is confined to cells that encircle the base of the archenteron. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that these labelled cells contribute descendants to the vegetal half of the archenteron. Additionally, 3-dimensional reconstructions of vegetal regions at different stages reveal that by the end of gastrulation two bilateral clusters of labelled cells lie at the future sites of the post-oral arms of the pluteus larva, thus marking the axes of bilateral and dorso-ventral symmetry. Our findings suggest that two of the principal events of sea urchin gastrulation — the formation of the archenteron and the establishment of symmetry in the larva — are accompanied by distinct patterns of cell division.
RANKL signaling in bone physiology and cancer.

Purpose of reviewIncreased osteoclast activity plays an operative role in the pathophysiology of skeletal complications of malignancy. This review focuses on the critical roles of a triad of molecules – receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β ligand and its two receptors, receptor activator of
Optical Linear Algebra Processors: Architectures and Algorithms

Attention is given to the component design and optical configuration features of a generic optical linear algebra processor (OLAP) architecture, as well as the large number of OLAP architectures, number representations, algorithms and applications encountered in current literature. Number-representation issues associated with bipolar and complex-valued data representations, high-accuracy (including floating point) performance, and the base or radix to be employed, are discussed, together with case studies on a space-integrating frequency-multiplexed architecture and a hybrid space-integrating and time-integrating multichannel architecture.
Transonic wing flow computations using the field-panel method with a shock-fitting technique

An integral equation field-panel scheme for solving the full-potential equation for compressible flows with and without shocks is presented. The full-potential equation is written in the form of the Poisson's equation. Compressibility is treated as non-homogeneity. The integral equation solution in terms of velocity field is obtained by Green's theorem. The solution consists of wing (or a general body) surface integral term(s) of vorticity/source distribution(s), wake surface integral term(s) of free-vortex sheet(s), a volume integral term of compressibility over a small limited domain around the source of disturbance, and a shock surface integral term of source distributions for the shock-fitting purpose. Solutions are obtained through an iterative procedure. Instead of using a grid (field-panel) refinement procedure, a shock-fitting technique is used to fit the shock. The present scheme is applied to non-lifting flows around both sharp and round leading edge rectangular wings at high-subsonic and transonic flow conditions.
Formulation of load factors based on optimum reliability

Abstract Simple formulations for optimizing the first-order, second-moment reliability index are obtained using a minimum cost analysis. Three probability distributions commonly used to model structural loads, i.e., Gumbel, normal and log-normal, are considered. Corresponding load factors based on the optimum reliability index are compared. The variation in the optimum reliability due to the difference in the upper tail characteristics of the three distributions is relatively minor. The significance of several parameters describing cost and load variability is discussed with regard to their impact on reliability and structural load requirements for design.
Melting of quasi-two-dimensional crystalline Pb supported on liquid Ga.

Experimental studies have shown that the Pb monolayer that segregates in the PbGa alloy liquid-vapor interface forms a two-dimensional hexagonal crystal that melts at $341\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and it has been speculated that the disordered phase formed is hexatic. This paper reports the results of simulation studies of the in-plane structure of the outermost stratum of the liquid-vapor interface of a dilute Pb in Ga alloy. These simulations are based on four major improvements to a previous study. First, the simulation studies involve considerably more atoms and considerably longer equilibration runs than considered in the previous work of Chekmarev, Oxtoby, and Rice. Second, a more accurate nonlocal pseudopotential representation of the interactions in the system is used. Third, the amplitude of the out-of-plane motion of the Pb atoms is constructed to have the observed value. Fourth, an approximation to the role of the liquid Ga substrate is provided by adding a layer of Ga atoms to the layer of Pb atoms. The results of our simulation studies show that the Ga layer adjacent to the Pb layer has a profound influence on that layer's properties. In particular, it is shown that in the two-layer PbGa system the Pb layer forms, at low temperature, a stable two-dimensional crystal on top of liquid Ga. This two-dimensional crystal melts at a temperature close to that found experimentally. It is found that the crystalline Pb layer is transformed to the liquid state via two intermediate hexatic phases that differ in the magnitude of the bond orientation order. Each of the phase transitions along this melting pathway is first order. The temperature range over which each hexatic phase is stable is small. The profound influence of out-of-plane motion is demonstrated by a comparison of the results of simulations of a quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) and of a strictly two-dimensional monolayer of Pb. The melting transition in the Q2D one-layer system is first order, directly to the liquid, with no intervention of a hexatic phase. The melting transition in the strictly 2D system involves two stages: a first-order transition to an intermediate hexatic phase followed by melting of the hexatic to a liquid phase. The latter transition is continuous over a small temperature range. An examination of the role of defects in the melting process reveals a picture rather different from that postulated in the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young theory of 2D melting.
Quantitative measurement of lymphocyte mediated growth inhibition of Candida albicans

A rapid and reproducible assay has been developed to measure the capacity of lymphocytes to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Fungal growth inhibition was assessed optimally as the incorporation of [3H]uridine into preformed hyphae, following interaction of the hyphae with effector lymphocytes. The assay was sensitive to the detection of fungal growth inhibition by lymphocytes at low effector to target ratios and results correlated well with other methods for measurement of anti-C. albicans growth inhibition in vitro. Although the assay was developed for the measurement of lymphocyte mediated anti-fungal activity, other mammalian cell populations can be assayed for growth inhibition of C. albicans as well. The described assay utilizes the enzyme lyticase to reduce the surface binding of C. albicans. The use of this enzyme permits the efficient harvest of large numbers of experimental samples with a multiple automated sample harvester.
Maturational variation in needle essential oils from Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies concolor and Picea engelmannii

Abstract The maturational variation in current year needle essential oils of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii , white fir, Abies concolor and Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii , was determined. Strong seasonal and between-species differences were found. Most compounds increased in concentration through the season. White fir foliage had the highest essential oil concentration and Engelmann spruce foliage had the lowest concentration. Our results are compared with previously reported essential oil compositions for Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce. This is the first detailed report of the needle essential oil composition of white fir.
Aerodynamics and Heat Transfer for a Cooled One and One-Half Stage High-Pressure Turbine: Part I—Vane Inlet Temperature Profile Generation and Migration

As controlled laboratory experiments using full-stage turbines are expanded to replicate more of the complicated flow features associated with real engines, it is important to understand the influence of the vane inlet temperature profile on the high-pressure vane and blade heat transfer as well as its interaction with film cooling. The temperature distribution of the incoming fluid governs not only the input conditions to the boundary layer but overall fluid migration. Both of these mechanisms have a strong influence on surface heat flux and therefore component life predictions. To better understand the role of the inlet temperature profile, an electrically heated combustor emulator capable of generating uniform, radial, or hot-streak temperature profiles at the high-pressure turbine vane inlet has been designed, constructed, and operated over a wide range of conditions. The device is shown to introduce a negligible pressure distortion while generating the inlet temperature conditions for a stage-and-a-half turbine operating at design-corrected conditions. For the measurements described here, the vane is fully cooled and the rotor purge flow is active but the blades are un-cooled. Detailed temperature measurements are obtained at rake locations upstream and downstream of the turbine stage as well as at the leading edge and platform of the blade in order to characterize the inlet temperature profile and its migration. The use of miniature butt-welded thermocouples at the leading edge and on the platform (protruding into the flow) on a rotating blade is a novel method of mapping temperature profile. These measurements show that the reduction in fluid temperature due to cooling is similar in magnitude for both a uniform and radial vane inlet temperature profile.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The Larval Development of the Rock Crab, Cancer Irroratus Say, 1817, Under Laboratory Conditions (Decapoda Brachyura)

[Die Larven von Cancer irroratus wurden vom Ei bis zum ersten Krabbenstadium im Labor aufgezogen bei 15° C und 30‰ Salinitat. Die vollstandige Larvalentwicklung bestand aus funf Zoeae und eine Megalopa. Samtliche funktionelle Extremitaten werden beschrieben anhand Abbildungen, welche fur die Bestimmung der Larven von C. irroratus verwendet werden konnen., Die Larven von Cancer irroratus wurden vom Ei bis zum ersten Krabbenstadium im Labor aufgezogen bei 15° C und 30‰ Salinitat. Die vollstandige Larvalentwicklung bestand aus funf Zoeae und eine Megalopa. Samtliche funktionelle Extremitaten werden beschrieben anhand Abbildungen, welche fur die Bestimmung der Larven von C. irroratus verwendet werden konnen.]
The Moderating Role of Ethical Leadership: Investigating Relationships Among Employee Psychological Contracts, Commitment, and Citizenship Behavior

This study investigated interrelationships among psychological contracts, ethical leadership, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) using an online survey of 159 ...
Connoisseur's Choice: Tennantite, Tsumeb, Namibia

The sciences of chemistry and mineralogy as we know them today can be said to have begun together in the eighteenth century, a period often called the Age of Enlightenment. The nomenclature of mine...
High-pressure metamorphism and uplift of the Olympic subduction complex

The discovery of the critical assemblage lawsonite + quartz + calcite indicates that a significant part of the Cenozoic Olympic subduction complex of northwestern Washington State formed by underplating at a depth of about 11 km. The deep structural level exposed in this area is attributed to the presence of a 10-km-high arch in the underlying Juan de Fuca plate. We postulate that this arch was formed when the southern Cordilleran coastline swung westward as a result of middle Miocene to recent extension in the Basin and Range province.
Scar Reactivation in a Postpartum Woman

A 33-year-old womanwas referred by her primary health care provider for increasing prominence of facial scars. The scars were sustained during a bicycle accident at age 5 years and were minimally appreciable until 10 weeks after the delivery of her third child. At that time, the patient noted the sudden development of linear pink, thin plaques within the scar sites. The lesions developed a deeper red to reddish yellow color over the next 2 months, and she was referred to the dermatology department (Figure 1). Dermoscopy revealed an “apple jelly” appearance to the lesions. Previous treatments included topical corticosteroids, with minimal improvement. Her medical and obstetric history, which included 2 prior pregnancies, was unremarkable. Two 3-mm punch biopsy specimens were obtained from the lesions for hematoxylin-eosin staining. What is your diagnosis?
Response to Comment on “Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping”

Mintzes et al. comment on our study in which we showed that retrieval practice enhances meaningful learning more than elaborative studying with concept mapping. Here, we consider and rebut claims that are based on mischaracterizations of our paper and speculations rather than evidence. We emphasize that randomized, controlled studies in both laboratory and classroom settings are essential to identifying effective strategies that promote meaningful learning.