cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Employees

This book chapter provides an overview of the legal remedies currently available to LGBT employees who experience discrimination. In addition to recent developments in sex discrimination jurisprudence, it addresses an array of other claims that may be available to employees who do not live in a state that explicitly prohibits sexual orientation and/or gender identity discrimination. The chapter also addresses the impact of the EEOC's recent decisions in Baldwin v. Foxx and Macy v. Holder, and the extent to which those opinions create opportunities for further arguments for coverage of sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination under Title VII.
PATTERNS AND ETIOLOGY OF DIARRHEA IN THREE CLINICAL SETTINGS

Acute diarrhea of young children was studied from September 1978 to April 1981 to determine age and time patterns, clinical characteristics and microbial association in two pediatric practices and in a hospital population in southern Michigan. The practice population sizes were estimated so that rates of diarrhea could be determined. Care was sought for about 0.85 episodes per child in the first year of life and 0.4 episodes in the second year of life. Bacterial pathogens were rarely identified in the practices and were identified in only 5% of hospitalized patients. Rotavirus was identified in 16% of the episodes in children under two years of age in the practices. These rotavirus diarrheas occurred mainly in the winter and were clearly more severe than nonrotavirus diarrheas. The rotavirus-infected patients did not, however, have more frequent respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptom frequency was related to practice setting and income but not etiology. In the fall, before the rotavirus seasonal peak, a peak of nonrotaviral, nonbacterial diarrhea was seen in the practices. The symptoms were mild and a corresponding peak was not seen in hospital patients. The total direct costs of diarrheal illness to society were estimated to be due more to hospitalization than to outpatient care.
Is adenosine 5′-triphosphate derangement or free-radical-mediated injury the major cause of ventricular dysfunction during reperfusion? role of adenine nucleoside transport in myocardial reperfusion injury

The aim of this study was to determine the dual role of ATP as an energy substrate and as a major source of oxygen-derived free-radical-mediated reperfusion injury by using adenine nucleoside blocker, p-nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), and adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA). In a randomized study, 16 dogs were instrumented with minor-axis LTZ-piezoelectric crystals and intraventricular pressure transducers to monitor, off bypass, left ventricular performance by using a sensitive and load-independent index of contractility (slope of the stroke work-end-diastolic length relation). Hearts were subjected to 60 minutes of normothermic global ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Normal saline without (Group 1, n = 8) or with (Group 2, n = 8) NBMPR and EHNA was infused in three boluses into the cardiopulmonary bypass reservoir before ischemia and reperfusion. Transmural serial biopsies were obtained before and during ischemia and reperfusion and analyzed for myocardial adenine nucleotide pool intermediates by using high-performance liquid chromatography. In the control group, three hearts developed ischemic contracture and another three hearts exhibited cardiogenic shock during reperfusion. In the EHNA/NBMPR-treated group, left ventricular performance recovered within 30 minutes of reperfusion (p less than 0.05 vs. control). Myocardial ATP was depleted to 20% of normal in both groups by the end of ischemia (p less than 0.05). Intramyocardial adenosine in the EHNA/NBMPR-treated group was 12-fold greater (15.09 +/- 1.6 nmol/mg protein) than the control group at the end of the ischemic period (p less than 0.05). Inosine was about fourfold higher in the control group (19.07 +/- 1.50 nmol/mg protein) compared with the drug-treated group (p less than 0.05). During reperfusion, myocardial ATP levels increased to approximately 50% of normal in the EHNA/NBMPR group while remaining depressed (20% of normal) in the control group. Thus, despite the dramatic loss of myocardial ATP during ischemia, complete recovery of ventricular performance and significant repletion of ATP during reperfusion were observed when adenosine transport and deamination were modulated during ischemia and reperfusion. These results suggest that 1) the myocardium may have more ATP than is needed for basic cardiac functions and 2) washout of ATP diffusible catabolites is detrimental to ventricular performance during reperfusion. Specific blockade of nucleoside transport resulted in complete functional recovery despite low but critical ATP levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mapping the Systematic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility Genes

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease that can involve virtually any organ or tissue type. The disease has a strong familial tendency but, like most human illness, has a complex pattern of inheritance that is consistent with multiple susceptibility genes as well as environmental risk factors. Association studies have been performed, especially for the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 and for various complement components. Several large familial studies have begun to report results for genetic linkage. Linkage has been established for many genetic intervals. SLE is a complex clinical illness, and investigation of the genetics of the illness based on clinical manifestations revealed linkages not found without consideration of the phenotype of the disease.
The impact of population admixture on traditional linkage analysis.

INTRODUCTION Families of admixed ancestry are routinely excluded from traditional (Log of the Odds [LOD] score) linkage analysis or are analyzed as being derived from a homogeneous population using the proband's ethnicity. Using traditional linkage analysis with these families can cause complications due to the mixing of different disease rates and allele frequencies that occurs. The presence of admixture violates the key assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and Linkage Equilibrium (LE) invoked in the current methods of linkage analysis. If one or more of these assumptions are violated, incorrect inference for linkage could result. DESIGN AND METHODS Through simulation, we investigated the effect of admixture of two populations on the LOD score under various conditions, using prostate cancer as our underlying disease model. Four-generation homogeneous and admixed families were simulated with 27 markers and two linked, bi-allelic disease loci. Two different types of admixture were tested: admixture within a family unit and a mixture of homogeneous families within a data set. All mixing was done at the founder level in three different proportions: 30/70, 50/50 and 70/30. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We observed that the LOD scores under both models of admixture were closest to the homogeneous family scores of the population having the highest mixing proportion. Random sampling of families or ascertainment of families with disease affection status did not affect this observation, nor did the mode of inheritance (dominant/recessive) or sample size. Thus, the presence of families of mixed population ancestry impacts linkage analysis in terms of the LOD score and the estimate of the recombination fraction.
An Individual in Night: Ballade Nocturne and Gao’s Philosophical Woman

This chapter looks at Gao’s most recent play and the first to be translated directly from French to English. Many of Gao’s characters and narrators are women displaced in time and location. This chapter uses Ballade Nocturne to explore how Gao’s female characters are engaged in a type of performative philosophy to give voice to a minoritarian power against the dominance of male-centric language and identity. The chapter takes time to consider the play in production as well.
Equipoise in Clinical Trials: Angst and Progress.

The requirement that clinician-investigators need to have equipoise before randomizing patients to clinical trials is widely accepted in the scientific community. Here, we contend that such requirement demands a nuanced and critical interpretation and should not become an obstacle to the conduction and completion of well-conceived clinical trials . “Do you have equipoise?” The question was simple, yet loaded with challenges. We were being invited to participate in a prospective randomized controlled phase 3 trial testing whether acute endovascular stroke therapy can be beneficial for patients presenting beyond 6 hours from symptom onset (≤6 hours is the currently accepted therapeutic time window for mechanical thrombectomy) when using perfusion brain imaging for selection of candidates. As clinicians, we may have qualms because we are already treating some of these patients with thrombectomy—albeit a minority—in our daily practice. As investigators, we want to participate because we agree with the scientific merit of the study, and we think it has good potential to advance our knowledge and change the standard of care for future patients. So, do we have equipoise? Furthermore, is having equipoise truly an indispensable condition for us to decide whether to participate in this (or any) trial? To answer this question, we must first understand what we mean when we talk about equipoise. Equipoise is traditionally defined as a state of genuine uncertainty on the relative value of 2 approaches being compared in a trial.1 After its inception, equipoise became rapidly embraced as a necessary condition for randomization in clinical trials. However, the practical application of this ethical concept has proven far from straightforward. Initially conceived to reflect uncertainty on the part of each individual investigator,1 the concept was subsequently modified by the Canadian Bioethicist Benjamin Freedman2 to instead represent uncertainty within the expert medical community. Freedman …
Nonocclusive necrotizing enterocolitis after gastrectomy and catheterjejunostomy – 2 case reports

BACKGROUND: The role of enteral nutrition in operative intensive care medicine has within the last few years been newly assessed. Early jejunal tube feeding is actually preferred following major upper abdominal operations. Necrotizing enterocolitis is a very rare complication in patients fed via catheterjejunostomy. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: We report on two patients with a catheterjejunostomy for early postoperative enteral nutrition following gastrectomy. Two male patients (70 and 71 years) underwent gastrectomy because of an adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia (PTNM T2 N0 M0). The early postoperative course was unremarkable. Five days postoperatively the patients' condition deteriorated. Relaparotomy showed in both cases necrotizing enterocolitis, beginning aborally to the jejunostomy insertion. Both patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Small bowel necrosis is a rare but highly lethal complication associated with postoperative jejunal tube feeding. The causative mechanism is most likely the result of several factors discussed in this article.
The Specification Property and Infinite Entropy for Certain Classes of Linear Operators

Abstract We study the specification property and infinite topological entropy for two specific types of linear operators: translation operators on weighted Lebesgue function spaces and weighted backward shift operators on sequence F -spaces. It is known, from the work of Bartoll, Martinez-Gimenez, Murillo-Arcila, and Peris, that for weighted backward shift operators, the existence of a single non-trivial periodic point is sufficient for specification. We show this also holds for translation operators on weighted Lebesgue function spaces. This implies, in particular, that for these operators, the specification property is equivalent to Devaney chaos. We show that these forms of chaos (unsurprisingly) imply infinite topological entropy, but that (surprisingly) the converse does not hold.
Multifocal primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis

Nodular cutaneous amyloidosis (NCA), the least common form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis, is characterized clinically by waxy, purpuric plaques and nodules and histologically by amyloid deposits in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. We present a patient who developed multiple, non-contiguous NCA lesions over a three year period without evidence of systemic disease. We reviewed the literature and found few other cases of this unusual presentation.
Tuning Precursor Reactivity toward Nanometer-Size Control in Palladium Nanoparticles Studied by in Situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering

Synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles (NPs) with precisely controlled size is critical for understanding their size-dependent properties. Although significant synthetic developments have been achieved, it is still challenging to synthesize well-defined NPs in a predictive way due to a lack of in-depth mechanistic understanding of reaction kinetics. Here we use synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to monitor in situ the formation of palladium (Pd) NPs through thermal decomposition of Pd–TOP (TOP: trioctylphosphine) complex via the “heat-up” method. We systematically study the effects of different ligands, including oleylamine, TOP, and oleic acid, on the formation kinetics of Pd NPs. Through quantitative analysis of the real-time SAXS data, we are able to obtain a detailed picture of the size, size distribution, and concentration of Pd NPs during the syntheses, and these results show that different ligands strongly affect the precursor reactivity. We find that oleylamine does not change ...
Validation of the sarcopenia index to assess muscle mass in the critically ill: A novel application of kidney function markers

Summary Background & aims Adverse outcomes for hospitalized patients with sarcopenia are well documented, and identification of patients at risk remains challenging. The sarcopenia index (SI), previously defined as (serum creatinine/serum cystatin C) × 100, could be an inexpensive, readily accessible, objective tool to predict muscle mass and risk for adverse clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the SI as a predictor of muscle mass. Methods Retrospective study of critically ill adults admitted to Mayo Clinic from 2012 to 2015 with suspected sepsis and an available creatinine and serum cystatin C. Muscle surface area was quantified at the L3/4 vertebral level in patients with an abdominal CT scan (CTMSA). Multivariable regression modeling was used to assess the relationship between SI and CTMSA, as well as short-term clinical outcomes. Results The 171 included had a mean weight and body mass index (BMI) of 75.2 ± 16.4 kg and 26.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2 and abdominal CT scans were available for 81 (47%) patients. The SI correlated with CTMSA (r = 0.40). After adjustment for age, sex, severity of illness, and BMI, SI was independently associated with muscle mass (P = 0.001). A decrease in the SI (indicative of lower muscle mass) was also associated with frailty and worse short-term clinical outcomes. Conclusion The SI, a simple calculation from kidney function markers, is a significant predictor of muscle mass in this validation cohort of ICU patients. A low SI was associated with longer hospital length of stay and frailty. Future studies could explore whether the use of SI assists with identifying patients likely to benefit from pharmacotherapy-, nutrition-, or physical therapy-based interventions.
Break-the-chain technology for potential Mars sample return

Any concepts that propose to return samples from Mars would have to assure a very low probability of inadvertent release of Mars material into the Earth's biosphere in order to provide protection against the extremely unlikely possibility that biological hazards could be present in the returned material. Backward planetary protection (aka, containment assurance) requires “breaking-the-chain of contact” with Mars: any Mars material that would reach Earth would have to be inside a robustly sealed sample container, with a high probability that the container exterior is completely free of Mars dust. Furthermore, the integrity of the sample container would have to be maintained (with an unprecedented degree of confidence) until it is delivered to a secure receiving facility on Earth. NASA's Mars 2020 mission has identified, as one of its four principal objectives, caching of carefully selected samples on the Mars surface for possible return to Earth by a future mission (or set of missions). While no decision has been made as to if or when the future mission(s) might take place, the NASA Mars Exploration Program has initiated a preliminary investigation of mission options and development of technology that could be needed for implementation of the most likely options. This paper briefly describes the status of the ongoing investigation of mission options for potential Mars sample return (MSR) following the collection of samples by the 2020 rover, and focuses on work in progress to develop corresponding break-the-chain technology that would be required for MSR, including notional methods for container sealing, isolation, and sterilization.
Paleogeography, Paleobiogeography, and Anthropoid Origins

The study of anthropoid origins has long been tied to hypotheses postulating Eocene dispersal of early anthropoids or their precursors into Africa from Europe (e.g., Gingerich, 1975; Rasmussen and Simons, 1988), from Asia (e.g., Gingerich, 1980; Ciochon and Ghiarelli, 1980; Giochon et al., 1985; Rosenberger, 1986), or from South America (e.g., Szalay, 1976). Similarly, investigations of platyrrhine origins have focused on either a North American (e.g., Gingerich, 1980; Hoffstetter, 1972; Wood, 1980; Rosenberger, 1986) or an African source (e.g., Lavocat, 1974, 1980; Giochon and Chiarelli, 1980; Fleagle, 1986). These different scenarios have been based in large part on putative ancestor-descendant relationships and the identification of early anthropoids or protoanthropoids in the presumed source areas but also have relied on current understanding of temporal relationships between faunas and reconstructions of Eocene paleogeography and paleobiogeography to determine the probable timing, mode, and route of dispersal.
Article 1 and Article 2A: Changes in the Uniform Commercial Code Regarding General Provisions of Sales and Leases*

MR. KRAHMER: I have been given the task of discussing an excit­ ing part of the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC" or "the Code"), Article 1, which is the definition section. I propose to go through out­ line, briefly noting some of the more significant changes made in re­ vised Article 1. The first version of the Code celebrates its fiftieth anniversary this year. In 1954, the first version of the Code became effective in Penn­ sylvania, which was the only state to have actually adopted it. Simul­ taneously, the New York Law Revision Commission studied the then existing version of the Code, which was highly criticized. This study ultimately resulted in some significant revisions that became the 1962 draft, which was generally adopted around the country. Now, one of the big fights that went on in 1954 was the definition of the meaning of "good faith." There were two opposing camps, composed on one side of Llewellyn and Mentschikoff and the New York Law Revision Com­ mission on the other. The Llewellyn and Mentschikoff side thought that the term good faith should include honesty in fact and observance of reasonable commercial standards. The New York Law Revision Commission, highly influenced by the New York Banking Association, disagreed, stating that the definition should include only honesty in fact, which is what ended up in Article 1. Ultimately, when Article 2 was drafted and the revisions were made in 1962, it combined both elements and defined good faith as honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards. In 1990, Article 3 was rewritten and it used the dual element aspect of good faith. During this time period, revisions of the other Articles took place. The Article 1 defi­ nition became more and more outmoded. So the time came to revise Article 1 and to update a number of those definitions. From the his­ torical standpoint, it became important to revise Article 1 to keep up with the other changes that had been made. .
Transplantation and Tissue Recombination Techniques to Study Mammary Gland Biology

Because certain mutant transgenic mice die prematurely or are infertile, the study of the mammary gland is hampered. To circumvent this problem, mammary transplantation techniques can be used to “rescue” mammary glands from embryonic or neonatal lethal mutants. Similarly, for infertile mutants transplantation techniques can be used to grow mammary glands under all types of hormonal conditions. This chapter gives detailed technical protocols for transplantation techniques and methods for preparing tissue recombinants composed of embryonic mammary mesenchyme and epithelium or mammary fat pad and epithelium. These procedures greatly extend the utility of many of the transgenic and gene knockout mice that are available.
Complex patterns for kindergartners

Knowing what kinds of patterns are easy for children to recognize early in their kindergarten year, and what kinds are difficult, can be a useful guide for patterning instruction. Hence, the abilit...
Probabilistic formulation for storm surge predictions

The impact of several devastating hurricanes revealed the vulnerability of large areas of the U.S.A. to this catastrophic natural hazard. Therefore, especially considering the uncertainties in futu...
One-pot electronspinning of polyvinylpyrrolidone/cellulose acetate/TiO2 nanofibrous membranes with enhanced photocatalytic properties

Herein we report enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by a novel composite material, which consists of cellulose acetate (CA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and TiO2 nanofibers prepared by one-pot electrospinning. This study describes a strategy for in situ synthesis of TiO2 nanofibers within a porous two-polymer electrospun nanofiber membrane. A hybrid composite that utilizes both the absorptive properties of CA and the photocatalytic oxidative properties of TiO2 was created. TiO2 nanofibers were created by electrospinning a bipolymer system consisting of PVP and CA with titanium isopropoxide (TIP) in a mixture of acetic acid, acetone and N, N-dimethylacetamide. Pores were introduced by dissolving PVP to increase surface area and enhanced access to TiO2 and CA. Small sheets of this material were able to show substantial degradation of methylene blue (10–5 M) in as little as one day. In four days, the porous membrane exhibited approximately 200% enhancement in its removal efficiency of methylene blue, as compared with the as-synthesized CA/PVP/TiO2 and the PVP/TiO2 nanofiber sheets. This study offers a robust method for synthesis of this two-polymer material with variable quantities of TIP and demonstrates the potential applicability of electrospun hybrid polymer/TiO2 nanofiber composites as thin fibrous catalytic surfaces.
EBSTEIN ANOMALY WITH INTERMITTENT COMPLETE HEART BLOCK, A RARE ENTITY

Ebstein's anomaly (EA) accounts for 1% of congenital heart disease and is characterized by failure of tricuspid valve (TV) delamination, highly variable TV morphology and right ventricle (RV) myopathy. The heart's conduction system can be affected in EA, with issues ranging from first-degree AV
Laser-ranging long-baseline differential atom interferometers for space

High-sensitivity differential atom interferometers (AIs) are promising for precision measurements in science frontiers in space, including gravity-field mapping for Earth science studies and gravitational wave detection. Difficulties associated with implementing long-baseline differential AIs have previously included the need for a high optical power, large differential Doppler shifts, and narrow dynamic range. We propose a configuration of twin AIs connected by a laser-ranging interferometer (LRI-AI) to provide precise information of the displacements between the two AI reference mirrors and also to phase-lock the two independent interferometer lasers over long distances, thereby drastically improving the practical feasibility of long-baseline differential AI measurements. We show that a properly implemented LRI-AI can achieve equivalent functionality to the conventional differential AI measurement configuration.
Pain Scores in Geriatric vs Nongeriatric Patients With Rib Fractures.

This research study compares the self-reported pain levels of geriatric vs nongeriatric patients with rib fractures.
Disorders of sexual development

Abstract A disorder of sexual development (DSD) can be defined as “…any problem noted at birth where the genitalia are atypical in relation to the chromosomes or gonads.” “Ambiguous genitalia” is a common term that is used to describe “atypical” internal or external genitalia. However, there are DSDs without ambiguity of the external genitalia that are not noted until later in life (e.g., pubertal failure). The definition of DSDs is not always hard and fast, or straightforward. For example, individuals with Turner syndrome are “female” yet Turner syndrome is a form of a DSD.
PANDA: Partitioned Data Security on Outsourced Sensitive and Non-sensitive Data

Despite extensive research on cryptography, secure and efficient query processing over outsourced data remains an open challenge. This article continues along with the emerging trend in secure data processing that recognizes that the entire dataset may not be sensitive and, hence, non-sensitivity of data can be exploited to overcome limitations of existing encryption-based approaches. We first provide a new security definition, entitled partitioned data security, for guaranteeing that the joint processing of non-sensitive data (in cleartext) and sensitive data (in encrypted form) does not lead to any leakage. Then, this article proposes a new secure approach, entitled query binning (QB), that allows secure execution of queries over non-sensitive and sensitive parts of the data. QB maps a query to a set of queries over the sensitive and non-sensitive data in a way that no leakage will occur due to the joint processing over sensitive and non-sensitive data. In particular, we propose secure algorithms for selection, range, and join queries to be executed over encrypted sensitive and cleartext non-sensitive datasets. Interestingly, in addition to improving performance, we show that QB actually strengthens the security of the underlying cryptographic technique by preventing size, frequency-count, and workload-skew attacks.
The Role of Financial Drivers in the Regionalization of Pediatric Care

General hospitals provide most pediatric inpatient care in the United States.1 As hospitalization rates decrease nationwide, the regionalization of inpatient pediatric care and concentration at children’s hospitals could limit health care accessibility, especially for those in rural communities.2,3 In this month’s issue of Pediatrics, Cushing et al4 use data from the American Hospital Association survey to describe trends in pediatric inpatient capacity and access over 10 years. They demonstrate that, although there has been an overall decline in pediatric inpatient units and beds, there has also been consolidation of pediatric care with an increase in the number of inpatient beds at children’s hospitals. Lower-volume pediatric units, those without an associated PICU, and those in more rural areas were at highest risk for closure. As a result of … Address correspondence to Jeffrey Riese, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903. E-mail: jriese{at}lifespan.org
Pivoting Your Instruction : A Guide to Comprehensive Instructional Design for Faculty

This practical guide for college and university instructors explains how to design and prepare your courses to be adaptable for a full range of learning environments—whether that’s online, hybrid, or face-to-face traditional campus teaching. Author Bruce M. Mackh unpacks a comprehensive instructional design approach to curriculum and instruction that is suitable for all modalities and allows you to pivot quickly, regardless of how the course will be delivered. Chapters provide quick takeaways and cover challenges and opportunities, adapting high-impact practices across instructional models and fostering a culture of care. The book also encourages faculty members to adopt a student-centered mindset as they employ the principles of Design Thinking, User Experience Design, Instructional Design, and Learning Experience Design to create a high-quality course. The strategies at the heart of this book will help both new and experienced faculty save time, ensure instructional continuity during transitions, and achieve excellence in teaching.
Regulation of Human B Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by Interleukin 2

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) was initially identified as a T cell-derived lymphokine that specifically maintains the growth of activated T cells. Recently, however, it has been demonstrated that B cells can also be induced to express receptors for IL-2 (1). Moreover, a number of functional studies have suggested that IL-2 might play a direct role in B cell activation (2,3). This contention remains controversial however since other reports have suggested that the effect of IL-2 on B cells is an indirect one resulting from an action on contaminating T cells (4).
Fundamental Dimensions of Environmental Risk : The Impact of Harsh versus Unpredictable Environments on the Evolution and Development of Life History Strategies.

The current paper synthesizes theory and data from the field of life history (LH) evolution to advance a new developmental theory of variation in human LH strategies. The theory posits that clusters of correlated LH traits (e.g., timing of puberty, age at sexual debut and first birth, parental investment strategies) lie on a slow-to-fast continuum; that harshness (externally caused levels of morbidity-mortality) and unpredictability (spatial-temporal variation in harshness) are the most fundamental environmental influences on the evolution and development of LH strategies; and that these influences depend on population densities and related levels of intraspecific competition and resource scarcity, on age schedules of mortality, on the sensitivity of morbidity-mortality to the organism’s resource-allocation decisions, and on the extent to which environmental fluctuations affect individuals versus populations over short versus long timescales. These interrelated factors operate at evolutionary and developmental levels and should be distinguished because they exert distinctive effects on LH traits and are hierarchically operative in terms of primacy of influence. Although converging lines of evidence support core assumptions of the theory, many questions remain unanswered. This review demonstrates the value of applying a multilevel evolutionary-developmental approach to the analysis of a central feature of human phenotypic variation: LH strategy.
Low-loss electrooptic BaTiO/sub 3/ thin film waveguide modulator

A strip-loaded electrooptic waveguide modulator based on an epitaxial BaTiO/sub 3/ thin film was fabricated and characterized for the first time. The strip-loaded waveguide structure greatly improves waveguide propagation and polarization-dependent loss performance. A propagation loss of 1.1 dB/cm and polarization dependent loss of 0.1 dB/cm were measured. The electrooptic waveguide modulator exhibited a half-wave voltage-interaction length product of 4.5 V /spl middot/ cm at a wavelength of 1542 nm. The measured effective electrooptic coefficient of the as-grown BaTiO/sub 3/ waveguide modulator was 38 pm/V. The experimental results indicate that a strip-loaded thin film waveguide modulator is suitable for photonic applications.
Converting knowledge into value: Gaining insights from service dominant logic and neuroeconomics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the conversion of knowledge into value by examining the confluence of service-dominant logic (S-D logic), supply chain management (SCM), human resource management (HRM), and neuroeconomics. S-D logic suggests that knowledge is the raw material of value creation. SCM provides an organized foundation to study the conversion of raw materials into value. HRM recognizes the centrality of human decisions in the process of converting knowledge into value. Neuroscience gives insight into the efficiency and effectiveness of the human decisions processes. Global SCM provides more than markets and raw materials – global SCM provides the human resources central to value creation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper combines literature review with interviews from members of supply chain teams engaged in performance-based logistics (PBL) to develop a model of the S-D logic knowledge conversion process. Findings – The model describes individual-based decision const...
Law and Fact in Patent Litigation: Form versus Function

This comment, based on one published in 27 IDEA 153 (1987), addresses a topic of continuing interest. Featuring Bose Corp v. Consumers Union, 466 U.S. 485 (1984) and Dennison Mfg. v. Panduit Corp., 475 U.S. 809 (1986), it urges reconsideration of the standards of review applied in patent litigation. In particular it argues that the characterization of criteria for patent validity as posing issues of fact or law is inconsistent and flies in the face of process traditions. Apparently to justify more intense review than otherwise appropriate, the Federal Circuit singles out nonobviousness determinations. The paper doesn't quarrel with the intensity of review, but argues that denominating what seem to be issues of fact as ones of law isn't helpful. It therefore argues for application of a doctrine that allows expanded review (function) without unduly confusing terminology (form). The paper also argues for further analysis of all factors affecting patent validity - some treated as ordinary issues of fact.
Planktonic Algae in the Marine Environment

Habitat Characteristics Phylogenetic Relationships Systematics Evolutionary History and Fossil Record Morphological Characteristics Physiological Adaptations Ecological Distributions Effects on Biogeochemistry Products from Marine Microalgae Methods Keywords: algae; biomass, algal; marine environment; phytoplankton; planktonic algae; planktonic microorganisms; primary productivity
The social construction of international human rights (EN INGLÉS | ENGLISH)

This chapter, revised and updated in early 2011, examines how human rights have been built and integrated into the international policy agenda since the mid-twentieth century. This analysis seeks to contextualize some of the recent discussions in the area of human rights. It proposes that one may understand the role of human rights as an instrument for defending human dignity against the practices and agents that threaten it. In this sense it is possible, now and in the future, to claim the complete validity of human rights based purely on their status as a social construct, whose nature is contingent, and is linked to the ways in which human dignity is understood, and the state’s role as the main guarantor and source of threat to individual human rights.
Experiences of an ONR YIA awardee

Summary form only given. The purpose of this contribution is to describe personal experiences of a researcher whose work has been supported by ONR and to point out numerous similarities between emerging terrestrial power systems and power systems on Navy ships. This presentation argue that there exits a natural synergy between utility and ship power systems, and that the ongoing coordination between research organizations that support fundamental research in the civilian sector (NSF) and in the Navy (ONR) has a potential to significantly improve long-term prospects of power system engineering. As examples, we describe some recent developments in the electric power network efficiency and security (EPNES) projects that well illustrate the point, and provide a prototype for future synergistic endeavors between the two agencies.
Anxiety, depression, and oral health among US pregnant women: 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Objectives Maternal periodontal disease is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Anxiety and depression adversely impact oral health in nonpregnant women; however, this association has not been evaluated during pregnancy, a time characterized by higher rates of anxiety and depression. Therefore, we examined the association between these factors and oral disease and oral healthcare utilization among 402 pregnant respondents to the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Methods Self-reported lifetime diagnoses of anxiety, depression, and current depression were assessed. Oral health outcomes included self-reported tooth loss and dental visits in the past year. Results One-fifth (21.2 percent) of respondents reported a tooth loss and 32.5 percent reported nonuse of oral health services. The prevalence of lifetime diagnosed anxiety and depression was 13.6 percent and 11.3 percent, respectively, whereas 10.6 percent reported current depression. After adjusting for risk factors, pregnant women with diagnosed anxiety had increased odds of one or more tooth loss [odds ratio (OR) = 3.30; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 1.01-10.77] compared with those without the disorder. Similarly, after adjusting for socioeconomic factors, women with anxiety had increased odds of nonuse of oral health services (OR = 2.67; 95 percent CI: 1.03-6.90); however, this was no longer significant after adjusting for health behaviors and body mass index. We observed no significant association with depression. Conclusions In this population-based sample, we found a two- to threefold increased odds of tooth loss and nonuse of oral health services among pregnant women with a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine these associations among pregnant women.
Mouse hepatitis virus nasoencephalopathy is dependent upon virus strain and host genotype

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) S induced typical MHV spongiform lesions in brainstem 28 days following intranasal inoculation of adult A/J, BALB/cByJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ and C3H/RV, but not SJL mice. In all but SJL mice, brain lesions occurred at or near the infectious dose level, based on seroconversion by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. During the acute phase of infection (day 5), lesions were limited to the nose and brain in most genotypes. Exceptions were BALB mice, which had mild hepatitis and SJL mice, which had lesions restricted to the nose. No mortality occurred in any genotype. Following intranasal inoculation of adult mice, MHV-1, -3, -A 59,-JHM and -S all caused brain lesions at 28 days after inoculation. MHV-1 and-3 caused lesions that were usually restricted to the anterior olfactory tracts, while MHV-A 59, -S and -JHM also caused more generalized and pronounced lesions involving the midbrain and pons. These studies suggest that avirulent MHV-S given intranasally to most mouse genotypes is a good model for induction of brain infection in the absence of mortality. They also confirm observations made by others in which MHV-JHM, -S and -A 59 are relatively more neurotropic than other MHV strains, such as MHV-1 and -3.
Adjustment of women with systemic lupus erythematosus

S YSTEMIC LUPUS erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic illness that occurs in approximately 1 in 400 individuals (Schur, 1985). Seen especially in women of childbearing age, it is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease that can affect many body organs, including the skin, kidneys, lungs, and brain. Although several precipitating factors have been identified, such as certain drugs, environmental considerations, and infectious agents, the cause is unknown. Symptoms associated with SLE may occur in a bizarre, fluctuating pattern. Patients frequently experience a sense of helplessness toward the illness, which in turn creates additional stress and, consequently, a greater possibility of exacerbation. Emotional adjustment is often hampered due to the perception of the disease as mysterious, progressive, unpredictable, and fatal (Lewis, 1984; Rogers, 1985). Because of the fluctuating nature of SLE, it is an extremely stressful chronic illness that can lead to feelings of uncertainty, lack of control, loss of confidence in one's ability to function, and feelings of hopelessness. Support from families, friends, and health care providers becomes essential to the adjustment process. In considering variables that have an impact on an individual's response to chronic illness, Pollock (1984, 1986, 1993) proposed the Adaptation to Chronic Illness Model. This model considers physiological and psychosocial functions of individuals as they adapt to the stress of chronic illness. An individual's level of adaptation is influenced by his or her interaction with focal, contextual, and residual stimuli in the environment, as well as the perception of his or her illness, representing the regulator and cognator subsystems. Focal stimuli are the stressful events (e.g., chronic illness) facing the individual. Contextual stimuli are factors that Research Briefs
Comparative studies on four strains of Typhlodromus occidentalis (Acariña: Phytoseiidae). I. Hybridization and reproductive isolation studies.

Hybridization crosses between 4 strains of Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt from different geographic areas have shown that populations from Washington, Utah, and California (2) are strains of a single species. Complete sterility was not found in any of 12 heterogamic crosses in either parent or F1 generation backcrosses. Partial sterility factors in specific crosses, such as reduced oviposition rates, increased production of shriveled eggs, increased mortality during development, and sex ratio changes were evidenced when compared with homogamic crosses which served as checks. It was concluded that genetic diversity among these strains was sufficient to account for certain biological differences which have been reported in the literature for strains of T. occidentalis . The occurrence or introduction of 2 or more of these strains into the same ecosystem would result in hybridization, which occurrence could destroy an insecticide-resistant strain of T. occidentalis .
Editorial: Computational models of eye-movement control during reading: Theories of the eye-mind link

During the last few decades, technology has made it possible to precisely measure when and where a reader is looking when he or she is reading. This eye-tracking methodology has made it possible for psychologists to ask – and to answer – questions about the cognitive processes that allow readers to build whatever mental representations are necessary to decipher printed text. This approach has been extremely profitable; one only has to consult a recent review (e.g., see Rayner, 1998) to gain some appreciation for how much our understanding of the psychology of reading has advanced through studying the eye movements of readers. It is also striking that so much of what has been learned about reading is in fact about the psychology of reading; by studying eye movements, we have learned a considerable amount about how attention is allocated, how words are identified, and how various linguistic representations are generated from the text (just to mention a few of the topics that have been studied). It should come as no surprise, therefore, that the question of what actually guides the eye movements of readers has largely remained a methodological one, with most researchers simply being content in knowing that – at least to some approximation – the reader is thinking about whatever bit of the text that he or she is looking at, and that the eye-tracking methodology is a valid one. Although it is undoubtedly true that the mind is at least loosely coupled to the eyes, and that eye-tracking is in fact a valid method for studying the cognitive processes involved in reading, it is also undoubtedly true that a more precise understanding of the ‘‘eye–mind’’ link will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the psychology of reading. This has led a minority of reading researchers to focus their efforts on understanding the eye–mind link, and to recognize that the question of what guides the eyes during reading is itself of interesting and worthy of serious consideration. This recognition stems from an appreciation of the fact that, if one really wants to understand a readers eye movements, then it is first necessary to know something about the cognitive processes that are responsible for making the moment-to-moment decisions about when and where to move the eyes. At a minimum, this requires some understanding of how the oculomotor system programs and then executes saccades. It also requires some understanding of how the visual system selects saccade targets, how attention mediates lexical processing, and how the many documented effects of linguistic processing manifest themselves in the eye movement behavior of readers (Rayner, 1998). Finally, there is ample reason to believe that it may not be sufficient simply to have some understanding of how all of these systems work in isolation; to understand eye-movement control during reading, it is probably also necessary to understand how the various systems that were just mentioned are coordinated.
Silicone resins, fluids and elastomers in insulation for use at power frequencies

The properties and behaviour of some silicone materials of interest to power engineers have been examined, using mainly British Standard test methods, or modifications of them, so that comparison with conventional materials can readily be made. These, together with the results of accelerated life-tests on motors employing silicone resins as bonding and impregnating media, show that such materials are capable of working at temperatures at least 50° C higher than those permissible for conventional insulants. Many of the materials also possess properties, other than that of thermal endurance, which make them eminently suitable for specific applications. Some of these are described, together with some of the difficulties encountered during limited experience in using the materials.
Heat and clothing effects on stay times

This paper reviews and compares various recommendations for managing exposure time for the worker at a hot workplace who may or may not be required to wear heavy or protective clothing. Summary tables are developed and recommendations for such limits are presented.
Vibrational spectra and structure of nitrogen containing molecules—I. Formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone

Abstract The i.r. spectrum of formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, (CH 3 ) 2 NNCH 2 , has been studied from 3400 to 200 cm −1 in the gaseous state and between 3400 and 140 cm −1 at liquid nitrogen temperatures. A comparison of the vibrational spectra in the solid and fluid states indicates the molecule exists in only one conformer in all three physical states. The Raman spectra of the gas, liquid and solid have also been recorded and depolarization values measured. In view of the number of polarized Raman lines, the vibrational spectra have been interpreted in terms of C 1 symmetry. A vibrational assignment is presented based upon the observed band positions, intensities and group frequency considerations. Whereas the methyl torsional modes were assigned to bands at 271 and 241 cm −1 in the absorption spectrum of solid (CH 3 ) 2 NNCH 2 , the counterparts to these transitions were centered at 258 and 239 cm −1 in the Raman effect. A similar difference in the i.r. and Raman frequencies of other fundamentals was ago observed and these splittings have been attributed to the correlation field. A low frequency i.r. spectrum of (CH 3 ) 2 NNCH 2 isolated in an argon matrix was also studied and is compared to the spectra obtained for the crystalline state.