cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of software testing metrics for NASA's Mission Control Center

Software metrics are used to evaluate the software developmentprocess and the quality of the resultingproduct. We used five metrics during the testing phase of the Shuttle Mission Control Center (MCC) Upgrade (MCCU) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Johnson Space Center. All but one metric provided useful information. Based on our experience we recommend using metrics during the test phase of software development and propose additional candidate metrics for further study.
Film‐forming tendencies of some base fluids and viscosity modifiers

The film-forming tendencies of selected mineral base oils and synthetic base fluids were investigated with and without conventional GL-5 additive packages. A pressurised falling-body viscometer and a concentrated contact simulator were used to measure low-shear viscosities, central film thicknesses, and traction coefficients. Analysis of the mineral—based oils showed that a paraffinic base oil and a naphthenic base oil had similar film thicknesses, even though the naphthenic base oil has higher pressure-viscosity coefficients. A very high viscosity index oil gave thinner film thicknesses and lower pressure—viscosity coefficients than the paraffinic or naphthenic base oils. Analysis of the synthetic base fluids showed that a PAO-4 base fluid gave thicker film thicknesses than an ester base fluid. The analysis of fully-formulated oils showed that the PAO-4 oil containing a proprietary polyolefin provided a similar filnz thickness to the PAO-4 oil containing a more expensive PAO-100.
The Selfie as a Pedagogical Tool in a College Classroom

Oxford Dictionary's Word of the Year for 2013 is selfie (Oxford University Press, 2013). At its essence, the selfie is simply a digital self-portrait shared on the internet. As with all tech trends...
Intestinal permeability, leaky gut, and intestinal disorders

A major task of the intestine is to form a defensive barrier to prevent absorption of damaging substances from the external environment. This protective function of the intestinal mucosa is called permeability. Clinicians can use inert, nonmetabolized sugars such as mannitol, rhamnose, or lactulose to measure the permeability barrier or the degree of leakiness of the intestinal mucosa. Ample evidence indicates that permeability is increased in most patients with Crohn's disease and in 10% to 20% of their clinically healthy relatives. The abnormal leakiness of the mucosa in Crohn's patients and their relatives can be greatly amplified by aspirin preadministration. Permeability measurements in Crohn's patients reflect the activity, extent, and distribution of the disease and may allow us to predict the likelihood of recurrence after surgery or medically induced remission. Permeability is also increased in celiac disease and by trauma, burns, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The major determinant of the rate of intestinal permeability is the opening or closure of the tight junctions between enterocytes in the paracellular space. As we broaden our understanding of the mechanisms and agents that control the degree of leakiness of the tight junctions, we will be increasingly able to use permeability measurements to study the etiology and pathogenesis of various disorders and to design or monitor therapies for their management.
SIQuA: server-aware image quality adaptation for optimizing server latency and capacity in wireless image data services [mobile radio]

This paper investigates the problem of providing guaranteed server-side latency while performing dynamic image adaptation. We introduce a server-aware image quality adaptation (SIQuA) technique, used to optimize the runtime image adaptation process so as to provide guaranteed server-side latency with a maximized quality of image service level. SIQuA utilizes dynamic server conditions (server traffic loads and server resource availability), and optimizes both the quality of image serviced and the server-side latency required for runtime image adaptation, simultaneously, through judicious tuning of image compression parameters. We demonstrate that SIQuA can significantly reduce the server-side latency with a minimal impact on the image quality, thereby enabling efficient wireless image services with greatly reduced overall service costs.
We ought to be here: Historicizing space and mobilization in Tahrir Square

This article explores the role of space in social movements, through an examination of the case of Tahrir Square in the Egyptian revolution of 2011. The author argues that the pre-existing, histori...
A New Neuroadaptive Control Architecture for Nonlinear Uncertain Dynamical Systems: Beyond $\sigma $ - and $e$ -Modifications

This paper develops a new neuroadaptive control architecture for nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems. The proposed framework involves a novel controller architecture involving additional terms in the update laws that are constructed using a moving time window of the integrated system uncertainty. These terms can be used to identify the ideal system weights of the neural network as well as effectively suppress and cancel system uncertainty without the need for persistency of excitation. A nonlinear parametrization of the system uncertainty is considered and state and output feedback neuroadaptive controllers are developed. To illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach we apply our results to a spacecraft model with unknown moment of inertia and compare our results with standard neuroadaptive control methods.
Association of nuclear fallout with leukemia in the United States.

Abstract The world population has been exposed to low levels of fission products from nuclear testing. Has this had any health effects? Six different epidemiological associations are demonstrated between leukemia and nuclear fallout in the general population. The strongest association is with acute and myeloid types of leukemia among children. They peaked at approximately 5.5 yr (among 5–9 yr olds) after the peaks in fallout. The entire United States population exhibited an increasing leukemia rate during and for several years after the open air nuclear testing and fell sharply thereafter. Regional differences in leukemia rates correspond to a composite exposure index that used 90Sr concentrations in food, cow's milk, and human bone. The calculated leukemia risk per rad for children was similar to that calculated for Japanese A-bomb children survivors.
Equine Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a well-characterized X-linked inherited disorder in humans but has not been reported in horses. We describe a persistent hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia due to a severe G6PD deficiency in an American Saddlebred colt. Other abnormalities in the colt's erythrocytes as compared with those of healthy horses (n = 22-35) included increased activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), and increased concentration of oxidized NADP. Morphologic abnormalities included eccentrocytosis, pyknocytosis, anisocytosis, macrocytosis, and increased number of Howell-Jolly bodies. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed that eccentrocytes had contracted to spherical regions and thin collapsed regions. Eccentrocytes were more electron dense than were normal erythrocytes when examined by transmission electron microscopy. When exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine, erythrocytes from the G6PD-deficient colt produced more and smaller Heinz bodies than did erythrocytes from normal horses. Abnormalities in the colt's dam included presence of eccentrocytes and pyknocytes; her average erythrocyte G6PD activity was slightly below the range of reference values.
Mechanisms of perceptual learning of depth discrimination in random dot stereograms

Perceptual learning is a training induced improvement in performance. Mechanisms underlying the perceptual learning of depth discrimination in dynamic random dot stereograms were examined by assessing stereothresholds as a function of decorrelation. The inflection point of the decorrelation function was defined as the level of decorrelation corresponding to 1.4 times the threshold when decorrelation is 0%. In general, stereothresholds increased with increasing decorrelation. Following training, stereothresholds and standard errors of measurement decreased systematically for all tested decorrelation values. Post training decorrelation functions were reduced by a multiplicative constant (approximately 5), exhibiting changes in stereothresholds without changes in the inflection points. Disparity energy model simulations indicate that a post-training reduction in neuronal noise can sufficiently account for the perceptual learning effects. In two subjects, learning effects were retained over a period of six months, which may have application for training stereo deficient subjects.
Projection and Projective Identification: Developmental and Clinical Aspects

Projective identification and projection are defined, described, and contrasted. Projective identification is seen as an early or primitive defensive operation, and projection as later or more advanced and derivative in nature. The developmental origins and adaptive functions of projective identification are examined with an emphasis on the cognitive preconditions for the operation of this defense. The varying functions of both defensive operations are described within the context of psychotic, borderline, and neurotic personality organization. Case material is presented to illustrate the diagnostic approach to and the clinical functions of projective identification, particularly its importance in contributing to complementary identification in the countertransference. Also illustrated is the technical management of severe transference regression under the impact of projective identification. Finally, alternative approaches to the diagnosis and interpretation of projective identification are discussed.
Effect of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in single-domain polycrystalline cobalt islands

In this paper we calculate the expected angular distribution of easy axes of magnetization in elongated polycrystalline cobalt single-domain islands. If an island contains only a few hundred polycrystalline grains or less, then the randomly oriented magnetocrystalline anisotropies of the grains are unlikely to completely average out. The resultant net magnetocrystalline anisotropy may be larger than the shape anisotropy for some island geometries, and will lead to an unpredictably oriented net easy axis of magnetization for the entire island. In an array of weakly interacting islands, variations in the orientations of these net easy axes from island to island will lead to variations in magnetic properties such as switching fields and will cause the islands to relax into an unpredictable saturation remanent state after application and removal of a large field.
Synthesis, chemical characterization, and mutagenic activities of promutagens produced by pyrolysis of proteinaceous substances

Chemical and mutagenic characteristics of TRP-P-1, TRP-P-2, GLU-P-1, GLU-P-2, GLOB-P-1, and GLOB-P-2 were evaluated. We synthesized TRP-P-1 and TRP-P-2 and also obtained samples of these compounds from a commercial source. By GC-MS analysis, the samples of TRP-P-2, GLUs, and GLOBs were more than 99% pure; but the samples of TRP-P-1 contained 11–17% of different impurities. These impurities had no effect on the mutagenicity of these chemicals in the Ames test using either strain TA98 or TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. All six compounds were inactive without metabolic activation and the γ-carbolines (TRPs) were more active in both strains than the α-carbolines (GLOBs). GLU-P-1 was the most active of the promutagens tested in both TA98 (41,000 revertants/μg) and TA100 (6,580 revertants (μg). In TA98 the order of activity was GLU-P-1 > TRP-P-2 > TRP-P-1 > GLU-P-2 ≅ GLOB-P-2 > GLOB-P-1. In TA100 the order of activity was GLU-P-1 ≫ GLU-P-2 > TRP-P-2 ≅ TRP-P-1 ≫ GLOB-P-1 ≅ GLOB-P-2. We determined the UV absorption and fluorescence characteristics of these compounds, and of HM and NHM, and established an HPLC procedure for their resolution. Sensitivities in the picogram range were attainable using fluorescence detection.
Tracer studies of gas circulation in Nuphar: 18O2 and 14CO2 transport

A flow-through ventilation system operates in the yellow waterlily (Nuphar luteum ssp. macrophylla Beal). The flow of air into the youngest emergent leaves and down their petioles to the rhizome is confirmed by 18O2 and 2H2 tracer experiments conducted in the field, showing that most of the O2 in the rhizome originated in the atmosphere. This flow of air into the rhizome forces a simultaneous gas flow from the rhizome up the petioles of the older emergent leaves to the atmosphere. Radiolabelled CO2 was used to demonstrate that CO2 present in the gas moving up these petioles was fixed before reaching the atmosphere.
Short communication: lack of stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 expression by bovine embryos and primordial germ cells.

The objective of this study was to determine whether stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, a cellular marker commonly used to identify murine undifferentiated embryonic cells, is also a useful marker for bovine pluripotent cells. Expression of stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 was examined by indirect immunohistochemistry on bovine preimplantation embryos and on primordial germ cells contained in the genital ridge. Expression of stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 was not observed in any of the cleavagestage bovine embryos examined, including one-cell, two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages, nor in tissue sections of bovine genital ridges collected from embryos on d 34, 37, and 40 of gestation. As expected, expression of stage-specific embryonic antigen-l was detected on murine preimplantation embryos and on murine teratocarcinoma cells. Results of this study indicate that, unlike in the mouse, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 is not a useful cellular marker for pluripotent bovine embryonic cells or bovine primordial germ cells.
Response to General Health Information in the Food Industry: A Panel Case Study in the Domestic Cracker Market

An autoregressive consumer response function was derived and showed that response to general heart health information for the domestic cracker market is small and positive when the consumer adjusts consumption among several products. These results suggest that, when general health information affects various foods, not all of which may be specifically addressed in that information, the response to a particular food product is difficult to predict a priori in magnitude and direction, particularly when the food is relatively inexpensive and comprises a small percent of expenditure.
Applications of high-power millimeter waves in fusion energy research

High-power millimeter wave sources are a key enabling technology in fusion energy research. The present state of the art of application of these sources to the areas of heating, current generation, and scattering for diagnostic purposes in fusion plasmas is reviewed. The extrapolation of these applications to future devices and the requirements which they place on sources and transmission lines are also discussed.
Dislocation nucleation: Diffusive origins.

A growing body of evidence suggests that nucleation of a first dislocation in a pristine crystal is associated with a diffusion-controlled process. Understanding this is critical for strain-engineered devices at ultrahigh stresses.
The Effects of Short-Term Synaptic Depression at Thalamocortical Synapses on Orientation Tuning in Cat V1

We examine the effects of short-term synaptic depression on the orientation tuning of the LGN input to simple cells in cat primary visual cortex (V1). The total LGN input has an untuned component as well as a tuned component, both of which grow with stimulus contrast. The untuned component is not visible in the firing rate responses of the simple cells. The suppression of the contribution of the untuned input component to firing rate responses is key to establishing orientation selectivity and its invariance with stimulus contrast. It has been argued that synaptic depression of LGN inputs could contribute to the selective suppression of the untuned component and thus contribute to the tuning observed in simple cells. We examine this using a model fit to the depression observed at thalamocortical synapses in-vivo, and compare this to an earlier model fit based on in-vitro observations. We examine the tuning of both the conductance and the firing rate induced in simple cells by the net LGN input. We find that depression causes minimal suppression of the untuned component. The primary effect of depression is to cause the contrast response curve to saturate at lower contrasts without differentially affecting the tuned vs. untuned components. This effect is slightly weaker for in-vivo vs. in-vitro parameters. Thus, synaptic depression of LGN inputs does not appreciably contribute to the orientation tuning of V1 simple cells.
The atrial flutter reentrant circuit. Additional pieces of the puzzle.

For a time, there was a substantial school of thought that held that atrial flutter was due to a single focus firing rapidly.1 It has more recently been established that atrial flutter is due to reentry.1 Over the years, and largely on the basis of animal studies, the nature of the atrial flutter reentrant circuit has been thought or demonstrated to include reentry around anatomic obstacles such as the great veins or the pulmonary veins, reentry around atrial lesions, and reentry around functional obstacles.2 Reentry around the tricuspid annulus was demonstrated in the presence of critical right atrial lesions,3 and many years ago, Sir Thomas Lewis could only explain a limited sequential site atrial flutter map in a canine model by postulating reentry around the mitral annulus.4 However, it is now accepted that classic (type I) atrial flutter in patients is due to macroreentry involving the right atrium.1 Initial activation mapping studies of the typical form of atrial flutter in patients showed a “counterclockwise” reentrant activation in the right atrium,5 6 7 but the elements of the right atrium that supported reentry and were critical to the maintenance of the atrial flutter reentrant circuit were not yet appreciated. From studies using concealed entrainment techniques8 as well as techniques for precise placement of ablative lesions, it is now well established that one critical element of the atrial flutter reentrant circuit is the isthmus between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve annulus.9 In this issue of Circulation , two carefully performed studies provide additional important details concerning the critical elements of the reentrant circuit.10 11 Both studies rely on the concept of concealed entrainment to support conclusions involving whether certain atrial sites are part of the atrial flutter reentrant circuit. …
Quantitative measurement of regional circulation in the central nervous system by the use of radioactive inert gas.

This article gave a detailed description of the theory, development, normal values, and applications of the autoradiographic method for measurement of local cerebral blood flow with [131 I] trifluoroiodomethane.
Neoliberal Style: Alex Haley, Hunter S. Thompson, and Countercultures

This essay charts how two important journalists, Alex Haley and Hunter S. Thompson, represent elements of the American counterculture in the 1960s and 1970s, especially in their influential writings about the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, the Chicana/o movement, and drug culture. By analyzing The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Fear & Loathing in Las Vegas, and Haley's and Thompson's other magazine writings for Playboy, Rolling Stone, and the Saturday Evening Post, the essay argues that Haley's and Thompson's nonfiction prose styles articulate a view of the social world that can now, retrospectively, be described as neoliberalism. The neoliberal style this essay explicates allows for subjects under neoliberalism to inhabit a position that limits politics to the confines of individual entrepreneurialism and consumerism, thus broadcasting politics as not a collective enterprise but instead a set of individual postures and consumer choices.
Ten Challenges in Technology and Intellectual Property Law for 2015

This is a lightly edited transcript of opening remarks given at the Wake Forest University Journal of Business and Intellectual Property Law Spring 2015 Symposium entitled Intellectual Property Strategy in the Digital Age on February 6, 2015.
REGIONAL PLANNING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOVIET ASIA

The role of regional planning in the development of the Asian regions of the USSR is analyzed in the context of system-wide problems: the dominance of branch over territorial management in economic decision making and the absence of effective coordination among all-Union, republic, and local planning levels. Territorial-production complexes are receiving increasing attention as units of regional planning and foci of investment resources in Siberia, but departmentalism among the different entities comprising TPCs reduces their effectiveness in strengthening horizonal production linkages.
Efficacy of resmethrin alone and in combination with piperonyl butoxide against native riceland Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Resmethrin alone and in combination with piperonyl butoxide was tested under laboratory and field conditions against field-collected Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. Resmethrin was significantly more toxic than combinations with piperonyl butoxide in wind tunnel tests; co-toxicity coefficients suggested antagonism of resmethrin by piperonyl butoxide. In field tests, resmethrin at 0.00784 kg/ha was significantly more effective than any of the resmethrin piperonyl butoxide treatments. Significant differences in mortality were found between resmethrin and resmethrin piperonyl butoxide treatments. Significant differences were also found among distances of caged mosquitoes from the spray route. A significant treatment–distance interaction was also detected.
Analysis of the influence on the root stress of gleason spiral bevel gears

This paper analyzes the factors of the influence on the root stress of gleason spiral bevel gears by the 3 D elastic finite element method.It discusses the selection of calculating model of finite element, the value of load,the position of exerting load and the different tooth surface on working etc.
Computed tomography of the chest in the intensive care unit.

Chest CT has major advantages over conventional chest radiographs, including improved contrast resolution, tissue characterization capability, and cross-sectional anatomic display. For ICU patients, these advantages are counterbalanced by the need to transport such patients outside the ICU environment and also by increased expense and radiation dose. Most of all, chest CT is usually not necessary in ICU patients. The authors conclude that CT is especially helpful in patients whose clinical course is not explained by the available information or whose chest radiographs are difficult to interpret.
Satisfaction of Active Duty Soldiers with Family Dental Care

In the fall of 1992, a random, worldwide sample of 6,442 married and single parent soldiers completed a self-administered survey on satisfaction with 22 attributes of family dental care. Simple descriptive statistics for each attribute were derived, as was a composite overall satisfaction score using factor analysis. Composite scores were regressed on demographics, annual dental utilization, and access barriers to identify those factors having an impact on a soldier's overall satisfaction with family dental care. Separate regression models were constructed for single parents, childless couples, and couples with children. Results show below-average satisfaction with nearly all attributes of family dental care, with access attributes having the lowest average satisfaction scores. Factors influencing satisfaction with family dental care varied by family type with one exception: dependent dental utilization within the past year contributed positively to satisfaction across all family types.
Reprint of “The low temperature oxidation of lithium thin films on HOPG by O2 and H2O”

Abstract Lithiated graphite and lithium thin films have been used in fusion devices. In this environment, lithiated graphite will undergo oxidation by background gases. In order to gain insight into this oxidation process, thin ( 2(g) and H 2 O (g) in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) was used to identify the surface species formed during O 2(g) and H 2 O (g) exposure. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to obtain the relative oxidation rates during O 2(g) and H 2 O (g) exposure. AES showed that as the lithium film thickness decreased from 15 to 5 to 1 ML, the oxidation rate decreased for both O 2(g) and H 2 O (g) . HREELS showed that a 15 ML lithium film was fully oxidized after 9.7 L (L) of O 2(g) exposure and Li 2 O was formed. HREELS also showed that during initial exposure ( 2 O (g) , lithium hydride and lithium hydroxide were formed on the surface of a 15 ML lithium film. After 0.5 L of H 2 O (g) exposure, the H 2 O (g) began to physisorb, and after 15 L of H 2 O (g) exposure, the 15 ML lithium film was not fully oxidized.
Extreme Postnatal Scaling in Bat Feeding Performance: A View of Ecomorphology from Ontogenetic and Macroevolutionary Perspectives

Ecomorphology studies focus on understanding how anatomical and behavioral diversity result in differences in performance, ecology, and fitness. In mammals, the determinate growth of the skeleton entails that bite performance should change throughout ontogeny until the feeding apparatus attains its adult size and morphology. Then, interspecific differences in adult phenotypes are expected to drive food resource partitioning and patterns of lineage diversification. However, Formal tests of these predictions are lacking for the majority of mammal groups, and thus our understanding of mammalian ecomorphology remains incomplete. By focusing on a fundamental measure of feeding performance, bite force, and capitalizing on the extraordinary morphological and dietary diversity of bats, we discuss how the intersection of ontogenetic and macroevolutionary changes in feeding performance may impact ecological diversity in these mammals. We integrate data on cranial morphology and bite force gathered through longitudinal studies of captive animals and comparative studies of free-ranging individuals. We demonstrate that ontogenetic trajectories and evolutionary changes in bite force are highly dependent on changes in body and head size, and that bats exhibit dramatic, allometric increases in bite force during ontogeny. Interspecific variation in bite force is highly dependent on differences in cranial morphology and function, highlighting selection for ecological specialization. While more research is needed to determine how ontogenetic changes in size and bite force specifically impact food resource use and fitness in bats, interspecific diversity in cranial morphology and bite performance seem to closely match functional differences in diet. Altogether, these results suggest direct ecomorphological relationships at ontogenetic and macroevolutionary scales in bats.
Risk of Depressive Symptoms Associated with Morbidity in Postpartum Women in Rural Bangladesh.

Objectives Depression following pregnancy is common, but its extent and association with maternal morbidity in the first 6 months postpartum have not been well described in low resource settings such as rural Bangladesh. Methods We used data from a population-based, community trial of approximately 39,000 married rural Bangladeshi women aged 13–44 between 2001 and 2007 to examine the relation between women’s reported morbidity symptoms from childbirth to 3 months postpartum, and subsequent depressive symptoms assessed at 6 months postpartum. We calculated crude and adjusted risk ratios for depressive symptoms following women’s reports of reproductive, urinary, neurologic, nutrition and other illness measures constructed based on symptomatic reporting. Results In models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and co-morbidities, all postpartum illnesses were associated with an increased relative risk [RR, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) excluding 1] of depressive symptoms by 6 months postpartum. These morbidities included uterine prolapse (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.04–1.39), urinary tract infection (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.38), stress related incontinence (SRI) (RR 1.49, 95% 1.33–1.67), simultaneous SRI and continuously dripping urine (RR 1.60–2.96), headache [RR 1.20 (95% CI 1.12–1.28)], convulsions (RR 1.67, 95%CI 1.36–2.06), night blindness (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19–1.49), anemia (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.31–1.46), pneumonia (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.12–1.37), gastroenteritis (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17–1.31) and hepatobiliary disease (RR 2.10, 96% CI 1.69–2.60). Conclusions for Practice Illnesses during the first three postpartum months were risk factors for depressive symptoms, with the strongest associations noted for convulsions and hepatobiliary disease. Symptoms of depression may be of particular concern among women suffering from physical illnesses. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT0019882.
A preliminary investigation of high dose ion irradiation response of a lanthana-bearing nanostructured ferritic steel processed via spark plasma sintering

Abstract A nanostructured ferritic steel with nominal composition of Fe-14Cr-1Ti-0.3Mo-0.5La 2 O 3 (wt.%) was irradiated with Fe +2 ions at 475 °C for 100, 200, 300 and 400 dpa. Grain coarsening was observed for the samples irradiated for 200–400 dpa resulting in an increase of the average grain size from 152 nm to 620 nm. Growth of submicron grains at higher radiation doses is due to decreased pinning effect imparted by Cr-O rich nanoparticles (NPs) that underwent coarsening via Ostwald ripening. Dislocation density consistently increased with increasing irradiation dose at 300 and 400 dpa. The mean radius of lanthanum-containing nanoclusters (NCs) decreased and their number density increased above 200 dpa, which is likely due to solutes ejection caused by ballistic dissolution and irradiation-enhanced diffusion. Chromium, titanium, oxygen and lanthanum content of nanoclusters irradiated at 200 dpa and higher got reduced by almost half the initial value. The reduction in size of the nanoclusters accompanied with their higher number density and higher dislocation density led to significant radiation hardening with increasing irradiation dose.
Fade Duration Based Sleep Mode Activation in Dense Femtocell Cluster Networks

Recently, much attention has been given to femtocell networks and their potential application in high peak load areas such as airports and arrival train stations. A dense femtocell network provides an efficient and low cost solution to respond to high traffic demand. When a densely deployed femtocell network is underutilized during low traffic load this creates interference among registered and unregistered users. In this paper, a clusterbased sleep mode activation optimization method based on fade duration is proposed along with an algorithm for hybrid femtocell networks. The femtocell sleep mode initiation is based on fade duration outage probability (FDOP). The proposed method also considers distances between femtocell access points and resources taken as benchmarks for optimization of sleep mode activation. FDOP determines the probability that a fade will occur of a duration beyond which a connection is considered in an outage state. Since the proposed method is based on FDOP rather than SNR, it provides a much better prediction of user application performance. The results based on this proposed method show an improvement in power efficiency, interference mitigation, and resource utilization.
Myopic Organizational Learning from Accidents

In this study we argue that experiencing accidents does not always guarantee organizational learning. Rather, having a specific type of accident leads to an increase in other types, since the exper...
Spectroscopic Studies of Rates of Hindered Rotation in the Backbones of High Polymers and their Analogs

The concept of “crankshaft-like motion” in the backbones of chain molecules implies much slower conformational transitions than in small molecules if two energy barriers have to be surmounted simultaneously. Studies of the rates of hindered rotation around the amide bonds in solutions of piperazine polyamides by NMR and of the photochemical and dark isomerization of polyamides with azobenzene residues in the chain backbone revealed no difference between these rates in the polymers and their analogs. Polyoxyethylene with a dibenzylacetamide residue in the middle of the chain exhibited similar excimer emission as N,N’-di(p-methylbenzyl)acetamide. These observations imply that only one energy barrier is surmounted in conformational transitions of polymer backbones.
Current treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by azole-resistant Candida species.

Introduction: Clinicians are increasingly challenged by patients with refractory vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) caused by azole-resistant Candida species. Fluconazole resistant C.albicans is a grow...
Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Parasomnias

The ultimate goal of cognitive and behavioral therapy is to improve mental and physical health by correcting maladaptive patterns of thought and behavior. This chapter describes cognitive and behavioral interventions for parasomnias, along with the evidence for the effectiveness of these therapies. Cognitive and behavioral interventions for parasomnias may be condition-specific, such as use of the urine alarm for sleep enuresis or imagery rehearsal training (IRT) for nightmares. Other interventions are more general, such as providing education about principles of good sleep-hygiene or use of cognitive reframing for sleep disruption associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. The evidence-based literature on cognitive and behavioral treatments included in this chapter is summarized for sleep enuresis, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, nightmares, nocturnal panic, rhythmic movement disorder, isolated sleep paralysis, exploding head syndrome, catathrenia, sleep-related eating disorder, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. The majority of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic techniques actively engage the patient in homework assignments and self-administered protocols. These interventions have the potential to improve a patient’s sense of self-efficacy and may generalize to other aspects of mental health and behavior. Case examples and a summary of practical points are also provided to demonstrate how the evidence is applied in clinical practice.
Host Response to Long Acting Injections and Implants

Perspectives on the in vivo biocompatibility of drug delivery systems to be considered in the design, development, and evaluation of drug delivery systems are presented. Temporal events occurring in response to the implanted/injected drug delivery system are presented, including early events following injection/implantation, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, granulation tissue formation, foreign body reaction, and fibrosis/fibrous encapsulation. Both nonbiodegradable and biodegradable/resorbable systems are discussed. Important in the identification of biocompatibility of any drug delivery system is the intensity and/or time duration of the various components of the inflammatory reaction, wound healing responses, and foreign body responses. Finally, a section on immunotoxicity (acquired immunity) has been included due to current events in development of controlled sustained release systems focused on delivery of biologically reactive agents that may potentially initiate an adaptive immune response.
Ballots and Bullets: The Exceptional History of the Right to Vote

Part I of this article, which formed the basis for the 2002 William Howard Taft Lecture in Constitutional Law, focuses on the way in which the right to vote is a striking counterexample to the general proposition that civil rights and civil liberties contract during wartime. Looking at issues ranging from the abandonment of wealth requirements and poll taxes to the enfranchisement of blacks, women, and 18 to 21 year-olds, I show how war influences the scope of the franchise in several related but distinct ways. First, and most significantly, it has helped to determine who is entitled to vote. Sometimes, this flows from a direct equation of responsibilities and rights: those who fight, or contribute to the war effort, acquire a moral claim to full participation in self-government. Sometimes, the connection is more instrumental: in order to mobilize the necessary support for a war, the franchise has been extended to groups that were previously excluded. And sometimes, the connection has reflected war aims: wars fought to make the world safe for democracy abroad raise questions about democracy at home. Second, war has influenced how voting is conducted; absentee voting provides a paradigmatic example. Finally, Carrington v. Rash suggests that the intersection of military service and voting rights contributed in an important, and perhaps unnoticed, way to the development of heightened scrutiny for voting rights claims. Part II of the article turns to another connection between ballots and bullets. Today, the largest - and growing - group of American citizens who remain disenfranchised are people convicted of crimes. Courts have consistently rejected challenges to felon disenfranchisement based on the equal protection clause or the Voting Rights Act. I suggest an alternative claim, at least with respect to lifetime disqualification of persons who have otherwise finished serving their sentences: the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment. Doctrinal shifts since the Supreme Court last addressed the issue show that disenfranchisement is in fact punitive and not merely regulatory. Lifetime disenfranchisement as a punishment is grossly disproportionate to the gravity of the offenses for which it often imposed. Using the framework articulated last Term by the Supreme Court in Atkins v. Virginia, I argue that lifetime disenfranchisement does not comport with contemporary standards. Both the magnitude and direction of recent legislation undermines the use of lifetime disenfranchisement. National public opinion has shifted. Finally, consensus "within the world community" is uniformly against lifetime disenfranchisement. Whatever the merit of the arguments for disqualifying persons who are incarcerated or otherwise under supervision, they cannot justify permanent, lifetime disenfranchisement of all persons convicted of a felony.
Shaping Effective Masturbation in Persons with Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature

Individuals with developmental disabilities often encounter problems when engaging in sexual behavior through masturbation. Although sometimes taking the form of inappropriate behavior, such as public masturbation, ineffective masturbation, such as the inability to achieve orgasm through masturbation, is also encountered. The current study investigated the peer-reviewed literature as it pertains to empirically supported treatments for inappropriate and ineffective masturbation. Out of an original 1066 articles from 1940 to 2017, only 38 articles met criteria as treatment articles with masturbation as the target of study. Articles were analyzed by years of publication, desired direction of target, orientation of treatment, participant characteristics and behavioral treatments employed. Treatments were then discussed in detail with the purpose of establishing a body of empirically supported treatments for the shaping of effective masturbation in individuals with developmental disabilities. Unfortunately, results highlighted the need for significantly more clinical research before clinicians are able to rely on the literature for treatment ideas.
Autophagy and Chloroplast Quality Control: Fatty Acid Synthesis Counts

Plants devote more than 70% of their available nitrogen to maintaining chloroplast function ([Makino and Osmond, 1991][1]). During senescence or under stress conditions, chloroplasts are degraded and their constituent components are recycled. Chloroplasts can be degraded through at least three
Instrumentation for laboratory X‐ray scattering techniques

Today's home-laboratory X-ray diffractometers can be used for a wide range of applications, from X-ray scattering from any solids or liquids with any degree of order to X-ray absorption (radiography) and X-ray emission (XRF) techniques. This chapter gives an overview of commonly used instrumentation, with the focus on X-ray scattering analyses. Instruments and beam-path components are described in their diversity, but the discussion is limited to recent designs.
Morphological Adaptations of Parasitic Arthropods

Abstract Many morphological features of parasitic insects and arachnids are modified for feeding on vertebrate blood, attaching to and clinging to hosts, and dispersal to new hosts. The body shape of ectoparasitic arthropods is commonly flattened, either dorsally or ventrally, to facilitate movement on the host, to enable hiding in tight spaces when off the host, and as protection against host grooming. Wings of parasites with ephemeral host contact are of the normal form, while those that have extended host contact have become secondarily reduced, or even completely lost, as in fleas, lice, and bed bugs. The mouthparts of parasitic arthropods are typically adapted for feeding on host tissue or body fluids. Many blood-feeding groups possess highly modified and specialized mouthparts that pierce host flesh, then consume blood from individual capillaries, often leaving little or no evidence of an actual puncture of the skin at the bite site. Parasitic insects and arachnids that are on their vertebrate hosts for extended periods of time often possess highly modified legs with strong claws and spines to accommodate attachment to the host, as well as movement amid the host hair or feathers that lessen removal by host grooming. Various sensory structures of parasitic arthropods function to detect motion, vibrations, temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, and a plethora of chemical substances produced by potential hosts. These serve as cues that may be specific for a single host species or group of closely related host animals. Each particular modification and adaptation has allowed parasitic arthropods to more efficiently exploit their vertebrate hosts.
Development and validation of a simple and sensitive high-resolution LC/MS method for determination of PF-04620110 in dog plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.

In this study, a more sensitive and reliable quantitative method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS in full-mass scan was developed and validated for the determination of PF-04620110 in dog plasma. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the sample separations were carried out on an Acquity BEH C18 column with 1 mm ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% acetic acid as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The assay showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 1-2000 ng/mL with correlation coefficient >0.9980 (r > 0.9980). The LLOQ was 1 ng/mL. The inter- and intra-day precision (RSD, %) was within 9.69% while the accuracy (RE, %) was in the range of -8.59-11.24%. The extraction recovery was >85.37% and the assay was free of matrix effects. PF-04620110 was demonstrated to be stable under various processing and handing conditions. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of PF-04620110 in dogs and the results revealed that PF-04620110 was slowly eliminated from plasma with a clearance of 60.81 ± 7.11 mL/h/kg for intravenous administration and 81.44 ± 25.79 mL/h/kg for oral administration. The oral bioavailability was determined to be 77.89% in dogs.
An Equation of Language and Spirit: Comparative Philology and the Study of American Indian Religions

Scholars of religion frequently distinguish between the religions practiced by American Indians and non-Natives, raising a question about the role of religion in constructing and preserving notions of human difference. The present article locates key assumptions about the inherent distinction of Indigenous religions in early anthropological and linguistic research on American Indians. I demonstrate that as anthropologists studied Native cultures in the late nineteenth century, they drew on evolutionary theories of language in order to construct racialized cultural classifications. Analysis of language provided a framework and foundation for research on American Indian religions. I focus on the writings produced by the Bureau of American Ethnology ( bae), led by the influential anthropologist John Wesley Powell, who directed the Bureau from 1879 to 1902. Drawing on philology, the science of language, baeresearchers outlined a perceived essential difference between spiritual capacities of American Indians and non-Natives.
“My Absent Child”: Ageless and Missing Offspring in Early Modern Literature

Sheila Cavanagh argues that “childhood” in early modern literature is frequently conceived according to a structuralist model that consistently prioritizes qualities important to inheritance over other characteristics. While emotional interactions and other facets of human life play roles in the relationships presented, patrilineal considerations commonly dominate. Whether an infant is a “boy or a child” (Winter’s Tale) matters profoundly in this environment where individual behaviors are generally subservient to structural expectations. From this perspective, the life experience of any child matters far less than that individual’s lineal or economic status. Childhood, therefore, is often not a period that receives significant or nuanced literary time or attention. Genealogical stakes were high during this period, where financial and political capitol were linked to patrilineal claims that were often in fierce competition with each other. In such a world, children could provide a tangible route to secure long-lasting status and power. Such an outcome required the children to reach maturity and to produce their own offspring, however. Accordingly, an individual’s placement in the patrilineal hierarchies of the early modern period was supremely significant. Neither age nor experience could displace the importance of where one was listed in the genealogical charts delineating one’s family structure. The chapter considers the role played by genealogy in the consideration of childhood in early modern literature.