cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting SMP parallelism for dense linear algebra algorithms from high-level specifications

We show how to exploit high-level information, available as part of the derivation of provably correct algorithms, so that SMP parallelism can be systematically identified. Recent research has shown that loop-based dense linear algebra algorithms can be systematically derived from the mathematical specification of the operation. Fundamental to the methodology is the determination of loop-invariants (in the sense of Dijkstra and Hoare) from which correct loops can be systematically derived. We show how the high-level specification of the operation together with these loop-invariants can be exploited to detect the independence of loop iterations. This in turn then allows a Workqueuing Model to be used to implement and parallelize the algorithms using a feature proposed for OpenMP 3.0, task queues. Although performance is not the main feature of this paper, performance is reported on a 4 CPU Itanium2 server for a concrete example, the symmetric rank-k update operation.
Evaluating data for atmospheric models, an example : IO + NO2 = IONO2

Data for the title reaction have been fit to the different formalisms used by the NASA and IUPAC data evaluation panels. The data are well represented by either formalism. Reported values for the bond dissociation energy at 0 K, D 0 (IO-NO 2 ) vary from about 95 to 135 kJ mol -1 , with uncertainty ranges of about 20 kJ mol -1 . Master equation/RRKM methods were employed in an attempt to reconcile these values with the data. This was possible within reasonable bounds and suggests a value in the neighborhood of 150 kJ mol -1 . As always, there are sufficient assumptions and unknowns in such an attempt, that this value is somewhat uncertain, but the true value is not expected to be too far from this result. Thus, it is possible to evaluate data of the type addressed here in a manner reasonably consistent with the basic understanding of pressure dependent rate coefficients for use in atmospheric or other models of "engineering" problems. There are, however, strict limits on our ability to know specific details. It is possible that true anharmonicity corrections that include stretch-bend interactions as well as effects due to averaging rotational contributions could combine to lower this value by as much as 10 kJ mol -1 . In addition collision and energy transfer parameters are somewhat uncertain.
Flow cytometric BrdUrd‐pulse‐chase study of X‐ray‐induced alterations in cell cycle progression

To better understand how the flow cytometric bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) -pulse-chase method detects perturbed cell kinetics we applied it to measure cell cycle progression delays following exposure to ionizing radiation. Since this method will allow both the use of asynchronous cell populations and the determination of the alterations in cell cycle progression specific to cells irradiated in given cell cycle phases, it has a significant advantage over laborious synchronization methods. Exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 cells were irradiated with graded doses of X-rays and pulse-labelled with BrdUrd immediately thereafter. Cells were subcultured in a BrdUrd-free medium for various time intervals and prepared for flow cytometric analysis. Of five flow cytometric parameters examined, only those that involved cell transit through G2, i.e., the fraction of BrdUrd-negative G2 cells and the fraction of BrdUrd-positive cells that had not divided, showed radiation dose-dependent delays. The magnitude of the effects indicates that the cells irradiated in G2 and in S are equally delayed. S phase transit of cells irradiated in S or in G1 did not appear to be affected. There were apparent changes in flow of cells out of G1, which could be explained by the delayed entry of G2 cells into the compartment because of G2 arrest. Thus, in asynchronous cells the method was able to detect G2 delay in those cells irradiated in S and G2 phases and demonstrate the absence of cell-cycle delays in other phases.
Contribution to the probabilistic theory of neural nets: III. Specific inhibition

The input-output formula is derived for a neuron upon which converge the axones of two other neurons (one excitatory, the other inhibitory) which are themselves subjected to a “Poisson shower” of excitatory stimuli. If the period of latent inhibition, σ, does not exceed one half the refractory period, δ, the input-output curve has no maximum. If, however, σ>δ/2, a maximum exists in the input-output curve. As the outside frequencyx increases without bound, the output frequencyx 3 approaches an asymptotic value which ranges from 1/δ to 0, depending on the ratio σ/δ. The maximum output (if it exists) is also derived as a function of σ and δ.
Influence of coulomb corrections in the self-consistent charge extended Hückel (SCCEH) procedure on hyperfine properties of biological molecules

For the sake of simplicity, the Coulomb interaction between electrons of an atom with the cores and valence electrons belonging to neighbouring atoms is not completely incorporated in the SCCEH procedure often used for the study of electronic structures and hyperfine properties of biological systems. In the present work, the influence of this neglected interaction on the charge distribution in both small molecules and the large biologically important system, hemin, as well as on the hyperfine properties of the latter is analysed.
Regional changes in cerebellar creatine phosphate metabolism during late maturation.

Abstract The activity of creatine kinase, the steady-state level of creatine phosphate, and the rate of change of creatine phosphate during a brief period of ischemia have been studied by quantitative micromethods in the cerebellar molecular and granular layers and white matter of prepubescent and adult mice. In the neuropil-rich molecular layer there is a large increase with maturation in creatine kinase activity, creatine phosphate level, and the rate of disappearance of creatine phosphate during ischemia. In the granular layer there is a decline in creatine kinase activity with maturation but no change in creatine phosphate level or its ischemic flux. Neither creatine kinase activity nor the creatine phosphate level changes in the white matter with maturation. The differences could not be attributed to differences in lipid or cell density. The findings suggest a significant change in energy metabolism of synapse-rich areas after the apparent morphological maturation of the cerebellar cortex. This change would be obscured if histologically more complex regions are studied.
Vascular Gap-Junction Cx37 Uncoupling By Tumor Necrosis Factor is Dependent on ZO-1 Expression

Regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication plays a very important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Despite significant knowledge of the role of endothelial cells during inflammation, the function of specific endothelial connexins during inflammation is not well understood. Our hypothesis is that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) will decrease gap junction dependent cell-to-cell communication of vascular connexin by disturbing connexin-cytoskeleton interactions.Transformed HeLa cells expressing vascular connexin 37 (gift from Dr. Klaus Willecke) were used in these experiments. HeLa cells were treated with TNF (20 ng/ml) for up to 2 h. In dye-transfer experiments, Alexa Fluor-480 (HeLaCx37) was injected into one cell for 10 s and the number of labeled cells counted after 10 m. Cell lysates were prepared and ultracentrifuged. ZO-1, N-cadherin, actin, and Cx37 were detected by Western blot. Cx37 was also immunoprecipitated (IP) overnight and precipitated.After 1 hour, TNF treatment resulted in near total loss of dye-coupling in HeLaCx37 (p<0.02, n=16) and remained constant up to 2 hours. siRNA-mediated knockdown of ZO-1 restored dye coupling. TNF caused a significant increase in detergent solubility of Cx37. ZO-1 was co-IP with Cx37 only after TNF treatment, suggesting that TNF induces a ZO-1 and Cx37 interaction. Actin was co-IP with Cx37 but TNF did not affect this association. N-cadherin was not co-IP with Cx37. Immunofluorescence double labeling for Cx37/ZO-1 and Cx37/actin confirm the co-IP experiments.TNF reduces gap junction coupling of Cx37 when expressed alone in epithelial cells. The loss of Cx37 function maybe due to the loss of detergent resistance, suggesting dissociation of Cx37 plaque. TNF mediates Cx37 interaction with ZO-1 but not actin. N-cadherin does not interact with Cx37. TNF may affect Cx37/ZO-1 interaction resulting in reduced dye coupling.
The trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the population of rochester, minnesota

A number of reports have suggested an increasing incidence of primary brain tumors, especially malignant astrocytomas, in the elderly population. To investigate this issue, we analyzed the incidence and temporal trends of primary intracranial neoplasms diagnosed in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, over the 40 years between 1950 and 1990. The incidence of symptomatic primary brain tumors (excluding patients diagnosed incidentally at autopsy and by neuroimaging studies) increased from 9.5 per 100,000 population per year in 1950 to 1969 to 12.5 per 100,000 per year in 1970 to 1989; this change was not statistically significant (chi 2 trend, 1.89; p = 0.17). While the incidence of pituitary adenomas increased significantly between the two periods (chi 2 trend, 4.44; p = 0.04), the incidence trends of all gliomas, malignant astrocytomas, and meningiomas showed no change among persons younger than 65 years as well as those 65 years and older. The number of patients incidentally found to have neoplasms by neuroimaging studies increased in the recent 20-year period (chi 2 trend, 4.08; p = 0.04). The average age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 per year during the study period in the population of Rochester, Minnesota, for symptomatic tumors were 5.0 for all gliomas, 3.3 for malignant astrocytomas, 2.0 for meningiomas, and 2.4 for pituitary adenomas. In conclusion, our data indicate that the reported increase in the incidence of primary brain tumors is an artifact of improvement in diagnostic technology and practice.
Intergenerational equity and exhaustible resources

The theory of optimal economic growth, in the form given it by Frank Ramsey and developed by many others, is thoroughly utilitarian in conception. It is utilitarian in the broad sense that social states are valued as a function of the utilities of individuals (individual moments of time, in this case, since individual persons are usually taken as identical and identically treated) with the possibility that a loss of utility to one individual (or generation) can be more than offset by an increment to another. It is also utilitarian in the narrow sense that social welfare is (usually 3) defined as the sum of the utilities of different individuals or generations. Recently the whole utilitarian approach to social choice has come under fundamental attack by John Rawls [9]. One particular view advanced by Rawls concerns me here. He argues, in effect, that inequality in the distribution of wealth or utility is justified only if it is a necessary condition for improvement in the position of the poorest individual or individuals. In other words, if social welfare, W, is to be written as a function of individual utilities U1, ..., U,, then Rawls argues for the particular function W = min (U1, ..., Un), so that maximizing social welfare amounts to maximizing the smallest Ui.4 This welfare function is sensitive only to gains and losses of utility by the poorest person. A Theory of Justice contains a section 5 explicitly devoted to equity between generations, i.e. the question that arises in the theory of optimal capital accumulation. Remarkably, the one thing this chapter does not do is to advocate unequivocally the max-min criterion espoused elsewhere in the book. In this context Rawls settles for such ambivalent statements as the following: " . . . the question of justice between generations.. . subjects any ethical theory to severe if not impossible tests.... I believe that it is not possible, at present anyway, to define precise limits on what the rate of savings should be. How the burden of capital accumulation and of raising the standard of civilization is to be shared between generations seems to admit of no definite answer. It does not follow, however, that certain bounds which impose significant ethical constraints cannot be formulated.... Thus it seems evident, for example, that the classical principle of utility leads in the wrong direction for questions of justice between generations. . . . Thus the utilitarian doctrine may direct us to demand heavy sacrifices of the poorer generations for the sake of greater advantages for later ones that are far better off. But this calculus of advantages which balances the
Nonlinear System Identification of a MEMS Dual-Backplate Capacitance Microphone by Harmonic Balance Method

This paper presents the nonlinear identification of system parameters for a capacitive dual-backplate MEMS microphone. First, the microphone is modeled by a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) second order differential equation with electrostatic and cubic mechanical nonlinearities. A harmonic balance nonlinear identification approach is then applied to the governing equation to obtain a set of algebraic equations that relate the unknown system parameters to the steady-state response of the microphone under the harmonic excitation. The microphone is experimentally characterized and a nonlinear least-squares technique is implemented to identify the system parameters from experimental data. The experimentally extracted bandwidth of the microphone is over 218 kHz. Finally, numerical simulations of the governing equation are performed, using the identified system parameters, to validate the accuracy of the approximate solution. The differences between the properties of the integrated measured center velocity and simulated center displacement responses in the steady state are less than 1%.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Use of Developmental Research Methods to Design Culturally Competent Intervention

ABSTRACT In order to craft culturally competent interventions, it is important that cultural influences on problem formulation, intervention design, and delivery be included as focal design considerations along with substantive issues. By addressing issues specific to cross cultural practice within the phases of developmental research, this model of intervention design and development may become a better vehicle to craft culturally competent intervention. Toward this goal, this article presents one way by which tasks associated with cross cultural practice may be integrated into the first four phases of developmental research: problem analysis, information gathering and synthesis, intervention design, and development. Examples are presented from the design and development of an HIV prevention intervention for low-income, battered women.
Lipid composition of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in a southeastern blackwater stream.

Abstract Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected seasonally for 1 yr at third- and fifth-order sites in a blackwater stream on the coastal plain in South Carolina. Fatty acids with carbon chain lengths from C12–C32 were the most abundant component among the lipid classes examined with total concentrations varying from 8.5 to 60.2 μg L−1. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated while significant concentrations of the even-chained saturated components C24–C30 derived from cuticular plant waxes were also found. Concentrations of aliphatic alcohols, with carbon chain lengths between C16 and C30, ranged from 0.52 to 2.73 μg L−1 and was dominated by the higher molecular weight compounds (C22−C30) derived primarily from cuticular plant waxes. Total hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5.66 μg L−1 and showed no discernible trends with time or consistent difference between sites. The hydrocarbon assemblage observed indicates that these components are entirely of biogenic origin with no detectable anthropogenic contribution. The ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids and cuticular to noncuticular fatty acids and alcohols at both stream locations indicate that the organic detritus associated with SPM collected during November and January is of more recent origin and less processed than that collected in the spring and summer months. Lipid concentrations at the third-order site generally had higher and more variable concentrations of the lipid classes compared with the fifth-order site. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was higher at the third-order site indicating that the organic fraction of SPM at this site was of more recent origin and less decomposed. The ratios of cuticular to noncuticular fatty acids and alcohols support this conclusion. These results indicate an export of particulate lipids of higher carbon resource quality from upstream to lower stream reaches.
Competitiveness through Management of Diversity: Effects on Stock Price Valuation

This study's premise is that firms that can lower their costs and enhance their differentiation through the effective management of their human resources have a competitive advantage. Using data fr...
Effect of Friedel-Crafts alkylation on the caking properties of bituminous coal

Abstract Reaction of medium caking Illinois No. 6 and highly caking Kentucky HVB coals under mild Friedel-Crafts alkylation conditions rendered the product non-caking. Use of aluminium chloride alone with coal did not change the caking property, while this catalyst in the presence of either an alkyl chloride or benzene did suppress caking. Gaseous HCl decreased but did not eliminate agglomeration. Alkylation of a non-caking Western subbituminous coal had no effect on its non-caking property.
Dye laser intracavity absorption for molecular spectroscopy

Abstract Dye laser intracavity absorption has been used to a limited extent to observe molecular spectra for about 10 years. Most workers in the field operate their laser broadband and rely only on a spectrograph to resolve the spectra and to increase signal-to-noise ratio. The overall results have not been too satisfactory, and the effect has been to discourage people from applying this technique. It is the purpose of this paper to point out the advantages to be gained by wavelength sweeping the dye laser, to describe the laser system currently being used in our laboratory, and to present some recently obtained results.
New approaches to reduce the burden of RSV infection

Despite almost half a century of active research into the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced acute and chronic airway disease, many questions remain unresolved. Experimental studies have demonstrated that interventions that reduced viral replication resulted in improvement of acute disease severity and long-term pulmonary abnormalities. The stage is ready for clinical studies to determine the potential benefit of new strategies for prevention and treatment of RSV infections.
Overprediction and blocking in the McCollough aftereffect.

The Rescorla-Wagner theory (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) of associative learning offers specific predictions about the associative strength of CS-US pairs when two or more CSs are conditioned to the same US separately and subsequently paired in a compound with the same US. The magnitude of orientation-contingent color aftereffects (AEs) was used as an index of associative strength in this study. The results of experiments using an “overprediction” (Rescorla, 1970) and a “blocking” (Kamin, 1969) paradigm conformed to the predictions of the Rescorla-Wagner theory. In Experiment 1, AEs were established simultaneously for horizontal-vertical and diagonal patterns. When observers subsequently viewed compound induction patterns, AE magnitude was found to be significantly decreased, relative to a condition in which observers did not view such an induction pattern. In Experiment 2, AE magnitude for a given test pattern following inspection of compound induction stimuli was significantly reduced by inspection of the other component prior to viewing the compound induction stimuli. The applicability of associative learning and feature-adaptation models of the McCollough effect is discussed.
Spin susceptibility in a two-dimensional electron gas.

The problem of the many-body enhancement of the static spin susceptibility at long wavelengths and its relation to the quasiparticle effective mass is investigated for a normal electron gas in two-dimensional space as a function of the electronic density. We start from a discussion of the results of the simple Hartree-Fock approximation for various interaction potentials and proceed to develop a complete theory. We find that the effects of the electron-electron interaction are significantly larger than in the familiar three-dimensional case. Our approach is based on a new self-consistent scheme which goes beyond the simple random-phase approximation by explicitly allowing for charge- and spin-fluctuation-induced vertex corrections of the Hubbard type. We show that when the latter are neglected, the many-body enhancement of the spin susceptibility can be cast in a remarkably simple and elegant analytic form.
Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases: Analysis and Instrumentation

Hyperspectral remote sensing applied to the detection of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) will have to deal simultaneously with interference by water vapor, aerosols and clouds (especially an invisible cirrus and sub-pixel size clouds).
Transthoracic discectomy without interbody fusion.

Abstract Background Transthoracic discectomy is an established surgical procedure for the treatment of thoracic disk disease. Most authors advocate interbody fusion after transthoracic discectomy. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any adverse consequences in foregoing interbody fusion after transthoracic discectomy. Methods Eighteen consecutive patients underwent transthoracic discectomy without fusion between 1996 and 2002 at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). There were 11 women and 7 men with the mean age of 54 years (range, 28-84 years). Surgical indications were radiculopathy in 1 patient and myelopathy in 17. Follow-up data were obtained from the clinic visits and telephone surveys. We used the available pre- and postoperative radiographs for 16 patients at the last follow-up to establish the incidence of postoperative kyphosis and/or scoliosis at the operated level. Mean duration of the radiographic follow-up was 22 ± 24 (SD) months. Results None of the patients reported the onset of a new axial spine pain postoperatively. No patient developed segmental kyphosis or scoliosis at the operated level during the follow-up period. Fifteen of 18 (83%) patients had significant improvement in their neurological symptoms and signs. Two patients remained unchanged. An 83-year-old patient had a slight worsening of her gait after surgery. Specifically, the only 3 nonambulatory patients regained ambulation after discectomy. There were 4 complications: 1 wound infection, 1 pleural effusion requiring pleurodesis, 1 cerebrospinal fluid leak, and 1 case of disabling intercostal neuralgia. Conclusions These results indicate that interbody fusion may not be necessary for selected patients undergoing transthoracic discectomy. Further long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate the development of late spinal instability and resultant deformity after this procedure.
Psychological aspects of treating complete denture patients: their relation to prosthodontic success

Denture failures in the elderly are multifactorial. Such failures are rarely the result of technical or mechanical faults alone and are seldom corrected by remaking the denture. The dentist is in a position to reduce the number of prosthetic failures through the application of knowledge of the physical, metabolic, and endocrine changes associated with aging, as well as the emotional disturbances and nutritional deficiencies common among the aged.
Modification by glucagon of the splanchnic vascular responses to activation of the sympathicoadrenal system.

Abstract The vasodilatory effect of glucagon on the splanchnic vascular bed was studied in anesthetized dogs during experimentally induced and simulated activation of the sympathicoadrenal system. Blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery was recorded using the electromagnetic technique. When the splanchnic blood flow had been reduced to about 50 per cent by bleeding, intravenous injection of glucagon restored the blood flow to approximately control level. When an activation of the sympathetic outflow to the splanchnic vascular bed was simulated by electrical splanchnic nerve stimulation, the vasoconstrictory response to the stimulation was abolished or modified by glucagon injection. Finally, the vasodilatory effect of glucagon in the mesenteric vascular bed could also be demonstrated when vasoconstriction due to catecholamine infusion was present. Glucagon did not, however, influence the vasoconstrictory response to catecholamines in other peripheral vascular beds. The mechanism for the vasodilatory action of glucagon is briefly discussed.
Explicit approximations of the indentation modulus of elastically orthotropic solids for conical indenters

Abstract The elastic problem of the contact between an axisymmetric indenter and a general anisotropic (21 independent elastic constants) half space has not been solved explicitly in closed form. Implicit methods to determine the indentation modulus originate from the work of Willis [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 14 (1966) 163]; and are now available for conical, parabolic and spherical indenters [Philos. Mag. A 81 (2001) 447; J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51 (2003) 1701]. The particular case of orthotropy has also been investigated [ASME J. Tribol. 115 (1193) 650, 125 (2003) 223]. This paper proposes an explicit solution for the indentation moduli of a transversely isotropic medium and a general orthotropic medium under rigid conical indentation in the three principal material symmetry directions. The half-space Green’s functions are interpolated from their exact extreme values, then integrated and finally simplified. The proposed closed form expressions are in very good agreement with the implicit solution schemes of [Philos. Mag. A 81 (2001) 447; J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51 (2003) 1701].
A Stochastic Game Model for Jamming in Multi-Channel Cognitive Radio Systems

The security issue in collaborative sensing in cognitive radio networks can be modeled as attackers and secondary users in a jamming and anti-jamming scenario. In this paper, we introduce a stochastic zero-sum game model to study the strategies. Primary users, secondary users and jammers are the three types of agents in the system. The primary users dictate the system states and their transitions while the secondary users and jammers behave non-cooperatively to achieve their goals independently under different system environment. Our Markovian game model captures not only the zero-sum interactions between secondary users and the jammers but also the dynamics of the system. Our results indicate that the secondary users can enhance their security level or increase their long-term payoff by either improving their sensing capabilities to confuse the jammer with the choice or choosing to communicate under states where the available channels are less prone to jamming. In the numerical experiments, we point out that the payoff of the secondary users increases with the number of available jamming-free channels and is eventually limited by the behavior of primary users.
Adequacy of Access to Pediatric Primary Care and Utilization of Preventive Services: The Medical Home Scale 539

Adequacy of Access to Pediatric Primary Care and Utilization of Preventive Services: The Medical Home Scale 539
Charting a future for epidemiologic training

Abstract Purpose To identify macro-level trends that are changing the needs of epidemiologic research and practice and to develop and disseminate a set of competencies and recommendations for epidemiologic training that will be responsive to these changing needs. Methods There were three stages to the project: (1) assembling of a working group of senior epidemiologists from multiple sectors, (2) identifying relevant literature, and (3) conducting key informant interviews with 15 experienced epidemiologists. Results Twelve macro trends were identified along with associated actions for the field and educational competencies. The macro trends include the following: (1) “Big Data” or informatics, (2) the changing health communication environment, (3) the Affordable Care Act or health care system reform, (4) shifting demographics, (5) globalization, (6) emerging high-throughput technologies (omics), (7) a greater focus on accountability, (8) privacy changes, (9) a greater focus on “upstream” causes of disease, (10) the emergence of translational sciences, (11) the growing centrality of team and transdisciplinary science, and (12) the evolving funding environment. Conclusions Addressing these issues through curricular change is needed to allow the field of epidemiology to more fully reach and sustain its full potential to benefit population health and remain a scientific discipline that makes critical contributions toward ensuring clinical, social, and population health.
NANOSTRUCTURED SnO2/C COMPOSITE ANODES IN LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Nanostructured SnO2/C composites used as anode materials were prepared by sol–gel synthesis to explore electrochemical properties in lithium-ion batteries. Surface characteristics of the SnO2/C nanocomposite were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that nanocrystalline SnO2/C with a grain size of 20–50 nm was uniformly dispersed on the carbon surface. After nanocrytalline SnO2 coated onto carbon, the discharge capacity showed an increase up to 23%, i.e., from 300 to 370 mAh/g at a current density of 0.6 mA/cm2. The nanocomposite anode can achieve a fairly stable discharge capacity and excellent Coulombic efficiency (>99.5%) over 50 cycles. Cyclic voltammograms indicated that the improvements on capacity and cycleability were due to reversible alloying of nanosized Sn and Li on carbon surface.
Trojan detection based on delay variations measured using a high-precision, low-overhead embedded test structure

The horizontal dissemination of the chip fabrication industry has raised new concerns over Integrated Circuit (IC) Trust, in particular, the threat of malicious functionality, i.e., a Hardware Trojan, that is added by an adversary to an IC. In this paper, we propose the use of a high-precision, low-overhead embedded test structure for measuring path delays to detect the delay anomalies introduced by hardware Trojans. The proposed test structure, called REBEL, is minimally invasive to the design as it leverages the existing scan structures. In this work, we integrate REBEL into a structural description of a pipelined Floating Point Unit. Trojan emulation circuits, designed to model internal wire loads introduced by a hardware Trojan, are inserted into the design at multiple places. The emulation cell incorporates an analog control pin to allow a variety of hardware Trojan loading scenarios to be investigated. We evaluate the detection sensitivity of REBEL for detecting hardware Trojans using regression analysis and hardware data collected from 62 copies of the chip fabricated in 90nm CMOS technology.
Single-cell kinase assays: opening a window onto cell behavior

Recent advances in analytical techniques have made the performance of biochemical assays on individual mammalian cells possible. Of particular interest is the ability to measure the activation of kinases, enzymes with critical roles in virtually every aspect of cell physiology. Single-cell kinase assays promise to deliver a newfound understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for cellular control and behavior by revealing the dynamic nature of signal transduction networks in living cells. A recent exciting development is the potential to perform assays of multiple kinases simultaneously in a single cell.
James B. Collip--member of the Canadian team that isolated insulin.

From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.A.S., R.A.K.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (D.P.S.). A mong the many controversial inclusions and exclusions in the history of Nobel laureate selections, the most widely known erroneous omission of a deserving candidate occurred when the 1923 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery of insulindthe hormone that regulates glucosedwas awarded to Frederick G. Banting (1891-1941) and John James R. Macleod (1876-1935) at the University of Toronto. Banting was particularly angry about this choice, arguing that Macleod was only a department chair and was not involved with the work, and that instead medical student Charles H. Best (1899-1978) deserved a share of the award. Banting shared part of his prize money with Best. Macleod in turn gave part of his Nobel award to biochemist James Bertram Collip, who he recruited to Toronto and who had isolated and purified insulin from pancreatic extract. (In 1916, Romanian physiologist Nicolae Paulescu [1869-1931] had prepared a less pure bovine pancreatic extract called pancreine, which contained enough insulin to normalize glucose levels in hyperglycemic dogs.) Collip was born on November 20, 1892, in rural Belleville in southeastern Ontario, about 50 miles west of Kingston. He received his early education in a one-room country school and entered Trinity College, University of Toronto, in 1908. After graduating in 1912 with a major in physiology and biochemistry, followed by completion of a PhD degree in biochemistry in 1916, he joined the faculty of the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta. In 1921, he was awarded a Rockefeller Traveling Fellowship, which allowed him to work with Banting and Best in Macleod’s department in Toronto. While at the University of Toronto, Collip developed a method for the quantitative measurement of insulin in pancreatic extract and succeeded in isolating and purifying insulin (1921), thus making it available for therapeutic
Sum rules for Cartesian polarizability derivative tensors

Abstract Raman and Raman optical activity intensities are determined from the Cartesian derivatives of electric dipole—electric dipole, electric dipole—magnetic dipole and electric dipole—electric quadrupole polarizability tensors. These tensors obey certain translational and rotational sum rules. In this communication, we present these sum rules and verify them through ab initio calculations.
The neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a common cause of chronic sleepiness distinguished by intrusions into wakefulness of physiological aspects of rapid eye movement sleep such as cataplexy and hallucinations. Recent advances provide compelling evidence that narcolepsy may be a neurodegenerative or autoimmune disorder resulting in a loss of hypothalamic neurons containing the neuropeptide orexin (also known as hypocretin). Because orexin promotes wakefulness and inhibits rapid eye movement sleep, its absence may permit inappropriate transitions between wakefulness and sleep. These discoveries have considerably improved our understanding of the neurobiology of sleep and should foster the development of rational treatments for a variety of sleep disorders.
Integrating Leonardo da Vinci's principles of demonstration, uncertainty, and cultivation in contemporary nursing education

Nurses today are facing an ever changing health care system. Stimulated by health care reform and limited resources, nursing education is being challenged to prepare nurses for this uncertain environment. Looking to the past can offer possible solutions to the issues nursing education is confronting. Seven principles of da Vincian thinking have been identified (Gelb, 2004). As a follow-up to an exploration of the curiosita principle (Butts & Story, 2013), this article will explore the three principles of dimostrazione, sfumato, and corporalita. Nursing faculty can set the stage for a meaningful educational experience through these principles of demonstration (dimostrazione), uncertainty (sfumato), and cultivation (corporalita). Preparing nurses not only to manage but also to flourish in the current health care environment that will enhance the nurse's and patient's experience.
Plant Translocation of Organic Compounds: Molecular and Physicochemical Predictors

The root–soil boundary represents one of the largest global biotic–abiotic mass-transfer interfaces and is a primary pollutant entry point to the food chain. This interface is also critically important in phytoremediation efforts and herbicide design. Experimental data and single-parameter models have resulted in the current understanding that moderately hydrophobic organic compounds are most likely to be translocated by plants, although recent evidence indicates plants can also translocate some hydrophilic compounds. Molecular descriptors initially applied for drug discovery and for transmembrane migration in mammalian systems were applied here to determine the physicochemical domains and weighted desirability functions to identify compounds amenable to translocation by plants. Considering molecular descriptor cutoffs defined in this work, chemicals likely to be translocated by plants more closely resemble those that can cross the blood–brain barrier as compared to the intestine. Desirability functions w...
Condensation nuclei activation or deactivation by deposited insoluble particles

Abstract Laboratory experiments have been performed in order to determine to what extent the deposition of, e.g. carbon particles doped by ethyl disulfide can affect the activation of well defined pure condensation nuclei such as sodium chloride and to study the way in which the carbon particles are distributed within the solution droplets. A significant effect was found for NaCl nuclei (dry particle diameter D = 0.425 μ m) after several hours of exposure to the carbon aerosol ( D c = 0.05–0.07 μ m) generated by a blowtorch. The critical supersaturation of sodium chloride with deposited doped carbon particles was slightly lowered in all samples. Analysis of micrographs shows that carbon particles are deposited on the droplet surface and in the core as well. A simple model of a droplet with insoluble deposited particles is suggested.
Vibrio cholerae VpsT Regulates Matrix Production and Motility by Directly Sensing Cyclic di-GMP

Microorganisms can switch from a planktonic, free-swimming life-style to a sessile, colonial state, called a biofilm, which confers resistance to environmental stress. Conversion between the motile and biofilm life-styles has been attributed to increased levels of the prokaryotic second messenger cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), yet the signaling mechanisms mediating such a global switch are poorly understood. Here we show that the transcriptional regulator VpsT from Vibrio cholerae directly senses c-di-GMP to inversely control extracellular matrix production and motility, which identifies VpsT as a master regulator for biofilm formation. Rather than being regulated by phosphorylation, VpsT undergoes a change in oligomerization on c-di-GMP binding.
Are Patellofemoral Pain and Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Torque Associated With Locomotor Function

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of pain and muscle weakness on gait variables in subjects with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Subjects. Nineteen female subjects with a diagnosis of PFP and 19 female subjects without PFP participated in the study. Methods. Subjects underwent gait analysis (stride characteristics and joint motion) during level walking, ascending and descending stairs, and ascending and descending ramps, in addition to isometric torque testing of the knee extensors of the involved limb. Pain and functional status also were assessed. Results. Compared with the comparison group, the primary gait compensation in the PFP group was a reduced walking speed, which was a function of both a reduced stride length and cadence. Knee extensor torque was the only predictor of gait function, with increased torque correlating with improved stride characteristics. In addition, PFP was not associated with locomotor function. Conclusion and Discussion. These findings suggest that functional ability in persons with PFP is associated with increased quadriceps femoris muscle torque. Future research is needed to determine whether function improves with quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening.
The Three Insulin Response Sequences in the Glucose-6-phosphatase Catalytic Subunit Gene Promoter Are Functionally Distinct

Glucose-6-phosphatase catalyzes the terminal step in the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways. In HepG2 cells, the maximum repression of basal glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6Pase) gene transcription by insulin requires two distinct promoter regions, designated A (located between −231 and −199) and B (located between −198 and −159), that together form an insulin response unit. Region A binds hepatocyte nuclear factor-1, which acts as an accessory factor to enhance the effect of insulin, mediated through region B, on G6Pase gene transcription. We have previously shown that region B binds the transcriptional activator FKHR (FOXO1a) in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that FKHR also binds the G6Pase promoter in situ and that insulin inhibits this binding. Region B contains three insulin response sequences (IRSs), designated IRS 1, 2, and 3, that share the core sequence T(G/A)TTTT. However, detailed analyses reveal that these three G6Pase IRSs are functionally distinct. Thus, FKHR binds IRS 1 with high affinity and IRS 2 with low affinity but it does not bind IRS 3. Moreover, in the context of the G6Pase promoter, IRS 1 and 2, but not IRS 3, are required for the insulin response. Surprisingly, IRS 3, as well as IRS 1 and IRS 2, can each confer an inhibitory effect of insulin on the expression of a heterologous fusion gene, indicating that, in this context, a transcription factor other than FKHR, or its orthologs, can also mediate an insulin response through the T(G/A)TTTT motif.
Deflection vector diagrams for a mass under PD control

This paper documents a new tool for both eliminating the residual vibration and reducing the transient deflection of a flexible system. A deflection vector diagram has been developed to graphically predict both the residual vibration and the transient deflection for a mass under PD control, or equivalently, a mass-printing-damper system with position input. The deflection vector diagram leads to the creation of specified-deflection, zero vibration command shapers. These specified-deflection shapers limit the transient deflection to a predetermined ratio of the unshaped command for an arbitrary reference command.
Inclusive hadron production in upsilon decays and in nonresonant electron-positron annihilation at 10.49 GeV.

We report measurements of single-particle inclusive spectra and two-particle correlations in decays of the UPSILON(1S) resonance and in nonresonant annihilations of electrons and positrons at center-of-mass energy 10.49 GeV, just below BB-bar threshold. These data were obtained using the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) and provide information on the production of ..pi.., K, rho, K(, phi, p, ..lambda.., and ..xi.. in quark and gluon jets. The average multiplicity of hadrons per event for upsilon decays (compared with continuum annihilations) is 11.4 (10.5) pions, 2.4 (2.2) kaons, 0.6 (0.5) rho/sup 0/, 1.2 (0.8) K(, 0.6 (0.4) protons and antiprotons, 0.15 (0.08) phi, 0.19 (0.07) ..lambda.. and Lambda-bar, and 0.016 (0.005) ..xi../sup -/ and Xi-bar /sup +/. We have also seen evidence for eta and f/sup 0/ production. The most significant differences between upsilon and continuum final states are (1) the inclusive energy spectra fall off more rapidly with increasing particle energy in upsilon decays, (2) the production of heavier particles, especially baryons, is not as strongly suppressed in upsilon decays, and (3) baryon and antibaryon are more likely to be correlated at long range in upsilon decay than in continuum events.
Single Step Fluorescent Caspase 3 Activity Assay: Quantifying the Inhibition of Cell Permeable Compounds in a Cell-Based System

INTRODUCTION. Caspases are a family of cysteine aspartyl proteases that are involved in the cleavage of key structural, cell signaling, and DNA repair substrates leading to apoptotic cell death (1). As a result, the modulation of caspase response is the object of intense study in clinical research. Caspase 3 is recognized as a pivotal effector and logical target for therapeutic intervention (2). To this end, we have developed a robust, highly sensitive, and rapid homogeneous caspase 3 assay that is quantifiable in cell-based assays and with purified active caspase 3. We have used this assay to monitor the efficiency of several cell-permeable caspase 3 inhibitors in the cell-based Jurkat/Fas-induction model system (3). The evaluation of these compounds by caspase activity was supported and correlated with the CaspACE FITCVAD-FMK in situ cell imaging assay.
re- and si-Face-Selective Nitroaldol Reactions Catalyzed by a Rigid Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salt: A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of the HIV Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir (Vertex 478)

Either amprenavir (1) or its C(2) diastereomer can be synthesized in a simple way by the use of a nitroaldol reaction carried out in the presence of one or the other of the two ammonium ions 2. The 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropyl structural element of 1 is also found in many other peptidomimetics and HIV protease inhibitors. Described here is a new strategy for possible application to direct and stereocontrolled synthesis of such compounds.
What about China? Religious Vitality in the Most Secular and Rapidly Modernizing Society

Through a biographical and historical account of religious change in China, this article first offers a personal observation of life in a society without religion. In the last three decades or so, however, unbeknown to most sociologists in China and the West, a quiet spiritual revolution has swept the vast land. Contemporary China is indeed a fertile field for sociologists to examine the social importance of religion in the modern world. His scholarly research on religion has been driven both by personal curiosity and a sense of social responsibility. The author explains what questions have propelled his empirical research and theoretical development. Constructively engaged with both classic and contemporary sociologists, the author calls for going beyond national boundaries and transcend various forms of parochialism in their social scientific endeavor.
Electrical conductivity of alumina/aluminum composites synthesized by directed metal oxidation

Electrical conductivities of Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]/Al composite synthesized by directed oxidation of an aluminum alloy, and sintered Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]-4% MgO are measured. The high conductivity of the Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]/Al composite compared to sintered Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]-4% MgO is shown as proof of the presence of continuous metal channels in the composite. Furthermore, the conductivity data are used to determine the activation energy for the diffusion of the dominant charge carrier in the oxide matrix.