cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless Integrated Microsystems: Coming Breakthroughs in Health Care

Wireless integrated microsystems, merging micropower circuits, wireless interfaces, hermetic wafer-level packaging, and MEMS are poised to provide breakthroughs in health care. While cochlear microsystems have restored functional hearing to the deaf and deep brain stimulation is remarkably successful in suppressing Parkinson's tremor, retinal implants for the blind, cortical prostheses for paralysis, and other devices are also emerging, along with systems that could revolutionize our understanding of the brain. The tissue interface, device/circuit challenges, and packaging are examined along with future needs.
Dendritic cell-based active specific immunotherapy for malignant glioma.

Immunotherapy is an appealing therapeutic modality for malignant gliomas because of its potential to selectively target residual tumor cells that have invaded the normal brain. Most immunotherapeutic studies are designed to exploit the capacity of dendritic cells for inducing cell-mediated effects as well as immune memory responses for destroying residual tumor cells and preventing recurrence. Although initial clinical studies on dendritic cell-based immunotherapy resulted in very limited success, they have prompted many new studies on exploring strategies to induce a more robust antitumor immune response by using novel adjuvants for maturation and activation of dendritic cells. More studies have focused on the mechanisms of immune suppression by tumor cells and the role of regulatory T cells in tumor growth and progression. In this article, the authors review the evolution of dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies for adjuvant treatment of malignant gliomas. The authors also discuss how new kn...
The triad of gastric leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma.

The association of three uncommon neoplasms — gastric leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma — in two patients and the occurrence of two of these tumors in ...
Identification of racehorse and sample contamination by novel 24-plex STR system

Proper identification of racehorses competing in an official race and maintenance of defensible chain of custody are important in doping control regulations. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable multiplex PCR method for providing genetic evidence for matching donors to test samples by using short tandem repeat (STR) loci. Amplification of 21 STR loci from blood, urine or hair root was achieved in a single tube and STR length polymorphism was analyzed using fluorescent labeled capillary electrophoresis. This novel approach showed an allele confidence interval of 0.19-0.43 bp and size estimation error of 0-0.48 bp. In 90 thoroughbred (TB) and 171 standardbred (STB) horses, the method was highly discriminating and reproducible with probability of false identification of 1 in 10(11) (TB) and 1 in 10(13) (STB). All loci were highly polymorphic with an average probability of identity of 0.18 (TB) and 0.13 (STB), heterozygosity of 0.65 (TB) and 0.68 (STB), and polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.62 (TB) and 0.69 (STB). The highest allele frequency also reflected the degree of polymorphism due to high correlation with PIC. To obtain evidence of sample tampering with human material, three human specific STR markers were included in the panel. This method is the first in the horseracing industry, specifically designed for racehorse identification and detection of equine sample contamination by human DNA.
Characterization of Adult Ghrelin and Ghrelin Receptor Knockout Mice under Positive and Negative Energy Balance

Ghrelin and the ghrelin receptor (GH secretagogue receptor, GHS-R), are believed to have important roles in energy homeostasis. We describe results from the first studies to be conducted in congenic (N10) adult ghrelin(-/-) and Ghsr(-/-) mice under conditions of both positive (high-fat diet) and negative (caloric restriction) energy balance. In contrast to results from young N2 mutant mice, changes in body weight and energy expenditure are not clearly distinguishable across genotypes. Although respiratory quotient was lower in mice fed a high-fat diet, no differences were evident between littermate wild-type and null genotypes. With normal chow, a modest decrease trend in respiratory quotient was detected in ghrelin(-/-) mice but not in Ghsr(-/-) mice. Under caloric restriction, the weight loss of ghrelin(-/-) and Ghsr(-/-) mice was identical to wild-type littermates, but blood glucose levels were significantly lower. We conclude that adult congenic ghrelin(-/-) and Ghsr(-/-) mice are not resistant to diet-induced obesity but under conditions of negative energy balance show impairment in maintaining glucose homeostasis. These results support our hypothesis that the primary metabolic function of ghrelin in adult mice is to modulate glucose sensing and insulin sensitivity, rather than directly regulate energy intake and energy expenditure.
Kidney function in long-term pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Renal dysfunction may occur in survivors of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The renal function of children who have survived 5 to 10 years after BMT has not been reported. Bone marrow transplantation was performed in 55 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia less than 18 years of age at the University of Florida between September 1983 and October 1992. All received a uniform conditioning regimen of high-dose cystosine arabinoside and fractionated total body irradiation. Twenty-three are currently surviving. The survival average period following transplantation is 79 ± 6.6 (SD) months. The longest survival is 129 months after BMT. We retrospectively examined data evaluating kidney function prior to transplantation, within 150 days after transplantation, and at each child's most recent clinic visit (1.7 to 10 years after transplantation). We were able to collect follow-up data regarding renal function for 17 survivors. Two children (11 %) have renal dysfunction in the form of hypertension, glucosuria...
Measurement of sin 2ø1 at Belle and BaBar

Abstract Recent measurements by Belle and BaBar of the Standard Model CP violation parameter sin 2o1 are presented. Indirect CP violation is discussed, and the analysis techniques employed by the two experiments are described.
A taxonomy and proposed codification of knowledge and knowledge systems in organizations

This paper proposes a hierarchical taxonomy of knowledge and knowledge systems (KS) in organizations. The taxonomy is based on four criteria: structure (how knowledge is designed and what it contains); purpose (what is the knowledge for); function (what the knowledge does); and disciplinary content. Each criterion is further classified into distinct types of knowledge. The hierarchical taxonomy is then codified by means of a numerical system which serves to identity each type and unit of knowledge, down to the elemental knowledge nugget. The paper describes the taxonomy and the system of codification, and discusses issues of calibration and validation. The advantages and limitations of the taxonomy are also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of semiconductors and fullerenes to ultrashort and ultra-intense laser pulses

We report new theoretical studies of the electronic and structural response of materials to fast intense laser pulses, with durations ∼ 10-100 feintoseconds and intensities up to ∼10 terawatts/cm2. The results provide still stronger evidence that GaAs undergoes a true nonthermal phase transition as the intensity is varied at constant pulse duration. For C60, there are also different regimes of behavior as a function of pulse intensity. At low intensity, various optically-active modes are observed. At high intensity, the breathing moode is by far the most dominant. At still higher intensities, there is photofragmentation, with the evolution of dinmers and other products. These results were all obtained in simulation-. using tight-binding electron-ion dyanamics (TED).
Psychosocial Aspects of Pain-Related Life Task Interference: An Exploratory Analysis in a General Population Sample

Arizona, USA ABSTRACT Objective. To assess perceptions of the interfering effects of chronic pain upon the frequency of eight activities of daily living, and to examine the psychosocial correlates of these perceptions. The areas assessed included social life, recreation, sleep, household chores, working at a paid job, self- care, exercise, and routine physical activities. Design. A telephone survey of U.S. English-speaking adults was conducted using a random digit dialing recruitment procedure. The data are cross-sectional. Participants. A national sample of adult men and women aged 25-80 years was recruited. A total of 9,759 persons were screened for the presence of chronic pain. Of the 3,050 found eligible, a total of 2,407 adults with chronic pain completed measures of pain interference and its psychosocial correlates. Measures. Participants provided responses to the Profile of Chronic Pain: Screen (PCP: S) and to the Profile of Chronic Pain: Extended Assessment (PCP: EA) battery. The PCP: S measures key aspects of chronic pain, and the PCP: EA assesses pain attitudes and beliefs, coping, and positive and negative social responses to pain. Results. Regression analyses revealed that pain severity, along with factors assessed by the PCP: EA (including catastrophizing, fear of pain, guarding, and control beliefs), accounts for 16-40% of the variance in perceptions of functional task interference.
Exploring edge-based input techniques for handheld text entry

We are investigating how handheld devices like Palm PDAs and PocketPCs can be used as assistive technologies for computer access by people with motor impairments such as Muscular Dystrophy and Cerebral Palsy. As part of this research, we are developing new input techniques for handheld text entry. People with motor impairments suffer from symptoms that affect their ability to use conventional text entry methods. One symptom is a lack of stability in stylus movements caused by tremor or spasm. In an effort to create a more stable means of text entry, we are researching how to leverage elevated physical edges in our development of new text entry techniques. We present three edge-based techniques: Edge Keyboards, CornerSlide, and EdgeWrite.
A Longitudinal Examination of Offending and Specialization Among a Sample of Massachusetts Domestic Violence Offenders

A paucity of existing research focuses on longitudinal examinations of criminal trajectories among reoffenses committed by domestic violence offenders. Specifically, few studies have longitudinally assessed whether domestic violence offenders specialize, recidivating in domestic violence assault, or generalize, committing a range of personal and property crimes. Acknowledging these research deficiencies, the current study uses longitudinal data from a cohort of 317 batterers who were processed in a domestic violence court to investigate the trajectories of domestic violence arrests and nondomestic violence arrests over a 10-year period. The degree of overlap between domestic and nondomestic violence arrest trajectory groups is examined through a cross-tabulation and chi-square analysis. Logistic and multinomial regression models are applied to identify risk factors that distinguish trajectory groups. A PROC TRAJ procedure identifies two trajectory groups for domestic violence arrests (low and high rate) and three trajectory groups for nondomestic violence arrests (very low, low, and high rate). Results indicate that specialization among domestic violence offenders is rare-prior alcohol and drug crimes predict membership in the high-rate domestic violence arrest trajectory group and prior domestic violence arrests predict membership in both the low-rate and high-rate nondomestic violence arrest trajectories. Implications for future research and policy are discussed in this article.
Distributed interleaving of paralleled power converters

This paper introduces a distributed approach to interleaving paralleled power converter cells. Unlike conventional methods, the distributed approach requires no centralized control, automatically accommodates varying numbers of converter cells, and is highly tolerant of subsystem failures. A general methodology for achieving distributed interleaving is proposed, along with a specific implementation approach. The design and experimental verification of a 50 kHz prototype system is presented, and quantitative performance comparisons are made between synchronized clocking, independent clocking, and interleaved clocking of the converter cells. The experimental results corroborate the analytical predictions and demonstrate the tremendous benefits of the distributed interleaving approach.
Legacy of the Environmental Movement

The study of a broad range of social movements has indicated the continued reoccurrence of a "life-cycle" phenomenon. The movement frequently evolves out of a feeling of frustration and discontent, grows rapidly to a point of institutionalization when its impact on the larger society is greatest, and then enters a period of decline. A review of the environmental social movement indicates that it may be following a similar path. The period of rapid growth and broad popular support has already passed. Nevertheless, it is argued that the movement's impact, and hence its legacy, is already a significant one. Changes in the areas of cultural values, individual life-styles, and legal and legislative actions are reviewed to demonstrate this point. It is also projected that significant changes will continue to occur, though with perhaps less fanfare than was true in the past.
Statistical Power, Sampling, and Effect Sizes Three Keys to Research Relevancy

This article discusses the interrelated issues of statistical power, sampling, and effect sizes when conducting rigorous quantitative research. Technical and practical connections are made between these concepts and various inferential tests. To increase power and generate effect sizes that merit practical or clinical notice, not only must the research aims and associated design be well devised, reflecting best scientific practice, state of the art sampling procedures should be applied with sufficiently large and representative number of participants. Applications to research conducted in the counseling profession are included.
Electron microscopy of spores of Bacillus megaterium with special reference to the effects of fixation and thin sectioning.

Resting spores of Bacillus megaterium appear uniformly opaque and undifferentiated under the electron microscope. Germinated spores and spores which have lost their dipicolinic acid underwent characteristic changes in structure. Spores fixed with KMnO4 lose their dipicolinic acid. Spores fixed with OsO4 under certain conditions retain their dipicolinic acid. When conventional sectioning procedures are used with either method of fixation, abnormal spore structure is produced as a result of the solution of cellular constitutents. Dry sections of unfixed spores embedded in methacrylate reveal the spore structure in a more normal state. Indirect evidence has been obtained for the existence of a penetration barrier at or near the outer edge of the cortex.
A Vector Model of Trust for Developing Trustworthy Systems

All security services rely to a great extent on some notion of trust. However, even today, there is no accepted formalism or technique for the specification of trust and for reasoning about trust. Secure systems have been developed under the premise that concepts like ”trusted” or ”trustworthy” are well understood, unfortunately without even agreeing to what ”trust” means, how to measure it, how to compare two trust values and how to combine two trust values. In this work we propose a new vector model of trust. Our model proposes the notion of different degrees of trust, differentiates between trust and distrust and formalizes the dependence of trust on time. We believe that our model will help answer some of the questions posed earlier.
Ultra wideband CPW fed modified ring antenna

This paper presents a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed modified ring antenna that achieves a VSWR ≪ 2 and uniform radiation patterns over a 3:1 bandwidth ranging from 5 GHz to 15GHz. The antenna demonstrates an omni-directional radiation pattern in azimuth plane and symmetric radiation pattern in elevation plane. This characteristic is ideal for mobile wireless communication applications. The simple antenna structure, which is circularly patch connected to CPW feed line through the triangle transition, has an advantage of easy adjustment for the input impedance matching. The predicted results are compared with measured data and they show a good agreement.
The Madness of Things Peruvian: Democracy under Siege

This book describes the demise of Peruvian democracy as a metaphor for the challenges facing the cause of freedom in Latin America in the 1990s. Vargas Llosa describes how and why Peru's democracy collapsed in April 1992, after 12 years of precarious existence. As he explains, in Peru and elsewhere in the region, the destitute have always been skeptical about the virtues of democratic systems. Vargas Llosa sees the forces hostile to democracy in Peru as paralleled elsewhere on the continent, as democracy's enemies work energetically to undermine democracy in the name of order. Vargas Llosa argues that the failure of democracy in Peru is a result of historic vices and deficiencies in institutions constructed during the long years of dictatorship in Latin American nations. In the short intervals of democratic government that interrupted those years, elected leaders never dared to attempt reform of state institutions or state/society relationships. The resulting absence of political, economic, or cultural freedoms in all aspects of Latin American society is the root cause of the region's failure to build a democratic tradition. The collapse of democracy in Peru stunned its neighbors hi Lathi America because they saw its crisis reflected in their own institutions. Despite the bleak present Llosa describes, he is not pessimistic. He is concerned that reforms have been too timid, more rhetorical than real. He warns that just as democraticization in the eighties was greeted with euphoria, events of the nineties are replacing that euphoria with the fear that change is elusive. Tune may be running out. The book's vivid, accessible writing will invite interest hi The Madness of Things Peruvian from anyone interested in Lathi American affairs. Mr. Vargas Llosa's unique perspective as an insider in Peruvian politics provides those who have political or economic interests in the region with unusual insight into developments there.
A mutant deleted for most of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) UOL gene does not affect the spontaneous reactivation phenotype in rabbits

The mechanisms involved in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency-reactivation cycle are not fully understood. The latency-associated transcript (LAT) is the only HSV-1 RNA abundantly detected during neuronal latency. LAT plays a significant role in latency because LAT(−) mutants have a reduced reactivation phenotype. Several novel viral transcripts have been identified within the LAT locus, including UOL, which is located just upstream of LAT. The authors report here on a mutant, ΔUOL, which has a 437-nucleotide deletion that deletes most of UOL. ΔUOL replicated similarly to its wild-type parental McKrae HSV-1 strain in infected cells, the eyes, trigeminal ganglia, and brains of mice and rabbits. It was indistinguishable from wild-type virus as regards explant-induced reactivation in mice, and spontaneous reactivation in rabbits. In contrast, ΔUOL was significantly less virulent in mice. Thus, UOL appears to be dispensable for the wild-type reactivation phenotype while appearing to play a role in neurovirulence in ocularly infected animals.
Laser material processing in microelectronics manufacturing: status and near-term opportunities

Lasers continue to gain ground in materials processing applications for microelectronics manufacturing. Printed circuit boards, IC wafers, substrates for blue/green LEDs, and various components in flat panel displays are all being processed with lasers. Some of these operations, such as microvia drilling in high-density circuit boards, are well established; others are under evaluation or in early stages of development. This paper summarizes the status of a number of key applications that currently or potentially add value to the complex manufacturing processes for state-of-the-art microelectronic devices. Particular attention is paid to flat panel display manufacturing, where the worldwide massproduction ramp currently underway is demanding innovative techniques that provide the speed, quality, or flexibility needed to reduce manufacturing costs.
Why I believe nanoparticles are crucial as a carrier for targeted drug delivery.

Nanoparticles are the only materials small enough to target cells in the body, and therefore are crucial to targeted drug delivery. Issues with the synthesis, consistency, and bioactivity of these molecules are still being addressed, but base on current proof of concept studies there is a reason to believe that the ‘holy grail’ of targeted drug delivery might someday be achieved using nanoparticle-based systems. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1226 Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Which Properties in 3D Visualizations Cause Comprehension Difficulties

This paper presents preliminary results from a research project, which investigates how people comprehend the internal structure of 3D visualizations and what specific properties of such visualizations make it more difficult for users to understand the information being presented. Participants were asked to draw the face of the cut plane of various 3D visualizations while verbalizing their thoughts. Data was collected by videotaping participants’ problem solving process. The verbal protocols and participants’ gestures and drawings were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to generate hypotheses related to comprehension difficulties. Our initial analysis of the results found three properties that made problem solving more difficult for participants. These were, cutting planes at oblique angles to the planes of presentation, non-planar properties of the features contained in the 3D figures including curved layers and mixed combination of curved and flat layers. This research has direct implications in Information Science in that it suggests design features to avoid, if possible, in 3D information visualizations.
Transmission of on-off keying signal at 1310 nm using electrical post-compensation of SOA nonlinearity

An electrical post-compensation scheme for semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) nonlinearity has been proposed. A 1310 nm on-off keying transmission system was demonstrated with SOA nonlinearity compensation. An 8 dB improvement in Q-factor has been achieved.
Critical success factors for video conferencing

Much has been written about interactive video conferencing for learning and education. But few studies discuss the experiences of video conferencing as a possibility to resolve a schedule conflict at international conferences. Moreover, such discussions tend to focus on the quality of the learning experience and do not discuss the many challenges and activities that take place in order for the interactive session to take place. For an international event this typically requires coordination of the respective local technicians and several trial runs to ensure success at the crucial time, and even then during the live phase the transmission can be lost in a second. The following discusses video conferencing and presents a true case vignette of a series of events that took place prior to and during the 2005 Bled E-commerce Conference in order to identify the barriers and facilitators for effecting successful video conferencing.
Formulating Effective School-Corporation Partnerships: a policy analysis model

Abstract The work begins with a brief review of typical approaches to establishing organisational partnerships. A process is then posited through which the institution of education may be more effective in its efforts to establish partnerships with individual corporations within the American business community and concurrently enhance the stature of the profession of education. There is a focus on the classical definition of partnership, followed by a posited model grounded on mission, purpose, and policy analysis for legitimizing prospective inter‐institutional and organizational partnerships of all types. The model provides the basis for clear and functional organizational coupling which may be decidedly more acceptable to each prospective partner.
Distributed least square for consensus building in sensor networks

We present a novel mechanism for consensus building in sensor networks. The proposed algorithm has three main properties that make it suitable for general sensor-network learning. First, the proposed algorithm is based on robust nonparametric statistics and thereby needs little prior knowledge about the network and the function that needs to be estimated. Second, the algorithm uses only local information about the network and it communicates only with nearby sensors. Third, the algorithm is completely asynchronous and robust. It does not need to coordinate the sensors to estimate the underlying function and it is not affected if other sensors in the network stop working. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is an ideal candidate for sensor networks deployed in remote and inaccessible areas, which might need to change their objective once they have been set up.
Experience with high doses of para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

1) High dosages of PAS are possible in most patients able to take smaller doses, but the side-effects are more common and more troublesome. 2) Increased doses of PAS generally lead to increased blood levels of the drug, but there is marked variation from patient to patient. 3) Large doses of PAS seem to bring about decreased blood levels of prothrombin. 4) The results obtained with the use of high doses of PAS, are not impressive as compared to the use of combined therapy. 5) Use of PAS alone gives rise to strains of bacilli resistant to PAS. This may interfere with the use of combined streptomycin and PAS therapy at a later date.
Stock market volatility and the business cycle

SUMMARY This paper investigates the joint time series behavior of monthly stock returns and growth in industrial production. We find that stock returns are well characterized by year-long episodes of high volatility, separated by longer quiet periods. Real output growth, on the other hand, is subject to abrupt changes in the mean associated with economic recessions. We study a bivariate model in which these two changes are driven by related unobserved variables, and conclude that economic recessions are the primary factor that drives fluctuations in the volatility of stock returns. This framework proves useful both for forecasting stock volatility and for identifying and forecasting economic turning points.
Are appendectomy outcomes in level I trauma centers as good as we think

Abstract Background Designated trauma centers improve outcomes for severely injured patients. However, major trauma workload can disrupt other care pathways and some patient groups may compete ineffectively for resources with higher priority trauma cases. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment at a higher-level trauma center is an independent predictor for worse outcome after appendectomy. Methods An observational study was undertaken using an all-payer longitudinal data set (California State Inpatient Database 2007–2011). All patients with an ICD-90-CM diagnosis of “acute appendicitis” (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 540) that subsequently underwent appendectomy were included. Patients transferred between hospitals were excluded to minimize selection bias. The outcome measures were days to the operating room, length of stay, unplanned 30-d readmission (to any hospital in California), and in-hospital mortality. Logistic and generalized linear regression models were used to adjust for patient- (age, sex, payer status, race, Charlson comorbidity index, weekend admission, and generalized peritonitis) and hospital-level (teaching status and bed size) factors. Results There were 119,601 patients treated in 278 individual hospitals. Patients in level I trauma centers (L1TCs) reached the operating room later (predicted mean difference 0.25 d [95% confidence interval 0.14–0.36]), stayed in hospital longer (0.83 d [0.36–1.31]), and had higher adjusted odds of generalized peritonitis (odds ratio 1.63 [95% confidence interval 1.13–2.36]) than those in nontrauma centers. There were no differences in mortality or unplanned 30-d readmissions to hospital; or between level II trauma centers and nontrauma centers across any of the measured outcomes. Conclusions Odds of generalized peritonitis are higher and hospital length of stay is longer in L1TCs, although we found no evidence that patients come to serious harm in such institutions. Further work is necessary to determine whether pressure for resources in L1TCs can explain these findings.
Enhancing accuracy of arrhythmia classification by combining logical and machine learning techniques

This paper is a contribution to the Physionet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2015. The aim is to reduce the occurrence of false alarms in the ICU during the detection of asystole, extreme bradycardia, extreme tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Robust classification of each arrhythmia is achieved using a combination of logical and SVM-based machine learning techniques. Information from electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram signals, sampled at 250Hz, is used for logical analysis and to form the feature set. This information includes time-domain and frequency-domain data such as R-R intervals, power spectrum density, autocorrelation plots and standard deviation values. Pan-Tompkins algorithm is applied to ECG signals for QRS complex detection.
Innervation and Function of Grafted Hind Limbs in Amblystoma Punctatum

Experiments were carried out to study the effects of a heterotopic limb upon the growth of the spinal nerves in the vicinity of the lumbosacral plexus and to analyze the muscular movements of the limbs.The hind-limb rudiment of Amblystoma punctatum was excised at stages varying from 39 to 45 and implanted from one to 5 segments anterior to its normal position. Two types of operations were performed, an autoplastic series in which the right hind-limb rudiment was excised and reimplanted to the flank, and a homoplastic series in which either a right or a left hind-limb bud was transplanted to corresponding positions anterior to the normal limb.The limb rudiments transplanted at stages 42 to 45 were given various orientations. It was found that both the antero-posterior axis and the dorsoventral axis are irreversibly fixed at stage 42.When the wound made by the removal of the limb bud was covered with indifferent ectoderm from the flank region, regeneration occurred in only 9 out of 51 cases. When the wound ...
Infrared Spectroscopy of Li+(CH4)1Arn, n = 1−6, Clusters

Infrared predissociation (IRPD) spectra of Li+(CH4)1Arn, n = 1−6, clus-ters are reported in the C−H stretching region from 2800 to 3100 cm−1. The Li+ electric field perturbs CH4 lifting its tetrahe...
Response of a Host-Specific Herbivore to Resource Density, Relative Abundance, and Phenology

Ovipositing females of the host-specific herbivorous moth Frumenta nundinella Zeller discriminated among horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.) plants in the laboratory and at five field populations. In laboratory experiments, the number of larvae that developed in high-density plant groups was not significantly greater than the number that developed in low-density groups. Conse- quently, individual plants in low-density groups were disproportionately affected; twice as many larvae developed on them as on individual plants in high-density groups. Moths also discriminated between groups of pure horsenettle (high relative abundance) and groups of horsenettle plus another naturally co-occurring species (low relative abundance). Individual plants in high relative abundance groups had a tenfold greater infestation than did plants in low relative abundance groups. Natural horsenettle populations varied in density, relative abundance, plant size, and fruit pro- duction. Plant size, fruit production, and population density were all positively correlated, so the populations with the greatest density had the largest plants, which produced the most fruits. Despite differences in these plant parameters among sites, the extent of infestation differed little, except for one site that lacked parasitoids that attack F. nundinella. Infestation within field sites was heterogeneous among plants. Virtually all large plants (those with 15 fruits), but only about half the small plants (those with < 15 fruits), became infested (one or more infested fruit per plant). However, a greater proportion of the fruit crop was infested on small plants than on large plants. Large plants remained in flower an average 2.5 wk longer than did small plants, so a smaller proportion of their flowers was available during the short period of high oviposition risk. Because of the short oviposition period, plants that flowered earlier or later than the mean flowering time of their populations appeared to have lower infestations than did plants that flowered close to the population means.
A Discussion on Practical Prospects and Countmeasures of Green Environmental-Taxation Colletion

Nowadays,humanity has to face with the increasingly severe and accumulated environmental pollution.The pollution poses a threat to the continued existence of the mankind.People have to consider this problem,that is how to strengthen the environmental protection and slow down the environmental degeneration through collecting tax has become the core of sustainable development.The author points out that the tax collection on environmental protection,establishment and completion of taxation system to support of environmental protection for the long-term are to be paid close attention and put into practice.Only in this way,can the public awareness of the importance of environmental protection is enhanced.
Long-term heart disease and stroke mortality among former American prisoners of war of World War II and the Korean Conflict: results of a 50-year follow-up.

For the first 30 years after repatriation, former American prisoners of war (POWs) of World War II and the Korean Conflict had lower death rates for heart disease and stroke than non-POW veteran controls and the U.S. population, but subsequent morbidity data suggested that this survival advantage may have disappeared. We used U.S. federal records to obtain death data through 1996 and used proportional hazards analysis to compare the mortality experience of POWs and controls. POWs aged 75 years and older showed a significantly higher risk of heart disease deaths than controls (hazard ratio = 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.56), and their stroke mortality was also increased, although not significantly (hazard ratio = 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-1.91). These results suggest that circulatory disease sequelae of serious, acute malnutrition and the stresses associated with imprisonment may not appear until after many decades.
Is gastric occult blood analysis affecting patient care delivery

Two adult medical-surgical units in a large university hospital challenged the value of performing gastric occult blood testing in the acute care setting. As a result of their investigational findings, gastric occult blood testing was eliminated. Nursing time and patient care dollars were spent more efficiently, without compromising patient outcomes.
Skeletal muscle regeneration during aging and after long-term denervation

Data accumulated in recent years strongly suggest that the basis for at least part of the muscle atrophy seen in old age is related to the diminution of motor innervation in normal muscle and a decreased effectiveness of reinnervation of regenerating muscle fibers. Thus, attempts to stabilize reverse the decline of the skeletal musculature during aging must take into account both the effects of aging on the peripheral nervous system and the presence of populations of denervated muscle fibers in the aging muscles. Of considerable importance is the question of how long muscle fibers in old animals can remain denervated before they begin to lose their capacity for restoration if they ultimately become reinnervated. The experimental studies reviewed here have shown that normal muscles in old animals are capable of a high degree of restoration as long as their motor nerve supply remains undamaged. After a certain period of time, denervated muscle in young animals steadily loses the capacity to restore or repair itself. To date, so little information is available on the properties of denervated muscle in old animals that meaningful comparisons cannot be made. Ultimately, ensuring that normal or injured muscle in old individuals is supplied by an effective motor innervation may be a real key to the problems of muscle loss in old age, but if such could be provided, it will be important that the old musculature, whether normal or injured, is capable of adequately responding to the innervation.
Neofunctionalization of embryonic head patterning genes facilitates the positioning of novel traits on the dorsal head of adult beetles

The origin and integration of novel traits are fundamental processes during the developmental evolution of complex organisms. Yet how novel traits integrate into pre-existing contexts remains poorly understood. Beetle horns represent a spectacular evolutionary novelty integrated within the context of the adult dorsal head, a highly conserved trait complex present since the origin of insects. We investigated whether otd1/2 and six3 , members of a highly conserved gene network that instructs the formation of the anterior end of most bilaterians, also play roles in patterning more recently evolved traits. Using ablation-based fate-mapping, comparative larval RNA interference (RNAi) and transcript sequencing, we found that otd1/2 , but not six3 , play a fundamental role in the post-embryonic formation of the adult dorsal head and head horns of Onthophagus beetles. By contrast, neither gene appears to pattern the adult head of Tribolium flour beetles even though all are expressed in the dorsal head epidermis of both Onthophagus and Tribolium . We propose that, at least in beetles, the roles of otd genes during post-embryonic development are decoupled from their embryonic functions, and that potentially non-functional post-embryonic expression in the dorsal head facilitated their co-option into a novel horn-patterning network during Onthophagus evolution.
Liquid hydrogen droplet generation from a vibrating orifice

Publisher Summary This chapter unravels the basic mechanisms of droplet formation, so that shape and size can be controlled. Numerical studies of liquid hydrogen droplet generation in vapor helium from a vibrating orifice are conducted within the framework of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for multiphase flow. The numerical model is validated by experiments, and the numerically predicted droplet shapes show satisfactory agreement with the experimental photographs of droplets. Parametric studies on the influences of operational conditions on the droplet shape and size are conducted. It has been demonstrated that the computational model enables one to obtain a definitive qualitative picture of droplet shape evolution associated with the operating parameters. Parametric studies on the influence of injection velocity, nozzle vibration frequency, and amplitude on the droplet shape are also conducted. The model enables one to obtain a definitive qualitative picture of droplet shape evolution associated with the operating parameters, and may be used for quantitative analysis. In fact, the model can be used to aid the design of future experiments.
Increased Incidence of Listeria Species in Dairy Processing Plants Having Adjacent Farm Facilities

The processing environments of 30 dairy facilities were surveyed for the presence of Listeria species. Two different primary enrichment media - University of Vermont Modified Listeria Enrichment Broth and Listeria Repair Broth - were employed to increase the probability of identifying positive samples. Samples were also tested using both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-based (ELISA-based) assay and a gene probe assay. A total of 346 sponge samples were evaluated for the presence of Listeria . Listeria spp. were identified via one or more of the assays 122 (35.3%) times. Fifty-five of the positive samples (37.2%) contained Listeria monocytogenes and 93 (62.8%) contained Listeria innocua . Of the 30 plants tested, 9 had a dairy farm contiguous to the processing facilities. Our results show that these plants are more likely to be contaminated (9/9) than those plants without on site dairy farms (17/21). Analysis of the Listeria spp. results indicated that contamination was significantly higher (α = 0.1) at those plants with an on-site dairy farm (x = 50.1 %) than those plants without an on-site dairy farm (x = 33.5%). Plants producing dairy ingredients, frozen milk products or fluid milk were all shown to have significantly higher incidence rates than expected. Conversely, plants producing cultured dairy foods, or a combination of cultured dairy foods and fluid milk were found to have significantly lower incidence rates than expected. There was no statistically significant difference in contamination by area within the plants.
The Role of School Psychologists In Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Children and Youth

This is the second of two volumes of Contemporary School Psychology devoted to the role school psychologists play in meeting the social and emotional needs of children and youth. As discussed in the spring 2012 issue, this theme is in part driven by the legislative changes that ended the long-standing partnership between County Departments of Mental Health and Local Education Agencies and shifted the responsibilities for these services to the schools. Although this is a situation distinctive to California, the challenge of meeting the mental health needs of children and youth is a national concern.
Aversive properties of negative incentive shifts in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats.

Abstract Research on incentive contrast highlights that reward value is not absolute but rather is based upon comparisons we make to rewards we have received and expect to receive. Both human and nonhuman studies on incentive contrast show that shifting from a larger more-valued reward to a smaller less-valued reward is associated with long periods of nonresponding – a negative contrast effect. In this investigation, we used two different genetic rat strains, Fischer 344 and Lewis rats that putatively differ in their sensitivity to aversive stimulation, to assess the aversive properties of large-to-small reward shifts (negative incentive shifts). Additionally, we examined the extent to which increasing cost (fixed-ratio requirements) modulates negative contrast effects. In the presence of a cue that signaled the upcoming reward magnitude, lever pressing was reinforced with one of two different magnitudes of food (large or small). This design created two contrast shifts (small-to-large, large-to-small) and two shifts used as control conditions (small-to-small, large-to-large). Results showed a significant interaction between rat strain and cost requirements only during the negative incentive shift with the emotionally reactive Fischer 344 rats exhibiting significantly longer response latencies with increasing cost, highlighting greater negative contrast. These findings are more consistent with emotionality accounts of negative contrast and results of neurophysiological research that suggests shifting from a large to a small reward is aversive. Findings also highlight how subjective reward value and motivation is a product of gene-environment interactions.
On the Micropolitics and Edges of Survival in a Technocapital Sacrifice Zone

This article explores the industrial sacrifice zone of Endicott, New York, which in 1924 became the birthplace of International Business Machines Corporation and quickly established itself as an in...
Prognostic Factors Influencing Survival in Solitary Plasmacytoma: A SEER Database Analysis.

Solitary plasmacytoma (PCM) is a focal, neoplastic, plasma cell disorder without evidence of systemic disease. While PCM is a clinically distinct entity, survival can be limited by progression to multiple myeloma. Prior studies have attempted to identify factors influencing survival in PCM but have been limited by small patient cohorts. This study identified 1472 patients with PCM using the SEER database between 1988 and 2004. The median age of the patients was 64 years (range 12–97), 65.4% male, 34.6% female, 83% Caucasians, 10.7% African Americans and 6.3% other races. 63.8% had medullary PCM and 36.2% extramedullary PCM. 84% of medullary PCM occurred in axial skeleton and the rest in appendicular skeleton. Extramedullary PCM most frequently occurred in the head and neck region (51.4%) followed by skin/subcutaneous tissue (16.2%), GI tract 6% and other sites (26.4%). 55.2% were treated with radiation therapy alone, 29.5% with radiation therapy and surgery and 15.3% with surgery alone. 558 died during this period and the mean overall survival was 6.83 years (range, 0–16.9). The cause of death was multiple myeloma in 49.6%, other cancers 20.9% and cardiovascular diseases 12.9%. In all patients, survival probability at one year was 87.6% (95% CI, 85–89%), at five years was 58.9% (95% CI, 56–62%), and at 10 years was 40.0% (95% CI, 36–44%). The five year overall survival in the ≤40yo cohort was 83.5% as compared to 76.7% and 44.8% in the 40–60yo and >60yo groups, respectively (p 60yo group, respectively (p Table 1. Multivariate Analysis of Prognostic Factors