cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining Design between Domains: An Argument for Design Research á la Carte

Publisher Summary This chapter explores common descriptions of design—that design involves abductive reasoning, construction, ill-defined problem solving skills, or wicked problem solving skills—and argues that they are not always sharp enough to both distinguish design from other types of problem solving and unite design across different design-related disciplines. It is proposed that research and education focusing on mid-level constructs, such as analogy, may help to solidify design research by yielding results that cross design disciplines. The dominant approach in design studies has been to claim design as a unique type of problem solving with unique features. Along these lines, a major goal of design studies has been to verify and catalog these features, many of which deal with the structure of design problems and attributes of design behavior. An alternative to starting with complete and distinct notions of design is to treat design problem solving as problem solving in general, and focus individually on the reasoning processes that are involved. This does not mean taking a bottom–up cognitive approach in which basic cognitive parameters, like memory and attention are clarified and integrated into more complex processes. The idea, rather, is to focus on the types of reasoning—on things like analogy, coherence seeking, mental simulation, dynamic modeling, argumentation, decision making, and so forth—as they contribute to the generation of new artifacts.
A hot tumor blush in the heart: multimodality imaging characteristics of a right atrial hemangioma.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 46-year-old asymptomatic woman underwent a positron emission tomography scan as part of an evaluation for a stage 1B cervical cancer, which revealed a hypermetabolic area in the right atrium (RA) (A, asterisk) . A
What is really extraordinary in cuprate superconductors

Abstract Over the course of three decades of intense study, apart from the exceptionally high critical temperature, many unusual properties of cuprates have been discovered, notably including resistivity linear in temperature, electronic Raman continuum and optical absorption extending throughout the infrared region, pseudogap, hour-glass spin excitation spectrum, etc. However, each of these features have been also observed in other materials, including some that are not even superconducting at all. Here, we describe an extensive experiment in which over 2000 films of the La2−xSrxCuO4 have been synthesized and studied in detail over the course of the last twelve years. We argue that, uniquely, in the cuprates an unusual superconducting state, that defies the standard BCS description, develops from an unusual metallic state, in which the rotational symmetry of the electron fluid is spontaneously broken.
Systemic barriers in substance use disorder treatment: A prospective qualitative study of professionals in the field.

Abstract Background The US is in the midst of one of the largest public health crises in recent history with over 63,000 drug poisoning deaths in 2016 and a projected annual economic cost of over $420 billion. With the rise of deaths and economic burden related to substance use, it is paramount that systemic barriers within the treatment industry be identified and resolved. Methods Data were collected from US substance use treatment professionals (N = 182) in the fall of 2016. Thematic analysis with axial coding was used on anonymized responses to an online open-ended survey. Additional ad hoc testing for variance (education, generation, regional location, and employment) was completed using Monte Carlo chi-square analyses. Results 7 major themes emerged: 1) additional training, education, and use of evidence-based practices, 2) expansion of treatment services, 3) increased resources, 4) stigma reduction, 5) increased collaboration and leadership, 6) reductions in regulations, requirements, and incentives, and 7) expansion of recovery support services. Participant response yielded a significant relationship between employment type (p = 0.002) and regional location (p = 0.046). Conclusions Systemic barriers in the treatment field are prevalent from the perspective of professionals engaged in the field. While previously identified barriers are still present, newly reported barriers include: 1) lack of treatment services (e.g., capacity), 2) lack of technological resources (e.g., technological support tools), 3) lack of recovery support services (e.g., recovery housing), 4) lack of collaboration and leadership (e.g., communication and partnership), and 5) increasing unethical practices in the field (e.g., incentive-based patient brokering).
NUMERICAL METHODS DEVELOPED FOR THE SIMULATION OF COUPLED HIGH-ENERGY GAS FLOWS AND STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION IN GEOLOGIC MEDIA

This paper summarizes work performed to address the generic question: If an opening extends from a nuclear explosive that is emplaced underground, will energy be preferentially channeled into this opening, or will ground shock close the hole? The numerical models developed to address this question and the comparison of those models with data obtained from shock tube experiments are presented. The results indicate that: 1) the numerical models developed are capable of simulating shock tube flows ranging from conventional low-energy shock tubes through nuclear shock tubes, and 2) significant energy can be preferentially channeled into an opening that extends outward from the original energy source.
Phosphatase 2A participates in interferon-gamma's induced upregulation of C1 inhibitor mRNA expression.

C1 inhibitor (C1 INH) is the major inhibitor of the proteolytically active subcomponents of C1, kallikrein, activated forms of factor XII, and factor XIa in plasma. We determined the mechanism(s) how interferon- gamma (IFN-gamma) regulates C1 INH mRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Cycloheximide or anisomycin treatment alone did not increase C1 INH mRNA nor did it potentiate C1 INH mRNA expression after IFN-gamma stimulation. C1 INH mRNA levels on Northern blot from untreated and IFN- gamma-treated cells did not change for more than 20 hours after actinomycin D treatment. Actinomycin D and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta- ribofuranosylbenzimidazole abolished IFN-gamma-induced C1 INH mRNA expression. Relatively more C1 INH mRNA precursor (heterogeneous nuclear RNA [hnRNA]) was detected in total RNA from IFN-gamma-treated HepG2 cells than unstimulated cells. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitors, okadaic acid (> or = 50 nmol/L) and calyculin (> or = 25 nmol/L), decreased IFN-gamma9s ability to upregulated C1 INH mRNA. The phosphatase 2A inhibitor, cantharidin (> or = 10 micromol/L), also blocked the IFN-gamma induction of the C1 INH gene. In HepG2 cells total phosphatase 2A activity was significantly increased by C6 ceramide but not IFN-gamma. However, C6 ceramide itself did not increase C1 INH mRNA expression. These data indicate that phosphatase 2A is required to dephosphorylate a substrate in order for IFN-gamma to induce the transcriptional upregulation of C1 INH mRNA, but phosphatase 2A is not a direct stimulator of C1 INH gene expression.
Reflected-Reactor Kinetics*

The zero-power kinetic behavior of reflected reactors has been investigated using a simple model, in order to determine what modifications are necessary in the use of bare-reactor kinetics in inter...
GIRK currents in VTA dopamine neurons control the sensitivity of mice to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization

GABABR-dependent activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK or KIR3) provides a well-known source of inhibition in the brain, but the details on how this important inhibitory pathway affects neural circuits are lacking. We used sorting nexin 27 (SNX27), an endosomal adaptor protein that associates with GIRK2c and GIRK3 subunits, to probe the role of GIRK channels in reward circuits. A conditional knockout of SNX27 in both substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons leads to markedly smaller GABABR- and dopamine D2R-activated GIRK currents, as well as to suprasensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Expression of the SNX27-insensitive GIRK2a subunit in SNX27-deficient VTA dopamine neurons restored GIRK currents and GABABR-dependent inhibition of spike firing, while also resetting the mouse’s sensitivity to cocaine-dependent sensitization. These results establish a link between slow inhibition mediated by GIRK channels in VTA dopamine neurons and cocaine addiction, revealing a therapeutic target for treating addiction.
A remote sensing technique for detecting laurel wilt disease in avocado in presence of other biotic and abiotic stresses

Abstract Early and accurate disease detection is essential for implementing timely disease management practices. Current disease detection tactics, like visual detection through scouting, are labor intensive, expensive, requires a level of expertise in pest identification, and, may result in subjective disease identification. Diagnosis based on visual symptoms is often compromised by the inability to differentiate between similar symptoms caused by different biotic and abiotic factors. In this paper, an automated early disease detection technique for avocado trees is presented and evaluated. This remote sensing technique can detect an important avocado disease, the laurel wilt (Lw) disease, and differentiate it from healthy trees (H), trees infected by phytophthora root rot (Prr), and trees with iron (Fe) and nitrogen (N) deficiencies. Detection of Lw disease in avocado trees, in early stage, is very difficult, because it has similar symptoms with other stress factors such as nutrient deficiency, salt damage, phytophthora root rot, etc. The proposed disease detection procedure contains several steps including image acquisition, image pre-processing, image segmentation, feature extraction and classification. For image acquisition, two cameras were utilized and evaluated: (i) a Tetracamera (6 bands Tetracam) and (ii) a modified Canon camera (3 bands); and two classification methods were studied: (a) neural network multilayer perceptron (MLP), and (ii) K- nearest neighbors, to detect Lw in asymptomatic stage and in late (symptomatic) stage. Additionally, two segmentation methods, region of interest (OVROI) and polygon region of interest (PROI), were utilized. The MLP classification method with the Tetracam was able to successfully detect Lw with an accuracy of 99% in asymptomatic (early) stage. Hence, low-cost remote technique can be utilized to differentiate healthy and unhealthy plants.
Parental Dissatisfaction, Health, and Well-Being Among Older Chinese Adults: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Feeling Useless:

Little work has considered the relationship between parental dissatisfaction and health and well-being among older adults. This study investigates whether parental dissatisfaction is linked to four...
Geological and tectonic evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains, from ancient craton to recent enigma

Abstract The Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) are one of Earth's great mountain belts and are a fundamental physiographic feature of Antarctica. They are continental-scale, traverse a wide range of latitudes, have high relief, contain a significant proportion of exposed rock on the continent, and represent a major arc of environmental and geological transition. Although the modern physiography is largely of Cenozoic origin, this major feature has persisted for hundreds of millions of years since the Neoproterozoic to the modern. Its mere existence as the planet's longest intraplate mountain belt at the transition between a thick stable craton in East Antarctica and a large extensional province in West Antarctica is a continuing enigma. The early and more cryptic tectonic evolution of the TAM includes Mesoarchean and Paleoproterozoic crust formation as part of the Columbia supercontinent, followed by Neoproterozoic rift separation from Laurentia during breakup of Rodinia. Development of an Andean-style Gondwana convergent margin resulted in a long-lived Ross orogenic cycle from the late Neoproterozoic to the early Paleozoic, succeeded by crustal stabilization and widespread denudation during early Gondwana time, and intra-cratonic and foreland-basin sedimentation during late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic development of Pangea. Voluminous mafic volcanism, sill emplacement, and layered igneous intrusion are a primary signature of hotspot-influenced Jurassic extension during Gondwana breakup. The most recent phase of TAM evolution involved tectonic uplift and exhumation related to Cenozoic extension at the inboard edge of the West Antarctic Rift System, accompanied by Neogene to modern glaciation and volcanism related to the McMurdo alkaline volcanic province. Despite the remote location and relative inaccessibility of the TAM, its underlying varied and diachronous geology provides important clues for reconstructing past supercontinents and influences the modern flow patterns of both ice and atmospheric circulation, signifying that the TAM have both continental and global importance through time.
The impact of health insurance on problematic substance use among justice-involved individuals

One of the key issues justice-involved individuals face is problematic substance use. In this paper, we explore whether health insurance coverage is associated with reductions in substance use issu...
Students of Purdue Observing Tornadic Thunderstorms for Research (SPOTTR) A Severe Storms Field Work Course at Purdue University

CapsuleA brief exposure to severe storms field work results in substantial aspirational and knowledge gains for students.
Proximate Social Factors in First-Time Contribution to Online Communities

In the course of every member's integration into an online community, a decision must be made to participate for the first time. The challenges of effective recruitment, management, and retention of new users have been extensively explored in social computing research. However, little work has looked at in-the-moment factors that lead users to decide to participate instead of "lurk", conditions which can be shaped to draw new users in at crucial moments. In this work we analyze 183 million messages scraped from chatrooms on the livestreaming platform Twitch in order to understand differences between first-time participants' and regulars' behaviors and to identify conditions that encourage first-time participation. We find that presence of diverse types of users increases likelihood of new participation, with effects depending on the size of the community. We also find that information-seeking behaviors in first-time participation are negatively associated with retention in the short and medium term.
Beef cattle transportation issues in the United States

Transportation of cattle is one of the most common practices in the beef industry. This proceedings focuses on some specific opportunities for the beef industry pertaining to transportation. Whether transporting calves for veal production or cull cows for slaughter, fitness for transport must be evaluated by the producer. Cattle haulers need to focus on opportunities to provide a comfortable, safe ride between destinations. Finally, cattlemen and cattlewomen must be prepared to help cattle prepare and recover from transportation to improve cattle health and performance.
Operative vs. Non-operative Management of Type II Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children: An Expected Value Decision Analysis & Direct Cost Comparison

Background: Supracondylar humeral fractures account for up to 15% of pediatric fractures. Although most physicians agree on Gartland Type I and III fracture management, debate remains regarding Type II fracture management. By comparing the costs and expected utility produced by operative and non-operative management, this study helps health-care providers make management decisions which maximize patient utility and reduce health-care costs. Hypothesis: Comparing charges and expected utilities of operative and non-operative management of Type II supracondylar humeral fractures in children can …
Revealing Substrate Positioning Dynamics in Non-heme Fe(II)/αKG-dependent Halogenases Through Spectroscopically Guided Simulation

Non-heme iron halogenases, such as SyrB2, WelO5, and BesD, halogenate unactivated carbon atoms of diverse substrates at ambient conditions with exquisite selectivity seldom matched by non-biological catalysts. Although crystallography, spectroscopy, and kinetic measurements provide foundational knowledge of enzyme structure and function, critical gaps remain in our understanding of how the protein environment dynamically reorganizes to a catalytically active state capable of halogenation. Using experimentally-guided molecular dynamics (MD) simulations augmented with multi-scale (i.e., QM/MM) simulations of substrate-bound complexes of BesD and WelO5, we investigate substrate/active-site dynamics that enable selective halogenation. Our simulations reveal that active-site configurational isomerization is necessary in WelO5 to attain substrate/active-site geometry consistent with its observed chemo- and regioselectivity. Conversely, a slight reorientation of the substrate from its crystal-structure position is sufficient to enable regioselective chlorination in BesD without the need to invoke active-site isomerization. We observe how substrate-protein interactions evolve during experimentally-motivated MD of halogenases. We relate the nature of these interactions to the distinct substrates. For BesD, we resolve the uncertainty around the mechanistic relevance of Asn219 based on a prior mutagenesis study. By quantifying the presence of thermodynamically competitive C-H bonds on substrates of SyrB2, BesD, and WelO5, we confirm the need for the protein environment to strategically position the substrate to impart regioselectivity to halogenases. Our simulations reveal that the optimum substrate/active-site geometry also outweighs interactions between active site ligands and the protein environment in facilitating the required chemoselectivity in halogenases.
PL10 Using pathogen population genomics to study the evolution, spread, and antibiotic resistance of STIs

The analysis of genomes from populations of isolates can help address many questions relevant to the pathogen’s biology and epidemiology and thus inform on clinical and public health practice. These questions include the origins and evolution of the pathogen, its spread through populations, and the genes and genotypes associated with a pathogen’s antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and other phenotypes of interest. Here, I will discuss the application of population genomics to STIs, with a focus on Neisseria gonorrhoeae and with highlights from other sexually transmitted pathogens.
The Individual at the End of Time, and Paths Beyond

Ana-Maurine Lara’s Erzulie’s Skirt, a contemporary novel set in the Dominican Republic which follows the lives of multiple generations of women, constantly moves between and outside of borders, whether they be geopolitical, temporal, or in narrative form. Just as well, Rita Indiana’s Tentacle, a speculative novel also set in the Dominican Republic, challenges borders through the story of its main protagonist and his struggles with spirits, queerness, and the politics of a dying world. Both novels utilize the environment as a grounding force that provides insight into the respective trials the characters face, both within the scope of the orishas’ continued presence as both spirits and representatives of the land and water which informs much of the narratives, and the spatiotemporal politics of the Dominican Republic. Through the machinations of the spirits who guide the characters in both novels, and the consistent engagement with questions of family, queer lifeworlds, and time, Lara and Indiana demonstrate the interconnectedness of borders, environments, and time to varying ends. By providing narratives which begin to map out worlds beyond death, be they ends or beginnings, the authors contend with the violences of the past in ways that point to the potentialities of the future. What these futures look like, as Tentacle and Erzulie’s Skirt tell us, ultimately rely on the limitations or unboundedness of our imaginations.
Biochemistry and physiology of bioluminescent bacteria.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biochemistry and physiology of bioluminescent bacteria. The function of bioluminescent bacteria is to emit light in biological systems. The chapter explains the variety of habitats in which these bacteria are found, the light-emitting system may play an important role in their ecology or physiology. The luciferase in bacteria, unlike that of any other luminous group (except, perhaps, the fungi), is related to the respiratory pathway, functioning as a shunt for electrons directly to oxygen at the level of reduced flavin. This luciferase is an external flavin mono-oxygenase or mixed-function oxidase, electrons for reduction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) are provided by the reducing power derived from the electron-transport pathway. The light-emitting reaction then proceeds via the reaction of molecular oxygen with reduced flavin to form an intermediate luciferase-flavin peroxy species, whose breakdown provides energy sufficient to leave one of the products in an electronically excited singlet state, with subsequent light emission. The bacterial (luciferase-bound) peroxide chromophore, which has been isolated and characterized, provides a model in this respect for the different bioluminescent reactions.
Surgical staging and cytoreductive surgery of epithelial ovarian cancer

Background. Surgery remains the cornerstone of the treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer. In early ovarian cancer, the initial operation is a complete assessment of the spread of disease. In this staging operation, 33% of patients thought to have either Stage I or II tumors will be found to have advanced-stage disease. The correct diagnosis of advanced disease prevents improper treatment of patients originally thought to have early disease. For patients with advanced disease, the initial cytoreductive operation reduces tumor bulk and produces increased sensitivity to chemotherapy for the remaining tumor
Wavelength switched fiber-optically controlled ultrasonic intracavity probes

It would be desirable to have ultrasonic energy control systems that, with minimal hardware change, operate over wide tunable and instantaneous bandwidths, such as required for the different ultrasonic medical modes. Today's mature fiber-optic (FO) technology could be used to develop low cost, high performance ultrasonic systems. Hence, recently, we have put forth the first proposal for the use of photonic beamforming for both narrowband and wideband ultrasonic arrays. In this paper, we propose a novel FO control system for intracavity ultrasonic probes, particularly for wide instantaneous bandwidth high resolution imaging.
Shifting the Paradigm

Agricultural safety and health issues affecting producers and their families are complicated, requiring equally complex solutions that address underlying factors. Furthermore, these efforts must involve all in the community who provide information, services, and products to the agricultural industry. This paper suggests that we need to shift our paradigm of thinking about how rural leaders and professionals address these problems. We believe that professionals including health providers, educators, producers, rural agribusinesses, and others with a stake in the field of agromedicine must work together through community coalitions and other similar groups in their efforts to protect farmers and their families.
ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF BLOOD IN NORMAL INFANTS

Acid-base equilibrium of arterialized capillary blood was determined on 139 normal infants between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. The mean and standard deviation of each component was as follows: pH 7.398 ± 0.027, base excess -3.2 ± 1.7 mEq/L, pCO2 33.8 ± 3.7 mm Hg, and plasma total CO2 content 21.1 ± 1.9 mM/L. When compared to normal adult values, all components except blood pH were reduced to a statistically significant extent. These data are proposed as definitive standards for normal acid-base equilibrium in infants of this age group.
C. elegans serine-threonine kinase KIN-29 modulates TGFβ signaling and regulates body size formation

In C. elegans there are two well-defined TGFβ-like signaling pathways. The Sma/Mab pathway affects body size morphogenesis, male tail development and spicule formation while the Daf pathway regulates entry into and exit out of the dauer state. To identify additional factors that modulate TGFβ signaling in the Sma/Mab pathway, we have undertaken a genetic screen for small animals and have identified kin-29.
TEMPO‐methyl‐polystyrene resin

(C18H27NO)12n · (C10H10)n · (C8H8)87n) (Polymer-supported initiator of living free radical polymerization; core support for the preparation of Rasta resins.1-4) Alternate Name: TEMPO-methyl resin. Solubility: Insoluble in all solvents. Swells in aprotic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and N,N-dimethylformamide. Form Supplied in: Sand-colored, spherical polymer beads (75–192 μM, 1.0–1.86 mmol g−1). Analysis of Reagent Purity: Elemental analysis. Preparative Methods: Prepared by reaction of Merrifield's resin with the sodium salt of 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine in N,N-dimethylformamide (∼6 equiv) at room temperature.1 Purification: Wash repeatedly with a variety of solvents including water, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and hexanes; then dry at reduced pressure.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: Store at 0–20 °C. TEMPO-methyl-polystyrene resin does not require any special handling precautions other than avoiding conditions that crush the polymer beads.
Biosynthesis of plant-specific stilbene polyketides in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli

Background Phenylpropanoids are the precursors to a range of important plant metabolites such as the cell wall constituent lignin and the secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoid/stilbene class of compounds. The latter class of plant natural products has been shown to function in a wide range of biological activities. During the last few years an increasing number of health benefits have been associated with these compounds. In particular, they demonstrate potent antioxidant activity and the ability to selectively inhibit certain tyrosine kinases. Biosynthesis of many medicinally important plant secondary metabolites, including stilbenes, is frequently not very well understood and under tight spatial and temporal control, limiting their availability from plant sources. As an alternative, we sought to develop an approach for the biosynthesis of diverse stilbenes by engineered recombinant microbial cells.
The influence of introductory techniques on the formation of captive mangabey groups

Twenty seven sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) were used in a series of experiments concerned with the effects of introductory technique upon group formation. The number of animals introduced, the number of animals resident and the age and sex characteristics of the newcomers and residents all influenced the nature of initial interactions. When preformed groups were introduced to each other another level of complexity was introduced inasmuch as the physical limitations of the test situation precluded permanent maintenance of two group structures. The reception of newcomers was similar to that described in macaque experiments but group integrative mechanisms were clearly still in progress at the conclusion of the experimental period. A well organized successful breeding group has emerged from these experiments.
Linewidth narrowing in an imbalanced Y-branch waveguide laser.

A Y-branch channel waveguide laser whose branch segments were mismatched in length by 2.4% was fabricated by electric-field-assisted ion exchange in Nd-doped, mixed alkali–silicate glass. The laser output wavelength was centered at 1057.3 nm, and the linewidth was 0.4 nm FWHM. Our similarly fabricated single-channel Fabry–Perot lasers and balanced Y-branch lasers display linewidths of 3–4 nm. Pumping was performed with a cw Ti:sapphire laser operating at 785 nm. The imbalanced Y-branch laser reached threshold with an absorbed pump power of 48 mW when a 2% transmitting output coupler was used. The slope efficiency was 2%. An extended cavity was used to imbalance the arms in a second laser by a ratio of 2.8:1. This device displayed a linewidth of approximately 3.7 GHz FWHM. The linewidth narrowing of these coupled-cavity lasers is analogous to that seen in a Michelson laser.
Comparing street tree assemblages and associated stormwater benefits among communities in metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Abstract Green infrastructure approaches leverage vegetation and soil to improve environmental quality. Municipal street trees are crucial components of urban green infrastructure because they provide stormwater interception benefits and other ecosystem services. Thus, it is important to understand the patterns and drivers of structural heterogeneity in urban street tree assemblages. In this study, we compared the forest structure of street trees across nine communities along both geographic and demographic gradients in metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Specifically, we used a two-part statistical model to compare both the proportion of sampled street segments containing zero trees, and basal area magnitude for street segments with trees. We made community-scale comparisons based on street tree management, socioeconomics, and geographic setting. Then, using modeled stormwater interception estimates from i-Tree Streets, we investigated the implications of heterogeneity in street tree assemblages for stormwater interception benefits. The forest structure of street trees varied across communities in relation to management practices, namely participation in the Tree City USA program. As a consequence of this structural difference, we observed a stark discrepancy in estimated stormwater interception between Tree City USA participants (128.7 m 3 /km street length) and non-participants (59.2 m 3 /km street length). While street tree assemblages did not vary by community poverty status, we did find differences according to community racial composition. In contrast to previous research, basal area was greater in predominantly black (i.e., African American) and racially mixed communities than in predominantly white communities. We did not observe structural differences across geographic strata. This research underscores the importance of proactive management practices for increasing the forest structure of street trees. Our findings regarding socioeconomics and geographic setting contrast previous studies, suggesting the need for continued research into the drivers of structural heterogeneity in street tree assemblages.
Elevating marketing: marketing is dead! Long live marketing!

Marketing must be elevated to a higher level of consciousness. A consciousness that grows beyond solving small, immediate problems to addressing long-term, large problems that goes beyond individual customer satisfaction and short-term financial performance to encompass the total value creation system. The discipline, in theory and practice, must move beyond a narrow focus on customers to a broader concern for them as citizen-consumers. This necessitates a recommitment of marketing to its fundamental purpose in society, which is improving the standard of living for all citizens by co-creating value at all levels within a socio-economic system. An elevated (systems) concept of marketing must focus on micro, meso and macro systems with an understanding of the purpose and shared vision for each system, a clear identification of responsibilities, and a focus on resource effectiveness and efficiency.
Differential sensitivity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated killer cells to inhibition by L-ornithine.

Abstract The selective inhibition of murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation in C57B1/6 (B6) anti-DBA/2 mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) by the amino acid l -ornithine (Orn) could not be reversed by addition of up to 1000 U/ml IL-2. Analysis of the effects of Orn on induction of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK cells), using dosages of IL-2 from 10–1000 U/ml and measuring cytolytic activity against two tumor targets (P815 and YAC-1) over the course of 5 days, indicated that LAK cells were not suppressed by Orn. LAK precursors and effector cells were CD8 − and ASGM1 + , indicating that they were derived from natural killer (NK) cells. We also found that the growth and maintenance of cloned CTL lines were not sensitive to inhibition by Orn; nor was their acquisition of nonspecific cytolytic activity in the presence of high lymphokine concentrations. Thus, induction of naive CTL shows differential susceptibility to Orn inhibition relative to LAK and LAK-like activities by NK and cloned CTL lines in response to IL-2.
A microprocessor-controlled system for precise measurement of temperature changes. Determination of the enthalpies of hydrolysis of some polyoxygenated hydrocarbons

Abstract An inexpensive microprocessor-controlled system for measuring temperature changes is described. It uses a quartz probe as the temperature-sensing element and a totally integrating counter for the frequency measurement. In measurements of the increase in temperature of an LKB submarine reaction calorimeter caused by stirring and heat leakage over a 3600 s period, the r.m.s. error with respect to a smooth curve was 50 μK. The accuracy and precision of the calorimetric system for monitoring temperature changes was determined by measurement of the enthalpy of reaction of tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane with 0.1 mol dm −3 HCl at 298.15 K. The average of 10 measurements was −(29765 ± 13) J mol −1 , in excellent agreement with the N.B.S. value. The system was used to determine the enthalpy of hydrolysis of 2,2-dimethoxypropane, trimethyl orthoacetate, and tetramethyl orthocarbonate. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of increasing oxygen substitution at a carbon atom.
An Objective Method for Inferring Sources of Model Error

Abstract A restricted statistical correction (RSC) approach is introduced to assess the sources of error in general circulation models (GCMs). RSC models short-term forecast error by considering linear transformations of the GCM's forcing terms, which produce a “best” model in a restricted least squares sense. The results of RSC provide 1) a partitioning of the systematic error among the various GCM's forcing terms, and 2) a consistent partitioning of the nonsystematic error among the GCM forcing terms, which maximize the explained variance. In practice, RSC requires a substantial reduction in the dimensionality of the resulting regression problem: the approach described here projects the fields on the eigenvectors of the error covariance matrix. An example of RSC is presented for the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) GCM's vertically integrated moisture equation over the continental United States during spring. The results are based on the history of analysis increments (“errors”) from a multiyear da...
Quality of service provision in noncooperative networks with diverse user requirements

Abstract This paper studies the quality of service (QoS) provision problem in noncooperative networks where applications or users are selfish and routers implement generalized processor sharing based packet scheduling. We formulate a model of QoS provision in noncooperative networks where users are given the freedom to choose both the service classes and traffic volume allocated, and heterogenous QoS preferences are captured by a user's utility function. We present a comprehensive analysis of the noncooperative multi-class QoS provision game, giving a complete characterization of Nash equilibria and their existence criteria, and show under what conditions they are Pareto- and system-optimal. We show that, in general, Nash equilibria need not exist, and when they do exist, they need not be Pareto- nor system-optimal. For certain “resource-plentiful” systems, however, we show that the world indeed can be nice with Nash equilibria, Pareto optima, and system optima collapsing into a single class. We study the problem of facilitating effective QoS in systems with multi-dimensional QoS vectors containing both mean- and burstiness-related QoS measures. We extend the game-theoretic analysis to multi-dimensional QoS vector games and show under what conditions the aforementioned results carry over.
STEP FACETING AT THE (001) SURFACE OF BORON DOPED SILICON

We have used low energy electron microscopy to study the energetics of steps on the (001) surface of heavily boron doped Si. When the surface is cooled below 980{degree}C, the S{sub B} step restructures dramatically, assuming a sawtooth profile consisting of triangular facets. The apex angle of the facets is strongly temperature dependent. By quantitative analysis of thermal step fluctuations and 2D island shapes we show that the free energy of isolated S{sub A} steps decreases sharply as the temperature is lowered. Using the Wulff construction, we demonstrate that the observed faceting is a direct consequence of the vanishing S{sub A} step free energy. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Accurate nonfluoroscopic guidance and tip location of peripherally inserted central catheters using a conductance guidewire system.

Background Bedside placement of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) may result in navigation to undesirable locations, such as the contralateral innominate or jugular vein, instead of the superior vena cava or right atrium. Although some guidance and tip location tools exist, they have inherent limitations because of reliance on physiological measures (eg, chest landmarks, electrocardiogram, etc), instead of anatomical assessment (ie, geometric changes in the vasculature). In this study, an accurate, anatomically based, non-X-ray guidance tool placed on a novel 0.035” conductance guidewire (CGW) is validated for PICC navigation and tip location. Methods The CGW system uses electrical conductance recordings to assess changes in vessel cross-sectional area to guide navigation of the PICC tip. Conductance rises and oscillates when going in the correct direction to the superior vena cava/right atrium, but drops when going in the incorrect direction away from the heart. Bench and in vivo studies in six swine were used to confirm the accuracy and repeatability of the PICC placement at various anatomical locations. The PICC tip location was confirmed by direct visualization vs the desired location. Results CGW PICC guidance was highly accurate and repeatable with virtually no difference between actual and desired catheter tip location. The difference between the CGW PICC location vs the desired target was −0.07 ± 0.07 cm (6.6% error) on the bench and 0.04 ± 0.10 cm (5% error) in vivo. No complications or adverse events occurred during CGW usage. Conclusions The CGW provides an anatomically based, reproducible, and clinically significant method for PICC navigation and tip location that can improve accuracy, decrease the wait time prior to therapy delivery, decrease cost, and minimize the need for X-ray. These findings warrant clinical evaluation of this navigation tool for PICC line placement.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF THE ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT

Abstract Knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint is important for the orthopaedic surgeon. An understanding of the complex soft tissue and bony relationships in the AC joint is critical to achieving operative success. Failure to protect supporting structures during surgery or neglect of preoperatively damaged ligaments can lead to postoperative failure in procedures addressing the AC joint.
A Stability Analysis of an Electrostatic Precipitator Ionizer

An original study of wire oscillation in the ionizer unit of an electrostatic precipitator was made. The ionizer unit was modeled into a theoretical block diagram system, from which stability criteria were derived. Experimental measurements of the system parameters were devised. A comparison of an experimental single wire, double plate model and the theoretical system model resulted in close agreement.
Reconstruction of blood vessels from X-ray substraction projections

The author shows that it is possible to apply a priori knowledge in X-ray image processing to isolate particular anatomy, provided that anatomy is characterized by a unique enough signature. In the case of 3-D vasculature, two pieces of a priori knowledge can be brought to bear. First, image subtraction can be used to discriminate between opacified vessels and nonopacified tissues. Second, vessels can be better isolated in 3-D if it is assumed that vessels are most likely surrounded by a void. In the case of focal plane digital subtraction angiography, significant improvement in image quality is achieved by using this information judiciously. >
Nicardipine for hypertensive emergencies in children with renal disease.

Hypertensive emergencies secondary to renal diseases were treated with nicardipine in three children. Nicardipine is the first intravenously administered dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Its physiological actions include vasodilation, with limited effects on the chronotropic and inotropic function of the myocardium. Nicardipine, starting at 5 μg/kg per min and then continued at a maintenance infusion of 1 – 3 μg/kg per min, effectively controlled the mean arterial pressure in the three patients. Apart from occasional superficial thrombophlebitis in a fourth patient, no adverse effects were noted.
LAG-3, TGF-β, and cell-intrinsic PD-1 inhibitory pathways contribute to CD8 but not CD4 T-cell tolerance induced by allogeneic BMT with anti-CD40L.

Administration of a single dose of anti-CD40L mAb at the time of allogeneic BM transplantation tolerizes peripheral alloreactive T cells and permits establishment of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in mice. Once engrafted, mixed chimeras are systemically tolerant to donor Ags through a central deletion mechanism and will accept any donor organ indefinitely. We previously found that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is required for CD8 T-cell tolerance in this model. However, the cell population that must express PD-1 and the role of other inhibitory molecules were unknown. Here, we report that LAG-3 is required for long-term peripheral CD8 but not CD4 T-cell tolerance and that this requirement is CD8 cell-extrinsic. In contrast, adoptive transfer studies revealed a CD8 T cell–intrinsic requirement for CTLA4/B7.1/B7.2 and for PD-1 for CD8 T-cell tolerance induction. We also observed that both PD-L1 and PD-L2 are independently required on donor cells to achieve T-cell tolerance. Finally, we uncovered a requirement for TGF-β signaling into T cells to achieve peripheral CD8 but not CD4 T-cell tolerance in this in vivo system.
E/B decomposition of finite pixelized CMB maps

Separation of the E and B components of a microwave background polarization map or a weak lensing map is an essential step in extracting science from it, but when the map covers only part of the sky and/or is pixelized, this decomposition cannot be done perfectly. We present a method for decomposing an arbitrary sky map into a sum of three orthogonal components that we term ``pure E,'' ``pure B,'' and ``ambiguous.'' The fluctuations in the pure E and B maps are due only to the E and B power spectra, respectively, whereas the source of those in the ambiguous map is completely indeterminate. This method is useful both for providing intuition for experimental design and for analyzing data sets in practice. We show how to find orthonormal bases for all three components in terms of bi-Laplacian eigenfunctions, thus providing a type of polarized signal-to-noise eigenmodes that simultaneously separate both angular scale and polarization type. The number of pure and ambiguous modes probing a characteristic angular scale \ensuremath{\theta} scales as the map area over ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}$ and as the map boundary length over \ensuremath{\theta}, respectively. This implies that fairly round maps (with short perimeters for a given area) will yield the most efficient $E/B$ decomposition and also that the fraction of the information lost to ambiguous modes grows towards larger angular scales. For real-world data analysis, we present a simple matrix eigenvalue method for calculating nearly pure E and B modes in pixelized maps. We find that the dominant source of leakage between E and B is aliasing of small-scale power caused by the pixelization, essentially since derivatives are involved. This problem can be eliminated by heavily oversampling the map, but is exacerbated by the fact that the E power spectrum is expected to be much larger than the B power spectrum and by the extremely blue power spectrum that cosmic microwave background polarization is expected to have. We found that a factor of 2 to 3 more pixels are needed in a polarization map to achieve the same level of contamination by aliased power than in a temperature map. Oversampling is therefore much more important for the polarized case than for the unpolarized case, which should be reflected in experimental design.
Anharmonic-potential-effective-charge approach for computing Raman cross sections of a gas.

An anharmonic-potential\char21{}effective-charge approach for computing relative Raman intensities of a gas is developed. The equations of motion are set up and solved for the driven anharmonic molecular vibrations. An explicit expression for the differential polarizability tensor is derived and its properties discussed. This expression is then used within the context of Placzek's theory [Handbuch der Radiologie (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1934), Vol. VI] to compute the Raman cross section and depolarization ratio of a gas. The computation is carried out for the small molecules ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CS}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{SO}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{CCl}}_{4}$; results are compared with experimental measurements and discussed.
In-line Monitoring of PVC Melt Viscosity Using Dielectric Measurements

Abstract A dielectric sensor, mounted in an extrusion die, was used to measure the dielectric properties of PVC melt during extrusion process. The dielectric permittivity and loss factor, of the polymer melt, were used to calculate the ionic viscosity and a dielectric viscosity index, which were correlated to the melt viscosity measured by slit rheometry equations. The viscosity of the PVC melt was varied by varying the level of chemical blowing agent (AZO) and processing aid (K400) in the polymer compound. The extrusion conditions; screw speed and heating zones, were fixed throughout the experiments. Strong correlation between the measured dielectric parameters and the melt viscosity was found to be consistent with established theoretical models. Therefore, this technique is capable of monitoring the viscosity of polymer melts accurately and reliably, in realtime, without disturbing the flow stream.
Theme Articles: Luther, Feminism, Friendship and the Future

: This article traces the author's journey of becoming a Lutheran feminist theologian. Drawing on insights from both Lutheran and feminist traditions, the author proposes a shift in Christian vocation imagery from that of servant to friend. She then argues that call to friendship includes subverting global structures of domination. The article ends with an invitation to join the expanding conversation about how Lutheran and feminist frameworks address the needs of our contemporary world.