cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Docx2Go: collaborative editing of fidelity reduced documents on mobile devices

Docx2Go is a new framework to support editing of shared documents on mobile devices. Three high-level requirements influenced its design -- namely, the need to adapt content, especially textual content, on the fly according to the quality of the network connection and the form factor of each device; support for concurrent, uncoordinated editing on different devices, whose effects will later be merged on all devices in a convergent and consistent manner without sacrificing the semantics of the edits; and a flexible replication architecture that accommodates both device-to-device and cloud-mediated synchronization. Docx2Go supports on-the-go editing for XML documents, such as documents in Microsoft Word and other commonly used formats. It combines the best practices from content adaptation systems, weakly consistent replication systems, and collaborative editing systems, while extending the state of the art in each of these fields. The implementation of Docx2Go has been evaluated based on a workload drawn from Wikipedia.
IL-12 Completely Blocks Ultraviolet-Induced Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor α from Cultured Skin Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes

Interleukin-12 is an important regulator of other cytokines. Although interleukin-12 is considered to act primarily on lymphocytes, provoking a shift from T helper 2 to T helper 1 cells and an increase in lymphocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor α, we hypothesized that interleukin-12 might also affect tumor necrosis factor α secretion from skin cells. In this study, keratinocytes were treated with ultraviolet-B, ultraviolet-A, or sham irradiation, without or with exogenous interleukin-12. Remarkably, the exogenous interleukin-12 totally blocked ultraviolet-B-induced tumor necrosis factor α production. Both ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B were capable of inducing interleukin-12 production. To determine the molecular mechanism of this effect, we used a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter under the control of a 1.2 kb fragment of the wild-type (–308G) human tumor necrosis factor α promoter and found significant suppression of promoter activity with interleukin-12. Studies using the –308A variant of the human tumor necrosis factor α promoter showed much higher promoter activity overall, but also a greater sensitivity to suppression by interleukin-12. The mechanism did not involve blockage of the interleukin-1 receptor, because interleukin-12 did not suppress interleukin-1-mediated induction of collagenase mRNA. To determine the role of endogenous interleukin-12, we found that anti-interleukin-12 antibodies enhanced ultraviolet-B-induced tumor necrosis factor α secretion. Thus, interleukin-12 strongly inhibits tumor necrosis factor α production by noninflammatory skin cells, mostly or entirely through inhibition of gene transcription via an element within the first 1.2 kb of the tumor necrosis factor α promoter. The result is a shift in tumor necrosis factor α production from noninflammatory cells to T helper 1 cells. Because tumor necrosis factor α is central to the pathogenesis of several photosensitive skin diseases and certain forms of immune suppression, interleukin-12 may have important physiologic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic roles.
True detection limits in an experimental linearly heteroscedastic system. Part 1

Abstract Despite much different processing of the experimental fluorescence detection data presented in Part 1, essentially the same estimates were obtained for the true theoretical Currie decision levels (YC and XC) and true Currie detection limits (YD and XD). The obtained experimental values, for 5% probability of false positives and 5% probability of false negatives, were YC = 56.0 mV, YD = 125. mV, XC = 0.132 μg/mL and XD = 0.293 μg/mL. For 5% probability of false positives and 1% probability of false negatives, the obtained detection limits were YD = 158. mV and XD = 0.371 μg/mL. Furthermore, by using bootstrapping methodology on the experimental data for the standards and the analytical blank, it was possible to validate previously published experimental domain expressions for the decision levels (yC and xC) and detection limits (yD and xD). This was demonstrated by testing the generated decision levels and detection limits for their performance in regard to false positives and false negatives. In every case, the obtained numbers of false negatives and false positives were as specified a priori.
Biology, food, and people

It is always somewhat difficult to discuss the world food problem with an American audience, for here in the United States we suffer not from the shortage of food but from an embarrassing surplus. The United States is probably the best fed nation in the world today, if not in all of the world's history. Indeed, the United States might better be described as the world's most overfed nation. Our food surplus has actually becomAe a hazard to public health. Some years ago at the annual convention of the American Medical Association one of the principal speakers contended that our most critical health problem today is not polio, not cancer, but overweight. He estimated that, even at that time, the population of the United States was overweight in the aggregate by 500,000,000 pounds.
Sooner is safer than later

It has been repeatedly observed that the standard safety-liveness classification of properties of reactive systems does not fit for real-time properties. This is because the implicit "liveness" of time shifts the spectrum towards the safety side. While, for example, response--that "something good" will happen, eventually--is a classical liveness property, bounded response--that "something good" will happen soon, within a certain amount of time--has many characteristics of safety. We account for this phenomenon formally by defining safety and liveness relative to a given condition, such as the progress of time.
Neurite Outgrowth on Electrospun Nanofibers with Uniaxial Alignment: The Effects of Fiber Density, Surface Coating, and Supporting Substrate

Electrospun nanofibers with uniaxial alignment have recently gained its popularity as scaffolds for neural tissue engineering. Many studies have demonstrated that the nanofibers could guide the neurites to extend along the direction of alignment, resembling the native hierarchy of the nerve tissue. However, the contact cues provided by the nanofibers can be far more complicated than just guiding the neurites to extend along them. In the current study, we used dorsal root ganglia as a model system to systematically investigate the interactions between neurites and uniaxially aligned nanofibers. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the neurites could not only project along the nanofibers, but also be directed to grow along a direction perpendicular to the aligned nanofibers, depending on the following parameters: (i) the density of nanofibers, (ii) the protein deposited on the surfaces of the nanofibers, and (iii) surface properties of the substrate on which the nanofibers were supported. We also inves...
Scanning electron microscopy of budding and metamorphosis in Discophrya collini (Root).

SYNOPSIS. Budding and metamorphosis in the suctorian ciliate, Discophrya collini, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The adult body form, tentacles, stalk, and attachment disk are described. A field of depressions or small pits was observed in the pellicle of adult suctorians in the early stages of bud formation. These pits deepen and coalesce until one large pore, the birth pore, remains. Cilia protrude through the pore, and as eversion of the bud proceeds the meridional arrangement of the larval ciliation is evident. After eversion is completed, a pronounced division furrow is found between the adult and soon-to-be-released swarmer. The stalk-forming region is seen on swarmers. Metamorphosing swarmers produce tentacles upon settling before any indication of ciliary resorption. Resorption of cilia and change in body form occur progressively with the production of the attachment disk and stalk.
The Use of Written Exams in Police and Fire Departments Implications for Social Diversity

This exploratory analysis seeks to determine the extent to which written exams are required by law for police and firefighters across the United States and whether, in fact, they are being used. The continued use of written exams has served as a major obstacle to the attainment of social equity based on race in these uniformed services. The study also explores the use and importance of nonconventional testing methods (e.g., assessment centers). The study finds that while civil service laws in most jurisdictions do not require the use of written exams, police and fire departments continue to rely on them in hiring and/or promotion. It further shows that nonconventional methods are used in some capacity, but written exams either supplement these methods or are integrated into them.
Cell proliferation of human fibroblasts and osteoblasts in osteogenesis imperfecta: Influence of age

Clinical studies indicate that as a group, osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) subjects are shorter than age- and sex-matched controls. Not only somatic growth, but also cellular growth appears to be impaired, and these may be related to defects in extracellular matrix common to this disorder. We have investigated the growth characteristics of dermal fibroblasts and trabecular osteoblasts isolated from patients with OI and control subjects of various ages. Cell growth curves and cell doubling times were determined by measuring cell number using crystal violet dye binding. Growth curves were modeled by a modified logistic function, the three parameters of which are markers for biologically relevant growth parameters: the plateau value or upper asymptote, which reflects the maximum cell density upon confluence; the maximal growth rate (microM); and the lag time. Both normal human fibroblasts and osteoblasts showed an age-dependent decrease in microM. Normal fibroblasts exhibited no age-dependence to their upper asymptote or lag time. Fibroblasts derived from patients with OI did not have significantly different upper asymptote values microM, or lag times when compared with normal fibroblasts. Normal osteoblasts had a decrease in upper asymptote, decrease in microM, but a relatively constant lag time with increasing age. In contrast, OI osteoblast microM was decreased relative to that of normal subjects. For osteoblasts from OI patients, decreased microM appeared unrelated to the age of the subject, whereas OI fibroblasts did exhibit an age-dependent decrease in microM. The percentage of collagenase-digestible protein (a measure of collagen synthesis) produced by normal human fibroblasts correlated well with microM. Treating normal human osteoblasts with the proline analogue 3,4-dehydroproline, which destabilizes collagen triple helix formation and alters collagen synthesis, secretion, and turnover, also decreased microM. A dose response to varying concentrations of 3,4-dehydroproline was observed for normal human bone cell microM. These data suggest a link between type I collagen synthesis and cellular proliferation.
Energy and angle correlations of low energy backscattered light atoms

Abstract The correlation between the emergent energy and angle of H and He atoms that are reflected from solid surfaces has been studied using the computer program MARLOWE. Both polycrystalline and amorphous targets of Al and W have been investigated using normally incident atoms of initial energies from 0.1 to 0.5 keV. The results show that particles reflected with high energy have an angular distribution that is between cosine and isotropic. In contrast, the medium and low energy particles have a distribution that is over-cosine, that is an excess of particles emerge at angles near the surface normal. No essential differences in the shape of the angular distributions were found between the polycrystalline and amorphous targets.
T cell receptor excision circle assessment of thymopoiesis in aging mice.

Signal joint T cell receptor delta (TCRD) excision circles (TRECs) are episomal DNA circles generated by the DNA recombination process that is used by T lymphocytes to produce antigen-specific α/β T cell receptors. Measurement of TRECs in thymocytes and peripheral blood T cells has been used to study thymus output in chickens and humans. We have developed a real-time quantitative-PCR assay for the specific detection and quantification of mouse TCRD episomal DNA circles excised from the TCRA locus during TCRA gene rearrangement (mTRECs). We found that the mouse TCRD TRECs detected with this assay were predominantly in naive phenotype CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In a series of aged mice (range 6–90-week-old) we determined the absolute number of thymocytes and the number of molecules of mTRECs/100,000 thymocytes. We found that the absolute number of thymocytes dramatically decreased with age (P<0.05) and that molecules of mTREC/100,000 thymocytes also declined with mouse age (P<0.05). Splenocytes were isolated from aging mice and the frequency of naive phenotype CD4 and CD8 cells determined. There was a significant drop in both CD4 and CD8 naive peripheral T cells in the aged mice over time. mTREC analysis in purified CD4+ and CD8+ splenocytes demonstrated a constant level of mTRECs in the CD4 compartment until age 90 weeks, while the mTRECs in the CD8 compartment fell with age (P<0.05). By combining the mouse TREC assay with T cell phenotypic analysis, we demonstrated that IL-7 administration to young mice induced both increased thymopoiesis and peripheral T cell proliferation. In contrast, IL-7 treatment of aged mice did not augment thymopoiesis, nor induce expansion of splenic T cells. Thus, thymus output continues throughout murine adult life, and the thymic atrophy of aging in mice is not reversed by administration of IL-7.
Barbiturate effects on saline acceptance and post-ingestion variables

Abstract Phenobarbital was found to increase drinking of various saline solutions from distilled water to 3.0% NaCl. No shift in the point of maximum acceptability of these solutions was observed. Drinking of tap water at a slightly later time resulted in far less ingestion than was expected in phenobarbital treated rats. Further experiments indicated that the decrease in drinking below expectation did not depend upon poorer retention of a sodium load nor upon simple volumetric inhibition. A final experiment indicated that phenobarbital action involves the addition of a constant above the control level when a water preload is given. This latter observation when compared with depression of drinking by other means suggests that satiety of thirst involves a definite signal rather than a passive reduction of stimulation. There was also some evidence that this signal was partially disrupted by phenobarbital.
Relative Yields and Nutritive Values of Barley, Oats, and Peas Harvested at Four Successive Dates for Forage,

Abstract Barley, oats, and peas were planted alone and in two- and three-species equiponderant combinations and harvested at four successive dates. The mean total yields of all forages and mixtures increased by 64% between 21 July and 10 August as barley and oats advanced from early-milk/head to early-dough/milk respectively, and nonsignificantly thereafter. Pea yields were lower than yields for either barley or oats at each harvest. Peas were 2.5 times higher in crude protein than either barley or oats and increased the protein content of mixtures when included. These increases were less than expected because peas did not compete effectively with either barley or oats in mixed plantings. Although both crude protein and in vitro dry matter disappearance declined during most rapid growth, the optimum phenological stages for initiating harvest are predicated by both forage quality and yield. Data on yields and laboratory evaluation of barley, oats, and peas at successive stages of phenological development provide information for the selection of small-grain/pea forage combinations and stages of harvest for acceptable yields commensurate with quality.
Z-scan measurements on molten acetylene materials in the isotropic liquid state

The nonlinear optical properties of diphenylacetylene and bis(4-biphenyl) acetylene have been investigated using the Z-scan technique. In these experiments the solid materials were heated above their melting points into the isotropic liquid state using a temperature controlled hot stage. Using this method, the nonlinear optical properties of materials with low solubility or where the solvent may have a significant contibution to the observed nonlinearity can be measured. Nonlinear absorption and refraction have been measured to be 1.4 cm/GW at 532 nm which gives a two-photon absorption cross-section (sigma) 2 equals (17 +/- 6) X 10-50 cm4s/photon-molecule. The nonlinear absorption coefficient of molten refraction for both of these materials has also been investigtaed. Molten diphenylacetylene has a nonlinear refractive index n2 equals 3.9 X 10-12 esu. Surprisingly, the bis(4-biphenyl)acetylene appears to have a very small nonlinear refractive index. The optical limiting behavior of molten bis(4-biphenyl) acetylene has also been studied.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Numerical Solution of the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations in Doubly-Connected Regions

A transient computational procedure for the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in doubly-connected domains is described. The tangential velocity boundary conditions are satisfied by introducing shear layers at the boundaries at each time-step. The requirement that the pressure be single-valued is explicitly included in the formulation. The computational procedure is applied to the viscous flow in the annulus between two eccentric cylinders when either of them is rotating. Transient and steady-state results are obtained for both Stokes flow (inertia neglected) and Navier-Stokes flow. Rotational speeds of the outer cylinder are explored for the entire extent of laminar flow and of the inner cylinder up to the point of incidence of Taylor vortices. The agreement between the steady-state numerical results and the exact analytical results for the Stokes flow is very good. It is believed that inclusion of inertia does not appreciably affect the solution accuracy.
One-way waveguide and strong photon-photon interaction in nanophotonic structures

New opportunities of manipulating light propagation as well as controlling light-matter interaction arise with the use of nanophotonic structures. Here we discuss two recent examples of such opportunities: a one-way electromagnetic waveguide that fundamentally suppresses the effects of disorder-induced backscattering, as well as the possibility of creating strong photon-photon interactions at a few photon level with the use of photonic crystals.
On-line detection of power system small disturbance voltage instability

Small disturbance (SD) voltage stability (or instability) deals with a system's ability to maintain satisfactory voltages following a small disturbance. For an operating condition, a system's SD voltage stability depends on the proximity of the condition to the critical point (or voltage collapse point). A Q angle and Q directional derivatives are proposed for SD voltage instability detection and weak bus identification, respectively. The Q angle index can handle different kinds of loads, e.g., constant P and Q, constant impedance, and constant current, or a combination of them, and is effective in dealing with generator VAr limits. Moreover, the computation speed of the Q angle is fast, which makes it suitable for on-line application. Simulation results using two power systems are provided.
Autoparametric optical drive for micromechanical oscillators

Self-generated vibration of a disk-shaped, single-crystal silicon micromechanical oscillator was observed when the power of a continuous wave laser, focused on the periphery of the disk exceeded a threshold of a few hundred μW. With the laser power set to just below the self-generation threshold, the quality factor for driven oscillations increases by an order of magnitude from Q=10 000 to Qenh=110 000. Laser heating-induced thermal stress modulates the effective spring constant via the motion of the disk within the interference pattern of incident and reflected laser beams and provides a mechanism for parametric amplification and self-excitation. Light sources of different wavelengths facilitate both amplification and damping.
Diaphragm activation via high frequency spinal cord stimulation in a rodent model of spinal cord injury

Abstract As demonstrated in a canine model, high frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) is a novel and more physiologic method of electrical activation of the inspiratory muscles compared to current techniques. The dog model, however, has significant limitations due to cost and societal concerns. Since the rodent respiratory system is also a relevant model for the study of neuronal circuitry function, the aims of the present study were to a) assess the effects of HF-SCS and b) determine the methodology of application of this technique in rats. In 9 Sprague Dawley rats, diaphragm multiunit and single motor unit EMG activity were assessed during spontaneous breathing and HF-SCS applied on the ventral epidural surface of the spinal cord at the T2 level following C1 spinal section. As in dogs, HF-SCS results in the activation of the diaphragm at physiological firing frequencies and the generation of large inspired volumes. Mean maximum firing frequencies of the diaphragm during spontaneous breathing and HF-SCS were 23.3 ± 1.4 Hz (range: 9.8–51.6 Hz) and 26.6 ± 1.3 Hz; range: 12.0–72.9 Hz, respectively, at comparable inspired volumes. Moreover, HF-SCS was successful in pacing these animals over a 60-min period without evidence of system fatigue. Our results suggest that, similar to the dog model, HF-SCS in the rat results in the activation of spinal cord tracts which synapse with the phrenic motoneuron pool, allowing the processing of the stimulus and consequent physiologic activation of the inspiratory muscles. The rat may be a useful model for further studies evaluating phrenic motoneuron physiology.
An Unusual Fibrohistiocytic Lesion of the Pelvis Presenting as Vaginal Bleeding in a Prepubertal Female: A Clinical, Pathological, and Immunohistochemical Study

We report a case of a 5-year-old female who presented with vaginal bleeding of unexplained etiology. There was no evidence of precocious puberty by history and physical examination. Endocrine laboratory studies were in the normal range for a prepubertal female. On vaginoscopy, a friable, granulomatous mass that bled easily was discovered within the vaginal vault. Pelvic sonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis was significant for a left adnexal mass. Surgical exploration and histological analysis revealed an unusual fibrohistiocytic proliferation. This unusual case broadens the differential diagnosis for vaginal bleeding in the prepubertal child (Table1).
Meson-Nucleon Scattering and Nucleon Isobars

The scattering (including charge exchange) of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons in hydrogen rises from 18 millibarns at 60 Mev to a broad plateau of about 60 millibarns at 200 Mev, and is smaller than the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ scattering at 60 Mev in the ratio of 0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09. The general features of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ scattering, except for the high energy plateau, are given qualitatively by pseudoscalar theory with pseudovector coupling in the weak coupling limit; the ratio of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ scattering predicted by this theory in the weak coupling limit is, however, 1.67, which is much higher than the experimental result. A phenomenological theory of the scattering is developed by using the methods of Wigner and Eisenbud and imposing the restrictions of charge symmetry. By using the qualitative assignment of the resonance levels parameters as given by weak and strong coupling theory, satisfactory agreement with experiment is obtained. It is concluded that the apparently anomalous features of the scattering can be interpreted to be an indication of a resonant meson-nucleon interaction corresponding to a nucleon isobar with spin $\frac{3}{2}$, isotopic spin $\frac{3}{2}$, and with an excitation of 277 Mev.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a parturient with Nail–Patella syndrome

Abstract Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an uncommon cause of acute coronary syndrome, occurring predominantly in women during and immediately after pregnancy; it carries a mortality rate of greater than 50%. While the exact etiology is unknown, possible contributing factors include pregnancy-related hormonal, connective tissue and hemodynamic changes. We present a case of a 35-year-old multigravid woman with Nail–Patella syndrome who developed an acute myocardial infarction secondary to spontaneous coronary artery dissection during labor which was not diagnosed until after delivery. We hypothesize that abnormal collagen fiber formation found in Nail–Patella syndrome may have put her at an increased risk of coronary dissection and myocardial infarction. Regardless of etiology, a delay in diagnosis of myocardial ischemia can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In light of the increasing burden of cardiac disease in the obstetric population, clinicians should remain vigilant for signs of myocardial infarction and prepare for definitive diagnosis and treatment.
On setting limits on bodily fluids for classifying individuals as pathological

The problem solved in this paper is that of determining the minimum sample size for setting the ‘normal’ range for bodily fluids. The proportions of too low and too high values which are considered ‘abnormal’ are chosen based upon medical considerations. The criterion used to determine the minimum sample size is that the proportions of the too low and too high values will be not exceeded by more than a prescribed amount with a given probability. The resulting limits are β-expectation tolerance limits with the added condition just noted, and are labeled β-expectation inner tolerance limits.
Dialysis-Induced Alterations in Left Ventricular Filling: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance

Quantitative two-dimensional (2-D) and Doppler echocardiography were used to determine whether hemodialysis results in alterations in left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling that might contribute to dialysis-induced hypotension, as well as to assess whether any hemodynamic variables or indices of diastolic filling might be used to identify which patients were at the greatest risk of becoming hemodynamically unstable during dialysis. Sixteen male patients undergoing routine maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease were prospectively studied before and after hemodialysis. Following hemodialysis there was a significant prolongation (P
Enhancement of Heat Transfer Behind Sliding Bubbles

The time-dependent temperature distribution on an inclined, thin foil uniform-heat-generation heater was used to infer the heat transfer enhancement caused by the passage of an FC-87 bubble sliding beneath the lower surface of the heater. A two-camera system was used: One camera recorded color images of a liquid crystal layer applied to the upper (dry) side of the heater while a second camera simultaneously recorded the position, size, and shape of the bubble from below. The temperature response of the heater could then be correlated directly to the bubble characteristics at any given time during its passage. The data along the line bisecting the bubble wake from the nine bubbles comprising 54 bubble images were analyzed. The heat transfer in the wake behind the sliding cap-shaped bubbles is very effective compared with the natural convection that occurs before the passage of the bubble. The maximum values of heat transfer coefficient in the range of 2500 W/m 2 K were produced in very sharply peaked curves. The point of maximum cooling measured as a fraction of the local driving temperature difference before the bubble passage was identified and correlated with some success to the stream-wise length of the bubble. The location of the maximum heat transfer coefficient was reasonably correlated with bubble width. The level of the maximum heat transfer coefficient when cast as a Nusselt number based on bubble width grew to a saturation value as the bubble moved across the plate. A constant value of Nusselt number requires that the heat transfer coefficient falls as the bubble grows past some critical bubble size. This behavior was observed for the larger cap-shaped bubbles.
Video-Assisted Endoscopic Spinal Surgery: Thoracoscopic Discectomy

The use of new endoscopic techniques to conduct a thoracic discectomy is presented. The development of these endoscopic techniques through live porcine and cadaver models are outlined. It is concluded that the use of multiple ports for the endoscopie approach to the thoracic spine provides an exposure to the anterior and lateral spinal theca that is equal to the exposure afforded by the more extensive thoracotomy. Current techniques are being developed for transperitoneal and retroperitoneal endoscopie lumbar spine surgery.
Synthesis of a radioiodinated analogue of the serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor ligand RP 62203

An analogue of RP 62203 having radioiodine in the 4-position of the 1,8-naphthosultam ring system has been prepared for evaluation as a ligand for the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor. Non-radioactive 4-iodo-RP 62203 was synthesized in three steps (20% overall yield) by iodination of 1,8-naphthosultam with iodine monochloride followed by N-alkylation with l-bromo-3-chloropropane and coupling with 1-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine. The precursor for radiolabeling was prepared in 83% yield from 4-iodo-RP 62203 and hexamethylditin by palladium-mediated trimethylstannylation. Electrophilic radioiododestannylation gave 4-[ 125 I]-RP 62203 in good isolated yield (80 - 86%), with high purity (≥ 99.6%) and specific radioactivity (1200 - 2066 mCi/μmol).
Developing Historical Thinking through Questions.

The social studies classroom can and should be a place where students learn critical thinking skills, but too often, especially in the middle grades, students are asked to focus on discrete facts on which they can be tested. The purpose of this article is to suggest that sixth graders can learn the critical thinking skills of “historical thinking” by discussing big ideas and essential questions and to provide a framework for a middle school unit of study on Ancient Egypt.
Effect of Inhaled Atropine or Metaproterenol in Patients with Chronic Airway Obstruction and Therapeutic Serum Theophylline Levels

Twenty-one patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean FEV1 = 0.98 L) and high-normal serum theophylline levels (15-20 micrograms/ml) were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind fashion for additional bronchodilator response to aerosolized normal saline, atropine, or metaproterenol. Patients were classified as responders (R; n = 9) or nonresponders (NR; n = 12) to inhaled isoproterenol when they were taking no medications. Atropine and metaproterenol caused a significant additional increase in FEV1 for R (p less than .05), whereas only atropine resulted in a significant increase for NR (p less than .05). For R, the increase due to atropine was significantly greater compared to metaproterenol (p less than .05). We conclude that inhaled atropine (an anticholinergic drug) may be preferable to inhaled metaproterenol (a beta-adrenergic agonist) when additional bronchodilation is needed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and high-normal serum theophylline levels.
Active engagement and cooperative learning in physics at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy

The United States Coast Guard Academy, one of the smallest of the United States military academies, provides a unique environment where all cadets, regardless of major, receive rigorous training in STEM disciplines. Each cadet takes a scientific, engineering, managerial, liberal arts and nautical science curriculum, in addition to their specialized training in one of eight majors. This core curriculum includes two semesters of calculus-based physics. This provides the faculty with the unique opportunity and challenge of teaching majors ranging from Government to Electrical Engineering in the same calculus-based class. The USCGA's Physics department has employed active learning since 2002. While students have showed gains in both diagnostic scores and end of course grades, faculty feel that we can further improve student understanding by focusing on cooperative learning and leadership aspects of group work.
The effects of contingent payment and frequent workplace monitoring on smoking abstinence.

This study examined the relative contribution of contingent payment and worksite CO monitoring to the long-term maintenance of smoking abstinence. Forty-seven hospital employees who had abstained from smoking for five days (confirmed by CO analysis) were randomly assigned to one of three follow-up groups: (a) contingent payment/frequent monitoring (n = 17); (b) noncontingent payment/frequent monitoring (n = 16); or (c) non-contingent payment/infrequent monitoring (n = 14). Contingent payment combined with frequent CO monitoring delayed but did not ultimately prevent subjects relapse to smoking by the end of the six month follow-up. Contingent subjects maintained CO values less than or equal to 11 ppm significantly longer than did either the Non-contingent or the Control subjects (p = .03). CO monitoring alone had no effect on abstinence outcomes; both Noncontingent and Control subjects showed high rates of early relapse.
Adaptive radiation versus ‘radiation’ and ‘explosive diversification’: why conceptual distinctions are fundamental to understanding evolution

Adaptive radiation is the rise of a diversity of ecological roles and role-specific adaptations within a lineage. Recently, some researchers have begun to use 'adaptive radiation' or 'radiation' as synonymous with 'explosive species diversification'. This essay aims to clarify distinctions between these concepts, and the related ideas of geographic speciation, sexual selection, key innovations, key landscapes and ecological keys. Several examples are given to demonstrate that adaptive radiation and explosive diversification are not the same phenomenon, and that focusing on explosive diversification and the analysis of phylogenetic topology ignores much of the rich biology associated with adaptive radiation, and risks generating confusion about the nature of the evolutionary forces driving species diversification. Some 'radiations' involve bursts of geographic speciation or sexual selection, rather than adaptive diversification; some adaptive radiations have little or no effect on speciation, or even a negative effect. Many classic examples of 'adaptive radiation' appear to involve effects driven partly by geographic speciation, species' dispersal abilities, and the nature of extrinsic dispersal barriers; partly by sexual selection; and partly by adaptive radiation in the classical sense, including the origin of traits and invasion of adaptive zones that result in decreased diversification rates but add to overall diversity.
A simple theory for maximum h inventory and release: A new transport parameter☆

Abstract A simplified theory of hydrogen transport in materials is presented. The problem is formulated in terms of a dimensionless transport parameter, W = R(φK 0 ) 1 2 /D where R is the projected range, φ is the incident penetrating flux, K0 is a phenomenological recombination coefficient and D is the diffusion coefficient for hydrogen in the material. Using this parameter, equations which describe recycle times, maximum hydrogen inventory and maximum hydrogen permeation are derived. This treatment yields simple analytic expressions for these quantities which are shown to be excellent approximations to the behavior obtained from exact numerical solutions. This transport parameter further results in a natural classification of the different types of behavior of hydrogen in materials.
Enhancing measured MIMO capacity by adapting the locations of the antenna elements

We show that the multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) capacity of measured, indoor flat-fading channels may be improved by adaptively changing the locations of the antenna elements. Moving the antenna elements is a way to provide spatial diversity to a MIMO link without decreasing the number of parallel data streams. First, we demonstrate that significant variations in equal-power capacity are possible using measured data from finely sampled virtual arrays at both ends of a MIMO link. Second, using steepest descent and a simulated path-type channel derived from measured data, we adapt the element locations. In line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-line-of-sight (OLOS) examples, the local maximum capacity is reached within 5 and 10 iterations, respectively. The improvements relative to the equally spaced arrays are approximately 22% and 19%, respectively.
Structural Studies of the Apo and Ca2+-Bound States of the Human BK (SLO1) Channel Gating Ring in Solution

The gating ring (GR) regulates the activity of large-conductance voltage- and Ca^(2+)-activated K^+ channels (BK) by interacting with intracellular signaling molecules. To understand the operation of this biological sensor under physiological conditions, we performed Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analysis, at beamline 4-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory. SAXS measurements of the purified GR were performed in the absence or in the presence of 35 μM free Ca^(2+), found to be a saturating concentration in previous work. The quality of the circularly-averaged scattering data was evaluated with Guinier analysis, while the ATSAS software suite was used to derive structural information. The radius of gyration (R_g) and maximum interparticle distance (D_(max)) of the apo GR were 48.65±1.372 A and 185 A, respectively. These values are comparable to data obtained from crystal structure of GR (3NAF), where the envelope R_g, calculated with CRYSOL, is 45.55 A, and its diameter 155.6 A. Ca^(2+)-bound GR shows a decrease in R_g to 42.77±1.058 A and D_(max) to 160 A, demonstrating the structural response of GR to Ca^(2+). Low-resolution structural models of the GR were generated from the experimental scattering pattern using DAMMIN. The Ca^(2+)-bound GR revealed notable changes in both flexible and assembly interfaces of the superstructure's constituent RCK1 (Regulator of Conductance for K^+) and RCK2 domains. Since the structural changes are resolved under physiologically-relevant conditions, we speculate that they represent the molecular transitions that initiate the Ca^(2+)-induced activation of human BK channels.
Insomnia Symptoms, Nightmares, and Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults

If suicide is a problem in the United States, then suicide among older adults is a crisis. In 2008, the suicide rate for adults aged 65 and older was more than 30% higher than the suicide rate for those below age 65 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). In addition, suicidal behavior among older adults is more likely to be fatal than suicidal behavior at younger ages. The older adult attempt/death ratio of 4:1 reflects much greater lethality than either the overall attempt/death ratio of 25:1 or the 100–200:1 ratio found in those who are young (Chan, Draper, & Banerjee, 2007). Older adult suicidal behavior also differs in several other important ways from suicidal behavior earlier in the lifespan (e.g., gender ratio; Chan et al., 2007), suggesting that research using younger age groups may not generalize to older adults. Thus, more research investigating suicidal behaviors specifically among older adults is urgently needed. Suicide is a difficult topic to study due to the statistical rarity of the event. Thus, research often focuses on suicidal behavior and suicidal ideation, as both are risk factors for death by suicide. Studying suicidal ideation is important because it is not only a risk factor for suicidal behavior, but a vital component, as suicidal behavior is not suicidal without suicidal ideation and intent (Silverman, Berman, Sanddal, O’Carroll, & Joiner, 2007). Thus, suicidal ideation is an important part of suicidal behavior and risk. A potential risk factor for suicidal ideation and behavior that warrants investigation among older adults is sleep disturbance. Sleep difficulties have been shown to be related to suicidal ideation and behavior in young adults and mixed age samples (Cukrowicz et al., 2006; Nadorff, Nazem, & Fiske, 2011; Sjostrom, Waern, & Hetta, 2007), but this relation has not yet been examined specifically in older adults. It would be particularly important to know if there is a relation between sleep disturbance and suicidality in this age group, as it has been estimated that up to 50% of older adults complain of sleep difficulties (Vitiello, Larsen, & Moe, 2004). To date, two types of sleep disturbance have been examined in relation to suicidal ideation and behavior—insomnia symptoms and nightmares.
Infectious Collet-Sicard syndrome in the differential diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident: a case of head-to-neck dissociation with skull-based osteomyelitis

Abstract Background context Collet-Sicard syndrome (CSS) is a rare condition that includes palsies of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII. There are multiple reported causes in the literature, although infection is particularly unusual. Purpose To report an unusual case of CSS as a result of infection causing head-to-neck dissociation with involvement of the upper cervical spine. Study design Case report. Methods A 56-year-old male with medical comorbidities developed a cranial-based infection secondary to initial incomplete treatment of otitis media. The mass effect of the infection resulted in multiple cranial nerve palsies and extremity symptoms initially confused with a cerebrovascular accident. Clinical course of the patient and a review of CSS are presented. Results With progression of the disease, further evaluation revealed a disseminated upper cervical and skull-based infection causing destructive head-to-neck infectious instability. This was treated with posterior occipitocervical debridement, fixation, and fusion and appropriate long-term antibiotics. Over the course of several months, the infection resolved and there was a significant improvement in his dysphagia, dysarthria, and hearing. Conclusions Delay in diagnosis of CSS is common, and this syndrome should be considered in patients who present with a constellation of lower cranial nerve palsies. Early recognition and treatment should result in successful recovery, but even in cases of delayed detection, suitable intervention can result in substantial clinical improvement.
Disturbance instabilities in an adaptive system

Two types of disturbance instability of simple adaptive schemes are analyzed. A drift equation shows how stable equilibria are forced to infinity by infrequent but persistent switches of a constant disturbance. The σ-modification proposed by P. Ioannou counteracts these instabilities.
Plasticity in Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Metals: Similarities at the Atomic Scale

For metallic alloys, the amorphous state is often regarded as the limiting structure as grain size is reduced towards zero. One interesting consequence of this limit is that the properties of the finest nanocrystalline metals must begin to resemble those of metallic glasses. In this work we focus upon the nature of the plastic yield mechanisms in these material classes, and seek to identify commonalities and disparities in the nature of plastic yield in glasses and nanocrystals. The discussion is presented with reference to static atomistic simulations of (i) an amorphous binary alloy, and (ii) a nanocrystalline Ni specimen with grain size of 3 nm. We show that both these materials deform by the operation of fine atomic shearing events, and both exhibit asymmetric yielding as a consequence.
Fast volume rendering using an efficient, scalable parallel formulation of the shear-warp algorithm

This paper presents a fast and scalable parallel algorithm for volume rendering and its implementation on distributed-memory parallel computers. This parallel algorithm is based on the shear-warp algorithm of Lacroute and Levoy. Coupled with optimizations that exploit coherence in the volume and image space, the shear-warp algorithm is currently acknowledged to be the fastest sequential volume rendering algorithm. We have designed a memory efficient parallel formulation of this algorithm that (1) drastically reduces communication requirements by using a novel data partitioning scheme and (2) improves multi-frame performance with an adaptive load-balancing technique. All the optimizations of the Lacroute-Levoy algorithm are preserved in the parallel formulation. The paper also provides an analytical model of performance for the parallel formulation that shows that it is possible to sustain excellent performance across a wide range of practical problem sizes and number of processors. Our implementation, running on a 128 processor TMC CM-5 distributed-memory parallel computer, renders a 256 voxel medical data set at 12 frames/sec.
How sweet it is to be loved by you: The role of perceived regard in the terror management of close relationships

Drawing from terror management theory, the present research examined whether people turn to close relationships to manage the awareness of mortality because they serve as a source of perceived regard. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that mortality salience (MS) leads people to exaggerate how positively their romantic partners see them and demonstrated that people are more committed to their partners to the extent that their romantic partners serve as a source of perceived regard after MS (Study 3). Study 4 revealed that activating thoughts of perceived regard from a partner in response to MS reduced death-thought accessibility. Studies 5 and 6 demonstrated that MS led high relationship contingent self-esteem individuals to exaggerate perceived regard from a partner, and this heightened regard led to greater commitment to one's partner. Study 7 examined attachment style differences and found that after MS, anxious individuals exaggerated how positively their parents see them, whereas secure individuals exaggerated how positively their romantic partners see them. Together, the present results suggest that perceptions of regard play an important role in why people pursue close relationships in the face of existential concerns.