cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Argument from Causation

In this chapter I shall consider the main ‘scientific’ argument for the introduction of sense-data, the argument from Causation. I shall try to show that the argument has force only insofar as it is really an epistemological argument, and that its force derives from its calling attention to a dimension of the epistemological problem of perception that we have so far not considered.
Phenotypic Recognition of Pyocyanine Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Certain classes of pyocyanine mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa escape detection when screened in the presence of wild-type or other mutant cells. A technique is described for recognizing mutant phenotypes after cells are in individual agar wells. The procedure eliminates cross-feeding phenomena as well as the masking of mutant phenotypes by diffusing pyocyanine produced by nearby clones.
Using social network analysis for spam detection

Content filtering is a popular approach to spam detection. It focuses on analysis of the message content to identify spam. In this paper, we evaluate the use of social network analysis measures to improve the performance of a content filtering model. By measuring the degree centrality of message transfer agents, we observed performance improvements for spam detection in repeated experiments; e.g. a 70% increase in the proportion of spam detected with a false positive rate of 0.1%. We were also able to use anomaly detection to identify mislabeled messages in a publicly available spam data set. Messages claiming unusually long paths between the sender's message transfer agent and the recipient's message transfer agent turned out to be spam.
An Alarm Correlation System for Heterogeneous Networks

Heterogeneous network management is a challenging area of increasing importance. The NetFACT system provides a platform for correlating alarms and localizing faults in a heterogeneous network. NetFACT uses management techniques that are independent of the underlying topology of the network, the communications protocols employed, and the alarm structures provided. In this paper, we give an overview of the architecture of NetFACT, and discuss the features which enable fault management in heterogeneous networks.
Serum immunoglobulin levels in newborn infants: III. Some preliminary observations from a survey of cord blood levels in 2,600 infants

Cord serum immunoglobulin G and M levels and their relationship to race, sex, birth weight, and clinical status are examined. The levels of both immunoglobulins are not related to sex. Negro infants have higher IgG and lower IgM levels than Caucasians. IgG levels and birth weight are associated, smaller infants having lower levels. The previously reported relationship between high levels of IgM and congenital infection is confirmed. In addition, a significant relationship between very low levels and adverse fetal outcome is demonstrated by neurologic abnormalities, severe congenital malformations, and perinatal deaths.
Theory of higher-mass states in e+e− annihilation

It is pointed out that, within the context of the differential dispersive theory of the ψ/J and its associated excitations one expects further suppressed, higher-mass states in the e+e− annihilation channel at massesnmψ/J,n=2,...,N0, together with their associated exicitations. Here,N0 is a number determined by the order,NDyson, in α in which the Feynman-Schwinger-Tomonaga series for the photon propagator ceases to be reliable.
A collaborative framework for 3D alignment and classification of heterogeneous subvolumes in cryo-electron tomography

The limitation of using low electron doses in non-destructive cryo-electron tomography of biological specimens can be partially offset via averaging of aligned and structurally homogeneous subsets present in tomograms. This type of sub-volume averaging is especially challenging when multiple species are present. Here, we tackle the problem of conformational separation and alignment with a “collaborative” approach designed to reduce the effect of the “curse of dimensionality” encountered in standard pair-wise comparisons. Our new approach is based on using the nuclear norm as a collaborative similarity measure for alignment of sub-volumes, and by exploiting the presence of symmetry early in the processing. We provide a strict validation of this method by analyzing mixtures of intact simian immunodeficiency viruses SIV mac239 and SIV CP-MAC. Electron microscopic images of these two virus preparations are indistinguishable except for subtle differences in conformation of the envelope glycoproteins displayed on the surface of each virus particle. By using the nuclear norm-based, collaborative alignment method presented here, we demonstrate that the genetic identity of each virus particle present in the mixture can be assigned based solely on the structural information derived from single envelope glycoproteins displayed on the virus surface.
Biased competition during long-term memory formation

A key task for the brain is to determine which pieces of information are worth storing in memory. To build a more complete representation of the environment, memory systems may prioritize new information that has not already been stored. Here, we propose a mechanism that supports this preferential encoding of new information, whereby prior experience attenuates neural activity for old information that is competing for processing. We evaluated this hypothesis with fMRI by presenting a series of novel stimuli concurrently with repeated stimuli at different spatial locations in Experiment 1 and from different visual categories i.e., faces and scenes in Experiment 2. Subsequent memory for the novel stimuli could be predicted from the reduction in activity in ventral temporal cortex for the accompanying repeated stimuli. This relationship was eliminated in control conditions where the competition during encoding came from another novel stimulus. These findings reveal how prior experience adaptively guides learning toward new aspects of the environment.
Operating Room Management: Operative Suite Considerations, Infection Control

An operating room's condition is rarely directly implicated in dis-ease transmission. Even so, to prevent such rare transmissions,hospitals must be thoughtful in designing operating rooms as important adjuncts to infection control. Proper ventilation in and near the operating room is the single most important component in establishing an environment that stops the spread of infection. Other considerations include attention to traffic control, equipment maintenance and storage, and construction materials that enhance the ability to maintain clean rooms. Hospitals can avert potential infectious problems through preventive maintenance and the use of infection control risk assessments (ICRAs) for preemptive consideration of infectious risks before renovations, repairs and new construction. Guidelines should be consulted and incorporated into each operating room's policies and procedures.
An isoparametric finite element with decreased sensitivity to midside node location

Abstract A modified isoparametric finite element formulation is developed which is insensitive to midside node placement. An eight-node plane element is developed using the modified approach. Numerical results are presented for both the standard serendipity and modified isoparametric eight-node elements. These results demonstrate that decreased sensitivity to midside node placement occur when the modified formulation is used.
Measurement of time-of-flight spectrometer efficiency for light ions at medium energies

Abstract Medium energy time-of-flight spectrometry is an effective technique for helium backscattering as well as the elastic recoil detection of hydrogen and other light elements. However, the efficiency of a time-of-flight spectrometer, unlike that of a surface barrier detector, depends strongly on the energy and mass of the detected particle. A thorough understanding of this spectrometer quantum efficiency is necessary for quantitative measurements. We report initial measurements of the quantum efficiency of two similar time-of-flight spectrometers in forward and backscattering geometries for hydrogen, helium, and carbon projectiles over the energy range 50–275 keV. The results are compared with predictions of a model which incorporates multiple scattering and secondary electron emission at the carbon start foil along with an energy-independent microchannel plate response. When these processes are taken into account, the efficiency of a spectrometer as a function of projectile species and energy can be described to within experimental error by a single overall calibration constant.
Antimony as a surfactant during the growth of GaN-based GaNAs alloys by metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy

The influence of Sb as a surfactant during the growth of GaN-rich GaNAs alloys, through the addition of triethyl antimony (TESb), was determined. Both the absolute growth rate and As content of the film decreased with TESb mole fraction. Atomic force microscopy observations revealed that a small amount of Sb did not significantly change the surface morphology, whereas a high TESb mole fraction led to a step-bunched surface with atomically flat terraces. No Sb incorporation was detected in the films by electron probe microanalysis. Surface-segregated Sb was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with the surface concentration increasing with TESb flow rate.
Arthroscopic knot tying principles and instruments

Orthopedic surgeons must be proficient with many arthroscopic procedures. At the most basic level, consistent and secure tissue repair with arthroscopic knots is an essential skill. This skill can be mastered by following basic principles, practice, and attention to detail. There are special instruments to aid the surgeon in knot tying, knot tensioning, and suture cutting. A variety of suture material and knot designs is available and should be chosen to match the specific situation at hand. We do not intend to provide step-by-step instructions for tying every knot that has been described in the literature. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the arthroscopic knot-tying technique and the equipment available to today’s orthopedic surgeon. Knowledge of fundamentals will enable the surgeon to choose the appropriate suture material and knot construct, but practice is required to actually perform the task and know which instruments function best in their hands.
Consumer-Packaged Cheese. I. Flavor Stability

Summary Flavor changes in consumer-packaged Cheddar, processed Cheddar, and Swiss cheese during storage of the cheese in a refrigerated display case were investigated. Cheddar and Swiss cheese deteriorated relatively rapidly in flavor, whether or not exposed to fluorescent light, but the type of deterioration was different between light-exposed and light-protected cheese. Light exposure tended to hasten deterioration and to produce an oxidized type of flavor. Processed Cheddar cheese was relatively more resistant to flavor changes than natural cheese, particularly when protected from light. Generally, the rate and extent of flavor deterioration were related directly to the size of the cheese section and were individual cheese properties. Attempts to retard flavor deterioration included the use of a) 11 different film materials varying widely in quality, b) antioxidants, c) gas packaging, and d) coating of the cheese surface. Aluminum-laminated film and Uvinul D 49 (a film containing an ultraviolet light screening material) retarded the development of light-activated flavors, whereas coating the cheese surface with Myvacet 7-00 (distilled acetylated monoglycerides) retarded flavor deterioration in light-protected cheese. None of the other films and treatments provided effective protection against flavor changes in either light-exposed or light-protected cheese.
More Light Please

In the United States, doing good has come to be, like patriotism, a favorite device of persons with something to sell.—H. L. Mencken
Platform Precision Autopilot Overview and Flight Test Results

The Platform Precision Autopilot is an instrument landing system interfaced autopilot system, developed to enable an aircraft to repeatedly fly nearly the same trajectory hours, days, or weeks later. The Platform Precision Autopilot uses a novel design to interface with a NASA Gulfstream III jet by imitating the output of an instrument landing system approach. This technique minimizes, as much as possible, modifications to the baseline Gulfstream III jet and retains the safety features of the aircraft autopilot. The Platform Precision Autopilot requirement is to fly within a 5-m (16.4-ft) radius tube for distances to 200 km (108 nmi) in the presence of light turbulence for at least 90 percent of the time. This capability allows precise repeat-pass interferometry for the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar program, whose primary objective is to develop a miniaturized, polarimetric, L-band synthetic aperture radar. Precise navigation is achieved using an accurate differential global positioning system developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Flight-testing has demonstrated the ability of the Platform Precision Autopilot to control the aircraft within the specified tolerance greater than 90 percent of the time in the presence of aircraft system noise and nonlinearities, constant pilot throttle adjustments, and light turbulence.
Critical parameters and PVT properties for R-404A

The critical parameters of R-404A. a ternary mixture of 44 mass % pentafluoroethane (R-125), 52 mass % 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), and 4 mass % 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), were measured by visual observation of the meniscus in an optical cell. The critical pressure, density, and temperature were determined to be (3.726 {+-} 0.002) MPa, (490 {+-} 3) kg/m{sup 3}, and (345.15 {+-} 0.01) K, respectively. Forty single-phase PVT properties have been measured with a constant-volume method along three isochores in a range of densities from 487 to 493 kg/m{sup 3}, temperatures from 345 K to 393 K, and pressures from 3.7 to 7.8 MPa. One hundred and nineteen densities of R-404A have been measured with a vibrating-tube densitometer over a density range from 47 to 1247 kg/m{sup 2} along eight isotherms between 263 K and 403 K and at pressures between 1.5 MPa and 15 MPa. An 18-term modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state for R-404A was developed using the PVT property data.
Energy transfer within ultralow density twin InAs quantum dots grown by droplet epitaxy.

Ultralow density (∼106/cm2) of twin InAs quantum dot (QD) hybrid structure was grown by a droplet epitaxy technique. The photoluminescence (PL) from ensemble and individual twin InAs QD structures showed a bimodal behavior and an energy transfer between the well-separated (∼190 nm) twin QDs, which was supposedly due to the special wetting ring that built the channel for exciton transfer. This research demonstrates a novel approach to fabricate lateral InAs QD pairs as the candidate for a laterally coupled QD molecule.
A HIGH RESOLUTION SCINTILLATING FIBER GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPE*

A large variety of Compton and pair production gamma-ray telescopes using scintillator blocks coupled to vacuum photomultiplier tubes has been built earlier for space based experiments.1,2 In these telescopes the scintillator block dimensions were large thus limiting the angular accuracies and resolutions. Here we are presenting the design and major characteristics of a large area gamma-ray telescope with high angular and energy resolution for high energy accelerator experiments, using scintillating fibers and recently developed position sensitive photomultiplier tubes.
Axisymmetric Solutocapillary Convection in Microencapsulation

Hollow spherical shells used as laser targets in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments are made by microencapsulation. In one phase of manufacturing, the spherical shells contain a solvent (fluorobenzene, FB) and a solute (polystyrene, PAMS) in a water-FB environment. As the solvent evaporates it leaves behind the desired hardened plastic spherical shells, 1–2 mm in diameter. Perfect sphericity is demanded for efficient fusion ignition. Marangoni instabilities driven by surface tension dependence on the FB concentration could be the source of the observed surface roughness (buoyant forces are negligible in this micro-scale problem). Here we model this drying process, investigate conditions for incipient instabilities, and compute nonlinear axisymmetric convection.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Hybrid Computer Simulation of a Controlled-Current Inverter Under Normal and Fault Conditions

Both normal and failure modes of the three-phase bridge autosequentially commutated controlled-current inverter with a counter-electromotive force (EMF) inductive load have been studied by hybrid computer simulation. The four-quadrant normal behavior is similar to a single-phase version of the circuit. In both cases, regions of operation exist that would cause problems with ordinary methods of control. Various modes of failure were simulated for operating conditions typical of an induction motor drive. The most severe type of fault was found to be an open-circuited phase of the load such as may occur in a slip-ring motor drive when the brushes bounce.
Vitamin A receptors in normal and dystrophic human retina.

VITAMIN A is necessary for normal development and functioning of most tissues of the body1,2. It is uniquely important for the retina in that, in addition to its possible general role in cellular metabolism, it participates in the visual process as the prosthetic unit for rhodopsin. This takes place in specialised regions of the photoreceptor cell called rod outer segments (ROS). Little is known, however, about uptake, binding and translocation of retinol, the alcohol form of vitamin A, in the photoreceptor unit. A specific 2S receptor for retinol of molecular weight about 17,000 has been described in several animal tissues3,4. Retinol receptors are also present in retina and pigment epithelium5–9. In addition, we have recently found that an 8S receptor is present in retina and brain of most but not all animal species tested6. We report here that normal human retina exhibits both a 2S and 8S binding species for retinol but that only the 2S species is observed in the retina of a patient who had retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
TU‐A‐116‐06: Pre and Post‐Treatment Temporal Parametric Analysis of Neurovascular Disease Using Gamma Variate Fitting of Time Density Curves From DSA Sequences

Purpose: To calculate temporal parameters of contrast flow, using digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and provide parametric imaging (PI) of pre‐and post‐treated neurovascular lesions to aid neuro‐interventionalists decision. Methods: We developed a program to evaluate changes in contrast flow before and after treatment of neurovascular lesions. The program records each pixel value in a DSA sequence and fits the data with a gamma‐variate function. Using the function we calculate parameters such as mean‐transit‐time (MTT), bolus‐arrival‐time (BAT) and time‐to‐peak (TTP) and generate PIs for each quantity. The program was used for pre and post‐treatment parametric calculations for four representative neurovascular lesions: ischemic stroke, intracranial stenosis, arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and intracranial aneurysm treated with a flow diverter. Finally we compared the pre and post‐treatment PIs for changes in temporal parameters of the contrast flow. Results: Processing times for a typical DSA acquisition at 10 frames per second were between 15 and 20 minutes. In the ischemic stroke and intracranial stenosis cases we observed increased flow after clot removal and balloon angioplasty respectively, BAT decreased by 2x while MTT and TTP decreased 1.5x as compared with the pre‐treatment PI. For the AVM the venous arrival time increased three times after glue embolization, indicating decreased flow through the AVM. For the aneurysm treatment the MTT in the aneurysm dome was 5x larger compared with the pretreatment run indicating a reduced flow in the aneurysm. Conclusion: Pre and post‐treatment PIs showed significant differences, indicating reestablished flow for ischemic stroke and intracranial stenosis and decreased flow for the AVM and intracranial aneurysm. Execution time can be decreased significantly if software and hardware is optimized. This kind of information could be a very useful tool for treatment assistance during intracranial minimally invasive procedures in the angiographic suites where CT‐perfusion is not immediately available. Support NIH‐2R01EB002873; Support from NIH Grant 2R01EB002873
Properties of cast films from pickle fermentation brine protein

A proteinaceous fibrous material formed during commercial fermentation of cucumbers was used for manufacturing films. The effects of pH and heat treatments on tensile strength (TS), puncture streng...
Internal hernia of embryological origin

An anatomical specimen is described in which a considerable part of the small bowel had, apparently, in its return to the abdomen during fetal development invaginated the descending mesocolon and that of the left half of the transverse colon, thus producing a large internal hernia. The ascending branch of the left colic artery and the inferior mesenteric vein were in the neck of the sac, anterior to the loops of bowel entering and emerging from the sac. These relationships were obscured by the fact that there was a broad adhesive band extending from the mesentery of the free loops of small intestine to the descending colon, thus bridging over the vessels. The relationships referred to and as shown in the drawings, which include a cross-sectional view, would indicate that the mechanism of production of the hernia was as suggested and that there were in fact four layers of peritoneum in the anterior wall of the sac.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Machine Ethics

Machine ethics is concerned with how machines behave toward human users and other machines. It aims to create a machine that's guided by an acceptable ethical principle or set of principles in the decisions it makes about possible courses of action it could take. As ethics experts continue to progress toward consensus concerning the right way to behave in ethical dilemmas, the task for those working in machine ethics is to codify these insights. Eight articles in this special issue address the issues.This article is part of a special issue on Machine Ethics.
Precocious y-scaling and nucleon momentum distributions in nuclei

Abstract Recent quasi-elastic electron scattering data on 56 Fe are compared with an impulse approximation calculation based on a theoretical nuclear matter spectral function. A y -scaling analysis of the data shows that the scaling limit is approached at lower Q 2 than the theoretical calculation. A new y -scaling analysis based on the properties of the theoretical spectral function is introduced which allows direct comparison of the momentum distribution with the experimental scaling function.
Distress and Patient-Centered Communication among Veterans with Incidental (Not Screen-Detected) Pulmonary Nodules. A Cohort Study

Rationale: Incidental pulmonary nodule detection is postulated to cause distress, but the frequency and magnitude of that distress have not been reported. The quality of patient–clinician communication and the perceived risk of lung cancer may influence distressObjectives: To evaluate the association of communication processes with distress and the perceived risk of lung cancer using validated instruments.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients with incidentally detected nodules who received care at one Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. We measured distress with the Impact of Event Scale and patient-centered communication with the Consultation Care Measure, both validated instruments. Risk of lung cancer was self-reported by participants. We used multivariable adjusted logistic regression to measure the association of communication quality with distress.Measurements and Main Results: Among 122 Veterans with incidental nodules, 23%, 12%, and 4% reported experiencing mild, ...
Comparison of the tryptic peptides of human, porcine and ovine prolactins.

Abstract Tryptic peptides of ovine, porcine, and human prolactins were separated by two-dimensional chromatography-electrophoresis, and the amino acid composition of each peptide was determined. Similarities in the compositions of the peptides from the three species permitted tentative alignments of the amino acids of the porcine and human peptides with identical or similar residues of the ovine hormone. If the suggested sequences are correct, the peptides of human prolactin were more like those of the nonprimate prolactins than those of human growth hormone.
Physicochemical Fate of Sulfate in Soils

Sulfur occurs in soils in organic and inorganic forms, with the inorganic S accounting for < 5 percent of the total S in most soils from humid and semihumid regions. Sulfate in soils may occur as water-soluble salts, adsorbed by soil colloids, or as insoluble forms. Considerable seasonal fluctuations in the concentration of soluble SO4 2− in surface soils occur as a result of interaction of seasonal conditions on the mineralization of organic S, leaching, and uptake by plants. Soils vary widely in their capacity to adsorb SO4 2− . Sulfate adsorption is readily reversible and the amount of SO4 2− adsorbed is concentration and temperature dependent. The capacity of soil to adsorb SO4 2− depends upon clay content, nature of clay minerals, pH, associated cation, and the amount of hydrous Al and Fe oxides. The mechanisms of SO4 2− retention by soils involve coordination with hydrous oxides, exchange on edges of silicate clays, incorporation in mineral structures, and molecular adsorption. For acid soils, SO4 2...
A Possible Connexion between the Wave-Theory of Matter and Electro-Magnetism

IN de Broglie's theory a particle of matter travelling with velocity v has associated with it a phase-wave travelling with velocity c2/v. It seems that this theory may have some connexion with Sir J. J. Thomson's theory of moving lines of force if we interpret v as a velocity of the electric line and c2/v as the velocity of the magnetic line.
Specific MLC stimulation by cultured B cells.

Pairs of cultured T and B lymphoid cells, derived from the same individual, were used as stimulating cells in MLC experiments. Blastogenic responses to cultured B cells were much greater than those to the corresponding T cell line. These cells will provide a useful reagent for isolation and characterization of B cell specific antigens.
Presidents' Symposium: OR Elsewhere

This essay offers a brief, somewhat subjective, view of operations research in Old World countries; some of this material was presented at the International Federation of Operational Research Societies Conference IX and published in the proceedings of that meeting.
SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE‐ASSOCIATED FORMS OF ACID PHOSPHATASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE LYSOSOMAL FRACTION OF RAT LIVER

As initially formulated (de Duve, 1959), the lysosome concept held that the hydrolytic enzymes associated with lysosomes are contained within the particles and that constraint from hydrolytic action is provided by the particle membrane, which acts as a barrier to enzyme-substrate interaction. Rupture of the lysosomal membrane, within this context, should result in the simultaneous release of all internal enzymes in a soluble and fully active form, rendering them accessible to substrates of the cytoplasm. A disparity between the total acid phosphatase activity of the intact lysosomal fraction and the unsedimentable activity of the released enzyme was noted, however, as early as 1951 (Berthet et al., 1951). This discrepancy was accounted for on the basis of secondary adsorption of enzyme to lysosomal structure (Berthet et al., 1951; Appelmans & de Duve, 1958; de Duve, 1959). Recently, morphological and biochemical data have become available suggesting that this view of the association between the lysosomal hydrolases and lysosoma1 structure may have to be revised. Electron microscopic observations show that the lysosome may possess a complex internal structure (Novikoff et al., 1956; Van Lancker & Sempoux, 1958; Daems & Van Rijssel, 1961; Koenig, 1962), and biochemical determinations suggest that lysosomes may possess structure-bound enzymes that are not released by simple physical disruption. An inability to release all acid pliosphatase from rat liver lysosomes by physical disruption was reported by Shibko and Tappel (1963). Similarly, Allen and Gockerman (1964) were unable to effect total release of acid phosphatase from rat liver lysosomes by physical disruption, but did achieve total solubilization in the presence of Triton X-100. These authors further demonstrated the presnce of two electrophoretically distinct acid phosphatases in their mitochondrial-lysosomal fraction. These forms exhibited differential release properties, one being released by physical disruption of the particles and the other only after treatment of the fraction with Triton X-100. In addition to these instances, other lysosomal enzymes reported to be bound in part to lysosomal structure include aryl sulfatase A (Ugazio & Pani, 1963), an esterase (Shibko & Tappel, 1964), p-acetyl glucosaminidase (Weissman et al., 1967), and p-glucosidase (Beck & Tappel, 1968). This paper deals with a more definitive localization of a bound form of acid phosphatase to the lysosomal fraction of rat liver, with some physical and biochemical properties of the bound and soluble acid phosphatase of this fraction, and with the behavior of these enzymes in the lysosomes of regenerating rat liver.
Hemolymph chemistry of two species of araneid spiders

Abstract 1. 1. Hemolymph chemistry of two species of orb weaving spiders was studied and compared with hemolymph chemistry of other arthropods. 2. 2. Total osmotic pressure was 536 mOsm/l in Araneus gemma and 508 in Argiope trifasciata . 3. 3. Na and Cl concentrations made up about 50% of the hemolymph osmolytes. 4. 4. Totals of K, Ca, and Mg were 43 mg/l for A. gemma and 29 for A. trifasciata or 8% and 6% of the total osmolytes, respectively. 5. 5. Organic constituents, primarily amino acids, made up a sizable portion of the hemolymph osmolytes. 6. 6. Proteins, carbohydrates, total lipids and free fatty acids were at comparable levels to those reported for many insects. 7. 7. The placement of spiders among the “lower” arthropods is discussed.
Capsular Management and Refractive Error in Pediatric Intraocular Lenses

Background: Guidelines for intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children regarding patient selection, age limitations, operative techniques, including management of the posterior capsule, and refractive goals are not universally agreed on. Methods: The authors placed posterior chamber IOLs in the capsular bag of 79 eyes in 57 children. Patient age ranged from 10 months to 17 years. Follow-up averaged 2 years. Patients were selected on the basis of age, cataract morphology, laterality, and lack of potential complicating factors. In general, postoperative refractions were intended to be mildly hyperopic with the magnitude dependent on patient age. Results: Seventy-nine percent of patients able to report a postoperative visual acuity showed 20/40 or better visual acuity. Vision was limited by amblyopia in the remaining patients. There were no significant complications. The posterior capsule opacified on average 2 years after surgery regardless of patient age. Conclusions: Implantation of posterior chamber IOLs in carefully selected children appears to be effective and safe. Consideration should be given to primary posterior capsulectomy-anterior vitrectomy at the time of lens implant in children who are not expected to be candidates for yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) capsulotomy within 18 months of surgery.
The 2008‐2009 Presidential Transition Through the Voices of Its Participants

When Barack Obama assumed the presidency on January 20, he had in place a White House decision-making system of his choice, a policy agenda in order and a plan of his priorities, and a personnel process well under way. Several factors contributed to the orderly transition into the presidency. First, Congress, the president, and the executive branch over the years had made decisions that affected the transition, especially in the national security area. Second, members of the incoming administration worked with records of White House office structures, administration operations, and personnel processes and with former government officials experienced in past transitions. Third, unprecedented early transition planning and actions by the George W. Bush administration led to a new level of cooperation between the outgoing and incoming administrations. Finally, the early attention of Senator and then President-Elect Barack Obama to the need for transition planning and his assignment of experienced and knowledgeable people to handle studies of White House staff structure, agency operations, policy development, and staff selection eased the move from campaigning to governing.
Steering three-input nonholonomic systems: the fire truck example

In this article we steer wheeled nonholonomic systems that can be represented in a so-called chained form. Sufficient condi tions for converting a multiple-input system with nonholonomic velocity constraints into a multiple-chain, single-generator chained form via state feedback and a coordinate transfor mation are presented along with sinusoidal and polynomial control algorithms to steer such systems. Our example is the three-input nonholonomic system of a fire truck, or tiller truck. In this three-axle system, the control inputs are the steering velocities of both the first and third (or tiller) axles and the forward driving velocity of the truck. Simulation results are given for parallel parking, left hand turning, right hand turn ing, and changing lanes. Comparison is made to the same vehicle without tiller steering.
The Morphogenesis of the Human Temporomandibular Joint and its Associated Structures

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUALE MORPHOGENESE DEL ARTICULATION TEMPOROMANDIBULAR E SU ASSOCIATE STRUCTURAS IN HUMANOS Vinti-cinque embryones e fetos esseva serialmente sectionate e tincturate. Le observationes indica que prime apparition del componentes superior del articulation non coincide con illo del componentes inferi Le elemento condylar appareva primo e se disveloppava in un direction dorsolateral e superior, duran que le elemento temporal-apparente plus tarde—se disveloppava in un direction anterolateral. Tamen elemento temporal tosto attingeva le intensitate disveloppamental del mandibula. Le peculiar configurat de ossification del cartilagine condylar pareva determinar le direction de su crescentia. Le tenue port central del disco articular esseva reguardate como derivato del blastema condylar. Jam al stadio de septimanas, obliquemente situate fibras del externe musculo pterygoide delineava un area que esseva p destinate a devenir le futur termino dorsal del mandibula. Le musculos pterygoide tanto exte...
A simple fiber-optic microprobe for high resolution light measurements: application in marine sediment

A fiber-optic microphobe is described which is inexpensive and simple to build and use. It consists of an 80-micrometers optical fiber which at the end is tapered down to a rounded sensing tip of 20-30-micrometers diameter. The detector is a hybrid photodiode/amplifier. The probe has a sensitivity of 0.01 microEinst m-2 s-1 and a spectral range of 300-1,100 nm. Spectral light gradients were measured in fine-grained San Francisco Bay sediment that had an undisturbed diatom coating on the surface. The photic zone of the mud was only 0.4 mm deep. Measured in situ spectra showed extinction maxima at 430-520, 620-630, 670, and 825-850 nm due to absorption by chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycocyanin, and bacterio-chlorophyll a. Maximum light penetration in the visible range was found in both the violet and the red or = 700 nm.
Luminescence of vanadium and rare earth ions in alkaline earth sulfates

The luminescence of samples MeSO4V, RE (Me = Mg, Ca, Ba) depends strongly on the nature of the Me ions. The amount of association of the V5+ and RE3+ ions can be estimated from the measured quantum efficiencies.
A survey of research on the simulation startup problem

To reduce the effects of initial conditions on the results of a simulation experiment, several authors have proposed startup policies that specify how to minimize the warmup period and identify the trunca tion point beyond which observations are to be re corded and analyzed. Other approaches to this prob- Zem have used results from time-series analysis and queueing theory. This paper surveys research on the simulation startup problem; a companion paper which follows presents a procedure for evaluating startup policies when the mean of the truncated sample is to be used to estimate the steady-state mean of the underlying process.
A parallel algorithm for constructing projection polyhedra

Abstract A cell decomposition C of R d is called polytopical if it can be obtained as the projection of the boundary complex of a convex polyhedron P ⊂ R d +1 . In this paper, we present a local condition for recognizing simple polytopical cell decompositions. Based on this, we present a parallel algorithm for the CREW PRAM model to construct P if the given simple cell decomposition C is polytopical. Our algorithm runs in O(log m) time and uses O( m log m ) processors where m is the number of facets of C . This assumes the availability of a suitable data structure for navigating among the facets of C . Such a structure can be created for R 2 and R 3 without any added resource penalty.
Transforming semi-honest protocols to ensure accountability

The secure multi-party computation (SMC) model provides means for balancing the use and confidentiality of distributed data. This is especially important in the field of privacy-preserving data mining (PPDM). Increasing security concerns have led to a surge in work on practical secure multi-party computation protocols. However, most are only proven secure under the semi-honest model, and security under this adversary model is insufficient for many PPDM applications. SMC protocols under the malicious adversary model generally have impractically high complexities for PPDM. We propose an accountable computing (AC) framework that enables liability for privacy compromise to be assigned to the responsible party without the complexity and cost of an SMC-protocol under the malicious model. We show how to transform a circuit-based semi-honest two-party protocol into a protocol satisfying the AC-framework. The transformations are simple and efficient. At the same time, the verification phase of the transformed protocol is capable of detecting any malicious behaviors that can be prevented under the malicious model.
Determining structural similarity of chemicals using graph-theoretic indices

Abstract Ninety (90) graph-theoretic indices were calculated for a diverse set of 3692 chemicals to test the efficacy of using graph-theoretic indices in determining similarity of chemicals in a large, diverse data base of structures. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the 90-dimensional space to a 10-dimensional subspace which explains 93% of the variance. Distance between chemicals in this 10-dimensional space was used to measure similarity. To test this approach, ten chemicals were chosen at random from the set of 3692 chemicals and the five nearest neighbors for each of these ten target chemicals were determined. The results show that this measure of similarity reflects intuitive notions of chemical similarity.
Propagation of Ion-Acoustic Waves in a Two-Electron-Temperature Plasma

The propagation of ion-acoustic waves (IAW) in a double-electron- temperature plasma is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. It is found that the presence of even a small fraction of the lower-electron- temperature component can dominate the behavior of the waves. The results have important implications both for the use of IAW as a diagnostic tool for measuring electron temperature and for the interpretation of turbulent IAW spectra. (AIP)
EFFECT OF ORDER PARAMETER FLUCTUATIONS ON THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF SUPERCONDUCTOR FILMS.

Abstract We study the effect of fluctuations of the order parameter on the specific heat of one, two, and three dimensional superconductors using a Hartree approximation in the free energy functional. In all three dimensions, as the temperature is lowered the specific heat rises continuously to a peak value of the bulk discontinuity in the absence of fluctuations. Our results are compared with recent specific heat data on superconductor films. While a two-parameter fit yields excellent agreement with experiment, the experimental width of the transition decreases (rather than increases as theory indicates) with the resistance per square R□.
Closed loop heading control in the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta

The study of Tobacco hawkmoths, Manduca sexta, with respect to the relationships between muscle activation and flight response has progressed to a point that closed loop heading control is possible on the live, tethered animals. We present a method of control through stimulation of the dorsoventral muscle (DVM) groups that are responsible for the upward motion of the wings. An experimental setup allowing for only yaw in flying moths was developed. A 10% duty cycle square wave input was used to stimulate the DVM on the side of the moth inboard of the desired turn. Both continuous and discontinuous signals were used and the results suggest that the moth is able to compensate for consistent input stimulation.
DEM simulation of wave propagation in granular materials

Abstract Transient wave propagation in granular materials is numerically studied using discrete element simulation. Three particular cases are investigated including dry cohesionless material, elastic cemented particulate media and fluid saturated granular material. Primary interest is concerned with linking material microstructure with wave propagational behaviors. The discrete element scheme uses several different inter-particle contact laws appropriate to the material modeling application. Simulation results yield information on wave speed and amplitude attenuation for two-dimensional, meso-domain model assembly systems of circular disks and spherical particles. Particulate models were numerically generated using a biasing scheme whereby partial control of particular fabric measures could be achieved. Particular fabric measures which were used to characterize the granular material models include branch and cementation vectors . Discrete element modeling (DEM) wave simulation results indicated that wave speed is dependent upon the stiffness of the interparticle contacts and distribution of branch vectors along the propagation direction. Wave amplitude attenuation is also dependent on the number of branch vectors in the direction of propagation.
Gluconate metabolism in pseudomonas: A novel pathway of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolism

Abstract A novel sequence of reactions for converting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate has been found in a Pseudomonad. This sequence, involving the intermediates methylglyoxal and D- and L-lactate, suggests that substrate-level phosphorylation may not occur in the conversion of gluconate to pyruvate. This pathway may account for the strictly aerobic characteristic of this organism.
Efficient Modeling of the Relevant Effects for Water Hammer Calculation

The essential features for an adequate simulation of water hammer effects are incorporated in the one-dimensional fluiddynamic code ROLAST. This code was developed for the calculation of transient load cases in piping networks, including active and passive components like pumps, valves, check valves, vessels, and allowing for various boundary and initial conditions. The essential models for water hammer treatment are described like condensation, air bubble behaviour and venting, and especially their adaptation to the 1D flow formulation. Examples of validation are given. The role of dissolved air is discussed. The effects of dynamic friction and coupling with the structural analysis on a realistic damping behavior are explained. The code allows the calculation of realistic water hammer loads on the system by considering the reaction of components like check valves at the some time.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ethical issues concerning expert systems applications in education

This article traces the connection between expert systems used as consultants in medicine and their design for instructional purposes in education. It is suggested that there are important differences between these applications. Recognizing these differences leads to the view that the development of intelligent computer-assisted instructions (ICAI) should be guided by empirical research into social/psychological consequences and by ethical inquiries into the acceptability of those consequences. Three proposals are put forward: (1) that the pedagogical role of intelligent CAI be clarified, (2) that forms of intelligent CAI be developed that aim primarily at refining rather than replacing human judgements, and (3) that ICAI research and development projects contain components which address ethical and social/psychological components and which are equitably-funded, integral parts of the overall development effort.
Large deformation in polycrystalline copper under combined tension-torsion, loading, unloading and reloading or reverse loading: A study of two incremental theories of plasticity

Abstract Experimental data from combined tension-torsion of thin walled tubes of annealed polycrystalline copper subjected to various non-proportionate loading, unloading and reverse loading paths are presented. The measurements are compared with predicted values from classical incremental theory of plasticity in terms of true stress and true strain and a recently developed incremental theory of plasticity by Bell in terms of nominal stress and nominal strain. These experimental data reveal that the plastic strain produced by the various proportionate and non-proportionate loading, unloading and reverse loading paths are in better agreement with Bell's incremental theory of plasticity as compared to classical incremental theory.
Pulmonary artery bullet embolism—Case report and review

INTRODUCTION Bullet embolism, an uncommon but serious complication of penetrating vascular trauma, poses a unique clinical challenge for the trauma physician. Migration of bullets can lead to infection, thrombosis, ischemia, hemorrhage and death.
Sleep: Changes in Threshold to Electroconvulsive Shock in Rats after Deprivation of "Paradoxical" Phase

Rats were deprived of paradoxical (radid eye movement or REM) sleep for a 6-day period but were allowed substantial non-REM (slow wave) sleep. Thresholds for electroconvulsive shock dropped significantly after deprivation in all these animals, but thresholds in control animals treated in a similar manner, but allowed REM sleep exhibited no change. Deprivation seems to heighten neural excitability.