cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associative ionization of N(2D) and O

Abstract Recent laboratory measurements have shown that N(2P) atoms, and thus probably hot N(2D) atoms, will recombine with atomic oxygen via an associative ionization process at the gas kinetic rate. While the reaction is endothermic, it has been suggested that this has interesting implications for the upper atmosphere in that N(2D) atoms in the tail of the velocity distribution could provide an additional source of NO+ through the reverse of the dissociative recombination reaction NO + + e ⇄ N ( 2 D ) + O . It has also been suggested that this process might account for the difference between a laboratory determination of the rate coefficient and that determined from the Atmospheric Explorer Satellite data. In this paper we investigate further the likelihood of the associative ionization of N(2D) and O playing a significant role in the normal ionosphere, in the light of several recent relevant studies. We conclude that the associative ionization process is not an important factor and that a more probable cause for disagreements in the various determinations of the recombination coefficient, is the difference in excited states of the ions in the various experiments.
Driving forces that transformed the care of individuals with cancer from 1900-1940.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify driving forces that established the groundwork for a more dedicated approach to health care for individuals with cancer in the early 20th century. DATA SOURCES Letters, books, and journal articles published in the early 20th century, as well as materials and communications from several archival sources. DATA SYNTHESIS The increasing incidence of cancer cases and the building of cancer hospitals were among the dramatic forces in the late 19th century that contributed to the transformation of the clinical care of individuals with advanced cancer. Historical research provided evidence for the early development of the specialization of oncology nursing. CONCLUSIONS In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the stigma attached to cancer contributed to delays in diagnosis. The great majority of patients were diagnosed with advanced diseases that were incurable. Providing care to patients with cancer was a problem in hospitals and homes. Radical surgeries and the therapeutic use of radium placed unique demands on patients, their family caregivers, and nurses. Nurses adopted new roles and provided detailed bedside care routines; educated patients, families, and the public; published journal articles and textbooks; and advocated for change. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Early leaders provided the vision, established the foundation, and cultivated the passion for the emergence of specialized nurses to provide individualized care to patients with cancer. Oncology nurses and nurse leaders are needed to sustain the continual transformation of the specialty so that the individualized needs of patients with cancer are met.
Inosine 3',5'-monophosphate and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from human PMN leucocytes.

Abstract A cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase has been partially purified from uniform populations of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN's). The enzyme was activated to the same extent by cAMP or cIMP (apparent Km's = 88, 62 nM), preferentially phosphorylated histone, and demonstrated the usual metal requirements (absence of Ca ++ , presence of Mg ++ , Co ++ , or Mn ++ ). Since cIMP and cAMP-dependent activities could not be dissociated by extensive separation procedures, and since cAMP does not appear to accumulate in PMN's following phagocytosis, the role of other cyclic nucleotides (e.g. cIMP) should be explored in such cells.
How one uses evidence determines its value

(1994). How one uses evidence determines its value. Western Journal of Communication: Vol. 58, The Dialogue of Evidence: A Topic Revisited, pp. 20-24.
GW24-e3751 Oxidative stress-dependent cyclooxygenase 2-derived vasoconstrictive prostaglandins contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in hyperlipidemia

Objectives We recently reported that elevation of plasma homocysteine level—hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) accelerates atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in hyperlipidemia. Prostanoids are local mediators of inflammation and are synthesised from arachidonic acid by cycloxygenase (COX). In this study, we examined the role of COX2 which is cytokine-inducible and highly expressed in vasculature inresponsible to inflammation, in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction (ED) in hyperlipidemia. Methods Endothelial function was assessed in the thoracic aorta from a novel severe HHcy (PlasmaHcy = 221 μM) mouse model: human cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) transgenic, mouse CBS and apolipoprotine E gene deficient mouse (hTgCBS_mApoE -/- /Cbs -/- ) fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks. Results Endothelium-dependentrelaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) was significantly impaired in the aorta of hTgCBS_ mApoE -/- /Cbs -/- mice compared with that of hTgCBS_mApoE -/- /Cbs +/+ mice. Endothelium-independent vascular relaxation response to sodium nitroprusside was not changed. N(G)-nitro-L-Arg-methyl ester (L-NAME, eNOS inhibitor), abolished the relaxation responses to ACh in the aorta of hTgCBS_mApoE -/- /Cbs -/- mice but not in that of hTgCBS, mApoE -/- /Cbs +/+ mice. L-NAME plus COX1/2 inhibitor indomethacin (INDO) completely blocked relaxation response to ACh in the aorta from both HHcy and control mice, indicating that COX plays a major role in HHcy-induced ED in hyperlipidemia. Moreover, INDO, COX2 inhibitor nimesulide, and thromboxane A 2 /prostaglandin H 2 receptor antagonist SQ29548, but not COX1 inhibitor SC560, improved HHcy-aggravated ED inhyperlipidemia, indicating that COX2, but not COX1, contributes to HHcy-induced ED in hyperlipidemia. In addition, preincubation the aorta with antioxidants Tempol (a superoxide scavenger), polyethylene glycol-tagged superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and apocynin also improved HHcy-induced ED in hyperlipidemia. By immunohistochemistry, HHcy markedly increased protein expression of COX2 and 3-nitrotyrosin (3-NT)—a foot print of superoxide, but not COX1, in the endothelium of aorta. By Weston blot, HHcy induced inflammatory factors including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and TNFα in the aorta extract from the mice with hyperlipidemia. Moreover, COX2, but not COX1, and 3-NT was markedly increased in cultured human aorticendothelial cells treated with a combination of DL-Hcy (500 μM) and oxidised-LDL(200 µg/ml) for 48 hours compared to that treated with either DL-Hcy oroxidized-LDL alone. DL-Hcy/oxidased-LDL-induced COX2 was prevented by PEG-SOD. Finally, HHcy markedly accelerated urinary 2, 3-dinor TXB 2 , TXB 2 ,8-isoprostan and 6-keto prostaglandin F 1α levels in hyperlipidemia. Conclusions Severe HHcy causes ED in hyperlipidemia via oxidative stress-dependent COX2-derived vasoconstrictive prostaglandins.
Viral pathogenesis in hu-PBL-SCID mice

The transplantation of human cells into immunodeficient mice has provided new models for human immune function, infection by pathogenic viruses that grow in lymphocytes or other hematopoietic cells, and development of hematopoietic lineages. SCID mice reconstituted with adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBL-SCID mice) maintain some established immune responses, but do not produce a full spectrum of primary cellular or humoral responses. Nonetheless, hu-PBL-SCID mice are a valuable tool for studying primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This review will summarize findings from such studies.
Rheological behavior of aseptically processed soybean milk under turbulent flow conditions

Abstract Rheological behavior of soybean milk at various solid contents (9%‐16% w/w) was measured using an oscillatory viscometer under turbulent flow conditions (Reynolds number between 3116 and 12000) in a temperature range of 60‐140°C. The power law model expressed as τ=KγN was found to be the most appropriate for the rheological model of soybean milk. The apparent viscosity using an oscillatory viscometer was not affected by the flow rate. The equations describing the effects of temperature and concentration on rheological parameters (n, K) were developed within the aseptic processing temperature range. The parameter “K”; significantly decreased with increasing temperature, while the parameter “n”; slightly increased with temperature. However, the concentration effect on parameter “K”; and “n”; were opposite to that of the temperature effect.
Effects of the number and placement of positive charges on viologen–cucurbit[n]uril interactions

Recent developments in the synthesis and applications of the cucurbit[n]uril family of synthetic hosts has led to an increasing interest in the detailed studies of their interactions with a wide variety of guests. This paper describes a quantitative study of the effects of the number and placement of positive charges on the binding of viologen guests to cucurbit[7]uril and cucurbit[8]uril. A series of viologen derivatives with one to four charges was characterised by isothermal titration calorimetry, 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to determine the stoichiometry, affinity and mode of binding. These data show that stoichiometry can be controlled by the placement of charge, and that affinity can be increased by the addition of positive charges. This study should serve as a guide for the design of supramolecular structures built from viologens and cucurbit[n]urils.
Turtle Habitat Use in a Reach of the Upper Mississippi River

Abstract Turtle community composition was determined in three habitats—open river, slough, and backwater—of the Mississippi River near Hamilton, Illinois. While seven species of turtles were collected during the study, distinct communities were found in each of the habitats. The open river site was dominated by female smooth softshell turtles, Apalone muticas, which made up approximately 80% of the community in this habitat. While turtles were abundant in the backwater habitat, only three species, red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), were collected. Though all three species were common in the backwater, the red-eared slider was the most abundant. The habitat with the most abundant and diverse turtle community was the slough. In addition to red-eared sliders, the most abundant species collected, common snapping turtles, painted turtles, smooth softshell turtles, spiny softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera), common map turtl...
Perioperative management of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve.

BACKGROUND Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve is a rare form of congenital heart disease. The records of patients with this lesion were reviewed over a 6(1/2) year period, and the perioperative management of 13 patients is described. METHODS We found that our patients could be divided into two groups by age. The younger group failed medical management and was referred for surgery at less than 1 year of age. This group of patients had considerable respiratory disease at the time of surgery, greater ventilatory problems during surgery and prolonged recovery. Most patients in this group have residual respiratory disease. RESULTS There were significant differences in postoperative outcome between younger versus older patients: days of ventilation 37 +/- 41 versus 1 +/- 0.6 days, length of ICU stay 28 +/- 31 versus 3 +/- 1 days and length of hospital stay 64 +/- 48 versus 9 +/- 5 days.
Differential Phytosociological Interactions Involving Male and Female Atriplex bonnevillensis

ABSTRACT. Wind-pollinated dioecious plants often exhibit spatial segregation of the sexes. This partial niche separation has most often been explored using abiotic niche axes. However, if the sexes are truly separated in space, then they are apt to encounter different plant species that may heavily affect growth and reproduction. Also, to the extent that their niches differ, the sexes may respond differently to the same co-occurring species. Here we examine interspecific interactions that influence male and female reproductive potential in Atriplex bonnevillensis. Using Emlen's interaction assessment, a technique which assesses species interactions based on cover classes, we show that Salsola species compete significantly with females but not males, while Halogeton glomeratus competes with males but not females. The effect of competition only became apparent when we corrected for site-specific fertility. These results imply that differential competition must be considered when studying dioecious plants th...
Purification, partial characterization, and sequence around a reactive sulfhydryl of ficin.

Abstract An active sulfhydryl group of ficin has been labeled with N-(4-dimethylamino 3,5-dinitrophenyl) maleimide, and the resulting N-(4-dimethylamino 3,5-dinitrophenyl) succinimido(DDPS)ficin has been subjected to pepsin hydrolysis. The peptide containing DDPS-cysteine was isolated and found to contain valine, glycine, serine, tyrosine, and DDPS-cysteine, the sequence being Tyr-Ser-Gly-Val-DDPS-Cys. The N-terminal residue of ficin (E.C. 3.4.4.12) was shown to be leucine by use of Sanger's dinitrophenyl method. The amino acid composition of ficin has been determined. These experiments were performed on a preparation obtained with an improved purification procedure which gives a greater increase in specific activity than any previously reported. A new assay method for ficin activity has been developed.
Research and Transfer: A Teaching Project

This paper reports on a project that grew out of observations and conversations undertaken by two faculty members at LaGuardia Community College/CUNY interested in exploring the connection between research skills and transfer knowledge. Stern and Macheski posited that if students were able to connect research acquisition skills to the transfer application process, each skill would enhance the other. The outcomes from this small cohort, while not conclusive, lead the authors to be optimistic that their approach improves both understanding of authentic research and its connection to personal goals. National conversations in recent years about the changing role of community colleges inform this inquiry.
Spiritual belief as a predictor of theoretical orientation in music therapists

The relationship between the music therapist's spirituality and clinical practice has been a relatively unexplored area despite an increasing attention to spirituality within the clinical sphere. A random sample of American music therapists (n = 252) was surveyed to determine whether spiritual beliefs functioned as a predictor of theoretical orientation. Results from two logistic regressions indicated that spiritual beliefs did not function as predictors. Several factors may have influenced these findings. Participants were asked about their training in spiritual matters related to clinical work, and to rank their affiliations with four distinct theoretical philosophies across a 5-point Likert scale. A descriptive analysis indicated limited training and education regarding spiritual issues as they pertain to clinical work, and a similarly poor awareness of when such issues manifest. Tendencies emerged with participants' self-reported associations with four distinct theoretical traditions, including an alm...
Sentinel node biopsy for staging lung cancer

The importance and value of accurate clinical and pathological staging of lung cancer is emphasized. The philosophy, techniques, and general results of the sentinel node technique for lymphatic mapping are reviewed. The experience with this technique in patients with non-small cell lung cancer is discussed and the future use of lymphatic mapping is pondered.
A Review on Mathematical Models of the Human Thermal System

The literature on mathematical models of the human thermal system is reviewed and classified.
Escaping inhibition by self-mutation

Comment on Koptyra et al, page [319][1] BCR/ABL-induced reactive oxygen species promote self-mutation of the BCR/ABL kinase and resistance to imatinib treatment. Administration of antioxidants could decrease BCR/ABL self-mutagenesis and the emergence of imatinib resistance. Imatinib mesylate, a
Nanocrystal gold molecules

The creation of perfect nanometer-scale crystallites (nanocrystals), identically replicated in unlimited quantities, in a state that can be manipulated and understood as pure macromolecular substances, is an ultimate challenge of modern materials research with outstanding fundamental and potential technological consequences.[’l We report on the prediction, isolation, and characterization of a series of gold nanocrystals, passivated by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of straight-chain alkylthiolate molecules (RS, R
Critical challenges for picoTesla magnetic-tunnel-junction sensors ☆

The extension of small, inexpensive, low-power, low-frequency, ultra-sensitive magnetic sensors to fields between 1 nT and 1 pT, an area currently dominated by fluxgates, optically pumped magnetometers, and SQUIDS, would be a paradigm shift for the field of magnetic sensors. The necessary elements for picoTesla magnetic-tunnel-junction (MTJ) sensors have been identified by modeling the noise characteristics. The results help identify the experimental challenges involved in the integration of these necessary elements into actual sensors, illustrate the trade-offs faced if there are losses in performance upon integration. Scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA) of the pinned layer provides insights into problems and possible solutions. Issues associated with real-world applications of these sensors to ultra-low field measurements are discussed.
Comment on 'Optimal control via mathematical programming'

Breakwell considers the slewing of a flexible spacecraft whose dynamics can be approximated by Eq. (2). In his conclusions, he discusses two problems encountered previously by the author in Refs. 2 and 3. These are: 1) The fact that the differential equation(s) are stiff and often subject to numerical difficulties if one employs eigenvalue routines or attempts to numerically integrate the associated state transition matrix. 2) The fact that significant vibrational energy is imparted to the higher modes, even though n of them can be arrested upon arrival at time tf (which is less comforting in the presence of modeling and measurement errors). Regarding the first problem, Ref. 4 documents an attractive way to obtain high-precision state transition matrices using diagonal Fade approximations in conjunction with the matrix exponential identity
Immunohistochemical detection of the H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras oncogenes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

The expression of H-ras, K-ras and N-ras oncogenes was analyzed on frozen sections of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by immunohistochemistry using anti-ras monoclonal antibodies. Of 22 primary SCCHN, 15 (68%) stained positive for H-ras, 10 (45%) for K-ras and seven (32%) for N-ras. Thirteen specimens (59%) stained positive for at least two anti-ras monoclonal antibodies. The presence of immunohistochemically detectable H-ras, K-ras and N-ras proteins was most frequently associated with an increase in tumor size and later stages of disease (T3 and T4), with no apparent correlation with lymph node involvement, site of occurrence, degree of differentiation, age, sex, or race. Thus, overexpression of members of the ras gene family occurs as a relatively common event in SCCHN and may be an important event in the later stages of tumorigenesis.
Using digital spatial archives effectively

The size and complexity of modern geographical datasets continues to grow and with that growth comes an increased difficulty in assessing the usefulness of a particular dataset for a particular problem. The task of browsing through a large database is rapidly becoming impractical because of the shear volume of the data, therefore, the information potential of the database is lost because the scope of the database is beyond comprehension. This article promotes new methodologies beyond the use of descriptive metadata to support a user's desire to find a dataset suitable for his or her analysis.
The effect of hyperthermia on reoxygenation during the fractionated radiotherapy of two murine tumors, FSa-II and MCa

Abstract Purpose : To investigate the effect of hyperthermia on the tumor reoxygenation during fractionated irradiations. It has been shown that hyperthermia increases the size of hypoxic cell fraction in some murine tumors and reoxygenation is critical for successful radiotherapy. Methods and Materials : Tumors were early generation isotransplants of spontaneous murine fibrosarcoma (FSaII) and mammary carcinoma (MCa) in C3Hf/Sed mice. Treatments were initiated when they reached an average diameter of 4 mm. A local heat treatment at 43.5°C for 45 min was given in a constant temperature water bath 24 h before irradiation(s). This interval was selected to avoid heat-radiation interaction and to simply investigate the heat effect on the reoxygenation process. Tumors were irradiated under hypoxic conditions or in air and observed for recurrences for 120 days. The foot reaction of animals with controlled-tumors was scored on the last day of experiments. The TCD50 (50% tumor control dose) and RD50 (dose to induce partial foot atrophy in 50% of treated animals) were calculated. Results The TCD50s following a various number of fractions were obtained for FSa-II and MCa with or without hyperthermia. The difference between the TCD50 (hypoxia) and TCD50 (in air) without hyperthermia increased with an increasing number of fractions, suggesting that significant reoxygenation occured during the fractionated irradiation. The TCD50s (with heat, in air) were smaller than the TCD50s (radiation alone, in air) following fractionated irradiations, indicating that hyperthermia did not affect tumor reoxygenation. The difference between these TCD50 values was greater for heat-sensitive MCa than for heat-resistant FSa-II, suggesting that this difference was due to additive heat cytotoxicity. An unexpected observation was that heat significantly enhanced the foot reaction with no resultant therapeutic gain for both MCa and FSa-II tumors. Conclusion : Hyperthermia given independently prior to fractionated irradiation did not affect tumor reoxygenation, nor was there a therapeutic gain for the two murine tumors. These results suggest that selective tumor heating is essential in clinical thermoradiotherapy.
Measurements of behavior in the naked mole-rat after intraperitoneal implantation of a radio-telemetry system

The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a unique fossorial mammal that is eusocial, object blind, and virtually poikilothermic. This animal is an ideal model to examine questions pertaining to the thermoregulatory aspects of sleep/wake cycles and other circadian events. However, the monitoring of mammalian sleep usually involves implanting permanent electrodes into the skull which are linked to a counter-weighted cable apparatus. This is not a viable option for H. glaber because of the tunneled environments and sensitive social milieu. Instead, to monitor sleep, core temperature, and activity we have utilized intraperitoneal telemetry, a technique that transmits biopotential signals by radio waves. Here we describe the surgical procedure used to implant the device, the anesthesia technique developed, and the social reintroduction method devised for this novel animal model.
Nuclear Excitation by 180° Electron Scattering

S>Magnetic multipole transitions in Be/sup 9/, B/sup 10/, B/sup 11/, C/ sup 12/, N/sup 14/, O/sup 16/, and Si/sup 28/ were studied by measuring the energy spectra resulting from the scattering of 41.5-Mev primary electrons through an angle of 180 deg . At this angle of scattering, electric multipole transitions were greatly suppressed, and in addition, the background radiation tail accompanying the elastic peak was minimized. Inelastic electron scattering cross sections were obtained by comparing the inelastic peaks to the electron- proton elastic scattering peak and radiation widths were deduced by using virtual photon theory. Inelastic scattering peaks corresponding to excitation energies of 2.4 and 14.7 Mev were measured for Beg; 7.9, 11.8, and 14.0 Mev for B/sup 10/; 2.1, 4.4, 4.9, 7.3, 9.1, 10.4, and 12.9 Mev for B/sup 11/; 15.1 Mev for C/sup 12/ ; 9.2 and 10.5 Mev for N/sup 14/; and 11.6 Mev for Si/sup 28/. No excitations were observed for O/sup 16/ below 15 Mev, and no excitations were observed in Ca/ sup 40/ below the giant resonance for 160 deg electron scattering. (auth)
Linguistic boundaries as barriers to exchange

Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data are used to explore the structure of obsidian acquisition for groups in the King Range National Conservation Area of northern California. The data indicate that, contrary to a distance-decay model, obsidian from more distant sources in the Medicine Lake Highlands, dominates the obsidian found at sites in the area. Furthermore, metric data indicate a positive relationship between size and distance to source with more distant sources represented by larger flakes. It is suggested that this pattern is the result of culturally mediated exchange relations under which Athabaskan speakers concentrated trade relations with one another to the exclusion of trade with linguistic groups to the south, with longer histories in the area, such as the Pomo and Yuki. Additionally, the use of redwood dugouts on rivers in northern California and the importance of northeastern Californian obsidian in ritual practices of California Athabaskan groups may have further encouraged the use of more distant, northeastern Californian, sources.
Effect of Glucocorticoid and Growth Hormone Treatment on Proinsulin Levels in Humans

Treatment with glucocorticoids is associated with a disproportionate elevation in the PI/IRI ratio. To determine whether growth hormone—another agent capable of producing insulin resistance and changing B-cell function—also alters the PI/IRI ratio and whether growth hormone and glucocorticoids have a synergistic effect on PI and IRI levels, we examined these variables in four groups of young healthy subjects ( n = 8/group) after 7 days of treatment with placebo, prednisone (0.8 mg.kg −1 · day −1 ), rhGH (0.1 mg.kg −1 · day −1 ), and the combination of prednisone and rhGH. Fasting plasma glucose levels increased significantly above those of the control group in subjects receiving prednisone or prednisone and rhGH but not in subjects receiving rhGH alone. The basal concentration of IRI increased in response to prednisone, rhGH, and the combination of prednisone and rhGH. However, this increase in IRI was largely due to an increase in PI, so that the PI/IRI ratio increased from 14.7 ± 2.4% in control subjects to 33.9 ± 5.3% in subjects on prednisone ( P P P
Application-specific trace compression for low bandwidth trace logging

This poster introduces an application-specific trace log compression mechanism targeted for execution on wireless sensor network nodes. Trace logs capture sequences of significant events executed on a node to provide visibility into the system. The application-specific compression mechanism exploits static program control flow knowledge to automate insertion of trace statements that capture trace data in a concise form. Initial evaluation reveals that these compressed trace logs, when generated, consume just over a fifth of the space required by standard trace logging techniques.
Characterization of defects in adult germline development and oogenesis of sterile and rescued female hybrids in crosses between Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster.

Crosses between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans normally result in progeny that are either inviable or sterile. Recent discovery of strains that rescue these inviability and sterility phenotypes has made it possible to study the developmental basis of reproductive isolation between these two species in greater detail. By producing both rescued and unrescued hybrids and examining the protein product staining patterns of genes known to be involved in early germline development and gametogenesis, we have found that in crosses between D. simulans and D. melanogaster, hybrid female sterility results from the improper control of primordial germline proliferation, germline stem cell maintenance, and cystoblast formation and differentiation during early oogenesis. Rescued hybrid females are fertile, yet they generally have lower amounts of adult germline from the outset and show a premature degeneration of adult germline cells with age. In addition, older rescued hybrid females also exhibit mutant egg phenotypes associated with defects in dorso-ventral patterning which may result from the improper partitioning of cytoplasmic factors during early oogenesis that could stem from the early defect. Although a variety of germline and oogenic defects are described for the hybrid females, all of them can potentially result from the same underlying primary defect. Hybrid males from these same crosses, on the other hand, have no detectable germline in adult reproductive tissues, even when hybrid sterility rescue strains are used, indicating that male sterility and female sterility stem from distinctly different developmental defects. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 288:205–218, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multi-analyte bioluminescence-based disposable ChemChips for home-based application: Update

Bio- and chemi-luminescent based biochemical sensors are being developed in a multi-well single use format for multi-analyte applications employing a single step, disposable, easy to use and interpret ChemChip. We briefly review and summarize earlier and ongoing work. We also argue for far more, rather than less or limited, chemical data in all areas, and particularly in education, health, and medicine.
The comparative susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus to a South Carolina strain of Plasmodium Falciparum.

Anopheles albimanus is recognized as an important vector of malaria in Central America and in the West Indies. This species occurs also in the Rio Grande valley of southernmost Texas and has been incriminated, upon circumstantial grounds, with malaria transmission there. Young et al (1946) found that a strain of A. albimanus from South Texas was, relative to Anopheles quadrimaculatus, nearly insusceptible to imported strains of Plasmodium vivax. Boyd et al (1938) and Boyd and Jobbins (1940) found great differences in the relative susceptibility of A. albimanus and A. quadrimaculatus when both species were fed simultaneously on various strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax.
Mechanism of genetic complementation of ammonium transport in yeast by human erythrocyte Rh-associated glycoprotein.

The Rh blood group proteins are erythrocyte proteins important in neonatal and transfusion medicine. Recent studies have shed new light on the possible biological function of Rh proteins as members of a conserved family of proteins involved in ammonium transport. The erythrocyte Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) mediates uptake of ammonium when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and functional studies indicate that RhAG might function as an NH4+-H+-exchanger. To further delineate the functional properties of RhAG, in this study we have expressed RhAG in both a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ammonium-transport mutant (mep1Δ mep2Δ mep3Δ) and a wild-type strain. RhAG was able to complement the transport mutant, with complementation strictly pH-dependent, requiring pH 6.2–6.5. RhAG also conferred resistance to methylamine (MA), a toxic analog of ammonium, and expression in wild-type cells revealed that resistance was correlated with efflux of MA. RhAG-mediated resistance was pH-dependent, being optimal at acid pH. The opposite pH dependence of ammonium complementation (uptake) and MA resistance (efflux) is consistent with bidirectional movement of substrate counter to the direction of the proton gradient. This report clarifies and expands previous observations of RhAG-mediated transport in yeast and supports the hypothesis that ammonium transport is coupled to the H+ gradient and that RhAG functions as a NH4+/H+ exchanger.
Maize Kernel Development in Vitro: Sucrose Concentration, Xenia, and Maternal Effects

Grain-filling rates primarily determine kernel mass, an important yield component in early-maturing maize (Zea mays L.). To learn how genes control grain-filling rates, we studied 12 hybrids among strains divergently selected from a single genetic background. We reciprocally intercrossed three strains selected to differ for grain-filling rates [high (HC), random (RC), and low (LC) R-nj aleurone color] to a large-(LG) and a small-kernel (SM) strain. We pollinated hybrid plants with LG- or SM-strain pollen to produce a (2 × 3 × 2 × 2) factorial set of kernel genotypes. After 3 d, cob pieces with a single attached ovule of each genotype were explanted and grown in vitro with 80, 120, or 160 g L −1 sucrose. We sampled kernels and cob pieces after 7, 14, and 21 d. Kernel dry weight and water content increased while kernel moisture concentration decreased linearly during the 21 d in culture. Cob dry weight increased until 14 d in culture. Kernels cultured on a medium with 160, compared to 80, g L −1 sucrose grew 27% faster but lost moisture concentration 32% more slowly. Kernels pollinated with LG, compared to SM, pollen accumulated dry matter 27% faster and achieved 36% higher mean dry weights. Kernels explanted from LG, compared to SM, plants grew 29% faster and averaged 34% higher dry matter. Significant (P < 0.01) reciprocal differences among hybrid plants for kernel traits and xenia effects on cob piece growth in culture suggest that exogenous genes influenced development rates. Paternal and maternal genes in the kernel, and sucrose supply also influenced kernel dry matter, kernel water content, and cob dry weight in vitro
Hybridization of Bound-and-Decompose and Mixed Integer Feasibility Checking to Measure Redundancy in Structured Linear Systems

Computing the degree of redundancy for structured linear systems is proven to be NP-hard. A linear system whose model matrix is of size n×p is considered structured if some p row vectors in the model matrix are linearly dependent. Bound-and-decompose and 0-1 mixed integer programming (MIP) are two approaches to compute the degree of redundancy, which were previously proposed and compared in the literature. In this paper, first we present an enhanced version of the bound-and-decompose algorithm, which is substantially (up to 30 times) faster than the original version. We then present a novel hybrid algorithm to measure redundancy in structured linear systems. This algorithm uses a 0-1 mixed integer feasibility checking algorithm embedded within a bound-and-decompose framework. Our computational study indicates that this new hybrid approach significantly outperforms the existing algorithms as well as our enhanced version of bound-and-decompose in several instances. We also perform a computational study that shows matrix density has a significant effect on the runtime of the algorithms.
Integrated Quality Assurance Program for Transuranic Waste Management at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy’s (DOE) weapons complex. It has over 60 years of experience in handling radioactive materials and, consequently, in radioactive waste management. The current focus at LANL for actinide research and development is the Plutonium Facility, which has been in operation since 1978 and is the major source of transuranic (TRU) waste. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating the Plutonium Facility. It has a dedicated group of personnel who manage radioactive and hazardous waste, and address environmental regulations. The TRU Waste Certification Program has prescriptive requirements that must be met for waste to be certified by the DOE’s Carlsbad Field Office, which provides oversight to the final waste repository, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Quality assurance expectations are also well defined, from top-tier documents such as 10 Code of Federal Regulations 830.120. Quality Assurance Requirements, which carry the force of law, through CAO-94-1012, Quality Assurance Program Document, from WIPP, to LANL internal working documents. Internal and external audits are conducted regularly to verify the adequacy of the program for meeting these requirements. To ensure compliance with quality requirements in waste operations, the NMT-7 Waste Management and Environmental Compliance Group has two full-time quality assurance (QA) specialists. They are responsible for maintaining the Quality Assurance Program (QAP). They work directly with waste management personnel, and they are frequently in the field, working beside waste management technicians. They are responsible for ensuring that applicable QAP elements are implemented as required, and that waste operations are effective. They review waste management program documents and waste operations for compliance with requirements, and they observe selected waste operations regularly to ensure that these operations are being conducted in accordance with established procedures. A yearly surveillance schedule is established to guide assessment activities, but it has the flexibility to allow the QA specialists to address any problem areas they may encounter. The QA specialists track performance indicators and evaluate them for systemic issues that may affect quality, including tracking program corrective actions to completion. Monthly reports on QA activities are submitted to group managers. The QA specialists are also asked, on occasion, to lead quality-related investigations and to work with operations personnel to propose solutions. As a direct result of their efforts, the waste management group won Pinon quality assurance recognition from Quality New Mexico for the group’s commitment to quality.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Modeling the thermal–hydraulic behavior of the reactor cavity cooling system using RELAP5-3D

Abstract The Very High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (VHTR), one of the six proposed designs for the next generation nuclear reactor, was conceived to achieve high temperatures to support industrial applications and power generation. Due to the high temperature reached during normal operation, the design included new passive safety systems. The Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS) is a new passive safety system designed to remove the heat from the reactor cavity during normal operation (steady-state) and accident scenarios. Computational tools such as system codes have been selected to simulate the reactor system and, in particular, the new safety components. The capabilities of these codes are being investigated to verify their ability in predicting the phenomena involved in the RCCS operation during steady-state and accident conditions. A RELAP5-3D input model of a small scale water-cooled experimental facility was prepared to simulate steady-state. The simulation results were compared with data produced during the experimental steady-state run. The results obtained and presented in the paper showed a good agreement of the code prediction with the experimental data. The paper also provides a set of modeling techniques to overcome some of the limitations of the current version of the computer code in simulating complex geometries with combined heat transfer mechanisms in the reactor cavity of the VHTR.
Scattering of polarized neutrons by intermediate and heavy nuclei

Abstract The polarization of neutrons scattered elastically by elements from Ti to Bi was measured at lab scattering angles of 40°, 60°, and 90° for 4.4 MeV, at 60° and 90° for 5.0 MeV and at 40° for 5.5 MeV neutrons. The results were compared with optical-model calculations. The calculated polarizations agree reasonably well with the experimental values except for the 60° data at 4.4 MeV for elements with atomic weights greater than 120. At 40° where the polarizations are less than about 15%, the statistical uncertainties make it difficult to compare the data with the optical model calculations.
DNA sequence of a T4 transfer RNA gene cluster

Abstract Bacteriophage T4 codes for eight tRNAs, whose genes are tightly clustered between genes e and 57. The clustering of the transfer RNA genes suggested that these tRNAs are synthesized in a single transcriptional unit. Transcriptional experiments in vitro and experiments using the λ-T4 hybrid in vivo have supported this notion and located a T4 tRNA promoter. Detailed biochemical pathways of parts of the T4 tRNA processing are known. Maturation of the 3′ end precedes that of the 5′ end, and the 3′ ends of three dimeric precursors are matured in different ways by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and ribonuclease BN. All T4 tRNAs require RNAase P for their 5′ maturation. Monomeric and dimeric precursors accumulate in the absence of RNAase P. How these monomeric and dimeric precursors are synthesized from their primary transcript, however, is poorly understood. Using the λ-T4 hybrid, carrying tRNA genes, and a fine restriction map of the tRNA gene cluster, we have determined the DNA sequence of the tRNA gene cluster, hoping that understanding of gene organization may suggest how the tRNAs are processed from their primary transcript. The DNA sequence of the tRNA gene cluster indicates that the monomeric and dimeric precursors are generated from their primary transcript by single endonucleolytic cleavages. We propose a model for the maturation of T4 tRNAs by predicting such an endonuclease (or endonucleases). The proposed endonucleolytic activities exist in the host. This model answers various questions about processing and reveals the unique features of T4 tRNA processing.
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE TAXANE DITERPENE : STEREOSELECTIVE REDUCTIONS OF TAXANES

Stereoselective reductions of taxanes are detailed. Chelation-controlled reductions employing SmI2 are described for the stereoselective reduction of the 9-keto functionality of the diterpene moiety of several taxanes. In all cases the 9β-hydroxy stereochemistry was obtained exclusively. In addition to C9 reduction, partial C10-deoxygenation via β-elimination was observed. Lower reaction temperatures favored the reduction pathway without β-elimination. Acetic acid as the proton source gave higher yields and cleaner reaction products. This chemistry provided access to taxanes with 9β-hydroxy, 10β-hydroxy stereochemistry. Evidence is presented, suggesting that chelation of samarium with the 7β-hydroxyl group is required for the reduction of the C9 ketone moiety. The synthesis of paclitaxel analogues, possessing the 9α-hydroxy, 10α-hydroxy stereochemistry was also achieved. Reduction of the 10-ketone group of 10-oxopaclitaxel employing NaBH4 produced 10-deacetyl-10-epipaclitaxel stereoselectively. Using an e...
Resolution of Acute Renal Failure in Toxoplasmic Encephalitis Despite Continuance of Sulfadiazine

A patient with AIDS and toxoplasmic encephalitis treated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine became hypovolemic and developed acute renal failure. Diagnostic sulfadiazine crystals were abundant in the urine, and ultrasound examination demonstrated sludge and stones, presumably due to sulfadiazine. Renal failure resolved rapidly with hydration and administration of alkali, despite continued administration of sulfadiazine. The relatively old literature concerning crystalluria and renal failure due to sulfonamides is reviewed briefly, since complications due to use of poorly soluble sulfonamides probably will become more widespread as toxoplasmic encephalitis becomes more prevalent.
Failures and limitations of quantum chemistry for two key problems in the atmospheric chemistry of peroxy radicals

Abstract Quantum chemical calculations have obtained significant and useful information about chemical reactions relevant to atmospheric chemistry. This article reviews two problems for which it would seem that such calculations could readily provide a great deal of helpful information, but for which that potential has not been fully realized. The first is the formation of alkylnitrates (RONO2) from the reaction of peroxy radicals (ROO ) with NO. Several studies of this process have been carried out, but most clearly yielded unphysical results due to methodological pitfalls. The one study which appears valid [Zhao, Y., Houk, K.N., Olson, L.P., 2004. Mechanisms of peroxynitrous acid and methyl peroxynitrite, ROONO (R=H, Me), rearrangements: a conformation-dependent homolytic dissociation. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 108, 5864–5871] suggests an indirect route between ROONO and RONO2, and implies that statistical rate theory will be insufficient to understand the yields of RONO2. The second problem discussed here is the competition between radical production and disproportionation in the self-reaction of organic peroxy radicals, for which only one quantum chemical study has found a plausible mechanism connecting reactants with products.
Repeated toluene exposure increases c-Fos in catecholaminergic cells of the nucleus accumbens shell☆

Abstract Toluene is a frequently abused solvent. Previous studies have suggested that toluene acts like other drugs of abuse, specifically on the dopaminergic system in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the mesolimbic pathway. Although changes in dopamine (DA) levels and c-Fos have been observed in both acute and repeated exposure paradigms, the extent to which c-Fos is localized to catecholaminergic cells is unknown. The present study tested the effects of repeated toluene exposure (1000–4000 ppm) on locomotor activity and cells containing c-Fos, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), or both in the core and shell of the NAc, as well as the anterior and posterior VTA. We focused our study on adolescents, since adolescence is a time of great neural change and a time when individuals tend to be more susceptible to drug abuse. In early tests, toluene dose-dependently increased locomotor activity. Repeated exposure to the highest concentration of toluene resulted in sensitization to toluene's effects on locomotor activity. Although the number of cells immunopositive for c-Fos or TH did not significantly differ across groups, cells immunopositive for TH + c-Fos were higher in the NAc shell of animals exposed to 4000 ppm than in animals exposed to air (control) or 1000 ppm. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that repeated high dose toluene exposure increases locomotor activity as well as activation of catecholaminergic cells in the shell of the NAc.
Examining Foreign Aid Fungibility in Small Open Economies

The paper uses a non-scale growth model to examine the behavior of a small open economy to varying degrees of foreign aid fungibility. Shifting government resources to public consumption while allocating the aid to either type of public expenditure or as a pure transfer changes the productivity of the private factors in production. Agents respond, as with any government transfer, by adjusting consumption, debt and work effort. Private capital accumulation slows and the welfare effect dominates. The fungibility results maintain for parameterizations that reflect limited substitution in production and where the public capital externality is small. The analysis, which employs extensive numerical simulations, emphasizes the tradeoffs between long-run capital accumulation and welfare that maintain even when aid is fungible. The simulations highlight the complementarity between foreign aid and public expenditure, the tradeoff between welfare and capital accumulation, and that aid cannot replace the government’s own commitment to financing public expenditure. The results suggest that a policy in which the government is required to maintain its expenditure commitment to public capital yields the highest level effects to capital accumulation, consumption and output.