cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Runners With Patellofemoral Pain Exhibit Greater Peak Patella Cartilage Stress Compared With Pain-Free Runners.

The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether recreational runners with patellofemoral pain (PFP) exhibit greater peak patella cartilage stress compared with pain-free runners. A secondary purpose was to determine the kinematic and/or kinetic predictors of peak patella cartilage stress during running. A total of 22 female recreational runners (12 with PFP and 10 pain-free controls) participated in this study. Patella cartilage stress profiles were quantified using subject-specific finite element models simulating the maximum knee flexion angle during the stance phase of running. Input parameters to the finite element model included subject-specific patellofemoral joint geometry, quadriceps muscle forces, and lower-extremity kinematics in the frontal and transverse planes. Tibiofemoral joint kinematics and kinetics were quantified to determine the best predictor of stress using stepwise regression analysis. Compared with the pain-free runners, those with PFP exhibited greater peak hydrostatic p...
Network dimensionality underlies flexible representation of cognitive information

The functional networks in human cortex that most flexibly represent cognitive information are hubs with widespread connectivity throughout the brain. Going beyond simple hub measures, we hypothesized that the dimensionality of each network9s global connectivity pattern (its global dimensionality) underlies its ability to produce highly diverse task activation patterns (its representational flexibility). Supporting our hypothesis, we report that the global dimensionality estimated during resting state correlates with the representational flexibility estimated across a variety of cognitive tasks. Demonstrating the robustness of this relationship, each network9s global connectivity pattern could be used to predict its representational flexibility. Additionally, we found that the frontoparietal cognitive control network had the highest dimensionality and flexibility, and that individuals with higher network dimensionality had higher representational flexibility. Together, these findings suggest that a network9s global dimensionality contributes to its ability to represent diverse cognitive information, implicating dimensionality as a network mechanism underlying flexible cognitive representation.
Development and Evaluation of Hardware Obfuscation Benchmarks

Obfuscation is a promising solution for securing hardware intellectual property (IP) against various attacks, such as reverse engineering, piracy, and tampering. Due to the lack of standard benchmarks, proposed techniques by researchers and practitioners in the community are evaluated by existing benchmark suites such as ISCAS-85, ISCAS-89, and ITC-99. These open source benchmarks, though widely utilized, are not necessarily suitable for the purpose of evaluating hardware obfuscation techniques. In this context, we believe that it is important to establish a set of well-defined benchmarks, on which the effectiveness of new and existing obfuscation techniques and attacks on them can be compared. In this paper, we describe a set of such benchmarks obfuscated with some popular methods that we created to facilitate this need. These benchmarks have been made publicly available on Trust-Hub web portal. Moreover, we provide the first evaluation of several obfuscation approaches based on the metrics and existing attacks using this new suite. Finally, we discuss our observations and guidance for future work in hardware obfuscation and benchmarking.
A meta-analysis of temperature sensitivity as a microbial trait.

Traits-based approaches in microbial ecology provide a valuable way to abstract organismal interaction with the environment and to generate hypotheses about community function. Using macromolecular rate theory (MMRT), we recently identified that temperature sensitivity can be characterized as a distinct microbial trait. As temperature is fundamental in controlling biological reactions, variation in temperature sensitivity across communities, organisms, and processes has the potential to vastly improve understanding of microbial response to climate change. These microbial temperature sensitivity traits include the heat capacity ( Δ C P ‡ ), temperature optimum (Topt ), and point of maximum temperature sensitivity (TSmax ), each of which provide unique insights about organismal response to changes in temperature. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the distribution of these temperature sensitivity traits from bacteria, fungi, and mixed communities across a variety of biological systems (e.g., soils, oceans, foods, wastewater treatment plants) in order to identify commonalities in temperature responses across these diverse organisms and reaction rates. Our analysis of temperature sensitivity traits from over 350 temperature response curves reveals a wide distribution of temperature sensitivity traits, with Topt and TSmax well within biological relevant temperatures. We find that traits vary significantly depending on organism type, microbial diversity, source environment, and biological process, with higher temperature sensitivity found in fungi than bacteria and in less diverse systems. Carbon dioxide production was found to be less temperature sensitive than denitrification, suggesting that changes in temperature will have a potentially larger impact on nitrogen-related processes. As climate changes, these results have important implications for basic understanding of the temperature sensitivity of biological reactions and for ecological understanding of species' trait distributions, as well as for improved treatment of temperature sensitivity in models.
Ethylene Dependent Aerenchyma Formation is Correlated with Diverse Gene Expression Patterns

Previous research has shown that soil compaction and hypoxic soils substantially reduce crop root profiles [1]. Under both stresses, the roots of maize form air channels known as aerenchyma by the selective lysis of cortical cells [2]. Both mechanical impedance and hypoxic stress are mediated by signal transduction pathways which induce ethylene synthesis, cellulase activity [3] and gene expression. Aerenchyma formation in maize roots is ethylene-dependent [4]. This process is a gene-driven, tissue-localized process consistent with the definition of programmed cell death. However, by examining gene expression in response to other stresses, such as wounding and submergence, distinct classes of genes emerged. One class of genes is induced primarily by mechanical impedance. A second class of genes was induced by hypoxia and submergence. Lastly, genes that are homologs with animal programmed cell death genes were uncovered.
Iterative solution methods on the Cray YMP/C90

Solution of a large sparse or dense linear systems often constitutes the most time consuming step when solving large multidimensional industrial problems on modern high performance supercomputers. In most practical cases these problems produce linear systems with ill-conditioned and off-diagonal dominant coefficient matrices. As the problem size grows, especially in the 3-dimensional case, direct methods for solving these systems (such as triangular decomposition) begin to lose their effectiveness due to the large arithmetic costs and memory requirements. These difficulties motivate resorting to iterative solution methods which are, at least theoretically, more efficient with respect to the arithmetic cost and memory requirements. On March 12, 1993 Qasim Sheikh from Cray Research presented numerical experiments with iterative solvers that are capable of solving large linear systems which arise in industrial applications. He then compared the effectiveness and some performance aspects of these iterative methods with other state of the art, highly optimized, iterative as well as direct solvers. The main results of his talk are based on a recent paper [1] written jointly with Kharchenko, Nikishin, Yeremin and Heroux.
Differential Effects of Serotonin Depletion on Amphetamine-Induced Locomotion and Stereotypy

We have previously demonstrated that long-term administration of d-amphetamine in rats results in a progressive augmentation of stereotypy and/or locomotion, depending upon dose. Similar behavioral changes have been observed with repeated injection of 1-amphetamine and methylphenidate (Segal, unpublished data). Since amphetamine has been shown to exert effects on both catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems in the brain, it is conceivable that alterations in one or more of these neurochemical systems are responsible for the chronic amphetamine-induced behavioral augmentation. In fact, some evidence indicates that brain serotonin (5-HT) may be implicated since its depletion by either parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (Swonger and Rech, 1972; Mabry and Campbell, 1973; Breese, Cooper, and Mueller, 1974; Neuberg and Thut, 1974) or raphe lesion (Neill, Grant, and Grossman, 1972; Costall and Naylor, 1974; Jacobs, Wise, and Taylor, 1975; Geyer, Puerto, Menkes, Segal, and Mandell, 1976a) has been reported to enhance amphetamine-induced locomotion. Although the effects of 5-HT depletion on stereotypy are somewhat more equivocal (Rotrosen, Angrist, Wallach, and Gershon, 1972; Swonger and Rech, 1972; Weiner, Goetz, Westheimer, and Klawans, 1973; Breese et al., 1974; Costall and Naylor, 1974; Baldessarini, Amatruda, Griffin, and Gerson, 1975; Weiner, Goetz, and Klawans, 1975), it is possible that the behavioral augmentation observed with repeated administration of amphetamine is due, at least in part, to a progressive decrease in the functional activity of brain 5-HT systems.
Leibniz’s Spark of Kant’s Great Light: An Application of Castañeda’s Darwinian Approach to the History of Philosophy

Newton’s influence upon Kant, especially about space and time, has been recently emphasized. At the same time, there seems to be an increasing tendency to diminish Leibniz’s relevance for Kant’s philosophical views (Jaakko Hintikka is perhaps the headmaster of this contemporary trend; see especially Hintikka 1959, 1965, 1967, and Hintikka & Remes 1974). In the extreme case, it is even alleged that Kant’s adoption of his transcendental point of view was a consequence of his complete departure from Leibniz’s epistemology and metaphysics (see, for example, Buroker 1981).
Short-Term E-Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice.

Background Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the United States, with smoking being the primary preventable cause of premature death, and thrombosis being the main mechanism of ca...
Secure Key Transfer Over the Polarization Channel

Preceding chapters of the book have explored using the polarization channel of an optical fiber for transmitting secure information without the need for encryption keys. In addition, Chap. 10 has offered a means to use the polarization channel for detecting any malicious attempt to pilfer information in transit over an optical fiber. This chapter introduces the use of the polarization channel of an optical fiber to transfer data; more specifically, exchange symmetric keys between the two ends of the optical fiber. Use of the symmetric keys will allow any conventional symmetric encryption to take place between any number of data channels supported by the optical fiber. We do note that any encryption based on symmetric keys can be only computationally secure but, since the keys can be exchanged at a rapid rate, we can still achieve a high level of security on the data channel. Parts of this chapter have been previously published in [7, 8].
Acute kidney injury increases the rate of major morbidities in cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC.

Abstract Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiovascular surgery has been shown to increase costs and overall morbidity and mortality. The incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI following other types of major surgeries have not been as well characterized. We sought to study the incidence of AKI following cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) per the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Materials and methods Patients undergoing CRS and HIPEC between 2013 and 2015 were included. Demographic and perioperative data were compared between patients who experienced AKI versus controls using appropriate statistical analysis between categorical and continuous variables. AKI was recorded by a Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) and defined as a rise in serum creatinine by ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h (KDIGO criteria). Results Fifty-eight consecutive patients undergoing CRS and HIPEC were included. Twelve (20.7%) patients were recorded to develop AKI. This was the most common complication recorded by the CPHQ member. There was one 30-day mortality secondary to cerebral infarction. AKI patients had a longer hospitalization period (14.2 ± 6.9 vs. 9.5 ± 3.3 days, p = 0.002), and a higher rate of major complications (50.00% vs. 15.21%; p = 0.018). Readmission rate was similar (p = 0.626). Multivariate regression identified excessive blood loss during surgery as a major predictor of AKI occurrence, and pre-existing comorbidities and postoperative AKI as predictors of major morbidities following CRS and HIPEC. Conclusion AKI following CRS and HIPEC appears to be a common complication which is associated with further major morbidities. Current quality improvement programs may be under-reporting this incidence.
A randomized clinical trial of TrialTALK, a communication tool to facilitate treatment-related shared decision making.

45Background: Cancer treatment decision making involves timely, high-risk, life altering shared decision-making conversations between patients, their families, and their oncologists. As such, these conversations are a prime target for a carefully designed, easy to interpret approach to facilitate preference-sensitive decision making. Patients need several important pieces of information delivered in a way that is easy to interpret. The TrialTALK approach has two core elements: a verbal approach and a pen and paper (P&P) diagram. The P&P diagram includes the diagnosis with prognostic implications, all available treatment options including best supportive care alone, estimates for efficacy, and anticipated impact on daily life. The verbal conversation corresponds to the diagram and includes a phrase to encourage deliberation, and empathic responses. Our trial is evaluating the effectiveness of TrialTALK to influence decision making, in particular clinical trial participation. Here, we report the results of ...
GAG content, fiber stiffness, and fiber angle affect swelling-based residual stress in the intact annulus fibrosus

Biological tissues with a high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content have an excellent ability to swell by absorbing water molecules from the surrounding environment. Our recent work showed that anisotropy in tissue swelling depends on the fiber-network architecture, including fiber angle, fiber stiffness, and lamellae structure. However, that work did not evaluate the effect of in situ boundary conditions, such as the kidney-bean shape of the annulus fibrosus (AF), on swelling behavior. The biochemical composition of intact AF is inhomogeneous with respect to GAG composition, collagen fiber angle, and fiber stiffness. Moreover, the GAG content in the inner AF decreases significantly with degeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of GAG content, fiber angle, and fiber stiffness in AF swelling and residual strain development using a finite element model based on a human lumbar disk. Our results showed that the annular ring structure had a great impact on swelling by developing region-dependent compressive stress/stretch in the inner layers and tensile stress/stretch in the outer AF. Swelling-based residual stretch was comparable to experimentally measured values, suggesting an important role of tissue swelling in maintaining residual stresses. Moreover, GAG loss in the inner AF, as observed with degeneration, decreased circumferential-direction stress by over 65%. Homogeneous distributions of fiber angle and stiffness overestimated or underestimated AF swelling behavior, such as swelling ratio, circumferential/axial stretch, and fiber stretch/reorientation. These findings demonstrate the need to include native fiber architecture in finite element models, to accurately predict tissue failure, as well as to cultivate engineered disks.
Politics and Higher Education in the 1980's.

This author sees a misplaced emphasis on the crises in education as being primarily the acquisition of elementary skills. The real job to be done in the years ahead is in helping students to see th...
Cell Cycle and Beyond: Exploiting New RB1 Controlled Mechanisms for Cancer Therapy

Recent studies highlight the importance of the RB1 tumor suppressor as a target for cancer therapy. Canonically, RB1 regulates cell cycle progression and represents the downstream target for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors that are in clinical use. However, newly discovered features of the RB1 pathway suggest new therapeutic strategies to counter resistance and improve precision medicine. These therapeutic strategies include deepening cell cycle exit with CDK4/6 inhibitor combinations, selectively targeting tumors that have lost RB1, and expanding therapeutic index by mitigating therapy-associated adverse effects. In addition, RB1 impacts immunological features of tumors and the microenvironment that can enhance sensitivity to immunotherapy. Lastly, RB1 specifies epigenetically determined cell lineage states that are disrupted during therapy resistance and could be re-installed through the direct use of epigenetic therapies. Thus, new opportunities are emerging to improve cancer therapy by exploiting the RB1 pathway.
Dichotic listening training following neurological injury in adults: a pilot study

Purpose: Injury to the dominant left brain hemisphere can lead to specific language deficits such as aphasia, or to the cognitive processes that support language such as attention and working memor...
First Year Teachers and Diversity: Teacher Research through Photography.

The moments of any experience can only be understood through the voice that has lived them. Traditional methods of inquiry, in which hypotheses are posed and statistical data is collected and analyzed, are often used to validate conclusions about a given problem and rarely, if ever, offer a partnership between the researcher and the participants (Ada & Beutel, 1993). In participatory research, “there is not a hypothesis that the researcher needs to prove. Rather, the researcher enters the research with a set of fundamental questions, concerns, issues, problems, and looks for solutions, insights, and a deeper understanding of these issues of concern” (Ada & Beutel, 1993, p. 69). Ada and Beutel (1993) argue that researchers and participants come together in a mutual and rigorous exploration of their lives, deeply respecting each other’s ability to truly know and believing that through the act of knowing they can transform their reality. A result of this exchange is self-empowerment, made possible as a result of participation in which a positive sense of self is increased, a critical comprehension is developed, and the cultivation of resources and strategies is improved (Kieffer, 1981).
Granulomatous disease associated with NOD2 sequence variants and familial camptodactyly: An intermediate form of NOD2-associated diseases?

Abstract Objective Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein-2 ( NOD 2)-associated diseases may be a spectrum of disease. We report two families who exhibited an intermediate form of Blau syndrome and NOD2 -associated autoinflammatory disease (NAID). Methods We identified two families with granulomatous disease. The clinical phenotypes and genotypes of these two families were reviewed and analyzed. Results The proband in family 1 was a white 57-year-old woman, with camptodactyly (age 6 years), inflammatory polyarthritis and dermatitis (age of 30 years), and cough, dyspnea, dry eyes, parotid gland enlargement, and fever. A computerized tomography showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy without hilar involvement, and a mediastinal lymph node biopsy revealed non-caseating granuloma. Pedigree analysis suggested autosomal dominant inheritance, and genetic testing identified a NOD2 sequence variant IVS8 +158 . The proband in family 2 was a white 50-year-old woman with inflammatory polyarthritis and periarticular subcutaneous nodules. Skin biopsy showed non-necrotizing granuloma. There was a family history of camptodactyly, and genetic testing identified a NOD2 sequence variant R703C. Conclusions Both probands had granulomatous disease and autosomal dominant phenotype of familial camptodactyly coupled with the presence of the NOD2 sequence variants, IVS8 +158 , and R703C. Granulomatous disease associated with NOD2 variants may be an intermediate form between Blau syndrome and NAID.
Research progress in cross-immunity to influenza A virus

Influenza is an important public health problem and occurs globally.Development ofeffective and safe influenza vaccines is vital to control and prevention of influenza.However,cross-protectiveimnmunity to influenza A virus and its mechanisms are not completely elucidated,which results in some negativeinfluences on vaccine development.Further studies on the cross-protective immunity will be helpful toreinforcing development of influenza vaccines,and prevention and control of influenza A.This article reviewsresearch advances in cross-immunity to influenza A virus in animals and humans,cross-immunity mechanisms,and assessment of heterotypic immunity. Key words: Influenza A virus ; Influenza vaccines ; Models, animal; Cross-immunity
A comment on the disruption

I want to start by thanking the editors for the opportunity to comment upon this thought-provoking, timely, and ultimately portentous contribution. Wallis has touched upon some of the most pressing...
Standing in the environment: new fashion grassroots and old fashion court advocacy in the time of Trump

Justice Douglas called for judicial standing for the land, wildlife, and aesthetic vistas in the US environment independent of human or organizational actors (Sierra Club 1972, 741–751). In the 48 years since the Douglas dissent, the federal institutions have failed to expand any legal standing to elements of nature. Any environmental protection has been based on current property law theory of nature as the property of humans, to be managed or used. A nascent “Rights of Nature” movement proposes a new way of considering the environment based not on human values and concerns but viewing nature endowed with independent rights and legal standing. Advocates for this Earth Jurisprudence policy image have used local venues of direct democracy, town councils, and citizen ballot initiatives to protect local environmental treasures. The countermobilization of powerful interests at the state level has blocked the Rights of Nature movement. Existing court strategies under current jurisprudence continue to be necessary to offer some hope for protecting pro-environmental gains against negative actions in the executive. The paper proposes a model for predicting the possibilities of success by the Rights of Nature movement in local attempts to protect natural resources. Finally, the paper calls for Congressional and Constitutional actions to protect the right of nature to speak for herself.
Publicly Available Rehabilitation Protocols Designated for Meniscal Repairs Are Highly Variable.

Purpose To compare publicly available rehabilitation protocols designated for meniscal repairs published online to determine the variability in meniscus repair protocols including different types of tears (radial vs nonradial repairs). Methods From the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System (FREIDA), a list of publicly available academic residency programs and orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships was obtained. With this list, an electronic search using Google was performed looking for meniscal repair rehabilitation protocols. In addition to academic institutions, private practice organizations with published meniscus repair rehabilitation protocols found during the search also were examined. Results Of 189 academic institutions, a total of 30 academic institutions had protocols that were included. Another 29 private practice programs were subsequently found and included. In total, 59 rehabilitation protocols fit the inclusion criteria. Six of the 59 specified radial repair and 53 did not. For return to full range of motion, nonradial protocols averaged 6.7 weeks and radial protocols averaged 7.3 weeks. For return to full weight-bearing, nonradial protocols averaged 6.2 weeks and radial protocols averaged 7.5 weeks. For return to sport, nonradial protocols averaged 17.8 weeks and radial protocols averaged 23.3 weeks. For time spent in a brace, nonradial protocols averaged 5.7 weeks and radial protocols averaged 6.7 weeks. Conclusions Of publicly available meniscal repair rehabilitation protocols, a small percentage (10.2%) changed their protocol in relation to tear type and there was a wide range of timeframes for each rehabilitation component. Protocols for radial tears tended to brace patients longer, limit their range of motion longer, delay full weight-bearing, and delay return to sport. However, it is recognized that some surgeons could be modifying their protocols in relation to tear type without publishing that information online. Clinical Relevance As stated in the purpose, the point of this study was to access only the protocols that would be available to the public. If anything, awareness should be raised for surgeons to look at their existing protocols and update them if they are truly incomplete and outdated. More research needs to be done to structure a rehabilitation protocol that is specific to the meniscal tear type, as the current protocols have a wide range of variance.
A Diagnostic TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay for in planta Detection and Quantification of Colletotrichum theobromicola , Causal Agent of Boxwood Dieback.

Boxwood dieback, caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola, is spreading at an alarming rate in the boxwood industry in the United States. Although C. theobromicola has been accepted as a distinct species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex, it is difficult to distinguish it from other closely related species based on morphology. Moreover, molecular identification of C. theobromicola requires amplification and sequencing of multiple loci, which can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore, a diagnostic TaqMan real-time PCR assay was developed for early and accurate detection and quantification of C. theobromicola in boxwood. The study involved the design of species-specific primers and a TaqMan probe to differentiate C. theobromicola from other closely related Colletotrichum species. The primers and probe discriminate between C. theobromicola and other species in the C. gloeosporioides species complex and can detect C. theobromicola at very low concentrations, illustrating the high specificity and sensitivity of the assay. This TaqMan real-time PCR assay accurately and rapidly distinguishes boxwood dieback from other diseases with similar symptomatology, including Macrophoma blight, Phytophthora root rot, and Volutella blight, as well as some disorders produced by abiotic agents.
Computer Science Identity Development in Diverse Student Populations: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative analysis explores the development of Computer Science (CS) identity of university students majoring in CS and students participating in a novel CS minor geared toward students who have traditionally been underrepresented in the field. We examine student perceptions of their CS identity at two critical junctures: pre-CS exposure (initial interest in CS), and during early CS exposure (performance and competence). Findings demonstrate the different paths to CS identity that the groups take, and highlight the importance of the CS educational environment in efforts to diversify the field.
Budget Enforcement Mechanisms

In the state of Illinois, fiscal conditions are so bad that solutions require a "grand plan" with multiple revenue increases, multiple spending cuts, and multiple years of adjustment. The problem is that a credible plan requires a mechanism for holding to the plan other interests and elected officials in future years. This leads us to examine the literature on the effectiveness of various types of budget enforcement mechanisms.
Mechanisms underlying interactions between two abundant oral commensal bacteria.

Complex polymicrobial biofilm communities are abundant in nature particularly in the human oral cavity where their composition and fitness can affect health. While the study of these communities during disease is essential and prevalent, little is known about interactions within the healthy plaque community. Here we describe interactions between two of the most abundant species in this healthy microbiome, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Streptococcus mitis. We discovered that H. parainfluenzae typically exists adjacent to mitis group streptococci in vivo with which it is also positively correlated based on microbiome data. By comparing in vitro coculture data to ex vivo microscopy we revealed that this co-occurrence is density dependent and further influenced by H2O2 production. We discovered that H. parainfluenzae utilizes a more redundant, multifactorial response to H2O2 than related microorganisms and that this system’s integrity enhances streptococcal fitness. Our results indicate that mitis group streptococci are likely the in vivo source of NAD for H. parainfluenzae and also evoke patterns of carbon utilization in vitro for H. parainfluenzae similar to those observed in vivo. Our findings describe mechanistic interactions between two of the most abundant and prevalent members of healthy supragingival plaque that contribute to their in vivo survival.
GOING OUT OR HANGING OUT: COUPLE DATING AND GROUP DATING IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

A review of the literature on dating patterns suggests that the traditional dating format, based largely on traditional gender roles, has given way to group dating. Recent research suggests that this change may be overestimated. This exploratory article investigates the existence of such changes in dating patterns. Data for this study were collected from a total of 226 undergraduate students at a southeastern university. The data reveal that couple dating and/or group dating are directly related to the degree of involvement between the participants, with the dyad still the norm for individuals who regard their relationship as exclusive.
Contingency Misfit and Organizational Trust Buffers

Scholarly research streams in the strategic management literature have time and again confirmed the relevance of organization-environment fit for performance (Volberda et al 2011, Burton and Obel 2004, Burton et al. 2008, Ketchen et al. 1997). Configuration misfits between environmental uncertainty, strategy and structure however are only found to affect performance to a certain degree (Burton Lauridsen and Obel, 2002). A number of explanations have been put forward including complexity induced ruggedness or institutional fit buffers. In this paper, we suggest that organizational trust can work as an additional misfit buffer for performance that escapes traditional contingency perspectives. We are developing a contingency framework for configurational misfit buffers of organizational trust, which we validate based on data collected from 238 organizations.
Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in hepatocytes from normal and ethanol-fed rats

Mitochondrial structure and function are central to cell physiology and are mutually interdependent. Mitochondria represent a primary target of the alcohol-induced tissue injury, particularly in the liver, where the metabolic effects of ethanol are predominant. However, the effect of ethanol on hepatic mitochondrial morphology and dynamics remain to be established. In the present work, we employed the organelle-targeted photoactivatable fluorescent protein technology and electron microscopy to study hepatic mitochondrial structure and dynamics. Hepatocytes in perfused liver as well as in primary cultures showed mostly discrete globular or short tubular mitochondria. The mitochondria showed few fusion events and little movement activity. By contrast, human hepatoma (HepG2)-derived VL-17A cells, expressing the major hepatic ethanol metabolizing enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 2E1, have elongated and interconnected mitochondria showing matrix continuity and many fusion events. Hepatocytes isolated from chronically ethanol-fed rats showed some increase in mitochondrial volume and exhibited a substantial suppression of mitochondrial dynamics. In VL-17A cells, prolonged ethanol exposure also caused decreased mitochondrial continuity and dynamics. Collectively, these results indicate that mitochondria in normal hepatocytes show relatively slow dynamics, which is very sensitive to suppression by ethanol exposure.
Posttransplant quality of life: A decade of descriptive studies leading to practice interventions

Following 10 years of descriptive quality-of-life studies, an innovative approach to outpatient care has been developed to decrease adverse events, increase employment, and enhance social support among renal transplant recipients. These 3 variables were found in the authors' previous studies to be predictive of increased quality of life following transplantation. With funding from the National Institute of Nursing Research, a multidisciplinary team has been assembled to implement the interventions identified. This article reviews the previous work that led to the development of the intervention study and demonstrates how research can guide practice.
Neuronal and cardiovascular responses to adenosine microinjection into the nucleus tractus solitarius

Abstract This study investigated neuronal, blood pressure, and heart rate responses to adenosine microinjection into caudal and rostral NTS of anesthetized rats. The site of recording and microinjection was verified chemically by observing the responses to a test dose of l -glutamate (5 nmol) and histologically at the conclusion of the experiment. Neuronal firing rate increased (+29.4 ± 5.3%) and decreased (−48 ± 9.4%) in response to l -glutamate microinjection into the rostral and caudal NTS, respectively. These opposite neuronal responses were followed by depressor (−32.4 ± 8.3 vs. −36 ± 5.5 mmHg ) and bradycardic (−25.2 ± 7.7 vs. −25.8 ± 3.4 beats / min ) responses to l -glutamate microinjection into the two subareas of the NTS. Microinjection of a submaximal dose ( 1 nmol) of adenosine into the NTS produced site-dependent cardiovascular responses which were preceded by similar inhibition of neuronal firing (−60 ± 4 vs. −55.9 ± 1.7%). Whereas adenosine microinjection into the rostral NTS elicited modest pressor (+10.1 ± 2.1 mmHg ) and tachycardie (+9 ± 3.9 beats / min ) responses, its microinjection into the caudal NTS produced depressor (−29.2 ± 5.3 mmHg ) and bradycardic (−14.6 ± 1.7 beats / min ) responses. These findings suggest that compared to l -glutamate, adenosine produces opposite (rostral) and similar (caudal) neuronal and cardiovascular effects in the two subareas of the NTS. In the caudal NTS, adenosine (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol) elicited dose-related inhibitory neuronal and cardiovascular responses that were attenuated by systemic theophylline but not 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline (8-SPT) administration. The neuronal and cardiovascular responses to adenosine microinjection into the caudal NTS were also attenuated by microinjection of 8-SPT into the same area. Finally, single-unit activity inhibited by adenosine or l -glutamate microinjection into the caudal NTS was also inhibited by baroreceptor loading and excited by baroreceptor unloading. These findings suggest 1. a) l -glutamate elicits opposite neuronal responses in the rostral and caudal NTS; 2. b) the distinct hemodynamic responses elicited by adenosine in the two subareas may be related, at least in part, to their differing responses to l -glutamate; 3. c) the similarity between the neuronal responses to adenosine and l -glutamate microinjection into the caudal NTS and the response of the same neurons to baroreceptor activation support the hypothesis that adenosine plays a neuromodulatory role in the processing of baroreceptor information.
Future treatment for non-AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-infected patients

ISSN 1758-4310 10.2217/HIV.09.14 © 2009 Future Medicine Ltd HIV Ther. (2009) 3(4), 311–314 at higher risk for some cancers compared with African–Americans and patients of other ethnic groups [7]. Additional risk factors include behavioral aspects, such as an increased use of tobacco and alcohol in patients with HIV [8]. Research has demonstrated that HIV itself may have direct effects that contribute to the development of NADC. For example, the HIV Tat protein may cause transactivation of protooncogenes [9]. Other genes within the HIV virus may inhibit tumor suppressor genes, including p53. HIV infection may cause microsatellite gene instability and genetic alterations leading towards onco genesis. Tissue infection with HIV may make these t issues more sensitive to the effects of carcinogens from the environment. Finally, HIV infection can cause endothelial abnormalities including pro angiogenesis, which may enhance the development of tumor growth and metastasis [1]. There have been conflicting data regarding whether HAART is associated with the risk of developing NADCs. Some studies have demonstrated a decreased risk of developing a NADC while patients are on HAART, compared with patients who are not receiving antiretroviral therapy or are only on single agent or dual agent antiretroviral therapy [7]. Other studies have demonstrated a possible increased risk if patients are on HAART [4], and specifically if they are on a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorbased therapy [5]. A concerning, recent finding in the large Phase III trial that led to the approval of raltegravir (an integrase inhibitor also known as Isentress [Merck] and MK-0518) was that during the period of the study, patients on raltegravir had a higher risk of developing a NADC compared with those taking placebo [10]. Clearly more research is needed to elucidate the role of antiretroviral therapy, immune reconstitution and the relative risk of developing NADCs. Editorial
Dilemmas faced when working with learning disabilities in post-secondary education

To explore principles that guide post-secondary professionals who work with students with learning disabilities, vignettes describing typical ethical dilemmas were presented to counselors and other educational professionals. The vignettes addressed issues such as consent, boundaries of competency, accommodation, and release of information. Respondents indicated whether they believed the behavior presented in the vignette was ethical or appropriate. Analyses of variance indicated overall significant differences of opinions between professionals trained in counseling and those trained in education. Chi-square analyses examining responses to individual dilemmas revealed much overlap in opinion, with significant differences of opinion on three of eight dilemmas. Those dilemmas distinguishing the two groups involved issues of confidentiality when providing references, dual relationships between provider and student and release of records.
Approach to Follow-Up of the Patient With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Positive Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are commonly identified in patients with differentiated follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. When present, they interfere with the measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg), which is the primary biochemical marker used for disease surveillance, creating challenges in monitoring patients for residual or recurrent disease. Moreover, there is variability in measuring anti-Tg antibodies according to the different assays, such that not all patients with anti-Tg antibodies are identifiable on a single assay system. The persistence of anti-Tg antibodies, especially if levels are rising, may indicate persistent, recurrent, or progressive thyroid cancer. In contrast, declining anti-Tg antibody levels may indicate reduced tumor burden or the absence of disease. In this review, we will explore in a case-based manner the data supporting monitoring and treatment paradigms for patients with anti-Tg antibodies and will stress areas where more evidence is needed to better inform clinicians regarding the management of patients with this challenging situation.
Medullary noradrenergic neurons release norepinephrine in the medial amygdala in females in response to mating stimulation sufficient for pseudopregnancy.

Abstract In the female rat, stimuli from the uterine cervix and vagina are carried to the brain areas involved in the mating-induced pseudopregnancy (PSP) response via the ventral noradrenergic bundle. Noradrenergic neurons projecting through this tract synapse in many forebrain areas including the amygdala, and neurons in the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) are activated following mating. The goal of this experiment was to investigate whether norepinephrine (NE) is released into the MePD after mating using microdialysis and to determine the origin of this release. Ovariectomized estrogen- and progesterone-treated rats were implanted unilaterally with guide cannulae aimed at the MePD. Females were placed with males until they received 15 intromissions (15I), 5 intromissions (5I) or 15 mounts-without-intromission (MO). Dialysate samples collected every 20 min for 2 h before to 3 h after mating were analyzed for NE using HPLC with electrochemical detection. A significant increase in mean NE release in the MePD was seen at 80 min after mating onset in females receiving 15I, and no increase was seen in animals receiving 5I or MO. The time of peak NE release varied in 15I animals from 60 to 160 min after mating. Mean baseline levels of NE did not differ between groups. The retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG), administered through the probe after cessation of dialysis sampling, was observed within identified noradrenergic cells primarily within the A1 and A2 cell groups. Infusion of anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase-saporin (DBH-SAP) into the MePD lesioned noradrenergic neurons located in the A1 and A2 cell groups. Because high levels of NE release occurred in the MePD only after the females received a number of intromissions sufficient to induce PSP, these results suggest that NE release within the MePD may be important for the establishment of PSP.
The sequence of DNA replication in an iso-dicentric X-chromosome in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from the same individual.

A comparison of the sequence of DNA replication in an isodicentric (idic) X chromosome was made between peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from a 33-year-old female with primary amenorrhea, somatic stigmata of Turner syndrome, and normal stature and intelligence. The patient had a karyotype 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(q27.1) in lymphocytes and 46,X,idic(X)(q27.1) in skin fibroblasts. Both centromeric regions of the idic X showed C-staining but only one primary constriction. BrdU-33258 Hoechst-Giemsa techniques were used to analyze regional DNA replication patterns. The idic X chromosome was always late replicating in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts, except that about 1–2% of cells completed replication simultaneously in both normal and idic X chromosomes. Fifty-six percent of the asymmetric patterns in lymphocytes showed an equal proportion of early and late functional and non-functional centromere halves. In skin fibroblasts, 60.8% of cells were asymmetric: the functional half tended to replicate later than the non-functional half. Some differences were observed between these two cell types. As examples, band q23 was late replicating in lymphocytes, but early replicating in fibroblasts; q25 was intermediate to late replicating in lymphocytes, but one of the last bands to complete replication in fibroblasts. Thus, different cell typed influenced the replication kinetics in the idic(X). Furthermore, several variants of the replication sequence were found in both cell types. The findings support the hypothesis that the control of DNA replication in the inactive X chromosome is multifocal, and suggest that the active idic X chromosome replication may reflect a relative lack of self-control or heterogeneity of cell population.
Ion chromatography with indirect photometric detection of common mono- and divalent cations using an unmodified silica gel column and tyramine/oxalic acid/18-crown-6 as eluent

Abstract A separation column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) packed with an unmodified silica gel (Super Micro Bead Silica Gel B-5: SMBSG B-5) was applied to ion chromatography with indirect photometric detection (IC-IPD) for common mono- and divalent cations (Li + , Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ) using tyramine (4-aminoethylphenol) as eluent. When using 0.5 mM tyramine/0.2 mM oxalic acid at pH 4.75 as the eluent, complete separation of the divalent cations and incomplete separation of the monovalent cations were achieved. On the addition of 3 mM 18-crown-6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) to the eluent, highly sensitive indirect-UV photometric detection at 275 nm and excellent separation for these cations were achieved in 17 min. The proposed IC-IPD was successfully applied to cation analysis in various natural water samples.
Greater perceptual sensitivity to happy facial expression.

Perception of subtle facial expressions is essential for social functioning; yet it is unclear if human perceptual sensitivities differ in detecting varying types of facial emotions. Evidence diverges as to whether salient negative versus positive emotions (such as sadness versus happiness) are preferentially processed. Here, we measured perceptual thresholds for the detection of four types of emotion in faces—happiness, fear, anger, and sadness—using psychophysical methods. We also evaluated the association of the perceptual performances with facial morphological changes between neutral and respective emotion types. Human observers were highly sensitive to happiness compared with the other emotional expressions. Further, this heightened perceptual sensitivity to happy expressions can be attributed largely to the emotion-induced morphological change of a particular facial feature (end-lip raise).
Inhibition of anaerobic wastewater treatment after long-term exposure to low levels of CuO nanoparticles.

Abstract CuO nanoparticles (NPs) are released into wastewater due to the widespread use and generation as by-product in various applications (e.g. semiconductor manufacturing). However, information on the behavior and impact of CuO NPs on wastewater treatment processes is very limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate and long-term effect of CuO NPs (average size = 37 nm) on high-rate anaerobic bioreactors. A laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was operated with a synthetic wastewater containing low concentrations of CuO NPs (1.4 mg Cu L −1 ) and a mixture of volatile fatty acids for 107 days. CuO NPs were largely removed during anaerobic treatment and on the average only 20–32% of the NPs fed to the reactor escaped with the effluent. Scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis confirmed that CuO NPs were partitioned into the anaerobic sludge. While short-term exposure to CuO NPs (1.4 mg Cu L −1 ) only caused minor inhibition to methanogenesis, extended exposure caused severe toxicity and reduced the acetoclastic methanogenic activity by more than 85%. Moreover, the reactor performance was completely disrupted and the methane production decreased by more than 50%. The study is the first to demonstrate a significant long-term effect of low levels of CuO NPs on methanogenesis.