cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of electron-impact-excitation cross sections for very highly charged ions.

We report the first measurements of electron-impact--excitation cross sections for very highly charged ions (${\mathrm{Ba}}^{46+}$), and introduce a powerful new technique for studying these ions. Approximately 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{46+}$ ions/cm were trapped inside the space charge of an \ensuremath{\simeq}120-mA electron beam and their x-ray emission spectra observed with Si(Li) and Bragg-crystal--diffraction spectrometers. Cross sections for several N=3 levels excited from the neonlike ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{46+}$ ground state were measured relative to radiative recombination on the same ions.
Mechanosensation: Touch at the molecular level

The cloning of genes needed for gentle-touch sensitivity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided new molecular details about a proposed mechanosensory ion channel complex.
ELT Antenna Gain Distributions under Simulated Crash Conditions

A study of the relative merits of ELT antenna positions, when mounted on a small aircraft, is presented. The gain distribution of the best antenna position together with the worst crash scenario is also given.
Gradiency and Visual Context in Syntactic Garden-Paths

Through recording the streaming x- and y-coordinates of computer-mouse movements, we report evidence that visual context provides an immediate constraint on the resolution of syntactic ambiguity in the visual-world paradigm. This finding converges with previous eye-tracking results that support a constraint-based account of sentence processing, in which multiple partially-active syntactic alternatives compete against one another with the help of not only syntactic, semantic, and statistical factors, but also nonlinguistic factors such as visual context. Eye-tracking results in the visual-world paradigm are consistent with theories that posit interaction between context and syntax, but they are also consistent with related theories that allow immediate interaction but require serial pursuit of syntactic structures, such as the unrestricted-race model. To tease apart the constraint-based and unrestricted-race accounts of sentence processing, the distribution of computer-mouse trajectories was analyzed for evidence of two populations of trials: those where only the correct parse was pursued and those where only the incorrect parse was pursued. We found no evidence of bimodality in the distribution of trajectory-curvatures. Simulations with a constraint-based model produced trajectories that matched the human data. A nonlinguistic control study demonstrated the mouse-tracking paradigm’s ability to elicit bimodal distributions of trajectory-curvatures in certain experimental conditions. With effects of context posing a challenge for syntax-first models, and the absence of bimodality in the distribution of garden-path magnitude posing a challenge for unrestricted-race models, these converging methods support the constraint-based theory’s account that the reason diverse contextual factors are able to bias one or another parse at the point of ambiguity is because those syntactic alternatives are continually partially-active in parallel, not discretely winnowed.
TESOTf-induced rearrangement of quinols. Efficient construction of the fully functionalized carbon skeleton of the griseusins by a divergent-reconvergent approach.

The “reverse polarity” or “umpolung” strategy for the total synthesis of aryl C-glycosides was developed in the context of the antibiotic (−)-griseusin B. Although a key reaction in a model sequence for the total synthesis produced two structurally divergent products, both were converted to the same advanced model intermediate that contains the complete carbon skeleton and (except for the extraneous oxygen substituent in the model series) the functional group pattern of the griseusins.
Lipopolysaccharide induction of gene expression in human monocytic cells.

Monocytes become activated at sites of inflammation and contribute to the pathology of many diseases, including septic shock. In these cells, induction of genes expressing various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, is regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Rel transcription factors. Recent studies have identified components of the signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of NF-κB/Rel proteins. Inhibition of these signaling pathways provides a novel therapeutic approach to prevent inducible gene expression in monocytes.
Tuning of the spin-orbit interaction in two-dimensional GaAs holes via strain

We report direct measurements of the spin-orbit interaction-induced spin splitting in a modulation-doped GaAs two-dimensional hole system as a function of anisotropic, in-plane strain. The change in spin-subband densities reveals a remarkably strong dependence of the spin splitting on strain, with up to about 20% enhancement of the splitting upon the application of only about $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ strain. The results are in very good agreement with our numerical calculations of the strain-induced spin splitting.
Antibiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Rationale and Current Evidence

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common gastrointestinal condition effecting adults in developed countries worldwide. Over the last decade, evidence has emerged suggesting that gut bacteria play a role in the pathophysiology of IBS. While difficult to identify using noninvasive means, one of the most common attributable bacterial concepts in IBS is the small intestinal bacterial overgrowth hypothesis (SIBO). In this article, we review the different mechanisms by which gut flora and, specifically, SIBO may contribute to IBS and the evidence supporting the use of various antibiotic therapies in treating IBS.
Path analysis of general and specific cognitive abilities in the Colorado adoption project: Early childhood

Abstract A path model of genetic and environmental transmission was fitted to general and specific cognitive abilities (verbal, spatial, visual memory, and perceptual speed) data from biological, adoptive, and control parents and their children at ages 3 and 4. Using a maximum-likelihood estimation procedure. the significance of genetic influence, passive genotype-environment correlation, parental influence on the child's environment, assortative mating, and selective placement was assessed. As predicted, the parameter estimate for genetic influence (a function of the heritabilities of the character during early childhood and adulthood and their genetic correlation) is significant for general cognitive ability at both 3 and 4. Moreover, estimates of the genetic parameter are significant for spatial ability at both 3 and 4 years of age, for verbal ability at 3, and for perceptual speed at 4. Thus, there is at least some continuity between early childhood and adulthood as well as some genetic differentiation for specif cognitive abilities.
Kinetics of acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions of aliphatic aldehydes

Abstract Field observations of atmospheric aerosols have established that organic compounds compose a large fraction of the atmospheric aerosol mass. However, the physical/chemical pathway by which organic compounds are incorporated into atmospheric aerosols remains unclear. The potential role of acid-catalyzed reactions of organic compounds on acidic aerosols has been explored as a possible chemical pathway for the incorporation of organic material into aerosols. In the present study, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy was used to monitor the kinetics of formation of the products of the acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction of a range of aliphatic aldehydes (C2–C8). The experiments were carried out at various sulfuric acid concentrations and a range of temperatures in order to estimate the rate constants of such reactions on sulfuric acid aerosols under tropospheric conditions. The rate constants were generally found to decrease as the chain length of the aliphatic aldehyde increased (except for acetaldehyde, which had an unusually small rate constant), increase as a function of sulfuric acid concentration as predicted by excess acidity theory, and showed normal Arrhenius behavior as a function of temperature. While the kinetic data are generally consistent with previous laboratory reports of aldehyde reactivity in various sulfuric acid media, the aldol condensation reactions involving aliphatic aldehydes do not appear fast enough to be responsible for significant transfer of organic material into atmospheric aerosols.
The 100-kDa proteolytic fragment of RB is retained predominantly within the nuclear compartment of apoptotic cells.

Abstract The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) has been shown to play a role in regulating the eukaryotic cell cycle, promoting cellular differentiation, and modulating programmed cell death. Although regulation of RB tumor suppressor activity is mediated by reversible phosphorylation, an additional posttranslational modification involves the cleavage of 42 residues from the carboxy terminus of RB during the onset of drug-induced or receptor-mediated apoptosis. We now demonstrate that a recombinant p100cl RB species localizes to the nucleus where it may retain wildtype “pocket” protein binding activity. In addition, using immunocytochemistry, we show that cleavage of the endogenous RB protein occurs in vivo in human cells and that p100cl is predominantly retained within the nuclear compartment of cells during early apoptosis. We also show that the carboxy-terminal cleavage of RB is detected immediately following caspase-3 and PARP cleavage during FAS-mediated apoptosis of MCF10 cells. These findings suggest that this cleavage event may be a component of a downstream cascade during programmed cell death.
Outsider Histories, Insider Artists, Cross-Cultural Ensembles: Visiting with Disability Presences in Contemporary Art Environments

Disability is highly visible in contemporary performance festivals and art venues. Traveling from the disability performance ensemble work of Theater Hora and Jerome Bel, to Javier Tellez’s installation Artaud’s Cave at dOCUMENTA(13) in Kassel, and on to the Australian Back to Back Theatre’s Ganesh versus the Third Reich at the Bodies of Work festival in Chicago raises the pressing questions: How and why is disability art and performance becoming so visible? And for whom?
Arrhythmias in ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: prediction of mortality by ambulatory electrocardiography.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that ventricular arrhythmias detected by ambulatory electrocardiography can stratify mortality risk in patients with ischemic and those with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, clinical, hemodynamic and neurohumoral findings were evaluated in 31 patients. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, the total population had 51% survival at 12 months and 19% survival at 25 months. Subgroups based on peak complexity of ventricular arrhythmias included 9 patients with simple ventricular arrhythmias (peak Lown grades 1 to 3) and 22 patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias (peak Lown grades 4 or 5). Clinical variables and baseline catecholamine levels and renin-angiotensin system activity were similar in the simple and complex arrhythmia subgroups. Patients with simple and those with complex arrhythmias were comparable by all hemodynamic indexes except for a higher mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in the complex arrhythmia subgroup. Survival was strikingly related to arrhythmias: mortality was 11% (1 of 9) in the simple ventricular arrhythmia subgroup and 59% (13 of 22) in the complex ventricular arrhythmia subgroup (p
X-ray spectroscopy as a probe for lithium polysulfide radicals

The discharge mechanism in lithium sulfur batteries is still unknown and has been purported to involve significant concentrations of polysulfide radicals. Methods capable of quantifying these species in solution are therefore of paramount importance to revealing electrochemical pathways. Here we utilize DFT based X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) simulations at the sulfur K-edge to obtain the spectra of polysulfide molecules in neutral, radical (−1) and dianionic (−2) charge states. Our calculations indicate that, contrary to recent propositions, the observed low energy, pre-edge feature in S K-edge XAS near 2470 eV is not exclusively due to radical species, but rather arises predominantly from core-excitations of terminal atoms, at the ends of linear polysulfides, to σ* orbitals, consistent with our previous results for the dianionic species. We do however find a spectral feature unique to radicals, lying 0.5–1 eV below the established pre-edge, that arises from 1s → π* transitions of the terminal atoms. Existing measurements on polysulfides show no evidence for such transitions. We predict that detection of linear radicals in polysulfide mixtures using XAS is limited to high mole fractions (>20%), due to the relatively weak XAS intensity of this π* feature.
Isabelle, a Proton-Proton Colliding Beam Facility at Brookhaven

ISABELLE, a colliding beam facility to be located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, is designed to study proton-proton collisions at very high energies. With high intensity circulating beams available, it will be possible to extensively explore the structure of the proton and the production of new particles. This paper describes the features of ISABELLE including the planned research facilities. The technical components are briefly described including the status of the respective developmental programs.
Myocardial ischemia in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract The results of ambulatory ECG monitoring are described in a group of patients that have not previously been characterized. Fifty men who were initially seen for elective CABG surgery underwent 48 hours of continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring. ST segment deviation from baseline, trended every 15 seconds, was quantified for duration, maximum ST segment change, area under the ST segment-time curve (AUC), and average ST segment change for the episode (AUC/duration). Ischemic episodes, 87% of which were silent, occurred in 42% of the patients. Symptomatic episodes had greater maximum ST segment change than silent episodes (−2.4 vs −1.9 mm; p
Unsuspected Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis in the Elderly Diagnosed by Echocardiography

: Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) occurs more commonly in the elderly than is generally believed, and is often unsuspected. In 26 patients above the age of 60, the diagnosis was recognized in only 7 (27 percent) prior to echocardiography. Symptoms included dyspnea in 17, chest pain in 16, and dizziness or syncope in 8 patients. In 10 patients, establishing the correct diagnosis led to therapy with propranolol, with or without discontinuation of digitalis; in 7 of these, the chest pain was significantly reduced. An accurate diagnosis is particularly important because drugs that are useful in other forms of heart disease may have adverse effects in IHSS. Echocardiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice and is indicated in the presence of an unexplained systolic murmur, especially when it is associated with chest pain, syncope or left ventricular hypertrophy.
On a two-level finite element method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

We consider the Galerkin finite element method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions, where the finite-dimensional space(s) employed consist of piecewise polynomials enriched with residual-free bubble (RFB) functions. To find the bubble part of the solution, a two-level finite element method (TLFEM) is described and its application to the Navier-Stokes equation is displayed. Numerical solutions employing the TLFEM are presented for three benchmark problems. We compare the numerical solutions using the TLFEM with the numerical solutions using a stabilized method.
Drag predictions for projectiles and finned bodies in incompressibleflow

A design method is presented for calculating the flowfield and drag of bodies of revolution, with and without aerodynamic surfaces, at zero angle of attack in incompressible flow. The body pressure distribution, viscous shear stress, and boundary-layer separation point are calculated by a combination of a potential-flow method and boundary-layer techniques. The potential solution is obtained by modeling the body with an axial distribution of source/sink elements whose strengths vary linearly along their length. Both the laminar and turbulent boundary-layer solutions use momentum integral techniques which have been modified to account for the effects of surface roughness. An existing technique for estimating the location of transition was also modified to include surface roughness. Empirical correlations are developed to estimate the base pressure coefficient for a wide variety of geometries. Body surface pressure distributions and drag predictions are compared with experimental data for artillery projectiles, conical bodies, bombs, and missiles. Very good agreement between the present method and experiment is obtained.
Electrocardiography cannot reliably differentiate transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome from anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Abstract Objective The presentation and electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics of transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome (TLVABS) can be similar to that of anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We tested the hypothesis that the ECG on presentation could reliably differentiate these syndromes. Subjects and Methods Between January 1, 2002 and July 31, 2004, we identified 18 consecutive patients with TLVABS who were matched with 36 subjects presenting with acute anterior STEMI due to atherothrombotic left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Results All patients with TLVABS were women (mean age, 72.0 ± 13.1 years). The heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, and corrected QT interval were similar between groups. Distribution of ST elevation was similar, but patients with anterior STEMI exhibited greater ST elevation. Regressive partitioning analysis indicated that the combination of ST elevation in lead V 2 of less than 1.75 mm and ST-segment elevation in lead V 3 of less than 2.5 mm was a suggestive predictor of TLVABS (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 94%). Conditional logistic regression indicated that the formula: (3 × ST-elevation lead V 2 ) + (ST-elevation V 3 ) + (2 × ST-elevation V 5 ) allowed possible discrimination between TLVABS and anterior STEMI with an optimal cutoff level of less than 11.5 mm for TLVABS (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 72%). Patients with TLVABS were less likely to have concurrent ST-segment depression (6% vs 44%; P = .003). Conclusions Women presenting with TLVABS have similar ECG findings to patients with anterior infarct but with less-prominent ST-segment elevation in the anterior precordial ECG leads. These ECG findings are relatively subtle and do not have sufficient predictive value to allow reliable emergency differentiation of these syndromes.
Where Have All the Communes Gone? Religion's Effect on the Survival of Communes

Although previous research has found religion to have a significant effect on commune survival, these conclusions were typically based on bivariate analyses. Drawing on data collected by the Fellowship for Intentional Community, we present a multivariate analysis of communal survival using a comparatively large sample (N = 454) of modern American communes. Controlling for key factors suggested by the literature, we find that religion does not have a significant, direct effect on commune survival. Rather, the total population of the commune, whether the commune owned the land, and its longevity significantly influenced survival of a commune between 1995 and 2000. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on the role of religion in communes.
Heat transfer analysis in mechanical seals using fin theory

AbstractA simple and efficient method for estimating the average seal contact face temperature, surface temperature, and heat partitioning factor between the rings of a mechanical seal is presented. The method takes into account both heat conduction and convection. Design charts applicable to a variety of ring shapes are developed, and a series of examples are presented to illustrate their validity.
Factors That Influence Dissemination in Engineering Education

Although the need for new educational materials and methods in engineering education is increasing, the process of disseminating (making target groups become aware of, accept, and use) these innovations remains a challenge. A literature review shows that few studies have thoroughly investigated this area. The purpose of this article is to identify factors that may affect the adoption and use of educational innovations used in engineering education and to offer advice to educators on how they may better disseminate their materials. This study uses extant theories related to diffusion and acceptance of innovation as the basis for identifying factors that may impact the dissemination of educational innovations. These factors are tested via a Delphi study employing 21 subject-matter experts and content analysis of 410 research abstracts. The results suggest nine factors that are most important for facilitating acceptance and use of educational engineering innovations. In particular, new materials should be designed such that they demonstrate an obvious relative advantage over existing materials, are compatible with and adaptable to existing pedagogy, lack complexity, and are generally easy to use. Management support and availability of resources are found to be important environmental conditions that facilitate acceptance; logistical issues and cultural differences are the chief impediments.
The Mythic Structure of Bion's Groups

Despite its continuing influence, Bion's theory of small groups remains obscure. This paper hypothesizes that his basic assumption groups are shared fantasies, explicated by certain widespread societal myths and by recent studies of religious symbolism. The dependency group is homologous to the myth of the primordial earthly paradise and the dependency fight-flight group to three mythical versions of the fall of man. Similar to all sacred symbolisms, the basic assumption groups synthesize the members' images of the group with certain emotional states, give philosophical meaning to the existential crises through which the group must pass, and interpret and shape the ongoing working group.
1002 THE EFFECTS OF ISOPRINOSINE IN A PATIENT WITH ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a genetic disorder involving multiple systems is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, recurrent sinopulmonary infections and abnormal cellular and humoral immunity. We studied the effects of Isoprinosine in a 6½ year old white female with A-T. The child had a normal birth history. At the age of 5 months, she developed recurrent sinopulmonary infections and otitis media. Ocular telangiectasia was noted at 10 months of age. Progressive ataxia and disarthric speech developed at 17 months of age. Immunologic studies showed low numbers of active and total T cells, negative skin test to Candida; low in vitro DNA synthesis responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavaline A (ConA); and absent leukocyte migratory inhibitory factor release (LIF) in the presence of Candida and PHA; normal serum immunoglobulins but low IgG2 and IgG4. Prophylactic Septra therapy resulted in some decrease of pyogenic infections. Isoprinosine 100 mg/kg/day orally was begun in July 1981. Following the treatment, she showed no neurological improvement but experienced no infection. Significant increase of her T cell function and the levels of IgG subclass were repeatedly demonstrated. No adverse reaction was observed. Our data indicated that similar therapy may be beneficial to other A-T patients.
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus.

Histologic material from 153 cases of uterine tumors with prior diagnosis or suspicion of sarcoma was reviewed. On the basis of cellularity, pleomorphism, and mitotic counts, 81 smooth muscle tumors were divided into 32 leiomyosarcomas, 31 cellular leiomyomas, 17 bizarre leiomyomas, and one intravascular leiomyoma. Only one case among the 153 was lost to follow-up. The average yearly instance rate for leiomyosarcoma was 0.67 per 100,000 women 20 years old and older. The incidence was significantly higher in Negroes than in Caucasians. The 5-year survival rate was 20.7%; however, three of the six 5-year survivors subsequently died of disease, and one is living with disease. Mitotic counts accurately separate leiomyosarcoma from cellular leiomyoma. No patient with fewer than five mitoses per 10 high-power field died of disease. The average length of follow-up was 12 years. In spite of the alarming histologic and cytologic features of bizarre leiomyomas no patient died of disease. Follow-up averaged 11.2 years.
The Effect of Early Immunoglobulin Treatment on the Course of Kawasaki Disease

Objective: Controversies exist as to whether early treatment for Kawasaki disease might increase the need for additional intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment and whether it could reduce cardiac complications. We conducted this study to add useful clues, which could be helpful when setting up a treatment plan. Methods: 359 patients who were newly diagnosed with Kawasaki disease at Severance Hospital were divided into two groups; patients who received IVIG treatment within 3 days (group A) and those who received IVIG treatment after 3 days (groups B and C). We compared the laboratory data, fever duration, frequency of additional IVIG treatment, and echocardiography follow-up results. Results: IVIG was administered 1.11±0.34 (mean±SD), 1.15±0.39, and 1.17±0.42 times in groups A, B, and C, respectively; p=0.29 (A vs. B), p=0.21 (A vs. C). The incidence of cardiac complications checked within the first 2 weeks from disease onset was 3.6%, 5.2%, and 5.1% in groups A, B, and C, respectively; p=0.52 (A vs. B), p=0.55 (A vs. C), and the values checked at 2 months were 3.6%, 5.6%, and 5.7% in groups A, B, and C, respectively; p=0.43 (A vs. B), p=0.43 (A vs. C). Conclusion: Early IVIG treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease decreased fever duration and may prevent cardiac complications by limiting inflammation.
Development and pilot testing of an assessment battery for older drivers.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of the study reported here was to develop and pilot test a comprehensive battery of assessment instruments for older drivers that would be inexpensive and easy to administer so that it could be used in longitudinal studies. Method The resulting battery was developed by selecting a set of validated assessment instruments and combining them into a package, with a total acquisition cost of less than $900. As part of this battery, three questionnaires were developed utilizing items from established questionnaires with minor modifications. The battery was pilot tested with a convenience sample of 38 drivers aged 65 years or older. Results Results showed that the entire battery required less than one hour to complete. Data from the assessment outcomes fell within normative ranges. Feedback from subjects indicated that the battery was acceptable, free of problems, presented tasks in a good order, and was not too long. Conclusions Based on study findings, the assessment battery appeared to be low-cost, transportable, easy to administer, easy for subjects to complete, provides a comprehensive assessment of a person's physical health, mental health, and driving behaviors, and would serve as a valuable data collection tool for a longitudinal study of older drivers. Such a longitudinal study is needed in order to answer some of the most important questions about older driver safety and mobility.
Kondo entropy of δ-phase plutonium and its impact on Pu alloy phase diagrams

We present a new analysis of the heat capacity of δ-phase Pu-5 at.% Al with a fit using a single-ion Kondo term and a low-temperature Schottky anomaly in addition to the Debye and linear terms. The Kondo and Schottky terms together contribute 1.2 R to the entropy at 300 K. We show how the extra entropy could affect the alloy phase diagrams of δ-phase Pu.
DAMGO binding to mouse brain membranes: Influence of salts, guanine nucleotides, substance P, and substance P fragments

Substance P (SP) appears to mediate many processes of the central nervous system, including pain. This report deals with modulation of opioid binding in the mouse brain by SP and SP fragments, as well as by salts and guanine nucleotides. Binding studies of the selective mu opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala2, MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO) to mouse brain membrane preparations demonstrated that guanine nucleotide modulation of DAMGO binding affinity was modified by SP. However, SP had little or no influence on inhibition of DAMGO binding induced by salts, such as MgCl2, CaCl2, or NaCl. By replacing GTP with GppNHp, SP (0.1 nM) produced multiple affinity forms of the DAMGO receptor, while at a higher concentration (10 nM), SP lost its influence on DAMGO binding. Furthermore, 0.1 nM SP changed DAMGO binding parameters in a medium containing NaCl, CaCl2, and GppNHp such that the high- and low-affinity conformations of the receptor converted to a single site following the addition of SP to the incubation medium. While the C-terminal SP fragment SP(5-11) was without effect, the N-terminal SP fragments SP(1-9) and SP(1-7) appeared to imitate SP in modifying GppNHp-modulated DAMGO binding. These results suggest that SP functions as a modulator of opioid binding at the mu receptor and it appears that the N-terminus of SP plays a role in the modulatory process.
An Unusual Mechanism for Ligand Antagonism

The ratio of late to early events stimulated by the mast cell receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) correlated with the affinity of a ligand for the receptor-bound IgE. Because excess receptors clustered by a weakly binding ligand could hoard a critical initiating kinase, they prevented the outnumbered clusters engendered by the high-affinity ligands from launching the more complete cascade. A similar mechanism could explain the antagonistic action of some peptides on the activation of T cells.
Limits to water transport in Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus edulis: implications for drought tolerance and regulation of transpiration

1. An air-injection method was used to study loss of water transport capacity caused by xylem cavitation in roots and branches of Pinus edulis (Colorado Pinyon) and Juniperus osteosperma (Utah Juniper). These two species characterize the Pinyon–Juniper communities of the high deserts of the western United States. Juniperus osteosperma can grow in drier sites than P. edulis and is considered the more drought tolerant. 2.Juniperus osteosperma was more resistant to xylem cavitation than P. edulis in both branches and roots. Within a species, branches were more resistant to cavitation than roots for P. edulis but no difference was seen between the two organs for J. osteosperma. There was also no difference between juveniles and adults in J. osteosperma; this comparison was not made for P. edulis. 3. Tracheid diameter was positively correlated with xylem cavitation pressure across roots and stems of both species. This relation suggests a trade-off between xylem conductance and resistance to xylem cavitation in these species. 4. During summer drought, P. edulis maintained higher predawn xylem pressures and showed much greater stomatal restriction of transpiration, consistent with its greater vulnerability to cavitation, than J. osteosperma. 5. These results suggest that the relative drought tolerance of P. edulis and J. osteosperma results in part from difference in their vulnerability to xylem cavitation.
Mueller-Lyer Illusion by the Blind:

With a specially designed apparatus of cardboard and embossed with Braille lines, 9 blind Ss, 3 born blind, 3 blinded in childhood, and 3 blinded as adults, all exhibited the haptic illusion to an ...
The contribution of glacier melt to streamflow

Ongoing and projected future changes in glacier volume and extent globally have led to concerns about the implications for water supplies. Glacier contributions to river discharge are not well known on a regional or global basis, nor are the populations at risk to future glacier changes. We estimate upper bounds on the fraction of river discharge attributable to glacier discharge on a monthly basis using a global hydrology model and glacier energy balance computations, and track this fraction through the global stream network. In general, our estimates of the fraction of river discharge attributable to glacier sources are lower than previously published values. Nonetheless, we estimate that globally 370 (140) million people live in river basins where glacier sources contribute at least 10% (25%) of river discharge on a seasonal basis. Most of this population is in the High Asia region.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INERT GAS CONDENSATION BASED ION SOURCE FOR THE GENERATION OF STRONG BEAMS OF LARGE CLUSTER IONS

We report on the further development of an ion source for producing intense, continuous beams of large positive and negative cluster ions comprised of high temperature materials. This device, the Smoke-Ion Source, is the result of combining inert gas condensation methods with techniques for injecting electrons directly into expanding jets. We demonstrate the capability of this ion source to generate strong beams of cluster ions comprised of materials including metals, semiconductors, and metal oxide ceramics.
Familial Mediterranean fever in Armenians: autosomal recessive inheritance with high gene frequency.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a recurrent episodic inflammatory disorder of unknown pathogenesis that occurs with high frequency in non-Ashkenazi Jews and Armenians. However, there are some differences in the clinical manifestations of FMF in these ethnic groups. FMF has been reported to be an autosomal recessive disease in non-Ashkenazi Jews, with a male/female ratio of 1.7, indicating reduced penetrance in females. However, the inheritance is less clear for Armenians. To resolve this problem, we studied prospectively families of 64 Armenian index cases randomly ascertained at the UCLA FMF clinic. Fifty-three families containing 176 sibs in addition to the probands were analyzed by genetic segregation analysis (exclusions included: six single-child families, four families in which one of the parents was also affected, and a family with incomplete information). Upper and lower bounds of the segregation ratio were estimated, and ranged from.10 ± .03 to.18 ± .05 when only definitely affected sibs were classified as affected;.17 ± .04 to.27 ± .05 when considering “possibly affected” sibs as affected; and.19 ± .04 to.30 ± .05 when incomplete penetrance in females was corrected. A value of.25 is the expected segregation ratio for autosomal recessive inheritance, and our data are consistent with this mode of inheritance. We can reject autosomal dominant inheritance, where the expected segregation ratio is.5. Using extended pedigree data, we calculated an FMF gene frequency of 0.073 and a carrier rate of 1/7, which is about four times the frequency in non-Ashkenazi Jews. The parent-to-offspring transmission of FMF reported in Armenians can be explained by its high gene frequency in this ethnic group. We conclude that, despite the clinical differences, FMF is an autosomal recessive disease in all ethnic groups studied to date.
20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception

BACKGROUND: Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to progressive reductions in the estrogen dose in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However reducing the amount of estrogen to improve safety could result in decreased contraceptive effectiveness and unacceptable changes in bleeding patterns. OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that COCs containing 20 mug in terms of contraceptive effectiveness bleeding patterns discontinuation and side effects. SEARCH METHODS: In July 2013 we searched CENTRAL MEDLINE and POPLINE and examined references of potentially eligible trials. We also searched for recent clinical trials using ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP. No new trials met the inclusion criteria. Previous searches included EMBASE. For the initial review we wrote to oral contraceptive manufacturers to identify trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: English-language reports of randomized controlled trials were eligible that compare a COC containing 20 mug EE. We excluded studies where the interventions were designed to be administered for less than three consecutive cycles or to be used primarily as treatment for non-contraceptive conditions. Trials had to report on contraceptive effectiveness bleeding patterns trial discontinuation due to bleeding-related reasons or other side effects or side effects to be included in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One author evaluated all titles and abstracts from literature searches to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria. Two authors independently extracted data from studies identified for inclusion. We wrote to the researchers when additional information was needed. Data were entered and analyzed with RevMan. MAIN RESULTS: No differences were found in contraceptive effectiveness for the 13 COC pairs for which this outcome was reported. Compared to the higher-estrogen pills several COCs containing 20 mug EE resulted in higher rates of early trial discontinuation (overall and due to adverse events such as irregular bleeding) as well as increased risk of bleeding disturbances (both amenorrhea or infrequent bleeding and irregular prolonged frequent bleeding or breakthrough bleeding or spotting). AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS: While COCs containing 20 mug EE may be theoretically safer this review did not focus on the rare events required to assess this hypothesis. Data from existing randomized controlled trials are inadequate to detect possible differences in contraceptive effectiveness. Low-dose estrogen COCs resulted in higher rates of bleeding pattern disruptions. However most trials compared COCs containing different progestin types and changes in bleeding patterns could be related to progestin type as well as estrogen dose. Higher follow-up rates are essential for meaningful interpretation of results.
Electric-field distribution near rectangular microstrip radiators for hyperthermia heating: theory versus experiment in water

A rectangular microstrip antenna radiator is investigated for its near-zone radiation characteristics in water. Calculations of a cavity model theory are compared with electric-field measurements of a miniature nonperturbing diode-dipole E-field probe whose 3-mm tip was positioned by an automatic three-axis scanning system. These comparisons have implications for the use of microstrip antennas in a multielement microwave hyperthermia applicator. Half-wavelength rectangular microstrip patches were designed to radiate in water at 915 MHz. Both low ( epsilon /sub r/=10) and high ( epsilon /sub r/=85) dielectric constant substrates were tested. Normal and tangential components of the near-zone radiated electric field were discriminated by appropriate orientation of the E-field probe. Low normal to transverse electric-field ratios at 3.0 cm depth indicate that the radiators may he useful for hyperthermia heating with an intervening water bolus. Electric-field pattern addition from a three-element linear array of these elements in water indicates that phase band amplitude adjustment can achieve some limited control over the distribution of radiated power. >
Operational problems in deep ocean search

The two major operational problems in deep ocean search are: 1) providing an adequate underwater navigational system in the area of interest and 2) minimizing search time, since time and cost are intimately related. The first problem is considered in hand due to pioneering work by Spiess (long base system) and Buchanan (short base system) as well as others. The second problem is discussed in terms of minimizing the search area A and maximizing the sensor sweep width W. Conceptual rather than detailed solutions are presented. In particular, the need for the establishment of a target location distribution on the search area and the requirement for the use of a priori knowledge when searching with nonvisual sensors are discussed.
Minocycline reduced craving for cigarettes but did not affect smoking or intravenous nicotine responses in humans

In recent preclinical studies, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in nicotine dependence has become increasingly evident. Inhibition of NO synthesis blocks acquisition of conditioned place preference, and attenuates the nicotine abstinence syndrome in rodents. These findings have not been followed up in human studies. In order to obtain preliminary data on NO inhibition in human smokers, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover study (N = 12) of minocycline, a tetracycline derivative antibiotic, that inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase enzyme with resultant inhibition of NO production. Medication effects were assessed through a smoking choice procedure as well as subjective and physiological responses to nicotine administered via the intravenous route (IV). Minocycline treatment did not affect smoking self-administration in our choice procedure and did not affect most of the subjective responses to IV nicotine or sample smoking. Following IV nicotine administration, there was a greater reduction in craving for cigarettes under minocycline, compared to placebo. Similarly, smokers had greater reduction in their craving for cigarettes following sample smoking under minocycline treatment. These findings provide limited support for the potential use of minocycline as a treatment of nicotine dependence.
Rebuilding bridges: what is the real role of social class in disease occurrence?

As the focal science for public health, epidemiology has been a large tent supporting diverse activities. The hospital epidemiologist, the cancer trialist, the researcher studying teenage dating violence, and the theorist elaborating epidemic curves all work on different topics using disparate methods, but all of them could and should be comfortable under that one tent. Epidemiology certainly has seen its share of internecine squabbles. These quarrels have generic causes that include noble attempts to differentiate new work directions, to shake up priorities or to motivate constituencies toward new conceptualizations. Some rifts grow from the sincere attempt by some to correct what they see as past mistakes in research direction or problem framing, which may spur defense of long-standing efforts in which considerable time and effort has been invested. A fractious crowd is sometimes encouraged to patch things over and get along, but it is not entirely clear that such an approach is necessary or right when it comes to disagreements among scientists. According to one school of thought, to which we subscribe, the more active the dialogue and criticism between scientists, the more vibrant the field. Nevertheless, no matter how much one believes in the merits of reasoned debate, one must lament the energy
Development of a short-term, in vivo mutagenesis assay: the effects of methylation on the recovery of a lambda phage shuttle vector from transgenic mice

Transgenic mice suitable for the in vivo assay of suspected mutagens at the chromosome level have been constructed by stable integration of a lambda phage shuttle vector. The shuttle vector, which contains a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) target gene, can be rescued from genomic DNA with in vitro packaging extracts. Mutations in the target gene are detected by a change in lambda phage plaque color on indicator agar plates. Initial rescue efficiencies of less than 1 plaque forming unit (pfu)/100 micrograms of genomic DNA were too low for mutation analysis. We determined the cause of the low rescue efficiencies by examining primary fibroblast cultures prepared from fetuses of lambda transgenic animals. The rescue efficiency of 5-azacytidine-treated cells increased 50-fold over non-treated controls indicating that methylation was inhibiting rescue. The inhibitory role of methylation was supported by the observation that mcr deficient E. coli plating strains and mcr deficient lambda packaging extracts further improved lambda rescue efficiency. Present rescue efficiencies of greater than 2000 pfu/copy/micrograms of genomic DNA represent a 100,000-fold improvement over initial rescue efficiencies, permitting quantitative mutational analysis. The background mutagenesis rate was estimated at 1 x 10(-5) in two separate lineages. Following treatment with the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNU), a dose dependent increase in the mutation rate was observed in DNA isolated from mouse spleen, with significant induction also observed in mouse testes DNA.
Control migration: A characteristic of C3 systems

The quality of performance of a military command, control and communication (C3) system may be judged by whether or not it exhibits certain desirable traits. One such trait is control migration-the capability for the continuation of control function in the face of controller failure. A descriptive presentation of control migration is given in the context of hierarchical systems.
Developing a vaccine against aspergillosis.

Although there is considerable experimental data to support the idea, bringing a fungal vaccine to fruition has been elusive. Moreover, vaccinating the immunocompromised, susceptible to an opportunistic disease such as invasive aspergillosis, seems formidable. However, pioneering studies using Aspergillus particulate forms or homogenates, and recently, recombinant proteins, have demonstrated feasibility. Moreover, T cell receptors also recognize glycotopes if presented in the appropriate MHC-binding context. The potential role of induced antibody has been appreciated only recently. Recent studies in our laboratory with heat-killed Saccharomyces (HKY) have raised the possibility of development of a panfungal vaccine. This yeast may be nature's experimental reagent, to show the way to a protective protein-carbohydrate conjugate vaccine. Subcutaneous HKY is an effective vaccine against Aspergillus, Coccidioides or Candida challenge. We have learned the protective moiety is in the cell wall, and proteins, glu...
What happened to the Miracle Eight? Looking East in the twenty-first century

AbstractAll developing countries have been “looking East” since the rise of the Asian tigers, especially South Korea and Taiwan. The designation of the Southeast Asian economies as “tiger cubs” implies the question: can would-be tigers become tigers? Against the background of both oriental globalisation and China's effect on the region, this article compares trends in Northeast and Southeast Asia in agriculture, industry and services. State and political institutions are part of the comparison. As the conclusion notes, the new imperative for sustainable and inclusive growth excludes simply retracing the tigers’ development path: political change, in both national and regional institutions, is needed for the reforms in land, fiscal and industrial policy that will permit Southeast Asia to escape the middle-income trap.
A technique for preservation of spinal accessory nerve function in radical neck dissection

A new technique is described that preserves trapezius muscle function in radical neck surgery while cutting that part of the spinal accessory nerve which courses through the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The technique takes advantage of the little-known fact that, in humans, the trapezius muscle has dual innervation. The C2-3-4 motor root is joined to the distal portion of the spinal accessory nerve to give motor function to the trapezius muscle. This procedure will save shoulder mobility in the majority of patients who undergo radical neck dissection. The technique is accomplished rapidly with the use of the gastrointestinal stapler in the scalene fat pad.