cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rest Is Silence: Chevron Deference, Agency Jurisdiction and Statutory Silences

Should agencies receive Chevron deference when interpreting the reach of their own jurisdiction? This article argues that, in general, they should not. We begin by identifying and detailing the various different types of jurisdictional questions that may arise in statutory interpretation. The article then surveys how the Supreme Court and lower federal courts have analyzed these different aspects of the jurisdiction problem, with a particular attention to statutory silences. The Court's Chevron jurisprudence strongly suggest that deference to agency determinations of their own jurisdiction should be disfavored, particularly where a statute is silent (and not merely ambiguous) about the existence of agency jurisdiction. In particular, we argue that courts should deny Chevron deference regardless of whether an agency is asserting or disclaiming jurisdiction. This no-deference rule should apply in both existence- and scope-of-power cases, but courts should continue to show deference where agencies assert the existence of a factual predicate that triggers jurisdiction. We support our proposal with arguments drawing on both traditional administrative law norms and public choice analyses of the incentives faced by agencies and other relevant actors. While there are strong counterarguments to our proposal - particularly the potential difficulty in distinguishing between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional questions - this article maintains that denying deference in the jurisdictional context is desirable and consistent with Chevron principles.
Derivation of emergency medical services dispatch codes associated with low-acuity patients.

Objective. To identify emergency medical services (EMS) dispatch codes associated with basic life support (BLS) level of prehospital care, a proxy for low illness acuity. Methods. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in an urban city with a single advanced life support level EMS provider. The 911 center was certified in using dispatch protocols from Priority Dispatch Corporation (Salt Lake City, UT). Dispatch data on all transported EMS patients from August 2001 to April 2002 were abstracted. The authors prospectively defined a low-acuity patient as one who received BLS-level care and defined a low-acuity dispatch code as one in which at least 90% of coded patients required only BLS care. For each dispatch code or code group, the authors calculated the fraction of patients who received BLS-level care. For each “A”-level (lowest category) dispatch code group, the fraction of patients receiving BLS-level care was also evaluated. Results. A total of 19,332 calls met inclusion criteria and were categ...
The relation of blood pepsin to gastric secretion, with particular reference to anacidity and achylia

Summary 1. In a general way, the level of blood pepsin rises with increasing gastric juice concentration of pepsin, in patients with free acid. Blood pepsin i 2. At low levels of gastric secretion, or with specific stimulation or inhibition, there is no parallelism between blood pepsin and gastric acid; peptic activ 3. Extragastric factors, of which uremia is most prominent, affect the blood pepsin and the uropepsin levels and should be taken into account in the clinical 4. Nevertheless, the blood pepsin is of clinical interest in the delineation of the "peptic" ulcer diathesis; and of physiologic interest in pointing to the d
Limiting Dilution Analysis of Murine Epidermal Stem Cells Using an In Vivo Regeneration Assay

Epidermal stem cells are of major importance for tissue homeostasis, wound repair, tumor initiation, and gene therapy. Here we describe an in vivo regeneration assay to test for the ability of keratinocyte progenitors to maintain an epidermis over the long-term in vivo. Limiting dilution analysis of epidermal repopulating units in this in vivo regeneration assay at sequential time points allows the frequency of short-term (transit amplifying cell) and long-term (stem cell) repopulating cells to be quantified.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF EVOLUTIONARY COMPETITION MODELS

As exemplified by classic Lotka–Volterra theory, there are several canonical outcomes possible to a two species (interference) competitive interaction: coexistence, initial condition-dependent competitive exclusion of one species, or the global exclusion of one species. Evolutionary versions of Lotka–Volterra dynamics have been investigated in order to see the role that evolutionary adaptation can play in influencing the competitive outcome. For the most part, however, these investigations have been carried out by numerical simulations. In this paper, we provide some rigorous mathematical criteria concerning the outcome of a competition between two species x1 and x2 when evolution is taken into account. Motivated by two classic experiments in which the outcome of two competing beetle species was observed to change due to phenotypic or genetic changes in one species, we consider the case when only the species x2 can evolutionarily adapt. Using methods from persistence theory, we obtain criteria under which x2 will persist and criteria under which x1 will persist.
Digital systems with intermittent faults and Markovian models

The reliability of a system is evaluated on the basis of faults which are permanent in nature. System failures are also due to faults which are intermittent in nature, i.e., faults or errors that are occasionally present due to unstable hardware or software states. A model for studying reliability of digital systems subject to both permanent and intermittent faults is developed. The model is based on a Markov model containing three states. >
Fabrication of thin-reliable multichip modules

The fabrication of thin, reliable multichip modules has been demonstrated by Florida Institute of Technology. This involved developing encapsulation techniques to build multichip modules (MCMs) with a thickness less than 0.05 inches. The ultimate goal of these encapsulation techniques is to provide hermetic performance at a low cost while meeting specific environmental conditions. >
Forum Guest Editors’ Introduction: Disability Studies in Education “At Work”

This introductory article serves as the springboard for a greater discussion of the question: How applicable are the ideas of Disability Studies in Education to educational policy and the practice of teaching? As guest editors of the special forum of RDS, we illustrate how DSE continues to inform educational theory, research, policy, and practice. First, we chronicle the rapid growth of DSE over the past decade. Second, as educators of teachers, we raise three topics to contemplate further for our field: (1) improving the relationship between science and ethics, (2) better connecting knowledge, beliefs, and values to practice, and (3) determining the position of DSE scholars within the field of special education. Third, we briefly highlight the four featured articles from Belgium, New Zealand, Scotland, and the USA that constitute this special forum. Finally, we urge the field of education to be more critical of special education practices and continue to be receptive toward DSE.
Dynamic light-scattering studies of internal motions in DNA. III. Evidence for titratable joints associated with bound polycations.

Dynamic light-scattering techniques are employed to study the internal Brownian motions of a commercial calf thymus DNA, clean and contaminated ϕ29 DNAs, and a clean ϕ29 DNA with bound spermidine as a function of pH. The Rouse-Zimm model parameters of both calf thymus and contaminated ϕ29 DNAs differ substantially from those of clean ϕ29 DNA in the neutral-pH region. However, this difference is largely removed by adding 0.01M EDTA (which has no effect on clean ϕ29 DNA) to the calf thymus DNA sample. These findings imply the existence in that preparation of polycation contaminants, presumably basic proteins, that can substantially alter the local mechanical properties of the DNA near their binding sites. The internal motion parameters kB T/f and b of both calf thymus and contaminated ϕ29 DNAs are found to exhibit pronounced characteristic variations between pH 8.5 and 10.5, over which range there is essentially no detectable titration to a resolution of about 1% of the base pairs. These variations, which are not observed for clean ϕ29 DNA, are qualitatively similar to those previously reported for a ϕ29 DNA with 21 single-strand breaks per chain. This indicates the formation of titratable joints associated with bound polycation contaminants. These basic ligands presumably facilitate local denaturation by stabilizing the titration of one or more protons on base-ring nitrogens near their binding sites. Spermidine binding up to 85-87% of neutralization of the total DNA charge has only a relatively minor effect on the internal motion parameters at neutral pH in 0.01M NaCl. However on raising the pH to 10.2, the internal motion parameter kB T/f undergoes a marked decrease similar to that observed for both calf thymus and contaminated ϕ29 DNAs and also ϕ29 DNA with single-strand breaks. This indicates that spermidine, too, is capable of inducing titratable joints. Evidence is presented that the titratable joints associated with bound polycations on the calf thymus DNA may serve primarily as torsion joints, as was found previously for the titratable joints associated with single-strand breaks.
Sb implantation for bipolar buried layers using SbF5 in a cold-cathode implantation system

Abstract Antimony pentafluoride (SbF5) has been successfully used as a source for antimony implantation into silicon substrates. Modifications of a cold-cathode implantation system to accommodate the use of SbF5 are discussed. The dominant antimony current peaks of the ion beam current spectrum were implanted, and identified by Auger analysis. Using a graphical analysis method, other ionic species of the beam spectrum were identified. It was determined that both singly and doubly ionized Sb in isotype forms of mass 121 and 123 amu are formed in concentrations which correlate to the naturally found concentrations of approximately 57% and 43%. Other ionic species were identified as 19 F + , 121 SbF 2+ , 123 SbF 2+ , 121 SbF + , 123 SbF + 121 SbF + 2 , and 123 SbF + 2 . Beam current levels of singly ionized 121 Sb were found to be approximately 30 μA with no attempt made to maximize the beam current available. SUPREM II simulations were performed to determine approximate dose and energy levels consistent with buried layer profile parameters. Based on these simulations, the 30 μA beam current was found to result in acceptable implantation times of approximately 15 min for dose levels of 3 × 10 15 cm −2 . Both 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 silicon wafers were implanted and the annealing and defect nature studied. It was found that the defect nature of 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 silicon differ significantly in that a residual subsurface dislocation network was observed on 〈111〉 silicon wafers.
Diacylglycerol inhibits potassium-induced calcium influx and insulin release by a protein kinase-C-independent mechanism in HIT T-15 islet cells.

We reported previously that in pancreatic islet cells, certain diacylglycerols (DGs) evoke increases in cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i), mainly by intracellular mobilization. We now examined the effects of DGs on the increase in [Ca2+]i due to Ca2+ influx. In the insulin-secreting HIT T-15 islet cell line, cell membrane depolarization using 40 mM KCl evoked a 2- to 3-fold increase in [Ca2+]i, which lasted several minutes. A cell-permeable DG, 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (DiC8; 10 microM) induced a 12 +/- 4% rise in [Ca2+]i, which did not occur in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ or in the presence of verapamil; this effect was not protein kinase-C (PKC) dependent, because it was not altered by the addition of the PKC inhibitor staurosporine or by using PKC-depleted cells. When DiC8 was added first, the KCl-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (100% at 10-15 microM DiC8); this effect was PKC independent. At a concentration of 10 microM, other synthetic DGs, 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol (D...
Transport and metabolic effects of α-aminoisobutyric acid in saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract α-Aminoisobutyric acid is actively transported into yeast cells by the general amino acid transport system. The system exhibits a K m for α-aminoisobutyric acid of 270 μM, a V max of 24 nmol/min per mg cells (dry weight), and a pH optimum of 4.1–4.3. α-Aminoisobutyric acid is also transported by a minor system(s) with a V max of 1.7 nmol/min per mg cells. Transport occurs against a concentration gradient with the concentration ratio reaching over 1000:1 (in/out). The α-aminoisobutyric acid is not significantly metabolized or incorporated into protein after an 18 h incubation. α-Aminoisobutyric acid inhibits cell growth when a poor nitrogen source such as proline is provided but not with good nitrogen sources such as NH 4 + . During nitrogen starvation α-aminoisobutric acid strongly inhibits the synthesis of the nitrogen catabolite repression sensitive enzyme, asparaginase II. Studies with a mutant yeast strain (GDH-CR) suggest that α-aminoisobutyric acid inhibition of asparaginase II synthesis occurs because α-aminoisobutyric acid is an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in nitrogen starved cells.
The hexosemonophosphate shunt and glutathione reduction in guinea pig brain tissue: changes caused by chlorpromazine, amytal, and malonate.

Abstract The effects of chlorpromazine, amytal, and malonate on the oxidation of specifically 14 C-labelled glucoses and the reduction of oxidized glutathione by guinea pig brain preparations have been investigated. All three compounds inhibited the oxidation of glucose by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Changes in the reduction of glutathione caused by the compounds were accompanied by parallel changes in the activity of the hexosemonophosphate shunt pathway for glucose metabolism. Chlorpromazine increased, while amytal and malonate decreased, both activities. The results appear to indicate that the hexosemonophosphate shunt may serve a major role in brain for the maintenance of glutathione in the reduced state.
Failure of intestinal extracts to prevent chick gizzard erosions.

SummaryThe intestinal extract used in this study apparently was not effective in preventing gizzard erosion in chicks.
Higher prevalence of colorectal adenomas and cancers among Russian immigrants living in Brooklyn, NY

Higher prevalence of colorectal adenomas and cancers among Russian immigrants living in Brooklyn, NY
ANIMAL MODELS FOR TESTING TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID POTENCY: A REVIEW AND SOME SUGGESTED NEW APPROACHES

Animal models allow for testing the potency of topical corticosteroids by measuring their effects on induced conditions that are analogous to human skin disease. Animal models can examine the anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiproliferative, and atrophogenic effects of topical corticosteroids. These test models as they are currently applied are relatively imprecise; however, innovations using newly available histologic, autoradiographic, and biochemical techniques have great potential for precisely quantitating the effects of corticosteroids in animal model systems.
Echocardiographic Recognition of Left Ventricular Mural Thrombus

Left ventricular (LV) mural thrombus is a well recognized complication of acute myocardial infarction. In survivors of infarction, its incidence is influenced by the location and magnitude of infarction: it occurs often in patients with large anterior Q wave infarctions, particularly in the presence of LV apical akinesis or dyskinesis. Although radionuclide imaging with indium-111-labeled platelets, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging may be used to identify LV mural thrombus, two-dimensional echocardiography is the technique of choice for assessing its presence, shape, and size, and recent technical advances in echocardiographic methodology, such as high-frequency, short-focal-length transducers, have improved the echocardiographic assessment of LV mural thrombus. In the patient in whom a mural thrombus is identified, acute and chronic anticoagulation (with heparin and warfarin, respectively) is indicated: first, to prevent further thrombus formation and, second, to reduce the incidence of systemic embolization.
Engineering Economic Decisions and Warranties

Warranties are essential in marketing products and meeting competition in today's global economy. The inherent risks and uncertainties in the processes and markets present challenges in accounting for the associated costs and incorporating them in planning and economic decisions. Over the past 40 years, considerable work has been done in developing quantitative methods for analyzing warranties but the integration of warranties in engineering economic studies has been slow to evolve. This article provides an update on these methods.
Automatic alignment of large-scale aerial rasters to road-maps

This paper introduces a practical approach to register large-scale GIS imagery to a database of road vectors automatically. The proposed approach breaks the global alignment problem into a set of localized domains (tiles). Within each tile, the displacement between imagery and vectors is approximated by a translation. Finally, a global thin-plate-spline warp based on these local approximations is applied to register the imagery to the vector data.The critical step in this approach is a fully automatic algorithm to compute the best imagery-to-vectors translation within a tile. The proposed algorithm performs vector-guided extraction of road features, aggregates features obtained in the neighborhood of multiple vectors, and then estimates the best translation through a least-squares optimization applied to a selected subset of the aggregated features. It also computes a confidence value for each processed image tile, so that a human operator can easily find out the places where the automatic approach has encountered difficulties, if necessary. The algorithm has been tested on hundreds of production satellite images of different countries. It has correctly registered over 80 percent of the imagery, and consistently reported low confidence values for the rest.
A Distributed Newton Method for Network Utility Maximization–I: Algorithm

Most existing works use dual decomposition and first-order methods to solve Network Utility Maximization (NUM) problems in a distributed manner, which suffer from slow rate of convergence properties. This paper develops an alternative distributed Newton-type fast converging algorithm for solving NUM problems. By using novel matrix splitting techniques, both primal and dual updates for the Newton step can be computed using iterative schemes in a decentralized manner. We propose a stepsize rule and provide a distributed procedure to compute it in finitely many iterations. The key feature of our direction and stepsize computation schemes is that both are implemented using the same distributed information exchange mechanism employed by first order methods. We describe the details of the inexact algorithm here and in part II of this paper , we show that under some assumptions, even when the Newton direction and the stepsize in our method are computed within some error (due to finite truncation of the iterative schemes), the resulting objective function value still converges superlinearly in terms of primal iterations to an explicitly characterized error neighborhood. Simulation results demonstrate significant convergence rate improvement of our algorithm relative to the existing first-order methods based on dual decomposition.
Morphological Features and Activation Patterns of Motor Units

SummaryThe force that a muscle exerts depends on which motor units have been recruited and at what rate they are discharging action potentials. Because of differences in motor-unit morphology (innervation ratio, average cross-sectional area, specific force, and geometric distribution of muscle fiber
Quark-antiquark Recombination in the Fragmentation Region

Abstract Meson production at low transverse momentum in the fragmentation region (x>0.5) in pp collisions is considered in the context of the parton model. It is shown that the quark decay process is unimportant compared to the quark-antiquark recombination process. The calculated results of the model agree very well with the experimental data on the longitudinal momentum distributions of π± and K± in both the shapes and the normalizations.
The Caregiver-Provider Relationship Assessment : Measuring Family Caregivers’ Perceptions of Relationship Quality With Health Care Providers

This article summarizes the development of the caregiver-provider relationship assessment (CPRA) designed to measure family caregivers' perceptions of relationship quality with health care providers. Using an online sample of family caregivers (n = 156), the patient reactions assessment (PRA) was adapted for use with family caregivers and subjected to principal component and reliability analyses. Analyses indicate that the CPRA factor structure is analogous to the original PRA scale, and Cronbach's α for the three CPRA subscales range from .85 to .91. The tool can be used by clinicians and researchers in efforts to help family caregivers become more effective communicators in health care contexts.
Chemisorption of formic acid and CO on Cu particles on the Zn-terminated ZnO(0001) surface

Abstract The chemisorption of formic acid and CO on ultrathin Cu films vapor-deposited on to the Zn-terminated ZnO(0001)-Zn surface has been studied with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), XPS and low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). Previous structural characterization has shown these Cu films to be predominantly in the form of Cu particles supported on the ZnO, with controllable thicknesses from one atomic layer to multilayers. The influence of the thickness of the Cu islands on their chemisorption properties is addressed. The results are also compared to similar measurements on the oxygen-terminated ZnO(0001) surface to see how the underlying oxide's surface structure affects the chemisorption properties of oxide-supported ultrathin metal particles. In both cases, the Cu atoms in two-dimensional Cu islands (i.e. islands that are only one atom thick) resemble the coordinatively unsaturated Cu atoms of Cu(110) in their chemisorption properties. This is not because of a geometric similarity, but because the Cu atoms bond so weakly to the oxide below. Thick, annealed Cu islands resemble Cu(111) both in chemisorption behavior and in structure.
COMPARISON OF CITRATE-NITRATE GEL COMBUSTION AND PRECURSOR PLASMA SPRAY PROCESSES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF YTTRIUM ALUMINUM GARNET

The influence of synthesis conditions on the formation of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) powders starting from the same solution precursors was investigated by employing a citrate–nitrate gel combustion process and a precursor plasma spraying technique. YAG powders were formed at ≥500 °C, through the citrate–nitrate gel combustion process, without any intermediate phase formation. Time-resolved x-ray experiments were performed for the first time on these citrate–nitrate precursor materials to understand their mode of decomposition. The in situ data confirmed a single-step conversion to YAG from the precursor powder without any intermediate phase formation. Ex situ experiments also produced similar results. However, the use of the same citrate–nitrate precursor solution as a liquid feedstock material in the precursor plasma spraying technique revealed an entirely different transformation mechanism to YAG through intermediate phases like H–YalO3 and O–YalO3.
Emergence of Oscillons in an Expanding Background

We consider a (1+1) dimensional scalar field theory that supports oscillons, which are localized, oscillatory, stable solutions to nonlinear equations of motion. We study this theory in an expanding background and show that oscillons now lose energy, but at a rate that is exponentially small when the expansion rate is slow. We also show numerically that a universe that starts with (almost) thermal initial conditions will cool to a final state where a significant fraction of the energy of the universe--on the order of 50%--is stored in oscillons. If this phenomenon persists in realistic models, oscillons may have cosmological consequences.
Fate of Parasite and Host Organelle DNA during Cellular Transformation of Red Algae by Their Parasites.

The transfer of a nucleus into a cytoplasm of a genetically foreign cell and its subsequent multiplication in the cytoplasm of this cell characterize most parasitic red algal species and their interactions with specific red algal hosts. Nuclei enter the host9s cytoplasm upon cell fusion of parasite and host cell; here, they replicate, are spread to contiguous host cells, and ultimately are packaged into spores that reinfect other host thalli. In this study, we examined whether the proplastids and mitochondria that occur in these red algal adelphoparasites are acquired from their host or whether they are unique to the parasite and are brought into the host along with the parasite nucleus. To establish their origins and fates, plastid and mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of parasite cells were compared with those of their host plastid and mitochondrial DNA in three host and parasite pairs. For plastids, no RFLP differences were found between hosts and parasites, supporting an earlier conclusion, based on microscopic studies, that the proplastids of parasites are acquired from their hosts. For mitochondria, characteristic RFLP differences were detected between host and parasite for two of the pairs of species but not for the third. Evidence of the evolutionary difference between hosts and their parasites was shown by RFLP differences between nuclear ribosomal repeat regions.
Coupled electromagnetic-micromagnetic simulations of complex magnetic structures

We present a fast time domain simulator, which solved coupled nonlinear Maxwell-Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations for the analyses of magnetization dynamics and electromagnetic fields in complex magnetic materials and devices. A double integral operator (DIO) formulation is proposed for calculating eddy current (EC) induced magnetic field (IMF). Assisted by efficient Jacobian-vector multiplications, a differential-algebraic equation solver was implemented for non-linear time stepping. The solver is accelerated by a parallel non-uniform fast Fourier transform method with a computational complexity of O(NlnN) for N mesh elements. Analysis of magnetization dynamics in magnetic structures validates the introduced method.
Development of stress-crystallized morphology during melt-spinning of polypropylene fibers

Melt-spinning of isotactic polypropylene was performed in an effort to assess how the flow field that exists within a filament affects final as-spun fiber morphology. It was concluded that the molten filament deforms chiefly by elongational flow, with some small amount of shearing flow bearing localized near the filament periphery. The resulting crystal texture is mostly comprised of lamellae oriented perpendicular (chain direction parallel) to the fiber axis, but a minority population of crystallites whose orientation is orthogonal (chain direction perpendicular) to the primary population is also present in these fibers. Post-drawing steps initially cause crystallites to rotate toward the axial direction, while the chains within them undergo intralamellar slip and become better oriented parallel to the fiber axis. At larger extensions, lamellar crystallites are pulled into microfibrillar units.
What a speaker's choice of frame reveals: reference points, frame selection, and framing effects.

Framing effects are well established: Listeners’ preferences depend on how outcomes are described to them, or framed. Less well understood is what determines how speakers choose frames. Two experiments revealed that reference points systematically influenced speakers’ choices between logically equivalent frames. For example, speakers tended to describe a 4-ounce cup filled to the 2-ounce line as half full if it was previously empty but described it as half empty if it was previously full. Similar results were found when speakers could describe the outcome of a medical treatment in terms of either mortality or survival (e.g., 25% die vs. 75% survive). Two additional experiments showed that listeners made accurate inferences about speakers’ reference points on the basis of the selected frame (e.g., if a speaker described a cup as half empty, listeners inferred that the cup used to be full). Taken together, the data suggest that frames reliably convey implicit information in addition to their explicit content, which helps explain why framing effects are so robust.
Effect of particulate concentration, materials and size on the friction and wear of a negative-pressure picoslider flying on a laser-textured disk

Abstract The effect of particulate contamination on friction and wear between a negative-pressure picoslider and a laser-textured disk has been studied. Particles of different concentration, materials and size were injected at the head-disk interface consisting of disks with various textures and slider types at different speeds. Durability increases and coefficient of friction decreases as the disk speed is increased in a contaminated environment. Frictional characteristics and durability in the data zone were better than those in the laser-textured zone. It was also found that durability of head-disk interface (HDI) decreased as the particle concentration increased. Hard particles and large particles made the HDI failure early and resulted in an extensive damage to the slider and disk surfaces. The interface durability with the picoslider was better than that with the nanoslider at any condition in a contaminated environment. Based on the test results, the mechanisms are proposed to explain the reasons why durability with the picoslider is superior to that with the nanoslider and the mechanism of the HDI failure with the picoslider is also presented.
Bioassays of nutrient limitation in a tropical rain forest soil

Six speices of shrubs and one large herb with contrasting life history patterns were used as bioassays of nutrient availability in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest soil. Growth responses of the herb (Phytolacca rivinoides, Phytolaccaceae) confirmed soil measurements indicating high availability of N and potentially limiting levels of P, K, Mg and Ca. Growth responses of the shrub species (Miconia spp., Melastomataceae and Piper spp., Piperaceae) to a complete nutrient fertilizer were generally less than that of Phytolacca. Lack of a strong shrub response to +P fertilization is probably due to mycorrhizal associations and slower growth rates of woody species. In general, increased growth did not occur at the expense of phenolic production in the leaves. The results emphasize that assessment of specific nutrient limitations to plant growth vary depending on species selected for the bioassay, even among species from the same community.
C-shape specimen for tensile radial strength of thick, filament-wound rings

The objective of this investigation is to evaluate a new method of testing thick, C-shaped rings for determining the radial tensile strength of thick, filament-wound composite structures such as fl...
Thin film confinement of a spherical block copolymer via forced assembly co-extrusion

A spherical, block copolymer (BCP) with a statistical mid-block was investigated under confinement via forced assembly co-extrusion. This approach provided a continuous methodology to investigate the effect of layer thickness and substrate on the morphology of a unique self-assembling material. It was demonstrated that substrate interactions and layer thickness can promote long-range ordering for use in highly diverse nanotechnology applications.
Flow Mechanics on Extrusion through a Square‐Entry Die

The relationships between the constants of the Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) equation describing plastic flow and the Benbow equation for extrusion through a square-entry die were studied via computer simultions. These relationships are fundamental for characterizing the rheology of ceramic extrudates using the square-entry rheometer and are difficult to obtain from experiments. Results showed that the apparent shear rate should be used instead of extrudate velocity in the Benbow equation, and the Benbow equation was modified accordingly. The exponent in the H-B equation was exactly the same as the shear thinning exponent for the extrudate body in the modified Benbow equation. The die-entry velocity factor was a function not only of the shear rate factor but also of the shear thinning exponent in the H-B equation. The yield strength of the modified Benbow equation was zero when the yield strength in the H-B equation was zero.
Impulsive source separation with application to sperm whale clicks

This paper proposes a new method for impulsive source separation in multi-input single-output (MISO) systems based on impulse spacing. The primary application of the method is the classification of click trains from multiple marine mammals. The impulse spacing can be modeled as a renewal process, so to classify sources, an algorithm is developed to maximize the likelihood of click assignment based on the impulse spacing distributions. A theoretical lower bound on the performance is derived and the algorithm shown to get reasonably close to the bound. Additionally, the algorithm is further extended for use when the impulse spacing distribution parameters are unknown. The algorithm is tested with recordings of sperm whales, and the separation is shown to be accurate.
Instruments for assessing the impact of technology in education

Ten years of instrument development are summarized and placed within a framework for assessing the impact of technology in education. Seven well-validated instruments spanning the areas of attitudes, beliefs, skills, competencies, and technology integration proficiencies are presented, along with data analysis examples. These instruments are proposed for use in modeling the process of technology integration, which is believed to be an important intermediary step in effective use of technology in teaching and learning.
Global trends in critical values practices and their harmonization.

Background The objectives of this article were 1) to identify current trends in critical values practices in North America, Europe, and other regions; 2) to describe progress toward harmonization of critical limits; and 3) to synthesize strategies that will encourage global consensus. Critical limits are described in national surveys. Critical value practices are guided by federal statutes, The Joint Commission regulations, and accreditation requirements in the US; by provincial healthcare agencies in Canada; by thought leaders and ISO EN 15189:2007 in Europe; and in SE Asia, mostly by ad hoc policies lacking statutory grip. Methods Review of databases, literature, websites, federal statutes, litigation, official policies, current affairs, and accreditation agency requirements. Results and conclusions Practical strategies will accelerate harmonization of critical values practices, as follows: a) continue national and international survey comparisons; b) clarify age, ethnic, and subject dependencies; c) standardize qualitative and quantitative decision levels for urgent clinician notification; d) monitor compliance and timeliness for safety; and e) alert high frequencies of critical values related to adverse events. New expectations and communication technologies present opportunities for enhanced performance using wireless closed-loop reporting with recipient acknowledgment to reduce phone calls and improve efficiency. Hospitals worldwide can benefit from developing consensus for critical values practices.
The effect of slurry density on breakage parameters of quartz, coal and copper ore in a laboratory ball mill

Abstract Batch wet grinding of 20 × 30 mesh feeds of quartz and copper ore in a laboratory ball mill gave first-order or non-first breakage of this size depending on conditions, with acceleration of breakage rate occurring for lower slurry density and deceleration at higher. Smaller sizes in the slurry appeared to break in a first-order manner, with normalized primary breakage distributions. Breakage of a coal was first order for all sizes. Rates of breakage went through a maximum at 45 vol.% solids for all three materials, but the maximum was most pronounced for coal and least for quartz. Higher slurry densities changed the primary breakage distributions, giving proportionally more fine material. The decrease in overall breakage rates at higher slurry density corresponded to decrease in net mill power, implying a change in the tumbling action in the mill. No physical model is proposed for the variation of breakage rates of the top size, but investigations are continuing.
Society and documentation in crusader Valencia

This work is the introduction to a series of volumes that will make available over 2,000 documents from the registers of Jaume the Conqueror at the Crown Archives in Barcelona the most impressive archives of this kind outside the papal series, and the first extensive use of paper by a European government. Originally published in 1985. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Some features of the Livingston Formation near Nye, Montana

The Livingston Formation is a series of pyroclastic rocks several thousand feet thick cropping out on the north side of the Beartooth Mountains. These pyroclastic rocks grade laterally into the Claggett, Judith River, Bearpaw, and Lennep formations of the Montana Group, according to Stone and Calvert [see 1 of references at end of paper], showing that they were being deposited during much of Montana time; they are therefore of Upper Cretaceous age and antedate the Laramide orogeny. The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly several significant features of the Formation where it is exposed in the Nye No. 2 Quadrangle (Fig. 1) along the southeast edge of its outcrop. It is concluded that much of the Formation was formed by mudflows, and that certain chloritized beds were deposited by hot mudflows.
Providing intellectual focus to CS1/CS2

First-year computer science students need to see clearly that computer science as a discipline has an important intellectual role to play and that it offers deep philosophical questions, much like the other hard sciences and mathematics; that CS is not "just programming". An appropriate intellectual focus for CS1/CS2 can be built on the foundations of systems thinking and mathematical modeling, as these principles are manifested in a component-based software paradigm. We outline some of the main technical features of this approach to CS1/CS2 and report preliminary observations from our experience with it.
Effect of spin-orbit interaction in photoionization of bromine

The partial and total photoionization cross sections from the initial ${}^{2}{P}_{3/2}$ ground state of atomic Br to the final ${\mathrm{Br}}^{+}{}^{3}{P}_{J}$ components across the ${4p}^{4}{(}^{1}{D}_{2}{)6d,8s(}^{2}{P,}^{2}{D,}^{2}{F,}^{2}S)$ autoionization resonances are presented. The multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) method has been used to calculate both bound and continuum wave functions in the nonrelativistic limit. The Breit-Pauli approximation is applied to determine the effect of spin-orbit interactions in the photoionization of atomic Br with the MCHF wave function as input. Our calculated results are compared with experimental data.
Renewable fuels via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation

There is considerable interest in investigating the deoxygenation process, due to the high oxygen content of the feed-stocks used for the production of renewable fuels. This review addresses studies related to the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of two feed-stocks (a) oils with high content of triglycerides and (b) oils derived from high pressure liquefaction or pyrolysis of biomass. Future research directions that could potentially bridge the existing gaps in these areas are provided.
Matric Potentials of Leaves

A pressure chamber was used to measure matric potentials of frozen and thawed leaves. Significant matric potentials were demonstrated in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc.), and rhododendron (Rhododendron roseum Rehd.). Matric potentials were particularly negative in rhododendron and were correlated with the amount of cell wall present and with the volume of water outside the leaf protoplasts at comparable matric potentials. It was concluded that matric forces in leaves are associated mainly with cell walls, at least within the physiological range of water contents. Calculations indicated that the water potential of the solution in the cell wall could be estimated for living tissue from the sum of matric and osmotic potentials acting on water outside the protoplasts.
CONFRONTATION AND RECONCILIATION: Muslim Voices of Maluku Conflict (1999-2002)

This paper seeks to examine some of the perceptions and attitudes developed by Muslims in relation to the social conflict of Maluku. This paper argues that there were no single views among Muslims with regard to the conflict. Some Muslim hard-liners in general have demonstrated hostile perceptions and confrontational attitudes toward their perceived enemy. They constructed the conflict as a "religious war," and demanded that the Indonesian Council of Religious Scholars (MUI) issue a fatwa> would allow Muslims outside Maluku to fight against the enemy in Maluku. The Muslim moderates, on the other hand, tended to avoid religious vocabularies, while attempting to work out peaceful solutions. The semi- official MUI, Nahdlatul Ulama, and Muhammadiyyah perceived the conflict as not religiously driven; they viewed the conflict in a more sophisticated way. They saw no need to wage a religious war and no need to issue a fatwa> a national jiha>
Effects of nucleotide cyclase activators on the depressor response to selective low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors in rats

The potential interaction between agents which promote vasodilation through cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent mechanisms was examined in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Selective inhibitors of low Km cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE), CI-930 (0.1−10 mg/kg) and milrinone (0.03−3 mg/kg), were administered i.v. to SHR during a steady-state i.v. infusion of either the guanylate cyclase activator sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 5 or 15 μg/kg/min) or the adenylate cyclase activator fenoldopam (20 μg/kg/min). The depressor responses to Cl-930 and milrinone were significantly attenuated in the presence of SNP. This attenuation of the depressor response to Cl-930 was apparently not due to a hemodynamic floor effect since an equihypotensive dose of the calcium channel blocker verapamil (20 μg/kg/min infusion preceeded by a loading dose of 1.2 mg/kg i.v.) did not alter the response to Cl-930. The depressor response to Cl-930 was also attenuated during an infusion of fenoldopam, although this interaction was dependent upon the order of administration of these agents since pretreatment with Cl-930 (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) potentiated the depressor response to infusions of fenoldopam (10 and 20 μg/kg/min). These data suggest that activation of either adenylate or guanylate cyclase may alter the intrinsic activity of low Km cAMP PDE and functionally impair the ability of inhibitors of this PDE isozyme to lower blood pressure. Furthemore, teh interactive effects of fenoldoparm and Cl-930 on blood pressure are dependent upon the order of administration.
Incorporating the influence of latent modal preferences on travel mode choice behavior

Abstract Latent modal preferences, or modality styles, are defined as behavioral predispositions characterized by a certain travel mode or set of travel modes that an individual habitually uses. They are reflective of higher-level orientations, or lifestyles, that are hypothesized to influence all dimensions of an individual’s travel and activity behavior. The objectives of this paper are to understand and quantify different modality styles, and to show how the modality styles construct can be operationalized within the context of traditional models of travel mode choice. We employ the six-week MOBIDRIVE travel diary and estimate behavioral mixture models in which the modality style provides a behavioral rationale to the way in which unobserved heterogeneity is specified in the travel model. Our analysis consists of two stages: First, we explore the presence and types of modality styles suggested by the data through the means of a descriptive analysis. Next, we develop a model that captures the influence of modality styles on two dimensions of an individual’s travel behavior: travel mode choice for work tours and travel mode choice for non-work tours. The modality styles are specified as latent classes; heterogeneity across modality styles include both the modes considered (choice set) and the values of taste parameters. The modality style of an individual then influences all of his/her travel mode choice decisions for work and non-work tours. In addition, error components capture unobserved correlation across travel mode choice decisions made by the same individual. Results indicate the presence of habitual drivers who display a strong bias for using the automobile and multimodal individuals who exhibit variation in their modal preferences. Multimodal behavior is further distinguished by those who appear to be sensitive to travel times and those who appear to be insensitive. Estimation results further find that modality styles are strongly correlated with more long-term travel decisions and life-cycle characteristics.
Coupled-Mode Theory Revisited

Invited PaperCoupled -mode theory revisitedH. A. HausDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Scienceand Research Laboratory of ElectronicsMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139AbstractCoupled mode theory for power orthogonal modes is briefly reviewed. When the modes arenot power orthogonal, modifications are necessary in the evaluation of the coupling coeffi-cients and in the interpretation of power delivered to the output of a coupler, as pointedout by Hardy and Streiferl. In practical terms, these modifications lead to the presenceof crosstalk in optical switches that may impair their operation. Two realizations of anoptical switch are investigated and the amount of crosstalk as predicted by the "refined"coupled -mode theory is determined.IntroductionCoupled mode theory was first introduced by S. E. Miller2 for the coupling between two
Immune Responsiveness in Patients With Choroidal Malignant Melanoma

We studied selective in vivo and in vitro immunologic factors of 25 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma. Immune profile factors did not show consistent differences between patients with melanoma and an age-matched control population. The studies were also non-contributory in delineating variations in immunocompetence with respect to melanoma cell types. Serial immune profiles failed to identify a change when clinical evidence of metastasis developed. When tested as a group, patients with melanoma in whom metastatic disease developed during the study showed significant depression of initial mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. This depression was noted in advance of clinically recognized metastatic disease. This group had a wide range of responses that overlapped those of control patients, thus making the usefulness of these testing factors questionable for individual prognosis or for clinical monitoring.