cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between retention of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-targeted ultrasonographic contrast agent and the level of VEGFR2 expression in an in vivo breast cancer model.

Objective. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between retention of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-targeted ultrasonographic contrast agent (UCA) and VEGFR2 expression in tumor vasculature of breast cancer. Methods. 67NR breast cancer tumors implanted in mice were evaluated in vivo with both VEGFR2-targeted and nontargeted UCAs, and a high-frequency ultrasound system. A bolus of the UCA was injected and allowed to circulate for 4 minutes to allow binding of targeted microbubbles. After that, 2 sets of images before and after a high-power ultrasonic destruction sequence were acquired. The average video intensity of predestruction and postdestruction images was measured and used as a relative measure of retention of the UCA in the tumor. Levels of VEGFR2 expression and tumor vascular density were quantified by immunohistochemical staining and compared with retention of the VEGFR2-targeted UCA. Results. Retention of VEGFR2-targeted microbubbles in tumors was significantly higher than retention of nontargeted microbubbles (mean ± SD, 47.75 ± 9.85 versus 18.5 ± 5.46 dB; P < .001). Retention of the VEGFR2-targeted UCA was found to correlate with the level of VEGFR2 expression in the studied tumors (r 2 = 0.41). In contrast, retention of the nontargeted UCA was not correlated with the level of VEGFR2 expression (r 2 = 0.08). Furthermore, retention of the VEGFR2-targeted UCA was not correlated with the level of tumor vascularity. Conclusions. The magnitude of the molecular ultrasonographic signal from a VEGFR2-targeted UCA retained by tissue correlates with VEGFR2 expression. These results validate the use of molecular ultrasonography for in vivo detection and quantification of VEGFR2 expression in this breast cancer model. Key words: contrast agent; microbubbles; molecular expression; targeted contrast agent; ultrasonography; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.
Sizing mitigation wetlands in agricultural watersheds.

In this study, we investigated use of microcosms to supplement field studies for establishing the size of wetlands required to mitigate nitrate pollution in agricultural watersheds. Wetlands investigated in this study were located in San Joaquin Valley (California, USA) and demonstrated mean nitrate-nitrogen mass removal efficiencies ranging between 10 and 34%. Mean areal nitrate removal rates (J) ranged from 142 to 380 mg-N m −2 d −1 . First-order rate constants determined from field data had a high variance, with confidence intervals greater than 57% of mean values. Sediments and rooted plants from one site were placed in a flow-through microcosm and measurements of nitrate removal kinetics were made and compared with field results. The apparent half-saturation constant ( K m ) and maximum removal rate ( J max ) for nitrate-nitrogen were 43.8 mg/L and 4.11 g m −2 d −1 in the microcosm. The first-order rate constant from the microcosm (10.4 cm d −1 ) was in close agreement with the value for the field site (11.9 cm d −1 ) and had a confidence interval of less than 16%. Using this improved first-order rate constant, it was determined that between 1.3 and 3.6% of the land in the watershed should be managed as mitigation wetland, with the area required dependent on the level of nitrate reduction desired and how closely the wetland design approximates plug-flow.
Visual Rating System for HFES Graphics: Design and Analysis:

This paper introduces research that evolved out of an analysis of Gillan, Wickens, Hollands, & Carswell's (1998) guidelines for the graphical presentation of quantitative data in HFES publications....
Analysis of 3D deformation of tunnels under complex geological conditions

Field tests on 3D displacement at F7 fault and Silurian system strata at the ridge of Wushaoling tunnel were carried out and the test results were analyzed and compared with the 3D numerical results.By comparison of the average values,the 3D deformations at F7 fault and slate section were compared and analyzed,and were verified with the results of back-calculation of ground stress fields.It was shown that the 3D deformation in the tunnel at soft rock was obvious at F7 fault and phyllite section,with the characteristics of large deformation and longitudinal displacement developing in the opposite direction of work face and being stable at a distance about 2.0 times of tunnel diameter from the work face.And the 3D displacement of tunnels at F7 fault zone developed in an uneven symmetrical way,while there was good consistency for 3D deformation at slate section.Furthermore,there was a mutally verifying relationship between 3D deformation and ground stress distribution of tunnel region.Therefore it was necessary to carry out 3D displacement tests to detect the development of its deformation,and it would play a positive role in tunnel construction.
ANALYSIS OF 36CL IN SAVANNAH RIVER SITE RADIOACTIVE WASTE

Radioactive waste cleanup and subsequent closure of waste storage tanks is currently underway at the Savannah River Site, prompting the need to characterize the residual contents (heels) of the tanks. Each tank heel has variable chemical constituents and radiological distributions that pose unique analyte characterization and quantification challenges. For example, similar target detection limits for each tank heel are often difficult to meet as a result of complex matrices and methods must be tailored to characterize each new tank heel to the level of detection required. Furthermore, continuous programmatic evaluations of allowable closed-tank radiological inventories result in steadily decreasing detection limit targets for many of the isotopes required for characterization. Some of the target isotopes required for characterization need to be quantified to levels approaching 10 orders of magnitude below the radioactive concentrations of interfering isotopes. One particularly troublesome target analyte is 36Cl. As a pure beta-emitting radionuclide, 36Cl (T 1/2 = 3.01 × 105 ± 3,000 years) must be isolated from interfering beta-emitting radionuclides such as 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs, 99Tc, and 14C, as well as actinides and lanthanides prior to quantification. Due to its half-life, the target detection limit for 36Cl is extremely low compared to the concentrations of other beta-emitting radionuclides typically present in residual tank solids. A method of analysis for 36Cl was developed which utilizes a combination of traced acid digestion of radioactive waste tank samples followed by aggressive decontamination of interfering beta-emitting radionuclides via repeated resin-strikes, distillation, precipitation as AgCl, and analysis by gas flow proportional counting for the 36Cl—containing precipitate. The separation is traced by neutron activation analysis of stable chloride imparted during the initial digestion, and results are corrected for the separation yield. Recent campaigns have successfully achieved interference-free AgCl precipitates and, ultimately, detection limits of 0.37 Bq/g from matrices containing ~1E7 Bq/g of other beta-emitting radionuclides.
National serosurvey of post vaccination poliovirus antibody in Saudi Arabia.

This is a national seroprevalence study conducted in Saudi Arabia in 1991G to determine postvaccination poliovirus antibody. Two hundred and nine children vaccinated with three oral polio vaccines ...
Post-chemotherapy robotic bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection using a novel single-dock technique

There have been no previous reports of post-chemotherapy robotic bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) using a single-dock technique. One deterrent of robotic RPLND is that accessing bilateral retroperitoneal spaces requires patient reposition and surgical robot redocking, therefore increasing operative time. Herein we provide the first step-by-step description of a single-dock technique for robotic bilateral RPLND in the post-chemotherapy setting. We describe port placement and technique for robot positioning to optimize access to bilateral retroperitoneal spaces with a single dock. We also demonstrate the feasibility of sparing the inferior mesenteric artery when utilizing this approach. This single-dock approach was used on two patients at our institution who had residual paracaval masses following chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Mean operative time was 6 h, and neither patient had significant blood loss or suffered from any peri-operative complications.
Summary Measures in Statisitics

1. Three types of variables are commonly used in clinical research studies: (a) Continuous – can take on an infinite number of possible values (b) Binary – can take on only two possible values (c) Categorical – can take on only a few possible values 2. A histogram plots the observed values of a variable on the X-axis versus the relative frequency of these values on the Y-axis. 3. The arithmetic mean describes the middle of the data for symmetric distributions, including data from normal-appearing distributions. 4. The median refers to the value within a distribution for which exactly half of the data fall above this value and half fall below it. 5. Disagreement between mean and median values suggests that a distribution is not normally distributed. 6. A continuous variable may be divided into 3, 4, or 5 equally sized groups called tertiles, quartiles, and quintiles, respectively. 7. The interquartile range is defined as the 25th and 75th quantiles of a distribution. 8. Some techniques to describe the joint distribution between two variables include tabulation across categories, scatter plots, correlation, and quantile-continuous plots. 9. Correlation coefficients are interpreted as: (a) +1 indicates perfect positive agreement between two variables (b) 0 indicates no agreement between two variables (c) –1 indicates perfect negative agreement between two variables
A day in the life of third-year medical students: using an ethnographic method to understand information seeking and use

Objective: The authors undertook this project to learn how third-year medical students seek and use information in the course of daily activities, especially activities conducted in clinical settings in a variety of institutions. Methods: We recruited sixty-eight third-year undergraduate medical school students to create a mapping diary of a day that included clinical activities. We conducted semi-structured interviews based on the mapping diaries. Using content and thematic analyses of the resulting interview transcripts, we developed an ethnographic case study for each participant. Results: In the studied sample, we identified a broad range of information resources used for personal, clinical, and educational use. Participants relied heavily on technology throughout their day, including desktop computers, smart phones, handheld tablets, and laptops. Time management was a pervasive theme in the interviews, with participants squeezing in time to study for exams wherever and whenever they could. Selection of a particular information resource or technology to use was governed largely by the convenience of using that resource or technology. When obstacles were encountered, workarounds might be sought, but in many cases, the resource or technology would be abandoned in favor of a more convenient solution. Convenience was also a consideration in choosing spaces to use for clinical duties or for study, with specific considerations of available technology, proximity to clinical areas, and security for belongings contributing to choices made. Conclusions: Some of our results align with those of other recent studies of information use among medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. In particular, the fast-paced clinical setting favors use of information resources that are fast and easy to use. We demonstrated that the methods used are suitable to better understand clinicians’ discovery and use of information.
Gunn and Heid: Teaching small group development with reality TV

Courses: Small group communication or any courses with units on group/team work.Objective: In this single-class activity, students will use reality TV to identify Tuckman’s five phases of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Students analyze how phases of group development manifest through group interaction and ultimately contribute to group performance.
An Integrated Model for Strategizing with the Base of the Pyramid: An Action Research into a Mexican Agribusiness

The Base of the Pyramid (BOP) strategy is an important opportunity for the world’s private sector to create new business opportunities while at the same time helping address and alleviate poverty. However, while the literature describes several cases, we still have limited knowledge about the process through which managers engage in BOP strategizing. This article provides a detailed account of how a Mexican agribusiness: Agroservicios Nacionales, SAPI de CV (ANSA) developed and implemented a BOP strategy to co-create value with its distributors and poor corn farmers. In doing so, it created a new, franchise-based business entity, AgroEstacion, to strengthen its position in the market and within the industry as a leader in BOP business practices. Drawing on Dynamic Capability Theory (DCT) and Option-Driven Strategizing (ODS), we adopted action research to establish close collaboration among the firm’s top directors, a select group of its managers, designated local distributors, and the researcher. As a result, we offer an Integrated Model that firms can use to strategize BOP opportunities in a way that benefits both their business and the surrounding society. To illustrate the model, we present a detailed account of the strategizing process at ANSA, how AgroEstacion was conceived, how it was implemented, and the outcomes and experiences of the overall strategizing process. In conclusion, we draw on the empirical findings and extant theory to offer principles for application of the Integrated Model to strategize BOP.
Resveratrol inhibits phorbol ester-induced membrane translocation of presynaptic Munc13-1

Abstract Background Resveratrol (1) is a naturally occurring polyphenol that has been implicated in neuroprotection. One of resveratrol's several biological targets is Ca2 +-sensitive protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). Resveratrol inhibits PKCα by binding to its activator-binding C1 domain. Munc13-1 is a C1 domain-containing Ca2 +-sensitive SNARE complex protein essential for vesicle priming and neurotransmitter release. Methods To test if resveratrol could also bind and inhibit Munc13-1, we studied the interaction of resveratrol and its derivatives, (E)-1,3-dimethoxy-5-(4-methoxystyryl)benzene, (E)-5,5′-(ethene-1,2-diyl)bis(benzene-1,2,3-triol), (E)-1,2-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethane, and (E)-5-(4-(hexadecyloxy)-3,5-dihydroxystyryl)benzene-1,2,3-triol with Munc13-1 by studying its membrane translocation from cytosol to plasma membrane in HT22 cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Results Resveratrol, but not the derivatives inhibited phorbol ester-induced Munc13-1 translocation from cytosol to membrane in HT22 cells and primary hippocampal neurons, as evidenced by immunoblot analysis and confocal microscopy. Resveratrol did not show any effect on Munc13-1H567K, a mutant which is not sensitive to phorbol ester. Binding studies with Munc13-1 C1 indicated that resveratrol competes with phorbol ester for the binding site. Molecular docking and dynamics studies suggested that hydroxyl groups of resveratrol interact with phorbol-ester binding residues in the binding pocket. Conclusions and significance This study characterizes Munc13-1 as a target of resveratrol and highlights the importance of dietary polyphenol in the management of neurodegenerative diseases.
Digital Cancellation of Harmonic and Intermodulation Distortion in Wideband SAW-Less Receivers

This brief presents a digital distortion equalizer that compensates for the effects of both the harmonic mixing and intermodulation products in wideband surface acoustic wave (SAW)-less receivers. A mathematical framework is derived for analyzing signal distortion in the presence of harmonic and out-of-band interferers. This framework models a ${K}$ -path SAW-less ${M}$ -phase receiver, which provides sufficient front-end observations to cancel the distortion products. An adaptive minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) digital equalizer is employed to estimate the desired signal in the presence of distortion products. The MMSE equalizer jointly accounts for distortion products as well as correlated noise of the two paths. A dual-path 4-phase receiver fabricated in 130 nm CMOS process has been used to validate the distortion compensation scheme.
NADPH de novo Biosynthesis Regulates NOX4-Induced Cell Growth and Cellular Bioenergetics

Reactive oxygen species play an important role in cellular events controlling growth, differentiation and adaptation to stress. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is an inducible enzyme belonging to the family of NADPH oxidases (NOX), expressed in several cell types. As opposed to other members of NADPH oxidases family, NOX4 does not produce superoxide radical anion but releases hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We postulated that NOX4 regulates cell resistance to injury by mechanisms dependent on de novo NADPH biosynthesis coupled to stimulated mitochondrial bioenergetics. NAD depletion by FK866 (10 nM, 24h) was followed by 44% decrease in NADPH in HEK-NOX4 cells while only a 20% decrease was detected in HEK cells. This result indicated a greater dependence of HEK-NOX4 cells activity and consumption than HEK on de novo NADPH synthesis. Extracellular flux analysis was used to monitor cellular oxygen consumption rates. HEK-NOX4 consistently showed a higher basal rate (72.7 vs 42.7 pmol/min/mg protein) than HEK cells, which was offset by pre-treatment with FK866. Since the extracellular flux assay media contained pyruvate, this inhibition was taken as indication of differences in mitochondrial mass. Consistently, western blot analysis revealed lower mitochondria proteins VDAC and COX4 in HEK than HEK-NOX4 cells. Depletion of NADPH content in FK866-treated HEK-NOX4 diminished H2O2 release as verified with coumarin boronate (CBA) assay. Supplementation of cells with nicotinamide mononucleotide, a precursor of both NAD and NADPH, 24 h prior assays increased both the release of H2O2 and mitochondrial respiration in HEK-NOX4 but not HEK cells. In combination, these results indicate that de novo NAD/NADPH by regulating NOX4 derived H2O2 improves cell growth and bioenergetics, which may be an important mechanism conferring cell resistance to injury.
Using Persistent Homology to Represent Online Social Network Graphs

Online Social Networks (OSNs) are simple, unweighted graphs used to store information in the context of social media and emails. Accurately representing the connectivity and features of these graphs is important in applications of graph utility and differential privacy. Current methods of describing these network graphs use graph metrics such as the shortest-path betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient, and degree distribution. Although these metrics are sufficient in providing information about a particular aspect of network graphs, they fail to give a multi-faceted snapshot of an OSN. Persistent homology provides a novel method for a comprehensive visual representation of the information stored in network graphs. By translating a network graph to a persistent homology barcode format, the correlation in key features between the figures will be observed against various utility metrics. This paper evaluates the persistent homology barcodes of OSNs across social media platforms and provides a means of analyzing network graphs without revealing sensitive information.
The Numerical Treatment of Partial Differential Equations by the Parallel Application of a Hybrid of the Ritz-, Galerkin- Product Integral Methods

Abstract Recently the utility of the transcendental functions of matrices, and the multiplicative integral methods (Volterra-Petra) has been demonstrated for the simulation of systems modeled by ordinary differential equations 1 , and by the semi-discrete Navier-Stokes equations 2 , which are derived from the exact Navier-Stokes equations using Galerkin methods. It was demonstrated that the Volterra-Petra method is direct and simple to use from the point of view of the simulationist, not-withstanding the complexity of the key theoretical results which form the basis of the method. It is now proposed to demonstrate the utility of the Volterra-Petra method to the simulation of systems modelled by partial differential equations which are Stickel-separable. Laplace' equation, Poisson' equation, the diffusion equation, the wave equation, the damped wave equation, and the transmission line equation are examples of Stackel-separable partial differential equations [3,4,5].
Culture and the Deep Structure of the Literature Curriculum

I have found it helpful to conceive of the literature curriculum by borrowing from linguistics a metaphor distinguishing the deep and surface structures of sentences. "John hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by John" have different surface structures: one is active, the other passive. Both, however, describe the same action and thus have similar deep structures. "John hit the ball" and "The ball hit John" have similar surface structures-nounverb-noun-but since quite opposite events are described, the deep structures differ. Transferring the metaphor, let's look at two apparently different literature curricula. One requires students to learn the names of all the literary devices in plays by Shakespeare and read all the appropriate background; the other has students learn the names of every shot and camera angle in films by Bergman and read widely about filmmaking. Since both curricula attach great importance to historical and critical background, their deep structures are similar. Now consider how two curricula might treat the same poem. One asks that students memorize the poem and recite facts about the author, the other that they write an essay on the poem's symbolism. While these curricula have similar surface structures, their deep structures are quite different. One is extrinsic, the other intrinsic.
Insulin Hypersensitivity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

Hypersensitivity to insulin has received considerable attention in the medical literature for several reasons. One of these is the high incidence of diabetes mellitus; another is the requirement that some cases of diabetes must be treated with the insulin to which they are allergic. In contrast to many drugs which cause allergic reactions, insulin is a complete protein suitable for the application of sensitive and sophisticated immunological measurements. Finally, the fine structure of the insulin molecule has been thoroughly studied and highly purified insulins of different species and even synthesized insulins have been available for in vitro or in vivo immunological studies. This chapter will review the problems of insulin hypersensitivity with emphasis on the practical management of clinical problems.
Virtual agent perception combination in multi agent based systems

In order to create realistic simulations,virtual agents need to learn about their environment through perception. To date, most multi-agent simulation systems that implement some form of perception have focused heavily on a single sense, vision. In this paper we discuss a multi-sense perception system for virtual agents situated in large scale open environments. The perception system consists of modules (i.e., sensors) for visual, audible and olfactory senses. It also includes a perception combination module that combines data received from the multiple sensors into useful knowledge.
Keeping Parents Apart.

Parental genomes are initially separate in the zygote following fertilization. A recent study in Science by Reichmann et al. (2018) reveals that dual spindles assemble around the two pronuclei in mouse embryos to maintain separation of the two parental genomes through the first zygotic division.
Comprehensive Evaluation of the IFloodS Radar Rainfall Products for Hydrologic Applications

AbstractThis study describes the generation and testing of a reference rainfall product created from field campaign datasets collected during the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission...
A system-level numerical study of a homogeneous charge compression ignition spring-assisted free piston linear alternator with various piston motion profiles

Abstract A free piston linear alternator (FPLA) can convert the fuel’s chemical energy to electrical energy efficiently via a linear alternator. Since the piston motion in the FPLA is not constrained, there are significant cyclic variabilities in the FPLA’s operation; thus, advanced control methods are essential for prolonged stable operation. In this paper, an FPLA with a high-stiffness helix spring is proposed, called a spring-assisted FPLA. The spring can work as a flywheel to stabilize the engine operation and reduce the cyclic variabilities. The steady-state thermodynamic performance of the engine is studied. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is used for combustion due to its high thermal efficiency and low exhaust emissions. This research is the first focusing on spring-assisted HCCI FPLA with a fully functional system-level model, with accurate predictions of combustion, gas exchange, friction, etc. with each submodel validated. A zero-dimensional system-level model is built in MATLAB/Simulink with a predictive combustion model developed by experimental data on a crank-slider engine. Since the thermodynamics and piston dynamics are highly coupled in FPLAs, a decoupling algorithm called Piston Motion Generator (PMG) is developed to remove the need for controls over the model predictions so that the current study can focus on the thermodynamic performance. A parametric sweep is performed with changing compression ratio, scavenging efficiency, and spring energy ratio β , i.e., spring stiffness. The simulation results show that the free piston motion is distorted with higher acceleration near top dead center (TDC), especially with low energy ratio springs, which can significantly reduce the heat transfer losses. Low energy ratio springs can also delay the ignition timing and enable the use of a low octane rating fuel with high compression ratio to achieve high thermal efficiency. As a result, the maximum brake efficiency (electrical conversion efficiency) and thermal efficiency are 41.1% and 46.7%, respectively, achieved with a high compression ratio, high scavenging efficiency, and low spring energy ratio β .
Reinforcement learning in artificial and biological systems

There is and has been a fruitful flow of concepts and ideas between studies of learning in biological and artificial systems. Much early work that led to the development of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for artificial systems was inspired by learning rules first developed in biology by Bush and Mosteller, and Rescorla and Wagner. More recently, temporal-difference RL, developed for learning in artificial agents, has provided a foundational framework for interpreting the activity of dopamine neurons. In this Review, we describe state-of-the-art work on RL in biological and artificial agents. We focus on points of contact between these disciplines and identify areas where future research can benefit from information flow between these fields. Most work in biological systems has focused on simple learning problems, often embedded in dynamic environments where flexibility and ongoing learning are important, similar to real-world learning problems faced by biological systems. In contrast, most work in artificial agents has focused on learning a single complex problem in a static environment. Moving forward, work in each field will benefit from a flow of ideas that represent the strengths within each discipline. Research on reinforcement learning in artificial agents focuses on a single complex problem within a static environment. In biological agents, research focuses on simple learning problems embedded in flexible, dynamic environments. The authors review the literature on these topics and suggest areas of synergy between them.
Mid-infrared optical waveguide using ferroelectric oxides (Conference Presentation)

Tunable photonic circuits were demonstrated by using ferroelectrics that had large electro-optic effect. The photonic circuits were fabricated by complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology thus enabling their integration with the present microelectronics for high speed signal modulation. From the scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, we showed the photonic devices, including the optical waveguides, had sharp waveguide edges and interfaces. A sharp fundamental waveguide mode was observed over a broad spectral range. Tunability using Pockels effect were experimental results. Our device paves the way for ultra broadband integrated photonics critical for optical computing.
Personality, prescriptivism, and pronouns: Factors influencing grammaticality judgments of gender-neutral language – CORRIGENDUM

Because standard English lacks a true a gender-neutral singular pronoun, there has long been debate over how to refer to generic persons whose genders are unknown, or those who reject binary male or female identities. Singular (or epicene) ‘they’ has a long history as a pronoun to refer to individuals of unknown gender (Balhorn, 2004), and has also been adopted as a personal pronoun by those who identify as neither male nor female. Borthen (2010) argues based on a corpus study of Norwegian that, crosslinguistically, plural pronouns allow for vague reference, and that their lexical features (e.g., number, person) need not match their interpretation in context, which makes these pronouns prime candidates to be used in gender-neutral contexts. Chen and Wu (2011) contend that this is true for both singular and plural pronouns, but Borthen (2011) disputes this, arguing that the data show that for definite plural pronouns, but not singular, the antecedent need not be activated in the speaker's or addressee's mind, and thus can be inferred.
A Behavior-Analytic Account of Cognitive Bias in Clinical Populations

Cognitive bias refers to a well-established finding that individuals who suffer from certain clinical problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, etc.) selectively attend to, remember, and interpret events relevant to their condition. Although a body of literature exists that has tried to examine this phenomenon, most existing explanations are mentalistic and mediational. In this paper we offer a behavior-analytic account of cognitive bias, its development, and how it may contribute to maintenance of clinical problems. This account is based on establishing operations or motivating events, verbal processes, and relational responding. Clinical and future research implications are also discussed.
Non-aqueous gas diffusion electrodes for rapid ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and water-splitting-derived hydrogen

Electrochemical transformations in non-aqueous solvents are important for synthetic and energy storage applications. Use of non-polar gaseous reactants such as nitrogen and hydrogen in non-aqueous solvents is limited by their low solubility and slow transport. Conventional gas diffusion electrodes improve the transport of gaseous species in aqueous electrolytes by facilitating efficient gas–liquid contacting in the vicinity of the electrode. Their use with non-aqueous solvents is hampered by the absence of hydrophobic repulsion between the liquid phase and carbon fibre support. Herein we report a method to overcome transport limitations in tetrahydrofuran using a stainless steel cloth-based support for ammonia synthesis paired with hydrogen oxidation. An ammonia partial current density of 8.8 ± 1.4 mA cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 35 ± 6% are obtained using a lithium-mediated approach. Hydrogen oxidation current densities of up to 25 mA cm−2 are obtained in two non-aqueous solvents with near-unity Faradaic efficiency. The approach is then applied to produce ammonia from nitrogen and water-splitting-derived hydrogen. Non-polar gaseous reactants such as N2 and H2 exhibit low solubility and slow transport in non-aqueous solvents and conventional gas diffusion electrodes cannot avoid non-aqueous electrolyte penetration. Here, transport limitations and catalyst flooding in tetrahydrofuran are overcome by using a stainless steel cloth-based support for lithium-mediated ammonia synthesis paired with H2 oxidation.
FEASIBILITY OF MULTIPLE-SENSOR WEIGHING FOR INCREASED ACCURACY OF WIM

Efforts to measure truck axle weights at normal highway speeds by a single scale installed in the road are ineffective because of the dynamic load variations on the axle. The extended measurement distance required to average out load variations is in conflict with the layout of axles on typical trucks. As a consequence, multiple weight sensors are required. The performance of multiple–sensor weigh–in–motion systems are evaluated measuring the load of 95 axles on 21 simulated trucks. A three–sensor system appears capable of measuring loads on axles with leaf–spring and some air–spring suspensions to an accuracy of 5 to 8 percent on most roads. Measurement of axles with poorly damped wheel–hop resonance modes is much less accurate, with errors on the order of 15 percent.
Dark Matter-Neutrino Interconversion at COHERENT, Direct Detection, and the Early Universe

We study a dark matter (DM) model in which the dominant coupling to the standard model occurs through a neutrino-DM-scalar coupling. The new singlet scalar will generically have couplings to nuclei/electrons arising from renormalizable Higgs portal interactions. As a result, the DM particle $X$ can convert into a neutrino via scattering on a target nucleus $\mathcal{N}$: $X+\mathcal{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+\mathcal{N}$, leading to striking signatures at direct detection experiments. Similarly, DM can be produced in neutrino scattering events at neutrino experiments: $\ensuremath{\nu}+\mathcal{N}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X+\mathcal{N}$, predicting spectral distortions at experiments such as COHERENT. Furthermore, the model allows for late kinetic decoupling of dark matter with implications for small-scale structure. At low masses, we find that COHERENT and late kinetic decoupling produce the strongest constraints on the model, while at high masses the leading constraints come from DM down-scattering at XENON1T and Borexino. Future improvement will come from $\mathrm{CE}\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{NS}$ data, ultralow threshold direct detection, and rare kaon decays.
Neutron Irradiation of Alloy N and 316L Stainless Steel in Contact with a Molten Chloride Salt

Abstract Capsules containing NaCl–MgCl2 salt with 316L stainless steel or alloy N samples were irradiated in the Ohio State University Research Reactor for 21 nonconsecutive hours. A custom irradiation vessel was designed for this purpose, and details on its design and construction are given. Stainless steel samples that were irradiated during exposure had less corrosive attack than samples exposed to the same conditions without irradiation. Alloy N samples showed no significant effect of irradiation. This work shows a method for conducting in-reactor irradiation–corrosion experiments in static molten salts and presents preliminary data showing that neutron irradiation may decelerate corrosion of alloys in molten chloride salts. Index Terms Molten salt reactor, Corrosion, Irradiation, High-temperature experiment.
Natural Violence, Unnatural Bodies: Negotiating the Boundaries of the Human in MMIWG Narratives

Released in 2019, the final report on the Canadian National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) terms the high rates of murder and disappearance an ongoing genocide...
A Diffractive Story

Magical realism is a literary genre that offers possibilities as a posthumanist narrative research project. Magical realism employs literary tools such as a nonlinear aspect of time, a subjective s...
Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Type 1 Versus Type 2 Myocardial Infarction.

Abstract Background Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) patients may have different characteristics and outcomes when compared with type 1 MI. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare patients with type 1 MI to those with type 2 MI in the United States. Methods Using the Nationwide Readmissions Database, MI patients were categorized over the 3 months following the introduction of an International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision code specific for type 2 MI. Baseline characteristics and inpatient and post-discharge outcomes among both cohorts were compared. Results There were 216,657 patients with type 1 MI, 37,765 patients with type 2 MI, and 1,525 patients with both type 1 and 2 MI. Patients with type 2 MI were older (71 years vs. 69 years; p Conclusions Patients with type 2 MI have a unique cardiovascular phenotype when compared with type 1 MI, and are managed in a heterogenous manner. Validated management strategies for type 2 MI are needed.
Resident as Teacher Pilot Program

Purpose: Studies show that 2/3 of medical students’ clinical education is provided by residents. Residents estimate that 1/4 of their time is spent teaching junior residents and medical students, but there are no formal teaching skills taught to senior medical students and few taught to junior residents to prepare them. Institutions have started implementing teaching curriculums, but few have objectively evaluated them. The goal of this study is to improve resident teaching skills and medical students’ inpatient experience at our institution, during the academic year 2015-2016, by instituting a formal Resident as Teacher curriculum based on the AAP …
Persepsi Pendidik Agama Kristen mengenai Pemicu Juvenile Delinquency di Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to obtain accurate information about the perceptions of Christian educators about the triggers for juvenile delinquency. Adolescence is a unique and self-seeking stage. In this connection, teenagers often fall into juvenile delinquency. This research is to find various factors that cause juvenile delinquency so that it can be used to prevent juvenile delinquency. This study uses a qualitative approach as a research procedure and produces descriptive data. The reason for using this method is to describe the object of research in detail. The main instrument is the researcher himself (human instrument), and the data is in the form of primary and secondary data. The object of the research was adolescents and the informants were Christian religion teachers, namely those who were considered very understanding of adolescent growth. Data collection techniques using observation, structured interviews, and document studies, and triangulation. The data analysis technique follows the concept of Miles and Huberman and Spradley. Conclusions are drawn based on data analysis. The conclusion of this research is that there are various aspects that trigger juvenile delinquency and have a negative impact on adolescents and the wider community. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi yang akurat mengenai persepsi pendidik agama Kristen mengenai pemicu juvenile delinquency. Usia remaja adalah yang unik dan tahap pencarian jati diri. Berkaitan dengan itu seringkali anak remaja jatuh pada juvenile delinquency . Penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan berbagai faktor penyebab kenakalan remaja sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mencegah juvenile delinquency. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif sebagai prosedur penelitian dan menghasilkan data diskriptif. Alasan penggunaan metode ini adalah untuk menguraikan obyek penelitian secara terperinci. Instrumen utama adalah periset sendiri (human instrument), dan datanya berupa data primer dan sekunder. Objek penelitian adalah anak remaja dan informannya merupakan guru agama Kristen, yaitu mereka yang dianggap sangat memahami per-tumbuhan anak remaja. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara terstruktur dan studi dokumen serta triangulasi. Teknik analisis data mengikuti konsep Miles and Huberman dan Spradley. Penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan berdasarkan analisis data. Simpulan penelitian ada berbagai aspek pemicu timbulnya juvenile delinquency serta berdampak buruk terhadap remaja dan masyarakat luas.
Chlamydia buteonis in birds of prey presented to California wildlife rehabilitation facilities.

Chlamydial infections, caused by a group of obligate, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria, have health implications for animals and humans. Due to their highly infectious nature and zoonotic potential, staff at wildlife rehabilitation centers should be educated on the clinical manifestations, prevalence, and risk factors associated with Chlamydia spp. infections in raptors. The objectives of this study were to document the prevalence of chlamydial DNA shedding and anti-chlamydial antibodies in raptors admitted to five wildlife rehabilitation centers in California over a one-year period. Chlamydial prevalence was estimated in raptors for each center and potential risk factors associated with infection were evaluated, including location, species, season, and age class. Plasma samples and conjunctiva/choana/cloaca swabs were collected for serology and qPCR from a subset of 263 birds of prey, representing 18 species. Serologic assays identified both anti-C. buteonis IgM and anti-chlamydial IgY antibodies. Chlamydial DNA and anti-chlamydial antibodies were detected in 4.18% (11/263) and 3.14% (6/191) of patients, respectively. Chamydial DNA was identified in raptors from the families Accipitridae and Strigidae while anti-C.buteonis IgM was identified in birds identified in Accipitridae, Falconidae, Strigidae, and Cathartidae. Two of the chlamydial DNA positive birds (one Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) and one red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)) were necropsied, and tissues were collected for culture. Sequencing of the cultured elementary bodies revealed a chlamydial DNA sequence with 99.97% average nucleotide identity to the recently described Chlamydia buteonis. Spatial clusters of seropositive raptors and raptors positive for chlamydial DNA were detected in northern California. Infections were most prevalent during the winter season. Furthermore, while the proportion of raptors testing positive for chlamydial DNA was similar across age classes, seroprevalence was highest in adults. This study questions the current knowledge on C. buteonis host range and highlights the importance of further studies to evaluate the diversity and epidemiology of Chlamydia spp. infecting raptor populations.
Structural and functional stability of the sulfur-free surfactant protein B peptide mimic B-YL in synthetic surfactant lipids.

BACKGROUND Optimal functionality of synthetic lung surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants largely depends on the quality and quantity of the surfactant protein B (SP-B) peptide mimic and the lipid mixture. B-YL peptide is a 41-residue sulfur-free SP-B mimic with its cysteine and methionine residues replaced by tyrosine and leucine, respectively, to enhance its oxidation resistance. AIM Testing the structural and functional stability of the B-YL peptide in synthetic surfactant lipids after long-term storage. METHODS The structural and functional properties of B-YL peptide in surfactant lipids were studied using three production runs of B-YL peptides in synthetic surfactant lipids. Each run was held at 5 °C ambient temperature for three years and analyzed with structural and computational techniques, i.e., MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, ATR-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), secondary homology modeling of a preliminary B-YL structure, and tertiary Molecular Dynamic simulations of B-YL in surfactant lipids, and with functional methods, i.e., captive bubble surfactometry (CBS) and retesting in vivo surface activity in surfactant-deficient young adult rabbits. RESULTS MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed no degradation of the B-YL peptide as a function of stored time. ATR-FTIR studies demonstrated that the B-YL peptide still assumed stable alpha-helical conformations in synthetic surfactant lipids. These structural findings correlated with excellent in vitro surface activity during both quasi-static and dynamic cycling on CBS after three years of cold storage and in vivo surface activity of the aged formulations with improvements in oxygenation and dynamic lung compliance approaching those of the positive control surfactant Curosurf®. CONCLUSIONS The structure of the B-YL peptide and the in vitro and in vivo functions of the B-YL surfactant were each maintained after three years of refrigeration storage.
Effect of Repetitive, Subconcussive Impacts on Electrophysiological Measures of Attention

Objectives In this preliminary study, the auditory P3b response, when measured during a visually distracting task, was investigated as an index of change in cognitive function resulting from exposure to subconcussive impacts (SCIs) in collision sports over time. Methods Both pre- and postseason P3b responses were examined in seven first-year collegiate-level American football players. Comparisons were made between a group of seven third- and fourth-year players and a control group of seven noncontact athletes. Results No difference in P3b amplitude was revealed in pre- versus postseason data of the first-year players. Furthermore, no P3b amplitude differences were found when comparing first-year players with controls. P3b amplitudes of third- and fourth-year players versus first-year players were smaller along the midline electrode sites. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest exposure to SCIs during the course of a season does not affect brain function negatively, as measured by the P3b response; however, differences between first-year players and the group of third- and fourth-year players suggest that exposure to hundreds of SCIs in multiple seasons leads to changes in brain activation patterns. Subtle effects such as difficulty with attentional resource allocation may develop. Longitudinal studies are necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Purification and properties of a bovine adrenal 21-dehydrosteroid reductase.

Abstract An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of 21-dehydrosteroids has been purified approximately 250-fold from acetone powder extracts of bovine adrenal glands. The reaction is specific for DPNH, but no structural requirements of substrate other than the steroid nucleus were evident. Steroids are competitive inhibitors with respect to 21-dehydrocortisol reduction. The reaction catalyzed was shown to be 21-Dehydrosteroid + DPNH + H+ → 21-hydroxysteroid + DPN+ The stereospecificity of the hydrogen transfer occurred from the B side of DPNH. Attempts to reverse the reaction have not been successful.