cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression by Ordinance: Preemption and Proxy in Local Legislation

Local laws based on immigration status have prompted heated national debate on federalism and discrimination. A second strain of nuisance-related legislation has emerged in recent years, which often targets these same immigrant communities. This paper examines the hitherto-unstudied correlation between ordinances explicitly related to immigrants and legislation regarding nuisance–as illuminated through primary research into municipal legislation across the nation. Evaluating these laws and the context of their enactment, this research shows when and how nuisance laws target certain populations. Ultimately, this inquiry reveals troubling parallels to previous community responses to disfavored subgroups and the harm resulting from proxy legislation.
Key generation with a Byzantine helper

This paper considers the problem of key generation with a helper, which might be subjected to Byzantine attacks. If the helper is not under attack, it will follow the key generation protocol. However, if the helper is under attack, it will modify the messages to mislead the key generation parties. We propose a scheme that can benefit from the helper, if the helper is not under attack, and can detect the presence of the attack, if the helper is under Byzantine attacks. We show that our key generation scheme can achieve the secret key capacity when the helper is not under attack. At the same time, if the helper is under Byzantine attacks, our scheme can achieve the key rate as if the attacker is a passive eavesdropper.
High energy density capacitor dielectric mismatch and aging characteristics

The aging characteristics of two high energy density capacitor dielectric films, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride, with transformer oil and glycerine as dielectric fluids, were obtained using the step-stress test. The inverse power law was used in the analysis of the experimental data. With the value of power exponent determined from the step-stress for each dielectric film/fluid combination, an equivalent constant stress lifetime was estimated for the two configurations tested, with and without a void in the middle layer. The results show that lifetime was longer for the matching dielectric film/fluid combination. Also, the lifetime and the breakdown strength ratio was significantly reduced for the dielectric film/fluid mismatch, especially in the presence of a void. >
Kelvin Wakes and Wave Resistance of Cruiser-and Transom-Stern Ships

The steady wave patterns, Kelvin-wake spectra and wave resistance of several realistic ship hulls are computed by a Rankine panel method. Wall-sided as well as transom-stern ships are studied over a broad range of Froude numbers and the importance of enforcing a Kutta-type condition of smooth flow detachment at the transom stern is demonstrated. The lack of numerical damping in the solution scheme permits the reliable prediction of the Kelvin wake far from the ship and allows its use in the evaluation of the free wave spectrum. The wave resistance is evaluated by pressure integration as well as momentum conservation and the merits of the latter method are discussed.
Architecting connectivity for fine-grained 3-D vertically integrated circuits

Conventional CMOS technology is reaching fundamental scaling limits, and interconnection bottleneck is dominating IC power and performance. Migrating to 3-D integrated circuits, though promising, has eluded us due to inherent customization and manufacturing requirements in CMOS that are incompatible with 3-D organization. Skybridge, a fine-grained 3-D IC fabric technology was recently proposed towards this aim, which offers a paradigm shift in technology scaling and design. In this paper we present specifically architected core Skybridge structures to enable fine-grained connectivity in 3-D intrinsically. We develop predictive models for interconnect length distribution for Skybridge, and use them to quantify the benefits in terms of expected reduction in interconnect lengths and repeater counts when compared to 2-D CMOS in 16nm node. Our estimation indicates up to 10x reduction in longest global interconnect length vs. 16nm 2-D CMOS, and up to 2 orders of magnitude reduction in the number of repeaters for a design consisting of 10 million logic gates. These results show great promise in alleviating interconnect bottleneck due to a higher degree of connectivity in 3-D, leading to shorter global interconnects and reduced power and area overhead due to repeater insertion.
Arthroscopic Hemiresection for Stage II-III Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis

Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis is a common problem, due to the anatomy of the first ray and the forces applied to the trapeziometacarpal joint throughout activities of daily living. Numerous treatment options exist, and continue to be developed, for this problem. The current goal is to eliminate pain and restore function and strength in a timely manner. New advances allow for earlier return to function with minimally invasive techniques. Arthroscopic hemitrapeziectomy combined with interposition arthroplasty and/or suspensionplasty is a treatment option for Stage II and III trapeziometacarpal arthritis that uses a minimally invasive technique and allows for earlier return of function.
Evaluating psychiatric nursing competencies applied to emergency settings: A pilot role delineation study

Background Despite increasing emergency department (ED) use for psychiatric emergencies, limited evidence exists to clearly identify the competencies necessary of emergency nurses to care for this population. Purposes 1. To define the specialized skill and knowledge of emergency nurses by examining the frequency with which recommended psychiatric nursing competencies are performed in the ED setting. 2. To assess emergency nurses' rankings of importance and self-efficacy related to recommended psychiatric nursing competencies in order to explore their relevance to emergency nursing. Methods Emergency nurses (n = 75) completed a survey ranking the frequency, importance and self-efficacy of 15 psychiatric nursing competencies. Data analysis revealed competency relevance and regression analysis demonstrated factors that may contribute to self-efficacy. Results Nurses reported performing psychiatric competencies frequently (mean scores of 0.64 to 3.04). Importance rankings were highest (mean scores of 1.81 to 3.67). Self-efficacy mean scores ranged from 0.89 to 3.47. Frequency and importance of activities predicted higher self-efficacy scores. Younger age and Implications Emergency nurses perform psychiatric competencies often, and existing competencies appear applicable. As frequency and importance of competencies influence self-efficacy, practice and interventions to underscore the importance of competencies may improve self-efficacy. Younger and less experienced nurses might require more support.
Systematic design of fuel cell powered hybrid vehicle drive train

A general design methodology of the fuel cell-powered hybrid vehicle drive train has been developed. With the methodology and a computer simulation program, all of the systematic parameters can be designed, such as, the rated power of the electric motor drive, fuel cell system, peaking power source as well as the energy capacity. An overall control strategy has also been developed. The main function of the control strategy is to properly control the power produced by the fuel cell system and the peaking power source, so as to meet the power demand, maintain the energy level of the peaking power source in its optimal region and operate the fuel cell system within its high efficiency region. In this paper, a design example has also been introduced in each section.
People, Fish, or Bunnies? Screening for Potential Environmental Concerns At Contaminated Sites

(2002). People, Fish, or Bunnies? Screening for Potential Environmental Concerns At Contaminated Sites. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 465-471.
A synergistic approach to specifying simple number independent layouts by example

A grid-based technique to specify simple number independent layouts by example is described. This technique was originally developed to support layout specification for a parallel program visualization system but can be applied to aid other simple graphical layout tasks as well. The technique works by allowing the user to construct an example layout using a grid-based interaction technique. This example can then be generalized into a layout algorithm which can be applied to create layouts of any size. However, rather than simply choosing the “best” generalization, the system described here takes a synergistic approach. New examples from a set of alternative generalizations are presented to the user so that they can guide and control the generalization process. This provides more understanding and control of the generalization to be constructed from only one small example.
Determination of Nickel and Iron in Nickel–Iron Alloys and Solutions: X-Ray Emission Spectroscopic, and Chemical Methods

In magnetic thin-film work, nickel–iron alloys (approximately 80% Ni) and solutions of such alloys must be analyzed for nickel and iron in low-milligram quantities accurately, precisely, and rapidly. A precise, rapid x-ray-emission spectroscopic technique for the analysis of nickel–iron and an accurate, precise, analytical method for calibration of the x-ray data are presented. The methods provide an effective analysis of evaporated nickel–iron thin film in the 500–2500-A region. Preparation of standard solutions for the x-ray method, interference effects of impurities, accuracy and precision of the method, and comparison of it with other analytical methods are discussed. The precision is shown to be ±0.1%; accuracy is a function of the calibration method. The investigation and evaluation of various analytical calibration methods are described. The results indicate that dimethylglyoxime precipitation of nickel and cerate potentiometric titration of iron meet the requisite of ±0.2% relative accuracy. Relative accuracy and precision of ±0.1% for iron and ±0.2% for nickel were obtained.
Intrusion Detection Systems: Problems and Opportunities

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are gaining more attention in the popular press due to the increased attention given to virus and worm attacks that affect a large part of the Internet. Yet, the number of books and papers written about IDS is very small compared to the security, cryptology and hacker books. ROBERT BRUEN attempts to provide a background and one approach to IDS that goes full circle. He does not address policy, nor is this paper a product review. Most of the software mentioned is free and is provided as examples of a particular concept. Naturally there are many good commercial products available. While the field of IDS has been around for several decades, there is still much room for growth. This is not intended as a criticism of researchers or vendors, only an acknowledgment of the difficulties involved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nested IF-THEN-ELSE constructs in end-user computing: personality and aptitude as predictors of programming ability

Abstract Information technology has assumed an important role in organizations during the past decade. No longer the private preserve of small groups of computer specialists, end-user computing is placing information technology into the hands of employees at all levels and in virtually all functional areas. This study attempts to gain a fuller understanding of factors associated with the ability to use IF-THEN-ELSE (or Nested IF-THEN-ELSE) constructs in end-user computing. It proposes a model and summarizes empirical findings which suggest that performance in programming tasks can be partially accounted for by a consideration of personality and aptitude constructs.
France after Revolution: Urban Life, Gender, and the New Social Order – By Denise Z. Davidson

This author's meticulously researched account of urban life in Napoleonic and Restoration France efficiently demonstrates the complex way that gender and class interacted to produce the “new social...
Direct Social Support for Young High Risk Children: Relations with Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes across Time.

This study is unique in addressing developmental correlates of direct social support for young children in a high risk sample, in contrast to previous studies addressing social support for caregivers. Participants were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study of at-risk children. Social support was rated from maternal interviews throughout early childhood. Support from the mother was assessed from mother-child observations. Outcomes included internalizing and externalizing behavior problems measured from first through tenth grades. The most common support providers were biological fathers, followed by grandparents and other providers. Using multilevel modeling, higher quantity, higher quality, and lower disruption of support predicted lower starting levels of behavior problems, controlling for support from the mother. Disruption was associated with change in slope. Gender differences were found for externalizing behavior intercepts. Social support provides a promotive factor for young high risk children. Implications include involving children's social support providers in prevention and intervention programs.
Textbooks on Reserve: A Case Study

This article details a program initiated at the University of Oklahoma to provide textbooks on library reserve. For more than five years, the collection development, reserve, circulation and interlibrary loan departments have worked together to iron out the obstacles associated with obtaining and maintaining thousands of copies of college textbooks.
Factors affecting glycosylated hemoglobin values in children with insulin-dependent diabetes

In 477 children with IDD treated by conventional methods, GHb (microcolumn chromatography) and a simultaneous random blood glucose concentration were measured over an 18-month period as indicators of metabolic control (once in 61 children, twice in 99, three or more times in 317). The data were analyzed to assess the effects of patient's age, sex, disease duration, and, in a random subgroup of 273, the number of daily insulin injections and insulin dose (U/kg). The mean ± SEM percent GHb over this period was 11.8±0.2% and blood glucose concentration 237±9 mg/dl. Only seven children (1.4%) had a normal GHb value. There was a highly significant correlation between GHb and both age and blood glucose concentration but not with disease duration greater than one year. The correlation with age was present only in the girls. In 416 children evaluated more than once, with a mean duration between initial and most recent evaluations of 11.3 months, GHb remained within ± 1% of the inital value in 40.5%, decreased in 32.3%, and increased in 24.2%. These data indicate a closer relationship between metabolic control in children with IDD and age of the child, particularly in females, than with disease duration. In our clinic, using conventional therapeutic methods, the ability to improve control over the short term as measured by changes in percent GHb has been quite limited. This study helps to target those IDD children, especially adolescent girls, requiring a more aggressive therapeutic approach.
Electrospray of ionic precursor solutions to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles: Modified scaling law

Abstract Existing scaling laws for electrosprays are based on particle precursors that do not affect the conductivity of the solution. A generalized scaling law for size of resultant particles obtained from electrospraying ionic precursor solutions is developed. Two different scaling expressions are derived for weak and strong electrolyte solutions based on Arrhenius expression and Kohlrausch's empirical law, respectively. The modified scaling laws are verified by comparing measured size distributions of the resultant electrosprayed aerosols generated by electrospraying aqueous and ethanol solution of ferric nitrate. The second aspect of the work is to demonstrate that narrow size distribution, nanosized iron oxide particles can be produced by thermally decomposing the resultant electrosprayed iron nitrate precursor particles. Tests were conducted in a furnace aerosol reactor (FUAR) over a range of temperatures 293–1173 K. Iron oxide particles in the range of 6–40 nm with geometric standard deviation between 1.1 and 1.3 were obtained as end product.
Pathology of the myeloproliferative diseases

Four major groups of myeloid neoplasms are recognized now by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic neoplasms [1,2] .O f these, the chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD) and mixed myelodysplastic/chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MDS/CMPD) are the focus of this article. CMPD andMDS/CMPD areclonal stem cellproliferations withtypical increased marrow cellularity, maturation of cell lineages, and organomegaly. The CMPDalsoshareeffectivehematopoiesis andvaryingamountsofmarrow fibrosis, but they generally differ by which myeloid cell lineage dominates hematopoiesis. The MDS/CMPD overlap between myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic syndromes, with varying degrees of effective hematopoiesis and dysplasia. There is considerable morphologic overlap among these disorders, and precise classification requires correlation of morphology with clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic/molecular genetic findings. As with all classification schemes, not every patient’s findings are amenable to these guidelines, and it is preferred to term these unclassifiable until further information clarifies the disorder. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
Correlation of marine and coastal terrestrial records of central California: Response to paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic change during the past 19,000 years

Abstract New benthic foraminiferal census data combined with previously published planktic foraminiferal and pollen data from the continental margin off central California provide a unique opportunity to document concurrent paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes in the region during the late Quaternary. All three datasets were evaluated in gravity core S3-15G, collected at a depth of 3491 on the western levy of the Monterey Fan (36°23.53′N, 123°20.52′W). Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates and the ratio of the planktic foraminiferal species Neogloboquardrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) to Neogloboquadrina incompta (Cifelli) provide a good age-depth model for the last 19,000 years, covering the last glacial, Bolling–Allerod, Younger Dryas, and Holocene intervals. Separate Q-mode cluster analyses of the hemipelagic as well as mixed (combined hemipelagic and turbiditic) mud samples grouped the benthic foraminiferal fauna into two clusters reflecting faunal adaptation to changing climatic conditions during the Pleistocene and Holocene. R-mode cluster analysis also differentiated glacial (Uvigerina senticosa and Globobulimina auriculata) and interglacial (Melonis pompilioides and Gyroidina planulata) faunas. A general trend of slightly increasing oxygen in the deep sea is suggested from the Pleistocene to Holocene based on the reduction in abundance of G. auriculata and increased frequency of M. pompilioides. Q-mode cluster analysis of the planktic foraminifera illustrates a change in the surface water from a glacial subpolar fauna in the Pleistocene to a transitional fauna in the Holocene, whereas the pollen record separated into three clusters, two of Pleistocene age (glacial and transitional) and one in the Holocene (interglacial), reflecting the terrestrial floral adaptation in the California Coast Ranges of central California to the warmer climate in the Holocene. Decoupling is evident between the benthic and planktic foraminiferal and terrestrial floral responses to changing oceanographic and climatic conditions. The floral response leads the surface-dwelling fauna by several millennia, and is followed by the deep-dwelling benthic foraminiferal fauna a millennium later.
Transition metal σ-2-oxoalkyl complexes

Preparations of tricarbonyl(h1-2-oxopropyl)-molybdenum and -tungsten compounds and tricarbonyl(h1-2-oxoethyl)molybdenum are described. Preparations of acetylacetonato bis(h2-trimethylsiloxyethylene)rhodium and 1,3-dichloro-μdichloro-2,4-bis(h2-trimethylsiloxyethylene)dipalladium are described with attempts at hydrolytic cleavage.
Argument supporting explosive igneous activity for the origin of “cryptoexplosion” structures in the midcontinent, United States

There has been a long-lived controversy over the origin of a well-defined linear set of eight cryptoexplosion structures in the southern midcontinent, United States. The linearity suggests that these structures must be related to either (1) impact of a string of bolides derived from breakup of a large parent bolide, or (2) volatile-rich, explosive ultramafic magmatism associated with structural weaknesses in the crust. That these structures are of various ages, are at or near intersections of major regional tectonic features, and have closely associated ultramafic magmatism, rules out the impact-string hypothesis. The only remaining hypothesis is that these cryptoexplosion structures were produced by explosive ultramafic volcanic activity. An important corollary to this hypothesis is that some shock-metamorphic features, including shatter cones and shocked quartz, can be produced by explosive ultramafic igneous activity.
A Comparison of Algorithms for Constructing Exact D-Optimal Designs

An empirical comparison of existing algorithms for the computer generation of exact D-optimal experimental designs is carried out. Among algorithms considered were those due to Wyrnn, Mitchell, Fedorov, and Van Schalkwyk. A procedure for rounding off approximate designs as suggested by Kiefer is also evaluated. A modification of the Fedorov algorithm is given and shown to effect substantial decreases in the computer time required for design generation.
Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures*

“THE truth is out there”: conspiracy theories are all around us. In August 2004, a poll by Zogby International showed that 49 percent of New York City residents, with a margin of error of 3.5 percent, believed that officials of the U.S. government “knew in advance that attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and that they consciously failed to act.” In a Scripps-Howard Poll in 2006, some 36 percent of respondents assented to the claim that “federal officials either participated in the attacks on the World Trade Center or took no action to stop them.” Sixteen percent said that it was either very likely or somewhat likely that “the collapse of the twin towers in New York was aided by explosives secretly planted in the two buildings.” Conspiracy theories can easily be found all over the world. Among sober-minded Canadians, a September 2006 poll found that 22 percent believed that “the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 had nothing to do with Osama Bin Laden and were actually a plot by influential Americans.” In a poll conducted in seven Muslim countries, 78 percent of respondents said that they do not believe the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Arabs. The most popular
Evidence for the formation of an iron meteorite at 3.8 × 109 years

Rb Sr isotopic analyses were made on silicate inclusions from Kodaikanal, a brecciated fine octahedrite. Twelve analyses of different mineral fractions and separate inclusions were made. The silicates in this iron meteorite are highly enriched in alkalis and show ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios ranging up to 8.8. The samples lie on a well defined isochron on the Sr-Rb evolution diagram and indicate an age of 3.8 ± 0.1 × 10^9 y and an initial ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio between 0.69 and 0.73. These data provide unambiguous evidence for the ‘formation’ of younger solid objects in the solar system in a process which demands extensive chemical differentiation. This is evidence for an intermediate history for some meteoritic objects of a different sort than has been previously observed.
Free and open source software in computing education

Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) exemplifies the merit and successes of open content, understood broadly as creative work that explicitly allows sharing and further changes by anyone, whether an individual or organization. Although the benefits of improving computing education with open source practices are largely acknowledged, transforming teaching to create effective learning environments has many challenges. The panelists will bring different perspectives on teaching strategies and curricular content they have used in their classrooms. These perspectives will exemplify key issues with FOSS-based education and FOSS-based IT systems. The developer and user communities established around FOSS-based IT systems are of particular interest to the IT discipline because of its focus on user centeredness and advocacy for advancing professional practices in authentic environments.
Studies on the role of fluoride ion vs reaction concentration in zeolite synthesis

This work is an experimental response to an intriguing paper recently published by Catlow and co-workers, which looked at the computational feasibility of fluorine location in three different all-silica zeotypes (Attfield, M. P.; Catlow, C. R. A.; Sokol, A. A. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 4708). The materials were chosen as representative of three unique host locations. Our present work examined the synthesis of zeotypes AST, IFR, and MTT using organo-cations with a strong preference for crystallizing these structures. We studied the effect of reaction time and the H2O/SiO2 reactant ratio. The latter is probably the most important function in these zeolite crystallizations that use HF. As reaction conditions became more dilute, AST gave way to SGT and IFR to MTW as host structures, while the MTT synthesis was invariant. Our reactions were studied in terms of product yield vs time, product organo-cation content, fluorine content, and the representative 29Si and 19F NMR spectra for certain samples. A single cryst...
Wnt/β-catenin signaling activates bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression in osteoblasts

The BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways cooperatively regulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Although BMP signaling regulates gene expression of the Wnt pathway, much less is known about whether Wnt signaling modulates BMP expression in osteoblasts. Given the presence of putative Tcf/Lef response elements that bind β-catenin/TCF transcription complex in the BMP2 promoter, we hypothesized that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway stimulates BMP2 expression in osteogenic cells. In this study, we showed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is active in various osteoblast or osteoblast precursor cell lines, including MC3T3-E1, 2T3, C2C12, and C3H10T1/2 cells. Furthermore, crosstalk between the BMP and Wnt pathways affected BMP signaling activity, osteoblast differentiation, and bone formation, suggesting Wnt signaling is an upstream regulator of BMP signaling. Activation of Wnt signaling by Wnt3a or overexpression of β-catenin/TCF4 both stimulated BMP2 transcription at promoter and mRNA levels. In contrast, transcription of BMP2 in osteogenic cells was decreased by either blocking the Wnt pathway with DKK1 and sFRP4, or inhibiting β-catenin/TCF4 activity with FWD1/β-TrCP, ICAT, or ΔTCF4. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin transactivation of BMP2 transcription is directly mediated through the Tcf/Lef response elements in the BMP2 promoter. These results, which demonstrate that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an upstream activator of BMP2 expression in osteoblasts, provide novel insights into the nature of functional cross talk integrating the BMP and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in osteoblastic differentiation and maintenance of skeletal homeostasis.
Gemcitabine doublets in advanced urothelial cancer

Gemcitabine was identified as an active agent in the treatment of urothelial cancer early in its clinical development. A gemcitabine/cisplatin regimen has been shown to lead to comparable survival in a phase III comparison to methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin in the metastatic setting with less toxicity. Nonetheless, cisplatin-related toxicity is not inconsequential. Renal insufficiency limits wide applicability and long-term survival remains poor. A number of additional doublet combinations have thus been investigated. Substitution of carboplatin for cisplatin is feasible but leads to an apparent lower complete response rate. Likewise, combinations of gemcitabine and a taxane are feasible, but with somewhat discouraging response rates. A combination of doxorubicin and gemcitabine has been reported to lead to a 36% complete response rate, but this has not been confirmed. Combinations with targeted therapeutic agents such as the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and trastuzumab have great potential, but the clinical studies have not yet been completed.
Cyclic AMP reversal of hypoxanthine-arrested preimplantation mouse embryos is EDTA-dependent

Hypoxanthine can block preimplantation mouse embryo development in vitro at the 2- to 4-cell stages, and this has recently been shown to be reversed by cAMP-elevating agents. However, the extent of this hypoxanthine-induced arrest is determined by the culture conditions and strain of mouse. Whitten's and KSOM/AA are two embryo culture media that support preimplantation development to the blastocyst stage. This study was undertaken to examine the influence of several components in these media on hypoxanthine-arrested preimplantation mouse embryos and to test the hypothesis that reversal of the hypoxanthine block by cAMP-elevating agents requires cooperative interaction with the chelator, EDTA. Initial experiments demonstrated that embryo development was blocked in the presence of hypoxanthine in Whitten's medium but not in KSOM/AA; furthermore, removal of EDTA from KSOM/AA rendered this medium incapable of supporting high levels of development to blastocyst (9%), whereas high numbers of blastocysts (80%) formed in Whitten's medium, which does not contain the chelator. Consequently, Whitten's medium was used to test our hypothesis. It has previously been demonstrated that the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, can reverse the developmental arrest imposed by hypoxanthine in EDTA-supplemented Earle's basic salt solution, but in the present study the addition of IBMX to Whitten's medium resulted in a block to development and failed to reverse the hypoxanthine arrest. These disparate effects can be explained by the presence or absence of EDTA. Supplementing Whitten's medium with EDTA reverses the IBMX effect, but not the hypoxanthine-induced block. While IBMX alone is unable to reverse the hypoxanthine block in Whitten's medium, development is greatly enhanced by the simultaneous addition of EDTA and IBMX. Similar results were obtained with the cAMP analogue, 8-AHA-cAMP. The data therefore support our hypothesis that the reversal of the hypoxanthine-induced arrest by cAMP-elevating agents is critically dependent on the presence of EDTA. We contrast this with the situation in mouse oocytes, where the hypoxanthine-induced meiotic arrest is not reversed by the addition of EDTA and/or cAMP-elevating agents.
Overcorrection Treatment of Stereotyped Behaviors

The efforts of an overcorrection treatment program for stereotyped responses by chronic psychiatric patients were assessed. Treatment in both studies involved the contingent use of "hand overcorrection" procedure, in which the subject was required to hold his hands in specified positions for 15 seconds each for a total of 5 minutes. In Study 1, wall-patting was reduced across three settings within a combined multiple-baseline reversal design. Collateral measures showed increased appropriate social responding (smiling and verbal comments) concurrent with treatment. In Study 2, contingent overcorrection eliminated stereotyped responses by three subjects who had topographically similar response patterns. Major findings of these studies were: (I) overcorrection effectively reduced stereotyed behaviors; (2) reduction of target behaviors did not generalize across settings and had to be programmed; (3) modeling effects were negligible for reduction of these behaviors; (4) the trainer became a discriminative stim...
Are we secure? surveying FAA FAR 139 class IV general aviation airports

After the infamous attacks of September 11 in 2001, air transportation security has been the top priority of policymaking agenda by government agencies, particularly the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). While security measures of commercial airports have been improved dramatically, FAA FAR 139 Class IV non-commercial airports remain somewhat ignored, as there is a minimal security requirement. In fact, the security of non-commercial or general aviation airports is equally critical because large transport category aircraft (TCA), such as Boeing 737-800, intermittently operate out of some of these airports. For instance, many NCAA member universities charter large TCA at GA airports carrying athletics, staff, luggage and equipment to and from various destinations. While terrorist attacks on a large TCA at a Class IV non-commercial airport has never happened, the lack of adequate security measures could invite potential terrorists to take advantage of an airport’s insufficient security measure. This project uses Delphi methodology in conjunction with a series of surveys and observations on GA airports that do not serve commercial air carriers but, from time to time, accommodate large TCA for NCAA member universities. This research yields a list of possible airport vulnerabilities when large aircraft are present, followed by security recommendations to mitigate the potential risk.
Sudan and the resort to regional arrangements: putting effect to the responsibility to protect?

The ongoing conflict in Sudan has been a test of the resolve of the international community, especially the United Nations Security Council, to address crimes against humanity. Stalemate in the Security Council saw resort to the African Union for peacekeeping, consistent with Article 33(1) of the Charter of the United Nations. However, the Government of Sudan has been reluctant to allow United Nations and African Union peacekeepers into the country, citing the right of non-intervention as set out in Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. This paper examines Sudan as a case study in the conflict between the responsibility to protect and the sovereignty of the state. Three key themes are the focus of this paper: the challenge posed by the conventional wisdom about the right of non-intervention in relation to the harsh reality of crimes against humanity, especially genocide; Sudan and the resort to regional arrangements; and the inability of the United Nations Security Council to adequately address crim...
Inhomogeneity in gelation and nonuniversality of sol-to-gel transitions studied by a computer simulation model.

Effects of the quality of a solvent on the sol-to-gel transition are studied by a computer simulation model. A nearest neighbor interaction of strength $J$ between the polymeric units is introduced to control the quality of the solvent. The Metropolis algorithm is used to move the monomers and microgels that react with their neighboring units with a rate of reaction. The critical exponents for the sol-to-gel transition are found to depend on the nature of solvent, i.e., the exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ for the gel fraction and the exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ for the weight average degree polymerization vary with the values of $J$. The dynamic evolution of the structure of gel networks is analyzed by collective structure factors. Due to the competition between the effect of dilution and the coagulation of clusters, a phase-separated gel network seems to emerge, leading to inhomogeneities. We also find that the interplay between the rate of the reaction and the energy parameters that represent the quality of solvents determines the final morphology of gel networks.
The Impact of Job Displacement on Employer Based Health Insurance Coverage

We analyze the effect of job displacement on the probability that employer based health insurance is made available to workers. Using fixed and random effects logit models, we do find that displacement is associated with a lower probability of having access to an employer based health insurance plan. Overall this penalty is quite small (between 2 and 3 percentage points), but it becomes substantial (about 16 percentage points) for displaced workers who have been with the current employer for less than 6 months. While we do not find evidence that the penalty associated with being displaced has worsened in recent years, we do find that employers respond to economic hardship by cutting back on fringe benefits.
Dynamic evolution of the 1997–1999 El Niño–La Niña cycle in the southern California Current System

Abstract The development of the strongest El Nino event on record in the equatorial Pacific in 1997–1998 and the rapid transition to strong La Nina conditions in 1998–1999 had a large impact on the physical and biological environment of the West Coast. We investigate the evolution of the physical structure and circulation dynamics of the southern California Current System (CCS) during this period based on hydrographic data collected on 25 cruises over a 45-month period (February 1996–October 1999). The El Nino period was characterized by a significant increase in dynamic height, extreme water mass characteristics, a strengthening and broadening of the poleward nearshore flow, and a temporary reversal of net alongshore transport. By early 1999, conditions in the CCS had reversed. The data suggest that remotely driven forcing (propagating oceanic waves) contributed to the anomalies observed during the El Nino period, while the cool-water conditions of 1999 were most likely a result of anomalous local atmospheric forcing.
Conditional estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits

A desirable guide for estimating the number of undiscovered mineral deposits is the number of known deposits per unit area from another well-explored permissive terrain. An analysis of the distribution of 805 podiform chromite deposits among ultramafic rocks in 12 subareas of Oregon and 27 counties of California is used to examine and extend this guide. The average number of deposits in this sample of 39 areas is 0.225 deposits per km2 of ultramafic rock; the frequency distribution is significantly skewed to the right. Probabilistic estimates can be made by using the observation that the lognormal distribution fits the distribution of deposits per unit area. A further improvement in the estimates is available by using the relationship between the area of ultramafic rock and the number of deposits.
Optimal control-limit strategies for a partially observed replacement problem†

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining an optimal replacement strategy for a system subject to Markov deterioration, where replacement decisions can only be made on the basis of noise-corrupted observations of the system state. Three conditions are presented which guarantee that for the general case search for an optimal replacement strategy can be limited to control-limit strategies. Two of these conditions, both straightforward generalizations of assumptions due to Derman, are sufficient for the existence of control-limit strategies for the completely observed (Derman's result) and the completely unobserved (a new result) cases. The third condition is new and is concerned with the quality of data that the decision maker receives regarding the system state. Simplified assumptions which imply that this latter condition holds are also presented.
Changes to the viscoelastic properties of brain tissue after traumatic axonal injury

While it has been shown that repetitive mild brain injuries can cause cumulative damage to the brain, changes to the mechanical properties of brain tissue at large deformations were also noted in the literature. The goal of this study was to show that the viscoelastic properties of brain tissue significantly change after traumatic axonal injury (TAI). An impact acceleration model was used to create TAI in the rat brainstem which was quantified with an immunohistochemistry technique at the ponto-medullary junction (PmJ) and pyramidal decussation (PDx). The viscoelastic properties at these two points with and without preconditioning were characterized using an indentation technique combined with finite element analysis and a comparison was made between injured and uninjured specimens, which revealed statistically significant reduction in the instantaneous elastic force at PDx where the brain tissue sustained a significantly higher level of injury. The result of this study can be used to characterize a damage function for the brain tissue undergoing large deformation.
Pathways for oxalate transport in rabbit renal microvillus membrane vesicles.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that apical membrane Cl−-oxalate exchange plays a major role in mediating Cl− absorption in the renal proximal tubule. To sustain steady-state Cl− absorption by a mechanism of exchange for intracellular oxalate requires the presence of one or more pathways for recycling oxalate from lumen to cell. Accordingly, we evaluated the mechanisms of oxalate transport in luminal membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit renal cortex. We found that transport of oxalate by Na+ cotransport is negligible compared to the transport of sulfate. In contrast, we demonstrated that oxalate shares the electroneutral pathway mediating Na+-independent sulfate-carbonate exchange. We also demonstrated the presence of OH−-oxalate exchange (indistinguishable from H+-oxalate cotransport). The process of OH−-oxalate exchange was electrogenic and partially inhibited by Cl−, indicating that it occurs, at least in part, as a mode of the Cl−-oxalate exchanger described previously. An additional component of OH−-oxalate exchange was insensitive to inhibition by either Cl− or sulfate, suggesting that it takes place by neither the Cl−-oxalate exchanger nor the sulfate-carbonate exchanger. We conclude that multiple anion exchange mechanisms exist by which oxalate can recycle from lumen to cell to sustain Cl− absorption occurring via apical membrane Cl−-oxalate exchange in the renal proximal tubule.
The Iowa Chautauqua Program: A Model for Improving Science in the Elementary School.

The Iowa Chautauqua Program has been a force in Iowa for the past seven years as K-12 teachers have planned and used 20 day modules which illustrate the Science/Technology/Society efforts underway all over the world. Basic to the in-service model are: (a) a two week experience with STS teaching and learning that includes planning a five-day STS module, (b) a two and one-half day fall short course which includes other teachers from the schools of the summer participants, (c) planning and using a 20 day STS module with a pre-post assessment programs, and (d) a follow-up short course some months later for sharing the results of the STS efforts. This model is proposed as one with value for other states interested in a model for in-service work with elementary school teachers.
“Are We There Yet?”: Challenging Notions of Age and Aging Through Intergenerational Performance

This article discusses “Are We There Yet?”, the culminating performance in a 14-week intergenerational workshop exploring issues of age, aging, and the so-called “generation gap.” Participants in the project revised previously-held stereotypes associated with age and aging, coming to view themselves less as “two generations” (under 25 and over 60) and more as both unique individuals and as a unified whole. Problematically, revised stereotypes of old age may have been replaced with unrealistically positive views of aging for the young people involved. Ultimately, the performance served as a reminder to live life fully and in the present.
Optimization of composite I-sections using fiber angles as design variables

Abstract A problem formulation and solution methodology for design optimization of laminated composite I-sections is presented. Objective functions and constraints are given in the form of beam stiffnesses. Two different objective functions are considered, maximum beam bending stiffness and maximum beam axial stiffness. Fiber directions in the beam walls are treated as design variables. It is assumed that the beam is constructed using unidirectional tape, and manufacturing issues associated with the use of unidirectional tape are discussed and included as constraints in the problem formulation and solution. The paper demonstrates that the design optimization of composite thin-walled beams is a complex global optimization problem that cannot be solved by means of traditional convex programming. Therefore, the solutions described are found using a global search algorithm, Improving Hit-and-Run, which allows the design variables to be either continuous or discrete with a user-specified discretization interval. Numerical results for two material systems and nine different design families for manufacturing composite I-sections are presented.
Inflammatory aneurysm of aorta: Development documented by computed tomography

Aortic aneurysmal disease appears to be the central focus of the inflammatory process resulting in inflammatory aneurysm formation. Some authors believe that inflammatory aortic aneurysm disease is a distinct clinicopathologic entity; however, others have included it with retroperitoneal fibrosis. The histologic features of inflammatory aneurysm suggest an immunologic basis for the lesion, with the atherosclerotic aorta as a possible source of the allergen.
An educators’ guide to information access across the internet

Educational use of the Internet network has exploded in the past few years. Most colleges and universities now provide Internet access to students and educators for instructional and reasearch purposes. Electronic mail, on-line conferencing, software access, and remote login are some of the many services which make it convenient to use the Internet as a global database. Since data is distributed in thousands of computers worldwide, accessing information in an organized manner is sometimes complicated. Client software tools are available that facilitate access to information by providing the user with a more intuitive interface. This paper provides summary information on the use of listservs, telnet, ftp, archie, and gopher application tools which are available to connect to and access data from remote hosts on the Internet.
Giant-cell inclusions in cicatrizing enteritis.

SummaryInclusion bodies in the giant cells of 2 cases of cicatrizing enteritis (regional ileitis) were investigated. By physical and chemical methods they were found to be inorganic calcium salts. The anions were not identified. Their origin is attributed to focal abnormalities of the cytoplasm of giant cells found in this type of granulomatous inflammation, which attract calcium salts. In their development they somewhat resemble psammoma bodies.