cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Atomic Fear: Translating (Post)Marxist Fantasies About the End of Times

This article focuses on the topic of the nuclear fear and its ideological use in Italy during the period of the Cold War (1950s–1980s). I argue that the debate on nuclear weapons in Italy played an important role especially among intellectuals affiliated with the Italian Communist Party, in a delicate historical moment between the crisis of traditional Marxist Communism and the rising of the New Left. By contextualizing the subject of the nuclear bomb in Italy within the theoretical categories of realism and symbolism in the first half of the article, I demonstrate how the representation of the atomic bomb in the 1950s and 60s was caught up in the representative framework of Marxist realism. In doing so, I concentrate on a special issue of the periodical Il Verri and on the finale of Michelangelo Antonioni’s film L’eclisse. In the second part, I describe how the debate about the atomic weapon transitioned from reality to symbol through an analysis of the topic of nuclear fear in Paolo Volponi’s novels Cor...
An ODE solver for constrained state spaces: with applications to hybrid-system simulations

This thesis presents a solver to handle constrained-state-space ODEs. This solver locates the points where any of the states go outside of the constraining set, and then, transfers the control from the continuous time ODE to the function governing the behavior of the system on the boundaries of the constrained set. The main contribution of this solver is found simulating complex right-hand-sided ODEs for long periods of time.
Transmit beamforming for radar applications using circularly tapered random arrays

This work examines the even and odd characteristic modes of circularly distributed ad hoc array topologies with independently controlled element radiators. Fourier and Laplacian probabilistic methods are applied to derive the associated n-th order characteristic functions governing the radiation patterns of their circular topological family. Ultraspherical harmonics are then used to derive the m-th order even and odd characteristic modes for each respective topological family. Additionally, we derive a means of generating orthogonal radiation excitations using complete basis functions.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Embolization for the Treatment of Budd–Chiari Syndrome

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the eighth most common malignancy, accounting for 3% of all newly diagnosed neoplasms. RCC venous invasion occurs in 4 to 10% of cases. We report a case of RCC with extensive vascular invasion and new-onset liver dysfunction. The etiology of the liver dysfunction was attributed to hepatic vein obstruction; herein we describe the first reported case of transcatheter embolization of RCC for Budd–Chiari syndrome.
A randomized clinical trial (RCT) of the efficacy of a mindfulness-based personalized health planning (MBPHP) in attenuating basal and stress-induced leukocyte beta2-integrin expressions in patients with prediabetes and comorbid depression: A proof of concept study

Leukocyte activation is independently associated with increased fasting glucose, emotional stress, and depression. We conducted a RCT to examine the efficacy of a 22-week MBPHP in reducing fasting glucose and ameliorating depressive symptoms. Herewith, we report the effects of the MBPHP on basal and stress-induced beta2-integrin expressions in 66 unmedicated patients with prediabetes (hemoglobin A1c 5.7%–6.4%) and comorbid depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9: 9–21). Subjects were randomized to either MBPHP (n = 32) or Support and Guided Education (SAGE, n = 34). Each arms consisted of weekly one-hour manualized group sessions. To assess stress-related CD11 changes, subjects participated in the Anger Recall Interview (ARI) at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and long- term follow-up (∼12 months). CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c expressions at baseline and post-ARI were measured using flow cytometry. Analysis revealed a significant Treatment (MBPHP vs SAGE) X Time (pre-, post-intervention, long-term follow-up) interaction for CD11b (F = 4.04, p
Particle Swarm Optimization for Control Operation of an All-Variable Speed Water-Cooled Chiller Plant

Abstract Variety of research studies have focused on developing energy-efficient control schemes for multiple-chiller plants. However, few studies have conducted optimization of the chiller plant with non-identical chillers based on dynamic energy modeling approach. A dynamic energy model with Modelica language for an all-variable speed primary-secondary water-cooled chiller plant was developed based on design submittals and operation control sequences and was calibrated using trend data. Then, Particle Swarm Optimization search algorithm was employed to find optimum value of control parameters for the chiller plant with non-identical chillers including chilled water temperature setpoint, condenser water temperature setpoint, and chiller stage sequence. The optimization results show that holistic optimization, which simultaneously optimizes all considered control variables for chiller operation, achieves the maximum savings: 10.5% of total chiller plant energy consumption on a hot day and 13.6% of total chiller plant energy consumption on a moderate day. The average daily chiller plant efficiency was improved from 0.59 kW/ton (COP of 5.96) to 0.53 kW/ton (COP of 6.64) in the hot day and from 0.70 kW/ton (COP of 5.02) to 0.59 kW/ton (COP of 5.96) in the moderate day.
Enhanced imaging of piezoresistive nanocomposites through the incorporation of nonlocal conductivity changes in electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography is a method of noninvasively imaging the internal conductivity distribution of a domain. Because many materials exhibit piezoresistivity, electrical impedance tomogr...
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes alters transcription of multiple genes necessary for extracellular matrix remodeling in rat patellar tendon.

Overview: Tendon collagen fibril degradation is commonly seen in tendons of diabetics, but the mechanisms responsible for these changes remain to be elucidated. We have demonstrated that streptozot...
Perioperative management of patients with diabetes undergoing ambulatory elective surgery

Objective: The objective was to assess processes of care for patients with diabetes undergoing elective surgery. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was conducted to determine frequency of perioperative glucose monitoring, changes in glucose control, and treatment of intraoperative hyperglycemia. Results: A total of 268 patients underwent 287 elective procedures. Mean age was 67 years, 63% were men, 97% had type 2 diabetes, and most (57%) were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Average perioperative time was approximately 8 h. Mean preoperative hemoglobin A1c was 7.0%; however, this value was checked in only 52% of cases. A glucose measurement was obtained in 89% of cases in the preoperative area and in 87% in the postanesthesia care unit, but in only 33% of cases did a value get checked intraoperatively. Average glucose was 139 mg/dl preoperatively, increasing to 166 mg/dl postoperatively (p <.001). Glucose levels increased regardless of type of outpatient medical therapy used to treat hyperglycemia, except for those on combination oral agents plus insulin (p =.06). Conclusions: These data indicate suboptimal documentation of outpatient hemoglobin A1c. Intraoperative glucose monitoring seldom occurred, despite prolonged periods under anesthesia and perioperative deterioration of glycemic control. Standards need to be developed and interventions are needed to enhance management of diabetes patients undergoing elective procedures.
The virology and immunobiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents in molecular terms the explanation for immunologic events accompanying lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) infection, including the dual recognition of viral and histocompatibility antigens essential for T cell action and the modulation of viral expression result from the immune response. It discusses the important aspects of nonimmunologic regulation of viral infection particularly the role of defective interfering virus. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and the infection it causes are important subjects of biomedical investigation. First, this virus sporadically causes human illness. The study of LCMV and the disease it causes in its natural murine host has provided the initial findings to open new fields in viral immunobiology, viral immunopathology, and cell–cell recognition. The apparent increased virulence of LCMV on passage through hamsters and the fact that LCMV infection can be transmitted from hamsters to humans suggest important concerns not only for investigators working with LCMV but for experimentalists who use hamsters or hamster tissues in their studies.
Fluids with Long-Range Forces: Toward a Simple Analytic Theory

There is no reason why one should not be able to develop systematic and accurate approximation schemes in the statistical theory of fluids of such analytic simplicity that their numerical assessment will require no more than an electronic slide rule, paper and pencil, or an expanse of fine sand and a pointed stick. This article is concerned with the description of certain techniques to that end.
Open Science on Trinity's Knights Landing Partition: An Analysis of User Job Data

High-performance computing (HPC) systems are critically important to the objectives of universities, national laboratories, and commercial companies. Because of the cost of deploying and maintaining these systems ensuring their efficient use is imperative. Job scheduling and resource management are critically important to the efficient use of HPC systems. As a result, significant research has been conducted on how to effectively schedule user jobs on HPC systems. Developing and evaluating job scheduling algorithms, however, requires a detailed understanding of how users request resources on HPC systems. In this paper, we examine a corpus of job data that was collected on Trinity, a leadership-class supercomputer. During the stabilization period of its Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Landing) partition, it was made available to users outside of a classified environment for the Trinity Open Science Phase 2 campaign. We collected information from the resource manager about each user job that was run during this Open Science period. In this paper, we examine the jobs contained in this dataset. Our analysis reveals several important characteristics of the jobs submitted during the Open Science period and provides critical insight into the use of one of the most powerful supercomputers in existence. Specifically, these data provide important guidance for the design, development, and evaluation of job scheduling and resource management algorithms.
Rheumatologic Tests: A Primer for Family Physicians.

Patients with a suspected connective tissue disorder should undergo serologic testing to confirm the diagnosis and, in some cases, to monitor disease activity and predict flares. Patients with suspected systemic lupus erythematosus should be tested for antinuclear antibodies. However, antinuclear antibodies are not specific and may be present in many other connective tissue disorders and nonrheumatologic diseases. Thus, patients with suspected systemic lupus erythematosus should undergo further testing to confirm the diagnosis. Patients with Sjogren syndrome may have a positive antinuclear antibody titer, but often also have positive anti-Sjogren antigen A or B results. Similarly, antinuclear antibodies can be present in patients with scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, and dermatomyositis or polymyositis. Additional tests are needed to help confirm the diagnosis. In patients with findings of rheumatoid arthritis, a positive rheumatoid factor titer suggests the diagnosis, but as with antinuclear antibodies, it is not specific and can occur in other conditions. Rheumatoid factor can also be negative in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A positive anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titer is more specific for rheumatoid arthritis and can help confirm the diagnosis. Physicians should order these serologic tests only when patients have a high pretest probability of a specific connective tissue disorder.
Improvement in build-direction thermal conductivity in extrusion-based polymer additive manufacturing through thermal annealing

Abstract While additive manufacturing offers significant advantages compared to traditional manufacturing technologies, deterioration in thermal and mechanical properties compared to properties of the underlying materials is a serious concern. In the context of polymer extrusion based additive manufacturing, post-process approaches, such as thermal annealing have been reported for improving mechanical properties based on reptation of polymer chains and enhanced filament-to-filament adhesion. However, there is a lack of similar work for improving thermal properties such as thermal conductivity. This paper reports significant enhancement in build-direction thermal conductivity of polymer extrusion based parts as a result of thermal annealing. Over 150% improvement is observed when annealed at 135 °C for 96 h. The effect of annealing temperature and time on thermal conductivity enhancement is investigated through experiments. A theoretical model based on Arrhenius kinetics for neck growth and a heat transfer model for the consequent impact on inter-layer thermal contact resistance is developed. Predicted thermal conductivity enhancement is found to be in good agreement with experimental data for a wide range of annealing temperature and time. The theoretical model may play a key role in developing practical thermal annealing strategies that account for the multiple constraints involved in annealing of polymer parts. This work may facilitate the use of polymer extrusion additive manufacturing for producing enhanced thermal conductivity parts capable of withstanding thermal loads.
Convergent evolution of saccate body shapes in nematodes through distinct developmental mechanisms

The vast majority of nematode species have vermiform (worm-shaped) body plans throughout post-embryonic development. However, atypical body shapes have evolved multiple times. The plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha nematode Heterodera glycines hatches as a vermiform infective juvenile. Following infection and the establishment of a feeding site, H. glycines grows disproportionately greater in width than length, developing into a saccate adult. Body size in Caenorhabditis elegans was previously shown to correlate with post-embryonic divisions of laterally positioned stem cell-like ‘seam’ cells and endoreduplication of seam cell epidermal daughters. To test if a similar mechanism produces the unusual body shape of saccate parasitic nematodes, we compared seam cell development and epidermal ploidy levels of H. glycines to C. elegans. To study the evolution of body shape development, we examined seam cell development of four additional Tylenchomorpha species with vermiform or saccate body shapes. We confirmed the presence of seam cell homologs and their proliferation in H. glycines. This results in the adult female epidermis having approximately 1800 nuclei compared with the 139 nuclei in the primary epidermal syncytium of C. elegans. Similar to C. elegans, we found a significant correlation between H. glycines body volume and the number and ploidy level of epidermal nuclei. While we found that the seam cells also proliferate in the independently evolved saccate nematode Meloidogyne incognita following infection, the division pattern differed substantially from that seen in H. glycines. Interestingly, the close relative of H. glycines, Rotylenchulus reniformis does not undergo extensive seam cell proliferation during its development into a saccate form. Our data reveal that seam cell proliferation and epidermal nuclear ploidy correlate with growth in H. glycines. Our finding of distinct seam cell division patterns in the independently evolved saccate species M. incognita and H. glycines is suggestive of parallel evolution of saccate forms. The lack of seam cell proliferation in R. reniformis demonstrates that seam cell proliferation and endoreduplication are not strictly required for increased body volume and atypical body shape. We speculate that R. reniformis may serve as an extant transitional model for the evolution of saccate body shape.
Pharmacologic inhibition of LIMK1 provides dendritic spine resilience against β-amyloid

Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies predominantly focus on β-amyloid (Aβ), but Aβ effects may be maximal before clinical symptoms appear. Downstream of Aβ, dendritic spine loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline in AD. Rho-associated kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) regulate the actin cytoskeleton, and ROCK1 and ROCK2 protein abundances are increased in early AD. Here, we found that the increased abundance of ROCK1 in cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons reduced dendritic spine length through a myosin-based pathway, whereas the increased abundance of ROCK2 induced spine loss through the serine and threonine kinase LIMK1. Aβ42 oligomers can activate ROCKs. Here, using static imaging studies combined with multielectrode array analyses, we found that the ROCK2-LIMK1 pathway mediated Aβ42-induced spine degeneration and neuronal hyperexcitability. Live-cell microscopy revealed that pharmacologic inhibition of LIMK1 rendered dendritic spines resilient to Aβ42 oligomers. Treatment of hAPP mice with a LIMK1 inhibitor rescued Aβ-induced hippocampal spine loss and morphologic aberrations. Our data suggest that therapeutically targeting LIMK1 may provide dendritic spine resilience to Aβ and therefore may benefit cognitively normal patients that are at high risk for developing dementia.
A Polarizing Issue: Diversity in the Mechanisms Underlying Apico-Basolateral Polarization In Vivo.

Polarization along an apico-basolateral axis is a hallmark of epithelial cells and is essential for their selective barrier and transporter functions, as well as for their ability to provide mechan...
GUI Design for Comparative Output Signal DFT and DTFT with LabVIEW

An application GUI (Graphical User Interface) is designed as a software simulation to compare the output signal of DFT and DTFT. DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) and DTFT (Discrete Time Fourier Transform) are part of the digital signal processing. Digital signal processing is an analog signal processing method uses a mathematical technique to perform a transformation or retrieving information in digital form. One of the benefits of digital signal processing is to facilitate the representation of the signal, because the signal in digital form will be more visible, easily processed and has high accuracy. This GUI application designed using LabVIEW from National Instruments. LabVIEW is a software graphical programming or a block diagram. LabVIEW program known as VI or Virtual Instrument. The input signal in this application is a square signal
MAGNETIC-MOMENT MEASUREMENTS IN ZR-86

The transient-field technique has been used to measure the [ital g] factors of yrast states in [sup 86]Zr over the spin region [ital I]=8[h bar]--14[h bar] in order to ascertain the nature of the alignments at the first and second backbends. The states of interest were populated in the reaction [sup 12]C([sup 77]Se,3[ital n]) at 260 MeV. The results demonstrate that the first crossing at the 8[sub 1][sup +] state involves the alignment of neutron [ital g][sub 9/2] quasiparticles, and that proton [ital g][sub 9/2] quasiparticles align at higher spin.
Pulmonary Manifestations in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Objectives. The available literature on pulmonary disease in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease is limited. We evaluated the prevalence of pulmonary manifestations in pediatric inflammatory bowel...
Vision-Based Monitoring of Post-Tensioned Diagonals on Miter Lock Gate

AbstractMiter gates are structures that act as both the damming surface and doorway of lock chambers and are commonly found on American rivers. Miter gates are assumed to have very little torsional...
A 5-Year-Old Boy with White Spots on His Trunk, Acne, and Pink Urine

A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his parents because of pink urine and acne eruption for 3 weeks. His parents note that he’s been eating less and frequently complains of stomach pains. His teachers report that he has been easily distracted in class and performs at a significantly lower level than his peers. He was born preterm at 36 weeks due to abnormal fetal heart tracings and has a history of several infantile seizures. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a palpable abdominal mass and bilateral costovertebral angle tenderness. Ultrasound reveal giant bilateral renal angiomyolipomas (AML) and small hepatic AMLs. There are 12 ellipsoid, hypopigmented macules on his trunk, lower legs, and buttocks that were better observed with Wood’s light (Fig. 2.1). KOH preparation results were negative. Examination of his face revealed multiple scattered red papules in a malar distribution. Multiple calcified subependymal nodules were noted in the brain on CT. Dermatology is consulted to examine the hypopigmented lesions. What is the most likely diagnosis for this clinical presentation and these lesions?
Optimal Selection of Basis Functions for Robust Tracking Control of Uncertain Linear Systems—With Application to Three-Dimensional Printing

Abstract There is growing interest in the use of the filtered basis functions (FBF) approach to track linear systems, especially nonminimum phase (NMP) plants, because of its distinct advantages compared to other tracking control methods in the literature. The FBF approach expresses the control input to the plant as a linear combination of basis functions with unknown coefficients. The basis functions are forward filtered through the plant dynamics, and the coefficients are selected such that tracking error is minimized. Similar to other feedforward control methods, the tracking accuracy of the FBF approach deteriorates in the presence of uncertainties. However, unlike other methods, the FBF approach presents flexibility in terms of the choice of the basis functions, which can be used to improve its accuracy. This paper analyzes the effect of the choice of the basis functions on the tracking accuracy of FBF, in the presence of uncertainties, using the Frobenius norm of the lifted system representation (LSR) of FBF's error dynamics. Based on the analysis, a methodology for optimal selection of basis functions to maximize robustness is proposed, together with an approach to avoid large control effort when it is applied to NMP systems. The basis functions resulting from this process are called robust basis functions. Applied experimentally to a desktop three-dimensional (3D) printer with uncertain NMP dynamics, up to 48% improvement in tracking accuracy is achieved using the proposed robust basis functions compared to B-splines, while utilizing much less control effort.
‘The Interests of India Demand Protection’: Democratization and Trade Policy Under Empire

Conventional wisdom holds that colonial trading relations were a one-way street: trade policy coerced colonies to export raw materials to the metropole and in turn purchase large quantities of manufactured goods from the empire’s industrial centers, thus hamstringing local industries. We argue that this narrative overlooks a critical feature of interwar history: the devolution of limited representation to key colonies. Self-government created an avenue for manufacturers in colonies to register their preferences over preferential trade policy, providing a new bulwark against imperial commercial exploitation. We theorize that the extension of limited franchise markedly altered trading relations between metropoles and colonies — specifically, by endowing colonial parliaments with trade policy authority. We evaluate this claim through a deep examination of trade policymaking in British India. Using an original dataset of all product-level import tariffs in India from 1904 to 1950, as well as archival records of local legislative debates and confidential correspondence, we show that incipient democracy eroded Britain’s ability to shape India’s tariff policy to suit British manufacturers’ needs. The introduction of a limited franchise shifted the balance of power in trade policy from British to Indian interests, illustrating how electoral autonomy reduced the rapacity of colonial power.
Adductor Muscle Injuries in UEFA Soccer Athletes: A Matched-Cohort Analysis of Injury Rate, Return to Play, and Player Performance From 2000 to 2015:

Background:The effects of adductor muscle injury on performance in soccer athletes are unknown.Purpose:To (1) determine the rate and time to return to play (RTP) after adductor muscle injury, (2) i...
Testosterone and Cardiovascular Health: Safety of Treatment of Hypogonadism

Abstract Introduction Controversy has arisen over the issue of the cardiovascular safety of testosterone. Aim The aim of this article is to examine the evidence as to the cardiovascular safety involved with the administration of testosterone. Methods A literature review was performed with regard to cardiovascular safety of testosterone. Main Outcome Measure The main outcome measure was to evaluate the available evidence as to cardiovascular safety and risk of testosterone. Results A handful of recently published and widely discussed manuscripts have suggested that administration of testosterone replacement therapy increases the frequency of adverse cardiovascular events. In contrast, there have been recent clinical reports suggesting that testosterone is either safe or actually reduces cardiovascular events and mortality. All of these studies—both those suggesting that testosterone has adverse effects, as well as those suggesting it has positive effects on the cardiovascular system—have limitations. Conclusion What is missing is a large, long‐term, prospective, placebo controlled, double blind trial in which hypogonadal men receive either testosterone or placebo, testosterone levels are carefully monitored, and the primary outcomes are well‐defined major adverse cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events. Kloner RA. Testosterone and cardiovascular health: Safety of treatment of hypogonadism. Sex Med Rev 2015;3:56–62.
Adjustment of RNA-Seq data for the effect of highly abundant transcripts: a case study in milk production (622.4)

During lactation, profound changes occur in the mammary gland and thousands of genes undergo differential regulation. RNA-seq data analysis reveals a tiny minority of milk genes account for the vast majority of total gene expression. This striking imbalance in transcript abundances poses a significant problem for data analysis, e.g. low abundance genes may be incorrectly identified as downregulated. To tackle this problem, we developed a ‘Dilution Adjustment Model’ which more accurately classifies changes in levels of low abundance transcripts between transcriptomes at two developmental stages (baseline and mature lactation). Applying this model to human and bovine milk data led us to reclassify 2,155 human (971 bovine) genes as ‘upregulated’ instead of ‘not differentially expressed’ and 2,524 human (1,732 bovine) as ‘unregulated’ instead of ‘downregulated’. Changes in gene classification were supported by analysis of Gene Ontology and TFBS enrichment profiles. Investigation of ChIP-Seq data showed genes ...
Effect of fructose, dihydroxyacetone, glycerol, and glucose on metabolites and related compounds in liver and kidney.

The effects of large intraperitoneal doses of fructose and dihydroxyacetone on the levels of many metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism are reported for liver, kidney cortex, and medulla of the rat. Levels were also measured in liver after glycerol and glucose administration, and in kidney cortex and medulla, after glycerol. In both liver and kidney there were large accumulations of fructose-1-P from fructose and of glycero-P from glycerol. The accumulations were associated with marked depletion of ATP, UTP, and total adenylate, and, in liver at least, of Pi. The increases in glycero-P were not associated with comparable changes in dihydroxyacetone-P, and the ratio between the two rose from 18:1 to as high as 1000:1, with relatively minor changes in lactate to pyruvate ratios. Riboflavin deficiency, which drastically lowers glycero-P oxidase activity, caused an increased accumulation of glycero-P. These results suggest that the newly formed glycero-P is chiefly oxidized by glycero-P oxidase rather than by glycero-P dehydrogenase. The disproportionate increase in glycero-P seen after glycerol was also observed after fructose administration in kidney cortex but not in liver. In the case of each of the four nutrients, fructose, dihydroxyacetone, glycerol, and glucose, UDP-glucose decreased in liver. Concomitantly, metabolites of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway increased. The increases tended to be smaller for fructose 1,6-diphosphate and dihydroxyacetone-P than for members above and below them on the pathway. The increases were generally greatest after fructose and least after glucose. Fructose caused rapid large increases in glucose but there was little glycogen formation during the first hour.
Biochemical Processes in an Ecosystem: How Should They be Measured?

Urban air basins produce many pollutants, such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and ozone, which move into rural areas. NOx itself has been shown not to be especially phytotoxic except at high levels. More problematical is the conversion of NOx into inorganic nitrogen that the plant can utilize. In ecosystems which are nitrogen-limited, excess nitrogen can radically increase plant growth by stimulating the nitrogen-handling metabolic pathways which then alters “normal” carbon (C) metabolism. On the other hand, ozone alters plant productivity by inducing a decline in growth, speeding developmental events to senescence, lowering reproductive rates, and impairing resistance to other stresses. Three major metabolic events induced by ozone exposure have been well studied: 1) increased turnover of antioxidant systems, 2) production of symptoms similar to tissue wounding, especially ethylene production; and 3) decline in photosynthesis. In order to understand the effect upon productivity of any pollutant, one must understand the mechanisms by which that effect is generated. Those mechanisms must not be merely descriptive statements, but must be firmly modeled with predictions. Any model will be highly complex; however here, the focus will be upon C metabolism. Both a closure of the stomata and a decline in the ability to fix CO2 within the chloroplast can alter the photosynthetic rate of leaves. Yet the movement of C throughout the plant (translocation) seems also to be altered by pollutants. The loss of carbohydrate to roots and growing shoot tips has a profound effect upon the plant’s ability to respond normally to the integrated effects of the total environment; loss may cause the most pronounced and long lasting dilemma for plants.
Is it Time to Voluntarily Turn Over Theories of Voluntary Turnover

The current research literature on voluntary employee turnover exhibits at least four shortcomings: low predictive validity, excessive exuberance with predictors, low rigor, and little relevance. Existing theories of voluntary employee turnover research are under specified, as none contains the full range of variables originally hypothesized by March and Simon as contributing to individual employees' decisions to quit their jobs. March and Simon (1958) contributed to the current state of affairs by making at least one assumption that subsequent results do not support. Subsequent efforts to expand theory and to detect and integrate new explanatory constructs have led to a much deeper understanding of the same small portion of turnover variance explained in employee decisions to quit. Deficiencies in current approaches and what a nondeficient model of voluntary employee turnover might look like are described. Directions for future voluntary turnover research are identified, as are past trends that need to be discontinued.
3H‐1,2‐Benzodithiol‐3‐one 1,1‐dioxide

[66304-01-6 C7H4O3S2 (MW 200.24) InChI = 1S/C7H4O3S2/c8-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)12(9,10)11-7/h1-4H InChIKey = JUDOLRSMWHVKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent extensively used in the efficient conversion of phosphite triesters to phosphorothioate triesters in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis) Alternate Name: Beaucage reagent. Physical Data: mp 102.5–103 °C. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents except nonpolar solvent such as alkanes. Form Supplied in: white solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 13C NMR, 1H NMR, EI-MS. Preparative Methods: the reagent is prepared from the oxidation of precursor 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one with trifluoroperoxyacetic acid. Purification: recrystallization from methylene chloride-hexanes. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent can be stored indefinitely as a crystalline material in amber glass bottles at ambient temperature. The reagent decomposes rapidly when in contact with inorganic and organic bases. The reagent will also decompose in solution when exposed to glass and/or metallic surfaces. Disposal: the reagent can be safely discarded in a chemical waste container.
Application of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus risk score for community-onset pneumonia patients and outcomes with initial treatment

Community-onset (CO) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is an evolving problem, and there is a great need for a reliable method to assess MRSA risk at hospital admission. A new MRSA prediction score classifies CO-pneumonia patients into low, medium, and high-risk groups based on objective criteria available at baseline. Our objective was to assess the effect of initial MRSA therapy on mortality in these three risk groups. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Patients were included if they were hospitalized with pneumonia and received antibiotics within the first 48 h of admission. They were stratified into MRSA therapy and no MRSA therapy treatment arms based on antibiotics received in the first 48 h. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders. A total of 80,330 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 36 % received MRSA therapy and 64 % did not receive MRSA therapy. The majority of patients were classified as either low (51 %) or medium (47 %) risk, with only 2 % classified as high-risk. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that initial MRSA therapy was associated with a lower 30-day mortality in the high-risk group (adjusted odds ratio 0.57; 95 % confidence interval 0.42–0.77). Initial MRSA therapy was not beneficial in the low or medium-risk groups. This study demonstrated improved survival with initial MRSA therapy in high-risk CO-pneumonia patients. The MRSA risk score might help spare MRSA therapy for only those patients who are likely to benefit.
A walk in the forest

Although forests cover an estimated 30% of the Earth's land surface, they are among the most biodiverse ecosystems and the flagship of World conservation. Because they house disproportionate amounts of biodiversity [1], their deforestation and fragmentation remain some of the biggest threats to wildlife [2].
Emergence of a dominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte antitumor effector from tumor-infiltrating cells in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Previous studies in mice revealed that resolving intraocular tumors (UV5C25 fibrosarcoma) were infiltrated with mononuclear cells and invoked potent systemic delayed-type hypersensitivity responses without nonspecific tissue destruction. The present study characterized the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) population and established its role as the mediator of specific intraocular tumor rejection. This was accomplished by (a) isolating TIL from resolving intraocular tumors; (b) identifying characteristic surface markers on TIL; and (c) demonstrating in vitro and in vivo antitumor functions. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of TIL showed 33.4% Thy1+, 19.8% CD8+, 11.1% CD4+, 17.2% MAC−1+, 10.4% F4/80+, and 7.7% B220+. Functional studies indicated that TIL were directly cytolytic for UV5C25 tumor cells. Additionally a tumor-necrosis-factor(TNF)-sensitive cell line (WEHI 164.1) was lysed on cocultivation with TIL, whereas UV5C25 tumor cells were insensitive to lysis by TNF. Precursor CTL analysis demonstrated a high frequency (1/251) of tumor-specific precursors and a low frequency of alloresponsive cells in the TIL population. In vivo analysis by a Winn-type assay demonstrated that only TIL could effect tumor resolution in immunosuppressed hosts. These results demonstrate that although CD4+ T cells and macrophages were present and TNF activity was detected in the TIL population, there was no evidence for nonspecific tissue destruction within the eye. Therefore, this pattern of intraocular tumor rejection is mediated by a lymphocyte population expressesing cell-surface phenotypes and functional characteristics of conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, the results suggest that a regulatory mechanism within the eye allows for the emergence of one dominant antitumor effector (CTL) while controlling a more destructive mechanism (delayed-type hypersensitivity).
The initial counseling interview

There is no doubt that the initial interview puts maximum demands upon the counselor's skill, knowledge, and abilities. How the initial interview is structured and developed will have a strong influence upon the subsequent developments and outcomes of a counseling relationship. Errors made in the first session are usually much more costly than those made after a good working relationship has been established. If the initial interview has developed toward goals as outlined herein, then the counselee will find he has been able to express and explore some of life's difficulties which have been bother-some or disturbing to him. He is likely to feel some progress has been made. The counselor should rcognize that a major counseling goal has been achieved when, at the end of the initial interview, he feels he has established a helping or working relationship with the counselee. Such a relationship is the crucible in which personality change can evolve.
pH regulation of calcium efflux by turtle liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Turtle liver mitochondria are capable of taking up calcium in a pattern similar to that described from rat liver mitochondria. 2. 2. Turtle liver mitochondria also posses a system for calcium efflux which is extremely sensitive to changes in extramitochondrial pH. A decrease in extramitochondrial pH by addition of HCl or by gassing with CO2 caused a rapid relase of calcium. 3. 3. The profound changes in pH and pCO2 during deep diving likely affects Ca efflux from mitochondria in the turtle liver.
Response of genetically susceptible and resistant mice to intranasal inoculation with mouse hepatitis virus JHM.

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-JHM infection was studied in genetically susceptible (BALB/cByJ) and resistant (SJL/J) mice following intranasal inoculation at 1, 3, 6 or 12 wk of age. Markers of infection included histology, immunohistochemistry, virus quantification and virus serology. All BALE mice developed severe disseminated disease with high mortality due to encephalitis and hepatitis. Peak MHV titers appeared in brain, liver, spleen and intestine on days 3 or 5. Age at inoculation did not influence virus titers in brain, spleen or intestine, but virus titers in liver were inversely proportional to age at inoculation. In 6-wk-old BALE mice, virus was cleared from spleen, intestine and liver by day 30 and from brain by day 60. In intestine, MHV was localized to lymphoid tissue, without fecal excretion. SJL mice of all ages developed remarkably milder disease with low mortality occurring only among mice inoculated at 1 wk of age. SJL mice inoculated at 1 wk had disseminated infection at day 3, but lesions and antigen were cleared from most organs by day 5. Mice inoculated at 3 and 6 wk of age had minimal or no involvement of peripheral organs, and mice inoculated at 12 wk of age had infections restricted to the nose. At day 5, MHV titers in brain, liver, spleen and intestine were significantly lower or undetectable in SJL mice of all ages compared to age-matched BALB mice. In 6-wk-old mice, MHV was cleared from all organs by day 10. Serum antibody titers to MHV were many-fold higher in BALB mice, compared to SJL mice, which mounted only a modest response.
Fallout from Communism: The Role of Feminism in Fighting HIV/AIDS among Women in Russia

ABSTRACT I have no political platforms. I don't like the system of rules the word ‘feminist’ implies. —Roza Khatskelevich, New York Times, 2003
Formation Flying Control in Eccentric Orbits

This paper extends recent work on the control of a formation of spacecraft orbiting about an eccentric reference orbit. The approach uses the equations for periodic relative motion that were previously developed from Lawden’s original work. This paper presents fuel/time-optimal algorithms for the low-level station-keeping of one satellite with respect to another satellite in the presence of disturbances. The station-keeping algorithm is optimized by posing it as a linear programming problem. The primary extension of this paper is to present the solution to the linear programming problem using the time-varying linearized dynamics that occur for an eccentric reference orbit. Numerous nonlinear simulations were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this overall control approach. The results indicate that, even in the presence of differential J2 disturbances, our formation flying control approach is very effective, requiring a ∆V =5 —15 mm/s/orbit, depending on the scenario. The simulations also show that Lawden’s equations are necessary for determining the desired state for periodic relative motion, but Hill’s equations are sufficient for the linear programming control problem. This result is important because using the time-invariant Hill’s equations significantly reduces the computational effort required to formulate the linear program. 1
Analysis of a chemical method to increase extreme ultraviolet microchannel-plate quantum efficiency

Physical surface changes due to a wet chemical method to increase the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) quantum detection efficiency (QDE) of microchannel plate (MCP) detectors is examined. We show evidence that enhanced channel surface roughness and the creation of a low density surface layer combine to increase the secondary electron emission coefficient, which inturn, increases the quantum detection efficiency of the input MCP. The use of the wet chemical method to enhance the MCP EUV QDE by five different space flight programs is also discussed.
The duration and control of adrenal function in adenohypophysectomized cockerels.

Abstract Corticosterone concentration in adrenal venous plasma of adenohypo-physectomized cockerels was about one-third of that found in intact birds. There was no change in the output of this steroid into the adrenal vein from 1.5 to 42 days after surgery. Corticosterone synthesis in vitro was not influenced by hypothalamic homogenate, suggesting that no corti-cotrophin was present in this tissue, although evidence supports the existence of an extrahypophyseal corticotrophin. ACTH was shown to act at step(s) in the metabolic pathway preceding progesterone. The significance of these results is discussed and it is concluded that adrenal regulation in cockerels cannot be explained by the traditional concepts associated with mammalian adrenal function.
Ignorance, Involuntariness, and Innocence: A Reply to McTighe

In a most valuable recent article, "Socrates on Desire for the Good and the Involuntariness of Wrongdoing: Gorgias 466a-468e,"' Kevin McTighe challenges a misguided but widely accepted interpretation of the Socratic paradox 'No one does wrong voluntarily'. According to McTighe, this interpretation has the paradox rely on the blatantly counterintuitive notion that what one desires is distinct from what seems good to one (when that is not in fact good). McTighe dubs this notion 'DG'.2 The interpretation, by assuming DG, disallows the possibility of desiring what is not in fact good here, injustice thereby rendering all wrongdoing involuntary. Whereas there can be no doubt that Socrates does conclude from his discussion with Polus that ul&Eva Pouko6REvov &6tXEiV (Gorg. 509e6), McTighe contends convincingly that Socrates' argument with Polus is to be understood ad hominem, as purgative in the sense elaborated in the Sophist,3 and therefore not as expressive of the Socratic position.4 McTighe's own view, which I share, is that the paradox 'No one does wrong voluntarily' does not assume DG. On the contrary, the paradox accepts that people desire what seems good to them and that what seems good to them is sometimes unjust. The task at hand, then, is to interpret the paradox without recourse to DG, i.e., to give content to involuntary wrongdoing that is nevertheless desired wrongdoing. McTighe takes up this task in Section VI of his paper.5 It is with the claims of this section that I wish to take issue, in particular with the claims (a) that 'involuntary' wrongdoing means wrongdoing that is exempt from blame,6 and (b) that Socrates (Plato) in fact regards all wrongdoing as exempt from blame. For McTighe, claims (a) and (b) are linked: the Socratic paradox states that wrongdoers are blameless, Socrates is committed to the paradox, hence Socrates is committed to wrongdoers' blamelessness. By challenging McTighe's interpretation of the paradox, however, I simultaneously challenge the
EVALUATION OF HEATED SOY FLOURS BY MEASUREMENT OF TRYPTIC HYDROLYSIS USING A pH STAT

This is an exploratory account of the feasibility of using a pH stat to measure tryptic hydrolysis of soy flours that had been heated to different extents. Initial rates of hydrolysis could be determined in 1 to 2 min, and by measuring proteolysis rates at several trypsin amounts, useful information about residual trypsin inhibitor and about heat denaturation of the soy protein could be obtained. There were variations in rates due to substrate concentrations and due to instrumental parameters that need to be understood to take full advantage of this method.
Isothermal transformation behavior of near-gamma TiAl alloys

During the last few years near-gamma TiAl alloys have been considered as viable engineering materials for aerospace applications. A substantial amount of research effort has been directed towards the understanding of the microstructure-property relationship of these alloys. Similarly, fundamental studies have been conducted to understand the phase transformation mechanisms of single and two-phase titanium aluminides. The results of these studies have clearly established four types of microstructures: fully-lamellar, massive, equiaxed and duplex (lamellar + equiaxed). The two former types are developed through heating and cooling from the [alpha] phase region. Slow cooling produces the fully-lamellar structure and fast cooling leads to the massive microstructure. The two other types result from heating to and cooling from the ([alpha] + [gamma]) intercritical region. The development of the duplex or equiaxed structure depends on both the reheating temperature and holding time. The fully lamellar microstructure exhibits the best combination of mechanical properties at both room and high temperatures when compared to the other microstructures.