cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed Recognition of Natural Songs by European Starlings.

Abstract Individual vocal recognition behaviors in songbirds provide an excellent framework for the investigation of comparative psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that support the perception and cognition of complex acoustic communication signals. To this end, the complex songs of European starlings have been studied extensively. Yet, several basic parameters of starling individual vocal recognition have not been assessed. Here we investigate the temporal extent of song information acquired by starlings during vocal recognition learning. We trained two groups of starlings using standard operant conditioning techniques to recognize several songs from two conspecific male singers. In the first experiment we tested their ability to maintain accurate recognition when presented with (1) random sequences of 1–12 motifs (stereotyped song components) drawn from the training songs, and (2) 0.1–12-s excerpts of continuous song drawn from the training songs. We found that song recognition improved monotonically as more vocal material is provided. In the second experiment, we systematically substituted continuous, varying length regions of white noise for portions of the training songs and again examined recognition accuracy. Recognition remained above chance levels for all noise substitutions tested (up to 91% of the training stimulus) although all but the smallest substitutions led to some decrement in song recognition. Overall, above chance recognition could be obtained with surprisingly few motifs, short excerpts of song, and in the absence of large portions of the training songs. These results suggest that starlings acquire a representation of song during individual vocal recognition learning that is robust to perturbations and distributed broadly over large portions of these complex acoustic sequences.
Efficient and accurate expansion methods for molecules in local density models

The effects of truncation of the effective Hamiltonian of local density theory through shape approximations to the molecular charge density are examined. A self‐consistent multicenter‐multipolar (SCM) representation of the density is introduced, which allows calculation of the Coulomb and exchange‐correlation potentials to any desired level of precision. The related question of quality of wave function expansion bases required to reproduce spectra and densities with chemical accuracy is explored. The efficiency and accuracy of the SCM approach are verified by applications to O2 and CO; results are given for the metal cluster compound Ru3(CO)12.
We think you agree: The detrimental impact of the false consensus effect on behavior

Two studies were designed to examine the impact of the false consensus effect on behavior (FCE; Ross, Greene, & House, 1977). False consensus is a form of social projection whereby individuals overestimate the degree to which others share their characteristics or beliefs. In a modified test of the theory of reasoned action, Study 1 demonstrated that the FCE independently predicts behavioral intentions regarding important social issues in a sample comprised of 205 college students. Further, results indicated that self-monitoring moderates the extent to which the FCE predicts behavioral intentions (specifically, as hypothesized, the FCE is a stronger predictor of behavior for high self-monitors). Because of the prevalence of the FCE among college students regarding potentially harmful social behaviors, Study 2 was designed to eliminate the FCE by differentially presenting students (N = 280) with alternative viewpoints regarding various issues. Presenting both sides of an argument using video-based stimuli effectively reduced the FCE. Recommendations for interventions that effectively promote beneficial social norms are discussed.
Comparison of optical fiber types for all-raman systems

We experimentally explore several optical fibers for all-Raman systems. We find that while NZ-DSF with small A eff may require slightly smaller pump power, its OSNR disadvantage is approximately 5 dB compared to ultra-low loss fibers.
Silent strokes in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Background The prevalence of asymptomatic strokes detected by brain imaging in a large cohort of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and reduced ejection fraction (EF) is unknown. Methods and Results The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) diagnosed by routine brain imaging in neurologically asymptomatic patients with CHF who were being evaluated for heart transplantation. A comprehensive review of clinical data in a consecutive case series of 168 adult patients being evaluated was conducted. Patients at a high risk of having cerebral infarction (ie, history of transient ischemic attack or stroke, paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation, intracardiac thrombi, and prosthetic valves) were excluded. Brain imaging was performed as part of a routine pre–heart transplant evaluation protocol. The prevalence of silent ischemic strokes was 34%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a 2.3 (95% CI 1.05–5.03) times increased risk of silent strokes if a patient was African American. Traditional risk factors such as age, gender, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were not predictive of CVA in this population. Conclusion Patients with CHF and a left ventricular EF less than 20% being evaluated for heart transplantation have a high prevalence of ischemic CVA. The role of anticoagulation in this high-risk group of patients should be further explored.
Relationship of sexual orientation to substance use, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other factors in a population of homeless adolescents

Abstract Purpose: To explore the relationship of sexual orientation and gender to four sets of factors: (a) family history, (b) incarceration, (c) substance use, and (d) depression and suicide, in a population of homeless adolescents. Methods: A sample of homeless adolescents was recruited in Portland, Oregon and assessed using semi-structured interviews at baseline, three months and six months. A total of 532 youths (216 females and 316 males) provided data on sexual orientation and other variables. Heterosexual ( n = 391) and non-heterosexual youths ( n = 141) were compared on all sets of factors, primarily using logistic regressions. Results: 44.9% of females identified as lesbian or bisexual, while only 13.9% of males identified as gay or bisexual. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and "unsure" (GLBU) youths were less likely to have been in foster care or arrested, but were more likely to have spent time in a locked mental health treatment facility. More than one-third of all participants reported use of injection drugs. GLBU youths were more likely to have recently used amphetamines and to have injected drugs, however, gay-bisexual males were less likely to have recently used marijuana. GLBU status was associated with recent measures of depression and suicidal ideation, but not with lifetime measures. Associations of sexual orientation with several lifetime measures were different than with prospective measures, demonstrating the limitations of using lifetime measures rather than recent or prospective measures. Conclusions: This population of homeless adolescents appears to be higher in its high rate of injection drug use and the large proportion of females who identify as lesbian or bisexual than found in other studies. The high rates of depression and suicidal ideation, especially among GLBU youth, are of great concern.
An existence theorem for the discrete coagulation-fragmentation equations

This paper gives an existence result for the discrete coagulation-fragmentation equations:(If k = 1, the first and last sums are 0.)
Spatial patterns in dense algal blooms

lntricatc and striking patterns are often created in dense algal blooms by the interaction of sinking, floating, or swllmming algae and local physical dynamics. The structure of these patterns can reveal a great deal about the processes underlying the pattern formation. Here I explore three common patterns in dense algal blooms: chaotic mixing, internal wave banding, and sharp fronts. For each of these patterns, I develop a simple model to simulate the qualitative aspects of the patterns. The models are then analyzed to better understand the time and spacedependent processes involved in pattern formation and to suggest ways in which we might better sample such patterns to more accurately quantify the dynamics. One significant result of this analysis is that complicated patterns of ILagrangian tracers need not be driven by similarly complicated patterns of the flow. Among the most striking manifestations of biological oceanographic dynamics are exceptionally dense algal blooms. Such blooms can color the water bright, opaque hues, often forming fantastic patterns with unexpectedly sharp boundaries. These patterns typically arise through the interaction of the organism’s behavior (sinking, floating, or swimming) and the ambient physical flows. Neutrally buoyant particles will not accumulate through physical-biological dynamics (as discussed by Franks 1992a) but may form patches driven by differential growth or grazing. Populations with any ability to move themselves independent of the water, to any degree, have the potential of forming dense accumulations in certain flow regimes. A great deal can be learned about the local physical dynamics and the behavioral and physiological responses of the organisms by examining the structure of dense algal blooms. Certain accumulation patterns are characteristic of particular flows; observation of only the surface expression of such patches may reveal much about the underlying dynamics. Here I present three examples of recurrent patterns in dense algal blooms: chaotic mixing patterns, internal wave banding, and dense stripes forced by ageostrophic fronts (Fig 3 ). For each case, I develop a simple, illustrative model to elucidate the main features of the flow and behavior. While the models reproduce the qualitative aspects of the patterns (i.e. they look similgr), I cannot claim that they have accurately captured the underlying dynamics. In general, insufficient sampling was performed at the time the photographs were taken to definitively identify the dominant physical and biological dynamics. The models are useful vehicles, however, to identity the range of potential patterns and the types
The synthesis and applications of novel aryloxy/oligoethyleneoxy substituted polyphosphazenes as solid polymer electrolytes

Abstract Polyphosphazenes with two different types of side group structures based on aryloxy and oligo-ethyleneoxy units have been synthesized and examined as solid polymer electrolytes. The aryloxy groups improve the mechanical properties, while the oligoethyleneoxy units facilitate lithium ion transport. Two different polymer structures have been studied: co-substituent phenoxy/oligo-ethyleneoxy polyphosphazenes with the general structure [NP(OC 6 H 5 )(OCH 2 CH2) x OCH 3 ) 2 ] n and single-substituent phosphazenes with aryloxy groups that bear oligoethyleneoxy units in the para position of the aromatic rings, having the formula {NP[OC 6 H 4 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) x OCH 3 ] 2 } n . Polymers of both types contain the same 50:50 molar ratio of aryloxy/oligoethyleneoxy groups, but their properties vary significantly. In general, the gum-like co-substituent polymers have lower glass transition temperatures and higher ionic conductivities. The single-substituent polymers are tough materials that form excellent films, but have slightly lower ionic conductivities. Factors that affect the ionic conductivity, including glass transition temperature, etheric oxygen concentration, and steric shielding of the phosphazene backbone are discussed.
Species richness, endemism and abundance patterns: tests of two fractal models in a serpentine grassland

Although scaling relationships that characterize fractal species distributions offer an exciting potential for unification in biogeography, empirical support for fractal theory remains the subject of debate. We synthesize and test multiple predictions of two interrelated fractal models and a null model of random placement using Californian serpentine grassland data describing the spatial location of over 37 000 individually identified plants. The endemics‐area relationship and species-abundance distribution recently derived from a community-level fractal property performed poorly because of an inaccurate assumption of homogeneity among species. In contrast, a species-level fractal model that incorporates species-level differences predicted abundances well, but systematically overestimated endemism and predicted a species‐area relationship that violated the observed power law. These findings indicate that in order to make predictions based on the existence of a power-law species‐area relationship, ecologists need a unifying theory of how the community-level fractal property arises in the presence of species-level distributional differences.
Are Today's Science and Technology Librarians Being Overtasked? An Analysis of Job Responsibilities in Recent Advertisements on the ALA JobLIST Web site

This article presents the results of a study analyzing the position descriptions from science and technology librarians as described by online job advertisements. Fifty-five job ads listed in the American Library Association JobLIST Web site were discovered in 2008 and 2009. Content analysis was used to determine the number of job responsibilities each library position required. The results show the remarkably high amount of multitasking required of science and technology librarians and an increase in the number of job tasks over the past few decades when compared with previous studies.
Mineralogical and isotopic constraints on chondrule formation from shock wave thermal histories

When a shock wave passes through a nebular gas, increasing water enrichment leads to higher temperatures and postshock P tot , but lower cooling rates. A kinetic evaporation model is developed for tracking the chemical and isotopic changes that would occur in a clump of chondrule precursor dust surrounded by nebular gas in a closed system traversed by a nebular shock wave, taking into account effects of non-equilibrium melting and fractional crystallization on the liquid composition and the temperature difference between the gas and the droplet. A range of shock wave temperature–pressure histories computed for systems enriched relative to solar composition by factors of 550 in water, to achieve the redox state of chondrules, and 600 in dust, to retard evaporation, are employed, and redox changes are assumed to occur on the time–scale of heating and cooling in each. Two different system compositions are assumed, with the mean Fe/Si ratios of Types I and II chondrules. Two different textural outcomes are modeled, PO, in which nuclei are preserved and olivine crystallization begins immediately upon reaching saturation, and BO, in which no nuclei are preserved and olivine crystallization begins only after 300–400 K of supersaturation. In all cases, all iron evaporates, regardless of its oxidation state, as well as alkalis and smaller fractions of Mg and Si. In most cases, recondensation occurs on the time-scale of cooling, resulting in droplets whose bulk compositions have small isotopic anomalies in Mg, Si and Fe, comparable to those seen in bulk chondrules. Because fractional crystallization of olivine occurs before recondensation is complete, however, large isotopic variations, especially for iron, would have been recorded both within olivine crystals and between olivine and glass within these objects. Even after diffusive relaxation during crystal growth and cooling, variations in d 25 Mg of several tenths of a & to several & ,i nd 29 Si of 0.1& to several & and in d 56 Fe of several & would be measurable within large grains that grew throughout the olivine crystallization interval in many cases, and olivine-glass differences of Pseveral tenths of a & in d 29 Si, and of several & in d 56 Fe would be preserved. Such internal isotopic heterogeneities have not yet been observed in chondrules, suggesting that the latter did not form in these shock wave thermal histories. Suppression of production of internal isotopic variations requires heating times that are shorter by a factor of 100, combined with dust enrichments P 6 � 10 4 and/or P tot P10 � 2 bar. Together with relatively high fO2 , these
A Health Services Framework of Spiritual Care

Aims To introduce a health services framework of spiritual care that addresses the empirical and applied issues surrounding spirituality and nursing practice. Background Despite over 20 years of study, the concept of spirituality is still under development, which limits application to nursing practice. Methods Three studies using a health services framework are reviewed: (1) a survey study of dying patients and family that describes the providers, types and outcomes of spiritual care; (2) an exploratory study of the process of spiritual care; and (3) a multi-level study of the structure and outcomes of spiritual care in long-term care facilities. Results Spiritual care recipients identify family or friends (41%), clergy (17%) and health care providers (29%) as spiritual care providers. The most frequently reported type of spiritual care was help in coping with illness (87%). Just over half (55%) were satisfied with the care that they received. The processes of spiritual care involved: (1) presence, (2) opening eyes, and; (3) co-creating, which was a mutual and fluid activity between patients, family members and care providers. In long term care facilities, decedents who received spiritual care were perceived as receiving better overall care in the last month of life, when compared with those decedents who did not receive spiritual care. Conclusions A health services framework provides a holistic view of spiritual care, one that is consistent with integrated nursing models. Implications for nursing management By focusing on the structure, process and outcome elements of spiritual care within organisational settings, nursing management can develop feasible approaches to implement, improve and evaluate the delivery of this unique type of care.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects

Diabetes is associated with increased incidence of heart failure even after controlling for coronary artery disease and hypertension. Thus, as diabetic cardiomyopathy has become an increasingly recognized entity among clinicians, a better understanding of its pathophysiology is necessary for early diagnosis and the development of treatment strategies for diabetes-associated cardiovascular dysfunction. We will review recent basic and clinical research into the manifestations and the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The discussion will be focused on the structural, functional and metabolic changes that occur in the myocardium in diabetes and how these changes may contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in affected humans and relevant animal models.
Voice commands for a mobile reading device for the visually impaired

In this paper, we describe the interaction design of a mobile reader for visually impaired users. A prototype of the design was created and tested on eight blind users. The results of this usability test are reported here, and demonstrate that the proposed interaction design is an improvement over currently available interaction mechanisms.
How Galileo dropped the ball and Fermat picked it up

This paper introduces a little-known episode in the history of physics, in which a mathematical proof by Pierre Fermat vindicated Galileo’s characterization of freefall. The first part of the paper reviews the historical context leading up to Fermat’s proof. The second part illustrates how a physical and a mathematical insight enabled Fermat’s result, and that a simple modification would satisfy any of Fermat’s critics. The result is an illustration of how a purely theoretical argument can settle an apparently empirical debate.
Retained caudal catheter in a paediatric patient

Summary We present a case of a retained sheared caudal catheter in which catheter retrieval was elected and performed with an uneventful recovery.
Gender bias and the female brain drain

This article contributes to the emerging literature on gender differences in the causes and consequences of brain drain. Differentiating between gender bias in the access to economic opportunities and gender differentials in economic outcomes, we find that differences in access have a significant impact on the emigration of highly skilled women relative to that of men. However, differentials in outcomes do not have a significant impact. Additionally, the structure of political institutions in the source countries does not have a significant impact on the difference in emigration rates.
Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Burma: Dilemmas of Policy and Practice

In 2004 the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (“Global Fund”) awarded program grants to Burma (Myanmar) totaling US$98.4 million over five years—recognizing the severity of Burma’s HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics, and noting that malaria was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and the leading killer of children under five years old [1]. For those individuals working in health in Burma, these grants were welcome, indeed [2].
Influence of fire on a rare serpentine plant assemblage: a 5-year study of Darlingtonia fens.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Serpentine soils have attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists for decades because of their high number of rare and endemic taxa, though less is known about the ecological factors that govern the diversity and composition of serpentine communities. Theory suggests that vegetation on these low-productivity soils will be relatively resilient to fire, the most common natural disturbance in serpentine systems. METHODS We studied the recovery of vegetation in Darlingtonia fens, a unique habitat dominated by herbaceous perennials, from a major fire that burned ∼202,000 ha in California and Oregon's Klamath Mountains in 2002. We established permanent plots in eight unburned and eight burned fens in 2003 and recorded percent cover of vascular plant species. We re-sampled plots each year through 2007. KEY RESULTS Burned fens had less plant cover than unburned fens for 2 yr after the fire. Average species density was ∼10% lower in burned fens 1 yr after the fire but ∼4-8% higher for the next 4 yr. Burned fens exhibited greater evenness but not until 4 yr after the fire. Differences in community composition were detected between the two fen types, but species ranks were similar, and species neither were added to nor removed from the burned assemblages. CONCLUSIONS Burning of Darlingtonia fens has detectable, albeit modest, effects on serpentine communities. Because fens have little or no canopy cover, fire has little influence on light availability in this system. This relatively small resource change, combined with high soil moisture and well-developed underground organs of fen plants, produces a highly resilient assemblage.
Wave Properties of Electrons

We start our discussion with a thought which might be familiar to the reader: “Waves and particles are merely two forms of the same physical reality.” This statement is true for light as well as for matter. For example, light can be described as having wave properties or, alternately, particle properties. A particle, or quantum of light is called a photon whose energy is $$E = vh = \omega \hbar$$ (2.1) where h is the Planck constant and $$ \hbar \frac{h}{{2\pi }}.$$ (2.2) .
Statistical models for analysis of cytogenetic biomarkers

BACKGROUND: Bleomycin-induced chromosomal breaks (CB) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been shown to be sensitive cytological markers for susceptibility to DNA damage in patients with various types of cancer and in healthy controls. Factors such as age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption could affect the values of some of these biomarkers and should be considered as covariates when analyzing cytogenetic biomarkers because these factors can affect the frequency of CB and SCE. METHODS: We propose a statistical method using negative binomial (NB) distribution to evaluate the numbers of CB and SCE. In order to determine the best model to represent the frequency of CB and SCE, we compared the NB model with the widely used Poisson model and log-transformed normal model by using generalized linear models. To demonstrate the better fit of the NB model, we analyzed three different data sets from studies conducted at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. The first set was a case-control study of lung cancer in a population of African Americans and Mexican Americans (286 cases and 156 controls), the second set consisted of 311 head and neck cancer patients, and the third set consisted of 105 Hodgkin's disease patients. RESULTS: For CB; the estimates of the variability for Hodgkin's disease, head and neck, and lung cancers were 487.24, 502.82, and 520.15, respectively. For SCE, the estimates of the variability for Hodgkin's disease was 9777.01. For CB, the dispersion estimates under the three models (Poisson, NB, and Normal) for Hodgkin's disease, head and neck, and lung cancers were: 12.30, 1.20, 0.85; 8.94, 1.05, 0.22; and 10.10, 1.05, 0.25, respectively. For SCE (Hodgkin's disease only), the dispersion estimates under the three models (Poisson, NB, and Normal) were 30.91, 1.11, 0.10, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the NB model provides a better interpretation and fit for the frequency of CB and SCE in different cancer types. Therefore, we recommend it as a model for the analysis of cytogenetic biomarkers.
Effects of polyglycolic acid on porcine smooth muscle cell growth and differentiation.

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is commonly used as a scaffold for tissue engineering. Recent studies utilized PGA as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering using bovine and porcine smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In engineered vessels, the SMCs displayed high rates of mitosis and dedifferentiation in areas where PGA fragments were present. We hypothesized that PGA breakdown products, sequestered within a SMC vessel at the conclusion of culture, led to increased proliferation and dedifferentiation of vascular SMCs. To test this hypothesis, the current study assessed possible means by which PGA breakdown products could lead to changes in SMC phenotype. SMCs grown in high concentrations of PGA breakdown products showed, by Western blotting, decreased expression of calponin, a marker for SMC differentiation. The same was true for SMCs grown in glycolic acid (GA), which also showed decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for SMC proliferation. In contrast, cells grown in varying amounts of NaCl or HCl showed little change in differentiation. We conclude that, independent of acidity or osmolality, plausible products of PGA degradation appear to induce dedifferentiation of porcine SMCs in vitro. Because of dedifferentiation and decreased mitosis, commercially available PGA may not represent an optimal scaffold for vascular tissue engineering.
Workplace Restructuring to Accommodate Family Life: Foreword

This foreword to the symposium edition of the University of St. Thomas Law Journal's March 2007 conference on "Workplace Restructuring to Accommodate Family Life" summarizes the contributions of the authors and places them in the context of the overall symposium agenda. The symposium explores both some convergences and some tensions among arguments being made by secular feminists and by scholars writing from Catholic and other faith traditions on issues of feminism, family and workplace restructuring. The issue of workplace restructuring is analyzed from the perspectives of diverse disciplines by legal scholars Joan Williams, Susan Stabile, Marie Failinger, Michael Scaperlanda, Kirsten Davis, Michael Selmi, and Kathleen Baker; by philosophers Sr. Prudence Allen and Eva Feder Kittay; by economist Gregory Acs; and by historian and social critic Allan Carlson.
Hole-Burning Spectroscopy as a Probe of Nano-environments and Processes in Biomolecules: A Review

Hole-burning spectroscopy, a high-resolution spectroscopic technique, allows details of heterogeneous nano-environments in biological systems to be obtained from broad absorption bands. Recently, this technique has been applied to proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and substructures of water to probe the electrostatic conditions created by macromolecules and the surrounding solvent. Starting with the factors that obscure the homogeneous linewidth of a chromophore within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption or emission band, we describe properties and processes in biological systems that are reflected in the measured hole spectra. The technique also lends itself to the resolution of perturbation experiments, such as temperature cycling to elucidate energy landscape barriers, applied external electric fields (Stark effect) to measure net internal electric fields, and applied hydrostatic pressure to find the volume compressibility of proteins.
A Comparison of Stream Velocity Meters

Description of US Lake Survey method of making stream flow measurements; comparisons of current velocities simultaneously measured by cup and screw type meters in lower Niagara River; conclusion is reached that two types of meters give identical results.
An Interactionist Approach to Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Combining Discovery and Creation Theory

In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework of opportunity development by using symbolic interactionism theory to integrate concepts of discovery and creation theory. In doing so, we show how ...
Density fluctuation and population composition of mosquitoes in Guangdong Province

Objective To study density fluctuation and population composition of mosquitoes in Guangdong Province,and provide scientific evidence for control strategies.Methods Mosquito density was monitored with lighttrap,mosq-ovitrapes set in the field and Breteau Indes(BI).Results The annual average BI was 12.6.The surveillance with light-trap showed that average density was 10.77 per lamp,and the density peak appeared from May to July.Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was the dominant species,accounting for 89.9 % of all captured mosquitoes.In recent 5 years,the density of Culex decreased year by year,and Aedes albopictus took on rising trend.Conclusion Ae.albopictus and Cx.quinquefasciatus are the dominant species in Guangdong.The control strategies should be based on the occurrence patterns from the monitoring data.
Investigation on Medical Staff's Knowledge About Rabies Prevention and Control in Dog Injury Clinics

Objective To investigate medical staff's knowledge about rabies in dog injured clinics of Chengdu,and to provide basis for standardized knowledge training on the medical staff working in the clinics.Methods Questionnaire investigation was carried out in 21 dog injury clinics of Chengdu.The questionnaire included the basic characteristics of the medical staff and their cognition on rabies.A database was established with Epidata3.02 and analyzed by SPSS15.0.Results Statistically differences(P0.05) were identified on legal practice qualification and training of dogs injury among the medical staff in three different degree clinics;significant difference was found on the basic knowledge of rabies,dog injury treatment and the overall scores between doctor and nurse(P0.05).There were statistical difference in dog injury treatment and the overall score among the three levels(P0.05),district level as the highest.Conclusion The medical staff's knowledge about rabies needs further empowering in Chengdu to elevate the professional competency.
Emergent signs of cancer. Recognizing them early in the office or ER.

PreviewIn all medical situations, it is important to know what you are dealing with. Prompt recognition of the problem is especially crucial in patients who may have undiscovered cancer or a recurrence. The best therapy not only controls the underlying tumor but also arrests complications. Dr Love uses two illustrative case reports to describe frequently seen complications of cancer, their clinical presentations, and methods to confirm the diagnosis.
Bound Layers “Cloak” Nanoparticles in Strongly Interacting Polymer Nanocomposites

Polymer–nanoparticle (NP) interfacial interactions are expected to strongly influence the properties of nanocomposites, but surprisingly, experiments often report small or no changes in the glass transition temperature, Tg. To understand this paradoxical situation, we simulate nanocomposites over a broad range of polymer–NP interaction strengths, e. When e is stronger than the polymer–polymer interaction, a distinct relaxation that is slower than the main α-relaxation emerges, arising from an adsorbed “bound” polymer layer near the NP surface. This bound layer “cloaks” the NPs, so that the dynamics of the matrix polymer are largely unaffected. Consequently, Tg defined from the temperature dependence of the routinely measured thermodynamics or the polymer matrix relaxation is nearly independent of e, in accord with many experiments. Apparently, quasi-thermodynamic measurements do not reliably reflect dynamical changes in the bound layer, which alter the overall composite dynamics. These findings clarify th...
Character, Computers, and Classroom Community: A Technology-Based Approach for Building Classroom Community in Title I Elementary Schools

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of character education delivery modes in creating learning communities in selected Title I elementary schools. School accountability reports provided data to match two Title I schools in Volusia County, Florida. Invited parents, guardians, teachers, and intact groups of students from Grade 4 and Grade 5 completed informed consent forms prior to participation. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) There was no significant difference in the number of inappropriate classroom behaviors of fourth- and fifth-grade students who were instructed in character education using the technology-based delivery mode and of students who received paper-based instruction, (b) there was no significant difference in students' perceptions of classroom community resulting from technology- and paper-based character education instruction, and (c) there was no significant difference in teachers' perceptions of classroom community resulting from technology- and paper-based character education instruction. Technology-based and paper-based delivery modes of the MindOH! character education program were presented to participants, employing the quasi-experimental, counterbalanced design. Teacher and student paper-based surveys, administered three times during the study, measured their perceptions of the relative effectiveness of delivery modes in creating classroom community. Nonparametric chi-square analysis was used to determine the relative effectiveness of character education delivery modes in reducing the number of inappropriate behaviors. Data analysis resulted in the failure to reject the first null hypothesis (Ho1). Analysis of variance was employed to determine the relative effectiveness of the technology- and paper-based delivery modes for student and teacher perceptions of classroom community development. The researcher rejected the second null hypothesis (Ho2), as student perceptions of the relative effectiveness of the paper-based treatment were statistically significant. Analysis of the study data failed to support rejection of the third null hypothesis (Ho3). The data did not support the relative effectiveness of the technology-based treatment. Research studies documenting the use of technology as a means to implement character education are limited. A multiple classroom study of character education implementation using common and equivalent program training with varied modes of delivery, technology- and paper-based, contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the instructional effectiveness and the development of classroom community.
Overcoming inequalities: the Affordable Care Act and cancer treatment.

Despite leaps forward in medical technology that have enabled the timely detection and effective treatment of many cancers, members of marginalized racial and ethnic groups and patients without health insurance often do not receive timely and appropriate care.
Patterns of Care for Elderly Patients With Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose To compare patterns of care for elderly patients aged ≥70 years with locally advanced head and neck cancer versus those of younger patients treated for the same disease. Methods and Materials The medical records of 421 consecutive patients over the age of 50 years treated at a single institution between April 2011 and June 2016 for stage III/IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were reviewed. The primary treatment approach was compared using a t test statistic among 3 age cohorts: 50 to 59 years (118 patients); 60 to 69 years (152 patients); and 70 years and older (151 patients). Logistical regression was used to determine variables that influenced the likelihood of receiving surgery versus nonsurgical treatment, as well as radiation alone versus chemoradiation. Results There was no difference in sex, T stage, N stage, Karnofsky performance status, or the number of chronic comorbid conditions among the 3 age cohorts ( P >.05 for all). A greater proportion of elderly patients aged ≥70 years were treated by radiation alone compared with those aged 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years (44% vs 16% and 24%, P =.01). Increasing age was associated with a greater likelihood of receiving primary nonsurgical versus surgical treatment (odds ratio 1.023, 95% confidence interval 1.004-1.042) and radiation alone compared with chemoradiation (odds ratio 1.054; 95% confidence interval 1.034-1.075). Ten chemotherapy regimens were used concurrently with radiation for patients aged ≥70 years, including carboplatin/paclitaxel (19%), carboplatin/cetuximab (19%), cisplatin (17%), and cetuximab (17%). Conclusions Despite similar performance status and comorbidity burden compared with their younger counterparts, patients aged ≥70 years were more commonly treated with less-aggressive strategies, including radiation alone. The variability of concurrent chemotherapy regimens used further suggests that the standard of care remains to be defined for this population.
SMALL DENSE LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLE NUMBER RELATES TO CORONARY PLAQUE BURDEN INDEPENDENT OF TRADITIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN PSORIASIS

Background: Small dense LDL particle (sdLDL-p) is now recognized as an important predictor of ACS events. CCTA-derived coronary plaque burden is a reliable marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. The systemic inflammatory state in Psoriasis (PSO) is associated with high CVD risk and lipoprotein
Proclaiming principles: the logic of the nonrecognition of the spoils of war

Starting with the Stimson Doctrine in the early 1930s, the international community has adopted, on numerous occasions, a policy of nonrecognition in response to international boundary changes gained through the use of force. Why? This article uses an investigation of the Manchurian Crisis to reconceptualize nonrecognition as a symbolic sanction against a norm violation. Existing accounts often view symbolic sanctions like nonrecognition as either failed attempts at coercion or mere posturing for domestic audiences. Against this view, this article explains how collective symbolic sanctions create or recreate common knowledge of what the rules of international behavior are in the face of a lack of effective rule enforcement. This common knowledge, or intersubjective understanding, shapes future expectations and interpretations. Nonrecognition of the spoils of war is thus a means to reinforce the norm of nonaggression within international society by reestablishing a shared valuation of the rule.
The New Coinage

Weighing the alternatives to strike a proper balance among availability of the metals—acceptability to the public—use in coin-operated devices—compatability with existing coin-producing machines—potential for counterfeiting
Streamline Moderne Design in Consumer Culture and Transportation Infrastructure: Design for the Twentieth Century

Situated in the time between World War I and World War II, the design community sought a new design for a new century, free of the trappings and encumbrances of the past. The impact of this new design idea would be far-reaching and serve as a remarkable milestone in the American experience, ushering in modern contemporary mass-produced consumer culture, and stylistically and philosophically the successor to contemporary design practice. The Art Deco style pioneered in the years following World War I, exhibited at the L’Exposition Internationale des Artes Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes of 1925 (translated to English as the International Exhibition of Modern and Industrial Decorative Arts). Art Deco, while certainly new, but was not entirely free of the ornamental motifs of the past. Additionally, Art Deco prioritized the handcrafted, high-end, and exclusive, providing exceptional design for those who could afford it. Streamline Moderne Design in Consumer Culture and Transportation Infrastructure: Design for the Twentieth Century by William Kowalik is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Maximal Oxygen Intake, Endurance Running Performance, and Body Composition in College Women

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of Cooper's 12-min. endurance run test in 36 college women using max VO2 as the criterion of validity. Max VO2 was measured using the Balke treadmill test (mean = 2.29 L/min; 38.9 ml/kg/min). Percent body fat (mean = 21.8%) and lean body weight (mean = 45.0 kg.) were also determined in 17 women from body density measurements (underwater weighing). A significant correlation of r = .67 was obtained between the endurance run and max VO2 (ml/kg/min), which increased to r = .71 when the correlation was corrected for attenuation from test unreliability in max VO2 (r 11 = .95) and the run (r 22 = .78). One standard error for predicting max VO2 from the run scores was within ± 9% (3.4 ml/kg) and ± 13% (299 ml/min) of predicted values, respectively. Cooper's regression equation to predict max VO2 from the run scores in men underestimated the average max VO2 in women by 18%. Lean body weight correlated r = .49 with the run scores and r = .76 wi...
Physical Interactions between Macromolecules and the Glomerular Filter

Recent studies have focused attention on molecular factors other than steric hindrance that determine the permeability of the glomerular filter to macromolecules (Farquhar, 1978; Brenner et al., 1978; Rennke and Venkatachalam, 1977a; Rennke et al., 1978, Bohrer et al., 1978). Using tracer molecules of appropriate size, charge, and shape, it has been shown that glomerular permeability is markedly dependent on all of these molecular parameters. Thus, molecules of certain size, shape, and charge characteristics are excluded from the glomerular filtrate. The degree of exclusion is determined by physical interactions between molecules and the filtering membrane. Discussion of the basis for different types of filter-molecule interactions (i.e., pertaining to steric phenomena, electrostatic effects and molecular configuration) will form a large part of this review. The dynamics of glomerular blood flow and filtration also govern permeability. These considerations are treated elsewhere in this book.
Substrate and inhibitor recognition by phosphorylase kinase and protein phosphatase-1

The C-terminus of the catalytic y subunit of phosphorylase kinase contains two autoinhibitory calmodidin binding domains, designated PhK13 and PhK5. Peptides of these sequences inhibit trxmcated 7(1-300). Previous data show that the peptide PhKl3, residues 302-326, is a competitive inhibitor with respect to phosphorylase b, with a Ki of 1.8 iM (1). This result suggests that PhK13 could bind to the active site of trxmcated 7(1-300). Variants of PhK13 were prepared to localize the determinants for interaction with the catalytic fragment 7(1-300). A dodecapeptide, PhKl3-l, containing residues 302-312, was foimd to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to phosphorylase b, with a Ki of 6.0 nM. PhKl3 has been proposed to function as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor, with C308 occupying the site that normally accomodates the phosphorylatable serine in phosphorylase b. To test this pseudosubstrate h5T)othesis, a PhK13-l variant changing C308 to serine was synthesized. Kinetic characterization of this peptide reveals it does not serve
Interpretation and Testing in Multivariate Statistical Approaches to Physical Anthropology: The Example of Sexual Dimorphism in the Primates

During consideration of general problems of testing and interpretation of multivariate statistical methods in physical anthropology, the question of bias due to pooling of sex subgroups has been an issue. Though, as expected, recent tests have confirmed the validity of such pooling, they have also revealed unexpected information about structural sexual dimorphism itself. Thus, canonical variate analysis of primate overall bodily proportions shows that sexual differences are most marked in proportions representing breadths. In conjunction with high-dimensional displays, they further demonstrate that a number of different structural sexual dimorphisms exist rather widely in the entire Order. This finding has implications for our understanding of the causal mechanisms of structural sexual dimorphism in living species, for our attempts to assess sexual differences in fossils, and, by extension, for our understanding of change in non-structural sexual dimorphisms in humans.
Phenomenology of Questioning: A Meditation on Interogative Mood

What is questioning? We do not normally ask this question because we are preoccupied with asking about this or about that. In normal questioning, questioning is not directed to itself; it is directed to what is other than itself. That is, we do not normally question questioning. Phenomenology of questioning turns onto this questioning of questioning and seeks to describe its findings. Included in these findings is the characteristic of bringing forth into the open, a characteristic that finds one of its clearest statement in the thinking of Martin Heidegger. Also among the findings, is the manner in which the questioner is drawn into the bringing forth of the questioning. The questioner is brought forth in his or her essential nature as one whose to be is to bringing forth. Moreover, when questioning is directed to other than itself, what it is pertains to what it questions in manner that allows what is questioning to bring forth its essential nature. Lastly, the phenomenology of questioning turns out to be the site for phenomenology of phenomenology. Essentially, the latter is revealed as bringing forth into the open.
La lógica mexicana de Antonio Rubio. Parte II La lógica mexicana de Antonio Rubio en su origen y en la historia

ResumenEn este articulo explico, en dos partes, el lugar de la obra de Antonio Rubio en la historia de la logica. En la primera parte expongo algunas caracteristicas de la Logica mexicana mostrando detalles de su estructura, sus ediciones y su contenido. En la segunda parte propongo una ubicacion de la obra de Rubio en la historia de la logica.Palabras clave: logica, historia de la logica, historia de la filosofia.
Ethical Issues in Mandatory Drug Testing

The idea seems remarkably practical: Since substance abuse can be a matter of life-and-death, not just to those who use drugs, but to all of us, we should identify illegal drug users and weed them out from positions of responsibility. If we find them in the workplace, we should discharge them; if we spot them on the playing fields, we should remove them. An apparently simple and objective form of technology is available for identifying these persons—urine testing. Mandatory urine testing of employees and athletes has increasingly been advocated as a means of identifying those whose drug use represents a significant threat to our society.