cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological signature of Scotian Shelf Water crossovers on Georges Bank during spring 1997

[1] Episodic crossovers of cold low salinity Scotian Shelf Water (SSW) onto the Northeast Peak of Georges Bank are a potentially important mechanism transporting plankton species, including the copepod Calanus finmarchicus and its prey and predators, onto the Bank each spring. We provide the first detailed investigation of horizontal and vertical zooplankton distributions in SSW crossovers compared to other onbank locations from three GLOBEC cruises during spring 1997. SSW crossovers are physically and biologically distinct from other Bank locations. In late spring, chlorophyll concentrations and in vivo fluorescence are elevated and light transmission is reduced in SSW, while during early spring, these parameters are more variable. SSW communities do not contain a unique zooplankton assemblage or indicator species but instead show differences in abundance and life history parameters for various taxa compared to other Bank locations. SSW has high abundances of young C. finmarchicus life history stages, almost no diel vertical migration of zooplankton, low abundances of invertebrate predators, and low fish egg abundance. Population development of C. finmarchicus in SSW lags that in adjacent water. The potential biological impact of SSW crossovers on Georges Bank varies seasonally. In April, density inversions and interleaving of SSW and non-SSW suggest active mixing, resulting in similar community composition of SSW and adjacent non-SSW. SSW crossovers are probably an important source to Georges Bank of young stages of C. finmarchicus in early spring. In May, after stratification strengthens, the greater differentiation between SSW plankton and elsewhere indicates that mixing between communities is more limited.
Managing moderately injured pediatric patients without immediate surgeon presence: 10 years later

Abstract Purpose Beginning in 2003, the pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physician replaced the surgeon as the team leader for all level II trauma resuscitations at a busy pediatric trauma center. The purpose was to review the outcomes 10years after implementing this practice change. Methods Trauma registry data for all level II activations requiring admission were extracted for the 21months (April 1, 2001–December 31, 2002) prior to policy change (period 1, ** n =627) and compared to the admitted patients from the 10 subsequent years (2003–2013; period 2, n =2694). Data included demographics, length of stay (LOS), injury severity score (ISS), readmissions, complications, and mortality. Results Mean ISS scores for admitted patients during period 1 (8.5) were higher than during period 2 (7.8). During period 1, 53.6% of patients underwent abdominal CT versus 41.8% in period 2 ( p p Conclusions We conclude that level II trauma resuscitations can be safely evaluated and managed without immediate surgeon presence. Although ED LOS increased, admission rate and CT scan usage decreased significantly without an increase in missed injuries.
Cultivating Caring Relationships Between Teachers and Secondary Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Implications for Research and Practice

Educating secondary students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) is often an overwhelming task that places high demands on teachers. Existing research on effective social-emotional/behavioral and academic interventions for students with EBD is limited but expanding. Unfortunately, school and life outcomes for these students are dismal compared to other students. Certainly, there is much to learn about achieving positive outcomes for students with EBD. This article examines the potential role that caring teacher—student relationships have in achieving better outcomes for students with EBD within their current educational contexts. A rationale for why developing caring teacher—student relationships is important to improved outcomes for students with EBD is presented based on the current literature on caring teacher—student relationships. Potential barriers are delineated, followed by a summary of practices that serve as starting points for developing caring relationships between teachers and stude...
Repair of Radiation-Induced Damage to the Cell Division Mechanism of Escherichia coli

Abstract Adler, Howard I. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.), William D. Fisher, Alice A. Hardigree, and George E. Stapleton. Repair of radiation-induced damage to the cell division mechanism of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:737–742. 1966.—Microscopic observations of irradiated populations of filamentous Escherichia coli cells indicated that filaments can be induced to divide by a substance donated by neighboring cells. We have made this observation the basis for a quantitative technique in which filaments are incubated in the presence of nongrowing donor cells. The presence of “donor” organisms promotes division and subsequent colony formation in filaments. “Donor” bacteria do not affect nonfilamentous cells. An extract of “donor” cells retains the division-promoting activity. The extract has been partially fractionated, and consists of a heat-stable and a heat-labile component. The heat-stable component is inactive in promoting cell division, but enhances the activity of the heat-labile component. The division-promoting system is discussed as a radiation repair mechanism and as a normal component of the cell division system in E. coli.
Electron beam generated solitary structures in a nonuniform plasma system

Recent observations by the FAST satellite have identified numerous occurrences in the downward auroral current region of fast solitary structures with a characteristic size of a few local Debye lengths. We utilize a 2.5D electrostatic particle-in-cell code to investigate the generation of such structures by the interaction of narrow energetic electron beams with a gravitationally-bound exponential atmosphere. Cold, narrow electron beams are injected from both the high-altitude and low-altitude edges of the simulation domain. Both upward and downward-going beams experience a strong beam-plasma instability yielding net positive potential structures. These structures, seen to be holes in electron phase space, then accelerate or decelerate along the density gradient. For the up-going beams, the potential structures escape from the initial region of intense interaction, after which they propagate surprisingly far. The down-going structures accelerate but become degraded and break up due to the finer scales present in the increased density region. The gradient-dependent acceleration therefore selects upward-going structures as likely to be more robust in the auroral region.
Static network structure can stabilize human cooperation

The evolution of cooperation in network-structured populations has been a major focus of theoretical work in recent years. When players are embedded in fixed networks, cooperators are more likely to interact with, and benefit from, other cooperators. In theory, this clustering can foster cooperation on fixed networks under certain circumstances. Laboratory experiments with humans, however, have thus far found no evidence that fixed network structure actually promotes cooperation. Here, we provide such evidence and help to explain why others failed to find it. First, we show that static networks can lead to a stable high level of cooperation, outperforming well-mixed populations. We then systematically vary the benefit that cooperating provides to one’s neighbors relative to the cost required to cooperate (b/c), as well as the average number of neighbors in the network (k). When b/c > k, we observe high and stable levels of cooperation. Conversely, when b/c ≤ k or players are randomly shuffled, cooperation decays. Our results are consistent with a quantitative evolutionary game theoretic prediction for when cooperation should succeed on networks and, for the first time to our knowledge, provide an experimental demonstration of the power of static network structure for stabilizing human cooperation.
Aromatic Precursors in Trichothecene Synthesis. The Addition of Lithio Ethyl Acetate to a Pyrilium Salt

Abstract Several approaches to the synthesis of the cytotoxic trichothecene1 compounds have been reported recently2,3 including a total synthesis of trichodermin, 1, by Raphael and co-workers.4 The synthetic strategy of these efforts has been based on the serial construction of the three rings beginning with an appropriately substituted cyclohexane ring A. We have been exploring a number of pathways to these biologically interesting compounds5, one of which departs from an A/B aromatic precursor. We wish to report here the use of a benzopyrilium salt for the preparation of a potential trichothecene intermediate.
Vibration energy harvesting to power condition monitoring sensors for industrial and manufacturing equipment

To enable self-sustaining long-lasting wireless condition monitoring sensors, a small mechanical vibration energy harvester using electromagnetic transduction was constructed and used to harvest vibrations from large industrial pump motors and machine tool. The prototype harvester was roughly the size of a cube with 2.5cm long sides. Power ranging from 0.2 to 1.5mW was harvested from 15 to 30kW water pump motors. For a machine tool, metal cutting vibrations and rapid jog events were explored as possible harvestable sources of energy. Power ranging from 0.9 to 1.9mW was harvested during facemilling operations, and it was shown that rapid jog events could be harvested. The power levels harvested from the pump motors and machine tools are sufficient to provide the time-averaged power requirements of commercial wireless sensor nodes, enabling sensor nodes to overcome the finite life of replaceable batteries.
Quantization improvement in MRI using dual quantizers

The quantization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data can cause information loss due to quantizer/data mismatch. The authors address a method for improved quantization as well as techniques for measuring the improvement in such methods. A dual quantizer scheme is described and simulated which is fast and more accurately quantizes MRI data than conventional methods. The approach is to use two quantizers, one for the high-level data and one for the low-level data. This adaptive, dual quantization scheme is simple and provides significant improvements in image quality, especially for three-dimensional (3-D) acquisition. Results are given which show how well the low frequencies are represented and indicate the increased fidelity of the high-frequency components. These results show a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio as well as in detection tasks for both noiseless data and data which include varying amounts of system noise. >
Influence of topography and forest structure on patterns of mixed severity fire in ponderosa pine forests of the South Dakota Black Hills, USA

We examined the influence of topography and stand structure on fire effects within the perimeter of the ~34 000 ha Jasper fire of 2000 in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) forests of the South Dakota Black Hills, USA. We used a remotely sensed and field-verified map of post-fire burn severity (accuracy 69%, kappa statistic 0.54), the Digital Elevation Model, and vegetation databases maintained by the Black Hills National Forest to empirically test relationships at 500 randomly located points in each of three severity classes. Burn severity was defined as the relative degree of post-fire change based on fire effects on soil, forest floor, and vegetation. This fire burned rapidly, yet created a patchy mosaic of effects (25, 48, and 27% low, moderate, and high severity). Stands burned by low and moderate severity fire had fewer trees (stand density index 13 cm diameter at breast height ha–1) and were found on less steep sites (slope 470) with larger trees (average stand diameter >24 cm) or many small trees were more likely to burn with high severity effects. Our results suggest that managers should consider topography and stand structure together when making strategic decisions about which stands to thin or otherwise manage to reduce the severity with which forests will burn in wildfires.
Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: evidence from chloroplast ndhF and trnl-F nucleotide sequences

The Malpighiaceae are a family of ;1250 species of predominantly New World tropical flowering plants. Infrafamilial classification has long been based on fruit characters. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA nucleotide sequences were analyzed to help resolve the phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. A total of 79 species, representing 58 of the 65 currently recognized genera, were studied. The 39 region of the gene ndhF was sequenced for 77 species and the noncoding intergenic spacer region trnL-F was sequenced for 65 species; both sequences were obtained for the outgroup, Humiria (Humiriaceae). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from these data sets are largely congruent with one another and with results from combined analyses. The family is divided into two major clades, recognized here as the subfamilies Byrsonimoideae (New World only) and Malpighioideae (New World and Old World). Niedenzu’s tribes are all polyphyletic, suggesting extensive convergence on similar fruit types; only de Jussieu’s tribe Gaudichaudieae and Anderson’s tribes Acmanthereae and Galphimieae are monophyletic. Fleshy fruits evolved three times in the family and bristly fruits at least three times. Among the wing-fruited vines, which constitute more than half the diversity in the family, genera with dorsal-winged samaras are fairly well resolved, while the resolution of taxa with lateral-winged samaras is poor. The trees suggest a shift from radially symmetrical pollen arrangement to globally symmetrical pollen at the base of one of the clades within the Malpighioideae. The Old World taxa fall into at least six and as many as nine clades.
Repetitive Elements May Comprise Over Two-Thirds of the Human Genome

Transposable elements (TEs) are conventionally identified in eukaryotic genomes by alignment to consensus element sequences. Using this approach, about half of the human genome has been previously identified as TEs and low-complexity repeats. We recently developed a highly sensitive alternative de novo strategy, P-clouds, that instead searches for clusters of high-abundance oligonucleotides that are related in sequence space (oligo “clouds”). We show here that P-clouds predicts >840 Mbp of additional repetitive sequences in the human genome, thus suggesting that 66%–69% of the human genome is repetitive or repeat-derived. To investigate this remarkable difference, we conducted detailed analyses of the ability of both P-clouds and a commonly used conventional approach, RepeatMasker (RM), to detect different sized fragments of the highly abundant human Alu and MIR SINEs. RM can have surprisingly low sensitivity for even moderately long fragments, in contrast to P-clouds, which has good sensitivity down to small fragment sizes (∼25 bp). Although short fragments have a high intrinsic probability of being false positives, we performed a probabilistic annotation that reflects this fact. We further developed “element-specific” P-clouds (ESPs) to identify novel Alu and MIR SINE elements, and using it we identified ∼100 Mb of previously unannotated human elements. ESP estimates of new MIR sequences are in good agreement with RM-based predictions of the amount that RM missed. These results highlight the need for combined, probabilistic genome annotation approaches and suggest that the human genome consists of substantially more repetitive sequence than previously believed.
The effects of a pre-time-out stimulus on matching-to-sample of humans.

In each of two experiments human subjects were intermittently reinforced with money on a fixed-ratio schedule for emitting correct matching responses. A pre-time-out stimulus which signaled removal of positive reinforcement was periodically superimposed. In the first experiment the superimposed pre-time-out stimulus was paired with a 1-min or 4-min response-independent time out. In the second experiment the pre-time-out stimulus was paired with a 1-min or 4-min time out contingent on the incorrect responses. The pre-time-out stimulus did not markedly influence performance when the time out was response independent. In contrast, the pre-time-out stimulus markedly suppressed incorrect responding when the time out was contingent on the incorrect responses. When duration of this time-out was increased from 1-min to 4-min, suppression of incorrect responding increased and correct responding was suppressed. Therefore, behavioral suppression by a pre-time-out stimulus was obtained only when the signaled aversive event—time out—was response produced. In this case, suppression was influenced by time-out duration.
Using Communication Choices as a Boundary-Management Strategy: How Choices of Communication Media Affect the Work–Life Balance of Teleworkers in a Global Virtual Team

This study examines how members of a global virtual team chose communication media while managing multiple boundaries. The study is unique in that it considers the perspectives of U.S. managers who...
Phytochrome-controlled Nyctinasty in Albizzia julibrissin: IV. Auxin Effects on Leaflet Movement and K Flux.

Indole-3-acetic acid, α-naphthylacetic acid, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.001 to 1.0 mm) inhibit the nyctinastic closure of excised Albizzia leaflet pairs; antiauxins and auxin analogs are ineffective, and the auxin effects seem not to be mediated by ethylene. Indoleacetic acid (0.001 to 0.1 mm) also promotes rhythmic opening in the dark, but is ineffective during that phase of rhythmic closure (“leaky phase”) which is insensitive to azide. At these concentrations, all of the indoleacetic acid effects are reversible upon transfer of the tissue to water and are linked to alteration of potassium flux in pulvinule motor cells. A supraoptimal concentration of indoleacetic acid (1 mm) inhibits rhythmic opening as well as nyctinastic closure, although it has little or no effect on potassium flux in motor cells. These inhibitions cannot be completely reversed by transferring the leaflets to water. Although indoleacetic acid (0.01 to 1.0 mm) inhibits leaflet opening and potassium flux in dorsal and ventral motor cells when leaflets are transferred from darkness to light, it has no effect during other portions of the light period, implying that changes in endogenous auxin do not control leaflet angle in the light. Neither does auxin seem to be involved in the phytochrome-regulated process, since it does not alter phytochrome control of leaflet movement or potassium flux. However, endogenous auxin probably plays an important role in controlling potassium flux into ventral motor cells during the opening phase of rhythmic leaflet movement in the dark.
Influence of Enamel Stylus Stiffness on the Sliding-wear Behavior of a Composite Restorative

The wear behavior of a composite restorative in sliding contact with a stylus fashioned from human enamel has been investigated as a function of the effective stiffness of the stylus-restorative contact. The results demonstrate that: (1) the stiffness parameter affects wear surface morphology of both the composite and the enamel; and (2) a decrease in stiffness produces a larger variance in the rate of wear of a composite, but this factor has no significant effect on the average wear-rate for the material and test conditions explored.
Multilevel speech intelligibility for robust speaker recognition

In the real world, natural conversational speech is an amalgam of speech segments, silences and environmental/ background and channel effects. Labeling the different regions of an acoustic signal according to their information levels would greatly benefit all automatic speech processing tasks. In the current work, we propose a novel segmentation approach based on a perception-based measure of speech intelligibility. Unlike segmentation approaches based on various forms of voice-activity detection (VAD), the proposed parsing approach exploits higher-level perceptual information about signal intelligibility levels. This labeling information is integrated into a novel multilevel framework for automatic speaker recognition task. The system processes the input acoustic signal along independent streams reflecting various levels of intelligibility and then fusing the decision scores from the multiple steams according to their intelligibility contribution. Our results show that the proposed system achieves significant improvements over standard baseline and VAD-based approaches, and attains a performance similar to the one obtained with oracle speech segmentation information.
Application of VLSI technology to the Z-J stack algorithm

The Z-J algorithm given by A.J. Viterbi (1967) and K. Zigangirov (1966) is a bit-error correcting algorithm for long constraint length convolutional codes. The feasibility of implementing the algorithm in a single VLSI chip to obtain bit error correction for systems with input data rates approaching on-chip clock rates, which currently range up to hundreds of megabits/s, is described. Simulations of the algorithm under VLSI constraints demonstrate potential error correction performance superior to available maximum likelihood decoders, which operate at shorter constraint length, at noise levels below decoding limits for sequential decoders. Stack dimensions required to achieve the result are on the order of 250*100 bits. >
Genetic Studies of Human Lupus in Families

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multigenic disease in which the contributing genetic systems are being rapidly identified. Most of the currently recognized genes have been discovered from case-control association studies, but, increasingly, family linkage studies are being employed to confirm previous genetic associations, to examine their relative contributions, and to identify new susceptibility loci. Most of the loci identified thus far appear to contribute only modest effects on susceptibility overall but rather influence more strongly disease expression and/or severity. MHC class II alleles, for example, seem to show only weak linkage to SLE itself but instead mediate specific T cell driven pathogenic autoantibodies which produce many of the clinical disease features, similar to their effects in many other autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, complete and partial hereditary deficiencies of early complement components are more lupus-specific. Homozygous complement deficiencies, whil...
Making Physical Activity Accessible to Older Adults With Memory Loss: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: For individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), memory loss may prevent successful engagement in exercise, a key factor in preventing additional disability. The Resources and Activities for Life Long Independence (RALLI) program uses behavioral principles to make exercise more accessible for these individuals. Exercises are broken into small steps, sequenced, and linked with cues to help participants remember them. Memory aids, easy-tofollow instructions, and tracking forms to facilitate adherence and proper technique are provided to enhance exercise training and compensate for memory loss. Design and Methods: Thirty-seven individuals ( M age = 81.9, SD = 5.8, range 70% – 96; 78% women) participated in RALLI pilot groups held in retirement residences. Attendance was excellent, with participants attending 90% of classes. Results: At post-test (12 weeks), 84% of participants had exercised at least once during the prior week, compared with 62% who had exercised at least once during the week prior to baseline ( p < .001), mean exercise time increased by 156 min per week ( p < .0001), and SF-36 physical components scale signifi cantly improved ( p < .002). After 6 months, 76% of participants continued exercising ( p < .003) and mean exercise time remained signifi cantly improved ( p < .0001). Implications: Persons with MCI can signifi cantly benefi t from an exercise program specifi cally designed to address their cognitive needs. Participants ’ ratings indicate improvement in perceived physical health and emotional well-being as a result of the intervention. Thus, RALLI is a promising intervention to promote exercise in individuals with MCI.
Consultation with the Specialist: Respiratory Failure

1. Dennis C. Stokes, MD* 1. 2. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Clinical Director, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. Dr. Stokes is an Advisory Board Consultant for the Genentech, Inc-sponsored Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis. Respiratory failure represents the failure of compensatory mechanisms that attempt to preserve gas exchange in the face of lung disease, chest wall disease, or respiratory muscle weakness. Respiratory failure is not strictly defined by a specific set of blood gas values, but usually represents the final stage of these compensatory mechanisms that presents as increasing respiratory distress. Respiratory failure may occur primarily because of inability to provide either adequate oxygenation, as in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia, or because of the inability to ventilate adequately, as in neuromuscular weakness or upper airway obstruction. The adequacy of ventilation is determined by minute ventilation, which is a product of tidal volume and respiratory rate. Reduction in either tidal volume (eg, chest wall disease) or respiratory rate (eg, central nervous system disease) can lead to respiratory failure. In addition, overall ventilation is reduced by the ventilation of poorly perfused lung units (“deadspace” ventilation) seen in diffuse lung disease. In most situations of severe hypoxemia, the predominant mechanism of hypoxemia is mismatching between ventilation and perfusion, resulting in severe intrapulmonary shunting. Infants and young children are particularly prone to respiratory failure because of smaller airways, mechanical instability of the chest wall, and rapid fatigue of respiratory muscles and diaphragm. A child who is in respiratory distress but has good air movement, color, and tone is “compensated” and usually can be watched carefully while supplemental oxygen is begun and attention is turned to assessment and diagnostic studies. The overall goal is to preserve gas exchange and prevent sudden and catastrophic development of cardio-pulmonary arrest while treating the underlying condition. Three cases illustrate the spectrum of respiratory failure. The first is a 6-month-old who has croup and presented with acute respiratory symptoms and dramatic inspiratory stridor. Despite loud stridor, he was feeding well and …
Response of gait deficits to neuromuscular electrical stimulation for stroke survivors

Persistent gait deficits after stroke can cause falls, elevated energy cost and poor endurance. Coordination impairment is an underlying cause of gait deficits. Few efficacious interventions have been described that have targeted and measured restoration of coordinated gait components. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation can provide the critical gait practice characteristic of close-to-normal movements, by electrically inducing muscle contractions and coordinated movements that are not possible under volitional effort. Two-channel, surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation can be synchronized with phases of gait and can provide faster, more symmetrical neuromuscular electrical stimulation-assisted gait than gait with no neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Difficulties encountered during the use of surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation for gait training led to the development of neuromuscular electrical stimulation with implanted technologies. Implanted electrodes and/or stimulators proved to be feasible for gait training in stroke survivors. Gait training with a multichannel neuromuscular electrical stimulation system with implanted electrodes proved more advantageous than gait training without neuromuscular electrical stimulation, according to measures of volitional coordinated gait components (neuromuscular electrical stimulation deactivated).
Relative nutritional efficacy of arginine and ornithine salts of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid in traumatized rats.

ABSTRACF The relative dietary efficacy of arginine a-ketoisocaproate (AKIC) and ornithine a-ketoisocaproate (OKIC) is evaluated in a rat (Sprague-Dawley) trauma (bilateral femur fracture) model. Both control and traumatized rats were starved for 2 d and then pair-fed for 2 or 4 d one of three liquid diets: diet 1 was a basic easein diet: diets 2 and 3 were the basic diet in which 10% of nitrogen was replaced by AKIC or OKIC nitrogen, respectively. Irrespective ofthe diet, the protein-efficiency ratio, defined as the gain in body weight per grams nitrogen consumed, was 27% less in traumatized rats than in control rats. More improvement in apparent nitrogen balance, particularly in traumatized rats, was seen with the AKIC supplement. Plasma amino acid patterns demonstrated stimulation of net protein synthesis with AKIC and not with OKIC. Dietary supplementation with AKIC may be beneficial to promote nitrogen economy in trauma victims. Am J Clin Nuir 1993;57:889-96.
Consistent occupational preferences and personality

Abstract This study explored the differences on personality variables between upperclass students who made congruent and incongruent occupational choices. The personality variables were operationally defined by the California Psychological Inventory and the Omnibus Personality Inventory. Congruent and incongruent current occupational choice groups were defined operationally using the Self Directed Search. The analysis of variance revealed the main effect of groups to be significant for nine personality variables. The test for the main effect of sex was found to be significant for seven personality variables. The test for interaction was found to be significant for three personality variables. Findings suggest that students in the congruent male group tend to report better maintenance of personal and vocational stability and greater satisfaction than students in the incongruent male and female groups.
DFR-EDF: A Unified Energy Management Framework for Real-Time Systems

Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) and Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques form the basis of numerous energy management schemes proposed for real-time embedded systems. DVS targets reducing the dynamic CPU energy consumption, while DPM attempts to reduce theenergy consumption of idle devices by putting them to low-power states over sufficiently long intervals. It is imperative that the system-wide energy management schemes efficiently integrate DVS and DPM while exploiting the subtle trade-off dimensions. In this paper, we develop and propose a unified framework for periodic real-time tasks where DVS and DPM are judiciously combined. The framework, called DFR-EDF, assumes a general system-level energy model and includes both static and dynamic(online) components. The static part is based on the extension of the recently proposed Device Forbidden Regions (DFRs) approach to Earliest-Deadline-First (EDF) scheduling. The online component integrates the predictive DPM techniques and offers a generalized slack reclaiming mechanism that can be used by DVS and DPMsimultaneously. Our experimental evaluation indicates significant gains of DFR-EDF at the system-level compared to the state-of-the-art solutions. Finally, this research effort makes another contribution by formally showing that optimally solving the DPM problem in periodic real-time execution settings is NP-Hard in the strong sense, even in the absence of DVS.
Effect of Positive End‐Expiratory Pressure on Oxygen Delivery During 1‐Lung Ventilation for Thoracoscopy in Normal Dogs

Objective— To evaluate the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on oxygen delivery (DO2) with 1-lung ventilation during thoracoscopy in normal anesthetized dogs. Study Design— Prospective, controlled experimental study. Animals— Eight, adult, intact Walker Hound dogs weighing 25.6–29.2 kg. Methods— Anesthetized dogs had 1-lung ventilation during an open-chest condition. A Swan–Ganz catheter was used to measure pulmonary hemodynamic variables and to obtain mixed venous blood samples for blood gas analysis. A dorsal pedal catheter was used for measurement of systemic arterial pressure and to obtain arterial blood samples for blood gas analysis. Oxygen delivery was calculated and used to assess the effect of 0, 2.5, and 5 cm H2O PEEP during 1-lung ventilation on cardiopulmonary function. Each dog was its own control at 0 cm H2O PEEP. A randomized block ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of the treatment on hemodynamic and pulmonary variables. Results— Use of 5 cm H2O PEEP induced a significant augmentation in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), physiologic dead space (VD/VT), and the alveolar–arterial oxygen difference (PA−aO2) decreased significantly after 5 cm H2O PEEP, compared with 1-lung ventilation without PEEP. Use of 2.5 cm H2O PEEP had no significant effect on cardiopulmonary variables. Use of PEEP had no significant effect on arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), DO2, and hemodynamic variables in normal dogs. Conclusions— PEEP had no effect on DO2 in normal dogs undergoing open-chest 1-lung ventilation because it had no adverse effect on hemodynamic variables. Clinical Relevance— PEEP in normal dogs during open-chest 1-lung ventilation for thoracoscopy is not detrimental to cardiac output and can be recommended in clinical patients.
Historical Perspective and Review of Fundamental Principles in Modeling Three-Dimensional Periodic Structures with Emphasis on Volumetric EBGs

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Theoretical and Numerical Methods Comparison of Different Numerical Techniques Conclusions Acknowledgments References
Another Look at the PART-O Using the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database: Scoring to Optimize Psychometrics

Abstract Objective To integrate previous approaches to scoring the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O) in a unidimensional scale. Design Retrospective analysis of PART-O data from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. Setting Community. Participants Data from individuals (N=469) selected randomly from participants who completed 1-year follow-up in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems were used in Rasch model development. The model was subsequently tested on data from additional random samples of similar size at 1-, 2-, 5-, 10-, and >15-year follow-ups. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure PART-O. Results After combining items for productivity and social interaction, the initial analysis at 1-year follow-up indicated relatively good fit to the Rasch model (person reliability=.80) but also suggested item misfit and that the 0-to-5 scale used for most items did not consistently show clear separation between rating levels. Reducing item rating scales to 3 levels (except combined and dichotomous items) resolved these issues and demonstrated good item level discrimination, fit, and person reliability (.81), with no evidence of multidimensionality. These results replicated in analyses at each additional follow-up period. Conclusions Modifications to item scoring for the PART-O resulted in a unidimensional parametric equivalent measure that addresses previous concerns about competing item relations, and it fit the Rasch model consistently across follow-up periods. The person-item map shows a progression toward greater community participation from solitary and dyadic activities, such as leaving the house and having a friend through social and productivity activities, to group activities with others who share interests or beliefs.
Motion: Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis should undergo early liver transplantation: Arguments against the motion

Liver transplantation is an accepted form of treatment for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and can provide long term survival. Cholangiocarcinoma occurs in 10% to 20% of patients with PSC, is difficult to diagnose and has a poor prognosis. It has been proposed that liver transplantation be undertaken early in the course of the PSC, before cancer develops. Such a proposal would have significant implications for the method of assigning priority to patients awaiting liver transplantation. Other patients on the waiting list would experience further delays, while there is no proven benefit for PSC patients. Few patients with this disease are removed from the waiting list because they developed cancer. If one were to state that PSC patients warrant special consideration because of the hypothetical risk of cholangiocarcinoma, the same argument could be applied to patients with hepatitis C and other causes of cirrhosis, who are at increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The transplant allocation system is applied in an equitable fashion to patients with a large variety of liver diseases. Alteration of this system to benefit a small number of patients with PSC would violate the principles on which it was created, and cannot be justified.
The phosphorylation of Ser221 in VP2 of mink enteritis virus and its roles in virus amplification

Recent reports have indicated that phosphorylation of capsid proteins plays an important role in virion assemblage. Autonomous parvoviruses are among the smallest known viruses with an ssDNA genome enclosed within an icosahedral capsid. Here, we demonstrate that a structural protein (VP2) of one member, mink enteritis virus (MEV), is phosphorylated at serine-221 (Ser221) in vivo. Mutant viruses containing an S221A non-phosphorylatable alanine substitution, or an S221E glutamic acid substitution to mimic serine phosphorylation, were able to express VP2 but had either limited ability or were unable to propagate in feline F81 cells. We propose a new mechanism whereby VP2 phosphorylation plays an essential role in amplification during MEV infection.
Periodic and nonperiodic stacking in biotite from the Bingham Canyon porphyry copper deposit, Utah

Fine-grained biotite crystals within primary actinolite from a quartz monzonite body of the Bingham Canyon porphyry copper deposit, Utah, consist of 1M, 5M 1 , and 1M d polytype structures. HRTEM images directly show the stacking sequences of ordered biotite polytypes, stacking faults in ordered polytypes, and stacking sequences in disordered polytypes, if the stacking vectors for the 2:1 layers involve only 0° and ±120° rotations. The most common type of stacking fault in the 1M biotite is a layer with -120° rotation, followed by a layer with +120° rotation, which corresponds to one unit cell of the 2M, polytype inserted in the 1M structure. Disordered (or semi-random) biotite is composed primarily of thin domains of the 1M and 2M, polytypes, with stacking faults. The structure of a new 5-layer (5M 1 ) polytype has been determined from SAED and HRTEM results. The stacking sequence of the polytype is [02022]. A model of structural oscillation among 1M, 2M 1 , and 3T structural states is proposed to interpret nonperiodic stacking sequences in biotite crystals formed during non-equilibrium crystallization. The model also provides qualitative insights into the structure of complex long-period polytypes and may help to explain intergrowths of ordered and disordered polytypes that form during crystallization far from the equilibrium state.
Protection from apoptotic cell death during cold storage followed by rewarming in 13-lined ground squirrel tubular cells: The role of prosurvival factors X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and phosphoakt

Background Hibernators, such as the 13-lined ground squirrel, endure severe hypothermia during torpor followed by periodic rewarming (REW) during interbout arousal (IBA), proapoptotic conditions that are lethal to nonhibernating mammals. We have previously shown that 13-lined ground squirrel tubular cells are protected from apoptotic cell death during IBA. To understand the mechanism of protection, we developed an in vitro model of prolonged cold storage (CS) followed by REW, which is akin to the in vivo changes of hypothermia followed by REW observed during IBA. We hypothesized that renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) isolated from hibernating ground squirrels would be protected against apoptosis during CS/REW versus nonhibernating mouse RTECs. Methods Isolated hibernating ground squirrel and mouse RTECs were subjected to CS at 4°C for 24 hours followed by REW to 37°C for 24 hours (CS/REW). Results Ground squirrel RTECs had significantly less apoptosis compared to mouse RTECs when subjected to CS/REW. Next, we hypothesized that the mechanism of protection was related to the antiapoptotic proteins X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), phospho-Akt (pAkt), and phospho-BAD. There was a significantly increased pAkt and pBAD expression in ground squirrel versus mouse RTECs subjected to CS/REW. The XIAP expression was maintained in ground squirrel RTECs but was significantly decreased in mouse RTECs after CS/REW. Ground squirrel RTECs in which gene expression of Akt1 and XIAP was silenced lost their protection and demonstrated increased apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 expression after CS/REW. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ground squirrel RTECs are protected against apoptosis during prolonged CS/REW by the "prosurvival" factors XIAP and pAkt.
Effects of shading during late growth stage on different rice types

To study the effects of shading on different rice types, 13 medium indica maintainer lines, 4 conventional medium indica and 3 japonica varieties were used in this experiment. The effects of shading on various rice types' SPAD,per plant of effective panicles, 1000-grain weight, filled grains and economic yield at late growth stage were studied with artificial shading. The shading rate was about 45%. Results showed that the shading treatment significantly affected the maintainer lines' duration from seeding to heading, 1000-grain weight, SPAD of 5 d, per plant of effective panicles, filled grains and economic yield. Both of the two types of conventional varieties, only the effective panicles per plant of conventional indica varieties was significantly affected by shading, other effects were not significant. This indicated that the medium indica maintainer lines have poorer shading tolerance compared with conventional medium indica and japonica varieties. But the mechanism needs further study.
Analysis of APRT Mutations by Reverse-Transcription PCR

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) is an enzyme of purine metabolism and its deficiency can lead to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis (1). The APRT gene is small (genomic region 2.6 kb, coding region 0.54 kb), contains five exons, and is located at 16q24. By sequence analysis of PCR-amplified genomic DNA, we have identified 18 different mutations in patients with APRT deficiency (2). Nine of these mutations, including two nonsense mutations, are located in exon 3. Several of the APRT mutations, including the TGG-to-TGA nonsense mutation at trp98 in both alleles from patient ASA1 (3), have now been analyzed by reverse-transcription (RT-PCR). The results are presented here. RNA from the second patient with a nonsense mutation in both alleles in exon 3 (CGA-to-TGA, arg87) (4) was not available for analysis.
Age-dependent sensitivity to unprotected cardiac ischemia: the senescent myocardium.

Six young, sexually mature sheep and seven senescent sheep (aged 0.75 ± 0.11 years and 7.1 ± 0.45 years) were instrumented with sonomicrometric crystals and micromanometers to assess global left ventricular mechanics while preload was varied during right heart bypass both before and 30 minutes after 15 minutes of global normothermic ischemia. Left ventricular weight and end-diastolic volume were not significantly different between age groups when indexed to body weight Contractility was quantitated by the slope of the linear preload-recruitable stroke work relationship and diastolic mechanics by an exponential end-diastolic pressure versus volume function generated over physiologic cardiac workloads. Postischemic systolic functional recovery was markedly worse in the older group (22.7 % ± 10.7% versus 54.2% ± 9.5%, old versus young, p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;103:60—5)
Dual plasma modes operation of hollow cathode electrode system for remote plasma removals for semiconductor manufacturing

A remote plasma source for selective removal process in semiconductor device fabrication has been investigated. Plasma has been generated between the cone-shaped electrode powered by commercial electronic ballast and the grounded plane electrode with noble gases of argon, helium or a mixture gas of He+NF3+NH3 for the pressure range from 1 Torr to 30 Torr. Sinusoidal voltage waveform and asymmetry electrode configuration alternate the glow discharge and the hollow cathode discharge modes in a cycle — two different discharge modes in a cycle. It is noted that the operating pressure windows of the hollow cathode discharge mode was wider than the glow discharge mode. The glow discharge started to extinguish at relatively higher pressure while the hollow cathode discharge mode kept growing. These results show that the stable operation window of the system could be limited by the glow discharge mode rather than the hollow cathode discharge mode and could be improved by optimizing the applied voltage waveform and electrode configuration.
Modulation of miRNA-155 alters manganese nanoparticle-induced inflammatory response

Regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), is increasingly being examined in a variety of disciplines. Here we evaluated changes in miRNA expression following metallic nanoparticle (NP) exposure in a mouse neuronal co-culture model. Exposure to manganese (Mn) NPs resulted in oxidative stress, inflammation, and toxicity. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) following an 8 h exposure to Mn NPs (low and high doses) revealed several miRNA candidates that modulate NP induced responses. The lead candidate identified was miR-155, which showed a dose dependent decrease in expression upon Mn exposure. Introduction of a miR-155 mimic into the co-culture to restore miR-155 expression completely abrogated the Mn NP-induced gene and protein expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6. Taken together, this study is the first report where global NP-induced miRNA expression changes were used to identify and then modulate negative impacts of metallic NP exposure in a neuronal model. These findings demonstrate that unique miRNA expression profiles provide novel targets for manipulating gene and protein expression, and therefore provide the potential of modifying cellular responses to NP exposure.
Turning in or tuning out? Listening to silences in education for critical political consciousness

AbstractWhat happens when a team of university education researchers initiates a social justice learning project in a local high school, and – despite the overall project’s considerable successes in cultivating students’ critical political ‘voice’ – is confounded by the periodic, apparent ‘silences’ of some of its young female students? Drawing on eight years of fieldwork in a groundbreaking high school social justice education classroom, this article examines the presumptions inherent in certain forms of social justice pedagogy, and the ways in which ensuing classroom disjunctures may, in fact, lead to deeper insights about education for youth critical social consciousness. The article focuses on two, interrelated issues: the unsettling and sometimes confounding ‘silences’ of female students and the correlation between such silences and social justice educators’ attenuated ability to recognize and support the myriad ways in which minority female students may encounter, negotiate, and articulate their own...