cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antitrust in the Next 100 Years

Dateline: Washington, D.C., June 15, 2086 The Supreme Court today had its first opportunity to review a case based on new section 7 of the Clayton Act. The statute, amended ten years ago, provides that "No person engaged in commerce . . . shall fail to acquire the whole or any part of the stock or assets of any other person engaged in commerce . .. when the effect of such acquisition ... may be to enhance efficiency." In United States v. Brown Shoe, the Bureau of Economics of the Department of Justice sued Brown Shoe for failing to acquire Kinney despite convincing evidence that the acquisition would assist allocative efficiency and help sell sneakers in Italy. In reaching its decision against Brown Shoe, the Court rejected three defense arguments: (1) Brown Shoe claimed that the effect on competition would be negligible because the relevant product market, properly viewed, consisted of shoes, sneakers, skate boards, and bottled water. The Court agreed that the effects would be slight, but noted that it hoped the deal would trigger a wave of mergers leading to efficiencies. (2) Brown Shoe argued that if the merger had been such a good idea, they would have been driven to it by market forces. "Market failure," the Court replied, noting that "some business people have a perverse love of smallness that Congress believes should be nipped in the bud."
Mechanotransduction via TRPV4 regulates inflammation and differentiation in fetal mouse distal lung epithelial cells

Mechanical ventilation plays a central role in the injury of premature lungs. However, the mechanisms by which mechanical signals trigger an inflammatory cascade to promote lung injury are not well-characterized. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a calcium-permeable mechanoreceptor channel has been shown to be a major determinant of ventilator-induced acute lung injury in adult models. However, the role of these channels as modulators of inflammation in immature lungs is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TRPV4 channels are important mechanotransducers in fetal lung injury. Expression of TRPV4 in the mouse fetal lung was investigated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and qRT-PCR. Isolated fetal epithelial cells were exposed to mechanical stimulation using the Flexcell Strain Unit and inflammation and differentiation were analyzed by ELISA and SP-C mRNA, respectively. TRPV4 is developmentally regulated in the fetal mouse lung; it is expressed in the lung epithelium and increases with advanced gestation. In contrast, in isolated epithelial cells, TRPV4 expression is maximal at E17-E18 of gestation. Mechanical stretch increases TRPV4 in isolated fetal epithelial cells only during the canalicular stage of lung development. Using the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A, the antagonist HC-067047, and the cytokine IL-6 as a marker of inflammation, we observed that TRPV4 regulates release of IL-6 via p38 and ERK pathways. Interestingly, stretch-induced differentiation of fetal epithelial cells was also modulated by TRPV4. These studies demonstrate that TRPV4 may play an important role in the transduction of mechanical signals in the fetal lung epithelium by modulating not only inflammation but also the differentiation of fetal epithelial cells.
Relative Sizes of Information Technology Investments and Productive Efficiency: Their Linkage and Empirical Evidence

The contribution of information technology (IT) to organizational performance has been investigated extensively in recent IS research. A number of economic and financial measures have been employed by researchers to gauge the impact of IT
Mercury mobilization and episodic stream acidification during snowmelt: Role of hydrologic flow paths, source areas, and supply of dissolved organic carbon

[1] We quantified hydrologic source areas and flow paths, acid-base and aluminum chemistry, dissolved organic carbon dynamics, and mercury mobilization during snowmelt at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA. Here we show (1) episodic acidification during snowmelt at the HBEF is controlled by multiple mechanisms (base cation dilution, nitrate and aluminum acidity, and natural organic acids) and persists despite long-term decreases in acidic deposition; (2) episodic acidification continues to result in mobilization of inorganic monomeric aluminum to concentrations toxic to fish; (3) DOC mobilized from shallow organic soils during snowmelt results in the mobilization of mercury from these same sources; (4) methyl mercury may be produced in the forest floor over winter and flushed from soils during snowmelt; (5) the amount of mercury released during snowmelt likely represents a large portion of annual mercury export; and (6) hydrologic source areas and flow paths, as well as DOC dynamics, strongly influence episodic acidification and the mobilization of mercury, even in a watershed with low stream water DOC concentrations and export.
The Theory of Cyclic Codes and a Generalization to Additive Codes

We present a new approach to the theory of cyclic and constacyclic codes and generalize the theory to cover the family of additive (not necessarily linear) cyclic codes. The approach is based on the action of the Galois group (cyclotomic cosets). The conventional representation of cyclic codes as ideals in a factor ring of the polynomial ring is not needed.
Locally aggressive and multifocal phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors: two unusual cases of tumor-induced osteomalacia

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) has long been recognized as a clinical paraneoplastic syndrome. The identification of a unique histopathologic entity, the phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT), as a distinct etiology for TIO has been a more recent discovery. The majority of published cases describe a solitary, non-aggressive appearing soft tissue or osseous lesions in patients with osteomalacia; aggressive appearing or multifocal lesions appear to be exceedingly rare. These tumors characteristically secrete fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Elevated serum levels of FGF23 result in phosphate wasting and osteomalacia. In the majority of cases, laboratory abnormalities and clinical signs and symptoms of osteomalacia precede identification of the causative lesion by years. Following diagnosis, complete resection with wide margins to prevent local recurrence is most often curative. Imaging characteristics of PMT are diverse and remain incompletely defined, as the majority of previous publications are outside of the radiologic literature. We present multiple imaging modalities in two cases of patients with debilitating osteomalacia and unusual appearing PMTs: one with a locally aggressive lesion leading to pathologic fracture, the second presenting with exceedingly rare multifocal PMT.
The newborn drug development initiative.

The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA; Pub L 107-109) was enacted in January 2002 and will sunset in October 2007. The BPCA established processes for studying off-patent and on-patent drugs that are used in pediatric population. Although some drugs have been successfully developed for the neonate (eg, surfactant, nitric oxide), drug development for the youngest, least mature, and most vulnerable pediatric patients is generally lacking. Most drugs are empirically administered to newborns once efficacy has been demonstrated in adults and usefulness is suspected or demonstrated in the older pediatric population. Unfortunately, this process undermines the ability to perform the appropriate studies necessary to demonstrate a drug9s short- and long-term safety and efficacy and establish appropriate dosing in neonates. The Newborn Drug Development Initiative Workshop I (held March 29–30, 2004) specifically addressed scientific, clinical, and ethical concerns in the development of trials of pediatric therapeutic agents for neonates. Implementation of the BPCA for all pediatric populations will foster collaboration among federal agencies and academic institutions on scientific investigation, clinical-study design, and consideration of the weight of evidence and address ethical issues related to the performance of drug studies.
Gene Duplication: Evolution

Gene duplication is the major source of genetic novelties, because a duplicate copy may be free to change to a new function. Indeed, genome sequencing and statistical analyses have revealed that each eukaryotic genome contain numerous duplicate genes. Furthermore, there is evidence that a genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of vertebrates and this might has been important for the diversification and organismal complexity of vertebrates. Keywords: duplicate genes; regional duplication; genome duplication; gene family; superfamily; isozymes; new function
Ex vivo expansion of CD3+ cells from cord blood for use as donor lymphocyte infusions

Abstract Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) have been shown to induce remission in patients with hematological malignancies who have relapsed after allogeneic marrow transplantation. The success of this therapy appears to be dependent upon T cell dose as well as underlying malignancy. In patients receiving cord blood (CB) as a source of hematopoietic cells to support high dose chemotherapy, there is no source of DLI available should the patient relapse. We are presently using ex vivo expanded CB for transplant in cancer patients. This involves CD34+ selection of 40% of the CB product resulting in a CD34− fraction that could be used as a source of donor T cells. The purpose of this study was to define culture conditions for the expansion of CD3+ cells from the CD34− fraction. We compared two different methods of T cell expansion: 1) adherent layer of both stimulating antibody (CD3i) and co-stimulating antibody (CD28i) in Aim-V media supplemented with IL-2 and SCF, and 2) T cell conditioned media (TCM) prepared from CB and Aim-V media. After 7 days in culture, a 10 fold expansion of CD3+ cells was achieved with the CD3i/CD28i method. The majority of these CD3+ cells expressed CD4+ (93.6%) with a small subset of CD3+ cells expressing CD8+ (3.7%). In TCM, there was a 20 fold expansion of CD3+ cells after 13 days in culture. Phenotypic analysis revealed that 93% of these CD+ cells express CD4+ while 8% expressed CD8+. Since our aim is to mimic the peripheral blood products given to patients as DLI, a ratio of CD4:CD8 cells (2:1) and a cell number of at least 1 × 10 6 CD3+ cells/kg body weight is an ideal goal for clinical application. These results demonstrate that the CD34− fraction of CB can be used as a source of T cells. We also show that TCM provides a greater number of T cells from CD34− fraction of CB compared to CD3i/CD28i stimulation.
PATTERNS IN PHYLOGENETIC TREE BALANCE WITH VARIABLE AND EVOLVING SPECIATION RATES.

Aspects of phylogenetic tree shape, and in particular tree balance, provide clues to the workings of the macroevolutionary process. I use a simulation approach to explore patterns in tree balance for several models of the evolutionary process under which speciation rates vary through the history of diversifying clades. I demonstrate that when speciation rates depend on an evolving trait of individuals, and are therefore "heritable" along evolutionary lineages, the resulting phylogenies become imbalanced. However, imbalance also results from some (but not all) models of "nonheritable" speciation rate variation. The degree of imbalance increases with the magnitude of speciation rate variation, and then for gradual evolution (but not punctuated equilibria) reaches an asymptote short of the theoretical maximum. Very high levels of rate variation are required to produce imbalance matching that found in real data (estimated phylogenies from the systematic literature). I discuss implications of the simulation results for our under- standing of macroevolution.
Duration of mineralization and fluid-flow history of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district

Studies of fluid inclusions in sphalerite and biomarkers from the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc district show homogenization temperatures to be primarily between 90 and 150 ° C, yet show relatively low levels of thermal maturity. We use numerical calculations to simulate fluid and heat flow through fracture-controlled ore zones and heat transfer to the adjacent rocks. Combining a best-fit path through fluid-inclusion data with measured thermal alteration of biomarkers, we calculated the time interval during which mineralizing fluids circulated through the Upper Mississippi Valley district to be on the order of 200 ka. Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers underlying the district, principally the St. Peter and Mt. Simon Sandstones, were the source of the mineralizing fluid. The duration of mineralization thus reflects the fluid-flow history of these regional aquifers.
Technical considerations to maintain a low frequency of postoperative biliary stent‐associated infections

In patients with malignant biliary obstruction, preoperative biliary tract manipulation and stent drainage has been associated with increased infectious complications and mortality. Between October 1996 and September 2000, 36 patients underwent bilioenteric anastomosis by a single surgeon. Diagnoses included pancreatic and other periampullary cancers (67%), benign obstruction (14%), hilar cholangiocarcinoma (8%), and other malignancies (11%). Preoperative bile duct manipulation had been done in 72%, and a biliary stent had been placed in 58%. Two-thirds of patients underwent major resection and the remainder were treated with internal biliary bypass. All patients had received preoperative bowel cleansing and perioperative antibiotics. Bile ducts were left clamped after incision until anastomotic completion to avoid biliary spillage, and drains were generally not placed. Intraoperative bile cultures were positive in 73%. This was strongly linked to the presence of a stent (P = 0.0004), or prior duct manipulation (P = 0.002). There were 3 postoperative, unrelated deaths in patients after palliative bypass (overall mortality rate, 8.3%). Postoperative infections occurred in 7 patients (19%), of which three were due to a similar organism. There was one biliary leak, no pancreatic leak, and no intraabdominal abscess. Appropriate preoperative antibiotic coverage, preventing intraoperative peritoneal bile contamination through temporary bile duct occlusion, and avoiding routine drain placement, are strongly suggested for patients in whom preoperative biliary manipulation has taken place.
Porphyrin geochemistry of Atlantic Jurassic-Cretaceous black shales

Abstract Late Jurassic-early Cretaceous black shales and an overlying sequence of Albian-Campanian zeolitic claystones from the Falkland Plateau (DSDP/IPOD Leg 71, Site 511) were analyzed for tetrapyrrole pigment type and abundance. The “black shale” sequence was found to be rich in DPEP-series dominated free-base, nickel (Ni) and, to a lesser extent, vanadyl (V = 0) porphyrins. A low level of organic maturity (i.e. precatagenesis) is indicated for these strata as nickel chelation by free-base porphyrins is only 50–75% complete, proceeding down-hole to 627 meters sub-bottom. Electronic and mass spectral data reveal that the proposed benzo-DPEP (BD) and tetrahydrobenzo-DPEP (THBD) series are present in the free-base and Ni species, as well as the more usual occurrence in V = 0 porphyrin arrays. Highly reducing conditions are suggested by an abundance of the PAH perylene, substantial amounts of the THBD/BD series and a redox equilibrium between free-base DPEP and 7,8-dihydro-DPEP series, which exist in a 7:1 molar ratio. The Albian-Campanian claystone strata were found to be tetrapyrrolepoor, and those pigments present were typed as Cu/Ni highly dealkylated (C26 max.) etioporphyrins, thought to be derived via redeposition and oxidation of terrestrial organic matter (OM). Results from the present study are correlated to our past analyses of Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments from Atlantic margins in an effort to relate tetrapyrrole quality and quantity to basin evolution and OM sources in the proto-Atlantic.
Description of the oöcysts of two new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the rough earth snake Virginia striatula (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Texas and Arkansas

Coccidian oocysts recovered from the faeces of rough earth snakes Virginia striatula (Serpentes: Colubridae) were found to represent two previously unreported eimerians. Oocysts of Eimeria desotoensis n. sp. were found in 5/32 (16%) of the snakes and were spherical to ellipsoidal, 18.4 × 17.2 (15–21.5 × 15–19.5) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall; their shape-index (length/width) was 1.07 (1.00–1.23). A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent; polar granule were present in 33% of the oocysts. The sporocysts were ovoidal, 11.5 × 7.6 (10.5–13 × 7–8) μm, with a Stieda body; their shape-index was 1.51 (1.30–1.68). The sporocyst residuum was moderate in size and composed of a cluster of granules. Oocysts of Eimeria hobartsmithi n. sp. were found in 2/32 (6%) of the snakes and were subspherical to ellipsoidal, 18.0 × 15.7 (16–20 × 15–17) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall; their shape-index was 1.15 (1.02–1.32). A micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granule were absent. The sporocysts were elongate, 13.2 × 6.3 (12–14.5 × 6–6.5) μm, with a Stieda body; their shape-index was 2.10 (1.88–2.34). A large sporocyst residuum was present in each sporocyst, often obscuring the sporozoites. In addition to the two new species, oocysts of E. striatula Upton & McAllister, 1990 were observed in 38% of the snakes.
CHANGES IN ACL SCALES CORRESPONDING TO CHANGES IN EDUCATIONAL LEVELS

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to examine differences in need variables and in self-concepts among three groups of female education smdents. Ss were 107 beginning undergraduates in education, 74 student-teachers, and 40 graduate education students at Marquette University. The ACL was used to obtain information on changes in the need and self-concept structure defined by the ACL scales as a function of both the selective process operating within the field of education and the impact on that structure of continuing within the field itself. Analysis of variance procedures showed statistically significant differences among the three groups on over half of the ACL scales. The idea of self-acceptance as the index of adjustment was first developed into a major theoretical system by Rogers (7). Since then self-report techniques have constituted one of the principal methods used by psychologists to assess a person's self-acceptance. Some criticism has been leveled against such scales on the basis that social desirability may play a significant role in how a person responds (1). Social desirability, however, can be a significant determinant of a person's behavior as well as his expressed self-evaluation. One common technique of assessing a person's self-evaluation is the Adjective Check List (ACL) developed by Gough and Heilbrun (3). It consists of 300 adjectives, any number of which S may check as self-descriptive. Each adjective is considered as indicative and/or contradictive of one or more of the 24 scales incorporated into the ACL. Of these 24 scales, 15 are the need scales developed by Heilbrun (4). In later studies, he attempted to relate S's expressed "need" to his external behavior. Significant relationships (ranging from p < .04 to p < .01) were found for the achievement, exhibition, affiliation, nurrurance, and abasement scales (5). The attempt to validate the dominance scale was not as successful. The order scale was validated by Heilbrun (6) in a manner similar to the previous five. While difficulty is frequently encountered in making firm predictions about individual persons on the basis of self-inventory scales, Thoresen (8) successfully differentiated between maladjusted and adjusted college populations using the ACL. The ACL does appear useful, then, in understanding differences in selfconcept across populations. The purpose of this research was to examine differences in self-concepts among three different populations: beginning undergraduate students in education, undergraduate student-teachers, and graduate students who, aside from their academic work, function as professionals in an educational setting. The ACL was used to obtain information on changes in the need structure defined by the ACL scales as a function of both the selective process operating within the field
The influence of preparational parameters on stage II recovery of deformed gold

Abstract The dependence of the fine structure of stage II recovery in gold on the pre-deformation annealing treatment is discussed.
Structural dynamics of myoglobin: ligand migration among protein cavities studied by Fourier transform infrared/temperature derivative spectroscopy.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the CO stretch bands combined with temperature derivative spectroscopy (TDS) was used to characterize intermediate states obtained by photolysis of two sperm whale mutant myoglobins, YQR (L29(B10)Y, H64(E7)Q, T67(E10)R) and YQRF (with an additional I107(G8)F replacement). Both mutants assume two different bound-state conformations, A0 and A3, which can be distinguished by their different CO bands near 1965 and 1933 cm−1. They most likely originate from different conformations of the Gln-64 side chain. Within each A substate, a number of photoproduct states have been characterized on the basis of the temperature dependence of recombination in TDS experiments. Different locations and orientations of the ligand within the protein can be distinguished by the infrared spectra of the photolyzed CO. Recombination from the primary docking site, B, near the heme dominates below 50 K. Above 60 K, ligand rebinding occurs predominantly from a secondary docking site, C′, in which the CO is trapped in the Xe4 cavity on the distal side, as shown by crystallography of photolyzed YQR and L29W myoglobin CO. Another kinetic state (C′′) has been identified from which rebinding occurs around 130 K. Moreover, a population appearing above the solvent glass transition at ∼180 K (D state) is assigned to rebinding from the Xe1 cavity, as suggested by the photoproduct structure of the L29W sperm whale myoglobin mutant. For both the YQR and YQRF mutants, rebinding from the B sites near the heme differs for the two A substates, supporting the view that the return of the ligand from the C′, C′′, and D states is not governed by the recombination barrier at the heme iron but rather by migration to the active site. Comparison of YQR and YQRF shows that access to the Xe4 site (C′) is severely restricted by introduction of the bulky Phe side chain at position 107.
A protocol describing pharynx counts and a review of other assays of apoptotic cell death in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans

Studies of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans have provided important insights into the genetics of programmed cell death (PCD), and revealed molecular mechanisms conserved from nematodes to humans. The organism continues to offer opportunities to investigate the processes of apoptosis under very well-defined conditions and at single-cell resolution in living animals. Here, a survey of the common methods used to study the process of PCD in C. elegans is described. Detailed instructions are provided for one standard method--the counting of extra cells of the anterior pharynx--a quantitative technique that can be used to detect even very subtle alterations in the progression of apoptotic cell death.
Detection of a cytolytic toxin in the venom of the stonefish (Synanceia trachynis).

Abstract A. S. Kreger . Detection of a cytolytic toxin in the venom of the stonefish ( Synanceia trachynis ). Toxicon 29, 733–743, 1991.—The venom of the stonefish, Synanceia trachynis , contains a cytolytic toxin which is antigenic and ammonium sulfate-precipitable, and has a pI of ca 5.7 and an M r of ca 158,000. The toxin is a potent but narrow-spectrum cytolysin which is lytic in vitro for rabbit, dog, rat, pig and guinea pig erythrocytes, in that order, but is largely or completely inactive against sheep, cow, human, monkey, mouse, goat, horse, burro and cat erythrocytes. Fractionation of the venom by molecular sieve fast protein liquid chromatography and isoelectric focusing did not separate the haemolytic activity from the venom's lethal and vascular permeability-increasing activities. Also, the three activities were destroyed by heat, proteases, Congo red, potassium permanganate and stonefish antivenoms. The results suggest that the haemolytic, lethal and vascular permeability-increasing activities of stonefish venom are properties of the same molecule, a previously unrecognized, membrane-damaging protein toxin.
A fundamental limit on electric fields in air

[1] By modifying the avalanche mode of runaway breakdown to include positive feedback from gamma-rays and positrons, it is found that enormous bursts of energetic radiation can be produced in strong electric fields in air, with peak fluxes up to one billion times greater than from conventional models. These bursts generate so many runaway electrons that the electric field is very rapidly discharged, resulting in a fundamental upper limit on the electric field strength achievable in air. This limit has important implications for the electrification of thunderstorms and the production of lightning.
Clinical findings in patients with marker chromosomes identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Twenty-seven patients carrying marker chromosomes were previously collected, characterized by cytogenetic techniques, and identified by stepwise fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with alpha-satellite DNA probes. Clinical features of 22 patients are described here and compared to other patients with marker chromosomes similarly identified and reported in the literature.
Interaction of Imidacloprid Metabolites and Analogs with the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor of Mouse Brain in Relation to Toxicity

Abstract The favorable selective toxicity of imidacloprid (IMI) to insects versus mammals is attributed to differences in their binding affinity or potency in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a proposal tested here by studies on the mechanism of toxicity of IMI metabolites and analogs to mammals. IMI, its desnitro metabolite (DN-IMI), its nitromethylene analog (CH-IMI), and 26 other analogs and metabolites were examined for intraperitoneal toxicity to mice and potency forin vitroinhibition of the binding of [3H]nicotine (the classical nAChR probe) in mouse brain membranes. IMI and 7 analogs with LD50values of 7–50 mg/kg (or intoxication signs at 50 mg/kg) inhibited [3H]nicotine binding by 50% (IC50) at 12–800 nM whereas 21 other analogs that were not toxic at 50 mg/kg gave an IC50of >1000 nM, thereby correlating the toxicity with interaction at the [3H]nicotine binding site. The most potent compounds were DN-IMI and CH-IMI (and its tetrahydropyrimidine analog) with LD50s of 7–24 mg/kg and IC50s of 12–33 nM compared with values for IMI of 39–49 mg/kg and 806 nM, respectively. DN-IMI is therefore a candidate bioactivation product for IMI in mammals. Scatchard analyses indicated that CH-IMIin vitroand possibly DN-IMIin vitroandex vivocompete for the nicotine site (which is at or near the ACh site). When used directly as radioligands, single, saturable, high-affinity binding sites were observed for [3H]DN-IMI (K d 13 nM,Bmax51 fmol/mg protein) and [3H]CH-IMI (K d 16 nM,Bmax20 fmol/mg protein) using the conditions of [3H]nicotine binding (K d 7.8 nM,Bmax87 fmol/mg protein). [3H]DN-IMI also binds to kidney membranes at a site where it is displaced by atropine (ki0.5 μM). [3H]CH-IMI is particularly useful for comparative studies because of high-affinity sites in both insect and mammalian brain.
Are there Distinctive Trajectory Groups in Substance Abuse Remission over 10 years? An Application of the Group-Based Modeling Approach

This paper introduces to mental health services and evaluation researchers a method for analyzing longitudinal data: a group-based modeling approach for applied research. We present the basic formulations of the model and illustrate its application by analyzing the 10-year longitudinal data on substance abuse remission from the New Hampshire Dual Disorders Study. The basic features of the approach are: identifying latent groups with distinctive trajectories, estimating the proportion of the population in each group, linking individual-level covariates to group membership, assigning individuals to different groups, and creating group profiles based on posterior probabilities. We also discuss cautions and the controversies surrounding this approach. The major findings include four groups with distinct trajectories of remission from substance abuse.
The tanh–coth and the sech methods for exact solutions of the Jaulent–Miodek equation

Abstract The tanh–coth method and the sech method are used to construct many exact solutions for Jaulent–Miodek equation. Travelling wave solutions are determined. Complex solutions are obtained as well. The power of the proposed methods is confirmed.
Barbiturate blockade of tonic LH secretion in the male and female rat.

The site and mechanism of action whereby barbiturates block the proestrous surge of LH and ovulation are unknown. The present study investigated the effects of pentobarbital (PB) on LH release in gonadectomized rats. Twenty—one days post—gonadectomy serial blood samples were withdrawn, via chronically implanted cannulae, at 30–min intervals from 0800–1100 or 1300–1600 hr. PB (30 mg/kg/ip) administration at 0830 hr significantly reduced the serum LH concentration of ovariectomized rats below the pre—drug control level at 0800 hr, and below the nearly constant level observed in saline injected controls between 0900 and 1030 hr. A significant rise in serum LH of ovariectomized rats occurred between 1400 and 1500 hr which was blocked by administration of PB at 1330–1345 hr. Castrated male rats did not show an afternoon rise in LH. PB lowered LH in males from 1400 to 1430 hr. The block of tonic LH release in males showed a shorter duration than in females, correlating with the shorter duration of anesthesia an...
Nonparametric estimation of signal amplitude in white Gaussian noise

We assume that a transmitted signal is of the form S(t)f(t), where f(t) is a known function vanishing at some points of the observation interval and S(t) is a function of a known smoothness class. The signal is transmitted over a communication channel with additive white Gaussian noise of small intensity ?. For this model, we construct an estimator for S(t) which is optimal with respect to the rate of convergence of the risk to zero as ? ? 0.
Measurements of Heat Transfer Distribution Over the Surfaces of Highly Loaded Turbine Nozzle Guide Vanes

The results of an experimental study of aerodynamic (surface velocity) and heat transfer distributions over the surfaces of two different, highly loaded, low-solidity contemporary turbine vane designs are presented. The aerodynamic configurations of the two vanes were carefully selected to emphasize fundamental differences in the character of the solution surface pressure distributions and the consequent effect on surface heat transfer distributions. The experimental measurements were made in moderate-temperature, three-vane cascades under steady-state conditions. The principal independent parameters (Mach number, Reynolds number, turbulence intensity, and wall-to-gas temperature ratio) were varied over ranges consistent with actual engine operation, and the heat matrix was structured to provide an assessment of the independent influence of each parameter. These measurements are intended to serve as verification data for a parallel analytical code development effort. The results of this parallel effort are briefly reviewed, and the principal conclusions to date are summarized.
An interionic attraction theory applied to the diffuse layer around colloid particles. I

Abstract Interionic forces in dilute electrolytic solutions have been successfully treated by Debye and Huckel (1), but their theory is not directly applicable to regions of solutions near plane surfaces, especially when these surfaces are highly charged, as in the case of lyophobic colloid particles treated by Langmuir (2). It is shown that even when the total potential is high, that part dependent on an ion being at any given location still obeys approximately a linear differential equation. The concentration distribution and forces between the particles are derived, and compared with the results that Langmuir obtained neglecting interionic forces. In the Appendix the extended interionic attraction theory is applied to uncharged or slightly charged surfaces in equilibrium with electrolytic solution.
Deep vein thrombosis during rabbit antithymocyte globulin administration

Abstract Introduction Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG) is recommended for central administration, and no evidence justifies the common practice of adding heparin to the bag, but the evaluation of thrombocytopenia may be complicated by coadministration. We recently phased out the use of heparin in RATG in our kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients but subsequently observed several episodes of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), so we sought to determine the factors linked to DVT during RATG therapy. Methods A search of billing and diagnosis codes for RATG and DVT in one hospital revealed relevant admissions from January 2000 to April 2004. Results Patients (n = 288) received 330 courses of RATG (central or peripheral), and nine were diagnosed with DVT. Four patients were excluded because the diagnosis was not confirmed by Doppler ultrasound (n = 1), DVT occurred more than 10 days after RATG discontinuation (n = 2), or DVT occurred after switching to equine antithymocyte globulin (n = 1). All patients (n = 5) who developed DVT related to RATG exhibited prior infusion-related reactions, received peripherally administered RATG with premedication (methylprednisolone, diphenhydramine, and acetaminophen), and did not receive heparin. The DVT occurred near the site of the infusion in 60% of cases. Four of the patients were male, and 80% had diabetes (one developed posttransplant), and all included patients received infusions over at least 6 hours for the first dose, and at least 4 hours for subsequent doses. Conclusions These results provide justification for adding heparin to the RATG bag, especially when administered peripherally.
How much do distortions affect growth

Abstract This paper presents a simple endogenous growth model with two types of capital which can display sizeable long-run growth effects of distortionary policies. The model applies to many different types of distortions of relative prices common in developing countries, such as differential taxes and tariffs, black market exchange rates, and price controls. The model shows that a subsidy to one type of capital financed by a tax on another capital good lowers growth. A measure of the variance of relative prices of investment goods across sectors has a negative and statistically significant effect on growth.
The use of moiré patterns to determine the source and degree of adistortion in scanning electron microscopes

SUMMARY Scanning electron microscope images are subject to an appreciable amount of non-linear distortion which must be allowed for when quantitative analyses are made. A method is described for measuring the distortion by the use of moire patterns. These greatly magnify any non-linearities and it is possible to measure distortions as small as 0ṁ1%. In addition, the use of moire patterns permits a separation of the distortion produced in the cathode-ray display tube from that occurring in the microscope itself.
The formation and alteration of the Renazzo-like carbonaceous chondrites II: Linking O-isotope composition and oxidation state of chondrule olivine

Abstract To better understand the formation conditions of type-I and type-II chondrules in the Renazzo-like carbonaceous (CR) chondrites, an in situ major- and minor-element and O-isotope study was conducted. Twenty-one ferromagnesian chondrules from three CR chondrites (GRA 95229, GRA 06100, and QUE 99177) were analyzed to establish an internally-consistent data set. From this study we infer that type-II chondrule precursors contained enhanced S-bearing dust and ice abundances relative to type-I chondrules. There is a relationship between the O-isotope composition and oxidation state of olivine, which may be related to the amount of 16 O-poor ice and reduced carbon accreted by chondrule precursors before melting. Type-II chondrules formed under H 2 O/H 2 ratios of ∼230–740 times solar. In contrast, type-I chondrules formed under more reducing conditions with lower H 2 O/H 2 ratios of ∼10–100 times solar. We find a relationship between type-II chondrule petrology (relict free vs. relict grain-bearing) and O-isotope composition, which is due to degree of melting and exchange with a 16 O-poor gas reservoir. The 16 O-poor gas that interacted with both type-I and type-II chondrules is estimated to have an isotopic composition between ∼δ 18 O g = 13–27‰ and δ 17 O g = 10–22‰, different from the O-isotope composition of the water accreted by the CR chondrite parent body. Due to partial melting, type-I chondrules and relict grain-bearing type-II chondrules exchanged with the 16 O-poor gas to a lower degree than relict-free type-II chondrules.
VAPOR-LIQUID PHASE COEXISTENCE OF ALKANE-CARBON DIOXIDE AND PERFLUOROALKANE-CARBON DIOXIDE MIXTURES

We carried out a molecular simulation study of the vapor-liquid equilibria of alkane-CO2 and perfluoroalkane-CO2 binary mixtures using the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo method. We used simple interaction site models and the conventional Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules for the cross interaction between the solute and solvent species with no adjustable parameters to predict the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium of the hexane-CO2 and perfluorohexane-CO2 mixtures. The predicted CO2 mole fraction on the liquid branch is higher than the experimental results by about 10-13%. The gas-phase solubility of hexane and perfluorohexane in CO2 is generally smaller than the experimental results. The model predicts a higher solubility for the perfluoroalkanes in CO2 in comparison with alkanes in CO2, consistent with experiment. The simulation results suggest that the dispersion interaction and the geometric packing may have a predominant role in accounting for the solubility difference between alkane and perfluoroalkane in CO2.
Spatially Resolved Photoluminescence Of GaAs

Photoluminescence images of Czochralski grown GaAs reveal large fluctuations in the concentration of defects that lower the lifetime of photogenerated electrons or holes. Images made with ~1 μm spatial resolution in the vicinity of isolated dislocations in low-dislocation-density In-alloyed GaAs reveal bright rings ~300μm in diameter. The features have an interior dark spot approximately 100 ym across centered on the dislocation. The ratio of intensity in the bright ring to that of regions far from dislocations is as large as 103. The intensity of the dark region in the center of the feature is up to a factor of ten lower than the peak intensity. These observations demonstrate that dislocations play an important role in generating or absorbing defects that lower the electron or hole lifetime.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Carbon sequestration and the restoration of land health

Carbon sequestration, the conversion of greenhouse gas CO2 toorganic matter, offers a powerful tool with which to combat climate change. The enlargement of carbon sinks stored in soil and biota is an essential tool in buying time while mankind seeks means to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and to reduce the elevated levels of atmospheric CO2. Carbon sequestration within the context of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also has great potential as an incentive for combating land degradation and desertification and restoring fertility to degraded land.Decisions regarding carbon sinks during finalization of the operational details of the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 fit well the needs of countries facing land degradation and desertification. However, incentives for such mitigation through the Clean Development Mechanism of the protocol are limited to forestry issues. Iceland provides a good example of the multiple role of carbon sequestration in meeting national commitments to UNFCCC, conserving and restoring biological diversity, combating soil erosion, revegetation of eroded land and reforestation. Linking carbon sequestration with such goals has resulted in increased funds for soil conservation and restoration of degraded land in Iceland.
The importance of stories in the act of caring

This article focuses on the essential role and function of story in the care of young children with emotional and behavioral disorders in an institutional setting. Highlighted in this article is the importance of story in the therapeutic relationship, its educational implications, and in theological reflection. A narrative approach of care becomes a way of healing both heart and mind, and is ultimately an act of love.
Electroencephalographic activity of caimans as related to diving.

Abstract Monopolar epidural recordings were made from Caiman sclerops while floating on the surface of a shallow tank and during submersion. The EEG activity of animals on the surface had three frequency components: 0–3 c/sec (15–50 μV), 3–6 c/sec (10–60 μV) and 6–10 c/sec (5–35 μV). Superimposed upon this activity were occasional spikes with an amplitude of 100 μV. EEGs for motionless, submerged caimans consisted of the same general components with two major pecularities. The first of these was the appearance of frequent bursts of high voltage (60–230 μV) spikes and spindles in the 3–6 c/sec range. The second distinction was periodic lowering in the amplitude of the two higher frequency components, often before or after the bursts of high voltage activity. The underwater EEG activity began promptly after the animal submerged, it always disappeared before the animal gave any external evidence of movement, or surfacing, and was never seen in a moving animal or in an animal on the surface. No physiological correlate for the spikes and spindles in the underwater pattern was found.
Postgenomic global analysis of translational control induced by oncogenic signaling

It is commonly assumed that developmental and oncogenic signaling achieve their phenotypic effects primarily by directly regulating the transcriptional profile of cells. However, there is growing evidence that the direct effect on transcription may be overshadowed by differential effects on the translational efficiency of specific existing mRNA species. Global analysis of this effect using microarrays indicates that this mechanism of controlling protein production provides a highly specific, robust, and rapid response to oncogenic and developmental stimuli. The mRNAs so affected encode proteins involved in cell-cell interaction, signal transduction, and growth control. Furthermore, a large number of transcription factors capable of secondarily rearranging the transcriptional profile of the cell are controlled at this level as well. To what degree this translational control is either necessary or sufficient for tumor formation or maintenance remains to be determined.
Precambrian atmospheric oxygen and banded iron formations: A delayed ocean model

Abstract Evidence and arguments increasingly in favor of free oxygen in the Earth's early atmosphere renew the constraints on the environmental significance of Precambrian banded iron formations. An early moist greenhouse atmosphere with a delay in, and gradual growth of, the world oceans offers a mechanism to provide a geochemically and mechanically segregated source of iron and silica for banded iron formation, while simultaneously ‘cannibalizing’ evidence for early Archean red beds. The model supports the high rates of weathering necessary to remove initially outgassed CO2 quickly, favors continuity in early biogenic evolution, provides a mechanism for hydrogen and strontium isotope partitioning, and is consistent with iron oxide facies that are devoid of organic carbon or stromatolites that are not encrusted by iron oxide.
Reversible tip-induced structural modifications in scanning tip microscopy

Tip-induced structural modifications of the Si(100) surface in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are investigated with first-principles total energy pseudopotential calculations. The atoms of the tungsten tip and the surface are fully relaxed according to the tip-surface interactions. At tip-surface distances relevant to STM measurements, the tip is found to significantly influence the dynamics of the surface atoms leading a new understanding of the microscopic STM measurement process. At smaller tip-surface distances, the tip-surface interactions can be used to directly manipulate the geometry of the surface atoms. At very low temperature, the theory predicts the existence of micromechanical hysteresis on an atomic scale which can be measured in low temperature AFM. The theory also leads to the discovery of a specific protocol of tip movements with implications towards a novel design for an ultra-high density memory storage device.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING MASS OF LARGE PINNIPEDS

Fifty-two male elephant seals were weighed and photographed at Ano Nuevo State Reserve, California, to establish a predictive relationship between photographically measured morphological variables (length, side area, and girth area) and body mass. Regression of mass on these variables revealed that side area, roughly equivalent to a longitudinal cross-section, was the most useful single variable for predicting mass, and that adding the other two variables to side area slightly improved the accuracy of the photogrammetric technique. Curvilinear regressions based on a power model provided the best predictive relationships. This technique may prove useful for estimating body mass of other pinnipeds.
The luminosity function in NGC 2023

Sellgren (1983) has shown that the young stellar cluster within the molecular cloud associated with the reflection nebula NGC 2023 has a luminosity function consistent with the Salpeter IMF for stars brighter than K = 12 mag. Extrapolation predicts that approximately 50 additional stars brighter than K = 15 mag, arguably of spectral types G through K, should be present. However, images of the cluster using a sensitive two-dimensional IR array reveal no additional cluster members, which suggests that either no low-mass stars have formed or that they are still heavily shrouded in molecular 'cocoons' left over from the star formation process. A straightforward experimental resolution of the alternatives is proposed. 22 refs.
Injuries associated with equestrian sports: Epidemiology and mechanism

Equestrian-related injuries—including fatalities—are more common than is generally appreciated, and, since most participants are young, the years of lost productive life are significant. Most injuries can be classified as one of four major mechanisms: falls, crush injuries, kicks, and bites. We present current epidemiologic data and a gamut of injuries illustrating these mechanisms. It is our intent that awareness of the scope of injuries and means of prevention will aid us in the care and education of our patients.