cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abruptio Placenta and Placenta Previa

The major causes of antepartum hemorrhage include placenta previa, placental abruption, uterine rupture, and vasa previa. Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants over the cervical os. This implantation may be marginal, partial, or total in its covering of the os. The incidence of placenta previa is 4.0 per 1000 pregnancies. Placental abruption refers to the complete or partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before delivery of the fetus. The incidence of placental abruption varies with the population studied 3–10 per 1000 pregnancies. Uterine rupture following previous vaginal delivery has an incidence of 0.18 per 1000 pregnancies. This increases significantly to 9 per 1000 pregnancies in women who have had a previous cesarean section. When fetal vessels have a velamentous insertion over the cervical os, the fetal vessels are not protected by the umbilical cord or the placenta. This is diagnosed as vasa previa and has a traditionally reported incidence of 1 in 2500 to 1 in 5000.
Daily Image Guidance With Cone Beam Computed Tomography May Reduce Radiation Pneumonitis in Unresectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose To investigate the impact of daily image-guided radiation therapy technique on clinical outcomes in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy. Methods and Materials We compared patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer receiving daily cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) after an initial 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) simulation (n = 76) with those receiving daily 2-dimensional orthogonal kilovoltage (kV) imaging (n = 48). The primary endpoint was time to grade ≥2 radiation pneumonitis (RP2), estimated with the cumulative incidence method, compared with Gray's test, and modeled with the Fine-Gray method. Results Median follow-up was 40.6 months (range, 5.9-58.1 months) for the CBCT group and 75.8 months (range, 9.9-107.8 months) for the orthogonal kV group. Four-dimensional computed tomography simulation was used in 100% (n = 76) of the CBCT group and 56% (n = 27) of the orthogonal kV group (P Conclusions Daily image guided radiation therapy with CBCT compared with 2-dimensional orthogonal kV imaging was associated with a decreased risk of RP2. Clinicians could consider the implications of localization methods during curative intent radiation therapy.
Formin-Mediated Actin Assembly

Formins are remarkable large multi-domain proteins that utilize a novel mechanism to rapidly assemble actin filaments for diverse cellular processes such as division, motility, polarity, stress fibers and focal adhesions. The formin homology 1 and 2 domains (FH1 and FH2) nucleate actin assembly and then remain processively associated with the elongating barbed end while directing the rapid addition of profilin-actin as much as 10-fold faster than the theoretical diffusion limit. Regulatory domains flank the FH1FH2 domains. Many formins are autoinhibited through association of their N- and C-terminal regulatory domains, and are partially activated by Rho GTPases. Most cells express multiple formin isoforms. We are beginning to understand that differences in both the regulatory and actin assembly properties tailor diverse formins for specific cellular processes.
Chemical Screening Methods for Flagellar Phenotypes in Chlamydomonas

Cilia and flagella are important organelles used for sensing the external cellular environment or for motility. Abnormalities in ciliary structure or function can have devastating pathological consequences ranging from sinusitis and obesity to polycystic kidney disease, retinal degeneration, and mental retardation. Chlamydomonas flagella are excellent models to study the regulation and normal function of cilia. We utilized the 1280 compound Sigma LOPAC annotated library to screen for phenotypes in Chlamydomonas flagellar length, motility, deflagellation, and cellular toxicity. Phenotypes were assessed by quantitation from direct microscopic visualization and custom-designed motility/viability assays. Compounds were clustered based on data across all assays to facilitate the identification of novel pathways regulating flagella in Chlamydomonas. These methods can both aid our understanding of the basic biology of flagellar regulation and provide useful points of therapeutic intervention for cilia-related disorders.
Nonmaleficence in sports medicine.

Enabling an athlete to harm herself, even in the pursuit of sporting success, is not acceptable behavior for a doctor.
Discussions with Leaders: A Conversation between Simon Cherry and Johannes Czernin.

295 Objectives: Integrin αvβ6, an epithelial-specific integrin is not expressed in healthy adult epithelia but is upregulated during wound healing, in cancer and activates Transforming Growth Factor (TGF). TGF β-1, which plays a key role in the fibrotic pathway. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that αvβ6 integrin expression in alveolar epithelium increases after radiotherapy (RT) before onset of fibrosis, and anti- αvβ6 therapy prevents fibrogenesis [1]. Lung fibrosis presents as progressive pulmonary injury and is a major barrier to improved cure rate after pulmonary radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, the utility of PET imaging with a αvβ6 integrin ligand was evaluated in patients with non-small cell lung cancer following pulmonary RT. Subjects with NSCLC who had received pulmonary RT within 6 months were recruited. PET imaging of the lungs over 60 minutes was performed after administration of a fluorine-18 radiolabelled 20 amino acid αvβ6-specific peptide ligand, [18F]-FBAA20FMDV2 (IMAFIB; Cancer Research Technologies (CRT) patented). PET-CT scans were co-registered with the RT planning (RTP) scans and segmented to regions corresponding to RT doses of > 40 Gy (excluding tumour), 25-40 Gy, 15-25 Gy, 8-15 Gy and < 8 Gy. Time activity curves and the standardised uptake values (SUVs) were calculated and comparisons made between RT dose and PET uptake (SUV). Linear regression between SUV and RT dose was performed for each subject and normalised to an intercept of 1. Six subjects (3M; 3F) aged 51-75 years underwent an IMAFIB-PET scan between 6 - 22 weeks after RT completion and mean IMAFIB radioactivity of 45.4 (range 8.9 - 122) MBq administered. Five subjects received conformal external beam RT, while one subject received stereotactic RT (SBRT). Biological effective doses (BED) using the linear quadratic cell survival radiobiology model [2] were calculated for pneumonitis (α/β = 5) and lung fibrosis (α/β = 3). The averaged normalised SUV across all subjects increased monotonically with RT dose (figure), between 1.05 ± 0.14 at 4 Gy and 1.58 ± 0.31 at 52 Gy. A correlation between a higher IMAFIB PET uptake (SUV) and higher RT doses received by the lung was observed in all subjects with a significant relationship (p [asterisk]BED not calculated (NC) for SBRT regimen. A relationship between IMAFIB PET uptake and RT dose is consistent with RT dose-related activation of αvβ6 integrin in the irradiated lung and to the induction of lung fibrosis in subjects receiving pulmonary RT.
Deep density ratio estimation for change point detection.

In this work, we propose new objective functions to train deep neural network based density ratio estimators and apply it to a change point detection problem. Existing methods use linear combinations of kernels to approximate the density ratio function by solving a convex constrained minimization problem. Approximating the density ratio function using a deep neural network requires defining a suitable objective function to optimize. We formulate and compare objective functions that can be minimized using gradient descent and show that the network can effectively learn to approximate the density ratio function. Using our deep density ratio estimation objective function results in better performance on a seizure detection task than other (kernel and neural network based) density ratio estimation methods and other window-based change point detection algorithms. We also show that the method can still support other neural network architectures, such as convolutional networks.
Synergistic Genetic Interactions between Pkhd1 and Pkd1 Result in an ARPKD-Like Phenotype in Murine Models.

Background Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are genetically distinct, with ADPKD usually caused by the genes PKD1 or PKD2 (encoding polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, respectively) and ARPKD caused by PKHD1 (encoding fibrocystin/polyductin [FPC]). Primary cilia have been considered central to PKD pathogenesis due to protein localization and common cystic phenotypes in syndromic ciliopathies, but their relevance is questioned in the simple PKDs. ARPKD's mild phenotype in murine models versus in humans has hampered investigating its pathogenesis. Methods To study the interaction between Pkhd1 and Pkd1, including dosage effects on the phenotype, we generated digenic mouse and rat models and characterized and compared digenic, monogenic, and wild-type phenotypes. Results The genetic interaction was synergistic in both species, with digenic animals exhibiting phenotypes of rapidly progressive PKD and early lethality resembling classic ARPKD. Genetic interaction between Pkhd1 and Pkd1 depended on dosage in the digenic murine models, with no significant enhancement of the monogenic phenotype until a threshold of reduced expression at the second locus was breached. Pkhd1 loss did not alter expression, maturation, or localization of the ADPKD polycystin proteins, with no interaction detected between the ARPKD FPC protein and polycystins. RNA-seq analysis in the digenic and monogenic mouse models highlighted the ciliary compartment as a common dysregulated target, with enhanced ciliary expression and length changes in the digenic models. Conclusions These data indicate that FPC and the polycystins work independently, with separate disease-causing thresholds; however, a combined protein threshold triggers the synergistic, cystogenic response because of enhanced dysregulation of primary cilia. These insights into pathogenesis highlight possible common therapeutic targets.
Future Directions in Research and Practice

There are multiple avenues in which the approach to children and families can be improved, from a clinical point of view, in contemplating the social and cultural elements that influence patient care. Three key elements include clinical practice and care within a transcultural framework; clinical research on said issues; and education of staff. The latter two elements of utmost significance in the context of an explosive globalization demand that health care providers quickly adapt and adjust to novel patient populations with their intrinsic social, cultural, and religious baggage—which may even starkly contrast or contradict those of the health care worker. Education and research—leading to adapted cultural practice—focuses on understanding local needs (whether at global settings or one’s own, based on demographics) and sustainable practices that do not alienate but rather support the naturally occurring demographic heterogeneity. This chapter explores some of these processes and the current and proposed future trends in research and practice in a globalized setting.
1836 Outcomes of Laparoscopic Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain and Endometriosis

Study Objective To analyze the rate of re-operation and pelvic pain outcomes for patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis. Secondary objectives were to study the impact of surgery on quality of life and fertility outcomes. Design This is a retrospective study and a prospective online or telephone questionnaire of patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for pelvic pain and/or endometriosis. The 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were used in part to develop the prospective questionnaire. Setting Tertiary care university referral center for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. Patients or Participants Sixty-nine patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for chronic pelvic pain. Interventions Retrospective chart review and prospective telephone or internet-based questionnaire. Measurements and Main Results Sixty-nine subjects consented and filled out a comprehensive questionnaire. Mean follow-up time was 28.3 months. Forty-three subjects who completed the questionnaire were visually found to have endometriosis. The rate of reoperation was 8.60% for patients with pathologic confirmation of endometriosis. 23.3% of patients with endometriosis underwent hysterectomy. The rate of re-operation was 9.09% for patients who did not undergo hysterectomy. 67.4% of patients with endometriosis were still pain-free at the time of the survey. The rate of re-operation for those without endometriosis was 0%. 30.2% of patients with endometriosis had a history of infertility for an average of 1.889 years prior to surgery. Following surgery, 83.3% of previously infertile patients with endometriosis attempted to conceive with 80.0% success rate. Subjects had significant improvement in each quality of life measurement and most sexual function indices analyzed. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis had a low rate of re-operation, and long-term improvement in pelvic pain, sexual function, quality of life and fertility outcomes, with a high satisfaction rate.
Uninvited guests: how transposable elements take advantage of Drosophila germline stem cells, and how stem cells fight back

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic parasites that spread through host genomes by replicating in germline cells. New TE copies that arise in the genomes of germline stem cells (GSCs) are of particular value, because they are potentially transmitted to multiple offspring through the plethora of gametes arising from the same progenitor GSC. However, the fidelity of GSC genomes is also of utmost importance to the host in ensuring the production of abundant and fit offspring. Here we review tactics that TEs employ to replicate in Drosophila female GSCs, as well as mechanisms those cells use to defend against TEs. We also discuss the relationship between transposition and GSC loss, which is arbitrated through reduced signaling for self renewal, increased signaling for differentiation, and DNA damage response pathways.
Glioblastoma Cell Resistance to EGFR and MET Inhibition Can Be Overcome via Blockade of FGFR-SPRY2 Bypass Signaling.

Summary SPRY2 is a purported tumor suppressor in certain cancers that promotes tumor growth and resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in glioblastoma. Here, we identify a SPRY2-dependent bypass signaling mechanism in glioblastoma that drives resistance to EGFR and MET inhibition. In glioblastoma cells treated with EGFR and MET inhibitors, SPRY2 expression is initially suppressed but eventually rebounds due to NF-κB pathway activation, resultant autocrine FGFR activation, and reactivation of ERK, which controls SPRY2 transcription. In cells where FGFR autocrine signaling does not occur and ERK does not reactivate, or in which ERK reactivates but SPRY2 cannot be expressed, EGFR and MET inhibitors are more effective at promoting death. The same mechanism also drives acquired resistance to EGFR and MET inhibition. Furthermore, tumor xenografts expressing an ERK-dependent bioluminescent reporter engineered for these studies reveal that this bypass resistance mechanism plays out in vivo but can be overcome through simultaneous FGFR inhibition.
O-006 Histotripsy for intracerebral hemorrhage in a porcine model

Introduction Histotripsy is a noninvasive, focused ultrasound technique that generates cavitation to mechanically fractionate tissue. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is characterized by a 30-d mortality rate of 40% and significant disability for those who survive. Histotripsy has the potential to liquefy clot in the brain and facilitate minimally invasive aspiration. We aim to investigate the initial safety concerns of histotripsy mediated clot liquefaction and aspiration in a porcine ICH model. Methods About 1.75-mL clots were formed in the frontal lobe of the brain (n=18; n=6/group). The centers of the clots were liquefied with histotripsy 48 h after formation, and the content was either evacuated or left within the brain. A control group was left untreated. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 7 to 8 d after clot formation and were subsequently euthanized. Neurological behavior was assessed throughout. Histological analysis was performed on harvested brains. A subset of pigs underwent acute analysis (≤6 h). Results Histotripsy was able to liquefy the center of clots without direct damage to the perihematomal brain tissue. An average volume of 0.9 ± 0.5 mL was drained after histotripsy treatment. All groups showed mild ischemia and gliosis in the perihematomal region; however, there were no deaths or signs of neurological dysfunction in any groups. Conclusion This study presents the first analysis of histotripsy-based liquefaction of ICH in vivo. Histotripsy safely liquefies clots without significant additional damage to the perihematomal region. The liquefied content of the clot can be easily evacuated, and the undrained clot has no effect on pig survival or neurological behavior. Disclosures T. Gerhardson: None. J. Sukovich: None. N. Chaudhary: None. T. Chenevert: None. K. Ives: None. T. Hall: None. S. Camelo-Piragua: None. B. Daou: None. Z. Xu: None. A. Pandey: None.
Pre-grasp Interaction for Object Acquisition in Difficult Tasks

In natural manipulation activities of daily living, actions for object grasping must respect several constraints for successful task completion. For example, grasping actions must satisfy at a minimum the reachability of grasp contacts on the object surface, collision avoidance with obstacles, and kinematic as well as strength limits of the hand. In challenging manipulation scenarios with high constraints, direct reaching actions to grasp the object in place may not be sufficient for object acquisition. We have observed that humans use pre-grasp interaction to adjust the object placement during the grasping process. For example, an object may be slid or tumbled on its support surface before the final grasp contacts are achieved. In this chapter we provide an overview of the variety of pre-grasp actions that we have observed from a video survey of human manipulation activities in natural home and occupational environments. We then present our studies of object reorientation by rotation, as a particular type of human pre-grasp interaction. Finally we examine the utility of pre-grasp rotation for increasing object reachability and grasp reuse for a robot manipulator.
Deep learning-based 3D image generation using a single 2D projection image

Due to the inter-fraction and intra-fraction variation of respiratory motion, it is highly desired to provide real-time volumetric images during the treatment delivery of lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for accurate and active motion management. Motivated by this need, in this study we propose a novel generative adversarial network integrated with perceptual supervision to derive instantaneous 3D image from a single 2D kV projection. Our proposed network, named TransNet, consists of three modules, i.e., encoding, transformation, and decoding modules. Rather than only using image distance loss between the generated 3D image and the ground truth 3D CT image to supervise the network, perceptual loss in feature space is integrated into loss function to force the TransNet to yield accurate lung boundary. Adversarial loss is also used to improve the realism of the generated 3D image. We conducted a simulation study on 20 patient cases, who had undergone 4D-CT scan and received lung SBRT treatments in our institution, and evaluated the efficacy and consistency of our method at four different projection angles, i.e., 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°. For each 3D CT image of a breathing phase in the 4D CT image set, we simulated its 2D projections at these two angles. Then for each projection angle, a patient’s 3D CT images of 9 phases and the corresponding 2D projection data were used for training, with the remaining phase used for testing. The mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index metric (SSIM) achieved by our method are 99.5±13.7HU, 23.4±2.3dB and 0.949±0.010, respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of our method on generating a 3D image from single 2D projection, which provides a potential solution for in-treatment real-time on-board volumetric imaging to guide treatment delivery and ensure the effectiveness of lung SBRT treatment.
Techno-economic Analysis of Novel PV Plant Designs for Extreme Cost Reductions

A techno-economic analysis is underway examining the cost and performance of future large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant components, including bifacial modules, tandem modules, increased plant voltage architectures, and module-level power electronics. Integration of these components into PV plant designs is compared with current PV technologies based on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Baseline models are developed and validated against recorded PV plant performance data. Expected cost and performance data of future PV technologies are incorporated into the baseline models. An evolutionary algorithm is utilized to optimize PV plant configuration, technology combination, and LCOE. This paper focuses on the bifacial module analysis.
The Development and Application of an Expert System for Drought Management

A recurring problem in applying systems analysis tools in water resource man-agement is the successful presentation of results to decision makers. Expert systems have been suggested as a decision tool to create models that are more easily incorporated into ‘real’ decision environments. The use of such models has been limited in the management of water resources, however, by the complex environment in which such decision are made and difficulty in developing simple rules of thumb for operation. In addition, modelers are often reluctant to abandon the information and insights offered by computer models.
Social Networks, Job Changes, and Recruitment

This chapter reviews scholarship on how the matching of people to jobs is influenced by networks of interpersonal ties. By all accounts, that role is substantial on both the individual’s side and the employer’s side of the labor market. The mediation of job change and recruitment/selection processes by networks illustrates the embeddedness of labor market processes in ongoing structures of social relations (Granovetter 1985) with special clarity.
Easy mixed signal test creation with test elements and procedures

A test engineer who creates complex mixed-signal tests by grouping graphical test elements into custom test procedures combines the ease-of-use of GUI-based template programming with the flexibility and power of a code-based approach.
Phosphorylation of myocardial nuclei enhances their susceptibility to deoxyribonuclease I.

Abstract Phosphorylation of myocardial nuclei by endogenous protein kinases enhances both in vitro RNA synthesis and susceptibility to DNase I digestion. In addition, the relative proportion of a transcriptionally active chromatin fraction is higher in phsphorylated nuclei. Nucleoprotein phosphorylation may, thus, affect transcription through changes in chromatin organization.
AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF THE POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACES FOR THE UNIMOLECULAR DISSOCIATION REACTION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE

Ab initio calculations, including electron correlation, were employed to compute the geometries and energies of all stable C2H4O species, as well as four transition states along the potential surfaces connecting oxirane to the unimolecular dissociation products. The calculations indicate that the primary step in the major reaction observed experimentally is the isomerization of oxirane along the ground-state potential surface to acetaldehyde. Calculations indicate that the experimental reaction products are derived from unimolecular decomposition on the acetaldehyde S0 surface (CH4+CO) or, after intersystem crossing, along the lowest triplet state of acetaldehyde (CH3+HCO). Additional pathways connecting oxirane to a number of less energetically favorable ring-opened or fragmentation products are also presented. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selected Infectious Diseases of Wild Reptiles and Amphibians

Abstract Infectious diseases have caused a decline in captive and wild populations of reptiles and amphibians. Contributing factors for the decline of wild populations, and their increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, include environmental pressures, such as loss or decline of habitat, exposure to pollutants, and translocation into new habitats. Reptiles and amphibians are often exposed to new pathogens after collection from the wild. Stress from handling, shipping, and substandard husbandry practices make these animals more susceptible to infection because of compromised immune function. Additionally, species from different geographic regions are often mixed after collection and thus exposed to novel pathogens. There is also evidence that pathogens may evolve to infect novel species other than their host species. Veterinary diagnostics and treatments aim at early detection of infectious diseases and development of effective treatment protocols, including effective quarantine practices and health screens of newly imported/collected animals. Diagnostic tools need to be developed to screen captive and wild populations for exposure to pathogens. Effective measures need to be implemented to protect the habitat of wild reptile and amphibian populations and also prevent introduction of pathogens into wild populations.
Injuries Associated with All-Terrain Vehicles: A New Epidemic

The use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. In 1987, the American Academy of Pediatrics published a policy on the use of motorized cycles and ATVs by children, recommending prohibition of use in children younger than 16 years and universal helmet use. Nonetheless, children continue to sustain a large number of preventable injuries related to ATV use. In fact, ATV operators under the age of 16 years are more likely than older persons to sustain an injury and require an emergency department visit. Unfortunately, regulations that address limitations for the operation of ATVs vary widely in the United States, particularly regarding their use in the pediatric population.
Monopoles in CP N − 1 model via the state-operator correspondence

One of the earliest proposed phase transitions beyond the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson paradigm is the quantum critical point separating an antiferromagnet and a valence-bond solid on a square lattice. The low-energy description of this transition is believed to be given by the 2+1 dimensional CP{sup 1} model--a theory of bosonic spinons coupled to an Abelian gauge field. Monopole defects of the gauge field play a prominent role in the physics of this phase transition. In the present paper, we use the state-operator correspondence of conformal field theory in conjunction with the 1/N expansion to study monopole operators at the critical fixed point of the CP{sup N-1} model. This elegant method reproduces the result for monopole scaling dimension obtained through a direct calculation by Murthy and Sachdev. The technical simplicity of our approach makes it the method of choice when dealing with monopole operators in a conformal field theory.
A utility book truck designed for moving library collections

Abstract The need to move a 450,000 volume library collection resulted in the design of a special-purpose book truck which can be built locally from surplus materials. The unit is rugged, dependable, and has a variety of applications.
A longitudinal analysis of the effects of a preventive exercise programme on the factors that predict shoulder pain in construction apprentices.

Construction apprentices are at risk for developing shoulder pain with increasing exposure to repetitive overhead work. Risk may decrease if shoulder biomechanics are optimised and if risk factors that contribute to shoulder pain onset are identified. This prospective cohort study examined demographic and work-related factors and shoulder pain onset over 2 years in a cohort of 240 construction apprentices. Approximately 50% of the sample (n = 117) performed a home exercise programme intended to have a protective effect, while the other 50% served as controls. The proportion of new-onset shoulder pain in the control group was higher than in the exercise group. Regression analysis identified four factors related to new-onset shoulder pain: previous neck pain; working in hot, cold or humid conditions; subject height; and bending and twisting the back. This information may assist employers and workers in preventing shoulder pain. By knowing factors predictive of shoulder pain development in construction worke...
Pharmacogenetics of bipolar disorder

To review the pharmacogenetics of bipolar disorders, the authors searched databases for genetic association and linkage studies involving response to long-term prophylactic lithium treatment, as well as treatment with antidepressants or clozapine. Significant ethnic variations in the metabolism and efficacy of antidepressants, as well as clozapine, have been reported by several groups. Systematic studies suggest that that genetic factors affect the response to prophylactic lithium treatment. Numerous associations between the three traits of interest and candidate gene polymorphisms have been proposed. Among these, an association between the serotonin transporter gene and response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors appears robust. Considerable interest has also focused on serotonergic gene polymorphisms and response to clozapine. Response to pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorders may be mediated by genetic factors, but the role played by heritability is unknown.
Consumer's Purchase Decision Process: Stochastic Models:

Probabilistic analysis of relationships among selected elements of a consumer’s purchase decision: brand purchased, store visited, and size of purchase.
The Missing Problems of Gersonides-A Critical Edition, I

Abstract Gersonides' Maaseh Hoshev (The Art of Calculation) is a major work known for its early use of rigorous combinatorial proofs and mathematical induction. There is a large section of problems at the end of the book, with the theme of proportions, which until now remained unpublished. I present a critical edition of this material. I also uncover a previously unknown second edition of Maaseh Hoshev. The material is appropriate for creative pedagogy and provides economic details of the author's culture and environs. A previous article presented the first, 15 problems and this article presents the rest. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Le Maase Hoshev (L'Art du Calcul) de Gersonide est un ouvrage majeur connu pour son usage precoce de preuves combinatoires rigoreuses et de l'induction mathematique. La fin de l'ouvrage comporte une section importante consacree a une serie de trente problemes sur le theme des proportions qui etait restee inedite jusqu'a ce jour et dont je presente pour la premiere fois une edition critique. Je revele egalement l'existence d'une seconde edition de Maase Hoshev. Le materiau peut servir de base a des projets de pedagogie creative et offre des details sur la culture et l'environnement de l'auteur. Cet article fait suite a une premiere etude qui presentait les quinze premiers problemes de Maase Hoshev et en presente les quinze autres.
Impedance biosensor based on interdigitated electrode arrays for detection of low levels of E.coli O157:H7

We report an interdigitated electrode array (IDEA) impedance biosensor with rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This biosensor has significantly better detection capability compared with the conventional microbiological testing method. The total detection time for this biosensor is under 3 hours. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is used in conjunction with impedance spectroscopy to improve the detection capability of the biosensor. The IDEA surface is functionalized using anti-E.coli antibody for selectivity of the bacteria. The dose response was in-between 3 × 106 CFU/mL and 3 × 102 CFU/mL. This is 10 fold better than the detection limit previously reported using impedance based biosensors.
Z-Resolution: Theorem-Proving with Compiled Axioms

An improved procedure for resolution theorem proving, called Z-resolution, is described. The basic idea of Z-resolution is to “compile” some of the axioms in a deductive problem. This means to automatically transform the selected axioms into a computer program which carries out the inference rules indicated by the axioms. This is done automatically by another program called the specializer. The advantage of doing this is that the compiled axioms run faster, just as a compiled program runs faster than an interpreted program.A proof is given that the inference rule used in Z-resolution is complete, provided that the axioms “compiled” have certain properties.
Butyltins in sediments from Boston Harbor, USA

Abstract Sediments from 12 sites in Boston Harbor were assayed for butyltins. The highest levels of tributyltin (TBT) were found at sites where commercial or pleasure boats were moored, where ocean going vessels dock, and at a former shipyard. Little or no TBT was detected at sites which do not have a history of significant boating activity. Dibutyltin and monobutyltin were also detected at most sites, indicating that degradation of TBT occurs at these sites.
Special considerations in the management of chronic kidney disease in the elderly.

The care of elderly persons with CKD may be complicated by several factors, including uncertainty about the accuracy and significance of low GFR estimates, age-associated pharmacokinetic changes and the high prevalence of polypharmacy, and co-morbid conditions. All of these factors make weighing the risks and benefits of CKD treatment strategies more challenging. When managing elderly patients, it is important to keep in mind that CKD clinical practice guidelines, such as those for blood pressure control, were largely developed in non-elderly populations with CKD. Thus, CKD treatment guidelines must be tailored to suit the individual patient and his or her treatment goals and preferences. Ultimately, achieving patient-centered care for the growing elderly population with CKD will require a more collaborative approach with pharmacists and geriatricians and individualized care plans that go beyond the guidelines.
Imino proton exchange and base-pair kinetics in the AMP-RNA aptamer complex.

We report on the dynamics of base-pair opening in the ATP-binding asymmetric internal loop and flanking base-pairs of the AMP-RNA aptamer complex by monitoring the exchange characteristics of the extremely well resolved imino protons in the NMR spectrum of the complex. The kinetics of imino proton exchange as a function of basic pH or added ammonia catalyst are used to measure the apparent base-pair dissociation constants and lifetimes of Watson-Crick and mismatched base-pairs, as well as the solvent accessibility of the unpaired imino protons in the complex. The exchange characteristics of the imino protons identify the existence of four additional hydrogen bonds stabilizing the conformation of the asymmetric ATP-binding internal loop that were not detected by NOEs and coupling constants alone, but are readily accommodated in the previously reported solution structure of the AMP-RNA aptamer complex published from our laboratory. The hydrogen exchange kinetics of the non-Watson-Crick pairs in the asymmetric internal loop of the AMP-RNA aptamer complex have been characterized and yield apparent dissociation constants (αKd) that range from 10−2 to 10−7. Surprisingly, three of these αKd values are amongst the lowest measured for all base-pairs in the AMP-RNA aptamer complex. Comparative studies of hydrogen exchange of the imino protons in the free RNA aptamer and the AMP-RNA aptamer complex establish that complexation stabilizes not only the bases within the ATP-binding asymmetric internal loop, but also the flanking stem base-pairs (two pairs on either side) of the binding site. We also outline some preliminary results related to the exchange properties of a sugar 2′-hydroxyl proton of a guanosine residue involved in a novel hydrogen bond that has been shown to contribute to the immobilization of the bound AMP by the RNA aptamer, and whose resonance is narrow and downfield shifted in the spectrum.
Chronic ethanol exposure alters leukocyte subsets in repopulating spleens, but does not alter negative selection in thymuses of sublethally irradiated mice

Results from previous in vitro experiments in this laboratory suggested that ethanol may affect selection processes in the thymus. To determine whether ethanol allows escape of potentially autoreactive T-cell clones from negative selection, we fed ethanol to sublethally irradiated, young, adult C57BR mice during the time of thymic and splenic repopulation as a new model of human third trimester fetal alcohol exposure. The mice received a whole-body, sublethal dose (6 Gy) of gamma irradiation at 5 to 6 weeks of age. Feeding of a liquid diet providing 25% of calories as ethanol (EDC) or an isocaloric control liquid diet was begun 3 days after irradiation and was continued for 5 weeks. Each EDC mouse had 2 weight- and age-matched controls, 1 pair-fed (PF), and 1 fed ad libitum (AD LIB). Average blood alcohol concentrations (90 to 440 mg/100 ml) were higher than those reported previously for neonatal mice exposed to ethanol through lactation. At 5 weeks after irradiation, the EDC mice had lower total thymocyte numbers (p < 0.05) and a higher proportion of CD4-CD8-thymocytes than either the PF or AD LIB mice (p < 0.05), which is consistent with findings using in utero models of ethanol exposure. Ethanol exposure also altered the proportion of leukocyte subsets in repopulating spleens. B cells were the most sensitive to the detrimental effects of ethanol and, as a percentage of total nucleated cells in the spleen, B cells were decreased in the EDC group, compared with both the PF and AD LIB groups (p < 0.05). C57BR mice normally delete by negative selection thymocytes bearing v beta 17 T-cell receptors. There was no discernible effect of ethanol exposure during thymic and splenic repopulation on the expression of V beta 17a on thymocytes and splenic T lymphocytes, indicating that ethanol does not affect negative selection.
Anterior Olfactory Nucleus

This report contains a gene expression summary of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse data set. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the AON were compared to the values of the macro/parent-structure, in this case the olfactory areas, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The genes with the highest ranking selectivity ratios were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression characterization. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. Correlations between gene expression in the AON and the rest of the brain, across all genes in the coronal dataset (~4300 genes), were derived computationally. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report.
Evaluation of a preclinical, educational and skills-training program to improve students' use of blood and body fluid precautions: one-year follow-up.

Abstract Background. Little is known about long-term improvements in medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and use of blood and body fluid precautions following preclinical training. Methods. We evaluated an educational and skills-training program emphasizing double gloving for high-risk surgical procedures. Baseline surveys measuring knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to use specific precautions were completed by second-year (experimental) students before skills training and by third-year students (control) after their first clinical year. Follow-up surveys were completed 1 year later. Use of double gloves and protective eyewear during surgery clerkships was observed at baseline and follow-up. Results. Of 149 students returning both surveys, the experimental group ( n = 91) showed improvements in attitudes toward double gloving ( P = 0.038) and use of double gloves during surgery at follow-up (relative risk = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.06, 3.59). They expressed better attitudes toward ( P = 0.003) and greater readiness to use ( P = 0.020) double gloves compared with controls at follow-up. They expressed better attitudes toward ( P = 0.002) and greater readiness to use ( P = 0.001) double gloves compared with controls when each had completed their first clinical year. Conclusion. The intervention was associated with improved attitudes toward and use of double gloves during surgery. The experimental group also expressed better attitudes and readiness to use double gloves compared with controls at follow-up.
Peer Coaching: Professional Development for Experienced Faculty

The professoriate, as a whole, is growing older and more experienced; yet institutions often overlook the professional development needs of mid-career and senior faculty. This article, based on a review of the literature and the development of a peer coaching project, examines peer coaching as a professional development opportunity for experienced faculty that meets many of their immediate needs and offers a variety of longer-term benefits to their institution. Six recommendations for creating a peer coaching program emerge from the literature and the authors’ experience.
The contribution of months and seasons to fluctuations of the mean annual temperature in eastern Minnesota

The 164-year eastern Minnesota record was analyzed to determine the contribution that each month and season has made to the fluctuations in the annual mean temperature record. The contributions are considered at time scales of years, pentad averages, and decadal averages. Correlation analyses, Cramer tests, and linear trend analyses were used to determine the degreee of influence.
Spatial Models of Party Competition

The use of spatial ideas to interpret party competition is a universal phenomenon of modern politics. Such ideas are the common coin of political journalists and have extraordinary influence in the thought of political activists. Especially widespread is the conception of a liberal-conservative dimension on which parties maneuver for the support of a public that is itself distributed from left to right. This conception goes back at least to French revolutionary times and has recently gained new interest for an academic audience through its ingenious formalization by Downs and others. However, most spatial interpretations of party competition have a very poor fit with the evidence about how large-scale electorates and political leaders actually respond to politics. Indeed, the findings on this point are clear enough so that spatial ideas about party competition ought to be modified by empirical observation. I will review here evidence that the “space” in which American parties contend for electoral support is very unlike a single ideological dimension, and I will offer some suggestions toward revision of the prevailing spatial model.
Company magazines and the creation of industrial cooperation: A case study from the Southern textile industry, 1880–1940

Much has been written about welfare capitalism or industrial paternalism in American industry. Steel, machinery, coal and rubber are only a few of the industries that experimented with offering wel...
Detection of bovine leukemia virus in cattle by the polymerase chain reaction

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is widely distributed in U.S. cattle herds. It infects B lymphocytes and causes neoplastic disease in 5-10% of infected animals. Direct economic losses are incurred as a result of death, reduced milk production and condemnation at slaughter. Thus the identification of cattle infected with BLV is of significant concern to the U.S. cattle industry. For this reason, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used to examine seropositive and seronegative cattle for the presence of BLV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Using an amplification protocol able to detect 1 viral genome in 100,000 cells, BLV was not detected in 7 seronegative cattle in an infected herd. BLV sequences were detected in 13 of 18 seropositive animals with various levels of infection as determined by in vitro lymphocyte culture and electron microscopy. An active infection was demonstrated in one animal, based on the presence of viral RNA. These findings indicate that PCR is a sensitive method for the detection of BLV in cattle and provides new information regarding the dynamics of the infection.
An Improved Method for the Injection of Crystalline Horseradish Peroxidase in Neuroanatomical Studies

A simple, inexpensive method for the injection of crystalline horseradish peroxidase is described that uses glass micropipettes. The horseradish peroxidase is expelled from the pipette by a fine wire inserted to the end of the pipette. A clay plug prevents diffusion of HRP during the needle's descent. The technique enables the investigator to reliably produce small, densely labeled injection sites with minimal diffusion. Both the retrograde and anterograde transport seen using this method compare favorably with that seen using iontophoretic or pressure injection methods.
Lipid modulators of cell function.

Lipids have surfaced as potent and diverse modulators of cell functions, as determinants of membrane structure, as ligands for cell-surface receptors, as anchors for membrane-associated proteins, and as second messengers. Some of these functions involve the complex lipids directly, as exemplified by the alteration of receptor behavior by gangliosides. However, many other functions entail cleavage of membrane lipids to yield (as examples): unsaturated fatty acids, which are converted to prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and other compounds; diacylglycerols, which activate protein kinase C; inositol phosphates, which stimulate release of calcium from intracellular stores; and lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine, which is converted to platelet-activating factor. New roles for membrane lipids are constantly appearing, such as the inhibition of protein kinase C by sphingosine and the release of phospha-tidylinositol-linked proteins in response to hormones. Dietary modification of these lipid systems could have important implications for normal cell function and disease.
A Striking Demonstration of the Poisson Distribution.

Summary This article describes a simple classroom activity that helps students immediately visualize and understand the meaning and mathematical properties of the Poisson distribution.