cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Rearing of Euschistus tristigmus tristigmus

Euschistus tristigmus tristigmus (Say) is common in open woodland and along wood margins throughout Illinois. It is reported to attack, among others, cotton (Morrill 1910) and peaches (Woodside 1949). In Illinois, wild raspberry, wild blackberry, and elderberry probably serve as host plants (Esselbaugh 1948).
Existential challenges experienced by lymphoma survivors: Results from the 2010 LIVESTRONG Survey.

We sought to examine the existential challenges that cancer survivors may experience as they strive to make meaning, regain their self-identity, cope with fear of recurrence, and experience feeling...
FITNESS COSTS OF RESISTANCE TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH (PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA).

Does adaptation to stress entail fitness costs in optimal environments? Antagonistic pleiotropy sometimes causes trade-offs in fitness across different environments in which the agent of stress is a pathogen (Lenski 1988) or a novel diet (Pashley 1988; Via 1991). It is commonly believed that evolution of resistance to insecticides also involves such trade-offs. Alleles conferring resistance are rare before exposure to insecticide and have been presumed to exert negative effects on fitness in the absence of insecticide (Crow 1957; Uyenoyama 1986; Hoffman and Parsons 1991). However, fitness costs associated with resistance to conventional synthetic insecticides appear to vary considerably among species and insecticides (Roush and McKenzie 1987; Roush and Daly 1990; Denholm and Rowland 1992). Moreover, little is known about fitness costs of resistance to insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, a common soil bacterium (McGaughey and Whalon 1992; Tabashnik 1994). Toxins from B. thuringiensis kill susceptible insects by binding to and disrupting the integrity of the midgut epithelium (Gill et al. 1992). Reduced binding of toxins is a primary mechanism of resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Ferre et al. 1991), a major pest of cruciferous vegetables (Talekar 1992). The normal function of toxin-binding sites is not known but seems to be important because such sites are found in numerous insects (Feitelson et al. 1992). Several authors have suggested that alteration of toxin-binding sites may interfere with normal physiological functions (Van Rie et al. 1990; MacIntosh et al. 1991). Instability of resistance to B. thuringiensis in the absence of selection
Disordered 3 D Multi-layer Graphene Anode Material from CO2 for Sodium-Ion Batteries

We report the application of disordered 3 D multi-layer graphene, synthesized directly from CO2 gas through a reaction with Li at 550 °C, as an anode for Na-ion batteries (SIBs) toward a sustainable and greener future. The material exhibited a reversible capacity of ∼190 mA h g−1 with a Coulombic efficiency of 98.5 % at a current density of 15 mA g−1. The discharge capacity at higher potentials (>0.2 V vs. Na/Na+) is ascribed to Na-ion adsorption at defect sites, whereas the capacity at low potentials (<0.2 V) is ascribed to intercalation between graphene sheets through electrochemical characterization, Raman spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. The disordered multi-layer graphene electrode demonstrated a great rate capability and cyclability. This novel approach to synthesize disordered 3 D multi-layer graphene from CO2 gas makes it attractive not only as an anode material for SIBs but also to mitigate CO2 emission.
Analysis of blood lead screening results of children in an emergency event

Objective To know the blood lead of children in villages around industrial area of Ji'an city in order to provide reliable information for the treatment of public health emergencies. Methods 590 children(335 males and 255 females) living around industry areas were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry for blood lead in the Ji'an Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital in July 2012. Results The average concentration of blood lead in children was(62.4±28.3) μg/L. and the normal rate was 95.3%,with 25 cases exceeding the standard and 3 cases with lead poisoning, of which the exceeding rate was 4.7%. There was no statistical significance in the blood lead of different genders(P0.05). There were significant difference in the blood lead between the0 ~ 6 years old group and the 7-17 age group(P0.01). There was a statistical significance in the blood lead between the children living in DW area and the other ones living in natural villages(P0.01), but the exceeding rate of the children living in DW area was20.6%, which was lower than the national average of 29.91%. Conclusion The overall blood lead in children living around industrial area is at normal level, and there is no lead pollution in children.
Managed Care Aspects of Managing Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with significant direct and indirect costs. Pharmacoeconomic studies of MS therapies have generally shown results which were not considered to be cost-effective when incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were analyzed for quality-adjusted life-years. When prevented relapses were considered as an end point, the cost-effectiveness results were generally more favorable, although the studies analyzed were limited by assumptions, projected outcomes, and lack of data on adverse events. Managed care professionals and clinicians can ensure maximized effectiveness of therapy by supporting adherence and by providing disease therapy management programs. Specialty pharmacies are an effective way to control costs and optimize the involvement of patients in their care.
Statistical analysis of DMV crash data

The purpose of this paper is to present statistical methods and models we used to find out factors that caused fatal car crashes and high damage cost. The benefit of our project is that the Virginia DMV can make some adjustments accordingly and reduce the number of crashes that are fatal and have high damage cost. The data we used is between 2010 and 2014 for both fatality analysis and damage cost analysis. Data of 2015 was used for fatality analysis only. In the first part of this paper, we will introduce how we find factors that caused fatal car crashes. Since the data are unbalanced, we first subsampled the non-fatal crashes and applied a higher weight for fatal crashes. When building the model, we used logistic regression model to predict whether an accident is fatal or not. To select features that are more important, we used factors that are all numeric and with correlation value more than 0.1. We obtained a recall of 40% in the prediction from the logistic regression. We also adopted Decision Tree in fatality analysis and built two models for 2010–2014 data as well as 2015 data. In the second part of this paper, we will discuss how we find factors that caused damage cost. Since values of damage cost variable are unbalanced, we proposed a two-state method to find critical factors of the damage cost. First, we used K nearest neighborhood (KNN) to predict whether the damage cost is 0 or not. Second, we built Lasso Regression on the data where the damage cost were not zero and discovered the factors that lead to the damage cost.
Phosphene Mapping Procedures for Prosthetic Vision

Since experiments performed over 25 years ago (Brindley & Lewin, 1962; Dobelle et al., 1978) it has been known that patients stimulated subcranially by small electrical currents over the visual cortex will perceive small blobs of light, phosphenes, and that it is possible to present multiple phosphenes by stimulating several electrodes simultaneously.
Prostate cancer: Kinases and CHIPS sign-off personalization of therapy

A recent study in Cell undertook a bold phosphoproteomic data interpretation and functional integration approach to develop a clinically relevant hierarchy of therapeutic kinase targets and actionable pathways of individual patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Each patient's personalized kinase signature can be used to guide clinical decisions and predict drug combinations, minimizing toxicity and optimizing precision-targeted treatment.
A Comparison of Serum Hepcidin and GDF15 Expression in Cases of Iron Depletion Due to Blood Loss.

Abstract 4043 Poster Board III-978 Iron depletion affects billions worldwide, and anemia develops when iron stores become insufficient to maintain normal erythropoiesis. Hepcidin is a negative regulator of iron absorption in the body. Low serum hepcidin levels provide a physiological response to iron demand in patients with iron deficiency. Based on a recent discovery of elevated growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as a pathological suppressor of hepcidin in cases of thalassemia (Tanno et al. 2007), it was hypothesized that GDF15 may be elevated under physiological circumstances such as iron deficiency, but this area of research remains controversial. Here GDF15 and hepcidin levels were measured in the peripheral blood of subjects with iron-depleted erythropoiesis, and monitored in patients receiving iron replacement therapy. Initially, clinical studies were performed to measure GDF15 in the serum of iron-depleted blood donors (n = 10) and healthy volunteers (n = 10). Iron depletion was defined for this study as serum ferritin level ( p p = 0.084). In three additional patients with iron depletion due to menstrual blood loss, serum GDF15 and hepcidin levels were monitored during oral iron replacement. In association with normalization of the ferritin and transferrin saturation, hepcidin levels increased in each patient, but GDF15 levels remained stable (202 ± 15 pg/ml versus 215 ± 23 pg/ml). In summary, iron depletion due to blood loss was not associated with increased GDF15, and there was no obvious correlation between GDF15 and hepcidin expression at the time of depletion or during iron replacement therapy. The data support the hypothesis that GDF15 elevation contributes to the pathological suppression of hepcidin and iron overload in cases of ineffective erythropoiesis rather than the physiological suppression of hepcidin in cases of iron depletion. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Technical Note: Initial evaluation of floor cooling on lactating sows under acute heat stress1

Our study objectives were to evaluate an acute heat stress protocol for lactating sows and evaluate preliminary estimates of water flow rates required to cool sows. Twelve multiparous sows were provided with a cooling pad built with an aluminum plate surface, high-density polyethylene base, and copper pipes. Treatments were randomly allotted to sows to receive a constant cool water flow of 0.00 (control, n = 5), 0.25 (LO, n = 3), 0.55 (MED, n = 2), or 0.85 (HI, n = 2) L/min for 90 min. The cooling was initiated 1 h after the room reached 35°C. Respiration rates (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and skin temperature (15 cm posterior to the ear) were recorded before the trial, before cooling, and after 90 min of cooling. Water flow rates and inlet and outlet water temperatures were recorded 6 times (every 15 min) to calculate heat removal after cooling initiation. In all 3 replications, treatments were switched randomly among sows. The mean ambient temperature and relative humidity during the trial were 35.3 ± 0.7°C and 57.8 ± 3.1%, respectively. Treatments affected RR and RT after 90 min of cooling. At the end, the mean RR and RT were 132 breaths/min and 39.9°C for the control; 89 breaths/min and 39.5°C for the LO; 71 breaths/min and 39.2°C for the MED; and 31 breaths/min and 39.1°C for the HI treatment (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Cooling pads with MED and HI water flow rates reduced RR and RT in lactating sows.
Seeing the King over the Water, Two Ways

ABSTRACTWhile studies of Jacobite culture have proliferated in recent years, this article is the first to undertake a systematic investigation of the large culture of Jacobite poetry in manuscript. This culture thrived from about 1688 to 1745, after which time it became chiefly antiquarian. The study encompasses at 329 manuscripts in libraries in the US and the UK, and offers two ways to “see” the King over the water, just as recent studies of Jacobitism have suggested that the possibility for double vision was itself a central trope of the culture. Beginning with a series of network graphs of the culture’s poems and manuscripts, I determine the most significant poems in the corpus and confirm those findings with statistical analyses. I then offer a detailed reading of the corpus’s most popular poem, “The Ambodexter”, in order to suggest some of the key characteristics of Jacobite poetry in manuscript as a whole.
Near-infrared spectroscopy and anharmonic theory of the H2O+Ar1,2 cation complexes.

Weakly bound complexes of the water radical cation with argon (H2O+Arn, n = 1,2) were generated by an electrical discharge/supersonic expansion and probed with mid- and near-infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the 2050–4550 and 4850–7350 cm−1 regions. To elucidate these spectra, these complexes were studied computationally at the CCSD(T) level including anharmonicity with the VPT2 method. The comparison between experiment and predicted spectra demonstrates that the VPT2 method is adequate to capture most of the vibrational band positions and their intensities. In addition to the fundamentals, overtones of the symmetric and the asymmetric water stretches and their combination were detected. Additional bands were assigned to combinations of the overtone of the bound O–H stretch with multiple excitation levels of the intermolecular Ar–H stretch. H2O+Ar2 could not be dissociated in the higher frequency region (4850–7350 cm−1).
Where Have All the Elites Gone? Cultural Transformation of Elitism in the Schooled Society

The education revolution and the coming of a global schooled society have major implications for elite formation, social construction of elitism, and the growing internationalization of this process. Educationally derived status attainment replaces the ascriptive process as education provides skills, sensibilities, and ideologies for formal elite positions. The main legitimate route to power and access to resources within an increasingly professionalised and formally organized society is through required educational performance and advanced degrees. Older caste barriers, symbolically separating elite and non-elite forms of education, erode as education evolves into a market of prestige hierarchy. The education revolution does not end the importance of the question of the relationship among schooling, society, and elite formation; rather, it offers a more dynamic, central, and international sociological investigation.
Effectiveness of state climate and energy policies in reducing power-sector CO 2 emissions

States have historically been the primary drivers of climate change policy in the US, particularly with regard to emissions from power plants. States have implemented policies designed either to directly curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from power plants, or to encourage energy efficiency and renewable energy growth. With the federal government withdrawing from the global climate agreement, understanding which state-level policies have successfully mitigated power-plant emissions is urgent. Past research has assessed policy effectiveness using data for periods before the adoption of many policies. We assess 17 policies using the latest data on state-level power-sector CO2 emissions. We find that policies with mandatory compliance are reducing power-plant emissions, while voluntary policies are not. Electric decoupling, mandatory GHG registry/reporting and public benefit funds are associated with the largest reduction in emissions. Mandatory GHG registry/reporting and public benefit funds are also associated with a large reduction in emissions intensity. State policies play a key role in mitigation of power-sector emissions. Analysis of 17 policies in the US shows that mandatory compliance is reducing emissions, with the largest reductions related to greenhouse gas reporting and public benefit funds.
Clinical Management of Pesticide Poisoning

Pesticide intoxication, whether by intentional ingestion or accidental overexposure, remains a significant problem in both industrialized and developing countries (1). Although the nature and extent of exposure to the offending agent commonly may be known when caring for a patient with pesticide poisoning, there continue to be serious problems with the awareness, recognition, and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these intoxications (2). Presented below is an approach to the clinical management of patients with suspected or known pesticide overexposure, grouped into the major chemical classes of pesticides. In evaluating the potential health-related effects of all classes of pesticides, it is important to think not only of the active ingredients but also of the carriers, which are often added to enhance delivery; carriers include talcs, oils, solvents and binding agents. These so-called inert ingredients may themselves have toxic properties explaining some of the acute and persistent health effects, acting as irritants and less commonly sensitizing agents in exposed individuals.
C.S. Lewis, Democracy and Modern Relativism

This short essay enters in the "Objectivism/Relativism" debate via the opposed vantage points of C.S. Lewis and Friedrich Nietzsche respectively. It highlights this opposition in terms of Lewis's identification of relativism with democracy and Nietzsche's association of it with aristocracy. Lewis connects the intellectual tendencies of democracy with hostility to tradition and virtue, both western and non-western, and therewith to the idea that moral values are "relative" and are ultimately rooted in individual and cultural preferences. Nietzsche on the other hand associates democracy with "objectivism" and the idea that there is a "one size fits all" truth with a capital "T." For Lewis successful societies need a grounding in "absolute" moral truth and so relativism will ultimately mean the demise of democracy and civilization. For Nietzsche on the other hand the capacity for "spiritual" relativism is the highest virtue and any society which fails to appreciate this fact will lack the most enlightened kind of leadership and as a result will never attain to its most laudable goals.
Enteric nitrous oxide emissions from beef cattle

ABSTRACT Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane (CH4). The objectives of this research were to quantify enteric N2O emissions from beef cattle and determine effects of dietary nitrate (NO3) concentrations. Experiments consisted of one in vitro incubation trial and 2 live animal (LA) trials. During the in vitro trial, gas was collected from 4 forage-based and 5 corn-based diets. During the LA trials, emissions were monitored from steers in respiration chambers. In LA trial 1, 5 measurements of 256 to 720 min were conducted on a single steer within a 48-h period. In LA trial 2, measurements were conducted on 4 steers in the absence of manure. Highest in vitro N2O production was from diets containing added NO3 or alfalfa. In vitro N2O increased with dietary NO3 concentrations (r2 = 0.99), with little correlation to dietary CP (r2 = 0.17). Added NO3 decreased CH4 emissions. Mean N2O emission rates (±SD) from the LA trials were 6.93 ± 2.99 mg of N2O∙kg−1 of DMI in trial 1 and 2.20 ± 0.10 mg of N2O∙kg−1 of DMI in trial 2. Mean enteric N2O emissions accounted for 0.35% (LA trial 1) and 0.12% (LA trial 2) of CO2 equivalents. Enteric N2O emission rates were 6 to 40 times lower than values cited in earlier publications. Enteric N2O emission rates were also 58 to 108 times lower than manure emissions. Therefore, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle should focus on enteric CH4 and manure N2O as opposed to enteric N2O.
The role of sales team intragroup conflict on critical job outcomes

Abstract Sales teams are often structured into groups by territories, product categories, or hierarchical levels of salespeople which provide support to one another while counter-intuitively competing for individual resources, rewards, and promotions. We posit that the impact of conflict within the sales team (sales team intragroup conflict) on critical individual-level job outcomes (job satisfaction and intent to turnover) is contingent upon two loci of influences: individually-influenced goal orientations (learning and performance) and managerially-influenced justice perceptions (procedural and distributive). We empirically examine sales team intragroup conflict through a primary data collection of 195 distributor salespeople organized into 20 geographically dispersed teams. Our results largely support our hypotheses that there are nuanced effects across the loci of influences, such that in conflict-laden environments, having a performance orientation or perception of organizational distributive justice enhance job satisfaction, while a perception of organizational procedural justice decreases job satisfaction. Thus, we answer the call to better understand the role of conflict in marketing exchanges.
Effectiveness of Machine Learning Based Intrusion Detection Systems

Security is the most significant issue in concerns of protecting information or data breaches. Furthermore, attackers present a new variety of cyber-attacks in the market, which prevent users from managing their network or computer system. For that reason, the growth of cybersecurity research studies, such as intrusion detection and prevention systems have great significance. The intrusion detection system (IDS) is an effective approach against malicious attacks. In this work, a range of experiments has been carried out on seven machine learning algorithms by using the CICIDS2017 intrusion detection dataset. It ensued to compute several performance metrics to examine the selected algorithms. The experimental results demonstrated that the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier outperformed in terms of precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score as compared to other machine learning classifiers. Nevertheless, All of the used machine learning classifiers except KNN trained their models in a reasonable time.
Inhaled Furan Selectively Damages Club Cells in Lungs of A/J Mice:

Furan, a possible human carcinogen, is a product of incomplete combustion and is present in cigarette smoke, engine exhaust, and processed food. Oral administration induces liver toxicity and carcinogenesis in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. To assess possible adverse effects from inhalation, A/J mice were nose-only exposed for 3 hours to furan (0, 30, 75, 150, 300, or 600 ppmv) and euthanized after 24 hours, 48 hours, or 1 week. Histopathology evaluation revealed bronchiolar club cell necrosis (diffuse, marked) with airway denudation following exposure to 300 and 600 ppmv furan with evidence of club cell regeneration and partial repair after 1 week. Initial signs of hepatotoxicity were observed in the 150 ppmv furan-exposed group. Acute necrosis and mineralization were observed in livers at 24 and 48 hours with hepatocyte regeneration by 1-week postexposure in mice exposed to 300 and 600 ppmv furan; the 300 ppmv exposed group had multifocal mineralization that evoked a mild granulomatous response. Measurement of urinary furan metabolites confirmed that the mice metabolized furan to the toxic intermediate, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial. These observations indicate that inhaled furan is toxic to lungs with club cells as the target as well as liver.
Tracking Disaster Footprints with Social Streaming Data

Social media has become an indispensable tool in the face of natural disasters due to its broad appeal and ability to quickly disseminate information. For instance, Twitter is an important source for disaster responders to search for (1) topics that have been identified as being of particular interest over time, i.e., common topics such as “disaster rescue”; (2) new emerging themes of disaster-related discussions that are fast gathering in social media streams (Saha and Sindhwani 2012), i.e., distinct topics such as “the latest tsunami destruction”. To understand the status quo and allocate limited resources to most urgent areas, emergency managers need to quickly sift through relevant topics generated over time and investigate their commonness and distinctiveness. A major obstacle to the effective usage of social media, however, is its massive amount of noisy and undesired data. Hence, a naive method, such as set intersection/difference to find common/distinct topics, is often not practical. To address this challenge, this paper studies a new topic tracking problem that seeks to effectively identify the common and distinct topics with social streaming data. The problem is important as it presents a promising new way to efficiently search for accurate information during emergency response. This is achieved by an online Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) scheme that conducts a faster update of latent factors, and a joint NMF technique that seeks the balance between the reconstruction error of topic identification and the losses induced by discovering common and distinct topics. Extensive experimental results on real-world datasets collected during Hurricane Harvey and Florence reveal the effectiveness of our framework.
“All Enemies, Foreign and Domestic”: The Presence of Anti-Latinx Political Rhetoric and Latinxs as Third World Threats in Secondary U.S. Citizenship Curriculum:

Background/ContextAnti-Latinx political discourses have long positioned Latin America and, by extension, U.S. Latinxs as economic, sociocultural, and political threats to the general welfare of the...
Single molecule characterization of anomalous transport in a thin, anisotropic film.

Abstract The diffusion of small, charged molecules incorporated in an anisotropic polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) was tracked in three dimensions by combining single-molecule fluorescence localization (to characterize lateral diffusion) with Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between diffusing molecules and the supporting surface (to measure diffusion in the surface-normal direction). Analysis of the surface-normal diffusion required model-based statistical analysis to account for the inherently noisy FRET signal. Combining these distinct single-molecule methods, which are inherently sensitive to different length scales, permitted simultaneous characterization of severely anisotropic diffusion, which was more than three orders of magnitude slower in the surface-normal direction. We hypothesize that the anomalously slow surface-normal diffusion was related to the periodic distribution of charge in the PEM, which created electrostatic barriers. The motion was strongly subdiffusive, with anomalous temporal scaling exponents in lateral and normal directions, suggesting a connection to the transient, random fractal conformation of polymer chains in the film’s matrix.
Intern Orthopedic Rotation Versus Emergency Medicine Procedure Month: Which one Derives More Opportunity?

INTRODUCTION The American College of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) defines 18 "key procedures" as requirements in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs. The post-graduate year-1 (PGY-1) curriculum provides an early foundation for EM trainees to gain procedural experience, but traditional PGY-1 rotations may not provide robust procedural opportunities. Our objective was to replace a traditional orthopedic rotation with a 4-week rotation that emphasized EM procedure acquisition and comprehension. Although all residents met ACGME procedural requirements before the curricular modification, the purpose of this month was to increase overall procedure numbers. The block contained dedicated procedure shifts in the emergency department as well as an asynchronous, self-directed learning course. We sought to compare the number of procedures performed by PGY-1 residents during their orthopedic rotation (the year before implementation), to the number of procedures performed during their procedure rotation (the year after implementation). METHODS The total number of procedures performed and logged by PGY-1 residents during the traditional orthopedic rotation (during the year prior to implementation of the new procedure rotation) were compared to the total number of procedures by the first class to undergo the new procedure rotation the following year. Thirty resident logs were reviewed (15 per class). Data were analyzed using SAS NPAR1WAY; Z < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS When compared to the orthopedic rotation, the procedure rotation had statistically significant higher numbers of procedures per resident (22, standard deviation [SD] 12, vs 11.4, SD 7.6; Z = 0.0177). A wide variety of nonorthopedic procedures accounted for the increased numbers, (13.6, SD 10.3, vs 0.9, SD 0.9; Z < 0.001). While the average number of orthopedic procedures was slightly less on the procedure rotation, there was no statistical difference (orthopedic rotation 10.13, procedure rotation 8.26; Z = 0.4605). Notably, fewer procedures were performed when 2 residents were on the procedure rotation at the same time (21 vs 10.1). CONCLUSION This analysis demonstrated a larger number and a wider variety of procedures performed by PGY-1 residents during a dedicated procedure rotation compared to a traditional orthopedic rotation. Furthermore, exposure to orthopedic procedures did not decline significantly. Limitations of the study include a modest number of subjects. Data may be limited by the consistency of procedure logging by individual residents. Further studies may assess procedural competency after PGY-1 year of training.
Temperament and sleep behaviors in infants and toddlers living in low-income homes.

Abstract Temperament is a dynamic trait that can be shaped by maturity and environmental experiences. In this study, we sought to determine whether and the extent to which temperament was predicted by sleeping behaviors in an understudied sample of primarily Black and White infants and toddlers living in low-income homes (N = 150). Sleeping behaviors were assessed at 15–19 months of age with caregiver report of the Tayside Children’s Sleep Questionnaire. Temperament was examined as effortful control, negativity, and surgency with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form at 9–12 months of age and with the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Short Form at 20–24 months of age. Covariates were maternal education, household income, and child sex and race. Continuous variables were standardized, then missing data from independent variables were multiply imputed in 20 datasets. Regression analyses showed that about 1 SD improvement in toddler sleep behaviors significantly predicted about 1/5 SD better toddler effortful control. However, sleep behaviors did not significantly predict toddler surgency or negative affect. This study shows that for a sample of infants and toddlers in low-income homes, how a child learns to regulate sleeping behaviors may influence the development of overall effortful control about six months later.
Toward the phosphoproteome.

Two chemical protocols for the rapid analysis of protein phosphorylation by mass spectrometry promise to expand the scope of proteomics research.
Signaling system 7 (SS7) network security

This paper examines vulnerabilities present within SS7 networks-vulnerabilities whose threat has been magnified by deregulation and emerging trends in network technology. First, it provides an overview of the SS7 network and protocol. Then it explains how modem deregulated telephone networks combine with next-generation technologies in a manner that poses a threat to the security of the telecommunications signaling network. This paper details several attack scenarios made possible by accepting the assumption that an SS7 signaling point may be compromised to allow insertion of message traffic.
The Concept of Difficult Temperament.

Temperament, particularly "difficult" temperament, has been hy pothesized to be important in individual differences in personality development, children's effects on adult socialization agents, and the early origins of childhood behavior problems (Schwarz, 1979; Thomas, Chess, & Birch, 1968). Measurement of temperament has become fairly frequent in studies of infants and young children. It is important at this time to review critically work on both the general concept of temperament and especially the more socially-relevant sub-concept of difficult temperament.
CHALLENGE‐ORIENTED ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: DO CHALLENGE‐ORIENTED BEHAVIORS REALLY HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE ORGANIZATION'S BOTTOM LINE?

Virtually all of the studies that have examined the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and unit or organizational effectiveness have focused on affiliation-oriented as opposed to challenge-oriented forms of OCB, and no study has examined the mechanisms through which OCBs influence unit or organizational effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the main and interactive effects that challenge-oriented and affiliation-oriented OCBs have on organizational effectiveness through their impact on workgroup task performance. Results from a sample of 150 limited-menu restaurants showed that the relationship between challenge-oriented OCBs and workgroup task performance has an inverted-U shape and is moderated by affiliation-oriented OCBs, and that workgroup task performance completely mediated the impact of challenge- and affiliation-oriented OCBs (and their interaction) on organizational outcomes (i.e., sales dollars, profit as a percentage of sales, and employee turnover). Specifically, the findings showed that challenge-oriented OCBs have a positive impact on workgroup task performance up to a point, and beyond that point only when certain enabling conditions (i.e., high levels of affiliation-oriented OCBs) are present. Implications are discussed.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids of oxyntic cell microsomes. II. Glycopeptides and glycolipids.

Abstract Glycosylated compounds associated with the carbohydrate-rich tubular membrane system of the oxyntic cell were investigated. Two glycopeptide fractions, designated Peaks A and B, were isolated from pronase digests of bullfrog oxyntic cell microsomes. Molecular sieve chromatography and cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed that, although somewhat heterogeneous, each peak was composed primarily of glycopeptides with similar molecular weights and net charge densities. Peak B glycopeptides had a mean molecular weight of about 6000 and contained 70% of the recovered carbohydrate in the following molar ratios: hexose, 1.00; N- acetylhexosamine , 0.71; fucose, 0.61; sialic acids, N- acetylglucosamine , respectively, were the predominant hexose and amino sugar isomers. The glycolipid content of bullfrog oxyntic cell microsomes was assessed by qualitative and quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The most abundant glycolipids were monoglucosylceramides (0.098 mole/mole phospholipid) and monogalactosylceramides (0.046 mole/mole phospholipid). Small quantities of sulfatides and gangliosides were also present. A compilation of available data regarding the chemical composition of the microsomes revealed that these membranes resemble plasma membranes in having high molar ratios of cholesterol to phospholipid (approx. 1.0) and large quantities of carbohydrate (225 μg/mg protein). The possible significance of these compositional features in protecting the oxyntic cell is discussed.
Pilot estuarine mesocosm study on the environmental fate of Silver nanomaterials leached from consumer products.

Abstract Although nanosilver consumer products (CPs) enjoy widespread availability, the environmental fate, leaching, and bioaccumulation behaviors of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from these products are not well understood. In this work, three nanosilver CPs, two AgNP standards, and an ionic silver (Ag + ) standard were studied in estuarine mesocosms. The CPs exhibited long-term release of significant amounts of silver over a 60 d residence time in the mesocosms, and ultimately released 82 - 99% of their total silver loads. Measurements of total silver as a function of time, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), indicated that the silver was transferred from the water column and accumulated in the estuarine biota, including hard clams, grass shrimp, mud snails, cordgrass stalks and leaves, biofilms, intertidal sediment, and sand. The ICP-MS results and calculations of bioconcentration and trophic transfer factors indicated that significant amounts of silver were taken up by the organisms through trophic transfer. Silver was also adsorbed from the seawater into the biofilms, sediment, and sand, and from the sand into the clams.
Asynchronous distributed simulation via a sequence of parallel computations

An approach to carrying out asynchronous, distributed simulation on multiprocessor messagepassing architectures is presented. This scheme differs from other distributed simulation schemes because (1) the amount of memory required by all processors together is bounded and is no more than the amount required in sequential simulation and (2) the multiprocessor network is allowed to deadlock, the deadlock is detected, and then the deadlock is broken. Proofs for the correctness of this approach are outlined.
A parallel algorithm for determining two-dimensional object positions using incomplete information about their boundaries

Extraction of two-dimensional object locations using current techniques is a computationally intensive process. In this paper a parallel algorithm is presented that can specify the location of objects from edge streaks produced by an edge operator. Best-first searches are carried out in a number of non-interacting and localized edge streak spaces. The outcome of each search is a hypothesis. Each edge streak votes for a single hypothesis; it may also take part in the formation of other hypotheses. A poll of the votes determined the stronger hypotheses. The algorithm can be used as a front end to a visual pattern recognition system where features are extracted from the hypothesized object boundary or from the area localized by the hypothesized boundary. Experimental results from a biomedical domain are presented. Computer vision Two-dimensional object recognition Search Automated histopathology Edge-linking Model-based recognition Parallel algorithm Feature-learning
Distributed Augmented Reality for Visualizing Collaborative Construction Tasks

Augmented reality is a visualization method in which virtual objects are aligned with the real world and the viewer can interact with the virtual objects in real time. In this paper, a new methodology called distributed augmented reality for visualizing collaborative construction tasks (DARCC) is proposed. Using this methodology, virtual models of construction equipment can be operated and viewed by several operators to interactively simulate construction activities on the construction site in augmented reality mode. The paper investigates the design issues of DARCC including tracking and registration, object modeling, engineering constraints, and interaction and communication methods. The DARCC methodology is implemented in a prototype system and tested in a case study about a bridge deck rehabilitation project.
Nitrogen-rich oligoacenes: candidates for n-channel organic semiconductors.

The successive replacement of CH moieties by nitrogen atoms in oligoacenes (benzene to hexacene) has been studied computationally at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//6-31G(d) level of theory, and the effects of different heteroatomic substitution patterns on structures, electron affinities, excitation, ionization, and reorganization energies are discussed. The calculated tendencies are rationalized on the basis of molecular orbital arguments. To achieve electron affinities of 3 eV, a value required to allow for efficient electron injection from common metal electrodes, at least seven nitrogen atoms have to be incorporated into tetracenes or pentacenes. The latter require rather small reorganization energies for electron transfer (<0.20 eV) making these compounds promising candidates for n-channel semiconducting materials. Particularly interesting are heptaazapentacenes 5 and 6 in which the nitrogen atoms are arranged to form self-complementary systems with a maximum number of intermolecular CH−N contacts in planar...
Inoculants and Biodegradation of Crude Oil Floating on Marsh Sediments

Abstract The efficacy of ten commercial bioremediation products in enhancing the biodegradation of crude oil was investigated in the laboratory at 10 or 30a°C for 90 d with and without supplemental nitrogen and phosphorus. Oil was added to a 1-cm layer of water covering sediments from a salt marsh. The products did not increase the numbers of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in water and sediments but did increase heterotrophic populations at 21 d. Some bioremediation products more than doubled the quantity of hydrocarbons degraded in 45 d at 10°C. At 30°C, no product increased degradation compared to the fertilized control in which 70% of the added hydrocarbons were degraded. Two products increased the percentage of hydrocarbons degraded from 42% to approximately 65% in 45 d at 30°C when supplemental fertilizer was not provided. The hydrocarbon concentration was not significantly reduced between 45 and 90 d for most product treatments at either temperature. At 10°C, products seemed to have the greate...
Structural Basis for Ca2+-induced Activation and Dimerization of Estrogen Receptor α by Calmodulin

The estrogen receptor α (ER-α) regulates expression of target genes implicated in development, metabolism, and breast cancer. Calcium-dependent regulation of ER-α is critical for activating gene expression and is controlled by calmodulin (CaM). Here, we present the NMR structures for the two lobes of CaM each bound to a localized region of ER-α (residues 287–305). A model of the complete CaM·ER-α complex was constructed by combining these two structures with additional data. The two lobes of CaM both compete for binding at the same site on ER-α (residues 292, 296, 299, 302, and 303), which explains why full-length CaM binds two molecules of ER-α in a 1:2 complex and stabilizes ER-α dimerization. Exposed glutamate residues in CaM (Glu11, Glu14, Glu84, and Glu87) form salt bridges with key lysine residues in ER-α (Lys299, Lys302, and Lys303), which are likely to prevent ubiquitination at these sites and inhibit degradation of ER-α. Mutants of ER-α at the CaM-binding site (W292A and K299A) weaken binding to CaM, and I298E/K299D disrupts estrogen-induced transcription. CaM facilitates dimerization of ER-α in the absence of estrogen, and stimulation of ER-α by either Ca2+ and/or estrogen may serve to regulate transcription in a combinatorial fashion.
On private charity and altruism

If well-off persons were to voluntarily engage in significant transfers of income to the poor, the rationale and need for recourse to state measures to redistribute income and impose taxes would weaken. It is thus not surprising that a good many social scientists have been fascinated by private charity, which they usually explain is motivated by altruism.' This note looks further into the role of altruism in private charity demonstrating, first, that altruism can be consistent with no transfers from the altruists to the poor and second, that a special form of altruism 'a dose of mutual altruism' amongst the altruists suffices to ensure charitable transfers. Reference to means designed to bring about mutual altruism and their role in a number of empirical contexts concludes this note. Prior to proceeding along these lines a brief remark seems appropriate. A recurrent (and appropriate) reference is made to the act of transferring as such. For example, Roberts (1984) points out that if 'altruists receive utility from the act of transferring then private charity would be positive in equilibrium' (emphasis added). This may but need not be the case: Two well-off altruists can exchange some given income rather than transfer income to the poor. Unless we admit that the act of receipt of income creates suffering which is highly unrealistic such reciprocal transfers imply that the altruists end up with exactly the same income plus the satisfaction derived from having engaged in an enjoyable act. This Pareto-dominates transfers to the poor. That people indeed derive joy from such exchanges can be readily observed. My inviting you to lunch this week, your inviting me to lunch next week is more enjoyable than both of us sharing the bill at each of the two lunches. Or, my sending you a bouquet for your birthday, your sending me one for mine is more gratifying than each of us buying flowers for his own birthday.2
Women Leaders' Discursive Constructions of Leadership

This narrative survey explores 15 women leaders' discursive representations of leadership. Two themes emerged in the narratives: making a positive contribution to the world and behaving ethically. These themes create a moral discourse of leadership. The findings suggest adding purpose and scene to the dimensions of leadership that are subject to ethical considerations, and developing a model of leadership ethics based on a feminist ethic of care.
Retinal pigment epithelium protection from oxidant-mediated loss of MMP-2 activation requires both MMP-14 and TIMP-2

Purpose—Eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) demonstrate accumulation of specific deposits and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Metalloproteinases (MMP) are crucial regulators of basement membrane and ECM turnover. Accordingly, loss of RPE MMP activity likely leads to excessive accumulation of collagen and other ECM, a potential mechanism for deposit formation. We have previously shown that MMP-2 activity, but not pro-MMP-2 protein, decreases following RPE oxidative injury, indicating that oxidant injury disrupts the enzymatic cleavage of pro-MMP-2. Activation of MMP-2 requires the formation of a trimolecular complex of pro-MMP-2, MMP-14 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMP) -2. Therefore we investigated the impact of oxidant injury on the interaction between these three molecules.
Spontaneous segregation of nontransforming viruses from cloned sarcoma viruses

Abstract Six genetically distinct lines of helper-independent avian sarcoma virus were cloned in chicken fibroblasts free of avian tumor virus group-specific (gs) antigen. The clones were then tested for the presence of nontransforming (NT) virus with a technique capable of detecting such agents in the presence of excess sarcoma virus. NT viruses were found in 6 out of 7 clones of avian sarcoma virus in concentrations ranging from 4 to 17% of the sarcoma virus. The 27 isolates of NT virus had the envelope characteristics of the sarcoma virus with which they were associated. These observations indicate that the occurrence of NT viruses in stocks of helper-independent avian sarcoma viruses is not the result of passage in gs positive chicken cells. Rather the NT viruses appear to be spontaneous segregants of sarcoma viruses.
Faddeev-Yakubovsky theory for four-body systems with three-body forces and its one-dimensional integral equations from the hyperspherical-harmonics expansion in momentum space

The generalized Faddeev-Yakubovsky equation is derived for the four-body system where three-body forces are included. There result twenty-two coupled equations which, in the case of four identical spinless particles, can be reduced to three. In addition, by using the hyperspherical-harmonics expansion in momentum space, as suggested by Dzhibuti and his collaborators, and the Raynal-Revai transformation, it is possible to write these as one-dimensional coupled integral equations. Numerical solutions are straightforward and, for sample potentials, suggest relatively fast convergence in the number of harmonics required. Results obtained so far offer fresh hope that this method may provide a means for quick and accurate computation of four-body scattering quantities.