cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtle Issues in the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Vacuum Insulation Panels

Vacuum insulation panels have values of thermal conductivity that are extremely low (∼4 mW/m.K) compared to the thermal conductivity of most common insulations. Typical ASTM test methods are not designed for testing these very low thermal conductivity materials. An apparatus has been built and tested that uses a thin foil heater and vacuum chamber to test vacuum insulation panels. Several different measurement configurations are studied to determine the effects of the parasitic heat losses. The differences between the ASTM standards and this technique are described and the rationale explained. A new ASTM technique for vacuum panels appears to be needed
Cloning, Structure, and Chromosome Localization of the Mouse Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Gene

Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is a nuclear-encoded, mitochondrial matrix enzyme. In humans, deficiency of GCDH leads to glutaric acidemia type I, an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by a progressive neurodegenerative disease. In this report we describe the cloning and structure of the mouse GCDH (Gcdh) gene and cDNA and its chromosomal localization. The mouse Gcdh cDNA is 1.75 kb long and contains an open reading frame of 438 amino acids. The amino acid sequences of mouse, human, and pig GCDH are highly conserved. The mouse Gcdh gene contains 11 exons and spans 7 kb of genomic DNA. Gcdh was mapped by backcross analysis to mouse chromosome 8 within a region that is homologous to a region of human chromosome 19, where the human gene was previously mapped.
Clinical and molecular predictors of disease severity and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Several parameters may predict disease severity and overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The purpose of our study of 190 CLL patients was to compare immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgV(H)) mutation status, cytogenetic abnormalities, and leukemia cell CD38 and Zap-70 to older, traditional parameters. We also wanted to construct a simple, inexpensive prognosis score that would significantly predict TTT and survival in patients at the time of diagnosis and help practicing clinicians. In univariate analyses, patients with higher clinical stage, higher leukocyte count at diagnosis, shorter leukocyte doubling time, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgV(H)) genes, and higher CD38 had a shorter overall survival and time-to-treatment (TTT). CLL cell Zap-70 expression was higher in patients with unmutated IgV(H), and those with higher Zap-70 tended to have shorter survival. IgV(H)4-34 or IgV(H)1-69 was the most common IgV(H) genes used (16 and 12%, respectively). Of those with IgV(H)1-69, 86% had unmutated IgV(H) and had a significantly shorter TTT. A cytogenetic abnormality was noted in 71% of the patients tested. Patients with 11q22 del and 17p13 del or complex abnormalities were significantly more likely to have unmutated IgV(H). We found that a prognostic score constructed using modified Rai stage, cellular CD38, and serum LDH (parameters easily obtained clinically) significantly predicted TTT and survival in patients at the time of diagnosis and performed as well or better than models using the newer markers.
Interactions of handicapped and nonhandicapped persons: perceived pleasantness and length of contact.

Of the 97 subjects who completed the "Contact Information Form" fourteen percent noted that they had never interacted with a family member, relative, friend, schoolmate, or an acquaintance who was handicapped. Seventy-four percent of the respondents noted one to three types of relationships. Among the 97 respondents, 192 relationships in all were recorded; a respondent could have more than one relationship. Of these relationships, 42% were considered to be very pleasant, 30% pleasant, 19% neutral, 4% unpleasant, and 5% very unpleasant. In most of the relationships (54% ) interactions lasted for a year or more, 13% noted relationships lasting 6 mo. to 1 yr., and 33% had relationships for less than 6 mo. The Kendall correlation was significant between the perceived pleasantness of the relationship and its length (taa = .169, N = 192, p = .003). For this group of students, the length of contact with handicapped individuals was significantly associated with the perceived pleasantness of the relationship. While the length of the contact and pleasantness are somewhat related, specific unidentified factors in affective tone may relate to specific disabilities and time.
Capital flows and stock price volatility: Evidence from Hong Kong

This paper investigates both the short-run dynamics and the long-run co-movement of stock prices, capital flows and the real interest rates in Hong Kong. By using the Johansen multivariate cointegration technique, this paper finds that there are two cointegration vectors among the variables. In other words, the results show that the three variables in Hong Kong are moving together. This long-run relationship implies that even the stock market is efficient in the short-run. Its long-run movement can, however, be predicted by the activities of the capital market.
Illustrating the Interaction of Algorithms and Data Structures Using the Matching Problem

A thorough understanding of algorithms and data structures is essential for any student of Computer Science. In this paper we present a sequence of programming projects that elegantly integrate both the study of algorithmic paradigms with an illustration of how the choice of data structure significantly impacts an algorithm. We do this in the context of a single, easily understood problem domain, that of finding a maximum matching in a graph. By focusing on only a single problem, students more fully appreciate the concept that any problem can be solved in a variety of different ways.
Computer-Based Analysis of Hologram Imagery and Aberrations II: Aberrations Induced by a Wavelength Shift.

Numerical values are shown for the aberrations that are induced by a wavelength shift from construction to reconstruction. The holograms discussed in this paper may be constructed and reconstructed from a plane wave or point source. Four types of hologram geometries have been studied: in-line, off-axis, near-image plane, and lensless-fourier transform. The aberrations are first considered where the reconstruction beam geometry is the same as that needed to reconstruct an ideal image if no wavelength shift is present. The change in wavelength, however, causes aberrations and these are discussed as a function of the various hologram geometries and parameters. A considerable reduction in the aberrations can be realized in off-axis holograms by a technique of aberration balancing. In one example the total aberrations were reduced to approximately a Rayleigh limit of λ/4 in a hologram that was recorded at 4880 A and reconstructed at 6328 A. The minimum aberrations possible using the balancing process are discussed with respect to various hologram parameters.
Immunogenecity of modified alkane polymers is mediated through TLR1/2 activation

Background With the advancement of biomedical technology, artificial materials have been developed to replace diseased, damaged or nonfunctional body parts. Among such materials, ultra high molecular weight alkane or modified alkyl polymers have been extensively used in heart valves, stents, pacemakers, ear implants, as well as total joint replacement devices. Although much research has been undertaken to design the most non-reactive biologically inert polyethylene derivatives, strong inflammatory responses followed by rejection and failure of the implant have been noted. Methodology/Principal Findings Purification of the alkane polymers from the site of inflammation revealed extensive “in vivo” oxidation as detected by fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy. Herein, we report the novel observation that oxidized alkane polymers induced activation of TLR1/2 pathway as determined by ligand dependent changes in intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence intensity and NF-κΒ luciferase gene assays. Oxidized polymers were very effective in activating dendritic cells and inducing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Molecular docking of the oxidized alkanes designated ligand specificity and polymeric conformations fitting into the TLR1/2 binding grooves. Conclusion/Significance This is the first report of a synthetic polymer activating immune responses through TLR binding.
Selective induction of astrocytic gliosis generates deficits in neuronal inhibition

Reactive astrocytosis develops in many neurologic diseases including epilepsy. Astrocytotic contributions to pathophysiology are poorly understood. Studies examining this are confounded by comorbidities accompanying reactive astrocytosis. We found that high-titer AAV-eGFP astrocyte transduction induced reactive astrocytosis without altering the intrinsic properties or anatomy of neighboring neurons. We used selective astrocytosis induction to examine consequences on synaptic transmission in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neurons near eGFP-labeled reactive astrocytes exhibited reduction in inhibitory, but not excitatory synaptic currents. This IPSC erosion resulted from failure of the astrocytic glutamate-glutamine cycle. Reactive astrocytes downregulated expression of glutamine synthetase. Blockade of this enzyme normally induces rapid synaptic GABA depletion. In astrocytotic regions, residual inhibition lost sensitivity to glutamine synthetase blockade, while exogenous glutamine administration enhanced IPSCs. Astrocytosis-mediated deficits in inhibition triggered glutamine-reversible hyperexcitability in hippocampal circuits. Reactive astrocytosis may thus generate local synaptic perturbations, leading to broader functional deficits associated with neurologic disease.
Communicators and Innovators in Research and Development Organizations

The article discusses research pertaining to the personal characteristics of communicators and innovators in research and development (R&D) organizations. Preliminary results suggested an overlap b...
Rheologic behavior of sickle and normal red blood cell mixtures in sickle plasma: implications for transfusion therapy.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines for transfusion in sickle cell disease usually define an upper hematocrit (Hct) limit of 0.30 to 0.35 to avoid blood hyperviscosity. In vitro viscosity studies of normal (AA) and sickle (SS) red blood cell (RBC) mixtures in buffer appear to confirm that this Hct limit is optimal for oxygen delivery to vascular beds as judged by the ratio of Hct to viscosity, with this ratio often termed “oxygen or RBC transport effectiveness.” In the absence of plasma, however, effects due to RBC-RBC interactions mediated by plasma proteins cannot be assessed. STUDY DESIGNS AND METHODS: To investigate the optimal Hct-to-viscosity ratio of RBCs in plasma, the rheologic effects of Hct (0.20-0.40), the proportion of SS RBCs (0-100%), and shear rate (1-1000/sec) for mixtures of oxygenated and deoxygenated SS and AA RBCs were evaluated in sickle plasma at 37°C. RESULTS: RBC suspension viscosity was shear-dependent (i.e., viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate) and increased with Hct and proportion of SS RBCs. An “optimal” Hct level (defined as a maximal of the Hct-to-viscosity ratio) was seen only at shear rates above 50/sec. At lower shear rates (e.g., 5/sec), where plasma-mediated RBC-RBC interactions predominate, any increment in Hct was offset by a proportionally greater increase in viscosity, thus leading to a lower Hct-to-viscosity ratio. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the importance of plasma-mediated RBC interactions and suggest that the benefits of transfusion may vary depending on local flow rates (i.e., shear rates) and organ-specific hemodynamics.
Towards Secure Collaboration on the Semantic Web

Web technologies enable collaborative work to be done more efficiently and effectively. A user can share resources with others on the Web and perform his or her job based on a pre-defined policy for collaboration. During the collaboration, the user may need to create new resources, merge, split, exchange, or update resources created by other users. To support these services on the Web, we need machine-understandable as well as machine-readable metadata about the resources. The concept of a Semantic Web has been introduced to satisfy this requirement. Although the Semantic Web will provide more accurate and efficient services on the Web, it also introduces new problems that were not considered before, especially, in regards to security, interoperability, and transparency to users and organizations. In this paper, we discuss the requirements to support secure collaboration on the Semantic Web. We mainly focus on identification and analysis of the security problems associated with the Semantic Web, while suggesting possible solutions to each problem.
Impact of Radial defect clustering on 3D stacked IC yield from wafer to wafer stacking

We present and evaluate a simulation methodology to model the impact of the radial clustering of defects on wafers on the yield of 3D ICs manufactured using wafer to wafer stacking. Our simulations draw on an extensively validated model for radial yield degradation on wafers from the literature to incorporate the effect of this key contributor to the widely observed clustering of defects on semiconductor wafers. Current 3D-SIC yield estimation methods ignore defect clustering and assume a uniform distribution of defective dies on each wafer. Our results show that the radial clustering of defective dies causes stacked die yields to be significantly higher than that projected by current models. For 4–5 layer stacks the difference can be 50% or more. Our simulation studies are further validated by comparison with actual silicon data, which suggests that even the more accurate yield estimates from our improved methodology may be somewhat pessimistic. Thus the results presented here show that in practice degradation in stacked die yield from compounding may not be as severe as commonly estimated. This has significant implications in evaluating cost trade-offs associated with 3D-SIC manufacturing.
Recent spreading of Xandarovula patula (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ovulidae) towards the central North Sea suggests a link to rising water temperatures

The carnivorous gastropod Xandarovula patula is a species being known to mainly occur west and south-west of the UK, down to the Atlantic coast of Spain. It also was recently reported from the central parts and the periphery of the North Sea, up to Trondheim (Norway). Now, it was also recorded during a survey of the epibenthic faunal composition from the Dogger Bank in winter 2011. The collecting stations are located on a routine station on the western Dogger Bank at a depth average of 25 m, as well as off the south-western edge of the Dogger Bank at a mean depth of 65 m. The bottom of both stations is covered with sparse boulders and rubble with a dense cover of Alcyonium digitatum, the preferred food of Xandarovula patula. This is another example for the spreading of oceanic ‘warm water’ species towards the central North Sea along the main, northern currents. The present work summarizes all records of X. patula from the North Sea available in the literature up-to-date and verifies rising water temperatures at the main area of recent records at the Dogger Bank, possibly promoting the species' spreading.
Amino acid transport in adult diaphyseal bone contrast with amino acid transport mechanisms in fetal membranous bone

Abstract 1. 1. This report describes a system for in vitro study of amino acid transport in intact sections of adult rat diaphyseal bone. 2. 2. Kinetic analysis of amino acid transport indicates a common transport mechanism for neutral amino and imino acids in adult diaphyseal bone. This is in contrast to evidence for separate transport mechanisms for neutral amino and imino acids in fetal rat calvaria. 3. 3. Removal of Na + from the incubation medium decreases but does not abolish transport of both neutral amino and imino acids in adult rat diaphysis. 4. 4. The implications of differences in transport mechanisms between fetal membranous and adult diaphyseal bone are discussed.
Pixels as ROIs (PAR): a less-biased and statistically powerful approach for gleaning functional information from image stacks.

Especially in the last decade or so, there have been dramatic advances in fluorescence-based imaging methods designed to measure a multitude of functions in living cells. Despite this, many of the methods used to analyze the resulting images are limited. Perhaps the most common mode of analysis is the choice of regions of interest (ROIs), followed by quantification of the signal contained therein in comparison with another “control” ROI. While this method has several advantages, such as flexibility and capitalization on the power of human visual recognition capabilities, it has the drawbacks of potential subjectivity and lack of precisely defined criteria for ROI selection. This can lead to analyses which are less precise or accurate than the data might allow for, and generally a regrettable loss of information. Herein, we explore the possibility of abandoning the use of conventional ROIs, and instead propose treating individual pixels as ROIs, such that all information can be extracted systematically with the various statistical cutoffs we discuss. As a test case for this approach, we monitored intracellular pH in cells transfected with the chloride/bicarbonate transporter slc26a3 using the ratiometric dye SNARF-5F under various conditions. We performed a parallel analysis using two different levels of stringency in conventional ROI analysis as well as the pixels-as-ROIs (PAR) approach, and found that pH differences between control and transfected cells were accentuated by ~50-100% by using the PAR approach. We therefore consider this approach worthy of adoption, especially in cases in which higher accuracy and precision are required.
Mechanical Reliability of Z5u Multilayer Capacitors

Dynamic fatigue experiments were performed on Z5U multilayer capacitors in an attempt to correlate microflaw fracture behavior due to intrinsic processing defects within the material with predictions of fracture behavior based on macrocrack fracture mechanics determinations. A direct correlation between microflaw fracture behavior and predictions based upon macrocrack fracture mechanics techniques was not observable due to the wide size range of processing defects. A systematic post-mortem examination of fracture surfaces was used to identify fracture origins and sort individual test specimens into groups with equivalent flaw sizes. The correlation between microflaw and macrocrack fracture behavior became more “sorting” the dynamic fatigue data into groups withm oereq uoibvvailoeunst aflfatwer sizes.
SUIT: the Pascal of user interface toolkits

User interface support software, such as UI toolkits, UIMSs, and interface builders, are currently too complex for undergraduates. Tools typically require a learning period of several weeks, which is impractical in a semester course. Most tools are also limited to a specific platform, usually either Macintosh, DOS, or UNIX/X. This is problematic for students who switch from DOS or Macintosh machines to UNIX machines as they move through the curriculum. The situation is similar to programming languages before the introduction of Pascal, which provided an easily ported, easily learned language for undergraduate instruction. SUIT (the Simple User Interface Toolkit), is a C subroutine library which provides an external control UIMS, an interactive layout editor, and a set of standard screen objects. SUIT applications run transparently across Macintosh, DOS, UNIX/X, and Silicon Graphics platforms. Through careful design and extensive user testing of the system and its documentation, we have been able to reduce learning time. We have formally measured that new users are productive with SUIT in less than three hours. SUIT currently has over one hundred students using it for undergraduate and graduate course work and for research projects.
Do Real Exchange Rates Follow Random Waklks?: A Heteroscedasticity-Robust Autocorrelation Test

A heteroscedasticity-consistent variance-ratio test provides evidence rejecting the random walk hypothesis, using ten pairs of monthly real exchange rate series over the period from January 1974 to January 1989. The rejection cast doubt on the support for “uncorrelated increment” in the real exchange rate, which generally existed in the previous literature by adopting less powerful test. Furthermore, since the increment in the real exchange rate can be regarded as a measure of short-run deviations from PPP, the autocorrelation results in this paper suggest that short-run deviations from PPP may have a tendency to be reversed within a reasonably short period of time. [F31]
Hemiparesis and epilepsy

Es wird uber klinische und hirnelektrische Befunde von 181 paretischen Epileptikern (177 Hemiparetiker, 4 Paraparetiker) berichtet.
Incorporating manufacturability constraints into the design process of heterogeneous objects

Rapid prototyping (RP) technology, such as Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENSTM), can be used to fabricate heterogeneous objects with gradient variations in material composition. These objects are generally characterized by enhanced functional performance. Past research on the design of such objects has focused on representation, modeling, and functional performance. However, the inherent constraints in RP processes, such as system capability and processing time, lead to heterogeneous objects that may not meet the designer's original intent. To overcome this situation, the research presented in this paper focuses on the identification and implementation of manufacturing constraints into the design process. A node-based finite element modeling technique is used for the representation and analysis and the multicriteria design problem corresponds to finding the nodal material compositions that minimize structural weight and maximize thermal performance. The optimizer used in this research is a real-valued Evolutionary Strategies (ES), which is well suited for this type of multi-modal problem. Two limitations of the LENS manufacturing process, which have an impact on the design process, are identified and implemented. One of them is related to the manufacturing time, which is considered as an additional criterion to be minimized in the design problem for a preselected tool path. A brake disc rotor made of two materials, aluminum for lightweight and steel for superior thermal characteristics, is used to illustrate the tradeoff between manufacturability and functionality.
Antigen-presenting cells for CD8+ T cells.

Evidence is presented that a wide variety of cell types are capable of presenting class I alloantigens to purified unprimed CD8+ cells in the absence of added help. These cells include dendritic cells, a population of Ia- Thy 1- cells in spleen, peritoneal exudate cells and one of three T-tumor lines. Some cell types, e.g. T-blast cells and overnight-adherent peritoneal exudate cells (OA-PEC) only expressed antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in the presence of added lymphokines. Stimulation of OA-PEC with small concentrations of lipopolysaccharide or treatment of T-blast cells with neuraminidase (N'dase) strongly enhanced the APC function of these cells and led to helper-independent responses. N'dase treatment of small resting T stimulators caused partial restoration of APC function: strong responses were observed but only in the presence of exogenous lymphokines. Studies with T-tumor lines preincubated with IFN-gamma suggested that APC function correlates closely with antigen (class I) expression. Collectively, the data support the view that APC function depends upon a multiplicity of factors including antigen density, the level of accessory (adhesion) molecules and net surface charge. It is suggested that the potency of APC function is largely a reflection of the overall avidity of T-APC interaction: high-avidity binding leads to helper-independent responses whereas weaker binding results in helper-dependent responses.
Significance of sign in an S-R separation problem.

Summary.-13 monkeys were trained to discriminate between identical squares of Masonite, 13 in. apart, using cues provided either by variable positions of a pointer or by position relevant signs attached to the pointer. Signs facilitated performance, but the effect did not transfer ro the no-sign condition. 10 other monkeys were trained in a similar paradigm but with a raisin reward rather than a sign attached to the pointer. High levels of performance were attained with the raisin present, but when Ss were tested with the pointer alone their performance was very poor. Monkeys do not discriminate stimuli that have been separated from where they must respond. This has been shown in many investigations and reviewed by Stollnitz (1965) and Fellows (1968). Fellows (1968) also developed a comprehensive discrimination model describing S-R separation problems with mechanisms of orientation, perception, and response selection. Davis, Lampert, and Rumelhart (1964) introduced a variant of the S-R separation problem in which the location of a pointer, instead of object discrimination, indicated which of two identically covered foodwells contained reward. Both human beings and monkeys performed accurately when the pointer touched one of the foodwell covers (manipulanda). However, monkeys' performance worsened if the pointer was separated from either manipulandum and was inversely related to distance of the nearest cover. Human beings, on the other hand, errorlessly generalized from the training condition to the one in which the pointer was separated from the manipulandum. The present experiments used either signs or rewards attached to the pointer to mediate the separation and tested for transfer to the unadorned pointer. These conditions would be expected to force S to respond to the pointer and bring about what Murphy and Miller (1958) identified as double responding. Polidora and Fletcher (1964) reported that double responding by monkeys resulted in better performance than single responding, so we would expect facilitation when either signs or rewards were added to the pointer. On the other hand, elimination of these would remove the stimulus for the second response and might very well result in worse performance than would have been obtained if Ss had been trained from the beginning of the experiments to make a single response.
Identifying useful features for recognition in near-infrared periocular images

The periocular region is the part of the face immediately surrounding the eye, and researchers have recently begun to investigate how to use the periocular region for recognition. Understanding how humans recognize faces helped computer vision researchers develop algorithms for face recognition. Likewise, understanding how humans analyze periocular images could benefit researchers developing algorithms for periocular recognition. We presented pairs of periocular images to testers and asked them to determine whether the two images were from the same person or from different people. Our testers correctly determined the relationship between the two images in over 90% of the queries. We asked them to describe what features in the images were helpful to them in making their decisions. We found that eyelashes, tear ducts, shape of the eye, and eyelids were used most frequently in determining whether two images were from the same person. The outer corner of the eye and the shape of the eye were used a higher proportion of the time for incorrect responses than they were for correct responses, suggesting that those two features are not as useful.
Propagation of an error: β-sheet structures

Abstract I have found mistakes in the diagram of both parallel and anti-parallel β-sheet diagrams in Linus Pauling's The Nature of the Chemical Bond 1 that have been propagated for 30 years by many of the most widely used textbooks in biochemistry.
The Effects of Early Maternal Employment on Child Cognitive Development

We investigated the effects of early maternal employment on children’s cognitive outcomes, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth on 1,872 children who can be followed from birth to age 7 or 8. We found some persistent adverse effects of first-year maternal employment and some positive effects of second- and third-year maternal employment on cognitive outcomes for non-Hispanic white children, but not for African American or Hispanic children. These effects are present even after we controlled for a range of individual and family characteristics that affect child development, including those that are likely to be correlated with maternal employment, such as breast-feeding and the use of nonmaternal child care. Controlling for family fixed effects reduces the effects of early maternal employment on some cognitive outcomes but not on others.
Dexmedetomidine for Neurosurgical Procedures

While earlier clinical investigations focused on characterizing the physiologic effects of dexmedetomidine and its role as a sedative drug in critically-ill patients, newer studies suggest that the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist may have a role as an adjunct in intraoperative neuroanesthesia. Dexmedetomidine has been shown to have multiple favorable clinical effects such as lack of respiratory depression, neuroprotection, hemodynamic stability, and no apparent interference with intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring. This suggests that dexmedetomidine can be useful in the management of neurosurgical patients.
PDX-1 acts as a potential molecular target for treatment of human pancreatic cancer.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to investigate whether pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX-1) could serve as a potential molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Methods:Cell proliferation, invasion capacity, and protein levels of cell cycle mediators were determin
Naturalistic stress and cortisol response to awakening: Adaptation to seafaring

Study of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis has been critical to advancing our understanding of human adaptation to stress. The cortisol response to awakening (CRA) is a potentially useful measure for understanding group and individual differences in HPA axis regulation. In this study, the CRA was examined in the context of a naturalistic stressor--a 6-week voyage of work and study aboard an oceangoing ship, including both experienced and novice sailors. Thirty-one subjects provided weekday and weekend baseline CRA data onshore prior to boarding, followed by three CRAs at sea and one shore leave CRA. Subjective measures of sleep, stress and control were also collected. Results suggest that novice sailors' cortisol response to awakening was elevated at sea relative to both a shoreside weekend and a shore leave during the voyage, but the most striking elevation was found during a workday onshore. Inexperienced students' profiles changed differently over the course of the voyage from those of professional crew. CRAs were not affected by sleep variables and were not predicted by subjective ratings. These data support the value of the cortisol response to awakening as a neuroendocrine marker of HPA regulatory responses to a naturalistic stressor, influenced by changes in work and living environment, and perhaps prior experience with the stressor.
Colonization of cut branches of five coniferous hosts of the pitch canker fungus by Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in central, coastal California

Pitch canker of pines (Pinus spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) (Pinaceae) is caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell. In Cal- ifornia, infections by F. circinatum occur largely through wounds caused by insects. Field experi- ments were initiated to determine whether the colonization activities of twig beetles, Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), could explain the incidence of pitch canker on Monterey pine (P. radiata D. Don), Bishop pine (P. muricata D. Don), ponderosa pine (P. pon- derosa var. ponderosa Dougl.), knobcone pine (P. attenuata Lemm.), and Douglas-fir. Asymp- tomatic branches were cut from each of four pairs of tree species (Monterey-Bishop, Monterey-ponderosa, Monterey-knobcone, Monterey-Douglas-fir) at four sites and attached to the lower canopy of both heterospecific and conspecific host trees (total of four combinations per pair). After 10 weeks, branches were collected and placed in rearing tubes in the laboratory. Emerging insects were identified and placed on a Fusarium-selective medium. Monterey, Bishop, and ponderosa pines were more heavily infested by Pityophthorus spp. than Douglas-fir and knobcone pine. Furthermore, more Pityophthorus beetles emerged from Monterey pine branches placed in Monterey pine canopies than from Monterey pine branches placed in Bishop or ponder- osa pine canopies, indicating that reduced emergence (colonization) was caused by the hetero- specific host. Relatively fewer insects emerged from sites containing either Monterey and knobcone pines or Monterey pine and Douglas-fir. Fusarium circinatum was not isolated from emerging Pityophthorus spp. Susceptibility of the five host species, based on mean lesion lengths resulting from mechanical inoculations, varied significantly. The longest lesions were on Monterey pine and the shortest were on ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. The low incidence of pitch canker on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine in nature compared with that on Monterey, Bishop, and knobcone pines may be explained by the low colonization by twig beetles and the greater resistance of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine to this disease, compared with the other three hosts. Resume—Le chancre resineux des pins (Pinus spp.) et du sapin de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) (Pinaceae) est cause par le champignon Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell. En Californie, les infections de F. circinatum penetrent surtout par des plaies faites par les insectes. Nous avons mis au point des experiences de terrain afin de
A molecular genetic dissection of the evolutionarily conserved N terminus of yeast Rad52

Rad52 is a DNA-binding protein that stimulates the annealing of complementary single-stranded DNA. Only the N terminus of Rad52 is evolutionarily conserved; it contains the core activity of the protein, including its DNA-binding activity. To identify amino acid residues that are important for Rad52 function(s), we systematically replaced 76 of 165 amino acid residues in the N terminus with alanine. These substitutions were examined for their effects on the repair of gamma-ray-induced DNA damage and on both interchromosomal and direct repeat heteroallelic recombination. This analysis identified five regions that are required for efficient gamma-ray damage repair or mitotic recombination. Two regions, I and II, also contain the classic mutations, rad52-2 and rad52-1, respectively. Interestingly, four of the five regions contain mutations that impair the ability to repair gamma-ray-induced DNA damage yet still allow mitotic recombinants to be produced at rates that are similar to or higher than those obtained with wild-type strains. In addition, a new class of separation-of-function mutation that is only partially deficient in the repair of gamma-ray damage, but exhibits decreased mitotic recombination similar to rad52 null strains, was identified. These results suggest that Rad52 protein acts differently on lesions that occur spontaneously during the cell cycle than on those induced by gamma-irradiation.
Hiding data and structure in workflow provenance

In this paper we discuss the use of views to address the problem of providing useful answers to provenance queries while ensuring that privacy concerns are met. In particular, we propose a hierarchical workflow model, based on context-free graph grammars, in which fine-grained dependencies between the inputs and outputs of a module are explicitly specified. Using this model, we examine how privacy concerns surrounding data, module function, and workflow structure can be addressed.
An Efficient Mixed-Signal 2.4-GHz Polar Power Amplifier in 65-nm CMOS Technology

A 65-nm digitally modulated polar transmitter incorporates a fully integrated, efficient 2.4-GHz switching Inverse Class-D power amplifier. Low-power digital filtering on the amplitude path helps remove spectral images for coexistence. The transmitter integrates the complete LO distribution network and digital drivers. Operating from a 1-V supply, the PA has 21.8-dBm peak output power with 44% efficiency. Simple static predistortion helps the transmitter meet EVM and mask requirements of 802.11g 54-Mb/s WLAN data with 18% average efficiency.
Detecting cognitive impairment using keystroke and linguistic features of typed text: toward an adaptive method for continuous monitoring of cognitive status

Perception, attention, and memory form the foundation of human cognition, and are functions that most people take for granted. However, factors such as environment, mood, stress, education, trauma, aging, or disease can impact cognitive function both positively and negatively. For example, working memory capacity generally declines somewhat with age, but a particular individual's accumulated knowledge and skills usually remain intact and can continue to grow. Current methods of monitoring persons for cognitive decline use only normative data and do not take individual differences into account. Given that early intervention can lessen the impact of cognitive decline, concern that current cognitive assessments do not adequately address individual differences, and growing technology use by older adults, this paper investigates a more effective method for monitoring cognitive function using everyday interactions with IT.
Antigen-Specific TGF-β–Induced Regulatory T Cells Secrete Chemokines, Regulate T Cell Trafficking, and Suppress Ongoing Autoimmunity

The ability to regulate ongoing inflammation using regulatory T cells (Tregs) is under intense investigation. Strategies to induce and expand Ag-specific Tregs are being developed, and whether various types of Tregs are suppressive in the inflammatory conditions associated with ongoing disease needs to be determined. In this study, we report that TGF-β–induced Tregs (iTregs) and expanded Tregs specific for a major self-Ag in autoimmune gastritis suppress inflammation and associated pathology when administered late in the process of ongoing disease. Transferred iTregs localized to the stomach, maintained Foxp3 and suppressor functions, and engaged several distinct mechanisms to alleviate disease progression. In addition to suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines in the stomach and preventing the destruction of parietal cells, we show that iTregs secrete numerous chemokines and regulate both iTreg and effector T cell trafficking into the stomach. These data support efforts to use iTregs in therapies to treat autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases and provide novel insight into the biological mechanisms of iTreg-mediated immune suppression.
Shattered Glass, movies, and the free press myth

Myth is central to a critical understanding of journalism, communication, and culture. This article uses the 2003 movie Shattered Glass as a case study of the free press myth in action: the popular...
Variation in spermatozoal levels of phosphoglycerate kinase-2 in mice

Litter size differences exist between inbred strains of mice with high and low spermatozoal phosphoglycerate kinase-2 activity, but an examination of these two variables in recombinant inbred lines between the two strains suggest that the variables are not related. An examination of spermatozoal cAMP concentrations in these recombinant inbred lines demonstrated no correlation with litter size. Furthermore, spermatozoal cAMP concentrations were demonstrated to be under multigenic control.
Sustained Improvement in Hand Hygiene at a Children's Hospital

A quality improvement project was conducted to improve hand hygiene at a children's hospital. Interventions included education, performance feedback, an incentive program, and a marketing campaign. There were 9,322 observations performed over a 5-year period. Hospital-wide adherence increased from 39.9% to 97.9%. Adherence of 95% or greater was sustained for over 3 years.
Petrochemistry of Late Miocene Peraluminous Silicic Volcanic Rocks from the Morococala Field, Bolivia

Bolivia, define a layered stratigraphy of basal andalusite-, biotite(‐ muscovite)-bearing rhyolite tuVs (AR), overlain by cordierite-, biotite-bearing rhyolite tuVs (CR), and capped by biotite-bearing quartz latite tuVs, lavas, and late domal flows (QL). Mineral and whole-rock compositions become more evolved from top to bottom, INTRODUCTION with diVerentiation reflected by decreasing Ca, Ba, Mg, Fe, and Peraluminous granitic rocks are important beyond their rare earth elements (REE) versus increasing F, Na/K, and al- relative volumes in the crust because they host many of uminosity from QL to AR. Mineral, whole-rock, and glass inclusion the world’s ore deposits of Li, Be, Sn, W, Nb, and Ta. compositions are consistent with derivation of all three rock types These and other minor- to trace-level elements and from a single stratified magma reservoir, but age and spatial relations fluxing components (e.g. B, Cs, F, Cl, H2O, etc.) behave between the three units make this unlikely. Genesis of the QL incompatibly and are likely to be mobile in plutonic involved biotite-dehydration melting of an aluminous source at T settings. Fresh peraluminous volcanic rocks, and their > 750∞C and P [ 4‐6 kbar. If not co-magmatic with QL, the mineral-hosted melt (glass or devitrified) inclusions, may other units were generated primarily by muscovite-dehydration melting thus provide better estimates of the original magmatic at T = 730‐750∞C and P [ 3·5‐4·5 kbar for CR, and T concentrations of these important components. Although Z 750∞C for AR with pre-eruptive residence at low pressure peraluminous granitoids are common in collisional tec(1·5‐3·0 kbar). Low hematite contents (XHem Z 0·06) of ilmenite tonic settings, few examples of their volcanic equivalents grains in AR, CR, and early grains (as inclusions in plagioclase have been described. and sanidine cores) in QL indicate reduced conditions imposed by a The Bolivian tin belt (Fig. 1, inset) represents one of graphite-bearing source. Compositional variability among texturally the great strongly peraluminous igneous provinces of the later oxides (ilmenite with XHem= 0·06‐0·50, primary magnetite), world, and is one of few such regions bearing voluminous however, apparently records progressive increases in pre-eruptive f(O2) silicic peraluminous volcanic rocks. Most studies of the in QL. Plagioclase‐melt equilibria and electron microprobe analysis Bolivian igneous rocks have addressed their relations to diVerence for quartz-hosted glass inclusions suggest pre-eruptive melt tin mineralization, which typically is associated with H2O contents [5‐7 wt % for the AR, ~4‐6 wt % for the CR, pervasive alteration and/or veining of shallow porphyritic and ~3‐5 wt % for the QL.
Mesozoic evolution of West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea Basin: new paleomagnetic constraints

Paleomagnetic data from the Antarctic Peninsula and our recent results from the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains block suggest that since the Middle Jurassic these two West Antarctic blocks have undergone little relative movement and together have rotated relative to the East Antarctic craton. New data from Lower Cretaceous rocks from the Thurston Island region of West Antarctica suggest that on the basis of paleomagnetic constraints, the Antarctic Peninsula, Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains and Thurston Island blocks define a single entity which we call Weddellia; some motion between these blocks is possible within the limits of the paleomagnetic data. Between the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, Weddellia remained attached to West Gondwanaland while East Antarctica moved southward (dextrally) relative to Weddellia. From the Early Cretaceous to mid-Cretaceous, Weddellia rotated clockwise 30 ° and moved sinistrally approximately 2500 km relative to East Antarctica, to its present-day position. We suggest the Early to mid-Cretaceous to be the time of the main if not initial opening of the Weddell Sea.
Simultaneous determination of metabolic stability and identification of buspirone metabolites using multiple column fast liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A recent trend in the drug discovery and development process is to shift the starting point of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) studies to a time as early as possible in the development chain to address potential issues in parallel with the optimization of the drug's lead structure. Therefore, it is necessary to develop assay methods to determine early adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) parameters like metabolic stability and metabolite identification. For metabolite identification it is of crucial importance to work with fast liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) systems, which provide the necessary high throughput functionalities to handle a large number of samples in combination with high speed and high resolution chromatography as well as mass accuracy. In this study a fast two-column liquid chromatography (LC) method will be used to simultaneously determine metabolic stability and to identify metabolites of buspirone using highly accurate mass measurement by means of an electrospray time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) mass spectrometer. Whereby, the metabolic stability will be determined on a short sub-two micron column, the main metabolites will be identified in the same experiment by the automated use of a long sub-two micron column, which provides the necessary high resolution.
Computing Scalar Implicatures

Various alternatives to this approach have emerged. In particular, Gennaro Chierchia (2004) argued that scalar implicatures are computed in tandem with the semantic computation, but are canceled in Downward Entailing (DE) contexts (or whatever context licenses NPIs). On this approach, scalar implicature computation is closely connected to the grammatical system, not part of a general reasoning system. The present paper reports the results of a project the larger goal of which is to develop a theory of adult language comprehension, including the principles determining how, when, and why scalar implicatures are computed. The issues that will be addressed revolve around the issue of whether some pragmatic processing is automatic, taking place hand-in-hand with the semantic composition. An issue lurking in the background is the relation between strengthening as in (1) and domain widening for an NPI such as ever, since both may involve (quasi-) grammatical mechanisms concerned with strengthening an utterance relative to competitor utterances. Chierchia’s approach also highlights questions concerning the nature of the contexts in which implicatures tend (not) to be drawn. Are DE contexts important (contexts licensing inferences from sets to subsets)? Are Non-veridical contexts important for implicature computation since like DE contexts they may license NPIs (see Anastasia Giannakidou 1998, for example)?
Formation of disulfide bonds in proteins and peptides

For many proteins and peptides, disulfide bridges are prerequisite for their proper biological function. Many commercialized proteins are crosslinked by disulfide bridges that increase their resistance to destructive effects of extreme environment used in industrial processes or protect protein-based therapeutics from rapid proteolytic degradation. Manufacturing of these products must take into account oxidative refolding--a formation of native disulfide bonds by specific pairs of cysteines located throughout a sequence of linear protein. This review describes basic and practical aspects of oxidative folding that should be considered while designing and optimizing manufacturing of proteins using chemical synthesis, semi-synthesis and a recombinant expression.