cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EDUCAÇÃO, COMUNIDADE E RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAS: EXPERIÊNCIAS NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS E EM MALI

Black students, as a group, are underserved by neoliberal policies and poorly resourced urban schools and Black Americans are over-represented in privatized prisons. This article challenges cultural deficit thinking and theorizing about Black children’s language and culture, which have been so pervasive in the U.S. Research discussed in this article interrupts this discourse of Black inferiority and highlights the importance of students developing a critical Black consciousness, which can contribute to their academic and cultural excellence. Emancipatory pedagogy for human freedom, which supports students’ positive sense of themselves and their racial-ethnic group, is also discussed. Emancipatory teaching for critical Black consciousness and human freedom means recovering history, memory and identity, so students understand the state of Black America from a critical, historical perspective. Education for this kind of consciousness requires connecting students to their family, community history and to their ancestors. Five principles of emancipatory pedagogy are presented that can guide teacher preparation, curriculum, text development, and standards-based instruction and support positive racial-ethnic relationships. These are: conscientization, critique of ideology/critique of racism as ideology, cultural agency/resistance to oppression, dialectical epistemology and teaching through cultural arts. The example of the Songhoy Club, a pedagogical laboratory for heritage teaching for students and doctoral students and engaging parents, demonstrates how teaching Songhoy language and culture connects students with their African heritage, “from the Nile to the Niger to the Neighborhood.” Teaching this heritage is very important given that northern Mali is occupied by Islamic extremists who have destroyed historic cultural artifacts in Timbuktu. Key words : Black Education; Emancipatory pedagogy; Critical Black consciousness; Racial-ethnic identity. See also the original English version published in this issue.
Wave Scattering From Periodic Surfaces

Wave scattering from a dielectric medium or a perfect conductor with a periodic rough surface is studied. Our theoretical method is based on the extended boundary condition which is derived from Green's theorem. In this formulation, the amplitudes of the diffracted Floquet waves can be related directly to the amplitudes of the incident plane waves by a transition matrix. This matrix has a simple form which is suitable for calculations, and it saves computational time over other numerical methods. The accuracy of the calculations can be checked by (1) power conservation, and (2) the reciprocity theorem. Numerical results are given, and the influence of the rough surface as compared with the flat interface case will be shown.
Interobserver reproducibility of fully quantitative pixel-wise analysis of clinical CMR perfusion imaging

Background Quantitative first pass cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) perfusion imaging has shown excellent interobserver agreement at a sector level in healthy volunteers and patients. In this study, we compare the myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates in sector-wise and pixel-wise analysis. We also study the interobserver variability in pixel-wise MBF estimates from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods
Computers and molecular quantum mechanics: 1965–2001, a personal perspective

Abstract From the earliest days of electronic computers, molecular electronic structure theorists have been among the most demanding of users, both in terms of raw cpu power and machine sophistication. Here we describe both computer hardware and theoretical chemistry methods developments during what may be called the second and third ages of quantum chemistry. These developments extend the applicability of molecular quantum mechanics to most fields of chemistry. The ‘One Percent Rule’ predicts that 1% of chemical research will migrate each year from experiment to computation for the foreseeable future. This rule, put forth by the author in December 1995 at the International Congress of Pacific Basin Societies in Honolulu, has exceeded expectations over the first six years of its existence.
Isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometric method for T4/T3.

Abstract Background : The thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-triidothyronine (T3) are essential for regulating a number of biological processes, including growth, neurodevelopment, carbohydrate metabolism, oxygen consumption and protein synthesis. Immunoassays are the current methods for thyroid hormone measurement and suffer from a lack of specificity. Our objective was to simultaneously measure T4 and T3 using isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry within a single run. To compare the results obtained by this MS/MS method with those obtained by an immunoassay procedure on the same samples (DPC Immulite for T3, Diagnostics Product, and Dade RxL Dimension for T4, Dade-Behring). Methods : An API-3000 tandem mass spectrometer (SCIEX, Toronto, Canada) equipped with TurboIonSpray and Shimadzu HPLC system was used employing isotope dilution with deuterium-labeled internal standard ( l -thyroxin-d 2 ). The method requires 100 μl of serum and involves addition of internal standard, precipitation of proteins with methanol and injection of the supernatant onto a C-18 column. After washing, the switch valve is activated and T4 and T3 eluted using a methanol gradient. T4 and T3 by immunoassay were performed using the Dade RxL Dimension and the DPC Immulite, respectively. Results and conclusions : An isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of total T4 and T3 in serum is described which is accurate, specific, precise (%CVs 3.5–9.0), simple and fast (
Reduced amygdala activation in young adults at high risk of alcoholism: studies from the Oklahoma family health patterns project.

Background Risk of alcoholism is higher in those with a positive family history (FH+) and in those showing behavioral disinhibition, possibly reflecting altered limbic system function. Methods We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 17 nonabusing young adults, 9 with FH+ and high in disinhibition versus 8 with a negative family history (FH−) and low in disinhibition. We probed limbic system reactivity with a recognition task using faces expressing fear versus geometric objects. Results Subjects with FH− had robust activation to the faces in the region of the right and left amygdalar complexes (p's .46). The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the region of the amygdala was correlated with scores on the self-report measure of temperament in the combined groups (r = .51, p Conclusions Behaviorally disinhibited temperament, found in many with FH+, may be associated with amygdalar hyporesponsiveness and a failure to avoid risky decisions, increasing the person's liability for alcohol abuse.
Thought disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective This study compared thought disorder and associated cognitive variables in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Method Speech samples of 115 ADHD, 88 schizophrenic, and 190 normal children, aged 8 to 15 years, were coded for thought disorder. A structured psychiatric interview, the WISC-R, the Continuous Performance Test, and the Span of Apprehension task were administered to each child. Results The ADHD and schizophrenic groups had thought disorder compared with the normal children. However, the subjects with ADHD had a narrower range of less severe thought disorder than did the schizophrenic subjects. The younger children with ADHD and schizophrenia had significantly more thought disorder than did the older children with these diagnoses. IQ, attention, and working memory were associated with thought disorder in the ADHD but not the schizophrenic group. Conclusions Thought disorder in childhood is not specific to schizophrenia and reflects impaired development of children's communication skills.
UTILIZATION OF PROPERDIN BY C3 NEPHRITIC FACTOR IN PATIENTS WITH MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

When zymosan is added to normal human serum, it interacts directly with properdin convertase converting this enzyme to its active form. This interaction requires no other factors and can be demonstrated in vitro using purified properdin convertase. Thereafter, properdin convertase can activate purified native properdin in the fluid phase so that it now has the ability to cleave C3 and thereby mediate the conversion of C3PA or properdin factor B. In the sera of patients with membranoproliferative gloroerulonephritis (MPGN), a complement reactive material, C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF), has been shown to interact with C3 through the utilization of C3PA. Quantitative studies by radial diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of the sera of several patients with MPGN demonstrate that levels of properdin convertase are often markedly decreased. In addition, it can be shown that C3NeF containing sera require properdin convertase to consume specific C3 hemolytic activity. Hence, sera depleted of properdin convertase by antibody adsorption will not interact with C3NeF to effect consumption of C3 hemolytic activity. It, therefore, appears that C3NeF functions as a complex polysaccharide like zymosan with the cleavage of C3PA and the subsequent consumption of C3-C9 being dependent upon the initial activation of properdin convertase. (Supported in part by NIAMD grant AM 17376 and N.Y.S. Kidney Disease Inst.)
Extensive Fractionation and Identification of Proteins within Nasal Lavage Fluids from Allergic Rhinitis and Asthmatic Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients

Allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and asthma are prevalent airway diseases that can have a substantial impact on a patient's quality of life. MS analyses of biological fluids can effectively screen for proteins associated with disease processes, however, initial detection of diagnostic proteins is difficult due to protein complexity and dynamic range. To enhance the detection of lower abundance proteins, intact nasal lavage fluid (NLF) proteins from nonpolypoid AR and from asthmatic CRS patients were extensively fractionated prior to LC/MS/MS analysis. Pooled NLF samples were processed to remove low molecular weight molecules and high abundance plasma proteins. Anion exchange (AX) chromatography followed by RP-LC further separated the remaining intact NLF proteins. The resulting fractions were digested with trypsin and the peptides analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Spectra were searched with MASCOT, SEQUEST, and X!Tandem to obtain peptide identifications and subsequently analyzed by Scaffold software to identify parent proteins with at least 99% confidence. The 197 identified proteins are compared to those previously cited in the literature and the workflow evaluated to determine the usefulness for the detection of lower abundance proteins. This is the first extensive list of NLF proteins generated from CRS patients with coexisting asthma.
Design and Validation of Arbiter-Based PUFs for Sub-45-nm Low-Power Security Applications

Harnessing unique physical properties of integrated circuits to enhance hardware security and IP protection has been extensively explored in recent years. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can sense inherent manufacturing variations as chip identifications. To enable the integration of PUFs into low-power and security applications, we study the impacts of process technology and supply voltage scaling on arbiter-based PUF circuit design. A Monte Carlo-based statistical analysis has demonstrated that advanced technologies and reduced supply voltage can improve the PUF uniqueness due to increased delay sensitivity. A linear regression approach has been leveraged to generate PUF delay profile by factoring in device, supply voltage and temperature variations. An accurate SVM-based software modeling analysis is used to verify the PUF additive delay behavior. Finally, postsilicon validation on arbiter-based PUF test chips in 45 nm SOICMOS technology has been correlated to simulation results and the inconsistency has been discussed. The test chips can resist the basic support vector machine attack due to the dynamic circuit effects and the limitation of our delay model.
A Unified Manager Development Programme

The majority of manager development programmes may be described as “piecemeal”, and the purpose of this article is to present a strategy for a unified programme — in which the various components are working in harmony. The author develops a systems view of a programme, listing eight essential principles. For this programme then to be applied, the support of top management must be gained. The programme itself, in ten steps, is then described.
Designing Policy for Copy Cataloging in RDA

The Library of Congress and other national libraries will adopt Resource Description and Access (RDA) on March 31, 2013, but RDA is already an established cataloging code. Copy catalogers are likely to encounter RDA records in the near future, and need local standards to guide their work. This article provides technical service personnel who establish policies with the information needed to establish standards for copy cataloging RDA records, particularly monographs. An example of one successful standard, that of Kent State University Libraries, is provided for readers to adopt or adapt.
A laboratory investigation into the settlement of a foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand due to cyclic load

Laboratory model test results for permanent settlement of a shallow square foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and subjected to cyclic loading are presented. During the application of the cyclic load, the foundation was subjected to a sustained static load. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and at one relative density of compaction of sand. Based on the model test results, the nature of variation of the permanent settlement of the foundation with the intensity of the static loading and the amplitude of the cyclic load intensity are presented in a non-dimensional form.
The Designing Mind: Children's Reasoning About Intended Function and Artifact Structure

There is currently debate about the emergence of children's ability to reason about artifacts by reference to their intended design. We present two studies demonstrating that, while 3-year-olds have emerging insights, 4-year-old children display an explicit, well-rounded, adult-like understanding of the way design constrains an artifact's physical structure. Study 1 examined children's recognition that designers generally create artifacts with structures that are optimally efficient for achieving their intended function. Three- and 4-year-olds explored pairs of objects—one physically optimal and one suboptimal for a given function—and judged which one had been designed for the purpose. Despite both age groups recognizing the relative physical optimality of the objects, only 4-year-olds judged the optimal tool as designed for the function. Study 2 examined children's recognition that designers generally create artifacts with structures that primarily subserve a single intended function rather than other fu...
Changes in closeness between adult children and their parents: A turning point analysis

Researchers studying close relationships have long realized that child‐parent closeness is a critical component of human existence. Yet few studies in communication have analyzed closeness in adult child‐parent relationships. This exploratory study uses turning point analysis to examine the changing nature of closeness between parents and their adult children. Ten categories of turning points in closeness were identified, and differences and similarities in these turning points for mother‐child and father‐child relationships were explored. Seven patterns depicting the changes in closeness in the relationships between adult children and their parents emerged from the data.
Randomised, double-blind comparison of epidural and intravenous fentanyl for postoperative pain

Abstract Background: Several studies have demonstrated that postoperative analgesia with either epidural (EPID) or intravenous (iv) fentanyl are clinically equivalent. However, the contribution of plasma fentanyl levels on the intensity of analgesia in patients receiving EPID fentanyl is not clear. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if postoperative EPID analgesia with fentanyl was related to plasma fentanyl levels. Methods: Fourteen patients who underwent radical prostatectomies under balanced general anaesthesia were studied. All patients had a low thoracic EPID catheter placed before the induction of general anaesthesia. Upon arrival in the PACU, patients were randomised to receive a fentanyl bolus of 0.5–1.5 μg.kg−1 followed by a continuous infusion of 1 μg kg−1 hr−1 in either the EPID or iv routes via a PCA pump in a double-blind fashion. Bolus doses of 10 μg every 15 minutes with a one hourly maximum dose of 140 μg were provided. Infusions were stopped after 24 hours. Fentanyl plasma levels, rest and dynamic pain scores were then assessed at 30 minute intervals until rest pain scores were ≥7/10 (breakthrough time). Results: Patients were demographically similar. All patients experienced effective analgesia during the first 24 hours of infusion. There were no significant differences in plasma fentanyl levels of patients receiving either EPID or iv fentanyl (mean 1.46 vs 1.28) during the first eight interval measurements (0–210 min, p= 0.98) for all comparisons. However, median breakthrough pain occurred significantly earlier in the EPID group than in the iv group (120 vs 300 min, p= 0.02). Conclusions: Plasma levels of fentanyl were always above minimum effective analgesic concentrations (MEAC). These findings suggest that it may not be clinically possible to limit EPID fentanyl doses to those associated with spinal analgesia. Thus, supraspinal effects will always be present. Moreover, despite having similar fentanyl plasma levels, patients receiving EPID fentanyl had a shorter duration of analgesia than those in the iv group. These results suggest that patients receiving EPID fentanyl may develop acute tolerance to fentanyl therapy.
Angular distribution and CP effects in rare decays of vector mesons

We calculate the differential decay rate for the semileptonic decay [ital V][r arrow][ital Rl][sup +][ital l[minus]] when [ital R] is a scalar, a pseudoscalar, and a vector as a function of the invariant mass of the [ital l][sup +][ital l[minus]] pair and the scattering angle in the [ital l][sup +][ital l[minus]] center-of-mass frame. We obtain the helicity dependence of the decays and calculate the asymmetry factor [alpha]([ital s]) and the ratio of the contributions from the [ital CP]-odd and [ital CP]-even channels. We repeat the calculations for the nonleptonic decay [ital V][r arrow][ital RR][prime]. In the calculations we use the heavy-quark and factorization approximations.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase α2 Activity Is Not Essential for Contraction- and Hyperosmolarity-induced Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle

To examine the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in muscle glucose transport, we generated muscle-specific transgenic mice (TG) carrying cDNAs of inactive alpha2 (alpha2i TG) and alpha1 (alpha1i TG) catalytic subunits. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from wild type and TG mice were isolated and subjected to a series of in vitro incubation experiments. In alpha2i TG mice basal alpha2 activity was barely detectable, whereas basal alpha1 activity was only partially reduced. Known AMPK stimuli including 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR), rotenone (a Complex I inhibitor), dinitrophenol (a mitochondrial uncoupler), muscle contraction, and sorbitol (producing hyperosmolar shock) did not increase AMPK alpha2 activity in alpha2i TG mice, whereas alpha1 activation was attenuated by only 30-50%. Glucose transport was measured in vitro using isolated EDL muscles from alpha2i TG mice. AICAR- and rotenone-stimulated glucose transport was fully inhibited in alpha2i TG mice; however, the lack of AMPK alpha2 activity had no effect on contraction- or sorbitol-induced glucose transport. Similar to these observations in vitro, contraction-stimulated glucose transport, assessed in vivo by 2-deoxy-d-[(3)H]glucose incorporation into EDL, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles, was normal in alpha2i TG mice. Thus, AMPK alpha2 activation is essential for some, but not all, insulin-independent glucose transport. Muscle contraction- and hyperosmolarity-induced glucose transport may be regulated by a redundant mechanism in which AMPK alpha2 is one of multiple signaling pathways.
INTERACTION OF INFLUENZA WITH HUMAN NASOPHARYNGEAL MUCOSA

Previous studies of influenza A infections in animal models have stressed the tropism of this virus for the upper respiratory tract. To assess the interaction of influenza A virus with human respiratory tissue, adenoids, consisting of ciliated epithelium with underlying lymphoid follicles, were maintained in organ culture. Influenza growth was demonstrated when the organ culture was inoculated with wild type influenza A/Alaska (H3N2). The serologic status of the donor influenced viral replication, with a mean titer of 5.2 × 103 pfu/ml of virus released into the supernatant of organ cultures from 9 seronegative children at 48 hours and only 4.5 × 102 pfu/ml of virus released from 8 seropositive children. Vigorous ciliary activity of the nasopharyngeal tissue could be seen for up to 96 hours in organ cultures of uninfected tissue, while ciliary activity ceased after 24 hours in influenza infected tissue. By 24 hours after influenza infection, light microscopy of the organ culture mucosa revealed sloughing of the epithelial cells and infiltration of the submucosa with inflammatory cells, unlike control tissue. Fluorescent microscopy of infected organ cultures localized influenza antigen to the epithelial surface 4 hours after infection and by 24 hours, fluorescence was noted in submucosal locations. Lymphocyte populations from 12 adenoids have also been characterized. Mean values were 43% B cells, 29% T cells, 19% OKT 3+ cells, 12% OKT 4+ cells and 5% OKT 8+ cells. Studies measuring specific in vitro anti-influenza antibody production by these lymphocytes are now in progress. The adenoids provide an intact organ culture system to study the pathogenesis of influenza A infections and the resultant local immune response.
Dead Space Ventilation in Critically Ill Children With Lung Injury

Study objective In children with acute lung injury, there is an increase in minute ventilation ( V ˙ e ) and inefficient gas exchange due to a high level of physiologic dead space ventilation (V d /V t) . Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, when used in critically ill patients to correct hypoxemia, may contribute to increased V d /V t . The purpose of this study was to measure metabolic parameters and V d /V t in critically ill children. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Pediatric ICU of a university hospital. Patients A total of 45 mechanically intubated children (mean age, 5.5 years). Interventions Indirect calorimetry was used to measure metabolic parameters. V d /V t parameters were calculated using the modified Bohr-Enghoff equation. ARDS was defined based on criteria by The American-European Consensus Conference. Measurements and results The group mean (± SD) ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VeqO 2 ) and ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VeqCO 2 ) were 2.9 ± 1 and 3.3 ± 1 L per 100 mL, respectively. The group mean V d /V t was 0.48 ± 0.2. When compared to non-ARDS patients (33 patients), the patients with ARDS (12 patients) had a significantly higher VeqO 2 (3.3 ± 1 vs 2.8 ± 1 L per 100 mL, respectively; p 2 (3.7 ± 1 L/100 vs 3.1 ± 1 L per 100 mL, respectively; p d /V t (0.62 ± 0.14 vs 0.43 ± 0.15, respectively; p Conclusions Critically ill children with ARDS have increased V d /V t . Increased V d /V t was the main cause of the excess of V ˙ e demand in these patients. Increased metabolic demands, as shown by the VeqO 2 , VeqCO 2 , and ventilatory support, are the major determinants of V ˙ e requirements in children with ARDS.
El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext)

El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains the most important coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon to cause global climate variability on seasonal to interannual time scales. This paper addresses the need for a reliable ENSO index that allows for the historical definition of ENSO events in the instrumental record back to 1871. The Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) was originally defined as the first seasonally varying principal component of six atmosphere–ocean (COADS) variable fields in the tropical Pacific basin. It provides for a more complete and flexible description of the ENSO phenomenon than single variable ENSO indices such as the SOI or Nino 3.4 SST. Here we describe our effort to boil the MEI concept down to its most essential components (based on SLP, SST) to enable historical analyses that more than double its period of record to 1871–2005. The new MEI.ext confirms that ENSO activity went through a lull in the early- to mid-20th century, but was just about as prevalent one century ago as in recent decades. We diagnose strong relationships between peak amplitudes of ENSO events and their duration, as well as between their peak amplitudes and their spacing (periodicity). Our effort is designed to help with the assessment of ENSO conditions through as long a record as possible to be able to differentiate between ‘natural’ ENSO behaviour in all its rich facets, and the ‘Brave New World’ of this phenomenon under evolving GHG-related climate conditions. So far, none of the behaviour of recent ENSO events appears unprecedented, including duration, onset timing, and spacing in the last few decades compared to a full century before then. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Theoretical/numerical model for the transport of non-uniform suspended sediment in open channels

In this paper, we address the transport of multi-disperse suspended sediment mixtures in open channels, via the use of the two-fluid model. To that end, we extend previously developed frameworks for the dilute and non-dilute transport of suspended sediment. Within the scope of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, these modeling frameworks comprise mass and momentum equations for both phases (water and sediment). Here, we calculate the distribution of total volumetric concentration of sediment using two approaches: (1) by considering the mixture as represented by a single size; we call this approach Partial two-fluid model for uniform sediments (PTFMU); and (2) by combining the volumetric concentration of the sediment corresponding to several particle size classes; we call this approach Partial two-fluid model for non-uniform sediments (PTFMNU). In the second approach, we propose a methodology for the computation of the overall velocity of the disperse phase as a function of the velocities of each size class. k–e type closures to account for the turbulence in the carrier phase (water) are applied. We also consider the coupling between the two phases through the drag force. Velocities of the carrier and disperse phases, and concentrations for each sediment class size are numerically solved by integrating the differential equations over control volumes. In order to validate our models, we compare numerical results to experimental data of Einstein and Chien [H.A. Einstein, N. Chien, Effects of heavy sediment concentration near the bed on velocity and sediment distribution, MRD sediment series report, University of California, Berkley, 1955] and Taggart et al. [W.C. Taggart, C.A. Yermoli, S. Montes, A. Ippen, Effects of sediment size and gradation on concentration profiles for turbulent flow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1972]. Results of mean velocity of the carrier phase are in close agreement with the experimental data. For the prediction of sediment concentrations, we observe that there is a difference in the results using the two approaches mentioned above. We additionally obtain values of the Schmidt number needed to improve the agreement between predictions of the distribution of suspended sediment and the experimental data, and discuss the effect of sediment size and increasing sediment concentration on the values of the Schmidt number.
Smoothing Start-Up and Shut-Down Costs in Sequential Production

Zero or one unit is produced each period in this finite horizon deterministic nonstationary model of a production process in which units are produced one after another. Demand occurs at the end of each period, after which a holding cost applies to inventory. Other costs include a unit production cost if production is one, a start-up cost whenever production is one this period but zero last period, and a shut-down cost if production was one last period but is zero this period. It is shown that there is an optimal policy with a simple structure. Its exploitation reduces the determination of an optimal policy to finding a shortest route in an acyclic network with one more node than the horizon's length in periods.
The Effect of Regulation Fair Disclosure on Expectations Management: International Evidence

Abstract We examine whether Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) was effective in limiting the expectations management of US firms as well as ADR and foreign-listed firms to meet or beat analysts’ earnings forecasts. Domestic US firms are required to comply with Reg FD; however, ADR firms are explicitly exempted from its provisions. Thus, ADR firms are thought to represent a control against which US firm expectations management is measured. We find a decrease in expectations management for both US and ADR firms. We find that the post-Reg-FD changes for US and ADR firms are not significantly different. This suggests Reg FD was not effective in limiting forecast guidance or, alternatively, both US and ADR firms responded to Reg FD by reducing forecast guidance. We provide additional evidence that ADR firms experienced a significant decrease in expectations management relative to other foreign-listed firms suggesting that ADR firms voluntarily complied with Reg FD. Overall, our evidence suggests that Reg FD worked to reduce expectations management to meet or beat expectations for both US and ADR firms.
Prevention of learned helplessness: In vivo correlation with cortical serotonin

Learned helplessness (LH) is prevented by pretreatment with acute benzodiazepines (BDZs), subchronic tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), or escapable stress (ES). We have investigated the role of serotonin (5-HT) in LH prevention by these three prevention paradigms, using microdialysis to measure in vivo 5-HT release in frontal cortex (FC) after LH testing. Rats receiving pretreatment before inescapable stress with any of the three methods of prevention—BDZs, TCAs, or ES—showed escape behavior in the shuttle-box test of LH comparable to naive unstressed controls. K+-stimulated 5-HT release in all three groups receiving pretreatment was also similar to naive unstressed controls. Rats receiving saline before inescapable stress showed significantly more LH behavior in the shuttle-box task and had significantly lower 5-HT release as well. This suggests that LH correlates with a significant decrease in intracellular releasable 5-HT in FC, and that three different techniques for LH prevention, acute BDZs, subchronic TCAs, and ES all similarly prevent this 5-HT depletion.
Monitoring Algorithms for Metric Temporal Logic Specifications

Program execution traces can be so large in practical testing and monitoring applications that it would be very expensive, if not impossible, to store them for detailed analysis. Monitoring execution traces without storing them, can be a nontrivial matter for many specification formalisms, because complex formulae may require a considerable amount of information about the past. Metric temporal logic (MTL) is an extension of propositional linear temporal logic with discrete-timebounded temporal operators. In MTL, one can specify time limits within which certain temporal properties must hold, thus making it very suitable to express real-time monitoring requirements. In this paper, we present monitoring algorithms for checking timestamped execution traces against formulae in MTL or certain important sublogics of it. We also present lower bounds for the monitoring problem, showing that the presented algorithms are asymptotically optimal.
Expressive line selection by example

An important problem in computer generated line drawing is determining which set of lines produces a representation that is in agreement with a user’s communication goals. We describe a method that enables a user to intuitively specify which types of lines should appear in rendered images. Our method employs conventional silhouette-edge and other feature-line extraction algorithms to derive a set of candidate lines, and integrates machine learning into a user-directed line removal process using a sketching metaphor. The method features a simple and intuitive user interface that provides interactive control over the resulting line selection criteria and can be easily adapted to work in conjunction with existing line detection and rendering algorithms. Much of the method’s power comes from its ability to learn the relationships between numerous geometric attributes that define a line style. Once learned, a user’s style and intent can be passed from object to object as well as from view to view.
Model‐validated parametrization for air‐sea gas transfer in the North Indian Ocean

Mixed-layer CFC-11 saturations measured in the northwestern Indian Ocean during the 1995 World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) along I7N are compared to those from a numerical model using three alternative parametrizations for the air-sea flux of CFC-11. The Wanninkhof [1992] gas flux parametrization for climatological winds gives gas saturations which agree best with those observed. The observed and model mixed-layers are in equilibrium with the contemporary atmosphere to within 1% (the experimental error) in the summer of 1995, excluding cold coastal upwelled waters. When the model is used to extend the space and time scales of the observations in the Arabian Sea, widespread supersaturations of 5% due to weak winds and warming are predicted in the spring and fall, and under saturations of 5% due to mixing in the winter. The model validation of CFC-11 transfer parametrization and investigation of temporal and spatial variability in saturation are applicable to the physically-forced saturation variations of carbon dioxide and other gases of interest.
Internationalism and survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle and food products.

Foot-and-mouth disease is a serious world-wide economic disease of livestock and diverse animal species. The closing of borders to infected countries is a frequent aftermath of disease outbreaks. Historically, animals and animal products have been implicated as vehicles for transmission of the disease. Control programs encompass stringent importation policies, vaccination, quarantine, and slaughter. Joint efforts have been instituted successfully in previous control campaigns and would be the logical approach to large-scale eradication schemas.
Diagnostics and performance of a low-power MPD thruster with appliedmagnetic nozzle

This study evaluates the performance of a 50-150-kW thruster which was j-scale of a bench mark magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster; it was operated with and without applied magnetic nozzle fields. Capacitors (14 jnF) and inductors (80 /uH) in networks produced relatively constant currents for about 450 /us to generate the applied magnetic nozzle, and currents up to 2.3-kA constant for about 300 /us to drive the thruster. With the solid copper electrode, the applied magnetic field was excluded from the thrust chamber because of the short duration of the experiments. The i -scale device was mass starved below m = 0.135 g/s; this was equivalent to 2 g/s for a full-scale MPD thruster with the same ml A. With m > 0.25 g/s, the device was found to operate smoothly and with tittle evident erosion. Current-voltage records were similar with and without applied magnetic nozzle fields, indicating little effect of the external nozzles on the power deposition. The current plume in the expansion region outside the thruster chamber was reduced in axial extent with the application of the magnetic nozzle in this transient experiment. Momentum flux in the exhaust flow was measured by local pressure probes. For the same arc power, impact pressures with magnetic nozzles applied were 3-4 times larger than the self-field cases. Also, impact pressure increased with thruster power. For the 1.15and 2.30-kA cases, thrust from integrated impact pressure increased by a factor of 1.6 with magnetic nozzles applied. Local electron density and temperature were determined using Langmuir probes; these values along with impact pressure were used to determine flow velocity. For the 1.15and 2.30-kA cases, values of exhaust velocity increased by factors of 1.1 and 1.6, respectively, when the magnetic nozzles were applied.
The next decade of the database course: three decades speak to the next

@ 1997 [12]. From about two dozen educators, “meta-data” or data about many aspects of their courses were discovered. Few had paid any attention to ACM/IEEE's curriculum '91 when designing their courses to fit late-century students' needs. This expository paper examines, first, what was the state of the Database course near the end of the 20th century, as background to a discussion of what should or will be the near-term future of the (first, undergraduate) Database course. From data gathered mostly at the BOF and some later by email, we found the following “state of the course,” 1998-99.
The aging brain.

A recent interest in aging of the nervous system is related to the remarkable increase in the numbers of elderly persons throughout the world. As a reflection of the added years, pathologies in the older person have also increased. Primary among those which affect the activities and behavior of these people are the dementias, especially Alzheimer's Disease. To focus on such problems, however, requires an understanding of the changes which take place in the normal aging nervous system. This paper reviews some of the accepted criteria for these changes as well as the possible attempts by the nervous system to alter its structure in response to these changes.
Specific Binding of Prostaglandins E2 and F2α by Membrane Preparations from Rat Skin

Specific binding of [3H]prostaglandin E2 ([3H]PGE2) and [3H]prostaglandin F2 alpha ([3H]PGF2 alpha) to plasma membrane and smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions prepared from rat skin was demonstrated by the Millipore filter assay system. Specific binding was greater in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction. Maximum binding was attained in the presence of Ca++ (0.5 x 10(-3) M), pH 7.2, and at a temperature of 37 C. Unlabeled PGE2 at a concentration of approximately 700 x 10(-9) M inhibited binding to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum fraction by approximately 90%. Other unlabeled prostaglandins, PGE1, PGF2 alpha, and a PGE2 analog, 7-0-13-prostynoic acid, at the same concentration inhibited binding by 40%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. A variety of unlabeled fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, eicosatrienoic, and eicosatetraenoic acids), at the higher concentration of approximately 1700 x 10(-9) M, inhibited binding less than 30%, suggesting the presence of specific receptors for PGE2 in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similar results were obtained for the competitive binding studies with [3H]PGF2 alpha. Proteolytic digestion of the membrane fraction by trypsin and pronase, or boiling for 15 min caused marked inhibition of binding, suggesting that the receptors for PGE2 and PGF2 alpha have a protein component. The Scatchard plot analysis of the equilibrium-binding data of [3H]PGE2 and [3H]PGF2 alpha to normal smooth endoplasmic reticulum fractions revealed an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.1 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 75 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGE2, and a Kd of 1,0 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 35 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGF2 alpha. These data indicate a greater concentration of binding sites for PGE2 than PGF2 alpha in the normal skin smooth endoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, analysis of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from skin of essential fatty acid-deficient rats revealed a Kd of 1.2 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 75 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGE2, and a Kd of 2.2 x 10(-9) M with a binding site concentration of 175 x 10(-12) M for [3H]PGF2 alpha. The concentration of binding sites for PGF2 alpha in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the skin of these rats is increased 5-fold when compared to normal values, whereas that of PGE2 was not altered. These results suggest a possible alteration of PGF2 alpha specific binding to skin endoplasmic reticulum during the pathophysiological abnormalities that accompany essential fatty acid-deficiency syndrome.
SU‐E‐T‐254: Comprehensive Quality Assurance Program for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Using the SAVI HDR Applicator

Purpose: To present a comprehensive prescriptive quality assurance (QA) program for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) using the Cianna Medical SAVI (Strut Adjusted Volume Implant) multi‐catheter applicator. Methods: We established a robust QA program for the SAVI technique based on our previous experience with various HDR procedures and documentation provided by the manufacturer. During the simulation, the location of the SAVI in relation to the patient's anatomy is recorded by measuring the distance from the patient's skin to the SAVI's hub, by marking the skin and denoting which catheter aligned with the mark, and by taking AP and lateral scout views. A “SAVI Simulation Worksheet” was developed to denote the key measurements during the simulation QA. Our QA process continues with treatment planning. After the plan is reviewed by the physician, the physicist checks the delineation of each catheter and the dose distributions using a developed “Pre‐Plan Check Sheet” as a guide. The third set of the major checks is performed prior to each delivery. The SAVI location is verified via repeating the measurements taken during the simulation including the daily images. A therapist and physician sign‐off are required. “HDR Treatment Check” is the last key component of the QA flow, which required 3 independent checks of the catheter connections, dwell positions and time, and post‐treatment checks. Results: 10 SAVI patients have been treated using the QA protocol. There was 1 catheter each for 2 patients that were misconnected. This error was detected by the third independent checker. Conclusions: We established a robust QA program for the SAVI technique and successfully implemented it for 10 SAVI patients, 100 treatments. We are initiating Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for the SAVI process to better distribute the limited resources and enhance the efficiency and safety of our SAVI program.
Encapsidation of 18 S rRNA by tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

It has been reported that tobacco mosaic virus capsid protein encapsidates discretesized truncated portions of host 18 S rRNA in vitro. This paper presents further information concerning the nature and specificity of this reaction. We have found that it is only the 5' portions of 18 S rRNA that are encapsidated. The structure recognized by capsid protein is highly conserved; bovine as well as plant 18 S rRNA becomes encapsidated. It is further demonstrated that assembly of 18 S rRNA is slow in comparison to assembly of TMV RNA and that this is due to a slow rate of initiation. Synthetic 18 S rRNA, prepared by in vitro transcription of an 18 S rRNA coding sequence, differs from native 18 S rRNA in that full length, rather than a truncated portion, is encapsidated. The possible reasons for this are discussed.
Descriptive Statistics for Nonparametric Models II. Location

Measures of location (without assumption of symmetry) are defined as functionals satisfying certain equivariance and order conditions. Three classes of such measures are discussed whose estimators are respectively linear functions of order statistics, R-estimators and M-estimators. It is argued that such measures can be compared in terms of the (asymptotic) efficiencies of their estimators. Of the three classes considered, it is found that trimmed expectations (and certain other weighted quantiles) are the only ones which are both robust and whose estimators have guaranteed high efficiency relative to the mean X for all underlying distributions.
Venovenous Extracorporeal Life Support Via Percutaneous Cannulation in 94 Patients

Study objective The objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety and utility of a method of percutaneous access for cannulation of adult patients for venovenous extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Design A retrospective review of a patient series. Setting A surgical ICU at a university teaching hospital. Patients The study group consisted of 94 adults > 17 years old with respiratory failure who were placed on venovenous ECLS by means of percutaneous cannulation. Interventions The cannulation of the internal jugular and femoral veins (FVs) using the Seldinger technique for venovenous ECLS. Measurements and results Between May 1992 and November 1997, we performed percutaneous cannulation for venovenous ECLS in 94 adult patients with respiratory failure. The mean (± SD) age was 36.1 ± 12.7 years old (range, 17 to 65 years). The mean (± SD) weight was 80.7 ± 22.3 kg (range, 36 to 156 kg). The right internal jugular vein (RIJV) was used for venous drainage access in all but four cases. The right FV (n = 86), the left FV (n = 3), or the RIJV (n = 4) was utilized for venous reinfusion. The maximum blood flow (± SD) during ECLS was 57.6 ± 17.5 mL/kg/min (range, 22.4 to 127.8 mL/kg/min), with a postmembrane outlet pressure (± SD) of 146 ± 43 mm Hg (range, 56 to 258 mm Hg) at the maximum flow rate. There were 11 unsuccessful percutaneous cannulation attempts. In three patients (3%), the complications consisted of arterial injury requiring operative cutdown and repair. In six patients (6%), cannula-site bleeding required pursestring suture reinforcement of the cannula site. One patient died from the perforation of the superior vena cava during cannulation. Conclusions Based on these data, we conclude that percutaneous cannulation may be utilized to provide venovenous ECLS in adults.
High-resolution simulations of global climate, part 2: effects of increased greenhouse cases

We report results from the highest-resolution simulations of global warming yet performed with an atmospheric general circulation model. We compare the climatic response to increased greenhouse gases of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) climate model, CCM3, at T42 and T170 resolutions (horizontal grid spacing of 300 and 75 km respectively). All simulations use prescribed sea surface temperatures (SST). Simulations of the climate of 2100 ad use SSTs based on those from NCAR coupled model, Climate System Model (CSM). We find that the global climate sensitivity and large-scale patterns of climate change are similar at T42 and T170. However, there are important regional scale differences that arise due to better representation of topography and other factors at high resolution. Caution should be exercised in interpreting specific features in our results both because we have performed climate simulations using a single atmospheric general circulation model and because we used with prescribed sea surface temperatures rather than interactive ocean and sea-ice models.