cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of route of entry on toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the cricket (Acheta domesticus)

In the present study, acute and chronic toxicities of five PAHs (naphthalene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene) and an oxygenated PAH derivative (anthrone) were determined in a terrestrial insect, Acheta domesticus (L.), with emphasis on the influence of route of entry on toxicity. Hexamethylphosphoric triamide (hempa) was included in the chronic tests since this chemosterilant is a useful reference compound for investigations of reproductive effects of chemicals in insects.
Post-source decay mass spectrometry: optimized calibration procedure and structural characterization of permethylated oligosaccharides

Permethylated oligosaccharides were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS) using a reflectron time-of-flight instrument in the post-source decay (PSD) mode. Under these ionization conditions, such derivatives yield intense signals corresponding to sodium or potassium cationized molecular species. Fragments observed in the PSD spectra result exclusively from cleavage of glycosidic bonds, preferentially at N-acetylhexosamine residues. A systematic study was carried out on a series of permethylated oligosaccharides to allow rationalization of the fragmentation processes. Fragments originating from both the reducing and the non-reducing ends of the oligosaccharide yield information on sequence and branching. Moreover, glycosyl residues linked in position 3 of HexNAc units give rise to a highly specific elimination process, which allows unambiguous assignment of (1-3) interglycosidic linkages. Special attention was paid to the structural analysis of oligosaccharides carrying the commonly encountered fucosyl and sialyl end-caps. In the case of sialylated residues, a targeted methodology involving desialylation and specific CD3-labeling of the nascent free hydroxyl groups was developed to mark the initial location of sialic acid residues along the oligosaccharide backbone. As accurate mass determination of fragment ions is essential for their assignment, a simplified protocol for the calibration in the PSD mode is described. This procedure allows the determination of the correction function parameters required to process the data for an instrument that employs post-acceleration detection. MALDI/PSD-MS of permethylated oligosaccharides, by providing structural information at the low picomole level, appears to be a valuable complement, or an alternative, to the techniques currently in use for carbohydrate structural analysis.
NO ON PROPOSITION 6: THE SAN FRANCISCO CAMPAIGN

(1981). NO ON PROPOSITION 6: THE SAN FRANCISCO CAMPAIGN. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 36-41.
Atomic motion on the surface of a cadmium telluride single crystal

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is an interesting semiconductor compound whose photoelectronic properties make it suitable for solar cell applications. We report here a study of defects in CdTe, carried out by lattice resolution imaging in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), during which observations were made of the motion of image spots at the edge of a specimen. As the spots are related to the projected atomic positions in the structure, this behaviour indicates atomic motion at the CdTe surface. Individual spot jumps occurred several times per second and one could watch the formation and decay of small crystalline facets. The possibility thus arises for surface studies, at the atomic level, in conjunction with direct crystal lattice imaging, allowing investigation of the interaction between surface atoms and their substrate.
Contribution of Mineral Crystals to the Bulk Behavior of Human Cortical Bone in Compression

In this study, human cortical bone was tested in compression to determine the in situ behavior of mineral crystals using a synergistic approach combining a progressive loading scheme and synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques. By quantifying the orientation distribution of mineral crystals, the average strain tensor of each subset of mineral crystals in the same orientation was determined based on its lattice deformation in three distinct crystallographic directions. The stress tensor of the crystals was determined based on the Hooke’s law using the stiffness tensor well derived in the literature (1). By examining the concurrent changes in the in situ and bulk behaviors, the contribution of mineral crystals to the bulk behavior of bone was discussed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Highways, Changing Land Use, and Impacts on Rural Life

Current interest in problems of land use has stimulated the compilation of large amounts of land-use data. The impact of factors and facilities determining land-use patterns must be quantified if these data are to be made useful in decision making. This report focuses upon measurement of the impact of highways. It briefly describes methods used in estimating the extent and distribution of various types of land use in an approximately 2,150 square mile area of New York's Appalachian Upland. Regularities in the spatial distribution of three of these types of land use are discussed, as are some of the associated impacts on rural life. /GMRL/
Experimental alveolar bone loss in the monkey evaluated by125I absorptiometry

An125I absorptiometry technique is described which has sufficient precision to detect the alveolar bone loss associated with ligature-related periodontitis in the monkey. Six monkeys had significant drops in alveolar bone mass 14 days after the application of a silk ligature around the gingival margin of an adjacent tooth. Variation in the magnitude of bone loss was observed. These may represent variations in the pathogenicity of the microflora produced in response to a ligature and/or variation in host response to the insult produced by specific dental plaque organisms. The lack of bone loss post-ligature plus antibiotic therapy supports the theory that the bacterial-host interaction, not simply irritation from the ligature alone, is responsible for the bone loss. The potential for bone regeneration after ligature-induced bone loss is demonstrated.
Visual Unified Modeling Language for the Composition of Scenarios in Modeling and Simulation Systems

The Department of Defense uses modeling and simulation systems in many various roles, from research and training to modeling likely outcomes of command decisions. Simulation systems have been increasing in complexity with the increased capability of low-cost computer systems to support these DOD requirements. The demand for scenarios is also increasing, but the complexity of the simulation systems has caused a bottleneck in scenario development due to the limited number of individuals with knowledge of the arcane simulator languages in which these scenarios are written. This research combines the results of previous efforts from the Air Force Institute of Technology in visual modeling languages to create a language that unifies description of entities within a scenario with its behavior using a visual tool that was developed in the course of this research. The resulting language has a grammar and syntax that can be parsed from the visual representation of the scenario. The language is designed so that scenarios can be described in a generic manner, not tied to a specific simulation system, allowing the future development of modules to translate the generic scenario into simulation system specific scenarios.
Ketamine for Perioperative Pain Management

Ketamine thereforerepresents a promising modality in several perioperativestrategies to prevent pathologic pain.Another reason for the renewed interest in ketamine isthe availability of S( ) ketamine. Ketamine has a chiralcenter at the carbon-2 atom of the cyclohexanone ring,and therefore exists as the optical stereoisomers S( )and R(-) ketamine.
Propranolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol metabolism in the dog. Identification of N‐Methylated metabolites

The metabolism of propranolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol was studied in the dog and rat; propranolol in five additional species, including man. Basic, phenolic and neutral metabolites were extracted from urine at pH 9.6 after enzymatic hydrolysis. Separation and identification of parent drug and seven metabolites each for propranolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol in the dog were accomplished by gas chromatography mass spectrometry as the trifluoroacetyl derivatives. A very uniform and predictable fragmentation pattern was observed for all 24 compounds. Seven new metabolites were identified. The metabolism of all three drugs was qualitatively the same, including N-dealkylation followed by N-methylation or deamination of the primary amines. The parent drugs as well as all of their sidechain metabolism products were also partially ring hydroxylated. N-Methylation was only found in the dog and is a minor metabolic pathway. The stereochemical composition of N-methyldesisopropylpropranolol and its immediate precursor N-desisopropylpropranolol showed a marked enrichment of the (+)-isomer.
A Naturally Occurring Nonpolymerogenic Mutant of α1-Antitrypsin Characterized by Prolonged Retention in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The classical form of alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) deficiency is associated with a mutant alpha 1-ATZ molecule that polymerizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells. A subgroup of individuals homozygous for the protease inhibitor (PI) Z allele develop chronic liver injury and are predisposed to hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study we evaluated the primary structure of alpha 1-AT in a family in which three affected members had severe liver disease associated with alpha 1-AT deficiency. We discovered that one sibling was a compound heterozygote with one PI Z allele and a second allele, the PI Z + saar allele, bearing the mutation that characterizes alpha 1-ATZ as well as the mutation that characterizes alpha 1-AT Saarbrucken (alpha 1-AT saar). The mutation in PI saar introduces a premature termination codon resulting in an alpha 1-AT protein truncated for 19 amino acids at its carboxyl terminus. Studies of a second sib with severe liver disease and other living family members did not reveal the presence of the alpha 1-AT saar mutation and therefore do not substantiate a role for this mutation in the liver disease phenotype of this family. However, studies of alpha 1-AT saar and alpha 1-ATZ + saar expressed in heterologous cells show that there is prolonged intracellular retention of these mutants even though they do not have polymerogenic properties. These results therefore have important implications for further understanding the fate of mutant alpha 1-AT molecules, the mechanism of ER retention, and the pathogenesis of liver injury in alpha 1-AT deficiency.
Click-evoked response at the superior colliculus of the cat.

Abstract Click-evoked response was recorded from deep layers of the superior colliculus of the cat for stimuli from 67 through 115 db SPL. The response was a biphasic waveform with a sharp initial negative peak. Magnitude of response as a function of intensity was a nonmonotonic function which could be fit by a theoretical equation based upon the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory processes. This equation yields Stevens's power law as a special case.
From Heller to POEM (1914–2014): A 100-Year History of Surgery for Achalasia

Background The year 2014 marks the 100th anniversary of Dr. Heller’s description of the surgical treatment of patients with achalasia with a cardiomyotomy. This 100-year-old operation, which is today performed laparoscopically with the addition of a partial fundoplication, is considered the treatment of choice for patients with achalasia.
Effect of Precipitates on the Development of P Orientation {011} $$ \left\langle {566} \right\rangle $$ in a Recrystallized Continuous Cast AA 3004 Aluminum Alloy after Cold Rolling

The as-received hot band (2.54-mm thick) of a continuous cast (CC) AA 3004 Al alloy was cold rolled at reductions, ranging from 25 to 90 pct, and subsequently annealed at 510 °C for 4 hours. Some of these specimens had been annealed at 420 °C for 3 hours with a heating rate of 1 °C/min prior to cold rolling. It was found that the sample with the prior heat treatment exhibited a P orientation ({011}\( \left\langle {566} \right\rangle \)) of 28 pct in volume fraction, stronger than that (23 pct) in the sample without the prior heat treatment, after 90 pct cold rolling and final recrystallization. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that the prior heat treatment generated very densely distributed Al6(Mn,Fe) precipitates, which could pin dislocations and grain boundaries in the alloy. The formation of stronger P texture in the sample with the prior heat treatment revealed that the P texture could also be developed due to dislocations pinned by the existing fine Al6(Mn,Fe) precipitates during recrystallization in the CC Al alloys that contained Mn.
On certain non-linear differential equations in complex domains

We describe meromorphic solutions of certain non-linear (ordinary and partial) differential equations in complex domains.
Potentials and junctions in degenerate semiconductors

Abstract Solutions of Poisson's equation for complete statistical degeneracy are presented for some cases encountered in semiconductor devices. The results are applied to degenerate p-n junctions, inversion layers on degenerate semiconductors, and heterojunctions.
Synapses between Interneurons in the Rat Cerebral Cortex at 2NM Resolution and in Three-Dimensions

We used thin sectioning and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to study the synapses in the rat cerebral cortex at 2nm resolution and in three-dimensions. The aim was to determine whether the opening of vesicles in the pre-synaptic axon was correlated to the distribution of the neurotransmitter receptors in the post-synaptic spine predicted by the long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength hypothesis. In the axon, “hybrid” filaments assembled from rods protruding from the vesicle and the plasma membrane docked synaptic vesicles to the active zone. The orientation of the “hybrid” filaments with respect to the plasma membrane defined two vesicle-docking paths. When parallel to the plasma membrane, the vesicles fuse “randomly” on the active zone, a pathway that was predicted by the SNARE hypothesis. When perpendicular to the plasma membrane, the vesicles dock at the base of plasma membrane depressions (35-45 nm), which are spaced 75-85 nm center-to-center, arranged in files and contained within gutters (the “deterministic” path). This path was not anticipated by the SNARE hypothesis. Computer simulations indicate that the “deterministic” path creates neurotransmitter concentration domains on the post-synaptic spine that are wider and shallower than those of the “random” path. In both paths, the opening of the fusion pore follows steps anticipated by the fusion-through-hemifusion hypothesis. In the post-synaptic spine, we identified intra-membranous particles in the external (E) face with dimensions that match the homotetrameric GluR2 AMPA-sensitive receptor. The particles are either clustered on the E face or distributed in bands on the “non-synaptic” plasma membrane. We thus conclude that in the pre-synaptic axon vesicle exocytosis follows “random” and “deterministic” fusion paths while in the post-synaptic spine LTP of synaptic strength involves the rearrangement of pre-existing receptors instead of de novo insertion and retrieval.
Enforcing Labor Rights against Multinational Corporate Groups in Europe

Voluntary corporate codes of conduct for multinational enterprises can have certain quasi-legal effects for national legal systems, but the enforcement of labor standards remains at the national level. Two main obstacles to the enforcement of labor rights against multinationals are limited access to justice in multinationals’ home countries and the concept of limited liability. These obstacles are understood differently in common law and civil law jurisdictions and require different approaches to overcome them.
Processes Explaining the Concealment and Distortion of Evidence on Gender Symmetry in Partner Violence

Graham-Kevan’s paper fully documents overwhelming evidence that the “patriarchal dominance” theory of partner violence (PV from here on) explains only a small part of PV. Moreover, more such evidence is rapidly emerging. To take just one recent example, analyses of data from 32 nations in the International Dating Violence Study (Straus 2006; Straus and International Dating Violence Research Consortium 2004) found about equal perpetration rates and a predominance of mutual violence in all 32 samples, including nonWestern nations. Moreover, data from that study also show that, within a couple relationship, domination and control by women occur as often as by men and are as strongly associated with perpetration of PV by women as by men (Straus 2006). GrahamKevan also documents the absence of evidence indicating that the patriarchal dominance approach to prevention and treatment has been effective. In my opinion, it would be even more appropriate to say that what success has been achieved in preventing and treating PV has been achieved despite the handicaps imposed by focusing exclusively on eliminating male-dominance and misogyny, important as that is as an end in itself. Graham-Kevan’s paper raises the question of how an explanatory theory and treatment modality could have persisted for 30 years and still persists, despite hundreds of studies which provide evidence that PV has many causes, not just male-dominance. The answer is that it emerged from a convergence of a number of different historical and social factors. One of these is that gender symmetry in perpetration of partner violence is inconsistent with male predominance in almost all other crimes, especially violent crimes. Another is the greater injury rate suffered by female victims of PV brings female victimization to public attention much more often. Although there are many causes of the persistence of the patriarchal dominance focus, I believe that the predominant cause has been the efforts of feminists to conceal, deny, and distort the evidence. Moreover, these efforts include Eur J Crim Policy Res (2007) 13:227–232 DOI 10.1007/s10610-007-9060-5
Abandoned mine shafts and levels in the British coalfields

Industrial dereliction is a concern to all societies. In the United Kingdom the British government is trying to make its abandoned coalfields more attractive to new industry through a combination of land reclamation and job incentive programs. The most ambitious of these projects occurs in the South Wales Coalfield, which records 200 years of land defilement and the highest unemployment amplitudes in mainland Britain. In returning this area to a semblance of its previous state, problems arise over how best to fill and cap the many derelict pit shafts and abandoned shallow mines that riddle this region. This analysis reports on the methods of treatment used to achieve this end, along with the procedures used to minimize ground subsidence, water pollution, noxious gas emission, and the potential for physical injury. These environmental controls have application to the United States and Western Europe, where pockets of industrial blight are also symptomatic of a troubled local economy.
Temporal Changes in the Required Shoe-Floor Friction when Walking following an Induced Slip

Biomechanical aspects of slips and falls have been widely studied to facilitate fall prevention strategies. Prior studies have shown changes in gait after an induced slipping event. As such, most researchers only slip participants one time to avoid such changes that would otherwise reduce the external validity of experimental results. The ability to slip participants more than once, after allowing gait to return to a natural baseline, would improve the experimental efficiency of such studies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to characterize the temporal changes in required shoe-floor friction when walking following an induced slip. Two experiments were completed, and each employed a different potential strategy to promote the return of gait to a natural baseline after slipping. In the first experiment, extended time away from the laboratory was used to promote the return of gait to baseline. We measured required coefficient-of-friction among 36 young adult male participants over four sessions. The first three sessions provided measurements during baseline (i.e., natural gait) both prior to slipping and immediately after slipping. The fourth session provided a measurement 1–12 weeks after slipping. In the second experiment, an extensive number of walking trials was used to promote the return of gait to baseline. We measured required coefficient-of-friction among 10 young adult male participants in a single session. Measurements were collected during 10 baseline walking trials, immediately after slipping, and during 50–55 additional trials. In both experiments, required coefficient-of-friction decreased 12–16% immediately after a single slip, increased toward baseline levels over subsequent weeks/walking trials, but remained statistically different from baseline at the end of the experiments. Based on these results, experiments involving slipping participants multiple times may not have a high level of external validity, and researchers are encouraged to continue to limit experimental protocols to a single induced slip per participant.
Gene mdpC Plays a Regulatory Role in the Methyl- tert -butyl Ether Degradation Pathway of Methylibium petroleiphilum Strain PM1

Among the few bacteria known to utilize methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as a sole carbon source, Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1 is a well-characterized organism with a sequenced genome; however, knowledge of the genetic regulation of its MTBE degradation pathway is limited. We investigated the role of a putative transcriptional activator gene, mdpC, in the induction of MTBE-degradation genes mdpA (encoding MTBE monooxygenase) and mdpJ (encoding tert-butyl alcohol hydroxylase) of strain PM1 in a gene-knockout mutant mdpC(-). We also utilized quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assays targeting genes mdpA, mdpJ and mdpC to determine the effects of the mutation on transcription of these genes. Our results indicate that gene mdpC is involved in the induction of both mdpA and mdpJ in response to MTBE and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) exposure in PM1. An additional independent mechanism may be involved in the induction of mdpJ in the presence of TBA.
Participation of the Insula in Language

Since the beginning of aphasia history, it has been known that the insula has a crucial role in language. The interest in the insula somehow decreased during the twentieth century, because it has not directly included in the perisylvian language area proposed by Dejerine. During the late twentieth century, it was proposed that the insula plays a crucial role on speech praxis. Since Wernicke, it has been observed that insula damage is frequently associated with aphasia; different types of aphasia have been reported in cases of insula damage: motor planning and organization of speech in Broca’s aphasia, repetition defects associated with conduction aphasia, and the word-deafness component of Wernicke’s aphasia. Mutism and oral apraxia have also been reported to be associated with left insula pathology. Neuroimaging studies have corroborated that the insula has extensive brain connection, including not only the frontal motor language area but also posterior language areas. Anatomical connections of the insula point also to an important viscero-limbic role, and it may accordingly be suggested that the insula is involved in verbal motivation.
Dealing With the Effects of Therapy Allegiances

Luborsky et al. provide a review of comparative treatment studies so as to estimate the effects of researchers' treatment allegiances on reports of differential outcomes. Although there are concerns about literature coverage, their redemonstration of the importance of the allegiance effect is persuasive. Treatment trials should be conducted by multidisciplinary teams with diverging therapeutic opinions. Such efforts are underway. Further, the data underlying such reports should be publicly available on publication.
Quality of life and post trauma symptomatology in motor vehicle accident survivors: The mediating effects of depression and anxiety

We examined the respective contributions of depression, anxiety, and post-trauma symptoms, as these factors reduce quality of life (QOL) in 111 individuals who had experienced a serious motor vehicle accident. Correlations and structural equation modeling were used to evaluate whether the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms influences QOL directly, and whether depression and anxiety mediated this relationship. Results indicated that post trauma symptomatology has a negative effect on QOL, which is mediated by depression and anxiety.
Stable-isotope studies of planktonic foraminifera in North Atlantic core tops

Abstract Stable-isotope analyses of eight species of planktonic foraminifera from 42 North Atlantic core tops are used to calculate isotopic depth ranges. These depth ranges agree quite well with those based on plankton tows, suggesting that no significant departures from oxygen isotopic equilibrium occur in most species. Reasonable isotherm patterns can be obtained from the δ 18 O data, and the range in δ 18 O values between species is a useful indicator of the boundary of the subtropical gyre.
Synthesis and molecular structure of closo-3-(η6-C6H6)-3,1,2-FeC2B9H11

Abstract The mixed-sandwich complex, closo-3-(η6-C6H6)-3,1,2-FeC2B9H11 (2), has been prepared in high yield by the photolysis of closo-3,3,3-(CO)3-3,1,2-FeC2B9H11 (1) in benzene. The molecular structure of 2 has been determined by an X-ray diffraction study. Compound 2 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pmcn (standard setting Pnma) with a 7.693(1) A, b 9.001(2) A, c 18.420(3) A, V 1276 A3, and Z = 4 (8 half molecules related by a mirror plane at x = 1 4 ). The structure was solved by heavy atom methods to a final discrepancy index of R = 0.053, Rw = 0.067 for 861 independent reflections.
A skeptical look at dispositional reactance.

Many studies have correlated dispositional reactance scales with other self-report scales, but no experiments have tested whether ?trait reactance? replicates ?state reactance? effects. Using a conventional reactance paradigm, an experiment examined the construct validity of dispositional reactance. College students (n = 78) read a communication that did or did not threaten their freedom to disagree, and then they reported their agreement. Threatening attitudinal freedom increased disagreement, thus replicating many reactance experiments. Dispositional reactance interacted with threats to freedom, but in a manner contrary to the construct’s predictions—?high reactance? people were more likely to agree with a pushy, coercive message. The findings question the construct validity of dispositional reactance.
Structure-toxicity relationships for aminoalkanols: a comparison with alkanols and alkanamines.

The relative toxicity (logIGC−1 50) of 49 selected aliphatic amines and aminoalkanols was evaluated in the static Tetrahymena pyriformis population growth impairment assay. Excess toxicity, indicat...
Effects of pinealectomy and subsequent melatonin implants on activity rhythms in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Activity patterns were analyzed in house finches which were pinealectomized and subsequently implanted with melatonin capsules. Most pinealectomized house finches showed loss of circadian perch-hopping rhythms in constant darkness (DD). Total amount of activity in DD was about 175% higher in pinealectomized than in intact finches. In a light-dark cycle (LD) with 8 h L and 16 h D, activity in pinealectomized birds was redistributed such that an increase in activity during phase lead counter-balanced a decrease during L. Mean duration of phase lead increased from 1/2 h in intact finches to about 3 1/2 h in pinealectomized birds. Melatonin capsules implanted in pinealectomized finches shortened phase lead in LD and lengthened phase trail, suggesting a role for melatonin levels in setting the phase of the activity rhythm apart from phasic changes in melatonin release. Melatonin did not restore circadian rhythmicity in pinealectomized finches and instead was associated with a decline in signs of residual, damped rhythmicity. Amount of 24-h activity was positively correlated with percentage of total activity occurring during daytime; both of these were inversely correlated with melatonin dosage. In pinealectomized finches, the amount of DD activity correlated positively with phase lead activity in LD, but not with amount of activity during L. The data are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that phase lead represents a component of activity rhythms governed by a damped oscillator of non-pineal location but influenced by melatonin.
Atomic structure of Si(111) surfaces

Abstract Recent experimental and theoretical work on Si(111) 1 × 1, 2 × 1, and 7 × 7 relaxed and reconstructed surfaces is reviewed. A new, buckled model for the 7 × 7 surface is proposed and its compatibility with a variety of experimental results is examined.
Learning by Experience as Joint Production

I. Introduction, 366. — II. The optimal rate of learning, 368. — III. Modifications and extensions, 376. — IV. Discussion and application of the model, 377.
High temperature annealing behavior following the 191Ir(n, γ)192Ir reaction in K2IrCl6

Abstract Annealing behavior of K 2 IrCl 6 following the 191 Ir( n , γ ) 192 Ir reaction has been studied in the temperature region where slow thermal decomposition occurs. The results appear to be similar to previous studies on a bromate system from which it was concluded that the labelled parent species exist as such in the solid rather than being formed after dissolution.
Terminal differentiation in the avian uropygial gland. Accumulation of fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme in non-dividing cells.

The secretory tissue of the uropygial gland is of the holocrine type, containing both dividing progenitor cells and lipid-filled differentiated cells. In this study, we examined the relationship between cell division and differentiation. The location of dividing cells was determined by autoradiography of tissue sections from ducklings injected intra-abdominally with 3H-thymidine. Only cells on the basal lamina of the tubules contained labeled nuclei. Dividing cells were distributed uniformly over the length of the tubules. Over the next five days, most of the labeled cells migrated to the lumen of the tubules and disappeared. Cells containing the “lipogenic” enzymes, fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme, were localized either immunocytochemically using affinity-purified antibodies or cytochemically using a specific assay for malic enzyme activity. Fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme were undetectable in dividing basal cells but present at high levels in differentiating and differentiated cells. Thus, basal cells lying along the basal lamina of the tubules were replacing lipid-laden cells that were continually sloughed into the lumens of the tubules. The signals for differentiation and enzyme accumulation appear to be linked to one another and to cessation of cell division.
The response of covered silicon detectors to monoenergetic gamma rays

Measurements were made of the efficiency in detecting gamma rays of a 0.3-mm, a 3-mm, and a 5-mm silicon detector covered with different absorbers. Calibrated sources covering the range from 279 KeV to 2.75 MeV were used. The need for the absorbers in order to obtain meaningful results, and their contribution to detector response at electron biases from 50 to 200 KeV, are discussed in detail. It is shown that the results are independent of the atomic number of the absorber. In addition, the role of the absorber in increasing the efficiency with increasing photon energy for low bias setting is demonstrated for the 0.3-mm crystal. Qualitative explanations are given for the shapes of all curves of efficiency versus energy at each bias.
Optical constants of in situ-deposited films of important extreme-ultraviolet multilayer mirror materials

We have performed angle-dependent reflectance measurements of in situ magnetron sputtered films of B(4)C, C, Mo, Si, and W. The Fresnel relations were used to determine the complex index of refraction from the reflectance data in the region of approximately 35-150 eV. In the cases of Si, C, and B(4)C we found excellent agreement with published data. However, for Mo and W we found that the optical properties from 35 to 60 eV differed significantly from those in the literature.
A copper sulfoisophthalate dipyridylpropane coordination polymer with a new, simple 4,4,4-connected trinodal topology

Abstract The coordination polymer {[Cu3(sip)2(dpp)4]·14H2O}n (sip = 5-sulfoisophthalate, dpp = 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane) was synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystallographically distinct copper atoms represent distinct 4-connected nodes that form a novel yet very simple 4,4,4-connected (6482)2(66) topology, which resembles a hybrid of well-known diamondoid and PtS networks. Incipient one-dimensional channels containing chains of disordered water molecules occupy 26.7% of the unit cell volume. Upon removal, the coordination polymer apohost does not permit gas absorption.
Eosinophils in the spotlight: Finding the link between obesity and asthma.

How eosinophils function in different tissues during health and disease is not completely understood. On the one hand, they seem to be crucial in inflammatory disorders, which suggests that pathways related to their activation and regulation may be potential therapeutic targets. In asthma, the role of these cells is well known; however, airway inflammation owing to increased eosinophils in lung tissue in nonallergic asthma has only recently started to be in the limelight. In 'Bedside to Bench', Guy G. Brusselle, Tania Maes and Ken R. Bracke peruse the disease pathway triggering eosinophilic inflammation in nonallergic eosinophilic asthma and the potential targets that may lead to effective therapies. The authors also discuss a clinical study that highlights the need to phenotype patients using cellular and molecular markers to improve treatment responses. However, on the other hand, a recent study has also shown a homeostatic role of eosinophils in metabolism in fat tissue. In 'Bench to Bedside', Clare M. Lloyd and Sejal Saglani examine evidence that hints at the crucial role of the location of eosinophils in different tissues such as lung, where they cause inflammation, and visceral fat, where they improve glucose homeostasis. Clinical data that correlate lung tissue eosinophilia with obesity may spur new research to shed light on the role of these inflammatory cells in obese individuals with asthma and on how to improve treatments in these patients.
Calcinus Pascuensis, a New Hermit Crab From Easter Island (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) 1)

Une nouvelle espece de Pagurides de la famille des Diogenidae, Calcinus pascuensis, est decrite d'apres un exemplaire recueilli a l'Ile de Pâques. Elle differe de toutes les autres especes indopacifiques du genre Calcinus par la possession de stries longitudinales sur les pattes ambulatoires.
Mantle convection experiments with evolving plates

We have performed numerical mantle convection experiments in an annulus with plates whose geometries evolve with time. A thermally activated rheology results in a high-viscosity surface boundary layer, which is mobilized by weak zones (small regions of low viscosity). These weak zones are advected with the flow, leading to evolving plates. Surface plates organize the mantle flow system, resulting in large-scale structures, and a thermal angular power spectrum dominated by low angular degrees. Plate size and plate velocity distributions are used to characterize the system of surface plates. These statistics are sensitive to the radial flow structure and provide a new way of evaluating convection models using reconstructions of Earth's plate-tectonic record. A direct comparison of the results from our two-dimensional (2D) experiments to the plate-tectonic record for the past 120 Ma indicates that models with a 30-fold viscosity increase in the lower mantle are most consistent with these observational constraints, while calculations with a strong endothermic phase change that leads to intermittently layered convection are least consistent with the plate-tectonic record.
Climatology of global solar radiation in California and an interpolation technique based on orthogonal functions

Abstract The time-space variability in global solar radiation fields in California are examined with the aid of empirical orthogonal functions. The time-space departure patterns which are very complex are related to the space and time scales of meteorological phenomena. It is shown that the patterns which vary more widely in an east-west than a north-south direction pose a substantial barrier to simple linear extrapolations which relate standard deviations of the differences of measured values to distance between stations. An interpolation procedure based on the spatial patterns of the eigenvectors is presented. A comparison of eigenvector estimates with the mean of a fourteen year period as estimators of the monthly mean daily solar radiation over a 22-yr period shows that the eigenvector estimates are as efficient as the mean. When the eigenvector estimates as predictors were compared with the mean-of-closest-station as predictors, the former gave exceedingly better results as judged by the root mean square errors. The advantage of the approach lies in its ability to provide comparatively reliable estimates at locations for which no measurements are available. It is shown that the complexity of the monthly mean daily solar radiation fields in California poses a substantial challenge to solar radiation applications and the deployment of a measuring network.
Unique Case of Brothers with Moderate Factor XI Deficiency and One with Severe Bleeding After Surgery

Factor XI is the only contact factor whose de ficiency may result in a bleeding diathesis. This case re port describes two brothers with similar moderate factor XI deficiency (41% and 45%), but one brother had severe bleeding during invasive procedures whereas the other brother undergoing the same surgical procedure had no excessive bleeding. The bleeding in the first brother con tinued despite adequate factor XI levels; however, it was stopped only after EACA therapy. Also discussed is the importance of a sensitive aPTT reagent to the various factors and the role of the aPTT in predicting potential bleeding, since a normal aPTT was obtained prior to the first surgery. This case demonstrates that major bleeding can occur in heterozygous factor XI deficiency and the patient must be considered 'at risk' for potential bleeding and should be treated accordingly.
MicroRNA-137 targets microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma cell lines.

Micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of melanocyte development, survival, and function. Frequent alteration in the expression of MITF is detected in melanoma, but the mechanism(s) underlying the alteration in expression have not been completely determined. In these studies, we have identified microRNA-137 (miR-137) as a regulator of MITF expression. The genomic locus of miR-137 at chromosome 1p22 places it in a region of the human genome previously determined to harbor an allele for melanoma susceptibility. Here, we show that expression of mature miR-137 in melanoma cell lines down-regulates MITF expression. Further, we have identified a 15-bp variable nucleotide tandem repeat located just 5′ to the pre-miR-137 sequence, which alters the processing and function of miR-137 in melanoma cell lines. [Cancer Res 2008;68(5):1362–8]
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnancy: New Frontiers in Clinical Applications and Research

Current treatment of diabetes in pregnancy relies on intermittent self-monitoring of blood glucoses using finger sticks to monitor capillary blood glucoses. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are an emerging technology that allow frequent glucose measurements (every 5 min) and the ability to monitor glucose trends in real time. Although these devices are currently expensive and mildly invasive to use, there is huge potential for their use in both the research and clinical realms. From a research perspective, there is the potential to better understand glucose metabolism in pregnancy, both in patients with and without diabetes. For the treating clinician, CGM has the potential to improve detection of hyperglycemic excursions as well as asymptomatic hypoglycemia and the data to improve management of glucose levels in diabetes patients. In this article, we review current literature examining use of CGM in both research and clinical applications.
Evaluation of MEGAN-CLM parameter sensitivity to predictions of isoprene emissions from an Amazonian rainforest

Abstract. Tropical trees are known to be large emitters of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), accounting for up to 75% of the global isoprene budget. Once in the atmosphere, these compounds influence multiple processes associated with air quality and climate. However, uncertainty in biogenic emissions is two-fold, (1) the environmental controls over isoprene emissions from tropical forests remain highly uncertain; and (2) our ability to accurately represent these environmental controls within models is lacking. This study evaluated the biophysical parameters that drive the global Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) embedded in a biogeochemistry land surface model, the Community Land Model (CLM), with a focus on isoprene emissions from an Amazonian forest. Upon evaluating the sensitivity of 19 parameters in CLM that currently influence isoprene emissions by using a Monte Carlo analysis, up to 61% of the uncertainty in mean isoprene emissions was caused by the uncertainty in the parameters related to leaf temperature. The eight parameters associated with photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) contributed in total to only 15% of the uncertainty in mean isoprene emissions. Leaf temperature was strongly correlated with isoprene emission activity (R2 = 0.89). However, when compared to field measurements in the Central Amazon, CLM failed to capture the upper 10–14 °C of leaf temperatures throughout the year (i.e., failed to represent ~32 to 46 °C), and the spread observed in field measurements was not representative in CLM. This is an important parameter to accurately simulate due to the non-linear response of emissions to temperature. MEGAN-CLM 4.0 overestimated isoprene emissions by 60% for a Central Amazon forest (5.7 mg m−2 h−1 vs. 3.6 mg m−2 h−1), but due to reductions in leaf area index (LAI) by 28% in MEGAN-CLM 4.5 isoprene emissions were within 7% of observed data (3.8 mg m−2 h−1). When a slight adjustment to leaf temperature was made to match observations, isoprene emissions increased 24%, up to 4.8 mg m−2 h−1. Air temperatures are very likely to increase in tropical regions as a result of human induced climate change. Reducing the uncertainty of leaf temperature in BVOC algorithms, as well as improving the accuracy of replicating leaf temperature output in land surface models is warranted in order to improve estimations of tropical BVOC emissions.
COMMENTS ON MARTEN'S SPECIES OF TABANIDAE (HORSEFLIES) FROM WESTERN UNITED STATES

In the Canadian Entomologist (1882 and 1883) Marten describes 7 species of Tabanus from the western United States of which the location of the types is unfortunately unknown. Certain characters now considered essential for comparative analysis were not adequately treated by him and as the descriptions were apparently based on damaged specimens in 2 instances, and on very restricted numbers in others, some confusion has arisen as to the identity of certain of these species.
Prehypertension and Hypertension in Community-Based Pediatric Practice

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among children receiving well-child care in community-based practices. METHODS: Children aged 3 to 17 years with measurements of height, weight, and blood pressure (BP) obtained at an initial (index) well-child visit between July 2007 and December 2009 were included in this retrospective cohort study across 3 large, integrated health care delivery systems. Index BP classification was based on the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: normal BP, RESULTS: The cohort included 199 513 children (24.3% aged 3–5 years, 34.5% aged 6–11 years, and 41.2% aged 12–17 years) with substantial racial/ethnic diversity (35.9% white, 7.8% black, 17.6% Hispanic, 11.7% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 27.0% other/unknown race). At the index visit, 81.9% of participants were normotensive, 12.7% had prehypertension, and 5.4% had a BP in the hypertension range (≥95th percentile). Of the 10 848 children with an index hypertensive BP level, 3.8% of those with a follow-up BP measurement had confirmed hypertension (estimated 0.3% prevalence). Increasing age and BMI were significantly associated with prehypertension and confirmed hypertension ( P CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypertension in this community-based study is lower than previously reported from school-based studies. With the size and diversity of this cohort, these results suggest the prevalence of hypertension in children may actually be lower than previously reported.
Maximum Likelihood Study for Sound Pattern Separation and Recognition

The increasing needs of content-based automatic indexing for large musical repositories have led to extensive investigation in musical sound pattern recognition. Numerous acoustical sound features have been developed to describe the characteristics of a sound piece. Many of these features have been successfully applied to monophonic sound timbre recognition. However, most of those features failed to describe enough characteristics of polyphonic sounds for the purpose of classification, where sound patterns from different sources are overlapping with each other. Thus, sound separation technique is needed to process polyphonic sounds into monophonic sounds before feature extraction. In this paper, we proposed a novel sound source separation and estimation system to isolate sound sources by maximum likelihood fundamental frequency estimation and pattern matching of a harmonic sequence in our feature database.
A software system for gene sequence database construction based on fast approximate string matching

We propose a web-based software system for sequence acquisition and database construction. An example application of this system is to construct a ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequence database to facilitate the study of microbial communities. A fast and accurate approximate string matching algorithm is implemented to fetch rDNA sequences sandwiched by two given primers from GenBank. A homology search algorithm based on Basic-Local-Alignment-Search-Tool (BLAST) is then used to extract rDNA sequences that do not contain the primers. This two step process leads to an rDNA sequence database for a specific taxonomic group. We consider the distance between the occurrences of the two given primers, mismatches and degeneracy when performing string matching. In the homology search, a chaining algorithm is combined with BLAST to obtain global alignments based on local alignments. This system can be used in many biological applications.
Ipsiversive eye deviation and epileptic nystagmus

We studied an 11-year-old boy with focal seizures in the right temporo-occipital cortex. During the seizure, there was a 1- to 2-second period of ipsiversive (rightward) conjugate eye deviation, followed by 10 to 15 seconds of horizontal jerk nystagmus with slow phases that were directed to the right and appeared linear. The patient was conscious throughout the seizure. These findings fit the description of epileptic nystagmus. We postulate that the eye deviation and slow phases of the nystagmus in this patient were induced by epileptic activation of a cerebral smooth pursuit pathway originating from temporoccipital cortex.