cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modelling and inversion

An outline is presented of the nature of the problem of making quantitative use of magnetotelluric data for geophysical exploration. The authors discuss their view and experiences in dealing with the modeling and interpretation problems. The key step is considered to be the modeling step, which is that of predicting the response of a given distribution of electrical properties within the Earth to the electromagnetic excitation. Decisions about modeling methods also consider the interpretation process that will be used. The electromagnetic problem is three-dimensional which makes it necessary to use numerical methods. Difference equations are used and the authors investigate spacing requirements and two approaches to solving the system of equations: a relaxation method and a direct solution method. The relaxation method is found to be much faster, but it is very difficult to eliminate all the errors in the resulting solution. The interpretation problem is approached using a scheme that minimizes the joint probability of fitting the observed data and adhering to an a priori conductivity model. A relaxation procedure is used to solve this problem and the behavior of the procedure is examined associated with the application of magnetotellurics to exploration problems. Some of the problems in signal resolution that arise when interpreting the data are noted. >
Replication of Nosema Algerae In Three Insect Cell Lines

SYNOPSIS Nosema algerae, a microsporidan parasite of anopheline mosquitoes, was successfully replicated in 3 insect cell culture lines: Trichoplusia ni (TN-368); Heliothis zea (IPLB-1075); and Mamestra brassicae (IZD-Mb-0503). Infectious spores were produced in vitro. Spores were observed at 48 h postinfection, and some cells were filled with sproes by 72 h. The number of parasites per cell increased with time. At 72 h postinfection, the infection rates for the 3 cell lines ranged from 23 to 32%. Infected cell lines were subcultured, and by the 6th passage spore production had ceased.
The colorimetric Determination of Estrone, Equilin and Equilenin in Mixtures

Equilin and equilenin produce stable pigments when treated with dibromoquinonechloroimide, while estrone is unaffected. Upon conversion of the estrogens to their benzenesulfonates only equilin retains its sensitivity to BQC. These tests, in conjunction with the Kober reaction as modified by Haenni, afford a method for the colorimetric determination of estrone, equilin, and equilenin in the ketonic fraction of extracts from pregnant mares' urine.
Saying Obligation: George Oppen's Poetry and Levinasian Ethics

Because of his work in the 1930s with tenant and labour organizations and his lyrical critique of the consequences of modern technological progress, George Oppen and his poetry have always been labelled as uniquely " moral " or "ethical" by his closest readers and critics.1 Poems such as The Materials (1962) and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Of Being Numerous (1968) mini malistically present us with the social and material reality of markedly twentieth-century issues: urban experience, nuclear apocalypse, and the persistence of poverty amid wide-spread wealth, just to name a few. And this thematic concern with ethical issues has been one of the main impetuses behind many of the studies of Oppen's ethics. In the August 1997 issue of the Journal of American Studies, Peter Nicholls joins this long line of discussions of Oppen's ethics by examining the
Drugs and cancer in humans

Abstract Some classes of drugs have been shown to be definitely carcinogenic in humans, while others are under suspicion because of experimental evidence of animal carcinogenesis or mutagenesis. Among the drugs discussed are the use of estrogen in menopause, alkylating agents used in cancer therapy, cyclophosphamide, and oral contraceptives. While little definite information has been accumulated to show that certain drugs may be cancer potentiators, this lack of data should not lead to complacency in the further investigation of the interrelation of drugs and cancer in humans.
Hyperbilirubinemic stain: location and extent in dental tissues.

Objective: The purpose of the present manuscript is to describe the location and extent of hyperbilirubinemic stain in a primary molar of a 3-year-old who was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis shortly after birth, subsequently developed liver disease and hyperbilirubinemia, and received a liver transplant at age 10-months. Study design: Clinical and histological assessments were performed to evaluate the location and extent of hyperbilirubinemic stain in an extracted primary molar. Results: The clinical image, and macroscopic and microscopic histological examinations of a primary molar showed hyperbilirubinemic staining of enamel and of the coronal dentin that developed between birth and when the liver transplant took place, irregular dentin tubules, and an irregular cementum-dentinal junction. Conclusions: The findings of the present manuscript indicate that hyperbilirubinemc staining of primary teeth affects dental hard tissues at the time of their calcification, and the clinical picture of the stain may b...
TNF-α modulates iNOS expression in an experimental rat model of indomethacin-induced jejunoileitis

Multiple mucosal immune factors, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, are thought to be key mediators involved in inflammatory bowel disease. We evaluated the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in indomethacin-induced jejunoileitis in rats. Jejunoileitis was induced in rats with subcutaneous injections of indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg) 24 h apart for two consecutive days, and animals were randomized into four groups. Group 1 received only indomethacin. Group 2 was treated with a daily dose of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor (theophylline or pentoxifylline) by oral gavage for 2 days before and 4 days after indomethacin. Group 3 received a single dose of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody (TNF-Ab, IP) 30 min before indomethacin. Group 4 was treated with 1 h hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO2) for 5 days after indomethacin. Rats were sacrificed at 12 h or 4 days after final indomethacin injection. PDE inhibitor, TNF-Ab, or HBO2 treatment significantly decreased indomethacin-induced ulceration, myeloperoxidase activity, and disease activity index. Although indomethacin significantly increased serum TNF-α and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) concentrations above control values at 12 h, inducible NOS (iNOS) expression was detected only at day 4. Serum IL-1β levels did not change at 12 h but increased 4-fold after 4 days. Indomethacin had no effect on constitutive NOS. Treatment with PDE inhibitor, TNF-Ab, or HBO2 significantly reduced serum/tissue TNF-α, IL-1β, NOx, and iNOS expression. Our data show TNF-α plays an early pro-inflammatory role in indomethacin-induced jejunoileitis. Additionally, down-regulation of NOx by PDE inhibitors, TNF-Ab, or HBO2 suggests that TNF-α modulates iNOS expression.
Factors affecting bronchodilator delivery in mechanically ventilated adults.

Background: Bronchodilators are increasingly being used in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. There are multiple factors that affect bronchodilator delivery during mechanical ventilation. These factors can be classified into three categories: ventilator-related factors, circuit-related factors and device-related factors. Aims: The purpose of this paper is to review in depth each of the factors affecting bronchodilator delivery during mechanical ventilation. Search strategies: A literature search was undertaken using several databases including Cochrane, Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl and Science Direct. The literature search, although limited to the English language, covered materials from 1985 to May 2009. Conclusion: Aerosolized bronchodilator delivery to mechanically ventilated patients is complex as a result of the multiple factors that affect the amount of aerosol deposited in the lower respiratory tract. When these factors are not carefully controlled and the optimum technique for aerosol delivery is not utilized, a greater proportion of the aerosol will deposit in the ventilator circuits and artificial airways decreasing the available dose to the patient. Attention to these factors and optimizing aerosol delivery techniques will help to reach therapeutic endpoints of bronchodilator therapy in patients receiving ventilatory support. Relevance to clinical practice: Bronchodilator delivery during mechanical ventilation is factor and technique dependent. A clear understanding of the factors affecting aerosol drug delivery during mechanical ventilation is very important in optimizing the efficiency of bronchodilator delivery in mechanically ventilated adults. Through the recommendations made in this paper, clinicians will be able to optimize both their technique and the therapeutic outcomes of aerosol drug delivery in patients receiving ventilator support.
MMP-9 expression is increased in B lymphocytes during multiple sclerosis exacerbation and is regulated by microRNA-320a

B cells are necessary to maintain disease activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) and produce matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), which disrupts the blood-brain barrier. MMP-9 protein expression was increased and expression of microRNA-320a (miR-320a), which targets MMP-9 mRNA, was significantly decreased in B lymphocytes of MS patients during a disease relapse compared to remission. Functional significance of these findings was demonstrated by transfecting human B lymphocytes with miR-320a inhibitor, which led to increased MMP-9 expression and secretion. In summary, expression of miR-320a is decreased in B cells of MS patients and may contribute to increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neurological disability.
Mmp17b Is Essential for Proper Neural Crest Cell Migration In Vivo

The extracellular matrix plays a critical role in neural crest (NC) cell migration. In this study, we characterize the contribution of the novel GPI-linked matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) zebrafish mmp17b. Mmp17b is expressed post-gastrulation in the developing NC. Morpholino inactivation of mmp17b function, or chemical inhibition of MMP activity results in aberrant NC cell migration with minimal change in NC proliferation or apoptosis. Intriguingly, a GPI anchored protein with metalloproteinase inhibitor properties, Reversion-inducing-Cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), which has previously been implicated in NC development, is expressed in close apposition to NC cells expressing mmp17b, raising the possibility that these two gene products interact. Consistent with this possibility, embryos silenced for mmp17b show defective development of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), a crest-derived structure affected in RECK mutant fish sensory deprived (sdp). Taken together, this study has identified the first pair of MMP, and their putative MMP inhibitor RECK that functions together in NC cell migration.
Obesity and the risk of stillbirth: a population-based cohort study

Objective Obesity is a known risk factor for stillbirth. However, this relationship has not been characterized fully. We attempted to further examine this relationship with a focus on delivery near and at term. Study Design We designed a retrospective cohort study of singleton nonanomalous live births and stillbirths in the states of Washington and Texas to examine the associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and risk of stillbirth. Confounder-adjusted hazard ratio of stillbirth in relation to BMI was estimated through Cox proportional hazards regression model. The hazard ratio was used to estimate the population-attributable risk. We also estimated the fetuses who were at risk for stillbirth based on gestational age. Results Among 2,868,482 singleton births, the overall stillbirth risk was 3.1 per 1000 births (n = 9030). Compared with normal-weight women, the hazard ratio for stillbirth was 1.36 for overweight women, 1.71 for class I obese women, 2.00 for class II obese women, 2.48 for class III obese women, and 3.16 for women with a BMI of ≥50 kg/m2. The fetuses who are at risk for stillbirth increased after 39 weeks' gestation for each obesity class; however, the risk increased more rapidly with increasing BMI. Women with a BMI of ≥50 kg/m2 were at 5.7 times greater risk than normal weight women at 39 weeks' gestation and 13.6 times greater at 41 weeks' gestation. Obesity was associated with nearly 25% of stillbirth that occurred between 37 and 42 weeks' gestation. Conclusion There is a pronounced increase in the risk of stillbirth with increasing BMI; the association is strongest at early- and late-term gestation periods. Extreme maternal obesity is a significant risk factor for stillbirth.
CT Scan for Suspected Acute Abdominal Process: Impact of Combinations of IV, Oral, and Rectal Contrast

BACKGROUND There are limited data available on the ability of computed tomography (CT) to accurately diagnose abdominopelvic pathology in acutely ill inpatients suspected of having an acute abdominal process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal/pelvic CT with varying use of contrast agents in hospitalized patients. METHODS A retrospective review of all hospital inpatients (3/1/07-5/31/07) who underwent urgent or emergent abdominal/pelvic CT with any combination of contrast, intravenous (IV), oral, rectal, or unenhanced for a suspected acute abdominal process was performed. Data collected included demographics, combination of contrast used, CT diagnosis, time from CT scan to subsequent intervention, intervention type, and actual diagnosis of the acute abdominal process. Accuracy of CT was compared between enhanced and unenhanced imaging using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS A total of 661 patients were identified. Use of IV contrast alone was found in 54.2% of CT scans and was correct in 92.5% of cases. IV and oral contrast was used in 22.2% of CT scans and was 94.6% correct. Unenhanced imaging was performed in 16.2% and was correct in 92.5%. Oral contrast alone was used in 7.0% and was 93.5% correct. There was no significant difference in the ability to correctly diagnose a suspected acute abdominal process when enhanced CT imaging was compared to unenhanced (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CT contrast administration in critically ill hospitalized patients is not necessary to accurately diagnose an acute abdominal process. Eliminating the use of contrast may improve patient comfort, decrease patient risk, and minimize financial cost.
Powerlist: a structure for parallel recursion

Many data-parallel algorithms—Fast Fourier Transform, Batcher's sorting schemes, and the prefix-sum—exhibit recursive structure. We propose a data structure called powerlist that permits succinct descriptions of such algorithms, highlighting the roles of both parallelism and recursion. Simple algebraic properties of this data structure can be explotied to derive properties of these algorithms and to establish equivalence of different algorithms that solve the same problem.
Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle

Measurements of changes in atmospheric molecular oxygen using a new interferometric technique show that the O2 content of air varies seasonally in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and is decreasing from year to year. The seasonal variations provide a new basis for estimating global rates of biological organic carbon production in the ocean, and the interannual decrease constrains estimates of the rate of anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the oceans.
Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Vegetative Compatibility Grouping of Verticillium Isolates from Spinach Seed

Iglesias-Garcia, A. M., Villarroel-Zeballos, M. I., Feng, C., du Toit, L. J., and Correll, J. C. 2013. Pathogenicity, virulence, and vegetative compatibility grouping of Verticillium isolates from spinach seed. Plant Dis. 97:1457-1469. In 2005, Verticillium dahliae was first reported to be pathogenic to spinach seed crops in the Pacific Northwest, with symptoms only developing after initiation of the reproductive stage of plant growth, and to be prevalent on commercial spinach seed lots produced in Denmark, The Netherlands, and the United States. In this study, the genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and virulence were examined for a collection of isolates of Verticillium spp. from spinach as well as other hosts (alfalfa, cotton, lettuce, mint, peppermint, potato, radish, and tomato) from various countries and from different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Of a total of 210 isolates of V. dahliae obtained from spinach seed produced in Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand, or the United States, 128 were assigned to VCG 4B (89% of 91 U.S. isolates, 86% of 42 isolates from the Netherlands, 19% of 43 Denmark isolates, and 8% of 13 New Zealand isolates), 65 to VCG 2B (92% of the New Zealand isolates, 79% of the Denmark isolates, 14% of the Netherlands isolates, and 9% of the U.S. isolates), and 3 to VCG 2A (2% of each of the Denmark and U.S. isolates, and 0% of the Netherlands and New Zealand isolates); 14 isolates could not be assigned to a VCG. Although little variation in the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was observed among isolates within each Verticillium sp., the ITS region readily differentiated isolates of the species V. dahliae, V. tricorpus, and Gibellulopsis nigrescens (formerly V. nigrescens) obtained from spinach seed. Greenhouse pathogenicity assays on spinach, cotton, lettuce, and tomato plants using isolates of V. dahliae (n = 29 to 34 isolates), V. tricorpus (n = 3), G. nigrescens (n = 2), and V. albo-atrum (n = 1) originally obtained from these hosts as well as from alfalfa, mint, peppermint, potato, and radish, revealed a wide range in virulence among the isolates. Isolates of V. tricorpus and G. nigrescens recovered from spinach seed and an isolate of V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were not pathogenic on spinach. In addition, isolates of V. dahliae from mint and peppermint were not pathogenic or only weakly virulent on the hosts evaluated. Although there was a wide range in virulence among the isolates of V. dahliae tested, all of the V. dahliae isolates caused Verticillium wilt symptoms on spinach, lettuce, tomato, and cotton. None of the isolates of V. dahliae showed host specificity. These results indicate that Verticillium and related species associated with spinach seed display substantial variability in virulence and pathogenicity to spinach and other plants but the V. dahliae isolates were restricted to three VCGs.
A twelve-year experience with the popliteal-to-distal artery bypass: the significance and management of proximal disease.

Abstract The value of the popliteal-to-distal artery bypass in limb salvage is well documented. However, the influence of progression of disease in the superficial femoral artery or proximal popliteal artery, and the role of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of these vessels before bypass have not been adequately assessed. To evaluate these and other factors, we reviewed our experience with 153 nonsequential popliteal-to-distal artery bypasses performed over a 12-year period. Limb salvage was the indication for all procedures, and 87% of the patients were diabetic. The 5-year primary and secondary graft patency rates were 55% and 60%, respectively, and the limb salvage rate was 73%. Preoperative arteriograms were evaluated for stenosis in the superficial femoral artery or popliteal artery proximal to the graft. Fifty-six grafts with a proximal stenosis 20% or less were identified and had primary graft patency of 77% at 2 years, similar to the 70% patency for the 20 grafts placed distal to a 21% to 35% stenosis. The 18 grafts placed distal to a stenosis greater than 35% had 53% 2-year primary graft patency ( p = 0.25). Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of a superficial femoral artery or popliteal artery stenosis (24% to 85% luminal narrowing) in 19 limbs resulted in 68% 2-year graft patency, not significantly lower than grafts with 35% or less proximal stenosis (75%, p = 0.25). Other factors associated with significant decreases in graft patency included a vein graft diameter less than 3.0 mm, a dorsalis pedis outflow site, and poor quality outflow. Thus the popliteal-to-distal bypass is a durable procedure. Moderate amounts of disease in the superficial femoral artery or proximal popliteal arteries, or the performance of preoperative angioplasty on these vessels was not found to adversely affect graft patency or limb salvage. (J Vasc Surg 1992;15:143–51.)
A panel of irradiation-reduced hybrids selectively retaining human chromosome 11p13: Their structure and use to purify the WAGR gene complex

Abstract The irradiation-fusion technique offers a means to isolate intact subchromosomal fragments of one mammalian species in the genetic background of another. Irradiation-reduced somatic cell hybrids can be used to construct detailed genetic and physical maps of individual chromosome bands and to systematically clone genes responsible for hereditary diseases on the basis of their chromosomal position. To assess this strategy, we constructed a panel of hybrids that selectively retain the portion of human chromosome band 11p13 that includes genes responsible for Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (constituting the WAGR syndrome). A hamster-human hybrid containing the short arm of chromosome 11 as its only human DNA (J1 - 11) was γ-irradiated and fused to a Chinese hamster cell line (CHO-K1). We selected secondary hybrid clones that express MIC1 but not MER2 , cell-surface antigens encoded by bands 11p13 and 11p15, respectively. These clones were characterized cytogenetically by in situ hybridization with human repetitive DNA and were tested for their retention of 56 DNA, isozyme, and antigen markers whose order on chromosome 11p is known. These cell lines appear to carry single, coherent segments of 11p spanning MIC1 , which range in size from 3000 kb to more than 50,000 kb and which are generally stable in the absence of selection. In addition to the selected region of 11p13, two cell lines carry extra fragments of the human centromere and two harbor small, unstable segments of 11p15. As a first step to determine the size and molecular organization of the WAGR gene complex, we analyzed a subset of reduced hybrids by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A small group of Not I restriction fragments comprising the WAGR complex was detected in Southern blots with a cloned Alu repetitive probe. One of the cell lines (GH3A) was found to carry a stable ∼3000-kb segment of 11p13 as its only human DNA. The segment encompasses MIC1 , a recurrent translocation breakpoint in acute T-cell leukemia ( TCL2 ), and most or all of the WAGR gene complex, but does not include the close flanking markers D11S16 and Δ J . This hybrid forms an ideal source of molecular clones for the developmentally fascinating genes underlying the WAGR syndrome.
MYBL2 is a substrate of GSK3-like kinase BIN2 and acts as a corepressor of BES1 in brassinosteroid signaling pathway in Arabidopsis

Plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), play important roles in plants. BRs regulate the expression of several thousand genes, half of which are induced and the other half repressed by the hormone. BRs signal through plasma membrane-localized receptor kinase brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1), BRI1-associated receptor kinase (BAK1), and several intermediates to regulate the protein levels, cellular localizations, and/or DNA binding of BRI1–EMS suppressor 1 (BES1)/brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZR1) family transcription factors. Although BES1 is known to interact with other transcription factors, histone-modifying enzymes, and transcription elongation factors to activate BR-induced genes, how BES1 mediates the BR-repressed gene expression is not known. Here, we show that BES1 interacts with myeloblastosis family transcription factor-like 2 (MYBL2), a transcription repressor, to down-regulate BR-repressed gene expression. The loss-of-function mybl2 mutant enhances the phenotype of a weak allele of bri1 and suppresses the constitutive BR-response phenotype of bes1-D. The results suggest that suppression of BR-repressed gene expression is required for optimal BR response. Moreover, MYBL2 is a substrate of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinase brassinosteroid-insensitive 2 (BIN2), which has been well established as a negative regulator in the BR pathway by phosphorylating and inhibiting the functions of BES1/BZR1. Unlike BIN2 phosphorylation of BES1/BZR1 leading to protein degradation, BIN2 phosphorylation stabilizes MYBL2. Such dual role of phosphorylation has also been reported in WNT signaling pathway in which GSK3 phosphorylation destabilizes β-catenin and stabilizes Axin, a scaffolding protein facilitating the phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK3. Our results thus establish the mechanisms for BR-repressed gene expression and the integration of BR signaling and BR transcriptional network.
Growth rate and colony morphology of progenies of zoospores and selfed oospores of Phytophthora parasitica

Rates of linear extension of mycelia of zoospore progenies of two tested isolates of Phytophthora parasitica were relatively uniform and similar to their respective parent. There was a continuous quantitative variation, however, in growth rate of progenies of selfed oospores. The character of colony pattern also showed variation in oospore progenies but not zoospore progenies. Results of the study suggest that heterozygous polygenes were involved in determining growth rate and colony morphology of these fungi and support the hypothesis that species of Phytophthora are diploid during the vegetative phase.
Analysis of creep in thermally cycled Al/SiC composites

An attempt is made to predict the creep behavior of thermally cycled Al-SiC composites using a continuum-based cell model. The model is found to predict most of the experimentally observed features of the creep behavior of the composites. The calculated stress exponent approaches unity at low applied stresses, and the thermally cycled creep rate is significantly greater than the isothermal creep rate that occurs when the composite is held at the maximum value of the periodic temperature history. 12 refs.
Quantum unified field theory from enlarged coordinate transformation group. II

If the relativity principle, which states that the law of propagation for light has the same form for all macroscopic observers, is extended to include quantum observers, this leads directly to the quantum unified field theory which was introduced in a previous paper. This theory appears suitable for describing all known interactions. Gravitation and electromagnetism are described by the Einstein equations ${G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}=\frac{1}{2}({e}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{j}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}{j}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})\ensuremath{-}R{K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{K}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, where ${G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is the Einstein tensor, $R$ is the Ricci scalar, ${e}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is the usual stress-energy tensor for the free electromagnetic field, and ${j}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ is the electromagnetic current. The vector ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ plays a dual role. It is the electromagnetic vector potential in the covariant Lorentz gauge, and, it is also a unit timelike vector interpretable as the velocity of the observer.
Nonlinear Material Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Graphite/PPS and Glass/PPS Thermoplastic Matrix Composites

This paper summarizes results of a theoretical and experimental study on the nonlinear deformation behavior of thermoplastic matrix composites. The experimental work focuses on the processing and characterization of laminates of AS4 graphite/poly phenylene sulfide (PPS), E glass/PPS, and graphite/PPS-glass/PPS hybrids. The theoreti cal study develops a generic material constitutive model applicable for all thermoplastic matrix composites that exhibit nonlinear stress-strain response. On the lamina level, a stress-based nonlinear stress-strain model for a unidirectionally reinforced ply is transformed into a mixed stress/strain-based model. Then, a model for the nonlinear material response of a multi-directional laminate is developed. The laminate model pre dicts the nonlinear compliances based on the current effective laminate stresses and strains, and does so without need for iteration. In these models, the full three-dimensional stress and strain states have been retained so the models are applicable fo...
Beta-gamma (CP) correlation and gamma spectroscopy in 27Mg

Abstract The β-decay of 27 Mg has been studied by Ge(Li) γ-ray spectroscopy and by β-γ (CP) correlation measurements. The spectroscopy work gave the following γ-ray energies (and intensities): 170.82±0.10 keV (0.85±0.04 %), 843.76±0.10 keV (72.1±0.9%), 1014.52±0.10 keV (27.0±0.4 %). These intensities lead to (β-branching ratios of 72.1±0.4% and 27.9±0.4% through the 1015 keV and the 844 keV states, respectively, and also yield the γ-branching of 3.05 0 .15 % from the 1015 keV level through the 844 keV level. Using a transmission polarimeter, the asymmetry parameter A = −0.103±0.040 for the 1 2 + β → 3 2 + γ → 5 2 + decay was obtained. This leads to the value 〈E2〉/〈 M 1〉 = −0.322±0.034 for the 1015 keV γ-ray. This transmission datum in conjunction with that obtained using a scattering polarimeter gave A = −0.221±0.019 for the 1 2 + β → 3 2 + γ → 5 2 + decay. This yields C v 〈 M v 〉/ C A 〈 M A 〉 = 0.007±0.046 for the 844 keV γ-ray, which corresponds to a Coulomb matrix element of 9±53 keV between the analog of the 27 Mg ground state and the 844 keV state of Al.
Cometary Nuclei and Tidal Disruption: The Geologic Record of Crater Chains on Callisto and Ganymede

Prominent crater chains on Ganymede and Callisto are most likely the impact scars of comets tidally disrupted by Jupiter and are not secondary crater chains. We have examined the morphology of these chains in detail in order to place constraints on the properties of the comets that formed them and the disruption process. In these chains, intercrater spacing varies by no more than a factor of 2 and the craters within a given chain show almost no deviation from linearity (although the chains themselves are on gently curved small circles). All of these crater chains occur on or very near the Jupiter-facing hemisphere. For a given chain, the estimated masses of the fragments that formed each crater vary by no more than an order of magnitude. The mean fragment masses for all the chains vary by over four orders of magnitude (W. B. McKinnon and P. M. Schenk 1995, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1829-1832), however. The mass of the parent comet for each crater chain is not correlated with the number of fragments produced during disruption but is correlated with the mean mass of the fragments produced in a given disruption event. Also, the larger fragments are located near the center of each chain. All of these characteristics are consistent with those predicted by disruption simulations based on the rubble pile cometary nucleus model (in which nuclei are composed on numerous small fragments weakly bound by self-gravity), and with those observed in Comet D/Shoemaker-Levy 9. Similar crater chains have not been found on the other icy satellites, but the impact record of disrupted comets on Callisto and Ganymede indicates that disruption events occur within the Jupiter system roughly once every 200 to 400 years.
Linear crosstalk analysis of an un-amplified ring PON architecture

Passive optical network (PON) architectures have been proposed as a back haul for wireless networks, where the optical network units (ONUs) can now be interconnected with the antenna base stations. We focus on a ring PON approach with its inherent benefits and use simulation to analyze the effects of linear crosstalk in an un-amplified basic TDM optical ring. Our approach is based on simulation of the entire network using a combination of wavelength-domain and time-domain techniques. Typically PON networks are based on CWDM to maintain the cost of components low and in such case it is logical that any crosstalk will be negligible. However, the subpar performance of such components motivated our study into the crosstalk impact. We show that the tap ratio optimization which increases the number ONUs that can be served in the ring can also exacerbate the effects of linear interchannel crosstalk at the ONU's downstream signal receivers. The interchannel crosstalk originates from the upstream/LAN transmission and is due to non-ideal WDM couplers/splitters and optical switches that are needed for wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing and protection against node and link failures, respectively.
AFM-induced amine deprotection: triggering localized bond cleavage by application of tip/substrate voltage bias for the surface self-assembly of nanosized dendritic objects.

An α,α-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (DDZ)-protected amine monolayer can be selectively deprotected by the application of a voltage bias from a conducting AFM tip to afford localized nanoscale patterns that can be visualized by self-assembly of dendritic molecular objects with terminal carboxylic acid groups and different aspect ratios.
Ten must reads for new academic librarians

Purpose – To inform new academic librarians and their mentors about books, articles, and web sites which provide guidance in becoming a professional librarian and achieving tenure and promotion.Design/methodology/approach – New academic librarians are often ignorant of important publications that can help them succeed in becoming successful professional librarians. Many are not prepared for what is expected of them in an academic library. These ten works, arranged by ten categories, contain an explanation of the importance of the work and its value to the new professional librarian. These resources range from topics such as achieving tenure to learning about state publications.Findings – These ten works were chosen based on their clarity, usefulness, and content. Full bibliographic information or pertinent URL is provided for each source.Practical implications – This list has been successfully used by new librarians mentored by the author and will be of value to both new hires finding their way through te...
Glutamine deprivation stimulates mTOR-JNK-dependent chemokine secretion

The non-essential amino acid, glutamine, exerts pleiotropic effects on cell metabolism, signalling and stress resistance. Here we demonstrate that short-term glutamine restriction triggers an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that leads to production of the pro-inflammatory chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8). Glutamine deprivation-induced ER stress triggers colocalization of autophagosomes, lysosomes and the Golgi into a subcellular structure whose integrity is essential for IL-8 secretion. The stimulatory effect of glutamine restriction on IL-8 production is attributable to depletion of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The protein kinase, mTOR, is also colocalized with the lysosomal membrane clusters induced by glutamine deprivation, and inhibition of mTORC1 activity abolishes both endomembrane reorganization and IL-8 secretion. Activated mTORC1 elicits IL8 gene expression via the activation of an IRE1-JNK signalling cascade. Treatment of cells with a glutaminase inhibitor phenocopies glutamine restriction, suggesting that these results will be relevant to the clinical development of glutamine metabolism inhibitors as anticancer agents.
Enhanced control effector designs for airbreathing transatmospheric vehicles

A study was conducted to evaluate the potential effectiveness of a moveable cowl-trailing-edge design for airbreathing hypersonic single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) configurations, which can be extended or deflected from the nominal position in order to provide additional pitching moment capability. This additional pitching moment capability may reduce the necessary deflection angle from conventional control surfaces and the associated trim drag penalty. Calculations for a generic SSTO configuration with baseline and modified cowl trailing edge geometries were performed at Mach 6 and 10 initially with an engineering analysis code in order to examine several design parametrics. In order to more accurately model geometries and flow physics, 2-D viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions were obtained. FInally, a limited set of 3D CFD predictions were obtained at Mach 6 in order to show the effects of modeling 3D flow fields as well as the full 3D vehicle geometry. Comparisons of aftbody surface pressures and force and moment predictions show differences between initial predictions and 2-D CFD solutions due to geometry modeling and calculation method differences. The 3-D CFD predictions confirm the trends observed in the 2-D solutions and provide additional information on 3D effects. These analyses shows that cowl-trailing-edge extensions were effective in providing additional (nose-down) pitching moment increments as well as increased thrust compared to the baseline geometry. These effects reduce the control surface deflection angle required to trim the vehicle and the associated trim drag. Cowl-trailingedge deflections were not as effective, generating more nose-up pitching moment and decreased thrust compared to non-deflected cases.
Occupational Mobility in Nineteenth-Century U. S. Cities: A Review of Some Evidence

This paper reviews evidence concerning intracity trends in occupational status change among adult males from four studies of three cities-Boston, Philadelphia, and Poughkeepsie, New York-for the midnineteenth century. The quality of the data and problems of cross-study comparability are discussed. Secondary analyses of the data indicate that rates of grossly defined vertical mobility and the transmission of status through adults' careers were stable among the nonmigrant male populations of the three cities for the periods of time in question. Data available for Boston indicate that the level of son's career beginnings had a substantial impact on his subsequent attainments and that the effect of father's occupation was largely interpreted by son's career-entry level. In 1844, Calvin Colton, Presbyterian minister and staunch supporter of Whiggery, spoke of the United States and of its cities especially
XAFS Characterization of Cu-Doped ZnO Films

This paper describes x-ray absorption measurements made on 10 to 16-µm-thick films of ZnO, which contained 5 mol% CuO, and were grown by reactive sputtering. We compare our experimental near-edge and XAFS results to models for Cu-0 phases and Cu incorporation into the ZnO lattice, and we conclude that roughly half of the Cu atoms are substitutional for Zn on the wurtzite lattice and the other half is in a highly disordered phase, which has an XAFS signature which is similar to disordered CuO. Our results are compared to other structural studies of Cu-doped ZnO materials.
Decoupling PI controller design for a normal conducting RF cavity using a recursive LEVENBERG-MARQUARDT algorithm

This paper addresses the system identification and the decoupling PI controller design for a normal conducting RF cavity. Based on the open-loop measurement data of an SNS DTL cavity, the open-loop system's bandwidths and loop time delays are estimated by using batched least square. With the identified system, a PI controller is designed in such a way that it suppresses the time varying klystron droop and decouples the In-phase and Quadrature of the cavity field. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is applied for nonlinear least squares to obtain the optimal PI controller parameters. The tuned PI controller gains are downloaded to the low-level RF system by using channel access. The experiment of the closed-loop system is performed and the performance is investigated. The proposed tuning method is running automatically in real time interface between a host computer with controller hardware through ActiveX Channel Access.
Academic Remediation, Parole Violations, and Recidivism Rates Among Delinquent Youths:

Given the close association of academic achievement not only to delinquency, but also to recidivism, further examination of this variable is warranted. We examined the records of 505 delinquent males committed to a state correctional facility during a recent 7-year period (1991-1997 inclusive). For each of the 7 years, three groups were identified: one group receiving remediation in math, one group receiving remediation in reading, and one group receiving no remediation. Results indicated that members of the remedial groups were twice as likely to be recidivists or parole violators as members of the nonremedial group. Factors predictive of membership in the remedial groups included verbal IQ, race, and age of first commitment.
A network model for two‐fluid, two‐phase flow

A systematic derivation is given of two-fluid conservation laws on an arbitrary network. These laws are shown to conserve the mass and total energy of the mixture in the network. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate their use.
Eliminating threshold losses in MOS circuits by bootstrapping using varactor coupling

Threshold losses reduce speed and increase power consumption of MOS digital circuits. A method to eliminate these losses is described. This is accomplished by the application of bootstrapping, in which a temporarily isolated circuit node is capacitatively coupled to the input voltage. The advantages of a MOS varactor element and its use for the coupling capacitor are described.
Reporting incidence from a surveillance system with an operational case definition of unknown predictive value positive

When reporting incidence rate estimates for relatively rare health conditions, associated case counts are often assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. Case counts obtained from large-scale electronic surveillance systems are often inflated by the presence of false positives, however, and adjusted case counts based on the results of a validation sample will have variances which are hyper-Poisson. This paper presents a simple method for constructing interval estimates for incidence rates based on case counts that are adjusted downward using an estimate of the predictive value positive of the surveillance case definition.
Multitarget PCR for Diagnosis of Pertussis and Its Clinical Implications

PCR has greatly facilitated pertussis diagnosis due to the speed, sensitivity, and specificity of this assay compared to other detection methods. Various single-target PCR assays are currently utilized, but none is universally considered to be the “gold standard.” Our aim was to assess the use of multitarget versus single-target PCR for the diagnosis of pertussis in clinical samples. PCR assays targeting insertion sequence IS481 (IS), pertussis toxin ptxA promoter region (PT), and outer membrane porin (PO), or recA (RA) were evaluated in respiratory specimens collected from 4,442 patients with suspected pertussis. The diagnosis of pertussis was confirmed in 309 (6.96%) patients by the 3-target IS-PT-PO/RA PCR versus 247 (5.56%) by the conventional single-target IS (P = 0.007). Compared to single-target IS, the three-target combination increased the proportion of positive specimens by 1.25-fold, and two-target combinations increased the proportion of positive specimens by 1.10- to 1.24-fold. In addition, nine cases of B. parapertussis infection were also confirmed by using the discriminative features of this multitarget PCR. Of the 89 culture-proven pertussis cases, 17 (19.1%) and 5 of the 16 patients (31.3%) admitted to intensive care unit would have been missed had only the single-target IS PCR been applied. Patients with mild disease (P = 0.004) and shorter hospitalization (P = 0.006) were less likely to have positive cultures. This consensus generating real-time PCR approach permits a sensitive detection, as well as an accurate species identification of the causative Bordetella pathogens for the timely management of patients.
A 192Ir nomogram system for single plane implants

Abstract Nomograms for square planar arrays spanning the range from 3 × 3 cm to 10 × 10 cm were developed. The nomograms are intended to be used for pretreatment planning of implant geometry, so that the therapist may enter the operating room with a plan for the optimal implant in mind. We show that clinically useful implants are those in which the reference isodoses are fully coupled. Decoupling occurs when ribbon spacing exceeds approximately 1.2 cm and leads to undesirable “cold spots” within the treatment volume. Ribbon spacing of 1.0 cm is recommended. This represents a trade-off between adequate ribbon coupling and minimum tissue damage from trocar placement. For clinically useful arrays, the area enclosed by the reference isodose contour (85% of the maximum dose rate) is approximately 50% of the array area. Reference isodose contour and its enclosed area are independent of seed strength for a given array, as long as all seeds within the array are of equal strength.
Crustal structure in central California in relation to the Sierra Nevada

Abstract Crustal structure in central California (between the latitudes of 36° and 41°N) including the Sierra Nevada was studied by travel times of P n waves from Nevada explosions and earthquakes, dispersion of surface waves, and correlation between computed and observed gravity anomalies. Simple two-dimensional models are presented for the structure, parameters of which are determined by least-squares from P n observations. Theoretical gravity distributions expected from the crustal models are computed by a two-dimensional technique and compared with Bouguer anomalies. In the preferred model, the overall crustal depths to the Moho-discontinuity beneath the Pacific coast region, the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada are found to be about 22, 26 and 43 km, respectively, indicating a steep crustal thickening under the high mountain region. The dispersion of group velocities of Rayleigh and Love waves passing across the region was investigated from Nevada and Utah earthquakes; Love waves from the Utah earthquake give evidence in support of the derived structure.
An analysis of transient characteristics of interconnected wind power generation system with DFIG

As the major energy conversion technology for large wind turbine, Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) will soon play an important role in the future power system in both economic and system reliability regards, just as synchronous generators in nowadays. Unfortunately, the transient behavior of a DFIG is not as well understood as those of a synchronous generator, or its twin brother, Doubly Fed Induction Motor (DFIM), especially when a DFIG is connected to a finite bus where the voltage varies with the imported power.
Providing Quality of Service Support in Object-Based File System

Bourbon is a quality of service framework designed to work with the Ceph object-based storage system. Ceph is a highly scalable distributed file system that can scale up to tens of thousands of object-based storage devices (OSDs). The Bourbon framework enables Ceph to become QoS-aware by providing the capability to isolate performance between different classes of workloads. The Bourbon framework is enabled by Q-EBOFS, a QoS-aware enhancement of the EBOFS object-based file system. Q-EBOFS allows individual OSDs to become QoS-aware, and by leveraging on the random element of the CRUSH data distribution algorithm employed by Ceph, it is possible for a collection of independent QoS-aware OSDs to provide class-based performance isolation at the global level. This preserves the highly scalable nature of Ceph by avoiding the introduction of any centralized components or the need to collect and propagate global state information. This paper presents the Bourbon framework by first describing Q-EBOFS, and then examines how a collection of OSDs running Q-EBOFS can work together to provide global-level QoS.