cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Mapping of the Musculotendinous Attachments at the Pubic Symphysis in Cadaveric Specimens: Implications for the Treatment of Core Muscle Injury.

Purpose To characterize the 3-dimensional muscular, musculotendinous, and neurovascular anatomy about the pubic symphysis relevant to core muscle injury (CMI). Methods Ten cadaveric hips were dissected to characterize the musculotendinous insertion of the rectus abdominis and inguinal ligament, origins of the adductor longus and adductor brevis, and the pubic cartilage plate. A 3-dimensional coordinate measuring system and data acquisition software were used to calculate structure cross-sectional area, and the landmark anatomical relationships to 1 another and relevant neurovascular structures. Results All specimens were male with an average age of 62 ± 2 years. The mean footprints of the rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and adductor brevis were 8.4 ± 3.1, 1.2 ± 0.5, 3.8 ± 1.6, and 2.9 ± 1.3 cm2, respectively. The mean pectineus and gracilis footprints were 6.3 ± 2.4 and 3.4 ± 0.9 cm2, respectively. The mean cross-sectional area of the cartilage plate was 24.8 ± 5.6 cm2. The adductor longus was an average 1.5 ± 0.25 cm from the adductor brevis and 0.69 ± 0.52 cm from the rectus abdominis. The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve was an average of 4.3 cm (range, 2.8-6.4) lateral to the insertion of the inguinal ligament. The femoral vein and artery were 3.0 cm (range, 2.5-3.6) and 3.7 cm (range, 2.5-5.9) lateral to the inguinal ligament footprint. The obturator nerve was 2.5 cm (range, 1.6-3.4) lateral to the adductor longus. Conclusions Familiarity with the anatomy of the pubic symphysis is essential for surgeons treating patients with CMI. We have shown that this relatively small area is the site of many muscular, musculotendinous, and neurovascular structures with various sized footprints and described the 3-dimensional anatomy of the anterior pubic symphysis. The origin of the adductor longus lies in close proximity to other structures, such as the adductor brevis, the insertion of the rectus abdominis, and the obturator nerve. These findings should be considered when operating in this region and treating patients with chronic groin pain. Clinical Relevance The anatomy of the pelvic region and pubic symphysis has not been well characterized. Intimate knowledge of relevant anatomy is essential to treating CMI, also known as athletic pubalgia or sports hernia.
AI enabled tutor for accessible training

A significant number of jobs require highly skilled labor which necessitate training on pre-requisite knowledge. Examples include jobs in military, technical field such computer science, large scale fulfillment centers such as Amazon. Moreover, making such jobs accessible to the disabled population requires even more pre-requisite training such as knowledge of sign language. An artificial intelligent (AI) agent can potentially act as a tutor for such pre-requisite training. This will not only reduce resource requirements for such training but also decrease the time taken for making personnel job ready. In this paper, we develop an AI tutor that can teach users gestures that are required on the field as a pre-requisite. The AI tutor uses a model learning technique that learns the gestures performed by experts. It then uses a model comparison technique to compare a learner with the expert gesture and provides feedback for the learner to improve.
High-fat diet from parental generation exaggerates body and adipose tissue weights in pregnant offspring

Parental high-fat diet (HFD) programs for obesity and hypertension in female offspring in rats, but it is unknown how the pregnancies of these offspring are impacted. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested that parental HFD exaggerates obesity and hypertension during pregnancy of the offspring. Wistar Hannover rat dams (the parental, P generation) were maintained on normal-fat diet (NFD) or HFD from weaning and were kept on respective diets through pregnancy and lactation. Their offspring (the first filial, F1 generation) were weaned onto the same diet as the P generation, or they were changed to the other diet to determine if combined HFD in the P and F1 generations exaggerates body weight and blood pressure levels during pregnancy in these offspring. This diet paradigm resulted in the following groups of pregnant F1 offspring: P-NFD/F1-NFD, P-HFD/F1-NFD, P-NFD/F1-HFD, and P-HFD/F1-HFD. Maternal body and adipose tissue weights were greatest in the P-HFD/F1-HFD group compared to the other 3 groups by the end of pregnancy. Plasma leptin and conscious mean arterial blood pressure were not significantly different between any group, although there was a main effect for increased blood pressure in the F1-HFD groups. Circulating levels of the antihypertensive pregnancy factor, placental growth factor (PlGF), were assessed. Although average PlGF levels were similar among all groups, correlative studies revealed that lower levels of PlGF were associated with higher blood pressure only in the P-HFD/F1-HFD group. In summary, HFD feeding from the P generation exaggerated HFD-induced body and adipose tissue weights in the pregnant offspring.
A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Driving for Autistic Teens and Adults: A Pilot Study

Background: For many autistic individuals approaching adulthood, interventions to promote skills toward independence are lacking. Driving is an important ability to cultivate as it may be a critica...
Was the United States Prepared to Confront Covid-19? According to Scientists, It Depends

Six months after the first coronavirus case was identified in the United States, the virus continues to circulate across the country To what extent was the US
Evaluation of outpatient cancer rehabilitation for upper extremity functioning for individuals with breast cancer.

287Background: Specialized cancer rehabilitation is recommended for individuals with breast cancer from diagnosis throughout survivorship to mitigate the negative acute, late and lasting effects of...
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Chronic Insomnia Disorder: Updated Guidelines from the VA/DoD.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) approved a clinical practice guideline for the management of obstructive sleep apnea and chronic insomnia disorder.
OROFACIAL ALLODYNIA INDUCED BY HIGH OMEGA-6 DIET

Chronic orofacial pain is estimated to be experienced by up to 26% of the adult population, which greatly decreases life quality. A common complaint of orofacial pain is from mechanical stimuli, although spontaneous pain also occurs in several orofacial pain conditions. Health care providers recommend dietary interventions for the management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. However, it is possible that diet may also contribute to chronic peripheral pain conditions, as omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), which are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are regulated by dietary intake. However, there is a large gap in knowledge on the role of diet as a risk factor or potential therapy for chronic orofacial pain. The current study characterized changes in sensory neuron signaling after a high omega-6 diet and its contribution to increases in mechanical nociception within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG) system. To measure the effect of a high omega-6 diet (H6D) on orofacial nociception, male and female C57 mice were fed standardized diets containing either a high 10% omega-6 diet (Dyets, Inc) or a low 0.5% omega-6 diet (Dyets, Inc) for 8 weeks with weekly monitoring of mechanical nociceptive withdrawal thresholds (n=10/group) using von Frey filaments by a blinded observer. 2-way ANOVA analyzed data. The results demonstrate after 8 weeks of H6D, there is a decrease in mechanical nociceptive thresholds seen in the orofacial region. These findings support the conclusion that a H6D triggers mechanical allodynia in both the DRG and TG systems. Therefore, dietary intervention may represent novel therapeutic approaches for treating chronic pain conditions. NIDCR T-32 DE14318 and R01 NS110948.
New York's Taxable Lap Dancing…At a Strip Club Near You!

In today’s difficult economic times, state governments are more hard pressed than ever to come up with new sources of revenue to at least stay revenue neutral. Leave it to the perpetually money-hungry State of New York to come up with this gem of an idea for generating tax revenues: In 2005, the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance attempted to impose sales tax on a nightclub’s offering of exotic dancing to its customers. This resulted in one nightclub instigating a legal challenge to the state’s attempt to impose sales taxes on exotic dancing. This resulted in the matter of 677 New Loudon Corp. v. State of New York Tax Appeals Tribunal, which was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals in October 2012.
Controller Hardware-In-the-Loop Validation of Coordinated Voltage Control Scheme for Distribution Systems Containing Inverter-Based Distributed Generation

This paper presents the controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) validation of a novel coordinated voltage control solution for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generations (DGs). The control algorithm uses the coordination between the traditional voltage regulation devices and the inverter interfaced DGs capability to supply reactive power to mitigate voltage violation. Voltage sensitivity analysis and electric distance calculation is used to identify the var contributing node and the amount of VAR to be injected so that voltage violations can be taken care of immediately. The proposed algorithm was first validated in offline simulation. Then the algorithm was validated in a real-time controller-hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) setup considering a real-world communication scenario. In both the offline and real-time validation, a feeder model based on an actual distribution feeder with real field data was used. The results show that the algorithm is successful in coordinating the available system resources to keep the system voltage within the desired limit.
Pregnancy-related outcomes among women with physical disabilities: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Disability among women of reproductive age is common; many of these women desire children and do not have impaired fertility. OBJECTIVES To examine the epidemiological literature on perinatal health outcomes among women with physical disabilities. DATA SOURCES We searched Medline and CINAHL for articles published January 2009-April 2020 following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Eligible studies were observational, quantitative, and reported on physical disabilities in association with prenatal, perinatal, postpartum, and/or infant health outcomes. We included studies that grouped physical and non-physical disabilities, such as surveys that queried only about general daily life limitations. We excluded case reports, descriptive studies without comparison groups, and studies conducted in low- or middle-income countries. Data extraction was done using predefined data fields. SYNTHESIS All authors were involved in screening activities, data extraction, and/or quality assessment (rating and areas for bias). RESULTS A total of 2650 articles were evaluated, of which sixteen met inclusion criteria (8 cross-sectional studies and 8 retrospective cohort studies). Assessments of disability status and perinatal outcomes widely varied across studies. Studies were rated as poor (n = 8) or fair quality (n = 8). Findings suggested that women with physical disabilities were at risk of several adverse outcomes, including caesarean delivery, infections, preterm complications, and maternal post-delivery hospitalisations, while their infants may be at risk of low birthweight and small-for-gestational age. Women classified as having complex/severe disabilities were often observed to be at higher risk of adverse outcomes compared to women with less severe disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Research assessing how physical, functional, and medical restrictions influence health outcomes among women with physical disabilities, from preconception through postpartum, is limited. Longitudinal studies with comprehensive data collection that accurately identify women with physical disabilities are critical to understanding their reproductive health risks and outcomes.
Looking at the Future Through the Mother’s Womb: Gestational Diabetes and Offspring Fertility

Altered nutrition or intra-uterine exposure to various adverse conditions during fetal development or earlier in a mother's life can lead to epigenetic changes in fetal tissues, predisposing those tissues to diseases that manifest when offspring become adults. An example is a maternal obesity associated with gestational diabetes (GDM), where fetal exposure to a hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, and/or hyperlipidemic gestational environment can provoke epigenetic changes that predispose offspring to various diseased conditions later in life. While it is now well established that offspring exposed to GDM have an increased risk of developing obesity, metabolic disorders, and/or cardiovascular disease in adult life, there are limited studies assessing the reproductive health of these offspring. This mini-review discusses the long-term effect of in-utero exposure to GDM-associated adverse prenatal environment on the reproductive health of the offspring. Moreover, using evidence from various animal models and human epidemiological studies this review offers a molecular insight and understanding of how epigenetic reprogramming of genes culminates in reproductive dysfunction and the development of sub/infertility later in adult life.
Racial Disparities in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

The primary aim of this review was to evaluate recently published total joint arthroplasty (TJA) studies in order to accurately summarize the current concepts regarding racial and ethnic disparities in total joint arthroplasty. Many studies found that racial and ethnic disparities in TJA are present in all phases of arthroplasty care including access to, utilization of, and postoperative outcomes after TJA. Factors that limit patient access to TJA—increased patient comorbidities, lower socioeconomic status, and Medicaid/uninsured status—are also disproportionately associated with underrepresented patient populations. Minority patients are more likely to require more intensive postoperative rehabilitation and non-home discharge placement. This in turn potentially adds additional concerns regarding hospital/provider reimbursement in light of the current Medicare/Medicaid model for arthroplasty surgeons, thus creating a recurrent cycle in which disparities in TJA reflect the complex interplay of overall health disparities and access inequalities associated with racial and ethnic biases. Literature demonstrating evidenced-based interventions to minimize these disparities is sparse, but the multifactorial cause of disparities in TJA highlights the need for multifaceted solutions on both a systemic and individual level.
Visual pattern detection in high-dimensional spaces

Visual analytics can be seen as guided exploration of data where underlying statistical or machine learning algorithms present interesting views of high-dimensional data that users can interactively explore. This paradigm is used to investigate clusters, trends and anomalies in a wide range of data domains such as bioinformatics, network flow monitoring, social networks and more. In this thesis, we develop visual analytic tools to explore high-dimensional data based on discovering views that exhibit certain visual patterns. We start by introducing a framework, called Visual Model Based Transformations, to reveal interesting visual patterns in multivariate data. This novel framework can be used to describe and discover anomalies based on visual characterizations of high-dimensional data so leveraging visual analytics as an integral part of the process. An instantiation of the framework is the development of a set of features to characterize the shape of two-dimensional point clouds and answer the question, how can we identify anomalous scatterplots or bivariate distributions? In the process of extending this idea to identify and formally capture high-dimensional structures through a visual platform, we developed a highly accurate classification algorithm that leverages random projections and set covers in a new way. With the success of our classifier, we analyze how we can visually explore these random projections and the subspaces they describe to get insight into the data. We developed a visual analytic explorer to delve into the internals of our classifier. Taking this further, we investigate how we can use visual feature scores to discover interesting structure in higher dimensions. Leveraging non-axis-parallel random projections to find subspaces that maximize some score has not been explored and we show that it is an interesting alternative feature selection method when dealing with large multivariate data sets. We integrate our proposed score functions and search algorithm into a novel visual platform that facilitates exploration of targeted subspaces of high-dimensional data. All the tools we develop allow for exploratory data analysis of high-dimensional data when we describe target patterns of interest. We describe how our methodology can be used for anomaly detection and supervised classification tasks.
Structural repeating units in chromatin. II. Their isolation and partial characterization.

Abstract Chromatin fragments, prepared by brief digestion with DNase II or micrococcal nuclease, separated into a family of bands on sucrose gradients. The slowest migrating band with an S20,w value of about 11 contained spherical particles, with an average diameter of 75 A, similar to those comprising chromatin fibers. The second band (about 15 S) contained mostly dimers of 75 A particles, the third trimers, etc. DNA extracted from the bands consisted of linear molecules with modal lengths of 440 A for the monomer, 1 100 A for the dimers, and 1700 A for the trimers. These results are in accord with the rapidly accumulating evidence that chromatin is organized into discrete DNA protein units. Analysis of our data also suggests that about 640 A of DNA is contained within each subunit, of which about 200 A is readily accessible to endonuclease attack.
The Role of Dynein in Disease

Dynein is a minus end-directed microtubule motor involved in a very wide range of physiological activities, from ciliary and flagellar motility to a broad range of cytoplasmic functions. Most of the dozen or more forms of dynein found in vertebrates are axonemal, a term which refers to their association with the bundle of 20 microtubules plus accessory proteins that comprises the working core of both cilia and flagella. Cytoplasmic dyneins, in contrast, participate in diverse activities. The major form of cytoplasmic dynein, also referred to as MAP 1C or dynein 1, is present in all cell types, and is involved in mitosis, vesicular and nuclear transport, organizing and orienting the cytoplasmic microtubule network, and other functions. A second, minor form of cytoplasmic dynein, also referred to as DHC2b or dynein 2, has been implicated both in Golgi organization (Vaisberg et al., 1996) and in a recently discovered form of motility within cilia and flagella required for their growth and maintenance (Rosenbaum et al., 1999). This form of motility, referred to as intraflagellar transport (IFT), affects motile cilia and flagella, but also immotile primary cilia and the modified connecting cilia found in photoreceptor cells and other sensory neurons. All forms of dynein contain at least one, usually two, and in some organisms three motor domains (Fig. 20.1). Each motor domain represents the C-terminal two-thirds ( 350380 kDa) of a heavy chain (HC) subunit (Fig. 20.4). The Nterminal third of each HC also forms part of the base of the molecule. The motor domain region of the HC is highly conserved among dynein forms and throughout evolution. The N-terminal portion of the axonemal and cytoplasmic dynein HCs is considerably more divergent. The dyneins all have accessory subunits, which associate primarily with the Nterminus of the heavy chain and participate in cargo binding (Figs. 20.1 and 20.4). Intermediate chains (ICs), typically in the 70-kDa size range, are found in both cytoplasmic and axonemal dyneins. Several classes of light chain (LC) are also common to the two forms of dynein, whereas light intermediate chains
Phenytoin reversal and prevention of morphine-induced catalepsy in the rat

Abstract The interaction of morphine sulfate and phenytoin was studied with respect to morphine-induced catalepsy in the rat using a previously described method for measuring degree of immobility. As expected, catalepsy developed several minutes after intravenous morphine and lasted for more than ninety minutes. Intravenous phenytoin, 35 mg/kg, given fifteen min prior to or following the administration of morphine, 1 mg/kg, significantly prevented, or reversed, morphine-induced catalepsy. Control experiments revealed that the antagonistic effects was due solely to the morphine-phenytoin interaction. A similar effect was found with naloxone, 0.2 mg/kg. The data are discussed in terms of possible sites of interaction, including synaptosomal calcium metabolism.
Rings with Topologies Induced by Spaces of Functions

The paper contains the proof, in dimension 2, of a conjecture of R. G. Douglas and V. Paulsen concerning the characterization of the ideals of polynomials which are closed in the relative topology induced by the Hardy space of the polydisk.
Effect of Various Dietary Factors on the Deposition of Selenium in the Hair and Nails of Rats

Noninvasive techniques to monitor selenium (Se) status at higher intake levels should be developed if Se supplements are to be given to human subjects as possible anti-cancer agents. Hair and nails have been suggested as indices of Se status because they are easily obtained, transported and stored. However, there has been little research on the potential influence of such factors as dietary Se intake or nutritional status on the levels of Se in hair and nails. Here we report the effects of chemical form of dietary Se and of methionine (Met) status on the Se content of rat hair and nails. Rats were fed diets containing 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 micrograms/g of Se as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) or L-selenomethionine (SeMet) for 8 wk. Hair and nail Se retention was two- to threefold greater when dietary SeMet was fed. Hair and nail Se levels increased as liver and muscle Se retention increased in rats fed SeMet, whereas in rats fed Na2SeO4, hair, nails and liver accumulated Se but muscle Se levels remained relatively unchanged. In a second experiment, rats were fed diets containing 0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 micrograms/g of Se as Na2SeO4 or SeMet, +/- added Met (0.3%) for 6 (+Met) or 7 (-Met) wk. Hair and nail Se retention was greater when Met was deficient than when this amino acid was not limiting. These results suggest that factors other than dietary Se intake affect hair and nail Se content and that these tissues should be used with caution for Se status assessment purposes.
High-Speed Spatial–Spectral Encoding with PEPSI and Spiral MRSI

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), also called spectroscopic imaging (SI) or chemical shift imaging (CSI), has become a valuable tool for mapping metabolites in human brain, prostate, breast, and other organs. However, commercially available phase-encoded MRSI methods require long acquisition times, which limit clinical applications. High-speed MRSI methods based on echo-planar and spiral encoding have become viable alternatives to conventional proton MRSI for clinical research applications that demand short scan times, large volume coverage, and high spatial resolution. This article describes the principles of proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI) and spiral MRSI, with an emphasis on designing robust data acquisition and reconstruction methods for routine applications. Covered topics include: ramp sampling, gridding, off-resonance correction, even–odd echo editing of PEPSI data, sensitivity comparison with conventional phase-encoded MRSI, gradient and receiver hardware requirements, sensitivity to eddy currents and magnetic field inhomogeneity, and variable density k-space sampling. Advanced topics include: the integration of acceleration techniques, such as parallel imaging and compressed sensing that take advantage of using large-scale array coils; the selection of volume prelocalization techniques; and implementation at different field strengths. The article will conclude with selected research applications in human brain that highlight the advantages of high-speed MRSI. Keywords: MR spectroscopic imaging; chemical shift imaging; proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging; echo-planar spectroscopic imaging; spiral spectroscopic imaging; parallel imaging; compressed sensing; human; brain; breast
The effect of heat treatment on the heat capacity of vitreous silica between 0.3 and 4.2 K

Abstract The heat capacity of five samples of vitreous silica have been measured, using a modified heat-pulse method between 0.3 and 4.2 K. Each sample was subjected to a different heat treatment and the total heat capacity shows a small dependence on thermal history. Generally, the temperature dependence of the heat capacity can be described by an equation of the form: c = c 1 T + c 3 T 3 + c 5 T 5 . These results are also compared to earlier measurements.
Analysis of fractal dimension of O2A glial cells differentiating in vitro.

Fractal dimension is a quantitative measure of morphological complexity. Glial cells of the oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O2A) lineage exhibit increasing morphological complexity as they differentiate in vitro. Enriched populations of O2A progenitor cells isolated from neonatal rat cerebral hemispheres or optic nerves were allowed to differentiate in vitro, and their fractal dimensions were measured over time. The fractal dimensions of the maturing cells correlated with perceived complexity; cells with elaborate process branching had larger fractal dimensions than cells with a simpler morphology. An analysis of changes in fractal dimension revealed distinct rates of growth for both oligodendrocytes and type 2 astrocytes. The fractal dimension remained constant over a 10-fold range in optical magnification, demonstrating that cultured O2A glial cells exhibit self-similarity, a defining characteristic of fractal objects. These results illustrate that fractal dimension analysis of maturing cell populations is a useful method for quantitatively describing the process of cell differentiation.
Detection of canopy water stress in conifers using the airborne imaging spectrometer

Abstract Imagery was acquired by the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS-2) over adjacent plots of control (natural) and water-stressed canopies of Norway spruce and white pine, and analyzed for differences in near-infrared reflectance features. Water stress had been induced in the trees by severing the sapwood and was assessed with shoot water potential (ψ) and relative water content (RWC) measurements. Stressed Norway spruce was found to have approximately 20% greater relative reflectance in the 1.0–1.3 μm region compared to the control canopy in the image obtained at 0925 h 13 days after stress induction. The difference in ψ and RWC between stressed and control was measured at 1.2 MPa and estimated at 7%, respectively. However, the difference in reflectance decreased to insignificance in the image taken at 1219 h that same day when the differences in ψ and RWC were approximately 0.72 MPa and 5%. In white pine, no significant differences in reflectance between stressed and control canopies were found in images obtained 14 days and 20 days after treatment with estimated differences in ψ and RWC of 0.3 MPa and 6%. Because extensive ground data was required at times of AIS-2 overflights to detect these small reflectance differences, we believe that water stress in conifer canopies may not be routinely detectable at an operational landscape scale.
Strategies for Diagnosis of Xenotransplant-associated Retroviral Infections.

Abstract The demand for tissue for human-to-human transplantation consistently exceeds the available supply, resulting in attempts to use organs or tissues from animals; a field known as xenotransplantation. A major concern in xenotransplantation is the risk of infection of human recipients with new xenogeneic infectious agents and subsequent transmission of these infections to the general population. Of particular importance are infections with retroviruses that persist in the host and may allow silent human-to-human transmission. Pigs and baboons are considered as sources for human xenotransplants and are known to be infected with a number of retroviruses. Adequate diagnosis of pig and baboon retrovirus infections is required for pretransplant screening of animal sources to minimize risks of transmission to recipients and also for monitoring post-transplant infections in the human recipients. Strategies for serologic, molecular, and virologic diagnosis are described. Examples of virus-specific methods for detection of known retroviruses are also shown. Emphasis is made on the need for baboon and pig cell-specific polymerase chain reaction assays that are necessary for interpretation of polymerase chain reaction results of endogenous retroviruses. Generic methods for detection of novel or variant retrovirus are described and include screening by Amp-RT, an ultrasensitive reverse transcriptase assay. (Mol Diagn 1996 Sep;1(3):255-260)
Many Borders to Cross: Is Immigration the Exclusive Responsibility of the Federal Government?

In a period when many policymakers in Washington are attempting to push an unprecedented number of programs andfunctions back to state and local jurisdictions, immigration stands out as a policy area that is universally regarded as the exclusive domain of the federal government. This article challenges this pervasive understanding ofpolicies toward legal as well as illegal immigrants. It does so by examining the historical evolution of state-federal responsibilities in this area and then by scrutinizing contemporary evidence of state and local efforts to influence immigration flows. Finally, the unique political dynamics of immigration will be explored to explain why-in the face of so much evidence to the contrary-this one-sided view of state-federal responsibilities persists in this increasingly volatile policy domain.
Delay time window and plateau onset of the correlation dimension for small data sets

The method of delays is widely used for reconstructing chaotic attractors from experimental observations. Many studies have used a fixed delay time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{d}$ as the embedding dimension m is increased, but this is not necessarily the best choice for obtaining good convergence of the correlation dimension. Recently, some researchers have suggested that it is better to fix the delay time window ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{w}$ instead. Unfortunately, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{w}$ cannot be estimated using either the autocorrelation function or the mutual information, and no standard procedure for estimating ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{w}$ has yet emerged. However, the recently introduced $C\ensuremath{-}C$ method can be used to estimate either ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{d}$ or ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{w}.$ Using this method, we show that, for small data sets, fixing ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{w},$ rather than ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{d},$ does indeed lead to a more rapid convergence of the correlation dimension as the embedding dimension m is increased.
Large-Scale Bi-Level Strain Design Approaches and Mixed-Integer Programming Solution Techniques

The use of computational models in metabolic engineering has been increasing as more genome-scale metabolic models and computational approaches become available. Various computational approaches have been developed to predict how genetic perturbations affect metabolic behavior at a systems level, and have been successfully used to engineer microbial strains with improved primary or secondary metabolite production. However, identification of metabolic engineering strategies involving a large number of perturbations is currently limited by computational resources due to the size of genome-scale models and the combinatorial nature of the problem. In this study, we present (i) two new bi-level strain design approaches using mixed-integer programming (MIP), and (ii) general solution techniques that improve the performance of MIP-based bi-level approaches. The first approach (SimOptStrain) simultaneously considers gene deletion and non-native reaction addition, while the second approach (BiMOMA) uses minimization of metabolic adjustment to predict knockout behavior in a MIP-based bi-level problem for the first time. Our general MIP solution techniques significantly reduced the CPU times needed to find optimal strategies when applied to an existing strain design approach (OptORF) (e.g., from ∼10 days to ∼5 minutes for metabolic engineering strategies with 4 gene deletions), and identified strategies for producing compounds where previous studies could not (e.g., malate and serine). Additionally, we found novel strategies using SimOptStrain with higher predicted production levels (for succinate and glycerol) than could have been found using an existing approach that considers network additions and deletions in sequential steps rather than simultaneously. Finally, using BiMOMA we found novel strategies involving large numbers of modifications (for pyruvate and glutamate), which sequential search and genetic algorithms were unable to find. The approaches and solution techniques developed here will facilitate the strain design process and extend the scope of its application to metabolic engineering.
Current Trends in Critical Care Nutrition

Nutrition in the intensive care setting is a vital part of patient care, and may even be referred to as “nutritional therapy”. Current nutritional practices have progressed a lot over the past few years, and draw from a large body of accumulating evidence. Yet, as with other trends in critical care, there are a lot of variations in the way nutrition is approached between institutions, as well as between individual physicians. This review attempts to look at some of these differences and provide recommendations based upon the available literature.
New therapies for castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA, and most of these deaths will occur as a result of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that has progressed despite androgen deprivation therapy. There has been better understanding of castration resistance and molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression recently, leading to new treatment strategies. Areas covered: This review focuses on emerging and new therapies for castrate-resistant prostate cancer, including hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and cytotoxic agents. Expert opinion: New treatment strategies have been developed in recent years and, with improved understanding of advanced CRPC, additional targeted treatments are expected in the near future. Further cost effectiveness research of these treatments is warranted before dissemination of these promising agents.
Predicting Academic Success in Electronics.

This study was motivated by the desire to help potential electronics students answer the questions, 1) which program of study should I consider?; 2) how do I know if I'll be successful in that program? This study focused on: 1) identifying the best variables for predicting academic success in electronics, 2) determining if abstract learning preference is an effective discriminator between the three main types of electronics programs, and 3) finding a model for predicting success in each electronic program. The results give validity to the commonly held opinion that a student's success in math and science in high school is a good predictor of their success in the three programs of electronics. The results also show that abstract learning preference is a valid discriminator between students in each of the three programs of electronics. Implications are provided.
POTENTIATION OF HYPEROXIC LUNG INJURY IN RATS BY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CYTCOHROME P-450 INHIBITOR 1-AMINOBENZOTRIAZOLE. • 1832

POTENTIATION OF HYPEROXIC LUNG INJURY IN RATS BY ADMINISTRATION OF THE CYTCOHROME P-450 INHIBITOR 1-AMINOBENZOTRIAZOLE. • 1832
Undrained Strength of Compacted Clay under Principal Stress Reorientation

AbstractConsolidated-undrained tests on saturated compacted clays are used to provide strengths for design scenarios such as rapid drawdown, rapid flood, and earthquake loading of dams and levees. Geotechnical engineers have long recognized the influence of stress path, particularly principal stress reorientation from consolidation to failure, on the undrained strength of clay. While stress reorientation effects have been explored for undisturbed soils, their influence on the strength of compacted clay has not been examined in detail. The results of triaxial tests with stress reorientation and direct simple shear tests on a compacted clay are presented and compared to results from isotropically consolidated triaxial compression (ICU-TC) tests. Triaxial extension (TE) tests are shown to impose a stress system very dissimilar to the plane strain field conditions. TE tests also have problems with necking. The undrained strengths from TE tests were 25–55% lower than those measured in ICU-TC. In contrast, tria...
Pose estimation of Ackerman steering vehicles for outdoors autonomous navigation

This paper presents a localization scheme for Ackerman steering vehicles, to be used in outdoors autonomous navigation, using a low cost GPS and inclinometer. A complementary filter fuses the bearing from the inclinometer with the bearing of the GPS. We then use an Extended Kalman Filter to estimate the pose of the vehicle and the sensor biases. We validate our system with experimental results.
The Photooxidative Degradation of Polypropylene. Part II. Photostabilization Mechanisms

Abstract All polymeric materials photodegrade to a greater or lesser extent on exposure to terrestrial sunlight in the presence of oxygen. For most commercially important polymers, some form of photo-stabilization is essential if adequate outdoor lifetimes are to be achieved. This has led to the development of many UV stabilizers for general use in films, fibers, and moldings. Comprehensive lists of UV-stabilizers and stabilizer structures have appeared in the recent literature [1–4].
The Orientation of the Embryo in the Egg of the Domestic Fowl

Abstract THIS paper presents the results of one phase of a group of experiments and observations to determine the causes of malposition in chick embryos at hatching time. Malposition is one of the chief immediate causes of embryo mortality in the domestic fowl and is therefore a matter of very considerable economic importance as well as scientific interest. Hutt (1929) suggested that early orientation might affect hatching position and Taylor (1932) found such a relation for the malposition head in small end of egg. LITERATURE For more than a century investigators in biology have known that when the blunt end of the fertile egg of a bird, incubated for a few days, is held to the left of the observer and the upper portion of the shell removed, the embryo usually will be found lying on its left side with the head turned to the right and pointing away from the . . .
Obesity and bariatrics for the endoscopist: new techniques

Obesity and its associated conditions, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have reached epidemic proportions. Gastrointestinal weight loss surgery (GIWLS) shows the most promise in achieving significant and sustained weight loss and diabetes resolution. However, a large mismatch exists between the magnitude of the obesity epidemic and the number of surgical procedures performed to produce a significant shift in the distribution of obesity on a population level. This mismatch is fueled by high surgical costs, morbidity and mortality associated with surgical interventions, and the fact that the greatest public health burden of obesity comes from those around the center of the population body mass index distribution with mild to moderate obesity, rather than those at the distribution tail with severe obesity that GIWLS targets. New endoscopic methods, capitalizing on advances in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which GIWLS works, are developing to provide viable alternatives in the treatment of bariatric surgical complications, and for the primary treatment of obesity. These methods may have the added advantage of reduced invasiveness, reversibility, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to a larger segment of the population with moderate obesity.
Cytochrome c Methyltransferase, Ctm1p, of Yeast

Cytochromes c from plants and fungi, but not higher animals, contain methylated lysine residues at specific positions, including for example, the trimethylated lysine at position 72 in iso-1-cytochrome c of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Testing of 6,144 strains of S. cerevisiae, each overproducing a different open reading frame fused to glutathione S-transferase, previously revealed that YHR109w was associated with an activity that methylated horse cytochrome c. We show here that this open reading frame, denoted Ctm1p, is specifically responsible for trimethylating lysine 72 of iso-1-cytochrome c. Unmethylated forms of cytochromec but not other proteins or nucleic acids are methylatedin vitro by Ctm1p produced in S. cerevisiae orEscherichia coli. Iso-1-cytochrome c purified from a ctm1-Δ strain is not trimethylated in vivo, whereas the K72R mutant form, or the trimethylated Lys-72 form of iso-1-cytochrome c, are not significantly methylated by Ctm1p in vitro. Like apocytochromec, but in contrast to holocytochrome c, Ctm lp is located in the cytosol, consistent with the view that the natural substrate is apocytochrome c. The ctm1-Δ strain lacking the methyltransferase did not exhibit any growth defect on a variety of media and growth conditions, and the unmethylated iso-1-cytochrome c was produced at the normal level and exhibited the normal activity in vivo. Ctm1p and cytochrome c were coordinately regulated during anaerobic to aerobic transition, a finding consistent with the view that this methyltransferase evolved to act on cytochrome c.
DARWIN: distributed and adaptive reputation mechanism for wireless ad-hoc networks

Mobile ad-hoc networks are deployed under the assumption that participating nodes are willing to forward other nodes' packets. In reputation-based mechanisms cooperation is induced by means of a threat of partial or total disconnection from the network if a node is non-cooperative; however packet collisions and interference may make cooperative nodes appear selfish sometimes. In this paper we use a simple network model to first study the performance of some proposed reputation strategies and then present a new mechanism that we call DARWIN (Distributed and Adaptive Reputation mechanism for WIreless ad-hoc Networks). The idea is to avoid a retaliation situation after a node has been falsely perceived as selfish so cooperation can be restored quickly. We prove that our strategy is robust to imperfect measurements, is collusion-resistant and can achieve full cooperation among nodes.
Isolation and Identification of Termite Trail-following Pheromone

INSECT pheromones that control chemically the behaviour of highly specialized social insect species have been well documented1. One of these pheromones, termite trail-following substance, is secreted by the sternal glands of various species of termite workers apparently to mark the source of suitable wood for other workers of the same species2,3. When the secretion is streaked across the surface of a solid object it has the power to guide the termite workers along that trail.
Timing of the response of coleoptiles to the application and withdrawal of various auxins.

A study was made of the time courses of growth promotion and the reversal of growth promotion upon the addition and withdrawal of various auxins. Growth promotion by 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) occurs more slowly and is less vigorous than growth promotion by the same concentration of indoleacetic acid (IAA).
Characterization of Parylene as a Water Barrier via Buried-in Pentacene Moisture Sensors for Soaking Tests

We present a simple method to characterize parylene as a water barrier for soaking tests. The key component is the buried-in pentacene moisture sensor, which is a thin-film transistor sandwiched between two layers of parylene C. This pentacene thin-film transistor takes bottom contact configuration and uses parylene C as the gate dielectric material. Parylene films containing pentacene moisture sensors are soaked in saline at room temperature and the saturation drain current of pentacene thin film transistors is monitored. Hole mobility of pentacene is extracted via linearization of the square root of the drain current of the transistor versus gate voltages. We can determine the capability of parylene as a water permeation barrier by the changes of pentacene mobility.
Protection by GTP from the effects of aluminum on the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers.

The idea that guanine nucleotides act as chelators of Al3+ and that Al interrupts the mechanism by which GTP or Gpp(NH)p stimulates the Na efflux in single muscle fibers from the barnacle Balanus nubilus has been tested. As a rule, injection of GTP or Gpp(NH)p into unpoisoned and ouabain-poisoned fibers produces a rise in the 22Na efflux that is usually transitory in nature. Fibers preinjected with GTP show a fall in the Na efflux following the injection of AlCl3 in an equimolar concentration. If, however, the concentration of Al for injection is halved, then GTP is found to be fully protective. Fibers preinjected with AlCl3 show little or no response to the injection of GTP. This is also the case with ouabain-poisoned fibers. Ouabain-poisoned fibers preinjected with GTP also show little or no response to the injection of AlCl3. The stimulatory response to the injection of AlCl3 into fibers preinjected with 0.5 M GTP is dose-dependent. A graded response is also found when 0.5 M AlCl3 is injected into fibers preinjected with GTP in varying concentrations. Gpp(NH)p is fully protective against the inhibitory effect of Al injection in unpoisoned fibers. Further, Gpp(NH)p abolishes the biphasic effect of Al injection on the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux. To strengthen the argument that GTP acts as a chelator of Al, a solution mixture of 0.5 M GTP/0.5 M AlCl3 (pH 1–2) was injected into unpoisoned fibers. This is found to lead to a smaller fall in the resting Na efflux than that obtained by injecting AlCl3 alone or injecting AlCl3 after GTP. It is thus quite clear that the barnacle muscle fiber is a useful preparation for studies of this type.