cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dissolution and absorption rates of different commercial aspirin tablets.

The absorption rates of several types of commercial aspirin tablets have been determined by the urinary excretion method. The results indicate that the in vivo absorption rate is proportional to in vitro dissolution rate determined by a method previously described (1). An explanation is offered for some of the apparently conflicting results obtained by different clinical investigators who have studied the absorption rates of different types of aspirin. Some important but often neglected variables related to the clinical evaluation of aspirin absorption are discussed. It is proposed that the U. S. P. tablet disintegration test be replaced by a dissolution test.
Chloroplast DNA sequences integrated into an intron of a tomato nuclear gene

DNA sequences capable of hybridizing with chloroplast DNA have previously been reported to exist in the nuclear genome of higher plants. Here we show that the third intron of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) nuclear gene Cab-7, which resides on chromosome 10 and which we recently cloned and sequenced, contains two DNA fragments derived from the coding region of the chloroplast gene psbG. The first fragment, 133 bp long, is located at a site 63 bp from the 3′ end of the 833 bp intron. The exact sequence of the 11 nucleotides at the 3′ end of the inserting chloroplast sequence is also found at the 5′ border of the insertion. A small (107 bp) chloroplast DNA fragment is inserted near the middle of the intron, again with the 3′ end of the inserting element (6 bp) duplicated at the 5′ border of the insertion. The second insert is a subfragment of the first insert, and is most likely directly derived from it. The psbG insertion sequence was found to be present in the Cab-7 gene of all tomato species examined but not in species from related genera (e.g. Solanum, Petunia, Nicotiana), suggesting that the original transposition event (chloroplast to nucleus) occurred relatively recently-since the divergence of the genus Lycopersicon from other genera in the family Solanaceae, but before radiation of species in that genus.
Artifact formation during gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of a methylsulfinyl-containing metabolite.

Abstract During gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric analysis using a heated injector, 1-methylthio-4-methylsulfinyltetrachlorobenzene degraded to form tetrachlorothioanisole. Similar reductive defunctionalizations have been reported during in vivo metabolisms. Caution should be used to distinguish metabolites from artifacts which may be formed during the analysis of methylsulfoxides.
Calibration Procedures for the Intelligent Asphalt Compaction Analyzer

The intelligent asphalt compaction analyzer (IACA) is a device based on neural network technology that can measure the density of an asphalt pavement continuously in real time during its construction. It was shown during limited field trials that the IACA could, in real time, measure the density of an asphalt pavement during its construction with accuracy comparable to existing point-wise measurement technologies. In this paper, the procedure to calibrate the IACA and the validation of the performance, i.e., accuracy of density measurements, are addressed. The results demonstrate that the IACA can be used to determine the density of the asphalt mat during compaction with an accuracy needed for quality control operations in the field.
The Formation of Vortices from a Surface of Discontinuity

Helmholtz was the first to remark on the instability of those “liquid surfaces” which separate portions of fluid moving with different velocities, and Kelvin, in investigating the influence of wind on waves in water, supposed frictionless, has discussed the conditions under which a plane surface of water becomes unstable. Adopting Kelvin’s method, Rayleigh investigated the instability of a surface of discontinuity. A clear and easily accessible rendering of the discussion is given by Lamb. The above investigations are conducted upon the well-known principle of “small oscillations”—there is a basic steady motion, upon which is superposed a flow, the squares of whose components of velocity can be neglected. This method has the advantage of making the equations of motion linear. If by this method the flow is found to be stable, the equations of motion give the subsequent history of the system, for the small oscillations about the steady state always remain “small.” If, however, the method indicates that the system is unstable, that is, if the deviations from the steady state increase exponentially with the time, the assumption of small motions cannot, after an appropriate interval of time, be applied to the case under consideration, and the equations of motion, in their approximate form, no longer give a picture of the flow. For this reason, which is well known, the investigations of Rayleigh only prove the existence of instability during the initial stages of the motion. It is the object of this note to investigate the form assumed by the surface of discontinuity when the displacements and velocities are no longer small.
The clinical value of chloral hydrate in the routine electroencephalogram.

Summary Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of chloral hydrate (CH) in the routine EEG. Methods The EEG results and records of all patients receiving CH during routine EEG (CH-EEG) at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 4/1/07 and 9/30/07 ( n = 216 total; 148 adults) were reviewed for clinical indication, presence of epileptiform abnormalities and EEG duration. The results were compared to an equivalent number of consecutive EEGs performed without CH over the same time period (non-CH-EEGs). The clinical impact of the CH-EEG findings was evaluated by evaluating resulting clinical decisions made in the medical record. Chi-squared analysis was performed for discontinuous data, Student's t -test for continuous data. Results The proportion of EEGs with sleep-specific epileptiform abnormalities (SSEAs) was not statistically different (7.8% CH-EEG vs. 10.5% non-CH-EEG, p = 0.34). CH was ordered more often by non-epileptologists than epileptologists (57% vs. 35%, p = 0.0004). The mean acquisition time was greater for CH-EEGs (66.9 min vs. 55.1 min; p ≪ 0.001). CH-EEGs resulted in a change in clinical management in 5/216 (2.3%). Discussion Compared to non-CH-EEGs, CH-EEGs were no more likely to show SSEAs, prolonged the acquisition time, and were associated with changes in clinical care in
Orc1 Binding to Mitotic Chromosomes Precedes Spatial Patterning during G1 Phase and Assembly of the Origin Recognition Complex in Human Cells

Replication of eukaryotic chromosomes occurs once every cell division cycle in normal cells and is a tightly controlled process that ensures complete genome duplication. The origin recognition complex (ORC) plays a key role during the initiation of DNA replication. In human cells, the level of Orc1, the largest subunit of ORC, is regulated during the cell division cycle, and thus ORC is a dynamic complex. Upon S phase entry, Orc1 is ubiquitinated and targeted for destruction, with subsequent dissociation of ORC from chromosomes. Time lapse and live cell images of human cells expressing fluorescently tagged Orc1 show that Orc1 re-localizes to condensing chromatin during early mitosis and then displays different nuclear localization patterns at different times during G1 phase, remaining associated with late replicating regions of the genome in late G1 phase. The initial binding of Orc1 to mitotic chromosomes requires C-terminal amino acid sequences that are similar to mitotic chromosome-binding sequences in the transcriptional pioneer protein FOXA1. Depletion of Orc1 causes concomitant loss of the mini-chromosome maintenance (Mcm2–7) helicase proteins on chromatin. The data suggest that Orc1 acts as a nucleating center for ORC assembly and then pre-replication complex assembly by binding to mitotic chromosomes, followed by gradual removal from chromatin during the G1 phase. Background: Orc1 is the largest subunit of the origin recognition complex that promotes genome duplication. Results: We studied the dynamics of Orc1 during the cell division cycle. Conclusion: Orc1 binds to mitotic chromosomes, and during G1 phase in the daughter cells it then forms spatial-temporal patterns in the nucleus. Significance: The large subunit of ORC orchestrates the earliest stages of chromosome inheritance.
A transverse hydraulic jump in a model of the Faroe Bank Channel outflow

Abstract Realizations of transverse hydraulic jumps in rotating overflows have been limited to simple shallow-water models and to one laboratory experiment. Such jumps are marked by an abrupt increase in the width of the current. The following note identifies an apparent example of a transverse jump in a model of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow, one that contains realistic stratification and bathymetry and that reproduces other observed features of the Faroe Bank outflow plume. We discuss structural similarities between the model jump and idealized transverse jumps, including a new example of a shallow-water jump in a channel with a parabolic cross section. More significantly, we calculate the long-wave speeds of the Faroe Bank model plume and show that the requisite subcritical-to-supercritical transition takes place across the observed jump.
Clarifying Climate Confusion: Addressing Systemic Holes, Cognitive Gaps, and Misconceptions Through Climate Literacy

The challenge of significantly increasing the public's climate literacy is a daunting one. While polling research indicates that most American adults believe climate change is happening, the data also show there is widespread confusion about the causes of the change and the degree of scientific consensus around the human impacts on the climate system. Consumers and corporations, who may lack an understanding of the important role of carbon in the climate system, are encouraged to reduce carbon emissions, purchase carbon offsets, and consider carbon labels that show the amount of embedded greenhouse gases in products and services. Utility companies promoting the use of smart meters find that many consumers do not understand how their electricity is generated or the role played by fossil fuels, which are in effect concentrated forms of buried solar energy linking energy use today to past and future climates. While aggressive media, corporate, and political forces are often regarded as the primary cause of t...
Optical measurements of backscatter and absorption for characterizing water column structure and spatial pattern of coastal ocean color

The global significance of the coastal waters off the west coast of Vancouver Island British Columbia was formally recognized by the United Nations' Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program on May, 5, 2000 by the creation of the Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve. The marine coastal ecosystem of this reserve totals approximately 84,242 hectares. The inherent optical properties of these waters were measured during a fifteen day, 21 station cruise in the summer of 2004 and were synchronized with the daily MODIS Aqua satellite over flights. The depth of maximum backscatter were compared to the ratio of absorption of particulate and color dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and related to remotely sensed estimates of Chl-a. The relationships of these parameters are compared between stations within the Clayoquot Sound and off the coast. This investigation highlights the contribution of the functional proportion of particulate and CDOM in over estimates of Chl-a from satellite remote sensing. The spatial correlation of this functional relationship is however linked to observed patterns of coastal ocean color.
Coupled bound and continuum eigenstates in momentum space

Described is a procedure for solving in momentum space the Coulomb plus nuclear problem for coupled bound and continuum eigenstates. The method is an extension of the Kwon-Tabakin formulation of the Lande subtraction technique. Complex eigenenergies are now determined after formulating and incorporating the correct momentum space "boundary conditions" into the Schr\"odinger equation. This exact numerical procedure can be applied to local or nonlocal, complex or real potentials even with relativistic kinematics. Application to the ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ problem and other systems with strongly coupled absorptive channels is indicated.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Hadronic atoms, momentum space formulations, coupled channels.
PNL Applied to Economics

This work is a continuation of Zadeh's research on precisiated natural language. Precisiated natural language (PNL) provides a system for computation and deduction of propositions expressed in a natural language. The importance of PNL for economics is discussed. The improved process of PNL is presented using a real world example from economics
A case of splenic rupture within an umbilical hernia with loss of domain.

Massive ventral hernia with loss of abdominal domain is a particularly complex disease. We present a case of a massive umbilical hernia with loss of abdominal domain containing the small bowel, colon, and spleen that presented with spontaneous splenic rupture. The patient was an 82-year-old Caucasian female with multiple comorbidities, on anti-coagulation for cardiac dysrhythmia with a congenital umbilical hernia with loss of abdominal domain which had progressed over multiple years. She presented to an outside hospital with history of a left-sided abdominal pain accompanying fatigue and weakness.A CT scan of the abdomen revealed an umbilical hernia with loss of abdominal domain containing the patient’s entire small bowel, colon, pancreas, and the spleen. The spleen had ruptured with associated hemorrhage and hematoma in the hernia sac.Management included a multidisciplinary approach with particular attention to comorbidities and hemodynamic monitoring due to splenic rupture. Given the need for lifetime anticoagulation, a splenectomy was planned along with simultaneous abdominal wall reconstruction. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, splenectomy, bilateral posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release, and a retrorectus/preperitoneal placement of heavy weight polypropylene mesh.During the postoperative period, the patient remained intubated initially due to elevated airway pressures before transferring to the regular nursing floor. The remainder of the patient’s hospital stay was complicated by a postoperative ileus requiring nasogastric tube decompression and a DVT and PE necessitating anticoagulation. The ileus eventually resolved and diet was slowly advanced. The patient was discharged on POD17. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature describing a splenic rupture that occurred within the hernia sac of a congenital umbilical hernia. This report serves to highlight that even with novel cases of massive and atypical hernias, posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release is a reproducible repair that can be performed with good result in a variety of circumstances.
Changes in Couples' Communication as a Result of a Male-Involvement Family Planning Intervention

Research suggests that spousal communication and male involvement in decision making can positively influence family-planning use and continuation. However, few existing studies explore the dynamics of this communication and how they factor into family-planning decision making. Building upon a recent evaluation of a theory-based male-involvement intervention in Malawi, this study aimed to fill this gap by examining the role of communication in the intervention's success, through semi-structured in-depth interviews with male participants and female partners of study participants. Results support the idea that communication is an integral component of successful interventions to increase male involvement in family planning. Participants reported improvements in spousal communication, increased frequency of communication, and an increase in shared decision making as a result of the study, which directly contributed to their family-planning use. This effect was often mediated through increased knowledge or reduced male opposition to family planning. Further analysis of communication and decision-making dynamics revealed shifts in gendered communication norms, leading to improvements in spousal relationships in addition to contraceptive uptake. This study shows that interventions can and should encourage spousal communication and shared decision making, and it provides an effective model for involving men in family-planning use.
Novel use of indocyanine green for intraoperative, real-time localization of ureteral stenosis during robot-assisted ureteroureterostomy.

Objective To present a novel method to intraoperatively localize ureteral strictures during robot-assisted ureteroureterostomy via indocyanine green (ICG) visualization under near-infrared (NIR) light. Materials and Methods Seven patients underwent robot-assisted ureteroureterostomy for ureteral stricture by a single surgeon (D.D.E.). Intraoperative localization of ureteral stricture involved instilling ICG (25 mg in 10 mL distilled water) above and below the level of stenosis through a ureteral catheter or a percutaneous nephrostomy tube, or both. The fluorescent tracer was detected as a green color using the NIR modality on the da Vinci Si (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). All patients consented to off-label use of ICG after full disclosure. Results Intraoperative ICG injection and visualization under NIR light assisted in the performance of a tension-free anastomosis in all patients. At the time of surgery, mean age was 55.7 ± 12.4 years and mean body mass index was 30.3 ± 5.8 kg/m 2 . Mean operative time was 171.3 ± 52.4 minutes, mean estimated blood loss was 175.0 ± 146.5 mL, and mean length of ureteral excision on pathologic analysis was 1.6 ± 0.7 cm. There were no immediate or delayed adverse effects attributable to intraureteral ICG administration. Mean hospital length of stay was 1.6 ± 1.5 days, with no postoperative complications. Mean follow-up was 5.9 ± 1.5 months, and all cases were clinically and radiographically successful at last follow-up. Conclusion Intraureteral injection of ICG with visualization under NIR light allows for real-time delineation of the ureter. Additionally, ICG administration aids in discerning healthy ureter from diseased tissue, further assisting successful robotic ureteral repair.
Fast-spike Interneurons and Feedforward Inhibition in Awake Sensory Neocortex

‘Fast-spike’ interneurons of layer 4 mediate thalamocortical feedforward inhibition and can, with some confidence, be identified using extracellular methods. In somatosensory barrel cortex of awake rabbits, these ‘suspected inhibitory interneurons’ (SINs) have distinct receptive field properties: they respond to vibrissa displacement with very high sensitivity and temporal fidelity. However, they lack the directional specificity that is clearly seen in most of their ventrobasal thalamocortical afferents. Several lines of evidence show that layer-4 SINs receive a potent and highly convergent and divergent functional input from topographically aligned thalamocortical neurons. Whereas the unselective pooling of convergent thalamocortical inputs onto SINs generates sensitive and broadly tuned inhibitory receptive fields, the potent divergence of single thalamocortical neurons onto many SINs generates sharply synchronous (±1 ms) activity (because of coincident EPSPs). Synchronous discharge of these interneurons following thalamocortical impulses will generate a synchronous feedforward release of GABA within the barrel. Thalamocortical impulses will, therefore, generate only a brief ‘window of excitability’ during which spikes can occur in the post-synaptic targets of fast-spike interneurons. This fast, synchronous, highly sensitive and broadly tuned feedforward inhibitory network is well suited to suppress spike generation in spiny neurons following all but the most optimal feedforward excitatory inputs.
A structured approach to deadlock detection, avoidance and resolution in flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract Production scheduling models that determine part mix ratios and detailed schedules do not usually account for deadlocks that can be caused by part flow. Deadlocks must be prevented for operational control (especially in automated systems). The major thrust of this paper is in developing a structured model for deadlock detection, avoidance and resolution caused by part flow in manufacturing systems. A system status graph can be constructed for the parts currently in the system. Deadlock detection amounts to determining deadlocks in the system status graph. On the other hand, deadlock avoidance amounts to restricting parts movement so that deadlocks are completely avoided in the future. While deadlock detection is a one-step look ahead procedure, deadlock avoidance is a complete look ahead procedure. Deadlock resolution or recovery amounts to judiciously using a limited queue to recover from deadlocks. Deadlock detection and avoidance are absolutely crucial to uninterrupted operation of automated m...
Boycott, Crime, and Sin: Ethical and Talmudic Responses to Injustice Abroad

Zohar applies Talmudic views on communal sin to contemporary political discourse by posing the question “Are we our brothers' keepers?” The essay addresses international responsibility to protect victims of oppression worldwide. This discussion is particularly valuable in today's political system where the national sovereignty of a state may attempt to outweigh the victims' claim of persecution. While asserting that economic sanction, primarily boycott , in lieu of military action, is the most effective means of curtailing the actions of the oppressor government, he presents the views of Maimonides and Nachmanides on the Noahide Code of Jewish law. The former advocates full-scale embargo policy and holds all citizens responsible for acquiescing in the sins of their rulers and hence of communal sin, thereby justifying intervention. The latter, and more commonly accepted today, urges elimination of (direct or indirect) participation in the deeds of the perpetrators, the “clean-hands” approach, and hence allows for national boundaries to overshadow injustices occurring within them. Both types of boycott converge in that any transaction that fails to undermine the perpetrating regime is in some way facilitating its existence.
NAVIGATING THROUGH CLEAN WATER ACT JURISDICTION:A LEGAL REVIEW

The 2001 U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) held that isolated intrastate non-navigable waters could not be protected under the Clean Water Act (CWA) based on the presence of migratory birds. SWANCC represented a major reinterpretation of the CWA by re-emphasizing the importance of navigability in the definition of “waters of the United States” protected by the statute. The decision also implied that isolated waters might be “waters of the United States” where they had a “significant nexus” to navigable waters. Understanding the significance of SWANCC requires a historical look at the geographic scope of federal laws and regulations protecting surface waters. The concept of navigability had been prominent in the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, but the principal implementation focus for the CWA after its enactment in 1972 and prior to SWANCC had been on the hydrologic cycle and the relevance of links to interstate commerce for determining what waters were protected under the CWA. In upcoming years and months, the geographic jurisdiction of the CWA will continue to be debated in the courts, within Federal agencies, and by the public. Aquatic resource science will play a key role in helping ensure that the CWA is implemented in a scientifically defensible manner, consistent with SWANCC. One area in need of particular emphasis is additional research on the ways in which isolated waters help ensure the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of navigable waters and their tributaries. It is this question—the “significant nexus” between an intrastate non-navigable isolated water and the rest of the aquatic ecosystem—that will likely determine whether the water will be protected by the CWA.
Type 1 diabetes: focus on prevention

Two new approaches prevent disease in a model of type 1 diabetes. One approach blocks an activation receptor on disease-conferring T cells. The second deploys suppressor T cells renowned for their ability to inhibit the local immune response.
The photometric determination of gangliosides with the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction

A simple, quantitative method is described for the photometric determination of gangliosides. The procedure is based on the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction, and does not require prior hydrolysis. It has been shown that the reaction is probably due to oxidation by sulfuric acid of the sphingosine moiety which results in the formation of aldehydes or ketones or both which then react with the phosphoric acid-vanillin reagent to produce a rose-colored complex. The reaction permits the determination of the amount of ganglioside present in a sample; and, together with the resorcinol reaction to measure the NANA content, it can be used to determine whether a purified ganglioside is a mono-, di-, or trisialoganglioside.
Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Verteporfin is Independent of Oxygen

Photodynamic therapy dosimetery and treatment planning is affected by the concentration of photosensitizer in a given tissue, and these values are often estimated based on measurements of fluorescence in the region to be treated. Some studies with benzoporphyrin derivate monoacid ring a (BPD-MA) showed a significant increase in fluorescence quantum yield with deoxygenation of the solution, indicating a possible oxygen sensitive switch in intersystem crossing or reverse intersystem crossing. The experiments done in this paper show that at oxygenation levels found in vivo the variation in fluorescence quantum yield of liposomal BPD-MA (verteporfin) is negligible for changes in solution oxygenation. The results from all of the experiments show that it is not necessary to measure the oxygenation of tissues when calculating the concentration of verteporfin from fluorescence measurements, so that dosimetry calculations based upon photosensitizer levels would not be affected by the tissue oxygenation. This greatly simplifies the dosimetry process with verteporfin.
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Education Through Simulation (Pages): A Pilot Study

Participants: Patients younger than 22 years of age with chronic pelvic pain from January 2009 to December 2009. Main Outcome Measures: Results of operative laparoscopy including stage and description of endometrial lesions. Presenting symptoms of those with endometriosis was also evaluated. Results: Ninety-eight percent (115/117) of the study population was found to have endometriosis. The median age of the subjects at the time of laparoscopy was 16 years old (range 12 to 21). All subjects had either stage I or II disease as determined by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine's classification system. The median age of first symptoms was 13 (range 10-18) and the median age of menarche was 12 (range 9-14). The nature of pain in subjects with endometriosis was cyclic only in 58/115 (50.4%), acyclic only in 12/115 (10.4%), and both cyclic and acyclic in 45/115 (39.1%). Other presenting symptoms included gastrointestinal in 18 (15.7%), urinary in 3 (2.6%), irregular menses in 9 (7.8%), and menorrhagia in 4 (3.5%). Seventy-six percent (44/58) of participants of which we have data had a family history of endometriosis, severe dysmenorrhea, and/or infertility. Conclusions: Adolescents with chronic pelvic pain not responsive to conventional medical management have a significantly higher rate of endometriosis than previously perceived. These patients should be referred to gynecologists experienced with subtle laparoscopic findings of atypical endometriosis for diagnosis of etiologies of pelvic pain and for appropriate postoperative management. Several factors may account for this increase in diagnosis of endometriosis at our institution. These include improved laparoscopic optics, improvements in visualization of endometrial lesions using “close tip” and “underwater” techniques, biopsy of visually negative pelvises, and increasing experience of the surgeon. Further studies are needed to determine if early diagnosis and treatment prevents progression of endometriosis and infertility.
Neural network classification of spatio-temporal EEG readiness potentials

The detection of spatio-temporal scalp EEG patterns associated with voluntary motion preparation towards the development of a brain-computer interface (BCI) is explored. The rationale for the use of a spatio-temporal approach to this detection problem is explained. The need for a temporal or dynamic classifier is confirmed by demonstration of the lack of robustness in static neural network classifiers with respect to time alignment of the patterns under analysis. The results from dynamic classifiers, such as the Time Delay Neural Network (TDNN) and the Gamma Neural Network are presented in terms of their Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves.
Tracking downed dead wood in forests over time: Development of a piece matching algorithm for line intercept sampling

Emerging questions from bioenergy policy debates have highlighted knowledge gaps regarding the carbon and biomass dynamics of individual pieces of coarse woody debris (CWD) across the diverse forest ecosystems of the US. Although there is a lack of long-term measurements of CWD across the diverse forest ecosystems of the US, there is an abundance of line intersect sampling (LIS) transects used for monitoring efforts such as fuel loadings. In order to provide an objective method for monitoring the carbon/ biomass dynamics of individual CWD pieces for use with LIS, this study developed and tested a CWD piece matching algorithm for inventory plots where LIS was used to sample CWD at two points in time across the eastern US. Results indicated that a CWD piece matching algorithm may be constructed using three steps: (1) matching the location of each piece, (2) matching individual piece metrics (e.g., large-end diameter), and (3) scoring an index of many CWD attributes with adjustment by decay and measurement error (i.e., quality control tolerances). For most forest types in the US, this study’s algorithm matched between 20% and 40% of CWD pieces over time (5 years). The algorithm performed poorly in forests potentially disturbed by floods and/or with relatively high mean annual temperatures and subsequent fast decay rates. Due to this influence of decay, the algorithm attained low match rates for highly decayed or small-sized CWD pieces. The algorithm should not be used to estimate changes in carbon/biomass within a stock change accounting framework. However, the algorithm may provide a method to aggregate a subset of paired LIS CWD observations over time to inform CWD dynamics research at large-scales. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Paclitaxel and Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation

To the Editor: I have recently completed reading “Paclitaxel Inhibits Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration In Vitro and In Vivo Using Local Drug Delivery,” published in the July 15, 1997, issue of Circulation. My questions concerning this study are related to the claimed statistical significance of the in vivo data. According to the published methodology, the data were …
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin–Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Child

OBJECTIVETo report a case of probable acute venous thrombosis caused by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in a pediatric patient with a normal platelet count after prolonged enoxaparin therapy.CASE SUMMARYAn 11-year-old African American female with Crohn's disease developed extensive vena cava thrombosis. Her deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was treated with intravenous unfractionated heparin followed by extended outpatient warfarin therapy. Four months later, the warfarin was stopped and subcutaneous enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg once daily was substituted prior to an elective colonoscopy. She was readmitted 6 weeks later with acute DVT with a platelet count of 233 × 103/mm3, significantly lower than the count of 550–700 × 103/mm3 5 months previously and the count of 433 × 103/mm3 3 months earlier. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for heparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies was strongly positive and a d-dimer was elevated at 2.9 mg/L (normal <1.5). She was treated with lepirudin followed by warfarin when repeat d...
Photobiosynthetic Opportunity and Ability for UV-B Generated Vitamin D Synthesis in Free-Living House Geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) and Texas Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus olivaceous)

Abstract The opportunity and ability to photobiosynthesize vitamin D3 by exposing skin to ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation from the sun was compared using the nocturnal/crepuscular Mediterranean House Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus and the diurnal Texas Spiny Lizard Sceloporus olivaceous. Texas spiny lizards had a greater opportunity for photobiosynthetic production of vitamin D3 than geckos. This was revealed by vitamin D3 photoproduct production in models (ampoules containing an alcohol solution of vitamin D3 precursor) placed at locations inhabited by free-living lizards at similar times of occupancy. Alternatively, geckos seemed able to maximize their limited photobiosynthetic opportunity with a higher rate of conversion of provitamin D3 to photoproducts. This was revealed by photoproduct conversion in patches of lizard skin exposed to ultraviolet lamps in the laboratory. Stomach-content analysis showed the spiny lizards to have dietary sources of vitamin D3, the geckos may or may not. This is the first d...
Homoplasy and the evolution of dinosaur locomotion

In this paper, I survey hindlimb and pelvic anatomy across non-avian dinosaurs and analyze these within a cladistic framework to quantify patterns of change within the locomotor apparatus. Specifically, I attempt to identify where homoplasy constitutes parallelism and may thereby be used to infer similar selective pressures on hindlimb function. Traditional methods of discrete character optimization are used along with two methods for evaluating changes in continuous characters in a phylogenetic context (squared-change parsimony and clade rank correlation). Resultant patterns are evaluated in light of the biomechanics of locomotion and the relationship between form and function in extant terrestrial vertebrates.Although non-avian dinosaurian locomotor morphology is strikingly uniform, these analyses reveal the repeated derivations of several morphological features that have potential relevance for hindlimb locomotor function. Anterior and posterior iliac expansion, a medially oriented femoral head, and an elevated femoral lesser trochanter each evolved independently multiple times within Dinosauria. These changes probably reflect enlargement of several hindlimb muscles as well as a general switch in their predominant function from abduction-adduction (characteristic of “sprawling” limb postures) to protraction-retraction (characteristic of parasagittal, or “erect,” limb postures). Several “avian” characteristics are shared with more basal theropods, and many were acquired convergently in other dinosaurian lineages. The evolution of the avian hindlimb therefore represents a cumulative acquisition of characters, many of which were quite far removed in time and function from the origin of flight.
An Experiential Learning Approach to Teaching Social Entrepreneurship, Triple Bottom Line, and Sustainability: Modifying and Extending Practical Organizational Behavior Education (PROBE).

When teaching social entrepreneurship and sustainability, using an experiential learning approach can be more effective than a traditional lecture approach. Social and environmental entrepreneurs often have a deep passion for their work that is important for students to develop early in their careers. Experiential learning enables students to create and experience this passion for themselves, thereby preparing them with the motivational and emotional resources they may need to be successful in the future. We introduce Practical Organizational Behavior Education (PROBE) as one way of helping students develop this passion. PROBE was originally developed as a service-learning project for an undergraduate course in organizational behavior at a very small, private university. However, in this manuscript, we show how PROBE can be modified and extended to effectively teach business students about triple bottom line concepts, sustainability, and social entrepreneurship at the undergraduate and MBA levels within a large, public university system. We provide practical suggestions for instructors interested in implementing this approach in a broad variety of settings.
Introduction Reflections on the Analogy of Being

Analogy is Anglicized Greek for proportion. In Euclid (c. 300 B.C.) it means proportion in the ordinary relational sense. While today in mathematics the term analogy is largely replaced by proportion, the question is how one can validly speak of analogy in a transmathematical sense that would not consist in a mere extrapolation from the mathematical realm. In other words, is the alleged transmathematical or ontological analogy in fact but an extension of mathematical analogy? If it is, this raises the utterly basic question as to how any such protraction could be valid in view of the consideration that the putative ontological sort of analogy prescinds from all restrictions to quantity and quantitative relations, so it is claimed, for the sake of envisaging objects in their unrestricted existentiality.
Current status of the Schauta-Amreich operation

Abstract A review of the literature demonstrates that the Schauta-Amreich operation offers the same expectation of cure, as does the Wertheim for Stage I cervical carcinoma. The incidence of operative mortality, and particularly morbidity, including urologic complications are significantly less than for the abdominal approach. For effective node therapy, the Schauta-Amreich must be combined with either the extraperitoneal node dissection or with external radiotherapy.
A Rapidly Enlarging Forehead Mass in a Young Retinoblastoma Survivor

A man in his 20s had a lump on the right side of his forehead. His medical history was notable for bilateral retinoblastoma when he was an infant, which was treated with righteye enucleation and left-eye irradiation. As a teenager, he developed an advanced malignant small bluecell tumor,whichwas interpretedasanolfactoryneuroblastomaandtreated with radiation and chemotherapy. On examination, the patient had a hard, fixed, rounded 2-cm lesion in the right supraorbital region. Computed tomography (CT) showedan irregular mass in the right frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses with surrounding sclerotic and erosivebonychanges.A fine-needleaspirate (FNA) revealedatypical,mitotically activecells. Boneshavingsobtainedoperativelywere interpretedaschronic sinusitiswithscleroticbone. The surgical specimen showedmultinucleated giant cells and bizarre stromal cells suggestive of treatment effect (Figure, A) and normal-appearing bone. A second opinion was reported as chronic sinusitis and atypical stromal cells. When the patient returned 2months laterwith increasingpain, endoscopy revealedapolypoid lesionoccupying thebiopsiedsite. On repeated operative biopsy, histologic examination showed similar giant cells and atypical stromal cells (Figure,B).However, other areasdemonstratedosteoid formationwith fine calcifications and severely atypical spindle cells with mitotic figures (Figure, C), as well as osteoid-entrapped, malignant-appearing cells (Figure, D). First operative biopsy A Second operative biopsy B
Examining the Relative Contributions of Content Knowledge and Strategic Processing to Comprehension

The essays below were prepared following the LRA session organized by Janice Almasi entitled, ‘‘Examining the relative contributions of content knowledge and strategic processing to comprehension.’’ What unites these essays are the personal and historical stances that each writer has taken; in addition, the essays are rich with constructive critique of tensions in the conduct of comprehension instruction (e.g., acknowledging and building on readers’ sensemaking efforts, while encouraging the development of reading expertise and flexibility). There are redeployments of classic theories (e.g., schema theory) and heuristics (e.g., the interactive model of reading) and the call for new lenses with which to inform scholarship on comprehension. Finally, there are invitations to consider new horizons for comprehension research that take into account contemporary contexts and uses for interpreting and learning from text.
Numerical Investigations of Shock-Turbulence Interactions in a Planar Mixing Layer

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) of spatially developing supersonic mixing layer, interacting with an oblique shock wave are conducted with a new high-order Monotonicity-Preserving scheme. Without the incident shock, the mixing layer grows linearly and exhibits self-similar behavior after the transition. With the shock, significant small-scale turbulence is generated just behind the shock. With an increase in shock angle, the intensity of the shock-generated turbulence is increased and its peak position shifts away from the mixing layer centerline. The effects of turbulence on the shock are also shown to be very significant, such that normal shocklets and large adverse pressure gradients are created in some conditions. Comparison with the DNS data indicates that the LES with the modified kinetic energy viscosity (MKEV) subgrid stress model is able to predict the main features of the flow and shock-turbulence interactions.
The uses of culture in the making of AIDS neurosis in Japan.

OBJECTIVE AIDS Neurosis is an illness phenomenon in which the person suffering is convinced that he or she is HIV positive, despite negative test results, and a range of nonspecific physical symptoms and phobic and neurotic tendencies, are manifested. To explore the relationship between culture and mental illness, this study examines a) the emergence of AIDS Neurosis as a socially recognized clinical entity in contemporary Japan, and b) the claims by activists, psychiatrists, health officials, and others that AIDS Neurosis is a culturally unique illness phenomenon specific to Japan. METHODS The data was collected during 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Japan, supplemented by readings in popular and clinical literature. RESULTS The cultural explanations proferred for AIDS Neurosis clearly inform the meanings and practices surrounding this phenomenon, but such cultural stereotypes are too simplistic and are not sufficient for understanding the development of AIDS Neurosis nor the complex attitudes and practices relating to AIDS in Japan. CONCLUSIONS This study argues for a more critical perspective on culture, which attends to the local contests and practices involved in making an illness category such as AIDS Neurosis.
Solution-focused financial therapy with couples

ABSTRACTConflicts over finances are a key reason why marital relationships dissolve. Financial literacy interventions provide a strategy to ameliorate this conflict. Because financial literacy interventions have a mixed history of success, a new model of financial counseling is presented. The model described in this article has three components: transtheoretical indicators of readiness for change, solution-focused therapeutic techniques in negotiating the stages of change, and a five step model of financial therapy. Implications for refining the practice model are given.
220 THE EFFECTS OF RACE AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ON SUBCLINICAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of race and socioeconomic factors on subclinical cardiovascular disease (coronary calcium score [CCS], common carotid intimal-medial thickness [ccIMT], and ankle-brachial index [ABI]). Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a prospective, observational study with 6,814 adults without clinical cardiovascular disease. Information on socioeconomics, lifestyle, biological variables, and measurements of subclinical cardiovascular disease were obtained from the baseline visit. Results Differences in the outcome measures of CCS ≥ 75th percentile for age and gender, ccIMT > 1 mm, and ABI 1 mm (OR = 1.48 and OR = 1.29, respectively). Modeling also showed that education and being Chinese or Hispanic were protective against an ABI Conclusions This study shows that race and socioeconomic factors impact subclinical cardiovascular disease. In a multicultural society, these nonbiological factors need to be acknowledged to add a crucial perspective to the current biological model of cardiovascular disease risk.
Studies of the Effect of the Shed Damage of Composite Insulator on Electric Field Distribution Along Insulator

In this paper,by use of testing and theoretical analysis based on electric field method to inferior insulator,the comparison detections of electric field distribution on insulators with good sheds and damaged sheds respectively are studied.The conclusions are that the electric field method could not be used to distinguish whether the sheds of the insulator are good or inferior.
Dietary supplementation with fish oil prevents high fat diet-induced enhancement of sensitivity to the locomotor stimulating effects of cocaine in adolescent female rats.

Abstract Background Eating a diet high in fat can lead to obesity, chronic metabolic disease, and increased inflammation in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Dietary supplements that are high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce or prevent these negative health consequences in rats. Eating high fat chow also increases the sensitivity of rats to behavioral effects of drugs acting on dopamine systems (e.g., cocaine), and this effect is greatest in adolescent females. Methods The present experiment tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with fish oil prevents high fat chow induced increases in sensitivity to cocaine in adolescent female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (post-natal day 25–27) ate standard laboratory chow (5.7% fat), high fat chow (34.4% fat), or high fat chow supplemented with fish oil (20% w/w). Cocaine dose dependently (1–17.8 mg/kg) increased locomotion and induced sensitization across 6 weeks of once-weekly testing in all rats; however, these effects were greatest in rats eating high fat chow. Results Dietary supplementation with fish oil prevented enhanced locomotion and sensitization in rats eating high fat chow. There were no differences in inflammatory markers in plasma or the hypothalamus among dietary conditions. Conclusions These results demonstrate that dietary supplementation with fish oil can prevent high fat diet-induced sensitization to cocaine, but they fail to support the view that these effects are due to changes in proinflammatory cytokines. These data add to a growing literature on the relationship between diet and drug abuse and extend the potential health benefits of fish oil to stimulant drug abuse prevention.
Urodynamics in Children. Part II. The Pseudoneurogenic Bladder

AbstractWe evaluated 83 children for recurrent urinary infections, day and night urinary incontinence or both for more than 1 year in the urodynamic laboratory. Bladder instability and/or bladder sphincter dyssynergia was encountered in 74 children. Pharmacologic manipulation of detrusor and sphincter function and biofeedback therapy were highly successful.Routine and random urethral dilation, urethrotomy and fulguration, and/or resection of ill-defined urethral obstructions is unwarranted. Rational treatment requires individualization based upon an objective evaluation by thorough and careful urodynamic testing.
War, Grammar and Philology: From Leonardo to Bembo via Fortunio

This essay focuses on the context of Fortunio's Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua. It traces the origins of this work back to 1502–03, against the background of the wars of Italy and the dram...