cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-modal transfer of oddity learning

College students were given visual or tactual training on either a double stimulus oddity problem or a two- choice texture discrimination. Cross- modal transfer (CMT) was measured by performance on a subsequent oddity problem in the alternate sense mode. CMT was evident following oddity but not discrimination training.
Current approaches for the study of large proteins by NMR

Abstract An overview of current methods employed for characterizing larger (>25 kDa) proteins by NMR is presented. These techniques include: the attenuation of T 2 relaxation effects by offsetting dipole–dipole and chemical shift anisotropy relaxation mechanisms (TROSY); the extraction of residual dipolar couplings from partially oriented molecules; the elimination of relaxation pathways by incorporating deuterium nuclei into protein samples; the easing of resonance overlap by isotopically labeling only specific protein segments; and the decrease of rotational correlation times by dissolving proteins in low viscosity solvents.
How good is Niels Bohr's atomic model?

Abstract Since 1913, Bohr's planetary model for atomic structure has been predominant, but recent analyses suggest that collective quantization of atomic valence shells containing two electrons may be more valid. The history and evidence for these two extreme paradigms are presented and some of the potentially observable consequences are discussed briefly.
High-temperature deformation behavior of NiAl(Ti) solid-solution single crystals

The high-temperature deformation behavior of the solid solution-strengthened alloys Ni-47.5Al-2.5Ti and Ni-47Al-3Ti were investigated. Single crystals were deformed in compression in the “hard” 〈001〉 and “soft” 〈111〉 orientations, at temperatures between 827 °C and 1250 °C. The results show that Ti has a very powerful solute-strengthening effect in NiAl. The creep rates for the solid-solution alloys were observed to be as much as three to four orders of magnitude lower than those for unalloyed NiAl. To better understand this strong solid-solution strengthening effect, we studied the stress and temperature dependence of the creep rates for these alloys, as well as the deformation transients associated with stress changes. These results suggest that solute-drag effects dominate the creep resistance at the highest temperatures and lowest stresses. The solute-drag hypothesis is supported by calculations of the solute-size effect of Ti in NiAl and by the form of dislocation substructures found in the creep-deformed crystals.
Stochastic realization shift in the ground-state hyperfine transition of an alkali-metal vapor

Several years ago, a resonance-shift phenomenon was predicted to exist, termed the stochastic realization shift (SRS), which arises as a consequence of correlated amplitude and frequency variations in a resonant field. An interesting aspect of the phenomenon is that the sign of the SRS in weak and strong fields has been shown to differ. Here, we demonstrate that the SRS may be conveniently studied over a broad range of field strengths via magnetic resonance in an optically pumped alkali-metal vapor. Specifically, we study the SRS in the ground state 0-0 hyperfine transition of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ for a field undergoing stochastic (yet correlated) amplitude-frequency fluctuations. Under our experimental conditions we find no evidence for a change in sign of the SRS as the field strength undergoes a transition from weak to strong. Further, our results show that in strong fields the magnitude of the SRS may be influenced by the field's spatial variations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Engineering management of nuclear desalination plants—a case study, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Engineering management and manpower aspects of potential nuclear desalination projects in non-nuclear countries are considered here with emphasis on safety and quality assurance. Detailed investigation is made of manpower and staffing requirements of dual-purpose nuclear power and desalination plants. Organization and management of typical overall nuclear programs and individual plants are studied to provide specific recommendations of procedures compatible with countries having little or modest industrial activity. Saudi Arabia was selected as a specific case for this study; however, the results apply generally to countries at the same industrial development level. The case of Saudi Arabia is of interest due to the peculiarities of a shortage in human capital and a lack of industries necessary to support desalination and nuclear energy activities.
The seasonality of east central North American precipitation based on three coeval Holocene speleothems from southern West Virginia

Abstract We present a replicated record of Holocene climate change from a cave in West Virginia, USA. Based on analysis of stable isotopes in precipitation (δ18Ow) from the closest Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) station in Coshocton, OH, we interpret enriched oxygen isotopes in calcite (δ18Oc) as representing an increase in the relative contribution of summer precipitation to annual totals. Significant coherence between local summer (July and August) precipitation and the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) index on multi-decadal timescales suggests that summer precipitation in our study area is strongly influenced by changes in the Bermuda High. A strengthened Bermuda High circulation would increase summer precipitation amounts in the region and lead to enriched δ18Oc of speleothem calcite. Our δ18Oc record achieves maximum values during the mid-Holocene, consistent with previous studies indicating an intensified Bermuda High circulation at that time. At 4.2 ka, δ18Oc transitions to lower values at a time when numerous records around the globe document significant changes in the hydrologic budget. Over the last 2000 years, there are intervals of substantially decreased δ18Oc, coincident with aridity in the Yucatan, Alpine glacial advances, and a weakened Asian summer monsoon.
Total carbon turnover measured by feeding a uniformly labeled diet

Abstract To quantitate total turnover, rats and mice were continuously fed diets uniformly labeled with carbon-14 and killed at intervals, and several organs, tissues, compounds, and fractions then were assayed for specific radioactivity. Expired carbon dioxide from rats on the diet was assayed over a 50-day interval. In some organs there was nearly complete replacement by dietary carbon during the experimental period. In brain and muscle, which turn over more slowly, 60–70% of the total carbon originated from the food during 58 days. There was little difference between the turnover curves of rats and mice indicating that the higher catabolic rates of smaller animals are not proportionally associated with higher anabolic rates. Mean turnover times of the total carbon of whole rats, of various tissues of rats and mice, and of arbitrary subfractions of tissues were estimated graphically by methods discussed in the accompanying paper. Interesting differences were noted in the replacement rates of various compounds in a single tissue. Some small molecules were replaced much more slowly than some macromolecules. There were also large differences in the replacement rates of identical small molecules in different tissues. Estimates of total turnover from published experiments with isotopic carbon dioxide and water agree well with those presented here. The data indicate that turnover in adult mammals is predominantly metabolic rather than cellular.
Private Bleeding: Self-Induced Abortion in the Twenty-First Century United States

Although not common, self-induced abortion continues to exist in the contemporary United States, where women are being criminalized for the practice. This paper analyzes the reasons that women have for inducing their own abortions given the existence of legal alternatives. It argues that changes in medical technologies and information technologies have made self-abortions safer and more accessible, while structural and cultural barriers have limited access to legal abortions. While some feminists and reproductive rights advocates have problematized the practice of self-aborting itself as dangerous and indicative of the deterioration of the rights guaranteed under Roe v Wade, this paper suggests that feminists must turn their attentions to changing the terms under which abortion is treated under the law.
Effect of corticosterone and its route of administration on muscle protein breakdown, measured in vivo by urinary excretion of Nτ-methylhistidine in rats: Response to different levels of dietary protein and energy

Abstract Adrenalectomized young male rats were given a large dose of corticosterone ( 10 mg 100 gm body weight ) either by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. Subcutaneous injection caused immediate cessation of growth and an elevation in urea and in Nτ-methylhistidine (3-Mehis) output in the urine, the latter indicative of accelerated muscle protein breakdown. On the other hand, intraperitoneal administration resulted in only slight retardation of growth and no change in 3-Mehis output. Since the plasma level of corticosterone was more elevated by subcutaneous than by intraperitoneal administration of the hormone, it was concluded that direct passage of the intraperitoneal dose through the liver inactivated more of the administered hormone and thus prevented the level in the peripheral blood from rising to the critical concentration necessary to cause acceleration of muscle protein breakdown. This explains some reports in the literature of lack of action of corticosteroids on muscle protein breakdown. When corticosterone ( 10 mg 100 gm body weight ) was administered subcutaneously to young adrenalectomized rats receiving diets deficient in protein and/or energy, they lost weight at the same rate as did rats on an adequate diet. In addition, the gastrocnemius, tibialis, and extensor digitorum longus muscles lost weight and output of 3-Mehis was elevated irrespective of the diet. When a lower dose of corticosterone ( 0.8 mg 100 g body weight ) was given subcutaneously, the pattern of growth or weight loss on the different diets was not affected and the weights of the leg muscles relative to body weight remained unchanged. Output of 3-Mehis was slightly and transiently elevated for rats on the energy-deficient and protein-energy deficient diets receiving this low dose of corticosterone, but not for rats on the protein-deficient or adequate diets. Since the livers of the animals on the low energy intakes were smaller, we attribute the slight action of the lower corticosterone dose on 3-Mehis output to less efficient hepatic removal of the hormones. Thus, diet appears to modify the action of corticosteroids mainly through changes in the rate of hormone inactivation. It is concluded that dietary intake of protein and energy and corticosterone affect muscle protein turnover independently of one another.
Metabolic etiologies of cyclic or recurrent vomiting.

Treatable metabolic diseases are infrequently considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with cyclic or recurrent vomiting. Helpful clues in a complete medical history can heighten a clinician's suspicion about a metabolic etiology, as can the presence of certain symptom complexes or biochemical features. A rational approach to investigation is discussed using routine laboratory tests as a first-line screen. More definitive testing is indicated when screening results are abnormal or when the patient's history is particularly suggestive. Until test results become available, patients in whom a metabolic etiology cannot be ruled out should be treated as if they have an inborn error, in parallel with other conventional therapies, to avoid complications that are often preventable
Complete Unloading Alone May Not Adequately Protect the Left Ventricle

Background The benefit of left ventricular (LV) unloading for preserving LV function is commonly accepted, but its efficacy remains incompletely defined. Methods We studied the influence of complete LV unloading on LV systolic and diastolic mechanics using an in situ isovolumic preparation with two different coronary perfusion pressures (CPPs) in 12 dogs during prolonged normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Results Multivariate analysis of covariance with time as a covariate revealed that a high CPP (143±36mm Hg;=6) was associated with better preservation of systolic LV function over time as assessed by LV end-systolic elastance ( p p p t -test; n 5 6). Dobutamine (2 μ g middot; kg −1 min − 1) improved LV end-systolic elastance ( p p Conclusions These observations in canine hearts suggest that complete LV unloading may not preserve LV systolic function adequately over time when CPP is maintained in the accepted clinical range. A higher CPP is required to prevent deterioration over prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass times, but diastolic dysfunction still occurs.
Evolution of +1 Programmed Frameshifting Signals and Frameshift-Regulating tRNAs in the Order Saccharomycetales

Programmed translational frameshifting is a ubiquitous but rare mechanism of gene expression in which mRNA sequences cause the translational machinery to shift reading frames with extreme efficiency, up to at least 50%. The mRNA sequences responsible are deceptively simple; the sequence CUU-AGG-C causes about 40% frameshifting when inserted into an mRNA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The high efficiency of this site depends on a set of S. cerevisiae tRNA isoacceptors that perturb the mechanism of translation to cause the programmed translational error. The simplicity of the system might suggest that it could evolve frequently and perhaps be lost as easily. We have investigated the history of programmed +1 frameshifting in fungi. We find that frameshifting has persisted in two structural genes in budding yeasts, ABP140 and EST3 for about 150 million years. Further, the tRNAs that stimulate the event are equally old. Species that diverged from the lineage earlier both do not employ frameshifting and have a different complement of tRNAs predicted to be inimical to frameshifting. The stability of the coevolution of protein coding genes and tRNAs suggests that frameshifting has been selected for during the divergence of these species.
Premature ventricular contractions in normal children

To document the assumed benign prognosis of premature ventricular contractions in children, we followed 17 patients with PVCs and without other heart disease for a mean of seven years (range one to 19 years). Data were collected from the history, physical examination, 15-lead ECG, and treadmill exercise test. Eight of the 17 children still had PVCs at the most recent follow-up. Of these eight children, seven were asymptomatic. The physical examination remained normal in all except one, who developed signs of mitral prolapse. Light exercise abolished the PVCs in all children. We believe that if a careful clinical examination discloses no abnormalities, and if the PVCs are unifocal and disappear with exercise, this dysrhythmia is, in fact, benign in children, and requires no further cardiovascular examination.
Ophthalmic imaging with confocal microscopy

The application of confoca]. imaging systems to image the cornea and the ocular lens of the living eye is a major improvement in ophthalmic imaging. This new application of confocal imaging to the living eye has potential for both basic research and clinical diagnostics. The standard optical imaging systems have poor resolution and low contrast when applied to ocular tissue. The use of confocal systems to image the nearly transparent cornea and ocular lens has several advantages as an imaging system. The two important physical improvements are: (1) almost total rejection of out- offocal plane reflected light, and (2) increased lateral resolution. The problems of ocular imaging with standard slit lamps and specular microscopes include: low contrast images due to contributions to the image from out of focal plane reflections, and low resolution. Confocal imaging systems can image living eyes. The images show sharp, high resolution, high contrast features of submicron structures. Examples of ocular confocal images include the following: submicron optical sections through the various cells in the cornea, nerve fibers, cellular processes, and images through the nucleus of living cells comprising the cornea and the ocular lens. The ocular lens has been imaged. The lens capsule, lens epithelial cells, lens fibers and nuclei are readily observed. The use of realtime confocal imaging systems in ocular medical imaging has resulted in improved quality (resolution and contrast) of cellular images of living eyes. Further developments require the availability of long free working distance objectives with a high numerical aperture. This paper demonstrates the advantages of imaging ocular tissue with a confocal imaging system. Confocal imaging of ophthalmic structures may become a standard clinical tool with the new developments in instrumentation.
The circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor

The circadian rhythms are daily oscillations in various biological processes that are regulated by an endogenous clock. Disruption of these rhythms has been associated with cancer in humans. One of the cellular processes that is regulated by circadian rhythm is cell proliferation, which often shows asynchrony between normal and malignant tissues. This asynchrony highlights the importance of the circadian clock in tumour suppression in vivo and is one of the theoretical foundations for cancer chronotherapy. Investigation of the mechanisms by which the circadian clock controls cell proliferation and other cellular functions might lead to new therapeutic targets.
Influence of optic cup on chick embryonic lens in vitro

Chick embryonic lens, either dissected clean, or with a collar of optic cup left attached, was studied in defined medium in tissue culture. In the case of 6-day lenses without collars in tissue culture, the last cells to degenerate are found in a band at the equator. If a collar of optic cup remains attached, a band of cells at the equator is again last to degenerate but does so significantly later than if collar is not present. When lenses with only the preserved band of equatorial cells are transplanted to lentectomized embryo eyes, complete new lenses are regenerated. The experiments are taken to indicate that, at least in vitro, physiologically important substances can be presumed to pass from optic cup to lens.
Ultra-strength materials

Abstract Recent experiments on nanostructured materials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanopillars, thin films, and nanocrystals have revealed a host of “ultra-strength” phenomena, defined by stresses in a material component generally rising up to a significant fraction > 1 10 of its ideal strength – the highest achievable stress of a defect-free crystal at zero temperature. While conventional materials deform or fracture at sample-wide stresses far below the ideal strength, rapid development of nanotechnology has brought about a need to understand ultra-strength phenomena, as nanoscale materials apparently have a larger dynamic range of sustainable stress (“strength”) than conventional materials. Ultra-strength phenomena not only have to do with the shape stability and deformation kinetics of a component, but also the tuning of its physical and chemical properties by stress. Reaching ultra-strength enables “elastic strain engineering”, where by controlling the elastic strain field one achieves desired electronic, magnetic, optical, phononic, catalytic, etc. properties in the component, imparting a new meaning to Feynman’s statement “there’s plenty of room at the bottom”. This article presents an overview of the principal deformation mechanisms of ultra-strength materials. The fundamental defect processes that initiate and sustain plastic flow and fracture are described, and the mechanics and physics of both displacive and diffusive mechanisms are reviewed. The effects of temperature, strain rate and sample size are discussed. Important unresolved issues are identified.
The first “crowned” expanded porphyrin

Abstract The synthesis of a cyclophane containing both a crown ether and an expanded porphyrin, sapphyrin, is described. This system acts as a receptor for the concurrent complexation of both anionic and cationic substrates.
From bench to bedside with advanced confocal microendoscope

Confocal microscopy is an indispensable tool for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging in both intravital and clinical settings. Because of its optical sectioning property achieved from its optical pinhole, it allows serial image stacking of each focus image plane to re-create volumetric imaging. Conventional single-axis confocal (SAC) microscopes have a tradeoff between resolution, field of view (FOV), and objective lens size, since a high numerical aperture (NA) lens is needed for sufficient resolution, and a long focal length is needed for a large FOV and working distance (WD). A dual-axes confocal (DAC) microscope architecture has been proposed utilizing two overlapping low NA beams, which effectively decouples these tradeoffs [1]. The DAC microscope offers several advantages over the SAC design. First, the higher NA required by the SAC design implies a smaller WD and smaller FOV. In contrast, the DAC design has a long WD, providing room for a postobjective MEMS scanner. Second, in the SAC design, the transverse resolution is substantially better than the axial resolution, while the DAC design provides balanced resolutions in all spatial dimensions. Third, the DAC design has superior optical sectioning because light scattered along the illumination path outside the focal volume couples to the output spatial filter with very low efficiency, enhancing both detection sensitivity and dynamic range. Previously, MEMS-scanner-based DAC microscopes have been demonstrated in a tabletop setup [2], and then in the first miniaturized proto-type system on a V-block with 1300- and 488-nm-wavelength, respectively [3, 4].
WE‐D‐220‐06: Sono‐Contrast Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Clinical Study Results

Purpose: to demonstrate the effectiveness of a non‐invasive multimodal sono‐contrast spectroscopy system in breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: This multimodal spectroscopy system combines three modules: diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), ultrasonography and low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). This multimodal system reports the optical functional difference in breast cancer and in normal tissue/benign lesion after transient LIFU stimulation of the vascular network. An IRB‐approved clinical study has been carried out to evaluate its diagnostic power. Currently 33 patients were enrolled with informed consent, grouped into histologically‐proven cancer, benign mass, and breast tissue, respectively. The ratio of intensities at wavelengths 685nm and 830nm was decomposed into low frequency and high frequency components using wavelet technique. Results: Comparison of the high‐frequency component showed that LIFU stimulated transitory fluctuation in non‐cancer tissue, but not in malignant tissue, as quantified in terms of the variance. The ratios of the variance during LIFU vs. baseline in cancer, benign and breast tissue are [mean (max/min/std)] 1.18 (2.04/0.60/0.45), 2.22 (2.74/1.51/0.54) and 3.21 (6.64/1.20/1.27), respectively. This suggests that the high‐frequency fluctuation was amplified in non‐cancer tissue during LIFU stimulation. Statistical analysis also reveals that these ratios of variance induced by LIFU are significantly different in cancer vs. non‐cancer (p=0.0007), and cancer vs. benign tissue (p=0.006). So far it has not suggested significant difference in benign vs. breast tissue (p=0.06). Conclusions: Current clinical results demonstrate the potential of the multimodal system in characterizing cancer vs. non‐cancer tissues. LIFU appears to exert more pronounced influence on blood flow in non‐cancer tissue than in breast cancer. This lack of response to LIFU in breast cancer is possibly due to its abnormal blood vasculature. The clinical study is ongoing to further assessing correlating factors, such as histological tissue types, hormone status (age), breast density, and to define the sensitivity and specificity of this promising technique. This work is supported by National Cancer Institute grant R33‐CA107860.
Localized deformation modes and non-Schmid effects in crystalline solids. Part I. Critical conditions of localization

Abstract A general strain rate independent crystallographic slip theory which incorporates non-Schmid effects, is presented. This constitutive law is a rate independent isothermal idealization of the theory developed by Dao and Asaro (1993). The non-Schmid factors are estimated for Ni3A1 as well as for some simple metals. A general method to study the bifurcation modes for the general three-dimensional multiple slip geometry is described. Three-dimensional bifurcation analyses for single slip mode as well as multiple slip mode are presented. With moderate non-Schmid effects, coarse slip bands (CSB) are found possible in single slip modes as well as multiple slip modes, where critical localization criteria may be satisfied with significant strain hardening. Non-symmetric multiple slip geometries are examined and the bifurcation results show that shear bands close to the conjugate slip system are often more favored. Non-Schmid effects, elastic anisotropy and stress state may have important influences on the critical localization conditions. A mechanism for the transition from coarse slip bands to macroscopic shear bands (MSB) is suggested. The predictions of the theory are compared with existing experimental observations and good agreement is obtained for both the coarse slip bands and macroscopic shear bands.
Characterizations of spaces by embeddings in βX

Abstract In this paper we obtain characterizations of metrizable spaces, paracompact M -spaces, Moore spaces and semimetrizable spaces in terms of the way those spaces are embedded in their Stone-Cech compactification. In addition, we give an internal characterization of paracompact M -spaces which we use in the proof of the embedding characterization.
Measurement of pore size distribution in a lamellar Bt horizon using epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis

Abstract A staining technique suitable for epifluorescence microscopy of polished block surfaces was developed using proprietary dyes (Sanford Co.). The dyes greatly enhanced the contrast between particles and pores, thereby allowing, with only minimal processing, the production of images suitable for automated pore and particle size measurements. An algorithm, the “multi-directional minimum chord” (MDMC) method, was developed for measurement of pore size as it relates to the hydraulic properties of soils. Pore chord lengths were measured in two or more directions through a set of points on a grid. The smallest dimension was retained as being most representative of the effective capillary diameter, or hydraulic diameter, of the pore. Chord length distributions measured by the MDMC method were compared to those obtained by the unidirectional chord intercept method. These techniques were applied to a study of lamellar Bt horizon formation in sandy glacial outwash in the Anoka Sand Plain, Minnesota, U.S.A. The lamellae are nearly horizontal, occur from 0.6 to > 2 m depth, and vary in thickness from 0.5 to 6 cm. It was hypothesized that differences in pore size distribution initially present in the sands caused changes in soil hydraulic properties that may have been responsible for the initial formation of lamellae. Undisturbed samples containing lamellae and the underlying interlamellar horizons were collected using Kubiena boxes, oven-dried at low temperature, cast in resin, sawed in half, polished, and stained. Digitized images of lamellae and the uppermost part of the interlamellar horizons were taken using epifluorescence microscopy and then edited to remove clays to simulate conditions present before the formation of the lamellae. Pore and particle size distributions measured on the images by the MDMC method showed that significant differences existed between the lamellae and the uppermost part of the underlying interlamellar horizons. In all cases a coarser over finer pore size discontinuity existed at the bottom of the lamellar horizon, in support of the proposed mechanism for the initiation of lamellae formation.
Periodontosis in sibs

Periodontosis is an idiopathic degeneration of the periodontium which results in migration and loss of teeth. The disease begins in the regions of the incisors and first molars. Late in the disease, other areas of the dental arches may be involved. The gingivae are not initially inflamed, and there are no associated systemic abnormalities. Local irritants cannot account for the marked alveolar destruction which leads to the tooth loss. Several heritable syndromes and periodontitis also may be associated with alveolar bone destruction. Periodontosis can be differentiated each of these on the basis of negative laboratory tests, lack of associated anomalies, distinctive pattern of bone loss and timing of onset of gingival inflammation. A family in which periodontosis was present in three of six sibs and in which ichthyosis was segregating independently of periodontosis is reported.
NEW RESULTS FROM CLEO III AND CLEO-c

We discuss recent results from the CLEO III and CLEO-c collaborations, with a focus on strong interaction dynamics. We also include some discussion of future plans.
Effects of microstructure on high strain rate deformation and flow behaviour of Al–Mg–Si alloy (AA 6061) under uniaxial compression and combined compression and shear loading

AbstractIn the present study, high strain rate deformation and flow characteristics of AA 6061 were investigated under dynamic uniaxial compression and combined compression and shear loading conditions. The uniaxial compressive behaviour was obtained at strain rates in the range of 102–104 s−1 using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB); ultrahigh strain rate plate impact compression and shear experiments were conducted to investigate the material behaviour at plastic strain rates in excess of 104 s−1. In order to understand the effect of material microstructure on the mechanical behaviour of the AA 6061 alloy, both the T6 and overaged (OA) heat treatments were investigated. The results of the SHPB experiments indicate that the two heat treatments show positive strain rate sensitivity at strain rates up to 4660 s−1. However, at strain rates in excess of 4660 s−1, Al6061-T6 exhibits a somewhat negative strain rate sensitivity. Estimates for temperature rise, assuming that all the plastic work is converted ...
INTENSITY: a computer program for the estimation of secondary beam intensities from a projectile fragment separator

Abstract Radioactive ion beams are rapidly becoming an important new tool in nuclear science research. A number of facilities have been built or are under construction worldwide which will allow separation of relatively pure radioactive ion beams. A number of these facilities, including LISE at GANIL, RIPS at RIKEN, the FRS at GSI, and the A1200 at the NSCL, are based on the separation of projectile-like fragments using a doubly achromatic system. As part of the work leading up to experiments using the A1200, we have developed a computer code which allows fast, interactive estimation of secondary ion beam intensities and purities for use in the design and interpretation of experiments. The code has been designed to model and doubly achromatic device of design similar to the A1200 by using an idealized initial secondary beam from a production target. The various atomic effects involving the interaction of ion beams with targets and degraders, including the equilibrium charge states of beams leaving these materials, have been analyzed in detail and incorporated into the program. An analytical description of the beam transport system using first order beam optics has been developed. A comparison between the program and various other simulation methods as well as measured production rates have shown good agreement.
Quantifying the benefits associated with the use of alternative marketing arrangements by US farmers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to quantify the benefits to farmers from using alternative marketing arrangements (AMAs) in the USA. The authors first estimate a behavioral model explaining farmers' joint decisions on which commodities to produce and which marketing channels to use when selling their outputs. The authors then use the estimated model to quantify the benefits to farmers from using AMAs. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the discrete choice random utility maximization model to examine farmers' choices on production regimes, where a regime is defined as a possible combination of all the individual commodity/marketing arrangement channels that the farmer can choose to use. The farmer is assumed to compare the utilities he gets from each of the possible production regimes and then selects the production regime that yields the highest utility to him. The benefit of having access to a particular AMA is measured as the negative of the welfare loss associated with forcing the far...
A STATUS REPORT ON PRESTRESSED-CONCRETE REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY

Abstract The evolution of concrete pressure vessel design is traced in this report, and a summary of the current applications of prestressed concrete for reactor pressure vessels is presented. Important design considerations and methods for design evaluation are discussed. It is concluded that a basis for design compatible with the ACI and ASME pressure vessel codes is evolving, but the maximum pressure limits for which prestressed concrete can be used are yet to be established.
Hydroacoustic and spatial analysis of sediment fluxes and accumulation rates in two Virginia reservoirs, USA

Watershed sediment fluxes and reservoir sediment accumulation rates were analyzed in two contrasting reservoir systems in central and western Virginia. Lake Pelham, located in the Piedmont geologic province, is a human-impacted reservoir with a watershed dominated by agricultural, residential and industrial land uses. Conversely, Lake Moomaw has a largely undeveloped watershed characterized by very steep slopes and forested land use located in the Valley and Ridge province. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and sediment delivery ratios (SDRs) were used to estimate soil losses in the two watersheds. Bathymetric and sediment accumulation surveys of the two reservoirs were also conducted using a multi-frequency hydroacoustic surveying system. The RUSLE/SDR erosion model estimates 2150 kg ha−1 year−1 for Lake Pelham and 2720 kg ha−1 year−1 for Lake Moomaw, a 410 and 13 % increase from assumed pristine (100 % forested) land use for the respective basins. Mean sediment accumulation rates of 1.51 and 0.60 cm year−1 were estimated from the hydroacoustic survey of Lake Pelham and Lake Moomaw, respectively. Overall, Lake Moomaw has relatively low sediment accumulation rates; however, the reservoir is vulnerable to increases in sediment fluxes with further human development due to the steep slopes and highly erodible colluvial soils that characterize the basin. Higher erosion and sediment accumulation rates in Lake Pelham are most likely reflecting the impact of human development on sedimentation processes, where the loss of vegetal buffers and increase in impervious surfaces exacerbates both the surficial soil losses as well as intrinsic stream sediment production leading to the current annual reservoir capacity loss of 0.4 %.
Force Response of Single Living Cells Due to Localized Deformation (Invited Talk)

We present a method for measuring the mechanical response of a single cell in-situ when local deformation is applied at an adhesion site(s) by a functionalized MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) force sensor with pN – nN force resolution, and with force and displacement ranges of 100s of nNs and μms. The force sensor is a micro mechanical cantilever beam made of single crystal silicon (SCS), coated by a thin layer of Fibronectin, an extra cellular matrix (ECM) protein, to activate cell adhesion. The end of the beam is brought in contact with a cell to form the adhesion site(s). The cantilever is then moved away from the cell to locally deform it. The force on the cell is measured from the deformation of the cantilever until the adhesion sites fails. We demonstrate the method by deforming several endothelial and fibroblast cells. Force response of the fibroblast cell shows linear behavior.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Statistical Evaluation of Climate Experiments with General Circulation Models: A Parametric Time Series Modeling Approach

Abstract A procedure for making statistical inferences about differences between population means from the output of general circulation model (GCM) climate experiments is presented. A parametric time series modeling approach is taken, yielding a potentially mere powerful technique for detecting climatic change than the simpler schemes used heretofore. The application of this procedure is demonstrated through the use of GCM control data to estimate the variance of winter and summer time averages of daily mean surface air temperature. The test application provides estimates of the magnitude of climatic change that the procedure should be able to detect. A related result of the analysis is that autoregressive processes of higher than first order are needed to adequately model the majority of the GCM time series considered.
A finite dimensional nonlinear observer for an exothermic stirred-tank reactor

Abstract A finite dimensional nonlinear observer is constructed to provide an exponentially convergent estimate of reactant concentration from temperature measurements in an exothermic stirred-tank reactor with a single, first-order, irreversible reaction. The observer is suitable for batch or continuous reactor operation when the reactor is subject to measured time-varying feed an coolant temperature fluctuations. The construction of a nonlinear observer for this process is an unexpected result due to the very narrow class of nonlinear systems for which such observers are known to exist. The paper presents explicit formulae for the observer. The required nonlinear observer gains are obtained by straightforward numerical quadratures. Preliminary simulation results demonstrate the utility of the observer in implementing nonlinear state feedback control. Extension to other reaction systems or to the case of unmeasured time-varying feed concentration will require additional theoretical development.
Recurrent osteosarcoma with a single pulmonary metastasis: a multi-institutional review.

Late relapse and solitary lesion are positive prognostic factors in recurrent osteosarcoma. We reviewed the records of 39 patients treated at three major centres for recurrent osteosarcoma with a single pulmonary metastasis more than 1 year after diagnosis. We analysed their outcomes with respect to clinical factors and treatment with chemotherapy. Median age at diagnosis was 14.6 years. Relapse occurred at a median of 2.5 years (range, 1.2–8.2 years) after initial diagnosis. At relapse, all patients were treated by metastasectomy; 12 (31%) patients also received chemotherapy. There was no difference in time to recurrence or nodule size between the patients who received or did not receive chemotherapy at relapse. Sixteen patients had no subsequent recurrence, 13 of whom survive without evidence of disease. The 5-year and 10-year estimates of post-relapse event-free survival (PREFS) were 33.0±7.5% and 33.0±9.6%, respectively, and of post-relapse survival (PRS) 56.8±8.6% and 53.0±11.0%, respectively. There was a trend for nodules <1.5 cm to correlate positively with PREFS (P=0.070) but not PRS (P=0.49). Chemotherapy at first relapse was not associated with PREFS or PRS. Approximately half of the patients with recurrent osteosarcoma presenting as a single pulmonary metastasis more than 1 year after diagnosis were long-term survivors. Metastasectomy was the primary treatment; chemotherapy did not add benefit.
The preparation and crystal structure of the dioxygen adduct of bis(diphenylethylphosphine)chlorocarbonyl iridium(I)

Abstract The synthesis of the titled compound has been accomplished, its infrared vibrational spectra measured and the crystal structure determined. The OO, CO, and IrCl stretching frequencies were found to be 848, 1997 and 293 cm−1, respectively. The OO distance was found from the crystal structure analysis to be 1.469(10) A. These data are in agreement with quadrupole resonance data that indicate this compound and those closely related must be viewed as peroxo-metal species and not molecular oxygen bound to metal. The crystal structure consists of isolated O2IrCOCl[P(C6H5)2C2H5]2 molecules separated by ordinary van der Waals distances. The molecule is most simply described as a trigonal bipyramid with the O2-center, CO and Cl moieties defining the equatorial plane. As expected the O22− is bound to the Ir side on. The metaloxygen(2), metalphosphorous(2), metalchlorine and metalcarbon distances are: 2.033(7), 2.083(7), 2.363(3), 2.363(3), 2.356(3) and 1.900(12) A, respectively. The O distance is 1.469(10) A. Crystallographic Data: Monoclinic P21/a; a = 14.772(2), b = 19.604(4), c = 9.929(1) A and β = 101.02(4)°; Z = 4; Dobs = Dcalc = 1.67 gcm−3; 3306 non-zero hkl reflections were corrected for absorption and decay and used to solve and refine the structure by full matrix least-squares to a final R of 0.0431.
Status of adolescent pelvic inflammatory disease management in the United States.

Purpose of review Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common and serious reproductive health disorder and disease rates remain unacceptably high among adolescent girls and young adult women in the United States. Despite data demonstrating that women experience major adverse health outcomes after PID, national recommendations for management of adolescents have become increasingly less cautious in an era of cost-containment. In this review, we take an alternative look at published data on adolescents with PID to frame the next steps for optimizing management for this vulnerable population. Recent findings Several findings emerge from review of the literature. First, there is limited evidence to guide the best practice strategies for adolescents with PID due to low enrolment of early and middle adolescents in national trials. Second, adolescents and adult women in the United States receive suboptimal treatment regimens per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards. Third, available evidence suggests that adolescents are at an increased risk for poor adherence to CDC recommendations for self-care, reacquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and PID, and subsequent adverse reproductive health outcomes. Summary Efforts to develop and integrate adolescent-focused, evidence-based strategies for PID management and prevention of subsequent STIs and recurrent PID are warranted.
Creating new restriction sites by silent changes in coding sequences

Abstract We present methods for identifying a useful type of DNA site — one that can be mutated to create a new restriction site within a coding region without changing the amino acid sequence. These “latent sites” are abundant — silent mutations creating one of 44 different 6-bp or 8-bp recognition sites were found at relatively high density, roughly one latent site per 9 bp, in the eleven genes tested. Our analysis suggests that site-directed mutagenesis can be used to refashion coding sequences at will for flexible analysis.
Brief communication: banking (on) different forms of symbolic capital

The accrual of symbolic capital is an important aspect of academic life. Successful capital formation is commonly signified by the trappings of scholarly distinction or acknowledged status as a public intellectual. We consider and compare three potential indices of symbolic capital: citation counts, Web hits, and media mentions. Our findings, which are domain specific, suggest that public intellectuals are notable by their absence within the information studies community.
Coupled Plastic Wave Propagation and Column Buckling

The plastic buckling of columns is explored in a regime where plastic wave propagation and lateral buckling are nonlinearly coupled. Underlying the work is the motivation to understand and quantify the dynamic crushing resistance of truss cores of all-metal sandwich plates where each truss member is a clamped column. Members are typically fairly stocky such that they buckle plastically and their load carrying capacity decreases gradually as they buckle, even at slow loading rates. In the range of elevated loading rates of interest here, the columns are significantly stabilized by lateral inertia, resisting lateral motion and delaying buckling and loss of load carrying capacity to relatively large overall plastic strains. The time scale associated with dynamic axial behavior, wherein deformation spreads along the column as a plastic wave, is comparable to the time scale associated with lateral buckling such that the two phenomena are coupled. Several relevant problems are analyzed using a combination of analytical and numerical procedures. Material strain-rate dependence is also taken into account. Detailed finite element analyses are performed for axially loaded columns with initial imperfections, as well as for inclined columns in a truss core of a sandwich plate, with the aim of determining the resistance of the column to deformation as dependent on the loading rate and the relevant material and geometric parameters. In the range of loading rates of interest, dynamic effects result in substantial increases in the reaction forces exerted by core members on the faces of the sandwich plate with significant elevation in energy absorption. DOI: 10.1115/1.1825437
Ultracold three-body collisions and the role of the Efimov effect

We present a brief overview of our recent work to understand the near-threshold behavior of ultracold three-body collisions. In particular, we have used the adiabatic hyperspherical representation of the problem to group all cases into two classes that can then be treated by relatively simple methods. In this manner we are able to derive the scattering length, energy, and mass scaling of all ultracold processes for all combinations of identical particles.