cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hydraulic Model for Multiple-Bay-Inlet Systems on Barrier Islands

In this study, we apply the traditional hydraulic engineering approach to model an inter-connected multiple-bay-inlet system that can represent the Great South Bay-Moriches Bay system on Long Island, New York. We show that the hydraulic model captures the essential physics of the system, despite its apparent simplicity in mathematical expressions. The model gives good estimates of bay tidal transmissions, including the tidal ranges, phase lags, and the flood-ebb asymmetry behavior in Moriches Bay. The hydraulic modeling results compare well with the simulations from a 3D coastal ocean circulation model, in particular the changes in bay tides due to the breach of Old Inlet by Hurricane Sandy. The modeled inlet discharge rates are in good agreement with the observations.
Board structure of immigrant-founder firms

Abstract Using a sample consisting of 1212 firm-year observations made up of Fortune 500 firms and their matching firms from 1997 to 2013, we investigate both the corporate governance structures of firms with at least one founder who migrated to the United States and motivation for such migrants to set up businesses in the United States instead of their native countries. We find the boards of firms with at least one immigrant founder to have statistically meaningful differences from boards of firms without any immigrant founder. Such boards tend to be both smaller and more independent and are more likely to be headed by chairmen who are not Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). We also find strong evidence that migrants are more likely to establish businesses in the United States the lower their home countries score on political stability, rule of law, control of corruption and accountability public institutions as measured by the World Bank’s World Governance Indicators (WGI).
Inhibition of Retrograde Transport Limits Polyomavirus Infection In Vivo

Polyomaviruses (PyVs) silently infect most humans, but they can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) induces progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a severe demyelinating disease in multiple sclerosis patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy, and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy is a major cause of kidney allograft failure. No effective anti-PyV agents are available. Several compounds have been reported to possess anti-PyV activity in vitro, but none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Productive PyV infection involves usurping the cellular retrograde vesicular transport pathway to enable endocytosed virions to navigate to the endoplasmic reticulum where virion uncoating begins. Compounds inhibiting this pathway have been shown to reduce infection by simian virus 40 (SV40), JCPyV, and BKPyV in tissue culture. In this study, we investigated the potential of Retro-2.1, a retrograde transport inhibitor, to limit infection by mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in vivo. We found that Retro-2.1 significantly reduced MuPyV levels in the kidney during acute infection without affecting renal function or the MuPyV-specific CD8 T cell response. To approximate the clinical setting of PyV resurgence in immunocompromised hosts, we showed that antibody-mediated depletion of T cells in persistently infected mice elevated MuPyV levels in the kidney and that Retro-2.1 blunted this increase in virus levels. In summary, these data indicate that inhibition of retrograde vesicular transport in vivo controls infection in a natural PyV mouse model and supports development of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents for individuals at risk for human PyV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE PyVs can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. No clinically efficacious anti-PyV therapeutic agents are available. A recently identified inhibitor of retrograde transport, Retro-2cycl, blocks movement of PyV virion-containing vesicles from early endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, an early step in the PyV life cycle. Retro-2cycl and its derivatives have been shown to inhibit infection by human PyVs in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that a derivative of Retro-2cycl, Retro-2.1, reduces infection by MuPyV in the kidneys of acutely infected mice. Mimicking the common clinical scenario of PyV resurgence, we further show that MuPyV levels increase in the kidneys of immunocompromised, persistently infected mice and that this increase is inhibited by Retro-2.1. These data provide the first evidence for control of a natural PyV infection in vivo by administration of an inhibitor of retrograde transport.
Chemotherapy is administered to a minority of hospitalized patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and is associated with less likelihood of death during hospitalization

Abstract Background While treatment of DLBCL is largely outpatient, some patients require planned or unplanned admissions for chemotherapy, new diagnosis, relapse, or toxicity. We examined risk factors for receipt of inpatient chemotherapy and death during hospitalization. Methods We analyzed data from the 2012–2013 HCUP-NIS. We identified patient and hospital characteristics that were associated with chemotherapy administration and death. Results Chemotherapy was given in 3260/11,150 (29.2%) of hospitalizations. Younger age, urban teaching hospitals, fewer chronic conditions, male sex, non-Medicare insurance, and “less likelihood of dying” were associated with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy portended lower odds of death; older age and longer hospitalizations were associated with increased odds of death. Conclusion We identified socio-demographics and clinical characteristics associated with inpatient chemotherapy in DLBCL patients. Chemotherapy is associated with lower odds of death during hospitalization, suggesting that most chemotherapy is given appropriately to non-critically ill patients. Clinical acuity is a stronger predictor of death than socio-demographics.
Methodological Developments in Family Communication Studies

The growing body of literature on family interaction reports recent and challenging approaches to the study of human communication as primary data
Compartment resolved proteomics reveals a dynamic matrisome in a biomechanically driven model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a severe fibrotic component that compromises treatment, alters the immune cell profile and contributes to patient mortality. It has been shown that early on in this process, dynamic changes in tissue biomechanics play an integral role in supporting pancreatic cancer development and progression. Despite the acknowledgement of its importance, a granular view of how stromal composition changes during the course of PDAC progression remains largely unknown. To mimic the quasi-mesenchymal phenotype and pronounced desmoplastic response observed clinically, we utilized a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC that is driven by a KrasG12D mutation and loss of Tgfbr2 expression. Application of compartment resolved proteomics revealed that PDAC progression in this KTC model is associated with dynamic stromal alterations that are indicative of a wound healing program. We identified an early provisional matricellular fibrosis that was accompanied by markers of macrophage activation and infiltration, consistent with the inflammatory phase of wound healing. At 20 weeks a proliferative phenotype was observed with increased fibroblast markers, further collagen deposition and loss of basement membrane and native cell markers.
Congenital aqueduct stenosis: Progressive brain findings in utero to birth in the presence of severe hydrocephalus.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of progressive hydrocephalus on the developing brain in a cohort of fetuses diagnosed with congenital aqueduct stenosis by comparing prenatal magnetic resonance imaging and postnatal imaging. Methods This IRB approved single center retrospective review of prenatally diagnosed children with congenital aqueduct stenosis interrogated changes in the brain between prenatal and postnatal imaging and analyzed statistics using SAS software package version 9.3. Results Thirty fetuses imaged at a mean gestational age of 26 weeks had aqueduct obstruction confirmed by postnatal imaging. Progressive hydrocephalus required shunting in all but one patient (97%). Those patients with increasing hydrocephalus showed increase in ventricular rupture (60%), loss of septal leaflets (47%), and reduction in white matter and corpus callosum volume (43%). Cerebellar ectopia developed in 27% with 6% meeting the criteria for Chiari I malformation. Conclusion Hydrocephalus in the fetus results in enlarging ventricular rupture, loss of the septum pellucidum leaflets, volume reduction of brain parenchyma including corpus callosum, and risk for Chiari I anomaly. Given advances in fetal surgery and imaging in the last 3 decades, there may be cause to revisit the idea of in utero cerebral spinal fluid diversion as a means to potentially ameliorate progressive loss of the developing brain.
Scaling and Optimization for List-Matching

The list-matching problem is concerned with assigning N agents to N tasks in such a way that each task is assinged to precisely one agent. With each assignment σ there is associated the cost C 1(σ) of performing the tasks. The goal is to choose σ which minimizes the cost. As N increases the problem becomes increasingly complex. The time required to solve it grows polynomially with N. The situation is quite similar to the one in the travelling salesman problem (TSP), although the time required to solve the TSP grows exponentially with N; the TSP is NP-complete. This complexity has motivated Hopfield and Tank [1] to devise a neural network computational approach to the TSP.
What should forgiveness mean

Most people find anger more difficult to control than sadness, anxiety, or any other emotion.1 This inability creates unfortunate and sometimes tragic consequences. In individuals, uncontrolled anger can end in battery, rape, and murder. In societies, uncontrolled anger can end in international conflict, ethnic cleansing, and war. In at least some contexts, therefore, it is very important that we be able to control our anger. Moral agents who develop virtues such as compassion, gratitude, and patience may have an easier time doing this, but arguably the most important virtue for controlling anger is forgiveness. A forgiving individual is able to let go of anger once it arises. What else “forgiveness” might mean, however, is a matter of dispute. Contemporary philosophers argue that forgiveness is only possible when an agent does not forget, when he has been responsibly wronged, and when he has the appropriate motivation. As we will see, however, this understanding of “forgiveness” can undermine our attempts to defuse problematic anger. We could use this finding to argue that forgiveness is a vice, but it would be more plausible for us to accept an alternative understanding of “forgiveness.” Some Buddhists depict forgiveness as merely letting go of anger. Individuals will do a better job of controlling problematic anger when they employ this understanding of “forgiveness” than when they employ the contemporary philosophical analysis. As a result it is what we should mean by “forgiveness.”
Face Recognition and its Application

Face recognition has long been a goal of computer vision, but only in recent years reliable automated face recognition has become a realistic target of biometrics research. New algorithms, and developments spurred by falling costs of cameras and by the increasing availability processing power have led to practical face recognition systems. These systems are increasingly being deployed in a wide range of practical applications, and future improvements promise to spread the use of face recognition further still. In this chapter, we review the field of face recognition, analysing its strengths and weaknesses and describe the applications where the technology is currently being deployed and where it shows future potential. We describe the IBM face recognition system and some of its application domains.
Determinants of ex-combatants’ attitudes toward transitional justice in Colombia:

This article draws on original survey data of 10,951 Colombian ex-paramilitaries to study the determinants of victimizers’ support for transitional justice. Understanding ex-combatants’ attitudes t...
Milk Protein Concentration Using Negatively Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes

In this work, milk protein concentrate (MPC) was made using wide-pore negatively charged ultrafiltration membranes. The charged membranes were used for a six-fold volume concentration of skim milk and subsequent diafiltration to mimic the industrial MPC process. The charged 100 kDa membranes had at least a four-fold higher permeate flux at the same protein recovery as unmodified 30 kDa membranes, which are currently used in the dairy industry to make MPC. By placing a negative charge on the surface of an ultrafiltration membrane, the negatively charged proteins were rejected by electrostatic repulsion and not simply size-based sieving. Mass balance models of concentration and diafiltration were developed and the calculations matched the experimental observations. This is the first study to use wide-pore charged tangential-flow membranes for MPC manufacturing. Additionally, a unique mass balance model was applied, which accurately predicted experimental results.
Evolution of Thrombectomy Approaches, Philosophy, and Devices for Acute Stroke

Prior to 2015, intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was the only FDA-approved treatment modality for acute ischemic stroke, although many patients who did not meet the criteria for intravenous tPA were offered intra-arterial therapy. Rapid advances in devices and approaches have propelled the evolution of thrombectomy over the past decade from rudimentary mechanical disruption, followed by intra-arterial thrombolytic infusions to increasingly effective thrombectomy devices. We now have level IA evidence supporting mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in patients with a large vessel occlusion. We review the critical advancements in thrombectomy technique that have evolved and the key anatomic and technical challenges they address, from first-generation Merci retrieval systems to second-generation Penumbra aspiration systems and third-generation stent retrievers, as well as nuances of their uses to maximize their effectiveness. We also highlight more recent advances that offer patients hope for more expedient vessel recanalization.
How have recent health insurance expansions affected coverage among artist occupations in the USA

Most US workers receive their health insurance through employers due to its favorable tax treatment, improved bargaining power, and reduced adverse selection concerns. This institutional structure, however, favors large employers and full-time workers; thus, not all segments of the workforce enjoy the benefits of this system. Artists are especially disadvantaged relative to other sectors in the employment-based health insurance system as they tend to be self-employed workers and/or work on contractual bases. Theory suggests that the Affordable Care Act (ACA), by expanding options for health insurance to those without offers from employers, should represent an improvement, particularly for occupations that favor independent work, such as artists. We use large-scale survey data that identifies occupations and contains sufficient numbers of artists to study the impact of the ACA on the health insurance of these workers. We find that the 2010 Young Adult mandate of the ACA increases employment-related health insurance by 10.7 percentage points (ppts) (and any coverage by 6.6 ppts) for 21–25 year-old artists and that the Medicaid coverage rate of artists below the poverty level increases by 12.4 ppts (although its effects on any coverage are statistically imprecise) due to the state Medicaid expansion component of the ACA in 2014. Both these effects are significantly larger than for other workers. Our results thus indicate that recent health reforms have important and larger effects on artist occupations than other worker populations.
Hydrogel-actuated carbon fiber neural probe

Passivation of neural probe electrodes due to glial scarring is thought to limit the longevity of chronic implants. We present proof of concept for a neural probe insertion method designed to minimize gliosis near the targeted recording site. This method provides passive water-triggered actuation to individual carbon fibers via expansion of a hydrogel. To avoid physical interconnection, the probe is actuated through a micron-scale aperture with a very high leakage resistance to the extracellular fluid; this allows for electrical recordings without direct electrical contact to the fiber. This method is designed to deliver recording electrodes beyond the region of scar tissue formation as well as decrease adverse biological reactions at the electrode. The mechanical utility of the device is demonstrated by penetrating agarose, and the effective electrode impedance is characterized. This technique can provide a platform to improve the lifetime of high-density neural implants.
Higher-order simulation of impressed current cathodic protection systems

Abstract In this paper, a surface integral equation formulation for the prediction of corrosion-related electrostatic fields of conducting structures in an electrolyte is presented. The integral equation is discretized using the Locally Corrected Nystrom method. An iterative technique based on the Newton-Raphson method is described for use with nonlinear boundary conditions, and a Schur complement method is discussed to help improve the nonlinear solution efficiency. An image plane method is applied when an appropriate planar electrolyte-insulating bounding surface is present. The methods are validated by analysis of a canonical problem with analytic solution and by comparison to literature data. Higher-order solution convergence is observed for the canonical problem results.
Group a Streptococcal Bacteremia in Three Young Siblings: The Importance of Caring for Family Members of All Ages in Cases of Invasive Group a Streptococcal Disease

Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections carry a high mortality burden; and household contacts of patients with such infections are at increased risk for disease when compared to the general population. In order to prevent the spread of disease among close contacts, it is necessary to provide care to both children and adult family members of patients with invasive GAS infection. A 2-year-old boy presented to the emergency room with a fever and a rash. Importantly, the patient’s 3-year-old sister had passed away at home one day before with similar …
Decolonising the Orgasm: Caste, Whiteness and Knowledge Production at the ‘End of Empire’

The three-cornered nature of decolonisation—the decline of European power, the culmination of US hegemony, and the immediate appropriation of the new nation by a post-colonial elite—was foundationa...
An Efficient Physically Adjusted Central Euler Solver

A simple, accurate and yet robust central solver for Euler’s equation is presented with flow physics adjusted wave speeds for fixing the numerical coefficient of diffusion. With the baseline central solver as the local Lax–Friedrichs (LLF, originally Rusanov solver) method, the numerical diffusion is fixed with the adjustment of wave speeds based on relevant physical considerations for each of the waves: shock waves, contact discontinuities and also for smooth flows. For smooth flows, the predominant one of the relevant wave speeds between the fluid velocity and sound speed is used for the coefficient of diffusion. For shock waves an analytical expression for the shock speed is used, while for contact discontinuities a unique scalar dissipation coefficient based on applying the LLF condition to each of the conservation laws is used for the coefficient of numerical diffusion. This new physically adjusted central Euler (PACE) solver captures the grid-aligned steady contact discontinuities and shock waves exactly. The accuracy and robustness of the present work is tested on several bench-mark test problems for inviscid compressible fluid flows in one and two dimensions.
Radial sequences and compressed sensing in pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often an ideal imaging modality for children of any age for any anatomy and for many pathologies. MRI sequences can be prescribed to produce high-resolution images of anatomical structures, characterize tissue composition, and detect physiological states and organ function. Shortening imaging sequences in any manner possible has been a topic of research and development in MRI since its emergence. Selection of imaging sequence parameters influences more than just the appearance and signal qualities of the imaged tissues; these details along with spatial encoding and data readout steps determine the time it takes to acquire an image. As each piece of image data is acquired and encoded with spatial and temporal information it is stored in k-space. As k-space is filled, either completely or partially, a diagnostic image or physiological data can be reconstructed. Shortening the length of time required for the readout step by efficiently filling k-space using compressed sensing and radial techniques is the subject of this manuscript.
Laser-induced failure in biased silicon avalanche photodiodes

The characteristics of laser-induced electrical failure in biased silicon avalanche photodiodes have been observed. The samples were RCA reach-through avalanche photodiodes with antireflection coatings. They were biased at typical operating voltages during irradiation. The laser source was a Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at 10 Hz with a 10 ns pulse length and with a 300 μm spot radius. The current-voltage characteristics were monitored for permanent change as a function of laser fluence and the degradation thresholds were found. Two types of change were observed. The first type was a large increase in bulk leakage current. It may be modeled by the introduction of defects into the depletion region by deep melting transients. The second type was catastrophic failure in which the devices were electrically shorted after irradiation. It may be modeled by excessive current density in the photodiode junction. The type of failure was determined by the parameters of the biasing circuit.
Otolaryngology at Baylor University Medical Center.

The nose, the ears, and the throat have played significant symbolic roles in history and have been accorded attention in literature. Genesis 2:7 notes, “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.” The importance of the nose is thus mentioned in the Bible simultaneously with Adam's formation and preceding Eve's appearance during Adam's deep sleep. Is this perhaps an instance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation or perhaps a clearing of Adam's airway? In an Egyptian tomb of the Pharaoh Suhara, dating back to the fifth dynasty (c. 3500 BC), a tablet is dedicated to a physician who was apparently the Pharaoh's medical attendant. Suhara ordered the engraving in gratitude to his doctor because he had “made his nostrils well.” This is interpreted by the translator as signifying “breath of life.” Again, the nostrils are recognized as portals of life. Otologists may perk up their ears when reading Shakespeare's Hamlet, in which the ears are the portal for a poisoning. Hamlet is told by his father's ghost, “Sleeping within my orchard … thy uncle stole, with juice of cursed henebon in a vial, and in the porches of my ears did pour the … distilment” (1). Scholars generally accept henebon as being henbane, or Hyoscyamus. Considered toxic for infants and young children in quite small doses (the extract from 20 seeds of Hyoscyamus niger can be fatal to a child), it is nevertheless used extensively in medicine as scopolamine. Shakespeare seems to have created a clever metaphor, as Hamlet's uncle, Claudius, is a smiling villain whose lies and flattery, like his poison, enter through the ears. As for an early mention of the throat, there is the burning bush episode in the Bible. In response to the mission God gave Moses, to go to Egypt and free the Israelites from bondage, “Moses said unto The Lord … I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue” (literal translation: “heavy of speech and of a heavy tongue”) (Exodus 4:10). Many exegetes view this response as an excuse by Moses to try to escape the mission. Another interpretation, held by many scholars, is that Moses actually suffered from an organic oral or laryngeal problem (2). This latter view is supported by linguistic scholars who point out that in ancient Arabic and Akkadian, “heavy of tongue and mouth” meant something more than just a linguistic difficulty—possibly some structural anomaly. Neither view can be validated in the Bible. The interpretation of Moses' response to God remains unresolved.
Characterization of functional domains of the Vibrio cholerae virulence regulator ToxT.

Summary The toxT gene encodes an AraC family transcriptional activator that is responsible for regulating virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae . Analysis of ToxT by dominant/negative assays and a LexA-based reporter system demonstrated that the N-terminus of the protein contains dimerization determinants, indi- cating that ToxT likely functions as a dimer. Addition- ally, a natural variant of ToxT with only 60% identity in the N-terminus, as well as a mutant form of ToxT with an altered amino acid in the N-terminus (L107F), exhibited altered transcriptional responses to bile, suggesting that the N-terminus is involved in environ- mental sensing. The C-terminus of ToxT functions to bind DNA and requires dimerization for stable binding in vitro , as demonstrated by gel shift analysis. Inter- estingly, a dimerized form of the ToxT C-terminus is able to bind DNA in vitro but is transcriptionally inac- tive in vivo , indicating that the N-terminus contains determinants that are required for transcriptional activation. These results provide a model for a two- domain structure for ToxT, with an N-terminal dimer- ization and environmental sensing domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain; unlike other well- studied AraC family proteins, both domains of ToxT appear to be required for transcriptional activation.
Path to Liberation or Stigma as Social Policy? Same-Sex Marriage and Ironic Freedom

This paper is part of a book-length project on “ironic freedom” (or Lochnerian freedom, for constitutional law specialists.) An ironic freedom critique is a prediction that a de jure liberal reform that increases individuals’ freedom of choice (legalizing abortion, abolishing the draft, etc.) might have the de facto effect of decreasing freedom, as Lochner v. New York (1905) ostensibly protected workers’ right to contract while actually increasing employers’ power over workers. Ironic freedom arguments worry that a “may” might become a “must.” These arguments do not necessarily oppose reform; they may admonish proponents to “reconsider,” “think it through,” “slow down,” or “think about unintended consequences.”The controversy over same-sex marriage has led to predictions that allowing gay couples to marry will create pressure for them to marry. While some conservatives welcome the prospect of “stigma as social policy,” other commentators make ironic freedom arguments. Radicals ask, “Since when is marriage a path to liberation?” Some gay activists suggest that marriage and the traditional nuclear family are ill-suited to homosexual lifestyles. The paper analyzes and evaluates these arguments. I inquire whether, and to what extent, marriage is or has been compulsory for heterosexuals. I examine similar arguments proffered in different contexts: for example, the argument that making celibacy optional for Roman Catholic clergy would lead to their being expected to marry. I suggest that ironic freedom arguments may conflate “must” with “should.” The paper concludes with a discussion of how to reconcile the goals of increasing freedom and preventing coercion.
Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History

"If Freud turns to literature to describe traumatic experience, it is because literature, like psychoanalysis, is interested in the complex relation between knowing and not knowing, and it is at this specific point at which knowing and not knowing intersect that the psychoanalytic theory of traumatic experience and the language of literature meet."-from the Introduction In Unclaimed Experience, Cathy Caruth proposes that in the "widespread and bewildering experience of trauma" in our century-both in its occurrence and in our attempt to understand it-we can recognize the possibility of a history no longer based on simple models of straightforward experience and reference. Through the notion of trauma, she contends, we come to a new understanding that permits history to arise where immediate understanding is impossible. In her wide-ranging discussion, Caruth engages Freud's theory of trauma as outlined in Moses and Monotheism and Beyond the Pleasure Principle; the notion of reference and the figure of the falling body in de Man, Kleist, and Kant; the narratives of personal catastrophe in Hiroshima mon amour; and the traumatic address in Lecompte's reinterpretation of Freud's narrative of the dream of the burning child.
Replication Algorithms for Highly-Available Systems

Some replication algorithms guarantee that all updates are performed in the same order at all replicas. Others only guarantee that updates are executed in causal order; updates that are not causally related may be performed in different orders at different replicas. This paper discusses the conditions under which the two schemes are applicable and describes an algorithm from each class. It also compares the performance of the algorithms and identifies the situations in which one is superior to the other.
A petrologic assessment of internal zonation in granitic pegmatites

Abstract Cameron et al. (1949) devised the nomenclature and delineated the patterns of internal zonation within granitic pegmatites that are in use today. Zonation in pegmatites is manifested both in mineralogy and in fabric (mineral habits and rock texture). Although internal zonation is a conspicuous and distinctive attribute of pegmatites, there has been no thorough effort to explain that mineralogical and textural evolution in relation to the zoning sequence presented by Cameron et al. (1949), or in terms of the comprehensive petrogenesis of pegmatite bodies (pressure, temperature, and whole-rock composition). This overview of internal zonation within granitic pegmatites consists of four principal parts: (1) a historic review of the subject, (2) a summary of the current understanding of the pegmatite-forming environment, (3) the processes that determine mineralogical and textural zonation in pegmatites, and (4) the applications of those processes to each of the major zones of pegmatites. Based on the concepts presented in London (2008), the fundamental determinates of the internal evolution of pegmatite zones are: (1) the bulk composition of melt, (2) the magnitude of liquidus undercooling prior to the onset of crystallization, (3) subsolidus isothermal fractional crystallization, by which eutectic or minimum melts fractionate by sequential, non-eutectic crystallization, (4) constitutional zone refining via the creation of a boundary layer liquid, chemically distinct from but continuous with the bulk melt at the crystallization front, and (5) far-field chemical diffusion, the long-range and coordinated diffusion of ions, particularly of alkalis and alkaline earths, through melt.
Functional variants in CYP1A1 and GSTM1 are associated with clearance of cervical HPV infection.

Objective We evaluated time to clearance of high risk (HR) HPV infection in relation to functional variants in three genes (CYP1A1, GSTT1, and GSTM1).
Studies on the Sound Absorption Properties of Paper Attached to Non-woven Fabric and the Specific Role of the Paper in Sound Absorption

The results discussed in this paper are for a sound-absorption system consisting of para-aramid paper with many small holes and an air permeability of less than 30 cm3⁄(cm2·s), attached to non-woven material with a density of not more than 0.15 g⁄cm3. A combination of non-woven fabric and para-aramid paper with an air permeability of less than 30 cm3⁄(cm2·s) achieved much better sound absorption than glass wool. Although the sound absorption of the paper attached onto the non-woven fabric (RUBA®-SA) is similar to that of the micro-perforated-panel (MPP) sound-absorption system, RUBA®-SA can reduce both of the thickness and the weight of the sound-absorption system. The paper acts as the MPP, while the non-woven fabric plays the role of the air gap at the back of the MPP.
Raman spectroscopy of a hydrated CO2/water composite

Abstract Formation of a sinking carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) hydrate composite has been investigated as an alternative to direct liquid CO 2 injection and pure CO 2 hydrate formation for ocean carbon sequestration. Raman spectroscopy of the CO 2 hydrate composite was also performed to determine the presence of various components in the composite produced by the co-injection of liquid CO 2 and water. This work is focused on the formation and spectroscopy of a semi-solid sinking CO 2 hydrate composite formed using a co-flow injector in 72-liter and 0.45-liter pressurized vessels at pressure and temperature conditions equivalent to approximately 1.3-km depth in the ocean. The Raman wavenumber shifts (Δcm − 1 ) corresponding to CO 2 and water molecules as well as shifts in Raman peak positions due to different CO 2 phases were obtained. The Raman spectra of the composite showed that both liquid and hydrate phases of CO 2 are present. The dissolution rate of CO 2 hydrate composite in water was also studied. An attempt was made to calculate the hydration number for the CO 2 hydrate composite and also the percentage of liquid CO 2 and water loss during formation.
Property taxation and equity: An interstate analysis

The empirical findings discussed here tend to substantiate the original preise that variation in tax burden across states is too significant to be “hidden” in aggregate analysis. The evidence shows that states do not, in fact, possess the same incidence pattern as some aggregate measures might suggest. It has been found instead that due to differences in local tax assignment and the tax instruments used, incidence patterns vary widely. It was also found that the property tax exerts a significant regressive influence in every state.
Modelling of meander migration in an incised channel

Abstract An updated linear computer model for meandering rivers with incision has been developed. The model simulates the bed topography, flow field, and bank erosion rate in an incised meandering channel. In a scenario where the upstream sediment load decreases (e.g., after dam closure or soil conservation), alluvial river experiences cross section deepening and slope flattening. The channel migration rate might be affected in two ways: decreased channel slope and steeped bank height. The proposed numerical model combines the traditional one-dimensional (1D) sediment transport model in simulating the channel erosion and the linear model for channel meandering. A non-equilibrium sediment transport model is used to update the channel bed elevation and gradations. A linear meandering model was used to calculate the channel alignment and bank erosion/accretion, which in turn was used by the 1D sediment transport model. In the 1D sediment transport model, the channel bed elevation and gradations are represented in each channel cross section. In the meandering model, the bed elevation and gradations are stored in two dimensional (2D) cells to represent the channel and terrain properties (elevation and gradation). A new method is proposed to exchange information regarding bed elevations and bed material fractions between 1D river geometry and 2D channel and terrain. The ability of the model is demonstrated using the simulation of the laboratory channel migration of Friedkin in which channel incision occurs at the upstream end.
Diabetic foot ulcer: an evidence-based treatment update.

Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are extremely debilitating and difficult to treat. Multidisciplinary management, patient education, glucose control, debridement, offloading, infection control, and adequate perfusion are the mainstays of standard care endorsed by most practice guidelines. Adjunctive therapies represent new treatment modalities endorsed in recent years, though many lack significant high-powered studies to support their use as standard of care.
Calculation of the bulk electromagnetic properties of thunderclouds using a two-space scattering formalism

A two-space scatterer formalism and equivalent medium approach of Twersky are used to obtain formulae for the bulk electromagnetic parameters of a thundercloud medium that is illuminated by lightning optical emissions. A modified WKB approximation is applied to derive the two-space scattering amplitude. Optical constants of dry air, moist atmosphere, and water,.are inserted into the formulae to generate numerical values via iteration. The two-space scatterer formalism results are close to those obtained from free- or sin-le-space formalisms for the dilute case. The numerical values of the bulk parameters are required to successfully transform the scattering problem to that of an equivalent obstacle excited by an incident wave traveling in K - space but radiating in k(sub 1) -space.
Mycoplasma contamination of chlamydiae isolated from clinical specimens

Ten Chlamydia pneumoniae strains were screened for Mycoplasma contamination using two differently designed Mycoplasma-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The primers of the Mycoplasma-specific PCR designed by Spaepen et al. (9) cross-reacted with all of the C. pneumoniae strains giving false-positive results. When the 10 strains of C. pneumoniae were tested for mycoplasmas with the PCR designed by Harasawa et al. (5), only 3 were positive. Mycoplasmas were cultured from these three C. pneumoniae strains confirming the latter PCR results. The PCR of Harasawa et al. (5) was highly specific for mycoplasmas and did not cross-react with C. pneumoniae. These findings suggest that chlamydiae should be periodically screened for Mycoplasma contamination. Careful attention to primer design is important if PCR is chosen as the screening method.
Michaelis constants for isolated cholinesterase systems

The enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine chloride by human plasma cholinesterase has been studied in detail. Results suggest that at substrate concentrations below 0.01 M, Michaelis-Menten kinetics are followed and enzyme hydrolysis rates are due to a single enzyme component. At higher substrate concentrations, a second enzyme component appears to contribute significantly to the total velocity of the reaction and a Lineweaver-Burk plot yields a hyperbolic-type curve. Apparent Km values were calculated for the two components. The autohydrolysis rate for acetylcholine chloride at 26° was determined.
A side-by-side comparison of sampling methods for settled, indoor allergens.

Abstract Exposure to indoor allergens is associated with asthma, but there is no standardized sampling method for measuring allergens. We compared the association of measured allergen exposure and serum-specific IgE levels and the precision of three sampling methods (Cyclone, Mighty Mite, and Readivac II) to identify a standardized sampling method for indoor allergens. A random sample of 72 children, 5 to 17 years old, with doctor-diagnosed asthma who lived in the same residence ≥2 years were enrolled. Composite, side by side floor samples were obtained with all three methods. Dust allergen concentrations and serum-specific IgE levels were measured for Der f I, Fel d I, and Bla g I. Mean allergen concentration did not differ significantly by sampling method. Cat allergen was significantly correlated with serum-specific IgE for Cyclone (P=0.003) and Mighty Mite (P=0.008), but only marginally for Readivac II (P=0.07). Dust mite allergen was significantly correlated with serum-specific IgE for Readivac II (P=0.02) and Cyclone (P=0.038), but not for Mighty Mite (P=0.12). Cockroach allergen was not correlated with serum-specific IgE for any sampling method. In multiple linear regression, cat allergen was associated with serum-specific IgE for Cyclone (P=0.007) and Mighty Mite (P=0.02), but not for Readivac II (P=0.06). In contrast, dust mite allergen was marginally associated with serum-specific IgE for Readivac II (P=0.07), but not for Mighty Mite (P=0.64) or Cyclone (P=0.27). The Cyclone and Mighty Mite were more precise than Readivac II for cat allergen, but there was no difference for dust mite allergen (P>0.05). No single method is superior for measurement of indoor allergens. In general, cat allergen collected with the Cyclone was a better predictor of serum-specific IgE levels to Fel d I, whereas dust mite allergen collected with the Readivac II was a better predictor of serum-specific IgE levels to Der f I.
Real-time demonstration of electronic circuit operation

Real-time classroom demonstrations that have been developed for use in a three-day short course on solid-state electronics are described. The techniques are used to illustrate transistor, op-amp circuit, and transducer operation. Working schematics are projected by an overhead transparency projector. As component values are changed or an oscilloscope probe is moved from node to node, cause and effect are easily observed. Large-screen display of the DC results of the demonstrations is shown with a projection analog meter or digital volt meter. The AC waveforms are displayed with a digitizing oscilloscope that produces a composite video signal that can be easily shown with a television or monitor. >
Metastability and Depletion-Driven Aggregation

Depletion-driven self-assembly in binary colloidal mixtures is studied via the time evolution of the cluster-size distribution and structure factor as the mixtures equilibrate after shear melting. The data suggest a two-stage crystallization process governed by an initial collapse into an amorphous metastable state, the growth kinetics of which are interpreted within the context of reversible aggregation and early-stage phase separation.
A study of extractive and remote-sensing sampling and measurement of emissions from military aircraft engines

Abstract Aircraft emissions contribute to the increased atmospheric burden of particulate matter (PM) that plays an important role in air quality, human health, visibility, contrail formation and climate change. Sampling and measurement of modern aircraft emissions at the engine exhaust plane (EEP) for engine and fuel certification remains challenging, as no agency-certified method is available. In this paper we summarize the results of three recent field studies devoted to investigate the consistency and applicability of “extractive” and “optical remote-sensing” (ORS) technologies in the sampling and measurement of gaseous and PM emitted by a number of military aircraft engines. Three classes of military engines were investigated; these include T56, TF33, and T700 & T701C types of engines, which consume 70–80% of the military aviation fuel each year. JP-8 and Fischer–Tropsch (FT)-derived paraffinic fuels were used to study the effect of fuels. It was found that non-volatile particles in the engine emissions were in the 20 nm range for the low power condition of new helicopter engines to 80 nm for the high power condition of legacy engines. Elemental analysis indicated little metals were present on particles, while most of the materials on the exhaust particles were carbon and sulfate based. Alkanes, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, ethylene, acetylene and propylene were detected. The last five species were most noticeable only under low engine power. The emission indices calculated based on the ORS data deviate significantly from those based on the extractive data. Nevertheless, the ORS techniques were useful in the sense that it provided non-intrusive real-time detection of species in the exhaust plume, which warrants further development. The results obtained in this program help validate sampling methodology and measurement techniques used for non-volatile PM aircraft emissions as described in the SAE AIR6037 (2009) .
Developmental 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs sequential and spatial but not cued learning independent of growth, litter effects or injection stress.

Abstract Previously, we have shown that rats administered MDMA from postnatal (P) days 11–20 had reductions in body weight during the period of treatment and as adults they had deficits in sequential and spatial learning and memory. In the present study, to control for weight reductions, we used litters with double the number of offspring to induce growth restriction comparable to that of standard size litters treated with MDMA. Litters were treated twice daily from P11 to 20 with vehicle or MDMA (20 mg/kg) or only weighed. Males, but not females, exposed to MDMA had longer latencies and more errors in the Cincinnati water maze compared to males of the other treatments. In the Morris water maze (210 cm pool, 10×10 cm platform), the MDMA animals were impaired relative to all other treatments during acquisition. Only the MDMA females showed deficits when the platform was shifted to a new location, however, both MDMA males and females were impaired when the location of the platform was again shifted and a reduced platform (5×5 cm) used. No differences were observed in the ability to swim a straight channel, locate a platform with a cue, or the endocrine response to forced swim among the treatment groups. No differences were seen between animals injected with saline and those only weighed. The data suggest that factors, such as growth retardation, multiple injections, or the composition of the litter, do not affect the development of learning and memory impairments resulting from P11 to 20 MDMA exposure. The large litter approach offers a novel method to control for undernutrition during the preweaning period in rodents.
What is the Good Life? Positive Psychology and the Renaissance of Humanistic Psychology

Positive and humanistic psychology overlap in thematic content and theoretical presuppositions, yet positive psychology explicitly distances itself as a new movement, despite the fact that its literature implicitly references its extensive historical grounding within humanistic psychology. Consequently, humanistic psychologists both celebrate diffusion of humanistic ideas furthered by positive psychology, and resent its disavowal of the humanistic tradition. The undeniably close alignment of these two schools of thought is demonstrated in the embracing of eudaimonic, in contrast to hedonic, conceptions of happiness by positive psychology. Eudaimonic happiness cannot be purely value-free, nor can it be completely studied without using both nomethetic and idiographic (i.e., quantitative and qualitative) methods in addressing problems of value, which identifies positive psychology clearly as a humanistic approach, despite its protestations.