cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and Drug Use of Faculty in an Urban University Setting.

A random sample of academic faculty in a large urban university was sent a survey form regarding their drug use patterns. Results indicate that drug use does not appear to differ compared with the general population but with slightly more use of alcohol and marijuana.
Concurrent validation of Holland's hexagonal model with occupational workers

Abstract The concurrent validity of Holland's hexagonal model was tested with a sample of 362 occupational workers covering five environmental typologies. The personality type of each worker was assessed via the Self-Directed Search while the worker's environment was coded via the Occupations Finder. The results showed strong empirical support for the model in that most subjects were working in environments congruent with their personality types. However there was a lack of empirical support for the proposed relatedness among the environments in the model with regard to person-environment congruence.
Polarizable-ion model for vibrationally excited alkali halides

Abstract The variation of dipole moment, vibrational spacings, and rotational constant with vibrational excitation is calculated for the eight halides of K and Cs, employing a polarizable ion pair model due to Rittner. The results compare well with available experimental data.
Absence of endotoxin-fever but not hyperthermia in Brattleboro rats.

I. c. v. administration of bacterial endotoxin produced a fever in the Long-Evans rat but not in the Brattleboro rat. Similar administration of arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, dibutyryl cAMP, norepinephrine, morphine and β-endorphin caused hyperthermia in both Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats. Variable doses of exogenous arginine vasopressin (AVP) when centrally administered with endotoxin caused fever in the Brattleboro rat. It is suggested that AVP may play an important role in the production and release of endogenous pyrogen.
The effect of gamma-irradiation on the density of various types of silica

Abstract The radiation-induced changes in density of 11 different silicas, both natural and synthetic, exposed to gamma-irradiation from 10 4 –10 9 rad were measured using a linear density gradient column. It was determined that, in general, the ‘dry’ silicas that contain less than 150 ppm OH compact monotonically with dose; however, the silicas containing more than 150 ppm OH tend to expand initially and then compact at higher doses.
Oxytocin and prolactin release after electroconvulsive therapy: a pilot study

Abstract This pilot study was conducted to confirm earlier reports of increased prolactin and oxytocin levels after seizures induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Blood was drawn at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes post-seizure from seven psychiatric inpatients with major depressive disorder or mixed bipolar disorder who underwent ECT as part of their clinical treatment. There was a significant increase in prolactin levels at 15 minutes and oxytocin levels at 5 minutes compared with the levels at 60 minutes. These hormone elevations in such a small sample size attest to the robustness of our findings.
Sea Beam, SeaMARC II and ALVIN-based studies of faulting on the East Pacific Rise 9°20' N 9°50' N

A study of Sea Beam bathymetry and SeaMARC II side-scan sonar allows us to make quantitative measures of the contribution of faulting to the creation of abyssal hill topography on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9°15′ N–9°50′ N. We conclude that fault locations and throws can be confidently determined with just Sea Beam and SeaMARC II based on a number of in situ observations made from the ALVIN submersible. A compilation of 1026 fault scarp locations and scarp height measurements shows systematic variations both parallel and perpendicular to the ridge axis. Outward-facing fault scarps (facing away from the ridge axis), begin to develop within ∼2 km of the ridge and reach their final average height of ∼60 m at 5–7 km. Beyond these distances, outward-dipping faults appear to be locked, although there is some indication of continued lengthening of outward-facing fault scarps out to the edge of the survey area. Inward-facing fault scarps (facing toward the ridge axis), initiate ∼2 km off axis and increase in height and length out to the edge of our data at 30 km, where the average height of inward fault scarps is 60–70 m and the length is ∼30 km. Continued slip on inward faults at a greater distance off axis is probable, but based on fault lengths, ∼80% of the lengthening of inward fault scarps occurs within 30 km of the axis (>95% for outward faults). Along-strike propagation and linkage of these faults are common. Outward-dipping faults accommodate more apparent horizontal strain than inward ones within 10 km of the ridge. The net horizontal extension due to faulting at greater distances is estimated as 4.2–4.3%, and inward and outward faults contribute comparably. Both inward- and outward-facing fault scarps increase in height from north to south in our study area in the direction of decreasing inferred magma supply. Average fault spacing is ∼2 km for both inward-dipping and outward-dipping faults. The azimuths of fault scarps document the direction of ridge spreading, but they are sensitive to local changes in least compressive stress direction near discontinuities. Both the ridge trend and fault scarp azimuths show a clockwise change in trend of ∼3–5° from 9°50′ N to 9°15′ N approaching the 9° N overlapping spreading center.
A simple pressure-regulated perfusion apparatus.

Abstract A simple air-pressure-controlled perfusion apparatus is described, which is constructed of readily available components from medical gas suppliers and laboratory equipment houses. The system is safe, compact, and able to be used under a vacuum hood, thus protecting laboratory personnel from the hazards of inhaling toxic fixative substances. In addition, it permits the rapid perfusion of several solutions in series: a feature which makes this apparatus ideal for tissue preparation for histochemical procedures, including horseradish peroxidase.
A superfolding Spinach2 reveals the dynamic nature of trinucleotide repeat-containing RNA

The Spinach2 RNA aptamer provides substantially improved imaging over its predecessor Spinach, enabling live-cell imaging of many tagged RNA species including toxic trinucleotide repeat–containing RNAs.
Evaluation of precipitation estimates over CONUS derived from satellite, radar, and rain gauge data sets at daily to annual scales (2002–2012)

We use a suite of quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) derived from satellite, radar, and surface observations to derive precipitation characteristics over the contiguous United States (CONUS) for the period 2002–2012. This comparison effort includes satellite multi-sensor data sets (bias-adjusted TMPA 3B42, near-real-time 3B42RT), radar estimates (NCEP Stage IV), and rain gauge observations. Remotely sensed precipitation data sets are compared with surface observations from the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily (GHCN-D) and from the PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model). The comparisons are performed at the annual, seasonal, and daily scales over the River Forecast Centers (RFCs) for CONUS. Annual average rain rates present a satisfying agreement with GHCN-D for all products over CONUS (±6%). However, differences at the RFC are more important in particular for near-real-time 3B42RT precipitation estimates (−33 to +49%). At annual and seasonal scales, the bias-adjusted 3B42 presented important improvement when compared to its near-real-time counterpart 3B42RT. However, large biases remained for 3B42 over the western USA for higher average accumulation (≥ 5 mm day −1 ) with respect to GHCN-D surface observations. At the daily scale, 3B42RT performed poorly in capturing extreme daily precipitation (> 4 in. day −1 ) over the Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, the conditional analysis and a contingency analysis conducted illustrated the challenge in retrieving extreme precipitation from remote sensing estimates.
Autophagy Regulates Pancreatic Beta Cell Death in Response to Pdx1 Deficiency and Nutrient Deprivation

There are three types of cell death; apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. The possibility that activation of the macroautophagy (autophagy) pathway may increase beta cell death is addressed in this study. Increased autophagy was present in pancreatic islets from Pdx1+/− mice with reduced insulin secretion and beta cell mass. Pdx1 expression was reduced in mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells by delivering small hairpin RNAs using a lentiviral vector. The MIN6 cells died after 7 days of Pdx1 deficiency, and autophagy was evident prior to the onset of cell death. Inhibition of autophagy prolonged cell survival and delayed cell death. Nutrient deprivation increased autophagy in MIN6 cells and mouse and human islets after starvation. Autophagy inhibition partly prevented amino acid starvation-induced MIN6 cell death. The in vivo effects of reduced autophagy were studied by crossing Pdx1+/− mice to Becn1+/− mice. After 1 week on a high fat diet, 4-week-old Pdx1+/− Becn1+/− mice showed normal glucose tolerance, preserved beta cell function, and increased beta cell mass compared with Pdx1+/− mice. This protective effect of reduced autophagy had worn off after 7 weeks on a high fat diet. Increased autophagy contributes to pancreatic beta cell death in Pdx1 deficiency and following nutrient deprivation. The role of autophagy should be considered in studies of pancreatic beta cell death and diabetes and as a target for novel therapeutic intervention.
Electric Redshift and Quasars

A new redshift mechanism—the electric redshift—is proposed, in accord with the five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory, which unifies Einsteinian general relativity and Maxwellian electromagnetic theory. It is shown that a dense, massive, and charged object can significantly shift a light ray that is emitted from the object's surface toward the red as compared with the gravitational redshift. A compact, electrically charged object with density and mass comparable to those of a neutron star can impart a redshift as great as quasars have. Therefore, if quasars are dense, massive, and electrically charged objects, their large redshifts do not imply that all quasars are extremely distant; thus, the luminosity of quasars and their association with low-redshift galaxies can be understood. This interpretation does not conflict with big bang cosmology, because the electric redshifts are negligible for normal stars, galaxies, and large-scale matter, which are not dense and electrically charged.
Identifying the predictors of restenosis. Do we need new glasses

The ability to predict restenosis after coronary interventional procedures has remained remarkably difficult. A number of clinical, procedural, and angiographic factors have been reported to be related to subsequent risk of restenosis.1 2 3 4 5 These include sex, prior history of restenosis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, unstable angina, vasospastic angina, renal disease, and smoking. Procedural factors include balloon-to-artery ratio, presence of significant residual gradient, significant residual stenosis, and the extent of dissection. In addition, angiographic factors such as the size of the reference vessel, severity of the stenosis, presence of calcium, eccentric lesions, saphenous vein graft location, ostial or proximal lesion location, and left anterior descending lesion location, as well as chronic total occlusion and long lesions, have all been associated with a higher rate of restenosis on follow-up. However, when evaluated in large studies in which multivariate analyses were performed and complete angiographic follow-up was available, the predictive power of these variables was remarkably poor.1 2 3 4 5 In one recent study,5 only 30% of restenosis could be predicted from clinical, procedural, and angiographic variables. Of all the factors that have been analyzed, the most potent appears to be a large postprocedural lumen diameter. The consistency of this finding, regardless of the device used, has led to the current widely embraced strategy of angioplasty, namely that “bigger is better.”4 It has been the principal explanation for the improved long-term outcome seen with coronary stenting and directional atherectomy and is responsible for the improved outcomes of angioplasty.6 7 Nevertheless, further refinement in our ability to define those at risk for short-term and long-term complications would be of enormous value. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) would appear to offer significant advantages over angiographic evaluation.8 IVUS can more accurately define the lumen diameter than angioplasty. This is …
Medical care for interned enemy aliens: A role for the US public Health Service in World War II

During World War II, the US Public Health Service (USPHS) administered health care to 19 000 enemy aliens and Axis merchant seamen interned by the Justice Department through its branch, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). The Geneva Prisoners of War Convention of 1929, which the United States applied to civilian internees, provided guidelines for belligerent nations regarding humanitarian treatment of prisoners of war, including for their health. The INS forged an agreement with the USPHS to meet these guidelines for the German, Italian, and Japanese internees and, in some cases, their families. Chronic shortages and crowded camps continuously challenged USPHS administrators. Nevertheless, the USPHS offered universal access to care and provided treatment often exceeding care received by many American citizens.
VOLUME AND DEVIATOR CREEP OF CALCIUM-LEACHED CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS

Abstract This paper provides new experimental evidence of the specific volume creep and deviator creep of cement-based materials. Creep tests conducted on calcium-leached cement pastes and mortars under various triaxial loading conditions provide conclusive evidence of a specific short-term creep and a specific long-term creep. It is found that at least two competing dissipative mechanisms are at work in short-term creep of cement-based materials: (1) a creep relaxation mechanism in the calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) solid phase activated by microstress concentrations in the heterogeneous microstructure; and (2) stress relaxation by microcracking beyond a relatively small stress threshold. If the first dominates over the second, the short-term volume creep is contracting, and in the inverse case, a short-term dilating behavior is found. Furthermore, provided that microcracking stabilizes during the short-term creep, the long-term creep occurs at constant volume. Based on these results, we argue that the concept of a creep Poisson's ratio, which is commonly employed in engineering practice to extrapolate uniaxial creep tests to multiaxial stress conditions, should be abandoned when triaxial stress states affect the durability performance of concrete structures.
Quantum physics: The right ambience for a single spin.

Long-lived single electron spins are crucial for quantum computation and for understanding spin dynamics. A remarkably long lifetime — of the order of minutes — has now been obtained for a solid-state system. See Letter p.242 The magnetic moments of individual magnetic atoms are attractive components for both memory and quantum computing applications. But interactions between such atoms and the substrates on which they are mounted tend to destabilize the magnetic moments, giving them lifetimes of typically less than a few milliseconds. Toshio Miyamachi and colleagues have now identified a system consisting of single atoms of the lanthanide series rare earth element holmium on a highly conductive surface, in which intrinsic symmetries related to the properties of both the atom and the substrate combine to minimize these destabilizing interactions. As a result, the magnetic moments of the atoms can achieve lifetimes of several minutes.
Systematics of moments of dipole oscillator-strength distributions for atoms of the first and second row

The moments $S(\ensuremath{\mu})$ and $L(\ensuremath{\mu})=\frac{dS(\ensuremath{\mu})}{d\ensuremath{\mu}}$ for $\ensuremath{-}6\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}1$ are derived from comprehensive Hartree-Slater oscillator-stength distributions for He through Ar. For $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}2$, these moments are governed by valence excitations only, and therefore exhibit a pronounced periodic variation that repeats in each row. Inner shells begin to contribute appreciably to $S(\ensuremath{-}1)$, which retains a periodic variation superimposed upon an over - all increase with increasing atomic number $Z$. For $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\ge}0$, the $Z$ dependence of the moments becomes dominated by inner-shell contributions; as $\ensuremath{\mu}$ increases, the over-all increase with $Z$ becomes more rapid. Another perspective of the voluminous data is gained by plotting $logS(\ensuremath{\mu})$ vs $\ensuremath{\mu}$. The plot reveals three classes of behavior---"tight," "intermediate," and "loose" atoms. Comparisons with experiment and more detailed calculations are made where possible.
Cellular adhesion and protein adsorption to P(MEO 2 MA-co-OEGMA) polymer substrates

Thermoresponsive polymers (TRP) are attractive substrates for cell culture, as adherent cells are mechanically released from the polymer surface when the temperature is lowered below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In this study, cell adhesion and serum protein adsorption to P(MEO 2 MA-co-OEGMA) (PMO) polymer substrates was investigated. L-929 cell adhesion to PMO surfaces was markedly lower that the adhesion to tissue culture plastic surfaces (TCP) after 6 hours. The density of adsorbed serum proteins to PMO surfaces was significantly higher (2.3 fold) than TCP surfaces after incubation with cell culture media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Selective adsorption of extracellular matrix proteins may further enhance adhesion to PMO surfaces.
C120 and C60: Archimedean solids constructed from sp2 hybridized carbon atoms

Abstract Theoretical evidence is presented for the stability of C 120 and C 60 molecules consisting of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms only. These spherical shell molecules have the structures of two of the thirteen Archimedean solids. Simple Huckel molecular orbital calculations show that there is a large, stabilizing, delocalization energy.
General theory of broken local symmetries

A general formalism for theories with spontaneously broken local symmetries is developed in the unitarity gauge. The canonical quantization procedure is carried out, leading to a set of Lorentz-covariant Feynman rules. Various special topics are discussed.
A Semi-Automatic Portable Tester for Sergeant Ground Power Electrical System

This paper discusses the design and operation of a portable tester intended for sequentially checking out a missile ground support electrical system at an actual launch site in preparation for missile firing. It is possible to check out an entire electrical generating system, plus portions of the gas turbine drive control system, on a go, no-go basis, in a maximum of approximately 2 minutes, using the tester. Limitations on the tester's usability and problems encountered in coordinating the tester operation with the operation of the entire electrical system are also mentioned.
The inverse problem of radioisotope diagnosis: A computational method for determining the location and size of tumors

Abstract An idea is presented for an approach to the problem of finding lesions through interpretation of radioisotope scan data. The approach proposed includes an experimental measurement of the appropriate Green's function and some mathematical tricks for solving the resulting inverse problem. The tricks are illustrated by numerical examples. Pitfalls in the approach are pointed out and devices for overcoming them discussed.
Virtual Reality Hypnosis in the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Case Report

This case report evaluates virtual reality hypnosis (VRH) in treating chronic neuropathic pain in a patient with a 5-year history of failed treatments. The patient participated in a 6-month trial of VRH, and her pain ratings of intensity and unpleasantness dropped on average 36% and 33%, respectively, over the course of 33 sessions. In addition, she reported both no pain and a reduction of pain for an average of 3.86 and 12.21 hours, respectively, after treatment sessions throughout the course of the VRH treatment. These reductions and the duration of treatment effects following VRH treatment were superior to those following a trial of standard hypnosis (non-VR) treatment. However, the pain reductions with VRH did not persist over long periods of time. The findings support the potential of VRH treatment for helping individuals with refractory chronic pain conditions.
Influences on Identity: A Grounded Theory Approach to Descendants of Freedmen

Using a grounded theory approach, the researchers analyzed transcripts of interviews conducted with six women who are members of the Descendants of Freedmen organization to develop themes surrounding multicultural identity and their particular struggle. We hypothesized several distinct themes would emerge from the analysis regarding internal community and external societal influences on identity formation. The sample was collected using purposive sampling and the interviews were conducted in various locations throughout Oklahoma. The women participated in a semi-structured interview (later transcribed) lasting 45 to 90 minutes. The transcript was analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. After a discussion of the emergent themes, the implications for identity development were applied to the participants' struggle for acceptance by their respective tribes.
Microstructural effects on crack path selection in bending and fatigue in a Nb―19Si―5Cr―3.5Hf―24Ti―0.75Sn―1W alloy

Abstract Nb–Si alloy containing 19Si, 5Cr, 3.5Hf, 24Ti, 0.75Sn and 1W (in at.%) has been tested by three-point bending and fatigue at both room temperature and 400 °C. The microstructure and fracture surface associated with crack growth were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). The alloy contains Nb solid solution (Nb(ss)) and Nb- or Ti-rich silicides. Some pre-existing microcracks were found in the silicides. EBSD Analyses on the cast and HIPped Nb–Si alloy revealed a preferred orientation in the Nb(ss) similar to that of a unidirectionally solidified alloy. The fatigue crack path preferentially propagated either along the phase boundaries between the silicide and Nb(ss) or through the pre-existing silicide microcracks. Slip steps were observed inside the Nb(ss) during crack propagation, indicating deformation in the alloy occurred in the Nb(ss) while the silicides assisted the crack propagation.
A Meta-Analysis of the Correlates of Role Conflict and Ambiguity

The correlational literature concerning the relationships of role conflict and ambiguity to numerous hypothesized antecedents and consequences is still somewhat unclear after a decade of research Schmidt-Hunter meta-analysis procedures were applied to the results of 43 past studies in an effort to draw valid conclusions about the magnitude and direction of these relationships in the population For some correlates, apparently inconsistent research results could be ascribed largely to statistical artifacts. For other correlates, it seems that moderator research may be needed to explain conflicting results across samples In the last 12 years, there has been a great deal of correlational research on the relationships between perceived role ambiguity and role conflict and a host of hypothesized antecedents (such as tenure, formalization, boundary spanning) and consequences (such as job satisfaction, job involvement, performance, tension, propensity to leave the job). Although nearly all studies have been crosssectional, one laboratory study did find that role conflict caused a host of dysfunctional affective and behavioral outcomes (Manning, Ismail, & Sherwood, 1981) Thus, the consequences of these two types of role stress have potentially important cost implications for organizations. Whereas the costs of turnover and substandard performance are obvious, the true cost of attitudinal variables is just beginning to be understood (Cascio, 1982; Mirvis & Lawler, 1977). Therefore, efforts to obtain a better understanding of role conflict, role ambiguity, and their correlates are certainly justified.
Why did Intel fail with 60 nanometers? Reiteration of the noise, information, speed, and heat aspects of the breakdown of Moore's Law (Keynote Address)

The evolution of microprocessor miniaturization and performance, often described by Moore's law 1,2 , is close to the saturation limit. This is the part of a more general slowing down which is indicated by, among other things, the facts that Intel has failed with the 65 nm efforts and IBM has recently given up its personal computer market. In the present paper we would like to discuss some noise-related characteristic features of the present situation from the angle of noise and dissipation.
Observations on the calcium dependence and reversibility of cobalamin transport across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

The calcium dependence of cobalamin (Cbl) binding to the BtuB protein of Escherichia coli and the reversibility of its function in the transport of Cbl across the outer membrane have been examined. The results show that the two calcium-binding sites in BtuB that were identified previously by others are responsible for the calcium dependence of high affinity Cbl binding. The affinity of the pure BtuB protein for Cbl was ∼1000-fold higher in the presence of saturating levels of calcium than in its absence. The affinities of BtuB for both Cbl and calcium were decreased by insertion of alanine residues at position 51 of the mature protein and were increased by several mutations and deletions in the TonB box. Experiments on the uptake of Cbl into the periplasmic space showed that this process is reversible and that the exit of Cbl back into the medium does not require the protonmotive force. Our interpretation of these results is that the role of the TonB-ExbB-ExbD complex, potentiated by the protonmotive force, is to reduce the affinity of the Cbl-binding site, thus increasing the rate of Cbl release into the periplasmic space. The evidence also indicates that access of the Cbl-binding site of BtuB to the periplasmic space does not require removal of the hatch domain from the barrel.
The x-irradiation of haploid and diploid strains of yeast and its action on cell division and metabolism.

Abstract The diploid and haploid yeast cells used by Zirkle and Tobias in their study of inhibition of cell multiplication by ionizing radiations were quite different in their metabolism: The first were respiring cells, and the second, fermenting cells. This difference was not due to lack of dehydrogenases but to lack of cytochrome oxidase in the fermenting cells. No relation was found between ploidy and cell metabolism. The great sensitivity of cell division to X-irradiation was also found towards -SH reagents for these reagents inhibited cell division at concentrations which had no effect on fermentation. The mechanism of this inhibition is postulated to be due to oxidation of -SH groups (protein and non-protein) which are essential for the division process. The greater sensitivity of the haploid yeast seems due to a lesser content of -SH groups in their chromosomes.
Activation of hydrogen storage materials in the Li–Mg–N–H system: Effect on storage properties

Abstract We investigate the thermodynamics, kinetics, and capacity of the hydrogen storage reaction: Li 2 Mg(NH) 2 + 2H 2 ⇔ Mg(NH 2 ) 2 + 2LiH. Starting with LiNH 2 and MgH 2 , two distinct procedures have been previously proposed for activating samples to induce the reversible storage reaction. We clarify here the impact of these two activation procedures on the resulting capacity for the Li–Mg–N–H reaction. Additionally, we measure the temperature-dependent kinetic absorption data for this hydrogen storage system. Finally, our experiments confirm the previously reported formation enthalpy (Δ H ), hydrogen capacity, and pressure–composition–isotherm (PCI) data, and suggest that this system represents a kinetically (but not thermodynamically) limited system for vehicular on-board storage applications.
Loss of tolerance of anti-dsDNA B cells in mice overexpressing CD19

Abstract Mice transgenic for the R4A-Cμ heavy chain of an anti-dsDNA antibody, maintain tolerance by anergy and deletion. In C57BL/6 mice overexpressing CD19, a molecule, which lowers the threshold for B cell activation, elevated levels of serum autoantibodies have been observed. In the present study, we wished to determine whether CD19 overexpression could alter the induction of tolerance in R4A-Cμ mice and lead to the secretion of transgenic anti-dsDNA antibodies. We, therefore, bred R4A-Cμ transgenic mice-to-mice transgenic for human CD19 (hCD19) and generated R4A-Cμ mice heterozygous and homozygous for hCD19. We, now report the spontaneous secretion of transgenic IgM anti-dsDNA antibody in the sera of R4A-Cμ mice overexpressing CD19, indicative of a loss of B cell tolerance. We observe that transgenic B cells secreting anti-dsDNA antibody in these mice are T independent and display a marginal zone like phenotype althought they do not reside in the MZ. In addition, they appear to be derived from the conventional B2 subset rather than the B1 subset. Interestingly, a subset of the anti-dsDNA B cells in these mice still display the phenotype and functional characteristics of anergic B cells. These B cells cannot be activated to secrete antibody following BCR crosslinking, however, they are hyper-responsive to activation by innate signaling mechanisms. This suggests that CD19 overexpression may promote anergic B cells to escape tolerance by converging with BCR independent pathways, thereby rendering these B cells hyper-responsive to innate signaling.
Practical magnetron sputtering system for the deposition of optical multilayer coatings

A magnetron sputtering system is described in which, at any one time, as many as four different 15-cm × 46-cm rectangular planar magnetron targets can be mounted vertically in the deposition chamber. These can be attached to either dc or rf power supplies for direct or reactive deposition of metal, metal oxide, or nitride films. Typical target materials include Ag, Al, C, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, W, and Zr. Good uniformity can be obtained on stationary substrates, although better results are possible with oscillating substrates. The refractive indices are given for several useful oxide materials. The materials and thicknesses of the individual layers that comprise an optical multilayer system are entered into a computer that subsequently controls the deposition parameters, the substrate motion, and the deposition time. After a relatively simple calibration process, coatings that consist of between 20 and 60 layers can be produced to within an accuracy of 1% or 2%. A wideband optical monitor is available for checking the performance of the multilayer system during its deposition. Several examples of multilayer coatings that were prepared on this equipment are given.
Reproductive liberty and overpopulation: a response.

This appraisal of Carol A. Kates Reproductive Liberty and Overpopulation challenges her call for world-wide population control measures - using compulsory methods if necessary - to save the worlds environment. The most successful part of Kates paper is her argument that reproductive rights are not indefeasible and nonnegotiable but that like many rights they are conditional and open to a balancing of individual freedom against collective community interests. But her advocacy of mandatory state population controls is flawed in several respects. First she underestimates the force of the emerging consensus for voluntary population reductions through policies that empower women. Second she walks on difficult ethical grounds. Are compulsory controls on reproduction ethically justified simply because humans are loathe to take the alternative route of curtailing their individualistic materialistic’ appetites for more economic growth and consumption? Third Kates fails to recognise that her search for measures that immediately and directly reverse population growth would necessitate coercing an entire generation of women toward zero reproduction in order for death rates to have their effect. Lastly problems with the feasibility of her plan and the absence of international support make it unlikely it will ever come to pass. Alternatives to Kates policies are discussed at the close. (authors)
Perturbation of multilayered structures of positive and negative index materials

In this work, we illustrate a framework that can model propagation through a dispersive, homogeneous periodic/quasiperiodic/ randomly perturbed, layer lengths in a multilayered structure of positive and negative index materials. We achieve this by using a transfer matrix-based multilayered approach. In the quasi-periodic case the layers lengths vary according to a predetermined function like a sinusoidal function for example. In the random case we use zero mean random variables as the perturbation around a nominal layer length of positive and negative index materials. We also use the trace of the transfer matrix to determine the limiting case of the transmittance when the number of periods become infinitely large, and determine the locations of the bandgaps in the multi-layered structure. This helps in reducing the calculations since only one unit cell is needed. Plane wave propagation is investigated, and aggregated transmittivity is calculated in the different cases. Finally we study wave localization in the randomly perturbed structure and compare it with the periodic case.
Parallel sparse matrix vector multiply software for matrices with data locality

In this paper we describe general software utilities for performing unstructured sparse matrix–vector multiplications on distributed-memory message-passing computers. The matrix–vector multiply comprises an important kernel in the solution of large sparse linear systems by iterative methods. Our focus is to present the data structures and communication parameters required by these utilities for general sparse unstructured matrices with data locality. These types of matrices are commonly produced by finite difference and finite element approximations to systems of partial differential equations. In this discussion we also present representative examples and timings which demonstrate the utility and performance of the software. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racism: White problem, white disadvantage

(1986). Racism: White problem, white disadvantage. Social Thought: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 31-42.
Optimal binary phase-only matched filters

Many spatial light modulators and computer-generated hologram techniques can very efficiently implement binary phase-only filters. At present, almost all binary phase-only filters are designed by first designing a matched spatial filter and then binarizing it. There is no theoretical basis to expect that such a filter will be optimal. This paper first develops a theory for optimal binary phase-only filters and then presents a numerical algorithm which designs the optimal binary phase-only matched filter for a given image. The filter is optimal in the matched filter sense of maximizing SNR at the output origin. Characteristics of the optimal filter compared to conventional binary phase-only filters are discussed.
Attempts to Alleviate Fish Losses from Allegheny Reservoir, Pennsylvania and New York, Using Acoustics

Abstract As a consequence of pool drawdown each fall and winter to enhance flood storage, numerous fish are lost through the bottom sluices of Allegheny Reservoir (located on the western border of Pennsylvania and New York). The sudden release of pressure accompanying the passage of these fish from a deep zone of the reservoir into the tailrace can result in a substantial fish kill. The conditions under which fish are lost apparently are enhanced when the pool level is low and discharge is high. In an effort to reduce these losses, underwater broadcasts of recorded sound effects were tested. The sound projector was a low-frequency transducer mounted above the bottom sluices on the upstream face of the dam. While the sound broadcasts were being evaluated, the Corps of Engineers maintained a higher winter pool at the project to test the effect of controlled flow releases on ice formation at downriver locations. Although the underwater sound broadcasts were not effective, maintenance of a higher winter pool ...
Axi-symmetric problems in elastic materials of grade two

Abstract Given here is the general formulation of axi-symmetric plane strain problems in linear, mechanically homogeneous, isotropic and centrosymmetric elastic solids of grade two. The definition of a plane strain axi-symmetric state of stress is presented, and the necessary and sufficient conditions to achieve it are derived. The general axi-symmetric displacement vector is found, several problems are considered and the reduction of all results to the corresponding classical solutions is discussed.
Canine epilepsy genetics

There has been much interest in utilizing the dog as a genetic model for common human diseases. Both dogs and humans suffer from naturally occurring epilepsies that share many clinical characteristics. Investigations of inherited human epilepsies have led to the discovery of several mutated genes involved in this disease; however, the vast majority of human epilepsies remain unexplained. Mouse models of epilepsy exist, including single-gene spontaneous and knockout models, but, similar to humans, other, polygenic models have been more difficult to discern. This appears to also be the case in canine epilepsy genetics. There are two forms of canine epilepsies for which gene mutations have been described to date: the progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PMEs) and idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Gene discovery in the PMEs has been more successful, with eight known genes; six of these are orthologous to corresponding human disorders, while two are novel genes that can now be used as candidates for human studies. Only one IE gene has been described in dogs, an LGI2 mutation in Lagotto Romagnolos with a focal, juvenile remitting epilepsy. This gene is also a novel candidate for human remitting childhood epilepsy studies. The majority of studies of dog breeds with IE, however, have either failed to identify any genes or loci of interest, or, as in complex mouse and human IEs, have identified multiple QTLs. There is still tremendous promise in the ongoing canine epilepsy studies, but if canine IEs prove to be as genetically complex as human and murine IEs, then deciphering the bases of these canine epilepsies will continue to be challenging.
Accuracy of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis on days 10 to 22 in heifers.

Two operators independently conducted ultrasonic pregnancy examinations on nulliparous Holstein heifers on Days 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22, and assigned a diagnosis (pregnant or nonpregnant) and a score for degree of certainty in the diagnosis (1, 2 or 3 for low, intermediate or high, respectively). Pregnancy was retrospectively confirmed by the ultrasonographic detection of an embryo proper and embryonic heartbeat on Day 24 in 20 25 bred heifers; the five nonpregnant heifers were excluded from the analyses. Eleven nonbred heifers were included as an unequivocal source of nonpregnant heifers. Accuracy was not significantly greater than a guess (50%) before Day 18, but reached 100% on Days 20 and 22. Mean accuracy was higher (P<0.005) for nonpregnant (65 77 , 84%) than pregnant heifers (91.5 140 , 65%). For certainty score, there were main effects of day (P<0.0001), reproductive status (pregnant or nonpregnant, P<0.003), and an interaction of day and reproductive status (P<0.0001). The certainty score increased in all heifers among days and was higher (P<0.05) in pregnant than nonpregnant heifers on Days 16 to 20. For luteal area (area of corpus luteum, excluding area of fluid filled center, if present), there were significant main effects of day, reproductive status and a day by status interaction (P<0.0001 for each). Luteal area was approximately constant in pregnant heifers, but in nonpregnant heifers it was lower (P<0.05) on Days 16 to 22 than on Days 10 to 14. Uterine echotexture was scored on a scale of 1 to 3, characteristic of a diestrus, intermediate and estrus uterus, respectively. There were main effects of day and reproductive status (P<0.0001 for each) and an interaction of day and reproductive status (P<0.025). Uterine echotexture was approximately constant in pregnant heifers, but in nonpregnant heifers it was higher (P<0.05) on Days 16 to 22 than on Days 10 to 14. Pregnancy diagnosis on Days 10 to 14 was based on detection of the conceptus; however, detection of the conceptus was not accurate prior to visualization of the embryo proper (mean Day 22, range Days 20 to 24). In nonpregnant heifers, a correct diagnosis with high certainty was made when a small corpus luteum and uterine echotexture characteristic of estrus were detected. In the absence of these changes on Days 18 to 22, a diagnosis of pregnancy was made with high accuracy and intermediate or high certainty.
A comprehensive assessment of family caregivers of stroke survivors during inpatient rehabilitation

AbstractPurpose: Stroke caregivers have been identified as a group at high risk for poor outcomes as a result of the suddenness of stroke and a potentially high level of care needed due to significant functional limitations of the patient. However, there is little research on the assessment of family members who will assume the caregiving role prior to patient discharge from rehabilitation. The purpose of this article is to delineate critical assessment domains identified by a subset of spousal stroke caregivers. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted pre- and post-discharge from rehabilitation as part of a larger study that focused on identifying caregiver and stroke survivor needs as they transitioned home from inpatient rehabilitation. For this study, two semi-structured interviews with 14 spousal caregivers were analyzed using grounded theory methods. Results: Long-term stroke survivor outcomes were dependent upon the commitment, capacity and preparedness of the family caregiver. Twelve do...
Design of oral agents for the management of multiple sclerosis: benefit and risk assessment for dimethyl fumarate

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the most recent oral disease-modifying therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and is indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior to approval for use in MS, DMF and its active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate, had been used for decades as two of the fumaric acid esters in Fumaderm®, a medication used in Europe for the treatment of psoriasis. The unique mechanism of action of DMF remains under evaluation; however, it has been shown to act through multiple pathways leading to shifts away from the Th1 proinflammatory response to the less inflammatory Th2 response. Preliminary data suggest that DMF may induce neuroprotective effects in central nervous system white matter, although further studies are needed to demonstrate these effects on inflammatory demyelination. The DMF Phase III clinical trials demonstrated its efficacy with regard to a reduction in the annualized relapse rate and reductions in new or enlarging T2 lesions and numbers of gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. DMF has a well-defined safety profile, given the experience with its use in the treatment of psoriasis, and more recently from the DMF clinical trials program and post-marketing era for treatment of MS. The safety profile and oral mode of administration of DMF place it as an attractive first-line therapy option for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS. Long-term observational studies will be needed to determine the effects of DMF on progression of disability in MS.
Magnetic resonance imaging of printed text

Many electrophotographic print engines use toner with ferromagnetic particles that become fused with the paper. When text printed with this toner is placed in a uniform magnetic field, the text distorts the field. Placing this text adjacent to a material with a spatially uniform magnetic resonance signal causes a distortion in the signal, thus making the text visible in a magnetic resonance image of the material. An example of this process is presented using electrophotographically printed text and an aqueous solution. Applications might include analysis of paintings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 347–348, 2010.
Patient Electrode Isolation Adapter

Safety has rapidly become a major issue in the hospital environment. Electronic equipment, particularly monitoring apparatus, has modernized clinical procedures, but constitutes a potential danger to patients. A simple isolation adapter is described which can eliminate the shock hazards of existing equipment by breaking the electrical connection between electrode and monitor. Integral current-limiting circuitry protects against component failure within the coupler.
Enzymic Fractionation of the Stable Carbon Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide by Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase

The enzymic fractionation of the stable carbon isotopes of CO(2) (Deltaco(2)) was determined using a purified preparation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase isolated from cotton (a C(3) plant) leaves. The bicarbonate concentration in the reaction mixture saturated the enzyme and furnished an infinite pool of (12)CO(2) and (13)CO(2) for enzyme fractionation. The RuBP was 96 to 98% pure. The phosphoglycerate synthesized in the reaction mixtures was purified free of RuBP, phosphoglycolate, and other phosphate esters by column chromatography on Dowex 1-Cl(-) resin. The average Deltaco(2) value of -27.1% was determined from five separate experiments. A discussion of the isotope fractionation associated with photosynthetic CO(2) fixation in plants shows that the enzymic fractionation of stable carbon isotopes of CO(2) by RuBP carboxylase is of major importance in determining the delta(13)C values of C(3) plants.
The bond strength of Ni+2

Abstract The bond dissociation energy, D 0 , of Ni + 2 is estimated to be 2.32 ± 0.02 eV from the onset of rapid predissociation in the resonant two-color photodissociation (R2CD) spectrum. This predissociation manifests itself in an abrupt change in the lifetimes of some of the upper states above the adiabatic dissociation limit but without the onset of continuum absorption or noticeable broadening of spectral features. The value of the bond strength determined by this study is larger than that of the neutral molecule by 0.25 eV, in rough agreement with literature theoretical predictions.