cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Over the past forty years, systems engineering has methodically evolved through the Staircase, Early Prototype, Spiral and Rapid Development models. The evolution is characterized by successively deeper penetrations of prototyping concepts into the traditional staircase paradigm. Early prototyping penetrates to the requirements level. The spiral model penetrates to the design level. Rapid Development, the newest innovation, engulfs the entire process resulting in repeated operational deliveries. Each paradigm continues to have its useful niche, but selection of the wrong model for a given task invariably enhances the probability of failure. There is a need for continued education and acceptance of the newer approaches within the technical management and systems engineering communities.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Seychellois Children from the Pilot Cohort at 108 Months Following Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury from a Maternal Fish Diet

The Seychelles Child Development Study has been unable to confirm any relationship between maternal exposure to MeHg during pregnancy and adverse developmental outcomes. In this report, 87 children from a pilot cohort were evaluated at 9 years of age. Each child was given a battery testing specific cognitive, visual motor, and motor skills using standardized psychometric and neuro-psychological tests. The results indicated no adverse association between maternal MeHg exposure and any developmental outcome measure. For three endpoints (Boston Naming Test and two tests of visual motor coordination), enhanced performance in males was associated with increasing prenatal MeHg exposure. A secondary analysis including both prenatal MeHg and postnatal MeHg exposure was done even though we lacked postnatal hair for about 35% of the cohort. The results of the secondary analysis mirrored the outcomes of the primary analysis regarding prenatal exposure but were less robust. The results of this study are consistent with earlier findings from the 66-month evaluations of the SCDS Main cohort. Since MeHg is neurotoxic, this effect is likely due to other factors associated with consumption of fish.
Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide

From the Publisher: Digital Divide examines access and use of the Internet in 179 nations world-wide. A global divide is evident between industrialized and developing societies. A social divide is apparent between rich and poor within each nation. Within the online community, evidence for a democratic divide is emerging between those who do and do not use Internet resources to engage and participate in public life. Part I outlines the theoretical debate between cyber-optimists who see the Internet as the great leveler. Part II examines the virtual political system and the way that representative institutions have responded to new opportunities on the Internet. Part III analyzes how the public has responded to these opportunities in Europe and the United States and develops the civic engagement model to explain patterns of participation via the Internet.
Interruption Management and Telephone Call Screening

Notification-oriented computer interfaces are growing in importance, as is our understanding of how users manage interruptions. To gain insights relevant to the design of such interfaces, this study explored telephone call screening as a common example of how people manage technology-driven interruptions in their everyday residential environment. Survey results showed that audio screening is a frequent and regular practice, often used as part of an active, multicue strategy for managing interruptions. Frequent screeners estimated knowing more about the call before engaging in social interaction and were more selective when answering. Screening was viewed as an effective means of managing interruptions because screened, unanswered calls were rated as less disruptive of ongoing activities than calls that were answered. These findings on how people manage telephone call interruptions provide insights for designers of notification systems. First, audio alerts can be highly effective, especially in residential...
Identifying Children in the Colorado Adoption Project at Risk for Conduct Disorder

Clustering techniques were used to identify a subsample of young adopted and nonadopted children in the Colorado Adoption Project at risk for conduct disorder. Although data from both boys and girls were analyzed, a cluster of girls large enough for subsequent statistical analysis could not be identified; therefore, results are reported for boys only. Identifying measures were selected based on the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Cluster analyses confirmed the existence of a small group of boys who appeared to be significantly at risk. Subsequent parental and teacher ratings of these children verified the stability over time of the classification. The poor conduct group was significantly associated with difficult temperament in infancy, with poor conduct on the part of parents when they were youths, and with high achievement orientation in the home environment.
A Multiplex PCR Assay to Detect and Differentiate Select Agent Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum.

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 strains are considered select agents by the U.S. government because they are not endemic to the United States and have the potential to cause brown rot in our potato production fields. Simple and accurate methods are needed for quick identification prior to more discriminating but time-consuming verification methods. We developed a multiplex PCR assay that identifies R. solanacearum species complex strains, signals whether the strain detected is a select agent, and controls for false negatives associated with PCR inhibition or unsuccessful DNA extractions in one reaction. We identified unique sequences of non-phage-related DNA for the R. solanacearum species complex strains, and for select agent strains, using in silico genome subtraction. We also designed and included an internal plant DNA control assay. Our multiplex PCR assay correctly identified 90 R. solanacearum species complex strains and 34 select agent strains, while not recognizing five out-group b...
Crystal structure of nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase from Staphyloccocus aureus: structural basis for NaAD interaction in functional dimer.

Abstract Bacterial nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NaMNAT; EC 2.7.7.18) encoded by the nadD gene, is essential for cell survival and is thus an attractive target for developing new antibacterial agents. The NaMNAT catalyzes the transfer of an adenylyl group of ATP to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) to form nicotinic acid dinucleotide (NaAD). Two independently derived, high-resolution structures of Staphylococcus aureus NaMNAT–NaAD complexes establish the conserved features of the core dinucleotide-binding fold with other adenylyltransferases from bacteria to human despite a limited sequence conservation. The crystal structures reveal that the nicotinate carboxylates of NaAD are recognized by interaction with the main-chain amides of Thr85 and Tyr117, a positive helix dipole and two bridged-water molecules. Unlike other bacterial adenylyltransferases, where a partially conserved histidine residue interacts with the nicotinate ring, the Leu44 side-chain interacts with the nicotinate ring by van der Waals contact. Importantly, the S. aureus NaMNAT represents a distinct adenylyltransferase subfamily identifiable in part by common features of dimerization and substrate recognition in the loop connecting β5 to β6 (residues 132–146) and the additional β6 strand. The unique β6 strand helps orient the residues in the loop connecting β5 to β6 for substrate/product recognition and allows the β7 strand structural flexibility to make key dimer interface interactions. Taken together, these structural results provide a molecular basis for understanding the coupled activity and recognition specificity for S. aureus NaMNAT and for rational design of selective inhibitors.
Rehabilitation medicine and prospects for the prevention of disability from chronic obstructive lung disease.

Abstract A survey is made of the methods used in comprehensive rehabilitation programs directed toward patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, not so much with a view of evaluating the effects of the total program on disability and longevity, but rather the scientific or pragmatic basis of each part of the typical program. Evaluations are offered for the current status of sputum removal techniques in bronchitis, of diaphragmatic exercises, of alterations in breathing patterns and of oxygen-aided exercise programs. Some, but not all, currently used techniques appear to have a rational basis and, when combined with newly emerged modalities developed from recent analyses of the mechanics of breathing, may offer the patient with chronic obstructive lung disease some relief from disability.
Method for Estimating the Deformability of Heavily Jointed Rock Masses

Determination of the deformability of jointed rock masses is an important and challenging task in rock mechanics and rock engineering. In this paper, simple expressions are derived for estimating the equivalent isotropic deformation properties of heavily jointed rock masses using the methodology of equivalent continuum approach. The derived expressions are compared with two analytical relations in the literature and the field test data relating rock quality designation (RQD) and deformation modulus ratio Em / Er , where Em and Er are the deformation modulus of the rock mass and the intact rock, respectively. The derived expressions are in reasonable agreement with the existing analytical relations in the literature and satisfactorily predict the range of the field RQD versus modulus ratio Em / Er data. Finally two examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the derived expressions by applying them to estimate the deformation modulus of jointed rock mass at two sites. The results of the paper ...
Variational formulations and hp-boundary element approximations for hypersingular integral equations for Helmholtz exterior boundary-value problems in two dimensions

Abstract In this paper, a weak hypersingular formulation of the Helmholtz exterior boundary-value problem in two dimensions is presented. The weak formulation derived here is implemented into an h-p- adaptive boundary element approximation and the elementwise L 2 - residual is used as the error estimation in the adaptive scheme. A series of numerical experiments on the convergence of the solution and the properties of L 2 - residual is given. The work is an extension of methods and results contained in Denkowicz et al., TICOM Report 91-05 [1] and J. Computl Appl. Math.36, 29 (1991)
"The Black Lamb of the Black Sheep": Illegitimacy in the English Working Class, 1850-1939

Illegitimate children in the respectable working class in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries faced numerous obstacles in their childhoods, including violence, poverty, state intervention, and identity crises. Though most illegitimates were folded into the maternal family, their home lives were complicated by the hostile reaction of some relatives and neighbors to their births, and many such informal "adoptions" were unstable. Children discovered their real parents without preparation, or they felt constrained to keep the family secret without ever quite knowing why. They were also often shuttled between family members and into and out of state care. In addition, social and legal discrimination survived well into the twentieth century, leading to feelings of inferiority. Although some children reported happy childhoods, the majority never felt secure, and tended to blame their illegitimacy for all problems. In particular, their relationships with their mothers suffered, but they could also have difficulties with siblings and extended kin. The experience of these "outsiders" revises several historical interpretations of the working-class family, as well as showing the influence of Victorian sexual attitudes into the mid-twentieth century.
Scattering of light by polydisperse, randomly oriented, finite circular cylinders

We use the T-matrix method, as described by Mishchenko [Appl. Opt. 32, 4652 (1993)], to compute rigorously light scattering by finite circular cylinders in random orientation. First we discuss numerical aspects of T -matrix computations specific for finite cylinders and present results of benchmark computations for a simple cylinder model. Then we report results of extensive computations for polydisperse, randomly oriented cylinders with a refractive index of 1.53 + 0.008i, diameter-to-length ratios of 1/2, 1/1.4, 1, 1.4, and 2, and effective size parameters ranging from 0 to 25. These computations parallel our recent study of light scattering by polydisperse, randomly oriented spheroids and are used to compare scattering properties of the two classes of simple convex particles. Despite the significant difference in shape between the two particle types (entirely smooth surface for spheroids and sharp rectangular edges for cylinders), the comparison shows rather small differences in the integral photometric characteristics (total optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter of the phase function) and the phase function. The general patterns of the other elements of the scattering matrix for cylinders and aspect-ratio-equivalent spheroids are also qualitatively similar, although noticeable quantitative differences can be found in some particular cases. In general, cylinders demonstrate much less shape dependence of the elements of the scattering matrix than do spheroids. Our computations show that, like spheroids and bispheres, cylinders with surface-equivalent radii smaller than a wavelength can strongly depolarize backscattered light, thus suggesting that backscattering depolarization for nonspherical particles cannot be universally explained by using only geometric-optics considerations.
EFFECT ON EVAPORATION OF RELEASES FROM RESERVOIRS ON SALT RIVER, ARIZONA

Abstract By means of the energy-budget method, measurements of evaporation losses from four reservoirs on Salt River, Ariz., were determined to range from 57.5 to 69.9 inches for the 12-month period April 1958 to March 1959. Water is withdrawn from Roosevelt Lake at considerable depth and released through three run-of-the-river reservoirs. Because the water released from Roosevelt Lake is cold, evaporation losses from the downstream reservoirs are considerably lower than those from Roosevelt Lake. Evaporation pan coefficients computed for the various reservoirs ranged from 0.53 to 0.65. A base evaporation rate was computed for each reservoir as the evaporation rate that would have occurred had there been no change in energy storage and the net advected energy equalled zero during the year.
Development of the Vaccine Analytic Unit's research agenda for investigating potential adverse events associated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed.

Purpose In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Vaccine Analytic Unit (VAU) in collaboration with the Department of Defense (DoD). The focus of this report is to describe the process by which the VAU's anthrax vaccine safety research plan was developed following a comprehensive review of these topics. Methods Public health literature, surveillance data, and clinical sources were reviewed to create a list of adverse events hypothesized to be potentially related to anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA). From this list, a consensus process was used to select 11 important research topics. Adverse event background papers were written for each of these topics, addressing predetermined criteria. These were independently reviewed and ranked by a National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) workgroup. The adverse events included in the final priority list will be the subject of observational or other post marketing surveillance studies using the Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS) database. Results A review of various information sources identified over 100 potential adverse events. The review process recommended 11 topics as potentially warranting further study. The NVAC workgroup identified the following adverse event topics for study: arthritis, optic neuritis, and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Two additional topics (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple, near-concurrent military vaccinations) were added in response to emerging public health and military concerns. Conclusions The experience described, while specific for establishing the VAU's research agenda for the safety of the current anthrax vaccine, may be useful and adapted for research planning in other areas of public health research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of a Cp'Re=S derivative and more complex products

The reaction of Cp'ReCl(2)S(3) (Cp' = Me(4)EtC(5)) with slightly less than 2 equiv of a phosphine reagent results in the formation of [Cp'Re(Cl)(2)(mu-S)](2), 2, which has been characterized by an X-ray diffraction study. Reactions of 2 with nucleophiles did not lead to monomeric derivatives of the type Cp'ReS(Cl)(2)(Nuc). The reaction of Cp'ReCl(2)(SC(2)H(4)S) with (Me(3)Si)(2)S resulted in the formation of three new products: Cp'ReS(SC(2)H(4)S), 4; Cp'Re(S(3))(SC(2)H(4)S), 5; and a tetranuclear derivative, [(Cp'Re)(2)(mu-S)(mu,eta(2)-SC(2)H(4)S)(mu,eta(1)-SC(2)H(4)S](2)Cl(2), 6. Complexes 4 and 6 have been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. The electrochemical properties of the mononuclear Re=S derivative, 4, are compared with those of Re=O and Re=NR analogues.
Specialization of endoplasmic reticulum architecture in response to a bacterial symbiosis in Peridinium balticum (Pyrrhophyta)

Transmission elrctron microscopy (TEM) and rapid freeze-fracture analyses were used to provide data for a more accurate description of the relationship of Peridinium balticum (Levander) Lemmermann to endosymbiotic bacteria present in the dinoflagellate's cytoplasm. Bacteria were found in all of the cells observed and were present in both gamete and zygote life cycle stages. Analysis of micrographs showed that bacteria were tightly clustered in the posterior portion of the dinoflagellate cell in numbers of 50-200/ section. Rapid freeze-fracture replicas re-vealed a specialization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER surrounded each bacterium and consisted of a series of infoldings which contacted the bacterial plasma membrane in several places. Extensions of ER were common between adjacent bacteria. We have interpreted the development and specialization of endoplasmic reticulum of the dinoflagellate host as an example of a cellular response of one organism to another, supportive of the serial endosymbiotic theory. Intramembrane particles (IMP) were seen on both protoplasmic (P) and exoplasmic (E) faces of the bacterial plasma membrane. Aquisition of the bacterial symbiont and the effects of long term culturing are discussed.
Automating a commercial swather for harvesting forage plots

Forage plot harvesters having sicklebars are representative of technology currently used by commercial forage producers. Commercially built forage plot harvesters that are highly automated have been developed in recent years, but because of their small size they are not wellsuited for operating in fields with rough terrain, particularly fields with furrows. Furthermore, automated forage plot harvesters that use sicklebars are highly expensive, costing $30 000 and more. An automated forage plot harvester was developed at Colorado State University using a field-scale commercial swather. A weigh bin was designed and fabricated that attaches underneath the swather directly behind the hay conditioner. This article describes, in detail, how to construct the forage plot harvester. The plot harvester can be modified quickly for use in harvesting both research plots and commercial fields. It has an electronic weighing system and a belt conveyor in the bottom of the weigh bin for discharging weighed samples. The plot harvester has performed well in furrow-irrigated fields. Alfalfa samples weighing up to 68 kg have been harvested, and the average time required to harvest small plots was 50 s. The cost of materials for the weigh bin, including the electronic weighing system, was $2550. Contribution from the Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado Agric. Exp. Stn. Project no. 15-672.
Binding and regulation of the transcription factor NFAT by the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays a key role in T cell activation. The activation of NFAT involves calcium- and calcineurin-dependent dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation from the cytoplasm, a process that is opposed by protein kinases. We show here that the peptidyl prolyl cis–trans isomerase Pin1 interacts specifically with the phosphorylated form of NFAT. The NFAT–Pin1 interaction is mediated through the WW domain of Pin1 and the serine–proline-rich domains of NFAT. Furthermore, binding of Pin1 to NFAT inhibits the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of NFAT in vitro, and overexpression of Pin1 in T cells inhibits calcium-dependent activation of NFAT in vivo. These results suggest a possible role for Pin1 in the regulation of NFAT in T cells.
Synthesis of long-chain fatty acids by microsomes of pigeon liver

Abstract Results are presented which show that pigeon liver microsomes contain an enzyme system capable of synthesizing saturated and unsaturated C-18 and C-20 fatty acids by the addition of malonyl-CoA to shorter chain fatty acids. Since no malonyl-CoA was incorporated into the first five “two carbon” units of synthesized oleic acid (pelargonic acid), it is concluded that the shortest chain fatty acid elongated by this system is decanoic acid. This conclusion is supported by the relatively high specific radioactivity of the carboxyl group in stearic and oleic acids synthesized from 1,3- 14 C-malonyl-CoA and by the failure of octanoyl-CoA to stimulate the incorporation of malonyl-CoA into fatty acids. Requirements for ATP and a reduced nucleotide for microsomal fatty acid synthesis are also reported. The role of ATP in this system is discussed, and it is concluded that ATP probably functions in the activation of primer fatty acid units and in the synthesis of phospholipids. The latter are major end products of microsomal fatty acid synthesis.
Application of Receptor Modeling to Indoor Air Emissions from Electroplating

Abstract In work areas containing multiple sources of the same air pollutant, it is useful for control purposes to be able to separate out the contribution from each individual source. In this study, the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model was used to allocate the contributions from multiple sources to area concentration measurements in three electroplating shops. Shop 1 was a room with a single copper electroplating line; shop 2 was a large bay containing a chromium conversion coating line, a continuous chromium electroplating line, and several manual electroplating operations; shop 3 contained a piston chrome plating line, a decorative chrome plating line, and manual and barrel zinc coating lines. Hourly area concentrations of the composition of particulate matter were collected at a number of locations in each workroom. Activities of individual sources within each room were observed and recorded over each 1-hour interval. The receptor modeling approach uses the elemental composition of one or mo...
Possible secondary apatite fission track age standard from altered volcanic ash beds in the middle Jurassic Carmel Formation, Southwestern Utah

Abstract Secondary age standards are valuable in intra- and interlaboratory calibration. At present very few such standards are available for fission track dating that is older than Tertiary. Several altered volcanic ash beds occur in the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation in southwestern Utah. The formation was deposited in a shallow marine/sabhka environment. Near Gunlock, Utah, eight ash beds have been identified. Sanidines from one of the ash beds (GUN-F) give a single-crystal laser-probe 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 166.3±0.8 Ma (2 σ ). Apatite and zircon fission track ages range from 152–185 Ma with typically 15–20 Ma errors (2σ). Track densities in zircons are high and most grains are not countable. Apatites are fairly common in most of the ash beds and have reasonable track densities ranging between 1.2–1.5 × 10 6 tracks/cm 2 . Track length distributions in apatites are unimodal, have standard deviations μ m, and mean track lengths of about 14–14.5 μm. High Cl apatites (F:Cl:OH ratio of 39:33:28) are particularly abundant and large in ash GUN-F, and are fairly easy to concentrate, but the concentrates contain some siderite, most of which can be removed by sieving. GUN-F shows evidence of some reworking and detriaal contamination based on older single grain 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses and some rounding of grains, but the apatite population appears to be largely uncontaminated. At present BJK has approximately 12 of apatite separate from GUN-F.
Probing Conformational States of Modified Helix 69 in 50S Ribosomes

The movement of the small ribosomal subunit (30S) relative to the large ribosomal subunit (50S) during translation is widely known, but many molecular details and roles of rRNA and proteins in this process are still undefined, especially in solution models. The functional relationship of modified nucleotides to ribosome activity is one such enigma. To better understand ribosome dynamics and the influence of modified nucleotides on such processes, the focus of this work was helix 69 of 23S rRNA, which contains three pseudouridine residues in its loop region. Ribosome probing experiments with dimethylsulfate revealed that specific base accessibilities and individual nucleotide conformations in helix 69 are influenced differently by pH, temperature, magnesium, and the presence of pseudouridine modifications.
SU‐FF‐T‐66: Comparison of IMRT Plans with Tissue Heterogeneity Corrections Using the Pinnacle3 and CORVUS Treatment Planning Systems

Purpose: To study and compare the results of IMRT plans with tissue heterogeneity corrections using the Pinnacle3 and CORVUS treatment planning systems (TPS). Method and Materials: A 30 cm × 30 cm × 15 cm solid water phantom embedded with a 7.5 cm styrofoam slab simulating air was scanned on Siemens Emotion Duo and the image set was transferred to both TPS for dose computation and analysis. A few clinical cases planned on the CORVUS were also transferred to Pinnacle3 and computed with heterogeneity corrections. Results: The dose profile along the central axis of a 23MV beam inside phantom was generated on both TPS and was compared with the Battista et al1 data from TG65. It is noted that a gradual build‐up effect after the in homogeneity region in the case of Pinnacle3 but it is not noticed in the case of CORVUS. In the case of clinical lung plan, CORVUS overestimated the dose homogeneity and uniformity in the target when compared to Pinnacle3 TPS. When re‐optimized and re‐computed on Pinnacle3 TPS, the target coverage on DVH was better than CORVUS. Discrepancies of 33% (relative to the prescribed target dose) in the target region were found in CORVUS TPS calculations. Conclusion: The FSPB algorithm as implemented in CORVUS results in significant under‐ or over‐estimation of the dose in some cases involving heterogeneities such as the air‐tissue, and lung‐tissue. Comparatively, the convolution algorithm in Pinnacle3 is far superior and takes into account the electronic disequilibrium due to tissue heterogeneity. This is in agreement with earlier published literature using Monte Carlo computations.
Pancreatic stem cells.

β-cell replacement therapy via islet transplantation has had renewed interest, due to the recent improved success. In order to make such a therapy available to more than a few of the thousands of patients with diabetes, new sources of insulin-producing cells must be readily available. The recent conceptual revolution of the presence of adult pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow and in most, if not all, organs suggests that adult stem cells may be a potential source of insulin-producing cells. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells or markers for these cells have been sought in both islets and ducts. There is considerable evidence that such cells exist and several candidate cells have been reported. However, no clearly identifiable adult pancreatic stem cell has been found as yet. The putative pancreatic stem cells will be the focus of this review. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial effect of black seed oil on Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen in the United States. Effective methods for reducing L. monocytogenes in foods would reduce the likelihood of foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis, and decrease economic losses to the food industry. Nigella sativa is a herbaceous plant, whose seeds (black seed) have been used as a spice and condiment in foods in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of black seed oil on twenty strains of L. monocytogenes by disc diffusion method. A population of 7.0 log CFU of each strain of L. monocytogenes was inoculated on duplicate plates containing antibiotic medium one agar. The plates were allowed to dry at room temperature for 15 min. Three discs (6 mm diameter), each impregnated with 10 μl of black seed oil, vegetable oil (oil control), or gentamicin (positive control) were placed on each inoculated plate. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, and were observed for zones of L. monocytogenes growth inhibition. Black seed oil exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against all the strains of L. monocytogenes , yielding a significantly ( P L. monocytogenes . Results indicate that black seed oil could potentially be used to inhibit L. monocytogenes , but appropriate applications in foods need to be validated.
A note on voting

Abstract A framework is presented in which to analyze the power of players in a cooperative game in which only certain coalitions are allowed. The allowable coalitions are characterized by a closure operator that combinatorially abstracts the notion of convexity. The Shapley-Shubik index is extended to this situation, allowing a computation of the power of each player. One example of this framework, voting on a one-dimensional spectrum, is analyzed and it is shown that the powerful players are mid-way between the middle and the extremes. This framework is also applied to an empirical study of power of the Supreme Court. Implications and generalizations are also discussed.
Radiolarian assemblages and their relationship to the oceanography of the subtropical southeastern Pacific

Abstract Micropaleontological data have been analyzed through mathematical and statistical procedures in order to establish the distribution pattern of radiolarian assemblages in the surface sediments and to establish the relationship of these assemblages with oceanographic variables. Factor analysis shows that five major radiolarian assemblages (factors), accounting for 93.6% of the variance, reflect the mixed-layer circulation and its associated water masses. According to their position in the area, these factors are called: (1) the Subtropical factor, (2) the Equatorial (undercurrent) factor, (3) the Peru (current) factor, (4) the Chile (current) factor, and (5) the Backwater factor. The Subtropical factor covers the largest area, is correlated with the warm waters of the South Equatorial Current, and almost completely overlaps the Equatorial factor. The Equatorial factor is correlated with the production of biogenic silica and shows its clearest dominance close to the Galapagos Islands, where the Equatorial Undercurrent nears the surface. The Peru factor separates the Subtropical factor from the coast and shows the influence of coastal upwelling in the Peru Current. The Chile factor follows the cool water of the Chile Current, along the Chilean coast, and goes off to the west at about 23°S, where the Subtropical Convergence vanishes. The Backwater factor appears between the Peru factor and the Chile factor, in an area of intense mixing of water masses. Taxonomic notes are given in the appendix.
Solid-state deformation of polyethylene and nylon and its effects on their structure and morphology

Solid-state deformation processes have been used to achieve polymers of high tensile moduli. The processes are based on achieving continuity for the oriented high-strength covalent bonds of the polymer chain. This is accomplished by the pulling out of chain folds and the subsequent extension of the long polymer chains which run both through and between crystal lamellae. Three major processes are used in solid-state deformation of semicrystalline polymers. In common cold drawing, the polymer is stretched at or below the crystalline melting point. In cold extrusion, a plug of solid polymer is forced by a ram through an orifice of smaller cross-sectional area to achieve draw. The third process, hydrostatic extrusion, is similar to cold extrusion except that the solid plug is surrounded by a pressure transmitting fluid which exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the plug that forces it through an orifice. Each method has distinct advantages and disadvantages that are described. Proposed molecular models for the three solid-state deformation processes generally consider the breakup of crystalline lamellae, their orientation in the deformation direction, and the pulling out of folded chains. These unfolded chains form tie-molecules between and among the disrupted lamellae. At highest deformation, fibril formation is observed which involves the partially extended tiemolecules. It is these chain-extended tie-molecules which are responsible for the unusually high tensile properties for drawn semicrystalline thermoplastics in the orientation direction.
An informal introduction to basic concepts of aerodynamics: part II: thin airfoils and wings in incompressible fluid flows

This paper is a sequel of part I. Here, thin airfoil theory for thickness and lifting problems are presented in terms of velocity components due to two dimensional source and vortex distributions. Flows around bodies of revolution are also treated using three dimensional sources and effects of small angle of attack are considered using cross flow analysis. Low and high aspect ratio wings are studied with different approximations. Viscous effects are included using velocity/vorticity formulation as well.
Corporate entrepreneurship: teaching managers to be entrepreneurs

In good and bad economic times, innovation is a requisite for companies seeking to remain competitive especially in uncertain and turbulent times. Many organizations are increasingly looking to “corporate entrepreneurship” as a way of combating the lethargy and bureaucracy that often accompany size. But can mangers, who are expected to act like entrepreneurs really be trained to do so? The purpose of this study, then, was to determine whether large companies, through management education and action learning projects, could indeed turn mangers into corporate entrepreneurs. Four large organizations, that had embarked on formalized “corporate entrepreneurship” management development programs formed the basis for this field research. Results indicate that many managers can indeed be trained to act like entrepreneurs and that these actions can result in significant new value creation. However, companies who embark on corporate entrepreneurial development programs also need to be aware of the pitfalls and problems that can happen, when newly trained corporate entrepreneurs re‐enter the organization.
SURGERY OF THE ESOPHAGUS: Anatomy and Physiology

The esophagus can be divided into three parts: cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. Its blood supply, lymphatic drainage, innervation, and architecture of the esophageal wall are described. The topographic relationships of the esophagus and the gastroesophageal junction with neighboring structures are illustrated from the right and left thoroscopic and the laparoscopic viewpoints. Functionally, the esophagus consists of the upper esophageal sphincter; the esophageal body; and the lower esophageal sphincter. Their coordinated muscular activity transports the food bolus into the stomach, while maintaining a barrier against reflux of esophageal contents into the pharynx and gastric juice into the esophagus.
Transcriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Mouse Skin Carcinoma Cells REGULATORY ROLE OF CCAAT/ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IN NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC TISSUES

Abstract Many studies have suggested that overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) contributes to the development of tumors in several tissues. COX-2 expression tends to be up-regulated in various types of tumors and transformed cell lines, and the overexpression of COX-2 is caused by enhanced transcription of the gene. In an attempt to characterize the signaling pathway leading to the overexpression of COX-2 in the mouse skin carcinoma cell line JWF2, we investigatedcis- and trans-acting factors required for COX-2 expression and demonstrated a molecular mechanism by which COX-2 is expressed differentially in normal and neoplastic tissues. Two regions of the COX-2 promoter containing an E-box and nuclear factor IL6 site were identified as the positive regulatory elements through transient transfections with luciferase reporter vectors containing the various 5′-flanking regions of the promoter. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and cotransfection experiments showed that upstream stimulatory factors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) bind to the E-box and nuclear factor IL6 site, respectively, and functionally transactivate the COX-2 promoter. We also found that C/EBP isoforms are expressed differentially during mouse skin carcinogenesis, suggesting that overexpression of COX-2 in tumors may be caused by a change in C/EBP expression levels.
Sonochemical synthesis and rheological properties of shear thickening silica dispersions

A sonochemical method has been developed to synthesize shear thickening fluid. This shear thickening fluid (STF) is composed of hard silicon dioxide nanoparticles and polyethylene glycol (PEG) liquid polymer. The combination of flow-able and hard components at a particular composition, results a material with remarkable rheological properties that is suitable for liquid body armor applications. In the present study nine types of STF's have been synthesized with two different types of silica nanoparticles (15 nm and 200 nm) and polyethylene glycol at various weight fractions using a high intensity ultrasonic irradiation. The resultant STF samples were tested for their rheological and thermal properties. The advantages and disadvantages of this process have been discussed.
Stress Hormone Changes and Marital Conflict: Spouses’ Relative Power Makes a Difference

We investigated the impact of relative marital power on 72 newlywed couples’ endocrinological responses to marital conflict. Marital power was determined by comparing spouses’ reports of dependent love for one another. Less powerful spouses displayed elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to a conflict discussion. Shared power appeared to have a beneficial effect on wives’ but not husbands’ ACTH responses. Spouses’ cortisol levels declined over time, except for wives who were less powerful and for husbands who shared power with their wives. Conflict behaviors did not differ as a function of this marital power index. These data suggest that relative levels of general emotional power in relationships may play an important role in spouses’ physiological responses to marital conflict.
Aeroprediction code for angles of attack above 30 degree

The U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division aeroprediction code has been extended to angles of attack greater than 30 deg. To accomplish this, several databases were used to approximate the nonlinearities in individual missile component aerodynamics. Theoretical aerodynamic methods were used at small angles of attack. The new semiempirical model was then applied to several configurations and the empirical constants fine tuned so as to minimize some of the errors associated with wind-tunnel measurements of component aerodynamics at high angles of attack. New and improved technology developed includes 1) extension of the wing-body and body-wing interference factor methodology above angle of attack of 30 deg for both zero and nonzero control deflections and 2) refinements in body-alone normal force and center-of-pressure prediction to account for Reynolds number, and transonic and asymmetrically shed body vortices. All methodology is developed for the * = 0-deg (or fins in plus) roll orientation. Comparison of the new methodology to several cases outside the databases on which the methodology was developed appears to indicate the average accuracy goals of ±10% on normal force and ±4% of body length on center of pressure were maintained for the higher angles of attack. Nomenclature AP = planform area of the body or wing in the crossflow plane, ft2 Aref = reference area (maximum cross-sectional area of body, if a body is present, or planform area of wing, if wing alone), ft2 A w, Sw =
An experimental study on Layer 2 roaming for 802.11 based WLANs

In this paper, we argue that the roaming functionalities implemented at the data link layer (Layer 2) have certain drawbacks causing delay in the handoff process for mobile hosts in a wireless local area network. Through real experiments, we show how the triggering of the roam process is delayed which affects data transmission. Even though the network interface cards and drivers were from different manufactures, the decision process related to the hand-offs had significant similarities ? the use of a crude timer and an un-sophisticated approach for detecting error conditions. Identifying the mechanisms that cause a mobile host to roam, we suggest a pro-active algorithm that eases the effects of waiting too long to roam. By monitoring the current received signal strength, we were able to initiate the probing process early enough which in turn helped the roaming process.
Word of God or Dialog with Science? Overcoming a False Dilemma Through Missional Encounter

: Why would a theology grounded in God's word engage with the sciences? After laying out two alternative approaches to revelation—constructive theology (general revelation) and Logos theology (special revelation)—I advocate an evangel theology grounded in mission, worship and the gospel of Jesus Christ. This approach engages both culture (including science and technology) and God's word from a critical missional basis. An evangel theology engages the sciences through apologetics, cultural critique, hermeneutics, and the cooperative task of developing a Christian worldview.
Pancreatic cancer, animal protein and dietary fat in a population-based study, San Francisco Bay Area, California.

Objective The associations between animal protein or fat and risk of pancreatic cancer have been reported previously with inconsistent results. A population-based case–control study of pancreatic cancer was conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area to examine these associations.
Survey Of Display Hologram Types

Some characteristics of four principal types of display holograms are outlined in order to permit accurate identification and comparison by observers in the field. Several well-known non-holograms are also discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Origin and manifestation of flow-combustion interactions in a premixed shear layer

The interactions between the flow field and the combustion process in a premixed shear layer are investigated using the results of numerical simulation. The reaction is governed by a finite-rate Arrhenius kinetics, the flow is compressible and at high Reynolds number, heat release is moderate and molecular heat and mass diffusivities are finite. The thickness of the reaction zone and that of the vorticity layer are approximately the same. Lagrangian simulations are obtained using the vortex and transport element methods. Results indicate that at the early stages, a reacting shear layer behaves like a laminar flame. During the growth of the roll-up eddy, the rate of burning is strongly enhanced by the entrainment fluxes that lead to the swelling of the reaction zone, and the total rate of product formation can be approximated by the unstrained laminar burning velocity times the flame length measured along the line of maximum reaction rate. Following the burning of the eddy core, the strain field along the eddy boundaries causes a noticeable thinning of the reaction zone and reduces the rate of burning. Baroclinic vorticity generation due to the acceleration of fluid elements in the density gradient is the most important mechanism by which combustion affects the flow field. It augments the overall volumetric entrainment into the eddy core, and causes an entrainment asymmetry with a bias towards the products. The generated vorticity extends the growth period of the eddy and imparts on it an extra mean convective motion.
Plasma Protein Patterns in Health and Disease

The complex nature of protein metabolism has made interpretation of serum protein data a difficult task. Interpretive efforts can be facilitated by use of protein profiles which consist of quantitative immunochemical data combined with qualitative electrophoretic patterns. These profiles can be designed to clarify physiological relationships and emphasize pathological conditions through pattern recognition. This review will present protein profiles observed in acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation: liver diseases, protein losing disorders, plasma cell dyscrasias, humoral immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, genetic deficiency states, and other disorders. The value of consultative interaction and the use of combined profiles in the assessment of a patient's protein status will be covered. A discussion of protein patterns in normal individuals will include data on day-to-day, age- and sex-related variation. A section on management of protein data will present various approaches to profile reporting. Graphical report formats which minimize the time required for information transfer and simplify assimilation of results will be emphasized.
Content Analysis of Online Pediatric Drowning Prevention Handouts

Objectives: This study analyzes the content presented in drowning prevention handouts available on the internet. Methods: Online, printable handouts were included if Google, Yahoo, and MSN all identified it within the first 20 hits of key word searches. The content of each handout was unitized and units were assigned one of nine predetermined codes by two independent raters. Results: Nineteen handouts were included. Interrater reliability was Kappa = 0.851. Most coded units described "environment", (33%), followed by "supervision" (17%) and "drowning facts" (16%). "Education", "gear", "other" and "emergency response" were all mentioned regularly. The least represented messages were "policy" and "entrapment". Most hand outs had acceptable readability for the general population (around 7(th) grade level) and asthetic appeal/organization was generally high. Conclusion: Overall, on-line handouts for child drowning prevention appear to provide consistent, appropriate messages, although some are more appealing than others. Practice Implications: A variety of pediatric drowning prevention handouts are available online that would be appropriate handouts for physician offices, however handouts should be evaluated before selecting one for use with patients. Language: en