cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
¿Cómo estás, mi niño? (How Are You, My Boy?): Memories of Father and Fatherhood—Mental Illness, Enforced Masculinity, and Loss

Alvarez Jr. recalls a childhood among strong-willed women and a father with whom he shares a name but who suffers from schizophrenia. Macho hypermasculinity is imposed by the family’s matriarchs as if to police the author’s emergent boyhood queer sexuality. In contrast, the father accepts his queer child perhaps because “schizophrenia [has also] queered him.” As the family’s eldest son, Alvarez must perform as the patriarch during and after his father’s demis. Publicly, a stoical Alvarez avoids grieving his father’s passing or calling attention to his own emotional needs. Privately, he is at a loss. The night of his father’s death, Alvarez, is given power-of-attorney over whether or not to resuscitate his parent, he does not.
Conservation-Law-Based Global Bounds to Quantum Optimal Control.

Active control of quantum systems enables diverse applications ranging from quantum computation to manipulation of molecular processes. Maximum speeds and related bounds have been identified from uncertainty principles and related inequalities, but such bounds utilize only coarse system information and loosen significantly in the presence of constraints and complex interaction dynamics. We show that an integral-equation-based formulation of conservation laws in quantum dynamics leads to a systematic framework for identifying fundamental limits to any quantum control scenario. We demonstrate the utility of our bounds in three scenarios---three-level driving, decoherence suppression, and maximum-fidelity gate implementations---and show that in each case our bounds are tight or nearly so. Global bounds complement local-optimization-based designs, illuminating performance levels that may be possible, as well as those that cannot be surpassed.
Cultivating diversity as an ethos with an anti-racism approach in the scientific enterprise

Summary The diversity of the U.S. population is currently not reflected in the genomic workforce and across the greater scientific enterprise. Although diversity and inclusion efforts have focused on increasing the number of individuals from underrepresented groups across scientific fields, structural racism remains. Thus, the cultivation and adoption of diversity as an ethos requires shifting our focus to being intentional about an institution's character, culture, and climate. One way for this ethos to be sustained is by facilitating an intentional anti-racism approach within the field. Adopting a new perspective on diversity utilizing an anti-racism approach will support genomics researchers as we build supportive, collaborative research environments. We seek to expand critical thought in the framing of diversity in the research enterprise and propose an anti-racism approach that informs deliberate actions required to address structural racism.
Anthropology in the PICU: Addressing the Local Worlds of Families in an Otherwise Foreign Land.

ABSTRACT Critical illness is a scary, and often previously unknown, experience for children and their families. To best assist pediatric critically ill patients and their caregivers, it is imperative to understand their local worlds outside of the PICU and what matters to them most. Anthropology, and its ethnographic lens and mode of inquiry, is an underutilized aspect of multidisciplinary care and research in pediatric critical care but has much to offer as exemplified herein.
Shc proteins predict outcome in treatment-naïve breast cancer patients: Do they also predict chemotherapy benefit?

PR-9 Background: Better predictors of adjuvant chemotherapy benefit would improve clinical management of breast cancer patients. The Shc proteins, implicated in many pathways associated with aggressive cancers, can be measured in tumors by the OncoPlanTM immunohistochemical test, which reports on phosphorylated (PY)-Shc and an inhibitory form of the protein, p66 Shc. Previous studies have shown that OncoPlan is a strong predictor of disease outcome. Here we report on the ability of p66 Shc to identify those patients most likely to benefit from chemotherapy.Methods: Population-based primary invasive tumors from 2380 women from BC were arrayed in TMA format (no adjuvant therapy=1663; chemotherapy=717; relapsed=854; died of disease=501; 13yrs median follow-up). Shc staining was scored on a continuous 0-5 scale by two pathologists, blinded to patient data.Results: In 1663 patients not receiving chemotherapy prior to first relapse, p66 Shc as a continuous variable had strong ability to predict relapse-free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.64, 95% CI 0.44-0.93, P = 0.018) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.30-0.75, P = 0.001) in multivariate Cox models adjusted for nodal status, Her2 and ER status, age, tumor size and grade. In contrast, p66 Shc did not predict outcome in chemotherapy-treated patients (RFS HR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.67-1.65, P = 0.81; DSS HR = 1.00 95% CI 0.61-1.67, P = 0.98). This suggested that p66 Shc levels predicted tumor responsiveness to chemotherapy. To test this hypothesis, we examined chemotherapy9s protective ability in patients subgrouped by p66 Shc levels, using fully adjusted Cox model.The 60% of patients classified as high risk by OncoPlan (low p66 Shc levels) were strongly protected by chemotherapy (RFS HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.38-0.75, P = 0.0001; DSS HR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.74, P = 0.001), whereas for the 40% of patients classified as low risk by OncoPlan, chemotherapy appeared to be a hazard (RFS HR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.79-1.8, P = 0.41; DSS HR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.15-3.02, P = 0.01). For the total population of patients, chemotherapy appeared to be protective (RFS HR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-94, P = 0.01; DSS HR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.62-1.05, P = 0.12).By drug, high risk patients were protected by AC (DSS HR = 0.31, 95% CI 0.017-0.57, P 1.5, P > 0.10).Conclusions: These data suggest that p66 Shc levels in primary tumors identify patients with a low risk profile who will derive little benefit from chemotherapy and also patients with a high risk profile, who will derive the most benefit.Supported in part by a Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation grant
Data Compression for Network GIS.

Data compression algorithms can be categorized into lossless and lossy. Bit streams generated by lossless compression algorithm can be faithfully recovered to the original data. If loss of one single bit may cause serious and unpredictable consequences in original data (for example, text and medical image compression) lossless compression algorithm should be applied. If data consumers can tolerate distortion of original data to a certain degree, lossy compression algorithms are usually better because they can achieve much higher compression ratios than lossless ones. Some commonly used lossless and lossy data compression algorithms are listed in Table I.
Aporphines 10. Approaches to the synthesis of 7-hydroxyaporphines

Abstract A new method for the stereoselective synthesis of 7-hydroxyaporphine (3a) and 7-hydroxynoraporphine (3b) via the 4-oxazolin-2-one 20 as a protecting group has been developed. Pschorr cyclization of 20 and hydrolysis of the oxazoloaporphine 21 with trifluoroacetic acid led exclusively to the dehydronoraporphine 22. Reduction of 21 with LAH gave 3a and treatment of 21 with methyllithium gave 3b. The synthesis of 10,11-dimethoxy-7-oxoaporphine (2) involving a Reissert alkylation-Pschorr cyclization sequence has been achieved.
The Influence of Software Engineering Paradigms on Individual and Team Project Results

For years there has been debate over which software development paradigm is best. There are many anecdotal reports extolling the advantages of prototyping over specifying approaches, but few controlled studies have been performed to quantify the differences between them. We report on some observations drawn about individual and team projects conducted in our software engineering practica and we describe a series of controlled experiments comparing spiral-prototyping to specifying in team projects. In the team developments we found that the prototyped products were completed with less effort, had lower complexity metric values, had fewer reported defects, and were rated higher on the customer's subjective evaluation of quality. We also found that management of the spiral-prototyping process is a critical element in project success or failure. Because of the experimental controls employed in our study and the realism of the programming projects performed, we believe that these results are valid equally outside the academic environment.
The Impudence of Being Earnest: Jon Stewart and the Boundaries of Discursive Responsibility

In late 2010, Jon Stewart attracted considerable news media attention by organizing the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear and, later, pressuring lawmakers to pass legislation providing health care to 9/11 responders. The events renewed an interpretive struggle surrounding Stewart in which journalists understood his activity as signaling a shift in his cultural role. Using the concept of boundary maintenance to qualitatively analyze journalists' interpretations, this study connects journalistic discourse surrounding Stewart to questions of epistemic authority, the role of earnestness in public discourse, and the responsibility of discursive agents. These evaluations of Stewart illuminate the contestation of appropriate norms and practices within the mediated public sphere during an era of complex cultural, economic, and technological change.
Analysis of Earth Dam Response to Earthquakes

An investigation has been made of the effect of two earthquakes with Richter local magnitudes ML of 6.3 and 4.7 on a modern rolled-fill earth dam in Southern California. The dam was equipped with motion sensors that yielded data on the structural response as well as the ground input motion at the site. Amplification spectra of the dam were computed for the two earthquakes to indicate the natural frequencies of the dam, to estimate the shear-wave velocity of its materials, and to estimate the relative contribution of different modes of vibrations. A comparison between the aforementioned natural frequencies and those obtained for the dam by existing shear-beam theories was made to obtain representative dam material properties. In addition, field wave-velocity measurements were carried out as a further check as well as to study the variation of shear-wave velocity (or shear modulus) at various depths below the crest of the dam.
Dysmenorrhea in adolescence.

Primary dysmenorrhea is common in adolescence; dysmenorrhea secondary to a cyst or inflammation or other organic pathologic process is rare. During adolescence many girls find it difficult to assume, either physiologically or psychologically, the new demands which the process of maturing into an adult female has put upon them. It is therefore necessary to understand the endocrine and reproductive systems of this age group and also their worries and conflicts. It is important to know that dysmenorrhea does not occur in the absence of ovulation and that cramps can be evidence of underlying tension and worry. For most girls who have this complaint, a thorough but thoughtful examination, reassurance, a careful explanation of the association between ovulation and menstruation and a little attention to them, will suffice. Others who have the sort of worries and conflicts which plague this age group should be given an opportunity to express their feelings and relieve their tension. In an occasional adolescent, incapacitating menstrual cramps may be the somatic focus of a disorder which will require psychiatric care. When both the physiologic and the psychologic characteristics of adolescents are kept in mind, the physician can at least do much to insure these patients a more satisfactory adjustment to womanhood and perhaps also to relieve their discomfort. If success does not follow from one9s efforts, the assistance of more experienced physicians should be sought.
A Tool for Maintaining Multi-variant Hypertext Documents

With the increasing internationalization of the World-Wide Web comes a corresponding increase in the need for multivariant hypertext documents — families of documents with instances that are designed based on the same theme and structure but in which the content varies, being expressed in different languages to thereby be accessible in the reader's native languages. The different variants in the document family ideally share the same hypertext structure, called a consistent state, but require exceptions to handle variant-unique contents. As a practical matter, differing maintainer expertise in the supported languages often means that each variant is maintained separately from the others. In this case over time the hypertext structures of the different variants gradually deviate from each other, resulting in inconsistencies. We have developed a tool to aid authors in maintaining consistency within multi-variant hypertext documents. Our tool can traverse and compare multiple variants of a hypertext document simultaneously, report inconsistencies, and keep track of all updates that may cause new inconsistencies after consistent status has already been reached. We describe our experiences with the tool on a two-language Web site that we are maintaining. Our tool discovered previously unrecognized inconsistencies that had been in our Web pages for some time. Although it still can be enhanced further in many ways, with aid of the tool, a significant amount of time can be saved on maintaining consistency in multi-variant hypertext documents.
Halting the Profession’s Female Brain Drain While Increasing the Provision of Legal Services to the Poor: A Proposal to Revamp and Expand Emeritus Attorney Programs (Appendices Only)

This article is currently in the editorial process and will be made public soon: Claudine V. Pease-Wingenter, Halting the Profession’s Female Brain Drain While Increasing the Provision of Legal Services to the Poor: A Proposal to Revamp and Expand Emeritus Attorney Programs, 37 OKLA. CITY. U.L. REV. 433 (2012). The article describes the current female brain drain in the legal profession. Despite years of gender parity in law school, women currently comprise only about a third of practitioners. A number of factors lead to this situation, but a significant cause is the frequent “perfect storm” of simultaneously establishing oneself in a demanding new profession while also meeting significant caregiving responsibilities at home. Women often take time off from paid employment for family reasons, but find it difficult to return to the legal profession after the isolation of such a hiatus. The article advocates reforms to the licensure rules to empower lawyers on such a hiatus to do pro bono work. Not only could the provision of such pro bono services make a huge dent on the “justice gap” that currently plagues our nation and undermines our legal system, but it could also alleviate the trend of women who drift away from the legal profession permanently. To explain the underrepresentation of women in the legal profession, as well as the disincentives attorneys face in doing pro bono when they are not engaged in the paid practice of law, a significant amount of research was done. This document contains several unpublished appendices to the above-titled article, which contain the fruits of that research: • Appendix I provides gender statistics of attorneys from a sampling of thirty-nine law firms of varying sizes from diverse communities around the United States. • Appendix II is a state-by-state summary of the direct costs imposed on attorneys to maintain a law license. • Appendix III is an index of the various states’ MCLE requirements. • Appendix IV is a description of the emeritus attorney and other programs whereby non-practicing attorneys are permitted by certain jurisdictions under certain circumstances to practice law only on a pro bono basis without incurring the financial costs associated with maintaining bar licensure.
Hordes: a multicast based protocol for anonymity

With widespread acceptance of the Internet as a public medium for communication and information retrieval, there has been rising concern that the personal privacy of users can be eroded by cooperating network entities. A technical solution to maintaining privacy is to provide anonymity. We present a protocol for initiator anonymity called Hordes, which uses forwarding mechanisms similar to those used in previous protocols for sending data, but is the first protocol to make use of multicast routing to anonymously receive data. We show this results in shorter transmission latencies and requires less work of the protocol participants, in terms of the messages processed. We also present a comparison of the security and anonymity of Hordes with previous protocols, using the first quantitative definition of anonymity and unlinkability. Our analysis shows that Hordes provides anonymity in a degree similar to that of Crowds and Onion Routing, but also that Hordes has numerous performance advantages.
Factors affecting solvent shifts of the n → π∗ band of benzophenone☆

Abstract The structure of the n → π ∗ absorption band of benzophenone dissolved in alkane and alcoholic solvents was investigated throughout the temperature range of −190 to +25°C. A study of the temperature dependence of vibronic peak frequencies permitted the resolution of the solvent shift of the absorption maximum into shifts due to the overlapping π → π ∗ band and shifts arising from the effect of hydrogen bonding on the energy of the n → π ∗ transition. The results of this study coupled with thermodynamic data taken from the literature show that the energy of hydrogen bonding between benzophenone in its first excited singlet state and the alcoholic solvent is greater than 1 kcal/mole. No evidence was found to support the theory that the magnitude of the solvent shift of the n → π ∗ absorption maximum could in any way be directly related to energy to hydrogen bond formation between the alcoholic solvent and benzophenone in its ground electronic state.
Doping studies on the origin of the band gaps in NiI2−xBrx

Abstract The effect of bromine doping on the magnetic properties of NiI2 was investigated. The Neel temperature TN was found to decrease with increasing bromine doping. This behavior can be well explained using a relationship between TN and band gap that is modified for an insulator of charge transfer type. Our study supports the suggestion that NiI2 is not a Mott insulator in the simplest sense but an insulator of charge transfer type.
Performance Measurement Through Audit, Feedback, and Profiling as Tools for Improving Clinical Care

Clinical audits and practice profiling have become popular tools in the attempt to change physician behavior to improve quality of care. Unfortunately, the growing need for information on quality of care has often outpaced the development of standard, valid, and reliable approaches to using these tools. The studies of performance measurement published in the literature to date demonstrate varying impact on ability to improve clinical care; few are randomized controlled trials. While performance measurement has become a common practice, the science surrounding this field is still in its early stages of development; while it seems promising, it should be viewed as largely experimental.
Electrochemical and optical properties of thiophene-alkylheteroaromatic copolymers

Abstract α-Terthienyl and 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyrrole, n-alkylated at the β-position of the central ring, have been oxidized electrochemically or chemically to afford electroactive polymers which were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry and FTi.r. These systems, which can be viewed as α-linked alternating copolymers of bithiophene with a 3-alkylthiophene or 3-alkylpyrrole, display superior effective degrees of conjugation compared with homopolymers of similarly substituted 3-alkylheteroaromatics. Chemically generated materials are soluble in a variety of organic solvents, but fail to produce coherent films when cast from these due to lower degrees of polymerization than similarly produced 3-alkylthiophene homopolymers. Electrogenerated polymers are insoluble despite apparently comparable degrees of polymerization as determined by FTi.r. end-group analysis. Oxidation potentials of the monomers are reduced in proportion to the number of alkyl substituents.
Reducing Nonpoint Nitrogen to Acceptable Levels with Emphasis on the Upper Mississippi River Basin

The purpose of this paper is to expand debate about the future landscapes of the upper Midwest of the United States. The paper addresses options that could reinvent the agricultural systems of the Corn Belt, which coincides with the Upper Mississippi River Basin. The changes would move this region from one dependent on a grain economy, with low economic returns and high nutrient and sediment losses, to a more ecologically-based landscape emphasizing nutrient sinks, especially for nitrogen, and a legume base for supplementing fertilizer nitrogen. The reinvented systems require a higher level of management to lessen nitrogen and phosphorus losses while supporting family farms and strong rural communities. This reinvented agriculture would ultimately benefit the Gulf of Mexico by significantly lowering the amount of nitrate exported to the Gulf. The paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature, nor one that offers the full range of options to address the problems facing the watershed and the owners and operators of the land. Rather, I hope to facilitate discussion of the goals of midwestern U.S. agriculture in relation to ecosystem protection.
A Note on the Incidence of Syngamus Trachea in Turkeys, with Observations on Nodules Caused by this Parasite

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN ORDER to collect data on the prevalence of Syngamus trachea in turkeys reared in the general vicinity of Washington, D.C., and to obtain material for use in experiments, examinations were made of the tracheas of a large number of turkeys killed at a poultry market in Washington, D.C, during the months of November and December, 1936. Although nothing definite is known as to the age of these birds, it is believed that most, if not all, of the birds examined were under one year of age and probably not over nine months, since they were killed primarily for the Thanksgiving and Christmas trades. Entire tracheas were obtained in most cases. A few incomplete tracheas were present in the lots obtained, but as these usually lacked only the anterior portion, the percentage of infestation recorded in this paper probably was not greatly affected, since the greatest number of worms . . .
Can religious arguments persuade

In his famous essay “The Ethics of Belief,” William K. Clifford claimed “it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.” (Clifford’s essay was originally published in Contemporary Review in 1877; it is presently in print in Madigan (1999)). One might claim that a corollary to Clifford’s Law is that it is wrong, always, everywhere, and for anyone, to withhold belief when faced with sufficient evidence. Seeming to operate on this principle, many religious philosophers—from St. Anselm to Alvin Plantinga—have claimed that non-believers are psychologically or cognitively deficient if they refuse to believe in the existence of God, when presented with evidence for His existence in the form of relevant experience or religious arguments that are prima facie unassailable. Similarly, many atheists fail to see how believers can confront the problem of evil and still assert their belief in a benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient Creator. In this paper, I propose to explain why religious arguments so often fail to persuade (I take the term ‘religious argument’ to include arguments whose conclusions are either assertions or denials of religious claims). In doing so, I first offer an account of persuasion and then apply it to religious arguments. I go on to argue that at least some religious arguments commit a form of question-begging, which I call “begging the doxastic question.”~An argument begs the doxastic question, on my account, when a subject would find the argument persuasive only if she antecedently believes the argument’s conclusion. This form of question begging is not, strictly speaking, a case of circularity and thus, is not a fallacy; rather, it would explain why one coming to the argument would fail to be persuaded by it unless he already accepted its conclusion. This has the effect, when applied to religious argumentation, that religious arguments are rarely persuasive, which raises the further question: what good are religious arguments? I end by suggesting some non-persuasive functions of religious argument. Finally, I suggest that a full understanding of religious argumentation should give evidentialists pause, for religious beliefs look less like belief states that are sensitive to evidentiary states and more like framework principles or fundamental commitments.
Case of the season: metastatic pituitary carcinoma mimicking meningioma.

56-year-old man presented six years ago with a left temporal hemianopsia, gynecomastia, and serum prolactin of 1140 ng/mL. Trans-sphenoidal surgical resection confirmed a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma and the patient was treated with hormonal therapy and radiotherapy. Five years later, serum prolactin was normal and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed no tumor. One year later, he once again complained of breast tenderness and swelling and serum prolactin was 419 ng/mL. MRI showed four separate, enhancing dural-based lesions (Fig. 1). The largest lesion measured 2.3 cm and was located in the left parietal convexity. These extra-axial dural-based lesions were within the previous radiation field. Although the imaging appearance the dural-based lesions had the resemblance of meningioma, the associated rise of serum prolactin suggested the diagnosis of metastatic prolactinoma. The patient underwent a craniotomy with resection of the largest dural-based lesion. Histological examination of the specimen revealed prolactin-secreting adenoma with conspicuous mitotic figures that prompted the diagnosis of prolactin-secreting carcinoma. The patient experienced declining mental status and a continued rise in serum prolactin. He was treated with a prolactin-secretion inhibitor but a new MRI study showed progressive increasing size of the dural lesions. After an episode of aspiration, the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit where ventilator support was withdrawn a few days later. An autopsy limited to the brain showed no residual tumor in the sella turcica. On microscopic examination, all dural lesions were confirmed to be prolactin-secreting pituitary carcinoma.
Joint Ventures, Economic Development Policy, and the Role of Local Governing Institutions

The “rules of the game” embodied in municipal government institutions constrain as well as provide opportunities for local government officials to capture individual benefits related to policy action. Whether the projected benefits of cooperation are localized or community-wide are hypothesized to combine with the political incentives produced under different forms of government to influence the likelihood local officials will enter into an economic development joint venture with other local governments. Analysis pooling survey data from the same cities at two time points provides evidence that prior agreements influence future cooperative actions and that joint ventures are more likely when there are localized benefits combined with mayor—council government, or when broader benefits are pursued under manager—council form of government.
Breccia Pipe near Cameron, Arizona

Black Peak protrudes above a tableland of Navajo Sandstone on the Colorado Plateau just east of Echo Cliffs and 30 miles north of Cameron, Arizona. A breccia pipe on the west slope of the butte locally contains breccia fragments of sandstone, mudstone, shale, and altered dike rock believed to have been plucked from wall rocks and transported upward. Sources of uranium mineralization in the Cameron area may be inferred from the origin of the pipe. A vesicular, silicified collar several feet thick encloses the pipe on three sides. Minute micro-acicular quartz overgrowths on quartz crystals in the wall rock suggest that explosive penetration of superheated steam formed the pipe. Irregularly distributed argillic alteration, silicification, and mineralization suggest subsequent hydrothermal activity. Associated with the pipe are carbonates, alunite, gold, silver, iron, manganese, and possibly uranium and copper. Silica has been introduced in the largest quantities. The butte was probably formed by vertical penetration by fluids of magmatic origin from below; this suggests a possible original source and one phase in the mechanism of introduction of mineralization in the Cameron area.
The secretory IFN-γ response of single CD4 memory cells after activation on different antigen presenting cell types

It is unknown to what extent the heterogeneity of antigen presenting cells (APC) influences the IFN-gamma response of CD4 memory cells. We re-stimulated DO11.10 T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic cells and wild-type CD4 memory cells with OVA-peptide 323-339 presented on purified dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and B cells. Using IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays, we measured the number of cytokine producing T cells and the amount of cytokine produced by individual T cells at different time points after antigen encounter. The data showed that, when CD4 cells recognized antigen on DC, the induction of cytokine production was accelerated compared to macrophages and B cells. In contrast, the per-cell cytokine productivity was independent of the type of APC by which the T cells were re-stimulated. Moreover, the peptide concentration required for CD4 cell activation was comparable for the different APC. The data suggest that DC induce cytokine production in memory cells with accelerated activation kinetics, whereas 24 h of antigen stimulation on DC, macrophages, and B cells results in comparable levels of T cell activation. These data have implications for the understanding of T cell memory responses when T cells re-encounter antigen on different APC as well as for the monitoring of memory T cell responses ex vivo.
Supported polymeric liquid membranes for removing organics from aqueous solutions I. Transport characteristics of polyglycol liquid membranes

The removal or elimination of organic residues from aqueous waste streams represents a major need in the chemical industry. We have developed a class of membrane called supported polymeric liquid membranes (SPLMs) capable of removing and concentrating low molecular weight organic compounds from dilute aqueous solutions, especially those that also contain high levels of inorganic salts. The membranes are prepared by filling the pores of microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes with functional, polymeric (oligomeric) liquids having affinity for the organic compounds of interest. Data obtained with para-nitrophenol (PNP) as the permeating organic and polyglycols as the polymeric liquid membranes show that the slow diffusion rates due to the viscous polymeric liquids are more than compensated for by the very high solubility resulting from specific interactions and high density of the polymers functional groups. This is a powerful concept that can be extended to other types of polymeric liquids. Quite interestingly, the transport rates of PNP through the supported polyglycol liquid membranes appear remarkably insensitive to the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymeric liquids. This behavior may signal a more complex and very different transport mechanism than the usual liquid diffusion.
THE POLLS—A ReviewESTIMATING THE CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH IN AMERICA

In 1986, the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress released a study indicating a sharp increase in the concentration of wealth in America. The committee estimated that the richest .5% of families held 25% of the wealth in 1963; by 1983, this proportion had risen to 35%. These findings came from Surveys of Consumer Finances (SCF) conducted by the University of Michigan Survey Research Center (SRC). The surveys were based on household samples, supplemented by samples of very rich persons selected by the Internal Revenue Service. Shortly after the report was released, the finding for 1983 was found to be in error. One respondent, who had received a very large weight in the analysis, had $200 million of wealth attributed to him when the correct figure was $2 million. When the figure was corrected, the estimated share of wealth held by the richest .5% dropped to 27%. The error was announced shortly after the release of the report, but many commentators had already offered opinions concerning President Reagan's economic policies. Even as recently as June 1987, the Texas Commissioner of Agriculture criticized the Reagan "philosophy of greed" and stated that "fifteen years ago, the richest one percent of American families held 27 percent of the nation's wealth; today they are approaching and may soon surpass the 36 percent peak share attained in 1929" (Hightower, 1987). The error matters because it affects an important debate. Its magnitude is similar to the error committed by the Literary Digest (1936) when it underestimated Roosevelt's share of the vote in the 1936 presidential election by 20% and predicted that he would lose to Landon. Explanations for both errors have focused on survey procedures. For the Digest, blame is cast upon a poor sampling frame and low response rate (Freedman, Pisani, and Purves, 1978:302-304). For the wealth estimate, blame is given to an interviewer error (Smith, 1986).
Epidemiology of Nosocomial Fungal Infections, with Emphasis on Candida Species

Currently, about 180 hospitals participate in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. From January 1980 through April 1990, 27,200 fungal isolates causing nosocomial infections were reported from these hospitals; Candida species accounted for 19,621 (72.1%) of these isolates. Immunocompromised patients are at particularly high risk for candidemia. In patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, treatment with vancomycin and/or imipenem appears to be an independent risk factor for candidemia; colonization of stool by Candida species may be another important predisposing factor in these patients. Rapid detection of invasive candidemia in these high-risk patients is particularly important to the improvement of rates of survival. Methods for rapid detection, such as the measurement of mannan (the major cell-wall polysaccharide of Candida), may be useful for diagnosing invasive candidiasis and for monitoring the response of this infection to antifungal therapy. Further studies of risk factors and the development of new methods for rapid diagnosis and monitoring should help decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with nosocomial fungal infections.
Relaxation mechanism for ordered magnetic materials

We have formulated a relaxation mechanism for ferrites and ferromagnets (insulators and metals) whereby the coupling between the magnetic motion and lattice is based purely on continuum arguments concerning magnetostriction. This theoretical approach contrasts with previous mechanisms based on microscopic formulations of spin-phonon interactions employing a discrete lattice. Our model explains the scaling of the intrinsic ferromagnetic resonance linewidth with frequency, with temperature ${\ensuremath{\propto}1/{M}_{s}(T)}$ and the anisotropic nature of magnetic relaxation in ordered magnetic materials. Here, ${M}_{s}(T)$ is the thermal saturation magnetization. Without introducing adjustable parameters, our model is in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental measurements of the intrinsic magnetic resonance linewidths of important class of ordered magnetic materials including both insulators and metals.
Nat3p and Mdm20p Are Required for Function of Yeast NatB Nα-terminal Acetyltransferase and of Actin and Tropomyosin

NatB Nα-terminal acetyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts cotranslationally on proteins with Met-Glu- or Met-Asp- termini and subclasses of proteins with Met-Asn- and Met-Met- termini. NatB is composed of the interacting Nat3p and Mdm20p subunits, both of which are required for acetyltransferase activity. The phenotypes of nat3-Δ and mdm20-Δ mutants are identical or nearly the same and include the following: diminished growth at elevated temperatures and on hyperosmotic and nonfermentable media; diminished mating; defective actin cables formation; abnormal mitochondrial and vacuolar inheritance; inhibition of growth by DNA-damaging agents such as methyl methanesulfonate, bleomycin, camptothecin, and hydroxyurea; and inhibition of growth by the antimitotic drugs benomyl and thiabendazole. The similarity of these phenotypes to the phenotypes of certain act1 and tpm1 mutants suggests that such multiple defects are caused by the lack of acetylation of actin and tropomyosins. However, the lack of acetylation of other unidentified proteins conceivably could cause the same phenotypes. Furthermore, unacetylated actin and certain N-terminally altered actins have comparable defective properties in vitro, particularly actin-activated ATPase activity and sliding velocity.
Role of Co-W Interaction in the Selective Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from CO Disproportionation

A combination of characterization techniques has been employed to obtain a full description of the structure and chemical state of a series of Co−W/SiO2 catalysts used for the production of single-...
Assessing spatiotemporal variations of greenness in the Baltimore–Washington corridor area

This paper aims to characterize and analyze the urban greenness change in the Baltimore–Washington corridor area. The general objectives for this study are: (1) to identify and analyze the urban greenness pattern and its changes, (2) to interpret and associate the change in urban greenness structure within its zoning area, (3) to characterize and discuss the influence of urbanization on the spatial distribution and temporal dynamic of urban green spaces. The linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) was adopted to extract the fraction maps of four endmembers (imperviousness, grassland, woodland, and soil) using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The research results indicate that LSMA offers a better classified map than the traditional Maximum Likelihood Classification with an improved overall accuracy from 78.99% to 86.20%. The greenness dynamics within each census tract as well as planning zone were derived based on the each two successive fraction maps and fuzzy set concepts. The significant decrease of grassland in the business-based landscape (average green density decreased from 30% to 17%) with a slight decrease of woodland (from 63% to 60%) indicate the urbanization in the Baltimore–Washington corridor area impact its spatial morphology, structure, and ecological environment under the special socioeconomic development and reserve policies. The combination of remote sensing data and GIS zoning data provides us a comprehensive track on the pattern and process of urban greenness to deliver significant information for city planners and policy makers, as well as the unique dataset for other researcher to further evaluate the socioeconomic function of urban greenness.
A Framework for Understanding Ethical and Efficiency Issues in Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property Litigation

Developing and applying a framework for understanding the complexities of economic and legal considerations in two recent Supreme Court rulings was the focus of this research. Of especial concern was the protection of intellectual property in the pharmaceutical industry. Two cases from 2013 were selected: FTC v. Activis (loosely characterized as “pay for delay”) and Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (loosely characterized as “can you patent genes?”). Part of the rationale for the selection was the importance of the Supreme Court rulings and the importance of the pharmaceutical sector. A qualitative content analysis of the Court’s reported decision in each case was analyzed. Since ethical considerations may or may not be consistent with efficiency considerations of plaintiffs, defendants, or the courts, both efficiency and ethical arguments were included. Equally important to the understanding of the economic and ethical issues in the two above- mentioned cases was the development of a rationale for including and excluding a variety of ethical theories, ultimately influenced by Markkula Center For Applied Ethics Of Santa Clara University and Schumann (Hum Resour Manag Rev 11(1):93–111, 2001). The refinement and use of a levels analysis approach portrays societal, organizational, and individual impacts, and allows for deeper understanding of litigated cases, irrespective of the country in which the litigation takes place (van Oosterhout et al., J Bus Ethics 55(4):385–393, 2004; Foss et al., J Manag Stud 47(3):455–482, 2010). A rationale for this framework is the societal and organizational impacts on the myriad of stakeholders in the pharmaceutical sector. We suggest that this framework can be applied to other industries and other complex conflicts among stakeholders as well.
UVB activation of NF-κB in normal human keratinocytes occurs via a unique mechanism

The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is comprised of a family of proteins that are implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions, including the control of cell proliferation, cell survival, and cellular differentiation. Although NF-κB is activated in response to inflammatory signals or cellular stress, in the skin NF-κB is also implicated to play a role in normal epidermal homeostasis. Often the cellular consequences of NF-κB activation are dependent on the specific triggering stimuli. Thus, we have compared the activation mechanism and the function of NF-κB following two common stimuli of normal human keratinocytes, inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)), and cellular stress (ultraviolet light B (UVB) irradiation). These experiments indicate that although both TNFα and UVB stimulate NF-κB DNA-binding activity in normal human keratinocytes, the mechanisms of NF-κB activation by each stimulus is different. In contrast to the NF-κB response following TNFα, activation of NF-κB by UVB is independent of IκBα degradation. Analyses of NF-κB-dependent gene expression following TNFα or UVB treatment demonstrate that each of these stimulatory signals results in a specific subset of genes that are activated or repressed. These studies provide further evidence of the stimuli and cell-type specific nature of NF-κB function.
Implications of physiological responses to chronic air pollution for forest decline in the southeastern United States

The effects of acidic precipitation and ozone on physiological processes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were assessed over time to determine dose-response relationships of cumulative exposure to varying levels of ozone and acid rain in combination. Seedlings of known provenance were grown in open-top field chambers in a clear-cut forest site in Duke Forest in the Piedmont of North Carolina and were exposed to pH 5.2 or 3.5 precipitation and several proportional ozone treatments (0.5-3.0x ambient ozone). No direct effects of acid precipitation on gas exchange and carbon fixation were found. Elevated ozone exposures had strong negative effects on needle abscission and net photosynthesis. Exposure-response relationships for photosynthesis indicated that a threshold level of approximately 100 ppm·h of cumulative ozone exposure (12-h summation) had to be reached before significant inhibition occurred. Results suggest that chronic pollutant exposure over the growing season has direct negative effects on carbon fixation in loblolly pine that can significantly reduce long-term growth potential. Current ambient ozone levels in the southeastern United States could be responsible for an approximate 19% reduction in instantaneous carbon fixation rates in loblolly pine by the end of one growing season. An 80 to 90% decrease in net photosynthesis was found at 2.25 and 3.0x ambient ozone concentrations, levels often found in major cities and surrounding areas in the South.
Ground-state BCS off-diagonal long-range order in one dimension.

We prove the existence of ground-state BCS off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO) in a nontrivial interacting-electron model of dimension d=1. Somewhat surprisingly, the BCS ODLRO is induced here by a magnetic field. Our existence results extend to all dimensions (d\ensuremath{\ge}1) recent work that proved the existence of BCS ODLRO in nontrivial interacting-electron models for dimensions d\ensuremath{\ge}2.
Zero duality gap in surrogate constraint optimization: A concise review of models

Abstract Surrogate constraint relaxation was proposed in the 1960s as an alternative to the Lagrangian relaxation for solving difficult optimization problems. The duality gap in the surrogate relaxation is always as good as the duality gap in the Lagrangian relaxation. Over the years researchers have proposed procedures to reduce the gap in the surrogate constraint. Our aim is to review models that close the surrogate duality gap. Five research streams that provide procedures with zero duality gap are identified and discussed. In each research stream, we will review major results, discuss limitations, and suggest possible future research opportunities. In addition, relationships between models if they exist, are also discussed.
InAs infrared avalanche photodiodes

InAs p-n junction photodiodes with high breakdown voltages and extremely low reverse-leakage currents up to the breakdown voltage have been developed. Because of the low current and high breakdown voltage, we have observed quantum efficiencies greater than unity in reverse-biased InAs photodiodes. These gains are attributable to the avalanche carrier multiplication in the reverse-biased p-n junction. Carrier multiplication gains of greater than 100 have been measured in these devices. Relative values of the ionization coefficients for both electrons and holes can be determined by measuring the photoresponse as a function of reverse bias. The photoresponse obtained with penetrating radiations varies greatly with the bias, and the increase in the response in the high bias region appears to be caused by the Franz-Keldysh effect; i.e., the optical absorption coefficient changes with the electric field in the reverse-biased p-n junction. Detailed measurements of these studies will be discussed.
Introduction to the Model of Hierarchical Complexity and Its Relationship to Postformal Action

The Model of Hierarchical Complexity is introduced in terms of its main concepts, background, and applications. As a general, quantitative behavioral developmental theory, the Model enables examination of universal patterns of evolution and development. Behavioral tasks are definable and their organization of information in increasingly greater hierarchical, or vertical, complexity is measurable. Fifteen orders of hierarchical complexity account for task performances across domains, ranging from those of machines to creative geniuses. The four most complex orders are demonstrated by postformal stages of thought, which measure beyond formal operations, the highest stage found by Piaget for adults.
A proposed stacked microstrip antenna structure for bandwidth enhancement

A new stacked microstrip antenna structure that enhances the bandwidth without changing the resonance frequency is proposed and studied in this paper. The effect of the various antenna parameters on the bandwidth is investigated. The resulting antenna, using the proposed structure, has an ultra-wide bandwidth of 35%, compared to 21.8% for the conventional stacked antenna structure. The proposed structure has little effect on the antenna's radiation characteristics. The analysis of the proposed structure is carried out using the FDTD method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 26–28, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10660