cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The scattering transform for the Benjamin–Ono equation in the small-dispersion limit

Abstract Using exact formulae for the scattering data of the Benjamin–Ono equation valid for general rational potentials recently obtained in Miller and Wetzel [17], we rigorously analyze the scattering data in the small-dispersion limit. In particular, we deduce precise asymptotic formulae for the reflection coefficient, the location of the eigenvalues and their density, and the asymptotic dependence of the phase constant (associated with each eigenvalue) on the eigenvalue itself. Our results give direct confirmation of conjectures in the literature that have been partly justified by means of inverse scattering, and they also provide new details not previously reported in the literature.
Quantitative "Black Box" Measurements for TV Receivers

The ultimate function of a TV receiver is to translate an esoteric RF signal into a two dimensional illuminated picture and its associated audio. Although it is quite common to measure the ultimate audio, especially frequency response, in an anechoic chamber or reverberant chamber, measurement techniques for the ultimate output of video, the light from the picture tube, are not quite as common. They are, however, useful and are the ultimate in non-disruptive testing.
On the predictability of the orientation of protein domains joined by a spanning alpha-helical linker

Connecting proteins together in prescribed geometric arrangements is an important element in new areas of biomolecular design. In this study, we characterize the degree of three-dimensional orientational control that can be achieved when two protein domains that have alpha-helical termini are joined using an alpha-helical linker. A fusion between naturally oligomeric protein domains was designed in this fashion with the intent of creating a self-assembling 12-subunit tetrahedral protein cage. While the designed fusion protein failed to assemble into a tetrahedral cage in high yield, a series of crystal structures showed that the two fused components were indeed bridged by an intact alpha helix, although the fusion protein was distorted from the intended ideal configuration by bending of the helix, ranging from 7 to 35°. That range of deviation in orientation creates challenges for designing large, perfectly symmetric protein assemblies, although it should offer useful outcomes for other less geometrically demanding applications in synthetic biology.
Fine‐Structure and Evolutionary Implications of the Frontal Organ in Turbellaria Acoela. 1 Diopisthoporus gymnopharyngeus sp.n.

Although a variety of larval and adult invertebrates possess an anterior ‘frontal organ’, ‘frontal gland’ or ‘apical organ’, the degree of functional or phylogenetic relatedness of these various organs is largely unknown. The frontal organ in primitive turbellarians is important for phylogenetic analysis both within and without the Turbellaria, a group whose phylogenetic position in the Metazoa is of crucial importance to many current theories of bilaterian origins. In the present paper, the ultrastructure of the frontal organ in Diopisthoporus gymnopharyngeus sp.n. is studied, in connection with a description of this new acoel turbellarian species from North Carolina, U.S.A. The frontal organ of D. gymnopharyngeus comprises two identical gland cells that open at the exact apical pole of the body. There are no specific sensory associations with the opening of the frontal glands and, therefore, the frontal organ in this species is best regarded as purely glandular. This constitutes a major difference between the frontal organ in D. gymnopharyngeus and the glandulo-sensory apical organs of the Muller's and Gotte's larvae of polyclad turbellarians, as well as the purely sensory apical organs of the larvae of other invertebrates investigated to date. Similarities between the body wall glands and the frontal glands in D. gymnopharyngeus, coupled with the generally low level of differentiation of the frontal organ in this species, are in accord with von Graff's hypothesis that the frontal organ in acoels evolved from an anterior accumulation of body wall glands, and support the relatively primitive position of the Diopisthoporidae within the Acoela postulated from earlier studies of the parenchyma.
Anti-Chinese and Anti-Japanese Sentiments in East Asia: The Politics of Opinion, Distrust, and Prejudice

Spanning the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, antiAmericanism has become somewhat of a growth industry. Its products are avidly consumed not only in the United States but around the world, often for quite different political purposes. It is not surprising that anti-Americanism plays a large role among traditional enemies of the United States in the Middle East. But the same is true of America’s allies just across the border, such as Canada and Mexico, and living far apart, such as Australia and New Zealand. It would be a big mistake, however, to think that these oppositional sentiments—the complex mixture of opinion, distrust and prejudice—are directed only against America. It plays a role in all parts of the world. Secondary or subordinate states in each world region resent the regional top dog. Such resentment can take various political forms. In Europe, latent anti-German feelings linger, sometimes very close to the surface. When Germany takes a stance against its partners in the European Union, as it has at various times in the unfolding financial crisis, historical anti-German
Renal Glucose Production During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia

Recent in vivo studies have rekindled interest in the role of the kidney in glucose metabolism. We therefore undertook the present study to evaluate the contribution of the kidney to systemic glucose production and utilization rates during insulin-induced hypoglycemia using arteriovenous balance combined with a tracer technique. Ten days after the surgical placement of sampling catheters in the right and left renal veins and femoral artery and of an infusion catheter in the left renal artery of dogs, systemic and renal glucose kinetics were measured with the peripheral infusion of [6-3H]glucose. Renal blood flow was determined with a flowprobe. After baseline, six dogs received 2-h simultaneous infusions of peripheral insulin (4 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and left intrarenal [6,6-2H]dextrose (14 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) to achieve and maintain left renal normoglycemia during systemic hypoglycemia. Arterial glucose decreased from 5.3 +/- 0.1 to 2.2 +/- 0.1 mmol/l; insulin increased from 46 +/- 5 to 1,050 +/- 50 pmol/l; epinephrine increased from 130 +/- 8 to 1,825 +/- 50 pg/ml; norepinephrine increased from 129 +/- 6 to 387 +/- 15 pg/ml; and glucagon increased from 52 +/- 2 to 156 +/- 12 pg/ml (all P < 0.01). Systemic glucose appearance increased from 16.6 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) in the baseline to 24.2 +/- 0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) during hypoglycemia when endogenous glucose production was 10.2 +/- 1.0 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-10 (P < 0.01). In the baseline, the liver accounted for 80% (13.3 +/- 0.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and each kidney contributed 10% (1.6 +/- 0.2 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) to endogenous glucose production. During hypoglycemia, however, hepatic glucose production decreased to 4.0 +/- 0.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), whereas right renal glucose production doubled to 3.2 +/- 0.2 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.01). Left renal glucose production was 17 +/- 2 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), 14 of which were derived from the exogenous infusion. These results indicate that glucose production by the kidney is stimulated by counterregulatory hormones and represents an important component of the body's defense against insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Nutrition of the Asian Adolescent Girl

A comparison of sex differential mortality rates indicates that women are at increased risk in several countries of Asia, in part due to less access to a variety of services and lower priority for food than their male siblings. Poorer nutritional status becomes apparent during adolescence, with a delay in maturation which may have repercussions for subsequent ability of the biologically immature woman to carry through a normal pregnancy. There is a dearth of information on girls during this vulnerable period of life which is recently being corrected by studies in Nepal, India and the Philippines where the magnitude of dietary risk is being compared with its impact on nutritional status and the sociocultural factors that may be responsible.
Emergency Department Visits for Heat Stroke in the United States, 2009 and 2010

The effect of extreme heat on health has become a growing public health concern due to climate change. We aimed to examine the epidemiological patterns of hospital-based emergency department (ED) visits for heat stroke in the United States. We analyzed data from the 2009 and 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the largest ED data system sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. ED visits for heat stroke were identified by screening the recorded diagnoses using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 992.0. Annual incidence rates of ED visits for heat stroke were computed according to demographic characteristics and geographic regions. In 2009 and 2010, there were an estimated 8,251 ED visits for heat stroke in the United States, yielding an annual incidence rate of 1.34 visits per 100,000 population (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.23-1.45). Significantly higher incidence rates were found in males (1.99 per 100,000; 95% CI = 1.82-2.16), adults aged ≥ 80 years (4.45 per 100,000; 95% CI = 3.73-5.18), and residents living in the southern region (1.61 per 100,000; 95% CI = 1.43-1.79). The majority (63.1%) of ED visits for heat stroke occurred during the summer months of June, July and August. Over one-half (54.6%) of the ED visits for heat stroke required hospitalization and 3.5% of the patients died in the ED or hospital. Heat stroke results in approximately 4,100 ED visits each year in the United States, with the majority occurring in the summer months and requiring admission to the hospital. Men, the elderly, and people living in the south region are at heightened risk.
Polycystic kidney disease and renal injury repair: common pathways, fluid flow, and the function of polycystin-1

The root cause for most cases of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is mutations in the polycystin-1 (PC1) gene. While PC1 has been implicated in a perplexing variety of protein interactions and signaling pathways, what its normal function is and why its disruption leads to the proliferation of renal epithelial cells are unknown. Recent results suggest that PC1 is involved in mechanotransduction by primary cilia measuring the degree of luminal fluid flow. PC1 has also recently been shown to regulate the mTOR and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 6 pathways. These two pathways are normally dormant in the healthy kidney but are activated in response to injury and appear to drive a proliferative repair response. This review develops the idea that a critical function of PC1 and primary cilia in the adult kidney may be to sense renal injury by detecting changes in luminal fluid flow and to trigger proliferation. Constitutive activation of these pathways in ADPKD would lead to the futile attempt to repair a nonexisting injury, resulting in cyst growth. The existence of many known cellular and molecular similarities between renal repair and ADPKD supports this model.
THE CONTRACTILE PROCESS IN THE CILIATE, STENTOR COERULEUS : I. The Role of Microtubules and Filaments

The structural basis for the function of microtubules and filaments in cell body contractility in the ciliate Stentor coeruleus was investigated. Cells in the extended state were obtained for ultrastructural analysis by treatment before fixation with a solution containing 10 mM EGTA, 50–80 mM Tris, 3 mM MgSO4, 7.5 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.1). The response of Stentor to changes in the divalent cation concentrations in this solution suggests that Ca+2 and Mg+2 are physiologically important in the regulation of ciliate contractility. The generation of motive force for changes in cell length in Stentor resides in two distinct longitudinal cortical fiber systems, the km fibers and myonemes. Cyclic changes in cell length are associated with (a) the relative sliding of parallel, overlapping microtubule ribbons in the km fibers, and (b) a distinct alteration in the structure of the contractile filaments constituting the myonemes. The microtubule and filament systems are distinguished functionally as antagonistic contractile elements. The development of motive force for cell extension is accomplished by active microtubule-to-microtubule sliding generated by specific intertubule bridges. Evidence is presented which suggests that active shortening of contractile filaments, reflected in a reversible structural transformation of dense 4-nm filaments to tubular 10–12-nm filaments, provides the basis for rapid cell contraction.
Stability of limbal stem cell deficiency after mechanical and thermal injuries in mice.

We studied the reproducibility and stability of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in mice following controlled injuries to the corneal and limbal epithelia. In one method, corneal and limbal epithelia were entirely removed with a 0.5 mm metal burr. In the other, limbus to limbus epithelial removal with the burr was followed by thermal injury to the limbus. These two methods were compared with a previously published one. Unwounded corneas were used as control. The corneas were examined monthly for three months by slit lamp with fluorescein staining. Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 12 and 8 on corneal wholemount and cross sections were performed to determine the phenotype of the epithelium. Mechanical shaving of the epithelium, with or without thermal injury, resulted in a reproducible state of LSCD marked by superficial neovascularization, reduce of keratin 12 expression and presence of goblet cells on the cornea. The phenotype was stable in 100% of the eyes up to at least three months. Thermal injury produced a more severe phenotype with more significant stromal opacification. These corneal injury models may be useful for studying the mechanisms leading to limbal stem cell deficiency.
Influenza Vaccination of Patients Receiving Statins: Where Do We Go From Here?

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States [1]. Cardiovascular events also are a major contributor to excess mortality seen during influenza epidemics [2].Statins were developed to treat hypercholesterolemia, and their use as primary or secondary prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease has significantly reduced all-cause mortality and major vascular events in at-risk populations [3]. Their impact on human health has led to their use in >40% of the US population aged >65 years [4]. Statins also have immunomodulatory effects [5], and it has been suggested that their use may have protective effects during an influenza pandemic [6].A decreased risk of mortality has been reported in persons with laboratory-confirmed acute influenza receiving a statin medication concomitantly [7],although this observation may have been explained by a healthy-user bias due to inadequate control for healthrelated differences among persons receiving and those not receiving a statin [8, 9]. Other studies have failed to find a benefit among influenza virus–infected persons taking a statin, compared with those not receiving such therapy [9, 10]. From these results, whether statin use has a favorable impact on influenza-related disease remains unresolved. Vaccination is currently the primary method for preventing influenza-related illness and complications [11]. Could statin use have an adverse effect on vaccine immunogenicity and resulting vaccine effectiveness (VE), based upon its immunomodulatory effects? Two new studies reported in the current issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases explore these
Cetuximab activity in dysplastic lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract

summary Background: High risk head and neck mucosal premalignancy has a malignant conversion rate of up to 40%, despite adequate surgical therapy. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) blocking agents, including cetuximab, have shown activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and have potential for therapy in high risk premalignancy. Methods: We conducted a randomized, prospective, phase II clinical trial to determine the effects of cetuximab on patients with high risk premalignancy. Patients were randomized to treatment with cetuximab 400 mg/m 2 on week one followed by 250 mg/m 2 on week 2–8 or observation, with the option for crossover to cetuximab therapy for patients originally randomized to the observation arm. Results: Two of 19 enrolled patients did not complete therapy due to treatment toxicity. Analysis of 17 patients who completed the trial regimen show a trend toward a larger mean decrease in grade of dysplasia in the cetuximab treated group (1.0) vs. the observation group (0.2) (P = 0.082, one-sided exact Wilcoxon rank sum test). However, in the observation group, none of the 5 patients (0%) achieved complete resolution of dysplasia; while 4 of 12 (33.3%) cetuximab treated patients had no remaining dysplasia after therapy. Conclusions: Treatment of high risk premalignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract with cetuximab alone may result in significant, durable, and complete clinical and histological resolution of moderate to severe dysplasia in at least a subset of high risk patients. These results warrant further investigation in larger studies with increased statistical power.
Group Model Building and Community-Based System Dynamics Process

This chapter provides a general overview of group model building and key aspects that are used in community-based system dynamics, including the importance of teamwork, the use of scripts, and the role of boundary objects. The chapter then provides a brief overview of the three stages of community-based system dynamics projects including problem scoping and problem identification, core modeling team planning and capacity building, and facilitation of the actual group model building workshop.
De-Exoticizing Ghetto Poverty: On the Ethics of Representation in Urban Ethnography

To write an ethnography about poor urban people is to risk courting controversy. While all ethnographers face questions about how well they knew their site or how much their stories can be trusted, the tone and content of those questions typically remain within the bounds of collegial discourse. Ethnographers of poor minorities have incited distinct passion and at times acrimony, inspiring accusations of stereotyping, misrepresentation, sensationalism, and even cashing in on the problems of the poor (Fischer 2014; see Boelen 1992, Reed 1994; Wacquant 2002, Jones 2010, Betts 2014, Rios 2015).
Chapter 11: Conventional Wisdom and Reality

Chapter 11 has greatly influenced bankruptcy reforms all over the world, but has been attacked as imposing great costs and delay with relatively meager rates of success as measured by confirmation of plans. Although some recent data have hinted at a less negative picture of the efficiency of Chapter 11, it is now also claimed it has become a mere liquidation device controlled for the benefit of creditors, with equity owners dismissed at the door. This paper reports data from two large multi-district studies of business bankruptcy for cases filed in 1994 and 2002. It finds a confirmation rate up to 70% among cases with a realistic change of success and an overall system that disposes of losers quite early in the process. The paper confirms that there was a sharp increase in the use of Chapter 11 for liquidation between 1994 and 2002, but reports that equity owners still retain an interest going forward in a majority of cases.
Inferior vena cava reconstruction with tubularized bovine pericardium

A 32-year-old man presented with a large, locally advanced sarcomatoid right renal cell carcinoma invading the duodenum and inferior vena cava (IVC). Because of persistent symptomatic gastrointestinal bleeding requiring repeated blood transfusion and the inability to use appropriate systemic chemotherapy, the patient was taken for palliative resection. En bloc pancreaticoduodenectomy, right nephrectomy, and IVC resection were performed with reconstruction of the IVC with tubularized bovine pericardium. Widespread availability, ease and speed of tubularized graft creation, lack of morbidity to the patient, and its inherent resistance to infection in contaminated fields make bovine pericardium an expedient reconstructive option in these challenging cases.
World Trade Networks from 1928 to 1938

Paul Einzig, a London Financial journalist, after a four week visit to New York, observed: "With few exceptions they [Financiers] were convinced that the period of prosperity then being experienced was everlasting,...Although just then there was a minor slump in Wall Street...everybody I met was convinced that the boom would be resumed..." (London Financial News 4/9/26, cited in Davis, 1975:132) This would have been an accurate portrayal of the spring of 2000. But this observation was made in spring 1926.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Complexes with a Tridentate Nitrogen-Donor Ligand: An Integrated Research Experiment for Undergraduate Students

An integrated laboratory experiment applying concepts and techniques developed in organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and instrumental analysis is presented for use by students interested in undergraduate research. The experiment incorporates some advanced laboratory practices such as multistep organic synthesis and purification, detailed reaction mechanism, air-sensitive metalation techniques, variable-temperature NMR experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Subsequently, students are presented with an experience that mirrors fundamental inorganic chemistry research practices found in laboratories throughout the world.
Achieving the Benefits of a High-Potassium, Paleolithic Diet, Without the Toxicity

The average US dietary intake of K(+) is well below the current recommended nutritional requirements. This deficiency is even more striking when comparing our current intake with that of our ancestors, who consumed large amounts of dietary K(+). K(+) deficiency has been implicated in many diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney stones, and osteoporosis. Importantly, dietary supplementation of K(+) has favorable effects on reducing blood pressure, decreasing the risk of stroke, improving bone health, and reducing the risk of nephrolithiasis. For this comprehensive review, we scanned the literature using PubMed and MEDLINE using the following search terms: potassium intake, renal potassium excretion, and prevention of hyperkalemia. Articles were selected for inclusion if they represented primary data or review articles published between 1980 and 2015 in high-impact journals. The normal kidney has the capacity to tightly regulate K(+) homoeostasis. We discuss new findings with respect to sensing mechanisms by which the kidney maintains K(+) homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract and distal tubule. There are widely prescribed hypertensive medications that cause hyperkalemia and thus require dietary K(+) restriction. We conclude by discussing newly approved drugs capable of binding K(+) in the gastrointestinal tract and speculate that this new pharmacology might allow diet liberalization in patients at risk for hyperkalemia, affording them the numerous benefits of a K(+)-rich diet.
Attractors: Nonstrange to Chaotic

The theory of chaotic dynamical systems can be a tricky area of study for a non-expert to break into. Because the theory is relatively recent, the new student finds himself immersed in a subject with very few clear and intuitive definitions. This paper aims to carve out a small section of the theory of chaotic dynamical systems – that of attractors – and outline its fundamental concepts from a computational mathematics perspective. The motivation for this paper is primarily to define what an attractor is and to clarify what distinguishes its various types (nonstrange, strange nonchaotic, and strange chaotic). Furthermore, by providing some examples of attractors and explaining how and why they are classified, we hope to provide the reader with a good feel for the fundamental connection between fractal geometry and the existence of chaos.
Ventricular Assist Devices in the ICU: Indications, Physiology, and Management

Since 2001, ventricular assist devices (VADs), total artificial hearts, and a growing number of devices have become increasingly more commonplace options to heart failure management and viable alternatives to heart transplantation. Cardiothoracic step-down and intensive care units will likely be managing more and more patients on mechanical circulation in the future. This review will briefly give an introduction to VAD function, types of VADs, the characteristics of VAD patients, and management issues in the ICU that may arise with these patients.
Clinical guidelines in children's skull roentgenograms after mild head injuries: A comparative study

Two groups of children with mild head injuries are compared. In group A, which included 704 infants and children (January 1980–June 1982), plain skull roentgenograms (PSR) were performed according to the random judgement of the admitting personnel. In group B, with 320 infants and children (July 1982–December 1983), clinical guidelines were progressively used in performing PSR. In group A, 673 (95,6%) PSR were performed and 33 (4,9%) skull fractures were diagnosed. In group B, 175 (54,7%) PSR were performed and 14 (8%) skull fractures were detected. The statistically highly significant reduction in the number of irradiated children (P < 0.001) did not preclude the higher rate of radiological diagnosis of skull fracture. The recovery of the injured children was not related to the use of the clinical guidelines. The expense of radiological diagnosis of skull fractures during the last 6 months of the study was reduced by 66% due to the use of clinical criteria.
Transoral incisionless fundoplication: current status.

Purpose of review Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) performed with the EsophyX device (Redmond, Washington, USA) is a totally endoscopic procedure with the objectives to mechanically repair a defective gastroesophageal valve and to reduce small hiatal hernias. The recent publication of randomized controlled trials and long-term follow-up data offers the opportunity to reevaluate this treatment modality and its role in the management of patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Recent findings Randomized controlled trials have confirmed the ability of TIF to eliminate troublesome GERD symptoms, heal esophagitis, and improve distal esophageal acid exposure in appropriately selected patient populations. These studies establish TIF's superiority to conventional medical therapy, especially in clinical scenarios where proton-pump inhibitors fail to provide complete symptom relief across the spectrum of classic and atypical GERD manifestations, including regurgitation and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Long-term data indicate sustained positive outcomes and durability up to 6 years after procedure. These results were achieved with a low rate of serious adverse events and usually without introducing troublesome dysphagia, gas bloat, or flatulence. Summary Based on the most recent data, TIF appears to be a valuable treatment alternative for the management of appropriately selected patients with moderate to severe chronic GERD symptoms.
Thermal reliability of Pt/Ti/Pt/Au Schottky contact on InP with a GalnP Schottky barrier enhancement layer

We present the studies of the thermal stability of various metal including Au, Ti, Pt, Pd and Pt/Ti/Pt/Au Schottky contacts on strained Ga0.2In0.8P/InP semiconductors. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis and cross-sectional TEM of the thermally annealed Schottky diode were performed to investigate the failure mechanism. For Pt/Ti/Pt/Au schottky contacts on strained GalnP/InP, no significant change was found for samples annealed up to 350°C. However, a drastic degradation of the barrier height and the ideality factor was observed in samples annealed at 400°C, which may be caused by the interdiffusion and penetration of metals into the semiconductor. Finally InGaAs/InP doped channel heterojunction FET’s (DC-HFET’s) with a GaInP Schottky barrier enhancement layer (SBEL) were grown and fabricated. The 0.25 μm gate-length devices showed excellent DC and RF performance, with an fi of 117 GHz and an fmax of 168 GHz.
Proposal of a Hysteresis-Free Zero Subthreshold Swing Field-Effect Transistor

An ideal switch with hysteresis-free S ideal = 0 mV/decade switching is desired to keep Moore's law alive, but has never been achieved. Classical field-effect transistors (FETs) have supported Moore's law for 50 years, albeit with a thermodynamically limited value of subthreshold swing S ≥ 60 mV/decade. Alternatives, such as, tunnel FETs, impact ionization FETs, and negative capacitance FETs promise S <; 60 mV/decade, but ideal switching is not expected, even in theory. In this paper, we propose a zero subthreshold swing FET (ZSubFET), which is similar to a classical FET with a suspended-gate and a ferroelectric gate insulator. ZSubFET exhibits ideal switching through integration of two negative capacitors (namely, a ferroelectric and an air-gap) in the gate-stack, in series with the channel capacitance. We believe that the proposed device concept should not only lower the power dissipation in an IC, but also open up new research directions for the alternative of classical-FET.
On Surname "Bai" in Qiuci

There has been a history of 80 odd years in debates about the surname "Bai" in Qiuci and there have come six academic ideas at least about that.However,none of the view s is accepted by academia,which indicates that the origin of the surname "Bai" is yet to be clear.Hence,on the basis of previous studies,the thesis attempts to reexamine that in the perspective of myth,legend and religious faith with "water","heaven" and "mountain" as well as the theological concept of "white" intrinsically tied with the founding deity as switching element before deeming the surname "Bai" in Qiuci related to the worship for deity and admiration for heaven as well as pay homage to mountain and white.It is really the representation of personified natural deities for tribal clans in Qiuci.
Transformational Change in Sales Organizations: A Special Case of Managing Change

This paper focuses on transformational change in sales organizations. The paper makes the argument that sales organizations have certain properties that require special attention from sales executives in managing change. Further, it is argued that sales executives who do not appreciate the nuances of managing change in sales, are likely to be less successful in their efforts at transforming their organizations. The change management literature and research on sales organizations are integrated by developing a series of propositions about critical success factors for managing change in sales organizations.
Lactose fermentation by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of fermenting cellobiose.

Abstract Lactose is an inevitable byproduct of the dairy industry. In addition to cheese manufacturing, the growing Greek yogurt industry generates excess acid whey, which contains lactose. Therefore, rapid and efficient conversion of lactose to fuels and chemicals would be useful for recycling the otherwise harmful acid whey. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a popular metabolic engineering host, cannot natively utilize lactose. However, we discovered that an engineered S. cerevisiae strain (EJ2) capable of fermenting cellobiose can also ferment lactose. This finding suggests that a cellobiose transporter (CDT-1) can transport lactose and a β-glucosidase (GH1-1) can hydrolyze lactose by acting as a β-galactosidase. While the lactose fermentation by the EJ2 strain was much slower than the cellobiose fermentation, a faster lactose-fermenting strain (EJ2e8) was obtained through serial subcultures on lactose. The EJ2e8 strain fermented lactose with a consumption rate of 2.16 g/L h. The improved lactose fermentation by the EJ2e8 strain was due to the increased copy number of cdt-1 and gh1-1 genes. Looking ahead, the EJ2e8 strain could be exploited for the production of other non-ethanol fuels and chemicals from lactose through further metabolic engineering.
Dusky Dolphin Calf Rearing

Publisher Summary Dusky dolphin calves spend an extended period of time with their mothers. However, there are no clear empirical data on the length of the mother–calf bond. Continued long-term research into mother–calf sociality and nursery group behavior will further illuminate specific calf-rearing behaviors and tactics employed by dusky dolphins, and how they compare with other marine and terrestrial mammals. Nursery group formation plays an important role in the rearing of dusky dolphin calves. These groups provide protection to calves from dangers such as killer whales and male conspecifics, while simultaneously increasing opportunities for resting, foraging, socialization, and social learning. This chapter describes some of these behaviors of mother–calf pairs from the author's work with dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) off Kaikoura, New Zealand. Mother–calf pairs separate from the larger groups to associate with other females with calves of roughly the same age. Similar grouping behaviors and patterns have been documented in other species of delphinids, including Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins, marine tucuxis, spotted dolphins, common bottlenose dolphins, and humpback dolphins.
Kant on Beauty and Biology: The problem: The unity of the diverse

In the introductions to the CJ , Kant claims that his main concerns in this work – aesthetic judgment of beauty, teleological judgment of organisms, and various aspects of empirical knowledge from empirical concept formation to the representation of nature in a systematic natural science – are all products of the faculty of “reflective judgment,” the capacity to find the universal (i.e., a concept) for a given particular, rather than to subsume a particular under a given universal, the task of “determinative” judgment ( v :179; FI, xx :211). Reflective judgment is, Kant claims moreover, governed by a transcendental principle, that of “purposiveness.” And, though Kant had previously discussed these topics in the CPR (even if only to dismiss some of them as unfit for transcendental philosophical treatment), Kant claims that they merit renewed critical attention because reflective judgment, governed by this principle, is necessary for the possibility of empirical cognition and of experience; correspondingly, Kant provides a “deduction” for this principle (v:184). In these two opening chapters I shall be concerned with the shape of the CJ project as so introduced, i.e., with Kant's three main aims here: to introduce a new a priori principle as that of a newly identified faculty of reflective judging; to justify (judging in accord with) this principle as necessary for the possibility of experience; to argue that aesthetic and teleological judgment are cases of reflective judgment in accord with this principle.
Peripheral Blood Absolute Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio Recovery During ABVD Treatment Cycles Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL).

Abstract Abstract 2634 The peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (ALC/AMC) at diagnosis has been recently reported [Porrata et al, Hematologica 2012; 97(2):262-9] and confirmed [Koh et al, Oncologist 2012; 17(6):871-80] to be a predictor of clinical outcomes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In addition, an inversed correlation has been reported between the ALC/AMC ratio and tumor associated macrophages in classical HL suggesting an association between the host biological response in the macro-environment and micro-environment. However, a limitation of the ALC/AMC ratio at diagnosis, the International Prognostic Score at diagnosis, the Positron-Emission Tomography (PET-scan) at diagnosis, or interim PET-scan during treatment is their inability to sequentially assess the host/tumor interaction during treatment. Therefore, we studied the ALC/AMC ratio recovery, as a surrogate marker of host immunity (i.e., ALC) and tumor micro-environment (i.e., AMC), at each treatment cycle phase to assess its predictive ability for clinical outcomes in classical HL. To participate in the study, patients were required to be diagnosed, treated, and followed at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and treated with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) with or without radiation therapy. An ALC/AMC ratio ≥ 1.1 cut-off was used in the study based on our previous publication [Porrata et al, Hematologica 2012; 97(2):262-9]. From 1990 until 2008, 190 classical HL patients qualified for the study. The cohort was evenly split with 50% males and 50% females. Fifty-eight percent of the patients had an interim PET-scan performed. The median age at diagnosis was 36 years (range: 18–83 years). Seventeen patients received 2 cycles; 5 patients 3 cycles; 51 patients 4 cycles; 5 patients 5 cycles and 112 patients 6 cycles. The median follow-up was 3.7 years (range: 0.2–20 years). The ALC/AMC ratio ≥ 1.1 at each treatment cycle phase of ABVD was a predictor for overall survival (OS), lymphoma-specific survival (LSS), progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP). Patients were stratified based on how many cycles the ALC/AMC ratio did not reach the cut-off of 1.1. The more cycles with an ALC/AMC Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Subresolution Displacements in Finite Difference Simulations of Ultrasound Propagation and Imaging

Time domain finite difference simulations are used extensively to simulate wave propagation. They approximate the wave field on a discrete domain with a grid spacing that is typically on the order of a tenth of a wavelength. The smallest displacements that can be modeled by this type of simulation are thus limited to discrete values that are integer multiples of the grid spacing. This paper presents a method to represent continuous and subresolution displacements by varying the impedance of individual elements in a multielement scatterer. It is demonstrated that this method removes the limitations imposed by the discrete grid spacing by generating a continuum of displacements as measured by the backscattered signal. The method is first validated on an ideal perfect correlation case with a single scatterer. It is subsequently applied to a more complex case with a field of scatterers that model an acoustic radiation force-induced displacement used in ultrasound elasticity imaging. A custom finite difference simulation tool is used to simulate propagation from ultrasound imaging pulses in the scatterer field. These simulated transmit–receive events are then beamformed into images, which are tracked with a correlation-based algorithm to determine the displacement. A linear predictive model is developed to analytically describe the relationship between element impedance and backscattered phase shift. The error between model and simulation is $\lambda / 1364$ , where $\lambda $ is the acoustical wavelength. An iterative method is also presented that reduces the simulation error to $\lambda / 5556$ over one iteration. The proposed technique therefore offers a computationally efficient method to model continuous subresolution displacements of a scattering medium in ultrasound imaging. This method has applications that include ultrasound elastography, blood flow, and motion tracking. This method also extends generally to finite difference simulations of wave propagation, such as electromagnetic or seismic waves.
Illiad, Rapid, and an Unmediated Solution to the Interlibrary Loan Textbook Dilemma.

ABSTRACTAs the cost of textbooks rises and discoverability of resources improves, students are turning more and more to interlibrary loan to meet their textbook needs. This article describes how systems can be utilized to streamline processes and allow for the canceling of textbook requests consistently and appropriately by taking full advantage of the capabilities of ILLiad and Rapid, saving both staff time and money. This article looks at how a large research university made the decision to implement a textbook policy and how it navigated the troubled waters to come to a simple, unmediated solution.
Coding the Ideological Direction and Content of Policies

Many of the questions that are central to political science involve understanding either the causes or consequences of policy change. Scholars have relied on both data-driven and model-driven approaches to characterize the content and direction of policy. This review briefly describes several prominent measures from each approach, and it highlights important limitations that scholars continue to face in the hope of prompting continued contributions to this difficult, but essential, task.
Abstract W MP78: Intravascular Volume Delpetion in Hypertensive ED Stroke Patients

Objective: The hypertensive response in acute stroke may mask patients who could be volume depleted. Our objective was to determine the incidence of stroke patients that are volume depleted despite hypertension. This is a pilot study using sonographic markers of volume status as compared to common clinical indicators of volume status. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of suspected ischemic stroke patients with a NIHSS ≥ 4 and symptoms onset 50% was used to define volume depletion. Investigators collected demographic and clinical information, and laboratory markers of dehydration (elevated blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio, hemoconcentration or high serum osmolality). A standardized questionnaire was given to treating clinicians who were blinded to the IVC-CI. They indicated their assessment of the patient9s volume status. The analysis excluded subjects ultimately diagnosed with a stroke mimic. Analysis incorporated descriptive and regression statistics using SAS 9.3. The local IRB approved the study. Results: 23 subjects were enrolled, 4 had stroke mimics and were excluded from analysis. Mimics consisted of psychogenic disorders and myelopathy. The mean age was 64 years, 89% were Black, 68% female, and 95% had preexisting HTN. The mean NIHSS was 9.2, the mean time from symptom onset 309 minutes and the mean presenting SBP 170 ± 31 mmHg. 68% of subjects had a cortical infarct on MRI and the remaining had lacunar infarcts. The mean IVC-CI was 70 ± 21% and 84% (95% CI 68 - 100%) of subjects had IVC-CI > 50%. Laboratory markers of dehydration were present in 5% of subjects. Treating physicians classified 29% as subjects as hypovolemic. There was no correlation between IVC-CI and SBP, NIHSS, infarct location or laboratory markers of dehydration (r = 0.04 - 0.29, p > 0.23). Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that despite being hypertensive, the majority of ED stroke patients have US indications of volume depletion and may be able to tolerate volume expansion. Future studies may identify which patients have improvement in cerebral perfusion with volume expansion.
Emergence of Novel Human Norovirus GII.17 Strains Correlates With Changes in Blockade Antibody Epitopes.

Background Human norovirus is a significant public health burden, with >30 genotypes causing endemic levels of disease and strains from the GII.4 genotype causing serial pandemics as the virus evolves new ligand binding and antigenicity features. During 2014-2015, genotype GII.17 cluster IIIb strains emerged as the leading cause of norovirus infection in select global locations. Comparison of capsid sequences indicates that GII.17 is evolving at previously defined GII.4 antibody epitopes. Methods Antigenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) representative of clusters I, II, and IIIb GII.17 strains were compared by a surrogate neutralization assay based on antibody blockade of ligand binding. Results Sera from mice immunized with a single GII.17 VLP identified antigenic shifts between each cluster of GII.17 strains. Ligand binding of GII.17 cluster IIIb VLP was blocked only by antisera from mice immunized with cluster IIIb VLPs. Exchange of residues 393-396 from GII.17.2015 into GII.17.1978 ablated ligand binding and altered antigenicity, defining an important varying epitope in GII.17. Conclusions The capsid sequence changes in GII.17 strains result in loss of blockade antibody binding, indicating that viral evolution, specifically at residues 393-396, may have contributed to the emergence of cluster IIIb strains and the persistence of GII.17 in human populations.
THz imaging as an adjunct for T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging

In vivo visualization and quantification of surface tissue edema, or ‘tissue swelling’ following injury or as diagnostic criteria for the detection of disease remains a clinical challenge. The most common method for evaluating edema is by clinical examination, during which tissue swelling and turgor are routinely examined. This technique, however, is qualitative, difficult to standardize, and requires considerable clinical expertise. T2 — weighted (T2w) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to visualize the hydration state of skin in vivo and provides comprehensive, layer-specific anatomical and physiological data. While clinical utility has been demonstrated in a range of applications, adoption has been limited due to instrument size, cost, and the technical challenges associated with surface tissue data interpretation. These factors provide a potential opportunity for THz medical imaging. In this talk we propose THz maps of tissue water content (TWC) as an adjunct to MRI. For applications where (1) surface tissue water content is correlated with disease/injury state and (2) technical challenges and/or adoption costs restrict the use of MRI, THz imaging can be leveraged to fill the diagnostic gap. Candidate applications are discussed including burn wound severity assessment, surgical flap viability prediction, and allergy testing.
Approximate Solutions of Equations in Abstract g-Fractional Calculus

The novelty of this chapter is the design of suitable iterative methods for generating a sequence approximating solutions of equations on Banach spaces.
5.21 – Ubiquitin-Dependent Protein Degradation

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway plays a vital role in many physiological and pathological processes. In this pathway, a small molecule ubiquitin is attached to substrates through a highly regulated enzymatic cascade. The proteins that are marked by ubiquitin attachment are degraded by a huge proteolytic complex called the proteasome. This chapter discusses the complexities and regulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in great detail. Also, the topics covered include the relationship between ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated proteolysis and diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease.