cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partially linear hazard regression with varying coefficients for multivariate survival data

Summary. The paper studies estimation of partially linear hazard regression models with varying coefficients for multivariate survival data. A profile pseudo-partial-likelihood estimation method is proposed. The estimation of the parameters of the linear part is accomplished via maximization of the profile pseudo-partial-likelihood, whereas the varying-coefficient functions are considered as nuisance parameters that are profiled out of the likelihood. It is shown that the estimators of the parameters are root n consistent and the estimators of the non-parametric coefficient func tions achieve optimal convergence rates. Asymptotic normality is obtained for the estimators of the finite parameters and varying-coefficient functions. Consistent estimators of the asymptotic variances are derived and empirically tested, which facilitate inference for the model. We prove that the varying-coefficient functions can be estimated as well as if the parametric components were known and the failure times within each subject were independent. Simulations are con ducted to demonstrate the performance of the estimators proposed. A real data set is analysed to illustrate the methodology proposed.
Moral Judgments in the Rationing of Health Care Resources: A Comparative Study of Clinical Health Professionals

Social workers, physicians, and nurses from a major urban teaching hospital were assessed and compared regarding their attitudes toward the rationing of health care. Responses to eighteen statements of considered moral judgments in the rationing of health care resources were analyzed in terms of levels of agreement with each. All three professional groups rejected rationing based on patient age and socioeconomic worth. However, social workers and physicians were more likely than nurses to consider such factors as cost-benefit ratios, quality of life, relative strength of a patient's moral claim, and scarcity of resources in rationing decisions. Study findings appear to portray social workers and physicians as being more utilitarian and nurses more egalitarian in rationing decisions. Implications for practice in a managed care environment are presented.
Electron Spin Resonance of Manganese(II)-substituted Zinc(II) Metalloenzymes

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase, carboxypeptidase A, thermolysin, superoxide dismutase, and alkaline phosphatase in which Mn(II) has been substituted for the native Zn(II) ion show solid state ESR spectra typical of d5 ions in environments with large rhombic distortions from spherical symmetry. The ESR spectra show observable absorption from zero field up to 5600 G at Band X. All of the Mn(II) enzymes show a prominent ESR signal at geff = 4.3 typical of rhombic d5 systems. These spectra may reflect a distorted tetrahedral geometry around the Mn(II). Mn(II) carboxypeptidase A and alkaline phosphatase have prominent ESR absorption near zero field suggesting that the zero field splitting is ≅ hv, indicating the presence of large second rank distortions from spherical symmetry. Competitive inhibitors binding to the Mn(II) enzyme do not alter the basic coordination geometry of the Mn(II), but cause significant changes in transition probabilities and hyperfine structure of the ESR spectra. These changes must reflect small differences in the zero field splitting parameters and indicate alterations in the bond angles and bond lengths of the Mn(II) coordination complex. Mn(II) ESR can thus be used as a highly sensitive probe of conformation at the metal-binding sites of Zn(II) metalloproteins.
‘This All Together, Hon?’ Ubicomp in Non-office Work Environments

Ubiquitous computing technologies offer the promise of extending the benefits of computing to workers who do not spend their time at a desktop environment. In this paper, we review the results of an extended study of non-office workers across a variety of work domains, noting some key characteristics of their practices and environments, and examining some challenges to delivering on the ubicomp promise. Our research points to three important challenges that must be addressed, these include: (a) variability across work environments; (b) the need to align disparate, sometimes conflicting interests; and (c) the need to deal with what appear to be informal ways of creating and sharing knowledge. As will be discussed, while daunting, these challenges also point to specific areas of focus that might benefit the design and development of future ubicomp systems.
A “reduced function” PTPN22 variant modulates the Toll-like receptor-driven type 1 interferon response in systemic lupus erythematosus (HUM2P.329)

Most systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE patients) exhibit whole-blood increased expression of type I interferon (IFN)-inducible transcripts, known as the "IFN signature". A variant allele of the PTPN22 gene is associated with increased risk of SLE. We recently demonstrated that PTPN22-encoded lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp) promotes Toll-like receptor (TLR)-driven type 1 IFN production and type I IFN-dependent host defense and immunoregulation. Further, the disease-associated variant LypR620W (“LypW”) shows reduced function in promoting TLR-driven type 1 IFN-dependent immunity. Here we report that PBMC from LypW carrier SLE patients exhibit reduced type 1 IFN and type 1 IFN-inducible gene expression upon TLR7 activation. The percentages of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) producing IFNα, as well as the per-cell production of IFNα, are decreased LypW carrier SLE patients. Notably, we found that similar numbers of LypW carriers and non-carriers in SLE patients exhibit elevated IFN gene signatures in whole blood. Together, these data indicate that LypW SLE patient display reduced mononuclear cell capacity for TLR-induced type 1 IFN, despite exhibiting increased systemic type 1 IFN signaling. The findings raise the possibility that autoimmune phenomena in LypW SLE patients may reflect defective type 1 IFN-dependent host defense. Further, they suggest that therapeutic strategies to boost type 1 IFN-driven processes may benefit the LypW carrier subgroup of SLE patients.
Bicycle club mileage log: a servlet application for teaching Web programming

This paper describes a set of integrated servlets we have developed for use as the cornerstone of a Web Programming class. The application, an online mileage tracking log for a bicycle club, is ideal in that the basic functionality is easily understood and yet students can be tasked with expanding and enhancing the product in many ways with projects of varying difficulty. We discuss the application (approximately 1400 lines of code), sample homework exercises, additional lecture topics that can be related to the application, sample advanced projects, and our experience working with the Tomcat web server. The code is open source and is available online.
Fluorescent Protein Applications in Plants

Abstract Study of plant cell biology has benefited tremendously from the use of fluorescent proteins (FPs). Development of well‐established techniques in genetics, by transient expression or by Agrobacterium ‐mediated plant cell transformation, makes it possible to readily create material for imaging molecules tagged with FPs. Confocal microscopy of FPs is routine and, in highly scattering tissues, multiphoton microscopy improves deep imaging. The abundance of autofluorescent compounds in plants in some cases potentially interferes with FP signals, but spectral imaging is an effective tool in unmixing overlapping signals. This approach allows separate detection of DsRed and chlorophyll, DsRed and GFP, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). FPs have been targeted to most plant organelles. Free (untargeted) FPs in plant cells are not only cytoplasmic, but also go into the nucleus due to their small size. FP fluorescence is potentially unstable in acidic vacuoles. FPs have been targeted to novel compartments, including protein storage vacuoles in seeds. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted GFP has identified novel inclusion bodies that are surprisingly dynamic. FP‐tagged Rab GTPases have allowed documentation of the dynamics of membrane trafficking. Investigation of virus infections has progressed significantly with the aid of FP‐tagged virus proteins. Advanced techniques are giving plant scientists the ability to quantitatively analyze the behavior of FP‐tagged proteins. Fluorescence lifetime microscopy is becoming the method of choice for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis of FP‐tagged proteins. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) of FPs provides information on molecular diffusion and intermolecular interactions. Use of FPs in elucidating the behavior of plant cells has a bright future.
NMR study of the metal-insulator transition in the compensated sodium-tungsten bronze, NaxTayW1-yO3.

The NMR properties of the $^{183}\mathrm{W}$ spin system have been measured in the nonstoichiometric compound ${\mathrm{Na}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ta}}_{\mathrm{y}}$${\mathrm{W}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, 0lx,yl1. This material, called a bronze, undergoes a metal-insulator (M-I) transition at x-y=0.18 while maintaining a cubic-crystal phase. The $^{183}\mathrm{W}$ NMR properties measured include the Knight shift, the line shape, the spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$, and the spin-spin phase memory time ${T}_{2}$. The measurements were made in a field of 6.0 T at temperatures of 4.2 and 77 K. As the sample composition is varied from metallic to insulating, the recovery curves of the W nuclear magnetization at 4.2 K evolve smoothly from an exponential curve with a ${T}_{1}$ of a few seconds to a dramatically nonexponential curve with a distribution of relaxation times ranging from seconds to days. The combination of the small moment of $^{183}\mathrm{W}$ and wide, inhomogeneously broadened NMR lines inhibits spin diffusion so that spins relax at a rate determined by their immediate electronic environments. The distribution of ${T}_{1}$'s thus probes the distribution of local electronic environments in this disordered material.
Faithful Translations between Polyvariant Flows and Polymorphic Types

Recent work has shown equivalences between various type systems and flow logics. Ideally, the translations upon which such equivalences are based should be faithful in the sense that information is not lost in round-trip translations from flows to types and back or from types to flows and back. Building on the work of Nielson & Nielson and of Palsberg & Pavlopoulou, we present the first faithful translations between a class of finitary polyvariant flow analyses and a type system supporting polymorphism in the form of intersection and union types. Additionally, our flow/type correspondence solves several open problems posed by Palsberg & Pavlopoulou: (1) it expresses call-string based polyvariance (such as k-CFA) as well as argument based polyvariance; (2) it enjoys a subject reduction property for flows as well as for types; and (3) it supports a flow-oriented perspective rather than a type-oriented one.
Inhomogeneous nuclear spin flips: Feedback mechanism between electronic states in a double quantum dot and the underlying nuclear spin bath

We discuss a feedback mechanism between electronic states in a double quantum dot and the underlying nuclear spin bath. We analyze two pumping cycles for which this feedback provides a force for the Overhauser fields of the two dots to either equilibrate or diverge. Which of these effects is favored depends on the g-factor and Overhauser coupling constant A of the material. The strength of the effect increases with A/V_x, where V_x is the exchange matrix element, and also increases as the external magnetic field B_{ext} decreases.
Building the Biostatistics Pipeline: Summer Institutes for Training in Biostatistics (SIBS)

Almost every day, another finding related to human health is reported in the news. A new drug shows promise for treating Alzheimer's disease. A study in a leading medical journal suggests an associ...
Stochastic derivation of the switching function in the theory of microwave heating of ceramic materials

Stochastic arguments are presented to provide a fundamental derivation of a switching function introduced in a recent theory of microwave heating of ceramic materials. The phenomenon under study is thermal runaway wherein the temperature of a ceramic material increases suddenly after being heated under microwaves for a certain time. Observations in a wide variety of materials have been explained successfully via a recently constructed theory of the pheonomenon, which suggests that the mobility of absorbing entities, such as vacancies, bivacancies, or interstitials, has a temperature dependence that follows a switching behavior: The mobility, equivalently the absorption coefficient, starts at small values for small temperatures but rises quickly to high values as the temperature is increased. Phase-space considerations and static arguments have been given earlier to support the idea, and to calculate the detail, of the switching function. Here we provide a basic justification to the static arguments through a consideration of the dynamics. Although the evolution of the absorbing entities is governed by a nonlinear Langevin equation, which cannot be solved exactly, natural approximations are shown to lead to a Smoluchowski equation for the probability distribution, which can be solved. General results and specific calculational prescriptions are provided for a variety of potential shapes.
Determination of nucleotide sequences from double-stranded regions of HeLa cell nuclear RNA☆☆☆

Double-stranded regions which comprise about 4% of isolated HeLa cell heterogeneous nuclear RNA have been characterized by RNA fingerprinting and sequencing analysis. The simplicity of the pattern in two-dimensional RNA fingerprints suggests a sequence complexity of about 1000 nucleotides. The nucleotide sequences of six prominent RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides (ranging in size from 7 to 9 bases) have been determined using isolated double-stranded nuclear RNA labeled in vivo with 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate. We conclude that (here exists a substantial subpopulation of simple, potentially complementary sequences common to much of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA population and interspersed with other kinds of sequences.
Effect of hyperforin-enriched extract on pro-ejaculatory effect of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin in anesthetized rats.

Objectives Premature ejaculation is the most common male sexual dysfunction and, yet, no approved effective therapies are currently available. We studied the in vivo effectiveness of hyperforin (HF), a concentrated extract of Hypericum perforatum in an experimental model for the expulsion phase of ejaculation in anesthetized rats. Methods The ejaculation model involved inducing rhythmic bulbospongiosus (BS) muscle contractions in male rats under urethane anesthesia (1.2 g/kg subcutaneously) by transiently raising the internal urethral pressure with saline infusion for 2 seconds at a rate of 116 μL/s. Electrodes in the BS muscles recorded the electrical activity during the contractions as a cluster of bursts on the electromyogram. Injection of the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (0.4 mg/kg subcutaneously) intensified the BS muscle contractions induced by increases in urethral pressure. Results Administration of 8-OH-DPAT strongly accelerated the ejaculation in the vehicle-treated rats and the amplitude of electrical discharges and the duration of electrical bursts accompanying the increases in urethral pressure were increased from baseline by 203.2% ± 32.9% and 178.1% ± 22.9%, respectively. The HF extract reduced the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on ejaculation at lower doses when tested in the dose range of 5 to 80 mg/kg. The reduction in the amplitude of bursts with HF extract remained unchanged after a midthoracic spinal transection, suggesting that the action of HF is either at the spinal ejaculation generator or directly on the neurons innervating the BS muscles. Conclusions This is the first report of the effect of HF in a rat model of ejaculation. HF can be considered a novel new treatment of premature ejaculation.
Coupling quantum and continuum scales to predict crack tip dislocation nucleation

A quantum-continuum multiscale coupling of Kohn–Sham density functional theory to continuum material is presented that can handle mechanics problems in metals when long-range stress fields are present, such as occurs for dislocations and cracks. The method has quantifiable and controllable coupling errors that can be minimized at computationally tractable system sizes. Using both generalized gradient and local density approximation exchange–correlation functionals, the nucleation of a dislocation from a crack tip in aluminum is then predicted. Both functionals yield similar results, and predictions using Rice’s continuum Peierls model are within 20% of the quantum values. This multiscale method is easily extendable to crack-tip problems involving alloys and chemical embrittlements.
Evolution of hallucial grasping in the primates

Abstract Homology of the adaptive solutions of grasping, like other attributes of the postcranial skeleton, have long been assumed for marsupials, early eutherians, and euprimates. Evidence is presented which contradicts this view. The origin of grasping is documented and discussed in the order Primates, the semiorder Euprimates, the suborders Strepsirhini and Haplorhini, and the semisuborder Anthropoidea. Grasping may have been primitive in the cohort Archonta, but the euprimate grasp appears to be related not only to climbing but to a saltatory, graspleaping, locomotor mode of the common ancestor. The origin of anthropoid modifications involves a reduced emphasis on the pedal grasp. The “prehallux” hypothesis for the explanation of the sesamoid in the entocuneiform-hallucial articulation of anthropoids cannot be corroborated by either topographical, developmental, or functional evidence.
Division of labor among monomers within the Mu transposase tetramer

A single tetramer of Mu transposase (MuA) pairs the recombination sites, cleaves the donor DNA, and joins these ends to a target DNA by strand transfer. Analysis of C-terminal deletion derivatives of MuA reveals that a 30 amino acid region between residues 575 and 605 is critical for these three steps. Although inactive on its own, a deletion protein lacking this region assembles with the wild-type protein. These mixed tetramers carry out donor cleavage but do not promote strand transfer, even when the donor cleavage stage is bypassed. These data suggest that the active center of the transposase is composed of the C-terminus of four MuA monomers; one dimer carries out donor cleavage while all four monomers contribute to strand transfer.
Endothelial injury and acquired aspirin resistance as promoters of regional thrombin formation and early vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective The predominant mechanism of early graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting remains in doubt. Aspirin administered in the initial hours after coronary artery bypass grafting improves graft patency, implicating prostanoid synthesis in the pathogenesis. We hypothesized that synergy between endothelial disruption in the venous conduit and aspirin resistance would cause vein graft failure. Methods Aspirin resistance, defined by diagnostic findings on at least two of three separate assays, was serially assessed in 225 patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Endothelial cell integrity was determined in surplus segments obtained from 408 vein grafts. The deposition of intraluminal thrombin within the vein was determined by comparing serum F1.2 levels between the coronary sinus and the aorta after grafting. Intraoperative blood flow in the grafts was measured with transit-time technology, and patency was assessed with electrocardiographically gated multichannel computed tomographic coronary angiography on day 5. Aspirin was the sole antithrombotic agent used during the study. Results Thrombosed grafts (16/408) showed more endothelial cell loss at the time of grafting than did those grafts that remained patent (10.8% ± 21.5% vs 51.4% ± 39.1% integrity, P P P Conclusion Aspirin resistance and relatively compromised venous endothelial cell integrity together marked patients whose vein grafts failed within days after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. These observations form a basis for identifying patients at risk and developing approaches to prevent vein injury or to selectively intervene in high-risk circumstances.
The philosophical limits of evidence-based medicine

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has already had a profound effect on both medical education and clinical practice. The benefits of EBM, which defines the value of medical interventions in terms of empirical evidence from clinical trials, are enormous and well described. Not clearly acknowledged, however, are the limits of EBM. An intrinsic gap exists between clinical research and clinical practice. Failure to recognize and account for this gap may lead to unintended and untoward consequences. Under the current understanding of EBM, the individuality of patients tends to be devalued, the focus of clinical practice is subtly shifted away from the care of individuals toward the care of populations, and the complex nature of sound clinical judgment is not fully appreciated. Despite its promise, EBM currently fails to provide an adequate account of optimal medical practice. A broader understanding of medical knowledge and reasoning is necessary.
P300 under standard and surprise conditions in self-reported impulsive aggression.

Abstract 1. 1. The purpose of the present study was to determine the cognitive psychophysiological correlates of impulsive aggression in a “high” functioning sample: college students. 2. 2. Visual P300 was measured during a standard oddball task and a surprise task that included unexpected low probability stimuli. 3. 3. Results indicated significantly reduced P300 amplitude and prolonged latency for impulsive aggressive subjects to target stimuli on the standard task. Target amplitude differences where further augmented under conditions involving unexpected stimuli although no significant latency differences were observed. The topography of P300 amplitude to unexpected stimuli differed from that of the target. 4. 4. Topographic group differences found for unexpected stimuli are suggestive of cognitive processing deficits previously demonstrated using neuropsychological techniques in impulsive aggressive individuals.
Combined effects of Ca2+ and humic acid on colloid transport through porous media

We report the separate and combined effects of humic acid and Ca2+ ions on the transport of colloidal particles through a sand-packed column. Polystyrene latex particles with a sulfate functional group were used as model colloids. The concentrations of both the inlet solution and the effluent solutions were measured during each experimental run. Breakthrough curves were obtained by taking the ratios of each effluent sample concentration to the inlet solution concentration. In the absence of humic acid, the results indicate that increasing the concentration of Ca2+ increases particle attachment to the sand, thus causing decreased transport rates of latex particles through the porous bed matrix. Once 4 mg/l humic acid was added to the system, changes were observed in the effect that Ca2+ has on latex particle breakthrough. In a system containing calcium, increasing the humic acid concentration was shown to reduce particle attachment and increase transport rates. In the absence of calcium, the ratios for the outlet-to-inlet concentrations were similar for each concentration of humic acid. The electrophoretic mobility was also measured in order to determine the role of electrostatic repulsion in the latex particle transport. The electrophoretic mobility of the latex particles was found to be dependent on humic acid concentration in the absence of Ca2+ but not in its presence.
A meta-analysis of bibliotherapy studies

Used meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of bibliotherapy. Bibliotherapy treatments were compared to control groups and therapist-administered treatments. The mean estimated effect size (d) of the 70 samples analyzed was +0.565. There was no significant differences between the effects of bibliotherapy and therapist-administered treatments, as well as no significant erosion of effect sizes at follow-up. Bibliotherapy did appear more effective for certain problem types (assertion training, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) than for others (weight loss, impulse control, and studying problems). Overall, the amount of therapist contact during bibliotherapy did not seem to relate to effectiveness, but there was evidence that certain problem types (weight loss and anxiety reduction) responded better with increased therapist contact. Recommendations for future research were given, especially for more research on the commonly purchased books and moderator analyses by personality type and reading ability.
Septic Arthritis Due to Streptococcus sanguis

We report an unusual case of septic arthritis due to Streptococcus sanguis, a member of the viridans group of streptococci that are part of the normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract. Our patient had severe underlying periodontal disease, which likely contributed to his joint sepsis through hematogenous spread. Although viridans streptococci are rare causes of septic arthritis in native joints, they should be considered in the setting of severe periodontal disease.
Reproductive performance in Ohio dairy herds in the 1990s

The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in reproductive performance in Ohio dairy herds during the 1990s. Stringent criteria for herd inclusion were applied to DHI records to ensure high quality and reliability of the data. The final data set contained 44,425 monthly herd summary records from 1772 herds from years 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998. Outcomes of interest were calving interval length, calving-to-conception interval, days to first breeding, services per conception and first service conception rate. PROC MIXED in SAS (version 8.1) was used and the monthly records were treated as repeated measures nested within years and herds. First-order autoregressive covariance structure was used to model the covariance between the repeated measures within herds. The data were analyzed for the entire herd as well as for the first lactation cows separately. During the 1990s reproductive performance declined in Ohio dairy herds. Herd average calving interval lengthened from 13.6 to 14.1 months and calving-to-conception interval increased from 136 to 150 days between 1992 and 1998, respectively. Days to first service and number of services increased while first service conception rate declined on a herd level. The reproductive performance of first lactation cows, however, remained constant during this same period. Overall herd reproductive performance was associated with herd size and fat-corrected rolling herd average milk production (FCM). As milk yield increased, first service conception rate decreased and services per conception increased. Larger herds had lower first service conception rate and needed more services per conception, but they started breeding their cows earlier resulting in a slightly shorter calving interval and calving-to-conception interval compared to smaller herds.
Andrey Volkonsky and the Beginnings of Unofficial Music in the Soviet Union

Abstract This article examines the compositional history and early reception of Soviet composer Andrey Volkonsky9s two earliest and most important serial compositions, Musica Stricta and Suite of Mirrors ( Syuita zerkal ). These two works spurred on the formation of an unofficial music culture in the Soviet Union during the Thaw of the late 1950s and 1960s. Volkonsky (b. 1933) was the first and initially the most visible of a group of young Soviets known by officialdom as the “young composers” (“molodiiye kompozitorii”). These “young composers”—among them Sofia Gubaidulina, Alfred Schnittke, Arvo Part, and Edison Denisov—came of age in the years following Stalin9s death in 1953. Their compositions reflected their attempts to “catch up” with the Western avant-garde following decades of musical development that had been denied them under Stalin. The first “new” technique these composers adopted was serialism, and Volkonsky9s early compositions illustrate the specifically Soviet approach to the method and demonstrate the meanings it held for Soviet officials and Soviet audiences. Volkonsky9s early works also force a broadening of current interpretations of postwar European and American serialism. Much of the information in the article stems from personal interviews with Volkonsky and the other leading composers and performers of the Thaw, as well as archival research conducted in Russia.
Higher spin realizations of the bosonic string

It has been shown that certain W algebras can be linearized by the inclusion of a spin-one current. This provides a way of obtaining new realizations of the W algebras. Recently such new realizations of W3 were used in order to embed the bosonic string in the critical and noncritical W3 strings. In this letter, we consider similar embeddings in W2,4 and W2,6 strings. The linearization of W2,4 is already known, and can be achieved for all values of central charge. We use this to embed the bosonic string in critical and noncritical W2,4 strings. We then derive the linearization of W2,6 using a spin-one current, which turns out to be possible only at central charge c=390. We use this to embed the bosonic string in a noncritical W2,6 string.
The Bright and Dark Sides of Religiosity Among University Students: Do Gender, College Major, and Income Matter?

We develop a theoretical model involving religiosity [intrinsic (I), extrinsic-social (E s), and extrinsic-personal (E p), Time 1], Machiavellianism (Time 2), and propensity to engage in unethical behavior (Time 2) to investigate direct and indirect paths. We collected two-wave panel data from 359 students who had some work experiences. For the whole sample, intrinsic religiosity (I) indirectly curbed unethical intentions through the absence of Machiavellianism, the bright side of religiosity. Both extrinsic-social (E s) and extrinsic-personal (E p) directly, while extrinsic-social (E s) indirectly, exacerbated unethical intentions, the dark side of religiosity. Multiple-group analyses across gender, college major, and income showed that the bright side existed directly for low-income students, but indirectly for males and females, business majors, and low-income students. Our novel finding showed that E p undermined unethical intentions indirectly for females. For the dark side, E s incited unethical intentions directly for males, business students, and low-income individuals, but indirectly for females, psychology majors, and low-income people. The Machiavellianism–unethical intentions relationship was the strongest for high-income participants. Religiosity had the highest number of significant paths for low-income individuals and the strongest dark side for males and high-income students, but the highest bright outcome for females. Our novel, original findings foster theory development and testing, add new vocabulary to the conversation of religiosity and unethical intentions, and improve practice.
Estimating sea surface salinity in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico using visible channels on SNPP-VIIRS

Sea surface salinity is determined using the visible channels from the Visual Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to derive regional algorithms for the Gulf of Mexico by normalizing to seasonal river discharge. The dilution of river discharge with open ocean waters and the surface salinity is estimated by tracking the surface spectral signature. The water leaving radiances derived from atmospherically-corrected and calibrated 750-m resolution visible M-bands (410, 443, 486, 551, 671 nm) are applied to bio-optical algorithms and subsequent multivariate statistical methods to derive regional empirical relationships between satellite radiances and surface salinity measurements. Although radiance to salinity is linked to CDOM dilution, we explored alternative statistical relationships to account for starting conditions. In situ measurements are obtained from several moorings spread across the Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay, with a salinity range of 0.1 - 33. Data were collected over all seasons in the year 2013 in order to assess inter-annual variability. The seasonal spectral signatures at the river mouth were used to track the fresh water end members and used to develop a seasonal slope and bias between salinity and radiance. Results show an increased spatial resolution for remote detection of coastal sea surface salinity from space, compared to the Aquarius Microwave salinity. Characterizing the coastal surface salinity has a significant impact on the physical circulation which affects the coastal ecosystems. Results identify locations and dissipation of the river plumes and can provide direct data for assimilation into physical circulation models.
Geomagnetic secular variation 1995–2000

[1] A study was done to determine the difficulty of obtaining a field model for 1995 using magnetic observations taken since that epoch. Orsted vector data taken from 1999 to 2001 in conjunction with scalar data from all surface ship surveys and secular variation data from magnetic observatories taken since 1995 were utilized. Spherical harmonic models were constructed for the interval from 1995 through early 2001 using selected, magnetically quiet, nighttime intervals. Corrections were made for Dst variations assuming a constant, i.e., ratio (0.28). The data were corrected for magnetic anomalies using Magsat coefficients (m102389) above n = 21. In order to compute secular change data, some observatory hourly values were reduced to remove the annual variations, which ranged up to 40 nT at a few stations. Coefficients were adjusted up to n = 21 in spatial terms, n = 13 in linear secular variation terms, and n = 12 in parabolic secular variation terms. There was also a 30 nT, n = 1 external term. Component maps of this model (f052101) truncated to n = 10 were compared with the IGRF2000 and generally found to be within 20 nT at the surface except for a 110 nT difference in the northern polar region. The model agreed with the OIFM at satellite altitude to within a few nanoteslas except for a few tens of nanoteslas at the poles. Model differences at 1995 from the IGRF1995 peaked over 800 nT in the region west of South America. However, statistical estimates in this region and epoch show model errors up to several hundred nanoteslas. Use of a linear model or one truncated to lower degree is seen to reduce these differences and maximum errors at 1995, but at the expense of less accuracy elsewhere. Besides the large differences from the 1995 IGRF it was also noted that there are a number of areas where the field changes require parabolic coefficients, even over this short a time span.
Representation and display of three-dimensional medical images using a linear octree

A data structure called a linear octree which represents volumetric information by an eight-way branching tree is reviewed along with the procedure for converting the rectangular coordinates of a given octree node to an equivalent locational code, and vice versa. A brief description of a display algorithm of linear octree encoded objects is outlined. This display algorithm is based on an explicit formula which computes the coordinates of any vertex of any linear octree node in terms of the coordinates of the corners of the universe using only additions and multiplications of powers of 2. When performing display operations, the standard matrix transformations need only be applied once to the main vertices of the universe cube. The projections of all the other nodes of a linear octree are computed using this simple formula.
Analytic properties of band functions

We consider the analytic properties of Bloch Hamiltonians and their energy levels as functions of quasi-momentum k. Among other results are: (1) The only entire band is the trivial free electron parabola. (2) The only isolated singularities allowed are branch points. (3) In one dimension, no natural boundaries or logarithmic branch points occur. (4) The periodic attractive screened Coulomb lattice has a nondegenerate lowest band (i.e., the “direct gap” is strictly positive for all k).
Mechanics of the hydrogendashdislocationdashimpurity interactions-I. Increasing shear modulus

Abstract The effect of hydrogen on dislocationdashdislocation and dislocationdashimpurity atom interactions is studied under conditions where hydrogen is in equilibrium with local stresses and in systems where hydrogen increases the shear modulus. In the case of two edge dislocations (plane strain) the effect of hydrogen is modeled by a continuous distribution of dilatation lines whose strength depends on the local hydrogen concentration. The hydrogen distribution in the atmospheres is adjusted to minimize the energy of the system as the dislocations approach each other. The iterative finite element analysis used to calculate the hydrogen distribution accounts for the stress relaxation associated with the hydrogen induced volume and the elastic moduli changes due to hydrogen. The interactions between the dislocations are calculated accounting for all the stress fields due to dislocations and hydrogen atmospheres. Modeling of the hydrogen effects on the edge dislocationdashinterstitial solute atom interaction and on the screw dislocationdashinterstitial solute atom interaction is discussed using a finite element analysis and the atom interaction energies are calculated in the presence of hydrogen. For the case where hydrogen increases the shear modulus, a significant hydrogendashrelated decrease of the edge dislocationdashinterstitial solute atom interaction energy was observed when the edge dislocationdashsolute distance is approximately less than two Burgers vectors. Depending on the orientation of the tetragonal axis of the interstitial solute distortion field, hydrogen may strengthen or weaken the interaction between the screw dislocationdashinterstitial solute.
Gasification kinetics of five coal chars with CO2 at elevated pressure

For five coals, the reactivity of char-CO2 gasification was investigated with a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (PTGA) in the temperature range 850-1,000 C and the total pressure range 0.5-2.0 MPa. The effect of coal rank, initial char characteristics and pressure on the reaction rate were evaluated for five coal chars. The reactivity of low lank coal char was better than that of high rank coal char. It was found that Meso/macro-pores of char markedly affect char reactivity by way of providing channels for diffusion of reactant gas into the reactive surface area. Over the range of tested pressure, the reaction rate is proportional to CO2 partial pressure and the reaction order ranges from about 0.4 to 0.7 for five chars. Kinetic parameters, based on the shrinking particle model, were obtained for five chars.
Recent changes in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan migration streams.

This paper examines the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of migration streams between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas of the US for 4 different years over the period 1975-93. There have been three distinctive shifts in the direction of net metro-nonmetro migration during this period. In the 1970s and 1990s nonmetro rates of immigration were almost always higher than metro rates leading to net immigration gains whereas the 1980s was a period of net emigration loss for nonmetro areas. In many ways the new trend is remarkably similar to the one witnessed in the turnaround period; thus 1992-93 could represent the early phase of a new turnaround era. However there are important differences between the two periods: the shift in the 1990s has been more strongly marked by increased nonmetro population retention than by in-migration while the migration turnaround of the 1970s was due in about equal proportion to increasing retention and in-migration.
Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Patients

Objective To provide an overview of the cardiovascular consequences of the normal aging process in humans and to review unique aspects of the diagnosis and management of heart disease in the elderly population. Design We reviewed relevant published articles and summarized the diagnostic approaches and treat ment recommendations for congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiac valvular disease, and arrhythmias in elderly patients. Results The aging process is associated with predictable anatomic and physiologic alterations in the cardiovascular system. Consequently, the manifestations of heart disease in the geriatric population differ from those found in younger patients. Additionally, outcomes of cardiac diseases and therapeutic options change with advancing age because of such factors as alterations in drug metabolism. Conclusion Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system result from intrinsic cardiac aspects of human senescence, primary cardiac disease, and influence of comorbid conditions on the heart. The natural history of heart disease is generally adversely affected by age. Although many treatment strategies with demonstrated efficacy in younger patients are relevant in the elderly age-group, careful attention to the influence of concomitant illness, the unique physiologic and pharmacologic changes, and the assessment of the potential effect of therapy on survival and quality of life is essential in treating elderly patients.
Vacuum Devices for Capturing and Partitioning Commingled Subpopulations of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Devices and methods are described for capturing and sorting subpopulations of tagged adult honey bees, Apis mellifera L., that are commingled with large populations of untagged bees in experimental colonies. Each comb with adhering bees is placed on a rotatable frame-support device to facilitate visual examination. Bees are captured individually on the tip of a vacuum probe and released at one of many air-intake portholes that transport them safely to respective holding cages within a vacuum chamber. The escape of confined bees is prevented during the operation by a vacuum-actuated hinged door covering each porthole. These procedures facilitate handling, protect bees from mechanical injury, and minimize the risk of being stung.
Evidence from fluid inclusions for a paleogeothermal gradient at the geothermal test well sites, Los Alamos, New Mexico

Abstract Homogenization temperatures of individual fluid inclusions from the geothermal test well sites near Los Alamos, New Mexico, systematically change as a function of depth in the cores. Inclusions in samples from depths between 1.5 and 3.0 km have re-equilibrated to thermal gradients higher than the present gradient of 50–60°C/km. The loci of maximum temperatures attained has a slope of about 70°C/km; the deepest sample has cooled to 200°C from a maximum of 230°C. The wide range of salinities (0.0 wt.% equivalent NaCl to more than 25 wt.% equivalent NaCl) observed in each sample indicates a large amount of pervasive fluid circulation had not occurred at the time of re-equilibration of these inclusions. The results are relevant to calculations for the thermal history of the test site.
Testosterone-induced aggression in adult female mice.

Abstract Silastic implants of testosterone (T) and injections of testosterone propionate (TP) were used to study the effects of ovariectomy and androgen administration on the fighting behavior of adult female mice. A dose of T previously shown to hyperstimulate accessory organ growth in adult male castrates was sufficient to induce the complete behavioral repertoire of male-like aggression in females never before treated with exogenous androgen. As determined by radioimmunoassay, blood levels of T produced by implants containing an aggression-inducing dose of T (10-mg implant) were within the range of T concentrations observed in intact males. Following treatment with a 10-mg T implant, the aggressive behavior of ovariectomized females could be fully maintained with a dose of T (0.3-mg implant) that failed to maintain weight of the accessory organs in adult male castrates. In fact, females “androgenized” were subsequently more responsive to the aggression-activating properties of T than were males castrated after prenatal and perinatal androgen exposure.
Nuclear Receptor Expression Links the Circadian Clock to Metabolism

As sensors for fat-soluble hormones and dietary lipids, oscillations in nuclear receptor (NR) expression in key metabolic tissues may contribute to circadian entrainment of nutrient and energy metabolism. Surveying the diurnal expression profiles of all 49 mouse nuclear receptors in white and brown adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle revealed that of the 45 NRs expressed, 25 are in a rhythmic cycle and 3 exhibit a single transient pulse of expression 4 hr into the light cycle. While thyroid hormones are generally constant, we find that TRalpha and beta dramatically cycle, suggesting that fundamental concepts such as "basal metabolism" may require reexamination. The dynamic but coordinated changes in nuclear receptor expression, along with their key target genes, offers a logical explanation for known cyclic behavior of lipid and glucose metabolism and suggests novel roles for endocrine and orphan receptors in coupling the peripheral circadian clock to divergent metabolic outputs.
Synthesis of a versatile purification handle for use with Boc chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis

Abstract The synthesis of a versatile handle for the purification of synthetic peptides is described. The Boc-aminoethylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl handle is coupled to the NH 2 -terminus of the resin-bound peptide. Removal of the Boc group affords a free amine which can be derivatized with any of a variety of functionalities. Cleavage from the resin gives a peptide functionalized for covalent chemoselective reaction with the column support. Desired full length peptide is eluted from the column by cleavage of the handle by treatment with base.
Animal models for gastric Helicobacter immunology and vaccine studies

Over the last decade animal models have been used extensively to investigate disease processes and therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. The H. pylori animal models which have been used in pathogenesis and vaccine studies include the gnotobiotic pig, non-human primates, cats, dogs, and several species of rodents including mice, rats, gerbils and guinea pigs. H. felis infection of mice and H. mustelae infection of ferrets have also been used. Recently, investigators have begun using transgenic mice and gene-targeted ‘knock-out’ mice to investigate Helicobacter infections. Each of these animal models has distinct advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in this minireview. The choice of an animal model is dictated by factors such as cost and an understanding of how each model will or will not allow fulfillment of experimental objectives.
Active immunisation against human tick-borne diseases

With the development and licensure of a recombinant vaccine for the tick-borne infection Lyme disease, more attention has been paid to other vaccines that have been used or are being developed for the prevention of other tick-borne infections. This review highlights vaccine information for Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, Query (Q) fever, Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and tick paralysis. Additionally, discussion on the use of immunisation against the tick itself is included which not only can decrease veterinary tick burdens but may also decrease the transmission of arthropod-transmitted diseases.