cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stage III Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Disparity Between Primary Cancers and Lymph Node Metastases

Colorectal cancers (CRCs) may be classified according to underlying genetic and epigenetic changes including microsatellite instability (MSI) and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). However the relevance of these molecular characteristics, which are being increasingly used to guide adjuvant therapy, has not been defined for metastatic disease. Since adjunct chemotherapy is designed to prevent or target metastases, molecular characteristics of metastatic disease are relevant. This study evaluates molecular differences between primary colorectal cancers and matched lymph node (LN) metastases. An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, prospectively maintained, frozen tissue biobank was queried for stage III CRCs previously analyzed for MSI and CIMP. Metastatic cancer-containing LNs from the same patients were retrieved from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. DNA was isolated from matched primary tumors and LNs, tested for MSI and CIMP, and the results were compared. Forty-seven matched LNs from 47 CRC cases were available. Six of 47 primary tumors and 8/47 (17%) LNs were MSI-H (p = 0.25). Thirteen of 47 (28%) primary tumors and 6/47 (13%) LNs were CIMP+ (p < 0.02). Eight patients displayed nine disparities between their primary tumors and LNs: two for MSI and seven for CIMP. Interestingly, of the 13 CIMP+ primary tumors, seven had LN metastases that were CIMP negative. Molecular characterization, notably the CpG island methylator phenotype, varies between primary tumors and corresponding lymphatic metastases. Although the mechanism for this is unknown, this finding suggests that molecular typing of LNs as well as primary tumors should be considered for molecular-based adjuvant therapy decisions.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BEVERAGES AND GELATINS CONTAINING SUCROSE OR SYNTHETIC SWEETENERS1

Two descriptive sensory methods, anchored (deviation from a sucrose reference) and unanchored, were used to quantify differences in aroma, flavor and aftertaste in five media – strawberry, lemon and orange drinks, and strawberry and orange gelatins – varying in type of sweetener. With both methods, samples sweetened with sodium saccharin deviated the most from the sucrose standard, those sweetened with aspartame the least, and calcium cyclamate was intermediate. In general, drinks sweetened with sucrose or with aspartame could be characterized as “sweet-clean”, and those sweetened with cyclamate or with saccharin as “sweet-chemical” and “bitter”. Gelatins containing synthetic sweeteners generally were more astringent, bitter and sour, with less strawberry flavor, and were significantly less hard, springy and viscous than those sweetened with sucrose. In all media, more significant differences were observed among the sweeteners with the anchored method than with the unanchored procedure. Advantages and limitations of these two quantitative descriptive procedures are discussed.
Signal flow graphs over max-plus algebra and applications

This work investigates properties of signal flow graphs (SFGs) over max-plus algebra, which are referred to as synchronous SFGs. New topological methods for evaluating gains of synchronous matrix SFGs are described. These methods are based on the existing theory for matrix SFGs over regular algebra. SFGs are useful in studying complex engineering systems by representing them as interconnection of relatively simple subsystems. In particular, synchronous SFGs can be used to graphically model the timing behavior of deterministic discrete event systems. The paper illustrates an application of synchronous SFGs to modeling and performance evaluation of deterministic manufacturing systems.
Generalized linearization technique for first order process systems control analyses

First order systems have primary elements such as generic flows and driving forces, as well as derived quantities such as capacitance and resistance. A text on control theory (Coughanowr and Koppel, 1965) describes the latter two quantities as primary elements denoted in differential form. This work extends that differential concept to nonlinear first order systems. Results of classical linearization theory (for example, linearized time constants) are then obtained with more ease. Les systemes du premier ordre component des elements primaires comme des ecoulements generiques et des forces motrices, ainsi que des quantites derivees telles qu'une capitance et une resistance. Un ouvrage sur la theorie de la regulation (Coughanowr et Koppel, 1965) decrit ces dernieres quantites comme des elements primaires exprimes sous forme differentielle. Notre travail se propose d'etendre ce concept differentiel aux systemes du premier ordre non lineaires. Les resultats de la theorie de la linearisation classique (par exemple, les constantes de temps linearisees) sont alors plus faciles a obtenir.
The Hospitality Industry: The Fine Art of Locating Information

Introduction The hospitality field, which incorporates both the restaurant/food services industries and the lodging industry, is one of the most important industries in the United States. The restaurant industry alone is the third largest industry in the nation. Those employed in food services, such as waitresses, cooks, and bartenders, represent the largest group — or one‐third — of all service workers in the country. The hotel industry employs a million workers, and along with the restaurant/food services industry, expects employment to increase through the 80s. All told, the hospitality field is one of the nation's largest, and fastest growing.
Behavioral treatment of adult obesity: attentional controls and a 2-year follow-up.

Abstract This research included controls for both amount of extra-therapy attention focused on target behaviors and for quality and duration of attention provided during therapy. Two pairs of therapists each conducted one group for each of four experimental conditions: nonspecific therapy, nonspecific therapy + attention prompting, behavior therapy, behavior therapy + positive induction (procedures designed to maximize favorableness of expectancies). Sixty-five obese adults ( X overweight = 52%) attended 12 weekly group sessions and 3-month and 2-yr follow-ups. Ratings of expectancies, credibility and therapist characteristics were equivalent in all experimental conditions. Attrition was low (9.7%) and S s averaged 1–2 lb weight losses per week during treatment, while improving concurrently in eating habits, cardiovascular fitness and adjustment. However, only participants who were in groups conducted by the therapist pair which was rated especially ‘democratic’ maintained average weight losses at the 2-yr follow-up. These results demonstrate the potentially vital role of several ‘nonspecific’ factors in long-term outcomes associated with behavioral treatments for adult obesity.
Immunization of mice against viruses of the psittacosis group with ultraviolet-inactivated vaccines.

ConclusionsThese studies demonstrate that it is possible to inactivate completely certain viruses of the psittacosis group in less than one second by exposure to appropriate intensities of ultraviolet irradiation. Such preparations retain antigenicity as indicated by their ability to immunize mice against challenge tloscs of active virus.
Vulnerability of Pasture and Range Legumes to Fungus Gnats

Fungus gnats, Bradysia spp., are best known as pests of greenhousegrown ornementals, and some data suggests that fungus gnats may be pests of forage legumes; however, information is largely lacking about their effects on forage crops. This study was conducted to determine adult fungus gnat oviposition preference and seedling mortality for 15 legume species. Replicated free-choice tests were conducted in the greenhouse in June 1992, and May and June 1994. Significant variation (P ≤ 0.05) in oviposition preference was attributed to differences among legume species, experiments, and experiment by species interactions. Species accounted for 44% of the total variation, experiment by species interactions (14%), and experiments (9%). Though experiment by species interactions occurred, five species were commonly preferred. These were hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth; cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp subsp. unguiculata; Illinois bundleflower, Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex Robinson & Fern.; woollypod vetch, Vicia villosa subsp. unguiculata; Illinois bundleflower, Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. ex Robinson & Fern.; woollypod vetch, Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corbiere; and yellow sweet-clover, Melilotus officinalis Lam. Significant variation in seedling mortality was attributed only to legume species. All species tested were susceptible to feeding damage and seedling stand reductions of greater than 90% were caused by as few as one larva per seedling. Based on observations made in the greenhouse and the fact that fungus gnats have been reared from soil samples collected from field stands of white clover, Trifolium repens L., fungus gnats may pose a threat during the seedling establishment phase of same forage legumes. Field studies with naturally occurring populations of fungus gnats are needed to determine the importance of these insects in reducing establishment and persistence of pasture and range legumes
Brønsted acid-promoted cyclizations of 1-siloxy-1,5-diynes.

We have developed the first HNTf2-promoted 5-endo-dig cyclizations of 1-siloxy-1,5-diynes, which proceed with concomitant formation of C−Hal bonds as a result of halide abstraction from a halocarbon by the intermediate alkenyl cation. This process is enabled by a chemoselective activation of the more electron-rich siloxy alkyne moiety of the diyne cyclization precursor and represents an efficient and highly diastereoselective method for assembly of a range of β-halo enones.
Interest Groups and Presidential Transitions

The study of interest group behavior has focused on many tactical decisions, but not on the decision to participate in presidential transitions. This is a limitation because transitions are associated with policy change and are the first opportunity to influence a new president. This article develops a theory of interest group participation in presidential transitions through an original survey administered during the 2008–2009 Obama transition. The findings suggest that groups participate based on their relationship with the outgoing administration and an evaluation of whether the transition will to lead policy change that advances or harms their interests.
Conformational coupling in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation

Abstract There is growing evidence that energy-linked protein conformational changes have a key role in many biological energy transductions. One of these is in the use of energy to make ATP by mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Multiple Organ Definition in CT Using A Bayesian Approach For 3D Model Fitting

Organ definition in computed tomography (CT) is of interest for treatment planning and response monitoring. We present a method for organ definition using a priori information about shape encoded in a set of biometric organ models--specifically for the liver and kidney-- that accurately represents patient population shape information. Each model is generated by averaging surfaces from a learning set of organ shapes previously registered into a standard space defined by a small set of landmarks. The model is placed in a specific patient's data set by identifying these landmarks and using them as the basis for model deformation; this preliminary representation is then iteratively fit to the patient's data based on a Bayesian formulation of the model's priors and CT edge information, yielding a complete organ surface. We demonstrate this technique using a set of fifteen abdominal CT data sets for liver surface definition both before and after the addition of a kidney model to the fitting; we demonstrate the effectiveness of this tool for organ surface definition in this low-contrast domain.
INTERACTION OF CONCANAVALIN A WITH MODEL SUBSTRATES

During the last few years concanavalin A has become the most widely known and intensively investigated phytohemagglutinin. Much of this interest stems from the discovery that this lectin possesses several remarkable biological properties. In addition to its role as a hemagglutinin,' a structural probe,' and a mitogen,"-" concanavalin A has been shown to restore normal growth patterns to transformed fibroblasts,O to serve as an anticarcinogenic agent,' and to distinguish between malignant and normal cells.'~ concanavalin A has been sequenced l1-I1 and its three-dimensional x-ray structure has been determined at the 2.0, 2.4, and 4 A levels.11~17 The solution properties of this protein have also been studied in some The results of the x-ray analysis are in general accord with analytical ultracentrifugation 1 6 w 2? . ?fi and equilibrium dialysis studies."'. The picture that has emerged is of a metalloprotein composed of subunits with a molecular weight of 27,000; each subunit possesses one sugar-binding site. At pH 5.5 and below, the protein exists as a dimer, molecular weight 54,000. Above p H 5.5 the protein dimers begin to aggregate, forming a tetramer with four binding sites. The analogy between concanavalin A-macromolecule interaction and the antibody-antigen system, first noted by Sumner and Howell,l has been commented upon by several i n v e ~ t i g a t o r s . ~ l ~ ~ In fact, the concanavalin A-carbohydrate interaction has been studied by means of a variety of immunochemical techniques: the quantitative precipitin the Landsteiner haptene . I 1 and equilibrium dialysis measurements.'::. Lit A chain-end mechanism was postulated to account for the precipitation reaction between concanavalin A and certain specific, branched macromolecules,33~ 37 . .m. -(* ( for example, a-D-glucans. a-D-mannans and 8-D-fructans) . As indicated below, this generalization requires modification. A model of the chain-end mechanism is shown in FIGURE 1. Concanavalin A is depicted as a tetrameric protein with four combining sites, each capable of interacting with specific, terminal glycosyl residues of polysaccharide or glycoprotein chain ends. Since only neutral saccharides react with concanavalin A, it has been postulated that hydrogen bonding probably plays an important role in the binding phenome-,on.:i:. .&I. 15. . I I : Through the use of simple sugars and their derivatives as inhibitors of the concanavalin A-dextran interaction, it has been possible to ascertain the configurational features that a molecule must possess in order to bind to concanavalin A. In some instances it has been possible to First purified and crystallized by James Sumner,'.
Deep-Tissue Dynamic Monitoring of Decubitus Ulcers: Wound Care and Assessment

The use of deep-tissue multiwavelength imaging is of paramount importance in clinical settings as a noninvasive solution to identify and monitor the progression of decubitus ulcers. A point-of-care multiwavelength imager is being developed, whose utility results from the provision of important physiological characteristics and blood flow metrics via analysis of deep-tissue response to light. The noninvasive real-time monitoring and analysis of tissue focusing on wound imaging is integral, because it allows for quantitative in situ measurements that characterize tissue to assess the progress of either tissue healing or necrosis.
Power of the Likelihood Ratio Test in Multiple Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis under Partial Measurement Invariance

The power of the likelihood ratio test in multiple group confirmatory factor analysis under partial measurement invariance is studied. A six-variable, two-factor model is considered where a specification error exists for one group. The size of the specification error as well as the size of the free parameters are varied. Power is obtained via the method of Satorra and Saris (1985). Results show that the power of the test is dependent on the size of the misspecified parameter, the size of the free loadings, as well as the correlation between the misspecified parameter and the parameter held invariant. Bias is also observed for estimates of the invariant parameters. Results are discussed in terms of strategies of multiple group modeling.
Pathological and Microbiological Features of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)

An ulcerative skin disease which is very similar clinically to that reported in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) has caused morbidity in both wild and cultured populations of American eel (A. rostrata) in North Carolina, USA. Lesions appear to begin as localized, depigmented foci which spread to form large patches of necrotic skin up to 16 cm2 in area. The depigmented patches detach at the dermo-epidermal junction, forming large ulcers that expose underlying muscle. The infection commonly affects the head, producing cranial swelling and corneal edema. A mild to severe, primarily mononuclear infiltrate is seen, most prominently in large ulcers. Many lesions had extensive collagen deposition, which contributed to the tissue swelling. Culture of skin lesions in various stages of development revealed the consistent presence of bacterial isolates that were biochemically and immunologically identified as Aeromonas salmonicida. This agent was the predominant organism by colony type in 17 of 20 skin cultures and usually appeared to constitute over 90% of the colonies present. Kidney samples were free of infection.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS C

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of acute and chronic viral hepatitis in North America and throughout the world. Epidemiologic studies of acute and chronic hepatitis C provide estimates of the infection and disease burden, information on trends in the incidence of disease, and a means to determine the risk factors for transmission. Such studies also provide the basis for the development of various prevention and treatment strategies and the means to evaluate their effectiveness.
A Note on the Chelmsford-Lowell, Massachusetts Earthquakes of 1980 and 1938

On Nov. 23, 1980, a small (magnitude 2.9) earthquake occurred on the Chelmsford-Lowell, Massachusetts border and was felt by most residents of the area. Adequate station coverage by the M.I.T. and Weston Observatory Seismic Networks insured a precise determination of the hypocentral location at lat. 42.63, long. −71.36, depth 1.5 km, O.T. 00:39:32.0 UCT. Rarely does an earthquake occur close enough to a station in New England for good depth control. The fault plane solution shows either strike-slip or dipslip faulting with a NE-SW trending P-axis. This is consistent with overcoring measurements in a nearby granite quarry. This earthquake was heard as well as felt, and the maximum intensity was IV (M.M.). We also re-examined the data for another earthquake which occurred near the present event on June 23, 1938. Our re-computed epicenter was at lat. 42.60, long. −71.42, O.T. 03:57:55.9 UCT with the depth constrained at the surface, and the magnitude was 2.7. The P-wave first motions for this event are consistent with the solution for the 1980 event. The maximum intensity was V (M.M.). The occurrence of these two earthquakes demonstrates for the first time that focal depths in New England can be very shallow (≤ 2 km), which accounts for the relatively high epicentral intensities observed for some small earthquakes.
Application independent interactive environment for power systems education

The authors present an interactive software package for the simulation of power system stability studies. The package is intended as a supplementary tool for the teaching of power system stability courses at the graduate level. The development of the package was done exclusively for IBM-PC and compatible computers. The hardware mainly requires VGA display and 640 kbyte of memory. Professional libraries used for the development of the package include Meta Windows, graphics Menu, and Object Professional. The authors describe the methods used for the integration of various analysis programs and the organization of the data and information pertinent to a system study. >
Demand for health risk reductions

Abstract A choice model based on utility in a sequence of prospective future health states permits us to generalize the concept of the value of statistical life (VSL). Our representative national survey asks individuals to choose between costly risk-reducing programs and the status quo in randomized stated choice scenarios. Our model allows for separate marginal utilities for discounted net income and avoided illness years, post-illness years, and lost life-years. Our estimates permit calculation of overall willingness to pay to reduce risks for a wide variety of different prospective illness profiles. These can be benchmarked against the standard VSL as a special case.
Scalable high lead-count parylene package for retinal prostheses

We present the first packaging technology for high lead-count retinal prostheses capable of fully scalable interconnection of a high-density electrode array, a radiofrequency (RF) telemetry coil, and other discrete components, such as chip capacitors, with prefabricated, stand-alone driver circuitry. This parylene-based drop-chip technology enables the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to be directly integrated into the fabrication process of the other system components, such that the resulting device is flexible, facilitating surgical implantation. The ASIC-to-electrode interconnects are patterned using standard photolithography and standard microfabrication techniques, enabling the density of interconnects to scale to the limits of the lithographic equipment used to define the etch holes over the on-chip pads. This scheme also enables the simultaneous integration and interconnection of multiple ASICs with the rest of the system in such a way that the best features of chip-level and wafer-level packaging technologies are combined into a single process. Using this technique, standard photolithography and interconnect fabrication has been performed successfully on 10 chips. Electrical test results verify the efficacy of this cost-effective and high-yield packaging scheme, and pave the way for a monolithic implantable parylene-based retinal prosthesis system as well as other systems requiring the capability to perform microfabrication steps on prefabricated chips.
Analysis and applications of smartphone user mobility

Users around the world have embraced new generation of mobile devices such as the smartphones at a remarkable rate. These devices are equipped with powerful communication and computation capabilities and they enable a wide range of exciting location-based services, e.g., location based ads, content prefetching etc. Many of these services can benefit from a better understanding of the smartphone user mobility, which may differ significantly from the general user mobility. Hence, previous works on understanding user mobility models and predicting user mobility may not directly apply to smartphone users. To overcome this, in this paper we analyze data from two popular location based social networks, where the users are real smartphone users and the places they check-in represent the typical locations where they use their smartphone applications. Specifically, we analyze how individual users move across different locations. We identify several factors that affect user mobility and their relative significance. We then leverage these factors to perform individual mobility prediction. We further show that our mobility prediction yields significant benefit to two important location based applications: content prefetching and shared ride recommendation.
99mTc-low density lipoprotein: Intracellularly trapped radiotracer for noninvasive imaging of low density lipoprotein metabolism in vivo

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major transport protein for endogenous cholesterol in human plasma. LDL can be radiolabeled with 99mTc using sodium dithionite as a reducing agent. Biodistribution studies of 99mTc-LDL in normal rabbits confirm that 99mTc-LDL acts as an intracellularly "trapped ligand" similar to radioiodinated tyramine cellobiose-LDL (the previously validated trapped radioligand). In addition, studies performed in hypercholesterolemic rabbit models demonstrated the feasibility of imaging hepatic LDL-receptor concentration noninvasively. 99mTc-LDL imaging studies in a number of hypercholesterolemic and hypocholesterolemic patients have proven useful in understanding the abnormal uptake and metabolism of LDL. In patients with hypercholesterolemia (HC), 99mTc-LDL appears to be taken up well by the actively evolving atherosclerotic lesions and xanthomata that contained foam cells and macrophages. In patients with myeloproliferative disease and chronic hypocholesterolemia, 99mTc-LDL images showed intense accumulation of radioactivity in the spleen and bone marrow; this demonstrated extensive proliferation of the macrophage population suggesting that hypocholesterolemia in these patients may be due to increased uptake of LDL uptake by the macrophages. 99mTc-LDL is a powerful tool for the noninvasive exploration of a variety of disorders of lipoprotein metabolism in patients.
Predatory Luring Behavior of Odonates

Organisms in the order Odonata are highly predatory insects that have a wide distribution globally. To date, there has been zero evidence that odonates employ luring as a means of prey acquisition. However, in this study, we show that Aeshna palmata larvae use abdominal movements to lure larval Argia vivida, subsequently consuming the lured organism. We also present findings of a similar behavior from larval Ar. vivida in an attempt to lure larval A. palmata within striking distance.
Lumped parameter model for multimode laser cutting

A lumped parameter mathematical model is developed to relate the cut depth to the laser cutting parameters and material properties. The model takes into account the threshold power of the incident laser beam for the initiation of cutting and modifies an earlier cutting model so that it applies to a wide set of process parameters ranging from low to high laser powers and slow to fast cutting speeds. Plain steel is taken as an example to show the effects of various process parameters such as the laser power, spot size and cutting speed on the cut depth. Special emphasis is given to the effect of laser mode structure on its cutting capability.
H- and J-Aggregate Behavior in Polymeric Semiconductors

Aggregates of conjugated polymers exhibit two classes of fundamental electronic interactions: those occurring within a given chain and those occurring between chains. The impact of such excitonic interactions on the photophysics of polymer films can be understood using concepts of J- and H-aggregation originally developed by Kasha and coworkers to treat aggregates of small molecules. In polymer assemblies, intrachain through-bond interactions lead to J-aggregate behavior, whereas interchain Coulombic interactions lead to H-aggregate behavior. The photophysics of common emissive conjugated polymer films are determined by a competition between intrachain, J-favoring interactions and interchain, H-favoring interactions. We review formalisms describing absorption and photoluminescence lineshapes, based on intra- and intermolecular excitonic coupling, electron-vibrational coupling, and correlated energetic disorder. Examples include regioregular polythiophenes, pheneylene-vinylenes, and polydiacetylene.
Aseptic meningitis after microdiscectomy: description of a case and review of the literature.

Abstract Background context Aseptic meningitis has rarely been described after spinal surgery. No reports of aseptic meningitis exist after microdiscectomy in the literature. Purpose To report on a case of aseptic meningitis in a patient after undergoing laminotomy and microdiscectomy at L4–L5. Study design/setting Case report. Methods A case of aseptic meningitis is reported after microdiscectomy at L4–L5 in a 31-year-old man. In this case, a patient underwent L4–L5 laminotomy and microdiscectomy for weakness and pain. He subsequently presented 3 days after with neck pain, photophobia, and fever. Results Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination subsequently revealed a pattern for aseptic meningitis. Conclusions Presentation of aseptic meningitis after microdiscectomy is a rare but important diagnosis to consider. Examination of CSF is an important procedure to rule out the more dangerous diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
Occupational Congruence in the Placement of Injured Workers

This study examined the congruence of occupations into which injured workers were placed in comparison to those performed in the past. The congruence of demographic and injury characteristics of participants and their worker traits demonstrated during previous employment was explored through discriminant analysis. The analysis indicated that three variables—demonstrated temperament for working with people, loss of strength capacity after the injury, and case velocity (the number of days elapsed from injury to case closure)—correctly classified 37.9% of participants into the observed occupational congruence category.
Cas9-chromatin binding information enables more accurate CRISPR off-target prediction

The CRISPR system has become a powerful biological tool with a wide range of applications. However, improving targeting specificity and accurately predicting potential off-targets remains a significant goal. Here, we introduce a web-based CRISPR/Cas9 Off-target Prediction and Identification Tool (CROP-IT) that performs improved off-target binding and cleavage site predictions. Unlike existing prediction programs that solely use DNA sequence information; CROP-IT integrates whole genome level biological information from existing Cas9 binding and cleavage data sets. Utilizing whole-genome chromatin state information from 125 human cell types further enhances its computational prediction power. Comparative analyses on experimentally validated datasets show that CROP-IT outperforms existing computational algorithms in predicting both Cas9 binding as well as cleavage sites. With a user-friendly web-interface, CROP-IT outputs scored and ranked list of potential off-targets that enables improved guide RNA design and more accurate prediction of Cas9 binding or cleavage sites.
Prey-size selection by freshwater flagellated protozoa

Planktonic bacteria may represent a substantial nutrient resource available to support the next higher trophic level in the microbial loop (heterotrophic flagellates). In this work we examined the utilization of different size classes of bacteria by flagellated protozoan predators of various sizes. The emphasis was to determine if prey-size selection was a function of predator size. Pseudomonas sp. was grown in chemostats under conditions to yield “large” (mean size, 1.19 pm’) or “small” individuals (mean size, 0.36 pm3). Cells were fluorescently labeled (DTAF), mixed in various proportions, and fed to four protozoans ranging in size from 21 to 119 pm3. Bacteria in food vacuoles were enumerated and measured. Size distributions of both offered and taken prey were compared, and a selectivity index was calculated. Protozoans of all four sizes preferred large bacteria (between 0.8 and 1.2 pm’). Since the work of Brooks and Dodson
ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM THE EXCITED STATE OF TYROSINE TO COMPOUNDS CONTAINING DISULFIDE LINKAGES

— The flash photolysis of aqueous solutions of tyrosine has been studied in the presence of various concentrations of the cyclic disulfide sodium lipoate (thioctic acid, Na+ salt). In addition to the formation of phenoxyl radicals and hydrated electrons (and possibly H atoms) from the photoionization of tyrosine, the characteristic spectrum of the radical anion RSSR- of lipoate was also observed in neutral as well as in alkaline solutions. From the dependence of these yields upon the concentration of lipoate, it was found that a long–lived triplet excited state of tyrosine, rather than the singlet excited state, is involved in these reactions. The negative radical ions RSSR- are formed by two distinct pathways: (a) Na+–lipoate reacts with the solvated electrons which are ejected from the tyrosine triplets 3Tyr RO.+e-aq+ H+ followed by e-aq+ RSSR RSSR-, and (b) by direct interaction of lipoate with triplet excited tyrosine, resulting in the transfer of a negative charge from tyrosine to the disulfide linkage. At high lipoate concentrations, the singlet excited state of lipoate is quenched, k4= 1.6 × 1010M-1 sec-1, but this reaction does not lead to the formation of RSSR- radical ions.
Data conflicts in fishery models: incorporating hydroacoustic data into the Prince William Sound Pacific herring assessment model

Hulson, P-J. F., Miller, S. E., Quinn, T. J. II, Marty, G. D., Moffitt, S. D., and Funk, F. 2008. Data conflicts in fishery models: incorporating hydroacoustic data into the Prince William Sound Pacific herring assessment model. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 25-43.Data conflicts present difficulties in running integrated assessment models as shown by the age-structured assessment (ASA) model for the Pacific herring population in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska. After the 1989 “Exxon Valdez” oil spill in PWS, the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) ASA model indicated a significant decline in the population, starting in winter 1992. Back-calculated estimates from hydroacoustic abundance surveys that started in 1993 suggested that the ASA model overestimated herring biomass from 1990 to 1992 and that the population decline actually began in 1989. To expose data conflicts, we incorporated the hydroacoustic survey information with all available spawning population indices directly into the age-structured model. In this way, the substantial uncertainty about population parameters from 1989 to 1992 attributable to data conflicts was quantified. Consequently, the magnitude of declines for that period estimated from both linear and ASA models depend on the type of integrated datasets and weighting, particularly with indices of male spawners. Our view is that a major decline started in 1992 when disease affected a large population that was in weakened condition. Other views are consistent with the existing data too.
Teaching a simple meal preparation skill to adults with moderate and severe mental retardation using video modeling.

We evaluated whether adults with mental retardation in the moderate or severe range would acquire simple meal preparation skills via video modeling. Training was conducted in the kitchen of the participants' day treatment setting. The intervention consisted of (i) watching a video of an adult with a developmental disability making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich and (ii) receiving verbal praise for each step of the task that was performed correctly. All three participants mastered the task and demonstrated generalization across settings. All three participants also demonstrated maintenance of the skill one month following mastery. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data Driven Design Optimization Methodology Development and Application

The Data Driven Design Optimization Methodology (DDDOM) is a Dynamic Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) developed for engineering design optimization. The DDDOM synergizes experiment and simulation in a concurrent integrated software system to achieve better designs in a shorter time. The data obtained from experiment and simulation dynamically guide and redirect the design optimization process in real or near-real time, and therefore realize the full potential of the Dynamic Data Driven Applications Systems concept. This paper describes the DDDOM software system developed using the Perl and Perl/Tk programming languages. The paper also presents the first results of the application of the DDDOM to the multi-objective design optimization of a submerged subsonic inlet at zero angle of attack and sideslip.
Visualization of Time-Varying Features

Accurate feature detection in both imagery (scalar data) and model output (scalar and vector data) is required to verify model accuracy based on real, observed conditions. After applying an appropriate feature detection algorithm, modelers would like to see the features represented visually. Merely having a list of features and corresponding statistical information can be useful, but viewing the features graphically and employing a simple point-and-click GUI for selecting, highlighting, and editing a feature is preferable. It can be useful to both focus on an individual feature and to show a feature in context with other features. With this in mind, we have developed EddyInfo for Ocean Modelers. EddyInfo allows for visualizing and editing eddies. It was designed around the time-varying component of our eddy detection results and currently contains three windows: a main graphics window, a spreadsheet window, and an information window. While the results we present here are in the context of eddies, EddyInfo's methodologies could be applied to other applications.
The Meaning of Effectiveness in Assessing Community Initiatives

In the present climate of public accountability, there is increasing demand to show “what works” and what return is gained for the public from investments to improve communities. This increasing demand for accountability is being met with growing confidence in the field of philanthropy during the past 10 years that the impact or effectiveness of community initiatives can be measured. A review of recent evaluation reports and literature reveals three different meanings of effectiveness in use: increased understanding, accountability, and demonstrated causal linkages. Drawing on a general analysis of the concepts of accountability, effectiveness, and causality, each meaning of effectiveness is examined in light of its implications for evaluation design. The article closes with a guiding schema for organizations planning evaluations to help determine which kind of effectiveness is important in light of organizational values and aims.
Laterization of spatial preference in the female rat

Female rat pups were either left undisturbed in infancy and raised in lab cages or were handled in infancy and raised in enriched environments. In adulthood, animals underwent brain surgery consisting of: 1) a right neocortical ablation, 2) a left neocortical ablation, 3) a sham operation, or 4) no surgery. After recovering, they were tested for the initial direction of movement (left or right) in the open field. Nonhandled intact females were biased to move leftward indicating an asymmetrical brain organization. The intact handled-enriched group was unbiased. The right and left lesions caused the animals to move ipsilateral to the lesion, but there was no difference in the magnitude or response in either early experience group. Thus, early experience in the female rat has a different effect then in the male, and the nature of the brain organization in the two sexes is markedly different.
Sub-micron BiCMOS process design for manufacturing

A 0.5- mu m BiCMOS process is used to illustrate the details in process design needed as a prerequisite for success in manufacturing. An existing CMOS process was used as the core for the BiCMOS process; CMOS design rules and performance were not altered by the addition of the bipolar processes. Issues related to bipolar integration, individual process modules, interactions between CMOS and bipolar, and manufacturability are discussed in detail. The specific performance targets for the bipolar devices are outlined. This process has been targeted to be used in building future high-performance ASIC products. >
Mediation in literacy : language, technology, and modality.

languages from their lived practices and their history and to assign them fixed and stable character. In the context of the increasing diversity in language practices and the persistence of monolingual beliefs, the issue of language difference has been extensively discussed in sociolinguistics and in composition studies. Most of the early language theories in Applied Linguistics, from which Composition has drawn several insights, ignore how individual language activities are often mediated by, and therefore transformed by, the micro-macro contexts, while, simultaneously also transforming those contexts. As Alastair Pennycook says in his article “English as a Language Always in Translation” and his recent book Language as a Local Practice, many language approaches, such as, World Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, and Language Fortification, retain the tendency of taking languages as discrete and stable entities, highlighting how new forms and structures have emerged in localized varieties (see Braj Kachru’s Asian Englishes; Yamuna Kachru and Cecil Nelson’s World Englishes), or proposing to develop a common core of English language across all varieties (see Jennifer Jenkins’ Phonology of Language; Andy Kirkpatrick’s “Which Model of English”; Barbara Seidlhofar’s “English as Lingua Franca”), or defending national language against the hegemonic influence of English (see Phillipson’s
Interconfigurational absorption and two-photon excitation spectra of hexachloroplatinate(2-) containing crystals

Low-temperature absorption and two-photon excitation spectra of complexes containing PtCl{sub 6}{sup 2{minus}} are presented and discussed. One-photon absorption spectra with moderately well resolved vibronic structure were obtained for PtCl{sub 6}{sup 2{minus}} in dilute mixed crystals. The data show that a transition to a low-lying interconfigurational state is located at {approximately} 18,000 cm{sup {minus}1} in the spectral frequency region below the first absorption transition previously assigned by others. This transition cannot be unambiguously assigned. If it corresponds to the same excited state responsible for the PtCl{sub 6}{sup 2{minus}} emission spectrum, this would lead to a partial reassignment of the excited states from that of earlier work. Ligand field calculations consistent with such a reassignment are presented. The two-photon excitation (TPE) spectra of the mixed Cs{sub 2}ZrCl{sub 6}:PtCl{sub 6}{sup 2{minus}} and pure K{sub 2}PtCl{sub 6} (at 77 K), measured with an improved spectrometer, show a noticeable improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared to the previously reported TPE spectra of K{sub 2}PtCl{sub 6} and are assigned to higher energy d-d transitions.
Cooperative stability under stochastic quality and farmer heterogeneity

Many cooperatives and related organisations use revenue pooling wherein products across multiple quality levels are commingled. Recent work showed that pooling ensures farmers against risks due to stochastic product quality and counteracts farmers' tendency to overproduce high-quality product. We extend their analysis to incorporate farmers who are heterogeneous in ability to produce high-quality products. We show that the revenue-pooling benefits of cooperation may be sufficient to cause high-quality producers to join a cooperative and pool revenues, at least partially, with lower-quality producers. We explore the producer and market characteristics conducive to the emergence of stable revenue-pooling cooperatives.
Contemporary Psychotherapy: Gold Mines and Land Mines

Psychotherapy has a rich past and great potential. However, psychotherapists should be aware of several areas of strength as well as some problem areas. Strengths include the benefits of a strong therapeutic alliance, a diverse range of theories, and quality research that documents the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Weaknesses include conflicting theories, financial matters, and misunderstandings between clinicians and researchers. Hopefully, mental health professionals can focus on mining the gold from the gold mines while also working to understand and disarm the land mines.
Control of switched-mode converter harmonic-free terminal waveforms through internal energy storage

It is shown that internal low-frequency energy storage can be used to achieve harmonic-free operation and controllable power factors in converters whose desired operations require unequal instantaneous input and output powers, such as in single-phase rectifiers, inverters, cycloconverters, and reactive power generators. A systematic synthesis and analysis technique is developed for such converters. This technique can be used to find all converters which can be obtained from a given set of network elements. Since this technique includes converter dynamics, it leads to a systematic procedure for the design of these converters for given specifications with minimum component size.
Cooling Performance of a Partially-Confined FC-72 Spray: The Effect of Dissolved Air

The objective of this paper is to investigate the heat transfer performance of a partially- confined FC-72 spray with varying dissolved air concentrations. An experimental test rig consisting of a spray chamber coupled to a fluid delivery loop system was used to obtain critical heat flux (CHF) data. A spray downward nozzle, within the spray chamber, allowed the FC-72 fluid to be sprayed onto an upward facing, thick-film, resistor heater. The heater was mounted onto a glass post, with a sump system to allow removal of excess fluid. Type-E thermocouples were imbedded in the post to obtain temperature data. The parametric ranges for experimental testing were as follows: volume-percent concentration of dissolved air, 1 < C < 20%, chamber saturation pressure, 6.90×10 4 ≤ Psat ≤ 8.27×10 4 N/m 2 (10 ≤ Psat ≤ 12 psia), subcooling, 2 ≤ ∆Tsc ≤ 12 °C, volumetric flow rate, 6.31×10
Bronchoscopic treatment of end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Purpose of review Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive, debilitating disease that in its final stages cripples the patient. The disappointing results of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial study led to a decrease in the acceptance of lung volume reduction surgery as a therapy. Thus, it became clear that debilitated COPD patients would need innovative alternative nonsurgical procedures to potentially alleviate their symptoms. This review will address the various techniques of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR). Recent findings In recent years, a variety of noninvasive BLVR procedures were developed in the hope of improving the respiratory status of these patients. BLVR aims to decrease the extent of hyperinflation due to emphysema and result in a beneficial effect similar to that from surgical resection. The most widely used BLVR devices are: endobronchial valves, foam sealant, metallic coils, airway bypass stents and vapor thermal ablation.In the USA, BLVR remains in the experimental phase. The treatment modalities should be individually tailored for each patient. Endobronchial valves are designed to exclude the most affected emphysematous regions from ventilation in order to induce lobar absorption atelectasis. Airway bypass stents target homogenous emphysema, whereas valves and thermal vapor ablation target heterogeneous emphysema. Biological sealants and endoscopic coil implants have been used in both homogenous and heterogeneous emphysema. Summary BLVR appears to be safer than surgery and presents an attractive alternative for the treatment of COPD patients. Unfortunately, the outcome data to date are inconclusive; the procedures remain experimental and any benefits unproven. However, the data that are emerging continue to appear promising.