cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of discrimination training on pattern equivalence in monkeys with inferotemporal and lateral striate lesions

Abstract Monkeys with inferotemporal (IT) lesions, monkeys with lateral striate (LS) lesions and unoperated controls discriminated between two patterns and were tested for pattern equivalence in three experiments. The IT monkeys appeared to utilize salient cues more than control animals did and failed to identify specific pattern features (exps. 1 and 2). When the salient cues were removed (exp. 3) the IT animals gave evidence of normally identifying configurational cues. While two LS monkeys showed deficits like those of the IT monkeys (exps. 1 and 2), they apparently did not identify configurational features (exp. 3). The findings suggest that IT lesions do not impair the capacity to identify visual features, but disrupt stimulus sampling or attentional processes.
Kinetics and Energetics of Assembly, Nucleation, and Growth of Aggregates and Fibrils for an Amyloidogenic Protein INSIGHTS INTO TRANSITION STATES FROM PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND CO-SOLUTE STUDIES

The transition states for prenucleation assembly, nucleation, and growth of aggregates and amyloid fibrils were investigated for a dimeric immunoglobulin light chain variable domain, employing pressure, temperature, and solutes as variables. Pressure-induced aggregation was nucleation-dependent and first-order in protein concentration and could be seeded. The insoluble aggregates were mixtures of amyloid fibrils and amorphous aggregates. Activation volumes, activation surface areas, and activation waters of hydration were larger for aggregate growth than for prenucleation assembly or nucleation, although activation free energies were similar for the three processes. Activation free energies for each of the transition states were dominated by the unfavorable free energy of solvation of newly exposed surfaces. Equilibrium dissociation and unfolding of the dimer showed a much larger volume change than those required to form the transition states for the three processes. Thus, the transition states for these steps are similar to the native state, and their formation requires only small structural perturbations. Finally, the presence of Congo red during amyloid fibril formation shortened lag times and caused pressure insensitivity of nucleation, suggesting that this compound or its analogs may not be effective as inhibitors of amyloidosis.
NH 4 /Ca ratio in different forms of atmospheric deposition: Interpretative potential

Abstract Measurements of the NH 4 Ca ratio in the aqueous and aerosol phase are used in the interpretation of the relationship between different forms of atmospheric deposition (wet, dry) and local and regional contributions to chemical species compositions. To establish a theoretical base for the field observations, a subprogram for the below-cloud scavenging of aerosols was coupled to the model PLUVIUS (Easter and Hales, 1983). Inertial impaction was determined to be the dominant removal mechanism for the scavenging of the Ca-containing aerosol. Data from two individual OSCAR field sites, Big Moose, NY and Conn. Hill, NY, were compared to the modified PLUVIUS-code; the model predicted calcium concentrations in rain fairly closely.
RCP4.5: a pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100

Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 is a scenario that stabilizes radiative forcing at 4.5 W m−2 in the year 2100 without ever exceeding that value. Simulated with the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), RCP4.5 includes long-term, global emissions of greenhouse gases, short-lived species, and land-use-land-cover in a global economic framework. RCP4.5 was updated from earlier GCAM scenarios to incorporate historical emissions and land cover information common to the RCP process and follows a cost-minimizing pathway to reach the target radiative forcing. The imperative to limit emissions in order to reach this target drives changes in the energy system, including shifts to electricity, to lower emissions energy technologies and to the deployment of carbon capture and geologic storage technology. In addition, the RCP4.5 emissions price also applies to land use emissions; as a result, forest lands expand from their present day extent. The simulated future emissions and land use were downscaled from the regional simulation to a grid to facilitate transfer to climate models. While there are many alternative pathways to achieve a radiative forcing level of 4.5 W m−2, the application of the RCP4.5 provides a common platform for climate models to explore the climate system response to stabilizing the anthropogenic components of radiative forcing.
Einfluss organischer und mineralischer düngung auf erträge und bodenkennwerte im internationalen organischen stickstoffdauerdüngungsversuch (IOSDV) in berlin‐dahlem nach 12 versuchsjahren

Organische und organisch‐mineralische N‐Dungung erhohen auf dem vorliegenden Standort die GE‐Ertrage signifikant. Dabei wirkt sich die jahrliche Zufuhr organischer Dunger (Stroh mit N‐Ausgleich, Grundungung, Rubenblatt) bei den gepruften Fruchtarten starker aus als die im Abstand von drei jahren verabreichte Stallmistdungung. Nach 12 Jahren Versuchsdauer erhoht die Dungung mit Stallmist den Gehalt an Ctvon 510 auf 550 bis 560mg/100g Boden, eine qualitative Veranderung der organischen Bodensubstanz tritt nicht ein. Mit zunehmendem Gehalt an CFS und CHS steigt die Kationenaustauschkapazitat (KAK) des Bodens an; durch 100 mg um 1 mmol/z je 100 g Boden. Die stark differenzierten K‐Bilanzen als Folge hoher Grunddungung, durch Zufuhr organischer Dungung und durch geringere Ertrage bei N‐Mangel wirken sich bisher nur auf Kennwerte des labilen Kaliums (Kw, Ke, KDL) aus. Zwischen den K‐Bilanzen und diesen Kennwerten bestehen positive Korrelationen, hohe Bilanzuberschusse erhohen auch die K‐Desorption und die Gleic...
Juvenile hormone analogs: In vitro metabolism in relation to biological activity in blow flies and flesh flies

Abstract Six juvenile hormone analogs of the alkyl 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate type were compared as substrates for esterases and oxidases prepared from homogenates of the flesh fly (Sarcophaga bullata) and blow fly (Phormia regina). The esterase system was able to hydrolyze all of the analogs except the isopropyl ester, known commercially as methoprene or ZR-515. This result was consistent with the biological activity of the analogs, methoprene being more effective in preventing pupal-adult ecdysis. The esterases were present in all life stages in both species with the adult (abdomens) containing the highest titers. According to their reaction with paraoxon, the enzymes are classified as C-type esterases. Microsomal oxidases prepared from adult abdomens metabolized all of the juvenile hormone analogs.
Assessment centers: A contrast of usage in diverse environments

The assessment center technique for sales force selection, promotion, career development, and training has received substantial attention. In addition to being cited as having substantial potential for more traditional sales management applications, the approach has been identified as well-suited for cross-cultural and multinational sales environments. This study appraises assessment center applications in two divergent settings: the United States and Europe. Expectations of greater awareness and utilization among European marketing managers were confirmed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adding resets to an average consensus algorithm to achieve practical input-to-output stability

We consider the average consensus problem when the data points to be averaged are contained in a known compact set. We add resets to an existing dynamic average consensus algorithm to achieve practical input-to-output stability (IOS) from a variety of disturbances to the mismatch between the true average and the computed average. The disturbances considered include communication errors, numerical round-off errors, and time-varying errors added to the data being averaged. The practical IOS result is a corollary of an input-to-state stability (ISS) result; the latter is established using recently-developed results for hybrid dynamical systems, including conditions for global asymptotic stability of an Omega-limit set, a converse Lyapunov theorem, and a Lyapunov-based sufficient condition for input-to-state stability.
Solution of elementary equations in the Minkowski geometric algebra of complex sets

The solution of elementary equations in the Minkowski geometric algebra of complex sets is addressed. For given circular disks $\mathcal{A}$ and ℬ with radii a and b, a solution of the linear equation $\mathcal{A}\otimes \mathcal{X}=\mathcal{B}$ in an unknown set $\mathcal{X}$ exists if and only if a≤b. When it exists, the solution $\mathcal{X}$ is generically the region bounded by the inner loop of a Cartesian oval (which may specialize to a limacon of Pascal, an ellipse, a line segment, or a single point in certain degenerate cases). Furthermore, when a<b<1, the solution of the nonlinear monomial equation $\mathcal{A}\otimes(\otimes^{n}\mathcal{X})=\mathcal{B}$ is shown to be the region that is bounded by a single loop of a generalized form of the ovals of Cassini. The latter result is obtained by considering the nth Minkowski root of the region bounded by the inner loop of a Cartesian oval. Preliminary consideration is also given to the problems of solving univariate polynomial equations and multivariate linear equations with complex disk coefficients.
Effects of HC1 annealing of memory oxides on MNOS capacitor memory window

The effect of HC1 annealing of memory oxides of MNOS capacitors on the memory window size and location has been investigated. Both native and thermal oxides were studied. HC1 annealed oxide capacitors exhibit larger memory windows than unannealed capacitors. The largest increase is observed for ±20 volt write/erase pulses. The percent HC1 in the annealing ambient is shown to be a very sensitive parameter in the annealing process. HC1 annealing also causes the center of the memory window to shift toward less negative values of threshold voltage thus reducing the size of the memory window for source-drain protected MNOS devices.
COP-1, a member of the CCN family, is a heparin-induced growth arrest specific gene in vascular smooth muscle cells

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hyperplasia is responsible for the failure of 15-30% of vascular surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafts and angioplasties. We and others have shown that heparin suppresses VSMC proliferation in vivo and in cell culture. We hypothesize that heparin inhibits VSMC proliferation by binding to cell surface receptors, resulting in selective modulation of mitogenic signal transduction pathways and altered transcription of a specific subset of growth regulatory genes. To test this idea, we used subtractive hybridization to identify differentially expressed mRNAs in heparin-treated and untreated VSMC. We identified a heparin induced mRNA identical to Cop-1, a member of the CCN family of proteins which are secreted, cysteine-rich modular proteins involved in growth regulation and migration. Cop-1 from smooth muscle cells appears to have a different expression pattern and possibly different functions than Cop-1 from other cells. Cop-1 mRNA is expressed at high levels in quiescent VSMC and at low levels in proliferating VSMC, an expression pattern highly characteristic of growth arrest specific genes. Cop-1 mRNA is expressed at high levels in heparin treated VSMC and COP-1 protein is secreted into culture medium. In tissues, Cop-1 expression is observed in the uninjured rat aorta suggesting a possible role for Cop-1 in vivo. We found PDGF, but not EGF, inhibits the expression of Cop-1 in VSMC. Neither TGF-beta nor interferon-beta, two inhibitors of VSMC proliferation, were able to induce Cop-1 expression. In addition, heparin does not induce Cop-1 mRNA in endothelial cells and VSMC resistant to the antiproliferative effect of heparin. Conditioned medium from cells over-expressing COP-1 protein inhibits VSMC proliferation in culture. Together, our data indicate that COP-1 may play a role in the antiproliferative mechanism of action of heparin.
The Largest Achievable Delay Margin of a Class of Coupled LTI Systems Synthesized by Graph Operations

Abstract We investigate the dynamics of a class of coupled LTI systems in which LTI subsystems share information with each other under delays. In particular, the relationship between graph structures, graph synthesis and the delay margin associated with the arising graphs are studied. For this, we present a technique using Cartesian products to calculate the largest achievable delay margin when tailoring the Laplacians of graphs of the coupled systems. The calculation becomes possible by utilizing our Responsible Eigenvalue (RE) concept. Examples are provided to demonstrate the results.
Ice Adhesion to Locks and Dams: Past Work; Future Directions?

Adhesion of ice to surfaces creates problems for many industries, including aviation, hydropower, telecommunications, navigation, electrical distri- bution, and all forms of transportation. Specific problems at locks and dams include ice buildup on lock walls and miter gates, and spillway gate freeze up, preventing opening on short notice. At present, ice removal techniques are both costly and time-consuming. In an effort to reduce the cost, time, and physical labor associated with ice removal, much research on ice adhesion has been done. This work ranges from theoretical studies to microscopic investigations and full- scale field tests. The main focus of all of these studies is how to lower ice's adhesive strength, thus easing ice removal. Three principal methods to lower ice's adhesive strength have been pursued—electrical, chemical, and mechanical. Of the three methods, the mechanical removal of ice has received the least amount of attention. Three approaches have been taken with regard to electrical methods. They are using heaters, creating an electrical pulse that mechanically breaks the ice, and applying a direct current bias to change the ice's adhesion. The search for a low adhesive coating or material has by far received the most attention of any method pursued for lowering ice's adhesive strength. A class of chemicals con- taining polysiloxanes has shown promise in providing a low adhesion surface. Based on this review, we recommend that an electroexpulsion method developed for the space shuttle and a newly formulated polysiloxane be tested as to their feasibility in the lock and dam environment.
Dragon Toolkit: Incorporating Auto-Learned Semantic Knowledge into Large-Scale Text Retrieval and Mining

The majority of text retrieval and mining techniques are still based on exact feature (e.g. words) matching and unable to incorporate text semantics. Many researchers believe that the extension with semantic knowledge could improve the results and various methods (most of them are heuristic) have been proposed to account for concept hierarchy, synonymy, and other semantic relationships. However, the results with such semantic extension have been mixed, ranging from slight improvements to decreases in effectiveness, mostly likely due to the lack of a formal framework. Instead, we propose a novel method to address the semantic extension within the framework of language modeling. Our method extracts explicit topic signatures from documents and then statistically maps them into single- word features. The incorporation of semantic knowledge then reduces to the smoothing of unigram language models using semantic knowledge. The dragon toolkit reflects our method and its effectiveness is demonstrated by three tasks, text retrieval, text classification, and text clustering.
Expression of base excision DNA repair genes as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage

Oxidative stress induced DNA damage is considered to be the most common insult affecting the genome. Moreover, it is recognized as a common pathway to mutations and is suggested to play a major role in the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. However, current analytical methods used to detect oxidative DNA damage have been hampered by both technical and biological obstacles. These include spurious oxidation during DNA isolation and processing, and the inherent removal of damaged bases by numerous operating DNA repair systems. The removal of oxidized bases is performed predominantly by the base excision repair (BER) pathway and it has been shown that induction of DNA repair genes occurs in response to oxidative stress. Here, we demonstrate the utility of measuring changes in expression of BER genes as a sensitive in vivo biomarker for oxidative DNA damage.
Critical plasma process issues in the fabrication of thin film transistor liquid crystal displays

Summary form only given. In this paper, the author is going to give a state-of-art review on some key issues in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and reactive ion etching (RIE) for the fabrication of a-Si:H TFT array. The relationship among processes, materials, and devices, as well as the TFT structure, will be discussed. The primary goal is to discuss various subjects related to the large area array fabrication. Challenges in plasma technology for the fabrication of TFT arrays on the ultra-large substrate will be examined. These include the development of new processes and equipment. Researchers in this field are continuously looking for new methods to improve the TFT performance and the production yield.
Chronic neural stimulation with thin-film, iridium oxide electrodes

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of chronic stimulation on the electrical properties of the electrode-tissue system, as measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Silicon, micromachined probes with multiple iridium oxide stimulating electrodes (400-1600 /spl mu/m/sup 2/) were implanted in guinea pig cortex. A 10-17 day post-operative recovery period was followed by five days of monopolar stimulation, two hours/electrode each day using biphasic constant current stimulation (5-100 /spl mu/A, 100 /spl mu/s/phase). EIS and CV data were taken before and after stimulation. The post stimulation impedance [at mid-range frequencies (100 Hz-100 kHz)] consistently and significantly decreased relative to prestimulation levels. Impedance magnitude increased permanently at low frequencies (<100 Hz), correlating to a change in the charge storage capacity (the area under a cyclic voltammagram). Impedance magnitude significantly increased during the recovery period, though this increase could be mostly reversed by applying small currents. A mathematical model of the electrode-tissue system impedance was used to analyze in vivo behavior. The data and modeling results shows that applying charge to the electrode can consistently reduce the impedance of the electrode-tissue system. Analysis of explanted probes suggests that the interaction between the tissue and electrode is dependent on whether chronic pulses were applied. It is hypothesized that the interface between the tissue and metal is altered by current pulsing, resulting in a temporary impedance shift.
Discovery of 1,3-Diaminobenzenes as Selective Inhibitors of Platelet Activation at the PAR1 Receptor

A high-throughput screen of the NIH-MLSMR compound collection, along with a series of secondary assays to identify potential targets of hit compounds, previously identified a 1,3-diaminobenzene scaffold that targets protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). We now report additional structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies that delineate the requirements for activity at PAR1 and identify plasma-stable analogues with nanomolar inhibition of PAR1-mediated platelet activation. Compound 4 was declared as a probe (ML161) with the NIH Molecular Libraries Program. This compound inhibited platelet aggregation induced by a PAR1 peptide agonist or by thrombin but not by several other platelet agonists. Initial studies suggest that ML161 is an allosteric inhibitor of PAR1. These findings may be important for the discovery of antithrombotics with an improved safety profile.
TWIG FEEDING BY SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): WITHIN-TREE DISTRIBUTION AND USE FOR ASSESSMENT OF MASS TRAPPING

Twig-feeding injuries by S. multistriatus in juvenile white (or American) elms occurred primarily (61%) in the upper 1/3 of the crowns. Preferred feeding sites were crotches formed by the previous year's and current year's twig growth (both spring and summer) and by leaf petioles from current year's twig growth (summer only). An index of twig feeding appeared to reflect S. multistriatus population trends and was closely correlated with Dutch elm disease rates in Syracuse, N.Y., from 1978 to 1982. Twig-feeding indices and catches on sticky traps baited with S. multistriatus pheromone were generally correlated, but disparate when competing natural pheromone sources were abundant. Twig sampling indicated that S. multistriatus populations and disease rates were reduced by mass-trapping and trap-tree techniques. The twig-sampling method presented appears to be useful in predicting Dutch elm disease rates and assessing the effectiveness of measures to control its beetle vector.
Hydrogen adsorption on partially truncated and open cage C60 fullerene

Abstract C 60 buckyball molecules were partially truncated by a controlled oxidation at 400 °C and 2 bar oxygen pressure to create unique pore textures suitable for hydrogen adsorption. Pore textural analysis and density measurement confirmed the success of cage-opening and the creation of pore structures accessible to gas molecules. The specific surface area of the C 60 sample were increased from below detection to a measurable value (BET: 85 m 2 /g). Raman spectral study showed that the three main bands of C 60 , H g (1), A g (1) and A g (2) remained and significant defects were created after the C 60 fullerenes were partially oxidized. XRD and SEM measurements suggested that the C 60 fullerenes lost their crystallinity and the crystal surfaces were etched after the oxidation step. Hydrogen adsorption on the C 60 fullerenes were measured at three temperatures (77, 143 and 228 K) and hydrogen pressures up to 150 bar. Hydrogen adsorption capacity on C 60 fullerenes at 77 K at 120 bar was more than tripled (from 3.9 to 13 wt.%) after the C 60 fullerenes were partially oxidized. The average heat of adsorption of hydrogen on the partially oxidized C 60 fullerene molecules (2.38 kJ/mol) is within the range of the reported values of heat of adsorption on other porous adsorbents.
Community Design and Access to Recreational Facilities as Correlates of Adolescent Physical Activity and Body-Mass Index

BACKGROUND: Neighborhood-level environmental features have been associated with adult physical activity and weight status, but this link has not been estab- lished for adolescents. METHODS: Community design and access to recreational facilities variables were derived using geographic information systems (GIS) for 799 adolescents (age 11 to 15 y, mean = 12.8 y, 53% girls, 43% ethnic minority). Environment variables were calculated for a 1-mile buffer around each participant's residence. Accelerometers measured min/d of physical activity. RESULTS: Number of nearby recreation facilities and number of nearby parks correlated positively with girls' physical activity, and intersection density inversely related to girls' physical activity. Retail floor area ratio correlated positively with boys' physical activity. No community design or access to recreation variables were related to BMI-percentile. CONCLUSIONS: There was limited evidence that both community design and access to recreation facilities variables were associated with adolescent physical activity, but additional built environment variables need to be studied that have particular relevance for youth. Key Words: children, exercise, obesity, built environment, policy, safe routes to school programs
A Discriminant Function Index for Information System Evaluation.

A Discriminant Function Index is proposed for use in the evaluation of information storage and retrieval systems which takes into account the interdependencies between the measured variables and the relative value placed on these variables by the system evaluator. The single number which results, the Index, is proportional to the true value of the individual information system and provides a means of comparing components of individual systems or independent systems. The proposed index is of the form I =b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 +…+ bnxn where the xi are measured variables of system performance (e.g., precision, recall, rank recall, log precision, cost, etc.) and the bi take values that will maximize the correlation, rIG, between the index, I, and the true value of the system, G. The prediction of G from the variables is obtained through multiple regression techniques. Application of the index is illustrated through use of data reported in the literature.
The reversed two‐environment model of micromixing and growth processes

A reversed two-environment model of micromixing in a flow reactor in which the feed enters a maximum mixedness environment and then passes to a segregated environment is presented. The performance equations for an arbitrary residence time distribution are developed and employed to analyse the behaviour of growth processes in a continuous stirred tank reactor under intermediate states of micromixing. The results, which are bounded by the two extremes of micromixing, indicate that micromixing is important in growth processes and that segregation appears to reduce the rate of cell production.
Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth1

This article explores the ways in which Asian American teenagers creatively appropriated two African American slang terms: aite and na mean. While some teens racialized slang as belonging to African Americans, other teens authenticated identities as slang speakers. Through close analysis of slang-in-use and particularly of the metapragmatic discussions such uses inspired, this article examines how the teens specified relationships between language, race, age, region and class, while achieving multiple social purposes, such as identifying with African Americans, marking urban youth subcultural participation, and interactionally positioning themselves and others as teachers and students of slang. As slang emerged with local linguistic capital, the teens used slang to create social boundaries not only between teens and adults, but also between each other. The discursive salience of region implicitly indexed socio-economic status and proximity to African Americans as markers that teens drew on to authenticate themselves and others as slang speakers.
Shared memory parallelization of data mining algorithms: techniques, programming interface, and performance

With recent technological advances, shared memory parallel machines have become more scalable, and offer large main memories and high bus bandwidths. They are emerging as good platforms for data warehousing and data mining. In This work, we focus on shared memory parallelization of data mining algorithms. We have developed a series of techniques for parallelization of data mining algorithms, including full replication, full locking, fixed locking, optimized full locking, and cache-sensitive locking. Unlike previous work on shared memory parallelization of specific data mining algorithms, all of our techniques apply to a large number of popular data mining algorithms. In addition, we propose a reduction-object-based interface for specifying a data mining algorithm. We show how our runtime system can apply any of the techniques we have developed starting from a common specification of the algorithm. We have carried out a detailed evaluation of the parallelization techniques and the programming interface. We have experimented with apriori and fp-tree-based association mining, k-means clustering, k-nearest neighbor classifier, and decision tree construction. The main results from our experiments are as follows: 1) Among full replication, optimized full locking, and cache-sensitive locking, there is no clear winner. Each of these three techniques can outperform others depending upon machine and dataset parameters. These three techniques perform significantly better than the other two techniques. 2) Good parallel efficiency is achieved for each of the four algorithms we experimented with, using our techniques and runtime system. 3) The overhead of the interface is within 10 percent in almost all cases. 4) In the case of decision tree construction, combining different techniques turned out to be crucial for achieving high performance.
Intensified Preparative Regimens and Allogeneic Transplantation in Refractory or Relapsed Intermediate and High Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Between September 1986 and June 1998, 32 patients with relapsed or refractory intermediate or high grade lymphoma received intensified preparative therapy and underwent allogeneic transplantation at a single institution. Patients were considered for allogeneic transplantation if they failed to respond to initial therapy, failed to respond to salvage therapy, relapsed after autologous transplantation, had bone marrow involvement, or failed attempts to harvest autologous stem cells. Patients had a median age of 39 years and had generally received at least two chemotherapy regimens. Five year actuarial survival (S) was 16% +/- 6%; median survival was 4 months. Survival was significantly worse in patients who had received high intensity brief duration chemotherapy prior to transplantation and was also significantly worse in patients who did not receive total body irradiation (TBI). This likely reflects the fact that the patients with the most resistant disease had required local radiotherapy and could not receive TBI. While treatment related mortality played a major role in limiting the effectiveness of allogeneic transplantation, in this heavily pre-treated population of patients with resistant disease, only 39% of patients achieved a complete response following allogeneic transplantation, and in only 40% of that group was long term disease free survival achieved.
Managing the FAME expert system project

FAME is a long term project within the IBM Research Division, one of whose objectives is to provide a comprehensive advisory system for financial marketing to IBM marketing representatives. At the same time, FAME has served as a test vehicle for a number of ideas relating to knowledge representation, problem solving, and the management of large knowledge based systems. The author describes the FAME expert system, giving particular emphasis to testing and validation procedures that were instituted, and indicates what lessons have been learned. It is concluded that the use of a structured inheritance network, such as K-Rep, as the core knowledge representation service for an expert system provides considerable benefits in its construction. Its enforced semantics encourages a disciplined method of knowledge engineering. This forces system designers to make more careful representation decisions than would otherwise be made in a system without enforced semantics; at the same time, it performs a built-in consistency check as the attributes of objects in K-Rep are assigned values. >
Neutrino oscillations and gamma-ray bursts

If the ordinary neutrinos oscillate into a sterile flavor in a manner consistent with the Super-Kamiokande data on the zenith-angle dependence of atmospheric mu-neutrino flux, an energy sufficient to power a typical cosmic gamma-ray burst (GRB) (about 10^{52} erg) can be carried by sterile neutrinos away from the source and deposited in a region relatively free of baryons. Hence, ultra-relativistic bulk motion (required by the theory of and observations of GRBs and their afterglows) can easily be achieved in the vicinity of plausible sources of GRBs. Oscillations between sterile and ordinary neutrinos would thus provide a solution to the ``baryon-loading problem'' in the theory of GRBs.
A flow based approach to the pin redistribution problem for multi-chip modules

Investigates the pin redistribution problem (PRP) for multi-chip modules. A novel transformation to the max-flow problem is introduced. This approach provides an efficient algorithm for finding a 2-layer solution, whenever one exists. A greedy heuristic to find a k-layer solution is described. The approach can find a minimum layer solution for two variants of the PRP; when each net can be routed on more than one layer, and when source and target terminals are drilled through all layers. Except for the heuristic procedure which takes O(km/sup 4/ log/sup 2/ m) time, the algorithms take O(/spl verbar/S/spl verbar/km/sup 2/) time, where S is the set of source terminals, m is the number of rows and columns in the grid, and k is the number of layers required. One can show that generalizations of the k-layer PRP are NP-complete problems. >
Nijmegen breakage syndrome in a Dutch patient not resulting from a defect in NBS1.

Editor—Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder characterised by microcephaly, immunodeficiency, x ray hypersensitivity, and predisposition to malignancy. The gene responsible for NBS, NBS1 , is located on chromosome 8q21 and encodes a protein called nibrin. This protein is a component of the hMre11/hRad50 protein complex, suggesting defective DNA double strand break (DSB) repair or cell cycle checkpoint function in NBS.1-7 In this report we describe a patient with the NBS phenotype, typical cytogenetic presentation with aberrations in chromosomes 7 and 14, and increased x ray sensitivity. Our index patient had deafness unlike all the other NBS patients reported so far. Mutation detection did not show a mutation in NBS1 and the protein nibrin was normally expressed. The boy is the second child of non-consanguineous parents. His older sister is healthy. From the sixth month of pregnancy microcephaly and growth retardation were noted. Amniocentesis was performed followed by a cytogenetic study which showed a normal male karyotype. He was born in 1997 at 39 weeks of gestation. Birth weight was 1915 g, length 42 cm, and head circumference 28.5 cm (all below the 3rd centile). The neonatal period was complicated by mild hypoglycaemia. During the first year of life he suffered from …
High CO2 solubility, permeability and selectivity in ionic liquids with the tetracyanoborate anion

Five different ionic liquids containing the tetracyanoborate anion were synthesized and evaluated for CO2 separation performance. Measured CO2 solubility values were exceptionally high compared to analogous ionic liquids with different anions and ranged from 0.128 mol L−1 atm−1 to 0.148 mol L−1 atm−1. In addition, CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity values were measured using a supported ionic liquid membrane architecture and the separations performance of the ionic liquid membranes exceeded the Robeson upper bound. These results establish the distinct potential of ionic liquids with the tetracyanoborate, [B(CN)4], anion for the separation of CO2.
Auditory working memory and verbal recall memory in schizotypy.

Deficits on verbal memory tasks, as well as on spatial and auditory working memory tasks, have been observed in schizophrenia patients. A useful strategy in the determination of the premorbid indicator status of specific cognitive and memory deficits observed in patients is to examine those persons at increased biological risk for schizophrenia (e.g. first-degree relatives), schizotypal personality disorder patients, and/or psychometrically identified schizotypes for comparable deficits, though perhaps less profound than those seen in actual patients. We examined verbal memory and auditory working memory functioning in 31 schizotypic and 26 normal control subjects from a large randomly ascertained non-clinical university population. Schizotypy status was determined psychometrically using the well-known Perceptual Aberration Scale. Contrary to our theory-guided expectations, noteworthy deficits in verbal memory and auditory working memory were not observed in the schizotypic subjects and the two experimental groups did not differ significantly on any of the memory measures. These results were discussed in light of prior results obtained using the spatial delayed response task (i.e. spatial working memory) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance on these same subjects. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the putative processes involved in the working memory system, as well as in relation to the schizotypy construct.
Manifest and Concealed Reentry: A MECHANISM OF AV NODAL WENCKEBACH PHENOMENON

The mechanism of the AV nodal Wenckebach phenomenon was studied in 25 dogs by multiple atrial and His bundle electrogram (HBE) recordings. During ventricular stimulation with 1:1 retrograde conduction, the interval from the stimulus artifact to the retrograde His deflection (S-H) interval) remained constant. Decreasing the cycle length of stimulation (CLS) resulted in retrograde AV nodal Wenckebeach cycles. When retrograde AV nodal delay reached a critical value, the Wenckebach cycles were terminated by a reciprocal beat (manifest reentry). The His bundle and ventricles were antegradely depolarized by the reentrant impulse. A further decrease in CLS produced what electrocardiographically looked like ordinary Wenckebach cycles. However, the HBE tracing revealed that reentry was occurring but was concealed by the CLS. This was confirmed by noting that the His deflection of the last ventricular paced beat of the Wenckebach cycle was antegradely depolarized and had a shorter S-H interval then all other beats of that cycle. The reentrant and retrograde impulses collided in the bundle-branch system. Further decreases in CLS masked the reentrant phenomenon on both standard ECG and HBE tracings. The S-H interval remained constant for all ventricular paced beats of the Wenckebach cycle. Under these circumstances, reentry could still be uncovered by turning off the stimulator at an appropriate time during the Wenckebach cycle. This maneuver exposed the reciprocal beat. Thus collision of the reentrant and retrograde impulses occurred within the AV node. These findings provide a satisfactory explanation for why the last beat of the Wenckebach cycle is not conducted retrogradely to the atria.
Modeling and CW operation of a quasi-three-level 946 nm Nd: YAG laser

A model is developed for an end-pumped quasi-three-level laser with population in the lower laser level at equilibrium such as for transitions to the manifolds4I 9/2 in Nd3+,4I 15/2 in Er3+,5I 8 in Ho3+and3H 6 in Tm3+. It is shown that the effect of residual lower laser level population on laser operation can be treated as a saturable loss. Room temperature operation on the4F 3/2 -4I 9/2 transition in Nd:YAG under CW dye laser pumping has been demonstrated with a threshold as low as 11.5 mW incident power and a slope efficiency of 7 percent with 0.3 percent output coupling. Performance is limited by the low output coupling and diffraction loss.
Structural alignment of proteins by a novel TOPOFIT method, as a superimposition of common volumes at a topomax point.

Similarity of protein structures has been analyzed using three-dimensional Delaunay triangulation patterns derived from the backbone representation. It has been found that structurally related proteins have a common spatial invariant part, a set of tetrahedrons, mathematically described as a common spatial subgraph volume of the three-dimensional contact graph derived from Delaunay tessellation (DT). Based on this property of protein structures, we present a novel common volume superimposition (TOPOFIT) method to produce structural alignments. Structural alignments usually evaluated by a number of equivalent (aligned) positions (Ne) with corresponding root mean square deviation (RMSD). The superimposition of the DT patterns allows one to uniquely identify a maximal common number of equivalent residues in the structural alignment. In other words, TOPOFIT identifies a feature point on the RMSD Ne curve, a topomax point, until which the topologies of two structures correspond to each other, including backbone and interresidue contacts, whereas the growing number of mismatches between the DT patterns occurs at larger RMSD (Ne) after the topomax point. It has been found that the topomax point is present in all alignments from different protein structural classes; therefore, the TOPOFIT method identifies common, invariant structural parts between proteins. The alignments produced by the TOPOFIT method have a good correlation with alignments produced by other current methods. This novel method opens new opportunities for the comparative analysis of protein structures and for more detailed studies on understanding the molecular principles of tertiary structure organization and functionality. The TOPOFIT method also helps to detect conformational changes, topological differences in variable parts, which are particularly important for studies of variations in active/ binding sites and protein classification.
A model for blood-tissue oxygen exchange and tracer water production

An axially distributed three-region multibarrier model was formulated for oxygen transport and metabolism in a generic capillary-tissue system. The model considers blood flow through arterial, capillary, and venular vessels, countercurrent solute exchange between arteriole and venule, differences in erythrocyte and plasma velocities, and differences in effective volumes of distribution for water versus oxygen. The formulation therefore incorporates higher velocity for RBCs compared to plasma. Additionally, because of the high affinity of O/sub 2/ to hemoglobin, the relative volume of distribution in blood compared to tissue is much higher for O/sub 2/ than for H/sub 2/O and the O/sub 2/ transit time is much less than that for H/sub 2/O. It was found that under conditions of high-permeability surface area, there are dramatic changes in the profiles of both O/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O outflow curves with changes in O/sub 2/ consumption rates. The implications of these observations with respect to oxygen delivery to hypoxic tissues are discussed. >
Personalities of addicts.

To investigate personality types among a group of drug abusers participating in a VA voluntary treatment program MMPI profiles were obtained for 59 male veterans. Three most frequently appearing types were obtained. The results suggest that these veterans are not a unique group of drug abusers. They are similar to classifications of 40 years ago.
How isotopic fractionation of snowmelt affects hydrograph separation

We present the isotopic composition of meltwater samples from four seasonal snowpacks: a warm, maritime snowpack in California; a temperate continental snowpack in Vermont; a cold continental snowpack in Colorado; and an Arctic snowpack in Alaska. Despite the very different climate conditions the υ 18 O of meltwater from all four snowpacks increased as melting progressed. This trend is consistent with theoretical results that model isotopic exchange between water and ice as meltwater percolates through a snowpack. We have estimated the systematic error in the hydrograph separation if the isotopic composition of a snow core were used in place of that of meltwater. Assuming no error in the old water or stream water values, the error in the new water fraction depends on: (1) the isotopic difference between the snow core and the old water; (2) the isotopic difference between the snow core and the meltwater; and (3) the new water fraction contributing to the stream flow during a spring melt event. The error is large when snowmelt contributes a dominant fraction of the stream flow, which may be expected where infiltration of snowmelt is limited (e.g. permafrost, urban areas). A particular challenge will be how to incorporate the changes in isotopic composition of meltwater measured at a point into hydrograph separation models conducted at the watershed scale. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocardiographic and clinical predictors separating atherosclerotic sudden cardiac death from incident coronary heart disease

Objective To identify specific ECG and clinical predictors that separate atherosclerotic sudden cardiac death (SCD) from incident coronary heart disease (CHD) (non-fatal events and non-sudden death) in the combined cohorts of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study and the Cardiovascular Health Study. Methods This analysis included 18 497 participants (58% females, 24% black individuals, mean age 58 years) who were initially free of clinical CHD. A competing risk analysis was conducted to examine the prognostic significance of baseline clinical characteristics and an extensive electronic database of ECG measurements for prediction of 229 cases of SCD as a first event versus 2297 incident CHD cases (2122 non-fatal events and 175 non-sudden death) that occurred during a median follow-up time of 13 years in the Cardiovascular Health Study and 14 years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Results After adjusting for common CHD risk factors, a number of clinical characteristics and ECG measurements were independently predictive of SCD and CHD. However, the risk of SCD versus incident CHD was significantly different for race/ethnicity, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), heart rate, QTc, abnormally inverted T wave in any ECG lead group and level of ST elevation in V2. Black race/ethnicity (compared to non-black) was predictive of high SCD risk but less risk of incident CHD (p value for differences in the risk (HR) for SCD versus CHD Conclusions SCD and CHD have many risk factors in common. Hypertension, race/ethnicity, BMI, heart rate, QTc, abnormally inverted T wave in any ECG lead group and level of ST elevation in V2 have the potential to separate between the risks of SCD and CHD. These results need to be validated in another cohort.
Pharmacology Review: Drug Therapy and Breastfeeding: Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Antimanics, and Sedatives

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the mechanism of transfer of antidepressants into human milk as well as the relative doses transferred and reported adverse effects. 2. Describe the transfer of antipsychotics into human milk. 3. Provide clinical data for choosing an appropriate antipsychotic agent for a breastfeeding mother. 4. Describe the transfer of antimanic medications into human milk. 5. Describe the choices of sedatives and their relative entry into the milk compartment. 6. Recommend the best choices of antidepressants and antipsychotics for use in breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding significantly reduces the risk of certain disorders (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis, diarrheal disease, neonatal sepsis) in newborns, stimulates maturity and development of the gastrointestinal tract, and has numerous advantages for brain and intelligence quotient (IQ) development. In addition, long-term benefits include a reduced incidence of many infectious diseases (upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, infectious diarrhea) and various autoimmune syndromes, including Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Thus, the benefits of breastfeeding are significant, and discontinuing breastfeeding, simply to take a medication, requires strong justification. The management of depression and other mental illnesses during lactation presents a complex problem in which the possible risks to the infant from maternal medications must be weighed against the numerous proven benefits of breastfeeding. Because the incidence of psychiatric illness is much higher in the postnatal period than at any other period in a woman’s life, many women today who are being treated for mental illness are among those who ultimately wish to breastfeed, particularly due to the strong emphasis in perinatal classes and women’s support groups. At least 10% to 20% of postpartum mothers suffer from depression, and 10% to 16% of pregnant women fulfill the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual , edition 4 (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for major depression. Using these numbers, it is estimated …