cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed extinction of escape responses: A parametric study

Five groups of seven rats each were subjected to delay periods of 1, 6, 18, 54, or 162 min. between the last trial of shock-escape training and the initial trial of extinction. Median number of trials to extinction was a negatively accelerated decreasing function of length of delay. Increased delay also led to slower starting and running speeds over trials.
Efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials for reducing egg-borne transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis

Abstract Egg-borne transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis is a significant public health concern in the United States and worldwide. This review discusses the potential of plant-derived antimicrobials for reducing egg-borne transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in layer chickens. In addition to documenting the research conducted on plant-derived antimicrobials, a general overview of other pre- and postharvest approaches to control Salmonella Enteritidis in layers and on shell eggs is presented.
Obesity-Related Dietary Behaviors among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Pregnant and Postpartum Women

Introduction. Obesity is common among reproductive age women and disproportionately impacts racial/ethnic minorities. Our objective was to assess racial/ethnic differences in obesity-related dietary behaviors among pregnant and postpartum women, to inform peripartum weight management interventions that target diverse populations. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 212 Black (44%), Hispanic (31%), and White (25%) women, aged ≥ 18, pregnant or within one year postpartum, in hospital-based clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, in 2013. Outcomes were fast food or sugar-sweetened beverage intake once or more weekly. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and obesity-related dietary behaviors, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results. In adjusted analyses, Black women had 2.4 increased odds of fast food intake once or more weekly compared to White women (CI = 1.08, 5.23). There were no racial/ethnic differences in the odds of sugar-sweetened beverage intake. Discussion. Compared with White or Hispanic women, Black women had 2-fold higher odds of fast food intake once or more weekly. Black women might benefit from targeted counseling and intervention to reduce fast food intake during and after pregnancy.
Enzymatic Degradation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

Because of their unique properties, carbon nanotubes and, in particular, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been used for the development of advanced composite and catalyst materials. Despite their growing commercial applications and increased production, the potential environmental and toxicological impacts of MWNTs are not fully understood; however, many reports suggest that they may be toxic. Therefore, a need exists to develop protocols for effective and safe degradation of MWNTs. In this article, we investigated the effect of chemical functionalization of MWNTs on their enzymatic degradation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We investigated HRP/H2O2 degradation of purified, oxidized, and nitrogen-doped MWNTs and proposed a layer-by-layer degradation mechanism of nanotubes facilitated by side wall defects. These results provide a better understanding of the interaction between HRP and carbon nanotubes and suggest an eco-friendly way of mitigating the environmental ...
Predictive validity of the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations in predicting residual-specific mortality in a national prospective cohort study of adults in the United States.

ABSTRACTObjective: The predictive validity of the Pooled Cohort risk (PCR) equations for residual-specific mortality (deaths not resulting from the 9 leading causes of death) among a national sample of U.S. adults has not previously been evaluated, which was the purpose of this study.Methods: Data from the 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, with participants followed up through 31 December 2011 to ascertain mortality status. The analyzed sample included 11,171 cardiovascular disease-free adults (40–79 years of age). The 10-year risk of a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event was determined from the PCR equations.Results: For the entire sample, 849,202 person-months occurred with an incidence rate of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.25–0.33) residual-specific deaths per 1,000 person-months. The unweighted median follow-up duration was 72 months. For all analyses, ASCVD risk score (via the PCR equations) was significantly associated with residual-specific mortality. In...
Identifying the Unique Properties of α-Bi2Mo3O12 for the Activation of Propene

In order to understand the remarkable activity of α-Bi2Mo3O12 for selective oxidation and ammoxidation of propene, the propene activation ability of four molybdenum-based mixed metal oxides—Bi2Mo3O12, PbMoO4, Bi2Pb5Mo8O32, and MoO3—was investigated using density functional theory. Propene activation is considered to occur via abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the methyl group of physisorbed propene by lattice oxygen. For each material, the apparent activation energy was estimated by summing the heat of adsorption of propene, the C–H bond dissociation energy, and the hydrogen attachment energy (HAE) for hydrogen addition to lattice oxygen; this sum provides a lower bound for the apparent activation energy. It was found that two structural features of oxide surfaces are essential to achieve low activation barriers: under-coordinated surface cation sites enable strong propene adsorption, and suitable 5- or 6-coordinate geometries at molybdenum result in favorable HAEs. The impact of molybdenum coordination...
Design and evaluation of an enhanced constrained rod casting mould for experimental characterisation of hot tearing in aluminium casting alloys

AbstractThe most popular mould configuration for hot tearing evaluation of aluminium alloys, the Constrained Rod Casting (CRC) design, was evaluated via computer modelling. Filling patterns, heat flows, and shrinkage areas were assessed using the existing published design, and improvements in the design were generated. A mould of the improved design or Enhanced Constrained Rod Casting (ECRC) was fabricated and successfully used to evaluate the hot tearing tendencies of A206.2 and A380 die casting alloys. The ECRC mould reduced fill time and increased uniform filling of the constrained rods, which resulted in more uniform solidification rates for all the constrained rods. The ECRC mould and novel measurement technique predicted hot tearing in real time of A206.2 and A380 die casting alloys at initial pouring temperatures of 700, 760, and 800 °C. The A206.2 alloy exhibited hot tearing characteristics at the measurement rod while A380 did not show any hot cracking defects.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS SIMULATING POROELASTIC STRESS CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DEPLETION AND INJECTION IN LOW‐POROSITY SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

We characterized the poroelastic deformation of six cores from three formations associated with the Bakken play in the Williston Basin (the Lodgepole, Middle Bakken, and Three Forks formations). All are low-porosity, low-permeability formations, but vary considerably in clay, kerogen, and carbonate content. The experimental program simulated reservoir stress changes associated with depletion and injection via cycling both the confining pressure (Pc) and pore pressure (Pp). We measured volumetric strain, derived the corresponding bulk modulus, and calculated the Biot coefficient (α). We found α, which generally ranges between 0.3 and 0.9, to vary systematically with Pc and Pp for each of the specimens tested. The effect of pore pressure on α is much larger at low simple effective stress (σ = Pc-Pp) during depletion than injection. The α decreases with σ for all pore pressures. For the same Pc and Pp, the Biot coefficient is consistently higher during injection than during depletion. Given the observed variations of α with Pc and Pp, the modeling of reservoir stress changes using a constant α could be problematic as poroelastic stress changes during depletion and injection are not likely to follow the same path. Scanning electron microscope examination of microstructures suggests that the variations of the bulk modulus and the Biot coefficient can be attributed to the abundance of compliant components (pores, microcracks, clays, and organic matter) and how they are distributed throughout the rock matrix.
Origami-based cellular metamaterial with auxetic, bistable, and self-locking properties

We present a novel cellular metamaterial constructed from Origami building blocks based on Miura-ori fold. The proposed cellular metamaterial exhibits unusual properties some of which stemming from the inherent properties of its Origami building blocks, and others manifesting due to its unique geometrical construction and architecture. These properties include foldability with two fully-folded configurations, auxeticity (i.e., negative Poisson's ratio), bistability, and self-locking of Origami building blocks to construct load-bearing cellular metamaterials. The kinematics and force response of the cellular metamaterial during folding were studied to investigate the underlying mechanisms resulting in its unique properties using analytical modeling and experiments.
Raman detection of single airborne aerosol particles of isovanillin

Single airborne aerosol particle of isovanillin were detected using a compact Raman spectroscopy system. The Raman system consisted of a 10 W, 532-nm cw laser, a 50x aerosol concentrator, an aerosol flow cell, an f/1.0 single-sided collection optics, an f/1.8 Raman spectrometer with a spectral range of 400-1400 cm-1, and a low-noise CCD camera (1340 x 400 pixels; 20 x 20 μm/pixel). The combined collection and detection efficiency of the Raman system was 1.0%. The diameters of eleven particles were determined to be 3.4, 3.1, 3.5, 3.4, 2.3, 3.1, 2.5, 2.6, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.1μm based on the fundamental Raman equation. The accuracy of the particle diameter is estimated to be ±0.1 μm using measured concentration of the atmospheric CO2.
Wavelet Regularized Solution of Laplace Equation in an Arbitrary Shaped Domain

A numerical method for the solution of interior Dirichlet problem for the two-dimensional Laplace equation in an arbitrary shaped bounded domain is presented. This domain is embedded in a circular domain and, exploiting the idea of analytic continuation, an inverse problem is formulated and solved for the boundary values of the unknown function on the circular domain. The ill-conditioning, usually associated with such inverse problems, is easily handled by a wavelet regularization. Numerical results are presented for an ellipse and a hexagon.
Pathophysiology and Current Clinical Management of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is characterized by blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg in the second half of pregnancy. This disease is a major contributor to preterm and low birth weight babies. The early delivery of the baby, which becomes necessary for maintaining maternal well-being, makes preeclampsia the leading cause for preterm labor and infant mortality and morbidity. Currently, there is no cure for this pregnancy disorder. The current clinical management of PE is hydralazine with labetalol and magnesium sulfate to slow disease progression and prevent maternal seizure, and hopefully prolong the pregnancy. This review will highlight factors implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and current treatments for the management of this disease.
Factors influencing direct shoot regeneration from leaves, petioles, and plantlet roots of triploid hybrid Populus sect. Tacamahaca

Since the generation of full-sib artificial triploid families, rapid clone establishment and genetic improvements have been needed. Here, we report an in vitro method of direct shoot regeneration of a triploid hybrid poplar [(Populus simonii × P. nigra ‘Italica’) × (P. × ‘popularis’)]. Using different randomized block designs, we selected one triploid to evaluate the explant type, optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators and agar, and culture time under light or dark conditions over 60 days. The highest rate of shoot induction, 80.0%, was obtained using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L benzyladenine, 0.04 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 5.5 g/L agar for the first 30 days in the dark, then 3 g/L agar for the next 30 days in light. This last medium yielded the best rate of shoot induction (6.32 shoots/explant). These three media were also used to evaluate the influence of the genotypes of the parents and hybrid triploids on regeneration. Two parents and three of the four full-sib triploids were regenerated successfully; different genotypes and explant types significantly affected the rate of shoot induction and average number of shoots. Leaves but not petioles were a suitable explant. One genotype produced the highest rate of shoot induction of 96.67%. Half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L indole butyric acid and 0.04 mg/L NAA was the most effective for rooting; rooting rate was 96.67%, survival rate of transplants was 73.33%, and rooting frequency surpassed 85% for each genotype. Overall, this in vitro regeneration system will be useful for the propagation and genetic modification of triploid poplars.
Long Anterior Lens Zonules and Intraocular Pressure.

Purpose To investigate the relation between intraocular pressure (IOP) and the idiopathic long anterior zonule (LAZ) trait. Methods Patients presenting for primary eye care were examined for LAZ, identified as radially oriented zonular fibers with central extension >1.0 mm beyond the normal anterior lens insertion zone (estimated via slit lamp beam length). Ocular, systemic health, and lifestyle data were collected via comprehensive exam and questionnaire. Multivariate regression was used to assess the relationship between IOP (Goldmann) and LAZ. Results There were 2169 non-LAZ and 129 LAZ subjects (mean age: 49.8 ± 15.0 vs. 62.6 ± 10.2 years; 63.6% vs. 76.0% female; 83.2% vs. 91.5% African American). Right eyes with >trace LAZ (n = 59 of 110) had higher unadjusted mean IOP than control eyes (16.4 ± 3.3 vs. 15.0 ± 3.3 mm Hg, P = 0.005), and with control for numerous factors, LAZ eyes had an average IOP of approximately 1.3 ± 0.4 mm Hg higher (P = 0.003) than non-LAZ eyes. Final model covariates included sex (P = 0.001); spherical-equivalent refractive error (D; P high school education (P < 0.001); systolic blood pressure (mm Hg; P < 0.0001); being an ever smoker (P = 0.006); and having history of any site cancer (P = 0.01). Conclusions The LAZ trait, with potential prevalence near 2%, was associated with a higher IOP. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the trait is a marker for underlying mechanisms that elevate glaucoma risk.
Potential Toxicity of External Beam Radiotherapy for Thyroid Cancer

External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) for thyroid cancer causes acute side-effects and carries the risk of severe, permanent damage to normal tissues. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the problems patients may develop during and after EBRT in a way that helps both clinicians and patients evaluate the risk/benefit profile of EBRT in specific situations and to manage reactions to EBRT when they occur. The information in this chapter applies to EBRT with curative intent. The dose schedules that we use to palliate incurable disease are less toxic. Data on the incidence of specific complications from EBRT for thyroid cancer are scarce. To inform patients and make decisions about giving EBRT we extrapolate from studies of patients with nonthyroidal malignancies. The incidence values that we present in this chapter are a combination of our interpretation of published studies on EBRT for thyroid and nonthyroid tumors as well as our unpublished experience over the past few decades.
Toward a Quantitative Approach to Data Gathering and Analysis for Nuclear Deterrence Policy

The doctrine of nuclear deterrence and a belief in its importance underpins many aspects of United States policy; it informs strategic force structures within the military, incentivizes multi-billion-dollar weapon-modernization programs within the Department of Energy, and impacts international alliances with the 29 member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The doctrine originally evolved under the stewardship of some of the most impressive minds of the twentieth century, including the physicist and H-bomb designer Herman Kahn, the Nobel Prize-winning economist Thomas Schelling, and the preeminent political scientist and diplomat Henry Kissinger.
Gestational diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors and disease in U.S. Hispanics/Latinas in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

To compare cardiovascular risk and disease prevalence in U.S. Hispanics/Latinas with and without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Cross-sectional data from 2008 to 2011 were analyz...
Notes on Chinese Cercosporae

These collections are of interest since a large proportion of them represent the Passalora or Cladosporium type of fructifica? tion in which the fungi at first form no definite spots, but rather produce effuse velvety layers over parts of the leaf surface. In certain of the species, the conidiophores arise in two manners: from the repent vegetative mycelium as erect or ascending sidebranches, or else either singly or in clusters from the stomata of the host. However, although the former type seems to be characterized by more elongate conidiophores, nevertheless they essentially are morphologically identical, as is also true of the conidia. In the list which follows, the species are arranged alphabetically and not according to any concept of phylogenetic relationships of the various hosts.
The Role of G-proteins and G-protein Regulating Proteins in Depressive Disorders.

Progress towards new antidepressant therapies has been relatively slow over the past few decades, with the result that individuals suffering from depression often struggle to find an effective treatment - a process often requiring months. Furthermore, the neural factors that contribute to depression remain poorly understood, and there are many open questions regarding the mechanism of action of existing antidepressants. A better understanding of the molecular processes that underlie depression and contribute to antidepressant efficacy is therefore badly needed. In this review we highlight research investigating the role of G-proteins and the regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, two protein families that are intimately involved in both the genesis of depressive states and the action of antidepressant drugs. Many antidepressants are known to indirectly affect the function of these proteins. Conversely, dysfunction of the G-protein and RGS systems can affect antidepressant efficacy. However, a great deal remains unknown about how these proteins interact with antidepressants. Findings pertinent to each individual G-protein and RGS protein are summarized from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.
Synthesis and structural characterization of 2,5-diphenylpyrrolyl complexes of zinc, \([{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]_2 \)Zn(THF) and {\([{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]\)Zn(THF)2 (μ3-O)Zn\([{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]\} _2 \): A zinc oxo complex with planar μ3-oxo bridges

X-ray diffraction studies on \([{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]_2 \)Zn(THF) and \(\{ [{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]{\text{Zn(THF)}}_{\text{2}} (\mu _3 - {\text{O}}){\text{Zn - [pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } {\text{]\} }}_{\text{2}} \) provide the first structural data on zinc pyrrolyl complexes. The Zn–N bond lengths in these pyrrolyl complexes are longer than the corresponding values for dialkylamido derivatives, consistent with the notion that the pyrrolyl ligand is a poorer π-donor. The structure of \(\{ [{\text{pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } ]{\text{Zn(THF)}}_{\text{2}} (\mu _3 - {\text{O}}){\text{Zn[pyr}}^{{\text{2,5}}--{\text{Ph}}_{\text{2}} } {\text{]\} }}_{\text{2}} \) demonstrates the presence of an unprecedented planar [Zn4O2] moiety in which each oxo ligand bridges three zinc centers with a μ3-motif that complements the previous reports of μ2- and μ4-oxo bridges.
Outcomes of immunotherapy administration for hospitalized cancer patients.

98Background: With approvals across multiple cancer types and favorable toxicity profiles, oncologists may consider using immunotherapy (IMT) while their patients are hospitalized. Inpatient IMT ma...
"We're Taking Something So Human and Trying to Digitize": Provider Recommendations for mHealth in Palliative Care.

Background: Mobile health (mHealth) is a promising tool for improving health outcomes. However, the benefits of using mHealth in palliative care are under studied. Objective: As a first step to designing meaningful palliative care-specific mobile applications, this research explored provider perspectives regarding the utility of mHealth in palliative care. Design: A qualitative phenomenological study with semistructured interviews. Setting/Subjects: Providers from multiple disciplines working in palliative care settings at an academic medical center. Results: Thematic analysis resulted in five provider recommendations regarding the utility and design of palliative care-specific mHealth, including (i) thoughtfulness to language, context, and delivery when assessing palliative care needs; (ii) include tools for prognosis and advance care planning; (iii) tailor health and quality-of-life goals; (iv) emphasize supports for family and caregivers; and (v) consider technology abilities of older adults. Conclusions: Palliative care providers are enthusiastic about the use of mHealth to improve care coordination, facilitate communication, enhance symptom monitoring, and improve patient-family support. However, providers have reservations about mobile functionality and depersonalized assessment and care. Providers stress the utility of mHealth to facilitate palliative care rather than replace important multidisciplinary services.
A procedure for pinpointing cannibalism, intraguild predation, and life stage-specific feeding events

A predator gut analysis technique is described that can simultaneously pinpoint predation events which are life stage-specific, intraspecies-specific (cannibalism) and interspecies-specific (intraguild). The third and fifth larval life stages of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens s.l. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were marked with rabbit IgG and chicken IgY, respectively. The uniquely marked lacewing life stages were then introduced into caged arenas (n = 59 caged experimental units) containing a cotton plant and an assemblage of generalist predators. The predators released into each arena were recaptured after 6 h and their gut contents were examined for the presence of rabbit IgG- and chicken IgY-marked lacewing remnants by an anti-rabbit and anti-chicken enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The predator gut ELISAs detected one cannibalism event and 14 and 8 intraguild predation (IGP) events on third and fifth instar lacewings, respectively. This proof-of-concept study shows that this universal prey immunomarking technique (UFIT), when combined with field cage methods, can be useful for pinpointing cannibalism and life stage-specific predation events.
Family members lived experience with an opioid addicted loved one

Background: The opioid epidemic is complex problem. In order to provide a comprehensive intervention plan, understanding all stakeholders’ perspectives is essential. Stakeholders in this epidemic i...
Equipment and Methods Available for Measuring the Behavioral Response of Rodents to Odors

Odor attractants or repellents for modifying the behavior of rodent species have received considerable evaluation, but no single apparatus or method has evolved as the most effective. Some of the most useful types of equipment and procedures for olfactory-behavioral studies are described or discussed. Emphasis is placed on the equipment and methods most likely to prove effective and practical for evaluating odor attractants with a potential for use with traps or rodent baits. Examples of devices used to monitor and record responses to introduced odors include electric eye, body capacitor, sensing grids, and mechanical treadles connected to counters and event recorders. Time-lapse photography and closed-circuit television monitors have their place, as does direct observation, but the labor involved makes them relatively expensive means of collecting data. A simple maze may be the most useful of all the apparatuses reviewed.
Development of the numerical brain

This article focuses on typical trajectories of numerical cognition from infancy all the way through to adulthood (please note that atypical pathways of numerical cognition will be dealt in‘Brain Correlates of Numerical Disabilities’ [oxfordhb-9780199642342-e-009]*). Despite the fact that developmental imaging studies are still scarce to date there is converging evidence that (1) neural signatures of non-verbal number processing may be observed already in infants; and (2) developmental changes in neural responsivity are characterized by increasing functional specialization of number-relevant frontoparietal brain regions. It has been suggested that age and competence-related modulations of brain activity manifest as an anterior-posterior shift. On the one hand, the recruitment of supporting frontal brain regions decreases, while on the other hand, reliance on number-relevant (fronto-)parietal neural networks increases. Overall, our understanding of the neurocognitive underpinnings of numerical development grew considerably during the last decade. Future research is expected to benefit substantially from the fast technological advances enabling researchers to gain more fine-grained insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of the neural signatures underlying numerical development.
2D time‐domain full‐waveform inversion of SH‐ and Love‐waves for geotechnical site characterization

ABSTRACT Full‐waveform inversion has proved to be an effective and robust approach for near‐surface site characterization. Past full‐waveform inversion studies have mostly focused on Rayleigh wave, with only a few studies focussing on SH‐ and Love‐waves. Compared with Rayleigh waves, the main advantages of using SH‐ and Love‐waves are that they are more sensitive to mass density of materials and require much less computing time for simulation. In this study, we present an efficient SH‐ and Love‐wave full‐waveform inversion method to extract both S‐wave velocity and mass density of soil and rock. The method is based on the solution of 2D elastic SH‐wave equations and the adjoint‐state gradient approach with an implementation of Tikhonov regularization. We use synthetic and field experiments to test the capability of the method. The synthetic experiment indicates that the presented method can accurately characterize a challenging soil profiel represented by the presence of a velocity reversal along with variable layers of high and low S‐wave velocity and density. Variable layer interfaces, true S‐wave velocity and density values are well recovered. The field experiment successfully characterizes the subsurface structure to a depth of 18 m, that includes a soil layer underlain by limestone bedrock. Two invasive standard penetration tests were conducted to verify the inverted seismic results. The trend in depth of the standard penetration test N‐values generally agrees with the inverted results, including identification of a soft soil layer.
Implementing care coordination in a large dental care organization in the United States by upskilling front office personnel

Care coordination is a key strategy used to improve health outcomes and efficiency, yet there are limited examples in dentistry. A large dental accountable care organization piloted care coordination by retraining existing administrative staff to coordinate the care of high-risk patients. Following the pilot’s success, a formal “dental care advocate” (DCA) role was integrated system-wide. The goal of this new role is to improve care, patient engagement, and health outcomes while integrating staff into the clinical care team. We aim to describe the process of DCA role implementation and assess staff and clinician perceptions about the role pre- and post-implementation. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, semi-structured interviews with clinical and operational administrative staff and observation at the company-wide training session were combined with pre- and post-implementation electronic surveys. Descriptive statistics and mean scores were tested for significance between each survey sample (t-tests), and qualitative data were thematically analyzed. With preliminary evidence from the pilot and strong executive support, a dedicated leadership team executed a stepwise rollout of the DCA role over 6 months. Success was facilitated by an organizational culture of frequent interventions deployed rapidly through a centralized system, along with supportive buy-in from managerial teams and high staff acceptance and enthusiasm for the DCA role before implementation. Following implementation, significant changes in attitudes and beliefs about the role were measured, though managers held stronger positive impressions than DCAs. DCAs reported high confidence in new skills and dental knowledge post-implementation, including motivational interviewing and the ability to confidently answer patients’ questions about their oral health. Overall, the fast-paced implementation of this new role was well received, although consistent and significant differences in mean attitudes between managers and DCAs indicate more work to fine-tune the role is needed. Successful implementation of the new DCA role was facilitated by a strong organizational commitment to team-based dentistry and positive impressions of care coordination among staff and managers. Upskilling existing administrative staff with the necessary training to manage some high-risk patient needs is one method that can be used to implement care coordination efforts in dentistry.
Flow Diversion of Posterior Circulation Aneurysms: Systematic Review of Disaggregated Individual Patient Data

BACKGROUND: Experience with endoluminal flow diversion for the treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms is limited. PURPOSE: We sought to investigate factors associated with the safety and efficacy of this treatment by collecting disaggregated patient-level data from the literature. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid were searched up through 2019 for articles reporting flow diversion of posterior circulation aneurysms. STUDY SELECTION: Eighty-four studies reported disaggregated data for 301 separate posterior circulation aneurysms. DATA ANALYSIS: Patient, aneurysm, and treatment factors were collected for each patient. Outcomes included the occurrence of major complications, angiographic occlusion, and functional outcomes based on the mRS. DATA SYNTHESIS: Significant differences in aneurysm and treatment characteristics were seen among different locations. Major complications occurred in 22%, angiographic occlusion was reported in 65% (11.3 months of mean follow-up), and good functional outcomes (mRS 0–2) were achieved in 67% (13.3 months of mean follow-up). Multivariate analysis identified age, number of flow diverters used, size, and prior treatment to be associated with outcome measures. Meta-analysis combining the current study with prior large nondisaggregated series of posterior circulation aneurysms treated with flow diversion found a pooled incidence of 20% (n = 712 patients) major complications and 75% (n = 581 patients) angiographic occlusions. LIMITATIONS: This study design is susceptible to publication bias. Use of antiplatelet therapy was not uniformly reported. CONCLUSIONS: Endoluminal flow diversion is an important tool in the treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms. Patient age, aneurysm size, prior treatment, and the number of flow diverters used are important factors associated with complications and outcomes.
2015 Marshall Urist Young Investigator Award: Prognostication in Patients With Long Bone Metastases: Does a Boosting Algorithm Improve Survival Estimates?

Background Survival estimation guides surgical decision-making in metastatic bone disease. Traditionally, classic scoring systems, such as the Bauer score, provide survival estimates based on a summary score of prognostic factors. Identification of new factors might improve the accuracy of these models. Additionally, the use of different algorithms—nomograms or boosting algorithms—could further improve accuracy of prognostication relative to classic scoring systems. A nomogram is an extension of a classic scoring system and generates a more-individualized survival probability based on a patient’s set of characteristics using a figure. Boosting is a method that automatically trains to classify outcomes by applying classifiers (variables) in a sequential way and subsequently combines them. A boosting algorithm provides survival probabilities based on every possible combination of variables.
The Nature and Specificity of the Feulgen Nucleal Reaction

Publisher Summary The nuclear material from the other constituents of pus cells, and the characterization of the acidic component of this material as nucleic acid led to the search for reactions that would demonstrate nucleic acids. The Feulgen “nucleal” reaction provides an important tool for studies concerned with the desoxypentosenucleic acid (DNA) content and distribution in normal and abnormal cells. Although there are several excellent qualitative and quantitative tests for DNA, the nucleal reaction is the most reliable test for DNA in situ . Under properly controlled conditions, the Feulgen nucleal reaction is specific for DNA. The mechanism of the reaction, however, is still incompletely understood. There are two nucleic acids similarly constituted but differing in their pyrimidine and sugar components. These were first designated as plant and animal or yeast and thymus nucleic acids, according to the source of isolation. Later work indicated that the plant and animal cells contain both types of nucleic acid.
T100: nebulized-concentrated tobramycin formulation for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients

Introduction: Chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is associated with more rapid pulmonary decline and acute pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The treatment of airway infection with this organism is particularly challenging and is the focus of many therapeutic interventions. Inhaled antibiotics targeting PsA infection are useful for eradication of PsA as well as management of chronic infection.Areas covered: Herein, we discuss currently available inhaled antibiotics for management of lung infections in CF patients, with a focus on nebulized-concentrated tobramycin (NCT). Results from relevant articles published in the English language are included.Expert opinion: NCT is a concentrated formulation of tobramycin with pharmacokinetics and safety profile similar to tobramycin inhalation solution. Results of a recent trial suggest that NCT may be an attractive inhaled antibiotic to manage CF PsA lung infections, with the capacity for shorter administration time,...
Effects of Diarrhea Associated with Specific Enteropathogens on the Growth of Children in Rural Bangladesh

Village-based surveillance data from longitudinal studies in rural Bangladesh have been used to evaluate the nutritional consequences of infectious diseases, including diarrhea due to specific pathogens. The prevalences of specific illnesses were related to the ponderal and linear growth of young children for 2-month and 1-year periods. Of the common illnesses, only diarrhea had a significant inverse relationship with increments of weight during 2-month periods and of length during 1 year. Diarrhea accounted for 20% of the difference in linear growth between the study children and the international reference population during the first 5 years of life. Diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli had a significant negative effect on the bimonthly weight gain of children in this community and shigellosis had the strongest negative effect on bimonthly and annual linear growth. Control of diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic E coli and Shigella would not only substantially diminish diarrheal morbidity but would also improve the growth of children and thereby reduce the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition.
On the Design of Multimedia Interchange Formats

Although it is generally believed that a standard interchange format will play a crucial role in the growth of the multimedia application market, different proposals currently being developed have divergent models and each appears to have primarily evolved using an experimental methodology. In this paper we first provide a survey of these current efforts, discussing goals, architecture, and abstractions of each format. We provide a comparative summary in terms of representational capability and functionality. We classify the composition models as either track oriented or object oriented, and use this distinction to clarify differences in inter-object referencing, compositionality, and access/presentation procedures. We enumerate features that would enhance the ability of a format to support real-time interchange, and conclude with an overview of an approach to rigorously evaluate and compare such format models. This approach is based on a set of benchmark interchange cases and various parameters to be measured in a performance test.
Mass transfer and biochemical reaction in enzyme membrane reactor systems—II: Expanded analysis for single enzyme systems: effects of enzyme intermediates, denaturation and elution

Abstract A detailed study of the dynamics of a packed-bed reactor containing immobilized enzyme particles is presented. The analysis consists of (i) transient state behavior; (ii) models for interphase and interfacial mass transfer between fluid and solid phases and intraphase mass transfer for the solid phase; (iii) detailed reaction rate model for the Bodenstein intermediates; (iv) mass balances for substrates, Bodenstein intermediates, unoccupied enzyme active sites, and products; and (v) models for enzyme denaturation and elution. The general reactor model consists of a set of nonlinear, coupled, partial differential equations. Numerical solutions of the system equations were obtained, using the discrete-space, continuous-time method of lines and realistic parameter values. A generalized map of the range of validity of the Steady-State Hypothesis was established under conditions where multiple mass transfer gradients were present within the reactor. A detailed analysis of the computational errors was performed. It was conclusively shown that the computer simulation solutions obtained in the analyses were not disguised to any significant degree as a result of employing finite difference approximations to the spatial derivatives. It was shown that the level of “error” involved in invoking the Steady-State Hypothesis depends on the relative magnitude of the kinetic parameters and also on the level of “disturbance” at the reactor inlet (i.e. per cent change in substrate inlet concentration). The “error”, however, did appear to be strikingly insensitive to the magnitude of the resistances to mass transfer, as characterized by the Modified Sherwood Number. It was concluded that, given any complete set of kinetic parameters, a transient, heterogeneous, isothermal reactor model based on the Steady-State Hypothesis may be used for predicting time-varying concentration profiles for minor (i.e., less than 5 per cent change in substrate inlet concentration) “disturbances” at the reactor inlet. The corresponding “errors” would be at an acceptable level (i.e., less than 2 per cent in the concentration and less than 10 per cent in the time lag) under these conditions. Further, various mechanisms for enzyme denaturation and elution were incorporated in the general reactor model. Numerical solutions of the resulting system of partial differential equations were obtained, using hypothetical parameter values. Through extensive simulation research, it was shown that the loss in activity of immobilized enzyme reactors cannot be uniquely ascribed to any one particular set of mechanistic deactivation modes.
The Curse of Wealth: Political Ecologies of Latin American Neoliberalism

The article reviews recent scholarship on the changing relationships between nature, society, capital, and the state in neoliberal Latin America. It employs political ecology as a macro-analytic framework to analyze scholarly literature published since 2007 on Latin American socio-ecological processes. The first section examines land and resource conflicts associated with accumulation by dispossession, or the penetration of capital into hitherto un-commodified realms of nature and biological life. Conflicts include popular struggles for land reform, and against new extraction-based oil and mining interests, and the privatization of public utilities. The second section reviews the resurgence and socio-ecological impacts of neoliberal mega-development, including large-scale hydroelectric, infrastructure, and agro-industrial projects. The third section reviews studies related to the extension of market forces and global governance regimes into the environmental and public commons, primarily through the creation of ecological protected areas and biodiversity conservation initiatives. In response to the complex reconfigurations of capitalism, nature, and governance in neoliberal Latin America, the article also highlights the emergence of organized resistance, and experimentation in post-neoliberal and post-development alternatives.
Imaging of Cortical and White Matter Language Processing

Although investigations into the functional and anatomical organization of language within the human brain began centuries ago, it is recent advanced imaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging that have helped propel our understanding forward at an unprecedented rate. Important cortical brain regions and white matter tracts in language processing subsystems including semantic, phonological, and orthographic functions have been identified. An understanding of functional and dysfunctional language anatomy is critical for practicing radiologists. This knowledge can be applied to routine neuroimaging examinations as well as to more advanced examinations such as presurgical brain mapping.
Bioarchaeology and Kinship: Integrating Theory, Social Relatedness, and Biology in Ancient Family Research

Theoretical developments in sociocultural anthropology have transformed the study of kinship. Here, we review these theoretical developments, consider their influence on bioarchaeological kinship research, and propose an alternative framework for studying relatedness in antiquity. We find that broader, more flexible conceptions of relatedness have grown increasingly prevalent in 21st-century bioarchaeology, but kinship research largely continues to emphasize methodological improvement and identification of biological kin in archaeological contexts. By approaching kinship as a multiscalar dimension of social identity, bioarchaeologists can leverage complex conceptions of relatedness with diverse types of data to gain nuanced perspectives on family-based social organization in the past.
Identifying potential predictors of a safe attending physician workload: a survey of hospitalists.

Attending physician workload may be compromising patient safety and quality of care. Recent studies show hospitalists, intensivists, and surgeons report that excessive attending physician workload has a negative impact on patient care.1–3 Because physician teams and hospitals differ in composition, function, and setting, it is difficult to directly compare one service to another within or between institutions. Identifying physician, team, and hospital characteristics associated with clinicians’ impressions of unsafe workload provides physician leaders, hospital administrators, and policymakers with potential “risk factors” and specific targets for interventions.4 In this study, we use a national survey of hospitalists to identify the physician, team, and hospital factors associated with physician report of an “unsafe” workload.
Underwater wireless power transfer

The feasibility of transferring power over a wide range of distances and orientation offsets has been proven in air for various commercial applications, notably in the electric vehicle industry, by using two loosely-coupled RLC circuits that are tuned to resonate at the same frequency. Key system concepts for resonant wireless power transfer, such as frequency splitting, maximum operating distance, and behavior of the system as it becomes over and under coupled, are well understood theoretically, and demonstrated experimentally. Although prior work on WPT in air is quite extensive and mature, very little research has been conducted on underwater WPT. In particular, no studies have been published describing how basic system concepts vary within a conducting medium such as seawater. In this paper, we report the results of experiments addressing the effects of seawater conductivity on underwater resonant wireless power transfer, compared to the basic system concepts exhibited in air. Results indicate that the losses due to seawater become noticeable for frequencies around 20 kHz, and can be large for frequencies above 50 kHz.
The role of IL-6 and STAT3 in inflammation and cancer

The defense of the host from foreign pathogens is the commonly accepted function of the vertebrate immune system. A complex system consisting of many differing cells and structures communicating by both soluble and cell bound ligands, serves to protect the host from infection, and plays a role in preventing the development of certain types of tumours. Numerous signalling pathways are involved in the coordination of the immune system, serving both to activate and attenuate its responses to attack. The ability of the immune system, specifically those cells involved in acute inflammatory responses, to mediate the directed (and sometimes indirect) killing of cells and pathogens, make it a potential threat to host survival. Furthermore, the production and release of various survival factors such as the pleiotropic cytokine IL-6, a major mediator of inflammation and activator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, serves to block apoptosis in cells during the inflammatory process, keeping them alive in very toxic environments. Unfortunately, these same pathways serve also to maintain cells progressing towards neoplastic growth, protecting them from cellular apoptotic deletion and chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we discuss the relationships between cancer and inflammation, and some of the molecular mechanisms involved in mediating the unintended consequences of host defense and tumour survival.
Isolation and identification of a paramagnetic complex from the livers of carcinogen-treated rats

An abnormal electron spin resonance signal originally observed in the livers of carcinogen-fed rats can also be observed in yeast cultured anaerobically in the presence of nitrate. Similar but not identical signals can be obtained from various animal tissues following incubation in NO3−, NO2−, or hydroxylamine. The abnormal electron spin resonance signal obtained from the livers of carcinogen-fed rats has been isolated in a 20-fold purified liver protein. This signal has been compared with the signals obtained from iron-NO free radical complexes with heme protein, and with thiol- or histidine-containing proteins. This comparison shows that the signal characteristic of livers from carcinogen-fed rats is an iron-NO complex with a specific thiol-containing protein. The origin of this paramagnetic complex and its relation to chemical carcinogenesis are discussed.