cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of the Relaxation Behavior of Failed Sandstone Specimens

The relaxation test on sandstone specimens showed typical behavior in pre-failure region and stepwise behavior in the post-failure region. Overall, more significant stress relaxation occurred within the failed specimens than the intact ones. Numerical simulations were conducted with pre-defined failure plane and with Voronoi tessellation to visualize the relaxation behavior. The model with pre-defined failure plane showed the key role of failure plane and asperity in simulating the step-wise post-failure relaxation behavior. The inhomogeneous stress distribution within failed specimen and the viscous deformation of intact rocks induced high stress concentration at the asperities. The observed step-wise relaxation initiated from the failure of asperity. Furthermore, the simulations with Voronoi tessellation showed time-dependent fracture development during relaxation in post-failure region. The presence of fractures completely changed the stress distribution. Stress concentration occurred at the front area of fractures and at the interacting areas between fractures. During relaxation, fractures still developed with time and the sudden significant increase in the “damage” coincided with the acceleration of stress relaxation leading to step-wise relaxation. Finally, the results showed the possibility of using residual strength as the long-term strength of failed rock.
Academic implications of insensitive parenting: A mediating path through children's relational representations

Abstract Despite evidence that insensitive parenting is associated with later academic achievement, few studies have evaluated mechanisms that may account for these effects. This study utilized a diverse sample of child-caregiver dyads (N = 245, 50.2% male, 46.5% Latinx) to evaluate a sequential mediation model from observations of female caregivers' insensitive parenting behaviors at age 4 to children's maternal representations at age 6, to teachers' reports of conflict in the teacher-child relationship at age 7 and, ultimately, to children's academic achievement at age 8. Even when holding prior levels of each study construct constant, analyses revealed a significant sequential mediation such that insensitive parenting contributed to increases in children's harsh maternal representations, which, in turn, predicted increases in teacher-child conflict at school and, ultimately, decreases in children's reading and math achievement. These findings highlight parenting and teacher-child relationship qualities as promising targets for interventions to promote children's academic achievement.
Noninvasive Markers of Fibrosis in the Assessment of Cirrhosis

The assessment of the extent of fibrosis in liver disease plays a central role in the management of many disease processes. Liver biopsy has long been regarded as the gold standard for the evaluation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, this invasive procedure has its inherent shortcomings. The search for an alternative to liver biopsy has led to the development of noninvasive markers in the blood for hepatic fibrosis. In this chapter, we review both nonspecific and specific biomarkers of fibrosis.
Three Ways to Imitate Paul in Late Antiquity: Ekstasis, Ekphrasis, Epektasis

Robert Orsi’s argument that religion, more than a system of “meaning making,” is a “network of relationships between heaven and earth” helps us understand what is at stake in imitation for early Christians. The question for Orsi is not, “What does it mean to imitate Paul?” as much as it is, “In what kind of relationship is one engaged when one imitates Paul?” Christians argue over both what to imitate (Who is Paul?) and how to imitate (How should Christians relate to Paul in order to be like him or to render him present?). The what has received lots of scholarly attention; this paper focuses on the how. I compare the range of possibilities of how to imitate Paul by focusing on three influential accounts of mimesis: Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (ekstasis), John Chrysostom (ekphrasis), and Gregory of Nyssa (epektasis).
Tactile P300 to unpredictable electric shocks: Association with anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism.

Abstract The no, predictable, and unpredictable threat (NPU-threat) task is an experimental paradigm that delineates the anticipation of predictable vs. unpredictable threat. The current literature suggests that heightened defensive motivation in anticipation of unpredictable threat is associated with anxiety disorders and increased symptoms. Few investigations have examined whether a heightened response to actual threat is also associated with anxiety-related phenomenology. The present study examined the relationship between the tactile P300 to shock delivery during the NPU-threat task and individual differences in anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism. Overall, the tactile P300 was enhanced in response to unpredictable shocks relative to predictable shocks. Greater tactile P300 enhancement to unpredictable shocks was associated with greater anxiety symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism. The present study suggests that temporal unpredictability enhances attentional engagement to threat, which is greater in individuals characterized by narrow and broad anxiety constructs.
Second-hand smoke surveillance and COVID-19: a missed opportunity.

SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) causes severe respiratory illness and multiorgan inflammatory disease.1 Smoking, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension and chronic lung diseases are risk factors for COVID-19 severity.2–4 Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure is a known causal risk factor for CVD and chronic lung disease,5 and may also be a risk factor for COVID-19 severity, either through its role in these underlying conditions, or through its inflammatory effect on upregulation of ACE-2 receptors, mediating COVID-19 cell entry.4 However, a lack of SHS surveillance makes it difficult to quantify any potential relationship or to make evidence-informed recommendations about the effects of SHS exposure on COVID-19 incidence or severity. To learn more about whether SHS exposure was being assessed in COVID-19 studies, we contacted researchers who had published COVID-19-related work. We contacted corresponding authors of peer-reviewed scientific articles published between February and April of 2020 identified by PubMed systematic searches using ‘COVID OR Coronavirus AND Risk Factors’ and similar terms. Abstracts were reviewed and papers included if they had data from patients with COVID-19 and risk factors. We …
A Defense of Average Utilitarianism

Seemingly every theory of population ethics is confronted with unpalatable implications. While various approaches to the subject have been taken, including non-consequentialist approaches, this area has been dominated by utilitarian thought. The two main approaches to population ethics have been total utilitarianism (“TU”) and average utilitarianism (“AU”). According to TU, we should seek to bring about the state of affairs that maximizes the total amount of happiness. According to AU, we should seek to bring about the state of affairs that maximizes average per capita happiness. Both theories have been afflicted by seemingly strong objections, and as a result, numerous variations and hybrids have been introduced. Despite the widespread disagreement in the field, though, a near consensus has developed in rejecting AU as an absurd view. In this paper, however, I will go against the grain and argue that AU is the theory of population ethics that we should endorse.
Cultural Competency Activities: Impact on Student Success

This study examines the impact of a cultural center on students’ views and perceptions of their own cultural competency learning and ability to manage their college experience at a large metropolitan university. This exploratory analysis highlights the views of ten students who frequently engaged with a cultural center. Emerging themes include: (a) how students at a metropolitan university defined cultural competence; (b) challenges, difficulties, and problems participants experienced interacting with people from other cultures (e.g. nationality, ethnicity); and (c) successful interactions participants experienced with people from other cultures. Findings and discussion from this study suggest: (a) identity, exposure, and critical awareness; (b) navigating and negotiating conflict; and (c) engaging cultural resources are the skills students develop, through experiences with a cultural center, that impact their ability to manage their college experience. This project studied a culturally mixed group of students using personal experiences, interviews, and focus group discussions to describe meaningful and defining moments. This study and its findings are noteworthy because there is little research in this subject area. All participants were frank, cooperative, and candid throughout the process. They offered insights and shared information regarding cultural competency at Metropolitan University (MU).
Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function

We know little about how ecosystems of different complexity will respond to global warming1,2,3,4,5. Microcosms permit experimental control over species composition and rates of environmental change. Here we show using microcosm experiments that extinction risk in warming environments depends on trophic position but remains unaffected by biodiversity. Warmed communities disproportionately lose top predators and herbivores, and become increasingly dominated by autotrophs and bacterivores. Changes in the relative distribution of organisms among trophically defined functional groups lead to differences in ecosystem function beyond those expected from temperature-dependent physiological rates. Diverse communities retain more species than depauperate ones, as predicted by the insurance hypothesis, which suggests that high biodiversity buffers against the effects of environmental variation because tolerant species are more likely to be found6,7. Studies of single trophic levels clearly show that warming can affect the distribution and abundance of species2,4,5, but complex responses generated in entire food webs greatly complicate inferences based on single functional groups.
Chapter 147 Synthesis and properties of single-crystal nanostructures

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a simple framework used to understand the properties of epitaxial systems. An important factor is the magnetostriction and strain dependence of magnetism generally exhibited by the rare earths. The rare earths mainly adopt the hexagonal close packed (hcp) lattice structure and, in metallic and alloy form, display elegant and complex magnetic structures. The low-temperature phase of many of these elements has a ferromagnetic component. The intermediate phases (except for Gd) are oscillatory and are truly characteristic of the lanthanide metals. The chapter discusses the changes that take place when the rare-earth metal is part of a multilayer structure in which successive layers are formed from different metals with each layer only nanometers thick. Despite the complexity of many lanthanide phases, these materials remain magnetically robust as components of a multilayer stack. Each block of lanthanide metal retains a well defined magnetic phase diagram in which the material transforms from one phase to another at particular values of temperature, applied magnetic field, and lattice strain. The specification of the state requires the complete elastic strain tensor or otherwise the atomic volume and shape. This robustness of the magnetic material must derive from the fact that the lanthanide moments take essentially fixed values and that the correlations among them in a multilayer remain long-ranged in at least one of the space dimensions.
Huntington’s Disease-Like 2

Clinical characteristics Huntington disease-like 2 (HDL2) typically presents in midlife with a relentless progressive triad of movement, emotional, and cognitive abnormalities which lead to death within ten to 20 years. HDL2 cannot be differentiated from Huntington disease clinically. Neurologic abnormalities include chorea, hypokinesia (rigidity, bradykinesia), dysarthria, and hyperreflexia in the later stages of the disease. There is a strong correlation between the duration of the disease and the progression of the motor and cognitive disorder. Diagnosis/testing The diagnosis of HDL2 rests on positive family history, characteristic clinical findings, and the detection of an expansion of 40 or more CTG trinucleotide repeats in JPH3. Management Treatment of manifestations: Treatment is symptomatic and is presumably similar to that for HD and other neurodegenerative disorders – although this must be considered speculative pending objective data. Pharmacologic agents that may suppress abnormal movements include tetrabenazine and its derivatives, low-dose neuroleptic agents such as fluphenazine and haloperidol. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers (lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine), and occasionally stimulants may improve psychiatric manifestations. Education about the course of disease and environmental interventions (regular schedules, use of lists to assist memory). Remove loose rugs and clutter from the individual's home and minimize or eliminate the need for stairs to help prevent falls and other injuries; driving may need to be curtailed or limited to prevent risk of accidents; food should be prepared in such a manner as to prevent choking. Surveillance: Monitor: nutrition and swallowing in order to implement feeding changes when necessary to minimize risk of aspiration; gait and use appropriate strategies or devices to minimize falls; driving to assure that affected individuals do not present a danger to themselves or others; mood and irritability, such that measures to decrease the risk of suicide, other behavioral abnormalities, and distress may be implemented. Agents/circumstances to avoid: Any agents that increase ataxia should be used with caution; avoid polypharmacy, which may exacerbate delirium. Genetic counseling HDL2 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. HDL2 resulting from a de novo pathogenic variant has not been reported but is theoretically possible. Offspring of an individual with HDL2 have a 50% chance of inheriting the HDL2-causing allele. Predictive testing in asymptomatic adults at risk is available but requires careful thought (including pre- and post-test genetic counseling) as there is currently no cure for the disorder. Predictive testing is not considered appropriate for asymptomatic at-risk individuals younger than age 18 years. Prenatal testing for a pregnancy at increased risk and preimplantation genetic testing are possible once an HDL2-causing expansion has been identified in an affected family member.
La colonialidad del ver. Hacia un nuevo diálogo visual interepistémico

La colonialidad del ver es constitutiva de la modernidad, en consecuencia, actua como patron heterarquico de dominacion, determinante para todas las instancias de la vida contemporanea. el articulo busca asi: 1) contribuir al estudio y critica de la matriz visual de la colonialidad; 2) ofrecer herramientas para hacer visible el lugar de enunciacion de la mirada occidental-colonial; y 3) analizar imagenes-archivo relacionadas con el canibal, el salvaje, el primitivo y el antropofago. De alli se discuten mecanismos y tecnologias visuales donde opera hoy la inferiorizacion, la objetualizacion y la racializacion, y se problematiza la relacion entre produccion visual de alteridad y racismo epistemologico
Acoma and Laguna Pottery

Acoma and Laguna Pottery, Rick Dillingham with Melinda Elliott. edited by Joan Kathryn O'Donnel. 1992. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, xii. 241 pp., maps, plates, figures, illustrations, appendices, references, and Index. $45.00 (cloth), $24.95 (paper).
The Case for the Use of Animals in Science

Animals are now used extensively in research and teaching, and the appropriateness of their use appears to be questioned. Some people believe that we are in a new era where the animal activists have become much more influential, and that the antagonism between the scientists and these groups is worse than it ever has been. This does not appear to be the case. The preeminence of various influences seems rather cyclic, even perhaps influenced by such things as economic conditions or wars. At present, the question is often asked, “Should we continue to use animals in science?” The real question should be, “How do we use animals in research and teaching responsibly?” Anyone asking the first question begs credibility, while the second question implies that the questioner is realistic and responsible, with a concern for humanity as a whole.
Short-Term Afferent Axotomy Increases Both Strength and Depression at Ia–Motoneuron Synapses in Rat

Synaptic efficacy at the rat Ia–motoneuron synapse has been reported to increase in vivo , within 3 d of sectioning a single muscle nerve ([Miyata and Yasuda, 1988][1]). We provide an indirect test of the hypothesis that this increase is caused by altered probability of transmitter release of axotomized afferents. Experiments consisted of in vivo recording of maximal composite group I EPSPs evoked in intact rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons by stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (LG-S). We compared the maximal LG-S EPSP amplitude and the response to high-frequency stimulation (modulation) recorded in untreated rats, with the same measures recorded in rats that had the LG-S nerve axotomized 3 d before data collection. In confirmation of previous work, the mean amplitude of LG-S EPSPs evoked by stimulation of axotomized afferents was significantly larger than that measured in untreated rats (3.9 ± 0.34 and 2.3 ± 0.19 mV, respectively). The increase in EPSP amplitude was accompanied by significantly greater negative modulation (depression) of EPSP amplitude during high-frequency stimulation (−39 ± 4% and −53 ± 4%, untreated and treated, respectively). Modulation would not be expected to change if the increase in EPSP amplitude was attributable solely to a greater number of afferent connections ([Koerber and Mendell, 1991][2]). Therefore, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that the initial axotomy-induced increase in synaptic efficacy occurs because of an increase in the probability of transmitter release. Furthermore, these results suggest that the probability of transmitter release at this synapse is regulated by either afferent activity and/or trophic communication with the target muscle. [1]: #ref-33 [2]: #ref-21
Predicting lung radiotherapy-induced pneumonitis using a model combining parametric Lyman probit with nonparametric decision trees.

Purpose: To develop and test a model to predict for lung radiation-induced Grade 2+ pneumonitis. Methods and Materials: The model was built from a database of 234 lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy (RT), of whom 43 were diagnosed with pneumonitis. The model augmented the predictive capability of the parametric dose-based Lyman normal tissue complication probability (LNTCP) metric by combining it with weighted nonparametric decision trees that use dose and nondose inputs. The decision trees were sequentially added to the model using a “boosting” process that enhances the accuracy of prediction. The model’s predictive capability was estimated by 10-fold cross-validation. To facilitate dissemination, the cross-validation result was used to extract a simplified approximation to the complicated model architecture created by boosting. Application of the simplified model is demonstrated in two example cases. Results: The area under the model receiver operating characteristics curve for cross-validation was 0.72, a significant improvement over the LNTCP area of 0.63 ( p = 0.005). The simplified model used the following variables to output a measure of injury: LNTCP, gender, histologic type, chemotherapy schedule, and treatment schedule. For a given patient RT plan, injury prediction was highest for the combination of pre-RT chemotherapy, once-daily treatment, female gender and lowest for the combination of no pre-RT chemotherapy and nonsquamous cell histologic type. Application of the simplified model to the example cases revealed that injury prediction for a given treatment plan can range from very low to very high, depending on the settings of the nondose variables. Conclusions: Radiation pneumonitis prediction was significantly enhanced by decision trees that added the influence of nondose factors to the LNTCP formulation.
Review komatiites: from Earth’s geological settings to planetary and astrobiological contexts

Komatiites are fascinating volcanic rocks. They are among the most ancient lavas of the Earth following the 3.8 Ga pillow basalts at Isua and they represent some of the oldest ultramafic magmatic rocks preserved in the Earth’s crust at 3.5 Ga. This fact, linked to their particular features (high magnesium content, high melting temperatures, low dynamic viscosities, etc.), has attracted the community of geoscientists since their discovery in the early sixties, who have tried to determine their origin and understand their meaning in the context of terrestrial mantle evolution. In addition, it has been proposed that komatiites are not restricted to our planet, but they could be found in other extraterrestrial settings in our Solar System (particularly on Mars and Io). It is important to note that komatiites may be extremely significant in the study of the origins and evolution of Life on Earth. They not only preserve essential geochemical clues of the interaction between the pristine Earth rocks and atmosphere, but also may have been potential suitable sites for biological processes to develop. Thus, besides reviewing the main geodynamic, petrological and geochemical characteristics of komatiites, this paper also aims to widen their investigation beyond the classical geological prospect, calling attention to them as attractive rocks for research in Planetology and Astrobiology.
Pressure derivatives of elastic moduli of fused quartz to 10 kb

Abstract Measurements of the longitudinal and shear moduli were made on fused quartz to 10 kb at 24·5°C. The anomalous behavior of the bulk modulus K at low pressure, ∂K ∂P , begins to approach the “normal” behavior of solids, ∂K ∂P > 0 , at higher pressures. The pressure derivative of the rigidity modulus ∂G ∂P remains constant and negative for the pressure range covered. A 15-kb hydrostatic pressure vessel is described for use with ultrasonic pulse instrumentation for precise measurements of elastic moduli and density changes with pressure. The placing of the transducer outside the pressure medium, and the use of C -ring pressure seals result in ease of operation and simplicity of design.
Significance of alteration in biodistribution of labeled lymphocytes exposed to stannous ion

The biodistribution patterns of 99mTc (99mTc-lymph) and 111In-lymphocytes with [111In-(Sn)-lymph] or without (111In-lymph) stannous ion treatment was compared in Lewis rats. Syngeneic lymphocytes were labeled with either 125 μCi (4.63 MBq) 99mTc or 5 uCi (1985 kBq) 111In per 2×107 cells. Mean labeling efficiency for 99mTc and 111In was 68.61%±3.90% (SEM) and 87.22%±2.01% (SEM) respectively. 99mTc-lymph (n=4), 111In-lymph (n=6) and 111In-(Sn)-lymph (n=6) rats received 2x107 cells and were killed 18 h later. While 99mTc-lymph demonstrated significantly less localization in spleen, lymph nodes, and blood (P(F)0.01) as compared with 111In-lymph, 111In-(Sn)lymph also demonstrated a significant difference (P[F]=0.0001) in lymph node accumulation when compared to 111In-lymph. As the activity levels utilized are not associated with cell radiation damage, these alterations in biodistribution do not reflect viability or chromosomal damage, but appear related to stannous ion exposure.
Role of particle wettability in capture by a suspension-feeding crab (Emerita talpoida)

Suspension feeders sometimes depend on adhesion between particle and collector to capture food. If food particles have different adhesive properties than other particles, food could be passively selected by adhesive mechanisms. In this regard, the effect of particle wettability on adhesion to artificial and natural collectors was studied. First, the adhesion of glass particles to artificial collectors, both varying in wettability, was assessed to determine if wettability influenced adhesion in seawater. The adhesive force between glass particles and artificial collectors was measured by increasing the force pulling particles away from the collector until 50% of the particles fell off the collector. Adhesion increased as particle wettability decreased. Next, glass particles were used to determine if the antennal collector of the suspension-feeding mole crab Emerita talpoida captured particles based on particle wettability. 0.5 to 10 and 15 to 25 μm particles were suspended in a recirculating flow tank filled with seawater, and ablated antennae were exposed to this flow, after which the captured particles were counted. Results for the 0.5 to 10 μm particles confirmed predictions based on results from artificial collectors; particle capture increased as particle wettability decreased. The 15 to 25 μm particles may have been captured by sieving, and consequently did not follow predictions based on adhesion. Passive selection of particles based upon wettability differences can occur.
Effect of pargyline on morphine tolerance and physical dependence development in mice.

Abstract The effects of single and repeated pargyline administration on morphine antinociception in both naive and morphine-tolerant mice on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine tolerant-dependent animals were investigated. Adult, male Swiss-Webster mice were rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine by the s.c. pellet implantation technique. Morphine alagesia, as assessed by teh tail-flick antinociceptive test, was potentiated in tolerant animals by acute administration of pargyline but antagonized by repeated pargyline administratoin; pargyline produced similar effects in non-tolerant mice and to the same relative degree. Repeated pargyline treatment during morphine pellet implantation enhanced the withdrawal jumping response precipitated by naloxone in dependent mice. Pargyline also, after a single injection, exacerbated jumping in mice undergoing abrupt withdrawal. Neither acute nor chronic pargyline administration altered teh brain distribution of injected morphine in non-tolerant mice. It was concluded that pargyline may modify acute morphine actions and withdrawal without materially altering the process(es) involved in the development of tolerance and physical dependence.
Coupling of photoluminescent centers in ZnO to localized and propagating surface plasmons

Abstract The interaction of excitons and other photoluminescent centers in semiconductors with plasmons represents the coupling of the fundamental one-particle, electron-hole excitation with the fundamental many-particle excitation in metals. We describe recent photoluminescence and pump-probe experiments that illustrate both the energetics and the dynamics of this interaction, in a model material incorporating ZnO films separated from a nanostructured plasmonic metal substrate by a variable-thickness spacer layer. We find evidence for different coupling mechanisms for the band-edge exciton and donor–acceptor pair defect luminescence, and discuss the competing roles of localized surface-plasmon resonances and propagating surface-plasmon polaritons. We also present first femtosecond pump-probe lifetime measurements for the band-edge exciton with and without the presence of nearby metal nanostructures.
Self-control and choice in humans: Effects of video game playing as a positive reinforcer

Abstract Participants chose between reinforcement schedules differing in delay of reinforcement (interval between a choice response and onset of a video game) and/or amount of reinforcement (duration of access to the game). Experiment 1 showed that immediate reinforcement was preferred to delayed reinforcement with amount of reinforcement held constant, and a large reinforcer was preferred to a small reinforcer when both were obtainable immediately. Imposing a delay before the large reinforcer produced a preference for the immediate, small reinforcer in 40% of participants. This suggested a limited degree of “impulsivity.” In Experiment 2, unequal delays were extended by equal intervals, the amounts being kept equal. Preference for the shorter delay decreased, an effect that presumably makes possible the “preference reversal” phenomenon in studies of self-control. Overall, the results demonstrate that video game playing can produce useful, systematic data when used as a positive reinforcer for choice behavior in humans.
Moderately stable flow over a three-dimensional hill A comparison of linear theory with laboratory measurements

Several series of experiments were performed in a stratified towing tank to study the near-field flow of a linearly stratified fluid over an isolated three-dimensional hill. Streamlines were obtained in the laboratory using a stereographic method to determine the paths of plumes of dye released upstream of the hill. Velocities over the hill centre were obtained by analysis of video recordings of dye plumes and with a propeller anemometer. The results of these experiments are compared with numerical solutions, computed using Fast Fourier Transforms, of the linearized equations of motion for an inviscid fluid. Numerical solutions were obtained using two different upper boundary conditions: one represents flow in a fluid of infinite depth and the other flow in a fluid of finite depth. Near the hill surface, the predicted streamline deflections were quite similar in both cases except for Froude numbers close to one in the lee of the hill. Good agreement with the measurements is found for Froude numbers (based on the hill height) greater than about 2.0. For Froude numbers greater than about 4.0, flow patterns were observed to differ only slightly from those for neutral flow. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1991.00005.x
Laminar dispersion in curved tubes and channels

Dispersion in curved tubes and channels is treated analytically, using the velocity distribution of Topakoglu (1967) for tubes and that of Goldstein (1965) for curved channels. The result for curved tubes is compared with that obtained previously by Erdogan & Chatwin (1967) and it is found that the presentdispersion coefficient contains the Erdogan & Chatwin result as a limiting case.The most striking difference between the results is that Erdogan & Chatwin predict that the dispersion coefficient is always decreased by curvature if the Schmidt number exceeds 0.124, which is the ease for essentially all systems of practical interest. In contrast, the present result, equation (76), predicts that the dispersion coefficient may be increased substantially by curvature in low Reynolds number flows, particularly in liquid systems which would be of interest in biological systems.Two competing mechanisms of dispersion are present in curved systems. Curvature increases the variation in residence time across the flow in comparison with straight systems and this in turn increases the dispersion coefficient. The secondary flow which occurs in curved tubes creates a transverse mixing which decreases the dispersion coefficient. The results demonstrate that the relative importance of these two effects changes with the Reynolds number, since the dispersion coefficient first increases and then decreases as the Reynolds number increases. Since secondary flows are not present in curved channels the dispersion coefficient is increased over that in straight channels for all cases.
Substrate-specificity and toxicological significance of pyrethroid-hydrolyzing esterases of mouse liver microsomes☆

Abstract An esterase or esterases in acetone powder preparations of mouse liver microsomes hydrolyze the cyclopropanecarboxylate ester linkage of pyrethroid insecticide chemicals derived from primary alcohols. The rate of cleavage of (+)- trans -chrysanthemates with various alcohol moieties decreases in the following order: 5-propargyl-2-furylmethyl; 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (bioresmethrin); 3-phenoxybenzyl; tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl esters. The hydrolysis rate of benzylfurylmethyl esters with various acid moieties decreases in the order: (+)- or (−)- trans -chrysanthemate; (+)- trans -ethanochrysanthemate; tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate; (+)- or (−)- cis -chrysanthemate or (+)- cis -ethanochrysanthemate. The trans -isomers of chrysanthemates and ethanochrysanthemates are hydrolyzed from 2.6- to more than 50-fold more rapidly than the corresponding cis -isomers. This enzyme system does not hydrolyze secondary alcohol esters, i.e., allethronyl (+)- trans - and (+)- cis -chrysanthemates. On intraperitoneal administration to mice, the (+)- trans -chrysanthemate and -ethanochrysanthemate of benzylfurylmethanol are of very low toxicity relative to the corresponding (+)- cis -isomers and the tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate. S,S,S -tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) pretreatment increases the toxicity of these five compounds by 2.6- to more than 188-fold, with the exception of bioresmethrin whose toxicity is not altered. When the toxicity is increased, it is probably the result of esterase inhibition since DEF strongly inhibits the esterase activity of fresh liver microsomes while the mixed-function oxidase system remains active. The oxidase system metabolizes the chrysanthemates more rapidly than the ethanochrysanthemates of benzylfuryl-methanol. Depending upon the pyrethroid involved, the esterase or the mixed-function oxidase system, or both may be responsible for limiting the toxicity of these pyrethroids to mice.
Differential effects of male stimuli on follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin secretion in prepubertal female mice.

Puberty may be induced rapidly in young female mice by exposing them to adult males. The relevant male stimuli include a urinary pheromone and tactile cues, the latter acting in a potentiating capacity. The specific action of the urinary pheromone on pituitary gonadotropins was the subject of the present research. Immature females of a standard size were either paired with adult males, isolated and their bedding sprayed with male urine, or maintained as isolated controls. Exposure to male urine resulted in a rapid and significant release of LH (30 min) which was maintained at an average of 50% higher than levels in isolated controls throughout the 48 h experiment; no immediate changes were observed in either serum FSH or prolactin, but FSH was depressed and prolactin rose progressively during later sampling periods. Cohabitation with an adult male yielded parallel but decidedly stronger responses in the concentrations of all three hormones. Exogenous estrogen, administered in a second experiment at a dosa...
The use of alkalinity as a conservative tracer in a study of near-surface hydrologic change in tropical karst

Abstract Water shortages commonly increase in frequency following forest clearance on lands overlying karst in the tropics. The mechanism underlying this hydrologic change is likely to depend on the land use which follows forest cover. To determine the flow paths which prevail for a progression of land uses common to the uplands of Leyte, Philippines, samples of interflow were collected during the rainy season and titrated to determine their alkalinities. The ratio of the measured alkalinity to the value predicted by equilibrium calculations for each sample was used as an indication of the contact time of the water with the limestone. The responses of the alkalinity saturation ratio and the runoff depth to increasing rainfall depth were used to substantiate the hypothesis that epikarst infilling and changing soil structure create throttles to percolation and infiltration. The forest site was found to generate interflow primarily as pipe flow, with the infiltration and percolation throttles rarely exceeded. Similarly, infiltration was not limiting for the slash/mulch site; however, the level of soil disturbance was adequate to initiate a throttle at the epikarst which increased the volume of interflow generated. The total percolation was similar for the plowed and slash/mulch sites; however, the interflow was decreased at the plowed site by reduced infiltration at the soil surface. The throttles to surface infiltration and epikarst percolation were even greater at the pasture sites, resulting in high runoff generation. However, comparatively greater infiltration was observed in the pasture having contour-hedgerows.
Lack of utility of risk factors in predicting symptomatic ulcers and ulcer complications on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Lack of utility of risk factors in predicting symptomatic ulcers and ulcer complications on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Extending the Psychology of the Psychological Contract: A Reply to “Putting Psychology Back Into Psychological Contracts”

This article is in response to Meckler, Drake, and Levinson's essay regarding returning research on the psychological contract to its clinical roots. Although not disagreeing with the value of a cl...
Toxicity of malachite green to cultured american lobster larvae

Abstract Malachite green has been used to control fungal and epibiotic infestations of larval lobsters. The concentration of malachite green and the exposure period are critical to survival. The effects of increasing concentrations and exposure periods show survival to be adversely effected with treatments above 8 ppm for 16 min and above 20 ppm for 8 min administered every other day throughout the larval period. Development of the larvae is retarded with increasing treatment levels. Survivors of high treatment levels show no immediate post-treatment effects.
Evaluation and donor site morbidity of tibial bone graft in sinus lift operation

Aim: The use of autologous bone is a good option for bone grafts in implantology. The purpose of this study was to present advantages in harvesting the proximal tibial cancellous bone as an alternative in the sinus floor lifting procedure, seeking future installation of osseointegraded implants. Materials and methods: Between 2002 and 2006, 19 patients were attended, with age between 41 and 77, being 9 males and 10 females, in order to lift the maxillary sinus floor. The approach to the donor site was medial, because of the fact that this method brings minor risk of injury to anatomical structures. Results: All cases allowed the installation of osseointegraded implants. Only minor complications occurred, such as local ecchymosis and ecchymosis extending to foot. In all cases, ambulation was immediate. Conclusions: A good amount of bone could be harvested; scarce pain symptomatology was detected, and risk of complications could be considered very low in the donor site.
Water and osmotic pressure regulation in the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae

Abstract Late instar larvae starved at 53% r.h. maintained constant haemolymph osmotic pressure (O.P.) for 12 days with only a small rise from 353 to 363 mOsm at day 17 when haemolymph volume was nearly zero. Total body water was also nearly constant for the first 12 days and then dropped from 62 to 58·5%. At low r.h. for 7 days, starved larvae lost more water than those at high r.h., but haemolymph O.P. ranged from 351 to 363 mOsm, and total body water remained nearly constant. Measured values were lower than expected from actual water losses, requiring that solutes be removed from the blood. Larvae starved at 53% r.h. for 7 days and then given distilled water took in 60 per cent of the starved weight and increased haemolymph water volume by 55 per cent. O.P. dropped only to 326 mOsm as against the expected 210 mOsm. More solute was mobilized than had been apparently sequestered during starvation. Thus body fluids are closely regulated despite wide internal and external changes.
Movement of nitrogen‐15 labeled nitrate in large undisturbed columns of poorly drained soil

Abstract A laboratory study was conducted with large (20‐cm i.d., 110‐cm long PVC pipe) intact soil columns to determine the movement of fertilizer NO3 ‐ in poorly drained, conventionally tilled soil under simulated low (7.6 cm) and heavy (15.2 cm) rainfall. Soil in the columns was brought to near‐maximum water‐holding capacity (9 kPa) to simulate the typical field soil moisture regime during the spring. A constant‐level water table was imposed at the base of the column to further simulate field conditions of the Drummer silty clay loam (mixed, mesic, Typic Haplaquoll) soil used. Fertilizer was applied in solution at a rate equivalent to 168 kg N ha‐1 as 15N‐labeled KNO3. Water was then applied in three applications, spaced one wk apart. To minimize the movement of water along the soil‐pipe interface, a 3 mm‐wide band of air‐dried disturbed soil was packed around the core to ensure a seal along the interface. Recovery of fertilizer NO3 ‐‐N below the water table at the end of the 28‐d study was < 0.06% (0....
Rapid determination of chromium(VI) in electroplating waste water by use of a spectrophotometric flow injection system.

Abstract A new rapid and sensitive FI method is reported for spectrophotometric determination of trace chromium(VI) in electroplating waste water. The method is based on the reaction of Cr(VI) with sodium diphenylamine sulfonate (DPH) in acidic medium to form a purple complex (λmax = 550 nm). Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve is linear in the range 0.04–3.8 μg m l−1 at a sampling rate of 30 h−1. The detection limit of the method is 0.0217 μg m l−1, and the relative standard deviation is 1.1% for eight determinations of 2 μg ml−1 Cr(VI). The proposed method was applied to the determination of chromium in electroplating waste water with satisfactory results.
Deconvolution of the Raman spectrum of amorphous carbon

A constrained non-linear deconvolution method was used to analyse the Raman spectrum of amorphous carbon. The method was tested by applying it to a model spectrum. Before the deconvolution the observed Raman spectrum was smoothed by a least-squares convoluting procedure. The proper width of the spread function used in the deconvolution was determined by examining the reversibility of the deconvolution process. The deconvolution result for the Raman spectrum of amorphous carbon has a form very similar to the phonon density of states of graphite. This is taken to be additional evidence for Shuker and Gamon's model for Raman spectra of amorphous materials. Potentially, the deconvolution method can also be used for other aspects of Raman spectrum analysis of amorphous materials, such as finding the relative intensity of each peak of study the structure of the material.
A new twist in computer aided geometric design

C 1 rectangular Coons patches are widely used in computer aided geometric design. The defining parameters include “twists,” i.e., mixed partial derivatives at the corners of the patches, which are difficult geometric design handles. Several methods of automatically determining twists are given. These include two preprocessing schemes in which the twists are obtained from C° approximations based on positional and derivative information at the corners of the patches, and two new interpolation schemes which can be discretized to form 12 or 20 parameter methods. The problem of incompatible normal derivative data is also discussed.
Long-Term Postoperative Bleeding After Dentoalveolar Surgery in the Pretransplant Liver Failure Patient

Purpose A retrospective review of a protocol-driven single institutional experience for treatment of pretransplant liver failure patients requiring dentoalveolar procedures for transplant clearance. Materials and Methods Between January 2003 and June 2005, 30 liver failure patients requiring pretransplant dentoalveolar surgery at the University of Michigan Hospital were treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Hospital Dentistry undergoing 35 total procedures. These patients were stratified preoperatively into 3 different “risk” groups (minimal, moderate, high) based on number and complexity of teeth to be extracted as well as any planned adjunctive preprosthetic procedures. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparison of groups was conducted, as well as logistic regression analysis and 2-tailed Pearson correlation using χ2 and the Fisher exact test. The only statistically significant (P < .05) predictors of long-term postoperative bleeding were surgeon-defined “risk,” the number of simple extractions, and quadrants of alveoplasty. Additional postoperative correlations were found between long-term bleeding and the need for hospital admission as well as the use of blood products for treatment. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), preoperative prothombin time (PT), preoperative partial thromboplastin time (PTT), preoperative international normalized ratio (INR), and preoperative platelet count were not statistically significant in predicting postoperative bleeding. Despite a more aggressive protocol for preoperative management of “high risk” patients, 5/10 (50%) experienced prolonged postoperative bleeding, with 3/5 (60%) requiring admission, while 1/5 (20%) experienced significant prolongation of their current inpatient stay. Review of the data showed that 5/9 (56%) of patients with 10 or more simple extractions developed long-term postoperative bleeding, all of whom had been classified in the “high risk” grouping. Admitted patients remained hospitalized an average of 4 days (range of 1-6 days). Conclusion Even with aggressive preoperative management, pretransplant liver failure patients requiring extraction of at least 10 teeth prior to placement on the liver transplant list are at significant risk of long-term postoperative bleeding and hospital admission for its management.
Differential Effects of Lysophosphatidylcholine on the Adsorption of Phospholipids to an Air/Water Interface

To determine how the hydrophobic surfactant proteins promote insertion of the surfactant lipids into an air/water interface, we measured the effect of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) on adsorption. Existing models contend that the proteins function either by disordering the lipids or by stabilizing a negatively curved structure located between the adsorbing vesicle and the interface. Because LPC produces greater disorder but positive curvature, the models predict opposite effects. With vesicles containing either dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) or the neutral and phospholipids isolated from calf surfactant, LPC increased the initial rate at which surface tension fell. The final surface tension, however, remained well above the value of ∼25 mN/m expected for a saturated surface. With two preparations, dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and gramicidin A-DOPC, which form the negatively curved hexagonal-II (HII) phase and adsorb rapidly, LPC instead had little effect on initial adsorption but delayed the fall of surface tension below ∼30 mN/m. LPC produced a similar inhibition of the late adsorption for extracted calf surfactant. Unlike dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and gramicidin A-DOPC, small-angle x-ray scattering and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance for extracted calf surfactant detected no evidence for the HII phase. Our results indicate that although LPC can promote the initial adsorption of vesicles containing only lamellar lipids, it inhibits the facilitation by the hydrophobic proteins of late adsorption. Our findings support a model in which the surfactant proteins accelerate adsorption by producing a focal tendency to stabilize a negatively curved kinetic intermediate without a general shift to the HII phase.
Process Recording: Importing a Technique from Social Work Field Instruction

ABSTRACT Process recording, a technique in social work field instruction, is a useful device in addiction counselor preparation. It provides a framework that encourages attention to details of interaction, feelings, and uses of skills.