cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small distortion and volume preserving embeddings for planar and Euclidean metrics

A finite metric space, (S,d) , contains a finite set of points and a distance function on pairs of points. A contraction is an embedding, h, of a finite metric space (S, d) into Rd where for any u, v E S, the Euclidean (&) distance between h(u) and h(v) is no more than d(u, v). The distortion of the embedding is the maximum over pairs of the ratio of d(u, w) and the Euclidean distance between h(u) and h(v). Bourgain showed that any graphical metric could be embedded with distortion O(logn). Linial, London and Rabinovich and Aumman and Rabani used such embeddings to prove an O(log k) approximate max-flow min-cut theorem for k commodity flow problems. A generalization of embeddings that preserve distances between pairs-of points are embeddings that preserve volumes of larger sets. In particular, A (k, c)-volume respecting embedding of n-points in any metric space is a contraction where every subset of k points has within an ck-’ factor of its maximal possible k l-dimensional volume. Feige invented these embeddings in devising a polylogarithmic approximation algorithm for the bandwidth problem using these embeddings. Feige’s methods have subsequently been used by Vempala for approximating versions of the VLSI layout problem. Feise showed that a (k, O(10,g~‘~ n,/m)) volume r&ecting embedding‘ eksted.” Be -recently found improved (k, 0( mdk log k + log n)) volume respecting embeddings. For metrics arising from planar graphs (planar metrics), we give (k,O(m)) volume respecting contractions. As a corollary, we give embeddings for Permission to makkr digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. XC’99 Miami Beach Florida Copyright ACM 1999 I-581 13-068-6/99/06...$5.00 planar metrics with distortion O(e). This gives rise to an O(e)-approximate max-flow min-cut theorem for multicommodity flow problems in planar graphs. We also give an improved bound for volume respecting embeddings for Euclidean metrics. In particular, we give an (k,O(dog klog D)) volume respecting embedding where D is the ratio of the largest distance to the smallest distance in the metric. Our results give improvements for Feige’s and Vempala’s approximation algorithms for planar and Euclidean metrics. For volume respecting embeddings, our embeddings do not degrade very fast when preserving the volumes of large subsets. This may be useful in the future for approximation algorithms or if volume .respecting embeddings prove to be of independent interest.
Manifestation of structural defects in photoluminescence from GaN

Sharp peaks of unidentified nature are detected in the low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of undoped GaN in the photon energy range between 3.0 and 3.46 eV. These PL lines are commonly attributed to excitons bound to yet unidentified structural defects. We analyzed X-ray diffraction data in a large set of GaN samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy in order to find any correlation between these unusual PL peaks and the GaN crystal structure. Moreover, in selected samples exhibiting such peaks, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy was taken in an effort to detect the presence and density of various structural defects. The preliminarily results indicate that most of unusual PL lines in GaN ( Y lines) are not directly related to the observed structural defects, such as edge, screw, mixed dislocations, or stacking faults. However, there exists the possibility that point defects trapped at dislocations or other structural defects are responsible for these PL lines.
Optic disc changes in ocular hypertension

Measurements were made of the percent areas of optic disc cupping and pallor in ocular hypertensive eyes and normal eyes. The ocular hypertensive eyes showed significant increases in pallor but not in cupping compared to normal eyes. There was also a significant positive correlation of cupping with age in normal eyes but not in ocular hypertensive eyes. Fluorescein angiography of the optic disc showed an increase in the number and area of filling defects in ocular hypertensive compared to normal eyes. There were significant positive correlations in ocular hypertensives between percent area of filling defects with both age and systolic blood pressure which were not present with normal eyes. The optic disc changes which occur in ocular hypertensive eyes are primarily characterized by an increase in pallor and an increase in both the number and area of fluorescein filling defects.
Vaccination of Rainbow Trout against Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) by Using Attenuated Mutants Selected by Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract A neutralizing monoclonal antibody against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was used to select neutralization-resistant mutants from isolates of virus obtained from adult steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss returning to the Round Butte Hatchery (RB mutants) on the Deschutes River in Oregon, USA, and from rainbow trout (nonanadromous O. mykiss) at a commercial hatchery in the Hagerman Valley of Idaho, USA (193-110 mutants). Two of the mutants, RB-1 and 193-110-4, were significantly (P < 0.001) attenuated compared with parental strains. Vaccination of rainbow trout by waterborne exposure to the mutants conferred solid protection against challenge with wild-type virus. In some trials, fish vaccinated with the RB-1 mutant at 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of 1 × 104–1 × 105 TCID50/mL or with the 193-110-4 mutant at 1 × 102–1 × 103 TCID50/mL, held for 14 d, then challenged with the homologous wild-type strain at 1 × 105 TCID50/mL showed relative percent survival of 95–100% (P < 0...
A case report of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a patient with multiple myeloma and a review of the literature.

Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy of lymphoid cell lineage with an annual incidence rate of 5.6 cases per 100,000 and a median age at time of diagnosis of 70 years. Chronic myelognous leukemia (CML) is a malignancy of myeloid cell lineage charcterized by the t(9;22) (q34;q11) reciprocal translocation, known as he Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, which produces the BCR-ABL1 ybrid fusion. CML has an annual incidence rate of 1 to 2 cases per 00,000 and a mean age at time of diagnosis of 65 years. The occurrence of these 2 uncommon diseases in the same patient is extremely rare, and, since 1972, there have been 15 cases reported in the world literature. The question of the origin of these 2 malignancies in such patients remains unanswered. Here we describe the
A note on the effects of anonymity, response consequence information, and sex on the self-assessment of fear.

Abstract Despite an increasing emphasis on the direct observation and measurement of behavior in the assessment of fear (e.g. Bernstein, 1973. Goldfried and Sprafkin, 1974: Hersen, 1973). the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS; Geer, 1965: Wolpe and Lang, 1964) has remained popular as a paper-and-pencil instrument for screening large populations of potential treatment subjects prior to behavior avoidance tests (BATs; e.g. Bernstein and Nietzel, 1973). The utility of the FSS for this purpose is largely dependent upon its ability accurately to predict avoidance behavior in the presence of specific fear targets (Hersen, 1973) but. unfortunately, correlations between self-reported fear intensity on the FSS and overt behavior during BATs usually range from low to moderate (Lang, 1968; Schroeder and Craine, 1971). There is evidence that this disparity between FSS reports of fear and subsequent avoidance behavior are due in part to the operation of situational and contextual variables within the BAT which affect overt responses (Bernstein, 1973). and it seems reasonable to suspect that procedural variations in the self-assessment situation (e.g. method of test administration, instructions regarding the nature and purpose of testing, test form. and physical/interpersonal context) could modify FSS responses in a similar fashion. While research on projective and other assessment instruments has clearly established the influence of such variables on test responses (e.g. Azrin, Holz and Goldiamond, 1961; Henry and Rotter, 1956; Page and Yates, 1975). it is presently unknown to what extent ‘impression management’ strategies (Braginsky, Grosse and Ring, 1966) based upon cues in the testing situation bias verbal reports of fear. Preliminary investigation of this problem was undertaken in the present experiment by directly manipulating (a) the degree to which subjects could be identified with and held ‘accountable’ for their reported levels of fear and (b) the amount of information provided about the probable consequences of their responses.
Isolation and Selected Properties of a 10.4 kDa Gold:Glutathione Cluster Compound

An unprecedented small thioaurite cluster compound (with metallic Au0 core) has been isolated in high yield by decomposition of polymeric Au(I)SG compounds, where GSH is the ubiquitous tripeptide glutathione, N-γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine. The Au:SG clusters appear to share the high stability and robustness of their hydrophobic n-alkyl analogues but are highly water soluble. The most abundant cluster produced by these methods can be easily separated from its homologues by gel electrophoresis. Its total molecular weight is ca. 10.4 kDa, and the mass of its strongly bound inorganic core is 5.6 kDa, suggesting the composition Au28(SG)16. This composition is also consistent with the X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystalline molecular solid. Distinct features in the optical absorption spectroscopy are inherently different from either larger clusters or smaller gold cluster compounds. The compound is optically active, as evidenced by circular dichroism in the near-IR, visible, and near-UV regions. The 13C N...
Cuticular abnormality of an axenically cultured strain of the nematode Neoaplectana glaseri

Abstract Cuticular bubbling, a growth abnormality, was noticed in one of several lines of the nematode Neoaplectana glaseri after 23 years of axenic cultivation apart from the source host, Popillia japonica grubs. The abnormality occurs in all developmental stages, is particularly apparent in old or undernourished cultures, and does not significantly interfere with the reproduction potential or infectivity of well nourished cultures. Bubbling has not been cured by temperature shock or antibiotics, nor been successfully transferred to unaffected culture lines. Electron microscopy shows that the bubble envelope consists of one or more cuticles which, in different bubbles, contain tissue components in various stages of degeneration. This suggests that bubbles arise from an excessive elaboration of cuticle leading to an outpocketing and a pinching off of parts of the nematode's body wall and the subsequent decomposition of entrapped tissues.
Avascular bone necrosis in an untreated case of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Hip pain due to aseptic necrosis of the femoral head was the first clinical manifestation of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 9-year-old white female. An erroneous diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was first entertained. Physical examination showed splenomegaly, complete blood count revealed leucocytosis of 359 000. the initial radiograph of the involved hip was negative. Biopsy revealed aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was diagnosed on the basis of the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy. Two months later, radiograph, radionuclide bone scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the involved hip were positive for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.
Transient clinical diabetes mellitus in cats: 10 cases (1989-1991).

Medical records of 10 cats with transient clinical diabetes mellitus were reviewed. At the time diabetes was diagnosed, clinical signs included polyuria and polydipsia (10 cats), weight loss (8 cats), polyphagia (3 cats), lethargy (2 cats), and inappetence (1 cat). Mean (+/- SD) fasting blood glucose concentration was 454 +/- 121 mg/dL, mean blood glucose concentration during an 8-hour period (MBG/8 hours) was 378 +/- 72 mg/dL, and glycosuria and trace ketonuria were identified in 10 and 5 cats, respectively. Baseline serum insulin concentration was undetectable (6 cats) or within the reference range (4 cats) and serum insulin concentration did not increase after i.v. glucagon administration in any cat. Insulin-antagonistic drugs were being administered to 5 cats and concurrent disorders were identified in all cats. Management of diabetes included administration of glipizide (6 cats), insulin (3 cats), or both (1 cat), discontinuation of insulin-antagonistic drugs, and treatment of concurrent disorders. Insulin and glipizide treatment was discontinued 4-16 weeks (mean, 7 weeks) after the initial diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed. At the time treatment for diabetes was discontinued, clinical signs had resolved, mean fasting blood glucose concentration was 102 +/- 48 mg/dL, MBG/ 8 hours was 96 +/- 32 mg/dL, glycosuria and ketonuria were not identified in any cat, and concurrent disorders (except mild renal insufficiency in 1 cat) had resolved. Significant (P < .05) increases occurred in postglucagon serum insulin concentrations, insulin peak response, and total insulin secretion, compared with values obtained when clinical diabetes was diagnosed. Histologic abnormalities were identified in pancreatic islets of 5 cats in which pancreatic biopsies were obtained and included decreased number of islets (4 cats), islet amyloidosis (3 cats), and vacuolar degeneration of islet cells (3 cats). Mean beta cell density was significantly (P < .001) decreased in diabetic cats compared with control cats (1.4 +/- 0.7 versus 2.6 +/- 0.5%, respectively). Cells within islets stained positive for insulin, however, the number of insulin-staining cells per islet and the intensity of insulin staining were decreased in 5 and 2 cats, respectively. Clinical diabetes had not recurred in 1 cat after 6 years, in 4 cats lost to follow-up after 1.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 years, and in 2 cats that died 6 months and 5.5 years after clinical diabetes resolved. Clinical diabetes recurred in 3 cats after 6 months, 14 months, and 3.4 years, respectively. These findings suggest that cats with transient clinical diabetes have pancreatic islet pathology, including decreased beta cell density, and that treatment of diabetes and concurrent disorders results in improved beta cell function, reestablishment of euglycemia, and a transition from a clinical to subclinical diabetic state.
Enhancement of rosette formation between sheep erythrocytes and bovine T-lymphocytes by 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide and dextran

Abstract A method for the detection of bovine T-lymphocytes involves rosette formation between lymphocytes and sheep erythrocytes treated with both 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) and dextran. The method detects approximately 70% of peripheral blood leukocytes as rosette-forming cells. Evidence that the rosette-forming cells are T-lymphocytes is also presented.
In Vivo Islet Protection by a Nuclear Import Inhibitor in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes

Background Insulin-dependent Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a devastating autoimmune disease that destroys beta cells within the pancreatic islets and afflicts over 10 million people worldwide. These patients face life-long risks for blindness, cardiovascular and renal diseases, and complications of insulin treatment. New therapies that protect islets from autoimmune destruction and allow continuing insulin production are needed. Increasing evidence regarding the pathomechanism of T1D indicates that islets are destroyed by the relentless attack by autoreactive immune cells evolving from an aberrant action of the innate, in addition to adaptive, immune system that produces islet-toxic cytokines, chemokines, and other effectors of islet inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that targeting nuclear import of stress-responsive transcription factors evoked by agonist-stimulated innate and adaptive immunity receptors would protect islets from autoimmune destruction.
Anterior Chamber Angle and Iris-Lens Contact Alteration During Pupillary Dilation

The aqueous humor (AH) provides oxygen and nutrients for the avascular ocular tissue specifically, the cornea and lens. AH is secreted by the ciliary body into the posterior chamber, passes through pupil, and drains into the anterior chamber (Fig. 1a). Resistance to the aqueous outflow generates the intraocular pressure (IOP), which is 15–20 mmHg in the normal eyes.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Vibrational and rotational excitation of CO in comets Nonequilibrium calculations

Ultraviolet observations of atomic carbon in cometary comae show that carbon-bearing compounds must comprise a significant fraction (approximately equal to or greater than 10 percent) of the volatiles. One likely source is CO. This compound is an important constituent of at least some cometary nuclei, even though it may not be the ultimate source of atomic carbon in all comets. Feldman (1983) has suggested that the relative abundance of CO may be one of the few fundamental characteristics which distinguish one comet from another. The present investigation is, therefore, concerned with the vibrational and rotational excitation of the CO molecule in cometary comae. Two previously neglected factors are taken into account in the study. The fractional populations of CO as solutions to time-dependent differential equations are derived, and a nonisothermal and cold kinetic temperature profile for the inner coma is considered.
Diffractive-optic telescope for x-ray astronomy

The design for a light-weight x-ray astronomical telescope that uses a diffractive optical element is described and simulated. The design provides tunable narrow-band imaging with a spatial resolution of several arc seconds over wide fields of view, greater than 10 arc minutes. The x-ray energy range from 0.56 keV to 1.86 keV, containing astrophysically interesting lines of O, Ne, Fe, Mg and Si, would be covered with high throughput through the use of a blazed diffractive optic. State-of-the-art grating technology is adequate for the optic design and a variety of x-ray imaging detectors could be used for the readout.
Exogenous Growth Hormone (GH) Effects During Simultaneous Suboptimal Energy and Zinc Intake 477

Exogenous Growth Hormone (GH) Effects During Simultaneous Suboptimal Energy and Zinc Intake 477
Generalized Samuelson conditions and welfare theorems for nonsmooth economies

Abstract We give intuitive Samuelson conditions for a very general class of economies. Smoothness and monotonicity are not required. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for all Pareto-efficient allocations, including those on the boundary. We prove that if all agents have a cheaper point, the supporting prices fully decentralize the allocation. We also show first and second welfare theorems as corollaries to the characterization of efficient allocations.
Design of compliant mechanism using hyper radial basis function network and reanalysis formulation

The design of compliant mechanisms often involves multiple minima. Since non-gradient type global optimization techniques cannot handle as many design variables as the commonly used, gradient based SIMP method, a hyper radial basis function network is used in this paper for Particle Swarm Optimization. An exact reanalysis formulation is presented which computes the strain energy from the solution of the mutual energy problem. The design of motion inverter is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. The use of hyper radial basis function network results in checkerboard-free, smooth topology using very crude finite element analysis mesh, whereas the reanalysis formulation cuts down the analysis time into half. Thus the design process is made computationally efficient and less dependent on human interpretation of the optimal topology.
RARE EARTH ELEMENT AND GALLIUM DIFFUSION IN YTTRIUM ALUMINUM GARNET

Diffusion of four rare-earth elements and gallium has been measured in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). Sources of diffusant were mixtures of alumina and rare-earth element oxides for REE diffusion, and mixtures of gallium and yttrium oxides for Ga diffusion. Diffusion profiles were measured with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). For the rare-earth elements investigated, the following Arrhenius relations were obtained: DLa=6.87×10–1 exp (–582±21 kJ mol–1 /RT) m2s–1 DNd=1.63×10–1 exp (–567±15 kJ mol–1 /RT) m2s–1 DDy=2.70×100 exp (–603±35 kJ mol–1 /RT) m2s–1 DYb=1.50×10–2 exp (–540±26 kJ mol–1 /RT) m2s–1 Diffusion rates for the rare earths are quite similar, in contrast with trends noted for zircon. It is likely that these differences are a consequence of the relative ionic radii of the REE and the cations for which they substitute in the mineral lattice. For gallium, the following Arrhenius relation was determined: DGa=9.96×10–6 exp (–404±19 kJ mol–1 /RT) m2s–1 Gallium diffuses faster than the REE in YAG and has a smaller activation energy for diffusion. These data mirror relative trends in diffusion rates for YIG, in which trivalent cations occupying tetrahedral and octahedral sites (i.e., Al, Ga, Fe) diffuse faster than trivalent cations occupying dodecahedral sites (i.e., Y and the REE), and suggest that the rate-limiting process in the diffusion-controlled regime of solid-state creep of YAG is the diffusion of yttrium.
A Probabilistic Model for Obsolescence

A Markovian model is presented of a class of items with use-rate that is randomly distributed and with mean use or popularity that diminishes exponentially with time. Tables are given of the functions involved. As an example, it is shown that the yearly circulation of books in a library corresponds to the model, thus enabling circulation characteristics of various book classes to be predicted probabilistically.
Pleistocene megafloods in the northeast Pacific

Massive discharges of freshwater from the glacial lake Missoula to the northeast Pacific Ocean are thought to have sculpted the Channeled Scablands of eastern Washington and debouched via the Columbia River near 46°N. The dynamics and timing of these events and their impact on northeast Pacific circulation remain uncertain. Here we date marine records of anomalous freshwater inputs to the ocean based on freshwater diatoms, oxygen isotopes in foraminifera, and radiocarbon data. Low-salinity plumes from the Columbia River reduced sea-surface salinities by as much as 6 psu (practical salinity units) more than 400 km away between 16 and 31 cal (calendar) ka B.P. Anomalously high abundances of freshwater diatoms in marine sediments from the region precede generally accepted dates for the existence of glacial Lake Missoula, implying that large flooding or freshwater routing events were common during the advance of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and that such events require multiple sources.
Analysis and Optimization of Transformer-Based Series Power Combining for Reconfigurable Power Amplifiers

Transformer-based series power combiners are analyzed within the context of reconfigurable, watt-level, wideband digital envelope tracking transmitters. A model is developed for designing and analyzing transformer-based switchable series combiners. This model takes into account losses in the windings and nonideal mutual coupling, as well as the effect of switching and scaling the input amplifiers on the combiner efficiency, input impedance, and power combining ratio. Optimum combining efficiency is derived for a combiner with scaled sources. Based on the developed model, a four-element 29.5-dBm power amplifier with 31% peak efficiency at 1.9 GHz, using a 1.5-V supply is designed and simulated in IBM 130-nm CMOS technology. The efficiency drops to 14% at 12 dB power back-off when elements are turned off. The amplifier maintains an output power >; 25 dBm from 1.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz. The studies presented in this paper can be extended to any series combiner implementation and any frequency range, which can be effective in the design of watt-level power amplifiers in submicrometer CMOS technologies.
Inequality and the Association between Involuntary Job Loss and Depressive Symptoms

Although socioeconomic status (SES) has been to shown to be associated with susceptibility to involuntary job loss as well as with health, the ways in which individual SES indicators may moderate the job loss-health association remain underexplored. Using data from the Americans' Changing Lives study, we estimate the ways in which the association between job loss and depressive symptoms depends on five aspects of SES: education, income, occupational prestige, wealth, and homeownership. Our findings indicate that higher SES prior to job loss is not uniformly associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Higher education and lower prestige appear to buffer the health impacts of job loss, while financial indicators do not. These results have a number of implications for understanding the multidimensional role that social inequality plays in shaping the health effects of job loss.
Neither retinal nor pineal photoreceptors mediate photoperiodic control of seasonal reproduction in American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea)

Using sighted (SIG) and bilaterally enucleated (BOE) female tree sparrows, SIG, BOE, pinealectomized (SIG-PX), and bilaterally enucleated-pinealectomized (BOE-PX) male tree sparrows, and intact and castrated male tree sparrows implanted epicranially with continuously emitting light sources or nonemitting blanks, I tested the hypothesis that extraretinal, extrapineal encephalic photoreceptors mediate photoperiodic control of seasonal reproduction in American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea). SIG females and BOE females displayed similar patterns of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to a photoregimen designed to induce LH secretion and later photorefractoriness, to restore photosensitivity, and to reinitiate the photosexual reflex. The testicular length profiles for SIG males, BOE males, SIG-PX males, and BOE-PX males likewise revealed similar patterns of responses (i.e., testicular growth, regression, photorefractoriness, and recovery of photosensitivity) to an essentially identical photoregimen. These data show, for the first time in an obligately photoperiodic species, that a simulated annual reproductive cycle can be generated in the absence of both the eyes and the pineal gland and argue that neither retinal nor pineal photoreceptors are obligatorily linked to the neuroendocrine mechanism that controls seasonal reproduction. When evaluated within the context of the failure of bilateral ocular enucleation and pinealectomy to disrupt seasonal reproduction, the observations that continuously emitting light sources implanted atop the skull induced testicular growth and later photorefractoriness in intact males, induced LH secretion and later photorefractoriness in castrated males, and blocked recovery of photosensitivity in photorefractory males make a compelling case for extraretinal, extrapineal encephalic photoreception in the mechanism that controls seasonal reproduction in tree sparrows.
Learning Styles and Composition

methods (12; 13). In studies of first language writing classes, composition researchers Jensen and DiTiberio (7; 8) have used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) with writers at various levels of proficiency, concluding that individual students' personality types influence their approach to writing tasks and responses to freshman English instruction. Often composition instruction for native speakers is based on a particular pedagogical theory, but the approach suggested may not always be appropriate for all students found within a particular writing class. Freewriting activities, such as those encouraged by Elbow, and the often-used process approach of multiple drafts and peer editing may not be successful for all students. Jensen and DiTiberio (7) suggest that different students engage in different writing processes, not one uniform writing process. For example, some may need to incubate ideas a long time before writing, whereas others may benefit greatly from freewriting activities. Some students may think a draft through thoroughly in their heads before writing, while others may engage in "discovery," finding what they wish to say through a lengthy drafting process. An important parallel stream of research in second language pedagogy is focused on language-learning strategies (e.g., 23; 24; 32). However, these researchers recognize that more fundamental processes underlie students' strategies and choices. Oxford notes, "New research indicates that language learning style (general approach to learning) is a very major influence on students' choices. of learning strategies" (24: p. 2). Oxford and Ehrman (3; 25) are exploring the connections between styles and strategies, using as their measurement of style the MYBTI. See Figure I for definitions of strategy, style, and learning style. The MBTI is a self-report inventory which has been used in a wide variety of settings for educational, career, and family counseling. The instrument is based on Jung's theory of psychological type and his views on perception and judgment, as expanded by the work of Isabel Briggs Myers (17; 18; 20). Perception involves "all the ways of becoming aware of things, people, happenings, or ideas," and judgment involves "all the ways of coming to conclusions about what has been perceived" (19: p. 1). From self-report, the MBTI attempts to identify an individual's basic preferences in terms of his or her habitual use of perception and judgment. Each of the four scales of the MBTI represents polar opposites, and the theory assumes that each pole is valuable and at times indispensable. Every person is presumed to use both poles of each of the four scales at some times, but to respond first or most often in a preferred style. See Figure II for descriptions of each of the four major bipolar scales of the MBTI. In a study of the relationships between personality preferences and foreign language learning, Moody identified specific learning preferences associated with dimensions of MBTI type, which are described in Figure III. Reference to some of these specific learning preferences will be made in interpreting our results.
Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.
Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: Trends and Lessons Learned Through an 11-Year Experience

Background As compared with open distal pancreatectomy, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) is associated with lower morbidity and shorter hospital stays. Existing reports do not elucidate trends in patient selection, technique, and outcomes over time. We aimed to determine outcomes after LDP at a specialized center, analyze trends of patient selection and operative technique, and validate a complication risk score (CRS). Study Design Patients undergoing LDP between January 2000 and January 2011 were identified and divided into 2 equal groups to represent our early and recent experiences. Demographics, tumor characteristics, operative technique, and perioperative outcomes were examined and compared between groups. A CRS was calculated for the entire cohort and examined against observed outcomes. Results A total of 132 LDPs were attempted, of which 8 (6.1%) were converted to open procedures. Thirty-day overall and major complication rates were 43.2% and 12.9%, respectively, with mortality 2, 40.9% vs 16.7%, p=0.003), more proximal tumors (74.2% vs 26.2%, p Conclusions This large, single-institution series demonstrates that despite a shift in patient selection to sicker patients with more proximal tumors, similar perioperative outcomes can be achieved with laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. The CRS appears to be a reliable preoperative assessment tool for assessing other adverse perioperative outcomes in addition to predicting overall complications and fistulas as originally published.
Radiation properties for polydispersions: Application to coal

The extinction and absorption coefficients and the asymmetry for factor for polydispersions of absorbing spherical particles are analyzed. The results are based upon Mie's theory for single spherical particles and particle size distribution found in practical systems. Dimensionless spectral radiation properties are shown to be independent of the explicit size distribution and functions only of the average radii and the index of refraction. The Planck and Rosseland mean coefficients are also presented and the dependence on temperature is explicitly denoted for a large practical temperature range. The results for coal with optical properties which are wavelength dependent indicate the usefulness of the dimensionless and mean properties.
Effects of weaning age on mortality of colony-born Macaca nemestrina

Abstract In an effort to determine empirically the proper age for separation of pigtailed macaque ( Macaca nemestrina ) infants from their dams in a large domestic breeding colony, we conducted a retrospective survey of 1,592 infants. Survivorship was highest for infants not separated from their dams at all and for those separated within the first four months of life. Survivorship was poor for animals separated during or after the fifth month. Thus, not weaning or weaning early are the most acceptable management strategies in terms of mortality risk. This result is paradoxical with regard to nutritional considerations, but appears to be related to a sensitive period in social development. The relative advantages and disadvantages of various weaning ages are discussed.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer

The 30-45% failure rate after radical cystoprostatectomy mandates that we explore and optimize multimodal therapy to achieve better disease control in these patients. Cisplatin-based multi-agent combination chemotherapy has been used with success in metastatic disease and has therefore also been introduced in patients with high-risk but non-metastatic bladder cancer. There is now convincing evidence that chemotherapy given pre-operatively can improve survival in these patients. In this review we establish the need for peri-operative chemotherapy in bladder cancer patients and summarize the evidence for the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The advantages and disadvantages of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy are discussed, and the main shortcomings of both--treatment-related toxicity and the inability to prospectively identify likely responders--are presented. Finally, a risk-adapted approach to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is presented, whereby the highest risk patients are offered treatment while those unlikely to benefit are spared the treatment-related toxicity.
Late Paleocene Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of Tuscahoma Marls, Southwest Alabama: ABSTRACT

Using vertical distribution of planktonic foraminifers End_Page 1565------------------------------ contained in the marls associated with the Tuscahoma Sand of the Wilcox Group in southwest Alabama, most of the formation can be assigned to the two late Paleocene planktonic foraminiferal zones recognized worldwide. The occurrence of Planorotalites pseudomenardii (Bolli) in the unnamed lower marls places these beds in the Planorotalites pseudomenardii Range Zone. The Greggs Landing and Bells Landing Marl Members contain a diverse assemblage of planktonic foraminifers including, Morozovella velascoensis (Cushman), Morozovella acuta (Toulmin), and Morozovella aequa (Cushman & Renz). The presence of M. velascoensis and M. acuta and the absence of P. pseudomenardii put these marls in the latest Paleocene Morozovella velascoensis Interval Zone. The occurrence of Morozovella subbotina Morozova) and Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis (Cushman & Ponton) in the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation place this marl in the earliest Eocene Morozovella subbotina Interval Zone. Based on planktonic vertical distribution in southwest Alabama, the Paleocene-Eocene boundary occurs above the top of the Bells Landing Marl Member of the Tuscahoma Sand and probably near the base of the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1566------------
Repetition and serial learning

A series of experiments were directed at assessing the role of repetition in serial learning. In each study, Ss learned one list by the traditional procedure of seeing the same items over and over again, as well as one in which all incorrectly anticipated items were replaced by new ones. Repetition invariably produced significantly faster learning, with fewer errors.
The interconversion of purine nucleotides during Ilyanassa embryogenesis

Abstract The phosphorylation and interconversion of purines was measured after pulsing normal and lobeless Ilyanassa embryos with [2- 3 H]-adenosine. The isolated polar lobe phosphorylated and interconverted purines to the same extent as the intact egg, and the removal of this anucleate structure did not significantly impair these functions in the lobeless egg. All components of the egg, i.e. the polar lobe and lobeless egg, were equally effective in the synthesis of dATP.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma with cutaneous presentation

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are malignant neoplasms that rarely involve the skin. Composed of both mucus-secreting cells and epidermoid-type cells in various proportions, mucoepidermoid carcinomas occur most commonly in salivary glands. In this case report, we describe a high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma with cutaneous involvement. Although this patient was referred for Mohs' micrographic surgery, further evaluation showed either direct or metastatic extension from the parotid gland to skin and distant metastases to the lung and bone. Despite extensive bone involvement, serum levels of ionized calcium, phosphorus, and lactate dehydrogenase remained normal. In view of the widespread metastases, the treatment plan was altered to radiotherapy and chemotherapy instead of surgery. Instructive lessons from this case include the recognition by dermatologists of this rare entity, the importance of a detailed history and complete evaluation of the patient before determining appropriate therapy, and the necessity of individualizing diagnostic tests to a particular patient.
Noise-induced hearing loss increases the temporal precision of complex envelope coding by auditory-nerve fibers

While changes in cochlear frequency tuning are thought to play an important role in the perceptual difficulties of people with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), the possible role of temporal processing deficits remains less clear. Our knowledge of temporal envelope coding in the impaired cochlea is limited to two studies that examined auditory-nerve fiber responses to narrowband amplitude modulated stimuli. In the present study, we used Wiener-kernel analyses of auditory-nerve fiber responses to broadband Gaussian noise in anesthetized chinchillas to quantify changes in temporal envelope coding with noise-induced SNHL. Temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) and temporal windows of sensitivity to acoustic stimulation were computed from 2nd-order Wiener kernels and analyzed to estimate the temporal precision, amplitude, and latency of envelope coding. Noise overexposure was associated with slower (less negative) TMTF roll-off with increasing modulation frequency and reduced temporal window duration. The results show that at equal stimulus sensation level, SNHL increases the temporal precision of envelope coding by 20-30%. Furthermore, SNHL increased the amplitude of envelope coding by 50% in fibers with CFs from 1-2 kHz and decreased mean response latency by 0.4 ms. While a previous study of envelope coding demonstrated a similar increase in response amplitude, the present study is the first to show enhanced temporal precision. This new finding may relate to the use of a more complex stimulus with broad frequency bandwidth and a dynamic temporal envelope. Exaggerated neural coding of fast envelope modulations may contribute to perceptual difficulties in people with SNHL by acting as a distraction from more relevant acoustic cues, especially in fluctuating background noise. Finally, the results underscore the value of studying sensory systems with more natural, real-world stimuli.
Determination of chloride procedure based upon diffusion of hydrogen chloride

We describe a simple, inexpensive sample preparation method that involves the isolation of chloride as hydrogen chloride from serum and urine prior to chloride analysis with the chloride ion-selective electrode. Chloride analyses of clinical chemistry standards with the present method were found to be in good agreement with analyses reported by the manufacturer. Reliability of the method is also evident by complete recovery of chloride added to serum and urine, minimal day-to-day variation of analyses, and a coefficient of variation that generally is less than 2%. An evaluation of factors influencing the procedure is also reported. The usefulness of the chloride ion-selective electrode to determine chloride in serum or urine is greatly enhanced by the sample preparation method described since matrix interference by other sample components is removed prior to analysis.
CAD-GUIDED SPRAY GUN TRAJECTORY PLANNING OF FREE-FORM SURFACES IN MANUFACTURING

Automatic trajectory generation for spray painting is highly desirable for today's automotive manufacturing. Generating paint gun trajectories for free-form surfaces to satisfy paint thickness requirements is still highly challenging due to the complex geometry of free-form surfaces. In this paper, a CAD-guided paint gun trajectory generation system for free-form surfaces has been developed. The system utilizes the CAD information of a free-form surface to be painted and a paint gun model to generate a paint gun trajectory to satisfy the paint thickness requirements. The paint thickness deviation from the required paint thickness is optimized by modifying the paint gun velocity. A paint thickness verication method is also provided to verify the generated trajectories. The results of simulations have shown that the trajectory generation system achieves satisfactory performance. This trajectory generation system can also be applied to generate trajectories for many other CAD-guided robot trajectory planning...
The Mechanics of Bicomponent Fibers Part I : Theoretical Analysis

An analytical approach has been adopted to predict the amount of bulk that would develop in a hicomponent fiber having particular geometric distribution of the components of known physical properti...
The Politics of Capital Flight in the Global Economic Crisis

This paper studies the effects of economic governance and political institutions on portfolio investment during the Global Economic Crisis of 2008–2009. Leveraging a unique cross-national dataset on portfolio flows immediately following the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, it shows that countries with “better institutions” – those with more (or less) democratic, more (or less) constrained or more accountable political systems – were no less vulnerable to portfolio outflows than countries with “worse institutions.” However, countries with better governance prior to the crisis – those with better regulatory apparatuses, rule of law, property rights, and those considered less politically risky – experienced lower net portfolio capital outflows after Lehman. Governance is in fact the strongest predictor of portfolio capital flows during the global flight to liquidity, while political institutions perform poorly. The findings shed light onto the political factors that mediated how the collapse of Lehman affected national financial markets the world over, and have implications for literatures on the political economy of foreign investment, as well as for broader topics of institutions, governance, and economic performance.
Problems and Prospects in the Characterization of Posttranscriptional Modifications in Large RNAs

The central importance of RNA in biology derives principally from the key functions of four RNAs at and in the ribosome, at the precise sites of decoding the genetic message and of peptide bond formation: transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S–18S rRNA), and large subunit ribosomal RNA (23S–28S rRNA). Rapidly accumulating evidence for direct participation of the rRNAs in translation [1, 2] has led to a remarkable reversal of fortune: protein synthesis is largely under control of specific domains of rRNA rather than of ribosomal proteins as originally thought. This has left rRNA relatively understudied with regard to the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome, and the precise roles of single rRNA nucleotides in the complex mechanism of translation.
Macrogeographic population structure of the tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Tsetse flies are confined to sub-Saharan Africa where they occupy discontinuous habitats. In anticipation of area-wide control programmes, estimates of gene flow among tsetse populations are necessary. Genetic diversities were partitioned at eight microsatellite loci and five mitochondrial loci in 21 Glossina pallidipes Austin populations. At microsatellite loci, Nei’s unbiased gene diversity averaged over loci was 0.659 and the total number of alleles was 214, only four of which were shared among all populations. The mean number of alleles per locus was 26.8. Random mating was observed within but not among populations (fixation index FST = 0.18) and 81% of the genetic variance was within populations. Thirty-nine mitochondrial variants were detected. Mitochondrial diversities in populations varied from 0 to 0.85 and averaged 0.42, and FST = 0.51. High levels of genetic differentiation were characteristic, extending even to subpopulations separated by tens and hundreds of kilometres, and indicating low rates of gene flow.